title: Word embedding

text:
In natural language processing (NLP), a word embedding is a representation of a word. The embedding is used in text analysis. Typically, the representation is a real-valued vector that encodes the meaning of the word in such a way that words that are closer in the vector space are expected to be similar in meaning. Word embeddings can be obtained using language modeling and feature learning techniques, where words or phrases from the vocabulary are mapped to vectors of real numbers.

Methods to generate this mapping include neural networks, dimensionality reduction on the word co-occurrence matrix, probabilistic models, explainable knowledge base method, and explicit representation in terms of the context in which words appear.

Word and phrase embeddings, when used as the underlying input representation, have been shown to boost the performance in NLP tasks such as syntactic parsing and sentiment analysis.

Development and history of the approach
In distributional semantics, a quantitative methodological approach to understanding meaning in observed language, word embeddings or semantic feature space models have been used as a knowledge representation for some time. Such models aim to quantify and categorize semantic similarities between linguistic items based on their distributional properties in large samples of language data.  The underlying idea that "a word is characterized by the company it keeps" was proposed in a 1957 article by John Rupert Firth, but also has roots in the contemporaneous work on search systems and in cognitive psychology.

The notion of a semantic space with lexical items (words or multi-word terms) represented as vectors or embeddings is based on the computational challenges of capturing distributional characteristics and using them for practical application to measure similarity between words, phrases, or entire documents. The first generation of semantic space models is the vector space model for information retrieval. Such vector space models for words and their distributional data implemented in their simplest form results in a very sparse vector space of high dimensionality (cf. curse of dimensionality). Reducing the number of dimensions using linear algebraic methods such as singular value decomposition then led to the introduction of latent semantic analysis in the late 1980s and the random indexing approach for collecting word cooccurrence contexts. In 2000, Bengio et al. provided in a series of papers titled "Neural probabilistic language models" to reduce the high dimensionality of word representations in contexts by "learning a distributed representation for words".

A study published in NeurIPS (NIPS) 2002 introduced the use of both word and document embeddings applying the method of kernel CCA to bilingual (and multi-lingual) corpora, also providing an early example of self-supervised learning of word embeddings

Word embeddings come in two different styles, one in which words are expressed as vectors of co-occurring words, and another in which words are expressed as vectors of linguistic contexts in which the words occur; these different styles are studied in Lavelli et al., 2004. Roweis and Saul published in Science how to use "locally linear embedding" (LLE) to discover representations of high dimensional data structures. Most new word embedding techniques after about 2005 rely on a neural network architecture instead of more probabilistic and algebraic models, after foundational work done by Yoshua Bengio and colleagues.

The approach has been adopted by many research groups after theoretical advances in 2010 had been made on the quality of vectors and the training speed of the model, as well as after hardware advances allowed for a broader parameter space to be explored profitably. In 2013, a team at Google led by Tomas Mikolov created word2vec, a word embedding toolkit that can train vector space models faster than previous approaches. The word2vec approach has been widely used in experimentation and was instrumental in raising interest for word embeddings as a technology, moving the research strand out of specialised research into broader experimentation and eventually paving the way for practical application.

Polysemy and homonymy
Historically, one of the main limitations of static word embeddings or word vector space models is that words with multiple meanings are conflated into a single representation (a single vector in the semantic space). In other words, polysemy and homonymy are not handled properly. For example, in the sentence "The club I tried yesterday was great!", it is not clear if the term club is related to the word sense of a club sandwich, clubhouse, golf club, or any other sense that club might have. The necessity to accommodate multiple meanings per word in different vectors (multi-sense embeddings) is the motivation for several contributions in NLP to split single-sense embeddings into multi-sense ones.

Most approaches that produce multi-sense embeddings can be divided into two main categories for their word sense representation, i.e., unsupervised and knowledge-based. Based on word2vec skip-gram, Multi-Sense Skip-Gram (MSSG) performs word-sense discrimination and embedding simultaneously, improving its training time, while assuming a specific number of senses for each word. In the Non-Parametric Multi-Sense Skip-Gram (NP-MSSG) this number can vary depending on each word. Combining the prior knowledge of lexical databases (e.g., WordNet, ConceptNet, BabelNet), word embeddings and word sense disambiguation, Most Suitable Sense Annotation (MSSA) labels word-senses through an unsupervised and knowledge-based approach, considering a word's context in a pre-defined sliding window. Once the words are disambiguated, they can be used in a standard word embeddings technique, so multi-sense embeddings are produced. MSSA architecture allows the disambiguation and annotation process to be performed recurrently in a self-improving manner.

The use of multi-sense embeddings is known to improve performance in several NLP tasks, such as part-of-speech tagging, semantic relation identification, semantic relatedness, named entity recognition and sentiment analysis.

As of the late 2010s, contextually-meaningful embeddings such as ELMo and BERT have been developed. Unlike static word embeddings, these embeddings are at the token-level, in that each occurrence of a word has its own embedding. These embeddings better reflect the multi-sense nature of words, because occurrences of a word in similar contexts are situated in similar regions of BERT’s embedding space.

For biological sequences: BioVectors
Word embeddings for n-grams in biological sequences (e.g. DNA, RNA, and Proteins) for bioinformatics applications have been proposed by Asgari and Mofrad. Named bio-vectors (BioVec) to refer to biological sequences in general with protein-vectors (ProtVec) for proteins (amino-acid sequences) and gene-vectors (GeneVec) for gene sequences, this representation can be widely used in applications of deep learning in proteomics and genomics. The results presented by Asgari and Mofrad suggest that BioVectors can characterize biological sequences in terms of biochemical and biophysical interpretations of the underlying patterns.

Game design
Word embeddings with applications in game design have been proposed by Rabii and Cook as a way to discover emergent gameplay using logs of gameplay data. The process requires to transcribe actions happening during the game within a formal language and then use the resulting text to create word embeddings. The results presented by Rabii and Cook suggest that the resulting vectors can capture expert knowledge about games like chess, that are not explicitly stated in the game's rules.

Sentence embeddings

The idea has been extended to embeddings of entire sentences or even documents, e.g. in the form of the thought vectors concept. In 2015, some researchers suggested "skip-thought vectors" as a means to improve the quality of machine translation. A more recent and popular approach for representing sentences is Sentence-BERT, or SentenceTransformers, which modifies pre-trained BERT with the use of siamese and triplet network structures.

Software
Software for training and using word embeddings includes Tomáš Mikolov's Word2vec, Stanford University's GloVe, GN-GloVe, Flair embeddings, AllenNLP's ELMo, BERT, fastText, Gensim, Indra, and Deeplearning4j. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and T-Distributed Stochastic Neighbour Embedding (t-SNE) are both used to reduce the dimensionality of word vector spaces and visualize word embeddings and clusters.

Examples of application
For instance, the fastText is also used to calculate word embeddings for text corpora in Sketch Engine that are available online.

Ethical implications
Word embeddings may contain the biases and stereotypes contained in the trained dataset, as Bolukbasi et al. points out in the 2016 paper “Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings” that a publicly available (and popular) word2vec embedding trained on Google News texts (a commonly used data corpus), which consists of text written by professional journalists, still shows disproportionate word associations reflecting gender and racial biases when extracting word analogies. For example, one of the analogies generated using the aforementioned word embedding is “man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker”.

The applications of these trained word embeddings without careful oversight likely perpetuates existing bias in society, which is introduced through unaltered training data. Furthermore, word embeddings can even amplify these biases (Zhao et al. 2017). Given word embeddings popular usage in NLP applications such as search ranking, CV parsing and recommendation systems, the biases that exist in pre-trained word embeddings may have further reaching impact than we realize.

See also
 Brown clustering
 Distributional–relational database

References

Language modeling
Artificial neural networks
Natural language processing
Computational linguistics
Semantic relations


title: Alcohol law in Washington

text:
Alcohol law in Washington may refer to:

 Alcohol law in Washington (state)
 Alcohol law in Washington, D.C.


title: 2014–15 Solomon Islands S-League

text:
The 2014–15 Telekom S-League was the 11th season of the Telekom S-League in the Solomon Islands. Western United won the championship for the first time and also qualified as the Solomon Islands representative for the 2014–15 OFC Champions League. All matches were played at the hillside ground called Lawson Tama Stadium, with an approximate capacity of 20,000.

Teams
 Hana (Honiara)
 Koloale FC (Honiara)
 Kossa FC (Honiara)
 Malaita Kingz FC (Malaita)
 Marist Fire (Honiara)
 Real Kakamora FC (Makira-Ulawa)
 Solomon Warriors (Honiara)
 Western United (Western)
 X-Beam (Honiara)

Standings

References

Solomon Islands S-League seasons
Solomon
Solomon
football
football


title: Rosedale (Washington, North Carolina)

text:
Rosedale, also known as Wharton House, is a historic plantation house located near Washington, Beaufort County, North Carolina.  It is a large -story, frame dwelling with Greek Revival and Italianate style design elements.  It was built as the home of David Bradley Perry, a prominent Beaufort County planter, and later inherited by United States Congressman and Mrs. John Humphrey Small.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

References

Plantation houses in North Carolina
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Greek Revival houses in North Carolina
Italianate architecture in North Carolina
Houses in Beaufort County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Beaufort County, North Carolina


title: Quentin Poole

text:
Quentin H. Poole (born 1957) is an English oboist, conductor and former boy chorister, who served as Head Chorister of King's College, Cambridge.

Poole was born in Surrey, England, the son of Joseph W. Poole and Esme B. Mounsey Poole, but he grew up, as the youngest of five children, at Coventry, where his father was Precentor of Coventry Cathedral. He learned piano from the age of seven and trained under Sir David Willcocks at King's College, where he joined the choir aged nine. He also took up the flute there. He subsequently sang in the choir of The King's School, Canterbury, and was a member of the National Youth Orchestra.

He studied at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and then at the Royal Academy of Music under Janet Craxton.

Poole was a founder, member and oboist of the Endymion Ensemble and later its conductor. He was also principal oboe for the City of London Sinfonia and other orchestras and chamber groups. He was Director of Music of the Purcell School from 2001, from which he was made redundant in 2013. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music in 2004.

He appeared as a castaway on the BBC Radio programme Desert Island Discs on 26 December 1970. He was 13 at the time; the programme's youngest guest. His picture was published in a contemporary issue of the Radio Times.

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
English classical oboists
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Music
Male oboists
British music educators
Musicians from Surrey
Choristers of the Choir of King's College, Cambridge


title: European Tour 2014/2015 – Event 2

text:
The European Tour 2014/2015 – Event 2 (also known as the 2014 Arcaden Paul Hunter Classic) was a professional minor-ranking snooker tournament that took place between 20 and 24 August 2014 in Fürth, Germany.

Aditya Mehta made the 106th official maximum break during his last 32 match against Stephen Maguire. Mehta became the first Indian player to compile an official 147.

Ronnie O'Sullivan was the defending champion, but he lost 2–4 against Tian Pengfei in the last 16.

Mark Allen won his seventh professional title by defeating Judd Trump 4–2 in the final.

Prize fund
The breakdown of prize money of the event is shown below:

Main draw

Preliminary rounds

Round 1
Best of 7 frames

Round 2
Best of 7 frames

Round 3
Best of 7 frames

Main rounds

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Bottom half

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Finals

Century breaks

 147  Aditya Mehta
 143, 111, 108, 106, 104  Judd Trump
 141, 132, 107  Stephen Maguire
 139, 102  Mark Allen
 132  Paul Davison
 131, 113  Ricky Walden
 130  Mark Joyce
 129, 101  Li Hang
 124, 106, 102  Anthony McGill
 123  Xiao Guodong
 122  Neil Robertson
 121, 107  Mark Selby
 121  Andrew Higginson

 120, 112  Tian Pengfei
 118  David Gilbert
 116  Jimmy White
 114, 105, 101  Ronnie O'Sullivan
 114  Marco Fu
 109  Robert Milkins
 108  Martin O'Donnell
 105  Reanne Evans
 104  Martin Gould
 103  Daniel Wells
 102  Jamie Cope
 101  Graeme Dott
 100  Mike Dunn

References

2014
ET2
2014 in German sport


title: Sarvan, Tajikistan

text:
Sarvan (or Sarvak, Sarvaksoi and Sarvaki-bolo) is a Tajik enclave of the Sughd Region surrounded by Uzbekistan. It is located in the Fergana region where Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan meet. Sarvan is located 1.4 km from the Tajik-Uzbek border. Sarvan covers a valley with an area of about 8 km² and has a population of around 150 people. The principal economic activity is agriculture.

History and territorial conflicts

Due to inherent territorial restrictions, violent conflicts over land ownership, access to pasture, and shared water resources have become more common, as logistical complications within this densely populated and impoverished region have also given rise to economic concern.

The Uzbek-Tajik border near Sarvan was closed in 2004 following terrorist attacks in Tashkent.

References

See also
Vorukh, a Tajikistan exclave in Kyrgyzstan
Kayragach, a Tajikistan exclave in Kyrgyzstan
Shohimardon, an Uzbekistan exclave in Kyrgyzstan
Sokh, an Uzbekistan exclave in Kyrgyzstan

Enclaves and exclaves
Populated places in Sughd Region


title: Lyudmyla Olyanovska

text:
Lyudmyla Olyanovska (; born 20 February 1993, in Kyiv) is a Ukrainian race walker.

Career
She won the bronze medal in the 20 kilometer racewalking event at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China.

In 2014, she won the silver medal in the 20 kilometres racewalking event at the 2014 European Championships in Athletics.

In February 2017, she was disqualified for doping rules violation for four years since 30 November 2015 until 29 November 2019.

National records

She holds three national records in racewalking:

References

1993 births
Living people
Ukrainian female racewalkers
Sportspeople from Kyiv
World Athletics Championships athletes for Ukraine
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Doping cases in athletics
Ukrainian sportspeople in doping cases
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics
21st-century Ukrainian women
21st-century Ukrainian people


title: 2014–15 Videoton FC season

text:
The 2014–15 season was Videoton FC's 46th competitive season, 15th consecutive season in the OTP Bank Liga and 73rd year in existence as a football club.

First team squad

Transfers

Summer

In:

Out:

List of Hungarian football transfers summer 2014

Statistics

Appearances and goals
Last updated on 26 October 2014.

|-
|colspan="14"|Youth players:

|-
|colspan="14"|Players no longer at the club:
|}

Top scorers
Includes all competitive matches. The list is sorted by shirt number when total goals are equal.

Last updated on 26 October 2014

Disciplinary record
Includes all competitive matches. Players with 1 card or more included only.

Last updated on 26 October 2014

Overall
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|Games played || 19 (12 OTP Bank Liga, 3 Hungarian Cup and 4 Hungarian League Cup)
|-
|Games won || 17 (11 OTP Bank Liga, 3 Hungarian Cup and 3 Hungarian League Cup)
|-
|Games drawn || 0 (0 OTP Bank Liga, 0 Hungarian Cup and 0 Hungarian League Cup)
|-
|Games lost || 2 (1 OTP Bank Liga, 0 Hungarian Cup and 1 Hungarian League Cup)
|-
|Goals scored || 59
|-
|Goals conceded || 9
|-
|Goal difference || +50
|-
|Yellow cards || 30
|-
|Red cards || 2
|-
|rowspan="2"|Worst discipline ||  István Kovács (2 , 1 )
|-
|  Paulo Vinícius (4 , 0 )
|-
|rowspan="1"|Best result || 8–0 (A) v Kunszállás – Magyar Kupa – 10-09-2014
|-
|rowspan="2"|Worst result || 1–2 (H) v Debreceni – OTP Bank Liga – 19-10-2014
|-
| 0–1 (A) v Újpest – Ligakupa – 15-10-2014
|-
|rowspan="1"|Most appearances ||  Filipe Oliveira (18 appearances)
|-
|rowspan="1"|Top scorer ||  Nemanja Nikolić (13 goals)
|-
|Points || 51/57 (89.47%)
|-

Nemzeti Bajnokság I

Matches

Classification

Results summary

Results by round

Hungarian Cup

League Cup

References

External links
 Eufo
 Official Website
 UEFA
 fixtures and results

Fehérvár FC seasons
Videoton


title: Dayeuhluhur

text:
Dayeuhluhur is a district within the Cilacap Regency of Central Java.

History
Dayeuhluhur began as a Kadipaten or Duchy of Daya Luhur  under Gagak Ngampar.
Dayeuhluhur is place the popular Sondanese epic of Ciung Wanara in Cijolang River area.

As subdistrict
Dayeuhluhur District was established in 1979 and was formalized in 1980 based on Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia number 21 of 1979 date April 30, 1979.

Economy
The economy of Dayeuhluhur is dominated by mountain farming.

Demographics
Dayeuhluhur has a population of ~52,000 people, of which 96% are Sundanese and use the traditional Sundanese language. The majority of the inhabitants work as farmers.

Geography
Dayeuhluhur is located on Mount Subang at the highest point within the Cilacap Regency. It is located in the tropical forest of the region, with the Cibeet, Cikawalon and Cidayeuh rivers running through it.

The district is home to 14 individual villages:
Hanum
Datar
Panulisan
Cijeruk
Cilumping
Bolang
Kutaagung
Bolang
Dayeuhluhur
Sumpinghayu
Ciwalen
West Panulisan
East Panulisan
Matenggeng

Points of attraction
Several sites sacred to the  Dayeuhluhuran Sundanese religion are located in or near Dayeuhluhur, including
 Mount Ketra
 Mount Sembung
 Cibeet River
 Baledana Hill

Such places are traditionally under the care of a custodian called a juru kunci (key keeper).

Dayeuhluhur is also home to scenic attractions such as the Cimandaway waterfall and The Forbidden Forest of the Upper Cibeet River.

Gallery

References
 Dayeuhluhur, Java. Mapcarta

Cilacap Regency
Districts of Central Java


title: Belfont Plantation House

text:
Belfont Plantation House is a historic plantation house located near Latham, Beaufort County, North Carolina.  It dates to the 18th century, and is a two-story, Georgian style frame dwelling.  It features a pair of double-shouldered exterior end chimneys joined by a two-story brick pent.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

References

Plantation houses in North Carolina
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Georgian architecture in North Carolina
Houses in Beaufort County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Beaufort County, North Carolina


title: Katers Island

text:
Katers Island is an uninhabited island located in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.

The island encompasses an area of . Found approximately  off-shore the island has a maximum elevation of  it is composed of scarp country with massive scree and deep joints.

A new species of Rock Wallaby, Petrogale burbidgei. was discovered on Katers and other islands in the archipelago in 1977.

References

Islands of the Kimberley (Western Australia)
Uninhabited islands of Australia


title: Splash!

text:
Splash! may refer to:

 Splash! (academic outreach program)
 "Splash!" (song), a 2006 song by B'z
 Splash! (festival), a hip hop and reggae festival in Germany
 Reality television series based on the Celebrity Splash! franchise
 Splash! (Chinese TV series), the official English title of a Chinese reality series
 Splash (South Korean TV series), a short-lived South Korean reality series
 Splash! (British TV series), a British reality TV series
 Splash (American TV series), an American reality series

See also
Splash (disambiguation)


title: Walter Dunham Claus

text:
Walter Dunham Claus (6 March 1903 – 12 May 1995) was an American biophysicist who worked in radiation biology and medical physics.

Early life and education
He was born in St. Louis, Missouri and died in Golden, Jefferson County, Colorado. Claus's father Ernest Claus was from Germany and his mother Laura Claus was from Missouri. They resided at 310 N. Stein in St. Louis, Missouri.
In 1931 received his Ph.D. in physics from Washington University in St. Louis, for a doctoral thesis titled Effect of Temperature on the Diffuse Scattering of X-rays from Rock Salt. From 1931 through 1933, Claus continued to study X-ray effects as a National Research Council fellow. He then worked at the Mellon Institute and eventually joined the Atomic Energy Commission.

Career

Atomic Energy Commission
In 1954, Claus oversaw the testing of samples from the Marshall Islands for radioactive fallout from the Castle Bravo explosion. From 1949-1955 he held the position of Chief in the Division of Biology and Medicine, AEC. Then from 1955-1967 he served as Special Assistant to Division Director, AEC.

Health Physics Society
Claus was a key member in the formation of the Health Physics Society and represented the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. In 1955, he was one of the founding members and part of the initial board of directors. He would also serve as the society's president during 1961 and 1962.

Publications

References

1995 deaths
Radiobiologists
20th-century American physicists
Nuclear Regulatory Commission officials
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Washington University physicists
Physicists from Missouri
Scientists from St. Louis
Nuclear physicists
Claus, Walter Dunham
1903 births
Medical physicists
Health Physics Society


title: The Reconstruction of William Zero

text:
The Reconstruction of William Zero is a 2014 American science fiction film directed by Dan Bush, written by Bush and Conal Byrne, and starring Byrne and Amy Seimetz.  Byrne plays a geneticist who clones himself.

Plot
After accidentally causing the death of his son, geneticist William Blakely wakes in a house tended by a man who introduces himself as his twin brother.  His brother explains that William was involved in a car crash.  William can remember nothing of his life and must be taught basic concepts, such as how to walk and respond to knock-knock jokes.  Together, they watch old footage of William and his twin as children.  Though William does not recognize his estranged wife Jules, he is entranced by her.  William's brother is finally called to return to work at Next Corp, and he leaves William alone in the house for the day.

At work, William's brother is revealed to be the real William Blakely – William 1.  He stole material from the lab to create a clone, William 2.  His assistant, Baxter, tells William 1 that their test subjects have been dying after mere weeks.  Before William 1 can do anything further, his boss, Dr. Archer, takes him to see several security agents, who accuse him of stealing the lab materials.  Dr. Archer supports him, but the security agents remain suspicious.  At the same time, William 2 explores the house and discovers enough evidence that he becomes confused about his origins and identity.  Further confusing William 2 is a phone call apparently from a haggard-sounding version of William (who is later revealed to be the original William, William Zero) who apologizes for leaving him and promises to return.

William 2 angrily confronts William 1.  After interrogating William 1, William 2 ties him up and leaves to find Jules, who he hopes can explain further.  Although overwhelmed by his first experiences in the world, William 2 quickly adapts and locates Jules.  He awkwardly reestablishes contact with her, though she initially rejects him, as she feels abandoned and left alone to deal with her grief.  William 2 secretly follows her around the city and becomes more smitten with her.  Meanwhile, William 1 escapes his bonds and kills a Next Corp security agent who was investigating the house and its grounds.  William 1 recovers a pistol from the agent's body and uses it to kill Dr. Archer.

William 1 quickly returns home and pretends to be bound.  When his clone arrives, he convinces William 2 to take over his life, as William 1 does not wish to return to it.  William 2 reluctantly agrees, and goes to work at Next Corp, where he learns that the animal test subjects are second generation clones.  Baxter explains that cloning a clone causes extensive genetic problems, and William 2, who is experiencing the described symptoms, realizes that he must be a second generation clone, too.  Before he can return home to further question William 1, a security team detains him for further questioning.  Baxter, dubious about the company's ethics, frees him and traps the security team.

After growing increasingly suspicious of his neighbor's activities, Lester confronts William 1.  William 1 invites Lester inside, and, after pushing him down a flight of stairs, explains his origins.  The original William Blakely, William Zero, was so overcome by guilt and grief that he abandoned his wife and created a clone, William 1, to replace him.  However, William 1 felt abandoned by his creator once William Zero disappeared.  As he struggled through life with no help, he became bitter and disillusioned, eventually attempting suicide.  Unable to face his own broken life, William 1 created a clone to replace him – freeing him to seek vengeance on William Zero and the world.

After killing Lester, William 1 lures Jules to the house, planning to kill her to spite William Zero.  Although confused by his cold demeanor compared to William 2, Jules does not suspect anything.  William 2 arrives before William 1 can kill Jules, and he tells Jules that he loves her.  After the two embrace, William 2 attempts to dispose of William 1's body, only to be confronted by William Zero.  Knowing he will soon die, William 2 convinces William Zero to return to his wife and promise never to leave her again.  William Zero tearfully agrees, and they arrange for his death to be faked.  Some time later, William Zero is shown together with Jules and his now-cloned son.

Cast
 Conal Byrne as William 1, William 2, and William Zero
 Amy Seimetz as Jules
 Tim Habeger as Dr. Archer
 Adam Fristoe as Mr. Langley
 Scott Poythress as Lester
 Lake Roberts as Baxter
 Melissa McBride as Dr. Ashley Bronson
 Jeff Rose as Mr. Penn
 A. J. Bowen as Mr. Bragg

Release
The Reconstruction of William Zero premiered at the Fantasia Festival on July 20, 2014.  It was released to video on demand in April 2015.

Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 29% based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 4.85/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "mixed or generally average reviews".  Peter Debruge of Variety compared it to the work of H.G. Wells, who he said "would surely approve of this suburban mad-scientist tale".  John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter described it as a "thoughtful, intimate film [that] works both as sci-fi and family drama".  Robert Abele of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "The Reconstruction of William Zero has its own identity problem, essentially, being a solid sci-fi story with a welcome emotional component, yet never fully effective at either."  Kurt Halfyard of Twitch Film compared it to Another Earth and called it "more vexing than cathartic".  Matt Boiselle of Dread Central rated it 2/5 stars and called it "sad and complex" but "hard to swallow and possibly even harder to digest."  Noel Murray of The Dissolve rated it 2.5/5 stars and called it "intermittently effective".  Keith Uhlich of The A.V. Club rated it C− and wrote, "It's always easy to see what Bush and Byrne are aiming for with this timely piece of speculative fiction. But their execution is, with rare exception, weakly imitative at best and exasperatingly inept at worst."

References

External links

2014 films
2014 independent films
2010s science fiction drama films
American independent films
American science fiction drama films
Films about cloning
2014 drama films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
English-language science fiction drama films


title: Reza Rahmani

text:
Reza Rahmani (; born 1966) is an Iranian politician and former Minister of Industry, Mines and Business.

Life
Rahmani was born in Tabriz. He is a member of the 7th, 8th and 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly from the electorate of Tabriz, Osku and Azarshahr with Alireza Mondi Sefidan, Masoud Pezeshkian, Mir-Hadi Gharaseyyed Romiani, Mohammad Hosein Farhanghi and Mohammad Esmaeil Saeidi. Rahmani won with 125,037 (39.95%) votes.

In March 2020, after the COVID-19 pandemic became known to have spread to Iran, the Ministry of Industry said that Reza Rahmani was hospitalised in the intensive care unit of a hospital in Tehran due to "chemical injuries" although Iranian media had reported that he had been infected with novel coronavirus. On 11 March, his infection was confirmed by semi-official Fars News Agency. On 11 March, it was stated that Rahmani was believed to have recovered after receiving treatment in hospital.

References

External links
 Rahmani Website

Politicians from Tabriz
Deputies of Tabriz, Osku and Azarshahr
Living people
1966 births
Members of the 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 8th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 7th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Followers of Wilayat fraction members
Moderation and Development Party politicians


title: Thomas Stack

text:
Thomas Stack (died 1756) was an English physician and translator. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1751, where he had been foreign secretary from 1748.

He translated the Medica Sacra of Richard Mead from Latin (1755).

Notes

External links

Year of birth missing
1756 deaths
18th-century English medical doctors
English translators
Fellows of the Royal Society


title: Come On Down! The Game Show Story

text:
Come on Down! The Game Show Story is a British documentary that aired from 10 to 31 August 2014 on ITV and is presented by Bradley Walsh.

External links

2010s British documentary television series
2014 British television series debuts
2014 British television series endings
English-language television shows
ITV documentaries
Television series by ITV Studios


title: Henry Gompertz

text:
Sir Henry Hessey Johnston Gompertz (31 August 1867 – 4 February 1930) was a Puisne Judge in the Supreme Court, Hong Kong, and Chief Justice of the Federated Malay States.

Biography
Born on 31 August 1867, Gompertz was educated at Bedford School and at Exeter College, Oxford. He was called to the Bar, as a member of Lincoln's Inn, in 1899. He was a Puisne Judge in the Supreme Court, Hong Kong, between 1909 and 1925, and Chief Justice of the Federated Malay States, between 1925 and 1929.

Gompertz retired in 1929, and died in Alassio on 4 February 1930.

References

1867 births
1930 deaths
People educated at Bedford School
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Knights Bachelor
Lawyers awarded knighthoods
Federated Malay States judges
Justices of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong
British barristers
People from British Hong Kong
British people in British Malaya


title: Essonne's 7th constituency

text:
The 7th constituency of Essonne is a French legislative constituency in the Essonne département.

Description

The 7th constituency of Essonne is a suburban seat in the north of the department bordering Val-de-Marne. The seat was created in 1988 as the number of seats in Essonne was increased from four to ten.

The victory of Éva Sas of EELV at the 2012 elections was the first time the left had won the seat in a general election since the 1988 election.

Historic Representation

Election results

2022

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2017

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2012

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2007

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2002

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1997

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Sources

Official results of French elections from 2002: "Résultats électoraux officiels en France" (in French).

7


title: Let's Think About Living

text:
"Let's Think About Living" is a song written by Boudleaux Bryant, and recorded by American country music artist Bob Luman. It was released in August 1960 as the second single and title track from his album Let's Think About Living. The song reached No.9 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

Background
The song is an open critique of the teenage tragedy song and gunfighter ballad genre of the time, humorously quipping that if Marty Robbins, Patti Page and the Everly Brothers actually died in the songs where they mention dying ("El Paso" and "Cathy's Clown" respectively) that the singer will soon be the last surviving musician in the industry. The lyrics suggest happier themes for songs in the future such as living, loving and dancing.

Charts

References

1960 singles
Bob Luman songs
Songs written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant
1960 songs
Satirical songs
Songs about music
Warner Records singles


title: 1999 Carlow County Council election

text:
An election to Carlow County Council took place on 10 June 1999 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 21 councillors were elected from five local electoral areas (LEAs) for a five-year term of office on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

Results by party

Results by local electoral area

Borris

Carlow No.1

Carlow No.2

Muinebheag

Tullow

External links
 Official website

1999 Irish local elections
1999


title: Ratanpar

text:
Ratanpar is a Town/Residential Area in the Surendranagar City of the Indian state of Gujarat.

Ratanpar's Postal Index Number code is 363020 and the postal head office is Surendranagar.

References

Villages in Surendranagar district


title: Aradippou Municipal Stadium

text:
Aradippou Stadium () is a stadium in Aradippou, Cyprus. It is the home ground of Ermis Aradippou and Omonia Aradippou. The stadium holds 2,500 people and is owned by Aradippou municipality.

References

Football venues in Cyprus
Buildings and structures in Larnaca District


title: Timeline of St. Louis

text:
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of St. Louis, Missouri, United States.

Prior to 19th-century

 1764 – St. Louis founded by Pierre Laclède in Louisiana, New Spain.
 1767 - It was "a log-cabin village of perhaps 500 inhabitants".
 1770 - Spanish in power.
 1780 – "Indian attack."
 1785 - Floods.
 1799 – Population: 925.

19th century

1800s–1850s

 1800 – St. Louis becomes part of French Louisiana.
 1804
 St. Louis becomes part of U.S. territory per Louisiana Purchase.
 Post Office established.
 1805 – St. Louis becomes capital of the U.S. Louisiana Territory.
 1808 – Missouri Gazette newspaper begins publication.
 1809
 Town incorporated.
 Missouri Fur Company established.
 First drug store opens.
 1811 – December 16: New Madrid earthquake.
 1812 – St. Louis County established.
 1815 – Theatre opens.
 1816 – Bank of St. Louis incorporated.
 1818
 Saint Louis Academy founded.
 Baptist Church built.
 1819 – Erin Benevolent Society founded.
 1820
 June: Missouri constitutional convention held.
 September: Missouri General Assembly convenes.
 1821
 St. Louis becomes part of the new U.S. state of Missouri.
 City Directory begins publication.
 1822
 City of St. Louis incorporated.
 Area of city: 385 acres.
 1823 – William Carr Lane becomes mayor.
 1825 – Lafayette visits town.
 1826 – Catholic Diocese of St. Louis established.
 1828 – County Courthouse built.
 1830 – Population: 4,977.
 1832 - Cholera.
 1834
 Daily Evening Herald newspaper begins publication.
 Cathedral of St. Louis consecrated.
 1835 – Anzeiger des Westens German-language newspaper begins publication.
 1836 – Chamber of Commerce established.
 1837 – Daniel Webster visits city.
 1840
 City boundaries expanded.
 Population: 16,469.
 1841
 United Hebrew Congregation founded.
 Area of city: 4.5 square miles.
 1844
 Anti-immigration unrest.
 Floods.
 1846
 Dred Scott files lawsuit.
 Mercantile Library Association established.
 1847 – Boatmen's Savings Institution chartered.
 1849
 Concordia Seminary relocates to St. Louis.
 Cholera epidemic.
 Fire.
 Bellefontaine Cemetery established.
 1850
 Third Baptist Church established.
 Population: 77,860.
 1851 – Bates' Theatre opens.
 1852
 Iron Mountain railroad built.
 Bavarian Brewery in business.
Grand Opera House opens under the name Varieties Theatre
 1853 – Washington University founded.
 1854 – Czech Slavonic Benevolent Society founded.
 1856
 Academy of Science founded.
 St. Louis Agricultural and Mechanical Fair begins.
 1857
 For the next quarter century, the city was "the centre of an idealistic philosophical movement".
 St. Louis Fire Department established.
 Lindell Hotel in business.
 Dred Scott decision in March, 1857.
 Westliche Post (German language newspaper) established. (closed 1938)
 1859
 Horse-drawn streetcars begin operating .
 Mary Institute founded.
 Synagogue consecrated on Sixth Street.
 Missouri Botanical Garden founded.

1860s–1890s

 1860 – Population: 160,773.
 1861 – Western Sanitary Commission and Ladies Union Aid Society established.
 1862 – Hoelke and Benecke photo studio in business.
 1865
 Sokol sport club, and Germania Association established.
 St. Louis Public Library established.
 Southern Hotel and Meyer & Brother drug store in business.
 1866
 Cholera epidemic.
 Missouri Historical Society headquartered in city.
 Olympic Theatre opens.
 1867 – City Board of Health and Compton Hill Reservoir Park established.
 1869 – Congregation Shaare Emeth founded.
 1870
 Carondelet becomes part of St. Louis.
 Area of city: 17.98 square miles.
 Population: 310,864.
 1871
 1871 St. Louis tornado.
 Puck German-language magazine begins publication.
 1872
 Maryville College of the Sacred Heart and University Club founded.
 Catholic Amerika begins publication.
 Smallpox outbreak.
 1873 – Laclede Gas Light Company in business.
 1874 – Eads Bridge opened.
 1875
 Merchants Exchange opens.
 Brownell and Wight Car Company in business.
 1876
 June: City hosts 1876 Democratic National Convention.
 Forest Park opens.
 Busch's Budweiser beer introduced.
 Area of city: 61.37 square miles.
 1877
 City secedes from St. Louis County.
 July: 1877 St. Louis general strike.
 1878 – St. Louis Post-Dispatch newspaper begins publication.
 1879
 Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association and J.C. Strauss photo studio in business.
 St. Louis Children's Hospital opened.
 St. Louis School of Fine Arts opened.
 Pope's Theatre opens.
 1880
 St. Stanislaus Kostka Church built.
 Population: 350,518.
 1882 – Mallinckrodt Chemical Works incorporated.
 1883 – St. Louis Exposition and Music Hall opens.
 1884 – St. Louis Maroons baseball team active.
 1886
 May 1: Labour strike.
 St. Louis Watchmaking School and Congregation Temple Israel founded.
 1888 – City hosts 1888 Democratic National Convention.
 1889
 Missouri Botanical Garden established.
 Tower Grove Park established.
 Merchants Bridge opened.
 1890
 Portland and Westmoreland Places begin to develop.
 Population: 451,770.
 1891
 Rubicam Business School established.
 Wainwright Building constructed.
 Washington University School of Medicine opened.
 American Car Company in business.
 Air conditioning installed in the Ice Palace beerhall.
 1892
 St. Louis Browns baseball team active.
 St. Louis Country Club established.
 Stix Baer & Fuller (shop) in business.
 National People's Party founded in St. Louis.
 1894 – Union Station opens.
 1896
 May: 1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado.
 June: Flood.
 City hosts 1896 Republican National Convention.
 Busch's Michelob beer introduced.
 1898 – Compton Hill Water Tower erected.

20th-century

1900s–1970s

 1900
 St. Louis Streetcar Strike of 1900.
 Monsanto Chemical Works in business.
 Population: 575,238.
 1902 – Sportsman's Park opens.
 1903 – Missouri Athletic Club founded.
 1904
 Buckingham Hotel built.
 Inside Inn an hotel built of wood.
 April: St. Louis World's Fair opens;
 Saint Louis Art Museum built.
 City hosts 1904 Summer Olympics and 1904 Democratic National Convention.
 Louisiana Purchase Exposition held.
 1905
 May Department Store relocates to St. Louis.
 Shaare Zedek Synagogue founded.
 1906
 Racquet Club of St. Louis founded.
 Statue of Louis IX of France unveiled in Forest Park.
 1908
 Aero Club of St. Louis incorporated.
 Aeronautic Supply Company in business.
 St. Louis Coliseum re-built.
 Fairground Park established.
 1909 – October: City centennial.
 1910 – Population: 687,029.
 1911
 Urban League branch established.
 Famous-Barr (shop) in business.
 Benoist Flying School established.
 1912
 Ethical Society building constructed.
 St. Louis Argus newspaper begins publication.
 Missouri Peace Society founded.
 1913 – Henry Kiel becomes mayor.
 1914
 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis begins operating.
 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People branch established.
 Railway Exchange Building constructed.
 "Pageant and Masque of Saint Louis" held.
 St. Louis Zoo incorporated.
 Barnes Hospital opened.
 New charter adopted reducong the elective officers to terms of four years.
 Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis completed.
 1915 – Junior League of St. Louis organized.
 1917
MacArthur Bridge opens.
St. Louis Municipal Opera Theatre (The Muny) opens
 1918
 Poro beauty school opens.
 1919
 League of Women Voters of St. Louis organized.
 City Hospital No. 2 begins operating.
 Pine Street YMCA opens.
 1920
 Chase Hotel built.
 Population: 772,897.
 1921
 WEW radio begins broadcasting.
 American Association of University Women chapter active.
 1925 – St. Louis Theater opens.
 1926
 Southwestern Bell Building constructed.
 New Masonic Temple built.
 1927
 Racquet Club of St. Louis funds Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis airplane.
 Tornado.
 B.F. Mahoney Aircraft Corporation in business.
 1928 – St. Louis American newspaper begins publication.
 1929
 Fox Theatre opens.
 St. Louis Arena opened.
 1930 – Lambert-St. Louis Municipal Airport dedicated.
 1931 – Rombauer's Joy of Cooking published.
 1933
 Firmin Desloge Hospital opens.
 Anheuser-Busch's Budweiser Clydesdales established.
 1935 – Neighborhood Gardens (housing) opens.
 1937 – Floral Conservatory built in Forest Park.
 1939
 1939 St. Louis smog.
 Oldani's restaurant in business.
 1940 – Population: 816,048.
 1942 – George Hudson Orchestra debuts.
 1943 – Campbell House Museum opens.
 1947 – Congress of Racial Equality chapter organized.
 1948 – U.S. Supreme Court decides Shelley v. Kraemer lawsuit.
 1949 – Fairground Park riot.
 1950 – Population: 856,796.
 1951 – Veterans' Memorial Bridge built.
 1954
 KETC television begins broadcasting.
 Pruitt–Igoe housing built.
 1955
 Peabody Coal Company relocates to St. Louis.
 Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum architects in business.
 1958 – Landmarks Association of St. Louis established.
 1959 – St. Louis sit-in during the Civil Rights Movement.
 1960
 Population: 750,026.
 Sister city relationship established with Stuttgart, Germany.
 The National Football League's Chicago Cardinals relocate to St. Louis. They will remain through 1987.
 1962 – St. Louis Community College established.
 1963
 University of Missouri–St. Louis established.
 MetroBus begins operating.
 Planetarium opens.
 1964
 LaClede Town (housing) opens.
 Imo's Pizza in business in Shaw.
 Cardinals win the World Series, defeating New York Yankees in seven games
 1965
 Gateway Arch erected.
 Regional East-West Gateway Council of Governments established.
 1966 – Busch Stadium opens.
 1967
 Poplar Street Bridge completed.
 St. Louis Blues - National Hockey League - NHL Expansion ice hockey team formed.
 K-SHE 95 (94.7) FM radio station begins broadcasting its current Rock n' Roll format.
 Cardinals win the World Series, defeating Boston Red Sox in seven games
 1969 – Laclede Gas Building constructed.
 1970
 Student antiwar demonstration.
 Population: 622,236.
 1972 - Demolition of Pruitt-Igoe begins and will last four years.
 1974
 St. Louis Port Authority created.
 Sister city relationship established with Suwa, Japan.
 1976 – Sister city relationship established with Lyon, France.
 1977
 St. Louis Convention Center opens.
 James F. Conway becomes mayor.
 Sister city relationship established with Galway, Ireland.
 1979 – Sister city relationship established with Nanjing, China.

1980s–1990s

 1980 - Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis established.
 1981 – Gwen B. Giles is the first woman and first African-American appointed to lead the St. Louis City Assessor's Office.
 1982 - Cardinals win World Series, defeating Milwaukee Brewers in seven games
 1986
 Express Scripts and Galleria Cinema in business.
 Southwestern Bell Telephone Building constructed.
 1987
 Sister city relationship established with Bologna, Italy.
 Lindbergh Plaza cinema in business.
 Football Cardinals play final season in St. Louis before relocating to Arizona
 1989 – One Metropolitan Square (hi-rise) built.
 1990
 Population: 396,685.
 Sister city relationship established with Georgetown, Guyana.
 1991 - Hindu Temple of St. Louis founded.
 1992 – Sister city relationships established with Szczecin, Poland and Samara, Russia.
 1993 – MetroLink begins operating.
 1994
 Kiel Center arena opens.
 Sister city relationship established with Saint-Louis, Senegal.
 1995
 St. Louis Rams football team relocates from Los Angeles..
 Trans World Dome (stadium) opens.
 1997
 City website online (approximate date).
 Ameren Corporation in business.
 Clarence Harmon becomes mayor.
 St. Louis Missouri Temple inaugurated.

21st-century
 2000 – Population: 348,189.
 2001
 Pulitzer Arts Foundation museum opens.
 Francis G. Slay becomes mayor.
 William Lacy Clay, Jr. becomes U.S. representative for Missouri's 1st congressional district.
 Veterans for Peace headquartered in St. Louis.
 2002 – St. Louis Building Arts Foundation active (approximate date).
 2003 – St. Louis Area Regional Response System headquartered in city.
 2004 – Sister city relationship established with Bogor, Indonesia.
 2006
 New Busch Stadium built.
 Cardinals win World Series, defeating Detroit Tigers in five games
 2007 – Center for Citizen Leadership headquartered in St. Louis.
 2008 – Sister city relationship established with Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 2009 – Citygarden opens.
 2010 – Population: 319,294; metro 2,812,896.
 2011
 October: Occupy St. Louis begins.
 Cardinals win World Series, defeating Texas Rangers in seven games
 2014
 August 9: Shooting in nearby Ferguson, unrest ensues.
 Musial Bridge and Center for Jazz open.
 2016
 Rams leave St. Louis and become the L.A. Rams once again.
 2019 - Blues win Stanley Cup for the first time, defeating Boston Bruins in seven games
 2023 - St. Louis City Stadium scheduled to open

See also
 History of St. Louis
 List of mayors of St. Louis
 National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, A–L), Missouri
 National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, M–Z), Missouri
 Timeline of Kansas City, Missouri

References

Bibliography

 Saint Louis: a Chronological and Documentary History, 1762–1970, by Robert Vexler. Dobbs Ferry: Oceana Publications, 1974.

External links

 Digital Public Library of America. Items related to St. Louis, various dates

saint louis
St. Louis-related lists
Years in Missouri


title: Graham Reid (journalist)

text:
Graham Reid is a New Zealand journalist, author, broadcaster, and arts educator. His music and film reviews have appeared in The New Zealand Herald since the late 1980s. His website, Elsewhere, provides features and reports on music, film, travel and other cultural issues. He is the author of two travel books, published by Random House.

Career
Reid was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, as was his mother; his father grew up in New Zealand, the son of Scottish immigrants. Reid was the founding editor of Passages magazine. He then worked as a journalist with The New Zealand Herald for seventeen years before leaving to become a freelance writer in 2004. He has been recognised for his excellence in the field of journalism, as a multiple winner at the annual Qantas Media Awards and Cathay Pacific's travel awards. In 2003, he won the United Nations Association of Australia's Media Peace Award for his coverage of the volatile political situation in the Solomon Islands.

Reid was the New Zealand correspondent for Billboard magazine for five years. He has participated in music-related programs for Radio New Zealand, among other work as a commentator on radio. Since 2010, he has appeared as a presenter and featured writer at the Creative Hub, located at Auckland's Waterfront Writing Centre. In November 2012, he hosted a pop culture event titled "Shooting the Beatles and Creating the Sixties" at the Auckland Art Gallery.

When announcing Reid's choice for the top albums of 2013, Independent Music New Zealand (IMNZ) wrote of him as the "prodigious reviewer Graham Reid of Elsewhere". His website Elsewhere covers a variety of arts-related topics, including jazz and world music. The music journalism archive Rock's Backpages describes it as "a New Zealand on-line magazine about music, travel and the arts".

Reid continues to write articles and music, film and book reviews for the Herald. He has also written for the New Zealand Listener, The Australian, Metro, Art News, Real Groove, Idealog, Life and Leisure and Weekend magazine. In AUT University's 2013 study of The New Zealand Herald, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the newspaper's founding, Reid was named among six "terrific contributors to a masthead which symbolises the Auckland establishment".

His first book was Postcards from Elsewhere, which won the 2006 Whitcoulls' Travel Book of the Year award. In 2010, his book The Idiot Boy Who Flew was the winner of Whitcoulls' annual Readers' Choice Award. As an educator, Reid has lectured in journalism and feature writing at AUT, and in contemporary music at the University of Auckland.

References

External links
 "Music reviews, travel writing, the arts, interviews: Elsewhere by Graham Reid"

Living people
New Zealand music critics
New Zealand journalists
Scottish emigrants to New Zealand
Writers from Edinburgh
New Zealand art teachers
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Tiled web map

text:
A tiled web map, slippy map (in OpenStreetMap terminology) or tile map is a map displayed in a web browser by seamlessly joining dozens of individually requested image or vector data files. It is the most popular way to display and navigate maps, replacing other methods such as Web Map Service (WMS) which typically display a single large image, with arrow buttons to navigate to nearby areas. Google Maps was one of the first major mapping sites to use this technique. The first tiled web maps used raster tiles, before the emergence of vector tiles.

There are several advantages to tiled maps. Each time the user pans, most of the tiles are still relevant, and can be kept displayed, while new tiles are fetched. This greatly improves the user experience, compared to fetching a single map image for the whole viewport. It also allows individual tiles to be pre-computed, a task easy to parallelize. Also, displaying rendered images served from a web server is less computationally demanding than rendering images in the browser, a benefit over technologies such as Web Feature Service (WFS). While many map tiles are in raster format (a bitmap file such as PNG or JPG), the number of suppliers of vector tiles is growing. Vector tiles are rendered by the client browser, which can thus add a custom style to the map. Vector map tiles may also be rotated separately from any text overlay so that the text remains readable.

Defining a tiled web map
Properties of tiled web maps that require convention or standards include the size of tiles, the numbering of zoom levels, the projection to use, the way individual tiles are numbered or otherwise identified, and the method for requesting them.

Most tiled web maps follow certain Google Maps conventions:

 Tiles are 256x256 pixels
 At the outer most zoom level, 0, the entire world can be rendered in a single map tile.
 Each zoom level doubles in both dimensions, so a single tile is replaced by 4 tiles when zooming in. This means that about 22 zoom levels are sufficient for most practical purposes.
 The Web Mercator projection is used, with latitude limits of around 85 degrees.

The de facto OpenStreetMap standard, known as Slippy Map Tilenames or XYZ, follows these and adds more:
 An X and Y numbering scheme
 PNG images for tiles
 Images are served through a Web server, with a URL like http://.../Z/X/Y.png, where Z is the zoom level, and X and Y identify the tile.

Tile numbering schemes
There are three main numbering schemes in use:
 Google Maps / OpenStreetMap: (0 to 2zoom-1, 0 to 2zoom-1) for the range (−180, +85.0511) - (+180, −85.0511)
 Tile Map Service:  (0 to 2zoom-1, 2zoom-1 to 0) for the range (−180, +85.0511) - (+180, −85.0511). (That is, the same as the previous with the Y value flipped.)
 QuadTrees, used by Microsoft.

Standards
Several standards exist:
 Tile Map Service: an early standard supported by OpenLayers. One difference is the y axis is positive northwards in TMS, and southwards in OpenStreetMap.
 Web Map Tile Service: a more recent Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard.
 The de facto XYZ standard referred to above.
 TileJSON: a lightweight JSON description of all the parameters associated with a web map, created by Mapbox.
 Bing Maps Tile System, using Quadkeys for addressing.

Client libraries
To display a tiled map in a browser usually requires the support of a web mapping framework. This framework handles the retrieval of tiles, display, caching, and user navigation. Popular frameworks for tiled maps include Google Maps API, OpenLayers and Leaflet.

References

External links

 Example of a tiled marine map for boating
Web mapping


title: Mohammad Ali Madadi

text:
Mohammad Ali Madadi (; born 1959) is an Iranian politician.

Madadi was born in Meyaneh. He is a member of the 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly from the electorate of Meyaneh with Bahlul Hoseini. Madadi won with 44,855 (50.97%) votes.

References

External links
 Madadi Website

People from Mianeh
Deputies of Mianeh
Living people
1959 births
Members of the 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Followers of Wilayat fraction members


title: Montoursville Area High School

text:
Montoursville Area High School is a small suburban/rural public high school located at 100 North Arch Street, Montoursville, Pennsylvania.  It is the sole high school operated by the Montoursville Area School District. The school serves the borough of Montoursville, plus the townships of Fairfield, Upper Fairfield, Eldred, Gamble, Cascade, and Plunketts Creek.  In 2013, Montoursville Area School District enrollment was reported as 598 pupils in 9th through 12th grades. The school employed 44 teachers in the 2012–2013 school year.

In September 2014, the Montoursville Area School Board approved a plan to spend over $35.9 million to do extensive renovations to the high school building including adding two floors. The project has since been completed in 2017. The renovated building will change the main entrance to Mulberry Street. There will also be a new auditorium to include a theater and lobby area. Sports facilities will be added. This renovation has provided a total of 36 new classrooms and labs.

Extracurriculars
The Montoursville Area School District offers a wide variety of clubs, activities and an extensive, publicly funded sports program.

The sports programs are associated with the Pennsylvania Heartland Athletic Conference and the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association. The Pennsylvania Heartland Athletic Conference is a voluntary association of 25 PIAA High Schools within the central Pennsylvania region.

TWA Flight 800
Sixteen students and five adult chaperones from the school's French club were killed in the 1996 crash of TWA Flight 800.

Sports
The district funds:

Varsity

Boys
Baseball - AAA
Basketball- AAA
Cross country - AA
Football - AA
Golf - AA
Soccer - AA
Swimming and diving - AA
Tennis - AA
Track and field - AA
Wrestling - AA

Girls
Basketball - AA
Cross country - AA
Golf - AA
Soccer - AA
Softball - AA
Swimming and diving - AAA
Tennis - AA
Track and field - AA

According to PIAA directory July 2013

References

External links

 BLaST Intermediate Unit

Public high schools in Pennsylvania
Schools in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Susquehanna Valley


title: Chelsea Heights Football Club

text:
The Chelsea Heights Football Netball Club is an Australian rules football and netball club located in the bayside suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The club currently participates in the Division 2 of Southern Football Netball League, based in the south and south eastern suburbs of Melbourne.

History
Chelsea Heights was established in 1969. The club first competed in the South West Gippsland Football League from 1973 to 1992. Their best result was making the Grand Final in 1978 only to lose to Berwick by 53 points.

In 1993 the club decided to move to the newly reformatted the Southern Football League. The club competed in 3rd Division until it won the flag in 1995. Promoted to 2nd Division in 1996 the club went on to win the 2000 premiership, thus entitling them to be promoted to 1st Division. The club's best result in first division is Runners up in the 2009,2010 & 2012 Grand finals. The club was relegated from Division 1 in 2015, returning to Division 2 for the first time since the 2000 grand final win.

Chelsea Heights has seen many great players in the club's history, including Frankston VFL champion Ash Roberts, Paul Smit, Phil Matheson, Ryan Flack, Travis Coote along with ex-AFL players Darren Walsh, Jayden Attard, Scott Crow, Glenn Nugent & Travis Johnstone.

Based at Beazley Reserve, the club has been very well served by two terrific stalwarts Neil Lockhart & Ben Bradley. The social rooms are named after Lockhart for all his terrific work across many years.

The record for goals in a game by an individual at CHFNC is 18, held by John Syme & Jackson Fry.

League best and fairest winners include 1999 & 2000 - David Cross (div 2) 2004 - Scott Crow (div 1),  2007 - Paul Wineberg (div 1), 2010 - Ryan Flack (div 1), 2016 - Jordan Perryman (div 2) and 2022 - Luke Clark (div 2).

Senior Premierships
 Southern Football League (4):
 Division 3 (1): 1995
 Division 2 (3): 2000, 2017, 2022

References

External links
 Official website

Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne
Southern Football League (Victoria)
1973 establishments in Australia
Sports clubs and teams established in 1973
Australian rules football clubs established in 1973
Sport in the City of Kingston (Victoria)


title: Essonne's 8th constituency

text:
The 8th constituency of Essonne is a French legislative constituency in the Essonne department. Its member of the National Assembly has been Nicolas Dupont-Aignan since 1997.

Description

The 8th constituency of Essonne is in the north east of the department and consists of the Parisian suburbs around Yerres and Vigneux-sur-Seine. The seat was created in 1986 as the number of seats in Essonne grew from four to ten reflecting the rapidly increasing population and urbanisation of the department.

Against the national trend the seat was won by Gaullist Nicolas Dupont-Aignan in 1997. Dupont-Aignan went on to break away from the mainstream Union for a Popular Movement with his own Debout La France party. The party campaigns on a more traditional Gaullist platform but has met with little electoral success outside its leaders home seat.

Historic Representation

Election results

2022

2017

2012

Sources

Official results of French elections from 2002: "Résultats électoraux officiels en France" (in French).

8


title: Gunnar Weman

text:
Gunnar Weman (born 25 February 1932) was Archbishop of Uppsala from 1993 to 1997. Weman is the son of Henry Weman who was the cathedral organist in Uppsala.

He was ordained in 1958 and was stationed as a priest in Sigtuna and later in Uppsala in 1959, before he became a student and study secretary of the Swedish Church Mission Board in Uppsala. Between 1964 and 1984 he was again stationed in Sigtuna, first as curate and then rector in 1969. From 1985 to 1986 he was director and head of the Swedish Church Board for worship and evangelism. He then became bishop of the Diocese of Luleå and in 1993 Archbishop of Uppsala and Primate of Sweden. He retired in 1997.

He has been Secretary of the National Association of Youth and Church of Sweden Christian student movement and member of the Swedish church's mission board and its executive committee. Through various assignments, he has been active for the Swedish church's worship renewal and included the secretary of the Swedish Church's liturgical committee. In 2006 he became doctor of theology with a thesis entitled Contemporary worship and medieval churches.

He was involved in Ecumenical efforts with other Christians, but his efforts to encourage goodwill to the Muslim community in Sweden met with some internal difficulties.

References

Lutheran archbishops of Uppsala
Bishops of Luleå
20th-century Lutheran archbishops
1932 births
Living people
21st-century Swedish Lutheran bishops
20th-century Swedish Lutheran bishops


title: Bella Ratchinskaia

text:
Bella Ratchinskaia (born in Vorkuta, Russia on 22 November 1953) is a classical ballet choreographer and maître de ballet.

Early life and education
She attended and graduated with honours at the State Academy of Ballet in Perm. After her studies, she joined the USSR "All-Union Contest" for young dancers and moved to Leningrad (San Petersburg) where she started a classical dance career at the Theatre. In 1972  she began to work as a principal dancer in the company "Choreographical Miniatures" directed by Leonid Yakobson, she performed all roles of the classical repertory and Yakobson's own choreographic creations. She enjoyed critical acclaim during international tours for her interpretation of these roles.

Choreography career
In 1976, she took her first steps in creating her own choreography. The approval she received from the Soviet public encouraged her to follow a pedagogical and choreographic career. In the same year she began the renowned Teachers course at The Vaganova Ballet Academy. After graduation with honours and receiving the official title of Pedagogue for Classical, Historical, Character Ballet and Repertoire she began teaching at the Vaganova Academy. During the years while working in the  Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet, another important field of activity was a close collaboration with the Ministry of Culture of Mongolia, developing educational methods for the training of classical ballet for both students and teachers. Her professional  success, was rewarded, in 1989, with the 'Honorary Board and Symbol of Ministry of Culture' of the USSR and Mongolia.  At the end of '80s, the Academy initiated international cultural exchanges, among others with Italy, and in 1990 Bella Ratchinskaia was engaged as maÎtre de ballet at Milan's La Scala Theatre and as pedagogue for classical, historical and repertoire  at La Scala Ballet Academy directed by Anna Maria Prina. Together with Giuseppe Carbone (director of the La Scala ballet company ),  she started  "MaÎtre de ballet education course" with the objective of giving classical dancers ending their stage-career, a professional teaching qualification.

In the second half of the 1990s, she actively collaborated with theatres and international companies as a training and rehearsal maÎtre for classical ballet also staging her own choreographic productions; in 1996 she produced Ballet Class for Sarasota Ballet Company  (Florida, USA) directed by Robert de Warren.  Between 1997 and '98 she created numerous classic and demi-charactére choreographic works for Teatro Carcano (Milan, Italy), in '99 she worked as a guest with Compagnia de la Comunidad de Madrid (Spain) under the direction of Victor Ullate.  In the same year she worked on "Sleeping Beauty" Ballet for the Hungarian State Opera (ballet company directed by Gyula Harangozo ).

After the years working at La Scala under the direction of  Robert de Warren, Giuseppe Carbone and Elisabetta Terabust,  she moved to Vienna (Austria), where she worked from 1999 to 2003 as maître de ballet and rehearsal assistant for the classical repertoire at the Vienna State Opera, company directed by Renato Zanella. In 2002 and 2003 respectively, she cooperated and created choreographies for the "Nacht des Ballets" Gala and  "Fanny Elssler" Gala (Eisenstadt, Austria), in the same year she worked as guest at the Dutch National Ballet Company (Amsterdam, Nederlands).

Between 2004 and 2011 she renewed her professional collaboration in Italy;  initially with the Opera and Ballet Academy of Rome  (respectively under the direction of Carla Fracci and Paola Jorio)  and then with the Ballet Academy "La Scala" in Milan. She was always ready for opportunities to choreograph classical and demi-charactére creations, and in 2007, for the Ballet Academy of Rome Opera, she  produced a ballet using the Russian folklore music the "Balaljka Magica", and in the next year on Giuseppe Verdi's music "Vespri Siciliani" a ballet called Colombine and Pulcinella.

Since 2012 she has worked at the Vienna State Opera Theatre and Academy. In collaboration with the Ballet Academy Director Simona Noja she created choreographies for academy students; in 2013 using Karen Chatschaturjan's music she produced the ballet in two acts Cipollino and in 2014 she presented on the opera stage Frühling in Wien, in 2015 „Avant-Scéne“ a composite work   on Offenbach/Anderson/Arbeau and Strauss musik, in 2015 a new revival of „Chopiniana“. With the Vienna State Opera Ballet Company, under Manuel Legris direction, she realized for Nurejew Gala (Vienna's State Opera traditional ballet event which concludes the artistic theatre season) in 2012 "Laurencia" and in 2014 "Paquita".
Since 1997 Bella Ratchinskaia is an honorary  patron of the "Russian Ballet Association" with headquarters in Switzerland and representatives  in England, Japan and Italy. She acted as a member and chairman of juries during International Competitions in Austria, Italy, Switzerland.  For her contribution to the Arts she was honored in 2001 with the "Crisalide" award and then with the Petruzzelli award.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135147/http://www.teatro.it/rubriche/interviste/ratchinskaia_la_farfalla_che_insegna_a_volare_ai_ballerini_319

Russian Ballet Association:  https://web.archive.org/web/20140814170855/http://www.balletcenter.ch/de/default.html?id=24
 http://www.opera-balletschool.com/?page_id=33
 http://www.wiener-staatsoper.at/Content.Node/home/spielplan/Spielplandetail.en.php?eventid=1454860
 http://giornaledelladanza.com/home/2016/10/la-danza-e-un-regalo-di-dio-intervista-a-bella-ratchinskaja-esclusiva/

Russian ballerinas
Russian choreographers
Russian women choreographers
Ballet teachers
1953 births
Living people
People from Vorkuta


title: Splash (South African band)

text:
Splash were a Soweto township band of the 1980s and 1990s led by Dan Tshanda, lead vocalist and bass guitar.

History

Formation and early years (1985–1991)
Born in Matangari, Venda, Dan Tshanda had to leave school at the primary level due to lack of funds in the family. Dan got a job as a newspaper vendor for an Afrikaans newspaper, where his father worked as a sweeper. When he became old enough to drive, he ventured into the taxi industry. While working as a taxi driver, he made a demo cassette, which was submitted to a record company, by then Dan had started a group known as Flying Squad.

In 1985, they released an album called MR TONY with Gallo Records. The album was not a success, but the late Hamilton Nzimande of Gallo Records gave them a second chance, and Dan continued under the name "Splash". Ray Phiri of Stimela agreed to feature them as their support act whenever they had shows, he later discovered that they had a great talent and decided they should change their names to SPLASH. This was the birth of a giant in South African music. In 1991 Dan Tshanda formed a group called Matshikos that was led by his two backing vocalists Penwell Kunene and Joseph Tshimange releasing an album, The Park Is Mine.

Death
Tshanda died on 5 January 2019, aged 54, at a Johannesburg hospital from a heart attack.

Discography

Studio albums
   Mr. Tony (1985)
 Peacock (1986)
 Snake (1987)
 Money (1988)
 Tshokotshoko (1989)
 Eye For An Eye (1990)
 Nesindande (1991)
 Khoma Khoma (1992)
 One Comma Five (1993)
  Why (1994)
 Cellular (1995)
 Ndosala (1996)
 Double Face (1997)
 Crocodile (1998)
   Makhirikhiri (1999)
 Ndivhuwo (2001)
   Sylvia   (2005)
 Sethlopa (2003)
 Tolovela (2009)
 Time to Shine (2009)
 Delele (2014)
 Shanduka'' (2019) Posthumous

References

Further reading

External links

South African musical groups


title: Carthage Theatre Festival

text:
The Carthage Theater Days or Journées Théâtrales de Carthage ("Carthage theatre days") is a theatre festival hosted by the government of Tunisia that was started in 1983. Taking place every two years, this theatre festival alternates with the Carthage Film Festival.

References

Festivals in Tunisia


title: Zeke Mazurek

text:
David "Zeke" Mazurek (died October 30, 2010) was a Canadian fiddler based in Prince Edward County, Ontario who performed and recorded traditional and popular music across Canada with several musical groups.

Career
In 1976 Mazurek performed as part of the band Prairie Oyster. In the 1980s he was a member of the folk group Stringband; in 1980 the group performed at the Vancouver Folk Festival. Mazurek continued to performed in southern Ontario throughout the 1980s and 1990s.

In 1999 Mazurek performed on violin and viola with the group Tsufit on their album Under the Mediterranean Sky. In  2000 he played fiddle on Aengus Finnan's album Fool's Gold. and in 2002 he played violin on Tom Savage's album Brand of Symphony.

Although he didn't tour with them, Mazurek's fiddle is heard on a number of recordings by the band Max Mouse and the Gorillas.  He also performed a series of concerts in Mt. Tabor with Sneezy Waters.

Mazurek and fellow musicians Jeanette Arsenault and Bill Ostrander performed under the name "Fiddle and Frostbite". For a number of years the group organized an annual winter concert in Prince Edward County. The event, which was discontinued after Mazurek's death, revived in 2016, led by Paul Johnson.

Mazurek helped to develop "Fowke Tales", a theatrical production depicting this history of Douro Township. In 2009 he was featured on the CBC program, "Madly Off in All Directions".

When Mazurek became ill with cancer in 2010, musicians who had performed with him in the past, including members of the band Prairie Oyster, Sneezy Waters and singer Sylvia Tyson, performed in two concerts titled "ZekeFest" and "ZekeFest 2" to raise money for his family.

Mazurek died October 30, 2010. After his death, a concert celebrating Mazerek and his music raised $6000 for the Prince Edward County Memorial Hospital.

Discography
Zeke Gets a "D" for Love (featuring Zeke Mazurek & Alyssa Wright)
This One's the Dreamer (Rick Fielding)
 Roll Me a Dream…
I Aint Dead... YET
Tryin' to Start Out Clean (Willie P. Bennett, 1975)
 Sneezy Waters – You've Got Sawdust On The Floor Of Your Heart
Tim Harrison
Air
Thinking of Anna
When The Bay Turns Blue  (Rodney Brown)
Tsufit Under the Mediterranean Sky
Brand of Sympathy (Tom Savage)
Fool's Gold (Aengus Finnan)
Sara & the Sea (Tim Harrison)
David the Bard: Zeke Mazurek Lost& Found (2010)

References

Year of birth missing
2010 deaths
Canadian folk fiddlers
Canadian country fiddlers
20th-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers
21st-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers
Canadian male violinists and fiddlers


title: Odisha Tourism Development Corporation

text:
The Odisha Tourism Development Corporation (OTDC) is a Government of Odisha undertaking corporation in the Indian state of Odisha. It was incorporated in the year 1979 to promote tourism in the state and operate some of the existing tourist bungalows and transport fleets in commercial line. OTDC's Tourist Bungalows are called as Panthanivas.

Panthanivas Locations

A live map is hosted on the official site with details of locations

Tours

Packaged Tours
OTDC provides customised tour packages. Seasonal packages are also made available to facilitate travellers coming from other regions for special events like Nabakalebara 2015.

Gallery

References

External links
Official Website of Odisha Tourism Development Corporation (OTDC)
Odisha Tourism Development Corporation (OTDC) Manual

1979 establishments in Orissa
Government agencies established in 1979
Tourism in Odisha
State agencies of Odisha
State tourism development corporations of India


title: Bahlul Hoseini

text:
Bahlul Hoseini (; born 1961) is an Iranian politician.

Hoseini was born in Meyaneh. He is a member of the 7th and 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly from the electorate of Meyaneh with Mohammad Ali Madadi. Hoseini won with 25,848 (29.40%) votes.

References

External links
 Hoseini Website

People from Mianeh
Deputies of Mianeh
Living people
1961 births
Members of the 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 7th Islamic Consultative Assembly


title: Alexander Mordvilko

text:
Alexander Konstantinovich Mordvilko (born 3 February 1867 in the area of Minsk – died 12 July 1938 in the area of Leningrad) was an entomologist and parasitologist. He was a subject of the Russian Empire and later of the Soviet Union.

References

1867 births
1938 deaths
Entomologists from the Russian Empire
Soviet entomologists
Parasitologists from the Russian Empire
Soviet parasitologists


title: Lauren Bacall on screen and stage

text:
American actress Lauren Bacall (1924–2014) had an extensive career in films, television shows, and plays. She was one of the leading ladies during the Golden Age of Hollywood along with actresses such as Marilyn Monroe and Rita Hayworth. Bacall started her career as a teenage fashion model when she appeared on the cover of Harper's Bazaar and was discovered by Howard Hawks' wife Nancy. As she naturally had a high-pitched and nasal voice, she received lessons to help deepen it and was required to shout verses by Shakespeare for hours every day as part of her training.

Bacall's first film appearance was with Humphrey Bogart in the 1944 film To Have and Have Not. The following year she married Bogart and went on to appear with him in The Big Sleep (1946), Dark Passage (1947), and Key Largo (1948). She also starred in comedies such as How to Marry a Millionaire in 1953 with Marilyn Monroe, Designing Woman in 1957 with Gregory Peck, and Sex and the Single Girl in 1964 with Natalie Wood. Bacall also appeared in Murder on the Orient Express (1974) and The Shootist (1976).

In Bacall's later years, she appeared in the films All I Want for Christmas (1991), Prêt-à-Porter (1994), The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996), My Fellow Americans (1996), Diamonds (1999), Dogville (2003), Eve (2008) Wide Blue Yonder (2010) and The Forger (2012). For her role as Hannah Morgan in The Mirror Has Two Faces, Bacall won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture and was nominated for a BAFTA and an Academy Award. Her television work included appearances on Mr. Broadway (1964), Chicago Hope (1998), and The Rockford Files (1979), as well as providing the voice of Evelyn on the animated series Family Guy (2014).

Bacall also performed on Broadway in the plays Cactus Flower in 1965 and The Visit in 1995 and musicals such as Applause in 1970 and Woman of the Year in 1981. For her roles in Applause and Woman of the Year, she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical.

Filmography

Television

Theatre

Radio
Lux Radio Theatre (1946) - Episode: To Have and Have Not
 Bold Venture (1951–1952) - 78 episodes

See also
List of awards and nominations received by Lauren Bacall
Humphrey Bogart on stage, screen, radio and television

References

External links

Actress filmographies
American filmographies


title: Arcot Ramachandran

text:
Arcot Ramachandran (1923-2018) was an Indian scientist, anthropologist, author and a former Under-Secretary General of United Nations Centre for Human Settlements, known for his scholarship on the subjects of heat and mass transfer and environment and his social commitment to the cause of sustainable development. The Government of India honoured him in 2003, with the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award, for his services to the fields of Science and Engineering.

Life sketch
Born in a Tamil speaking Arcot Mudaliar family in the Indian state of Karnataka,

Arcot Ramachandran graduated from the Madras University and went to the Purdue University, USA, from where he obtained MS degree in Engineering. He continued at the University for his doctoral research and obtained his PhD.

Ramachandran started his career as a faculty member of the Department of Power Engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, in 1950, and, later, rose to the rank of an Assistant Professor. In 1954, he took a break from the teaching career to work as a Research Engineer at Babcock & Wilcox Research and Development Centre, Renfrew, Scotland where he worked for a year. The next year, in 1955, he again went to the US to continue his studies at the post-doctoral level, as post-doctoral research fellow, to Purdue University and, later, at Columbia University.

Ramachandran came back to India, in 1957, did a summer course at Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Subsequent to that, IISc invited him to head the Department of Mechanical Engineering. In 1965, he was transferred as the Head of the Department of Industrial Management and, two years later, in 1967, he became the Director of IIT Madras.

In 1973, the Government of India established a new Department of Science and Technology and nominated Dr. Ramachandran as the Government Secretary and the Director-General of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, in charge of the newly formed department. During his tenure there, he is reported to be able to start several ventures and programs such as:
 Science and Technology Agency
 Environment Planning, Co-ordination and Research Programme
 Science and Engineering Research Council
 Energy Sources Research and Development Programme
 National Information System for Science and technology (NISSAT)
 Central Electronics Limited

In 1977, Ramachandran was made the chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development. He was also involved with the UNESCO Expert Group Meeting on Engineering Education, in the capacity of its chairman. U.N. ESCAP Regional Centre for Transfer of Technology Bangalore, started on 16 July 1977, owes its origin to the recommendations of this Expert Group. The next year, he was selected as the Under Secretary-General and Executive Director of the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), headquartered in Nairobi. He also had the additional charge of the Administrator of the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation. In 1993, Dr. Ramachandran retired from the UN.

Ramachandran has participated, as the chairman or as a member, in various advisory and consultative committees under the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources, the Ministry of Urban Affairs and the Department of Ocean Development.

Legacy
Arcot Ramachandran has made many contributions, both social and educational, during his academic and administrative careers. During his tenure as the Under Secretary General at the UN Centre for Human Settlements, he proposed the introduction of World Habitat Day, which was accepted, leading to observing the first Monday of every October as a special day to remind the world of sustainable progress with regard to environment. He was also instrumental in the proclamation of the year 1987 as the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, as a part of the Global Strategy for Shelter for the year 1987. It was during his tenure, UN launched the Sustainable Cities Programme in 12 cities, in 1990.

On the academic front, Ramachandran is the founder of a School of Research in Heat and Mass Transfer. He is reported to be successful in launching several programs in Mechanical Engineering, during his stint at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, under his Directorship, is reported to have gained reputation as a Centre of Excellence. During this period, he founded the Indian Society of Heat and Mass Transfer of which he was the first President. He also opened the School of Heat Transfer and the School of Energy Research, under the umbrella of IIT Madras. He is also credited with organising the Regional Centre for Energy, Heat and Mass Transfer for Asia-Pacific.

While he was the Government Secretary, Ramachandran implemented the first Science and Technology Plan, suggested by NCST. His efforts were also reported to be behind the establishment of National Remote Sensing Agency, in Hyderabad. He is also regarded as the architect of the National Program for Research and Development in Renewable Sources of Energy.

Arcot Ramchandran has also contributed to dissemination of information by way of conducting many seminars and by way of keynote addresses and lectures, delivered at various platforms and seminars, a few of which are:

 Keynote address on Sustainable communities through partnership at the meeting of the Commonwealth Heads of Governments at Edinburgh, Scotland in October 1997
 Keynote address on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development at the Maharashtra Association for the cultivation of Science, Pune in 1998
 Keynote Address on 'Metropolitan Concentrations of knowledge based industries at the International Conference, Ottawa, Canada, in September 1997

Positions

 Under Secretary General, United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (HABITAT)
 Chairman – Preparatory Committee of UN Conference on Science and Technology
 Government Secretary – Department of Science and Technology – Government of India
 Chairman – The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) – Southern Regional Centre
 board member – Intercultural Cooperation Foundation (ICF) India
 board member – Public Affairs Centre, Bangalore
 Chairman, International Jury – UNCHS (Habitat) and the United Arab Emirates
 President – Solar Energy Society of India
 President – National Institute of Urban Affairs, New Delhi
 Chairman – Governing Council – Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi
 Chairman – Science and Technology Advisory Committee for SSS-Nire, M.N.E.S., Government of India
 Hon. Visiting Professor – National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore
 Chairman – Engineering Staff College of India, Hyderabad
 Member – American Society of Engineering Education
 Member – UK Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
 Member – National Council of Science Education

Awards and recognitions
 Padma Bhushan – Government of India – 2003
 Sir M. Visvesvaraya Life Time Achievement Award in Engineering – 1999
 Indian National Academy of Engineering Life Time Achievement Award – 1999
 World Federation of Engineering Organizations Award – 2005
 Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Gold Medal – 1998
 World Habitat Trophy – Building and Social Housing Foundation of UK – 1995
 Heat Transfer Memorial Award – American Society of Mechanical Engineers – 1986

Honorary degrees and fellowships
Arcot Ramachandran has been honoured by several prominent educational and research institutions, by way of Fellowships and Honoris Causa Doctoral degrees.

Honorary doctorates
 Purdue University, USA
 Stuttgart University, Germany
 University of Roorkee, India
 Andhra University, India
 Jawarharlal Nehru Technological University, India
 Anna University, India
 Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
 University of Venice, Italy

Fellowships
 Life Fellow – Institution of Engineers
 Fellow of the Indian Institute of Science
 Fellow – American Society of Mechanical Engineers
 Fellow – American Society of Engineering Education
 Fellow – Institution of Mechanical Engineers
 Fellow – Indian National Science Academy
 Fellow – Indian Academy of Sciences
 Fellow – Indian National Academy of Engineering

Writings

See also

 United Nations Human Settlements Programme
 Indian Institute of Technology Madras

References

External links

1923 births
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
20th-century Indian anthropologists
20th-century Indian engineers
2018 deaths
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
University of Madras alumni
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
Engineers from Karnataka
Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science
21st-century Indian anthropologists


title: Bait and Switch (book)

text:
Bait and Switch: The (Futile) Pursuit of the American Dream is a 2005 book by Barbara Ehrenreich. The book follows Ehrenreich's examination of the world of insecure low-wage work that constituted Nickel and Dimed, published in 2001. In this case, she decided to pseudonymously penetrate the corporate world instead and then write about the way in which things operate in reality in a similar manner to her earlier book (in this case adopting her maiden name as a cover). She embarked upon a quest to try to get a job in public relations.

However, after ten months of effort (including hiring a career coach, attending careers fairs, networking with job seekers and signing up for an employment 'boot camp') Ehrenreich was unable to find a job, receiving only two offers of commission-based sales work in cosmetics and car insurance. Neither position offered enough money to land her in the middle class socio-economic bracket. In the meantime, she enters a world involving a blizzard of management-speak that she finds utterly objectionable, involving terms such as "takeaway," "skill set," "due diligence" and "in real time."

Ehrenreich's discussion, therefore, focuses on the instability of life at a middle or white-collar stratum of the employment world, particularly in the case of the long 'transition' periods when people lose one particular job and attempt to attain another. Her initial goal was to get a job that paid in the order of $50,000 with health insurance, but had to revise this as a result of the difficulties that she faced getting a job. The difficulty of finding a position was in part the product of the reality of the wider jobs market: at the time of writing, she argued that 44% of the long-term unemployed are people who can be categorized as white-collar professionals, showing the extent of the insecurity that is now endemic to much of the sector.

Implicitly she is critical of much of the motivational industry that has flourished in the face of employment insecurity and instability; on one character assessment she is described, rather superficially and vacuously, as 'Original and Effective' and on another as 'the commandant'. Throughout this process, she concludes, she is being asked to undergo a form of depersonalization. Moreover, she is critical of the notion that one loses a job or finds it hard to find one because of some internal failing, instead placing the emphasis on the difficulties and challenges of the external reality. Her hope is that future solutions lie in updated forms of collective action that protect employees from the vicissitudes and volatility of the employment world.

References

External links
  Interview - Barbara Ehrenreich - The (Futile) Pursuit of the American Dream from TalkingStickTV at YouTube

2006 non-fiction books
Henry Holt and Company books
Books by Barbara Ehrenreich
Metropolitan Books books


title: Harold Cressy

text:
Harold Cressy (1 February 1889 – 23 August 1916) was a South African headteacher and activist. He was the first Coloured person to gain a degree in South Africa and he worked to improve education for non-white South Africans. He co-founded a teachers group which opposed the apartheid Bantu Education Act.

Life
Cressy was born at the mission at Rorke's Drift on 1 February 1889 to Bernard and Mary Cressy. He first attended the school at the local mission. He then moved to Cape Town at the age of eight, where he eventually qualified as a teacher at the Zonnebloem College in 1905.
With his new qualification he was able to teach at the Dutch Reformed Church mission school at Clanwilliam in the Western Cape. At the same time he furthered his own education and he passed his matriculation meaning that he could, in theory, enter a university.

Cressy was determined to get a degree and despite gaining funding he was rejected for racial reasons by two other universities before a Cape Town city councillor, Abdullah Abdurahman, applied pressure to the University of Cape Town. Abdurahman's influence resulted in Cressy being accepted onto a graduate course. He graduated from the University of Cape Town in 1911 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. He was the first Coloured person to achieve this distinction. Cressy married Caroline Hartog in 1912.

In 1912 he was appointed to be the Principal of Trafalgar Second Class Public School in District Six of Cape Town. The following year he had the pleasure of announcing the first black girl to pass her "School Higher". The girl was Rosie Waradea Abduraghman, Abdullah Abdurahman's daughter. Rosie, Cressy, and the school were lauded in the success report, but the Cape school board was not mentioned because the school still lacked adequate supplies.

Cressy continued to work with Abdullah Abdurahman who had helped his career before. With Abdurahman's encouragement he and H.Gordan founded the important Teachers' League of South Africa and Cressy was appointed president of the organisation in 1913 as well as editing the groups influential publication, the Educational Journal. Cressy died in Kimberley in 1916 from pneumonia. His wife died only a few years later in the 1918 flu pandemic leaving their daughter, Millicent, an orphan.

Legacy
Cressy's name was chosen when Cape Town Secondary School was renamed in 1953 to be the Harold Cressy High School (HCHS). In 2014, HCHS was declared a Provincial Heritage Site under the National Heritage Resources Act of 1999, with a commemorative plaque unveiled on Heritage Day, 24 September.

The Teachers League of South Africa (TLSA), which Cressy created, became a powerful group. In the 1950s the organisation organised political resistance by South African teachers to the emergence of Bantu education based on apartheid ideals. In the 1950s Benjamin Kies, a teacher at Trafalgar High School, was banned from teaching for life for being involved with the TLSA.

References

Further reading

1889 births
1916 deaths
Heads of schools in South Africa
People from KwaZulu-Natal
University of Cape Town alumni
Coloured South African people
Deaths from pneumonia in South Africa


title: Stadttheater Bremerhaven

text:
The Stadttheater Bremerhaven (Bremerhaven municipal theatre) is a theatre in Bremerhaven, Germany. Founded in 1867, it serves three genres: opera and other musical theatre, spoken plays, and dance. A theatre built on the present site in 1911 was largely destroyed in World War II; a new house was built in 1952 which incorporated the surviving Jugendstil facade. The smaller Bürgerhaus Lehe, which served as a home before the rebuilding, is currently used as a venue for chamber pieces.

Literature

 Fritz Ernst: Das Bremerhavener Theater – ein Beitrag zu seiner Geschichte von den Anfängen bis zur Wiedererrichtung nach dem 2. Weltkrieg. Stadtarchiv Bremerhaven. Ditzen, Bremerhaven 1981
 Hans-E. Happel: Gesetzt den Fall, wir schliessen das Theater – zur Nachkriegsgeschichte des Stadttheaters Bremerhaven 1945–1988. Nordwestdeutscher Verlag, Bremerhaven 1993, .
 Stadttheater Bremerhaven: 100 Jahre  Stadttheater Bremerhaven – Eine Festschrift. Bremerhaven 1967.
 Stadttheater Bremerhaven: 100 Jahre Oper am Stadttheater Bremerhaven – eine Dokumentation. Bremerhaven 1972.
 Jürgen Dieter Waidelich: 100 Jahre Stadttheater Bremerhaven – eine Festschrift, Nordwestdeutscher Verlag, Bremerhaven 1967.
 Manfred Ernst, Kai Kähler, Wolfgang Denker, Dirk Böttger, Anne Stürzer: Hundert Jahre Stadttheater Bremerhaven. ed.: Stadttheater Bremerhaven; NW-Verlag, Bremerhaven 2011,
 Antje Hansen: Oskar Kaufmann – ein Theaterarchitekt zwischen Tradition und Moderne. Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin 2001,  (Dissertation at the FU Berlin)
 Festschrift zur Eröffnung des Stadttheaters Bremerhaven Ostern 1952. Ditzen, Bremerhaven 1952.
 Volker Heigenmooser and Heiko Sandelmann: Bremerhaven – einig fürs Theater. Die Sanierung des Stadttheaters Bremerhaven 1997–2000. Städtische Grundstücksgesellschaft Bremerhaven, Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Bremerhaven 2000, .

External links

 Offizielle Homepage des Stadttheaters Bremerhaven (dort speziell zur Geschichte des Stadttheaters )

 Stadttheater Bremerhaven balletbase.com
 Stadttheater Bremerhaven deu.archinform.net
 Skizzen und Bauzeichnungen zum Stadttheater Bremerhaven by Gerhard Graubner (Archive of Architekturmuseum der Technischen Universität Berlin)

Theatre in Germany


Countess Palatine Maria Anna of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler (18 July 1753 – 4 February 1824) was Countess Palatine of Birkenfeld-Gelnhausen and Duchess in Bavaria, through her marriage to Duke Wilhelm in Bavaria. Maria Anna was a great-grandmother of Empress Elisabeth of Austria through her son Duke Pius August in Bavaria

Family
Maria Anna was born in Schwetzingen, as the second daughter of Count Palatine Frederick Michael of Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler and his wife, Countess Palatine Maria Francisca of Palatinate-Sulzbach.  She was the sister of Maximilian Joseph, later King of Bavaria and Amalie, the last Electress and first Queen of Saxony.

Marriage and issue
Maria Anna married Duke Wilhelm in Bavaria, a son of John, Count Palatine of Gelnhausen and his wife Sophie Charlotte of Salm-Dhaun, on 30 January 1780 in Mannheim. Wilhelm and Maria Anna had two children:

unnamed son (6 May 1782)
Duchess Maria Elisabeth Amalie Franziska in Bavaria (5 May 1784 – 1 June 1849) married the French Marshall Louis Alexandre Berthier, 1st Duc de Wagram and had issue.
Duke Pius August in Bavaria (1 August 1786 – 3 August 1837)

Ancestry

References

1753 births
1824 deaths
Maria Anna
German Roman Catholics
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title: Shahruz Afkhami

text:
Shahruz Afkhami (; born 1962) is an Iranian politician.

Afkhami was born in Malekan. He is a member of the 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly from the electorate of Malekan and member of Iran-Turkey Friendship society. Afkhami won with 30,010 (51.07%) votes.

References

People from Malekan
Deputies of Malekan
Living people
1962 births
Members of the 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly