title: Stefan Hirsch

text:
Stefan Hirsch (January 2, 1899 – September 28, 1964) was an American artist. Many of his paintings have the hard edges, smooth surfaces, and simplified forms of the precisionists and their typical subjects—cityscapes and industrial scenes—are sometimes also his, but in general his works have an emotional element and, as one critic as said, "take on an otherworldly tone" that sets them apart. In addition to work showing a personal version of precisionism, he produced paintings, drawings, and prints in the social realist, Mexican muralist, and surrealist styles as well as still lifes, portraits, and landscapes that defy easy classification. His work achieved critical recognition from 1919 onward, has been widely collected, and is today found in many American museums including the Phillips Collection, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Corcoran Gallery.

Early life and education

Hirsch was born in Nuremberg, Germany, to parents who were American citizens of German heritage. He studied law and art at the University of Zürich and was there exposed to artists associated with the Dada movement. When he was 20 his family emigrated to New York and there he was befriended by the teacher and art patron, Hamilton Easter Field. Along with the painter, Yasuo Kuniyoshi and sculptor, Robert Laurent, he spent several summer sessions at Field's school in the Perkins Cove section of Ogunquit, Maine. His first appearance in an exhibition was in 1919 at the Society of Independent Artists in New York.

Mature style: 1920s

At the time of his first one-man show in 1927 a critic for the New York Sun was surprised Hirsch had not been given one before. His work stood out when it was exhibited and was collected widely, this critic wrote. He said it was modern but not revolutionary and its quality was undisputed. Hirsch's subjects at this time were mainly buildings: structures without human presence. Critics described his paintings as cool, reserved, and somewhat aloof. The critic for the Sun said they showed "a moment when everything stops." Their design was flat. The colors were muted and harmonious with a "purity and clarity of color like things painted on porcelain or silk." They possessed an "intellectual austerity" but were nonetheless said to convey the essential character of a scene.

Hirsch's drawing, House, of 1920 shows some influences of Cézanne and the cubists in its juxtaposed panels and emphasis on the two-dimensional surface of the paper. Its spare, geometric design was typical of his style during this decade. His painting, Lower Manhattan, of either 1920 or 1921, is one of his best known pieces. It possesses the "essential flatness" of most of his output and shows his artistic skill in its overall design, coloration and balanced tonal relations.

Hirsch's paintings and drawings in the 1920s were not all in the manner of his urban landscapes. His 1919 drawing of flowers on a table with note cards and knife is realistic with a tonal balance and clarity that would later be recognized as distinguishing his best work. In 1924 he showed a "monumental nude" at the Bourgeois Gallery in New York and, that same year, he made a lithograph showing the heads of three women in hats and coats. A rural landscape, Pastoral Scene, New England, painted in 1926, contrasts sharply with his cityscapes in its rounded contours and blue- and red-toned pallette.  In 1927 he showed a circus scene at that year's Salons of America exhibition which a critic found to be witty and more flexible than his "mathematically exact" paintings. In his solo exhibit at the Bourgeois Galleries that same year he showed three portraits (Mrs. Catherine Grossman, Dr. Michael Ringer, and A Young Girl). In 1928 he showed a painting called Lilies of the Valley in an exhibition at the Downtown Galleries and the following year he produced a whimsical drawing called "Stuart Davis Mailbox" which shows the back of a woman holding a small American flag beside a mechanical letterbox contraption with human features, in profile.  At about the same time he painted a rural landscape, Horse Pasture, described as showing clean outline and peaceful horizons.

Life events: 1920s

In 1922 Hirsch was a founding director and recording secretary of the Salons of America. Hamilton Easter Field created the Salons as an alternative to the Society of Independent Artists which he felt unfairly was giving preferential treatment to some of its members. Hirsch would remain as a director and would continue to show at the Salons exhibitions until 1936.

In 1927 Hirsch was given his first solo exhibition. This event took place at the Bourgeois Gallery, New York. Two years later, with  Robert Laurent, Wood Gaylor, and Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Hirsch established the Field Foundation. Using a legacy from Hamilton Easter Field, the foundation was run by artists to help other artists by purchasing their work.

Mature style: 1930s

The paintings, drawings, and lithographs that Hirsch made in the 1930s were mainly in the social realist style of the time. Like other artists, he made murals as well as doing easel work. In these pieces there is little evidence of the precisionist influence that had marked much of his work in the 1920s. His colors were bolder and the paintings showed more depth.

Some of the most colorful paintings came from visits he made to Mexico from 1929 to 1933. A small one, Kachinas shows the same careful handling of tones and balancing of pictorial elements as in his earlier work, but its colors are intense and its treatment realistic. The figures shown are Hopi spirit-figures, one of whom is performing a ritual snake dance. Other subjects from these trips include burros, a bullfight scene, musicians, and an allegorical painting of a priest, soldiers, a man with a bag of money, and three peasants slumbering.

Hirsch's social realist style can be seen in Construction of Roosevelt Highway of about 1930 shows five dark-skinned laborers, none facing the viewer, all having postures showing resignation or despondence. Industrial buildings spewing smoke and a set of grain elevators appear in the background.

Early in the 1930s, Hirsch experimented with surrealism. In 1932 he showed two paintings, Pent House and Encounter, which a critic said were effective without revealing the depths of the human psyche. A first mural, Dispatcher, was shown at the Grand Central Galleries in 1935 by arrangement with the Mural Painters Society of which he was a member. Between 1934 and 1937 he contributed his time and materials to paint a number of murals in the auditorium of Lenox Hill House, New York. The social realist panels depict "Recreation," The Desire to Build," "The Desire to Learn," "Cultural Pursuits," and other subjects. In 1938 he took a commission from the Federal Art Project to paint a mural in the Federal Courthouse in Aiken, South Carolina. Called Justice as Protector, the mural had a central figure whose dark skin offended the court's judges and the mural was consequently covered by a drape for many years. Five years later he was given a commission by the U.S. Treasury Department for a post office mural in Booneville, Mississippi. This one, called Scenic and Historic Booneville showed no dark skinned people and occasioned no local controversy, but there was disagreement between Hirsch and the Treasury Department's Section of Fine Arts. He wished to paint a Civil War skirmish that took place near Booneville and when that was refused, he painted a war-related scene of home-front family members and overseas servicemen writing and reading letters.

Hirsch's solo exhibition at the Associated American Galleries in 1941 summarized his easel work of the previous decade. It included cityscapes (Fiftieth Street and Queensboro Bridge) and social-realist figures (Matador, Muleteer, and Quitting Time) from Mexico and New York, as well as a landscape (New England February), and domestic scenes (Wash Day andDomestic Still Life). Edward Alden Jewell of the New York Times said these works varied from one another in style with the more recent canvases showing "a simply integrated design" and "agreeable color harmonies."

Life events: 1930s

During his travels in Mexico from 1929 to 1933, Hirsch became friends with David Siqueiros and Diego Rivera and in January 1932 wrote a letter to the New York Times praising the Mexican government's support for its artists.

From 1919 when he and his parents returned from Germany until 1931 when he married the teacher and artist, Elsa Rogo, Hirsch had lived in his parents' house in Columbia Heights, Brooklyn.

While continuing to produce paintings and other art,  Hirsch began a second career in art instruction. His first teaching job, at Bennington College, Bennington, Vermont, began in 1934 and continued until 1940.

Later life and work

From 1940 to 1946, Hirsch taught at the Art Students League of New York. From 1942 until his retirement in 1961 he taught at Bard College and was for most of that time chairman of the art department.

In 1941 Hirsch participated in a controversy about experimentation in art in the New York Times. Edward Alden Jewell of the Times had received a letter from a man named Samuel M. Kootz issuing a blanket condemnation of the previous decade's output by American painters and calling for experiments to break free from a complacent sameness of output.  Hirsch responded to the effect that quality in art wasn't so much dependent on simply being new as it was on fresh interpretation of timeless themes and techniques.

Family

Hirsch's father, Angelo Hirsch, was born on April 11, 1863, in Roth, Bavaria, Germany. He emigrated to New York in 1886 and died there aged 74 on August 1, 1937. He was the son of Gerson Hirsch, Jr.  Hirsch's mother was Florence Thurnauer (May 17, 1874 to July 21, 1929) who was the daughter of William Thurnauer and Mina Thurnauer. Both parents were American citizens at the time of Hirsch's birth. Hirsch had a sister, Dorothy, who was ten years younger than he.  Hirsch lived with his parents (and after his mother's death with his father) until his marriage on January 25, 1931, to Elsa Rogo The couple had no children. In 1932, Rogo was head of an art school for Mexican children in Taxaco. They lived in Bennington, Vermont, when Hirsch taught at the college there and lived in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, when he taught at Bard.

Collections

The sources for this selective list are accounts in New York newspapers.

Addison Gallery of American Art, Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts
Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York
Brooklyn Museum, New York
Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus, Georgia
Corcoran Gallery, Washington, D.C.
Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas
Dartmouth College, Dartmouth, New Hampshire
Greenville County Museum of Art, Greenville, South Carolina
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Newark Museum, Newark, New Jersey
Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.
Print Club of Albany, Albany, New York
Robert Hull Fleming Museum, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts

Exhibitions

The sources for this selective list are accounts in New York newspapers.

1919 Society of Independent Artists
1922 Society of Independent Artists
1922 A.E. Field Memorial Exhibit at Brooklyn Museum, New York
1923 Brooklyn Society of Modern Artists at the Plymouth Institute, New York
1924 Bourgeois Galleries, New York
1924 Wanamaker Gallery, New York
1926 Phillips Memorial Gallery
1927 First one-man show, Bourgeois Gallery, New York
1927 Downtown Gallery, New York
1927 Salons of America, New York
1928 Salons of America at Anderson Galleries, New York
1929 Downtown Gallery, New York
1930 Museum of Modern Art, New York
1931 Salons of America at Anderson Galleries, New York (this was the 10th annual show, presumably he showed in all)
1931 Downtown Galleries, New York
1931 Dwight Art Memorial, Mount Holyoke College, Mount Holyoke, Massachusetts
1932 G.R.D. Gallery, New York
1932 Solo Exhibition, Downtown Gallery, New York
1932 Painters' and Sculptors' Guild, New School for Social Research, New York
1934 Downtown Gallery, New York, Field Foundation Painting and Sculpture
1935 Gallery of Living Artists, Brooklyn Museum
1937 Grand Central Galleries, New York, Mural Painters Society
1941 One-man show, Associated American Artists Galleries, New York
1941 Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
1942 André Seligman, New York
1951 Woodstock Art Gallery, Woodstock, New York
1977 Retrospective, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York
2015 "Precisely Not: Works from the Stefan Hirsch and Elsa Rogo Collection", Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York

References

1899 births
1964 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Artists from Nuremberg
20th-century American male artists
Section of Painting and Sculpture artists


title: Rôtisserie Rue du Bois

text:
Rôtisserie Rue du Bois is a defunct restaurant in Alkmaar, Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1979. The restaurant lost its star the next year, after the departure of the head chef.
Head chef in the time of the Michelin star was Dick Wijker. Owner and Maître d'hôtel was Nico Blokker.
The restaurant had a classic style and food was prepared at the table, like filleting of fish or jointing game.

See also

List of Michelin starred restaurants in the Netherlands

References

Restaurants in the Netherlands
Michelin Guide starred restaurants in the Netherlands
Defunct restaurants in the Netherlands


title: Sushant Divgikar

text:
Sushant Divgikar, also known as Rani Ko-HE-Nur, is an Indian model, actor, singer, columnist, motivational speaker, drag queen, pageant director, and video jockey.
In July 2014, they were crowned Mr Gay India 2014. They represented India at Mr Gay World 2014. They won various special awards during Mr Gay World 2014, and have been the only delegate from India to win three sub awards. Divgikar is the first Indian and the first delegate from any country to have won a record 3 individual sub titles and 2 group sub titles at the Mr Gay World 2014 contest.

They participated in the television reality show Bigg Boss 8.

Divgikar, in their drag queen avatar Rani Ko-HE-Nur, created history by becoming the first drag queen in India to participate in a singing reality show and win the golden buzzer, making Rani / Sushant the first contestant from the LGBTQIA+ community to win a golden buzzer and directly enter the top 15 of the reality competition show Sa Re Ga Ma Pa in the year 2018. In 2021, under their drag person, they were announced to be competing in the premiere season of Queen of the Universe, an international singing competition for drag performers. The series premiered on December 2, 2021.

Divgikar has featured in many television shows and has worked with most of the leading broadcasting channels, agencies and production houses, nationally and internationally.

Early life and background
Divgikar was born and raised in the western suburbs of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, in their family home in Bandra West. Divgikar was born to Goan Konkani parents, Pradeep Divgikar and Bharati Divgikar. Their father, Pradeep is a retired Assistant Commissioner, Indian Customs and Central Excise and former President of the Greater Mumbai Amateur Aquatics Association (GMAAA).

Career
Divgikar started their TV career with UTV Bindass's Big Switch Season 3 directed by Rohit Shetty. They then did Atyachaar Ka Punchnama for UTV Bindass as a host. They were a contestant on Color TV's Bigg Boss 8. They participated in Mr Gay World 2014. They were among the top 10 finalists and is the first person in the history of the pageant to have three sub awards - Mister Gay World Congeniality 2014, Mister People's Choice & Mister Gay World Art 2014. They have also worked on TV commercials for brands like Maruti Suzuki, MTV India, Channel V India, Idea mobiles. Alongside acting and TV, they won several awards and titles between 2011 and 2013.

In 2015, they were the guest in Colors TV's India's Got Talent and Zoom's Style Panga. They were also the guest in the grand finale of &TV's Killerr Karaoke Atka Toh Latkah. Two documentary films, both based on their life, have been nominated and screened at various national and international festivals. Presently, they will soon be seen in an online series Love, Life and Screw Ups.

Divgikar, both in and out of drag, was listed as one of GQ's 50 Most Influential Young Indians of 2018.

Queen of the Universe

In November 2021, they were announced as one of fourteen contestants on the debut season of Queen of the Universe, an international drag queen singing competition, and a spin-off of RuPaul's Drag Race.

Filmography

Television

Music videos

Web series

Discography

Singles

Featured singles

Awards and nominations
Mr. Gay world India 2014 - Won
Mr. Congeniality, Mr. Gay world 2014 - Won
Mr. People's choice, Mr. Gay world 2014 - Won
Mr. Arts challenge, Mr. Gay world, 2014 - Nominated
Team sports challenge, Mr. Gay world 2014 - Nominated
Team Arts challenge, Mr. Gay world 2014 - Nominated
Mr. Gay world, 2014, Rome - Top 10 Grand Finalist
Best Anchor in a reality or music and danced based, Indian Television Academy Awards (Atyachaar Ka Punchnama) - Nominated

Personal life
Divgikar has an older brother, Karan Divgikar, who works as a flight attendant at Qatar Airways. Divgikar is a certified Psychologist and holds a master's degree in Industrial psychology.

In January 2021, Divgikar came out as genderfluid via an Instagram post, stating their pronouns are "he", "she", and "they".

See also
 Mr Gay India
 Mr India World
 Prateik Jain
 Queen of the Universe (TV series)

References

Living people
Indian male models
Indian gay actors
Indian LGBT entertainers
Indian LGBT models
Gay models
Indian beauty pageant winners
Marathi people
Male beauty pageant winners
Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) contestants
Year of birth missing (living people)
Non-binary models
Non-binary drag performers
Indian non-binary actors
Indian drag queens
21st-century Indian singers
Indian television actors
Genderfluid people
LGBT psychologists
Queen of the Universe (TV series) contestants


title: Even–Paz protocol

text:
The Even–Paz algorithm is an computationally-efficient algorithm for fair cake-cutting. It involves a certain heterogeneous and divisible resource, such as a birthday cake, and n partners with different preferences over different parts of the cake. It allows the n people to achieve a proportional division.

History
The first published algorithm for proportional division of a cake was the last diminisher algorithm, published in 1948. Its run-time complexity was O(n^2). in 1984, Shimon Even and Azaria Paz published their improved algorithm, whose run-time complexity is only O(n log n).

Description
The algorithm uses a divide-and-conquer strategy, it is possible to achieve a proportional division in time O(n log n).

 Each partner is asked to draw a line dividing the cake into a right and left part such that he believes the ratio is ⌊n/2⌋:⌈n/2⌉. The cuts are required to be non-intersecting; a simple way to guarantee this is to allow only horizontal lines or only vertical lines.
 The algorithm sorts the n lines in increasing order and cuts the cake in the median of the lines, i.e. at the ⌊n/2⌋th line. E.g., if there are 5 partners that draw lines at x=1, x=3, x=5, x=8 and x=9, then the algorithm cuts the cake vertically at x=5.
 The algorithm assigns to each of the two parts the partners whose line is inside that part, i.e. the partners that drew the first ⌊n/2⌋ lines get assigned to the left part, the others to the right part. E.g., the partners that drew lines at x=1, x=3 and x=5 are assigned to the left part and the other partners are assigned to the right part. Each part is divided recursively among the partners assigned to it.

It is possible to prove by induction that every partner playing by the rules is guaranteed a piece with a value of at least 1/n, regardless of what the other partners do.

Thanks to the divide-and-conquer strategy, the number of iterations is only O(log n), in contrast to O(n) in the Last Diminisher procedure. In each iteration, each partner is required to make a single mark. Hence, the total number of marks required is O(n log n).

Optimality
Several years after the publication of the Even–Paz algorithm, it was proved that every deterministic or randomized proportional division procedure assigning each person a contiguous piece must use Ω(n log n) actions.

Moreover, every deterministic proportional division procedure must use Ω(n log n) actions, even if the procedure is allowed to assign to each partner a non-contiguous piece, and even if the procedure is allowed to only guarantee approximate fairness.

These hardness results imply that the Even–Paz algorithm is the fastest possible algorithm for achieving full proportionality with contiguous pieces, and it is the fastest possible deterministic algorithm for achieving even partial proportionality and even with disconnected pieces. The only case in which it can be improved is with randomized algorithms guaranteeing partial proportionality with disconnected pieces; see Edmonds–Pruhs algorithm.

Randomized version
It is possible to use randomization in order to reduce the number of marks. The following randomized version of the recursive halving procedure achieves a proportional division using only O(n) mark queries on average. The idea is that, in each iteration, instead of asking all partners to make a half-value mark, only some partners are asked to make such marks, while the other partners only choose which half they prefer. The partners are sent either to the west or to the east according to their preferences, until the number of partners in each side is n/2. Then a cut is made, and each group of n/2 partners divides its half recursively.

In the worst case we still need n-1 marks per iteration so the worst-case number of marks required is O(n log n). However, on average only O(log n) marks are required per iteration; by solving a recurrence formula it is possible to show that the average number of marks required is O(n).

Note that the total number of queries is still O(n log n), since each partner has to select a half.

References

Fair division protocols
Cake-cutting


title: Monte Ceneri Rail Tunnel

text:
The Monte Ceneri Rail Tunnel is a railway tunnel in the Swiss canton of Ticino. The tunnel is situated under the Monte Ceneri Pass that separates the north of the canton around Bellinzona from the south of the canton around Lugano. It forms part of the Swiss Federal Railways Gotthard line, between  Giubiasco and Rivera-Bironico stations. The tunnel comprises two bores, built at different times. The first bore, sometimes known as Monte Ceneri I, was opened on 10 April 1882 and is  in length. The second bore, Monte Ceneri II, was opened on 18 October 1933 and is  in length. Both bores carry a single standard gauge () track electrified at 15 kV AC 16 2/3 Hz using overhead catenary.

The rail tunnel is paralleled by the Monte Ceneri Road Tunnel, carrying the A2 motorway under the same pass. The Ceneri Base Tunnel has recently been completed beneath the pass at a much lower level.

References

Transport in Ticino
Railway tunnels in Switzerland


title: Monte Ceneri Tunnel

text:
The Monte Ceneri Tunnel may refer to:

 The Monte Ceneri Rail Tunnel, a rail tunnel under the Monte Ceneri Pass in the Swiss canton of Ticino and comprising two bores:
 The Monte Ceneri I Tunnel
 The Monte Ceneri II Tunnel
 The Monte Ceneri Road Tunnel, a motorway tunnel under the Monte Ceneri Pass in the Swiss canton of Ticino

See also
 The Ceneri Base Tunnel, a rail tunnel under construction at a lower level under the Monte Ceneri Pass in the Swiss canton of Ticino


title: V. Balan

text:
V. Balan (17 October 1942  – 22 January 2002), popularly known as Artist V. Balan, was a sculptor and painter from India. He was born the son of Chellamma and Venketachelam Pillai in the small temple town of Perumbavoor, Kerala. In 1962 he earned a Diploma from the Cochin School of Art. Immediately after his studies, he started teaching at the same school. In 1970 he moved to Chennai as a freelance artist.

At Chennai, he did his first ever Mosaic Art of the Risen Lord for a chapel of Salesian Provincialate. From 1972 onwards, he started designing the interiors of churches throughout India and acquired fame as an artist and architect of Christian places of worship.

Ten years later he moved to Bangalore and established his studio, Arte Sacra, near the National Biblical, Catechetical and Liturgical Centre.

Introduction to Christian art

For 15 years until 1982 Balan lived in Madras. His talents were versatile, varying from canvas to mosaic, from metal to wood and from sculpture to architecture. He executed Christian works in different parts of the country from the North – Rishikesh in the Himalayas – to the south and even to Sri Lanka. In Sri Lanka, he renovated the interior of St. Mary's Church at Negombo. He was the chief designer of the interior and the façade of the Stella Maris Cathedral in Port Blair, Andaman Islands. He later did more than 300 works related to churches and religious institutions during his tenure in Madras.

The artist on the move
In 1983 Balan moved from Madras to Kothanur, a peaceful village in the suburbs of Bangalore, where he built his studio, Tapovan. Many disciples attended the training centre, which was set up along with the studio for young artists in simple Gurukula style – Kalakshetra.

Multifaceted talent

Balan was very passionate in painting right through his career. Though Balan is often identified with his characteristic mosaic art, his sculptures reveal his profound artistic talent more than any other medium. "The queen of the apostles" is a unique presentation of the theme at the Shrine of St. Vincent Pallotti, Bangalore. The visualization of "The song of creation" of Francis of Assisi is a relief sculpture with copper finish.

The gigantic relief sculpture measuring 125×42 in the Sanctuary of the St. Vincent Pallotti's Shrine, Banasawadi, Bangalore depicts salvation history from creation to the resurrection as a background to the 45' high resurrection figure and the Christian Community gathered in worship. The sculptor in Balan is clearly seen in the peculiar forms and shapes of altars and tabernacles he has given shape in wood, stone and metal in different churches.

Balan also works in the medium of metal. The peculiar metallic figures and images cast in his studio are a manifestation of his multifaceted talent. Traditional stained glass was another favorite medium of Balan.

The architectural talent in Balan was a natural extension of the artist in him. His clear and detailed drawings for churches are proof of that architectural mettle and precision. He designed and executed many churches in India and abroad.

The silent man
Balan kept away from the limelight and media. He never put a signature on his paintings, mosaics or murals. He was little known as a person and loved his anonymity. He never satisfied with any of his works and always thought it could have been done better.

List of works

 Saint Mary's Co-Cathedral – George Town, Madras City
 Saint Mary's School – Madras City
 Don Bosco Shrine – Madras City
 Don Bosco School – Perambur, Madras City
 Don Bosco School Chapel – Egmore, Madras City
 Diocesan Pastoral Centre – Mylapore, Madras City
 Kings Fort Convent – Salesian Sisters – Kilpauk, Madras
 Saint Anne's Generalate Chapel – Madhavaram
 Saint Anne's Novitiate – Madras City
 Saint Anne's Chapel – Madras City
 Saint Anne's Mother House – Madras City
 Pope John's Garden Chapel – Madras
 Beatitudes Prayer Room – Madras City
 Salesian Institute of Graphic Arts – Madras City
 Parish Church – Meenambakkam
 Franciscan Sisters' Chapel – Poonamalee, Madras
 St. Joseph's Technical Institute Basin Bridge – Madras
 Don Bosco Youth Centre Basin Bridge – Madras
 Our Lady's Church – Madras
 Lakshmi Theatre – Pallavaram, Madras
 Jyothi Theatre St. Thomas Mount – Madras
 Hotel Palm Grouve – Madras
 Hotel Gokulam – Madras City
 Central Health Centre – Madras
 Franciscan Friary
 Salesian Provincial House. Madras
 Parish Church, Porur
 Bon Succour Convent Chapel. Mylapore
 Bon Succour Convent Chapel, Pallavaram
 Fatima Church. Madras
 Sacred Heart Seminary, Poonamalley
 Golden Jubilee Facade Madras
 Sacred Heart Seminary Chapel, Madras
 St. Isabella Hospital Chapel, Mylapore
 Stella Matutina College, Ashok Nagar, Madras
 Parish Church, Mahalakshmi Nagar, Madras
 St. Joseph's Church, Chengalpet – Tamil Nadu
 Leena Theatre, Chidambaram – Tamil Nadu
 Sahayamatha Hospital – Trichy
 Rosarian Ashram, Manapara, Trichy
 Sacred Heart Brothers Chapel, Trichy
 St. Joseph's Church – Jnanolipuram, Madurai
 Parish Church, Red Hill
 Don Bosco, K. Pudur, Madurai
 Don Bosco School Chapel – Varandarajanpet, Tamil Nadu
 Salesian Aspirantate – Tanjore, Tamil Nadu
 R.C. Church, Tiruvannamalai
 Don Bosco Church – Gandhi Nagar, Vellore
 Hotel Ranga – Vellore, Tamil Nadu
 St. Joseph Katpadi – Tamil Nadu
 Snehadeepam, Vellore,
 Parish Church, Madurapakkam, Tamil Nadu
 Don Bosco, Chengalpattu (Chingleput), Tamil Nadu
 Our Lady of Good Voyage, Cheyur, Tamil Nadu
 Don Bosco, Chingalpet, Tamil Nadu
 Parish Church, Adilakshmi Nagar, Tamil Nadu
 S.H. Church, Arakonam
 Mount Don Bosco, Kotagiri, Nilgiri
 Don Bosco School Chapel – Pannur, Tamil Nadu
 Don Bosco Chapel – Tiruppattur, Tamil Nadu
 St. Charles Sisters Chapel – Tirrupattur, Tamil Nadu
 Hotel Gokulam – Salem, Tamil Nadu
 Sacred Heart College Shrine – Tirrupattur, Tamil Nadu
 Cathedral – Salem
 The Retreat, Salesian College – Yercaud, Tamil Nadu
 The Retreat Auditorium – Yercaud
 Sakti Sugars, Administrative Building – Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
 Hotel Shona – Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
 Salesian Novitiate – Kottagiri, Tamil Nadu
 Saint Michael's Church – Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
 Prayer Hall, Don Bosco – Guntur
 Holy Cross Convent Chapel – Guntur
 Auxilium Salesian Sisters Chapel – Guntur
 The Risen Lord Church – Dhubadu, Andhra Pradesh
 Nirmala Nikethan – Regional Superior House Chapel, Vijayawada
 Saint Anne's Generalate Chapel – Vijayawada
 Urvasi Theatre – Vijayawada
 Don Bosco Mission – Convent Chapel – Ravulapalem, Andhra Pradesh
 Don Bosco – Ravulapalem
 Airport Terminal – Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
 Raja Picture Palace – Vaisag, Andhra Pradesh
 Saint Antony's Church – Cuddapah, Andhra Pradesh
 Saint Teresa's Church – Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
 Santhi Nilayam – Hyderabad
 Saint Anne's Convent Chapel – Hyderabad
 Salesian Philosophate – Kondadaba, A.P.
 St. Peter's Cathedral – Gnanapuram
 Infant Jesus Church – Seefham Dhara. Vaisakh
 Carmelites Cloistered, Dakshinagiri
 Nalgonda Cathedral – Andhra Pradesh
 St. Teresa's Convent Chapel – Hyderabad
 Salesian Provincialate – Hyderabad
 Don Bosco School Chapel – Hyderabad
 St. Anne's Chapel – Hyderabad'
 Parish Church – Secunderabad
 St Anne's of Loressame – Regional House, Vijayawada
 Don Bosco – Vijayawada
 Pallottine House Chapel – Vijayawada
 Assumption Church – Vijayawada
 Don Bosco Provincial House – Mangalagiri
 St. Michael Orphanage Chapel – Cumur
 Don Bosco, – Warangal
 Salesian Sisters Chapel, Gumlur
 Jmj Provincialate – Gumlur
 St. Antony's Church – Gumlur
 St. Joseph's College – Gumlur
 Jmj College Chapel – Ternali
 St. Anne's Generalate – Gumlur
 St. Anne's School – Gumlur
 St. Anne's Convent – Gumlur
 Parish Church – Narasimharaopel
 St Charles' Sisters – A.P
 Don Bosco House – Ponnur. A.P.
 The Bishop House – A.P.
 Salesian College – Karunapuram, Warangal
 Don Bosco Youth Centre Chapel – Pune, Maharashtra
 Don Bosco Aspirantate Chapel – Lonavla, Maharashtra
 Dominic Savio's Chapel – andheri, Bombay
 Saint Joseph's Chapel – Kurla, Bombay
 Don Bosco – Nasik, Novitate
 The Risen Lord Chapel, Salesian Novitiate – Nasik, Maharashtra
 Palloiti Bhavan, Regional Superior House Chapel – Nagpur
 Bharathmata Ashram – Kurukshetra, Haryana
 Don Bosco – Pune
 Tabor Ashram – Kalyan, Maharashtra
 Pallotti Bhavan Seminary Hills – Nagpur
 Cmi House – Pune
 Kohima Cathedral, Nagaland
 Pune Cathedral, Pune
 Csst Generalate, Bangalore
 St. Anne's Provincial House, Bangalore
 Capuchin Provincial House, Bangalore
 Jmj Provincial House, Bangalore
 Dharmaram College – Bangalore. Karnataka
 Don Bosco Salesian Provincial House Bangalore
 St. Anne's Novitiate – Krishnarajapuram, Bangalore
 Salesian Sisters Novitiate – Avalahalli, Bangalore
 Saint Joseph The Leon's Novitiate, Bangalore
 Saint Joseph's Cathedral – Chikmagalur, Karnataka
 Saint Antony's Cathedral – Bellary, Karnataka
 Suvidya College Msfs, bangalore
 St. Francis De Sules Church, Bangalore
 St. John Medical College, Bangalore
 Adoration Sisters of Holy Spirit, Carmelaram
 A V P Carmelaram
 Carmel Theological Centre, Carmelaram
 Christ King School, Bangalore
 St. Casper Bhavan, Dharmaram, Bangalore
 Dharmaram Faculty of Theology, Bangalore
 Yuvaprajothiny, Bangalore
 Holy Cross Fathers Novitiate, Bangalore
 Pavithratma, Study Centre, Holy Spirit Sisters, Bangalore
 Pious Disciples of Divine Mater, St. Mark Rd. Bangalore
 Viswadeep, Catechetical Centre, Bangalore
 Salesian Sisters Novitiate, Bangalore
 Christu Jyothi, Bangalore
 Batram Fathers, Bangalore
 Teresian Carmelites Ctc, Bangalore
 Prima Mandira Canossian Sisters Provincialate, Bangalore
 Capuchin Provincialate, Rajajl Nagar
 White Missionaries, Vimalalaya, Bangalore
 Vimalahridaya, Bhairalhi, Bangalore
 St. Norbert Bhavan, Bangalore'
 St. Vincent Pallotti Shrine, Bangalore
 Sacred Heart Brothers, Bangalore
 Icm Sisters. Bangalore
 St. Mary's School, Frosu Town
 JMG Oldage Home, Bangalore
 Sannidhi, MSFS Novitiate, Mysore
 Angaly Ashram, Chamundi Hill, Mysore
 Don Bosco, Sreeramapuram, Mysore
 Old Priest House, gonikoppa, Koorg
 Dominican Sisters Novitiate, Pakshikari, Mangalore
 Dominican Fathers Chapel, Mangalore
 Shrine of Infant Jesus, Mangalore
 Capuchin Provincialate. Kochi
 Punalur Cathedral, Kerala
 Don Bosco Bhavan Chapel – Trichur, Kerala
 Shrine of Mary Help of Christians, Don Bosco School – Irinjalakuda, Kerala
 Christ College Church – Irinjalakuda
 St. George Church – Kalady, Kerala
 Presentation Convent Chapel – Perinthalmanna, Malabar, Kerala
 Menaka Theatre – Ernakulam, Kerala
 Sree Padmanabha Theatre – Trivandrum, Kerala
 Sree Kumar Theatre – Trivandrum, Kerala
 Don Bosco Aspirate, Mannuthy
 Mount Don Bosco, Padivayal, Wayanad
 Grace and Compassion Sisters, Makiyad
 Benedictine Fathers, Makiyad, Wayanad
 Carmelite Spirituality Centre, Peravoor, Calicut
 Diocesan Pastoral Centre, Mananthavady, Kerala
 Don Bosco School Irinjalakuda
 Parish Church Karukuty
 Nazareth Sisters Motherhouse Karukutty
 Parish Church, Kalady
 Don Bosco, Keezhmad, Alwaye
 St. Joseph Parish, Alwaye
 Marello House, Alwaye
 Sacred Heart Fathers, Alwaye
 Ashir Bhavan, Archdiocesan Pastoral Centre, Ernakulam
 Sacred Heart Sisters, Varapuzha
 Lourd Hospital, Cochin
 Our Lady of Perpetual Help Parish Church, Vypeen
 Orthodox St. George Church. Puthuppally, Kotayam
 Old Priest Home, Kollam
 St. Stephen's Church, Thoppe, Kollam
 Novitiate Chapel of Novitiate House, Oblates of St. Joseph, Kulathurpuzha
 Viswa Jyothi – Gurukul Chapel – Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
 Matredham Ashram – Varanasi
 St. Joseph Gurukul Major Seminary Chapel – Varanasi
 Ims Generalate Chapel – Varanasi
 Infant Jesus Church – Mughal Sarai, U.P.
 Ims Novitiate – Sardhana, Up
 Vidhya Bhavan, Chapel – Kalyani, Calcutta
 Don Bosco Catechetical Centre, Calcutta
 Don Bosco, Calcutta
 Good Shepherd Seminary Chapel – Dimapur, Nagaland
 Don Bosco School Chapel – Tamenglong, Manipur
 Don Bosco School Chapel – Delhi
 Don Bosco, Baroda – Gujarat
 Baroda Cathedral – Baroda
 Rajkot Cathedral – Gujarat
 Casa Pallotti, Panaji, Goa
 Franciscan Missionary Sisters, Goa
 Stella Maris Cathedral, Port Blair, andamans
 Don Bosco, Colombo, Sri Lanka
 Parish Church, Apia, Western Samoa
 Parish Church, Pago Pago, American Samoa
 Bharath Matha Ashram, Kurukshetra – Haryana
 Redemptorist Church, Ambala, Haryana

References
 Divine Designs, Article appeared on The Week, Date : 26 January 1992
 ക്രൈസ്തവ ശില്പ്പ കലയുടെ പ്രവാചകൻ / 1999 August 8 / Deepika Daily

External links
 http://artistvbalan.org

1942 births
2002 deaths
Painters from Kerala
Indian male sculptors
20th-century Indian sculptors
20th-century Indian painters
People from Ernakulam district
Indian male painters
20th-century Indian male artists


title: Angelos Pournos

text:
Angelos Pournos (; born 21 June 1992) is a Greek footballer who plays for Panelefsiniakos as a defensive midfielder.

Career
Pournos began playing football with AEK Athens U20. He also played for Enosis Aspropyrgos, VV De Meern, Iraklis Psachna, Vyzas, Panionios G.S.S., Nea Salamina and Karmiotissa.
In July 2014 Pournos signed for Paniliakos.

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Footballers from Athens
Greek men's footballers
Vyzas F.C. players
Panionios F.C. players
Nea Salamis Famagusta FC players
Paniliakos F.C. players
A.P.S. Zakynthos players
Greek expatriate men's footballers
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Karmiotissa Polemidion FC players
Men's association football midfielders
Panelefsiniakos F.C. players
Cypriot Second Division players


title: Thomas Dillon (disambiguation)

text:
Thomas Dillon (1950–2011) was an American serial killer.

Thomas or Tom Dillon may also refer to:

 Thomas Dillon, 4th Viscount Dillon (1615–1673), Irish peer
 Thomas Dillon (chemist) (1886–1971), Irish chemist and nationalist
 Thomas Dillon (judge) (c. 1535–1606), Irish judge and landowner
 Thomas Dillon (politician), Australian politician
 Tom Dillon (Australian footballer) (1920–2007), Australian rules footballer
 Tom Dillon (Gaelic footballer) (1926–2019), Irish Gaelic footballer
 Tom Dillon (rugby union) (born 1983), English rugby union footballer


title: Love at Second Sight (2014 film)

text:
Love at Second Sight () is a 2014 Chinese drama starring Zheng Kai, Rainie Yang and Michael Zhang. Filming began on 20 February 2014 and wrapped in end of April. It was filmed on Zhengzhou, China.

Cast

Main cast

Supporting cast

Soundtrack

Reception

International broadcast
 It began airing in Vietnam from November 27, 2016 on VTV3 under the title Không phải tiếng sét ái tình.

References

External links
  Love at Second Sight weibo on weibo.com

Chinese romance television series
2014 Chinese television series debuts
2014 Chinese television series endings


title: Tim F. Hayes

text:
Timothy F. Hayes (1946 – 6 April 2021) was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played for club side Clonakilty, at inter-county level with the Cork senior football team and with Munster. His Hurling Club was Ballinhassig where he won many honours. He lined out on both attack and defence.

Career

Hayes first played competitive Gaelic football during his schooling at St. Mary's College, something which resulted in him being selected for the Cork minor team as a 16-year-old in 1962. It was the first of three years with the team, culminating with an All-Ireland minor final appearance in 1964. Hayes was still a minor when he was drafted onto the under-21 team, and he won two Munster Under-21 Championship titles. He joined his brother Flor Hayes on the Cork senior team in 1966 and won a Munster Championship title as a panel member in his debut year. Hayes made a number of championship appearances before his last game in 1970. Hayes also earned selection on the Munster team and made a county final appearance with Clonakilty in 1968.

With Ballinhassig he won a Junior titles in 1973 with runners-up on 1 occasion and a 2 intermediate titles in 1975, 1977 (captain).

Honours

Cork
Munster Senior Football Championship: 1966
Munster Under-21 Football Championship: 1963, 1965
Munster Minor Football Championship: 1964

References

1946 births
2021 deaths
Clonakilty Gaelic footballers
Clonakilty hurlers
Ballinhassig hurlers
Cork inter-county Gaelic footballers
Munster inter-provincial Gaelic footballers


title: Grace Legote

text:
Grace Matsetsa Legote (born 2 May 1992 in Delareyville, North West province, South Africa) is a South African rhythmic gymnast.

Personal life
Legote speaks Afrikaans, English, Russian and Zulu. She studied sports management at Centurion Academy in South Africa.

Gymnastics career
Legote started training in rhythmic gymnastics at age 11, after her coach, Tatiana Lavrentchouk-Vizer, spotted her at a summer camp. She began representing South Africa internationally in 2009.

2009-2012

Legote competed at the 2009 Mie World Championships finishing 117th in the all-around qualifications. She competed at the 2010 Moscow World Championships finishing 107th in the all-around qualifications. She competed at the 2011 Montpellier World Championships finishing 100th in the all-around qualifications. Legote did not compete at the 2012 London Olympics. She was named Klerksdorp Sportswoman of the Year in 2011 and 2012.

2013-2016

Legote competed at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia. At the 2013 Kyiv World Championships, she placed 55th in the all-around qualifications and was the highest ranked gymnast from Africa.

In March 2014, Legote competed at the African Championships in rhythmic gymnastics where she won the all-around title. In the event finals, she won 3 gold medals (ball, clubs, ribbon) and a silver in hoop.  At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, she was a member of the South African team and finished tenth in the individual all-around finals. Legote competed at the 2014 Izmir World Championships placing 62nd in all-around qualifications.

In 2015, Legote began the season competing at the 2015 Moscow Grand Prix finishing 31st in the all-around. At the 2015 World Cup Final in Kazan, Legote finished 40th in the all-around. On September 9–13, Legote competed at the 2015 World Championships in Stuttgart finishing 64th in the All-around qualifications and did not advance into the Top 24 finals.

In 2016, Legote started her season competing at the 2016 Grand Prix Moscow finishing 33rd in the all-around. On July 8–10, Legote then finished 27th in the all-around at the 2016 Kazan World Cup.

She did not compete at the 2016 Olympics, despite being the top qualifier from Africa at the 2015 World Championships. Instead, the wild card berth was given to Cape Verde gymnast Elyane Boal. Legote's coach, Tatiana Lavrentchouk-Vizer, stated that "It has taken 13 years to develop and cultivate Grace into Africa's top rhythmic gymnast...this news has taken us by a surprise and is indeed very sad."

In September 2016, Legote competed at the African Championships, winning four gold medals and one silver.

2017-

Legote had her highest-ever world championships placement at the 2017 Pesaro World Championships, finishing 54th in the all-around qualifications and 26th in ribbon qualifications. At The World Games 2017 in Wroclaw, Legote's highest finished was 20th with ball.

In 2018, Legote competed at the 2018 Moscow Grand Prix finishing 26th in the all-around. She also competed at the African Championships, finishing fourth in the all-around and winning a gold in clubs, silver in hoop, and bronzes in ball and ribbon.

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
South African gymnasts
South African rhythmic gymnasts
Commonwealth Games competitors for South Africa
Gymnasts at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
People from Tswaing Local Municipality
Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics African Championships


title: U.S. Army Redstone Test Center

text:
U.S. Army Redstone Test Center, or RTC, is subordinate organization to the United States Army Test and Evaluation Command, a direct reporting unit of the United States Army responsible for developmental testing, independent evaluations, assessments, and experiments of Army aviation, missiles and sensor equipment.

RTC is a tenant organization in Redstone Arsenal, AL.

History
The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure directed that the Aviation Technical Test Center in Fort Rucker move to Redstone Arsenal and combine with the Redstone Technical Test Center.

  RTC was stood up in October 2010.

Operations
RTC's largest customers are Program Executive Office Aviation, and Program Executive Office Missiles and Space along with Program Manager Aircraft Survivability Equipment and the Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center. In addition to supporting Army acquisition efforts, RTC conducts testing with all branches of the military and maintains an extended customer base that includes the department of homeland security, allied foreign countries, industry, and NASA. RTC employs approximately 1,100 military, civilian and contract employees that are skilled test officers, flight test engineers, engineers, scientists, technicians, researchers and experimental test pilots. RTC is a highly reimbursable organization, meaning that the majority of its operating budget comes from direct charges to its customers.

See also
 Redstone Arsenal
 United States Army Test and Evaluation Command
 United States Army
 List of aerospace flight test centres

References

External links
ATEC Official Website
Redstone Test Center
ATEC History http://www.atec.army.mil/history.html
ATEC Organization http://www.atec.army.mil/organization.html
RTC http://www.rtc.army.mil/
RTC History http://www.rtc.army.mil/rttc.html
Federal Labs Listing http://www.federallabs.org/labs/profile/?id=1332
Command Change http://blog.al.com/breaking/2013/08/col_patrick_mason_takes_comman.html, Megan Davidson, nasa.gov, 4 April 2014

Research installations of the United States Army
Military installations in Alabama
2010 establishments in Alabama


title: Anders Gundersen

text:
Anders Gundersen (born 10 April 1994) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Skeid.

Playing career

Club
Anders Gundersen was born in Porsgrunn, but grew up in Stathelle and started his senior career with Pors Grenland in the 2. divisjon. He signed for Strømsgodset in the summer transfer window of 2013, after impressing in a match against Strømsgodset 2.

Gundersen was part of the 2013 Tippeliga winning squad, but did not play any matches. He got his first team debut for Strømsgodset on 19 May 2014 in the 1-2 loss to Stabæk. He also played the next two matches for Strømsgodset, when first choice goalkeeper Adam Larsen Kwarasey was participating in the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

On 21 July 2015, Gundersen went on loan to Sandefjord for the remainder of the season. In December 2015, the loan was extended to the end of the 2016-season.

International
Gundersen was called up to the Norway U-19 team in 2013.

Career statistics

Honours

Club
 Strømsgodset
 Tippeligaen champion: 2013

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
People from Bamble
Sportspeople from Porsgrunn
Footballers from Vestfold og Telemark
Norwegian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Pors Fotball players
Strømsgodset Toppfotball players
Sandefjord Fotball players
Eliteserien players
Norwegian First Division players
Arendal Fotball players
Moss FK players


title: Edo Japan (restaurant)

text:
Edo Japan, often known simply as Edo (), is a Canadian fast food restaurant chain specializing in Japanese Teppan-style cooking. Founded in 1979 by Reverend Susumu Ikuta, a Japanese Buddhist minister, Edo Japan was named after the original name of Tokyo. The company is based in Calgary, Alberta, and the first restaurant opened at Southcentre Mall.

History
Born in 1926 in Kyoto, Japan, Rev. Susumu Ikuta first moved to Canada with his family in 1937, during WWII. After finishing high school, Rev. Ikuta moved back and forth between Canada and Japan until 1958, when he graduated with an M.A. in Buddhist Studies from Ryukoku University and moved back to Canada for the last time to become a Jodo Shinshu Buddhist minister for the Buddhist Churches of Canada.

In 1979, Rev. Ikuta opened the first Edo Japan restaurant as a means of establishing and sustaining the Calgary Buddhist Temple, and began franchising the business in 1986. In 1998, Reverend Ikuta became the first Canadian-raised Bishop of the Buddhist Churches of Canada and decided it was time for someone else to manage Edo Japan's business.

Expansion and growth
Over the course of Reverend Ikuta's leadership, the company grew to 102 food court locations in suburban shopping centres across Canada, the United States and Australia, with about $10 million in annual sales. In 1999, the former president of Moxie's, Tom Donaldson, took over as President & CEO of Edo Japan with a small equity earn-in position before purchasing the company outright in 2006. Over the next 10 years, Donaldson focused on revitalizing the brand by scaling back the number of locations to operate solely in Canada, which saw the company grow to $60 million in annual sales by 2011.  Under Donaldson's leadership, the company expanded beyond mall food courts by opening its first stand-alone location in 2002, and by 2011 a further 36 street-front locations were established under. By 2015, the chain had 109 locations across British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, and Quebec, with $92 million in annual sales.

In 2016, David Minnett, former president of Kelsey's (2006-2009) and Swiss Chalet and Harvey's (2009-2013), took over the role of President & CEO and has continued to expand the company into Ontario and Manitoba, with more than 140 restaurants across Canada as of 2020. Minnett's leadership also brought new additions to the menu and the “Edo Fresh Take” restaurant redesign, which modernized the restaurant's décor and layout, and introduced a grab and go market wall with imported Japanese snacks for purchase.

Menu
Edo Japan's core menu items are made to order using a signature teriyaki sauce and cooked on a 450 °F (232 °C) teppan grill. The menu also includes Japanese dishes such as sushi, udon soups and bento boxes.

References

External links
 Official website

Fast-food chains of Canada
Food and drink companies based in Alberta
Japanese restaurants
Restaurants established in 1979
1979 establishments in Alberta
Restaurants in Alberta
Companies based in Calgary


title: Areias, Sequeiró, Lama e Palmeira

text:
Areias, Sequeiró, Lama e Palmeira is a civil parish in the municipality of Santo Tirso, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Areias, Sequeiró, Lama and Palmeira. The population in 2011 was 6,795, in an area of 10.30 km².

References

Freguesias of Santo Tirso


title: Susana Díaz

text:
Susana Díaz Pacheco (; born 18 October 1974, Seville, Spain) is a Spanish politician from Andalusia and a leading figure in the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) as the former leader of the Andalusian PSOE-A.

She served as the President of Andalusia until January 2019, having acceded to the presidency following José Antonio Griñán's resignation in 2013, and was subsequently re-elected in Andalusia's 2015 regional election. Until July 2021, she served as the Secretary-General of the Andalusian branch of PSOE.

From 2016 she combined her regional roles with aspirations to the national leadership of the party. Following her defeat to Pedro Sánchez in the 2017 PSOE leadership elections, she has continued with her regional responsibilities.

Early life
Susana Díaz was born the eldest child to José Díaz, a plumber in the Seville City Council, and his wife, Rosa Pacheco, a housewife with whom he had three other daughters, Diana, Rocío and Laura. She has a child named José María.

She studied law at the University of Seville and finished her degree after ten years.

Early political career
Susana Díaz was elected secretary of Organisation of Socialist Youth of Andalusia in 1997. In the elections of June 1999 she was included in the list of the PSOE to the City of Seville and was elected as councillor and, Alfredo Sánchez Monteseirín as mayor.

Susana Díaz studied law at the University of Seville.

Congresswoman and Senator (2004–2012)
After her time with the Socialist Youth, she held various political positions (deputy for Seville in the Congress of Deputies between 2004 and 2008, deputy for Seville in the Parliament of Andalusia since 2008, and senator for Andalusia between 2011 and 2012) and organic positions within the PSOE (organisational secretary of the PSOE in Seville between 2004 and 2010 and of the PSOE in Andalusia from March 2010 to July 2012).

Councillor for the Presidency and Equality of the Junta de Andalucía (2012–2013)
On 6 May 2012, José Antonio Griñán placed her at the head of the Ministry of Presidency and Equality in the Junta de Andalucía. She was Secretary General of the PSOE in Seville between 14 July, 201215 and 30 November 2013.

President of Andalusia (2013–2019)
Díaz was elected as President of Andalusia in 2013, ruling in coalition with the left-wing United Left party.

Role in Pedro Sánchez's first leadership election
In the aftermath of 2014 European Parliament election in Spain, PSOE's national leader Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba resigned and a leadership contest was held. Díaz, who still had not won any major election, did not run, but a coalition of regional leaders including herself, opposed the candidacy of early front-runner Eduardo Madina, who was seen as Rubalcaba's heir, and supported a change in the party's policies. These regional leaders backed Economics Ph.D. Pedro Sánchez to become the party's new leader, what eventually happened, with Sánchez winning a majority of the party member's vote. As a setoff, critical regional leaders entered PSOE's executive committee.

Second term
Following a disagreement with the United Left, she called for early elections, which were held in 2015.

During the 2015 Andalusian parliamentary election, Díaz led a forceful campaign against Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, opposing the austerity policies enacted by his central government. Díaz also insisted that the Socialists would not form an alliance with the PP or Podemos if the vote failed to produce an outright winner.

In the election, Díaz's party retained the same number of seats as prior to the election – 47 – although the election was still considered a victory for the PSOE as it regained its previous status as the largest party in the Andalusian Parliament. This was because the main opposition PP lost 17 seats and Díaz's former coalition partner, United Left, lost 7 seats. Two new parties, the left-wing Podemos and the centre-right Citizens, won 15 and 9 seats respectively. After a long period of three-way negotiations with the two new parties, Diaz came to an agreement with Citizens, and in early May 2015 she was subsequently re-elected as regional President.

Role in the 2015–16 Spanish government formation and 2016 PSOE crisis
General elections were held in Spain in December 2015. Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy's [People's Party (Spain|PP) won the most seats, but refused to form a government as a majority of the Congress of Deputies were hostile to him. King Felipe VI then invited the runner-up PSOE's leader Pedro Sánchez to form a government; however, Díaz and her coalition of regional leaders barred Sánchez from forming a government with the third-place left-wing populist, anti-austerity Podemos thus forcing him to make a deal with the fourth-place, liberal-conservative Citizens. However, this arrangement would not achieve parliamentary majority, and repeat general elections were held six months later in 2016 while Rajoy remained prime minister in a caretaker capacity. Díaz warned Sánchez that the party would not tolerate another electoral loss.

In the repeat elections, the PSOE maintained second place and lost five seats, while Rajoy's PP came first and gained 14 seats; the King invited Rajoy to form a government, however, a majority of Congress was still hostile to him. Despite another second-place showing as PSOE leader, Sánchez was confident he could form a government with the 180 (out of 350) deputies who opposed Rajoy and the PP, including Podemos as well as Catalan and Basque regionalist and separatist parties. Díaz, meanwhile, soundly advocated that the PSOE should remain in opposition and allow Rajoy to form a government. This, added to more defeats of PSOE in Galicia and Basque Country regional elections, being overtaken by Podemos-led alliances and achieving record low results, prompted dissenters—led by Susana Díaz—to call for Sánchez's immediate resignation as PSOE leader  and led to a party crisis. Sánchez challenged his critics to defeat him in a primary election;, however, by 1 October he had lost control of both the Executive and Federal Party Committees, resigning as party leader and as an MP. A caretaker committee led by Asturian president Javier Fernández Fernández ordered all PSOE MPs to abstain in order to allow Rajoy to remain in office, considering the alternative was a third election which was feared by the caretaker committee as opinion polls were predicting a PP landslide and that the PSOE would be overtaken by Podemos. Ultimately, only 15 PSOE MPs broke party discipline and voted against Rajoy.

Failed attempt to become national PSOE leader
Díaz submitted her bid for the 2017 PSOE leadership election, along with Pedro Sánchez and Patxi López. Three former party leaders, Felipe González, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero and Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, as well as several former PSOE ministers and regional leaders backed her. Sánchez successfully returned to PSOE's leadership with a 10-point difference over Díaz in the membership vote, took full control of the party and removed all his critics from the party's executive. Former and regional leaders' support proved to be more of a burden rather than a boost for Díaz, as this was exploited by Sánchez to tick her as the establishment's candidate, gaining support from the party's grassroots.

2018 snap election and exit of regional power
In May 2018, national PSOE leader Pedro Sánchez filed a vote of no confidence in the government of Mariano Rajoy that placed him as Prime Minister of Spain with the support of Podemos and Catalan and Basque nationalist parties. Citizens, Diaz's partner in Andalusia and being a party which strongly opposes these movements, withdrew their support to PSOE and Díaz, triggering a snap election. In the 2018 Andalusian regional election support for Diaz's socialist party dropped to 33 seats, losing 14 from the previous election. Once again her political party was the most voted in Andalusia, but Susana Diaz could lose presidency of Andalusia if the People's Party and Citizens join forces with VOX; a new political party without previous representation that retrieved 12 seats and was labelled by Diaz as "far-right".

See also
 Second Susana Díaz government

References

External links

 Ficha de Susana Díaz en el Parlamento de Andalucía
 Perfil de Susana Díaz

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|-

1974 births
Leaders of political parties in Spain
Living people
Presidents of the Regional Government of Andalusia
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
University of Seville alumni
Seville city councillors
21st-century Spanish women politicians
Members of the 8th Parliament of Andalusia
Members of the 9th Parliament of Andalusia
Members of the 10th Parliament of Andalusia
Members of the 11th Parliament of Andalusia
Women presidents of the autonomous communities of Spain


title: Classical Malay literature

text:
Classical Malay literature, also known as traditional Malay literature, refers to the Malay-language literature from the Malay world, consisting of areas now part of Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia; works from countries such as the Philippines and Sri Lanka have also been included. It shows considerable influences from Indian literature (such as in the tales of Ramayana and Mahabharata) as well as Arabic and Islamic literature (including tales of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions). The term denotes a variety of works, including the hikayat, poetry (in two major forms, the syair and the pantun), history, and legal works.

Selected works
Syair Siti Zubaidah Perang Cina
Syair Abdul Muluk
Hikayat Hang Tuah
Hikayat Amir Hamzah
Sejarah Melayu
Hikayat Bayan Budiman
Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai
Hikayat Banjar
Hikayat Abdullah
Undang-Undang Melaka

Selected authors
 Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir
 Hamzah Fansuri
 Nuruddin ar-Raniri
 Raja Ali Haji
 Tun Sri Lanang

See also
Indonesian literature, for works considered part of the modern Indonesian literary canon
Malaysian literature, for works considered part of the modern Malaysian literary canon
List of Hikayat

References

Malay-language literature


title: Vila Nova do Campo

text:
Vila Nova do Campo (formerly known as Campo (São Martinho), São Salvador do Campo e Negrelos (São Mamede)) is a civil parish in the municipality of Santo Tirso, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Campo (São Martinho), São Salvador do Campo and Negrelos (São Mamede). In 2015 the name of the parish was changed to Vila Nova do Campo. The population in 2011 was 6,809, in an area of 9.60 km².

References

Freguesias of Santo Tirso


title: Mark Wentworth House

text:
The Mark Wentworth House, also known as the Gov. John Wentworth House, is a historic house at 346 Pleasant Street in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States. Built in 1763, it is notable for its fine Georgian finishes, and for its associations with leading political and economic figures of 18th and 19th-century Portsmouth. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It has since the early 20th century been part of a senior care complex.

Description and history
The Mark Wentworth House stands southeast of downtown Portsmouth, on the south side of Pleasant Street at Wentworth Street. The house is oriented facing north to the street, and is extended southward to the South Mill Pond by a large modern addition that houses the bulk of the senior care facilities. The house is  stories in height, with a hip roof and clapboarded exterior. The building corners have wooden quoins, and the cornice is lined with modillion blocks. The main facade is five bays wide, with symmetrical arrangement. The entrance at the center is topped by a half-round transom window, and is sheltered by a Federal-period portico with a modillioned cornice and hip roof surrounded by a low balustrade. The interior of the house continues the high quality wooden finishes.

The mansion was built in 1763 by Henry Appleton, a merchant, who sold it to Mark Hunking Wentworth, one of New Hampshire's wealthiest merchants and landowners, the following year. Wentworth's son John was appointed Royal Governor of New Hampshire in 1767, and occupied the house from then until his departure on the eve of the American Revolutionary War in 1775. Mark Wentworth maintained ownership of the house during the first part of this period, and transferred the property to his daughter Anna Fisher in 1770. It was sold out of the Wentworth family in 1797, and repurchased by Ebenezer Wentworth in 1810. In the early 1900s Wentworth descendants adapted the property for use as an elder care facility, a role it continues to serve today.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

External links
Wentworth Senior Living, senior living community

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Houses completed in 1763
Houses in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Governor of New Hampshire


title: Coiled tubing drilling

text:
Coiled Tubing Drilling (CTD) is a drilling method that combines coiled tubing and directional drilling. It uses a mud motor to create a system for reservoirs.

Operations
CTD has been used in regions such as Alaska, Canada, United Arab Emirates, Oman and Saudi Arabia. Typical applications include depleted wells, unconventional gas shale, underground coal gasification and coal bed methane.

See also
 Bottom hole assembly
 Underbalanced drilling

References

External links
 ICoTA - Intervention & Coiled Tubing Association
 NOV - Coiled Tubing Drilling Equipment

Drilling technology


title: Carreira e Refojos de Riba de Ave

text:
Carreira e Refojos de Riba de Ave is a civil parish in the municipality of Santo Tirso, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Carreira and Refojos de Riba de Ave. The population in 2011 was 2,072, in an area of 9.49 km².

References

Freguesias of Santo Tirso


title: Andy Demetriou (footballer, born 1958)

text:
Andreas Demetriou (born 4 July 1958) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and Port Melbourne in the Victorian Football Association (VFA).

Playing career
Demetriou made one VFL appearance for South Melbourne as a reserve in a match against Collingwood in June 1977.

After leaving South Melbourne, he moved to Port Melbourne where he played in two VFA premiership-winning teams.

Post-football career
As well as acting as a sport psychologist for Werribee Football Club, Demetriou runs a deli in the Melbourne suburb of Albert Park.

References

1958 births
Sydney Swans players
Port Melbourne Football Club players
Sports psychologists
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Australian people of Greek Cypriot descent


title: Somme's 1st constituency

text:
The 1st constituency of Somme (French: Première circonscription de la Somme) is one of five electoral districts in the department of the same name, each of which returns one deputy to the French National Assembly in elections using the two-round system, with a run-off if no candidate receives more than 50% of the vote in the first round.

Description
The constituency is made up of the eight cantons of Abbeville-Nord, Abbeville-Sud, Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher, Amiens-II-Nord-Ouest, Amiens-IV-Est, Amiens-VIII-Nord, Domart-en-Ponthieu, and Picquigny.

At the time of the 1999 census (which was the basis for the most recent redrawing of constituency boundaries, carried out in 2010) the 1st constituency had a total population of 95,650.

It contains both the town of Abbeville and the northern part of the city of Amiens, the boundary being the course of the River Somme.

Since the defeat of the Gaullist deputy and war hero Fred Moore by the French Communist Party's candidate René Lamps in 1962 the seat has been held continuously by the left.

Historic representation

Election results

2022

* LREM dissident

2017

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2012

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2007

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2002

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1997

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Sources
Official results of French elections from 2002: "Résultats électoraux officiels en France" (in French).

1


title: Dynamo 9.0

text:
The Dynamo 9.0 is the ninth-generation car run by DTU Roadrunners to compete in the Urban Concept class in the Shell Eco-marathon Europe. As same as the previous generation of Urban Concept cars developed by students at the Technical University of Denmark, it has the single purpose of achieving the best fuel economy as possible. The Dynamo 9.0 is the current workhorse of the DTU Roadrunners for the said competition.

References

Shell Eco-marathon challengers
Concept cars


title: Monte Ceneri Road Tunnel

text:
The Monte Ceneri Road Tunnel is a motorway tunnel in the Swiss canton of Ticino. The tunnel is situated under the Monte Ceneri Pass that separates the north of the canton around Bellinzona from the south of the canton around Lugano. It forms part of the A2 motorway that links the north of Switzerland with Italy. It was completed in 1984, and is  in length.

The road tunnel is paralleled by the  long Monte Ceneri Rail Tunnel, carrying the Swiss Federal Railways Gotthard line under the same pass.

References

Transport in Ticino
Road tunnels in Switzerland


title: Lamelas e Guimarei

text:
Lamelas e Guimarei is a civil parish in the municipality of Santo Tirso, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Lamelas and Guimarei. The population in 2011 was 1,660, in an area of 12.41 km².

References

Freguesias of Santo Tirso


title: Brian Hennessy (bishop)

text:
Brian Leo John Hennessy, C.R., (7 January 1919 – 13 February 1997) was an American-born Roman Catholic bishop.

Hennessy, who was from Detroit, was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1950; and served as the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda from 1975 to 1995.

References

1919 births
Bermudian Roman Catholic bishops
Clergy from Detroit
1997 deaths
Resurrectionist Congregation
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in British Overseas Territories
Roman Catholic bishops of Hamilton in Bermuda
20th-century American clergy


Santo Tirso, Couto (Santa Cristina e São Miguel) e Burgães is a civil parish in the municipality of Santo Tirso, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Santo Tirso, Couto (Santa Cristina), Couto (São Miguel) and Burgães. The population in 2011 was 21,538, in an area of 25.22 km².

References

Freguesias of Santo Tirso


title: Dar Dash

text:
Dar Dash is an American actor. After receiving his degree at Arts Educational Schools, London, he starred in The Glass Cage at the Northampton Theatre Royal, where he made his stage debut.

Early life
Dash was born and raised in Fairfax, VA. His father is of Persian descent, and his mother is Cuban with Spanish ancestry. Dash is the middle of five sons.

Career
As well as acting in numerous stage productions, Dash has also appeared in the AMC Miniseries, The Prisoner; the 2011 Raindance Film Festival nominated independent film, City Slacker; in Ridley Scott's thriller, The Counselor; and BBC's Jonathan Creek.

In 2014, Dash was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in a short at the Action On Film International Film Festival for his performance in the internationally acclaimed short film, Warhol, in which he co-starred alongside fellow American actor, Corey Johnson.

In October 2017, Dash played famed Nixon speechwriter and The New York Times columnist, William Safire in the play In The Event of Moone Disaster at Theatre503 in London. The Evening Standard described Dash's portrayal as "robust" and "droll"  and the overall production also received considerable critical acclaim.

In March 2018, Dash was nominated for Best Supporting Performance in a Comedy at the NAVGTR Awards for his performance as Hawkeye in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.

Dash is also a prolific voice-over artist for American and English brands.

In 2012, Dash — alongside his partner, actor Alexis Peterman — conceived Drink Me Eat Me, a “treat boutique” and event space to serve the local community tasty treats, sell locally produced handmade treasures, and host parties, events, classes, pop-up shops and dinners. Drink Me Eat quickly became a bustling hub of West London.
To concentrate on their careers, Dash and Peterman sold the company in August 2015.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Miscellaneous

References

External links

American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American male video game actors
American male stage actors
English male film actors
English male television actors
English male stage actors
21st-century American male actors
American entertainers of Cuban descent
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Actors from Fairfax, Virginia
American people of Iranian descent
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Male actors from Washington, D.C.


title: Hmong writing

text:
Hmong writing refers to the various writing systems that have been used for transcribing various Hmongic languages, spoken by Hmong people in China, Vietnam, Laos, the United States, and Thailand, these being the top five countries. Over a dozen scripts have been reported for Hmong, none of which is considered standard for transcribing the languages in the eyes of the speakers.

Historically referenced scripts
It is unknown whether a historic writing system existed for the Hmong. Several Hmong scripts have been noted in historical works, mostly in Chinese literature, as illustrated in the below sections. However, this evidence is disputed. For instance, according to Professor S. Robert Ramsey, there was no writing system among the Miao until the missionaries created them. Archaeologists are still searching for artifacts from periods of alleged Hmong literacy. These five scripts below are the most widely evidenced in primary literature sources:

Nanman script
From Chinese legends, the Nanman are largely considered to be the ancestors of the Hmong, also known as one of the "Four Barbarians" against the Huaxia, the ancestors of the Han. The Nanman lived originally in central-east China, but after battle losses and the expulsion of Chi You, who is allegedly considered a Godlike figure by the Hmong, the Nanman fled to the south. Different stories exist as to how their script and already encoded information disappeared: that the books were lost in a flood, that the Hmong had to eat the books as food due to the Chinese invasion, that they were eaten by other animals in their escapade from the Chinese, or that they had no way to cross the river without disposing of the books. All the stories have in common a loss of the books, water, and an invading Chinese tribe. This script has not been found.

Paj Ntaub (Flower Cloth)

In response to the Chinese invasion, the Hmong claim that they preserved their ancient writing system in the "flower cloth" of the women. This seems to be a common story in response to the deluge and loss of books in the aftermath of the loss of the Nanman to the Huaxia. A modern script on the Internet known as the "Ancient Hmong Written System" claims to be a decipherment of this script, but no connection has been asserted from a neutral, reliable source. These symbols show the models of nature and architecture of the land where the Hmong people used to live. All of the designs in the Pau Ntaub have symbolism and meanings such as hearts, houses, and animals.

Qing Dynasty script
It is unknown whether this script differs from that of the Nanman, but it is known that as far as the Qing dynasty, the Hmong used a writing system to record information. It is unclear for how long they used this script, as Han settlers largely moved into the southern regions of China (where the Hmong lived), only during the Ming and Qing dynasties. In attempts to coerce the Hmong, also known as the Miao, Hmong villages were burned and relics of Hmong culture were destroyed. Hmongs were also banned from transcribing their language, so it is not known whether any Hmong writing from the era remains or where it remains.

Shaoyang Relics script
The "Book from Heaven" seems to be engraved in a Miao script, as reported in March 2012 from Shaoyang, Hunan. The Hunan Cultural Relic Department is reportedly investigating the script and any connections it may have. This may represent either the Qing script or the Nanman script, if dated, but any connections and authenticity are unclear.

Monumental Script
A group of monuments across Southern China written in Chinese-looking characters are reported to be those of an "Old Miao script". A particular monument in Leigongshan, Guizhou has been found with a residual monument inscribing "This year is also a good year," and this is preserved in the Guizhou Provincial Museum. These characters are referred to in the Qing dynasty book, 洞溪纤志.

Widely used scripts

Pollard script
The Pollard script was published in 1922 by Sam Pollard for writing A-Hmao, a Hmongic language in Sichuan, China. Published sources seem to indicate that the use of the script was widespread amongst Hmong in Sichuan; however, its use is waning, although it is held in esteem by Hmong of the Christian community and by elders. The current extent of its use is unknown.

Pahawh Hmong

Pahawh Hmong is one of the most successful indigenous scripts to have ever been created by illiterates. It was created by Shong Lue Yang, who was born in 1930 to a farmer. He was seen by the Hmong people as a "Chao Fa," or "Lord of the Sky," which makes him akin to the son of God in Hmong culture. He has a long history that began with the receipt of a divine mandate from the deity "Va", of whom he proclaimed he was the son. He apparently was visited in an isolated round house by two men from God, who taught him the script over the course of 60 days. When he came out and taught people the script, it gained a widespread following. However, two political problems emerged. First, both the French government and the Lao government began to view him with enmity as a result of his influence. Second, due to the military success of Pa Chai's followers, these governments began to associate him with a military agenda, even though none is known to have existed. Thus, he was assassinated in 1971. His script survived through his followers, however, and he even created a script called Pahawh Khmu for the Khmu language.

Ntawv Thoob Teb (RPA)
This script, known as the Romanized Popular Alphabet, was developed from 1951 to 1953 under the auspices of Yves Bertrais, G. Lindwood Barney, and William A. Smalley, and who were Christian missionaries working in the area. Due to the widespread existence of the Roman script, in the United States, this script remains the most widely adopted among Hmong diaspora. It is also widely used on the Internet. These writing systems consists of symbolizing pronunciations more than meaningful words, portraying how the writing system looks more to produce accurate tones and pronunciations. Inaccurate tones and pronunciations can misrepresent the meanings of the words. However, controversy surrounding the script includes its representation of consonants in clusters, where many Hmong argue that the consonants are distinct and should not be represented in clusters of two or three. It is gaining popularity in China, but it is relatively disdained by speakers of Hmong Leng. It is seen as a more "pragmatic" solution to Hmong writing but a less "faithful" solution, as Hmongs hold Shong Lue Yang, and less indicative of a Hmong "identity."

Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong

Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong script was used in the 1980s by United Christians Liberty Evangelical Church, a church founded by Reverend Chervang Kong Vang, which moved around California, Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Carolina, Colorado, and many other states. Initially, it was not as widely accepted outside of the members of the church. The script seems to bear strong resemblance to the Lao alphabet in structure and form and characters inspired from the Hebrew alphabets, although the characters themselves are different.  The Unicode proposal for this script uses the name 'Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong script'. This script has been used by members of the United Christians Liberty Evangelical church in America for more than 25 years, in printed material and videos. It is reported to have some use in Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, France, and Australia. On March 5, 2019, Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong Script was officially published into the Unicode Standard version 12.0 with a total of 71 characters in the Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong Unicode block.

Historically used scripts

Sayaboury script
This is an alphabet that was used, at the very least, by Hmong residents of Sainyabuli Province (the script's namesake) in Laos, who came to a UN Refugee Camp in Chiang Kham, Thailand, as a result of the Vietnam War. It is called by anthropologists as "Ntawv Puaj Txwm.", which means "original writing." Nine volumes of texts reported to be 700–800 years old were handed over by Ga Va Her to Nina Wimuttikosol, an officer that Her had befriended while in the camp. Allegedly, these writings had been revealed by the Hmong deity La Bi Mi Nu, and the information in these manuscripts was then transcribed. Wimuttikosol gave it to Jacques Lemoine, a known French anthropologist in the field. It has a set of unusual features, which if discovered to be original, could dramatically alter the field of Hmong research. It is not known how much further research is currently being undertaken. The preliminary Unicode proposal for this script uses the name 'Eebee Hmong script'. It is used to write the Hmong Daw (White Hmong) dialect that is commonly spoken in Laos and in the United States.

Pa Chai script
Pa Chai was a leader of the Hmong in the early twentieth century. He was seen as the "Chao Fa" of the Hmong people before Shong Lue Yang, although his power was not as far-reaching. He was a leader in the movement against the French colonial empire, and one day, he was taken to the "Lord of the Sky and the Earth," known in Hmong as Lub Ntuj Lub Teb. He received a mandate to lead the Hmong people to change their way of life and develop a new writing system, and it is said that after he returned, he displayed magical powers. These manifested in the form of two years of successful resistance against the French. Apparently, although Pa Chai had instructed his people not to attack the Lao, they did, and this caused him to lose his supposed mandate, which caused the Hmong to begin losing, and in due course, in 1921, he was killed, ending the "War of the Insane", as it was known to the French. As Shong Lue was the next "Chao Fa," this alleged militant intention constantly hung over Shong Lue's head, which contributed to the acceleration of Shong Lue's defamation, mystery, and assassination. Pa Chai's script has reasonable success, with villagers reporting that they had seen Pa Chai's script, encoded laws, and writing methods during the French colonial rule. It is unknown what has survived.

Ntawv Savina (Hmong Vietnamese)
This was a French version of the Hmong alphabet developed by Father Savina during French colonization of Indochina. Rather than resembling Ntour Hmongz (Hmong Vietnamese) or Ntawv Hmoob (RPA), it uses tone symbols, like Quốc ngữ writing used for Vietnamese today. It may have been in use before independence, but its use since has waned. Hmong people living in Vietnam may be using a form of this inadvertently in writing Hmong based on Vietnamese.

Homer-Dixon Romanized Alphabet (Hmong Vietnamese)
This alphabet, published in 1939 by missionary Homera Homer-Dixon for the Hmong Leng, was never particularly popular, but was similar to Savina's romanization in many respects. The main differences involve the closer use of Quốc ngữ writing, with an analogous convention of indicating tones with diacritics, as opposed to using tone letters, as in RPA systems. This script remains unused.

Ntơưr Hmôngz (Hmong Vietnamese RPA)
This was a Romanized style of writing Hmongic languages in Vietnam. It bears resemblance to the Quốc ngữ writing used for Vietnamese today, but uses the tone letters, in similarity to RPA. This Vietnamese RPA script is only known to a few in Vietnam, predominantly of Christian faith, and it is thought that it will not be in use for much longer.

Hmong Lao scripts
This refers to the set of Hmong scripts that are based on the Lao alphabet, primarily used for transcribing the Green and White varieties of Hmong. Two versions are thought to have been initially developed. The first version was developed by Lor Fong, the brother of Hmong leader Fai Dang Lor, in 1948. After a meeting held by General Vang Pao at Long Tieng in 1964, a revised version was developed by Christian missionaries. It was used extensively in Laos before the communist takeover; however, its influence and use has waned. Apparently, people who are literate in Lao will not find too much trouble in reading and writing the script.

It is known that there was a distinct Hmong Lao script supported by the Kingdom of Laos, and one supported by the Pathet Lao communists. The connection between the Pathet Lao-supported script and the script designed by Lor Fong, is not very clear, however. Since Fai Dang Lor is a known communist supporter, and since Vang Pao is a known supporter of the Royal Lao government, the selection and revision of the Hmong Lao script described in the previous paragraph is unclear in allegiance. If the Lor Fong script is indeed the Pathet Lao-supported script, there may only be one or two scripts that were created. If the Lor Fong script is the royalist-accepted script, then there may have been up to three Hmong Lao scripts created. Yet, as the Pathet Lao has been accused of widespread genocide of the Hmong people in coordination with the North Vietnamese armies, the Hmong Lao script remains widely unaccepted. Nonetheless, the contemporary system of transcribing Hmong in Lao may inadvertently still use a form of this script.

Whitelock systems (Hmong Lao/Thai)
This represents two scripts designed by Doris Whitelock, a missionary in the area during the 1960s and 1970s. She first developed a Thai-based system for writing Hmong in the 1960s. However, the Thai system was never widely used, even though Hmong people may be unconsciously be using a similar system in Thailand today. In the 1970s she developed a Lao-based system; however, this became the subject of widespread criticism, as it was considered a "Lao counterfeit," and so was not adopted by the Hmong people of Laos. While neither system became popular, both are still used to an extent by missionaries working in Thailand and Laos, and people who can read the scripts may still exist.

Trung Script (Hmong Thai)
This system was published in 1932 by a Vietnamese missionary, C. K. Trung. The system uses Thai characters but reorients the system to fit the Hmong Leng language more closely. The system reportedly never gained much of a following.

Miao in Chinese Characters (Hmong Chinese)
In 1912, in Sichuan, a French officer named d'Ollone is said to have discovered some members of the Miao people reading and writing using Chinese characters, but they were allegedly very secretive about this script's existence and many members of the community vehemently denied it.

Working experimental scripts
A vast majority of experimental scripts are based in the United States of America, specifically in the Midwest, where there is a relatively large population of Hmong refugees, primarily from Laos and Vietnam.

Ntaw Cher Ze
This was developed by Cher Ze Xiong, who died in May 2013 in Chicago. He allegedly developed the script in the 1950s while still in Laos. His script is distinct in that he uses left radicals, as in Chinese, to indicate the meaning of the words, with right radicals, or syllables, to indicate the pronunciation. In this way, it represents a fusion of Chinese and Pallava-based alphasyllabaries. It is not known if anyone else could read the script.

New Mong
This script was developed by Ian James for writing Hmong Daw and Hmong Njua. It is based on Pallava script, from which a vast majority of scripts in Southeast Asia descend. He reportedly intended to represent what Hmong 'would have looked like' had Hmong followed the same evolutionary descent from Pallava.

Ntaw Nee Hmoo
This script was developed by Tchuyi Vang in St. Paul, Minnesota, in the 1990s. It is called Ntawv Neej Hmoob, or "Hmong Life Script" by the author. It allegedly includes influences of the Chinese language.

Unclassified scripts

Qauv Ntaub Qauv Ntawv
This script has appeared over the Internet as the "Ancient Hmong Written Language" and is allegedly the reading guide to the Pa Ntau flower cloths referenced historically. It is, however, only being promoted in America, and based on Internet testimony, there seems to be Hmong schools in the United States who teach it in official settings, and Hmong women who teach it to their children. Whether or not this transcription does represent the true transcription of the flower cloth is currently unverified by reliable, neutral sources.

Ntawv Hmoob 92
This script supposedly contains consonants and vowels in the form of clan names, but this script has not properly been attributed in languages other than RPA Hmong, so international information is scarce. This script, however, is established enough to have a keyboard. Use of the keyboard is unknown. Additionally, its relationship to the purported Flower Cloth script mentioned above needs to be explored in greater depth, as the forms and strokes of characters in the two scripts bear some resemblance.

Correspondence between orthographies
The following is a list of pairs of RPA and Dananshan pinyin segments having the same sound (or very similar sounds). Note however that RPA and the standard in China not only differ in orthographic rules, but are also used to write different languages. The list is ordered alphabetically by the RPA, apart from prenasalized stops and voiceless sonorants, which come after their oral and voiced homologues. There are three overriding patterns to the correspondences: RPA doubles a vowel for nasalization, whereas pinyin uses ; RPA uses  for aspiration, whereas pinyin uses the voicing distinction of the Latin script; pinyin uses  (and ) to derive the retroflex and uvular series from the dental and velar, whereas RPA uses sequences based on  vs.  for the same.

There is no simple correspondence between the tone letters. The historical connection between the tones is as follows. The Chinese names reflect the tones given to early Chinese loan words with those tones in Chinese.

Tones 4 and 7 merged in Hmoob Dawb, whereas tones 4 and 6 merged in Mong Leeg.

Example: lus Hmoob /̤ lṳ˧˩ m̥̥õ˦ /  / (White Hmong) / lug Moob /  / (Mong Leng) / lol Hmongb (Dananshan) / lus Hmôngz (Vietnamese) "Hmong language".

See also
Hmongic languages
Hmong language
Hmong people

References

Bibliography

West Hmongic languages
Writing systems of Asia


title: Heather Jenner

text:
Heather Jenner (real name Heather Lyon; born 1914, died 1991 ) was a matchmaker, who ran a marriage bureau, called "The Marriage Bureau",  in Bond Street, Mayfair, London.

The daughter of Cyril Arthur Lyon, an Army general, she married, firstly, in 1942, Michael George Cox, from whom she was divorced in 1955 to marry the writer Stephen Potter. Widowed in 1969, she later married Sir John Hastings James, deputy master and Comptroller of the Royal Mint.

She established the agency in 1939, and kept the business secret from her family and friends, using the name 'Heather Jenner', as such activity was considered scandalous at the time.

Her autobiography, Marriage is My Business, was published in 1954.

She appeared as a castaway on the BBC Radio programme Desert Island Discs on 31 July 1967.

Bibliography

  (in French)

References

1914 births
1991 deaths
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
People from Mayfair
Matchmakers
Women autobiographers
English non-fiction writers
English autobiographers
Businesspeople from London
20th-century English businesspeople


title: Thomas Kraus

text:
Thomas Kraus (born 5 April 1987) is a German footballer who plays as a forward for 1. FC Köln II.

External links

1987 births
Living people
German men's footballers
Hertha BSC II players
1. FC Köln II players
SV Eintracht Trier 05 players
SC Fortuna Köln players
3. Liga players
Regionalliga players
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
Borussia Mönchengladbach II players
Sportspeople from Bamberg
Footballers from Upper Franconia


title: Ørgreen Optics

text:
Ørgreen Optics is a Danish eyewear company based in Copenhagen. They are most commonly known for their colour combinations, Danish design and Japanese-made titanium frames.

History
Ørgreen was founded in 1997 by Henrik Ørgreen, Tobias Wandrup and Gregers Fastrup and was originally a sunglass brand. In 2002 the brand launched their first collection of prescription frames. Ørgreen produces optical frames, sunglasses and snow goggles.
The company has retailers in more than 50 countries worldwide with HQ situated in Copenhagen

Ørgreen operate one flagship store located in Copenhagen, where the entire Ørgreen collection along with other high end brands are sold.

Collaborations
In 2011 Ørgreen launched a special edition of the Arne Jacobsen Swan chair in collaboration with the furniture brand Republic of Fritz Hansen; named The Skyline Edition. The Swan chair, initially designed by the legendary Danish architect Arne Jacobsen in 1958, was restyled by Ørgreen and featured the Copenhagen skyline embroidered on the front.

In 2014, Ørgreen launched a limited edition collaboration with Danish menswear designer Asger Juel Larsen.

References

Eyewear retailers of Denmark
Eyewear companies of Denmark


title: Michael Gotthelf

text:
Michael Alfred Gotthelf (born 1953 in Frankfurt) is a German entrepreneur and publicist. He is the initiator and founder of the literary prize Ludwig-Börne-Preis, the Frank Schrirrmacher foundation and the Walther Rathenau Institut, a foundation for international policy that awards the Walther-Rathenau-Preis.

Life
Michael A. Gotthelf was born in 1953 in Frankfurt am Main to a Jewish father from Berlin and a Bavarian Catholic mother.

Education
In 1972, after completing his Abitur at the Goethe-Gymnasium in Frankfurt, Gotthelf went on to study sociology, political science, economics and business administration at Stanford University in California and the Goethe University in Frankfurt, where he earned his doctorate degree in economics.
As an economist he i. a. contributed an essay entitled "Was starrt ihr alle auf 1929?!" to "Die Zukunft des Kapitalismus" which was published by Suhrkamp Verlag.

Professional career
He started his professional career as an editor for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in Frankfurt and thereafter worked as a bank manager. In the early nineties he managed the Metallbank, a subsidiary of the Metallgesellschaft. For the Munich-based parent group he, in 1995, founded the Hypovereinsbank (Schweiz), which focused on business with institutional clients. Gotthelf gained control as the bank’s general manager and – after it was renamed into AP Anlage & Privatbank AG due to a management buyout – operated as their Chairman of the Board of Directors before the bank was acquired by the Latvian Parex Bank in 2004.

Gotthelf also occasionally works as a feature writer and guest author for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and the Neue Zürcher Zeitung.

Diplomatic activity
In 1992 Michael A. Gotthelf became the Honorary consul for the Czech Republic in Frankfurt. From 2000 until 2004 he functioned as Honorary consul of the Federal Republic of Germany in Zurich and afterwards he moved to London. For some years now he has been operating as an advisor for several international institutions; he advised the President of Madagascar on a pro bono basis.

Awards and honors
For his commitment to the Ludwig-Börne-Preis the municipal authorities of the city of Frankfurt awarded Gotthelf the Goethe Plaque in 2000.

In 2007, he was awarded the Verdienstkreuz of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, also for his long-standing activity for the Ludwig-Börne-Stiftung.

Foundations
As chairman of the Ludwig-Börne-Stiftung, Gotthelf was one of the initiators of the Ludwig-Börne-Preis, a literary award for essays, reviews and reportage founded in 1993. Germany’s President Joachim Gauck and the literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki have been awarded this prize among others.

At the beginning of 2008 Gotthelf founded the Walther Rathenau Institut, a foundation for international policy based in Berlin. He serves as the Chairman of the advisory Board of this foundation. In remembrance of the German foreign policymaker Walther Rathenau the institute supports political education and annually awards the Walther-Rathenau-Preis standing for human rights and tolerance. Hillary Clinton, for instance, received the prize due to her efforts for the peace in crisis regions.

In 2014/15 Gotthelf, together with Mathias Döpfner and Martin Meyer among others, founded the "Frank-Schirrmacher-Stiftung" following the surprising death of his friend Schirrmacher in June 2014. Schirrmacher was one of the leading German intellectuals and editor in chief of the cultural section of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung". The prize money of 20,000 Swiss Francs for the
annual Schirrmacher award which honours work to further the understanding of current affairs, was received by Hans Magnus Enzensberger in 2015, followed by Michel Houellebecq, Jonathan Franzen, Daniel Kehlmann and Peter Thiel.

References

Businesspeople from Frankfurt
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1953 births
Living people
Stanford University alumni
Goethe University Frankfurt alumni


title: Morro da Mineira

text:
Morro da Mineira("Miner's Hill") is a favela located in the Catumbi neighborhood, near downtown Rio de Janeiro, the Sambadrome, and the Praça da Apoteose. Morro da Mineira is situated on a hill and composed of simple houses inhabited by working class residents. This favela has experienced periods of extreme violence, due primarily to drug trafficking and conflict with the police force. Morro da Mineira's origins date back to the early twentieth century, when underprivileged people began occupying the hills in Rio de Janeiro in an attempt to stay closer to the city center.

History

The name "Morro da Mineira" was selected to honor an illustrious resident named, Maria da Silva Dias César. She possessed a strong personality and moved from Minas Gerais to Rio de Janeiro in the 1950s. Maria was the daughter of Manoel da Silva Dias, a Portuguese man from Ilha da Madeira, and Felizbina de Azevedo Dias. She had eight siblings: Adelina, João Isaque, Daniel (Rio de Janeiro), Pedro (Manhumirim, MG), Azenate, Dorcas (Itaboraí, RJ), and Alzira (Alto Caparaó, MG).

Although called a "Mineira" (person from the state of Minas Gerais), Maria was actually born in Rio de Janeiro, near Cantagalo and Cordeiro around 1910. Her family moved in Minas Gerais when she was very young and resided in the Alto Jequitibá municipality. While living there, Maria met and married Laudelino César, with whom she had six children: Dario, Enéias, Ciro, Leone, Dedier and Aluizio. Maria and her family lived in a very rural region with few resources and life there was difficult. After years of struggle, they moved to Rio de Janeiro in search of a better life.

Life in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro also proved challenging. There was limited access to medical care so, Maria became trained in midwifery. Through her work as a midwife, she became well-known and respected in the local community, who affectionately named her, "Dona Mineira" ("The Lady from Minas Gerais").

Maria died in 1980 and was buried at the São Francisco de Paula cemetery in the Catumbi near her home. She is remembered fondly as a benefactor and, to honor her memory, the community where she lived adopted her nickname.

External links
 Estadão: Morro da Mineira
 Wikimapia Map of Morro da Mineira

References

Favelas
Neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro (city)