title: Nevisport

text:
Nevisport is an outdoor clothing and equipment retailer, specialising in climbing, skiing, camping and general outdoor gear.

History
Founded in 1970 by a pair of highland climbers and outdoor instructors Ian A Sykes MBE and Ian D Sutherland, Nevisport started life with money saved by Sykes.

The first Nevisport occupied a small store at the west end of Fort William's high street and was sustained financially during its first year by Sutherland, who continued to work full-time elsewhere while Sykes ran the shop day to day. Such was the success of the fledgling company it was soon forced to relocate to larger premises and subsequently opened a second store in Glasgow in 1974.

By the spring of 1982 Nevisport had moved its headquarters into a purpose built retail unit at the end of Fort William's high street which remains the company's flagship store. Nevisport Fort William also incorporates a café and bar as well as a gift shop. During the early 1990s the company moved into Edinburgh and also opened what is the UK's highest outdoor shop on the western slopes of Aonach Mor at the top of the gondola at the Nevis Range ski centre.

In 1997 Nevisport continued its expansion by acquiring an English outdoor chain called Wilderness Ways and an independent store by the name of Nick Estcourts. Shortly afterwards Clive Rowland's store in Aviemore and Marshall's in Aberdeen were also acquired.

In 2004 Sykes and Sutherland retired.

Acquisition
In October 2007 Nevisport was acquired by Jacobs & Turner Ltd and Nevisport's headquarters and warehouse were relocated to Glasgow. New stores were opened in Fraddon, Cornwall and near Fleetwood, Lancashire..

Stores
Nevisport currently has 13 stores around the United Kingdom. Fort William, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aviemore, Aonach Mor (Nevis Range), Kendal, Fleetwood, Middlesbrough, Manchester, Bents Garden Centre (Warrington), Woking and Fraddon in Cornwall. Selected Nevisport stores also offer ski servicing facilities.

Footnotes

External links
 Official website

Retail companies of the United Kingdom
Retail companies established in 1970
Companies based in Glasgow
1970 establishments in Scotland


The 1976 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 2, 1976. All 50 states and the District of Columbia were part of the 1976 United States presidential election. Virginia voters chose twelve electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president of the United States.

Virginia had voted Republican at all but one of the previous six presidential elections, largely due to its large white Washington and Richmond suburbs that received large-scale in-migration from the Northeast, alongside the Shenandoah Valley, being amongst the first traditionally Democratic areas of the former Confederacy to turn Republican at both the presidential level and in federal congressional elections. After the collapse of the Byrd Organization and the expansion of the state’s formerly small electorate via the Voting Rights Act, these trends intensified except in the heavily unionised coalfields of Southwest Virginia, where unlike elsewhere in the Confederacy, many newly registered poor whites voted Democratic. The statewide Democratic party was severely divided into conservative, moderate and liberal factions, so that in addition to voting Republican in five of six presidential elections, Virginia’s Congressional delegation would gain a Republican majority as early as the 91st Congress, although it was 1970 before significant GOP gains occurred in the state legislature.

It was generally acknowledged that President Nixon offered no support to down-ballot Republican candidates, but the division in the state Democrats was so bad that they did not nominate a candidate for governor in 1973 — with most of the party supporting populist Henry Howell. However, the Democrats did regain a dozen seats in the state legislature in 1975.

Carter did do relatively well in many rural sections of Virginia – for instance he is the solitary Democratic presidential nominee to top forty percent in traditionally arch-Republican Floyd County since Grover Cleveland in 1892. , this is the last occasion a Democratic presidential nominee has carried Amelia County, Bedford County, Botetourt County, Charlotte County, Cumberland County, Fluvanna County, Gloucester County, Goochland County, Grayson County, Halifax County, King George County, New Kent County, Nottoway County, Patrick County, Prince George County, Rappahannock County, Rockbridge County, Scott County, Spotsylvania County, Warren County, Bristol City and Salem City, while Stafford County would not vote for the Democratic nominee again until 2020. It is also the last occasion Virginia voted to the left of California, Connecticut, Illinois, Vermont or Washington state.

Campaign
During the fall campaign, Virginia was the scene of debates between Carter and Ford in the third week of October. They would have their final debate of the whole campaign at the College of William and Mary.

56% of white voters supported Ford while 40% supported Carter. Virginia was the only southern state to support Ford.

Predictions

Results

Results by county or independent city

Results by congressional district
Ford won 6 of 10 congressional districts. Ford won four districts held by Democrats, whilst three of Carter’s four districts were held by Republicans, and another was gained by a Republican after the incumbent Democrat retired.

References

Works cited

Virginia
1976
1976 Virginia elections


title: Cosmore

text:
Cosmore is a small village in Dorset, situated just off the main A352 Sherborne-Dorchester road.  It sits at the foot of Dogbury Hill, one of Dorset's highest points.  It is bounded by two minor rivers, to the East by the Caundle Brook, and to the west, the River Lydden.

There are 18 separate dwellings within the village, and the population is 45–50.

The village is located 9 miles North of the county town, Dorchester, and 11 miles south of the historic Abbey town of Sherborne.

Historic buildings include the 18th century Revel's Inn Farm which is reputed to be in one of Thomas Hardy's novels.

References

Villages in Dorset


title: Thompson M. Scoon

text:
Thompson Maxwell Scoon (August 29, 1888 – July 27, 1953) was an American farmer and politician from New York.

Life
He was born on August 29, 1888, in Geneva, Ontario County, New York. He graduated from Cornell University. He was President of the Geneva Preserving Company and a director of the Geneva Trust Company. Later he engaged in farming in Seneca. He married Elizabeth Bacon, and their only child was Thompson M. Scoon Jr. (1924–2003).

Scoon was for eight years Chairman of the Ontario County Civil Service Commission; and a member of the New York State Assembly (Ontario Co.) from 1951 until his death in 1953, sitting in the 168th and 169th New York State Legislatures.

He died on July 27, 1953, in Thompson Hospital in Canandaigua, New York.

Sources

1888 births
1953 deaths
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
Politicians from Geneva, New York
Cornell University alumni
20th-century American politicians


title: Givira sabulosa

text:
Givira sabulosa is a moth in the family Cossidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1901 and is found in São Paulo, Brazil.

The wingspan is about 37 mm. The forewings are light brown, irrorated (sprinkled) with darker brown. There are blackish lines, forming indistinct shades and striae, as well as blackish spots on the costa and an interrupted blackish inner line, a dark spot at the end of the cell and an outer irregular dark line, connected with the submarginal irregular shadings. The hindwings are brown with irregular darker transverse striae on the outer half.

References

Moths described in 1901
Givira


The Veterinary Medicine Mobility Act of 2014 (; ) is a United States public law that amends the Controlled Substances Act to clarify that veterinarians are not required to have separate registrations to dispense controlled substances outside of their principal place of business, such as when treating animals on a farm.

The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. It was signed into law on August 1, 2014 by President Barack Obama.

Background
According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, veterinarians need to take controlled substances that are "vital medications that can provide pain management, anesthesia or euthanasia" to sites other than their offices in order to treat animals on location. Some veterinarians received letters from the Drug Enforcement Administration stating that when they traveled with these drugs, they were violating the law.

Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

The Veterinary Medicine Mobility Act of 2014 would amend the Controlled Substances Act to prohibit a veterinarian who is registered to manufacture or distribute controlled substances from being required to have a separate registration in order to transport and dispense controlled substances in the usual course of veterinary practice at a site other than such veterinarian's principal place of business or professional practice, as long as the dispensing site is located in a state where the veterinarian is licensed to practice.

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce on April 3, 2014. This is a public domain source.

Current law requires persons who distribute controlled substances to register with the United States Department of Justice; a separate registration is required for each principal place of business or professional practice. H.R. 1528 would clarify that veterinarians are not required to have separate registrations to dispense controlled substances outside of their principal place of business—when treating animals on a farm, for example—if the use of these substances is required in the usual course of veterinary practice in a state where the veterinarian is licensed to practice.

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) expects that implementing H.R. 1528 would not change the number of registrations by veterinarians or significantly affect spending by the Department of Justice. Enacting the bill would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply.

H.R. 1528 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments.

Procedural history
The Veterinary Medicine Mobility Act of 2014 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on April 12, 2013 by Rep. Kurt Schrader (D, OR-5). It was coauthored by Rep. Ted Yoho (R-FL); Schrader and Yoho are both veterinarians. The bill was referred to the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce, the United States House Committee on the Judiciary, the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health, and the United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security and Investigations. The bill was reported (amended) on May 20, 2014 alongside House Report 113-457 part 1. The House voted on July 8, 2014 to pass the bill in a voice vote. The Senate voted on July 16, 2014 to pass the bill with unanimous consent. President Barack Obama signed the bill into law on August 1, 2014.

Debate and discussion
The American Veterinary Medical Association lobbied in favor of the bill, arguing that "the CSA must be amended so that our nation's animals do not suffer unnecessarily."

The Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association (HSVMA) supported the bill, arguing that the Drug Enforcement Agency's decision to interpret the Controlled Substances Act as prohibiting veterinarians from traveling with controlled substances was a "critical problem." According to the HSVMA, veterinarians who "perform much-needed mobile veterinary services and house-calls including at-home euthanasia, mobile spay/neuter clinics, on-site care on rural ranches and other agricultural facilities, rescue and relocation of wild animals, disaster response, triage in cruelty cases, and disease control and abatement response" need to be able to travel with the controlled substances they use in those tasks.

The Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC) was also in favor of the legislation, arguing that "it is imperative veterinarians be able to legally transport controlled substances to the location of the animal patient, not only for animal health and welfare, but for public safety."

The bill was supported by "over 130 organizations, including all 50 state veterinary medical associations."

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress
Acts of the 113th United States Congress
Veterinary medicine

References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 1528
beta.congress.gov H.R. 1528
GovTrack.us H.R. 1528
OpenCongress.org H.R. 1528
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 1528
Congressional Budget Office's report on H.R. 1528
House Report 113-457 part 1 on H.R. 1528

United States federal agriculture legislation
United States federal controlled substances legislation
Acts of the 113th United States Congress
Controlled Substances Act
Veterinary medicine in the United States


title: Charles B. DeWitt

text:
Charles B. DeWitt, is an American government official who served at the White House Office and the United States Department of Justice. DeWitt served as Director of the National Institute of Justice from 1990 to 1993.

Education
A native of California, DeWitt studied criminology at Oxford and University of Cambridge and is a graduate of Stanford University. He rose from deputy sheriff to Director of the Justice Division for Santa Clara County, leaving his post in 1984 to become a Fellow at the Department of Justice, where he was responsible for corrections and law enforcement programs.

Career

White House
DeWitt was assigned by the Department of Justice to the White House, where he was responsible for a classified task force report on border security to enhance coordination between domestic policy and national security agencies. He was appointed by the White House to serve as Director of Border Security. DeWitt also worked with the United States Domestic Policy Council, and reviewed the Office of National Drug Control Policy. While at the White House, he coordinated policy issues with the Departments of Justice, Treasury, and Defense, as well as the intelligence community.

National Institute of Justice
DeWitt was nominated by the President in 1990 and confirmed by the U.S. Senate to become Director of the National Institute of Justice. He approved hundreds of grants to law enforcement agencies to demonstrate innovations in policing that are operational today. Programs to strengthen the nation’s justice system included joint efforts with the FBI, Secret Service and interagency agreements with DHS Science and Technology Directorate to foster new technologies, communications, and information systems.

He was authorized by Congress to provide technical support and Federal funding to law enforcement agencies, manage crime prevention programs, and develop law enforcement technology and improvements to the Nation’s justice system. The Director advises the Attorney General, and exercises sole and final authority over Federal grants and contracts for more than 500 active projects. DeWitt was responsible for national publications and conferences of the DOJ. DeWitt developed and authorized many policy and technology projects still underway at the Department of Justice. Also in this position, he developed and executed reorganization plan, including new Technology and Evaluation Divisions, and established initiatives on corrections, gangs; counterterrorism; information systems for police; DNA fingerprinting and evidence systems; police use of force; environmental crime; non-lethal weapons; stalking; and white collar crime. He also created and managed national plan to implement community policing.

Personal life
DeWitt currently works as a Washington, D.C. management consultant for public safety and national security agencies.

References

Living people
1950 births
Stanford University alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
American deputy sheriffs
People from Chevy Chase, Maryland
People from Santa Clara County, California


title: Minhaj al-Karamah

text:
Minhaj al-Karamah fi Ma'rifat al-imamah ("The Miraculous Way of Knowledge of the Imamate"), also known as Minhāj al-Istikāmah fī Isbātu al-Imamah, is a theological treatise written by a prominent Shia scholar Allamah Al-Hilli. Al-Hilli wrote his book for the sake of defending the Imamah.

Author
Abu Mansur Jamal Addin Hasan Ibn Yousef Ibn Motahhar, also known as Allameh Al-Hilli, was a theologian. He is best known for his writings on Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic theology.

Importance
The Minhaj al-karamah fi macrifat al-imamah of Ibn al-Mutahhar al-Hilli, which was written for, or at the request of, the Ilkhan Uljaytu, is a statement of the Imami Shi'a doctrine of the Imamate and a refutation of the Sunni doctrine of the caliphate. Ibn Taymiyyah later wrote a refutation on the book of Allama Hilli Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah. In turn, some other books were written later as rejection to Minhaj al-sunnah such as the Ikmal Al-Mennah, and the Minhaj Al-Shariah.

Commentary
This book has a commentary by "Sayyed Ali Hoseini Milani" in Arabic.  It is made up of three volumes.

Content
This book includes six parts. In the first part "Allameh Hilli Arises", there are discourses about Imamate. He explains his reasons for defending and believing in Imamate. In part three, he refers to some reasons about Imam Ali's leadership. In the fourth part, he mentions three proofs for Ali's Imamate. In the fifth part, he refers to reasons for rejecting who knows himself as Imam before Ali. He finally rejects the reasons mentioned in proving Abu Bakr succession.

References

Further reading

Shia literature
Religious books


title: Cristo del Otero

text:
The Cristo del Otero (Christ of the Knoll) is a large sculpture and symbol of the city of Palencia in Spain, located on a knoll (otero) on the outskirts of the city. Another name, much less popular, is the Monument to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. The sculpture was designed by Victorio Macho, and it is also the location of his tomb.

Description
The Christ seems to be in a position to bless the city. It was built in 1931 according to the project of sculptor Victorio Macho. It has a style reminiscent of Art Deco with Cubist resonances and echoes of ancient Egyptian art in the hieratic pose of the figure.

It is one of the highest statues of Jesus Christ in the world. At his feet is carved a chapel (called Santa Maria del Otero) and a small museum with items by the architect. At the entrance to the chapel is a small terrace and a gazebo there is the view of the city.

The initial project wanted to embed in the eyes of Christ blocks of ivory and marble, but the budget was insufficient, so the empty sockets presented today became windows.

His great verticality and slenderness may be because it is designed to be seen from below. One can also interpret this work as a vertical column conform in contrast to the horizontality of the Castilian countryside, covered with grain and sprinkled with poplars and oaks.

Initial design
The initial project by Macho was a statue 21 meters tall with head, arms and feet of bronze and a body decorated with large golden tiles. The arms of Christ, which are currently raised as a sign of protection, were to go sideways at an angle of about 40° to the body. In the end, the project was restructured to lighten the sculpture.

Height
There is an ongoing discussion about the official height of the Cristo del Otero. The exact height is not known. According to the brochures of City Hall, Christ is more than 20 meters high.

Hermitage and museum

The feet of Jesus has a hermitage and museum. The small museum contains:
 Information panels of the life and work of Victorio Macho.
 Pictures of monuments, projects and other aspects of the same author.
 Videos of the author's works in Palencia.
 Busts of terracotta and patinated plaster bust of Christ.
 A life-size statue, Pregnancy, done in plaster, taken from a mold of Victorio Macho.
 Bronze statuettes (Waterboy and Iberian Farmer).

In the chapel, supported by many columns and completely whitewashed, one can contemplate:
 The central carving of Jesus Crucified (has a strong resemblance to the Christ of Mercy parading in Holy Week).
 Projects for the monument to Alonso Berruguete in Palencia.
 The grave of sculptor Victorio Macho, covered by a simple white marble tombstone

See also
 Cristo Rey (Mexican statue)
 Cristo Rey (Colombian statue)
 Cristo de la Concordia
 List of statues of Jesus

References

External links

Colossal statues of Jesus
Palencia
Buildings and structures in the Province of Palencia
1931 sculptures
Colossal statues in Spain
Monuments and memorials in Castile and León
Outdoor sculptures in Castile and León


title: Universal background check

text:
Proposals for universal background checks would require almost all firearms transactions in the United States to be recorded and go through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), closing what is sometimes called the private sale exemption. Universal background checks are not required by U.S. federal law, but at least 21 states and the District of Columbia currently require background checks for at least some private sales of firearms.

Background

Federal law requires background checks (through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System) only for guns sold through licensed firearm dealers, which account for 78% of all gun sales in the United States. This figure was published in a 2017 study by the Annals of Internal Medicine which, using a 2015 survey, found that 22% of recent gun transfers (purchased and nonpurchased) were completed without a background check. The authors noted that while this number was less than in years past, it nonetheless indicates that millions of American adults are able to obtain firearms without background checks. The current federal law allows people not "engaged in the business" of selling firearms to sell firearms without a license or records. A 2008 report from the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence (CSGV) stated that the National Instant Criminal Background Check System had prevented over 1.4 million felons and other prohibited persons from purchasing firearms in the years between 1994-2005. According to the CSGV, the law also has a prohibitive effect, that deters illegal purchases.

In November 1998, President Bill Clinton directed the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and the U.S. Attorney General (A.G.) to provide recommendations concerning the fact that 25 percent or more of sellers at gun shows are not required to run background checks on potential buyers. This was called the gun show loophole. Two months later, Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces was released. The Secretary and the A.G. made seven recommendations, including expanding the definition of "gun show," and reviewing the definition of "engaged in the business".

After the Columbine High School massacre in April 1999, gun shows and background checks became a focus of national debate. In May, the executive vice president of the National Rifle Association (NRA) told the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, "We think it is reasonable to provide mandatory, instant criminal background checks for every sale at every gun show." Those concerned about the shows believed they were a source of illegally trafficked firearms. Efforts to reverse a key feature of the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA) by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows, which had become prolific in the U.S. since the law's passage in 1986, were unsuccessful.

Private sale exemption
On August 5, 2010, issue of The New England Journal of Medicine, researchers Garen J. Wintemute, Anthony A. Braga, and David M. Kennedy, wrote that gun shows account for only a fraction of all U.S. gun sales and that a more effective strategy would be to make all private-party gun sales go through the screening and record-keeping processes that FFL dealers are required to do. Their report concluded:

Following the December 14, 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre, there were numerous calls for universal background checks to close what is now referred to as the "private sale loophole." In an essay published in 2013, Wintemute said that comprehensive background checks that included private sales would result in a simple, fair framework for retail firearms commerce. In February 2014, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research reported that after the 2007 repeal in Missouri of a long-standing law that required all handgun buyers to pass a background check there was a 23 percent increase in firearms homicides.

A 2012 study published in the journal Injury Prevention found that nearly 80% of all firearms used for criminal purposes are obtained through transfers from unlicensed dealers, which are not required to conduct background checks in a majority of states due to the private sale exemption. A 2016 survey of federal and state prison inmates by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that among prisoners who possessed a gun during their offense, 10.1% obtained the gun through a retail source (7.5% gun shop/store, 1.6% pawn shop, 0.8% gun show, and 0.4% from a plea market); 25.3% obtained the gun from an individual (family member, friend, or other, whether purchased, traded, borrowed, or received as a gift); 43.2% obtained the gun off the street or through the underground market (such as "markets for stolen goods, middlemen for stolen goods, criminals or criminal enterprises" or people involved in the illegal drug trade); 6.4% obtained the gun through theft; and 17.4% obtained the gun from another source.

In 2017, a study by researchers from Northeastern University and the Harvard School of Public Health showed that 22% of American gun owners who had obtained a gun in the previous two years did not undergo a background check before doing so.

Public opinion
Universal background checks enjoy high levels of public support; a 2016 representative survey found 86% of registered voters in the United States supported the measure. Five national polls conducted in 2015 show high levels of support for "expanded background checks for gun purchases," with rates varying (93% and 89% support in two Quinnipiac University surveys, 92% support in a CBS/New York Times survey, 86% support in a Gallup survey, 85% support in a Pew Research Center survey). A 2015 survey found that more than 90% of Americans supported universal background checks, and that, on average, Americans thought they would be more effective than any other gun policy. There is evidence that many Americans incorrectly think that universal background checks are required by federal law; a 2016 survey found that 41% of Americans believed this to be the case. The same survey found that 77% of Americans supported universal background checks, while only 53% supported stricter gun laws. Based on this data, the authors concluded that "this difference might be attributable to poor awareness of the limitations of existing laws."

In 2015, large majorities of American adults, both Republicans (79%) and Democrats (88%), supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Research Center survey. In 2017, strong majorities of American adults, both gun owners (77%) and non-gun owners (87%), supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Research Center survey with an error attributable to sampling of +/- 2.8% at the 95% level of confidence. In 2018, after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida, nearly all Americans supported universal background checks. 88% of registered voters supported universal background checks, according to a Politico/Morning Consult poll with a margin of error +/- 2%. 94% of American voters supported universal background checks, according to a Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll with a margin of error of +/- 3.4%.

A July 2019 poll by NPR found that 89% of respondents supported background checks for all gun purchases at gun shows or other private sales. An overwhelming majority of Republicans (84%) and Democrats (96%) indicated their support, suggesting there is bipartisan popular consensus on the broad topic in the public.

Criticism
Gun rights groups such as the National Rifle Association and National Shooting Sports Foundation oppose universal background check proposals. Opponents of universal background checks argue that existing gun laws are sufficient; that the government does not prosecute enough of the attempted ineligible buyers who are turned away by the current system; that background checks are an invasion of privacy; and that "transfer" might be defined too broadly. Opponents also maintain that universal background checks would not stop crime and assert that the only way to properly enforce a universal system would be to require a registration database. Gun-rights advocate and author John Lott argues that universal background checks prevent poorer Americans from acquiring guns. Lott said that, as of December 2015, background checks added an effective cost of $80 (New York), $60 (Washington state), or $200 (Washington, D.C.) to transferring a firearm. Lott argues that universal background checks are an effective tax on guns and can prevent less affluent Americans from purchasing them, and that this disproportionately affects poor minorities who live in high-crime urban areas.

Some local counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition to universal background check laws.

A Reason magazine article from March 2023 cited a series of studies conducted out of the United Kingdom that stated:The evidence indicates that state laws requiring background checks for private sales, which in practice means they must be completed through federally licensed dealers, are widely flouted by gun owners who object to the added expense and inconvenience.

Effectiveness

Studies
VPRP found that comprehensive background check policies led to increased background checks in Delaware, but not in Colorado or Washington. Non-compliance with the policy may explain the lack of an increase in the latter two states. Universal background check laws were associated with a 14.9% reduction in overall homicides, according to a 2019 study by medical researchers including Michael Siegel of the Boston University School of Public Health and David Hemenway of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health published by the Journal of General Internal Medicine. The study authors wrote that "further research is necessary to determine whether these associations are causal ones".

An October 2018 study conducted by the Violence Prevention Research Program (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Center for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found no change in firearm homicide or suicide rates in the ten years following California's 1991 implementation of comprehensive background checks. The study's control group used firearm and non-firearm mortality data for 32 states that did not implement major firearm policies during the period from 1981-2000. In the study period, firearm suicide rates were 10.9 percent lower in California but a similar decrease in non-firearm suicide was also observed. The study found no net difference between firearm-related homicide rates before and during the study period. The study authors identified a number of possible reasons for the null finding, including inadequate reporting of criminal records or other disqualifying information to background-check databases (especially pre-2000); a failure by sellers to conduct the background check as required by law; and the small number of persons affected by the California law.

A study published in July 2018 found no association between firearm homicide and suicide rates and the repeal of comprehensive background check laws in two states. The study compared rates from synthetic control groups to rates in Indiana from 1981 to 2008 and in Tennessee from 1994 to 2008. Rates from the two states' study periods were within the range of natural variability. The study also concluded that in order to understand whether comprehensive background checks generally reduce firearm deaths, more evidence from other states is needed.

A study published in June 2018 in the Journal of Urban Health by authors affiliated with the Violence Prevention Research Program (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Center for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found comprehensive background check (CBC) laws not tied to a permit-to-purchase law were associated with an increase in firearm homicide rates but not non-firearm homicide rates. The authors of the study noted, however, that they have "identified no plausible theory to explain how requiring a prospective firearm purchaser to undergo a background check would result in increased homicide rates." In attempting to explain the unexpected results, the researchers proposed an endogenous relationship such that states passing the CBC-only laws were doing so in response to already rising firearm homicide rates.

A 2016 study published in The Lancet attempted to measure the impact that 25 different state laws had on overall firearm-related mortality, and it found that universal background checks had the strongest overall impact. Additionally, the researchers' projection of a federally implemented universal background check policy predicted that national firearm mortality could drop from 10.35 deaths per 100,000 people to 4.46 deaths per 100,000 people. A 2015 study published in the American Journal of Public Health found that a Connecticut law (enacted in 1995) requiring handgun buyers to undergo a background check (in order to obtain a required permit) "was associated with a 40 percent decline in gun homicides and a 15 percent drop in suicides" during the law's first ten years in effect. A 2014 study published in the Journal of Urban Health found that the 2007 repeal of a "permit-to-purchase" handgun law in Missouri (including the repeal of a background-check requirement) was associated with a 23% increase in the firearm homicide rate and a 15% increase in the murder rate, translating "to increases of between 55 and 63 homicides per year in Missouri." The study controlled for other variables that might affect homicides, including "changes in rates of unemployment, poverty, incarceration, burglary, law enforcement officers per capita, and the presence of four other types of state laws." A 2013 study published in the JAMA Internal Medicine analyzed various types of firearm legislation across the U.S. from 2007-2010 and firearm-related deaths across all 50 states, and concluded that stronger background checks were associated with lower overall firearm fatality rates.

Scholarly surveys
In a survey published by the New York Times in January 2017, a panel of 32 scholars of criminology, public health, and law rated universal background checks as the most effective policy to prevent gun deaths, ranking it #1 of 29 possible gun-related policies (7.3 on a 10-point effectiveness scale). In a subsequent expert survey published in October 2017 on policies to curb mass shooting deaths specifically, the expert panel ranked universal checks for gun buyers and universal checks for ammunition buyers as 6.6 and 6.5 (on a 10-point effectiveness scale), respectively, ranking them as the fifth- and sixth-most effective of 20 gun-policy proposals.

A survey by Arthur Berg, Gary Mauser, and John Lott, published in the winter 2019-2020 edition of the Cato Institute quarterly Regulation, asked respondents (38 criminologists, 32 economists, and 50 public health researchers who had published an empirical study on firearms in a peer-reviewed journal) to rank the effects of 33 firearms policies (20 policies in the New York Times in 2017, plus 8 additional policies that would loosen gun regulation, and 5 additional restrictive policies) on reducing murder rates and mass shootings. (Berg, Mauser, and Lott asked about "murder rates" rather than gun homicides because they made the assumption that stricter gun laws would not affect the homicide rate.) Respondents ranked universal background checks 13th and 14th for reducing the murder rate and reducing mass shootings, respectively. Public health researchers were substantially likelier than economists and criminologists to rate universal background checks as effective.

Implications for mental health counseling

Universal background check laws, which require that a background check be conducted before any gun transfer, may apply to temporary removals of guns from the home of suicidal individuals. Some clinicians have reported that these laws have created confusion about whether a gun transfer would be legal, and therefore made it more difficult for them to counsel their patients.

States with universal background check laws

As of 2023, 20 states (21 states, Michigan's law will become effective in early 2024) and District of Columbia require background checks for at least some private sales of firearms; of these, 15 states and the District of Columbia require background checks for all gun sales.

In Maine, a 2016 referendum to require background checks on private sales failed after a closely fought campaign, with "yes" gaining 48.2% of the vote and "no" gaining 52.8% of the vote. In 2014, a referendum in Washington state to require background checks on private sales (Initiative Measure No. 594) passed, with "yes" gaining 59.3% of the vote and "no" gaining 40.7% of the vote.

Notes

References

Further reading

United States federal firearms legislation


title: Alan Lynch

text:
Alan Lynch (born 22 January 1954) is a former Australian rules footballer and middle-distance runner who played with Geelong West in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) and both Footscray and Richmond in the same Victorian Football League (VFL) season.

A member of Geelong West's 1975 premiership winning side, Lynch followed coach Bill Goggin to Footscray when Goggin was appointed coach in 1976.  However, midway through the season, after playing five games for Footscray, four of which were as a reserve, he transferred to Richmond.  He only played a further two games for Richmond in 1976, the last VFL games of his career.  He then went on to play for Beaufort and Geelong Football Clubs, winning Geelong's reserves team best and fairest award in 1980. Geelong West appointed him coach in 1986 and he led the club until June, when he resigned for business reasons.

Commonly known as Dizzy, he competed for many years at the Stawell Gift, mainly in the one- and two-mile events. He won six races, three consecutive two-miles between 1980 and 1982 as well as the one-mile in 1980, 1981 and 1987.  He has been inducted into the Stawell Hall of Fame as a legend.

References

External links

1954 births
Geelong West Football Club players
Western Bulldogs players
Richmond Football Club players
Beaufort Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Australian male middle-distance runners
Living people


title: Renée Gunter

text:
Renée Gunter (born c. 1952) is an American landscape designer based in Los Angeles, California. She is notable for drought-tolerant gardens.

Her garden was profiled by ABC News for its water conservation ability during an extended drought for the region. Gunter designed and restored several local neighborhood gardens and parks, and began a landscape firm called Urbanscapes. On one assignment, she asked what the client wanted from a front yard, and to meet the needs of water conservation, beauty, and privacy, Gunter recycled a fence, mounded organic earth strategically to elevate selected areas, and planted large drought-resistant plants to make the house almost invisible from many perspectives to form a "kind of private park". She encourages neighbors to conserve water while organizing large block parties to build community ties. Gunter uses plant groups acclimatized for low water consumption; drought-resistant plants at her own garden include Agave weberi (syn. A. neglecta) and Acacia baileyana along with other grasses and ground covers, and features a dry 'riverbed' in the middle for walking. Her yard has been described as the only "certified wildlife habitat" in southern Los Angeles. Her conservation efforts have been lauded publicly by water officials. In 2013 she also launched a mobile organic produce service called "DO! Daily Organics", delivering fruits and vegetables to residents of South Los Angeles, with a storefront built from a discarded shipping container.

Gunter grew up in South Los Angeles, attended UCLA and majored in psychology, went to Europe, and worked as a runway model for Yves St. Laurent and André Courrèges in Japan and Paris and Italy for seven years before returning to her native city. During the 1990s she designed clothing for Cross Colors.

Photo gallery

References

External links
 Website
 Renee on ABC News (2009)

Living people
Artists from Los Angeles
American landscape and garden designers
African-American female models
American female models
African-American models
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
American community activists
1950s births
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women


title: Gianna Terribili-Gonzales

text:
Gianna Terribili-Gonzales (1882-1940) was an Italian film actress of the silent era. She appeared in more than forty films including the 1913 historical epic Antony and Cleopatra.

Selected filmography
Antony and Cleopatra (1913)
The Last Lord (1926)

References

Bibliography
 Hatchuel, Sarah & Vienne-Guerrin, Nathalie. Shakespeare on Screen: The Roman Plays. Publication Univ Rouen Havre, 2009.

External links

 MyMovies:Gianna Terribili-Gonzales

1882 births
1940 deaths
People from Marino, Lazio
Italian film actresses
Italian silent film actresses
20th-century Italian actresses


title: Orchinol

text:
Orchinol is a 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, a type of phenanthrenoid. It can be isolated from infected Orchis militaris and infected Loroglossum hircinum with Rhizoctonia repens. This molecule has a phytoalexin effect. It reduces the growth of Cattleya aurantiaca seedlings and has an antifungal activity.

References

External links
 Orchinol at kanaya.naist.jp/knapsack_jsp
 Orchinol at WikiGenes

Phenanthrenoids


title: Aspidura

text:
Aspidura is a genus of snakes in the subfamily Natricinae of the Family Colubridae. The genus is endemic to island of Sri Lanka. Member species are commonly known as rough-sided snakes, except for A. ceylonensis, which is commonly known as the black-spined snake and was formerly in the genus Haplocercus. The genus Aspidura comprises nine species, with the latest having been discovered in 2019.

Species
Tha following species are recognized as being valid.
Aspidura brachyorrhos  – Boie's rough-sided snake
Aspidura ceylonensis  – black-spined snake
Aspidura copei  – Cope's rough-sided snake
Aspidura deraniyagalae  – Deraniyagala's rough-sided snake
Aspidura desilvai  – De Silva's rough-sided snake
Aspidura drummondhayi  – Drummond-Hay's rough-sided snake
Aspidura guentheri  – Günther's rough-sided snake
Aspidura ravanai  – Ravana's rough-sided snake
Aspidura trachyprocta  – common rough-sided snake

References

Further reading
Wagler JG (1830). Natürliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification der Säugthiere und Vögel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. Munich, Stuttgart and Tübingen: J.G. Cotta. vi + 354 pp. + one plate. (in German and Latin). (Aspidura, new genus, p. 191).

External links
 http://biostor.org/reference/40976
 http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/72/2/401.citation
 https://www.amazon.com/Aspidura-Serpentes-reptilia-Colubridae-Carnegie/dp/B00072JZSO

Aspidura
Reptiles of Sri Lanka
Snake genera
Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler


title: Irma Gramatica

text:
Irma Gramatica (pseudonym of Maria Francesca Gramatica; 25 November 1870 – 24 October 1962) was an Italian stage and film actress. Gramatica appeared in ten films during her career including The Materassi Sisters (1944). Her sisters Anna Capodaglio and Emma Gramatica were both actresses.

Selected filmography
 Port (1934)
 The Former Mattia Pascal (1937)
 Yes, Madam (1942)
 The Materassi Sisters (1944)
 Unknown Men of San Marino (1946)
 Tragic Spell (1951)

References

Bibliography
 Landy, Marcia. The Folklore of Consensus: Theatricality in the Italian Cinema, 1930-1943. SUNY Press, 1998.

External links

1870 births
1962 deaths
Italian film actresses
Actors from Rijeka
20th-century Italian actresses
Actresses from Austria-Hungary


title: Mata Hari (pinball)

text:
Mata Hari is a pinball machine created by Bally Manufacturing in 1977 and released in 1978. The theme of the game is based on Dutch exotic dancer, Mata Hari. It was mainly produced using solid-state electronics but also 170 electro-mechanical versions were released. It was the last model manufactured by Bally in two such versions.  Approximately 20 sample games were produced with a plastic playfield, instead of the traditional wooden playfield.

Description
The design noticeably consists of mainly dark, red and gold color artwork and a prominent image of a dagger running up the middle. A dagger is also depicted on the backglass in the hand of Mata Hari. One version is blank and one shows an inscription with the motto of the Nazi German SS "Meine Ehre heißt Treue" (German, "My honor is loyalty"). Mata Hari died during World War I therefore the inscription is an anachronism. Contrary to a popular belief, the version with inscription is not more rare than the one without. There were about equal numbers of both versions of backglasses made.

The game has chimes as it was designed before electronic sounds were used.  The table features two flippers, four pop bumpers, two slingshots, two four-bank drop targets and one kick-out hole. The machines makes use of a MPU 2518-17 circuit and an AS2518-18 power supply.

Gameplay
The game allows up to four players. The table has a completely symmetric playfield layout. The machine has a simple straight-forward rule set that offers a challenge to beginners and advanced players. Basically, there are three goals to accomplish: knock down the drop targets, complete the A-B combination a certain number of times and land in the kickout hole multiple times. The rules in detail are the following: Making ‘A’ and ‘B’ top rollover lanes or left and right ‘A’ and ‘B’ orbits scores and advances ‘A-B’ lit value which is displayed in the centre of the playfield. Landing the ball in the top kickout hole first time scores 3K points, advances bonus value 3 places, lights 2x bonus multiplier and lights left outlane for 50K points. Second time lights right outlane for 50K points and 3x bonus multiplier. Third time lights 5x bonus multiplier. Knocking down all drop targets scores 50K points and lights target special light. A replay is available for making ‘A’ and ‘B’ when lit for special and another +50K for all target down when lit for special. There is a limit of one extra ball per ball in play, with mystery scores collected for each one earned hereafter.

References

External links

Instruction cards for Mata Hari

1977 pinball machines
Bally pinball machines
Cultural depictions of Mata Hari


title: Elevated entrance

text:
An elevated entrance is a type of entrance, common in the design of medieval castles, that is not accessible from ground level, but lies at the level of an upper storey. The elevated entrance is the lowest and frequently the only way of entering a fortified building or residence. In the case of circular towers, a large opening in the main wall at ground level was a potential weakness and experts on castle design have argued that the elevated entrance served a structural as well as defensive purpose.

Elevated entrances were also used in Antiquity. For example, the numerous limes watchtowers only had this type of entrance.

The elevated entrance in medieval castles
The majority of elevated entrances were between five and ten metres above the ground level and facing the courtyard side in order to protect them from shell fire. Several examples were located in rather unsuitable places, however, for example above the outside of a castle. Heights of above 15 metres are only rarely recorded. The entrance was usually only accessible from another building in the nearby vicinity, some of which remain  archaeologically discernible. Many elevated entrances today are only two to three metres above the ground because the original ground level, often several metres lower, has been filled with building rubble.

The elevated entrance was usually reached on a wooden or stone staircase or from a footbridge from another part of the building. Immediately in front of the entrance there was usually a wooden platform; on particularly long stairways there could be intermediate landings. A steep stairway and narrow landing in front of the entrance made it difficult for attackers to use heavy demolition equipment such as battering rams. Below the entranceway the corbels or putlog holes have often survived. Even the fixtures of the original wooden stairways are frequently still visible. In several cases, elevated entranceways built in the Late Middle Ages or Early Modern times were accessed by staircase towers with spiral staircases.

Occasionally an elevated entrance was also guarded by a small drawbridge. Wooden stairways were often protected from the weather by a porch. Such a structure is shown in a 1449 votive picture by the Bavarian castle builder (Burgpfleger), Bernd von Seyboltsdorf (Schärding, Upper Austria). The entrance of the oriel opens at the side and access is gained over a wooden staircase, complete with railings, that is clearly firmly fixed.

The simplest form of access was a movable ladder that could quickly be hauled up in the event of attack. In permanently occupied castles, however, this type of access was hardly ever used. Certainly rope ladders were occasionally used. Having a rope ladder or even a simple rope ready would make sense if a longer wooden ladder could not be hauled into the building. Several authors even suggest that rope ladders could have been the most common means of entering and leaving the building (Hans Max von Aufseß).

A miniature in the Codex Manesse (Her Kristan von Hamle) shows how a man is hoisted in a basket up to an elevated entrance by a woman with the help of a rope. This is representative of a common motif that is particularly well known from the Virgil Legends of the Middle Ages (Vergil in the Basket). The lady loved by Virgil promises to meet him at night in her tower room, hauling him up to her room in a basket. However, she deliberately leaves the basket hanging half way up and the jilted Virgil becomes the laughing stock of the local people the following morning when they see him there. The German sayings "to leave someone hanging in the air" (jemanden in der Luft hängen lassen) and "to give someone a basket" (einen Korb geben) probably go back to this legend. Whether rope lifts of this sort were widely used, either for goods or to lift people, is not clear.

In the more recent castle science literature the rope lift is rarely seen as a method of reaching an elevated entrance.

In the 19th century, August Essenwein saw the rope lift as a common entry system. For example, in his numerous artist's impressions of medieval castles, people can often be seen being hauled up towers using a simple lift. The castle researcher, Otto Piper questioned this, however, in his well-known work, Burgenkunde, because in the case of danger the use of such a lift was impractical in his opinion and in any case would always need a second person in the tower to operate the lift. But he also recognised the problem of hauling up a long, wooden ladder into an elevated entrance. His view was that they would make do with a fixed wooden or stone structure at the foot of the building. A short, easily retrievable, wooden ladder could then be used to reach the elevated entrance.

Several early castle researchers deduced from that, that long wooden ladders which could not be stowed within the building, were hauled up and fixed to the external wall (Karl August von Cohausen).

What is verifiable is the use of lifting devices for elevated entrances in a few examples from Orthodox culture. Well preserved is the wooden rope lift oriel of the St. Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai which, until the 20th century, was the only entrance to the heavily fortified monastery castle. Here the actual lift systems is, however, inside the building behind it. The winch had to be worked by four monks simultaneously. The elevated entrance was used here primarily as a defence against Bedouin raids.

Considerably more spectacular are the rope lifts to the monasteries and hermitages around the holy mountain of Athos, some of which are still accessible today using these means. The 20 large monasteries also had gateways, however. Several Egyptian monasteries also used to be only accessible using lifts. The longest rope lifts led to the Meteora abbeys of Northern Greece. These systems were built on mighty rock towers; so they were not classic elevated entrances. These examples show that small winches could also have been installed in the wooden structures of medieval elevated entrances. There is no record, however, of lift equipment in the interior of the building.

In individual cases it is possible that the construction cranes for a tower or building were left in place and used after the structure was completed. A picture in the Weltchronik by Rudolf von Ems (1340) shows two such load-carrying cranes. One is being worked using a winch, the other using a pulley wheel. A medieval construction crane with a pulley was reconstructed at the Alsace castle of Fleckenstein and set on an elevated opening in the rock face of the inner ward. The depiction in the Weltchronik also shows material being carried up a wooden ladder.

Normally the entrances were so narrow and the lintels so low that only one person at a time could enter the interior of the building or tower. The elevated entrance of Tirol Castle is,  however, about 1.25 metres wide and over three metres high. The gateways are generally designed as round arches, more rarely as Gothic arches. Late medieval entrances sometimes have straight or stepped lintels and even trefoil arches (e.g. Kronsegg Castle, Lower Austria). The door frames are usually very plain, but sometimes beading is used to decorate the frame. Coats of arms and the year of construction date to no earlier than the Late Middle Ages.

Wooden entrance doors were sometimes clad with iron or slate in order to reduce the risk of fire. Original doors from the Middle Ages have rarely survived however. On the inside the gateways were usually secured with locking beams.

Sometimes the entrances to entire groups of buildings or sections of a castle were protected by being elevated. For example, the gate to the inner ward at the fortress of Aggstein (in Wachau) is about six metres above the level of the courtyard of the outer ward. At the Küssaburg in Baden, the gate of the inner ward is four metres above the ground and was probably reached using a wooden ramp.

There are also examples of castles in the Near East and the Caucasus that have raised entrances. The function of the external gateway on the 5th floor of the Maiden Tower in Baku is still a mystery today. Wall and vault remains on the ground could point to a structure providing access, such as a staircase, which has since been demolished.

Function and symbolism
An elevated entrance fulfilled two functions: firstly, it protected the building's occupants and, secondly, the castellan could invite visitors into the domestic area of the castle. In the lower, often dimly lit floor, supplies, equipment and materiel were often stored. Ground-level openings in ruins that may be seen here and there today were, in many cases, where the lower floor was subsequently broken into but were not there originally.

In bergfrieds and country churches the elevated entrance offered protection against attackers. At the same time, the difficulty of access was also a disadvantage; for example, any counter-offensive defence of the castle was more problematic. From an elevated entrance it was only really possible to fire on attackers as they fled. Nevertheless, several researchers see passive defence as one of the important functions of a bergfried. According to this school of thought, they mainly wanted to prevent attackers breaking in. This gained valuable time to enable a relief to arrive or for a more favourable situation to be achieved.

Occasionally the elevated entrance had more of a symbolic than a practical function. For example, the medieval archaeologist, Joachim Zeune, this form of entrance, was an evolutionary "spin off" and could be interpreted more as a symbol of medieval secular power.

Various types of elevated entrance are also found on watchtowers (e.g. in Luginsland) and tower houses, French donjons, English keeps or Spanish torre del homenaje. In addition, several Early Modern and Baroque fortifications have elevated entrances. For example, the entrance to the ravelin in front of Bishop Gemmingen's schloss at the Willibaldsburg above Eichstätt is several metres above the height of the moat, for security reasons.

Even in the time of the Napoleonic Wars the 164 Martello towers of the British Empire were accessed by elevated entrances. These small openings were often further protected by defensive bretèches above them.

Examples
 Aggstein Castle, Austria
 Caernarvon Castle, Wales - Queen's Gate
 Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai
 Gilling Castle, England
 Gulbarga Castle, India
 Jörgenberg Castle, Germany
 Scherenburg Castle, Germany
 Splügen Castle, Switzerland

Gallery

References

Literature
 Heinrich Boxler, Jörg Müller: Burgenland Schweiz. Bau und Alltag. Aare Verlag. Solothurn 1990, .
 Karl Heinz Dähn: Burgenkundliche Wanderungen im Raum Heilbronn. Heilbronn 2001, .
 Karl Heinz Dähn: Hocheingänge an mittelalterlichen Wehranlagen - mit Beispielen aus dem Raum Heilbronn. In: Jahrbuch für Schwäbisch-Fränkische Geschichte, Bd. 31, Historischer Verein, Heilbronn 1986, S. 5–24
 Hans Kleiner: Hocheingänge an mittelalterlichen Wehrbauten in der Rhön. In: Heimat-Jahrbuch des Landkreises Rhön-Grabfeld. Bd. 11, Mellrichstadt, Bad Neustadt 1989, S. 217–225.
 Otto Piper: Burgenkunde - Bauwesen und Geschichte der Burgen. 3 Auflage. München 1912. (Nachdruck: Augsburg 1994, )
 Joachim Zeune: Burgen - Symbole der Macht. Ein neues Bild der mittelalterlichen Burg. Regensburg 1997, .

Castle architecture
Doors
Fortification (architectural elements)


title: SubPac (company)

text:
SUBPAC is a tactile audio system, designed and developed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The SUBPAC consists of a combination of tactile transducers, vibro-tactile membranes, electronics and textiles, designed to deliver a physical dimension of sound. SUBPAC is available in a wearable and seatback format. The device was intended to move music hardware technologies in this area past simple 'vibrating devices' to deliver a complex and nuanced experience, to create an accurate tactile representation of whatever audio input is used. Outside of music production and enjoyment, the SUBPAC has a wide range of applications such as gaming, virtual reality (VR) and film enjoyment.

History

SUBPAC was founded by John Alexiou and Todd Chernecki and developed by members of the social venture StudioFeed. The SUBPAC was engineered by SUBPAC Head of R&D Sarosh Khwaja and electronics designer Andrew Kilpatrick.

The first model, the SUBPAC S1, was launched through a successful Kickstarter campaign in 2013, raising over $100,000. A wearable unit, the SUBPAC M1, then followed in October 2013. Early adopters and supporters of the SUBPAC included Kode 9, Adrian Sherwood, Hank Shocklee, Richie Hawtin, Gaudi, Flying Lotus, George Clinton, Gilles Peterson, Cevin Key, Mala, and Pinch. In June 2014, a special edition of the S1 was released in association with Richie Hawtin's latest Plastikman record EX. It is the first time a record has been released with a technology designed to deliver the full impact of the experience.

In June 2016, entertainer and music producer Timbaland and Google Android co-creator Andy Rubin had partnered with SUBPAC.

Overview

The SUBPAC frequency response is 5 Hz–125 Hz with a steep roll-off. The SUBPAC can be used with any line in audio source, and in conjunction with any speaker set-up or headphones. It weighs 3.8 lbs. The SUBPAC transfers low frequencies to the user's body while still maintaining the original signal to the headphones – it does not separate the audio signal into lows vs. mid/highs as a traditional subwoofer does.

Collaborations

SUBPAC has participated in a wide range of collaborations since its inception. The first event with the SUBPAC M1 was held October 2013 at an interactive showcase in partnership with AUDiNT (Toby Heys and Steve Goodman) at Unsound Music Festival in Poland. It was also released as an album bundle on a limited run with the most recent Plastikman release. This is the first time a product that explores physical dimensions of sound has been released alongside an album. SUBPAC debuted its 'Silent Disco Solution' with Dada Life, at an Insomniac event, adding another layer of immersion to the traditional silent disco concept. SUBPAC was also introduced to a movie theatre environment at the LA Independent Theatre through a collaboration with Brainfeeder audio-visualist Strangeloop in a new audio-visual show and new-cinema series. In July 2014, SUBPAC was integrated into fashion designer Gareth Pugh and musician Matthew Stone's virtual reality project at Selfridges, as a demo for London Technology Week.  SUBPAC has also partnered with the Muse Seek Project, in order to deliver the music experience (through vibrations) to members of the deaf community.

One of SUBPAC’s most notable artist collaborations is with DJ and music producer Timbaland. The partnership between Timbaland and Alexiou began in June 2016. According to Alexiou, watching Timbaland on-stage was what inspired the product originally. Timbaland wore the SUBPAC for a performance at Pitbull’s New Year’s Eve Revolution in December 2015. He has stated, “SubPac is for anyone who wants a deeper connection with feeling”, adding that it will change the way albums are made.

Kyrie Irving joined SUBPAC as a key investor in 2016 after the media took notice of him wearing it during a pre-game NBA Finals press conference.

In 2020, SUBPAC also announced a collaboration with Deadmau5, which led to the release of a limited edition, custom SUBPAC M2 model.

Virtual Reality & Gaming
In 2020, SUBPAC partnered with Beat Saber, a virtual reality rhythm game that requires players to slice blocks in accordance with musical beats. A limited edition Beat Saber SUBPAC M2 was released for players who use the wearable bass technology to enhance their in-game accuracy.

Prior to this collaboration, SUBPAC pioneered numerous other virtual reality events, such as the VRLA Silent Rave in 2016, the location-based VR experience Tree, and nature simulator In the Eyes of the Animal.

In 2019, SUBPAC announced a partnership with computer electronics company Razer, Inc. on their new HyperSense initiative. Using SUBPAC’s sensory bass technology, they plan to release a line of haptic feedback powered gaming devices.

Cinema
SUBPAC’s involvement with film-related projects began as early as 2015. At that time, they partnered with Universal Pictures to provide an immersive Jurassic Park virtual reality experience.

In 2016, SUBPAC was part of a similar debut for Suicide Squad at Comic-Con.

That same year, SUBPAC partnered with CJ CGV, the largest cinema operator in Korea. SUBPAC technology was integrated into theater seats at a CGV Cinema in downtown Seoul. Seventy-five theater seats were fitted with SUBPAC bass technology in the backrests, individual armrest controls for intensity settings, and headphones. It is the first large-scale commercial movie theater with a physical sound element.

In 2017, SUBPAC partnered with IMAX and Universal Pictures to provide a cinematic viewing of The Mummy in full-motion, zero-gravity VR chairs using their physical audio technology.

Automotive
In 2015, SUBPAC announced its first automotive initiative as part of the Peugeot ‘Fractal’ Concept Car. Music producer and art futurist Amon Tobin conceptualized a car with SUBPAC technology embedded in the seatbacks for a physical audio experience while driving. It involved equipping each seat with discrete knobs for custom adjustment of audio settings. The vehicle contained 11 Focal speakers and a majority 3D-printed interior.

Since then, SUBPAC has also partnered with Faurecia on their Cockpit of the Future initiative, which aims to provide more personalized driver and passenger experiences.

Other Initiatives

Deaf & Hard-of-Hearing
SUBPAC works with artists and non-profit organizations in the Deaf and hard-of-hearing communities due to its ability to emanate sound as a physical experience. In 2016, SUBPAC supplied 24 students at the National School for the Deaf in Santo Domingo with their wearable devices. The students wore the SUBPACs in order to be able to experience whale sounds in the form of bass vibrations.

In 2017, SUBPACs were distributed to a music class at St. Mary’s School for the Deaf.

Reception
SUBPAC has won numerous awards for innovation. In 2016, it was named as one of the Most Innovative Companies by Fast Company. That same year, it was awarded Best-in-Show at the 7th Annual Auggie Awards.

References

Audio equipment manufacturers of Canada


title: Pakistan Sugar Mills Association

text:
Pakistan Sugar Mills Association is based is Islamabad, Pakistan.

PSMA was registered in November 1964, established as a representative organization of all sugar mills in Pakistan.  Pakistan Sugar Mills Association plays a pivotal role in promoting the development and attaining efficiency in the best interest of the sugar mills and sugar allied industries within the parameters of policy of the Government of Pakistan.

See also
 Sugar refinery

References

External links
  Pakistan Sugar Mills Association

1964 establishments in Pakistan
Organizations established in 1964
Business organisations based in Pakistan


title: Mirror of Life

text:
Mirror of Life () is a 1938 Austrian drama film directed by Géza von Bolváry and starring Peter Petersen, Paula Wessely, and Attila Hörbiger. The film's sets were overseen by art director Julius von Borsody.

Cast

References

External links

Austrian drama films
1938 drama films
Films directed by Géza von Bolváry
Films scored by Hans Lang
Austrian black-and-white films
1930s German-language films


title: The Revenant (2015 film)

text:
The Revenant is a 2015 American Western action drama film directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu. The screenplay by Mark L. Smith and Iñárritu is based in part on Michael Punke's 2002 novel The Revenant, which describes frontiersman Hugh Glass's experiences in 1823, and which is based on the 1915 poem The Song of Hugh Glass. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy.

In August 2001, Akiva Goldsman purchased Punke's manuscript. Iñárritu signed on to direct The Revenant in August 2011; in April 2014, after several delays due to other projects, Iñárritu confirmed that he was beginning work on it and that DiCaprio had the lead role. Principal photography began in October 2014. Location and crew concerns delayed production from May to August 2015.

The Revenant premiered at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles, California on December 16, 2015. It had a limited release on December 25 and a wide release on January 8, 2016. It was a blockbuster, grossing $533 million worldwide. It received critical acclaim, with praise for the performances, particularly for DiCaprio and Hardy, Iñárritu's direction, and Lubezki's cinematography; however, some criticism went to its runtime.

It won three Golden Globe Awards and five BAFTA Awards, including Best Film at both ceremonies. At the 88th Academy Awards, the film received 12 nominations, including Best Picture and Best Supporting Actor (Hardy). It won the Academy Awards for Best Director (Iñárritu, his second consecutive in that category), Best Actor (DiCaprio, his first after 5 previous nominations), and Best Cinematography (Emmanuel Lubezki, his third consecutive in that category). DiCaprio also won the Golden Globe Award, the Screen Actors Guild Award, the BAFTA Award, and the Critics' Choice Award for Best Actor.

Plot

In late 1823, fur trapper Hugh Glass guides Captain Andrew Henry's trappers through the territory of the present-day Dakotas. While he and his half-Pawnee son, Hawk, are hunting, the company's camp is attacked by an Arikara war party which is seeking to recover its Chief's abducted daughter, Powaqa. Many of the trappers are killed during the fight, and the rest of them escape onto a boat. Guided by Glass, the survivors travel to Fort Kiowa on foot because Glass believes that traveling downriver will make them vulnerable. After docking, the crew stashes the pelts near the shore.

While he is scouting game, Glass is mauled and left near death by a female grizzly bear which is guarding its cubs. Trapper John Fitzgerald, fearing another Arikara attack, argues that the group must mercy-kill Glass and keep moving. Henry agrees, but he is unable to pull the trigger. Instead, he offers money in order to pay someone to stay with Glass and bury him after he dies. When the only volunteers are Hawk and the young Jim Bridger, Fitzgerald agrees to stay for money, in order to recoup his losses from the abandoned pelts.

After the others leave, Fitzgerald attempts to smother Glass but, afraid that Hawk's loud reaction to his attempt to kill Glass could alert Bridger who is away gathering water, stabs Hawk to death as Glass watches helplessly. The next morning, Fitzgerald convinces Bridger, who is unaware of Hawk's murder, that the Arikara are approaching and they must abandon Glass. At first, Bridger protests, but he ultimately follows Fitzgerald after the latter leaves Glass half-buried alive in a makeshift grave. Bridger leaves his canteen, in which he engraved a spiral symbol, with Glass. After they depart, Fitzgerald admits that he lied about the approaching Arikara. When Fitzgerald and Bridger later meet Henry at the fort, Fitzgerald tells Henry that Glass died and Hawk vanished. Bridger is complicit in the lie about Glass's death, but he knows nothing about Hawk's murder.

Glass begins his arduous journey through the wilderness. He performs a crude cauterization of his wounds and eludes the pursuing Arikara by jumping into water rapids. He later encounters Pawnee refugee Hikuc, who says that "revenge is in the Creator's hands." The men share bison meat and travel. As a storm approaches, Hikuc constructs a makeshift sweat lodge for a feverish Glass to shelter in. After a hallucinogenic experience in the lodge, Glass emerges to discover that his wounds are healing, but French hunters have lynched Hikuc. He infiltrates their camp and sees the leader raping Powaqa. Glass frees her, and while she castrates her rapist, he kills several hunters, and recovers Hikuc's horse. The following day, Glass is ambushed and driven over a cliff on his horse by the Arikara. He survives the stormy night by eviscerating the dead horse and sheltering inside its carcass.

A frightened French survivor staggers into Fort Kiowa, and Bridger recognizes his spiral engraved canteen as Glass's. Believing that it might be a surviving Hawk, Henry organizes a search party. Realizing that Glass is alive, Fitzgerald empties the outpost's safe and flees. The search party finds the exhausted Glass. Furious, Henry orders the arrest of Bridger, but Glass vouches for Bridger by stating that he was not present when Fitzgerald murdered Hawk and he was later deceived and threatened by the higher-ranking Fitzgerald. Glass and Henry set out in pursuit of Fitzgerald.

After the two men split up, Fitzgerald ambushes, kills, and scalps Henry. Glass finds Henry's corpse, places it on his horse in an attempt to act as a decoy, and shoots Fitzgerald in the arm. He pursues Fitzgerald to a riverbank, where they engage in a brutal fight. Glass is about to kill Fitzgerald, but he spots a band of Arikara downstream. He remembers Hikuc's words and pushes Fitzgerald downstream into the hands of the Arikara. Their chief Elk Dog kills and scalps Fitzgerald, and the Arikara (who have found Powaqa) spare Glass. Glass retreats into the mountains, where he is visited by his wife's spirit.

Cast

 Leonardo DiCaprio as Hugh Glass
 Tom Hardy as John S. Fitzgerald
 Domhnall Gleeson as Andrew Henry
 Will Poulter as Jim Bridger
 Forrest Goodluck as Hawk
 Paul Anderson as Anderson
 Kristoffer Joner as Murphy
 Duane Howard as Elk Dog
 Melaw Nakehk'o as Powaqa
 Arthur Redcloud as Hikuc
 Lukas Haas as Jones
 Brendan Fletcher as Fryman
 Tom Guiry as Billy Brother Trapper
 Grace Dove as Hugh Glass's wife

Production

Development

Development of The Revenant began in August 2001, with producer Akiva Goldsman acquiring the rights to Michael Punke's then-unpublished manuscript. David Rabe had written the film's script. The production was picked up by Park Chan-wook, with Samuel L. Jackson in mind to star. Park later left the project. The development stalled until 2010 when Mark L. Smith wrote a new adaptation of the novel for Steve Golin's Anonymous Content. In May 2010, Smith revealed that John Hillcoat was attached to direct the film and that Christian Bale was in negotiation to star. Hillcoat left the project in October 2010. Jean-François Richet was considered to replace him, but Alejandro G. Iñárritu signed on to direct in August 2011. Goldsman was also confirmed to be producing with Weed Road Pictures. In November, New Regency Productions joined to produce with Anonymous Content, and 20th Century Fox was confirmed to be distributing the film. Days later, Iñárritu stated that he was seeking Leonardo DiCaprio and Sean Penn for the two lead roles.

Once Iñárritu agreed to direct, he began working with Smith on script rewrites. In an interview with Creative Screenwriting, Smith admitted that during this process, he was unsure if Iñárritu would even be able to film some of the sequences they wrote. He recalled, "He would have some ideas and I would say, 'Alejandro, we can't pull this off. It's not going to work', and he would say, 'Mark, trust me, we can do this.' In the end, he was right."

The project was put on hold in March 2012, as New Regency hired Iñárritu to direct an adaptation of Flim-Flam Man, Jennifer Vogel's non-fiction book about her criminal father. Penn was also under consideration for the lead role in that film. In December 2012, Iñárritu announced that his next film would be Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance), a comedy-drama about an actor who once played a famous superhero. He ended up winning the Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Original Screenplay, with the film winning Best Picture. Filming took place in March 2013. The Revenant was scheduled to begin production right after Birdman wrapped.

A production budget of $60 million was granted, with $30 million funded by New Regency. Brett Ratner's RatPac-Dune Entertainment, a joint venture between Ratner's RatPac Entertainment and 20th Century Fox's former financing partner, Dune Entertainment, also funded the film. Worldview Entertainment, which also co-financed Birdman, was originally set to fund the film but backed out in July 2014 due to the departure of CEO Christopher Woodrow. New Regency approached 20th Century Fox for additional funding, but the company declined, citing the pay-or-play contracts made for both DiCaprio and Tom Hardy, which would require that the actors be paid regardless of whether the film is completed. Annapurna Pictures' Megan Ellison entered negotiations to finance the film shortly after. The Chinese company Guangdong Alpha Animation and Culture Company partially financed the film.

Filming
Principal photography for The Revenant began in October 2014. A planned two-week break from filming in December was extended to six weeks which forced Tom Hardy to drop out of Suicide Squad. In February 2015, the director, who shot the film using natural lighting, stated that production would last "until the end of April or May", as the crew is "shooting in such remote far-away locations that, by the time we arrive and have to return, we have already spent 40% of the day". Ultimately, principal photography wrapped in August 2015.

The waterfall scenes were filmed at the Kootenai Falls near Libby, Montana. Though the initial plan was to film the last scenes in Canada, the weather was ultimately too warm, leading the filmmakers to locations near the Rio Olivia at the tip of Argentina with snow on the ground, to shoot the ending.

Crew members often complained about difficult filming, with many quitting or being fired. Mary Parent was then brought in as a producer. Iñárritu stated that some of the crew members had left the production, explaining that "as a director, if I identify a violin that is out of tune, I have to take that from the orchestra." On his experience, DiCaprio stated: "I can name 30 or 40 sequences that were some of the most difficult things I've ever had to do. Whether it's going in and out of frozen rivers, or sleeping in animal carcasses, or what I ate on set. [I was] enduring freezing cold and possible hypothermia constantly."

The director had stated that he originally wanted to film chronologically, a process that would have added $7 million to the production budget. Later he confirmed that it was shot in sequence, though Hardy had stated that it was impossible due to weather conditions.

In July 2015, it was reported that the budget had ballooned from the original $60 million to $95 million, and by the time production wrapped it had reached $135 million.

Visual effects
The visual effects were produced primarily by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). Other companies, such as Moving Picture Company (MPC) and Cinesite, also created visual effects.

Music

The musical score was composed by Japanese musician Ryuichi Sakamoto and German electronic musician Alva Noto with additional music composed by Bryce Dessner. The main body of the score was recorded at the Seattlemusic Scoring Stage in the Bastyr Chapel in greater Seattle, Washington by musicians of the Northwest Sinfonia. Sakamoto conducted these sessions. Bryce Dessner's portion of the score was performed by the 25-piece Berlin-based orchestra known as "s t a r g a z e" under conductor André de Ridder. Additional licensed music includes "Become Ocean", the Pulitzer Prize and Grammy Award-winning work of John Luther Adams as recorded by the Seattle Symphony with conductor Ludovic Morlot and an excerpt of "Jetsun Mila" from French musician and composer Eliane Radigue. A soundtrack album was released online on December 25, 2015, and on CD on January 8, 2016. Milan Records released a vinyl pressing of the soundtrack in April 2016.

The score by Sakamoto and Noto was ruled ineligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 2016 Oscars as it was deemed that it was "assembled from the music of more than one composer".

Documentary
The movie was accompanied by a 44-minute documentary, named A World Unseen, highlighting the process of making the production. A World Unseen was released on January 21, 2016, on YouTube. Eliot Rausch served as its director.

Themes
In the Los Angeles Review of Books, critic Wai Chee Dimock compared The Revenants themes with those addressed in the literary works of James Fenimore Cooper, particularly The Last of the Mohicans. Dimock argues that the film reinterprets the concept of "half-breeds" from a derogatory idea that Cooper despised to an aesthetic way in which to see the world. She compared both works' protagonists—Glass and Hawk-eye—as literary foils, with Glass living an inversion of the latter's biography and perspective.

In the documentary A World Unseen, the director stated that for The Revenants main themes, he revisits the issues and concerns of intense parental and filial relations, which are readily recognizable as a recurrent theme from his previous works. Regarding the theme of revenge, he mentioned that the approach of vengeance in the film needs to be significantly tempered by anyone who would want to see vengeance as either an effective or useful moral to be applied in life. In the end, he said, there can only be a disappointment and lack of fulfillment for anyone who looks to revenge as providing a higher purpose for living or a life-defining purpose.

Historical accuracy

The Guardian reported, "The backstory about Glass's love for a Pawnee woman is fiction. It has been suggested the real Glass had such a relationship, but there's no firm evidence—and no evidence that he had any children. ... As for the ending, it has been changed in one significant way: in real life, nobody got killed."

Canadian actor Roy Dupuis was strongly critical of the portrayal of French-Canadian voyageurs as murderous rapists. Dupuis was originally offered a role as a voyageur, but he rejected it due to perceptions of anti-French bias and historical inaccuracies. According to Allan Greer, the Canada Research Chair of Colonial North America, "generally the American traders had a worse reputation than the Canadians."

The filmmakers made a special point of emphasizing the importance of historical issues of ethnicity approached in the movie and represented in the mixed ethnic background of Hugh Glass's son portrayed in the film (portrayed as half Pawnee by Glass's wife) as relating to his own life and his identification with ethnic concerns. The director has referred to having encountered constant xenophobia and stated that: "These constant and relentless xenophobic (comments) have been widely spread by the media without shame, embraced and cheered by leaders and communities around the US. The foundation of all this is so outrageous that it can easily be minimized as an SNL sketch, a mere entertainment, a joke ... I debated with myself, if I should bring up this uncomfortable subject tonight but in light of the constant and relentless xenophobic comments that have been expressed recently against my Mexican fellows, it is inevitable."

Bruce Bradley of True West Magazine pointed out several anachronisms hinted in the film such as John Fitzgerald talking about his father having friends in the Texas Rangers and about going to Texas and joining the army himself. However, in 1823, Texas was still part of Mexico and therefore would not have had an American army, let alone the Texas Rangers. Another example being Hugh Glass discovering a mountain of buffalo skulls while working his way to Fort Kiowa despite the buffalo slaughter not occurring until the 1870s.

Native American culture
To portray Arikara culture accurately, the filmmakers hired several cultural consultants and teamed up with two linguists to provide faithful Arikara and Pawnee language lines for actors. Hikuc, the Pawnee man who helps Glass survive, is played by a Navajo actor. However, in one scene, a Pawnee character rescuing Glass is accompanied by a voiceover in Inupiaq, which is spoken in Arctic Alaska, thousands of kilometres away and a different language family from Pawnee. The voiceover was a recording of Doreen Nutaaq Simmonds reading a poem from a John Luther Adams recording; the words originally came from an Inuit woman named Uvavnuk, an angakkuq (shaman) and oral poet.

Release
The Revenant had a limited release in the United States on December 25, 2015, including Los Angeles—making it eligible for the 88th Academy Awards—before being released nationwide on January 8, 2016. The film opened in Australia on January 7, 2016, and in the United Kingdom on January 15, 2016. In the Philippines, the film's release date was originally set for January 27, 2016, but it was eventually delayed one week to February 3, 2016. Although studios initially chose not to pursue a theatrical release in China, following its three wins at the 88th Academy Awards on February 28, 2016, the film was granted a release in China but with several cuts. It was released on March 18, 2016.

Home media
The DVD, Blu-ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray were released on April 12, 2016, in the US. Opening sales of the DVD along with online streaming orders placed The Revenant as number one in sales at Amazon. Distribution to major rental outlets in the US was done on May 17, 2016.

Piracy
On December 20, 2015, less than one week before its release, screener copies of The Revenant were leaked online. The FBI linked this to Alcon Entertainment CEO Andrew Kosove, who denied responsibility. In October 2016, a former 20th Century Fox employee was fined $1.12 million in a separate case for uploading both The Revenant and The Peanuts Movie online.

Reception

Box office
The Revenant grossed $183.6 million in the United States and Canada and $349.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $533 million, against a production budget of $135 million. In March 2016, before the film had completed its theatrical domestic and international runs, Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $61.6 million when factoring together all expenses and revenues.

In North America, The Revenant opened in limited release on December 25, 2015, and over the weekend grossed $474,560 from four theaters in New York City and Los Angeles ($118,640 per screen), finishing twenty-third at the box office. It was the second-biggest theater average of 2015 behind the $130,000 four-screen debut of Steve Jobs. The film earned a total of $1.6 million from its two-week limited run before expanding wide on January 8, 2016, across 3,371 theaters.

It earned $2.3 million from its early Thursday preview showings from 2,510 theaters. On its opening day, the film earned $14.4 million, ranking first at the box office. The film grossed $39.8 million in its opening weekend from 3,375 theaters, exceeding initial projections by 70%, and finishing second at the box office behind Star Wars: The Force Awakens ($42.4 million), which was on its fourth weekend of play. It was the director's biggest opening of all time, and the fourth-biggest for DiCaprio and supporting actor Tom Hardy. Critics noted that The Force Awakens had an advantage from playing at 781 more theaters, family-friendly Sunday matinees, and all North American IMAX theaters. Nevertheless, The Revenant played very balanced across the US and overperformed in all states except the Northeast region. Its wide release weekend is among the top openings in January. It topped the box office in its fifth weekend overall and third weekend in wide release after competing with Ride Along 2 in its second weekend. It added $16 million in its third weekend, which was down 49.7% but topped the box office, despite a blizzard blanketing most of the East Coast which reportedly hurt many films' box office performance. The following weekend it was overtaken by Fox's own animated movie Kung Fu Panda 3 thereby topping the box office for one weekend. Following the announcement of the Oscar nominees on January 14, The Revenant witnessed the biggest boost among the Best Picture category, jumping from $54.1 million to $170.5 million, an increase of +215% up to the Oscar ceremony in the weekend ending February 28.

Outside North America, the film secured a release in 78 countries. It made $20.5 million from 2,407 screens in just 18 markets, placing behind The Force Awakens at the international box office chart and first among newly released films. The following weekend, it added $32.3 million from 25 markets on 4,849 screens. The film topped the international box office in its third weekend—the same weekend when it topped the US box office—overtaking The Force Awakens with $33.7 million from 48 markets. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it took the number 1 spot with $7.87 million or £5.2 million ($7.4 million) from 589 theaters and remained there for a second weekend declining by 24% with £3.86 million ($5.5 million), and for a third weekend. Similarly, in Russia, it passed The Force Awakens to take the top spot with $7.5 million from 1,063 screens. In France, it has the biggest opening day in Paris and the third-biggest opening weekend of 2016 with $8.2 million. It also opened at No. 1 in Mexico ($5.1 million), Spain ($4 million), the Netherlands ($1.3 million), Belgium ($1.1 million), Argentina ($955,000), Sweden ($914,000), South Korea, Denmark, Norway, Israel, Egypt and Portugal among other markets. In Germany ($4.6 million) and Australia ($2.9 million), it debuted at No. 2 both behind The Force Awakens and in Brazil ($2.17 million) behind The Ten Commandments. It had one of the top ten openings of all time for a Fox film, not accounting for inflation in South Korea with $5.7 million and went on to top the box office there for a second weekend with $3.22 million despite cold weather affecting theater attendance resulting in low box office performance. In Russia, though not opening at number 1, it topped the box office in its second weekend with $4.4 million—more than The Force Awakens—and went on to the top for a third weekend with $3.6 million. In China, it had an opening day of around $11 million from more than 11,000 screens, including $250,000 in midnight previews, and $23 million in two days. In its opening weekend, it grossed $31 million, coming in second place behind the animated Zootopia. IMAX comprised $2.3 million on 278 screens. In terms of total earnings, its largest markets outside of the US and Canada are China ($58.6 million), the United Kingdom ($32.8 million), Germany ($28.7 million) and France ($28.2 million). The film opened in Japan on March 23.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78%, based on 399 reviews, with an average rating of 7.80/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "As starkly beautiful as it is harshly uncompromising, The Revenant uses Leonardo DiCaprio's committed performance as fuel for an absorbing drama that offers punishing challenges—and rich rewards." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, and PostTrak reported audiences gave it an overall positive score of 85% and a 59% "definite recommend".

Reviewers cited in a CBS News survey of critics highly praised DiCaprio's performance, referring to it as an "astonishing testament to his commitment to a role" and as an "anchoring performance of ferocious 200 percent commitment". Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called DiCaprio's acting "a virtuoso performance, thrilling in its brute force and silent eloquence". Writing for NY Magazine/Vulture, David Edelstein called the film a "tour de force" and "[b]leak as hell but considerably more beautiful", but noted it had "traditional masculinity instead of a search for what illuminates man's inhumanity to man".

Justin Chang of Variety wrote Iñárritu "increasingly succumbs to the air of grim overdetermination that has marred much of [his] past work" and it was "an imposing vision... but also an inflated and emotionally stunted one". Stephanie Zacharek, writing for Time magazine, gave a positive review to the film stating: "Inarritu may have fashioned The Revenant as the ultimate endurance test, but as Glass, DiCaprio simply endures. He gives the movie a beating heart, offering it up, figuratively speaking, alive and bloody on a platter. It—he—is the most visceral effect in the movie: revenge served warm. Bon appetit." Richard Brody of The New Yorker was critical of the film, and said that Emmanuel Lubezki's images were mere "pictorial ornament[s] to Alejandro G. Iñárritu's bland theatrical stagings". A critic for Santa Barbara Independent considered it a remake of Man in the Wilderness (1971).

Slant Magazines writer Ed Gonzalez suggested that the Slant staff mostly disliked the film: "Our contempt for The Revenant knows no limits." Gonzalez unfavorably compared Iñárritu's work to Terrence Malick's 2005 film The New World. In the official review, Slant writer Jaime N. Christley wrote: "The Revenant [is] a misery-fest that plants its narrative flags as carelessly as a Roland Emmerich blockbuster, guaranteeing us a viewing experience almost as arduous as the trials depicted on screen, before reaching a conclusion that's sealed the moment audiences first meet the key players. After an obligatory false calm, The Revenants proper opening scene is a show-stopping massacre at a fur trapper's campsite. It's the kind of thing Howard Hawks would have handled—and did, in The Big Sky—in under 90 seconds, with mostly off-camera particulars and minimal effects, but Iñárritu forces it to resemble the Normandy Beach sequence in Saving Private Ryan as much as history or sense will allow, and then some." The Revenant was ranked 22nd on Metacritic's and 79th on Rotten Tomatoes' list of best films of 2015.

Accolades

The Revenant has received numerous award nominations and wins, particularly for DiCaprio's performance, Iñárritu's direction and Lubezki's cinematography. At the 88th Annual Academy Awards, Iñárritu won Best Director for the second consecutive time, Emmanuel Lubezki won Best Cinematography for the third consecutive time, and DiCaprio won his first award for Best Actor. Hardy lost the award for Best Supporting Actor to Mark Rylance for Bridge of Spies, and the film itself lost Best Picture to Spotlight.

At the 73rd Golden Globe Awards, it won three awards: Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Director, and Best Actor – Drama. It also had a nomination for Best Original Score. On January 14, 2016, the film received 12 Academy Award nominations (more than any other film at the ceremony), including Best Picture and Best Director, as well as Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor. On February 14, 2016, the film received the most awards at 69th British Academy Film Awards out of eight nominations, with five, including Best Film, Best Director, Best Cinematography, Best Sound, and Best Leading Actor. It received nine Critics' Choice Awards nominations, winning two Best Actor and Best Cinematography.

Tom Hardy won the Best British Actor award at the London Film Critics' Circle and was runner-up for Best Supporting Actor at Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association. DiCaprio was awarded Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role award at 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards, and Iñárritu received Outstanding Directing – Feature Film award at 68th Directors Guild of America Awards. It received five Satellite Awards nominations, winning the award of Best Actor for DiCaprio.

On May 2, 2016, Time magazine included both DiCaprio and Iñárritu in its issue of the 100 Most Influential People of 2015, with a cover photograph of DiCaprio on the magazine. John Kerry, then the US Secretary of State, wrote a short testimonial to DiCaprio for this issue of Time stating that DiCaprio's dedication drives him to succeed and "that's how he takes himself back 200 years to create an Oscar-winning, bear-brawling, powerhouse performance in The Revenant."

See also
 Survival film
 Man in the Wilderness, a 1971 Western film loosely based on the Hugh Glass story
 Lord Grizzly, a 1954 biographical novel by Frederick Manfred, about the Hugh Glass story

References

External links

A World Unseen (A documentary about The Revenant) at YouTube

 The Revenant at History vs. Hollywood
 The Revenant at the Movie Review Query Engine
The Revenant at Rotten Tomatoes

2015 drama films
2015 films
2015 thriller films
2015 Western (genre) films
2010s adventure films
2010s English-language films
2010s survival films
American action adventure films
American adventure drama films
American films about revenge
American Indian Wars films
American survival films
American thriller films
American Western (genre) films
Annie Award-winning films
BAFTA winners (films)
Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners
Best Film BAFTA Award winners
20th Century Fox films
Appian Way Productions films
Dune Entertainment films
IMAX films
Regency Enterprises films
Films about father–son relationships
Films about bears
Films about Native Americans
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu
Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films produced by Steve Golin
Films scored by Ryuichi Sakamoto
Films set in 1823
Films set in forests
Films set in fortresses
Films set in Montana
Films set in South Dakota
Films shot in Argentina
Films shot in British Columbia
Films shot in Calgary
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award
Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award
Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe
Films with screenplays by Alejandro González Iñárritu
Films produced by Arnon Milchan
Golden Eagle Award (Russia) for Best Foreign Language Film winners
Hugh Glass
Western (genre) films based on actual events
Works about mountain men
2010s American films
Films based on adaptations


title: Elista (disambiguation)

text:
Elista is the capital city of the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia.

Elista may also refer to:
Elista Urban Okrug, a municipal formation which the City of Elista in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia is incorporated as
Elista Airport, an airport in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia
FC Elista, a defunct association football club from Elista in the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia, which was active in 2005–2006


title: 2005 US Open – Wheelchair women's doubles

text:
Korie Homan and Esther Vergeer defeated Beth Arnoult and Jan Proctor in the final, 6–3, 6–1 to win the inaugural women's doubles wheelchair tennis title at the 2005 US Open.

Draw

Finals

References
 Draw

Women's Wheelchair Doubles
U.S. Open, 2005 Women's Doubles


title: Flitter

text:
Flitter may refer to:

Flitter, character in My Little Pony
A number of butterflies:
Golden tree flitter Quedara basiflava
Tree flitter Hyarotis adrastus
Brush flitter Hyarotis microstrictum
Dubious flitter Quedara monteithi of genus Quedara

See also
Flit (disambiguation)
Flit gun, an insecticide sprayer
Flittermouse, the bat
Flitter Milz, a U.S. law firm