title: 747 (album)

text:
747 is the sixth studio album by American country music group Lady Antebellum. It was released on September 30, 2014, by Capitol Nashville. The production on the album was handled by Nathan Chapman, Eric Kinney, Dave Thomson, busbee and Lady Antebellum. The album was supported by three singles: "Bartender" which was released in May 2014 and reached number one on the US Country Airplay chart in early September 2014. The other two singles were "Freestyle" and "Long Stretch of Love".

747 received generally positive reviews from music critics, it was praised by critics for exploring a more diverse sound and affirming their pop crossover appeal. The album was also a moderate commercial success. It debuted at number two on both the US Billboard 200 and the US Top Country Albums, selling 74,000 copies in its first week. This became the band's first album to miss number one on either the Billboard 200 or Top Country Albums charts. The album also entered the top ten on all-genre album charts in Australia, Canada, and France.

Content
Group member Hillary Scott told Billboard that they chose to name the album after the track "747" because "The track itself has this pushing, driving spirit about it that sums up our attitude right now. We are pushing ourselves as a band and as songwriters…taking ourselves out of our comfort zone and not taking ourselves too seriously. There's an urgency and an energy to it that we've never released before." The group produced the album with Nathan Chapman making it their first album not to be co-produced with longtime collaborator Paul Worley.

A deluxe version of the album was also released, containing three bonus tracks. One of these tracks, "Falling for You," was originally released on the soundtrack to the 2014 romantic drama The Best of Me. "Slow Rollin'" was originally recorded by Canadian country artist Dallas Smith.

Promotion

Tour

The group announced their international fourth headlining tour, the Wheels Up Tour, in January 2015. Sponsored in part by Quicken Loans, the tour is scheduled to begin in Oslo, Norway on February 28, 2015 and end in Camden, New Jersey in the United States on September 19, 2015. Hunter Hayes and Sam Hunt are the opening acts for the North American shows, with Brandy Clark, Kip Moore, Lee Brice, Troy Cassar-Daley, Kristian Bush, and Maddie & Tae opening for various international stops.

Singles
"Bartender" was released as the album's lead single on May 19, 2014. The song reached number four on the Billboard Hot Country Songs and also topped the Country Airplay and Canada Country charts in the fall of 2014. In October 2014, a "pop mix" of the song was serviced to hot adult contemporary radio. It peaked at number 25 on the Adult Pop Songs chart, their first song to crossover to the adult contemporary format since "Just a Kiss" in 2011.

The album's second single, "Freestyle", was initially made available to digital retailers on September 28, 2014 as the first promotional single from the album and was subsequently sent to country radio on October 20, 2014 as the second official single. "Freestyle" peaked at number 24 on Hot Country Songs (their lowest peak on the chart in either of its formats) and at number 16 on Country Airplay (their second-lowest peak, behind 2012's "Wanted You More" at No. 20). It became the group's first single to not enter the Billboard Hot 100, though it did peak at number 1 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles extension chart; it also failed to enter the Canadian Hot 100, their first to do so since "Lookin' for a Good Time" in 2008.

"Long Stretch of Love" is the album's third official single, and second to be released to the UK. It was released in the UK on February 7, 2015 and then to country radio in the US on March 23, 2015.

Other songs
"Lie with Me" was released as a radio-only promotional single in the UK in January or February 2015, serving as the album's lead single in that market.

Critical reception

The album received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 66, based on 5 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic rated the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, writing that the album's pop-leaning sound "showcases the trio at its best" and that 747 gives the impression that the band has embraced its crossover status. Jill Menze of Billboard also noted the band's confidence on the record and attributed it to the more upbeat feel of the material. "The group's move away from its comfort zone is a worthy venture," writes Menze. "Lady A has always demonstrated the potential to deliver a little something more [and on] 747, we finally get a glimpse of it." Billy Dukes of Taste of Country praised the band for mixing things up on 747 and deviating from the middle of the road vibe of prior releases: "Over their last few albums, Charles Kelley and company had fallen back to the middle... ’747′ provides depth, variety and most importantly, a vibe Lady Antebellum can call their own." Dukes also compared the sound on 747 favorably to the repertoire of Fleetwood Mac, noting "Golden" collaborator Stevie Nicks's influence.

Michael McCall of MSN Entertainment described the album as having "a cohesive, celebratory feel that brings out the best in [the group] members" and praised the band for pursuing a   sound that sets them apart from other country acts. Gregory Hicks of The Michigan Daily wrote a positive review applauding the band for consistently delivering enjoyable country pop, but suggested that their sonic transformation on 747 was not as ambitious or pronounced as it has been made out to be. "As a typical Lady A-formulaic manufactured record," Hicks explains, "it’s an attractive, emotionally grasping LP... But don’t expect the album to cop an attitude in its sound."

In a more critical review, reporter Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times felt the album was too heavy on "zippy pop-country arrangements" and that the trio's trademark harmonies suffered at the expense of tempo. Marc Hirsh of The Boston Globe found the album's sequencing to be ineffective, drawing particular attention to the way the album "seems to simply stop" due to a lack of finality in the closing track, "Just a Girl", and criticized the band for being formulaic in their approach.

Commercial performance
747 received early predictions that the album would debut in the top ten and sell around 70,000 units. The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 74,000 copies in its first week.  This became Lady Antebellum's sixth US top-ten debut. The album also debuted at number two on the US Top Country Albums chart. As of September 2015, the album has sold 285,900 copies in the United States.

In Canada, the album debuted at number three on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 8,000 copies in its first week. On November 4, 2014, the album was certified gold by Music Canada for sales of over 40,000 copies.

Track listing

Personnel

Lady Antebellum
Dave Haywood – background vocals, acoustic guitar, bouzouki, electric guitar, mandolin
Charles Kelley – lead vocals, background vocals, tambourine
Hillary Scott – lead vocals, background vocals

Design
Amy Fucci – design
Mary Hilliard Harrington – art direction
Daniel Miller – art direction
Nino Muñoz – photography
Karen Naff – art direction
Josh Newman – art direction, design

Musicians

Steve Bryant – bass guitar
Tom Bukovac – electric guitar
Sarah Buxton – background vocals
Nathan Chapman – acoustic guitar, banjo, electric guitar, keyboards, mandolin, programming
Stuart Duncan – fiddle
Steve Fishell – steel guitar
Shannon Forrest – drums, percussion
Josh Kear – programming
Eric Kinney – keyboards, programming
Tim Lauer – keyboards
Tom Lombardo – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Rob McNelley – electric guitar
Michael Rhodes – bass guitar
Michael Rojas – Hammond B-3 organ, keyboards
Michael Stuckey – programming
Dave Thompson – banjo, bass guitar, electric guitar, keyboards, percussion, programming

Production

Sam Flora and Corrine Parish - lyrics
Chuck Ainlay – engineering
Keith Armstrong – mixing assistant
Kyle Connors - Assistant Engineer
Sean R. Badum – engineering
Jason Campbell – production coordination
Nathan Chapman – engineering, production
Ted Jensen – mastering
Nick Kallstrom – engineering

Eric Kinney – engineering, production
Lady Antebellum – production
Chris Lord-Alge – mixing
Ernesto Olivera – engineering
Dave Thompson – engineering, production
Chris Wilkinson  – assistant engineering, engineering
Brian David Willis – engineering

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Singles

Certifications

References

2014 albums
Albums produced by Nathan Chapman (record producer)
Lady A albums
Capitol Records Nashville albums


title: Tacna Ornamental Fountain

text:
Tacna Ornamental Fountain, is a fountain located in Paseo Civico, the center of the city of Tacna, Peru.

History
It was acquired and given to the city of Tacna by the governor, Mr. ose Balta, in 1869.

Sculpture
The sculpture was given to Frances Paul Lien hard.
And it was forged in England by the Simpson foundry.
The first sculpted group, of a Classic style.
It rises over a granite base which symbolizes the four seasons of the year and over the largest fountain.
The base is another group that represents four naked boys holding hands.

Architecture
It is six meters high and six meters in diameter.
And it is composed of various fountains.

References
Notes

 i perú(2014), "Información de Tacna".

Buildings and structures in Tacna Region
Fountains


title: Saúl Lara (footballer)

text:
Saúl Fernández Lara (18 March 1982 – 15 July 2014) was a Spanish footballer who played in different clubs in the Segunda División B and the Tercera División. He played as defender.

He died from colon cancer on 15 July 2014, aged 32.

References

External links

1982 births
2014 deaths
Footballers from Asturias
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Caudal Deportivo footballers
Sporting de Gijón B players
Marino de Luanco footballers
CD Lealtad players
UP Langreo footballers
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Deaths from cancer in Spain
People from San Martín del Rey Aurelio


title: Musicians of the Old Post Road

text:
Musicians of the Old Post Road (MOPR) is a chamber music ensemble based in the Boston area that specializes in period instrument performance. The ensemble often performs "rediscovered" works from the Baroque, Classical, and Romantic periods. The ensemble, founded by Artistic Directors Suzanne Stumpf and Daniel Ryan, performs in historical buildings along the Boston Post Road, which was a trade and travel route between Boston and New York City from the late 17th through mid-19th centuries. MOPR's repertoire spans these dates. The group has produced seven CDs, toured throughout Europe and North America, and received numerous awards, including the Noah Greenberg Award from the  American Musicological Society in 1998.

Notable performances and collaborations

MOPR has toured both within the US and internationally. US appearances include the Boston Early Music Festival Concert Series, and the Indianapolis Early Music Festival. International appearances include performances at the , Germany, and El Museo Regional in Cuauhnáhuac, Mexico.

MOPR has collaborated with La Fontegara of Mexico, Schola Cantorum of Boston, and Pamela Dellal, mezzo soprano.

The ensemble was also commissioned to build a program to accompany an exhibit at the MIT Museum. In 2006, the ensemble was featured on Boston's WCVB television’s Chronicle program about the history of the old Boston Post Road.

Rediscovered works and programming

The ensemble frequently performs lesser-known, rediscovered works. In a 2008 interview, Stumpf stated ¨We enjoy finding works not often selected for performance and combining it with interesting ways to present it to our audience.¨ The ensemble presents these rediscovered works within contextualized programs.

Discography

 Roman Handel
 Feliz Navidad
 Telemann Twelve Fantasias and Other Works
 Telemann and Bodinus Quartets
 Galant with an Attitude: Music of Juan and José Pla
 Trios and Scottish Song Settings of J.N. Hummel. The ensemble won the 1998 Noah Greenberg Award for this recording.
 The Virtuoso Double Bass

Members

The ensemble is composed of five core members: Suzanne Stumpf, flute, Daniel Ryan, cello, Sarah Darling, violin, Michael Bahmann, harpsichord, and Marcia Cassidy, viola.

External links
 Musicians of the Old Post Road
 Youtube of Musicians of the Old Post Road

References

Chamber music groups
Musical groups from Boston


title: Michele Gismondi

text:
Michele Gismondi (11 June 1931 in Montegranaro – 5 September 2013) was an Italian professional road cyclist.

Major results

1952
 3rd Trofeo Baracchi (with Fausto Coppi)
1953
 1st Gran Premio Industria Belmonte Piceno
 1st Stage 11 Giro d'Italia (TTT)
 2nd Giro del Lazio
 4th Road race, World Road Championships
1954
 2nd Giro di Campania
 3rd Giro dell'Emilia
 3rd Gran Premio Industria Belmonte Piceno
 4th Road race, World Road Championships
1955
 1st Stages 4 & 5 Roma-Napoli-Roma
1957
 1st Stage 4 Roma-Napoli-Roma
 2nd Giro di Campania
1959
 1st Coppa Agostoni
 2nd Road race, World Road Championships
 2nd Trofeo Baracchi (with Diego Ronchini)
 2nd Coppa Bernocchi
 2nd Trofeo Boldini
 3rd GP Faema

Results on the major tours

Tour de France
1959: 30th

Giro d'Italia
1953: 38th
1954: 20th
1955: 13th
1958: 66th
1959: 16th
1960: 24th

References

1931 births
2013 deaths
Italian male cyclists
Sportspeople from the Province of Fermo
Cyclists from Marche


title: Michael Lloyd (priest)

text:
Michael Francis Lloyd (born 1 November 1957)  is a British Church of England priest and academic. He has been Principal of Wycliffe Hall, University of Oxford, since his appointment in 2013.

Early life and education
Lloyd was born on 1 November 1957. He studied at Downing College, Cambridge, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1979: as per tradition, his BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Cantab). From 1981 to 1984, he trained for ordination at Cranmer Hall, Durham, an open evangelical theological college. He also studied theology at Durham University as a member of St John's College, and graduated in 1983 with first-class honours BA. He later undertook postgraduate research at Worcester College, Oxford, completing his Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree in 1997. His doctoral thesis was titled "The cosmic fall and the free will defence".

Ordained ministry
Lloyd was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon in 1984 and as a priest in 1985. From 1984 to 1987, he served his curacy at St John the Baptist, Locks Heath in the Diocese of Portsmouth.

He was formerly the chaplain at The Queen's College, Oxford and was the Director of Studies in Theology at Christ's College, Cambridge. Lloyd has taught theology and doctrine at the University of Oxford, Cambridge University and St Paul's Theological Centre, London. He has published the popular introduction Café Theology and has a particular interest in the doctrine of evil and the problem of pain.

References

External links
 Biography at Wycliffe Hall

21st-century English Anglican priests
Living people
Principals of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford
1957 births
Alumni of St John's College, Durham
Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge
Alumni of Cranmer Hall, Durham


The 2014–15 NJIT Highlanders men's basketball team represented the New Jersey Institute of Technology during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Highlanders, led by seventh year head coach Jim Engles, played their home games at the Fleisher Center and were in their second year as an Independent.

On December 6, 2014, NJIT defeated then-#17 Michigan in the program's first game against a top 25 team.

After starting the season with 5 wins and 9 losses in their first 14 games, the Highlanders won 13 of their next 15 games to improve to 18–11 and earn an invitation to the 2015 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament (CIT), the first Division I postseason berth in school history. In the CIT, they defeated New Hampshire, Cleveland State, and Canisius to advance to the semifinals where they lost to Northern Arizona. They finished with a record of 21–12.

This was the Highlanders' final season as a Division I independent; as on July 1, 2015, NJIT joined the Atlantic Sun Conference.

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#FF0000; color:#000080;"| Regular Season

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#FF0000; color:#000080;"| CIT

References

NJIT Highlanders men's basketball seasons
Njit
Njit
NJIT Highlanders men's basketball
NJIT Highlanders men's basketball


title: Goniotorna verticillata

text:
Goniotorna verticillata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

References

Moths described in 1960
Goniotorna


title: Jacob Cuyler

text:
Jacob Glen Cuyler (1773-April 14, 1854) was an American of Dutch origin who was an important character in the settlement of the British 1820 Settlers to the Eastern Cape, South Africa.

Early life
Jacob Glen Cuyler was born in 1773 to Abraham Cuyler, the son of Cornelius Cuyler and Catalynyje Schuyler, and Jannetje Glen (the sister of Henry Glen) in Albany, New York, USA.

Jacob's father was the last British-appointed mayor of Albany. Abraham Cuyler remained loyal to the crown, but was banished from New York by the revolutionaries, and lost all of his substantial land holdings in Albany.

At the start of the American War of Independence, Jacob Glen Cuyler's father was incarcerated and the family went from exile in New York City to Canada where Abraham Cuyler died in 1810. In 1789, Jacob was among several family members compensated for their American losses by the British with land in Canada. Abraham Cuyler was able to purchase commissions as officiers for his sons in the British army in 1799.

Arrival in South Africa
In 1806, Jacob Glen Cuyler was a captain in the 59th Regiment of Foot when it sailed from England to South Africa.

In October 1808 he married a South African, Maria Elizabeth Hartman, they had two daughters and three sons; none of the sons had issue. His granddaughter was the botanist and botanical illustrator Maria Elizabeth Holland.

He settled on a large farm and was one of the founders of Uitenhage, a town in the East Cape district of Albany. The farm is now Cuyler Manor historic museum.

According to a newspaper obituary, "General Jacob Glen Cuyler died at his residence, Cuyler Manor, near Uitenhage, on Friday, the 14th April [1854]."

1820 Settlers
Cuyler together with Lord Charles Somerset persuaded the British Parliament to vote funds to finance the settlement of parties of British settlers in order to strengthen the frontier. In 1820 numbers of English and Scots arrived. The Scots were settled in the Baviaans River Mountains, on land confiscated from the Slagtersnek rebels while the English were settled in the Albany district to the south.

Slagtersnek Rebellion

In 1815, a farmer from the eastern border of the Cape Colony, Frederik Bezuidenhout, was summoned to appear before a magistrate's court after repeated allegations of his mistreating one of his Khoi labourers. Bezuidenhout resisted arrest and fled to a cave near his home where he defended himself against the soldiers sent to capture him. When he refused to surrender he was shot dead by one of the soldiers.

Bezuidenhout's brother, Hans, swore revenge. Together with a neighbour Hendrik Prinsloo, Hans Bezuidenhout organised an uprising against the British colonial power, believed by them to be hostile towards the Afrikaner farmers. On 18 November 1815, a commando of rebels met an armed force led by Jacob Glen Cuyler at Slachter's Nek. Negotiations failed but 20 rebels surrendered, followed by several more over the following days. However, some of the leaders, among whom was Hans Bezuidenhout, refused to turn themselves over to Cuyler. On 29 November 1815, they were attacked by colonial troops. Everybody but Bezuidenhout surrendered and, like his brother, Hans died while resisting arrest.

The rebels were finally charged at Uitenhage. Some were cleared, others imprisoned or banished, six were sentenced to death but one of these was pardoned by the Governor, Lord Charles Somerset. On 9 March 1816 the remaining five were hanged in public at Van Aardtspos. Four of the nooses broke during the execution due to old ropes being used. The four whose ropes broke, as well as the public, pleaded for their lives but Cuyler ordered that they be hanged a second time and they were hanged one by one. The names of the five who were hanged were Hendrik Prinsloo, Stephanus Bothma, Abraham Bothma, Cornelius Faber and Theunis de Klerk.

The hanging of these five caused deep resentment towards the British by the Boers.

Commemoration

The village of Cuylerville was established by British settlers in 1820. They named it in honour of Cuyler, then military commander at Fort Frederick, in recognition of the assistance he rendered them.

There is a Cuyler Street in the city of Grahamstown.

A toposcope and commemorative cairn in Bathurst mark the spot where Cuyler made his camp while supervising the placing of the 1820 Settlers on their locations.  While camped here at the same time Sir Rufane Donkin chose the site for the administrative centre to be named Bathurst. The beacon was erected by Captain W. Bailey as an observing station during his survey of the eastern districts, 1855-1859.

Notes and references

1773 births
1854 deaths
People of the Province of New York
South African generals
South African people of Dutch descent
South African people of English descent
South African people of American descent
Cuyler family
Schuyler family


title: Justin Tubbs

text:
Justin Tubbs (born November 19, 1987) is an American professional basketball player who is currently playing for Beirut Club of the Lebanese Basketball League. He was selected by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers as the 115th overall pick in the 2011 NBA Development League Draft. Tubbs played at the collegiate level with Alabama and East Tennessee State, known as one of the best pure athletes in the Atlantic Sun Conference following his transfer. He also represented Hewitt-Trussville High School through his early years. Following the 2011 NBA draft, Tubbs signed with MIA Academy.

High school career
Tubbs attended Hewitt-Trussville High School in Trussville, Alabama. He averaged 16.9 points and 4.0 rebounds at the conclusion of his last season with the Huskies. During his time with Hewitt-Trussilve, Tubbs garnered All-County, All-Area, and All-Regional honors. Against the Carver High School Mighty Rams, he most notably scored a career-high 46 points. Tubbs finished with a 46.4% field goal percentage on three-pointers during his time under head coach Bo Coln.

Collegiate career
Tubbs officially signed with the Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball team on June 30, 2006, recruited by Philip Pearson. In his freshman season, he averaged just 3.3 points, 0.8 rebounds, and 0.3 assists. He continued to make little impact on the program as his second year came to a close, with 3.1 points, 1.2 rebounds, and 0.3 assists on average. However, he was still named an Academic All-SEC Pick in his time with the Crimson Tide. In early 2008, Tubbs made the decision to transfer to East Tennessee State University, but Buccaneers coach Murry Bartow officially announced the move in June. After his junior season, the first with ETSU, Tubbs averaged 12.1 points, 3.8 rebounds and 0.6 assists. On November 25, 2009, he scored a career-high 29 points against Charleston. He was considered the best pure athlete in the Atlantic Sun Conference at the time. In his final year with the Buccaneers, Tubbs averaged 10.5 points 4.6 rebounds, and 0.4 assists.

Professional career
Following his college career, Tubbs went undrafted in the 2011 NBA draft. He later entered the 2011 NBA Development League Draft, selected by the Rio Grande Valley Vipers with the 3rd pick in the 8th round. The team dropped him from their roster on November 21, 2011.

He signed with BC MIA Academy of the Georgian Superliga for the 2010-2011 season. Tubbs was named to the 2012 All-Star team and scored 18 points, ranking second on the team. He was placed on the "Legionaries" roster with Jeremy Richardson, Larry Blair, and Keyon Carter.

On August 29, 2013, the Ottawa SkyHawks officially signed Tubbs after leaving the Sauk Valley Predators of the Premier Basketball League. He was marked as one of the best dunkers with head coach Kevin Keathley saying, "Justin is one of the most athletically gifted players I've came across in my coaching career." Tubbs was featured in SportsCenter on several occasions leading to his debut.

On December 20, 2014 he signed with Greek club Panionios.

In October 2015, Tubbs signed with the Lebanese-Armenian club Homenetmen of the Lebanese Basketball League.

The Basketball Tournament
In 2017, Tubbs played for The CITI Team of The Basketball Tournament. The Basketball Tournament is an annual $2 million winner-take-all tournament broadcast on ESPN.

References

External links
Eurobasket.com Profile
LNB Profile
RollTide.com Profile
ETSUBucs.com Profile

1987 births
Living people
Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Georgia (country)
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Lebanon
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Alabama
Crailsheim Merlins players
East Tennessee State Buccaneers men's basketball players
Halifax Rainmen players
Panionios B.C. players
People from Trussville, Alabama
Point guards
Texas Legends players


title: Goniotorna valentini

text:
Goniotorna valentini is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Bioko, an island in the Atlantic off Equatorial Guinea.

References

Moths described in 2008
Goniotorna


title: History of schools in Scotland

text:
The history of schools in Scotland includes the development of all schools as institutions and buildings in Scotland, from the early Middle Ages to the present day. From the early Middle Ages there were bardic schools, that trained individuals in the poetic and musical arts. Monasteries served as major repositories of knowledge and education, often running schools. In the High Middle Ages, new sources of education arose including choir and grammar schools designed to train priests. Benedictine and Augustinian foundations probably had charitable almonry schools to educate young boys, who might enter the priesthood. Some abbeys opened their doors to teach the sons of gentlemen. By the end of the Middle Ages, grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns. In rural areas there were petty or reading schools that provided an elementary education. Private tuition in the families of lords and wealthy burghers sometimes developed into "household schools". Girls of noble families were taught in nunneries and by the end of the fifteenth century Edinburgh also had schools for girls, sometimes described as "sewing schools". There is documentary evidence for about 100 schools of these different kinds before the Reformation. The growing humanist-inspired emphasis on education cumulated with the passing of the Education Act 1496.

After the Protestant party became dominant in 1560, the First Book of Discipline set out a plan for a school in every parish, but this proved financially impossible. In the burghs the existing schools were largely maintained, with the song schools and a number of new foundations becoming reformed grammar schools or ordinary parish schools. There were also large number of unregulated private  "adventure schools". Girls were only admitted to parish schools when there were insufficient numbers of boys to pay an adequate living for schoolmasters. In the lower ranks of society, girls benefited from the expansion of the parish schools system that took place after the Reformation, but were usually outnumbered by boys and often taught separately, for a shorter time and to a lower level. Acts in 1616, 1633, 1646, and 1696 obliged local landowners (heritors) to provide a schoolhouse and pay a schoolmaster, known in Scotland as a dominie, while ministers and local presbyteries oversaw the quality of the education. By the late seventeenth century there was a largely complete network of parish schools in the Lowlands, but in the Highlands basic education was still lacking in many areas.

In the eighteenth century, wealth from the Agricultural Revolution led to a programme of extensive rebuilding of schools. Many poorer girls were being taught in dame schools, informally set up by a widow or spinster to teach reading, sewing and cooking. Literacy rates were lower in the Highlands than in comparable Lowland rural society, and despite these efforts illiteracy remained prevalent into the nineteenth century. With urbanisation and population growth the kirk established 214 "assembly schools" by 1865. There were also 120 "sessional schools", mainly established by kirk sessions in towns and aimed at the children of the poor. The Disruption of 1843, which created the breakaway Free Church of Scotland, fragmented the kirk school system. By May 1847 it was claimed that 500 schools had been built, along with two teacher training colleges and a ministerial training college. The influx of large numbers of Irish immigrants in the nineteenth century led to the establishment of Catholic schools. Attempts to supplement the parish system included Sunday schools, mission schools, ragged schools, Bible societies and improvement classes. The ragged school movement attempted to provide free education to destitute children. Andrew Bell pioneered the Monitorial System, which developed into the pupil-teacher system of training. In contrast David Stow, advocated the "Glasgow method", which centred on trained adult teachers. Scottish schoolmasters gained a reputation for strictness and frequent use of the tawse.

The 1872 Education (Scotland) Act created approximately 1,000 regional School Boards, which immediately took over the schools of the old and new kirks. The emphasis on a set number of passes at exams also led to much learning by rote and the system of inspection led to even the weakest children being drilled with certain facts. The 1918 Education (Scotland) Act introduced the principle of universal free secondary education. Most of the advanced divisions of the primary schools became junior secondaries, while the old academies and Higher Grade schools became senior secondaries. Increasing numbers stayed on beyond elementary education and the leaving age was eventually raised to 16 in 1973. As a result, secondary education was the major area of growth, particularly for girls. New qualifications were developed to cope with changing aspirations. In the 1980s the curriculum was reformed to take account of the whole range of abilities. Gender differences disappeared as girls' attainment caught up with boys in the early 1980s.

Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages

From the early Middle Ages there were bardic schools, that trained individuals in the poetic and musical arts, but because Scotland was a largely oral society, little evidence of what they taught has survived. The establishment of Christianity from the sixth century brought Latin to Scotland as a scholarly and written language. In the early Middle Ages monasteries served as major repositories of knowledge and education, often running schools and providing a small, educated and overwhelmingly male, elite, who were essential to create and read documents in a largely illiterate society.

High Middle Ages
In the High Middle Ages, new sources of education arose. Choir and grammar schools were designed to train priests, with an emphasis respectively on music and Latin grammar. The reorganisation of the church that began in the reign of David I (1124–53) gave the church a clearer diocesan and parochial structure, meaning that the seats of sheriffdoms like Perth received schools that were usually under monastic patrons. Early examples of grammar schools include the High School of Glasgow in 1124 and the High School of Dundee in 1239. These were usually attached to cathedrals or a collegiate church. The newly created diocesan chancellors may have had authority over cathedral schools and schoolmasters within their diocese.

The new religious orders that became a major feature of Scottish monastic life in this period also brought new educational possibilities and the need to train larger numbers of monks. Benedictine and Augustinian foundations probably had almonry schools, charity schools using funds from the almoner to provide a type of bursary to educate young boys, who might enter the priesthood. At the Cluniac Paisley Abbey, secular chaplains were employed as schoolmasters. Some monasteries, including the Cistercian abbey at Kinloss, Sweetheart Abbey and Beauly, opened their doors to a wider range of students to teach the sons of gentlemen. St Andrews, which was both the seat of a bishop and the site of a major Augustinian foundation, had both a grammar school, under the archdeacon, and a song school, under the priory.

Late Middle Ages

The number and size of song and grammar schools seems to have expanded rapidly from the 1380s. The foundation of over 100 collegiate churches of secular priests between 1450 and the Reformation would have necessitated the training of large numbers of choristers. Sometimes, as at Lochwinnoch, they were taught both music and grammar. Dominican friars were noted for their educational achievements and were usually located in urban centres, probably teaching grammar, as at Glasgow and Ayr.  By the end of the Middle Ages, grammar schools could be found in all the main burghs and some small towns.

Educational provision was probably much weaker in rural areas, but there were petty or reading schools in rural areas that provided an elementary education. There was also the development of private tuition in the families of lords and wealthy burghers. Sometimes these developed into "household schools", that may also have catered to farming neighbours and kin, as well as the sons of the laird's household, which is known to have happened at Huntly. All these schools were almost exclusively aimed at boys. Girls of noble families were taught in nunneries such as Elcho, Aberdour and Haddington. By the end of the fifteenth century Edinburgh also had schools for girls, sometimes described as "sewing schools", whose name probably indicates one of their major functions, although reading may also have been taught in these schools. The students were probably taught by a combination of lay women and nuns.

There is documentary evidence for about 100 schools of these different kinds before the Reformation. Most of the schoolmasters of these schools were clergy, and also chaplains of religious foundations, hospitals or private chaplains of noblemen, which they probably undertook in order to supplement merge incomes. To some extent, all education was controlled by different branches of the church, but towards the end of the period there was an increasing lay interest. This sometimes resulted in conflict, as between the burgh of Aberdeen and the cathedral chancellor, when the former appointed a lay graduate as schoolmaster in 1538, and when a married man was appointed to the similar post in Perth. Education began to widen beyond the training of the clergy, particularly as lay lawyers began to emerge as a profession, with a humanist emphasis on educating the future ruling class for their duties. The growing humanist-inspired emphasis on education cumulated with the passing of the Education Act 1496, thought to have been steered through parliament by the Keeper of the Privy Seal William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen, which decreed that all sons of barons and freeholders of substance should attend grammar schools to learn "perfyct Latyne". All this resulted in an increase in literacy, which was largely concentrated among a male and wealthy elite, with perhaps 60 per cent of the male nobility being literate by the end of the period.

Early modern era

Sixteenth century

The humanist concern with increasing public access to education was shared by the Protestant reformers, who saw schools as vehicles for the provision of moral and religious education for a more godly society. After the Protestant party became dominant in 1560, the First Book of Discipline set out a plan for a school in every parish, but this proved financially impossible. In the burghs the existing schools were largely maintained, with the song schools and a number of new foundations becoming reformed grammar schools or ordinary parish schools. Schools were supported by a combination of kirk funds, contributions from local heritors or burgh councils and parents that could pay. They were inspected by kirk sessions of local elders, which checked for the quality of teaching and doctrinal purity. There were also large number of unregulated private  "adventure schools". These were often informally created by parents in agreement with unlicensed schoolmasters, using available buildings and are chiefly evident in the historical record through complaints and attempts to suppress them by kirk sessions because they took pupils away from the official parish schools. However, such private schools were often necessary given the large populations and scale of some parishes. They were often tacitly accepted by the church and local authorities and may have been particularly important to girls and the children of the poor. Outside of the established burgh schools, which were generally better funded and more able to pay schoolmasters, masters often combined their position with other employment, particularly minor posts within the kirk, such as clerk. Immediately after the Reformation they were in short supply, but there is evidence that the expansion of the university system provided large numbers of graduates by the seventeenth century. There is evidence of about 800 schools for the period between 1560 and 1633. The parish schools were "Inglis" schools, teaching in the vernacular and taking children to the age of about 7, while the grammar schools took boys to about 12. At their best in the grammar schools, the curriculum included the catechism, Latin, French, Classical literature and sports.

The widespread belief in the limited intellectual and moral capacity of women came into conflict with a desire, intensified after the Reformation, for women to take greater personal moral responsibility, particularly as wives and mothers. In Protestantism this necessitated an ability to learn and understand the catechism and even to be able to independently read the Bible, but most commentators of the period, even those that tended to encourage the education of girls, thought they should not receive the same academic education as boys. Girls were only admitted to parish schools when there were insufficient numbers of boys to pay an adequate living for schoolmasters. In the lower ranks of society, girls benefited from the expansion of the parish schools system that took place after the Reformation, but were usually outnumbered by boys and often taught separately, for a shorter time and to a lower level. Girls were frequently taught reading, sewing and knitting, but not writing. Among the nobility there were many educated and cultured women, such as Mary, Queen of Scots.

Seventeenth century

In 1616 an act in Privy council commanded every parish to establish a school "where convenient means may be had". After the Parliament of Scotland ratified this law and the Education Act of 1633, a tax on local landowners was introduced to provide the necessary endowment. From 1638 Scotland underwent a "second Reformation", with widespread support for a National Covenant, objecting to the Charles I's liturgical innovations and reaffirming the Calvinism and Presbyterianism of the kirk. After the Bishop's Wars (1639–40), Scotland had virtual independence from the government in Westminster. Education remained fundamental to the ideas of the Covenanters. A loophole which allowed evasion of the education tax was closed in the Education Act of 1646, which established a solid institutional foundation for schools on Covenanter principles, emphasising the role of presbyteries in supervision. Although the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 brought a reversal to the 1633 position, in 1696 new legislation restored the provisions of 1646 together with means of enforcement "more suitable to the age" and underlined the aim of having a school in every parish. In rural communities these acts obliged local landowners (heritors) to provide a schoolhouse and pay a schoolmaster, known in Scotland as a dominie, while ministers and local presbyteries oversaw the quality of the education. In many Scottish towns, burgh schools were operated by local councils. Some wealthy individuals established "hospitals", boarding schools for deserving pupils, such as George Heriot's Hospital, Edinburgh, which was founded in 1628 and whose impressive building was opened in 1656 for 180 boys. By the late seventeenth century there was a largely complete network of parish schools in the Lowlands, but in the Highlands basic education was still lacking in many areas.

Eighteenth century

School building

Hospitals continued to be built by benefactors and some of these had very impressive buildings, like that of Robert Gordon's Hospital in Aberdeen, which was designed by William Adam (1689–1748) in the 1730s. Until the late eighteenth century most schools buildings were indistinguishable from houses, but the wealth from the Agricultural Revolution led to a programme of extensive rebuilding. Most schools had a single schoolroom, which could hold up to 80 pupils, were taught by a single schoolmaster. There might be smaller adjoining rooms for the teaching of infants and girls. There was sometimes with a schoolmaster's house in the same style nearby. Many burgh schools moved away from this model of teaching from the late eighteenth century as the new commercial and vocational subjects led to the employment of more teachers. From the 1790s urban schools were often rebuild in a more imposing classical style, from public subscription, or a legacy, and renamed academies.

Democratic myth
One of the effects of the extensive network of parish schools was the growth of the "democratic myth", which in the nineteenth century created the widespread belief that many a "lad of pairts" had been able to rise up through the system to take high office and that literacy was much more widespread in Scotland than in neighbouring states, particularly England. Historians now accept that very few boys were able to pursue this route to social advancement and that literacy was not noticeably higher than in comparable nations, as the education in the parish schools was basic and short and attendance was not compulsory.

Girls
By the eighteenth century many poorer girls were being taught in dame schools, informally set up by a widow or spinster to teach reading, sewing and cooking. Among members of the aristocracy by the early eighteenth century a girl's education was expected to include basic literacy and numeracy, needlework, cookery and household management, while polite accomplishments and piety were also emphasised. Female illiteracy rates based on signatures among female servants were around 90 per cent from the late seventeenth to the early eighteenth centuries, and perhaps 85 per cent for women of all ranks by 1750, compared with 35 per cent for men. Overall literacy rates were slightly higher than in England as a whole, but female rates were much lower than for their English counterparts.

Highlands
In the Scottish Highlands, popular education was challenged by problems of distance and physical isolation, as well as teachers' and ministers' limited knowledge of Scottish Gaelic, the primary local language. Here the Kirk's parish schools were supplemented by those established from 1709 by the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge (SSPCK). Its aim in the Highlands was to teach English language and end the attachment to Roman Catholicism associated with rebellious Jacobitism. Though the SSPCK schools eventually taught in Gaelic, the overall effect contributed to the erosion of Highland culture. Literacy rates were lower in the Highlands than in comparable Lowland rural society, and despite these efforts illiteracy remained prevalent into the nineteenth century.

Nineteenth century

Church schools

As society urbanised and population expanded there was a growing shortfall in provision. The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland formed an education committee in 1824. The committee had established 214 "assembly schools" by 1865. There were also 120 "sessional schools", mainly established by kirk sessions in towns and aimed at the children of the poor. The Disruption of 1843, which created the breakaway Free Church of Scotland, fragmented the kirk school system. 408 teachers in schools joined the breakaway Free Church. By May 1847 it was claimed that 500 schools had been built, along with two teacher training colleges and a ministerial training college, 513 schoolmasters were being paid direct from a central education fund and over 44,000 children being taught in Free Church schools. The influx of large numbers of Irish immigrants in the nineteenth century led to the establishment of Catholic schools, particularly in the urban west of the country, beginning with Glasgow in 1817. By 1872 there were 65 Catholic schools with 12,000 pupils. The church schools system was now divided between three major bodies, the established Kirk, the Free Church and the Catholic Church.

Supplementary education
Attempts to supplement the parish system included Sunday schools. Originally begun in the 1780s by town councils, they were adopted by all religious denominations in the nineteenth century. The movement peaked in the 1890s. By 1890 the Baptists had more Sunday schools than churches and were teaching over 10,000 children. In 1895, 50,000 teachers were working within the Church of Scotland in these schools and 60 per cent of children aged 5–15 in Glasgow were enrolled on their books. From the 1830s and 1840s there were also mission schools, ragged schools, Bible societies and improvement classes, open to members of all forms of Protestantism and particularly aimed at the growing urban working classes. The ragged school movement attempted to provide free education to destitute children. The ideas were taken up in Aberdeen where Sheriff William Watson founded the House of Industry and Refuge, and they were championed by Scottish minister Thomas Guthrie who wrote Plea for Ragged Schools (1847), after which they rapidly spread across Britain.

Theory and practice
Scots played a major part in the development of teacher education. Andrew Bell (1753–1832) pioneered the Monitorial System, by which the more able pupils would pass on the information they had learned to other children and which developed into the pupil-teacher system of training. It was further developed by John Wood, Sheriff-Depute of Peebles, who tended to favour fierce competition in the classroom and strict discipline. In contrast David Stow (1793–1864), who founded the first infant school in Scotland, in Glasgow in 1828, emphasised the importance of play and was highly influential on the development of the idea of school playgrounds. He focused on the bond between teacher and child and advocated the "Glasgow method", which centred on trained adult teachers. He established the first teacher training college in the United Kingdom, the Glasgow Normal Seminary. When, after the Great Disruption it was declared the property of the Church of Scotland, he founded the Free Church Normal Seminary in 1845. Ultimately Wood's ideas played a greater role in the Scottish educational system as they fitted with the need for rapid expansion and low costs that resulted from the reforms of 1872. Scottish schoolmasters gained a reputation for strictness and frequent use of the tawse, a belt of horse hide split at one end that inflicted stinging punishment on the hands of pupils.

Commissions

The perceived problems and fragmentation of the Scottish school system led to a process of secularisation, as the state took increasing control. From 1830 the state began to fund buildings with grants, then from 1846 it was funding schools by direct sponsorship. The 1861 Education Act removed the provision stating that Scottish teachers had to be members of the Church of Scotland or subscribe to the Westminster Confession. In 1866 the government established the Argyll Commission, under Whig grandee George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll, to look into the schooling system. It found that of 500,000 children in need of education 200,000 were receiving it under efficient conditions, 200,000 in schools of doubtful merit, without any inspection and 90,000 were receiving no education at all. Although this compared favourably with the situation in England, with 14 per cent more children in education and with relatively low illiteracy rates of between 10 and 20 per cent, similar to those in the best educated nations such as those in Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Scandinavia, the report was used as support for widespread reform. The result was the 1872 Education (Scotland) Act, based on that passed for England and Wales as the Elementary Education Act in 1870, but providing a more comprehensive solution.

1872 act
Under the act approximately 1,000 regional School Boards were established and, unlike in England where they merely attempted to fill gaps in provision, immediately took over the schools of the old and new kirks and were able to begin to enforce attendance, rather than after the decade necessary in England. Some ragged and industrial schools requested to be taken over by the boards, while others continued as Sunday schools. All children aged from 5 to 13 years were to attend. Poverty was not accepted as an excuse and some help was supplied under the poor law. This was enforced by the School Attendance Committee, while the boards busied themselves with building to fill the gaps in provision. This resulted in a major programme that created large numbers of grand, purpose-built schools. Overall administration was in the hands of the Scotch (later Scottish) Education Department in London. Demand for places was high and for a generation after the act there was overcrowding in many classrooms, with up to 70 children being taught in one room. The emphasis on a set number of passes at exams also led to much learning by rote and the system of inspection led to even the weakest children being drilled with certain facts. There was an extensive programme of school building undertaken by the boards between 1872 and 1914. Where there was space these new board schools were two stories tall, but on crowded urban sites they could be four stories tall and designed to house 1,000 children. The Episcopalian and Catholic schools remained outside of the system, with the number of Catholic schools growing to 188 by 1900, serving 58,000 pupils.

Secondary education

Unlike the English act, the Scottish one made some provision for secondary education. The Scottish Education Department intended to expand secondary education, but did not intend to produce a universal system. The preferred method was to introduce vocational supplementary teaching in the elementary schools, later known as advanced divisions, up until the age of 14, when pupils would leave to find work. This was controversial because it seemed to counter the cherished principle that schooling was a potential route to university for the bright "lad o' parts". Larger urban school boards established about 200 "higher grade" (secondary) schools as a cheaper alternative to the burgh schools. Some of these were former grammar schools, such as the Glasgow and Edinburgh High Schools, Aberdeen New High School and Perth Academy. Some hospitals became day schools and largely remained independent, while a few, including Fettes College in Edinburgh, became public schools on the English model. Other public schools emerged around the mid century, such as Merchiston, Loretto School and Trinity College, Glenalmond. The result of these changes was a fear that secondary education became much harder to access for the children of the poor. However, in the second half of the century roughly a quarter of university students can be described as having working class origins, largely from the skilled and independent sectors of the economy. The Scottish Education Department introduced a Leaving Certificate Examination in 1888 to set national standards for secondary education. In 1890 school fees were abolished, creating a state-funded, national system of compulsory free basic education with common examinations.

Twentieth century

Early twentieth century

The 1918 Education (Scotland) Act introduced the principle of universal free secondary education, although, due to financial crisis and resistance from the SED, it took almost two decades to implement. Most of the advanced divisions of the primary schools became junior secondaries, where students received a vocationally orientated education until the age of 14. The old academies and Higher Grade schools became senior secondaries, giving a more academic education, presenting students for the leaving certificate, which was the entry qualification for the universities. Selection between the two types of school was determined at age 12 by an intelligence test, the "qualifying examination", known colloquially as "the qualy". The 1918 Act brought the Episcopalian and Roman Catholic schools into the state system. While most Episcopalian schools would be absorbed through local mergers, the 224 Catholic schools, with 94,000 pupils in 1918, retained their distinct religious character, access to schools by priests and the requirement that school staff be acceptable to the Church. This move led to prolonged objections from some Protestants who complained that the state funding of Catholic schools was "Rome on the rates". The Act also replaced the School Boards with 38 specialist local education authorities, which were elected by a form of proportional representation in order to protect the rights of the Catholic minority. These would be subsumed into local government in 1929. Between the wars new school building was mainly associated with suburban growth. Space was less constrained and styles tended to be simpler with some experiments in modernism.

Unlike the Education Act 1944 in England and Wales, which established the tripartite system, the Education (Scotland) Act 1945 was a consolidation measure, because universal secondary education had already been in place for over a decade. Plans to raise the school leaving age to 15 in the 1940s were never ratified, but increasing numbers stayed on beyond elementary education and it was eventually raised to 16 in 1973. As a result, secondary education was the major area of growth, particularly for girls, who stayed on in full-time education in increasing numbers throughout the century. The 1947 Report on Secondary Education by the Education Advisory Council, established by Labour minister Tom Johnston, proposed an end to selection and, although rejected by Labour and Conservative governments, became a benchmark for reform.

Late twentieth century

Selection was ended by the Labour government in 1965, which recommended that councils produced one kind of comprehensive secondary school that took all the children in a given neighbourhood. By the late 1970s 75 per cent of children were in non-selective schools and by the early 1980s only the five per cent of children in private schools were subject to selection. New schools were mainly associated with the creation of new towns and housing schemes. There was no distinctive Scottish style of school building in this period and patterns reflected those used in England, tending to be more open in plan and less rigid in design. Existing schools were also adapted for more child-centred learning.

New qualifications were developed to cope with changing aspirations and economics, with the Leaving Certificate being replaced by the Scottish Certificate of Education Ordinary Grade ('O-Grade') and Higher Grade ('Higher') qualifications in 1962, which became the basic entry qualification for university study. In the 1980s these were replaced by the Standard Grade qualifications. The greater availability of academic qualifications encouraged students to stay on at school. In 1967 22 per cent of students stayed on beyond age 15, but by 1994 the number staying on beyond 16 was 74 per cent. The reorganisation of local government in 1975, which transferred education to nine mainland and three smaller island authorities, allowing those containing large urban centres, to redistribute resources to poorer areas, making education part of a programme of wider social reform. In the 1980s the curriculum was reformed to take account of the whole range of abilities. In 1955 only 22 per cent of pupils achieved five or more passes at ordinary grade. By 1995 the proportion achieving the equivalent in the standard grade was 55 per cent. Gender differences disappeared as girls' attainment caught up with boys in the early 1980s.

See also
 Education in Scotland
 History of education in Scotland

Notes

Schools
Scotland


title: Goniotorna vadoni

text:
Goniotorna vadoni is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

References

Moths described in 1960
Goniotorna


title: Goniotorna trigodes

text:
Goniotorna trigodes is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

References

Moths described in 1973
Goniotorna


title: Goniotorna trignoma

text:
Goniotorna trignoma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

References

Moths described in 1973
Goniotorna


title: Goniotorna suspiciosa

text:
Goniotorna suspiciosa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

References

Moths described in 1960
Goniotorna
Moths of Madagascar


title: 7 Most Endangered Programme

text:
The 7 Most Endangered Programme identifies endangered monuments and sites in Europe and mobilizes public and private partners on a local, national and European level to find a viable future for those sites.

It was launched by Europa Nostra and the European Investment Bank Institute in January 2013.

The 7 Most Endangered Programme is inspired by a successful programme of the US National Trust for Historic Preservation, based in Washington. It does not provide funding. Its aim is to serve as a catalyst for action and raise awareness.

Entries can be submitted by Europa Nostra’s country representations, member and associate organisations as well as by established public and private bodies active in the heritage field located in countries where Europa Nostra is not yet represented.

An international advisory panel, comprising specialists in history, archaeology, architecture, conservation and finance, meet to discuss over the applications and shortlist the most endangered monuments and sites. The board of Europa Nostra reviews the list which is then publicly announced during an annual congress.

Rescue missions to the sites included in the final list are then organised and the sites are visited. The results and recommendations of the rescue missions are summarised in reports that become available on the organisation's website.

The list

References

Cultural heritage of Europe
Historic preservation
7 Most Endangered Programme


title: Goniotorna rhodoptila

text:
Goniotorna rhodoptila is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

References

Moths described in 1960
Goniotorna


title: Goniotorna rhodolemma

text:
Goniotorna rhodolemma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

References

Moths described in 1960
Goniotorna


title: Goniotorna praerupta

text:
Goniotorna praerupta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

References

Moths described in 1960
Goniotorna


title: 2000 Egypt Cup final

text:
2000 Egypt Cup Final, was the final match of the 1999–2000 Egypt Cup, when Ismaily played Al Mokawloon Al Arab at Cairo International Stadium in Cairo.

Ismaily won the game 4–0, claiming the cup for the 2nd time.

Route to the final

Game description

Match details

External links
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeeYCP6pMrU

2000
Cup Final
Egypt Cup
Egypt Cup


title: Goniotorna praeornata

text:
Goniotorna praeornata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

References

Moths described in 1960
Goniotorna


title: 1957–58 Liga Bet

text:
The 1957–58 Liga Bet season saw Hapoel Tiberias and Hapoel Ramla win their respective regional divisions. However, there was no promotion to Liga Alef or relegation to Liga Gimel, after the Israel Football Association decided to abandon the league before the end of the season, due to suspicions of bribery.

North Division

South Division

See also
1957–58 Liga Alef

References
This week tables (Page 1) Hadshot HaSport, 11 May 1958, archive.football.co.il

Liga Bet seasons
Israel
3


title: Goniotorna polyops

text:
Goniotorna polyops is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Madagascar.

References

Moths described in 1960
Goniotorna


title: Goniotorna pleuroptila

text:
Goniotorna pleuroptila is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in South Africa.

References

Endemic moths of South Africa
Moths described in 1937
Goniotorna


title: Sylvian Mahuza

text:
Sylvian Mahuza (born ) is a South African professional rugby union player. He can play as a winger, centre or fullback.

Career

Youth and Varsity Cup rugby

In 2009, he was called up to represent the  Under-16 side at the Grant Khomo Week competition. In 2010 and 2011, he played for their Under-18 side at the Craven Week tournament.

After high school in 2012, however, he moved to Potchefstroom, where he got involved in the youth setup of the provincial side, the , as well as playing rugby for Varsity Cup side .

Mahuza made eleven appearances in the  team during the 2012 Under-19 Provincial Championship season, scoring three tries. In 2013, he played four matches in the 2013 Under-21 Provincial Championship, which included a match against  in which he scored two tries.

In the Varsity Cup competition, he played six matches for the  during the 2013 Varsity Cup competition, scoring two tries. He made eight appearances during the 2014 edition of the competition and ran in six tries (making him the second top try scorer in the competition) as the NWU Pukke reached the final.

South Africa Under-20

Mahuza was also included in the South Africa Under-20 side that played against their Argentinean counterparts prior to the 2013 IRB Junior World Championship, but failed to make the final squad for the tournament.

Leopards

Mahuza's first involvement in first team action came during the 2013 Currie Cup First Division season. He made his debut against the , playing off the bench and scoring his first try within ten minutes of appearing. He made two further substitute appearances against the  and .

Mahuza's next taste of first class action came during the 2014 Currie Cup qualification tournament. He started in five of their matches during the competition. Prior to the last round of matches, he was the joint-top try scorer in the league, with a brace of tries against the  and the  and one each against  and  putting him on a total of six tries. In their last match of the competition against the , Mahuza and teammate Luther Obi, who was also on six tries for the season before the match – scored four tries each to help the Leopards to a 103–15 victory, which also meant that Mahuza and Obi finished the competition as joint-top try scorers, with ten tries apiece.

Eastern Province Kings

In February 2015, Mahuza – along with fellow  winger Luther Obi – started training with Port Elizabeth-based side the , following a dispute about the validity of their contracts with the . An agreement was reached and Mahuza officially joined the Kings on 27 February. He made his debut for the EP Kings by starting their first match of the 2015 Vodacom Cup season, a 19–27 defeat to defending champions . After just one season at the Kings, Mahuza left prior to the 2016 Super Rugby season.

References

South African rugby union players
Living people
1993 births
Rugby union players from George, South Africa
Rugby union centres
Rugby union wings
Rugby union fullbacks
Leopards (rugby union) players
Eastern Province Elephants players
Lions (United Rugby Championship) players
Golden Lions players
Urayasu D-Rocks players


title: Culture and Heritage

text:
Culture and Heritage may refer to:

 Culture and Heritage Directorate of the Scottish Government, see Strategy and External Affairs Directorates
 Ministry for Culture and Heritage, a government agency within the New Zealand government

See also
 Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Oman
 Culture
 Cultural heritage


title: Harmologa toroterma

text:
Harmologa toroterma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in New Zealand, where it has been recorded from the South Island.

References

Moths described in 1925
Archipini
Moths of New Zealand


title: René Richard

text:
René Richard (1 December 1895 – 31 March 1982) was Swiss-born Canadian painter known for his semi-abstract landscapes of the Canadian wilderness and of the country around Baie-Saint-Paul in Quebec.

Early years

René Jeanrichard (later shortened to René Richard) was born on 1 December 1895 in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland.
His father engraved pocket watches.
His mother's family were artists.
He had two brothers and four sisters.
At the age of eleven René began to work in the watch factory after school.
Due to financial difficulties, the family decided to emigrate to Canada, and landed in Quebec City in 1909.
At first they stayed in Montreal.
René Richard went on to Edmonton, Alberta, in 1910 with his father and brothers, and then to Cold Lake, Alberta, where they began to work the land.
Richard's mother and sisters joined them later.

Conditions on the prairies in the early days were brutally demanding, and after some time Richard's father gave up farming.
Instead he opened a general store.
René Richard helped his father in the store as a teenager, and made trips into the bush to trap furs.
René was attracted by the lifestyle of the nomadic First Nations people. From 1913 to 1926, travelling by canoe or by snowshoe, Richard traveled widely in northern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. He voyaged down the Mackenzie River to the Beaufort Sea, and lived for a while with the Inuvialuit.
On these expeditions he would make sketches of the scenery.
Richard studied drawing and painting in Edmonton, Alberta, in 1926.

Artistic career

Richard spent 1927–30 in Paris, where he studied at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière and the Académie Colarossi.
While in Paris he met Clarence Gagnon and James Wilson Morrice.
Gagnon encouraged him to devote himself to art.
After returning to Alberta in 1930, Richard resumed his former career as a trapper.
He made hundreds of sketches during his long wilderness journeys.
He would depict landscapes and the camps of prospectors and trappers.
This was an intensely productive period, when his unique style began to emerge.
With little money, often he would draw on butcher's paper cut into sheets.

In 1938 Clarence Gagnon invited him to move to Montreal. That summer he helped Gagnon make an inventory of the work of Horatio Walker, a painter who had recently died, on the Île d'Orléans near Quebec City.
They went to Baie-Saint-Paul, Quebec, where they stayed with the Cimons, friends of Gagnon.
Gagnon helped René to get seasonal work as a game warden in the Parc de la Montagne de la Table below Mont Albert on the Gaspé Peninsula.
Richard was laid off and returned to Baie-Saint-Paul where the Cimons gave him a place to stay in exchange for doing odd jobs.
Richard fell in love with Blanche Cimon, the daughter of the family, and they married in 1942.

Richard sold his first paintings in 1943. His first exhibition at L'Art français gallery in Montreal was a great success, and his reputation began to grow. In 1948, Richard joined a McGill University-Canadian Museum of Nature expedition to Quebec's Ungava Peninsula. In 1951, he returned to George River with botanist Jacques Rousseau from the Montreal Botanical Gardens.
He produced large landscapes between 1950 and 1965 based on memories of these journeys.
In 1957 Richard drove with his wife and Gabrielle Roy across the United States to Mexico.
His later work mostly depicted the Charlevoix region around Baie-Saint-Paul.

Richard's landscapes became highly valued by collectors.
When Queen Elizabeth II visited Canada in 1959 she was given one of Richard's paintings by the mayor of Chicoutimi.
Richard often exhibited in Quebec City and Montreal.
The Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec held a solo exhibition of his work in 1967, and a retrospective ten years later.
He received the Order of Canada in 1973.
In 1980 Richard was elected a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.

René Richard died on 31 March 1982 at Baie Sant-Paul, aged 86.
His autobiography Ma vie passée was published in 1990.

Work

René Richard sketched with lead pencil, charcoal, soft lead pencil and red pencil, and painted in oil.
He is known for his landscapes, drawn or painted in a semi-abstract style.
Unlike other Canadian landscapes, Richard's pictures often included trappers, hunters and the Inuit and First Nations people who lived in the north country, with their homes and sled dogs.
Richard donated many of his works to Laval University in 1980.
His work is held by museums in Montreal, Québec and La Malbaie.
The Musée d'art contemporain de Baie-Saint-Paul holds some of his work.
Richard illustrated the novel Menaud maître draveur by Félix-Antoine Savard.
One of his works showing the Northwest Territories was used by Canada Post in a series of stamps on Canadian Art.

References

Sources

1895 births
1982 deaths
Canadian painters
Members of the Order of Canada
20th-century Swiss painters
Swiss male painters
Académie Colarossi alumni
People from La Chaux-de-Fonds
20th-century Swiss male artists
Swiss emigrants to Canada


Kidnapping of Czech tourists in Balochistan occurred on 14 March 2013 when two Czech female tourists, Antonie Chrástecká (25) and Hana Humpálová (24), were abducted along with a Pakistani police officer near Nok Kundi while traveling by bus through southern Pakistan's Balochistan region en route to India. The officer was later released.

The kidnappers demanded (through video) the release of Aafia Siddiqui, a national of Pakistan imprisoned in the United States. A second video, released on October 30, shows Antonie Chrástecká and Hana Humpálová reading statements about their burial wishes.

A rescue mission was planned by a Czech intelligence agency and the US army. However, the operation was delayed because of a sand storm; meanwhile, the kidnapped were moved to another location.

In March 2015, both tourists were released and safely returned to the Czech Republic following negotiations by the Turkish IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation.

See also
 Foreign hostages in Pakistan
 Overland route Europe - India (Hippie trail)

References

2013 crimes in Pakistan
2013 in the Czech Republic
Foreign hostages in Pakistan
Czech victims of crime
Kidnappings in Pakistan
Czech Republic–Pakistan relations
Crime in Balochistan, Pakistan
March 2013 crimes in Asia


title: National Union of Ghana Students

text:
NUGS, officially The National Union of Ghana Students is the largest student organization in Ghana. However the date of it foundation has been the subject of controversy. The official Facebook page suggests 1964. However Professor Anselmus Kludze, father of Ave Kludze, claimed that he was the National President of NUGS for the period 1962–1963. He stated he was preceded by P.D. Vanderpuije of the University of Science and Technology (UST) and followed by Mr. F.Y.I. Fiagbe, also of the UST. He further claims that both he and Fiagbe, along with Antwi (the General Secretary at the time), Mr. Easmon and Mr. Kodwo Carr were all arrested and imprisoned without trial under the Preventive Detention Act.

The organisation can trace its origins to the Union of Gold Coast Students in West Africa which was founded in the 1930s. Originally the Union had as one of its aims an end to British colonial rule and the achievement independence.

See also

 Education in Ghana

References

1964 establishments in Ghana
Education in Ghana
Educational organizations based in Africa
Youth organisations based in Ghana
Student organizations established in 1964
Students' unions


title: Omid Noorafkan

text:
Omid Noorafkan (; born 9 April 1997) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays as defensive midfielder or left-back for Iranian club Sepahan and the Iran national team.

Noorafkan started his career with Esteghlal and at the time became the youngest ever player to play a game for the club at the age of 18 years and eight months and 12 days.

Noorafkan is an Iranian international, having represented his nation at under-17 and under-20 level. He made his senior international debut in March 2018, aged 20, in a friendly match against Sierra Leone.

Club career

Early career
A native of Rey, Iran, Noorafkan started playing football at Ehsan Rey where he played as striker mostly.

Esteghlal
Noorafkan joined Esteghlal as a youth player in 2012 at the age of 15 and played for their under-19 team. During his time in Esteghlal's Under-19, his position was shifted from striker to left back.

2015–16 season: Debut season
Noorafkan was promoted to the senior squad before the start of the 2015–16. Due to the absence of Yaghoub Karimi and Meysam Majidi, Esteghlal's coach Parviz Mazloumi decided to play Noorafakan as left back in order to fill their place.  He made his first senior appearance on 17 December 2015 at the age 18 years and 271 days in a 1–0 win against Saba Qom making him the youngest ever player to appear in a match for Esteghlal at the time. A record which was broken by Mehdi Ghayedi two seasons later. His impressive performances lead him to become a regular member of the starting eleven during 2015–16 season. He finished the season with 11 appearances playing as a left back.

2016–17 season: First team breakthrough

He was placed in the starting line up for the season opening match against Naft Tehran. However, due to a FIFA imposed transfer ban which lead to Esteghlal's lack of midfield, team manager Alireza Mansourian, tried Noorafkan in his favorite position as a defensive midfielder. The position which he played with Iran U19 as well. Following his stunning display in that role, he secured his place in the team's starting line up. On 27 January 2017, he scored his first professional goal in a 3–2 home win against Paykan. He scored another goal in a 3–0 win against Machine Sazi the following week. Earlier in that match he assisted Ali Ghorbani's goal. On 2 February 2017, he started the AFC Champions League qualifying play-off match against Al Sadd SC which Esteghlal won in a 4–3 penalty shoot-out following a 0–0 draw after extra time. On 12 February he played his first Tehran derby against city rivals Persepolis assisting Kaveh Rezaei's goal as Esteghlal won 3–2. Noorafkan was lauded by Iranian media for his display against Persepolis, marking-out creative Attacking midfielder Soroush Rafiei as he played an insignificant role in the match against Esteghlal.

On 4 April he had an argument with his teammate, Yaghoub Karimi after being substituted. Due to his behaviour Alireza Mansourian decided to ban him from group training. He was also excluded from the squad to play against Gostaresh Foulad on 4 April. On 7 April he finally got the permission to join the team training with the rest of the squad. He was included in the called up squad for the AFC Champions League match against Lokomotiv Tashkent but he sat on the bench during the match. He returned to the starting line-up in the match against Saba Qom on 15 April which resulted in a 2–1 win for Esteghlal. On 29 April he scored a stunner from outside of the box with his weaker foot, in Esteghlal's 2–1 win against Padideh. He ended the season with 3 goals in 18 appearances in all competition as Esteghlal finished the season in second place in the league, were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the Hazfi Cup by Naft Tehran and qualified from the group stage of Champions League. He signed a contract extension through 2019 with Esteghlal on 16 June 2017. He was named "Persian Gulf Pro League Young Player of the Year" by F.F.I.R.I. at the end of the season.

2017–18 season
At the beginning of the season, Noorafkan was banned from playing by the F.F.I.R.I. along with two other Esteghlal players Majid Hosseini and Mehdi Ghaedi as Alireza Mansourian prevented them to join Iran under-23 camp. After missing the first week of the season, the deprivation from the F.F.I.R.I. was finally cancelled on 29 July 2017 and the players were ready to play for the second week of the 2017–18 campaign. He finally made his season debut on 4 August 2017 in a 0–0 draw against Esteghlal Khuzestan. On 8 September 2017, he scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 win over Gol Gohar in Hazfi Cup.

On 20 December 2017, he was introduced as one of the "100 Best Young Players to Watch in 2018" by outside of the boot website. His first league goal was the game-winning goal in a 2–1 away victory against Naft Tehran on 29 March. He finished the season with 1 goal in 24 appearances in all competition as Esteghlal finished the season in third in the 2017–18 campaign, won the Hazfi Cup and qualified for the quarter-finals of Champions League.

Charleroi
On 6 June 2018, Noorafkan signed for Belgian First Division A club Charleroi, for a fee reported to be worth around €250,000. He made his official debut for Charleroi in a 3–2 away win over Genk on 19 August.

Return to Esteghlal
On 26 January 2019, Esteghlal re-signed Noorafkan on a six-month loan deal. On 7 February, he made his first league appearance, since leaving Esteghlal in a 4–0 win against Paykan.

International career

Youth
Noorafkan played five matches for Iran under-17 scoring one goal. Later on, he was called up for Iran under-20 and became a regular member. With the Iranian under-20 team he became the vice-captain and took part at the 2016 AFC U-19 Championship, under manager Amir Hossein Peiravani, playing an important role in Iran's tournament run. After beating Uzbekistan in the Quarter-finals, Iran managed to qualify for the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup, making their first appearance in World Cup after 16 years having Noorafkan started every match of the tournament. However Iran was knocked out of the competition after losing 5–6 on penalties to Saudi Arabia in Semi-finals.

As 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup coincided with Esteghlal's match in Champions League against Al Ain, Esteghlal's coach Alireza Mansourian was against Noorafkan joining the U20 squad to play in the competition. However, later on, the coach changed his mind and decided to let the player join the U20 squad and captain the side. He made his tournament debut against Costa Rica while wearing the captain armband, as Iran beat their opponent 1–0. It was Iran's first win and the goal was Iran's first goal in the competition after 40 years which was scored by Mehdi Mehdikhani. On 24 May, in Iran's second match against Zambia, Noorafkan began the game and managed to be fouled and get a free-kick which was converted by Reza Shekari and get a 2–0 lead. However, Iran couldn't keep the lead as Zambia made a comeback and Iran lost the match 4–2. He also played the full 90 minutes against Portugal which Iran lost 2–1 and was eventually eliminated from the competition.

Senior

Noorafkan was called up for the first time for the Iran senior team in August 2017 at the age 20 by coach Carlos Queiroz for Iran's 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying matches against South Korea and Syria. On 17 March 2018, he made his official debut in a 4–0 victory against Sierra Leone, assisting Mohammad Reza Khanzadeh's goal. In May 2018 he was named in Carlos Queiroz's Preliminary 35-man Iran squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. However he did not make the final 23 and was left out of the squad.

Personal life
Noorafkan was raised in Baharestan County in Tehran Province. His parents are from Sarab and he is an Iranian Azeri. He is a fan of Germany national football team and Bayern Munich and he idolises Germany's former captain Philipp Lahm.

Career statistics

Club

1 Includes AFC Champions League matches.

International

Honours

Esteghlal
Hazfi Cup: 2017–18

Individual
Persian Gulf Pro League Young Player of the Year: 2017

References

External links

1997 births
Living people
People from Ray, Iran
Sportspeople from Tehran province
Iranian men's footballers
Iranian Azerbaijanis
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football defenders
Esteghlal F.C. players
R. Charleroi S.C. players
Sepahan S.C. footballers
Persian Gulf Pro League players
Belgian Pro League players
Iran men's under-20 international footballers
Iranian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Iranian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium


title: Wrestle-1 Championship

text:
The  was the top professional wrestling title owned by the Wrestle-1 (W-1) promotion. In Japanese the title's name includes the katakana term for "championship", , derived from the English language instead of the more common kanji term . The title also does not feature the word "Heavyweight" or any other weight class, indicating an open-weight status de facto.

Like most professional wrestling championships, the title is won as a result of a scripted match. There have been seventeen reigns shared among eleven wrestlers.

History

Championship tournament
On July 21, 2014, a full year after the start of the promotion, Wrestle-1 announced the creation of its first own title, the Wrestle-1 Championship. Previous Wrestle-1 events had featured matches for championships owned by other promotions like All Star Wrestling (ASW), European Wrestling Promotion (EWP), Pro Wrestling Zero1 and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It was announced that the inaugural champion would be determined in a sixteen-man single-elimination tournament taking place between September 21 and October 8. Wrestle-1's founder Keiji Mutoh quickly announced that he would not be taking part in the tournament. The tournament brackets were revealed on August 8, with the exception of two participants, who would be determined in qualifying matches on August 31. In the qualifying matches, Jiro Kuroshio defeated Andy Wu and Daiki Inaba defeated Koji Doi. The tournament featured only wrestlers officially signed to Wrestle-1 and none of the freelancers or outside wrestlers working regularly for the promotion. Pro Wrestling Zero1's reigning World Heavyweight Champion Masakatsu Funaki announced he was looking to defend his title throughout the tournament and unifying it with the Wrestle-1 Championship. However, just before the start of the tournament on September 19, Funaki lost the World Heavyweight Championship. The Wrestle-1 Championship belt was unveiled at a press conference on September 17. The first two rounds of the tournament were held over three shows between September 21 and 23 and saw Kai, Masakatsu Funaki, Masayuki Kono and Shuji Kondo advance to set up the two semifinal matches for October 8. In the semifinals, Kai and Kono were victorious over Kondo and Funaki, respectively, setting up a final match later that same day, where Kono defeated Kai to win the tournament and become the inaugural Wrestle-1 Champion.

Title history

Combined reigns

Belt design
The standard Championship belt has three plates on a black leather strap.

References

External links
Official title history at W-1.co.jp
Title history at Wrestling-Titles.com

Wrestle-1 championships
Openweight wrestling championships


title: Peter Buwalda

text:
Peter Buwalda (; born 30 December 1971) is a Dutch journalist, novelist and editor at various publishing houses.

Buwalda grew up in the village of Blerick and was one of the founders of the Dutch literary magazine Wah-Wah. He wrote essays and stories for multiple magazines, and gained recognition after writing an essay titled "A diversion because of potholes. Bruno Schulz, Franz Kafka, and Leopold von Sacher-Masoch" (original Dutch title: "Een omleiding wegens kuilen. Bruno Schulz, Franz Kafka, en Leopold von Sacher-Masoch"), which appeared in De Gids. Buwalda was editor of Kafka-Katern at the time.

His debut novel Bonita Avenue was published in 2010 by De Bezige Bij, one of the leading publishing houses in the Netherlands, and was subsequently translated into English in 2014 by Jonathan Reeder. The novel was nominated for the Libris Literatuur Prijs 2011, de NS Publieksprijs 2011, de 25th AKO Literatuurprijs, and the Gouden Strop 2011. Buwalda was awarded the Academia Debutantenprijs, the Selexyz Debuutprijs, and the Tzumprijs in 2011, as well as the Anton Wachterprijs in 2012. Critics in the United Kingdom positively received and reviewed the novel.

Bibliography
 Peter Buwalda: Bonita Avenue.  Translated by Jonathan Reeder. London, Puskhin Press, 2014.

References

1971 births
Dutch journalists
21st-century Dutch novelists
Dutch male novelists
Living people
Journalists from Brussels
21st-century Dutch male writers


title: Marian Neagu

text:
Marian Alexandru Neagu (born 29 October 1991), simply known as Marian Neagu is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

Career
On 27 June 2014, he signed for Cypriot club Othellos Athienou for a one year loan deal.

Honours
CSA Steaua București
Liga III: 2020–21

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
Romanian men's footballers
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
CS Concordia Chiajna players
Othellos Athienou FC players
LPS HD Clinceni players
CS Balotești players
CSA Steaua București footballers
Liga I players
Liga II players
Cypriot First Division players
Cypriot Second Division players
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Karmiotissa Polemidion FC players
Footballers from Bucharest


title: Bacoside

text:
Bacosides are a class of chemical compounds isolated from Bacopa monnieri.  Chemically, they are dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins.

There are at least twelve known members of the class.

See also
 Bacoside A

References

Saponins
Triterpene glycosides


title: SoloPower Systems

text:
SoloPower Systems Inc. technology is used to create ultra-lightweight, thin-film, flexible Solar Panels, based on CIGS (Copper indium gallium selenide). Originally developed by San Jose, California-based Solopower Inc., the technology is now owned by Solopower Systems Inc., a solar panel development & manufacturing company based in Portland, Oregon. SoloPower technology features an electroplating process that utilizes nearly 100% of its materials to manufacture its CIGS cells.

Company history
SoloPower technology was created by SoloPower Inc., founded by Bulent Basol and Homayoun Talieh in 2005, which began a pilot manufacturing line for SoloPower solar panels in December of that same year.
In February 2011, the United States Department of Energy conditionally approved a $197 million Federal Loan Guarantee to the company to help it build and equip a high-volume manufacturing plant in Portland, Oregon. By the time the plant was completed in early 2013, however, the company opted to finance the project with private rather than public funds.

In 2012, SoloPower Panels became the first CIGS flexible solar panels to obtain both UL and IEC Certification. In March 2012, Solopower Modules also set a world record aperture efficiency for flexible CIGS Solar Panels of 13.4%, as measured by the US Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and in May 2012, SoloPower technology was announced a winner of the 2012 TiE50 award in the category of Renewable Energy.

In April, 2013, following a sharp downturn in market conditions – caused largely by shrinking government investment and stiff competition from low-cost foreign producers – SoloPower Inc. announced plans to close its pilot plant in San Jose, California, and temporarily suspended operations at its Portland plant; however, in the summer of 2017, the Oregon Department of Energy paid $641,835 in Solopower's rent in Oregon.  Subsequently, in July 2013, the company’s major creditors transferred the SoloPower technology to a new entity named Solopower Systems Inc., with plans to begin commercially producing Solopower Panels in the summer of 2014.

Funding
Lead investors in the development of SoloPower technology - Hudson Capital Management, Firsthand Technology Value Fund, Crosslink Capital, and Convexa Capital Ventures - have invested some $200 million over the period. The technology has also received the benefit of loans from the Oregon Department of Energy (which also paid for rent in 2017) and the California Energy Commission, and other state tax incentives.

See also

 SoloPower

References

External links
 SoloPower company website

Solar energy companies of the United States
Photovoltaics manufacturers
Thin-film cell manufacturers
Technology companies of the United States
Companies based in Portland, Oregon
Energy companies established in 2005
Renewable resource companies established in 2005
Technology companies established in 2005
2005 establishments in California
Energy companies established in 2013
Renewable resource companies established in 2013
2013 establishments in Oregon
American brands
American companies established in 2005
American companies established in 2013


title: No Place to Hide (song)

text:
"No Place to Hide" is a song written and recorded by American nu metal band Korn for their second studio album, Life Is Peachy. It was released as the album's first single in September 1996.

Charts

Live performance
The song has been seldom played since the promotional tours surrounding the release of Life Is Peachy. It is notable for being Korn's first televised performance, on a French music show on February 20, 1997. "No Place to Hide" made a return in 2011 during The Path of Totality Tour.

Music video
A video was not filmed; MTV compiled clips from Who Then Now? and the band's previous music videos in order for "No Place to Hide" to receive airplay on the station.

Awards
The song was nominated for a Grammy in 1998 for Best Metal Performance. It was Korn's second nomination in this category.

Track listing

UK Releases
CD5" UK Single Part 1 663842 2
"No Place to Hide" (Album Version) – 3:31
"Sean Olson" (Radio Edit) – 4:45
"Proud" – 3:14

CD5" UK Single Part 2 663845 5
"No Place To Hide" (Album Version) – 3:31
"Shoots and Ladders" (Dust Brothers Industrial mix) – 3:50
"Shoots and Ladders" (Dust Brothers Hip Hop mix) – 4:07

Note: The two remixes are wrongly named, the Hip-Hop Remix it is the Industrial Remix and vice versa!

UK 7" 663845 0
Side A:
"No Place To Hide" (Album Version) – 3:31

Side B:
"Proud" – 3:50

CD5" UK Promo CD XPCD 2088
"No Place to Hide" (Album Version) – 3:31

UK 10" Promo XPR 3086
Side A:
"No Place To Hide" (Album Version) – 3:31

Side B:
"Proud" – 3:50

German release
CD5" 663811 2
"No Place to Hide" (Album Version) – 3:31
"Sean Olson" (Radio Edit) – 4:45
"Lies" – 3:22

US Promo
CD5" ESK 8724
"No Place to Hide" – 3:31

See also

References

External links
  Lyrics

Korn songs
1996 singles
1996 songs
Epic Records singles
Songs written by Reginald Arvizu
Songs written by Jonathan Davis
Songs written by James Shaffer
Songs written by David Silveria
Songs written by Brian Welch


title: Bhramarpura

text:
Bhramarpura भ्रमरपुर is a village six kilometers west of Janakpurdham. It is the most populous village in its district. Bhramarpura is located in the Loharpatti Municipality 7, Mahottari district of Janakpur Zone of Nepal. This village has a high income because 25% of the village population is working overseas. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, the village had a population of 9458 people living in 1734 individual households. In Dhanusha district where this village has left it name in that city calling as a Bhramarpura Chowk. People living in this village are following different religions, most of the people living in this village are Hindu or Muslim. In Hindu the castes are Brahmin, Yadav, Teli, Sudhi, Mandal, etc. In Muslim [[Dhobi][Rain people|Rain]], Nadaf, among others.

Education
Bhramarpura has Shree Ram Dev Janta Higher Secondary School and three secondary government schools. There are multiple private boarding schools in village. Students also travel to nearby city Janakpur for school and further education.

Populated places in Mahottari District


title: Zela House

text:
Zela House, also called Zela House City Theater, is a museum located in the center of Tacna, Peru.  Francisco Antonio de Zela, an important forerunner to Peruvian independence, once lived there.  Today, it is the Salon Museo Arqueologico (Archeological Museum Hall) where ceramic and textile pieces, works of wood and metal, and pre-Hispanic fishing and basket weaving tools are displayed.

The building was given the status of a national historic monument in 1961.

References

 i perú(2014), "Información de Tacna".

Museums in Peru


The 2001–02 St. Francis Terriers men's basketball team represented St. Francis College during the 2001–02 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was coached by Ron Ganulin, who was in his eleventh year at the helm of the St. Francis Terriers. The Terrier's home games were played at the  Generoso Pope Athletic Complex. The team has been a member of the Northeast Conference since 1981.

The Terriers finished the season at 18–11 overall and 13–7 in conference play. They won in the NEC quarterfinals against Monmouth, 71–61, and lost to Central Connecticut State in the semifinals, 54–58.

Against Central Connecticut on December 3, 2001, Bronski Dockery shot 100% from the three-point line, going 7 for 7, which is tied for the NCAA record.

Roster

Schedule and results

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#0038A8; border: 2px solid #CE1126;;color:#FFFFFF;"| Regular season

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#0038A8; border: 2px solid #CE1126;;color:#FFFFFF;"| 2002 NEC tournament

References

St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers men's basketball seasons
St. Francis
2001 in sports in New York City
2002 in sports in New York City


title: Erika's tuco-tuco

text:
Erika's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys erikacuellarae), is a species of tuco-tuco native to Bolivia.  Found only in the Cordillera Oriental mountain ranges in the Santa Cruz and Chuquisaca Departments, at elevations of around , the species measures around  in length and has soft brown and ochraceous orange hair. It was named after Erika Cuéllar, a conservation biologist from Bolivia.

The holotype is held at the Museum of Southwestern Biology at the University of New Mexico MSB:Mamm:63391

References

Endemic fauna of Bolivia
Mammals of Bolivia
Tuco-tucos
Mammals described in 2014


title: Nick Clatterbuck

text:
Nicholas Alan Clatterbuck is an American murderer. He was a 15-year-old juvenile living in a foster home with his foster parents and their children in Utah County, Utah, United States.

Description
On February 28, 1984, Clatterbuck had some disagreements with the foster parents, resulting in Clatterbuck shooting the foster father 16 times, killing him. He then proceeded to shoot the foster mother several times and stabbed her, resulting in her death. The state decided to prosecute Clatterbuck as an adult.

Clatterbuck was represented by attorney Michael D. Esplin throughout the juvenile court process where it was determined that he should be tried as an adult in the adult court system. He appealed this determination through the Utah Supreme Court, but his appeal was denied and it was ruled once again that he could be tried as an adult.

The state charged Clatterbuck with capital homicide charges, which carried the death penalty. Esplin represented Clatterbuck in those proceedings, which ultimately resulted in a plea deal, where the death penalty was taken off the table, and Clatterbuck pleaded to two homicide charges resulting in a sentence of 5 to life in the Utah State Prison.

In 1989, Clatterbuck graduated from high school in prison and was named "outstanding student for the year."

As of June 2020, Clatterbuck is serving his sentence at the Central Utah Correctional Facility.

References

1984 in Utah
1984 murders in the United States
American people convicted of murder
Place of birth missing
Year of birth missing
Criminals from Utah
Minors convicted of murder


title: Badia Spices

text:
Badia Spices is an American manufacturer of spices and herbs that began in 1967. The spices are manufactured in Doral, Florida, where the company was founded and maintains its headquarters.

History
The company was started by José Badía, a Cuban exile who fled the island nation in the 1960s. Though he had a hardware business in Cuba, in the U.S. he started the spice business in a small shop in the Little Havana neighborhood of Miami. In 1970, José hired his son, Joseph "Pepe", to manage daily operations, and Pepe is now the majority owner and president of Badia Spices, Inc.

In November 2018, Gel Spice Co. was ordered to pay $564,000 to Badia Spices for trademark infringement.

Today, Badia Spices sells over 400 products, including raw spices and herbs, blended spices, and dried chili peppers, throughout the United States and more than 70 other countries.

See also

List of food companies

References

External links

Food and drink companies of the United States
Brand name condiments
Companies based in Doral, Florida
Companies based in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Economy of Miami