title: 2015 AFC Asian Cup knockout stage

text:
The knockout stage of the 2015 AFC Asian Cup was the second and final stage of the 2015 AFC Asian Cup, following the group stage. It was played on 22 to 31 January, began with the quarter-finals and ended with the final match of the tournament, held at Stadium Australia, Sydney. The top two teams from each group (eight in total) advanced to the knockout stage to compete in a single-elimination tournament. A third-place match was played between the two losing teams of the semi-finals (United Arab Emirates and Iraq). Australia won the trophy after defeating South Korea in the final.

In all matches in the knockout stage, if the score were level at the end of 90 minutes, two 15-minute periods of extra time was played. If the score were still level after extra time, the match was decided by a penalty shoot-out.

Qualified teams
The top two placed teams from each of the four groups advanced to the knockout stage.

Bracket

Scores after extra time are indicated by (a.e.t.), and penalty shoot-out are indicated by (pen.).

Quarter-finals

South Korea vs Uzbekistan
Son Heung-min scored twice in extra-time as two-time champions South Korea secured a third consecutive appearance in the semi-finals after edging out Uzbekistan 2–0 in a thrilling quarter-final at Melbourne Rectangular Stadium. Bayer Leverkusen forward Son netted with just over a minute of the first half of extra-time remaining following an entertaining yet goalless 90 minutes of normal time, which was the first draw of the tournament, before repeating the feat at the end of the second period and having followed up their win over Uzbekistan in the third place play-off at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup with a fourth consecutive win of the 2015 campaign without conceding a goal, Uli Stielike's Group A winners would face either Iran or Iraq in semi-final at Stadium Australia in Sydney.

Group B runners-up Uzbekistan had made a positive start as lone striker Bakhodir Nasimov and Sanjar Tursunov tested South Korea goalkeeper Kim Jin-hyeon inside the first 20 minutes before Odil Ahmedov volleyed over on the edge of the six-yard area from Vitaliy Denisov's left wing cross. South Korea, though, finally created their first chance of note midway through the first half as Ignatiy Nesterov produced a superb double block to deny Lee Keun-ho and Nam Tae-hee before the Uzbekistan goalkeeper was at full-stretch moments later to superbly produce a one-handed flying save to push Son's curling effort from just inside the area over the crossbar. But Uzbekistan's chances were dealt a huge blow 16 minutes before half-time as captain Ahmedov was forced off with an injury to be replaced by Timur Kapadze, and despite beginning the contest on the back foot, South Korea fought back to finish the first half on top. Nesterov remained the busier of the two goalkeepers at the start of the second half with another flying one-handed save to beat away Lee Jung-hyup's header from Ki Sung-yueng's 47th minute free-kick.

Both sides, though, enjoyed plenty of possession inside the final third during an open second 45 minutes with the goalkeepers at either end of the field having to remain on their toes as Lee Keun-ho fired into the side netting with just under 20 minutes remaining following a lapse in concentration by the Uzbekistan defence. South Korea then enjoyed their own stroke of luck with 12 minutes remaining as Lutfulla Turaev headed wide at the back post from Sardor Rashidov's chipped cross with the goal at his mercy and goalkeeper Kim struggling to recover. Group A winners South Korea were able to finish the end of normal time on top, but after Nam failed to connect with the goal at his mercy inside the final 10 minutes, the first draw of the tournament sent the tie to extra-time.

But with just over a minute of the first half of extra-time remaining, Nesterov was unable to hold Son's stooping close range header from Kim Jin-su's deflected cross and the ball crept across the line to finally break the deadlock after Shukhrat Mukhammadiev had conceded possession close to the touchline. And with just over a minute remaining at the end of the second half of extra-time Son repeated the feat as the forward fired high into the roof of the net from Cha Du-ri's pass with Uzbekistan caught short at the back as they searched for an equaliser.

China PR vs Australia
Tim Cahill's second-half brace sent Australia past China 2–0 and into the semi-finals. Cahill opened the scoring shortly after the break before doubling the lead midway through the second-half with arguably the goal of the tournament as Australia reached the last four for the second successive time. Ange Postecoglou's side would face either holders Japan or the United Arab Emirates in Newcastle for a place in the January 31 final in Sydney. Shortly after South Korea punched their semi-final ticket with a 2–0 extra-time win over Uzbekistan in Melbourne, China got off to the better start as Australia, looking slightly nervous, struggled to settle into the game between the Group B winners and the Group A runners-up at Brisbane Stadium.

The Chinese strike-force of Sun Ke and Wu Lei, with three goals from three matches in the group stage, caused problems for the Australian defence, calling goalkeeper Mathew Ryan into action several times with pace and ferocity. But the good times would not last for China, who could have put Australia under serious pressure had they scored within the first 30 minutes. Controlling more than 77 percent of possession in the first half, Postecoglou's men eventually found their feet, going close a couple of times before the break allowed them to regroup for the second half. In the 49th minute, Cahill did what he does best and opened the scoring for Australia.

China cleared a corner from the right but Mathew Leckie headed right back into the box to keep the attack going. Cahill took advantage of a moment of freedom and hit an acrobatic overhead kick past goalkeeper Wang Dalei, who never saw it coming, reacting too late to the spectacular effort that put the hosts into the driver's seat. The deficit forced China to come out, giving Australia more space to work with and it was Cahill again who capitalised five minutes past the hour, powerfully heading home a cross from left-back Jason Davidson to make it 2–0 and effectively put the game out of their opponents' reach.

Iran vs Iraq
Salam Shaker scored the winner as Iraq claimed a place in the semi-finals after edging out arch-rivals Iran 7-6 on penalties following a sensational 3–3 draw at Canberra Stadium. Sardar Azmoun had put Iran in front midway through the first-half but his side went into the break a man down after Mehrdad Pooladi was controversially dismissed by referee Ben Williams. Ahmed Yasin's 56th-minute equaliser then took the game to extra-time where Iraq twice went in front through Younis Mahmoud and Dhurgham Ismail but they were pegged back by Morteza Pouraliganji and most dramatically Reza Ghoochannejhad two minutes from the end.

But after Iran substitute Vahid Amiri drilled his penalty onto the left-hand upright, Shaker held his nerve to claim victory for Iraq and take them into the semi-finals with South Korea at the Stadium Australia in Sydney. The opening spells of the match were frenetic and furious but amounted to little before a typical driving run down the right from Ashkan Dejagah on 24 minutes was brought to a halt through a firm tackle from Ismail. Vouria Ghafouri, though, was on hand to pick up the pieces and whip in a venomous cross that Azmoun met with a thumping header into the bottom corner of the goal.

Alireza Haghighi then saved well from Mahmoud with his feet but as the first period drew to a close there was time for a final moment of drama as Pooladi received his second yellow card of the match following a coming together with Iraq goalkeeper Jalal Hassan to see Iran go into the break a man down and within three minutes of the second half Iran almost saw their goal advantage disappear, too, as Yaser Kasim's free-kick was athletically saved by Haghighi who launched himself to his left to tip the ball over the bar. But on 56 minutes, Iraq got the equaliser they had been threatening as Alaa Abdul-Zahra's wicked cross from the left wing evaded defenders and attackers alike before Yasen latched onto the ball at the far post and drove his low angled shot through a group of players and into the net.

Iraq continued to prod and probe at the 10-man side but were unable to take further advantage of their numerical superiority before the whistle was blown for the end of the 90 minutes and a period of extra-time.
And the deadlock was blown open in just the second minute of extra time as cross from Ismail saw the ball clip off Haghighi's outstretched leg and pounced upon by Mahmood whose stopping header found the back of the net for his eighth goal in AFC Asian Cup competitions to put Iraq 2–1 up. A sensational spectacle was still not finished there, though, and with three minutes of the first half of extra-time remaining Pouraliganji thundered home Andranik Teymourian's corner with a bullet header to level the scores again.

The defender went from hero to villain with five minutes remaining of the extra-time as his crunching tackle on Kasim saw a penalty awarded to Iraq. Ismail showed impressive composure to drive his spot-kick down the middle of the goal with Haghighi already committed to his right. But with two minutes remaining there was a further twist to the tail as once again from a Teymourian corner, Iran caused consternation in the Iraq defence as Javad Nekounam cannoned his header off the woodwork and Ghoochannejhad was on hand to head home to take the game to penalties.

Ehsan Hajsafi blasted his opening spot kick over the crossbar for Iran, but Saad Abdul-Amir was unable to take advantage and hit his own effort wide and after Amiri hit the post in sudden death, Shaker kept his composure to beat Haghighi and claim victory for Iraq and a place in the semi-finals for the third time in the AFC Asian Cup history.

After the match, the Iranian Football Federation lodged a formal complaint to FIFA after Iraqi midfielder Alaa Abdul-Zahra tested positive for the banned stimulant methylhexanamine, in results that were verified by a WADA-approved laboratory in Cologne. In an email exchange dated September 2014, FIFA promised to take action but there is no record of a suspension for Abdul-Zahra. The AFC disciplinary committee decided that the protest was unfounded and dismissed the case.

Japan vs United Arab Emirates
Defending champions Japan crashed out of the tournament on penalties as Shinji Kagawa missed the decisive spot-kick as the United Arab Emirates secured a 5–4 win after a 1–1 draw between the teams at Stadium Australia. Keisuke Honda was also off target from 12 yards while Ismail Ahmed scored the winning penalty to eliminate the champions as the UAE reached the semi-finals for the first time since 1996. Mahdi Ali's team would face tournament hosts Australia in Newcastle on January 27 as they aim to reach the final for the first time on foreign soil after losing to Saudi Arabia in the final in Abu Dhabi 19 years ago.

Ali Mabkhout took his tally for the tournament to four from as many games with a well-taken effort in just the seventh minute but Gaku Shibasaki levelled nine minutes from time to take the game into extra-time after the Japanese finally secured a reward for their domination. Javier Aguirre named an unchanged side for the fourth game in a row while the United Arab Emirates were without the suspended Walid Abbas, who was ruled out after picking up a second yellow card of the tournament in the 1–0 loss against Iran in the group stages. The Emirates took the lead in the seventh minute, and soon after Mabkhout had given the Japanese a scare when the Al Jazira forward raced in only for a heavy touch to take the ball through to Eiji Kawashima. The 24-year-old, however, made no mistake with his second effort of the game as he controlled Amer Abdulrahman's ball forward before smashing a left-foot shot across Kawashima and into the far corner of the goal.

Japan had already gone close in the opening two minutes when Takashi Inui headed just wide, while Honda's snap-shot in the ninth minute was only inches away from restoring parity. The defending champions continued to dominate possession and Inui again had the chance to find the back of the net, only for another weak header from Gōtoku Sakai's in-swinging cross from the right to drop into the goalkeeper's arms. Masato Morishige's header just after the half hour mark met with a similar fate and, just two minutes before the break, Honda powered his low left-foot effort into the side netting. Japan continued their search for the equaliser into the second half. Substitute Yoshinori Muto shot across the face of goal seven minutes after the restart and, two minutes later, the FC Tokyo striker headed wide after Yasuhito Endō's centre from the right.

With Japan's front line faltering, Yuto Nagatomo tried his luck from the edge of the area, only to send his right foot shot over the bar while, on the hour mark, Kagawa's effort from the edge of the area, after a neat interchange with Honda was saved by Majed Naser. Khamis Esmaeel almost put the ball into his own net, only for Gōtoku Sakai to clear off the line and substitute Yohei Toyoda mistimed his header 15 minutes from time to steer the ball well wide. With nine minutes remaining, Japan finally equalised when Shibasaki picked up a return ball from Honda 20 yards from goal before smashing his right-foot effort low beyond Naser's outstretched right hand. Makoto Hasebe could have won it for Japan with five minutes remaining in normal time only for his shot to be blocked by Mohanad Salem's desperate lunge after Kagawa had earlier forced Naser to punch his attempt clear.

Semi-finals

South Korea vs Iraq
South Korea would play in the final of the AFC Asian Cup for the first time since 1988 after Uli Stielike's side handed 2007 champions Iraq a 2–0 defeat to book their place in the competition's final at Stadium Australia. The two-time champions, who have not won the continental title since 1960 would meet either hosts Australia or 21st Arabian Gulf Cup winners the United Arab Emirates on 30 January after goals from Lee Jung-hyup and Kim Young-gwon took the Taeguk Warriors past the Iraqis.

South Korea last played in the final of the AFC Asian Cup in Qatar in 1988, when they lost on penalties to Saudi Arabia, and Stielike's side avenged a semi-final defeat at the hands of Iraq when Younis Mahmoud and his teammates went on to win in 2007. Stielike made two changes to his starting line-up, bringing in Han Kyo-won for former Asian Player of the Year Lee Keun-ho as veteran right back Cha Du-ri replaced Kim Chang-soo. Iraqi, meanwhile, called up Osama Rashid for the suspended Yaser Kasim and Amjad Kalaf took the place of Columbus Crew midfielder Justin Meram.

The Koreans wasted little time taking the initiative, with Han Kyo-won narrowly missing with a diving header from Ki Sung-yueng's in-swinging free kick from the left while Nam Tae-hee tried his luck from distance, only to send the ball over the bar. Son Heung-min's 19th minute surge through the Iraqi midfield ended with the Bayer Leverkusen man seeing his drive from distance tipped over the bar by Jalal Hassan, and soon after Lee Jung-hyup claimed his second goal of the tournament.

The 23-year-old Sangju Sangmu forward rose highest to reach Kim Jin-su's free kick from close to the right touchline before Hassan could punch clear, the header sending the Korean fans amongst the 36,053 crowd into raptures in the 20th minute. South Korea had been dominant in the first half but, with six minutes remaining in the half, Iraq finally had a sight of goal. Ahmed Yasin sent his long-range attempt well over the bar while, two minutes ahead of the break, Kalaf forced Kim Jin-hyeon to drop to his right to push a low shot away for a corner. Five minutes after the restart, however, the Koreans all but put the game to bed. Lee Jung-hyup was involved again, this time chesting the ball down on the edge of the area into the path of defender Kim Young-gwon and the Guangzhou Evergrande man's bouncing left footed shot skidded past Hassan and into the corner of the goal. Ki Sung-yueng and Son Heung-min both tried their luck unsuccessfully from long range soon after, before the increasingly desperate Iraqis started pumping the ball long towards captain Mahmoud. But the veteran could not find a way past a Korean defence that has yet to concede a goal at the tournament, and the Taeguk Warriors sealed their long-awaited place in the final of the continental championship.

Australia vs United Arab Emirates
Hosts Australia advanced to face South Korea in the final game of the tournament after maiden international goals from both Trent Sainsbury and Jason Davidson in the first half at a damp Newcastle Stadium secured a 2–0 win over the United Arab Emirates. By setting up the final, this was the first time that Australia played the final on home soil.

Sainsbury handed the Socceroos the ideal start to their bid to secure a second consecutive final appearance as the centre-back headed home inside the first three minutes of the semi-final with his first goal for the Socceroos and with Davidson following suit 11 minutes later as the full-back became Australia's 10th different scorer during the tournament, Ange Postecoglou's side would face two-time winners South Korea on 31 January at Stadium Australia looking to claim a maiden continental title. Both sides made two changes following their semi-final successes, with Australia recalling defender Matthew Spiranovic and midfielder Mark Milligan, while the UAE brought in full-back Walid Abbas and forward Mohamed Abdulrahman. And it was Spiranovic's central defensive partner Sainsbury who handed Australia the ideal start inside the first three minutes as the centre-back powered a downward header from Massimo Luongo's right wing corner past Majed Naser.

Australia, though, were given a huge let off seven minutes later as Ahmed Khalil hit the foot of the post from Abdelaziz Sanqour's low cross with goalkeeper Mathew Ryan rooted to the spot but Australia took full advantage just four minutes later as the UAE defended desperately close to their own goal, but after only being able to scramble the ball out towards the edge of the penalty area, Davidson was on hand to fire a low first-time effort into the bottom corner past Naser. The UAE finally came into the contest at the end of the second half, but with Australia goalkeeper Ryan yet to be fully tested, the hosts still looked the more likely to add to their advantage.

Omar Abdulrahman was finally having more of an impact on the contest at the start of the second half and the UAE remained in the hunt for way back into the contest as Khalil flashed an effort just wide six minutes after the restart with Ryan at full stretch. Australia coach Postecoglou reacted to this by reshaping the Socceroos' midfield just before the hour mark with the introduction of Matt McKay at the expense of Milligan and Australia were able to close out the contest without any major scares with Postecoglou having the luxury of being able to withdraw both Tim Cahill and Robbie Kruse as the UAE faded over the final minutes having fallen short of a return to the final for the first time since 1996.

Third place match
Tournament top scorer Ali Mabkhout netted a second-half penalty as the United Arab Emirates claimed third place at the tournament after edging out former champions Iraq 3–2 in a thrilling contest at the Newcastle Stadium. UAE captain Ahmed Khalil opened the scoring for the UAE after 16 minutes only for Waleed Salim and Amjad Kalaf to turn the contest in favour of 2007 champions Iraq before half-time but after Khalil levelled the entertaining contest at the start of the second half with his fourth of the campaign, Mabkhout coolly netted his fifth just before the hour mark after Iraq's Ahmed Ibrahim had been sent-off to hand the 1996 finalists their second-best finish at the AFC Asian Cup.

With both coaches retaining the majority of their first team and only making minor changes to their starting line-ups following their semi-final defeats earlier in the week, it was the UAE's exciting front three which helped Mahdi Ali's side open the scoring as Mabkhout freed Omar Abdulrahman following a swift counterattack and Khalil was on hand to produce a first-time finish inside the penalty area from the perfectly weighted through ball. Iraq, though, were almost back on level terms just four minutes later as Younis Mahmoud's follow-up was acrobatically tipped over the crossbar by substitute UAE goalkeeper Khalid Eisa after Majed Hassan's attempted sliding clearance on the edge of the penalty area had bounced back off the woodwork following a deflection off the veteran striker.

But Eisa was given no chance after 28 minutes as Salim was found inside the area by Kalaf and the full-back's strike crucially deflected off Khamis Esmaeel to beat the UAE goalkeeper high at his near post and Eisa was again beaten three minutes before half-time as the UAE custodian could only parry a low rasping drive from Ahmed Yasin from just outside the area and Kalaf was first to react to volley home from 10 yards. Iraq maintained their pressure at the start of the second half and came close to extending their advantage less than a minute after the restart as Mahmoud scuffed wide from inside the area with only Eisa to beat from Yaser Kasim's pass.

The miss, though, proved costly for Iraq as just six minutes later Khalil beat the offside trap from Abdulrahman's superb chipped ball forward and after taking one touch to evade on-rushing goalkeeper Mohammed Hamed, the striker rolled the ball into the empty net. Three minutes before the hour mark, the UAE completed their comeback as Ibrahim was sent off after hauling down Mabkhout inside the area following a mistake by goalkeeper Hamed and the striker picked himself up to coolly beat the Iraq custodian from the resulting penalty to move one goal clear of Jordan's Hamza Al-Dardour and teammate Khalil at the top of the goalscoring chart.

The UAE came close to extending their lead with 15 minutes remaining as substitute Walid Abbas headed against the foot of the back post from Abdulrahman's deep corner and despite Iraq pressing forward in the closing stages, the UAE held on to claim third place at the AFC Asian Cup for the first time, having lost to China PR on penalties in the same stage in 1992. The United Arab Emirates also effectively became the last team to claim the third place position at the tournament, when this stage was officially abolished before the eventual tournament held in the country.

Final

References

External links
 (Official website)
AFC Asian Cup, the-AFC.com

Knockout stage
Iraq at the 2015 AFC Asian Cup
Australia at the 2015 AFC Asian Cup
South Korea at the 2015 AFC Asian Cup
2015 in Chinese football
2014–15 in Iranian football
2014–15 in Emirati football
2015 in Uzbekistani football


title: Percy Groves

text:
Brigadier-General Percy Robert Clifford Groves,  (26 May 1878 – 12 August 1959) was a senior British air strategist who served in the British Army and the Royal Air Force (RAF). He campaigned for substantial reform of Britain's approach to air strategy following the First World War, in particular for an immediate expansion of the RAF to parity with the largest European force within striking distance. He was an advocate of the aerial "knock out blow": the possibility of ending a war in its early stages by launching a massive attack on the enemy's centres of gravity.

Early life
Percy Robert Clifford Groves was born on 26 May 1878 at Rai Bareli, India. He was the eldest son of Joseph Groves who served as Commissioner of Railways for the United Provinces in India. He was educated at Bedford Modern School.

Career
Groves joined the King's Shropshire Light Infantry where he was commissioned a second lieutenant on 18 October 1899. He served with the 2nd battalion of his regiment in the Second Boer War, and was promoted to lieutenant on 9 March 1901. The war in South Africa ended in May 1902, and he returned home later that year, on the  in December 1902. He was employed with the West African Regiment (1903–04) and was Territorial Adjutant (1909–12). In 1914 he joined the Royal Flying Corps, serving with Air Services France (1914–15).  On 29 April 1915, he received his Royal Aero Club Aviator's Certificate passing on a Maurice Farman Biplane at Farman Aerodrome, Étampes. He did much active flying in the Dardanelles (1915–16).

Between 1916 and 1918, he was Chief of Staff, Royal Flying Corps, in the Middle East "which then embraced four theatres of war". In 1918 he was made Director of Flying Operations at the Air Ministry. He was then Britain's Air Ministry Representative at the Paris Peace Conference (1919) and British air adviser to the Supreme Council and the Conference of Ambassadors (1921–22).

Groves retired from active service in 1922 with the rank of brigadier general. Based on his experiences on active service, Groves realised that Britain needed to radically rethink its approach to air strategy.  Shortly after his retirement from the forces, he proceeded to campaign "for the creation of an effective striking force and for a proper regard for the patent realities of civil aviation". His opinions attracted the interest of Viscount Northcliffe and in 1922 a series of articles on "Our Future in the Air" were published in The Times.  He remained a forceful campaigner for an immediate expansion of the RAF to parity with the largest European force within striking distance.

In 1939 Groves returned to active service being made Deputy Director of Intelligence at the Air Ministry with the rank of air commodore, a position he held until April 1940.  He was then seconded to the Foreign Office before being demobilised in 1946.

Military strategist
Groves was a colleague of Frederick Sykes and Viscount Trenchard, who both influenced his early military thinking. He was also engaged in lengthy correspondence with Sir Basil Liddell Hart. In terms of his military thinking, Groves was a proponent of the aerial "knock out blow": the possibility of ending a war in its early stages by launching a massive attack on the enemy's centres of gravity.

Awards and honours
In the Second Boer War he was awarded the Queen's medal (4 clasps) and the King's medal (2 clasps).

During the First World War he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1916.  In the same year he was made Order of the White Eagle of Serbia, 3rd Class with Swords.  He was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1918, a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1919 and a Commander of the Legion of Honour in 1920.

Groves was an Associate Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society; Hon. Secretary General Air League of British Empire, and Editor of Air, 1927–29.  He was group captain and honorary air commodore, RAFVR, September 1939.

Personal life
Groves was a member of the United Service Club. In 1920 he married Suzanne, daughter of T.E. Steen of Oslo; they had one son. He died in Mombasa on 12 August 1959.

The National Portrait Gallery has numerous photographic portraits of Groves.

Selected works
 Flying over Egypt, Sinai and Palestine, National Geographic, 1926
Behind the Smoke Screen, 1934
Our Future In The Air, 1935

References

External links
Percy Robert Clifford Groves at the National Portrait Gallery
Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation - Air Commodore P R C Groves

People educated at Bedford Modern School
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Royal Flying Corps officers
Royal Air Force generals of World War I
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
King's Shropshire Light Infantry officers
British colonial army officers
1878 births
1959 deaths
Military personnel of British India
British Army personnel of World War I


title: Idhayam Pesugirathu

text:
Idhayam Pesugirathu () is a 1981 Indian Tamil-language film written and directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar, starring Raveendran and Ambika. It was released on 5 February 1982.

Plot

Cast
Raveendran
Ambika

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Shyam.

References

External links

1980s Tamil-language films
1982 films
Films directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar
Films scored by Shyam (composer)


title: Huacaypaca

text:
Huacaypaca (possibly from Quechua waqay, to cry, crying, paka eagle) is a mountain in the Cordillera Central in the Andes of Peru,  high. It lies in the Lima Region, Huarochiri Province, in the north of the Tantaranche District. Huacaypaca is situated northeast of a lake named Chumpicocha.
Huacaypaca lies south-west of the mountains Wisk'achani and Huapalco, north-west of Chumpicocha, and southeast of the mountain Yana Kunka. It is southwest of Punta Sur (Southeast Point) and southeast of the Cerro Coqueña massif. Huacaypaca is also the name of the neighboring lake east of the mountain.

Huacaypaca receives about 2,900 millimetres (113 in) of precipitation during a year. The average temperature is 15 °C (59 °F).

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Lima Region


title: Commonwealth XI cricket team in South Africa in 1959–60

text:
A Commonwealth XI cricket team toured South Africa in October and November 1959, playing three first-class matches. Captained by Denis Compton, the Commonwealth XI included several well-known players such as Tom Graveney, Brian Close, Bert Sutcliffe, Frank Tyson, Godfrey Evans, Roy Marshall, Bob Simpson and Ian Craig.

The first match was against Transvaal at the New Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg and this was drawn after Jonathan Fellows-Smith scored a century in each innings for Transvaal. Next, the Commonwealth XI defeated a Combined Transvaal XI by 3 wickets at the Loftus Versfeld Stadium in Pretoria. In the third and final first-class game, the Commonwealth XI played a South African Invitation XI at the New Wanderers and saved a draw after having to follow-on.

References

External links

1959 in South African cricket
1959
International cricket competitions from 1945–46 to 1960
South African cricket seasons from 1945–46 to 1969–70
October 1959 sports events in Africa
November 1959 sports events in Africa


title: Bradyrhizobium retamae

text:
Bradyrhizobium retamae is a bacterium from the genus of Bradyrhizobium.

References

Nitrobacteraceae
Bacteria described in 2014


title: Underground Lovers (album)

text:
Underground Lovers is the debut album by Australian indie rock/electronic band Underground Lovers, released in March 1991. The album was released in the UK under the title "Get To Notice".

"Looking for Rain" (April 1991) and "Lick the Boot" (August 1991) were lifted from the album as singles; "Lick the Boot" was also the band's first release in the UK. The band won the 1992 ARIA Award for Best New Artist.

Track listing
(All music by Underground Lovers, all lyrics by Vincent Giarrusso)
"Get to Notice" – 4:45
"Yes I Do" – 1:44
"She Draws Circles" – 4:37
"Girl Afraid" – 3:43
"Persistence"  – 4:12
"Wasted"  – 4:06
"Looking For Rain" – 4:37
"Sleep"  – 2:57
"Lick the Boot" – 4:00
"My American Accent" – 3:42

Personnel

Glenn Bennie – guitars, drums
Vincent Giarrusso – vocals
Maurice Argiro — bass
Philippa Nihill — vocals
Richard Andrew — drums

References

1991 albums
ARIA Award-winning albums
Underground Lovers albums


title: Péter Somfai

text:
Péter Somfai (born 2 April 1980) is a Hungarian épée fencer, team silver medal in the 2009 and 2011 World Championships and team gold medal in the  2009 and 2010 European Championships.

His best results in the Fencing World Cup are bronze medals in the Koweit City Grand Prix and the Doha Grand Prix in 2009.

References
 Profile at the European Fencing Confederation

External links

1980 births
Living people
Hungarian male épée fencers
Olympic fencers for Hungary
Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary
Olympic medalists in fencing
Fencers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
20th-century Hungarian people
21st-century Hungarian people


title: Willy Adames

text:
Willy Rafael Luna Adames (born September 2, 1995) is a Dominican professional baseball shortstop for the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut with the Tampa Bay Rays in 2018, and played for the Rays until 2021.

Career

Detroit Tigers

Adames signed with the Detroit Tigers as an international free agent in July 2012. He made his professional debut in 2013 with the Dominican Summer League Tigers. In 60 games, he hit .245/.419/.370 with one home run. Adames started the 2014 season with the West Michigan Whitecaps.

Tampa Bay Rays
On July 31, 2014, Adames was involved in a three team trade that sent Adames, Drew Smyly, and Nick Franklin to the Tampa Bay Rays, Austin Jackson to the Seattle Mariners, and David Price to the Detroit Tigers. The Rays assigned him to the Bowling Green Hot Rods, where he finished the season. In 125 combined games between West Michigan and Bowling Green, he batted .271 with eight home runs and 61 RBIs. He played 2015 with the Charlotte Stone Crabs where he posted a .258 batting average with four home runs and 46 RBIs, 2016 with the Montgomery Biscuits where he batted .274 with 11 home runs, 57 RBIs and 31 doubles. In 2016 Adames was selected to the World Team in the All-Star Futures Game. The Rays added Adames to their 40-man roster after the 2016 season. In 2017, Adames played with the Durham Bulls, where he batted .277 with 10 home runs, 62 RBIs and a .776 OPS. In 2018 with Durham, Adames hit .286 with 4 home runs and a .765 OPS in 64 games.

According to MLB.com Adames was ranked as the number one prospect in the Tampa Bay Rays farm system in 2015, 2016, and 2017, the number two prospect in 2018, and as high as the 16th best prospect nationally.

2018
Adames was promoted to the Rays on May 22, 2018, making his major league debut the same day. He got his first hit, a solo home run against Chris Sale, that same night. He was optioned back to Durham three days later to make room for Joey Wendle, who was returning from the paternity list. Adames was later recalled back to Tampa on June 11. On July 12, Adames was sent back down to Durham in order to receive more consistent playing time, due to the jam at middle infield between Wendle, Adeiny Hechavarria, Daniel Robertson, and Matt Duffy. Adames hit .226 with a .606 OPS in his second stint. Adames was recalled a third time on July 22. On August 7, Adames hit a walk off solo home run against Miguel Castro of the Baltimore Orioles. In the month of August, Adames was awarded a spot on MLB.com's "team of the month" after slashing .318/.384/.523 with 5 home runs and 14 RBIs. Following a two-hit performance in the final game of the year, Adames ended the season with three straight multi-hit games, helping the Rays reach 90 wins for the first time since 2013. This stretch capped off a strong second half for Adames, who hit .329 in the final two months of the season. Adames ended the season slashing .278/.348/.406 with 10 home runs in 85 games, recording a 2.0 wins above replacement.

2019
In 2019, Adames solidified himself the everyday shortstop, playing 152 games at the position. On May 29, Adames hit a walk-off single to beat the Toronto Blue Jays. On September 29, Adames hit another walk-off single, this time against the Boston Red Sox. This was his third career walk off. On defense in 2019, he recorded 13 Defensive Runs Saved (DRS) and a 2.1 defensive wins above replacement. At the plate, Adames hit .254 with 20 home runs, 52 RBI, and 69 runs scored. Combined with the stellar defense, he recorded 4.2 wins above replacement. In the American League Division Series, Adames posted a .385/.500/.983 slash line, hitting two home runs and a double as the Rays lost to the pennant winning Houston Astros in five games. In game 4, Adames recorded an assist on a throw dubbed 'The Relay' by local media, where he made a perfect transition and throw, 178 feet away from home plate.

2020
In the shortened 2020 season, Adames played 54 games for the first place Tampa Bay Rays. He slashed .259/.332/.481 with 8 home runs and 23 RBIs. That year, the Rays won the American League pennant. Adames batted .143 with one RBI in the World Series, which the Rays lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games. Adames was the last out of the 2020 World Series as Julio Urías retired the side, and got the save.

2021
Adames batted .197/.254/.371 with 5 home runs and 15 RBI in 41 games for the Rays in 2021.

Milwaukee Brewers
On May 21, 2021, the Rays traded Adames alongside Trevor Richards to the Milwaukee Brewers in exchange for relievers Drew Rasmussen and J. P. Feyereisen. On July 16, 2021, Adames had 4 RBI on 3 hits in an 11–6 win over Cincinnati, and on July 18, he won NL Player of the Week. In his 99 games played with the Brewers in the 2021 season, he had 617 plate appearances, batting .285 with a .885 OPS, 20 home runs and 58 RBI's, helping the Brewers win the 2021 NL Central Division. He quickly became a fan favorite in Milwaukee.

2022
On March 22, 2022, Adames signed a $4.6 million contract with the Brewers, avoiding salary arbitration. In the 2022 season Adames saw a career high in plate appearances (617) and hit a career high in both home runs (31) and RBI's (98). His 31 home runs were also a Brewers franchise record for home runs hit by a shortstop in a season, breaking Robin Yount record of 29.

2023
On January 13, 2023, Adames agreed to a one-year, $8.7 million contract with the Brewers, avoiding salary arbitration.

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
Bowling Green Hot Rods players
Carolina Mudcats players
Charlotte Stone Crabs players
Dominican Summer League Tigers players
Durham Bulls players
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball shortstops
Milwaukee Brewers players
Montgomery Biscuits players
Nashville Sounds players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Tigres del Licey players
West Michigan Whitecaps players
Wisconsin Timber Rattlers players


title: F. B. L. Bowley

text:
Francis Bulmer Lyon Bowley was a Hong Kong solicitor and member of the Sanitary Board.

Bowley went to Hong Kong in 1903 as an associate at Henry Lardner Dennys Senior's solicitors firm. He later became a partner of the firm in the name of Dennys & Bowley. When Dennys retired in 1913, his son Henry Lardner Dennys Junior, Charles Bulmer Johnson became partners of the firm with Bowley.

He acted as the Crown Solicitor from around 1899 during the absence of Henry Lardner Dennys. He subsequently succeeded Dennys in the post of Crown Solicitor and held the post for many years.

Bowley was elected member of the Sanitary Board in the 1912 election. He was interested in subjects such as factory legislation and the conditions of the employment of women and children.

He also involved in the church affairs and had served on the Church Body and acted as Treasure of the St. John's Cathedral.

Bowley returned to England by RMS Empress of Russia on 28 April 1921.

References

British expatriates in Hong Kong
English Anglicans
Members of the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong
Solicitors of Hong Kong


title: Eleazer Pickwick

text:
Eleazer Pickwick (2 Feb 1748 – 8 December 1837) was a British businessman. He became very rich and funded the local canal.

Life

Pickwick's grandfather, Moses, was a foundling who was discovered in an area of Corsham known as Pickwick. This Pickwick was baptised Feb 2, 1748 in Freshford, Bath, UK.

He started a coaching business that came to be based at The White Hart inn opposite the iconic Pump Room. Pickwick's nephew, Moses Pickwick, managed the inn.

In 1794 Pickwick was on the board of the company that was created by the Somerset Coal Canal. Pickwick invested tens of thousands of pounds in the canal business after its bankers refused to lend any more capital.

Pickwick bought Bathford Manor House in 1798.

Pickwick died in Bath in 1837 and was buried in Bathford.

Legacy
The White Hart inn was demolished in 1869 but the sign was reused on another inn. There is a plaque that records the location of the inn and the Pickwicks on the corner of Stall Street and Westgate Street in Bath. The coaching business continued on very successfully under the ownership of Moses Pickwick. From the 1830s business reduced as the railways grew in importance.

It is widely believed that Dickens wrote The Pickwick Papers after visiting Bath using the surname he had seen there. His inn is also mentioned in the works of Jane Austen.

Eleazer Pickwick's nephew, Charles Henry Pickwick-Sainsbury (1829-1885), descendants changed their name to Sainsbury. It has been speculated that part of the motive may have been to discard their lowly born ancestry, favouring their mothers (Harriet Sarah Sainsbury) prestigious line; and Dickens' caricatures that bore their name.

References

1740s births
1837 deaths
People from Somerset
Mayors of Bath, Somerset
18th-century British businesspeople
19th-century British businesspeople


title: Oise's 2nd constituency

text:
The 2nd constituency of Oise is a French legislative constituency in the Oise département.

Description

The 2nd constituency of the Oise covers its western portion and borders Upper Normandy, it also includes the south western part of Beauvais.

Until 2017, similarly to Oise's 1st constituency the seat was a conservative stronghold since 1988 apart from the Socialist landslide at the 1997 election. At the 2012 election the vote was split by the presence of a National Front candidate in the second round but veteran Gaullist deputy Jean-François Mancel held on by less than 100 votes to claim victory.

In 2019, Agnès Thill, elected as LREM, publicly opposed a bioethics law extending to homosexual and single women free access to fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF) under France's national health insurance; it was one of the campaign promises of President Emmanuel Macron. She was subsequently excluded from La République en Marche and later joined the Union of Democrats and Independents.

Historic Representation

Election results

2022

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2017

2012

|-
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Sources
Official results of French elections from 2002: "Résultats électoraux officiels en France" (in French).

2


title: Siege of Novo Brdo (1440–1441)

text:
The siege of Novo Brdo was a military blockade of Novo Brdo, an important fortified mining town in the Serbian Despotate, by the forces of the Ottoman Empire. The siege began in 1440 and lasted until the capture of the fortress on 27 June 1441. During the siege, the Serbian garrison was supported by the local community of citizens of the Republic of Ragusa.

Background

Novo Brdo was one of the largest cities in the Balkans, and because of its rich gold and silver mines it was the most important non-coastal city in the Balkans in the 14th and 15th centuries. The Ottomans besieged it without success in 1412 and in 1427 using cannons they'd constructed for the 1422 siege of Constantinople.

In 1439 Ottoman forces led by Sultan Murad II attacked the Serbian Despotate. Serbian Despot Đurađ Branković fled to Hungary to seek support for the defense of his realm, organized by his son Grgur. During the siege of Smederevo (the Despotate's capital city) in 1439, Murad II ordered the marcher-lord Ishak-Beg, who was returning from Mecca, to join forces with Hadım Şehabeddin and besiege Novo Brdo.

On 6 August 1439 the Ottoman forces under Ishak-Beg defeated Serbian forces near Novo Brdo. The Ottomans captured Smederevo on 18 August 1439, reducing the territory of the Serbian Despotate to Zeta and a region around Novo Brdo. The forces under Murad II joined Ishak-Beg to attack Novo Brdo, but its garrison successfully repelled their attacks. The Ottomans realized that it would be difficult to capture the well-defended Novo Brdo, so Murad II ordered for retreat and a stay in Skopje during the winter. Before they did so, they robbed caravans of Ragusan merchants, while Murad II went to Adrianople.

The Ottomans allowed Grgur Branković to govern his father's former estates in southern Serbia, as an Ottoman vassal.

Siege

In 1440, after the failure at Belgrade, the Ottoman forces commanded by the beylerbey (the Lord of Lords) of Rumelia Eyalet, Hadım Şehabeddin, again besieged Novo Brdo.

The garrisoned Serbian forces were also supported by citizens of the Republic of Ragusa, Ragusa having instructed their subjects in Novo Brdo to help defend the town. Ragusans, who were predominantly merchants, were practically forced to resist the Ottomans because otherwise their property in Novo Brdo would be confiscated, like it was in the case of Ragusan merchants who happened to be outside of the town when the siege began and refused to return to it.

Despot Đurađ Branković and his wife traveled from Hungary to Zeta, accompanied with several hundred cavalry and Albanian vojvoda Petar Spani. They first went to Zagreb, to Đurađ's sister Katarina who was the wife of Ulrich II, Count of Celje. Then Branković arrived at Ragusa (Dubrovnik) at the end of July 1440 and after several days he continued his journey toward his coastal towns of Budva and Bar which became the new capital of the remaining part of his despotate. In the period between 1 July 1440 and his arrival at Bar, the Ottoman forces defeated some military units from Novo Brdo in a battle near Makreš (a village near modern-day Gnjilane).

In August 1440 Branković arrived at Bar where he stayed until the end of the winter 1440–41. There he tried to mobilize forces to recapture the territory of the Serbian Despotate he lost to the Ottomans. At the same time, Branković maintained communication with the garrison in Novo Brdo and his son Grgur, who at the time was an Ottoman governor. That was one of the main reasons why the Ottomans, probably justifiably, accused Grgur of treason and dismissed him from his governorship in April 1441. On 8 May 1441, both Grgur and his brother Stefan were blinded, based on the order of Sultan Murad II. Branković faced another disappointment in Zeta where he found out that the Crnojevići rebelled against vojvoda Komnen, the governor of Zeta. Branković left Zeta in April 1441 and resided in Ragusa for a while. This angered the Ottomans who requested, through their envoy Agub, that Ragusa should hand over Branković. Ragusans refused this request and explained in a letter to Ishak-Beg and Hadım Şehabeddin that Ragusa has not accepted Branković because he was an enemy of the sultan but because it was a free city that accepts anybody who seeks shelter in it. They also emphasized that Branković being in Ragusa is the best guarantee that he would not undertake any action against the Ottomans. Ragusans wanted to send their diplomats to Hadım Şehabeddin and requested his written guarantee for their safe conduct. On 13 June 1441 Hadım Şehabeddin, who was in Vučitrn at the time, issued the requested guarantee to the Ragusans.

During the siege of Novo Brdo its population suffered heavy casualties. On 27 June 1441 Novo Brdo surrendered to the Ottoman forces, who then robbed and burned the captured town.

Aftermath

Đurađ Branković received the news about the fall of Novo Brdo when he was in Zeta. Stephen Vukčić, who was an Ottoman vassal at that time, used the weak position of the Serbian Despot and tried to capture Zeta. After he successfully penetrated into Zeta highlands, the Venetian Republic captured Zeta's coastal cities and regions based on agreement with Despot Branković that they will protect his possessions from falling under Ottoman control. Branković realized that he lost all of his territory and power base which supplied him with troops necessary to secure his suzerainty, so he moved to his estates in Hungary. Eventually, Zeta fell under control of the local tribes, with the Crnojevići noble family trying to assert their dominance. The Ottomans made significant efforts to again raise Novo Brdo and gave substantial privileges to people who settled in it and worked in its mines while its Serb citizens were awarded with trading privileges. Within the next three years the Ottomans re-established the mint in Novo Brdo which began to strike akçe for the first time.

In 1444, during the Crusader Long Campaign, Novo Brdo was recaptured from the Ottomans and again became a part of the reestablished Serbian Despotate until it finally fell to Ottoman control on 1 June 1455. Among the survivors of the siege was Dimitrije Kantakouzenos. In 1455, the Ottomans forced the besieged to surrender because they used heavy artillery. All men of any distinguished rank or importance were decapitated under orders of sultan Mehmed II. An estimated 320 boys were taken to become janissaries (devşirme). Approximately 700 girls and young women were given to Ottoman soldiers and their commanders. The siege and its aftermath were described in Memoirs of a janissary, written in 1490—1501 by Novo Brdo resident Konstantin Mihailović, who was one of the boys taken. In 1455 the last voivode of Serbian despot in Novo Brdo was Lješ Spanović.

Notes

References

Sources

Conflicts in 1440
Conflicts in 1441
Serbian Despotate
Novo Brdo 1440
Novo Brdo 1440
Novo Brdo 1440
1440 in the Ottoman Empire
1441 in the Ottoman Empire


title: Willy Ambaka

text:
William Ambaka Ndayara (born 14 May 1990) is a Kenyan rugby union player, currently playing for the Kenyan national sevens team as well as for  in New Zealand's Mitre 10 Cup. He has previously played professionally for French Rugby Pro D2 team, Lyon OU, and the South African Currie Cup side, . His regular position is winger.

Early Career and Sevens Rugby

Ambaka started his rugby career for Kenya Harlequins in 2010. Harlequins' strength and conditioning coach, Geoffrey Kimani, recommended Ambaka to the Kenya Sevens head coach, Benjamin Ayimba. He made his debut for the national Kenya Sevens team at the 2011 Hong Kong Sevens tournament, and represented them during the 2011–12 and 2012–13 IRB Sevens World Series. Ambaka was chosen as part of the 2012–13 HSBC Sevens World Series Dream Team based on his performance that season. He was one of three nominations for the IRB Sevens Player of the Year award in 2013, but lost out to Tim Mikkelson of New Zealand. He also played for the Kenya Sevens at the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Moscow.

Ambaka was also included in the Kenya national team squad that played in the 2014 Africa Cup competition (which doubled up as a 2015 Rugby World Cup qualifying tournament), but had to withdraw after suffering an ankle injury.

In 2022, He featured for Kenya at the Rugby World Cup Sevens in Cape Town.

Lyon

In 2013, Ambaka signed a professional contract with Lyon for the 2013–14 Rugby Pro D2 season, becoming the first Kenyan rugby player to play for a team in the top two divisions in France. He played in ten matches and scored six tries as Lyon won the title and promotion to the Top 14 for 2014–15.

Western Province

On 31 July 2014, South African Currie Cup side  announced that Ambaka would join them ahead of the 2014 Currie Cup Premier Division season. He was signed on the recommendation of Jerome Paarwater, the coach of the Kenya national team and former coach of Western Province.

However, shortly after arriving in Cape Town, he suffered an ankle injury and made no appearances for the team during their title-winning season.

References

External links

Kenyan rugby union players
Living people
1990 births
People from Taita-Taveta County
Rugby union wings
Western Province (rugby union) players
Lyon OU Rugby players
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Male rugby sevens players
Rugby sevens players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic rugby sevens players for Kenya
Kenya international rugby sevens players
Rugby sevens players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Manawatu rugby union players
Simbas players
Rugby sevens players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
Kenyan expatriate rugby union players
Kenyan expatriate sportspeople in France
Kenyan expatriate sportspeople in New Zealand
Expatriate rugby union players in New Zealand
Expatriate rugby union players in South Africa
Kenyan expatriate sportspeople in South Africa


title: Pallavur Appu Marar

text:
Pallavur Appu Marar (1928-2002) was an Indian percussionist, widely considered to be a maestro in the Pallavur (Palakkad) style of thayambaka, edakka, sopana sangeetham, melam and panchavadyam. He was the eldest of the three brothers, the other two being Pallavur Manian Marar and Pallavur Kunhikuttan Marar, who formed the famed Pallavur trio.

Biography

Appu Marar was born in 1928, at Pallavur, a small hamlet in Palakkad district, in the south Indian state of Kerala, to Shankaran Marar and Ammini. His father, a nomad, left the young Appu and his mother, when he was one year old, throwing the family into poverty. Ammini was forced to remarry Subramania Iyer, and had two more sons, Manian and Kunhikuttan, who, years later, completed the Pallavur trio.

Appu started learning traditional percussion instruments at a very young age and had his arangettam (debut) on chenda, at Pallavur Shiva Temple, the age of 8. He, soon, became adept at playing chenda, edeka and timila, under the tutelage of Thiruvilvamala Kondaswami and Parathuveettil Nanu Marar. Appu Marar saw his father for the first time, when he was 17 years old, by which time, he had already mastered those traditional percussion instruments and had started performing at various temples in Kerala.

By the time, Appu Marar died in a private hospital in Palakkad at 4.00am on 8 December 2002, due to age related illnesses, he had already performed at many stages including in Russia and at 47 Thrissur Poorams and 60 Nemmara Velas. He performed, without break, at Thrissur pooram, heading the panchavadyam for Paremekkavu Devaswom from 1960 till his death in 2002.

The legacy of Appu Marar lives on through his numerous disciples, who are active at the temple festivals across the state. His son, Kunissery Chandran, is also a known Maddalam exponent. However, the most notable contribution of Appu Marar remains the style of panchavadyam, he, along with his brothers, have created, the Pallavur style.

Kaalam (The Unending Time)
K. Ramachandran, a short filmmaker from Kerala, created a documentary, Kaalam (The Unending Time), on the life of Appu Marar. The film, narrates the tumultuous early life of Appu Marar and his later climb to fame, and won the Kerala Kala Mandalam Award for the most outstanding short film on performing arts. The film was also screened at the Festival of South Asian Documentaries at Kathmandu 3–6 October 2013. The film shows many interviews with Appu Marar's contemporaries and family members.

Awards and recognitions

Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi honoured Appu Marar, in 1983, by bestowing on him their annual Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award. Guruvayur Devaswom Board awarded him the Guruvayurappan Puraskaram in 1995. He also received the Manaweeyam Award, in 2002, apart from various other local honours.

Honoring the memory of the percussionist, the Government of Kerala has instituted an award, Pallavur Appu Marar Award, which is given annually to recognise excellence in ritual music of Kerala. Another award of the same name, Pallavur Appu Marar Award has also been instituted by the renowned ayurvedic institution, Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala.

An annual beat festival, Appu Marar Vadyotsavam, is conducted every year, in Appu Marar's honour.

Publications

Appu Marar has written a book, Pr̲amāṇaṃ: ātmakatha (Theory and Biography), an autobiography in part, but also containing theories and arguments on traditional Kerala music. The book was co-authored by Madanan.

Crescent Music has released an audio on compact disc, which has the recording of many of Appu Marar's performance on edaka.

See also
 Neralattu Rama Poduval
 Kuzhur Narayana Marar
 Guru Gopinath
 Panchavadyam
 Thayambaka
 Panchari melam
 Pandi melam

External links
 Appu Marar performing Thripuda
 Tribute on Blog
 Reference on Thrissur Pooram Festival site
 Reference on Maddys
 Reference on Blog
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 1
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 2
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 3
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 4
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 5
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 6
 Pallavur Appu Marar on YouTube 7

Gallery

References

1928 births
2002 deaths
Indian percussionists
Malayali people
People from Palakkad district
20th-century Indian musicians
Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award


title: Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender

text:
Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender (English: "Kürschner's Encyclopedia of German Scholars"), formerly subtitled Lexikon der lebenden deutschsprachigen Wissenschaftler ("Encyclopedia of Living German-Speaking Scholars"), is a German language biographical and bibliographical encyclopedia of scientists and scholars from the German-speaking part of Europe. It is published by Walter de Gruyter. The first edition appeared in 1925, edited by Gerhard Lüdtke. Prior to the 9th edition, it consisted of one volume, but with the 6th edition in 1941 and then again from the 9th in 1961 it was extended to two volumes. Since the 22nd edition in 2009, it includes four volumes. The 28th edition appeared in 2016. The encyclopedia generally only includes academics who are active researchers at universities or research institutes, and who hold the Habilitation or are full professors, or have equivalent qualifications.

It evolved from Kürschners Deutscher Literatur-Kalender, a bio-bibliographical encyclopedia of German literature founded in 1879 and subsequently edited by Joseph Kürschner, for whom both works are now named.

References

External links

German encyclopedias
German-language encyclopedias
Encyclopedias of science
De Gruyter books
German biographical dictionaries


title: Aleksandar Varjačić

text:
Aleksandar Varjačić (; born 23 May 1991) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a defender for FK Mladost Lučani.

Honours
Radnički Kragujevac
Serbian League West (2): 2009–10, 2016–17

Šapine
Dunav Zone League: 2015–16

References

External links

 Aleksandar Varjačić stats at utakmica.rs

1991 births
Living people
Footballers from Kragujevac
Men's association football defenders
Serbian men's footballers
FK Radnički 1923 players
FK Radnik Surdulica players
FK Jagodina players
FK Karađorđe Topola players
Serbian First League players
Serbian SuperLiga players


title: The Boat Race 1866

text:
The 23rd Boat Race took place on the River Thames on 24 March 1866. The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Oxford won by three lengths in a time of 25 minutes and 35 seconds, one of the slowest times in the history of the event.

Background
The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues"). The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the  Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London. Oxford entered the race as reigning champions, having defeated Cambridge by four lengths in the previous year's race. Oxford led overall with twelve wins to Cambridge's ten.

In late 1865, the Cambridge University Boat Club president Robert Kinglake wrote to Oxford in order to draw up rules on the seniority of participants in the Boat Race, asserting that Cambridge could not agree to send out a challenge unless this agreement was made. The proposal included the suggestion that "no pass or πολλ man may row after one year has elapsed from the date of him having passed his final examination.  That no honour man may row after the end of his fourth year from the date of his commencing residence." While both universities were agreed with regard to the exclusion of those reading "ordinary" degrees (also referred to as "pass" degrees, as opposed to honours degrees), Oxford rejected the second clause which would have potentially excluded a small number of rowers given the differences in timetables between the universities.

Despite the disagreement, Kinglake sent the traditional challenge to Oxford who accepted. Cambridge went to Putney ten days before the race which was scheduled for 24 March, while Oxford practised there for eight days. The Light Blues rowed against a London Rowing Club eight in the buildup while the Dark Blues took on a watermen eight and a Kingston eight during their preparations. The race was umpired by Joseph William Chitty who had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 (in the March and December races) and the 1852 race, while the starter was Edward Searle.

Crews
The two crews were nearly identical in weight: the average of the Cambridge crew was 11 st 12.875 lb (75.5 kg),  per rower more than Oxford.  Each crew saw the return of five former Blues, including the Light Blue number six Robert Kinglake who was rowing in his fourth Boat Race; Dark Blues Robert Taunton Raikes, Brown and Charles Tottenham were making their third Boat Race appearance.

Race

Oxford won the toss for the fifth consecutive year and elected to start on the Middlesex side of the river, handing the Surrey station to Cambridge, despite the advantage being "nullified ... for there was a strong wind blowing from the south-west."  According to The Field, "arrangements had been made by the Thames Conservancy Board, which had most effectually put a stopper" on disruption from paddle boats to allow an uninterrupted start at 7.48 a.m.  Oxford led from the start but Cambridge redressed the balance and were half a length ahead by the time the crews shot Hammersmith Bridge.  They maintained their lead to Chiswick Eyot and despite rough water, Cambridge continued in front.  Avoiding a barge at Corny Reach, the Light Blues allowed their opponents to pass and take a half-length lead which Oxford took to Barnes Bridge.  Even though Cambridge made a push, even drawing level, Oxford pulled away and won by three lengths in a time of 25 minutes and 35 seconds.  It was the third-slowest time in the history of the event on the Championship Course.

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Official website

1866 in English sport
The Boat Race
1866 in sports
March 1866 events


title: Oise's 3rd constituency

text:
The 3rd constituency of Oise is a French legislative constituency in the Oise département.

Description

The 3rd constituency of the Oise lies on the southern edge of the department and includes the town of Creil. It is separated from the Paris urban area by the large Oise-Pays-de-France Natural Park.

The seat was in the hands of Socialist Michel Françaix from 1997 to 2017.

Historic Representation

Election results

2022

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2017

2012

|-
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|-

Sources
Official results of French elections from 2002: "Résultats électoraux officiels en France" (in French).

3


title: St. Luke's Chapel, Oulu

text:
St. Luke's Chapel is an evangelical Lutheran church in the University of Oulu Linnanmaa campus in Oulu. The opening service of the academic year is held at St. Luke's chapel. Services in English are held on Sundays.

The church building has been designed by architects Seppo Kähkönen and Markku Kuhalampi. It was completed in 1988. The chapel was extended with church hall and other meeting spaces in 2003.

References

External links

Lutheran churches in Oulu
Churches completed in 1988
Linnanmaa


title: Vijaya Gandagopala

text:
Vijaya Ganda Gopalan also known as Manumasiddhi II was a Telugu Chola king of Nellore Chodas who ruled over Southern Andhra and Kanchi from 1248 to 1263 CE.

Life
His full name, as it appears in inscriptions, is 'Tribhuvanachakravarthi Vijayagandagopaladeva'. He called himself 'Lord of Kanchi'. His rule began in 1250 CE as an independent king. His kingdom witnessed crucial developments during 1250–1291. Kanchi changed hands in rapid succession among Telugu Chodas, Kakatiyas, Kadava Kopperunchinga and the Pandyas. The change of rule often meant only the de jure change of the overlords. He remained as the local chieftain of Kanchi. His reign was coeval with Rajendra III, Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I, Kopperunchinga and Kakatiya Ganapathi.

He issued his own regnal system between 1253 and 1291, which are found in the Varadaraja Swami Temple. This long rule was interrupted by intrusions. For example, Kopperunchinga II is recognized as King of Kanchi from 1253–1254 AD, again in May 1257 and again in 1260. In the same years, Vijaya Gandagopala is also recognized as ruler of Kanchi. This shows the rapid changes in political fortunes of Kanchi and that at one time, rival kings were only supported by their adherents.

In 1260 AD, Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I overran Vijaya Gandagopala Territory and marched as far as Nellore where he performed 'Virabhisheka'. He anointed himself as king of Kanchi.

References

13th-century Indian monarchs
History of Tamil Nadu
Chola kings
People from Kanchipuram district


title: P. W. Goldring

text:
Philip Wallace Goldring (15 March 1875 – 13 May 1928) was an English solicitor in Hong Kong and Shanghai and member of the Sanitary Board.

Early life
Goldring was born on 15 March 1875 in Crouch End, Middlesex, England. He was educated at the Working School and Clifton College. He obtained his Bachelor of Arts from the Trinity College, Oxford in classical moderations and in the final school of jurisprudence in 1896. He was admitted to practice as a solicitor in 1899 in England.

Career in Hong Kong and Shanghai
Goldring moved to Hong Kong in 1903 to join the local law firm Brutton, Hett and Goldring until in April 1906 he started to practise on his own account. He was the head of the Goldring & Morrell, and also the Goldring and Russ solicitors firm, until He moved to Shanghai in around 1920 after living 17 years in Hong Kong.

During his residence in Hong Kong, he was elected to the Sanitary Board in 1914 by-election caused by the absence of the incumbent F. B. L. Bowley from Hong Kong. Goldring defeated W. L. Carter in the election with 142 to 33 votes.

During the First World War, Goldring served with the Hong Kong Volunteer Corps for one year. He was also connected with the Chinese Labour Corps for six months and served with the Hong Kong Police Reserve for two years afterward.

After he moved to Shanghai, he joined the Supreme Court of the Shanghai International Settlement. He was subsequently appointed second legal adviser to E. T. Maitland, Prosecuting Solicitor of the Shanghai Municipal Council, due to his work in the Shanghai Provisional Court. Goldring later became the Assistant Prosecuting Solicitor for the Council in November 1926.

Personal life
Goldring was an enthusiastic sportsman. He played football, cricket, shooting and fishing and was member of the Hong Kong Club and the Sports Club, London. He married Miss Luchung on 29 January 1919 from a well-known and popular family among the younger generation of local Chinese. He lived at "Parkside", Kowloon during his residence in Hong Kong.

He died on 13 May 1928 in Shanghai after a short illness. Tributes was paid by Judge Liang Lone and C. E. Whitemore in the Supreme Court of Shanghai after his death.

References

1875 births
1928 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
British expatriates in Hong Kong
British expatriates in China
English solicitors
Solicitors of Hong Kong
Members of the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong
People from Crouch End
Lawyers from London


title: Oise's 4th constituency

text:
The 4th constituency of Oise is a French legislative constituency in the Oise département.

Description

The 4th constituency of the Oise covers the south eastern corner of the department. It includes Parc Asterix.

From 1988 to 2017, the seat was held continuously by conservative deputies firstly Arthur Dehaine of the RPR, and since 2002 by Éric Woerth a former minister in the François Fillon governments. The seat was gained by LREM when Woerth defected to LREM.

Historic Representation

Election results

2022

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* LREM dissident, not supported by Ensemble Citoyens alliance.

2017

2012

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Sources
Official results of French elections from 2002: "Résultats électoraux officiels en France" (in French).

4


title: Visit to Vienna

text:
"Visit to Vienna" is a song recorded by Sahara Hotnights on their 2007 studio album What If Leaving Is a Loving Thing (2007). Released as the second single from the album, it peaked at 49th position at the Swedish singles chart. The song was written by bandmembers Maria Andersson and Josephine Forsman, and was produced while collaboration with Björn Yttling.

The song charted at Trackslistan for 17 weeks between 25 August – 15 December 2007, peaking at second position. Also charting at Svensktoppen it stayed there for 31 weeks between 2 September 2007 – 30 March 2008, peaking at 4th position before leaving chart.

The band also performed the song during the 2008 Grammis Awards Ceremony. The following up music video was directed by Magnus Renfors.

Contributors
Sahara Hotnights
 Maria Andersson – vocals, guitar
 Jennie Asplund – guitar
 Johanna Asplund – bass
 Josephine Forsman – drums

Productions
 Janne Hansson – sound engineer
 Henrik Jonsson – mastering
 Lasse Mårtén – sound engineer, sound mix
 Sahara Hotnights – producer
 Björn Yttling – producer, sound engineer, sound mix

Source:

Charts

References

2007 singles
Sahara Hotnights songs
Swedish-language songs
2007 songs
Songs about Vienna


title: Red Velvet (group)

text:
Red Velvet () is a South Korean girl group formed and managed by SM Entertainment. They originally debuted on August 1, 2014, with the single "Happiness" with the four-member line-up of Irene, Seulgi, Wendy and Joy. A fifth member, Yeri, joined in March 2015, following the release of their first extended play, Ice Cream Cake. Sonically, the music of Red Velvet reflects their group name: their predominantly-pop "red" side experiments occasionally with electronic and funk, while their "velvet" side focuses on '90s-influenced R&B with elements of ballad and hip hop. Their genre versatility and catchy hooks have garnered critical praise.

Red Velvet's Korean-language discography includes two studio albums, one reissue album, one compilation album, and ten extended plays—twelve of which have topped the South Korean Gaon Album Chart. Their singles "Red Flavor" and "Power Up" were number one hits on the Gaon Digital Chart, whilst "Dumb Dumb", "Russian Roulette", "Rookie", "Peek-a-Boo", "Bad Boy", "Psycho" and "Feel My Rhythm" all reached the top three. The group also ventured into the Japanese music scene with the extended plays #Cookie Jar (2018) and Sappy (2019). Red Velvet have received numerous accolades, most notably the Golden Disc New Artist Award, the Mnet Asian Music Award for Best Female Group, the Korean Music Award for Best Pop Song, and the Asia Artist Award for Song of the Year.  Their wide domestic influence has been recognized by Forbes Korea Power Celebrity (placing 11th in 2018 and fifth in 2019); internationally, they were named one of the most popular K-pop groups by Time and Billboard and are the fifth most streamed K-pop artist worldwide on Spotify as of February 2020.

Career

2007–2015: Formation, early years and domestic breakthrough

Red Velvet began forming in 2007, when Seulgi was cast as a trainee by SM Entertainment via audition. Irene was cast in 2009, and Yeri in 2011. In 2012, Wendy and Joy were cast through the SM Global Auditions in Canada and Seoul, respectively. Preparations for Red Velvet's debut began in late 2013, with the introduction of Irene and Seulgi in December 2013 and Wendy in March 2014 through SM Entertainment's trainee group SM Rookies. Irene and Seulgi made cameo appearances in the music videos for "1-4-3 (I Love You)" and "Fantastic", respectively, by then-labelmate Henry; Seulgi also featured in Henry's "Butterfly". In March 2014, Wendy, then credited as a member of SR14G, was introduced through the release of "Because I Love You", her first solo soundtrack for the Mnet drama Mimi. Rumors of a group debut gained traction in July, which were subsequently confirmed by SM Entertainment. With the addition of member Joy, the quartet went on to debut in 2014 as SM Entertainment's first girl group in five years and first idol group since 2012.

Red Velvet made their official performance debut on August 1, 2014, on the program Music Bank. Their first single, "Happiness", was released digitally on August 4. It is an urban Europop song with "strong synth sound" and "African tribal beat", penned by Yoo Young-jin and composed by Will Simms, Chad Hugo (The Neptunes), Chris Holsten, and Anne Judith Wik (Dsign Music). The original music video for "Happiness" gained more than two million views on YouTube in its first 24 hours of release before being removed due to controversy over problematic background images and replaced with an edited version. "Happiness" was the second-most viewed K-pop music video worldwide in August 2014. Red Velvet became the first K-pop girl group to chart a debut single on the Billboard World Digital Songs chart, where it peaked at number four. The group released their second digital single "Be Natural" on October 13, 2014. The song, which includes a rap verse from then-SR14B member Taeyong, was a remake of the 2000 single of the same name by S.E.S., SM Entertainment's first girl group. The music video for the song was directed by Kwon Soon-wook and Shim Jae-won, choreographed by Kyle Hanagami, and featured original choreography seen in a pre-debut SM Rookies teaser of Irene and Seulgi. The group began promoting the release on October 9, making their first appearance on M Countdown. The song peaked at number 33 on the Gaon Digital Chart and at number six on the Billboard World Digital Songs chart. Red Velvet won Rookie of The Year at the Golden Disk Awards and Seoul Music Awards.

Following news reported that the group was filming in a desert just outside of Palmdale, California in February 2015, SM Entertainment announced that former SM Rookies member Yeri would officially join the group on March 11, 2015. Yeri had been one of the remaining SM Rookies female trainees to appear in the group's music video for "Happiness" and was first introduced to the public through a Rookie Station video and a group performance on SM Town Live World Tour IV. Preceded by the release of "Automatic", the group's first extended play (EP), Ice Cream Cake, was released on March 17, 2015, to critical and commercial success. The EP's second single, "Ice Cream Cake", marked their commercial breakthrough. On March 19, the group held an album showcase on Ice Cream TV, a program streamed through Naver Music and hosted by Shinee's Minho. On March 27, they won their first music show trophy on KBS' Music Bank, and the EP became the best-selling album by a girl group in South Korea in the first half of 2015 on the Hanteo Chart. In August 2015, Red Velvet held their first US performance during the annual KCON convention and music festival in Los Angeles, California.

The group released their first studio album, The Red, on September 9, 2015, also to critical and commercial success. Billboard's Jeff Benjamin praised The Red "an impressive, solid debut album", stating that it "indicates big things for the act that needs to follow in the footsteps of their beloved female label mates Girls' Generation and f(x)". The album debuted at number one on the Billboard World Albums Chart and South Korea's Gaon Album Chart, and appeared on Billboard's list of the "10 Best K-Pop Albums of 2015". Lead single "Dumb Dumb" peaked at number two on the Gaon Digital Chart and number three on the Billboard World Digital Songs chart, topping the list of the "Top 20 K-pop Tracks of 2015" by Dazed. The music video for "Dumb Dumb" was the only non-English language entry in Rolling Stone's "10 Best Music Videos of 2015". Red Velvet went on to take part in the SM Entertainment's special Christmas project, Winter Garden, releasing a digital single titled "Wish Tree" on December 18, 2015.

2016–2017: The Velvet, Russian Roulette and commercial success

Red Velvet's second EP The Velvet was intended to be released on March 16, 2016; however, SM Entertainment announced that the music video and album's release would be delayed "to guarantee a high quality of work". The EP and its lead single "One of These Nights" (Korean title: 7월 7일) was released on March 17. The Velvet showcased the smooth R&B-influenced "velvet" side of the group's concept as a direct follow-up to The Red, which highlighted the group's bright and bold "red" persona. On May 2, Red Velvet released the soundtrack Yossism for the children's animation series Telemonster. The group released their third EP, Russian Roulette, on September 7, 2016. It consists of seven tracks, including the lead single of the same name. On September 13, 2016, Red Velvet won their first music show trophy for "Russian Roulette" on The Show. The song peaked at number two on the Gaon Digital Chart and Billboard's World Digital Songs chart, making it their highest rankings on both charts at the time.

On February 1, 2017, Red Velvet released Rookie, a six-track EP, including the lead single "Rookie" and a solo track by Wendy titled "Last Love" (마지막 사랑). The EP topped the weekly Gaon Album Chart as well as the Billboard World Albums Chart. The group won their first music show trophy for "Rookie" on The Show on February 7, followed by wins on Show Champion, M Countdown, Music Bank, and Inkigayo. On March 31, the group released the first single for SM Station 2, titled "Would U". From July 27 to September 10, Red Velvet starred in their first reality television program, Level Up Project, which showcased footage of their trip to Thailand. The show aired for 23 episodes and was shot without member Joy, who was filming the drama The Liar and His Lover, in which she was the female lead. On July 9, 2017, Red Velvet released their first summer EP, The Red Summer, with lead single "Red Flavor" (빨간 맛). The EP was a commercial success, topping the Gaon Album Chart and the Billboard World Albums Chart. It was Red Velvet's third number-one album and set the record for most number one albums on the chart by a K-pop girl group. Additionally, "Red Flavor" debuted atop the Gaon Digital Chart, with the other four songs on the EP also charting in the top 50.

In August 2017, Red Velvet's rendition of Yoon Jong Shin's "Rebirth", made possible by the show Snowball Project, was officially released as part of SM Station. On August 18, the group held their first solo concert, titled Red Room, to an audience of 11,000. Although it was initially planned to be a two-day concert, a third show was added due to demand. On October 4, SM Entertainment announced through their Japanese website that the group would have their first showcase in Japan. The Red Velvet Premium Showcase F'U'N Room Reveluv-Baby Party took place at the Yebisu Garden Hall in Tokyo on November 6. They performed the Japanese versions of their Korean songs "Dumb Dumb" and "Red Flavor" for the first time. After wrapping up the showcase, it was officially announced that Red Velvet's Red Room concerts would be extended to Japan in 2018.

Red Velvet revisited their "velvet" image by releasing their second studio album, Perfect Velvet, on November 17, 2017, with lead single "Peek-a-Boo". Unlike their first "velvet" release, the album and single were both commercially successful. The album peaked atop Billboard's World Albums chart; "Peek-a-Boo" peaked at number two on Billboard's World Digital Songs chart, tying their 2016 single "Russian Roulette". In South Korea, the album and "Peek-a-Boo" both charted at number two on the Gaon Album Chart and Gaon Digital Chart. Through the release of Rookie, The Red Summer and Perfect Velvet in the same year, along with the popularity of the single "Red Flavor" and the success of their albums overseas, Red Velvet achieved "top girl group" status in South Korea. This was further cemented when Perfect Velvet sold over 100,000 copies and "Peek-A-Boo" won first place on the music program Inkigayo on their last day of promotions for the song, proving its longevity on the charts.

2018: Worldwide recognition and Summer Magic
The group released a reissue of Perfect Velvet, The Perfect Red Velvet, on January 29, 2018. It included three new tracks, in addition to all the songs from Perfect Velvet, with the single "Bad Boy" promoted as the lead single. The album topped the Gaon Album Chart upon release, while "Bad Boy" debuted at number two on the Gaon Digital Chart. The Perfect Red Velvet also charted at number three on Billboard's World Albums chart, while "Bad Boy" debuted at number two on the World Digital Songs chart. Red Velvet also entered the top 10 of Billboards Social 50 chart for the first time at number nine. The album also marked the first time the group appeared on the Canadian Hot 100, entering at number 87 and becoming only the seventh K-pop artist and the third female K-pop act to appear on the chart. Red Velvet promoted the song on various South Korean music shows, earning their first music show win for "Bad Boy" on February 8 on Show Champion. In December, Billboard named "Bad Boy" the best K-pop song of the year.

Red Velvet's solo concert Red Room was held in Tokyo, Japan on March 28 and 29 at the Musashino Forest Sports Plaza, a 10,000-seat capacity venue built for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. On the second day, the group announced that they would be officially debuting in Japan in July. On May 29, 2018, Red Velvet performed alongside other selected South Korean artists for an inter-Korean concert in Pyongyang, North Korea, making them the first artist from SM Entertainment in fifteen years since Shinhwa to perform in North Korea. Joy was unable to perform with the group due to scheduling conflicts with the filming of Tempted. On April 29, 2018, Red Velvet held their first fan meeting at the Rosemont Theater in Chicago, to an audience of 4,000.  The event was first solo performance by a female K-pop group in the United States since 2016. The group later toured six Japanese cities in May and June to a total of 20,000 people. Their debut Japanese EP, #Cookie Jar, was released on July 4, 2018 by label Avex Trax and included six new songs, including the Japanese versions of "Dumb Dumb", "Russian Roulette" and "Red Flavor". Other songs on the album were "#Cookie Jar" ,"Aitai-tai", and "Cause It's You". The EP debuted at number three on the Oricon Weekly Albums chart and sold 26,124 copies in its first week of release in Japan.

On July 19, 2018, Red Velvet announced that they would be making a comeback and that they had filmed their music video outdoors in Gyeonggi-do. The songs from the new album were performed at Red Velvet's second concert, Redmare, held in Seoul on August 4–5. On August 6, Red Velvet released their second summer EP, Summer Magic, containing eight tracks, including one bonus track and one iTunes exclusive track. Its lead single "Power Up" earned the group a "perfect all-kill" for the first time in their career when it topped all of South Korea's real-time, daily and weekly music charts upon release. The music video for "Power Up" was the only K-pop music video on Billboard's list of 50 best music videos of 2018. In September and October, the group brought their Redmare concerts to Bangkok, Taipei and Singapore. Red Velvet released their third album in the year and fifth EP overall on November 30. The six-track EP, RBB, was supported by lead single "RBB (Really Bad Boy)" and its English version.

2019–2021: The ReVe Festival trilogy and Queendom

On January 6, 2019, Red Velvet released their first Japanese digital single, "Sappy". They released another Japanese single, "Sayonara", on February 20. Both were included in their second Japanese EP, Sappy, released on May 29; the EP also included Japanese versions of "Peek-a-Boo", "Rookie" and "Power Up", as well as the original song "Swimming Pool". In February, Red Velvet embarked on the North American leg of their Redmare Tour. They held shows in Los Angeles, Dallas, Miami, Chicago and Newark in the United States and Toronto and Vancouver in Canada, becoming the first K-pop girl group to hold a North American tour in three years. On April 5, Red Velvet were featured on a remixed version of "Close to Me" by Ellie Goulding and Diplo, with members Yeri and Wendy contributing Korean lyrics to the song. The song won Choice Electronic/Dance Song at the 2019 Teen Choice Awards.

On June 19, Red Velvet released the EP The ReVe Festival: Day 1, which featured the lead single "Zimzalabim" and served as the first entry of The ReVe Festival trilogy. Commercially, the CD version of the EP debuted atop the Gaon Weekly Album Chart, and sold 156,993 copies by the end of 2019 in South Korea, placing thirty-seventh for the year. It was followed by the second EP of the series, The ReVe Festival: Day 2, and its lead single "Umpah Umpah" on August 20. The album was a commercial success and debuted atop of Gaon Weekly Album Chart, becoming the group's tenth number one album on the chart and extending their record as the girl group with most number one albums on the chart. The CD version of the EP debuted on the monthly chart of Gaon Album Chart with 107,554 copies sold; became the fourth best-selling album of the month August 2019; and placed fifty-first for the year, with 111,654 copies sold. In the same month, Red Velvet also released a soundtrack, titled "See the Stars", for the tvN drama Hotel Del Luna. On November 26, "Umpah Umpah" won Song of the Year at the 2019 Asia Artist Awards. The final release of the trilogy, The ReVe Festival: Finale, was released on December 23 as a repackage of two previous EPs, led by the single "Psycho". In November 2020, "Psycho" received platinum certification from the Korea Music Content Association for surpassing 100 million streams. To promote The ReVe Festival trilogy, the group embarked on their third tour, La Rouge, which began in Seoul on November 23 and 24. In early 2020, La Rouge continued as an arena tour in Japan without Wendy, who was injured in a stage accident during rehearsals at the 2019 SBS Gayo Daejeon on December 25. After three dates in Japan, the final two La Rouge concerts at Yokohama were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2020, Red Velvet were featured in the animated musical film Trolls World Tour, in which they represented the K-pop trolls, and their song "Russian Roulette" was featured in the film. The film had the biggest digital debut of all time and broke streaming records. On August 21, Red Velvet released their SM Station single, a cover of BoA's "Milky Way", as part of a project celebrating BoA's 20th debut anniversary. The release also marked Wendy's partial return to the group, eight months after her stage accident. On October 17, Red Velvet released another soundtrack for the tvN drama Start-Up, titled "Future". Red Velvet was the fifth most-streamed K-pop artist on Spotify in 2020.

On January 1, 2021, the group returned as five members after a one year of hiatus due to Wendy's injuries, for SM Town Live Culture Humanity, an online concert broadcast live. On August 16, they released their sixth Korean EP, Queendom, alongside the lead single of the same name. In South Korea, the EP debuted at number two on the Gaon Album Chart. The EP debuted at number 17 on the UK Digital Albums, and at number 41 on Billboard Japan Hot Albums chart. In the United States, Queendom debuted at numbers 16 and 11 on Billboards Heatseekers Albums and World Albums chart, respectively.

2022–present: The ReVe Festival 2022, Bloom, the R to V Tour, and Chill Kill
On February 21, 2022, it was announced that the group would hold a special live concert titled The ReVe Festival: Prologue on March 19–20. The event was postponed until further notice as Irene, Joy, and Yeri tested positive for COVID-19 on March 14. On March 21, they released the EP The ReVe Festival 2022 – Feel My Rhythm, a sequel of their 2019 trilogy The ReVe Festival, alongside lead single "Feel My Rhythm". By March 20, 2022, it was reported that The ReVe Festival 2022 – Feel My Rhythm accumulated 516,866 total pre-orders, a career high for Red Velvet, making them half-million sellers.  The EP debuted at number two on the Gaon Weekly Album Chart in the chart issue dated March 20–26, 2022, before peaking at number one in the chart issue dated April 10–16, 2022, becoming the group's twelfth number-one album and extending their record as the girl group with the most number-one albums on the chart.
As of April 2022, The ReVe Festival 2022 – Feel My Rhythm sold 653,610 copies on the Gaon Chart, making it the group's best-selling physical release of their career. It was certified Double Platinum domestically for selling over 500,000 copies.

Red Velvet's first Japanese studio album, Bloom, featuring the lead single "Wildside", was released on April 6, 2022. Bloom debuted at number five on Japan's weekly Oricon Albums Chart in the chart issue dated April 4–10, 2022. It also peaked at number two on the component daily albums chart, and at number two on the Billboard Japan Hot Albums chart.

The group released the EP The ReVe Festival 2022 – Birthday, alongside the lead single "Birthday", on November 28, 2022. On December 14, 2022, the group released the collaborative single "Beautiful Christmas" with labelmates Aespa for SM Town's album 2022 Winter SM Town: SMCU Palace.

In March 2023, SM announced that the group's fourth concert tour, R to V, would start in early April at KSPO Dome in Seoul.

In August 2023, SM confirmed that Seulgi had renewed her contract with SM, although the duration of the renewal was not specified.

In September 2023, SM confirmed that the group will release their third studio album in November, marking it as the group's first Korean studio album release in six years after their second studio album Perfect Velvet in 2017. On October 18, Red Velvet announced their third studio album Chill Kill would be released on November 13. The album contains ten tracks including the lead single of the same name.

Members
 Irene ()
 Seulgi ()
 Wendy ()
 Joy ()
 Yeri ()

Timeline

Note: Yeri officially joined Red Velvet on March 11, 2015.

Sub-unit and solo endeavors

On April 21, 2020, SM Entertainment confirmed the formation of Red Velvet's first sub-unit, Red Velvet – Irene & Seulgi, composed of members Irene and Seulgi. The duo released their debut extended play, Monster, on July 6.

Wendy was the first member of Red Velvet to debut as a soloist; her debut EP Like Water was released on April 5, 2021. The five-track album includes a duet titled "Best Friend" with Seulgi, as well as the lead single "Like Water", which compares one's existence and meaning to water and how it flows like fate. It conveyed a message of gratitude for the people who stood by her and hope for a new journey. Joy was the second member to make a solo debut, releasing her debut EP Hello on May 31, 2021. It featured six remakes of songs from 1990s and 2000s, including the lead single "Hello", originally released by Park Hye-kyung in 2003. Seulgi was the third member to debut as a soloist, releasing her first EP 28 Reasons on October 4, 2022.

Artistry

Musical styles and themes

Red Velvet's music and public image play on contrasting "red" and "velvet" sides. The "red" side showcases a bubbly and vibrant image, while their "velvet" side is more mature and elegant. Their recent work mixes both sides to convey sensuality, color, and sophistication. Musically, the "red" side is predominantly of the pop genre, and their "velvet" is primarily R&B and ballads; however, the group also experiments with other genres. Red Velvet's dual concept also affects the members' styling. In their "red" concept, they are usually dressed in colorful clothing, such as pastel sweaters and skirts in "Ice Cream Cake" and red doll costumes in "Dumb Dumb". They are dressed more maturely for their "velvet" side, such as their suits in "Be Natural".

Image and reception
Red Velvet have been lauded for breaking stereotypes among popular girl groups in South Korea, who tend to fall under either "cute and pure" or "sexy". In a country where girl groups' fanbases are mostly male, Taylor Glasby of Dazed Digital noted that the majority of Red Velvet's fans are young women. IZE Magazine named the group as one of the successful female figures who helped transform the "passive image" of South Korean women in 2017. Red Velvet's musical versatility has led to recognition by Time magazine as one of the genre's standout K-pop groups. Janelle Okwodu from Vogue wrote that throughout their career, "the critically acclaimed South Korean girl group has dominated the charts with their innovative pop sound". Billboard reported that Red Velvet were the overall favorite K-pop group of 2018 among fans of every gender and sexual identity on the genre-specific community on popular internet forum Reddit.

Red Velvet have topped the Girl Group Brand Power Ranking, published by the Korean Corporate Reputation Research Institute, several times. In November 2019, Billboard crowned Red Velvet as "the best idol group alive" and named "Red Flavor" as the second-best K-pop song of the 2010s. Red Velvet's performance in Pyongyang in 2018—which made them the seventh idol group to perform in North Korea and the first since 2003—was part of a wider diplomatic initiative between South Korea and North Korea and earned the group a commendation from South Korea's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism for their contributions in spreading South Korean popular culture. Discussing the Korean Wave in 2018, the director of the Korea Foundation for International Cultural Exchange cited Red Velvet as a major contributor and one of the country's most talented idol groups who have "largely promoted K-pop" around the world.

Discography

Korean albums
 The Red (2015)
 Perfect Velvet (2017)
 Chill Kill (2023)

Japanese album
 Bloom (2022)

Filmography

Film

Reality show

Video albums
 Red Velvet DVD & Blu-ray Red Velvet 1st Concert "Red Room" in Japan
 Red Velvet DVD & Blu-ray " Red Velvet 2nd Concert "REDMARE" in Japan

Concerts and tours

Headlining
 Red Room (2017–2018)
 Redmare (2018–2019)
 La Rouge (2019–2020)
 R to V (2023)

Concert participation
 SM Town Live World Tour IV (2014–2015)
 SM Town Live World Tour V (2016)
 SM Town Live World Tour VI (2017–2018)
 A-nation Online 2020 (2020)
 SM Town Live Culture Humanity (2021)
 SM Town Live 2022: SMCU Express at Kwangya (2022)
 SM Town Live 2022: SMCU Express at Human City Suwon (2022)
 SM Town Live 2022: SMCU Express at Tokyo (2022)
 SM Town Live 2023: SMCU Palace at Kwangya (2023)

Awards and nominations

See also
 List of best-selling girl groups

References

External links

 Official website (2020 archive)

2014 establishments in South Korea
Avex Trax artists
K-pop music groups
Melon Music Award winners
MAMA Award winners
Musical groups established in 2014
Musical groups from Seoul
South Korean musical quintets
SM Entertainment artists
SM Town
South Korean girl groups
South Korean dance music groups
South Korean contemporary R&B musical groups
Japanese-language singers of South Korea
South Korean expatriates in Japan