St Mary and St Nicholas Church, Beaumaris, an Anglican church, is a fourteenth century Grade I listed building in Beaumaris, Anglesey, Wales.

History
The church was founded around 1330, initially as a chapel of ease to Llandegfan, to serve the new town.

Description
It retains a 14th-century decorated nave, with four-bay arcades, although the chancel was rebuilt around 1500 in Perpendicular style.  The west tower is of four stages, with a battlemented parapet. The upper section was remodelled in the early 19th century.  The north vestry and south porch are probably nineteenth century. The exterior is mainly Perpendicular.

There are sixteenth century chancel stalls, and also the coffin and lid of Joan, wife of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, married at the age of 15, and illegitimate daughter of King John. There are late fifteenth to early sixteenth century misericords, although with eight 1902 replacements. It is likely the old misericords came from the friary at Llan-faes.  The church also contains the tomb of William Bulkeley, (died c. 1490), deputy constable of the castle, and of his wife. This is made of Midlands alabaster. A number of monuments to leading sixteenth and seventeenth century Establishment figures (notably Sir Henry Sidney, Lord President of Wales and Lord Deputy of Ireland, a parson son of Sir Julius Caesar and a niece of George Herbert) adorn the chancel east wall. The chancel north wall contains a medieval brass plaque and a monument to an eighteenth century Viscount Bulkeley.

The clock tower has a ring of bells and the four clock faces and their mechanism are maintained by Beaumaris borough.

St Mary's and St Nicholas's is located in a large churchyard, with Church Street to the east and Steeple Lane to the west. A number of slate tombstones line the north wall of the churchyard providing detail of sociological interest (occupations etc.). A large tomb of a local polymath stands near the south porch; other slate tombstones have been destroyed near the south path due to the use of mechanical appliances.

See also
 Grade I listed buildings in Anglesey

References

External links
Artworks at St Mary's and St Nicholas's Church, Beaumaris

14th-century church buildings in Wales
Church in Wales church buildings
Grade I listed churches in Anglesey
Saints Mary and Nicholas


title: Harold Stephens (American football)

text:
Ernest Harold Stephens (October 30, 1938 – May 15, 2003) was an American football quarterback who played one season with the New York Titans of the American Football League (AFL). He played college football at Hardin–Simmons University and attended Abilene High School in Abilene, Texas. He won the Sammy Baugh Trophy in 1960.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
Fanbase profile

1938 births
2003 deaths
Players of American football from Texas
Abilene High School (Abilene, Texas) alumni
American football quarterbacks
Hardin–Simmons Cowboys football players
New York Titans (AFL) players
Sportspeople from Taylor County, Texas


title: Swimming at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' 200 metre individual medley

text:
The girls' 200 metre individual medley event in swimming at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics took place on 17 August at the Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre in Nanjing, China.

Results

Heats
The heats were held at 11:06.

Final
The final was held at 18:46.

References

Swimming at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics


title: Typhoon Abe (1990)

text:
Typhoon Abe, known as Typhoon Iliang in the Philippines, was the fourteenth named storm of 1990 Pacific typhoon season. Forming on August 23 from a tropical disturbance, the depression which would eventually develop into Typhoon Abe initially tracked in a steady west-northwestward direction. As a result of an intense monsoon surge, Abe's trajectory briefly changed to an eastward then northward path before returning to its original track. Abe only intensified by a small amount between 00:00 UTC August 24 and 06:00 UTC August 27 due to the disruptive effects of the surge, and on August 30, Abe peaked in intensity as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. After peaking in intensity, Abe crossed the Ryukyu Islands and the East China Sea, making landfall in China where it affected the provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangsu before entering the Yellow Sea, crossing South Korea, and finally transitioning into an extratropical cyclone.

Typhoon Abe killed 108–195 people after it caused flooding and landslides in the Philippines and Taiwan, ravaged coastal areas of China, and brought high waves to Japan. Abe, which is responsible for killing 108 in China, affected half of Zhejiang's land area and a fourth of its population, leaving thousands homeless and causing ¥3.5 billion yuan (RMB, $741.5–743 million USD) to be lost in damages. Additional damage and one fatality occurred in Okinawa Prefecture in Japan, where at least ¥890 million yen (JPY, $6 million USD) in damage was caused.

Meteorological history

The tropical disturbance which would eventually intensify to become Typhoon Abe was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) in a Significant Tropical Weather Advisory as an area of persistent atmospheric convection on August 23 at 01:00 UTC. Located near the end of what the JTWC considered to be "an active monsoon trough", the initial minimum sea-level pressure was estimated to be approximately . Following this mention, the disturbance tracked in a mostly west-northwestward direction, traveling beneath a subtropical ridge, with a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert being issued at 06:00 UTC based on the improving state of the low.

Following an increase in the storm's central convection, the JTWC determined at 00:00 UTC August 24 that it had intensified into a tropical storm which it assigned the designation 15W, and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began to monitor the system six hours later. The JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm on its scale at 00:00 UTC August 25, and by the time twelve hours had passed, a strong surge in the monsoon westerlies had started to develop to the south of the storm's convective area, slowing its westward movement. After enhanced convection associated with the surge on the east side of Abe's main convective cloud mass wrapped around the north, the storm's center of circulation reorganized to the north between the competing convective masses. At 06:00 UTC August 27, the JMA upgraded Abe to a severe tropical storm with winds of 95 km/h (60 mph), and as a ragged eye developed in the storm, the JTWC upgraded Abe to typhoon status six hours later. Late on August 28, the JMA upgraded Abe to a typhoon on its scale, with ten-minute sustained winds of .

Following the monsoon surge, Abe returned to its original west-northwestward track, further intensifying to become a Category 2-equivalent typhoon at 12:00 UTC on August 29. A weakness appeared in the subtropical ridge in association with a short-wave trough, and Typhoon Abe recurved through this weakness, taking it along the coast of China. Prior to making landfall, Abe attained a minimum atmospheric pressure of 955 millibars (hPa; 28.20 inHg) on August 29 at 18:00 UTC as determined by the JMA. It was found by the JTWC that Abe's one-minute sustained winds peaked at 165 km/h (105 mph) at 00:00 UTC August 30, and the JMA determined that its ten-minute sustained winds peaked at 140 km/h (85 mph) at 18:00 UTC on August 29. As a direct result of this interaction with land, Abe weakened to a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC on August 31, entering the Yellow Sea and crossing South Korea in the 30 hours that followed. It was determined at 18:00 UTC on September 1 that the storm had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. The JTWC ceased tracking the system at 06:00 UTC September 2, and the JMA followed suit 36 hours later.

Impacts
In the Philippines where Abe was known by the PAGASA name "Iliang", as a result of flooding and landslides caused by Abe, about 150 homes were washed away along Dalton Pass, leaving 1,500 people without homes and an additional 85 people dead. Rainfall-induced landslides ravaged areas previously damaged by an earthquake a month earlier, with landslide-caused fatalities totaling 32 in the Philippine provinces of Benguet, Nueva Ecija, and Nueva Vizcaya, Significant flooding in Luzon resulted in the deaths of 12 people in Manila, and Philippine Airlines responded by suspending domestic air services. In response to flooding caused by Typhoon Abe and Typhoon Becky in the Philippines, President of the Philippines Corazon Aquino issued a proclamation declaring the existence of a state of public calamity for affected areas of the country.

Parts of Okinawa Prefecture in Japan experienced high winds and heavy rainfall as Typhoon Abe passed nearby. Precipitation totals as high as  and winds of 115 km/h (72 mph) were recorded in Ohara, and total forestry losses for Ishigaki totaled ¥500,000 yen (JPY, $3,000 USD). Some parts of Ishigaki experienced a suspension of their water supply, and about 800 households experienced power failures. Hundreds of millions of yen in agricultural losses, especially to sugar cane, occurred due to the typhoon, totaling ¥878.53 million yen (JPY, $6.0882 million USD), and losses in the water industry totaled an additional ¥12.02 million yen (JPY, $8,330 USD). The area also experienced airline flight cancellations, leaving thousands stranded while the storm passed. One person was drawn out to sea after winds of up to 110 km/h (70 mph) and high waves affected the coast.

In Taiwan, one person was killed and six others were injured as Typhoon Abe traveled across the East China Sea. Approximately 70,000 households had their supply of electricity cut off, and floods and landslides occurred as a result of heavy rainfall.

Early on August 31, Typhoon Abe made landfall over Zhejiang Province in China approximately  south of Shanghai. In Zhejiang, where Abe was reportedly "the worst typhoon to hit the province in 34 years", casualties of the storm numbered in the hundreds, with 65 people rendered dead, 839 wounded, and an additional 45 reported missing. Significant flooding affected vast swaths of farmland and stranded about 660,000 people. Approximately a quarter of the province's population, about ten million people, was affected by the storm, which left 41,000 people without their homes and brought about the collapse of 21,800 houses. Additionally, about 1,000 ships at sea were destroyed, and the combined direct economic losses which resulted from Abe were about ¥3.5 billion yuan (RMB, 741.5–743 million USD). The adjacent province of Jiangsu also experienced significant impacts; 23 people died and hundreds of others were injured as a result of the storm. Houses suffered serious impacts, with 80,000 destroyed and 120,000 damaged. Over 1.34 million hectares of fields were flooded. Three people were killed and 46 were injured in Shanghai, and a suburban area experienced a tornado. Altogether, an estimated 108 people were killed in China.

Abe brought heavy rain and gale-force winds to South Korea prior to transitioning to an extratropical cyclone near the east coast of the peninsula.

See also

Typhoon Saomai
Typhoon Chan-hom (2015)

Notes

References

1990 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoons in China
Typhoons in Japan
Typhoons in the Philippines
Typhoons in Taiwan
Typhoons


title: Nokia Asha 300

text:
The Nokia Asha 300 is a cell phone which was first released in November 2011. Specifications include a 2.4-inch touch screen, 5 MP camera, Radio FM, MP3 support, a microSD memory card slot and a 24-day standby time, making it one of the leading phones on the market of its time for battery life.

See also
 Nokia Asha 302
 List of Nokia products
 Comparison of smartphones

References

External links
Nokia Developer device page for Asha 300
http://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/mobile/phone/300/specifications/

Nokia smartphones
Mobile phones introduced in 2011


title: Ben Judge

text:
Ben Judge (born 18 September 1983) is a former Australian professional snooker player, from Perth.

Snooker career
Judge, as an amateur played in a pre-qualifying match for the 2000 World Snooker Championship  losing 5–3 to Atthasit Mahitthi. In 2011, Judge attempted the qualify for the World Snooker Tour via the Q School but was unsuccessful. A year later, Judge won a place on the professional tour for the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons after winning the 2012 Oceania Championship, 6–2 over James Mifsud. He had two wins, one against Sam Baird in the Last 96 stage of the 2012 Shanghai Masters qualifiers and the other against Alan McManus in the 2012 Gdynia Open Last 128 stage. He last played in the qualifiers for the 2013 German Masters in November 2012 and resigned from the tour in November 2013.

Judge won two group matches at the 2014 Six-red World Championship to qualify for the last 32, where Stephen Maguire beat him 6–4. He was eliminated in the group stage a year later and was defeated in the wildcard of the 2015 Australian Goldfields Open by Matthew Selt.

Performance and rankings timeline

Notes
A.  Judge resigned from the tour in November 2013, halfway through the 2013–14 season.

References

External links
 Profile on worldsnooker.com

 Profile on Pro Snooker Blog

Australian snooker players
Sportsmen from Western Australia
1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Perth, Western Australia


title: Pulipaarvai

text:
Pulipaarvai () is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Praveen Gandhi who also co-produced, composed and wrote all the songs and handled editing and art respectively. It is based on the real life of Balachandran Prabhakaran, the youngest son of the LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran, who is widely believed to have been executed after he surrendered to the Sri Lankan Army during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War. Gandhi's inspiration to make the movie came after seeing documentaries about Balachandran's execution on Channel 4 and BBC.

Cast
Sathyadev as Balachandran
"Vendhar" Madhan as Velupillai Prabhakaran
Nirmal as Amudhan
Aleena as Selvi
Manoj Aiyoor as Jayasekara
S Madhan as Kirubakaran

Reception
M. Suganth of The Times of India opined that "We are finally left with the feeling that Pravin Gandhi, in his eagerness to boast the valour of the rebels, has failed to convincingly capture the irony involved in the army winning the battle but losing the war". Malini Mannath of The New Indian Express wrote that "Praveen Gandhi scripts, directs, edits and handles the art, lyrics and the music department. If only he had made up his mind as to what exactly he wanted to convey!".

Box office
The film was a box office failure.

References

External links
Pulipaarvai Website
Official trailer

2014 films
Indian films based on actual events
Indian biographical films
Films about the Sri Lankan Civil War
2010s Tamil-language films
2010s biographical films
Films directed by Praveen Gandhi


title: Laksevåg Church

text:
Laksevåg Church () is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Bergen Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the borough of Laksevåg in the city of Bergen. It is the church for the Laksevåg parish which is part of the Bergen domprosti (arch-deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1875 using plans drawn up by the architects Peter Andreas Blix and Theodor August Fromholz. The church seats about 432 people.

History
In the early 1870s, plans were made for a new church in Laksevåg. It was built on the basis of architectural drawings by Peter Andreas Blix which was edited by another architect, Theodor August Fromholz. The lead builder for the project was Askild Aase. The church was built in 1874-1875 and it was consecrated on 12 May 1875. In 1885, a second sacristy was built on the west side of the choir. From 1915-1935, the church was rebuilt and expanded in several stages. During the construction work, the church was given more of a Neo Baroque architectural style. This work was planned first by Georg Greve (until 1927), and later by Thorolf Hals-Frølich. In 1993, a wing to the north was constructed to add more space in the church.

Media gallery

See also
List of churches in Bjørgvin

References

Churches in Bergen
Long churches in Norway
Wooden churches in Norway
19th-century Church of Norway church buildings
Churches completed in 1875
1875 establishments in Norway


title: 2011 KBS Drama Awards

text:
The 2011 KBS Drama Awards (), is a ceremony honoring the outstanding achievement in television on the Korean Broadcasting System (KBS) network for the year of 2011. It was held on December 31, 2011 and hosted by actress Han Hye-jin, actor Joo Won, and anchorman Jun Hyun-moo.

Nominations and winners
(Winners denoted in bold)

References

External links
http://www.kbs.co.kr/drama/2011award/

KBS Drama Awards
KBS Drama Awards
KBS Drama Awards


title: Bimetric gravity

text:
Bimetric gravity or bigravity refers to two different classes of theories. The first class of theories relies on modified mathematical theories of gravity (or gravitation) in which two metric tensors are used instead of one. The second metric may be introduced at high energies, with the implication that the speed of light could be energy-dependent, enabling models with a variable speed of light.

If the two metrics are dynamical and interact, a first possibility implies two graviton modes, one massive and one massless; such bimetric theories are then closely related to massive gravity. Several bimetric theories with massive gravitons exist, such as those attributed to Nathan Rosen (1909–1995) or Mordehai Milgrom with relativistic extensions of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). More recently, developments in massive gravity have also led to new consistent theories of bimetric gravity. Though none has been shown to account for physical observations more accurately or more consistently than the theory of general relativity, Rosen's theory has been shown to be inconsistent with observations of the Hulse–Taylor binary pulsar. Some of these theories lead to cosmic acceleration at late times and are therefore alternatives to dark energy. Bimetric gravity is also at odds with measurements of gravitational waves emitted by the neutron-star merger GW170817.

On the contrary, the second class of bimetric gravity theories does not rely on massive gravitons and does not modify Newton's law, but instead describes the universe as a manifold having two coupled Riemannian metrics, where matter populating the two sectors interact through gravitation (and antigravitation if the topology and the Newtonian approximation considered introduce negative mass and negative energy states in cosmology as an alternative to dark matter and dark energy). Some of these cosmological models also use a variable speed of light in the high energy density state of the radiation-dominated era of the universe, challenging the inflation hypothesis.

Rosen's bigravity (1940 to 1989)
In general relativity (GR), it is assumed that the distance between two points in spacetime is given by the metric tensor. Einstein's field equation is then used to calculate the form of the metric based on the distribution of energy and momentum.

In 1940, Rosen proposed that at each point of space-time, there is a Euclidean metric tensor  in addition to the Riemannian metric tensor . Thus at each point of space-time there are two metrics:

The first metric tensor, , describes the geometry of space-time and thus the gravitational field. The second metric tensor, , refers to the flat space-time and describes the inertial forces. The Christoffel symbols formed from  and  are denoted by  and  respectively.

Since the difference of two connections is a tensor, one can define the tensor field  given by:

Two kinds of covariant differentiation then arise: -differentiation based on  (denoted by a semicolon, e.g. ), and covariant differentiation based on  (denoted by a slash, e.g. ). Ordinary partial derivatives are represented by a comma (e.g. ). Let  and  be the Riemann curvature tensors calculated from  and , respectively. In the above approach the curvature tensor  is zero, since  is the flat space-time metric.

A straightforward calculation yields the Riemann curvature tensor

Each term on the right hand side is a tensor. It is seen that from GR one can go to the new formulation just by replacing {:} by  and ordinary differentiation by covariant -differentiation,  by , integration measure  by , where ,  and . Having once introduced  into the theory, one has a great number of new tensors and scalars at one's disposal. One can set up other field equations other than Einstein's. It is possible that some of these will be more satisfactory for the description of nature.

The geodesic equation in bimetric relativity (BR) takes the form

It is seen from equations () and () that  can be regarded as describing the inertial field because it vanishes by a suitable coordinate transformation.

Being the quantity  a tensor, it is independent of any coordinate system and hence may be regarded as describing the permanent gravitational field.

Rosen (1973) has found BR satisfying the covariance and equivalence principle. In 1966, Rosen showed that the introduction of the space metric into the framework of general relativity not only enables one to get the energy momentum density tensor of the gravitational field, but also enables one to obtain this tensor from a variational principle. The field equations of BR derived from the variational principle are

where

or

with

,

and  is the energy-momentum tensor.

The variational principle also leads to the relation

.

Hence from ()

,

which implies that in a BR, a test particle in a gravitational field moves on a geodesic with respect to

Rosen continued improving his bimetric gravity theory with additional publications in 1978 and 1980, in which he made an attempt "to remove singularities arising in general relativity by modifying it so as to take into account the existence of a fundamental rest frame in the universe." In 1985 Rosen tried again to remove singularities and pseudo-tensors from General Relativity. Twice in 1989 with publications in March and November Rosen further developed his concept of elementary particles in a bimetric field of General Relativity.

It is found that the BR and GR theories differ in the following cases:
 propagation of electromagnetic waves
 the external field of a high density star
 the behaviour of intense gravitational waves propagating through a strong static gravitational field.

The predictions of gravitational radiation in Rosen's theory have been shown since 1992 to be in conflict with observations of the Hulse–Taylor binary pulsar.

Massive bigravity

Since 2010 there has been renewed interest in bigravity after the development by Claudia de Rham, Gregory Gabadadze, and Andrew Tolley (dRGT) of a healthy theory of massive gravity. Massive gravity is a bimetric theory in the sense that nontrivial interaction terms for the metric  can only be written down with the help of a second metric, as the only nonderivative term that can be written using one metric is a cosmological constant. In the dRGT theory, a nondynamical "reference metric"  is introduced, and the interaction terms are built out of the matrix square root of .

In dRGT massive gravity, the reference metric must be specified by hand. One can give the reference metric an Einstein–Hilbert term, in which case  is not chosen but instead evolves dynamically in response to  and possibly matter. This massive bigravity was introduced by Fawad Hassan and Rachel Rosen as an extension of dRGT massive gravity.

The dRGT theory is crucial to developing a theory with two dynamical metrics because general bimetric theories are plagued by the Boulware–Deser ghost, a possible sixth polarization for a massive graviton. The dRGT potential is constructed specifically to render this ghost nondynamical, and as long as the kinetic term for the second metric is of the Einstein–Hilbert form, the resulting theory remains ghost-free.

The action for the ghost-free massive bigravity is given by

As in standard general relativity, the metric  has an Einstein–Hilbert kinetic term proportional to the Ricci scalar  and a minimal coupling to the matter Lagrangian , with  representing all of the matter fields, such as those of the Standard Model. An Einstein–Hilbert term is also given for . Each metric has its own Planck mass, denoted  and  respectively. The interaction potential is the same as in dRGT massive gravity. The  are dimensionless coupling constants and  (or specifically ) is related to the mass of the massive graviton. This theory propagates seven degrees of freedom, corresponding to a massless graviton and a massive graviton (although the massive and massless states do not align with either of the metrics).

The interaction potential is built out of the elementary symmetric polynomials  of the eigenvalues of the matrices  or , parametrized by dimensionless coupling constants  or , respectively. Here  is the matrix square root of the matrix . Written in index notation,  is defined by the relation

The  can be written directly in terms of  as

where brackets indicate a trace, . It is the particular antisymmetric combination of terms in each of the  which is responsible for rendering the Boulware–Deser ghost nondynamical.

See also
 Alternatives to general relativity
 DGP model
 Scalar–tensor theory

References

Theories of gravity
General relativity


title: Catasauqua Creek

text:
Catasauqua Creek is an ENE–SSW oriented creek draining  (straight line distance) from springs of the Blue Mountain barrier ridge several miles below the Lehigh Gap in the ridge-and-valley Appalachians located upriver and opposite from Allentown in Lehigh and Northampton counties in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania.

The mouth of the creek outlets directly opposite West Catasauqua just below Race Street bridge across the Lehigh River, the latest of the several successor structures built to replace the original wooden bridge built in 1839-1840 to carry heavy wagons of iron ore to the new furnaces being built within the new village aborning as the Lehigh Crane Iron Company created the infrastructure to father the iron and steel industry of the Lehigh Valley.

The head of the Creek begins in the Dannersville neighborhood of Bath at 40°44′16″N latitude 75°25′58″W longitude (or 40.737849,-75.432824), forming a steep sided ravine almost immediately as it gathers waters over its first mile. As it passes Sauerkraut Hill, it gathers two major tributary creeks and leaves a steeper terrain for a gentler run over the last four miles.

History
Catasauqua Creek was the water course along which six of the first eight successful anthracite-fueled iron smelting hot blast furnaces in North America were erected for it was chosen in 1839 as a mill stream by Erskine Hazard and Josiah White, co-founders of the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company, along which to establish their new subsidiary: the Lehigh Crane Iron Company with imported Welsh expert David Thomas as superintendent to construct and operate blast furnaces.

The area first appears in the historical record as a manorial deed in William Penn's era, but a surnames analysis by in History of Northampton County, published in 1877, reports that the area was first settled by Irish immigrants in the late 1600 and early 1700s who were later bought out by German immigrants.

By late 1839, Catasauqua Creek was reshaped to begin providing water power for the production of the first North American pig iron. Its production included the use of anthracite iron, which, along with anthracite coal, began flowing down the Lehigh Canal in 1820 and was the foundation for much of the American Industrial Revolution. The first successful anthracite blow and cast of iron occurred in Catasauqua Creek on July 4, 1840. Bartholomew and Metz wrote that:

Course
The creek's source in Northampton is approximately  south of Pheasant Drive in the dell between Hilltop and Sickle Roads, approximately  north of their junction. Its origin is near Miller State Pond in East Allen Township.

The creek flows through Allen Township, North Catasauqua, and then into Catasauqua, where it flows into the Lehigh Canal and Lehigh River. Along its course, it passes Catasauqua High School and flows through Willowbrook Golf Course in North Catasauqua and through Catasauqua Park.

Variant names
Catasauqua Creek is a left bank tributary entering from the east shore of the historic Lehigh Canal and is sometimes called "Catty Creek".

Numerous historical names for the creek, each registered by the United States Geological Survey, include: Caladaqua Creek, Caladoque Creek, Calandaqua Creek, Calesoque Creek, Calisuk Creek, Catasocque Creek, Coladaque Creek, Colesauque Creek, Colesoque Creek, Colesquque Creek, Collasauque Creek, Gatasaque Creek, Gattoshacki Creek, Gottoschacki Creek, Gottshacki Creek, and Mill Creek.

References

External links
Catasauqua Creek at United States Geological Survey
Catasauqua Creek at Delaware and Lehigh National Heritage Corridor

Rivers of Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Northampton County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Pennsylvania


title: Burnham Athenaeum

text:
The Burnham Athenaeum, also known as the Champaign Public Library, is a historic library building located at 306 W. Church St. in Champaign, Illinois. Built in 1896 through a donation from Albert C. Burnham, the building was Champaign's first permanent library. Architect Julius A. Schweinfurth designed the Classical Revival building. The two-story building is built from cream-colored brick with terra cotta ornamentation. The front entrance features four two-story Ionic columns supporting a pediment and an inscribed frieze. A terra cotta band encircles the building below the second-story window sill line. The Champaign Public Library occupied the building until 1978, when it moved to a larger facility.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 7, 1978.

References

Buildings and structures in Champaign, Illinois
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Library buildings completed in 1896
National Register of Historic Places in Champaign County, Illinois
Neoclassical architecture in Illinois


title: Naden Boats

text:
Naden Boats is a line of aluminum fishing boats manufactured in Canada by Temagami Boat Manufacturing Inc. Six models are offered, ranging from 11’11" to 16’ in overall length. They are noted for their expanded polystyrene flotation, rigid construction, and semi-V planing hull with five keels.

History

Webster City, Iowa, USA: 1955-1972
Naden Industries, a company in Webster City, Iowa, built the first Naden boat in 1955. Made from aluminum, the hull design was a semi-V bottom. By 1964, eight models were offered:

The factory was located at 505 Fair Ave.

From its founding in 1935 (as Naden and Sons Electric Scoreboard Company), Naden Industries’ primary business was the manufacturing of electric scoreboards. By the early 1970s, Naden was selling most of its boats to Canadian customers. Naden stopped manufacturing boats in 1972 and spoke to one of its Canadian dealers to see if it would be interested in taking over the boat line.

Vermilion Bay, Ontario, Canada: 1974-2011
Wilderness Enterprises (later Gordon Enterprises) of Vermilion Bay, Ontario was the first dealer that the Iowa-based Naden Industries had for its boats in Canada. Naden boats had proven to be popular in northwestern Ontario, especially with operators of tourist lodges. In the early 1970s, Gardner Naden (of Naden Industries) and Boyd Gordon (of Gordon Enterprises) discussed the possibility of relocating the Naden boat factory to Vermilion Bay, as most of Naden's boats were sold in the Vermilion Bay area. The process of purchasing Naden Boats from its American owners began.

Negotiations took nearly one year. Gordon was joined by partners Al Adolfson and Ed Gawley. Kenora – Rainy River MP John M Reid provided support and was instrumental in helping Naden obtain a $67,000 Department of Regional Economic Expansion (DREE) grant. Assistance was also provided by the Northern Ontario Development Corporation (NODC). MPP Leo Bernier also cleared obstacles for the new company. Jack Hanslip was brought on as director of marketing, and Roland Gauthier (with extensive experience in boat manufacturing) as the plant manager.

Construction on a new 14,000 sq. ft. factory began in 1973 on the east side of Hwy 105 just north of Hwy 17. Gardner Naden, one of the designers of the first Naden boat, traveled to the new Vermilion Bay plant to help it tool up.

The first boat in the Canadian operation was completed in early 1974, and 1200 were built in the first 12 months of production. By 1975, six models were built on four production lines, and the factory produced 7 to 8 boats per day with a workforce of 18. By 1986, 20 people were employed by Naden.

Temagami, Ontario, Canada (from 2011-2014)
In 2011, Naden was dealing with a labour shortage in Vermilion Bay and faced possible closure. Andre Lamothe, owner of Temagami Marine, was one of Naden's biggest dealers. Upon hearing of the company's difficulties, he embarked on the process of purchasing it and moving it to Temagami, Ontario. With the coordination of funds from four federal agencies (Temfund, South Timiskaming CFDC, Claybelt CFDC, and NeoNet) and the Yves Landry Foundation (funded by FedNor) Naden was relocated to a 6,000 sq. ft. facility on the Temagami Marine property in December 2011.

With the help of two expert Naden builders who followed the company to Temagami, the first boat was produced in February 2012 and shown at the Central Ontario Boat Show & Sale that same month.

In its first year of production in Temagami, Naden Boats employed 13 people  full-time.

Naden boats have not been manufactured since 2014 following the passing of the owner Andre Lamoth.

Current operations
The original boat design continues, with some decorative changes:
 trim is applied after painting
 rivets are left unpainted
 a new colour option, black, in addition to the traditional options of red and blue
Production has been modernized, using a CNC router table to cut the aluminum pieces. All models are now pre-wired for a bow light. Production is targeted at 1000 boats per year.

Available models:

In July 2012, Naden's workforce increased from 13 to 15.

Environmental considerations
One of the biggest changes to the production of Naden boats takes into consideration the proximity of the plant to Lake Temagami. Lamothe knew that using the traditional paint process was not an option: the airborne paint particles are toxic, and a lot of heat and airflow is needed. Automotive paint is no longer used, in favour of a new acid-free paint process:
 aluminum is pre-treated with a mild alkaline solution
 powder-coat painting using an electrostatic coating process
 curing in an infra-red oven at 205 °C for 10 minutes
Other environmental considerations include winter heating from waste production heat and plans for a geothermal heating/cooling system.

Corporate responsibility
In 2013, Naden Boats partnered with the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation CIBC Run for the Cure - North Bay. Naden employees donated their time and purpose-built a 14’ Fisherman boat, painting it pink. Tohatsu supplied an outboard motor, and other suppliers donated a trailer, mooring package and PFDs. Raffle tickets were sold as the boat was displayed in various locations across northeastern Ontario. “The Pink Boat Tour 2013” raised $20,000 for the CBCF and was recognized by the CBCF Ontario Region with a Corporate Commitment Award in the spring of 2014.
The partnership continues with “The Pink Boat Tour 2014”.

References

Canadian boat builders
Companies based in Ontario
Temagami


title: Dan LaRose

text:
Marvin Daniel LaRose (February 8, 1939 – April 27, 2019) was an American college and professional football player who played five seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Missouri, where he earned unanimous All-American honors.  He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the second round of the 1961 NFL Draft, and also by the Boston Patriots in the third round of the 1961 AFL Draft.

Early years
LaRose was born in Crystal City, Missouri.  He attended Crystal City High School, where he played high school football for the Crystal City Hornets.

College career
While attending the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri, LaRose played for coach Dan Devine's Missouri Tigers football team from 1958 to 1960.  He led the team in receiving yardage as a sophomore and again as a senior, and was a first-team all-conference selection after those seasons.  He was a key member of the 1960 Tigers team that posted an undefeated 11–0 record, claimed the Big Eight Conference championship, won the 1961 Orange Bowl, and finished No. 4 in the Coaches Poll.  Following his senior season in 1960, LaRose was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American at the end position, having been a first-team selection of the Associated Press (AP), the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), The Sporting News, United Press International (UPI), Central Press Association (CPA), Time magazine, and the Walter Camp Football Foundation.  He was inducted into the University of Missouri Intercollegiate Athletics Hall of Fame in 1992.

Professional career
The Detroit Lions chose LaRose in the second round, 23rd overall pick, of the 1961 NFL Draft, and he played for the Lions from  to .  He was also a member of the Pittsburgh Steelers (), San Francisco 49ers () and Denver Broncos ().  In six professional seasons, LaRose played in 65 regular season games.

See also
 Missouri Tigers
 List of University of Missouri alumni

References

2019 deaths
1939 births
Players of American football from Missouri
American football offensive linemen
American football defensive ends
Missouri Tigers football players
Detroit Lions players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
San Francisco 49ers players
Denver Broncos (AFL) players
All-American college football players
People from Crystal City, Missouri


title: Yeh Ken-chuang

text:
Yeh Ken-chuang (, 31 July 1932 – 23 July 2014) was a Taiwanese master carpenter, woodcarver, and expert in traditional Taiwanese architecture from Magong. He was known as "Master Chuang" within the carpentry community in Taiwan. Yeh spent over a decade learning the craft from his uncle  before working for himself.

Yeh specialized in large traditional wooden architectural structures, including temples and other buildings. His notable works included the Long Men Kuanyin Temple and the Wang An Wu Fu Temple, both located in the Penghu Islands. In 2010, the government of Penghu County certified Yeh as a preservationist of traditional timber framing techniques. He was scheduled to be named as a candidate for "Living National Treasure" of Taiwan on 22 July 2014, at the time of his death.

He died in the TransAsia Airways Flight 222 plane crash at Magong Airport on 23 July 2014 at the age of 82. President Ma Ying-jeou announced that the Bureau of Cultural Heritage would preserve Yeh's records and documents on his timber framing techniques.

References

2014 deaths
Taiwanese carpenters
Taiwanese architects
Taiwanese woodcarvers
Taiwanese people of Hoklo descent
People from Penghu County
1932 births
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Taiwan


title: Oliver Kuhn

text:
Oliver Wall Kuhn (August 14, 1898 – October 8, 1968), nicknamed "Doc Kuhn", was an American football, baseball and basketball player for the Vanderbilt University Commodores and later a prominent businessman of Tampa, Florida. As a college football quarterback, Kuhn led Vanderbilt to three consecutive Southern titles in 1921, 1922, and 1923 – the most-recent conference titles for Vanderbilt football. In 1922, Vanderbilt tied Michigan at the dedication of Dudley Field, and Kuhn was picked for Walter Camp's list of names worthy of mention and Billy Evans' All-America "National Honor Roll."

During his senior year, Kuhn was the captain of Vanderbilt's football and basketball teams and received the Porter Cup, awarded to Vanderbilt's best all-around athlete.  Kuhn played guard on the basketball team and was a shortstop on the baseball team which won a 1921 conference championship. He was selected All-Southern in baseball in 1921 and 1922.

Kuhn moved to Tampa after graduation, where he helped start the athletics program at the University of Tampa, and later notably led an effort to plant podocarpus trees in downtown Tampa.

Early years and background
Oliver Wall Kuhn was born on August 14, 1898, in Nashville, Tennessee, the seventh child of Katherine Wall of Springfield, Kentucky and Ferdinand E. Kuhn, a secretary for the local board of public works. "Doc", who played old cat as a child, attended preparatory school at Cathedral High School and Montgomery Bell Academy (MBA).  At MBA,  he won two state football titles, first in 1915 as a sub and then in 1917 as a starter. Kuhn lost just a single game as MBA's starting quarterback. According to Kuhn's World War I draft registration, he worked for DuPont as a civil engineer in Jacksonville, Tennessee. He also spent time at Camp Taylor.

Notre Dame
In 1918, Kuhn played as an end on the freshman team at Notre Dame. George Gipp and Curly Lambeau were on the varsity, and it was Knute Rockne's first year as head coach.

Vanderbilt University
Kuhn attended Vanderbilt University from 1919 to 1923. He was a member of Phi Kappa Psi, and chaired the Vanderbilt University dances.

Football
Kuhn quarterbacked Dan McGugin's Vanderbilt football teams from 1920 to 1923, after a year on the scrub team in 1919. His Commodores compiled an overall win–loss–tie record of 24–5–4 () during his four years on the team, and a 15–2–3 () record while he was a starter, including three consecutive conference titles, the most recent to date for Vanderbilt.

1920
During Kuhn's first year playing varsity football for Vanderbilt, the Commodores scored 47 points in the first half of an opening-game win against Birmingham–Southern due to the backfield of "Berryhill, Kuhn, Latham and Company". After two crushing defeats to Georgia Tech and Auburn, Vanderbilt played Kentucky State and won 20–0; Kuhn subbed for Latham so the starter could rest up for the next week's game against the Alabama Crimson Tide.

In a close game, and Alabama's first victory over the Commodores, Kuhn substituted for now-injured quarterback Latham and threw the one Vanderbilt touchdown pass to Jess Neely in the 14–7 loss. He also had a 60-yard kick return, and accumulated 94 yards in all. According to The Atlanta Constitution, "Doc Kuhn, subbing for the injured Latham, was the brilliant star of the day. Kuhn was practically unstoppable by the Alabamians and, time after time, threatened to lead the team to victory." In a 7–7 tie game against Virginia the following week, starting quarterback Kuhn was cited as an offensive standout.

1921

The Commodores tied for the 1921 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) football championship with an overall record of 7–0–1; Kuhn and Frank Godchaux took turns starting at quarterback. The season opened with a 34–0 victory against the Middle Tennessee State Normal School of Murfreesboro. The Commodore, Vanderbilt's yearbook, described the lopsided win: "Practically the only thing of note was the aerial efficiency—Kuhn to Ryan and Kuhn to McCullough".

The team defeated the Texas Longhorns 20–0 at the Texas State Fair in Dallas, although Texas was undefeated in the Southwest Conference the previous year and Vanderbilt was expected to lose by two touchdowns. The 1921 Texas team was considered possibly the best in Longhorns history, and Vanderbilt football seemed to be declining when Georgia Tech beat it 44–0 the year before. Dan McGugin invoked the late former Vanderbilt quarterback Irby Curry, who was killed in the war, before the game. According to Edwin Pope's book, Football's Greatest Coaches, "The Texas game, sparked by McGugin's unforgettable oratory, was the big one; and Vandy got out of the year without a loss". In the last scoring drive, Kuhn completed a pass to end Tot McCullough at the  line to put the ball in scoring position for Godchaux after an offside penalty.

The next week Vanderbilt played the Tennessee Volunteers on a wet Old Dudley Field. Team captain Pink Wade did not play because of low back pain, and Kuhn substituted as captain.  Kuhn rushed for two touchdowns in a 14–0 victory. The Tennessee coaches "never saw, in all the spying trips, such interference as the Commodores made yesterday for Doc Kuhn," remarked Blinkey Horn. In the first quarter, Kuhn's end run of  made the score 7–0; in the second, he had a  touchdown run with Lynn Bomar as lead blocker. As Horn recalled, Kuhn "made possible the touchdown by miraculous sidestepping", evading two tacklers — "miraculous because of the treacherous footing."

In the 14–0 victory over Alabama, Kuhn did not start due to injuries. Entering the game in the fourth quarter, with the Commodores leading 7–0, Kuhn completed a  pass to McCullough after Jess Neely's  run.

1922
Kuhn was the starting quarterback for a second consecutive undefeated season in 1922, when Vanderbilt had an  8–0–1 record. He started all but one game at quarterback, including a scoreless tie with Michigan in the inaugural game at Dudley Field. Vanderbilt held the tie with a goal-line stand, and the result was called "a great surprise to the sporting world"; Commodore fans celebrated by throwing seat cushions onto the field.

After the next game, a 20–10 Commodore victory against Texas at the Texas State Fair, Kuhn's running game and leadership were praised. In a 14–6 win against Tennessee, Kuhn caught a  pass from Jess Neely for a touchdown. He returned a kick for  against Kentucky, tackled by the last man before the end zone, but the half ended before the Commodores could score. The Athens Banner described the team's arrival for a game with Georgia: "The Commodores arrived here at one o'clock Friday afternoon, and were whisked directly to the Georgian Hotel. Curious hundreds of Bulldog supporters shuddered at the procession of Vandy giants as they strolled down the sidewalks, led by Huge Tot McCullough, with spry Froggy Miers and clever Doc Kuhn bringing up the rear." Kuhn dropped back, throwing Lynn Bomar a 40-plus-yard pass for Vanderbilt's second touchdown in its 12–0 victory over Georgia at Sanford Field.

He finished the season against Sewanee on Thanksgiving Day. In the first quarter, a trick play caught Sewanee off guard. On the previous play, Kuhn ran six yards out of bounds. Then, on a fake run, he threw a pass to Bomar, who was alone behind the defense and ran the rest of the way for a touchdown. Kuhn featured in a second-quarter scoring drive, completing a 10-yard pass to Scotty Neill inside the five-yard line and faking his way through the line for a touchdown. The Commodores won, 26–0; Kuhn was selected as an All-American by Billy Evans and received an honorable mention on Walter Camp's team. Kuhn and Centre's Flash Covington were the two quarterbacks from Evans' All-Southern team to receive Camp's mention. At the December 5, 1922 Vanderbilt football banquet, he was elected Commodore captain for the following season.

1923
In late May 1923, Kuhn received the Porter Cup as Vanderbilt's best all-around athlete. According to the Atlanta Constitution, "Doc Kuhn, in winning the Porter Cup, has taken the last leaf in the laurel. Offered each year by the Porter Clothing company, the trophy has risen in distinction from a mere silver emblem to a symbol more highly prized than which there is none to offer to a Vanderbilt athlete". Kuhn was also captain of the basketball team, president of the student council, president of Phi Kappa Psi and Hellenic president. The Atlanta Journal said, "Doc Kuhn is captain and president of everything at Vanderbilt but the co-eds". The only two football games he lost at Vanderbilt were in 1923, to undefeated teams: national champion Michigan and the Texas Longhorns. The Commodores were Southern Conference (SoCon) co-champion in 1923, with two All-Southern ends–Lynn Bomar and Hek Wakefield, and All-Southern halfback Gil Reese.

Kuhn returned a kickoff  in the season's first game, against the Howard Bulldogs. A rematch with Michigan at Ferry Field was a 3–0 loss, with consensus All-American center Jack Blott kicking the winning field goal for the Wolverines. Although Kuhn and Reese were said to raise fans to their feet with their speed, they were hampered by Michigan's defense. According to a diagram of the game's plays, the only completed Vanderbilt pass was from Kuhn to Bomar.

After a lackluster 2–2–1 season start, Vanderbilt beat Tennessee and Georgia by a combined 86–14 score with Kuhn scoring the first of the seven touchdowns against Tennessee. He completed a  pass to Wakefield against Georgia, getting Vanderbilt to the four-yard line. The longest of Gil Reese's four touchdowns against Georgia was an  run "behind great interference furnished by the entire Vandy team, and especially Bomar and Kuhn." According to former Vanderbilt assistant and Alabama head coach Wallace Wade, who was scouting Georgia at the game, the Commodores that day were "the smartest I ever saw". The season's final game, against Sewanee in the rain, was a 7–0 Vanderbilt win on a touchdown pass from Kuhn to Reese.

The Florida Gators defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide 16–6 that day, ensuring a share of the Southern title for Vanderbilt. A postseason charity game against former and contemporary Princeton Tigers all-stars ended in a 7–7 tie, with the Vanderbilt touchdown scored on an  pass from Kuhn to Bomar. Vanderbilt and Washington and Lee finished the season as SoCon co-champion. A sportswriters' poll gave the Commodores the Champ Pickens Trophy as the best team in the South, and it was presented to Kuhn at the annual football banquet on December 4.

Basketball
Kuhn lettered at guard for Vanderbilt's basketball team in 1922 and 1923. The 1921–22 team had an 8–8 record. In the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) tournament, the Commodores defeated the Citadel Bulldogs 37–22 before losing to the Georgia Bulldogs 27–26. Kuhn scored 10 points against the Citadel and four against Georgia.

The 1922–23 team, captained by Kuhn, went 16–8, defeating the LSU Tigers before losing to the Virginia Tech Hokies in the SIAA tournament. According to Ed Danforth, "Either Vanderbilt was in rare form or L.S.U. has a good fighting team with no shooting ability. Fans were treated to the most one-sided contest of opening day when these two clubs met, the Commodores scoring 13 points before the Louisianans had counted once, winning 36 to 10." Kuhn scored two points. Sportswriter Morgan Blake called Kuhn "the best basketball player on the Vandy team."

Baseball

Kuhn was a shortstop for the Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team, including a claim to the 1921 SIAA championship. The 1921 team had a 20–5 record (14–4 SIAA). According to Vanderbilt's yearbook, The Commodore, in a 1921 game against Southwestern Presbyterian University the team scored a world-record 13 runs in one inning with two outs. The Tennessean said: [Jess] Neely singled, as did Kuhn; Neil fanned, but Thomas got his third straight hit and both tallied. Big Tot was hit by a pitched ball and Smith was safe on a fielder's choice with one out. Woodruf flied out to right. Tyner slammed one to center which Jetty juggled and everybody advanced a pair of sacks. Ryan was safe on another error and two runs came over. Neely beat out his second hit of the inning and Kuhn walked. Neil walked. Thomas was safe on an error and Big Tot McCullough picked one over the right field fence, clearing the sacks–but oh, what's the use? Why continue?

Kuhn and Dot Fulghum of Auburn University were considered the South's best shortstops. According to a 1922 newspaper report:
 Doc Kuhn is possibly the greatest ball player on the squad, due to his miraculous fielding around short this season. Starting with the opening college games he went for six straight games without an error, finally putting Tot McCullough off the bag with a wide heave that broke the run. The Michigan and Ohio coaches were loud in their praises for Kuhn as one of the greatest fielding shortstops they had seen in some time. His hitting this season has been hard and timely, including a homer, four triples, and three doubles. He hits in streaks, however, and this alone will keep the phenomenal Vandy star out of a major berth in the near future. Kuhn, Embry and McCullough stand out head and shoulders above anybody in their respective lines that has visited here in recent years.

Kuhn was the only Vanderbilt baseball player named All-Southern by either Cliff Wheatley or Morgan Blake in 1922. Wheatley's choice read, "Vanderbilt's sole representative is "Doc" Kuhn, who came in several lengths ahead of the other shortstops. Kuhn is a wonderful batter and fields well enough in comparison with other Dixie infielders". For Blake, "the best shortstop in the S. I. A. A. was Doc Kuhn of Vanderbilt, a great all-around athlete ... He looks like a big leaguer in action."

Later life

After graduating from Vanderbilt in 1923 with a Bachelor of Science degree in commerce, Kuhn worked for the Cheek-Neal Coffee Company in Chicago. He married Nancy Lee Pierce at Lylehurst in Nashville, the home of Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Lyles, on October 27, 1924.  By 1926 he and his wife moved to Tampa, Florida, where Kuhn was a stockbroker and spent the rest of his life as one. He was a member of Sacred Heart Catholic Church, Ye Mystic Krewe of Gasparilla and the University Club. Kuhn was a charter member of the Merrymaker's Club, the Sword and Shield Club and the Tampa Quarterback Club, and was once president of the State and Tampa Exchange Club and the Tampa Junior Chamber of Commerce. He also aided the start of the athletics program at the University of Tampa.

Kuhn led an initiative to plant podocarpus trees in downtown Tampa, for which he was named Man of the Year a year before his death. A tree was planted on Bayshore Boulevard in his honor. He died at his home in Tampa on October 8, 1968.

See also
1922 College Football All-America Team
1922 College Football All-Southern Team
List of Vanderbilt Commodores starting quarterbacks

Notes

References

1898 births
1968 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Baseball shortstops
Guards (basketball)
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Vanderbilt Commodores baseball players
Vanderbilt Commodores football players
Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball players
Players of American football from Nashville, Tennessee
Baseball players from Nashville, Tennessee
Basketball players from Nashville, Tennessee
Players of American football from Tampa, Florida
Baseball players from Tampa, Florida
Basketball players from Tampa, Florida
Tampa Spartans
American men's basketball players
American military personnel of World War I


title: Nazrin Jafarova

text:
Nazrin Jafarova (; born 16 November 1997) is an Azerbaijani tennis player.

Jafarova made her WTA tour debut at the 2013 Baku Cup, having received a wildcard into the main draw, but lost in the first round to world number 62 Donna Vekić of Croatia. She was also granted a wildcard into the doubles tournament with Tamari Chalaganidze, but the pair lost to Ilona Kremen and Marina Melnikova in the first round.

References

External links

1997 births
Living people
Azerbaijani female tennis players
21st-century Azerbaijani women


title: AOMG

text:
AOMG is a South Korean hip-hop and R&B record label founded in 2013 by singer, rapper, and songwriter Jay Park. The label currently houses 18 musicians, UFC fighter Chan Sung Jung, and cartoonist Kian84.

History
Above Ordinary Music Group (AOMG) is a prominent Korean hip-hop and R&B record label originating from the "Art of Movement," a Seattle-based B-Boying group which Jay Park joined in 2003, featuring members such as Dial Tone, Junior, and Cha Cha Malone.
Jay Park founded AOMG in late September 2013, and initially signed composer Jun Goon, singer and producer Gray, and Seattle affiliate Cha Cha Malone, who was a producer and dancer with Jay Park's dance crew Art of Movement. The label had its launch party on October 10, 2013, at "The A" in Seoul with Ben Baller as the host. The same month, the label released its first album, Gray's mini-album, Call Me Gray.

Artists Elo, Loco, Ugly Duck, DJ Wegun, DJ Pumkin, and Hoody joined AOMG over the next two years.

In March 2014, Simon Dominic announced that he had joined AOMG as co-CEO several months after his departure from his former label Amoeba Culture.

In January 2016, South Korean media company CJ E&M announced that it had formed a strategic partnership with AOMG. CJ E&M said in a statement that it would "support" AOMG with distribution and marketing, while AOMG would continue to control its music.

On October 30, 2017, rapper Woo Won-jae signed to the label.

On May 9, 2018, UFC fighter Jung Chan-sung (The Korean Zombie) signed to the label. On June 11, 2018, record producer Code Kunst signed to the label and released the single "Rain Bird". On July 25, 2018, Simon Dominic announced his resignation as co-CEO of AOMG with his song "Me No Jay Park".

In August 2019, AOMG's first hip-hop audition show Signhere began airing on MBN, marking the first ever hip-hop and R&B record label to have their own audition program on broadcast television. Singer-songwriter Sogumm won the show and subsequently signed to AOMG on November 1. On November 6, 2019, rapper Punchnello signed to the label.

On April 8, 2020, singer-songwriter DeVita signed to the label and released her debut EP Creme. On July 24, 2020, singer Lee Hi signed to the label after her departure from YG Entertainment and released the single "Holo". On September 4, 2020, record producer Goosebumps signed to the label and released the single "Somewhere" featuring labelmates Gray, Hoody, Elo, and DeVita.

On February 18, 2021, AOMG signed singer Yugyeom, a member of South Korean boy group Got7, following his departure from JYP Entertainment in January 2021. His "Franchise" dance video was uploaded to the label's YouTube channel on the same day. On December 31, Jay Park announced his resignation as the Co-CEO of AOMG.

On January 25, 2022, rapper Coogie signed to the label and released the single "Re:Up". On October 24, rapper Jvcki Wai signed to the label and released the single "Go Back".

On February 14, 2023, Sogumm departed from the label as her contract expired. On April 1, cartoonist Kian84 signed to the label. On April 24, AOMG established sublabel Solabeam Records that consists of DJs and producers.

Key people

Jay Park - Founder, Advisor - Co-CEO (2014–2021)
DJ Pumkin - CEO (2018–present)
Simon Dominic - Co-CEO (2014–2018)

Artists

Current artists
Cha Cha Malone
Gray
Loco
Simon Dominic
Elo
Ugly Duck
Hoody
Woo Won-jae
Code Kunst
Punchnello
DeVita
Lee Hi
GooseBumps
Yugyeom
DJ
DJ Wegun
Chan Sung Jung (The Korean Zombie)
Coogie
Jvcki Wai
Kian84

Former artists
Jay Park (2013–2021)
Sogumm (2019–2023)

Discography

Philanthropy
In December 2018, AOMG announced that the profits made from "119 Remix" would be donated to organizations related to firefighting and fire accidents. In September 2019, Gray donated the song revenue (25 million won) to Seoul Metropolitan Fire & Disaster Headquarters on behalf of the artists who participated in the song.

In August 2020, AOMG donated the revenue of their online concert (around 12 million won) to Community Chest of Korea to support those affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Tours
AOMG 2014 United States Tour

Follow The Movement Tour 2016

Follow The Movement Tour 2017

Above Ordinary USA & Canada Tour 2019

Above Ordinary USA Tour 2022

Follow The Movement Tour 2023

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

South Korean hip hop record labels
Talent agencies of South Korea
Labels distributed by Kakao M
Labels distributed by CJ E&M Music and Live
CJ E&M Music and Live subsidiaries
CJ E&M Music Performance Division


title: Yehliu Ocean World

text:
The Yehliu Ocean World () is an oceanarium in Yehliu Village, Wanli District, New Taipei, Taiwan.

History
The oceanarium was opened in 1980. On 13 July 2013, the building was hit by surge of waves caused by Typhoon Soulik causing NT$5 million in damage.

Architecture
The theme park has a seating capacity of 3,500 seats. It also includes a 100 meters long underwater tunnel.

Attractions
The oceanarium features an aquarium which consists of various sea creatures.

Transportation
The theme park is accessible by bus from Keelung Station of the Taiwan Railways.

See also
 List of tourist attractions in Taiwan

References

External links

1980 establishments in Taiwan
Amusement parks opened in 1980
Aquaria in Taiwan
Tourist attractions in New Taipei


title: Cuylerville, South Africa

text:
Cuylerville is a village in South Africa, located halfway between Bathurst and the Great Fish River. It was the first village established by the 1820 settlers, and was named after Colonel Jacob Glen Cuyler, the military commander at Fort Frederick.

See also
 List of heritage sites in Eastern Cape

References

External links
 St Mary's Church Cuylerville

Populated places in the Ndlambe Local Municipality
Populated places established in 1820
Cuyler family


title: Christian interpretations of Virgil's Eclogue 4

text:
Eclogue 4, also known as the Fourth Eclogue, is the name of a Latin poem by the Roman poet Virgil. Part of his first major work, the Eclogues, the piece was written around 40 BC, during a time of brief stability following the Treaty of Brundisium; it was later published in and around the years 39–38 BC. The work describes the birth of a boy, a supposed savior, who once of age will become divine and eventually rule over the world. During late antiquity and the Middle Ages, a desire emerged to view Virgil as a virtuous pagan, and as such early Christian theologian Lactantius, and St. Augustineto varying degreesreinterpreted the poem to be about the birth of Jesus Christ.

This belief persisted into the Medieval era, with many scholars arguing that Virgil not only prophesied Christ prior to his birth but also that he was a pre-Christian prophet. Dante Alighieri included Virgil as a main character in his Divine Comedy, and Michelangelo included the Cumaean Sibyl on the ceiling painting of the Sistine Chapel (a reference to the widespread belief that the Sibyl herself prophesied the birth of Christ, and Virgil used her prophecies to craft his poem). Modern scholars, such as Robin Nisbet, tend to eschew this interpretation, arguing that seemingly Judeo-Christian elements of the poem can be explained through means other than divine prophecy.

Background
The scholarly consensus is that Virgil began the hexameter Eclogues (or Bucolics) in 42 BC and it is thought that the collection was published around 39–8 BC (although this assertion is not without its detractors). The Eclogues (from the Greek word for "selections") are a group of ten poems roughly modeled on the bucolic hexameter poetry ("pastoral poetry") of the Hellenistic poet Theocritus. The fourth of these Eclogues can be dated to around 40 BC, during a time when the Roman Civil war seemed to be coming to an end. Eclogue 4 largely concerns the birth of a child (puer) who will become divine and eventually rule over the world. Classicist H. J. Rose notes that the poem "is in a sense Messianic, since it contains a prophecy (whether meant seriously or not) of the birth of a wonder-child of more than mortal virtue and power, who shall restore the Golden Age".

By the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries AD, Virgil had gained a reputation as a virtuous pagan, a term referring to pagans who were never evangelized and consequently during their lifetime had no opportunity to recognize Christ, but nevertheless led virtuous lives, so that it seemed objectionable to consider them damned. Eventually, some Christians sought to reconcile Virgil's works with the supposed Christianity present in them. Consequently, during the Late Antiquity and beyond, many assumed that the puer referenced in the Fourth Eclogue was actually Jesus Christ.

History

Early interpretations

According to Classicist Domenico Comparetti, in the early Christian era, "A certain theological doctrine, supported by various passages of [Judeo-Christian] scripture, induced men to look for prophets of Christ among the Gentiles". This inevitably resulted in early Christians looking to the works of Virgil—a famed poet who, even in late antiquity had immense clout in Roman society—for any sign of prophecy. Eventually, there arose a belief that Virgil's Fourth Eclogue foretold the birth of Jesus, which seems to have first emerged during the 4th century. The scholar Steven Benko proposes that this interpretation became so popular around this time (and not earlier) because it "provided [Constantinian Christians] a way to connect to non-Christian society and to give Christianity respectability."

The first major proponent that the poem was prophetic was likely the early Christian writer Lactantius, who served as Constantine the Great's religious advisor. In a chapter of his book, Divinae Institutiones (The Divine Institutes), entitled "Of the Renewed World", Lactantius quotes the Eclogue and argues that it refers to Jesus's awaited return at the end of the millennium. He further claims that "the poet [i.e. Virgil] foretold [the future coming Christ] according to the verses of the Cumaean Sibyl" (that is, the priestess presiding over the Apollonian oracle at Cumae). According to Sabine G. MacCormack, this quote seems to suggest that while Lactantius believed the poem was a prophecy, he did not necessarily believe that Virgil himself was a prophet, as the poet was merely "reflect[ing] what the Sybil of Cumae and the Erythraean Sibyl had said long before [he] wrote."

Constantine himself also believed the poem could be interpreted as a prophecy about Christ. Many copies of the Roman historian Eusebius's Vita Constantini (The Life of Constantine) also contain a transcript of a speech made by the emperor at a Good Friday sermon during the First Council of Nicaea (AD 325), in which the emperor re-imagines almost the entire poem line-by-line as a Christian portent (although a few are omitted because they overtly reference pagan characters and concepts). Some of Constantine's interpretations are obvious: he argues that the virgo in line 6 is a reference to the Blessed Virgin Mary, the puer in lines 8, 18, 60, and 62 to Christ, and the serpent in line 24 to the Serpent of Evil. Others are more subjective: For instance, the lions in line 22 represent, to the emperor, those who persecuted Christians, and the Assyrian flower in line 25 represents the race of people, i.e. the Assyrians, who were "leader[s] in the faith of Christ". The emperor also interpreted the reference to Achilles fighting against Troy in lines 34-36 as an allegory for Christ (the "new" Achilles) battling evil (the "new" Troy). Finally, Constantine proposed that lines 37–59 do not refer the birth of a normal, mortal child, but rather to a being who "mortal parents have not smiled upon": in other words, Jesus Christ, who, according to Christian scripture, "had no parents in the usual sense". However, Constantine differed from Lactantius in his opinion of Virgil, arguing that, given all the supposed allusions in this poem, Virgil surely "wrote with full knowledge that he was foretelling Christ", but he "expressed himself darkly and introduced the mention of [Roman] deities to avoid affronting the pagans and provoking the anger of the authorities."

Several decades later, Church Father Augustine of Hippo expressed his belief that Virgil was one of many "Gentile ... prophets" who by divine grace had prophesied Christ's birth. Echoing the sentiment of Lactantius, he wrote that the mention of Cumae in line 4 was a likely reference to the supposed Sibylline prophecy concerning Christ. However, Augustine, reasoned that while Virgil may have prophesied the birth and coming of Christ, it was likely that he did not understand the true meaning of what he himself was writing.

The opinion that Eclogue 4 was a reference to the coming of Jesus was not universally held by early members of the early Church, however. St. Jerome, an early Church Father now remembered best for translating the Bible into Latin, specifically wrote that Virgil could not have been a Christian prophet because he never had the chance to accept Christ. Jerome further derided anyone who held Virgil as a pre-Christian prophet, calling such a belief childish and claiming that it was just as ridiculous as Christian cento poems. But regardless of his exact feelings, the classicist Ella Bourne notes that the mere fact Jerome responded to the belief is a testament to its pervasiveness and popularity during that time.

Medieval interpretations

In the early part of the sixth century, Latin grammarian Fabius Planciades Fulgentius made a passing reference to the supposed prophetic nature of the Fourth Eclogue, noting: In quarta vaticinii artem adsumit ("In the Fourth [Eclogue], [Virgil] takes up the art of prophecy"). However, his view seems to have been a bit nuanced, and in one of his books, he wrote that "no one is permitted to know all the truth except ... Christians, on whom shines the sun of truth. But [Virgil did] not come as an expositor well-versed in [the] books of Scripture." Craig Kallendorf writes that this indicated Fulgentius's belief that "there [were] limits to what ... Virgil knew about Christianity."

According to legend, Donatus, a bishop of Fiesole in the ninth century, quoted the seventh line of the poem as part of a confession of his faith prior to his death. During the same century, Agnellus, the archbishop of Ravenna, referenced the poem, noting that it was evidence that the Holy Spirit had spoken through both Virgil and the Sybil. The monk Christian Druthmar also makes use of the seventh line in his commentary on Matthew 20:30.

In the eleventh century, Virgil began appearing in plays, such as one particular Christmas work wherein the poet is the last "prophet" called on to give testimony concerning Christ. According to Bourne, the play was particularly popular, and philologist Du Cange gives mention of a similar play performed at Rouen. Virgil and his purported prophecy even found itself in the Wakefield Mystery Plays. Around this time, Eclogue 4 and Virgil's supposed prophetic nature had saturated the Christian world; references to the poem are made by Abelard, the Bohemian historian Cosmos, and Pope Innocent III in a sermon. The Gesta Romanorum, a Latin collection of anecdotes and tales that was probably compiled about the end of the 13th century or the beginning of the 14th, confirms that the eclogue was pervasively associated with Christianity.

Virgil eventually became a fixture of Medieval ecclesiastic art, appearing in churches, chapels, and even cathedrals, sometimes depicted holding a scroll with a select passage from the Fourth Eclogue on it. At other times, he "figured in sacred pictures ... in the company of David, Isaiah and other [Judeo-Christian] prophets". Virgil's popularity in Medieval art is likely why Michelangelo included the Cumaean Sibyl on the ceiling painting of the Sistine Chapel, for, according to Paul Barolsky, the Sibyl's presence "evokes her song in Virgil [i.e. the Fourth Eclogue], prophesying spiritual renewal through the coming of Christthe very theme of the ceiling." Barolsky also points out that Michelangelo painted the Sibyl in close proximity to the prophet Isaiah; thus, the painter drew a visual comparison between the similar nature of their prophecies.

This association between Virgil and Christianity reached a fever pitch in the fourteenth century, when the Divine Comedy was published; the work, by Dante Alighieri, prominently features Virgil as the main character's guide through Hell. Notably, in the second book Purgatorio, Dante and Virgil meet the poet Statius, who, having "read a hidden meaning in lines of Virgil's own" (that is, Eclogue 4.57), was allowed passage into Purgatory, and eventually Heaven. (This legend had developed earlier in the Middle Ages, but Dante's reference popularized it.) Bourne argues that Dante's inclusion of Statius's conversion through Virgil's poem is proof enough that Dante, like those before him, believed Virgil to have been an unknowing Christian prophet. Kallendorf notes that because writing the lines did not save Virgil, but reading them saved Statius, "Dante ... must have located the Christinization of Eclogue 4 in the reader rather than the writer."

In the fifteenth century, a popular story concerning Secundian, Marcellian and Verianwho started out as persecutors of Christians during the reign of the Roman emperor Deciusemerged. The story claims that the trio were alarmed by the calm manner in which their Christian victims died, and so they turned to literature and chanced upon Eclogue 4, which eventually caused their conversions and martyrdom. Around this time, the famed astrologer and humanist philosopher Marsilio Ficino seems to have accepted that the poem was a prophecy, too.

Later interpretations
The French writer René Rapin (1621–1687) was fascinated with the potential connection between Virgil and Christianity, and used the Fourth Eclogue as an artistic influence, basing many of his lines in his own Sixth Eclogue on Virgil's work. One of the more overt modern references to the Fourth Eclogue, Virgil, and Christianity, appears in Alexander Pope's 1712 poem, Messiah. Bourne wrote that the work "shows clearly that [Pope] believed that Virgil's poem was based on a Sibylline prophecy". Robert Lowth seems also to have held this opinion, noting, by way of Plato, that the poem contains references made "not by men in their sober senses, but [by] the God himself". In the mid-19th century, Oxford scholar John Keble claimed: Taceo si quid divinius ac sanctius (quod credo equidem) adhaeret istis auguriis ("I am silent about whether something more divine and sacredwhich is what I, in fact, believeclings to these prophecies").

Modern views

By the turn of the 20th century, most scholars had abandoned the idea that the Fourth Eclogue was prophetic, although "there [were] still some to be found who", in the words of Comparetti, "[took] this ancient farce seriously." Robin Nisbet has argued that the supposed Christian nature of the poem is a by-product of Virgil's creative references to disparate religious texts; Nisbet proposes that Virgil probably appropriated some elements used in the poem from Jewish mythology by means of Eastern oracles. In doing so, he adapted these ideas to Western (which is to say, Roman) modes of thought.

See also
Interpretatio Christiana, the adaptation of non-Christian elements of culture or historical facts to the worldview of Christianity

Notes

References

Bibliography

Attribution

External links

Full Latin text of Eclogue 4, courtesy of the Perseus Project.

Christianity in the Middle Ages
Christianity and other religions
Christianization
Virgil


title: Anne Clyde

text:
Laurel Anne Clyde (7 February 1946 – 18 September 2005) was an Australian educator, teacher-librarian, author and academic who taught in colleges and universities in Australia and Canada, as well as in Iceland.  She was known for her expertise in electronic resources and the Internet.  Anne was also influential in the early adoption and evaluation of internet sites and online tools by teacher librarians.

Early life
Anne Clyde was born in Holbrook, New South Wales on 7 February 1946.

Career
Anne began her career as a teacher and librarian at the New South Wales Department of Education from 1967 to 1973.

In Australia, Dr Clyde held academic positions in three states, as lecturer in school librarianship at Townsville College of Advanced Education (now part of the James Cook University of North Queensland); as lecturer in librarianship at Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga; and as senior lecturer and head of the Department of Library and Information Studies, as it then was, at Edith Cowan University.

In 1990 she accepted an appointment as a visiting faculty member at the University of Iceland for a year, then in 1991 moved to the University of British Columbia in Canada as associate professor with responsibility for teacher librarianship programmes. After two years in Canada, she returned to Iceland. She was also visiting scholar at the Graduate School of Management at the University of Western Australia in 1996 and 1999 and consulted in Latin America, Botswana and Namibia. Anne wrote a regular column on InfoTech for the North American journal Teacher librarian and was the webmaster for the International Association of School Librarianship (IASL) from 1995 to her passing in September 2005. She introduced many teacher librarians around the world to emerging online resources through the "site of the week".

From 2003–05, Anne held the position of Chair of the Standing Section for School Libraries and Resource Centres for the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA).

Research interests
Anne Clyde's doctorate in 1981 from James Cook University was a survey of the history of school libraries. Her research interests included the use of the internet and online information services in a range of library and educational settings, investigating the ways in which they are understood and measured.  She also studied the characteristics of research and researchers in the field of school librarianship.  She wrote many scholarly papers, presentations and articles on social networking including Weblogs and Libraries which was the first scholarly work on the topic.

Works

Death
Anne suffered a fatal cardiac tamponade in Reykjavik, Iceland on Sunday, September 18, 2005.  A memorial service was held on 18 October 2005 at St George's Cathedral in Perth, Western Australia and her ashes were scattered at Þingvellir on the site of the first Icelandic Parliament.

Memorials
 The Dr. Laurel Anne Clyde Memorial Keynote Address at the Australian School Library Association (ASLA) Biennial Conference
 The Australian Library and Information Association, Academic and Research Libraries group in Western Australia maintains the Ann Clyde Memorial Prize in her memory.
 The International Association of School Librarianship (IASL) developed the Dr Anne Clyde Research Memorial Fund for research and development in the field of school librarianship.

References

Further reading
 Kosa, G. A. (Ed.) Biographical Dictionary of Australian Librarians. 4th Ed. Melbourne, Academia Press., 1990: p. 44
 Obituary Carmel Maguire & Alex Byrne IFLA President Journal: Australian Academic & Research Libraries Volume 36, Issue 4, January 2005, pages 240-243
 Sharman, Bob "Anne Clyde's Icelandic saga" Orana, v.27, no.2, May 1991: 100-102
 Who's Who of Australian Writers. Thorpe, in association with the National Centre for Australian Studies, Port Melbourne, Vic., 1991: p. 99

1946 births
2005 deaths
People from New South Wales
Australian librarians
Australian women librarians


title: Bashir Abdi

text:
Bashir Abdi (born 10 February 1989) is a Somali-born Belgian long-distance runner. He won bronze medals in the marathon at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and 2022 World Championships. In doing so, Abdi became both the first ever Belgian world championship medal winner at the marathon and the first Belgian male athlete to win an individual medal at both the Olympic Games and World Athletics Championships. He claimed silver in the 10,000 metres at the 2018 European Championships. He finished second and third at the 2020 Tokyo Marathon and 2022 London Marathon respectively. Abdi is the European record holder for the marathon.

He also holds the Belgian records in the half marathon and one hour run, and the world best in the rarely contested 20,000 metres on track.

Personal life
Bashir Abdi was born in El Afweyn, Somaliland, a town mainly inhabited by the Habr Je'lo clan of the Isaaq clan-family. When he was eight, his family moved to Djibouti. He then spent a year and a half in Ethiopia, before settling in Belgium. There, aged 16, he started training at the Racing Club Gent Athletics, following his brother Ibrahim.

Abdi is married and has a daughter, Kadra, born 2018, and a son Ibrahim; born 2020. He is a co-founder and vice-chairman of the non-profit organization Sportaround, which organizes after-school sports activities for children in Ghent.

Running career

2014–2017
Abdi entered the 10,000 metres at the 2014 European Athletics Championships with the European-leading time set on 4 May. He finished fifth at the event.

In May 2015, he qualified for the 2016 Rio Olympics.

At the Games, Abdi competed in both the men's 5000 m and 10,000 m. He finished 20th in the 10,000 m final, the race won by Great Britain's Mo Farah.

In 2017, he competed in the London 2017 World Championships in Athletics in the men's 5000 m, placing sixth in his heat.

2018–2019: Beginning of marathon career
In 2018, Abdi made his marathon debut at the Rotterdam Marathon, placing seventh with a time of 2:10:46. The race was won by Kenya's Kenneth Kipkemoi in 2:05:44. In August that year, he won silver in the 10,000 m at the 2018 European Athletics Championships. In the autumn Abdi raced several road races placing third at the Great North Run half marathon in a time of 1:00:42, fourth at the Dam tot Damloop 10 miler in 46:08, fifth at the Nijmegen Zevenheuvelenloop 15 km in 43:40 and third at the 's-Heerenberg Montferland Run 15 km in 43:40.

In 2019, he was second at the Big Half Marathon in London with a time of 1:01:16 in a close finish with race winner Mo Farah and third placer Daniel Wanjiru. Abdi then competed in the London Marathon, placing seventh in a time of 2:07:03 in a race won by Kenya's Eliud Kipchoge in 2:02:37. In August, he was second in the Beach to Beacon 10 km in the United States, finishing in 28:35. The race was initially won by Kenya's Alex Korio, however he was disqualified. Jairus Birech came in second. Abdi headed back to Newcastle upon Tyne where he again raced the Great North Run half marathon, finishing fifth in a time of 1:01:11, the race was won by Farah. In October, Abdi ran in the Chicago Marathon, placing fifth with a time of 2:06:14, the race was won by Kenya's Lawrence Cherono in 2:05:45 in a sprint finish. Abdi next raced at the Montferland Run 15 km, finishing fifth in a time of 42:29. On New Year's Eve in Spain he won the San Silvestre Vallecana 10k m in Madrid with a time of 27:47.

2020–present: Marathon breakthrough
Abdi opened his 2020 racing campaign by winning the Egmond Half Marathon. He then achieved his first marathon podium position by placing second in the Tokyo Marathon in a new personal best time of 2:04:49. He passed Ethiopia's Sisay Lemma in the closing stages to finish behind the race winner Ethiopia's Birhanu Legese, who ran a time of 2:04:15. Abdi returned to the track in September competing at the Memorial Van Damme in the one hour race. He ran the majority of the race with Farah, taking the lead and setting a European record at 20,000 m of 56:20.02. He finished second behind Farah setting a mark of 21,322 metres.

In 2021, Abdi was second behind Farah at the Djibouti International Half Marathon with a time of 1:03:11. He then placed second at the European 10,000 m Cup in Birmingham in a new personal best of 27:24.41. This performance qualified him for the 10,000 m event at the delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympics. He focused on the marathon at the Games, however, winning the bronze medal. In October, Abdi won the rescheduled Rotterdam Marathon, setting a European record with a time of 2:03:36.

In April 2022, he placed fourth at the Rotterdam Marathon. In July that year, Abdi won his second consecutive global bronze in the marathon at the 2022 World Athletics Championships held in Eugene, Oregon, clocking 2:06:48. He earned his second medal at a World Marathon Major by finishing third at the London Marathon in October with a time of 2:05:19.

In April 2023, Abdi regained his Rotterdam Marathon title in a time of 2:03:47, clocking a significant negative second half split of 61:32, setting the second fastest European time in history as he missed his own continental record by just 11 seconds.

Statistics

Competition record

Personal bests

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mogadishu
Belgian male long-distance runners
Somalian male long-distance runners
Belgian male cross country runners
Somalian male cross country runners
Belgian male marathon runners
Somalian male marathon runners
Somalian emigrants to Belgium
Olympic athletes for Belgium
Olympic bronze medalists for Belgium
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for Belgium
Black Belgian sportspeople
Naturalised citizens of Belgium


title: 1888 World Championship (football)

text:
The 1888 World Championship was an exhibition football match that took place in Crosshill (today part of Glasgow), Scotland, on 19 May 1888 between the winners of the Scottish Cup, Renton, and the English FA Cup, West Bromwich Albion. The match was won by Renton who beat Albion 4–1. The match was played in very bad weather and a replay in England was proposed, but never took place.

Overview
This was not the first "World Championship" game between English and Scottish sides; however, the next edition was the first such club competition contested between national league winners (as the leagues had not been yet created before that time). Johnny Campbell, who played for Renton in this fixture, would also win a world championship with Sunderland in 1895; he is therefore the first known British footballer to have been twice listed as a world champion with different clubs.

It was noted in the press that West Brom were "one of the English clubs which have never had a Scotchman either as a coach or a player" and the match were therefore seen as a truly international event – by this point may of the leading English clubs (which were allowed to become professional in 1885) had Scottish players, and in the aforementioned Sunderland v Hearts match in 1895 both entrants had an all-Scottish line-up.

Renton's win was something of a watershed for Scottish football, as within a few days James Kelly and Neil McCallum had left to join the newly-formed Celtic and quickly helped to establish them as a force in the game, Meanwhile Renton soon lost several other members of their 'world champion' team to professional clubs in England (including Andrew Hannah who moved to West Brom after he impressed them in the Glasgow match) and gradually declined, never returning to the same level.

Participant teams

Match details

Teams

References

1887–88 in English football
1887–88 in Scottish football
World
World
1888 in sports
May 1888 events
International association football competitions hosted by Scotland


title: Greek Revival Cottage (Urbana, Illinois)

text:
The Greek Revival Cottage is a historic house located in Leal Park in Urbana, Illinois. Built circa 1860, the house is the last remaining Greek Revival home in Champaign-Urbana. As Champaign County was settled in the 1850s, the same time the Greek Revival style's popularity declined, few houses in the county were built in the style. The house's front entrance features a portico, the house's main Greek Revival element, with a dentillated pediment supported by square pillars. While the house was originally located at 1205 W. Springfield, it was relocated to the park in the 1970s to save it from demolition.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 20, 1977.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Greek Revival houses in Illinois
Houses completed in 1860
National Register of Historic Places in Champaign County, Illinois
Houses in Champaign County, Illinois
Buildings and structures in Urbana, Illinois


The International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE) is an academic multi-conference that includes several affiliated conferences, jointly held under one management and one registration. The conference provides an international forum for the exchange of scientific information on theoretical, generic, and applied areas of ergonomics, including physical ergonomics, cognitive and neuroergonomics, social and occupational ergonomics, affective and pleasurable design, and systems engineering. The conference includes keynote presentations, parallel sessions, poster sessions, tutorials, exhibits, and special interest meetings. Submissions are peer-reviewed and published in the conference proceedings; select papers are also expanded and published in AHFE Edited Conference Books.

Affiliated Conferences
The number of conferences affiliated with AHFE has grown since its inception. For 2016, the AHFE affiliated conferences include:

 International Conference on Design for Inclusion
 international Symposium on Cognitive Computing
 International Conference on Human Factors in Management and Leadership
 International Conference on Human Factors in Cybersecurity
 International Conference on Human Factors and Systems Interaction
 International Conference on Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems
 International Conference on Human Factors in Sports and Outdoor Recreation
 International Conference on Human Factors in Energy: Oil, Gas, Nuclear and Electric Power Industries
 International Conference on Human Factors, Business Management and Society
 International Symposium on Human Factors in Training, Education, and Learning Sciences
 International IBM Symposium on Human Factors, Software, and Systems Engineering
 International Conference on Safety Management and Human Factors
 International Conference on Human Factors and Sustainable Infrastructure
 International Conference on The Human Side of Service Engineering
 International Conference on Affective and Pleasurable Design
 International Conference on Human Factors in Transportation
 International Conference on Ergonomics In Design
 International Conference on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Healthcare
 International Conference on Cross-Cultural Decision Making
 International Conference on Applied Digital Human Modeling and Simulation
 International Conference on The Human Aspects of Advanced Manufacturing (HAAMAHA): Managing Enterprise of the Future

History
The AHFE international conference was founded by Gavriel Salvendy, who continues to serve as its overall Scientific Advisor. Originally, the conference was named the International Conference on Applied Ergonomics, and the First International Conference on Applied Ergonomics (ICAE '96) was held in 1996. The second conference was not held until 12 years later, and it was renamed under its current moniker. Conference organizers also launched the Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics International NEWS newsletter at that time, which they continue to publish semi-regularly.

After the second conference, AHFE was held every-other year. At the 2014 conference, organizers announced that they would begin holding it annually.

Current conference leadership includes Waldemar Karwowski (University of Central Florida), who serves as the General Conference Chair, and Dylan Schmorrow (Soar Technology), appointed as the Scientific and Technical Advisor in 2014.

Past AHFE conferences
Past and future AHFE conferences include:

References

External links
 AHFE 2016 conference site
 AHFE 2015 conference site
 AHFE Facebook Fan Page

Ergonomics


title: Universal destination of goods

text:
The universal destination of goods is a concept in Catholic theology, by which the Catholic Church professes that the goods of creation are destined for mankind as a whole, but also recognizes the individual right to private property.

Teaching
The Catechism of the Catholic Church says:

In 1967, Pope Paul VI wrote in the encyclical Populorum progressio:

The Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church states:
Pope Francis included a commentary on this concept in his 2015 encyclical letter, Laudato si', where he refers to "the common destination of goods".

Notable uses of the term

Thomas Banchoff of Georgetown University in the USA noted in an article in The Tablet in September 2023 that, since the 1891 publication of Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum, "Catholic Social Teaching has been organised around core principles including human dignity, the common good, subsidiarity and the universal destination of goods".

See also

 Catholic social teaching
 Fratelli tutti § Private property
 Lockean proviso

References

Catholic social teaching
Public commons
Property
Economy and Christianity