title: Burying the Ex

text:
Burying the Ex is a 2014 American zombie comedy film directed by Joe Dante and written by Alan Trezza, starring Anton Yelchin, Ashley Greene, Alexandra Daddario and Oliver Cooper. It screened out of competition at the 71st Venice International Film Festival, and was released on June 19, 2015, by Image Entertainment.

Plot
Nice guy and horror fanatic Max (Anton Yelchin) is dating the beautiful but manipulative Evelyn (Ashley Greene). Evelyn is an extreme environmentalist working for a blog company that promotes "going green", while Max works a dead-end job at the local horror memorabilia shop. Max often finds himself trapped trying to do whatever he can to keep Evelyn happy, including changing his diet and selling his old car. In addition to this, Max dreams of opening up a horror memorabilia shop of his own, much to Evelyn's dismay. One day at the shop, Max unloads the latest shipments and finds a Satan Genie, an object that claims it can grant anyone's wants or desires. Believing it to just be another silly item for the shop, Max places it on the shelf in the storage room and dismisses it.

Later that night, he and Evelyn have sex in the shop and make a promise to each other that they'll be together forever. Shortly thereafter, Max has Evelyn move in with him. Max and Evelyn initially decide to celebrate this new step in their relationship by grabbing a bite to eat. Wanting Evelyn to try something he enjoys for a change, Max suggests they go to a horror-themed ice cream shop run by Olivia (Alexandra Daddario). Evelyn is immediately unkind to Olivia, believing her and Max were flirting with each other. As Max pleads his case to her, Evelyn tearfully admits that she doesn't want to lose him and that he is the only thing in her life that has made her happy since her mother's death.

All seems to be great until Max comes back home to discover that Evelyn has redecorated their apartment to what she finds aesthetically pleasing and has put away all of Max's collectibles and posters, eradicating their resale value. This leads to an argument where Max states that he and Evelyn should be making decisions together instead of her taking the reins on every little thing. Feeling that Evelyn's overbearing nature will lead him to be unhappy for the duration of their relationship, Max plans to break up with her but is too scared to do so. Max turns to his slacker half-brother Travis (Oliver Cooper) for advice. Travis suggests that Max break up with Evelyn in a public place so he can make a quick getaway and have everyone present see her for the control freak she truly is. However, the plan backfires when Evelyn accidentally gets hit by a bus on her way to the park. She dies in the middle of the road while in the arms of a tearful Max.

A couple weeks go by and Max has shut himself off emotionally, feeling responsible for Evelyn's death. Travis swings by his place and, after seeing the funk he is in, encourages him to get back out and move on. Max eventually runs into Olivia again and starts to hit it off with her. As the night progresses, Max and Olivia learn that they both share the same fascination for horror. But when Max and Olivia visit the Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Evelyn is shown to have risen up from the dead and has dug herself out of the ground. After Olivia walks Max back home, he is quickly greeted by an undead Evelyn at the door. Evelyn is overjoyed and believes hers and Max's love is being given a second chance and thinks they're still dating. Frightened, Max realizes that the Satan Genie from the shop made their wish of being "together forever" come true and that it has brought Evelyn back from the dead. Still wanting to pursue Olivia, Max actively attempts to hide Evelyn from her. He is also left to ponder how exactly he is going to officially dump Evelyn. Max presumes that the answer to his problems lie with the Satan Genie, only to have it shatter on the ground when he loses his footing. For his backup plan, Max then researches the occult/spell books the shop has available in the hopes of finding something that will send Evelyn back to her grave. He tries these techniques, but to no avail; as they have no effect on Evelyn whatsoever.

Travis stumbles upon Max with a drunken Evelyn, and is reluctant to help him. He soon has a change of heart and tells Max that the only true way he can get rid of Evelyn is to decapitate her with a machete. Max tries to accomplish this but backs out at the last minute. The day before Halloween, Olivia drops by the shop to visit Max. It's later interrupted by a phone call from Evelyn. Olivia, who still doesn't know that Evelyn's a zombie, thinks Max hasn't gotten over her yet, but offers him an invitation to a screening of Night of the Living Dead at the cemetery. Travis steps up to the plate and offers to kill Evelyn so Max can meet Olivia at the movie. Travis shows up at the apartment under the guise of searching for an old DVD Max never returned and intentionally prolongs his stay, annoying Evelyn. She then develops a sudden craving for brains and ends up eating Travis. Meanwhile, Max and Olivia are enjoying each other's company and end up having sex in the back of Olivia's car.

Upon Max's return, he discovers Travis's corpse in the living room. Knowing that Evelyn is now determined to kill anyone who gets in her way, Max tricks her into drawing a hot bubble bath for themselves in order to barricade the bathroom door and trap her inside. He rushes out of the apartment to get the police but leaves his cell phone behind by mistake. Evelyn wastes no time breaking free and escapes. She then kidnaps Olivia after reading the texts between her and Max. Having had no luck with the police, Max hears through one of the police scanners about someone knocking over a malt shop and realizes Olivia's in trouble. Back at the apartment, Max sees Olivia tied up and Evelyn threatens to kill her. A battle ensues between Max, Evelyn, and Olivia, ending with Travis (now revealed to be a zombie himself) fatally stabbing Evelyn through the chest with the machete. With Evelyn finally gone, Max and Olivia take her body back to the cemetery and bury her.

One year later, Max and Olivia's relationship is still going strong. Max has long since quit his job, became business partners with Olivia, having joined his horror memorabilia store and her ice cream shop as an enterprise of their own and is now truly happy. Max then surprises Olivia with an engagement ring, which she gladly accepts. And Travis, still in his zombie form, is shown sign-spinning outside the shop.

Cast
 Anton Yelchin as Max
 Ashley Greene as Evelyn
 Alexandra Daddario as Olivia
 Oliver Cooper as Travis
 Archie Hahn as Chuck
 Mark Alan as Goth Bartender
 Gabrielle Christian as Coco
 Mindy Robinson as  Mindy
 Dick Miller as Grumpy Cop, This was his final with Dante before his death in 2019, Miller had appeared in at least a cameo role in most of Dante's previous films.

Production
Burying the Ex was originally produced as a 15-minute short in 2008, written and directed by Alan Trezza. It starred Danielle Harris as Olivia and Mircea Monroe as Evelyn, with the male lead (then named Zak) played by John Francis Daley. Trezza later expanded the short into a feature film script. According to an interview with director Joe Dante in 2014:
I met Alan several years ago, got the script for the feature, which was not substantially different from the one we shot. I thought it was funny and different. Cut forward five years. Unexpectedly, after another project fell through, money appeared so we could make the movie, but we had to shoot cheaply and quickly. We shot in 20 days and it was a lot of fun, a hectic shoot, but there was a lot to do. We were clever about our locations and shooting all within the same area of town... The four leads are really fun and creative and brought a lot to the table.

Principal photography began November 17, 2013 and ended December 19, 2013. Mary Woronov played the owner of a store called Bloody Mary's. However, she was cut out of the film. Dante said the film was "very EC Comics, but it's not a comic book movie, I think the characters are a little bit more real...  I was left alone in terms of creativity." He added that the film was made for his fans.

Release
In January 2015, Image Entertainment acquired the release rights of the film, and set the release of the film in the United States, to summer 2015 via video on demand. The film was released on June 19, 2015, with the official trailer being released on May 26.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 30%, based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 4.38/10. The critics' consensus reads: "Burying the Ex boasts flickers of director Joe Dante's former flair, but neither the concept nor its execution live up to the standard set by his best efforts." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 37 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

References

External links

2014 films
2014 comedy films
2014 comedy horror films
American teen comedy films
American comedy horror films
2010s English-language films
Features based on short films
Films directed by Joe Dante
American teen horror films
American films about Halloween
Human-zombie romance in fiction
Resurrection in film
Voltage Pictures films
American zombie comedy films
Films set in a movie theatre
2010s American films


title: Matt Simon (disambiguation)

text:
Matt Simon (born 1986) is an Australian former soccer player

Matt Simon may also refer to:
Matt Simon (American football, born 1953), American football coach and former player
Matt Simon (American football, born 1985), American football coach and former player
Matilda Simon, 3rd Baroness Simon of Wythenshawe (born Matthew Simon), transgender British peeress

See also
Matt Simons (born 1987), American singer-songwriter
Matthew Simonds, a character in Honorverse


title: Jürg Reinhart

text:
Jürg Reinhart. Eine sommerliche Schicksalsfahrt ("Jürg Reinhart. A fateful summer journey") is the first novel of the Swiss writer Max Frisch (1911-1991).  It was started during the winter of 1933 and published in Germany by  in 1934. Frisch would later distance himself from this juvenile autobiographical work which was not reprinted as an individual novel, although much later it was included in a compilation of Frisch's collected works.   His second novel, , referred back to this first novel, being again centred on the same eponymous protagonist.

Jürg Reinhart is a young man undergoing a journey of self-discovery.   In pursuit of his purpose he abandons his studies and travels towards Greece.  In a Croatian guest house he meets three women, although he is able to love only one of them, the fatally ill daughter of the guest-house owner.   As she lies dying he helps her to commit suicide, in a grown-up action that contributes massively to his own personal development. (It must be stressed that although the Hitler government had come to power in Germany at the beginning of 1933, the concept of “euthanasia” had not yet acquired the negative associations which for Frisch’s generation, especially in German speaking central Europe, would later leave the term “euthanasia” widely interpreted as a euphemism for genocide during and after the 1940s.)

Synopsis
At the age of 21 Jürg Reinhart has abandoned his studies, having got it into his head that he should live with a girl friend in Vienna.   He has hardly arrived in Vienna before his intentions change, however:  he travels on, somewhat aimlessly in a southerly direction, needing to be alone and to figure out a direction for his life.   Already in the third week of his travels he finds himself in "Solitude", which is the name of a guesthouse, converted from an old manor house, in Ragusa (today known to English speakers as Dubrovnik).   The guesthouse is managed by an impoverished aristocratic woman, the Baroness von Woerlach, originally from North Germany. Jürg enjoys the available summer recreational activities, swimming and sailing, while supporting himself by submitting little articles and reports to a newspaper back home.   He is self-confident in his dealings with the world and with the individuals that he meets, storing up their details for possible use in future novels.

Three women at the guesthouse enter into Jürg's life.  There is a 39-year-old Dutch baroness, married to a 21-year-old man: she has long been accustomed to cheating on her spouse at every opportunity.  Although convention ensures that she and Jürg enjoy one another's company, he resists her blandishments because he knows her attraction to him is directed only towards his young body, and that she does not love him.

Jürg shows more interest in Hilde, the new housemaid at the guesthouse who is aged only 18 and confronts life with particular naivete.   They take a sailing trip together during the course of which Jürg's overtures fail to make progress.  More generally, he feels a major sense of failure because he does not succeed in doing what comes so easily to all boys of his age:  getting close to a woman.   This builds his expectations that when he does manage his first intimate encounter with a woman, his life's purpose will be revealed to him.

It is only with the third woman, Inge, the 30-year-old daughter of the guesthouse owner that Jürg progresses to a relationship of mutual affection.   Inge has lost her bridegroom and Henning, the brother to whom she had been devoted in the war.   She conceals the hurt of her loss beneath a mask of youthful jollity.   With Inge Jürg exchanges his first kiss.   But even this is not enough to keep him at the guesthouse, and he duly sets off to continue his journey towards Greece.

While Jürg is away travelling Inge's health dramatically deteriorates.   Her mother cannot afford to call a doctor, and it is only through the discrete generosity of a new guest, Mrs von Reisner, that Inge can undergo the operation that she needs.   However, she develops blood poisoning which is acutely painful, while the doctors now give her only a few weeks to live.   A debate unfolds between her mother, her friend and the hospital staff about the possibility and the justification of ending her life through Euthanasia, but in the end no one wants to accept the responsibility for an illegal course of action.   Meanwhile, back in the guesthouse, Hilde finally loses her virginity, to Robert, the dandified son of Mrs von Reisner: Robert then destroys her dreams of a life together for the two of them.   At the same time Jürg, who continues to be preoccupied with Inge, is still away, having made it to Athens, (rather indirectly) via Turkey.   For him, one night of solitude in the temple complex of Delphi represents total happiness.

Finally Jürg returns to Ragusa and the suffering Inge.   The next day Inge is dead.   Rumours begin to circulate of a possible euthanasia, and the local authorities anticipate the opportunity to proceed against an unloved Austrian doctor called "Heller".   Finally Jürg, who is still visiting the guesthouse for several more weeks, and helping with Inge's administrative matters, admits to her mother that he was the one who administered the lethal injection.   The mother sees this as evidence of his great love for Inge and keeps his action a secret, while he will have live alone with the knowledge of it.   As Jürg travels back to his home country he knows he has grown up.   He feels as though he has passed through many years' worth of experiences in just a few weeks.

Background and context
On several occasions Max Frisch himself referred to the autobiographical background of "Jürg Reinhart":  "What resulted was a first, very youthful novel which, like many first novels, remained firmly rooted in autobiography".  Again, in a conversation with Heinz Ludwig Arnold, Frisch stressed that "Jürg Reinhart" was "a barely disguised autobiography, but viewed as an autobiography it simply was not honest enough".

The novel is based on real events.   Early in 1933 Max Frisch traveled to the world ice-hockey championship in Prague, employed as a sports correspondent for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ).   The planned two week assignment mutated into an eight-month journey, taking in Budapest, Belgrade, Sarajevo, Dubrovnik, Zagreb, Istanbul and Athens.  While in Athens Frisch undertook an extended walking tour that covered Corinth and Delphi, before he returned home via Dubrovnik, Bari and Rome, arriving home in Zürich in October 1933.  On the Adriatic Sea, near to Dubrovnik there was a real guest house called "Solitude" in which Frisch stayed for a few weeks.   It was run by an impoverished aristocratic woman called Woedke who had a daughter named Ehrengard.   And there were a Baron and Baroness von Ittersum staying there.   Frisch wrote with enthusiasm about his hostess in letters home, as well as a piece for the NZZ that opened with the words: "Actually these Dalmatian days were exasperating:  you cannot paint them but must leave the brilliant colours behind when you depart.   Letters remain probably the most powerful reflection of the beauty.   Never the beauty itself.  Never such a light from a cloudless southern sky.  For exulatation."

The three-week stay in Greece was a particularly important element in Frisch's own self-discovery, and he sent home a report of the experience, published under the title "Good fortune in Greece" ("Glück in Griechenland").   This idyllic phase in his journey of self-discovery was ended abruptly by a letter he received from his mother dated 16 August 1933 and reporting the death of Ehrengard von Woedtke, the daughter at the guesthouse where he had stayed in Dubrovnik.   Frisch returned at once to Dubrovnik and stayed for several weeks to help Ehrengard's mother with the administration and paperwork arising from the death.   Later he wrote of this period:  "we go through the house where there are old guests and new ones, and everything continues to operate, and we expect to see our Ehrengard.   It's grim."   Later, in an interview with Volker Hage, Frisch returned to the subject, his memories now mellowed by the passing of time:  "It was, though overshadowed by the death of a young woman, a full and happy time", when he had formed a "pure, honorable and devoted union" with the woman.   "She was thirty-three, a full-figured blonde, eastern German.   And when I went away, on my trip to Istanbul, she died".

Shortly after getting home to Zürich Frisch set down his experiences in the novel Jürg Reinhart.   His original intention had been to use the material for a stage play.   According to Julian Schütt, this explains to the carefully crafted dialogue section at the beginning of the book in which Jürg is found fending off the advances of a determined Dutch woman of riper years.   The novel incorporates numerous journalistic passages which had already been published elsewhere, mostly in the travel articles he had had published in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ).   Looking back later, Frisch himself recalled: "there was so much text there, that I called a halt to writing more; I simply glued the articles together".

Jürg Reinhart was first published by  in Germany because, as Frisch himself admitted, he had not at that time found himself a Swiss publisher.   In a decade of growing national consciousness there was some criticism that the choice of  German publisher was disloyal or "unSwiss", but Frisch as a young man was largely apolitical and continued to be published in Nazi Germany till 1937.   For his publisher the young unknown Swiss writer was an excellent travel/adventure writer as can be seen from the subtitles used in the books as published.   In 1944 Gustav Kilpper, DVA's general director confessed the "beneath all the monstrosities and horrors of daily life, the people and events about which you write, bring us back to the private and fundamentally unimportant".

Interpretations

Genre
Most reviewers categorize "Jürg Reinhart" as a Bildungsroman, a training novel or a .   The core theme is the development of Jürg Reinhart, even though the novel often switches away from that perspective, especially in the central section where the writer concentrates on Inge's death rather than on the development of Jürg, and although the plot, unusually for this genre, takes place over only a few months.   Volker Weidermann, however, spoke of the book as being at one and the same time both a work of literature and a colportage novel (i.e. a work of pulp fiction).   Urs Bircher highlights the "sentimental journey" elements of this "travel novel", but he too detected some aspects and structures more reminiscent of "trivial writing" ("Trivialliteratur").

Jürg Reinhart, the lead protagonist
Urs Bircher describes the protagonist as a sort of "Swiss Parsifal" dressed in the white-red combination of his national flag.   His name "Reinhart" symbolises the fact that at the beginning he is still clearly "clean" of sexual experience  and this is reinforced by the determination he displays in defending his sexual "purity" at least in the first part of the novel.   For Volker Weidermann, too, the novel's focus is on the "pure hero who tries to guard his purity in a dark world".   Frisch supports this interpretation with various cliché visions of a woman seeking to seduce the pure young man away from the path of virtue.   For Walter Schmitz the "innocent fool" Reinhart carries a "Neo-romantic vagabond soul" and is the "embodiment of the healthy youth".   The contrast created in the novel is between Jürg Reinhart and Robert von Reisner who embodies casual loveless sexuality and carnal irresponsibility.   That contrast is played out in the differing experiences of Hilde with each of the two young men.

For Walburg Schwenke the novel, in common with all Max Frisch's early work, is in the first instance a presentation of the fundamental existential conflict between the bourgeois life and the artistic existence.   Frisch's alter ego, the protagonist Jürg Reinhart, is the social outsider.   He remains incapable of handling his relations the baroness or Hilde.  Whereas he is inept in social situations, in his dealings with Nature he is perfectly capable of overcoming obstacles.   For instance, the sea has a special function for Jürg, and his interactions both with the baroness and with Hilde reach their high point at sea.   Contrasting with the social outsider, Jürg, is the socially adept Robert von Reisner.   Nevertheless, the depiction of von Reisner never progresses beyond a stereotype, and really serves only to confirm that for Jürg Reinhart, and indeed with regard to Frisch's own decision to pursue self-realisation through literature, there can be no alternative.

Contemporary themes and influences
 explains Reinhart's pursuit of a fulfilled life in the context of the "Philosophy of Life", "Life reform" and "Youth" movements that were features, in particular, of German-speaking central Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century.   Even the preference for the "simple life" evidenced by traveling to Greece rather than remaining in the more socially constrained "civilisation" of the holiday resort reflects some of these influences.   On the other hand, we see the loneliness of the Reinhart the outsider reflected in the guest house which itself exists for strangers - visitors - and carries the name "Solitude".   Schmitz finds echoes here of one of Frisch's favourite poems, the "loneliness poem" by Hermann Hesse, .   There are several communication failures included in the novel, such as result from letters going unread or a sceptical tone of voice that is rooted in aestheticism.  The religious leanings of the woman lead back to thought patterns characteristic of a cult.   She ends up playing midwife to the male's ego.

In his biography of Frisch Julian Schütt pointed out how the conclusion of the novel echoes some of the ideas of the eugenics movement which at the time were increasingly mainstream in popular consciousness across western Europe.   He sees an example in the statement about the dying Inge "that her blood was used up and should no longer be drawn from her".   Again, he highlights the remark "Then boys and girls appear who are healthier and better configured for life", and the injunction "But then one should act with nobility, whereby the last and hardest service to the Fatherland is proven with the extinguishing of a life.   This calls to mind the deathly idea of "Destruction of the unworthy life" ("Vernichtung unwerten Lebens“) which was already widespread in Nazi Germany, but which was also being discussed in Switzerland.

Urs Bircher also focuses in on racist elements, whereby the leading characters are presented as Aryan heroic types („arische Heldenpersonal“) originating in Switzerland or Germany, inserted, using a kind of literary "Chiaroscuro technique" into a Slavo-Turkish context of characters identified as "dark skinned", "untrustworthy" or "lazy".   In support of this theme, Bircher even finds a passing reference to a "small Jew" with a "dirty neck" encountered in a bazaar.   However, Bircher rejects the idea that the novel's depiction of euthanasia can in any way be linked with National Socialism.   Rather he sees the euthanasia theme as a measure of the "manliness" that Jürg Reinhart demonstrates in the novel's climactic event.   That is also, of course, precisely the interpretation offered by the protagonist himself: "You don't become a man with a woman".   You demonstrate your manhood "through a manly deed."   And until you do that you will not have reached the top step of your personal development as a man.  Jürgen H. Petersen sees the matter differently: "The way this novel presents the issue sounds ever more pathetic and absurd."   In Frisch's presentation of "the active life" (des " tätigen Lebens“) as essential to human fulfillment Petersen detects echoes of the nineteenth century philosopher-statesman, Goethe.   However, Alexander Stephan attributes the emphasis on "manly strength and maturity" and the "great deed" to nothing more mysterious than the popular mood taking hold across much of Europe during the 1930s.

Relationship with the overall body of the author's work
In "Jürg Reinhart" Frisch sets out, for the first time, the "identity problem" which his later works would exhibit.   Jurg writes in a letter in the second part of the novel: "You see, if I am pushed around by fully-formed people, as you might say being passed from one hand to another, so that each can mold a different version of me each according to his own structures, one ends up being crumbled"   This idea of the misshapen image of the self is illustrated in a later episode, in which Jurg is pressured by fellow voyagers on a boat trip into assuming the role of a famous pianist.

Alexander Stephan highlights additional complex themes that were introduced in this first novel, and which returned with new emphasis in Frisch's later works: the autobiographical aspects, the artist as the outsider, the unfulfilled seeking after happiness and love, and with these, in particular, the sea as symbolizing freedom and fulfillment, along with communication of the living and the dead.   Volker Hage pointed out the vague guilt with which the hero is left at the end, concerning which no legal process can pronounce a verdict, which is a theme that would return in Bluebeard (1982), Frisch's last novel.   Urs Bircher saw "Jürg Reinhart" as the beginning of a long line of more or less fictitious "me-stories" which Frisch would write.

Reception
Frisch's first-born novel was positively received by contemporary critics, almost without exception providing him with adulatory publicity and setting him above other young Swiss writers of the time.   In Germany, too, Frisch's work was well received, with such criticism as there was in the newspapers reserved for the Swiss resonances in the use of the German language.   Leonhard Beriger missed the "lively intellectual interplay" (den „lebendigen geistigen Austausch“)  such as was provided by Jakob Schaffner (a Swiss novelist sympathetic to the political ideology of Germany in the Nazi period).  According to Alexander Stephan, the German critics praised "Jürg Reinhart", above all, because of its brilliantly clear commitment to the "Great deed".

Hellmut Schlien, writing in Die Literatur in 1934, thought that the novel showed very great promise, and gave its youthful author what he called "an honest word of encouragement along the way" („ein ehrliches Wort der Aufmunterung mit auf den Weg“).   For Schlien the novel exemplified the way that modern literature, by the device of exaggerated psychological dissection within a novel, was returning to a form of archaic epic rendering.   He commended "the style and manner of the presentation ...[as]... exceptionally fresh".   "The prose, if still somewhat untempered and impetuous, captures with striking immediacy the personalities, their relationships and experiences.   Here there are already signs of real style, with a certain pleasing care-free quality, and a strong accompanying nervous tension in the narrative".

In the author's Swiss homeland, too, critical reaction was overwhelmingly positive.   Writing in Der Bund, Hugo Marti found "the young Parzival from Zürich" excessively garrulous, but the encounter was nevertheless essentially characterized by sympathy and empathy.   Robert Faesi, who had himself taught Frisch at Zurich University, published a supportive review of "Jürg Reinhart" in the Basler Zeitung, and the newspaper nominated Max Frisch as a "Travel talker" ("Reiseplauderer").   Characteristically harder to impress was , the long-standing literary editor of the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) (for which Frisch himself wrote regularly) who refused to serialize the novel, insisting that "Jürg Reinhart" was not a novel for the younger generation and that for him personally the subject matter did not seem to be in keeping with the times.   Instead, the NZZ published a fictitious interview, and later Korrodi pushed a gloss regarding Frisch, concerning a young author who scanned the windows of all the book shops looking for his own first novel.

The distribution of Frisch's novel soon exceeded 2,000 copies.   In December 1934 the Zürich Literature Commission recognized the achievement with a 500 franc award, noting that it was "poignant how the hero grew to manhood by taking a major responsibility to himself," in an evolution of the plot "from the erotic to the ethical".   It took Emil Ermatinger to offer in a note the qualification that the work was "an extensive display of a man with a somewhat unnatural soul"   Privately, the author received further critical reproof from his friend Werner Coninx.   Later Frisch recalled:  "He tore into my first-born novel with great love, but with such insight that he sometimes left me with the impression that I understood absolutely nothing about poetry".

More recent scholars and commentators, with the benefit of a little more distance, have accepted Frisch's own criticisms.   Volker Weidermann reckoned "Jürg Reinhart" a "pretty dreadful" ("ziemlich schauderhaft") novel.   Volker Hage emphasized that the work could not "avoid being characterized as a beginner's novel, but that does not invalidate it as a literary mark of a twenty-three year old author's progress.   Above all the novel has been studied as an early exhibition for various themes and thought patterns which would be crystallized  and developed in Frisch's later output.   "Jürg Reinhart" also offers students at all levels an early excursion into Frisch's characteristic blending of autobiography into fiction

Reading lists

Editions
 Max Frisch: Jürg Reinhart. Eine sommerliche Schicksalsfahrt. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1934. (First edition)
 Max Frisch: Jürg Reinhart. In: Gesammelte Werke in zeitlicher Folge. Erster Band (Collected works chronologically sequence: First volume). Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1998, , S. 225–385.

Secondary sources
 Urs Bircher: Vom langsamen Wachsen eines Zorns: Max Frisch 1911–1955. Limmat. Zürich 1997, , P. 46–51.
 : Max Frisch: Das Werk (1931–1961). Studien zu Tradition und Traditionsverarbeitung. Peter Lang, Bern 1985, , P. 24–37.
 Julian Schütt: Max Frisch. Biographie eines Aufstiegs. Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2011, , P. 141–144.
 Walburg Schwenke: Was bin ich? – Gedanken zum Frühwerk Max Frischs. In: Walter Schmitz (Hrsg.): Max Frisch. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1987, , P. 63–91, zu Jürg Reinhart P. 70–78.
 Volker Weidermann: Max Frisch. Sein Leben, seine Bücher. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln 2010, , P. 45–51.

Notes and sources

Novels by Max Frisch
Swiss novels
1934 German novels


title: United States Post Office (Wadesboro, North Carolina)

text:
United States Post Office is a historic post office building located at Wadesboro, Anson County, North Carolina.  It was designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect and built in 1932–1933. It is a two-story rectangular building of cream brick with limestone trim in a Classical / Colonial Revival style.  Five central bays of the front facade make up a slightly projecting frontispiece defined by an arcade of six colossal stone pilasters with Greek corinthian order capitals.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. It is located in the Wadesboro Downtown Historic District.

References

Wadesboro
Neoclassical architecture in North Carolina
Colonial Revival architecture in North Carolina
Government buildings completed in 1933
Buildings and structures in Anson County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Anson County, North Carolina
Historic district contributing properties in North Carolina


title: Ambalathara (disambiguation)

text:
Ambalathara may refer to:

 Ambalathara, a village in Kasaragod district in the state of Kerala, India
 Ambalathara, Thiruvananthapuram, a suburb of Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala, India


title: Farghana Qasimova

text:
Fargana Alim qizi Qasimova (; born August 6, 1979) is an Azerbaijani mugham singer in Azerbaijan. She is the daughter of famous mugham singer Alim Qasimov. She has twice received presidential awards for the promotion of Azerbaijani music, in 2012 and 2014.

Biography
In 1995, at the age of sixteen, Qasimova joined Alim Qasimov on his concert tour to Germany for the first time. By the age of twenty she had become a full-fledged singer in her own right, and Qasimov chose to include his daughter in his ensemble. Farghana first appeared on 1997's The Legendary Art of Mugham, on which the two shared vocal tasks on the song Getme Getme. Their next album included a track, Bagishlamani, dedicated to his colleague, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. The release marked a high point for Qasimov as it was his first widely available release to western audiences and it proved a critical success. Qasimova's efforts, with her father's guidance, to reconnect younger generations with mugham began to pay dividends; not only was he appealing to traditional Islamic sections of the Azerbaijani population, but also to more Americanised and modern audiences. The breakthrough amongst the younger generations spurred him on: "Sometimes young people come up after a concert to thank me. That's like giving me wings. I feel so elated when I can awaken such feelings in people while they are still young; mugham is not an easy genre for young people to understand".

In 1999, Qasimova with her father participated in “The Spirit of the East” concert directed and composed by Israeli Mizrahi musician Peretz Eliyahu and Mark Eliyahu.

In 2007, she recorded and released further  Central Asian Series, Vol. 6: Spiritual Music of Azerbaijan with her father. She also took the opportunity to perform in New York City in 2005 as part of Yo-Yo Ma's Silk Road Project. The concert aimed to promote multi-cultural artistic exchange between eastern and western cultures and The New York Times regarded her performance, alongside Malik Mansurov and Rauf Islamov, as the highlight of the event.

In 2002, she made her first appearance as a soloist at the Women's Voices Festival in Belgium.

In 2014, she released Yalniz Ona Doghru, which became her first album. In the same year, she gave her first solo concert in Baku.

Discography

Albums
The Legendary Art of Mugham (October 15, 1997) with Alim Qasimov Ensemble
Love's Deep Ocean (October 11, 1999) with Alim Qasimov
Central Asian Series, Vol. 6: Spiritual Music of Azerbaijan (September 25, 2007) with Alim Qasimov
"Intimate dialogue" – Live at Morgenland Festival Osnabrück 2009 with Alim Qasimov
Durnalar (May 12, 2014)

References

Further reading

Alim and Fergana Qasimov: The Master and his Pearl Interview with Qasimov in Al-Ahram Weekly

External links
Alim and Ferghana Qasimov performing live

1979 births
Living people
21st-century Azerbaijani women singers
People from Shamakhi
Mugham singers


title: Lavanttal Fault

text:
The Lavanttal Fault (or Pöls-Lavanttal Fault, Labot Fault; ) is a seismically active fault that stretches from Austria in the north to Slovenia in the south. The fault strikes NNW-SSE and shows dextral strike-slip movements. In the southern part, the Lavanttal Fault displaces the Periadriatic Fault or Balaton Fault. Movements along the fault led to the formation of the Fohnsdorf Basin and the Lavanttal Basin.

References

Geology of Austria
Geology of Slovenia
Seismic faults of Europe


title: Ambushed

text:
Ambushed may refer to:

 Ambushed (album), a 1994 album by Da Bush Babees
 Ambushed (2013 film), a 2013 film directed by Giorgio Serafini and starring Dolph Lundgren
 Ambushed (1998 film), a 1998 American action thriller film
 "Ambushed," a song by French electronic group Telepopmusik from their album Angel Milk

See also
 Ambush (disambiguation)


title: Cherkaske

text:
Cherkaske () is the name of two urban localities in Ukraine.

Cherkaske, an urban-type settlement in Novomoskovsk Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
Cherkaske, an urban-type settlement in Sloviansk Raion, Donetsk Oblast

See also
 Cherkasskoye


Boggan-Hammond House and Alexander Little Wing is a historic home located at Wadesboro, Anson County, North Carolina.

The original section was built about 1787, and is a restored one-story frame Federal style structure.  The house was built by Captain Patrick Boggan, a Revolutionary War veteran who was one of the founders of the town of Wadesboro, for his daughter, Nellie.  A two-story frame wing was added in 1839.

In the 20th century the original house was separated from the wing and placed behind it. The buildings were opened to the public as house museums in 1970. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is located in the Wadesboro Downtown Historic District, on East Wade Street (County Road 1135), and is in the care of the Anson County Historical Society.

Gallery

References

External links
Boggan-Hammond House (Anson County Historical Society)

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Federal architecture in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1787
Museums in Anson County, North Carolina
Houses in Anson County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Anson County, North Carolina
Historic house museums in North Carolina
1787 establishments in North Carolina
Historic district contributing properties in North Carolina


title: William Henry Rodes Green

text:
Major-General Sir William Henry Rodes Green  (31 May 1823 – 9 September 1912) was a British Indian Army officer and colonial official.

Green was the son of Vice-Admiral Sir Andrew Pellatt Green. He attended the Addiscombe Military Seminary and King's College, London. He was commissioned into the Scinde Horse of the East India Company. During the Crimean War, Green was seconded to the Ottoman Empire to train Turkish Irregular Cavalry forces. He was promoted to Major in May 1855. For his work in Turkey he was invested as a member of the Order of the Medjidie, in which he was subsequently promoted several times. He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in March 1868, having transferred to the Bombay Staff Corps. On 24 May 1866, he was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India in recognition of his service as Political Superintendent in Upper Scinde. In 1875, he was promoted to the rank of Major-General in the Staff Corps. He saw service in the Second Anglo-Afghan War and wrote a book regarding the Battle of Kandahar, which was published in 1881.

In 1868, he married Louisa Dunn, daughter of John Henry Dunn, Receiver General for Upper Canada. His son was the British Army officer Henry Green.

References

1823 births
1912 deaths
Graduates of Addiscombe Military Seminary
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Companions of the Order of the Bath
British Indian Army generals
Bombay Staff Corps officers
Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie
British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War
People from Witham
Military personnel from Essex


title: Dimitar Pechikamakov

text:
Dimitar Pechikamakov (; born 24 June 1963), is a former Bulgarian association football midfielder, who is most notable for appearing in an all-time record 444 league matches for his hometown football club Lokomotiv GO, also contributing for the squad with 86 goals.

Club career
Pechikamakov contributed 27 goals in 216 matches while playing top flight football in Bulgaria. He was also part of the team of Lokomotiv GO, which reached the semi-finals of the 1986-87 Bulgarian Cup.

References

1963 births
Living people
Bulgarian men's footballers
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
FC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa players
FC Dunav Ruse players
Men's association football midfielders
People from Gorna Oryahovitsa
Sportspeople from Veliko Tarnovo Province


title: New Zealand Film Archive

text:
The New Zealand Film Archive was established in 1981.  On 1 August 2014 the archive was amalgamated with Sound Archives Ngā Taonga Kōrero and the Television New Zealand Archive to form Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision.

2009 lost film recovery

In early 2009, a collection of 75 previously thought to be lost American silent films, were discovered in the New Zealand Film Archive. The films dated from 1898 to 1929 and were previously thought to be lost films.

Background and restoration

During the time period that the films were performed films were shipped to countries along a "distribution line" format, with New Zealand often being the last place the films would be shipped. Because of the high cost of transport during this time and the flammability of the early film stock, most of the films would not be shipped back to the United States and were moved into government archives, were destroyed, or given or sold to private owners.

The films were discovered during a visit to the archive by Brian Meacham, a Los Angeles film preservationist. Meacham was curious as to what films the archive held, upon which it was discovered that the archive held a large number of early American films. The New Zealand Film Archive's Steve Russell said "It's one of the rare cases where the tyranny of distance has worked in our and the films' favour". In 2009, the archive agreed with the (American) National Film Preservation Foundation to repatriate 75 silent American films, all rare or previously thought by American archivists and scholars to be lost (the archive continues to hold many other silent-era American films). About 70 percent of the copies were complete.

In order to export the films back to the United States, the movies had to be transported in U.N.-approved steel barrels in incremental shipments. Many of the films had begun to deteriorate, with NFPF director Annette Melville saying "About a quarter of the films are in advanced nitrate decay and the rest have good image quality, though they are badly shrunken". The repatriated films from this discovery were sent for preservation and storage to five major film archives in the United States:  the Library of Congress, the Academy Film Archive, the George Eastman House, the UCLA Film and Television Archive, and the Museum of Modern Art.  Those films sent to the Academy Film Archive now form that institution's New Zealand Collection.

Films discovered

Of the 75 films discovered in the New Zealand archive, some of the more notable examples were John Ford's 1927 film Upstream and the 1923 film Maytime. It was also noted by the New York Times that many of the films that were recovered "underline the major contribution made by women to early cinema". Sony has assumed the costs for the restoration of Mary of the Movies.

The Hitchcock film The White Shadow was discovered in the collection, mislabeled as the movie Twin Sisters and lacked a title credit. The discovery of this film was named as one of Movies.com's "Biggest Surprises of 2011".

See also
 Cinema of New Zealand
 List of New Zealand films
 National Film Library, New Zealand

References

Film archives in New Zealand
Film organisations in New Zealand


title: Afrodisiac

text:
Afrodisiac may refer to:

Afrodisiac (Fela Kuti album), 1971
Afrodisiac (The Main Ingredient album), 1973
Afrodisiac (comics), a Marvel Comics character
Afrodisiac (Brandy album), 2004
Afrodisiac, album by Rastine, 1992
Afro-Disiac, album by Willy Chirino, 2001
"Afrodisiac", a 1995 song by Powder
"Afrodisiac" (song), a 2004 song by Brandy

See also
Aphrodisiac (disambiguation)


title: James Metcalfe

text:
James Metcalfe may refer to:

 James Metcalfe (Bedford MP) (fl. 1715–1730), British politician
 James Metcalfe (York East MP) (1822–1886), Canadian businessman and MP for York East
 James Henry Metcalfe (1848–1925), Canadian businessman and MP for Kingston
 James B. Metcalfe (1846–1924), American lawyer and political figure
 James Metcalfe (rugby) (1873–1943), English rugby union and rugby league footballer
 James J. Metcalfe (1906–1960), American poet
 James Metcalfe (Bengal Army officer) (1817–1888), Anglo-Indian military officer in the Bengal Army
 James Stetson Metcalfe (1858–1927), American drama critic

See also
 James Medcalf (1895–1980), English footballer
 James Metcalf (disambiguation), including Jim Metcalf


title: Sandra Graham

text:
Sandra Graham is a professor of education at University of California, Los Angeles, where she holds the Presidential Chair in Education and Diversity. She received the E. L. Thorndike Award in 2013. She served as the Vice Chair of the UCLA Academic Senate for 2016–17, and continues to serve as the Chair for 2017–18.

Biography
She received a B.A. from Barnard College, an M.A. from Columbia University and her PhD from UCLA.

Graham has a major research interests in academic motivation and social development in children of color, particularly in school contexts that vary in racial and ethnic diversity. Her research has covered student ethnic diversity in K–12 education. She has said schools need to be more proactive in teaching tolerance. Giving her opinion on L.A Unified's daily random weapons searches of high school students, Graham said there was little research on the effects of these searches, but “schools [begin] to look more like prisons where there’s a lot of surveillance. …This can lead for kids to greater negative perceptions of the school climate.”

In the aftermath of the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Graham appeared to endorse the position that exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood of aggression.

Awards
Among her many honors and awards, she was elected in 2015 to the National Academy of Education and received the 2014 E. L. Thorndike Career Award for Distinguished Contributions to Educational Psychology from the American Psychological Association.

References

Living people
UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies faculty
American educational theorists
Barnard College alumni
UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Billy Horne Farm

text:
The Billy Horne Farm is a historic farm and national historic district located near Polkton, Anson County, North Carolina.  It includes four contributing buildings and two contributing sites.  They include a two-story weatherboard frame house in the Federal and vernacular Greek Revival style (c. 1830); a 19th-century frame overseer / tenant house; a 19th-century corncrib / granary; a 19th-century carriage house; the farm landscape; and the Horne Family Cemetery.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Greek Revival houses in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1830
Buildings and structures in Anson County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Anson County, North Carolina
1830 establishments in North Carolina


title: Charles H. Ilgenfritz

text:
Charles Henry Ilgenfritz (March 4, 1837 – March 31, 1920) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.

Ilgenfritz was born in York County, Pennsylvania on March 4, 1837. He was awarded the Medal of Honor, for extraordinary heroism on April 2, 1865, while serving as a Sergeant with Company E, 207th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, at Fort Sedgwick, Virginia. His Medal of Honor was issued on March 20, 1917.

He died at the age of 83, on March 31, 1920, and was buried at the Prospect Hill Cemetery in York County, Pennsylvania.

Medal of Honor citation

References

External links

1837 births
1920 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from York County, Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients


title: Balfour v Attorney-General

text:
Balfour v A-G [1991] 1 NZLR 519 is a leading case in New Zealand involving negligence in tort for defamation, as well as causation.

Background
Balfour was a primary teacher in the Hawkes Bay, and in 1976 he transferred to secondary teaching. In order for him to be able to continue to teach at a secondary level, he needed his teaching grade to be changed from List A, to List B.

Unfortunately, he was only graded as List A2. Nor was he helped by the fact that in 1976, the Education Department started annual mandatory background checks on teachers, which the following note was put on his teaching records:

"Entirely unsuitable - would be List A3 [a slightly derogatory grading] teacher if returned to state system - a long practising and latent homosexual".

Soon thereafter, he was forced to resign his teaching position, and was also given a ban from teaching by the Hawkes Bay Secondary Schools district. which was subsequently reversed.

In the meantime, he had obtained employment in the private school sector, where apparently there were no background checks.

Things came a to head in 1980 and 1981 when Balfour was unsuccessful in applying for training courses for working with special needs children, which he argued was as a result of this file note.

He claimed $150,000 in general and exemplary damages for defamation

Held
The Court of Appeal ruled that there was no causation linking the ministry to his loss. Factors included that there was no record of the note being given to other parties, and even if this information was passed on, there was no proof that he was disadvantaged by these comments, as it was pointed out, that by the time of the trial in 1986, he had successfully obtained a teaching job in a public school as well as obtaining a List B grading. It was also said that being not selected had more to do with there being 66 candidates for only 20 positions.

FOOTNOTE: Balfour subsequently gained attention for him and his wife Daryl being convicted of animal cruelty charges, getting a 20-year ban from owning either cats or dogs.

References

Court of Appeal of New Zealand cases
New Zealand tort case law
1991 in New Zealand law
1991 in case law


title: Chittapuram

text:
Chittapuram is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Ipur mandal of Guntur revenue division.

Geography

Chittapuram is situated to the southeast of the mandal headquarters, Ipur, at . It is spread over an area of .

Governance
Chittapuram gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.

Education

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has 3 Mandal Parishad schools.

See also
List of villages in Guntur district

References

Villages in Guntur district


title: Chambers–Morgan Farm

text:
The Chambers–Morgan Farm is a historic farm and national historic district located near White Store, Anson County, North Carolina, United States.  It includes four contributing buildings, three contributing sites, and six contributing structures.  They include the Greek Revival style Chambers–Morgan House (1829); blacksmith shop, "light house", car shed (1930s), two corn cribs (c. 1910), barn (c. 1910), cemetery (1830–1866), well, pump house (c. 1940), two ponds, and the farm landscape.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Greek Revival houses in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1829
Buildings and structures in Anson County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Anson County, North Carolina


title: Lady Agnew of Lochnaw

text:
Lady Agnew of Lochnaw is an oil on canvas portrait painting of Gertrude Agnew, the wife of Sir Andrew Agnew, 9th Baronet. The painting was commissioned in 1892 and completed the same year by the American portrait artist John Singer Sargent. It measures  and is owned by the Scottish National Gallery in Edinburgh, Scotland. The museum acquired it through the Cowan Smith Bequest Fund in 1925.

Background
Gertrude Vernon was born in 1864, the daughter of the Hon. Gowran Vernon and granddaughter of Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden. She married Sir Andrew Noel Agnew, 9th Baronet of Lochnaw Castle in Wigtownshire in 1889. A few years later, during 1892, he commissioned John Singer Sargent to paint her portrait. The success of the painting endowed her with additional notoriety and prestige. There is speculation that the family may have met with financial difficulties resulting in an attempt to sell the painting to the Trustees of the Frick Collection in 1922 but the offer was rejected by Helen Clay Frick. Lady Agnew died in London in April 1932 after suffering ill health for a long time.

Description

Lady Agnew is seated in an 18th-century French Bergère and, according to art historian Richard Ormond, the back of the chair is used as a "curving, supporting space to contain the figure, creating a distinctive, languid elegance". Sargent pictured her in a three-quarter length pose, dressed in a white gown with a silk mauve sash as an accessory round her waist. The wall behind her is draped with Chinese silk of a blue colour. She looks directly and appraisingly, her expression capturing the impression she is participating in an "intimate conversation" with those observing the painting. Ormond and Kilmurray remark that she was convalescing from influenza at the time, which may account for the languor in her pose. They describe her gaze as "quietly challenging" and "something withheld and inviting in her quizzical half-smile".

The oil on canvas measures . The portrait was exhibited at the Royal Academy, London, in 1893 and may have been influential in the artist's acceptance as an associate of the Academy the following January. According to an unattributed article in The Times dated 29 April 1893, the portrait was "not only a triumph of technique but the finest example of portraiture, in the literal sense of the word, that has been seen here for a long time. While Mr Sargent has abandoned none of his subtlety, he has abandoned his mannerisms, and has been content to make a beautiful picture of a charming subject, under conditions of repose." The writer also felt it was a "masterpiece". Other exhibitions it featured in were at Boston's Copley Hall in 1899 and the Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh during 1924.

The painting still hangs in its original antique French rococo frame. It is not known if this is the same frame Sargent described in an 1893 letter to Sir Andrew: "Today I saw an old frame which I think might suit the picture... It is expensive, I think £20, and unless the picture should look remarkably well in it, hardly worth the money".

According to the Scottish National Gallery, "the cumulative cost of sustaining celebrity with style obliged Lady Agnew to sell her own portrait". The painting was acquired with assistance from the Cowan Smith Bequest Fund in 1925. It was retitled as Lady Agnew of Lochnaw at her request (formerly it had been titled simply Lady Agnew). There are two letters from her about the sale of the painting in the gallery's archives. The first of these indicates that she had decided against letting it go to an American in New York and had offered it to the gallery for £4,000. At the time Noel Agnew commissioned the portrait, Sargent's fee for a three-quarter length portrait was about £500. After the gallery was extended around 1978, the additional area allowed space for the portrait to be displayed.

See also
 List of works by John Singer Sargent

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Paintings by John Singer Sargent
1892 paintings
Paintings in National Galleries Scotland
19th-century portraits
Portraits of women


title: K.F.C. Zwarte Leeuw

text:
KFC Zwarte Leeuw is a Belgian football club from Rijkevorsel. The club was founded on April 25 1926 and is affiliated to the Royal Belgian Football Association with base number 1124. The club's club colours are yellow-black. Until the 1974/75 season, Black Lion played in the Provincial Divisions. Since then, with the exception of three seasons in the First Provincial Division, the club has played in the national series, culminating in four seasons in the Second Division, between 1989 and 1994. In the 2023/24 season, the club plays in the Third Division, the third national amateur level.

History

Origin of the club (1923-1926)
Several football teams emerged in Rijkevorsel during the First World War. However, these teams played irregularly and soon the idea of founding a 'real' football club was considered. So Zwarte Leeuw was founded in 1923, but the club was not yet affiliated to the Belgian Football Federation at that time. The club would initially be called 'de Verenigde Vrienden van d'Akkerhuizen', named after the place of origin of the club's founders, but at the suggestion of first chairman Jeroom Hellings, the name 'Zwarte Leeuw' - translated literally: Black Lion - was chosen. After three years of playing football against other teams in the area, KFC Zwarte Leeuw joined the big Royal Belgian Football Association on April 25 1926 - its official founding date. The club was then given its current basic number: 1124.

The years in the Provincial Divisions (1926-1973)
Until the 1972/73 season, the club played in the regional, later renamed Provincial Divisions. Zwarte Leeuw went through all provincial divisions, from the lowest to the highest, before being promoted successively from the Second to the First Provincial Division in 1973 and again from the First Provincial Division to Fourth Division in 1974.

The period of success (1973-1990)
After promotion in 1973, KFC Zwarte Leeuw played thirteen seasons in the Fourth Division before becoming champions in the 1986/87 season, under the leadership of Roger Kemland, with one point more than Bilzen VV.

In the 1983/84 season, however, there was already a first major success, in the Belgian Cup, by beating first division side Beerschot op het Kiel 0-4 in the 32nd finals, with Lucien Olieslagers as coach. In the 16th finals, the cup adventure then ended for De Leeuwen, after losing 2-1 at Het Lisp, against Lierse.

After the championship in 1987, the club entered the 1987/88 season in the Third Division for the first time in its history. A stunt almost followed in the first season in that league: the club finished second in the ranking, with one point less than Germinal Ekeren. A draw on the last matchday then killed off Zwarte Leeuw.

One season later, however, it was a hit. Led by Eddy Lodewijckx and with Roger Kemland as the club's first manager, De Leeuwen became champions with six points more than the second in the ranking: Heist Sportief. However, the 1988/89 season was marked by much more success, and that was in the Belgian Cup. After the previous big cup success in 1983, Zwarte Leeuw overcame consecutively Berchem Sport, Racing Genk and Antwerp (in two matches) in 1989. In the quarter-finals awaited the club that would become Belgian champions later that season and won the UEFA Cup Winner's Cup a season earlier: KV Mechelen. In the home match, played at Het Lisp in front of some 16,000 spectators, it ended 1-1. In the return match Achter de Kazerne, however, Zwarte Leeuw had to acknowledge its (clear) superiority to the European superpower, it became 5-0 and the cup fairytale of De Leeuwen came to an end.

After a successful 1988/89 season, with promotion and a long cup campaign, Zwarte Leeuw entered the 1989/90 season in the Second Division, the first time for the club. Even in the Second Division, the team from Rijkevorsel continued to amaze. In the first season ever at the second Belgian level, De Leeuwen achieved a third place and played the final round, after Zwarte Leeuw led the standings after ten playing days, winning the first period. In the final round, which would determine whether or not they would advance to the First Division, the club faced Boom, Racing Genk and Lommel. After surviving the group stage and winning the semi-final against Boom (0-1), Zwarte Leeuw lost the final of the final round at home on 31 May 1990 with heavy 2-7 figures to Racing Genk. This day is still the highlight of the club's history until now, never was Zwarte Leeuw closer to the highest division of Belgian football. In the 1989/90 season, the club did win one trophy, the Trofee Jules Pappaert, the cup awarded annually to the club with the longest unbeaten run that calendar year, in the First, Second or Third Division. Zwarte Leeuw won this cup for its run of 27 unbeaten matches in 1989.

Zwarte Leeuw's period of success has one constant: the presidency of the Van Roey family. Father Louis Van Roey and son Frans Van Roey swung the baton at Zwarte Leeuw between 1971 and 1994. All successes in that period were achieved with the family's company on the chest: Bouwbedrijf Van Roey.

The toll of success and decline (1990-1996)
In the 1990/91 season, the Louis Van Roey stadium was substantially renovated and expanded, with new sitting and standing stands. In both the 1990/91 and 1991/92 seasons, De Leeuwen still played in the Second Division, but the successes of yesteryear were no more. The club paid the price for the sporting heyday of the previous seasons and of the Bosman ruling. That ruling caused the club to see players it acquired leave for free. Much of the club's capital thus went up in smoke.

After three seasons in the Second Division, the inevitable happened, KFC Zwarte Leeuw relegated to the Third Division in the 1991/92 season.

After two seasons in the Third Division, in which relegation was narrowly avoided, the club finished penultimate in the 1995/96 season and dropped back to the Fourth Division after nine seasons. As early as 1994, chairman Frans Van Roey submitted his resignation, the end of the Van Roey era at Zwarte Leeuw. Herman Heylen became interim chairman for two seasons.

Stability, promotion and relegation (1996-2012)
In 1996, Frans Bevers became the club's new chairman, ushering in a new era for Zwarte Leeuw. The objective was to prevent the free fall, make Zwarte Leeuw financially healthy and stable again and preferably also return to the Third Division. Despite consistently finishing in the top eight in the seasons following the relegation and even playing in the final round for promotion twice in the 1999/00 and 2000/01 seasons, De Leeuwen failed to promote. From the 2002/03 season, however, the club also failed to finish in the left-hand column every year. Zwarte Leeuw did not play a significant role in the Fourth Division from then on, with the exception of the good 2005/06 season. In that season, Zwarte Leeuw finished sixth in the standings, but most importantly: Zwarte Leeuw made it to the 16th finals of the Belgian Cup. After successively defeating Zandvliet, Londerzeel, Lyra, Sint-Gillis-Waas and Sint-Niklaas, the club drew KAA Gent in the 16th finals. In Rijkevorsel, the cup adventure ended with a 0-3 loss against Ghent.

One season after the fine 2005/06 season, however, followed a low point for Zwarte Leeuw: after a 33-year stay in the national series of Belgian football, the club relegated to the First Provincial Division.

In the 2007/08 season, Zwarte Leeuw directly achieved the final round to rise again to the Fourth Division, but in the final promotion had to be left to Wilrijk. In the following 2008/09 season, they again reached the final round and this time did win the final round, against Wijnegem. The return to national football was a fact.

The renewed stay in the national series was relatively short-lived, however, and in the 2011/12 season relegation to the First Provincial Division followed once again.

The turnaround, a new momentum (2012-present)
The 2012/13 season can be viewed as the season that saw the turnaround towards the current Zwarte Leeuw. After financial troubles (past debts and problems with taxes), Zwarte Leeuw still played champion in the First Provincial Division, with five points more than the second in the ranking, Antonia.

From a new wind within the club, a new president (Willy Fransen became president in 2013), a new vision, a different transfer policy, successes were achieved in the Fourth Division, with fifth, sixth and fourth place in the 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 seasons consecutively.

That last fourth-place finish ensured that in the 2016/17 season, under the leadership of Gert Jochems, Zwarte Leeuw was classified in the Second Amateur Division after the league reform.

After two seasons, however, Zwarte Leeuw did disappear from that Second Amateur Division after losing the final round in a 2018 match against Pepingen-Halle.

To date, KFC Zwarte Leeuw plays in the Third Amateur Division, renamed the Third Division in 2020. From the 2023/24 season, KFC Zwarte Leeuw will also have a B team in competition, playing in the Fourth Provincial Division.

Honours

Results

References

 F. FLEERAKKERS, Honderd jaar voetbal in Rijkevorsel, Rijkevorsel, 2013.
 KFC Zwarte Leeuw, Geweldige en fiere historiek. Internet, consulted January 22 2022. (http://www.kfczwarteleeuw.be/3/12/GEWELDIGE_EN_FIERE_HISTORIEK)
 KFC Zwarte Leeuw, Gouden schoen. Internet, consulted May 1 2023. (https://www.kfczwarteleeuw.be/6/29/SUPPORTERSCLUB_-_Gouden_schoen)
 Gazet van Antwerpen, Financieel conflict Zwarte Leeuw bereikt dieptepunt. Internet, published July 29 2011. (https://www.gva.be/cnt/aid1066467)
 Gazet van Antwerpen, "Het kan een wondermooie dag worden". Internet, published May 21 2016. (https://www.gva.be/cnt/dmf20160520_02299403)

External links
 Official website

Football clubs in Belgium
Association football clubs established in 1927
1927 establishments in Belgium


title: Catalina Bar & Grill

text:
Catalina Bar & Grill, popularly referred to as Catalina Jazz Club, is a prominent jazz club and restaurant on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, United States, located to the east of Hollywood High School and to the west of the Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church. It regularly hosts live music and according to Los Angeles Magazine hosts the "top names in mainstream and contemporary jazz [who] turn up regularly at this intimate supper club".  Jazz for Dummies cites it as one of the prime jazz venues in Los Angeles.

See also
 List of supper clubs

References

External links
Official website

Buildings and structures in Hollywood, Los Angeles
Jazz clubs in Los Angeles
Restaurants in Los Angeles
Sunset Boulevard (Los Angeles)
Supper clubs


title: Geoff Hines

text:
Geoffrey Robert Hines (born 10 October 1960) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. A flanker, Hines represented Waikato at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, in 1980. He played 12 matches on the tours of Australia and Fiji and North America and Wales, including a single international, against Australia at Sydney.

References

1960 births
Living people
Rugby union players from Tokoroa
New Zealand rugby union players
New Zealand international rugby union players
Waikato rugby union players
Sharks (Currie Cup) players
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in South Africa
New Zealand expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in South Africa
Rugby union flankers


title: Kashipur, Rayagada

text:
Kashipur is a block and tehsil in Rayagada district in the Indian state of Odisha. It is known for the Utkal Aluminium International Limited (UAIL)

History
A civil unrest incident occurred on 1 December 2004, when the police led an attack on a demonstration in the village of Kucheipadar, near the proposed aluminum plant of Utkal Alumina International Limited at Doraguda.

Geography
Kashipur is  west of Rayagada, and  from Bhubaneswar. The district headquarters of the Kalahandi district is approximately  from the main township.

Transport
The nearest railway station is at Tikiri and the nearest airport is Jeypore.

It is connected by road to the major cities and towns of Odisha and Bhawanipatna Multiple options connect other cities of south Odisha, such as, Koraput, Brahmapur and Nabarangpur.

Kashipur is surrounded by dense forests, and numerous cliffs, providing natural resources and scenic beauty. Cherkata waterfall is about  from the township. Derakona waterfall is around  away in the densely forested Sunger area, a proposed site of L&T Ltd. factories.

Offices
Government facilities include:

Block Headquarters office
Police Station (Thana)
Tahasil Office
Post Office
Community Health Centre (CHC)

Religion

 Lord Jagannath temple at the King's old palace.
 Maa Manikeswari temple
 Maa Thakurani temple
 Lord Shiva temple
 Lord Hanuman Temple

Festivals
Ratha Yatra (The Cart Festival) attracts around 50,000 people celebrated in the Hindu month of Ashadha (mid June – mid July).

During October, Dusshera Puja is celebrated. On the day of Vijayadashami there is a tradition of Lakha Mara (adopted for Maa Manikeswari from Kalahandi's tradition)

Other festivals include Maha Shivaratri, Dipavali and Holi.

Demography
Jhodia, Kondha make up the majority of the 11,809 residents as per 2011 census, Odia is the predominant language. The total Block population is around 73,000.

References

External links
Official website of Rayagada district

Cities and towns in Rayagada district
Villages in Rayagada district


title: Barrett-Faulkner House

text:
Barrett-Faulkner House is a historic home located near Peachland, Anson County, North Carolina.  It dates to the early-19th century and was remodeled in 1847 in the Greek Revival style. The house is a -story, dogtrot plan frame dwelling, five bays wide, with a single-pile main block.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Greek Revival houses in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1847
Houses in Anson County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Anson County, North Carolina
1847 establishments in North Carolina


title: Emil Viyachki

text:
Emil Viyachki (; born 18 May 1990) is a Bulgarian professional footballer who plays as a defender for CSKA 1948.

Career
Viyachki made his professional debut for Marek Dupnitsa in a match against Botev Vratsa in the B Group. Before that he played in amateur divisions with the club.

After the club was promoted to the A Group, Viyachki played in the first match for the team in the 1st league. In May 2020, Viyachki tested positive for COVID-19.

International career
Viyachki played for Bulgarian amateurs national team for the European Cup.

Career statistics

Club

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Bulgarian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Marek Dupnitsa players
OFC Pirin Blagoevgrad players
FC Lokomotiv 1929 Sofia players
FK Rabotnički players
PFC Slavia Sofia players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Sportspeople from Dupnitsa


title: Donat Fault

text:
The Donat Fault (; ) is a fault zone that extends from Slovenia to Croatia. It extends from south of Zreče in the west to east of Varaždin in the east. The fault zone strikes E-W in the west and ENE-WSW in the east. Miocene movements along the fault were dextral strike-slip. Displacement is estimated to be 50 km.

References

Geology of Slovenia
Geology of Croatia
Seismic faults of Europe


title: L'Essentiel

text:
L'Essentiel may refer to:

Publications
L'essentiel (newspaper), free newspaper in Luxembourg (2007-)
, regional magazine of La Rochelle (1996-)

Music
L'Essentiel many individual French compilation albums, of which the more notable include:
(fr) Daniel Balavoine 1995
a 2003–2004 series by EMI France, including:
fr  Jeanne Mas 2003
fr Mireille Mathieu 2003
L'Essentiel (Mano Negra album) 2004


title: 2014 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay

text:
The women's 4 x 100 metres relay at the 2014 European Athletics Championships took place at the Letzigrund on 16 and 17 August.

Medalists

Records

Schedule

Results

Round 1

Final

References

Qualifying Round Results
Final Results

Relay 4 x 100 W
Relays at the European Athletics Championships
2014 in women's athletics


title: Adam Davies (footballer, born 1992)

text:
Adam Rhys Davies (born 17 July 1992) is a professional footballer who plays as goalkeeper for  club Sheffield United and the Wales national team.

Davies began his career with Sheffield Wednesday after previously playing in the Everton Academy. He did not make any appearances for Wednesday and left for Barnsley in June 2014. At Oakwell Davies experienced promotion from League One in 2015–16, relegation from the Championship in 2017–18 and promotion again in 2018–19. In June 2019 Davies joined Stoke City.

Early life
Davies was born in Rinteln, Lower Saxony, with his father stationed in Germany while serving in the British Armed Forces. His family moved to Warrington, where Davies attended Great Sankey High School.

Club career

Early career
Davies started his career with the Everton youth system at the age of 14. He started his scholarship with Everton in July 2008 and broke into the under-18 team during the 2008–09 season. He was named as the Academy Player of the Season for 2009–10. Davies joined the first team on a pre-season tour of the United States in July 2011 before playing regularly for the reserve team in 2011–12. He was released by Everton at the end of the season.

Davies signed for Championship club Sheffield Wednesday on 23 October 2012 on a month-to-month contract as backup to first-choice goalkeeper Chris Kirkland. He was an unused substitute for the first team on multiple occasions throughout the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons before being released by the club.

Barnsley
Davies signed for League One club Barnsley on 13 June 2014 on a two-year contract. He made his first-team debut on 9 August 2014 in the opening match of 2014–15, a 1–0 home defeat to Crawley Town. Davies played 25 times in 2014–15 as the Tykes were unable to mount a promotion challenge finishing in 11th. He signed a new contract with Barnsley in May 2015. Barnsley had a successful 2015–16 season as they recovered from a slow start to gain promotion via the play-offs, beating Millwall 3–1 in the 2016 Football League One play-off final. They also beat Oxford United 3–2 in the 2016 Football League Trophy Final.

On 26 January 2017, Davies signed a new contract with Barnsley until June 2019. Davies was an ever-present in 2016–17 helping the side finish in a safe mid-table position of 14th. He was appointed as the team's vice-captain on 3 August 2017. He was later named first team captain. Barnsley were relegated from the Championship in 2017–18.

Davies was one of the key players in Barnsley's 2018–19 season, during which the Tykes won promotion back to the Championship, starting 42 of their 46 games. He made vital contributions in crucial fixtures, most notably the away fixtures against Doncaster Rovers and Portsmouth, saving a second-half penalty in the latter. On 26 March 2019, Davies was one of four Barnsley players named in the EFL Team of the Season for League One. Davies was also named in the overall EFL Team of the Season on 8 April 2019. Davies' season was again recognised on 24 April 2019 when he was named in the PFA Team of the Year for League One along with four teammates. He was offered a new contract by Barnsley at the end of the 2018–19 season.

Stoke City
Davies signed for Championship club Stoke City on 25 June 2019 along with Barnsley teammate Liam Lindsay. He made his debut for Stoke in an FA Cup tie against Brentford on 4 January 2020. He made his Championship debut for Stoke on 12 July 2020 in a 2–0 victory against Birmingham City in place of the injured Jack Butland. Davies kept his place in the side for the final few matches of the 2019–20 season and impressed as Stoke remained unbeaten to avoid relegation from the Championship. Davies began the 2020–21 season as first-choice goalkeeper until he suffered a knee injury playing against Swansea City on 27 October 2020. Josef Bursik and Angus Gunn took Davies' place in the team until he returned from injury in March 2021. Davies made 21 appearances during the campaign as Stoke finished in 14th position.

Sheffield United
Davies joined Sheffield United on 25 January 2022 for an undisclosed fee.

International career
Davies was called up to the Wales national team on 4 October 2016 to replace the injured Danny Ward for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Austria and Georgia. He made his debut on 20 March 2019 in a 1–0 friendly win over Trinidad and Tobago at the Racecourse Ground in Wrexham, coming on at half time for Ward. In October 2020, Davies made his competitive debut for Wales as a 79th minute substitute, replacing the injured Wayne Hennessey in a 1–0 win away to Bulgaria.  In May 2021 he was selected for the Wales squad for the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 tournament, where he was third-choice behind Ward and Hennessey. In November 2022 he was named in the Wales squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Barnsley
EFL League One runner-up: 2018–19; play-offs: 2016
Football League Trophy: 2015–16

Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2018–19 League One
EFL Team of the Season: 2018–19
EFL League One Team of the Season: 2018–19
Everton Academy Player of the Season: 2009–10

References

External links

Profile at the Barnsley F.C. website

1992 births
Living people
People from Rinteln
Footballers from Lower Saxony
Footballers from Warrington
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Everton F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
English Football League players
UEFA Euro 2020 players
2022 FIFA World Cup players
People educated at Great Sankey High School


title: Operation Southern Move

text:
Operation Southern Move () was the final Croatian Army (HV) and Croatian Defence Council (HVO) offensive of the Bosnian War. It took place in western Bosnia and Herzegovina on 8–11 October 1995. Its goal was to help the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) whose positions around the town of Ključ, captured by them during Operation Sana, were endangered by a counteroffensive by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS). The objectives of Operation Southern Move included the capture of the town of Mrkonjić Grad and positions on the Manjača Mountain which would allow the HV and the HVO to directly threaten Banja Luka, the largest city controlled by Bosnian Serbs. Finally, the offensive was also aimed at capturing the Bočac Hydroelectric Power Station, the last significant source of electricity under VRS control in western Bosnia and Herzegovina. The combined HV and HVO forces were under the overall command of HV Major General Ante Gotovina.

The offensive achieved its objectives, and significantly contributed, along with Operations Sana and Maestral 2 to forcing the Bosnian Serb leadership to serious peace negotiations. The offensive also contributed to the displacement of 10,000 Bosnian Serb refugees and resulted in the deaths of at least 181 Serbs while hundreds more went missing following the operation. A country-wide ceasefire came into effect on 12 October, one day after the offensive ended, and was soon followed by negotiations which produced the Dayton Agreement, ending the Bosnian War.

Background
As the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslovenska narodna armija – JNA) withdrew from Croatia following the acceptance and start of implementation of the Vance plan, its 55,000 officers and soldiers born in Bosnia and Herzegovina were transferred to a new Bosnian Serb army, which was later renamed the Army of Republika Srpska (Vojska Republike Srpske – VRS). This re-organisation followed the declaration of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992, ahead of the referendum on the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina that took place between 29 February and 1 March 1992. This declaration would later be cited by the Bosnian Serbs as a pretext for the Bosnian War. Bosnian Serbs began fortifying the capital, Sarajevo, and other areas on 1 March 1992. On the following day, the first fatalities of the war were recorded in Sarajevo and Doboj. In the final days of March, Bosnian Serb forces bombarded Bosanski Brod with artillery, resulting in a cross-border operation by the Croatian Army (Hrvatska vojska – HV) 108th Brigade. On 4 April 1992, JNA artillery began shelling Sarajevo. There were other examples of the JNA directly supported the VRS, such as during the capture of Zvornik in early April 1992, when the JNA provided artillery support from Serbia, firing across the Drina River. At the same time, the JNA attempted to defuse the situation and arrange negotiations elsewhere in the country.

The JNA and the VRS in Bosnia and Herzegovina faced the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Armija Republike Bosne i Hercegovine – ARBiH) and the Croatian Defence Council (Hrvatsko vijeće obrane – HVO), reporting to the Bosniak-dominated central government and the Bosnian Croat leadership respectively, as well as the HV, which occasionally supported HVO operations. In late April 1992, the VRS was able to deploy 200,000 troops, hundreds of tanks, armoured personnel carriers (APCs) and artillery pieces. The HVO and the Croatian Defence Forces (Hrvatske obrambene snage – HOS) could field approximately 25,000 soldiers and a handful of heavy weapons, while the ARBiH was largely unprepared with nearly 100,000 troops, small arms for less than a half of their number and virtually no heavy weapons. Arming of the various forces was hampered by a United Nations (UN) arms embargo that had been introduced in September 1991. By mid-May 1992, when those JNA units which had not been transferred to the VRS withdrew from Bosnia and Herzegovina to the newly declared Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the VRS controlled approximately 60 percent of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The extent of VRS control was extended to about 70 percent of the country by the end of 1992.

Prelude
By 1995, the ARBiH and the HVO had developed into better-organised forces employing comparably large numbers of artillery pieces and good defensive fortifications. The VRS was not capable of penetrating their defences even where its forces employed sound military tactics, for instance in the Battle of Orašje in May and June 1995. After recapture of the bulk of the Republic of Serb Krajina (the Croatian Serb-controlled areas of Croatia) in Operation Storm in August 1995, the HV shifted its focus to western Bosnia and Herzegovina. The shift was motivated by a desire to create a security zone along the Croatian border, establish Croatia as a regional power and gain favours with the West by forcing an end to the Bosnian War. The government of Bosnia and Herzegovina welcomed the move as it contributed to their goal of gaining control over western Bosnia and the city of Banja Luka—the largest city in the Bosnian Serb-held territory.

In the final days of August 1995, NATO launched Operation Deliberate Force—an air campaign targeting the VRS. This campaign was launched in response to the second Markale massacre of 28 August, which came on the heels of the Srebrenica massacre. Airstrikes began on 30 August, initially targeting VRS air defences, and striking targets near Sarajevo. The campaign was briefly suspended on 1 September and its scope was expanded to target artillery and storage facilities around the city. The bombing resumed on 5 September, and its scope extended to VRS air defences near Banja Luka by 9 September as NATO had nearly exhausted its list of targets near Sarajevo. On 13 September, the Bosnian Serbs accepted NATO's demand for the establishment of an exclusion zone around Sarajevo and the campaign ceased.

Following a relative lull in fighting in western Bosnia, the HV, HVO and ARBiH renewed their joint offensive against the VRS in the region. The HV and HVO component of the offensive, codenamed Operation Maestral 2, was launched on 8 September with the aim of capturing the towns of Jajce, Šipovo and Drvar. The ARBiH 7th Corps advanced on the right flank of the HV and the HVO towards Donji Vakuf. As Operation Maestral 2 neared its objectives, the ARBiH 5th Corps launched Operation Sana in the Bihać area, aimed at pushing the VRS back to the Sana River to the east. The ARBiH achieved significant territorial gains, advancing  to capture the town of Ključ, and approaching Sanski Most and Novi Grad by 18–19 September—before being halted by significant VRS reinforcements. A VRS counteroffensive, launched on the night of 23/24 September from Novi Grad, Sanski Most and Mrkonjić Grad gradually pushed the 5th Corps back towards Bosanska Krupa and Ključ, despite gradual arrival of reinforcements dispatched by the ARBiH 7th Corps. The VRS had approached within  of Ključ by 6 October, and ARBiH control of the town was under threat. In response, the ARBiH requested HV and HVO assistance.

Order of battle
The HV and the HVO forces earmarked for the offensive comprised 11,000–12,000 troops, organised into two groups, under the overall command of HV Major General Ante Gotovina. The primary group consisted of the 4th Guards and the 7th Guards Brigades, the 1st Croatian Guards Brigade (1. hrvatski gardijski zdrug – 1st HGZ) of the HV, while the second group was spearheaded by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Guards Brigades of the HVO, and included the 126th Home Guard Regiment of the HV.

The VRS units facing the combined HV/HVO force were elements of Operational Group-2 and the 30th Division, under the command of Colonel Milenko Lazić. They were deployed around Mrkonjić Grad, and comprised the 7th Motorised, 3rd Serbian and 11th Mrkonjić Light Infantry brigades. The three brigades, numbering approximately 5,500 troops, were tasked to cover the rear of the VRS force counterattacking the ARBiH force in Ključ.

Timeline

Operation Southern Move was to be carried out in two stages. The first stage involved the capture of Mrkonjić Grad and the surrounding Podrašnica Valley. In the second phase of the operation, the force would seize the last significant source of electricity in the VRS-controlled part of western Bosnia and Herzegovina—the Bočac Hydroelectric Power Station. The whole operation was planned to take four days, immediately preceding a country-wide ceasefire scheduled to take effect on the morning of 12 October 1995. According to Brigadier Ante Kotromanović, then commander of the 126th Home Guard Regiment, the offensive was approved by the United States, and U.S. warplanes attacked VRS positions near Banja Luka in preparation of the offensive.

Phase one: 8–9 October
The offensive began on 8 October with an attack launched by the HV 126th Home Guard Regiment and the HVO 1st Guards Brigade from a starting line  west of Mrkonjić Grad, against positions held by the 11th Mrkonjić Light Infantry Brigade. This effort was intended as a diversion aimed at misleading the VRS defences regarding the main axis of the offensive. It was hampered by poor weather which prevented the effective use of artillery fire.

The main HV force committed to the offensive, comprising the 4th Guards and the 7th Guards brigades and the 1st HGZ, began their advance on 9 October. Poor weather and heavy fog forced the HV to postpone the attack from 6:00 until 8:50. The advance was supported by strong artillery fire support and two Mil Mi-24s of the Croatian Air Force. The HV 7th Guards Brigade struggled to advance against the VRS positions southeast of Mrkonjić Grad around the villages of Liskovica, Bjelajci and Šehovci, manned by the 7th Motorised Brigade. The 4th Guards Brigade and the 1st HGZ faced the defences southwest of the town, manned by the 3rd Serbian Brigade. By the end of the day, the HV had advanced by about  partially enveloping Mrkonjić Grad. The town itself was hit by about 200 artillery shells fired by the HV and HVO.

Phase two: 10–11 October
On 10 October, the 4th Guards Brigade broke through and outflanked the 7th Motorised Brigade positions, forcing the VRS to withdraw from Mrkonjić Grad. The move also placed the Podrašnica Valley and Čađavica junction under HV control, completing the objectives of the first stage of the operation. The HVO 2nd Guards Brigade was deployed on the right flank of the 7th Guards Brigade and the two units advanced north towards Bočac. At the same time, the 4th Guards Brigade advanced onto Manjača mountain.

The HV units were replaced by HVO elements on 11 October. The HVO 1st Guards and 2nd Guards brigades took over the northward advance from the HV 4th Guards and 7th Guards brigades, while the HVO 3rd Guards Brigade relieved the 1st HGZ and the 126th Home Guard Regiment. The VRS defence was disorganised, and they were gradually pushed north, while maintaining effective artillery fire support for their retreating troops. By the end of the day, the HVO had captured the Bočac Hydroelectric Power Station. The final objective was achieved when the force reached a line  south of Banja Luka. The advance reportedly came within  of Banja Luka, whose electrical power supply was interrupted, and where a curfew was imposed in response to the deteriorating situation. Operation Southern Move ended on the night of 11/12 October.

Aftermath

The offensive captured an area  wide and  deep. The defeat of the VRS also made it clear to the Bosnian Serb leadership that they had to commit to ending the war through negotiations or risk the capture of Banja Luka. In addition, the offensive proved decisive in halting the VRS counteroffensive against the ARBiH near Ključ and Bosanska Krupa, and allowing the ARBiH to mount a successful advance against the VRS 1st Krajina Corps defending Sanski Most. Finally, the outcome of the battle brought the VRS to a position where it was forced to choose between defending Prijedor, Banja Luka or the Doboj–Brčko route. This route had been vital for the resupply of both Banja Luka and Doboj since the VRS secured it in Operation Corridor 92 three years earlier. According to a Central Intelligence Agency analysis, the ground offensives of the HV, HVO and ARBiH in western Bosnia and Herzegovina, including Operation Southern Move, were a more significant contributor to bringing the Bosnian Serbs to the negotiation table than NATO airstrikes. A country-wide ceasefire went into effect on 12 October, followed by negotiations which produced the Dayton Agreement on 21 November and ended the Bosnian War.

The offensive displaced 10,000 Serb refugees from Mrkonjić Grad, adding to a growing humanitarian crisis as another 30,000 Serbs fled Sanski Most before the ARBiH captured it in the final days of Operation Sana. Approximately 6,000 non-Serbs were forced to flee their homes in Prijedor and Novi Grad by Bosnian Serb forces. According to Bosnian Serb sources, 480 Serbs died or went missing in the fighting in the area of Mrkonjić Grad. The figure includes 181 bodies recovered in a mass grave at the town's Serbian Orthodox cemetery. According to the Republika Srpska police who investigated the scene and interviewed witnesses, most of the dead were VRS prisoners of war or civilians who were killed by the 4th Guards Brigade to avenge the death of Colonel Andrija Matijaš, the brigade's deputy commander. The results of the investigation were forwarded to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), but the ICTY did not pursue the matter. , an investigation by the Bosnia and Herzegovina authorities against 27 high-ranking HV and HVO officers and Croatian officials is ongoing. In 2013, an officer and two soldiers of the 7th Guards Brigade charged with killing four Serb civilians near Mrkonjić Grad were acquitted, pending appeal.

Footnotes

References
Books

News reports

1995 in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Battles involving Croatia
Battles of the Bosnian War
Bosnian War
Conflicts in 1995
Military operations of the Bosnian War
October 1995 events in Europe


title: HM4

text:
The HM4 was a first non-American cryogenic rocket engine. Developed in France between 1967 and 1969 it never flew into space, was used purely as a testbed for new technologies. Technologies developed in HM4 become a base for HM7 engine used in Ariane.

History
HM4 evolved from a liquid fuel combustion chamber development projects H2 and H3 led by Société d'Etudes pour la Propulsion par Réaction (SERP) tested between 1961 and 1963 with an intention of using H2 as an upper stage to proposed Diamant Hydrogen variant with a turbopump derived from Mirage IIIC. However, both projects were abandoned in 1964 and replaced by HM4 engine in 4-chamber configuration producing  each for a total of . First test of a new engine concluded in March 1967. In total 85 trials of HM4 took place with a combined burn time of 2300 seconds, including the longest tested burn time of 350 seconds. Engine was proposed by SERP to be used in ELDO-B project, an evolution of Europa rocket, in a single-chamber configuration to be developed by Rolls-Royce, however project was canceled in 1969 and instead development focused on HM7 which was later used in Ariane 1 upper stage.

References

Space program of France
Rocket engines using hydrogen propellant
Rocket engines using the gas-generator cycle


title: 2014 European Athletics Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay

text:
The women's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2014 European Athletics Championships took place at the Letzigrund on 16 and 17 August.

Medalists

Records

Schedule

Results

Round 1
First 3 in each heat (Q) and 2 best performers (q) advance to the Final.

Final

References

Round 1 Results
Final Results

Relay 4 x 400 W
2014 in women's athletics