title: Soundview Transportation Company

text:
Soundview Transportation Company was a private bus transit operation based in White Plains, New York, founded by Charles E. Gill in 1921.

Routes
The first route originating at the New York Central Railroad station in White Plains was approved by the White Plains Common Council in 1922. The New York, Westchester and Boston Railway acquired control of Soundview Transportation in 1928, and established new feeder bus routes to serve its White Plains, Gedney Way, and Heathcote train stations.

Later history
Control of Soundview Transportation passed to corporate parent New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in 1938 when the NYW&B ceased operations. By this time STC was operated by County Transportation Company. In 1948, the New Haven sold Soundview Transportation, and the name of the operation was changed to White Plains Bus Company in 1950.

See also
 New York and Stamford Railway

References

Bus transportation in New York (state)
Transportation in Westchester County, New York
Transport companies established in 1921
Surface transportation in Greater New York
1921 establishments in New York (state)
Transport companies disestablished in 1950
1950 disestablishments in New York (state)
1948 mergers and acquisitions


title: Chattanooga Whiskey Company

text:
The Chattanooga Whiskey Company is a producer of bourbon whiskey and "Tennessee High Malt" bourbon whiskey, located in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The company was founded by Tim Piersant and Joe Ledbetter. The 1816 brand was launched in April 2012, and the company simultaneously announced its intention to help change local distilling laws. The launch met with some initial criticism, primarily due to where the product was made (contract manufactured at MGP/LDI of Indiana), but Hamilton County laws prohibited the manufacture of "intoxicating liquors" at the time. Local public awareness eventually became a catalyst in galvanizing support to change Prohibition-era distilling laws. In March 2015, the company opened the first legal distillery in Chattanooga since Prohibition. The first experimental whiskey, "Batch 001: Tennessee High Malt", was released in August 2017.

The company’s production facility and headquarters is located on Chattanooga’s riverfront and engages in larger scale production of select recipes created at the experimental facility. The facility began production in 2017 and has made Chattanooga Whiskey one of the largest craft whiskey producers in the state of Tennessee.

Legislative Precedent, Vote Whiskey Campaign and "Whiskey Bill"/House Bill 102

2009 Legislative Precedent, 2012 Vote Whiskey Campaign
Prior to 2009, prohibition-era laws limited spirits production to only 3 counties in the state: Lincoln, Moore and Coffee.  In 2009, Tennessee lawmakers voted 57-26 in favor of expanding spirits production to counties that already allowed its sale in both retail package sales of liquor and liquor-by-the-drink.  Under the new law, 41 additional counties (adding to the 3 existing and out of 95 in Tennessee) began to permit spirit production within their borders.  This expansion did not include Hamilton County (Chattanooga, TN).  Chattanooga’s county, as well as several others, were included in early drafts but were excluded from the bill in a final conference committee when differences were resolved between House and Senate versions of the bill.

By April, 2012, the company began selling their “Chattanooga Whiskey” brand locally and simultaneously started the process of engaging local government - with the goal to eventually manufacture their own Chattanooga Whiskey in Hamilton County.  To help this cause, the company began a coordinated, event and social-media driven “Vote Whiskey” campaign, holding many rallies and social events to galvanize public support for the cause.

By late 2012, Piersant and Ledbetter, began to challenge the local government more directly, and went as far as seeking input from the Tennessee Attorney General  via a formal interpretation of the County Commission resolution, which could potentially permit production.  This was put to rest when Attorney General Bob Cooper later confirmed via opinion that Hamilton County commissioners didn’t have authority to approve the manufacture of whiskey in the county.

On November 15th, 2012, Piersant and Ledbetter presented a pro-economic case to a crowded Hamilton County commission chamber on why local spirits production should be allowed.  The local community and local commissioners were largely supportive of the motives and shortly after this courthouse session on November 21, 2012, the Hamilton County Commission voted to adopt a non-binding resolution to the Tennessee General Assembly.  This resolution requested the state law to be amended, which would allow the state to include other counties (like Hamilton) into the list of those permitted to independently decide whether or not they would allow distilleries in their borders.  This vote passed and paved the way for House Bill 102.

House Bill 102
House Bill 102 (nicknamed the “whiskey bill” and sponsored by Joe Carr, R-Lascassas and Bill Ketron, R-Murfreesboro), was initially met with public support and engagement within Hamilton County.  The bill eventually found opposition in the weeks leading up to the vote, from a lobbying group under the name, “Let Hamilton Distill”.  The effort - disguised as a like-minded effort to the bill’s cause - was aimed at developing multiple amendments to HB 102, thereby making the legislation effectively inoperable.  Simultaneously, the group began a petition aimed at getting more than 14,000 qualified voter signatures, which was aimed at triggering a local vote to leave the decision up to voters.  If the bill was passed but the signature requirement was achieved, the County Commission would have therefore been obligated by law to set an election on the proposed referendum.  If voters voted against the distilling laws in referendum, it would have likely stalled or dissolved efforts to legalize distilling in Hamilton County and other Tennessee counties. Critics of the bill also cited potential ethical conflicts, that the law would benefit Knoxville business associate of Gov. Bill Haslam and make some towns less family-friendly.

Neither attempt at circumventing HB 102 was successful and the bill was passed with 57 House members in favor and 31 opposed. Bill Haslam signed the on May 16, 2013 and it became effective on July 1, 2013. A copy of the bill is framed at the Chattanooga Whiskey Experimental Distillery on Market St. in Chattanooga, TN.

Company History

2011
In November 2011, the launch of Chattanooga Whiskey Company was announced along with a plan to release a first whiskey by early 2012. Because it was illegal at the time to distill spirits in Chattanooga, the company revealed it would sell whiskey distilled in Lawrenceburg, Indiana and bottled in Nashville, Tennessee. Co-founders Tim Piersant and Joe Ledbetter expressed interest in the process for changing the county's distilling laws.

2012
In April 2012, the company announced the release of two locally-inspired whiskeys: 1816 Reserve and 1816 Cask. The 1816 in the name comes from the year a trading post was set up by the river in the area that eventually became Chattanooga. Both have the same mash bill of 75% corn, 21% rye, and 4% malted barley, but the Reserve is 90 proof compared to 113.6 proof for the Cask.

On November 15, 2012, Piersant and Ledbetter presented a pro-economic case to a crowded Hamilton County commission chamber to show the benefits of local spirit production. The local community and local commissioners were largely supportive, and shortly after the courthouse session – on November 21, 2012 – the Hamilton County Commission voted to adopt a non-binding resolution for the Tennessee General Assembly.

2013
In 2013, the founders launched the "Vote Whiskey" campaign to promote the legalization of distilling in Hamilton County. In March, the company announced plans to build a distillery on Fort and 14th Streets, on the south side of Chattanooga, pending the passing of House Bill 102 to allow legal distilling in the county. The 30,000-square-foot property was the original site of the Turnbull Cone Machine Company in 1910 and is on the National Register of Historic Places. The estimated cost for the project was $2 million.

In May 2013, House Bill 102 – nicknamed the "whiskey bill" and sponsored by Joe Carr, R-Lascassas and Bill Ketron, R-Murfreesboro – was signed by Governor Bill Haslam, allowing Chattanooga Whiskey to begin the process of building the first legal distillery in Hamilton County in a century. The plan to build at the previously announced location fell through, and in October 2013, the company announced plans for a different distillery location on the corner of 4th and Broad Streets in downtown Chattanooga. The 60,000-square-foot property known as the John Ross Building was estimated to be a $6 million investment. Construction delays were announced in March 2014, and the location was abandoned in September 2014 due to structural and logistical issues.

2014
In April 2014, the parent company of Chattanooga Whiskey – Tennessee Stillhouse – launched Freedom Moonshine. This brand is no longer produced.

In July, co-founder Joe Ledbetter announced he was resigning from the company, citing personal and professional reasons.

In September, after deciding not to renovate the John Ross Building for the distillery, the company announced a plan to open a 100-gallon micro-distillery across from the historic Chattanooga Choo Choo. The site included research and development operations for the brand and served as a tour and tasting location for the public.

In December, the company announced the hiring of Grant McCracken as its head distiller. McCracken had previously worked as Head Brewer of R&D at Samuel Adams in Boston, Massachusetts, and he came on board in the midst of the micro-distillery build out.

2015
Work on the 2,500-square-foot micro-distillery began at the end of 2014 and concluded in March 2015. The grand opening for the location – originally called Tennessee Stillhouse Micro Distillery – took place on March 24, 2015, with the initiation of both tours and distilling operations. The distillery was named one of Southern Living's "50 Best Places in the South" in its first year. In March 2017, this location was renamed Chattanooga Whiskey Experimental Distillery.

In August 2015, Tennessee Stillhouse launched Dr. Thacher's Cocktail Syrups, a joint venture between Tennessee Stillhouse and Pure Sodaworks to produce a series of non-alcoholic, pre-mixed syrups for making common whiskey cocktails.

In November, the company released its first whiskey called Chattanooga Whiskey 100, a white Tennessee malted bourbon. The 100 in the name refers to the century that passed before it became legal again to distill whiskey in Chattanooga. Additionally, the whiskey is 100 proof, and only 100 cases were produced. The company had more than 50 experimental whiskeys aging by the end of 2015.

2016
In April 2016, Chattanooga Whiskey won a series of awards for its 1816 line of straight bourbon whiskeys. At the 2016 San Francisco World Spirit Awards, the 1816 Reserve won Double Gold for small batch bourbon, and the 1816 Cask won Gold in the same category.  At the American Distilling Institute Spirit Competition, the 1816 Cask won Gold for straight bourbon. At the International Whisky Competition, the 1816 Cask won Gold for "Best Bourbon Whiskey", and the 1816 Reserve won Gold for "Best Small Batch Bourbon".

In July, the company announced plans to open a larger, 46,000-square-foot production facility on the corner of Riverfront Parkway and Martin Luther King Boulevard in the historic former Newton Chevrolet car dealership. Construction activities on this property began in late July 2016 and were completed in March 2017.

2017
In March 2017, the new facility opened on Riverfront Parkway with 15,000 square feet of barrel storage space (enough for 4,000 53-gallon white oak barrels), 3,000 square feet of office space, and 5,000 square feet of event space for approximately 300 guests. The company held a launch party for the public at the facility in December, but there are no plans to offer tours or public access at this location at this time. Tours are conducted at the original micro-distillery location on the south side.

In August 2017, the company announced the release of its first aged Chattanooga whiskey as part of the Experimental Single Batch Series. Batch 001 was a "Tennessee High Malt", and 228 cases were produced. This style has now become a focus for the brand, as many of its experimental whiskeys have used "high malt" phrasing.

In October, the 1816 line was extended to include the Native Series, the result of a collaborative partnership between Chattanooga Whiskey and six local breweries – Terminal Brewhouse, Hutton & Smith Brewing Company, Moccasin Bend Brewing Company, OddStory Brewing Company, Big River Brewing Works, and Chattanooga Brewing Company – and one Nashville brewery, Yazoo Brewing Company. The Native Series whiskeys are finished in casks previously used to age different style beers from each brewery. The distillery plans to produce new batches of the Native Series every year.

In November, the company released Batch 002 and Batch 003 in the Experimental Series. Batch 002 is a smoked high malt, while Batch 003 is a native barrel whiskey because of its aging in smoked beer barrels previously used to age the Native Series.

For 2017, Chattanooga Whiskey production demand was about 10,000 cases for products that are available in Tennessee, South Carolina, and Georgia. Actual production before opening the new riverfront location was only about 2,500 cases a year out of the microdistillery, leading the distillery to source bourbon from an Indiana distillery to meet the 10,000-case volume in the past. The new location will increase distillery production to 14 barrels per day versus one barrel per week at the micro-distillery location.

2018
In February 2018, the company released three additional experimental whiskeys: Batch 004, Batch 005, and Batch 006. Batch 004 is Scottish-style high malt, Batch 005 is a wheated high malt, and Batch 006 is a beer-barrel-finished wheated high malt that shared barrels with Hutton & Smith's Wee Heavy Ale. All three whiskeys were bottled at 102 proof.

The next experimental release – available on a very limited basis with only about 60 cases of each whiskey produced – took place in May. Batch 007 is a Tennessee rye malt, and Batch 008 is a Tennessee single malt.

At the 2018 San Francisco World Spirits Competition, the company won five medals for its whiskeys and two for its packaging.

Distillery locations

Chattanooga Whiskey Experimental Distillery
Located at the original site on Market Street, this location was first named Tennessee Stillhouse after the Chattanooga Whiskey parent company of the same name. The distillery opened in March, 2015, at which point all the blending and bottling for 1816 began. This location makes approximately one barrel of whiskey per week on a 100-gallon system with one cooker, three fermenters, and a Vendome hybrid pot/column still.

As the home of the Experimental Single Batch Series and the birthplace of "Tennessee High Malt", the distillery has released 31 unique batches of experimental whiskey since August 2017, most highlighting a high malt style.

Chattanooga Whiskey Riverfront Headquarters
Located on Riverfront Parkway, this location has become the headquarters and main production facility for the company. The distillery was opened to the public in December, 2017, for an open house event, but is currently only available for private events in the adjacent event hall. The system – made by Vendome – consists of four 2,700-gallon fermenters, a 2,700-gallon cooker, a beer well, a 12-inch, 30-foot continuous column still, and a custom 100-gallon doubler that can produce up to 14 barrels a day when running on a 24-hour shift. The barrelhouse has space for 4,500 53-gallon barrels and houses 3 large, charred solera barrels for finishing.  These barrels (4000 gallons, 1645 gallons and 625 gallons in capacity) are used together to create Founder's Anniversary Blend. The facility also has a 4,000-square-foot event hall that is available for private events.

References

External links

Distilleries in Tennessee
Distilleries in Indiana


title: 1876 State of the Union Address

text:
The 1876 State of the Union Address was given by the 18th president of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant, on Tuesday, December 5, 1876.  In it he said these words, "Reconstruction Era, as finally agreed upon, means this and only this, except that the late slave was enfranchised, giving an increase, as was supposed, to the Union-loving and Union-supporting votes. If free in the full sense of the word, they would not disappoint this expectation. Hence at the beginning of my first Administration the work of reconstruction, much embarrassed by the long delay, virtually commenced."

References

State of the Union addresses
Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
Works by Ulysses S. Grant
44th United States Congress
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
1876 documents
December 1876 events
State of the Union


title: Fikri Cantürk

text:
Fikri Cantürk (born 7 February 1933, in Ankara) is a Turkish painter and professor.

Biography

Born in the village Karalar, Ankara, Fikri CANTÜRK completed his primary education attending the school “Eğitmenli” in his home town for the first three years and Hasanoğlu Village Institute Application Primary School for the remaining two years. He graduated from Hasanoğlu Village Institute in 1952. In the same year he was appointed to Koparan Village Primary School, which is nearby Ankara as the “School Principal”. He attended the Department of Painting, Gazi Institution of Education in 1954 and in 1957 he earned his degree. In 1957, he was appointed to Van-Emis (Alparslan) Teacher Training School. In 1958 he started Officer Cadet School. From 1958 to 1959, he completed his military service as a reserve officer in Mersin Petty Officer School. He worked as a teacher in Beşikdüzü Girls Teacher Training School from 1959 to 1960, in Trabzon High School in 1961 and in Ordu-Perşembe Teacher Training School from 1962 to 1965.

Academic career

He was sent to France by the Ministry of Education in 1965. During 1965 and 1966, he did some research, investigation and works of art in Paris. In the same years he made some studies in Dijon Teacher Training School and with a couple of friends opened an exhibition in Dijon University.

When he was back in Turkey in 1967, he was appointed to Kütahya Girls’ Teacher Training School, and worked there as the chief of the workshop and the chief of education. In 1970, Mr. Cantürk was appointed to Samsun Institute of Education, where took part in the foundation of the Department of Painting and worked there as the head of the department for 10 years. Fikri Cantürk was rusticated from the university in the period of the Fascist Military Coup d’état on September 12, 1980. In 1983, he earned his bachelor's degree from the Department of Painting, which was later joined to Ondokuz Mayıs University.

From 1985 to 1988 he worked in Hacettepe University Fine Arts Faculty as a part-time academician.

He became an associate professor in 1987 and made a comeback to work for the Department of Painting in the Faculty of Education, Anadolu University. In 1992, he was appointed as the head of the Department and worked there until his retirement. He became the professor in 1993. Mr. Cantürk, who retired in 1998, is still working in his studio in Eskişehir.

As well as focusing on painting recently, Mr. CANTÜRK has not only been concerned with sculpture but also literature. Among his sculpture studies “ATATURK MONUMENT” in the gardens of Kütahya Girls’ Teacher Training School (1967) and Atatürk Primary School (1968) can be pointed out.

Published articles and books

 Ninety-nine Pigeons and One Olive, (Poems) 1961,
 My Hands (Poems) 1963,
 Fundamental Problems in Plastic Arts, Anadolu University Publications. 1992,
 Introduction to Arts and Esthetics (The Publication he was the Editor of) Anadolu University Publications 1993.
 Slums- Homes of Misery -1962, (Milliyet Newspaper article contest organized in the name for Ali Naci Karacan)
 Analysis of Sait Faik Stories (Research Article prepared with Güven Kalafat), Varlık Periodical, Issue: 604 155 August 1963

Selections from works of art are in
Ankara Painting and Sculpture Museum, Denizli, Mersin Painting and Sculpture Museum, Anadolu University Museum of Modern Arts, Ministry of Culture, TRT, Ziraat, İş, Halk Bank, DYO, Presidency of General Staff Collections. Apart from all these, he has many works of art in official and private collections both in Turkey and in abroad.

Some of the exhibitions participated in
In Turkey;

 State Painting and Sculpture Exhibitions
 DYO Exhibitions
 Exhibitions of the society of United Artists and Sculpture
 Exhibitions of the Artist graduated from Teacher Training Institute
 Many others including the Exhibitions by the group Art Again 2000

In Abroad;

 5th, 7th and 11th Monaco The Modern Plastic Arts Exhibition
 The 3rd Biennial by Balkan Peace and Friendship District as representative of Turkey in 1982
 Exhibitions organized in Germany, Austria, Kuwait, as representative of Turkey
 The year of Japan and Turkey, Examples from Contemporary Turkish Painting in 2003

Awards received

 1971	“Special Jury Award” in the 5th DYO Exhibition
 1976	The award of achievement in the 37th State Painting and Sculpture Exhibition
 1977	“Mention of Honor” in the 11th DYO Exhibition
 1982	The award of achievement in the 41st State Painting and Sculpture Exhibition
 1981	Award for the First-Runner-Up in the Competition Organized  by the Ministry of Culture on the subject “The War of Independence and The Revolutions of Atatürk” on the 100th anniversary of Atatürk’ s Birthday
 1985	Award in the 19th DYO Exhibition
 1986	“The Mention of Honor” in the Competition Organized by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on the Subject “National Sovereignty and Peace”
 1987	The award of achievement in the 48th State Painting and Sculpture Exhibition
 1987	The mention of Honor in the TAPO Atatürk the 6th Painting Competition
 2002	Gazi University, 75 Years in Education “Plate of Honor”
 2007	Eskişehir Art Association, “Art Incentive Reward”
 2010	Eskişehir Art Association, “Reward of Exertion in Art”
 2011	BRHD 40. Years “Honor Award”

Exhibitions held

 1963	Poetry Exhibition visually and audibly supported- SAMSUN
 1965	Poetry Exhibition visually and audibly supported- ORDU
 1970	State Gallery of Fine Arts- ANKARA
 1986	Mige Art Gallery- ANKARA
 1987	Doku Art Gallery- ANKARA
 1988	Dönüşüm Art Gallery- ANKARA
 1991	Armoni Art Gallery- ANKARA
 1993	Emlak Bank Art Gallery- ANKARA
 1993	Palet Art Gallery- ISTANBUL
 1999	Doku Art Gallery- ANKARA
 1999	Boyut Art Gallery- ANKARA
 2000	Gallery Soyut- ANKARA
 2001	Gallery Soyut- ANKARA
 2002	Sergi Art Gallery- ANKARA
 2003	Skala Art Gallery- ESKİŞEHIR
 2003	Istanbul Security Exchange Art Gallery- ANKARA
 2003	Soyut Art Gallery- ANKARA
 2004	İMKB Ankara Art Galery, ANKARA
 2004	Art Fair (AKM), İSTANBUL
 2005	Art Fair (AKM), ANKARA
 2005	Ege Art (AKM), İZMİR
 2006	State Gallery of Fine Arts- ESKISEHIR
 2007	Gallery Soyut- ANKARA
 2007	Vestel Art Gallery, ESKİŞEHİR
 2008	Gallery G&G- ANKARA
 2010	Gallery G&G- ANKARA
 2011	Gallery G&G- ANKARA

References

1933 births
Living people
Academic staff of Anadolu University
Academic staff of Hacettepe University
Turkish male painters
Turkish writers


title: Edmonds–Pruhs protocol

text:
Edmonds–Pruhs protocol is a protocol for fair cake-cutting. Its goal is to create a partially proportional division of a heterogeneous resource among n people, such that each person receives a subset of the cake which that person values as at least 1/an of the total, where  is some sufficiently large constant. It is a randomized algorithm whose running time is O(n) with probability close to 1. The protocol was developed by Jeff Edmonds and Kirk Pruhs, who later improved it in joint work with Jaisingh Solanki.

Motivation

A proportional division of a cake can be achieved using the recursive halving algorithm in time O(n log n). Several hardness results show that this run-time is optimal under a wide variety of assumptions. In particular, recursive halving is the fastest possible algorithm for achieving full proportionality when the pieces must be contiguous, and it is the fastest possible deterministic algorithm for achieving even partial proportionality and even when the pieces are allowed to be disconnected. One case which is not covered by the hardness results is the case of randomized algorithms, guaranteeing only partial proportionality and with possibly disconnected pieces. The Edmonds–Pruhs protocol aims to provide an algorithm with run-time O(n) for this case.

The protocol

The general scheme is as follows:
 Each partner privately partitions the cake to an pieces of equal subjective value. These n ⋅ an pieces are called candidate pieces.
 Each partner picks 2d candidate pieces uniformly at random, with replacement (d is a constant to be determined later). The candidates are grouped into d pairs, which the partner reports to the algorithm. These n⋅d pairs are called quarterfinal brackets.
 From each quarterfinal bracket, the algorithm selects a single piece - the piece that intersects the fewer number of other candidate pieces. These n ⋅ d pieces are called semifinal pieces.
 For each partner, the algorithm selects a single piece; they are called final pieces. The final pieces are selected such that each point of the cake is covered by at most 2 final pieces (see below). If this succeeds, proceed to step #5. If this fails, start over at step #1.
 Each part of the cake which belongs to only a single final piece, is given to the owner of that piece. Each part of the cake which belongs to two final pieces, is divided proportionally by any deterministic proportional division algorithm.

The algorithm guarantees that, with high probability, each partner receives at least half of one of his candidate pieces, which implies (if the values are additive) a value of at least 1/2an.

There are O(n) candidate pieces and O(n) additional divisions in step #5, each of which takes O(1) time. Hence the total run-time of the algorithm is O(n).

The main challenge in this scheme is selecting the final pieces in step #4:

Start by creating the implication graph: a graph whose nodes are the semifinal pieces, and there is an edge from piece I of partner i to piece J of partner j if piece I intersects the other piece of partner j (hence, if we select piece I and want to avoid intersection, we ought to select piece J too).

Select an arbitrary partner i that has not received a piece yet, and select an arbitrary piece I of that partner as a final piece. Then, traverse the links in the implication graph and select as final pieces all pieces that are reachable from I. There are two good scenarios: either we allocate a single final piece to each partner and we are done, or we
reach a piece with no outgoing links (which implies that it does not intersect other pieces). In the latter case we just pick another piece of one of the remaining partners and continue. The bad scenario is that our traversal leads us to two different pieces of the same partner, or equivalently to the other piece of partner i from whom we started. Such a path, leading from one piece of partner i to another piece of the same partner, is called a pair path. If the implication graph contains no pair paths, then the selection algorithm just described returns a collection of n non-overlapping final pieces and we are done. Now it remains to calculate the probability that the implication graph contains a pair path.

First, consider the special case in which all partners have the same value function (and hence the same collection of candidate pieces). In this case the probability of a pair path is easy to calculate: since the probability of each edge is 1/an, and all edges are independent, the probability of a specific pair path of length k is 1/(an)k, and the probability of any pair path is at most:

By selecting d=1 and a sufficiently large, it is possible to make this probability as small as we want. This is true even if we omit the semi-final selection phase (#3) and just take all quarter-final pieces as semi-final.

Note that this case is analogous to the balls into bins model. It proves that, if d bins are picked randomly for each ball, then it is possible to select one bin for each ball such that the bins are all distinct (the maximum load is 1).

In the general cake model, where the value functions are different, the probabilities of the edges in the implication graph are dependent. but thanks to the semi-final selection phase, we can prove that the probability that the implication graph contains a pair path of length at least 3 is at most .

It remains to handle pair paths of length 2. Unfortunately the probability of having such pair paths in the implication graph is not negligible. However, with high probability it is possible to partition the partners to two groups, such that in each group there is no pair path of length 2. Hence, we can run the final-piece-selection algorithm twice: once for each group. Intersection can occur only between final pieces of different groups; hence the overlap in each point of the cake is at most 2.  The probability that such a 2-partition is not possible is at most .

By summing the above two expressions and setting d = 2, we get that the probability of failure is still . Recall that a is the proportionality ratio - the more value we want to guarantee each partner, the more likely it is that the division will fail and we will have to start over at step #1.

The same algorithm works also when the cuts are approximate, i.e., the partners do not know to mark pieces with exactly the same value; they might mark a piece with a value of p percent above or below the required value, where the exact error is picked at random.

A high-confidence protocol

It is possible to further reduce the probability of failure using the following scheme:
 Make two independent runs of the original protocol.
 In each run, remove every partner that appears in the beginning of a pair path, and allocate final pieces only to the remaining partners as in the original protocol.
 If for every partner there is at least one run in which it is not removed, then we are done since every partner now holds at least one final piece.

The probability of removing a specific partner in each run is . The probability of removing a specific partner in both runs is . Hence the probability of failure is , which goes to 0 when n increases, even when the partial proportionality ratio a is kept constant.

Related problems
The cake model can be seen as a generalization of the balls into bins model. This model has found wide applications in areas such as load balancing. In these situations, a ball represents a job that can be assigned to various bins/machines. Roughly speaking, load-balancing of identical machines is to balls and bins, as load balancing on unrelated machines is to cake-cutting. Hence, it is reasonable that the cake model and the Edmonds–Pruhs protocol should have interesting applications in settings involving load balancing on unrelated machines.

References

Fair division protocols
Cake-cutting


title: Massimo Fenati

text:
Massimo Fenati (born: Genoa, Italy, 1969), is an Italian comic book artist, illustrator and director of animated films. He lives in London, UK, and is a dual citizen of Italy and the UK. He's mostly known as the creator of the Gus & Waldo book series and animations, about a pair of gay penguins in love. His books have been translated and published in several countries, among which his native Italy, where he also works regularly for Corriere della Sera newspaper.

After obtaining an MA in architecture at the University of Genoa in 1994, Fenati moved to London in 1995 to work as a product designer in the studio of Jasper Morrison. He then moved to two more design practices (Pentagram and David Chipperfield Architects) before setting up his own studio in 2003. After a few years of work in the furniture and product design industry for clients such as Innermost, Livingetc, Crabtree & Evelyn and Isos Collection, his career as a cartoonist started in 2006 in when his first Gus & Waldo book (Gus & Waldo's Book Of Love) was published by Orion Books in the United Kingdom.
The success of the first book led to three more volumes in the Gus & Waldo series (Gus & Waldo's Book Of Fame, 2007 and Gus & Waldo's Book Of Sex, 2008; these were later republished together in the compendium Gus & Waldo Crazy In Love, 2010; and the latest volume is "Arte Pinguina") and to publications in a number of foreign territories: Brazil, Germany, Finland and Italy among others. With the animation based on the Gus & Waldo books, he has won the audience awards at the IRIS Animation Film Festival in Rio de Janeiro, the Queersicht Film Festival in Berne and the Sub-Ti competition for short films at the 2009 Venice Film Festival.

In 2011 Fenati published 101 Uses For A Dead Meerkat (Boxtree Ltd.), a book of cartoons, which was later translated a published also in Italy with Arnoldo Mondadori Editore in 2013.

Fenati collaborated with British TV production companies such as Tiger Aspect Productions, Endemol and Maverick, and produced motion graphics for programmes for BBC, Channel 4, and Sky, such as Embarrassing Bodies, Stephen Fry Gadget Man, Dispatches and Ripper Street.

In 2012 and 2013 he collaborated with Il Fatto Quotidiano newspaper and published a comic for children titled Cico & Toto on the Monday edition of the paper.
He created the image and logo for the 2011 edition of the TGLFF (Torino Gay and Lesbian Film Festival), and in 2013 he was appointed as curator of the new animation section at the same festival.

Since 2014 he collaborates with Corriere della Sera newspaper, regularly posting a comic strip about food on the paper's website, titled "La Cucina A Fumetti" (The Cartoon Kitchen).

His latest book is the graphic novel "La Mennulara" ("The Almond Picker"), published by Feltrinelli Comics in 2018 and based on the eponymous best-seller by Simonetta Agnello Hornby.

In 2020 he started his work as executive producer and director in the field of children animation with Eagle Eye Drama, a British production company. His first foray in that field was Clown, the adaptation of the eponymous book by the British iconic illustrator Sir Quentin Blake, which was narrated by Helena Bonham Carter and shown on Channel 4 on Christmas Day 2020. The good success of this first Christmas special lead to the commission of a second one in 2021, this time the adaptation of a short story by Terry Pratchett: The Abominable Snow Baby, which Fenati directed and for which he designed all characters and overall style. Julie Walters, David Harewood and Hugh Dancy gave voice to the main characters in the show. The good success of the first collaboration with Quentin Blake also resulted in a new commission for the BBC: Quentin Blake's Box of Treasures, an anthology series of 6 half-hour animated films, each based on a Quentin Blake book. Fenati is the co-writer and creative director of this series, which is expected to air in late 2023. Actors announced to have taken part in this project are Adrian Lester, Simon Pegg, Alison Steadman and Nina Sosanya.

Bibliography

References

References

Websites
Main website:
 http://www.massimofenati.com

Character-specific websites:

1969 births
Living people
British comics artists
Italian comics artists
Italian comic strip cartoonists
British editorial cartoonists
Italian editorial cartoonists
Italian comics writers
British comics writers
British comic strip cartoonists
Artists from Genoa
University of Genoa alumni
21st-century Italian male artists
21st-century Italian male writers
21st-century British male writers
21st-century British male artists
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom


title: Annunciation Church, Walsall

text:
The Mission Church of the Annunciation is a Church of England church in Walsall, West Midlands.  Within the parish of St Gabriel's, Fullbrook, it serves the Tamebrige and Yew Tree estate, built by West Bromwich Council in 1956.

History
The church was dedicated by Rt Revd Stretton Reeve, Bishop of Lichfield, on 27 March 1958. The building was designed to be dual-purpose, with a sanctuary at one end and a stage at the other, with both capable of being curtained-off.

Clergy

Vicars who have served The Annunciation
1958 - 1971         Fr S. Thomas

1972 - 2010         Fr T R H Coyne

2011 - present     Rev Prebendary Mark McIntyre CMP SSC

Assistant priests
1958 - 1961        Fr E Booth

1967 - 1970        Fr K Hill

1970 - 1973        Fr H Pascoe

1974 - 1977        Fr N Clapp

1977 - 1978        Fr C Marshall

1980 - 1983        Fr B Williams

1988 - 1990        Fr G Matthews

1990                   Fr D Pearce

1995 - 2004        Fr W Poultney

2000 - 2003        Fr E Davies

2005 - 2010        Fr N Pierce

2013 - 2016        Fr S Oakes

2019 - 2022        Fr R Hume

References

External links
St Gabriel's Church, Walsall

 The Church of the Annunciation : A Church Near You

Church of England church buildings in the West Midlands (county)
Churches completed in 1939
20th-century Church of England church buildings
Buildings and structures in Walsall
Walsall
Walsall


title: Claes Duyst van Voorhout

text:
Claes Duyst van Voorhout is an oil-on-canvas portrait painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Frans Hals, painted in 1638 and now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

Painting
The painting shows a tastefully dressed young man in a floppy hat with his hand on his hip in a characteristic Hals pose. The dress of the man fits his occupation, that of a Haarlem brewer, but unlike other Haarlem brewers that Hals portrayed, his name is not found in the archives of the local militias. The occasion for which it was painted is unknown, but the painting is probably not a wedding pendant, because Hals was quite consistent with his pendant portraits; positioning the man on the left and the woman on the right. This allowed the light which always shines from the left in his paintings, to shine directly on the woman's face and not the man's. Possibly this portrait was made to decorate a hofje or his brewery, so that people who worked for him or visited the premises could know what the owner Claes Duyst van Voorhout looked like. For the same reason it is also possible that this painting was a pendant to the portrait of a business partner, rather than a wife. For example, the shape, size, period, and position matches that of Portrait of a Young man holding a glove:

Provenance
The painting is one of the best-documented paintings in Hals' oeuvre, first documented by Gustav Friedrich Waagen in his description of the paintings of the Lord Egremont in 1854. After that it was included by Wilhelm von Bode in 1883, by Ernst Wilhelm Moes in 1909, Hofstede de Groot in 1910, by W.R. Valentiner in 1923, Trivas in 1941 and by Gerrit David Gratama in 1946. Both Seymour Slive and Claus Grimm agree it is by Hals.

The MET lists various sale entries from Lord Egremont's time up to their acquisition date. In his 1989 catalog of the international Frans Hals exhibition, Slive included discussion of an old label on the back which listed the portrayed man as Claes Duyst van Voorhout, brewer in "De Zwaanschel". 20th-century archival research revealed that a Nicolaes Pietersz Duyst van Voorhout indeed was owner of the brewery called the "Swaenshals" (Swan's neck), who testified in Haarlem in 1629 that he was 29 years old, which fits the date for this portrait that was painted about 10 years later.

See also
 List of paintings by Frans Hals

References

1638 paintings
Portraits by Frans Hals
Portraits of men
People from Haarlem
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art


title: Transaction Advisors

text:
Transaction Advisors is a technical journal that was founded in Chicago.  It is designed for senior corporate executives at public companies, board members, and private equity investors.

The publication is drawn from a curated collection of white papers, technical articles, and research studies. Contributing authors typically have more than 20 years of transaction advisory experience and represent leading financial advisory, investment banking, accounting, consulting, and law firms.  Topics of analysis include mergers and acquisitions, Due diligence, valuation, and financing among other areas.

In February 2015, Transaction Advisors announced the formation of Finance Information Group and the acquisition of London-based TelecomFinance and SatelliteFinance, the related websites TelecomFinance.com and SatelliteFinance.com, and the annual conference TelecomFinance Live.  Today Transaction Advisors operates as a division of Finance Information Group. The journal's ISSN number is 2329-9134.

The company also hosts a series of conferences on M&A structuring.  The series includes M&A conferences in San Francisco, New York, and Chicago.  The firm was founded by William Jefferson Black and Nora K. Hickey in 2013.

References

"About | Transaction Advisors." About | Transaction Advisors. Web. 16 July 2014.
"Transaction Advisors." Built In Chicago. Web. 16 July 2014.

2013 establishments in the United States
Business and management journals
Companies based in Chicago
Mergers and acquisitions
Corporate finance


title: 1948 LSU Tigers football team

text:
The 1948 LSU Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Louisiana State University (LSU) as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1948 college football season. In their first year under head coach Gaynell Tinsley, the Tigers complied an overall record of 3–7, with a conference record of 1–5, and finished 11th in the SEC.

LSU was ranked at No. 74 in the final Litkenhous Difference by Score System ratings for 1948.

Schedule

References

LSU
LSU Tigers football seasons
LSU Tigers football


title: TechBoston Academy

text:
Founded in 2002, TechBoston Academy (TBA) is a pilot school located in Dorchester, Massachusetts, United States that offers a college preparatory curriculum to students in grades 6–12.  TBA immerses its 1,050 students to a wide span of technological resources such as laptops, Smartboards, PDAs, digital cameras, Google Apps for Education, and podcasting.  TBA offers advanced courses that utilize this technology and cover topics such as digital art, Adobe graphic design applications, computer programming, and E-commerce.

President Obama
On March 8, 2011, Barack Obama visited TechBoston to speak on winning the future through education.  In his speech, President Obama stated: “Every day, TechBoston is proving that no matter who you are, or what you look like, or where you come from, every child can learn. Every child can succeed. And every child deserves that chance.”

Ongoing Success
In 2006, 92% of the first graduating class went to college as compared to 63% of Boston Public School students. The 54 members of the class of 2006 received just over $1,000,000 in scholarships and financial aid.  In 2010, 93% of the graduating class went to college as compared to 61% of Boston Public School students. The 66 members of the class of 2010 received over $2,000,000 in scholarships and financial aid.

In 2012, 100% of TechBoston Academy 10th grade students (tested) passed the English Language Arts MCAS, compared to the BPS district average of 95%. TBA 10th graders also scored higher than the BPS average in 2012 on both the Mathematics and Science/Tech MCAS exams. Ninety-two percent of graduating seniors in 2012 entered post-secondary education, with 66.7% attending four-year colleges.

Student demographics
  89.2% of students enrolled at TBA are either African American or Hispanic.
  23% of students are classified as "students with disabilities."
 22.9% of students are classified as "English language learners."

Teachers
 There are approximately 97 teachers at TBA, 90% of which are licensed in teaching assignment.
 Student/Teacher Ratio: 10.2 to 1

MCAS performance
 Approximately 82% of TBA students score proficient or higher on the MCAS English Language Arts section.  .
 Approximately 62% of TBA students score proficient or higher on the MCAS Mathematics section.
 Approximately 37% of TBA students score proficient or higher on the MCAS Science & Technology section.

References

External links
 Official Website

2002 establishments in Massachusetts
Educational institutions established in 2002
High schools in Boston
Middle schools in Boston
Public high schools in Massachusetts
Public middle schools in Massachusetts


title: 2014 Kentucky Bank Tennis Championships – Women's singles

text:
Shelby Rogers was the defending champion, but decided not to participate.

Madison Brengle won the title, defeating Nicole Gibbs in the final, 6–3, 6–4.

Seeds

Main draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

References
 Main draw

Kentucky Bank Tennis Championships - Women's Singles
2014 WS


title: 2014 Kentucky Bank Tennis Championships – Women's doubles

text:
Nicha Lertpitaksinchai and Peangtarn Plipuech were the defending champions, having won the event in 2013, but both chose to participate in Phuket instead.

Jocelyn Rae and Anna Smith won the title, defeating Shuko Aoyama and Keri Wong in the final, 6–4, 6–4.

Seeds

Draw

References
 Draw

Kentucky Bank Tennis Championships - Women's Doubles
2014 WD


The 2014–15 Jacksonville Dolphins women's basketball team represented Jacksonville University in the 2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Dolphins were coached by second year head coach Yolett McPhee-McCuin and were a member of the Atlantic Sun Conference. They finished the season 12–17, 6-8 for a three-way tie for a fourth-place finish. They advance to the semifinals of the 2015 Atlantic Sun women's basketball tournament which they lost to Florida Gulf Coast.

Media
All home games and conference road will be shown on ESPN3 or A-Sun.TV. Road games will typically be available on the opponents website.

2014–15 Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#215E21; color:#C5B358;"|Regular Season

|-
! colspan=9 style="background:#C5B358;"|2015 Atlantic Sun Tournament

See also
2014–15 Jacksonville Dolphins men's basketball team

References

Jacksonville
Jacksonville Dolphins women's basketball seasons
Jacksonville Dolphins women's basketball team
Jacksonville Dolphins women's basketball team


title: Harold Percy Waller Barrow

text:
Major-General Harold Percy Waller Barrow  (30 June 1876 – 20 December 1957) was Colonel Commandant, Royal Army Medical Corps (1941–46) and an Honorary Surgeon to King George V.

Life
Harold Percy Waller Barrow was born in Madras Presidency, India on 30 June 1876. He was the son of an Army Surgeon, Henry John Waller Barrow, and Florence Ellie Macdonald. Barrow was educated at Bedford Modern School and Guy's Hospital, London.

Barrow joined the Royal Army Medical Corps from Guy's in 1898, and was commissioned a lieutenant on 28 January 1899. The following year, he left Southampton on the SS Umbria in March 1900 to serve in the Second Boer War in South Africa, where he was attached to No. 11 General Hospital. He later served in World War I, and the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919.

In 1919 he was appointed Director of Hygiene and Pathology in India and later Director of Hygiene at the War Office between 1924 and 1930. In 1926 he was appointed an honorary surgeon to King George V. After his retirement he was sent to Antigua as health officer and he was a member of the Federal Executive Council of the Leeward Islands from 1930 until 1933.  From 1941 to 1946 he served as Colonel Commandant, Royal Army Medical Corps and from 1943 to 1952 he was a commissioner of the Royal Hospital Chelsea.

Barrow died in Hampshire, England on 20 December 1957.

References

External links
 Harold Percy Waller Barrow at the National Portrait Gallery

People educated at Bedford Modern School
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
1876 births
1957 deaths
Royal Army Medical Corps officers
British Army generals of World War II
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British surgeons
British Army major generals
Military personnel of British India


title: Roberto Morandotti

text:
Roberto Morandotti is a physicist and full Professor, working in the Energy Materials Telecommunications Department of the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS-EMT, Montreal, Canada). The work of his team includes the areas of integrated and quantum photonics, nonlinear and singular optics, as well as terahertz photonics.

Educational background
1993: M.Sc. Physics, University of Genoa1999: Ph.D. Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow

Professional background
1999-2001: Postdoctoral Researcher, Weizmann Institute of Science2001-2002: Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Toronto2003-2008: Associate Professor, INRS-EMT, Université du Québec2008 - : Full Professor, INRS-EMT, Université du Québec

Professional recognition, honors and awards
 Excellence Prize for Scholar Merit, Rotary Association
 PhD fellowship, Bilateral UK – Israeli Fund
 Postdoctoral Fellowship, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPRSC) (UK)
 Postdoctoral Fellowship, Weizmann Institute of Science
 Marie Curie European Community Fellowship
 Postdoctoral Fellowship, University of Toronto
 FQRNT (Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la nature et les technologies) Strategic Professor
 Fellow, Institute of Nanotechnology (IoN)
 Full Member (Fellow), Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society
 Fellow of the OSA (Optical Society), for "seminal contributions to the field of nonlinear optics, in particular for the discovery of discrete optical solitons"
 Fellow of the SPIE, for "achievements in nonlinear optics and magneto-optics"
 Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
 Fellow of the Institute of Physics
 Fellow of the American Physical Society for "pioneering contributions in discrete optics, nonlinear dynamics, and nonlinear optics in the THz domain"
Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for "distinguished contributions to the field of nonlinear and quantum optics"
Fellow of the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineering for "contributions to integrated nonlinear and quantum optics"
 NSERC E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellow
 NSERC Synergy Award Recipient
 NSERC Brockhouse Award Recipient
 Marie-Victorin Award Recipient

Most important scientific contributions
 Experimental demonstration of discrete solitons and their dynamical properties.
 Demonstration of Anderson Localisations and band gap structures in waveguide arrays.
 Kerr spatio-temporal solitons in a planar glass waveguide (light bullets) and liquid crystals, X waves in bi-dispersive media, self-accelerating non-diffractive beams
 Ultrafast, extremely low power nonlinear optics in glass and semiconductor integrated waveguides
 Various contributions in the fields of linear and nonlinear optics in the THz Regime: A state of the art high power THz source to probe the nonlinear interaction of intense few-cycle terahertz pulses, demonstration of nonlinear wavelength conversion using THz waves, of new THz characterization techniques, including the first THz Optical Isolator.
Demonstration of multiphoton, multidimensional and cluster complex quantum states using optical micro combs

References

External links
Energy Materials Telecommunications Department of the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique

Videos
 CLEO: 2014 - What's New with QELS- Fundamental Science 2014?
 Nonlinear Optics and Novel Phenomena Hot Topic - CLEO: 2012
 Hot Topic CLEO:QELS - Fundamental Science 5 - Nonlinear Optics and Novel Phenomena

1967 births
Living people
21st-century Italian physicists
Academic staff of the Université du Québec
University of Genoa alumni
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
21st-century Canadian physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society


title: 2014 Zimbabwe Tri-Series

text:
The 2014 Zimbabwe Tri-Series was a One Day International cricket tournament held in Zimbabwe. It was a tri-nation series between Zimbabwe, South Africa and Australia. South Africa won the series after defeating Australia in the final.

Squads

Group stage points table

Points System:

In the event of teams finishing on equal points, the right to play in the final match or series was determined as follows:
The team with the highest number of wins
If still equal, the team with the highest number of wins over the other team(s) who are equal on points and have the same number of wins
If still equal, the team with the highest number of bonus points
If still equal, the team with the highest net run rate

In a match declared as no result, run rate is not applicable.

Won (W): 2
Lost (L): 0
No Result (NR): 1
Tie (T): 1

Net run rate (NRR): Runs per over scored less runs per over conceded, adjusting team batting first to overs of team batting second in rain rule matches, adjusting to team's full allocation if all out, and ignoring no result matches.

Group stage matches

1st match

2nd match

3rd match

4th match

5th match

6th match

Final

Statistics

Most Runs
The top five run scorers (total runs) are included in this table.

Most Wickets

The top five wicket takers (total wickets) are listed in this table.

References

External links
 Series at CricInfo

2014 in Australian cricket
2014 in South African cricket
2014 in Zimbabwean cricket
Australian cricket tours of Zimbabwe
International cricket competitions in 2014
2014
One Day International cricket competitions


title: Yukina Hayashi

text:
Yukina Hayashi (林有紀奈 Hayashi Yukina, born March 23, 1996) is a Japanese volleyball player who plays for Toray Arrows.

Clubs
  Shimokitazawa Seitoku high school
  Toray Arrows (2014-)

External links
 Toray Arrows Women's Volleyball Team

1996 births
Living people
Japanese women's volleyball players
Sportspeople from Tokyo


title: Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015

text:
Macedonia (officially under the provisional appellation "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", abbreviated "FYR Macedonia") participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song "Autumn Leaves" written by Joacim Persson and Robert Bilbilov. The song was performed by Daniel Kajmakoski. The Macedonian broadcaster Macedonian Radio Television (MRT) organised Skopje Fest 2014 in order to select the Macedonian entry for the 2015 contest in Vienna, Austria. Twenty entries competed in the competition on 12 November 2014 where "Lisja esenski" performed by Daniel Kajmakoski was selected following the combination of votes from seven international jury groups and a public televote. The song was later translated from Macedonian to English for the Eurovision Song Contest and was titled "Autumn Leaves".

Macedonia was drawn to compete in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 19 May 2015. Performing during the show in position 8, "Autumn Leaves" was not announced among the top 10 entries of the first semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Macedonia placed fifteenth out of the 16 participating countries in the semi-final with 28 points.

Background

Prior to the 2015 contest, Macedonia had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest fourteen times since its first entry in . The nation's best result in the contest to this point was twelfth, which it achieved in 2006 with the song "Ninanajna" performed by Elena Risteska. Following the introduction of semi-finals for the , Macedonia had featured in only five finals.

The Macedonian national broadcaster, Macedonian Radio Television (MRT), broadcasts the event within Macedonia and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. Macedonia had previously selected their entry for the Eurovision Song Contest through both national finals and internal selections. In June 2014, MRT held a survey on their website asking for advice regarding Macedonia's future participation in the Eurovision Song Contest. The three votable options provided were: continuing with internal selections used since 2012 that resulted in a single qualification to the final during this period in , re-introduce the national final Skopje Fest used between 2008 and 2011 that failed to bring the nation to the final on every occasion, or withdrawing from the contest. Despite the option for withdrawal attracting the majority of the vote, MRT confirmed their intentions to participate at the 2015 Eurovision Song Contest on 15 July 2014 and announced that Skopje Fest would return to select the Macedonian entry.

Before Eurovision

Skopje Fest 2014

Skopje Fest 2014 was a song contest organised by MRT that served as Macedonia's national final to select their entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2014. Twenty entries participated in the competition which took place on 12 November 2014 at the Metropolis Arena in Skopje, hosted by Vasil Zafircev and was broadcast on MRT 1, MRT Sat and online via the broadcaster's official website mrt.com.mk.

Competing entries
A submission period was opened for interested artists and composers to submit their songs between 26 May 2014 and 31 July 2014. MRT received over 180 submissions at the closing of the deadline. Thirteen entries were selected from the open submissions, while an additional seven entries were submitted by well-known composers directly invited by MRT for the competition. The twenty competing artists and songs were announced on 26 September 2014 during the MRT 1 programme Stisni Plej.

Among the competing artists were former Macedonian Eurovision Song Contest entrants: Tamara Todevska who represented Macedonia in 2008 and Vlatko Ilievski who represented Macedonia in 2011. Viktorija Loba represented Macedonia at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003. Among the competing composers were Grigor Koprov, Jovan Jovanov, Lazar Cvetkoski, Magdalena Cvetkoska, Vlado Janevski and Vladimir Dojčinovski who co-wrote several Eurovision entries. Vlado Janevski also represented Macedonia at the Eurovision Song Contest 1998. On 28 October 2014, MRT announced that Nina Janeva would replace Sašo Gigov-Giš as the performer of the song "Bluz za...".

Final
The final took place on 12 November 2014. The running order was announced on 31 October 2014. All twenty competing entries were accompanied by the MRT orchestra, conducted by Ljupčo Mirkovski, and a 50/50 combination of public televoting and seven international jury groups selected "Lisja esenski" performed by Daniel Kajmakoski as the winner. Monetary prizes were also awarded to the top three songs: the winner received €20,000, the second place received €10,000 and the third place received €5,000. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, the competition featured guest performances by 2002 and 2007 Macedonian Eurovision representative Karolina Gočeva and 2012 Macedonian Eurovision representative Kaliopi.

Controversy
It was revealed a day after Skopje Fest 2014 that over 2,500 phone cards were seized by the Macedonian police which were investigating a possible voting fraud where 14 people were identified to have been hired to use the previously distributed cards during the voting of the competition. It was later claimed that composer of Viktorija Loba's song, Jovan Jovanov, was part of the four-member group responsible for the case.

Preparation
Following Skopje Fest 2014, Daniel Kajmakoski stated in an interview with ESCplus that he was highly considering to perform "Lisja esenski" in English at the Eurovision Song Contest. It was later confirmed that the song would be performed in English as "Autumn Leaves" and that a new three-minute version was recorded in early 2015. Kajmakovski worked with Macedonian producer Robert Bilbilov to create the final English version of the song, which was presented to the public through the release of the official music video via the official Eurovision Song Contest's YouTube channel.

Promotion
Daniel Kajmakoski made several appearances across Europe to specifically promote "Autumn Leaves" as the Macedonian Eurovision entry. On 1 February, Kajmakoski performed the Macedonian and Serbian versions of "Autumn Leaves" during the RTS1 programme Nedeljno popodne in Serbia. On 13 April, Kajmakoski took part in promotional activities in Tirana, Albania where he gave interviews for media outlets and appeared during talk show programmes to discuss his Eurovision participation. On 15 April, Kajmakoski performed during a preview event which was organised by OGAE Serbia and held at the UŠĆE Shopping Centre in Belgrade, Serbia. On 18 April, Kajmakoski performed during the Eurovision in Concert event which was held at the Melkweg venue in Amsterdam, Netherlands and hosted by Cornald Maas and Edsilia Rombley. On 24 April, Kajmakoski performed during the Eurovision Pre-Party, which was held at the Place de Paris Korston Concert Hall in Moscow, Russia. A farewell event was held in Skopje on 9 May before Daniel Kajmakoski departed to Vienna for the contest.

At Eurovision

According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Five" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from each semi-final progress to the final. In the 2015 contest, Australia also competed directly in the final as an invited guest nation. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into five different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 26 January 2015, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. Macedonia was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 19 May 2015, and was scheduled to perform in the first half of the show.

Once all the competing songs for the 2015 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the shows' producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. Macedonia was set to perform in position 8, following the entry from Estonia and before the entry from Serbia.

The two semi-finals and final were broadcast in Macedonia on MRT 1, MRT Sat and Radio Skopje with commentary by Karolina Petkovska. MRT also broadcast the three shows on MRT 2 and MRT 2 Sat with commentary in the Albanian language. The Macedonian spokesperson, who announced the Macedonian votes during the final, was Marko Mark.

Semi-final

Daniel Kajmakoski took part in technical rehearsals on 11 and 15 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 18 and 19 May. This included the jury show on 11 May where the professional juries of each country watched and voted on the competing entries.

The Macedonian performance featured Daniel Kajmakoski performing choreographed movements in a trench coat together with three backing vocalists in black trench coats. The stage colours were gold, red and dark blue with the background LED screens displaying medieval ruins, flowing autumn leaves and a sky that transitioned from grey to yellow and red colours. The three backing vocalists that joined Daniel Kajmakoski on stage were members of the American R&B group Blackstreet (MERJ): Mark Middleton, Eric Williams and Jeremy Hanna.

At the end of the show, Macedonia was not announced among the top 10 entries in the first semi-final and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Macedonia placed fifteenth in the semi-final, receiving a total of 28 points.

Voting
Voting during the three shows consisted of 50 percent public televoting and 50 percent from a jury deliberation. The jury consisted of five music industry professionals who were citizens of the country they represent, with their names published before the contest to ensure transparency. This jury was asked to judge each contestant based on: vocal capacity; the stage performance; the song's composition and originality; and the overall impression by the act. In addition, no member of a national jury could be related in any way to any of the competing acts in such a way that they cannot vote impartially and independently. The individual rankings of each jury member were released shortly after the grand final.

Following the release of the full split voting by the EBU after the conclusion of the competition, it was revealed that Macedonia had placed sixteenth (last) with the public televote and fifteenth with the jury vote in the first semi-final. In the public vote, Macedonia scored 22 points, while in the jury vote, Macedonia scored 42 points. In addition, the EBU announced that it had disqualified the Macedonian jury results in the final due to irregularities. The exclusion of the votes was decided upon in consultation with the contest's independent voting observer, PricewaterhouseCoopers, and based upon the decision of the Executive Supervisor and the Chairman of the Reference Group. Macedonia's votes in the final were produced solely by the public televote.

Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Macedonia and awarded by Macedonia in the first semi-final and grand final of the contest, and the breakdown of the jury voting and televoting conducted during the two shows:

Points awarded to Macedonia

Points awarded by Macedonia

Detailed voting results
The following members comprised the Macedonian jury:
 Antonio Dimitrievski (jury chairperson)music producer
 Ana Kostadinovskamusic teacher, backing vocal
 singer
 Sara Nikolovskaprofessional musician
 Andrijana Jovanovskalyric writer, music journalist

References

2015
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015
Eurovision


title: Welch Pottery Works

text:
The Welch Pottery Works of Dallas County, Arkansas, were active from c. 1851 to c. 1891.  The pottery works, consisting of a kiln, sawmill, and other facilities, was established by the Bird brothers, who had been operating another kiln near Tulip since 1843.

The works were purchased in 1860 by John Welch, who operated here until 1891, when he established another kiln near Wave.  This site was then abandoned.  The Birds and Welch produced utilitarian salt-glaze pottery.

The site of the pottery works was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Dallas County, Arkansas

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Dallas County, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Dallas County, Arkansas


title: Famous Jury Trials (radio program)

text:
Famous Jury Trials is a radio court show/dramatic anthology series in the United States. It began on January 5, 1936, and ended June 25, 1949. It is considered one of the first programs that initiated the court show genre, which later was broadcast on television as Famous Jury Trials.

Format
Famous Jury Trials had the effect of taking a listener into an actual courtroom so that he or she could hear a trial as it proceeded. At the beginning of each episode, the judge was heard as he instructed the jury, "Be just and fear not, for the true administration of justice is the foundation of good government." The show's set was designed as a courtroom, including a jury box containing 12 jurors and a judge clad in a black robe. The judge sat on a high bench with the witness chair to his left and the clerk at a desk in front. Adding to the effect of realism for listeners, the program was "delivered flat, without music."

As the title implies, the program re-enacted trials from history. Although the scripts were described by radio historian John Dunning as "almost entirely fictionalized,"  they resulted from thorough research. A 1942 newspaper article noted, "The legal fireworks are checked for scriptural realism" by attorney and law historian Martin H. Young. Among the well-known trials featured were those of Captain Kidd, Benedict Arnold, and Aaron Burr. A 1937 review of the program said, "[I]t carries the morbid interest and suspense that is characteristic of such melodramas."

Famous Jury Trials introduced the device of having a reporter provide an account of an event from history, a technique that a review in Radio Mirror magazine called one of the program's "novel devices." The technique was used 15 years later in You Are There.

Characters and Cast
As an anthology series, Famous Jury Trials had few regular cast members. Maurice Franklin starred as the judge. Roger DeKoven and DeWitt McBride were reporter-narrators.

Broadcast History
Famous Jury Trials originated at WLW in Cincinnati. It was created by Ed Byron, a staff writer at the station. As of September 27, 1937, it was also being carried by WOR in New York City and WGN in Chicago. The program was also heard on WFIL in Philadelphia and KWK in St. Louis, identified as "stations of the WLW line." By 1938, the program was being broadcast from New York City.

A summary of Famous Jury Trials'''s time on network radio is provided in the following table:

Source: On the AirNote: NBC Blue became ABC in October 1943.Famous Jury Trials was among a group of old-time radio programs that regained popularity in the 1960s. A news brief in Broadcasting magazine in 1963 reported that a "Mystery Package," which also included The Shadow, Green Hornet, Sherlock Holmes and Dangerous Assignment had been sold for 52 weeks to stations in 20 of the top 25 markets. Within a year, the popularity for all but Dangerous Assignment had increased even more. An ad for "The 4 Biggest Mysteries in the U.S." indicated that Famous Jury Trials and the other three were carried on 125 stations.

A version of Famous Jury Trials'' was broadcast in Australia in the 1950s. It was described in a newspaper article as "worthy of special recommendation."

References

External links
 17 episodes of "Famous Jury Trials" are available for streaming from My Old Radio.
 22 episodes of "Famous Jury Trials" are available for streaming or downloading from Stardust OTR.
 A log of "Famous Jury Trials" episodes and other information are available from The Digital Deli Too.
 A log of "Famous Jury Trials" episodes is available from RadioGOLDINdex.

1930s American radio programs
1940s American radio programs
American radio dramas
Dramatized court shows
Mutual Broadcasting System programs
NBC Blue Network radio programs
ABC radio programs
1936 radio programme debuts
1949 radio programme endings
1949 radio dramas


title: Angelina Sandovich

text:
Angelina Sandovich (, born 11 September 1999) is a Belarusian female acrobatic gymnast. With partners Julia Kovalenko and Yuliya Ramanenka, Sandovich achieved 5th in the 2014 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships.

References

External links

1999 births
Living people
Belarusian acrobatic gymnasts
Female acrobatic gymnasts
Place of birth missing (living people)


title: Julia Ivonchyk

text:
Julia Ivonchyk ( Kovalenko, , born 27 July 1994) is a Belarusian female acrobatic gymnast. With partners Angelina Sandovich and Yuliya Ramanenka, Kovalenko achieved 5th in the 2014 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships.

At the 2013 World Games, she won a bronze medal in the group event.

At the 2017 World Games, she won a silver medal in the women's group all-around event.

At the 2017 Acrobatic Gymnastics European Championships, she won bronze medals in three women's group events: all-around, balance, and dynamic.

At the 2018 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships, she won a bronze medal in the team event.

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Belarusian acrobatic gymnasts
Female acrobatic gymnasts
World Games silver medalists
Competitors at the 2017 World Games
European Games medalists in gymnastics
European Games bronze medalists for Belarus
Gymnasts at the 2019 European Games
Medalists at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships
21st-century Belarusian women


title: E penso a te

text:
"E penso a te" (English: And I think of you) is a song composed in 1970 by Lucio Battisti based on the lyrics by Mogol. Initially sung by Bruno Lauzi, it was subsequently re-recorded by numerous other artists. The most popular version remains the one which its author gave in 1972.

The song

Meaning
The lyrics recount the nostalgic thoughts of a man who is in love with a somewhat distant woman. The song does not say who she is: she may be a former lover or wife, with whom the protagonist broke up, or maybe just a casually encountered woman he immediately fell in love with.

The protagonist, in any case, can't help but think of her constantly: the first and third stanza describe the actions of his daily life, each one followed by "... e penso a te" ("... and I think of you"), a line which highlights his obsession and his inability to fully enjoy what he is doing. During the day, the protagonist is at work, then comes home, and has a date with his current girlfriend, but keeps on thinking to his real love and fails to appear funny and involved; he finally goes to bed but can't sleep for the same reason. In the second stanza, he asks himself what she might be doing in this moment and bets she is searching for him too; but he has no true hope, because "the city is too big for two who, like us, are looking for each other".

The three stanzas are followed by an instrumental coda which represents the explosion of nostalgia. In Battisti's rendering, the coda has a final diminuendo in which all of the instruments dissolve into silence, leaving only the singer's voice, as to represent his loneliness in the world.

Mogol, who wrote the song's lyrics, told that the protagonist «still hopes in a casual encounter; the desire to see each other is such that there is the will for a miracle, for something impossible, opposed to the reality which seems impregnable. [...] It's a constant search. As if they were dogs: there's something that goes beyond reasoning, a kind of animal instinct».

Composition
The lyrics of the song were written in just 19 minutes during a drive on the Milano-Como Highway in which Mogol composed the lyrics almost entirely improvising while Lucio Battisti sung the melody line. The drive took place on a full-loaded tiny car; on board there were four people including Mario Lavezzi. According to some versions, Battisti was driving, according to others he was sitting in the passenger seat and Mogol himself drove the car.

When Battisti composed the song, he didn't believe it could become successful: he famously said that «this one won't make it, doesn't have enough rhythm, it's weak». For this reason, he didn't record the song himself but gave it to Bruno Lauzi, and even Lauzi's rendering wasn't given much emphasis (it was released in 1970 as B-side of another song written by Battisti and Mogol, named Mary oh Mary). The single wasn't a success and sold just over 30,000 copies. The song became a hit and a classic of Italian pop music only two years later, when Battisti sung the song himself and included it in the album Umanamente uomo: il sogno.

Legacy
According to a document published on 5 August 2009, the song was censured in Argentina by the National Reorganization Process with the newsletter 24-COMFER on 25 July 1978, along with songs by other internationally famous artists such as John Lennon, Queen, Joan Baez, The Doors, Pink Floyd, Donna Summer and Eric Clapton.

Versions and albums

Bruno Lauzi
Published in 1970 as a B-side of a 45 record along with the song Mary oh Mary, it was then included, in the same year, in the album Bruno Lauzi.

Musicians
Franz Di Cioccio: drums
Damiano Dattoli: bass
Flavio Premoli: piano
Andrea Sacchi: acoustic guitar
Mario Lavezzi: guitar
Giampiero Reverberi: arrangement and orchestra conductor

Mina
In 1971, Mina sang it and include as an opening track on the album Mina. Subsequently, it was recorded in a live version on the album Dalla Bussola (1972).

Musicians
Gianni Cazzola: drums
Dario Baldan Bembo: organ
Andrea Sacchi: electric and acoustic guitar
Massimo Verardi: electric guitar
Giancarlo Barigozzi: flute
Al Korvin, Oscar Valdambrini, Fermo Lini, Giuliano Bernicchi: trumpets
Sergio Almangano, Arturo Prestipino Giarritta: first violins
Pino Presti: arrangement, orchestra conductor, bass

Lucio Battisti
The version sung by Lucio Battisti was published in 1972 in the album Umanamente uomo: il sogno and was subsequently republished in numerous anthologies, among which in 2004 in the anthology Le avventure di Lucio Battisti e Mogol.

Musicians
Massimo Luca: electric guitar, acoustic guitar
Eugenio Guarraia: electric guitar
Angelo Salvador: electric bass
Tony Cicco: drums e percussion
Lucio Battisti: electric guitar, piano and wha wha
Dario Baldan Bembo: organ, piano, keyboard
Mario Lavezzi, Oscar Prudente, Tony Cicco, Babelle Douglas, Barbara Michelin e Sara: choir, violins, violas, violoncellos e ocarina
Giampiero Reverberi: director

Certifications

Tanita Tikaram

This English version of the Italian "E penso a te" ("And I Think of You") was initially an unreleased track on the compilation "The Best of Tanita Tikaram". Promotional singles of the song were sent to several radio stations. In 1998, the track appeared as a bonus track on the Japanese version of Tikaram's sixth studio album "The Cappuccino Songs". It was also released as a bonus track on the Italian edition of "The Cappuccino Songs", and released as a promotional single there in 1998. Joe McElderry covered the song for his fourth studio album, Here's What I Believe.

Track listing

1996 European Promo CD

"And I Think of You – E Penso A Te" (Radio Edit) (3:22)
"Twist in My Sobriety" (Tikaramp Radio) (4:23)
"And I Think of You – E Penso A Te" (Album Version) (4:18)

1998 Italian Promo CD

"And I Think of You – E Penso A Te" (Album Version) (4:18)

Other
There have been other recordings made by other artists; after the recording by Bruno Lauzi it was recorded by Raffaella Carrà who included the song in the eponymous LP and by Johnny Dorelli who included it as a B-side on the 45 record Love Story.

The song has been covered by numerous artists including Ornella Vanoni (1986 – Ornella &...), Mietta (2003 – Abbracciati e vivi / Sentirti / E penso a te), Raf (2005 – Tutto Raf), Antonio Spadaccino (2006 –  Antonino), Fiorella Mannoia (2009 – Ho imparato a sognare) e Enrico Ruggeri.

On 21 June 2009 the song was covered by Fiorella Mannoia and Laura Pausini for the Abruzzo earthquake benefit concert Amiche per l'Abruzzo. The song was included in the eponymous DVD the following year.

In 1991 Enrico Rava produced an instrumental version in the tribute album "Ci ritorni in mente".

Mina and Iva Zanicchi have recorded two different versions in Spanish, Jean-François Michel in French and other in Spanish, Ajda Pekkan in Turkish, and Johnny Dorelli in English.

In 2012 Letizia Gambi recorded an English/ Italian version "And I think of You/ E penso a te" on her album Introducing Letizia Gambi with Patrice Rushen on piano and Lenny White on drums.

Notes

Italian songs
1970 songs
Songs written by Mogol (lyricist)
Lucio Battisti songs
Raffaella Carrà songs
Mina (Italian singer) songs
Tanita Tikaram songs
Songs written by Lucio Battisti


title: Nellie Graves

text:
Nellie Graves was a female soldier who served, in secret, in the Union Army during the American Civil War alongside her close friend Fanny Wilson.  Both saw action at the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. Their genders were shortly discovered while they were being treated for an illness. Both were discharged and went their separate ways for the rest of the war.  Wilson chose to reenlist in disguise again.  There is some speculation as to whether Graves did the same, but if she had reenlisted, she was not discovered for a second time.

Before the Civil War
Nellie Graves traveled with her friend, Fanny Wilson, to Lafayette, Indiana, in 1860 to visit Wilson's distant family members.  During their stay, both women met and fell in love with two men, and exchanged letters with them for a year when the girls when back to New York.  But as Civil War started brewing in 1861, Graves and Wilson received news from their lovers that stated their intention to enlist in the Union Army in the 24th New Jersey Infantry.  In response, both women plotted to enlist in the same regiment as their loved ones but in different companies to avoid being caught.

The Civil War
Graves and Wilson were quite content with Army life and training as long as they were close to their lovers.  Their first assignment was to be part of the defense force in Washington D.C. The Regiment was then called into action at Fredericksburg from December 11 to 13 1862.  The combat experience instilled new purpose in the women, and they became motivated to perform well for the benefit of the Union.

On May 1 to 4 of 1863, their regiment took part in the Battle of Chancellorsville.  Wilson's lover became mortally wounded and died while under her care.  Shortly afterward, both women came down with an unknown illness and were sent to recuperate in Cairo, Illinois. It was in the army hospital there that they were discovered and discharged from the army.  The two friends parted ways, and while Wilson reenlisted, it is unknown if Graves done the same.

See also
 List of female American Civil War soldiers

References

Union Army soldiers
Female wartime cross-dressers in the American Civil War


title: Yuliya Ramanenka

text:
Yuliya Ramanenka née Khrypach (; born 12 June 1989) is a Belarusian female acrobatic gymnast. With partners Julia Kovalenko and Angelina Sandovich, Ramanenka achieved 5th in the 2014 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Belarusian acrobatic gymnasts
Female acrobatic gymnasts


title: 1877 State of the Union Address

text:
The 1877 State of the Union Address was written by the 19th president, Rutherford B. Hayes.  It was given on Monday, December 3, to both houses of the 45th United States Congress. In it, he said,

"There has been a general reestablishment of order and of the orderly administration of justice. Instances of remaining lawlessness have become of rare occurrence; political turmoil and turbulence have disappeared; useful industries have been resumed; public credit in the Southern States has been greatly strengthened, and the encouraging benefits of a revival of commerce between the sections of the country lately embroiled in civil war are fully enjoyed."   He gave this address right after troops were withdrawn from the South.  The Reconstruction Era ended in March 1877, and the Southern United States were freed from Republican control.

References

State of the Union addresses
Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes
45th United States Congress
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
December 1877 events
State of the Union


title: Waters House (Fordyce, Arkansas)

text:
The Waters House is a historic house at 515 Oak Street in Fordyce, Arkansas.  The -story Foursquare house was designed by Charles L. Thompson and built in 1907, and is one of the finest Colonial Revival houses in the city.  It has a hipped roof with flared eaves, and cross gables on the sides.  The main facade features a projecting bay that rises the full two stories, and is topped by a gable with dentil molding and flared eaves.  A single-story porch wraps around two sides of the house.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Dallas County, Arkansas

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Colonial Revival architecture in Arkansas
Houses completed in 1907
Houses in Dallas County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Fordyce, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Dallas County, Arkansas


title: Occitan nationalism

text:
Occitan nationalism is a social and political movement in Occitania. Nationalists seek self-determination, greater autonomy or the creation of a sovereign state of Occitania. The basis of nationalism is linguistic and cultural although currently the Occitan varieties are minority languages within the language area.

The territories claimed under the Occitan nation represent a large part of southern France, Monaco, parts of Spain (Val d'Aran), and Italy (Occitan Valleys, Guardia Piemontese).

Occitan nationalism in recent years

Occitan nationalism re-appeared as a reaction to injustice in the regions of southern France in the face of the economic and energy restructuring undertaken by the Gaullists ruling in the 1960s, which gave priority to the most prosperous regions of the northern country. In 1962, the French government decided in a completely arbitrary way to close the mining and industrial complex of La Sala, a fact which then became regarded as the catalyst of the modern Occitan claims.

Then, from 1968, Occitan cultural rebirth combined with economic protest led to a nationalist claim that Occitania was an inner colony of the centralist French state. Although there was an Occitan nationalist current, unionism with the leftist French won. This is why Lucha Occitana defines Occitania as a popular nationality, that is to say as a nation in the making. Lucha Occitana objected, ideologically speaking, to the nationalism of the Partit de la Nacion Occitana: the Occitan nation being a starting point for the Partit de la Nacion Occitana, then it was a point of arrival for Lucha Occitana.

From the 1973 oil crisis, the evolution of the international economic situation will change the game for several decades. The economic crisis that followed the end of Trente Glorieuses will affect all France. In the same way as the other nationalist movements of the rest of the France and Europe, the core of the claims focused on cultural identity and right of minorities.

The Occitan nationalism of the 1980s lost its influence on society mainly because of the fragmentation of parties and organizations between different ideologies, as well as the inability to articulate a romantic nationalism covering such a large territory with a heterogeneous social reality.

In the 1990s, the political movement could be described as marginal within Occitanism.

Recently Occitan nationalism is renewed, we can mention:
 the creation of new movements such as Freedom ! (Libertat !), resulting from a merger of several occitanist extreme left movements.
 the symbolic creation of the Occitan Provisional Government supported by three Occitanist parties.
 the networking of Occitanist politicians with the nationalists and regionalists of France and the European Union.
 alliances with French national parties that allowed the election of Occitanist regional councilors to the 2010 French Regional Elections.
 The text of the law for the recognition of the  Occitan national reality of Val d'Aran in Spain.
 The birth of the Bastir! political movement that is running in the 2014 French Municipal Elections in several French municipalities of all sizes. Bastir! bridges the gap between cultural and political currents by bringing together Occitanist candidates of various political tendencies.
 The presentation of a nationalist list "Occitania for a Europe of the Peoples" in the South-West France constituency at 2014 European Parliament elections.

Moreover, the linguistic aspect is one of the most important claims of Occitan nationalism, as well as "Occitan regionalism" and various civic movements in Occitania. In this area, many political advances on the recognition of Occitan language have recently resulted. We can cite:
 Obtaining the status of protected linguistic minority in Italy in 1999.
 The events focused on the defense of Occitan since 2005 in France.
 The officialization of Occitan throughout Catalonia (Spain) in 2006, reinforced by a law adopted in 2010.
 Recognitions as language of the department in the Pyrénées-Orientales in 2007, and language of the region in Rhône-Alpes in 2009.
 The various initiatives for the language of Aquitaine, Midi-Pyrénées, Languedoc-Roussillon and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions.
 The treatment of Occitan claims at the level of the European Parliament on 22 November 2012.

Territorial claims
The following table shows the size and population of the territories claimed by the Occitan nationalism is as follows:

Political parties
 Occitan Party
 Occitan Nation Party – Partit de la Nacion Occitana (PNO)
 Anaram Au Patac
 Iniciativa Per Occitània
 Paratge
 Occitan Republican Left
 Unitat d'Òc
 Lucha Occitana
 Corròp
 Unitat d'Aran
 Aranese Democratic Convergence
 Bastir!
 Freedom ! (Libertat !)
 Assemblada Occitana (Occitan Assembly)

See also
 Occitania
 European Free Alliance
 Basque nationalism
 Catalan nationalism
 Sicilian nationalism

References


title: Jiří Schelinger

text:
Jiří Schelinger (6 March 1951 – 13 April 1981) was a Czech rock singer and guitarist considered to have been the first Czech hard rocker and an influential musician to this day.

Biography
Schelinger was born in the village of Bousov in 1951. His father, Josef (1921–1995), was a well-known concert guitarist and guitar teacher, and his mother, Miloslava (1929–2007), worked as a florist. He had a younger brother, Milan Schelinger, who was also a musician. As a child, Schelinger played piano, and later guitar. His first band, in which he played while still in elementary school, was called Nothing But Nothing and in later years, he played in various other groups, including Smaragd, The Happy Five, and Faraon, with whom he recorded his first big hit, the 1972 song "Holubí dům", penned by Jaroslav Uhlíř and Zdeněk Svěrák. In 1973, he joined the band of František Ringo Čech, with whom he recorded six studio albums. Work on a seventh album, titled Zemětřesení, began in 1979, but it was never completed as Schelinger died two years later. A project of the same name, commemorating Schelinger's musical oeuvre, was put together in 1993 by Miloš "Dodo" Doležal, Aleš Brichta, Vlasta Henych, and Štěpán Smetáček.

In 1981, after drinking all night with local musicians and artists after a concert, Schelinger accepted a bet to jump from Starý most, a bridge in Bratislava, and never resurfaced. His partially decomposed body was found a month later. He was inducted into the Beatová síň slávy in 2004.

On the sixtieth anniversary of Schelinger's birth (and the thirtieth anniversary of his death), in March 2011, at the house in Prague where he lived during his early childhood, a bust with a memorial plaque was unveiled to commemorate the beloved musician.

Schelinger is buried at Olšany Cemetery in Prague.

Conspiracy theories about death
Schelinger's death was never fully solved. There were various speculations that he was murdered by State Security, that he attempted to emigrate illegally, wished to disappear from public life, or that he committed suicide. There were also speculations that the former State Security tried to solve the case quickly and that the body found and on which an autopsy was performed wasn't that of Jiří Schelinger. The identity of the body was never confirmed by any of the singer's family members or acquaintances. The conclusion that it was in fact the celebrity was made based on dental records.
Schelinger's brother Milan has also claimed that his brother's body was actually found on the shore of the Danube river in Hungary, where he was buried in an unmarked grave.

Discography
with František Ringo Čech
 Báječní muži (1975)
 Ovoce z naší zahrádky (1975)
 Nemám hlas jako zvon (1975)
 Schelinger a Rezek se skupinou F. R. Čecha (1976)
 Hrrrr na ně (1977)
 Nám se líbí… (1979)

Gallery

References

External links

1951 births
1981 deaths
Czechoslovak male singers
Deaths by drowning
People from Chrudim District
Burials at Olšany Cemetery