title: Logisticus plicicollis

text:
Logisticus plicicollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1901.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1901


title: Logisticus proboscideus

text:
Logisticus proboscideus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1902.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1902


title: Logisticus quentini

text:
Logisticus quentini is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2004.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2004


title: Logisticus rostratus

text:
Logisticus rostratus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Waterhouse in 1878.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1878


title: Logisticus sesquivittatus

text:
Logisticus sesquivittatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1888.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1888


title: Logisticus simplex

text:
Logisticus simplex is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Waterhouse in 1880.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1880


title: Ann Swidler

text:
Ann Swidler (born December 11, 1944) is an American sociologist and professor of sociology at the University of California, Berkeley. Swidler is most commonly known as a cultural sociologist and authored one of the most-cited articles in sociology, "Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies".

Early life and career
Swidler was born on December 11, 1944. She was raised in Knoxville, Tennessee. Her father was an attorney with the Tennessee Valley Authority and her mother was a secretary. Her family, which is Jewish, experienced anti-Semitism in Tennessee.

She began studies at Radcliffe College (at the time, the women’s part of Harvard University) in the fall of 1962. She graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966 and received her Master of Arts degree in 1971 and Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1975 from the University of California, Berkeley. Her dissertation was titled Organization Without Authority: A Study of Two Alternative Schools, it was published as a book in 1979 as Organization Without Authority: Dilemmas of Social Control in Free Schools. Her advisor was Arlie Hochschild, and was also mentored by Robert N. Bellah, Reinhard Bendix, and Neil Smelser.

In 1982 she was a recipient of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship. With sociologists John W. Meyer and W. Richard Scott, Swidler received funding from the Russell Sage Foundation for "Due Process in Organizations", and in 2009–10 she was a Russell Sage Foundation Visiting Scholar. In 2013 she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Major works

Habits of the Heart (1985), co-authored with Robert Bellah, Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, and Steven M. Tipton, was finalist for a Pulitzer Prize in 1986, won the Los Angeles Times Book Award in 1985 and received Highest Honors for a Book in Education from the American Educational Studies Association. Habits of the Heart sold over 500,000 copies which, according to sociologist Edward Tiryakian, places the work among "that rare breed of sociological works: a literary event, with sales figures beyond the total number of practicing sociologists in the world, past and present."

"Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies" (1986), argues that rather than just a form of internalized norms controlling behavior—argued by, for instance, Talcott Parsons—culture is a collection or "tool-kit" that people draw on to accomplish particular strategies of action. This is one of the most widely cited articles in sociology and informs the contemporary view in cultural sociology that culture is both constraining and enabling.

Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth (1996), is a well-known reply to The Bell Curve by Charles Murray and Richard Hernstein and attempts to show that the arguments in The Bell Curve are flawed.

Talk of Love: How Culture Matters (2001) attempts to describe the reality of love in relationships amid the idealized and romanticized "talk of love" within American culture. In a review in the American Journal of Sociology, sociologist Michèle Lamont describes the book as "theoretically ambitious" as it "propose[s] nothing less than the reconceptualization of the role that culture plays in organizing social action."

See also
 Social network analysis

References

1944 births
Living people
American sociologists
Harvard University alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Sociology of culture
Place of birth missing (living people)
American women sociologists
21st-century American women writers
American women social scientists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century social scientists
21st-century social scientists


title: Logisticus spinipennis

text:
Logisticus spinipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1893.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1893


title: Logisticus suturalis

text:
Logisticus suturalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Waterhouse in 1880.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1880


title: Logisticus villiersi

text:
Logisticus villiersi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2004.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2004


title: Mastododera monticola

text:
Mastododera monticola is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Villiers in 1982.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1982


title: Robert Wynne (Irish politician)

text:
Robert Wynne (4 May 1761 – 31 May 1838) was an Irish Member of Parliament. He sat in the House of Commons of Ireland from 1789 to 1799, as one of the two MPs for Sligo Borough.

References

1761 births
1838 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Sligo constituencies
Irish MPs 1783–1790
Irish MPs 1790–1797
Irish MPs 1798–1800


title: Mastododera nodicollis

text:
Mastododera nodicollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug in 1833.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1833


title: Mastododera rufosericans

text:
Mastododera rufosericans is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1893.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1893


title: Mastododera tibialis

text:
Mastododera tibialis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1894.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1894


title: Mastododera transversalis

text:
Mastododera transversalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1889.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1889


title: Earnest (company)

text:
Earnest is a technology-enabled fintech lender headquartered in San Francisco, California that offers education financing products, including student loan refinancing and private student loans. The company evaluates a person’s full education, employment, and financial profile, in addition to their credit score (also known as a FICO score) in order to obtain a complete financial profile of each applicant. This type of credit is referred to as "merit-based lending."

History

Earnest was co-founded in 2013 by Louis Beryl, a former partner at Silicon Valley VC firm Andreessen Horowitz, and by Benjamin Hutchinson, who was Head of Commercial Finance at BBC and was a finance executive at the U.K.’s HM Treasury during the banking meltdown. Beryl got the idea for the company when he was attending Harvard to receive his M.B.A. and a degree in Public Policy. He needed a loan and was turned down despite his earning potential, having worked on Wall Street for a few years, and receiving a degree in financial engineering from Princeton University. He learned that traditional banks took a narrow view of loan applications and felt they were too hard and expensive for many Americans.

Earnest received $15M in seed funding from several VC firms, including Andreessen Horowitz, First Round Capital, Maveron, Collaborative Fund, and Atlas Venture in 2014. This funding was a combination of equity and lending capital. The company first launched a personal loan product in Boston, Massachusetts, as a test market, due to the high concentration of young professionals in the area. The company officially launched in March 2014. In 2014, Earnest distributed $8M in loans and by the end of the year had a growth rate of 70%.

On January 27, 2015, Earnest announced Series A equity funding of $17M led by Maveron. That same day, it also announced the launch of student loan refinancing for undergraduate and graduate students on both private and federal loans, with variable interest rates as low as 1.92% APR. On November 17, 2015, Earnest announced a $75M funding round led by Battery Ventures, plus $200M warehouse line of credit (since retired) from New York Life. The company said it would use the funds to assist in building out the company’s offering and expanding its workforce.

In 2016, Earnest was included on the Fast Company World’s 50 Most Innovative Companies list.

In August 2017, it was announced that Earnest would open a new office in Salt Lake City, Utah in its first major expansion.

In October 2017, Earnest announced it had agreed to be acquired by student loan servicer Navient Corp. for $155M. The acquisition allowed Earnest to be backed by a larger company with Navient planning to maintain the brand as a separate unit. In January 2018, Louis Beryl stepped down from his position as CEO. In July 2018, Navient hired Susan Ehrlich as the new CEO.

In April 2019, Earnest launched its private student loan product.

In April 2021, Susan Ehrlich announced her retirement and stepped down as CEO to focus on board service.

On April 16, 2021, Earnest announced that David Green will be replacing Ehrlich as CEO. Green has held many roles at Earnest over a six-year tenure with the organization. Previously, Green was Head of Credit Operations, General Manager, Head of Student Loan Refinance, Chief Product Officer, and Chief Operating Officer.

Model

Earnest provides private student loans and student loan refinancing to borrowers. The company does not focus solely on standard measures such as credit scores but takes a more individualized approach when evaluating borrowers by looking at their education, income potential, spending, and saving habits.

The company uses an online dashboard that gives clients tools to control and customize their loan payments by payment, amount, and time. As of April 2021, Earnest had refinanced $14.5 billion in student loan debt. As of June 2021, the company offers student loan refinancing in 48 states (all but Kentucky and Nevada) and the District of Columbia.

References

Financial technology companies
Companies based in San Francisco
American companies established in 2013
2017 mergers and acquisitions
Financial services companies based in California
Financial services companies established in 2013


title: Mastododera velutina

text:
Mastododera velutina is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Villiers in 1982.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1982


title: Mastododera vicina

text:
Mastododera vicina is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Villiers in 1982.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1982


title: Mastododera villiersi

text:
Mastododera villiersi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2001.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2001


title: Musius crassicornis

text:
Musius crassicornis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Boppe in 1921.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1921


title: Historiography of religion

text:
The historiography of religion is how historians have studied religion in terms of themes, sources and conflicting ideas. Historians typically focus on one particular topic in the overall history of religions in terms of geographical area or of theological tradition.

Historians for centuries focused on the theological developments of their own religious heritage. Social scientists in the 19th century took a strong interest in "primitive" and comparative religion. In the 20th century, the field focused mostly on theology and church organization and development. Since the 1970s the social history approach to religious behavior and belief has become important.

Reformation

Jacob argues that there has been a dramatic shift in the historiography of the Reformation. Until the 1960s, historians focused their attention largely on 16th-century theologians such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli.  Their ideas were studied in depth. However, the rise of the new social history in the 1960s look at history from the bottom up, not from the top down. Historians began to concentrate on the values, beliefs and behavior of the people at large. She finds, "in contemporary scholarship, the Reformation is now seen as a vast cultural upheaval, a social and popular movement, textured and rich because of its diversity".

1700-1900
New approaches to the history of Christianity were introduced by Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886) and Philip Schaff  (1819–92). They emphasized the need for more neutrality, with the goal of understanding history as it actually happened, rather than promoting or defending ones theological heritage. Von Ranke in 1843 finished his six‐volume German History in the Epoch of the Reformation then turned to a multivolume History of the Popes during the Last Four Centuries.  Schaff, deeply schooled in the German tradition, relocated to the United States in 1844. His History of the Christian Church (7 vols., 1858–1890), set new standards for the American study of ecclesiastical history. He demonstrated how to integrate liturgical developments. He also introduced European scholars to American religion, arguing that American sectarianism, with all its faults, was preferable to European church-statism.

Pietism and benevolence
Pietism was originated in 18th-century Germany and was emulated in neighboring countries. It had a major impact in England and North America, where it affected the Methodist movement and a series of revival outbursts known as the Great Awakening in the United States. It involved an intense internal focus on sin and salvation through Christ, and in the form of evangelicalism, remains a powerful force in Protestantism well into the 21st century. Pietism emphasize the value of revivals, leading to the born-again experience, and inspired its followers to set high moralistic standards for public behavior, as in such areas as opposition to alcohol and slavery.

Historians have explored the impact of the new religious sentiments of the 18th and 19th century on the organizational behavior of laymen. Protestants sponsored voluntary charitable and religious societies, including overseas missions throughout the empire, setting up Sunday schools, founding charity schools, distributing Bibles and devotional literature, creating and emphasizing hymns and communal singing, and setting up revivals. A major result was the establishment of an international battle against slavery as an affront to Protestant morality.

Comparative studies
Social scientists in the 19th century took a strong interest in comparative and "primitive" religion through the work of Max Müller, Edward Burnett Tylor, William Robertson Smith, James George Frazer, Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Rudolf Otto.

20th century
Hartmut Lehmann argues that four basic themes dominated the history of Christianity during the 20th century: the rise of "political religions", drastic technological changes, progressive secularization, and the impressive growth of Christian communities in the Southern Hemisphere.

Secularization
Secularization, the steady decline in religious activity in historically Protestant countries of Europe, has been an important field of study.

Missions and expansion
Much recent research is focused on the expansion of Christianity throughout the developing world. Protestant and Catholic religions, starting their strongholds in European colonial powers, propagated throughout the third world in the 20th century – especially in Africa. For example, Nigeria has far more Anglicans than does Great Britain. Missionaries, especially from the United States, promoted Mormonism, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventists, and holiness and Pentecostal denominations to highly receptive audiences.

Islam
The historiography of Islam grew slowly in the 20th century, and, since the 1980s, has become a major project for scholars.

See also
 Historiography
 Historiography of early Islam
 History of religion in the United States
 Religious studies
 Social history

Notes

Further reading

World
 Kippenberg, Hans. Discovering Religious History in the Modern Age (2001)
 McLeod, Hugh. "Religion and the City," Urban History Yearbook (1978) p7-22. reviews studies  of religion in the cities of Europe and America 1820s-1970s
 Ranger,  T. O. and Isaria Kimambo. The Historical Study of African Religion (University of California Press, 1972)
 Sanneh, Lamin, and Michael McClymond, eds. The Wiley Blackwell Companion to World Christianity (2016).

Europe

 Bebbington, David W. Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (Routledge, 2003)
 Brown, Callum G. The Social History of Religion in Scotland Since 1730 (Methuen, 1987)
 Davie, Grace. Religion in Britain since 1945: Believing Without Belonging (Blackwell, 1994)
 Gajano, Sofia Boesch., "Italian Religious Historiography in the 1990s", Journal of Modern Italian Studies (1998) 3#3 pp 293–306
 Hsia, Po-Chia, ed.  A Companion to the Reformation World (2006)
 Levitin, Dmitri., "From Sacred History to the History of Religion: Paganism, Judaism, and Christianity in European Historiography from Reformation to 'Enlightenment'", Historical Journal 55#4 (2012): 1117–1160
 MacCulloch, Diarmaid; Laven, Mary; Duffy, Eamon., "Recent Trends in the Study of Christianity in Sixteenth-Century Europe", Renaissance Quarterly (2006) 58#3 pp 697–731
 Marshall, Peter. "(Re)defining the English Reformation", Journal of British Studies (2009) 48#3 pp. 564–586
 Menchi, Silvana Seidel., "The Age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Italian Historiography, 1939-2009", Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte (2009) Vol. 100, pp 193–217.
 Thomas, Keith. Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-century England (1991)
 Weber, Eugen. "Religion and Superstition in Nineteenth-Century France", Historical Journal (1988) 31#2  pp. 399–423

America
 * Chappel, James, "Beyond Tocqueville: A Plea to Stop 'Taking Religion Seriously'", Modern Intellectual History (2013) 10#9 pp 697–708.
 Dolan, Jay P., and James P. Wind, eds. New Dimensions in American Religious History: Essays in Honor of Martin E. Marty (Eerdmans, 1993)
 Fox, Richard Wightman. "Experience and Explanation in Twentieth-Century American Religious History", New Directions in American Religious History ed. by Harry Stout and D. G. Hart (1997) pp: 394-413.
 Frey, Sylvia R. "The Visible Church: Historiography of African American Religion since Raboteau," Slavery & Abolition (2008) 29#1 pp 83–110.
 McGreevy, John T., "Faith and Morals in the Modern United States, 1865-Present", Reviews in American History 26.1 (1998): 239-254
 Schultz, Kevin M.; Harvey, Paul. "Everywhere and Nowhere: Recent Trends in American Religious History and Historiography", Journal of the American Academy of Religion, March 2010, Vol. 78#1 pp 129–162
 Smith, Timothy L., "Religion and Ethnicity in America", American Historical Review (1978): 1155-1185
 Stout, Harry S., and D. G. Hart, eds. New Directions in American Religious History (1997)
 Sweet, Leonard I., ed. Communication and Change in American Religious History (1993), pp 355–479
 Wilson, John F. Religion and the American Nation: Historiography and History (2003) 119pp

History of religion


title: Musius fuscicornis

text:
Musius fuscicornis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1903.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1903


title: Musius quadrinodosus

text:
Musius quadrinodosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1889.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1889


title: List of years in Syria

text:
This is a list of years in Syria.

20th century
 Syrian Republic gained independence from France in 1944, later transforming into Syrian Arab Republic in the 1960s.

21st century

See also
 Timeline of Syrian history
2010s in Syria political history

Cities in Syria
 Timeline of Aleppo
 Timeline of Damascus
 Timeline of Hama
 Timeline of Latakia

Syria history-related lists
Syria


title: Musius rubricollis

text:
Musius rubricollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1899.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1899


title: Axel: The Biggest Little Hero

text:
Axel: The Biggest Little Hero (original title: Bonta) is a 2013 animated 3-D film written and directed by Leo Lee. The English-language version stars the voices of Yuri Lowenthal, Sarah Natochenny, Colleen O'Shaughnessey, Kate Higgins and Ed Asner.  Under its original title of Bonta, the film released nationwide across China on August 2, 2013, as China's very first 3-D film to combine stereoscopic effects with CG technology, representing their highest level of animation.

The English-language version titled Axel: The Biggest Little Hero was released on DVD in the United States on June 3, 2014.

Plot
On the planet Earth, Axel (Yuri Lowenthal) and his best friend Jono (Colleen O'Shaughnessey) go out in search of a magical plant from the Bonta Forest that will feed their starving tribe, but they are threatened by the Lizard King (Matthew Lillard) who wants to take over the forest. The two become friends with a brave princess and a giant ostrich robot (Marc Thompson) who assist them on their journey for the plant.

English cast
 Yuri Lowenthal as Axel
 Colleen O'Shaughnessey as Jono
 Kate Higgins as Gaga
 Edward Asner as Bonta
 Tim Curry as Papa Qi
 Matthew Lillard as Lizard King
 George Takei as Elder
 Marc Thompson as 1st & 4th Guardians, Pootron, Mecha Lizard
 Sarah Natochenny as Boca
 Alyson Leigh Rosenfeld as Second Guardian
 Rebecca Soler as Neepop
 Veronica Taylor as Young Gaga

Release

The 3-D film released  nationwide across China under its original title of Bonta on August 2, 2013, before heading to film festivals in Europe and South Korea.  The project screened October 3, 2013 at the 18th Busan International Film Festival and "won wide popularity among the viewers and Korean media".

DVD
As Axel: The Biggest Little Hero, the film was released on DVD in the United States on June 3, 2014.

Reception
Common Sense Media gave the film three out of five stars, expressing frustration over the film's lack of immediate resolution while also commenting that they enjoyed the relationship between Axel and Jono. Dove was more wholly positive and called Axel a "charming and unique animated movie". Aced Magazine generally praised the film, remarking that the strangely animated characters would be appreciated by the target audience of small children. They also advised that since the adventure "gets a little rough" for youngsters, they that parents watch the film their children.

References

External links

2013 films


title: Warden Energy Centre

text:
Warden Energy Centre is a power station owned by Markham District Energy Incorporated situated at the northwest corner of Warden Avenue and Highway 407 in Markham, Ontario, Canada. The 5.2 MW CHP plant uses natural gas to power 2 Caterpillar G3612 natural gas driven reciprocating
engine generator.

The combined heating power plant, an 8.5MW CHP, first opened in 2000 with a 12 MW heating capacity and 40MW hot water thermal storage. The additional CHP plant opened in 2008 is a small building attached to the former Markham Hydro head office building (now Administration Centre for Markham Fire and Emergency Services).

The Warden plant is one of three power plants supply energy for MDE:

 Bur Oak Energy Centre - 3.25 MW CHP opened in 2014
 Birchmount Energy Centre - 2.6 MW CHP with 10 MW heating capacity opened in 2010 at Birchmount Road and Highway 407

Description
The plant consists of:
  two Caterpillar G3612 natural gas driven reciprocating engines

References

Natural gas-fired power stations in Ontario


title: List of years in Saudi Arabia

text:
This is a list of years in Saudi Arabia.

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Emirate of Jebel Shammar

Second Saudi State

Ottoman Arabia

Emirate of Diriyah

18th century

17th century

16th century

See also

 Timeline of Jeddah
 Timeline of Mecca
 Timeline of Medina
 Timeline of Riyadh

Further reading

External links

History of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia-related lists
Saudi Arabia


title: Pachysticus adlbaueri

text:
Pachysticus adlbaueri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2004.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2004


title: Pachysticus crassipes

text:
Pachysticus crassipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1889.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1889


title: Pachysticus jenisi

text:
Pachysticus jenisi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2004.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2004


title: Pachysticus minutus

text:
Pachysticus minutus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2004.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2004


title: Pachysticus nigrofasciatus

text:
Pachysticus nigrofasciatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2004.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2004


title: Pachysticus morosus

text:
Pachysticus morosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1894.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1894


title: List of years in Lebanon

text:
This is a list of years in Lebanon.

20th century

21st century

See also
 Timeline of Lebanese history
 Timeline of Beirut

 Year
Lebanon-related lists
Lebanon


title: Paralogisticus drumonti

text:
Paralogisticus drumonti is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2006.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2006


title: Paralogisticus pauliani

text:
Paralogisticus pauliani is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2006.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2006


title: List of years in Vietnam

text:
This is a list of years in Vietnam.

Before 20th century

20th century

21st century

See also
Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule
Timeline of early independent Vietnam
Timeline of the Lý dynasty

Vietnam history-related lists
Vietnam


title: Paratoxotus argodi

text:
Paratoxotus argodi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1901.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1901


title: Owen Wynne (1723–1789)

text:
Owen Wynne (1723 – 18 March 1789) was an Irish Member of Parliament. He sat in the House of Commons of Ireland from 1749 to 1789.

He was an MP for County Sligo from 1749 to 1778, and for Sligo Borough from 1776 until 1789.

Wynne was a prominent landowner in Co. Leitrim and Co. Sligo.  His main residence was Hazelwood House, Co. Sligo.  However, he spent a good deal of time in Dublin due to his parliamentary responsibilities and had a house at 3 Henrietta Street.  His great uncle Owen Wynne (1665–1737) was a prominent soldier and politician and had purchased the estates in Co. Sligo to add to the family's existing estates in Co. Leitrim.  He then built Hazelwood House.

Wynne married Anne Maxwell, the sister of the first Earl of Farnham, on 13 December 1754.  They had six sons and three daughters.  The senior Wynne line of Hazelwood House died out in 1910 with the death of Owen Wynne VI (1843–1910) with no male heirs.  However, the wider family continued to flourish through the descendants of Wynne's younger sons. These descendants include General Sir Arthur Singleton Wynne, Arthur Beavor Wynne, Archdeacon George Robert Wynne, Emily Wynne, Gladys Wynne, Canon Billy Wynne and Kathleen Lynn.

References

1723 births
1789 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Sligo constituencies
Irish MPs 1727–1760
Irish MPs 1761–1768
Irish MPs 1769–1776
Irish MPs 1776–1783
Irish MPs 1783–1790
18th-century Irish landowners
Politicians from County Sligo
Politicians from County Leitrim


title: Paratoxotus farinosus

text:
Paratoxotus farinosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1902.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1902


title: Paratoxotus inexpunctatus

text:
Paratoxotus inexpunctatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1903.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1903


title: List of years in Hong Kong

text:
This is a list of years in Hong Kong.

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also
 Timeline of Hong Kong history
 List of years in China

year
Years


title: Planisticus breuningi

text:
Planisticus breuningi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2004.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2004


title: Planisticus latesulcatus

text:
Planisticus latesulcatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1887.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1887


title: Planisticus nivosus

text:
Planisticus nivosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1893.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1893


title: Type 6

text:
Type 6 may refer to:
 Peugeot Type 6, an automobile by the manufacturer Peugeot
 Japanese Type 6 submarine
 Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, a rare, late-onset, autosomal dominant disorder
 Bristol Type 6 T.T.A, a British two-seat, twin-engine biplane
 Type 6 fire engine
 Bugatti Type 6, a prototype automobile designed by Ettore Bugatti
 Mucopolysaccharidosis type 6, a form of mucopolysaccharidosis
 C-C chemokine receptor type 6, a CC chemokine receptor

See also
 Class 6 (disambiguation)
 Model 6 (disambiguation)


title: Te Soñaré

text:
"Te soñare" (English: I'll dream you)  is a song by the Mexican band Vázquez Sounds that premiered on March 11, 2014. Te Soñare is included in the album called "Invencible," which contains 10 songs in Spanish.

Letter and dedication
Te Soñare is inspired by universal love and the great power of dreams in humans, and they seek to convey that to their fans, according to the young musicians originating in Mexicali, Baja California. Dedicated to universal love and the great power of dreams in every human being, they represent a motivation to achieve what we want to fight for our goals, to act and to conceive much higher dreams.

Music video
The video was recorded in Los Angeles, under the direction of Carlos Lopez Estrada and  Vazquez Sounds shows in a dream world.

Track list

References

2014 songs


title: Ramodatodes armicollis

text:
Ramodatodes armicollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1902.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1902


title: Ramodatodes rufovelutinum

text:
Ramodatodes rufovelutinum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1902.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1902


title: Ramodatodes elegans

text:
Ramodatodes elegans is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Villiers in 1982.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1982


title: Ramodatodes nigripes

text:
Ramodatodes nigripes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Villiers in 1982.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1982


title: Ramodatodes sericeum

text:
Ramodatodes sericeum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Villiers in 1982.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1982


title: John McCormack (baseball)

text:
John McCormack is an American college baseball coach who has been the head coach of Florida Atlantic (FAU) since the start of the 2009 season.  McCormack was named the Sun Belt Coach of the Year in 2010, and the Owls have appeared in two NCAA tournaments under him.  Previously, he served as an assistant at FAU from 1991 to 2008.  McCormack is an alumnus of both Indian River Community College and Lynn University.

Coaching career
McCormack began his coaching career in 1991 and spent 18 years as an FAU assistant under head coach Kevin Cooney.  During that time, the Owls appeared in six NCAA tournaments.  McCormack handled much of the program's recruiting during his time as an assistant, focusing on players from the South Florida region where FAU is located.  Although he was offered coaching positions at other schools and professional scouting jobs, McCormack chose to stay at FAU.

When Cooney retired at the end of the 2008 season, McCormack was hired to replace him.  The Owls spent his first five seasons in the Sun Belt, winning two regular season titles and one tournament.  They reached the NCAA tournament in 2010 and 2013, losing in the regional final both times.  In 2010, McCormack was named the Sun Belt Coach of the Year.  In 2013, after losing their opening game, the team reached the decisive seventh game of the Chapel Hill Regional against #1 national seed North Carolina.  The Owls lost, 12–11, in a game that multiple media outlets described as "epic."  Trailing 6–2 in the ninth, the Owls took an 8–6 lead, then gave up two runs in the bottom of the ninth to send the game to extra innings.  They scored three in the top of the 12th, but UNC answered with three in the bottom half and walked off in the bottom of the 13th.  The Owls moved to Conference USA following the 2013 season and missed the conference tournament in their first season in the league. In 2019, John McCormack was inducted into the FAU Athletics Hall of Fame.

Head coaching record
Below is a table of McCormack's yearly records as a collegiate head baseball coach.

Personal
McCormack played youth and high school baseball with former Cincinnati head coach Brian Cleary. McCormack has two children; a sons Conor and Shane.

See also
 List of current NCAA Division I baseball coaches
 Florida Atlantic Owls

References

External links
John McCormack, Head Baseball Coach, Florida Atlantic University Owls

Living people
Indian River State Pioneers baseball players
Florida Atlantic Owls baseball coaches
Lynn Fighting Knights baseball players
Year of birth missing (living people)
Baseball coaches from Florida
Baseball coaches from New York (state)
Baseball players from Boca Raton, Florida


title: Owen Wynne (1687–1756)

text:
Owen Wynne (1687 – 1 June 1756) was an Irish Member of Parliament. He sat in the House of Commons of Ireland from 1713 to 1756.

He was an MP for Sligo Borough from 1713 until 1756.

References

1687 births
1756 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Sligo constituencies
Irish MPs 1713–1714
Irish MPs 1715–1727
Irish MPs 1727–1760


title: Sagridola armiventris

text:
Sagridola armiventris is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1903.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1903


title: Sagridola luctifera

text:
Sagridola luctifera is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1893.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1893


title: Sagridola luteicornis

text:
Sagridola luteicornis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Boppe in 1921.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1921


title: Sagridola maculosa

text:
Sagridola maculosa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1844.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1844


title: TrustLeaf

text:
TrustLeaf was an alternative crowd funding service for startups and small businesses to raise money from friends and family using personal loans. It was founded in 2013 and is based in Sunnyvale, California. Anson Liang and Daniel Lieser are cofounders.

Friends and Family Crowdfunding

Unlike the more common equity or donation/rewards based crowdfunding systems, TrustLeaf arranges and keeps track of personal loans.  Because of legal regulations, such as SEC rules and broker-dealer licensing, the website only allows users to request loans from people with whom they have existing personal relationships, that is, friends and family. User campaigns on TrustLeaf are private, and only visible to potential lenders who receive an invitation.  Once the loans are arranged, Trustleaf sends out reminders when loan payments are due.

Founding

Anson Liang designed TrustLeaf after a stressful personal experience in figuring out the details of a personal loan from a friend to start a business.  He came up with the idea for a platform that helps set and manage expectations and payments for loans from friends and family. Anson explained the workings of TrustLeaf while being interviewed on the German television show Weltspiegel (World Mirror) in July 2014 on the topic of Asian-American Entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley

Funding Campaigns

On TrustLeaf, users create a campaign page and invite their friends and family to pledge funding and sign personal loan documents. If they wish, users can calculate and track repayments. A monthly usage fee and individual transactions fees are charged to each user.

References

External links
 Trustleaf on Fin-Tech
 "And the Finalists for the 15th Founder Showcase Pitch Competition are...". Founder Institutle

Companies based in Sunnyvale, California
American companies established in 2013
Defunct crowdfunding platforms of the United States
Internet properties established in 2013


title: Li Yongtai

text:
Li Yongtai (; ; 4 November 1928 – 5 October 2015) was a Chinese fighter pilot and lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). An ethnic Korean, he fought in the Korean War and later served as deputy commander of the PLAAF.

Military career
Born in Tonghua, Jilin Province, China to an ethnic Korean family, Li joined the Eighth Route Army in October 1945, and became a member of the Communist Party of China (CPC) the following year. He began learning to fly in October 1949, and after China's entry into the Korean War, served as a member of the People's Volunteer Army Air Force. He shot down four American F-86s, earning him the nickname "tank in the sky". After the war he continued his rise through the ranks, and in 1975, was named commander of the Wuhan Military Region Air Force. From 1982 to 1993, he served as deputy commander of the PLAAF. He was awarded the rank of lieutenant general in 1988.

Political career
Li served as a representative to the 10th and 12th National Congresses of the CPC, and to the 5th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th National People's Congresses (NPC). In the 8th and the 9th Congresses he was named a member of the NPC Standing Committee, and also served on the NPC Ethnic Affairs Committee.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Chinese Korean War pilots
Chinese politicians of Korean descent
Delegates to the 9th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 8th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 7th National People's Congress
Delegates to the 5th National People's Congress
People from Tonghua
People's Liberation Army Air Force generals


title: Young-tae

text:
Young-tae is a Korean masculine given name.  Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 39 hanja with the reading "young" and 20 hanja with the reading "tae" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be used in given names.

People with this name include:
Byeon Yeong-tae (1892–1969), South Korean politician, 5th Prime Minister
Li Yongtai (1928–2015), Chinese politician and air force lieutenant general of Korean descent
Young-Tae Chang (born 1968), South Korean chemistry professor
Kim Young-tae (born 1975), South Korean weightlifter, represented South Korea at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Ko Young-tae (born 1976), South Korean businessman and fencer
Boo Young-tae (born 1985), South Korean football forward (K3 League)
Gil Young-tae (born 1991), South Korean football centre-back (K-League Classic)

See also
List of Korean given names

References

Korean masculine given names
Masculine given names


title: Scopanta expansitarsis

text:
Scopanta expansitarsis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1896.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1896


title: Scopanta laevipennis

text:
Scopanta laevipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1896.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1896


title: Scopanta rufula

text:
Scopanta rufula is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1893.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1893


title: Fordyce Commercial Historic District

text:
The Fordyce Commercial Historic District encompasses the historic heart of Fordyce, Arkansas, the county seat of Dallas County.  It encompasses four city blocks of North Main Street, between 1st and 4th, and includes properties on these adjacent streets.  Fordyce was founded in 1882, and the oldest building in the district, the Nutt-Trussell Building at 202 North Main Street, was built .  Spurred by the logging industry and the Cotton Belt Railroad, Fordyce's downtown area had 25 buildings by 1901, and continued to grow over the next few decades, resulting in a concentration of period commercial architecture in its downtown.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

Interesting buildings in the district include the Fordyce Home Accident Insurance Company building at 300-302 North Main, designed by Charles L. Thompson and built in 1908, and Bob's Barber Shop, a relatively unaltered  building on the 100 block of North Main.  Properties in the district which were listed separately on the National Register include the  railroad depot, a , and a 1922 steam locomotive.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Dallas County, Arkansas

References

Victorian architecture in Arkansas
Geography of Dallas County, Arkansas
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Fordyce, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Dallas County, Arkansas


title: Stenotsivoka latipes

text:
Stenotsivoka latipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Adlbauer in 2001.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2001


title: Stenotsivoka negrei

text:
Stenotsivoka negrei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2004.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2004


title: Stenotsivoka remipes

text:
Stenotsivoka remipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1902.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1902


title: Ladislas Fodor

text:
Ladislas Fodor (1898–1978) was a Hungarian novelist, playwright and screenwriter.

Plays
A Church Mouse (A templom egére); a comedy in three acts, adapted by James L. A. Burrell (1928)
Jewel Robbery (Ékszerrablás a Váci utcában); a comedy in three acts, adapted by Bertram Bloch (1931)
I Love an Actress (Szeretek egy színésznőt); a comedy in four acts, adapted by Chester Erskin (1932)
The Kiss Before the Mirror (Csók a tükör előtt); a drama in three acts (1932)
Youth at the Helm (Helyet az ifjúságnak) (1933)

Matura (Érettségi); a comedy in three acts (1934)
A Woman Lies (Egy asszony hazudik); a drama in three acts (1935)

The Night Before the Divorce (Die Nacht vor der Scheidung); comedy (1937)
Strange Case of Blondie White (Katzenzungen, 1934); a play in three acts, adapted by Bernard Merivale and Jeffrey Dell (1938)
Birthday Gift (Születésnapi ajándék); a play in three acts (1939)

The Vigil (1947)
Europa and the Bull (1952)

Filmography

Films Based on Plays by Ladislas Fodor
Poor as a Church Mouse, directed by Richard Oswald (Germany, 1931, based on the play A Church Mouse)
Beauty and the Boss, directed by Roy Del Ruth (1932, based on the play A Church Mouse)
Jewel Robbery, directed by William Dieterle (1932, based on the play Jewel Robbery)
The Kiss Before the Mirror, directed by James Whale (1933, based on the play The Kiss Before the Mirror)
La Cinquième empreinte, directed by Karl Anton (France, 1934, based on the play Lilas blanc)
The Church Mouse, directed by Monty Banks (UK, 1934, based on the play A Church Mouse)
Lärm um Weidemann, directed by Johann Alexander Hübler-Kahla (Germany, 1935, based on the play Youth at the Helm) (uncredited)
The White Lilac, directed by Albert Parker (UK, 1935, based on the play Lilas blanc)
Thunder in the Night, directed by George Archainbaud (1935, based on the play A Woman Lies)
The Unguarded Hour, directed by Sam Wood (1936, based on the play The Unguarded Hour)
Girls' Dormitory, directed by Irving Cummings (1936, based on the play Matura)
Jack of All Trades, directed by Robert Stevenson and Jack Hulbert (UK, 1936, based on the play Youth at the Helm)
Wives Under Suspicion, directed by James Whale (1938, based on the play The Kiss Before the Mirror)
, directed by Camillo Mastrocinque (Italy, 1940, based on the play Youth at the Helm)
Footsteps in the Dark, directed by Lloyd Bacon (1941, based on the play Strange Case of Blondie White)
, directed by Schamyl Bauman (Sweden, 1941, based on the play A Church Mouse)
A Very Young Lady, directed by Harold D. Schuster (1941, based on the play Matura)
Frøken Kirkemus, directed by Lau Lauritzen Jr. and Alice O'Fredericks (Denmark, 1941, based on the play A Church Mouse)
The Night Before the Divorce, directed by Robert Siodmak (1942, based on the play The Night Before the Divorce)
The Peterville Diamond, directed by Walter Forde (UK, 1943, based on the play Jewel Robbery)
, directed by Axel von Ambesser (West Germany, 1953, based on the play Youth at the Helm)
A House Full of Love, directed by Hans Schweikart (West Germany, 1954, based on the play Fräulein Fortuna)
Love Without Illusions, directed by Erich Engel (West Germany, 1955, based on the play Ärztliches Geheimnis)
North to Alaska, directed by Henry Hathaway (1960, based on the play Birthday Gift)
, directed by Alekos Sakellarios (Greece, 1965, based on the play A Church Mouse)
Más pobre que una laucha, directed by Julio Saraceni  (Argentina, 1955, based on the play A Church Mouse)

Ladislas Fodor as Screenwriter

Le Bal (France/Germany, 1931)
Charlie Chan in City in Darkness (1939)
Seven Sinners (1940)
Tales of Manhattan (1942)
Cairo (1942)
Isle of Missing Men (1942)
Girl Trouble (1942)
Tampico (1944)
The Imperfect Lady (1947)
The Other Love (1947)
The Great Sinner (1949)
The Man from Cairo (1953)
Tom Thumb (1958)
Menschen im Hotel (West Germany, 1959)
Abschied von den Wolken (West Germany, 1959)
 Grounds for Divorce (West Germany, 1960)
Das Riesenrad (West Germany, 1961)
The Return of Doctor Mabuse (West Germany, 1961)
Breakfast in Bed (West Germany, 1963)
 Scotland Yard Hunts Dr. Mabuse (West Germany, 1963)
 The Strangler of Blackmoor Castle (West Germany, 1963)
Old Shatterhand (West Germany, 1964)
The Secret of Dr. Mabuse (West Germany, 1964)
 The Treasure of the Aztecs (West Germany, 1965)
The Pyramid of the Sun God (West Germany, 1965)
Die Nibelungen (West Germany, 1966)
The Peking Medallion (Italy/France/West Germany, 1967)
Im Banne des Unheimlichen (West Germany, 1968)
Kampf um Rom (West Germany, 1968)
 The Man with the Glass Eye (West Germany, 1969)
Strogoff (Italy/France/West Germany, 1970)
The Devil Came from Akasava (Spain/West Germany, 1971)
Es muss nicht immer Kaviar sein (West Germany, 1977, TV series)

External links
Ladislas Fodor at IMDb

1898 births
1978 deaths
Hungarian male screenwriters
20th-century Hungarian dramatists and playwrights
Hungarian male novelists
Hungarian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Hungarian male writers
20th-century Hungarian novelists
20th-century Hungarian screenwriters


title: Stenoxotus bertiae

text:
Stenoxotus bertiae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2004.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2004


title: Stenoxotus ochreoruber

text:
Stenoxotus ochreoruber (longhorned beetle) is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1896.

It is mainly found in Madagascar.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1896


title: Tomobrachyta jenisi

text:
Tomobrachyta jenisi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Adlbauer in 2001.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2001


title: Tomobrachyta nigroplagiata

text:
Tomobrachyta nigroplagiata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1887.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1887


title: History of Christianity in Britain

text:
The history of Christianity in Britain covers the religious organisations, policies, theology and popular religiosity since ancient times.

The Roman Catholic Church was the dominant form of Christianity in Britain from the 6th century through to the Reformation period in the Middle Ages. The (Anglican) Church of England became the independent established church in England and Wales in 1534 as a result of the English Reformation. In Wales, disestablishment took place in 1920 when the Church in Wales became independent from the Church of England. In Scotland, the (Presbyterian) Church of Scotland, established in a separate Scottish Reformation in the 16th century, is recognized as the national church, but not established.

Following the Reformation, adherence to the Catholic Church continued at various levels in different parts of Britain, especially among recusants and in the north of England. Particularly from the mid-17th century, forms of Protestant nonconformity, including Congregationalists, Baptists, Quakers and, later, Methodists, grew outside of the established church.

Roman Britain

People in Roman Britain typically believed in a wide range of gods and goddesses, and worshipped several of them, likely selecting some local and tribal deities as well as some of the major divinities venerated across the Empire. Both indigenous British deities and introduced Roman counterparts were venerated in the region, sometimes syncretising together, as in cases like Apollo-Cunomaglus and Sulis-Minerva. Romano-British temples were sometimes erected at locations that had earlier been cultic sites in pre-Roman Iron Age Britain. A new style of "Romano-Celtic temple" developed which was influenced by both Iron Age and imperial Roman architectural styles but also unique from both; buildings in this style remained in use until the 4th century. The cults of various eastern deities had also been introduced to Roman Britain, among them those of the deities Isis, Mithras, and Cybele; Christianity was just one of these eastern cults. The archaeologist Martin Henig suggested that to "sense something of the spiritual environment of Christianity at this time", it would be useful to imagine India, where Hinduism, "a major polytheistic system", remains dominant, and "where churches containing images of Christ and the Virgin are in a tiny minority against the many temples of gods and goddesses".

England

Celts

The late Romano-British population seem to have been mostly Christian by the Sub-Roman period. The Great Conspiracy in the 360s and increased raiding around the time of the Roman withdrawal from Britain saw some enslaved. Later medieval legends concerning the conversion of the island under King Lucius or from a mission by Philip the Apostle or Joseph of Arimathea have been discredited; they are alleged to be "pious forgeries" introduced in attempts to establish independence or seniority in the ecclesiastical hierarchy formalised following the Norman conquest of England and Wales. The first archaeological evidence and credible records showing a community large enough to maintain churches and bishops date to the 3rd and 4th centuries. These more formal organisational structures arose from materially modest beginnings: the British delegation to the 353 Council of Rimini had to beg for financial assistance from its fellows in order to return home. The Saxon invasions of Britain destroyed most of the formal church structures in the east of Britain as they progressed, replacing it with a form of Germanic polytheism. There seems to have been a lull in the Saxon westward expansion traditionally attributed to the Battle of Badon but, following the arrival of Justinian's Plague around 547, the expansion resumed. By the time Cornwall was subjugated by Wessex at Hingston Down in 838, however, it was largely left to its native people and practices which remained inherently Christian in character and St Piran's Oratory is dated to the 6th century, making it one of the oldest extant Christian sites in Britain.

Anglo-Saxons

In comparison to its uninterrupted continuity in the culturally Brittonic west, Christianity was extinguished in the east with the arrival of the Saxons, and was reintroduced to eastern Britain by the Gregorian Mission, . Establishing his archdiocese at Canterbury, Augustine of Canterbury failed to establish his authority over the Welsh church at Chester but his mission—with help from Celtic missionaries such as Aidan and Cuthbert—proved successful in Kent and then Northumbria: the two provinces of the English Church continue to be led from the cathedrals of Canterbury and York ( 735). Owing to the importance of the Scottish missions, Northumbria initially followed the native Church in its calculation of Easter and tonsure but then aligned itself with Canterbury and Rome at the 664 Synod of Whitby. Early English Christian documents surviving from this time include the 7th-century illuminated Lindisfarne Gospels and the historical accounts written by the Venerable Bede.

Normans

Christianity in post-conquest England was generally separatist in character, with the right to appoint bishops belonging to the king despite papal objections.

By the 11th century, the Normans had overrun England and begun the invasion of Wales. Osmund, bishop of Salisbury, codified the Sarum Rite and, by the time of his successor, Roger, a system of endowed prebends had been developed that left ecclesiastical positions independent of the bishop. During the reign of Henry II, the rising popularity of the Grail myth stories coincided with the increasingly central role of communion in Church rituals. Tolerance of commendatory benefices permitted the well-connected to hold multiple offices simply for their spiritual and temporal revenues, subcontracting the position's duties to lower clerics or simply treating them as sinecures. The importance of such revenues prompted the Investiture Crisis, which erupted in Britain over the fight occasioned by King John's refusal to accept Pope Innocent III's nominee as archbishop of Canterbury. England was placed under interdict in 1208 and John excommunicated the following year; he enjoyed the seizure of the Church's revenues but finally relented owing to domestic and foreign rivals strengthened by papal opposition. Although John quickly reneged on his payments, Innocent thereafter took his side and roundly condemned the Magna Carta, calling it "not only shameful and demeaning but illegal and unjust". A major reform movement or heresy of the 14th century was Lollardy, led by John Wycliffe, who translated the Bible into English. Posthumously condemned, his body was exhumed and burnt and its ashes thrown into the River Swift.

Even before the Conquest, Edward the Confessor had returned from Normandy with masons who constructed Westminster Abbey (1042) in the Romanesque style. The cruciform churches of Norman architecture often had deep chancels and a square crossing tower, which has remained a feature of English ecclesiastical architecture. England has many early cathedrals, most notably Winchester Cathedral (1079), York Minster (1080), Durham Cathedral (1093), and (New) Salisbury Cathedral (1220). After a fire damaged Canterbury Cathedral in 1174, Norman masons introduced the Gothic style, which developed into the English Gothic at Wells and Lincoln Cathedrals around 1191. Oxford and Cambridge began as religious schools in the 11th and 13th centuries, respectively.

English Reformation

Henry VIII was named Defender of the Faith (Fidei Defensor) for his opposition to Luther's Reformation. The fact he had no living son and the pope's inability to permit him a divorce from his wife while her nephew's armies held Rome, however, prompted Henry to summon the Reformation Parliament and to invoke the statute of praemunire against the English Church, ultimately leading to the 1532 Submission of the Clergy and the 1534 Acts of Supremacy that made the Church of England an independent national church, no longer under the governance of the Pope, but with the King as Supreme Governor. (It is sometimes incorrectly stated that the Church of England was established at this time. The Church of England was a province of the Catholic Church at least since c. 600 AD. when Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Therefore the Church of England could not have been established at a time when it had existed for over 900 years.) A law passed the same year made it an act of treason to publicly oppose these measures; John Fisher and Thomas More and many others were martyred for their continued Catholicism. Fear of foreign invasion was a concern until the 1588 rout of the Spanish Armada, but land sales after the Dissolution of the lesser and greater monasteries united most of the aristocracy behind the change. Religious rebellions in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire in 1536, in Cumberland in 1537, and in Devon and Cornwall in 1549 were quickly dealt with. The doctrine of the English Reformation differed little at first except with regard to royal authority over canon law: Lutheranism remained condemned and John Frith, Robert Barnes, and other Protestants were also martyred, including William Tyndale, whose Obedience of a Christian Man inspired Henry's break with Rome and whose translation of the Bible formed the basis of Henry's own authorised Great Bible. Meanwhile, laws in 1535 and 1542 fully merged Wales with England.

For the next 150 years, religious policy varied with the ruler: Edward VI and his regents favored greater Protestantism, including new books of Common Prayer and Common Order. His sister Mary restored Catholicism after negotiations with the pope ended Rome's claims to the former Church lands, but two false pregnancies left her sister Elizabeth I as her heir. Upon Elizabeth's ascension, the 1558 Act of Uniformity, 1559 Act and Oath of Supremacy, and the Thirty-Nine Articles of 1563 formed the Religious Settlement which restored the Protestant Church of England. The vicissitudes of the clergy during the period were satirised in "The Vicar of Bray". The papal bull Regnans in Excelsis supporting the Rising of the North and the Irish Desmond Rebellions against Elizabeth proved ineffective, but similarly ineffective were the Marian exiles who returned from Calvin's Geneva as Puritans. James I supported the bishops of Anglicanism and the production of an authoritative English Bible while easing persecution against Catholics; several attempts against his person—including the Bye & Gunpowder Plots—finally led to harsher measures. Charles I provoked the Bishops' Wars in Scotland and ultimately the Civil War in England. The victorious Long Parliament restructured the Church at the 1643 Westminster Assembly and issued a new confession of faith. (The English Baptists drew up their own in 1689.) Following the Restoration, onerous Penal Laws were enacted against Dissenters, including the Clarendon Code. Charles II and James II tried to declare royal indulgences of other faiths in 1672 and in 1687; the former was withdrawn in favour of the first Test Act, which—along with the Popish Plot—led to the Exclusion Crisis, and the latter contributed to the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

1689–1945

The religious settlement of 1689 shaped policy down to the 1830s. The Church of England was not only dominant in religious affairs, but it blocked outsiders from responsible positions in national and local government, business, professions and academia. In practice, the doctrine of the divine right of kings persisted, old animosities had diminished, and a new spirit of toleration was abroad. Restrictions on Nonconformists were mostly either ignored or slowly lifted. The Protestants, including the Quakers, who worked to overthrow King James II were rewarded. The Toleration Act of 1689 allowed Nonconformists who have their own chapels, teachers and preachers, and censorship was relaxed.

Anti-Catholicism

Harsh penalties on Catholicism remained until the threat of a French restoration of the Catholic Stuart kings ended, but they were seldom enforced, and afterwards were slowly lifted until Catholic emancipation was achieved in 1829. The failure of the pro-Catholic Jacobite rebellions and papal recognition of George III after the death of J.F.E. Stuart in 1766 permitted the gradual removal of anti-Catholic laws, a process known as the Catholic Emancipation, which included the Restoration of the English hierarchy.

The Evangelical Revival

The evangelical movement inside and outside the Church of England gained strength in the late 18th and early 19th century. The movement challenged the traditional religious sensibility that emphasised a code of honor for the upper-class, and suitable behaviour for everyone else, together with faithful observances of rituals. John Wesley (1703 – 1791) and his followers preached revivalist religion, trying to convert individuals to a personal relationship with Christ through Bible reading, regular prayer, and especially the revival experience. Wesley himself preached 52,000 times, calling on men and women to "redeem the time" and save their souls. Wesley always operated inside the Church of England, but at his death, it set up outside institutions that became the Methodist Church. It stood alongside the traditional nonconformism of Presbyterians, Congregationalist, Baptists, Unitarians and Quakers. The earlier Nonconformists, however, were less influenced by revivalism.

The Church of England remained dominant, but it had a growing evangelical, revivalist faction: the "Low Church". Its leaders included William Wilberforce and Hannah More. It reached the upper class through the Clapham Sect. It did not seek political reform, but rather the opportunity to save souls through political action by freeing slaves, abolishing the duel, prohibiting cruelty to children and animals, stopping gambling, and avoiding frivolity on the Sabbath. They read the Bible every day. All souls were equal in God's view, but not all bodies, so evangelicals did not challenge the hierarchical structure of English society.

Census of 1851
As part of the regular census in 1851, the Government conducted a census in England and Wales of attendance at religious services on 30 March 1851. Reports were collected from local ministers who reported attendance at their services on 30 March 1851. The effect of individuals attending multiple services (morning/afternoon/evening) could not be fully accounted for, but the estimated number of individuals attending a service at some point in the day was 7,261,032 people. The number of individuals attending morning services was 4,647,482, and the total number of attendees (including duplicates) was 10,896,066. The total population at the time was 17.9 million.

Missionary activity
During the 18th century heyday of the First British Empire, Anglican and Methodist missionaries were active in the 13 American Colonies. The Methodists, led by George Whitefield, were the most successful and after the revolution and entirely distinct American Methodist denomination emerged that became the largest Protestant denomination in the new United States. A major problem for colonial officials was the demand of the Church of England to set up an American bishop; this was strongly opposed by most of the Americans and never happened. Increasingly colonial officials took a neutral position on religious matters, even in those colonies such as Virginia where the Church of England was officially established, but in practice controlled by laymen in the local vestries. After the Americans broke free, British officials decided to enhance the power and wealth of the Church of England in all the settler colonies, especially British North America (Canada).

During the New Imperialism of the 19th century, the London Missionary Society and others like it were active In the British Empire around the world, notably including the work of the Scotsman David Livingstone in Africa. New religious orders were also established within the Anglican fold.

All the main denominations were involved in 19th-century missions, including the Church of England, the Presbyterians of Scotland, and the Nonconformists. Much of the enthusiasm emerged from the Evangelical revival. Within the Church of England, the Church Mission Society (CMS) originated in 1799 and went on to undertake activity all around the world, including in what became known as "the Middle East".

Missionary societies funded their own operations that were not supervised or directed by the Colonial Office. Tensions emerged between the missionaries and the colonial officials. The latter feared that missionaries might stir up trouble or encourage the natives to challenge colonial authority. In general, colonial officials were much more comfortable with working with the established local leadership, including the native religions, rather than introducing the divisive force of Christianity. This proved especially troublesome in India, were very few local elites were attracted to Christianity. In Africa, especially, the missionaries made many converts. By the 21st century there were more Anglicans in Nigeria than in England, and they were culturally and theologically much more conservative.

Missionaries increasingly came to focus on education, medical help, and long-term modernisation of the native personality to inculcate European middle-class values. They established schools and medical clinics. Christian missionaries played a public role, especially in promoting sanitation and public health. Many were trained as physicians, or took special courses in public health and tropical medicine at Livingstone College, London.

1900–1945

In the 20th century, the Liturgical and Ecumenical Movements were important developments. Randall Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1903 to 1928, was perhaps the most influential of the churchmen.

A curious case was Ernest Barnes (1874 – 1953), Anglican Bishop of Birmingham, who was a highly visible modernist opposed to Anglo-Catholic practices and rituals. He preached Darwinism and ridiculed many Christian beliefs, especially the sacrament of Holy Communion and the bodily Resurrection of Christ. This led to calls that he should resign as a bishop; he refused, but Davidson made a gentle attack on Barnes in an open letter.

Although the overall population was growing steadily, and the Catholic membership was keeping pace, the Protestants were slipping behind. Out of 30-50 million adults, they dropped slowly from 5.7 million members in 1920, and 5.4 million in 1940, to 4.3 million in 1970. The Church of England decline was parallel. Methodism, the largest of the Nonconformists reached a peak of 841,000 members in Great Britain in 1910, slipped to 802,000 in 1920, 792,000 in 1940 729,000 in 1960, and 488,000 in 1980. The Nonconformists had built a strong base in industrial districts that specialised in mining textiles agriculture and fishing; those were declining industries, whose share of the total male workforce was in steady decline, from 21 per cent in 1921 to 13 per cent in 1951. As families migrated to southern England, or to the suburbs, they often lost contact with their childhood religion. Political reverberations were most serious for the Liberal Party, which was largely based in the Nonconformist community, and which rapidly lost membership in the 1920s as its leadership quarrelled, the Irish Catholics and many from the working-class moved to the Labour Party, and part of the middle class moved to the Conservative party. Hoping to stem the membership decline, the three major Methodist groups united in 1932. In Scotland the two major Presbyterian groups, the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church, merged in 1929 for the same reason. Nonetheless the steady declension continued. The Nonconformists showed not just a decline in membership but a dramatic fall in enthusiasm. Sunday school attendance plummeted; there were far fewer new ministers. Antagonism toward Anglicanism sharply declined, and many prominent Nonconformists became Anglicans, including some leading ministers. There was a falling away in the size and fervour of congregations, less interest in funding missionaries, a decline in intellectualism, and persistent complaints about the lack of money. Commentator D. W. Brogan reported in 1943:

One aspect of the long-term decline in religiosity was that Protestants showed increasingly less interest in sending their children to faith schools. In localities across England, fierce battles were fought between the Nonconformists, Anglicans, and Catholics, each with their own school systems supported by taxes, and secular schools, and taxpayers. The Nonconformists had long taken the lead in fighting the Anglicans, who a century before had practically monopolised education. The Anglican share of the elementary school population fell from 57 per cent in 1918 to 39 per cent in 1939. With the sustained decline in Nonconformist enthusiasm their schools closed one after another. In 1902, the Methodist Churches operated 738 schools; only 28 remained in 1996.

Britain continued to think of itself as a Christian country; there were a few atheists or nonbelievers, and unlike the continent, there was no anti-clericalism worthy of note. A third or more prayed every day. Large majorities used formal Church services to mark birth, marriage and death. The great majority believed in God and heaven, although belief in hell fell off after all the deaths of the World War. After 1918, Church of England services stopped practically all discussion of hell.

As anti-Catholicism declined sharply after 1910, the Catholic Church grew in numbers, grew rapidly in terms of priests and sisters, and expanded their parishes from intercity industrial areas to more suburban locales. Although underrepresented in the higher levels of the social structure, apart from a few old aristocratic Catholic families, Catholic talent was emerging in journalism and diplomacy. A striking development was the surge in highly publicised conversion of intellectuals and writers including most famously G. K. Chesterton, as well as Christopher Dawson, Maurice Baring, Ronald Knox, Sheila Kaye-Smith, William E. Orchard, Alfred Noyes, Rosalind Murray, Arnold Lunn, Eric Gill, David Jones, Evelyn Waugh, Graham Greene, Manya Harari, and Frank Pakenham.

Since 1945
Present debates concern the ordination of women and the acceptance of homosexuality within the Church and clergy. The established church continues to count many more baptised members, although immigration from other countries means that the restored Catholic Church in England and Wales now has greater attendance at its weekly services.

Whilst identifying significant decline in statistical data of church attendance from the 1950s onwards, Paul Backholer, author of Britain, A Christian Country, found notable exceptions to the decline, which includes the up to two million people who attended Billy Graham's United Kingdom campaigns from 1954-55. With Wembley Stadium filled to overflowing with 120,000 people, Graham's meeting on Sunday 23 May 1954 was called, "Britain's biggest religious meeting of all time." Subsequent renewal movements include the Pentecostal movement, the Charismatic Renewal and more recently, rapid growth in ethnic minority churches. Whilst church attendance continues to decline, he concludes Britain remains, "Historically and culturally Christian in nature," something he notes is recognised by significant leaders of minority faiths in Britain, as an expression of tolerance.

Roman Catholics
English Catholicism continued to grow throughout the first two thirds of the 20th century, when it was associated primarily with elements in the English intellectual class and the ethnic Irish population. Rates of attending Mass remained very high in stark contrast with the Anglican church and Nonconformist Protestant churches. Clergy numbers, which began the 20th century at under 3,000, reached a high of 7,500 in 1971.

By the latter years of the 20th century low numbers of vocations also affected the church with ordinations to the priesthood dropping from the hundreds in the late 20th century into the teens in 2006–2011; 20 men were ordained to the diocesan priesthood in 2011 and 31 in 2012.

The upward social movement of Irish Catholics out of the working-class into the middle-class suburban mainstream often meant their assimilation with broader, secular English society and loss of a separate Catholic identity. The Second Vatican Council has been followed, as in other Western countries, by divisions between traditional Catholicism and a more liberal form of Catholicism claiming inspiration from the Council. This caused difficulties for not a few pre-conciliar converts, though others have still joined the Church in recent decades (for instance, Malcolm Muggeridge and Joseph Pearce), and public figures (often descendants of the recusant families) such as Paul Johnson; Peter Ackroyd; Antonia Fraser; Mark Thompson, Director-General of the BBC; Michael Martin, first Catholic to hold the office of Speaker of the House of Commons since the Reformation; Chris Patten, first Catholic to hold the post of Chancellor of Oxford since the Reformation; Piers Paul Read; Helen Liddel, Britain's High Commissioner to Australia; and former Prime Minister's wife, Cherie Blair, have no difficulty making their Catholicism known in public life. The former Prime Minister, Tony Blair, was received into full communion with the Catholic Church in 2007. Catherine Pepinster, Editor of Tablet, notes: "The impact of Irish immigrants is one. There are numerous prominent campaigners, academics, entertainers (like Danny Boyle the most successful Catholic in showbiz owing to his film, Slumdog Millionaire), politicians and writers. But the descendants of the recusant families are still a force in the land."

Scotland

Early history

Scottish Reformation

During the 16th century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that created a Calvinist national Kirk, which became Presbyterian in outlook and severely reduced the powers of bishops. Remnants of Catholic and Episcopal religion remained, however. In the earlier part of the century, the teachings of first Martin Luther and then John Calvin began to influence Scotland, particularly through Scottish scholars, often training for the priesthood, who had visited Continental universities. The Lutheran preacher Patrick Hamilton was executed for heresy in St. Andrews in 1528. The execution of others, especially the Zwingli-influenced George Wishart, who was burnt at the stake on the orders of Cardinal Beaton in 1546, angered Protestants. Wishart's supporters assassinated Beaton soon after and seized St. Andrews Castle, which they held for a year before they were defeated with the help of French forces. The survivors, including chaplain John Knox, were condemned to be galley slaves in France, stoking resentment of the French and creating martyrs for the Protestant cause. Limited toleration and the influence of exiled Scots and Protestants in other countries, led to the expansion of Protestantism, with a group of lairds declaring themselves Lords of the Congregation in 1557 and representing their interests politically. The collapse of the French alliance and English intervention in 1560 meant that a relatively small, but highly influential, group of Protestants were in a position to impose reform on the Scottish Church. A confession of faith, rejecting papal jurisdiction and the mass, was adopted by Parliament in 1560, while the young Mary, Queen of Scots, was still in France.

Knox, having escaped the galleys and spent time in Geneva as a follower of Calvin, emerged as the most significant figure of the period. The Calvinism of the reformers led by Knox resulted in a settlement that adopted a (partial) Presbyterian polity and rejected most of the elaborate trappings of the medieval Church. The reformed Kirk gave considerable power to local lairds, who often had control over the appointment of the clergy. There were widespread, but generally orderly outbreaks of iconoclasm. At this point the majority of the population was probably still Catholic in persuasion and the Kirk found it difficult to penetrate the Highlands and Islands, but began a gradual process of conversion and consolidation that, compared with reformations elsewhere, was conducted with relatively little persecution.

In the 1690s the Presbyterian establishment purged the land of Episcopalians and heretics, and made blasphemy a capital crime. Thomas Aitkenhead, the son of an Edinburgh surgeon, aged 18, was indicted for blasphemy by order of the Privy Council for calling the New Testament "The History of the Imposter Christ"; he was hung in 1696. Their extremism led to a reaction known as the "Moderate" cause that ultimately prevailed and opened the way for liberal thinking in the cities.

18th Century

The early 18th century saw the beginnings of a fragmentation of the Church of Scotland—which was reconstituted on a fully Presbyterian basis after the Glorious Revolution. These fractures were prompted by issues of government and patronage, but reflected a wider division between the hard-line Evangelicals and the theologically more tolerant Moderate Party. The battle was over fears of fanaticism by the former and the promotion of Enlightenment ideas by the latter. The Patronage Act of 1712 was a major blow to the evangelicals, for it meant that local landlords could choose the minister, not the members of the congregation. Schisms erupted as the evangelicals left the main body, starting in 1733 with the First Secession headed by figures including Ebenezer Erskine. The second schism in 1761 lead to the foundation of the independent Relief Church. These churches gained strength in the Evangelical Revival of the later 18th century. a key result was the main Presbyterian church was in the hands of the Moderate faction, which provided critical support for the Enlightenment in the cities.

Long after the triumph of the Church of Scotland in the Lowlands, Highlanders and Islanders clung to an old-fashioned Christianity infused with animistic folk beliefs and practices. The remoteness of the region and the lack of a Gaelic-speaking clergy undermined the missionary efforts of the established Church. The later 18th century saw some success, owing to the efforts of the SSPCK missionaries and to the disruption of traditional society. Catholicism had been reduced to the fringes of the country, particularly the Gaelic-speaking areas of the Highlands and Islands. Conditions also grew worse for Catholics after the Jacobite rebellions and Catholicism was reduced to little more than a poorly-run mission. Also important was Scottish Episcopalianism, which had retained supporters through the civil wars and changes of regime in the 17th century. Since most Episcopalians had given their support to the Jacobite rebellions in the early 18th century, they also suffered a decline in fortunes.

19th century

After prolonged years of struggle, in 1834 the Evangelicals gained control of the General Assembly and passed the Veto Act, which allowed congregations to reject unwanted "intrusive" presentations to livings by patrons. The following "Ten Years' Conflict" of legal and political wrangling ended in defeat for the non-intrusionists in the civil courts. The result was a schism from the church by some of the non-intrusionists led by Dr Thomas Chalmers known as the Great Disruption of 1843. Roughly a third of the clergy, mainly from the North and Highlands, formed the separate Free Church of Scotland. The evangelical Free Churches, which were more accepting of Gaelic language and culture, grew rapidly in the Highlands and Islands, appealing much more strongly than did the established church. Chalmers's ideas shaped the breakaway group. He stressed a social vision that revived and preserved Scotland's communal traditions at a time of strain on the social fabric of the country. Chalmers's idealised small equalitarian, kirk-based, self-contained communities that recognised the individuality of their members and the need for cooperation. That vision also affected the mainstream Presbyterian churches, and by the 1870s it had been assimilated by the established Church of Scotland. Chalmers's ideals demonstrated that the Church was concerned with the problems of urban society, and they represented a real attempt to overcome the social fragmentation that took place in industrial towns and cities.

In the late 19th century the major debates were between fundamentalist Calvinists and theological liberals, who rejected a literal interpretation of the Bible. This resulted in a further split in the Free Church as the rigid Calvinists broke away to form the Free Presbyterian Church in 1893. There were, however, also moves towards reunion, beginning with the unification of some secessionist churches into the United Secession Church in 1820, which united with the Relief Church in 1847 to form the United Presbyterian Church, which in turn joined with the Free Church in 1900 to form the United Free Church of Scotland. The removal of legislation on lay patronage would allow the majority of the Free Church to rejoin Church of Scotland in 1929. The schisms left small denominations including the Free Presbyterians and a remnant that had not merged in 1900 as the Free Church.

Catholic Emancipation in 1829 and the influx of large numbers of Irish immigrants, particularly after the famine years of the late 1840s, principally to the growing lowland centres like Glasgow, led to a transformation in the fortunes of Catholicism. In 1878, despite opposition, a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy was restored to the country, and Catholicism became a significant denomination within Scotland. Episcopalianism also revived in the 19th century as the issue of succession receded, becoming established as the Episcopal Church in Scotland in 1804, as an autonomous organisation in communion with the Church of England. Baptist, Congregationalist and Methodist churches had appeared in Scotland in the 18th century, but did not begin significant growth until the 19th century, partly because more radical and evangelical traditions already existed within the Church of Scotland and the free churches. From 1879 they were joined by the evangelical revivalism of the Salvation Army, which attempted to make major inroads in the growing urban centres.

20th and 21st centuries

In the 20th century existing Christian denominations were joined by other organisations, including the Brethren and Pentecostal churches. Although some denominations thrived, after World War II there was a steady overall decline in church attendance and resulting church closures for most denominations. Talks began in the 1950s aiming at a grand merger of the main Presbyterian, Episcopal and Methodist bodies in Scotland. The talks were ended in 2003, when the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland rejected the proposals. The religious situation was also altered by immigration, resulting in the growth of non-Christian religions. In the 2001 census 42.4 per cent of the population identified with the Church of Scotland, 15.9 per cent with Catholicism and 6.8 with other forms of Christianity, making up roughly 65 per cent of the population (compared with 72 per cent for Britain as a whole). Of other religions Islam was at 0.8 per cent, Buddhism, Sikhism, Judaism and Hinduism were all at around 0.1 per cent. Other religions together accounted for 0.6 per cent of respondents and 5.5 per cent did not state a religion. There were 27.5 per cent who stated that they had no religion (which compares with 15.5 per cent in Britain overall). Other more recent studies suggest that those not identifying with a denomination, or who see themselves as non-religious, may be much higher at between 42 and 56 per cent, depending on the form of question asked.

Wales

Early history

Welsh Reformation
Bishop Richard Davies and dissident Protestant cleric John Penry introduced Calvinist theology to Wales. They used the model of the Synod of Dort of 1618-1619. Calvinism developed through the Puritan period, following the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, and within Wales' Methodist movement. However few copies of Calvin's works were available before the mid-19th century. In 1567 Davies, William Salesbury, and Thomas Huet completed the first modern translation of the New Testament and the first translation of the Book of Common Prayer (). In 1588 William Morgan completed a translation of the whole Bible. These translations were important to the survival of the Welsh language and had the effect of conferring status on Welsh as a liturgical language and vehicle for worship. This had a significant role in its continued use as a means of everyday communication and as a literary language down to the present day despite the pressure of English.

Nonconformity

Nonconformity was a significant influence in Wales from the 18th to the 20th centuries. The Welsh Methodist revival of the 18th century was one of the most significant religious and social movements in the history of Wales. The revival began within the Church of England in Wales and at the beginning remained as a group within it, but the Welsh revival differed from the Methodist revival in England in that its theology was Calvinist rather than Arminian. Welsh Methodists gradually built up their own networks, structures, and even meeting houses (or chapels), which led eventually to the secession of 1811 and the formal establishment of the Calvinistic Methodist Presbyterian church of Wales in 1823.

The Welsh Methodist revival also had an influence on the older Nonconformist churches, or dissenters — the Baptists and the Congregationalists — who in turn also experienced growth and renewal. As a result, by the middle of the nineteenth century, Wales was predominantly a Nonconformist nation.

The 1904–1905 Welsh revival was the largest full scale Christian revival of Wales of the 20th century. It is believed that at least 100,000 people became Christians during the 1904–1905 revival, but despite this it did not put a stop to the gradual decline of Christianity in Wales, only holding it back slightly.

Secularisation
Historians agree that in the late 1940s Britain was a predominantly Christian nation, with its religiosity reinforced by the wartime experience. Peter Forster found that in answering pollsters the English reported an overwhelming belief in the truth of Christianity, a high respect for it, and a strong association between it and moral behaviour. Peter Hennessy argued that long-held attitudes did not stop change; by midcentury: "Britain was still a Christian country only in a vague attitudinal sense, belief generally being more a residual husk than the kernel of conviction." Kenneth O. Morgan agreed, noting that: "the Protestant churches. Anglican, and more especially non-conformist, all felt the pressure of falling numbers and of secular challenges....Even the drab Sabbath of Wales and Scotland was under some threat, with pressure for opening cinemas in Wales and golf-courses in Scotland."

Harrison reports that the forces of secularisation grew rapidly, and by the 1990s Protestantism cast a thin shadow of its 1945 strength. Compared to Western Europe, Britain stood at the lower end of attendance at religious services, and near the top in people claiming ‘no religion’. While 80 per cent of Britons in 1950 said they were Christians, only 64 per cent did so in 2000. Brian Harrison states:
 According to the 2018 British Social Attitudes Survey, which asks "Do you have a religion, and if so what is it?", Britain was majority irreligious. The 2021 United Kingdom census, which asks "What is your religion?", recorded lower numbers than the BSA for the non-religious, but also that Christianity had slipped below half the population.

See also
 Religion in the United Kingdom
 Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom
 Religion in England, Scotland, & Wales
 Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom
 Catholic Church in the United Kingdom
 Catholic schools in the United Kingdom
 Christianity in Cornwall
 Disestablishmentarianism
 English Covenant
 History of Christianity in Sussex
 Irreligion in the United Kingdom

Notes

References

Further reading
 Bebbington, David W. Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (Routledge, 2003)
 Brown, Callum G. The death of Christian Britain: understanding secularisation (2nd ed. 2009) excerpt
 Brown, Callum G. "Secularization, the Growth of Militancy and the Spiritual Revolution: Religious Change and Gender Power in Britain, 1901–2001" Historical Research 80#209 (2007), pp. 393–418.
 Chadwick, Owen, The Victorian Church: Vol 1 1829-1859 (1966); Victorian Church: Part two 1860-1901 (1979); a major scholarly survey
 Cox, Jeffrey. The British Missionary Enterprise since 1700 (2008).
 Davie, Grace. Religion in Britain since 1945: Believing without belonging (Blackwell, 1994)
 Davies, Rupert E. et al. A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain (3 vol. Wipf & Stock, 2017). online
 Gilley, Sheridan, and W. J. Sheils. A History of Religion in Britain: Practice and Belief from Pre-Roman Times to the Present (1994) 608pp excerpt and text search
 Hastings, Adrian. A History of English Christianity: 1920-1985 (1986) 720pp a major scholarly survey
 Morris, Jeremy. '"Secularization and Religious Experience: Arguments in the Historiography of Modern British Religion" Historical Journal 55#1 (2012), 195–219, online
 Obelkevich, J. Religion and Rural Society (Oxford University Press, 1976)
 Shaw, Duncan, edt al. "What is Religious History?" History Today (1985) 35#8 online, commentary by 8 scholars
 Soloway, Richard Allen. “Church and Society: Recent Trends in Nineteenth Century Religious History.” Journal of British Studies 11.2 1972, pp. 142–159. online

England and Church of England
 Gilbert, Alan. Religion and Society in Industrial England. Church, Chapel and Social Change, 1740 – 1914 (Longman, 1976).
 Glasson, Travis. Mastering Christianity: Missionary Anglicanism and Slavery in the Atlantic World (2011).
 Hastings, Adrian. A history of English Christianity, 1920-1985 (HarperCollins, 1986).
 Hylson-Smith, Kenneth. The churches in England from Elizabeth I to Elizabeth II (1996).
 Marshall, Peter. "(Re)defining the English Reformation," Journal of British Studies, July 2009, Vol. 48#3 pp 564–586
 Martin, Mary Clare. "Church, school and locality: Revisiting the historiography of 'state' and 'religious' educational infrastructures in England and Wales, 1780–1870." Paedagogica Historica 49.1 (2013): 70-81.
 Thomas, Keith. Religion and the decline of magic: studies in popular beliefs in sixteenth and seventeenth-century England (1991) highly influential study of popular religious behaviour and beliefs

Scotland and Presbyterianism
 Brown, Callum G. The social history of religion in Scotland since 1730 (Methuen, 1987)
 Brown, S. J., "Religion and society to c. 1900", in T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, eds, The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History (Oxford University Press, 2012)
 Henderson, G. D. Religious Life in Seventeenth-Century Scotland (Cambridge University Press, 2011)
 Piggott, Charles A. "A geography of religion in Scotland." The Scottish Geographical Magazine 96.3 (1980): 130-140.

Wales
 Chambers, Paul, and Andrew Thompson. "Coming to terms with the past: religion and identity in Wales." Social compass 52.3 (2005): 337-352.
 Davies, Ebnezer Thomas. Religion in the Industrial Revolution of South Wales (U. of Wales Press, 1965)
 Jenkins, Geraint H. Literature, religion and society in Wales, 1660-1730 (University of Wales Press, 1978)
 Morgan, Derec Llwyd. The Great Awakening in Wales (Epworth Press, 1988)
 Walker, R. B. "The Growth of Wesleyan Methodism in Victorian England and Wales." The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 24.03 (1973): 267-284.
 Williams, Glanmor. History of Wales, Vol. 3: Recovery, Reorientation & Reformation: Wales, c. 1415-1642 (1987) 528p.
 Williams, Glanmor. The Welsh Church from Conquest to Reformation (University of Wales Press, 1976)
 Williams, Glanmor. The Welsh Church from Reformation to Disestablishment: 1603-1920 (University of Wales Press, 2007)
 Williams, Glanmor, ed. Welsh reformation essays (University of Wales Press, 1967)
 Yalden, Peter. "Association, Community and the Origins of Secularisation: English and Welsh Nonconformity, c. 1850–1930." The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 55.02 (2004): 293-324.

History of Christianity in Scotland
History of Christianity in England
History of Christianity in Wales
Religion in the British Empire


title: Toxitiades russus

text:
Toxitiades russus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1893.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1893


title: Toxitiades sericeus

text:
Toxitiades sericeus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1844.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1844


title: Toxitiades subustus

text:
Toxitiades subustus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1893.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1893