title: Fremantle walking tours and trails

text:
The historic city of Fremantle, Western Australia has many walking tours and trails. A variety of books and pamphlets describe these trails.

The walking through or around Fremantle is celebrated in at least one song,  and also had involved competitions in 1893.

The City of Fremantle has had "heritage events" which have included special tours and walks, as well as explorations of the city heritage.

Fremantle heritage is not without its controversies and regular public debates have occurred over demolition of historic buildings and sites, as well as overall policy in relation to heritage of Fremantle.

The debates and controversies have usually involved the Fremantle Society, politicians, members of the city council and other public groups.

Some issues over the decades have seen significant loss of heritage in the City area, but despite the losses, sufficient streetscapes and evidence of cultural heritage remain, and there is a good facility for the heritage to be recorded and written up.

Books
Books from the 1960s such as Birch's are both "a handbook and official guide".
The Education Department of WA published a guide in 1980.
The 1987 Louis Vuitton Cup and the 1987 America's Cup challenge changed the Fremantle landscape.

David Hutchison's Fremantle Walks and his earlier book from 1986 provide a well based set of information about the features of Fremantle.

Specific sections of Fremantle such as the "West End" and other parts have been isolated in specific books such Seddon's 2000 publication Looking at an old suburb.
In the 2000s, books such as Richard and Moira's Freo footsteps appeared.

Annual events
The local university, Notre Dame, holds its annual commencement walk around the streets of the West End of Fremantle.

City of Fremantle
The city has provided over time maps and guides as to walking around Fremantle.

The City of Fremantle has engaged consultants to review the objects and subjects of tours and events, such as the 1995 report.

Fremantle Trails
The City of Fremantle has a set of Fremantle Trails ranging through a range of subjects:

 C. Y. O'Connor trail
 Convict trail
 Discovery trail
 Fremantle cemetery trail
 Fishing Boat Harbour trail
 Hotels and Breweries walk
 Water front trail
 Writers walk
 Freopedia Heritage Tour

Walking the City

David Hutchison's 2006 Fremantle Walks includes the following themed subjects with maps.

 Victoria Quay

 Arthur Head

 The Esplanade and Boat Harbours

 The West End

 Market Street to the Cappuccino Strip

 Kings Square

 St Patrick's Basilica Precinct

 Fremantle Prison

 Memorial Park, Monument Hill

Other tours and guides
At various stages in Fremantle history, there have been events and special tours that have been isolated single events.

Also tourism promotion guides that do not identify specific trails have been published over decades as "what's on" and are basically advertising for businesses prepared to be included.

Walking tours
More recently organised tours are provided by providers such as Two Feet and a Heartbeat and other groups.

Freopedia
The Freopedia project for having QR-coded signs at significant historic buildings and sites throughout Fremantle was a project that originated outside of Fremantle, and saw the collaboration between The Fremantle Society, Wikimedia Australia, the Fremantle City Council as well as the State Records Office, Fremantle Business Improvement District, Fremantle Port Authority, and other organisations in Fremantle.  The QR signs link to the articles in Wikipedia about the buildings and the sites marked.

Notes

External links
 Fremantle walking trails

Fremantle
Heritage trails in Western Australia
Tourist attractions in Perth, Western Australia


title: Polo (given name)

text:
Polo is a masculine given name. Notable people with the name include:

 Polo Carrera (born 1945), Ecuadorian footballer
 Polo Hofer (born 1945), Swiss musician
 Polo Villaamil (born 1979), Spanish auto racing drive
 Polo Wila (born 1987), Ecuadorian footballer

Masculine given names


title: Jin-hyuk

text:
Jin-hyuk, also spelled Jin-hyeok or Jin-hyok, is a Korean masculine given name. The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 48 hanja with the reading "jin" and nine hanja with the reading "hyuk" and on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for used in given names.

People with this name include:
Oh Jin-hyek (born 1981), South Korean archer
Kang Jin-hyok (born 1985), North Korean footballer
Kim Tae-ho (born 1986), stage name Choi Jin-hyuk, South Korean actor
Kim Jin-hyok (born 1987), North Korean artistic gymnast
Kim Jin-hyeok (born 1989), South Korean Greco-Roman wrestler
No Jin-hyuk (born 1989), South Korean baseball player
Ri Jin-hyok (born 1989), North Korean footballer
Jeong Jin-hyeok (born 1991), South Korean long distance runner
Lee Jin-hyuk (born 1996), South Korean singer and actor, member of UP10TION

See also
List of Korean given names

References

Korean masculine given names
Masculine given names


title: Medal for Defence Service Abroad

text:
The Medal for Defence Service Abroad () is a military medal of Norway. Established 1 January 1993, the medal was originally a participant medal awarded for service during military operations that took place in the 1990s. The subsequent establishment of the Medal for Defence Operations Abroad rendered this medal obsolete. However, in 2009 the medal was reintroduced as an achievement medal . The medal was awarded for distinguished bravery and courage, beyond what is normally required during combat operations. The medal's color was changed from bronze to gold, and the ribbons of the medal would vary, depending on the area of operations. During this period of award the medal was always awarded with a rosette. Finally, in 2012 the medal was further changed to a single ribbon design for all awards. The medal may be awarded with rosette for particularly meritorious distinction.

Criteria
2012
The Medal for Defence Service Abroad is awarded to Norwegian and foreign military personnel for exemplary bravery during active operations, as determined by Norwegian authorities. The medal is awarded by the Norwegian Chief of Defence and may be awarded posthumously. Recipients must have distinguished themselves by bravery and courage beyond what is normally required. The medal is awarded once, however multiple awards may be recognized by the wearing of a bar or rosette. Only three bars or rosettes may worn.

2009
Re-established on 20 May 2009 the Medal for Defence Service Abroad was awarded as an achievement medal . The medal was awarded with rosette to Norwegian and foreign civilian and military personnel who participated in perilous and special military operations abroad.

1993
Awarded as a participant medal, the Medal for Defence Service Abroad was awarded to both Norwegian and foreign civilian and military personnel who served abroad for at least two months on international service. In special cases, the medal was awarded with rosette.

Appearance
The Medal for Defence Service Abroad is round, embossed in gold colored metal. On the obverse is a sword pointing up, with an oak branch on either side. On the reverse are the words FOR DIN INNSATS with oak branches above and below. The medal is suspended from a ribbon in the colours of the Flag of Norway and the Norwegian Armed Forces' colors. The ribbon is blue with red edges, the red edges are bordered in the inside by a thin white stripe. In the center is a stripe of light blue.

Ribbons

References

Military awards and decorations of Norway
Awards established in 1993
1993 establishments in Norway


title: List of songs recorded by Tomahawk

text:
Tomahawk is an American-based rock band. From their formation in 1999 and up until 2014, Tomahawk recorded 53 songs. Numerous other artists also recorded under the Tomahawk moniker.

Three of the songs are singles, while the other fifty have appeared on one of Tomahawk’s four studio albums.

List of studio songs

Live covers

Other songs

See also
List of songs recorded by Faith No More

References

Notes
1.  Estimates made from available setlists, not necessarily accurate.
2.  As of September 6, 2013.

Tomahawk


title: Chinese racism

text:
Chinese racism may refer to:

 Racism in China or Ethnic issues in China, including
 anti-Japanese sentiment in China
 Racism by the Han Chinese people, including
 Han chauvinism, the belief in the superiority of the Han Chinese people and culture to others within the Republic and People's Republic of China
 Sinocentrism, the belief in the superiority of Han Chinese people and culture to others throughout the world
 Anti-Manchuism, the historical animus against the race of the ruling class of the Qing Dynasty
 the Hua–Yi distinction, the historical establishment of a Chinese Huaxia people by othering those surrounding them (many of these now considered members of the Han people)
 Sinophobia, racism against the Chinese, including
 Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States and Japan
 the Yellow Peril, the late-19th and early-20th century fear of a modernizing China

See also
 Racism in Asia
 laowai
 Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States
 The Canadian Chinese Exclusion Act


title: Herkimer, Kansas

text:
Herkimer is an unincorporated community in Marshall County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the community and nearby areas was 54.

History
Herkimer was named after Herkimer, New York.  A post office was opened in Herkimer in 1878, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1974.

Demographics

For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined this community as a census-designated place (CDP).

Education
The community is served by Marysville USD 364 public school district.

References

Further reading

External links
 Marshall County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Marshall County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Walter Hervey (mayor)

text:
Walter Hervey (died 1283) was a 13th-century English Lord Mayor of London. He was elected mayor in the waning days of the reign of Henry III, while the heir apparent was away on a crusade in the Holy Land. At the time of his election, there was an ongoing rivalry between the common citizens of London and the city's aldermen. The aldermen proposed Philip le Tayllor as the new mayor, but a large portion of the citizenry installed Hervey as mayor over their objections. During his term, Hervey signed charters for the various crafts, in effect creating an early form of trade unions. After his term as mayor was ended, Hervey was succeeded by Henry le Walleis. Walleis, along with his political ally (and eventual successor) Gregory de Rokesley, nullified the charters. Although Hervey attempted to rally his followers to preserve the charters, his efforts were in vain. With royal backing, Henry le Walleis had Hervey formally arraigned on a variety of charges, and ultimately Hervey was hounded out of his office as alderman and forbidden to ever again take part in the governance of the city. After this, there is little record of Walter Hervey, other than that he had a daughter, Anne, who married Thomas Woodchurch.

References

13th-century mayors of London
British trade unions history


title: Statue of Christopher Columbus (Central Park)

text:
An outdoor bronze sculpture of Christopher Columbus by Jeronimo Suñol is installed in Central Park in Manhattan, New York.

History
In 1892, the Statue of Christopher Columbus was donated to Central Park by the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society in commemoration of the 400th anniversary of his arrival in the Americas. The statue replicates one made by Jeronimo Suñol in 1892, located at the Plaza de Colon, in Madrid. The New York version was placed in the park in 1894 at the foot of the Mall, and is today one of two monuments of Columbus found in the park's environs, the other being the statue surmounting the column at Columbus Circle.  The sculpture depicts the explorer standing with outstretched arms, looking towards the heavens in gratitude for his successful voyage.

The statue was created to commemorate the 400th anniversary, in 1892, of Columbus's arrival in the Americas. It was unveiled in Central Park on May 12, 1894.

In August 2017, the statue was vandalized with red paint and graffiti reading "Hate will not be tolerated" and '#somethingscoming". The statue was restored shortly thereafter. The statue was vandalized again in February 2023 with red paint and graffiti reading "land back" and "murderer".

See also

 1892 in art
 List of monuments and memorials to Christopher Columbus
 Monument to Columbus (Madrid)

References

External links

1892 establishments in New York (state)
1892 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in Central Park
Monuments and memorials in Manhattan
Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan
Sculptures in Central Park
Sculptures of men in New York City
Statues in New York City
Central Park
Vandalized works of art in New York City
Sculptures of maps


title: Nurkot

text:
Nurkot (also spelled Noorkot or Noor Kot, ) is a town located on the Right (western) bank of the Nullah Baein torrent, 30 km by road northeast of Narowal city, in Shakargarh Tehsil of Narowal District of the Punjab province of Pakistan, at an elevation of 258 meters. Nurkot and the adjoining town of Maingri have grown into each other and are often referred to collectively. Together, they form the largest and the most important town of the Constituency PP-48 of Punjab Assembly. It is the economic, educational, social and transport hub for the surrounding small towns and villages in the region. Because of its proximity to the Indian border and permanent presence of military forces in the cantonment area, Nurkot is a strategically important town.

History

The sixteenth century document Ain-i-Akbari mentions Maingri Pargana of the Rachna Sarkar in the Lahore Subah of Mughal Empire, inhabited by Gujjars and Silhariya, as comprising 62,293 Bigha of agricultural land generating a revenue of 1.475 million Dams, and the local forces consisting of 20 cavalry and 1,000 infantry. The area was later annexed by the Jammu Rajas in early eighteenth century, in 1778 Kanhaiya Sardars took it and in the early nineteenth century it was annexed by Ranjit Singh. The area was then annexed by the British after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849. Later on, Maingri became a Zail of Shakargarh Tehsil.

In 1853, Shakargarh Tehsil of Sialkot District was transferred to Gurdaspur District and it remained an administrative subdivision of Gurdaspur District until Partition in 1947. Under Radcliffe Award, three of the four tehsils of Gurdaspur district on the eastern bank of the Ujh river (which joined the Ravi a little further down) – the tahsils of Gurdaspur, Batala and Pathankot – were awarded to India and only one, Shakargarh, was assigned to Pakistan. After the creation of Pakistan, Shakargarh became a part of Sialkot District once again. In July 1991, two tehsils (Narowal and Shakargarh) were split off from Sialkot District and Shakargarh became a tehsil of the newly formed Narowal District.

Shakargarh was the gateway of Mughals entering Gurdaspur and going to Delhi . Shakargarh was also the gateway to Kashmir and regarded as the rest point for travellers. One of the main reason for its popularity was and still is its rich and fertile land for wheat and top quality rice cultivation. One of the superior land for rice cultivation in world.  Nurkot was named after a prominent local leader 'Noor Ipu' from Monnan Clan of Gujjars who laid foundation of this town in earlier 18th or late 17th century.

Language

As per the 1998 census of Pakistan, Punjabi language is spoken by 100% population of the town. Other Languages include:
Urdu being national language is spoken and understood.
English is also understood and spoken by the sizable educated people.

Hospitals and medical centres

Dr Naseer clinic Nathokot, Katarian
Basic Health unit Meer pur Gujjran
Govt. Hospital Fateh Pur road Maingri
Dr. Khalid Clinic
Dr. Shehzad Clinic
Dr. Riaz Clinic
Dr. Shaffique Clinic

Banks
National Bank Of Pakistan Nurkot Maingri Branch Shakargarh Road Nurkot
HBL Nurkot Branch
 ABL Nurkot Branch Opposite Govt Elementary School Maingri
 MCB Nurkot Branch Shakargarh Road Nurkot
 Bank alfalah Noor kot shakargarh Narowal Road NOORKOT

Educational Institutions

Govt High school Maingri
PMG School (Muhammad Nadeem Rasikh Chauhan Advocate High Cou
Cambridge Cadet School & College
Concept college.
Ittehad Ijaz public high Maingri Noorkot
Govt girls college maingri
Royal school and college
Rawal college of commerce
Ghazali college of arts
Grammar school and college
 New Talent Science Academy Maingri (Ahsin Riaz & Muhammad Shakeel)
 Career Public School Maingri Nurkot (PEF) Muhammad Faryad
Rafaqat public school hayat colony Maingri NOORKOT

Main markets

Jafar Market Lari Adda Nurkot
Al-Khair Market Lari Adda Nurkot
Main Bazar Nurkot
Cantt. Bazar Nurkot
Moti Bazar Nurkot
Qazi Market Nurkot

Important places
Ch Sharif late Chachi House Hussain Pur Babrian
Nurkot Cantonment
Nurkot Police Station
Nurkot Post Office
Nurkot railway station
Jamia Masjid Naqsh-e-Lasani
Jamia Masjid Bahar-e-Madinah
Jamia Masjid Farooqiyah
Imam Bargah Husseini
Jamia Masjid Maingri
Nala baen
Maingri High School
Rizawan Asif (Former International Footballer) House
Govt Hospital Maingri

Nearby areas
51771 Hussein pur Babrian
51771 Mirpur Gujran
51771 Chak Qazian
51771 Bua(Naimat pur)
51801 Khanowal
51771 Pindi Minhasan
51771 Rai Pur
51771 Mailo Sailo
51771 Chak Bahauddin
51770 Kotly Jattan 1 km distance from Nurkot
 51770 BAGGA MANSOORA 1 KM FROM NURKOT

References

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)


title: Windsor C-1 School District

text:
The Windsor C-1 School District is a school district headquartered in Imperial, Missouri in Greater St. Louis.

The district serves areas in northern Jefferson County, including most of the Imperial CDP, most of Barnhart, and all of Kimmswick. The district is about  south of St. Louis.

History
The Consolidated District Number One of Jefferson County Missouri was established on February 25, 1922, when voters at a meeting at the White School voted 205–82 to consolidate several school districts. The consolidation included the Barnhart, Kimmswick, Sulphur Springs, and White school districts. Portions of the Moss Hollow and Seckman school districts were also consolidated into the new district. The district previously ended at the eighth grade. High school students would attend Crystal City High School or Herculaneum High School. On December 12, 1938, the district board of directors voted to name the district school the Windsor School after the Windsor gunboat in the U.S. Civil War.

Schools
 Windsor High School (9-12)
 Windsor Middle School (6-8)
 Windsor Intermediate Center (3-5) - It serves students in grades 3–5 in the Windsor Elementary zone and students in grades 3-5 from the Freer Elementary zone
 James E. Freer Elementary School (PreK-2)
 Windsor Elementary School (PreK-2)

Freer is in Barnhart and other schools are in Imperial.

References

External links

Education in Jefferson County, Missouri
School districts in Missouri
School districts established in 1922


title: Statue of William Shakespeare (New York City)

text:
William Shakespeare is an outdoor bronze sculpture of William Shakespeare by John Quincy Adams Ward, located in Central Park in Manhattan, New York. The statue was created in 1870 and unveiled in Central Park in 1872. Four thousand dollars towards the funding of the statue was raised at a benefit performance of Julius Caesar on November 24, 1864, performed by the sons of Junius Brutus Booth (Junius Brutus Booth, Jr., Edwin Booth, and John Wilkes Booth) at the Winter Garden Theater.

References

External links

1870 establishments in New York (state)
1870 sculptures
Booth family (theatre)
Bronze sculptures in Central Park
Memorials to William Shakespeare
Monuments and memorials in Manhattan
Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan
Sculptures by John Quincy Adams Ward
Sculptures in Central Park
Sculptures of men in New York City
Statues in New York City
Shakespeare


title: Barrett Dam

text:
Barrett Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam in southern San Diego County, California in the United States, forming Barrett Lake on Cottonwood Creek. The dam is part of the city of San Diego's local water supply system.

Overview and operations
Barrett Dam is located in a narrow canyon just below the confluence of Cottonwood Creek and Pine Valley Creek, about  east of downtown San Diego. The dam is  high above the riverbed and  long, forming a reservoir with  of usable capacity. The dam contains  of concrete. The spillway is located on the face of the dam and is a stepped overflow structure controlled by gates. At maximum water levels the spillway capacity is approximately . To prevent flash floods from overtopping the dam, the gates are left open during the rainy season from November 1 to April 1.

The dam's primary purpose is to store water for diversion through the Dulzura Conduit, a  long concrete aqueduct which transfers water from the Cottonwood Creek basin to Lower Otay Reservoir. Water is released into the Dulzura Conduit via an outlet tower and a  diameter pipe with a capacity of . Water stored at Lower Otay passes through the Otay Water Treatment Plant before entering the municipal system. Barrett is one of two dams on Cottonwood Creek, the other being Morena Dam  upstream. Because Barrett is a deeper and narrower lake than Morena and experiences less evaporation, the city prioritizes water storage in Barrett. Water is moved downstream from Morena as long as storage space is available in Barrett. Resultantly, Barrett Lake is usually at a high level except during periods of extended drought.

History
Before there was a reservoir, the area was a valley that has been homesteaded by George Barrett in the 1870s. The first dam at the Barrett site was a  high concrete diversion dam built in the 1890s as part of the Cottonwood-Otay System by the Southern California Mountain Water Company. This dam's sole purpose was to feed the first Dulzura Conduit, a wooden flume that extended along the mountainside to the Lower Otay reservoir  west. In 1913, the city of San Diego purchased this development for $2.5 million. Flooding in 1916 (ostensibly the work of the "rainmaker" Charles Hatfield) broke the dam at Lower Otay and overflowed the upstream Morena Dam, demonstrating the need for additional water storage capacity.

The city began construction on Barrett Dam in 1919, under the direction of engineer Hiram N. Savage. In December of that year, unusually heavy rainfall filled the reservoir behind the incomplete dam, very nearly causing its failure. Over the following few months, construction was hurried in order to keep up with the rising lake, which was only held back by wooden flashboards as the water level actually exceeded the height of the poured concrete for most of the construction period. Temporary sluiceways had to be maintained in order to drain excess water from the lake, which consistently threatened to overtop the dam. By the time the dam was completed in 1923 it was said that "the value of the water stored behind Barrett Dam by the time the structure was completed exceeded the entire cost of the dam".

Recreation
In order to protect water quality, recreational access to Barrett Lake is extremely limited. The lake is open only Wednesdays, Saturdays and Sundays, and visitors are required to take reservations. Fishing is allowed on a strict catch-and-release basis.

References

External links
Barrett Reservoir
Daily water levels table for Barrett and other San Diego County lakes

Dams in California
Dams completed in 1923
Arch-gravity dams
United States local public utility dams
1923 establishments in California


title: Terminalia petiolaris

text:
Terminalia petiolaris, commonly known as blackberry tree or billygoat plum, or marool in the local Bardi language, is a species of plant in the Combretaceae family. It is endemic to the coast of the Kimberley region of northern Western Australia.

Description
It grows as a small, deciduous tree up to 15 m in height with rough, grey bark. It produces strongly scented, cream-white flowers from February to May, and November to December. It has edible fruits, purple when ripe.

Distribution and habitat
It occurs on sandy soils, often in vine thickets. It is found in the Dampierland and Northern Kimberley IBRA bioregions.

References

petiolaris
Rosids of Western Australia
Myrtales of Australia
Plants described in 1864
Trees of Australia
Endemic flora of Western Australia


title: Eagles and Prey

text:
Eagles and Prey is an outdoor bronze sculpture by Christophe Fratin, located in Central Park in Manhattan, New York. Created in 1850 and installed in Central Park in 1863, it is the earliest known sculpture to be installed in any New York City park.

References

External links

1850 establishments in New York (state)
1850 sculptures
Animal sculptures in New York City
Bronze sculptures in Central Park
Sculptures of goats
Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan
Sculptures of birds in New York (state)
Statues in New York City
Sculptures of eagles


title: Viscera Film Festival

text:
The Viscera Film Festival was an annual Los Angeles based horror film festival for women filmmakers. Originally an online festival, Viscera was founded in 2007 by Shannon Lark and Heidi Honeycutt. In July 2010, the festival became a live event with screenings held at the Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood. All of the screenings were short films.  After the Egyptian Theatre premiere, Viscera toured their yearly film lineup at events held around the world for the rest of the year.  The Scream Queen Filmfest Tokyo was a subsidiary festival.

2007 Selections
The 2007 Viscera Film Festival Selections included "Go Ask Alice" by Shannon Lark, "I'm a Little Teapot" by Sallie Smith, "The Cleaner" by Michelle Fatale, "Wretched" by Heidi Martinuzzi and Leslie Delano, "When Sally Met Frank" by Victoria Waghorn, "Snake Pit" by Brandy Rainey, and "Out of Print" by Reyna Young (Viscera Award Winner).

2010 Selections
The 2010 Viscera Film Festival Selections included "The Date" (Viscera Award Winner) by Natasia Schibinger and Jennifer Gigantino, "Don't Lose Heart" by Taliesyn Brown and Matt Mitchell, "Hollow Halls" by Ebony Winston, "Sisters" by Belinda Green-Smith, "Fantasy" by Izabel Grondin, "Lip Stick" by Shannon Lark and Stacie Ponder, "Deadly Beauty" by Chandeline Nicole, "Confederate Zombie Massacre" by Devi Snively, "Taste of Flesh, Taste of Fear" by Stacie Ponder, and "Snow Day, Bloody Snow Day" by Faye Hoerauf and Jessica Baxter.

Inspiration Award
The Inspiration Award was founded in 2012 to honor women filmmakers.
 2012: Mary Lambert
 2013: Jennifer Lynch

References

Film festivals in Los Angeles
Fantasy and horror film festivals in the United States


title: Alyssopsis

text:
Alyssopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae.

References

Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae genera
Taxa named by Pierre Edmond Boissier


title: Windsor School District

text:
Windsor School District can refer to:
 Windsor C-1 School District (Missouri)
 Windsor School District (New Hampshire)
 Windsor School District (Vermont)


title: 92.1 Capital FM

text:
92.1 Capital FM is a private commercial radio station in Kosovo. As of January, 2015 this radio station now broadcasts with a regional license covering almost half of the country from the mountain top of Berishë.

Format
92.1 Capital FM broadcasts 24 hour program. Capital FM is licensed to broadcast on 92.1 MHz FM with a regional coverage, and also on the internet at its website.

92.1 Capital FM with its media content, the radio station has kept ties away from political affiliation and this is mainly due to its parent investors that are based in Canada. Of course, having no affiliation to any political groups it has missed opportunities to capitalize any funds from government media campaigns and corporations that are tightly linked to government officials. However, small businesses are its main source of revenue.

Today the radio station format aims more towards younger generation (ages 16–35) providing more of a mix of Albanian music with pop, rap, Albanian folk, and American music.

The late night show usually operates during the winter season that airs a talk show by the radio station director Lavdije Krasniqi and the sponsored clinical psychologist Hazir Elshani providing advice and information to its audience on health issues.

History
After the war in Kosovo, in 1999 there was a vacuum of information and the station started operating in the Drenica region for the first time in history. Initially the radio station started providing information and news helping people connect, and at the same time broadcasting local music, programs and talk shows about the humanitarian relief, and dangers of landmines in the region with the coordination of KFOR, and UNMIK. Also, it was an important tool to heal wounds of a war torn region that suffered heavy civilian casualties during the last conflict in Kosovo.

The radio station with its former name Radio Drenasi began to operate on 8 July 2000 that started broadcasting 18 hours a day. In 2007 was licensed as a long term licensee by the Independent Media Commission (IMC). In 2013, after a financial difficulty due to bad management of the previous owner and in the brink of bankruptcy, the radio station was taken over by a Canadian-based company ALBATEC that started operating in Kosovo. In 2014, the radio station was re-licensed by the IMC in the ownership of that company.

As of August 2019 the shareholders of ALBATEC LLC. made the decision to change the operating name by branding it 92.1 Capital FM.

Ownership
The radio station managing director in charge is Lavdije Krasniqi, and technical operations are managed by the Canadian-based firm ALBATEC CORP.The radio station has its own broadcast site in the mountain top of Berishë that operates using solar energy with a capacity of about 10KW, and owns the new studio location in 272 Dardania St, Fushë Kosovë.

Competition
After the station started broadcasting for the first time in the region, within a short time many other local and national radio stations started to operate and become their competition.

As the shows were taken over led by a respected show host Elsa Muja the radio station took a great success competing against national radio stations such as Radio Kosova, Radio Dukagjini, and other stations in Kosovo. Current shows are hosted by Luziana Tahiri, a song artist, and Luljeta Krasniqi a Psychology graduate student as two main show hosts.

The increase of coverage and technological advances in the studio and broadcasting network the radio station has a good coverage in the region. Despite difficulties with utility power from the power grid operator, the station has managed to take advantage of solar power and operate fully on solar during daylight making it the first and only broadcaster in Kosovo that uses alternative source of energy from the sun.

References

Radio stations in Kosovo


title: Sutanto Tan

text:
Sutanto Tan (born 4 May 1994) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Liga 1 club Persis Solo.

Club career

Hougang United
In 2014, Sutanto joined S.League club Hougang United FC. Where, since he was 20 years old, he played in the club as a striker. In September 2014, Sutanto made his debut in the 2014 S.League against Harimau Muda B. In that match, Sutanto replaced Diego Gama in the 76th minute. And in a friendly match against FC Gifu, Sutanto scored the opening goal in 4–0 won over FC Gifu.

Mitra Kukar
In 2016, he joined Mitra Kukar in the 2016 Bhayangkara Cup tournament.

Persija Jakarta
After short and unsuccessful stints with Bali United and Mitra Kukar, Sutanto joined Persija Jakarta for the 2016 Torabika Soccer Championship A (TSC). He made the starting lineup for the opening match against Persipura Jayapura in Jayapura, and played the full 90 minutes. Deemed under-performed on the match with ended 1-1, then coach, Paulo Camargo, decided to sideline Sutanto for the following matches.

Bali United
On December 12, 2017, he signed a one-year contract with Bali United. On 16 April 2018, Sutanto made his league debut for the club in a match against Persela Lamongan, coming on as a substitute for Miloš Krkotić in the 88th minute. During his spell in Bali United, Sutanto joined a trial programme in Sweden for Dalkurd FF, but failed to impress the coaches. He returned to Bali United on January 27, 2019. During his career at Bali United, he only made 7 league appearances

PSIM Yogyakarta
Sutanto joined PSIM Yogyakarta on August 18, 2019, as a free transfer during the second Indonesian transfer window.

PSMS Medan
In 2020, Sutanto signed a one-year contract with Indonesian Liga 2 club PSMS Medan. This season was suspended on 27 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season was abandoned and was declared void on 20 January 2021.

PSM Makassar
In 2021, Sutanto signed a one-year contract with PSM Makassar for 2021 Menpora Cup and 2021–22 Liga 1. He made his league debut on 5 September by starting in a 1–1 draw against Arema at the Pakansari Stadium, Cibinong, and he also give assists a goal by Ilham Armaiyn in 23rd minutes. He played the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 draw against Madura United on 12 September. On 2 December, Sutanto scored his first league goal for PSM in a 1–1 draw over Persela Lamongan, where he scored from a penalty kick, it was his first goal in an official competition. He had previously never scored a single goal during his career as a footballer.

Persis Solo
Sutanto was signed for Persis Solo to play in Liga 1 in the 2022–23 season. He made his league debut on 31 July 2022 in a match against Persija Jakarta at the Patriot Candrabhaga Stadium, Bekasi. On 6 December, Sutanto scored his first league goal for Persis Solo, the opening goal against RANS Nusantara in a 6–1 win in the Liga 1.

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
People from Pekanbaru
Indonesian people of Chinese descent
Indonesian sportspeople of Chinese descent
Indonesian men's footballers
Indonesian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Singapore
Indonesian expatriate sportspeople in Singapore
Singapore Premier League players
Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
Liga 2 (Indonesia) players
Hougang United FC players
PS Mitra Kukar players
Persija Jakarta players
Bali United F.C. players
PSIM Yogyakarta players
PSMS Medan players
PSM Makassar players
Persis Solo players
Indonesia men's youth international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Sportspeople from Riau


title: 1860 in Mexico

text:
Events in the year 1860 in Mexico.

Incumbents
President:
Interior Secretary (SEGOB):

Governors
 Aguascalientes: Esteban Ávila Mier
 Campeche:
 Chiapas: Ángel Albino Corzo
 Chihuahua:
 Coahuila: Santiago Vidaurri
 Colima: Jerónimo Calatayud/Urbano Gómez
 Durango:
 Guanajuato:
 Guerrero:
 Jalisco: Pedro Espejo/Pedro Valadez/Severo Castillo/Pedro Ogazón
 State of Mexico:
 Michoacán:
 Nuevo León: Santiago Vidaurri
 Oaxaca:
 Puebla:
 Querétaro: Zeferino Macías
 San Luis Potosí:
 Sinaloa:
 Sonora:
 Tabasco:
 Tamaulipas: Santiago Vidaurr
 Veracruz: Manuel Gutiérrez Zamora
 Yucatán:
 Zacatecas:

Events
March 6 – Reform War: Battle of Anton Lizardo

Births

Deaths

References

Years of the 19th century in Mexico


title: Time-triggered architecture

text:
Time-triggered architecture (abbreviated as TTA), also known as a time-triggered system, is a computer system that executes one or more sets of tasks according to a pre-determined and set task schedule. Implementation of a TT system will typically involve use of a single interrupt that is linked to the periodic overflow of a timer.  This interrupt may drive a task scheduler (a restricted form of real-time operating system).  The scheduler willin turnrelease the system tasks at predetermined points in time.

History and development

Because they have highly deterministic timing behavior, TT systems have been used for many years to develop safety-critical aerospace and related systems.

An early text that sets forth the principles of time triggered architecture, communications, and sparse time approaches is Real-Time Systems:  Design Principles for Distributed Embedded Applications in 1997.

Use of TT systems was popularized by the publication of Patterns for Time-Triggered Embedded Systems (PTTES) in 2001 and the related introductory book Embedded C in 2002. The PTTES book also introduced the concepts of time-triggered hybrid schedulers (an architecture for time-triggered systems that require task pre-emption) and shared-clock schedulers (an architecture for distributed time-triggered systems involving multiple, synchronized, nodes).

Since publication of PTTES, extensive research work on TT systems has been carried out.

Current applications

Time-triggered systems are now commonly associated with international safety standards such as IEC 61508 (industrial systems), ISO 26262 (automotive systems), IEC 62304 (medical systems) and IEC 60730 (household goods).

Alternatives

Time-triggered systems can be viewed as a subset of a more general event-triggered (ET) system architecture (see event-driven programming).

Implementation of an ET system will typically involve use of multiple interrupts, each associated with specific periodic events (such as timer overflows) or aperiodic events (such as the arrival of messages over a communication bus at random points in time).  ET designs are traditionally associated with the use of what is known as a real-time operating system (or RTOS), though use of such a software platform is not a defining characteristic of an ET architecture.

See also

 Event-driven programming (an alternative architecture for computer systems)
 IEC 61508 (a related safety standard)
 ISO 26262 (a related safety standard)
 DO-178C (a related safety standard)
 Life-critical system (a common application for TT architectures)

References

Software architecture
Safety
Safety engineering
International standards
Electrical standards
IEC standards
Automotive standards
Automotive safety
Networks


title: Kid Valley, Washington

text:
Kid Valley is an unincorporated community in Cowlitz County, Washington. Kid Valley is located east of the city of Castle Rock and along the North Fork Toutle River. Kid Valley is reached by traveling  east of Castle Rock along Washington State Route 504, which is also known as the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway. The Kid Valley community is part of the Toutle Lake School District, a K-12 school district of about 600 students.

Kid Valley is located  northwest of Mount St. Helens. The eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States.

Geography
Kid Valley is located at  (46.3728869, -122.6192771).

The Kid Valley Bridge carries State Highway 504 from the north to the south side of the North Fork of the Toutle River.  This bridge was the only bridge on the highway not damaged or completely destroyed by mudflows following the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.   Its survival was due to its high clearance.

There is a logging camp in Kid Valley.  Some of the bridges destroyed by Mount St. Helens were owned by logging companies.  Another natural disaster that affected logging in Kid Valley was a storm in February 1996 which caused multiple debris flows.  It was mostly logging roads that were damaged, but State Highway 504 was also blocked in two places near Kid Valley.

There is a forest campsite in Kid Valley.

External links
Toutle Lake School District website

References

Unincorporated communities in Cowlitz County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)


title: Seventh Regiment Memorial

text:
Seventh Regiment Memorial is an outdoor bronze sculpture atop a granite base honoring those members of the regiment whose lives were lost during the Civil War. The sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward created the statue and the architect Richard Morris Hunt designed the base. Although the statue is dated 1869 the monument was not unveiled until June 22, 1874.

Description and history
Ward likely received the commission in 1867, with funds to be provided by the Seventh Regiment Monument Association. He finished a model by the spring of 1868.  Initially, Hunt designed a much larger monument, one with at least five figures, part of his elaborate scheme for the "Warrior Gate" entrance to Central Park.  However the park's architects, Olmsted to and Vaux, had already clashed with Hunt over matters of aesthetics with the result that Hunt's grand scheme of a series of showy Beaux-Arts entrances to the park was reduced to the Seventh Regiment Memorial.

The art historian E. Wayne Craven considers the work "a failure", even though it is a work of art, stating,"neither the 'Shakespeare' nor the 'Seventh Regiment Soldier' were portrait statues in the usual sense, and therein lies the explanation for their failures. Ward often lacked the vision to create a successful imaginary portrait, and his images of men who could actually stand before him were, as a rule, much stronger as works of art." The soldier in the monument was modeled by actor, and veteran of the Regiment Steele MacKaye, who wore his own uniform to pose in.

References

1869 establishments in New York (state)
1869 sculptures
1874 sculptures
Beaux-Arts architecture in New York City
Bronze sculptures in Central Park
Monuments and memorials in Manhattan
Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan
Sculptures in Central Park
Sculptures of men in New York City
Statues in New York City
Union (American Civil War) monuments and memorials in New York (state)


title: 1857 in Mexico

text:
Events in the year 1857 in Mexico

Incumbents

President and Cabinet
President: Ignacio Comonfort
Interior Secretary (SEGOB): José María Lafragua/Ignacio de la Llave/Jesús Terán Peredo/ José María Cortés y Esparza/Plutarco Elías Calles

Governors
 Aguascalientes: Jesús Santiago Vidaurri Peredo
 Chiapas: Ángel Albino Corzo
 Chihuahua:
 Coahuila: Santiago Vidaurri
 Colima: Manuel Álvarez/José Washington/José Silverio Núñez
 Durango:
 Guanajuato:
 Guerrero:
 Jalisco: Anastasio Parrodi/Jesús Leandro Camarena/José Silverio Núñez
 State of Mexico:
 Michoacán:
 Nuevo León: Santiago Vidaurri
 Oaxaca:
 Puebla:
 Querétaro: Silvestre Méndez/Sabino Flores/José María Arteaga/Manuel Montes Navarrete
 San Luis Potosí:
 Sinaloa:
 Sonora:
 Tabasco:
 Tamaulipas: Santiago Vidaurri
 Veracruz: Manuel Gutiérrez Zamora/José de Emparán/Manuel Gutiérrez Zamora
 Yucatán:
 Zacatecas:

Events
February 5 – ratification of the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857
April 1–8 – Reform War: Crabb Massacre

Births

Deaths

Years of the 19th century in Mexico
1857 establishments in Mexico


title: MAMA Award for Song of the Year

text:
The MAMA Award for Song of the Year () is an honor presented at the annual MAMA Awards, a South Korean awards ceremony presented by Mnet. One of the event's four most prestigious daesang (or grand prize) awards, it was first awarded during the ceremony's eighth edition in 2006—then titled the Mnet KM Music Festival. Having gone through various name changes since its inaugural ceremony in 1999, it was renamed the Mnet Asian Music Awards from 2009 until it was rebranded as the MAMA Awards in 2022.

Prior to 2021, the judging criteria for the award consisted a breakdown of 20% online voting, 40% expert evaluation, 30% digital sales, and 10% record sales. However, preceding the announcement of the nominations for the 2021 ceremony, it was revealed that online fan voting would be removed from consideration. As of 2022, the judging criteria for the award consists of 40% judges panel evaluation and 60% digital song downloads and streaming (40% from South Korea and 20% global).

The Song of the Year award was first presented to vocal group SG Wannabe for "Partner for Life" in 2006, where they also won Album of the Year for the track's parent album The 3rd Masterpiece. Twice and BTS currently holds the distinction for the most awarded artists overall in the category—having both won the prize three times. Two artists currently have the second-most wins with two each: Big Bang (2007, 2015), and 2NE1 (2009, 2011). IU and BTS have the highest number of shortlisted Song of the Year nominations—with a total of six each throughout the event's history, while Exo has the second-most shortlisted nominations—with five.

Winners and nominees

2000s

2010s

2020s

Artists with multiple wins
3 wins
 BTS
 Twice

2 wins
 Big Bang
 2NE1

Artists with multiple nominations

6 nominations
 IU
 BTS

5 nominations
 Exo

4 nominations
 Blackpink
 Twice

3 nominations
 Big Bang
 2NE1

2 nominations
 Red Velvet
 Zico
 Sistar
 Psy
 Busker Busker
 Baek Ji-young
 TVXQ
 Epik High

Note: Shortlisted nominations only

See also
 MAMA Award for Album of the Year
 MAMA Award for Artist of the Year
 MAMA Award for Worldwide Icon of the Year
 Melon Music Award for Song of the Year

Notes

References

External links

MAMA Awards
Song awards


title: Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll

text:
Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll consisted of the detonation of 24 nuclear weapons by the United States between 1946 and 1958 on Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Tests occurred at 7 test sites on the reef itself, on the sea, in the air, and underwater. The test weapons produced a combined yield of 42.2 Mt of TNT in explosive power.

The United States and its allies were engaged in a Cold War nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union to build more advanced bombs from 1947 until 1991. The first series of tests over Bikini Atoll in July 1946 was codenamed Operation Crossroads. The first bomb, named Able, was dropped from an aircraft and detonated  above the target fleet. The second, Baker, was suspended under a barge. It produced a large Wilson cloud and contaminated all of the target ships. Chemist Glenn T. Seaborg, the longest-serving chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, called the second test "the world's first nuclear disaster." A third test, Charlie, was cancelled due to concerns over the lingering radiation from Baker's detonation.

The second series of tests in 1954 was codenamed Operation Castle. The first detonation was Castle Bravo, which tested a new design utilizing a dry-fuel thermonuclear bomb. It was detonated at dawn on March 1, 1954. Scientists miscalculated: the 15 Mt of TNT nuclear explosion far exceeded the expected yield of 4–8 Mt of TNT (6 predicted). This was about 1,000 times more powerful than either of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. The scientists and military authorities were shocked by the size of the explosion, and many of the instruments that they had put in place to evaluate the effectiveness of the weapon were destroyed.

Authorities had promised the Bikini Atoll's residents that they would be able to return home after the nuclear tests. A majority of the island's family heads agreed to leave the island, and most of the residents were moved to the Rongerik Atoll and later to Kili Island. Both locations proved unsuitable to sustaining life, and the United States provides residents with on-going aid. Despite the promises made by authorities, these and further nuclear tests (Redwing in 1956 and Hardtack in 1958) rendered Bikini unfit for habitation, contaminating the soil and water, making subsistence farming and fishing too dangerous. The United States has paid more than $300 million into various trust funds to compensate the islanders and their descendants. A 2016 investigation found radiation levels on Bikini Atoll as high as 639 mrem yr−1 (6.39mSv/a), well above the established safety standard for habitation. However, Stanford University scientists reported "an abundance of marine life apparently thriving in the crater of Bikini Atoll" in 2017.

Preparation

Residents relocated

In February 1946, the United States government forced the 167 Micronesian inhabitants of the atoll to temporarily relocate so that testing could begin on atomic bombs. King Juda agreed to the request, announcing that "we will go believing that everything is in the hands of God." Nine of the eleven family heads chose Rongerik as their new home. Navy Seabees helped them to disassemble their church and community house and prepare to relocate to their new home. On March 7, 1946, (now known as Bikini Day) the residents gathered their belongings and building supplies. They were transported  eastward on Navy landing craft 1108 and LST 861 to the uninhabited Rongerik Atoll, which was one-sixth the size of Bikini Atoll. No one lived on Rongerik because it had an inadequate water and food supply, and also due to traditional beliefs that the island was haunted by the Demon Girls of Ujae. The Navy left them with a few weeks of food and water which soon proved inadequate.

Military services

The United States assembled a support fleet of 242 ships that provided quarters, experimental stations, and workshops for more than 42,000 personnel. The islands were primarily used as recreation and instrumentation sites. Seabees built bunkers, floating dry docks,  steel towers for cameras and recording instruments, and other facilities on the island to support the servicemen. These included the "Up and Atom Officer's Club" and the "Cross Spikes Club", a bar and hang-out created by servicemen on Bikini Island between June and September 1946. The "club" was little more than a small open-air building which served alcohol to servicemen and provided outdoor entertainment, including a ping pong table. The "Cross Spikes Club" was the only entertainment that the enlisted servicemen had access to during their June to September stay at Bikini.

Ship graveyard

The Navy designated Bikini Atoll lagoon as a ship graveyard, then brought in 95 ships, including carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers, submarines, attack transports, and landing ships. The proxy fleet would have comprised the sixth largest naval fleet in the world if the ships had been active. All carried varying amounts of fuel, and some carried live ordnance.

Weapons tests

Operation Crossroads

Crossroads consisted of two detonations, each with a yield of 23 kt of TNT (96 TJ). Able was detonated over Bikini on July 1, 1946 and exploded at an altitude of , but was dropped by aircraft about  off target. It sank only five of the ships in the lagoon. Baker was detonated underwater at a depth of  on July 25, sinking eight ships. The second underwater blast created a large condensation cloud and contaminated the ships with more radioactive water than was expected. Many of the surviving ships were too contaminated to be used again for testing and were sunk. The air-borne nuclear detonation raised the surface seawater temperature by , created blast waves with speeds of up to , and shock and surface waves up to  high. Blast columns reached the floor of the lagoon, which is approximately  deep.

Charlie was planned for 1947 but was canceled primarily because of the Navy's inability to decontaminate the target ships after the Baker test. Charlie was rescheduled as Operation Wigwam, a deep water shot conducted in 1955 off the California coast.

Castle Bravo test

The next series of tests over Bikini Atoll was codenamed Operation Castle. The first test of that series was Castle Bravo, a new design utilizing a dry fuel thermonuclear bomb. It was detonated at dawn on March 1, 1954.

The explosion yielded 15 Mt of TNT, far exceeding the expected yield of 4 to 8 Mt of TNT (6 predicted), and was about 1,000 times more powerful than each of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. The device was the most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated by the United States and just under one-third the energy of the Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear device ever tested. The scientists and military authorities were shocked by the size of the explosion, and it destroyed many of the instruments put in place to evaluate the effectiveness of the test.

Castle Bravo contamination

The unexpectedly large yield led to the most significant radiological contamination caused by the United States. A few minutes after the detonation, blast debris began to fall on Eneu/Enyu Island on Bikini Atoll where the crew who fired the device were located. Their Geiger counters detected the unexpected fallout, and they were forced to take shelter indoors for a number of hours before it was safe for an airlift rescue operation.

The fallout continued to spread across the inhabited islands of the Rongelap, Rongerik, and Utrik Atolls. The inhabitants of Rongelap and Rongerik Atolls were evacuated by servicemen two days after the detonation, but the residents of the more distant Utrik Atoll were not evacuated for three days. Many of them soon began to show symptoms of acute radiation syndrome. They returned to the islands three years later but were forced to relocate again when the islands were found to be unsafe.

The fallout gradually dispersed around the globe, depositing traces of radioactive material in Australia, India, Japan, and parts of the United States of America and Europe. It had been organized as a secret test, but Castle Bravo quickly became an international incident prompting calls for a ban on atmospheric testing of thermonuclear weapons.

Local populations affected

The Rongelap Atoll was coated with up to  of snow-like irradiated calcium debris and ash over the entire island. Virtually all the inhabitants experienced severe radiation sickness, including itchiness, sore skin, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue. Their symptoms also included burning eyes and swelling of the neck, arms, and legs. They were forced to abandon the islands three days after the tests, leaving behind all their belongings. The U.S. government relocated them to Kwajalein for medical treatment.

Six days after the Castle Bravo test, the government set up a secret project to study the medical effects of the weapon on the residents of the Marshall Islands. The United States was subsequently accused of using the inhabitants as medical research subjects without obtaining their consent to study the effects of nuclear exposure. Until that time, the Atomic Energy Commission had given little thought to the potential impact of widespread fallout contamination and health and ecological impacts beyond the formally designated boundary of the test site.

Japanese fishermen contaminated

Ninety minutes after the detonation, 23 crew members of the Japanese fishing boat the Daigo Fukuryū Maru ("Lucky Dragon No. 5") were contaminated by the snow-like irradiated debris and ash. They had no idea what the explosion was and no understanding of the debris that rained down like snow, but they all soon became ill with the effects of acute radiation sickness. One fisherman died about six months later while under doctor supervision; his cause of death was ruled a pre-existing liver cirrhosis compounded by a hepatitis C infection. The majority of medical experts believe that the crew members were infected with hepatitis C through blood transfusions during part of their acute radiation syndrome treatment.

Edward Teller was one of the driving minds behind the development of the hydrogen bomb and an architect of the Marshall Island tests. After the mass media painted the fisherman's death as an anti-nuclear call to arms, Teller notoriously commented, "It's unreasonable to make such a big deal over the death of a fisherman."

Later tests

The 17-shot Redwing series followed—11 tests at Enewetak Atoll and six at Bikini. The island residents had been promised that they would be able to return home to Bikini, but the government thwarted that indefinitely by deciding to resume nuclear testing at Bikini in 1954. During 1954, 1956, and 1958, 21 more nuclear bombs were detonated at Bikini, yielding a total of 75 Mt of TNT (310 PJ), equivalent to more than three thousand Baker bombs. The 3.8 Mt of TNT Redwing Cherokee test was the only air burst. Air bursts distribute fallout in a large area, but surface bursts produce intense local fallout. These tests were followed by the 33-shot Hardtack tests, which began in late April 1958. The last of ten tests were detonated on Bikini Atoll on July 22, 1958.

Shipwrecks

Shipwrecks in the lagoon include:

  —aircraft carrier
  —battleship
  —attack transport
  —attack transport
  —destroyer
  —destroyer
  —submarine
  —submarine
  —battleship
  —light cruiser
  —heavy cruiser—currently capsized on the surface of Kwajalein Atoll lagoon

Nuclear test detonations at Bikini Atoll

The following above-ground nuclear device tests were conducted on or near Bikini Atoll from 1946 to 1958, comprising 15.1% of total test yield worldwide. These dates are given in US Eastern time zone The days of the week are a day earlier than they were at Bikini.

Relocation issues

Strategic Trust Territory

In 1947, the United States petitioned the United Nations Security Council to designate the islands of Micronesia a United Nations Strategic Trust Territory. This was the only strategic trust ever granted by the Security Council. The U.S. Navy controlled the trust from a headquarters in Guam until 1951, when the Department of the Interior took over control, administering the territory from a base in Saipan. The directive stipulated that the U.S. would "promote the economic advancement and self-sufficiency of the inhabitants" and "protect the inhabitants against the loss of their lands and resources".

The residents of Bikini Atoll were left alone on Rongerik Atoll from July 1946 through July 1947. Leonard E. Mason was an anthropologist from the University of Hawaii; he visited the islanders on Rongerik Atoll in January 1948 and found that they were starving. A team of U.S. investigators concluded in late 1947 that the islanders must be moved immediately. Press from around the world harshly criticized the U.S. Navy for ignoring them. Columnist Harold Ickes wrote that "the natives are actually and literally starving to death."

The Navy then selected Ujelang Atoll for their temporary home, and some young men from the Bikini Atoll population went ahead to begin constructing living accommodations. But U.S. Trust Authorities decided to use Enewetak Atoll as a second nuclear weapons test site, and they relocated Enewetak's residents to Ujelang Atoll to the homes built for the Bikini Islanders.

In March 1948, 184 malnourished Bikini islanders were temporarily relocated again to Kwajalein Atoll. In June 1948, the Bikini residents chose Kili Island as a long-term home. The  () island is one of the smallest in the Marshall Island chain; it was uninhabited and was not ruled by a paramount iroij (king). The Bikini islanders moved there in November 1948.

Return to Bikini Island

President Lyndon B. Johnson promised the 540 Bikini Atoll families living on Kili and other islands in June 1968 that they would be able to return to their home, based on scientific advice that the radiation levels were sufficiently reduced. But the Atomic Energy Commission learned that the coconut crabs, an essential food source, retained high levels of radioactivity and could not be eaten. The Bikini Council voted to delay a return to the island as a result.

In 1987, a few Bikini elders returned to the island to re-establish old property lines. Construction crews began building a hotel on Bikini and installed generators, desalinators, and power lines. A packed coral and sand runway still exists on Enyu Island. A few extended families began moving back to their home island in the early 1970s despite the risk, eventually totaling about 100 people. But 10 years later, a team of French scientists found that some wells were too radioactive for use and determined that the pandanus and breadfruit were also dangerous for human consumption. Women were experiencing miscarriages, stillbirths, and genetic abnormalities in their children. The U.S.-administered Strategic Trust Territory decided that the islanders had to be evacuated from the atoll a second time.

Second evacuation

An 11-year-old boy who was born on Bikini in 1971 died from cancer that was linked to radiation exposure that he received on Bikini. The records obtained by the Marshallese Nuclear Claims Tribunal later revealed that Dr. Robert Conard, head of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)'s medical team in the Marshall Islands, understated the risk of returning to the atoll. BNL then contracted Dr. Konrad Kotrady to treat the Marshall Island residents. In 1977, he wrote a 14-page report to BNL that questioned the accuracy of Brookhaven's prior work on the islands. The Bikini Atoll islanders grew to distrust the official reports of the U.S. scientists.

The special International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Bikini Advisory Group determined in 1997 that it was "safe to walk on all of the islands" and that the residual radioactivity was "not hazardous to health at the levels measured". They further stated that "the main radiation risk would be from the food", but they also added that "eating coconuts or breadfruit from Bikini Island occasionally would be no cause for concern". IAEA estimated that living in the atoll and consuming local food would result in an effective dose of about 15 mSv/a.

The leaders of the Bikini community have insisted since the early 1980s that the top  of soil should be excavated from the entire island. Scientists reply that removing the soil would rid the island of cesium-137, but it would also severely damage the environment, turning the atoll into a virtual wasteland of windswept sand. The Bikini Council has repeatedly contended that removing the topsoil is the only way to guarantee safe living conditions for future generations.

In 1997, researchers found that the dose received from background radiation on the island was between 2.4 mSv/a—the same as natural background radiation—and 4.5 mSv/a, assuming that residents consumed a diet of imported foods. The local food supply is still irradiated and the group did not recommend resettling the island. A 1998 IAEA report found that Bikini should not be permanently resettled because of dangerous levels of radiation in the locally produced food. A permanent rehabitation would likely require the use of potassium fertilizer.

A 2002 survey found that the coral inside the Bravo Crater has partially recovered. Zoe Richards of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies and James Cook University observed matrices of branching Porites coral up to 8 m high.

Compensation and reparations

The Bikini islanders sued the United States for the first time in 1975, and they demanded a radiological study of the northern islands. The United States set up The Hawaiian Trust Fund for the People of Bikini in 1975, totaling $3 million. Residents were removed from the island in 1978, and the government added $3 million to the fund and created The Resettlement Trust Fund for the People of Bikini, containing $20 million in 1982. The government added another $90 million to that fund to pay to clean up, reconstruct homes and facilities, and resettle the islanders on Bikini and Eneu islands.

In 1983, the U.S. and the Marshall islanders signed the Compact of Free Association which gave the Marshall Islands independence. The Compact became effective in 1986 and was subsequently modified by the Amended Compact that became effective in 2004. It also established the Nuclear Claims Tribunal, which was given the task of adjudicating compensation for victims and families affected by the nuclear testing program. Section 177 of the compact provided for reparations to the Bikini islanders and other northern atolls for damages. It included $75 million to be paid over 15 years. On March 5, 2001, the Nuclear Claims Tribunal ruled against the United States for damages done to the islands and its people.

The payments began in 1987 with $2.4 million paid annually to the entire Bikini population, while the remaining $2.6 million is paid into The Bikini Claims Trust Fund. This trust is intended to exist in perpetuity and to provide the islanders a 5% payment from the trust annually. The United States provided $150 million in compensation for damage caused by the nuclear testing program and their displacement from their home island.

By 2001, 70 of the 167 relocated residents were still alive, and the entire population had grown to 2,800. Most of the islanders and their descendants live on Kili, in Majuro, or in the United States. Only a few living people were born on the Bikini Atoll. Most of the younger descendants have never lived there or even visited. The population is growing at a four percent growth rate, so increasing numbers are taking advantage of terms in the Marshall Islands' Compact of Free Association that allow them to obtain jobs in the United States.

Recovery of marine ecosystem
Stanford University professor Steve Palumbi led a study in 2017 that reported on ocean life that seems highly resilient to the effects of radiation poisoning. The team described substantial diversity in the marine ecosystem, with animals appearing healthy to the naked eye. According to Palumbi, the atoll's "lagoon is full of schools of fish all swirling around the living coral. In a strange way they are protected by the history of this place, the fish populations are better than in some other places because they have been left alone, the sharks are more abundant and the coral are big. It is a remarkable environment, quite odd." Both corals and long-lived animals such as coconut crabs should be vulnerable to radiation-induced cancers, and understanding how they have thrived might lead to discoveries about preserving DNA. Pambuli notes that the Bikini Atoll is "an ironic setting for research that might help people live longer". PBS documented field work undertaken by Palumbi and his graduate student Elora López on Bikini Atoll for the second episode ("Violent") of their series Big Pacific. The episode explored "species, natural phenomena and behaviors of the Pacific Ocean" and the way that the team is using DNA sequencing to study the rate and pattern of any mutations. López suggested possible explanations for the health of the marine life to The Stanford Daily, such as a mechanism for DNA repair that is superior to that possessed by humans, or a method of maintaining a genome in the face of nuclear radiation.

The area has effectively become an unplanned marine-life sanctuary; this has also occurred in Europe in the Chernobyl exclusion zone, where scientists are studying the effects of radiation on animal life. Most fish have relatively short lifespans, and Palumbi suggested that "it is possible the worst-affected fish died off many decades ago… and the fish living in Bikini Atoll today are only subject to low levels of radiation exposure as they frequently swim in and out of the atoll." Nurse sharks have two dorsal fins, but Palumbi's team observed individuals with only a single fin, and they theorized that they might be mutations. Pambuli and his team have focussed on the hubcap-sized crabs, as their coconut diet is contaminated with radioactive caesium-137 from ground water, and on the corals, because both have longer life spans that allow the scientists "to delve into what effect the radiation exposure has had on the animals' DNA after building up in their systems for many years."

Bikini Atoll remains uninhabitable for humans due to what United Nations reporter Călin Georgescu described as "near-irreversible environmental contamination". Gamma radiation levels in 2016 averaged 184 mrem yr−1 (1.84 mSv/a), well above the maximum allowed for human habitation, thereby rendering the water, seafood, and plants unsafe for human consumption. Timothy Jorgensen reports on the increased cancer risk among the residents of the nearby islands, especially for leukemia and thyroid cancers.

Health impacts

The Castle Bravo test produced the highest fallout levels in history. The detonation produced an explosion approximately 2.5 times the predicted 6.0 megatons, equal to 15 Mt of TNT. The residents of Rongelap and Utirik atolls were exposed to high levels of radiation, the heaviest of which was in the form of pulverized surface coral from the detonation. They experienced mild radiation sickness including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Several weeks later many people began suffering from alopecia (hair loss) and skin lesions. The fallout was the source of most people's radiation exposure, which has been linked to increases in leukemia and thyroid cancer. Residents of the Marshall Islands who received significant exposure to radionuclides incurred a much greater risk of developing cancer. There is a presumed association between radiation levels and female reproductive system functioning.

The female population of the Marshall Islands have a sixty times greater cervical cancer mortality than a comparable mainland United States population. The Islands populations also have a five times greater likelihood of breast or gastrointestinal mortality, and lung cancer mortality is three times higher than the mainland population. The male population on the Marshall Islands' lung cancer mortality is four times greater than the overall United States rates, and the oral cancer rates are ten times greater. Fallout produced from nuclear tests affected the residents externally and internally. External irradiation was caused by gamma rays that originated from fallout on the ground. While the levels of external radiation exposure can be reduced by sheltering indoors, the islanders spent most of their time outside. Internal exposure to radiation can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and skin exposure. The greatest exposure is from consuming contaminated food like coconut, pandanus, papaya, banana, arrowroot, taro, limes, breadfruit, and the ducks, pigs, and chickens raised on the islands.

Food shipped into the islands could also be irradiated by contaminated cooking utensils. Iodine-131, a highly radioactive isotope, can be ingested or inhaled and is concentrated in a person's thyroid.

See also
 Chagai-I
 Chagai-II

References

External links

 BikiniAtoll.com: "What About Radiation on Bikini Atoll ?"
 U.S. Department of Energy: Marshall Islands Program website — Chronology of nuclear testing, relocation of islanders and results of radiation tests.
 WLU.edu: Annotated bibliography for Bikini Atoll from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
 JapanFocus.org: Islanders Want The Truth About Bikini Nuclear Test
 CSU.edu: Bikini Atoll website

 BBC: "On this Day in History" (March 1st)
 YouTube—Atomic Age: "Bikini Island Nuclear Explosion" (video)

 01
American nuclear test sites
Bikini Atoll
Nuclear test sites
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
1940s in the Marshall Islands
1950s in the Marshall Islands


title: The Florida Star

text:
The Florida Star is a weekly newspaper in Jacksonville, Florida. Founded in 1951 to cater to Jacksonville's African American community, it is the oldest African-American newspaper in Northeast Florida.

History
The Florida Star was founded in 1951 by Eric O. Simpson, a veteran of national publications, to give Jacksonville its own African-American newspaper. The Star catered specifically to the city's black community at a time when other local media ignored or downplayed African-American and civil rights stories. During the 1950s and '60s it was one of the most significant forces championing civil rights in Jacksonville, pressuring the government to adopt reforms, endorsing black political candidates, and keeping its readers apprised of boycotts and sit-ins.

The Star also became known for its sensational crime reporting, which often included scandalous headlines printed in red. In 1983 the paper became embroiled in a legal battle when it printed a rape victim's name, leading to the U.S. Supreme Court case Florida Star v. B. J. F. A trainee reporter copied the police report, which included the victim's name, and the Star inadvertently included her name in an article. This violated the Stars internal policy and Florida's rape shield law. The victim sued and was awarded $97,500 in damages, greater than the paper's value. The Star appealed, eventually reaching the Supreme Court. In 1989 the Court overturned the earlier judgement, ruling that punishing a newspaper for reporting accurate, legally obtained material did not accord with the First Amendment.

In 1977, following telephone threats, The Florida Star headquarters on Myrtle Street was subject to an arson attack that damaged the lobby. In 1993, a second arson attack destroyed the building and much of its archive. Simpson and his family committed to maintaining the paper, publishing that week's issue only one day late.

Simpson headed the paper until his death in 1994. His wife, Mary Wooten Simpson, succeeded him; under her watch the paper expanded its staff, coverage, and circulation. Managing editor Erica Simpson, Eric and Mary Simpson's daughter, took over after her mother's death in 2001. Media pioneer Clara McLaughlin purchased the paper from the Simpson family in 2002 and currently serves as publisher. In January 2007, The Florida Star launched a Georgia edition, The Georgia Star.

Awards and recognition
Eric Simpson was posthumously inducted into the Florida Press Association Hall of Fame in 2003. He was the first African-American to be inducted.

References

External links

The Florida Star. (Jacksonville, Fla.). Florida Digital Newspaper Library. George A. Smathers Libraries at the University of Florida.
 Mondo Times entry
 Chronicling America entry

African-American newspapers of Florida
Companies based in Jacksonville, Florida
Mass media in Jacksonville, Florida
Newspapers published in Florida
Weekly newspapers published in the United States
1951 establishments in Florida
Newspapers established in 1951
African-American history of Florida


title: List of moths of India (Thyrididae)

text:
This is an (incomplete) list of moths of the family of Thyrididae that are found in India. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of India.

 Addaea trimeronalis Walker, 1859
 Aglaopus glareola Felder, Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875
 Banisia myrsusalis (Walker, 1895)
 Banisia myrtaea (Drury, 1773)
 Calindoea trifascialis Moore
 Collinsa acutalis (Walker, 1866)
 Dysodia ignita (Walker, 1858)
 Dysodia viridatrix (Walker, 1858)
 Glanycus coendersi Kalis
 Herdonia osacesalis Walker, 1859
 Hapana carcealis Whalley, 1971
 Hypolamprus emblicalis Moore, 1888
 Hypolamprus trifascialis Moore
 Mathoris loceusalis (Walker 1859)
 Mathoris thyralis (Walker 1866)
 Microbelia intimalis Moore, 1888
 Microctenucha munda (Hampson 1893)
 Picrostomastis subrosealis (Leech, 1889)
 Rhodoneura bracteata Hampson
 Rhodoneura recticulatis Moore
 Rhodoneura spendida Butler
 Rhodoneura uniformis Hampson
 Striglina lineola Guenée, 1877
 Striglina scitaria (Walker, 1863)
 Striglina strigosa (Moore, 1882)

See also
List of moths of India

References
Rao, Kailash Chandra & Kamla Devi, 2013. Endemic Fauna of Andaman and Nicobar islands. Oological Survey of India. 182 pp.

Thyrididae
x
M


title: Pigeon Springs, Washington

text:
Pigeon Springs is a place in Cowlitz County, Washington. Pigeon Springs is located east of the city of Kalama and along the Kalama River. Pigeon Springs is reached by traveling  east on Kalama River Road from exit 32 of Interstate 5. The springs were a source of bottled mineral water.

Pigeon Springs is located  southwest of Mount St. Helens. The eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, reached the Cowlitz River and Pigeon Springs.

Geography
Pigeon Springs is located at  (46.0531675, -122.6239926).

References

Unincorporated communities in Cowlitz County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)


title: Physoptychis

text:
Physoptychis is a genus of flowering plants of the family Brassicaceae. It contains the following species:
 Physoptychis caspica
 Physoptychis haussknechtii

References

Brassicaceae genera
Brassicaceae


title: Via Regina

text:
Via Regina (Latin: Antica Strada Regina) is the old Roman road which ran from Cremona to Milan. It was based on an earlier trade route. the total length of the road was about  Associated with it was the road along the western shore of Lake Como across the Milanese plain, that linked up with Valchiavenna.

The name "Via Regina" (strada regia, royal road, hence main road) was given to it much later on and is first documented in the year 1187. Together with the waterway of Lake Como and the Po River, the Via Regina and associated paths were used by sailors, soldiers and merchants, as well as local traffic, with parts of it being suitable for vehicles, some just mule tracks, and a few pedestrian only paths. For centuries it constituted a true "Lake Como system", an articulate network of routes pointing northwards, to the Alpine passes, and southwards, towards Milan, the hub for the Po Valley.

Notes

Roman roads in Italy


title: Sightly, Washington

text:
Sightly is an unincorporated community in Cowlitz County, Washington. Sightly is located east of the city of Castle Rock and east of Silver Lake. Sightly is reached by taking exit 49 off of Interstate 5, traveling  east along Washington State Route 504, which is also known as the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway, and then traveling  along Sightly Road. The Sightly community was given its name due to its views of Mount St. Helens. The Sightly community is part of the Toutle Lake School District, a K-12 school district of about 600 students.

Sightly is located  northwest of Mount St. Helens. The eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States.

Geography
Sightly is located at  (46.2998338, -122.7084437).

External links
Toutle Lake School District website

References

Unincorporated communities in Cowlitz County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)


title: Focus Odisha

text:
Focus Odisha is a 24-hour Odia news channel of the News World Group. This channel was launched on 13 June 2014 by Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik. Focus TV Group runs a number of other news channels in various languages like Hindi and Bengali.

The channel provides news along with various other programs related to social, economic and education conditions in Odisha. Headquartered in Bhubaneswar, Focus Odisha has nine bureaus located in Cuttack and Puri, each having a journalist, a video journalist and technical staff. Apart from this, 65 stringers have been employed in various locations of Odisha to cover the entire state, making it a nearly 150 strong team. Nearly Rs 10 crore has been invested into setting up the channel.

References

See also
List of Odia-language television channels

Companies based in Bhubaneswar
Television stations in Bhubaneswar
2014 establishments in Odisha
Television channels and stations established in 2014


title: Satao (elephant)

text:
Satao (c. 1968 – 30 May 2014) was one of Kenya's largest African elephants. He was known as a tusker because his tusks were so long that they almost touched the ground. The Tsavo Trust announced that Satao was killed by poachers using a poisoned arrow on 30 May 2014.

Background
Satao was an African elephant that lived in Tsavo East National Park, one of the largest wildlife parks in the world with a large population of elephants.  He was thought to have been born during the late 1960s and to have been at least 45 years old when he was killed.  He was estimated to be one of the largest elephants in the world at the time of his death and has been described as one of Kenya's most iconic and well-known tuskers (i.e., male elephants with tusks that almost reach the ground). Satao's tusks were over  long and he was estimated to be the largest of the few remaining tuskers living in Kenya. More than half of all of the remaining African big tuskers are in Kenya.

Elephant ivory poaching is a widespread problem in Africa. In 2013, over 20,000 African elephants were killed for their ivory. The slaughter of African elephants is driven by the black market value of elephant ivory. The illicit trade in ivory is primarily in Asia where ivory sells for several thousands of dollars per kilogram. Satao's tusks were estimated to weigh more than  each.

Since 2007, the illegal trade in ivory had doubled. While China is the largest market, the United States, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines are also top markets for illegal ivory. The increase in poaching is driven in large part by organised crime and rebel groups seeking ways to fund insurgencies in Africa.

Due to the great value of his tusks on the black market, Satao had been under nearly constant surveillance by the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and the Tsavo trust for the 18 months prior to June 2014. He typically remained in a small area of the park, but had started roaming into areas of the park where poaching was high. Because he roamed into a large , a dangerous area for poaching with thick vegetation, and because of the constant poaching attempts driven by organised crime and rebel militias, the KWS and the Tsavo Trust could not prevent poachers from reaching Satao.

Also, Satao was featured in the Apple TV+ original The Elephant Queen. However, during filming of the documentary, Satao was killed by the poachers.

Death
In March 2014, Satao was found with two seeping wounds in his flank from poisoned arrows shot into him, which were confirmed by veterinarians who rushed to the scene to treat him.  After a number of days, Satao recovered from his festering wounds. Satao was last spotted alive on 19 May 2014.

On 2 June 2014, Richard Moller of the Tsavo Trust found a huge elephant carcass lying in a swamp near the boundary of Tsavo East National Park. The tusks had been cut off and the face was badly mutilated, so the carcass could not be identified with certainty at that time. For about 10 days, Moller and Kenya Wildlife Service searched for Satao before concluding that he was dead. He was killed by a poisoned arrow shot deep into his left flank on 30 May 2014.

Satao was officially declared dead on 13 June, 2014 and the Tsavo Trust released the following statement announcing his death:

Satao was a victim of the illegal ivory trade where ivory is commonly poached and sold by terrorist organizations to China, which has the largest market for ivory in the world.

Arrests
On 20 June 2014, Kenya Wildlife Services reported that service rangers arrested three suspects for killing Satao. Paul Muya, a spokesperson for the Kenya Wildlife Services, said that they were tracked down based on intelligence the Service had acquired.

Public response
The death of Satao resulted in a public outpouring of support for policy to reduce poaching. In New Orleans, a TV Show was created named "AWE for Awesome Wildlife Effort" to interview artists, such as Anne London, on educating the public regarding endangered species. A unit called "The Great Tuskers of AWE" was created to march in Mardi Gras parades with a large fiberglass elephant float and The Krewe of Tusk and Horn marched on World Animal Day in the French Quarter. In neighboring Kenner, Louisiana, a 16-foot tall elephant sculpture was erected.

See also
Killing of Cecil the lion
Elephant hunting in Kenya
List of individual elephants
Isilo (elephant)

References

External links
Tsavo East National Park
Tsavo Trust

Elephant conservation
Individual elephants
2014 animal deaths
Individual wild animals


title: 2014–15 Liga MX season

text:
The 2014–15 Liga MX season  (known as the Liga BBVA Bancomer MX for sponsorship reasons) was the 68th professional top-flight football league season in Mexico. The season was split into two competitions:  the Torneo Apertura and the Torneo Clausura; each of identical format and contested by the same eighteen teams.

Teams, stadiums, and personnel
Eighteen teams competed that season. Atlante was relegated to the Ascenso MX after accumulating the lowest coefficient over the past three seasons. Atlante was relegated and replaced by the Apertura 2013 Ascenso MX champion Leones Negros, after defeating in a promotional play-off the Clausura 2014 title defenders Estudiantes Tecos.

Stadiums and locations

Stadium changes

Personnel and kits

Managerial changes

Torneo Apertura
The Apertura 2014 was the opening competition of the season. The regular season began on July 18, 2014, and ended on November 23, 2014. León were the defending champions, having won the 2013 Apertura and 2014 Clausura tournaments.

Regular season

Standings

Liguilla - Apertura

 Teams are re-seeded each round.
 Team with more goals on aggregate after two matches advances.
 "Away goals rule" was applied in the play-off round, but not the final.
 In the quarterfinals and semifinals, if the two teams were tied on aggregate and away goals, the higher seeded team advanced.
 In the final, if the two teams were tied after both legs, the match went to extra-time and, if necessary, a shootout.
 Both finalists qualified to the 2015–16 CONCACAF Champions League (in Pot 3).

Top goalscorers
Players are listed by goals, then last name

Source: Medio Tiempo

Top assists

Source: ESPN FC

Hat-tricks

* Scored 4 goals

Torneo Clausura
The Clausura 2015 was the second competition of the season. The regular phase of the tournament began on January 9, and ended on May 10. América successfully defended their title when they won the Apertura tournament for a record 12th title, but they were eliminated in the Liguilla quarterfinals.

Regular season

Standings

Liguilla - Clausura

 Teams were re-seeded each round.
 Team with more goals on aggregate after two matches advances.
 Away goals rule was applied in the quarterfinals and semifinals, but not in the final.
 In the quarterfinals and semifinals, if the two teams were tied on aggregate and away goals, the higher seeded team advances.
 In the final, if the two teams were tied after both legs, the match went to extra-time and, if necessary, a shootout.
 Both finalists qualified to the 2015–16 CONCACAF Champions League (in Pot 3).

Top goalscorers
Players ranked by goals scored, then alphabetically by last name.

Top assists

Source: ESPN FC

Hat-tricks

* Scored 4 goals

Aggregate table

Relegation

Last update: May 10, 2015

References

External links
 Official website of Liga MX
 Mediotiempo.com

Mx
1
2014-15


title: Steve Lee (hunter)

text:
Stephen Gary "Steve" Lee is an Australian country musician and gun rights activist. In 2009 he released his first music video, I Like Guns.

Pro-gun activities
Lee is a pro-gun activist, having supported and spoken with the Shooters and Fishers Party leader Robert Borsak, and put forward many singles and statements regarding guns, gun laws, criminals and law-abiding gun owners.

Since 2009 he has been invited to the United States by the National Rifle Association of America, had his song "I Like Guns" featured in a video game, appeared in HBO's "Guns in America" and been interviewed nationally on A Current Affair. He has also released a DVD.

Lee was part of a 2014 episode of SBS Television series Living with the Enemy on hunting. Steve spent a week living at the headquarters of Animal Liberation Victoria witnessing a duck hunting protest, then vegan Felicity Andersen spent a week at Steve's home where she joined Lee and Robert Borsak on a feral pig hunt.

Politics
Steve Lee was a Shooters and Fishers Party candidate for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 2011, and in 2015.

Music
In 2009 Lee released his first music video, I Like Guns, which gained millions of views on his YouTube channel.

Discography
I Like Guns
Tracks on I Like Guns include:

I Like Guns (2:37)
The Shoot Out (3:05)
Time To Get A Gun (3:01)
Pistol In My Hand (2:39)
Devil's Right Hand (2:22)
Gun Shy Dog (1:54)
Rock Salt & Nails (4:43)
I'll Give Up My Gun (4:11)
Modern Day Bonnie & Clyde (4:25)
Don't Take Your Guns To Town (4:08)
7 Shells (3:00)
She Don't Like Guns (2:28)

Everybody  Likes Guns

Tracklist for Everybody Likes Guns:
Who Gave You The Right (2:58)
Pistols And Rifles (3:59)
Everybody Likes Guns (3:20)
I’ve Shot Every Gun (2:41)
I Cannot Shoot A Gun (3:48)
Gonna Buy Me A Gun (3:01)
Lucky Country (4:08)
I Won't Back Down (3:18)
Huntin’ Fool (3:12)
Life Is Good (Hickok 45 Song) (3:18)
A Trigger To Pull (3:32)
There's A Gun In The Kitchen (3:38)

References

Living people
1967 births


title: Diablo, Washington

text:
Diablo is an unincorporated community in Whatcom County, Washington, United States. The community, which is located on the Skagit River near the Diablo Dam, was established as a company town by Seattle City Light.

References

Unincorporated communities in Whatcom County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)


title: Giuseppe Della Valle

text:
Giuseppe Della Valle (; 25 November 1899 – 26 November 1975) was an Italian football player who featured in the Italy national team as a striker. He represented Italy at the 1924 Summer Olympics, where he scored twice.

Honours
Bologna
 Italian Prima Divisione Northern League (2): 1924–25, 1928–29

References

External links

1899 births
1975 deaths
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Italy men's international footballers
Bologna FC 1909 players
Footballers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Italy
Footballers from Bologna


title: Vilhelm Tvede

text:
Frederik Vilhelm Tvede (13 May 1826 – 27 November 1891) was a Danish architect.

Biography
Tvede was born in the parish of Trinitatis in Copenhagen, Denmark.
He was the son of Johan Frederik Tvede and Christine f. Norup.

He was a student of Gustav Friedrich Hetsch at the
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. He was employed as a drawing teacher at the Technical Institute (Teknologisk Institut) and worked for Det Classenske Fideicommis.  His son, Gotfred Tvede was also an architect associated with Det Classenske Fideicommis.

Among other projects, Tvede led  the restoration of the  Church of Our Lady (Vor Frue Kirke) at Kalundborg (1867-1871) as well as  Goose Tower  (Gåsetårnet) at Vordingborg Castle (1871). He designed  Humlebæk Church (1868) and Vedbæk Church  (1870-1871).
He was also responsible for the first architect-designed fisherman's cottage in Denmark in the village of Hesnæs; the roofing was later changed by his son in 1919.

Personal life
In 1857,  he married Marie Ostermann. He was the father of architect  Gotfred Tvede  (1863-1947).
In 1871 he became Knight of the Order of Dannebrog. He died during 1891 and was buried at Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen.

Gallery

References

External links

Vilhelm Tvede entry in the Den Store Danske Encyklopædi

1826 births
1891 deaths
Architects from Copenhagen
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
19th-century Danish architects
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
Burials at Assistens Cemetery (Copenhagen)


title: Miss Earth United Kingdom

text:
Miss Earth United Kingdom (previously Miss Earth Great Britain) is a beauty pageant that chooses women to represent the United Kingdom at the Miss Earth pageant.

History
In 2006, Miss Earth United Kingdom sent the winners named as Miss England and Miss Wales to the Miss Earth pageant.

Titleholders

As Great Britain/United Kingdom
Color key

As England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales
After deciding to send four constituent countries of the United Kingdom in 2006. The Miss Earth UK always crowned the four candidates for competing at Miss Earth pageant.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:17px; width:90%;"
|-
! style="width:06%;" scope="col" | Year
! style="width:16%;" scope="col" |
! style="width:16%;" scope="col" |
! style="width:16%;" scope="col" |
! style="width:16%;" scope="col" |
|-
! 2006
| Holly Ikin
| ×
| ×
| Laura Jane Livesey
|-
! 2007
| Clair Cooper
| Aine Gormley
| ×
| Sarah Michelle Fleming
|-
! 2008
| Caroline Elizabeth Duffy
| Gemma Michelle Walker
| Courtney St. John
| Jamie-Lee Williams
|-
! 2009
| Kirsty Nichol
| style="background:#FFFACD;" |Kayleigh O’Reilly(Top 16)
| Sarah Jean Finlay
| Dominique Louise Dyer
|-
! 2010
| Sandra Marie Lees
| Judith Keys
| Cora Buchanan
| Louise Hinder
|-
! 2011
| Roxanne Smith
| Alixandra Halliday
| Amanda Quinn
| Emma Franklin
|-
! 2012
| Zahida Begum
| Ciara Walker
| style="background:#FFFACD;" | Sara Pendar(Top 16)
| Zoe Kinsella
|-
! 2013
| Chloe Othen
| Amira Graham
| Kiera Kingsman
| Angharad James
|-
! 2014
| Gabriella Gatehouse
| Justine McEleney
| style="background:#FFFACD;" |Romy McCahill(Top 16)
|
|-
! 2015
| Katrina Kendall
| Dearbhlá Walsh
| style="background-color:#FFFACD; "| Amy Meisak  (Top 16)
| Lara Stephen
|-
! 2016
| style="background:#FFFACD;" |Luissa Burton(Top 16)
| style="background:#FFFACD;" |Julieann McStravick(Top 16)
| ×
| Charlotte Hitchman
|-
! 2017
| Charlotte Sophie Brooke
| Maire Lynch
| ×
| Sophie Bettridge
|-
! 2018
| Abbey-Anne Gyles
| Christie van Schalkwyk
| ×
| ×
|-
! 2019
| style="background:#FFFACD;" |Stephanie Wyatt(Top 20)| Shannon McCullagh
| ×
| ×
|-
! 2020
| ×
| ×
| ×
| ×
|-
! 2021
| Kate Marie
| ×
| ×
| ×
|-
! 2022
| Beth Rice
| ×
| Marcie Reid
| Shereen Brogan
|-
! 2023
| Jordan-Louise Smith
| ×
| ×
| Carys Havard
|-
|}

Notes
2009: Clair Cooper (Miss Earth England 2007) won the title of Miss Universe GB 2009 and competed at Miss Universe 2009 in Nassau, the Bahamas.
2009: Kayleigh O’Reilly (Miss Earth Northern Ireland 2009) placed for first time at Miss Earth 2009 in Manila, the Philippines as the Top 16.
2010: Sandra Marie Lees (Miss Earth England 2010) won the title of Miss Tourism Great Britain 2010.
2010: Louise Hinder (Miss Earth Wales 2010) competed at Miss Universe GB 2010 and represented Wales at the pageant. She failed to get a crown of the Miss Universe Great Britain.
2011: Jamie-Lee Williams (Miss Earth Wales 2008) won the title of Miss United Kingdom Galaxy 2011'''.
2012: Sara Pendar (Miss Earth Scotland 2012) placed for first time at Miss Earth 2012 in Manila, the Philippines as the Top 16.

See also
Miss Great Britain
Miss Universe Great Britain
Miss United Kingdom

References

External links
Official website
Official page

Miss Earth by country
Lists of British women
United Kingdom
2005 establishments in the United Kingdom
Recurring events established in 2005
Annual events in the United Kingdom
British awards


title: Journal of Dermatology

text:
The Journal of Dermatology is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering dermatology published by the Japanese Dermatological Association (日本皮膚科学会 Nihon Hifuka Gakkai) and the Asian Dermatological Association. Its 2014 impact factor is 2.252.

References

External links
home page of Journal of Dermatology
Home page

Dermatology journals
Academic journals established in 1974
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Periodicals published in Japan


title: Iowa Highway 99

text:
Iowa Highway 99 (Iowa 99) was a state highway in southeastern Iowa.  It began in downtown Burlington and generally followed the course of the Mississippi River north to Wapello.  Most of the route was a part of the Great River Road.  The highway was designated in 1931 and its course remained unchanged until it was removed from the primary highway system in 2003.  It was replaced by County Road X99, though around Burlington, it is sometimes referred to as County Road 99.

Route description

Iowa 99 began at an interchange with US 34 in downtown Burlington, at the foot of the.  US 34 is an elevated highway that connects to the Great River Bridge and Iowa 99 passed beneath along Bluff Road.  Iowa 99 is joined by the Great River Road as well.  To the east of the highway lies a park and municipal marina, both of which abut the Mississippi River.  To the west, a bluff rises above the roadway.  North of Burlington, the highway followed the base of the tree-lined bluffs to the west; it served as a divider to the farm fields occupying the river bottoms to the east.  The road passed through the unincorporated community of Kingston.

Near the Des Moines–Louisa county line, the bluffs recede to the west as the highway approached Oakville.  In Oakville, Iowa 99 turned to the west and crossed the Iowa River as the river bends to the north.  The road followed the western banks for a short way as the river approached its mouth at the Mississippi.  At Toolesboro, it turned to the northwest and passed the Toolesboro Mound Group, a group of Hopewellian burial mounds which date back approximately 2,000 years.  Shortly after Toolesboro, at County Road X61 (CR X61), the Great River Road turned away to the north.  Iowa 99 continued northeasterly until it reached Wapello.  There, it crossed the Iowa River again, albeit further upstream, passed through the town, and ended at US 61.

History

Iowa 99 first appeared on the June 1932 state highway map along its familiar routing between Burlington and Wapello.  In Louisa County, the highway was a gravel road, while in Des Moines County, the road was unimproved. By 1939, the rest of the road would be graveled and from Burlington north to near Kingston would be paved.  In the early 1950s, the middle section, from near Kingston to near Oakville was upgraded to chipseal pavement.  By 1956, the entire route was paved.

In 2002, more than  of low-traffic state highways, including Iowa 99, were identified by the Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT) because they primarily served local traffic.  Typically, when Iowa DOT wished to transfer a road to a county or locality, both parties had to agree to terms and the DOT would have to either improve the road or give money to the other party to maintain the road.  However, with the significant mileage the DOT wished to turn over, the Iowa General Assembly passed a law which granted the DOT a one-time exemption from the transfer rules effective July 1, 2003.  Iowa 99 was replaced by CR X99, though some signs in Burlington refer to the road as CR 99.

Major intersections

References

External links

End of Iowa 99 at Iowa Highway Ends
Toolesboro Indian Mounds & Museum at Iowabeautiful.com

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