title: Llantrisant–Aberthaw line

text:
The Llantrisant – Aberthaw line was a railway line built in two parts.

The Cowbridge Railway was a locally promoted railway line in South Wales, intended to connect the town to the nearby mainline network at Llantrisant. The company was desperately short of money to construct the line and a subscription of £10,000 from the Taff Vale Railway towards the construction costs ensured alignment to that company's system, so that Pontypridd, and not Cardiff, was the destination of through passenger trains. The line opened in 1865 and operated as a through line from Pontypridd in association with the Llantrisant and Taff Vale Junction Railway. The Company was always impoverished and from 1876 leased its line to the Taff Vale Railway. The TVR absorbed the Company in 1889.

High quality limestone workings at Aberthaw encouraged thoughts of a Cowbridge and Aberthaw Railway. This opened in 1892, and was absorbed by the Taff Vale Railway in 1895. The Cowbridge and the Aberthaw sections were operated as a single entity.

The Taff Vale Railway introduced railmotors, which it called "motor cars", on the lines in 1905 and although they were successful, the lines remained loss-making. The passenger service from Cowbridge to Aberthaw was discontinued in 1932; that from Llantrisant to Cowbridge in 1951. A mine working with a private siding remained in operation until 1975, but when that closed, the line ceased to have any railway activity.

Taff Vale Railway

The Taff Vale Railway was planned to bring the iron production of works at Merthyr and Dowlais, as well as coal from certain collieries, to the docks at Cardiff for onward shipment to market.

It opened its main line in two stages, in 1840 and 1841; it was built on the standard gauge. It was immediately successful, and at the same time coal mining enjoyed a massive increase in volume in the area, so that coal became the principal traffic. This encouraged numerous further branch lines and colliery connections, and at the same time the railway encouraged the opening of new mines.

South Wales Railway

The South Wales Railway was promoted in 1843, to connect the Great Western Railway network at Gloucester to Milford Haven; it was to be a broad gauge line. Its route was the matter of considerable discussion, and at one stage it was assumed it would pass through Cowbridge. However the route as finally determined ran near Llantrisant, about five miles north of Cowbridge; the South Wales Railway opened in several stages but this section was opened on 18 June 1850. The mail road coach service through Cowbridge was almost immediately withdrawn, and the importance of Cowbridge was much diminished.

There is controversy as to whether the people of Cowbridge wanted the South Wales Railway to pass through their town, or resisted it, though it seems likely that engineering considerations took the line further north. As soon as the South Wales Railway opened there was a widespread feeling that the town must have a branch line if it could not be on the main line. A number of schemes were put forward, many of them remarkably ambitious and expensive, and for some time the proposals came to nothing.

Ely Valley Railway

The Ely Valley Railway opened its first line in 1860; it was a broad gauge line worked by the Great Western Railway. It had been built to serve iron and coal pits to the north of the South Wales Railway main line. It was not financially successful and it was dependent on its larger sponsor in 1861.

Llantrisant and Taff Vale Junction Railway

There were iron and coal pits in the area between Treforest and Llantrisant, and after a false start, the Llantrissant and Taff Vale Railway was incorporated by Act of Parliament on 7 June 1861.

It was to reach Llantrisant station on the South Wales Railway main line, but the final mile was over the Ely Valley Railway. As it was being financed by the Taff Vale Railway, the L&TVJR was on the narrow (standard) gauge, and the Ely Valley Railway was a broad gauge line.

The L&TVJR was to build from the Taff Vale Railway main line, about a mile below Treforest Station, to the Mwyndy branch of the Ely Valley Railway at Maesaraul, where there were important mineral deposits. Running powers were not granted from Maesaraul Junction to Llantrisant Station, which was about two miles south west of the village of that name. It opened the majority of its line in 1863, but the Ely Valley Railway stalled on the provision of mixed gauge track on its line, on which the L&TVJR was dependent.

A railway for Cowbridge
The promotion of the L&TVJR spurred the people of Cowbridge to move forward with their own scheme, and on 1 July 1861 a prospectus for the Cowbridge Railway was published. It was to run from Cowbridge to connect with the L&TVJR at Maesaraul, north of Llantrisant, crossing the South Wales Railway main line a little east of Llantrisant station, with a spur there to an interchange siding. The capital was to be £30,000, as it was claimed that the cost of construction would be far below the average cost of railway construction locally. The benefits would enable local farmers to get their produce to market cheaply as well as reducing the cost of bringing in coal, and also moving iron ore extracted at Llanharry to be transported away.

In November 1861 the Taff Vale Railway agreed to subscribe up to £5,000 towards the scheme, but subscriptions towards the cost of the railway were otherwise very difficult to secure. Indeed the Parliamentary deposit required to proceed with the Bill had to be loaned by the Taff Vale company.

At the committee stages of the Cowbridge Railway Bill, the South Wales Railway once again put forward the proposal that the branch should be built on the broad gauge, which would bring it into the "associated companies" of the broad gauge group. However this last-minute idea was not taken forward.

The Cowbridge Railway Act was accordingly passed on 29 July 1862; it had authorised capital of £35,000.

Securing subscriptions continued to be a serious difficulty, and the directors decided to approach the South Wales Railway for assistance; they met them on 4 November 1862. They asked the South Wales Railway to permit their company to reach the L&TVJR over the Ely Valley Railway, between Llantrisant and Maesaraul Junction. This would enable them to omit the construction of the northward part of their line above Llantrisant. The broad gauge interest had already shown itself to be hostile to such an incursion, but now the Great Western Railway offered to permit this, and to lay a third rail, forming "mixed gauge", to enable the running of standard gauge trains, for an annual rental of £400.

The Cowbridge directors thought this exceeded the interest on the capital outlay if they built the connecting line, so they decided not to proceed with the request at first, but after further consideration agreed that it was worth pursuing. In fact the GWR agreed to reduce the rental charge to £200, and on that basis the Cowbridge directors concluded an agreement in June 1863. The Board of Trade sanctioned the deviation of the authorised route by which the Cowbridge Railway entered Llantrisant station rather than crossing the South Wales Railway main line.

Construction
The first sod was cut on 9 June 1863. Work seemed to be progressing well and in June 1864 the company informed the Board of Trade of the intention to open for passenger traffic shortly; however this was soon realised to be premature, and was withdrawn. Subscriptions for shares continued to fall short, and in August 1864 it was announced that contractors had been paid with Lloyds Bonds, that is, promissory notes payable in two or three years.

Colonel Yolland, for the Board of Trade, visited the line on 17 December 1864. The third rail on the Ely Valley Railway was not yet ready so no rolling stock had reached the line. Yolland noted that the line was 5 miles 60 chains in length, and that gradients were steep, with a maximum of 1 in 45 near Ystradowen. The down platform of the South Wales Railway (by this time amalgamated into the Great Western Railway) had been altered so as to have a platform face on its south side for the Cowbridge trains, and there was a run-round loop. A standard gauge line owned by the GWR left the Cowbridge line at the west end, and crossed the main line to lead northwards to the Ely Valley line.

Yolland was not satisfied with the signalling arrangements at Llantrisant junction, which did not bring all the points and signals to a central interlocking. The waiting room at Llantrisant was so close to the platform edge as to risk accidents to passengers. Ystradowen station was on a very steep gradient, which could have simply been eased, and as it was a passing place, another platform was necessary on the loop line. Accordingly Yolland declined to pass the line for passenger operation. Moreover the L&TVJR had not provided signalling at Maesaraul Junction, intending to leave it until after the inspection. Inevitably therefore the inspection there failed and the opening of both the Cowbridge Railway and the L&TVJR section was refused also.

On 16 January 1865, the TVR brought an engine over Maesaraul Junction and the mixed gauge section of the Ely Valley Railway, on to the Cowbridge Railway. This engine then worked on the line as a trial. While this was satisfactory, the Taff Vale Railway Engineer, George Fisher, declared himself extremely unhappy with the Cowbridge Railway track. Fisher reported that the works on the line were exceptionally light, and had been executed in the cheapest possible manner. This would result, he thought, in costly maintenance and excessive wear and tear. Considerable alterations would be required before TVR engines could work safely over the railway, and the line would require constant attention and repair during its first year of operation.

Notwithstanding the deferral of passenger operation, an opening ceremony took place on 30 January 1865. An ordinary goods service was started on 8 February 1865, and it was decided that two trains a day would suffice. Messrs Griffiths and Thomas would maintain the line for twelve months, for £500 in cash.

Work on the alterations required by the Board of Trade was complete (except for Ystradowen station, temporarily deferred) and Captain Rich inspected the railway on 22 March 1865. He was satisfied and approved the opening for passengers. However he also inspected the Llantrisant and Taff Vale Junction Railway; he was dissatisfied with the signalling at Maesaraul Junction, and refused that opening. The third rail over the Ely Valley Railway was also incomplete, so the Cowbridge directors decided not to attempt to operate a passenger service on their own branch line until trains could run through to Pontypridd.

Opening and early performance
Eventually these difficulties were resolved and on 18 September 1865 the inaugural passenger train ran. The train service consisted of three round trips daily, of which two continued to and from Pontypridd. A Sunday service of two Cowbridge to Pontypridd round trips was also provided. With the exception of these Sunday trains, all trains were mixed, passenger and goods. Rolling stock was rented from the Taff Vale Railway. Receipts for the first month of operation amounted to £212.

Ystradowen station was opened in February or March 1866. "The Ystradowen station has recently been opened for passengers and goods." To relocate it away from the steep incline, it was now positioned some distance from the village it served.

During the second half of 1865, the gross receipts of the Company had been £951, with working expenses of £703. This did not make any allowance for maintenance and renewal of the permanent way. It was stated that "some time must elapse before the Cowbridge Railway Company can have a disposable balance of £1,000 per annum."

Faced with serious financial difficulties, the Cowbridge company was anxious to lease its line to the Taff Vale Railway, and proposals were submitted to the TVR in August 1866. The Cowbridge Company would lease its railway to the TVR for 3% per annum on capital of £52,000 until 1 January 1870; then 4% for five years and then 5%. Receipts of £1,436 against working expenses of £973 were declared, but this did not include the £200 paid to the GWR for the use of the Ely Valley line, nor for any maintenance of the permanent way which, in the first year alone had cost £500.

Paying £1,560 a year escalating, to lease a railway losing £237 a year escalating, was hardly attractive to the TVR, and they turned the offer down.

Financial problems
In April 1867 the ironmakers Guest & Co. issued writs against the Cowbridge Railway for payment of £817 owed for the supply of rails. Moreover the Lloyds Bonds which the company had issued to the contractors were becoming due for redemption, and in April 1867, the Company went into bankruptcy.

An auction of movable assets was held on 29 April 1867. R C Nichol-Carne, the Company chairman, purchased some items on his own initiative: the engine turntables, carriage shed, weighbridges, water tank and pump, and leased them back to the Company. Later in 1867 the National Provincial Bank was granted possession of the Cowbridge Railway for unpaid debts.

The poor standard of maintenance, compounding the inferior standard of construction, concerned the Taff Vale Railway, and in January 1869 the TVR Directors resolved that "notice be given to the Cowbridge Railway Company that if their line is not placed in good working condition previously to the 1st of March next, this company will feel obliged to withdraw its rolling stock and plant." The deadline passed but the pressure from the TVR continued, and the Cowbridge company gave notice that it would work the line itself from 5 April 1870.

A service of seven return trips between Cowbridge and Llantrisant was inaugurated, four on Sunday, although this was later reduced somewhat. The TVR was left to work into Llantrisant from Pontypridd, and was obliged to contribute to the tolls for using the Ely Valley Railway from Maesaraul, and to the Cowbridge itself for the use of the standard gauge accommodation at Llantrisant.

The Cowbridge company opened a new station at Llanharry in August 1871. The facilities were of the most basic kind.

In May 1872 the Great Western Railway altered the gauge of the track in South Wales: now its entire South Wales system was standard gauge, and this obviated the necessity for transshipment of goods at Llantrisant.

The Cowbridge company had taken over the working of its line, but of course that did not enable it to bring in more income, or to improve the standard of maintenance. In 1874 it emerged that most of the landowners had never received payment for the acquisition of their land in the first place, and lawsuits were now threatened. Repossession of the land was now a possibility.

Leased to the Taff Vale Railway
In March 1875, the Company once again approached the Taff Vale Railway. A lease was proposed, but again the Cowbridge put forward unrealistic terms. The TVR offered to lease the line for £1,500 per annum rising gradually to £2,000, and these terms were accepted by a shareholders' meeting on 4 May 1875. The effective date of the lease was 1 January 1876.

The TVR decided that a fortnight's closure was necessary to enable the necessary track relaying to take place. The passenger service was suspended from 30 November 1875, reopening on 13 December 1875. During this period one goods train ran a round trip daily.

On reopening, the through service to Pontypridd was reinstated, and as this reduced the frequent service between Llantrisant and Cowbridge, two extra round trips on the branch were put in.

In 1889 the TVR wished to tidy up the arrangement by which it was leasing independently built lines, and the Cowbridge Railway was absorbed by Act of 26 August 1889.

Cowbridge and Aberthaw Railway
Aberthaw had long been a source of high quality limestone, which was in demand for burning to make lime. In 1881 Stephen Collier and David Owen went into partnership with a view to establishing lime kilns at Aberthaw. This was not immediately fruitful, but in 1888 works and equipment were provided and the industry took hold. At this time further railway developments in the general area were under consideration, and in November 1888 proposals were published for the Vale of Glamorgan line, which would connect Barry and Bridgend via Aberthaw.

The preparations for this motivated the Taff Vale Railway to give support to Collier and Owen, and proposals form a Cowbridge and Aberthaw Railway were deposited in the same month. The TVR guaranteed % on the construction cost, and the Cowbridge and Aberthaw Railway Act was passed on 12 August 1889, with capital of £90,000.

Construction of the line proceeded, and on 2 September 1892 Major H. A. Yorke of the Board of Trade inspected the line and passed it for passenger operation; it opened on 1 October 1892. The line was 6 miles 53 chains in length, and had cost £120,000 to build. A new station was provided at Cowbridge as the location of the old one did not lend itself to extending the line, and it was downgraded to the status of goods station. There were new stations on the line at St Mary Church Road, St Athan Road, and Aberthaw. There were three passenger trains a day, running between Aberthaw and Pontypridd.

The Taff Vale Railway was persuaded to acquire the Cowbridge and Aberthaw Railway company, which it did from 1 January 1895, authorised by Act of 17 August 1894.

The lack of a loop to cross trains on the single line at Cowbridge proved to be an operational inconvenience, and a loop was installed, being commissioned in October 1897. The Vale of Glamorgan line opened in that year. It had an Aberthaw station adjacent to the Cowbridge one, but there was no direct connection between the two, for trains or for the public.

Motor cars
In 1903 the Taff Vale Railway experimented with what it called "motor cars": in fact railmotors, that is, single passenger coaches with an integrated small steam engine. The intention was to enable a service to remote and lightly trafficked areas by the provision of low-cost stopping places: in practice these were platforms 40 feet in length, at first with no shelter or other facilities.

The motor cars were introduced on the Pontypridd to Aberthaw service on 1 May 1905. Nine round trips per day were arranged using two motor cars; a conventional service and a mixed train also operated on the line. There were new stopping places, not able to be used by the conventional trains. They were at Trerhyngyll & Maendy, Aberthin, St Hilary and Llanbethêry. The motor cars had heating in the passenger saloons, a considerable benefit compared with the four-wheel coaches on conventional trains. From May 1908 all the passenger trains were operated by motor cars or auto-trains calling at all the stopping places but the railmotor service was withdrawn on 12th July 1920.

In 1884 the Taff Vale Railway had manufactured the "I" class outside-cylinder 440T locomotives. In later years they worked on the Cowbridge trains until they were displaced by the motor cars. However the railmotors generated more traffic than they could manage, and so the "I" class re-entered service in December 1907 on auto-trains.

Aberthaw cement works
In 1909 a significant development of iron ore extraction near Llanharry took place, with a long tramway being provided to make the connection. Further south, the Aberthaw & Bristol Channel Portland Cement Company opened a large cement manufacturing plant at Aberthaw in 1913; it was connected to both the Taff Vale line and the Vale of Glamorgan line although through freight traffic was not authorised. No further rail traffic to or from the works via the TV branch took place after 1932 when the line was closed south of Beaupre, 1mile-3chains south of Cowbridge. At that location, track to Aberthaw Low Level was lifted from June 1934 and the line further curtailed at Beggars Bush buffer stop at Cowbridge station, in 1947.

Decline of business
The passenger service on the Cowbridge to Aberthaw section had declined over a long period. The motor car platforms at Aberthin, St. Hilary and Llanbethêry were closed to passengers on 12 July 1920, so that only Trerhyngyll & Maendy remained open of the 1905 "platforms".

A census of passenger business on the line disclosed that in 1923, 66,140 tickets were sold at Cowbridge Station; the branch as a whole excluding Llantrisant sold 87,800. Just over 3,000 tickets were sold at the three stations south of Cowbridge in 1923.

The first daily bus service to Cowbridge was inaugurated in 1920, and proved much more convenient than the trains. A long standing complaint had been the poor connections with the GWR at Llantrisant, so that the dominant flow from Cowbridge to Cardiff was inconvenient by train: it was much better served by the new bus service.

In 1926, a review showed that in 1925, expenses incurred on the branch amounted to £18,423. Most of the income was from the iron ore mine at Llanharry, and the remainder of the line generated little: earnings for the three stations amounted to £133 for the whole of 1925.

This report resulted in suspension of the passenger service between Cowbridge and Aberthaw from 4 May 1926, but the service was reinstated on 11 July 1927. Ticket sales at Aberthaw in 1928 amounted to only 229 compared with 1,187 in 1923; at St Athan Road the figures were 451 against 1,232 for the same years. Passenger receipts from all three stations on the branch amounted to £60 for the whole of 1928, and the GWR announced its intention to withdraw the service between Cowbridge and Aberthaw from 5 May 1930.

The general goods business on the Aberthaw section declined too, as did the small private siding traffic, and the Aberthaw cement works increasingly used the Vale of Glamorgan line as its route for traffic forwarded. By 1932 the Cowbridge to Aberthaw line had become little used by the residual goods service, apart from a small amount of agricultural traffic. The service south of Beaupre siding was withdrawn, and the goods stations were closed on 1 November 1932. The last goods train was handled at Beaupre Quarry siding in 1947, after which the remaining 1 mile 3 chains of line south of Cowbridge was lifted.

Decline of the Cowbridge branch
In 1951, the withdrawal of the passenger service between Llantrisant and Cowbridge was announced: the date was fixed for 26 November 1951.

Llantrisant Station was closed to passengers on 2 November 1964. The goods service from Llantrisant to Cowbridge was withdrawn on 1 February 1965, and the branch was closed to all traffic south of Llanharry Iron Ore Mine.

The end of steel making at East Moors removed the market for the iron ore, with the result that the Llanharry mine ceased production on 25 July 1975, and with it the branch closed.

Topography
The course of the line was generally undulating, with a climb at 1 in 66 and 1 in 84 through Llanharry, and a climb at 1 in 45 to Ystradowen and a fall at 1 in 50 after it. South of Cowbridge there was a fall for a mile at 1 in 90 approaching St Mary Church Road but otherwise the gradients were unremarkable.

 [Llantrisant];
 ; opened July 1871; relocated 2 March 1891; closed 26 November 1951;
 ; opened by March 1866; closed 26 November 1951;
 ; opened 1 May 1905; closed 26 November 1951;
 ; opened 1 May 1905; closed 12 July 1920;
 ; opened 18 September 1865; relocated 1 October 1892; closed 26 November 1951;
 St Hilary Platform; opened 1 May 1905; closed 12 July 1920;
 St Mary Church Road; opened 1 October 1892; closed 4 May 1926; reopened 11 July 1927; closed 5 May 1930;
 Llanbethery Platform; opened 1 May 1905; closed 12 July 1920;
 St Athan Road; opened 1 October 1892; closed 4 May 1926; reopened 11 July 1927; closed 5 May 1930;
 Aberthaw; opened 1 October 1892; renamed Aberthaw Low Level 1924; closed 4 May 1926; reopened 11 July 1927; closed 5 May 1930.

Notes

References

External links
Past the Tracks.

Railway companies disestablished in 1889
Railway lines in Wales
Llantrisant


title: Trijata

text:
Trijata (, IAST: ) is a rakshasi (demoness) in the Hindu epic Ramayana who is assigned the duty of guarding maa Sita who was kidnapped by the king of Lanka Ravana. In latter adaptions of Ramayana, Trijata is described as a daughter of Vibhishana, the brother of Ravana.

In the Ramayana, Trijata appears as a wise old rakshasi, who dreams of Ravana's destruction and the victory of Rama, the husband of Sita who wages war against Ravana to rescue Sita. Trijata accompanies Sita on a survey of the battlefield of the war between Rama and Ravana, and reassures Sita of Rama's well-being when Sita sees her husband unconscious and presumes him dead. In later Ramayana adaptations, Trijata becomes the daughter of Vibhishana, the brother of Ravana who sides with Rama. She plays a much greater role in later versions, especially Southeast Asian ones.

Barring a few exceptions where Trijata is cast as Ravana's agent, she is generally portrayed as a friend and loyal companion of Sita in her adversity. On numerous occasions, she offers solace to Sita and brings news from the outside world; she also dissuades Sita from committing suicide. After Rama's victory and Ravana's death, Trijata is richly rewarded by Sita and Rama. While some Ramayana adaptations mention her being a devotee of Rama, Southeast Asian versions often depict her as the wife of Rama's vanara general Hanuman, whom she bears a son. She is worshipped as a local goddess in Varanasi and Ujjain; both in India.

Names
While Indian, Javanese and Balinese versions of the Ramayana call her Trijata, she is known as Punukay in the Laotian Phra Lak Phra Lam, Benyakai () in the Thai Ramakien and Devi Seri Jali in the Malay Hikayat Seri Rama.

The Ramayana

In the original Ramayana by Valmiki, Trijata is described as an aged rakshasi (demoness) who is prominently featured in two incidents. The first takes place in the Sundara Kanda, the epic's fifth book. The kidnapped princess Sita is imprisoned in the Ashoka Vatika of Lanka. The demon-king of Lanka, Ravana has ordered the raskshasis who guard Sita to convince her to marry him by any means possible, since Sita adamantly refuses and is still faithful to her husband Rama. After Ravana leaves, the rakshasis start to harass Sita to compel her to change her will. The aged Trijata intervenes and narrates a prophetic dream that predicts Ravana's doom and Rama's victory.

In her dream, Trijata sees Rama and his brother Lakshmana riding the celestial elephant Airavata toward Sita. Rama takes Sita in his lap and rises high in the sky, allowing Sita to touch the Sun and the Moon. Then the trio ride to Lanka and get into the Pushpaka Vimana (aerial chariot of Ravana) to fly towards the north, while Ravana, drenched in oil and with a red complexion, lies on the ground. Ravana then heads south on a donkey and falls in a pit of dung. A black woman in a red saree, drags him to the south. Other members of Ravana's family, like his brother Kumbhakarna and son Indrajit, face similar fates. Ravana's brother Vibishana is seen in regal white garments, riding a four tusked elephant near the Pushpaka Vimana. The city of Lanka drowns in the ocean and a vanara) messenger of Rama burns the city. Trijata advises the rakshasis to take refuge in Sita and apologise to her; in turn, Sita promises that if Trijata's dream materialises, she will protect her rakshasi guards.

The second incident is found in the sixth book, Yuddha Kanda. Rama and his brother Lakshmana come with a vanara army to rescue Sita from the clutches of the demon-king. On the first day of war, Ravana's son Indrajit binds the brothers with the weapon Nagapasha (serpent-noose) and the brothers lose consciousness. Ravana sends Sita with Trijata to see the battlefield. Thinking her husband is dead, Sita laments, but is reassured by Trijata that the brothers are still alive. Trijata expresses her love for Sita and tells her that the captive's "moral character and gentle nature" have compelled her to love her.

Trijata and Vibhishana
In the Ramayana, Sita has few other rakshasi benefactors besides Trijata. When Hanuman – the vanara-general of Rama who was tasked to find Sita – meets her in Lanka, she tells him that the wife of Vibhishana (the brother of Ravana who sides with Rama in the war) sent her daughter Kala (in other recensions of the Ramayana, known as Nanda or Anala) to proclaim Ravana's intention to not surrender Sita to Rama, despite the advice of the wise minister Avindhya and Vibhisana. Another friend, Sarama, consoles Sita when Ravana shows Sita an illusory severed head of Rama. She also informs her of Rama's well-being and his entry in Lanka with his army. In some versions of the Ramayana, an interpolated canto mentions how Sarama also tells Sita of the burning of Lanka by Hanuman after his meeting with Sita. Ravana's wife Mandodari is described to have rescued Sita in some versions, when Ravana tries to kill Sita. In later Rama-centric literature, Sarama was identified as Vibishana's wife, while Trijata was regarded as his daughter.

The Tamil epic Kamba Ramayana, Govindaraja's commentary on the Ramayana (Bhushana), the Oriya Balaramadasa Ramayana, the Javanese Kakawin Ramayana and the Malay Seri Rama all accord the status of Vibhishana's daughter to Trijata, a trend generally followed by post-Ramayana literature. Though Govindaraja's commentary on the Ramayana states that Trijata is Vibhishana's daughter in the epic, Goldman considers this "strange" given her advanced age in the original epic.

A few works relate Trijata to Vibhishana in a position other than his daughter. The Ananda Ramayana and the Marathi Bhavartha Ramayana of Eknath regard Trijata as the wife and the sister of Vibhishana (thus sister of Ravana) respectively. The Jain version, the Vasudevahindi of Samghadasa Gani, says Trijata is a sister of Ravana, Vibhishana, Kumbhakarna, and Shurpanakha. Jayamangala's commentary on the Bhattikavya also describes Trijata as Ravana's sister.

Trijata and Sita

In later literature, Trijata plays the roles which were attributed to Kala, Sarama, and Mandodari in the original Ramayana. She becomes a more important character in Southeast Asian versions of the Ramayana, particularly in Indonesian retellings such as the Kakawin Ramayana.

In the Ramopakhyana (the narrative of Rama in the epic Mahabharata), Sita informs Hanuman that Trijata brought her a message from Avindhya about the well-being of Rama, and that he and Lakshamana will soon come to rescue her from Lanka. Trijata thus assumes the role assigned to Kala in the original Ramayana. The Raghuvamsa, the Setubandha, the Balaramadasa Ramayana, the Kakawin Ramayana and the Seri Rama all replace Sarama with Trijata in the episode where the truth of the illusory head of Rama is revealed to Sita. The Prasannaraghava has Trijata inform Sita about the burning of Lanka, instead of Sarama. The Balaramadasa Ramayana makes Trijata the saviour of Sita, when she stops Ravana from killing Sita in the Ashoka Vatika; this role was originally assigned to Mandodari. Trijata again saves Sita's life when a vengeful Ravana rushes to slay his captive after his son Indrajit is killed in the war. In the Ramayana, Suparshva – a minister of Ravana – stops him, while other adaptations attribute the act variously to Avindhya or Mandodari.

Besides crediting Trijata for acts attributed to others in the original epic, later literature adds new elements which grant Trijata a bigger role. In the Ramayana, just before meeting Hanuman, the thought of suicide crosses Sita's mind, but she never attempts it. In the Prasannaraghava, Trijata and Sita engage in a "friendly conversation" before Ravana comes to meet her. After Ravana's departure, Sita tells Trijata of her intent to commit suicide and urges Trijata to help her create a wood pyre. Trijata, however, refuses, saying there is not enough firewood. The Kakawin Ramayana also narrates that, when Sita sees the illusory severed heads of Rama and Lakshmana, she prepares a pyre. Trijata is ready to die with Sita, but first wants to inform her father Vibhishana. She returns with the news of Rama's well-being. Later on, after seeing Rama and Lakshmana bound by Indrajit's Nagapasha, Sita instructs Trijata to again create a pyre, but Trijata holds off until she can confirm the truth from her father, and returns with the news that Rama is alive.

Many adaptations of the Ramayana narrate the friendship and companionship developed between Trijata and Sita. Trijata fulfils two important objectives: she comforts Sita and constantly updates Sita about the happenings of the war and the welfare of Rama. The Balaramadasa Ramayana describes Trijata assuaging Sita's grief when they hear that Indrajit has wounded Rama and Lakshmana a second time. In the Balaramayana of Rajasekhara, Trijata employs two rakshasas to bring her news from the battlefield. The Ananda Ramayana narrates that, upon hearing Lakshmana's conch sound, Sita urges Trijata to find out what has happened. Trijata learns of the death of Indrajit by Lakshmana and passes the news to Sita. The Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas also depicts Trijata breaking the news of Indrajit's death to Sita, upon her inquiry. In another episode in the text, the two discuss the impending duel between Rama and Ravana on the final day of war. Sita is concerned that the ten-headed Ravana is invincible and will magically regrow his severed heads. Trijata reassures Sita that Rama will slay Ravana by shooting an arrow through the demon-king's heart. The text emphasises that Trijata is a devotee of Rama, a feature also found in the Bhavartha Ramayana.

The Kakawin Ramayana says that, when Sita is tormented by her 300 rakshasi guards, only Trijata comes to her rescue and offers her solace, keeping her company and playing games with her. In the Seri Rama, Trijata (here called "Dewi Srijati") is in charge of Sita's custody in Lanka. Sita tells Ravana that she will not even consider Ravana's marriage proposal while her husband is alive, and will believe he's dead only if she sees his head in Ravana's hands. To trick Sita, Ravana visits her with two heads and proclaims that they belong to Rama and Lakshmana, but Trijata stops him and asks him to return the next day. She presents the heads to Sita, who decides to commit suicide, but Trijata asks her to wait until she can verify the truth. Carrying Sita's dagger, she meets Rama and in return receives a girdle woven by Sita from Rama. She is carried back to Lanka by Hanuman. When Ravana arrives the next day, Trijana rebukes him for his deception and informs him that she had met Rama herself the previous day. An enraged Ravana tries to kill Trijata, who runs and seeks refuge in Sita, who takes all the blame. Trijata is recused of her duties and Sita is transferred to an iron castle, guarded by an army commanded by one of Ravana's ministers.

Trijata as Ravana's agent

While Trijata is generally portrayed in a positive light, the early Jain versions of the Ramayana either ignore her or demonise her as an agent of Ravana. Svayambhudeva's Paumacriu, as well as Hemachandra's Yogashastra and Ramayana, say that when Hanuman meets Sita and shows her Rama's signet-ring, Sita is overjoyed; Trijata reports this to her master Ravana. Hemachandra emphasises that Trijata's job was to "tempt" Sita at Ravana's behest. The Krittivasi Ramayana, possibly influenced by Jain narratives, portrays Trijata appealing to Sita to wed Ravana and rule as the queen of Lanka; it is Sarama who functions as Sita's friend in this version.

After the war
Numerous Ramayana adaptations record the gratitude of Sita and Rama who reward Trijata richly. In the Mahabharata version, Trijata is rewarded and honoured by Rama at the end of the war by giving a vow that in his Krishna's avatar she be his sister as Subhadra.

The Balaramayana mentions that after the war, Trijata accompanies Sita to her kingdom Ayodhya in the Pushpaka Vimana; Rama uses the Pushpaka Vimana to return to Ayodhya. In the Ananda Ramayana, both Trijata and Sarama journey to Ayodhya in the Pushpaka Vimana. Later, when Sita visits Lanka, she tells Sarama to treat Trijata as if she would her. The Kakawin Ramayana mentions how Trijata is honoured with rich gifts by Sita at Ayodhya as her loyal companion and solace, and the one who saved her life twice.

The oldest Indian manuscript to mention Trijata's presence in Ayodhya is the Paumacriu. Many suggest that, after Sita's exile and the subsequent battle between Rama and his sons, Sita be reaccepted by Rama. Trijata and Lankasundari are called from Lanka to attest to Sita's chastity and both of them suggest an ordeal to convince the world of her purity.

In the Thai Ramakien, Hanuman helps Vibhishana (here called Phipek) kill a demon. Hanuman then marries Trijata (Benchakai); their union results in the birth of a son, Asurapada, a demon with a monkey head. In the Malay version, after the great war, Vibhishana requests that Hanuman wed his daughter Trijata (Seri Jati). Hanuman agrees, on the condition that he remain with her for only a month. While Hanuman leaves for Ayodhya with Rama, Trijata gives birth to his son Hanuman Tegangga (Asurapada). The Javanese and Sundanese Wayang puppet tradition also portrays Trijata as the wife of Hanuman.

Remembrance and assessment
Trijata is remembered as a friend and loyal companion of Sita in her time of need. Camille Bulcke, an expert on the literature of Rama, summarises Trijata's character:
For more than twenty centuries the poets, who retold the Rāma-story, have dealt lovingly on Trijatā's friendship for Sītā. [...] [Trijatā] conquered the heart of those poets, and through them, the heart of all those who become acquainted with the Rāma-story. [...] the poets of the Rāmāyana [...] conferred on the humble Trijatā the boon of immortality. No dream is better known in India than the dream of Trijatā, who will live for ever in the hearts of millions as the ideal of a true friend, because she comforted Sītā in her darkest hour: A FRIEND IN NEED IS A FRIEND INDEED.

A temple dedicated to Trijata (called Tirjata in this region) is situated near the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, the most prominent temple in Varanasi. As per local lore, Trijata wanted to accompany Sita to Ayodhya, but Sita said that she would not be allowed in Ayodhya as she was a demoness. Sita suggested her to visit Varanasi and attain moksha (emancipation) and blessed her to be worshipped as a goddess. Trijata enjoys daily worship as a local goddess. Flowers and green vegetables are offered to appease her. Women - who worship at her shrine for seven consecutive Wednesdays - are believed to be blessed with progeny and with the goddess' protective glaze on their family. Many devotees flock the shrine on Kartik Poornima, the last day of the Hindu month of Kartik and its next day, the first day of Margashirsha month. It is believed that the goddess will fulfill the wishes of all who worship at her shrine, after paying obeisance at Kashi Vishwanath Temple on Kartik Poornima. On the first day of Margashirsha, worshippers who had observed a vrata (fast) in the previous month of Kartik conclude the vrata by bathing in the Ganges at the Dashashwamedh Ghat in the name of Trijata. Local lore holds that Rama granted a boon to Trijata: those who do not bathe in her honour after observing the vrata will lose all merit (punya) – gained from the fast – to her.

A temple of Trijata also exists in the temple complex of Balveer Hanuman Temple, Ujjain. Special puja (worship rituals) is offered to the goddess for 3 days, starting from Kartik Poornima.

In the Telugu Sita Puranamu, Ramaswami Chaudari portrays Trijata as the daughter of the Dravidian Vibhishana and the Aryan Gandharva Sarama. Trijata, a half-Aryan, is labelled a traitor, who betrays her uncle Ravana and helps Sita. Vibhishana's betrayal towards his brother and defection to Rama is also blamed on his Aryan wife.

Notes

References

Rakshasa in the Ramayana
Hindu goddesses


title: Vishnu Govind

text:
Vishnu Govind (born 15 January 1986) is an Indian re-recording mixer, sound designer and sound editor. He has worked in over 150 films in Malayalam,Tamil,Hindi and Telugu languages. He won the National Film Award for Best Audiography (Re-recordist of the final mixed track) for the Malayalam film Malik (2020). Govind is also a recipient of the Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Design along with Sree Sankar, for the films Unda (2018) and Ishq (2019).

Early life
A native of Thiruvalla, Govind attended St. Berchmans College, Changanassery, graduating in Physics. While at St. Berchmans, he met future sound designer/editor Sree Sankar with whom he has collaborated on a number of projects. Since they both shared keen interest in music and movies, they became friends and eventually set off to pursue a career in Audio Engineering.

In 2006, Govind enrolled in the graduate program of Film and Television Institute of Tamil Nadu (FTIT), formerly known as Adayar Film Institute, for Sound Engineering & Sound Recording. During his time in college, he encountered and became friends with Alphonse Puthren, Karthik Subbaraj, Nalan Kumarasamy, Vijay Sethupathi, Bobby Simha, Rajesh Murgeshan and Shabareesh Varma; all of these men would go on to be successful filmmakers, actors and musicians.

Career
Govind started his career as an ADR recordist in AVM Studios, Chennai. He first worked on Alphonse Puthren’s short film Neram(2012) before quitting the job to focus entirely on films. His feature film debut came with Karthik Subbaraj’s Tamil film, Pizza(2012). The film marked the start of his partnership with Sree Sankar and they went on to establish their studio, Sound Factor.

Govind and Sankar had created a sound script for Pizza(2012) and used the most advanced audio format for cinema available at the time and incidentally becoming the first South Indian film mixed in Dolby 7.1 surround sound. The film was received well by audiences and critics alike. M.Suganth of The Times of India noted "While Resul Pookutty’s Oscar win in 2009 created an awareness of this community, in Tamil cinema, it was Pizza in 2012, that made people sit up and take notice of sound design." They were nominated for the Mirchi Music Awards for Best Sound Mixing that year for designing the soundscape of the film and went on to collaborate with Karthik Subbaraj in his two future films - Jigarthanda(2014) and Iraivi(2016). The former set a landmark by becoming the first South Indian film to be mixed in Dolby Atmos.

Govind along with Sankar made his Malayalam film debut with Neram(2013) and went on to work with its director, Alphonse Puthren in Premam(2015) and Gold(2022). Starting in 2017, with Soubin Shahir’s debut film Parava, Govind has also served as the re-recording mixer for a number of films. The duo won two consecutive Behindwoods Gold Medal for Best Sound for Iruthi Suttru(2016) and Aval(2017). Both these Tamil films were remade in Hindi as Saala Khadoos(2016) and House Next Door(2017) respectively. He won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Design for the films Unda(2018) and Ishq(2019), which he shared with Sankar.

In 2020, he teamed up with Mahesh Narayanan for his films C U Soon and Malik. Having previously collaborated with Narayanan in Take Off(2017) as its sound designer, Govind handled the design, editing and mixing of sound for Malik. The film's theatrical release was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and eventually got released on Amazon Prime Video in 2021. It received mostly positive responses from the critics. Behindwoods wrote: "The sound design was fabulous. The presence of deep bass at the time of actions and the perfect balance of ambience sound with the dialogues that carried an intensity made the scenes much more effective". The film earned him his first National Film Award for Best Audiography (Re-recordist of the final mixed track). The jury appreciated him for "creating a life like ambience through a dextrous audio scope."

Govind worked with A.R Rahman for the film Malayankunju(2022), which marked Rahman's return to Malayalam cinema as a composer, after a hiatus of 28 years. In an interview with The Hindu, Sajimon Prabhakar, director of the film said, "It was not an easy project for the sound designers. We don’t know what are the sounds that one can hear under the ground. They had no references as well." Govind used Dolby Atmos, an immersive sound format, to mix the sound in the film. Following its release, the reception was generally positive with the film receiving praises for its scope, ambition and technical aspects. Lalitha Suhasini, former editor of Rolling Stone India wrote "The movie’s soundscape brings to mind Danny Boyle’s 2010 film 127 Hours, both incidentally scored by A.R. Rahman. Govind makes us feel stuck with Anikuttan by creating a brilliantly lulling silence in the film."  Nirmal Jovial of The Week wrote "Malayankunju is a film that deserves a theatrical watch. The kind of experience it offers on a small screen will not be comparable to that on the big screen."

Since 2020, he has worked on the sound and mixing of numerous films, notably Anjaam Pathiraa (2020), Soorarai Pottru (2020), Ayyappanum Koshiyum (2020), Operation Java (2021), Kaanekkaane (2021), Mahaveeryar (2022), and Thallumala (2022).

Selected filmography

Awards
 2019: Kerala State Film Awards for Best Sound Design along with Sree Sankar for Unda & Ishq
 2020: National Film Awards for Best Audiography(Re-recordist of the final mixed track) for Malik
 2022: Kerala Film Critics Association Awards for the Best Sound Recording for Malayankunju

References

External links

Living people
Re-recording mixers
Indian sound designers
Indian sound editors
Best Audiography National Film Award winners
Kerala State Film Award winners
Indian audio engineers
1986 births


title: 1976 in Bolivia

text:
Events in the year 1976 in Bolivia.

Incumbents
President: Hugo Banzer

Events
1976 Bolivian census
July 17-August 1 - Bolivia participates in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
dissolution of Mariscal Santa Cruz

Births

Deaths
June 2 - Juan José Torres, former President, in Argentina

See also
Bolivia at the 1976 Summer Olympics

1970s in Bolivia


title: Monarchy of Italy

text:
The monarchy of Italy () was the system of government in which a hereditary constitutional monarch was the sovereign of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1946.

History
After the deposition of the last Western Emperor in 476, Heruli leader Odoacer was appointed Dux Italiae ("Duke of Italy") by the reigning Byzantine Emperor Zeno. Later, the Germanic foederati, the Scirians and the Heruli, as well as a large segment of the Italic Roman army, proclaimed Odoacer Rex Italiae ("King of Italy"). In 493, the Ostrogothic king Theoderic the Great killed Odoacer, and set up a new dynasty of kings of Italy. Ostrogothic rule ended when Italy was reconquered by the Byzantine Empire in 552.

In 568, the Lombards entered the peninsula and ventured to recreate a barbarian kingdom in opposition to the Empire, establishing their authority over much of Italy, except the Exarchate of Ravenna and the duchies of Rome, Venetia, Naples and the southernmost portions. In the 8th century, estrangement between the Italians and the Byzantines allowed the Lombards to capture the remaining Roman enclaves in northern Italy. However, in 774, they were defeated by the Franks under Charlemagne, who deposed their king and took up the title "king of the Lombards". After the death of Charles III the Fat in 887, Italy fell into instability and a number of kings attempted to establish themselves as independent Italian monarchs. During this period, known as the Feudal Anarchy (888–962), the title Rex Italicorum ("King of the Italians" or "King of the Italics") was introduced. After the breakup of the Frankish empire, Otto I added Italy to the Holy Roman Empire and continued the use of the title Rex Italicorum. The last to use this title was Henry II (1004–1024). Subsequent emperors used the title "king of Italy" until Charles V. At first they were crowned in Pavia, later Milan, and Charles was crowned in Bologna.

In 1805, Napoleon I was crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy at the Milan Cathedral. The next year, Holy Roman Emperor Francis II abdicated his imperial title. From the deposition of Napoleon I (1814) until the Italian Unification (1861), there was no Italian monarch claiming the overarching title. The Risorgimento successfully established a dynasty, the House of Savoy, over the whole peninsula, uniting the kingdoms of Sardinia and the Two Sicilies to form the modern Kingdom of Italy. The monarchy was superseded by the Italian Republic, after a constitutional referendum was held on 2 June 1946 after World War II. The Italian monarchy formally ended on 12 June of that year, and Umberto II left the country.

Full title

Up until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1946, the full title of the Kings of Italy (1861–1946) was:

[Name], by the Grace of God and the will of the Nation, King of Italy, King of Sardinia, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Armenia, Duke of Savoy, count of Maurienne, Marquis (of the Holy Roman Empire) in Italy; Prince of Piedmont, Carignano, Oneglia, Poirino, Trino; Prince and Perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire; Prince of Carmagnola, Montmellian with Arbin and Francin, Prince bailiff of the Duchy of Aosta, Prince of Chieri, Dronero, Crescentino, Riva di Chieri and Banna, Busca, Bene, Bra, Duke of Genoa, Monferrat, Aosta, Duke of Chablais, Genevois, Duke of Piacenza, Marquis of Saluzzo (Saluces), Ivrea, Susa, of Maro, Oristano, Cesana, Savona, Tarantasia, Borgomanero and Cureggio, Caselle, Rivoli, Pianezza, Govone, Salussola, Racconigi over Tegerone, Migliabruna and Motturone, Cavallermaggiore, Marene, Modane and Lanslebourg, Livorno Ferraris, Santhià, Agliè, Centallo and Demonte, Desana, Ghemme, Vigone, Count of Barge, Villafranca, Ginevra, Nizza, Tenda, Romont, Asti, Alessandria, of Goceano, Novara, Tortona, Bobbio, Soissons, Sant'Antioco, Pollenzo, Roccabruna, Tricerro, Bairo, Ozegna, delle Apertole, Baron of Vaud and of Faucigni, Lord of Vercelli, Pinerolo, of Lomellina, of Valle Sesia, of the Marquisate of Ceva, Overlord of Monaco, Roccabruna and eleven-twelfths of Menton, Noble Patrician of Venice, Patrician of Ferrara.

See also

List of Italian monarchs
List of heads of state of Italy
List of heirs to the Italian throne

References

Kings of Italy
Italy
Kings
Monarchy in Italy


title: 2014 Malaysian Open, Kuala Lumpur – Singles

text:
João Sousa was the defending champion, but lost to Benjamin Becker in the first round.
Kei Nishikori won the title, defeating Julien Benneteau in the final, 7–6(7–4), 6–4.

Seeds
The top four seeds receive a bye into the second round.

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

Qualifying

Seeds

Qualifiers

Qualifying draw

First qualifier

Second qualifier

Third qualifier

Fourth qualifier

External links
 Main draw
 Qualifying draw

Malaysian Open (tennis)
Malaysian Open - Singles


title: Merrill G. Burlingame

text:
Merrill G. Burlingame (March 13, 1901 – November 14, 1994) was a history professor at Montana State University in Bozeman, Montana who specialized in Montana history and the history of the American West.  He was instrumental in the founding of the Museum of the Rockies and driving force behind the resurgence of the Montana Historical Society in the 1960s.  In his time, he was known as "Mr. Montana History."

Early life
Merrill Gildea Burlingame was born in Boone, Iowa on March 13, 1901.  He was the son of Nathan and Teresa Gildea Burlingame. He attended local schools prior to attending college at the University of Minnesota, the University of Wisconsin, and the University of Iowa where he ultimately received his doctorate in history in 1936.  Before joining the faculty of Montana State College in 1929 he taught history at various high schools in Minnesota and Nebraska.  He married another historian, Virginia Struble of Davenport, Iowa, in 1936.  She was the author of numerous children's short stories and books with environmental and historical themes.

Montana State University
Burlingame joined the faculty of Montana State College (now Montana State University) as a history professor in 1929.  In 1935 he was appointed chairman of the history department.  He was granted emeritus status in 1969. Burlingame was an active researcher who wrote numerous works on Montana history, among them two books relating to Montana State University's general history. The first, Montana State College 1893 to 1919: a preliminary sketch was published in 1943 in conjunction with the university's 50th anniversary. The second, A History, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, was published in 1968 to commemorate the university's 75th anniversary. Burlingame wrote other works relating to the university including The Danforth Chapel and Religious Activities at Montana State University, 1893–1991 (1991) and The Montana Cooperative Extension Service: A history, 1893–1974 (1984).

Burlingame was instrumental in the establishment of the Museum of the Rockies with physician Caroline M. McGill, a Butte, Montana physician, who was a noted collector of Montana antiquities.  Burlingame was appointed the first museum director in December 1959.  He helped preserve the Montana-related records of the Works Progress Administration Federal Writers' Project.  He was a founding member of the Gallatin County Historical Society and Pioneer Museum in 1977, which  is located in the building housing the original Gallatin County jail.

Montana Historical Society
Burlingame was closely associated with the Montana Historical Society and considered a founder of Montana: The Magazine of Western History, the society's quarterly journal. He sat on the society's Board of Trustees from 1949 to 1976, serving as president of the board from 1967 to 1969, and on the magazine's editorial board from its inception in 1950 until 1985.

Legacy
The Montana Historical Society annually recognizes the historical research and writings of undergraduate and graduate students in history with its Merrill G. Burlingame and K. Ross Toole award. The Special Collections and Archives of the Montana State University Library are named after Burlingame.  His work The Montana Frontier first published in 1942 is considered a seminal work of Montana history.

Bibliography

  – Reprinted in 1980

Notes

Historians of Montana
People from Boone, Iowa
Writers from Bozeman, Montana
University of Minnesota alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
University of Iowa alumni
Montana State University faculty
1901 births
1994 deaths
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
Historians from Iowa


title: Hawksmoor (restaurant)

text:
Hawksmoor is a British steakhouse and cocktail bar chain started in 2006.

Development
The restaurant was founded by Will Beckett and Huw Gott in 2006.  They had previously worked in bars and kitchens in London's East End and opened their new bar/restaurant on Commercial Street.  Their plan was to offer high-quality, well-butchered beef, so they tasted a range of beef from all over the world, until coming to the conclusion that the best tasting steak was from the UK.

Their second branch in Seven Dials was opened in 2010.  This was especially successful and the turnover of their company, Underdog, increased from £4 million to £11 million.

In 2013, the founders sold a majority stake in the chain to the private equity group Graphite Capital — investors in other London businesses such as the Groucho Club and Wagamama.

The valuation was £35 million but the founders planned to continue to work and invest in the business.

The company has been ranked three star Sunday Times Best Companies for eight consecutive years (in 2014 was the best restaurant company to work for), three star Sustainable Restaurant Association award as well as being involved in variety of charity projects (predominantly for Action Against Hunger, for which Hawksmoor has raised/donated over £1m).

Reception
Giles Coren, reviewing the Seven Dials branch in The Times, praised it as "great, great steak. Best you’ll find anywhere. ... cooked medium rare at Hawksmoor's suggestion and had deep black charry cooking flavours and sweet pink fruity juices. The fillet was uncommonly flavourful, the sirloin unusually tender. There was no texture-taste compromise to consider, it was all good. All, all good".

Locations

Hawksmoor runs seven London restaurants, including: Air Street, Borough, Guildhall, Knightsbridge, Seven Dials, Spitalfields, and Wood Wharf.

They also run restaurants in Edinburgh, Manchester, and New York City.

Hawksmoor planned to open restaurants in Liverpool in autumn 2022 and in Dublin in spring 2023.

Awards
In February 2020, Hawksmoor was recognized at the Best Companies to Work For special awards 2020 in the "Innovation in Engagement" category.

See also

List of restaurants in London

References

External links

 Official website

2006 establishments in England
2006 in London
Restaurants established in 2006
Companies based in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Restaurant chains in the United Kingdom
Restaurants in London
Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Steakhouses


title: Tate's Barn

text:
Tate's Barn is an historic barn in Camden, Arkansas. It is located on the Oakland Farm, a  property off Oakland Street, belonging to the Tate family, who were among Ouachita County's first American settlers.  The barn, probably built in the 1880s, is a cypress structure with a complex floor plan spanning five levels.   It is  wide and  long, with a potato cellar, corn storage rooms, equipment storage, and two levels of hay loft.  Two sheds are attached to the barn, one housing horse stalls, the other farm implements.

The barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Ouachita County, Arkansas

References

Barns on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Buildings and structures completed in 1880
Buildings and structures in Camden, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Ouachita County, Arkansas
1880 establishments in Arkansas


title: Southern Cultivator

text:
The Southern Cultivator is a defunct agrarian publication that was published in the Southern United States.

History
The journal was started by J. W. Jones and W. S. Jones in Augusta, Georgia in 1843. Its publication started prior to De Bow's Review, which was established three years later, in 1846. Indeed, the Southern Cultivator has been said to be "the Confederacy's oldest, strongest, and intellectually most impressive agricultural journal." Its editors were Dennis Redmond and Charles Wallace Howard. Its publisher was J. P. Harrison.

Southern Cultivator was published twice a month. After the American Civil War of 1861–1865, its offices moved to Athens, Georgia. It was then moved to Atlanta. It later absorbed other similar publications, including the Dixie Farmer. The title shifted over time to reflect these absorptions; it was known as The Southern Cultivator and Dixie Farmer from the 1880s until 1926, and as Southern Cultivator and Farming in 1926 and 1927, and once again as Southern Cultivator from 1928 to 1935. It was renamed Southern Farmer in  1935.

Content
The primary readership of the journal was Southern planters. As a result, much of the content focused on agricultural matters. However, it also published articles about politics, education and literature. Indeed, the byline read, "Devoted to Southern Agriculture, Designed to improve the Mind, and Elevate the Characters of the Tillers of the Soil, and to Introduce a More Enlightened System of Culture.".

A large number of poems written by Confederate poets were published in its pages. They also described books published in the North as "evil." Moreover, author Bill Arp (1823-1906) had a monthly column in the journal. As the journal publisher, J. P. Harrison, also served as the publisher of Arp's books, the Southern Cultivator' also ran advertisements for those books.

Among its pages, some readers also discussed the recipe of mustang wine, a wine made from mustang grapes in Texas.

Digitalization
It has been digitized by Duke University Libraries. Original copies are kept at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Duke University, and Princeton University.

References

1843 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Agricultural magazines
Biweekly magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1843
Magazines disestablished in 1872
Magazines published in Georgia (U.S. state)
Magazines published in Atlanta
Mass media in Augusta, Georgia


title: Edward Tyng (military officer)

text:
Edward Tyng (ca. 1649 - ca. 1691) was a leading military officer in Maine and was appointed Governor of Acadia during King William's War. He was the commander of Fort Loyal, 1681–82 and 1686–87.

In the Raid on Salmon Falls, the attackers' original intent was to target the home of Edward Tyng, father of Edward Tyng, at Fort Loyal but they changed plans and attacked Salmon Falls instead.

Tyng was also commander at Fort William Henry, and later became Governor of Acadia in 1690, only to be taken prisoner, together with John Alden III, by Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure in the Naval battle off St. John (1691). Alden's father, John Alden, Jr., was sent to Boston to arrange an exchange of prisoners, but negotiations stalled and Tyng was sent to Quebec, where he met briefly with another prisoner, Hannah Swarton, and was later transferred to France. He died in prison there, at La Rochelle, some time after 1691.

References

History of Maine
People in King William's War
Governors of Acadia
17th-century English military personnel


title: Deutsche Adria-Zeitung

text:
Deutsche Adria-Zeitung was a German-language daily newspaper published from Trieste. The first issue was published on 14 January 1944. The newspaper was published seven times a week and had a weekly supplement called Adria-Illustrierte. Deutsche Adria-Zeitung was discontinued in May 1945.

References

Bibliography
La stampa nazista a Trieste 1944-1945. Trieste: "Italo Svevo", 1995.

1944 establishments in Italy
1945 disestablishments in Italy
Defunct newspapers published in Italy
German-language newspapers published in Europe
Daily newspapers published in Italy
Mass media in Trieste
Newspapers established in 1944
Publications disestablished in 1945


title: Uchchhishta Ganapati

text:
Uchchhishta Ganapati (, ) is a Tantric aspect of the Hindu god Ganesha (Ganapati). He is the primary deity of the Uchchhishta Ganapatya sect, one of six major schools of the Ganapatyas. He is worshipped primarily by heterodox vamachara rituals. He is one of the thirty-two forms of Ganesha, frequently mentioned in devotional literature. Herambasuta was one of the exponents of the Uchchhishta Ganapatya sect.

Name
The god derives his name from Uchchhishta ("leftovers"). The word refers to the food left over at the end of a ritual, but in this context refers to its Tantric connotation. Uchchhishta is the food kept in the mouth, which is contaminated with saliva, thus ritually impure and a taboo in Hinduism.

Iconography
The elephant-headed god is described to be red in colour in the Mantra-maharnava, while mentioned as dark in the Uttara-kamikagama. Another description describes him to be blue in complexion. The deity is described to have four or six arms. He is described to be seated, sometimes specifically noted in on padmasana (a lotus pedestal). The Uttara-kamikagama elaborates that he wears a ratna mukuta (jewelled crown) and has a third eye on his forehead.

The Kriyakramadyoti mentions that the god carries in his six hands: a lotus (in some descriptions, a blue lotus), a pomegranate, the veena, an akshamala (rosary) and a rice sprig. As per the Mantra-maharnava, he carries a bana (arrow), a dhanus (bow), a pasha (noose) and an ankusha (elephant goad). The Uttara-kamikagama says that the god has four arms and holds a pasha, an ankusha and a sugarcane in three hands.

Rao classifies Uchchhishta Ganapati as one of the five Shakti-Ganesha icons, where Ganesha is depicted with a shakti, that is, a female consort. The large figure of Ganesha is accompanied with smaller figure of the consort. The nude devi (goddess) sits on his left lap. She has two arms and wears various ornaments. In the Uttara-kamikagama, she is called Vighneshvari and is prescribed to be sculpted as a beautiful, young maiden. The fourth hand of Uchchhishta Ganapati touches the genitalia of the naked goddess. The Mantra-maharnava prescribes that the god should be depicted as though he is trying to have intercourse.

The textual descriptions generally do not correspond to the sculptures of the deity. Uchchhishta Ganapati is always shown with a naked consort, who is seated on his left lap. The god is generally depicted with four arms and holds a pasha, an ankusha and a ladoo or a modak (a sweet), while the fourth arm hugs the nude goddess around her hip. She holds a lotus or another flower in the left hand. Instead of his hands, the tip of his elephant trunk touches the yoni (vagina) of the goddess. Occasionally, the goddess touches the lingam (phallus) of the god with her right hand. The god is depicted ithyphallic in the latter icon. Such erotic imagery is restricted to his four-armed form.

Cohen notes that many Ganesha icons are depicted with a shakti, seated on his left hip. She holds a plate of modaks in her lap and the god's trunk reaches into it, to fetch the sweet. The trunk is taken as a symbolic of an "erotic bond" between Ganesha and the goddess. The Uchchhishta Ganapati takes the idea a step further, by eliminating the bowl of sweets and allowing the trunk to reach the goddess' yoni. This erotic iconography reflects the influence of the Tantric Ganapatya (the sect that considered Ganesha as the Supreme Being) sects. The pomegranate is also a symbol of fertility, often represented in the icons of the sects.

Worship

As per the Kriyakramadyoti, Uchchhishta Ganapati is worshipped as a giver of great boons. Rao notes that he is worshipped by "many" to gain the desired from the deity. He is also regarded as the guardian of the country. Meditating over his form is said to impart control over the five sensory organs. A temple dedicated to Uchchhishta Ganapati exists in Tirunelveli, where he is worshipped as a giver of progeny.

The Kanchi Ganesh shrine within the Jagannath Temple, Puri houses the icon of Uchchhishta Ganapati, also called Bhanda Ganapati and Kamada Ganapati, which was originally the patron icon of Kanchipuram (Kanchi), but was brought to Puri as war booty when the Gajapati king Purushottama Deva (1470–97) of Puri defeated Kanchi.

Uchchhishta Ganapati is the patron of the Uchchhishta Ganapatya sect, one of the six major schools of the Ganapatya sect. They follow Tantric Vamachara ("left-handed") practices. The sect may have been influenced by the Kaula worship of Shaktism (Goddess-oriented sect). The iconography of the deity bears Kaula Tantric character. The erotic iconography is interpreted to convey the oneness of Ganesha and Devi ("The Hindu Divine Mother"). The sect also worships a Ganesha, who is depicted drinking wine and also its use in worship, a taboo in classical Hinduism (see Panchamakara). Adherents of this sect wear red marks on their foreheads. This sect does not believe in caste and varna distinctions, disregards the orthodox Hindu rules of sexual intercourse and marriage and leaves the adherence of traditional Hindu rituals to the follower's own will.

As per Vamachara practices, the deity is worshipped when the devotee is in the Uchchhishta ("ritually impure") state, that is, nude or with remnants of food (Uchchhishta) in his mouth.

Uchchhishta Ganapati is also associated with six rituals of abhichara (uses of spells for malevolent purposes) by which the adept can cause the target to suffer delusions, be overcome with irresistible attraction or envy, or to be enslaved, paralysed or killed.

See also

 Panchamakara

Notes

References

Forms of Ganesha
Hindu tantric deities


title: Garfagnina goat

text:
The Garfagnina or Garfagnana is an indigenous breed of domestic goat from the mountainous Garfagnana area north of Lucca, in Tuscany in central Italy, from which it takes its name. It is raised in that area, in the comuni of Camporgiano, Careggine, Castelnuovo di Garfagnana, Fosciandora, Minucciano, Pieve Fosciana, Vergemoli and Villa Collemandina; in the comuni of Bagni di Lucca, Barga, Coreglia Antelminelli and Fabbriche di Vallico in the Media Valle del Serchio; and in the historic area of the Controneria, to the north-east of Bagni di Lucca. It may also be known as the Capra della Media Valle del Serchio or as the Capra della Controneria. It is probably the last remnant of the Apennine type of goat of Emilia, Liguria and Tuscany.

The Garfagnina is one of the forty-three autochthonous Italian goat breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep- and goat-breeders. The breed was in the past much more numerous; estimated total population fell from about 5000 to 2500 between 1989 and 2006. At the end of 2013 the number registered was 354.

Use

The average milk yield of the Garfagnina is 215 litres in 195 days.  The milk averages 3.97% fat and 3.32% protein.

Kids are slaughtered at about 40 days, when they weigh about 11 kg.

References

Goat breeds
Dairy goat breeds
Goat breeds originating in Italy


title: Old Camden Post Office

text:
The Old Camden Post Office is a former post office building at 133 Washington Street SW in Camden, Arkansas.  The two story Romanesque Revival structure was built in 1895, and is one of the city's finest brick buildings.  It was described, shortly after its construction, as the "finest building between Little Rock and Texarkana".  It originally housed the post office on the ground floor and the Federal Land Office on the second floor.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Ouachita County, Arkansas
List of United States post offices

References

Post office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Romanesque Revival architecture in Arkansas
Government buildings completed in 1895
Buildings and structures in Camden, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Ouachita County, Arkansas
1895 establishments in Arkansas


title: 1967 in Bolivia

text:
Events in the year 1967 in Bolivia.

Incumbents
President: René Barrientos
Vice President: Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas

Events
August 31 - 9 members of Che Guevara's guerrillas are killed in government ambush
October - Ñancahuazú Guerrilla defeated by Government of Bolivia with CIA assistance. Che Guevara captured and executed

Births

Deaths
August 31 - Tamara Bunke, Argentine-born East German revolutionary, killed in ambush by Bolivian Army
October 9
Che Guevara, Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary involved in Cuban Revolution and Simba Rebellion in Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) (now Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Simeon Cuba Sarabia, Bolivian trade unionist and revolutionary, associate of Che Guevara

1960s in Bolivia


title: Diplocidaris

text:
Diplocidaris is an extinct genus of sea urchins belonging to the family Diplocidaridae. The type species of this genus is Cidaris gigantea Agassiz, 1840.

These slow-moving low-level epifaunal grazer-omnivores  lived in the Jurassic period, from 161.2 to 150.8 Ma. Fossils of this genus have been found in the sediments of Europe, North Africa, Madagascar.

Species
Diplocidaris gigantea (Agassiz, 1840)
Diplocidaris besairiei Lambert, 1936
Diplocidaris jacquemonti Lambert, 1910
Diplocidaris desori Wright, 1858
Diplocidaris dumortieri Cotteau, 1863
Diplocidaris gevreyi Lambert in Savin 1902
Diplocidaris bernasconii Bischof, Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller, 2018

References

Diplocidaridae
Prehistoric echinoid genera
Cidaroida genera
Jurassic echinoderms
Extinct animals of Africa
Fossil taxa described in 1855


title: Jesús Puente

text:
Jesús Puente Alzaga (18 December 1930 – 26 October 2000) was a Spanish actor. He appeared in more than one hundred films from 1957 to 2000.

In 1954 he represented The Taming of the Shrew of William Shakespeare at the Teatre Grec.

Selected filmography

1957: El hombre que viajaba despacito - Sargento instructor
1957: Las muchachas de azul - Don César
1958: Historias de Madrid - Cliente de la futuróloga
1958: El hereje
1958: The Christ of the Lanterns - Amigo de Antonio
1958: Red Cross Girls - Jugador en hipódromo
1959: Gayarre - Elorrio
1959: Ten Ready Rifles - Alguacil en Consejo de Guerra
1959: Bombas para la paz - Mr. Thompson, delegado estadounidense
1959: Los tramposos
1959: The Last Days of Pompeii - Roman Senator
1960: La fiel infantería - Cabo Silvestre
1960: Carnival Day - Locutor
1960: El indulto - Vigilante de patio
1960: La paz empieza nunca - Mencia
1960: Los económicamente débiles - Examinador Escuela de Entrenadores
1960: Trío de damas - Juan
1961: Usted puede ser un asesino - Ayudante de Comisario Serbel
1961: Ha llegado un ángel - Director
1961: Tres de la Cruz Roja - Capitán Martín
1961: Diferente - Christmas guest
1962: Teresa de Jesús - Corregidor
1962: Aprendiendo a morir - Marcos
1962: Accident 703 - Guardia Civil de tráfico
1962: Sabían demasiado - Don Cipriano, el comisario
1962: Escuela de seductoras - Marido de Milagros
1962: I tromboni di Fra Diavolo
1963: Rocío from La Mancha - Carlos
1963: Los conquistadores del Pacífico - Francisco Pizarro
1963: Eva 63 - Fernando
1964: Ella y el miedo - Conductor
1964: Apache Fury - Juez Todd Driscoll
1964: Cyrano and d'Artagnan - (uncredited)
1964: The Seven from Texas - Clifford
1964: Fin de semana - Miguel
1964: Damned Pistols of Dallas
1964: La hora incógnita - Marido de María
1965: Loca juventud - (uncredited)
1965: Per un pugno nell'occhio - Capitan Hernandez
1965: Más bonita que ninguna - Novio de Fany
1965: Behind the Mask of Zorro - Gobernador Alfonso de la Riva
1965: Ocaso de un pistolero - Sheriff Roger
1965: Adiós gringo - Sheriff Saul Slaughter
1966: Due mafiosi contro Al Capone - Tony
1966: Dollars for a Fast Gun - Frank Nolan
1966: Ypotron - Final Countdown - Wilson
1966: Un gangster venuto da Brooklyn
1967: Two Crosses at Danger Pass - Sheriff T. Mitchell
1967: The Cobra - Stiarkos
1967: The Million Dollar Countdown - Talbol
1967: Un hombre vino a matar - Alex Turner
1967: Bandidos
1968: Ringo the Lone Rider - Major Corbett
1968: Persecución hasta Valencia - Mohamed el Chulakei
1969: A Bullet for Rommel - Col. Wolf
1969: Tarzán en la gruta del oro - Julius
1969: One on Top of the Other - Sergeant Rodriguez
1969: A 45 revoluciones por minuto - Sr. Aranda
1969: El regreso de Al Capone - Al Capone
1970: Count Dracula - Minister of Interior (uncredited)
1970: Verano 70 - Dr. Valverde 'Paco'
1970: Por qué pecamos a los cuarenta - Luis
1970: Hatchet for the Honeymoon - Inspector Russell
1970: El mejor del mundo
1970: Crimen imperfecto - Comisario Montero
1970: El dinero tiene miedo - Sabastián - el mayordomo
1971: Marta - Don Carlos
1977: Obsesión - Ignacio
1979: El fascista, la beata y su hija desvirgada - Doctor (uncredited)
1979: Mi adúltero esposo ('In Situ') - Juan
1980: Despido improcedente - Andrés
1983: La avispita Ruinasa - Luis Viveos
1984: Gritos de ansiedad - Ángel
1984: Sesión continua - Federico Alcántara
1984: Memorias del general Escobar - General Rojo
1984: Violines y trompetas - Gabriel
1986: El orden cómico - Don Antonio López Terrón
1986: Romanza final - Doctor
1986: Los presuntos - Alejo
1986: Capullito de alhelí - Hilario
1987: La estanquera de Vallecas - Comisario Paíno
1987: Asignatura aprobada - José Manuel Alcántara
1987: Terroristas - Vargas
1987: Veredicto implacable - Inspector
1988: Caminos de tiza
1996: Eso - Realizador
2000: You're the One - Dr. Bermann (final film role)

References

External links

1930 births
2000 deaths
Male actors from Madrid
Spanish male film actors
Spanish male television actors
20th-century Spanish male actors


title: Denscantia

text:
Denscantia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus is found in eastern Brazil.

Species
Denscantia andrei E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo - southeastern Bahia
Denscantia cymosa (Spreng.) E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo - eastern Brazil
Denscantia macrobracteata E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo - eastern Bahia
Denscantia monodon (K.Schum.) E.L.Cabral & Bacigalupo - eastern Bahia

References

External links
Denscantia in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae

Rubiaceae genera
Spermacoceae


title: Garfagnina (disambiguation)

text:
Garfagnina may refer to:

 The Garfagnina breed of cattle, from the Garfagnana, in Tuscany, Italy
 The Garfagnina Bianca breed of sheep, from the Garfagnana, in Tuscany, Italy
 The Garfagnina (goat) breed of goat, from the Garfagnana, in Tuscany, Italy


title: Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry

text:
The Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry (SNIY) is a reserve Light Cavalry Regiment, formed in 2014, created out of the restructuring of the British Army's Army Reserve. It is operationally paired with The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, (SCOTS DG) based at Leuchars Station in Fife. The Regiment has numerous squadrons across Scotland and Northern Ireland.

History

In July 2013, it was announced that the Royal Mercian and Lancastrian Yeomanry would be restructured under the Army 2020 plan.  Consequently, on 31 October 2014, the new regiment was formed from the Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) of the Royal Mercian and Lancastrian Yeomanry along with three Squadrons of the Queen's Own Yeomanry.  This new regiment would also include the Lothians and Border Horse which was to re-raised shortly thereafter. As of October 2021, it consists of:

Regimental Headquarters, at Redford Barracks, Edinburgh
A (Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry) Squadron, in Ayr
B (North Irish Horse) Squadron, in Belfast and Coleraine
C (Fife and Forfar Yeomanry/Scottish Horse) Squadron, in Cupar
E (Lothians and Border Horse) Squadron, at Redford Barracks, Edinburgh — E Sqn acts as the Command and Support Squadron of the regiment.

The Regiment is paired with The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards in the Light Cavalry role under Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR) 2020. It is primarily equipped with the Jackal reconnaissance vehicle, recently converting from the RWIMIK platform. The regiment was formerly under the control of 51st Infantry Brigade and Headquarters Scotland, but is now under control of 19th Brigade and is the only army reserve armoured unit in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

In 2018, the regiment was present with its first regimental guidon by Frank Ross, Lord Provost of Edinburgh, on behalf of The Sovereign.

Recruitment
The regiment recruits soldiers from around the following Scottish counties: Lanarkshire, Lothian, Angus, Scotland and Ayrshire as well as from Northern Ireland.

Lineage

Freedoms
The regiment has received the freedom of several locations throughout its history; these include:
  6 May 2014: South Ayrshire ("A" Squadron).
  1 February 2016: Mid and East Antrim ("B" Squadron).
  6 July 2019: East Lothian ("E" Squadron).
  2 April 2022: Edinburgh ("E" Squadron).

References

External links
Website

Yeomanry regiments of the British Army
Military units and formations established in 2014
Irish regiments of the British Army
Royal Armoured Corps
Cavalry regiments of the British Army
2014 establishments in the United Kingdom


title: Diplocidaridae

text:
Diplocidaridae is an extinct family of sea urchins.

These slow-moving low-level epifaunal grazer-omnivores lived in the Jurassic period, from 161.2 to 150.8 Ma.

Generas
Diplocidaris Desor, 1855
Rolliericidaris
Tetracidaris

References

Oxfordian first appearances
Jurassic extinctions
Prehistoric echinoderm families


title: Abida ateni

text:
Abida ateni is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Chondrinidae.

Geographic distribution
A. ateni is endemic to France, where it occurs only at three locations in the Aspe valley, in the Western Pyrenees (Pyrénées-Atlantiques).

Ecology
A. ateni is a rock-dwelling species of land snail. It lives on limestone in valley habitats at 300–400 m altitude.

Conservation
A. ateni is listed as vulnerable (VU) in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The species is protected under the French law; however, there is no specific conservation plan for it.

See also
List of non-marine molluscs of Metropolitan France

References

Chondrinidae
Endemic molluscs of Metropolitan France
Gastropods described in 1973


title: Tom Gutteridge

text:
Thomas Michael Gillan Gutteridge (born 2 February 1952) is a British television director, producer and executive.  He was formerly Chief Executive of FremantleMedia NA, having previously been founder and Chief Executive of Mentorn, from 1985 to 2001.  In 2016 he was appointed Executive Producer of the television series BattleBots, which, after two seasons on ABC, in 2018 moved to the Discovery and Science Channels.  He started his career as a BBC journalist.

Early life
Gutteridge was born in London in 1952, the son of a food technologist, and moved to Tyneside when he was 5.  He was educated at Priory School Tynemouth, Newcastle Royal Grammar School and the University of York, where he studied English and Philosophy.

BBC career

Gutteridge joined the BBC as a News Trainee, and initially worked at Radio Derby, and in the Newcastle newsroom.  He was later a producer and director on Nationwide, Tonight and Panorama. On 11 April 1978, he directed the first Budget Special programme to use live sound from the House of Commons. In 1979 he became producer of the weekly Tonight in Town, hosted by Valerie Singleton and Michael Billington. In 1983 he was seconded from the BBC's Music & Arts department to direct the BBC's General Election coverage.

In 1980 Gutteridge moved to Music & Arts department as Executive Producer, where he was responsible for the twice-weekly Russell Harty chat shows.   In 1982, he produced and directed the comedy sketch series A Kick Up the Eighties, which discovered the talents of Rik Mayall (as Kevin Turvey) and Tracey Ullman, and which won a Scottish BAFTA.   In 1983 and 1984, he produced and directed the BBC1 dance series The Hot Shoe Show, starring Wayne Sleep and Bonnie Langford, which in 1984 was nominated for a BAFTA as Best Light Entertainment Series.

Freelance career

TV and film
In 1984 he took leave of absence from the BBC to direct and produce the film of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Song & Dance.

In December 1985 he co-produced and directed the dance special Dash, with Wayne Sleep.

On 21 October 1985 he directed Blue Suede Shoes, a Rockabilly Special with Carl Perkins, which starred Eric Clapton, Ringo Starr and George Harrison, Dave Edmunds, Rosanne Cash, Lee Rocker and Slim Jim Phantom.

In December 1985 he directed the ITV documentary Sixty Tiny Fingers about the Walton sextuplets.

In 1986 Gutteridge wrote and directed the ice ballet Fire and Ice, starring Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean for ITV, which won the Bronze Rose at Montreux, and also Best Director at the International Monitor Awards.  It was broadcast on ITV on Boxing Day 1986.

Opera and ballet
The following year, Gutteridge wrote and directed the ITV ice ballet Sleeping Beauty, with Robin Cousins, which also won Best Director at the International Monitor Awards.  Also in 1987 he directed a film of the Ravel opera 'L'Enfant et Les Sortileges' at Glyndebourne, conducted by Simon Rattle.

In 1990, he directed the full-length David Bintley ballet Hobson's Choice with the Birmingham Royal Ballet.

In 1991 Gutteridge directed an hour-long comedy special for ITV Lenny Go Home with Lenny Henry.

Mentorn
In 1985 Gutteridge founded the production company Mentorn (originally called Mentorn Films), and his early productions included the BBC1 documentary The Golden Gong (1987). In 1988 he produced and directed the ITV documentary about the animator Richard Williams, I Drew Roger Rabbit, which won an International Emmy nomination for Best Arts Documentary in 1989.

From 1987, the firm produced a number of weekly arts magazine series for ITV regional companies, including 01-for London for Thames TV, which was hosted by Richard Jobson, Neil Mullarkey, Mark Webster and Paula Yates, First Night for Central, Wideangle for Anglia, as well as the daily Box Office for Channel 4.  It also produced the ITV weekly magazine Hollywood Report.  By 1991, Mentorn had become Britain's largest independent television production company.

From 1989 to 1995 Mentorn produced and directed the entertainment series Challenge Anneka for BBC1, with Anneka Rice, which won the Bronze Rose at Montreux in 1991.  The first series was broadcast from 8 September 1989 on Friday evenings on BBC1, and in 1990 the series moved to Saturday nights  and ratings rose to 10 million viewers and was the second most popular show on BBC1.

In 2001 Gutteridge produced and directed a US version of the show for ABC called Challenge America, starring Erin Brockovitch.

In 1991 Mentorn teamed up with Polygram, Working Title and Palace Pictures to form a consortium, London Independent Broadcasting, to bid against LWT for the London weekend ITV franchise.  The bid was unsuccessful.

Gutteridge was Executive Producer of the BBC1 comedy film The Bullion Boys, starring David Jason and Brenda Blethyn, for which he won the 1994 International Emmy Award for Drama.

Other Mentorn productions Gutteridge created and produced included the talent show Star for a Night, with Jane McDonald, which in 2001 discovered the singer Joss Stone.  Gutteridge also produced the BBC1 debate series You Decide with Jeremy Paxman and the daily BBC2 news quiz Today's the Day with Martyn Lewis, which ran from 1992 to 1999.  Gutteridge was also Executive Producer of the BBC entertainment series Before They Were Famous.

Gutteridge also produced the first entertainment programme for the new ITV franchise Carlton Television, Surprise Party, broadcast on 1 January 1993.

In 1996 Gutteridge was Executive Producer of the 24-part Gerry Anderson sci-fi drama series Space Precinct.

In 1995 he created the cult television series Robot Wars for BBC2 and a number of international broadcasters from 1998 until 2002 (a further series was made for Channel Five in 2003), and for which Gutteridge was nominated for a Best Entertainment Programme BAFTA in 1999. Robot Wars first broadcast on BBC2 in February 1998, hosted by Jeremy Clarkson and Philippa Forrester, and a further 5 series were made for BBC2 with Craig Charles, reaching ratings in excess of 4 million viewers.  A seventh series was produced for Channel Five.  In the United States, a series was produced for the United States (but shot by Mentorn in London) called Robot Wars: Extreme Warriors, hosted by the wrestler Mick Foley. It aired on TNN.  A subsequent US series was made for Nickelodeon.

Other key long-running Mentorn productions included Question Time, Traffic Cops and Britain's Worst Driver.

The Television Corporation
From 1996 Mentorn had acquired other production companies, including the documentary producers Barraclough Carey, and in February 2000 Gutteridge sold the expanded Mentorn Group to The Television Corporation plc. Gutteridge became Group Director of Content and Marketing of the merged group.

In 2003 Gutteridge moved to the United States, where he co-created and produced the Fox network series Paradise Hotel and Forever Eden.

FremantleMedia North America
In 2003, Gutteridge quit Mentorn and was headhunted by FremantleMedia to become its chief executive officer in North America, where he was responsible for the company's operations in the US and Canada, which included the productions American Idol and The Price Is Right.  He resigned from the company in March 2005 for personal reasons.

Return to the UK
In 2007, Gutteridge returned to the UK and moved with his partner Joanna to Northumberland, where he founded the production company Standing Stone, which has produced a number of entertainment formats, including the quiz show Hot Seat, sold to Debmar Mercury, and the dating show Loveland, sold to Sky, Fox, and a number of other networks in 2008. After commissioning and announcing the series, which was to have been hosted by Cilla Black, Sky cancelled it in 2009.

In 2009, Gutteridge co-wrote with Nigel Dacre the application for the Trinity Mirror and Press Association regional news consortium News 3, which in 2010 won the bid for the regional news pilot for the north east of England. The news pilots were cancelled by the incoming coalition government later in 2010.

In 2013, Standing Stone signed a development deal with the Fox network in the United States for a new entertainment format, The Ideas Factory.

Standing Stone also had a digital division, which developed a revolutionary interactive voting and information app for Channel Four's Dispatches series in 2012, of which Gutteridge was Executive Producer of 20 episodes.  The app was nominated for Innovation of the Year in the British Journalism Awards 2012.

Return to US
In 2015 Gutteridge returned to the US to work as a Broadcast Consultant and Executive Producer.  He was contracted by BattleBots Inc to be in charge of the international rollout of the hit robot combat show on ABC BattleBots, as Executive Producer, International. From 2016 he has been Executive Producer of the 3rd, 4th and 5th seasons of BattleBots for Discovery Channel. He also produced and directed a live BattleBots 3-hour event, which was streamed live on Twitch, for Amazon's re:MARS conference in Las Vegas

BattleBots (ABC)
In April 2016, Gutteridge launched the international sales rollout of BattleBots by appointing Sky Vision as distributor. They immediately sold the series to a number of international broadcasters, including Spike and Channel 5 in the UK, and Discovery Germany.  By October 2016 the series was on air in 150 territories.

Other work
Gutteridge was elected Chair of the Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television (PACT) in 1993, and over the next two years successfully campaigned for a quota for independent regional production, and also started a campaign for tax breaks for the British film industry (which eventually succeeded in 1997).

He was made a Fellow of the Royal Television Society in 1996 and in 1995 gave the 50th anniversary RTS Fleming Memorial Lecture at the Royal Institution on the subject 50 Channels and Nothing On: The Future of British Production.  He became Deputy Chair of the Royal Television Society in 1998. He was Chair of Skillset's Northern Media Skills Panel from 2008 to 2012 and in December 2014 became chair of the regional screen agency Northern Film & Media.  In 2015 he helped launch the NFM Academy, a training initiative to help North East production personnel get experience of working on high-end drama productions.

Teesside University
In 2008, Gutteridge became visiting professor at Teesside University, where he regularly gives masterclasses and lectures to students in the School of Arts and Media.  Since 2007 he has also written a weekly column in The Journal, the daily newspaper covering the Northeast, published by Trinity Mirror.

Personal life
He has 5 children. Gutteridge also has a son with Anneka Rice, born in 1997 following a short relationship.

References

British television directors
British television producers
1952 births
Living people
People educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne
Alumni of the University of York


title: Balram Das Tandon

text:
Balram Das Tandon (1 November 1927 – 14 August 2018) was an Indian politician and the Former Governor of Chhattisgarh. In his adulthood for some years he was a pracharak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party from Punjab.

Political career
He was deputy chief minister in  the Justice (retd) Gurnam Singh Akali Dal-Jan Sangh ministry in 1969-70. He also served as cabinet minister in 1977-79 and in 1997–2002 in the ministries headed by Parkash Singh Badal. Tandon was a founding member of the Jan Sangh in 1951, and served as secretary of Punjab Jan Sangh from 1951 to 1957, and as president of the Punjab BJP from 1995 to 1997. He was elected to Punjab Legislative Assembly six times — five times from Amritsar in 1960,1962,1967,1969, and 1977, and once from Rajpura in 1997. He contested the Rajpura seat in 2002, but lost to Raj Khurana of the Indian National Congress. He was imprisoned in 1975 during the Emergency for 19 months. On 14 July 2014 he was named as the next Governor of Chhattisgarh.

Family life
Tandon married Brijpal, who was also an activist in the freedom movement, in 1958. They had two daughters, Alka Kawatra and Poonam Batra, who reside in New Delhi, and one son, Sanjay Tandon, who is also part of the political framework for BJP, Chandigarh.

References

|-

1927 births
2018 deaths
Punjabi people
Politicians from Amritsar
State cabinet ministers of Punjab, India
Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians
Governors of Chhattisgarh
Indians imprisoned during the Emergency (India)
Deputy chief ministers of Punjab, India
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Punjab
Punjab, India MLAs 1957–1962
Punjab, India MLAs 1962–1967
Punjab, India MLAs 1967–1972
Punjab, India MLAs 1977–1980
Punjab, India MLAs 1997–2002


title: Elm Farm (Danville, New Hampshire)

text:
Elm Farm, alsk known as the Sargent Farm, is a historic farm property at 599 Main Street (New Hampshire Route 111A) in Danville, New Hampshire. Established about 1835, it has been in agricultural use since then, with many of its owners also engaged in small commercial or industrial pursuits on the side. The main farmhouse is one of the town's best examples of Gothic Revival architecture. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

Description and history
Elm Farm is located in rural northern Danville, on the west side of Main Street just south of its junction with Beach Plain Road. The property consists of  of land, stretching in a relatively narrow strip all the way west to the town line with Sandown. The westernmost portions of the property consists of woods and swamp, while the  immediately west of the road are given over to crops, pasture, and the farmstead. The farmstead is a typical 19th-century New England connected construction, including a -story farmhouse with Greek Revival and Gothic Revival features, which is attached by a series of two ells to a three-story stable. South of this grouping is a set of outbuildings, including a second stable, cow barn, carriage barn, equipment shed, and hen house. The farmhouse is distinctive in the town as one of its only examples of Gothic architecture.

The property has been in agricultural use since at least 1835, when Samuel Sargent Jr. purchased part of the 7th lot of the town's original land grants made in 1760. In addition to farming the land, Bailey manufactured barrels and chairs. His son Bailey operated a variety of businesses, including a cider mill, and offered stabling services. Bailey's son Alfred ran a small printing operation here, and his other son Herbert repaired clocks. These businesses were typically conducted out of the second ell of the farmstead, which may have been built specifically for such non-agricultural uses.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Greek Revival houses in New Hampshire
Gothic Revival architecture in New Hampshire
Houses completed in 1840
Houses in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Danville, New Hampshire


title: Dentella

text:
Dentella is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Most species genus are endemic to Australia, with one species also extending through southeast Asia to subtropical Asia and the southwestern Pacific.

Species
Dentella asperata Airy Shaw - northern Australia
Dentella browniana Domin - northern Australia
Dentella concinna Airy Shaw - Burma
Dentella dioeca Airy Shaw - Northern Territory
Dentella minutissima C.T.White & W.D.Francis - northern Australia
Dentella misera Airy Shaw - northern Australia
Dentella pulvinata Airy Shaw - central Australia
Dentella repens (L.) J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. - from tropical and subtropical Asia to the southwestern Pacific

References

External links
Dentella in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae

Rubiaceae genera
Spermacoceae
Flora of Australia


title: Abdul Hosein Amini

text:
Sheikh Abdul Hossein Amini () was a Shia scholar, traditionist, theologian and jurist. He is best known for his book Al-Ḡadīr fi’l-Ketāb wa’l-Sonna wa’l-Adab .

Birth
He was born in the city of Sarab near the Ardabil. His father Mirza Ahmad Amini, and his grandfather Najaf Ali were jurists of the city.

Education
His teachers included Abul Hasan Esfahani, Muhammad Hosein Na'ini, and Muhammad Hossein Esfahani.

Works
Abdul Hussain established a library in Najaf and named it “Amir al-Mo’menin”. He wrote many books and treatises, most of which have been published. He wrote books about Shiʿite beliefs, Hadith and jurisprudence. Some of his books are:
 Al-Ḡadīr fi’l-Ketāb wa’l-Sonna wa’l-Adab. An encyclopedic work which examines the tradition of Ghadir-e-Khumm
 Sīratonā wa sonnatonā sīrato nabīyenā wa sonnatoho()
 Commentary on Fatiha surah
 Martyrs of virtues ()
 Consequences of Trips ()
 Rayaz al Ons ()
 Exalted intention
 A treatise on intention
 Annotation of “Kamel al-Ziyarat” (written by Ibn Quluyeh Qomi)
 Annotation of the two works of Sheikh Murteza Ansari: Makasib (The earnings) and Rasayel (The treatises).

Death
He fell ill in 1968 and travelled to Tehran for medical treatment where he died on 3 July 1970. His body was returned to Najaf for burial next to Amīr-al-moʾmenīn library that he had founded.

References

1902 births
1970 deaths
Iranian ayatollahs
Iranian male writers
People from Sarab, East Azerbaijan