title: Happisburgh footprints

text:
The Happisburgh footprints were a set of fossilized hominid footprints that date to the early Pleistocene, over 800,000 years ago. They were discovered in May 2013 in a newly uncovered sediment layer of the Cromer Forest Bed on a beach at Happisburgh in Norfolk, England, and carefully photographed in 3D before being destroyed by the tide shortly afterwards.

Research results on the footprints were announced on 7 February 2014, identifying them as the oldest known hominid footprints outside Africa.

Before the Happisburgh discovery, the oldest known footprints in Europe were the Ciampate del Diavolo tracks found at the Roccamonfina volcano in Italy, dated to around 350,000 years ago.

Winning the 2015 'Rescue Dig of the Year' award, the Happisburgh footprint discovery caught the public eye. It was featured in an exhibition in London's Natural History Museum.

Discovery

The footprints were discovered in May 2013 by Nicholas Ashton, curator at the British Museum, and Martin Bates, from Trinity St David's University in Wales, who were carrying out research as part of the Pathways to Ancient Britain (PAB) project.

The footprints were found in the sediment, partially covered by beach sand, at low tide on the foreshore at Happisburgh. The sediment had been laid down in the estuary of a long-vanished river and subsequently been covered by sand, preserving its surface. The layer of sediment underlies a cliff on the beach, but after stormy weather, the protective layer of sand was washed away and the sediment exposed. The sediments are stratigraphically considered to belong to the Cromer Forest Bed unit.

Because of the softness of the sediment, which lay below the high tide mark, tidal action eroded it, and within two weeks, the footprints had been destroyed.

Although the researchers could not preserve the footprints, they worked during periods of low tide, often in pouring rain, to record 3D images of all the footprints by using photogrammetry. The images were analysed by Isabelle De Groote of Liverpool John Moores University, who was able to confirm that the hollows in the sediment were hominin footprints.

Facts concerning the discovery were published by Ashton and other members of the research team in February 2014 in the science journal PLOS ONE.

Description

Approximately fifty footprints were found in an area measuring nearly . Twelve were largely complete, and two showed details of toes. The footprints of approximately five individuals have been identified, including adults and children. The footprints measured between , thought to equate to heights between . It is believed that the individuals who made them were from the species Homo antecessor, known to have lived in the Atapuerca Mountains of Spain around 800,000 years ago. No hominin fossils have been found at Happisburgh.

Analysis shows that the group of perhaps five individuals was walking in a southerly direction (upstream) along mudflats in the estuary of an early path of the River Thames that flowed into the sea farther north than it did when south-east Britain was joined to the European continent. Archaeologists have speculated that the group was searching the mudflats for seafood such as lugworms, shellfish, crabs, and seaweed. It is possible that the group might have lived on an island in the estuary that provided safety from predators and were travelling from their island base to the shore at low tide.

Dating
The Happisburgh site is too old to date using radiocarbon dating, which is unsuitable for sites older than approximately 50,000 years. Dating the site has instead been based upon stratigraphy, palaeomagnetism, and the evidence of fossil flora and fauna in the sediments.

Magnetic signatures within the sedimentary deposits indicate they were laid down between the two most recent geomagnetic reversals – the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal around 780,000 years ago and the Jaramillo reversal around 950,000 to 1 million years ago.

The evidence of fossil flora and fauna using indicators such as the fossilized teeth of voles, which provide very accurate dating evidence, pushes the lower limit back to at least 840,000 years ago.

On this basis, the range of possible dates for the deposition of the sediments that the footprints were found in stretches from 850,000 to 950,000 years ago, but further research is necessary to narrow the window.

A dissenting view has been presented by the geophysicist Rob Westaway, who proposed a younger date of towards the end of Marine Isotope Stage 15c, around 600,000 years ago. In the view of Paul Pettitt and Mark White, his views deserve to be taken seriously.

Pleistocene geography
At the time the Happisburgh hominins lived, a land bridge existed between Britain and France before the formation of the English Channel about 450,000 years ago. The ancestral River Thames flowed further north than it does today before converging with the ancient Bytham River, while the landscape of a large part of modern-day East Anglia consisted of a series of clay ridges and troughs known as the East Anglian Crag Basin. Happisburgh lay about  further inland than it does today and was the site of an ancient estuary where the Bytham and Thames rivers converged to flow into what would then have been a maritime bay.

When the footprints were made, the estuary occupied a grassy, open valley surrounded by pine forests, with a climate similar to that of modern southern Scandinavia. It would have been inhabited by mammoths, rhinos, hippos, giant deer, and bison, which were preyed upon by sabre-toothed cats, lions, wolves, and hyenas. As well as an abundant supply of game and edible plants, the river gravels were rich in flint deposits, which early humans would have found an invaluable resource.

The Happisburgh finds mark the first time evidence of early humans from 1,000,000 years ago has been found so far north. Palaeontologists had believed that hominins of the period required a much warmer climate, but the inhabitants of prehistoric Happisburgh had adapted to the cold, suggesting that they had developed advanced methods of hunting, clothing, sheltering, and warming much earlier than previously thought.

Archaeological context
Happisburgh has produced several significant archaeological finds over many years. As the shoreline is subject to severe coastal erosion, new material is constantly being exposed along the cliffs and on the beach. Prehistoric discoveries have been noted since 1820 when fishermen trawling oyster beds offshore found their nets had brought up teeth, bones, horns, and antlers from elephants, rhinos, giant deer, and other extinct species. An exceptionally high tide in February 1825 exposed more prehistoric remains when it swept away sediment that had buried an ancient landscape of fossilized tree stumps, animal bones, and fir cones. In January 1877, a great storm swept huge ironstone slabs from the sea bed onto Happisburgh beach. The slabs preserved the impressions of leaves from oaks, elms, beeches, birches, and willows that had lived thousands of years ago. Pleistocene bison bones, found in the 1870s, provided the first evidence of early human activity; a re-examination of the bones in 1999 found that they were scored with tell-tale cut marks, indicating that humans had butchered the animals with stone tools.

In 2000, a black flint handaxe, dating to between 600,000 and 800,000 years ago, was found by a man walking on the beach. In 2012, for the television documentary Britain's Secret Treasures, the handaxe was selected by a panel of experts from the British Museum and the Council for British Archaeology as the most important item on a list of fifty archaeological discoveries made by members of the public.

Since the axe's discovery, the palaeolithic history of Happisburgh has been the subject of the Ancient Human Occupation of Britain (AHOB) and Pathways to Ancient Britain (PAB) projects, directed by Nick Ashton and Chris Stringer, funded by grants from the Leverhulme Trust and Calleva Foundation. Between 2005 and 2010, eighty palaeolithic flint tools, mostly cores, flakes, and flake tools, were excavated from the foreshore in sediment dating back to up to 950,000 years ago. The tools are believed to have been made by Homo antecessor, the same species thought to have made the footprints, and are the earliest artefacts found in northern Europe.

Archaeologists hope to reconstruct the environment in which the footprints were made by analysing remains of flora and fauna from the sediments. The remains of 15 species of mammals, 160 species of insects, and more than 100 species of plants have been recovered so far.

Exhibition
The Happisburgh footprints featured in an exhibition, "Britain: One Million Years of the Human Story", at the Natural History Museum in London from 13 February 2014. They were also included in an exhibition entitled "Moving stories three journeys" at the British Museum between 30 March – 30 April 2017.

Awards
The Happisburgh footprints won the 'Rescue Dig of the Year' title, voted for by the general public, in the 2015 Current Archaeology Awards.

See also
Ancient footprints of Acahualinca – late Holocene human footprints found near the shore of Lake Managua in Nicaragua, dating to approximately 2,120 years ago.
Eve's footprint – footprints of a single female found at Langebaan, South Africa in 1995, dating to approximately 117,000 years ago.
Ileret – footprints of Homo erectus found at Ileret, Northern Kenya, dating to approximately 1.5 million years ago.
Laetoli footprints – a line of hominid footprints, discovered at Laetoli, Tanzania by Mary Leakey in 1976, dating to approximately 3.6 million years ago.
List of fossil sites (with link directory)
List of hominina (hominid) fossils (with images)

References

External links
The earliest human footprints outside Africa found in Norfolk – video of the footprints by the Natural History Museum, London
Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016).

2013 archaeological discoveries
2013 in the United Kingdom
Archaeological discoveries in the United Kingdom

Archaeology of Norfolk
Homo fossils
Paleoanthropological sites


title: Strong AI

text:
Strong artificial intelligence may refer to a concept in philosophy or to a range of levels of intelligence in prospective computational systems:

Computer science
 Artificial general intelligence: a hypothetical machine with the ability to apply intelligence to any problem, rather than just one specific problem.
 Human-level intelligence: a hypothetical machine with a similar intelligence to an average human being.
 Superintelligence: a hypothetical machine with a vastly superior intelligence to the average human being.
 Artificial consciousness: a hypothetical machine that has subjective conscious experience, sentience and mind.

Philosophy
 The strong AI hypothesis: the philosophical position that a computer program that causes a machine to behave exactly like a human being would also give the machine subjective conscious experience and a mind, in exactly the same sense that human beings have minds. (Also known as Functionalism (philosophy) or the Computational theory of mind).

See also
 Weak artificial Intelligence, which is intelligent only in a limited task specific field
 Artificial general intelligence


title: FC Olimpia Rotunda

text:
Fotbal Club Olimpia Rotunda is a football club from Rotunda, Olt County, Romania who currently play in Liga V.

History

In 2009–10 season, Olimpia had an amazing debut season, after comeback in Liga IV, finishing on 3rd position.

League history

References

Football clubs in Olt County
Association football clubs established in 2006
Liga IV clubs


title: Le Courrier français (1820–1851)

text:
Le Courrier français was a Liberal French journal that appeared from 1820 to 1851.

Following the Bourbon Restoration in 1814, when censorship was lifted the Doctrinaires were the only group without a political organ, since the Archives philosophiques had ceased publication. A group of writers and editors was formed to address the need including Pierre Paul Royer-Collard, de Barante, Jacques Claude Beugnot, François Guizot, Charles de Rémusat, Kératry and Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy. They founded Le Courrier on 21 June 1819 from the remains of the Annales politiques, which it immediately replaced.

The paper explained its mission in its first issue as being to combat the prejudices of the royalists and of the revolutionaries, to expose intrigues of both these parties, to carry the light of parties that supported the constitution, and to report the activities of politicians.
The goal was not practical due to the divisions among the doctrinaires, and the original society was dissolved in the first months of 1820.

The paper changed its name to Le Courrier français with the issue of 1 February 1820. It merged with the Renommée. Subsequent writers or editors included Chatelain, Benjamin Constant, Étienne de Jouy, Jean-Pierre Pagès, Casimir Pierre Périer, Louis Marie de Lahaye de Cormenin, Dominique Dufour de Pradt, François-Adolphe Chambolle, Léon Faucher, Fréderic Bastiat Xavier Durrieu and the exiled Swedish regicide Adolph de Leuven (Ribbing). The Italian journalist Ferdinando Petruccelli della Gattina was another renowned collaborator.
Le Courrier français became a leading journal, with a reputation for integrity and conviction. It exercised great influence until the end of the restoration and for a few years after 1830. It then went into decline. The last issue appeared on 14 March 1851.

References
Citations

Sources

1820 establishments in France
1851 disestablishments in France
Defunct magazines published in France
News magazines published in France
French-language magazines
Magazines established in 1820
Magazines disestablished in 1851


title: Kenny Macintyre (political journalist)

text:
Kenny Macintyre (19 July 1944 – 30 May 1999) was a Scottish political journalist. Born in Oban, he spent most of his life on Mull, and became a journalist in his 30s. He was known for his work ethic and sense of humour. He was Political and Industrial Correspondent for BBC Scotland for 10 years and was also a keen sportsman. He was a son of Angus Macintyre, a poet and bank manager. Before he entered journalism he was a bank clerk, and ran a gift shop and a building business. He was the father of Colin MacIntyre, the musician, and Kenny Macintyre who is also a BBC journalist. During his career as a journalist, he charmed John Major into giving him an interview by telling him that if he refused, Chelsea F.C. would be defeated. He ambushed Margaret Thatcher by hiding in a hotel cupboard to get an interview with her. He refused an OBE. He died of a heart attack while jogging in Glasgow. Then-prime minister Tony Blair called him "an institution". He also received eulogies from Donald Dewar, Charles Kennedy, Gordon Brown, George Robertson, Alex Salmond, Michael Forsyth and Tam Dalyell. He was buried at Taynuilt with a mobile phone.

References

Scottish political journalists
1944 births
1999 deaths
People from Oban


title: Daniel Thatcher

text:
Daniel W. Thatcher is an American politician and a Republican member of the Utah State Senate representing District 11 since 2023. Prior to redistricting he represented District 12.

Personal life, education, and career
Thatcher was born and raised in West Valley City. Thatcher's official biography describes him as self-educated. His profession is in electronics and low voltage wiring.

Political career

Senator Thatcher began his political pursuits when he co-founded the Salt Lake County Young Republicans. He was the chapter's first chair. He is also a co-founder of West Side Matters and has held various elected positions in the Salt Lake County Republican Party.
2010 To challenge incumbent Democratic Senator Brent H. Goodfellow, Thatcher was selected by the Republican convention from two candidates for the November 2, 2010 General election, which he won with 9,432 votes (53.25%) against Senator Goodfellow.

During the 2016 Session, Thatcher served on the following committees:
Executive Offices and Criminal Justice Appropriations Subcommittee (Senate Chair)
Public Education Appropriations Subcommittee
Retirement and Independent Entities Appropriations Subcommittee
Senate Government Operations and Political Subdivisions Committee
Senate Health and Human Services Committee
Senate Judiciary, Law Enforcement, and Criminal Justice Committee
Senate Retirement and Independent Entities Committee

Elections

2014

Legislation

2016 sponsored bills

Notable legislation
In 2015, the School Safety and Crisis Line legislation (SB 175), sponsored by Thatcher and Rep. Steve Eliason, passed the Utah State Legislature designating UNI (University Neuropsychiatric Institute, now Huntsman Mental Health Institute) as the crisis provider and an active commission, chaired out of the attorney general's office, for implementation. Thatcher chose to sponsor the legislation after recognizing the statewide epidemic that had personally impacted him numerous times throughout his life.

References

External links
Official page at the Utah State Legislature
Daniel W. Thatcher at Ballotpedia
Daniel W. Thatcher at OpenSecrets
Senator Daniel Thatcher at Thatcher for Senate 12

Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from West Valley City, Utah
Republican Party Utah state senators
21st-century American politicians


title: Lumberyard Contemporary Performing Arts

text:
ADI/NYC
The New York City season is an evolution of ADI's production residency program, which provides significant support to artists as they integrate design elements into new work. Each of the five works in the 2016 ADI/NYC season has received up to two weeks of production support, including: unrestricted use of a theater and ADI's production crew; meals; housing and transportation, as needed; photo and video documentation; and a presenting fee. The program's goal is to provide artists with the resources they need to fully realize the vision for their new work.

Performance Series
“Most of what Lumberyard presents in its performance series is work you might not otherwise see unless you trek to the niches of Lower Manhattan,” The Washington Post. This statement encapsulates the intention behind ADI's Performance Series. ADI purposely seeks out high-quality experimental dance by artists who may not be as well known to DC-area audiences as more conventional groups. Executive Director Adrienne Willis intentionally chose this type of programming because she firmly believed DC's intellectual audiences would respond positively to edgy, progressive dance. ADI's Performance Series runs from October through May each year, bringing to the DC area a diverse set of artists from across the U.S. and beyond. Current and past Performance Series companies by season include:

Incubator
ADI's Incubator program, begun the same year as its Performance Series, is a late-stage residency program providing artists from outside the Washington, DC region with unrestricted use of ADI’s theater; unlimited support from ADI’s full-time production staff; housing; meals; local transportation; and a fee to help companies cover other expenses, such as dancer salaries . The program grew from a need within the dance community for late-stage dance residencies – residencies that enable artists to refine new works just before their premieres. Not only does the National Incubator provide area residents with a sneak peek at new works before anyone in the country, but ADI's National Incubator blog also provides insights from the artists about their artistic processes and more.

Future Artists Scholarship
Beginning in 2016, ADI will offer scholarships that support the development of the next generation of artists and address issues of diversity and equitable access to dance training.
ADI Future Artists Project is scholarship initiative investing in talented young dancers from diverse backgrounds to increase racial diversity in the dance field. ADI will build a flexible scholarship program that offers targeted scholarships to deal with a broad set of needs, including tuition, transportation stipends, and dance clothing. The project will target racially diverse students from all over the country that want to pursue professional training in dance.

Audience Education/Opportunities
Prior to every Performance Series, National Incubator, ADI holds pre-show talks to provide insight into what audiences will see onstage – a unique component that has proven very successful. ADI also offers post-show receptions where patrons can interact with dance artists and each other. Catering to dance students age 16 and up, visiting artists often lead one-hour master dance classes to give DC-area dancers opportunities to learn from some of the most innovative choreographers working today.

References

External links
 Official Website
 ADI on YouTube
 ADI on Facebook
 Lumberyard on Twitter

Ballet schools in the United States
Dance schools in the United States
Schools in Rockville, Maryland
Dance in Maryland
Catskill, New York


title: Decker Township

text:
Decker Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:

 Decker Township, Richland County, Illinois
 Decker Township, Knox County, Indiana


title: America First Association of Minnesota

text:
The America First Association of Minnesota (AFA) was a patriotic propaganda organization established in the state of Minnesota in November 1917 with a view to assisting the efforts of the United States of America in World War I. The organization was based in the city of St. Paul and was constituted on a county-by-county basis throughout the state. The AFA was one of the leading non-partisan political organizations in that state during wartime.

History

Background

During the summer of 1917 the upper midwestern state of Minnesota was one of the focal points of the American anti-war movement. The city of Minneapolis was governed by a pragmatic Socialist mayor, Thomas Van Lear, and the heavily White ethnic state was home to a vigorous labor movement and a varied radical press. The People's Council of America for Democracy and the Terms of Peace, an anti-militarist organization established in New York City in May 1917 as a center for socialist and pacifist anti-war activity, sought to hold its first national conference in Minneapolis on September 1 of that year.

The efforts of this group to organize protests against the war effort came as a direct challenge to President Woodrow Wilson and supporters of the national military cause, and a boycott was launched to deny the People's Council use of a meeting hall in Minneapolis. The alternative idea of meeting in a circus tent was advanced, only to be rejected by conservative Governor Joseph Burquist, who just one week before the scheduled start of the People's Council conclave unilaterally banned the group from gathering anywhere in the state.

The organization was thus effectively chased from Minnesota to the city of Chicago, where its national convention was ultimately disbursed by the police. Despite the victory over the perceived radical and pacifist interlopers, patriotic sentiment throughout Minnesota was aroused, providing a fertile ground for pro-military organization.

Establishment

The America First Association of Minnesota (AFA) was formed in November 1917.

Development

Termination

Legacy

The papers of the America First Association reside at the Minnesota Historical Society Library in St. Paul, Minnesota. The material there includes the group's constitution and bylaws, various resolutions and circular letters, as well as minutes of its executive body.

Footnotes

Publications

 Frank W. Murphy, Americans, Do Your Duty: America First Association of Minnesota Sets Forth Its Principles: Address, Fairmont, Minnesota, November 14th, 1919. St. Paul, MN: America First Association, 1919.

Organizations established in 1917
1917 establishments in Minnesota
Political advocacy groups in the United States
World War I propaganda
Anti-German sentiment in the United States
United States home front during World War I


title: Deep Creek Township

text:
Deep Creek Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:

 Deep Creek Township, Clinton County, Iowa
 Deep Creek Township, Yadkin County, North Carolina


title: Chenar Faryab

text:
Chenar Faryab (, also Romanized as Chenār Fāryāb, Chenār-e Fāryāb, and Chenār Fārīāb; also known as Chenār Pāryāb) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 332, in 74 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Chenarak, Fars

text:
Chenarak (, also Romanized as Chenārak) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 224, in 36 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Cheshmeh Bardi

text:
Cheshmeh Bardi (, also Romanized as Cheshmeh Bardī) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 287, in 58 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Deh Sarv

text:
Deh Sarv (; also known as Deh Salab and Deh Sarm) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 95, in 19 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Leather wallpaper

text:
Leather wallpaper is a type of wallpaper used in various styles for wall covering. It is often referred to as wrought leather. It is often gilded, painted and decorated.  Leather was used to cover and decorate sections of walls in the houses of the rich, and some public buildings.  Leather is pliable and could be decorated in various ways.

Cuir de Cordoue, or cordwain or cordovan (meaning: "from Córdoba"), sometimes called gold leather (from Dutch "goudleer"), refers to painted and gilded (and often embossed) leather hangings, manufactured in panels and assembled for covering walls as an alternative to tapestry. These terms are mostly used for historical and antique materials.

History
Cuir de Cordoue originated from North Africa and was introduced to Spain as early as the ninth century. In Spain such embossed leather hangings were known as guadamecí, from the Libyan town of Ghadames, while cordobanes ("cordovan") signified soft goat leather. In 1316, a Cuir de Cordoue guild existed in Barcelona. Spanish gold leather was popular until the early seventeenth century.

In the fifteenth or sixteenth century, the technique reached the Low Countries, first in Flanders and Brabant, where it was further developed. Though there were  craftsmen in several cities (such as Antwerp, Brussels, and Ghent), the major handicraft center for gold leather was Mechelen, where it was mentioned as early as 1504. In the Dutch Republic gold leather-making flourished in the seventeenth century in Amsterdam, The Hague and Middelburg. In Amsterdam, at least eleven gold leather-makers were active. One of them, Hans le Maire, because of the smell, the need for water, wind and light, working at the edge of the city or in Vreeland, used up to 16,000 hides of calves and some 170,000 leaves of silver annually.

Dutch Cuir de Cordoue was exported to Germany, Denmark, Sweden, China and Japan. The last Amsterdam gold leather merchant Willem van den Heuvel closed around 1680, but the trade and production continued in Flanders and Northern France.

With the advent of printed wallpaper from about 1650, often imported from China as well as made in Europe, the far more expensive leather wallcoverings began to decline, though they continued to be used, in a rather revivalist sprit, in very luxurious homes.

Embossed wall coverings made to imitate antique embossed leather include Tynecastle, or Modeled Canvas. It was developed and patented in 1874 by designer W. Scott Morton (1840-1903). It was made by hand pressing canvas into carved wooden molds and dry it. It was colored after it was stuck to the wall.

Japanese Leather Paper imitates embossed leather. It is crafted from sheets of handmade paper pressed together. It is then embossed and gilded with the field color stenciled on it. A coat of lacquer was added to protect it and create a sheen.

During the colonial period in the United States, embossed leather panels were occasionally used as an accent, as a dado, on a screen, or above a chimney. In the last quarter of the 19th century, leather panels were revived and used in select rooms of mansions such as libraries. Introduced in the 1860s as "oil leather papers", the coverings later became known as "leather paper" and were offered in catalogs from Paul Balin in Paris' Birge in Buffalo, New York; and Jeffrey & Co. and Woollams & Co. They included embossing, gild and painted finishes designed to imitate leather wallpaper and were used to line furniture and cabinets. Their use continued in fancy homes of the late 19th and early 20th century decorating Lincrusta and Anaglypta were competing products . Leather papers were often made up of a series of paper laminates which were forced into shape with a mold, while Lincrusta is a patented composite material, and Anaglypta is a simthat were not designed to look like leather wallpaper. Rottman, Strome & Co. became a major producer based in England with manufacturing in Japan. Lutson Goudleder made the imitation leather coverings in southern France and they were also made in Poland.

Technique
Cuir de Cordoba was usually made of fine leather; often calf skins were used. The technique consisted of shaping panels of wet leather over wooden moulds, then painting them, then oil-gilding and lacquering them. Sometimes smooth panels of painted Cuir de Cordoue were used.

Patterns for these panels followed fashions in silk damask, at some lag in time, since the high-relief wooden moulds were laborious to make. After the second half of the 18th century, this luxurious artisan product was no longer made, its place taken in part by chintz hangings and printed wallpapers. In the eighteenth century Chinoiserie patterns were popular with Cuir de Cordoue.

Use
Structures with leather wallpaper include:
Chatsworth House
Dyrham Park
 Ginter House
 Ham House, near London
 Djursholm Castle
 The Peacock Room, using early 16th-century leather brought to England by Catherine of Aragon, then reconstructed in London in the 1890s, now in the Frick Collection in New York.
Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum of Boston, Massachusetts
 Loreto Abbey at Rathfarnham
 Ehreshoven Castle
 Town Hall of Bremen (Cuir de Cordoue)
 Oranienbaum Palace
 Moritzburg Castle (painted leather wallpaper)
 Metlife Insurance Company Building boardroom

Important examples of Cuir de Cordoue can be seen in the Netherlands in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, the Stedelijk Museum De Lakenhal and a side chamber of the Pieterskerk, both in Leiden, the Museum Van Gijn in Dordrecht, the Maastricht town hall and the Drents Museum in Assen. In Belgium fine examples can be seen in Museum Plantin-Moretus in Antwerp, Museum Hof van Busleyden in Mechelen and Malonne Abbey (near Namur). In Germany examples of Ledertapete can be found in the Town Hall of Bremen and Moritzburg Castle (near Dresden). In Scandinavia Cuir de Cordoue can be seen in Rosenholm Castle (Denmark) and Skokloster Castle (Sweden). Baroque State Rooms of the Wawel Castle in Kraków (Poland) were covered with an early 18th-century cordovan from king Augustus III's castle at Moritzburg.

See also
 Kinkarakami
 Lincrusta (Lincrusta Walton)
 Anaglypta
 Flock wallpaper
 Charles R. Yandell, American craftsman

References

Further reading
"Gilt Leather Hangings In Chinoiserie and Other Styles: An English Speciality" Furniture History 36 (2000): 61-101
 Historical wall coverings and wallpaper restoration by Paul Bramley ISS Institute/ Tafe Fellowship

External links
Discussion of Kinkarakami
 Image of leather wallpaper from the first half of the 18th century

Leather
Interior design
Wallcoverings


title: Fathabad-e Sofla, Shiraz

text:
Fathabad-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Fatḩābād-e Soflá) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 208, in 44 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Jamali, Shiraz

text:
Jamali (, also Romanized as Jamālī; also known as Jamādī) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 7 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Khun Hajji

text:
Khun Hajji (, also Romanized as Khūn Ḩājjī) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 19, in 5 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Kamarabad-e Arnadi

text:
Kamarabad-e Arnadi (, also Romanized as Kamarābād-e Ārnadī; also known as Kamarābād-e Ārmandī) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 285, in 47 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Kerachi

text:
Kerachi (, also Romanized as Kerāchī; also known as Kerāch and Kerāj) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 216, in 51 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Karreh Bas

text:
Karreh Bas (, also Romanized as Kareh Bas; also known as Qarābast and Qareh Bast) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 353, in 73 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Kurazag-e Now

text:
Kurazag-e Now (, also Romanized as Kūrazag-e Now; also known as Kūzarag and Kūzarak) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 379, in 78 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Masarm-e Olya

text:
Masarm-e Olya (, also Romanized as Māşarm-e ‘Olyā; also known as Māsaram and Māsarm-e Bāla) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 184, in 43 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Masarm-e Sofla

text:
Masarm-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Māşarm-e Soflá, Māsaram-e Soflá, and Māsarm-e Soflá; also known as Māsaram, Māsaram-e Pā’īn, and Māsarm-e Pā’īn) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 251, in 61 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Musqan

text:
Musqan (, also Romanized as Mūsqān and Mowseqān; also known as Mosqān and Musghān) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 897, in 186 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Romeghan

text:
Romeghan (, also Romanized as Romeghān; also known as Rāngūn, Romeqān, and Romqān) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District of Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars province, Iran.

At the 2006 National Census, its population was 838 in 193 households. The following census in 2011 counted 832 people in 220 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 764 people in 229 households. It was the largest village in its rural district.

References

Shiraz County

Populated places in Fars Province

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Saadatabad-e Molla Hoseyni

text:
Saadatabad-e Molla Hoseyni (, also Romanized as Sa‘ādatābād-e Mollā Ḩoseynī; also known as Sa‘ādatābād) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 582, in 109 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Sabuk

text:
Sabuk (, also Romanized as Sabūk) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 565, in 112 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Shekaft

text:
Shekaft (; also known as Seguft and Seqaft) is a village in Kuh Mareh Sorkhi Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. As of the 2006 Iranian national census, its population is 613, with 131 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Only That Real

text:
Only That Real is a song by American rapper Iamsu! from his debut studio album, Sincerely Yours (2014). The song was released as his commercial debut single on February 4, 2014. It features guest verses by American rapper 2 Chainz and fellow HBK Gang member Sage the Gemini with production handled by P-Lo of The Invasion.

Release
The song premiered on January 28, 2014, and was released for digital download on iTunes Store on February 4, 2014. "Only That Real" is the first single of Iamsu!'s debut studio album, Sincerely Yours, which was released in May 2014.

Music video
The music video for "Only That Real", directed by Alex Nazari, premiered via BET Jams on April 11, 2014.

Remix
The official remix of the song, which features American rappers Yo Gotti and French Montana, was released on November 13, 2014.

Chart performance

References

External links

2014 singles
2014 songs
Iamsu! songs
2 Chainz songs
Sage the Gemini songs


title: Jeffrey MacKie-Mason

text:
Jeff MacKie-Mason is an American economist specializing in information, incentive-centered design and public policy. MacKie-Mason is the university librarian and chief digital scholarship officer of the University of California, Berkeley, where he is also a professor in the School of Information and a professor of economics.  At the University of Michigan he was the Arthur W. Burks Collegiate Professor of Information and Computer Science at the School of Information, professor of economics, and professor of public policy at the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. MacKie-Mason was the founding director of STIET, a research program for Socio-Technical Infrastructure for Electronic Transactions funded by the National Science Foundation bridging together over 60 faculty and doctoral students in economics and computer science research.

Academic work
MacKie-Mason has published over 100 research articles and has over 8,000 citations and an h-index of 39. MacKie-Mason is best known for his research in industrial organization, Internet economics, computer science, and corporate finance and taxation. His studies of Internet pricing structures have received over 2500 citations. MacKie-Mason has consulted and testified in liability, damages, and policy issues for antitrust and regulatory matters since the early 1980s. He testified for the plaintiffs in the California class action against Microsoft Corporation which resulted in a $1.1 billion settlement for California consumers. He has also testified by deposition or at trial in cases involving Kodak, Office Depot, Lincoln Mercury and Ford, IBM, and other large companies.

MacKie-Mason received his A.B. from Dartmouth College in 1980, his Master of Public Policy from the University of Michigan in 1982, and his PhD from MIT in 1986. He was on the faculty at the University of Michigan in the Economics and Public Policy departments for 1986-2015 and in the School of Information 1996–2015. In 2013, MacKie-Mason and his wife, Janet Netz, pledged $2.5 million to the Michigan School of Information to create a new tenured chaired position.  In 2016 he moved to the University of California, Berkeley.

MacKie-Mason has served on two advisory boards at the National Science Foundation and has testified and advised with the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Federal Trade Commission. He has received numerous awards, including the University Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award, the National Tax Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Award, an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship, a National Science Foundation fellowship, and was Phi Beta Kappa. MacKie-Mason has been awarded over $9 million in research grants and has served on numerous academic program committees, panels, and board of directors.

Personal life
MacKie-Mason is an avid piano player. He is married to Janet Netz, also an economist and a University of Michigan alumnus, and he has two adult  sons.

References

External links
 Jeff MacKie-Mason’s Home Page

Living people
University of Michigan faculty
Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Dartmouth College alumni
Sloan Research Fellows
1959 births


title: Deer Park Township

text:
Deer Park Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:

 Deer Park Township, LaSalle County, Illinois
 Deer Park Township, Pennington County, Minnesota


title: Masarm

text:
Masarm or Masaram () may refer to:
 Masarm-e Olya
 Masarm-e Sofla


title: Telkoi Assembly constituency

text:
Telkoi is an Odisha Legislative Assembly constituency of Kendujhar district, Odisha, India.

Area of this constituency includes Telkoi block, Harichandanpur block and 16 GPs (Banspal, Baragarh, Bayakumutia, Gonasika, Jatra, Kalanda, Karangdihi, Kuanr, Nayakote, Phuljhar, Saharapur, Singhpur, Talakadakala, Tana, Taramakant and Uppar Raigoda) of Banspal block.

Elected Members

14 elections held during 1961 to 2019. List of members elected from Telkoi Vidhan Sabha constituency are:
2014: (20): Bedabyasa Nayak (BJD)
2009: (20): Premananda Naik (BJD)
2004: (145): Niladri Naik (BJD)
2000: (145): Niladri Naik (BJD)
1995: (145): Chandrasen Naik (Congress)
1990: (145): Niladri Naik (Janata Dal)
1985: (145): Pranab Ballav Naik (Congress)
1980: (145): Chandrasen Naik (Congress-I)
1977: (145): Niladri Naik (Janata Dal)
1974: (145): Niladri Naik (Utkal Congress)
1971: (128): Niladri Naik (Utkal Congress)
1967: (128): Bhagirathi Mohapatra (Swatantra)
1961: (70): Gobinda Munda (Ganatantra Parishad)

Election results

2019
In 2019 election Biju Janata Dal candidate Premananda Naik, defeated Bharatiya Janata Party candidate Dhanurjaya Sidu by a margin of 5,920 votes.

2014

2009

Notes

References

Kendujhar district
Assembly constituencies of Odisha


title: Andrew Turton

text:
Andrew Turton (193813 August 2021) was a British anthropologist who specialised on Thailand and the Tai peoples of Southeast Asia.

Life
Turton held the Chair of Anthropology and Chair of the Centre of Southeast Asian Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. He lived for many years in Thailand, where he did research, mainly in Northern Thailand, but also in Laos and the Chinese province of Yunnan, where the native areas of several Tai peoples lie. He lived in London until his death in 2021.

Notable works

  (Also published in the Journal of Contemporary Asia. 8 (1): 104–142. 1978. .)

References

1938 births
2021 deaths
20th-century British anthropologists
21st-century British anthropologists
Academics of SOAS University of London
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Scientists from Bristol
Thai studies scholars


title: 2014 Manchester City W.F.C. season

text:
The 2014 season is Manchester City Women's Football Club's 26th season of competitive football and its first season in the FA Women's Super League and at the top level of English women's football, having been promoted from the FA Women's Premier League.

In September, the team made club history by reaching their first ever cup final, beating Chelsea to reach the final of the FA WSL Cup. Drawn against Arsenal, they won 1–0 to lift the first major honour in their history.

Non-competitive

Pre-season
N.B. Games against Celtic played as 60-minute matches only. Line-ups rotated between games.

Competitions

Women's Super League

League table

Results summary

Results by matchday

Matches

FA Cup

WSL Cup

Group stage

Knock-out stages

Squad information

Playing statistics

Appearances (Apps.) numbers are for appearances in competitive games only including sub appearances
Red card numbers denote:   Numbers in parentheses represent red cards overturned for wrongful dismissal.

Goalscorers
Includes all competitive matches. The list is sorted alphabetically by surname when total goals are equal.

Correct as of the end of the season

Awards

Football Association England Women's Player of the Year award
Awarded annually to the player chosen by a public vote on the Football Association website

Transfers

Transfers in

References

14


title: Elyasabad, Shiraz

text:
Elyasabad (, also Romanized as Elyāsābād and Elīāsābād) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 268, in 71 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Eslamabad-e Chehel Cheshmeh

text:
Eslamabad-e Chehel Cheshmeh (, also Romanized as Eslāmābād-e Chehel Cheshmeh) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 127, in 21 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Belhezar-e Bala

text:
Belhezar-e Bala (, also Romanized as Belhezār-e Bālā; also known as Belhezar-e ‘Olyā) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 109, in 29 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Belhezar-e Pain

text:
Belhezar-e Pain (, also Romanized as Belhezār-e Pā’īn; also known as Belhezar-e Soflá) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 33, in 9 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Cheramakan

text:
Cheramakan (, also Romanized as Cherāmakān and Charā Makān; also known as Charmakān and Chārmeh Kan) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 169, in 36 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Cheshmeh Qoroq-e Chin

text:
Cheshmeh Qoroq-e Chin (, also Romanized as Cheshmeh Qoroq-e Chīn; also known as Cheshmeh Qoroq-e Ḩoseyn) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 69, in 16 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Chur Ab Qalandari

text:
Chur Ab Qalandari (also Romanized as Chūr Āb Qalandarī; also known as Cherr Āb Qalandarī-ye ‘Olyā) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 241, in 50 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Deh Sheykh, Shiraz

text:
Deh Sheykh (, also Romanized as Deh Shaikh) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 257, in 57 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Dehnow Qalandari

text:
Dehnow Qalandari (, also romanized as Dehnow Qalandarī; also known as Deh Now) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 977, in 212 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Darreh Marun

text:
Darreh Marun (, also Romanized as Darreh Mārūn) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 171, in 40 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Hajjiabad, Shiraz

text:
Hajjiabad (, also Romanized as Ḩājjīābād) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 331, in 71 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Hajjiabad-e Pas Kuhak

text:
Hajjiabad-e Pas Kuhak (, also Romanized as Ḩājjīābād-e Pas Kūhak; also known as Ḩājjīābād) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 9 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Khaneh Zenyan

text:
Khaneh Zenyan (, also Romanized as Khāneh Zenyān and Khāneh-ye Zenyān; also known as Khān-e Zenyān and Khān-i-Ziniān) is a city in, and the capital of Arzhan District of Shiraz County, Fars province, Iran, and also serves as the administrative center for Qarah Chaman Rural District.

At the 2006 census, its population was 1,578 in 350 households, when it was a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District. The following census in 2011 counted 3,370 people in 804 households, by which time the village had been elevated to the status of a city. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 4,027 people in 1,139 households.

Climate

References

Shiraz County

Cities in Fars Province

Populated places in Fars Province

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Heydarabad, Shiraz

text:
Heydarabad (, also Romanized as Ḩeydarābād) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 52, in 12 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Hemmatabad, Shiraz

text:
Hemmatabad (, also Romanized as Hemmatābād) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,063, in 245 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Hoseynabad, Arzhan

text:
Hoseynabad (, also Romanized as Ḩoseynābād; also known as Hoseyabad) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 594, in 122 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Khatiri

text:
Khatiri (, also Romanized as Khaţīrī) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,038, in 213 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Kheyrabad, Arzhan

text:
Kheyrabad (, also Romanized as Kheyrābād) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District of Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars province, Iran.

At the 2006 National Census, its population was 981 in 203 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,344 people in 317 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 1,589 people in 426 households. It was the largest village in its rural district.

References

Shiraz County

Populated places in Fars Province

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Delano Township

text:
Delano Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:

 Delano Township, Sedgwick County, Kansas
 Delano Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania


title: Belhezar

text:
Belhezar () may refer to:
 Belhezar-e Bala
 Belhezar-e Pain


title: Zbigniew Marciniak

text:
Zbigniew Stanisław Marciniak  (born 9 April 1952 in Warsaw) is a Polish mathematician and university teacher. Between 2007–2009 he was an Education vice-secretary and from 2010 until 2012 he was Science Secretary.

Life
He graduated mathematic studies in 1976 on the Department of Mathematic, IT and Mechanics of Warsaw University. In 1982 he was taking a PhD degree in Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and postdoctoral degree in 1997. Dr. Marciniak specializes in Group theory and Ring theory.

From the time of graduation he has been working for Mathematical Institute of Warsaw University, from 1997 in the position of Professor. Since 1996 until 1999 he took the function of deputy head, then until 2005 the function of headmaster of this university. In 2005–2007 he led The Polish Accreditation Committee, next he became a leader of Committee on Teaching of Mathematics PAN. He takes the participation in the editorial committees of journals "Delta" and "Algebra and Discrete Mathematics", represented Poland in the PISA coordinated by the OECD.

On 28 November 2007 he took the position of Secretary of State in Ministerstwo Edukacji Narodowej. On 26 August 2009 he was dismissed from the office. On 31 December 2009 he took the position of Secretary of State in Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego. On 31 January 2012 he was also dismissed.

Awarded with Silver Cross of Merit and Order of Polonia Restituta.

Bibliography

 . [dostęp 2012-01-31].

20th-century Polish mathematicians
21st-century Polish mathematicians
1952 births
Living people


title: Dawlish Avoiding Line

text:
The Dawlish Avoiding Line was a proposed 1930s railway development scheme for the Great Western Railway's Exeter to Plymouth Line, which if built would have been an alternative to the existing main line route along the South Devon Railway sea wall.

Background
The South Devon Railway Company commissioned Isambard Kingdom Brunel to develop its route between  to . Having physically surveyed all route options, based on the reason of the substantial cost savings against tunnelling through the steep South Devon hills, Brunel proposed a route that followed the coastline created through a combination of dynamite and quarrying, and where necessary through the construction of a suitable seawall.

The broad gauge railway of  gauge opened on 30 May 1846, designed to be worked as an atmospheric railway. Atmospheric trains only ran from 13 September 1847 until 9 September 1848, and the line was extended to  on 31 December 1846.

The South Devon Railway was amalgamated into the Great Western Railway (GWR) on 1 February 1876, and the gauge converted to the 4’ 8.5” (1435mm) standard gauge after 20 May 1892. A station was opened to serve  in 1905, all the other stations on the sea wall having opened with the line in 1846.

Proposal

Due to the substantial high costs of maintenance of the South Devon Railway sea wall – making it the most expensive piece of the GWR's infrastructure to maintain per mile – the Dawlish Avoiding Line was first proposed in 1933, to keep the Exeter to Plymouth Line working.

Whilst the GWR were still investigating the scheme, in light of the continuing effects of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression, in 1935 as part of his economic redevelopment plan Chancellor of the Exchequer Neville Chamberlain proposed establishing an independent special purpose vehicle finance company for railway development, backed by a government loan guarantee limited to £26.5 million. This could then be drawn down by any of the big four railway companies, with the GWR allocated "eleven fifty-third parts" to support the projects it had submitted for inclusion in the agreement, all of which had to be completed by 1 January 1941. Under the 1935 Finance Act, the GWR initially submitted just one proposal in the Treasury agreement (First Schedule, Part 1, Clause 2) which read: "Construction of a new deviation line from Dawlish Warren to Newton Abbot".

The proposed  1933 scheme within the two draft 1936 bills, diverted from the existing line south of . The scheme then went south through Kenton to Dawlish about  inland, then heading southwest under Holcombe Down avoiding Teignmouth, before rejoining the existing line to the east of Bishopsteignton. It was costed at £3m, and included three short tunnels and one long tunnel of . Parliament passed the Great Western Railway (Additional Powers) Act 1936, in which the Dawlish Avoiding Line is cited as "Railway No 1" amongst several projects listed.

But, to enable more schemes to be developed, the GWR later proposed a shorter route. Running for , it deviated from the railway bridge over the Hackney Canal near Newton Abbot, and re-joined the main line at a point  north of  towards Cockwood, alongside the River Exe.

However, in 1937 the GWR returned to a scheme closer to the original, called "Railway No 2”. Adding a further , it commenced at the same point south of Dawlish on the initial deviation route (authorised earlier by the 1936 Act), terminating close to  at a junction  south of a bridge carrying Milbury Lane over the line.

Construction
The GWR started construction in Spring 1939, with surveyors poles in place along the proposed route by the summer. But after the outbreak of World War II, all work stopped. Work was never restarted, and the GWR was nationalised into British Railways on 1 January 1948. BR subsequently sold the purchased land in the 1950s, and the construction powers of the associated Act of Parliament lapsed in 1999.

Present
The South Devon Railway sea wall—estimated to be the most expensive railway infrastructure to maintain per mile in the United Kingdom—is now owned by Network Rail, and the stations and majority of trains are operated by Great Western Railway.

Since the termination of the LSWR Exeter to Plymouth line during the Beeching Axe, and the  blocking of the SDR sea wall route in 2012, 2013, and  demolition during the storms of Winter 2013–2014, a number of parties have called for reconsideration of construction of the Dawlish Avoiding Line.

References

Abandoned rail transport projects in the United Kingdom
Rail transport in Devon
Railway lines constructed by the Great Western Railway
Proposed railway lines in England
Great Depression in the United Kingdom


title: Lawrence Thomas (priest)

text:
Lawrence Thomas, DD (19 August 1889 - 19 October 1960) was a Welsh Anglican priest and the inaugural Archdeacon of Margam.

He was educated at Lewis School, Pengam; St David's College, Lampeter; St John's College, Oxford; Trinity College, Dublin (studies in Hebrew); and St. Michael's College, Llandaff. He was ordained in 1912. After curacies in Cardiff and Oxford he was the Vicar of Briton Ferry from 1924 to 1942; Vicar of Bargoed from 1942 to 1946; and Vicar of Aberavon from  1946 to 1958. He was Treasurer of Llandaff Cathedral from 1948 until his death.

References

1889 births
1960 deaths
People educated at Lewis School, Pengam
Academics of the University of Wales, Lampeter
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Alumni of St Michael's College, Llandaff
Archdeacons of Margam


title: Jerry Stevenson (politician)

text:
Jerry W. Stevenson is an American politician and a Republican member of the Utah State Senate representing District 6 since 2023. Prior to redistricting he represented District 21 following his January 25, 2010 appointment to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Sheldon Killpack. Stevenson was mayor of Layton from 1994 until 2006.

Early life, education, and career
Stevenson attended Utah State University. He has worked as a Weber State University Trustee, the Wasatch Integrated Energy Chair, doing Military Installation, and as the UTA Rail Committee Chair. His primary profession is as a private business owner. Stevenson is married and has children and grandchildren.

Background
Business Owner
Weber State University Board of Trusties (chair)
Envision Utah (former chair)
DATC Board of Trustees
Layton City Government
Layton City Planning Commission (6 years)
 Layton City Council (8 years)
Layton City Mayor (12 years)

Political career
Senator Stevenson was appointed to his Senate seat on January 25, 2010. Stevenson is serving as a Senator for the Utah Senate.

In 2016, Stevenson served on the following committees:
Business, Economic Development, and Labor Appropriations Subcommittee
Executive Appropriations Committee (Senate Vice Chair)
Higher Education Appropriations Subcommittee
Senate Economic Development and Workforce Services Committee
Senate Education Committee
Senate Ethics Committee

Senator Stevenson's current committees are:
Economic Development and Workforce Services Interim Committee
Executive Appropriations Committee
Higher Education Appropriations Subcommittee
Point of the Mountain Development Commission
Political Subdivisions Interim Committee
Public Education Appropriations Subcommittee
Senate Business and Labor Committee
Senate Business and Labor Confirmation Committee
Senate Economic Development and Workforce Services Committee
Senate Economic Development and Workforce Services Confirmation Committee
Senate Judiciary, Law Enforcement, and Criminal Justice Committee
Senate Natural Resources, Agriculture, and Environment Confirmation Committee

Elections

Legislation

2016 sponsored bills

Notable legislation
During the 2016 legislative session Senator Stevenson sponsored and was the floor sponsor for many bills dealing with alcohol laws in Utah. His Senate Bill 250 regulates and clarifies the procedure to sell alcohol through drive up windows.

References

External links
Official page at the Utah State Legislature

Jerry Stevenson at Ballotpedia
Jerry W. Stevenson at the National Institute on Money in State Politics

Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mayors of places in Utah
People from Layton, Utah
Republican Party Utah state senators
Utah State University alumni
21st-century American politicians


title: Delavan Township

text:
Delavan Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:

 Delavan Township, Tazewell County, Illinois
 Delavan Township, Faribault County, Minnesota


title: Aliabad-e Qarchi

text:
Aliabad-e Qarchi (, also Romanized as ‘Alīābād-e Qarchī; also known as ‘Alīābād-e Qarcheh) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 101, in 28 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Malekabad, Arzhan

text:
Malekabad (, also Romanized as Malekābād; also known as Qal‘eh-i-Malakābād and Qal‘eh-ye Malekābād) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 85, in 16 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Salzburg Castle

text:
Salzburg Castle () stands on the edge of a  plateau above the town of Bad Neustadt an der Saale in Lower Franconia in southern Germany. The large Ganerbenburg (jointly inherited castle) is still partly occupied today and not all areas are accessible to the public.

Location
The castle was built about a kilometre east of Bad Neustadt on the western end of the plateau above  Neuhaus and is separated from the land in front of it by a roughly 160-metre-long neck ditch. Until the 19th century the whole hillside was cleared and was used as early as the High Middle Ages for viticulture. The present, thickly wooded ridge on which the castle stands is also the site of the extensive Franconian Clinic (Rhön-Klinikum AG), which dominates the landscape.

History

Early Middle Ages
By the Carolingian era, the Salzgau around Neustadt was already very important. Eginhard says that Charlemagne went in his palace at Saltz in 790. An imperial palace (Pfalz) was even built here; it was given to the Bishopric of Wurzburg in 1000 A.D. by Emperor Otto III. This palace was probably on the site of the present village of Salz or in its immediate vicinity. A castle was built on the nearby Veitsberg hill, probably in Ottonian times during the period of the Hungarian invasions, to protect the local populace.
A fortified enclosure of unknown date may have been located on the site of the present castle of Salzburg. These fortifications, too, may have been upgraded in the first half of the 10th century into a refuge castle in the face of attacks by the Magyars.

The first record of the Salzburg occurs in a copy of a deed by Emperor Louis the Pious dated around 1160. The original document is missing and could have been inadvertently and mistakenly amended by its scribe, Friar Eberhard of Fulda Abbey, to show the place of publication (Actum-Zeile or Ausstellungsort) as the Salzburg or Salzberg: "Act(um) in Salzb. Curia regia".

The copy of this early medieval document clearly suggests that the royal palace of Salz was actually located on the castle hill and older research invariably locates this royal court on the site of the more recent castle. Later on, the Veitsberg near Salz was generally reckoned to be the location of the palace while, today, historians favour the village of Salz or its immediate surroundings as the likely site. Friar Eberhard may have only known of the new site of the castle and replaced the village name of Salz by the abbreviation "Salzb." (Salzburg) throughout his transcript.

High and Late Middle Ages

The walled stone castle replaced an older palisaded ditch hewn from the limestone rock. This discovery was only made in 1984 during an official excavation of the foundations. This originally wooden, protective rampart is about a metre behind the stone wall and was probably a provisional enhancement to protect the site. The oldest curtain wall was obviously not fully developed. The elements of the fortified site datable to the first phase of construction are up to four metres high, but there are long stretches where only the foundation seems to have been laid. Whether the Bishop of Würzburg intended to form a major administrative centre or even a fortified village, here, remains speculative.

Gallery

See also
 List of castles in Bavaria

References

Literature
 Heinz Gauly: The Bonifatius-Kapelle auf der Salzburg. Salz, self-publication, 2006.
 Leonhard Hegewald: Neustadt an der Saale, Der Kaiserpfalz auf dem Schlossberg und Bad Neuhaus mit seinen Quellen – ill. Führer für Fremde und Einheimische. Neustadt a.d. Saale, 1880.
 The Kunstdenkmäler von Bayern, III, 22, Bezirksamt Neustadt a. pp., pp. 166–193. Munich, 1922 (Nachdruck Munich, 1983), .
 Klaus Leidorf, Peter Ettel: Burgen in Bayern – 7000 Jahre Burgengeschichte im Luftbild. Stuttgart, 1999, .
 Programm für The Salzburgfest, The eilfte Säcularfeier The Stiftung fränkischer, thüringischer und hessischer Bisthümer through den heiligen Bonifacius auf d. Salzburg bei Neustadt an d. Saale, begangen d. 12. Juli 1841. Würzburg, 1841.
 Georg Joseph Saffenreuter: Der eilfte Säcularfeier auf der Salzburg bei Neustadt an der Saale am 12. Juli 1841. Würzburg, 1841.
 Salisburg, der eilfte Säcularfeier der Weihe der ersten Bischöfe von Würzburg, Eichstädt, Erfurt und Buriburg durch den heiligen Bonifacius im Jahr 741 und die Grundsteinlegung zum Wiederaufbau die Bonifacius-Kapelle …. Würzburg 1841.
 Otto Schnell: Salzburg-Führer – Geschichte u. Beschreibung d. alten Kaiserpfalz Salzburg a.d. fränk. Saale. Würzburg 1900.
 August Voit von Salzburg: The uralte Kaiserburg Salzburg bei Neustadt an The Saale. Bayreuth 1832, (reprint of the 2nd edn. 1833: Bad Königshofen, 1989)
 Heinrich Wagner, Joachim Zeune (eds.): Das Salzburgbuch. Bad Neustadt, 2008, .
 Joachim Zeune: Burg Salzburg – Führer durch die Salzburg. Bad Neustadt, 1994.

External links

 Castle panorama

Castles in Bavaria
Heritage sites in Bavaria
Hill castles
Rhön-Grabfeld
House of Guttenberg


title: Murd-e Susani

text:
Murd-e Susani (, also Romanized as Mūrd-e Sūsanī; also known as Mowrsūsanī) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 47, in 12 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: In Conflict

text:
In Conflict is the fourth full-length album by Canadian indie rock artist Owen Pallett, released May 27, 2014 on Domino Records and Secret City Records. The album features English ambient musician Brian Eno, who plays guitar and synthesizers as well as providing vocals. It was released on standard vinyl and CD as well as a limited edition double heavyweight LP. It was recorded by Mark Lawson. Canadian and Japanese special editions include exclusive bonus tracks.

Critical reception

At Rolling Stone, Ned Raggett stated that "In Conflict is a pop treasure that's also a stirring, personal work of art." Sasha Geffen of Consequence of Sound wrote that "In Conflict is ominous, gloomy, and marked with some of the most playful arrangements Pallett’s laid to date." James Christopher Monger of AllMusic rated the album four-and-a-half stars, writing that the music contains a mixture of the "sugary opulence" reminiscent of Kishi Bashi and Jónsi and the "chilly refinement" akin to Björk circa 1997's Homogenic time period.

The album was a shortlisted nominee for the 2014 Polaris Music Prize.

Track listing

Domino Double LP bonus track
 "Bridle & Bit"

Personnel
Owen Pallett – vocals, violin, viola, piano, ARP 2600, Nord G2X, Roland Juno-60, MiniMoog
Matt Smith – bass, vocals
Robbie Gordon – drums
Brian Eno – synthesizers, guitar, vocals
Thomas Gill – guitar
Stef Schneider – percussion
Daniela Gesundheit – vocals
Czech FILMharmonic Orchestra

References

2014 albums
Owen Pallett albums
Domino Recording Company albums


title: Aron Rafn Eðvarðsson

text:
Aron Rafn Eðvarðsson (born 1 September 1989) is an Icelandic handball player who plays for SG BBM Bietigheim and the Icelandic national team.

References

1989 births
Living people
Aron Rafn Edvardsson
Aron Rafn Edvardsson
Handball-Bundesliga players
Expatriate handball players
Aron Rafn Edvardsson
Aron Rafn Edvardsson
Aron Rafn Edvardsson
Aron Rafn Edvardsson


title: Pas Kuhak

text:
Pas Kuhak (, also Romanized as Pas Kūhak) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 120, in 27 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Sadatabad, Shiraz

text:
Sadatabad (, also Romanized as Sādātābād) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 82, in 24 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Sar Mur, Fars

text:
Sar Mur (, also Romanized as Sar Mūr, Sar Mowr, and Sarmūr) is a village in Qarah Chaman Rural District, Arzhan District, Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 214, in 37 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Esmailabad, Shiraz

text:
Esmailabad (, also Romanized as Esmā‘īlābād) is a village in Bid Zard Rural District, in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 850, in 208 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Abbasabad-e Gazak

text:
Abbasabad-e Gazak (, also Romanized as ‘Abbāsābād-e Gazak) is a village in Bid Zard Rural District, in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 44, in 10 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Bid Zard-e Olya

text:
Bid Zard-e Olya (, also Romanized as Bīd Zard-e ‘Olyā; also known as Bīd Zard-e Bālā) is a village in Bid Zard Rural District, in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,206, in 295 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Bid Zard-e Sofla

text:
Bid Zard-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Bīd Zard-e Soflá; also known as Bīd-i-Zard, Bīd Zard, and Bīd Zard-e Pā’īn) is a village in, and the capital of, Bid Zard Rural District of the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars province, Iran.

At the 2006 National Census, its population was 2,112 in 495 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,425 people in 631 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 2,354 people in 551 households.

References

Shiraz County

Populated places in Fars Province

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Deh Now, Shiraz

text:
Deh Now (, also Romanized as Deh-i-Nau) is a village in Bid Zard Rural District, in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,617, in 412 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Dehak, Shiraz

text:
Dehak (; also known as Dehak-e Dowlatābād, Dowlatābād, Dowlatābād Dehak, and Dowlat Abad-e Sarvestan) is a village in Bid Zard Rural District, in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,272, in 586 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Kushk-e Khalil

text:
Kushk-e Khalil (, also Romanized as Kūshk-e Khalīl and Kūshk-i-Khalīl) is a village in Bid Zard Rural District, in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 490, in 131 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Mahmudabad, Bid Zard

text:
Mahmudabad (, also Romanized as Maḩmūdābād; also known as Maḩmūdābād-e Sakhteman) is a village in Bid Zard Rural District, in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 900, in 216 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Qaleh Now, Bid Zard

text:
Qaleh Now (, also Romanized as Qal`eh Now) is a village in Bid Zard Rural District, in the Central District of Shiraz County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 170, in 37 families.

References

Populated places in Shiraz County


title: Lovisa von Plat

text:
Lovisa von Plat (died October 1785), also known under the names Platskan ('The Plat woman') and Moster von Platen ('Aunt von Platen') was a Swedish brothel owner and procurer, active in Stockholm for about forty years until her death.  She belonged to the elite of her trade and became a known figure of her time, mentioned in memoirs, diaries and literature.

Life
The activity of Lovisa von Plat is first documented in a well known court case of 1747, which centered around Helena Bohman, one of the prostitutes of von Plat's keeping.

The background and identity of von Plat is sketchy, and the information she gave in 1747 may not have been truthful.
In the census of 1747, von Plat claimed to have been "thirty and more", and that she was the daughter of an officer by the name of von Plat. According to the city census, she was officially registered as poor. This was untrue, as she was listed as employing a maid, wearing a wig and powder and using Swedish snuff.

When she was first questioned in the court case of 1747, she stated that her name was Helena Fahlberg. Later in court, however, she claimed that she had given the name of Fahlberg only because that was the name of her mother's first husband, while she was the daughter of her mother's second marriage with the officer von Plat, so von Plat was her real name.

Court case of 1747

In 1747, von Plat was pointed out as a procurer by the seventeen year old Bohman, the daughter of a wealthy craftsman who had run away from home and had been reported for prostitution.  This court case was to attract great attention, last for months and involve numerous people.

Bohman claimed that von Plat had rented out her sexual services to various men from the upper classes and nobility, whom she met at von Plat's home, or at various places von Plat had escorted her to. von Plat was portrayed as a well-known elite procurer who provided prostitutes for upper class clients in Stockholm. When summoned, von Plat claimed to be a seamstress; she stated that she had tried to provide Bohman with work as a seamstress or a domestic, and that the men frequenting her home was merely her clients in her capacity as a seamstress. Several other witnesses gave damaging testimonies against von Plat.

When she was summoned before the court a next time, von Plat refused to attend court and left the city. She had taken refuge in an unidentified vicarage in the countryside.  A Governor testified to her good character, and Baron von Kurck claimed that she and the prostitutes of her stable where all seamstresses and laundresses in his employ.  During this epoch, unmarried women who could not prove that she had a legal profession, a fortune or a protector who could vouch for her, risked being placed at the Långholmens spinnhus, and elite prostitutes with contacts where normally protected against this by a wealthy clients who provided them with such an assurance.

On 2 October, the case was dismissed on a legal technicality; because neither Bohman nor von Plat was residing in the city district in which the court case was conducted, and thus were out of its jurisdiction.  The case was thus discontinued without it having led to any verdict, and there are no documentation than either Bohman or von Plat where ever punished by a legal court for these offences. von Plat went free despite evidence being presented that she owned a brothel, and it is seen as likely that she was protected by influential clients.

Later life

von Plat was evidently protected against prosecution by her connections among the upper class clientele to whom she catered.  In 1757, she married Carl Otto Kretzmer, a grenadier sergeant of the royal Livgardet.

From the 1760s, she owned and operated the brothel Platskans jungfrubur ('The Plat Woman's Maiden Cage'), which was situated at the "S:t Olof Röda tomt" near the Adolf Fredrik Church, and which was the perhaps most famous Stockholm brothel during the reign of Gustav III of Sweden, alongside her main rival, the Ahlströms jungfrubur ('The Ahlström Maiden cage') of the former sea captain Magnus Ahlström.

In official documents, her brothel business is not very visible.  In the census of 1760, the house in which her brothel was situated is stated to be owned by the married military wife "Lowisa Kritzmer"; in 1770, the owner was named as the widow "Helena Lovisa Kritzmer", age 49; and in 1780 by "Lena Lisa Krusmer", age 52, which was clearly the same person as von Plat, with different spellings of her name, who obviously gave false information about her age. It appears that she officially categorized her brothel as a tavern.  As was the case in 1747, von Plat does not appear to have had many prostitutes actually living in the brothel, but rather to have the names of prostitutes whom she arranged to meet clients in her house or in other places.  In 1770, the people listed to live with her was her two daughters, "a pauper of ill health", the daughter of a pottery maker named Maja Lena Dahlberg, a soldier and two widows; and in 1780, the household consisted of herself and her two daughters as well as two other women.

Her death date has not been found in any public records.  Bellman stated in his death poem over her that she died in October 1785.
It is noted, however, that her name is still placed as the number one procurer of the capital in Petter Wessman's famous list of all procurers and prostitutes of Stockholm, Samling af wisor, poesier och artiga anecdoter, from 1786.

Legacy

von Plat is referred to in many diaries, memoirs, letters and chronicles of the time, and was the subject of many so-called "Whore Poems" from 18th-century Stockholm.

Her brothel is portrayed in the famed erotic memoirs of Gustaf Hallenstierna, who named himself, Nils von Rosenstein and Carl Fredrik Fredenheim as her clients.

The poet Johan Henrik Kellgren claimed in a libellous 1778 poem that Sweden's bard, Carl Michael Bellman, had learnt to make love in the "Plat Woman's Maiden Cage".

She is portrayed several times in Bellman's songs, as were many other members of the contemporary criminal world of Stockholm.  After her death, Bellman wrote a poem about her death, "Platskans överfart på Styx i Oktober 1785" ('The passing of The River Styx by the Plat Woman in October 1785').  She is also mentioned in Fredmans Testamente nr 149.

A silhouette image of von Plat is preserved in the Kungliga biblioteket.

See also
 Sara Simonsdotter
 Anna Carlström

References

Further reading

 Kellgren: Hans utveckling fram till segern med Gustaf Wasa 1786. Sverker Ek, Johan Henrik Kellgren, Ingrid Sverker. Natur & Kultur, 1965
 Mina kärleksäventyr: En dagbok från sjuttonhundratalet. Gustaf Hallenstierna, Gardar Sahlberg - 1972 - Strängvy
 Frihetstidens kultur. Ewert Wrangel, Arvid Gierow, Bror Hjalmar Olsson. Tidskriftsförlaget Allhem a.-b.
 Samlade skrifter: Av Johan Henrik Kellgren. Utg. av Sverker Ek, Allan Sjöding, Otto Sylwan, Volym 7, Utgåva 1–5 . Johan Henrik Kellgren, Sverker R. Ek, Allan Edvard Sjöding, Otto Sylwan. A. Bonnier, 1936
 Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis: Stockholm studies in history of literature, Volym 12. Alf Kjellén Almqvist & Wiksell, 1971 - 215 sidor
 Arbetarbladet.se Den stora horinvasionen, 2009
 Kb.se anita ankarcrona: Stockholm. Bellmans stad – och vår
 Fryxell: Archive.org Berättelser ur Svenska historien. Fyrtiondefemte delen. Adolf Frederiks regering. Sjunde häftet

1785 deaths
Swedish brothel owners and madams
18th-century Swedish businesspeople
Year of birth unknown
Age of Liberty people
Gustavian era people
18th-century Swedish criminals
18th-century Swedish women
18th-century Swedish businesswomen


title: Karakütük, Tarsus

text:
Karakütük is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Tarsus, Mersin Province, Turkey. Its population is 298 (2022). It is in the Toros Mountains and to the west of Turkish state highway O.51. It is   to Tarsus and  to Mersin. Main economic activity of the village is agriculture.

References

Neighbourhoods in Tarsus District


title: Le Courrier français

text:
Le Courrier français may refer to:
 Le Courrier français (1820–1851), a Liberal journal published in France
 Le Courrier français (1884–1913), a satirical magazine published in France
 Le Courrier français (1948–1950), a royalist monthly published by the supporters of the Count of Paris


title: Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade – Women's 10 kilometres walk

text:
The women's 10 kilometres walk event at the 2001 Summer Universiade was held in Beijing, China on 29 August.

Results

References

Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade
2001 in women's athletics
2001


title: Stein's Pass

text:
Stein's Pass, is a gap or mountain pass through the Peloncillo Mountains of Hidalgo County, New Mexico.  The pass was named after United States Army Major Enoch Steen, who camped nearby in 1856, as he explored the recently acquired Gadsden Purchase.  The pass is in the form of a canyon cut through the mountains through which Steins Creek flows to the west just west of the apex of the pass to the canyon mouth at
.

History
Stein's Pass and the canyon of Steins Creek to the west of it, allowed easy passage through the Peloncillo Mountains, between the Animas Valley and the San Simon Valley.  Americans headed west in the California Gold Rush, in 1849 pioneered a shorter wagon road through the pass as part of a cutoff route from Cooke's Wagon Road from Santa Fe to Tucson and California. The pass, then in Mexican territory, was known to Mexican Army soldiers who guided a party of forty-niners led by John Coffee Hays west from Peloncillo Ranch on Cooke's road in the Animas Valley, through this pass, to Cienega of San Simon and on over Apache Pass and Nugent’s Pass to the lower crossing of San Pedro River, near Tres Alamos from which it ran southwest to link back up to Cooke,s Road west of modern Benson, Arizona, avoiding the long haul south to Guadalupe Pass, (in what is now Sonora, Mexico just south of the modern Mexican, U. S. border), and back north along the San Pedro River to the vicinity west of Benson.

Subsequently, this became the major route of travel on this part of the Southern Emigrant Trail, and was used by the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line, with the exception that Nugent's Pass was discarded in favor of Dragoon Pass as the shorter route to the San Pedro River crossing.  A shorter route through Doubtful Canyon used by the Butterfield Overland Mail supplanted this pass for the stagecoach route until the outbreak of the Apache War with Cochise made it unsafe and the Steins Pass route again became the route of choice for many years.  Stein's Pass became the route the Southern Pacific Railroad used in crossing the Peloncillo Mountains, and the station, later the town of Stein's Pass was founded just east of the summit of the pass.

Today the route of Interstate 10, goes through Stein's Pass.

References

Landforms of Hidalgo County, New Mexico
Mountain passes of New Mexico


title: Albert Edward Litherland

text:
Albert Edward "Ted" Litherland (born 12 March 1928, in Wallasey, UK) is a nuclear physicist, known for his pioneering work in accelerator mass spectroscopy (AMS).

Education and career
Litherland earned a BSc in 1949 and a PhD in 1955 from the University of Liverpool. From 1953 to 1955 he was a National Research Council Fellow and from 1955 to 1966 a career scientist at Chalk River Laboratories with Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. In 1966 he became a professor of physics at the University of Toronto and in 1979 a full professor, retiring as professor emeritus in 1993. In the academic years 1960–61 and 1972–73 he was a visiting professor at the University of Oxford.

Litherland and Allan Bromley were, in the words of J. C. D. "Doug" Milton, "two of the key people working on the van de Graaff accelerators, the 3 MV home-made single-ended machine, and beginning in 1958, the world's first tandem accelerator, the EN tandem. The unprecedented precision and flexibility of the EN tandem made Chalk River the envy of physicists around the world and opened up the field of heavy-ion physics. Allan Bromley is sometimes called the father of heavy-ion physics. Litherland was honoured first of all for his work on the 3 MV machine through which, and with his insight and courage, the first proof that the collective model could be applied to a light nucleus, in this case 25Al. It led to a great simplification of our understanding of the spectra of such nuclei and directly to the Unified Model. Litherland went on to make critical contributions to nuclear structure research, primarily through the introduction, with John Ferguson, of new gamma-ray angular correlation techniques. In 1966, Litherland was recruited by the University of Toronto, and in 1967, he, along with Harry Gove and Ken Purser, realized the unique value of a tandem accelerator in measuring exquisitely minute quantities of 14C. Thus was born accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS); for his contribution the University of Toronto made him a university professor. Litherland subsequently became the director of Isotrace, a facility that leads the world in the introduction of new AMS techniques."

IsoTrace Laboratory
In 1982 Litherland was the director for the establishment of the IsoTrace Laboratory at the University of Toronto. The initiation of the creation of the ISOTRACE (ISOTope and Rare Atom Counting Equipment) Laboratory occurred in April 1979 with Litherland and Rolf P. Beukens as two of the most important scientists involved. While in operation from 1982 to its interim replacement period from 2008 to 2013, the laboratory used nuclear techniques in supersensitive mass spectrometers for archaeological dating, trace element detection, etc. In 2013 the IsoTrace Laboratory ceased operation and was fully replaced by the André E. Lalonde AMS Laboratory with upgraded equipment and facilities.

Honours and awards
 1971 – Gold Medal of the Canadian Association of Physicists
 1974 – Rutherford Medal of the British Institute of Physics
 1980 – Killam Scholarship
 1986 – Guggenheim Fellowship
 1993 – Henry Marshall Tory Medal (Royal Society of Canada)
 1998 – Honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Toronto

References

Canadian physicists
1928 births
Living people
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
People from Wallasey
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
British emigrants to Canada


title: Arnór Þór Gunnarsson

text:
Arnór Þór Gunnarsson (born 23 October 1987) is an Icelandic handball player for Bergischer HC and the Icelandic national team.

In June 2023, he announced his retirement from playing and that he would stay on at Bergischer HC as an assistant coach.

National team career
Arnór announced his retirement from the national team in December 2021 after 120 games.

Personal life
His brother, Aron, is the captain of the Iceland national football team.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Arnor Thor Gunnarsson
Handball-Bundesliga players
Expatriate handball players
Arnor Thor Gunnarsson
Arnor Thor Gunnarsson
Arnor Thor Gunnarsson
Bergischer HC players


title: Ryōgoku Kajinosuke II

text:
Ryōgoku Kajinosuke II (両國 勇治郎, March 18, 1892 – August 10, 1960) was a Japanese sumo wrestler. His highest rank was sekiwake.

Career
He made a debut in June 1909. He reached the top makuuchi division in May 1914 and won the championship with a 9-0-1 record. He is the only wrestler since 1909 to win the top division championship at his first attempt. After the win, he changed his shikona from Ryōgoku Yūjirō to Ryōgoku Kajinosuke. He reached sekiwake rank in January 1915 but was unable to climb any higher and spent most of the rest of his career as a maegashira. He retired in January 1924. After retirement, he worked under the name Takekuma in the Dewanoumi ichimon, and recruited Musashiyama. However, he later left the Dewanoumi ichimon and established Takekuma stable.

Top division record

See also
Glossary of sumo terms
List of past sumo wrestlers
List of sumo tournament top division champions

References

External links
Tournament results

1892 births
1960 deaths
People from Daisen, Akita
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Sumo people from Akita Prefecture
Sekiwake


title: Americamysis bahia

text:
Americamysis bahia  is a shrimp-like crustacean in the order  Mysida, the opossum shrimps. It is native to estuarine waters in Texas and Florida in the United States. It is often referred to in the literature as Mysidopsis bahia and is widely cultured and used in the laboratory for toxicology testing.

Description
Americamysis bahia grows to a length of about , the females being larger than the males. These shrimps are transparent, often with a yellowish, brownish or blackish tinge.

Distribution and habitat
Americamysis bahia is native to the east coast of the United States, its range extending from Rhode Island to Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. It is an estuarine species and can tolerate a wide range of salinity levels ranging from 54 to 2 psu (practical salinity units), being most common around 30 psu. It is seldom found at depths greater than  and its typical habitat is over sandy or muddy seabeds, often in seagrass meadows.

Behaviour
Americamysis bahia is found on or just above the seabed, tending to be concentrated in slight depressions and facing towards the current. At night it makes vertical migrations to feed at the surface. Opossum shrimps are omnivores and although the diet of Americamysis bahia in the wild has not been studied, examination of the stomach contents of the closely related Americamysis almyra showed 31% vascular plant debris and 11% copepods and diatoms. In the laboratory it is usually fed on the larvae of the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Opossum shrimps play an important part in the food chain and are consumed in large quantities by such fish as the inland silverside, whiffs and flounders.

Life cycle
Female Americamysis bahia shrimps become mature between the twelfth and twentieth day, depending on diet and temperature. The eggs are fertilised and the embryos develop in the female’s brood pouch, underneath her thorax. Batches of five to seven young per brood are usual and are released into the water column in four to six days. The juveniles are planktonic for twenty-four hours before settling on the bottom. Females can produce multiple broods over the course of a few months.

Use in research
Americamysis bahia is relatively sensitive to toxic pollutants. Because of this and the fact that it is small, has a short life cycle, and is easy to culture, it is extensively used in toxicity testing.

References

Mysida
Crustaceans described in 1969
Arthropods of the United States


title: Hadi Shehu

text:
Hadi Shehu (1949–2017) was a Kosovar stage and film actor.

Early life

Hadi began his career in theater of Gjakova, as an amateur. He was the founder of Professional Theatre in Gjakova, where he also worked as director until 2007. A Graduate of the School of Pedagogy in Prishtina 1974, he studied in Dramatic Art at the school of Faruk Begolli. He has realized hundreds of memorable roles in drama.

Death

Died in Gjakove, on March 12, 2017.

Acting

Shehu performed in The Perfume Shop in its original Albanian language at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2002.

Personal life

He was born in Gjakova, in old Albanian family.

Filmography
 Monserati
 When the Soul dies
 The man with the ball
 Age before the Court

References

External links

1949 births
2017 deaths
Kosovan male actors
Yugoslav male film actors
Yugoslav male stage actors
Yugoslav Albanians


title: Hidallana

text:
Hidallana (also transcribed Hiddellana, Hidellana, Hidallana or in other ways) is a town in the Sabaragamuwa Province of Sri Lanka, located at latitude: 6°42'57.96", longitude: 80°22'46.2" near Ratnapura. The estimated mean elevation above sea level is 82 metres. The postal code is 70012.

References

Populated places in Sabaragamuwa Province


title: Jean Fisher

text:
Jean Fisher (17 October 1942 – 12 December 2016) was a UK-based art critic and writer. Her research explored the intertwined legacies of colonialism and the emergent conflicts of globalization in Ireland, Native America, the Black Atlantic and more recently Palestine.  She studied zoology and fine art. In the 1980s in New York City she contributed regularly to Artforum International. At that time she curated exhibitions of contemporary Native American art with the artist Jimmie Durham. In New York she taught in the School of Visual Arts, State University of New York at Old Westbury and the Whitney Independent Study Program.

From 1992 to 1999 Fisher was editor of the international quarterly Third Text. Her publications include the anthologies Global Visions: Towards a New Internationalism in the Visual Arts (1994), Reverberations: Tactics of Resistance, Forms of Agency (2000), Vampire in the Text, a collection of her writings published by InIVA in 2003, with a preface by Cuauhtémoc Medina  and, with Gerardo Mosquera, Over Here: International Perspectives on Art and Culture (2004).

She wrote on the work of numerous artists including Francis Alÿs, Black Audio Film Collective, Sonia Boyce, James Coleman, Lili Dujourie, Willie Doherty, Jimmie Durham, Edgar Heap of Birds, Susan Hiller, Tina Keane, and Gabriel Orozco, and contributed essays to the catalogues to the Venice Biennale (1997), Johannesburg Biennale (1997), Inside the Visible (1998), Carnegie International (1999), Documenta 11 (2002), the Sharjah Biennial (2005), 18th Biennale of Sydney: All Our Relations (2012).

Fisher taught on the Curating MA programme at the Royal College of Art, London, and was Professor of Fine Art and Transcultural Studies at Middlesex University.

References

1942 births
2016 deaths
Academics of the Royal College of Art
Academics of Middlesex University
British art critics
Alumni of King's College, Newcastle
People from Aldeburgh