title: Sir William Johnstone, 2nd Baronet

text:
Sir William Johnstone, 2nd Baronet of Sciennes and Westerhall was a Scottish landowner and politician who sat in the Parliament of Scotland from 1698 to 1707 and in the British House of Commons between 1707 and 1722.

Early life
Johnstone was the second son of Sir James Johnstone of Westerhall, a member of the pre-Union Parliament of Scotland. His mother Margaret was the daughter of John Bannatyne of Corehouse in Lanarkshire. He married Henrietta Johnston, the daughter and coheiress of James Johnston of Sciennes, Edinburgh before 1698. His elder brother John was an MP and became a baronet.

Career
Johnstone was a political ally of his distant relation the Earl of Annandale. In the Parliament of Scotland he was a member from 1698 to 1707 for the burgh of Annan, of which Annandale was the patron.  He initially supported the Union with England, and when Annandale shifted towards opposing it, Johnstone intermittently joined him.

After the Union, Johnstone received the continuing support of Lord Annandale. At the 1708 general election, he was involved in a double return at Dumfries Burghs and was declared elected Member of Parliament on 30 November 1708. He did not make much impression apart from voting against the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell, and did not stand at the 1710 general election. On the death of his brother on 30 September 1711 he succeeded to the baronetcy and Westerhall estate. In 1712 he became a councilor of Lochmaben. He was returned unopposed as MP for Dumfries Burghs at a by election on 9 May 1713, and at the 1713 general election was returned unopposed again for Dumfries Burghs and also elected MP for Dumfriesshire. Although he unusually continued to represent both seats in Parliament, he again made little contribution. In 1714, he voted against the expulsion of Richard Steele, and for extending the schism bill to cover Catholic education. He was in favour of the Hanoverian succession, but cooperated with Jacobites on Scottish matters. At the 1715 general election he was returned as MP for Dumfriesshire alone and appears to have supported the Administration, although his only recorded vote was for the Peerage Bill in 1719. During the Jacobite rebellion, he made effective preparations in fortifying Dumfries, so that the rebels did not attack the town, and reported on the military progress of the rebels, as Annandale's representative in Dumfriesshire. However Annandale died in 1721 and Johnstone was on poor terms with his successor the second Marquess who had him removed from the council at Locmaben. Johnstone appealed to the Convention and was re-instated, but did not stand at the 1722 general election.

Later life and legacy
Johnstone's younger son, John, married Annandale's stepmother which exacerbated the ill-feeling between the families. In 1726 the Marquess tried to prevent his titles and lands descending collaterally to ‘a certain family of Johnstone’, by which he was acting against his stepmother and the Johnstones of Westerhall.

Johnstone died on 8 October 1727, leaving two sons. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son James, who was MP for Dumfries Burghs from 1743 to 1754.

References

17th-century births
Year of birth unknown
1727 deaths
Johnstone baronets
Burgh Commissioners to the Parliament of Scotland
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1689–1702
Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1702–1707
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies
British MPs 1708–1710
British MPs 1710–1713
British MPs 1713–1715
British MPs 1715–1722


The 1954 United States Senate election in Montana took place on November 2, 1954. Incumbent United States Senator James E. Murray, who was first elected to the Senate in a special election in 1934 and was re-elected in 1936, 1942, and 1948, ran for re-election. After winning the Democratic primary against trivial opponents, he advanced to the general election, where he was opposed by Wesley A. D'Ewart, the Republican nominee and the United States Congressman from Montana's 2nd congressional district. A contentious and close election ensued, but ultimately, Murray was able to narrowly win re-election over D'Ewart to a final term in the Senate.

Democratic primary

Candidates
James Edward Murray, incumbent United States Senator
Ray E. Gulick, farmer
Sam G. Feezell

Results

Republican primary

Candidates
Wesley A. D'Ewart, United States Congressman from Montana's 2nd congressional district
Robert Yellowtail, former Superintendent of the Crow Indian Reservation

Results

General election

Results

References

Montana
1954
1954 Montana elections


title: Diploschema brunnea

text:
Diploschema brunnea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Monné in 1980.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1980


title: Yingzidu Dam

text:
The Yingzidu Dam is a concrete-face rock-fill dam on the Sancha River, a tributary of the Wu River, in Pingba County of Guizhou Province, China. The purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power production and flood control. It supports a 360 MW power station located just downstream. At a normal elevation of  the reservoir withholds  but it can hold up to  in the event of a flood. The spillway on the dam can also discharge up to  of water. Construction on the dam began on 8 November 2000 and on 10 April 2003 it began to impound its reservoir. On 22 May of the same year the first generator was commissioned, the second in August. By June 2004, the project was complete.

See also

 List of dams and reservoirs in China
 List of tallest dams in China

References

Dams in China
Concrete-face rock-fill dams
Dams completed in 2003
Energy infrastructure completed in 2004
Hydroelectric power stations in Guizhou


title: Salagena violetta

text:
Salagena violetta is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Malawi and possibly Tanzania.

References

Metarbelinae
Moths described in 1929


title: Diploschema howdeni

text:
Diploschema howdeni is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Monné in 1980.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1980


title: Diploschema maculata

text:
Diploschema maculata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Monné in 1980.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1980


title: Istriana goat

text:
The Istriana is an endangered breed of domestic goat indigenous to Istria and the Karst regions of the northern Adriatic, from north-east Italy to Croatia and Slovenia. A population of about 100 head was documented in the Italian province of Gorizia in the 1980s; there is no more recent data. In Croatia, where raising any goat not of the Swiss Saanen breed was illegal in the 1940s and 1950s, it has largely disappeared; a study is under way to establish whether it may be recoverable.

In Italy the Istriana is one of the forty-three autochthonous goat breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep- and goat-breeders. No numbers have been recorded in the herd-book for many years; however, a population of 80 was reported to DAD-IS in 2005. Its conservation status in Italy was listed as "critical" by the FAO in 2007.

References

Goat breeds
Meat goat breeds
Goat breeds originating in Italy


title: Diploschema mandibulare

text:
Diploschema mandibulare is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Ernst Fuchs in 1964.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1964


title: Diploschema rotundicolle

text:
Diploschema rotundicolle, citrus stem borer is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Audinet-Serville in 1834. The species is known for feeding on oranges in Brazil.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1834


title: Diploschema weyrauchi

text:
Diploschema weyrauchi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1966.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1966


title: Aug (band)

text:
Aug is a hard rock band from New Jersey. The band was formed in 2008 and have since released two albums and have opened for many bands including King's X, Savatage and Joe Lynn Turner. The band is also notable for the lead singer's voice, which is similar to Ozzy Osbourne. The band has appeared in the program That Metal Show.

The band released its debut album, entitled 20 Years in Hell. In 2014, the band released its second album, entitled Be Careful What You Wish For.

Band members
Current members
 Aug (Anthony Agostine) – vocals
 Rich Tanis – bass, backing vocals
 Tommy Shauger – lead guitar, vocals
 Russ LaMater – drums, percussion

Discography
 20 Years In Hell (2011)
 Be Careful What You Wish For (2014)

References

External links

2008 establishments in New Jersey
American hard rock musical groups
Heavy metal musical groups from New Jersey
Musical groups established in 2008


title: Pakistan Gymnastics Federation

text:
The Pakistan Gymnastics Federation is the governing body of Gymnastics in the Pakistan.

Affiliations
The federation is affiliated with:

 International Federation of Gymnastics
 Asian Gymnastics Union
 Pakistan Sports Board
 Pakistan Olympic Association

Affiliated Units
 Punjab Gymnastics Association
 Sindh Gymnastics Association
 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Gymnastics Association
 Balochistan Gymnastics Association
 Capital Gymnastics Association (Islamabad)
 Pakistan Army
 Pakistan Airforce
 Pakistan Navy
 WAPDA
 Pakistan Railways
 Higher Education Commission

National Championship
Gymnastics is regular event at biannual National Games. In addition following events are organized by gymnastic federation each year:
 National Gymnastic Championship
 Under 18 National Gymnastic Championship
 Under 14 National Gymnastic Championship
 National champions

References

External links
 Official Website

National members of the Asian Gymnastics Union
Sports governing bodies in Pakistan
Gymnastics in Pakistan


title: Carlo Crialese

text:
Carlo Crialese (born 14 November 1992) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a left back for  club Crotone.

Club career
Crialese started his senior career at Italian Serie D club Gaeta. In 2011 Crialese joined Lega Pro Seconda Divisione club Aprilia. In 2012, he joined fellow fourth-tier club Lamezia. In 2013, he moved to the third tier club Nocerina, via Parma. Nocerina also signed Tozzi and Rosato from Parma. During the season, Nocerina was suspected of match-fixing after 8 players were injured, leaving not enough players for the rest of the match. Thus the club was expelled from the league and relegated. On 1 August 2014, the club was assigned to Eccellenza Campania, two tier below Lega Pro, as Lega Pro only had one unified division since the 2014–15 season. However, Crialese himself did not find any club for the second half of 2013–14 season.

Cesena
On 30 June 2014, the last day of 2013–14 financial year, Crialese, Emmanuel Cascione, Mohamed Traoré were sold from Parma to Serie A newcomers Cesena, with Nicola Ravaglia, Gianluca Turchetta and Nicolò Lolli moved to opposite direction. Crialese signed an initial three-year contract.

On 1 September 2014, he was signed by Cremonese. The loan deal was extended on 8 July 2015. He returned to Cesena for their pre-season camp on 14 July 2016.

However, on 25 July 2016, Crialese was signed by Bassano in another loan.

On 12 July 2017, he received a call-up from Cesena for their 2017 pre-season camp. However, he left the club less than a month of the new season.

Pro Vercelli
On 20 July 2017, Crialese joined Pro Vercelli, with Ernesto Starita moved to opposite direction. Crialese was immediately left for Serie C club Juve Stabia.

Loan to Virtus Entella
On 6 August 2018, he joined Serie C side Virtus Entella on a two-year loan deal. Virtus Entella was promoted to Serie B for the second season of his loan.

Loan to Perugia
On 6 August 2020, Crialese went to Perugia on loan.

Crotone
On 31 August 2022, Crialese joined Crotone on loan with a conditional obligation to buy. The conditions were fulfilled and he transferred to Crotone on a permanent basis.

References

External links
 AIC profile (data by football.it)

1992 births
Living people
Footballers from Rome
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Serie B players
Serie C players
Serie D players
Atletico Roma FC players
Vigor Lamezia players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
ASG Nocerina players
AC Cesena players
US Cremonese players
Bassano Virtus 55 ST players
FC Pro Vercelli 1892 players
SS Juve Stabia players
Virtus Entella players
AC Perugia Calcio players
FC Crotone players


title: Dragomiris major

text:
Dragomiris major is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Monné in 1980.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1980


title: Dragomiris quadricornutus

text:
Dragomiris quadricornutus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1913.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1913


title: Dragoneutes baculus

text:
Dragoneutes baculus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1913.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1913


title: Stahlianthus

text:
Stahlianthus is a genus of plants in the ginger family. It is native to southern China, the Himalayas, and Indochina.

 Stahlianthus andersonii (Baker) Craib ex Loes. in H.G.A.Engler - Myanmar
 Stahlianthus campanulatus Kuntze - Thailand, Vietnam
 Stahlianthus involucratus (King ex Baker) Craib ex Loes. in H.G.A.Engler - Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Darjiling, Assam, Sikkim, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar
 Stahlianthus macrochlamys (Baker) Craib - Thailand, Myanmar
 Stahlianthus pedicellatus Chaveer. & Mokkamul - Thailand
 Stahlianthus philippianus (A.Dietr.) Loes. in H.G.A.Engler - apparently extinct, origins unknown
 Stahlianthus thorelii Gagnep. - Laos, Thailand

References

Zingiberoideae
Zingiberaceae genera


title: Phenomenal Cat

text:
"Phenomenal Cat" is a song by the English rock band the Kinks from their sixth studio album, The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society (1968). Written and produced by Ray Davies, the song was recorded sometime between late1967 and May1968. The song features a Mellotron which duplicates the sound of a flute. It is one of several character studies on Village Green, recounting the story of a flying cat who travels the world, discovers "the secret of life" and spends the rest of his life eating. Commentators have sometimes likened the song to Victorian fairy tales and have often described it as an example of psychedelia.

Composition

Lyrics and music

"Phenomenal Cat" tells the story of a flying cat who has visited faraway places like Katmandu and Hong Kong. He discovers "the secret of life", though the details of the revelation are not revealed to the listener. In the aftermath of his discovery, he retreats from the world and spends the rest of his life eating in a tree. Songwriter Ray Davies described "Phenomenal Cat" contemporaneously as like a nursery rhyme. Band biographer Johnny Rogan thinks the song resembles a children's story or Victorian fairy tale, comparable to the work of 19th-century English authors like Edward Lear and Lewis Carroll.  Academic Patricia Gordon Sullivan considers the song a music hall composition, indicating Ray's continued interest in the genre.

While Ray generally eschewed contemporary music trends in his songwriting, retrospective commentators often describe "Phenomenal Cat" as an example of British psychedelia. Academic Barry J. Faulk thinks the song's psychedelia is driven by its Mellotron contribution – a tape-loop-based keyboard instrument that had been associated with the genre since its use on the Beatles' 1967 single "Strawberry Fields Forever". Musician Steve Alleman instead considers the song's Mellotron one of the few times the Kinks approached psychedelia without actually achieving it. Music researcher Christian Matijas-Mecca adds that the song shares qualities with Syd Barrett's song "Lucifer Sam" from Pink Floyd's album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (1967), and band biographer Andy Miller compares it to Barrett's song "The Gnome" from the same album. Miller writes that while the song includes elements of psychedelia – such as its embrace of Lear and Carroll – he considers those elements to be surface level. He writes that while Ray "shared the British psychedelic's scenes pastoral idealization of lost youth", Ray differed in thinking that one could never return to one's youth.

Interpretation

In a 1976 interview, Ray denied that the song had a moral, though commentators have offered their own interpretations. Miller considers the song as one of several character studies to appear on The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society (1968) and one of several songs which contemplates the dangerous appeal of the past. He writes the character of the cat is "the same ambiguous figure" as the one who sits lazily by the river in "Sitting by the Riverside", flips through the photo album in "Picture Book", or who lives in a museum in "Last of the Steam-Powered Trains". He writes that in the same way "Last of the Steam-Powered Trains" was a satire on the contemporary R&B movement in Britain, "Phenomenal Cat" may have been a satire on the psychedelic scene. Rogan similarly thinks the song is a satire on the late-1960s trend of searching for spiritual enlightenment. In particular, Rogan thinks Ray may have been satirising his contemporaries, like Pete Townshend in his following of Indian spiritual master Meher Baba or the Beatles learning Transcendental Meditation from Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.

Academic Ken Rayes thinks the song is about conspicuous consumption. He considers it a "gentle, nuanced portrait of the temptations of capitalist materialism", contrasted against the more "spiritually and emotionally fulfilling possibilities" offered by the village green. He thinks Ray may have sought to caricature rock businessman Allen Klein with the song, writing that the cat parallels Ray's description of Klein in his 1994 autobiography.

Recording

The Kinks recorded "Phenomenal Cat" sometime between late1967 and May1968, during a period when the band recorded numerous songs without initially knowing when or in what format they would be released. Recording took place in Pye Studio 2, one of two basement studios at Pye Records' London offices. Ray produced the song, while Pye's in-house engineer Alan "Mac" MacKenzie operated the four-track mixing console.

The song's backing track combines a flute, woodwinds and tambourine, played against electric guitar and Mick Avory's drums. Avory deadened the sound on his drums by placing newspaper over a floor tom. The woodwind instruments were produced via Mellotron. The recording's distinctive flute introduction was accomplished by holding down the Mellotron's keys and allowing each tape loop to spool through. Ray's lead vocal is double tracked, while Dave Davies sings as the cat. Dave's voice was altered by recording the master tape slowly and then playing it sped-up. Ray and Dave do not fully harmonise until the song's ending, before Dave's vocal fades away.

Release and reception

"Phenomenal Cat" was among the songs Ray selected for the aborted US album Four More Respected Gentlemen, originally planned for a late1968 release. He also included the song on his original twelve-track edition of The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society. In the United Kingdom, Pye initially planned for a  release of the album, though Ray opted to halt its release in mid-September to expand its track listing. Pye released the fifteen-track edition of the album in the UK on . "Phenomenal Cat" is on side two, between "Starstruck" and "All of My Friends Were There". The original release included several discrepancies between the titles listed on the album sleeve and those on the LP's central label; on the sleeve, "Phenomenal Cat" was misspelled "Phenominal Cat".

In his September1968 preview of Village Green for New Musical Express, critic Keith Altham wrote that "Phenomenal Cat" is an example of "one of those intriguing figments of Ray's meandering mind"; he concludes that the song includes a moral for those who read close enough, while other listeners can enjoy its "pleasant nursery rhyme". In an otherwise positive review of the album for The Village Voice, critic Robert Christgau criticised the song for its "impersonal artiness", writing that it "might have been turned out by some Drury Lane whimsy specialist". In a retrospective assessment, Morgan Enos of Billboard stated that rather than follow the plot, the listener can appreciate Dave's "crooning" vocal and the "mellow, stony" Mellotron.

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

1968 songs
Songs written by Ray Davies
The Kinks songs
Song recordings produced by Ray Davies
Songs about cats


title: Dragoneutes obscurus

text:
Dragoneutes obscurus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1843.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1843


title: Dragoneutes pilosus

text:
Dragoneutes pilosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monne in 2004.

Physical Appearance
The Dragoneutes Pilosus has a thinner body than most Beetles, yet you would find it closer to a cockroach than one. The Beetle has two antennas that lean on the body, instead of standing up. The body of the Dragoneutes Pilosus has 3 legs, and a brown to dark orange skin color.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 2004


title: Mitch Honeychurch

text:
Mitchell Honeychurch  (born 2 March 1995) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Western Bulldogs in the Australian Football League (AFL). Honeychurch played for the Eastern Ranges in the TAC Cup, and represented Vic Metro during the National Under 18 Championships. Honeychurch was named in the Under 18 All Australian team, and won Vic Metro's Most Valuable Player after a series of strong performances for Metro. Honeychurch played in the Ranges' TAC Cup Grand Final win over the Dandenong Stingrays, booting 3 goals and named as one of the best afield. While ranked by Champion Data as the fifteenth most impressive player in the draft pool, Honeychurch slid to Pick 60 in the 2013 AFL draft, taking the Bulldogs (the club that had displayed the most interest in Honeychurch) by surprise.

AFL career
Honeychurch debuted against Melbourne Football Club in Round 15 of the 2014 AFL season. The Bulldogs clinched victory in the dying minutes of the game with a Goal of the Year contender from Honeychurch's fellow first year player Marcus Bontempelli. Honeychurch kicked the opening goal for the Bulldogs with his first kick - thus joining the elite group of first kick, first goal players - and finished with 8 disposals for the match. Honeychurch would go on to hold his spot in the side for the next two weeks, but didn't play again at AFL level in 2014. He did however play a pivotal role in securing the VFL Premiership for Footscray - their first since 1954.

Under new coach Luke Beveridge, Honeychurch flourished early on in the 2015 season, playing and impressing in the first seven games of the season, and was awarded the Round 2 nomination for the 2015 AFL Rising Star award, following a strong performance in the Bulldogs' win over Richmond at the MCG where he accumulated 18 disposals, six tackles and a goal.

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
Eastern Ranges players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Western Bulldogs players


title: Amy Hoggart

text:
Amy Hoggart (born 14 April 1986) is a British-American stand-up comedian and actress, best known for starring in Almost Royal, a faux-reality show on BBC America, and Full Frontal with Samantha Bee, an American political satire show on TBS.

Early life
Amy Hoggart was born 14 April 1986 in Washington, D.C. She is the daughter of English journalist and broadcaster Simon Hoggart, who was a correspondent for The Observer in the 1980s. She has a brother named Richard, after their grandfather Richard Hoggart, an academic of British culture. Her uncle Paul Hoggart is a TV critic.

Hoggart's family moved back to the U.K. when she was four years old. While earning a BA in English literature at King's College, Cambridge, Hoggart performed with Footlights. She went on to earn a master's degree in experimental psychology from the University of Sussex.

Career
Hoggart initially established herself with the "insufferably cute" character Pattie Brewster on the London standup comedy scene, which she describes as "brilliant" and "a great community".

Hoggart's first major TV role outside of standup comedy was Almost Royal, a faux-reality show on BBC America, in which Hoggart portrays a low-ranking heir to the British throne, Poppy Carlton, 51st in line to the British throne, and her brother, Georgie (Ed Gamble), as they tour the United States speaking to unsuspecting members of the public, in a style similar to the character Borat. When cast, Hoggart, whose background includes living in places such as Washington, D.C. and London, was expected to be able to affect the manner of British royalty, saying, "They asked if I could do an aristocratic accent." Almost Royal debuted on E4 in the UK, and on BBC America in 2014.

In February 2016, Hoggart made her debut as a correspondent for the political commentary satire series Full Frontal with Samantha Bee, in a segment in which she interviewed Donald Trump supporters about voter fraud. The segment eventually drew more than 2 million YouTube views. She next appeared in a segment in the special 9 November episode that aired the day after the presidential election vote. A February 2017 segment saw her journey to Scotland to interview citizens of Aberdeenshire, who protested Trump's attempts to persuade the government of Scotland to seize local farmer Michael Forbes' land in order to build a golf course. In 2020, it was announced that Hoggart was to host her own show, It's Personal with Amy Hoggart, on truTV, which premiered on 26 February 2020.

References

External links

 Amy Hoggart's page on her agent's website, DAA Management

1986 births
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American comedians
21st-century English people
21st-century English women
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Sussex
American people of English descent
American television actresses
American women comedians
English people of American descent
English television actresses
English women comedians
Amy
Living people
Comedians from Washington, D.C.
English stand-up comedians
American stand-up comedians


title: Gigantotrichoderes conicicollis

text:
Gigantotrichoderes conicicollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Tippmann in 1953.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1953


title: Gigantotrichoderes flabellicornis

text:
Gigantotrichoderes flabellicornis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Zajciw in 1965 as being a part of the Kardashian Klan.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1965


title: Praxithea angusta

text:
Praxithea angusta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1966.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1966


title: Praxithea beckeri

text:
Praxithea beckeri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Monné in 1980.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1980


title: Praxithea borgmeieri

text:
Praxithea borgmeieri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1938.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1938


title: Praxithea chavantina

text:
Praxithea chavantina is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1949.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1949


title: Falkland Islands at the 2014 Commonwealth Games

text:
The Falkland Islands was represented at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow by 25 athletes across three sports, badminton, shooting, and lawn bowls, the largest ever Falkland Islands squad to be sent to the Commonwealth Games.

Badminton

Singles

Doubles

Mixed team

Pool D

Lawn Bowls

Men

Shooting

Men

Open

References

 Falkland Islands names largest ever squad as 25 athletes set to compete at Glasgow 2014. insidethegames.biz, 2014

Nations at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Falkland Islands at the Commonwealth Games
2014 in the Falkland Islands


title: Praxithea derourei

text:
Praxithea derourei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chabrillac in 1857.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1857


title: Cho Ka Ka O

text:
"Cho Ka Ka O" or "Chaud cacao" ("Hot cocoa") is a song performed by Belgian singer Annie Cordy. The song was written by Vivien Vallay, Patrick Bousquet and Pierre Carrel. The song was released in France and Belgium in 1985. The song sold more than two and a half million singles worldwide In 2021, the song was criticized for being racist, a claim one of the writers, Vallay, denied.

Gummibär version

Background
In 2007, German virtual singer Gummibär covered "Cho Ka Ka O (Choco Choco Choco)" for his debut album I Am Your Gummy Bear. This version peaked at number 16 on the French chart.

Composition
the song is Sung in G major and then transposes to G# major, and it is a spin-off of Annie Cordy's version except it has cartoon music rather than tropical music

Music video
"Cho Ka Ka O" was released on March 23, 2008 on YouTube and features Gummibär dreaming of being immersed in a tropical island virtual video game reality. He then gets into a series of mishaps such as being run over and hit by coconuts, getting covered in hot chocolate, and being chased by crabs. He is also shown doing the hula dance. As of September 2023, the song has 280 million views.

Charts

Annie Cordy version

Gummibär version

Covers
 In 2013, the controversial humorist Dieudonné M'bala M'bala made a cover of the song by turning the words : this new version, entitled "Shoananas" (in reference to The Holocaust), earned the comedian a sentence to a €28.000 fine for defamation, libel and incitement to hatred and racial discrimination.
 In 2015, Chico & the Gypsies made a cover of the song during the show "This is Your Life Annie Cordy".
 In 2017, Lartiste song Chocolat lyrics Cho Cho Cho Chocolat, has been featured in the song.

References

1985 songs
1985 singles
Annie Cordy songs
Gummibär songs
2008 singles


title: Praxithea fabricii

text:
Praxithea fabricii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Audinet-Serville in 1834.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1834


title: Praxithea guianensis

text:
Praxithea guianensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Tavakilian and Monné in 2002.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 2002


title: Praxithea javetii

text:
Praxithea javetii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chabrillac in 1857.
The holotypes were collected in Brazil.

Description
This beetle has brown elytra with short spines on the neds. The antennae are longer than the body and the male has short spines at the end of each segment. The thorax is mottled brown and black.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1857


title: Praxithea lanei

text:
Praxithea lanei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Joly in 1999.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1999


title: Praxithea melzeri

text:
Praxithea melzeri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1956.

References

Torneutini
Beetles described in 1956


title: XHUAD-TDT

text:
XHUAD-TDT	channel 46 is an educational television station founded in 2012 by the Universidad Autónoma de Durango, broadcasting in Durango, Durango, Mexico. Branded as TV Lobo, the station carries a variety of local interest and university programs. It is a sister station to XHUAD-FM 94.1.

History
The history of TV Lobo predates channel 46, with the station starting on Durango cable channel 7 in the 2000s. In 2011, UAD received a permit from Cofetel for a broadcast television station on channel 46, which would carry the same programs as seen on cable. The station signed on March 13, 2012, making it the second university station in Durango behind XHUNES-TV from the Universidad España; a third, XHUJED-TDT, owned by the Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, took to the air in 2014.

TV Lobo was one of the few noncommercial broadcasters not owned by a state or federal government to reach an agreement with América Móvil to cover the 2014 Winter Olympics.

In 2015, XHUAD began digital transmissions overnight on channel 46. It went digital-only on December 22, 2015.

In March 2018, in order to facilitate the repacking of TV services out of the 600 MHz band (channels 38-51), XHUAD was assigned channel 22 for continued digital operations.

References

Mass media in Durango City
Television stations in Durango


The 1960 United States Senate election in Montana took place on November 8, 1960. Incumbent United States Senator James E. Murray, who was first elected to the Senate in a special election in 1934 and was re-elected in 1936, 1942, and 1948, and 1954, declined to seek re-election, creating an open seat. United States Congressman Lee Metcalf won out in a crowded Democratic primary and faced off against former United States Congressman Orvin B. Fjare, who won in a similarly-crowded Republican primary. Following a close general election, Metcalf narrowly defeated Fjare to win his first term in the Senate.

Democratic primary

Candidates
Lee Metcalf, United States Congressman from Montana's 1st congressional district
John W. Bonner, former Governor of Montana
LeRoy H. Anderson, United States Congressman from Montana's 2nd congressional district
John W. Mahan, former National Commander of the Veterans of Foreign Wars

Results

Republican primary

Candidates
Orvin B. Fjare, former United States Congressman from Montana's 2nd congressional district
Sumner Gerard, State Representative
Wayne Montgomery, rancher
James H. Morrow
Fred J. Martin
L. A. Wilson

Results

General election

Results

References

Montana
1960
1960 Montana elections


title: Sinanjiang Dam

text:
The Sinanjiang Dam is a concrete-face rock-fill dam on the Sinan River, a tributary of the Lixian River, in Mojiang Hani Autonomous County of Yunnan Province, China. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power production and it supports a 201 MW power station. Construction began in October 2003 and the river was diverted around the dam site on 5 February 2005. All three generators were commissioned in 2008. To produce power, water from the reservoir is diverted around a bend in the river through a  long headrace tunnel which connects to the power station via a penstock. The power station contains three 67 MW Francis turbine-generators.

See also

 List of dams and reservoirs in China
 List of tallest dams in China

References

Dams in China
Concrete-face rock-fill dams
Dams completed in 2008
Energy infrastructure completed in 2008
Hydroelectric power stations in Yunnan
Buildings and structures in Pu'er


title: Møntergården

text:
Møntergården is the cultural history museum in Odense, Denmark. It is located at Overgade 48 in a courtyard of half-timbered houses in the Renaissance style.

History
The building was built on a farm owned by the nobleman Falk Gøye (1602–1653). Dating to 1646, the two storey building's exterior features carved rosettes. For several years, various noble families lived on the farm.
In the middle of the 18th century the farm was transformed into a grocery store and a storage room.  In 1860, the lower floor of the front porch was furnished for shops and several families moved into apartments above.

In 1930, Odense Municipality bought the building to preserve it. At that time the lower floor was reconstructed and the buildings came to resemble themselves in the 1646 version. In 1941, Møntergården opened its doors as a museum for the first time. From 2010 to 2013, a major expansion occurred with funding from the foundation A.P. Møller og Hustru Chastine Mc-Kinney Møllers Fond.

The museum has exhibits on Funen's ancient history, as well as Odense in the Middle Ages and the period of the Renaissance.  Among the displays is the Koelbjerg Man (Koelbjergmanden), who lived around 8000 BC and are the oldest human remains known from Denmark.

References

External links

 Møntergården  Official website

Museums in Odense
Buildings and structures completed in 1646
Local museums in Denmark
1646 establishments in Denmark


title: Shahabad, Alwar

text:
Shahbad is a village in Tijara Tehsil in Alwar District of Rajasthan State, India. It is located 52 km towards North from District headquarters Alwar. 5 km from Tijara. 174 km from State capital Jaipur It is a village a distance from tijara is 5 km. its population is nearly 6,000 votes. the head of panchayat samiti of this village is MR. RAMNIWAS YADAV. and head of MP's MR. DHARMENDRA SAINI. in 2023

it is vastly village. its main category is CHAMAR   JATAV   SAINI   VALMIKS AND BRAHMINS  etc.

ANUJ is a resident from this village now studying in SIKAR   ALLEN.

Villages in Khairthal-Tijara district


title: Knights of the Desert (film)

text:
Knights of the Desert (Italian:I cavalieri del deserto) is a 1942 Italian adventure film directed by Gino Talamo and Osvaldo Valenti. It starred Valenti, Luisa Ferida and Luigi Pavese. The film was based on a novel by Emilio Salgari with a screenplay by Federico Fellini and Vittorio Mussolini, the son of Italy's dictator Benito Mussolini. It was produced by the Rome-based ACI which was run by Vittorio Mussolini. Valenti and Ferida were romantically linked, and co-starred in several films together.

The film was shot on location in Libya, before the North African Campaign turned decisively against Italy and its Allies. Fellini may have directed some of the Libyan scenes after Gino Talamo was injured in a car accident. The film was ultimately never released due to the defeats suffered in Libya, which meant its plot was now a potential embarrassment to the regime.

Cast
 Osvaldo Valenti as Il capitano Serra
 Luisa Ferida as Ara
 Luigi Pavese as El-Burnì
 Guido Celano
 Piero Lulli
 Erminio Spalla
 Primo Carnera

References

External links

1942 films
Italian adventure films
1942 adventure films
1940s Italian-language films
Films based on works by Emilio Salgari
Films directed by Gino Talamo
Films shot in Libya
Films based on Italian novels
1940s unfinished films
Italian black-and-white films
Films with screenplays by Federico Fellini
Films scored by Renzo Rossellini
1940s Italian films


title: Joseph Owona

text:
Joseph Owona (born August 26, 1976) is a Cameroonian professional basketball player for JSA Bordeaux Basket. He is most noted for being a physician and sport medicine specialist, graduated while still playing basketball. He has helped his national team winning the silver medal at the FIBA Africa Championship 2007, averaging 6.3 rebounds per game. Owona also represented Cameroon at the 2011 Afrobasket, with a seventh place finish. He was most valuable player in 2006 of the Quai 54 tournament in Paris with team Zikfi. Generally playing center, he was a solid rebounder and defender, several times best shot blocker of the league. Owona was known as "Big Ben" or "DocBen" through his years with his club, returning to Bordeaux shortly after his retirement. He is now a physician in SOS Medecins Bordeaux and Aldo sport physician for French under 18 national team.

References

1976 births
Cameroonian men's basketball players
Living people
Centers (basketball)


title: Ttaemiri

text:
Ttaemiri () are the working staff who provide many services at jjimjilbang (bathhouses) in South Korea.

In popular culture
God of Bath, a South Korean manhwa has a main character, Heo-se, who is a ttaemiri.

References

South Korean popular culture
Public baths


title: Marojejy leaf chameleon

text:
Marojejy leaf chameleon may refer to:
 Brookesia griveaudi
 Brookesia betschi

Animal common name disambiguation pages


title: Estelle Muriel Kerr

text:
Estelle Muriel Kerr (1879-1971) was a Canadian painter, illustrator and writer.

[[|thumb]]

Life

Estelle Muriel Kerr was born in Toronto, Canada, in 1879.
In Toronto she studied with Mary Ella Dignam and Laura Muntz Lyall.
She studied at The New York Art Students League (NYASL) for about two years from 1901.
She also spent two years at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière.
During the summers she sketched in Italy, Switzerland, France, Belgium and the Netherlands.

Around 1913 Kerr shared a studio in Toronto with Dorothy Stevens.
In World War I (1914-1918) she drove an ambulance in France.
She became well known as an art critic and a painter of children.
She also painted landscapes and figure studies.
Kerr was among the founding members of the Graphics Art Club and the Heliconian Club.
Kerr died in 1971.

Publications

Kerr  illustrated several children's books and contributed illustrated stories and poems to several publications.
She published:
Little Sam in Volendam, children's book
The Town Crier of Gevrey", based on her experiences in World War I.

Selected writings
 Concerning Canadian Art. Courier (7 Oct. 1916?).
 Do You Speak Spanish? Toronto Star Weekly (21 Aug. 1926): 21.
 How Henri Won His Maple Leaf. Canadian Magazine 54.3 (Jan. 1920): 220-22.
 I Seek Lodgings in Paris. Toronto Star Weekly (14 May 1927).
 In the Vineyards of Burgundy. Canadian Magazine 52.2 (Dec. 1918): 631-35.
 Monsieur Le Fou: The Tale of a Misunderstanding - Reggie Is Locked Up But Makes His Escape. Toronto Saturday Night (16 Jul. 1927).
 Recommended Hotels. Toronto Star Weekly (11 Dec. 1926).
 The Artist. Toronto Saturday Night 26: 35 (7 Jun. 1913): 29.
 The Etcher's Point of View. Canadian Magazine 48 (Dec. 1916): 152-59.
 Uncle Norman's Portrait. Canadian Magazine 50.6 (Apr. 1918): 489-495.
 Women Sculptors in Toronto. Women's Saturday Night (20 Jun. 1914).
 Royal Castles in France.'' Canadian Magazine 64.4 (Feb. 1916): 282-94.

References
Citations

Sources

1879 births
1971 deaths
20th-century Canadian painters
20th-century Canadian women artists
Canadian women painters


title: Cable television by region

text:
The distribution of cable television around the world:

Asia

Mainland China

Cable television is the most common transmission method in all urban areas of mainland China – television aerials are an extremely rare sight. Cable systems in China usually carry all the CCTV channels in Mandarin, along with all the channels of municipal, provincial or regional networks in question. The remaining slots carry the main channels from several other province-level stations, and may carry additional channels from metropolitan stations such as BTV and Shanghai Media Group. They may also carry a local channel for a particular sub-provincial municipality, prefecture or county. Individual compounds (hotels, housing estates, etc.) often add a request channel showing karaoke music videos and animations. An extremely small number of compounds with many foreign residents and/or tourists (for example, five-star hotels in Beijing) will also carry selected channels from Hong Kong, Taiwan and the West. Phoenix Television has the widest carriage under this rule.

Guangdong Province is the only area where channels from Hong Kong can be carried legally. Currently, TVB Jade and TVB Pearl are the only terrestrial channels which are carried by the Guangdong Cable Network. Phoenix Television is also available. In Shenzhen, selected foreign channels such as CNN International or HBO are also available with a fee.

Mainland China had more than 44.5 million digital cable television users in 2008.

Unlike many cable television operators in other countries that support two-way modes, China's cable television systems operate in a one-way mode (download only, no upload).

Hong Kong

Cable television was introduced to Hong Kong in 1957 when Rediffusion Television (predecessor to Asia Television) began transmissions as Hong Kong's first television station. This arrangement ended in 1973 when Rediffusion Television was granted a free-to-air terrestrial broadcast licence by the Hong Kong government. Cable television returned to Hong Kong in 1993 when Wharf Cable Television (now known as Cable TV Hong Kong) began operations as Hong Kong's first subscription-based multichannel television platform. Cable TV Hong Kong currently competes with the IPTV platforms HKBN bbTV and now TV as well as the pay television service TVB Network Vision.

India

Japan
Cable television was introduced to Japan in 1955, in Shibukawa, Gunma Prefecture. Until the 1980s, cable television in Japan was mainly limited to rural mountainous areas and outlying islands where the reception of terrestrial television was poor. Cable television started to proliferate in urban areas in the late 1980s, beginning with Tokyo, whose first cable television station began broadcasting in 1987. In the mid-1990s, two-way multichannel cable television platforms first appeared in the market; broadband internet services started being bundled to cable television subscriptions in the late 1990s.

Currently, there are several national and regional cable television providers in Japan, the largest being , followed by  (JCN). These companies currently compete with the Japanese satellite television platforms SKY PerfecTV! and WOWOW, as well as the IPTV platform Hikari TV operated by NTT Plala.

Japan Cable Television Engineering Association (JCTEA) is the umbrella organisation representing 600 member companies involved in research, designing, manufacturing, installation and maintenance of cable television facilities in Japan.

Analog broadcasting on cable television ceased in most areas between July 24, 2011, and March 31, 2015; the transition was completed on April 30, 2015.

Malaysia
Cable television was introduced to Malaysia in 1995 when Mega TV was launched as the country's first subscription-based pay television service. Mega TV ceased operations in 2001, due to stiff competition from the Malaysian satellite television operator Astro as well as a failure to expand its range of channels. In 2013, ABNXcess was launched as Malaysia's second cable television service and marked the return of cable television to Malaysia after a 12-year absence.

Maldives
There are only two cable television providers in the Maldives (MediaNet Digital and SatLink Digital). As the population of the country is separated across around 200 inhabited islands, there is a cable provider for nearly every island. MediaNet Pvt. Ltd. is the country's largest cable TV provider, providing state of the art digital TV service. MediaNet is a Malé based cable TV provider that provides digital cable (DVB-C) and Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) services to most of the Islands in the Maldives. MediaNet holds a distribution license for 100 TV channels and distributes TV channels to nearly all the TV operators of the country. In Maldives, cable television subscribers can get most basic and premium TV channels available in Asia.

Mongolia
There are several cable television providers in Mongolia. The main three are SuperVision, Hiimori and Sansar CATV. All three cover approximately 15 national channels and 40 foreign channels, such as CNN, the BBC and NHK. Sansar has the largest network in Ulaanbaatar. SuperVision is the first digital cable television service in Mongolia and other CATVs are planning to launch digital cable television with CA systems.

Philippines
NUVUE, the first cable television system in the Philippines, was set up in Baguio by American expatriate Russel Swartley in 1969. Cable television became popular in the 1980s after the Marcos administration. Sky Cable, the largest cable television provider in the Philippines, began operations in 1992. Cable providers have proliferated since then, including Destiny Cable, Cablelink and some regional cable providers. In 2007, Sky Cable introduced the DigiBox, a set-top box that provides a digital television (DTV) signal for higher video quality and prevents illegal cable connections. In 2008, Sky Cable also broadcast the 37th Ryder Cup in high-definition television (HDTV). In 2009, Sky Cable became the first cable television service provider in the Philippines to broadcast the UAAP Games in high definition via the new SkyHD Cable TV service.

Singapore
Cable television was introduced to Singapore in 1991 when Singapore Cable Vision (now known as StarHub TV) was licensed to develop and establish a cable-based subscription television network in Singapore. The project was completed in stages between 1995 and 1999 and upon achieving 100% cable television coverage in 1999, SCV was granted exclusivity in the provision of pay television services in Singapore for three years until 2002. That same year, StarHub, a Singapore telecommunications company, acquired SCV and the cable television network was subsequently renamed as StarHub Cable Vision, and again as StarHub TV in 2007. Digital cable was introduced to Singapore in November 2004 and completely replaced the previous analogue cable service by June 2009. As the private ownership of satellite dishes is banned in Singapore, StarHub TV and its IPTV counterpart mio TV (launched in 2007) comprise the only multichannel television platforms available in Singapore as of October 2013. StarHub has announced its intention to close down its cable TV operation in June 2019 and migrate all customer to IPTV. The market has been steadily losing Pay TV customers, predominantly to Internet Streaming Devices, many of which are illegal; as of 2018, the government has issued directions to ISPs to block access to "TV Box Apps".

South Korea
Cable television was legalised by the South Korean government in 1993, and was formally introduced in 1995 with an initial 20 operators covering various regions of South Korea. As of 2014, there are 149 cable television operators in South Korea, mainly operating at a regional level. These companies compete with the South Korean satellite television platform SkyLife as well as the IPTV platforms HanaTV, U+ TV and Olleh TV.

Taiwan
Cable television is prevalent in Taiwan, as a result of cheap subscription rates (typically around NT$550, or US$15 a month) and the paucity of free-to-air television, which comprises five channels. Programming is mostly in Mandarin and Taiwanese, with some English, Japanese and other foreign-language channels. Miniseries, called Taiwanese drama, are popular. There is a dedicated station for Taiwan's Hakka minority as well as the arrival in 2005 of an aboriginal channel. Almost all programmes are in their original language with traditional Chinese subtitles.

Cable television in Taiwan is claimed by the industry to have begun in 1969 in the Taipei suburb of Shipai, and CATV antennas were subsequently set up in Taiwan's mountainous areas to remedy poor terrestrial reception in those areas. In the 1970s, illegal cable television systems nicknamed "fourth channels" () to differentiate it from the then-three legal Taiwanese terrestrial channels were set up in every location in Taiwan. These illegal cable television systems, while technically considered to have operated outside the boundaries of Taiwanese law because there was no provision for cable television in the Taiwanese Broadcasting Act at that time were, however, popular with the Taiwanese public as they offered more choices in programming compared to those offered by terrestrial television. Fourth channels initially obtained much of their programming from VCR videotapes, which were then played and retransmitted via coaxial cables to connected households with a subscription, and subsequently enjoyed massive growth after the late 1980s when the legalisation of Ku band satellite receptions in 1988 and private installations of C band satellite dishes in 1992 substantially increased the range of available channels. Fourth channels were also popular among Taiwan's then-nascent opposition political parties, who used this medium to communicate pro-democracy views.

Despite the Taiwanese government's unsuccessful attempts in cracking down on the fourth channels, including a major raid in which  of coaxial cables were forcibly removed and destroyed over a four-month period in 1991, the straw that broke the camel's back only occurred when the United States began threatening trade sanctions against Taiwan in retaliation for massive copyright infringement committed by the fourth channels, in part due to the fourth channels' illegal retransmission of satellite signals from domestic and foreign sources, especially those from Hong Kong, Japan and the United States which became possible only when satellite receptions became legal as explained above.

Faced with this problem, the Taiwanese government eventually legalized cable television in July 1993 when the Government Information Office ratified the Cable Television Act. In October 1994, 209 companies took part in a series of competitive tenders which were called as a result of the implementation of the said Cable Television Act. On May 13, 1998, Keelung Cable Television () became the first Taiwanese cable television operator to obtain a broadcasting license which covers the city of Keelung in northern Taiwan. By 2001, there were 66 cable television operators in Taiwan, mainly operating at a regional level. These companies compete with the Taiwanese satellite television platform DishHD as well as the IPTV platform CHT MOD operated by Chunghwa Telecom.

The Taiwanese government is pushing for a switch to digital cable television services by 2015; this will be provided through a set-top box and will increase the number of available channels.

Turkey
Cable television was introduced to Turkey in the early 1980s when several cable companies started operations such as Sky, Amunarie, ODus and Mediafield.

Europe

Denmark
Cable television was introduced to Denmark in 1963 when Jysk Telefon, a Danish telecommunications company, started cable television services on the Jutland peninsula. However, it was not until 1985 that cable television became the preferred method of receiving television in Denmark, when the then-four regional telecommunications operators in Denmark began a considerable expansion of the Danish cable television network. In 1990, the four regional telecommunications operators were merged into a single entity called Tele Danmark (now known as TDC A/S) and in 1995 Denmark's first nationwide cable television company called Tele Danmark Kabel TV (now YouSee) was formed. As of 2011, 93% of Danish households subscribed to cable television, the highest rate in the world. The cable television market in Denmark is dominated by three operators, namely YouSee, Stofa and Dansk Bredbånd respectively.

Finland
Finland has a cable television infrastructure, which is also used for cable internet.

Ireland

Cable television is the most common system for distributing multi-channel television in Ireland. With more than 40 years of history and extensive networks of both wired and "wireless" cable, Ireland is amongst the most cabled countries in Europe. Forty percent of Irish homes received cable television in September 2006. The figure dropped slightly in the early years of the 21st century due to the increased popularity of satellite reception, notably Sky, but has stabilized recently.

In the Republic of Ireland, UPC Ireland is by far the largest cable and MMDS operator, owning all of the state's MMDS licenses and almost all of the state's cable television providers. UPC offers analogue and digital cable television services in cities and towns throughout the country (with the exception of Cork, where the network is digital-only). It offers MMDS services in rural areas. In areas previously served by NTL, the network is digital-only, while Chorus areas still have both analogue and digital services. Other than UPC, the only other operator providing analogue and digital cable is Casey Cablevision, which operates in Dungarvan, County Waterford. There also exists a small number of analogue-only cable networks such as the Longford service Crossan Cable.

Italy
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Italian state broadcaster RAI was the only one authorized to broadcast television programming in Italy, hence making RAI a monopolist. That monopoly status was broken in 1971, when Giuseppe Sacchi, a former RAI editor, launched on April 21 that year the first "free" television station in Italy, called Telebiella and based in Biella, which was only possible through a legal loophole in Italian broadcasting law which did not specifically prohibit the existence of cable television. Telebiella and later of such stations provided Italy's first cable television services free from the influence of the Italian state. However, these early cable television channels, which operated as pirate broadcasters in a sense were soon heavily stifled by the Italian government and most were forced to shut down. Later, the Italian government introduced laws to regulate and allow for cable television, albeit with heavy restrictions: only one cable system for every city and only one television channel for each system.

Only in the 1990s was a nationwide cable television system developed, first by Telecom Italia and later by FASTWEB. In 2001 TV di Fastweb became the first commercial cable television platform in Italy, however, after just over a decade in operation TV di Fastweb shut down in November 2012 due to competition from other similar services such as Sky Italia and Mediaset Premium as well as internet video-on-demand services such as Netflix. To date, no cable television platform exists in Italy.

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, cable television is the most widely used television distribution system. As of 2012, about 5.3 million households (about 70%) had a cable television subscription. This number is slowly dropping since the rise of cheaper alternatives such as IPTV. The basic subscription of all major providers costs between €15 and €20 and includes analog and digital television and radio.

The cable infrastructure is owned by the television providers. This means that depending on where you live, there is only one available provider. As of 2015, the only major provider is Ziggo. Lately, there have been efforts to 'open up' these monopolies and force the providers to allow other providers on their networks, but this has not been successful so far.

Portugal
Cable television was introduced to Portugal in 1992 when TV Cabo Madeirense began operations on the island of Madeira. Cable television was extended to mainland Portugal in 1994 under the name TVCabo (now NOS). In 1995, Cabovisão began operations in the cities of Palmela and Setúbal. In the late 1990s, TVTEL, PluriCanal and Bragatel also began to offer cable television services.

In 2005, NOS became the first Portuguese cable television provider to adopt digital cable. The Autoridade Nacional de Comunicações (ANACOM) has requested all Portuguese cable television providers to switch over to digital cable as soon as possible. Because TVTEL, PluriCanal and Bragatel decided not to renew their licenses after the said announcement, NOS has decided to acquire them and all their customers have been transitioned to the NOS cable service, making NOS the largest cable television provider in Portugal.
In the 21st century, 3 cable TV provider solidified its position as the biggest and better provider. They are NOS, ZON and VODAFONE. At the same time, they are also Mobile GSM, Internet and landline phone providers. All 3 companies provide the last technology available worldwide and with similar prices, although above European average.

Serbia
First cable TV system in nowadays Serbia (which was then part of Yugoslavia) was installed in Sombor in the late 1980s. There were few foreign channels like MTV, SKY News, Super channel, etc.
Later in the 1990s Serbian post service began providing cable TV service in Belgrade and Novi Sad.
Today almost every town in Serbia have cable TV service, this type of TV is very popular in urban areas, especially because of the cable Internet, which is provided together with TV through cable system.
In rural areas IPTV and satellite pay-TV services are more popular than cable TV.

Spain
In 1972, the Dirección General de Radiodifusión y Televisión (now part of RTVE) started collaborating with the Spanish telecommunications provider Telefónica in implementing cable television in Spain, first in the cities of Madrid and Barcelona and eventually in other Spanish cities. The initial cable television system implemented in Madrid and Barcelona covered a total area of 8 km2 (with future provision for extending coverage area to 32 km2), and allowed a total of nine channels to be received. The project was deemed complete by 1976, although due to the political situation in Spain at that time the first cable television networks in Spain only came into existence in the early 1980s. These early Spanish cable television networks mainly operated at a regional level, whereas each cable operator served a defined area.

As more cable operators sprung up in Spain in the intervening years and without a national policy to coordinate cable television, the Spanish government eventually ratified the Spanish General Telecommunications by Cable Act 42/95 in 1995 and established a legal framework over which all Spanish cable television providers would be regulated. In 2003, the Spanish General Telecommunications Act 32/2003 was implemented and repealed many of the provisions of the previous Cable Act 42/95, while establishing a new regulatory framework for cable television, public radio, information technology services, etc.

Currently, the largest cable television provider in Spain is Vodafone, which operates in several regions and autonomous communities of Spain. Other well-known Spanish cable television providers include Euskaltel, which mainly operates in the Basque Country; Telecable, which operates in northern Spain; and R, which operates in Galicia in northwestern Spain. All major cable television operators and many smaller ones offer triple play and quadruple play services.

Sweden
Cable television was introduced to Sweden in 1961 when Informations-TV AB started a cable television service in the city of Malmö that same year, which mainly transmitted locally produced programming and from 1981 retransmitted satellite broadcasts beginning with the Soviet television channel Horizont. In the 1970s and 1980s a few cable television networks sprung up in different Swedish cities, sometimes operating on an experimental basis.

In 1983 the then-telecommunications monopoly Televerket launched Sweden's first nationwide cable television network called Televerket Kabel-TV (now known as Com Hem). On January 1, 1986, the Swedish government ratified the Swedish Local Cable Broadcasting Act (SFS 1985:677), which formally legalised cable television in Sweden. Currently the largest cable television provider in Sweden is the aforementioned Com Hem with a 75% market share. Other Swedish cable television providers include Tele2Vision, Canal Digital and Sappa.

United Kingdom

When the infant BBC Television service was started in 1936, Rediffusion, which had supplied cable radio services since 1928, started providing "Pipe TV" to its customers who had difficulties tuning into the weak television broadcast signal.

Suspended during World War II, the BBC service was re-established in June 1946, and had only one transmitter, at Alexandra Palace, which served the London area. From the end of 1949, new transmitters were steadily opened to serve other major conurbations, and then smaller areas of population. The areas on the fringes of the transmitter coverage provided an opportunity for Rediffusion and other commercial companies to expand cable systems to enlarge the viewing audience for the one BBC television channel which then existed. The first was in Gloucester in 1950 and the process gathered pace over the next few years, especially after a second television channel, ITV, was launched in 1955 to compete with BBC. By the late 1970s, 2.5 million British homes received their television service via cable.

By law, these cable systems were restricted to the relay of the public broadcast channels, which meant that as the transmitter network became more comprehensive, the incentive to subscribe to cable was reduced and they began to lose customers. In 1982, a radical liberalization of the law on cable was proposed by the Information Technology Advisory Panel, for the sake of promoting a new generation of broadband cable systems leading to the wired society. After setting up and receiving the conclusions of the Hunt Inquiry into Cable Expansion and Broadcasting Policy, the Government decided to proceed with liberalization and two pieces of legislation: the Cable and Broadcasting Act and the Telecommunications Act, were enacted in 1984.

The result was that cable systems were permitted to carry as many new television channels as they liked, as well as providing a telephone service and interactive services of many kinds (as since made familiar by the Internet). To maintain the momentum of the perceived commercial interest in this new investment opportunity, in 1983, the Government itself granted eleven interim franchises for new broadband systems each covering a community of up to around 100,000 homes, but the competitive franchising process was otherwise left to the new regulatory body, the Cable Authority, which took on its powers from January 1, 1985.

The franchising process proceeded steadily, but the actual construction of new systems was slow, as doubts about an adequate payback from the substantial investment persisted. By the end of 1990 almost 15 million homes had been included in franchised areas, but only 828,000 of these had been passed by broadband cable and only 149,000 were actually subscribing. Thereafter, however, construction accelerated and take-up steadily improved.

The first new television channels launched for carriage on cable systems (debuting in March 1984) were Sky Channel, Screensport, Music Box and Premiere. Others followed, some were merged or closed down, but the range expanded. A similar flux was seen among the operators of cable systems: franchises were granted to a host of different companies, but a process of consolidation saw the growth of large multiple system operators until, by the early 2000s, virtually the whole industry was in the hands of two companies, NTL and Telewest.

In 2005, it was announced that NTL and Telewest would merge, after a period of co-operation in the preceding few years. This merger was completed on March 3, 2006, with the company being named ntl Incorporated. For the time being, the two brand names and services were marketed separately. However, following NTL's acquisition of Virgin Mobile, the NTL and Telewest services were rebranded as Virgin Media on February 8, 2007, creating a single cable operator covering more than 95% of the UK cable market.

There are a small number of other surviving cable television companies in the UK other than Virgin Media including WightFibre (Isle of Wight).

Cable television faces intense competition from BSkyB's Sky satellite television service. Most channels are carried on both platforms. However, cable often lacks "interactive" features (e.g. text services, and extra video-screens), especially on BSkyB-owned channels, and the satellite platform lacks services requiring high degrees of two-way communication, such as true video on demand.

However, subscription-funded digital terrestrial television (DTT) proved less of a competitive threat. The first system, ITV Digital, went into liquidation in 2002. Also, Top Up TV which was launched in 2004 closed on November 1, 2013, because of low take-up, a dwindling offering, and competition from services such as Lovefilm and Netflix.

Another potential source of competition in the future will be television transmitted over broadband internet connections; this is known as Internet Protocol television (IPTV). Some IPTV services are currently available in London, while services operated in Hull ceased in April 2006. As the speed and availability of broadband connections increase, more television content can be delivered using protocols such as IPTV. However, its impact on the market is yet to be measured, as is consumer attitude toward watching television programs on personal computers instead of television sets. At the end of 2006, BT (the UK's former state-owned monopoly phone company) started offering BT TV, which combines the digital free-to-air standard Freeview through an aerial, and on-demand IPTV, delivered over a BT Broadband connection through the television set-top box (BT has chosen to deploy Microsoft's Mediaroom platform for this).

Romania

Cable television in Romania was introduced in 1991, although some small cable networks were established before 1990, usually amateur made equipment, serving small communities, and receiving about 8-12 foreign channels, but with no translation, and usually at low quality, however, like in other East European countries before 1989, most people were having monochrome sets, therefore, low quality was not very important. After 1990, cable networks were expanding and penetrating the market, new or second-hand cable equipment were achieved by providers. Channels like Cartoon Network, Euronews, Discovery Channel, MTV and many other channels like Italian, German or French channels were of high interest, many people subscribed fairly cheap to cable television. This expansion and penetration continues to the present day. Cable television in Romania has a high penetration, over 75% of households being subscribed to a cable television supplier, and lately, all cable television operators are providing internet access and telephony. RCS&RDS, and UPC Romania are the largest providers, and are present in most areas of Romania, but there are also many other smaller cable providers, which are operating locally regionally and are serving some local communities, cities, districts or some counties, and are also offering internet access. In fact, internet access in Romania is mainly granted (for home use, but even for business use) by cable TV operators. Cable television is mainly analogue, and is offered by all cable television providers in Romania, providing between 40 and 70 channels (depending on the cable supplier and the number of local and regional channels), but lately, digital cable is becoming very popular, providing up to 160 channels (depending on the supplier and the number of regional and local channels). Some small providers are offering solely analogue cable television, although some of them are beginning to provide digital channels, and they modernized and improved their networks, for providing internet access with higher speeds and more digital programs. Analogue cable Television, still has a high demand, as there are still subscribers which have older CRT TV sets or Plasma and LCD sets with no digital built-in tuner, and some of them are not interested in digital cable television, or willing to replace the TV very soon. Most must-carry channels are also available in Romania on analogue cable, also along with some foreign channels (like Viasat, Discovery, National Geographic, Paramount, etc.). Therefore, analogue cable television will continue to be provided for an undetermined period of time. However, unencrypted channels are available (depending on provider) if subscribing to an analogue service. Cable television in Romania is fairly cheap.

Russia

Cable television was introduced in the 2000s, and grew significantly in the early 2010s. Cable operators began upgrading their networks to DVB-C and adding new services such as video on demand, catch-up-TV and others. In 2012, cable television accounted for more than half of all pay-TV subscribers (58%).

North America

Canada

In 1949, Broadcast Relay Service began negotiations for the implementation of what was to be the first large scale cable television system in North America. The development of the system relied on reaching agreement with Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission to utilise their existing network of power poles supplying power to the Greater Montreal area. Initial discussions began with a meeting with Montreal City Council on June 21, 1949. After many months of negotiation, an agreement was reached between Hydro-Québec and Rediffusion on February 28, 1950, for an initial five-year period. The Rediffusion cable system was operational in 1952 and eventually supplied 80,000 homes in Montreal, Quebec. Cable television in Canada began in 1952 with community antenna connections in Vancouver and London, Ontario; which city was the first is not clear. Initially, the systems brought American television stations to viewers in Canada who had no Canadian stations to watch; broadcast television, though begun late in 1952 in Toronto and Montreal, did not reach a majority of cities until 1954.

In time, cable television was widely established to carry available Canadian stations as well as import American stations, which constituted the vast majority of signals on systems (usually only one or two Canadian stations, while some systems had duplicate or even triplicate coverage of American networks). During the 1970s, a growing number of Canadian stations pushed American channels off the systems, forcing several to expand beyond the original 12-channel system configurations. At the same time, the advent of fiber-optic technology enabled companies to extend their systems to nearby towns and villages that by themselves were not viable cable television markets.

Dominican Republic
Cable television in the Dominican Republic is provided by a variety of companies. These companies offer both English- and Spanish-language television, plus a range of channels in other languages, high definition channels, pay-per-view movies and events, sports packages and premium movie channels such as HBO, Playboy TV and Cinecanal. Also, the channels are from not only the Dominican Republic, but also the United States and Europe. In the Dominican Republic television spectrum, there are 46 VHF, UHF, and free-to-air (FTA) channels. The free-of-charge channels programming consists mainly of locally produced entertainment shows, news, and comedy shows; and foreign sitcoms, soap operas, movies, cartoons and sports programs.

The main service provider in the Dominican Republic is Telecable from Tricom. Aster is concentrated in Santo Domingo, but is expanding its service throughout the Dominican Republic. There are also new companies using new technologies that are expanding quickly such as Claro TV (IPTV), Wind Telecom (MMDS) and SKY (satellite television).

Panama
Panamanian company REXSA (RECREACIONES Y EXHIBICIONES, S.A.) introduced cable television in Panama City in 1983. In other regions, there were also local cable companies. REXSA's successor, Cable Onda 90, known later as Cable Onda, was dominant throughout the 1990s, and expanded to Chiriqui Province. Since 2000, the largest Panamanian cable television companies have been Cable Onda (40% share), Cable and Wireless (started in late 2009) and CTV.

United States

Cable television in the United States is a common form of television delivery, generally by subscription. Cable television first became available in the United States in 1948. Data by SNL Kagan shows that as of 2006 about 58.4% of all U.S. homes subscribe to basic cable television services. Most cable viewers in the U.S. are in the suburbs and tend to be middle class; cable television is less common in low income, inner city, and rural areas.

Cable television franchise fees stem from a community's basic right to charge for use of the property it owns. The cable television franchise fees represent part of the compensation a community receives in exchange for the cable operator's occupation and the right-of-way use of public property. A franchise fee is not a tax; it is a rental charge.

Oceania

Australia
Cable television began in the early 1990s in Australia. Several companies appeared including Foxtel, Galaxy TV, Optus TV, SelecTV and Austar offering services to homes across the major states of Australia. Services to Tasmania and the Northern Territory took longer to start, not until the mid-2000s when the digital satellite pay television service had picked up momentum and was beginning to be used for metropolitan installs and not just rural installs.

Foxtel dominates the cable television landscape and was originally rebroadcast by Austar (in rural areas) and Optus TV, until both latter companies respectively ceased operations in 2014 and 2011. Galaxy TV and SelecTV likewise no longer operate. The effective Foxtel monopoly has drawn criticism within Australia for being anti-competitive and inflating prices.

New Zealand
Vodafone New Zealand operates a hybrid cable/IPTV pay television network formerly owned by TelstraClear (until its acquisition by Vodafone in 2012) under the brand "InHomeTV". It is delivered over both UFB cable and UFB fiber, it is available in Wellington, Christchurch and Kapati Coast. InHomeTV competes with the New Zealand satellite television operator SKY TV (unrelated to its UK namesake). Recently (2019) Vodafone has ceased expanding or promoting the HFC system, choosing to focus on Fiber, though the current service is being maintained. InHomeTV has also been replaced by VodafoneTV, this is a standard IP streaming service available to anyone in NZ with a broadband internet connection. Content is sourced from FreeToAir suppliers and SkyTV on a subscription basis.

In September 2010, TelstraClear released their own PVR called the T-BOX. The launch followed the release by its then-parent company Telstra of a similar product. In June 2011, TelstraClear ceased all analogue cable services, converting exclusively to digital.

South America

Argentina

Cable television was first introduced to Argentina in 1965, in the city of Junín. In the 1990s, cable television became very popular in Argentina and by 1996, 53% of Argentinian homes had access to cable television. The rapid growth of cable television in Argentina continued throughout the 2000s and currently 83% of Argentinian households subscribe to cable television, the fourth-highest rate in the world, surpassed only by Canada, the United States and Denmark.

Brazil

Cable television was first introduced in 1990 in the city of São Paulo and then has expanded, being available in most state capitals and in most neighbourhoods of medium and large cities. The cable network is often used to provide internet access at speeds up to 120 Mbit/s.

It is estimated that there are about 7.5 million subscribers, the largest operator being NET followed by smaller operators; however, it is less popular than direct-broadcast satellite due to the difficulty and expense of expanding the cable network.

A major problem is cable television piracy, with an unknown number of users using the service illegally.

Colombia

Cable television was introduced in 1992 in the city of Santa Marta.

Chile
Cable television was first demonstrated in Chile in the early 1960s, and was formally introduced in 1986 in the commune of Providencia in Santiago Province. The first cable television operator in Chile was Intercom, owned by the newspaper company El Mercurio, and featured four in-house produced channels. In the 1990s, cable television became very popular in Chile and more cable operators sprung up in those years to provide cable television in Chile. Currently, there are many cable television providers in Chile, the largest being VTR, followed by Claro Americas.

Paraguay

Cable television was introduced to Paraguay in 1989, in the city of Asunción, and then has expanded in the 1990s in Gran Asunción and rest of country.

Peru
Cable television was introduced to Peru in 1982, in the city of Iquitos. Polish entrepreneur Stanisław Tymiński established a company called TVS (Televisión Selva) that year and was the first cable television system to deliver pay content to homes in Iquitos and in Peru. Eight years later, in 1990, controversial businessman Genaro Delgado-Parker established Peru's second cable television system in Lima, called Telecable, delivering contents via MMDS only to high-class neighborhoods. In 1993, Cable Mágico was established, widely spreading the reach of cable television to the middle and lower classes, expanding operations later that decade to the eight main cities throughout the country. From then on, many local companies started offering pay content in almost every town in Peru. These small companies are grouped through APTC (Asociacion Peruana de Television por Cable) and they count approximately 400 current members. According to INEI, the statistics organization for Peru, pay television services reach approximately 26% of the country's population and 52% of the population in Lima. DTH services are also offered by DirecTV, Claro and Movistar.

Uruguay
Cable television was introduced to Uruguay in 1970, in the city of Santa Teresa.

References

Region
Television by region


title: Gregorio

text:
Gregorio is a masculine given name and a surname. It may refer to:

Given name
 Gregorio Aglipay (1860–1940), Filipino revolutionary and first supreme bishop of the Philippine Independent Church
 Gregorio Conrado Álvarez (1925–2016), Uruguayan army general and de facto President of Uruguay from 1981 until 1985
 Gregorio Álvarez (historian) (1889–1986), Argentine historian, physician and writer
 Gregorio S. Araneta (1869–1930), Filipino lawyer, businessman and nationalist
 Gregorio Benito (1946–2020), Spanish retired footballer
 Gregorio C. Brillantes, Filipino writer
 Gregorio di Cecco (c. 1390–after 1424), Italian painter
 Gregório Nunes Coronel (c. 1548–c. 1620), Portuguese theologian, writer and preacher
 Gregorio Cortez (1875–1916), Mexican-American tenant farmer and folk hero
 Gregorio De Gregori (), printer in Renaissance Venice
 Gregorio del Pilar (1875–1899), Philippine Revolutionary Forces general during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War
 Gregorio De Ferrari (c. 1647–1726), Italian painter
 Gregorio López (writer) (1895–1966), Mexican novelist, poet and journalist
 Gregorio López (handballer) (1951–1987), Spanish handball player
 Gregorio López (jurist) (1496–1560), president of the Council of the Indies
 Gregorio López-Bravo y Castro (1923–1985), Spanish politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs between 1969 and 1973
 Gregorio Luperón (1839–1897), Dominican military and political leader, President of the Dominican Republic from 1879 to 1880
 Gregorio Marañón (1887–1960), Spanish physician, scientist, historian, writer and philosopher
 Gregório de Matos (1636–1696), colonial Brazilian poet
 Gregorio Pérez (born 1948), Uruguayan football manager and former player
 Gregorio Petit (born 1984), Major League Baseball player from Venezuela
 Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro (1853–1925), Italian mathematician, inventor of tensor calculus
 Gregorio Salvador Caja (1927-2020), Spanish linguist
 Gregorio Manuel Salvador (born 1981), Equatoguinean footballer

Surname
 John T. Gregorio (1928−2013), American politician
 Mateus Gregório (born 1993), Brazilian weightlifter
 Rose Gregorio (born 1934), American actress
 Rossella Gregorio (born 1990), Italian sabre fencer

See also
 De Gregorio, also DeGregorio, Di Gregorio and DiGregorio; some of these entries consider Gregorio to be the surname
 Gregory (given name)

Masculine given names
Italian masculine given names
Spanish masculine given names


title: Universidad Autónoma de Durango

text:
The Universidad Autónoma de Durango (Autonomous University of Durango or Universidad Durango Santander or UAD) is a private university with its main campus located in Durango City, Durango and with campuses in multiple Mexican states. It was founded on 11 February 1992 and is operated by the Fomento Educativo y Cultural Francisco de Ibarra, A.C.

The university serves some 16,000 students on its own at high school, undergraduate and postgraduate level and offers distance learning. The university also offers bilingual (English and Spanish) education from kindergarten to high school with Colegio de Inglés.

Programs
UAD offers full-time studies courses, part-time study courses, online distance learning and Saturday and evening courses. The degrees can be on a quarter or semester system. Postgraduate courses are on a semester system, and are offered only on the weekends.

The following are the undergraduate and graduate degrees taught by the university in its different campuses. The educational courses offered varies in each campus:

Undergraduate Degrees

Graduate Degrees
Finance
Geriatrics
Law
Judicial Public Speaking
Real Estate Valuation
Senior Management and Business Management
Tax Law

Doctorate Degrees
Constitutional, Criminal and Protection Law
Education
Management

List of campuses throughout Mexico

Media
UAD operates the Lobos FM radio network, with stations at Durango, Gómez Palacio, Mazatlán, Hermosillo, Los Mochis, Zacatecas and Culiacán. In addition, UAD operates a television station in Durango, XHUAD-TDT channel 4.

References

Universities and colleges in Aguascalientes
Universities and colleges in Baja California
Universities and colleges in Chihuahua (state)
Universities and colleges in Coahuila
Universities and colleges in Durango
Education in Hidalgo (state)
Universities and colleges in Michoacán
Universities and colleges in Nuevo León
Universities and colleges in Querétaro
Universities and colleges in Sinaloa
Universities and colleges in Sonora
Universities and colleges in Zacatecas
Durango City
Educational institutions established in 1992
1992 establishments in Mexico
Private universities and colleges in Mexico


title: The Land of Fire

text:
The Land of Fire () is the adopted motto of Azerbaijan.

Historical and political development
The etymology of the phrase is thought to be related to Atropates, who ruled over the region of Atropatene (present Iranian Azerbaijan). The name "Atropates" itself is the Greek transliteration of an Old Iranian, probably Median, compounded name with the meaning "Protected by the (Holy) Fire" or "The Land of the (Holy) Fire". The Greek name is mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo. Over the span of millennia the name evolved to Āturpātākān then to Ādharbādhagān, Ādharbāyagān, Āzarbāydjān and present-day Azerbaijan. The word is translatable as "The Guardian" of fire or "The Land of the Fire" in Modern Persian.

Some critics have argued that the phrase is a reference either to the natural burning of surface oil deposits or to the oil-fueled fires in temples of the once-dominant Zoroastrianism.

The symbolism of the term has been widely used in most fields such as in heraldry, the shield in national emblem of Azerbaijan contains the image of a fire in the center of an eight-point star against a background of the colors of the Azerbaijani flag.

Promotional usage

After Azerbaijan's independence from Soviet Union, the phrase was used as a touristic campaign to promote the country as a tourist destination and as a location for industry. The phrase appeared in many touristic promotions, the most notable on Atlético Madrid's shirts between the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons. In 2014, the phrase appeared on Sheffield Wednesday and Lens shirts after the clubs' promised but subsequently cancelled takeover by Azerbaijani businessman Hafiz Mammadov.

The motto "Light your fire!", used to promote the Eurovision Song Contest 2012, which was held in Baku, was based on the "Land of Fire" concept.

European calques
The "Land of Flames" expression became the origin for the literary expressions denoting Azerbaijan in a number of European languages, such as in Russian language Strana Ogney (Страна Огней, i.e. "Country of the Fires").

See also
 Tianxia
 Tierra del Fuego

References

History of Azerbaijan
Culture of Azerbaijan
Culture of the Caucasus
National symbols of Azerbaijan


title: God of Bath

text:
God of Bath () is a South Korean manhwa series written and illustrated by Ha Il-kwon. Started on July 14, 2011, this webtoon manhwa was released on Naver Webtoon. The print release of the first volume of God of Bath was released on May 8, 2012. The webtoon was to be adapted into a feature film in 2014, though the film never premiered.

References

External links
 God of Bath official website on Naver

Manhwa titles
2011 webtoon debuts
Naver Comics titles
South Korean webtoons
Comedy-drama comics
2010s webtoons
Webtoons in print
Comedy webtoons
Drama webtoons