title: Omega Marine Chronometer

text:
The Omega Marine Chronometer was the first quartz wristwatch ever to be awarded certified status as a marine chronometer. The watch was made by Omega SA and developed by John Othenin-Girard and is one of the most accurate non thermo-compensated production watches ever made, keeping time to within 1 second per month

Introduction
The watch was introduced to the market in 1974 under calibre 1511, having an unrivalled accuracy of 12 seconds per year thanks to the revolutionary 2.4 MHz quartz circuit. in 1976 the calibre 1516 Marine Chronometer was introduced with smaller case dimensions and altered movement, although performance remained the same, sales began in 1974 and the watch remained in Omega line up until 1978.

Famous owners of Omega Marine Chronometers have included Jaques Cousteau and Eric Tabarly.

Early development

The first prototypes of the ‘1500 family’ quartz watch (which later developed into the Marine Chronometer) were presented at the Basel Fair in 1970 as calibre 1500, developed by Omega and the Battelle Geneva Research Institute. Known as the ‘Elephant’, there are rumored to have been only five examples of this watch made by Omega.

The calibre 1500 ‘Elephant’ (known so because of the design of the movement with two large battery compartments resembling large ears) boasted an accuracy of 12 seconds per year, which equated to 1 second per month, five times more accurate than the beta 21 (the first Swiss production quartz watch) introduced to the market the year previous. The calibre 1500 was Omega’s first in-house quartz movement developed under project leader John Othenin-Girard by SSIH.

The development of the calibre 1500 and subsequent successors cost Omega 30 million Swiss Francs with the sole intention to produce a wristwatch of unparalleled accuracy and performance.  This significantly improved performance in time keeping was to be achieved by the development of a circular quartz resonator that vibrated at 2,359,356 times per second (a frequency of 2,359,356 Hz or ≈ 2.4 MHz), by comparison the Beta 21 quartz resonator (which as a watch had an accuracy of 5 seconds per month) vibrated at 8,192 times per second. The lenticular crystal oscillator in the calibre 1500, 1510, 1511 and 1516 was developed in the UK and used solely in the Megaquartz calibre 2400 series.

The five calibre 1500 watches produced achieved the required 1 second per month accuracy through a stable (non thermo compensated) quartz resonator as part of an integrated circuit which divided the huge frequency to produce pulses which ran the electromagnetic motor.  These watches were the first to feature a time zone adjuster, which allowed the hour to be adjusted without interfering with the minute or second hand, this is a feature,  followed through into the production watch alongside the later introduction of a second trimmer.

The design of the calibre 1500 was modular, which translated into the production watch, however the movement design and layout of the final calibre 1511 and subsequent calibre 1516 was completely different. One of the major flaws of the calibre 1500 was battery consumption (from the twin cells), although untested until recently when one of the prototypes came to market as a running watch in 2011. The owner, Omega collector Thomas Dick, tested the watch and concluded that the battery life of the twin (344) cells was approximately 5 weeks, however the accuracy when bench tested was 0.03 seconds per day, still equating to 12 second per year.

There were numerous other prototypes of the calibre 1510 watches, most of which were around case design, there are a number in private hands as well as a selection of prototype case designs and dial variations at the Omega museum in Bienne, Switzerland. These prototype watches were no calibre variations but alternative designs for cases and dials which ultimately led to the production watch.

Production watches

By 1974 Omega had developed a more stable production version of the original calibre 1500 Megaquartz. It was released to the market in two versions of 1000 units each.

Calibre 1511: Marine Chronometer, this watch was certified at the Besançon Institute. All 1000 examples were sent to the Besançon in France for testing of their chronometer status and after 63 days of relentless testing (including temperature variation testing) the mean variation was less than two thousandth of a second per day. All 1000 watches were certified as Marine Chronometers and presented with certificates showing their individual performance over the 63-day period.

The Marine Chronometer calibre 1511 was presented in a stainless steel case with integral bracelet with a solid 14-carat gold bezel and 14-carat gold plaque which bears the individual serial number of the movement.

Of the 1000 calibre 1511 watches produced approximately 900 had solid 14-carat bezels and plaque and 100 had stainless steel bezels and plaques, specifically designed for the French market in response to French law at the time requiring visible hall marks on all gold.

The 1511 Marine Chronometer was famously owned by Oceanographer Jacques Cousteau and when introduced in 1974 had a list price of £761, by contrast the Moonwatch was on the market at £124.50 and the now coveted Omega Bullhead was only £114.50.

Calibre 1510: A non Marine Chronometer designated watch with an accuracy of 1 second per month branded as the Constellation Megaquartz. The watch came in a very similar case to the Marine Chronometer but without the plaque and 14K bezel, available in Stainless Steel or 18 carat gold.

The Calibre 1510 was most famously produced with an aventurine crystal dial, nicknamed the ‘Stardust’. The watch came in a number of variations of dials: stardust (silver and gold), waffle dial in black, blue and brown and electric blue dial; the rarest of these variations is the blue waffle dial

The total production run of calibre 1510 was also 1000 units, around 800 of which were produced in stainless steel with a variety of dials and 200 were produced in solid 18 carat gold with either stardust, solid 18 carat  or electric blue dials.

The original list price in 1974 for a calibre 1510 was £604 in stainless steel and £3275 in 18 carat gold.

The movement in both the 1510 and 1511 is fundamentally identical and all parts can be interchanged, the only difference in the two movements is the designation on the movement plate of either 1511 or 1510.

It is rumored that the caliber 1510 was also sent to Besançon for certification, however despite being tested and performing to the same level as the Marine Chronometer was never certified. A number of the remaining calibre 1510 watches had individual numbers engraved on the case back, this was to allow their identification during testing.

It is most likely that this was a marketing decision by Omega so as not to degrade the marketability of the Marine Chronometer, for which Omega charged a £157 premium at the time (which was the same price as a brand new Omega Flightmaster on bracelet).

Further developments

In 1976 Omega refined the design of the Marine Chronometer and the Constellation (previous known as Calibre 1510) with the introduction of the caliber 1516 Marine Chronometer and the documented introduction of the calibre 1515 in Constellation models.

Although widely documented, the caliber 1515 has never been seen as available on the open market, although it does appear in Omega literature but appears cosmetically identical to the calibre 1516 but with a 1510/1511 circuit, however Omega didn't produce a non Marine Chronometer/ Constellation in the smaller case type and as such it is highly unlikely the 1515 went into production watches.

The calibre 1516 movement however was different in design to the 1511, specifically around the main-plate, which was reduced in the size of the movement by 5mm to be able to accommodate the movement in a newly designed smaller Marine Chronometer case. The components of the movement remained fundamentally identical to those of the previous 1511 Marine Chronometer however the screws holes on the main plate (to attach the movement to the case) were removed and replaced by a more traditional movement clamping system.

The case design for the calibre 1516 looked cosmetically identical to that of the 1511 series and used the same 1209/202 integral bracelet, however it was a smaller watch in terms of height by 5mm and included the addition of a sapphire crystal (which had previously been mineral in the calibre 1511). The bezel on the 1516 was also bonded to the case and the 4 screws are purely cosmetic.  The 1516 also had a slightly different positioning of the number plaque.

The 1516 Marine Chronometer was produced in 7000 units and sales ran between 1976 and circa 1980, by which point the watch had priced itself out of a much more competitive quartz market and changes in fashions and watch design had limited the Marine Chronometers marketability.

Of the 7000 examples of the 1516 Marine Chronometers made approximately 10 examples were made in 18K yellow gold with integral yellow gold bracelet and 18K white gold plaque and bezel. There are currently 2 known examples of the 18K Marine Chronometer in private hands. The 18 carat watches were commissioned and the cases produced individually by the Fontana factory in Italy.  The 18K integral bracelet was identical to that used on the earlier 18K calibre 1510 watches.

4.19 MHz Ships Marine Chronometer
In 1978 the French Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (French: Service hydrographique et océanographique de la Marine or SHOM) requested a Quartz Ships Chronometer to acquire a reliable autonomous time source independent of external satellite and radio signals. The goal was a timepiece for navigational purposes, like establishing longitude by chronometer, with an accuracy better than 1 second a month. Thirty-six watch and clock companies applied.

Omega's entry used a calibre 1525 movement giving an accuracy of less than 5 seconds per year and was selected after a year of testing at sea by the French Navy Hydrographic and Oceanographic service.

With the Omega Marine Chronometer wristwatch movement of 1974 as a basis a Quartz Marine Chronometer clock movement was designed with a high-frequency 4.19 MHz (222 or 4,194,304 Hz) quartz oscillator that should be capable of an accuracy of approximately ± 0.01 second/day. Where quartz elements were usually lens-shaped, this one was barrel shaped. It had very low ageing properties, a low thermic coefficient, and was able to function between -10 and +60˚C.
The timepiece was tested by the Neuchatel Observatory under rigorous conditions: temperature variations, thermal shocks, magnetic and electric fields, mechanical vibrations etc., which after 47 days of examination earned it the official quartz "Quartz Marine Chronometer" certificate. This is a higher standard than the Marine Chronometer (mechanical) by which standards the 1974 wrist Chronometer was tested.
The ships clock featured an external electronic connection “1Hz – 1 V”, an electronic switch to stop the movement or operate at normal or double rate (the second hand advancing in ½ second increments for optimal timing of celestial objects angle measurements) with a locking knob to prevent accidental actions, power reserve switch with power indicator to check the battery condition, and a frequency regulator.

The clock came commercially on the market in 1980 as the Omega Megaquartz Marine Chronometer at great expense, but was predominantly used for military application with the French Navy, who used the Marine Chronometer clock in the majority of their fleet. By that time, bearings could be taken by means of satellite navigation. Nevertheless, French Navy regulations still required an independently operated timepiece on board so that, in combination with a sextant, the ship’s position could be determined by celestial navigation. The Marine version (ref. PE 5801) has extra shielding against radiation, the versions for the Public (PE 5802 and PE 5806) do not have this extra protection.
At the time of production, this was the most precise portable autonomous timepiece, second only to an atomic clock.

The ships clock was supplied accompanied by an official "Quartz Marine Chronometer" certificate in a sturdy mahogany box with brass fitting and was very much a case of function over form and built to the highest of military specifications including anti-magnetic shielding. The clocks were all individually numbered on a brass plaque and ran on two standard 1.5 V AA type batteries. When changing the batteries they can be exchanged one by one to keep the time running. A set of batteries provided power for circa 2 to 3 years.

The 4.19 MHz technology was also used in Omega's range of LED timing equipment and prototyped in a wristwatch. The main movement of the watch was based on an Omega calibre 1343 Elan series but designated as 1522 it utilised a revolutionary 4.19 MHz micro quartz circuit, however there are only two known operational prototypes, one of  which is now in the hands of a US collector and the other is in a collection in the UK.

Summary

In total Omega produced a rumored 10,000 calibre 1500 family watches (around 2000 were in spares), although revolutionary their cost was prohibitive and with the speed of development of quartz during the 1970s Omega wrote off much of the original R&D costs and towards the end of their production run Omega offered the remaining examples to Omega employees at 350 Swiss Francs, 1/10th of the retail cost.

The Marine Chronometers and non Marine Chronometer calibre 1510 watches remain amongst the most significantly important Omegas ever made, one of the earliest quartz watches produced with an excellent accuracy, and to this day a serviced example will still be accurate to 1 second per month.

External links
 2400 article by Thomas Dick
 Useful Marine Chronometer information
 excellent source of Omega information
 excellent source of quartz and electronic watch information
 www.retromega.com
www.old-omegas.com
 Megaquartz 2400 article by Thomas Dick
 Marine Chronometer Article by Thomas Dick

 www.swisstimeservices.com
 www.classicwatch.com

References

Omega watches


title: Pluralist commonwealth

text:
The term pluralist commonwealth refers to a systemic model of wealth democratization supported and facilitated by a variety of different institutional forms. Political economist and historian Gar Alperovitz is generally credited for the development of this model as a way to resolve socio-economic problems associated with corporate capitalism and traditional state socialism. Expanding upon proposals that focus more narrowly on state- versus worker-ownership or state- versus self-managed enterprises, this "pluralist" approach involves large-scale public ownership of corporate equity, worker-owned and community-benefitting enterprises, Community Development Corporations, nonprofit corporations and enterprising state and local public agencies. According to Waheed Hussain: "A pluralist commonwealth is a free-market society in which the economic returns on productive assets improve the lives of large communities of individuals, rather than a narrow elite."

Notes

References

 Alperovitz, Gar. "The Pluralist Commonwealth". http://www.pluralistcommonwealth.org/. The Democracy Collaborative. Retrieved 8/14/2014.
 Alperovitz, Gar (May 1, 2013). What Then Must We Do?: Straight Talk about the Next American Revolution (1st ed.). 85 North Main Street, Suite 120, White River Junction, VT 05001: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 145. .
 O'Neill, Martin; Williamson, Thad (Mar 3, 2014). Property-Owning Democracy: Rawls and Beyond. 5521 Research Park Drive, Suite 200, Catonsville, MD 21228: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 269. .
 Alperovitz, Gar; Speth, Gustave (Nov 9, 2011). America Beyond Capitalism: Reclaiming Our Wealth, Our Liberty, and Our Democracy (2nd ed.). 6930 Carroll Ave., Suite 501, Takoma Park, MD 20912: Democracy Collaborative Press. pp. 70–77. .
 Garnett Jr, Robert F; Olsen, Erik; Starr, Martha (November 10, 2013). Economic Pluralism. 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016: Routledge. p. 8. .

Economic ideologies
Free market
Political philosophy


title: Epina alleni

text:
Epina alleni is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Charles H. Fernald in 1888. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and South Carolina.

The wingspan is about 25–30 mm. Adults have cream hindwings with a dark brown terminal line. Adults have been recorded on wing from June to August.

References

Chiloini
Moths described in 1888


title: Epina dichromella

text:
Epina dichromella is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1866. It is found in Cuba and the eastern United States, where it has been recorded from Florida, Maryland, North Carolina and South Carolina.

References

Chiloini
Moths described in 1866


title: Hemiptocha agraphella

text:
Hemiptocha agraphella is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1905. It is found in Argentina.

References

Chiloini
Moths described in 1905


title: Hemiptocha argentosa

text:
Hemiptocha argentosa is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Snellen in 1893. It is found in Argentina.

References

Chiloini
Moths described in 1893


title: Hemiptocha atratellus

text:
Hemiptocha atratellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1919. It is found in Paraná, Brazil.

References

Chiloini
Moths described in 1919


title: Hemiptocha chalcostomus

text:
Hemiptocha chalcostomus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1916. It is found in Mexico.

References

Chiloini
Moths described in 1916


title: Manga Box

text:
is a manga magazine mobile app developed by DeNA. It was launched on December 4, 2013, as free app for iOS and Android devices and as a website platform. The app hosts manga by Kodansha, Shogakukan, and other manga publishers. Manga artist Shin Kibayashi serves as editor-in-chief of the app and pens several of the app's titles under his numerous pseudonyms. In addition to the original manga series run on Manga Box, several of the titles on the app are based on existing works, including Ghost in the Shell, Kindaichi Case Files, Attack on Titan, The Knight in the Area, Space Dandy, Fatal Frame, and Ultraman.

Features
The app is available in Japanese, English, and Chinese in 140 countries and regions around the world. Issues are posted on a weekly basis with the twelve most recent issues being accessible to users for free. Additionally, users can read the first 100 pages of a title in the Digest section of the app. Most titles are serialized weekly, on any given day of the week.

List of series run in Manga Box
Series Title - The English title of the series, either used officially by Manga Box or unofficially by ANN or elsewhere, is shown first, then the Japanese title (if different from the English title) and then the romanized Japanese title (if appropriate). If there is no English title, the romanized title is then used.

Manga Artist and Author - If the series is authored and drawn by one person (or group), they will be listed in the Mangaka/Artist column (as the mangaka). If the series is a collaboration between an artist and author, the artist is shown in the third column and then the author in the fourth.

First and Last Issue - The first issue a series appeared on in Manga Box as well as the final issue. Displayed as formatted on the Kodansha Comic Plus website.

English - Answers whether or not a series was translated into English by Manga Box. This does not include other translators or publishers.

Translation Status - Tells the English translation status of a series. Complete (in green) if a series was fully translated, Ongoing (in green) if a currently serialized series is actively translated, Stopped (in red) if the series was only partly translated, and N/A (in yellow) which is not applicable as the series was never translated in the first place. Translation Status does not included extra chapters found in tankōbon and only covers chapters serialized in Manga Box.

References

External links
 Official Site (English)
 Official Site (Japanese)
 Official Site (Chinese)

Computer-related introductions in 2013
Android (operating system) software
DeNA
IOS software
Manga hosting services


title: Sigurd Aalefjær

text:
Sigurd Arthur Aalefjær (14 September 1917 – 10 March 1991) was a Norwegian engineer, civil servant and director of Norwegian hydropower plants.

He was born in Bend, Oregon as a son of Wilhelm Torjussen Aalefjær (1881–1969) and Inger Larsen Kostøl (1890–1975); the family soon moved to Vennesla  in Vest-Agder, Norway. He married Magda Synnøve Berg (1920–2002) in 1943. He resided and died in Bærum.

He finished his secondary education at Kristiansand Cathedral School in 1937 and graduated as a construction engineer from the Norwegian Institute of Technology  in Trondheim during 1941. He worked for the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Agency from 1942 to 1946, Drammens Elektrisitetsverk from 1946 to 1949 and the Water Resources and Energy Agency again from 1949. From 1960 to his retirement in 1984 he was the director of Statskraftverkene (now Statkraft).

He was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 1983.

References

1917 births
1991 deaths
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
People from Bend, Oregon
People from Vennesla
People educated at Kristiansand Cathedral School
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
Norwegian civil servants
20th-century Norwegian civil servants
20th-century Norwegian engineers


title: Pseudometachilo delius

text:
Pseudometachilo delius is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1966. It is found in Paraná, Brazil.

References

Moths described in 1966


title: Pseudometachilo faunellus

text:
Pseudometachilo faunellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Schaus in 1911. It is found in Brazil (São Paulo).

References

Moths described in 1911


title: Pseudometachilo irrectellus

text:
Pseudometachilo irrectellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1882. It is found in French Guiana, Suriname and Paraná, Brazil.

References

Moths described in 1882


title: Pseudometachilo subfaunellus

text:
Pseudometachilo subfaunellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1967. It is found in Uruguay.

References

Moths described in 1967


title: Taiwan rosefinch

text:
The Taiwan rosefinch (Carpodacus formosanus) is a species of finch in the family Fringillidae.  It was formerly considered a subspecies of the vinaceous rosefinch. It is endemic to Taiwan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical dry forests.

References

Taiwan rosefinch
Birds of Taiwan
Endemic birds of Taiwan
Taiwan rosefinch


title: Dzmitry Salei

text:
Dzmitry Salei (born 3 November 1989) is a visually impaired Belarusian Paralympic swimmer who in 2014 switched national teams to Azerbaijan.

He competed for Belarus at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Paralympics winning the gold in the 100m butterfly S13.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Azerbaijani male swimmers
Belarusian male swimmers
S13-classified para swimmers
Paralympic swimmers for Azerbaijan
Paralympic swimmers for Belarus
Paralympic silver medalists for Azerbaijan
Paralympic gold medalists for Belarus
Paralympic medalists in swimming
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the World Para Swimming Championships
Medalists at the World Para Swimming European Championships
World record holders in paralympic swimming


title: Amir Malekyazdi

text:
Amir Khan Malekyazdi or Malekzadeh (23 October 1923 – 6 November 2019) was an Iranian-Canadian civil engineer, real-estate developer and builder, and philanthropist based in Vancouver, Canada, and Paris, France.

He started Arme Construction Company, shortly after he graduated from the University of Charlottenburg in Berlin. Arme became one of the largest construction and development companies in Iran and the Middle East  having built numerous civic and infrastructure projects including roads, bridges, tunnels, airports, whole townships, and an entire Azadi /Asian Games Sports Complex in Tehran, including a 105,000 seat stadium, indoor Olympic Swimming Pool, Velodrome, Olympic Village and a giant man-made lake, all designed by Skidmore Owings and Merrill of Chicago and A. Farmanfarmaian and Associates Architects, and all built with a future Tehran Olympic Games in mind.

Arme Construction Company and its subsidiaries and affiliates including Parc des Princes Co, Vanak Park Co, Kamsaz Co, Paziran Co, were also responsible for building some of the Middle East's largest private real estate development projects including the 200,000 sq. metre Parc des Princes and Vanak Park high rise communities and various commercial buildings in Tehran, including the Paziran, Pan American Oil Co and Iranian National Railways office buildings.

Abbas Milani, Director of Iranian Studies at Stanford University, in his book 'Eminent Persians' (Syracuse University Press), names Amir Malekyazdi as one of the men and women who made modern Iran.

The family, including brothers S. Peter Malek & Shahram Malek and sisters Marjan, Maryam and Elham, has been active in Canada and France since 1981. Through their companies, Armeco Construction, Belmont Construction, Millennium Development Group and others they have continued their legacy of building roads, bridges, sewage treatment plants, civic and municipal projects, and major award-winning developments such as the 7 tower and 3 tower City in the Park and OMA projects in Burnaby, L'Hermitage, Lumiere  and Alexandra towers in Downtown Vancouver, the Edgewater and Water's Edge projects in West Vancouver, and the Vancouver Olympic Village for the 2010 Winter Olympic Games, to mention a few.

Having settled his family in Canada, but later returned to Paris, France in the lates 1980s with his wife, Mahin. At the age of 67 he started a successful real estate development company from scratch, undertaking such high-profile projects as the East Side office building in Marne La Vallee, the seat of the French Post Office, Regent Park, St. Georges, Villa du Theatre residences and numerous other successful projects.

He died in Paris in November 2019 at the age of 96.

References

1923 births
2019 deaths
People from Yazd
Canadian civil engineers
Iranian emigrants to Canada
Canadian philanthropists
Canadian real estate businesspeople
Canadian expatriates in France


title: Eusthenomus hopei

text:
Eusthenomus hopei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1970.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1970


title: Eusthenomus laceyi

text:
Eusthenomus laceyi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1970.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1970


title: Union Market

text:
Union Market is a food hall located in Washington, D.C. It anchors the Union Market District, a neighborhood encompassing high-rise apartments, office buildings, retail, and entertainment options.

It was formally known as Union Terminal Market when it started as a replacement market center for the old Center Market located near the National Mall in 1931. It became an important part of the Washington food infrastructure to feed a growing city population. It featured retail and wholesales stores as well as a farmers' market which ran into trouble with the city in the 1960s due to its failure to comply with sanitation and safety standards. A new building was completed in 1967 to replace it and is today the food hall carrying the name "Union Market".

After falling into disrepair in the 1980s and 1990s, the area is being revived as a destination for restaurant and nightlife near NoMa and H Street. While for many it is a specific building containing the gourmet food hall, it is in fact an area that today features restaurants, a small movie theater, an ice cream factory and new luxury apartment buildings in Northeast Washington, D.C. off of Florida Avenue NE. These new venues are slowly replacing the old stores that had been the heart and soul of the market.

Construction

Planning

A committee composed of Maj. Carey H. Brown, engineer of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission; Lloyd S. Tenny, acting chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; C. W. Kitchen, business manager and superintendent of the Washington Center Market, and George M. Roberts, superintendent of the office of weights, measures and markets of the District Government recommended 5 criteria for the selection of a new site to replace
 Proximity of railroad connections to eliminate the cost of handling the food products.
 Readily accessible to the greatest number of inhabitants of the District of Columbia.
 For the farmers' market,  seen an essential feature to protect consumers from commission merchants, it must be located so that farmers can easily bring their produce without having to go through congested areas.
 Accessibility of street railways and bus lines heading to different parts of the city.
 Large enough accommodate all the groups which are an integral part of a market center. The building as well parking must be big enough to accommodate hundreds vendors and even more customers.
 The land must be cheap to offer warehouses clustering around the market center.

Two sites were found to meet these needs:
 In Southwest: the area bounded by Walter Street, Maryland Avenue and 12th Street SW.
 In Northeast: the Patterson Tract bounded by Florida Avenue NE, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad yards and Gallaudet University

The Trinidad Citizens' Association opposed the move of the market to the Patterson Tract and voiced its opposition following the vote by the Citizens' Advisory Council on March 30, 1928, in the District Building.

Union Terminal Market was set up by the Union Market Terminal Company, an organization of commission merchants with some from the old Center Market on the Patterson Tract. The property was located at the intersection of Florida Avenue and 5th Street NE and was originally put on sale on January 1, 1929 by the Phillips & Caldwell real estate firm. The tract of land was used at various times by the military. During the Civil War, it was the site of Finley General Hospital from 1862 to 1865. During World War I it became Camp Meigs.

After 130 years in operation, the beautiful Center Market designed by Adolf Cluss was to be demolished by the Federal Government and be replaced by the National Archives Building as part of the redesign of the National Mall as specified in the McMillan Plan. The farmers gave their endorsement to this bill. Phillips & Caldwell representing the Union Terminal Company on July 29, 1929 announced the new plan to build a $1 million retail and wholesale market center to replace the lost market. It would be built on 85 acres of the Winslow estate. It would be wholesale and retail market. Congress approved funds for a new market in Southwest but this was not seen as enough for the Association.

Design
Charles H. Tompkins Co. was awarded the contract for nine 2-story market buildings. Permits were submitted and the cost for each building was $132,000. A new $300,000 plant for Joseph Phillips & Co. as part of the market development. Tompkins was to build this too. Multiple permits were issues to many retailers and wholesalers that day. Excavation of the new site started on August 28, 1929 with construction scheduled to start soon after. Negotiations were still under way with the National Capital Park and Planning Commission and the heirs of the tract of land regarding the additional purchase of 42 acres of a park and playground. It seems an agreement had been reached for the purchase for $395,577.18. Six acres of flat land would be developed as a playground and athletic field as discussed for several years. It would be preserved as a national park.

On October 19, more permits were issued to build 25 more buildings. It was estimated that the total cost was $452,000.

The Maryland-Virginia Farmers' Marketing Association made the decision to partner with them on January 16, 1930 in the New National Museums auditorium and open a farmers market. The Association had been formed in 1929 top represent the local commission merchants and the farmers and represented 1000 farmers. The plan was to allow the farmers to use the tract of land in exchange for a daily fee. The Federal Government had considered purchasing a tract of land to replace the market where they had been evicted but had not yet done so. Some of the vendors had relocated to the Northern Liberty Market located on K Street NW and 5th Street NW. With this new location, 100 to 1,000 farmers would be able to sell there. It was considered to be a more viable location then another proposed in Southwest DC (10th and 11th St SW between E and G Street) as the patrons were not going into this area.

By February 2, 1930, the project was about 75% complete. With enough buildings to house between 600 and 1,000 farmers, it was going to compete with the new project being planned in Southwest. According to the President of the Union Market Terminal Corporation, J.O. Harrison, 42 commission men were planning to move in by May 1930. They represented 80% of the total tonnage of fruits and vegetables being sold in the District of Columbia at the time. On May 10, more permits were issues to build six more buildings costing $40,000.

Zoning opposition

While construction of the 52 building was going well, some opposition was being felt. The Trinidad Citizens' Association met on May 26, 1930 to voice their opposition to the project with regards to the change in zoning. A portion of the land was zoned as residential and the Company wanted to change this to second commercial. According to the civic group, this rezoning would be detrimental to the Gallaudet College and to nearby homeowners. The action was being pushed by the President of Gallaudet, Dr. Percival Hall who also chaired the park and planning committee of the citizen group. His residence was adjacent to the area being rezoned. He argued that the development would "distract from the general beauty of the region" and would bring hundreds of vehicles on Florida Avenue. The area in question went from Florida Avenue and covered the area from 5th Street NE to the property line with Gallaudet College all the way to New York Avenue covering 15 acres. The hearing was scheduled for June 4, 1930 and the market was defending its request by the new buildings were a better option then the vacant lot currently there. In addition, 6th Street was scheduled to be opened providing a buffer between the two properties.

On June 9, the Zoning Commission made a decision on the matter. They ruled that part of the petition would be granted once the property owners dedicated all the streets as listed on the highway plan for the District, including opening up 6th Street NE north of Florida Avenue. The land east of 6th Street would remain residential to act as buffet between the school and the market. This would also preserve the access to the park located being the property. A strip of land on the north side of Florida Avenue was rezoned to first commercial instead of second commercial. This would protect the street from heavy types of commercial structures.

The Trinidad Citizens' Association urged the National Capital Park and Planning Commission to acquire 16 acres of land next to Gallaudet College on June 25, 1930. This would have been on top of the 40 acres already purchased the previous year.

Wholesale and Retail Stores

The first part of market with it 42 fireproof stores started receiving its first tenants on September 20, 1930. The first one was the Joseph Phillips Co. which moved in its $150,000 meat packing and distributing plant. The facility featured refrigeration equipment using cold air being propelled in storage cambers by fans. All the walls were tiled in white for easy cleaning. The buildings featured long canopies on the front and back of the buildings allowing for extra space outside. Each building was also equipped with an elevator. The streets were designed to allow easy parking for loading and unloading. The streets were 100 feet wide and the alleys 40 feet with large parking areas available.

The first four buildings were completed by that time and receiving their tenants. The building closest to Florida Avenue was to be dedicated to retail sales exclusively. For access to the complex, shoppers would come through Florida Avenue. New York Avenue was not yet finished but under way.

Farmers Market
However, the farmers' market located further north were not yet finished. On February 14, 1931, at a meeting of the Maryland and Virginia Farmers' Marketing Association, 215 farmers applied for 300 stands. A 25 cent fee would be paid by the farmers to be on the line. It was expected to increase once the sheds were built but the goal was not to make a profit but to cover the cost of interest, taxes and sanitation.

A permit for the sheds were issued on May 9, 1931. Located at 1315 5th Street NE, it would be made of steel and cost $10,000. A second permit was issued for a shed at 1314 6th Street NE for the same cost and same specifications on May 23. The extension was officially announced on July 11, 1931. The two structures would measure 360 feet long and 30 feet wide. It would provide enough space for 336 farmers. An additional emergency space was provided to house 165 farmers until these structures are completed. In addition, twelve other stores were going to be built on the site.

On August 4, 1931, the commission merchants had a 9 o'clock breakfast with local officials including Dr. Luther H. Reichelderfer, President of the Board of District Commissioners and Col. U. S. Grant, 3rd director of Public Buildings and Public Parks as guests of honors. The reception was followed with a visit of the new complex.

Further expansion
Plans for further expansion was announced on October 10, 1931. The one-story brick and concrete building was to be erected for Joseph Phillips Co. and house a provision plant. It was to be located between 1260 and 1264 5th Street NE. Several other stores went up around that period of time including 501 to 529 Morse Street NE at a cost of $110,000 and 1252 4th Street at a cost of $20,000.

On May 14, 1932, it was announced that the construction on the new buildings along Florida Avenue had started at a cost of $100,000. These buildings were owned by Kass Realty Co. and had five stores on the first floor and twenty offices above. Some of the space would be used by the Market and the Market Association.

Events

Central Labor Union's Fair and Exposition
From June 15 to June 27, 1931, the Central Labor Union's Fair and Exposition took place on the grounds of the Union Market Terminal. The fair was organized to raise finds for the District of Columbia War Memorial. The Fair opened on June 16, 1931 with a speech from Frank Morrison, secretary of the American Federation of Labor in front a large crowd in which he declared that unemployment "must be solved". The United-States at the time in the middle of the Great Depression. He was followed by three other speakers. The attraction was Valencia, an acrobat expert on high pole and the trapeze followed by Beach Bentum and her aquatic troupe. It was followed by a large parade that included floats, cars, trucks and numerous groups.

The next day, a demonstration of anti-aircraft and searchlight maneuvering took place. It was performed by the 260th Coast Artillery, District of Columbia National Guard. A crowd of 10,000 was present to witness it. On June 22, Pauline Firnandow was to be buried alive in a coffin for the third time since the beginning of the fair. She had already been buried twice but had to be pulled out due to the temperature in the coffin reaching 103 degrees. This time she was going to be buried with her husband an attempt to remain underground for 24 hours. He would then be re-buried to attempt to beat his own record of 100 hours and 10 minutes.

Sports
In 1931 and 1932, the Union Terminal Market was competing in the local Recreation Duckpin League against other local businesses. It is not clear if they did well or not.

In May 1949, The Evening Star published an article about Billy Edwards and his gym located in Union Market above some of the stores. The owner, manager and trainer was a former boxer who was now training the generation of amateur and professionals boxers, both white and black. He was nicknamed locally as the "Stillman of the South" after the legendary Lou Stillman of New York City. The gym had a boxing ring and would see about 75 fighters come through each day to train. On the walls were posters of famous fighters and the radio was turned on all day. Edwards would spend his day coaching the boxers and fixing fights on the pay phone. He always carried a pocket full of nickels for this purpose and smoked a cigar. Billy Edwards had moved his gym from 12th Street and U Street NE and had trained Billy Banks, a black boxer who fought and beat "Baltimore" Joe Soles in the first non-segregated boxing match in Washington, D.C., on June 22, 1940, in Griffith Stadium. Billy Banks went on to be inducted into the D.C. Boxing Hall of Fame in 1980.

Circus
Prior to the construction of the Union Market Terminal, circuses used the space for their shows. It appears this continued after the construction. On August 2 and 3, 1933, the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus came to town. In May 1936, it was the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus who settled there with there menagerie. They returned the following year from May 17 to May 19, 1937. The circus later moved to the Washington Coliseum (formally the Uline Arena) but the animals still came by the Market into the 1970s.

Evening Star Traffic Safety Campaign
The Union Market Business Association endorsed the campaign spearheaded by the Evening Star to reduce traffic fatalities via a pledge to be safe on the road. The death toll due to traffic as of November 23 was of 98. The previous year at the same time, the toll was 114. The vote was made on November 23, 1935 and was unanimous. A drive was undertaken to reach all 700 men and women working at the Market, both employees and employers. The campaign had received 100% support within one week. This represented 110 firms employing 150 trucks and 325 passenger cars. An additional 350 farmers employed 400 trucks and cars in the farmers' market area. With the addition of shoppers, the numbers of vehicles using the space reached 13,143 passenger cars, 3,300 trucks and a total of 35,122 as recorded on a single week day. These numbers would have been significantly higher on Saturdays.

Post World War II issues

Strike
The market operated throughout the war. Starting on June 10, 1949, it was hit by a strike of the Drivers and wharehousemen of the Union Terminal Market. Organized by the Truck Drivers' Local 639 and the Warehouse Employes' Local 730, they were seeking a 48-hour week with the same pay they receive for a 54-hour work week. This strike was part of a larger wave of strikes that hit Washington, D.C., at that time and involved other professions. The Strike was settled on June 18, 1949 when the 130 warehousemen and drivers voted to accept an offer.

Sanitation
In December 1960, the Farmers' Market was inspected by the City. It became obvious to the health inspectors that the market was in violation of health and building regulations and had been for at least a year. The District Commissioners immediately ordered the market to clean up. According to the inspectors, there was no sanitary facilities and toilets, there was an insufficient number of refrigerators and some of the meat was being sold out in the open. The responsibility was divided between the owners of the property and the farmers selling there: neither group wanted to invest money in long term  improvements. The farmers were very concerned that the market might be closed for Christmas and wanted enough time to resolve the issues.

The market was given an extension on December 15, 1960 until February 1, 1961 to demolish all the unsanitary buildings. Money and a contractor had been secured by the market. However, by August 23, 1961, the issue was still not resolved. The market argued that they were grandfathered into the old code. After many back and forth, an agreement was found between the city and the market. This was delayed by the fact that the ownership of the market was divided in three trustees. A complete overhaul was needed. The owners had started to tear down the more than 100 dilapidated sheds and adjacent structures covering the ground. 35% had been torn the previous week. In addition, the market had agreed to rewire the market and install much needed sanitary facilities. They had also promised to keep it clean in exchange to keeping it open during the renovations.

While there was improvement, cleanliness remained a problem for years. Union Market was facing an ongoing battle to stay out of trouble. On March 6, 1964, the District Board of Commissioners revealed that the Market was in violation of the code. The investigation had started back in July 1963. On July 13, 1964, it was determined that it would cost $100,000 to bring the Market to code but the operators were unwilling to spend this much. According to the city's report, the market had inadequate refrigeration, toilet facilities and washing facilities for hands, meats and vegetables. The shed itself was dirty and without protection against flies. While progress had been made in the previous year according to the operators, it was still not adequate and the Market would need to conform to code like all the other food establishments.

By the end of the year, the issue was affecting three open air markets in DC, including Eastern Market and Union Market. On September 28, 1964, Rep. Charles Mathias (R-MD) visited several markets including Union Market's farmers' market as part of his investigation of the District Health Department's clean-up-or-close-up order. He agreed that the Health Director, Murray Grant was acting appropriately but also urged him to make it easier for stall operators to solve the issues by providing them a detailed list of what they need to do to stay open. He was concerned about this as, while the markets were located in the District of Columbia, some of the operators lived in his district in Maryland. After visiting the markets, the Director announced that only sales of fresh fruits, vegetables and non-food items could be sold. Meats, poultry, custards, pies, home-canned goods and other items currently present had to go due to the lack of adequate sanitary and refrigeration facilities on-site. It was determined that the crackdown in the market could put at least 35 of the 200 lease-holders out of business.

On February 1, 1965, the attorneys for the merchants announced that sweeping design changes had been made in the plans drafted with the cooperation of the Health Department. This included appropriate refrigeration for meat, poultry and eggs and new bathrooms. The delay came from the inability to secure a lease long enough to amortize these improvement but that issue was supposedly  resolved.

New Market
By 1965, it was obvious that the old market was not able to adapt to the new sanitation standard in its current setup. A new building was needed. On September 24, 1965, it was announced that plans for a new 250,000 square foot building were ready and that engineering and boring test were complete. The four-acre tract had been acquired by William and Charles Cohen along with Samuel Weinstein at a cost of $900,000 from the Patterson-Winslow Realty Trust. Construction was scheduled to start in the Spring of 1966 and completed in nine months at a cost of $4 million. It would be the largest single structure in Washington exclusively for food merchants and farmers.

On December 16, 1967, the new farmers' market opened on Neal Place NE between 5th Street NE and 6th Street NE. 60 stalls were set up with more than half being independent concessionaires. Thousands of people lined up in front of the market to receive special coupons for free ice-cream cars, 10 cent a dozen eggs, giant penny doughnuts, ground beef and pork chops for 20 cents a pound and 10 cents packs of cigarettes. Mayor Walter E. Washington and Rep. Hervey Machen (D-MD) were present for the opening day "sausage cutting ceremony". They also shook hands and gave out produce out of bushel basket given to them including a chicken who Mayor Washington gave to Mrs. Baron, a mother of eight children.

Farmers Market closure
The open air farmers' market that had been operation since 1932 and the announcement was made on January 3, 1976 that it would close. It had become a shadow of itself selling only fruits and vegetables. In July 1975, Gallaudet College bought the two-acre lot located on Penn Street NE between 5th Street NE and 6th Street NE for $325,000. It was to be used for storage of trucks and maintenance equipment. The lot was owned by Historic Figures, the company that owned the Wax Museum in DC. It was leased to a produce retailer named John Spivey would subleased to the farmers. He had retired a few years ago and the lease were coming to an end on December 31, 1959. The College had grown significantly in recent years and needed more space. Some vendors were attempting to get stores nearby but the rents were significantly higher.

DC Councilwoman Nadine Winter (D-Ward 6) told college officials she was in favor of the city purchasing the market in order to prevent the shut-down on January 8. However, Edward C. Merrill Jr., President of Gallaudet College responded that the land was needed for storage but said he was open to alternatives. On January 15, the college announced that it would let vendors continue to operate for the time being. The agreement reached on January 13 stated that the extension would be for two or three years approximately and only half of the space due to the dwindling number of vendors. The college would use the western half as it only 50 vehicles but would need all of it once it expends to 100 vehicles in a few years.

Today

Today, the name Union Market is used by both the food hall located between 5th Street and the entire area between Florida Avenue NE, New York Avenue NE and 6th Street NE. This name sometimes overlaps with the name NoMa. The area had been going through a revitalization that follows the trend of NoMa with the renovation of the Uline Arena. What was once a low income retail area is becoming an upscale residential and entertainment area.

Food Hall
Bon Appétit called it one of the 5 best food halls in the United States.

Union Market is owned by EDENS, a national retail real estate developer. EDENS has proposed building office space and homes above the existing market; the project was approved in 2015, and EDENS requested a two-year extension in 2017.

The Washington Post has written that the "once-scruffy" Union Market "has become a mecca for foodies from around the D.C. area and is a centerpiece for a revitalized neighborhood set to expand with numerous residential options." A 187-unit, six-story apartment building, the Edison at Union Market, opened in 2017. Construction of another development nearby, the 318-unit, 12-story Highline, began the same year.

As of 2017, the food hall housed 48 vendors. The "mostly local vendors" sell "gelato, olive oil, oysters and other specialties" and the market is "an upscale retail presence in the warehouse district between Florida and New York avenues."

In September 2017, a new large-scale mural was installed on the side of the building along 6th Street. The artwork by Yoko Ono was the inaugural project of Hirshhorn in the City which hopes to exhibit international contemporary artists in Washington, D.C. The artwork is a white wall with the following words in capital letters:

“RELAX. YOUR HEART IS STRONGER THAN WHAT YOU THINK!”

Retail stores
Several of the old buildings have been demolished and replaced since 2010. The new Edison Building opened in 2017 at the intersection of Florida Avenue NE and 4th Street NE with a Trader Joe's on the ground floor. Some of the small stores are being converted to restaurants such as St. Anselm, a steakhouse and O-Ku DC, a sushi bar.

World TeamTennis
In 2019, the Washington Kastles of World TeamTennis announced they would play outdoors on the roof of the Union Market. From 2014–2018, they played at the Charles E. Smith Center.

See also
 Center Market
 Northern Liberty Market
 Maine Avenue Fish Market
 District Grocery Stores
 Finley General Hospital

References

Food halls
Food markets in the United States
Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Trinidad (Washington, D.C.)
Retail markets in the United States
Commercial buildings completed in 1931
Market halls


title: Oeceoclades maculata

text:
Oeceoclades maculata, sometimes known as the monk orchid or African spotted orchid, is a terrestrial orchid species in the genus Oeceoclades that is native to tropical Africa and now naturalized in South and Central America, the Caribbean, and Florida in North America. It was first described by the English botanist John Lindley as Angraecum maculatum in 1821 based on a specimen collected from South America. Lindley later revised his original placement and moved the species to the genus Oeceoclades in 1833.

Oeceoclades maculata was first found naturalized outside of Africa in Brazil in 1829. It was later found throughout the Neotropics and specifically in Puerto Rico in the mid-1960s and in Florida in the early 1970s. It is considered to be one of the most successful invasive orchids.

When Leslie Andrew Garay and Peter Taylor resurrected and revised the genus Oeceoclades in 1976, they recognized O. maculata and two related species, O. mackenii and O. monophylla. All three were described as being very similar in appearance and according to Garay and Taylor, the species could be distinguished by the proportions of the labellum, allowing for easy identification in preserved specimens or in the field in their opinion. Oeceoclades mackenii was said to have a labellum that was shorter than wide and possessed a branched inflorescence, while the labellum of O. monophylla had a "distinct elongate isthmus." Garay and Taylor also recognized the subspecies O. maculata subsp. pterocarpa, which was said to have winged capsules. Later authors did not agree with recognizing these distinctions as sufficient to maintain separate taxa and thus reduced these names to synonyms of O. maculata.

References

External links

maculata
Orchids of Central America
Orchids of Belize
Flora of East Tropical Africa
Flora of South Tropical Africa
Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West-Central Tropical Africa
Flora of the Western Indian Ocean
Flora of Sudan
Plants described in 1821


title: Eusthenomus wallisi

text:
Eusthenomus wallisi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1875.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1875


title: Big Ass (disambiguation)

text:
Big Ass is a Thai rock band. The term may also refer to:
A slang term for one's buttocks affected by Steatopygia.
Big Ass Spider!, a 2013 horror comedy film.
Big Ass Truck, an American rock band.
"Big Ass Heart," a song featured on the Glee episode "Original Song."
"Big Ass Show," a festival hosted by American commercial radio station KXRK.
Chris Rock: Big Ass Jokes, the first HBO special by American comedian Chris Rock.
Big Ass Fans, an American company which manufactures high-volume low-speed fans.


title: Fredlanella cerussata

text:
Fredlanella cerussata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1964.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1964


title: Fredlanella diringshofeni

text:
Fredlanella diringshofeni is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1972.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1972


title: Large Latin American Millimeter Array

text:
The Large Latin American Millimeter Array (LLAMA) is a single-dish 12 m Nasmyth optics antenna which is under construction in the Puna de Atacama desert in the Province of Salta, Argentina, next to the Qubic experiment. The primary mirror accuracy will allow observation from 40 GHz up to 900 GHz. After installation it will be able to join other similar instruments to perform Very Large Base Line Interferometry or to work in standalone mode. Financial support is provided by the Argentinian and Brazilian governments. The total cost of construction, around US$20 million, and operation as well as the telescope time use will be shared equally by the two countries. Construction planning started in July 2014 after the formal signature of an agreement between the main institutions involved.

Overview

LLAMA is a joint project between Argentinian and Brazilian Astronomers to build and operate a radio telescope at submillimeter wavelengths, that can work in stand alone mode or join a Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) network. The main scientific institutions involved in the project are the Argentine Institute of Radio Astronomy (IAR),  and the Núcleo para o Apoio da Rádio Astronomia (NARA), from the Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil). The telescope is located at a very high altitude (4,825 m) where the atmospheric absorption (mostly due to water vapor) allows the observation at the very short wavelengths of less than 1 mm. It is a multipurpose instrument that will have cryogenic receivers with very high sensitivity in order to observe very faint sources, and filters to observe the Sun.

History

The history of the instrument can be traced back to 2007, during the XII Latin American Regional IAU Meeting (LARIM) held in Isla de Margarita (Venezuela).  Argentinian radio astronomers discussed the idea with colleagues from South America. The search for the best place for a submillimeter (wavelength less than 1 mm) telescope had started in Argentina in 2003, with a 210 GHz tipper which was installed in different places to investigate the atmospheric opacity. During the XXVII General Assembly in Rio de Janeiro, the project gained a name in a document authored by the leading scientists of the project. In the same document, scientists also proposed the initial science, budget, strategies for construction, site, and other matters. The formal presentation before the Argentinian Science Ministry (MinCyT) was in 2010, while a meeting held at the offices of FAPESP in August 2011 was the kickoff in Brazil. In 2011, MinCyT ranked LLAMA as its astronomical project and in 2012, FAPESP approved a €7 M grant.  The final agreement, between MinCyT, FAPESP and Universidade de São Paulo (USP), was signed in June 2014, and on July 9, it was formally presented to the public.

Measurements of the electrical characteristics of the site were carried out in late 2016, and construction of the road to the summit began in December 2016. Assembly of the antenna is planned to take place in 2022, with testing beginning in 2023.

Origin of the name

The observatory acronym comes from the Quechuan word llama that designates the South American camelid that lives in the region where the telescope is being installed. There is some confusion with the word array, since LLAMA will consist of a single dish antenna, but the instrument will have VLBI technology and can therefore be part of an antenna array with telescopes of other observatories. Moreover, the LLAMA observatory can be expanded in the future by installing other antennas in different sites.

In different official documents the acronym LLAMA may be found expanded as Long Latin American Millimeter Array rather than Large. It is also possible to read Millimetric instead of Millimeter. After some debate, the LLAMA Executive Committee stated that Large Latin American Millimeter Array is the right expansion for the LLAMA acronym.

The observatory logo has as symbols the Southern Cross (upper right), a telescope sketch (bottom right), the acronym (upper left) and a llama profile (bottom left). Although it changed with time, these symbols are present since the beginning. The image illustrating this page is the official logo since August 2014.

Science
LLAMA is a multipurpose instrument, with the capacity to both observe bright sources like the Sun, and very weak sources very far from Earth. The following is a list of different subjects that will be addressed with LLAMA observations.

The Sun
In the unperturbed solar atmosphere, the shorter the wavelength the deeper the observation.  Frequencies near the submillimeter range are produced in the lower chromosphere or the photosphere. Therefore, LLAMA observations will bring new information about the structure of the lower Solar Atmosphere, the active and quiescent filaments and the dynamics of the chromosphere and its magnetic field. The possibility to observe Solar Flares at high frequencies with a high sensitive instrument will give clues about the acceleration of the high energetic particles in the Sun, complementing results obtained with the Solar Submillimeter Telescope. In particular the still unexplained spectral inversion above ≈ 100 GHz. A possible experiment would be to make VLBI solar observations. For example, in a joint observation between LLAMA and some of the ALMA antennas, a spatial resolution of 0.001" would be achieved for λ ≈ 1 mm, corresponding to a distance of 700 m on the solar surface.

Planets
 Extra-solar planetary systems around stars near the Sun.
 Proto-planetary disks in star located in the Solar neighborhood.
 Near-Earth objects.

Stellar objects
 Star forming regions, young stellar objects, and mechanisms of the star formation.
 Non-thermal processes in stellar magnetospheres.
 Interaction of stars and remnants of supernova with the interstellar medium.

Astrophysical jets and maser emission
 Astrophysical jets.
 Maser phenomena of the recombination lines of the hydrogen atom.
 Maser emission in star-forming regions.
 Maser emission in late stars stellar envelopes.

Galactic and Intergalactic interstellar medium
 Continuum radiation from extragalactic cold dust.
 Molecular material in the direction of different stellar objects.
 Intergalactic Medium using the detection of molecular absorption lines in the direction of quasars.
 Cosmic background radiation.

Galaxies
 Search for CO in galaxies with high redshift.
 Molecular abundance.
 Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN).
 Variation of the fundamental constants by the observation of gravitational lensing.
 High redshifts of regions with very high rate of star formation.
 Proto-clusters of galaxies.
 Space-time distortion produced by massive black holes.

High energies

Optics, Receivers

The Nasmyth optics will allow the installation of up to as six different heterodyne receivers.  There is a consensus for these receivers to use the same spectral bands as ALMA. With this scheme the Nasmyth cabins will allocate receivers for the bands

It is intended to install a bolometer multi-wavelength camera at the Cassegrain focus, or possibly a camera plus a small heterodyne array.

See also

 Atacama Large Millimeter Arraya, the biggest millimeter array ever built.
 Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX), single dish sub-millimetre telescope built on a modified ALMA prototype antenna
 Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment
 CARMA a sensitive millimetre-wave array operated by a consortium including Caltech, University of California Berkeley, University of Illinois, University of Maryland and University of Chicago
 Cosmic Background Imager a 13 element interferometer operating in Llano de Chajnantor since 1999.
 IRAM 30 Meter Telescope (Pico Veleta, Spain), the largest millimetric telescope in the world, operated by IRAM
 James Clerk Maxwell Telescope The most sensitive existing sub-millimetre telescope
 Plateau de Bure Interferometer, one of the most successful existing millimetre-wave arrays, operated by IRAM
 Solar Submillimeter Telescope, the unique solar dedicated submillimeter instrument
 List of radio telescopes
 List of observatories

References

Astronomical instruments
Radio telescopes
Submillimetre telescopes
Interferometric telescopes
Telescopes under construction
Astronomical observatories in Argentina


title: Seven Lancers of Belina

text:
The Seven Lancers of Belina, also called Belina’s Seven and The Seven Uhlans (Polish: Ulanska siodemka) was a name given to a mounted reconnaissance group of the Riflemen's Association. On August 2, 1914, upon order of Józef Piłsudski, the seven uhlans crossed the border between Austrian Galicia and Congress Poland, on a mission to gather information about Russian forces in the area of Miechów and Jędrzejów. Members of the group would later become elite of the cavalry forces of the Second Polish Republic (see also Polish cavalry).

Belina’s Seven were named after Władysław Belina-Prażmowski (nom de guerre Belina), who was in charge of the group. Other members included:
 Janusz Gluchowski ("Janusz"),
 Antoni Jablonski ("Zdzislaw"),
 Zygmunt Karwacki ("Boncza"),
 Stefan Kulesza ("Hanka"),
 Stanisław Grzmot-Skotnicki ("Grzmot"),
  ("Kmicic").

On August 3, 1914 after midnight, the group, armed with rifles and pistols, and equipped both with civilian clothing and uniforms, crossed the border in two horse-drawn britzkas (carriages). Their plan was to penetrate the area, destroy a Russian Army mobilization office in Jedrzejow, capture horses, and become a cavalry unit.

In the morning, the seven men arrived at a manor house in Goszyce, which belonged to Zofia Zawiszanka, a member of Polish patriotic organizations and personal friend of Zygmunt Karwacki. After receiving food, they continued their journey towards Jedrzejow. To their surprise, Russian forces had abandoned the town, fearful of rumours of numerous Polish forces heading towards them.

The leader of the group, Wladyslaw Prazmowski, came to the conclusion that the mission was accomplished and decided to return to Galicia, via Słomniki. Belina wanted to attack a Russian border guard outpost located in Słomniki, but after arriving there it turned out that Russian forces were too numerous. Polish rebels observed the enemy from a distance, and when the Russians had left Słomniki, they set out on their return journey.

In the morning of August 4, 1914, Belina and his men reached the village of Prandocin. Suddenly they spotted a Russian mounted patrol. Belina, who underestimated enemy forces, ordered his men to attack with bayonets. The Russians, who were more numerous, but had no idea of the rebel strength, retreated towards Skalbmierz.

In the village of Skrzeszowice, the rebels received horses, and on August 4 they returned to Galicia uninjured.

Sources
 Marek Lis, Ksawery Zalewski, Józef Myjak, Podpułkownik Antoni Jabłoński. Wydawnictwo PAIR Myjakpress, Sandomierz-Lipnik 2008,

See also
 Polish Legions in World War I
 First Cadre Company

Polish Legions in World War I
1914 in Poland


title: Rand Paul 2016 presidential campaign

text:
The 2016 presidential campaign of Rand Paul, the junior United States senator from Kentucky, was announced on April 7, 2015 at an event at the Galt House in Louisville, Kentucky. First elected to the U.S. Senate in the 2010 election, Paul's candidacy for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 2016 had been widely speculated since early 2013.

Leading up to his formal announcement, Paul delivered several high-profile speeches, which included filibustering the nomination of CIA Director John Brennan, speeches at Berkeley and Howard University, and meeting with community leaders in Ferguson, Missouri and Detroit, Michigan, with Paul stating that the meetings and speeches help reach his goal of broadening the Republican Party's appeal with non-traditional constituencies.

Paul suspended his campaign on February 3, 2016.

Background

Pre-campaign speculation

Rand Paul first acknowledged a possible 2016 presidential candidacy in January 2013. On February 13, 2013, Paul delivered the Tea Party response to President Barack Obama's State of the Union address, prompting some pundits to consider him a potential candidate in the upcoming presidential election. On March 6–7, 2013, Paul engaged in a filibuster to delay voting on the nomination of John O. Brennan as the Director of the CIA. Paul questioned the Obama administration's use of drones and the stated legal justification for their potential use within the United States. Paul held the floor for 12 hours and 52 minutes. Following his filibuster, Paul spoke at the 2013 Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in Washington D.C., where he won the presidential straw poll with 25% of the votes cast. Paul again spoke at CPAC in National Harbor, Maryland on March 7, 2014. The day after his speech, he won the presidential straw poll for the second year in a row with 31% of the votes cast, nearly triple the percentage of runner-up U.S. Senator Ted Cruz with 11%.

In April 2014, Paul spoke at the GOP Freedom Summit, an event organized by Americans for Prosperity and Citizens United, which was also attended by several other potential presidential candidates. In his speech, he insisted that the GOP has to broaden its appeal in order to grow as a party. To do so, he said it cannot be the party of "fat cats, rich people and Wall Street" and that the conservative movement has never been about rich people or privilege, "we are the middle class", he said. Paul also said that conservatives must present a message of justice and concern for the unemployed and be against government surveillance to attract new people to the movement, including young people, and Hispanic and African Americans.

Voter outreach efforts
In an October 2014 speech in Detroit, Paul stated, "The Republican Party brand sucks, and so people don't want to be a Republican, and for 80 years, African-Americans have had nothing to do with Republicans." He stated that reshaping the Republican Party's brand would be crucial to the party's success. Leading up to his decision about running for president, Paul attempted to broaden the appeal of the Republican party. He visited several historically black colleges, including Howard University, Bowie State University, and Simmons College. In addition, he visited Ferguson, Missouri, and also spoke at the Detroit Economic Club. During his remarks, Paul highlighted his efforts to improve the criminal justice system by reforming mandatory minimum sentencing laws, and restoring voting rights of individuals with non-violent felonies, which Paul believes disproportionately affects the African American and Hispanic communities. Paul also introduced his plan to create "economic freedom zones" which would help areas of high unemployment, such as Louisville or Detroit, to reduce federal regulation and taxes to boost economic growth. Paul received praise for his efforts from Lorraine Miller, acting president of the NAACP, and he also sponsored legislation with Democratic U.S. Senators Cory Booker and Kirsten Gillibrand to improve the criminal justice system for young men and women in a "cycle of poverty and incarceration." Paul's outreach to minority communities seemed to be working, as polls showed him receiving up to 29% of the African-American vote in his home state. By contrast, Republican presidential nominee John McCain received 4% of the African-American vote in 2008, and nominee Mitt Romney received 6% in 2012.

Dual candidacy issues

Kentucky law does not allow presidential (or vice-presidential) nominees to run for office in the state, meaning Paul could not concurrently run for president and reelection to the Senate. However, Paul filed to run for re-election to his Senate seat in April 2011. In March 2014, the Republican-controlled Kentucky Senate passed a bill that would allow Paul to run for both offices, but the Democratic-controlled Kentucky House of Representatives declined to take it up. During the 2014 legislative elections, Paul attempted to shift the power in the House to the Republicans, who were more likely to pass the bill. Paul spent his own campaign money in the elections, helping Republican candidates for the state house. Even if Democratic governor Steve Beshear were to veto the legislation, that veto can be overridden with a simple majority. However, the Democrats retained their 54–46 majority in the state house. Paul in turn gave his support to the idea that the Kentucky Republican Party could decide to hold a caucus in March separately from the regular primary in May, allowing for the party to have more time to pick a new senatorial candidate should Paul clinch the Republican presidential nomination, which the party agreed to do at a meeting in March 2015.

2014 midterm elections
In addition to his own political prospects, in the lead up to the 2014 midterm elections, Paul made a point to campaign for several Senate and Congressional candidates, including Joni Ernst and Rod Blum in Iowa, former U.S. Senator Scott Brown in New Hampshire, David Perdue in Georgia, Thom Tillis in North Carolina, Mitch McConnell in Kentucky and Pat Roberts in Kansas. Paul facilitated these endorsements through his political action committee known as Rand PAC, which was able to provide funds for candidates that Paul had endorsed, as well as provide volunteer support, and air television and radio commercials in support of certain candidates. Because of Paul's appeal to younger voters and "grassroots energy," a majority of Republican campaign operatives, according to Politico, selected Paul as their top choice as a campaign surrogate. After the election, Paul launched a social media campaign titled "Hillary's Losers" which was meant to highlight many of the Democratic candidates who lost their bids for the U.S. Senate despite endorsements from former secretary of state Hillary Clinton.

Out of the nearly 20 endorsements that Paul offered in the 2014 midterm election, only three candidates were unsuccessful in their campaigns for office. In contrast, more than half of Clinton's endorsements were unsuccessful, but many political analysts regarded the 2014 midterm elections as a wave election year for Republicans.

Campaign structure

Near the end of 2014, Paul made moves towards a presidential run, including hiring staff in several states, setting up offices, and hiring a campaign manager. In January 2015, he gained the support of Texas Republican Party Chairman Steve Munisteri, a move seen as crucial in taking on potential rivals Governor Rick Perry and Senator Ted Cruz, both with deep ties to Texas. Paul hired a digital strategist who previously worked on the Senate campaign for Ted Cruz, Vincent Harris, and a campaign manager, Chip Englander, who led businessman Bruce Rauner's successful campaign for governor in Illinois. Longtime Paul advisor Doug Stafford will stay on as a senior political advisor to the Paul campaign. Campaign operations have also begun in many of the early states, with the hiring of Steve Grubbs, a former chairman of the Iowa Republican Party, to run Paul's potential Iowa campaign, Michael Biundo, formerly campaign manager for Rick Santorum's 2012 presidential bid, in New Hampshire, Chris LaCivita, who advised Senator Pat Roberts and Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli in his gubernatorial bid, in South Carolina, and John Yob, a campaign operative, based in Michigan. Through his political action committee, known as Reinventing A New Direction (RAND) PAC, Paul toured many states seen as important in gathering both votes and fundraising dollars.

After former governor Mitt Romney announced that he would not seek a third presidential bid, political analyst Mark Halperin made a statement that he thought that Paul was the new frontrunner in the New Hampshire primary if it were to be held then. Polling throughout 2014, both nationally and in statewide contests, had consistently placed Paul among the top tier of candidates potentially seeking the Republican Party's nomination in the 2016 presidential election.

Several political analysts have pointed to the established network of supporters that his father, Ron Paul, had garnered through his own attempts at running for President of the United States in the 2008 and 2012 elections. At the same time, other analysts have stated that Ron Paul may be more of a liability, due to his consistent opposition to foreign involvement, which may not appeal to mainstream Republican voters. A Super PAC was formed by Ron Paul's 2012 campaign manager John Tate, known as America's Liberty PAC, which states that it is the only Super PAC officially endorsed by Paul. The group also boasts several staff members from Campaign for Liberty, a group founded in 2008 following the Ron Paul's first unsuccessful attempt at receiving the Republican Party's nomination for president. A second SuperPAC was formed by former FreedomWorks president Matt Kibbe and Young Americans for Liberty president Jeff Frazee.

Paul spoke at CPAC 2015 and received a plurality of votes in the straw poll for his third year in a row, with 26%. On March 23, 2015, U.S. Senator Ted Cruz announced his candidacy for President of the United States, prompting some political analysts to compare Cruz's support with Paul's, stating that they are both vying for the anti-establishment wing of the party. Shortly before Cruz's announcement, Paul made it clear to supporters and members of the media that he would be making an announcement on April 7, at the Galt House Hotel in Louisville regarding the 2016 presidential election, and would follow up his announcement with a four state tour of various early primary states, including Iowa, New Hampshire, South Carolina and Nevada.

Pre-primary campaign developments
Going into the summer, Paul hosted several town halls, meet and greets, and rallies in early states and other important states for fundraising, and voter contacts. On May 11, Paul returned to New Hampshire and held a town hall meeting in Londonderry, along with several dozen lawmakers who endorsed his campaign, and continued his campaign swing to southeastern Iowa, concluding with a "cattle call" style Lincoln dinner hosted by the Republican Party of Iowa in Des Moines. Paul also spoke outside Independence Hall in Philadelphia, and participated in a discussion at the National Constitution Center before returning to Washington, D.C. in order to tend to business in the United States Senate.

Filibuster in the U.S. Senate
The week before Memorial Day, he announced his intention to block any attempt at renewing the Patriot Act, in which certain provisions regarding warrantless surveillance of Americans were set to expire at the end of the month. In order to accomplish this, Paul began to filibuster the legislation on May 20, 2015, and spoke for approximately 10 and a half hours. His campaign utilized social media in order to promote the Senator's campaign, using the hashtag "Stand With Rand," which was introduced during Paul's previous filibuster. Following his filibuster, the Senate attempted to move forward with the legislation, holding a series of votes shortly after midnight on the Saturday before Memorial Day weekend, which failed to get the 3/5 supermajority needed to invoke cloture. Paul objected to all further attempts to extend the Patriot Act's provisions which had been put forth by Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (requiring unanimous consent), causing them to delay debate of the legislation until the following week.

Campaign

Announcement of candidacy

Paul officially announced his presidential candidacy for the Republican party on April 7, 2015 at the Galt House in Louisville, Kentucky. His announcement featured several testimonials from supporters, and endorsements from prominent individuals, including former U.S. Congressman J.C. Watts, as well as his wife, Kelley who introduced her husband. At the conclusion of his speech, Paul stated, "To rescue a great country now adrift, join me as together we seek a new vision for America. Today I am announcing, with God's help and with liberty lovers everywhere, that I am putting myself forward as a candidate for President of the United States." Within a day of his announcement, Paul raised $1 million, slightly outpacing fellow Republican presidential candidate Ted Cruz. However, Paul also faced a $1 million ad campaign against him, criticizing his foreign policy views. Paul was also criticized for having heated exchanges with the press. Paul is known for being accessible to the media but he admitted in an interview on CNN to being "short-tempered" with the press.

Beginning of campaign
After announcing his campaign in Louisville, Kentucky, Paul embarked on a tour of four early states, which included stops in Milford, New Hampshire, Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina, Iowa City, Iowa, and Las Vegas, Nevada. Each event also featured local testimonials and endorsements of Paul's candidacy, including several state legislators, and members of Congress. Following his four state tour, Paul appeared on several Sunday morning shows to discuss his candidacy, with interviews on Meet the Press on NBC, Face the Nation on CBS, and State of the Union on CNN.

A week after his announcement, Paul spoke at the First in the Nation Republican Leadership Summit in Nashua, New Hampshire, along with more than a dozen other announced and potential Republican candidates. In his speech, Paul highlighted the large amount of political baggage of Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton, who announced her own candidacy only a few days after Paul. Paul has been a leading critic of Clinton, which has included her time as Secretary of State and her handling of the situation in Benghazi, as well as more recent controversies involving her email server, and foreign contributions to the Clinton Foundation.

Shift in strategy

Several media outlets noted that Paul's campaign began relatively quietly. Whereas candidates like Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders were regularly appearing in the news, CNN noted Paul "has been working the campaign trail quietly, taking a deliberate approach to national media and choosing his battles carefully." This was seen as unusual, since Paul was known for being vocal and strategically standing out. In an interview with CNN, Doug Stafford, one of Paul's strategists, commented "Y'all may be too busy covering the newest thing each week to have noticed, but we are running hard, running strong, and running all over the country... It's a marathon, not a sprint." In June 2015, facing declining poll numbers, Paul's campaign appeared to shift strategies, with Paul attempting to appeal more to the Republican Party's base. Nick Gillespie, the editor of Reason.com, a libertarian-leaning news service, commented that Paul appeared to do much better when he took more libertarian positions, commenting, "All of the moments where he stands out – where he captures not just the political imagination, but the public American imagination – are the most libertarian."

Paul's marketing also varied from that of other candidates. In October 2015, Paul broadcast an entire day of campaigning, during which he read and answered questions, one of which asking if he was still running for president. In response, Paul said, "I don't know, I wouldn't be doing this dumbass livestreaming if I weren't" before confirming he was and asking if the footage could not be edited. The line led to the creation of a satirical T-shirt by the Paul campaign.

Debate performances

At the Fox News Cleveland debate, in response to Chris Christie opposing his stance on unwarranted wiretapping which the governor was in favor of, Paul mentioned his previous attempts at ending searches without warrants of Americans' records. Christie charged Paul with putting his country at risk while "cutting speeches on the floor of the Senate, then putting them on the Internet within half an hour to raise money" for his campaign. Reaction to the exchange was mixed. Some commentators believed Christie had succeeded in defending himself, though Conor Friedersdorf of The Atlantic viewed Paul as having won based on substance alone.

Paul indicated in December 2015 that he would not participate in any undercard debate should he not qualify for the main stage, reasoning that his campaign was "first-tier" and would be demoted in participating in a "second-tier debate." Though Paul did not meet the qualifications for that month's CNN debate, entailing that a candidate poll at least at 3.5% nationally or 4% in either Iowa or New Hampshire, a Fox News poll released on December 13 had Paul with 5% of support in the Iowa Republican presidential caucus, allowing his inclusion. Paul announced on January 11 that he would not participate in that month's South Carolina debate after being relegated to the undercard one. Though not present for the debate, Paul's name was briefly shouted by protestors.

Fundraising

Beginning of campaign
On the first day of his campaign, Paul raised over $1 million. At the launch of his candidacy, Paul's campaign unveiled his official online campaign store, which caught the attention of many political media analysts with several humorously-themed items, in addition to the traditional campaign gear. Some of the items included Rand Paul themed Beats headphone skins, Ray-Ban sunglasses, as well as a broken email hard drive promoted as "Hillary's Hard Drive," in reference to the scandal involving her use of a personal email address during her time as secretary of state. All of the items were intended as fundraisers for his campaign. Doug Stafford, one of Paul's political staffers, said he thought Paul would need to raise $50 million by March 2016 in order to remain viable as a candidate, which he felt was possible.

According to online fundraising data from the first several weeks of Paul's campaign, a majority of donations came from small dollar contributions, as well as from rural cities and towns. More than a quarter of online donors listed addresses in communities with populations of less than 10,000. The average donation hovered around $60 during the initial stages of the campaign.

Early campaign
Following his initial announcement, Paul's campaign had lackluster fundraising. For the quarter ending on June 30, 2015, Paul's campaign reported receiving $7 million, far behind that of the $14 million raised by Ted Cruz, $12 million for Marco Rubio and $11 million for Jeb Bush. When adding fundraising by Super PACs and other outside groups, Bush's total was $114 million, while Cruz had $52 million and Rubio had $44 million, while the major Super PACs supporting Paul raised over $5.7 million.

On June 30, 2015, Paul held the first ever major-party fundraiser with the marijuana industry, which he did at the National Cannabis Industry Association's business summit in Denver, Colorado. The 2016 election is the first to take place following the legalization of recreational marijuana use. At the time of the fundraiser, marijuana was legal in three states.

Polling

In addition to his three consecutive wins in the CPAC straw polls from 2013 to 2015, Paul has also performed well in a handful of early straw polls as well as some statewide polls. In March 2015, Paul came in second in the straw poll held by Georgia's Association of Republican County Chairmen, only behind Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker.

One statewide poll where Paul consistently performed well was in the crucial swing state of Colorado. In numerous polls from Quinnipiac University and Public Policy Polling, Paul was the one Republican who consistently led Hillary Clinton in Colorado, with such poll results dating back to late 2013. In four consecutive polls from early 2014 to mid-2014, he was the only Republican who led Clinton in the state. Paul also performed well, even against Clinton, in other states such as Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Iowa.

By the latter part of 2015, Paul's support had waned, with him coming in 7th place at 4% in CNN poll released in September and dropping further in November to 2% in a KBUR/Monmouth poll.

Iowa caucus and campaign suspension

After finishing fifth place in the Iowa Caucus with 4.5% of the vote and inadequate funding, Paul dropped out of the race on February 3, 2016 to focus on his re-election to the Senate. On March 1, Paul posted on Twitter that he would un-suspend his campaign if the New Hampshire Union Leader newspaper endorsed him and declared a redo of the New Hampshire primary.

Political positions

The policy positions taken by Paul in the lead-up to 2016 included NSA reform, cooperation with Iran, reducing the budget deficit and decriminalizing marijuana.

Endorsements

U.S. Senators (current)

U.S. Representatives (current and former)

International political figures

Republican National Committee members (former)

Republican Liberty Caucus members (former)
 Ed Lopez, former National Vice Chair

Statewide officials (former)
 Andrew Napolitano, New Jersey Superior Court judge (former) and television personality (also professor at BLS)

State legislators

Businesspeople

Celebrities, commentators, and activists

See also

 Electoral history of Rand Paul
 Political positions of Rand Paul
 Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016
 Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016
 Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016

References

External links
 Rand Paul for President official website

Paul, Rand
Presidential Campaign 2016


title: Gounellea bruchi

text:
Gounellea bruchi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1906.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1906


title: Gounellea capucina

text:
Gounellea capucina is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by White in 1846.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1846


title: Gounellea dulcissima

text:
Gounellea dulcissima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by White in 1855.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1855


title: Gounellea histrio

text:
Gounellea histrio is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1906.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1906


title: Mohammad Reza Khanmohammadi

text:
Mohammad Reza Khanmohammadi Khorrami (; born 1964) is an Iranian academic and politician.

Khanmohammadi Khorrami was born in Khorramdarreh, Zanjan Province. He is a member of the present Islamic Consultative Assembly from the electorate of Khorramdarreh and Abhar. Khanmohammadi Khorrami won with 52,339 (44.36%) votes.

References

People from Zanjan Province
Deputies of Abhar and Khorramdarreh
Iranian chemists
Living people
1964 births
Members of the 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Shahid Beheshti University alumni
Academic staff of Imam Khomeini International University


title: Azov Upland

text:
Azov Upland is a plateau or range of hills in East Ukraine within the Donetsk and Zaporizhia oblasts.

To the north it borders Dnieper Lowland, to northeast – Donets Ridge, southwest – Black Sea Lowland, south – Azov Lowland. Elevation varies between .

Interesting features are mounds locally known as  (literally - burials). The highest hill is Belmak-Mohyla (Horyla) that rises at .

The climate is similar to Donets Ridge. Soils are categorized as chernozem of poor or medium humus. Vegetation is a fescue-feather-grass steppe.

References

External links
 Azov Upland at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
 Azov Upland at the Encyclopædia Britannica
 Azov Upland at the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Plateaus of Ukraine
East European Plain


title: Hoplistocerus bonsae

text:
Hoplistocerus bonsae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1966.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1966


title: Hoplistocerus callioides

text:
Hoplistocerus callioides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1906.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1906


title: Hoplistocerus dichrous

text:
Hoplistocerus dichrous is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1906.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1906


title: Hoplistocerus dives

text:
Hoplistocerus dives is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1875.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1875


title: Hoplistocerus gemmatus

text:
Hoplistocerus gemmatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1874.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1874


title: Seelamvaripalli

text:
Seelamvaripalli is a village in Prakasam district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Chandrasekharapuram mandal of Kandukur revenue division.

The village is the location for Kadiri Babu Rao College of Agriculture.
he village is the location for Muram narayana reddy.

References

Villages in Prakasam district


title: Hoplistocerus iheringi

text:
Hoplistocerus iheringi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1906.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1906


title: Hoplistocerus lanei

text:
Hoplistocerus lanei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Zajciw in 1960.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1960


title: Hoplistocerus prominulosus

text:
Hoplistocerus prominulosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1950.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1950


title: Hoplistocerus purpureoviridis

text:
Hoplistocerus purpureoviridis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1938.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1938


title: Hoplistocerus refulgens

text:
Hoplistocerus refulgens is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Blanchard in 1847.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1847


title: General Software

text:
General Software was a Washington, USA based creator and supplier of system software headquartered in Bellevue, Washington. It was founded in 1989 by Steve Jones and later incorporated in 1990 as General Software, Inc. In 2008, the company was purchased by Phoenix Technologies, Inc.

General Software developed firmware to support telecommunications, data communications, UMPC (Ultra Mobile Personal Computer), general consumer electronics, and support models designed for embedded ODMs (Original Design Manufacturer) and OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturer).

Some of the products included General Software OEM-DOS, Network-DOS, Embedded DOS, Embedded DOS-ROM, Embedded DOS-XL and Embedded BIOS.

In 1998 they partnered with Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. in order to ship their Embedded BIOS with Caldera DR-DOS.

See also
 Datalight ROM-DOS

References

Software companies based in Washington (state)
Defunct software companies of the United States
Companies established in 1989


title: Gnarwolves

text:
Gnarwolves were a British punk rock band, formed in 2011 and based in Brighton, England. The band consisted of vocalist and guitarist Thom Weeks, bass guitarist and vocalist Charlie Piper, and drummer Max Weeks.

History

Formation, and early recordings (2011–13)
Although originally from Cornwall, Gnarwolves formed in the later stages of 2011 in Brighton and on 1 December, the band released their debut EP, Fun Club. Although, the EP would later be re-released in 16 July 2012 sporting a different album cover, with four more songs covering the bands of; Converge, Green Day, Black Flag and AFI.

The band spent much of the next two years touring the United Kingdom and Europe. On 16 July 2012 the band would release their second EP, CRU. In just under one year later the band would also release their third EP, Funemployed. Both EP's would go on to garner wide critical acclaim and praise from mainstream publications such as Kerrang! and Rock Sound among many others.

Chronicles of Gnarnia, debut album, and Adolescence (2014–2016)
On 24 February 2014 the band released a compilation album, Chronicles of Gnarnia, compiled of songs from Gnarwolves first three EPs. Absolute Punk stated that "Chronicles of Gnarnia is not just a measurement of tales over time, but how genuine the band is. They don't care to play by the rules of typical pop punk as their influences stretch between emo, hardcore, folk punk and alternative pop.".

On 15 July 2014 Gnarwolves announced that their debut album would be called Gnarwolves and would be released on 15 September 2014 through Pure Noise Records with Zane Lowe featuring their new single Smoking Kills on his BBC Radio 1 show.

The band opened for Blink-182 on the Italian leg of their European tour and opened the main stage of Reading and Leeds Festivals in 2014. The band went on their first ever United States tour in October 2014 alongside The Story So Far, The Wonder Years and Modern Baseball.

On 13 November 2015, Gnarwolves released their fourth EP, Adolescence. The release of Adolescence was followed by a European tour supported by Great Cynics then Boxkite from 17 November, to 2 December. This was then followed by a tour in the United Kingdom with Spraynard and Such Gold between 8–18 December.

Outsiders (2017–2018)
In February 2017, Gnarwolves announced their second studio album, Outsiders, to be released on 5 May 2017.

On 14 November 2017, a woman came forward on Twitter accusing Max Weeks of sexually assaulting her at a club in Glasgow whilst they were on tour with The Story So Far in 2013. Max later admitted to this in a statement on Facebook and apologized to the survivor for his behavior.

The band announced they were going on a break in January 2018, after their final shows in London, where their entire discography was played in full. Following this bassist Charlie formed a new Brighton based band, High Praise and released their debut EP in June 2019. Thom and Max have recorded two albums in the last two years, 'Like Gretsch' as Binboy and Seagull Boys as Seagull Boys  Caw caw caw

Band members
Thom Weeks – vocals, guitar (2011–2018)
Charlie Piper – bass guitar, vocals (2011–2018)
Max Weeks – drums (2011–2018)

Discography
Studio albums
Gnarwolves (2014)
Outsiders (2017)

References

External links
Official website

Underground punk scene in the United Kingdom
Musical groups established in 2011
English punk rock groups
Pure Noise Records artists
English pop punk groups
British pop punk groups
2011 establishments in England
Big Scary Monsters Recording Company artists