title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text:
Buprenorphine/naloxone, sold under the brand name Suboxone among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication that includes buprenorphine and naloxone. It is used to treat opioid use disorder, and reduces the mortality of opioid use disorder by 50% (by reducing the risk of overdose on full-agonist opioids such as heroin or fentanyl). It relieves cravings to use and withdrawal symptoms. Buprenorphine/naloxone is available for use in two different forms, under the tongue or in the cheek.

Side effects may include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), small pupils, sleepiness, and low blood pressure. The risk of overdose with buprenorphine/naloxone (unless combined with other sedating substances) is exceedingly low, and lower than with methadone, but people are more likely to stop treatment on buprenorphine/naloxone than methadone. Buprenorphine (like methadone) is a treatment option during pregnancy.

At lower doses, buprenorphine results in the usual opioid effects; high doses beyond a certain level do not result in greater effects. This is believed to result in a lower risk of overdose than some other opioids. Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that competes with and blocks the effect of other opioids (including buprenorphine) if given by injection. Naloxone is poorly absorbed when taken by mouth and is added to decrease the risk that people will misuse the medication by injection. Misuse by injection or use in the nose still occurs, and more recently the efficacy of naloxone in preventing misuse by injection has been brought into question and preparations including naloxone could even be less safe than preparations containing solely buprenorphine. Rates of misuse in the U.S. appear to be lower than with other opioids.

The combination formulation was approved for medical use in the U.S. in 2002, and in the European Union in 2017. A generic version was approved in the U.S. in 2018. In 2019, it was the 272nd most commonly prescribed medication in the U.S., with more than 1million prescriptions.

Medical uses

Buprenorphine/naloxone is used for the treatment of opioid use disorder. Long-term outcomes are generally better with use of buprenorphine/naloxone than attempts at stopping opioid use altogether. This includes a lower risk of overdose with medication use. Due to the high binding affinity and low activation at the opioid receptor, cravings and withdrawal for opioids are decreased while preventing a person from getting high and relapsing on another opioid. The combination of the two medications is preferred over buprenorphine alone for maintenance treatment due to the presence of naloxone in the formulation, which is believed to help discourage intravenous use. However, the belief that the addition of naloxone provides this benefit has been called into question, and posters on drug-related online forums have stated that they were able to attain a high by injecting preparations of buprenorphine despite being combined with naloxone.

Buprenorphine/naloxone has been found to be effective for treating opioid dependence, and serves as a recommended first-line medication according to the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse. The medication is an effective maintenance therapy for opioid dependence and has generally similar efficacy to methadone. Both buprenorphine/naloxone and are substantially more effective than abstinence-based treatment. Prescribers need a Drug Addiction Treatment Act (DATA 2000) waiver to prescribe buprenorphine/nalaxone for opioid dependence.

Because it may be prescribed out of an office setting (as opposed to methadone, which requires specialized centers), buprenorphine/naloxone allows people more freedom of administration. It also thus comes with more risks in this vulnerable population. Buprenorphine/naloxone may be recommended for socially stable people who use opioids who cannot retrieve medications from a center daily, who have another condition requiring regular primary care visits, or who have jobs or daily lives that require they maintain all their faculties and cannot take a sedating medication. Buprenorphine/naloxone is also recommended over methadone for people who at high risk of methadone toxicity, such as the elderly, those taking high doses of benzodiazepines or other sedating substances, concomitant alcohol use disorder, those with a lower level of opioid tolerance, and those at high risk of prolonged QT interval. It is also helpful to use the medication in combination with psychosocial support and counseling.

Available forms
Buprenorphine/naloxone is available in sublingual formulations (that is, products that are dissolved under the tongue). There is no evidence that the tablet formulation is easier to divert and use in ways other than intended by the prescriber compared to the film formulation, or that the tablet formulation has a higher risk for accidental ingestion by children. There are various pharmacokinetic differences between sublingual formulations.

Contraindications
Contraindications are severe respiratory or liver impairment and acute alcoholism. There are limited accounts of cross-reactivity with opioids, but there is a possibility. Serious central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory depression may also occur with concurrent use of CNS depressants, ingesting alcohol, or other CNS-depressing factors while on buprenorphine/naloxone.

Adverse effects
Side effects are similar to those of buprenorphine and other opioids. In addition, naloxone can induce withdrawal symptoms in people who are chemically dependent on opioids. The most common side effects (in order of most to least common) of sublingual tablets include headaches, opioid withdrawal syndrome, pain, nausea, increased sweating, and difficulty sleeping. The most common side effects seen in film formulations are tongue pain, decreased sensation and redness in the mouth, headache, nausea, vomiting, excessive sweating, constipation, signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal, sleeping difficulties, pain, and swelling of the extremities. Post-approval, the most frequently reported side effects of buprenorphine/naloxone in sublingual strip form (ie. Suboxone strips) are peripheral edema, stomatitis, glossitis, blistering of the mouth, and mouth ulcers (mouth sores).

Buprenorphine/naloxone has a milder side effect profile than methadone and limited respiratory effects, due to both agonist/antagonist effects. But buprenorphine/naloxone may be less safe than methadone in people with stable liver disease, since it can elevate liver enzymes.

Dependence and withdrawal

When taken in excess, buprenorphine/naloxone can produce dysphoric symptoms for non opioid-dependent/tolerant people because buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist. The sublingual formulation of the buprenorphine/naloxone combination was designed to reduce the potential to inject the medication in comparison to buprenorphine alone. If the combination is taken sublingually, as directed, the addition of naloxone does not diminish buprenorphine's effects. When an opioid-dependent person dissolves and injects a combination sublingual tablet, it is believed that a withdrawal effect may be triggered because of naloxone's high parenteral bioavailability. However, the efficacy of naloxone in preventing misuse by injection has more recently been brought into question and preparations including naloxone could even be less safe than preparations containing solely buprenorphine.  While this mechanism may act to deter intravenous injection, the Suboxone formulation can still produce an opioid agonist "high" if used sublingually by non-dependent persons, leading to opioid dependence.

Interactions

Buprenorphine's sedating/narcotic effect is increased by other sedating substances, such as other opioids, benzodiazepines, first-generation antihistamines, alcohol, and antipsychotics. Opioids and especially benzodiazepines also increase the risk of potentially lethal respiratory depression.

Strong inhibitors of the liver enzyme CYP3A4, such as ketoconazole, moderately increase buprenorphine concentrations; CYP3A4 inducers can theoretically decrease concentrations of buprenorphine.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action
Buprenorphine binds strongly to opioid receptors and acts as a pain-reducing medication in the central nervous system (CNS). It binds to the μ-opioid receptor with high affinity, which produces the analgesic effects in the CNS. It is a partial μ-opioid receptor agonist and a weak κ-opioid receptor antagonist. As the dose of buprenorphine increases, its analgesic effects reach a plateau, and then it starts to act like an antagonist. As a partial agonist, buprenorphine binds and activates the opioid receptors, but has only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist, even at maximal receptor occupancy. It is thus well-suited to treat opioid dependence, as it produces milder effects on the opioid receptor with lower dependence and habit-forming potential.

Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist that competes with opioid molecules in the CNS and prevents them from binding to the opioid receptors. Naloxone's binding affinity is highest for the μ-opioid receptor, then the δ-opioid receptor, and lowest for the κ-opioid receptor. Naloxone has poor bioavailability, and is rapidly inactivated following oral administration. When injected, it exerts its full effects.

The principle behind its function as a deterrent is as follows: when taken sublingually as prescribed, buprenorphine's effects at the opioid receptor dominate, while naloxone's effects are negligible due to the low oral absorption. But when someone attempts to misuse the medication via either injection or inhalation, the naloxone is intended to act as an antagonist and either reduce the opioid's euphoric effects or even precipitate withdrawal in those dependent on opioids. This helps reduce the potential for deviating from the prescriber's intended use relative to buprenorphine, though it does not eradicate it. One reason that naloxone might have limited efficacy as an abuse deterrent is that buprenorphine binds more tightly to the mu-opioid receptor than naloxone.

Pharmacokinetics
There are small differences in the pharmacokinetics between different sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone products. These differences may require changes in dose when a person switches from one product to another. The buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual film (e.g. trade name Suboxone) achieves higher buprenorphine maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC, a measure of total drug exposure) than the original buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablets at equal doses. For example, at a buprenorphine/naloxone dose of 8 mg/2 mg, the buprenorphine Cmax after a single dose of the original tablet formulation is around 3 ng/mL whereas that of the 8 mg/2 mg film formulation is around 3.55 ng/mL. The Zubsolv trade name sublingual tablets have higher buprenorphine bioavailability than the original sublingual tablets, while the Bunavail trade name buccal films have the highest bioavailability. For example, a single dose of Bunavail 4.2 mg/0.7 mg achieves a Cmax around 3.41 ng/mL.

Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine is metabolized by the liver, primarily via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozyme CYP3A4, into norbuprenorphine. The glucuronidation of buprenorphine is primarily carried out by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) UGT1A1 and UGT2B7, while norbuprenorphine is glucuronidated by UGT1A1 and UGT1A3. These glucuronides are then eliminated mainly through excretion into bile. The elimination half-life of buprenorphine is 20 to 73 hours (mean 37 hours). Due to the mainly hepatic elimination, there is no risk of accumulation in people with kidney problems.

Naloxone

Naloxone is extensively inactivated by first-pass metabolism in the liver, meaning that use of buprenorphine/naloxone as prescribed should not lead to active naloxone in the blood (which, as an opioid antagonist, would reverse the effect of buprenorphine or other opioids).

Society and culture

Cost
While the cost of the medication buprenorphine/naloxone is greater than buprenorphine alone, one analysis predicted the overall costs would be less in the United States due to a lower risk of misuse.

Access in the United States
Before the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA), physicians were not allowed to prescribe narcotics to treat opioid dependence. People with narcotic dependence had to go to registered clinics to receive treatment. With DATA, Suboxone was the first medication approved for office-based treatment for opioid dependence. Suboxone has thus become widely used as a replacement for methadone as it can be prescribed by doctors in their offices, while methadone can only be provided at specialized addiction centers, of which there are a limited number, often making access difficult. Integrating Medication-Assisted Treatment into outpatient primary care practices improves patient access to Suboxone. Some physicians are also leading a movement to begin prescribing it out of the emergency department (ED), as some small studies have shown ED-initiated Suboxone to be effective with people more likely to remain in addiction treatment compared to those either referred to addiction treatment programs or those receiving just a brief intervention in the department.

Access to Suboxone can be limited due to varying prior authorization requirements across different insurers. Prior authorization is used by insurance companies to limit certain medications' use by requiring approval before the insurance company will pay for them. This can influence a person's financial access and adherence. Financial access is determined through prior authorization approval, which the prescriber must request before the person can start the medication. The time it takes to have the request approved can delay the person in starting the medication. The prior authorization process can also affect adherence, because the approval is needed for every prescription. This presents the potential for a gap in treatment and withdrawal symptoms as the person waits for approval. Several insurance companies, as well as Medicaid in various states, have removed the use of prior authorization for Suboxone in an attempt to increase access to this treatment.

Controversies
In July 2019, the British company Reckitt Benckiser Group (RB Group) and its current/former affiliated entities (notably Indivior, which split from RB Group in 2014) settled with the US Department of Justice (DOJ) regarding the sale and marketing of brand name Suboxone (buprenorphine/naloxone). The non-prosecution agreement involves RB Group paying up to $1.4 billion, the largest settlement payment in U.S. history involving an opioid-class medication. This record was surpassed in October 2020, when Purdue Pharma reached an $8 billion settlement for claims related to injuries and deaths caused by the opioid epidemic, which includes criminal fines, forfeiture, and civil damages. The 2019 case alleged anti-competitive behavior by RB Group and Indivior surrounding the expiration of their regulatory exclusivity for Suboxone sublingual tablets. The DOJ alleged that RB Group and Indivior employed a product hopping scheme (when a firm ceases production of a product upon expiration of regulatory exclusivity in favor of another product that still has regulatory exclusivity in order to prevent generic manufacturer competition) by misrepresenting that the Suboxone sublingual film formulation was safer than the sublingual tablet formulation because "children are less likely to be accidentally exposed to the film product". There was no scientific evidence for that claim. The company also sponsored a complaint to the FDA, expressing concern that buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablets (the very product they formerly produced) were unsafe, requesting that applications for regulatory approval of generic products by other pharmaceutical companies (their competitors) be rejected by the US Food and Drug Administration.

See also
 Buprenorphine/samidorphan
 Methadone

References

External links

Combination drugs
Drug rehabilitation
4,5-Epoxymorphinans
Kappa-opioid receptor antagonists
Merck & Co. brands
Mu-opioid receptor agonists
Mu-opioid receptor antagonists
Oripavines
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Schering-Plough brands
Semisynthetic opioids
Orphan drugs


title: David McNeil

text:
David McNeil(l) may refer to:
David McNeil (footballer) (born 1995), Scottish footballer
David B. McNeil (1818–1897), American politician from New York
Dave McNeil (1921–1993), English footballer
David McNeill (born 1933), American psychologist and writer
David McNeill (athlete) (born 1986), Australian long-distance runner


title: Högre mark

text:
Högre mark is a song written by Staffan Hellstrand, and recorded by Idde Schultz on 1995 album Idde Schultz, and released as a single the same year. She also recorded the song with lyrics in English, as Higher Ground, which was released as a single in 1996.

The song has also been recorded by Staffan Hellstrand himself, on the 2000 compilation album Staffan Hellstrands bästa.

The song has also been recorded by Sara Wikström on her 2007 album Sara Wikström.

The song also charted at Svensktoppen, where it stayed for two weeks between 25 November-2 December 1995, placed at eight and sixth position, before leaving chart.

References

1995 singles
1996 singles
Swedish songs
Swedish-language songs
Songs written by Staffan Hellstrand
Idde Schultz songs
1995 songs


title: Henrikas

text:
Henrikas is a Lithuanian masculine given name. It is the Lithuanian cognate of the German language name Heinrich and the English language name Henry. People with the name Henrikas include:

Henrikas Ciparis (b. 1941), Lithuanian painter
Henrikas Juškevičius (b. 1935), Lithuanian electrical engineer and journalist
Henrikas Natalevičius (b. 1953), Lithuanian painter
Henrikas Radauskas (1910–1970), Lithuanian poet and writer
Henrikas Žustautas (born 1994), Lithuanian sprint canoer

Similar and related names
Enrico, Enrik, Enrikas, Enrike, Enrikė, Enriki, Enrikis, Enrique, Enrykas, Heinrich, Hendrik, Hendrikas, Henri, Henrichas, Henrik, Henryk, Indrek, Enris, Hari, Haris, Harry, Henris, Henry, Herkus, Henrikus.

Lithuanian masculine given names
Masculine given names


title: RBW (company)

text:
RBW (; an acronym for Rainbow Bridge World) is a South Korean entertainment company founded by Kim Jin-woo () and Kim Do-hoon (). The company has multiple subsidiaries, including DSP Media, WM Entertainment, Urban Works Media and the IP management company Contents X.

One of the leading entertainment companies in South Korea, RBW operates as a record label, talent agency, music production company, event management company, concert production company, and music publishing house. In addition, the company operates various subsidiary ventures and divisions worldwide.

Including all its subsidiary labels, RBW is home to many notable artists under the agency such as the groups Mamamoo, KARA, B1A4, Oh My Girl, KARD, ONF, Oneus, Onewe, Purple Kiss and the soloist Chaeyeon.

History

2010–2014: Early Formation and Debut of Mamamoo
Kim Jin-woo originally was the representative director of Cube Entertainment's Music Cube. Kim Jin-woo was in charge of the practice room rental business and then expanded his business with opening AN Bridge, Rainbow Bridge Academy and ENB Academy Practical Music Academy, which integrated under the name Modern & Bridge. On March 5, 2010, he later established the first OEM company, Rainbow Bridge Agency, which operates to train students who are not trainees with similar process as the regular entertainment company, such as vocal, dance, acting, language, etc.

In August 2011, Hwang Sung-jin (former Music Cube producer) and Kim Do-hoon (former Music Cube director) joined Kim Jin-woo's Modern & Bridge and took representative and director positions.

In March 2012, Kim Do-hoon joined corporation with Rainbow Bridge Agency's established music label, WA Entertainment. On August 16, WA Entertainment along with Brand New Music debuted Hip hop trio Phantom. In December 2012, Hip hop duo Geeks signed with WA Entertainment.

On June 18, 2014, WA Entertainment debuted its first girl group Mamamoo. They would go on to become the label's first successful artist and most profitable group. Beyond achieving commercial success both domestically and overseas as a group, all four members of Mamamoo have established themselves as solo artists in the K-pop industry.

In August, WA Entertainment debuted composer Esna as a solo singer. In September 2014, WA Entertainment along with TSN Entertainment debuted brother duo OBROJECT.

2015–2020: Merger into RBW, Subsidiaries & Debut of Oneus and Onewe
In March 2015, WA Entertainment merged with Rainbow Bridge Agency to create an independent label RBW (acronym for Rainbow Bridge World). In September 2015, Yangpa signed with RBW. In December 2015, rapper Basick and Big Tray signed with RBW.

In June 2016, Monday Kiz signed with RBW. On July 12, 2016, RBW debuted vocal group Vromance.

On June 9, 2017, RBW confirmed that rock band M.A.S 0094 joined the label, as well as the changing of the band name to MAS (acronym for Make A Sound).

In May 2018, Jinju, the winner of Vietnam's Hidden Singer joined RBW as its first artist in Vietnam. In February 2020, RBW Vietnam debuted D1verse, the first Vietnamese musical group under a Korean label.

On January 9, 2019, RBW debuted the six-member boy group Oneus. On May 13, boy band MAS made its re-debut as Onewe. Onewe and Oneus are considered to be brother groups, and share a history of collaborations, including a pre-debut single "Last Song" featuring all eleven members together. They also share real twin brothers, one in each group; Xion (the youngest in Oneus) and Dongmyeong (the keyboardist and lead vocal in Onewe).

2021–2022: Public Listing, Acquisitions & Wheein's Departure
On March 15, 2021, RBW debuted the 7-member girl group Purple Kiss. On April 7, it was announced that RBW purchased the 70% shares of WM Entertainment, which houses idol groups such as B1A4 and Oh My Girl. They will be merged into RBW as a subsidiary.

On June 11, RBW issued a statement confirming that Wheein would not renew her exclusive contract with the agency, although she will continue to promote with Mamamoo for group activities as she has signed an expanded agreement to participate in some activities, including albums and concerts, until December 2023. On November 22, RBW began public offering on KOSDAQ.
On January 26, 2022, it was announced that RBW purchased the 39.1% shares of DSP Media, which houses idol groups such as Kard and Mirae. They will be merged into RBW as a subsidiary. Kim Jin-woo, founder and CEO of RBW, has also become a CEO of DSP Media. On December 14, it was announced that DSP Media has merged with Goodfellas Entertainment on December 1, obtaining all exclusive rights to Goodfellas' artists and intellectual property.
On September 19, 2022, it was announced that Kara would be releasing an album under RBW to commemorate the 15th anniversary of their debut in November, with Nicole and Jiyoung rejoining the group. The group was originally formed by DSP Media, which RBW had acquired earlier in the year. Their extended play, titled Move Again, was released on November 29, with its first reveal taking place at the 2022 MAMA Awards in Japan.On December 29, it was announced that RBW acquired 50 percent of Urban Works Media for ₩10 billion ($7.88 million) to become the largest shareholder of the label. The deal was signed on January 2, 2023 and the payment will be made in full by the first half of 2023.

2023–present: Recent developments
On June 1, 2023, it was announced that DSP will be taking over the actor management business of Jikim Entertainment and Urban Works Media, Jikim's former CEO Kim Jin-il will be leading the actor's department at DSP.

RBW took over music production for soloist Lee Chae-yeon's second extended play, Over the Moon which was released on April 12, 2023. Though reception was initially lukewarm, the album's lead single "Knock" became a sleeper hit thanks to its popularity in TikTok challenges and peaked at 25 on Melon's real-time Top 100 Chart.

In June 2023, it was reported that Contents X, a subsidiary established by RBW in 2019, was responsible for the global marketing for the unexpected hit song "Cupid" by South Korean girl group Fifty Fifty which went viral worldwide and charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. Described as a "comprehensive content IP business solution company", Contents X recently attracted a total of ₩13 billion in funding from leading investors including the Industrial Bank of Korea. In line with the growth of K-pop, it has established a global comprehensive marketing system that encompasses digital platforms, outdoor media, and media PR at home and abroad, and is already collaborating with dozens of leading entertainment companies in Korea to grow its presence in the industry. It was later revealed in RBW's 2023 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders Report that Contents X is handling the marketing for several other leading K-pop groups from different labels such as (G)I-DLE, STAYC and BoyNextDoor.

On July 16, 2023, RBW held its first large-scale family concert titled RBW 2023 SUMMER FESTIVAL: Over the Rainbow which featured various artists from their roster including Mamamoo+, B1A4, Oh My Girl, ONF, Oneus, Chaeyeon and many more. Held at a sold-out SK Olympic Handball Gymnasium in Olympic Park, Seoul, the four-hour concert encompassed a wide range of hit songs from each artist as well as special collaboration stages. A Japanese edition of RBW 2023 SUMMER FESTIVAL: Over the Rainbow is scheduled to take place over two days at the Tokyo Garden Theater from August 19–20, the following month.

Subsidiaries

Sub-labels

Cloud R
On May 27, 2016, RBW joint cooperation with Lee Seong-yeon established the independent sub-label. It was house to M.A.S 0094, a 5-member rock band managed by Modern Music. Its management was transferred to RBW in 2017 and they redebuted as Onewe in 2019 under the main label.

All Right Music
All Right Music is an independent Hip hop label headed by rapper Basick and RBW producer Im Sang-hyuk. Established in March 2017, the label was set up by RBW to focus on the hip hop scene. It was introduced their first artist: Big Tray, Marvel J and B.O.

RBW Vietnam
In 2016, RBW established a sub agency in Vietnam, joint-ventured with Naver, for future auditions and artist development in the region. The label introduced its first artist Jin Ju, a Korean student who won on the Vietnamese singing competition program Masked Singer, in 2018 with her debut single "Petal", released in both Korean and Vietnamese.

RBW launched the Vietnamese boy band D1Verse in February 2020. The group was formed by an all-Vietnamese cast and it was the first vocal group in Vietnam to be produced and managed by a K-pop label.

RBW Japan
In 2017, RBW established a sub agency in Japan for future auditions and artist development in the region. RBW announced Mamamoo's Japan debut in October 2018, working with local label Victor Entertainment as its music distributor, followed by Oneus and Onewe in 2019, distributed by Kiss Entertainment and Gem records respectively.

In 2023, the agency started to represent non-exclusive Korean artists for their Japan activities. I.e. CSR, actor Gong Yoo and Joo Won. In the same year, the agency obtained a 9-story property in Shinjuku, Tokyo as the new office.

Modern RBW
RBW producer Kim Hyunkyu and Modern K Music Academy combined to form a new sub-label "Modern RBW" which aims to promote aspiring artists to try get recognised with a projects series release of singles.

WM Entertainment
On April 7, 2021, RBW announced that they have acquired WM Entertainment, the agency of groups Oh My Girl, B1A4, ONF and soloist Lee Chae-yeon. The two companies aim to work on creating synergy through close cooperation. With this acquisition, WM Entertainment will operate as an independent label of RBW and maintain its current management.

DSP Media
In January 2022, RBW announced that they have acquired the management rights of DSP Media, the agency of groups Kard and Mirae. The two companies aim to work on creating synergy through close cooperation. With this acquisition, DSP Media will operate as an independent label of RBW and maintain its current management.

In December 2022, DSP Media announced that they have merged with Goodfellas Entertainment. All exclusive artists under Goodfellas will be transferred to DSP and the CEO will be joining the label as the executive producer.

In June 2023, DSP Media announced that they are taking over the actor management business of Jikim Entertainment and Urban Works Media, Jikim's former CEO Kim Jin-il will be leading the actor's department at DSP.

Urban Works Media
On December 29, 2022, RBW announced that they acquired 50 percent of Urban Works for ₩10 billion ($7.88 million) to become the largest shareholder of the label. The deal was signed on January 2, 2023 and the payment will be made in full by the first half of 2023.

In June 2023, it was announced that DSP Media will be taking over the management of Urban Works' artists.

Exclusive artists

RBW

Groups
Kara
 Mamamoo
 Vromance
 Oneus
 Onewe
 Purple Kiss
 CSR (under RBW Japan, co-managed with A2Z Ent.)

Duos
 Mamamoo+

Soloists
Moonbyul
Solar
Park Hyun-kyu
Park Jang-hyun
David Yong
Giuk
Swan
Rachel

Notable trainees
 New ID

WM Entertainment

Groups
B1A4
Oh My Girl
ONF

Soloists
Sandeul
YooA
Lee Chaeyeon

DSP Media

Groups
 Kard
 Mirae
 Young Posse (co-managed with Beats Ent.)

Duos
 Baby Blue

Soloists
 Heo Young-ji
 BM
 Lee Jin-jae
 Ahn Ye-eun

Actors
 Lee Ji-hyun
 Lee Joong-ok
 Lee Hyung-hoon
 Oh Hye-won
 Chung Ye-jin
 Yoon Jung-hoon
 Ahn Seo-hyun

 Lee Seo-young
 Ju Hyeon
 Seong Tae
 Hwang Kyung-ha
 Han Jei
 Kim Chae-won

 Kim Min (2023–present)

Studio artists

RBW

Session musicians
Rb-inj - string session, co-founded with I.N.J Orchestra.
Onewe - also active as session musicians.

Record producers & songwriters
 Kim Do-hoon () - Chief Executive Producer & co-CEO. Main Producer of Mamamoo.
 Lee Sang-ho () - Director. Main Producer of Oneus, member of producing crew Masked Knights.
 Hwang Sung-jin () - Director. Music Cube producer.
 Kim Hyun-kyu () - Director. Also CEO of Modern K Practical Music Academy.
 Kwon Suk-hong () - Director. Music Director of Rb-inj.
 Song Jun-ho () - Principal of Rainbow Bridge Music Academy, Director of WM Entertainment.
 Seo Yong-bae () - Member of Masked Knights and producing duo Igi-yongbae.
 Choi Gap-won ()
 Choi Yong-chan () - Also active as indie singer-songwriter lunCHbox.
 Yun Young-jun ()
 Im Sang-hyuck () - A.k.a. Leemssang. President of All Right Music, member of producing crew Firebat
 Jeon Da-woon () - Main Producer of Onewe, member of Firebat
 Kim Ki-hyun () - A.k.a. Adam H. Evans or Cosmic Sound.
 Lee Hoo-Sang ()
 Park Ji-young () - A.k.a. Davve, Main Producer of Purple Kiss.
 Yoo Joo-yi () - A.k.a. Cosmic Girl, singer-songwriter and former Rania member.

DSP Media
 Min Myeong-gi () - Chief Producer. Former CEO of Goodfellas Entertainment.
 Lee Seok-joo () - Former Goodfellas Entertainment producer.
 Lee Yul-i () - Former Goodfellas Entertainment composer.

Awards

2011
1st Korean Music Copyright Awards - Composer in Rock category  [CEO Kim Do Hoon, Lee Sang Ho]

2014
6th MelOn Music Awards - Best Songwriter  [CEO Kim Do Hoon]
4th Gaon Chart KPop Awards - Composer of the Year  [CEO Kim Do Hoon]

2015
1st KOMCA Awards - Grand Prize in Composition, Popular Music  [CEO Kim Do Hoon]
Korean Ministry of Commerce, Industry & Energy - Young Entrepreneur  [CEO Kim Jin Woo]
Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency - Commissioner's Commendation for Appreciation  [CEO Kim Jin Woo]

2016
Korea Business Management Awards - Best in Popular Culture  [CEO Kim Jin Woo]

2017
3rd KOMCA Awards - Grand Prize in Composition, Popular Music  [CEO Kim Do Hoon]
1st Soribada Best K-Music Awards - Best Producer  [Seo Yong Bae and Iggy]
Korea Entertainment Producers Association - Organizer of the Year  [CEO Kim Jin Woo]

2018
2nd Soribada Best K-Music Awards - Best Producer  [CEO Kim Do Hoon]
Vietnam V LIVE 2017 - Best Program Award  [CEO Kim Jin Woo]

2019
Korean Ministry of Culture, Sport, and Tourism - Minister's Prize  [CEO Kim Jin Woo]

2020
17th Korea Startup Award - Minister of Small and Medium Venture Business Award  [CEO Kim Jin Woo]
4th Soribada Best K-Music Awards - Best Producer  [CEO Kim Do Hoon]

Former artists

RBW

 ESna (2014–2017)
 Yangpa (2015–2018)
 Monday Kiz (2016–2018)
 Mamamoo
 Wheein (2014–2021; moved to The L1ve, but continues to participate in group activities)
 Hwasa (2014–2023)
 Vromance
 Yoon Euno (formerly known as Lee Chandong, 2016–2022; moved to Gleam Artist to focus on his career as a musical actor)

Co-managed
 Geeks (2012–2016) (co-managed with How Entertainment; moved to Grandline Entertainment)
 Phantom (2012–2017) (co-managed with Brand New Music; disbanded)
 P.O.P (2017–2018) (co-managed with DWM Entertainment; disbanded)
 OBROJECT (co-managed with TSN Entertainment) (2014–2019; disbanded)
 Co-managed with Duckfuss Entertainment (2020–2021)
 Kim Yuna
 Obze
 OYEON

All Right Music
 Basick (2015–2018; founded Outlive)
 B.O. (2017–2020; founded MYFB.)
 Big Tray (2015–?)
 Marvel J (2017–?; moved to Luminant Entertainment)

Cloud R
 Mas (2017–2019; re-debuted as Onewe under the main label)

RBW Vietnam
Jin-Ju (2018–2020; moved to Krazy Sound)
D1Verse (2019–2021; Vietnam sub-label ceased operations in 2020, hence putting group activities in suspension, formally disbanded in 2021.)
Trần Bình (2019–2020; contract terminated over misconduct)

Producers
 Park Woo-sang () (left in 2021)
 Kim Min-gi () (a.k.a. 밍키, Mingkey) (left in 2022)

DSP Media
 April (2015–2022, disbanded)

WM Entertainment
 Oh My Girl
 Jiho (2015–2022)

Notes

References

External links

South Korean record labels
Talent agencies of South Korea
Record labels established in 2010
Music companies of South Korea
South Korean companies established in 2010
Companies based in Seoul


title: West Coast Wrestling Connection

text:
The West Coast Wrestling Connection (WCWC) is a professional wrestling organization based in Salem, Oregon.

The WCWC was founded by Jeff Manning and Pat Kelley in 2005.

History
The WCWC had its inaugural show in Salem, Oregon on March 20, 2005. Shows are held across western Oregon, with a monthly live event in Salem.

The WCWC on PDX-TV debuted on May 24, 2014. The promotion shoots a live TV taping, typically the first Saturday of each month. These tapings were originally held at the Bob White Theatre in Southeast Portland, but have since relocated to the Jackson Armory. The television broadcasts team consists of Jeff Akin on play-by-play and Morty Lipschitz on color commentary.

Championships
As of  , .

Current championships

In the Spring of 2017 the WCWC introduced two new championships that would be defended exclusively on live events. Both inaugural champions were determined in tournaments, with matches being held at various live events throughout the state of Oregon.

Defunct championships

The Grappler's WCWC Academy
The Grappler runs the WCWC Training Academy in Salem, Oregon. The school is operated under the direction of lead trainer Erik Baeden.

WCWC Pacific Northwest Championship

The WCWC Pacific Northwest Championship is the top championship in the WCWC.  It was first awarded on April 24, 2005 when George Michael became the inaugural champion.

As of  , .

As of  , .

WCWC Tag Team Championship

The WCWC Tag Team Championship is the tag team championship contested in the WCCW.  It was first awarded on May 15, 2005 OTB (Memphis Raines & Mike Dempsey) became the first champions.

As of  , .

As of  , .

WCWC Legacy Championship

The WCWC Legacy Championship is a midcard championship in West Coast Wrestling Connection.  Jeremy Blanchard defeated Eric Right on September 1, 2013 to become the first champion.

As of  , .

As of  , .

See also
List of National Wrestling Alliance territories
List of independent wrestling promotions in the United States

Notes

References

External links

Independent professional wrestling promotions based on the West Coast of the United States
American professional wrestling television series
Professional wrestling in Oregon
Sports in Salem, Oregon


title: Quatuor Bozzini

text:
The Quatuor Bozzini is a string quartet that specializes in new and experimental music based in Montreal, Canada.

Activity

The Quatuor Bozzini is known for its numerous collaborations with composers of new and experimental music. Since its founding in 1999, the quartet has commissioned over 130 new works, and has premiered more than 200 other new works. The quartet collaborates closely with the Wandelweiser Group, an international group of composers and performers dedicated to experimental music, in addition to the SMCQ. The ensemble presents an annual concert series in Montreal entitled the "Salon QB", and maintains an active domestic and international touring schedule. It has been in residency at Concordia University since 2002.

The Quatuor Bozzini has participated in the development and presentation of many interdisciplinary projects. Notable cross-disciplinary collaborators include stage director Jean-Frédéric Messier, dancer and choreographer Marc Boivin, theatrical composer Jennifer Walshe, and videographer Nathalie Bujold.

Other composers the quartet has worked with include Denys Bouliane, Louis Dufort, Christopher Fox, Malcolm Goldstein, Michael Oesterle, Martin Arnold and James Tenney.

Educational initiatives

The Quatuor Bozzini runs a number of annual mentorship programs for young and emerging composers such as the Composer's Kitchen and the Bozzini Lab, and co-directs the Concordia Creative Music Institute for young performers of contemporary music.

Recordings

The Quatuor Bozzini records primarily under its label Collection QB, founded in 2004; it has released 15 records consisting of both commissioned pieces and experimental works from the 20th and 21st centuries. These recordings appear frequently in Canada on the CBC and on numerous foreign radio stations.

Discography
Hardscrabble Songs - Malcolm Goldstein (2002) In situ
Portrait Montréal - Vivier: Pulau Dewata; Lesage: Quatuor à cordes no 2; Oesterle: Daydream Mechanics V; Goldstein: A New Song of Many Faces for In These Times (2004) Collection QB
Steve Reich: Different Trains (2005) Collection QB
Jürg Frey: String Quartets (2006) Edition Wandelweiser
Canons + Hoquets - Skempton: Catch; Tendrils; Kondo: Kypsotony; Fern; Mr Bloomfield, His Spacing (2007) Collection QB
Und. Ging. Außen. Vorüber. (2007) Wergo
Arbor Vitae: James Tenney - Quatuors + Quintettes (2008) Collection QB
Le livre des mélancolies (with Jean-Guy Boisvert) - Grella-Możejko: ...River to the Ocean...; Lesage: Le livre des mélancolies; Brady: Slow Dances. (2008) Atma
Michel Gonneville: Hozhro (with Marianne Lambert and Mathieu Golin) (2009) Collection QB
À chacun sa miniature - 31 compositeurs (2011) Collection QB
Martin Arnold: Aberrare - Arnold: contact; vault; Liquidambars; Slew & Hop; Aberrare (Casting) (2011) Collection QB
Daniel Rothman, Ernstalbrecht Stiebler: Sens(e) Absence - Stiebler: Sehr langsam; Rothman: Sense Absence (2011) Collection QB
Jean Dermoe, Joanne Hétu: Le mensonge et l'identité (2011) Collection QB
Still Image: Chamber music by Owen Underhill - Underhill: String Quartet No. 4 - The Night; Still Image; String Quartet No. 3 - The Alynne; Trombone Quintet (with Jeremy Berkman) (2012) Centrediscs
John Cage: Four - Cage: String Quartet in Four Parts; Thirty Pieces for String Quartet; Four (2014) Collection QB
Jürg Frey: String Quartet No.3; Unhörbare Zeit (with Lee Ferguson and Christian Smith, percussion) (2015) Edition Wanderweiser
Cassandra Miller: Just So; String Quartets (2018) Another Timbre
Phil Niblock: Baobab/Disseminate as Five String Quartets (2019) Collection QB

Recognition
Over the past 15 years, the ensemble has received many prizes for its work.

Opus prize from the Conseil québecois de la musique (CQM)
 Discovery of the Year (2002)
 Contemporary Disc of the Year (2004)
 International Outreach (2008)

Other prizes
 Étoile-Galaxie Prize from Radio-Canada (2001)
 Ernst von Siemens Musikstiftung (2007)
 German Record Critics Prize (for Arbor Vitae) (2009)
 Grand Prix du Conseil des Arts de Montréal Finalist (2012)

Members

Current members
Clemens Merkel (violin)
Alissa Cheung (violin)
Stéphanie Bozzini (viola)
Isabelle Bozzini (cello)

Past members
Mira Benjamin (violin)
Charles-Étienne Marchand (violin)
Nadia Francavilla (violin)
Geneviève Beaudry (violin)

References

External links

 Bozzini at Encyclopedia of Music in Canada

1999 establishments in Canada
Canadian string quartets
Musical groups established in 1999
Musical groups from Montreal


title: Afghanistan–Pakistan border barrier

text:
The Afghanistan–Pakistan border barrier refers to the border barrier being built by Pakistan since March 2017 along its border with Afghanistan. The purpose of barrier is to prevent terrorism, arms, and drug trafficking, as well refugees, illegal immigration, smuggling and infiltration across the approximately  international border between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The Afghanistan–Pakistan border is marked by eight official crossing points and nearly 1000 military forts . In addition to these forts, Pakistan side of border is also dotted with more than 1200 border posts. There are over 400 forts in the northwestern area alone, with cameras, watchtowers, while more than 800 drones assisting the barrier. Meanwhile Balochistan portion of Af-Pak border is marked with roughly 600 forts .The barrier and other measures are designed to impede the Afghan Taliban and Pakistani Taliban from freely crossing the border to coordinate and launch attacks against the governments of Afghanistan and Pakistan and evade authorities on either side. Despite the two Taliban organizations claiming to be completely separate from each other, Afghan Taliban leaders have been found operating from Afghan refugee camps in Pakistan and Pakistani Taliban leaders have been found hiding from Pakistani law enforcement in Afghanistan while systemically coordinating a joint militant network with their Afghan counterparts.

Initial fencing plans
In September 2005, Pakistan stated it had plans to build a  fence along its border with Afghanistan to prevent insurgents and drug smugglers slipping between the two countries. The initially proposed fortifications and fence was backed by the United States in 2005. Major General Shaukat Sultan, a former Pakistani military spokesman, said the move was necessary to block the infiltration of militants across the border into Pakistan. Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf later offered to mine the border as well.

The plans to fence and mine the border were again considered in 2007 and then in 2009, but they were not fully implemented. However, a  portion along selected border areas was fenced and the work was discontinued for lack of funds. In June 2011, Major General Athar Abbas, the then spokesman for the army, said: "We did fence around 35km of the border area as it faced continuous militant incursions. It was a joint project of ISAF and Afghanistan. But then they backed out. It was a very costly project." During the Musharraf period, a biometric system was installed by Pakistan on border crossings. Afghanistan had objected to the system. The bio-metric system remains intact at the border, although it is yet to be made fully functional.

Afghan opposition

Pakistani plans for fortifying, fencing and mining the border were renewed on 26 December 2006, but these plans were opposed by the Afghan government, citing that the fencing would result in "the limitation of the freedom of movement of tribal peoples". Due to Afghanistan's fierce opposition to the border fencing, the Angur Ada and Sheken areas saw a series of armed border skirmishes that resulted in cross−border artillery strikes launched by Pakistan in April 2007. On 1 April 2013, the Afghan Foreign Ministry formally protested and raised "grave concerns" over what it called "the Pakistani military's unilateral construction and physical reinforcement activities along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border in eastern Nangarhar province".

In Afghanistan some groups do not recognize the Durand Line itself as a legitimate border between it and Pakistan, as it divides the Pashtun tribes who live on both sides of the border. They contend that the installation of a physical barrier would divide people and make this border permanent.

Construction progress and trenches
In June 2016, after three years of construction, Pakistan completed a  trench along its border with Afghanistan from Balochistan to ensure proper border management. The initial excavation was largely carried out by the paramilitary Frontier Corps. The purpose of the trench is to tighten border security and create more favourable conditions for Pakistani security forces responsible for patrolling the border by deterring and restricting the flow of unauthorized entities, such as narcotics, militants, smugglers and general illegal movements of Afghan civilians or refugees. Three private construction companies out of Pakistan's Balochistan province were contracted to supply manpower and oversee the arrangement of necessary equipment. The  and  trench is planned to be extended along the whole border.

As of January 2019, about  of fortifications and fencing have been constructed. The fencing is about 94% complete as of 5 January 2022, and on 21 January 2022 the Interior Minister of Pakistan stated that only 20 km remains to be fenced in total. As of April 2023, 98% of fencing and 85% of fortification have been completed.

The project is predicted to cost at least $532 million.

Border Crossings and border markets

Torkham, Chaman and Ghulam Khan border crossings are 24/6 day/night operational crossings, excluding only Saturday which is reserved day for the pedestrian movement.

Government of Pakistan in 2020 decided to establish 12 border markets along with Pakistan-Afghanistan border to facilitate trade and free movement. Of which Badini market in Zhob was inaugurated in 2020, effectively increasing trade and commerce between two countries.

Border Movement
Afghanistan-Pakistan border witnesses movement of thousands of people per day through different border crossing. Meanwhile thousands of trucks also use these points to move the goods from Pakistan to Afghanistan and Central Asia and vice versa. Statistics available with The Khorasan Diary, an independent news portal, shows that 1374394 people have crossed on either side  in one year, while 234944 vehicles had passed through the border terminal in the same time frame.

See also
 Afghanistan–Pakistan relations
 Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
 Land border crossings of Pakistan

References

Fences
Walls
Border barriers
Geography of Afghanistan

Border


title: The Wrestling

text:
The Wrestling is a non-fiction book by Simon Garfield, a British journalist and author. It charts the rise and fall in popularity of British professional wrestling over the course of the twentieth century.

Overview
The book consists almost entirely of interviews with professional wrestlers or those who knew them, including Mick McManus, Big Daddy, Giant Haystacks, Kendo Nagasaki and the female wrestler Klondyke Kate, often giving the appearance of a conversation between the interviewees and the author.

Garfield also interviewed those involved in the promotion of professional wrestling, with a particular focus on the decision of LWT chief Greg Dyke to drop the sport from its schedules in 1988.

References

1996 non-fiction books
Professional wrestling books
Faber and Faber books
Books of interviews


title: André Klotzel

text:
André Klotzel (born July 30, 1954) is a Brazilian film director, producer and screenwriter. Born in São Paulo, Klotzel always enjoyed photography and thus studied it at the School of Communications and Arts at the University of São Paulo in 1973. In the following year, he took an internship to work with Anibal Massaini at the Boca do Lixo and also directed a short film. He worked on several functions, having worked in almost 15 films in the period he was in the college. In 1985, he directed his first feature film, A Marvada Carne, which won the Best Film, Best Screenplay, and Best Director at the Gramado Film Festival. He won the same awards at the same festival film in 2001 for Memórias Póstumas.

Filmography
 Maldita Coincidência (1979; producer)
 Janete (1983; writer)
 A Marvada Carne (1985; director)
 Anjos da Noite (1987; executive producer)
 Capitalismo Selvagem (1993; director)
 Brevísimas Histórias de Gentes de Santos (1996; director; documentary)
 Memórias Póstumas (2001; director)
 Reflexões de um Liquidificador (2010; director)

References

External links

1951 births
Brazilian film directors
Brazilian film producers
Brazilian screenwriters
Businesspeople from São Paulo
University of São Paulo alumni
Living people

Brazilian people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent


title: Dewey W. Knight Jr.

text:
Dewey Willard Knight Jr. (April 7, 1929 – June 21, 1995) was the first black social worker for Kendall Children's Home in Miami, Dewey W. Knight Jr. was considered a pioneer for his work in the early 1960s. Dewey continued his work throughout the 1960s and became the first black department director and the only black Deputy County Manager in Miami-Dade County administration's history.

Biography

Early life and education
Dewey Knight Jr. was born and raised in Daytona Beach, where he also spent most of his childhood. from an early age, he was determined early on to make a difference in the world and long before the Civil Rights marches of the 1960s, he earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Bethune-Cookman College in 1951. Knight as a Daytona Beach native who earned a B.S. degree in Business Administration from Bethune-Cookman College in 1951.

While at college, Knight joined  Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity He then served a four-year tour in the United States Air Force and then returned to complete his master's degree in social work from Atlanta University, which he finished in 1957. Knight as a Daytona Beach native who earned a B.S. degree in Business Administration from Bethune-Cookman College in 1951. After a four-year tour of duty in the U.S. Air Force, he returned to school and earned a master's degree in social work from Atlanta University in 1957.

Professional career and achievements
Knight is best known for his devotion of his time to improving the lives of the underprivileged. It is documented that he turned down offers to become the County Manager for Dade County, in order to continue serving those who needed him more directly. He moved up to management positions and became the county's first black deputy county manager and assistant county manager.

As the voice of reason during times of social and political unrest, Dewey Knight pivotal role in quelling the Miami riots of 1980.

He began his career in social work in a professional setting at the Kendall Children's Home in Miami, Florida in 1959. He was a caseworker who cared for the welfare of children and families throughout that community. He was noted for helping the voiceless, commitment for charity in his region, honesty and integrity. To honor his efforts, a "Dewey W. Knight, Jr./Ann-Marie Adker Fair Housing Center" was established in his honor.

While he was a caseworker and the first black social worker for Kendall Children's Home, he helped to integrate the local youth home, despite threats of jail time from local courts while doing so.

Knight eventually rose to the rank of department director for the Welfare Department. He was the first black individual to hold such a high position within the social services department in Dade County. His focus turned to providing intensive counseling for individuals as well as families on welfare and he opened the first Neighborhood Youth Cooperation Program that served out-of-school youth. He also established a residence home and halfway house for troubled teens.

In 1969, he took on the interim role of head of the Division of Youth Services. He was heavily involved in the new War on Poverty program established by the federal government and also took on the challenge of working with the Neighborhood Development Program.

In 1970, Knight accepted the role of Acting Director of Housing and Urban Development. In the same year, he was appointed Assistant County Manager—the first black person to command this post.

While serving as assistant county manager, organized the Department of Human Resources and began the process for what would become the Elderly Services Program. He served as acting County Manager in 1976, 1987, and 1988 and was promoted to First Deputy County Manager in 1985. He served more than 1.8 million residents of Dade County. He was and remains the only black person to ever hold this position. Knight, who retired in 1988, began his 29-year service in Dade County government as a social worker for the welfare agency. He quickly moved up to management positions and became the county's first black deputy county manager and assistant county manager.

Dewey W. Knight Jr. was offered the position of County Manager several times throughout the years, though he chose to not accept, citing family as his main priority.

Also important to note is that Dewey Knight Jr. founded The National Association of Black Public Administrators, (NABPA).

He is also one of only three Distinguished Public Servants to have their portrait displayed in the Miami-Dade County Stephen P. Clark Government Center.

Additional work
As a clinical professor at Barry University's Graduate School of Social Work, Knight served his community and its people in more ways than just professional. At Barry University, he taught and mentored upcoming administrators within the industry. His commitment to social work and community service programs earned him a wonderful reputation throughout Dade County and his impact stretched far beyond the county limits. Though he could well afford it with his rise in the ranks, Knight, a widower, never moved from his Liberty City home, where he raised his family and helped his neighbors.

Personal life
Knight married Clara Louise Brown and moved to her original birthplace of Miami in 1959. He and Clara had two sons, Dewey III and Patrick. Despite his social and professional successes, he continued to live in the same community, surrounded by the people that he not only served, but also considered friends and family, for the entirety of his life. Knight moved to Miami, birthplace of his wife, Clara Louise Brown, in 1959. His first job was at the Kendall Children's Home. A dynamic employee who was deeply concerned with children and families, he quickly rose from his first position as a caseworker to become the first black social worker for that agency. Knight also Joined the ( Alpha Rho Boule) Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity .

Death
Dewey W. Knight Jr. died on June 21, 1995.

Recognition
His memory was honored on February 23, 1996, with the dedication of the Dewey W. Knight Jr. Family Medical Center. This walk-in minor emergency care center opened by North Shore Hospital serves the community.

There is a scholarship program in his honor at the Florida International University.

State Road 112 between I-95 and Miami International Airport was renamed Dewey Knight Jr. Memorial Highway in his honor.

Sources
“Dewey Knight, inspiration to many,” by Silvia M. Unzera, Letter to the Editor, The Miami Herald.

References

1929 births
1995 deaths
American social workers
People from Daytona Beach, Florida
Bethune–Cookman University alumni
Clark Atlanta University alumni
County executives in Florida
Barry University faculty


title: This Could Be the Night (1966 song)

text:
"This Could Be the Night" is a song recorded by the American band Modern Folk Quartet (MFQ) in late 1965 or early 1966. The lyrics describe a couple on the verge of conquering their inhibitions. Written in tribute to the Beach Boys' leader Brian Wilson, the song is one of three that are credited jointly to Harry Nilsson and Phil Spector, although Nilsson submitted that he was the sole writer on a 1966 copyright form.

Spector produced MFQ's version in his Wall of Sound style, featuring a dense orchestration and a marching rhythm. He used it as the opening theme music for the 1966 rock concert film The Big TNT Show, for which he was the musical director and associate producer. MFQ was signed to Spector's label and wanted to release their recording as a single in hopes of breaking into the folk rock market, but according to music historian Barney Hoskyns, Spector instead abandoned the group to work on "River Deep – Mountain High" (1966). Their recording of "This Could Be the Night" was not commercially available until 1976, when it appeared on a Spector compilation album.

Nilsson recorded the song several times, but only a 1967 demo intended for the Monkees has been officially released. In 1989, MFQ's Henry Diltz rerecorded the song as a solo artist, and in 1995, Wilson recorded the song for a Nilsson tribute album.  Several other musicians have recorded their versions of the song, including David Cassidy, Tatsuro Yamashita, and the Flamin' Groovies.

Composition

According to Spector biographer Mick Brown, Nilsson wrote "This Could Be the Night" as a tribute to Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys. Nilsson brought it to Spector, whose productions Wilson greatly admired. Nilsson and Spector are often listed as the songwriters, including by BMI, the performing rights organization. In The Big TNT Show, Spector is credited as the sole author, while the song was copyrighted by Nilsson alone on March 30, 1966. It is one of three songs credited jointly to Nilsson and Spector, the other two being "Here I Sit" and "Paradise".

Nilsson biographer Alyn Shipton describes the lyrics as expressing "the heady mixture of hope, desire, and fear experienced when a couple who have been dating for a while are on the point of finally conquering their inhibitions and making love for the first time." Wilson deemed it one of Nilsson's very best compositions and one of Spector's best productions, explaining "Well, the idea they've been dating and waiting and finally they made love … I love that message."

Recording

Hoping to break into the folk rock market, Spector befriended MFQ in 1965.  The quartet had recently become a quintet (and shortened their name to MFQ) with the addition of drummer Eddie Hoh and was pursuing a Byrds'-inspired sound.  Spector brought the group to Gold Star Studios in Hollywood to record the song.  The session date(s) are unknown, but took place between late 1965 and no later than January 19, 1966.

According to Brown, "Spector's production sounded as if it had been recorded in a school gynamsium—a vibrantly echoing mélange of chiming guitars, bells and exuberant, sunny harmonies". Barney Hoskyns described it as "pure Wall-of-Sound Beach Boys, light years from the sound Terry Melcher was getting with the Byrds". Biographer Mark Ribowsky added that the "folk rocker" resembled a "Wagnerian folk march with Wall of Sound".  MFQ's Henry Diltz recalled Wilson at the studio during the sessions: "we could see him in the recording booth, in his robe and slippers, sitting there playing our song over and over, for what seemed like hours".

Release history
"This Could Be the Night" was slated for release as MFQ's first single with the new lineup, but Spector became focused on Tina Turner and "River Deep – Mountain High" and "forgot all about the Modern Folk Quartet".  Instead it was used as the theme to the rock concert film The Big TNT Show, the 1966 follow-up to the T.A.M.I. Show.  The group's Jerry Yester later commented, "I never forgave him for the thing with the TNT Show [for which Spector was the musical director and associate producer]. We were supposed to be in it, because we were on his label, for god's sake. But we ended up being the entertainment for everybody while they were setting up for the next band".

The song was officially released for the first time on the 1976 British compilation album Phil Spector Wall of Sound Vol. 6 – Rare Masters Vol. 2.  Several later compilations include it, such as Spector's 1991 career retrospective box set, Back to Mono (1958–1969).

Harry Nilsson versions
Nilsson recorded a version of the song in the 1960s, which went unreleased.  It was lost and forgotten until an acetate appeared in 2008 for sale on eBay. In 1967, Nilsson recorded a solo piano/vocal demo for the Monkees for their consideration in recording the song. Although they never recorded it,  Nilsson's demo is included in The RCA Albums Collection, a 2013 box set. In 1989, Nilsson contributed guest vocals on a re-recording of the song by MFQ's Diltz. In the early 1990s, Nilsson recorded a new studio version by himself with additional lyrics, but it remains unreleased.

Brian Wilson version

In 1973, Melody Maker reported that Wilson remembered most of the song "very clearly" while playing it on piano for his guests. The newspaper added, "Brian obviously got a buzz from singing it with differently harmonized bass lines and new riffs, and it was fascinating to hear how, even though he was only mucking about, the harmonies and rhythms were pure Brian Wilson. No one else could've been playing that piano."

Wilson claimed that he had been attempting to get the lyrics from Spector to record a version with the pop duo American Spring, but Spector was "strangely reluctant" to give away the song. In 1995, Wilson recorded his version–with co-production by Andy Paley–for the Nilsson tribute album For the Love of Harry: Everybody Sings Nilsson.

See also
 "Little Saint Nick"

References

1966 songs
Songs written by Harry Nilsson
Songs written by Phil Spector
Song recordings produced by Phil Spector
Song recordings with Wall of Sound arrangements
Harry Nilsson songs
Brian Wilson songs
American folk rock songs
David Cassidy songs
Musical tributes to the Beach Boys


title: Alan Jackson (cyclist)

text:
Alan Jackson (19 November 1933 – 24 March 1974) was a British cyclist. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics, winning a silver medal in the team road race event and a bronze in the individual event.

References

1933 births
1974 deaths
British male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Great Britain
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Stockport
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in cycling
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
20th-century British people


title: La Torba

text:
La Torba is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Capalbio, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 209.

Geography
La Torba is about 50 km from Grosseto and 12 km from Capalbio. It is situated in the plain of southern Maremma between the hills of Capalbio and the Tyrrhenian Sea, at the end of the valley of Giardino (Valle d'Oro), along the Via Aurelia highway. Its beaches are known for black and dark grey-coloured sand, due to the abundant presence of ferrous metals in the subsoil.

Main sights
 Chapel of Sacro Cuore di Gesù (20th century), the main church of the village, it is included in the parish of Giardino.
 Farm of Nunziatella (19th century), old farmhouse with a manor house and a chapel, it is situated along the Via Aurelia highway.
 Villa Settefinestre, situated on the border with the comune of Orbetello, it dates back to the Roman period.

References

Bibliography
 Fabiola Favilli, Capalbio. Alla scoperta del borgo e del territorio, Arcidosso, C&P Adver Effigi, 2011.

See also
 Borgo Carige
 Capalbio Scalo
 Chiarone Scalo
 Giardino, Capalbio
 Pescia Fiorentina

Frazioni of Capalbio


title: Chintamani Govind Pendse

text:
Chintamani Govind Pendse (28 August 1906 - 1991), also known as Mama Pendse, was a well known Marathi film and stage actor and singer.

He was awarded Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1981, given by  the Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy of Music, Dance & Drama.

References

1906 births
1991 deaths
Male actors from Maharashtra
Indian male stage actors
Male actors in Marathi cinema
Male actors in Marathi theatre
Marathi actors
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award
20th-century Indian male actors


title: Tenuiphantes

text:
Tenuiphantes is a genus of sheet weavers that was first described by Michael I. Saaristo & A. V. Tanasevitch in 1996.

Species
 it contains forty-four species, found in Asia, Oceania, Africa, Europe, Argentina, Micronesia, New Zealand, and Chile:
Tenuiphantes aduncus (Zhu, Li & Sha, 1986) – China
Tenuiphantes aequalis (Tanasevitch, 1987) – Turkey, Russia, Armenia
Tenuiphantes alacris (Blackwall, 1853) – Europe
Tenuiphantes altimontanus Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 – Nepal
Tenuiphantes ancatus (Li & Zhu, 1989) – China
Tenuiphantes ateripes (Tanasevitch, 1988) – Russia
Tenuiphantes canariensis (Wunderlich, 1987) – Canary Is.
Tenuiphantes cantabropyrenaeus Bosmans, 2016 – Spain, France
Tenuiphantes contortus (Tanasevitch, 1986) – Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia
Tenuiphantes cracens (Zorsch, 1937) – North America
Tenuiphantes crassus Tanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006 – Nepal
Tenuiphantes cristatus (Menge, 1866) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus
Tenuiphantes drenskyi (van Helsdingen, 1977) – Bulgaria
Tenuiphantes flavipes (Blackwall, 1854) – Europe
Tenuiphantes floriana (van Helsdingen, 1977) – Romania, Macedonia, Greece
Tenuiphantes fogarasensis (Weiss, 1986) – Romania
Tenuiphantes fulvus (Wunderlich, 1987) – Canary Is.
Tenuiphantes herbicola (Simon, 1884) – Spain, France (incl. Corsica), Italy, Croatia, Albania, Greece, Algeria
Tenuiphantes jacksoni (Schenkel, 1925) – Switzerland, Balkans?, Turkey?
Tenuiphantes jacksonoides (van Helsdingen, 1977) – Switzerland, Germany, Austria
Tenuiphantes lagonaki Tanasevitch, Ponomarev & Chumachenko, 2016 – Russia (Caucasus)
Tenuiphantes leprosoides (Schmidt, 1975) – Canary Is.
Tenuiphantes mengei (Kulczyński, 1887) – Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Central Asia
Tenuiphantes miguelensis (Wunderlich, 1992) – Azores, Madeira
Tenuiphantes monachus (Simon, 1884) – Europe
Tenuiphantes morosus (Tanasevitch, 1987) – Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan
Tenuiphantes nigriventris (L. Koch, 1879) – Northern Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Japan
Tenuiphantes perseus (van Helsdingen, 1977) – Russia, Central Asia, Iran
Tenuiphantes plumipes (Tanasevitch, 1987) – Nepal
Tenuiphantes retezaticus (Ruzicka, 1985) – Romania
Tenuiphantes sabulosus (Keyserling, 1886) – North America
Tenuiphantes spiniger (Simon, 1929) – France
Tenuiphantes stramencola (Scharff, 1990) – Tanzania
Tenuiphantes striatiscapus (Wunderlich, 1987) – Canary Is.
Tenuiphantes suborientalis Tanasevitch, 2000 – Russia
Tenuiphantes teberdaensis Tanasevitch, 2010 – Russia (Caucasus), Georgia
Tenuiphantes tenebricola (Wider, 1834) – Europe, Turkey, Russia, China
Tenuiphantes tenebricoloides (Schenkel, 1938) – Canary Is., Madeira
Tenuiphantes tenuis (Blackwall, 1852) (type) – Europe, Macaronesia, Northern Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Central Asia. Introduced to USA, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand
Tenuiphantes wunderlichi (Saaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996) – Turkey
Tenuiphantes zebra (Emerton, 1882) – North America
Tenuiphantes zelatus (Zorsch, 1937) – Canada, USA
Tenuiphantes zibus (Zorsch, 1937) – Canada, USA
Tenuiphantes zimmermanni (Bertkau, 1890) – Europe, Russia

See also
 List of Linyphiidae species (Q–Z)

References

Araneomorphae genera
Linyphiidae
Spiders of Africa
Spiders of Asia
Spiders of North America


title: J.A. Woollam Company

text:
The J.A. Woollam Company is a manufacturer of spectroscopic ellipsometers headquartered in Lincoln, Nebraska.

Background

The J.A. Woollam Company was founded in 1987 by Dr. John A. Woollam. Starting as a spin-off from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, the J.A. Woollam Company has specialized in the manufacture and sale of spectroscopic ellipsometry equipment. The company employs over 50 people, the majority of whom are engineers and scientists dedicated to the research in ellipsometry measurement. All equipment is hand-assembled.

The J.A. Woollam Company is located in Lincoln, Nebraska, in the historic Haymarket area. In July 2022, the company began expansion of its historic building known as the Cotswold Building. The J.A. Woollam Company plans to double its size by adding a three-story addition to the west side of the Cotswold Building.

External links
 J.A. Woollam homepage

References

Companies based in Lincoln, Nebraska
Companies established in 1987
Equipment semiconductor companies
Laboratory equipment manufacturers


title: Kanash (inhabited locality)

text:
Kanash () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Urban localities
Kanash, a town in the Chuvash Republic

Rural localities
Kanash, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Slakbashevsky Selsoviet of Belebeyevsky District in the Republic of Bashkortostan
Kanash, Morgaushsky District, Chuvash Republic, a vyselok in Yunginskoye Rural Settlement of Morgaushsky District in the Chuvash Republic
Kanash, Shemurshinsky District, Chuvash Republic, a settlement in Shemurshinskoye Rural Settlement of Shemurshinsky District in the Chuvash Republic
Kanash, Yadrinsky District, Chuvash Republic, a village in Bolshesundyrskoye Rural Settlement of Yadrinsky District in the Chuvash Republic
Kanash, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Zhilinsky Rural Okrug of Nemansky District in Kaliningrad Oblast
Kanash, Kemerovo Oblast, a selo in Trudarmeyskaya Rural Territory of Prokopyevsky District in Kemerovo Oblast;
Kanash, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a village in Sakhaptinsky Selsoviet of Nazarovsky District in Krasnoyarsk Krai
Kanash, Novosibirsk Oblast, a village in Severny District of Novosibirsk Oblast
Kanash, Verkhneuslonsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Verkhneuslonsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan
Kanash, Zainsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, a village in Zainsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan
Kanash, Tyumen Oblast, a selo in Kanashsky Rural Okrug of Nizhnetavdinsky District in Tyumen Oblast


title: Robert Fabian

text:
Robert Honey Fabian (31 January 1901 – 14 June 1978) was an English police officer, who rose to the rank of Detective Superintendent in the Metropolitan Police.

Biography
Fabian was born in Lewisham in 1901. He joined the police in 1921. One biographical account of Fabian credits him with the capture of Robert Augustus Delaney, the first known cat burglar. He was described as "small but wiry, carefully dressed and with sharp features and piercing eyes... He was always good‐natured and polite."

After retirement from the force in 1949, he worked as crime writer. His work was dramatised in the BBC drama series, 1954–56, Fabian of the Yard, based on his book of the same name (in reference to New Scotland Yard). Each episode ended with an epilogue in which Fabian described the real-life case on which the preceding story had been based. It is written that Fabian took up gardening after his retirement from the Metropolitan Police.

He subsequently wrote a somewhat salacious but revelatory account of Soho's vice trade in London After Dark.

On 12 March 1957, he appeared on the game show To Tell the Truth – he was correctly identified by the entire panel, with the exception of Carl Reiner. Fabian also appeared as a castaway on the BBC Radio programme Desert Island Discs on 20 February 1956.

He died in an Epsom, Surrey hospital on 14 June 1978 at the age of 77.

Bibliography

See also
 Charles Walton (murder victim)
 A famous case he failed to solve

References

Further reading
 Deming, Richard (1963). Famous Investigators. Whitman.

Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Metropolitan Police officers
Police detectives
British non-fiction writers
BBC television presenters
1901 births
1978 deaths
British male writers
Male non-fiction writers


title: Belgium national football team home stadium

text:
Throughout their history, the Belgium national team have played at 24 home locations in 12 urban areas, most often in the country's Capital Region, Brussels. The national King Baudouin Stadium, with a capacity of 50,024 people, is the usual playing ground nowadays. At this location, the majority of the Red Devils' home matches took place. Other stadiums (with a smaller capacity) are normally assigned as home ground in case a rather small audience is to be expected or when the national stadium is in repair.

History

Belgium's first official match in 1904 was a home game, at the Stade du Vivier d'Oie in Uccle. Before their first official match in the national Jubilee Stadium in Brussels in 1931, the Red Devils made 67 home appearances in the current urban areas of Antwerp, Brussels, Liège, Seraing and Verviers. In that era, Antwerp and its surroundings often hosted the Belgian home matches (32 times), mostly explained by the frequent confrontations against the national team of Antwerp's neighbouring country Netherlands, and the 1920 Olympics football tournament held at the Olympisch Stadion (the "Kiel").

From 1931 on, the large majority of the home games have been played in the stadium at the Heysel plain in Brussels. Inaugurated as "Jubilee Stadium" in 1930 with an unofficial match against Netherlands, and renamed "Heysel Stadium" in 1946, it underwent a drastical transformation in 1995. From then on, the stadium was named after the late King Baudouin I. Also over the totality of home games since 1904, the location of the current King Baudouin Stadium accounts for the majority of home games played. In May 2013, it was announced that the King Baudouin Stadium would be demolished to create place for housing and that a new stadium would arise nearby at the Heysel. In December of that year the involved parties agreed that this new stadium would no longer contain an athletic track as is currently the case. However, the plans for the new stadium were shelved when no building permit for it was awarded.

Some Belgian home stadiums have served as background for major tournaments when they hosted the 1920 Olympics (including its football tournament) and the 1972 and 2000 European Championships. In September 2014 Brussels was assigned as one of the 13 host cities for the 2020 European Championship, with an upcoming new stadium ("Eurostadium") as venue for four tournament matches. However, the UEFA later awarded the games to the Wembley Stadium when delays were causing uncertainty whether the new stadium in Brussels would be completed in time.

List of home stadiums

Some stadiums were given different names at different times; only the official name at the last time the national team played is mentioned below. Statistics include official FIFA-recognised matches only; unofficial games can be found here.

*"Brussels" does not refer to the City of Brussels, but the entire Brussels Capital Region. The towns between brackets are independent municipalities within this region.

Notes

References

Stadium
Belgium
Belgium, international
Lists of buildings and structures in Belgium
Stadium


title: Transparent Airfares Act of 2014

text:
The Transparent Airfares Act of 2014 () was a proposed legislation that would have changed government regulations about how airlines advertise fares so that they could advertise the base, listing government imposed taxes and fees separately.

The bill was introduced in the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress and was not passed.

Background
Since 2012, federal regulations have required airlines to prominently display the full cost of an airline ticket in their advertisements. The United States Department of Transportation calls this "full-fare" advertising.

Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

The Transparent Airfares Act of 2014 would declare that it shall not be an unfair or deceptive practice for an air carrier or other covered entity to state the base airfare in an advertisement or solicitation for passenger air transportation if it clearly and separately discloses: (1) the government-imposed taxes and fees for the air transportation, and (2) its total cost.

The bill would define "base airfare" to mean the cost of passenger air transportation, excluding government-imposed taxes and fees.

The bill would define "covered entity" as an air carrier, including an indirect air carrier, foreign carrier, ticket agent, or other person offering to sell tickets for passenger air transportation or a tour or tour component that must be purchased with air transportation.

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure on April 9, 2014. This is a public domain source.

H.R. 4156 would require the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) to promulgate a rule related to how prices for certain types of air transportation are advertised. Under current policies, DOT requires that advertised prices for air travel reflect the total price per passenger to be paid by customers, including government-imposed taxes and fees. Under H.R. 4156, sellers of air transportation could instead advertise base airfares, provided that advertisements also disclose the amount of additional government-imposed taxes and fees that customers would pay.

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that enacting H.R. 4156 would have no significant effect on the federal budget. Based on information from DOT we estimate that any costs incurred to complete the proposed rulemaking, which would be subject to the availability of appropriated funds, would be insignificant. H.R. 4156 would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply.

H.R. 4156 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments.

Procedural history
The Transparent Airfares Act of 2014 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on March 6, 2014 by Rep. Bill Shuster (R, PA-9). The bill was referred to the United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Aviation. On July 24, 2014, it was ordered reported alongside House Report 113-554. On July 28, 2014, the House voted to pass the bill in a voice vote. The Act was received in the Senate where it was referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation was taken on by federal infrastructure regulation committee leader, Valerie (Davis) Eads. It passed the 113th Congress (2013-2014).

Debate and discussion
Passage of the bill was seen as a "victory for airlines and their workers' unions." The airlines argued that being forced to include government taxes and fees in their advertised ticket price hides from the public the amount of their ticket that is government mandated forced costs and hurts the airlines' business. Consumer groups argued that the act would accomplish the opposite of its name, enabling bait-and-switch advertising and making comparison shopping on websites almost impossible.

Jean Medina of the organization Airlines for America (A4A) argued that the federal government is "burying tax hikes in the advertised cost of a ticket, hiding these considerable charges from consumers who pay them." Nicholas Calio of A4A said, "It's a misnomer to characterize the current law as a consumer protection rule when it really protects the government, not airline passengers, and it's disingenuous for Washington to hide the ball and not be held responsible for the taxes they impose on air travel." A4A said that as of 2014, $61 of a $300 domestic airfare is taxes.

Rep. Bill Shuster, who introduced the bill, said that "this bill will allow airlines and travel agents to display the actual costs in a transparent way, in order to allow customers to see the base airfare and government taxes and fees." Yet no rule prevented airlines and travel agents to do so, as long as they also state "the  entire price to be paid by the customer to the carrier, or agent". Shuster thought that "it is only fair that consumers know what they are paying for," which is what consumers already did.

Opponents of the bill argued that the result would be much more confusing ticket information where it would be difficult to find the full price. Consumers Union, the policy and advocacy division of Consumer Reports, strongly opposed the legislation, with its aviation consultant William McGee saying that "the real harm to consumers would come from making it even more difficult to pinpoint the total cost of a ticket when travelers are already dealing with an influx of new airline fees for anything from carrying on bags, selecting seats, or calling reservation center". The U.S. Travel Association argued against the bill, with President Roger Dow saying that "by no means should we undo the existing rule that enables consumers to see the full bottom-line price when they're ticket shopping." The Washington Post opined "wouldn't it be nice if our elected representatives actually represented our interests, instead of the special interests supporting this wrongheaded bill?"

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress
Drip pricing
False advertising
Taxation in the United States

References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 4156
Congress.gov H.R. 4156
GovTrack.us H.R. 4156
OpenCongress.org H.R. 4156
Congressional Budget Office's report on H.R. 4156
House Report 113-554

Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress
Airlines of the United States
Aviation in the United States


title: Ben Proud

text:
Benjamin Proud (born 21 September 1994) is an English competitive swimmer, representing Great Britain at the Olympic Games, the FINA World Aquatics Championships and LEN European Aquatics Championships, and England at the Commonwealth Games. Proud specialises in sprint freestyle and butterfly races, specifically the 50-metre distance in both. He is the 2022 World Champion in the 50 metre freestyle, his second long course world title. He is the 2017 world champion in the 50-metre butterfly. He is only the third male swimmer to be simultaneously short-course and long-course World Champion at 50 metre freestyle, after César Cielo and Florent Manaudou.

Away from national duties, Proud currently represents Energy Standard in the International Swimming League.

Proud holds two British national records, as well as being a double Commonwealth Games champion in both the 50 m butterfly (2014 and 2022) and 50 m freestyle (2014 and 2018) events.  He was European Champion over 50 metres freestyle in 2018, and was part of the 4 x 100 medley team from Great Britain which won European gold in 2014.

Early life and education
Proud was born in London on 21 September 1994 to Nic and Sally Proud. The family moved to Malaysia when he was five months old, and he grew up in Damansara, Kuala Lumpur. He has a brother, Oliver. He attended the Alice Smith School from kindergarten until year 12 of the school. At Alice Smith, he competed for the school and was trained by Francis Kiu, a professional Malaysian swimmer. He swam for the school swimming team, KLASS Torpedoes, representing them at many international swim meets. He swam at the Malaysian Open, winning the 50 m butterfly and placing second in the 50 m freestyle. His many swim meets across Southeast Asia included the Flying Fish meet in Phuket, Thailand.

In 2011, when he was 16, he returned to England to pursue swimming as a career, and joined Plymouth College as a swimming scholar. After finishing school, he attended University of St Mark & St John where he studied for a Sports Development & Coaching degree. Proud was coached by Jon Rudd at the Plymouth Leander Swimming Programme in England, before he moved to train at the Energy Standard International Swim Club in Turkey in 2017.

Swimming career
Proud won a silver medal in the 50 m butterfly -his strongest event- in the European Junior Championships, which put him on the map as the fastest British sprinter at the British Gas International Meet in 2013, winning a gold in the butterfly, and going on later to win a silver in the 50 m freestyle in Leeds. After his initial victories, he rose through the ranks and broke the decade-long 50 m butterfly standing record twice, in the semis and final, giving him his first British Gas Swimming Championship title at the age of 19.

He went on the break his personal best times for the 50 m and 100 m freestyle events, earning himself a silver and bronze, as well as a spot on the British team for the 2013 World Championships being held in Barcelona. Unsurprisingly, Proud did incredibly, finishing 18th in the 50 m freestyle, and 11th in the 50 m butterfly. In 2014, still only 19 years old, Proud won his first senior international medals on his Commonwealth debut for England at Glasgow. The following month, Proud won a gold in the 4 × 100 m medley relay and a bronze in the 50 m butterfly for Team GB at his first European Championships.

In the 2016 European Aquatics Championships in London, he won two bronze medals, first in 50m butterfly, then in 50m freestyle.

Proud represents Great Britain in the 50 m and 100 m freestyle events at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

2017
At the 2017 World Aquatics Championships, Proud qualified as the fourth fastest swimmer at the 50m butterfly semi-finals, but won a surprise gold at the final with a national record time of 22.75 seconds. He won a further bronze in the 50m freestyle in 21.43 seconds.

2018–2019
At the 2018 Commonwealth Games held at the Gold Coast, Australia, Proud won silver as part of the relay team with David Cumberlidge, Jarvis Parkinson and James Guy that came second in the  freestyle events. He broke his own Games record in the heats of the 50m freestyle with 21.45 seconds, then 21.30 in the semi-finals and went on to win the final in 21.35. He also won a silver in the  medley with Adam Peaty, James Guy and Luke Greenbank. He broke his own 50m freestyle British record at the Sette Colli meet in Rome, posting a Commonwealth record of 21.16 in the final to become the 4th fastest performer of all time over the distance.

At the 2018 European Championships in Glasgow, Proud won a silver in the 50-metre butterfly. He then broke the 50-meter freestyle textile world record with 21.11 in the semi-finals of the 50-metre freestyle, and won his first gold of the European championships in the final.

In the Autumn of 2019 he was member of the inaugural International Swimming League swimming for the Energy Standard Swim Club, who won the team title in Las Vegas, Nevada, in December.

2021–22
At the European Championships held in Budapest in May 2021, Proud won a silver in the 50 m freestyle.

A year later, at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships held in Budapest, Proud won gold in the 50 m freestyle event.

Proud took part in the 2022 Commonwealth Games, and won a gold in the 50 m butterfly event.

2023
In 2023, he won the gold medal at the 2023 British Swimming Championships in the 50 metres freestyle. It was the fifth time that he had won the 50 metres event. He was also denied a seventh 50 metres butterfly title by Jacob Peters.

Best times

British Record*

See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
British male butterfly swimmers
British male freestyle swimmers
Swimmers from Greater London
British emigrants to Malaysia
Swimmers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England
Olympic swimmers for Great Britain
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
People educated at Plymouth College
Sportspeople from Kuala Lumpur
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games


title: Eynali Cable

text:
Eynali Cable is a gondola lift in Mount Eynali at North of Tabriz, Iran. The lift is designed to be a three stage lift and the first phase is operational since Fall 2010. The first station is in the foothills of the Eynali and it goes up to Zoroasterian temple at the local peak of Eynali.

References

Gondola lifts in Iran
Tabriz
Tourist attractions in Tabriz
Transportation in East Azerbaijan Province
2010 establishments in Iran


title: Ramdev labour law and medicine mislabelling controversy

text:
Ramdev is yoga guru in India. A manufacturing unit owned by his yoga trust was accused of violating labour law and medicine mislabelling. The controversy lasted from mid-2005 to March 2006, when the state government of Uttaranchal dropped charges against Ramdev.

History
In April 2005, Divya Yog Pharmacy manufacturing plant in Haridwar, own by Ramdev, dismissed 115 workers. The workers had been protesting demanding better wages and insurance. Centre of Indian Trade Unions, a trade union associated with the CPI(M), got involved in it on behalf of the workers. On 21 May 2005, a tripartite agreement was signed between the workers, the plant and the district administration. However, the plant did not honour the agreement and implicated several workers in exaggerated police cases.

Also in May 2005, Brinda Karat, a CPI(M) leader, visited the site to show solidarity with the workers. She was informed by the agitating workers that human skull and animal parts were allegedly being used by the pharmacy. Karat demanded an investigation. They denied the allegations and said that only sea shells and herbs were used in the preparations. On 22 May 2005, workers began protesting outside the house of district magistrate R.K. Sudhanshu, who had the authority to enforce the agreement.

In June 2005, Karat organised protests in Haridwar and Dehra Dun on behalf the dismissed workers. She also met with then Uttaranchal Health Secretary S. K. Dass and demanded that the pharmacy be brought under the Indian labour law as was mass-producing medicines for sale, and the workers be adequately compensated for their labour. In July 2005, the workers began writing letters to various state officials claiming that crushed human skulls were being used in a preparation (Kuliya Bhasm) intended for epilepsy and testicles of the Indian otter was being used a preparation (Yauvanamrit Bati) intended for treatment for sexual weakness.

Earlier in May, the workers had obtained samples of the two preparations from the yoga trust's hospital, Brahmakalp Chikitsalay, in Haridwar, along with payment receipts. There were handed over to Principal Secretary (Health) of Uttarachal, Sujit Das, who recommended that in the central government agencies as the state didn't have facilities to test them. The Union Health Ministry passed the samples to Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). AYUSH found evidence of human and animal DNA in the samples. The final report said that Ayurveda allowed usage to those materials, but the pharmacy was in violation of licensing and labelling laws under  Indian Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.

On 3 January 2006, Brinda Karat, backed by a letter from Shiv Basant, Joint Secretary in the Health Ministry, accused Ramadev of adulteration and labelling violations. Ramadev held a press conference in response and denied the allegations. He claimed that no government agency had approached the pharmacy for tests and that Karat was siding with drug MNCs to defame his firm. He also alleged that the samples may have been tampered with. On 5 January, supporter of Ramdev tried to barge into the CPI(M) office and clashed with the police who tried to stop them. Then Health Minister, Anbumani Ramadoss, said that samples provided by Karat contained human parts but further tests were being conducted. However, many newspapers carried information to the contrary. On 7 January, Karat said that her campaign was about labour laws and consumer rights, she was not against yoga or Ayurveda.

In January 2006, several politicians expressed support for Ramdev, among them were Sharad Pawar, Lalu Prasad Yadav, Mulayam Singh Yadav, Ram Madhav, Prakash Javdekar and Subhas Chakraborty. A Uttaranchal Minister Dhirendra Pratap accused Karat of foul play and demanded an apology.

On 22 February 2006, the Health Minister Anbumani Ramadoss clarified to the Lok Sabha one of the tests had confirmed human DNA. However other labs had failed to detected the same. He said that a report had been sent to the Uttaranchal government for further investigation.

In March 2006, the Uttarakhand government cleared Ramdev of the animal parts in medicine charges. Afterwards, also in March, Karat received a legal notice from B. D. Sethi, a BJP leader from Faridabad, for causing religious disturbances in the country and hurting the religious feelings of pure vegetarians.

References

Ramdev
Controversies in India
2006 controversies
Patanjali Ayurved


title: 2014–15 Football Superleague of Kosovo

text:
Raiffeisen Superliga 2014–15 is the fifteenth season of top-tier football in Kosovo. The season began on 16 August 2014. Kosova (V) are the defending champions.

A total of 12 teams competed in the league: 10 sides from the 2013–14 season and two promoted from the Liga e Parë campaign. Vëllaznimi,  and Istogu were each demoted from the top flight.

Teams

League table

Results

Matches 1–22

Matches 23–33

Relegation play-offs
The Relegation play-offs took place on Thursday 11 June 2015. In the draw, Drita drew Flamurtari, while Vëllaznimi drew Gjilani.

External links
 Kosovo Superliga at Soccerway

Football Superleague of Kosovo seasons
Kosovo
1


50 Children: The Rescue Mission of Mr. and Mrs. Kraus, also known as To Save a Life, is a 2013 documentary film written, produced, and directed by Steven Pressman. It was first shown on HBO in April 2013.

The film tells the story of Gilbert and Eleanor Kraus, a Jewish couple from Philadelphia who traveled to Nazi Germany in 1939 and, with the help of the B'rith Sholom fraternal organization, saved Jewish children in Vienna from likely death in the Holocaust by finding them new homes in Philadelphia. The Krauses were the grandparents of Pressman's wife, Liz Perle, and the film is based on the manuscript of a memoir left behind by Eleanor Kraus when she died in 1989.

The documentary, which premiered on HBO in 2013 on Yom HaShoah, Holocaust Remembrance Day, was narrated by Mamie Gummer and Alan Alda. Some of those who were rescued were interviewed for the film. Aged from five to fourteen, they were senior citizens living in the United States and Israel when the film was made.

References

External links

2013 television films
2013 films
Kindertransport
2013 documentary films
Documentary films about children in the Holocaust
Jews and Judaism in Philadelphia
HBO documentary films
Documentary films about child refugees
2010s American films


title: Marsiliana

text:
Marsiliana, known also as Marsiliana d'Albegna, is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Manciano, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 246.

Geography
Marsiliana is about 40 km from Grosseto and 18 km from Manciano. It is situated in southern Maremma, along the Maremmana Regional Road halfway between Manciano and the Tyrrhenian Sea at Albinia. The old centre of Marsiliana is situated on the top of a hill overlooking the river Albegna.

History
The territory of Marsiliana is known for the presence of Etruscan archaeological sites: the most important one is the area of Banditella, where a necropolis of more than one hundred tombs (8th-6th century BC) was discovered in 1908.

The village developed at the foot of the hill after the Riforma fondiaria (land reform) in the 1950s.

Buildings
 Maria Regina del Mondo, main parish church of the village, it was built in 1959 and designed by Carlo Boccianti.
 Farm of Marsiliana (12th century), old castle built by the Aldobrandeschi, it was then held by the Republic of Siena and then by the Medicis. It became a property of the Corsini family from Florence in the 18th century and they transformed the building into a fortified farmhouse. Next to the farm there is the chapel of Sant'Antonio Abate.
 Castle of Stachilagi (12th century), ancient fortification built by the Aldobrandeschi, it's now in ruins.

References

Bibliography
  Emanuele Repetti, «Marsiliana», Dizionario Geografico Fisico Storico della Toscana, 1833–1846.
 Antonio Minto, Marsiliana d'Albegna. Le scoperte archeologiche del principe don Tommaso Corsini, Florence, 1921.
 Andrea Camilli, Alice del Re, Carmine Sanchirico, Alessandra Pecci, Lucia Salvini, Elena Santoro, Andrea Zifferero, Evoluzione e caratteri del paesaggio protostorico ed etrusco a Marsiliana d'Albegna (Manciano, GR), in Nuccia Negroni Catacchio, Paesaggi reali e paesaggi mentali. Ricerche e scavi. Preistoria e protostoria in Etruria, Atti VIII, Milan, 2008, pp. 195–210.

See also
 Montemerano
 Poderi di Montemerano
 Poggio Capanne
 Poggio Murella
 San Martino sul Fiora
 Saturnia

Frazioni of Manciano