title: Sequel to Drum-Taps

text:
Sequel to Drum-Taps: When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd and other poems is a collection of eighteen poems written and published by American poet Walt Whitman in 1865.

Most of the poems in the collection reflect on the American Civil War (1861–1865), including the elegies "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" and "O Captain! My Captain!", which were written in response to the 1865 assassination of Abraham Lincoln. The poems of this book were later included in Leaves of Grass, Whitman's comprehensive collection of his poetry that was frequently expanded throughout his life.

Background
At the start of the American Civil War (1861–1865), Whitman moved from New York City to Washington, D.C. where he obtained work in a series of government offices, at first with the Army Paymaster's Office and later with the Bureau of Indian Affairs. He volunteered as a nurse in the army hospitals. His experience as a nurse informed his poetry, which matured into reflections on death and youth, the brutality of war, and patriotism; and offered stark images and vignettes of the war.

Many of his Civil War poems were assembled into a collection that Whitman titled Drum-Taps. After the publication and printing of Drum-Taps in Brooklyn in April 1865, Whitman intended to supplement the collection with several additional Civil War poems and a handful of new poems mourning the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln that he had written between April and June 1865.

After returning to Washington, D.C., in Summer 1865, Whitman contracted with Gibson Brothers to publish a pamphlet of eighteen poems—which he intended to include with copies of Drum-Taps—that would have two works directly addressing the assassination: the elegies "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" and "O Captain! My Captain!". The 24-page collection was titled Sequel to Drum-Taps and bore the subtitle When Lilacs Last in the Door-Yard Bloom'd and other poems; the titular poem, "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd", filled the first nine pages. In October, after the pamphlet was printed, Whitman travelled to Brooklyn to collate and bind them into copies of Drum-Taps. He added the poems from Drum-Taps and Sequel to Drum-Taps as a supplement to the fourth edition of Leaves of Grass, printed in 1867 by William E. Chapin.

Poems

The collection consisted of 18 poems, in the following order:
 When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd''
 "Race of Veterans"
 "O Captain! My Captain!"
 "Spirit whose work is done"
 "Chanting the Square Deific"
 "I heard you, solemn sweet pipes of the Organ"
 "Not my Enemies ever invade me"
 "O me! O life!"
 "Ah poverties, wincings, and sulky retreats"
 "As I lay with my head in your lap, Camerado"
 "This day, O Soul"
 "In clouds descending, in midnight sleep"
 "An Army on the march"
 "Dirge for Two Veterans"
 "How solemn, as one by one"
 "Lo! Victress on the Peaks!"
 "Reconciliation"
 "To the leaven'd Soil they trod"

References

External links

 The Walt Whitman Archive

American Civil War books
Poetry by Walt Whitman
American poetry collections
1865 books


title: Talaromyces atroroseus

text:
Talaromyces atroroseus is a species of fungus described as new to science in 2013. Found in soil and fruit, it was first identified from house dust collected in South Africa. The fungus produces a stable red pigment with no known toxins that, it is speculated, could be used in manufacturing, especially mass-produced foods.

References

Trichocomaceae
Fungi described in 2013
Fungi of Africa


title: History of the Jews in Baltimore

text:
Few Jews arrived in Baltimore, Maryland, in its early years. As an immigrant port of entry and border town between North and South and as a manufacturing center in its own right, Baltimore has been well-positioned to reflect developments in American Jewish life. Yet, the Jewish community of Baltimore has maintained its own distinctive character as well.

Earliest Jews in Baltimore

The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia states:

In 1781 Jacob Hart, father-in-law of Haym Salomon, headed a subscription of £2,000 ($10,000) loaned to Lafayette for the relief of the detachment under his command.

Jewish cemetery in 1786

The existence of a Jewish cemetery in 1786 indicates a Jewish community of some size. How long previous to that year the cemetery had been established is not known. The earliest mention of it occurs in a document (which was in the possession of Mr. Mendes Cohen of Baltimore), dated July 12, 1786, headed "Mr. Carroll's [Charles Carroll of Carrollton] claims". It is a "list of the names of the Persons who occupy the ground (supposed to be about 2 acres) on the east side of Jones's Falls, . . . with an account of the improvements". One of the items is "The Jews burying-ground, 1 small lot enclosed", situated in Ensor's Town, near East Monument street. A deed dated Dec. 26, 1801, conveys this same burying-ground from Charles Carroll to Levi Solomon and Solomon Etting, for a consideration of five shillings; and another, dated Dec. 29, 1801, for a consideration of $80, conveys it to the same parties from Wm. McMechen and John Leggett. Interment has been made in it as late as 1832, the same year in which the oldest Jewish cemetery now in use was established. No indications can be discovered of the removal of remains buried in it when the cemetery was abandoned.

According to the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia:

The Etting family

With the advent of the Etting family, the history of the Jewish community in Baltimore becomes better documented. It is uncertain when the Etting brothers, Reuben and Solomon, together with Levi Solomon, their uncle, came to Baltimore from York, Pa. On Jan. 4, 1796, Solomon Etting's name appears in the "Advertiser" as one of five persons authorized "to receive proposals in writing for a house or suitable lot" for a bank to be established in Baltimore Town. But there are indirect indications that the family settled in Baltimore before 1787. In the list of stockholders of the same bank, published at the end of 1796, appear the following names: Solomon, Kitty, Reuben, Shinah, and Hetty Etting; Jacob F., Philadelphia, Benjamin, and Hetty Levy; and Levy and Myer Solomon. In the first directory of "Baltimore Town and Fell's Point", also published in 1796 – the year of the incorporation of Baltimore as a city – there are, in addition to the above, two Harts, three Jacobs, Philip Itzchkin, – Kahn, Benjamin Lyon, Solomon Raphael, and Isaac Solomon; and in the lists of letters remaining at the post-office occur the names of Hhym Levenstene and Benjamin Myers. Accordingly, the Jewish Encyclopedia estimates the Jewish population of Baltimore in 1796 at fifteen families.

Jews elected to City Council

In 1798, the Collmus family arrived from Bohemia; and in 1808 the six sons of Israel J. Cohen came, with their mother, from Richmond, Va. The Cohens and the Ettings played a prominent part in the history of Baltimore Jewry, and in that of the city also. Both families acquired an enviable reputation for integrity and business tact; and their members were honored with offices of trust, by corporations and in the city government. Their names figure most prominently in the emancipation struggle of 1818–26, during which time the "Jew Bill" was debated in the legislature of Maryland. This bill proposed "to consider the justice and expediency of extending to those persons professing the Jewish religion the same privileges that are enjoyed by Christians". Immediately upon its passage, and its ratification in the legislative session of 1825–26, it was applied practically in the election of Solomon Etting and Jacob I. Cohen, JR., to seats in the city council of Baltimore.

In more recent times, the 5th District has been represented by two Jews, first by Rochelle "Rikki" Spector from 1977 to 2016, and then by Isaac "Yitzy" Schleifer since 2016, who is the second openly Orthodox Jew to hold office in Baltimore City.

Organization of Religious worship

After 1826, the recorded history of the Jews of Baltimore ceases to be the history of prominent individuals, and becomes that of a community. Almost coincidentally with the removal of civil disabilities occurs the first of a series of regular meetings for religious services, whose continuity has been uninterrupted. According to the recollections of one participant, this meeting took place in Holliday street, near Pleasant street, at the house of Zalma Rehiné, a former resident of Richmond, Va., and an uncle of Isaac Leeser. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, this may possibly have been the beginning of the congregation Nidche Israel, later known as the "Baltimore Hebrew Congregation," or as the "Stadt-Schul", probably because almost simultaneously with its origin another settlement of Jews, at Fell's Point – an outlying and at first separate district – began to crystallize into a congregation, called the "Fell's Point Hebrew Friendship Congregation", and regularly organized since 1838. The Nidche Israel soon found it necessary to rent rooms on North Exeter street, near what is now Lexington street. Thence the congregation moved to a one-story dwelling off High street, near the bend between Fayette and Gay streets, or near what is now Lexington street, the entrance being through a narrow alley. In 1837 a three-story brick building was bought, at the southwest corner of Harrison street and Ætna lane. In 1845 the congregation removed to Lloyd and Watson streets, the new synagogue being dedicated by the Rev. S. M. Isaacs of New York and the Rev. Isaac Leeser of Philadelphia, together with the ministers of the congregation, A. Rice and A. Ansell (Anshel). Here it worshiped until April 6, 1889, when a new building was erected on Madison avenue and Robert street. The date of the congregational charter is Jan. 29, 1830 (supplementary act, 1851). The incorporators were Moses Millem (Mulheim), Joseph Osterman, John M. Dyer, Louis Silver, and Levi Benjamin.

The first rabbi of the congregation was the above-mentioned Abraham Rice (Reiss), whose piety and character have left a lasting impress upon the community, especially through his influence upon the youths he taught, some of them later becoming its leaders. Rice established a school for instruction in Hebrew in 1845, and he officiated as the rabbi of the congregation from 1840 to 1849, and again from the spring of 1862 to Oct. 29 of the same year, the date of his death. Other rabbis of the congregation have been: Julius Spiro, in conjunction with Mr. Rice (1846–47); Henry Hochheimer (1849–59); B. Illoway (1859–61); Abraham Hofman (1868–73); Maurice Fluegel (1881–84); A. S. Bettelheim (1886–90); and Adolf Guttmacher (1891). The burial-ground belonging to the congregation was bought in 1832, at which time it covered three acres.

Rabbis of the Fell's Point Congregation, later worshiping on Eden street, have been: Aaron Günzburg (1848–56); Henry Hochheimer (1859–92); W. Willner (1892–94); Clifton H. Levy (1894–96): and M. Rosenstein (1896). This congregation, as well as the one or two chebrot of which records up to 1842 have been preserved, had separated from, or organized themselves independently of, the mother congregation, Nidche Israel, only for reasons of convenience, on account of the extended space over which the community was scattered.

In 1842 the desire for a radical change in the liturgy resulted in the formation of the Har Sinai Verein, whose rabbis have been: Max Sutro (about 1842); Moritz Brown (about 1849–55); David Einhorn (1855–61); S. Deutsch (1862–73); Jacob Mayer (1874–76); Emil G. Hirsch (1877–78); S. Sale (1878–83); David Philipson (1884–88); Tobias Shanfarber (1888–98); and Charles A. Rubenstein (1898). The congregation later erected a new house of worship on Bolton and Wilson streets. In 1873, a new charter was granted and the name was changed from Har Sinai Verein to Har Sinai Congregation.

"Oheb Shalom" Congregation

A similar desire for a revised liturgy, but along more conservative lines, led to the formation of the Oheb Shalom Congregation in September of 1853, on the part of a number of dissidents from the original body. Rabbis of this congregation, whose new synagogue on Eutaw place and Lanvale street was considered one of the most beautiful structures in the city, have included the following: – Salomon (1854); S. M. Landsberg (1856–57); Benjamin Szold; and William Rosenau (1892). Alois Kaiser, known as a composer of synagogue music, was the cantor of this congregation.

This was followed by the formation of three Orthodox congregations, the earliest of which was the Bikur Cholim Congregation, incorporated in 1865. The Chizuk Emoonah Congregation was formed in 1871 by dissidents from the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation, which had begun to introduce innovations into the synagogue service. The rabbi of the Chizuk Emoonah was Henry W. Schneeberger, who occupied the rabbinate beginning in 1876. A new synagogue was later built by the congregation at McCulloh and Mosher streets. In 1878, the Shearith Israel Congregation was formed by the consolidation of two small congregations. Schepschel Schaffer was its rabbi from 1893 to 1928.

Since then, in the organization of twenty other congregations in Baltimore – only eight of which having a house of worship of their own – the determining factor, in a few cases, has been convenience of locality, but more frequently the bond of national affiliation brought from European countries and reinforced by conservatism in religious sentiment.

An attempt was made in 1856–59 to hold services according to the liturgy of the Spanish and Portuguese Sephardim, of which Solomon Nunes Carvalho was the chief promoter. The congregation was regularly organized in 1857, under the name "Beth Israel", with Jacob M. De Solla as minister.

Of the eight large cemeteries in the city, one, called "Rosedale", was used by seven congregations and three societies; another, on the Philadelphia road, by eight congregations and two societies; and a third, on the Washington road, by three congregations and one society. Each of five congregations, the Baltimore Hebrew, the Fell's Point, the Har Sinai, the Oheb Shalom, and the B'nai Israel, had a cemetery of its own. Besides, there was a small cemetery, now disused, on the Philadelphia road, which was formerly maintained by what was called, for unknown reasons, "Die Irische Ḥebra". The Cohen family and the Etting family owned private cemeteries.

Charitable societies

The first charitable association was the Hebrew Assistance Society (1843?), incorporated in 1856 as the "Hebrew Benevolent Society of Baltimore". In the latter year was founded also the Hebrew Ladies' Sewing Society, which, though an independent body, has always adapted its activities to those of the general organization. The building of the Hebrew Hospital and Asylum Association – a society for the care of the sick and the shelter of the aged – was dedicated in 1868, the first steps toward this end having been taken in 1859; and in 1872 the Hebrew Orphan Asylum was established. Both these institutions had active auxiliary organizations. The other charitable institutions with permanent homes were the Hebrew Friendly Inn and Aged Home, established in 1891, and the Working Girls' Home, founded in 1899 by the Daughters in Israel, and supported by that association.

There were, besides, two Hebrew free burial societies, a Hebrew free loan association, the Daughters in Israel of Baltimore City (a personal service sisterhood with various activities), and a number of mutual benefit and relief associations. The Baron de Hirsch Fund from the first established a local committee in Baltimore whose affairs have been administered by Dr. A. Friedenwald.

Educational establishments

Congregational schools, at which daily instruction was given in Hebrew and German, and later in English, flourished until after 1870. The most successful were conducted by Joseph Sachs and Jonas Goldsmith. The Society for Educating Poor and Orphan Hebrew Children (later named "Hebrew Education Society of Baltimore") was founded in 1852, and incorporated in 1860. In 1901, it had two schools, a daily Hebrew school, and a weekly mission school for religious instruction, whose work was supplemented by that of the Frank Free Sabbath School, established and supported by Mrs. S. L. Frank. The first Sunday school, patterned after the one founded by Miss Rebecca Gratz in Philadelphia, was opened in 1856. In it a large number of children were taught during the years preceding the establishment of congregational religious schools. The Talmud Torah School, with a building of its own, was established in 1889, and the Hebrew Free Kindergarten and Day Nursery in 1895. The organization known as "The Maccabeans" maintained an evening class and a library for the use of boys and young men; continuing in a measure the work begun by the Night School, existing from 1889 to 1899 under the auspices of the Isaac bar Levison Hebrew Literary Society, and supported in part by the Baron de Hirsch Fund, for the purpose of teaching English to immigrants.

At three different times short-lived attempts have been made to maintain Young Men's Hebrew associations, the first of which existed from 1854 to 1860.

In 1941, Rabbi Samuel Rosenblatt founded the Beth Tfiloh Community School. In 2000, Beth Tfiloh Community School was named a 2000-2001 National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence and was one of 12 schools nationally to also receive an award for Special Emphasis in Technology.

There were three Zionist societies; a branch of the Alliance Israélite Universelle; a section and a junior section of the Council of Jewish Women; six lodges of the Independent Order B'nai B'rith; three of the Independent Order B'rith Abraham; one of the Independent Order Free Sons of Israel; three of the Independent Order Free Sons of Judah; four of the Independent Order Sons of Benjamin; five of the Order Ahawas Israel; seven of the Order B'rith Abraham; and one of the Order Kesher Shel Barzel.

Chabad continues the legacy of Jewish education in Baltimore.

Newspapers
The Jewish newspapers published in Baltimore have been: "Sinai" (a German periodical devoted to interests of radical reform, edited by Dr. David Einhorn, 1856–61, and one year in Philadelphia); "The Jewish Chronicle" (1875–77); "Der Fortschritt" (Yiddish, June–July, 1890); "Der Baltimore Israelit" (Yiddish, 1891–93); "Ha-Pisgah" (Hebrew, 1891–93, continued in Chicago); "Jewish Comment" (1895); "Der Wegweiser" (Yiddish, 1896); and the Baltimore Jewish Times.

Public and professional life

The Jews of Baltimore have participated fully in the civic life of the town and the state, and have taken some part in national affairs. In the city, Jews have filled numerous minor offices, notably as councilmen, justices of the peace, supervisors of elections, and in the city law department, as well as on boards and special commissions. Myer Block was judge of the Orphans' Court in Baltimore; Jacob H. Hollander was secretary to the International Bimetallic Commission, and the first treasurer of Porto Rico under American jurisdiction. Isidor Rayner served as representative in the fiftieth, the fifty-second, and the fifty-third congresses, after having sat in the House of Delegates and the Senate of the state; later he was attorney-general of the state. Among the state senators have been Jacob M. Moses and Lewis Putzel; and among the delegates: Mendes I. Cohen, Martin Emerich, Harry A. Fuld, M. S. Hess, Emanuel H. Jacobi, Martin Lehmayer, Lewis Putzel, and Charles J. Wiener. In the business world the Jews of Baltimore have occupied an important position. To a great extent they controlled the manufacture of wearing apparel for men. Several of the largest department stores were conducted by Jews; and as financiers they bore an enviable reputation for probity and for a spirit of far-sighted and cautious enterprise.

Baltimore Jews have had prominent representatives in all the professions. Jewish physicians, men and women, have occupied positions as professors in the medical colleges, including: A. B. Arnold, Joshua I. Cohen, Aaron Friedenwald, Harry Friedenwald, and Julius Friedenwald. Jews have devoted themselves to the writing of medical and legal works. There were Jewish journalists on the editorial staffs of several of the daily newspapers. The following Jews have been connected with Johns Hopkins University in the capacity of professors and instructors: J. J. Sylvester, Fabian Franklin, Abraham Cohen, Maurice Bloomfield, Cyrus Adler, J. H. Hollander, Simon Flexner, Caspar Levias, William Rosenau and Rabbi Samuel Rosenblatt. In the public schools upward of sixty Jewish teachers were employed. Ephraim Keyser has won reputation as a sculptor, and Mendes Cohen as a civil engineer.

The wider educational life has found promoters among the Jews. Jacob I. Cohen, JR., was active in the establishment of the public-school system of Baltimore; and his nephews were instrumental in placing in the Johns Hopkins University the "Cohen Collection of Egyptian Antiquities", collected by his brother, Col. Mendes I. Cohen, in Egypt. At the same university Leopold Strouse established a rabbinical library, to which he made annual additions; Mrs. S. L. Frank and Albert W. Rayner have founded a Semitic fellowship in memory of their father, William S. Rayner; and Henry and Mrs. Sonneborn have presented the university with a collection of Jewish ceremonial objects. At the Cohen residence was a library valuable to Bible students, collected by Dr. Joshua I. Cohen (a catalogue of this library, compiled by Cyrus Adler, was privately printed in 1887).

Military services

Jews enlisted from Baltimore for service in each of the national wars. Nathaniel Levy fought under Lafayette in the campaign of 1781; and Reuben Etting (not the one mentioned above) was taken prisoner by the British at Charlestown. Among the defenders of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore, during the War of 1812, were the brothers Mendes I. and Philip I. Cohen. In the Mexican war, Moritz Henry Weil served as a private in Company A, Third Regiment, United States Artillery, and Louis Hamburger as a private in Company C, Baltimore Battalion. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, "[a] company of militia composed entirely of Jews was formed, with Levi Benjamin as first lieutenant; but it is not probable that it saw active service". In the Civil war there were as many Baltimore Jews in the Confederate as in the Federal army. Leopold Blumenberg served as brevet brigadier-general, United States Volunteers, Fifth Maryland Infantry (see S. Wolf, The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier, and Citizen, pp. 199, 200, 412). To the Spanish–American War, Baltimore Jewry sent its due quota of soldiers (see American Jewish Year Book 5661, pp. 563–565).

A few street names reveal the early presence of Jews: According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, there were two alleys, each called "Jew alley", one in the eastern section of the city, on which the old burying-ground is situated; and the other in the western section, probably deriving its name from residences of Jews on Eutaw street; Abraham street, in close proximity to the old burying-ground; Cohen alley, so named from the residence of one of the Cohen brothers on Mulberry street; and Etting street, of obvious derivation.

Statistics

In 1825, while the "Jew Bill" was under discussion, Solomon Etting computed the number of Jews in Maryland to be 150. A directory of 1835 gives the names of 40 householders in Baltimore, identified as Jews by a Jewish resident whose memory goes back to that year. To these can be added at least 15 more names culled from the records of the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation, making a Jewish population of about 300 souls, bearing such names as Cohen, Dyer, Friedenwald, Horwitz, Kayton, Keyser, Preiss, and Rosenstock, whose descendants continued to be prominent in Baltimore and other cities. In the "Occident" of Dec., 1856, an anonymous correspondent put the number of Jews then residing in the city at 8,000 – an exaggerated estimate according to the Jewish Encyclopedia. In 1901 estimates of the Jewish population varied from 35,000 to 40,000, in a total population of 508,957.

According to a survey conducted by the Associated Jewish Federation of Baltimore, around 8,000 Jews of color lived in Baltimore, constituting 8% of the Jewish population. Baltimore Jews of color include African-American Jews, Asian Jews, Latino Jews, and others. The majority of the city's Jewish population are white and Ashkenazi. Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews in Baltimore may or may not identify as or be considered Jews of color by society. 39% of Jewish adults in the city identified as secular Jews or as "just Jewish", rather than belonging to a movement such as Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist, or Orthodox. 21% of Baltimore's Jewish community was Orthodox. 10% of Jewish households included a member who identified as LGBT.

Notable Jews from Baltimore

Deceased

Rosalie Silber Abrams
Bernard Ades
Larry Adler
David Bachrach
Jacob Beser
Elsbeth Levy Bothe
Leo Bretholz
Gustav Brunn
Meyer Cardin
Solomon Nunes Carvalho
Cass Elliot
Andy Cohen
Jacob I. Cohen Jr.
Syd Cohen
Cone sisters
Paul L. Cordish
Martin Dannenberg
Daniel Ellison
Walter M. Elsasser
Martin Emerich
Solomon Etting
Jane Frank
Joseph H. Flom
Samuel Friedel
Jacob Glushakow
Philip H. Goodman
Brooke Greenberg
Norman Hackerman
Willard Hackerman
Jacob Hollander
Hochschild family, important merchants
Hutzler brothers, important merchants
Alois Kaiser
Ephraim Keyser
Kohn family, important merchants
Rose Kushner
Edgar M. Lazarus
Morris Louis
David Macht
Marvin Mandel
Joseph Meyerhoff
Abbie Mitchell
Moses Cohen Mordecai
Victor Posner
Arlene Raven
Isidor Rayner
Adrienne Rich
Arnold Rice Rich
Martin Rodbell
Carroll Rosenbloom
Mike Schemer
Max Scherr
Karl Shapiro
Chip Silverman
Simon Sobeloff
Gertrude Stein
Henrietta Szold
Leon Uris
Sam Warner
David E. Weglein
Harry Benjamin Wolf
Rabbi Samuel Rosenblatt
Allan Burns
Liebe Sokol Diamond
Barry Farber
David Jacobs
Mark A.R. Kleiman
Yaphet Kotto
Margo Lion
Stephen H. Sachs

Faculty of Johns Hopkins University

Cyrus Adler
Maurice Bloomfield
Simon Flexner
Arthur Grollman
Frederick Jelinek
James Joseph Sylvester
Rabbi Samuel Rosenblatt

Rabbis

Conservative
Jacob B. Agus
Moshe Cotel
Arthur Hertzberg

Orthodox

Mordechai Gifter
Avigdor Miller
Abraham Rice
Yaakov Yitzchok Ruderman
Rabbi Samuel Rosenblatt

Reform

David Einhorn
Emil G. Hirsch
Jacob Mayer
William Rosenau
Benjamin Szold

Living

Dalya Attar
Elise Burgin
Ben Cardin
Josh Charles
Jeff Cohen
Gary Gensler
Ira Glass
Philip Glass
Tamir Goodman
Brian Gottfried
Martin Greenfield
Robert Hormats
Marsha Ivins
Anya Kamenetz
Rodger Kamenetz
Brian Kowitz
Steve Krulevitz
Jay Landsman
Barry Levinson
Y-Love
Jamie McCourt
Alfred H. Moses
Ken Mehlman
Joseph Parnes
Paul Israel Pickman
Rain Pryor
Samuel I. Rosenberg
John Rothman
Thomas Rothman
David Rubenstein
David I. Saperstein
Elissa Silverman
David Simon
Alix Spiegel
Bert Vogelstein
Wendy Weinberg
Matthew Weiner
Jason Winer
Joanna Zeiger

Rabbis

Jewish Renewal
Arthur Waskow

Orthodox
Aharon Feldman
Yissocher Frand
Yaakov Menken
Shlomo Porter
Jonathan Rosenblatt

Fictional Jews from Baltimore

Jay Landsman, a fictional character on the HBO drama The Wire, played by actor Delaney Williams.
Maurice Levy, a fictional character on the HBO drama The Wire, played by actor Michael Kostroff.
John Munch, a fictional character played by actor Richard Belzer first appearing on the NBC crime drama television series Homicide: Life on the Street.

Notable Jewish buildings and structures in Baltimore

Baltimore Hebrew University
Jewish Museum of Maryland
Sinai Hospital
Yeshivas Ner Yisroel
Young Men's and Young Women's Hebrew Association Building

Notable Synagogues in Baltimore

Conservative

Beth Am
Chizuk Amuno Congregation
Beth El Congregation

Orthodox

Shearith Israel
B'nai Israel Synagogue
Congregation Arugas Habosem
Congregation Shomrei Emunah
Congregation Tiferes Yisroel
Shaarei Tfiloh Synagogue
Beth Tfiloh Congregation

Reform

Baltimore Hebrew Congregation
Temple Oheb Shalom

No longer active as Synagogues

Baltimore Hebrew Congregation Synagogue
Lloyd Street Synagogue

Further reading

 Fein, Isaac M. The making of an American Jewish community; the history of Baltimore Jewry from 1773 to 1920, Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1971.

External links

 Baltimore Jewish Council website
 Guide to the Etting Family of Baltimore and Philadelphia Collection at the American Jewish Historical Society.
 The Jewish Community of Baltimore, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot

References

Jewish
Baltimore
.
Baltimore
Baltimore


title: Motivational Jumpsuit

text:
Motivational Jumpsuit is the 21st album by Dayton, Ohio rock group Guided by Voices. It was released in February 2014 under their own record label, Guided by Voices Inc. It reached #18 on the Top Heatseekers chart.

Track listing

References

Guided by Voices albums
2014 albums
Self-released albums
Fire Records (UK) albums


title: Chisocheton cumingianus subsp. balansae

text:
Chisocheton cumingianus subsp. balansae is a subspecies of Chisocheton cumingianus. It is a tree in the Meliaceae family. The tree is named for the French botanist Benjamin Balansa. The habitat is tropical forests: C.  cumingianus subsp. balansae is found in mainland Asia.

References

cumingianus subsp. balansae
Plants described in 1894
Trees of Asia
Plant subspecies


title: Blue River virus

text:
Blue River virus (BRV) is a single-stranded, negative sense RNA virus of New World hantavirus isolated from a white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) near the Blue River in Jackson County, Missouri in 1995. Its genome is similar to Sin Nombre orthohantavirus (SNV) but varies in the S1 and S2 segments. Like Sin Nombre orthohantavirus, Blue River virus causes Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in humans.

Natural reservoir
As with all hantavirus species and their reservoirs, Blue River virus is unique to the white-footed mouse.

Transmission
As has been shown with other hantaviruses, transmission is through droplet respiration when rodent excreta becomes aerosolized. Blue River virus has not been shown to transfer via person-to-person.

See also
 1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak

References

External links
 "Hantaviruses, with emphasis on Four Corners Hantavirus" by Brian Hjelle, M.D., Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico
 CDC's Hantavirus Technical Information Index page
 Viralzone: Hantavirus
 Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Hantaviridae
 Occurrences and deaths in North and South America
 Blue River virus genome

Hantaviridae
Zoonoses
Infraspecific virus taxa


title: Darevskia chlorogaster

text:
Darevskia chlorogaster, the greenbelly lizard, is a lizard species in the genus Darevskia. It is found in Azerbaijan and Iran.

References

Darevskia
Reptiles described in 1908
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger


title: Wai Lwin

text:
Wai Lwin () is a retired senior Myanmar Army officer, who served as the Minister of Defence from September 2012 to 13 August 2015. He previously served as a military representatives of Yangon Region Hluttaw. He is the Central Executive Committee member of the Union Solidarity and Development Party.

Biography
Wai Lwin was born on 4 November 1954 in Kyaunggon, Ayeyarwady Region.
He graduated in 1976 from the 16th intake of the Defence Services Academy.
He served as a former deputy commander of Yangon Region from 2003 to 2006 and as military commander of the Naypyidaw region from May 2006 to July 2012. In July 2012, he was appointed into the Yangon Region Hluttaw to replace Captain Lin Lin Kyaw, becoming the highest-ranked military member serving in a regional parliament.

He was on the EU blacklist from December 2003 until May 2012. Wai Lwin was temporarily suspended in August 2011 for suspicions of corruption and is a close associate of Than Shwe, former chairman of the State Peace and Development Council.

Wai Lwin is married to Swe Swe Oo, and the couple have children, namely Wai Phyo Aung, Wai Phyo, and Lwin Yamin.

References

1954 births
People from Ayeyarwady Region
Living people
Burmese generals
Defence ministers of Myanmar
Defence Services Academy alumni


title: Poverty in Ontario

text:
Poverty in Ontario refers to people living in the province of Ontario, Canada who are deprived of or facing serious challenges in meeting basic needs such as shelter, food, clothing and other essential needs. Based on relative and absolute measures, there is a significant level of poverty in Ontario.

Measures of poverty
The provincial or federal governments of Ontario do not use a single poverty measure. Statistics Canada provides several poverty indicating measures such as Low-Income Measure (LIM), Low-Income Cut-Off (LICO) and Market-Basket Measure (MBM). Other measures used include Depth of Poverty and Ontario Housing Measure. Most of these measures are relative indicators of poverty. They are most effective in analyzing the characteristics of the relatively worst off families and reporting trends. The Ontario government uses an array of these measures for its programs.

Several reports have provided insights about the absolute level of poverty in Ontario. According to the Household Food Insecurity in Canada report by University of Toronto affiliated research group PROOF, 8.2% of Ontario's households face severe or moderate food insecurity. According to the 2011 Household Food Insecurity in Canada report, 16.4% of children were living in food insecure households. According to the Salvation Army's "Canada Speaks" Exposing Persistent Myths About the 150,000 Canadians Living on the Streets report 6% of Ontarians are or have been homeless.

Many aboriginal communities in Ontario such as Attawapiskat, Pikangikum, Constance Lake, Eabametoong and Kashechewan have been compared to the world's poorest. They are severely lacking in basic infrastructure including clean water, sanitation, housing, roads, education, health and employment services.

Demographics of poverty
Poverty impacts at-risk groups severely. These groups include children, women, disabled persons, single parents, aboriginals, recent immigrants, visible minorities and rural communities. For instance, in 2006 57% of First Nations children lived in low-income families compared to 21% of the non-aboriginal children. Low-income rate for lone-parents is twice that of others. Regardless of marital status, education or age, racialized groups (non-aboriginal, non-white) face high levels of poverty. In Toronto, 62% of the poor persons are from racialized groups.

Poverty by region
In Ontario, poverty is concentrated in certain regions or neighbourhoods. As noted above, many aboriginal communities face extreme poverty. According to the Poverty by Postal Code report there has been a "dramatic rise in the number of higher poverty neighbourhoods in the City of Toronto in the last two decades, approximately doubling every ten years, from 30 in 1981, to 66 in 1991, to 120 in 2001". Communities impacted by sharp decline in manufacturing such as Windsor and Peterborough have a high proportion of low-income neighbourhoods.

Effects of poverty

Health
Poverty is an independent risk factor and social determinant of health; the lower the income level the poorer the health outcomes. In Ontario, poverty has been associated with increased rate of chronic and acute illnesses, mental illnesses, obesity and decreased life expectancy. For example, "twice as many men in the lower income group reported having diabetes as those in the highest income group, while low income women were 2.5 times as likely to have diabetes as high income women".

Poverty contributes to increased health expenditure. "It was estimated that in 2007, increasing the income of people in the lowest income quintile in Ontario to a level comparable to those in the second quintile would reduce health-care expenditures by $2.9 billion provincially and $7.6 billion federally."

Education
Poverty is directly linked to lower educational outcomes. Poor students face several structural and individual disadvantages due to their condition. Public schools in poor neighborhoods do not have the capacity to fundraise as schools in the rich neighborhoods. Low income households lack in school readiness and educational resources. Majority of poor students are "streamed" towards non-academic subjects in high schools. Educational funding and policies fail to adequately address educational resource and outcome inequalities. These factors contribute to much lower educational outcomes for poor students.

Majority of students dropping out of school in Ontario are raised in homes earning less than $30 000 a year. Poor students score 20-30% less in EQAO math and literacy tests than students from high income households. "In Canada, only 31% of youth from the bottom income quartile attended post-secondary education compared with 50.2% in the top income quartile."

Economy
Poverty greatly impacts the economic productivity of Ontario. In 2008, it was estimated that Ontario loses $4 to $6.1 billion every year due to lost income tax revenue. Canada's economic development minister Tony Clement noted "chronic housing shortages, low education outcomes and lack of access to clean drinking water jeopardize the ability of local First Nations to benefit from the significant economic, employment and business development opportunities associated with the Ring of Fire developments."

Poverty leads to increased government costs in health care, policing and crime related costs, and social services. In 2008, it was estimated that "federal and Ontario government are losing at least $10.4 billion to $13.1 billion a year due to poverty, a loss equal to between 10.8 to 16.6 per cent of the provincial budget".

Crime
Poverty and crime are interlinked on several fronts. Although studies have shown that a direct link does not exist between poverty and criminal behaviour, the majority of people arrested, convicted and imprisoned for crime are young males from low-income families. Low income aboriginals and black youth are over represented in Ontario's correctional system by many multiples. For example, "aboriginal boys aged 12 to 17 make up 2.9 per cent of the young male population. But in Ontario youth facilities they make up nearly 15 per cent of young male admissions. For black boys, the proportion of jail admissions is four times higher."

Low-income at-risk people receive more police attention, are more likely to be detained, arrested, denied bail, plead guilty, get convicted and have more difficulty reintegrating than their higher income counterparts.

Many laws target or disproportionately criminalize the poor. For example, the 1999 Safe Streets Act prohibits squeegeeing and "aggressive panhandling". In 2007, "National Anti-Drug Strategy was shifted from Health Canada to the Justice Department". Canada's prostitution laws have also been criticized as punishing the marginalized women. In Toronto, there have been efforts to prohibit homeless people from sleeping on the city streets and sidewalks.

Policing and justice system impose significant costs on governments. In 2008, it was estimated that Canada and Ontario can save $1.25 billion to $2.6 billion in crime-related costs by addressing poverty related factors of crime.

Social effects
The Canadian Senate report Reducing Barriers to Social Inclusion and Social Cohesion identified that "groups that are most at risk of low income, inadequate housing, and homelessness" are the same groups at risk of social exclusion. The same report identified poverty as an impediment to so social inclusion and social cohesion. Social Planning and Research Council of Hamilton‟s Social Landscape report showed that "there were more areas of lower voter turnout in the parts of the riding with high rates of low income". Lower political participation, increased tension between communities and economic segregation increase the risk of social and political instability in Ontario.

See also
 Poverty in Canada
 Homelessness in Canada
 Unemployment in Ontario
 Ontario Basic Income Pilot Project

References

Poverty in Canada
Economy of Ontario


title: Nebrarctia guttata

text:
Nebrarctia guttata is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Nikolay Grigoryevich Erschoff in 1874. It is found in western Tien Shan, Hissar and eastern Afghanistan.

References

Spilosomina
Moths described in 1874


title: Nebrarctia hunza

text:
Nebrarctia hunza is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Josef J. de Freina in 1997. It is found in northern Pakistan.

References

Spilosomina
Moths described in 1997


title: Nebrarctia semiramis

text:
Nebrarctia semiramis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Otto Staudinger in 1891. It is found in Turkey, Pakistan and Iran.

Subspecies
Nebrarctia semiramis semiramis
Nebrarctia semiramis elbursi (Daniel, 1937) (Pakistan)

References

Spilosomina
Moths described in 1891


title: Bec Woods

text:
Rebecca 'Bec' Woods (born 14 September 1984) is an Australian professional surfer from Copacabana, New South Wales, Australia.

The 2013 season would be Woods's ninth consecutive year on the Women's ASP World Tour.

Woods won the Australian Junior Surfing Title in 2002 at age 16, then went on to become the World Junior Surfing Champion in 2004 at age 18. She debuted on the elite Women's ASP World Championship Tour in 2005 at age 19.

External links
Bec Wood's Personal Athlete Website

Living people
1984 births
Australian female surfers
Sportswomen from New South Wales
World Surf League surfers


title: Neeressa palawanensis

text:
Neeressa palawanensis is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Wileman and West in 1928. It is found in the Philippines.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1928


title: Neeressa sagada

text:
Neeressa sagada is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Georg Semper in 1898. It is found on Luzon in the Philippines.

References

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1898


title: Neeressa whiteheadi

text:
Neeressa whiteheadi is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Rothschild in 1910. It is found in the Philippines (Luzon).

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1910


title: Coscinium fenestratum

text:
Coscinium fenestratum, or yellow vine as it is sometimes referred to in English, is a flowering woody climber, native to South Asia and Mainland Southeast Asia. It is rare and critically endangered in many of its habitats.

Coscinium fenestratum is a member of the family Menispermaceae and the genus Coscinium. The plant is known by many different names, such as: Tree turmeric, False calumba, Colombo weed, Weni wel(වෙනිවැල්), Weniwelgeta (වෙනිවැල්ගැට) (in Sinhala), Daru Haridra (in Sanskrit), Mara Manjal (in Tamil and Malayalam), Haem herb (in Thai), Voer Romiet (in Khmer), etc..

Description
Coscinium fenestratum is a sturdy woody climber with leathery, shiny leaves and bright yellow sap. It is dioecious, flowering and fruiting in August to October. The fruits consists of one or two drupes up to  across. The plant has a generation span of 25 years.

Distribution
The habitat for Coscinium fenestratum spans South Asia and parts of Southeast Asia, from India to Indonesia. It can only thrive in a tropical climate and prefers mixed and dense evergreen forest, with fertile soil and high moisture.

The plant has been determined to be native to Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats in India. It is unclear if the populations in Cambodia, Vietnam and west Malaysia are truly wild or the result of cultivation.

Use
Coscinium fenestratum has a long history as a medicinal plant in the various traditional medicines of the region where it grows. This includes Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha medicine in India, Sinhala medicine in Sri Lanka, the Kru Khmer healing traditions in Cambodia, traditional Vietnamese medicine of Thuoc Nam, etc.. The plant is used for a large variety of diseases and conditions, from fevers and diabetes to celiac disease and snake bites. It is unclear if all these medicinal uses of C. fenestratum are backed up by science, but laboratory tests have shown that the plant has potent bioactive properties.

There is speculation that C. fenestratum might also have found a modern use in the illegal drug market industry.

Bioactive compounds
The primary bioactive ingredient in Coscinium fenestratum is berberine, but also palmatine and jatrorrhizine.

Critically endangered
Because of the growing populations and industrialization of Asia, the demand for Coscinium fenestratum has increased manifold in the last decades, decimating the natural distribution of the plant dramatically. It is therefore now listed as rare and critically endangered in many of its habitats. Some of these habitats are designated as protected areas or national parks, but that has not safeguarded the plant from opportunistic gathering.

Considering the entirety of C. fenestratum'''s range, not enough field data is available as of 2015 for any reliable assessment of its global status in the IUCN Red List. Locally however, IUCN has categorized C. fenestratum as follows:

 India: Critically endangered (1997, 2010, 2016)
 Sri Lanka: Indiscriminate (1997, 2015)
 Vietnam: Vulnerable (since 1997)
 Cambodia, Vietnam and west Malaysia: Data deficient (2015)

The Indian and Sri Lankan populations of C. fenestratum are probably the most disturbed and severely affected. Over a 75 year period (three generations for this species), the plant population has been reduced by 80% due to indiscriminate gathering by local people. Hardly any mature plants are left in the wild.

Experiments with cultivating Coscinium fenestratum, instead of harvesting the plant in its natural environment, is carried out at present.

 Trade and regulations
, an estimated  of raw material from C. fenestratum is traded each year in India (Ved and Goraya 2008). It is illegal to export C. fenestratum from India.

In some areas, like Cambodia and Laos for instance, C. fenestratum'' is harvested on a large scale and subsequently processed with toxic acids, posing a pollution threat to the local eco-systems. It is unclear who buys the yellow vine extractions, and for what purpose they are used. In Cambodia, hazardous processing like these are illegal since 2002 and since 2006 it has also been illegal to export both yellow vine and "yellow vine powder".

References

Sources

 Documentary film: Death in the Forest; David O'Shea (reporter). SBS Dateline 2012. Investigations on the shooting of environmental activist Chut Wutty.

Menispermaceae
Critically endangered flora of Asia
Medicinal plants of Asia
Flora of tropical Asia


title: Neidalia dognini

text:
Neidalia dognini is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in French Guiana, Peru, Costa Rica and Hispaniola.

References

Phaegopterina
Moths described in 1909


title: Neidalia ockendeni

text:
Neidalia ockendeni is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Walter Rothschild in 1910. It is found in Peru.

References

Phaegopterina
Moths described in 1910


title: Neidalia orientalis

text:
Neidalia orientalis is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Walter Rothschild in 1933. It is found in Brazil.

References

Phaegopterina
Moths described in 1933


title: Cornelius Osten

text:
Cornelius Osten (11 February 1863, in Bremen – 6 September 1936, in Montevideo) was a German businessman and botanist known for his investigations of Uruguayan flora. He specialized in studies of the botanical family Cyperaceae (sedges).

In 1896 he emigrated to Uruguay, where he worked with José Arechavaleta, director of the natural history museum in Montevideo. In 1934 he was awarded with an honorary doctorate from the University of Göttingen. His herbarium of 23,000 items was bequeathed to the natural history museum in Montevideo.

The plant genus Ostenia (family Alismataceae) was named in his honor by Franz Georg Philipp Buchenau.

Selected works
 "Plantae Uruguayenses. 1 Pteridophyta", 1925 (with Wilhelm Gustav Franz Herter) – On Pteridophyta of Uruguay.
 Las ciperáceas del Uruguay, 1931 – Cyperaceae native to Uruguay.
 Sobre el descubrimiento de una Gunnera en el pais, 1933 (with Wilhelm Gustav Franz Herter) – On the discovery of Gunnera in the country.
 Notas sobre cactáceas – Notes on Cactaceae.

References

1863 births
1936 deaths
20th-century German botanists
Businesspeople from Bremen (city)
Emigrants from the German Empire
People from the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
Immigrants to Uruguay


title: Neidalia villacresi

text:
Neidalia villacresi is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Paul Dognin in 1894. It is found in Ecuador.

References

Phaegopterina
Moths described in 1894


title: Chooks-to-Go

text:
Chooks-to-Go is a chain of stores owned by Bounty Agro Ventures, Inc. (BAVI), a privately owned company operating in the Philippines. It offers roast chicken and processed meat for take-out.

History
Chooks-to-Go is a brand of Bounty Agro Ventures, Inc. (BAVI), a company established in 1997, which was originally engaged in selling raw poultry products. The influx of cheaper raw poultry goods from other Southeast Asian countries with the implementation of the ASEAN Free Trade Area in the late-1990s led to BAVI to set up Chooks-to-Go, a retail chain which sells roast chicken products.

Chooks-to-Go was launched by BAVI in 2008. Its name combines "chooks" (the Australian casual term for chicken) with "to-go" to indicate its take-out-only format.

Products

Chooks-to-Go offers oven-roasted chicken in sweet and pepper roast flavors. Fried Chooks is chicken that is fried after roasting, creating a deep flavoured taste. Other products are Juicy Liempo, Fried Chicken and Chix 22. Chilled products include Chicken Licken hotdogs, Chicken Nuggets, Spicy Necks and Bounty Fresh Valentino Chicken. Fresh Chicken, Chicken Cut-Ups and Marinado are available under the Chooksie's brand.

A full service outlet carries 11 SKUs, including chilled dressed chicken and marinated products.

Operations
Store personnel are trained and constantly evaluated to maintain high standards of operation and quality of service. Recent results from a UAI study by Consumer Vibe Asia (2012 Project Seneca) showed a satisfaction score of 7.5 out of 10, for Chooks-To-Go in the food services arena. To keep quality at the desired level, the brand established the BAVI Academy, which provides in-house training for outlet personnel, and other areas of operations.

Chooks-to-Go has a delivery service for certain areas for a minimal fixed delivery fee of PHP30. Customer Service Associates take telephone orders and relay these to hubs, with software automatically determining the nearest hub based on customer location.

For marketing, Chooks-to-Go periodically conducts promotions, which may be on a national or local level. Site selection guidelines are strictly observed, while pre-opening campaigns for new stores are held and in-store merchandising is standardized.

See also
 Chooks-to-Go Pilipinas
 Tacloban Fighting Warays

References

External links

Philippine brands
Restaurant chains in the Philippines
Brand name meats
Fast-food poultry restaurants
Fast-food chains of the Philippines
Restaurants established in 2008


title: Nelphe relegatum

text:
Nelphe relegatum is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by William Schaus in 1911. It is found the southern United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Peru.

References

External links

Euchromiina
Moths described in 1911


title: Headbands of Hope

text:
Headbands of Hope, LLC is an organization founded by Jessica Ekstrom who wanted to make a difference in the lives of children battling cancer. For every item sold, a headband is donated to a child battling cancer. Since launching in 2012, Headbands of Hope has donated over 285,000 headbands to every hospital across the United States and in thirteen countries in addition, in more recent times she's donated around 650,000 headbands to children with illnesses globally. Headbands of Hope is carried in thousands of stores across the world. They've been featured on the TODAY Show, Good Morning America, Vanity Fair, Seventeen Magazine, and even supported by celebrities like Lea Michele, Lauren Conrad, Kelsea Ballerini, Lili Reinhart and more.    Headbands of Hope is a for-profit organization.

History
Headbands of Hope was envisioned by Ekstrom after an internship at the  Make-A-Wish Foundation in 2011.  Noticing that many girls who received treatment preferred wearing headbands instead of wigs, Ekstrom began to work  distributing headbands to them. The organization  launched in April 2012. By January 31, 2013, the organization had donated more than 3,000 headbands. The  style of delivery, sending the headbands to hospitals rather than individual patients, was taken from TOMS Shoes, a supporter of the organization. Other products include shirts and bumper stickers.

Production
The headbands, made in a variety of shapes and sizes, are mostly adjustable. They are tagged and branded in their warehouse in Cornelius, North Carolina.  Ekstrom chose the company with help from the College of Design and the College of Textiles at North Carolina State University, where she graduated. Styles are determined by Ekstrom and her team of designers, who look at popular trends  .

Outside the United States, production has extended to Canada and is distribution is planned to expand   in Peru in 2014.

Marketing
The headbands are marketed by representatives on college campuses. By January 2013, there were over 20 representatives  The "Hope Club,"  allows cancer patients who have received headbands to post photos and biographies.  The enterprise has received recognition from both NBC's Today Show and Fitness Magazine.

Recently, the organization has started marketing more general headwear through Headwear of Hope, donating headwear to young boys undergoing cancer treatment. Like the parent organization, along with each item it donates $1 to the St. Baldrick's Foundation .

A recent startup 2017 in Providence, Rhode Island called Impact Everything uses the slogan "Every Purchase has a Purpose", The company only sells items that have some form of a donation to a cause, seeks wholesalers that hire "marginalized people", and currently contributes to 12 different causes. Wholesale companies include "Headband of Hope" and for every headband purchased "Impact Everything" donates a headband directly to a child with cancer at Hasbro Children's Hospital.

References

External links
 www.headbandsofhope.org Official Site

Companies based in Raleigh, North Carolina
Fashion accessory companies
Cancer awareness


title: Tokyu 1000 series

text:
The  is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the private railway operator Tokyu Corporation on the Tokyu Ikegami and Tokyu Tamagawa lines in Japan since 1988.

Design
Based on the earlier Tokyu 9000 series design, the 1000 series trains were built for use on through-running services to and from the Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line. Cars are 18 metres long and have three pairs of doors per side.

Operations
Three-car sets have operated on the Tokyu Ikegami Line since 1993. Four-car sets formerly operated on the Tokyu Mekama Line (present-day Tokyu Tamagawa Line and Tokyu Meguro Line), and eight-car formations formerly operated on the Tokyu Toyoko Line, with through-running to and from the Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line. The former were reformed as three-car sets, and the latter were taken out of use from 15 March 2013. From May 2014, former eight-car Tokyu Toyoko Line sets were reformed into three-car sets and refurbished for use on the Tokyu Tamagawa Line and Tokyu Meguro Line, reclassified as 1000-1500 series.

Formations

3-car sets

, the fleet consists of nine three-car sets, formed as follows, with two motored ("M") cars and one non-powered trailer ("T") car, and car 1 at the Gotanda/Tamagawa end.

Sets 1012 and 1014 have end cars with a central gangway door instead of the offset emergency gangway door on other units. These two sets were originally built as four-car sets designed to operate in pairs on Toyoko Line through services.
Cars 2 and 3 are each fitted with a single-arm pantograph.

3-car 1000-1500 series sets

The three-car 1000-1500 series sets are formed as shown below, with two motored ("M") cars and one non-powered trailer ("T") car.

 The 150x cars were converted from former 100x driving trailer cars, the 160x cars were converted from former 120x motor cars, and the 170x cars were converted from former 110x driving trailer cars.
 The 160x cars are fitted with two single-arm pantographs.
 The motor cars are mounted on TS-1006 bogies, and the trailer cars are mounted on TS-1007 bogies.

8-car sets

The eight-car sets used on the Toyoko Line up until March 2013 were formed as follows, with car 1 at the northern end.

Cars 3, 5, and 7 were each fitted with a lozenge-type pantograph. Cars 2 and 7 included wheelchair spaces.

Interior
Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal seating throughout, with a mixture of brown and orange seat moquette. The 1000-1500 series sets formed from 2014 have light green seat moquette and a wheelchair space added in the 160x cars.

History
Initially introduced on the Tokyu Toyoko Line from 26 December 1988, they were also introduced on the Mekama Line from 1991. These were transferred to the Ikegami Line from 1992, and further new trains were built for the Ikegami Line in 1993. The last set delivered, 1024, was the first Tokyu EMU to be built with a wheelchair space. The Ikegami Line fleet underwent modifications in 1998 for use on wanman driver only operation services.

Livery variations
From March 2016, three-car set 1017 received a dark blue and yellow retro-style livery based on the livery applied to the 3450 series trains that operated on the Ikegami Line until 1989.

Withdrawal and resale
Withdrawals started in 2008, with some cars being resold to the Ueda Electric Railway and the Iga Railway. Further cars were resold to the Ichibata Electric Railway in 2014, and to Fukushima Transportation in 2017.
 Ueda Electric Railway 1000 series and 6000 series
 Iga Railway 200 series
 Ichibata Electric Railway 1000 series two-car sets (since February 2015)
 Fukushima Transportation 1000 series two- and three-car sets (since 2017)

Ueda Electric Railway
Eight former Tokyu Ikegami Line 1000 series end cars were resold to the Ueda Electric Railway in Nagano Prefecture, and reformed as four two-car 1000 series sets.

In 2015, two former Tokyu Toyoko Line 1000 series intermediate cars (DeHa 1255 and DeHa 1305) were resold to the Ueda Electric Railway, which were reformed as a two-car 6000 series set with the addition of new cab ends.

1000 series formations

6000 series formation

Car identities
The former identities of the fleet are as shown below.

Iga Railway
The Iga Railway in Mie Prefecture operates five two-car 200 series EMUs formed from ten former Tokyu 1000 series cars (from former sets 1010, 1011, and 1006) purchased between 2009 and 2012.

The two end cars from the former eight-car set reformed from two four-car sets 1010 and 1011 were resold to the Iga Railway in 2009 after the set was withdrawn. The six intermediate cars of the set were scrapped. The two intermediate driving cars (with central gangway doors) originally formed in sets 1010 and 1011 before they were combined to become a single eight-car set were also sold to Iga Railway in 2010. Following its withdrawal in June 2009, eight-car set 1006 donated six cars, which were resold to Iga Railway between 2010 and 2012. The other two cars of the set were scrapped.

Formations

Car identities
The former identities of the fleet are as shown below.

Ichibata Electric Railway
In 2014, four former 1000 series intermediate cars (1453, 1403, 1455, and 1405) were resold to the Ichibata Electric Railway in Shimane Prefecture, which were reformed as two-car 1000 series sets with the addition of new cab ends. These entered service on 9 February 2015.

Formations

Car identities
The former identities of the fleet are as shown below.

Fukushima Transportation

In 2017, a number of former 1000 series cars were resold to Fukushima Transportation in Fukushima Prefecture for use on the Fukushima Kōtsū Iizaka Line. Classified as 1000 series, the trains are formed as two- and three-car sets as follows. Two sets (one two-car and one three-car set) were converted in fiscal 2016, entering service on 1 April 2017. Two more sets (one two-car and one three-car set) are scheduled to be introduced during fiscal 2017, followed by two more two-car sets in fiscal 2018, ultimately replacing the entire fleet of 7000 trainsets.

Two-car sets

Three-car sets

Car identities
The former identities of the fleet are as shown below.

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
1000 series
Train-related introductions in 1988
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Tokyu Car multiple units


title: Paul Speiser

text:
Paul Speiser (16 October 1846, in Basel – 9 October 1935) was a Swiss politician and President of the Swiss National Council (1907/1908).

Works

Further reading

External links

1846 births
1935 deaths
Politicians from Basel-Stadt
Swiss Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Liberal Party of Switzerland politicians
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Presidents of the National Council (Switzerland)


title: Chelis beanii

text:
Chelis beanii, or Bean's tiger moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Berthold Neumoegen in 1891. It is found in the Rocky Mountains, where it has been recorded from Alberta, British Columbia and southern Montana. The habitat consists of open forests, subalpine meadows and parklands.

The length of the forewings is 16–17 mm. The forewings are smoky medium to dark rose with wide darker rosy brown-grey lines. The hindwings are lighter clear to smoky rose pink, marked by a darker rosy grey discal spot and median line. Adults are on wing from mid-July to mid-August.

The larvae probably feed on various herbaceous plants.

This species was formerly a member of the genus Neoarctia, but was moved to Chelis along with the other species of the genera Holoarctia, Neoarctia, and Hyperborea.

References

Arctiina
Moths described in 1891


title: Chelis brucei

text:
Chelis brucei, or Bruce's tiger moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Henry Edwards in 1888. It is found in western North America in the northern Cascade Mountains, the southern British Columbia Coast Range, the mountains of Vancouver Island and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming.

The length of the forewings is 16–17 mm. The forewings are cream to light pink with broad dark grey transverse lines. The hindwings are medium pinkish red with a dark grey discal spot and an irregular interrupted marginal band. Adults are on wing from early July to early August.

Larvae have only been recorded feeding on Phacelia sericea and Taraxacum officinale, but are probably general feeders on herbaceous vegetation. Larvae have been recorded in mid-June.

This species was formerly a member of the genus Neoarctia, but was moved to Chelis along with the other species of the genera Holoarctia, Neoarctia, and Hyperborea.

References

Arctiina
Moths described in 1888


title: New York Mercantile Library

text:
The Center for Fiction, originally called the New York Mercantile Library, is a not-for-profit organization in New York City, with offices at 15 Lafayette Avenue in Fort Greene, Brooklyn. Prior to their move in early 2018, The Center for Fiction was located at 17 East 47th Street, between Madison and Fifth Avenues in Midtown Manhattan. The center works to promote fiction and literature and to give support to writers. It originated in 1820 as the (New York) Mercantile Library and in 2005 changed its name to the Mercantile Library Center for Fiction, although it presents itself as simply "The Center for Fiction".

The center, which is one of 17 remaining membership libraries in the United States, three of which are in New York City, maintains a large circulating library of 20th and 21st century fiction, in addition to many stored volumes of 19th century fiction. It also stocks non-fiction volumes on subjects related to literature. It maintains a Reading Room, operates a curated independent bookstore primarily featuring works of fiction, rents space to writers at low cost, and presents literary programs to the public. The organization also awards the annual Center for Fiction First Novel Prize.

Mercantile Library

1820–1853

The foundation of the Mercantile Library Association was instigated by the New York Chamber of Commerce, which placed newspaper advertisements in November 1820 asking merchant clerks to meet at a local coffee house to discuss forming an organization based on the Mercantile Library in Boston, which had been created earlier that year. The purpose of the new organization was to provide the city's growing population of clerks with an alternative to what were considered to be immoral entertainments and other vices of the city.

The association's first subscription circulating library, which had 700 volumes in rented rooms at 49 Fulton Street in Manhattan, was open to most of the general public, but only merchant clerks were allowed to vote for and be officers in the association. By the year 1826, the financial "prospects brightened to the extent that the officers hired a suite of rooms in the Harpers building on Cliff Street, and starting the reading room, which has continued to be an important part of the institution in all its successive homes." In 1830, the library moved to a new building designed by architect Seth Geer, called Clinton Hall, at Nassau and Beekman Streets, which the Clinton Hall Association, made up of prominent members of the Mercantile Library Association, had raised funds to construct. Frequent lectures were presented by the library, including by Ralph Waldo Emerson  and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

In addition to reading materials, as of the 1850s the association owned "a cabinet of minerals and shells, a collection of revolutionary medals, miscellaneous coins, various paintings, statue of the 'Dancing Girl Reposing', Minerva, and a bust of Philip Stone.

1854–1960s
By 1853, the association had over 4,000 members and over 30,000 volumes, and in 1854, the library moved again, this time uptown to the Astor Opera House building on Lafayette Street between Astor Place and East 8th Street. The opera house had closed its doors as a result of the Astor Place riot of 1849, and the building was sold for $140,000 to the association, which renamed it "Clinton Hall" and moved the library there as a place which was more convenient to its members. At its new location, the association offered classes and public lectures, including by Frederick Douglass, William Thackeray, and Mark Twain, and functioned as a cultural center.

Membership during this period reached at least 12,000, while the library itself amassed 120,000 volumes, making it the largest circulating library in the United States at the time. By 1872 the library contained works of biography; history, geography and travels; literature; mathematics; medical science; mental and moral science; natural sciences; political science; the arts; and theology. However, because the library did not stay open late at night, its services were not generally available to the working class, a deficit which was remedied when the Cooper Union opened a block east on Astor Place: its reading room was open until 10 p.m.

In 1891, requiring more space, the association tore down the opera house and replaced it with an 11-story building designed by George E. Harney, which it also named "Clinton Hall". The new building featured a reading room on the top floor that was two stories high, and was to remain the headquarters for its library operations, which included 7 branches, until 1920, when it relocated to rented space. However, in 1932, the library once again had its own building, at 17 East 47th Street, designed by Henry Otis Chapman. Here, the association maintained its 230,000 volumes to serve 3,000 subscribers. The library at this time still had branches at 149 Broadway at Liberty Street and 598 Madison Avenue at 57th Street.

1970s–2000s

Membership in the library declined through the following decades, and the library sold off parts of its collection in the 1970s. "In 1971 the theological collection was sold, in 1977 the foreign language collection was sold." It also attempted a merger with Pace College, but this did not occur. By 1987 the library was in financial distress, and closed for the summer of 1987, and then indefinitely in 1989, at a time when its membership was only 375 people. The association subsequently reorganized and reopened, with a new focus on fiction and literature.

In 1998, the ground floor of the building was renovated by Beyer Blinder Belle. The library – colloquially known as "The Merc" – had considered moving to a new location in 2008, but subsequently decided to remain at its historic Midtown Manhattan location.

Center for Fiction, 2005–present
Since 2005 known as The Center for Fiction, the organization presents a diverse program of free or low-cost public events, featuring over 100 authors, translators, and critics each year. The Center also offers reading groups and writing workshops.

In May 2018, the organization announced that it would be moving its headquarters to a new building in Downtown Brooklyn called Caesura and designed by Dattner Architects, a  The space includes a member library with a Members Lounge and Reading Room, classrooms, a writers studio, an auditorium for 160 people, a bookstore and a cafe/bar. The Center is a home for readers and writers that serves as a gathering place for the literary community. The three-story building will be co-owned with the Mark Morris Dance Group and a real estate company, which will have their own spaces there. The Center for Fiction was designed by Julie Nelson, Partner at BKSK Architects LLP and opened in 2019.

Awards
The Center for Fiction bestows a number of awards annually:

 The First Novel Prize is awarded to the best debut novel of the year. First awarded in 2006, the winner receives $15,000 with each shortlisted author receiving $1,000.
 The Center for Fiction Medal of Editorial Excellence honors the work of an editor, publisher, or agent who over the course of his or her career has discovered, nurtured and championed writers of fiction in the United States.
 The Center for Fiction Lifetime of Excellence in Fiction Award honors a writer who, through their exceptional body of work, has significantly shaped our culture and perspective. The award is not given annually; rather, it is bestowed upon an author at the discretion of The Center for Fiction Board of Directors. Winners have included Wole Soyinka (2022), Kazuo Ishiguro (2021), and Toni Morrison (2018).
 The Center for Fiction On Screen Award recognizes adaptations of works of fiction for film or television and is awarded to both the creators of the adaptation and the author of the original work.

Additionally, The Center for Fiction/Susan Kamil Emerging Writer Fellowships grant 9 New York City early-career writers with a $5,000 stipend, editorial mentorship and networking opportunities with publishing professionals, membership to The Center's Writers Studio, two public readings, publication in an anthology, and more over the course of a year.

See also
Mercantile Library (disambiguation)
Mercantile Library Association (Boston, Massachusetts)
New York Public Library
Astor Library Building

References
Notes

Bibliography

Pascu, Elaine Weber. "Mercantile Library Association" in , p. 750–751

Further reading
Issued by the Mercantile Library
  1836, 1917, etc.; 1843

Catalogues

 1844
 1856

 1869
 1872

About the Mercantile Library

External links

Libraries in Manhattan
Non-profit organizations based in New York City
Subscription libraries in the United States
Midtown Manhattan
2005 establishments in New York City


title: Chelis lafontainei

text:
Chelis lafontainei is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Douglas C. Ferguson in 1995. It is found in Canada's Northwest Territories.

This species was formerly a member of the genus Neoarctia, but was moved to Chelis along with the other species of the genera Holoarctia, Neoarctia, and Hyperborea.

References

Arctiina
Moths described in 1995


title: Adolf Germann

text:
Adolf Germann (2 February 1857, in Bleiken – 7 May 1924, in Frauenfeld) was a Swiss politician and President of the Swiss National Council (1908/09).

External links

Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Presidents of the National Council (Switzerland)
1857 births
1924 deaths
People from Frauenfeld


title: Virgile Rossel

text:
Virgile Rossel (19 March 1858 – 29 May 1933) was a Swiss jurist, politician and writer. He was President of the Swiss National Council in 1909/1910 and President of the Federal Supreme Court 1929–1930.

Rossel was born in Tramelan. He graduated in legal and literary studies at the Universities of Leipzig, Berne, Strasbourg and Paris. He received a doctorate in law from the University of Berne in 1879. He also had an honorary doctorate from the University of Geneva in 1909. He began teaching from 1883, when he was appointed a professor of civil law at the University of Berne. He taught until 1912. He was also rector of the university in 1894 and 1907. From 1912 to 1932, Rossel was a judge of the Federal Supreme Court. He was succeeded by his son Jean Rossel.

Avenue Virgile-Rossel in Lausanne and rue Virgile Rossel in Tramelan are named after him. A monument with his portrait in relief by Joseph Constantin Kaiser and Joseph Robert Kaiser was erected in Tramelan.

Works
 Histoire littéraire de la Suisse romande des origines à nos jours, Genève 1889–1891, 2 vol. (rééd. Neuchâtel 1903; Lausanne 1990)
 Histoire du Jura bernois, Genève 1914
 Le Roi des paysans, Lausanne, 1915
 Sorbeval, roman jurassien, Lausanne 1925
 Ce que femme veut..., roman féministe, Neuchâtel, 1931.
 Anne Sentéri : Roman. Mœurs romanches, 1908
 Au cœur de la vie : Vers - Sonnets et poèmes - Petite et grande patrie, Lausanne, 1935
 Blanche Leu et autres nouvelles bernoises, Lausanne, 1913
 Le chemin qui monte : Pièce morale en deux actes, La Neuveville, 1895
 Clément Rochard : Roman de mœurs politiques suisses. La Chaux-de-Fonds, 1903
 Cœurs simples : Roman de mœurs suisses. Genève, 1894
 La course au Bonheur : Roman, Lausanne, 1923
 Davel : Poème dramatique en cinq actes, Lausanne, 1898
 Démétrius : Drame en vers: un prologue, quatre actes, six tableaux, Zurich, 1912
 La démocratie et son évolution. Berne, 1905
 Les deux Forces : Roman, Lausanne 1905
 Eugène Rambert : Sa vie, son temps et son œuvre. Lausanne, 1917
 Le flambeau : Roman, Lausanne, 1920
 Le grand jour : Roman. Lausanne, 1929
 Histoire de la littérature française hors de France, Lausanne, 1895
 Histoire des relations littéraires entre la France et l'Allemagne, Genève, 1970, réédition
 Histoire littéraire de la Suisse romande des origines à nos jours, Neuchâtel, 1903
 Jours difficiles : Roman de mœurs suisses, Genève, 1896
 Là-haut sur la Montagne ... : Poèmes alpestres, Lausanne, 1921
 Le Maître : Roman, Lausanne, 1906
 Une mère : Épisode de la guerre Anglo-transvaalienne. Drame en un acte en vers. Lausanne, 1901
 Morgarten : Drame en quatre actes en vers, Lausanne, 1905
 Le peuple Roi ou Grandeur et misères de la démocratie, Lausanne, 1933
 Robert Caze : notes et souvenirs, Porrentruy, 1983, réédition
 Le roman d'un Neutre, Lausanne, 1918
 La seconde Jeunesse : Journal d'un Poète. Lausanne, 1888
 La vaudoise : Pièce en trois actes. Lausanne, 1907
 Poèmes suisses, Lausanne, 1893

References

External links

Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Presidents of the National Council (Switzerland)
Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland judges
1858 births
1933 deaths
Swiss male writers
19th-century Swiss writers
20th-century Swiss writers
University of Bern alumni
People from the canton of Bern
Academic staff of the University of Bern
19th-century male writers
20th-century male writers
20th-century Swiss judges


title: Joseph Kuntschen

text:
Joseph Kuntschen (12 November 1849 – 16 April 1928) was a Swiss politician and President of the Swiss National Council (1910/1911).

External links

1849 births
1928 deaths
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Presidents of the National Council (Switzerland)


title: Karl Emil Wild

text:
Karl Emil Wild (27 June 1856 – 17 February 1923) was a Swiss politician and architect from St. Gallen.

Wild was the son of the doctor Bernhard Wild and Wilhelmina Wild (née Brunner). In 1883 he married Clara Gsell. He studied architecture at the Technical University of Stuttgart from 1875 to 1878 and subsequently worked in Zurich and St. Gallen. Among other projects, he designed the municipal orphanage in St. Gallen.

From 1882 to 1923 Wild was the director of the St. Gallen Museum of Industry and Trade, which included an embroidery school and a drawing school. In 1886, the museum moved into the new building on Vadianstrasse (colloquially known as "Palazzo Rosso") planned by Gustav Gull and executed by Wild.

Wild also held office for the FDP as a cantonal councillor from 1891 to 1923 and as a national councillor from 1893 to 1919. In 1911/1912 he was President of the National Council. In the Federal Factory Commission he was an advocate of the eight-hour day. As president of the Central Association of the Embroidery Industry, he campaigned for better working conditions in the textile companies of eastern Switzerland and Vorarlberg.

In 1898 he was elected to the commission which was entrusted by the canton with the establishment of an academy for trade, commerce and administration. He was thus one of the co-founders of today's University of St.Gallen (HSG) and was appointed the first director of the academy (1899-1903). He himself never belonged to the  teaching staff, but gave several public lectures on textile economics.

External links

References

 Karl Heinz Burmeister: 100 Jahre HSG. Geschichte der Universität St. Gallen. Hochschule für Wirtschafts-, Rechts- und Sozialwissenschaften Bern 1998, S. 37-40,

Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Presidents of the National Council (Switzerland)
1856 births
1923 deaths
Swiss architects


title: Carl Spahn

text:
Carl Spahn (25 February 1863 – 19 February 1943) was a Swiss politician, mayor of Schaffhausen (1895-1917) and President of the Swiss National Council (1912/1913).

External links

Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Presidents of the National Council (Switzerland)
1863 births
1943 deaths


title: Scaphidriotis camptopleura

text:
Scaphidriotis camptopleura is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Turner in 1940. It is found in the Australian state of Queensland.

References

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1940


title: Alfred von Planta

text:
Alfred von Planta  (1 April 1857, in Tamins – 2 March 1922, in Davos) was a Swiss politician and President of the Swiss National Council (1913/1914).

External links

1857 births
1922 deaths
People from Imboden District
Swiss nobility
Swiss Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Liberal Party of Switzerland politicians
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Presidents of the National Council (Switzerland)
Alfred


title: Remington Model 580

text:
The Remington Model 580, 581, and 582 are a family of bolt-action rifles, manufactured from 1967 to 1999. The rifles were introduced as a replacement for the previous Model 511. The 580 series was a lower-cost rifle patterned after the contemporary Model 788 centerfire rifle and shares that rifle's rear-locking bolt.

References

External links

 REMINGTON DATES OF MANUFACTURE

Bolt-action rifles of the United States
.22 LR rifles
Remington Arms firearms


title: Neoduma caprimimoides

text:
Neoduma caprimimoides is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Rothschild in 1912. It is found in New Guinea.

The forewings are rufous chocolate with sooty black zigzag lines and a black spot at the tornus. The hindwings are sooty mouse-grey.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1912


title: Neoduma ectozona

text:
Neoduma ectozona is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1918. It is found on Luzon in the Philippines and on Borneo. The habitat consists of dipterocarp forests, swamps, secondary and coastal forests.

References

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1918


title: Ayasha Rahman

text:
Ayasha Rahman Shukhtara Boishakhi () (born 2 February 1994) is a Bangladeshi cricketer who plays for the Bangladesh cricket team. She plays as a right-handed batter and right-arm off break bowler. Rahman was born in Khulna, Bangladesh.

Career
Rahman was a member of the team that won a silver medal in cricket against the China national women's cricket team at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou, China.

Rahman made her ODI debut against Pakistan on 23 August 2012. Rahman made her T20I debut against India on 5 April 2013. In June 2018, she was part of Bangladesh's squad that won their first ever Women's Asia Cup title, winning the 2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup tournament. Later the same month, she was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier tournament. She was the leading run-scorer for Bangladesh in the tournament, with 89 runs in five matches. Following the conclusion of the tournament, she was named as the rising star of Bangladesh's squad by the International Cricket Council (ICC).

In October 2018, she was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 tournament in the West Indies. She was the leading run-scorer for Bangladesh in the tournament, with 59 runs in four matches.

In August 2019, she was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2019 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Qualifier tournament in Scotland. In November 2019, she was named in Bangladesh's squad for the cricket tournament at the 2019 South Asian Games. The Bangladesh team beat Sri Lanka by two runs in the final to win the gold medal. In January 2020, she was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup in Australia.

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Cricketers from Khulna
Bangladeshi women cricketers
Bangladesh women One Day International cricketers
Bangladesh women Twenty20 International cricketers
Khulna Division women cricketers
Cricketers at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in cricket
Cricketers at the 2014 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for Bangladesh
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
South Asian Games gold medalists for Bangladesh
South Asian Games medalists in cricket


title: Bloodland Lake virus

text:
Bloodland Lake virus (BLLV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of New World Orthohantavirus first isolated in a Prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) near Bloodland Lake, Fort Leonard Wood, Pulaski County, Missouri in 1994. BLLV has also been isolated in Prairie voles in St. Louis County, Missouri.

Natural reservoir
BLLV is unique to the Prairie vole. At the time of its discovery in Pulaski County in 1994, rats and mice trapped along with the Prairie vole tested negative for the virus but did test positive for other hantaviruses.

Transmission
Transmission is via either direct contact with rodent excreta, or through droplet respiration due to aerosolization of rodent urine, saliva and/or feces. Transmission of hantavirus to humans from arvicoline species in North America has not been documented. To date, the only known transmissions of hantaviruses to humans have come from rats, bats, and mice.

See also
 1993 Four Corners hantavirus outbreak

References

External links
 "Hantaviruses, with emphasis on Four Corners Hantavirus" by Brian Hjelle, M.D., Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico
 CDC's Hantavirus Technical Information Index page
 Viralzone: Hantavirus
 Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Hantaviridae
 Occurrences and deaths in North and South America

Hantaviridae
Zoonoses
Infraspecific virus taxa


title: Tiruchirappalli Bus Rapid Transit System

text:
Tiruchirappalli BRTS is a proposed bus rapid transit system for the city of Tiruchirappalli.

Background
During November 2013, at the two-day conference on "Sustainable Cities Through Transport" at Coimbatore, respective city engineers from Madurai, Tiruchi, Tirupur, Salem and Coimbatore came together discussed about planning and creation of transit systems, pedestrian pathways, cycling tracks, parks, pedestrian zones, etc.,. Later in January 2014, the same was presented to K. P. Munusamy, State Minister of Municipal Administration and Rural Development, Law, Courts and Prisons by Corporation officials at a workshop in Chennai. the Corporation Commissioner of Tiruchi City, V. P. Thandapani declared that about  of pedestrian pathways and  of green lines will be constructed in addition to 341 new buses by 2018 at a cost of .

Modelled on the lines of Ahmedabad BRTS, the plan was developed in association with Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP) and International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) is being funded by Ministry of Urban Development would improve the city's road infrastructure and future transport modes, which presently has narrow roads and indiscriminate encroachments coupled with booming vehicle population.

Network

References

BRTS
Proposed bus rapid transit in India
Proposed infrastructure in Tamil Nadu


title: Edmund Jüssen

text:
Edmund Jüssen (1830 – February 17, 1891) was a German-American politician and diplomat.

Biography
Jüssen was the son of Jacob Jüssen (1802–1880), who served as postmaster of Columbus, Wisconsin in the 1860s, and Catharina Rütz Jüssen (1811–1891). Edmund Jüssen came to the Wisconsin Territory from Germany in 1847. He opened a store in Columbus. He then moved to Saint Louis, Missouri but returned to Columbus. He studied law and was admitted to the Wisconsin bar.

Jüssen served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1862 as a Republican. He served in the 23rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment as a lieutenant-colonel in the American Civil War. After the war he practiced law in Chicago, Illinois.

He was United States Consul General in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, in 1885. His father, Jacob Jüssen, until 1848 mayor of Jülich, Rhine Province, Kingdom of Prussia, was an uncle of Carl Schurz.

He died in Frankfurt, German Empire, while returning to the United States. He was buried at Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago.

References

1830 births
1891 deaths
People from Columbus, Wisconsin
People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Prussian emigrants to the United States
Illinois lawyers
Wisconsin lawyers
American consuls
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American lawyers
Republican Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly


title: Zemor's decoding algorithm

text:
In coding theory, Zemor's algorithm, designed and developed by Gilles Zemor, is a recursive low-complexity approach to code construction.  It is an improvement over the algorithm of Sipser and Spielman.

Zemor considered a typical class of Sipser–Spielman construction of expander codes, where the underlying graph is bipartite graph. Sipser and Spielman introduced a constructive family of asymptotically good linear-error codes together with a simple parallel algorithm that will always remove a constant fraction of errors.  The article is based on Dr. Venkatesan Guruswami's course notes

Code construction

Zemor's algorithm is based on a type of expander graphs called Tanner graph. The construction of code was first proposed by Tanner. The codes are based on double cover , regular expander , which is a bipartite graph.  =, where  is the set of vertices and  is the set of edges and  =    and    = , where  and  denotes sets of vertices. Let  be the number of vertices in each group, i.e, . The edge set  be of size  = and every edge in  has one endpoint in both  and .  denotes the set of edges containing .

Assume an ordering on , therefore ordering will be done on every edges of  for every . Let finite field , and for a word   in , let the subword of the  word will be indexed by . Let that word be denoted by . The subset of vertices  and  induces every word  a partition into  non-overlapping sub-words , where  ranges over the elements of .
For constructing a code , consider a linear subcode , which is a  code, where , the size of the alphabet is . For any vertex , let  be some ordering of the  vertices of  adjacent to . In this code, each bit  is linked with an edge  of .

We can define the code  to be the set of binary vectors  of  such that, for every vertex  of ,  is a code word of . In this case, we can consider a special case when every edge of  is adjacent to exactly  vertices of . It means that  and  make up, respectively, the vertex set and edge set of  regular graph .

Let us call the code  constructed in this way as  code. For a given graph  and a given code , there are several  codes as there are different ways of ordering edges incident to a given vertex , i.e., . In fact our code  consist of all codewords such that  for all . The code  is linear  in  as it is generated from a subcode , which is linear. The code  is defined as  for every .

In this figure, . It shows the graph  and code .

In matrix , let  is equal to the second largest eigenvalue of adjacency matrix of . Here the largest eigenvalue is .
Two important claims are made:

Claim 1

. Let  be the rate of a linear code constructed from a bipartite graph whose digit nodes have degree  and whose subcode nodes have degree . If a single linear code with parameters  and rate  is associated with each of the subcode nodes, then .

Proof
Let  be the rate of the linear code, which is equal to
Let there are  subcode nodes in the graph. If the degree of the subcode is , then the code must have  digits, as each digit node is connected to  of the  edges in the graph. Each subcode node contributes  equations to parity check matrix for a total of . These equations may not be linearly independent.
Therefore,

, Since the value of , i.e., the digit node of this bipartite graph is  and here , we can write as:

Claim 2

If  is linear code of rate , block code length , and minimum relative distance , and if  is the edge vertex incidence graph of a  – regular graph with second largest eigenvalue , then the code  has rate at least  and minimum relative distance at least .

 Proof
Let  be derived from the  regular graph . So, the number of variables of  is  and the number of constraints is . According to Alon - Chung, if  is a subset of vertices of  of size , then the number of edges contained in the subgraph is induced by  in  is at most .

As a result, any set of  variables will be having at least  constraints as neighbours. So the average number of variables per constraint is :

So if , then a word of relative weight  , cannot be a codeword of . The inequality  is satisfied for . Therefore,  cannot have a non zero codeword of relative weight    or less.

In matrix , we can assume that  is bounded away from . For those values of  in which  is odd prime, there are explicit constructions of sequences of  - regular bipartite graphs with arbitrarily large number of vertices such that each graph  in the sequence is a  Ramanujan graph. It is called Ramanujan graph as it satisfies the inequality . Certain expansion properties are visible in graph  as the separation between the eigenvalues  and . If the graph  is Ramanujan graph, then that expression   will become  eventually as  becomes large.

 Zemor's algorithm

The iterative decoding algorithm written below alternates between the vertices  and  in  and corrects the codeword of  in  and then it switches to correct the codeword  in . Here edges associated with a vertex on one side of a graph are not incident to other vertex on that side. In fact, it doesn't matter in which order, the set of nodes  and  are processed. The vertex processing can also be done in parallel.

The decoder stands for a decoder for  that recovers correctly with any codewords with less than  errors.

 Decoder algorithm

Received word :
For   to  do         // is the number of iterations
{ if ( is odd)                                       // Here the algorithm will alternate between its two vertex sets.

else
Iteration : For every , let  // Decoding  to its nearest codeword.
}
Output:

 Explanation of the algorithm

Since  is bipartite, the set  of vertices induces the partition of the edge set  =  . The set  induces another partition,  =  .

Let  be the received vector, and recall that . The first iteration of the algorithm consists of applying the complete decoding for the code induced by  for every  . This means that for replacing, for every , the vector  by one of the closest codewords of . Since the subsets of edges  are disjoint for , the decoding of these   subvectors of  may be done in parallel.

The iteration will yield a new vector . The next iteration consists of applying the preceding procedure to  but with  replaced by . In other words, it consists of decoding all the subvectors induced by the vertices of . The coming iterations repeat those two steps alternately applying parallel decoding to the subvectors induced by the vertices of  and to the subvectors induced by the vertices of .
Note: [If  and  is the complete bipartite graph, then  is a product code of  with itself and the above algorithm reduces to the natural hard iterative decoding of product codes].

Here, the number of iterations,  is .
In general, the above algorithm can correct a code word whose Hamming weight is no more than  for values of . Here, the decoding algorithm is implemented as a circuit of size  and depth  that returns the codeword given that error vector has weight less than  .

 Theorem If  is a Ramanujan graph of sufficiently high degree, for any , the decoding algorithm can correct  errors, in  rounds ( where the big-  notation hides a dependence on ). This can be implemented in linear time on a single processor; on  processors each round can be implemented in constant time.''

Proof

Since the  decoding algorithm is insensitive to the value of the edges and by linearity, we can assume that the transmitted codeword is the all zeros - vector. Let the received codeword be . The set of edges which has an incorrect value while decoding is considered. Here by incorrect value, we mean  in any of the bits. Let  be the initial value of the codeword,  be the values after first, second . . .  stages of decoding.
Here, , and  .  Here  corresponds to those set of vertices that was not able to successfully decode their codeword in the  round. From the above algorithm   as number of unsuccessful vertices will be corrected in every iteration. We can prove that is a decreasing sequence.
In fact, . As we are assuming, , the above equation is in a geometric decreasing sequence.
So, when , more than  rounds are necessary. Furthermore, , and if we implement the  round in  time, then the total sequential running time will be linear.

Drawbacks of Zemor's algorithm
 It is lengthy process as the number of iterations  in decoder algorithm takes is
 Zemor's decoding algorithm finds it difficult to decode erasures. A detailed way of how we can improve the algorithm is
given in.

See also

Expander codes
Tanner graph
Linear time encoding and decoding of error-correcting codes

References

Coding theory
Error detection and correction


title: Gegenmiao massacre

text:
The Gegenmiao massacre or the Gegenmiao incident was a war crime by the Red Army and a part of the local Chinese population against over half of a group of 1,800 Japanese women and children who had taken refuge in the lamasery Gegenmiao/Koken-miao (葛根廟) on August 14, 1945, during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.

Soviet soldiers committed the massacre in Gegenmiao/Koken-miao (present day: Gegenmiao zhen; 葛根廟鎭), a town in the Horqin Right Front Banner of the Hinggan League of Inner Mongolia. The Red Army shot refugees, ran them over with tanks or trucks, and bayoneted them after they raised a white flag. After two hours, Red Army soldiers had murdered well over one thousand Japanese refugees, mostly women and children. Angry Chinese chased a group of Japanese refugees into a river, where many drowned. Soldiers raped several women and children, sometimes after murdering them. Chinese civilians raped and murdered a Japanese woman after Red Army soldiers murdered her child. The Red Army pursued and murdered a Japanese family that tried to hide in the trenches. The Red Army also beat mothers into submission in order to kidnap their children. In the market, a Japanese boy could sell for 300 yen, and a girl for 500 yen.

The Red Army murdered over 1,000 Japanese refugees by the end of the massacre.

Aftermath
Survivors and their families designated August 14 as a day of memorial for the event. The ceremony occurs in the temple of  in Tokyo.

In 2017, a documentary named Witness to the Gegenmiao Massacre was released, directed by a survivor whose mother and little siblings were murdered by Red Army soldiers in the massacre.

References

Citations

Sources

External links
 "私の8・15＜1＞葛根廟事件 戦争はもうたくさん 母は頭に銃弾を浴びていました 川内光雄さん" Nishinippon Shimbun July 19, 2005

1945 in China
Anti-Japanese sentiment in China
Child sexual abuse in China
Chinese war crimes
Japan–Soviet Union relations
Manchukuo
Massacres in China
Massacres committed by China
Massacres committed by the Soviet Union
Massacres in 1945
Massacres of women
Child murder in Japan
Rape in China
Soviet World War II crimes
War crimes in China
Wartime sexual violence in World War II
Women in World War II


title: Chamely Khatun

text:
Chamely Khatun () (born 11 November 1988) is a Bangladeshi former cricketer who played as a right-handed batter. She played for Bangladesh between 2007 and 2011, before the side was granted full international status. She played domestic cricket for Dhaka Division.

Career

Asian Games
Chamely was part of the team that won a silver medal in cricket against the China women's national cricket team at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou, China.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
People from Rajshahi District
Bangladeshi women cricketers
Dhaka Division women cricketers
Cricketers at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in cricket
Asian Games silver medalists for Bangladesh
Bangladesh women One Day International cricketers
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Cricketers from Rajshahi Division