title: The Intern (2015 film)

text:
The Intern is a 2015 American buddy comedy-drama film directed, written, and produced by Nancy Meyers. The film stars Robert De Niro, Anne Hathaway, and Rene Russo, with supporting performances from Anders Holm, Andrew Rannells, Adam DeVine, and Zack Pearlman. The plot follows a 70-year-old widower who becomes a senior intern at a fashion website, where he forms an unlikely friendship with the company's workaholic CEO. The film was released on September 25, 2015, by Warner Bros. It received mixed reviews from critics but was a box office success, grossing $195 million worldwide against a $35 million production budget.

Plot
Seventy-year-old widower Ben Whittaker, a retired executive from DEX One, applies to fill the newly conceived position of senior intern, after retirement has become too boring for him. He applies to About The Fit, a fast-growing e-commerce fashion startup in Brooklyn. Ben impresses everyone and is one of four senior interns hired. Ben is assigned to work with CEO Jules Ostin, who is somewhat skeptical at first and ignores him. However, Ben wins over his co-workers with his congeniality and his helpful advice on life and work. One morning, he organizes a messy desk Jules complained about, winning her good graces. After work, Ben notices Jules's chauffeur drinking, convinces the driver to leave and drives Jules home himself, a role he retains in days to come.

On their first drive together, Ben asks Jules several personal questions, and she asks her VP, Cameron, to transfer Ben to be an intern for someone else. But that evening, they bond when Jules finds out that Ben worked for almost 40 years in the same building where About the Fit is now based. The next day, Jules arrives to the car to see Ben has been replaced as her driver by Doris. Doris is a horrible driver, almost crashing. Jules apologizes and begs Ben to come back, and he does; Jules starts assigning him work, and Ben is able to help lighten her workload. He also starts a relationship with About the Fit's in-house masseuse, Fiona.

Ben becomes very committed to Jules, and even breaks into the house of Jules' mother to delete an embarrassingly scathing email, narrowly avoiding getting arrested in the process. Ben also gets to know Jules' family. Her husband, Matt, gave up his own career to be a stay-at-home dad to their daughter, Paige, when About The Fit started to take off. However, their marriage is slowly breaking apart as the couple grows more distant.

Meanwhile, Jules is under pressure to give up her post of CEO to someone outside of the company as her investors feel that she is unable to cope with the workload. Believing it will give her more time at home with her family, Jules is willing to consider the proposal. When driving Paige home from a party, Ben discovers that Matt is having an affair. While on a business trip in San Francisco to interview a potential CEO candidate, Jules reveals that she knows about Matt's cheating, but did not confront Matt about it because she was not ready to deal with it.

In an effort to buy herself time to save her marriage, Jules decides to hire a prospective CEO. When Jules goes to Ben's home the next day, Ben greatly encourages Jules to think about how much effort and passion she has building About The Fit. Matt unexpectedly drops in at the office and urges her to reconsider, saying that he is sorry, ashamed, and wants to support her in her dreams. Jules goes out looking for Ben, wanting to tell him that she has changed her mind and finds him enjoying his tai chi exercise group. She finally lets herself relax and joins him in practicing tai chi, an act symbolic of her finding balance in her life.

Cast

Production
Originally set up at Paramount Pictures, The Intern was planned to feature Tina Fey and Michael Caine in the lead roles. Handed over to Warner Bros., Fey was replaced by Reese Witherspoon as the attached star, though Witherspoon left the film on January 15, 2014, due to scheduling conflicts. On February 7, 2014, Anne Hathaway was in final talks to replace Witherspoon in the lead role. Stephen Goldblatt was set as director of photography. On June 23, 2014, Zack Pearlman joined the cast of the film.

Principal photography began on June 23, 2014, in Brooklyn, New York City, where De Niro was spotted on the set of the film. On October 2, 2014, director Nancy Meyers announced that filming was completed.

Reception

Box office
The Intern grossed $75.7 million in North America and $118.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $194.6 million, against a net production budget of $35 million. The film opened alongside Hotel Transylvania 2 and was projected to gross $15–20 million in its opening weekend. It grossed $17.7 million, finishing second at the box office behind Hotel Transylvania 2 ($48.5 million).

Critical response

Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three and a half out of four stars, stating, "With some genuinely insightful dialogue, a number of truly funny bits of physical business, and small scenes allowing us to get know and like a half-dozen supporting players,"

Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote that the film was similar to Meyers's other works, stating that it was "frothy, playful, homogeneous, routinely maddening and generally pretty irresistible." Despite criticizing Meyers's screenplay and "conflicted ideas about powerful women," Dargis praised the casting of De Niro, stating he "owns the movie from the moment he opens his mouth." Hathaway's role was derided as "less of a character and more of a fast-walking, speed-talking collection of gender grievances."

Clem Bastow, writing for The Guardian, suggested that poor reviews for the film were primarily coming from men, who form the overwhelming majority of film critics. Bastow further suggested that female critics would "feel the need to go hard on certain films for women" such as The Intern.

Director Quentin Tarantino viewed the film as Oscar-worthy, stating:

Accolades

Remake
Bollywood actress Deepika Padukone announced on January 27, 2020, that she will produce the Hindi remake of The Intern, also playing the female lead role, but the remake's production was postponed mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Rishi Kapoor was initially cast as the male lead, but after his sudden death in April 2020 due to leukemia, he was replaced by Amitabh Bachchan in March 2021. Principal photography began in November 2021. In May 2022, Padukone announced that she would no longer be part of the project.

On July 5, 2022, the first episode of the Japanese television remake of The Intern, called Unicorn ni Notte or Riding a Unicorn, released its first episode with Hidetoshi Nishijima in the De Niro role and Mei Nagano in the Hathaway role.

References

External links

2015 films
2015 comedy films
2010s buddy comedy-drama films
2010s business films
2010s English-language films
Adultery in films
American buddy comedy-drama films
American business films
Dune Entertainment films
Films about businesspeople
Films about companies
Films about families
Films about old age
Films directed by Nancy Meyers
Films scored by Theodore Shapiro
Films set in Brooklyn
Films set in offices
Films set in San Francisco
Films shot in New York City
Films with screenplays by Nancy Meyers
Tai chi films
Warner Bros. films
Workplace comedy films
2010s American films


title: BIOPROSP

text:
BIOPROSP, or the International Conference on Marine Bioprospecting, is a biennial conference on bioprospecting from cold marine environment that is held in the university town of Tromsø in Northern Norway. BIOPROSP has been organized since 2002 and has already established itself as one of Europe's top conferences in the field of marine bioprospecting. BIOPROSP covers products such as drugs, ingredients, supplements, bioprocessing, energy, green chemicals and biomaterials.

The economical outcome of R&D in marine biotechnology is expected to generate a 10% annual growth, as assessed by Blue Growth H2020. BIOPROSP Conference aims at bringing together scientists and industry representatives and addressing the issue of translating basic research into applied research on possible industrial applications.

Organization

Organizers and partners
The BIOPROSP conference is organized by MABIT and has been supported throughout the years by Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs, RDA Tromsø, Innovation Norway, The Research Council of Norway, University of Tromsø, NORUT, Norinnova Technology Transfer, SINTEF, Nofima, MabCent-SFI, Arena BioTech North, uniResearch, University of Oslo, University of Bergen, DNB, Tekna, ArcticZymes, and many other important industry actors from the region. The conference program features some of the best-recognized scientists working in the marine bioprospecting field and attracts around 250 participants from all over the world. Participants include stakeholders in biotech (life science) and pharmaceutical industry, scientists, public support system, decision-makers and others interested in marine bioprospecting and biotechnology.

Pre-Conference
The conference is preceded by a pre-conference workshop consisting of three or four parallel sessions held in small groups with more direct and face-to-face interactions and discussions.
As a part of the conference, a PhD course in bioprospecting is offered by University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Tromsø. The course aims to teach the essential themes related to bioprospecting. The first part of the course is given as weekly online lectures during months preceding the conference. One day before conference, PhD course participants meet for an intensive course day. Students are also obliged to take part in a Pre-conference Workshop mentioned above. After the conference the students have to write a home assignment (exam).

Main Conference
BIOPROSP conference itself lasts three days and consists of four program sessions devoted to topics that are chosen by Programme Committee. Each session includes one keynote and two presentations by invited speakers.

BIOPROSP conference also hosts the "Poster Session". Posters are displayed from the opening of the conference. Some posters will be selected for short oral presentations during the official Poster Session. In addition to that posters will be evaluated for a "Poster Prize". Posters will be evaluated according to lay-out, relevance of issue and communication skills.

BIOPROSP is designed to serve as a networking arena and thus, there is an accompanying social activities program with dog sledging, Northern Lights watching and music entertainment. All taking place in the incredible surroundings of Northern Norway, during the Northern Lights peak visibility season.

Past conferences
BIOPROSP 2002, 4 – 5 February 2002, Tromsø, Norway
BIOPROSP 2004, 13 – 14 October 2004, Tromsø, Norway
BIOPROSP 2006, 11 – 12 October 2006, Tromsø, Norway
BIOPROSP 2009, 24 – 26 February 2009, Tromsø, Norway
BIOPROSP 2011, 23 – 25 February 2011, Tromsø, Norway
BIOPROSP_13, 20 – 22 February 2013, Tromsø, Norway
BIOPROSP_15, 18 – 20 February 2015, Tromsø, Norway
BIOPROSP_17, 8 – 10 March 2017, Tromsø, Norway
BIOPROSP_19, 25 – 27 February 2019, Tromsø, Norway
BIOPROSP_21, 9 – 10 March 2021, Virtual meeting

Upcoming conference

References

International conferences


title: Hippodrome, Aldershot

text:
The Hippodrome was a theatre in the town of Aldershot in Hampshire. It operated as a venue for variety shows, pantomimes, musical comedies and other shows from 1913 to 1961. When Peter Sellers appeared there in 1948 he complained that the band accompanying his drum act were four bars behind as they were eating their sandwiches while they were playing.

Early years
Located on the corner of Station Road and Birchett Road in Aldershot, and replacing a group of derelict buildings which dated to the late 1850s, the Hippodrome was built for Clarence Sounes and was designed by the leading English theatre architect Bertie Crewe. It was a sister theatre to the Kingston Empire at Kingston upon Thames, which had opened in 1910.

The Hippodrome opened on 3 February 1913 with variety shows twice a night at 6.30 and 8.50 pm. The bill on opening night included Chas Karnac & Co, The Four Debutants, Sisters Jerome, Tom Westwall, Duncan & Godfrey, Chas Kitts and Rhoda Windrum.

Theatre and cinema

The theatre was the largest for miles around with seating for about 1,000 people, which included 449 seats in the stalls, 258 seats in the dress circle, 272 seats in the balcony (originally this was benched) in addition to four boxes which seated four people in each. The proscenium was 24 feet wide, and the stage was 30 feet high and 22 feet in depth. The theatre was equipped with bars on all levels and eight dressing rooms. By March 1914, the Hippodrome was showing Kinemacolor films alongside the variety acts and, by the end of the 1920s, cinema shows were occasionally also being shown there.

The Hippodrome was taken over by Kingshot Theatres in 1930 who refurbished it in 1931 with a "Grand Re-Opening" on 6 April 1931, when it began to show twice nightly cine-variety including the screening of "Pathé Super Sound Gazette", part of Pathé News.

By 1953, in addition to the twice-nightly variety shows the Hippodrome also staged pantomimes, circus acts, plays and musical comedies.

Notable performers

The Hippodrome played host to many famous artists of the day, including: Marie Lloyd, Neville Kennard, The Western Brothers, Tom Leamore, Humphrey Lyttelton, Acker Bilk, Mike & Bernie Winters, Eric Delaney, Chas McDevitt and Nancy Whiskey, Arthur English, Clapham and Dwyer, Sabrina, Phyllis Dixey, Florrie Forde, Gracie Fields, Tommy Fields, Terry Scott, Arthur Askey, Frankie Howerd, Harry Champion, Leon Cortez, Ella Shields, Julie Andrews, Hylda Baker, Arthur Lucan and Kitty McShane in their famous 'Old Mother Riley' act, Ivor Moreton and Dave Kaye, Joe Loss and his Orchestra, Lonnie Donegan, Chris Barber and his Jazz Band, Johnny Dankworth and Cleo Laine, Primo Scala and His Accordion Band, Jimmy James and Eli Woods, Wee Georgie Wood, George Robey, Cicely Courtneidge, Tommy Trinder, Jack Haig, George Martin, A. E. Matthews, Chrystabel Leighton-Porter as 'Jane', Robertson Hare, Peter Jeffrey, Clive Dunn, Geoffrey Lumsden and Max Miller.

In October 1918 Ellen Terry appeared at the theatre for five evenings as Mistress Page in scenes from  ‘’The Merry Wives of Windsor‘’ alongside a full Variety bill.

Peter Sellers appeared at the Hippodrome in February 1948 as a drummer and was billed as "Britain's answer to Gene Krupa". Sellers later described his appearance at the theatre: "I had a crushing defeat in Variety in Aldershot — a terrible thing it was." His complaint was that the band accompanying him were four bars behind as they were eating their sandwiches while they were playing.

According to some sources the actor James Mason made his stage début at the Hippodrome on 23 November 1931 playing Prince Felix Yusupov in a touring performance of Rasputin the Rascal Monk. Other sources, however, claim that this may have happened at the nearby Theatre Royal.

Decline and demolition

With ever-increasing numbers of people going to the cinema or watching television as an alternative to going to the theatre, audiences began to dwindle in the 1950s when the theatre shifted more towards nude revue. This proved rather lucrative as the nearly all-male audience preferred to sit in the more expensive seats near the stage.

Partly refurbished in 1953, the Hippodrome reopened fitfully under a number of managers until about 1960 and was demolished in 1961 after an unsuccessful campaign to save it. The last show performed there was a repertory production of Dry Rot.

The 1960s office block Hippodrome House occupies the site today.

See also
Princes Hall
West End Centre, Aldershot
Theatre Royal, Aldershot

References

External links
The Hippodrome on the 'Bygone Aldershot' website

Former theatres in England
1913 establishments in England
Buildings and structures demolished in 1961
Buildings and structures in Aldershot
Theatres completed in 1913
Theatres in Hampshire
Former music hall venues in the United Kingdom


title: Lenka Lichtenberg

text:
Lenka Lichtenberg is a Canadian singer, composer, songwriter, animal rights activist and cantorial soloist of Czech-Jewish descent. She sings in Czech, English, French, Hebrew, and Yiddish.

Early life and education
She was born in Prague, into a family of Jewish origin. Most of her mother's family was murdered during the Holocaust. At the age of nine, Lichtenberg became an actress at the Music Theatre Semafor in Prague. She moved to Denmark, where she studied music at Aarhus Universitet and worked as a club singer.

In 1980s, Lichtenberg moved to Canada and settled in Vancouver, where she continued her studies at the University of British Columbia (B.Ed., music, French), and sang in a rock band. She received her master's degree in ethnomusicology at York University in Toronto.

Career
Lichtenberg performs internationally at Jewish culture festivals, folk and world music festivals and concert series. She has released seven solo albums and numerous collaborative projects. She is a regular Shabbat service leader at the Darchei Noam Congregation in Toronto.

Director Jaroslav Hovorka made a documentary film for Czech TV about her, Lenka Lichtenberg: Pisne pro ozivle steny (2011).

Accolades
Lichtenberg has received numerous nominations and awards. In 2008 and 2012 she was the recipient of the Canadian Folk Music Award. Her latest project Thieves of Dreams placed at #36  at the Top 2022 Albums on World Music Charts Europe.

Discography
 1999 - Deep Inside
 2003 - Open the Gate
 2006 - Pashtes with Brian Katz
 2010 - Fray
 2012 - Bridges with Roula Said
 2012 - Songs for the Breathing Walls
 2013 - Embrace
 2014 - Lullabies from Exile with Yair Dalal
 2016-  Live in America
 2017 - Yiddish Journey (Arc Music Productions)
 2018 - Masaryk (Arc Music Productions)
 2019 - Lenkkodek' with Andrew McPherson
 2022-  Thieves of Dreams

References

External links

Czechoslovak emigrants to Canada
Jewish Canadian musicians
Canadian people of Czech-Jewish descent
Canadian women singers
Musicians from Prague
Singers from Toronto
Singers from Vancouver
Yiddish-language singers
Hebrew-language singers
University of British Columbia alumni
Canadian world music musicians
Canadian Folk Music Award winners
Canadian ethnomusicologists
Canadian women musicologists
Canadian animal rights activists
Canadian women activists
Jewish women singers
Jewish women composers
Women ethnomusicologists
Jewish Canadian actresses
Jewish women activists
Juno Award for Global Music Album of the Year winners


title: Evgeny Markin

text:
Evgeny L. Markin (in Russian: Евгений Леонидович Маркин; born in 1975), is a Russian businessman, public figure and politician. Currently serves as the Executive Director of the Russian-Chinese Business Council.

Education

Graduated from school with advanced study of Chinese in Vladivostok.
In 1997 Markin finished Far Eastern State Academy of Economics and Management with a degree in economics.
In 2010 he graduated from Diplomatic Academy of Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Business career

 From 1995 until 1998 worked in leading travel companies(Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik", Travel Business Club "Olga"). Evgeny Markin was a specialist in the direction of outbound tourism in Southeast Asia.
 From 1998 until 2001 worked in travel agency “Westminster” (Hong Kong).
 From 2001 until 2006 Markin led the company «Bysiness Symbol», which provided consulting services in GR in South-East Asia for Russian entrepreneurs.
 Since 2013 he has worked in LLC “Stroygazmontazh” as Advisor to General Director on cooperation with Asia-Pacific countries

Public and political career

From December 2006 to April 2008 Evgeny Markin worked in the Administration of Primorsky Territory, held an office as:
 Deputy Head of the representative office of the Primorsky Territory Administration under the Government of the Russian Federation (Moscow);
 Deputy Director of the International Cooperation and Tourism Department of the Primorsky Territory Administration;
 Assistant to Governor of the Primorsky Territory Administration;
 From April 2008 until March 2009 he worked in the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation and held positions, such as:
 Assistant on the realization of the Olympic objects construction programme;
 Deputy Head of the Northern Territories Development Section of the Far East and Northern Territories Development Department;
 From June 2010 to August 2012 Markin was the Director of the International Cooperation and Tourism Department of Primorsky Territory in the Administration of Primorsky Territory, Assistant to Governor of the Primorsky Territory Administration.
 In September 2012 he held an office of the Assistant to Minister, Head of the Secretariat in the Ministry of Regional Development.
 Since 2020, Evgeny Markin has been the Executive Director of the Russian-Chinese Business Council.
  Evgeny Markin is one of the founders of "Voskresenie" Russian Cultural Association, established by the initiative of the nationals, who are living in the southern China, for the performance of public activities and development of national and cultural relations between Russia and China.
 Markin Evgeny is the Adviser to Secretary of Patriarchal Council on Culture for cooperation with PRC Archimandrite Tikhon (Shevkunov)

Hobbies and interests

Speaks fluent Chinese and English. Married, has daughter and son.

References

1975 births
Living people
Russian businesspeople
Russian politicians


title: Argila

text:
Argila may refer to:

Argila (moth), a genus of moths in the subfamily Lymantriinae
Argila (1940 film), a 1940 Brazilian film
Argila (1969 film), a 1969 West German film
Argila (footballer) (born 1920), Spanish footballer


title: Ilie Moscovici

text:
Ilie B. Moscovici (also known as Tovilie; 28 November 1885 – 1 November 1943) was a Romanian socialist militant and journalist, one of the noted leaders of the Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR). A socialist since early youth and a party member since its creation in 1910, he returned from captivity in World War I to lead the PSDR from Bucharest, and involved himself in a violent clash with the Romanian authorities. He mediated between reformist and Bolshevik currents, and helped establish the Socialist Party of Romania (PS) as a fusion of both tendencies. Moscovici served as a PS representative in Chamber, but was deposed over his instigation of the 1920 general strike, then imprisoned. Although he voted against the creation of a Communist Party from the rump PS and criticized Comintern interference in Romanian affairs, he was again apprehended in 1921. Together with the communists, he appeared as a defendant in the Dealul Spirii Trial.

Moscovici spent the 1920s and 1930s on reconstructing the PSDR and enlarging its basis, sometimes together with, and sometimes against, the moderate socialist Constantin Titel Petrescu. He was the party's representative to the Labor and Socialist International, a participant in antifascist causes, and a publisher of Marxist literature. Seen as the Social Democratic doctrinaire, he continued to take stands against the Communist Party and the Soviet Union, cautioning against the formation of a "popular front".

Persecuted by the far-right for his politics and his Jewish ethnicity, Moscovici was still active in the clandestine PSDR by the time of World War II. He died, after a long illness, before his party's involvement in the Coup of 1944. In later years, after the PSDR was absorbed by the Communist Party, Moscovici's contribution was censored out of socialist history. His work was carried on by his daughter, Mira Moscovici, who helped reestablish an independent PSDR in 1990, during the country's post-communist era. Moscovici's relatives include French social scientist Serge Moscovici and his son, the politician Pierre Moscovici.

Biography

Early life and World War I
Moscovici was born on 28 November 1885, in Băiceni village, Iași County (just outside Pașcani, where he always owned a townhouse). He is known to have completed his secondary studies at the National College in Iași, and to have enlisted at the local university faculty of medicine in 1906. He was already active in Marxist milieu, scattered after the earlier split of the Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Young Moscovici joined up with Leon Ghelerter's "Social Studies Circle", where he became comrades with Mihail Gheorghiu Bujor, Ottoi Călin, Max Wexler, and Emil Socor. He was a frequent contributor to the socialist press, in magazines such as România Muncitoare or Lupta, and translated under the pen name I. Nour.

In 1910, Moscovici and the entire Social Studies Circle became members of the Social Democratic Party (PSDR), founded as Romania's new socialist party. At the second party congress, in June 1912, Moscovici and Constantin Popovici were rapporteurs on workers' compensation issues. The following year, with Romania's entry into the Second Balkan War, Moscovici was drafted as a medic into the Romanian Land Forces, and sent to the Bulgarian front; he witnessed first-hand the failures of sanitation and healthcare in the army, as some 5,600 soldiers died of cholera and other treatable causes.

Upon his return to Bucharest, Moscovici reported to his party about the matter, and organized a public protest against Conservative Party rule. Joining him in this effort were other veterans of the Bulgarian campaign, including his lifelong friends Constantin Titel Petrescu and Toma Dragu, alongside the socialist physician Ecaterina Arbore. The authorities moved to organize a court-martial, but withdrew the request when faced with public outcry. In August 1913, Moscovici was in Dobreni commune, Neamț County, addressing the local peasants and trying to get them interested in the PSDR agenda.

In 1916, at the height of World War I, Romania declared war on the Central Powers; she lost the subsequent battle, and the legitimate government was forced to withdraw to Iași, presiding over a rump Romanian state. Again mobilized as a reserve officer, Moscovici was captured by the German Army, interned, and transported to Germany as a prisoner of war. In May 1917, he was at the POW camp in Krefeld, sharing captivity with the likes of Alexandru D. Sturdza and Mircea Florian. Set free by the time of Romania's peace with the Central Powers, Moscovici returned to Bucharest, which was still occupied by German troops. For a while, he turned to regular journalism, and, with A. de Herz, Liviu Rebreanu, Scarlat Froda and Barbu Lăzăreanu, put out a theatrical daily, Scena. He left after a few months and was replaced with Așer Penijel. Most of his fellow prisoners were also repatriated on 19 May 1918.

During the interval, Moscovici also resumed his contacts with the PSDR, which was hostile to the German occupiers and undecided about the government in Iași. Moscovici resumed his militancy, cooperating with Gheorghe Cristescu and other Bucharest socialists. As the PSDR general secretary (later co-chair of the Executive Committee), he was one of the main figures in attendance at the social-democratic club on Sfântul Ionică Street, Bucharest. Alongside its core of PSDR activists, the club was frequented by self-styled "Bolsheviks", including David Fabian and the teenaged Belu Zilber. The latter recalls that Moscovici, who did not share his radicalism, was "a figure of rare magnanimity, with an ancestral Judaic passion for ideas."

Socialist Party and 1918 trial
The party openly rejected the peace with Germany, but did so by invoking Wilsonian principles, including the slogan of "peace with no annexations". The German crackdown brought ended with the arrest of Moscovici and his colleagues, and their detainment at Văcărești. After the November Armistice (Germany's unexpected defeat), the PSDR gained importance in the disorganized territory, from which the Germans were hastily withdrawing. In 1922, Moscovici himself wrote that the party missed out on an opportunity for revolution, because it "refused" to do so. Although the workers' guard outnumbered the Gendarmerie, the PSDR agreed to allow censorship of its press, and did not participate in the oil industry strikes of 30 November.

On 11 December, the PSDR transformed itself into the Socialist Party of Romania. Its program, written down by Șerban Voinea in 1919, specified that the members stood for "scientific socialism" and the socialization of property, but also for reformism (in the absence of a revolutionary class). The PS was immediately approached for secretive talks by radicalized members of the establishment, grouped in the People's Party (PP). The central issue was the PS' nominal support for republicanism, which was also espoused by some of the PP doctrinaires—though not by the party leader, General Alexandru Averescu. In exchange for support, Averescu was ready to co-opt the PS into a future government. Moscovici was among the PS representatives who discussed the matter with PP emissaries Constantin Argetoianu and P. P. Negulescu. In the end, the socialists were adamant in their rejection of a compromise.

Although favoring non-engagement, Moscovici and Cristescu approved of the typesetters' call to a general strike on 25 December, after it became apparent that the outcome was inevitable. For his part, Moscovici was in contact with centrist newspaper proprietors such as Grigore Filipescu, who wanted to organize their own solidarity strike against censorship. Even though they did not take part in organizing the actual workers' strike, the PS men were immediately identified as culprits by the authorities, who amassed a Chasseurs' Regiment around the Sfântul Ionică building. It was at that moment, on 26 December, that Moscovici and other moderates took the initiative, and sent couriers at factories throughout the city, calling union men to leave their stations and rally on the army-occupied street.

In hindsight, Moscovici referred to this as a hasty action, leading into a trap set by the authorities. In later communist historiography, he was condemned for "not posing [himself] the problem of organizing the workers' revolutionary fight, [...] so as the masses would avoid bloody attacks by the authorities, or respond to such attacks with due force." Some tens of workers were killed when the Chasseurs' Regiment fired on the columns gathering at Teatrului Square, on Calea Victoriei; up to 500 people, including labor organizer I. C. Frimu, were arrested. Although more violent columns of workers managed to resist the onslaught and reportedly negotiated a ceasefire, the authorities maintained the mood of repression for several months.

A large segment of PS activists (48 men), was court-martialled on various charges: with Cristescu, Popovici, Voinea and Alecu Constantinescu, Moscovici was indicted of sedition and "bringing offense" to King Ferdinand I. A celebrity defense team, comprising Petrescu, Constantin Mille, Constantin Costa-Foru, N. D. Cocea, Constantin Angelescu, Radu D. Rosetti, and D. R. Ioanițescu, managed to obtain acquittals for most of the defendants. The party continued to threaten with strike actions during the closing months of 1919, and, although it won seats in the November election, boycotted Parliament. In parallel, the PS committees negotiated an understanding with socialist Romanians from those former regions of Austria-Hungary which had been incorporated into Greater Romania. In October 1920, the PS absorbed the Bukovina Social Democratic Party and the Transylvania Social Democratic Party. The reorganized party, an uneasy alliance of reformists and Bolshevized radicals, held sway over the 156 trade unions in Greater Romania, having blocked out competition from syndicalism and anarchism. It counted 148,500 as its total members.

1920 strike
Moscovici, who represented the PS Executive Committee at the funeral ceremony of Marxist theorist Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, ran in the May 1920 suffrage, carried out under a PP government. He was elected to the Assembly (Chamber) of Deputies, alongside Cristescu. Fellow deputy Alexandru Vaida-Voevod, of the right-wing National Romanian Party, recalled hearing them speak: Cristescu, he noted, was an "uncultured Romanian", whereas Moscovici was a "cultured Jew". According to the American visitor Charles Upson Clark, Moscovici was a remarkable figure, "the most prominent Jewish member of the House".

The party involved itself in the radical opposition to the Averescu government, calling the administration a "terror regime" denying workers "their most basic citizens' rights". The PS and many others on the left were infuriated by Minister Grigore Trancu-Iași's law on labor courts, which seemed like an effort to reduce unions' representative power. On 10 October 1920, Moscovici was one of the participants to the congress of the General Council of the Socialist Party and Labor Unions. In its ultimatum to the government, it asked for the recognition of collective bargaining, and demanded a unified and advanced system of workers' compensation, threatening with a general strike in case of non-compliance. With Iosif Jumanca and Rudolf Gaidosch, Moscovici was part of a PS commission of handpicked moderates who presented Averescu with the PS' demands.

When Averescu refused to give in, the PS put into motion the 20 October general strike, with the peaceful slogan: "Everyone stays at home, we will hold no demonstrations so as not to leave room for the provocateurs." Beyond this facade, the PS was torn by factionalism. The radical section made open calls for the party's transformation. In the theoretical organ Lupta de Clasă, there was already talk of forming "the vanguard party of the proletariat, the communist party". Yet, as Moscovici explained in a 1922 essay, Problemele actuale ale mișcării socialiste ("Current Issues Facing the Socialist Movement"), "although ours is a revolutionary party, who realizes that Capitalist Society cannot be overturned in any other way but through a revolution—once our Society, like our proletariat, is ripened enough for it [Moscovici's italics]—, it would be an enormous mistake to maintain that the general strike has aimed to overthrow the current State's regime." The socialists' attempt to "pressure" the government into reforming the labor legislation "failed, and we did not wish for a revolution."

The immediate effects of the strike were an economic crisis and a settlement between the right-wing National Liberal Party, in the opposition, and the PP government. As the academic and labor organizer Nicolae Ghiulea attests: "General Averescu's government reacted by ordering the sentencing of socialist leaders, the arrest of all workers who had any sort of influence over their comrades, the dissolution of all trade unions, the suspension of the socialist and workers' press, the closure and destruction of press quarters. Scattered, lacking a class consciousness and with no means of resistance, the working masses abandoned the movement." In May 1921, Averescu also passed a more liberal law on labor disputes, which allowed trade unions to form but screened their leadership for various criteria, including Romanian ethnicity.

Moscovici, stripped of his seat in the Chamber, was made subject to a court-martial. Its proceedings were a publicized affair: Averescu himself was called to the stand, where he reluctantly acknowledged having called upon the PS during his time in the opposition. The revelation of Averescu's "plot against the Crown" left a mark on public opinion. Writing at the time, sociologist Dimitrie Drăghicescu argued that "somebody with enough courage and authority should take the plotter by the collar and throw him into that place where he himself has thrown Ilie Moscovici." In the end, Moscovici, Socor, and three other defendants were sentenced to five years of penal labor. Upon hearing the verdict, Moscovici was heard shouting: "Socialism shall not die! Long live socialism!"

Communist schism
The recipient of an amnesty, Moscovici returned to the PS just as the radical side, inspired by the consolidation of Soviet Russia, was pushing for the party's affiliation to the Comintern. In essence, Moscovici, Petrescu and other centrists did not reject outright the notion of affiliating, but demanded guarantees—whereas the "rightist" side of the PS, with Jumanca, Voinea, and Iacob Pistiner, simply objected to all manner of contact with the Soviets. They were joined by Ioan Flueraș, leader of the Transylvanian socialists, who had visited Russia, experienced communism directly without being won over, and denounced the Comintern's agenda; the Comintern deposed him from the delegation, citing Flueraș's presence on the Transylvanian Council that voted union with Romania.

The pro-Comintern left, however, included Moscovici's old associate and Chamber colleague, Cristescu. As Moscovici himself noted, the latter returned from Russia with orders to expel the "opportunistic" members on the right. According to a retrospective article published by Lumea Nouă newspaper in 1922, the old socialists were only reserved one seat on the Executive Committee, to be contested between Cristescu, Popovici and Moscovici. Nevertheless, later historians argue that the list of the Central Committee imposed by the Comintern comprised not only all three, but also trade unionists and other centrist socialists.

As Moscovici later stated, Comintern affiliation "means true disaster for the workers; it has always been the greatest obstacle to achieving or preparing the socialist revolution." The mass of proletarians, he suggested, was unprepared for a major political role, which could only be arrived at through gradualism ("the strengthening of the working masses in body and spirit"). According to Bolshevik delegate Mihail Cruceanu, Moscovici was making efforts to boycott a PS vote on the issue, refusing to convene a congress and leaving intact the seal placed by Averescu's police on the Sfântul Ionică building. On the right, George Grigorovici also reacted to Cristescu's Bolshevism by reestablishing the Bukovina Social Democratic Party. Accused by the communists of playing into the hands of the political establishment, this group competed with the PS for a few months, claiming to embody the PDSR's moderate core. Together with the other formerly Austro-Hungarian chapters of the PS, Grigorovici set up his own Provisional Central Committee, later Federation of Socialist Parties from Romania (FPSR).

Such moves led the radical faction in effective control of the PS. On 8 May 1921, this group, with Cristescu at the helm, voted to set up the Romanian Communist Party (PCdR, or "Socialist-Communists"), a Comintern affiliate. As Ghiulea noted, the vote signified a "communist takeover of the socialist party", leaving socialism divided into "three pathways". The PCdR was that of "violent agitation." As argued by Clark, the Socialist Party survived an attempted seizure "by Communistic elements". This was also the version supported by Moscovici's rump PS. In February 1922, it defined the PCdR as a "brand new party", adding: "we are the continuation of the old party with its program, that no one and nothing has been able to change."

The government moved to immediately arrest and prosecute those delegates present at Sfântul Ionică during the vote. Moscovici was picked up as well, and, although he had voted against Comintern membership, was indicted in the subsequent Dealul Spirii Trial. The prosecutor aimed to show that he and Cristescu had conspired "to overthrow the current form of government". Kept separate from his former colleagues, Moscovici was among those acquitted, alongside Cruceanu, Popovici, and Elek Köblös (most of the others were eventually amnestied by the king).

Moscovici's rump PS ultimately joined up with Jumanca and Flueraș's FPSR by August 1922. According to the communist press of the day, this group, also known as Unified Party, only managed to keep as its members "some tens of renegades"; however, the FPSR claimed that the PCdR only managed to sign up some 500 of the total 40,000 PS members, the rest having defected after the Comintern affiliation. At the same time, according to the reports presented at its 1922 congress, the FPSR claimed 12,000 members, of which 6,000 in Banat, 2,000 in Transylvania and 2,000 in Bukovina. Moscovici, as ideologue of the Federation, noted that the coming "Social Revolution" would not be inspired by Russia, but could only be "handed down to us by the proletarian class in advanced countries".

The Federation signaled its opposition to the Comintern by rallying with the International Working Union of Socialist Parties (the "2½ International"), and later to the Labor and Socialist International (LSI). Moscovici was the party representative to the ISWU Congress in Hamburg. Back in Romania, he was one of the socialists who also joined the League of Human Rights, alongside left-leaning politicians such as Costa-Foru, Nicolae Lupu, Vasile Stroiescu and Dem I. Dobrescu.

PSDR survival

After the 1922 election, Pistiner was the only FPSR deputy in Chamber, allowing the center-left Peasants' Party to represent the main channel for workers' grievances. However, according to Drăghicescu, the FPSR was destined to slowly erode the Peasantist vote, with the consolidation of the proletarian class. Moscovici, Grigorovici, alongside Ghelerter and Dragu, were "realistic" leaders, who could potentially transform the FPSR from a sectarian "class party" into a "party of ideas". At the time, the party's theorist was Voinea, who, as an Austromarxist, steered the FPSR away from social-liberal deviations. For his part, Moscovici represented the FPSR and spoke about its policies at Dimitrie Gusti's Social Institute—one of a set of conferences in which Romanian doctrinaires advertised their respective ideologies.

In March 1924, Moscovici, Flueraș and Pistiner were the Romanian representatives to the Balkan Socialist Conference of Bucharest. They received prominent figures of the LSI, including Irakli Tsereteli, Friedrich Adler, Živko Topalović, Yanko Sakazov, and Asen Tsankov. Nevertheless, the Federation continued to discuss secretly with the PCdR, even after the latter had been outlawed; communist militants identified Moscovici as one of the main opponents of a tactical "united front". In Lumea Nouă, Moscovici denounced the Comintern's directives on the matter. The communists, Moscovici wrote, "have to come up once in a while with a proposal to create the united front, without ever bringing it about, so as to maneuver against other workers' parties and compromise the leaders of said parties." Moscovici looked into the Soviet Union's acts of provocation, and, in the official newspaper Socialismul, denounced the Tatarbunary Uprising as a Cominternist invasion. In his view, the Soviet-backed "Moldavian Republic" was "non-existent and ridiculous".

On 9 May 1927, following a Federation congress, the old PSDR was reborn, with a more centralized structure. Moscovici, Petrescu, Pistiner, Jumanca and Flueraș, as well as the younger Lothar Rădăceanu, were voted in as the Executive Bureau; Jumanca was the Secretary, Moscovici the Party Treasurer. He also took charge of the PSDR's publishing activity and cultural club. It was hosted by the printing offices of Barbu Brănișteanu, on Calea Victoriei, where Moscovici was the sales manager. He had regular meetings with left-wing figures such as the Peasantist leader Constantin Stere, the physician Simion Iagnov, and Voinea's half-brother, the sociologist Henri H. Stahl. As Stahl recalls: "the basis of my political conceptions, so to say, came from Moscovici, who was a very interesting man. He was a very well-read man. [...] he was a furious anti-Bolshevik." The enterprise, however, went out of business after publishing a single title—a brochure about Giacomo Matteotti.

Once consolidated, Romanian social democracy began cooperating with the National Peasants' Party (PNŢ), which showed most promise in reforming the Romanian social system. In cartel with the PNŢ, the PSDR made its return to Chamber following the election of 1928. The alliance ended abruptly when the PNŢ cabinet of Iuliu Maniu used violence to quell down the Lupeni Strike of 1929, while also refusing to release left-wing political prisoners. The PSDR suffered another setback in 1928, when the Ghelerter faction defected, reclaiming for itself the title of Social-Democratic Workers' Party, later Unitary Socialist Party (PSU). It managed to attract into its ranks Moscovici, Popovici, and eventually Cristescu, who had been deposed as PCdR leader.

Moscovici eventually returned to the PSDR, and attended, alongside Petrescu, the Socialist Inter-Parliamentary Conference of 1931. A year later, he was the party's delegate to the funeral of Iosif Ciser, a leader of the Jiu Valley miners. On 15 September 1929, Moscovici had become editor of a monthly, Mișcarea Socială ("The Social Movement"). With contributions from Voinea and Rădăceanu, and translations from Europe's leading Marxist theoreticians, it survived to 1933. Also in 1929, Moscovici and Socor sat on the board of a cooperative, Casa Poporului ("People's House"), which attempted to purchase land property and place it under proletarian administration.

Antifascist campaigns
The PSDR's pacifist anti-fascism was channeled in the creation of several left-wing bodies, frequented by Moscovici and accepting communist members: the Unitary Front, the League against Terror, the League against War and Fascism. The years after Ghelerter's departure brought clashes between the socialists and the antisemitic far-right, in particular the National-Christian Defense League (LANC). In 1926, a LANC politician, Nicolae Paulescu, proclaimed that "the kike Moscovici" managed an "almost entirely kikeified party." The League of Human Rights was dissolved that year, after Costa-Foru was beaten and mutilated by LANC youth. In early 1930, the international press reported that Moscovici and PSDR deputy Rădăceanu had been assaulted by far-right students and "badly abused". Moscovici was injured in the attack, and recovering at home.

At the 1933 PSDR Congress, which condemned the success of fascism in Europe and labeled Nazi Germany a "barbarous regime", Moscovici was elected to the Executive Committee. During those years, the activities of a LANC successor, the Iron Guard, signaled a deep political crisis. After Premier Ion G. Duca's assassination by an Iron Guard death squad, the authorities decided to also clamp down on the PSDR press. Deep rifts were also showing between the orthodox Marxism of Petrescu and Moscovici and the more reformist stance of Transylvanian socialists.

During 1936, citing the Comintern's revised "popular front" doctrine against fascism, the clandestine PCdR and its Red Aid connections negotiated a rapprochement with the PSDR. Moscovici's own political essays, taken up by Lumea Nouă, treated the communists' proposal with suspicion. As Petrescu argues, PSDR leaders were persuaded when communists renounced their "provocative and libelous verbiage"; but they eventually found it impossible to deal with a party that did not accept "legality and democracy." Instead, in 1937, the PSDR managed to reintegrate the Unitary Socialist Party, including Cristescu and his followers. During that time, Moscovici was reelected to the Executive Committee, and was again Party Treasurer.

The general election of 1937 evidenced the PSDR's decline after its split with the PNȚ: it only received 0.9% of the national vote. The tied elections were decided by King Carol II, who blocked the Iron Guard threat by handing power to another fascist group:
the National Christian Party (PNC, successor of the LANC) with Octavian Goga as Premier. In its bid for additional support, the PNC managed to obtain the collaboration of some right-wing PSDR leaders, most notably Flueraș. The following year, Carol II instituted his own dictatorship, centered on the quasi-fascist National Renaissance Front (FRN). To Moscovici's chagrin, the FRN was also able to enlist some of the right-leaning socialists, who justified themselves as supporters "of the king against the Iron Guard." The most prominent defectors were Flueraș and Grigorovici, whose option made them bitter rivals of Petrescu (and, to a lesser degree, of Moscovici himself). Jumanca also left the party to support the FRN, but his relatively low profile allowed him to maintain more cordial contacts with the PSDR leaders.

Final years and death
Although all parties but the FRN had been banned by the authoritarian Constitution, the PSDR maintained an informal existence around Lumea Nouă paper (where Moscovici was still a leading contributor). However, the party had to relinquish its seats in the LSI. The FRN regime, politically isolated by World War II, crumbled in 1940, unable to deal with Nazi and Soviet pressures (the Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and the loss of Northern Transylvania). Romania experienced an episode of Iron Guard rule, with Ion Antonescu as the Conducător. The clandestine PSDR objected to such moves, as well as to the subsequent German occupation, placing its hopes in the Western Allies.

After securing his position in a bloody confrontation with the Iron Guard, Antonescu involved Romania in the war against the Soviet Union. Antisemitic measures and the clampdown on dissident activities reached a peak. Ailing from heart disease and noticeably poor, Moscovici was threatened with imminent eviction from his Bucharest home in Vatra Luminoasă, and had to move in with friends. As noted by his daughter Mira, the signal for this persecution was an article in the fascist newspaper Porunca Vremii. Against the family's protests, the house was listed for rent by the Romanianization bureau, which had barred Jews from placing bids. When Moscovici presented his certificate of service in World War I, guaranteeing him special treatment, the officials objected that he was not a war invalid. Moscovici was also prevented from cashing into his Journalists' Union pension, owing to his racial origins. He was advised to seek an interview with Antonescu, but he rejected the idea outright. Although exposed to such persecution, Moscovici had remained cautious of the Soviet Union, and informed himself about its crimes. His young friend Belu Zilber, at the time involved with the clandestine PCdR, recalls a brush with the anticommunist Moscovici some time after the Battle of Stalingrad. According to Zilber, Moscovici shouted at him that: "those Katyn people are coming, and they're going to kill you!". In summer 1943, with Petrescu, Moscovici also wrote a note to the International Revolutionary Marxist Centre, detailing the "treason" of Flueraș and Grigorovici.

The Moscovici family eventually found lodging on Bolliac Street. Kept under medical supervision by his socialist friend Nicolae Lupu, Moscovici had severe edema in his feet, and developed chronic infections. By October, he showed symptoms of atrial fibrillation and a decline in his mental state, with episodes of delirium. He died, after a twelve-day agony, on the morning of 1 November 1943. His funeral ceremony at Cenușa Crematorium offered the occasion for an impromptu socialist demonstration. As the junior PSDR activist Ion Pas wrote in 1945, this was "a final protest against fascist tyranny". Moscovici left no final will, but Mira forged one to prevent the family from being evicted by the Romanianization bureau.

Posterity
Following the 23 August Coup of 1944, in which the PSDR played a significant part, Antonescu was toppled, and Romania made a swift return to multiparty rule. During the subsequent democratic interval, Moscovici was commemorated by Tudor Teodorescu-Braniște with a belated obituary in Jurnalul de Dimineaţă: "there are very few politicians in our country to have remained faithful to an idea their whole lives. [...] In this world of ours, Ilie Moscovici was and endured a socialist. He was not dissuaded by vain ambition. He was not frightened by poverty. He was not influenced by persecution." Although the PSDR was rapidly expanding, claiming some 700,000 members in 1945, it was being undermined by the infiltration of communists, who, inspired by the Soviet occupation of Romania, worked to absorb it into a much smaller PCdR. Addressing the rank and file of the party, the pro-communist Ștefan Voitec claimed that the merger had been envisaged by Moscovici while he was still alive—a claim that is seen as "opportunistic" by journalist and historian Victor Frunză. The communist takeover was effected at the congress of March 1946, and facilitated in part by Voinea's last-minute defection.

The PCdR recreated itself as a "Workers' Party", while the Independent Social Democrats, led by Petrescu and Jumanca, remained active until the 1948 installment of a fully-fledged Romanian communist regime. Both leaders ended up as political prisoners of the regime (Jumanca died in prison). During the Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej era of Romanian communism, Moscovici's activity was almost entirely stricken out from historical records. Zilber, who fell out with the communist regime and spent 18 years as a political prisoner, noted in his memoirs that expunging Moscovici and other deceased but inconvenient socialists from the history of Romania was "not hard at all": "difficulties showed up only when it came to the live ones".

Having vowed to avenge her father's death and continue his work, Mira Moscovici preserved her spiritual affiliation to non-communist socialism. After the ascendency of Nicolae Ceaușescu as communist leader, she frequented dissident circles and was placed under surveillance by the Securitate secret police. The Moscovici family maintained close contacts with Italian President Sandro Pertini, informing him about the realities of Ceaușescu's rule, beyond its liberalized facade. Shortly after Romanian Revolution of 1989, which reinstated multiparty democracy, Mira Moscovici joined Sergiu Cunescu and Adrian Dimitriu in reestablishing the PSDR. The Ilie and Mira Moscovici papers, preserved by Victor Frunză, are stored at the Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes and Memory of the Romanian Exile.

Ilie's nephew, Serge Moscovici, was himself exposed to antisemitic persecution as a youngster, and had to perform forced labor in a factory. He left for France in 1947, and became a major figure in social psychology, as well as a radical social theorist. Serge's son, the economist Pierre Moscovici, is a French Socialist Party politician. He has served in various ministerial posts, including as Finance Minister between 2012 and 2014. Pierre Moscovici was also one of the supervisors for Romania's European integration process.

Notes

References
Charles Upson Clark, Greater Roumania, Dodd, Mead and Company, New York City, 1922.
Petre Constantinescu-Iași, Pagini de luptă din trecut, Editura Politică, Bucharest, 1972.
Mihail Cruceanu, De vorbă cu trecutul..., Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1973.
Dimitrie Drăghicescu, Partide politice și clase sociale, Tipografia Reforma Socială, Bucharest, 1922
Radu Filipescu, "Partidele parlamentare și problema comunismului (1919–1924)", in the 1 December University of Alba Iulia Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica, 10/I, 2006, p. 67–83
 Georgeta Filitti, "Ilie Moscovici (I)", in the Mihail Sadoveanu City Library Biblioteca Bucureștilor, Nr. 1/2008, p. 10–12; "Ilie Moscovici (II)", in Biblioteca Bucureștilor, Nr. 2/2008, p. 9–11
Victor Frunză, Istoria stalinismului în România, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990.
 Nicolae Ghiulea, "Les organisations ouvrières en Roumanie", in Revue Internationale du Travail, Nr. 1/1924, p. 33–52 (digitized by the Bibliothèque nationale de France Gallica digital library)
Ion Iacoș, "Contribuții privind greva generală din octombrie 1920", in Studii. Revistă de Istorie, Nr. 6/1970, p. 1073–1088
V. Liveanu, "Note și însemnări. Cu privire la evenimentele din 26(13) decembrie 1918", in Studii. Revistă de Istorie, Nr. 1/1958, p. 97–106
Stelian Neagoe, "Un senator social-democrat în Parlamentul României", in Revista de Științe Politice și Relații Internaționale Vol. III, Nr. 4, 2006, p. 109–118
Ion Pas, În amintirea lor: C. Dobrogeanu-Gherea; I. C. Frimu; Ilie Moscovici; C. G. Costa-Foru; Const. Graur; Tovarășul Fănică; Aripi frânte, Editura Partidului Social-Democrat, Bucharest, 1945
Constantin Titel Petrescu, Socialismul în România. 1835 – 6 septembrie 1940, Dacia Traiana, Bucharest, [n. y.]
Mihai Rusenescu, "Relațiile P.C.R. cu alte partide (1922 — 1928)", in Studii. Revistă de Istorie, Nr. 5/1971, p. 985–1008
Andrei Șerbulescu, Monarhia de drept dialectic. A doua versiune a memoriilor lui Belu Zilber, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1991.
Henri H. Stahl, Amintiri și gînduri din vechea școală a monografiilor sociologice. Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1981.
Vladimir Tismăneanu, Stalinism pentru eternitate, Polirom, Iaşi, 2005.
Al. Topliceanu, "Recenzii. Ilie Moscovici, Problemele actuale ale mișcării socialiste. Tip. Brădișteanu, 1922", in Arhiva pentru Știința și Reforma Socială, Nr. 1/1922, p. 141–144

1885 births
1943 deaths
Leaders of political parties in Romania
Social Democratic Party of Romania (1910–1918) politicians
Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948) politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Romanian Marxists
Executives of cooperative societies
Romanian trade unionists
Romanian anti-communists
Anti-fascists
Republicanism in the Kingdom of Romania
Romanian human rights activists
Marxist journalists
Romanian essayists
Romanian newspaper editors
Romanian magazine editors
Romanian magazine founders
Romanian publishers (people)
Romanian translators
Censorship in Romania
People from Iași County
Romanian Jews
Moldavian Jews
Jewish socialists
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University alumni
Romanian Land Forces officers
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Romanian military personnel of the Second Balkan War
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World War I prisoners of war held by Germany
Romanian prisoners of war
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Prisoners and detainees of Romania
Romanian people of World War II
20th-century translators
20th-century essayists
Jewish Romanian politicians


title: Saito Kinen Orchestra

text:
The Saito Kinen Orchestra is an orchestra formed annually during the Saito Kinen Festival Matsumoto, which is held every August and September in Matsumoto city, Nagano, Japan. The orchestra is managed by the Saito Kinen Foundation.

History
In September 1984, under the leadership of Seiji Ozawa and Kazuyoshi Akiyama, a group of Japanese musicians from all over the world gathered together in Japan to perform a series of concerts in commemoration of the 10th anniversary of the death of Hideo Saito—co-founder of the Toho Gakuen School of Music and mentor to those conductors and musicians. The series of memorial concerts performed in Tokyo and Osaka became the beginning of the career of the Saito Kinen Orchestra.

In the beginning of the orchestra's establishment, its members would consist of Saito's former students who agreed with Ozawa and Akiyama that they should assemble in Japan for the memorial concerts. At first they performed without payment.

In 1987 the Orchestra made its first tour of Europe in Vienna, Berlin, Frankfurt, Paris, and London. Between 1989 and 1991, it toured in Europe and America. In 1990 the orchestra was invited to the Salzburg Festival.

In May 1992, the Saito Kinen Foundation was established. In September of the same year, the Saito Kinen Festival Matsumoto was held for the first time. As well as activities for the annual Festival such as performing symphonies, operas and vocal compositions, and holding musician tutorials, the orchestra has also performed concerts in Tokyo.

Since the Saito Kinen Orchestra is an orchestra formed annually, there are no regular members. It originally consisted of Saito's former students and the graduates from the Toho Gakuen School of Music. However, as the original members age, the orchestra has been adding new members, among them Ozawa's former students and friends.

In 2008, the Orchestra was voted the world's 19th greatest orchestra by a panel of critics assembled by Gramophone Magazine, a UK-based leading classical music magazine.

Recordings
The orchestra has recorded symphonies by Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky and Mahler. Its other recordings are of Stravinsky's Oedipus rex, and the St Matthew Passion and Mass in B minor by J.S. Bach. Those recordings are done for Philips Records and Sony Music.

Music directors
The current and former directors are:
 Seiji Ozawa (General Director), Kazuyoshi Akiyama, Taijiro Iimori, Tatsuya Shimono

Orchestra musicians
A list of the current and former players:
 Flute: Shigenori Kudo, Sébastian Jacot, Jacques Zoon, Kazuhiro Iwasa, Kazuo Tokito
 Oboe: Fumiaki Miyamoto, Philippe Tondre, Katsuya Watanabe, Björn Vestre
 Bassoon: Dag Jensen, Malte Refardt
 French horn: Nobuyuki Mizuno, Radek Baborák
 Timpani: Vic Firth, Don Liuzzi, Rainer Seegers
 Percussion: Koji Fukamachi, Satoshi Takeshima, Mika Takehara, Sawako Yasue
 Harp: Naoko Yoshino, Risako Hayakawa
 Violin: Tōru Yasunaga, Yasushi Toyoshima, Tatsuya Yabe, Takumi Komoriya, Masuko Ushioda, Syoko Aki, Machie Oguri, Tadashi Hori, Kyoko Shikata, Jennifer Gilbert, Hiroyuki Yamaguchi,
 Viola: Mazumi Tanamura, Nobuko Imai, Naoko Shimizu, Tomomi Shinozaki, Yoshiko Kawamoto, Manabu Suzuki, Kota Nagahara, Machiko Shimada, Masaya Soshi
 Cello: Tsuyoshi Tsutsumi, Kenichiro Yasuda, Ko Iwasaki, Nobuo Furukawa, Yo Kigoshi, Sumiko Kurata, Ole Akahoshi
 Double bass: Yasunori Kawahara, Hiroshi Ikematsu, Akihiro Adachi, Shigeru Ishikawa, Akira Akahoshi, Rainer Zepperitz

References

External links
 Official website of Saito Kinen Festival Matsumoto

Musical groups established in 1984
1984 establishments in Japan
Culture in Nagano Prefecture
Japanese orchestras
Japanese musical groups


title: Giorgi Vashadze

text:
Giorgi Vashadze () (born 8 July 1981) is a Harvard Business School Executive Education alumnus, Georgian politician and international policy expert who served as a member of the Parliament of Georgia from 2012 to 2016. He is a founder and international key expert of Innovation and Development Foundation (IDF), international think-tank that is committed to design public policy solutions and reform packages. In May 2016, Giorgi Vashadze founded a political party ‘Political Platform - New Georgia ’. He is also a founder of Computer Literacy Foundation that was established in 2012 and Georgia Reforms and Partnership Enterprise (GRAPE). Giorgi Vashadze previously served as a Deputy-Minister at the Ministry of Justice between 2010 and 2012, and a Chairman of Civil Registry Agency from 2006 to 2010.

Giorgi Vashadze was born in Chiatura, Georgia. After graduating with a dual degree from Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University and Georgian Technical University, he was appointed as a Head of Passport and Population Registration Service to Chugureti Register Agency of Ministry of Justice of Georgia in 2005. Shortly, he moved up the career ladder and was assigned to the post of at first, Deputy-Chairman (from 2005 to 2006), and then, the Chairman of Civil Registry Agency of the Ministry of Justice from 2006 to 2010. In 2009-2010, he attended the Executive Education program at Harvard Business School. Between 2010 and 2012 he served as a Deputy-Minister of Justice of Georgia.

During his term in office at Civil Registry Agency, Giorgi Vashadze initiated and implemented many landmark projects at the intersection of public administration and e-governance. The main reform was introduction of ID cards that substituted for previous forms of citizen identification that formed a strong basis for realizing other breakthrough reforms concerning biometric passports, digital signature, citizen portal - My.gov.ge, unified Demographic Registry, visual recognition, and accelerated services. Giorgi Vashadze’s projects had significantly contributed to augmenting corrupted practices that dominated public sector, and aided Georgia’s impeccable fight and win over corruption.

After assuming office as a Deputy-Minister of Justice in 2010, Giorgi Vashadze was in charge of establishment of Public Service Halls. He authored the reforms in public sector that were aimed to modernize public services and transform bureaucratic state apparatus into citizen-oriented and business friendly platform through innovative means – Public Service Hall. Development of Georgian Public Service halls led to massive improvements in administrative services and growth of Georgia in World Bank Ease of Doing Business rankings.

In October 2012, Giorgi Vashadze was elected as a member of the Parliament of Georgia on a party list of the United National Movement (UNM). He was also a member of the United National Movement fraction, deputy chairman of the Budget and Finance Committee, member of the Education, Science and Culture Committee, member of the Commission on Implementation of Quality and Internal Control Procedures of Audit, Financial and Economic, Legal and Organizational Activities of the State Audit Service. He left the UNM on 5 May 2016, criticizing it for "closed style of governance by a narrow circle of leadership".

In 2014, Giorgi Vashadze founded an international think-tank Innovation and Development Foundation (IDF) that has its headquarters in Tbilisi, Kiev and Chicago, and provides technical and advisory expertise in modernization, planning and implementation process of large-scale reforms in public sector. IDF has been actively involved in state reforms in different countries since 2014, and contributed to successful transformation in Ukraine towards public procurement (Prozorro), creation of public service hall (Gotovo), establishment of National Anti-Corruption Bureau (NABU), drafting and adoption of High Anti-Corruption Court (HACC) legislation and enactment of Economic Modernization Act of Ukraine. Innovation and Development Foundation run by Giorgi Vashadze is also actively pursuing to adopt and implement the use of blockchain technology in order to aid governance process and strengthen anti-corruption measures.

Education

Giorgi Vashadze holds Bachelor and Master degrees in Public Administration from Georgian Technical University and a degree in Law from Tbilisi State University. He studied at Harvard Business School in the Program for Leadership Development from between 2009 and 2010.

Career

Giorgi Vashadze has an outstanding track record in initiation, planning and management of fundamental reforms. Since 2005 he was actively involved in the programs of Ministry of Justice of Georgia and successfully implemented number of projects. As the head of the Civil Registry Agency (Georgia, 2006-2010) Giorgi Vashadze initiated and accomplished implementation of biometric passports, ID cards, digital signature, personal portal www.my.gov.ge, development of the Unified Demographic Registry, visual recognition, accelerated services, remote services (online, call at home), Baby Book project etc. All these programs and projects were crucial for improvement of the services, as well as effectively eliminating corruption and raising Georgia’s international standing.

Giorgi Vashadze being a Deputy Minister of Justice was in charge of establishment of Public Service Hall (2011). The concept was based on the principle of Everything in One Place. The project of Public Service Halls was recognized as the most successful Georgian reform of 2011. Over the past years, Georgia took the leading places in rankings of the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and the Transparency International (TI).

There are several outstanding initiatives of Giorgi Vashadze that were or are being successfully implemented. eHealth project  (2011) aimed to develop a system that would facilitate easy and comfortable delivery of healthcare services. eLocal Governance (2011) initiative aimed to develop a solution that would pilot the electronic governance system in the local government authorities. The goal of the Village House program (2012) was to develop a solution that would facilitate easy and comfortable delivery of healthcare services.
Establishment of the Computer Literacy Foundation was one of the most successful activities of Giorgi Vashadze. The project aimed to establish centers equipped with basic technological infrastructure and led by trained staff in order to ensure educational and cultural environment for the rural population of Georgia.

References

Members of the Parliament of Georgia
1981 births
Living people
Harvard Business School alumni
Tbilisi State University alumni
21st-century politicians from Georgia (country)
Recipients of the Presidential Order of Excellence


title: Et Cetera (Montreal band)

text:
Et Cetera was a French Canadian band of the 1970s. The band modeled itself on the sound of the English band Gentle Giant. The group comprised main singer Marie Bernard Pagé (keyboard and ondes Martenot), Denis Chartrand on keyboards, flute, saxophone, vibraphone), Pierre Dragon (drummer), Robert Marchand (guitar) and Alain-Yves Pigeon (bass and cello). The band issued their only, self-titled, LP album on Apostrophe in 1976 and disbanded shortly after.

References

External links
 Et-Cetera. Biographies Artistes Quebecois
 Et Cetera Profile at ProgQuebec

Canadian progressive rock groups
Musical groups from Montreal


title: Gallant Lady (yacht)

text:
Gallant Lady is a super yacht, designed by De Voogt Naval Architects and built by Feadship for Jim Moran in 2007, shortly before his death. It measures  in length and has a crew of twelve and can accommodate ten guests. The yacht is registered in Dover, Delaware.

Construction and design
It measures  in length with a gross tonnage of 765.
The vessel has a beam of  and a draft of . The ship has six crew cabins to accommodate its twelve crew and five passenger cabins for ten guests.

The yacht's interior was designed by John Munford and features an exterior design by Richard Jorden. It is built from lightweight materials and is eco-friendly, and features interiors influenced by 18th and 19th century France and Italy, with woods including black walnut, sycamore, eucalyptus and myrtle burl. It also features a steel hull and aluminium superstructure. Gallant Lady has 4 teak decks.

The yacht is registered in Dover, Delaware.

The vessel is powered by two Caterpillar 3508B DITA engines, 1000HP each at 1600 RPM, giving it a top speed of 15 knots and a cruise speed of 12 knots. Gallant Lady has a range of 4200 nautical miles.

History
Gallant Lady was listed for sale in 2012 for $49,500,000. In February 2012, the vessel was reduced by $7 million to $42,500,000.

References

Individual yachts
Motor yachts
2007 ships


title: Jeanette Kimball

text:
Jeanette Kimball (18 December 1906 – 28 March 2001), née Jeanette Salvant, was a classically trained American jazz pianist who played in jazz bands for more than 70 years, mostly in New Orleans. She received the Black Men of Labor Jazz Legacy Award in 1998.

Life and work
Born in Pass Christian, Mississippi, Kimball came from a family with French Creole roots and was the niece of blues pianist Isadore "Tuts" Washington. At seven, she began playing the piano; as a teenager, she performed as a professional musician with classical string formations, then on the field of jazz. She played in the course of her 70-year-long career in traditional jazz bands, first in 1926 in a "Society" dance band, Papa Celestin's Original Tuxedo Orchestra, with whom she went on tour in the southern United States. In 1929, she married the banjo- and guitar player Narvin Kimball, who also belonged to Papa Celestin's band. In 1935 she left the band to raise their children. After her divorce, she used the name Kimball further and started her career anew in the mid-1940s. Among other things, she worked with Buddy Charles, Herb Leary and Sidney Desvigne. In addition, she served as organist and choir director at Holy Ghost Catholic Church.

In the 1950s, Kimball worked again with Papa Celestin, when he reactivated his band, which then was under the guidance of Papa French. She was also a member of the Preservation Hall Jazz Band and played with Clive Wilson's Original Camellia Jazz Band. She appeared in 1976 on the Jazz Festival Breda live album Jeanette Kimball Meets the Fondy Riverside Bullet Band; their album Sophisticated Lady (with Frank Fields and Freddie Kohlman) was released in 1999. That same year she was honored with the Black Men of Labor Jazz Legacy Award. In the field of jazz, Kimball worked between 1953 and 1991 with 72 recording sessions, among others with Alvin Alcorn, Paul Barbarin, Papa Celestin, Punch Miller and Johnny St. Cyr.

She left New Orleans in the 1990s to live in Ohio and South Carolina. She died in Charleston, South Carolina, at the age of 94.

References

External links
Portrait by Jazzhouse

American jazz pianists
1906 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American women pianists
20th-century American pianists
Preservation Hall Jazz Band members
African-American Catholics
African-American women musicians
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American musicians


title: Don't Hang Up (film)

text:
Don't Hang Up is a 2016 British horror-thriller film written by Joe Johnson and directed by Alexis Wajsbrot and Damien Macé.  The film stars Gregg Sulkin, Garrett Clayton, Bella Dayne, and Sienna Guillory. The film had its world premiere on 4 June 2016 at the Los Angeles Film Festival and was released in theaters in the United States on 10 February 2017.

Plot

Teenage pranksters Brady Mannion, Sam Fuller, Jeff Mosley, and Roy, a.k.a. “PrankMonkey69”, successfully convince Mrs. Kolbein that an intruder is in her house and her daughter is in danger. The video of the prank phone call goes viral and the boys become well known on YouTube.

With Sam alone at home for the weekend, Brady comes over and the two of them make more prank phone calls. One of their pranks involves ordering a pizza for Sam's neighbor Larry. Jeff, who delivers the pizza from the shop where he works with Sam's girlfriend Peyton, becomes upset with his friends for involving him in the prank.

A mysterious man who identifies himself as Mr. Lee begins repeatedly calling the boys, insisting that they do not hang up on him. Sam and Brady are initially indifferent until Mr. Lee reveals that he knows their names, addresses, and intimate details of their lives. Peyton delivers a pizza that Sam and Brady didn't order. Peyton reveals that Jeff disappeared after his earlier delivery. Sam and Peyton have an uncomfortable conversation about their relationship before Peyton leaves. Mr. Lee begins texting Sam and Brady in addition to calling. Video footage he sends them reveals that Mr. Lee is holding Brady's parents hostage at the Mannion residence. Mr. Lee prevents the boys from calling 911 by hijacking their cell phone lines. He also takes control of the house's electrical power. A video feed shows the masked Mr. Lee suffocating Roy to death with a plastic bag tied around his head. Sam finds Jeff similarly bound with a plastic bag and tied to the back door. Jeff dies soon after Sam cuts him loose.

While Sam is away, Mr. Lee makes Brady an offer to kill Sam in exchange for his parents' freedom. Mr. Lee sends footage showing that he captured Peyton. Sam deduces that Brady had a private conversation with Mr. Lee, leading to a fight between the two. Brady is knocked unconscious. Mr. Lee shows Sam live footage of Peyton held prisoner. He promises to let Peyton go if Sam kills Brady. Sam restrains Brady by securing his wrist to the banister with a zip tie to prevent him from leaving. A clue of a child's image and the name Izzy leads Sam to check a previously ignored social media friend request. The Izzy account reveals that Mr. Lee had been stalking the pranksters for over a year. Sam also finds a video revealing that Brady had been sleeping with Peyton. Sam beats Brady again.

Sam notices from a clock in the background that the video of Brady's parents is two hours behind the current time. Sam frees Brady. New video shows that Mr. Lee already killed Brady's parents. Believing that Peyton is probably dead too, the boys plan to escape and contact authorities. However, once Sam is outside, Brady locks the front door and remains behind. Sam finds a surveillance van outside in the rain. Inside the van, Sam finds Peyton and rescues her. Back in the house, Brady steps over Jeff's covered body to go out the back door. In the backyard, Brady finds Jeff's real body. Brady realizes that Mr. Lee switched places with Jeff and hid in the house. Mr. Lee catches Brady off guard and attacks him.

Sam has Peyton go for help while he looks for Brady. Sam follows Peyton's screams to the backyard. A masked man suddenly lunges at Sam and Sam stabs him. The man turns out to be Brady, tied up and gagged to look like Mr. Lee in a mask so that Sam would kill him by mistake. With Sam and Peyton defeated, Mr. Lee shows up and explains his actions. When the four boys previously called Mrs. Kolbein, she dropped her phone and didn't hear the revelation that she had been pranked. Still convinced that there was an intruder in the house, Mrs. Kolbein grabbed a gun and accidentally shot her daughter Izzy. Upon realizing what she had done, Mrs. Kolbein killed herself. It's implied that Mrs. Kolbein and the young girl were Mr. Lee's wife and daughter, and he wanted to avenge their deaths. Mr. Lee knocks Sam unconscious.

When Sam wakes up, he finds Peyton shot in the head. Holding a knife in one hand and a gun in the other, Sam is arrested by the police arriving at the scene; Mr. Lee successfully having framed Sam for killing Peyton and Brady out of jealousy, as well as the other murders.

In the epilogue, Mr. Lee begins targeting a new teen prankster.

Cast
 Gregg Sulkin as Sam Fuller
 Garrett Clayton as Brady Mannion
 Bella Dayne as Peyton Grey

 Sienna Guillory as Mrs. Kolbein

 Edward Killingback as Prank Monkey 69
 Jack Brett Anderson as Jeff Mosley
 Robert Goodman as Larry
 Connie Wilkins as Izzy
 Parker Sawyers as Mr. Lee
 Philip Desmueles as Voice of Mr. Lee

Reception
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 25% approval rating with an average rating of 3.91/10 based on 16 reviews.

References

External links

2016 films
2016 horror films
2016 horror thriller films
2010s teen horror films
British horror thriller films
British teen horror films
Films about murderers
British films about revenge
Films set in California
Films shot in London
Prank calling
Films about telephony
Vertical Entertainment films
2010s English-language films
2010s British films


title: Ilian Vassilev

text:
Ilian Vassilev () (born July 7, 1956) is a Bulgarian diplomat, writer, and political blogger. He was President of the Bulgarian Foreign Investment Agency from 1997 to 2000, the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Bulgaria to the Russian Federation from 2000 to 2006,
following which he became Chairman of Deloitte in Bulgaria. At present he is Managing Partner of his own consulting company Innovative Energy Solutions. He is Chairman of the Reform Union Club (RUC) and Honorary Chair of the Bulgarian Economic Forum since its Foundation in 1997. Ilian Vassilev also coordinates the Sofia Business School, a joint undertaking of the RUC and the New Bulgarian University. He has served as advisor on energy related matters to succeeding Bulgarian governments and appears as a regular energy security commentator for western news outlets, including the Financial Times, Reuters, and others.

Energy security activism
Since leaving Deloitte in 2011 to found his own management consulting company, Innovative Energy Solutions, Vassilev has been an outspoken energy security activist, supporting the development of shale gas fields in Bulgaria, construction of the Nabucco pipeline project, and commentator regarding the viability of the Belene NPP, and the South Stream project.

Political and social activism
Vassilev has built a reputation as a critic of corruption. He has been vocal about the fact that Bulgaria's Prosecution acts like a "baseball bat" and attacks those who criticize the status quo. He expressed worries in 2017 that Bulgaria's General Prosecutor Sotir Tsatsarov continuously exceeds his powers under Bulgaria's Constitution and acts like a hub spreading Russian influence in Europe. Vassilev has also raised concern about Bulgaria's practices of corporate-raiding and political repressions. In a commentary on his popular blog, he famously said: "You are an owner until Borisov and Peevski decide so." Recently, he underscored that the unexpected dismissal of an established journalist was an example of the authoritarian tendencies in Bulgaria.

Bibliography

 Kjell Engelbrekt and Ilian Vassilev, European Energy Policy Meets Russian Bilateralism: The Case of South Eastern Europe in Russia and Europe Building Bridges, Digging Trenches, Routledge, 2010

See also
 Embassy of Bulgaria in Moscow

References

External links

Official sites
 Ilian Vassilev's English Blog
 Ilian Vassilev's Business Blog
 Ilian Vassilev's Bulgarian Blog
 Ilian Vassilev's Twitter
 Innovative Energy Solutions

1956 births
Living people
Bulgarian male writers
Bulgarian bloggers
Bulgarian businesspeople
University of National and World Economy alumni


title: Psychotria punctata

text:
Psychotria punctata, the dotted wild coffee, is a species of plants in the family Rubiaceae.

Distribution
This species can be found from Southern Somalia to Mozambique and Comoros.

References

 Catalogue of Life
 The Plant List

punctata


title: Sir Charles Lockhart-Ross, 7th Baronet

text:
Sir Charles Lockhart-Ross, 7th Baronet (c. 1763 – 8 February 1814) was a Scottish landowner, politician, and officer in the British Army.

Sir Charles was the oldest son of Sir John Lockhart Ross, 6th Baronet, of Balnagown by Elizabeth Baillie, the daughter of Robert Dundas of Edinburgh. He succeeded his father as 7th Baronet on 9 June 1790.

He joined the army in 1780 as a cornet in the 7th Dragoons, rising to the rank of Lieutenant-General by 1805. Towards the end of his military career he was given the colonelcy of the 86th (The Leinster) Regiment of Foot in 1806, transferring in 1810 as colonel to be colonel of the 37th (North Hampshire) Regiment of Foot, a post he held until his death in 1814.

Lockhart-Ross was also a wealthy landowner whose mother had bequeathed him large estates in both Lanarkshire and Ross-shire, the latter giving him control of the Royal Burgh of Tain.He was elected at a by-election in June 1786 as the Member of Parliament for the Tain district of Burghs and was re-elected in the 1790. In 1796 he was returned for Ross-shire, which returned him again in 1802. At the 1806 election he was returned for the Linlithgow Burghs, where he was defeated in 1807.

He married twice, first in 1788 to Matilda Theresa, daughter of James Lockhart-Wishart of Lanarkshire, a Count of Holy Roman Empire and officer in the Austrian army. After her death in 1791 he married again in 1799, to Lady Mary Rebecca Fitzgerald, daughter of the 2nd Duke of Leinster. He had a son, who died young, and a daughter in the first marriage and two sons and five daughters in the second. He was succeeded by his son, Sir Charles William Frederick Augustus Lockhart-Ross, 8th Baronet.

References

External links

|-

|-

1763 births
Year of birth uncertain
1814 deaths
People from Ross and Cromarty
Baronets in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia
Scottish landowners
British Army lieutenant generals
7th Queen's Own Hussars officers
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies
British MPs 1784–1790
British MPs 1790–1796
British MPs 1796–1800
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1801–1802
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1806–1807


title: Shree Singaji Thermal Power Project

text:
Shree Singaji Super Thermal Power Project is a coal-fired power plant of MPPGCL located near Dongaliya village near by Mundi of Khandwa District in Madhya Pradesh state of India. This project is owned by MPPGCL  (Madhya Pradesh Power Generating company limited). The water required is taken from Indira Sagar Reservoir on Narmada River. Coal linkage is achieved with South Eastern Coalfields Limited.

Installed capacity
The Project was originally envisaged to be constructed in three development phases, but only two of the three phases have been approved for construction.

The first phase consists of 2 units with a generation capacity of 600 MW each. First unit was commissioned in February 2014 and, , the second unit is expected to complete in October 2014.

The second phase consists of 2 units with generation capacity of 660 MW each. These units would be super critical thermal plants. , construction of phase two had not yet started.

References

Coal-fired power stations in Madhya Pradesh
Khandwa district
2014 establishments in Madhya Pradesh
Energy infrastructure completed in 2014


title: List of cricket grounds in Afghanistan

text:
This is a list of cricket grounds in Afghanistan. The Afghan national cricket team does not play its home matches inside Afghanistan due to the ongoing security situation and the lack of international standard facilities.

The President of the Afghanistan Cricket Board, Omar Zakhilwal, announced in October 2010 that the government plan aimed at constructing 10 stadiums and establishing up to 15 cricket academies.

References

External links
 cricket Afghanistan
 Afgcric site
 Afghanistan Cricket
 Cricinfo-Afghanistan
 Afghan pages on asiancricket.org

Afghanistan
Cricket grounds in Afghanistan
Cricket
Grounds


title: Charles Virion

text:
Charles Louis Eugène Virion (Ajaccio, 1 December 1865  - Montigny-sur-Loing, 30 December 1946) was a noted French sculptor, medallist, and ceramicist, principally of animals.

Virion studied sculpture in Paris under Jean-Paul Aubé and Charles Gauthier and exhibited at the Salon des Artistes Français from 1886 until the 1930s. He was awarded a distinction in 1893 and became a member the same year. He won a third-class medal in 1895. At the Paris Exposition Universelle of 1900 he won a bronze medal. He also exhibited at the Salon des Animaliers after 1913.

After the First World War, he made memorials for several municipalities including those of Montigny-sur-Loing, Nemours, La Genevraye and Arbonne-la-Forêt.

See also
Armand Point

References

External links
 :fr:Charles Virion
http://montignysurloing.pagesperso-orange.fr/village/culture/artistes.htm#
http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_3=AUTR&VALUE_3=%27VIRION%20Charles%20Louis%20Eug%e8ne%27&DOM=All

1865 births
1946 deaths
French ceramists
People from Ajaccio
Wildlife artists
19th-century French painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
20th-century French sculptors
19th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
19th-century French male artists


title: Eucosmocydia mixographa

text:
Eucosmocydia mixographa is a species of moth of the  family Tortricidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The larvae feed on Piptadenia africana and Mallotus oppositifolius.

References

Moths described in 1939
Grapholitini
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo


title: Tears (Paul Bley album)

text:
Tears is a solo album by pianist Paul Bley recorded in France in 1983 and released on the French Owl label the following year.

Reception

Allmusic awarded the album 4 stars calling it "one of Paul Bley's solo piano masterworks".

Track listing
All compositions by Paul Bley except as indicated
 "Tears" - 6:31
 "Ostinato" - 3:34
 "Music Matador" (Prince Lasha, Sonny Simmons) - 5:07
 "Walkman" - 4:00
 "Flame" - 3:48
 "Hardly" - 1:48
 "Head Over Heels" - 5:16
 "Solo Rose" - 3:40
 "For Roy E." - 3:01

Personnel
Paul Bley - piano

References

1984 albums
Paul Bley albums
Solo piano jazz albums


title: Silvinho (footballer, born 1974)

text:
Sílvio Antônio (born 26 May 1974), known as Silvinho, is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a forward.

Career
After scoring five goals with Sociedade Esportiva Matonense as the club won the 1997 Campeonato Paulista Série A2, Silvinho joined Clube Atlético Paranaense for the 1997 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. He scored on his debut, a 2–1 win over Goiás. Silvinho returned to Atlético-PR to play in the 1999 Campeonato Paranaense.

References

External links
 Silvinho at Kickersarchiv.de

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
União São João Esporte Clube players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Associação Desportiva São Caetano players
FC Wil players
Ituano FC players
Stuttgarter Kickers players
Avaí FC players
Esporte Clube Noroeste players
Footballers at the 1995 Pan American Games
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
2. Bundesliga players
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Sportspeople from Araraquara
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from São Paulo (state)


title: South China

text:
South China () is a geographical and cultural region that covers the southernmost part of China. Its precise meaning varies with context. A notable feature of South China in comparison to the rest of China is that most of its citizens are not native speakers of Standard Chinese. Cantonese is the most common language in the region while the Guangxi region contains the largest concentration of China's ethnic minorities.

Administrative divisions

Cities with urban area over one million in population
Provincial capitals in bold.

Namesake
 South China tiger (southern China)
 South China Morning Post (Hong Kong, South China)
 Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market (Wuhan, Central China)

See also
 Lingnan
 List of regions of China
 Southern China
 South Central China — includes South China and "Central China" provincial-level subdivisions.

References

Regions of China


title: Grapholita gypsothicta

text:
Grapholita gypsothicta is a species of moth of the  family Tortricidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

References

Moths described in 1938
Grapholitini
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo


title: Christine Maxwell

text:
Christine Yvonne Malina-Maxwell (born 16 August 1950) is a British Internet content pioneer and educator. She is the creator and co-founder of Magellan, co-founder of the software company Chiliad and the author of several books.  She was the Program Manager of Learning Technologies at the University of Texas at Dallas.

Early life and education
Christine Maxwell was born in Maisons Laffitte, France, on August 16, 1950.  She is the daughter of Elisabeth Maxwell, a French-born Holocaust scholar, and Robert Maxwell, a Czechoslovak-born British media proprietor. Her father was Jewish and her mother was of Huguenot descent.  One of nine children, siblings include her twin sister Isabel Maxwell, brothers Kevin Maxwell and Ian Maxwell, and Ghislaine Maxwell. Her mother stated that all of her children were brought up Anglican. From 1960, her family resided at Headington Hill Hall, where the offices to Robert Maxwell's Pergamon Press were located.

After attending senior school at Milham Ford School in Oxford, England, in 1969, she entered Pitzer College, Claremont, California, from which she received the degree of Bachelor of Arts with a major in Latin American Studies and Sociology in May 1972.

In September 1973, Maxwell entered Lady Spencer Churchill College of Education (now part of Oxford Brookes University). She graduated in June 1974 with a Post-Graduate Teaching Certificate. Maxwell later earned a master's degree in Interdisciplinary Studies from the University of Texas at Dallas.

Career
Maxwell was an editor for Pergamon Press Publishers, in the early 1970s.

According to Tatler, Maxwell spent most of the 1970s and 1980s working for her father, which included running the West Coast office of Pergamon Press and involvement in one of his software acquisitions.

From September 1974 to June 1976, Maxwell worked as a middle-school teacher at Shepherd's Hill Middle School in Blackbird Leys, Oxford.

In the late 1970s, she became a school editor for A. Wheaton & Company in Exeter, England.  Maxwell is the author of The Pergamon Dictionary of Perfect Spelling, first published by Pergamon Press Ltd. in 1977. The book became an international bestseller, proving valuable for dyslexic learners.  Maxwell rewrote and updated the book in 2005.  Her book has been republished several times: in 2005 under the title Dictionary of Perfect Spelling by Barrington Stoke Publishers, in 2007 under the title Spell it Right by Berlitz, and most recently as the School Spelling Dictionary in 2012 by Barrington Stoke.

Information technology

Maxwell became a resident of the San Francisco Bay Area in 1979.

In 1982, Maxwell acquired Information on Demand, one of the earliest information brokers, which was later renamed Research on Demand.

Maxwell is the creator and co-founder of Magellan, one of the first professionally curated online search/reference guides to Internet content. In 1992, she created and co-authored one of the first hard-copy reference guides to the Internet: New Riders Official Internet Yellow Pages and The McKinley Internet Yellow Pages; both published by Macmillan Publishers in 1994 and 1995 respectively.

After Magellan was acquired by competing search engine Excite, in 1996, she co-founded Chiliad: a software company involved in the advance of on-demand, massively scalable, intelligent mining of structured and unstructured data through the use of natural language search technologies. The firm's software was behind the data search technology used by the FBI's counterterrorism data warehouse.  As of August 2019, Maxwell served as the board director of Chiliad, Inc.

She is the Program Manager of Learning Technologies at The University of Texas at Dallas where she is also involved in Special Projects for Information Resources.

Maxwell is a former Trustee for Vint Cerf's Internet Society and The Santa Fe Institute.

She serves on the boards of the International Center for Disability Resources on the Internet and Leonardo/OLATS.

In 2011, she was appointed an IPv6 Fellow of the Internet Protocol version 6 Forum in recognition of her contributions to support the promotion, deployment, and technology advantages of version 6 around the world.

Other activities
Maxwell was appointed director of The Environment4Change Foundation, a London-based environmental consulting organization, in June 2019.

Personal life
In June 1986, she married physicist and educator Roger Malina of Berkeley, California. Maxwell and Malina have three children. Maxwell has a second residence in France in Meyreuil, a village near Aix-en-Provence.

References

External links
 Christine Maxwell speaking about Leonardo, video from 2009

1950 births
Living people
British people of French descent
British people of Czech-Jewish descent
British people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
British emigrants to the United States
French businesspeople
University of Texas at Dallas alumni
Pitzer College alumni
Schoolteachers from Cambridgeshire
Santa Fe Institute people
Maxwell family


title: Charkhari State

text:
Charkhari State was one of the Princely states of India during the period of the British Raj. On India's independence, this Princely state acceded to India. Currently Charkhari town, the former state's capital, is a part of Uttar Pradesh state.

History
Charkhari State was founded in 1765 by Khuman Singh.
Raja Chhatarsal divided his lands in 1731 into several portions, one of which was given to Raja Jagat Rai. At his death in 1757, a dispute arose as to the succession, with Raja Pahar Singh, seizing the territory forcing Raja Khuman Singh to flee. Terms were agreed to in 1764, and Raja Khuman Singh received Charkhari, becoming its first Raja in 1765.

In 1857 Raja Ratan Singh received a hereditary salute of 11 guns, a khilat and a perpetual jagir of £1300 a year in recognition of his services during the Indian Mutiny.

The last ruler of this Princely state signed the accession to the Indian Union on 15 August 1947.

Rulers
In 1804, under Raja Bikramajit Singh (1782–1829) rule, the state became a British protectorate.

Rajas
       1765 –        1782  Khuman Singh                       (b. ... – d. 1782)
       1782 –    Nov 1829  Bikramajit Singh                   (b. ... – d. 1829)
       1829 –        1860  Ratan Singh
       1860 –        1880  Jai Singh Deo                      (b. ... – d. 1880)

Maharajas
       1880 –  6 July 1908  Malkhan Singh                      (b. 1872 – d. 1908)
 6 July 1908 –        1914  Jujhar Singh
       1914 –  5 October 1920  Ganga Singh
       1920 –  8 November 1941  Arimardan Singh                    (b. 1903 – d. 1941)
 8 November 1941 – 15 August 1947 Jayendra Singh                     (b. ... – d. 1977)

Titular Maharaja
 1947 – 1977 Jayendra Singh
 1977 – present Jayant Singh

See also
Bundelkhand Agency
Political integration of India

References

Mahoba district
Bundelkhand
Princely states of Bundelkhand
1765 establishments in India
1947 disestablishments in India
Rajputs
Princely states of Uttar Pradesh

Gun salute princely states


title: Fulcrifera periculosa

text:
Fulcrifera periculosa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and South Africa.

References

Moths described in 1913
Grapholitini


title: Lenneborg

text:
Lenneborg (formerly named Manisa Bella and Lingediep), is a general cargo vessel, registered in Delfzijl, Netherlands, having previously been registered in Monrovia and Groningen. The ship was built in China, being delivered to her first owners in 2008. It delivers cargo around northern Africa and Europe to as far north as Oulu, Finland.

Description
The single-deck ship was built in August 2008, and measures  by  with  a gross tonnage of 5,598. The ship has three holds with a hatch strength of 2.2 t/m2 and tanktop strength of 15 t/m2. Hold 1 measures 15.2 x 18.9 x 11.2 m, hold 2 measures 15.2 x 29.4 x 9.1 m, and hold 3 measures 15.2 x 27.3 x 9.1 m.

References

Cargo ships of the Netherlands
2008 ships