title: Samuel Marsh (railroad executive)

text:
Samuel Marsh (1786–1872) was an American businessman and president of the Erie Railroad from 1859 to 1861.

Biography
Samuel Marsh was born in 1786, at Haverhill, Massachusetts, and died in 1872, at the Astor House, New York, at which place he had resided a greater portion of his long and useful life. His New England ancestry, a long-lived and estimable family, traced back through the landing of the Pilgrims in 1638, becomes in the twelfth century, not Marsh, but de Marisco, with Marsh quaintly written as a parenthetical alternative in the manuscripts.

Samuel Marsh came to New York during the War of 1812, and from that time made the metropolis his home. After the cessation of hostilities with Great Britain, he travelled long in Europe for the purpose of completing his business education and familiarizing himself with the usages of European trade. In 1819 he established the New York Dyeing and Printing Company, with factories on Staten Island, and was its president until his death.

The development of the canals of the United States greatly interested him, and in the early part of the century, in connection with Erastus Corning, Horatio Seymour, and others, he projected a canal system by which the waters of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River were to be connected. The name of the enterprise was the Fox River Improvement Company. Many millions of dollars have been expended on it. The project greatly aided the material growth of the State of Wisconsin, although as yet the canal is not available for vessels of deep-water draught.

Mr. Marsh was among the pioneers of railways in America. He was one of the twenty gentlemen who met in 1845, at the New York Hotel, on the invitation of Benjamin Loder, and united in a subscription amounting to three millions of dollars, which was intended to complete the construction of the Erie. From 1846 until 1865, Mr. Marsh was vice-president of the Erie Railroad, his incumbency of that position being occasionally interrupted by his being called upon to assume the duties of president ad interim. He invariably declined to permanently assume the office of president of the corporation.

Mr. Marsh engaged with the late Moses Taylor, John I. Blair, and others in construction of railroads in various parts of the country, and until within a few weeks of his death, at the age of eighty-six, he actively superintendent the vast interests under his control. Although he never married, his home at the Astor House was a happy one, and many friends were made welcome there, and many of the older New Yorkers spent care-dispelling hours in his company. Mr. Marsh was the ever-watchful adviser and instructor of his nephew, Nathaniel Marsh, appointed receiver by the courts, as to his duties as secretary, receiver, and president of Erie.

Work

New York Dyeing and Printing Company
In 1819 Samuel Marsh established the New York Dyeing and Printing Company, with factories on Staten Island. Around 1824 it passed into the hands of a Joint Stock Company, who, soon after obtaining their charter, added to the dyeing business, heretofore carried on alone, that of the printing. In the 1850s the New York Dyeing and Printing Company located at Factoryville in Staten Island was one of the largest establishments of that country, in which the dyeing and printing of silk and cotton goods is carried on. An 1854 article in The New York Times described:
The buildings are extensive, covering upwards of four acres. The printing shop is a large four-story frame building. Some dress patterns, and some woolen and cotton goods are printed in this department, but the staple article is silk handkerchiefs, which are to be seen in every variety, and of the most durable styles. Some two thousand pieces were printed in one season, two years ago. During the busy season of the year, now at hand, fifty printers are employed in the building, each having a boy or girl who tears for him. The adult workmen are paid by piece-work, and can earn from 14 shillings to $2 per day. There are three modes of printing, by blocks, cylinders and stereotype plates, all of which are practiced there. There is a separate department called the "Print-cutters' shop", in which the blocks used in the printing are all made. Some of these blocks are cut at very considerable expense. We observed also two designers busily at work here...
By 1860 the company employing over 200 people and eight steam engines annually producing over five million yard of cotton muslin. Beside this company, Samuel Marsh had founded related firms such as "The New York India Rubber Cloth Company,". This company was founded in 1835 in cooperation with Nathan Barrett and some other persons associated with them, for the purpose of manufacturing water-proof cloth and other articles incident thereto. It was located in the town of Castletown, county of Richmond.

Acting President in New York and Erie Railroad Company
Although Samuel Marsh was the official head of the New York and Erie Railroad Company from 1859 to 1862 – being the last President of the old Company – the direction of its affairs was his merely in a formal way, as the company was in the custody of the court, and Nathaniel Marsh, as Receiver, was the officer and agent of the court to manage and direct the business of the company until the legal requirements of the situation might be met, and the property handed back to the possession of its owners. President Marsh's office was simply an advisory one, and while his ideas, and those of the Board, might have been acted upon, and in many instances were, by the Receiver, the latter was in no way bound to follow any such instruction or advice.

A man of less experience in Erie matters, however, might have been of much hindrance to the Receiver in the management of the complicated business of the company. Samuel Marsh having been vice-president of the Company several years, had a knowledge that was of much service to the Receiver, and his application of it aided greatly in hastening the development and success of the plans that were devised for Erie's rehabilitation.

Receiver Marsh found a most discouraging outlook when he took charge of the company's property. He subsequently wrote:
The income of the road, owing to the depressed state of business generally, and to other causes (as the Receiver put it), was barely sufficient to defray the current expenses...
Meanwhile, claims for labor and supplies, and judgments rendered before his appointment, and rents and unpaid taxes, were pressing for immediate payment. These claims amounted to more than $700,000. The forbearance of the creditors, and especially of the employees, whose pay was some months in arrears, relieved the Receiver of much embarrassment, and increased earnings enabled him, in the course of four months after his appointment, to discharge all these claims, and pay the current expenses of the road.

The settlement of these claims, and providing for payment of future interest on the mortgage debt out of the earnings of the road, would have continued the road in the hands of a Receiver for years, so an agreement was made between the stockholders and the creditors of the company, by which the conflicting interests among the latter should be submitted to the adjudication of Trustees.

October 22, 1859, a contract was made by the company with J.C. Bancroft Davis and Dudley S. Gregory, who, under its provisions, undertook the task. The plan they proposed was that the unsecured bondholders should exchange their bonds, with four years' accrued interest, for seven per cent, preferred stock, and that the common stockholders should stand, as they then were, subsequent in interest to the creditors of the company.

Financial reorganization
Henry Varnum Poor (1860) explained in more details, that on the 16th of Aug., 1859, at the suit of the Fourth Mortgage Bondholders for the foreclosure of this mortgage, a Receiver was appointed to take charge of the road and its effects. He was directed to pay, in the first place, all arrearages due employees of the road; also for supplies used in operating it; also all other charges incident to its protection and maintenance, and to hold the net earnings subject to the order of the Court. There were received by him from earnings and other sources, up to 1st Jan., 1860, $2,424,452. The payments in the meantime were as follows:
 Payments on account of interest on First Mortgage Bonds... $ 207,270
 Payments on account of current expenses, arrearages, etc. $ 2,145,007
 Payments on account of judgments against the Company... $ 45,000
Cash on hand January 1st, 1860... $ 27,175
Total... $ 2,424,452
The following proposition has been made for adjusting the affairs of the company: To capitalize the Unsecured Bonds, with the interest due on the same, and for two years in advance, into a Preferred Stock, bearing 7 per cent, interest; the 1st Mortgage bondholders to extend the term for the payment of their coupons to March 1, 1860; the 2d Mortgage to Sept., 1860; the 3d Mortgage to March, 1861; the 4th and 5th Mortgages to Dec. 1st, 1861. In case of foreclosure, the same relations between the different classes of bondholders and stockholders to be preserved.

In the meantime it is expected that the net earnings will discharge the liabilities of the company, the overdue coupons, and supply the means for the completion of the Long Dock, estimated at §500,000.

New Erie Railway Company

In 1861, William Buck Dana (1829–1910) reports in the Merchants Magazine and Commercial Review reports, that the new corporation of the Erie Railway Company  was organized in May 1861 by the election of Nathaniel Marsh as president; Samuel Marsh as vice president; H.N. Otis, Secretary; and Talman J. Waters, Treasurer, and the directors of the late New-York and Erie Company as directors; Mr. Wright, of Binghamton, and Mr. Diven, of Elmira, being substituted for Mr. Conn and Mr. Gelpcke.

The capital, in common shares, to consist of so much of the present $11,550,000 as may be assented to file contract of reorganization before the 29th of July next; and the capital in preferred shares to be so much of the unsecured and judgment debt as shall be assented by the same time, together with the arrearages of interest thereon, the whole estimated at $8,000,000, or the equivalent of about 80,000 preferred shares.

Second presidency in 1864
In 1864 following the death of President Nathaniel Marsh, his uncle, Samuel Marsh, then vice-president of the company, was chosen President pro tempore. Samuel Marsh was the head of the New York Dyeing and Bleaching Company, and had been for sixteen years a member of the Erie Directory, during which time he had been vice-president, and President through the Receivership of Nathaniel Marsh. He was the logical successor to the Presidency, and if he had insisted on being chosen, the honor would undoubtedly have been bestowed upon him for the term ; but there were influences coming to the fore in Erie affairs just then that preferred another head to the company, and Samuel Marsh declined to be a candidate for the office.

Publications
 Samuel Marsh and Charles Minot "New York and Erie Railroad report" in: Report of the State Engineer and Surveyor on the Railroads of the State of New York. by New York (State). Board of Railroad Commissioners. 1862. p. 174-194

References
 This article incorporates public domain material from:

1786 births
1872 deaths
Erie Railroad
19th-century American businesspeople


title: Kailasho Devi

text:
Kailasho Devi Saini (born 4 April 1962) is a political and social worker and a Member of Parliament elected from Kurukshetra constituency in the Indian state of Haryana being an Indian National Lok Dal candidate.

Early life and education
Kailasho was born in Pratapgarh, Kurukshetra. She is married to Om Nath and has a daughter. Kailasho is a M.A in Physical Education and History.

Career
Kailasho has been working to solve the problems of the common man in the districts of Yamunanagar, Kurukshetra and Kaithal in Haryana. She has won many awards for participating in cultural activities during student life.

Interests
Kailasho's interests include practising yoga; listening to music, meditating, and jogging.

References

India MPs 1998–1999
Women in Haryana politics
Indian National Lok Dal politicians
Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014
1962 births
Living people
20th-century Indian women politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
People from Kurukshetra district
India MPs 1999–2004
Lok Sabha members from Haryana
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana
21st-century Indian women politicians


title: Le Roy Williams

text:
Le Roy Williams (August 18, 1845 – February 14, 1930) was an American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War.

Biography
Williams joined the Union Army in July 1862, and served with Company G of the 8th New York Heavy Artillery. He received the Medal of Honor on April 1, 1898, for his actions in recovering the remains of the regiment's commander Peter A. Porter at the Battle of Cold Harbor in Virginia. He was later promoted to first lieutenant, and was transferred to the 10th New York Infantry shortly before the regiment was mustered out in June 1865.

After the war, Williams lived in Niagara, New York where he worked as a customs collector, and later in Buffalo, New York and Lansing, Michigan.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

 Voluntarily exposed himself to the fire of the enemy's sharpshooters and located the body of his colonel who had been killed close to the enemy's lines. Under cover of darkness, with 4 companions, he recovered the body and brought it within the Union lines, having approached within a few feet of the Confederate pickets while so engaged.

See also

List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: T–Z

References

External links
Military Times

1845 births
1930 deaths
Union Army officers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor


title: Sean Robinson (filmmaker)

text:
Sean Robinson  (born 1985) is an American film director and editor. Following his filmmaking studies in New York City, his subsequent films have included The Puritans, Naked and OUTmusic's documentary film For Which We Stand.

Robinson was profiled by The Advocate on 7 June 2013 and was the cover story for Pink Magazine's Winter 2014 issue. On 4 November 2015 Robinson was interviewed by Billboard (magazine) noting Amy Lee's soundtrack for the Science fiction film Indigo Grey: The Passage, directed by Robinson. The Huffington Post praised Robinson's work on Indigo Grey: The Passage as "well edited, elegantly directed" in an in-depth review by Music & Culture Journalist Morena Duwe.  On February 3, 2017 The Huffington Post profiled Robinson's work at the New York Film Academy as the lead producer on a series of original movie musicals, "The common thread that binds this series together is Sean Robinson who has been involved with every film since the program’s inception.  The several moving parts bring variety while Robinson brings consistency as he bridges the gap between theater and film."

Film awards and nominations
 International Short Film Festival "Kharkov Lilac": Grand Prix Award-won (Sean Robinson, 2013)
 Carmarthen Bay Film Festival: Best International Short-won (The Puritans, 2013)
 NW Short Film Festival: Best Original Concept-won (Sean Robinson, 2013)
 Vagrant Film Festival: Audience Choice Award-won (The Puritans, 2013)
 Melbourne Underground Film Festival: Best Short Film-nominated (The Puritans, 2013)
 The Northwest Ohio Film Festival: Outstanding Short Film-nominated, Audience Choice-nominated, Outstanding Direction: Sean Robinson-nominated, Outstanding Actress-Short: Eileen Kearney-nominated, Outstanding Screenplay: Paul Warner & Sean Robinson-nominated (The Puritans, 2013)
 Chain NYC Film Festival: Best Musical Short-won (Naked, 2013)
 Manhattan Film Festival: Best Musical Short-won (Naked, 2013)
 Parma International Music Film Festival: Best Song-won (Naked, 2013)
 Long Island International Film Expo: Best Original Song-won (Naked, 2013)
 Snake Alley Festival of Film: Best Comedy-nominated (Naked, 2013)
 Asia Pacific International Film Festival: Platinum Award (Indigo Grey: The Passage, 2015)
 World Film Awards: Platinum World Award (Indigo Grey: The Passage, 2015)
 Accolade Global Film Competition: Award Of Excellence (Indigo Grey: The Passage, 2015)
 Moondance International Film Festival: Best Original Score Amy Lee Dave Eggar and Chuck Palmer (Indigo Grey: The Passage'', 2015)

References

Living people
American film directors
English-language film directors
American gay writers
American LGBT film directors
American LGBT screenwriters
1985 births
21st-century American LGBT people


title: Pulmonary atypical adenomatous hyperplasia

text:
Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) is a hyperplastic lesion of the epithelial lining of pulmonary alveoli.

Tumorigenesis

A multi-step carcinogenesis hypothesis suggests a progression from atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) through bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC) to invasive adenocarcinoma (AC), but to date this has not been formally demonstrated.

References

Pulmonary lesion


title: Mariosousa usumacintensis

text:
Mariosousa usumacintensis is a plant species native to the Mexican State of Tabasco. It was named after the Río Usumacinta, near the location where the type specimen was collected.

Mariosousa usumacintensis is a tree up to 15 m (50 feet) tall. Prickles are located at the bases of the petioles, each prickle with a large flat gland near the base.

References

Flora of Tabasco
usumacintensis


title: Manatee County Agricultural Museum

text:
The Manatee County Agricultural Museum is located at 1015 6th Street West, Palmetto, Florida 34221. It is open Tuesday–Friday 10:00–12:00 and 1:00–4:00 as well as the first and third Saturdays of the month.

Agriculture has always been part of Manatee County’s history as well as a stable force and a major contributor to the county's economy. At the Manatee County Agricultural Museum, exhibits focus on the county's primary commodities including Livestock, Vegetables, Citrus, Horticulture, and Commercial Fishing. The museum features displays of tools, equipment, photographs and exhibits that reflect the area's rich heritage. The Manatee County Agricultural Museum is a joint project of the Manatee County Agricultural Museum Board, Manatee County Clerk of Circuit Court, the Manatee County Board of County Commission, and the City of Palmetto.

The museum is located within the Palmetto Historical Park.

References

Agriculture museums in the United States
Museums in Manatee County, Florida


title: Palmetto Historical Park

text:
Palmetto Historical Park is located in the heart of Palmetto Historic District in Palmetto, Florida, Manatee County, Florida. This site is the original location of Palmetto's first city hall and school building. The Park includes Palmetto's first Post Office (1880), a cottage museum, a historic one room schoolhouse, a small military museum and a reproduction chapel representative of area churches.  There is also a chapel, Military Museum and the 1914 Carnegie Library. Palmetto Historical Park is operated by the Palmetto Historical Commission, Manatee County Clerk of Circuit Court, the Manatee County Board of County Commission, and the City of Palmetto. The Manatee County Agricultural Museum next door is housed in a building formerly housing Palmetto's police, fire and maintenance personnel.

History
Efforts to acquire and preserve historic buildings in Palmetto began in 1982, when the first members of the Palmetto Historical Commission worked to save the city's original post office from demolition. Their efforts were successful and resulted in the 1880 post office being moved to its present location behind the 1914 Carnegie Library, where it was lovingly restored. The Commission then undertook a historical survey of Palmetto and the adjoining areas, eventually documenting over 350 sites with “redeeming value.”

Historic buildings
From the 1980s until 2003, the Park has expanded with the addition of more historical buildings. Today, the Park includes:

1914 Carnegie Library
One of the first libraries built in South Florida, the library was funded using a $10,000 grant from Andrew Carnegie. The City of Palmetto donated the land. Because the Carnegie Foundation required that every library have a basement, the second floor is the main floor accessible by stairs up to the front entrance, and the first floor is the “basement.” Local genealogists or hobby researchers can visit The Alice V. Myers Archives Center, a collection of thousands of unique historical documents pertaining to the community's history. The Archives Center includes family histories, biographies, historical photographs, and records from local businesses and community organizations.

1936 Schoolhouse
The area's first public kindergarten.

Replica chapel
The only unoriginal building in the Park, it is based on the designs of the first three churches in Palmetto. After searching for an original chapel, it was decided in 1999 to build a replica Chapel at approximately the same size and interior décor as the original churches.

1900 Cottage Museum
A typical pioneer family home, it resembles many of the small bungalows built across Florida in the early part of the 20th century.

1880 Heritage Station Post Office
Palmetto's first free-standing post office. For one day each year on Heritage Day, it is opened for business. Visitors can have their mail hand stamped using a special cancellation used only on that day at this place.

1930s Cypress House Military Museum
Originally located on Longboat Key, it was one of several cypress cottages used during WWII to house military personnel who brought their families to the beach for an extended vacation.

Community programs
The park also has created several creative, hands-on programs designed to educate local children and adults about early Florida history.

Annual Heritage Festival
Each year on the second Saturday in March, the park hosts its annual Heritage Festival featuring many local cultural groups.

Traveling Trunk
Called “a field trip in a box,” this is a large steamer trunk with can be rented out for classrooms or groups of history enthusiasts. Inside are activities and props teaching about pioneer chores, including: laundry, housekeeping, chopping firewood, churning butter, and letter writing.

History To-Go kits
Each with its own corresponding YouTube video featuring park staff. Examples include: Slate & chalk with a Schoolhouse Virtual Field Trip, Old fashioned pen & ink with a video lesson to write like the pioneers, and other storytime craft kits for younger visitors.

Community partnerships
Palmetto Historical Park operates under an agreement between four local entities: The City of Palmetto, the Manatee County Clerk of the Circuit Court & Comptroller, the Manatee County Agricultural Museum, and the Palmetto Historical Commission.
The park maintains an especially close partnership with the Palmetto Historical Commission, whose offices are located within the Carnegie Library. It also works closely with several local and state genealogical or historical groups.

Gallery

See also
List of museums in Florida

References

External links
Palmetto Historical Park Manatee County

Museums in Manatee County, Florida
Open-air museums in Florida


title: Military history of the Acadians

text:
The military history of the Acadians consisted primarily of militias made up of Acadian settlers who participated in wars against the English (the British after 1707) in coordination with the Wabanaki Confederacy (particularly the Mi'kmaw militias) and French royal forces. A number of Acadians provided military intelligence, sanctuary, and logistical support to the various resistance movements against British rule in Acadia, while other Acadians remained neutral in the contest between the Franco–Wabanaki Confederacy forces and the British. The Acadian militias managed to maintain an effective resistance movement for more than 75 years and through six wars before their eventual demise. According to Acadian historian Maurice Basque, the story of Evangeline continues to influence historic accounts of the expulsion, emphasising Acadians who remained neutral and de-emphasising those who joined resistance movements.  While Acadian militias were briefly active during the American Revolutionary War, the militias were dormant throughout the nineteenth century. After confederation, Acadians eventually joined the Canadian War efforts in World War I and World War II. The most well-known colonial leaders of these militias were Joseph Broussard and Joseph-Nicolas Gautier.

Contest for supremacy in North America

King William's War (1688–1697)

The first war to influence the Acadians is now known as King William's War, and began in 1688. Much of the local conflict was orchestrated by the Governor of Acadia and Baron de St Castin, who raided Protestant villages along the Acadia-New England border at the Kennebec River in present-day Maine. The crews of the French privateer Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste were primarily Acadian.

The Acadians resisted during the Raid on Chignecto (1696). Colonel Benjamin Church and four hundred men (50 to 150 of whom were Indians, likely Iroquois) arrived offshore of Beaubassin on September 20. When they came ashore, the Acadians and Mi’kmaq opened fire on them. Church lost a lieutenant and several of his men. They managed to get ashore and surprise the Acadians. Many fled while one confronted Church with papers showing they had signed an oath of allegiance in 1690 to the English King. Church was unconvinced, especially after he discovered the proclamation heralding the French success at Pemaquid posted on the church door.

On October 18 Church and his troops arrived opposite the capital of Acadia, in the siege of Fort Nashwaak (1696), landed three cannons and assembled earthworks on the south bank of the Nashwaak River. Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste was there to defend the capital. Baptiste joined the Maliseet from Meductic for the duration of the siege. There was a fierce exchange of gun fire for two days, with the advantage going to the better sited French guns. The New Englanders were defeated, having suffered eight killed and seventeen wounded. The French lost one killed and two wounded.

Letters from an Acadian official censured and requested the removal of certain priests, called "do nothings", who took no part in the King William's War but attended strictly to their religious duties and were therefore suspected of favouring the British. After the siege of Pemaquid (1696), d'Iberville led a force of 124 Canadians, Acadians, Mi’kmaq and Abenaki in the Avalon Peninsula campaign. They destroyed almost every British settlement in Newfoundland, killed more than 100 British and captured many more. They deported almost 500 British colonists to Britain or France.

Queen Anne's War (1702–1713)

During Queen Anne's War, the members of the Wabanaki Confederacy from Acadia raided Protestant settlements along the Acadia/ New England border in present-day Maine in the Northeast Coast campaign (1703) . Mi’kmaq and Acadians resisted the New England retaliatory Raid on Grand Pré, Piziquid and Chignecto in 1704. The raid was led by Benjamin Church who was fired on by the local militia, who had gathered in the woods along the banks. According to Church, on the first day of the raid, the Acadians and Mi’kmaq "fired smartly at our forces". Church had a small cannon on his boat, which he used to fire grape shot at the attackers on the shore, who withdrew, suffering one Mi’kmaw killed and several wounded. Church was unable to come ashore. Having withdrawn from the village, the next morning the Acadian and Mi’kmaw militia waited in the woods for Church and his men to arrive. At the break of day, the New Englanders again set off toward the village, under orders from Church to drive any resistance before them. The largest body of defenders fired on the raiders' right flank from behind trees and logs, but their fire was ineffective and they were driven off.

Conquest of Acadia and the Treaty of Utrecht
Acadians joined the French privateer Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste as crew members in his victories over British vessels. Acadians also fought alongside the Confederacy and French soldiers to protect the capital in the siege of Port Royal (1707) and the final Conquest of Acadia. Acadians and the Wabanaki Confederacy were also successful in the Battle of Bloody Creek (1711). The victory at Bloody Creek rallied the local resistance, and prompted many of the Acadians who were nominally under British protection to withdraw to the north. Soon thereafter a force of some 600 warriors, including Acadians, Abenaki, and Mi’kmaq, under the leadership of Gaulin and Saint-Castin, gathered and blockaded Fort Anne. The defending garrison was small, but the attackers had no artillery and were thus unable to make an impression on the fort, and the fort was still accessible by sea. Gaulin went to Plaisance in Newfoundland for supplies and equipment to advance the siege; Governor Philippe Pastour de Costebelle provided supplies, but the ship had the misfortune to encounter a major British fleet and was captured. That same expedition abandoned its goal of attacking Quebec when eight of its ships were lost on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River; Governor Vetch, who had accompanied the expedition as a leader of the provincial militia, returned to Annapolis Royal with 200 provincial militia, after which the besiegers withdrew.

In the March 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, the French ceded "all Nova Scotia or Acadie, with its ancient boundaries, as also the city of Port Royal, now called Annapolis Royal, and all other things in those parts, which depend on the said lands and islands" to the British, but retained "the island called Cape Breton, as also all others, both in the mouth of the river of St. Lawrence, and in the gulph of the same name" with exception of the "island called Newfoundland with the adjacent islands," which "shall from this time forward belong of right wholly to Britain". For whatever reason, most Acadians refused to swear an oath of loyalty to Queen Anne or, later, King George. Thus were fifty years of nearly uninterrupted conflict to start, which were only to be punctuated by the expulsion of the Acadians.

Father Rale's War

Raid on Canso (1718) – The Squirrel Affair
In the lead up to Father Rale's War, shortly after Cyprian Southack established himself at Shelburne, Nova Scotia (1715), the Mi'kmaq raided the station and burned it to the ground. In response, on 17–24 September 1718, Southack led a raid on Canso and Chedabucto (present-day community of Guysborough) in what became known as the Squirrel Affair. Southack laid siege for three days to Fort St. Louis at Chedabucto, which was defended primarily by Acadians under Acadian Bernard LaSonde. There were approximately 300 Acadians in the area.

On board HMS Squirrel, Smart held a number of Frenchmen, including Bernard Marres dit La Sonde, Captain Darguibes, the French fishing admiral, and Sieur Dominice, a Basque captain.

On 23 September, Smart and Southack pillaged Canso.  The pillaged goods were then loaded onto several French ships that had been captured in the harbor. The following day, 24 September, Southack released the Acadian prisoners, with the exception of Bernard Marres dit La Sonde, onto the Canso Islands without any provisions or clothing.  Others fled to Isle Madame and Petit-de-Grat, Nova Scotia.  He seized two French ships, and encouraged Governor of Nova Scotia Richard Philipps to build Fort William Augustus at Canso.

During Father Rale's War, the Maliseet raided numerous New England vessels on the Bay of Fundy while the Mi’kmaq, helped by Acadians, raided Canso, Nova Scotia (1723). Much of the conflict of this war happened along the Acadia-New England border. A priest, Father Sebastian Rale and Wabanaki Confederacy members from Acadia also participated in the 1723, 1724 campaigns along the border against the British, who had long threatened to remove the Acadians because they would not take an oath of loyalty. Even during Father Le Loutre's War some twenty years later, the British talked of deporting the Acadians who would not swear loyalty to Britain. On 28 December 1720, in London, someone in the House of Lords said: "It seems as though the French in Nova Scotia will never be good British subjects to her Majesty ... This is why we believe that they should be expulsed as soon as the necessary forces, which will be sent to Nova Scotia, are ready."

King George's War

Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)
 During King George's War, Abbe Jean-Louis Le Loutre led an insurrection consisting of Acadians and Mi’kmaq to recapture the capital in the siege of Annapolis Royal (1744). Acadian François Dupont Duvivier, who had led the Canso raid, led the second siege attempt against Fort Anne, with a force of 200 troops. Grand Pre had been the staging ground for the French and Mi’kmaw sieges of Annapolis Royal. Two Minas inhabitants, Armand Bigeau and Joseph LeBlanc dit Le Maigre, had traded with Louisbourg and assisted the supplying of Duvivier's forces by sea. Both transported Duvivier's force from Louisbourg to Baie Verte and then accompanied the expedition to Annapolis Royal and had served as scoutes and couriers. Duvivier arrived at Fort Anne on September 6, 1744. The first night he erected shelters. He used Joseph-Nicolas Gautier's house for his Headquarters. After both sieges, Gorham demanded to take control of Grand Pre. The British burned the dwellings of both Bigeau and 'Le Maigre' at Minas. In Annapolis, they burned the home of Gautier and imprisoning him and his family at Fort Anne until they escaped after 10 months. The British also burned the homes of Acadian pilots Paul Doucett and Charles Pelerain.

During the siege of 1745, the French officer Marin was required to withdraw from siege to protect Louisbourg from a British attack.  He reported that upon hearing the news of Louisbourg and his own withdrawal from Annapolis Royal, the Acadians were "overpowered with grief from the apprehension of remaining in the disposition of the enemy". Marin had taken British prisoners at Annapolis and remained with them in the bay at Cobequid, where an Acadian said that the French soldiers should have "left their [the British] carcasses behind and brought their skins". The British officer also deemed there was enough evidence to hold Gautier's wife and Charles Raymond for collaborating with the siege.

After the siege of Louisbourg (1745), the Wabanaki Confederacy members from Acadia conducted a campaign against British civilians along the New England/ Acadia border. (Such campaigns were repeated in 1746 and 1747). After the first siege of Louisbourg (1745), the British deported thousands of "French Colonists" on Île-Royale to France. There were Acadians among those deported.

At the same time, in July 1745, the other English detachment landed at Port-la-Joye. Under the command of Joseph de Pont Duvivier, the French had a garrison of 20 French troops (Compagnies Franches de la Marine) at Port-la-Joye. The troops fled and New Englanders burned the capital to the ground. Duvivier and the twenty men retreated up the Northeast River (Hillsborough River), pursued by the New Englanders until the French troops received reinforcements from the Acadian militia and the Mi’kmaq. The French troops and their allies were able to drive the New Englanders to their boats, nine New Englanders killed, wounded or made prisoner. The New Englanders took six Acadian hostages, who would be executed if the Acadians or Mi’kmaq rebelled against New England control.

Siege of Port Toulouse
During the siege of Port Toulouse, on May 2, 1745, Pepperell sent Jeremiah Moulton with 70 soldiers and two vessels to capture the fortified village of Port Toulouse. The New Englanders were only able to capture a single sloop and burn a few houses before being repelled by the French soldiers, Acadians and Mi’kmaq. They wounded three New Englanders when they were retreating. Eight days later, on May 10, the New Englanders returned with a force four times larger – 270 men. They burned every standing structure at Port Toulouse, demolished the fort, and desecrated a cemetery where Mi’kmaq were buried. Some French were killed in the assault and others were taken prisoner.

After the failure of the French Duc d'Anville Expedition to recapture Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia Governor Paul Mascarene told Acadians to avoid "deluding Hopes of Returning under the Dominion of France". One French officer noted that when the French troops withdrew from Annapolis Royal, the Acadians were alarmed and disappointed, and felt they were being abandoned to British retribution. The following year, Acadians helped the French to destroy British troops in the Battle of Grand Pré.

Battle of Grand Pre
Broussard and other Acadians supported the French soldiers in the Battle of Grand Pré. Ramezay elicited more support from the Acadians, enjoyed more of their collaboration, than the other enterprises. He reported to have enlisted 25 Acadians from Piziquid to Grand Pre ready to bear arms. (Some Acadians may not have supported French efforts in Acadia. Louis Liénard de Beaujeu de Villemond stated in his journal that while the Canadian troops were passing several villages near present day Truro, Captain Coulon on his approach march to the battle sent a detachment of troops at "daybreak to Copequit to block all the paths because the ill intentioned inhabitants could undertake to pass and alert the English to our march". Captain Charles Morris reported the French were supported by "... about 100 of the Neutral French join'd with them". As well, local intelligence pinpointed Noble's billets with stunning accuracy. Near the end of the battle Morris spied an enemy group "clothed like the Inhabitants whom afterward we were inform'd they were, they were all arm'd & having assisted the enemy in the night they were getting off to prevent discovery but unluckily passing into the woods came in full sight of us." The French fleet movements in Nova Scotia waters before the massacre enjoyed the help of Acadian pilots, including Nicholas Gautier and his two sons.

Louisbourg
After the fall of Louisbourg, in conjunction with Father Charles Germain and Joseph Marin de la Malgue, Acadian and Mi'kmaw militias (40 Acadians and 100 Mi'kmaq) from Tatamagouche repeatedly attacked the British who were occupying the fort and the prevent any British settlements from being established in Acadia.

Father Le Loutre's War

Within 18 months of establishing Halifax, and the start of Father Le Loutre's War, the British took firm control of the Nova Scotia peninsula by building fortifications in all the major Acadian communities: present-day Windsor (Fort Edward); Grand Pré (Fort Vieux Logis) and Chignecto (Fort Lawrence). A British fort already existed at the other major Acadian centre of Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia and Cobequid remained without a fort. Le Loutre is reported to have said that "the English might build as many Forts as they pleased but he wou'd take care that they shou'd not come out of them, for he was resolved to torment them with his Indians...." Richard Bulkeley wrote that between 1749 and 1755, Nova Scotia "was kept in an uninterrupted state of war by the Acadians ... and the reports of an officer commanding Fort Edward (Nova Scotia), [indicated he] could not be conveyed [to Halifax] with less an escort than an officer and thirty men."

The Mi’kmaq attacked New England Rangers in the siege of Grand Pre and Battle at St. Croix. Upon the founding of Halifax (1749), Acadians and Mi’kmaq conducted twelve raids on the capital region; the most significant raid was the one in 1751 on Dartmouth. They also resisted the initial British occupation of Chignecto (1750) and later fought against them in the Battle of Beausejour (1755).

Throughout Father Le Loutre's War, English speakers began calling the Acadians "French neutral", a label that would remain in common use through the 1750s. British people used the term sarcastically in derision. This stance led to the Acadians becoming known at times as the "neutral French". In 1749, Governor Cornwallis again asked the Acadians to take the oath and although he was unsuccessful, he took no drastic action against them. The following governor, Peregrine Hopson, continued the conciliatory policy towards the Acadians.

Acadian Exodus

During the war, Acadians revealed their political allegiance by leaving mainland Nova Scotia. From 1749–55, there was massive Acadian migration out of British-occupied mainland Nova Scotia and into French-occupied Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island), Île Royale (Cape Breton) and present-day New Brunswick. A prominent Acadian who transported Acadians to Île St. Jean and Île Royal was Joseph-Nicolas Gautier. While some Acadians were forced to leave, for others the act of leaving British-occupied territory for French-occupied territory was an act of resistance to the British occupation. On one occasion, when a British naval patrol intercepted Acadians in a vessel en route to Île St. Jean, an Acadian passenger said, "They chose rather to quit their lands and estates than possess them upon the terms propos'd by the English [sic] governor."  The leader of the Exodus was Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre, whom the British gave the code name "Moses". Historian Micheline Johnson described Le Loutre as "the soul of the Acadian resistance."

Battle at Chignecto (1750)

In May 1750, Lawrence was unsuccessful in getting a base at Chignecto because Le Loutre burned the village of Beaubassin, preventing Lawrence from using its supplies to establish a fort. (According to the historian Frank Patterson, the Acadians at Cobequid also burned their homes as they retreated from the British to Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia in 1754.) Lawrence retreated, but he returned in September 1750.

On September 3, Rous, Lawrence and Gorham led over 700 men to Chignecto, where Mi’kmaq and Acadians opposed their landing. They killed twenty British, who in turn killed several Mi’kmaq. Le Loutre's militia eventually withdrew, burning the rest of the Acadians' crops and houses as they went. Le Loutre and the Acadian militia leader Joseph Broussard resisted the British assault. The British troops defeated the resistance and began construction of Fort Lawrence near the site of the ruins of Beaubassin. The work on the fort proceeded rapidly and they completed the facility within weeks. To limit the British to peninsular Nova Scotia, the French also began to fortify the Chignecto and its approaches; they constructed Fort Beausejour and two satellite forts: one at present-day Strait Shores, New Brunswick (Fort Gaspareaux) and the other at present-day Saint John, New Brunswick (Fort Menagoueche).

During these months, 35 Mi’kmaq and Acadians ambushed Ranger Captain Francis Bartelo, killing him and six of his men while taking seven others captive. The Mi’kmaq conducted ritual torture of the captives throughout the night, which had a chilling effect on the New Englanders.

Siege of Grand Pre
On November 27, 1749, in the siege of Grand Pre, 300 Mi’kmaq, Maliseet, Penobscot and Acadians attacked Fort Vieux Logis at Grand Pre. The fort was under the command of Captain Handfield of the Cornwallis' Regiment. The Native and Acadian militia killed the sentries (guards) who were firing on them. The Natives then captured Lieutenant John Hamilton and eighteen soldiers under his command (including Handfield's son), while surveying the fort's environs. After the capture of the British soldiers, the native and Acadian militias made several attempts over the next week to lay siege to the fort before breaking off the engagement. When Gorham’s Rangers arrived the militia had already departed with the prisoners to Chignecto. The Acadians were then involved in the Battle at St. Croix, where one of them was killed.

Raid on Dartmouth (1751)

The Raid on Dartmouth occurred during Father Le Loutre's War on May 13, 1751 when an Acadian and Mi’kmaw militia from Chignecto, under the command of Acadian Joseph Broussard, raided Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, destroying the town and killing twenty British villagers. On May 13, 1751 before sunrise, Broussard led sixty Mi'kmaq and Acadians to attack Dartmouth again, in what would be known as the "Dartmouth Massacre". Broussard and the others killed twenty settlers and more were taken prisoner. This raid was one of seven the Natives and Acadians would conduct against the town during the war.

The British retaliated by sending several armed companies to Chignecto. A few French defenders were killed and the dikes were breached. Hundreds of acres of crops were ruined, which was disastrous for the Acadians and the French troops.

Immediately after the raid, a wooden palisade was erected around the town plot. Mi'kmaw and Acadian attacks continued throughout the French and Indian War, which ended fourteen years after Dartmouth was first settled. (For example, in the spring of 1759, there was another attack on Fort Clarence, in which five soldiers were killed.) After the initial raid, no new settlers were placed in Dartmouth again for the next thirty years. Of the 151 settlers who arrived in Dartmouth in August 1750, only half remained two years later. By the end of war (1763), Dartmouth was only left with 78 settlers.

Acadians exerted their political resistance by refusing to trade with the British. By 1754, the Acadians sent no produce to the Halifax market. When British merchants tried to buy directly from the Acadians, they were refused. Acadians also refused to supply Fort Edward with firewood. Lawrence saw the need to neutralize the Acadian military threat. To defeat Louisbourg, the British destroyed the lines of supply by deporting the Acadians.

French and Indian War

In 1753, French troops from Canada marched south and seized and fortified the Ohio Valley. Britain protested the invasion and claimed Ohio for itself. On May 28, 1754, the French and Indian War (the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War) began with the Battle of Jumonville Glen. French Officer Ensign de Jumonville and a third of his escort was killed by a British patrol led by George Washington. In retaliation the French and the Indians defeated the British at Fort Necessity. Washington lost a third of his force, and surrendered. Major General Edward Braddock's troops were defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela, and William Johnson's troops stopped the French advance at Lake George.

In Acadia, the primary British objective was to defeat the French fortifications at Beausejour and Louisbourg. The British saw the Acadians' allegiance to the French and the Wabanaki Confederacy as a military threat. Father Le Loutre's War had created the conditions for total war; British civilians had not been spared and, as Governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council saw it, Acadian civilians had provided intelligence, sanctuary, and logistical support while others had fought against the British.

After the British capture of Beausejour, the plan to capture Louisbourg included cutting trade to the Fortress in order to weaken the Fortress and, in turn, weaken the French ability to supply the Mi'kmaq in their warfare against the British. According to Historian Stephen Patterson, more than any other single factor—including the massive assault that eventually forced the surrender of Louisbourg—the supply problem brought an end to French power in the region. Lawrence realized he could reduce the military threat and weaken Fortress Louisbourg by deporting the Acadians, thus cutting off supplies to the fort. During the Expulsion, French Officer Charles Deschamps de Boishébert led the Mi'kmaq and the Acadians in a guerrilla war against the British. According to Louisbourg account books, by late 1756 the French had regularly dispensed supplies to 700 natives. From 1756 to the fall of Louisbourg in 1758, the French made regular payments to Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope and other natives for British scalps.

Battle of Petitcodiac

Charles Deschamps de Boishébert was a French militia commander who became a resistance leader. Based in the Miramichi River valley, he helped Acadians fleeing the British deportation operations escape to Quebec. After the fall of Beausejour, Monckton sent a naval squaldorn to evict him from the satellite fort at the mouth of the Saint John River. Knowing that he could not defend his position, Bosishebert destroyed the fort. When he received word that the British were planning an expedition to the Petitcodiac River, he hurried to Chipoudy, where he organized 120 Acadians, Maliseets and Mi'kmaq into a guerrilla fighting force.

On September 2, the expedition began these clearing operations on settlements in and around the Village-des-Blanchard. While the main body worked on the eastern bank of the river, a detachment of fifty or sixty under John Indicot was despatched to the western bank. When they set fire to the village church, Boishébert and three hundred men attacked. The British retreated behind a dyke and were in a near panic when Frye landed with the remainder of the force and took command. After three hours of spirited fighting, Frye eventually extracted the force to the boats and retreated. Twenty two British were killed and another six were wounded. Ranger Joseph Gorham was wounded in the battle.

Battle of Bloody Creek

Led by Acadian William Johnson (Guillaume Jeanson), a group of Mi'kmaq and Acadians attacked the British force in the Battle of Bloody Creek. Marching on foot along the south shore of the Annapolis River, the British force was exposed to wet and cold before giving up their search for the prisoners. They were crossing a bridge on the René Forêt River on the morning of December 8 when the Mi'kmaq and Acadians attacked. The British made a brief stand and suffered a high number of casualties, including Captain Pigou, before retreating back to Annapolis Royal.

On another occasion, 226 Acadians (36 families) being deported from Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia on the ship Pembroke rebelled against the British crew. After fighting off an attack by another British vessel on February 9, 1756, the Acadians took 8 British prisoners to Quebec.

Raids on Piziquid (Fort Edward)
In December 1755, Acadian and Mi'kmaw militia repeated attacked British troops working to kill their livestock, killing one workman which left the others to flee to Halifax.

In September 1756, a group of 100 Acadians ambushed a party of thirteen soldiers who were working outside the fort. Seven were taken prisoner and six escaped back to the fort.

In April 1757, a band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq raided a warehouse near Fort Edward, killing thirteen British soldiers. After loading with what provisions they could carry, they set fire to the building.  A few days later, the same partisans also raided Fort Cumberland. Because of the strength of the Acadian militia and Mi'kmaw militia, British officer John Knox wrote that "In the year 1757 we were said to be Masters of the province of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, which, however, was only an imaginary possession."  He continues to state that the situation in the province was so precarious for the British that the "troops and inhabitants" at Fort Edward, Fort Sackville and Lunenburg "could not be reputed in any other light than as prisoners."

Raids on Chignecto (Fort Cumberland)

The Acadians and Mi’kmaq also resisted in the Chignecto region. They were victorious in the Battle of Petitcodiac (1755). In the spring of 1756, a wood-gathering party from Fort Monckton (former Fort Gaspareaux), was ambushed and nine were scalped. In the summer of 1756, Boishebert burned an English vessel at Bay Vert, killing seven and taking one prisoner.  In April 1757, after raiding Fort Edward, the same band of Acadian and Mi'kmaw partisans raided Fort Cumberland, killing and scalping two men and taking two prisoners. July 20, 1757 Mi'kmaq killed 23 and captured two of Gorham's rangers outside Fort Cumberland near present-day Jolicure, New Brunswick. In March 1758, forty Acadian and Mi'kmaq attacked a schooner at Fort Cumberland and killed its master and two sailors. In the winter of 1759, the Mi'kmaq ambushed five British soldiers on patrol while they were crossing a bridge near Fort Cumberland. They were ritually scalped and their bodies mutilated as was common in frontier warfare. During the night of April 4, 1759, using canoes, a force of Acadians and French captured the transport. At dawn they attacked the ship Moncton and chased it for five hours down the Bay of Fundy. Although the Moncton escaped, its crew suffered one killed and two wounded.

Raids on Lawrencetown

By June 1757, the settlers had to be withdrawn completely from the settlement of Lawrencetown (established 1754) because the number of Indian raids eventually prevented settlers from leaving their houses.

In nearby Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, in the spring of 1759, there was another Mi'kmaq attack on Eastern Battery, in which five soldiers were killed.  (In the same year, further east at Canso, Acadians took 3 British vessels.)

Lunenburg campaign

The Lunenburg campaign (1758) was executed by the Mi'kmaw militia and Acadian militia against the Foreign Protestants who the British had settled on the Lunenburg Peninsula during the French and Indian War.  The British deployed Joseph Gorham and his Rangers along with Captain Rudolf Faesch and regular troops of the 60th Regiment of Foot to defend Lunenburg. The campaign was so successful, by November of 1758, the members of the House of Assembly for Lunenburg stated "they received no benefit from His Majesty's Troops or Rangers" and required more protection.

Raids on Maine

In present-day Maine, the Mi’kmaq and the Maliseet raided numerous New England villages. At the end of April 1755, they raided Gorham, Maine, killing two men and a family. Next they appeared in New-Boston (Gray) and through the neighbouring towns destroying the plantations. On May 13, they raided Frankfort (Dresden), where two men were killed and a house burned. The same day they raided Sheepscot (Newcastle), and took five prisoners. Two were killed in North Yarmouth on May 29 and one taken captive. They shot one person at Teconnet. They took prisoners at Fort Halifax; two prisoners taken at Fort Shirley (Dresden). They took two captive at New Gloucester as they worked on the local fort.

On 13 August 1758 Boishebert left Miramichi, New Brunswick with 400 soldiers, including Acadians whom he led from Port Toulouse. They marched to Fort St George (Thomaston, Maine). His detachment reached there on 9 September but was caught in an ambush and had to withdraw.  They next went to Munduncook (Friendship, Maine). They wounded eight British settlers and killed others. This was Boishébert's last Acadian expedition. From there, Boishebert and the Acadians went to Quebec and fought in the Battle of Quebec (1759).

Raids on Halifax

On 2 April 1756, Mi'kmaq received payment from the Governor of Quebec for 12 British scalps taken at Halifax. Acadian Pierre Gautier, son of Joseph-Nicolas Gautier, led Mi’kmaw warriors from Louisbourg on three raids against Halifax in 1757. In each raid, Gautier took prisoners or scalps or both. The last raid happened in September and Gautier went with four Mi’kmaq and killed and scalped two British men at the foot of Citadel Hill. (Pierre went on to participate in the Battle of Restigouche.)

Arriving on the provincial vessel King George, four companies of Rogers Rangers (500 rangers) were at Dartmouth April 8 until May 28 awaiting the siege of Louisbourg (1758). While there they scoured the woods to stop raids on the capital.

In July 1759, Mi'kmaq and Acadians kill five British in Dartmouth, opposite McNabb's Island.

Siege of Louisbourg (1758)
Acadian militias participated in the defence of Louisbourg in 1757 and 1758. In preparation of a British assault on Louisbourg in 1757, all the tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy were present including Acadian militia. Without any result from their efforts, the number of Mi’kmaq and Acadians who showed the following year were much lower. The precedent for such a decline in numbers was set in the two attacks that happened in the siege of Annapolis 1744, the Mi’kmaq and Acadians appearing in much less numbers for the second assault after the first one had failed.

New Englanders came ashore at Pointe Platee (Flat Point) during the siege of 1745. In 1757 and again in 1758, the Natives and Acadian militias were stationed at the potential landing beaches of Pointe Platee and one further away Anse d la Cormorandiere (Kennington Cove).

In the siege of Louisbourg (1758), Acadian and Mi’kmaw militias began to arrive in Louisboug around May 7, 1758. By the end of the month 118 Acadians arrived and about 30 Mi’kmaq from Ile St. Jean and the Miramachi. Boishebert arrived in June with 70 more Acadia militia members from Ile St. Jean and 60 Mi’kmaw militia. On June 2, The British vessels arrived and the militias went to their defensive positions on the shore. The 200 British vessels waited for six days, until the weather conditions were right, before they attacked on June 8. Four companies of Rogers Rangers under the command of George Scott were the first to come ashore in advance of James Wolfe. The British came ashore at Anse de la Cormorandiere and "continuous fire was poured upon the invaders". The Mi'kmaw and Acadian militias fought the Rangers until the latter were supported by Scott and James Wolfe, which led to the militias retreat. Seventy of the militia were captured and 50 others scalped. The Mi'kmaw and Acadian militias killed 100 British, some of whom were wounded and drowned. On June 16, 50 Mi'kmaq returned to the cove and took 5 seaman captive, firing at the other British marines.

On July 15, Boishebert arrived with Acadian and Mi'kmaw militias and attacked Captain Sutherland and the Rogers Rangers posted at Northeast harbour. When Scott and Wolfe's reinforcements arrived, 100 Rangers from McCurdey and Brewer's Companies were sent to track them down. They only captured one Mi'kmaw. (From here the Rangers went on to conduct the St. John River campaign, in part, hoping to capture Boishebert.)

Cape Breton
Soon after the siege of Louisbourg, Major Dalling went with 30 of James Rogers rangers to Spanish Bay (Sydney, Nova Scotia) and took Acadians prisoner. James Rogers' company made a raid on an Acadian village on the Bras d'Or Lake and "flushed out" 18 armed Acadian militia fighters and 100 other men, women and children. In May 1759, the Mi’kmaw militia were making raids on Louisbourg and on June 1, the four companies of Rogers’ Rangers and the Mi’kmaq fought a "hot skimmish" until they eventually retreated.

St. John River campaign

Acadia militias resisted during the St. John River campaign and the Petitcodiac River campaign. The Acadian militia along the St. John River was led by Acadian Joseph Godin dit Bellefontaine, Sieur de Beauséjour, who had led the militias since 1749. The command at Fort Frederick was not convinced the village was totally destroyed and sent at least three more expeditions up river to Ste Anne between July and September 1759. The soldiers captured some Acadians along the way, burned their homes, destroyed their crops and slaughtered their cattle. The September expedition involved more than 90 men. At present-day French Lake on the Oromocto River, they met fierce resistance from the Acadians, and resulted in the death of at least seven rangers.

On 18 February 1759, Lieutenant Hazen and 22 men arrived at Sainte-Anne des Pays-Bas. They pillaged and burned the village of 147 buildings, including two Mass-houses and all of the barns and stables. They burned a large store-house, and with it a large quantity of hay, wheat, peas, oats, etc., killing 212 horses, about 5 head of cattle, a large number of hogs and so forth. They also burned the church (located just west of Old Government House, Fredericton). Only a handful of Acadians were found in the area, most had already fled north with their families.

Major Joseph Godin dit Bellefontaine and a group of Acadians ambushed the Rangers. The rangers scalped six Acadians and took six prisoners during this raid. Major Joseph Godin dit Bellefontaine, Sieur de Beauséjour (Seigneur of Pointe Ste-Anne) was Commander of the Acadian Militia of the St-John River valley. During the Seven Years' War he supported and encouraged the Indians in their opposition to the British and even led some of their war parties. In February 1759, they killed Godin's daughter and three of his grandchildren in front of him.

Petiticodiac campaign
In June 1758, Lieutenant Meech of Benoni Danks' Rangers along with fifty-five men advanced up the Petitcodiac River, suspecting that this was where the Acadian and Mi’kmaw raids originated. They made contact with 40 Acadians but were unable to catch them.

On July 1, 1758, Danks himself began to pursue the Acadians. They arrived at present day Moncton and Danks’ Rangers ambushed about thirty Acadians, who were led by Joseph Broussard (Beausoleil). Many were driven into the river, three of them were killed and scalped, and others were captured. Broussard was seriously wounded.

In September 1758, Rogers Rangers burned a village of 100 buildings. The Acadians captured five of the British troops and retreated with then to the Miramachi. The Acadians took prisoner William Caesar McCormick of William Stark's rangers and his detachment of three rangers and two light infantry privates from the 35th Regiment. They were taken to Miramachi and then Restogouch. (They were kept by Pierre du Calvet who later released them to Halifax.)

November 12, 1758, Danks' Rangers sailed up the river and returned the next day with four men and twelve women and children as prisoners. The prisoners notified Danks about the location of Joseph Broussard's home (present day Boundary Creek). Danks' company sailed immediately up the Petitodiac to attack Broussard's home. By the time Danks arrived the house was vacant. Danks killed the livestock and burned the fields and village.

The Rangers returned to the river. Captain Silvanus Cobb continued to ferry Rangers up and down the river to destroy the houses and crops over two nights, November 13–14. On November 14, Acadian resistance appeared early in the morning. Two of Danks' Rangers were missing. The Rangers overwhelmed the Acadians once Danks' reinforcement of a platoon of Rangers arrived. The Rangers took a dozen women and children hostage. Joseph Gorham reported that he had burned over a hundred homes and Danks reported he destroyed twenty three buildings.

The Rangers then returned to Fort Frederick at the mouth of the St. John River with the prisoners.

Plains of Abraham
Under command of Boishébert, the Acadian militia (150 fighters) took part in the defence of Quebec during the summer of 1759 and then in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759). In the winter he returned for the last time to Acadia, to gather reinforcements for the defence of Canada and to restore the morale of the discouraged Acadians.

Battle of Restigouche
An Acadian militia and Mi’kmaw militia, totalling 1500 fighters, organized in the Battle of Restigouche. The Acadians arrived in about 20 schooners and small boats. Along with the French, they continued up river to draw the British fleet closer to the Acadian community of Pointe-à-la-Batterie, where they were ready to launch a surprise attack on the English. The Acadians sunk a number of their vessels to create a blockade, upon which the Acadian and Mi’kmaq fired at the ships. On 27 June, the British succeeded in maneuvering just beyond the chain of sunken ships. Once the British were range of the battery, they fired on the battery. This skirmish lasted all night and was repeated with various breaks from 28 June to 3 July, when the British overwhelmed Pointe à la Batterie, burning 150 to 200 buildings that made up the Acadian village community at Pointe à la Batterie.

The militias retreated and re-grouped with the French frigate Machault. They sunk more schooners to create another blockade. They created two new batteries, one on the north shore at Pointe de la Mission (today Listuguj, Quebec), and one on the south shore at Pointe aux Sauvages (today Campbellton, New Brunswick). They created blockade with schooners at Pointe aux Sauvages. On July 7 British commander Byron spent the day getting rid of the battery at Pointe aux Sauvages and later returned to the task of destroying the Machault. By the morning of 8 July the Scarborough and the Repulse were in range of the blockade and face to face with the Machault. The British made two attempts to defeat the batteries and the militias held out. On the third attempt, they were successful.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

The fifty years of quasi-uninterrupted hostilities on the Acadian territory were finally resolved by the Treaty of Paris (1763), in which the French were expelled from British North America; they retained only a small portion of Louisiana on that continent.  The fate of the Acadians—expulsion from their homelands—was due to their reliance on their clerics, who employed them mercilessly as tools of a failed policy of empire.  As Vaudreuil remarked in 1760 to his superior, "Les malheurs des Accadiens sont beaucoup moins leur ouvrage que le fruit des sollicitations et des demarches des missionnaires." Thomas Pichon would write in his Lettres et Memoires pour servir a l'Histoire du Cap Breton that same year:

American Revolution

In the lead up to the American Revolution, Nova Scotia prepared for an American assault. A militia of 100 Acadians from Clare and Yarmouth was raised and marched to Halifax (1774). Simon Thibodeau fought the American patriots while in Quebec during the American Revolution.

The Capture of Fort Bute signalled the opening of Spanish intervention in the American Revolutionary War on the side of France and the United States. Mustering an ad hoc army of Spanish regulars, Acadian militia, and native levies under Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent, Bernardo de Gálvez, the Governor of Spanish Louisiana stormed and captured the small British frontier post on Bayou Manchac on 7 September 1779.

War of 1812

Jean-Baptiste Hébert and Jean-Joseph Girouard served in the War of 1812. Lévite Thériault was the founder and lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Battalion of Madawaska militia in New Brunswick. Urbain Johnson was a captain of a militia in New Brunswick. Noël Hébert also served in a militia in Canada East. Henri M. Robicheau and Frederick A. Robicheau served as captains of local militias in Nova Scotia. Charles Cormier was a militia leader in Montreal.

American Civil War
During the American Civil War, in Louisiana there were numerous Cajun militia units raised in the Army of the Confederacy. One unit was named "Independent Rangers of Iberville Squadron Militia Cavalry", after Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, founder of the French colony of Louisiana.

World War I

During World War I, Acadians participated in the 165th Battalion (Acadiens), CEF, a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force.  Based in Moncton, New Brunswick, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 throughout the Maritime provinces. After sailing to England in March 1917, the battalion was absorbed into the 13th Reserve Battalion on 7 April 1917.

World War II

During World War II, Acadian soldiers were instrumental in the Battle of Normandy and the liberation of Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados, in which they are named by the Brèche des Acadiens.
Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer is located at the eastern end of Nan Sector of Juno Beach, one of the landing sites on D-Day, at the beginning of the Battle of Normandy, during World War II.

On D-Day the infantry of the North Shore Regiment of New Brunswick landed there, and were backed up by the armour of the Fort Garry Horse (also known as the 10th Armoured Regiment). Le Régiment de la Chaudière of Quebec came ashore in reserve. About 100 defenders garrisoned the town and they were largely unaffected by the preparatory barrage. As such they were able to put up heavy resistance at the beach and in the town as the Canadians pushed inland, but were eventually overcome.

A commemorative plaque marks their involvement in the liberation of Carpiquet airport.

Notable veterans
Bernard Marres 'Marc' dit La Sonde – fought British at Canso, Nova Scotia (1718)
Joseph Broussard
Bernard-Anselme d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin
Joseph d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin
Paul Doucet (alias Paul Laurent) – pilot for French Navy during King George's War
Charles Pelerain (Tuck) – pilot for French Navy during King George's War
Joseph-Nicolas Gautier and his wife
Charles Raymond
Jacques Coste
Louis Amand Bujold (Armand Bigeau)
Joseph LeBlanc, dit Le Maigre
Prudent Robichaud (leader of the mutiny on the Pembroke)
Alexandre Bourg
François Dupont Duvivier
Pierre II Surette
William Johnson (Guillaume Jeanson) (Battle of Bloody Creek (1757))
John Bradstreet (fought for British)
 Joseph Winniett (supported the British, grandchild of Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste)
Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin
Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste
Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour
Joseph Godin dit Bellefontaine, Sieur de Beauséjour and Commander of the Acadian Militia of the St-John River valley (St. John River campaign)
 Joseph Trahan (Battle of the Plains of Abraham)
 Rene LeBlanc–- from Minas, worked for Villebon during King William's War
Pierre Melanson – from Minas, worked for Villebon during King William's War, appointed "captain of the coast"
 Simon Thibodeau – American Revolution
Lévite Thériault

See also
Military history of Nova Scotia
165th Battalion (Acadiens), CEF
Military history of the Mi’kmaq
Military history of the Maliseet people
History of the Acadians

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Links
Acadian Veterans – Veterans Affairs Canada
Acadian Veterans of the First World War
 Acadians in the American Revolution
Acadians veterans of the American Revolution
Significantly Cajun Units in the Armies of the Confederacy

Further reading

 Atkins, Thomas, Papers related to the French encroachment on Nova Scotia (1749–1754), and the War in North America (1754–1761)
 Cormier, Ronald, The Forgotten Soldiers: Stories from Acadian Veterans of World War Two. Fredericton, N.B. New Ireland Press, 1992
Doughty, Arthur G. (1916), The Acadian Exiles. A Chronicle of the Land of Evangeline, Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Co. 178 pages
Douglas, W. A. B., "The Sea Militia of Nova Scotia, 1749–1755: A Comment on Naval Policy". The Canadian Historical Review. Vol. XLVII, No.1. 1966. 22–37
Edwards, Joseph Plimsoll. "The Militia of Nova Scotia, 1749–1867." Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. Vol. 17 (1913). pp. 63–110.

 Hadley, Michael L. U-Boats Against Canada: German Submarines in Canadian Waters.
 Hunt, M. S. Nova Scotia's Part in the Great War The Nova Scotia Veteran Publishing Company Limited. 1920
 Johnston, John. "The Acadian Deportation in a Comparative Context: An Introduction". Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society: The Journal. 2007. pp. 114–131
Landry, Peter. The Lion & The Lily. Vol. 1. Victoria: Trafford, 2007.
 Simon MacDonald. Ships of war lost on the coast of Nova Scotia and Sable Island during the eighteenth century (1884)
 Léger, Claude, Le bataillon acadien de la Première Guerre mondiale provides detailed coverage of Madawaskayen and Acadian experiences during WWI
 McCarthy, Eric, Acadian effort in France will never be forgotten by. Journal Pioneer. November 12, 2009
Moody, Barry (1981). The Acadians, Toronto: Grolier. 96 pages
Rompkey, Ronald, ed. Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1749–53. Newark: U of Delaware P, Newark, 1982.
Reid, John G. The 'Conquest' of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, an Aboriginal Constructions University of Toronto Press. 2004
 Sirois, Georges, La Participation des Brayons à la Grande guerre: 1914–1918
Webster, John Clarence. The career of the Abbé Le Loutre in Nova Scotia (Shediac, N.B., 1933),

Annals of Yarmouth and Barrington (Nova Scotia) in the Revolutionary War; compiled from original manuscripts, etc., contained in the office of the secretary of the Commonwealth, State House, Boston, Mass (1899)

Military history of Nova Scotia
Military history of Acadia
History of Nova Scotia


title: Space (1965 film)

text:
Space (1965) is an underground film directed by Andy Warhol, written by Ronald Tavel, and starring Edie Sedgwick, Gino Piserchio, Dorothy Dean, Ed Hennessey, singer-songwriter Eric Andersen, and Norman Levine. Unlike many of Warhol's other films made at The Factory, this film involved a moving camera, moving around the actors as they stood still.

Plot
The film features a melange of casual talking, food fights, and folk singing. The film includes Eric Andersen with his guitar, singing his lines, and leading Edie Sedgwick and her friends in unscripted sing-alongs of popular songs including "Puff the Magic Dragon" and "The Battle Hymn of the Republic".

See also
Andy Warhol filmography

References

External links
Space at IMDB
Space at WarholStars

1965 films
Films directed by Andy Warhol
American independent films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films


title: Bosondjo Airport

text:
Bosondjo Airport  was an airstrip serving Bosondjo, a town in Mongala Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Aerial imagery show trees and shrubbery growing on the former runway.

See also

Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
List of airports in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

References

External links
OpenStreetMap - Bosondjo Airport

Defunct airports
Airports in Mongala


title: Phasianotrochus sericinus

text:
Phasianotrochus sericinus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

Description
The elongated, ovate-pointed shell is thick, solid, polished. The ovate aperture is longer than broad. The columella is arcuate, bearing usually a tooth-like projection in the middle.

Distribution
This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off Cockburn Sound, Western Australia.

References

 Thiele, J. 1930. Gastropoda und Bivalvia. pp. 561–596 in Michaelsen, W. & Hartmayer, R. (eds). Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Jena : Gustav Fischer Vol. 5.
 Ponder, W.F. 1978. The unfigured Mollusca of J. Thiele. 1930 published in Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Records of the Western Australian Museum 6(4): 423-441

External links
 To Biodiversity Heritage Library (2 publications)
 To World Register of Marine Species

 http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/47340

sericinus
Gastropods of Australia
Gastropods described in 1930


title: Ultan Cooke

text:
Ultan Cooke (Galway, County Galway) is an Irish head chef. He was formally employed at restaurant Aniar in Galway where he was awarded a Michelin star.
Cooke studied philosophy and archaeology at the National University of Ireland, Galway. He started his culinary training in Galway. He later moved to London where he worked for John Torode's Smiths of Smithfield, ending up as head chef. He worked at Aniar in the period 2013-2015 and then moved to Ballynahinch Castle.

Cooke is married and has one son. He returned to Galway for family reasons, and the job at Aniar made it extra interesting.

Awards
 Michelin star: 2014

References

Living people
Irish chefs
Year of birth missing (living people)
Head chefs of Michelin starred restaurants


title: Hisamitsu Kawahara

text:
is a Japanese futsal player for the Japan national team.

Clubs
 1996-2005 Tahara FC
 2005-2009 Bardral Urayasu
 2009-2014 Nagoya Oceans
 2014-2015 Agleymina Hamamatsu

Titles
 F.League (5)
 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14
 All Japan Futsal Championship (2)
 2013, 2014
 F.League Ocean Cup (5)
 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
 AFC Futsal Club Championship (2)
 2011, 2014

References

External links
FIFA profile

1978 births
Living people
Futsal goalkeepers
Japanese men's futsal players
Bardral Urayasu players
Nagoya Oceans players
Sportspeople from Shizuoka Prefecture


title: Aghavrin Mass Rock

text:
Aghavrin Mass Rock is located in Aghavrin townland,  north-west of Coachford village.

Following the religious strife of the seventeenth century and the passing of penal laws in 1695, celebrating Catholic mass in Ireland became a dangerous practice for priest and congregation. Isolated and secluded sites were selected for worship, and natural rocks and boulders often came to be used as an altar or Mass rock. It is often through local knowledge that their locations are still identifiable. The practice of celebrating mass in such fashion was in decline by the middle of the eighteenth century, when many Catholics worshipped in thatched 'mass-houses'.

According to Hartnett (1939) it was a 'sort of ledge or stone altar', located at the foot of Carrigacnubber rock, where Mass was said to have been celebrated in Penal times. In close proximity is an ornamental tower known as Crooke's Castle.

The site is located on private property with no direct access.

See also
Aghavrin House
Crooke's Castle, Aghavrin
Mullinhassig Wood

References

External links
 acrheritage.info

Mass rocks
Religious buildings and structures in County Cork


title: L'ultimo giorno di Pompei

text:
L'ultimo giorno di Pompei ("The last day of Pompeii") is an opera (dramma per musica) in two acts composed by Giovanni Pacini to an Italian libretto by Andrea Leone Tottola. It premiered to great success at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples on 19 November 1825 followed by productions in the major opera houses of Italy, Austria, France, and Portugal. When Pacini's popularity declined in the mid-19th century, the opera was all but forgotten until 1996 when it received its first performance in modern times at the Festival della Valle d'Itria in Martina Franca. L'ultimo giorno di Pompei influenced either directly or indirectly several other 19th-century works, most notably Karl Bryullov's 1833 painting, The Last Day of Pompeii.

Background and performance history
L'ultimo giorno di Pompei was the third of Pacini's operas to premiere at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples. It was commissioned to celebrate the name day of Queen María Isabella of the Two Sicilies. The libretto itself was written by Andrea Leone Tottola. However, the basic outline of the story and the idea of setting it in Pompeii at the time of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD came from the Teatro San Carlo's resident scenographer, Antonio Niccolini. Although the setting and the English translation of its title are similar to that of Bulwer-Lytton's novel The Last Days of Pompeii, the opera predates the novel by almost 10 years and has a completely different plot.

The opera premiered to great success on 19 November 1825. Nicolini's production was an  expensive extravaganza involving numerous changes of sets, complex lighting, and the use of real explosives. The spectacular climax depicting the fiery eruption of Mount Vesuvius was accompanied by a simulated earthquake and lightning as nine gauze curtains painted with clouds of ash and fire were raised one after the other to reveal the volcano.  According to a contemporary account, when molten lava appeared to flow towards the front of the stage, the effect was so realistic that people in the stalls were terrified. The set designs for the Naples premiere have been lost. However, multiple copies of Alessandro Sanquirico's designs for the 1827 La Scala production have been preserved. Kenneth Lapitan, a curator at the J. Paul Getty Museum, has proposed that Sanquirico's designs probably followed Nicolini's production quite closely.

The day after the premiere, King Francis I of the Two Sicilies sent Pacini a congratulatory letter expressing his great pleasure with the performance. He appointed Pacini to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts and ordered that Tottola be granted a bonus of 30 ducats. In his 1865 memoirs, Pacini described L'ultimo giorno di Pompei as the greatest triumph of his early career. The opera ran for four seasons at the San Carlo and was subsequently performed at La Scala in Milan and the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna (1827), the Theatro de São Carlos in Lisbon (1828), the Théâtre-Italien in Paris (1830), and La Fenice in Venice (1832). The reception at La Scala was as enthusiastic as it had been in Naples, and on the strength of the opera's success there, the impresario Domenico Barbaia offered Pacini a nine-year contract as the artistic director of his theatres with a commission to compose two operas a year.

Pacini's popularity had declined in the mid-19th century. By the time of his death in 1867, L'ultimo giorno di Pompei was all but forgotten until August 1996 when it received its first performance in modern times at the Festival della Valle d'Itria in Martina Franca. The production then transferred to the Teatro Massimo Bellini in Catania for performances in September of that year. A live recording of the Martina Franca performance was released by Dynamic Records in 1997 and re-released in 2012.

Influence on other works
L'ultimo giorno di Pompei influenced either directly or indirectly several other 19th-century works. When word had reached Paris of the 1827 La Scala production, which the Revue de théâtre described as representing the eruption of Vesuvius "with a frightful truth and a grandeur unthinkable in France,"  the French scenographer Pierre Cicéri travelled to Milan to study Sanquirico's designs and stage machinery.  He incorporated several of those elements into his staging of Auber's 1828 opera La muette de Portici which featured a 17th-century eruption of Vesuvius. Pacini's opera was also one of the inspirations for Karl Bryullov's painting, The Last Day of Pompeii. The painting incorporates portraits of Pacini's young daughters, Amazilia and Giovannina, depicted as children sheltered in the arms of a Pompeian woman. The model for the woman was Yuliya Samoylova who was the foster mother of Pacini's daughters and had been the lover of both Pacini and Bryullov.  In turn, Bryullov's painting inspired Bulwer-Lytton's widely read novel, The Last Days of Pompeii. Amongst the many film and theatrical works based on Bulwer-Lytton's novel was  Errico Petrella's opera Jone, ossia L'ultimo giorno di Pompei, which premiered in 1858 and remained in the repertory both in Italy and internationally until well into the 20th century.

Roles

Synopsis
Place: Pompeii
Time:, 79 AD

Act 1

Sallustio has been elected First Magistrate of Pompeii. In the atrium of his house, he receives congratulations from all, including the tribune, Appio Diomede. However, Appio's congratulations are insincere. He is in love with Sallustio's wife Ottavia and is consumed with jealousy at their happiness. He later approaches Ottavia when she is alone and declares his love to her. When she angrily spurns him, he vows revenge and concocts a plot with Pubblio, the custodian of the public baths, to dishonour Ottavia. Pubblio's young son Clodio is disguised as a girl, and with the help of Fausto, Sallustio's freed slave, he is slipped in amongst Ottavia's handmaidens. The celebration of Sallustio's elevation to the magistracy begins at the Temple of Jupiter where Sallustio swears to uphold the laws of Rome. The procession then moves towards the amphitheatre for more festivities. Along the way, Pubblio, feigning indignation, drags Clodio away from the handmaidens and reveals his disguise. To the consternation of all, Clodio declares that he has been seduced by Ottavia. Although incredulous, Sallustio must now adhere to the oath he has just sworn and bring his wife to trial.

Act 2

At Ottavia's trial in the basilica of Pompeii, she protests her innocence. Although Appio, Pubblio, and Clodio's testimony is damning, Sallustio is still reluctant to find her guilty. At this point, ominous rumbling is heard from Mount Vesuvius, which is taken by the augurs as a sign that the gods are displeased with Sallustio's hesitation. Ottavia is thus condemned to be buried alive. As she is led into the tomb, accompanied by her faithful handmaidens, Ottavia turns to her husband one last time, swears her innocence, and entrusts their young son, Menenio, to his care. At this point, Vesuvius erupts with a tremendous explosion. Sallustio now takes this as a sign that a terrible injustice is about to be done and halts the execution. Pubblio, believing that his perfidy has brought disaster to Pompeii, confesses all and names Appio as the instigator of the plot. He and Appio are sealed in the tomb instead of Ottavia. As boulders and ash rain down on the city and all flee in panic, Menenio arrives with a chariot and rescues his parents. The eruption becomes ever stronger and the sky is filled with fire and lightning. The curtain falls on a scene of desolation.

Recording
Pacini: L'ultimo giorno di Pompei – Iano Tamar (Ottavia); Sonia Lee (Menenio); Raúl Giménez (Appio Diomede); Nicolas Rivenq (Sallustio); Gregory Bonfatti (Pubblio ); Riccardo Novaro (Gran Sacerdote); Svetlana Sidorova (Clodio); Emil Alekperov (Fausto); Bratislava Chamber Choir; Orchestra of the Teatro Massimo Bellini; Giuliano Carella (conductor). Recorded live at Martina Franca, 2–4 August 1996. Label: Dynamic 729

References
Notes

Sources

Gardner Coates, Victoria; Lapatin, Kenneth; Seydl, Jon L. (2012). The Last Days of Pompeii: Decadence, Apocalypse, Resurrection. Getty Publications.
Gelli, Piero and Poletti, Filippo (eds.) (2007) "Ultimo giorno di Pompei, L’". Dizionario dell'opera. Baldini Castoldi Dalai. Online version retrieved 14 February 2014 .
Londré, Felicia Hardison and Berthold, Margot (1999). The History of World Theater: From the English Restoration to the Present. Continuum.
Owen, Maurice (2010). The False-Door: Dissolution and becoming in Roman wall-painting. CASIAD, Southampton Solent University. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Pacini, Giovanni (1865). Le mie memorie artistiche. G. G. Guidi
Tottola, Andrea Leone (1832). L'ultimo giorno di Pompei. Casali (libretto printed for the 1832 production at La Fenice)
Vasta, Stephen F. (December 1997). "Pacini: L'Ultimo Giorno di Pompei" (recording review). Opera News. Retrieved 14 February 2014 .
Wyke, Maria (2013). Projecting the Past: Ancient Rome, Cinema and History. Routledge.

Further reading
Balthazar, Scott L. (with Michael Rose) (1997), "Giovanni Pacini", in Sadie, Stanley (ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, New York: Grove (Oxford University Press), Vol. Three, pp. 808–812.
Balthazar, Scott L. (1997), in Sadie, Stanley (ed.), "L'Ultimo giorno di Pompeii", The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, New York: Grove (Oxford University Press), Vol. Four, p. 862.
Melfi, Milena (2008). "Excavating Opera: Composers and archaeologists in 19th century Italy". Imagines: The Reception of Antiquity in Performing and Visual Arts. Universidad de La Rioja.

External links

"Pompeian Entertainments" – online exhibition of the set and costume designs for L'ultimo giorno di Pompei at the J. Paul Getty Museum

Operas set in the 1st century
Operas set in ancient Rome
Operas
Opera seria
Italian-language operas
Operas by Giovanni Pacini
1825 operas
Opera world premieres at the Teatro San Carlo
Pompeii in popular culture
Libretti by Andrea Leone Tottola


title: Enciclopedia de México

text:
Enciclopedia de México is a national encyclopedia of Mexico.

A first edition, in 10 volumes, was published from 1968, with editor Gutierre Tibón.

A later edition was published from the late 1970s in 12 volumes, edited by José Rogelio Álvarez (es) The encyclopedia has a vast array of articles including geology and landforms, fauna and flora, human migration, pre-Conquest ethnicity, anthropology and archeology, and biographical coverage, and it is the most comprehensive encyclopedia on Mexico to date.

References

Mexico
Mexican encyclopedias
Spanish-language education
1968 non-fiction books
20th-century encyclopedias


title: Guldbagge Award for Best Director

text:
The Guldbagge for Best Director is a Swedish film award presented annually by the Swedish Film Institute (SFI) as part of the Guldbagge Awards (Swedish: "Guldbaggen") to directors working in the Swedish motion picture industry.

History
Throughout the past 50 years, SFI has presented a total of 50 Best Director awards to 40 different directors. Along with the categories Best Film, Best Actor in a Leading Role and Best Actress in a Leading Role, the award for Best director were one of the four original price categories which was presented at the first award ceremony in 1964. At the 1st Guldbagge Awards (1963/1964), Ingmar Bergman was awarded the first Guldbagge for his film The Silence. Since then, the prize has been awarded every year, except in 1971 where the only prize for best film was awarded, and in 1980 where only the categories Best Film, Best Actor along with the Ingmar Bergman Award. At both the 30th Guldbagge Awards (1994) and the 42nd Guldbagge Awards (2006), Best Director was presented to a co-directing team, rather than to an individual director.

The Guldbagge Awards for Best Director and Best Film have been very closely linked throughout their history. Of the 55 films that have been awarded Best Film, 24 have also been awarded Best Director. The first one to achieve this was Ingmar Bergman, whose film The Silence won the Best Film award at the first 1st Guldbagge Awards. The last one who achieved this was Magnus von Horn through his film, The Here After at the 51st Guldbagge Awards (2015).

The first woman who won the award for Best Director was Marianne Ahrne, for the film Near and Far Away (1976). Besides her, only nine women have ever been awarded for Best Director: Suzanne Osten for The Mozart Brothers (1986), Åsa Faringer for The Daughter of the Puma (1994), Ella Lemhagen for Tsatsiki, morsan och polisen (1999), Catti Edfeldt and Ylva Gustavsson for Kidz in da Hood (2006), Lisa Siwe for Glowing Stars (2009), Pernilla August for Beyond (2010), and Gabriela Pichler for Eat Sleep Die (2012). Since 1991, when the nomination system was introduced with three nominees, the number of female directors has increased significantly, with a total of 22 women. The first woman that got nominated was Susanne Bier for the film Freud's Leaving Home (1991).

Winners and nominees
Each Guldbagge Awards ceremony is listed chronologically below along with the winner of the Guldbagge Award for Directing and the film associated with the award. Before 1991 the awards did not announce nominees, only winners. In the columns under the winner of each award are the other nominees for best director, which are listed from 1991 and forward.

For the first nineteen ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. For example, the 2nd Guldbagge Awards presented on October 15, 1965, recognized films that were released between July, 1964 and June, 1965. Starting with the 20th Guldbagge Awards, held in 1985, the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31. The Awards presented at that ceremony were in respect of 18 months of film production owing to the changeover from the broken calendar year to the standard calendar year during 1984. Due to a mediocre film year, no awards ceremony was held in 1971.

International presence
As the Guldbagge Awards are based in Sweden and are centered on the Swedish film industry, the majority of Guldbagge Award winners have been Swedish. Nonetheless, there is significant international presence at the awards, as evidenced by the following list of winners of the Guldbagge Award for Best Director.
 Denmark: Per Fly
 Iceland: Hrafn Gunnlaugsson
 United Kingdom: Colin Nutley

However, no director has won for a film that is entirely in a foreign language.

Several international nominees include:
 Denmark: Susanne Bier and Bille August (nominated for 2 films)
 Germany: Rainer Hartleb

Notes and references

See also
 Academy Award for Best Director
 BAFTA Award for Best Direction
 Golden Globe Award for Best Director
 Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film

External links

Director
Awards for best director
Director


title: Jun Fujiwara

text:
Jun Fujiwara, (born 23 November 1982), is a Japanese futsal player who plays for Bardral Urayasu and the Japanese national futsal team.

Clubs
 2008-2010 Shriker Osaka
 2010- Bardral Urayasu

Titles
 F.League Ocean Cup (2)
 2008, 2009

References

External links
FIFA profile

1982 births
Living people
Futsal goalkeepers
Japanese men's futsal players
Shriker Osaka players
Bardral Urayasu players
Sportspeople from Shizuoka Prefecture


title: Wataru Kitahara

text:
is a Japanese futsal player. Japanese national futsal team.

Club
 2007-2016 Nagoya Oceans

Titles
 F.League (9)
 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
 All Japan Futsal Championship (4)
 2007, 2013, 2014, 2015
 F.League Ocean Cup (5)
 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
 AFC Futsal Club Championship (3)
 2011, 2014, 2016

References

External links
FIFA profile

1982 births
Living people
Japanese men's futsal players
Nagoya Oceans players
Sportspeople from Tokyo


title: Matthew Bullock (disambiguation)

text:
Matthew Bullock was an African American who fled to Canada and became a cause célèbre in the early 1920s.

Matthew Bullock may also refer to:

 Matthew Bullock (banker)  (born 1949), Master of St Edmund's College, Cambridge and former banker
 Matthew Bullock (footballer) (born 1980), English footballer
 Matthew W. Bullock (1881–1972), social leader, civil servant and leading African-American


title: 2014 Dubai Tennis Championships – Women's singles

text:
Venus Williams defeated Alizé Cornet in the final, 6–3, 6–0 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2014 Dubai Tennis Championships. It was her 45th career WTA Tour title. She also extended her winning streak at the Dubai Tennis Championships to 15 matches, having previously won when she last played in 2009 and 2010.

Petra Kvitová was the defending champion, but lost in the second round to Carla Suárez Navarro.

Seeds
The top four seeds receive a bye into the second round.

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

Qualifying

Seeds

Qualifiers

Draw

First qualifier

Second qualifier

Third qualifier

Fourth qualifier

External links
 WTA tournament draws

2014 WTA Tour
2014 Women's Singles


title: Horace Patch

text:
Horace D. Patch (August 7, 1814 – June 22, 1862) was an American politician.

Born in Onondaga County, New York, Patch went to Cazenovia Academy. He then practiced law in Ohio. In 1843, Patch moved to Whitewater and then to Calamus, Wisconsin Territory. He then moved to Beaver Dam, Wisconsin in 1848 and practiced law. He served in the first Wisconsin Constitutional Convention of 1846 as a Democrat. He also served in local government offices. Patch then served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1852. In 1861, Patch recruited the 16th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War, where he served as a captain. He was wounded in the Battle of Pittsburg Landing and died in Corinth, Mississippi as a result of his wounds.

References

1814 births
1862 deaths
People from Onondaga County, New York
Politicians from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
Cazenovia College alumni
Ohio lawyers
Wisconsin lawyers
People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers
United States politicians killed during the Civil War
Democratic Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly