title: Z-source inverter

text:
A Z-source inverter is a type of power inverter, a circuit that converts direct current to alternating current. The circuit functions as a buck-boost inverter without making use of DC-DC converter bridge due to its topology.

Impedance (Z) source networks efficiently convert power between source and load from DC to DC, DC to AC, and from AC to AC.

The numbers of modifications and new Z-source topologies have grown rapidly since 2002. Improvements to the impedance networks by introducing coupled magnetics have also been lately proposed for achieving even higher voltage boosting, while using a shorter shoot-through time. They include the Γ-source, T-source, trans-Z-source, TZ-source, LCCT-Z-source that utilizes a high-frequency transformer connected in series with two DC-current-blocking capacitors, high-frequency transformer-isolated, and Y-source networks. Amongst them, the Y-source network is more versatile and can be viewed as the generic network, from which the Γ-source, T-source, and trans-Z-source networks are derived. The incommensurate properties of this network open a new horizon to researchers and engineers to explore, expand, and modify the circuit for a wide range of power conversion applications.

Types of inverters

Inverters can be classified by their structure as
Single-phase inverter: This type of inverter consists of two legs or two poles. (A pole is connection of two switches where source of one and drain of other are connected and this common point is taken out).
 Three-phase inverter: This type of inverter consists of three legs or poles or four legs (three legs for phases and one for neutral).

Inverters are also classified based on the type of input source as follows:
 Voltage-source inverter (VSI): In this type of inverter, a constant voltage source acts as input to the inverter bridge. The constant voltage source is obtained by connecting a large capacitor across the DC source.
 Current-source inverter (CSI): In this type of inverter, a constant current source acts as input to the inverter bridge. The constant current source is obtained by connecting a large inductor in series the DC source.

Operation

Normally, three-phase inverters have 8 vector states (6 active states and 2 zero states). There is an additional state known as the shoot through state, during which the switches of one leg are short-circuited. In this state, energy is stored in the impedance network, and when the inverter is in its active state, the stored energy is transferred to the load, thus providing boost operation. This shoot through state is prohibited in VSI.

Achieving the buck-boost facility in ZSI requires pulse-width modulation. The normal sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is generated by comparing carrier triangular wave with reference sine wave. For shoot through pulses, the carrier wave is compared with two complementary DC reference levels. These pulses are added in the SPWM. ZSI has two control freedoms: modulation index of the reference wave which is the ratio of amplitude of reference wave to amplitude of carrier wave and shoot through duty ratio which can be controlled by DC level.

Advantages

The advantages of Z-source inverter are:

 The source can be either a voltage source or a current source. The DC source of a ZSI can be a battery, a diode rectifier or a thyristor converter, a fuel cell stack or a combination of these.
 The main circuit of a ZSI can either be the traditional VSI or the traditional CSI.
 Works as a buck-boost inverter.
 The load of a ZSC can be inductive or capacitive, or it can be another Z-source network.

Disadvantages

Typical inverters (VSI and CSI) have few disadvantages:

 They behave in a boost or buck operation only. Thus the obtainable output voltage range is either smaller or greater than the input voltage.
 They are vulnerable to electromagnetic interference and the devices get damaged in either open or short circuit conditions.
 The combined system of DC-DC boost converter and the inverter has lower reliability.
 The main switching devices of VSI and CSI are not interchangeable.

Applications

 Renewable energy sources
 Electric vehicles
 Motor drives

References

Electrical circuits
Inverters


title: Yurac Apacheta (Arequipa)

text:
Yurac Apacheta (possibly from Quechua yuraq white, Aymara apachita the place of transit of an important pass in the principal routes of the Andes; name for a stone cairn in the Andes, a little pile of rocks built along the trail in the high mountains) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about  high. It is situated in the Arequipa Region, Arequipa Province, Yura District, and in the Caylloma Province, Huanca District.

References

Mountains of Arequipa Region
Mountains of Peru


title: Yuraq Apachita

text:
Yuraq Apachita (Quechua yuraq white, Aymara apachita the place of transit of an important pass in the principal routes of the Andes; name in the Andes for a stone cairn, a little pile of rocks built along the trail in the high mountains, Hispanicized spellings Yurac Apacheta, Yuraj Apacheta, Yuracapacheta) may refer to:

 Yuraq Apachita (Arequipa), a mountain in the Arequipa Province, Arequipa Region, Peru
 Yuraq Apachita (Azángaro), a mountain in the Azángaro Province, Puno Region, Peru
 Yuraq Apachita (La Unión), a mountain in the La Unión Province, PArequipa Region, Peru
 Yuraq Apachita (Lampa), a mountain in the Lampa Province, Puno Region, Peru


title: Blackfoot Gypsies

text:
Blackfoot Gypsies are an American four-piece rock band from Nashville, Tennessee, United States. Their music is influenced by blues, punk rock, southern rock, soul, Americana and country. They are known for their DIY aesthetic and extensive touring.

In 2013, the band headlined Muddy Roots Music Festival.They have appeared at Auston City Limits, Pilgrimage and Railbird Festivals. As of January, 2020, the band has reached nearly 15,000 Facebook likes.

On January 23, 2015, the band signed with label Plowboy Records. On January 28, the band released their new single, "Under My Skin", and announced April 14, 2015, as the release date of their second album, Handle It. The record was their first on Plowboy Records. Subsequent releases included To The Top and Live At The Basement.

In January 2021, Blackfoot Gypsies released their first single "New Way of Life" under the new band name, DeeOhGee.

History
The band formed in 2010 as a two-piece of Matthew Paige and Zachary Murphy. Past line-ups have included Chris Denney of Denney and The Jets. DeeOhGee have toured with White Fang, and Alabama Shakes, Tyler Childers, The Darkness and Blues Traveler. In 2013, the band headlined Muddy Roots Music Festival. In 2017, the band opened for Buddy Guy during several shows of his 2017 tour.

Members
Matthew Paige - vocals, guitar
Zack Murphy - drums, percussion
Dylan Whitlow - bass

Discography

Studio albums
On The Loose (2012) Self-Released (Available as LP, Special Edition LP, CD or MP3)
Handle It (2015)
To The Top (2017)
Live at the Basement (2020)
New Way of Life (2021)

EPs
"Dandee Cheeseball" (2011) Self-Released (Available as free download)
"Blackfoot Gypsies EP" (2010) Self-Released (Available as CD or MP3)

Singles
"The New Sounds of Transwestern" (2013) Fat Elvis Records (Limited 7")
"Under My Skin" (2015)

References

Rock music groups from Tennessee
Musical groups from Nashville, Tennessee


title: Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research

text:
The Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research (acronym: IISR) is an autonomous institute of higher learning, under the umbrella of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India for advanced research in sugar cane agriculture. The Institute is located on Raibareli Road, Dilkusha (Post Office) in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. While, The Central Sugarcane Research Institute established in 1912  is located in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. It works also under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

Profile

The Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research (IISR) owes its origin to the recommendations of the erstwhile The Indian Central Sugarcane Committee for advanced research on all aspects of sugarcane cultivation except breeding and coordination of sugarcane researches across the country. The foundation stone of the institute was laid on 16 February 1952  under the administrative control of the Indian Central Sugarcane Committee. It was brought directly under the Government of India on 1 January 1954 and later on it was entrusted to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) on 1 April 1969 along with other agriculture based research institutions.

The Institute is an ISO 9001 accredited agency and has three regional stations for nationwide coverage of its activities.

IISR Regional Centre, Motipur, Muzaffarpur, Bihar: The Centre was the research station of the Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore when it was established in 1988 but was brought under IISR on 25 April 2004. The Centre focuses its attention on the development of sugarcane varieties, evaluation of waterlogging tolerance, red rot resistance and mechanization of sugarcane cultivation.

The Centre has developed several varieties of sugarcane for distribution and is involved in breeder seed development of improved varieties.

Sugarbeet Research and Development at the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow: This Institute is also specialized for sugarbeet, which has wide tolerance levels and is cultivable for extended seasons. IISR has developed various agrotechniques for tropical and subtropical cultivation of sugarbeet, developed mechanized methods of sowing, crop raising and harvesting and standardised seed production technology. The centre also maintains training facilities on maintenance of germplasm, seed production, root crop production, plant protection and region-specific mechanization.

IISR has a Biological Control Centre,  at Pravaranagar in Maharashtra.

Divisions

Division of Crop Improvement

The Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research hosted a Botany and Breeding Unit for Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore during the sixties and, in 1969, the unit was transferred to IISR. In 1989, the unit was renamed the Division of Crop Improvement.

The Division focusses its attention on advanced research on sugar crops such as sugarcane and sugarbeet and has been successful in developing many improved varieties such as CoLk 8001, CoLk 8102, CoLk 94184 and CoLk 9709, which are known to have high cane yield, sugar content, red rot and top borer resistance and better water logging tolerance. It also produces breeder seed and is also a DUS testing centre of sugarcane.

Mandate: The Division has a set mandate to develop superior sugarcane varieties and breeding and genetic stocks, prescription of biotechnological techniques and documentation and evaluation sugarcane germplasm.

Facilities: The Division is equipped with a Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Lab, a Cytogenetics Lab, a DUS Testing Facility, a Glass house and a Poly house.

Division of Crop Production

Division of Crop Production, an original division since the inception of IISR 1952, is involved in developing modern technology for sugarcane production in the sub tropical regions. Efforts are on to marry agronomy, soil science and microbiology for improving sugarcane processing including gur and jaggery production.

Major achievements of the Division include ring-pit method of sugarcane planting, skip-furrow method of irrigation, nutrient, water and weed management package in sugarcane production. It looks after the disciplines of Agronomy, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural Microbiology and Extension and Training.

Division of Crop Protection

The Institute had four sections, Agronomy, Sugarcane Mycology, Sugarcane Entomology and Agricultural Engineering, when it started in 1952. Four years later, two more sections, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry and Plant Physiology, were added. One more section, Botany and Breeding came into existence in 1969. In 2001, two exiting divisions Plant Pathology and Entomology were merged to form the Division of Crop Protection.

The Basic objective of the Division is to conduct advanced research on diseases and pest management of sugarcane and other sugar crops. The Division concentrates on areas such as Plant Pathology with special emphasis on Colletotrichum falcatum, techniques for inducing resistance for sugarcane, use of bio-agents against crop diseases such as yellow leaf virus disease, pragmatic use of chemicals in disease management, variable analysis of pathogens such as Smut, GSD, Mosaic, sugarcane borers, termite and white grub, Entomology and introducing parasitoids in sugarcane agro-ecosystem to combat pests.

Division of Physiology and Biochemistry

The Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry was originally named Physiology Section started in 1958,  but was later elevated to the status of a Division with the new name. The Division attends to the studies on tillering, germination, moisture stress, artificial ripening of crops, seed technology, enhancement of sucrose content, bioethanol production and management of post harvest losses.

Division of Agricultural Engineering

The Division of Agricultural Engineering evolved out of a small workshop, started in 1952 at the inception of the Institute, for machining and fabrication of tools and equipment and has now grown to be a centre for strategic research on mechanization, water management and post harvest technology of sugarcane and sugar crops. It coordinates with the State Agricultural Universities and other research Centres and provides training, consultancy and advisory services to farmers and other users at national and international levels.

Jaggery Unit

The Jaggery Unit is the residue of an erstwhile All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Processing, Handling and Storage of Jaggery and Khandsari sugar when the Project was moved to CIPHET Ludhiana, leaving the research on jaggery stayed back at IISR. The Unit is a platform for research on improving technology of sugarcane processing for juice, jaggery and value added products. The main aim is to develop cost, energy efficient ways to produce and store jaggery. The Unit is equipped with:

Farm Section

IISR maintains a farm, with an extent of 186.50 hectares out of which 125.15 hectares is under research cultivation and is equipped with 13 tube wells and farm equipment including 7 tractors. The Farm produces high quality sugarcane seeds and other produces such as wheat, paddy, mustard and gram. It also sells produces such as Sugarcane, Wheat, Paddy, Gram, Mustard, Cane juice, Bael, Awanla and Mango commercially for revenue generation. Through its activities, the Farm Unit helps IISR research on field experimentation.

Research Coordination and Management Unit

RCM Unit is the documentation hub of IISR and maintains a database of research projects and project documentation and reports to ICAR as prescribed. The Unit is also responsible for the dissemination of information and the preparation of annual reports, newsletters, technical bulletins and brochures.

Facilities

Soil, Water and Plant Sample Analysis Facility

This is a microbiological laboratory facility for analysis of soil, water and plant samples. It is open to the Institute and outside users have to pay for the services.

Juice Quality Control Laboratory

The JQC laboratory is equipped with Auto-Pol 800 and Rapi-Pol extractor for sugarcane and sugarbeet juice quality analysis to check oBrix, pol% juice, purity quotient, reducing sugars, dextran content and fibre content.

Agrometeorology Laboratory

The laboratory was originally a part of the Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry when it started in 1992 but, two years later, it was given independent status and the met yard was also merged with it. It assesses the weather fluctuations and climatic changes and analyses their impact on sugarcane production and quality.

Library

IISR Library is a well stocked one with a collection of 10143 books, 390 periodicals, 18,000 volumes along with research journals, annual reports, these and monographs, some of them rare, on sugarcane and related topics. It also maintains a digital library and the users also have access to journals on CeRA web site.

All India Coordinated Project for Research

Coordinated research activity started in India in 1929 when the then Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, forerunner of the present Indian Council of Agricultural Research, recommended study on sugarcane and sugar industry. In 1971, ICAR set up an All India Coordinated Project for Research (AICRP) on sugarcane with IISR as the base.

Efforts at the All India Coordinated Project for Research on sugarcane is dedicated to the sugarcane cultivation in different parts of the country where the agro-climatic conditions differ from region to region. The project provides a strong infrastructure for the research activities through its various research centres at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research institutes, State Agricultural universities, State Departments of Agriculture and Non Government Organizations, spread all over the country.

Agricultural Knowledge Management Unit
In 1995, IISR started an Agriculture Research Information System section under the National Agricultural Technology Project for augmenting the communication facilities of the Institute. In 2011, the section was renamed as Agricultural Knowledge Management Unit.

Over the years, the section equipped the Institute with modern computing and communication infrastructure consisting of a network of 200 nodes and 120 computers, a Local Area Network based on optical fibre cabling, a series of servers such as Web Server, Mail Exchange, Internet Proxy and Application Server, 100 Mbit/s leased line and connectivity with National Knowledge Network project of Government of India, as a nodal centre.

AKMU is active in the research on designing and sampling sugarcane experiments, performance, production constraints and price policies of sugarcane cropping, statistical support to the scientists, in-house development of required computer software, network and system administration, MIS, gathering market intelligence and other activities related to the dynamics of sugarcane and sugar production.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra
The Krishi Vigyan Kendra is an ICAR initiative for efforts to assist the farming community for the betterment of agricultural production and overall socio economic development of the community. Several KVK centres are functioning with their bases at various ICAR institutes and the KVK in IISR was established in 1999. The centre was formed with an aim to serve the farming community by delivering demand driven services with the assistance of qualified professionals. It was set with a mandate to assess, refine, demonstrate and introduce modern technologies and products to the farming community. The centre hosts a Vermicompost Unit, Bee keeping facility, a Technology Park, a Pashu Chokolate Production Unit and a Nutritional Kitchen Garden.

The major achievements of the KVK is listed by IISR as:
 Introduction of tissue culture banana.
 Propagation of intercropping techniques for vegetables under banana cultivation.
 Large scale sowing of wheat with the assistance of machinery.
 Introduction of intercropping of wheat and rice
 Propagation of improved variety of oilseeds and pulses crops
 Techniques for potato processing at farmers' fields.
 Nutritional kitchen garden at farmer's field.
 Fruit fly management in mango crop.
 Popularization of the production of value added products such as making pickles, murabba, squash, candy, chutney, sauce, chips, french fries etc.
 Use of sugarbeet as a fodder crop.
 Introduction of several hybrid varieties of paddy.

Publications
IISR has brought out several publications of which some of the notable ones are:

See also

 Agroecological restoration
 Agroecosystem
 Agroecosystem analysis
 Ecology
 Organic agriculture

References

External links

 IISR on ResearchGate
 IISR on ASTI-CGIAR

Agroecology
Agricultural research institutes in Uttar Pradesh
Higher education in India
Indian sugar industry
Articles containing video clips
Sugar organizations
Research institutes in Lucknow
1952 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Educational institutions established in 1952


title: 1929–30 in Mandatory Palestine football

text:
The 1929–30 season was the third season of competitive football in the British Mandate for Palestine under the Eretz Israel Football Association.

IFA Competitions

1930 Palestine Cup

The Third Palestine Cup was won by the reserve team of Maccabi Tel Aviv (which was in fact Maccabi first team), who had beaten  a Northamptonshire Regiment XI 2–1in the final.


title: Eloor Lending Library Ernakulam

text:
Eloor Lending Library is a chain of privately owned public libraries. It was established in 1979 in Ernakulam District of Kerala State. Now it has three branches in India including the one in Ernakulam.

This library is different from other conventional lending libraries, as they charge 10% of the cost of book as reading fee from members.

Branches

 Trivandrum (1986)
 Bangalore (1988)

References

Public libraries in India
Libraries in Ernakulam
Libraries established in 1979


title: The Boat Race 1988

text:
The 134th Boat Race took place on 2 April 1988. Held annually, the event is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames.  Oxford won by  lengths in a time of 18 minutes 27 seconds, the equal-fourth fastest time in the event's history.  The race was umpired by former Cambridge rowing Blue Mike Sweeney.

In the reserve race, Cambridge's Goldie won, while Oxford won the Women's Boat Race.

Background
The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues").  First held in 1829, the race takes place on the  Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London.  The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide.  Oxford went into the race as reigning champions, having won the 1987 race by four lengths, with Cambridge leading overall with 69 victories to Oxford's 64 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877).  The event was sponsored by Beefeater Gin and was televised in the United Kingdom by the BBC on its Grandstand sports programme.

The first Women's Boat Race took place in 1927, but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s. Until 2014, the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races, but as of the 2015 race, it is held on the River Thames, on the same day as the men's main and reserve races.  The reserve race, contested between Oxford's Isis boat and Cambridge's Goldie boat has been held since 1965.  It usually takes place on the Tideway, prior to the main Boat Race.

Crews
Oxford weighed in with the heaviest crew in Boat Race history – on average the rowers weighed 14 st 11.5 lb (93.9 kg), 11 lb more per man than Cambridge.  Oxford's Gavin Stewart, at  was the tallest rower in the history of the Boat Race.  Cambridge's crew included four former Blues while Oxford's featured six.  Oxford's coaching team included Canadian international coach Mike Spracklen.

Race

The race took place on 2 April 1988.  Oxford started as pre-race favourites, and having won the toss, elected to start from the Surrey station.  Immediately from the start, the umpire was called into action, warning both coxes for steering too closely to one another.  Cambridge took a slight lead but Oxford soon recovered to become level, and by the Mile Post were three seconds ahead.  Shortly after, the Cambridge number 7, Nick Grundy caught a crab, causing his boat to "shudder to a halt."  Oxford slowly extended their lead; nine seconds ahead at Hammersmith Bridge, eleven seconds by the Chiswick Steps and fifteen by Barnes Bridge. Oxford passed the finishing post 16 seconds ahead of Cambridge, winning by  lengths in a time of 18 minutes 27 seconds, the equal-fourth fastest time in the event's history.

In the reserve race, Cambridge's Goldie won by  lengths in a time of 17 minutes and 55 seconds, their second consecutive victory. Oxford won the 43rd Women's Boat Race with their third victory in four years.

Reaction
The Beefeater Gin Trophy was presented by Denis Thatcher.  Grundy said of his crab: "I feathered my oar after a stroke and the tip caught the water, which plunged it back in."  Oxford Boat Club president Chris Penny said "It was not an easy race but it was enjoyable.  We kept our heads, found our rhythm and moved back and through them."

References

External links
 Official website

The Boat Race
1988 in English sport
1988 in rowing
1988 sports events in London
April 1988 sports events in the United Kingdom


title: Girls (2014 film)

text:
Girls () is a Chinese romantic-drama film directed by Wong Chun-chun and starring Ivy Chen, Fiona Sit, Yang Zishan, Shawn Yue, Wallace Chung and Vanness Wu. Originally scheduled for release on July 31, 2014, the film was moved a day earlier to July 30, 2014.

In its first week of release, Girls grossed US$16.79 million in its first five days, with 111,869 screenings and 3.25 million admissions.

Cast
 Ivy Chen
 Fiona Sit
 Yang Zishan
 Shawn Yue
 Wallace Chung
 Vanness Wu

References

External links

2014 romantic comedy films
2014 films
Chinese romantic comedy-drama films
2010s Mandarin-language films


title: Park Hyo-jun

text:
Park Hyo-jun (born June 12, 1980) is a South Korean actor.

Filmography

Film
 A Wintering (short film, 2003)
 My Tutor Friend (2003)
 Once Upon a Time in High School (2004)
 Love, So Divine (2004)
 The Twins (2005)
 Princess Aurora (2005)
 My Girl and I (2005)
 The Legend of Seven Cutter (2006)
 A Dirty Carnival (2006)
 To Sir, with Love (2006)
 Bank Attack (2007)
 A Ghost's Story (2008)
 Where Are You Going? (2009)
 Camellia "Love for Sale" (2010)
 R2B: Return to Base (2012)
 Red Family (2013)
 Mr. Perfect (2014)
 The Stone (2014)
 Northern Limit Line (2015)

Television series
 Jang Gil-san (SBS, 2004)
 Biscuit Teacher and Star Candy (SBS, 2005)
 Loveholic (KBS2, 2005)
 Time Between Dog and Wolf (MBC, 2007)
 The Woman Who Still Wants to Marry (MBC, 2010)
 Golden House (tvN, 2010)
 Lie to Me (SBS, 2011)
 Vampire Prosecutor (OCN, 2011)
 Glory Jane (KBS2, 2011)
 Bachelor's Vegetable Store (Channel A, 2011)
 Man from the Equator (KBS2, 2012)
 Ji Woon-soo's Stroke of Luck (TV Chosun, 2012)
 Drama Special "The Whereabouts of Noh Sook-ja" (KBS2, 2012)
 Blue Tower (tvN, 2013) (guest appearance, episode 11)
 Stranger (SBS, 2013)
 Can We Fall in Love, Again? (jTBC, 2014)
 Inspiring Generation (KBS2, 2014)
 Big Man (KBS2, 2014)
 Bad Guys (OCN, 2014)
 The Vampire Detective (OCN, 2016) (guest appearance, episode 3)

Variety show
 Treasure Island (MBN, 2013)
 World Challenge - Here We Go (SBS, 2013)
 Star Face-off (SBS, 2014)

Theater
Magic Time (2007)
Hamlet
Guys and Dolls

Discography
Yes Man (duet with Baek Bong-ki) (single, 2013)

References

External links
 Park Hyo-jun Fan Cafe at Daum

1980 births
Living people
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male stage actors
21st-century South Korean male actors
South Korean YouTubers


title: Matthew Davidson (disambiguation)

text:
Matthew Davidson is an American singer-songwriter.

Matthew Davidson or Matt Davidson may also refer to:
 Matt Davidson (baseball) (born 1991), American baseball third baseman
 Matt Davidson (ice hockey) (born 1977), former National Hockey League right wing
 Mat Davidson (1869–1949), Australian politician
 Mathew Davison (1839–1918), American politician
 Matthew Wolfe Davidson, United States Air Force brigadier general and former vice commander of the Space Operations Command


title: Friedrich Traugott Friedemann

text:
Friedrich Traugott Friedemann (31 March 1793, in Stolpen – 2 May 1853, in Idstein) was a German educator, philologist and archivist.

He studied theology and philology at the University of Wittenberg, where he was a pupil of Christian Lobeck. In 1812 he received his PhD and during the following year was named conrector at the gymnasium in Zwickau. Later on, he took the same position at the gymnasium in Wittenberg, where in 1820 he attained the title of rector. In 1823 he was appointed director of the Katharineum school in Braunschweig and in 1828 became director of the gymnasium at Weilburg.

In 1840 he was appointed head of the Nassau Central Archives in Idstein. In 1846 he founded the journal "Zeitschrift für die Archive Deutschlands".

Selected works
 "De versu graecorum heroico, maxime Homerico", 1816 (with Franz Ernst Heinrich Spitzner).
 Praktische anleitung zur kenntniss und verfertigung lateinischer verse, 1828.
 "Dav. Ruhnkenii orationes: dissertationes et epistolae", 1828 (editor) – David Ruhnken's oratories, dissertations and epistles.
 Beiträge zur vermittelung widerstrebender ansichten über verfassung und verwaltung deutscher gymnasien, 1832.
 Chrestomathie aus römischen Dichtern für mittlere Gymnasialclassen, 1836.
 Christlich-religiöse Anregungen für Studirende Jünglinge auf Gymnasien und Universitäten, 1837.
 "Scriptorum Latinorum Saeculi XIX. Delectus", 1840.

References

1793 births
1853 deaths
People from Stolpen
People from the Electorate of Saxony
Heads of schools in Germany
German philologists
German archivists
University of Wittenberg alumni


title: Scott Mead

text:
Scott Mead is an American fine art photographer, philanthropist, and investor currently based in London. After an early career in photography, Mead relocated to London in 1988, where as a partner at Goldman Sachs, he became known for overseeing and negotiating large telecommunications and technology mergers. In 2000 he was chief advisor on Vodafone's $200 billion buyout of Mannesmann, considered the largest corporate takeover in history. After joining Apax Partners in 2006, Mead joined the investment group of the Boston Celtics before co-founding Richmond Park Partners (RPP) in 2007.

A photographer, his prints have been included in the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition every year since 2011, sans 2021. BBC's Culture Show profiled his work in 2012, and Mead published his aerial photography and philosophy book Above the Clouds in October 2017. His most recent photography book, Equivalents, was published in 2022 with text by Brad Leithauser.

Founder and chairman of the philanthropic Mead Family Foundation, Mead is involved with organizations such as the Tate Foundation, the International Center of Photography, the University of the Arts, The Photographers' Gallery, and the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). He has also supported programs at educational institutions such as Phillips Academy, Cambridge University, Harvard University, and University of Pennsylvania Law School. He is on the Harvard Board of Overseers.

Early life and education
Scott Mead was born in Washington, DC. His father, James M. Mead, was a businessperson. With extended family based out of Erie, Pennsylvania during his youth, Mead's grandfather John J. Mead Jr. had been a press journalist and photographer for the Erie Times-News, founded and owned by the Mead family. After accompanying his grandfather on assignments as a small child, Mead picked up photography after he was given one of his grandfather's cameras at age thirteen. Mead taught himself how to develop photographs in his parents' basement. He attended high school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, graduating in 1973. In 1974 he began attending Harvard College. At Harvard he majored in American history and literature, also focusing on the visual arts under professors such as William Eggleston. Mead graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1977. After receiving the Harvard Scholar award that year to attend Cambridge University, in 1979 he graduated Cambridge's Emmanuel College with a Master of Philosophy. Mead subsequently received a J.D. from the University of Pennsylvania law school in 1982.

Business career

1980s-2003: Goldman Sachs
Early in his career Mead worked at First Boston Corporation and moved to Goldman Sachs in New York in 1986 as vice president in their corporate finance department, before being transferred to London in 1988, where he became a Goldman Sachs managing director and later partner. At Goldman Sachs he soon took on the roles of chairman of the global telecoms, media, entertainment and technology group and the head of European Privatizations, advising several major deals. In 1999 he was Goldman Sachs'  chief negotiator and advisor for Vodafone's takeover of the German telecom group Mannesmann. The value of the acquisition neared $200 billion, considered the largest in history. He also advised Vodafone on its $66.5 billion takeover of Airtouch Communications. During his time with Goldman Sachs, he oversaw mergers and transactions totaling approximately $500 billion. After retiring as a partner and managing director from Goldman Sachs in 2003, he ran and managed his own private equity activities, advised a group of "blue-chip" companies, and focused on philanthropy.

2006-present: Apax and RPP
Mead joined a group of investors around 2006 who had purchased the Boston Celtics. After management made substantial investment in new talent and coaching, in 2008 the team won the NBA play-offs. From October 2006 until September 2008 Mead was a senior advisor at Apax Partners, serving as chairman of the company's global technology and telecommunications advisory board.

In 2007 Mead co-founded Richmond Park Partners (RPP) in London, taking on the role of president. The company initially focused on financial services and telecom clients in Europe and the Middle East. Since 2012 he has devoted much of his time to photography.

Arts career
Mead minored in visual studies at Harvard, studying under photographers such as William Eggleston and Emmet Gowin in the mid-1970s. Among other projects, around this time he "used a complex photography technique to shoot a series of black and white photographs capturing rural New England" circular format. In 2009, Mead rediscovered old prints and negatives from his student years in his attic, and began re-immersing himself in photography.

In 2010, 25 of Mead's images from 1974 to 1977, many of them never printed before, were displayed at a London solo exhibition titled Looking Back at Mayfair gallery Hamilton's, with all funds donated to Great Ormond Street Hospital in London. Prints from the exhibit and other works were afterward selected for inclusion in the 2011 Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, and Mead also had prints selected for the Royal Academy summer exhibition in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017. In 2012 the BBC Culture Show program profiled his work, and Mead published the book Looking Back afterwards, featuring prints from his twenties. In October 2017 the aerial photography and philosophy book Above the Clouds was published by Prestel, with prints from the book exhibited in January 2018 at Hamiltons. His most recent book, Equivalents was published by Prestel in late 2022. The book, inspired by William Eggleston, features paired nature photographs, with text by Brad Leithauser.

Boards and philanthropy
Mead created The Mead Family Foundation in 1996, also assuming the role of chairman. After Great Ormond Street Hospital in London cured his infant child of leukaemia, Mead became a long-term supporter and board member of the institution. He has also endowed the Great Ormond Street Hospital's GOSH Arts program, where patients are immersed in the arts during often difficult treatments, potentially resulting in a more positive outcome. Mead has also been on the board of visitors of MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas.

Mead has spearheaded a number of educational initiatives, and he backed and co-founded London's Notting Hill Preparatory school in 2003. He has been a board member of Usher's New Look Foundation, which provides training and mentorship to disadvantaged children, and he joined the UK advisory board of Room to Read in 2009. He remains involved in all of his alma maters, including Phillips Academy, Emmanuel College, Cambridge University, and Harvard University. Mead founded the Mead International Fellows Program, and in 2008 he established the "Scott Mead '77 Family Head Coach" endowment to support the Harvard Men's Tennis team. A benefactor fellow at Emmanuel College, he was the creator and benefactor of the University of the Arts London's Mead Fellowships, which provides grants to students in the arts. He is also the creator of the Mead Fellowship at University of Pennsylvania Law School.

He is also involved in various athletic and arts organizations. He joined the executive committee for the Tate Foundation, and is on the Tate's acquisition committee. Also on the global advisory council of the Women's Tennis Association (WTA), he has also been a member of the trustees of Queens Club. Since 2011 he has been a trustee of the International Center of Photography in New York,  and he joined the rector's council of the University of the Arts London in 2012, and its court of governors in 2017. Furthermore, he was chairman of the board of trustees of The Photographers' Gallery in London from 2013 until 2016. He was elected to the Harvard Board of Overseers in 2022.

Selected exhibitions
2010: Looking Back - Solo exhibition / Hamilton's Gallery, London - 25 of Mead's prints  from 1974 to 1977 were exhibited
2010-2011: The PhotoVoice Auction of Exceptional Photographs - Group show - Mead's print “Three Barns” and “Untitled” exhibited and sold as part of the auction to benefit PhotoVoice
2011-2012: The Art Show - Group show / Park Avenue Armory, New York - His print “Evening Light” was exhibited, followed by "Untitled (Umbrellas on Beach)," with the show organized by the Art Dealers Association of America to benefit Henry Street Settlement
2011-2017: Summer Exhibition - Group show / Royal Academy of Arts, London - various photograph prints selected, most recently "Journey into Blue" and "Autumn”
2018: Scott Mead: Above the Clouds - Solo exhibition / Hamilton's Gallery, London - several prints
 2019–2020, 2022-2023: Summer Exhibition - Group show / Royal Academy of Arts, London

Books
 2010: Looking Back by Scott Mead (self-published 1st edition)
2017: Above the Clouds by Scott Mead (Prestel)
Equivalents (Prestel; 2022)

See also
List of former employees of Goldman Sachs

References

External links

Goldman Sachs people
Fine art photographers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Harvard University alumni
Phillips Academy alumni
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni


title: Cloud computing issues

text:
Cloud computing has become a social phenomenon used by most people every day. As with every important social phenomenon there are issues that limit its widespread adoption. In the present scenario, cloud computing is seen as a fast developing area that can instantly supply extensible services by using internet with the help of hardware and software virtualization. The biggest advantage of cloud computing is flexible lease and release of resources as per the requirement of the user. Other benefits encompass betterment in efficiency, compensating the costs in operations and management. It curtails down the high prices of hardware and software

Although, there are numerous benefits of adopting the latest cloud technology still there are privacy issues involved in cloud computing because in the cloud at any time the data can outbreak the service provider and the information is deleted purposely. There are security issues of various kinds related to cloud computing falling into two broader categories: First, the issues related to the cloud security that the cloud providers face (like software provided to the organizations, infrastructure as a service). Secondly, the issues related to the cloud security that the customers experience (organizations who store data on the cloud)

Most issues start from the fact that the user loses control of their data, because it is stored on a computer belonging to someone else (the cloud provider). This happens when the owner of the remote servers is a person or organization other than the user; as their interests may point in different directions (for example, the user may wish that their information is kept private, but the owner of the remote servers may want to take advantage of it for their own business). Other issues hampering the adoption of cloud technologies include the uncertainties related to guaranteed QoS provisioning, automated management, and remediation in cloud systems.

Many issues relate to cloud computing, some of which are discussed here.

Threats and opportunities of the cloud

GNU project initiator Richard Stallman has characterized cloud computing as raising cost and information-ownership concerns. Oracle founder Larry Ellison viewed the trend to "cloud computing" in terms of "fashion-driven [...] complete gibberish".

However, the concept of cloud computing appeared to gain steam, with 56% of the major European technology decision-makers seeing the cloud as a priority in 2013 and 2014, and the cloud budget may reach 30% of the overall IT budget.

According to the TechInsights Report 2013: Cloud Succeeds based on a survey, cloud implementations generally meet or exceed expectations across major service models, such as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a service (PaaS) and Software as a service (SaaS).

Several deterrents to the widespread adoption of cloud computing remain. They include:

 reliability
 availability of services and data
 security
 complexity
 costs
 regulations and legal issues
 performance
 migration
 reversion
 the lack of standards
 limited customization
 issues of privacy

The cloud offers many strong points: infrastructure flexibility, faster deployment of applications and data, cost control, adaptation of cloud resources to real needs, improved productivity, etc. The cloud market of the early 2010s - especially for private clouds - was dominated by software and services in SaaS mode and IaaS (infrastructure). PaaS and the public cloud lag in comparison.

Privacy

The increased use of cloud computing services such as Gmail and Google Docs has pressed the issue of privacy concerns of cloud computing services to the utmost importance. The provider of such services lie in a position such that with the greater use of cloud computing services has given access to a plethora of data. This access has the immense risk of data being disclosed either accidentally or deliberately. The privacy of the companies can be compromised as all the information is sent to the cloud service provider. Privacy advocates have criticized the cloud model for giving hosting companies' greater ease to control—and thus, to monitor at will—communication between host company and end user, and access user data (with or without permission). Instances such as the secret NSA program, working with AT&T, and Verizon, which recorded over 10 million telephone calls between American citizens, causes uncertainty among privacy advocates, and the greater powers it gives to telecommunication companies to monitor user activity. A cloud service provider (CSP) can complicate data privacy because of the extent of virtualization (virtual machines) and cloud storage used to implement cloud service. CSP operations, customer or tenant data may not remain on the same system, or in the same data center or even within the same provider's cloud; this can lead to legal concerns over jurisdiction.

While there have been efforts (such as US-EU Safe Harbor) to "harmonize" the legal environment, providers such as Amazon still cater to major markets (typically to the United States and the European Union) by deploying local infrastructure and allowing customers to select "regions and availability zones". Cloud computing poses privacy concerns because the service provider can access the data that is on the cloud at any time. It could accidentally or deliberately alter or even delete information. This becomes a major concern as these service providers employ administrators, which can leave room for potential unwanted disclosure of information on the cloud.

Other technical issues
Sometimes there can be some technical issues like servers might be down so at that time it becomes difficult to gain access to the resources at any time and from anywhere e.g. non-availability of services can be due to denial of service attack. To use the technique of cloud computing there should always be a strong internet connection without which we would not be able to take advantage of the cloud computing. The other issue related to the cloud computing is that it consumes the great power of physical devices such as a smartphone.

Sharing information without a warrant

Many cloud providers can share information with third parties if necessary for purposes of law and order even without a warrant. That is permitted in their privacy policies which users have to agree to before they start using cloud services.

There are life-threatening situations in which there is no time to wait for the police to issue a warrant. Many cloud providers can share information immediately with the police in such situations.

Example of a privacy policy that allows this
The Dropbox privacy policy states that
We may share information as discussed below …

Law & Order. We may disclose your information to third parties if we determine that such disclosure is reasonably necessary to (a) comply with the law; (b) protect any person from death or serious bodily injury; (c) prevent fraud or abuse of Dropbox or our users; or (d) protect Dropbox's property rights.

Previous situation about this
The Sydney Morning Herald reported about the Mosman bomb hoax, which was a life-threatening situation, that:

As to whether NSW Police needed a warrant to access the information it was likely to have, Byrne said it depended on the process taken. "Gmail does set out in their process in terms of their legal disclosure guidelines [that] it can be done by a search warrant ... but there are exceptions that can apply in different parts of the world and different service providers. For example, Facebook generally provides an exception for emergency life threatening situations that are signed off by law enforcement."

Another computer forensic expert at iT4ensics, which works for large corporations dealing with matters like internal fraud, Scott Lasak, said that police "would just contact Google" and "being of a police or FBI background Google would assist them".

"Whether or not they need to go through warrants or that sort of thing I'm not sure. But even for just an IP address they might not even need a warrant for something like that being of a police background.

...

NSW Police would not comment on whether it had received help from Google. The search giant also declined to comment, instead offering a standard statement on how it cooperated with law enforcement.

A spokesman for the online users' lobby group Electronic Frontiers Australia, Stephen Collins, said Google was likely to have handed over the need information on the basis of "probable cause or a warrant", which he said was "perfectly legitimate". He also said “It happens with relative frequency. … Such things are rarely used in Australia for trivial or malevolent purposes.”

Privacy solutions

Solutions to privacy in cloud computing include policy and legislation as well as end users' choices for how data is stored. The cloud service provider needs to establish clear and relevant policies that describe how the data of each cloud user will be accessed and used. Cloud service users can encrypt data that is processed or stored within the cloud to prevent unauthorized access. Cryptographic encryption mechanisms are certainly the best options. In addition, authentication and integrity protection mechanisms ensure that data only goes where the customer wants it to go and it is not modified in transit.

Strong authentication is a mandatory requirement for any cloud deployment. User authentication is the primary basis for access control, and specially in the cloud environment, authentication and access control are more important than ever since the cloud and all of its data are publicly accessible. Biometric identification technologies linking users' biometrics information to their data are available. These technologies use searchable encryption techniques, and perform identification in an encrypted domain so that cloud providers or potential attackers do not gain access to sensitive data or even the contents of the individual queries.

Compliance

To comply with regulations including FISMA, HIPAA, and SOX in the United States, the Data Protection Directive in the EU and the credit card industry's PCI DSS, users may have to adopt community or hybrid deployment modes that are typically more expensive and may offer restricted benefits. This is how Google is able to "manage and meet additional government policy requirements beyond FISMA" and Rackspace Cloud or QubeSpace are able to claim PCI compliance.

Many providers also obtain a SAS 70 Type II audit, but this has been criticised on the grounds that the hand-picked set of goals and standards determined by the auditor and the auditee are often not disclosed and can vary widely. Providers typically make this information available on request, under non-disclosure agreement.

Customers in the EU contracting with cloud providers outside the EU/EEA have to adhere to the EU regulations on export of personal data.

A multitude of laws and regulations have forced specific compliance requirements onto many companies that collect, generate or store data. These policies may dictate a wide array of data storage policies, such as how long information must be retained, the process used for deleting data, and even certain recovery plans. Below are some examples of compliance laws or regulations.
 United States, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires a contingency plan that includes, data backups, data recovery, and data access during emergencies.
The privacy laws of Switzerland demand that private data, including emails, be physically stored in Switzerland.
In the United Kingdom, the Civil Contingencies Act of 2004 sets forth guidance for a business contingency plan that includes policies for data storage.
In a virtualized cloud computing environment, customers may never know exactly where their data is stored. In fact, data may be stored across multiple data centers in an effort to improve reliability, increase performance, and provide redundancies. This geographic dispersion may make it more difficult to ascertain legal jurisdiction if disputes arise.

FedRAMP

U.S. Federal Agencies have been directed by the Office of Management and Budget to use a process called FedRAMP (Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program) to assess and authorize cloud products and services. Federal CIO Steven VanRoekel issued a memorandum to federal agency Chief Information Officers on December 8, 2011 defining how federal agencies should use FedRAMP. FedRAMP consists of a subset of NIST Special Publication 800-53 security controls specifically selected to provide protection in cloud environments. A subset has been defined for the FIPS 199 low categorization and the FIPS 199 moderate categorization. The FedRAMP program has also established a Joint Accreditation Board (JAB) consisting of Chief Information Officers from DoD, DHS, and GSA. The JAB is responsible for establishing accreditation standards for 3rd party organizations who perform the assessments of cloud solutions. The JAB also reviews authorization packages, and may grant provisional authorization (to operate). The federal agency consuming the service still has final responsibility for final authority to operate.

Legal

As with other changes in the landscape of computing, certain legal issues arise with cloud computing, including trademark infringement, security concerns and sharing of proprietary data resources.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation has criticized the United States government during the Megaupload seizure process for considering that people lose property rights by storing data on a cloud computing service.

One important but not often mentioned problem with cloud computing is the problem of who is in "possession" of the data. If a cloud company is the possessor of the data, the possessor has certain legal rights. If the cloud company is the "custodian" of the data, then a different set of rights would apply. The next problem in the legalities of cloud computing is the problem of legal ownership of the data. Many Terms of Service agreements are silent on the question of ownership.

These legal issues are not confined to the time period in which the cloud-based application is actively being used. There must also be consideration for what happens when the provider-customer relationship ends. In most cases, this event will be addressed before an application is deployed to the cloud. However, in the case of provider insolvencies or bankruptcy the state of the data may become blurred.

Vendor lock-in

Because cloud computing is still relatively new, standards are still being developed. Many cloud platforms and services are proprietary, meaning that they are built on the specific standards, tools and protocols developed by a particular vendor for its particular cloud offering. This can make migrating off a proprietary cloud platform prohibitively complicated and expensive.

Three types of vendor lock-in can occur with cloud computing:

 Platform lock-in: cloud services tend to be built on one of several possible virtualization platforms, for example VMware or Xen. Migrating from a cloud provider using one platform to a cloud provider using a different platform could be very complicated.
 Data lock-in: since the cloud is still new, standards of ownership, i.e. who actually owns the data once it lives on a cloud platform, are not yet developed, which could make it complicated if cloud computing users ever decide to move data off of a cloud vendor's platform.
 Tools lock-in: if tools built to manage a cloud environment are not compatible with different kinds of both virtual and physical infrastructure, those tools will only be able to manage data or apps that live in the vendor's particular cloud environment.

Heterogeneous cloud computing is described as a type of cloud environment that prevents vendor lock-in, and aligns with enterprise data centers that are operating hybrid cloud models. The absence of vendor lock-in lets cloud administrators select their choice of hypervisors for specific tasks, or to deploy virtualized infrastructures to other enterprises without the need to consider the flavor of hypervisor in the other enterprise.

A heterogeneous cloud is considered one that includes on-premises private clouds, public clouds and software-as-a-service clouds. Heterogeneous clouds can work with environments that are not virtualized, such as traditional data centers. Heterogeneous clouds also allow for the use of piece parts, such as hypervisors, servers, and storage, from multiple vendors.

Cloud piece parts, such as cloud storage systems, offer APIs but they are often incompatible with each other. The result is complicated migration between backends, and makes it difficult to integrate data spread across various locations. This has been described as a problem of vendor lock-in.
The solution to this is for clouds to adopt common standards.

Heterogeneous cloud computing differs from homogeneous clouds, which have been described as those using consistent building blocks supplied by a single vendor. Intel General Manager of high-density computing, Jason Waxman, is quoted as saying that a homogeneous system of 15,000 servers would cost $6 million more in capital expenditure and use 1 megawatt of power.

Open source

Open-source software has provided the foundation for many cloud computing implementations, prominent examples being the Hadoop framework and VMware's Cloud Foundry. In November 2007, the Free Software Foundation released the Affero General Public License, a version of GPLv3 intended to close a perceived legal loophole associated with free software designed to run over a network.

Open standards

Most cloud providers expose APIs that are typically well documented (often under a Creative Commons license) but also unique to their implementation and thus not interoperable. Some vendors have adopted others' APIs and there are a number of open standards under development, with a view to delivering interoperability and portability. As of November 2012, the Open Standard with broadest industry support is probably OpenStack, founded in 2010 by NASA and Rackspace, and now governed by the OpenStack Foundation. OpenStack supporters include AMD, Intel, Canonical, SUSE Linux, Red Hat, Cisco, Dell, HP, IBM, Yahoo, Huawei and now VMware.

Security

Security is generally a desired state of being free from harm (anything that compromises the state of an entity's well-being). As defined in information security, it is a condition in which an information asset is protected against its confidentiality (quality or state of being free from unauthorized or insecure disclosure contrary to the defined access rights as listed in the access control list and or matrix), integrity (a quality or state of being whole/ as complete as original and uncorrupted as functionally proven by the hash integrity values) and availability (a desired state of an information resource being accessible only by authorized parties (as listed in access control list and or matrix) in the desired state and at the right time. Security is an important domain in as far as cloud computing is concerned, there are a number of issues to be addressed if the cloud is to be perfectly secure (a condition i doubt will ever be achieved)(Martin Muduva, 2015).

As cloud computing is achieving increased popularity, concerns are being voiced about the security issues introduced through adoption of this new model. The effectiveness and efficiency of traditional protection mechanisms are being reconsidered as the characteristics of this innovative deployment model can differ widely from those of traditional architectures. An alternative perspective on the topic of cloud security is that this is but another, although quite broad, case of "applied security" and that similar security principles that apply in shared multi-user mainframe security models apply with cloud security.

The relative security of cloud computing services is a contentious issue that may be delaying its adoption. Physical control of the Private Cloud equipment is more secure than having the equipment off site and under someone else's control. Physical control and the ability to visually inspect data links and access ports is required in order to ensure data links are not compromised. Issues barring the adoption of cloud computing are due in large part to the private and public sectors' unease surrounding the external management of security-based services. It is the very nature of cloud computing-based services, private or public, that promote external management of provided services. This delivers great incentive to cloud computing service providers to prioritize building and maintaining strong management of secure services.

Security issues have been categorized into sensitive data access, data segregation, privacy, bug exploitation, recovery, accountability, malicious insiders, management console security, account control, and multi-tenancy issues. Solutions to various cloud security issues vary, from cryptography, particularly public key infrastructure (PKI), to use of multiple cloud providers, standardization of APIs, and improving virtual machine support and legal support.

Cloud computing offers many benefits, but is vulnerable to threats. As cloud computing uses increase, it is likely that more criminals find new ways to exploit system vulnerabilities. Many underlying challenges and risks in cloud computing increase the threat of data compromise. To mitigate the threat, cloud computing stakeholders should invest heavily in risk assessment to ensure that the system encrypts to protect data, establishes trusted foundation to secure the platform and infrastructure, and builds higher assurance into auditing to strengthen compliance. Security concerns must be addressed to maintain trust in cloud computing technology.

Data breach is one of the big concerns in cloud computing. A compromised server could significantly harm the users as well as cloud providers. A variety of information could be stolen. These include credit card and social security numbers, addresses, and personal messages. The U.S. now requires cloud providers to notify customers of breaches. Once notified, customers now have to worry about identity theft and fraud, while providers have to deal with federal investigations, lawsuits and reputational damage. Customer lawsuits and settlements have resulted in over $1 billion in losses to cloud providers.

Availability

A cloud provider may shut down without warning. For instance, the Anki robot company suddenly went bankrupt in 2019, making 1.5 million robots unresponsive to voice command.

Sustainability

Although cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of green computing, there is currently no way to measure how "green" computers are.

The primary environmental problem associated with the cloud is energy use. Phil Radford of Greenpeace said “we are concerned that this new explosion in electricity use could lock us into old, polluting energy sources instead of the clean energy available today.” Greenpeace ranks the energy usage of the top ten big brands in cloud computing, and successfully urged several companies to switch to clean energy.

On December 15, 2011, Greenpeace and Facebook announced together that Facebook would shift to use clean and renewable energy to power its own operations. Soon thereafter, Apple agreed to make all of its data centers ‘coal free’ by the end of 2013 and doubled the amount of solar energy powering its Maiden, NC data center. Following suit, Salesforce agreed to shift to 100% clean energy by 2020.

Citing the servers' effects on the environmental effects of cloud computing, in areas where climate favors natural cooling and renewable electricity is readily available, the environmental effects will be more moderate. (The same holds true for "traditional" data centers.) Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as Finland, Sweden and Switzerland, are trying to attract cloud computing data centers. Energy efficiency in cloud computing can result from energy-aware scheduling and server consolidation. However, in the case of distributed clouds over data centers with different sources of energy including renewable energy, the use of energy efficiency reduction could result in a significant carbon footprint reduction.

Abuse

As with privately purchased hardware, customers can purchase the services of cloud computing for nefarious purposes. This includes password cracking and launching attacks using the purchased services. In 2009, a banking trojan illegally used the popular Amazon service as a command and control channel that issued software updates and malicious instructions to PCs that were infected by the malware.

IT governance

The introduction of cloud computing requires an appropriate IT governance model to ensure a secured computing environment and to comply with all relevant organizational information technology policies. As such, organizations need a set of capabilities that are essential when effectively implementing and managing cloud services, including demand management, relationship management, data security management, application lifecycle management, risk and compliance management. A danger lies with the explosion of companies joining the growth in cloud computing by becoming providers. However, many of the infrastructural and logistical concerns regarding the operation of cloud computing businesses are still unknown. This over-saturation may have ramifications for the industry as a whole.

Consumer end storage

The increased use of cloud computing could lead to a reduction in demand for high storage capacity consumer end devices, due to cheaper low storage devices that stream all content via the cloud becoming more popular. In a Wired article, Jake Gardner explains that while unregulated usage is beneficial for IT and tech moguls like Amazon, the anonymous nature of the cost of consumption of cloud usage makes it difficult for business to evaluate and incorporate it into their business plans.

Ambiguity of terminology

Outside of the information technology and software industry, the term "cloud" can be found to reference a wide range of services, some of which fall under the category of cloud computing, while others do not. The cloud is often used to refer to a product or service that is discovered, accessed and paid for over the Internet, but is not necessarily a computing resource. Examples of service that are sometimes referred to as "the cloud" include, but are not limited to, crowd sourcing, cloud printing, crowd funding, cloud manufacturing.

Performance interference and noisy neighbors

Due to its multi-tenant nature and resource sharing, cloud computing must also deal with the "noisy neighbor" effect. This effect in essence indicates that in a shared infrastructure, the activity of a virtual machine on a neighboring core on the same physical host may lead to increased performance degradation of the VMs in the same physical host, due to issues such as e.g. cache contamination.

Due to the fact that the neighboring VMs may be activated or deactivated at arbitrary times, the result is an increased variation in the actual performance of cloud resources. This effect seems to be dependent on the nature of the applications that run inside the VMs but also other factors such as scheduling parameters and the careful selection may lead to optimized assignment in order to minimize the phenomenon. This has also led to difficulties in comparing various cloud providers on cost and performance using traditional benchmarks for service and application performance, as the time period and location in which the benchmark is performed can result in widely varied results. This observation has led in turn to research efforts to make cloud computing applications intrinsically aware of changes in the infrastructure so that the application can automatically adapt to avoid failure.

Monopolies and privatization of cyberspace

Philosopher Slavoj Žižek points out that, although cloud computing enhances content accessibility, this access is "increasingly grounded in the virtually monopolistic privatization of the cloud which provides this access". According to him, this access, necessarily mediated through a handful of companies, ensures a progressive privatization of global cyberspace. Žižek criticizes the argument purported by supporters of cloud computing that this phenomenon is part of the "natural evolution" of the Internet, sustaining that the quasi-monopolies "set prices at will but also filter the software they provide to give its "universality" a particular twist depending on commercial and ideological interests."

See also
Cloud computing

References

Criticisms of software and websites


title: Black Tusk

text:
Black Tusk may refer to:

Black Tusk (band), an American heavy metal band
Black Tusk Studios, a Canadian video game development studio
The Black Tusk, a mountain in British Columbia, Canada


title: Geleya

text:
Geleya is a 2007 Indian Kannada-language crime film directed by Harsha, a popular choreographer making his debut in direction. The script is written by Preetham Gubbi and the cinematography is by Krishna; all of whom had worked previously together for the blockbuster film Mungaaru Male.  The film stars Prajwal Devaraj, Tarun Chandra and Kirat Bhattal in the lead roles with Duniya Vijay and Pooja Gandhi appearing in cameo roles.

The film released on 19 October 2007 across Karnataka and set high expectations for its storyline and the team. However, upon release, the film generally met with average reviews from the critics and audience. The film is a box office success.

Plot
Guru (Prajwal) and Vishwa (Tarun), both from the same village, are best friends. They move to Bangalore in search of work and a better way of life. They join the anti-social group that is harming the everyday lives of Bangalore out of greed for quick money. Guru and Vishwa, by chance, join the two opposing gangs who are continuously at odds. Guru eventually kills Vishwa's boss, which enrages Vishwa, who vows vengeance on Guru's boss. Vishwa becomes the gang's leader and eventually kills Guru's boss. This causes a big fight between the two groups, and Vishwa's wife (Kirat) tries in vain to match up the old friends. A tough cop (Duniya Vijay) gets deployed to handle the case and what happens next forms the crux of the story.

Cast

Soundtrack

Mano Murthy composed the music for the film and the soundtracks. The album consists of six soundtracks.

Reception

Critical response
R. G. Vijayasarathy of IANS wrote that the film the same rating and wrote that "Though Geleya is a well-made film in commercial standards, it should be said that the neither the director nor the producers of the film have thought of the social consequences of making such gangster films. And both the lead artists Prajwal and Tarun look like the kids who have just passed out from their schools". A critic from The Times of India rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "While Prajwal Devaraj shows immense promise of being a future star, Tarun excels. Camerawork by Krishna is a treat for the eyes. And Mano Murthy’s music has many catchy tunes". A critic from Rediff.com wrote that "Geleya may well appeal to the young and the mass audience. In a nutshell the film is high on technical aspects, but low on content -- a clichéd fare with some entertaining moments".

References

External links
 Indiaglitz Review

2000s crime films
2000s Kannada-language films
2007 directorial debut films
2007 films
Films about organised crime in India
Films directed by Harsha
Films scored by Mano Murthy
Indian buddy films
Indian crime films


title: Golden Harvest (band)

text:
Golden Harvest was a New Zealand band, which formed in Morrinsville and moved to Auckland in the mid 1970s. They are best known for their lone top-ten hit, "I Need Your Love", from 1977, which was Single of the Year at the 1978 NZ Music Awards. The band was led by singer Karl Gordon. The four Kaukau brothers, Gavin, Mervyn, Eru and Kevin were the other members. By 1980 the group had split up, with Gordon embarking on a solo career and Mervyn and Kevin moving to Australia.

Discography

References

New Zealand rock music groups


title: Roman Dorosh

text:
Roman Dorosh (; born 1 January 1987 in Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian football midfielder who plays for FC Ternopil.

Career
Dorosh is a product of the Dynamo Kyiv youth sportive school and spent time playing for different Ukrainian teams. In July 2013 he signed a contract with FC Olimpik Donetsk.

References

External links
Profile at Official Site FFU (Ukr)

Ukrainian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Kyiv
FC Nafkom Brovary players
FSC Bukovyna Chernivtsi players
FC Olimpik Donetsk players


title: Cloud research

text:
Many universities, vendors, institutes and government organizations are investing in cloud computing research:

 In October 2007, the Academic Cloud Computing Initiative (ACCI) was announced as a multi-university project designed to enhance students' technical knowledge to address the challenges of cloud computing.
 In April 2009, UC Santa Barbara released the first open source platform-as-a-service, AppScale, which is capable of running Google App Engine applications at scale on a multitude of infrastructures.
 In April 2009, the St Andrews Cloud Computing Co-laboratory was launched, focusing on research in the important new area of cloud computing. Unique in the UK, StACC aims to become an international centre of excellence for research and teaching in cloud computing and provides advice and information to businesses interested in cloud-based services.
 In October 2010, the TClouds (Trustworthy Clouds) project was started, funded by the European Commission's 7th Framework Programme. The project's goal is to research and inspect the legal foundation and architectural design to build a resilient and trustworthy cloud-of-cloud infrastructure on top of that. The project also develops a prototype to demonstrate its results.
 In January 2011, the IRMOS EU-funded project developed a real-time cloud platform, enabling interactive applications to be executed in cloud infrastructures.
 In February 2011, Enterprise Ireland and the Irish Industrial Development Authority launched the Irish Centre for Cloud Computing and Commerce to deliver industry-led research on cloud architectures, quality of service, security and business and legal issues.
 In July 2011, the High Performance Computing Cloud (HPCCLoud) project was kicked off, aiming at finding out the possibilities of enhancing performance on cloud environments while running the scientific applications – development of HPCCLoud Performance Analysis Toolkit which was funded by CIM-Returning Experts Programme – under the coordination of Prof. Dr. Shajulin Benedict.
 In June 2011, the Telecommunications Industry Association developed a Cloud Computing White Paper, to analyze the integration challenges and opportunities between cloud services and traditional U.S. telecommunications standards.
 In December 2011, the VISION Cloud EU-funded project proposed an architecture along with an implementation of a cloud environment for data-intensive services aiming to provide a virtualized Cloud Storage infrastructure.
 In October 2012, the Centre For Development of Advanced Computing  released an  open source, complete cloud service, software suite called "Meghdoot".
 In October 2012, the ECO2Clouds EU-funded project was launched to analyze the environmental impact of applications on the cloud and to optimize their deployment and scheduling based on a monitoring infrastructure based on BonFIRE proving ecometrics
 In February 2013, the BonFIRE project launched a multi-site cloud experimentation and testing facility. The facility provides transparent access to cloud resources, with the control and observability necessary to engineer future cloud technologies, in a way that is not restricted, for example, by current business models.
 In October 2013, the CACTOS project (short for Content-Aware Cloud Simulation and Optimisation) was launched to address the specific problems data centre operators face due to the exploding heterogeneity of the underlying hardware.
 In February 2015, CloudLightning, a European Commission-funded Horizon 2020 project, was launched to address energy efficiency and high performance by developing a self-organising, self-optimising heterogeneous cloud computing service delivery model. Its initial application domains: genome processing, oil and gas exploration, and ray tracing.
 In January 2017, RECAP, an EU-funded Horizon 2020 project, was launched to advance cloud and edge computing technology. It develops mechanisms for reliable capacity provisioning to make application placement, infrastructure management, and capacity provisioning autonomous, predictable and optimized.

European research
In 2012 the European Commission has issued an analysis of the relevance of the open research issues for commercial stabilisation  in which various experts from industry and academia identify in particular the following major concerns:

 open interoperation across (proprietary) cloud solutions at IaaS, PaaS and SaaS levels
 managing multitenancy at large scale and in heterogeneous environments
 dynamic and seamless elasticity from inhouse clouds to public clouds for unusual (scale, complexity) and/or infrequent requirements
 data management in a cloud environment, taking the technical and legal constraints into consideration

These findings have been refined into a research roadmap proposed by the Cloud Computing Expert Group on Research in December 2012  which tries to lay out a timeline for the identified research topics according to their commercial relevance. With the 8th Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, the European Commission is trying to support the according research work along the lines of the Europe 2020 strategy.

See also
Cloud computing
Cloud storage

References

Cloud computing


title: William Castle Cleary

text:
Sir William Castle Cleary KBE CB (14 March 1886 – 19 January 1971) was a senior British civil servant.

Biography

Born on 14 March 1886, Sir William Cleary was educated at Bedford School and at Trinity College, Cambridge.  He was  Principal Private Secretary to Hastings Lees-Smith, Sir Donald Maclean and Lord Halifax, as Presidents of the Board of Education, between 1931 and 1935.  He was Principal Assistant Secretary for Elementary Education between 1940 and 1945, and Deputy Secretary at the Ministry of Education between 1945 and 1950.

Sir William Cleary died on 19 January 1971.

References

1886 births
1971 deaths
People educated at Bedford School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Companions of the Order of the Bath


title: Wila Wila (Peru)

text:
Wila Wila (Aymara wila blood, blood-red, the reduplication indicates that there is a group or a complex of something, "a complex of red color", Hispanicized spelling Vilavila) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about  high. It is situated in the Puno Region, Puno Province, on the border of the districts Mañazo and Tiquillaca. Wila Wila lies between the lake Mayasani in the west and the river Wanuni (Huanune) in the east.

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Puno Region


title: Tomb of Tharo Khan

text:
Tomb of Tharo Khan is the tomb of Tharo Khan Talpur, located in Mirpur Khas, in Sindh, Pakistan. The tomb is related to the Tombs of Talpur Mirs complex, built in the eighteenth century in the city of Hyderabad. The tombs are of the ruling Talpur Mirs of Sindh.

Location
The tomb is located in Chitorri Graveyard outskirts of Mirpur Khas, in present-day southern Pakistan. The tomb of Mir Tharo Khan is located to the west of Mir Allah Yar Khan's mausoleum.

Present condition
The tombs are in a dilapidated condition. Erosion was made all over the complex due to the entry of water, damaging the tombs.

References

Mausoleums in Sindh
History of Sindh
Monuments and memorials in Sindh
Buildings and structures in Hyderabad, Sindh


title: Andreessen

text:
Andreessen may refer to:

 Marc Andreessen, American venture capitalist and software engineer
 Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen, American philanthropist, wife of Marc Andreessen
 Andreessen Horowitz, venture capital firm founded in 2009 by Marc Andreessen and Ben Horowitz

See also
 Andriessen
 Andreassen
 Andreasson
 Andresen
 Andersen


title: Enterprise Architect (software)

text:
Sparx Systems Enterprise Architect is a visual modeling and design tool based on the OMG UML. The platform supports: the design and construction of software systems; modeling business processes; and modeling industry based domains. It is used by businesses and organizations to not only model the architecture of their systems, but to process the implementation of these models across the full application development life-cycle.

Overview

Systems modeling using UML provides a basis for modeling all aspects of organizational architecture, along with the ability to provide a foundation for designing and implementing new systems or changing existing systems. The aspects that can be covered by this type of modeling range from laying out organizational or systems architectures, business process reengineering, business analysis, and service-oriented architectures and web modeling, through to application and database design and re-engineering, and development of embedded systems.
Along with system modeling, Enterprise Architect covers the core aspects of the application development life-cycle, from requirements management through to design, construction, testing and maintenance phases, with support for traceability, project management and change control of these processes, as well as, facilities for model driven development of application code using an internal integrated-development platform.

The user base ranges from programmers and business analysts through to enterprise architects, in organizations ranging from small developer companies, multi-national corporations and government organizations through to international industry standards bodies.
Sparx Systems initially released Enterprise Architect in 2000.  Originally designed as a UML modeling tool for modeling UML 1.1, the product has evolved to include other OMG UML specifications 1.3, 2.0, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4.1 and 2.5.

Standards

Enterprise Architect supports a range of open industry standards for designing and modeling software and business systems. The following are the core standards supported:

 UML 2.5
 SysML 1.5
 BPMN 2.0
 DMN
 BMM
  MARTE 1.2
 BPEL
 SoaML
 SPEM
 WSDL
 XSD
 DDS
 ArchiMate 3.0
 ArcGIS
 IFML
 CMMN
 Geography Markup Language (GML)
 ODM, OWL and RDF
 VDML 1.0

Enterprise Architect also supports industry frameworks such as:
 Zachman Framework
 TOGAF (including FEAF)
 UAF - UPDM framework that supports DoDAF, MODAF and NAF
 Service-Oriented Modeling Framework (SOMF)

Enterprise Architect supported frameworks supplied by industry bodies:
 TRAK
 GeoSciML
 NIEM

Supports the core service-oriented architectures:
 SoaML
 Service-Oriented Modeling Framework (SOMF) – Enterprise-Level Architecture
Along with Round Trip engineering of WSDL, XSD used to facilitate BPEL generation.

Standards development

Models published by industry standards development bodies using Enterprise Architect include:

 Aeronautical Information Exchange Model (AIXM), Flight Information Exchange Model (FIXM), ICAO Weather Information Exchange Model (IWXXM)
 International Air Transport Association IATA
 Telecommunications framework Business Process Framework (eTOM) and TAM
 AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture AUTOSAR
 GENIVI Alliance automotive industry alliance involved in developing in-vehicle infotainment (IVI)
 TRAK Transport framework for systems engineers based on MODAF
 Datex II specifications for exchanging traffic information Datex2
 Geoscience Markup Language GeoSciML
 Geospatial Interoperability Specification ISO/TC 211
 ArcGIS Pipeline Data Model (APDM)
 International Defence Enterprise Architecture Specification IDEAS Group
 Smartgrid Common Information Model (electricity) (IEC CIM)
  HL7 – international standard for transferring data between Hospital information systems Health Level 7 EHR-S FIM
 caBIG  Cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid
 BRIDG Biomedical Research Integrated Domain Group
 UN/CEFACT's Modeling Methodology for UN/CEFACT
 UnifiedPOS managed by Association for Retail Technology Standards (ARTS)

Modeling

Underlying UML modeling are the key aspects that most modeling tools support. The core aspects supported by Enterprise Architect include: profiles, patterns, MOF, OCL, MDA transforms, and CORBA IDL. UML validation can be run against the model.

General features

Requirements management

The common features of requirements management supported by Enterprise Architect include customization of how requirements are documented, linking requirements to the design and implementation details, and providing requirements traceability through the design and construction phases. These requirements can be subject to change management, workflow processing, baseline comparison and auditing.

Business modeling and analysis

Enterprise Architect supports a number of methods of modeling business processes using UML as the foundation modeling language. The core languages for business modeling and analysis include BPMN, BMM and VDML, along with various historic profiles.

Enterprise Architect supports the simulation of:
 BPMN models using BPSim
 Business Rules definitions using DMN models.

BPMN can be integrated with DMN models for simulation. This includes the ability to generate executable code from these business rules. Business modeling can be combined with Gap analysis to view potential gaps in proposed solutions.

Simulation

Model simulation is supported for behavioral diagrams including: state machines, interaction (sequence diagrams) and activity diagrams. For state machine and activity diagrams the execution flow is defined using triggers, guards and effects. The simulation supports re-runs with alteration to the triggered events and supports viewing variables, the call stack and setting debug markers. Simulation can interact with emulated user-interface screens containing common UI fields. Graphical Plots of the simulation can be generated.

There is also support for generating executable code from State Machines for both simulation, as well for use in applications.

BPMN models (using BPSim), can be simulated creating tabulated results for analysis. BPSim also supports Monte Carlo probability-based simulations.

SysML simulation is supported for IBD and Parametric models using Open Modelica or Matlab (using Simulink and Simscape). Mathematical formulas in SysML's Internal Block diagrams and Parametric models can be simulated for plotting graphs used in the analysis.

Simulation is also supported for DMN (Decision Model and Notation). The simulation involves generating code usable in applications and supports interaction between DMN models and BPMN models using BPSim.

System development

In line with the model-driven design principles Enterprise Architect supports MDA transforms of PIM class structures to PSM class structures, round-trip engineering of code for ten software languages and several key embedded HDL systems languages (Ada, VHDL and Verilog). It also supports code generation from behavioral models.

Languages supported include ActionScript, C, C# and C++, Delphi, Java, PHP, Python, Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET

In accordance with model-driven development principles, Enterprise Architect provides an integrated development environment that supports code editing (with syntax highlighting and Intellisense), for building, debugging and code testing all from within the model.

Compilers and interpreters supported: Microsoft Windows Native C, C++, Visual Basic, .NET family (C#, VB); Java, PHP, and GNU compilers for C++, C and Ada (GCC and GDB). Includes features for importing MS Visual Studio and Eclipse projects.

Wireframing
Wireframe modeling supports using templates for modeling the appearance of dialogs presented to users when interacting with an application. The supported device dialogs include: Screen Dialogs, Webpages, Android, Apple, and Windows 8.1 phones and Tablets.

Test management

For code based testing there is support for both xUnit Testing (This involves MDA transformation of Classes to NUnit or Junit Classes with the ability to generate unit tests from the model and automatically record the results against the tested Classes). and Testpoint testing ( a model based code testing. It is parallel to test contracts defined in ‘Design by Contract’ and it runs using debug definitions. Both methods support the test definitions and test results being logged against related Classes in the model.

Visual execution analysis

Integrated with building and debugging code Enterprise Architect allows the developer to perform abstract analysis of the software using profiling and sequence diagram generation: Sequence diagram generation provides a means to analyze the general process flow and iron out inconsistencies, and Profiling summarizes, by thread and routine, the code's general efficiency

System engineering

System Engineering is supported with SysML 1.4 modeling which can be coupled with executable code generation.
SysML supports modeling from requirement definition and system composition using SysML Blocks and Parts, through to parametric model simulation. The executable code generation supports embedded HDL system languages (Ada, VHDL and Verilog), or it can be coupled with behavioral code generation of the standard code languages defined above.

Data modeling

Enterprise Architect supports data modeling from the conceptual to physical levels, forward and reverse engineering of database schemas, and MDA transformation of the logical (platform independent) to physical DBMS (platform dependent).

Diagram types supported include: DDL notation, ERD notation, IDEF1X notation, Information Engineering notation.

Supported DBMSs include: DB2, Firebird/InterBase, MS Access 97, 2000, 2003, 2007, 2013, MS SQL Server, all editions from 2005 including Express and Azure, MySQL , MariaDB, SQLite, Oracle from 9i (all editions), PostgreSQL, ArcGIS, Informix, Ingres, Sybase Adaptive Server Anywhere (Sybase ASA) and Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise (Sybase ASE).

Project and change management
Features supporting project management include: Resource allocation and tracking using Gantt charts, Kanban diagrams, event logging using model calendars, Workflow scripting for setting workflow processes, security, and model metrics.

The key facilities supporting change management are: auditing, baseline difference and merge, and version control. The version control interface supports the major version control applications: Subversion, CVS, Team Foundation Server, and SCC interface to any SCC compatible version control system.

Integration with other tools

Features that support integration with other tools include: XMI Import/Export: Supports the XMI 1.1, 1.2 and 2.1 specifications (and import of .emx and Rhapsody files), Open Services for Lifecycle Collaboration (OSLC), CSV Import/Export, ArchiMate Open Exchange Format Import / Export.

The Pro Cloud Server Integration supports integrating data from external providers including Application Lifecycle Management,  Jazz (DOORS, Rhapsody DM, Team Concert CCM & QM), Jira, Confluence, TFS, Wrike,  ServiceNow, Autodesk, Bugzilla, Salesforce and SharePoint.

The Data Miner provides a means of extracting data from a range of external data sources including: databases (ODBC, ADO, OLEDB, JET), text files (XML, JSON, plain text), Excel (xls, CSV), and online files or URLs.

The Automation interface – supports a comprehensive API for use with any COM based language (and Java). This supports defining internal scripts, as well as accessibility for writing external add-ins. There is also support for model based event driven add-ins using Javascript.

Among the Add-ins available are interfaces to Microsoft Office and DOORS, along with third party add-ins.

See also

 List of UML tools
 Glossary of Unified Modeling Language terms

References

External links

 Enterprise Architect resources and articles on umlchannel
 Enterprise Architect YouTube Channel

UML tools
Enterprise architecture
Enterprise modelling
Data modeling tools
Integrated development environments
Web service development tools
Diagramming software