title: 1850 Atlantic hurricane season

text:
The 1850 Atlantic hurricane season was the last season excluded from the scope of the official Atlantic hurricane database. Although meteorological records are sparse and generally incomplete, they indicate that three significant tropical cyclones affected land, each causing some degree of damage. The first system struck North Carolina on July 18, causing significant damage before battering the Mid-Atlantic states with high tides, strong winds, and heavy rainfall. Torrential rainfall caused river flooding from Baltimore to Philadelphia, particularly along the Schuylkill River, which took the lives of 20 people in various incidents. Strong winds damaged property and public facilities in and around New York City, and damaging floods extended into central and northern New England. Crops and railroad infrastructure suffered throughout the entire region.

On August 22, a strong hurricane impacted Havana, Cuba, destroying fruit trees and disrupting shipping, before making landfall on the Florida Panhandle with an enormous storm surge. Coastal flooding was severe around Apalachicola, and as the storm moved inland, it generated destructive winds across the Southeastern United States. Abundant precipitation fell from Georgia through Virginia, causing extensive flooding; one river swelled over  above its normal height. The storm blew down crops and trees along its course, and toppled a large railroad bridge near Halifax, North Carolina. Offshore, a pilot boat collided with a larger ship in the rough seas and sank. Considered the worst storm in nearly 30 years in the tidewater region of Virginia, the cyclone briefly reentered the Atlantic off New Jersey before making landfall over New England. Strong winds and moderate to heavy rains plagued much of New England on August 24 and 25.

On September 7 and 8, a hurricane brushed the coastline from New York to Cape Cod with gusty winds and appreciable rainfall, and left many ships in distress. The system later struck Atlantic Canada, likely causing "great loss of property and lives", though damage reports were limited. Fragmented records exist of other hurricanes, including two which remained over open seas in early September and the middle of October.

Background
Attempts to catalog Atlantic hurricanes in the first half of the 19th century began as early as 1855, when Andrés Poey compiled information on just over 400 tropical cyclones from 1493 to 1855. However, Poey listed only three of the five or more hurricanes that developed in 1850. In his 1963 book, Early American Hurricanes, 1492–1870, weather researcher David M. Ludlum discusses, in greater detail, three significant tropical cyclones that impacted the United States in 1850. Unusually, all three heavily impacted the Northeastern United States; Ludlum compares the season to 1954, in which three major tropical systems impacted the East Coast of the United States. More traditional hurricane targets, such as Florida, were spared the brunt of seasonal tropical cyclone activity in 1850, while the atmosphere farther north was abnormally tropical. Newark, New Jersey, had its warmest—and one of its rainiest—summers on record at the time, owing to frequent nearby hurricanes and the influx of tropical air. Meteorological reports pertaining to the season were largely lost in a Smithsonian Institution fire in 1856, limiting what is known about hurricane activity in 1850. As the season falls outside the scope of the Atlantic hurricane database (1851 onward) and its associated reanalysis project, records are regarded as incomplete. Extant accounts of the storms in 1850 are chiefly based on private weather records and press reports, and only approximate storm tracks are known.

Storms

Late June

Tropical Storm One
A strong squall swept across Matagorda Bay in southeastern Texas on June 27. High winds ripped a ship from its anchor and drove it aground, and at least one other vessel suffered structural damage. Although it is included in the Weather Prediction Center's publication, Texas Hurricane History, little is known about the nature of the storm.

Mid-July

Hurricane Two
The first documented hurricane in 1850 originated in the Caribbean Sea, where it wrecked dozens of ships along the Windward Islands on July 11 and 12. On July 18, the storm struck North Carolina from the south as a hurricane of at least Category 1 intensity (on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale) and proceeded northward. Although the exact point of landfall is unknown, the system is believed to have moved ashore south of Cape Hatteras.  Ships just off the state's coast battled three days of hurricane conditions from July 15 to July 18. Onshore, "great damage" occurred from Wilmington to Elizabeth City.

Intense wave action churned the Chesapeake Bay, while storm-heightened tides up to  above normal flooded  wharves and coastal communities. The Baltimore area endured persistent gale-force winds accompanied by torrential rainfall. As streams and rivers swelled above their banks, cellars and streets became inundated by floodwaters. Many trees were blown down and numerous poorly built or unfinished buildings were destroyed. The storm cut telegraph communications between Baltimore and surrounding areas. In the countryside, low-lying hay fields were flooded and most of the corn crop was decimated. At Bladensburg, Maryland, a train station and locomotive were washed into an adjacent flooded waterway. Arrivals of ships into port were delayed by the storm, which one captain held to be the worst he had ever observed, and some vessels incurred extensive damage.

The storm's effects quickly spread northward. Winds at Philadelphia began to increase in the morning on July 18, becoming severe by the evening hours. Air pressure fell to  early on July 19 as the hurricane's center passed to the west, and the city received more than  of rainfall. The storm wrought significant damage throughout the city, including to trees, signs, and structures. A number of houses were demolished, and many more—including a large brick building near Rittenhouse Square—suffered damage. Major freshwater flooding was observed in the area, especially along the Schuylkill River, which rapidly rose to its highest level since 1838. A large quantity of lumber was swept away, and several docks were submerged. Their "worst apprehensions realized", hundreds of residents worked hurriedly to mitigate damage from the flooding. Bridges over the river at Phoenixville were washed away, resulting in the deaths of four individuals. A lock of a dam upstream of Phoenixville gave way, destroying a boat and killing its occupants. Four men and a child reportedly drowned on the river's banks near Conshohocken. Railways were covered with up to 3 feet of water in low-lying spots. Numerous small craft capsized on the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers. Overall, 20 people died in various storm-related tragedies along the Schuylkill.

The hurricane took a heavy toll on agriculture in the Mid-Atlantic states. Flooding outside Philadelphia destroyed fruit orchards, and in nearby Burlington, New Jersey, strong winds and heavy rainfall inflicted significant damage to crops on the night of July 18, leaving entire fields of corn blown down. The Delaware River burst its banks at Burlington, inundating nearby lowlands. Notable flooding also took place along the Lehigh River.  Telegraph lines north of Philadelphia were damaged, limiting communications in the storm's aftermath. Throughout the region, downed trees blocked railways.

Hurricane-force gusts buffeted Newark, New Jersey, and rainfall exceeded a weather observer's rain gauge capacity of . Strong winds imperiled New York City late on July 18 into the next morning; there was widespread tree damage, with branches and leaves littering the ground, and many specimens uprooted or snapped. The storm ruined awnings and tore metal roofs off several buildings. Some ships in New York Harbor were ripped from their anchors and blown aground; further east, multiple coaster vessels were wrecked along the coast of Long Island. The winds and storm tides destroyed bath houses and other facilities at Coney Island.

As the storm tracked northward through central New York State, it produced high southeasterly winds and heavy rainfall across most of New England. At Fort Trumbull along the coast of Connecticut, heavy rainfall starting early on July 19 accumulated to . At Hartford, flooding caused about $100,000 (1850 USD) in losses. Southeasterly winds peaked at tropical storm-force. Damage to property and crops was confined to western New England, leaving areas such as eastern Massachusetts unscathed. Less substantial rain was reported at Providence, amounting to . The rain shield extended into far-northern New England, producing  of precipitation at Montpelier, Vermont, and  at Burlington. The resultant flooding was in some cases the greatest in recent memory.

Late August

Hurricane Three
A tropical system first observed near Barbados on August 16 proceeded to affect the Windward Islands before strengthening to hurricane conditions at Ponce, Puerto Rico, on August 20.  Two days later, the hurricane tracked over western Cuba, causing severe weather conditions around Havana. The storm destroyed large swaths of banana and plantain trees, and all vessels in Havana Harbor dragged anchors at the height of the hurricane.

The storm moved north over the eastern Gulf of Mexico, striking the Florida Panhandle between Pensacola and Panama City on August 23. Extremely high tides bombarded the Apalachicola area, resulting in extensive coastal flooding. The hurricane destroyed wharves and left many ships damaged or foundered. Sea water intrusion inundated warehouses and streets in Apalachicola, and one street was made impassable by strewn debris and fallen trees. Farther east, a bridge over the Wakulla River was washed away by raging floodwaters. A long period of high winds was reported at the state's capital city of Tallahassee. The storm produced some strong winds in interior Georgia on its way to the Carolinas. The destruction of homes, crops, and trees was reported from Griffin through Augusta, Georgia. Adverse conditions extended westward to Montgomery, Alabama, where the night of August 23 was marked by high winds and heavy rainfall.

Southeasterly gales had a large impact on shipping interests off North Carolina. Several vessels were imperiled; in one case a pilot boat capsized after colliding with another ship. In light of this incident, the hurricane is listed in the National Hurricane Center's contemporary compilation of tropical cyclones that "may have" caused at least 25 fatalities. The storm grounded the schooner H. Wescott near Cape Fear.

Gales were reported from Savannah, Georgia, to Wilmington, North Carolina. Near Halifax, North Carolina, the winds toppled a railroad bridge about  long and  high. The storm also ravaged farmland in the area, destroying crops, fences, trees, and structures, and injuring several people. Much damage was reported in the Raleigh area, and many trees in New Bern suffered at least some limb breakage; several large trees were fully uprooted. The local corn crop—already diminished from the July hurricane—was judged completely lost, though property damage was negligible. Offshore winds from the storm created a negative storm surge on the Neuse River, leaving docks dry for a time. Torrential rains over a large area from Georgia to Virginia triggered severe river flooding. The Dan River, which flows through North Carolina and Virginia, swelled , amplified to  above normal in narrow channels. In the Carolinas, mills, dams, and roads were washed out, and losses in central North Carolina alone totaled an estimated $7 million.

Gale-force winds lashed the tidewater region of Virginia in what was considered the worst storm on the lower Chesapeake Bay since the 1821 Norfolk and Long Island hurricane. A ship called the Osceola lost its wheelhouse to the winds, while onshore, the storm razed crops and a few small structures such as barns and outhouses. Affecting many of the same areas as the July hurricane, the cyclone downed trees in and around Baltimore and caused street flooding in Washington, D.C., where a railroad bridge was swept away. The storm began to influence the weather at Philadelphia on the night of August 24. Strong winds out of the north and northeast at Philadelphia and Newark, New Jersey, suggest the center moved off the New Jersey coast and reemerged into the Atlantic. In addition to the gales, more than  of rain fell on Newark on August 25.

Winds at New London, Connecticut, and Providence, Rhode Island, veered from southeast to south, then west, so the storm center likely tracked somewhere over Connecticut. The storm adversely affected shipping on the Long Island Sound, and heavy rain fell across much of New England. Fort Trumbull recorded  of rain, while  fell at Providence; the deluge triggered flash flooding, though few details are known about the extent of the damage.

Early September

Hurricane Four
Shipping data indicates a hurricane formed near Cape Verde on September 2 and tracked northward into the northeastern Atlantic over the next week. Andrés Poey listed this system as two distinct cyclones, later confirmed by Chenoweth (2006) to be a single storm.

Hurricane Five
A widely documented hurricane to affect the U.S. East Coast in 1850 remained predominately offshore, but still impacted ships and coastal cities on September 7 and 8. A vessel about  east of Atlantic City, New Jersey, intercepted the hurricane's center and recorded a pressure of  on the night of September 7. Numerous ships near the Delaware coast were stricken. Gusty winds snapped tree branches in New York City, while Newark received  of rain as the hurricane brushed the region. The system probably continued toward the northeast, passing south of Nantucket, Massachusetts. There, gale-force winds initially blew out of the southeast before shifting to north midday on September 8. Similarly, Cape Cod experienced blustery conditions accompanied by heavy rainfall, though damage in eastern New England was generally inconsequential. Providence, Rhode Island, received  of rain.

The storm later affected the Canadian Maritimes, causing heavy disruption in Nova Scotia. Downed telegraph wires in the region delayed damage reports until repairs were completed. The cyclone "undoubtedly caused great loss of property and lives along the coast", according to a report from the telegraph office at Halifax.

Late October

Hurricane Six
A final hurricane is believed to have existed over the central Atlantic in mid-October, moving from near 24.5°N, 47°W to 25.5°N, 41°W over the course of four days.

See also

 List of Florida hurricanes (pre-1900)
 List of New England hurricanes
 List of New Jersey hurricanes
 List of New York hurricanes
 List of North Carolina hurricanes
 1840s Atlantic hurricane seasons

References

Specific

General

Atlantic hurricane seasons
1850 meteorology
Hurricanes


title: Alpine planetary boundary layer

text:
The alpine planetary boundary layer is the planetary boundary layer (PBL) associated with mountainous regions. Due to its high spatial and temporal variability, its behavior is more complex than over a flat terrain. The fast changing local wind system directly linked to topography and the variable land cover that goes from snow to vegetation have a significant effect on the growth of the PBL and make it much harder to predict.

Understanding the processes inducing changes in the mountain PBL have critical applications for predicting air pollution transport, fire weather and local intense thunderstorm events. While some processes, such as mountain waves, have been well studied in the mountain PBL due to their importance for aviation, most of the behaviors of the alpine PBL are relatively unknown.

Wind systems

The PBL in complex terrain is shaped by three local (non synoptic) wind systems occurring at different scales, which are closely related to the structure of the topography. The height of the PBL can be observed using radio soundings, which measure temperature and humidity gradients or LIDAR, which measures the backscatters of the aerosols.

Mountain-Plain winds
The Mountain-Plain winds system is the largest scale phenomenon going across the mountain range. During daytime, incoming solar radiation heats up the mountain top faster than the plain, creating a mean low pressure zone at the top. Winds then blow towards the mountain on all sides, flow up the slope and converge at the top. A return flow occurs aloft and comes back down into the plains.  The exact opposite happens during nighttime, when the top cools down faster than the plain, which creates a mean high pressure zone leading to winds coming from the mountain top down to the plain. This represents the idealized situation since many complications can arise from cross currents, forced or pressure driven channeling or even  cold fronts approaching the mountain barrier.

Valley winds

Valley winds are best developed on clear summer days and are driven by horizontal pressure gradients. During the day, the valley is warmer than the flat terrain (because it contains a smaller volume of air receiving the same amount of radiation), which creates a lower pressure zone over the valley, entraining the air from the plains up to the valley. The opposite process occurs at nighttime, where the valley cools faster and the air flows back down to the plains .

Slope winds

Slope-winds are produced by the temperature gradient between the valley and the air layer aloft. During daytime, the air above the valley on the slopes is warmer than at the bottom (due to a more direct exposure to incoming radiation), which leads to upslope flows converging at the ridge tops (and can lead to cloud formation depending on the humidity of the air parcel). At night, the air above the valley cools down faster than the surface leading to down-slope motion. This means that a temperature inversion occurs at night. The temperature increases from the bottom of the valley to the ridge top and then starts decreasing only when the air parcel is free from the influence of the topography. Again, this ideal circulation can often vary due to the complex topography. Insulation of the slopes is affected by shade, aspect and sky view factor, which is the portion of the visible sky not obscured by the relief. For instance, east facing slopes receive radiation earlier in the morning than west facing slopes, which affects how the PBL grows with time and space. A very good example of down-slope winds are the Santa Ana winds, which are dry and warm winds coming from the Great Basin and Mojave desert down to coastal South California.

PBL growth due to wind systems

Diurnal variation

Overall, plain to mountain, up-valley and up-slope winds occurring during the day  locally increase the height of the PBL.
The PBL starts rising on the east facing slopes and near the ridges (warmed up by sun first and not hindered by pockets of cold air accumulated down the valley over night) and becomes more spatially homogeneous during the afternoon.
Temporally speaking, the convection ends around the early evening. Clouds then starts dissipating and the Mountain-Plain circulation starts reversing into a sinking motion. The transition builds up from the surface and becomes deeper and deeper with time.
The morning transition is slightly different and is the result of the combination of both the growth of the PBL and the sinking of the nocturnal temperature inversion.
At nighttime, there is a limited residual layer since advection by the mountain synoptic wind system dominates.

Mountain venting
The daytime increase of the PBL from up-slope winds is called mountain venting. This phenomenon can sometimes cause a vertical exchange of the PBL air into the free troposphere.
Similarly to the daytime situation, during summer the top of the mountain is warmer than its surroundings creating a low pressure zone. Winds then blow up from the plains to the mountain top, which is an efficient lifting mechanism to carry PBL pollutants into the free atmosphere.

Effect of landcover
Besides wind systems, the variation in land cover also plays a significant role in the PBL growth.
Bare or rocky soils are not the only land cover types found in high elevation, a more complex combination of snow and/or ice and/or vegetation is often observed. On such surfaces, the radiation energy budget is highly temporally and spatially variable and so is the growth of the PBL.

Snow

Due to wind, fresh snow does not stay at the surface but is blown into the first few meters of the surface layer. This blowing snow usually sublimates due to the insulation and has a significant meteorological effect . The sublimation of blowing snow leads to a modification of the energy budget and an overall temperature decrease of 0.5 °C combined to an increase of water vapor has been observed. This forms a stable cold and moist layer of air above the snow surface, even if the surrounding air temperature is above freezing point.
This cold layer induces downslope winds, which  damper the growth of the PBL.
This surface winds are also drifting the snowpack, leading to an increase of surface roughness and therefore an increase of wind shear (Forced convection).

Vegetation

Low vegetation cover such as grass or shrubs are usually covered by snow during winter time or at very high elevations and the modification in surface roughness is therefore of a limited magnitude. However, dense and high forests have a significant effect on surface roughness and also on the energy budget. The turbulence created by the vegetation canopy increases the forced convection in the surface layer. The top of the canopy has a tendency to warm up faster than the air at the bottom of the valley creating upslope wind conditions just from the presence of vegetation.

To summarize, the presence of snow creates down-slope winds hindering the growth of the PBL while the presence of forest creates up-slope winds facilitating the growth of the PBL.

References

Boundary layer meteorology


title: Milton Chantry

text:
Milton Chantry is a former chantry chapel in Gravesend, Kent England. It houses the Chantry Heritage Centre, displaying a range of exhibits relating to Gravesend, Northfleet, and the nearby villages. It is within the Fort Gardens and is designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building.

History
Milton Chantry is the oldest building in the Borough of Gravesham, in the former parish of Milton. It was built in 1322 by Aymer de Valence the Earl of Pembroke as a chantry chapel. Milton Chantry is all that remains of the Hospital of St. Mary the Virgin leper hospital. The purpose of a chantry chapel was to say prayers for the souls of the dead. Many wealthy people built chantry chapels and gave them land to generate an income, in order to maintain a priest to pray for the owner and his family.

The Milton Chantry housed a number of priests appointed by the Bishop of Rochester until around 1524. It was then dissolved into Crown hands as part of Henry VIII's reformation of the churches. The building then became a family home (after a few alterations) and farm, but  by the end of the 17th century it had become an inn and tavern named New Tavern.

Between 1780 and 1918, New Tavern Fort occupied the area around the chantry building. The tavern was converted into part of the fort's barracks. The New Tavern Fort was significantly altered between 1868 and 1871 under the direction of Charles George Gordon. The tavern and barracks were restored in 1852 and 1862.

In 1932, the fort was converted into a park for the residents of Gravesend. During the World War II, the basement of the chantry chapel was converted into a gas-decontamination chamber. Following the war, the chapel was converted into the local museum named the Chantry Heritage Centre. It is under the care of the Gravesend Local History Society.

References

External links
 Gravesend Local History Society
 English Heritage

Buildings and structures completed in 1322
Grade II* listed buildings in Kent
Local museums in Kent
English Heritage sites in Kent


title: On My Honor (band)

text:
On My Honor was an American pop punk band from Knoxville, Tennessee.

History
The band formed in the year 2007. They released multiple EPs before releasing their debut album titled I Never Deserve The Things I Need in 2013. The band announced in 2014 that they would be going on tour during the month of July with The Sheds and Smalls. The band split on 14 August 2014 stating that "it's time for On My Honor to come to an end".

Band members
 Drew Justice (Vocals)
 Lucas Sams  (Guitar)
 Jordan Garner (Guitar & Vocals)
 Jake Jones (Bass)
 Tobias Campbell (Drums)

References

External links

American pop punk groups
Punk rock groups from Tennessee
Musical groups established in 2007


title: Bento Books

text:
Bento Books is an independent American book publisher based in Austin, Texas.

History
Bento Books was founded in 2011 by three experienced translators, Tony Gonzalez, Joseph Reeder, and Alexander O. Smith. Bento Books publishes English translations of Japanese titles, with an emphasis on works overlooked by traditional publishers.

Publications
In 2011, the company released Math Girls, the first in a series of math-themed young adult novels by Hiroshi Yuki that can also be used as textbooks.

March 2014 saw the release of Cage on the Sea by Kaoru Ohno, a novel based on a true story about a group of Japanese holdouts on the island of Anatahan after the end of the Second World War. Later that same year the company announced plans to release Avatar Tuner, Vol. 1 by Yu Godai, a novel set in the world of the popular Megami Tensei video games.

References

External links
 Bento Books

American speculative fiction publishers
Companies based in Austin, Texas
Fantasy book publishers
Manga distributors
Science fiction publishers
Small press publishing companies
Textbook publishing companies


title: Richard Arkwright (1781–1832)

text:
Richard Arkwright  (30 September 1781 – 28 March 1832) was an English politician.

He was the oldest son of Richard Arkwright (died 1843) of Willersley Castle, Derbyshire, and grandson of the entrepreneur Sir Richard Arkwright (1732–1792), whose invention of the spinning frame and other industrial innovations made him very wealthy.

Young Richard was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge.
He and his five brothers were endowed as landed gentry by their father, who gave Richard £30,000 on his marriage in 1803 (equivalent to £ in ).
He managed his father's estates at Normanton Turville (near Thurlaston, Leicestershire) and Sutton Scarsdale in  Derbyshire.

Living at Normanton Turville, he served as an officer in the yeomanry, and as Member of Parliament for Rye from 1813 to 1818, and from 1826 to 1830.

References

External links

1781 births
1832 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1826–1830
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
People from Blaby District
British Yeomanry officers


title: Wisconsin's 58th Assembly district

text:
The 58th Assembly District of Wisconsin is one of 99 districts in the Wisconsin State Assembly.  Located in southeastern Wisconsin, the district covers central Washington County, including the city of West Bend and the villages of Slinger and Jackson, and the northern half of the village of Richfield.  It also contains the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee at Washington County campus, the Moraine Park Technical College, and West Bend Municipal Airport, and a significant portion of the Pike Lake Unit, Kettle Moraine State Forest. The district is represented by Republican Rick Gundrum, elected to the seat in a January 2018 special election following the death of previous officeholder Bob Gannon.

The 58th Assembly district is located within Wisconsin's 20th Senate district, along with the 59th and 60th Assembly districts.

List of past representatives

References

Wisconsin State Assembly districts
Washington County, Wisconsin


title: Shining Soul (film)

text:
Shining Soul () is a 2014 Chinese crime thriller film directed by Dai Wei.

Cast
Si Ligeng
Chen Yuan
Dai Wei

Reception
The film grossed US$0.8 million in China.

References

2014 films
2014 crime thriller films
Chinese crime thriller films
2010s Mandarin-language films


title: Richard Arkwright (disambiguation)

text:
Richard Arkwright (1732–1792)  was an English inventor and entrepreneur during the early Industrial Revolution

Richard Arkwright may also refer to:
 Richard Arkwright junior (1755–1843), son of the inventor
 Richard Arkwright (1781–1832), grandson of the inventor, MP for Rye 1813–18 and 1826–30
 Richard Arkwright (barrister) (1835–1918), barrister and Conservative politician, MP for Leominster 1866–76
 A painting by Joseph Wright of Derby of the inventor

See also
 Arkwright


title: Victor Allen Bolden

text:
Victor Allen Bolden (born May 6, 1965) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut and former corporation counsel for the City of New Haven, Connecticut.

Biography

Bolden received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1986 from Columbia University. He received a Juris Doctor in 1989 from Harvard Law School. He began his legal career as a Marvin Karpatkin Fellow, from 1989 to 1990, and then as a staff attorney at the American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, from 1990 to 1994. He served as assistant counsel at the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, from 1994 to 2000. From 2000 to 2005, he worked at the law firm of Wiggin & Dana, where he handled a wide variety of commercial litigation matters. From 2005 to 2009, he returned to the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund as general counsel. From 2009 to 2014, he served as corporation counsel for the City of New Haven, Connecticut.

Federal judicial service

On June 16, 2014, President Barack Obama nominated Bolden to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, to the seat vacated by Judge Janet Bond Arterton, who assumed senior status on July 1, 2014. On July 29, 2014 a hearing on his nomination was held before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. On September 18, 2014 his nomination was reported out of committee by a 10–8 vote. On November 18, 2014 Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid filed for cloture on his nomination. On November 19, 2014, the United States Senate invoked cloture on his nomination by a 51–44 vote. On November 20, 2014, Bolden was  confirmed by a 49–46 vote. He received his judicial commission on November 21, 2014.

See also
 List of African-American federal judges
 List of African-American jurists

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
21st-century American judges
African-American judges
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Connecticut lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut
United States district court judges appointed by Barack Obama
20th-century African-American lawyers
21st-century African-American lawyers


title: Lee Gye-deok

text:
Lee Gye-deok (Korean: 이계덕, born 20 November 1986) is a South Korean singer and activist for civil and human rights activist who promotes LGBT rights, typically for gay rights.

Political career
Lee was elected as a non-adult representative of the Democratic Labor Party of Korea and attracted a great deal of attention from the public, because that was the first case a youth was elected as a representative for a party. He resigned from his post due to his frustrations on the reality of the political field in Korea.

Gay riot police officer and singer for promoting LGBT rights
Lee was a riot police officer at Yongsan Police Station and the first Korean riot policeman who came out as gay.

As he continually called for dismantling of the Korean riot police, the Korean National Police Agency filed for a warrant for his arrest after reports he tried to touch the body parts of 13 colleagues without their permission. However, he believed this was done in revenge, because Lee drew public attention when he came out of the closet earlier this year. He recently filed for a transfer saying the environment did not fit his work and political ethics. The Ministry of Defense of Korea has reportedly turned down the transfer request.

Even though Lee was a policeman, he criticized the National Police in his song, the Seoul Central District Court has ruled that he is free to do so.

He was dismissed as a riot policeman after three years of legal disputes with the agency.

Promoting gay awareness advertisements

Lee petitioned for an ad to be posted on Gyodae Station's electronic banners that said "Anyone amongst Seoul's citizens may be a sexual minority. All citizens have the right to not be discriminated against their sexual orientation." He paid for it with 3 million won out of his own pocket.

Eunpyoung, Yongsan, Gwangjin, Geumcheon, Joonggu, Jongro Districts allowed the advertisement campaigns, but Seocho District rejected his advertisements and he said it was "discrimination without reason" and advised them to "find a way to prevent ads are not refused just because the subject matter is about homosexuality or other sexual orientations." They revealed that "Even if a few members of society who hold hatred and prejudices against homosexuality send in complaints about an ad about gay awareness, the national and regional government has an obligation to protect and form a social consensus so that social minorities do not become the target of unfair discrimination and oppression.".

References

1986 births
Living people
South Korean LGBT rights activists


title: Richard Adolphus Musgrave

text:
Richard Adolphus Musgrave (died 21 January 1841) was a Canon of Windsor from 1828 to 1841.

Family
He was the fourth son of Sir James Musgrave, Bart of Barnsley Park, Gloucestershire.

He married Catherine Lowther, daughter of Colonel James Lowther, on 3 July 1822 in St George’s Church, Hannover Square, London.

Career
He was educated at Westminster School 1812 - 1818 and at Trinity College, Cambridge graduating LLB in 1829.

He was appointed:
Curate at Crowell 1823
Rector of Compton Basset, Wiltshire 1825
Rector of Barnsley, Gloucestershire 1826 - 1841

He was appointed to the third stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1828, a position he held until 1841.

Notes

1841 deaths
Canons of Windsor
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Year of birth missing


title: Silvia Dimitrov

text:
Silvia Dimitrov (born 22 January 1978) is a German former pair skater. She began competing internationally with Rico Rex in 1993. The pair placed sixth at the 1995 World Junior Championships in Budapest, eighth at the 1996 European Championships in Sofia, and 13th at the 1997 World Championships in Lausanne. Monika Scheibe coached the pair in Chemnitz. Dimitrov retired from competition due to injuries.

Programs
(with Rico Rex)

Competitive highlights
(with Rico Rex)

References

1978 births
German female pair skaters
Living people
Sportspeople from Chemnitz


title: Caroline Furness

text:
Caroline Ellen Furness (June 24, 1869 – February 9, 1936) was an American astronomer who taught at Vassar College in the early twentieth century. She studied under Mary Watson Whitney at Vassar and was the first woman to earn a PhD in astronomy from Columbia.

Furness was born on 24 June 1869 in Cleveland, Ohio. Her father was a high school science teacher and encouraged her early interest in science. She graduated from Vassar in 1887 and followed in her fathers footsteps becoming a high school science teacher, her true interest was in research though and after three years she returned to Vassar as a research assistant for Mary Watson Whitney. Under Whitney she took part in a nearly decade long program of comet and planet observations. In 1896 she began working at Columbia University under Harold Jacoby and would publish her Ph.D. dissertation "Catalogue of stars within one degree of the North pole and optical distortion of the Helsingfors astro-photographic telescope deduced from photographic measures" there in 1900. In 1903 she returned to Vassar as an instructor.

She collaborated on variable star observations with Whitney from 1909 to 1911. In 1915, she authored the authoritative textbook Introduction to the Study of Variable Stars.

She became a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1922.

She died on 9 February 1936 in New York City.

She was an advocate for women's education, particularly in other countries; she wrote a number of articles about the situation of women's higher education in Japan; she was an important member of the local branch of the National Alliance of Unitarian Women.

References

1869 births
1936 deaths
American women astronomers
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Vassar College alumni
Vassar College faculty
Scientists from Cleveland


title: Eye of the Needle (song)

text:
"Eye of the Needle" is a song recorded by Australian recording artist Sia for her sixth studio album, 1000 Forms of Fear (2014). The song was released on 3 June 2014 as a promotional single by Inertia in Australia and Monkey Puzzle and RCA Records globally. It appeared on record charts of Australia, France and the United Kingdom.

Background and composition
"Eye of the Needle" was released as streamed audio as a promotional tool for Sia's album 1000 Forms of Fear on 2 June 2014. The song was written by Chris Braide and Sia, while production was handled by Greg Kurstin.

Collaboration
In 2015, Adult Swim released a remix of the song featuring Big Freedia as part of the Adult Swim Singles Program.

Track listing
Digital download
"Eye of the Needle" – 4:09

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes of 1000 Forms of Fear and Tidal.

 Sia Furler – composer, lyricist
 Christopher Braide – composer, lyricist
 Greg Kurstin – producer, bass, drums, guitar, mellotron, piano, engineer
 Jesse Shatkin – engineer
 Alex Pasco – additional engineering
 Julian Burg – additional engineering
 Manny Marroquin – mixer
 Emily Lazar – masterer

Charts

Release history

References

External links

2014 singles
Sia (musician) songs
Songs written by Chris Braide
Song recordings produced by Greg Kurstin
RCA Records singles
Songs written by Sia (musician)
2014 songs


title: Yes Sir, That's My Baby

text:
Yes Sir, That's My Baby or variants may refer to:

"Yes Sir, That's My Baby" (song), a 1925 originally English-language song by Gus Kahn and Walter Donaldson
Yes Sir, That's My Baby (film), a 1949 film
Yessir, That's My Baby (album), a 1978 Count Basie and Oscar Peterson album

See also
That's My Baby (disambiguation)


title: Indian Diamond Institute

text:
The Indian Diamond Institute (IDI) is a Government of India sponsored autonomous higher school of learning in the fields of diamonds, gems and jewellery in India. The Institute is located in Surat, Gujarat, India and is 263 km away from Mumbai. Indian Diamond Institute is an Authorised Assayer of Department of Customs, Government of India.

Profile
The Indian Diamond Institute was formed in 1978 by the Government of India to enhance the learning facilities in the fields of diamond, gems and jewellery. The Institute, formed as a project of Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC) of Government of India, offers various courses of study and research facilities at its Surat Centre. Primarily registered as a society under Societies Registration Act, 1860, IDI has also been registered under the Bombay Public Trust Act of 1950. It is now recognized as a premier institute of its kind in India.

Government of Botswana approached IDI for assistance in setting up a diamond institute in Botswana in 2013 following the De Beers decision to shift its diamond sales operations base from London to Botswana.

Facilities
The Institute functions out of a two storeyed building with classrooms, conference room, seminar room, computer labs, design studios, advanced diamond & gem testing laboratory, auditorium, mess and canteen, gymnasium, recreation room, guest rooms, library stocked with books on gems & jewellery and leading magazines related to the field.

Research and development

IDI has an established R&D centre which is registered with Government of India, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), Ministry of Science & Technology.

Mandate
The R&D centre is mandated to:
 Give scientific and technological support to the diamond industries to upgrade the processing technology.
 Develop indigenously low cost technologies for import substitution products used in the diamond industries so as to help the country to save foreign exchange and also reduce the cost of processing.
 Carry out in-depth studies on illumination and noise levels, thermal load, air velocity etc. to improve environmental conditions of the processing unit
 Bring awareness amongst workers about the use of modern machine concepts and quality control checks to improve productivity, efficiency and yield.

Memberships and Affiliations
IDI has technical collaboration with Gemmological Association (Gem A), London and operates as an Allied Teaching Centre of Gem A for FGA programme (Fellow Member of Gemmlogical Association (Gem A), London (Diploma in Gemmology).

IDI has been accorded with recognition as a Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (SIRO) under Department of Scientific & Industrial Research, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India. It has been also recognised as Anchor Institute (Gem & Jewellery) by Industries Commissionerate, Government of Gujarat.

The IDI is ISO 9001:2008 certified for design, development and provision of training, consultancy & certification services related to diamonds, coloured stones & jewellery (vide Certificate No. 44254 issued by M/s. ABS Quality Evaluations, Inc.)

The Institute is also a member of many organisations such as:
 Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi and (IIFT).
 Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).
 Indo-American Chamber of Commerce, Ahmedabad (IACC).
 Indian Society for Training & Development (ISTD).
 The Southern Gujarat Chamber of Commerce & Industry (SGCCI),

Courses
The Institute offers various courses of varying durations.

Diamond

 Dipm
 Certificate program
 Non-standard program
 Correspondence program
 Corporate training program

Jewellery

 Graduate diploma program
 3 Years diploma program
 Diploma program
 Certificate program
 Non-standard program
 Correspondence program

Gemmology

 Diploma program
 Certificate program
 Non-standard program
 Correspondence program

International Program

 FGA foundation program
 FGA Diploma program

Services to the Trade

 Diamond Certification / Gemstone Identification & Certification
 Jewellery (Studded/Plain) Certification
 Diamond Packet Lot Certification
 Product Compatibility Certificate
 Diamond Processing - Planning, Bruting, Polishing
 Project Profiles for Gem & Jewellery Industry
 LRS / FTIR / UV-VIS-NIR Studies on gemstones
 Pearl Testing Report
 Professional Life Membership
 Mobile Testing Facility for Studded Diamond Jewellery
 Diamond Girdle Marking
 Jewellery Inscription

See also
List of tourist attractions in Surat

References

External links
 Accreditation Evaluation of Indian Diamond Instituteby International Accreditation Organization (IAO)
 Times of India news report
 Times of India report
 Reference on India Site
 Reference on DNA India

Indian vocational education and training providers
Research institutes in India
Gemological laboratories
Education in Surat
Diamond industry in India


title: From Parts Unknown

text:
From Parts Unknown is the seventh studio album by American metalcore band Every Time I Die.

Recording and composition
From Parts Unknown was recorded over the course of a month with Kurt Ballou of Converge at GodCity Studio in Salem, Massachusetts in March 2014. Vocalist Keith Buckley said Ballou "always intimidated the living shit out of me, so I was overjoyed when the decision was made to record our next record with him". The band were massive fans of Converge, with guitarist Jordan Buckley stating that the band would not exist if not for Converge. He said they "went into recording thinking, 'Let's not pretend to be too cool. We can learn so much from him'". Keith said that working with Ballou was "stressful in the best way, like when your dad comes to watch you play baseball for the first time and you just want to make him proud". Ballou challenged the band to push themselves to make heavy but catchy songs. Buckley had contracted laryngitis, which had caused him to track the majority of his vocals in one day.

According to Buckley, "Instead of making something that the kids can all sing along to," the group wanted to create "music that scares them". According to Blabbermouth.net, the album title was "initially inspired by a term used by wrestlers to increase their mystique, It ultimately references the more hopeful mood that creeped into the album's lyrics during songwriting." Buckley said he didn't "realize I had that more positive outlook in me".

Release
On May 19, 2014, From Parts Unknown was announced for release, and its track listing and artwork was revealed. In addition, a music video was released for "Thirst". According to themusic, the video features "two dudes running roughshod through and at the outskirts of a city on their way to a house party". From Parts Unknown was made available for streaming on June 16, before being released on July 1 through Epitaph Records. In January 2015, the band went on a tour of Australia with Touché Amoré. In April and May, the group supported The Used on their headlining US tour. In November and December, the band supported August Burns Red on their headlining US tour.

Reception

Upon its release, From Parts Unknown was met with critical acclaim from music critics. According to Metacritic, where they assign a weighted average score out of 100 to ratings and reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average of 92, based on 6 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Drew Beringer of AbsolutePunk called the record "desperate, ferocious, and raw." James Monger of AllMusic wrote "Every Time I Die have established themselves as one of the more reliable and relatable ... acts to come out of the genre, not to mention one of the most discernable, and the commanding From Parts Unknown does nothing to tarnish that reputation." Jason Pettigrew of Alternative Press wrote, "This band may be close to two decades and seven albums in, but in these here Parts, Every Time I Die are coming out of the box like airborne wolverines lunging for the world’s carotid arteries." Jacob Royal of Sputnikmusic claimed "it’s commendable enough for the band to switch gears once having gotten to cruise control, and this record makes it clear that change was the main thing they sought." The album was included at number 14 on Rock Sounds "Top 50 Albums of the Year" list. The album was included at number 27 on Kerrang!s "The Top 50 Rock Albums Of 2014" list.

The album charted at number 22 on the Billboard 200 chart, selling around 12,000 copies in its first week.

Track listing

Personnel

Every Time I Die
 Keith Buckley – vocals
 Jordan Buckley – guitar
 Andrew Williams – guitar
 Ryan Leger – drums
 Stephen Micciche – bass

Production
 Kurt Ballou – producer, recording, mixing
 Jay Zubricky – pre-production
 Alan Douches – mastering
 Alex Garcia-Rivera – drum tech
 Joby J. Ford – artwork

Charts

References
Citations

Sources

External links

Every Time I Die albums
2014 albums
Epitaph Records albums
Albums produced by Kurt Ballou


title: Lock Me Up, Tie Him Down

text:
Lock Me Up, Tie Him Down () is a 2014 Chinese film directed by Jeffrey Lau.

Cast
He Jiong
Vivian Hsu
Wang Xuebing
Jiang Mengjie
Kara Hui
Frankie Chan
Cai Xukun

Reception
The film grossed US$4.6 million in China.

References

Films directed by Jeffrey Lau
2010s comedy thriller films
Chinese comedy thriller films


title: Ericoideae

text:
Ericoideae is a subfamily of Ericaceae, containing nineteen genera, and 1,790 species, the largest of which is Rhododendron, followed by Erica. The Ericoideae bear spiral leaves with flat laminae. The pedicel is articulated and the flowers are pendulous or erect, and monosymmetric, with an abaxial median sepal. The carpels are free and the anthers lack appendages. The capsule is septicidal.

Subdivision
, the NCBI Taxonomy Browser recognized five tribes:
 Tribe Bryantheae
 Genera: Bryanthus – Ledothamnus
 Tribe Empetreae
 Genera: Ceratiola – Corema – Empetrum (plus Diplarche, treated as a synonym of Rhododendron by Plants of the World Online)
 Tribe Ericeae
 Genera: Calluna – Daboecia – Erica (plus Bruckenthalia, treated as a synonym of Erica by Plants of the World Online)
 Tribe Phyllodoceae
 Genera: Bejaria – Elliottia – Epigaea – Kalmia – Kalmiopsis – Phyllodoce – Rhodothamnus (plus the artificial hybrid genera × Kalmiothamnus and × Phyllothamnus)
 Tribe Rhodoreae
 Genera: Rhododendron (plus Menziesia and Therorhodion, treated as synonyms of Rhododendron by Plants of the World Online)

List of genera:
 Bejaria
 Bryanthus
 Calluna
 Ceratiola
 Corema
 Daboecia
 Elliottia
 Empetrum
 Epigaea
 Erica
 Kalmia
 Kalmiopsis
 Ledothamnus
 Phyllodoce
 Rhododendron
 Rhodothamnus

References

External links
 NCBI Taxonomy: Ericoideae
 K A Kron. Ericoideae. Wake Forest University

Asterid subfamilies


title: Greg Hambleton

text:
Greg Hambleton is a Canadian music industry entrepreneur living in Hamilton, Ontario. Over the years he has been a record producer, recording engineer, songwriter and music label executive with Axe Records.

Career

Hambleton was the recording engineer when in 1968, Canadian music icon Stompin' Tom Connors, then an aspiring country-folk singer/songwriter, recorded at Toronto's Sound Canada studio to make his debut album, Tragedy Trail, and single, Sudbury Saturday Night. Hambleton heard a loud tapping from around Connors' foot; he found a piece of plywood and had Connors stand on it as he recorded. The board became Connors' legendary trademark.  He also helped record Connors' second album Tragedy Train.

After working for a number of recording studios, including RCS and Sound Canada, Hambleton started his own record label, AXE Records. Through this label he produced the first album of the band Thundermug.

He was involved with the careers of Rain, a Kitchener pop-rock group featuring Charity Brown which had a Canadian No. 22 hit in 1971 with the Hambleton-written Out Of My Mind; Major Hoople's Boarding House, a pop-rock band that earned Canadian Top 20 in 1975 with I'm Running After You, with Hambleton's production; Gary and Dave, who had a Canadian No. 1 with Could You Ever Love Me Again; Madrigal, The Irish Rovers, Steel River, and The Stampeders.

Record labels

Tuesday Records
Tuesday Records was owned by Greg Hambleton. He also owned Tuesday Music Productions.
An article appeared in the June 27, 1970 issue of Billboard that Hambleton had signed an agreement with Quality Records for the distribution of his emerging label. At that time, Toronto band Steel River had released a single "Ten Pound Note" which was the first in the label's catalogue. Hambleton was due to make a trip to Western Canada to coordinate the promotional arrangement with Quality distributors for the label's roster. He was also meeting with the press and radio people.

A group on the Tuesday label, Antique Fair had a hit with "Fuddle-Duddle" in 1971. Hambleton had produced it. Quality Records' George Struth the assistant to the VP of the label had set up a deal for US distribution on the Bang Records label.

References

External links

Living people
Canadian music industry executives
Businesspeople from Ontario
Canadian record producers
People from Hamilton, Ontario
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Bahía las Palmas

text:
Bahía las Palmas is a  bight on the Gulf of California in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Located on the East Cape,
it is north of Cabo San Lucas, accessed by Mexican Federal Highway 1.

Geography
The bay is shallow along the shoreline's southern third section. In the north third and near Buenavista, deep canyons fill its middle. Straddled by Los Barriles and Buenavista, there are fishing resorts along Punta Colorado and Punta Soledad. It is known for its flyfishing.

Fauna
Libytheana carinenta larvata butterflies have been recorded.

References

Gulf of California
Bays of Mexico on the Pacific Ocean
Landforms of Baja California Sur
Bights (geography)


title: George Champagné

text:
Canon Rev. George Champagné ( – 26 October 1828) was an Anglican clergyman who was Canon of Windsor from 1802–28.

Early life
Champagné was born into a family of French Huguenot exiles who established themselves in Ireland. He was the eldest son of the Very Rev. Arthur de Robillard Champagné, Dean of Clonmacnoise, and Marianne Hamon, daughter of Colonel Isaac Hamon. His grandmother was Jane Forbes, daughter of Arthur Forbes - 2nd Earl Granard. He had three brothers: Lt.-Gen. Forbes Champagné; Rev. Arthur Champagné, vicar of Castlelyons; and Gen. Sir Josiah Champagné. He had six sisters including Jane (wife of the Earl of Uxbridge), Henrietta (wife of Sir Erasmus Dixon Borrowes, 6th Baronet), and Marianne (wife of Sir Charles des Voeux, 1st Baronet).

His paternal great-grandfather, the Chevalier Josias de Robillard, Seigneur de Champagné de Torxé, Saintonge, fled France after the 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau for Holland, where he joined William of Orange's army. He married Marie de la Rochefoucauld of the noble house of the same name. Their daughter Susanne married Henri de la Motte-Fouqué, baron de Saint-Seurin et de Tonnay-Boutonne, and was mother of Heinrich August de la Motte Fouqué. Their eldest son, Josias de Robillard, Champagné's grandfather, distinguished himself at a young age in service of Major-General Isaac de Monceau de la Melonière, who commanded a regiment of exiles in William's army during the Irish campaigns.

Champagné was educated at Trinity College, Dublin receiving his M.A. in the spring of 1773.

Career
He served as the Vicar of Stoke, Warwickshire (1777–1785), followed by Vicar of Nuneaton (1785–1802), and the Vicar of Twickenham (1802–18). Champagné was appointed to the third stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1802, a position he held until 1828.

In 1818, he gave the Dean and Canons some shares in the South Sea Company to be used as an endowment to purchase clothes or books amongst the pupils of the National School at Windsor. The endowment is still awarded and is known as the Champagne Gift.

Personal life
Champagné died on 26 October 1828.

References

1750s births
1828 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Christian clergy from County Offaly


title: Iris variegata

text:
Iris variegata, commonly known as the Hungarian iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial from eastern Europe. It has dark green, ribbed leaves. The branched flowering stems can be as tall as the leaves, they can hold 2–3 flowers in summer. They are yellowish-white, with brown-purple veins on the drooping falls. It is very hardy and it is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are several cultivars.

Description
Iris variegata has often been confused for  Iris pallida 'Argentea Variegata, which has variegated leaves. But Iris variegata has variegated flowers.

It has stout rhizome, with roots that can go up to 10 cm deep in the ground.

It has leaves that are around 1–3 cm wide, dark green, ribbed leaves. They are slightly falcate (sword shaped).

It can be variable in height in the wild (30–45 cm). Generally, it grows up to 45 cm (18 in) high, The branched flowering stems can be as tall as the leaves. There are normally 2–3 flowers per stem. The scentless flowers appear in early summer, May – June.

The perianth tube is 2–2.5 cm long. The flowers are yellowish-white, with brown-purple veins on the falls. The flowers are generally about 5–7 cm wide. The falls are obovate-oblong shaped and nearly 2 cm wide, yellow with purple or chestnut brown veins, which are darker closer to the apex. It has a yellow beard in the centre on the lower part of the fall, the standards are erect, (vary in colour) from pale yellow to bright yellow and gold.

It has a seed capsule measuring 2.2–2.8 cm long by 1–1.3 cm wide, with 6 ribs along the edge.

Genetics
As most irises, this species is diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has a chromosome count of 2n=24.

Taxonomy
It is commonly known as the 'Hungarian iris'. It is known as 'skäggiris' in Swedish.

It was once known as Iris hungarica. which also applies to Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica.

It was described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in 'Species Plantarum' (on 1 May 1753).

Between 1800 and 1850, several Iris breeders (including Lémon, Jacques and Salter), started breeding border irises for the garden. These irises were all the progeny of two species, Iris pallida and Iris variegata. It was William Rickatson Dykes who worked out that these were the parents of most hybrids, especially those bi-coloured hybrids. These new irises were known as 'Tall Bearded Irises'. In the wild, hybrids of Iris pallida and Iris variegata are very similar to Iris germanica.

Hundreds of hybrids exist representing every colour from jet black to sparkling whites. The only colour really missing is bright scarlet. Many modern garden bearded irises are crosses of 'Iris germanica' and Iris variegata.

Iris variegata is an accepted name by the RHS, and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 20 April 2009.

Distribution and habitat
It is native to parts of Europe.

Range
Iris variegata is found in the Pannonian (ancient Roman province) region of central Europe. It occurs in southern Moravia, southern Slovakia, south-western Germany, southern Romania, Bulgaria, western Ukraine, Croatia, Czechoslovakia, Serbia, Hungary and Vienna, Austria .

It has been introduced into Switzerland, Bohemia and Italy.

Habitat
It prefers to grow in open stony areas and amongst scrub and light woodland, and also on the sunny slopes of the steppes and beside forest margins.

Conservation
It is an 'endangered' and protected species in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Cultivation
It is extremely hardy, as after flowering, its leaves die entirely away in the autumn and the plants remain dormant, until the spring when it regrows leaves and stems. It is best cultivated in well-drained fertile soils, but is tolerant of partial shade.

It can be easily grown in gardens in Kashmir.

Lifting, dividing and replanting the rhizomes is best done once flowering has finished, because this is when the plant grows the new shoots that will flower the following year. The rhizomes are placed on the surface of the soil facing towards the sun and with at least 45 cm of open ground in front of them – this allows two years growth and flowering. The plant is held in place by removing half the leaf mass to reduce wind rock and by using the old roots as anchors in the soil. The rhizome is placed on well dug ground and the roots placed either side into 10 cm deep grooves. The soil is then gently firmed around the roots, so holding the plant steady. New roots and leaves are created rapidly as the rhizome moves forwards.

It also can be propagated by seed.

Cultivars
 'Staten Island' (registered in 1945),
 'Gracchus' (1884),
 'Mary Vernon' (1940)

Known variants
Iris variegata var. Reginae  (white flowers with purple and violet veining), which was collected in Hungary in 1947.
Iris amoena (white standards, lilac/mauve falls),
Iris variegata var. pontica,

Gallery

See also
 Orris root

References

Sources
 Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn – ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
 Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
 Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
 Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 22–23.
 Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora europaea.

External links

variegata
Flora of Middle Europe
Flora of Eastern Europe
Flora of Southeastern Europe
Flora of Southwestern Europe
Garden plants of Europe
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


title: Abida vergniesiana

text:
Abida vergniesiana is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Chondrinidae.

Geographic distribution
The native distribution of A. vergniesiana is restricted to France, where it occurs in the upper Garonne catchment in Ariège, and Andorra.

Ecology
A. vergniesiana is a rock-dwelling species of land snail. It lives on limestone.

See also
List of non-marine molluscs of Metropolitan France
List of non-marine molluscs of Andorra

References

Chondrinidae
Gastropods of Europe
Gastropods described in 1847


title: Spatlo

text:
Spatlo (also spelled sphatlo,  and sphatlho) is a South African street food popular in all provinces of South Africa, especially Gauteng. It is also known as a kota or "skhambane".

The spatlo is made from a hollowed out quarter loaf of bread and filled with a variety of ingredients, often potato "slap" chips, sausage, egg, beef patty, cheese, polony and atchar. The name kota, used in areas such as Soweto and Johannesburg, is derived from the English word quarter, referring to the size of the bread loaf used. The name sphatlo is being used in the Pretoria townships of Soshanguve, Atteridgeville and Mamelodi.

Spaza shops sell popular street food, including spatlo. Spaza shops are the backbone of township economy.

Spaza shops that sell this popular street food normally set minimum prices at R15 ranging to over R120 depending on the size and ingredients. Consumers are largely scholars and low income individuals, because it is the cheapest alternative to hamburgers. This meal is usually available in every area across the country, rarely not so. Sphatlo is considered a staple junk food in South Africa which goes well with a soft drink, usually a cola.

Gauteng
South African cuisine
Sandwiches


title: 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid

text:
10-Hydroxydecanic acid is a specialized saturated fatty acid that is a minor constituent of royal jelly. It was scientifically discovered in 1957.

See also
 Myrmicacin (3-hydroxydecanoic acid)
 Queen bee acid (10-hydroxydecenoic acid)

References

Fatty acids
Hydroxy acids
Bee products


title: Larry g(EE)

text:
Larry Gayao (born September 23), better known as Larry g(EE) is a Filipino-American soul-pop artist from Dallas, Texas. He began his career as the lead singer for the Dallas-area rock band Odis, named after the famed soul singer Otis Redding.

After 5 years of performing with Odis in 2010, during a short stint in Brooklyn, New York, Gayao realized that the rock genre was not the direction that he wanted to follow. He could not ignore his yearning to sing soul music. Soon after, he parted ways with the band to pursue a solo singing career.

Career

2005–2010: Odis

Their first big break followed after g(EE) passed along a demo tape to on-air personality Terry Jaymes of the Lex and Terry radio show. This opportunity paved the way for the band's numerous local performances such as the 102.1 KDGE's Edgefest, which also boasts artists such as Beck, Kongos and Bastille.

Odis debuted their first song titled "Feel" during an album release performance at the House of Blues in Dallas, to a sold out crowd in 2008. The group disbanded in 2010.

2010–present: Larry g(EE)

After leaving the rock group to pursue a solo soul-pop career, Larry needed to distinguish himself from other successful and popular acts on the music scene. He naturally gravitated towards the pseudonym Larry G, but found that the name was too close for comfort to another talented and established musical artist, saxophone player Kenny G. With the help of his brother Chester, another pseudo name took shape by simply stylizing the first initial of his last name and adding two capital "E's" in parentheses. The name and identity Larry g(EE) was born.

He later collaborated with noted music producer Beau Bedford to release the Weekends EP, a sultry soul-pop album composed of four songs in 2011. In June 2014, g(EE) signed a publishing deal with Primary Wave Music, an independent music company based in New York City, known for its high-caliber publishing and music management talent. With the help of producers such as Dennis Herring and Chris Seefried, he is currently working on material for his next album.

Musical influences

Like most successful soul-pop artists of this day, g(EE)'s influences are deeply rooted in the 1960s-era classic soul acts. Artists such as Curtis Mayfield, Sly and the Family Stone, James Brown and Joe Cocker have tremendously induced his rich soulful voice and timeless lyrics associated with his style. However, g(EE) also draws inspiration from his modern-day musical peers. From Gnarls Barkley to Charles Bradley, each artist's contribution to music has helped solidify the definition of his musical identity.

Discography

Weekends EP track listing (2011)

References
 Tarradell, Mario. "Big Band R&B Isn’t Dead, It’s Alive and Healthy in Dallas' Larry G(EE)." Editorial. Www.dallasnews.com. N.p., 01 Feb. 2013. Web. 13 June 2014.
 (Unknown), Chris. "The New Retro Soul: Our Interview With Larry G(EE) -- Culture Brats." The New Retro Soul: Our Interview With Larry G(EE) -- Culture Brats. N.p., 30 November 2011. Web. 13 June 2014.
 Jones, Preston. "Hear This: Larry Gee, 'Yo Mama'" DFW.com. N.p., 22 March 2011. Web. 13 June 2014.
 (Unknown), The Wounded Jukebox. "Larry G(EE): 'Yo Mama'" The Wounded Jukebox. N.p., 7 April 2011. Web. 13 June 2014.
 Tarradell, Mario. "Dallas Record Producers Spotlight the Area’s Vast Local Talent." www.dallasnews.com. N.p., 7 June 2013. Web. 18 June 2014.

Living people
American musicians of Filipino descent
People from Dallam County, Texas
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singers
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Meteorites (album)

text:
Meteorites is the twelfth studio album by British band Echo & the Bunnymen. It was released on 3 June 2014 and produced by Youth and Andrea Wright. It was the band's first UK Top 40 album entry since 1999 (peaking at #37).

Title and artwork

Guitarist and lead vocalist Ian McCulloch said in reference to the album's title, "Meteorites' is what Echo and the Bunnymen mean and are meant to be—up there in heaven—untouchable, celestial, beautiful and real. It has changed my life." (The idea is mistaken—meteoroids are in space; meteorites have fallen to the ground.) The album's front cover, designed by Luke Insect, uses a thin-slice image of the Zagami meteorite from Mars. Pictures of other thin-sliced meteorites decorate the LP back cover and CD booklet.

Reception

The album mostly received average reviews.

Track listing

All tracks written by Ian McCulloch, except where noted.

"Meteorites" (Martin Glover, Ian McCulloch) (5:12)
"Holy Moses" (3:43)
"Constantinople" (4:55)
"Is This a Breakdown?" (3:56)
"Grapes Upon the Vine" (3:37)
"Lovers On the Run" (Glover, McCulloch) (4:46)
"Burn It Down" (3:57)
"Explosions" (Glover, McCulloch) (4:37)
"Market Town" (7:38)
"New Horizons" (5:26)

Personnel
Echo & the Bunnymen
Ian McCulloch—vocals, guitar, bass guitar, percussion, arrangements
Will Sergeant—guitar, arrangements, percussion

Additional personnel
Youth—bass guitar, production, mixing
Eddie Banda, Jamie Grashion, Tom Grashion—additional engineering
David Bianchi, Nick Ember—management
Michael Rendall—mastering, mixing, recording, programming
Andrea Wright—additional production, recording, programming
Luke Insect—design

References

Echo & the Bunnymen albums
2014 albums
429 Records albums
Albums produced by Youth (musician)


title: Ustym Holodnyuk

text:
Ustym Volodymyrovych Holodnyuk (August 12, 1994, Zbarazh – February 20, 2014, Kyiv, buried in Zbarazh) was a Ukrainian supporter of Euromaidan and member of the 38th legion of self-defence.

Biography
Holodnyuk graduated from Lviv State College — advanced military and physical training in 2011. He had been studying at the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine "Berezhany Agrotechnical Institute" at the time he joined the Maidan-the protesters uprising against Yanukovych.

Participation in the Maidan
Holodnyuk went to Kyiv to participate in protests in November 2013 where he received a head injury. Upon getting better, he returned to the Independence Square. He died on 20 February 2014 as a result of a gunshot wound to his head by an unidentified sniper. He was shot while trying to recover wounded Euromaidan militants near the upper exit from the Khreshchatyk Metro Station. The sniper's bullet hit at the back of his head and exited just above his right eye. Armed Maidan's self-defence legions' members were able to recover his body and take it to the hotel 'Ukraine' which had been commandeered by the militants as a place to rest during quiet hours.

Eyewitness
"On the 20th of February, I and other activists were helping to recover our friends wounded or killed during clashes on the Institutska Street. At that time I even didn't know that Ustym had return to the Independence Square. When we picked him up, he had been already dead. I didn't recognise him at first until I pulled the passport out of his pocket when we were back to the hotel "Ukraine" (Yuriy Teleschuk).

The last words Holodnyuk wrote on his Facebook page were: "Slaves are not allowed to enter paradise!" (Lida Punkiv, Facebook).

Honoring the memory
On March 27, 2014 the 24th Berezhany session of the city council decided to assign the title of "Honorary Citizen of Bershany" posthumously to Ustym Volodymyrovych Holodnyuk. Deputies also voted for the City Square, which is located between Armenian and Academic Streets, to be renamed "The Square of Ustym Holodnyuk" and to establish a memorial in honour of the "Heroes of the Maidan" there.
The 38th legion of self-defence, of which he was a member, is named after Ustym Holodnyuk.

Awards

 Hero of Ukraine with the Order of the Golden Star (November 21, 2014, posthumously)

References

External links
 Olena Stadnyk "40 days after Ustym or 400 km" (рос.)
 Ustym Holodnyuk died in Kyiv, as a result of a gunshot wound in his head when he was helping to pick up the dead bodies (video)
 «He asked to scream «The sky is falling». Ustym Holodnyuk — The hero of Ukraine
 The title of “Honorary Citizen of Bershany” posthumously to Holodnyuk Ustym Volodymyrovych who was a civil activist of Euromaidan, fighter of 38thlegion of self-defence

1994 births
2014 deaths
People of the Euromaidan
People from Zbarazh
Deaths by firearm in Ukraine
Recipients of the Order of Gold Star (Ukraine)


title: Long steam tricycle

text:
The Long steam tricycle appears to be one of the earliest preserved examples of a steam tricycle, built by George A. Long around 1880 and patented in 1883.  One example was built, which after some years of use was dismantled and the parts dispersed.  In 1946, one John H. Bateman, with assistance from the 96-year-old Long, reassembled the machine, which is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution. The example at the Smithsonian has been noted as the "oldest completely operable self-propelled road vehicle in the museum".

In 2004–2010, the item was displayed at Blackhawk Museum in northern California.

Specifications
Specifications in the infobox to the right are from the Smithsonian Institution America on the Move collection.

Steering the two front wheels was accomplished via two independent tillers which would have made simultaneous steering and control of the brake levers difficult for a single individual.

See also
List of motorized trikes
List of motorcycles of the 1890s
History of steam road vehicles
 Steam engine

References

Further reading

External links

Stamp bearing an image of the Long steam tricycle from Burkina Faso post, c. 1985
Smithsonian - Race to the Museum: Long steam tricycle, about 1880

Collection of the Smithsonian Institution
Steam tricycles
19th-century motorcycles
Motorcycles of the United States


title: Aires Marques

text:
Aires Sulivandro Marques Fernandes (born 4 December 1986) is a Cape Verdean international footballer who plays for Interclube, as a midfielder.

Career
Marques has played club football for Sporting Clube da Praia, Mindelense, Sertanense and Interclube.

He made his international debut for Cape Verde in 2013.

References

1986 births
Living people
Cape Verdean men's footballers
Cape Verde men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Sporting Clube da Praia players
CS Mindelense players
Sertanense F.C. players
G.D. Interclube players
Cape Verdean expatriate men's footballers
Cape Verdean expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Cape Verdean expatriate sportspeople in Angola
Expatriate men's footballers in Angola


title: Last Flight (film)

text:
Last Flight () is a 2014 Chinese supernatural action thriller film based on a novel by Singaporean novelist and actress Megan Tay. starring Ed Westwick and Zhu Zhu. The film was directed by Vincent Zhou. The screenplay was written by Vincent Zhou and Peter Cameron.

Plot
Disaster waits for those traveling aboard the last red-eye flight from a secluded Pacific island. The captain and chief flight attendant fight to save their passengers from an otherworldly storm of chaos and paranoia threatening their doomed aircraft.

Cast
Ed Westwick
Zhu Zhu
Yin Zheng

Reception
The film grossed US$5.9 million in China  and remained in the nation's Top Ten for three weeks.

Sequel

The Sequel titled Lost in the Pacific was released on January 29, 2016.

References

External links

2014 action thriller films
2014 films
Chinese action thriller films
Hong Kong action thriller films
Chinese aviation films
Films shot in Bangkok
Chinese disaster films
2010s Hong Kong films


title: Page Communications Engineers

text:
Page Communications Engineers, Inc. was a 20th-century communications engineering firm that later became a subsidiary of a variety of communications and defense contractors. It is notable for, among other things, constructing the Vietnam portion of the U.S. military's Integrated Wideband Communications System in Vietnam and Thailand during the Vietnam War.

In 1959, Northrop purchased Page.

On 25 November 1966 eight Page employees and one United States Army 1st Signal Brigade soldier were killed in a Vietcong ambush as their convoy was en route to the Pr Line signal site () near Da Lat.

In 1981–82, the Continental Telephone Company, or Contel, acquired Page Communications Engineers, Inc. from the Northrop Corporation to form ConTel Page.

References

Telecommunications companies of the United States


title: L.I.F.E

text:
L.I.F.E (an acronym for Leaving an Impact for Eternity) is the debut studio album by Nigerian singer Burna Boy. It was released on August 12, 2013, by Aristokrat Records. The album serves as the follow-up to his second mixtape Burn Identity (2011). L.I.F.E sold 40,000 copies on the first day of its release. Aristokrat Records later sold the album's marketing rights to Uba Pacific for ₦10 million. The album's release was preceded by five singles: "Like to Party", "Tonight", "Always Love You", "Run My Race" and "Yawa Dey".

Produced entirely by Leriq, L.I.F.E features guest appearances from 2face Idibia, M.I, Timaya, Olamide, Reminisce and Wizkid. Nigerian Entertainment Today ranked the album 10th on its list of the 12th Best Albums of 2013. The album's music draws heavily from the music of Fela Kuti, King Sunny Ade and Bob Marley. L.I.F.E received generally positive reviews from music critics, who applauded its production. It was nominated for Best Album of the Year at the 2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards. It peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Reggae Albums chart in August 2013.

Background and launch concert
The album was mixed and mastered by Leriq at Solid Sound Studios in Ikota, Lagos. In an interview with BellaNaija, Burna Boy said he titled the album L.I.F.E in order to leave a lasting impact and showcase the realism of his life. In another interview with Toolz on NdaniTV, he described the album as a journey through life.

On July 17, 2013, Aristokrat Records unveiled the album's cover art to the general public. Peedi Picasso designed the cover art for both the standard and deluxe editions of the album. Burna Boy shares the cover art with Fela Kuti, King, Sunny Ade and Bob Marley. In a press release, the record label said the album would be released in three installments: street, original and deluxe. The record label also said the album's release would be accompanied by a release party, CD signatures and a tour. In August 2013, Burna Boy held an album listening party at Cafe Vanessa in Victoria Island. In September 2013, he launched a concert titled "The Burna Boy Experience" to promote the album in the cities of Accra and Sekondi-Takoradi.

Composition
L.I.F.E embodies a mixture of reggae, dancehall, Afrobeat and fuji sounds. The album draws heavily from the music of Fela Anikulapo Kuti, King Sunny Ade and Bob Marley. "No No No" is a fusion of the aforementioned genres. The groovy highlife track "Say So" contains a saxophone riff. "Na so E Suppose Be" is an ode to the coolness of 90s music. "Yawa Dey" is a tribute to the galala sound of several ragga artists from Ajegunle, including Daddy Showkey and Baba Fryo. In "Run My Race", Burna Boy impersonates Fela Kuti over an electro-Afrobeat instrumental. In "Boom Boom Boom", he samples a line from Fela Kuti's "Army Arrangement". The hook of "Smooth Sailing" consists of a Yoruba fairy tale. In "Outro: Remember Me", Burna Boy reiterates the album's themes to listeners.

Singles
The album's lead single "Like to Party" was released on May 30, 2012. The music video for the song was shot and directed in Lagos by Adasa Cookey. The album's second single "Tonight" was released on September 24, 2012; it was recorded in English, Yoruba, and Igbo. The music video for "Tonight" was directed by Mex and uploaded to YouTube at a total length of 4 minutes and 4 seconds. The video was nominated for Most Gifted Newcomer Video at the 2013 Channel O Music Video Awards.

The album's third single "Always Love You" was released on March 6, 2013; the song is a pop song with influences from house and dance music. "Run My Race" was released as the album's fourth single; it was recorded in English, Yoruba, and Nigerian Pidgin. The music video for "Run My Race" was shot and directed by Clarence Peters at the New Afrika Shrine. The album's fifth single "Yawa Dey" was released on August 5, 2013. Its music video was also directed by Clarence Peters and features various light-hearted scenes of posse dancing and beach soccer. A hyperrealist color scheme was used to shoot the video.

Reception

Critical reception

L.I.F.E  received positive reviews from music critics. Reviewing for Nigerian Entertainment Today, Ayomide Tayo praised the album's production and commended Leriq for not making it sound repetitive. However, Tayo also said it "lacks a knock out hit to seal the stateliness." Wilfred Okiche of YNaija reviewed the album and said it "avoids the pitfalls of monotony and boredom that could easily have befallen the disc but the overall sound is still a tad unsatisfying, like there is stuff Burna Boy is holding back." Ayo Alloh of Jaguda.com gave the album 8.5 stars out of 10, concluding it was never monotonous despite being solely produced. Enemigin Neye of Hip Hop World Magazine awarded the album 4 stars out of 5, saying "it goes to show the everyday improvement in the sound called Nigerian music". Neye "believes Burna Boy is here to stay, and believes the album is definitely one to remember."

Accolades
L.I.F.E was nominated for Best Album of the Year at the 2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards. The album was also nominated for Best R&B/Pop Album and Album of the Year at The Headies 2014.

Commercial performance
The album was released in Nigeria and reportedly sold 40,000 copies on the first day of its release. The marketing rights for the album were later sold to Uba Pacific for ₦10 million.

Track listing

Notes
Leriq performed additional vocals on "Intro: My Life", "My Cry", and "Like to Party"
Simon Okechukwu performed additional vocals on "Guilty"
Paul "Pucado" Orisakwe performed additional vocals on "Ma Loda Ma Motto"

Sample credits
"Boom Boom Boom" samples a line from Fela Kuti's "Army Arrangement".

Personnel

Damini "Burna Boy" Ogulu – primary artist, writer, performer
Eric "Leriq" Utere – producer, instrumentation, engineer, production co-ordination, mixing, mastering, background vocals
Enetimi Odom – featured artist, writer
Innocent Idibia – featured artist, writer
Olamide Adedeji – featured artist, writer
Remilekun Safaru – featured artist, writer
Jude Abaga – featured artist, writer
Simon Okechukwu – background vocals, guitar
Paul "Pucado" Orisakwe – background vocals
Josiah – Saxophone
Maria Okarende – Voice tags
Piriye "Peedi Picasso" Isokrari – executive producer, management, album art direction

Charts

Release history

References

Burna Boy albums
2013 debut albums
Yoruba-language albums
Albums produced by Leriq


title: 2014–15 Azerbaijan First Division

text:
The 2014–15 Azerbaijan First Division  is the second-level of football in Azerbaijan. Araz were the defending champions. The season started on 6 September 2014 and there were sixteen teams participating in the league.

Teams
Araz were promoted to Azerbaijan Premier League, while Ravan Baku relegated to Azerbaijan First Division. In July 2014, it was confirmed that Zira FK will participate in the first division.

Stadia and locations
''Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.

Personnel and kits

Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

Managerial changes

League table

Results

Season statistics

Top scorers

Hat-tricks

Poker

Penta-trick

References

External links
 pfl.az
 AFFA

Azerbaijan First Division seasons
Azerbaijan First Division
2


title: 2014 ITF Women's Circuit – Xi'an – Singles

text:
The tournament in Xi'an is a new addition to the ITF Women's Circuit.

Fourth seed Duan Yingying won the title, defeating wildcard Zhu Lin in the final, 4–6, 7–6(11–9), 6–4.

Seeds

Main draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

References
 Main draw

Xi'an - Singles


title: Heather Willauer

text:
Heather D. Willauer (born 1974) is an American analytical chemist and inventor working in Washington, D.C., at the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Leading a research team, Willauer has patented a method for removing dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) from seawater, in parallel with hydrogen (H2) recovered by conventional water electrolysis. Willauer is also searching to improve the catalysts required to enable a continuous Fischer–Tropsch process to recombine carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen gases into complex hydrocarbon liquids to synthesize jet fuel for Navy aircraft.

Especially significant for the Navy is the possibility of maintaining naval air operations in remote areas without depending too much on long-distance transport of jet fuel across oceans. The Navy is also studying the feasibility of constructing on-shore facilities capable of synthesizing kerosene from hydrogen and CO2, both extracted from seawater constituents. Because of the very high electrical power required by water electrolysis to produce considerable amounts of hydrogen, nuclear power plants or ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) are necessary to fuel the industrial installations built on-shore on remote islands close to the sea in strategic locations.

Education
Willauer attended Berry College in Georgia, graduating with a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1996. In mid-1999 she participated in the 11th International Conference on Partitioning in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems, held in Gulf Shores, Alabama. In 2002, she earned a doctorate in analytical chemistry from the University of Alabama, writing her thesis on "Fundamentals of phase behavior and solute partitioning in ABS and applications to the paper industry," the "ABS" an abbreviation for "aqueous biphasic systems". She began working with the NRL as an associate, then in 2004 she advanced to the position of research chemist.

Career
Willauer started researching biphasic systems and phase transitions after graduating from Berry College. In 1998 she studied aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) for the potential of recapturing valuable dyes from textile manufacturing effluent. She investigated ions and catalysts.

In the 2000s, Willauer began studying methods for extracting CO2 and H2 from seawater, for the purpose of reacting these molecules into hydrocarbons by using the Fischer–Tropsch process. She also investigated modified iron (Fe) catalysts and studied zeolite (nanoporous aluminosilicate) catalyst supports for recombining these molecules into jet fuel.

Previous studies had concluded that CO2, under the form of the bicarbonate anion (HCO3–) dominant (96% mole fraction) in the seawater inorganic carbon species could not be economically removed from seawater. However, by acidifying seawater by means of an adapted electrolysis cell with cation permeable membranes (dubbed a three-chambered electrochemical acidification cell), it is possible to economically convert HCO3– into CO2 at a pH lower than 6 and to increase the extraction yield. In January 2011, the NRL installed a prototype of seawater electrolysis cell at Naval Air Station Key West in Florida.

In 2017, Willauer et al. were granted a patent for a  extraction device from seawater, in the form of an electrolytic-cation exchange module (E-CEM). The E-CEM is seen as a "key step" in the production of synthetic fuel from seawater. Other researchers named in the patent are Felice DiMascio, Dennis R. Hardy, Jeffrey Baldwin, Matthew Bradley, James Morris, Ramagopal Ananth and Frederick W. Williams.

Feasibility of jet fuel synthesis
Willauer et al. (2012) estimated that jet fuel could be synthesized from seawater in quantities up to  per day, at a cost of three to six U.S. dollars per gallon. Willauer et al. (2014) showed that the Fischer-Tropsch catalyst could be modified to synthesize various fuels such as methanol and natural gas, as well as the olefins that can be used as the building blocks for jet fuel.

Willauer et al. calculated that about  of seawater must be driven through the process to obtain the quantities of hydrogen and CO2 necessary to synthesize one gallon of jet fuel.

Seawater was chosen because it contains 140 times more CO2 by volume than the atmosphere, and conventional water electrolysis also yields H2. The equipment for processing seawater is much smaller than that for processing air. Willauer considered that seawater was the "best option" for a source of synthetic jet fuel. By April 2014, the Willauer's team had not yet made fuel to the quality standard required for military jets, but they were able in September 2013 to use the fuel to fly a radio-controlled model airplane powered by a common two-stroke internal combustion engine.

Because the process requires a considerable input of electrical energy (~ 250 MW electricity mainly for the H2 production by water electrolysis and also to a lesser extent for the CO2 recovery from seawater), it cannot be performed on a large ship, even on a nuclear aircraft-carrier. The installations processing seawater to obtain H2 and CO2 (in fact CO),  the two essential ingredients necessary for the Fischer–Tropsch process, must be constructed on-shore, close to the sea, on islands in strategic remote locations (e.g., Hawai, Guam, Diego-Garcia) and powered by a nuclear reactor, or by ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC).

Publications

Papers

Patents
  Filed: December 2, 2010. Granted: November 17, 2011.
  Filed: June 25, 2009. Granted: November 20, 2012.
  Filed: October 28, 2010. Granted: February 25, 2014.
  Filed August 10, 2012. Granted March 4, 2014.

References

1974 births
Analytical chemists
Berry College alumni
Living people
University of Alabama alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Date of birth missing (living people)
People from Fairfax Station, Virginia
21st-century American inventors


title: 2014 ITF Women's Circuit – Xi'an – Doubles

text:
The tournament in Xi'an was a new addition to the ITF Women's Circuit.

Lu Jiajing and Wang Yafan won the inaugural tournament, defeating Liang Chen and Yang Zhaoxuan in the final, 6–3, 7–6(7–2).

Seeds

Draw

References
 Draw

Xi'an - Doubles


title: Frank Gaines (basketball)

text:
Frank Brandon Gaines (born July 7, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for Fos Provence Basket of the LNB Pro A. He played college basketball for Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne.

High school career
Gaines attended Boyd H. Anderson High School in Lauderdale Lakes, Florida. As a senior, he averaged 16.7 points and 7.0 rebounds per game for head coach Eugene Richardson. Gaines helped lead Boyd Anderson to a 30–2 record, eventually losing in the Florida 6A State Final.

College career
After redshirting his freshman season in 2008–09, he made his debut for the Mastodons in the 2009–10 season. In his redshirted freshman season, he played 31 games (one start), averaging 4.2 points and 2.3 rebounds in 13.4 minutes per game.

In his sophomore season, he became a go-to offensive and rebounding force for the Mastodons, going on to earn All-Summit League Honorable Mention honors. On January 31, 2011, he was named the Summit League Player of the Week. In 30 games, he averaged 14.8 points and 6.2 rebounds in 27.4 minutes per game.

In his junior season, he was named to the All-Summit League first team and the NABC All-District second team. He hit at least one three-point basket in 24 of 30 games on the year, including a season-high five at home against Oral Roberts on February 15, 2012. In 30 games, he averaged 21.2 points, 5.9 rebounds, 1.2 assists and 1.4 steals in 32.1 minutes per game.

In his senior season, he was named to the All-Summit League first team for the second straight year. He was also named to the Summit League All-Tournament Team. In 32 games, he averaged 19.8 points, 4.0 rebounds, 1.2 assists and 1.4 steals in 34.0 minutes per game.

Professional career

2013–14 season
Gaines went undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft. On November 1, 2013, he was selected by the Maine Red Claws with the 1st pick of the second round in the 2013 NBA Development League Draft. On April 22, 2014, he was named the 2014 NBA Development League Most Improved Player.

On April 7, 2014, he signed with Gigantes de Guayana of Venezuela for the rest of the 2014 LPB season. He left Gigantes later that month after just five games.

2014–15 season
On June 17, 2014, Gaines signed with Juvecaserta Basket of Italy for the 2014–15 season. In July 2014, he joined the Indiana Pacers for the Orlando Summer League and the Miami Heat for the Las Vegas Summer League. On December 17, 2014, he parted ways with Juvecaserta. The next day, he signed a two-month deal with Victoria Libertas Pesaro. On February 18, 2015, he parted ways with the club following the expiration of his contract.

On February 27, Gaines joined the Oklahoma City Blue after the team acquired his returning player rights from the Maine Red Claws. In April 2015, after the end of the 2014–15 D-League season, he signed with Caciques de Humacao of Puerto Rico for the rest of the 2015 BSN season.

2015–16 season
In July 2015, Gaines joined the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2015 NBA Summer League. On August 17, 2015, he signed with Wilki Morskie Szczecin of Poland for the 2015–16 season.

2016–17 season
On July 29, 2016, Gaines signed with SC Rasta Vechta of Germany for the 2016–17 season.

The Basketball Tournament (TBT) (2016–2017)
In the summers of 2016 and 2017, Gaines played in The Basketball Tournament on ESPN for Team 23.  He competed for the $2 million prize, and for Team 23 in 2017, he averaged 11.5 points per game.  Gaines helped Team 23 reach the second round of the tournament in 2017, where they then lost to Armored Athlete 84–77.

2018–19 season
On June 14, 2018, Gaines signed with Pallacanestro Cantù of LBA for the 2018–19 season.

2019–20 season
On July 18, 2019, he has signed with Virtus Bologna of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). He averaged 9.7 points and 2.1 rebounds per game in the Serie A.

2020–21 season
On July 30, 2020, Gaines signed with Bnei Herzliya of the Israeli National League.

On January 4, 2021, Gaines returned to Pallacanestro Cantù for which he played two seasons beforehand.

Cantù ended the season in the last position and Gaines signed with Scafati Basket for the 2021 Serie A2 playoffs.

2021–22 season
On August 9, 2021, Gaines signed with Cangrejeros de Santurce of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional. He averaged 18.7 points, 3.3 rebounds, 2.8 assists and 1.0 steal per game. On November 13, Gaines signed with S.L. Benfica of the Liga Portuguesa de Basquetebol.

2022–23 season
On August 12, 2022, he has signed with Pallacanestro Trieste of the Italia Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). On February 13, 2023, he was released by Trieste and signed with Fos Provence Basket of the LNB Pro A.

Personal
Gaines is the son of Frank Sr. and Ronae Gaines, and has three siblings, Dwight, Alicia and Lashonda.

References

External links
Eurobasket.com profile
FIBA.com profile
NBA D-League profile
RealGM.com profile

1990 births
Living people
21st-century African-American sportspeople
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Poland
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American expatriate basketball people in Venezuela
American men's basketball players
Caciques de Humacao players
Fos Provence Basket players
Juvecaserta Basket players
Lega Basket Serie A players
Maine Red Claws players
Oklahoma City Blue players
Pallacanestro Cantù players
Pallacanestro Trieste players
Parma Basket players
Point guards
Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons men's basketball players
SC Rasta Vechta players
Shooting guards
S.L. Benfica basketball players
Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Basketball players from Broward County, Florida
Victoria Libertas Pallacanestro players
Virtus Bologna players
American expatriate basketball people in Portugal
American expatriate basketball people in France
Wilki Morskie Szczecin players