title: Airbus A330neo

text:
The Airbus A330neo ("neo" for "New Engine Option") is a wide-body airliner developed by Airbus from the Airbus A330 (now A330ceo – "Current Engine Option").  A new version with modern engines comparable with those developed for the Boeing 787 was called for by operators of the original A330 series.  It was launched on 14 July 2014 at the Farnborough Airshow, promising 14% better fuel economy per seat.  It is exclusively powered by the Rolls-Royce Trent 7000 which has double the bypass ratio of its predecessor.

Its two versions are based on the A330-200 and -300: the -800 has a range of  with 257 passengers while the -900 covers  with 287 passengers. The -900 made its maiden flight on 19 October 2017 and received its EASA type certificate on 26 September 2018; it was first delivered to TAP Air Portugal on 26 November 2018 and entered service on 15 December. The -800 made its first flight on 6 November 2018 and received EASA type certification on 13 February 2020; the first two -800s were delivered to Kuwait Airways on 29 October 2020 and entered service on 20 November.

, a total of 323 A330neo family aircraft had been ordered by more than 25 customers, of which 110 aircraft had been delivered.

Development

Studies

At the Boeing 787 launch in 2004, Airbus' initial response was an improved A330. After negative feedback from airlines and lessors, the A350 XWB became a new design in 2006. After the A320neo launch in December 2010 and its commercial success, the largest airline of Malaysia – an all-Airbus operator – AirAsia asked Airbus to re-engine the A330. New engines like the GEnx or Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 developed for the 787 could offer a 12%–15% fuel burn improvement, and sharklets at least 2%.

Airbus sales chief John Leahy's argument was that the lower purchase price of an A330 even without new engines make the economics of buying an A330 competitive at midrange routes with that of the Boeing 787. An A330neo would accelerate the demise of the similarly sized A350-800. Airbus also considered re-engining the A380 but was wary of having two major modification programs simultaneously.

In March 2014, Delta Air Lines expressed an interest in the A330neo to replace its ageing, 20+-year-old Boeing 767-300ER jets. In the 250-300-seat market, CIT Group believed an A330neo enables profitability on shorter ranges where the longer-range A350 and Boeing 787 are not optimised. CIT said that the A350-800 was not as efficient as it would like, and Air Lease Corp. added that the company did not consider it reasonable to take the A350-800 and A330neo as they saw no sustainable coexistence of the two aircraft.

AirAsia X ended flights to London and Paris from Kuala Lumpur in 2012 because their Airbus A340s were not fuel-efficient enough and would try again with A330s. As Airbus gradually increased output of the new A350, prolonging the production run of the A330 could help to maintain profitability. After Emirates cancelled 70 orders for the A350, Airbus said it continued to work on re-engining the smaller A330.

Launch

On 14 July 2014 at the Farnborough Airshow, Airbus launched the A330neo programme, to be powered by the new Rolls-Royce Trent 7000. It would improve the fuel burn per seat by 14%. Airbus hoped to sell 1,000 A330neo aircraft. Its range would increase by  and although 95% of the parts would be common with the A330ceo, maintenance costs would be lower. New winglets, 3.7 metres wider and similar to those of the A350 XWB, still within ICAO category E airport requirements, along with new engine pylons, would improve aerodynamics by 4%.

The A330neo's development costs were expected to have an impact of around −0.7% on Airbus's return on sales target from 2015 to 2017, an estimated $2 billion (£1.18 billion). Airbus stated that lower capital cost would make the A330neo the most cost-efficient medium-range wide-body airliner. Airbus said that it could pursue demand for 4,000 aircraft and that there was an open market for 2,600 jets not already addressed by backlogs with operators already using A330s. Aerodynamic modifications would include a re-twisted wing and optimised slats.

In 2014, The Airline Monitors Ed Greenslet stated that the A330neo would have the advantage of not being designed to fly 8,000 nmi, unlike the A350 and Boeing 787 which were thus less economical on shorter routes, although "the vast majority of long-haul markets is 4,000 nmi or less".
He also believed that an "A330neo would enjoy a monopoly in its segment instantly", with the Boeing 767 "essentially out of production", the Boeing 757 not replaced while the A321neo and the 737-9 are smaller and had less range,  and that launching the A330neo would probably kill the smallest A350-800.

John Leahy estimated that the A330-900 would have operating costs on par with the 787-9, but would be available at 25% lower capital costs and could reach a production rate of 10 per month after a 7/8 per month rate at the production start. Both A330neo variants were expected to have a maximum take-off weight of 242 t. The type design was frozen in late 2015.

Boeing Vice Chairman and Commercial Airplanes CEO Ray Conner dismissed the A330neo as a 2004 revamp which cannot match the 787's direct operating costs, being  heavier and having a wing only slightly improved from the 1980s design, and claimed the 787-10 was almost 30% more efficient per-seat than the previous A330-300 and that a new engine would not close the gap – but he acknowledged that it could be a threat as it put pressure on Boeing as it sought to break even after 850–1,000 787 deliveries.

 Production

On 7 September 2015, Airbus announced that it had begun production of the first A330neo with the construction of its centre wingbox and engine pylon. Final assembly of the first aircraft, an A330-900, started in September 2016 at the Airbus Toulouse site with the joining of the wings to the centre fuselage at the station 40. In December 2016, the programme schedule slipped by six weeks due to marginal engine development at Rolls-Royce, and launch customer TAP Air Portugal projected its first A330neo would be delivered in March 2018.

The first aircraft left the paint shop in December 2016, awaiting its engines. By April 2017, the Trent 7000s were to be installed later during the summer, so that the first flight was delayed until September.
Due to the delay, TAP Air Portugal was not expected to receive the first A330neo until the end of the first half of 2018, or even in the third quarter.
The engines were shipped to Airbus in June. The aircraft complete with engines showed at Toulouse in September before its first flight.

Major structures of the first A330-800 were entering production in October 2017: high-lift devices are installed on the wing in Bremen, fuselage sections are built in Hamburg, the centre wing-box in Nantes, titanium engine pylons in Toulouse and sharklet wingtips in Korea. Its final assembly started in November 2017, on track for its planned first flight in mid-2018.
Structural assembly was completed by February 2018, having its flight-test instruments installed and waiting for its engines before its 300h flight-test programme.
At this time, production aircraft progressed through the final assembly line with the first 'Airspace' cabin interior being fitted.

A330 production was cut to 50 deliveries in 2019, with more than half of them re-engined A330neos.
In April 2020, the production rate decreased from 3.5 to 2 per month due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation, and finished planes were stored while waiting for deferred deliveries.
In 2018, unit cost was US$259.9 M for a -800 and US$296.4 M for a -900.

 Flight testing

The A330-900 first flight on 19 October 2017 was a debut of the 1,400 hours flight test campaign involving three prototypes plus the first production aircraft: 1,100 flight hours for the A330-900 and 300 flight hours for the A330-800, targeting mid-2018 EASA and FAA Type Certification. The 4h 15m flight reached  and . It should establish certain maximum operating points and achieve an initial handling qualities assessment including at high angle of attack. This first aircraft, MSN1795, was scheduled to perform 600 h and was to be joined the following month by the second, MSN1813, which will fly 500 h, before the third, MSN1819, the first customer aircraft for TAP Portugal with a complete cabin.

Two flight test engineers and two engine specialists monitored the 60GB per hour output of 1,375 sensors and 98,000 parameters, including strips of microelectromechanical systems to measure aerodynamic pressure distribution across the wing. MSN1795 was to undertake simulated icing tests and cold-weather tests in Canada, noise assessment, autoland testing and high angle-of-attack, minimum-unstick checks during rotation with a tail bumper. MSN1813 was to test natural icing conditions, assess hot and high conditions in the United Arab Emirates and La Paz, and fly 150h of route-proving; it has rakes and pressure sensors in the engine flows to compare actual thrust with ground bench measurements. MSN1819 was to validate the Airspace cabin interior fitting with artificial passengers for ventilation analysis and cabin environment measurements.

The second test aircraft made its maiden flight on 4 December, to be used to validate aerodynamic & engine performance and airline operations.
By the end of January 2018, the first logged almost 200h in 58 flights while the second had accumulated nearly 120h in 30 flights.
Its flight envelope was fully opened including flutter and stall tests to complete powerplant calibration and strake configuration has been frozen.
Airbus commenced autopilot, autoland and high-speed performance testing, and was to move on to hot- and cold-weather tests, as well as noise and icing tests, over the following three months.
As of 10 April 2018, the two test aircraft had logged over 200 flights and more than 700 hours, testing −27 °C cold weather, natural icing, crosswind landing, 37 °C and  hot and high operations.

The first TAP Air Portugal aircraft made its first flight on 15 May 2018; it joined the two previous test aircraft to check the cabin systems: air conditioning, crew rest, etc.
It started the final certification step on 18 June: function and reliability tests or route proving, including ETOPS, diversion airport landing, and testing ground handling over 150 flight test hours, as the flight test programme reached 1,000 hours.
Entry into service was planned for the third quarter of 2018 and ETOPS was to be approved in October for 330min.

EASA granted the A330-941 type certificate on 26 September 2018, with ETOPS not yet approved. ETOPS 180 min was approved on 14 November, restricted to engines with fewer than 500 flight cycles.
Airbus expects the FAA type certification with 180 min ETOPS by the end of 2018 and 330 min ETOPS in the first half of 2019.
Beyond-180min ETOPS was approved by the EASA by 24 January 2019.

The maiden flight of the -800 took place on 6 November 2018; the 4h 4min flight inaugurated a 350h test program aiming for mid-2019 type certification, for delivery in the first half of 2020 to launch operator Kuwait Airways.
By late March 2019, it was halfway through the 300 hours flight-test programme, having completed 44 flights in 149 hours. The -800 received EASA type certification with 180-minute ETOPS on 13 February 2020; ETOPS clearance beyond 180 minutes was awarded on 2 April.

Entry into service
Leased from Avolon, the first A330-900 was delivered to TAP Air Portugal on 26 November 2018, featuring 298 seats: 34 full-flat business, 96 economy plus and 168 economy seats, and to be deployed from Portugal to the Americas and Africa.
TAP made its first commercial flight on 15 December from Lisbon to São Paulo. The airline should receive 15 more A330neos in 2019 and fly the A330-900 from Lisbon to Chicago O'Hare and Washington Dulles from June 2019, both five times a week.

Increased takeoff weight

On the occasion of the 19 October 2017 first flight, an increase to  MTOW by mid-2020 was announced, with a few changes to the landing gear and brakes, increasing its range by  compared to the current A330neo or A330ceo.
The 251 t MTOW was confirmed by Airbus in November 2017.
This gave the -900 a range of  and  for the -800.
Test flights of the 251 t A330-900 started from 28 February 2020.

Airbus was expecting a short 30–40h test campaign, as multiple tests were conducted with the previous variant adapted to higher weight, including flight performance and noise assessment.
The heavier structure allows a transpacific range, and is balanced by a weight-reduction effort, keeping the same empty weight and payload.
On 8 October 2020, the 251 t A330-900 was EASA-certified, before introduction by Corsair International.
Retaining 99% spares commonality, it offers  more payload while strengthening the landing-gear and extending the time before overhaul interval from 10 to 12 years.
On 31 March 2021, Corsair took delivery of the first 251t Airbus A330-900 in a three-class, 352-seat configuration.
The 251 t A330-800 was certified by EASA in April 2022.

Design

The larger 112-inch Trent 7000 is 11% more efficient than the 97.5-inch Trent 700 engine, with a 2% loss due to increased weight and 1% due to additional drag from the larger engine, but the sharklets and aero optimization regains 4% for a 12% fuel advantage per trip. Furthermore, fuel consumption per seat is improved by 2% due to the rearranged cabin (Space-Flex and Smart-Lav) with increased seating, offering a 14% fuel burn reduction per seat for the new −900 compared to the previous 235-tonne −300 version. The newer 242-tonne −300 is already 2% more efficient.

Airbus unveiled a distinctive cockpit windscreen to be featured on the A330neo, similar to that on the A350, and promised a new interior concept offering a better passenger experience on the A330neo. Initially based on the largest 242t MTOW A330, Airbus is studying an improvement to  MTOW for the A330neo, which would match the figure originally given for the Airbus A350-800 before it was sidelined in favor of the A330neo. This would give the -900 a  range to better compete with the 787-9’s

Since the fan is enlarged from , the nacelles are mounted higher, necessitating extensive CFD analysis to avoid supersonic shock wave interference drag, as is the first slat's dog-tooth. The wing twist and belly fairings are tweaked to approach the lowest drag elliptical span-wise pressure distribution changed by the larger sharklets, like the flap track fairings shape to lower form drag.

On the -800 at FL400, cruise fuel flow at Mach 0.82 and low weight is  per hour at a higher weight and Mach 0.83.

 Engines

Candidate engines included variants of Rolls-Royce's Trent 1000 and General Electric's GEnx-1B. Both engine makers were reportedly interested in winning an exclusive deal should a re-engined A330 be offered. The Trent 1000 TEN (Thrust, Efficiency, New Technology) engine was under development for the 787-10, but Rolls-Royce intended to offer a broad power range.

The A330neo uses the Rolls-Royce Trent 7000 engine, which is an electronic controlled bleed air variant of the Trent 1000 used on the Boeing 787-10. It will have a  diameter fan and a 10:1 bypass ratio. They deliver a thrust of .

The Trent is the exclusive powerplant, as Rolls-Royce offered better terms to obtain exclusivity. Customers bemoan the loss of competition among engine makers: Steven Udvar-Hazy, CEO of Air Lease Corporation, said that he wants a choice of engines, but Airbus has pointed out that equipping a commercial aircraft to handle more than one type of engine adds several hundred million dollars to the development cost. The head of Pratt and Whitney said: "Engines are no longer commodities...the optimization of the engine and the aircraft becomes more relevant."

The decision to offer the aircraft with only one engine option is not unique to Airbus; the Boeing 777X will come equipped exclusively with General Electric GE9X engines, after Rolls-Royce made a bid with its Advance configuration but was not selected.

Variants
A330-900

The A330-900 retains the fuselage length of the A330-300 and the similarly sized four-engined A340-300. Cabin optimisation allows ten additional seats on the A330-900 (310 passengers) with 18-inch-wide economy seats. The -900 should travel 6,550 nmi (12,130 km; ) with 287 passengers (440 max).

Delta expects a 20 percent reduction in operating cost per seat over the Boeing 767-300ER aircraft it replaces.

Further reconfiguration of cabin facilities enables the –900 to seat up to 460 passengers in an all-economy layout. This exceeds the existing 440-seat maximum exit limit allowed by the type certificate, and requires a modification of the Type-A exit doors to meet emergency exit requirements.
In November 2019, maximum accommodation increased to 460 seats, through the installation of new 'Type-A+' exits, with a dual-lane evacuation slide.

A330-800

The A330-800 retains the fuselage length of the A330-200, but can seat six more passengers (for a total of 252) with an optimised cabin featuring 18-inch-wide economy seats. The -800 should have a range of 7500 nmi (13,900 km; ) with 257 passengers (406 max).
As the variants share 99% commonality, developing the smaller -800 has a negligible extra cost.

After the first flight of the -900 on 19 October 2017, Hawaiian Airlines (then the only customer for the -800) considered changing its order for six -800s,
seeking to best fit its current network to Asia and North America whilst allowing for future growth, possibly to Europe.
Demand for the -800 fell to 3%, whereas the -200 commanded 40% of the ceo deliveries: its range advantage has eroded with the increased capabilities of the -900, and although it offers lower fuel per trip, fuel per seat is higher.

As of 2017, demand for the -800 ws limited by low fuel prices and the fact that the -200s it might replace after 2020 were still young (nine years on average). The Boeing 767-300/400s that the -800 might replace are 15 years older, and while Boeing considered relaunching production of the 767-300ER, mainly as an interim for American and United Airlines, this was complicated by a 30-year-old design including obsolete cabin amenities.
At this time Boeing was intending to launch its New Midsize Airplane no earlier than 2027, affording Airbus opportunities with the 95 operators of the A330ceo. Long-haul low-cost carriers were a target for high density nine-abreast layouts for 386 seats over  at the  MTOW,  more than a similarly loaded 787-8 and with up to 30 more seats.

Production of the -800 beyond the prototype was in doubt, as Hawaiian was choosing between the Airbus A350-900 and the Boeing 787-8/9.
In February 2018, Hawaiian was thought to be cancelling its order for six A330-800s, replacing them with Boeing 787-9s priced at less than $100–115m, close to their production cost of $80–90m, while Boeing Capital released Hawaiian from three 767-300ER leases well in advance.
Hawaiian denied that the order for the A330-800 had been cancelled, but did not dismiss a new deal with Boeing.
In March 2018, Hawaiian confirmed the cancellation of its order for six A330-800s and ordered ten B787-9s instead.
Airbus says it was "simply undercut in price".

In July 2018 a new memorandum of understanding from Uganda Airlines for two -800s revived interest in the shorter variant. A firm order from Kuwait Airways for eight A330-800s followed in October 2018, making it the largest customer of the type; it was subsequently confirmed that Kuwait Airways would be the launch customer for the -800, with certification expected in mid-2019 and first deliveries in the first half of 2020.
On 8 April 2019, Uganda National Airlines Company firmed up its order for two -800s.

Compared to the competing 787-8 with similar engines, the A330-800 has a 1% fuel-per-trip disadvantage (−5% for being heavier but +4% for the longer wingspan) but consumes 4% less fuel per seat with 13 more seats in an eight-abreast configuration, and 8% less with 27 more seats at nine-abreast with  wide seats and aisles: the -800 is longer by 4 rows or 2.5 m (130 in).

Airbus could limit its MTOW to  and derate its engines to  to optimise for the shorter routes to be targeted by the Boeing NMA, with the A321XLR tackling the lower end of the same niche.

The A330-800 received EASA type certification on 13 February 2020.
The first aircraft, configured with 226 seats including 23 in business class, was to be delivered to Kuwait Airways in March, but the airline postponed delivery until the third quarter of 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic. On 29 October, the first two A330-800s were delivered to Kuwait Airways; the airline has six more -800s on order. The A330-800 then operated its first revenue flight on 20 November, flying the short distance between Kuwait and Dubai. Uganda Airlines received their first A330-800 on 21 December, with the second unit expected in January 2021.

 Freighter
Amazon Air and UPS Airlines pushed for a freighter version, stretching the A330-900 to carry more cargo over a shorter range, but retired 767s and A330s provide a lot of conversion potential.
Development cost would be lower than for a new program as much of the engineering has already been done for the A330-200F, and more volume would be more appealing to express carriers.

Market

Third party analysis for a  transatlantic flight shows that the 787-9 has a slight advantage over the A330-900 in cash cost per available seat miles, while the Airbus outperforms the Boeing once capital costs are included, based on the A330-900 cost an estimated $10.6m less.
They have close economics but the A330neo costs up to $30m less, according to another publication.
An A330-900 is worth $115 million in 2018, while a new B787-9 valuation is $145 million, up from $135 million in 2014, but it may have been sold for $110–15 million to prevent A330neo sales.

Between the 2004 launch of the Dreamliner and the A330neo launch in 2014, the market was split almost equally between both, with between 900 and 920 A330ceos sold against 950 to 1,000 787-8/9s.
Between 2014 and the neo first flight in October 2017, the A330/A330neo had  orders (excluding freighters) compared to 272 for the 787-8/9 (excluding the -10), or since the 787 launch,  A330ceo/neos compared to  787-8/9s.
Teal Group's Richard Aboulafia believes that the A330neo should dominate the lower range and lower capacity end of the twin aisle market because the 787-8 has the high operating economics and unit price associated with its 8,000-nm range.

Flightglobal Ascend Consultancy forecast 600 deliveries including 10% of -800 variants, less optimistic than Airbus' 1,000.
At entry into service in 2018, sales were disappointing and A330 production was to be cut to 50 in 2019 down from 67 in 2017: while it was the widebody with the largest operator base with 1,390 deliveries since 1993, the fleet was still very young with only 46 aircraft retired. Airbus believed A330 operators would start fleet renewal beginning in 2020. With the exception of Delta, industry-leading airlines preferred the Boeing 787.

Between January 2014 and November 2019, the A330/A330neo had  net orders (net of cancellations) compared to a total of  for all three variants of the 787. The A330neo program was the best-selling Airbus widebody over the same period.
Airbus believes there is potential for the A330neo in the growing long-haul, low-cost carrier sector. While Airbus expected a market for over 1,000 A330neos, one pessimistic forecast reported in 2018 came in as low as 400 sales, in that the A330neo was late to the market and fuel prices had declined markedly over the years, reducing demand. 19% of A330 operators are already 787 customers though some A330 operators have been dual sourcing from both Boeing and Airbus. Leeham News, on the one hand considered the A330-800 does not really cover the upper end of New Midsize Airplane studied by Boeing for some years, on the other hand stated that the A330-800 provides Airbus a cost-effective entry to the upper end of the middle of the market. In May 2019, Airbus's chief commercial officer made clear the company has a “rock”, the A321neo, and a “hard place”, the A330-800, for any airframer intending to bring a new airplane into the middle of the market at a time when Boeing was mired in the 737 MAX crisis.

Compared to a 283-seat, 9-abreast 787-9, Airbus claims a 1% lower fuel burn for the -900: 3% higher due to the  higher OEW, but 4% lower due to the  wider wingspan, and 3% lower fuel burn per seat in a 287-seat, 8-abreast configuration, reaching 7% with a 303-seat, 9-abreast layout.

Operators

There were 110 aircraft in service with 22 operators .
The five largest operators of A330neo are Delta Air Lines (23), TAP Air Portugal (19), Condor (10), Lion Air (8) and Azul Brazilian Airlines (6).

On 11 April 2023, Airbus delivered the 100th A330neo, an A330-900, to German airline Condor Flugdienst GmbH, which would lease it from AerCap. To date, the A330neo Family has flown in the liveries of 22 airlines on over 200 routes and destinations worldwide.

List of operators

Former operator:
Thai Lion Air

Orders and deliveries
 Orders and deliveries by type and year A330neo family orders and deliveries by year (cumulative)'

 Orders and deliveries by customer

 Orders and deliveries graph

Specifications

Aircraft model designations

ICAO aircraft type designators

See also

Notes

References

External links

Airbus A330
A330neo
2010s international airliners
Aircraft first flown in 2017
Twinjets
Low-wing aircraft
Wide-body aircraft


title: List of ambassadors of Georgia to Russia

text:
The Georgian ambassador in Moscow was the official representative of the Government in Tbilisi to the Government of Russia.

List of representatives

References

Ambassadors of Georgia (country) to Russia
Russia
Georgia


The Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Sound is an annual merit by the Africa Film Academy to reward films with the most adjured and euphoric sound for the year.

References

Lists of award winners
Africa Movie Academy Awards


title: Stanley Odell

text:
Sir Stanley John Odell (born O'Dell; 20 November 1929 – 21 March 2021) was a British businessman who was Chairman of the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations from 1989 to 1990, an organisation of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom.

Early life
Odell was born on 20 November 1929 in Campton, Bedfordshire, the son of George Frederick O'Dell and Florence May Roberts, and a brother of Audrey Jepps. He was educated at Bedford Modern School.

Career
Odell was Chairman of the Mid Bedfordshire Young Conservatives (1953–59) and Chairman of the Mid Bedfordshire Conservative Association (1964–69). He was Chairman of the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations (1989–90), an organisation of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom, and was President of the Mid Bedfordshire Conservative Association between 1991 and 2005.

Odell was Chairman of the South Bedfordshire Community Health Care NHS Trust (1994–99); the Bedfordshire and Luton Community Health Care NHS Trust (1999–2001); the Mary Seacole Homes for the Homeless in Luton, (1999–2012); and the Anglo-American Committee, Chicksands, (1987–96).

Odell was knighted in 1986. He was an Honorary Fellow of the University of Bedfordshire and an Honorary Fellow of Luton University.

Personal life
Odell was Chairman of the Biggleswade and District Young Farmers' Club (1949–51) and a Founder Playing Member of the Biggleswade Rugby Club in 1949.  He was a Patron of the Friends of Chicksands Priory (1983–2008); Camphill, Bedfordshire (1998–2021); the John Bunyan Museum, Bedford (1999–2021) and was a Churchwarden of Campton Parish Church (1978–91).

Odell's recreations were politics and shooting.  In 1952, he married Eileen Grace Stuart, daughter of Reginald Edward Percival Stuart; they had four daughters.

He died on 21 March 2021 at the age of 91.

References

1929 births
2021 deaths
People from Bedfordshire
People educated at Bedford Modern School
Knights Bachelor
English people of Irish descent


title: The Treasure (2017 film)

text:
The Treasure () is a Hong Kong-Chinese comedy period adventure film directed by Ronald Cheng and Gordon Chan and starring Ronald Cheng, Dayo Wong, Fala Chen and Sharon Hsu. To date, the film is still unreleased.

Cast
Ronald Cheng
Dayo Wong
Fala Chen
Sharon Hsu
Sam Lee
Michael Wong

References

External links

2017 films
2010s adventure comedy films
Chinese adventure comedy films
Films directed by Gordon Chan
Polybona Films films
Chinese 3D films
2017 comedy films


title: Chester Nelsen Jr.

text:
Alfred Chester Nelsen Jr. (August 2, 1922 – December 25, 2018) was an American cyclist. He competed in the individual and team road race events at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

References

1922 births
2018 deaths
American male cyclists
Cyclists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for the United States
Sportspeople from St. Louis


title: Chester Nelsen

text:
Chester Nelsen may refer to:

 Chester Nelsen Sr. (1902–1987), American Olympic cyclist who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics
 Chester Nelsen Jr. (1922–2018), American Olympic cyclist who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics


title: Adalbard

text:
Adalbert I of Ostrevent (died 652) was a 7th-century Frankish nobleman of the court of King Clovis II of France. He is recognized as a saint, and is commemorated on both 2 February (his martyrdom) and 2 May (translation of his relics to Douai in 1221).

Life
Adalbald was the son of Gerberga, daughter of the magister militum Richomer and Gertrude of Hamage (died 649), who founded a nunnery at Wandignies-Hamage near Douai. According to Alban Butler, Adalbald had two brothers, Sigefrid, count of Ponthieu, and Archenald, Mayor of the Palace to Clovis II, son of Dagobert, to whom they were related. His relationship with Merovingian King Dagobert has been proposed to have been through his mother Gerberga, and her putative sister Bertrude (or perhaps Haldetrude, Clothar's first wife). However, Karine Ugé argues that the connection between Adalbald and Erchinoald is a fiction developed by the canons of Saint-Amé (Saint Amatus) at Douai to enhance a connection with Rictrude.

Adalbald was a leading noble and claimed lordship of Douai. He was a disciple of Amand of Maastricht. In 630, Adalbald founded Marchiennes Abbey. During a military expedition in Gascony, he met and married Rictrude of Marchiennes, daughter of Ernoldo, lord of Toulouse, despite the opposition of both families. Although her parents approved, others opposed a marriage to a Frank. The marriage was said to be happy. They had four children: Maurant, abbot of Breuil (died 702); Eusebia of Douai (also known as Ysoie) (died c. 680), abbess of Hamage Abbey near Arras; Adalsinda, a nun at Hamage (died 714); and Clotsinda (died 714). All are venerated as saints.

The couple opened their castle to the poor and disadvantaged. The hermit-monk Richarius was a family friend.  Adalbald's wife made Marchiennes Abbey a double monastery in 643.

Adalbard was assassinated in obscure circumstances in 652, near Périgueux during a subsequent expedition to Aquitaine, probably by his wife's relatives still bitter about the marriage to an enemy of her people. His body was returned to Flanders and buried at Saint-Amand Abbey where he was venerated as a martyr, as his death had taken place in a region which largely had not yet adopted Christianity. His name, however, is not currently mentioned in the liturgical calendars of Cambrai and Lille.

After the death of Adalbald, his brother Archenald (Erkenwald) rebuilt the castle of Douai (which gave rise to the town) and founded the church of Our Lady, now dedicated to  Saint Amatus.

References

7th-century Frankish saints
Year of birth unknown
652 deaths
Assassinated nobility
Colombanian saints


title: Francois Van Coke

text:
Francois Badenhorst, better known by his stage name Francois Van Coke, rose to fame as the front man of South African rock bands Fokofpolisiekar and Van Coke Kartel. On the 8 April 2015, Francois launched his self-titled debut solo album and kicked his solo career into gear with the release of – Toe Vind Ek Jou featuring Karen Zoid. It was the first Afrikaans album and single to simultaneously jump to number one positions on the South African iTunes Store. The song was downloaded more than 20,000 times on iTunes, achieving Platinum status as a single. The music video for "Toe Vind Ek Jou" was viewed over a million times within six-month and was announced as the biggest Afrikaans music video of 2015. His second album, Hierdie is die Lewe followed in 2017 and in 2018 he released a collab-EP, Francois van Coke en Vriende featuring collaborations with Die Heuwels Fantasties, Early B, Laudo Liebenberg and Jack Parow. The first season of his TV show, Die Van Coke Show, aired in 2018. His third solo album, Dagdrome in Suburbia, released in October 2019. He has a daughter named Alex, age , and an infant boy.

Van Coke has always had an affinity for music. Moving to Bellville, Western Cape in early childhood where he grew up, he participated in high school in a battle of the bands competition where he performed the vocals for the band. He was later kicked out of the band, which put him off performing vocals for a while. Van Coke's strong Christian upbringing (his father was a pastor) led him to create the Christian band AS180. Van Coke established himself in the Bellville underground music scene by forming the band "A Guy Called Gerald", which later changed its name to "New World Inside". Van Coke then co-founded the rock band Fokofpolisiekar. The band was initially started as a joke to shock the widely conservative Afrikaans community. Van Coke recalls that, "My mom cried for a day or two when she heard the name of the band". After initial performances his father asked him to change his surname from "Badenhorst" to "Van Coke", as his father, being a minister, was receiving complaints about his son's performances from the local church-going community.

Awards

Best of 2017 accolades
 Jacaranda FM – the biggest songs of 2017
 Texx and the City – Top 10 music videos
 2Oceansvibe Radio – Best of 2017 – Top 20 songs
 Western Cape Bokkies 2017: Award for Male singer of the year.

Francois Van Coke – self-titled debut album (2015)
 Ghoema Awards for: Most Popular Song of the Year – "Toe vind ek jou”"
 Rock Album of the Year, Best Song of the Year – "Toe vind ek jou"
 Digital Album of the Year, Digital song of the year – "Toe vind ek jou"
 The CD was on the Top 20 Best Sellers list in South Africa for at least 12 weeks and also on the Top 30 for 2015.
 OFM Golden Note – Local Song of the Year: "Toe vind ek jou"
 Silver Pendoring - Craft: "Toe vind ek jou" musiekvideo

References

External links

21st-century South African male singers
Living people
South African guitarists
Male guitarists
1980 births
21st-century guitarists
White South African people


title: Portsmouth Cottage Hospital

text:
The Portsmouth Cottage Hospital was the first hospital built in the city of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Opened in 1884, it was one of the first hospitals in New Hampshire, and it served as the city's primary hospital facility until 1986, when Portsmouth Regional Hospital opened. Its 1895 campus has been repurposed to house city offices and the police station, and a senior living facility. A portion of that facility, representing its oldest buildings, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

History
The Portsmouth Cottage Hospital was founded in 1884, and was an outgrowth of charitable impulses that included the operation of almshouses for the poor and needy, and the provision of care for wounded veterans of the American Civil War. The driving force in its founding was Harriet Kimball, the daughter of a local pharmacist. The hospital was originally located at 51 Court Street, in a large house now located in the Strawbery Banke museum complex. That building quickly proved inadequate as a hospital facility, and fundraising began in 1889 for construction of a proper dedicated facility.

Land for the new facility was purchased on the south side of the South Mill Pond, and the core of the hospital complex, a -story brick building designed by Boston architect Harry Ball, was opened in 1895. The hospital was run as a secular charity, providing a significant number of patient stays at no or reduced cost. It received a small amount of funding from the city until 1903. The main building was enlarged several times before 1962, when a more modern facility was built directly adjacent. At that time, the old building was converted to house an outpatient mental health clinic as well as hospital administrative offices. The entire complex was acquired in 1983 by the for-profit Hospital Corporation of America (HCA). HCA opened the Portsmouth Regional Hospital in 1986, closing the old campus.

The city purchased the campus in 1986. The 1962 building and a former nurses' housing building were adapted to house city offices and its main police station. The original 1895 building was converted in 2004 into a senior living facility by the Portsmouth Housing Authority (PHA) and renamed “Connors Cottage” after Timothy Joseph “Ted” Connors, two-time Portsmouth mayor, and Director of PHA who championed saving the aging hospital and converting it to senior housing. Connors was born in the Cottage Hospital in 1937.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

Hospital buildings completed in 1895
Hospital buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Colonial Revival architecture in New Hampshire
Buildings and structures in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
1884 establishments in New Hampshire
Defunct hospitals in New Hampshire


title: Clotilde Luisi

text:
Clotilde Luisi (1882-1969) was the first female lawyer in Uruguay. She was also a professor, pedagogue, translator, feminist activist, and the first Uruguayan woman to study at the Faculty of Law of the University of the Republic.

Biography
Born in Paysandú in 1882, Luisi was the daughter of Angel Luisi Pisano, an Italian emigre, and Josefina Janicki, daughter of Polish exiles in France. She had two sisters, Luisa and Paulina.

Luisi attended the Normal Institute for Girls in Montevideo and completed the qualifications for Normal Teacher of Primary Instruction.  In 1900, with a scholarship awarded by the Institute for Deaf-Mute Children of Buenos Aires, she moved to this city to study methods for teaching disabled children. Two years later, having successfully passed her examinations in this subject area, she returned home and entered the University of the Republic. From 1906 to 1911, she studied Law and Social Science and took her Advocate's degree, being the first woman in Uruguay to do so. Subsequently, she was sent to Europe to represent Uruguay at the Conference of Deaf-Mute Teachers held in Rome. On her return home, she was appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy and Religion in the Normal Institute for Girls. Later, after organizing the library of the Law School of the University of the Republic, she was appointed to a professorship in that school. When the Women's University was founded in 1913 in Montevideo, Luisi became the first dean, a position which she occupied until 1919. She wrote on historical and philosophical subjects, and translated several philosophical works into Spanish. She also wrote stories in the "fantastic" vein. Her work was part of the literature event in the art competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

Luisi died in Montevideo in 1969.

Selected works
 1953, Regreso y otros cuentos
 1958, Treinta jovenes poetas italianos (with José María Podestá)

See also
 First woman lawyers around the world

References

1882 births
1969 deaths
Uruguayan women lawyers
Uruguayan educators
Uruguayan feminists
People from Paysandú
University of the Republic (Uruguay) alumni
Uruguayan people of Italian descent
Uruguayan people of Polish descent
Uruguayan women writers
Olympic competitors in art competitions


title: Richard Oetker

text:
Richard Oetker (born 4 January 1951) is a German billionaire heir and businessman, who in 2010 became CEO of multinational food processing company Dr. Oetker. In 1976 he was kidnapped by Dieter Zlof, a Slovene-born mechanic, and only released after a substantial ransom was paid. As of October 2021, his net worth was estimated at US$2.7 billion.

Career
He was born in Bielefeld to Rudolf August Oetker (1916–2007) and Susanne Jantsch (1922–2012); his siblings are August Oetker the Younger, Bergit Countess Douglas, and Christian Oetker. He studied agronomy and brewing at the Technical University of Munich and has held various positions at Dr. Oetker since 1981, the year his father retired as CEO. He has been married twice and has two children.

Kidnapping
On 14 December 1976, the 25-year-old student was kidnapped by 34-year-old Dieter Zlof, a Slovene-born mechanic who locked him into a crate and linked his feet and wrists to manacles that would give him electric shocks if he screamed or tried to break out. While Oetker was 1.94 metres (6'4") tall, the crate was 1.45 metres (4'9") long and 70 cm (28") wide. In the early hours of 15 December, a noise sparked off a near fatal shock that broke Oetker's thighs and two of his ribs as he thumped against the crate. His screams prolonged the shocks by ten seconds, and the pain was such that he briefly wanted to die.

He was freed for DM21 million, the highest ransom then paid in Germany. The abduction had lasted 47 hours by the time he was found in an Opel Commodore on 16 December. Zlof was arrested on 30 January 1979 on circumstantial evidence. Though he did not plead guilty, he received the maximum penalty – fifteen years in prison – on 9 June 1980.

In May 1997, Zlof, who had buried the ransom in a forest around 30 km (20 miles) southeast of Munich, went to England to swap mouldy banknotes worth DM12.5 million for usable money. The rest had mouldered away in its cache. He was re-arrested, served out a two-year sentence, and confessed to the kidnapping in a 1997 autobiography which was written by his barrister’s wife.

Oetker still suffers from the injuries he sustained in the crate. He spent four years on crutches, had several operations until 1994, and relearned to stand and walk. His lung had also been damaged as a result of his squatting inside the crate for hours on end.

Dance with the Devil
The 2001 film Dance with the Devil () revolves around Oetker's ransom. It stars Sebastian Koch as Richard Oetker, Tobias Moretti as investigator Helmut Bauer (who the script renames Georg Kufbach), and Christoph Waltz as Dieter Cilov. Zlof's name was altered for legal reasons.

See also
List of kidnappings

References

Further reading
 Nicole Amelung. Die Entführung (Lesani-Medienverlag, 1997).
 Rüdiger Jungbluth. Die Oetkers – Geschäft und Geheimnisse der bekanntesten Wirtschaftsdynastie Deutschlands (Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, 2004). .

External links

Richard Oetker: Executive Profile & Biography – Businessweek
Dance With the Devil – betafilm.com

1951 births
20th-century German businesspeople
21st-century German businesspeople
Businesspeople from Bielefeld
Formerly missing people
Living people
People from the Province of Westphalia
Dr. Oetker people
German people taken hostage
German billionaires


title: A Talk

text:
A Talk is the third extended play (EP) by South Korean singer Hyuna. It was released on July 28, 2014, by Cube Entertainment and distributed by Universal Music. The physical album was released a day later on July 29. The EP consists of five tracks and incorporates elements of Pop, R&B and Hip Hop. To promote the EP, Hyuna appeared on several South Korean music programs, including Music Bank, Show! Music Core and Inkigayo. "Red" was released as the title track for the EP.

Background and release
On June 26, 2014, Cube Entertainment announced that Hyuna would be releasing her third solo EP. A reality documentary program, Sexy Queen, was produced to show her preparation and promotional activities for the album release.  On July 15, the name of the TV show was changed from Sexy Queen to Hyuna's Free Month, and aired its first episode on July 21 on SBS MTV.

Hyuna performed the EP's lead single "Red" (빨개요; Ppalgaeyo) and the EP's B-side track "Blacklist" on music shows starting on July 25 on KBS's Music Bank, MBC's Show! Music Core, SBS's Inkigayo and Mnet's M! Countdown.

Reception
On August 6, 2014, Hyuna won her first ever music show award on MBC Music's Show Champion for "Red", and won on the same show again the following week.

Despite calling "Red" "fifty shades of messy," Lucas Villa of AXS praised Hyuna for delivering a "club banger that would make Miley proud." Rolling Stone named "Red" number 5 on their year-end list of the top ten music videos of 2014.

Commercial performance
A Talk entered and peaked at number 3 on the Gaon Album Chart on the chart issue dated July 27 – August 2, 2014. A Talk charted at number 17 on the Gaon Album Chart for the month of July 2014 with 8,183 copies sold.

The title track "Red" entered and peaked at number 3 on the Gaon Digital Chart on the chart issue dated July 27 – August 2, 2014 with 221,261 downloads sold – topping the componing Download Chart – and 3,230,615 streams. In the same week, "Blacklist", the EP's B-side track also entered the Digital Chart at number 70.

Track listing

Charts

Albums chart

Sales and certifications

Awards and nominations

Music program awards

Release history

References

Hyuna albums
2014 EPs
Korean-language EPs
Dance-pop EPs
Cube Entertainment EPs


title: Pronatura

text:
Pronatura may refer to:

 Pronatura México, Mexican environmental conservation group
 Pronatura Noreste, one of six regional offices of Pronatura México
 Pro-Natura International, Paris-based environmental and poverty alleviation NGO
 Pro Natura (Switzerland), Switzerland's oldest environmental organisation


title: USS PC-598

text:
The USS PC-598 was a 173ft (approx. 54m) metal hulled  in the United States Navy. The submarine chaser fought in the Pacific Theatre during World War II, and was converted to an amphibious landing control vessel during the war, reclassified as a Patrol Craft-Control (PCC). It participated in six amphibious invasions as a control vessel during the war.

Commissioning
PC-598 was commissioned in Portland, Oregon on 5 March 1943, and was commanded by Lieutenant Benjamin V. Harrison, Jr. The ship left the Commercial Iron Works pier on the Willamette River on 13 March for Astoria with its crew, arriving in Seattle on the 15 March. In Seattle, it took on provisions and munitions, and the crew received additional anti-aircraft gunnery training. On 31 March the ship test fired its 3"/50, 40 mm and 20 mm guns off Marrowstone Point. The ship was then relocated to San Diego, arriving on 18 April. PC-598 then moved on to San Francisco, arriving on 5 May, loaded its stores and departed for Pearl Harbor on 9 May.

Hawaii, Midway and Canton
PC-598 arrived at Pearl Harbor on 16 May, 1943 and spent the next two months towing targets and picket duty on the sonar "ping line", and patrolling for enemy submarines near Pearl Harbor. On the 7th of August, the ship sailed to Palmyra Atoll and Canton Island, and crossed the equator at 167 degrees west on 13 August, with the new crew being initiated into the Ancient Order of the Deep by the existing members known as "shellbacks". The crew enjoyed the beach at Canton and returned to Pearl Harbour on 25 August, thirteen days later. The following day Lieutenant Harrison was relieved of command, and Lieutenant William H. Taylor assumed command of the ship.

The months of September, October and November 1943 were spent patrolling and escorting ships between Midway Island and Pearl Harbor, including the fleet oilier Neshanic and the transport William Ward Burrows. The submarine chaser spent the Thanksgiving of 1943 at Midway Island.  The ship was docked at Pearl Harbor for an engine overhaul on 9 December, which was completed on 12 days later on 21 December in preparation to head towards harms way in the Western Pacific.

Makin, Espiritu Santo and Fiji

On 31 January 1944 the ship was underway from Pearl Harbor to Espiritu Santo, escorting the cargo ship Vega and the Liberty ship Mary Bickerdyke. The first stop was in Makin Atoll, Gilbert Islands on 9 February. At Makin were the US ships Hydrographer, there to survey the lagoon and anchorages, and the destroyer Capps, late of Scapa Flow. Departing the atoll on 13 February, the ship stopped briefly at Funafuti on 16 February, anchoring and taking fuel and water from the minesweeper, YMS-290. The ship departed Funafuti on 16 February, detouring to collect the tanker Gulfbird and escort it to Espiritu Santo, to enter Selwyn Straight in the New Hebrides on 20 February. That same day, unable to raise anchor, 45 fathoms of chain and the anchor were cut loose and marked with a buoy to be recovered later by the tug Rail, a Pearl Harbor survivor. On 27 February the ship was degaussed at Espiritu Santo to reduce the risk of detonating magnetic mines.

Training

Force 7 winds and rough seas removed the upper racks Mousetrap and capstan control on 4 March. PC-598 spent 7–9 March hunting for a reported enemy submarine with the destroyer Coolbaugh, later determined to be a wild goose chase. The storm damage to the capstan was finally repaired 25 March. The same day the crew test fired their 20mm Oerlikon guns at a towed sleeve in company with SC-502 and SC-639, finding the new Mark 14 sights produced poor results compared to the previous method involving the use of tracers. During March, the sub chaser escorted an odd assortment of ships to and from collection and dispersal points near Espritu Santo, including the transports Naos and Lyra, a US Army cargo vessel F-53, the tanker Cape Hatteras, the cargo vessel Tjibesar and a Dutch merchant ship Boschfontein. On 26 March the ship headed for Suva, Fiji with two Liberty ships, Ethan A. Hitchcock and Edwin Meredith. Edwin Meredith peeled off on its own on 29 March, but Ethan A. Hitchcock continued on with the sub chaser to Suva, arriving 30 March. PC-598 then proceeded solo to Vunda Point at Viti Levu Island.

The PC returned from the Fiji Islands to Espritu Santo on 3 April, in company with the tanker Egg Harbor. April was spent operating in the area of Espiritu Santo, principally on escort duty in the company of other tankers including Soledad, Pequot Hill, [[SS Crater Lake|Crater Lake]], Sparrow's Point, Stanvac Capetown and Charlestown. The sole exception was time spent with the ammunition ship Mauna Loa, escorted 27–28 April. Writing with the same style that won him the 1935 Pulitzer Prize reporting on the America’s Cup yacht race for the New York Herald Tribune, Captain Taylor referred to this period in the ship's War Diary as "dull, monotonous duty in dismal surroundings in areas remote from any likelihood of meeting enemy action".

The ship was able to briefly hone its ASW (anti-submarine warfare) skills on 7 April, practicing on a live submarine, S-31, a World War I era submarine returned to active service. The submarine also played a leading role in the 1933 MGM movie Hell Below.

While at Espiritu Santo, PC-598 continued training exercises, working again with S-31 on 1 and 2 May, anti-aircraft practice with the sub chaser SC-1327 on 5 May and attack and recognition classes for the crew on 8 May. Beginning 9 May, PC-598 spent 4 days patrolling the Wawa Channel and then began a routine overhaul alongside Oceanus that lasted until 19 May, during which the pesky Mark 4 sights were removed.

 Cruising with the Free French Navy

On 22 May the ship left for Guadalcanal escorting a convoy under the command of Savorgnan de Brazza, a Free French ship which had sunk a Vichy sister ship of the same class in the Battle of Gabon in 1940 and rescued 76 survivors of the British ship Clan Macarthur, sunk in 1943 by a German submarine east of Madagascar. The convoy included the tanker Cape Pillar, the Liberty ship Richard Moczkowski and the U.S. Army transport William R. Gibson. The convoy arrived safely at Guadalcanal on 25 May and PC-598 returned to Espiritu Santo to collect another.

 Marine airmen rescued at sea

On 30 May things got a bit more exciting for the ship. While escorting Kalita from Espiritu Santo to Guadalcanal, PC-598 rescued two USMC airmen from a downed Gruman TBF-1 Avenger out of Turtle Bay Field, Espiritu Santo. The plane, part of Marine Torpedo Bombing Squadron 232 (VMTB-232), was on a routine flight but got lost in bad weather, ran low on gasoline and its crew decided to ditch the plane near the convoy. The rescued crewmen were 1st Lieutenant A. J. Aune and Sergeant L. J. Eickhoff.

The convoy arrived safely on 1 June and the ship spent the next five days moored in Tulagi Harbor at Florida Island near Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. For the remainder of June 1944, PC-598 patrolled off Guadalcanal and escorted ships, including the Victory ship Canada Victory, later sunk by a kamikaze at Okinawa in April 1945, the Liberty ship Paul Revere, the cargo vessel Arided and Norwegian freighter Narvik. On 22 June Lieutenant (jg) Leo Hackney took command of the ship and Lieutenant Taylor was transferred to the Submarine Chaser Training Center in Miami.

 Conversion to Patrol Craft – Control (PCC)

The ship returned to Espiritu Santo on 4 July, screening a convoy. For the rest of July the ship remained moored at Espiritu Santo and the crew received gunnery, recognition and firefighting training at the island’s "Coconut College". Although not officially reclassified as such until after the end of the war, it was here the ship was modified to accommodate its new role as a Patrol Craft – Control (PCC). Thirty-five PCs were converted to Patrol Craft – Control (PCC) for use in amphibious landing operations. Extra personnel (eight radiomen, two signalmen, one quartermaster and two communications officers), accommodations and communications equipment were added, the weight compensated for by removal of other equipment. Near the end of the war, twin-mount 20 mm guns replaced the single mount 20s. In addition, the PCCs were fitted with improved SU radar. PCs proved exceptionally adept as Control Vessels, guiding waves of landing craft during numerous amphibious landings in the European and Pacific Theaters. In the Pacific, the PCCs were assigned to the Seventh Fleet and participated in all of MacArthur's island-hopping.

 The Solomon Islands

On 4 August 1944 PC-598 left Espiritu Santo for Guadalcanal escorting the cargo ship Antares, arriving 6 August. The ship moored at various locations including Tulagi Harbor, Port Purvis, Gavona Inlet, McFarland Point and the Russell Islands over the next 12 days.

 Death of a shipmate

On 17 August the ship was anchored in Anonyma Cove at the Russell Islands when SM3c Galen R. Dielman was fatally wounded by gun fire from the beach off Pavuvu, which was being used as a staging area for the 1st Marine Division. It was later determined the sailor was killed by a bullet fired from a Marine rifle range on the island. Last rites were held in honor of Dielman aboard ship by Navy Chaplain Lieutenant Davis from the amphibious force command ship Mount McKinley. Dielman was buried ashore.

From 18 to 25 August the ship ran between the Russell Islands and Florida Island. Between 26 and 29 August PC-598 was involved in practice landings as a control ship off Cape Esperance, Guadalcanal in preparation for the upcoming invasion of Peleliu. Among the ships involved in the exercise was SC-669, the only SC class subchaser to receive credit for sinking an enemy submarine, I-178. The end of August saw PC-598 moored at Purvis Bay, Florida Islands.

 Invasion of Peleliu

On 4 September 1944, PC-598 formed up with the Tractor Group of the Western Attack Force and began anti-submarine screening on the way to the Invasion of Peleliu. The convoy arrived at Peleliu in the early morning of 15 September. The invasion plan called for the 1st Marine Division to assault the beachhead with three regiments. The 1st Marine Regiment (under the command of Colonel "Chesty" Puller) would be on the left flank, assaulting beaches White 1 and White 2. In the center would be the 5th Marine Regiment assaulting beaches Orange 1 and Orange 2. The right flank would be held by the 7th Marine Regiment assaulting Orange 3.

At 0630 the Beachmaster and Communications team, Marine observers and newspaper correspondents arrived aboard. Acting as a guide ship for White Beach 2, the ship advanced from the line of departure and moved toward the beach. They bombarded the shore with 46 rounds from their 3"/50 caliber gun, then advanced to the transfer line. The PC remained there as control ship for the LCIs and LVTs of the 1st Marine Division en route to the beachhead. At 0905 the ship assumed guide ship duties for the entire White Beach landing area and remained there overnight.

 Burial at sea

The following day, 16 September, the ship was relieved of control duty. The Beachmaster and Communications team left the ship which was then assigned to the anti-submarine screen for the LST Tractor Group at Peleliu until 25 September. While on the screen on 19 September, the ship stopped to identify a floating corpse, which was determined to be that of an American marine. A thorough search of body revealed no identification whatsoever, the body being in such a state that no fingerprints were possible. The crew weighted and sank the body with a length of anchor chain in accordance with instructions from the destroyer Hazelwood.

Late in the day on 26 September, the LST Tractor Group formed in cruising disposition and proceeded to New Guinea. The Tractor Group arrived at Hollandia, New Guinea on 30 September and anchored in Humboldt Bay.

 Aftermath

The Battle of Peleliu remains controversial due to the island's lack of strategic value and a casualty rate which exceeded all other amphibious operations during the Pacific War. The 1st Marine Division was severely mauled and remained out of action until the invasion of Okinawa. On Peleliu, the 1st Marine Division suffered over 6,500 casualties, over a third of the division. The 81st Infantry Division suffered nearly 1,400 casualties while on the island. The Japanese defenders, consisting of an estimated 10,500 men, were annihilated, but would have lacked the means to interfere with US operations in the Pacific if the island had been by-passed, as had many other Japanese garrisons. Although deemed an essential stepping stone to the Philippines at the time, Peleliu never played a key role in subsequent US operations, but did show Americans the pattern of future Japanese island defense and provided experience in assaulting heavily fortified positions such as they would find again at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.

 Hollandia, New Guinea

October 1944 was a busy month for the ship. She began the month moored in the great anchorage of Humboldt Bay, the staging base for Leyte Island in the Philippines, the next invasion. Between 1 and 10 October she replenished her fuel and water and effected repairs to the ship. She was often moored alongside sister control vessels, including PC-623, PC-1119 and PC-1129. In late October 1944, both PC-623 and PC-1119 would participate in the rescue of 1150 survivors of Task Unit 77.4.3 ("Taffy 3") from the carrier Gambier Bay and the destroyers Samuel B. Roberts and Hoel, lost during the Battle off Samar Island. PC-1129 was sunk 31 January 1945 during Operation Mike VI by a Japanese Shinyo "suicide boat" off Nasugbu, while serving as flagship for the control unit, TU 78.2.7.

11 October found PC-598 at Pier #1 in Hollandia. Corporal Howard F. Klawitter, U.S. Army Photographer reported aboard for temporary duty assigned by the Sixth Army to accompany the ship and photograph the Leyte landings. On the same day, the wooden hulled subchaser, SC-648 was moored to starboard side. Theodore R. Treadwell, author of Splinter Fleet: The Wooden Subchasers of World War II, served aboard SC-648 for two years, including nine months as commanding officer.

On 12 October PC-598 took part in training exercises as a landing control ship in preparation for the Leyte Island landings. The ship moored later that day in Hollandia Bay outboard of Murzim, a cargo ship used as an ammunition station ship. Manned by a United States Coast Guard crew, Murzim is the only US Navy ship in wartime whose crew was ordered to "abandon ship" while dockside. Alex Haley, author of Roots: The Saga of an America Family, served aboard her during the war.

 Invasion of Leyte

The next day, 13 October 1944, PC-598 took on fuel and lube oil from USS Derrick (YO-59) and proceeded to form up with Task Force 78.1, the Palo Attack Group of the Northern Attack Force headed for the invasion of Leyte. PC-598 took position 300 yards behind PC-623 in the control ship column. On 17 October, the ship relieved the Royal Australian Navy destroyers Arunta, responsible for sinking Japanese submarine Ro-33 in August 1942, and Warramunga as each refueled, and then returned to her position in the convoy.

The Northern Attack Force, which was delivering the 1st Cavalry Division and the 24th Infantry Division of the 6th Army's X Corp, took a week to arrive at Leyte Gulf. PC-598 entered San Pedro Bay with the Northern Attack Force at 0740 on 20 October. By 0820 she closed with the attack transport Dupage to collect Lieut. E.E. Boelhauf, who was later also a Beach Control Officer at Okinawa, and his communication party. She proceeded to her assigned station on Red Beach and anchored at 0902. The first wave steamed by at 0943. After the last wave passed at 1128, the Beach Control Officer and communications team left the ship.

 MacArthur returns to the Philippines

At 1330 the landing area was secure enough for General Douglas MacArthur to stride from a landing craft through knee deep surf onto Red Beach, keeping his promise to return to the Philippines. By mid-afternoon, PC-598 repositioned closer to the landing area and waited for orders from Blue Ridge, the amphibious landing command ship for the Northern Attack Force. By 1815 they left their position at Red Beach under orders to report to the Commander of LCI Flotilla 7 and provide screening for the transport area.

Two days later, on the morning of 23 October, while maneuvering to go alongside tank landing ship LST-465, the subchaser hit a reef that was "improperly charted and buoyed". The stern of the ship grounded in the gravel of the reef. By noon, with assistance from the tug Quapaw, the ship was floated off the reef. Inspection showed only slight damage to screws. The PC refueled and took on water from LST-465. By 1600 they were underway with the patrol frigate Carson City and PC-1129 to rendezvous with LST Flotilla 23 and provide an escort back to Hollandia.

 Aftermath
In all 132,000 troops were landed on Leyte. Fearing that the loss of the Philippines would result in the loss of shipping lanes to their oil supplies in South East Asia, the Japanese committed the remnants of the Imperial Japanese Navy in what would become the greatest naval battle in history, the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Between 23 and 26 October 1944, there were four separate engagements: the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, the Battle of Surigao Strait, the Battle off Cape Engaño and the Battle off Samar, as well as other actions. In four days of fighting the Japanese lost 26 of their finest ships: three battleships, one large carrier, three light carriers, six heavy cruisers, four light cruisers and nine destroyers, ending Japan's dream of being a naval power.

 Return to Hollandia, New Guinea

 Convoy attacked by submarine
Near midnight on 24 October 1944, the convoy was in the Philippine Sea east of Mindanao. Two explosions were heard and PC-598 went to General Quarters. LST-695 had been torpedoed by the . 20 hours later and 175 miles to the north-east, I-56 would torpedo the carrier Santee during the Battle of Leyte Gulf. I-56 was eventually sunk by five destroyers and aircraft from the carrier Bataan east of Okinawa on 18 April 1945.

LST-986 commenced to tow the disabled LST-695. Together with LST-170 they formed an independent LST Group and were escorted by PC-598 to Peleliu, arriving on 27 October, where the injured were hospitalized. Leaving with the two undamaged LSTs, PC-598 returned to Hollandia and arrived at Humboldt Bay on 30 October, mooring alongside the Destroyer Repair Base Dock. Corporal Klawitter was detached from his temporary duty aboard PC-598 on 31 October. He died later in the war from wounds sustained in combat.

 Dry dock repairs and recovery

The first four days of November were spent in the floating dry dock AFD-24 for repairs to the ship, most likely the damage caused by running aground at Leyte on 23 October. With its propellers and shafts removed to allow repairs, on 5 November the ship was towed from dry dock to the Destroyer Repair Base Dock at Hollandia. There she was moored starboard side to SC-744, which would be sunk within a month by a kamikaze at Leyte Gulf. Eleven days later, on 16 November, the PC returned under tow by LCMs to AFD-24 for dry docking and underwater repairs which were completed around midnight. The next day, the ship left dry dock and returned under its own power to the Destroyer Repair Base dock where it remained through the end of November. Lieutenant (jg) Clarence S. Rose Jr., the ship's Executive Officer, was ordered to take command on 19 November. Lieutenant Hackney, was detached from duty as commanding officer and left the ship.

During the first three weeks of December, the ship lay anchored in Humboldt Bay or moored along Liberty dock #1 in Hollandia. 18 December was spent at the firing range, holding anti-aircraft practice and running the degaussing range. The ship received replacement crew members and replenished supplies, water and fuel. Late on 22 December they left Hollandia to proceed to Aitape, New Guinea under orders to join the Seventh Amphibious Force, which was forming for the invasion of Lingayen Gulf, Luzon in the Philippines.

 Exercises off Aitape PC-598 arrived at Aitape the next day and anchored in Ataipe Road. On the day before Christmas 1944, Captain Stephen G. Barchet, former commanding officer of the submarine Argonaut, reported aboard to assume the duties of Senior Control Officer for White Beach at the Lingayen Gulf landings. Captain Barchet served as Operations Officer for the 7th Amphibious Force in the Pacific. In this assignment he coordinated planning and supervised operations of approximately 1,000 ships, consisting of cruisers, destroyers, transports and landing craft. These operations included the assault landings at Lingayen Gulf.

On the day after Christmas, Lieutenant William H. Moore, USNR reported aboard for temporary additional duty with a six-man communications team to participate in the landing rehearsal at Aitape, scheduled for 27 December. On board to watch the exercise was Brigadier General Alexander N. Stark, Jr., Deputy Commander of the 43rd Infantry Division which would make the White Beach landing at San Fabian in the Lingayen Gulf on 9 January 1945.

 En route to Luzon

The landing exercise completed, PC-598 was underway the next day, 28 December, as part of the anti-submarine screen for the Luzon Attacking Force from Aitepe, New Guinea. While en route, on 31 December, the ship delivered mail from Blue Ridge to ships in the convoy, including tank landing ship LST-466, the attack transports Cavalier, DuPage, Fayette, and Fuller, cargo ships Auriga, Indus, and Aquarius and the destroyer Braine. On 22 May 1945, while on picket duty near Okinawa, Braine was struck by two kamikazes. Eight officers and 59 enlisted men were killed. 102 others were wounded, 50 seriously enough to be hospitalized. Braine suffered the highest casualty rate of the war for any destroyer that was not actually sunk.

 Naval mine sighted and sunk

New Year's Day 1945 saw PC-598 screening for the San Fabian Attack Force. At 1756, they sighted a floating mine about 1000 yards off the port bow. The ship maneuvered to the vicinity of the mine and waited for the convoy to pass. Firing both 20 mm rounds and .30 caliber rifle bullets, the mine was sunk. It was a spherical type, judged to weigh 450 pounds and believed to be an enemy mine, as the horns were 10 to 12 inches long.

 Last surface ship engagement of World War II

The San Fabian Attack Force continued on to the Lingayen Gulf during the first week of 1945. PC-598 screened the convoy and periodically delivered mail among the ships, including officers mail on 6 January to the attack transports Fayette, Freemont and DuPage, which was struck by a kamikaze four days later, killing 35 and wounding 103. On 7 January PC-598 refueled and took on water from the fleet oiler Pecos, a more fortunate ship. That night, at 2245, destroyers from the starboard side of the anti-submarine screen were observed firing at a surface target about 11 miles away. Destroyers Ausburne, Braine, Russell, and Shaw were sinking the Japanese destroyer Hinoki, lost with all hands while attempting to escape from Manila Bay. This proved to be the last engagement between surface ships of World War II.

 Invasion of Lingayen Gulf

 Flagship for Commander Task Unit 78.1.7

On 9 January 1945 the San Fabian Attack Force commenced the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf at 0345. Released from anti-submarine duties at 0630, PC-598 assumed the duties of Senior Control Vessel, acting as Flagship for CTU 78.1.7 at its assigned position on the line of departure for White Beaches, 4,000 yards off shore. Naval and Army officers and their staffs came aboard to use the ship as an observation and control center. Landing operations were controlled by Captain Barchet, who had been on board the ship since New Guinea.

The first wave of the 43rd Infantry Division was dispatched towards the beach at 0902. By 1840 the PC was anchored 2000 yards off shore near White Beach 2. The ship's crew sighted three enemy aircraft and fired at one plane which escaped flying very high.PC-598 remained anchored near the White Beaches, occasionally maneuvering to support operations. Near midnight on 11 January the ship came under fire from beach installations with shrapnel falling nearby from shell bursts in the air. The enemy guns were silenced within minutes by counter fire from destroyers in the Gulf. Captain Barchet and his control communications team left the ship on 15 January, replaced by Lieutenant Commander J.B. Avery who had been assisting Barchet since 14 January. The ship continued as flagship for Commander Task Unit 78.1.7 and later 78.1.11 until 28 January. On 29 January the ship was relieved of its duties and reported alongside the landing craft repair ship Amycus for minor repairs, which were completed by the morning of 31 January. That evening PC-598 reported for duty as a screen vessel for a convoy departing from the Lingayen Gulf to Leyte.

 Aftermath
Over 200,000 soldiers were landed in the Lingayen Gulf during this period. American naval forces suffered relatively heavy losses, particularly to their convoys, due to kamikaze attacks. During the first two weeks in January, a total of 24 ships were sunk and another 67 were damaged by kamikazes, including the battleships , New Mexico and Colorado, the Australian heavy cruiser Australia, the light cruiser Columbia, and the destroyers Long and Hovey. Following the landings, the Lingayen Gulf became a vast supply depot to support the Battle of Luzon.

 Return to the Solomons

The convoy from Lingayen Gulf arrived in San Pedro Bay, near Leyte, on 2 February 1945 where Captain Rose reported to CTF 78 on Blue Ridge. The ship took on stores, fuel and water and anchored for the night off Samar Island. The next day the convoy left at 1800 to Guadalcanal via the Admiralty Islands. On 14 February PC-598 passed the entrance nets to Seeadler Harbor at Manus in the Admiralty Islands where three months earlier the ammunition ship Mount Hood exploded, killing all aboard her, obliterating the ship and sinking or severely damaging 22 other nearby ships.

Once more the ship's fuel, water and supplies were replenished. PC-598 was underway again in the company of other patrol craft on 16 February and arrived off Lunga Point, Guadalcanal on 20 February. At Guadalcanal, Communications team #55 commanded by Lieutenant (jg) P.W. Cochran reported aboard for temporary duty and the ship was ordered by CinCPac to report as a control vessel to ComPhib Group 4. On 21 February the ship visited the Florida Islands, anchored in Govana Inlet and later made its way to the Egan Bluff water hole at Port Purvis to take on water.PC-598 spent the last eight days of February anchored at various locations at Purvis Bay, Florida Islands in "nests of ships" including the tank landing ships LST-220, later used as a target vessel for atomic bomb test "Able" during Operation Crossroads in the summer of 1946, LST 213, involved in the rescue of survivors after the sinking of Gambier Bay during the Battle off Samar and LST-698, the subject of the book LSTs, the Ships with the BIG MOUTH and what made these ships so essential in island actions of World War II (1944–45) written by a crew member, Homer Haswell. PC-598 spent six of these days alongside the repair ship Briareus undergoing voyage repairs and installing new control equipment.

 Tractor Group Baker to the Ryukyus

The first six days of March, PC-598 participated in training exercises off Cape Esperance, Guadalcanal in preparation for the landings in Okinawa. The ship then retired to Govana Inlet, Florida Islands for repairs provided by AFD-14. Late in the evening of 9 March, the ship joined Tractor Group Baker en route to the Russell Islands, arriving 11 March at Macquitti Bay. By 18 March Tractor Group Baker was once again on the move, this time to Ulithi in the Western Carolina Islands.

On 21 March, the sub chaser passed into Ulithi Harbor via Mugai Channel and anchored in the northern anchorage. While at Ulithi, the ship replenished stores from the non-self propelled storage barge, IX-151 and took water from the new distilling ship, Abatan, which provided potable water to landing craft, patrol vessels and escort ships unable to produce their own water. Like many smaller ships, PCs could not produce their own fresh water and were reliant on larger vessels for drinking water.

Just before noon on 25 March, Lieutenant Vrooman, Blue Beach Control Officer, came aboard for the last leg of the journey to Okinawa. The submarine chaser then joined the anti-submarine screen for Tractor Group Baker, en route from Ulithi to the Ryukyus. The Tractor Group arrived at the Ryukyus on 31 March. Late that afternoon, PC-598 pulled alongside LST-834 refueled and replenished water. LST-834 is the central figure in Waddling to War by Bob Shannon.

At 1728, as PC-598 began the transition from anti-submarine screening to control vessel duties, the crew dropped eight Mousetraps (ASW Mark 20 anti-submarine rockets) and their fuzes overboard.

 Battle of Okinawa

1 April 1945 was both Easter Sunday and April Fool's Day, a coincidence not unremarked on by the crew of PC-598. It also marked the start of Operation Iceberg, the invasion of Okinawa. Released from screening duty at 0405, PC-598 proceeded to the line of departure at Blue Beach to serve as the Control Vessel. While approaching the line, several Japanese dive bombers, Aichi D3A "VALS", were seen attacking the ships. One VAL approaching from the beach came within range of the ship's guns and the sub chaser opened fire. Hits were observed and the plane caught fire and crashed into the sea.
 PC-598 anchored at its assigned station with Lt. Vrooman acting as Blue Beach Control Officer. Various Naval and Marine officers came aboard to use the ship as a control center during the landing phase of the operation. The first assault wave was dispatched at 0800. The 7th Marine Regiment (1st Marine Division) was assigned to Blue Beaches 1 and 2, and landed with its 1st and 2nd Battalions abreast followed by the 3rd Battalion. By early afternoon, the ship maneuvered 1000 yards closer to Blue Beach and anchored for the night. The ship continued to act as Blue Beach Control Vessel until 5 April when it was detached and reassigned as Purple Beach Control Vessel in early afternoon.

 Kamikaze onslaught begins
The Japanese kamikaze onslaught against U.S. ships off Okinawa begins in earnest on 6 April. The ship, anchored and serving as Purple Beach Control Vessel, along with the rest of the fleet, is under attack from numerous airplanes. The ship’s guns fire on two VALS in range, downing one into the sea.

Suicide attacks by planes at Okinawa sank 26 U.S. war and merchant ships and damaged 225 others. On 6 April alone, six ships were sunk at Okinawa including the destroyers Bush and Colhoun, the minesweeper Emmons, and the cargo ships Hobbs Victory and Logan Victory. Many more were damaged. In the midst of this inferno, PC-598 is forced to maneuver to avoid a flaming gasoline barge drifting in the direction of the ship. Kamikaze attacks continued throughout the remainder of the war expending 1,900 Japanese planes and pilots.

 Control Vessel for TransRon 16

Except for a one-day excursion on 24 April to Kerama Retto, a protected anchorage to the west, PC-598 remained anchored off the Hagushi landing beaches on the west coast of Okinawa through most of April, serving as Control Vessel for the unloading of Transportation Squadron 16. On 9 April, Lieutenant Commander Dawes, USNR came aboard as Control Officer at Purple Beach to supervise the unloading. Relieved of control duty on 11 April, the ship proceeded to Coronis for repairs which were completed 14 April after which the ship returned to its control duties. On 18 April Commander Quine, USN came aboard as Control Officer. During April, nightly attacks were made by enemy aircraft on the ships lying at anchor off the Hagushi landing areas. On each occasion the Control Vessel concealed itself in smoke and withheld fire.

 Nago Bay

The ship was relieved of its Control Vessel assignment on 30 April and ordered to Nago Wan (Nago Bay), Okinawa. While at Nago Wan on 2 May, Lieutenant (jg) Rose was relieved of command of the ship and replaced by Lieutenant (jg) Raymond C. Chaisson, USNR, previously the Executive Officer.

On 5 May PC 598 was moored port side to the landing craft support ship LCS-62 in order to take on water. After the initial landing bombardment, LCS-62 had been assigned to picket ship duty on stations 25–80 miles off the main invasion beaches of Okinawa to intercept Japanese planes and to warn the main forces of the approach of enemy aircraft. Typical of many of the radar picket ships, LCS-62 survived over 150 air raids and went to general quarters over 200 times before the campaign ended.

 Mail and taxi service

On 9 May the submarine chaser was ordered to Ie Shima where she took on the less glamorous role of delivering mail and passengers. Ie Shima, a small island twenty miles north of the Hagushi landing beaches, had been captured after a six-day battle on 24 April to provide additional airfields for air strikes in Okinawa and Japan. It is also the final resting place of Ernie Pyle, American journalist and war correspondent, killed there on 18 April 1945.

The sub chaser ran a daily route starting from the amphibious force command ship Panamint at Ie Shima to the dock landing ship Epping Forest at Nago Wan to the amphibious force command ship Eldorado at Bisa-Gawa, off the original Hagushi landing areas, and back to Ie Shima. On 14 May while at Ie Shima, PC-598 received water from the tank landing ship LST-808. While still at Ie Shima four days later, LST-808 was struck by a Japanese aerial torpedo. Pushed onto a nearby coral reef by U.S. ships, she was attacked a second time on 20 May by a Japanese kamikaze.

On 17 May PC-598 was relieved as mail ship by SC-1278 and returned to Nago Wan. While there, the ship continued to make regular trips to Hagushi to take on water and deliver mail and passengers to various ships, including the amphibious force command ship Ancon on 21 May. In need of repairs, the ship relocated to the Hagushi anchorage and moored alongside Coronis on 23 May, remaining until repairs were completed on 30 May.

During May air attacks remained a daily threat to the U.S. fleet at Okinawa, including four major kamikaze attacks involving 550 Japanese planes.

 Iheya and Aguni operations

Iheya Shima and Aguni Shima are two small islands about 30 miles north and west, respectively, of Okinawa. Because of the heavy damage sustained by the U.S. fleet and especially the radar pickets during kamikaze raids, the decision was made to capture them for long-range radar and fighter director facilities. On 3 June, PC-598 accompanied the amphibious landing force to Iheya Shima, providing anti-submarine screening en route to the island and during the landing. The Aguni Shima landing followed on 9 June, with PC-598 providing similar services. Both landings were unopposed.

After Aguni Shima, PC-598 remained in and around Hagushi anchorage including one excursion on 16 June to pick up passengers arriving at seaplane anchorage V-4 at Kerama Retto and deliver them to Hagushi. On 23 June the PC was ordered to escort the cargo ship San Bruno to Nakagusuku Wan. This large bay on the southern coast of Okinawa was referred to as Buckner Bay by American soldiers in honor of General Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr., commander of the 10th Army, killed on Okinawa 18 June 1945. Buckner was the highest-ranking U.S. military officer lost to enemy fire during World War II.

 Aftermath

The invasion of Okinawa was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Theater. About 548,000 men of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps took part, with 318 combatant and 1139 auxiliary vessels. The toll on US ground troops exceeded 12,500 killed, 36,600 wounded and over 26,000 neuropsychiatric "non-battle" casualties. These were the highest experienced in any campaign against the Japanese. The Navy suffered over 4,900 dead and 4,800 wounded, the most in any single operation. The US also lost 36 ships and another 368 damaged, mostly by air attack. 763 carrier based aircraft were lost to all causes. At least 110,000 Japanese troops and native islander defenders were killed and only 7,400 taken prisoner during the battle. At least 42,000 civilians on the island also died during the battle, caught between the opposing forces.

These casualty figures, as well as those from other island campaigns, were used by U.S. military planners to estimate that Operation Downfall, the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands, would result in well over 1,000,000 U.S. and 5,000,000 Japanese casualties. These estimates put the decision made to use atomic weapons against the Japanese in context.

 Goodbye to all that

The next morning in Hagushi anchorage, PC-598 received lube oil, fuel and fresh water from the tanker Armadillo and collected guard mail from PCS-1390. By 1030 on 24 June 1945 the ship was en route from Okinawa to Pearl Harbor via Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands. The convoy took 11 days to travel the 2,145 nautical miles between Okinawa and Eniwetok Atoll, arriving on 5 July. After the war, this remote atoll was used for nuclear testing as part of the Pacific Proving Grounds. Forty-three nuclear tests were fired at Eniwetok from 1948 to 1958, including Ivy Mike, the first full scale test of a thermonuclear device.

The convoy of LSTs left the atoll, escorted by PC-598, 3 days later on 8 July. This last leg of the trip to Pearl Harbor was another 2,000 nautical miles. The journey went smoothly until 12 July when PCS-1379 developed engine trouble and was taken under tow by PC-598 and other ships in the convoy. PC-598 arrived safely at Pearl Harbor at noon 21 July 1945. It had left Pearl Harbor 537 days earlier on 31 January 1944.

The war was over for PC-598 and its crew, but no one knew it at the time. The U.S. Navy and Army were preparing for the invasion of the Japanese home islands and wanted all available ships in good repair. In late July, the war weary ship was sent for a major overhaul of its engines. It unloaded its munitions, discharged its fuel at Merry Point and berthed at Baker #8 at the Navy Yard in Pearl Harbor. On 16 August Lieutenant (jg) Chaisson was relieved of duties as Commanding Officer, replaced by Lieutenant (jg) Edwin J. Adams, Jr. the Executive Officer.

To the enormous relief of U.S. military personnel in the Pacific, the war ended 14 August 1945 after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.Sledge, p. 312, "We received the news with quiet disbelief coupled with an indescribable sense of relief." The engine overhaul was eventually completed and the ship returned to Astoria, Oregon just before Christmas Day, 1945. Like many of the hundreds of smaller vessels built during the war, PC-598 was quickly decommissioned. On 16 November 1946 the ship was sold to the Foss Tug and Barge Company of Tacoma, Washington.Silverstone, p. 186

 A China connection?

Between 1946 and 1949, 14 ex-PCs were reportedly transferred to the Kuomintang government of China (Nationalist forces) including ex-PCs 490, 492, 593, 595, 598, 1088, 1089, 1090, 1091, 1233, 1247, 1549, 1551, and 1557. When the Nationalist forces fled the mainland for Taiwan in January 1949, ten of the ex-PCs went with them, including ex-PCs 490, 492, 593, 598, 1089, 1233, 1247, 1549, 1551, and 1557. Four remained on the mainland and served with the navy of the People’s Republic of China (Communist China), including ex-PCs 595, 1088, 1090, and 1091. PC-598 reportedly remained on the naval register the Republic of China (Nationalist China) until 1954.Blackman, p. 173 (1951–52), p. 148 (1952–53), and p. 154 (1953–54)

If true, PC-598 was the only ex-PC not transferred directly from the U.S. government to the Kuomintang forces. At least one source admits to some uncertainty regarding a positive identification of PC-598 among these vessels and the fate of the ship remains uncertain.

 Awards and honors PC-598 received four battle stars for her World War II service:

 Western Caroline Islands Operation – Capture and occupation of southern Palau Islands (Peleliu)
 Leyte Operation – Leyte landings
 Luzon Operation – Lingayen Gulf landings
 Okinawa Gunto Operation – Assault and occupation of Okinawa

Depending on time of service, crew members were eligible for one or more of the following medals:

 World War II Victory Medal
 Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with 7 stars
 American Campaign Medal – WWII
 Philippine Liberation Medal with 2 stars

 Notes

ReferencesPC-598 Operational Remarks, March 1943PC-598 Administrative Remarks, March 1943 – January 1944PC-598 Log Book, December 1943 – August 1945PC-598 War Diary, February 1944 – September 1945
 Anderson, Robert Charles, Center of Military History, Western Pacific: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II, 1994, Government Printing Office pamphlet
 Anderson, Robert Charles, Center of Military History, Leyte: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II, 1994, Government Printing Office pamphlet
 Appleman, Roy E., Burns, James M., Gugeler, Russell A., and Stevens, John, Okinawa: The Last Battle, 1947, Historical Division, War Department Special Staff
 Askew, William C., History of the Naval Armed Guard Afloat, World War II, 1946, Director of Naval Operations, Washington DC
 Bates, Richard W., The Battle for Leyte Gulf, October 1944, Strategical and Tactical Analysis, Vol. 5, Battle of Surigao Strait, from 1042 October 23rd until 0733 October 25th., 1958, U.S. Naval War College
 Blackman, Raymond (Editor), Jane's Fighting Ships, 1951–52, 1952, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York
 Blackman, Raymond (Editor), Jane's Fighting Ships, 1952–53, 1953, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York
 Blackman, Raymond (Editor), Jane's Fighting Ships, 1953–54, 1954, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York
 Cressman, Robert, The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II, 1999, US Naval Institute Press
 Chen, C. Peter, Palau Islands and Ulithi Islands Campaign 2007, World War II Database
 Frank, Benis M. and Shaw, Henry I., History Of U.S. Marine Corps Operations In WWII: Volume V, Victory And Occupation, 1968, Historical Branch, G-3, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps
 Garand, George W. and Strowbridge, Truman R., Western Pacific Operations: History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Vol IV, 1971, Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps
 Gardiner, Robert (Editorial Director), Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–95, 1995, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis
 Gypton, Jeremy, "Bloody Peleliu". MilitaryHistoryOnline.com
Hansen, Victor Davis, Ripples of Battle: How Wars of the Past Still Determine How We Fight, How We Live and How We Think, 2003, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
 Hough, F.O., USMC, The Assault on Peleliu, 1950, Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps
 King, Ernest J., Admiral USN,U.S. Navy at War 1941–1945: Official Reports by Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, U.S.N., Third Report to the Secretary of the Navy, Covering the period 1 March 1945 to 1 October 1945, 1945, Navy Department, Washington.
 MacArthur, Douglas, Willoughby, Charles A., Prange, Gordon W., Reports of General MacArthur: The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific, Vol. I, 1950, Department of the Army
 Morison, Samuel Eliot, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume 14: Victory in the Pacific, 1960, University of Illinois Press, Champaign
 Reifsnider, L.F., Commander Amphibious Group Four, US Navy, Report of Participation in the Capture of Okinawa Gunto – Capture of Iheya Shima and Aguna Shima, 1945
 Roscoe, Theodore, United States Destroyer operations in World War II, 1953, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis
 Rottman, Gordon L., Okinawa 1945: The Last Battle, 2002, Osprey Publishing, Oxford
 Sarantakes, Nicholas (Editor), Seven Stars, The Okinawa Battle Diaries of Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr. and Joseph Stilwell., 2004, Texas A & M University Press, College Station
 Silverstone, Paul H., The Navy of World War II, 1922–1947, 2008, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, New York
 Sledge, E.B., With the Old Breed at Peleliu and Okinawa, 1981, Presidio Press, Novato
 Veigele, William J., PhD, USNR (Ret), PC Patrol Craft of World War II: A History of the Ships and Their Crews'', 1998, Astral Publishing Co., Santa Barbara
 __, Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual, Department of the Navy, NAVPERS 15,790 (Rev.1953) and Memo of amendment dated 19 August 1954
 __, CANF SWPA-Operational Plan 13–44 (Operation King II), Annex A, 1944, Commander Allied Naval Forces, Southwest Pacific Area

External links

Harry Thomas and PC-598 during WWII. A crew member discusses the Peleliu landing.
Fury in the Pacific. A short documentary about the Battle of Peleliu and the Battle of Angaur, 1945.
Victory at Sea, Episode XVIII – Two If by Sea. The Invasion of Peleliu and Anguar.
The Pacific, Episode Five – Peleliu Landing. HBO TV miniseries, 2010. A reenactment of the U.S. Marine amphibious landing on Peleliu.
Victory at Sea, Episode XIX – The Battle for Leyte Gulf.
Victory at Sea, Episode XXV – Suicide for Glory. The Battle of Okinawa, with remarkable footage of kamikaze attacks and defense.

World War II patrol vessels of the United States
PC-461-class submarine chasers
1943 ships


title: Ed Lynch (cyclist)

text:
Edward Arnold Lynch (April 29, 1929 – March 22, 1980) was an American cyclist. He competed in the individual and team road race events at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1929 births
1980 deaths
American male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for the United States
Cyclists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Canton, Ohio


title: List of awards and nominations received by Steve McQueen

text:
The following is a list of awards and nominations received by Steve McQueen.

McQueen is British film director, producer, screenwriter, and video artist. He is most known for the films, Hunger about the 1981 Irish hunger strike, Shame a drama about sex addiction, 12 Years a Slave (2013) based on the 1853 memoir of the same name, and the heist drama Widows (2018). For his work on the 2008 film Hunger, he won a BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer, and he won an Academy Award, BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe for Best Film for his work on the 2013 film 12 Years a Slave.

Major awards

Academy Awards

Golden Globe Awards

British Academy Film Awards

British Independent Film Awards

Independent Spirit Awards

Turner Prize

Miscellaneous awards

Black Reel Awards

European Film Award

Evening Standard British Film Awards

NAACP Image Awards

Satellite Awards

Film critic awards

Film festival awards

Miscelleanous awards

References

Lists of awards received by film director
Lists of awards received by writer


title: The Anubis Tapestry

text:
The Anubis Tapestry: Between Twilights is a 2006 fantasy novel written and illustrated by Bruce Zick.

Plot summary
Chance Henry's archaeologist father accidentally awakens an evil mummy who steals his soul. Chance risks becoming a mummy himself to rescue his father from the Egyptian Underworld.

Cancelled film adaptation
In 2008, Blue Sky Studios acquired the film rights for an animated film titled Anubis. David H. Steinberg wrote the first draft for the film. The film was originally scheduled for release on July 15, 2016, by 20th Century Fox, but was delayed to March 23, 2018, but, by June 2017, it had been removed from its schedule for unknown reasons. In February 2021, Disney (which bought Fox in 2019) announced that Blue Sky would shut down in April, and cancelled Anubis.

References

2006 American novels
2006 fantasy novels
Children's fantasy novels
American children's novels
Fiction about mummies
American fantasy novels adapted into films
Egyptian mythology in popular culture
2006 children's books
Cancelled films


title: William Tudball

text:
Sir William Tudball (15 March 1866 – 21 April 1939) was Puisne Judge of the High Court of Judicature, Allahabad, India (1909–1922).

Biography

Tudball was born on 15 March 1866, the son of Charles Tudball of Bombay.  He was educated in England at Bedford Modern School.

Tudball joined the Indian Civil Service in 1885 and obtained an ICS Scholarship to Christ Church, Oxford in 1887.  He was a District and Sessions judge before rising to the rank of Puisne Judge of the High Court of Judicature, Allahabad, India (1909-1922).  He was knighted in 1921.

During World War I, Tudball held the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel commanding the 8th Allahabad Rifles of the Indian Defence Force (1916–18).

Tudball married Katie Sheen in 1889 and they had one daughter.  He died on 21 April 1939.

References

1866 births
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
People educated at Bedford Modern School
1943 deaths
British India judges
Knights Bachelor
Judges of the Allahabad High Court
British people in colonial India


title: Kuntur Wachanan

text:
Kuntur Wachanan (Quechua kuntur condor, wacha birth, to give birth, -na a suffix, 'where the condor is born', -n a suffix, also spelled Condorhuachanan) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about  high. It lies between the Waywash mountain range in the west and the lake named Lawriqucha in the east. Kuntur Wachanan is situated in the Huánuco Region, Lauricocha Province, in the districts of Cauri and Jesús.  The Waywash River (Huayhuash) flows along its northern slopes. It belongs to the Marañón watershed.

See also
 Yana Hirka

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Huánuco Region


title: Mustafa Osmanlı

text:
Mustafa Osmanlı (born 7 March 1920, died before 2013) was a Turkish cyclist. He competed in the individual and team road race events at the 1948 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1920 births
Year of death missing
Turkish male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Turkey
Cyclists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing
20th-century Turkish people


title: Condorhuachana (Cusco)

text:
Condorhuachana (possibly from Quechua kuntur condor, wacha birth, to give birth, -na a suffix, 'where the condor is born') is a  mountain in the Urubamba mountain range in the Andes of Peru. It is located in the Cusco Region, Calca Province, Calca District, north of the Vilcanota River. Condorhuachana is situated northeast of  Huamanchoque, southeast of Sirihuani and Sahuasiray, and southwest of Ccerayoc.

See also
 Kuntur Wachana (film)
 Pucaorjo

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Cusco Region