title: Médico de familia

text:
Médico de familia (Family Doctor) is a Spanish dramedy television series produced by Globomedia for Telecinco. The series premiered at the end of 1995, to become the most popular Tuesday night show for four years and made Telecinco a popular national broadcaster. It has been adapted and broadcast in Germany, Belgium, Finland, Italy, Portugal and Russia, among other countries. Its Italian adaptation surpassed it in episodes and was broadcast till 2016.

The series

It follows the life and struggles of a young doctor, Dr. Nacho Martín (Emilio Aragón) a widower who was left with three children and an adolescent nephew in his charge and is trying to rebuild his family life.

Another main character is his sister-in-law (played by Lydia Bosch) whom he ends up marrying in a second marriage and who gives birth to twins. Other important characters are Julio, his best friend, his cousin Alfonso, and also his colleagues at the health center.

The series recounts Dr. Martín's family, personal and professional struggles. He lives with his father and a domestic assistant, Juani (Luisa Martín) and they create the rhythm of his daily family life.

Médico de familia has been one of the few TV series that marked a turning point in Spanish TV fiction and became one of the most followed during its five-year broadcast, together with Cuéntame cómo pasó, Farmacia de guardia, 7 vidas, Los Serrano, Aquí no hay quien viva and Aída.

Starring Emilio Aragón, who made his debut as a television actor in this production, and Lydia Bosch, the series ran on Telecinco between 1995 and 1999.

RAI 1, part of the Italian national public broadcasting company RAI (Radiotelevisione italiana S.p.A.), made a successful adaptation of the series entitled Un medico in famiglia, airing since 1998.

According to El Mundo (1), the secret of Médico de familia was not to please everyone, but not to displease anyone. The series strategically represented the affluent middle class (Nacho, Alicia), the working class (Poli, Juani, Marcial), adolescents, children and the elderly.

Plot

The series tells the story of Nacho Martín, a doctor, widower and father of three children (Maria, Cechu and Anita) and his nephew (Alberto), who lives with him and Nacho's father, Mr. Manolo, the grandfather. Dr. Martín is in love with his sister-in-law (Alicia) with whom he will end up rebuilding his life and having twins (a girl and a boy, Elena and Manuel, who were born in an elevator with Juani and Maria acting as midwives) Other major roles were that of the domestic assistant of Martín's family (Juani) and Nacho's best friend (Julio). Following the departure of Julio, Nacho's cousin Alfonso joins the plot.

Cast

Awards and nominations

1995

 TP Gold Award
 Best National Series
 Best Actor (Emilio Aragón)
 Nominated for Best Actress (Lydia Bosch)

1996

 Waves Television Award
 TP Gold Award
 Best National Series
 Best Actor (Emilio Aragón)
 Nominated for Best Actress (Lydia Bosch and Luisa Martín)
 Television Viewers' and Radio Listeners' Award
 Best Actress Award (Luisa Martín) at the 37th Ibero-American Film and Television Festival.
 Silver Frames:
 Nominated for Best Actor (Emilio Aragón)
 Nominated for Best Actress (Lydia Bosch)
 Actors' Union
 Nominated for Best Supporting Actress (Luisa Martín).

1997

 TP Gold Award
 Best National Series
 Best Actor (Emilio Aragón)
 Nominated for Best Actress (Lydia Bosch and Luisa Martín)
 Silver Frames Award
 Best actress, TV (Ana Duato).
 Nominated for Best Actor, TV (Emilio Aragón)
 Actors' Union Award
 Best Guest Actor (Antonio Molero).
 Best Supporting Actress (Luisa Martín).
 Nominated for Best Actor (Jorge Roelas)
 Nominated for Best Actress (Lola Baldrich)
 Channel-Hopping Award for Best Series.
 Gecko Award:
 Most watched program on Telecinco.
 Most watched National Series.
 Most watched Program for the 1996-1997 Season.
 World Peace Award for the Dissemination of the Values of Peace, Solidarity, and Humanity.
 Award of the National Association of Graphic Press Journalists for the Best TV Series of the Year.

1998

 TP Gold Award
 Best National Series
 Best Actress (Lydia Bosch)
 Nominated for Best Actor (Emilio Aragón)
 Silver Frames:
 Best Actress (Lydia Bosch)
 Nominated for Best Actor (Emilio Aragón)
 Nominated for the Actors' Union Award: Best Supporting Actor (Antonio Molero)
 Channel-Hopping Award for Best Series.
 Golden Antenna.
 Golden Heart Award
 Interrogation Award 1998 (by the Downs Syndrome Association of Pontevedra).
 Change 16 Award for Best Actor (Emilio Aragón).
 Gecko Award:
 Most watched program on Telecinco.
 Most watched National Series.
 Most watched Program for the 1997-1998 Season

1999

 TP Gold Award
 Best Actress (Lydia Bosch)
 Nominated for Best Actor (Emilio Aragón)
 Nominated for Best Supporting Actress (Luisa Martín).
 Nominated for Best National Series
 Channel-Hopping Award for Best Series.
 Image of the Year Prize for Pedro Peña, Luis Barbero and Gemma Cuervo.
 Nominated for the Actors' Union Award: Best Guest Actress (Inmaculada Machado)

Trivia

Storylines

 Actors took part in two different recordings of the episode of Nacho and Alicia's wedding: one was a happy ending, and a different one portrayed Alicia leaving Nacho on the altar. In the end they decided to go for the wedding.
 Irene's move to Almería and Gertrude's to Tanzania were because, in both cases, the actresses were pregnant in real life and were temporarily unable to appear in the series.
 In the first season (Autumn 1995), the character of Paco, who is a "colchonero" (supporter of the Atletico Madrid football team), was sure in his gut that Atletico Madrid would win in the Spanish League. Time proved him correct and the team were the league champions that season (1995-1996).
 Nurses complained about the image that Gertru presented at the beginning of the series, and the writers ended up making some changes to the way she dressed.
 The characters of grandfather Nicolás (Carlos Ballesteros) and Julio (Francis Lorenzo), despite being fixed - Julio disappears without being mentioned again, except in the first episode after his move, revealing that he had gone to Mexico; and Nicholas is only mentioned by his ex-wife, revealing that he followed his lover to Brazil in response to a question asked by his daughter Alicia. Apart from this he was never mentioned again.

Star Appearances

Many famous people appeared on the show playing themselves.

 Singers: Montserrat Caballé, Montserrat Martí, Celia Cruz, Ricky Martin, Britney Spears
 Athletes: Julen Guerrero, Yago Lamela, Achille Emana.
 Presenters: Pepe Navarro, Belinda Washington, Chapis, Maria Teresa Campos, Iñaki Gabilondo, Fernando Ónega, Angels Barceló, Antonio Lobato
 Others: Miliki, Irasema Rita, Judit Mascó

Actors

 Although Luisa Martín played an Andalusian, she is not one in reality, and faked her accent.
 Médico de familia was the first Spanish series to have an actor with Down syndrome, Alberto Domínguez-Sol (Ernesto), in a recurring role.
 Paula Ballesteros (Ruth) is the sister of fellow actress Elena Ballesteros, whom she accompanied to the casting of Médico de familia. Elena was about to be cast in the role of Mary, that eventually went to Isabel Aboy.
 Jordi Rebellón (Ángel), well known for the role of Vilches on Hospital Central, played a similar role, of the doctor "Borde", on the last season of Médico de Familia.
 Among the actors with recurring roles who appeared on the series for one or more episodes, the following stand out: Marcial Álvarez, Carmen Arévalo, Tito Augusto, Asunción Balaguer, Alicia Borrachero, María Casal, Silvia Casanova, Paloma Cela, Fernando Chinarro, Luis Ciges, Manolo Codeso, Juanjo Cucalón, Silvia Espigado, Cesáreo Estébanez, Bernabé Fernández, Raúl Fraire, Ana Frau, Paca Gabaldón, Christian Gálvez, Ginés García Millán, Paloma Gómez, Vicente Haro, Carlos Hipólito, Antonio Hortelano, Vicky Lagos, Ramón Langa, Chete Lera, Emilio Linder, Paco Luque, Mario Martín, Álvaro Monje, Rubén Ochandiano, Guillermo Ortega, Miguel Ortiz, Blanca Portillo, Marisol Rolandi, Jesús Ruyman, Mar Saura, Janfri Topera, Antonio de la Torre, Santiago Urrialde, Maru Valdivieso, Tina Sáinz, Raquel Meroño, and Mario Martin.
 Although Nacho's wife had already died at the beginning of the series, the actress Marta Molina played this role (Elena) in the scenes showing an old family video and she also posed for the wedding photos with Nacho that appear in the title sequence.
 The baby Macarena Bielsa, sister of Marieta (Anita), appeared in the episode "Nivel dos" (level two) as Julio's niece.
 Luisa Martín appeared in an episode as Juani's Catalan cousin who meets with Nacho in a hotel at the wedding of a friend in Barcelona. This cousin reveals that Juani's full name is Juana Tomasa.
 Various pairs of twins played Manu and Elena, the children of Nacho and Alicia, in the seasons in which they appeared.

Sets

 The places where most scenes in the series were shot were the house of the Martins. and the Ballesol Health Center. Alicia's house was a regular location since she married Nacho. Other locations that appeared regularly throughout the series were: Gertru's house (that she shared with Óscar, Tente, Irene, and Marta), Marcial's house (that she shared with Poli and later with Matías), the radio broadcasting station of Alfa Radio and other places where Alicia worked (primarily a newspaper and, later, a television channel), the photography shop El Carrete Veloz, Juani and Poli's house, and the Alabama Cafeteria. Also appearing were the house of Consuelo and Nicolás, Irene's house in the first season, and the children's college, and they shot many of the exterior scenes around when Nacho worked in the Mobile UVI.
 On the other hand, the house of Julio and Alfonso was never seen.
 Inma's house appeared on one occasion, when she had a date with Julio on the sixth episode of the third season.
 An episode of the series was filmed in Port Aventura, and another in New York. Both corresponded to trips that the protagonists took to these places.

Links to other series

 In the final episode of the first season, Nacho tells Gertru that a patient is going to get medicine at the pharmacy of Lourdes Cano. Weeks later, Emilio Aragón appeared in the final episode of Farmacia de Guardia playing Nacho.
 In another episode, Alicia goes to get a drink in the same bar that appears in the series Más Que Amigos (More than Friends), where much of its cast appears. Much later, Alicia appears on an episode of that series.
 The character of Clara Nadal, appeared later on Periodistas (Journalists). The actress who played her daughter Emma on that series, Nadia Henche, did the same on an episode of Médico de familia.
 On various occasions on the final seasons some characters on the series could be seen reading the fictitious newspaper Crónica Universal (Universal Chronicle), the creation of which was the focus of another series on Telecinco, Periodistas (Journalists).
 Pedro Peña (Manolo) and Luis Barbero (Matías) appeared on an episode of Periodistas in December 1998 ("Noticia") playing their characters from Médico de familia.
 In the final episode of the season of Periodistas that preceded the premiere of a new season of Médico de Familia, Laura Maseras (Amparo Larrañaga) ends by telling her team: "Well, let's go, we have an airplane accident to cover" - an allusion to the finale of the previous season of Médico de Familia, that concluded with the accident of the airplane on which Nacho and Alicia were and whose fates had been left unknown.

Collaborations by the actors in other works

 Before Médico de familia, Emilio Aragón (Nacho) and Lydia Bosch (Alicia) had co-presented El Gran Juego de la Oca (The Great Game of the Goose) on Antena 3 for the 1993–1994 season and appeared together on the program Un, dos, tres... responda otra vez (One, Two, Three... recall another time) in 1984 where she was the host and he was an invited artist. It was in the program dedicated to the circus, the first in the fourth part.
 Antonio Molero (Poli) and Mariola Fuentes (Raquel) were two of the protagonists of the series El grupo (The Group) in 2000.
 Francis Lorenzo (Julio) and Lola Baldrich (Gertru) returned at the same time to the series Compañeros (Companions) between 2001 and 2002.
 Luisa Martín (Juani) and Isabel Aboy (María) worked together on stage in La Obra Historia de una Vida (The story of a life's work) (2004).
 Lola Baldrich (Gertru) and Jorge Roelas (Marcial) had worked together in the program Los irrepetibles (The unrepeatable) featuring Emilio Aragón as La Sexta (The Sixth).
 Lydia Bosch (Alicia) appeared together with Antonio Molero (Poli) in the last season of Los Serrano (Mountain People) (2008).
 Francis Lorenzo (Julio) and Jorge Roelas (Marcial) collaborated on the movie Gran Slalom (1995).
 Isabel Serrano (Inma), Antonio Valero (Alfonso), and Ana Duato (Irene) worked together in La vuelta del coyote (The Return of the coyote) (1998).
 Iván Santos (Alberto) and Isabel Serrano (Inma) collaborated on the Geminis series, Vengaza de Amor (Revenge of love).
 Ana Duato (Irene) and Antonio Valero (Alfonso) collaborated on the series Cuéntame cómo pasó (Tell me how it happened).
 Antonio Molero (Poli) recorded a scene in Los Serrano (People of the Mountain) with Paula Ballesteros (Ruth) who made a cameo as an employee of a tattoo shop in the episode "El jamón maltés (The Maltese ham)", in 2007.
 In the second season of Águila Roja (Red Eagle) Francis Lorenzo (Julio) and José Ángel Egido (Borja) crossed paths.
 Francis Lorenzo (Julio), Lydia Bosch (Alicia) and José Ángel Egido (Borja), crossed paths during several episodes in the second part of the third season of Águila Roja (Red Eagle).

References to the series

 The airing of the series coincided with the TV3 program "Malalts de Tele" (Sick of TV); when the episodes of the series ended, a large share of the viewers switched channels to TV3. Conscious of this fact, the presenters greeted viewers saying "Benvinguts espectadors de medico de familia, els malalts no van al medico" (Welcome, viewers of Family Doctor, the sick do not go to the doctor).
 One year after Médico de Familia had ended, Antonio Molero appeared in an episode of Periodistas playing the same role. The characters wondered who he was, and someone said "He is from Médico de familia". Then, the grant holder, Berta, played by Isabel Aboy (who had played María on Médico de Familia) asked "What series is this? I have never seen it". This breaks down the shared universe between Médico de Familia and Periodistas that had created the character of Clara Nadal (Belén Rueda) who appeared in both.
 In an episode of 7 vidas, the series was mentioned, as was the episode in which Alicia has twins. In the same episode, Lydia Bosch appeared playing the same character.

References

External links
 Médico de familia at the Internet Movie Database

Telecinco network series
1995 Spanish television series debuts
1999 Spanish television series endings
1990s Spanish comedy television series
1990s Spanish drama television series
Spanish comedy-drama television series
1990s comedy-drama television series
Television series by Globomedia


title: Arabis armena

text:
Arabis armena, the Armenian rockcress, is a species of rockcress that is found in Armenia and Nakhichevan (Azerbaijan). It grows at mid- and high-altitudes. It is threatened by the trampling of cattle.

See also

 List of Arabis species

References

armena
Flora of Armenia
Flora of Azerbaijan
Near threatened flora of Asia
Near threatened biota of Europe


title: Things Are Really Great Here, Sort Of…

text:
Things Are Really Great Here, Sort Of... is American singer-songwriter Andrew Bird's eighth solo studio album. It was released on June 3, 2014 through Wegawam Music Co.

The album is a collection of covers of The Handsome Family, an American band Bird knows personally and professionally, having toured and collaborated. Previous covers of their songs include an earlier version of "Don't Be Scared," on Weather Systems, "Giant of Illinois" off the compilation album Dark Was the Night, "When the Helicopter Comes," from Hands of Glory, and "Tin Foiled," on Fingerlings 3. Bird toured with the husband-and-wife duo in 2013.

Reception
The album received a Metacritic score of 76 based on 12 reviews, indicating generally favorable reviews.

The album debuted at No. 12 on Billboard's Folk Albums chart, selling around 2,000 copies in the first week. It has sold 13,000 copies in the US as of March 2016.

Track listing

Charts

Personnel

 Andrew Bird - violin, vocals
 Tift Merritt - vocals, guitar
 Alan Hampton - bass, vocals
 Eric Heywood - Pedal Steel
 Justin Glasco - drums
 David Boucher - recording and mixing
 Jason Harvey - design

References

2014 albums
Andrew Bird albums


title: Melvyn B. Nathanson

text:
Melvyn Bernard Nathanson (born October 10, 1944, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American mathematician, specializing in number theory, and a Professor of Mathematics at Lehman College and The Graduate Center (City University of New York). His principal work is in additive and combinatorial number theory. He is the author of over 200 research papers in mathematics, and author or editor of 27 books.

Education

Nathanson graduated from Central High School in 1961 and from the University of Pennsylvania in 1965 with a BA in philosophy. He was a graduate student in biophysics at Harvard University in 1965–66, then moved to the University of Rochester, where he received a PhD in mathematics in 1972. During the academic year 1969–70 he was a visiting research student in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics at the University of Cambridge.

Professional life

Nathanson was on the faculty of Southern Illinois University, Carbondale from 1971 to 1981.  He was Professor of Mathematics and Dean of the Graduate School of Rutgers-Newark from 1981 to 1986, and Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs at Lehman College (CUNY) from 1986 to 1991.  He has been Professor of Mathematics at Lehman College and The Graduate Center (CUNY) since 1986.  He held visiting positions at Harvard University in 1977–78, Rockefeller University in 1981–83, Tel Aviv University in Spring, 2001, and Princeton University in Fall, 2008.

In 1974–75 Nathanson was Assistant to André Weil in the School of Mathematics of the Institute for Advanced Study.  Nathanson subsequently spent the academic years 1990–91 and 1999–2000, and the Fall, 2007, term at the Institute. He served as President of the Association of Members of the Institute for Advanced Study (AMIAS) from 1998 to 2012.

In 1972–73 Nathanson became the first American mathematician to receive an IREX fellowship to spend a year in the former USSR, where he worked with I. M. Gel'fand at Moscow State University. In 1977 the National Academy of Sciences selected him to spend another year in Moscow on its exchange agreement with the USSR Academy of Sciences.  An international brouhaha ensued when the Soviet government refused to allow him to re-enter the country. He spent the academic year 1977–78 in the mathematics department at Harvard University, where he also worked in the Program for Science and International Affairs, and contributed to the book Nuclear Nonproliferation: The Spent Fuel Problem.
Nathanson is the author/editor/translator of several books and articles on Soviet art and politics, including Komar/Melamid: Two Soviet Dissident Artists,  and Grigori Freiman, It Seems I am a Jew:  A Samizdat Essay on Anti-Semitism in Soviet Mathematics, both published by Southern Illinois University Press.

Nathanson was a frequent collaborator with Paul Erdős, with whom he wrote 19 papers in number theory. He also organizes the Workshop on Combinatorial and Additive Number Theory, which has been held annually at the Graduate Center, CUNY since 2003.
Nathanson's essays on political and social issues related to science have appeared in The New York Times, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, The Mathematical Intelligencer, Notices of the American Mathematical Society, and other publications.

He was elected to the 2018 class of fellows of the American Mathematical Society.

Personal life

Nathanson is married to Marjorie Frankel Nathanson, Director of the Hunterdon Art Museum in Clinton, New Jersey. They have two children.

Selected publications

Books

Papers

Nathanson's recent mathematical work is available on the arXiv. Some of his most significant works include:

See also
New York Number Theory Seminar

References

External links
 homepage: http://www.theoryofnumbers.com

Number theorists
Additive combinatorialists
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Jewish American scientists
1944 births
Living people
City University of New York faculty
CUNY Graduate Center faculty
Lehman College faculty
Mathematicians from Philadelphia
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
People from Millburn, New Jersey
21st-century American Jews


title: Arabis kazbegi

text:
Arabis kazbegi, the Kazbegian rockcress, is a species of rockcress that is endemic to Georgia, and is known from Mtiuleti, the Devdaraki glacier, Mount Sabertse and Mount Kuro. It grows in subalpine and alpine moraines and scree at elevations of 2,500–3,200 m. It is threatened by natural disasters (especially mud streams), tourism and global climate change.

See also

 List of Arabis species

References

kazbegi
Vulnerable plants
Endemic flora of Georgia (country)


title: Valia College

text:
Valia College is an education institute, established in 1961, run by Cosmopolitan Education Society located at D.N. Nagar, in Andheri West, Mumbai. The college is affiliated with University of Mumbai and accredited by NAAC. In 1961, it was the spirit of idealism that inspired a group of like minded residents of D. N. Nagar, Andheri (W) to establish a quality educational institution. Thus, was the Cosmopolitan Education Society was born. Under its Aegis, the society runs the Valia College of Commerce and Arts which offers various programmes at undergraduate and post-graduate levels.

See also
List of colleges in Mumbai

References

External links

Universities and colleges in Mumbai
Educational institutions established in 1961


title: New Steps

text:
New Steps is a double album by jazz composer, bandleader and keyboardist Sun Ra and his Quartet recorded in Italy in 1978 and originally released on the Italian Horo label.

Reception
The Allmusic review by Sean Westergaard awarded the album 4 stars. "New Steps is one of several albums done with this basic lineup in January of 1978. This album is billed to the Sun Ra Quartet, but it sounds like there's a bass player present on at least some of the cuts (it could be Ra, but he'd need three hands). There are two standards amongst a program of Ra originals, and things get started with a stellar version of "My Favorite Things." The music quickly takes its only sharp turn toward outer space as Ra introduces listeners to "Moon People," the only track where Ra emphasizes synthesizer over piano. "Sun Steps" is a slow tune featuring some beautiful piano playing from Sun Ra. In fact, the remainder of the album is on the mellow side ("When There Is No Sun" is the only track with vocals), and features some great statements by John Gilmore and Ra. Michael Ray is in fine form as well, if somewhat less exuberant than usual. With such a small group, solo space is ample, and Luqman Ali's understated drumming really holds things together nicely. Another fabulous release from Sun Ra".

Track listing
All compositions by Sun Ra except as indicated

Side One:
 "My Favorite Things" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) – 7:49
 "Moon People" – 7:50
Side Two:
 "Sun Steps" – 11:37
 "Exactly Like You" (Dorothy Fields, Jimmy McHugh) – 6:04
Side Three:
 "Friend and Friendship" – 6:58
 "Rome at Twilight" – 5:08
 "When There Is No Sun" – 4:37
Side Four:
 "The Horo" – 15:33

Personnel
Sun Ra – piano, Crumar Mainman organ, vocals
John Gilmore – tenor saxophone, percussion vocals
Michael Ray  – trumpet, vocals
Luqman Ali – drums

References

Sun Ra albums
Horo Records albums
1978 albums


title: Fair cake-cutting

text:
Fair cake-cutting is a kind of fair division problem. The problem involves a heterogeneous resource, such as a cake with different toppings, that is assumed to be divisible – it is possible to cut arbitrarily small pieces of it without destroying their value. The resource has to be divided among several partners who have different preferences over different parts of the cake, i.e., some people prefer the chocolate toppings, some prefer the cherries, some just want as large a piece as possible. The division should be unanimously fair – each person should receive a piece believed to be a fair share.

The "cake" is only a metaphor; procedures for fair cake-cutting can be used to divide various kinds of resources, such as land estates, advertisement space or broadcast time.

The prototypical procedure for fair cake-cutting is divide and choose, which is mentioned in the book of Genesis. It solves the fair division problem for two people. The modern study of fair cake-cutting was initiated during World War II, when Hugo Steinhaus asked his students Stefan Banach and Bronisław Knaster to find a generalization of divide-and-choose to three or more people. They developed the last diminisher procedure. Today, fair cake-cutting is the subject of intense research in mathematics, computer science, economics and political science.

Assumptions
There is a cake C, which is usually assumed to be either a finite 1-dimensional segment, a 2-dimensional polygon or a finite subset of the multidimensional Euclidean plane Rd.

There are n people with subjective value functions over C. Each person i has a value function Vi which maps subsets of C to numbers. All value functions are assumed to be absolutely continuous with respect to the length, area or (in general) Lebesgue measure. This means that there are no "atoms" – there are no singular points to which one or more agents assign a positive value, so all parts of the cake are divisible. In many cases, the value functions are assumed to be sigma additive (the value of a whole is equal to the sum of the values of its parts).

C has to be divided to n disjoint subsets, such that each person receives a disjoint subset. The piece allocated to person i is called , and .

The n people have equal rights to C. I.e., there is no dispute over the rights of the people – everyone agrees that everyone else is entitled to a fair share. The only problem is how to divide the cake such that each person receives a fair share.

In the following examples the following cake will be used as an illustration.
 The cake has two parts: chocolate and vanilla.
 There are two people: Alice and George.
 Alice values the chocolate as 9 and the vanilla as 1.
 George values the chocolate as 6 and the vanilla as 4.

Justice requirements

Proportionality
The original and most common criterion for justice is proportionality (PR). In a proportional cake-cutting, each person receives a piece that he values as at least 1/n of the value of the entire cake. In the example cake, a proportional division can be achieved by giving all the vanilla and 4/9 of the chocolate to George (for a value of 6.66), and the other 5/9 of the chocolate to Alice (for a value of 5). In symbols:

For n people with additive valuations, a proportional division always exists. The most common protocols are:

 Last diminisher, a protocol that can guarantee that the n pieces are connected (i.e. no person gets a set of two or more disconnected pieces). In particular, if the cake is a 1-dimensional interval then each person receives an interval. This protocol is discrete and can be played in turns. It requires O(n2) actions.
 The Dubins–Spanier Moving-knife procedure is a continuous-time version of Last diminisher.
 Fink protocol (also known as successive pairs or lone chooser) is a discrete protocol that can be used for online division: given a proportional division for n − 1 partners, when a new partner enters the party, the protocol modifies the existing division so that both the new partner and the existing partners remain with 1/n. The disadvantage is that each partner receives a large number of disconnected pieces.
 The Even–Paz protocol, based on recursively halving the cake and the group of agents, requires only O(n log n) actions. This is fastest possible deterministic protocol for proportional division, and the fastest possible protocol for proportional division which can guarantee that the pieces are connected.
 Edmonds–Pruhs protocol is a randomized protocol that requires only O(n) actions, but guarantees only a partially proportional division (each partner receives at least 1/an, where a is some constant), and it might give each partner a collection of "crumbs" instead of a single connected piece.
 Beck land division protocol can produce a proportional division of a disputed territory among several neighbouring countries, such that each country receives a share that is both connected and adjacent to its currently held territory.
 Woodall's super-proportional division protocol produces a division which gives each partner strictly more than 1/n, given that at least two partners have different opinions about the value of at least a single piece.

See proportional cake-cutting for more details and complete references.

The proportionality criterion can be generalized to situations in which the rights of the people are not equal. For example, in proportional cake-cutting with different entitlements, the cake belongs to shareholders such that one of them holds 20% and the other holds 80% of the cake. This leads to the criterion of weighted proportionality (WPR):

Where the wi are weights that sum up to 1.

Envy-freeness
Another common criterion is envy-freeness (EF). In an envy-free cake-cutting, each person receives a piece that he values at least as much as every other piece. In symbols:

In some cases, there are implication relations between proportionality and envy-freeness, as summarized in the following table:

The divide and choose protocol finds an allocation that is always EF. If the value functions are additive then this division is also PR; otherwise, proportionality is not guaranteed.

An EF division for n people exists even when the valuations are not additive, as long as they can be represented as consistent preference sets. EF division has been studied separately for the case in which the pieces must be connected, and for the easier case in which the pieces may be disconnected.

For connected pieces the major results are:
 Stromquist moving-knives procedure produces an envy-free division for 3 people, by giving each one of them a knife and instructing them to move their knives continuously over the cake in a pre-specified manner.
 Simmons' protocol can produce an approximation of an envy-free division for n people with an arbitrary precision. If the value functions are additive, the division will also be proportional. Otherwise, the division will still be envy-free but not necessarily proportional. The algorithm gives a fast and practical way of solving some fair division problems.

Both these algorithms are infinite: the first is continuous and the second might take an infinite time to converge. In fact, envy-free divisions of connected intervals to 3 or more people cannot be found by any finite protocol.

For possibly-disconnected pieces the major results are:
 Selfridge–Conway discrete procedure produces an envy-free division for 3 people using at most 5 cuts.
 Brams–Taylor–Zwicker moving knives procedure produces an envy-free division for 4 people using at most 11 cuts.
 A reentrant variant of the Last Diminisher protocol finds an additive approximation to an envy-free division in bounded time. Specifically, for every constant , it returns a division in which the value of each partner is at least the largest value minus , in time .
 Three different procedures, one by Brams and Taylor (1995) and one by Robertson and Webb (1998) and one by Pikhurko (2000), produce an envy-free division for n people. Both algorithms require a finite but unbounded number of cuts.
 A procedure by Aziz and Mackenzie (2016) finds an envy-free division for n people in a bounded number of queries.

The negative result in the general case is much weaker than in the connected case. All we know is that every algorithm for envy-free division must use at least Ω(n2) queries. There is a large gap between this result and the runtime complexity of the best known procedure.

See envy-free cake-cutting for more details and complete references.

Other criteria
A third, less common criterion is equitability (EQ). In an equitable division, each person enjoys exactly the same value. In the example cake, an equitable division can be achieved by giving each person half the chocolate and half the vanilla, such that each person enjoys a value of 5. In symbols:

A fourth criterion is exactness. If the entitlement of each partner i is  wi, then an exact division is a division in which:

If the weights are all equal (to 1/n) then the division is called perfect and:

Geometric requirements

In some cases, the pieces allocated to the partners must satisfy some geometric constraints, in addition to being fair.
 The most common constraint is connectivity. In case the "cake" is a 1-dimensional interval, this translates to the requirement that each piece is also an interval. In case the cake is a 1-dimensional circle ("pie"), this translates to the requirement that each piece be an arc; see fair pie-cutting.
  Another constraint is adjacency. This constraint applies to the case when the "cake" is a disputed territory that has to be divided among neighboring countries. In this case, it may required that the piece allocated to each country is adjacent to its current territory; this constraint is handled by Hill's land division problem.
 In land division there are often two-dimensional geometric constraints, e.g., each piece should be a square or (more generally) a fat object.

Procedural requirements
In addition to the desired properties of the final partitions, there are also desired properties of the division process. One of these properties is truthfulness (aka incentive compatibility), which comes in two levels.
 Weak truthfulness means that if the partner reveals his true value measure to the algorithm, he is guaranteed to receive his fair share (e.g. 1/n of the value of the entire cake, in case of proportional division), regardless of what other partners do. Even if all other partners make a coalition with the only intent to harm him, he will still receive his guaranteed proportion. Most cake-cutting algorithms are truthful in this sense.
 Strong truthfulness means that no partner can gain from lying. I.e., telling the truth is a dominant strategy. Most cake-cutting protocols are not strongly truthful, but some truthful protocols have been developed; see truthful cake-cutting.
Another property is symmetry: there should not be a difference between different roles in the procedure. Several variants of this property have been studied:
 Anonymity requires that, if the agents are permuted and the procedure is re-executed, then each agent receives exactly the same piece as in the original execution. This is a strong condition; currently, an anonymous procedure is known only for 2 agents.
 Symmetry requires that, if the agents are permuted and the procedure is re-executed, then each agent receives the same value as in the original execution. This is weaker than anonymity; currently, a symmetric and proportional procedure is known for any number of agents, and it takes O(n3) queries. A symmetric and envy-free procedure is known for any number of agents, but it takes much longer – it requires n! executions of an existing envy-free procedure.
 Aristotelianity requires that, if two agents have an identical value-measure, then they receive the same value. This is weaker than symmetry; it is satisfied by any envy-free procedure. Moreover,  an aristotelian and proportional procedure is known for any number of agents, and it takes O(n3) queries.

See symmetric fair cake-cutting for details and references.

A third family of procedural requirements is monotonicity: when a division procedure is re-applied with a smaller/larger cake and a smaller/larger set of agents, the utility of all agents should change in the same direction. See resource monotonicity for more details.

Efficiency requirements
In addition to justice, it is also common to consider the economic efficiency of the division; see efficient cake-cutting. There are several levels of efficiency:

 The weaker notion is Pareto efficiency. It can be easily satisfied by just giving the entire cake to a single person; the challenge is to satisfy it in conjunction with fairness. See Efficient envy-free division.
 A stronger notion is utilitarian-maximality – maximizing the sum of utilities.  (UM). When the value functions are additive, UM divisions exist. Intuitively, to create a UM division, we should give each piece of cake to the person that values it the most. In the example cake, a UM division would give the entire chocolate to Alice and the entire vanilla to George, achieving a utilitarian value of 9 + 4 = 13. This process is easy to carry out when the value functions are piecewise-constant, i.e. the cake can be divided to pieces such that the value density of each piece is constant for all people. When the value functions are not piecewise-constant, the existence of UM allocations follows from classic measure-theoretic theorems. See Utilitarian cake-cutting.

Efficient fair division

For n people with additive value functions, a PEEF division always exists. This is Weller's theorem.

If the cake is a 1-dimensional interval and each person must receive a connected interval, the following general result holds: if the value functions are strictly monotonic (i.e. each person strictly prefers a piece over all its proper subsets) then every EF division is also PE. Hence, Simmons' protocol produces a PEEF division in this case.

If the cake is a 1-dimensional circle (i.e. an interval whose two endpoints are topologically identified) and each person must receive a connected arc, then the previous result does not hold: an EF division is not necessarily PE. Additionally, there are pairs of (non-additive) value functions for which no PEEF division exists. However, if there are 2 agents and at least one of them has an additive value function, then a PEEF division exists.

If the cake is 1-dimensional but each person may receive a disconnected subset of it, then an EF division is not necessarily PE. In this case, more complicated algorithms are required for finding a PEEF division.

If the value functions are additive and piecewise-constant, then there is an algorithm that finds a PEEF division. If the value density functions are additive and Lipschitz continuous, then they can be approximated as piecewise-constant functions "as close as we like", therefore that algorithm approximates a PEEF division "as close as we like".

An EF division is not necessarily UM. One approach to handle this difficulty is to find, among all possible EF divisions, the EF division with the highest utilitarian value. This problem has been studied for a cake which is a 1-dimensional interval, each person may receive disconnected pieces, and the value functions are additive.

Models of computation
Reasoning about the run-time complexity of algorithms requires a model of computation. Several such models are common in the literature:

 The Robertson–Webb query model – in which the algorithm may ask each agent a query of one of two kinds: "evaluate a given piece of cake" or "mark a piece of cake with a given value".
 The Moving-knives model – in which the algorithm continuously moves one or more knives above the cake until some agents shout "stop".
 The direct revelation model – in which all agents reveal their entire valuation to the mechanism. This model makes sense only when the valuations can be represented succinctly, for example, when they are piecewise-uniform, piecewise-constant or piecewise-linear.
The simultaneous reports model – in which agents simultaneously send discretizations of their value-measures. A discretization is a sequence of cut-points, and the values of pieces between these cut-points (for example: a protocol for two agents might require each agent to report a sequence of three cut-points (0,x,1)  where the values of (0,x) and (x,1) are 1/2).

Dividing multiple cakes
There is a generalization of the cake-cutting problem in which there are several cakes, and each agent needs to get a piece in each cake.

 Cloutier, Nyman and Su study two-player envy-free multi-cake division. For two cakes, they prove that an EF allocation may not exist when there are 2 agents and each cake is cut into 2 pieces. However, an EF allocation exists when there are 2 agents and one cake is cut into 3 pieces (the least-wanted piece is discarded), or when there are 3 agents and each cake is cut into 2 pieces (one agent is ignored; the allocation is EF for the remaining two).
 Lebert, Meunier and Carbonneaux prove, for two cakes, that an EF allocation always exists when there are 3 agents and each cake is cut into 5 pieces (the two least-wanted pieces in each cake are discarded).
 Nyman, Su and Zerbib prove, for k cakes, that an EF allocation always exists when there are k(n-1)+1 agents and each cake is cut into n pieces (the allocation is EF for some set of n agents).
Two related problems are:

 Multi-layered cake-cutting, where the cakes are arranged in "layers" and pieces of the same agent must not overlap (for example, each cake represents the time in which a certain facility is available during the day; an agent cannot use two facilities simultaneously).
 Fair multi-cake cutting, where the agents do not want to get a piece on every cake, on the contrary, they want to get pieces on as few cakes as possible.

See also
 Fair item allocation – a similar problem in which the items to divide are indivisible

References

Further reading
 A list of books about fair division
 A list of research papers about fair division

Cake-cutting


title: Kyu-chul

text:
Kyu-chul is a Korean masculine given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 20 hanja with the reading "kyu" and 11 hanja with the reading "chul" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be used in given names.

People with this name include:
Chang Kyou-chul (1946–2000), South Korean boxer
Kim Kyu-chul (born 1960), South Korean actor, Best New Actor at the 1993 Chunsa Film Art Awards
Han Kyu-chul (born 1981), South Korean swimmer
Chang Gyu-cheol (born 1992), South Korean swimmer

See also
List of Korean given names

References

Korean masculine given names
Masculine given names


title: List of number-one hits of 1978 (Italy)

text:
This is a list of number-one songs in 1978 on the Italian charts compiled weekly by the Italian Hit Parade Singles Chart.

Chart history

Number-one artists

References

1978
1978 in Italian music
1978 record charts


title: Argonemertes

text:
Argonemertes is a genus of nemertean worms belonging to the family Prosorhochmidae. It may be transferred to the family Plectonemertidae.  It contains the following species:

 Argonemertes australiensis (Dendy, 1892)
 Argonemertes dendyi (Dakin, 1915)
 Argonemertes hillii (Hett, 1924)
 Argonemertes stocki (Moore, 1975)

All four species are terrestrial animals.

References

Prosorhochmidae
Nemertea genera


title: A Day in the Death (disambiguation)

text:
"A Day in the Death" is the eighth episode of the second series of British science fiction television series Torchwood.

A Day in the Death may also refer to:

Theatre, film and TV
A Day in the Death of Joe Egg, 1967 play by the English playwright Peter Nichols
A Day in the Death of Joe Egg (film), 1972 film based on the play of the same name by Peter Nichols
A Day in the Death of Donny B, 1969 American short docudrama

Music
"A Day in the Death", song from Testament album Dark Roots of Earth
"A Day in the Death", song from Johnny Truant album In the Library of Horrific Events


title: Gliese 754

text:
Gliese 754 is a dim star in the southern constellation of Telescopium. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 12.25, which requires a telescope to view. The star is located at a distance of 19.3 light-years from the Sun based on parallax, and it is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +7 km/s. It is one of the hundred closest stars to the Solar System. Calculations of its orbit around the Milky Way showed that it is eccentric, and indicate that it might be a thick disk object.

The stellar classification of Gliese 754 is M4V, indicating that this is a small red dwarf star on the core hydrogen fusing main sequence. It has 17% of the mass of the Sun and 21% of the Sun's radius. The star is fully convective and is a source of X-ray emission. It is rotating slowly with a period of about 133 days. The metallicity is sub-solar, indicating it has a lower abundance of heavy elements compared to the Sun. It is radiating just 0.5% of the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 3,202 K.

Planetary System
In June 2019, a candidate exoplanet was reported in orbit around Gliese 754. It was detected using the Doppler method and is orbiting at a distance of  with a period of 78 days. The orbit is essentially circular, to within the margin of error. The habitable zone for this star ranges from  to ; inside the orbit of this proposed companion.

References

M-type main-sequence stars
Hypothetical planetary systems
Telescopium
0754
J19204795-4533283


title: Argonemertes hillii

text:
Argonemertes hillii is a species of nemertean worms in the family Prosorhochmidae that is endemic to Australia, and is found east of the Great Dividing Range in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland. It inhabits in damp woodlands, dry sclerophyll forests and tropical and subtropical rainforests, and is usually found under logs.

References

Prosorhochmidae
Endemic fauna of Australia
Animals described in 1924


title: Other Voices, Other Blues

text:
Other Voices, Other Blues is a double album by jazz composer, bandleader and keyboardist Sun Ra and his Quartet recorded in Italy in 1978 and originally released on the Italian Horo label.

Reception
The Allmusic review by Sean Westergaard awarded the album 4 stars stating "This is really a great setting to hear what these guys can do as soloists, with the easy-to-follow changes of the blues and stripped-down ensemble. Luqman Ali's drumming is the anchor, and everyone gets plenty of solo space. Fans of John Gilmore should surely seek this out, but Michael Ray and Sun Ra are also simply fantastic".

Track listing
All compositions by Sun Ra

Side One:
 "Spring and Summer Idyll" – 13:21
 "One Day in Rome" – 5:24
Side Two:
 "Bridge on the Ninth Dimension" – 14:25
 "Along the Tiber" – 4:04
Side Three:
 "Sun, Sky and Wind" – 6:30
 "Rebellion" – 12:17
Side Four:
 "Constellation" – 9:15
 "The Mystery of Being" – 10:20

Personnel
Sun Ra – piano, Crumar Mainman organ, vocals
John Gilmore – tenor saxophone, percussion vocals
Michael Ray  – trumpet, vocals
Luqman Ali – drums

References

Sun Ra albums
Horo Records albums
1978 albums


title: Nila (Ramayana)

text:
Nila (), also spelled as Neela, is a character in the Hindu epic Ramayana. He is a vanara chieftain in the army of Rama, the prince of Ayodhya and avatar of the god Vishnu. He is the commander-in-chief of the vanara army under the vanara king Sugriva, and is described as leading the army in Rama's battle against the rakshasa king Ravana of Lanka (identified with modern-day Sri Lanka) and as killing many rakshasas.

Legend
In the Ramayana, Nila is described as the son of Agni, the god of fire, and as the "Kapishreshtha (foremost among the vanaras) in effulgence, reputation, and prowess". An important part of the epic describes the role played by the vanara army in the rescue of Sita, the wife of Rama who is kidnapped by Ravana, the rakshasa king of Lanka. The many stories forming the epic are retold in various adaptations.

Search for Sita
The Ramayana describes Nila as the commander-in-chief of the vanara army, under the king Sugriva. Sugriva orders Nila to assemble the vanaras so that they can be sent to locate Sita. The epic specifics Nila as a member of the search-party that headed in the southern direction. The Mahabharata epic also tells of Nila being sent with other vanaras in the search for Sita.

Nila is mentioned as one of four vanaras powerful enough to cross the ocean between India and Lanka. In the narrative, Hanuman, Rama's devotee and vanara general, is chosen to fly to Lanka and search for Sita, which he succeeds in accomplishing. Nila is ordered by Sugriva to find a route to Lanka, through which plenty of food is available. Sugriva and Nila also issue directives to the army to march.

Builder of the bridge

Rama, aided by an army of vanaras, reaches the end of land, but needs to cross over to Lanka to retrieve Sita. The Ramayana credits Nala as the sole builder of the Rama Setu, a bridge across the ocean between Rameswaram and Lanka, enabling the forces of Rama to pass over to Lanka. However, the Ramacharitamanasa credits Nala and his brother Nila for the bridge's creation. The sea-god Varuna tells Rama that both of them possess the ability to make stones float on water.

The tale elaborates on how the two vanaras came to have this power: In their youth these vanaras, being very mischievous, often play by throwing the murtis (holy images) worshipped by the sages in the water. To prevent the sacred images from drowning, the sages decree that any stone tossed by them in water will never submerge. Another tale narrates how as assured by Varuna, the stones dropped by Nala and Nila would forever float, but with the condition that they would drift in the sea without forming a contiguous structure. The version has Hanuman suggest that the name of Rama be written across the stones so that they stick together, and describes the strategy as overcoming the proviso.

Battle of Lanka

Nila heads the vanara army in the battle led by Rama against Ravana and his rakshasa army. The Ramayana tells of Nila facing the rakshasa Nikumbha. Though injured by the rakshasa, Nila picks up the chariot wheel of Nikumbha and kills him with it. Nila also fights a fierce battle with Prahasta. The rakshasa shoots many arrows at Nila who, unable to escape, bears them calmly with closed eyes. Later, when Prahasta dashes towards Nila with a mallet, the vanara fights back with rocks and finally hurls a huge boulder at him, thus slaying him. Nila also battles with Ravana, jumping onto his chariot. Nila and Hanuman together battle with the rakshasas Trishira and Mahodara, when Nila kills Mahodara with a rock. The Mahabharata states that he slays the rakshasa Pramathi in the battle. The Kamba Ramayana portrays him as being defeated and struck unconscious by Meghanada, Ravana's son.

The Krittivasi Ramayan narrates how the vanaras are sent to disturb the yajna (fire sacrifice) that Ravana is performing in order to make himself invincible. Nila is described as polluting the ritual by climbing on Ravana's heads and urinating on them.

Jainism

According to Jain texts, Nila took Jain Diksha and attained Moksha from Mangi-Tungi.

References

External links

Vanara in the Ramayana
Characters in the Ramayana


title: Chatcolet, Idaho

text:
Chatcolet is an unincorporated community in Benewah County, Idaho, United States. Chatcolet is located on the western shore of Chatcolet Lake in Heyburn State Park.

History
Chatcolet's population was 101 in 1960.

References

Unincorporated communities in Benewah County, Idaho
Unincorporated communities in Idaho


title: Argonemertes stocki

text:
Argonemertes stocki is a species of nemertean worms in the family Prosorhochmidae that is endemic to Australia, and is only known from one specimen found in 1972 in the New England National Park, New South Wales. It was found under a log in dry sclerophyll forest. It is threatened by invasive plant species and bush fires.

References

Prosorhochmidae
Endemic fauna of Australia
Animals described in 1975


title: Centre Party (New South Wales)

text:
The Centre Party, or the Centre Reform Group, and occasionally referred to as the Centre Movement, was a short-lived extreme-right political party that operated in the Australian state of New South Wales. Founded in December 1933, the party's leader and most prominent figure was Eric Campbell, the leader of the paramilitary New Guard movement. That organisation had been established to oppose what its members perceived as the socialist tendencies of Jack Lang, the Premier of New South Wales, but declined following Lang's dismissal in early 1932. The party, unlike most fascist-oriented parties in Europe, acted as a wing of its more prominent paramilitary arm.

The Centre Party contested five seats at the 1935 state election, and its candidates placed second to the United Australia Party (UAP) in two electorates, with almost 20% of the vote. However, it polled poorly in the other seats it contested, and disbanded shortly after the election. The Centre Party is generally seen as the political extension of the remnant of the New Guard, which had decreased in popularity and influence, and, under Campbell's leadership, had become increasingly inclined towards fascism.

History

Background and formation

With Eric Campbell, a solicitor and former officer in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF), as "principal founder", the New Guard was established in February 1931, open to "all loyal citizens irrespective of creed, party, social or financial position". Campbell's new organisation sprang out of the Old Guard, a "secretive" group of Sydney-based businessmen formed to oppose Jack Lang, the Premier of New South Wales and the leader of the Labor Party, which had gained power at the October 1930 state election. At the height of its power, the movement had been "overwhelmingly a middle-class organisation", and was, in general, "virulently opposed by workers and trade unions", with the exception of the Railway Service Association and other right-wing unions. Its main goal was achieved in early May 1932, when Lang's government was dismissed by Sir Philip Game, the Governor of New South Wales. Lang had refused to pay interest on loans from overseas creditors, and withdrew government money from bank accounts to prevent the federal government from appropriating it for that purpose. He was replaced as premier by Bertram Stevens, who led a coalition of the conservative United Australia Party and United Country Party to a landslide victory at the subsequent June 1932 state election. The anti-Labor parties together gained 31 seats and won just under half of the popular vote.

The New Guard and other radical groups "lost much of their motivation" following the defeat of Lang at the 1932 election, with the New Guard confronted with an "unmistakable decline in membership" following Lang's dismissal. In late 1932, Campbell had begun to outline more fully his political beliefs, producing a series of broadcasts in which he develop a "complete credo for a fascist State", most notably incorporating a "non-elective cabinet or commission, a corporative assembly, vocational franchise and a charter of liberty". He also stated his intentions to contest the next state election, a date for which had not yet been set. In early 1933, Campbell toured Europe, meeting with Sir Oswald Mosley, the leader of the British Union of Fascists, and also with German and Italian leaders. However, on his return to Australia, Campbell's support for an "openly pro-fascist policy" was met with strong opposition from the Guard's "anti-fascist moderates". These attempts to "establish the movement as Australia's first fascist party" are thought to have "hastened the New Guard's decline", with many previous members "disinclined to accept what was in fact the movement's true character".

The Centre Party was formally established on 4 December 1933 at a meeting, described as having “over 1,000 people” in attendance. The Sydney Morning Herald reported that “100 branches” of the party would be established. The “majority of the diminishing movement” endorsed its move into electoral politics, which was, according to Campbell, “necessitated by the failure of the UAP governments, at both federal and state levels, to accede to the New Guard's demands”.

The party did not contest the September 1934 federal election, as there was “not time to organise it”. An August 1934 meeting of the New Guard reaffirmed Campbell as leader, and resolved to “make itself felt in the next state elections”.

1935 election and aftermath

At the May 1935 New South Wales state election, the Centre Party contested five out of the 90 Legislative Assembly districts, all in suburban Sydney, and polled 0.60 percent of the total vote. In two seats, Hornsby, contested by Fergus Munro, and Lane Cove, contested by Campbell, only the Centre Party and the United Australia Party fielded candidates, with the former polling over 15 percent of the vote in both seats. In the other seats it contested, the Centre Party candidates failed to poll more than 5 percent of the vote. The party's relatively high vote in Hornsby and Lane Cove is thought to have represented "merely the level of protest against [UAP Premier] Stevens" in the absence of other candidates.

In Arncliffe, the only seat that required a preference distribution, the majority (56.78%) of Centre Party preferences flowed to the United Australia candidate, Horace Harper, who was defeated by Labor's Joseph Cahill, a future premier. Enoch Jones, the candidate for Arncliffe, later served as a City of Rockdale councillor, and contested the seat of Rockdale for the Liberal Democrats at the 1944 state election. Additionally, Aubrey Murphy, the candidate in Concord, served on two occasions as mayor of the Blue Mountains City Council in the 1950s, and was named an MBE in the 1960 New Year Honours.

With the exception of occasional speaking engagements, Campbell himself largely withdrew from public life following the election, and spent most of the rest of his life in country New South Wales, where he was president of the Burrangong Shire Council in 1949 and 1950 (now part of Young Shire). Campbell's 1965 autobiographical account of his involvement in the New Guard, The Rallying Point, does not mention the Centre Party at all. Later writers have suggested that the party's lack of success at the 1935 election represented "an electoral brick-wall", with the party overall a "failure" and Campbell's movement having "lost most of its drive".

Policies
At a gathering at the Presbyterian Assembly Hall in late February 1934, Campbell expounded fourteen "guiding principles" of the Centre Party, in order:

Analysis
In one of its first reports on the party, The Sydney Morning Herald wrote that the Centre Party would be "a distinct organisation from the New Guard", although with the New Guard's "backing". Later writers have generally viewed the party as simply the New Guard's political manifestation, representing "the culmination of the New Guard’s ideological evolution". Rodney Smith categorises the Centre Party with several other parties in the 1920s and 1930s that were attempting to "claim the centre ground" between the Labor parties (the ALP and Lang Labor) and the anti-Labor parties (the Nationalists and then the UAP). These other parties included the Australian Party (established by former prime minister Billy Hughes) and the All for Australia League, and had little in common other than being "anti-political", often deriving from "the clashing of factions within the major parties", and not representing "any kind of long-term challenge" to the party system. John McCarthy suggests Campbell's attempts to promote the party as centrist were a result of the "complete marginalisation of the far right" at the preceding 1932 state election. However, despite Campbell's appeal to the middle-class, Keith Amos notes the party was "almost completely disregarded by the popular press", with "public interest in right-wing militancy" evaporating.

Other authors have debated the extent to which the Centre Party was fascist. Matthew Cunningham describes the functions of the New Guard and Centre Party as "twofold": to "augment constitutional government as a physical bulwark against communism", and to "act as a moral force championing the tenets of individualism that had been inherited from Britain". However, he also notes that Campbell "clearly identified as a fascist, despite his later claims to the contrary". Amos writes that the New Guard "unequivocally stamped itself as a fascist organization, the first such movement in Australia to achieve this distinction".

See also
 Australia First Movement
 Far-right politics in Australia
 List of political parties in Australia
 New Party
 New Guard

Notes

References

Sources

1930s in Australia
1933 establishments in Australia
1933 disestablishments in Australia
White nationalism in Australia
Defunct far right political parties in Australia
Defunct political parties in New South Wales
Fascist parties
History of New South Wales
Third Position


title: Ali Imran Ramz

text:
Ali Imran Ramz popularly known as Victor is an Indian politician who served as the youngest member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly elected in 2009 by-election and then 2011 election.

He is son of late Mohammad Ramzan Ali, a Forward Bloc leader and four term Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Goalpokhar. The uncle of Ramz, Hafiz Alam Sairani is a three-time MLA and former Minister of West Bengal who also represented the same constituency.

He was first elected in a by-election in 2009 from Goalpokhar and subsequently re-elected from the newly created Chakulia in 2011. On 17th October 2022, He joined Indian National Congress in the presence of West Bengal Pradesh Congress President Shri Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury at WBPCC headquarters ( Bidhan Bhawan).

References

All India Forward Bloc politicians
Living people
West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011
West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016
West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021
People from Uttar Dinajpur district
1978 births
Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
20th-century Bengalis
21st-century Bengalis


title: Al Dokali Al Seyed

text:
Al Dokali Al Sayed (born December 20, 1993) is a Libyan footballer that currently plays for Al Ahli as a midfielder.

Career
Al Seyed has appeared in four AFC Champions League matches. His first appearance was as a substitute in the match against Al Shabab. He was then an unused substitute in the 3–3 draw with Tractor Sazi, and their following match, a 3–1 victory over Al Jazira. He returned to the side in the next game, scoring his first AFC Champions League goal in the reverse game against Tractor Sazi, a penalty at the start of the second half, having also made his first Champions League start of the season. His final appearance in that season's competition was as a substitute in their last group game, a 2–0 loss to Al-Ahli.

References

Living people
1993 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Libyan men's footballers
Libyan expatriate men's footballers
El Jaish SC players
Al-Wakrah SC players
Al-Rayyan SC players
Al Shahaniya SC players
Mesaimeer SC players
Al Ahli SC (Doha) players
Qatar Stars League players
Qatari Second Division players
Men's association football midfielders
Expatriate men's footballers in Qatar
Libyan expatriate sportspeople in Qatar


title: Argyrodella

text:
Argyrodella is a monotypic genus of Seychelloise comb-footed spiders containing the single species, Argyrodella pusillus. It was first described by Michael I. Saaristo in 2006, and is found on the Seychelles.

It is endemic to the Seychelles, and can be found on the islands of Mahé and Silhouette. It lives in woodland habitats, where it spins orb webs or is a kleptoparasite of the red-legged golden orb-web spider. It is threatened by habitat deterioration due to invasive plants, especially Cinnamomum verum.

See also
 List of Theridiidae species

References

Endemic fauna of Seychelles
IUCN Red List vulnerable species
Monotypic Theridiidae genera
Spiders of Africa
Theridiidae
Vulnerable animals


title: Top 100 historical figures

text:
Top 100 historical figures may refer to:

The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, a 1978 book
100 Greatest Britons, a BBC series about historical figures from the United Kingdom
Great South Africans, a South African TV series to determine the "100 Greatest South Africans"
Time 100, an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the American world

See also
Top 100 (disambiguation)
:Category:Greatest Nationals, with various national imitations of the 100 Greatest Britons, some of which were top 100 lists


title: Chilukuri Narayana Rao

text:
Chilukuri Narayana Rao was a Telugu writer, lexicographer, historian and scholar. He was born to Bheemasenarao and Lakshmamma in 1890 in Visakhapatnam District, British India.

His notable works include Amba, Upanishattulu, Musalamma, Vaade, Borrayyasetti, Gujaraati Vangmayamu. He also published Aandhra Bhaashaa Charitram in the year 1937 and a revised version of Sankaranarayana's English-Telugu Dictionary.

Awards
He received the honorary doctorate degree of ‘Kala Prapoorna' from Andhra University in the year 1947.

References

External links

Telugu writers
1890 births
1952 deaths
20th-century Indian historians
Writers from Andhra Pradesh
Tamil–Telugu translators
People from Visakhapatnam district


title: Night of the Living Deb

text:
Night of the Living Deb is a 2015 American romantic zombie comedy film directed by Kyle Rankin. It stars Maria Thayer, Michael Cassidy, Ray Wise and Chris Marquette.  Thayer plays an awkward woman who, after a one-night stand, realizes she has awoken to a zombie apocalypse.

Plot
At a bar, Deb Clarington, a camera operator for the local  news, sees an attractive man, Ryan Waverly.  Although she is initially too insecure to approach him, her friend Ruby talks her into it.  While awkwardly hitting on him, Deb is interrupted by Ryan's fiancé, who breaks up with him when he refuses to accept a high-paying job at his father's company.  The next thing Deb knows, she wakes in Ryan's bed with a hangover.  Ryan asks her to leave and after several attempts to seduce him, she reluctantly agrees but sees people attack and cannibalize each other.  Deb saves Ryan from a zombie attack and they return to his apartment.

Deb once again attempts to seduce Ryan, who is more concerned with checking on his family and ex-fiancée.  Since he has no car, Deb agrees to help him.  They first visit his elderly neighbor for supplies.  Finding her apparently dead, they bicker over arrangements, only to be surprised when she rises as a zombie.  After they kill her, Deb drops the supplies, alerting many zombies.  The two flee to her car, agreeing that they will not stop until they reach Ryan's family.  Along the way, Deb eagerly rams several zombies; Ryan objects, saying they may be treatable.  Although skeptical of his idealism, Deb agrees not to unnecessarily kill them.

Despite their earlier agreement, Deb takes a detour to visit Ruby, who is now a zombie.  Convinced the zombies may be treatable, Deb traps Ruby in the car's trunk.  At Ryan's father's mansion, the two meet Chaz, Ryan's brother, who quizzes them on whether they are zombies before allowing them in.  Ryan is reunited with Stacy and Ryan's father, Frank, reveals that his water treatment plant spread the zombie virus to the town.  When Deb pushes for more information, he blames the governor for pushing an environmentally dangerous project, to Ryan's disgust.

Frank privately tells Ryan the governor has arranged a helicopter for them and Ryan insists they take Deb.  Frank refuses but relents when Ryan threatens to stay behind.  Frank tries to drug Deb so they can abandon her but she hands the drugged food to their security guard.  When Ryan tells Stacy he no longer wants to marry her, she loudly simulates having sex, driving Deb to leave the house and Chaz to become intensely jealous.  After their guard dies, zombies attack Stacy.  Chaz ignores her pleas for help and dazed by seeing her eaten alive, allows himself to be bitten.  The Waverlys leave the house for the helicopter, taking Chaz with them.

Deb discovers a security checkpoint at the town limits.  Satisfying the paramilitary group, they allow her to leave but say she must turn back to the town.  After she invokes Frank's name to the governor, Frank appears, demanding his helicopter transportation.  The governor explains there never was a helicopter and he wants only to clean up loose ends.  Ryan tells the Governor that Deb is a reporter who has evidence on him hidden in her car's trunk; the governor opens the trunk and is killed by Ruby. When Frank is also bitten, he tells Ryan and Deb to flee while he holds off the soldiers.

Deb realizes they can use her television station to send out a broadcast that can not be jammed.  After she proclaims her love for Ryan on-air, she is bitten.  Believing herself to be turning into a zombie, she asks Ryan to leave her behind and wait for help but he refuses to abandon her, instead offering himself to her as zombie food.  Before she can bite him, paramedics break into the station and reveal the virus is not contagious.  Frank and Chaz, revealed to have also survived although under arrest, encourage Ryan to proclaim his love to Deb.  As fighter jets bomb the city, Deb and Ryan kiss.

Cast
 Maria Thayer as Deb Clarington
 Michael Cassidy as Ryan Waverly
 Ray Wise as Frank Waverly
 Chris Marquette as Chaz Waverly
 Syd Wilder as Stacy
 Brian Sacca as Colonel Newton
 Julie Brister as Ruby

History

Production
On March 6, 2014, Kyle Rankin and Michael Cassidy revealed via Kickstarter that they were producing a "Zom-Rom-Com". They gave fans a tease with a pledge video to demonstrate how the film could be; plus to give fans another tease, they released the first 16 pages of the script online, so they knew what they were investing in. The fans were given 30 days to raise $99,000 – but by April 5, 2014, they had raised over $100,000.

Filming
Portland, Maine was chosen for filming since it was Kyle's hometown. Principal photography commenced on June 10, 2014, and ended on July 3, 2014. The cast and crew publicly promoted a wrap party that anyone could attend, with purchase of a $95 ticket, which was held on July 3, 2014.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 88% of eight surveyed critics from  gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.64/10.

Jennie Kermode, writing for Eye for Film wrote that the film "feels like it was made by a soap opera producer for daytime TV, and even dedicated fans of the shuffling undead will struggle to swallow it.".

References

External links

2015 films
2015 horror films
2015 comedy horror films
2010s parody films
2015 romantic comedy films
American parody films
American romantic comedy films
American romantic horror films
American zombie comedy films
Casual sex in films
Films set in Maine
Films shot in Maine
Mass media in Portland, Maine
Parodies of horror
Independence Day (United States) films
Kickstarter-funded films
Films directed by Kyle Rankin
Films produced by Kyle Rankin
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


title: Maria Chiara Spinucci

text:
Maria Chiara Spinucci (1741–1792), was an Italian aristocrat, court lady of Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria and the morganatic spouse of Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony.

Early life
Maria Chiara was daughter of Count Giuseppe Spinucci (1707–1783) and his wife, Beatrice Vecchi-Buratti (1718–1803). She was younger sister of Cardinal Domenico Spinucci.

Marriage
In Dresden on 9 March 1765, she married Francis Xavier morganatically. The union was keep secret until 1777 when it was formally announced and legitimized.

In 1769, Francis Xavier moved his family to France, the home of his younger sister, the Dauphine Marie-Josèphe, who had died two years earlier. He lived in France for almost twenty years under the assumed title of Count of Lusatia (fr: Comte de Lusace, de: Graf von der Lausitz). In 1774, his nephew, Louis XVI, became the king of the country. Francis Xavier and his family chose to flee France at the beginning of the French Revolution. They moved to Rome; while in Rome, the Prince sat for a bust by Domenico Cardelli.

Issue
During their marriage, Franz Xavier and Maria Chiara had ten children — known as counts and countesses of Lusatia (de: Gräf/Gräfin von der Lausitz) — but only six survived to adulthood:
 Ludwig Ruprecht Joseph Xavier (Dresden, 27 March 1766 – Pont-sur-Seine, 22 August 1782).
 Clara Maria Augusta Beatrice (Dresden, 27 March 1766 – Dresden, 18 November 1766), twin with Ludwig.
 Joseph Xavier Karl Raphael Philipp Benno (Dresden, 23 August 1767 – killed in a duel at Teplitz by Russian prince Nicholas Grigorievich Shcherbatov, 26 June 1802), called "Chevalier de Saxe".
 Elisabeth Ursula Anna Cordula Xaveria (Dresden, 22 October 1768 – Dresden, 3 May 1844), called "Mademoiselle de Saxe"; married on 8 November 1787 to Henri de Preissac, Duc d'Esclignac.
 Maria Anna Violente Katharina Martha Xaveria (Siena, 20 October 1770 – Rome, 24 December 1845), married on 15 October 1793 to Principe Don Paluzzo Altieri, Principe di Oriolo.
 Beatrix Marie Françoise Brigitte (Chaumot, 1 February 1772 – Dresden, 6 February 1806), married on 18 February 1794 to Don Raffaele Riario-Sforza, Marchese di Corleto.
 Kunigunde Anna Helena Maria Josepha (Chaumot, 18 March 1774 – Rome, 18 October 1828), married on 1795 to Marchese Don Giovanni Patrizi Patrizi Naro Montoro.
 Maria Christina Sabina (Pont-sur-Seine, 30 December 1775 – Rome, 20 August 1837), married on 24 March 1796 to Don Camillo Massimiliano Massimo, Prince of Arsoli.
 Stillborn son (Pont-sur-Seine, 22 December 1777).
 Cecilie Marie Adelaide Augustine (Pont-sur-Seine, 17 December 1779 – Pont-sur-Seine, 24 June 1781).

References

1741 births
1792 deaths
Morganatic spouses of German royalty
18th-century Italian women
German ladies-in-waiting


title: Vicksburg High School (Michigan)

text:
Vicksburg High School is a 9-12 public high school in Vicksburg, Michigan.  It is part of the Vicksburg Community Schools.

Academics
In the 2022 U.S. News & World Report public high school rankings, Vicksburg was ranked 108th in the state of Michigan and 3rd in the Kalamazoo area.

Demographics
The demographic breakdown for the 777 students enrolled during the 2021-22 school year was:

Male - 49.0%
Female - 51.0%
Native American/Alaskan - 0.4%
Asian - 0 5%
Black - 1.3%
Hispanic - 4.0%
Native Hawaiian/Pacific islanders - 0.1%
White - 89.1%
Multiracial - 4.6%

22.7% of the students were eligible for free or reduced-cost lunch.

Athletics
The Vicksburg athletic teams are known as the Bulldogs and the school colors are red and white.  The Bulldogs compete in the Wolverine Conference.  The following MHSAA sanctioned sports are offered at Vicksburg High School:

Baseball (boys)
Basketball (girls & boys)
Bowling (girls & boys)
Competitive cheerleading (girls)
Cross country (girls & boys)
Boys state champions - 1963
Football (boys)
Golf (girls & boys)
Lacrosse (boys)
Soccer (girls & boys)
Softball (girls)
Tennis (girls & boys)
Boys state champions - 1974
Track & field (girls & boys)
Volleyball (girls)
Wrestling (boys)

In November 1977, The Bulldogs were the subject of a two part story in Sports Illustrated, chronicling the impact of high school football on a small town.

References

External links

 Vicksburg Community Schools website

Public high schools in Michigan
Schools in Kalamazoo County, Michigan


title: Keishing Clifford Nongrum

text:
Captain Keishing Clifford Nongrum, MVC (7 March 1975 – 1 July 1999) was an Indian Army officer of 12 Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry. He was posthumously awarded the Maha Vir Chakra, India's second-highest gallantry award, for exemplary valor in combat during operations in the Kargil War in 1999.

Early years and education
Nongrum was born and brought up in Shillong, Meghalaya, India, in a Christian family. His father, Keishing Peter, worked at State Bank of India while his mother, Saily Nongrum, is a housewife.

Nongrum received his high-school education from Don Bosco Technical School, Shillong and attended St. Anthony's College, Shillong. He was a bright student who consistently performed well in academics and sports.

Captain Nongrum believed Indian military service has an important role to integrate North-Eastern states with mainstream India. Before Kargil war, Nongrum visited the principal of his alma mater, St Anthony's College, Shillong to discuss the matter and wanted to speak to the students about the Indian army.

Military life
He graduated from the Officers Training Academy, Chennai and was commissioned into the 12th battalion of the Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry.

Kargil War and death
At the outbreak of war, his battalion was posted to the Batalik sector.
The mission was assigned to 12 JAK LI on 30 June 1999 to capture the strategically important Point 4812 in the Batalik sector. Capt Nongrum was tasked to lead the assault team for this critical mission.

Capt Nongrum was awarded the Mahavir Chakra for his gallant action in this operation.

The Maha Vir Chakra citation reads as follows:

Legacy
Captain Keishing Clifford Nongrum is the only person from the state of Meghalaya to have won this distinct and prestigious honour.

A bust of Captain Keishing Clifford Nongrum has been recently inaugurated at Rhino Museum Shillong in his memory.

The Meghalaya government renamed Rilbong Chowk to Clifford Nongrum Square in honor of Captain Keishing Clifford Nongrum.

References

1975 births
1999 deaths
People from Shillong
Deaths by firearm in India
Indian Army officers
Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra
Indian military personnel killed in action
People associated with Shillong
Naga people
Khasi people


title: Rierguscha bicolor

text:
Rierguscha bicolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Viana in 1970.

References

Unxiini
Beetles described in 1970


title: Rierguscha florida

text:
Rierguscha florida is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Napp and Martins in 2006.

References

Unxiini
Beetles described in 2006


title: Rierguscha viridipennis

text:
Rierguscha viridipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bruch in 1925.

References

Unxiini
Beetles described in 1925


title: Argyrodes chionus

text:
Argyrodes chionus is a species of tangle-web spider that is endemic to Aldabra in the Seychelles. It is found in dry shrubland at sea level. It is threatened by habitat deterioration due to sea level rise.

References

Theridiidae
Endemic fauna of Seychelles
Endangered animals
Spiders of Africa
Spiders described in 1983


title: Unxia gracilior

text:
Unxia gracilior is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hermann Burmeister in 1865.

References

Unxiini
Beetles described in 1865
Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister


title: Unxia insignis

text:
Unxia insignis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1844.

References

Unxiini
Beetles described in 1844


title: Unxia laeta

text:
Unxia laeta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1844.

References

Unxiini
Beetles described in 1844


title: Xystrocera alcyonea

text:
Xystrocera alcyonea (sometimes spelled Xystocera alcyonea) is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pascoe in 1866, recorded from Malaysia.

References

Cerambycinae
Beetles described in 1866


title: Xystrocera festiva

text:
Xystrocera festiva is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomson in 1861.

References

Cerambycinae
Beetles described in 1861


title: Sundance (activist)

text:
Sundance is an American Indian civil rights activist. He is perhaps best known for being one of several prominent American Indians to spearhead the movement against the use of Native American imagery as sports mascots.

Early life
Sundance is a member of the Muscogee people, a tribe of Native American people formerly living in the southeastern woodlands.

Career
Sundance is the director of the Cleveland branch of the American Indian Movement (AIM). Cleveland AIM is a member branch of the American Indian Movement Confederation of Autonomous Chapters.

Activism
Sundance was active in changing the team name of Cleveland Baseball and repeatedly voiced his opposition against the use of Chief Wahoo as the mascot for the city's baseball team, the Cleveland Indians.
He has protested the team's use of the controversial mascot since 2007. "We want the logo gone. We want the team name changed," he said. "You can't do one without the other. There is this propaganda around Cleveland that somehow they are honoring us by having a team named the Indians and the Wahoo logo. So the tide is turning, the wind is changing. They feel that perhaps the Wahoo logo is not honoring us, but somehow the team name is and they haven't listened to the message." Sundance also described the argument in the backdrop of the historical context in which these images are used, and the perceptions that are evoked as a result. "This behavior is exploitative, bigoted, racist and shameful," Sundance told the Cleveland Plain Dealer. "It makes fun of genocide and mocks mass murder. The logo is just the head of an Indian. That means he is an ex-Indian. This has been going on for more than 50 years. I hope it does not continue for another 50."

Before his participation in protests on the national level began, Sundance worked on the issue at the local level. Shortly after moving to Oberlin, Sundance discovered the local high school, Oberlin High School, used a Native American emblem as the school's mascot. He petitioned the local school board in order to convince them to adopt another mascot, in spite of opposition which argued in favor of the mascot's "insignificance". Although several discussions took place before the final decision was rendered, in 2007, the school officially decided to change its mascot and team name, going from the Oberlin Indians to the Oberlin Phoenix.

References

External links
Cleveland American Indian Movement

20th-century Native Americans
Native American activists
Members of the American Indian Movement
Muscogee people
Native American people from Ohio
People from Oberlin, Ohio
Activists from Ohio
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Native Americans


title: Xystrocera globosa

text:
Xystrocera globosa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Olivier in 1795. It is distributed widely across tropical Asia. It has also become established in Hawaii and the Mediterranean region and is found in Egypt and Israel as well.

References

Cerambycinae
Beetles described in 1795


title: Sujit Choudhry

text:
Sujit Choudhry is a lawyer, legal scholar, and expert in comparative constitutional law.

Choudhry was on the faculty at the University of Toronto and New York University School of Law before being named dean University of California, Berkeley School of Law. He stepped down from his position as dean in 2016 after being accused of sexually harassing an executive assistant, which he denied, paying a $100,000 settlement but retaining his position on the faculty.

Early life
Choudhry was born in New Delhi in 1970. He went to the University of Toronto Schools for high school. He received a BSc in biology from McGill University in 1992, a B.A. (with first-class honors) in Law from the University of Oxford's University College, in 1994, before attending the University of Toronto, graduating with an LL.B. (with honors) in 1996, and an LL.M. from Harvard Law School in 1998. He was a Rhodes Scholar at the University of Oxford, and had a Frank Knox Memorial Fellowship from Harvard University and the William E. Taylor Memorial Fellowship from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC).

Legal career

Early career
Choudhry joined the faculty of the University of Toronto in 1999 and received tenure in 2004. As of 2006 he was professor and the Scholl chair in law at the University of Toronto. From 2008 to 2011 he served as associate dean. Choudhry left the University of Toronto in 2011 when he was hired by New York University. At NYU, Choudhry was the Cecelia Goetz Professor of Law and the faculty director of the Center for Constitutional Transitions in 2012.

UC Berkeley and sexual harassment lawsuit
In June 2014, Choudhry became Dean of Law at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law, where he was also named the I. Michael Heyman Professor of Law. In March 2015, he was accused of sexual harassment by his executive assistant, Tyann Sorrell. Choudhry denied sexually harassing Sorrell, but acknowledged giving hugs and kisses without sexual intent. The university's office for the prevention of harassment and discrimination concluded that Choudhry's behavior had violated campus sexual harassment policies, and also said sexual intent was not required to demonstrate a violation. In March 2016, Sorrell filed a sexual harassment lawsuit against Choudhry in the Alameda County Superior Court, and against the Regents of the University of California for their failure to respond effectively to her complaint against Choudhry. Choudhry thereafter went on an indefinite leave of absence from his position as dean, but continued to remain a member of faculty. His return to the Berkeley campus in September 2016 as a member of faculty was met by student protests. The lawsuit resulted in settlement agreements, under which Choudhry agreed to pay a total of $50,000 to Sorrell's attorneys, a contribution that his lawyer William Taylor called "relatively minimal." Choudhry also agreed to pay $50,000 to charities of Sorrell's choice. The university terminated the disciplinary process, and Choudhry was permitted to remain a member of the faculty "in good standing", until he "voluntarily" resigned the following year. Choudhry sued Berkeley, alleging racial discrimination, but dropped the complaint following the settlement.

Notable cases
In 2005, Choudhry helped to draft a letter to the Canadian Parliament arguing that a proposal to outlaw same-sex marriage was unconstitutional.

In 2021, Choudhry represented Canadian author Joel Bakan in a lawsuit against Twitter, claiming Twitter's refusal to publish a paid tweet promoting Bakan's documentary The Corporation violated Bakan's free speech rights; Choudhry also sued the Canadian government for failing to issue regulations that protect constitutional freedom of speech on technology platforms. In 2023, the Ontario Superior Court ruled against Twitter's attempt to have the case thrown out.

In 2021, Choudhry represented seven families in a citizenship case challenging the constitutionality of a 2009 change in the Canadian Citizenship Act. He argued that the law unconstitutionally cut off birthright citizenship to children born abroad to Canadian parents who were also born outside Canada, effectively making the children stateless persons.

Choudhry also participated in the Public Order Emergency Commission hearing of Trudeau's actions in October 2022. He cross-examined the Prime Minister about his decision to invoke the Emergencies Act. Choudhry questioned Trudeau on whether he properly disclosed information about deliberations leading to the decision.

Scholarship
Choudhry is an author of the books The Migration of Constitutional Ideas, Dilemmas of Solidarity, Constitutional Design for Divided Societies, Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution, Constitution-Making, Territory and Power in Constitutional Transitions and Security Sector Reform in Constitutional Transitions.

Choudhry co-authored a report titled "Semi-Presidentialism and Inclusive Governance in Ukraine" with Thomas Sedelius and Julia Kyrychenko which was presented in April 2018 before Ukrainian constitutional experts in Kyiv. He is the Director of the Center for Constitutional Transitions.

Academic service
Choudhry was also a recipient of the Trudeau Fellowship and the South Asian Bar Associations of Southern California (SABA-SC) and Northern California (SABA-NC) each awarded him the "Trailblazer Award".

In 2010, the Trudeau Foundation awarded Choudhry a Trudeau Fellowship. The South Asian Bar Association of Toronto named Choudhry Practitioner of the Year in 2011. In 2015, the South Asian Bar Associations of Southern California (SABA-SC) and Northern California (SABA-NC) each awarded Choudhry the "Trailblazer Award".

Choudhry is the Director of the Center for Constitutional Transitions. The Center for Constitutional Transitions partnered with the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) on preparing a set of thematic research reports on constitutional design for Middle East and North Africa (MENA) post Arab Spring. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has cited Choudhry's work in its reports.

Selected publications

References

Canadian legal scholars
Canadian scholars of constitutional law
Scholars of constitutional law
UC Berkeley School of Law faculty
Deans of UC Berkeley School of Law
Harvard Law School alumni
University of Toronto Faculty of Law alumni
Alumni of University College, Oxford
McGill University Faculty of Science alumni
Indian emigrants to Canada
Lawyers from New Delhi
1970 births
Living people


title: Argyrodes cognatus

text:
Argyrodes cognatus is a species of tangle-web spider that is endemic to the Seychelles, and can be found on Mahé, Conception, Silhouette and Marianne islands. It is found in woodland habitats where it spins orb webs in herbaceous vegetation. It is threatened by habitat deterioration due to invasive plants, especially Cinnamomum verum.

References

Theridiidae
Endemic fauna of Seychelles
Vulnerable animals
Spiders of Africa
Spiders described in 1877


title: Mayerbukta

text:
Mayerbukta is a bay in Haakon VII Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It is located at the eastern side of Möllerfjorden, and has a width of about 1.5 kilometers. The glacier of Mayerbreen debouches into the bay.
The bay is named after Louis Benoit Joseph Mayer, counsellor of Albert I, Prince of Monaco.

References

Bays of Spitsbergen


title: Antonio Romano (footballer, born 1995)

text:
Antonio Romano (born 21 January 1995) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Italian Serie B club Cesena.

Career
Born in Acerra, Campania, Romano started his career at Lombard club F.C. Internazionale Milano. He was a player of under-12 team in Lombard Esordienti League in 2006–07 season, to under-17 team in National Allievi League in 2011–12 season. At Inter Milan Romano also received call-up from national youth teams, without any debut. On 13 August 2012 Romano left for the reserve team of Pro Vercelli, initially in temporary deal. Romano also wore no.21 shirt for the first team. He only played once for the Serie B team, on 18 May 2013, the last round of 2012–13 Serie B, as a substitute of Pietro Iemmello in the opening of the first half. Romano was substituted by Cristian Bunino in the second half of the match. Pro Vercelli was relegated to Lega Pro Prima Divisione after that match, however also signed Romano outright from Inter.

On 31 January 2014 Romano was signed by Serie B club Brescia Calcio. On 27 June 2014, few days before the closure of 2013–14 financial year, Romano (for €2.4 million) and Felice Di Cecco (for €1.6 million) were sold to Serie A newcomer Cesena, with Emanuele Fonte (for €2.4 million) and Simone Galassi (for €1.6 million) moved to Brescia. Romano signed a three-year contract. Romano failed to play any game for the Romagna-based team. The team also relegated back to Serie B in May 2015.

In summer 2015 Romano trained with Romagnol team Santarcangelo. However, on 31 August he returned to Cesena. The club also signed Di Cecco and Abdoul Yabré from Cesena on the same day, as well as Romano's namesake from Napoli on 4 August.

References

External links
 AIC profile (data by football.it)

Italian men's footballers
Inter Milan players
FC Pro Vercelli 1892 players
Brescia Calcio players
AC Cesena players
Serie B players
Men's association football forwards
People from Acerra
Footballers from Campania
1995 births
Living people


title: Argyrodes fissifrontellus

text:
Argyrodes fissifrontellus is a species of tangle-web spider that is endemic to the Seychelles, and can be found on Mahé and Silhouette islands. It is found in woodland areas where it spins orb webs in vegetation, or is a keptoparasite in red-legged golden orb-web spider webs. It is threatened by habitat deterioration due to invasive plants, especially Cinnamomum verum.

References

Theridiidae
Endemic fauna of Seychelles
Vulnerable animals
Spiders of Africa
Spiders described in 1978


title: Robert Prince

text:
Robert Prince may refer to:
 Robert Prince (American football) (born 1965), American football coach
 Robert Prince (captain) (1919–2009), World War II officer
 Robert Prince (composer) (1929–2007), ballet and Broadway composer
 Bobby Prince (Robert Caskin Prince III), video game composer


title: Topographic wetness index

text:
The topographic wetness index (TWI), also known as the compound topographic index (CTI), is a steady state wetness index. It is commonly used to quantify topographic control on hydrological processes.  The index is a function of both the slope and the upstream contributing area per unit width orthogonal to the flow direction. The index was designed for hillslope catenas. Accumulation numbers in flat areas will be very large, so TWI will not be a relevant variable. The index is highly correlated with several soil attributes such as horizon depth, silt percentage, organic matter content, and phosphorus. Methods of computing this index differ primarily in the way the upslope contributing area is calculated.

Definition
The topographic wetness index is defined as:

where  is the local upslope area draining through a certain point per unit contour length and  is the local slope in radians. The TWI has been used to study spatial scale effects on hydrological processes. The topographic wetness index (TWI) was developed by Beven and Kirkby within the runoff model TOPMODEL. Although the topographic wetness index is not a unitless number, it is sufficiently approximate that its interpretation doesn't rely on its physical units. Rather, it should be interpreted that areas with similar TWIs become saturated under similar moisture conditions, as described by Dr John Lindsay of the University of Guelph.

Uses
The TWI has been used to study spatial scale effects on hydrological processes and to identify hydrological flow paths for geochemical modelling, as well as to characterize biological processes such as annual net primary production, vegetation patterns, and forest site quality.

References

Topography
Hydrology


title: Porta San Gennaro

text:
The Porta San Gennaro is one of the ancient gates of the city of Naples, located just southwest of the edge of the Piazza Cavour, just off the busy Via Foria and leading to a pedestrian alley, just east and parallel to Via Duomo.

History
This is not the original location of this gate, which documents state was the original portal which lead north out of the city, and towards the Catacombs of San Gennaro. Documents from before the year 1000 speak of a gate of this name, legend holds that it was around during the time of the late Roman Empire. It appears to have once stood some 100 meters south on the same alleyway, adjacent to the church of Gesù delle Monache, and moved in 1537 by the Spanish viceroy Don Pedro de Toledo, in his efforts to enlarge the city. In doing so, he razed the towers that flanked the gate. These were likely similar to those now flanking the Porta Capuana.

The Gate houses a small chapel, and the northern approach has a restored fresco (1656) belonging to Mattia Preti, the sole remainder of frescoes he painted at seven town gates, this one depicting San Gennaro and Francis Xavier showing devotion to the Immaculata and Child as an ex voto to spare the town from the plague. The southern approach has a Bust of San Gaetano (1659) by Bartolomeo Mori placed by members of the Theatine order. The inside gate, adjacent to an aedicule of the Virgin, has a small chapel-church, San Francesco dei Cocchieri, now deconsecrated and shuttered.

References

Gates of Naples


title: Argyrodes rostratus

text:
Argyrodes rostratus is a species of tangle-web spider that is endemic to the Seychelles, and can be found on Mahé, Île Sèche, Cerf, Conception, Silhouette, Curieuse, Cousin, Aride, Praslin, La Digue, Grand Sœur, Felicite, Marianne, Denis islands and the Alphonse and St. François atolls. It is found in woodland, shrubby habitat and gardens, and is a kleptoparasite of red-legged golden orb-web spiders. It is threatened by habitat deterioration due to invasive plants, especially Cinnamomum verum.

References

Theridiidae
Endemic fauna of Seychelles
Spiders of Seychelles
Spiders described in 1877


title: Wisa Wisa (Lampa-Melgar)

text:
Wisa Wisa (Aymara wisa first born twin, Quechua wiksa, wisa belly, the reduplication indicates that there is a group or a complex of something, Hispanicized spelling Visa Visa) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about  high. It is situated in the Puno Region, Lampa Province, Vilavila District, and in the Melgar Province, Ayaviri District. Wisa Wisa lies near the mountains Pukarani (Pucarani) in the northwest and Wallatani (Huallatane) in the southeast, southwest of a place called Wisa Wisa (Huisa Huisa).

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Puno Region