title: Regiment of Riflemen

text:
The Regiment of Riflemen was a unit of the U.S. Army in the early nineteenth century. Unlike the regular US line infantry units with muskets and bright blue and white uniforms, this regiment was focused on specialist light infantry tactics, and were accordingly issued rifles and dark green and black uniforms to take better advantage of cover. This was the first U.S. rifleman formation since the end of the American Revolutionary War 25 years earlier.

The regiment was first activated in 1808. During the War of 1812, it was temporarily designated as the 1st Regiment of Riflemen when the War Department created three additional similar regiments. The regiment never fought as a unit. Companies, detachment from companies or collections of companies were stationed at a distance from each other and were often allocated to other commands. After the War, the other three regiments were inactivated and the regiment reverted to its unnumbered designation. The regiment was inactivated in June 1821.

Background
On April 12, 1808, following the Chesapeake–Leopard affair, the U.S. Congress passed legislation authorizing an increase in the size of the U.S. Army, to include a regiment of riflemen.

Organization
The headquarters of the regiment was authorized one colonel, one lieutenant colonel, one major, and administrative and support officers. The winter uniform of the regiment was green jackets with black collars and cuffs; the summer uniform was green hunting shirts and pantaloons with buff fringe.
 In 1814, uniform regulations specified gray cloth.

Companies were raised in various jurisdictions: three in New York and Vermont; three in the Louisiana and Mississippi Territories; and four in Ohio, Kentucky, and the Indiana Territory. Each company had an authorized strength of 84, including 68 privates; companies rarely attained their authorized strength. Regimental depots were placed in Shepherdstown, Virginia, and Savannah, Georgia.

On February 10, 1814, an act of Congress raised an additional three regiments of riflemen. The Regiment of Riflemen was subsequently redesignated as the 1st Regiment of Riflemen while the additional three were designated as the 2nd, 3rd and 4th regiments. Nevertheless, the four regiments were consolidated again on March 3, 1815 by a further act of Congress. As a result, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Regiments of Riflemen were disbanded and the 1st reverted to its unnumbered designation.

Service in the Pre-war

New Orleans
By 1810, over half of the regiment's officers and men were stationed in New Orleans or in Washington, Mississippi Territory.

Battle at Tippecanoe
On November 7, 1811, a detachment of riflemen attached to the 4th Infantry Regiment fought at Tippecanoe. Because rifles took longer to load than muskets, the riflemen were armed with muskets. During a night action, the riflemen inflicted heavy casualties of Native American forces.

Service in the War of 1812

Operations in Florida
A group of Georgians, calling themselves "Patriots", crossed into Spanish East Florida and, on March 17, 1812, captured Amelia Island from the Spanish garrison. The Patriots then "ceded" Amelia Island and the surrounding area to the United States. On April 12, 1812, two companies of the regiment under the command of then Lieutenant Colonel Thomas A. Smith occupied Fort Mose, Spanish East Florida as part of the Patriot War. The riflemen received little support from the US Government or the Patriots. Smith attempted a siege of St. Augustine, Florida, but his supply lines were not secure and the Spanish garrison of Castillo de San Marcos threatened his command. The Spanish counterattacked Fort Mose and Smith retreated to an encampment further from St. Augustine, Florida. On May 16, 1812, the Spanish set fire to Fort Mose to prevent its reoccupation. Troops retreated to Point Petre, Georgia under the leadership of Captain Abraham A. Massias. All US troops were withdrawn from East Florida by May 1813.

Raid on Gananoque
When war was declared on June 18, 1812, Captain Benjamin Forsyth's company of the regiment was stationed in New York City. In July 1812,  Forsyth led his company to Sacketts Harbor, New York from which, on September 20–21, 1812, he, his company and supporting militia attacked British stores at Gananoque, Upper Canada. Forsyth surprised the Canadian militiamen and was able to capture muskets, ammunition and prisoners. Forsyth's party set fire to stores they could not carry and returned safely to Sackets Harbor from the raid. Forsyth's losses were one man killed and one wounded.

Skirmish near the garrison of Ogdensburg
Benjamin Forsyth needed firewood for his barracks. Forsyth sent Bennet C. Riley with about a half dozen riflemen upriver to gather some wood in a boat. Riley and his men tried to stay by their side as close as possible and as stealthily as possible. But a group of British gunboats spotted Riley's boat crew and set upon them. Benjamin Forsyth and his riflemen rowed out on their boat providing sniper covering fire for Riley's crew. The British gunboats were held at bay as Riley and Forsyth both withdrew safely back to their fort in their boats.

Attempted Deployment to Queenston Heights
In October 1812, two companies of riflemen were assigned to participate in the Battle of Queenston Heights; however disagreement between Major General Stephen Van Rensselaer and Brigadier General Alexander Smyth resulted in those companies being withdrawn because Smyth thought it more important that they clean their camp following a storm. Ultimately, the U.S. attempt to take Queenston failed.

Orchestrating a Raid into French Creek
Alexander Smyth who was a commander of the Regiment of Riflemen orchestrated and ordered a raid on the British that would take place on November 28, 1812. Although Smyth and none of his riflemen took part in the raid. Smyth did do the planning and setting the objectives for the raid. The American raiding force consisted of 770 Regulars and sailors. Smyth instructed the regulars and sailors to spike the British artillery guns and destroy a bridge in preparation for an invasion of Canada. The American raiding force set fire to a post, spiked all the cannons, and captured 34 enemy combatants. The raiders were not able to destroy the bridge but only damage it by removing a third of the plank. The British lost 13 killed and 44 wounded. The American raiders withdrew safely back to American lines with their prisoners while the Americans lost 25 killed, 55 wounded, and 39 captured.

Raid at Elizabethtown
Forsyth was promoted to major during the winter and on February 6–7, 1813, led a multi-company force of the regiment in a raid on Elizabethtown, Upper Canada, from Ogdensburg, New York, which resulted in the freeing of American prisoners, the capture of Canadian prisoners and the re-capture of arms that had been taken by the British at the Battle of Detroit. Forsyth was brevetted to lieutenant colonel for distinguished service with a date of rank of February 6, 1813.

Raid on Seminoles
In December 1812, Tennessean volunteer leader John Williams led 240 Tennessee mounted volunteers with 220 Georgia troops led by Rifleman Colonel Thomas Adams Smith conducted a raid. Thomas Adams Smith was the only Rifleman who took part in this raid. The combined American militia force marched on Payne's Town on February 8, 1813. The Americans engaged the Seminole warriors for several hours before driving them off. The Americans set their base of operations. The Americans conducted raids on nearby villages destroying homes and crops. The Americans killed 20 Seminole warriors, burned 386 houses, destroyed 2,000 bushels of corn, and destroyed 2,000 deerskins. The Americans took 300 horses, 400 head of cattle, and 9 Seminoles/Africans as prisoners. The Americans then withdrew back to friendly lines on February 24, 1813.

Raid across the Canadian border
A week later after the raid on Elizabethtown, a few number of Forsyth's riflemen including Lieutenant William C. Baird raided across the River of the border between America and Canada. The American riflemen captured 3 farmers and a team of horses.

Battle of Ogensburg
Forsyth proved to be an aggravation to the British commanders in Upper Canada and on February 22, 1813, he and his troops were driven out of Ogdensburg by a superior force of British soldiers led by Lieutenant Colonel George MacDonnell.

The Americans were used to seeing British troops drilling on the frozen Saint Lawrence and were taken by surprise when they suddenly charged. The riflemen in the fort held out against the frontal attack, mainly because the British guns became stuck in snow drifts, and American artillery, under Adjutant Daniel W. Church of Colonel Benedict's regiment and Lieutenant Baird of Forsyth's company, fired on the British with mixed results. At the outskirts of the town, American militia bombarded the British force with their artillery. A British flank party maneuvered to the least guarded part of the ground and broke through the weak part of the defense. American militia who had been dislodged from their position fell back while conducting a harassing fire by shooting at the British from behind houses and trees. More British flankers maneuvered through the gap to strike the American militia's main defense from behind. Soon, the British attacking from the front and rear overran the position. The remaining American militia ran farther into the village where some of the American militiamen took cover in or behind houses provided harassing fire against the British. But the British overran the position with Forsyth's position as the remaining obstacle.

Benjamin Forsyth had placed his riflemen behind stone buildings as shelter. When the British came closer, Forsyth's riflemen and his artillery opened heavy fire causing a number of casualties on the British raiders. But the British soon overran the position and the Americans retreated. Benjamin Forsyth and his surviving riflemen all withdrew. The American militia either surrendered, got captured, fled to other towns, or hid amongst the civilian population. The British burned the boats and schooners frozen into the ice, and they carried off artillery and military stores.

Forsyth requested re-enforcements from Colonel Alexander Macomb at Sacketts Harbor to retake Ogdensburg, but Macomb provided no troops and Forsyth led his riflemen back to Sacketts Harbor.

Spearheading and raiding York
Forsyth's company was ordered to join the main American force at Sackett's Harbor rather than reoccupy Ogdensburg. They led the American assault at the Battle of York. Benjamin Forsyth and Bennet C. Riley spearheaded the raid in York. It would be a massive large force of 1,700 regulars including riflemen in 14 armed vessels. Forsyth and Riley led the way with their riflemen at the front to make a beachhead. Forsyth, Riley, and the riflemen landed at the beach. The Americans engaged the British regulars, Indians, and Candians who were trying to set up a defense. Forsyth, Riley, and their riflemen hid behind trees and logs and never exposed themselves except when they fired, squatting down to load their pieces, and their clothes being green they were well camouflaged with the bushes and trees. The place chosen by the Americans for landing was very advantageous for their troops, being full of shrubs and bushes. The Americans immediately covered and cut off the British-allied forces, with little or no danger to the Americans. The British and their allies, suffering many casualties, withdrew from the field. The Americans suffered moderate casualties from resistance from British-allied remnants, magazine explosion, or other circumstances. The American raid at York was successful, however it was not without some controversy. Even though the civilians were not harmed. Many of their belongings were looted by the Americans and many private property were burned to the ground. Despite that the American commander Pike who was killed in this raid explicitly instructed his soldiers not to conduct any looting or burning private property. The Americans, after conducting their raid, withdrew from York. Forsyth, Riley, and the rest of their riflemen also withdrew.

Spearheading an assault at Fort George
On May 27, 1813, a battalion of the regiment commanded by Forsyth executed another amphibious assault and participated in the capture of Fort George, Upper Canada. After taking the fort, US troops attempted to pursue the retreating British forces but Major General Morgan Lewis recalled the battalion when he feared an ambush.

Ambush at Black Swamp Road
In July 1813, Benjamin Forsyth and his riflemen with the aid of Seneca Warriors and American militia under the command of militia commander Cyrenius Chapin conducted a successful ambush against the British allied Mohawks near Newark, Ontario. The American riflemen and Seneca warriors would hide on both sides of the road. While a group of Seneca and American militiamen on horses led by Cyrenius Chapin would lure the Mohawks to the ambush site by conducting a feigned retreat. Cyrenius Chapin and his combined group of mounted militia and Seneca riders rode near the Mohawks, taunted them, and rode back down the road. The Mohawks pursued. When the enemy entered the kill zone, Benjamin blew his bugle as a signal to initiate the ambush. The hidden American riflemen and Seneca gunners rose out of their concealment and opened a heavy fire on the Mohawks. The Mohawks lost 15 killed and 13 captured including a British interpreter. A few of the Mohawks escaped. The American riflemen, militia, and Seneca allies withdrew back to friendly lines with their prisoners.

Raid near Lacolle
American General Wade Hampton I led a raid in September 1813 into Champlain. After the raid, General Wade Hampton withdrew back to American lines. Major Benjamin Forsyth was stationed in Chazy. He raided into Canada capturing some British goods and several horses near Lacolle.

Raid at Odelltown
Forsyth went on another raid at Odelltown capturing a lot of goods. Many of the goods were distributed among the American soldiers as recompense for their baggage lost at Ogdensburg.

Diplomacy Mission
An American rifleman who was an officer of Forsyth's command came under a flag of truce to British lines to conduct diplomacy. The British commander J. Ritter of the British sixth light infantry presented a roll of carpet to the American officer as a gift to an American official whose carpeting was destroyed in his home by a previous British raid. The American officer of Forsyth's command returned back to American lines presenting the carpet gift to the American high command.

Capturing and interrogating prisoners
Bennet C. Riley was out patrolling with his other riflemen who were acting as sentries. Riley, Forsyth, and their riflemen were performing paramilitary operations in British Canada in support of America's invasion. Riley's fellow sentries captured 2 Canadian teenage boys who were acting as spies. Riley brought them before Forsyth. Forsythe and Riley did not wish to kill these teenage spies as they were just young boys. They had no intention of killing young teenage boys. So Forsyth and Riley bluffed the teenage spies into talking by pretending to threaten them with death. The ruse seemed so convincing that the teenage boys told Forsyth all valuable intelligence about a blockhouse that was being built to contest the American advance.  Then Forsyth and Riley released both teenage spies. Forsyth sent Riley to inform the American generals of the blockhouse. After Riley informed the American generals of the blockhouse, the American army easily overtook the blockhouse and routed the British-Canadian defenders.

Raid on Missisquoi Bay
After American Major General Wade Hampton encamped his division at Four Corners, New York, in September 1813. Wade Hampton ordered American colonel Isaac Clarke to undertake a “petty war” at the border between Vermont and Lower Canada to stifle smuggling and to divert British attention from his force.On October 12, 1813. Issac Clarke with about 102 riflemen crossed in boats from Chazy, New York, to a point near Philipsburg, Lower Canada, on Missisquoi Bay (the eastern basin in the northern reach of Lake Champlain) and seized the village, which was guarded by a detachment of the 4th battalion of Select Embodied militia of Lower Canada militia. A brief skirmish erupted in which the Canadian militia were defeated. Clarke took at least 100 prisoners, confiscated livestock and stores, and returned to Chazy. Isaac Clarke claimed in his account that he had taken 101 prisoners, killed 9 enemies, and wounded 14.

Spearheading in the Battle of Chrysler's Farm
Forsyth's riflemen where then employed as an advance force and on November 7–9, 1813 they engaged a large Canadian force at Hoople's Creek near Cornwall, Upper Canada, concurrent with the Battle of Crysler's Farm. Although the riflemen performed well and the Americans persevered at Hoople's Creek, the Canadians drove the Americans from the farm and Major General James Wilkinson withdrew to winter quarters.

Spearheading and besieging the British blockhouse Lacolle Mills
On March 30, 1814, Benjamin Forsyth, Bennet C. Riley, and their riflemen spearheaded an attack on British-allied forces who were retreating back to a blockhouse. The main American army followed behind. The British and their allies fell back into their blockhouse. The British and their allies were deeply entrenched and fortified in their blockhouse. Riley, Forsyth, their riflemen, and the American army besieged the blockhouse with rifle/musket fire and artillery. But the British held them off to great effect. After a long siege, the American force withdrew. British casualties were 11 killed, 44 wounded, and 4 missing. American casualties were 13 killed, 128 wounded, and 13 missing.

Ambush at Big Sandy Creek
Riflemen under the command of Major Daniel Appling participated in the Battle of Big Sandy Creek on May 30, 1814, during which they ambushed and captured a large detachment of British sailors, including two Royal Navy captains, and Royal Marines, sparing a shipment of large cannon from capture. Appling was brevetted to lieutenant colonel on May 30, 1814 for gallantry and to colonel on September 11, 1814 for distinguished service.

Long-Range Patrol
Later in the year on June 24, 1814, Major Forsyth was promoted to brevet Lieutenant Colonel the following winter. He was active in skirmishing and patrolling north of Lake Champlain in the late spring and summer. On one such patrol, Benjamin Forsyth, Bennet C. Riley, and 70 of their riflemen went out from their base from Chamberlain to patrol near the Canadian border. While the Americans were patrolling in a loose skirmishing V formation. Forsyth stopped his men and had a secret conversation with Riley. Forsyth whispered to Riley that he sensed that there were Indians and Canadians hiding in ambush. Forsyth commanded Riley to tell the rest of the riflemen to casually withdraw so as not to cause the Indians and Canadians to be eager to launch their ambush. Riley suggested to Forsyth that they should withdraw to a tavern on the outskirts of this town and take shelter in it. Riley explained that they could conduct sniper fire from within the cover of the tavern. While Riley and Forsyth were marching their column casually for ten minutes. The Canadian-Indian force caught up and opened fire. All 70 American riflemen opened a simultaneous volley fire killing or wounding a number of Canadians and Indians. The Americans retreated by leapfrogging. One group of riflemen would provide covering fire while one group of riflemen retreated. The American repeated this process until they reached the tavern. Riley, Forsyth, and all their riflemen went inside the tavern. The Americans sniped at the enemy from behind covered and concealed positions within the tavern. The Americans killed or wounded more Canadians and Indians. After this intense engagement, the enemy fully retreated. The Americans were victorious. 1 American rifleman was killed and 5 wounded. The Canadian-Indian force are reported to have lost 3 killed and 5 wounded. The Americans later withdrew back to American lines in Chamberlain.</ref>

Raid to capture a spy
Benjamin Forsyth and his riflemen conducted a raid into Canadian territory and captured a British spy. Forsyth and his riflemen withdrew back to American lines with their captured British spy.

Ambush at Odelltown
Benjamin Forsyth was killed in June 1814 in a clash at Odelltown, Lower Canada. On 28 June 1814, Benjamin Forsyth, commander of the American Regiment of Riflemen, advanced from Chazy, New York to Odelltown, Lower Canada intending to draw a British force of Canadians and American Indian allies into an ambush. Upon arriving at the British positions, Forsyth sent a few men forward as decoys to make contact. When the British responded, the American decoys conducted a feigned retreat, which successfully lured 150 Canadians and American Indian allies into the ambush site.

During the ensuing fight, Forsyth needlessly exposed himself by stepping on a log to watch the attack and was shot and killed. Forsyth's riflemen, still hidden and now enraged over the death of their commander, rose from their covered positions and fired a devastating volley. The British were surprised by the ambush and retreated in confusion, leaving seventeen dead on the field. Forsyth was the only American casualty. Even though Forsyth was killed, his feigned retreat and ambush succeeded at inflicting heavy casualties on the British force.

Ambush at Conjocta Creek
On August 3, 1814,  another detachment of riflemen under the command of Major Lodowick Morgan ambushed and repelled a British raid at Conjocta Creek near Buffalo, New York, prior to the Siege of Fort Erie. Morgan and his troops, along with elements of the 4th Regiment of Riflemen, helped relieve the siege.

Lodowick Morgan's hit-and-run attack on British forces
After repelling the British at Conjocta Creek, Morgan was ordered by American high command to perform a reconnaissance with his riflemen on the British. Morgan was also given orders to attack the British and draw them out of their entrenched positions if possible.On August 5, 1814, Morgan attacked the British and drove them back to their lines; and for two hours he maneuvered in a way calculated to draw the main body out, but without success. Morgan withdrew back to the American camp with a loss of five men killed and four wounded. British casualties were ten British soldiers and five British-allied native Americans killed.

Skirmish near Fort Erie
On August 11, 1814. There were British forces with artillery sheltered by breastworks near Fort Erie. American Captain Benjamin Birdsall with 160 American riflemen of the 4th regiment of riflemen attacked two British pickets driving them back. British casualties were 10 killed while the Americans suffered 1 killed and 3 wounded.

Lodowick Morgan's final hit-and-run attack on British forces
On August 12, 1814. Major Morgan launched another hit-and-run attack on the British to support a detachment of 80 riflemen under American Captain Birdsall who had been sent to cut off a working party of the enemy, engaged in opening an avenue for a battery through the woods. The enemy were driven off. Though the British enemy were driven off, they were soon reinforced by more reinforcements. The firing lasted more than Major Morgan expected. The reinforced British soon proved too overwhelming. So Major Morgan gave the signal to withdraw by blowing his bugle. But at the same time a musket ball hit Major Morgan in the head killing him. Morgan's men carried his deceased body and successfully withdrew from the field.

Ambushing and killing an enemy leader
On August 10, 1814, Bennet C. Riley and a dozen American riflemen would conduct a mission behind enemy lines to kill or capture an enemy Canadian Indian tribal partisan leader named Captain Joseph St Valier Mailloux. Riley and his dozen riflemen infiltrated Odeltown in Canada silently. There was an enemy sentry. One of the American riflemen crept on the sentry and silently killed him with his tomahawk. Riley and his men hid the dead sentry's body. One of the American riflemen put on the dead sentry's uniform to trick captain Mailloux into a false sense of security when he came in to check on the sentry. The American rifleman disguised as the sentry stood guard while Riley and his other riflemen concealed themselves behind the bushes. Captain Mailloux came by and came closer to the sentry imposter to check up on him. Then Riley and his riflemen rose out of their concealment and demanded captain Mailloux to surrender. Captain Mailloux ran away. Riley's riflemen fired eleven shots hitting Mailloux eleven times. Mailloux was badly wounded. Riley and his riflemen carried Mailloux back to American lines in Chamberlain. The Americans tried to nurse Mailloux back to health, but Mailloux succumbed to his wounds and passed away.

Repelling the British assault at Fort Erie
On August 15, 1814, the British launched an all out attack on the American held Fort Erie. The Americans were heavily entrenched and fortified. The British breached the fort after suffering heavy casualties. The American riflemen under Captain Benjamin Birdsall charged against the British in the fort with some American regulars. But the American regulars were driven back with Captain Benjamin Birdsall wounded. But the other American forces drove the British out of the fort thus ending in an American victory.

Sortie at Fort Erie
During the siege of Fort Erie, the British suffered heavy casualties after making costly infantry assaults on the American entrenched fort. The Americans who were deeply entrenched in their fort's defenses suffered minor casualties. The American commander Jacob Brown then wanted to a sortie on the British to cause heavier casualties on the British, disable their artillery, and destroy the magazine supplies. Peter B. Porter was to conduct one sortie while James Miller was to lead the other. Peter B. Porter would lead a raiding sortie of militia and regulars while Miller would lead a raiding party of regulars. The American riflemen would take part in this sortie. The American raiders would infiltrate British lines to conduct their mission. Porter secretly led his force traveling along a hidden road using the cover of the woods while Miller led his force secretly in a ravine. The American raiders struck by surprise and full ferocity. In the chaotic attack, the Americans destroyed 3 batteries of cannons, blew up the magazine, and inflicted heavy casualties on the British. Afterwards, all the American raiders withdrew back into the fort. The British suffered 115 killed, 178 wounded, and 316 missing. The American raiders led by Porter and Miller suffered 79 killed, 216 wounded, and 216 missing. Even though the American sortie completed their objectives, it was still costly in terms of casualties for the Americans. Some time later, the entire American force at fort erie would evacuate to Sackets Harbor. The American riflemen who took part in this sortie suffered 11 dead and 19 wounded.

Battle of Plattsburgh
Daniel Appling and 110 of his riflemen were deployed to Plattsburgh to prepare for a British invasion. The British invasion numbered at least 11,000 regulars against an American force of at least 6,354 troops. Appling and his riflemen were stationed in Chazy. While the larger numerically superior British army was marching, Appling and his riflemen fell back conducting delaying actions. The riflemen harassed the British, destroyed bridges, and felled trees to place abatis on the road. The American riflemen, regulars, and militia regrouped after crossing the bridge at Saranac river and destroying the bridge. The riflemen, militia, and regulars held out until the British lost the will to fight any longer and withdrew in defeat.

Final Engagement at Fort Peter
The regiment's last wartime action occurred after Britain and the United States agreed to end the war in the Treaty of Ghent. On January 13, 1815, Royal Marines and troops of the 2nd West India Regiment landed near Fort Peter, Saint Marys, Georgia. Captain Abraham A. Massais, who was commanding a force consisting of a company of the Regiment of Riflemen and a company of the 42nd Infantry Regiment, decided his command was outnumbered and executed a fighting retreat. The British demolished Fort Peter and re-embarked.

Post-war
Following resumption of peace with Great Britain, the consolidated regiment was assigned to St. Louis, Missouri Territory. By 1817 the riflemen had contributed to the construction of Fort Armstrong, Rock Island, Illinois; Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin; Fort Howard, Green Bay, Wisconsin and Fort Smith, Arkansas. The last was named after Thomas Adams Smith.

In 1819, Secretary of War John C. Calhoun ordered the Yellowstone Expedition, commanded by Colonel Henry Atkinson, to act as a warning against British incursions. Companies of the Regiment of Riflemen and elements of the 6th Infantry Regiment worked together to build Fort Atkinson, Nebraska (then an unorganized area of the Louisiana Purchase). In 1820, Congress later declined to fund further advances.

Inactivation
On March 2, 1821, Congress passed an act establishing an Army with no provision for a rifle regiment. The regiment was inactivated on June 1, 1821.

Under an act of Congress dated August 23, 1842 the 2nd Cavalry Regiment was re-designated as the Regiment of Riflemen effective March 4, 1843. This act was repealed on April 4, 1844 and the 2nd Cavalry Regiment reverted to its previous designation. There is no clear connection between the earlier and later regiments.

References

External
Insignia (Smithsonian Institution)
War of 1812 Discharge Certificates
First Battalion of the US Regiment of Riflemen Orderly Book at St. Louis Public Library

1st Regiment of Riflemen (United States)
Military units and formations established in 1808
Military units and formations disestablished in 1821
American military units and formations of the War of 1812


title: Margaret Reid (scientist)

text:
Professor Margaret Daphne Reid from Swinburne University of Technology (Melbourne, Australia) is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. She is known for her pioneering work in new fundamental tests of quantum theory, including teleportation and cryptography.

Career
Reid graduated from the University of Auckland with a B.Sc. in 1978 and an M.Sc. in theoretical physics in 1980. She then undertook Ph.D. studies at Auckland University with Dan Walls FRS, graduating in 1984 with a doctoral thesis titled Squeezing and quantum effects in optics. She developed theories for the generation of squeezed states of light and quantum non-demolition measurement. Following several years as a lecturer at the University of Waikato, New Zealand, she was awarded an Australian QEII Fellowship to do research at the University of Queensland. She later became a researcher with the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Quantum and Atom Optics at the University of Queensland. She is currently Professor at Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne and works as a researcher within the Centre for Quantum and Optical Sciences.

Research
Reid's work has focused on the fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, including of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox and Bell's theorem, based on parametric down conversion and quantum optics. On working with squeezed states of light in the 1980s, Reid thought of a way to test  entanglement, after noting scientists were able to amplify and detect the tiny quantum fluctuations of optical amplitudes. Experiments since have confirmed this mesoscopic type of entanglement in a range of environments, which enables a closer understanding of Schrödinger's cat.

In the 1990s, scientists realised one can securely transmit a message through encrypting and using a shared key generated by entanglement to decode the message from the sender and receiver. Using the quantum key meant the message was completely secure from interception during transmission. In a landmark publication, Reid's research group outlined Einstein's reservations about entanglement, a phenomenon he referred to as "'spooky' action at a distance". In this paper, a theoretical proof that such messages can be shared between more than two people and may provide unprecedented security for a future quantum internet, is provided for the first time.

Sending entanglement to a larger number of people means the key can be distributed among all the receiving parties, so they must collaborate to decipher the message, which makes the message even more secure. The report showed that a secure message can be shared by up to three to four people, opening the possibility to the theory being applicable to secure messages being sent from many too many. The message will also remain secure if the devices receiving the message have been tampered with, like if an iPhone were hacked, because of the nature of entanglement. Discovering that it can be applied to a situation with more parties has the potential to create a more secure Internet – with less messages being intercepted from external parties.

Honours and awards
For Reid's contributions to the fields of quantum entanglement and non-locality, she was made a fellow of the Optical Society of America and a fellow of the American Physical Society. She was also awarded a visiting position at Harvard University and a JILA Fellowship at the University of Colorado in the USA.

 2019, Moyal Medal, Macquarie University (first women physicist to receive the Moyal Medal)
 2017, Fellow of the Australian Institute of Physics
 2017, Fellow of the American Physical Society for "fundamental contributions to quantum information and quantum optics, in particular to tests of the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox, EPR steering, optical Bell tests, and quantum squeezing."
 2014, Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science
2007, Fellow of the Optical Society of America for "developing ways to test the fundamental concepts of nonlocality, squeezing, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradoxes, entanglement, and macroscopic superpositions in quantum optical systems."
 1994, Australian Research Council QE2 Fellowship

The Fellowship of the Australian Academy of Science (received in 2014) is a great accomplishment for any Australian scientist, but Reid sees it as further recognition for women scientists: "The idea that women are in any way inferior when it comes to doing physics or mathematics is a complete myth. Unfortunately, a big problem is that not all the great achievements made by the women physicists of the last century were properly recognised. But that has and will continue to change as more and more women are recognised for their contributions to science."

References

Australian physicists
New Zealand physicists
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
University of Auckland alumni
Academic staff of Swinburne University of Technology
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Australian women physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
New Zealand women physicists


title: Helen McGregor (geologist)

text:
Helen McGregor is an Australian geologist and climate change researcher. She is currently a Fellow with the Research School of Earth Sciences at the Australian National University. Her areas of expertise include isotope geochemistry, palaeoclimatology, climate change processes, marine geology and Quaternary environments.

Early life

McGregor was born in 1974. She is the oldest of four children.

Education
McGregor completed secondary school in 1992 and from there was awarded a scholarship to study geology at James Cook University, and graduated with a 1st class BSc(Hons) in 1995. After working as a geologist in the mining industry she decided to return to university and complete a PhD. As she explained to The Sun Herald in 2012 "I could see my career path as a geologist in mining mapped out... Going into research and doing a PhD appealed as it was more of a challenge and I wasn't sure where it would take me"
She completed her PhD through the Research School of Earth Sciences at the Australian National University in 2004.

Research
McGregor's research focuses on paleoclimate, using fossilised coral to provide information on the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system. Her research on ENSO and its impacts on climate have contributed to understanding how climate change will impact Australia and the world.

A major highlight of McGregor's work is on climatically‐driven coastal upwelling zones. Though representing less than one percent of the global ocean by area, coastal upwelling zones have extremely high biological productivity, and provide ~20% of the world's fisheries. Yet, despite their significance, there is intense debate as to whether these delicate regions are, or will be, influenced by global warming. McGregor's key finding was an unambiguous and rapid increase in upwelling intensity during the 20th century, unprecedented over the last 2500 years. Her discovery suggests that upwelling will continue to intensify with warming in the future, with major consequences for the ecosystems and fisheries dependent on coastal upwelling processes. This research attracted substantial media interest, both in Australia and overseas, and McGregor was invited to write a 'Science Highlight' on this study for PAGES News (2007).

McGregor has published over 50 research articles, including 26 papers in top-tier journals published in the last five years and two book chapters.

Science communication

McGregor is concerned with science communication and has shared the results of her research with a number of media outlets including The ABC, The Sydney Morning Herald, The Sun Herald, The Yass Tribune and The Illawarra Mercury. Her work has also been featured in international publications such as the Alaska Report, The Dallas Morning News and Weser Kurier.

McGregor is especially interested in engendering understanding of climate change amongst the general public. In her opinion piece Climate Change is Real, Believe Me she says "Human-induced climate change is insidious. It is not an acute, headline-grabbing event but the consequences of climate change will have far greater and far reaching impacts. The science provides the clear evidence that human-induced climate change is occurring – the real uncertainty lies in our collective ability to do something about it."

Awards and recognition

In 2014, McGregor was awarded a Future Fellowship grant through the Australian Research Council to continue her work on understanding El Nino and La Nina patterns and their influence on Australian climate, with a view to better managing things like Australia's water security.

Notes

References

External links
ANU Profile

Climate Change is Real, Believe Me
Future Fellowships ACT

Australian geologists
Australian women scientists
Australian National University alumni
Living people
1974 births


title: Andrew Lackey

text:
Andrew Reid Lackey (October 29, 1983 – July 25, 2013) was a prisoner executed for the October 31, 2005 murder of Charles Newman, an eighty-year-old World War II veteran. Lackey became the first person executed by the state of Alabama since October 20, 2011; executions had been partly slowed because of a legal dispute over the drugs being used. No further executions would occur in Alabama until the January 2016 execution of Christopher Brooks.

Murder and arrest
Lackey broke into Newman's Limestone County home on Halloween night in 2005. Lackey had been told by Newman's grandson that there was a vault in the home containing gold bars and cash. Newman made a call to 911 on the night of the murder, in which he could be heard saying, “Don’t do that,” ”Leave me alone” and “What do you want?” Lackey could be heard repeatedly asking, “Where’s the vault?” according to court records. It is believed that Newman grabbed his gun and shot Lackey, who then stabbed Newman with a knife about seventy times. Lackey also shot Newman in the chest with his own gun. Police arrived at the residence five minutes after the call was made, where they found Newman's body.

Lackey drove to a convenience store, where he called an ambulance. He was taken to Huntsville Hospital and treated for the gunshot wound. Police received a phone call indicating that Lackey was at the hospital. He was taken into custody after being released from treatment.

Trial
Lackey was charged with capital murder during a burglary, capital murder during a robbery, burglary and robbery. Lackey's attorneys argued that he had a mild form of autism, but did not attempt an insanity defense.

Psychologist Frank Preston, who examined Lackey, testified that he was socially awkward and showed signs of autism, but overall did not appear to have any serious mental disorder.

Execution
Following a suicide attempt, Lackey gave up all appeals and asked that an execution date be set. The Equal Justice Initiative (EJI) argued that Lackey, who was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome and was taking psychotropic medications, should have undergone a mental health examination. EJI filed papers requesting that Lackey be examined for competency, but this was denied by the Court of Criminal Appeals and the execution was allowed to proceed.

Lackey was executed by lethal injection at Holman Correctional Facility near Atmore, Alabama, on July 25, 2013.

See also
 List of people executed in Alabama
 List of people executed in the United States in 2013

References

1983 births
2013 deaths
2005 murders in the United States
21st-century executions by Alabama
21st-century executions of American people
People convicted of murder by Alabama
People executed by Alabama by lethal injection
American people executed for murder
People with Asperger syndrome
Volunteer execution


title: Ruth Fincher

text:
Ruth B. Fincher (born 1951 in Victoria, Australia) is a leader in the field of feminist geography and urban geography. She is an Emeritus Foundation Professor of Geography at the University of Melbourne, Australia.

Background
Fincher was born on 27 March 1951 in Boort, Western Victoria, Australia, to school teacher parents who moved between Terang, Coleraine, Moonee Ponds and Mildura. She completed schooling at University High School in Melbourne.  She received her undergraduate degree at the University of Melbourne (completing Honours in 1972), her master's degree in geography at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada, and her PhD at the Graduate School of Geography at Clark University, Massachusetts, United States, in 1979 ("The local state and the urban built environment: the case of Boston in late capitalism"). She taught geography at McGill University and McMaster University before joining the University of Melbourne in 1985. In the early 1990s she took a secondment as Manager of Research at the federal government's Bureau of Immigration Research. At the University of Melbourne she was Director of the Australia Centre, Dean of the Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning (2003-2006) and Professor of Urban Planning (1997-2006), before becoming Foundation Chair of Geography in 2006. From 2012 to 2014 she served as President of the Academic Board of the university.

Contributions
Fincher specialises in the analysis of ethnicity and gender in the urban built environment, and the interaction between state institutions and the public. She has research and teaching interests in the impact of immigration, multiculturalism, and diversity in urban areas. She also worked on a joint project on public attitudes to sea level rise in Gippsland, Victoria.

Awards
Member (AM) in the General Division of the Order of Australia in 2014 for "significant service to education, particularly geography and urban studies, and international geographic associations".
Distinguished Fellow of the Institute of Australian Geographers, 2009.
Elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, 2002.

Selected publications
Fincher, R.B., K. Iveson, H. Leitner and V. Preston. 2019. Everyday Equalities: Making Multicultures in Settler Colonial Cities. Minnesota University Press.
Gibson, K., D. Bird Rose, and R.B. Fincher (eds.). 2015. Manifesto for Living in the Anthropocene.  Brooklyn, NY: Punctum Books.
Fincher R.B., J. Barnett, S. Graham, A. Hurlimann 2014. Time stories: Making sense of futures in anticipation of sea-level rise. Geoforum. 56:201–210.
Fincher, R.B., & Iveson, K. 2008. Planning and Diversity in the City: Redistribution, Recognition and Encounter. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Fincher R.B. and Saunders P. (ed.). 2001. Creating Unequal Futures Rethinking Inequality, Poverty and Disadvantage. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
Fincher, R.B. 2004. Gender and life course in the narratives of Melbourne's high‐rise housing developers. Australian Geographical Studies, 42(3): 325–338.
Fincher, R.B., & Panelli, R. 2001. Making space: women's urban and rural activism and the Australian state. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 8(2): 129–148.
Fincher, R.B., & Jacobs, J. M. (Eds.). 1998. Cities of difference. Guildford Press.
Fincher, R.B. and J. Nieuwenhuysen. 1998.  Australian Poverty: Then and Now Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.

References

Living people
Australian geographers
Clark University alumni
McMaster University alumni
Members of the Order of Australia
University of Melbourne alumni
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
Australian feminists
Australian women scientists
Fellows of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia
1951 births
Women geographers
People educated at University High School, Melbourne


title: We Are One (Sofia Tarasova song)

text:
"We Are One" is a song by Ukrainian singer Sofia Tarasova.  It represented Ukraine at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2013 hosted in Kyiv, Ukraine.

Performances

National final
On 2 August 2013, Sofia Tarasova took part in the national selection for Ukraine. Tarasova performed 19th in a field of 20 candidates, and won the selection altogether.  Despite only coming 11th in the jury voting, the judges agreed that she would represent the nation at the actual contest.  For her performance in the selection, Tarasova had a headset microphone and was accompanied by a female backup singer.

Junior Eurovision 2013

Tarasova's performance of "We Are One" was  different than her performance from the national final.  For Kyiv, Tarasova decided that there would be no backup performers with her, because she believed that it "would distract the viewers."  Also, she decided to use a handheld microphone for that night.  On 30 November 2013, Tarasova performed "We Are One" at the 11th annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest on home turf.  Her song placed 2nd in a field of 12 songs, with 121 points.

References

2013 songs
Ukrainian songs
Junior Eurovision songs


title: Amy Wagers

text:
Amy J. Wagers is the Forst Family Professor of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology at Harvard University  and Harvard Medical School, an investigator in islet cell and regenerative biology at the Joslin Diabetes Center, and principal faculty of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute. She is co-chair of the Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology at Harvard Medical School.

Education and research
Wager started her education at Johns Hopkins University and received her B.A. in Biological Sciences and her Ph.D. in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis from Northwestern University in 1999. She completed her postdoctoral fellowship in the laboratory of Dr. Irving Weissman at Stanford University School of Medicine.

Wagers researches intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of stem cell function and how stem cells impact tissue regeneration and aging. She has demonstrated that transplantation of satellite cells into injured, diseased, or aged muscle can lead to cell engraftment, in some cases restoring muscle function. She has also identified novel regulators (such as EGR1) of stem cell trafficking and stem cell number in bone marrow and during immune responses, and identified blood-borne proteins, such as GDF11, that in mice can reverse some of the pathological changes that occur in aging tissues. She co-founded a company based on this work, Elevian in 2018 that aims to apply GDF11 to stroke and other conditions. There are other data, however, that indicate that GDF11 functions to inhibit muscle regeneration

Two publications involving work by a postdoctoral researcher in the Wagers lab in 2008 were retracted by their other authors, one from  Nature (2010)
and one from Blood (August 2008).
The researcher was dismissed from the lab and later sanctioned by the U.S. Government's Office of Research Integrity (ORI), part of the Department of Health and Human Services.

In 2018, Harvard Medical School announced that Wagers had accepted the position of co-chair of the Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, co-leading the Department with Chair Paola Arlotta.

Awards
 2018: NIH Director’s Pioneer Award
 2012: Forst Family Professor of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology
 2007: Beckman Young Investigators Award
 2004: Smith Family New Investigator Award
 2003: Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award in the Biomedical Sciences

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women biologists
Harvard Medical School faculty
American women academics
21st-century American women


title: John Prosky

text:
John Prosky (born 1962) is an American film, theatre, and television actor.

Career
Prosky's numerous TV credits include NYPD Blue, ER, Heroes, Criminal Minds, True Blood, JAG, My So-Called Life, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, The Practice, The X-Files, The West Wing, Charmed, 24, House, Grey's Anatomy, Veronica Mars, Just Shoot Me!, Fringe, and the web series Red Bird. His film credits include The Nutty Professor, Bowfinger, and A.I. Artificial Intelligence. Prosky also contributed voice work to the L.A. Noire video game.

Personal life
Prosky is the son of actor Robert Prosky. He has been married to actress Kimiko Gelman since 2000.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

American male television actors
American male film actors
21st-century American male actors
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1962 births


title: Saint Llibio

text:
Saint Llibio was a 6th-century saint of North Wales and Patron Saint of Llanllibio.
His church was in ruins by 1776 and has subsequently been demolished. He give his name to the village of Llanllibio. His feast day in Roman Catholic Church is 28 February.

References

External links
Saints.SQPN: Saint Llibio
Catholic Online: Saint Llibio

Welsh Roman Catholic saints
6th-century Christian saints
6th-century births
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
6th-century Welsh people


title: Zombie Shark

text:
Zombie Shark is a docufiction program by Discovery Channel for the 2014 Shark Week. The premise of the program is that sharks can be brought into a state of tonic immobility (a kind of trance) by flipping them on their back, and that this characteristic might explain how a supposed series of Great white shark killings occurred: the suggestion is that Orcas have developed that skill and are thus able to kill large numbers of sharks. Zombie Shark, indeed much of Discovery's 2014 programming, was panned by critics, with the Houston Press claiming that Discovery had jumped the shark.

References

Discovery Channel original programming
American docufiction films
2010s science fiction films
American drama television films
2010s American films


title: Pauline Ladiges

text:
Pauline Yvonne Ladiges  (born 1948) is a botanist whose contributions have been significant both in building the field of taxonomy, ecology and historical biogeography of Australian plants, particularly Eucalypts and flora, and in science education at all levels. She is professorial fellow in the School of Botany at the University of Melbourne, where she has previously held a personal chair and was head of the School of Botany at the University of Melbourne from 1992 to 2010. She has been a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science since 2002.

Early life and education
Pauline Yvonne Ladiges was born in Bolton, England in 1948.

She was educated at the University of Melbourne, completing a Diploma of Education in 1971 and a Master of Science the following year for her thesis, "A population study of Eucalyptus viminalis". In 1976 she graduated with a PhD from the same university for her thesis, "Studies of population differentiation in Eucalyptus viminalis Labill., in relation to mineral nutrition and drought resistance".

Career
Pauline Ladiges began her career as a plant ecologist, and continued with this work from 1974 to 1983.

The next phase of her work was in phylogenetic systematics and historical biogeography. Eucalyptus are found in many different environments across Australia, and have a long and complex evolutionary history. Pauline Ladiges was the first  to use advanced methodologies to define the relationships between the major groups of Eucalyptus, particularly by employing these two techniques:
 cladistic analyses of taxonomic series
 molecular techniques for estimating relationships between and among genera.

The education of students in science at secondary and tertiary levels has been supported by her work throughout her career. At the same time as she was completing her Master of Science at the University of Melbourne, she undertook a Diploma in Education, and served her first year as a bonded teacher in a secondment to a Teacher's College. She has taught and supervised a very large number of postgraduate students   throughout her career.

As head of the School of Botany at the University of Melbourne she worked to address the deficit of skilled taxonomists in Australia by creating links with an important user of botanical knowledge, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, an initiative acknowledged with a commendation in the inaugural Vice-Chancellor's Knowledge Transfer Awards. (She is deputy chair of the Royal Botanic Gardens and served as a board member for 14 years.)

Awards
 2001: Centenary Medal "for service to Australian society and science in the biogeography and ecology of Australian plants"
 2002: Elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA)
 2005: Royal Society of Victoria 2005 Research Medal (biological sciences, nonhuman); Award for Excellence in Australian Publishing, Single Title Category
 2009: Officer of the Order of Australia (AO), "for service to the advancement of botanical science and research in the field of taxonomy and plant systematics, and to the conservation of Australian flora and fauna"
 2011: Nancy T. Burbidge Medal, Australasian Systematic Botany Society (This award is presented annually for outstanding contribution to taxonomic and systematic botanical work in Australia.)
 2020: Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Victoria (FRSV)

Publications (selected)

Educational texts
 Biology: an Australian focus / Pauline Ladiges, University of Melbourne, Barbara Evans, University of British Columbia, Robert Saint, University of Melbourne and Bruce Knox. 4th ed. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill, 2010
 Evans, B. K., Ladiges, P., McKenzie, J., & Sanders, Y. (2005). Heinemann Biology 1. Port Melbourne: Pearson.
 Biology two: survival mechanisms, continuity and change / Barbara K. Evans, Pauline Y. Ladiges, John A. McKenzie. Barbara K. Evans. 2nd ed. Reprinted with corrections. Port Melbourne: Heinemann Educational Australia, 1995

See also
 Thiele and Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of Banksia

References

20th-century Australian botanists
Australian ecologists
Women ecologists
Plant ecologists
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
University of Melbourne alumni
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
University of Melbourne women
Officers of the Order of Australia
20th-century Australian women scientists
Living people
1948 births
21st-century Australian botanists


title: Emma Ferrer

text:
Emma Kathleen Hepburn Ferrer (born May 1994) is an American artist and former model.

Early life
Emma Kathleen Hepburn Ferrer was born in May 1994, in Morges, Switzerland, the daughter of producer Sean Hepburn Ferrer and Leila Flannigan. She is the granddaughter of actors Audrey Hepburn and Mel Ferrer. Her parents divorced when she was 6 years old. She has two younger half-siblings. Ferrer spent her childhood in Los Angeles and Florence, and briefly attended Crossroads School for Arts & Sciences. She previously studied ballet. She earned a degree from the Jersey City, New Jersey, campus of Italy's Florence Academy of Art.

Career
Ferrer made her magazine modeling debut on the cover of Harper's Bazaar September 2014 issue. Ferrer was signed by Storm Management. She additionally appeared in a number of editorial publications and campaigns, including Dior, Japanese luxury skincare brand Kosé, Givenchy, and Tiffany & Co. She played a supporting role in the feature film The Man in the Attic, a psychological thriller directed by Constantine Venetopoulos, released in 2019. Ferrer and her father both contributed to Audrey (2020), a documentary about her grandmother directed by Helena Coan.

Ferrer resides in Brooklyn, though she considers Italy to be her home. She works as an art liaison and curator in New York City.

Charity work
Ferrer is a spokesperson for UNICEF, and a UNHCR Ambassador to the United States. In December 2018, Ferrer was the keynote speaker at a UNICEF ball, in a continuation of her grandmother's work with the organization. Ferrer does counseling work with female detainees at Rikers Island.

Style and works
Ferrer is a multi-material artist painting in both watercolor and oil as well as sculptural works in bronze, resin, and ceramics. Her style is influenced heavily by her residence in the Italian mountains and can be described as impressionistic.

References

External links

Living people
1994 births
American female models
American people of Cuban descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Dutch descent
American people of British descent
American people of Austrian descent
Van Heemstra (family)
Van Hogendorp (family)
People from Morges
Audrey Hepburn


title: Maria Orłowska

text:
Maria Elżbieta Orłowska  (born 1951 in Warsaw) is a Polish computer scientist, academic and bureaucrat.  She specializes in database systems, integration and performance problems of large systems. She is the author of numerous scientific publications in the international specialized press. She is the author or co-author of patents, including solutions for secure transactions in the economic process. She was Secretary of State to the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for over six years.

Education and academic career
She graduated in 1974 from the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw.  In 1981 she obtained a doctorate at the University of Warsaw. In 2003, she received a DSc from the University of Queensland. Habilitation in 2004 at the Institute of Computer Science. On February 11, 2009, she received the title of professor of technical sciences.

From 1988 to 2007 she worked in computer science at the University of Queensland, where she was promoted to professor in the Faculty of Science in 1990. In 1995 she was appointed director of the Distributed Systems Technology Centre (National Centre for Research in the Field of Distributed Systems). In 2003, she was elected a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. In 2007 she returned to Poland, where she was appointed professor at the Polish-Japanese Institute of Information Technology in Warsaw.
She accepted a Doctor Honoris Cousa from the University of Queensland in July 2013.

She has supervised more than 32 PhD students. One of whom, is computer scientist Shazia Sadiq.

Career in government
On January 1, 2008, she was appointed Secretary of State to the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. On February 1, 2012, she resigned this post, and was subsequently appointed Secretary of State in the Ministry of Finance
.
She held this position briefly before being reappointed as the Secretary of State to the Ministry of Science and Higher Education on May 28, 2012. She resigned from the position on December 4, 2013.

References

1951 births
Living people
Polish computer scientists
Polish women computer scientists
University of Warsaw alumni
University of Queensland alumni
Academic staff of the University of Queensland
Scientists from Warsaw
Australian women scientists
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Polish women academics


title: Heatherton Football Club

text:
The Heatherton Football Netball Club is an Australian rules football and netball club located in the southern suburbs of Melbourne. The club participates in The Southern Football Netball League, based in the south and south eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria.

History
The club was established in 1913. It was intermittently in the Federal Association before moving to the Berwick FA from 1929 to 1934 and then onto the Caulfield-Oakleigh FL. Heatherton stayed in that competition until 1941 when it disbanded for the duration of World War II.

Reforming in 1946 the club was again in the Federal League. Heatherton had embraced commercialism and changed its name to Freighters Football Club for seasons 1951 and 1952, making their first grand final in 1951 only to be defeated by Mordialloc. After 1952 the club went into recess.

The club re-appeared in 1974 and contested what would be the final season of the CYMS competition, and it won its first premiership defeating Elwood. From 1975 until 1989 the club played in the Victorian Amateur Football Association
Leaving the Amateurs the club moved to ESCFA in 1990 and played in its C grade competition. In 1993 the association was absorbed in the Southern Football League.

Senior Premierships
 Catholic Young Mens Society Football Association (1): 1974
 Victorian Amateur Football Association (2): 1977, 1985
 Eastern Suburban Churches Football Association (1): 1992 (C grade)
 Southern Football League
 Division 2 (2): 2006, 2009
 Division 3 (1): 1998

References

External links
 Official website
 Southern Football League Website

Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne
Southern Football League (Victoria)
1913 establishments in Australia
Australian rules football clubs established in 1913
Sport in the City of Kingston (Victoria)
Netball teams in Melbourne


title: Ibrahim Diaw

text:
Ibrahim Diaw or Ibrahima Diaw (born 28 November 1979) is a French-born Senegalese retired handballer who played for the Senegalese national team. He was former co-captain of Paris Saint-Germain Handball alongside Didier Dinart, then with Daniel Narcisse.

Achievements
LNH Division 1:
Winner: 2013
Silver Medalist: 2005, 2014
Bronze Medalist: 2006
LNH Division 2:
Winner: 2010
Coupe de France:
Winner: 2007, 2014
Finalist: 2008, 2013
Coupe de France:
Finalist: 2005, 2006
Liga Națională:
Winner: 2016
Bronze Medalist: 2015

References

1979 births
People from Poissy
Citizens of Senegal through descent
Senegalese male handball players
French male handball players
Living people
CS Dinamo București (men's handball) players
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Romania
French expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Expatriate handball players
French sportspeople of Senegalese descent
Sportspeople from Yvelines
Black French sportspeople


title: George William Tyrrell

text:
George William Tyrrell was a Union Army officer in the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.

Tyrrell was born in Ireland and entered service in Hamilton County, Ohio. He was awarded the Medal of Honor, for extraordinary heroism shown on May 14, 1864, while serving as a corporal with Company G, 5th New York Cavalry, at Battle of Resaca in Georgia. Tyrrell won his medal for capturing a Confederate battle flag. His Medal of Honor was issued on June 11, 1895.

It is not known when Tyrrell was born, when he died or where he was buried.

References

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Date of birth unknown
Date of death unknown
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Irish-born Medal of Honor recipients
Irish emigrants to the United States
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients


title: Vundwe Island

text:
Vundwe Island is a small uninhabited island in Tanzania. The islet is part of the Zanzibar Archipelago, and is located near the southwestern coast of Unguja. It lies only 300 m south of Uzi Island and it has an area of 1,4 km2. Its elevation is about 17 m above sea level. The waters surrounding the island are used as a site for commercial fishing.

Vundwe is relatively isolated and it is not a protected area, unlike the nearby Kiwengwa/Pongwe Forest Reserve.  The island has a high coral rag forest with tall trees like Adansonia digitata baobabs, which has, in recent years, started to be subjected to extensive clearing.  This impacts the habitat of the Zanzibar red colobus, an endangered species of red colobus monkey which the island houses. The species population also declines because of poisonings.

References

Islands of Zanzibar
Uninhabited islands of Tanzania


title: Richie Kotzen discography

text:
This is the discography for American rock musician Richie Kotzen.

Solo

Studio albums

 (1989) Richie Kotzen
 (1990) Fever Dream
 (1991) Electric Joy
 (1994) Mother Head's Family Reunion
 (1995) The Inner Galactic Fusion Experience
 (1996) Wave of Emotion
 (1997) Something to Say
 (1998) What Is...
 (1999) Bi-Polar Blues
 (1999) Break It All Down
 (2001) Slow
 (2003) Change
 (2003) Acoustic Cuts
 (2004) Get Up
 (2006) Ai Senshi Z×R (Music from the animation series Gundam)
 (2006) Into The Black
 (2007) Go Faster/Return Of The Mother Head's Family Reunion
 (2009) Peace Sign
 (2011) 24 Hours
 (2015) Cannibals
 (2017) Salting Earth
 (2020) 50 for 50

Live albums

 (2008) Live In São Paulo/Bootlegged In Brazil

EPs

 (1996) Times Gonna Tell (EP)

Compilations

 (2004) The Best Of Richie Kotzen (Greatest Hits)
 (2006) Instrumental Collection: The Shrapnel Years
 (2010) A Best of Collection
 (2010) A Ballads Collection
 (2011) I'm Coming Out
 (2014) The Essential

As band member

Collaborations

 (1992) L.A. Blues Authority II: Blues (with Glenn Hughes)
 (1993) The Electric Pow Wow (with Stevie Salas)
 (1994) Rats (with Sass Jordan)
 (1995) Tilt (with Greg Howe)
 (1996) Sticky Wicked (with TM Stevens)
 (1996) Ground Zero (with TM Stevens)
 (1996) Only You (with TM Stevens)
 (1997) Project (with Greg Howe)
 (1999) Radio Active (with TM Stevens)
 (1999) Not So Innocent (with Jesse's Powertrip)
 (2000) Mikazuki in Rock (with Mikazuki Tekkodan)
 (2000) Submarine (with Gregg Bissonette)
 (2000) From The Archives Vol. 1 - Incense & Peaches (with Glenn Hughes)
 (2003) All That I'd Be (with Steve Saluto)
 (2004) Nowhere To Go (with Takayoshi Ohmura)
 (2004) ***Hole (with Gene Simmons)
 (2006) Rough Beat (with Steve Saluto)
 (2006) Avalon  (with Richie Zito)
 (2006) Erotic Cakes (with Guthrie Govan)
 (2007) Emotions in Motion (with Takayoshi Ohmura)
 (2007) Live For Tomorrow (with Marco Mendoza)
 (2008) Supermihl & Superfriends (with Andy Susemihl)
 (2009) Lavish Lifestyle (with Tah Mac, DJ Lethal & Tony Deniro)
 (2010) Resurrection (with Steve Saluto)
 (2010) You Can't Save Me – Remix (with Clarence Jey & Steve Mcleod)
 (2021) Smith/Kotzen (with Adrian Smith)

Various artists albums

 (1991) Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey: Music from the Motion Picture
 (1992) The Guitars That Rule The World – Vol. 1
 (1994) L.A. Blues Authority Volume V: Cream Of The Crop
 (1996) Crossfire – (A Tribute to Stevie Ray Vaughan)
 (1997) Black Night – Deep Purple Tribute According To New York
 (2000) Bat Head Soup: A Tribute to Ozzy
 (2001) Stone Cold Queen: A Tribute to Queen
 (2002) One Way Street: A Tribute To Aerosmith CD
 (2002) An All Star Lineup Performing The Songs Of Pink Floyd
(2004) Influences & Connections – Vol. 1: Mr. Big
 (2004) Spirit Lives On: The Music Of Jimi Hendrix Revisited Vol. 1
 (2005) Numbers From The Beast – An All Stars Salute To Iron Maiden
 (2010) Siam Shade Tribute

Videography
 (1989) Rock Chops
 (1993) 7 Days Live (Live shot concert with Poison)(re-released 2006)
 (1994) Mother Head's Family Reunion DVD
 (1994) Mother Head's Family Reunion (Video-clip from the Mother Head's Family Reunion Album)
 (1996) Wave of Emotion (Video-clip from the Wave of Emotion Album)
 (1997) Something To Say (Video-clip from the Something To Say Album)
 (2001) Don't Wanna Lie (Video-clip from the Slow Album)
 (2001) Shine (Video-clip from Mr. Big's Actual Size Album)
 (2002) Hi-Tech Rock Guitar
 (2004) Losin' My Mind (Video-clip from the 'Get Up' album)
 (2007) Live In South America
 (2008) Chase It (Video-clip from the R.O.T.M.F.R. Album)
 (2008) Bootlegged in Brazil
 (2009) Everything Good (Video-clip from Wilson Hawk 'The Road' Album)
 (2009) Paying Dues (Video-clip from 'Peace Sign' Album filmed by Kotzen's daughter at home)
 (2010) Larger Than Life (Video-clip from 'Peace Sign' Album filmed by Kotzen's)
 (2011) Behind Blue Eyes (Acoustic Video-clip filmed by Kotzen's)
 (2011) 24 Hours (Video-clip from '24 Hours' Album filmed by Kotzen's)
 (2013) Elevate (Video-clip with The Winery Dogs)
 (2013) Desire (Video-clip with The Winery Dogs)
 (2013) I'm No Angel (Video-clip with The Winery Dogs)
 (2013) Time Machine (Video-clip with The Winery Dogs)
 (2014) Walk With Me (Video-clip from 'The Essential')
 (2014) War Paint (Video-clip from 'The Essential')
 (2014) Regret (Piano Version) (Video-clip filmed by Kotzen's)
 (2014) Unleashed in Japan (DVD with The Winery Dogs)
 (2014) Cannibals (Video-clip from the 'Cannibals' album)
 (2014) You (Video-clip from the 'Cannibals' album)
 (2015) In An Instant (Video-clip from the 'Cannibals' album)
 (2015) The Enemy (Video-clip from the 'Cannibals' album)
 (2015) Richie Kotzen Live DVD
 (2015) Oblivion (Video-clip with The Winery Dogs)
 (2015) Fire (Acoustic Version) (Video-clip with The Winery Dogs)
 (2016) Captain Love (Video-clip with The Winery Dogs)
 (2016) Hot Streak (Video-clip with The Winery Dogs)
 (2017) End Of Earth (Video-clip from the 'Salting Earth' album)
 (2017) My Rock (Video-clip from the 'Salting Earth' album)
 (2017) Dog Years - Live in Santiago & Beyond (DVD with The Winery Dogs)
 (2018) The Damned (Video-clip for the single)
 (2018) Riot (Video-clip for the single)
 (2019) Venom (Video-clip for the single)
 (2020) Devil's Hand (Video-clip from the '50 for 50' album)
 (2020) As You Are (Video-clip from the '50 for 50' album)
 (2020) Raise The Cain (Video-clip for the single)
 (2021) Taking My Chances (Video-clip from the 'Smith/Kotzen' album)
 (2021) Scars (Video-clip from the 'Smith/Kotzen' album)
 (2021) Running (Video-clip from the 'Smith/Kotzen' album)
 (2021) Solar Fire (Video-clip from the 'Smith/Kotzen' album)
 (2021) Better Days (Video-clip from the 'Better Days' EP)

References

Rock music discographies
Discographies of American artists


title: Pamela Rickard

text:
Professor Pamela Athalie Deidre Rickard (1928–2002) was an Australian biochemist, serving as head of the University of New South Wales School of Biological Sciences from 1981 to 1988.

Born in Sydney, she worked for a few years at the Daily Telegraph newspaper, before completing a TAFE course and entering Sydney University as a mature age student. She then gained a Masters in biochemistry at the New South Wales University of Technology, writing her thesis on the "iron-containing pigments of certain fungi" under Professor Bernhard Ralph and Dr Frank Moss, and graduating in 1961. She then began a PhD in London on the biosynthesis of porphyrins under Professor Claude Rimington, finishing in 1963. She then began a permanent lecturing position at the University of New South Wales, where she would remain until retirement in 1988.

In the mid 1960s, she became part of the cutting edge field of biotechnology when the school was restructured as the Department of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, only the third biotechnology department in the world at the time. She worked initially on yeast biochemistry, followed by enzyme technology, making interesting discoveries relating to the Crabtree effect, where cytochromes are not synthesised in high-glucose yeast environments. Her group also found that synthesis of other yeast fermentation enzymes was enhanced in such environments, discoveries useful to the brewing industry.

In the 1970s, she worked on the use of enzymes in wine production, with the goal of using sultana grapes for wine, before moving on to the digestion of ligno-cellulosic waste. In 1974 she published a review of the use of enzyme technology in industry.

She retired in 1988, receiving an emeritus professorship, compiling and editing a History of the Development of Biotechnology at UNSW in the same year.

References

Further reading
 Encyclopaedia of Australian Science entry on Pamela Rickard

Australian biochemists
Australian women chemists
University of Sydney alumni
University of New South Wales alumni
Academic staff of the University of New South Wales
1928 births
2002 deaths
20th-century women scientists


title: Kate Middleton (free-diver)

text:
Kate Middleton (born 23 December 1987) is the current New Zealand record holder in the free immersion discipline (FIM) and constant weight with fins (CWT). She is the third-deepest woman in the world and Vice World Champion Freediver. She owns a yoga and freediving resort in Gili Trawangan, Indonesia, where she trains and teaches.

New Zealand records
 97 metres in CWT  at Vertical Blue 2017, Bahamas (bronze medal)
 84 metres in FIM at Vertical Blue 2017, Bahamas  (gold medal)
 85 metres in CWT  at Vertical Blue 2016, Bahamas
 72 metres CWT and 76 meters FIM at, Cyprus, Limasol, Depth World Championship 11–20 September 2015 (silver medal)
 68 metres CWT and 73 meters FIM at  Vertical Blue 2014, Bahamas, Bali, December 2014
 66 metres CWT at the One Breath Jamboree, Tulamben, Bali, October 2013
 65 metres FIM at the One Breath Jamboree, Tulamben, Bali, October 2013
 61 metres in FIM at the AIDA Individual World Championships, Kalamata, Greece, September 2013

An in-depth movie was made in 2012 about her life in Indonesia.

References

External links
 Kate Middleton Freediver Profile
 Kate Middleton Yogi Profile

1987 births
Living people
New Zealand freedivers
Yoga teachers


title: Avril (singer)

text:
Judith Nyambura Mwangi (born 30 April 1986), better known by her mononym Avril (),  is a Kenyan singer-songwriter, actress and entertainer. She was formerly signed to Ogopa Deejays, one of the leading music production and record labels in Kenya. As a singer, she is popularly known for her singles "Mama", "Kitu Kimoja", "Chokoza" and "Hakuna Yule". As an actress, she is best known for playing Miss B'Have on Shuga: Love, Sex, Money (2012). Avril's contributions to the Kenyan entertainment industry have earned her one Nzumari Award, one Kisima Music Award, one Golden Mic Award and two Chaguo La Teeniez Awards.

Life and career

Biography and music career
Avril was born and raised in Nakuru, the former capital of the Rift Valley Province. She was very active in drama and music festivals while in high school. Avril later relocated to Nairobi to pursue an undergraduate education. In 2005, she partook in the Jaza Lorry initiative and met talent manager Emmanuel Banda of Ogopa Deejays Production. Although Banda tried convincing her to venture into music, Avril remained hesitant at the time. She enrolled at the University of Nairobi in 2006 and studied design. She changed her mind about music during her second year at UoN and recorded her debut single "Mama" after signing a record deal with Ogopa Deejays; the song was released in 2009 and sent to radio stations across Kenya. Avril was later featured on Colonel Mustapha's "Mtaani dot com" (sometimes stylized as "mtaani.com"). The music video for "Mtaani dot com" was released and uploaded to YouTube on 15 October 2009.

Avril began to gain prominence following her collaboration with A.Y on his 2010 single "Leo" (Remix). Her collaborative single with Sudanese singer Lam, titled "Changes", was released in Sudan. In November 2010, she was featured on Marya's breakthrough single "Chokoza"; the song was released to critical acclaim and received numerous radio airplay. On 31 January 2012, Avril released her single "Kitu Kimoja". The music video for the song was shot at a resort on the Kenyan coast line. In February 2013, Avril released "Hakuna Yule". In January 2014, she debunked rumors regarding her exit from Ogopa Deejays and said the relationship she has with the label's executives was built on understanding. In March 2014, Avril was featured on the chorus of Boomba Boyz's 2014 single "Piga Kengele". In July 2014, she performed at the Tusker Meru 7 After Party.

Acting career

2011–12: Shuga: Love, Sex, Money
Avril made her acting debut in the second season of the television soap opera Shuga. She played the character Miss B'Have, a celebrity singer who is a firm believer in monogamous relationships. She also played Belinda, a minor character. She was offered the roles after auditioning for the producers of the show. In a 2012 interview with Capital Lifestyle, Avril said playing both characters was therapeutic and that starring in the series was an emotional rollercoaster due to the feelings she developed for her co-star Nick Mutuma. She also said starring in the series reminded her about the dangers of HIV/AIDS.

2013–14: Noose of Gold (season 5)
In February 2013, Avril joined the cast of M-Net's Noose of Gold. She played the role of Corrine.

2015 - 2023

Avril has played a lot of roles on Kenyan television and streaming platforms which have included KTN's Skandals Kibao, Maisha Magic's Sumu la Penzi, Showmax's Pepeta released in 2022 and Faithless  released in 2023.

Musical influences and humanitarian work
Avril has cited Amani, Blu 3, Tiwa Savage, Liquideep, Alicia Keys and Beyoncé as musicians who inspired her. She also cited Michael Jackson, Kenny Rogers, Alicia keys and Beyoncé as her favourite artists. Her inspiration to write and record music stems from her life experiences. Avril has been involved in several humanitarian campaigns, including the Chagua Amani Peace Campaign and Kenya Land Alliance. In February 2015, she became one of East Africa's ambassadors for Oriflame Sweden and AMREF's Save an African Mother Campaign.

Discography

Songs

Filmography

Films

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Avril at SoundCloud

1986 births
Living people
People from Nakuru County
21st-century Kenyan women singers
Kisima Music Award winners
Kenyan film actresses
University of Nairobi alumni
21st-century Kenyan actresses


title: Gloucester Street Railway

text:
The Gloucester Street Railway was a former streetcar railway operating in Gloucester, Massachusetts. Originally incorporated as a horsecar railway in 1886, the railway underwent an ownership change in 1891. The railway was electrified and nearly doubled in length. In 1900, the railway was sold to the Lynn and Boston Railroad.

Route
The Gloucester Street Railway operated a line approximately 9.4 miles in length. The northern terminus on the line was near the Rockport town line in Gloucester's Lanesville neighborhood. The line ran towards downtown Gloucester, following Washington Street for its entirety and passing through the village of Annisquam. The line then ran through downtown on Main Street and proceeded down East Main Street to its southern terminus in Rocky Neck, Gloucester.

References

1886 establishments in Massachusetts
Defunct Massachusetts railroads
Gloucester, Massachusetts
Railway companies disestablished in 1900
Railway companies established in 1886
Streetcars in Massachusetts
Transportation in Essex County, Massachusetts
1900 disestablishments in Massachusetts


title: Johannes Kaempf

text:
Johannes Kaempf (February 18, 1842 in Neuruppin – May 25, 1918 in Berlin) was a German liberal politician and banker. From 1912 to 1918 he was president of the Reichstag.

Life
Johannes Kaempf was the director of the branch of the Bank of Trade and Industry in Berlin and President of the German trading day. As President of the Economic Society, he joined in 1903 for the establishment of a Graduate School of Berlin. He was a member of the Free-minded People's Party and the Progressive People's Party and represented the left-wing liberals for the first Berlin Constituency from 1903 to 1918 in the Reichstag. From 1912 until his death he was president of the German Reichstag.

Kaempf's death in May 1918 had an unexpected side effect on the fate of the Empire. Because of the need to occupy Kaempf's Reichstag mandate constituency anew, the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) could nominate the left trade unionists and revolutionary Richard Müller for the by-election; the government had to exempt these from military service. Müller was released in September 1918 from the army and came to Berlin, lost the election, but played a significant role in the organization of the insurrection of 9 November.

On 22 October 1899 Kaempf was awarded the honorary title of city elder of Berlin. In 1915 he was awarded an honorary title of Kaiser Wilhelm II. This was the decision for the inscription "To the German People" at the Reichstag building in Berlin.

Kaempf was a member of the Masonic Lodge of Saint John the Black Eagle in Landsberg on the Warta River and honorary member of the Grand National-Muttlerloge, The Three Globes. He was buried in Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery.

Literature
John Kaempf: speeches and essays. Published by the elders of the merchants of Berlin. Berlin, Georg Reimer, 1912
Wolfgang Wölk: Kaempf, Johannes. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 10, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1974, , page 728 f. (Digitized).

Links
Johannes Kaempf in the database of members of the Reichstag
Biography of Johannes Kaempf. In: Henry Best: Database of deputies of the Diet of the Empire 1867/71 to 1918 (Biorab - Empire)

References
Ralf Hoff Rogge: Richard Muller - The Man Behind the November revolution. Berlin 2008, p 60ff.

External links

1842 births
1918 deaths
Burials at Stahnsdorf South-Western Cemetery
People from Neuruppin
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Free-minded People's Party (Germany) politicians
Progressive People's Party (Germany) politicians
Members of the 11th Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the 12th Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the 13th Reichstag of the German Empire
German Freemasons
German bankers


title: Jennie Pryce

text:
Professor Jennie Elizabeth Pryce (born 1972) is a quantitative geneticist based in Melbourne, Australia. Jennie is the DairyBio animal program leader in conjunction with her role as principal research scientist for Agriculture Victoria and Professor of animal genetics at La Trobe University.

Early life and education
Pryce was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK in 1972. She attended Shrewsbury High School and then the Cheltenham Ladies College.

Pryce became inspired by genetics through owning and breeding her pedigree, registered herd of Holstein dairy cattle, under the prefix of Severnvale Holsteins and decided from a young age to pursue a career in genetics. In 1994 she received BSc (Hons) 1st class from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland and a PhD in 1998 also from the University of Edinburgh in "The Genetics of Health and Fertility of Dairy Cattle" under the supervision of Professors Geoff Simm, William G. Hill, Robin Thompson and Roel Veerkamp.

Career
Between 1998 and 2001 Pryce was a dairy geneticist with the Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, Scotland. In 2001 she moved to New Zealand to take up a scientist position with the breeding company Livestock Improvement Corporation. Since 2008 Pryce has lived and worked in Melbourne, Australia where her main areas of research interest are genetic improvement of functional traits (especially dairy cow fertility and feed conversion efficiency), optimising breeding scheme design under genomic selection and development of dairy selection indices.

Jennie is also a member of the International Committee for Animal Recording’s Functional Traits Working Group and the Feed and Gas Working group and was also section editor of Journal of Dairy Science, a member of the Functional Traits working group of the International Committee on Animal Recording (ICAR) and a member of the scientific committee of the World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. In Australia, Pryce sits on the Dairy Moving Forward Fertility group and Holstein Australia's Breed Development and Conformation Committee.

Awards

In 2016 Jennie was the first non-North American recipient of the prestigious American Dairy Science Association J.L. Lush Award for Animal Breeding and Genetics - established in 1982, the Award honours the memory of Dr J. L. Lush, who dedicated his life to advancing the field of animal breeding. In 2019, Jennie was named as Australia’s top researcher in the field of animal husbandry by research analytics firm League of Scholars; this award is based on number of citations for papers published in the top 20 journals in each field over the past 5 years. The winner must have done research work published in the 10 years immediately preceding the year of recognition, performed research in any area of animal breeding and genetics that had or has the potential for improvement of dairy cattle.

The 2018 Agriculture Victoria Awards category “Excellence in Scientific Impact” winner for ImProving Herds. ImProving Herds was an innovative and collaborative herd improvement research, development, extension and education project concluding in 2018. It was important because it spelt out the importance and role of herd improvement to dairy farmers and the broader dairy industry. It was significant because it quantified the economic importance of genetic improvement by comparing breeding indices to real economic farm data, which has only been done once before in the dairy sector. ImProving Herds culminated in one of Australia’s largest on-farm dairy events, “The National Muster” which was attended by over 300 farmers and advisors.

The 2019 Agriculture Victoria Awards category “Excellence in Scientific Impact” winner for “Excellence in Discovery and Invention” for Classifying the fertility of dairy cows using mid-infrared spectroscopy Drs Phuong Ho, Tim Luke and Jennie Pryce from Genomic and Cellular Sciences have developed a model that can predict how likely a dairy cow is to conceive to first insemination with up to 77 per cent accuracy.

The 2019 Agriculture Victoria Awards category “Excellence in Leadership” winner. This citation reads: “Professor Jennie Pryce is an outstanding nomination for the Leadership award category given the impact and dimensions of her leadership. She has provided outstanding and clear science leadership (scholarly and impact leadership), team leaderships, collaboration leadership nationally and international collaboration as well as industry translation and adoption. She is also an outstanding team, program and project leader and models agriculture values. Professor Pryce is highly skilled at communication and influence, and in clearly explaining complex science and evidence to academic peers and lay audiences. Jennie leads a major part of the most important innovation program for the Dairy Industry – DairyBio - making profitability improvements on farm. This innovation is critical to the dairy industry – regional Victoria’s largest employer and a $1 billion export industry for the state. Professor Pryce has led development and delivering of successful research, worked to build industry groups’ understanding and adoption, and led development of tools for direct benefit on farm by most farmers. Leading strong impact on the economy and society this year, Professor Pryce has been named Australia’s top researcher in the field of animal husbandry by research analytics firm League of Scholars and published in The Australian".

References

External links

A long pedigree in genetics - DairyBio » A long pedigree in dairy genetics
Animal Genetic Improvement - Dr Jennie Pryce (Video)
World Congress Livestock Genetics - update by Dr Jennie Pryce (video)

Women geneticists
Australian women scientists
Living people
1972 births


title: Jane Elith

text:
Professor Jane Elith  is an ecologist in the School of Botany at the University of Melbourne. She graduated from the School of Agriculture and Forestry at the University of Melbourne in 1977. She specialises in ecological models that focus on spatial analysis and prediction of the habitat of plant and animal species. Following graduation, she was a research assistant and tutor for three years, and then spent the following 12 years raising her children. She returned to the University of Melbourne in 1992 and later commenced a part-time PhD in the School of Botany. She was awarded her PhD in 2002 on 'Predicting the distribution of plants'.  Since then, she has been a research fellow in the School of Botany. She is currently an ARC Future Fellow and sits within the Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis at the University of Melbourne.

Elith is known primarily for her work on statistical models and data, and has mostly focused on species distribution models. Elith is interested in the methods used to model the distribution of species, and focuses on how they work, how to improve them for typical data types and applications, and how to deal with their uncertainties. She is particularly interested in understanding how models work and in finding technical solutions to improve their performance. She is also interested in and contributes to their use for practical applications.

Dean of Science at the University of Melbourne, Professor Karen Day, said Dr Elith was blazing a trail for women in the disciplines of science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM).

She won the 2016 Fenner Medal awarded by the Australian Academy of Science for research in biology. In 2020, she was honoured to be an international member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Research
Elith is currently working  on three main topics.

 Improved methods for predicting species' distributions under environmental change, including range dynamics and global predictors for these models – this project is the subject of her Future Fellowship.
 Robust prediction and decision strategies for managing extinction risks under climate change, including integrating dynamic species distribution models with population viability analyses to investigate the impact of climate change on species persistence.
 Robust strategies for restoring aquatic and riparian biodiversity, including methods for quantifying the links between riverine biodiversity and restoration actions, and for evaluating restoration strategies.
"People focus on certain places for their surveys," she said. "Close to town, close to roads or in their favourite places."

However the gaps need to be filled. So Dr Elith uses the available data to make statistical models based on the patterns and known relationships hidden within the data. She also takes into account weaknesses in the data and works to find a more robust model.

Honours and professional contributions
Elith is one of the most highly cited ecologists in Australia and internationally, despite only graduating in 2002. Over the past decade she has become the 11th most-cited author in the field of environment and ecology. In 2012, she was recognised by Thomson Reuters as a highly cited researcher, putting her in the top 1% of researchers globally. She presented her work to the National Press Club (Australia) on May 30, 2012. Only two people from the University of Melbourne were honoured with this award.

Elith was also named in the 2014 Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researchers in the Environment/Ecology category, awarded to researchers for having an exceptional impact by ranking in the top 1% most cited researchers in their field of study.

In 2015 Elith was awarded the Frank Fenner Prize for Life Scientist of the Year in the Prime Minister's Prizes for Science, and in 2016 was awarded the Australian Ecology Research Award. She was elected as a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 2017.

Her 2006 paper on novel methods to improve prediction of species' distributions from occurrence data, by mid-2014, had been cited about 3,000 times (Google Scholar citations July 31, 2014). Other highly cited work includes her papers on boosted regression trees, her review of methods for spatial predictions, and her work on maximum entropy modeling.

Elith has been a Subject Editor for Ecology (2009-), Diversity and Distributions (2013-), Biological Invasions (2011-2014) and Ecography (2007-2010). She has provided scientific advice to the Murray-Darling Basin Commission, the Australian Biosecurity System for Primary Production and the Environment, the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, and the Atlas of Living Australia. She has won numerous research grants and she routinely teaches specialist courses in spatial modeling.

Selected publications

References

Australian conservationists
Australian ecologists
Women ecologists
Australian women scientists
University of Melbourne alumni
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences


title: Cyber geography

text:
Cyber geography is mapping the physical network of broadband cables.

Background
While servers, routers, cables, and other physical equipment and infrastructure that enable the Internet can be located, the location of each of these hardware modules does not convey the nature of cyberspace. Cyber geography addresses the degree of complexity of this infrastructure. One of the earliest endeavors that investigated the "spatiality" of cyberspace was the research conducted by Martin Dodge at the University of Manchester between 1997 and 2004. Dodge identified "electronic places" that exist behind the computer screen as part of such geography. "Space" in this case is said to be produced or reproduced through social relations and that it is both geographic and cyber as well as a relational concept.

See also
 Broadband universal service
 Mobile broadband
 Ultra-wideband
 Wireless broadband

References

Digital technology
Broadband
Economic geography


title: 1882 Harvard Crimson football team

text:
The 1882 Harvard Crimson football team represented Harvard University in the 1882 college football season. They finished with an 8–1 record.

Schedule

References

Harvard
Harvard Crimson football seasons
Harvard Crimson football


title: Francesco Carradori

text:
Francesco Carradori (1747-1824) was an Italian sculptor in Florence, Italy.

He initially studied in his native Pistoia, under Innocenzo Spinazzi, later, the patronage of the then Grand Duke Leopold sustained him as a pupil of Agostino Penna in Rome. He became the professor of sculpture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Florence. In 1802, he published a guide (Istruzione elementare) for students of sculpture. Among his pupils was Stefano Ricci (sculptor). It is reported that either him or his teacher may have installed the tail of the Chimera of Arezzo incorrectly, causing the Chimera's snake-tail to appear to be biting the Chimera's own goat horns.

References
 Carradori, Francesco, Lasinio, Carlo, Istruzione elementare per gli studiosi della scultura, 1802. Internet Archive

1747 births
1824 deaths
18th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors
19th-century Italian sculptors
People from Pistoia
Academic staff of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze
19th-century Italian male artists
18th-century Italian male artists


title: Justin Green (cornerback)

text:
Justin Green (born February 26, 1991) is an American football cornerback who is currently a free agent. He was signed by the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2013, and has also been a member of the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football for University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

Professional career

New England Patriots
Green signed with the New England Patriots on July 21, 2013. He was waived on August 31 for final roster cuts, but signed to the practice squad the following day. He was promoted to the active roster on November 23. He was waived again on November 26 then re-signed to their practice squad two days later. The Patriots promoted Green from the practice squad on December 28.

Dallas Cowboys
On August 12, 2014, Green was traded to the Dallas Cowboys for defensive end Ben Bass. Green was released on September 1, 2014.

San Jose SaberCats
On November 19, 2014, Green was assigned to the San Jose SaberCats of the Arena Football League.

New England Patriots
On December 3, 2014, Green was re-signed to the New England Patriots practice squad. Green won Super Bowl XLIX with the Patriots after they defeated the defending champion Seattle Seahawks 28–24.

San Jose SaberCats (II)
Green returned to the SaberCats for the 2016 season, however he did not see any action.

Winnipeg Blue Bombers
On April 4, 2016, the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League announced the signing of Green. He was released on May 24, 2016.

He participated in The Spring League in 2017.

Personal life
Green's older brother, Marcus, is a former defensive tackle who played collegiately for Ohio State and had a short stint in the NFL. In the summer of 2015, Green retired from football to focus on pursuing a career to help children in the community. However this was only temporary as he continued his pursuit of playing professional football the following year.

References

External links
Illinois Fighting Illini football bio
New England Patriots bio

1991 births
Living people
American football cornerbacks
Canadian football defensive backs
American players of Canadian football
Illinois Fighting Illini football players
Dallas Cowboys players
New England Patriots players
San Jose SaberCats players
Players of American football from Louisville, Kentucky
Players of Canadian football from Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville Male High School alumni
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
The Spring League players