title: Fariñeiro

text:
The Fariñeiro or  is a Spanish breed of small domestic donkey indigenous to the autonomous community of Galicia, in north-west Spain. Its name derives from its former use as a pack animal to transport sacks of flour (). It may also be referred to as the . It does not have official recognition, and its numbers are severely reduced. It is found mainly in the Península del Morrazo in the province of Pontevedra, in the area surrounding Betanzos in the province of A Coruña, in the comarcas of the los Ancares and O Caurel areas of the province of Lugo and in the mountains of the province of Ourense.

History

The Fariñeiro is not recognised by the Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, the Spanish ministry of agriculture, nor listed among the autochthonous Spanish animal breeds "in danger of extinction"; it is not among the breeds reported by Spain to DAD-IS.

It was in the past, and may still be, used as a beast of burden in a variety of tasks, including the transport of flour which gives it its name, carrying grapes from the vineyard during the grape harvest, and carrying the seaweed that was collected on the Atlantic beaches to be used as agricultural fertiliser.

In 1999 a census of livestock by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística counted 14,649 donkeys in Galicia, the highest population of any Spanish autonomous community. The number conforming to the traditional small Fariñeiro type was estimated in 2009 at 180, with a very low number of breeding jacks; many of them were old animals, and they were dispersed over a very wide geographical area. The population was declining at an alarming rate. In the same year, a decree that would give protection to Galician breeds including the Fariñeiro had been awaiting approval by the Xunta de Galicia for more than a year.

The breed comes under the responsibility of the Centro de Recursos Zooxenéticos de Galicia, the centre for genetic resources of Galicia, and there is an association for its protection, the Asociación para la Protección y Defensa Medioambiental del Burro Fariñeiro de Galicia.

A small number of the donkeys have been introduced to the island of A Toxa, in O Grove on the Atlantic coast, as part of a conservation and environmental reclamation project.

Characteristics

The Fariñeiro is smaller than other mainland Spanish donkey breeds; it stands about  at the withers and weighs . The coat is fine, dense and smooth, of medium length; it is grey or pale brown in colour, and paler on the underparts. The darker dorsal stripe and shoulder-stripe may be more or less distinct.

References

Galicia (Spain)
Donkey breeds originating in Spain
Donkey breeds


title: Laurel Grove

text:
Laurel Grove may refer to the following places in the United States:

 Laurel Grove, Oregon
 Laurel Grove, Pittsylvania County, Virginia
 Laurel Grove, Westmoreland County, Virginia

Laurel Grove was also the name of a Florida plantation of Zephaniah Kingsley and his wife Anna Kingsley.

See also
 Laurel Grove Cemetery in Savannah, Georgia


title: Gunsmoke (season 17)

text:
Gunsmoke is an American Western television series developed by Charles Marquis Warren and based on the radio program of the same name. The series ran for 20 seasons, making it the longest-running Western in television history.

The first episode of season 17 aired in the United States on September 13, 1971, and the final episode aired on March 13, 1972.  All episodes were broadcast in the U.S. by CBS.

Season 17 of Gunsmoke was the sixth season of color episodes.  Previous seasons were filmed in black-and-white.

Synopsis
Gunsmoke is set in and around Dodge City, Kansas, in the post-Civil War era and centers on United States Marshal Matt Dillon (James Arness) as he enforces law and order in the city. In its original format, the series also focuses on Dillon's friendship with deputy Festus Haggen (Ken Curtis); Doctor Galen "Doc" Adams (Milburn Stone), the town's physician; Kitty Russell (Amanda Blake), saloon girl and later owner of the Long Branch Saloon; and deputy Newly O'Brien (Buck Taylor).

Cast and characters

Main

 James Arness as Matt Dillon
 Ken Curtis as Festus
 Milburn Stone as Doc
 Amanda Blake as Kitty
 Buck Taylor as Newly

Production

Season 17 consisted of 24 one-hour color episodes produced by executive producer John Mantley along with producer Leonard Katzman an associate producer Ron Honthaner.

Episode 1, "The Lost", was the last episode directed by Robert Totten.

Episode 19, "One for the Road", was the third of three episodes that led to the spin-off series, Dirty Sally.

Casting
Pat Hingle was cast as the down doctor to replace Milburn Stone's character, Doc Adams. He appeared in six episodes, beginning with episode 5, "New Doctor in Town".  Stone returned to the role of Doc Adams in episode 12, "The Bullet".

Episodes

Release

Broadcast
Season seventeen aired Mondays at 8:00-9:00 pm (EST) on CBS.

Home media
The seventeenth season was released on DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment on December 10, 2019.

Reception
Gunsmoke season 17 reached #4 in the Nielsen ratings.

Footnotes

References

External links
 {{IMDb episodes|0047736|Gunsmoke season 17}}
 Gunsmoke season 17 at TV Guide''

Gunsmoke seasons


title: Exarchate of Metsovo

text:
The first available information about the ecclesiastical organization of Metsovo and its environs points to the fact that, in the 14th century, it was part of the Metropolis of Ioannina. Furthermore, there are accounts of the existence of monasteries during the same period in the area, as well as in the wider region of the central Pindos. The administrative inclusion of Metsovo in the Ottoman Sanjak of Trikala in the mid-15th century would require corresponding changes in the ecclesiastic administration, but this is not attested before the mid-17th century, when Metsovo was under the Metropolis of Stagoi.

According to Aravantinos, in the 16th century the Patriarchate of Constantinople transferred the exarchate supervising the Aromanian villages in the area to the hegoumenos of the monastery of Voutsa. This testimony is evidence of the establishment of a distinct ecclesiastic Exarchate of Metsovo at the time, a development connected with the granting of privileges to Metsovo and the surrounding area. From then until 1795, Metsovo and six neighboring settlements constituted an autonomous church region, supervised directly by the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

In 1924, the patriarchal Exarchate of Metsovo was briefly revived as a Metropolis, in order to find posts for high-ranking clergymen from Asia Minor that had lost their sees in the aftermath of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey. In 1929, the Metropolis was abolished without reinstating the exarchal status, and the area of the former Exarchate of Metsovo came under the Metropolis of Grevena until 1932, when Metsovo, Anilio, Votonosi and Derventista were separated and annexed lasagna again to the Metropolis of Ioannina.

Sources

M. Tritos, I Patriarchiki exarchia Metsovou (1659-1924). I thriskeftiki kai koinoniki tis prosfora [The Patriarchal Exarchate of Metsovo (1659-1924). Its religious and social contribution], publ. IBMT, Ioannina 1991.
P. Aravantinos, Chronographia tis Epirou [Chronography of Epirus], vol. B’, publ. Koultoura, Athens,  pp. 231, 309.
L. Vranousis, “To Chronikon ton Ioanninon kat’ anekdoton dimodi epitomin” [Chronicle of Ioannina according to anecdotal popular tradition], Academy of Athens, Medieval Archive Yearbook, 12 (1962), pp. 91.
D. Sofianos, “Acta Stagorum, Ta yper tis Thessalikis episkopis Stagon palaia vyzantina eggrafa (ton eton 1163, 1336 kai 1393)” [Acta Stagorum: the Byzantine documents for the Thessalic diocese of Stagoi [from the years 1163, 1336 and 1393)], Trikalina 13 (1993), pp. 27–54.
P. Aravantinos, Perigrafi tis Epirou [Description of Epirus], part C’, publ. Society for Epirote Studies. (EHM), Ioannina 1984, p. 70.

History of Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece
Metsovo
Defunct dioceses of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
Metsovo
Ottoman Greece


title: Tacune

text:
Tacune (possibly from Aymara taku Prosopis (genus of South American tree) / colored medicinal earth, -ni a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with the taku tree" or "the one with medicinal earth") is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about  high. It is situated south of Lake Salinas and east of the mountain Pichu Pichu. Tacune is located in the Arequipa Region, Arequipa Province, Tarucani District, and in the Moquegua Region, General Sánchez Cerro Province, Puquina District.

Tacune is also the name of an intermittent stream which flows from the mountain towards Lake Salinas.

See also
 Pachakutiq
 Qillqata

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Arequipa Region
Mountains of Moquegua Region


title: Kyriakos Flokas

text:
According to oral historical tradition of Metsovo, Κyriakos or Kyrgos Flokas contributed greatly to the granting of a privileged status by the Ottomans to the Metsovo region in 1659.

The relevant legend says that a Grand Vizier ensured the granting of privileges to Metsovo in gratitude to the Metsovite chief shepherd after Flokas offered him assistance and a place to hide when the Vizier had fallen into the disfavor of the Sultan and was at risk of being executed. More specifically, the high-ranking Ottoman official, dressed in shepherd's clothes, had been following Flokas’ herds for three years in the winter grasslands of Thessaly and the summer pastures of Metsovo. It was later revealed that the Grand Vizier had been the victim of slander and therefore the Sultan granted him amnesty, sought him out and reinstated him. Later on, the Vizier invited Kyriakos Flokas to visit him and gave him many presents and a Sultan's firman (mandate) granting Metsovo and the neighboring villages special privileges.

Although the existence of Kyriakos Flokas has not been documented historically, the fact is that the Flokas family appears in the sources about Metsovo as one of the most powerful families of the upper social class. In the 18th century, we see members of the family holding leadership positions, funding public projects and donating land to the churches and monasteries of the area. It is also noteworthy that the centermost part of Metsovo, where the central square is located today, used to be called “machalas of Flokas” (Flokas’ neighborhood).

See also
Flocafé

Sources

V. Skafidas, “Ta pronomia tou Metsovou” [The privileges of Metsovo], Epirotiki Estia 1 (1952), pp. 657–660.
V. Diamandi, «Mețovițeanul Floca și privilegiile obținute de el», Convorbiri literare (1910), pp. 480–483.
G. Plataris-Tzimas, Kodikas Diathikon, Meizones kai elassones euergetes tou Metsovou [Log of Wills, Major and Minor Benefactors of Metsovo], Vol. B’, publ. of the Prefecture of Ioannina and the City of Metsovo, Metsovo/Athens 2004, pp. 262–263.
A. Vakalopoulos, Istoria tou Neou Ellinismou [History of Modern Hellenism], Vol. B’, Thessaloniki 1961, p. 340.
G. Plataris, Kodikas Choras Metsovou ton eton 1708-1907 [Chora Metsovou Log of the years 1708-1907], Athens 1982, pp. 7, 11, 34, 40, 64, 66, 68, 72-73, 78, 81, 84, 92- 93, 103, 119, 155.

Ottoman Greece
Metsovo
17th-century Greek people


The 2014–15 Albany Great Danes women's basketball team represents the University at Albany, SUNY during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Great Danes were led by fifth year head coach Katie Abrahamson-Henderson and play their home games at SEFCU Arena. They were members of the America East Conference. The Great Danes enter the season as 3-time consecutive champs in the America East after winning the 2014 America East tournament. They finished the season 24–9, 14–2 in America East play to share the America East regular season title with Maine. They were also champions of the America East Women's Tournament for the fourth straight year and they received an automatic bid of the NCAA women's tournament where they lost in the first round to Duke.

Media
All home games and conference road games will stream on either ESPN3 on AmericaEast.tv. Most road games will stream on the opponents website. Selected games will be broadcast on the radio on WCDB.

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#452663; color:#FFC726;"| Regular season

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#FFC726; color:#452663;"| 2015 America East tournament

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#FFC726; color:#452663;"| 2015 NCAA Women's Tournament

Rankings
2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings

See also
2014–15 Albany Great Danes men's basketball team
Albany Great Danes women's basketball

References

Albany
Albany Great Danes women's basketball seasons
Albany
Albany Great Danes
Albany Great Danes


title: Ulvaeus

text:
Ulvaeus is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Björn Ulvaeus (born 1945), Swedish songwriter, composer, and musician
 Linda Ulvaeus (born 1973), Swedish singer-songwriter and actress

Swedish-language surnames


title: Mule drivers of Metsovo

text:
The mule drivers of Metsovo were one of the most significant professional transporters in the early modern Greece. In the Greece and especially in the Balkans, the transportation of goods was performed almost exclusively with mules. The range and method of operation of the mule owners made the profession of mule driver one of the most important ones for all land commerce and taxation of the time. In 1707, written sources start mentioning them as already having a trade guild established which leads us to believe that they were occupied in the transportation of goods since even older times. Throughout the 18th and 19th century they form one of the most active groups in the goods transportation industry in the Balkans. Pouqueville says the Vlach mule drivers are known with the name Metsovites, while he considers the people of Metsovo and the people of Zagori as the most active mule drivers in Balkan's European market. Bοué describes the keratzides of Metsovo as the most famous in all "Albania" and among the most renowned in the Balkans. According to Goudas, the transportation of goods from Bucharest, Constantinople (İstanbul), Belgrade and Adrianople (Edirne) was performed almost exclusively by Metsovites mule drivers.

Sources
F. Braudel, I Mesogeios kai o Mesogeiakos kosmos tin epochi tou Fillipou B’ tis Espanias, transl. K Mitsotaki [La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II], transl. K. Mitsotaki, publ.  National Bank of Greece Cultural Foundation, Vol. A’, publ. MIET, Athens 2 1993, pp. 349–356.
F. C. H. LPouqueville, VoyagedelaGrèce, deuxièmeedition, tomesecond, Paris, 1826, pp. 22–23•
F. C. H. LPouqueville, VoyagedanslaGrèce, tomepremier, ChapitreXII, Paris 1820, pp. 157.•
A. Bοué, Die Εuropäische Türkei, Band II, Wien 1889, p. 479•
A. Goudas, Vioi Paralliloi, ton epi tis anagenniseos tis Ellados diaprepsanton andron, Ploutos h’ Emporion, [Parallel lives of the men who excelled during the Renaissance, Wealth and Commerce], Vol. C’, printer's M. P. Peridou, Athens, 1870, p. 290.
Archeio Ali Pasa, Syllogis I. Chotzi, Gennadeiou Vivliothikis tis Amerikanikis Scholis Athinon, [Ali Pasha Archives, I. Hotzis collection, Gennadius Library], Ed. – Commentary- Index: V. Panagiotopoulos with the collaboration of D. Dimitropoulos, P. Michailari, Vol. B 2007, pp. 676–677.
G.Papageorgiou, Oi Syntechnies sta Giannena kata ton 19o kai tis arches tou 20ou aiona,[Professional guilds in Ioannina during the 19th and early 20th century],  doctoral dissertation, publ. IMIAX, Ioannina 1998, p. 52 (note 1).

Economy of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Greece
Transport in the Ottoman Empire


title: Tzelepides

text:
The Tzelepides were officials of the Ottoman state who collected the tzelepiko tax (resm-iagnam-Icelebkeşan) on large scale livestock breeders.

The Ottoman government created this tax to help cover its needs in certain livestock products.  Its  payment in kind and its collection exclusively by the state led to the establishment of a special mechanism for its administration. The tax collectors were called "tzelepides" (celep). The need for a flexible state agency, that will oversee the supply and prompt delivery of the required animals for consumption, gradually involves the livestock breeding populations in the mechanism for the collection of the tax. Through this process they are turned into one of the empire's productive forces, while the capacity of a tzelepis is slowly identified with livestock owners who have undertaken the task to supply the state with livestock products. This upgraded relationship with the state provides them with the privilege to access or intervene in the state mechanisms, which in turn maintains or even instigates their pursuitof a stronger economic presence. This is realized when livestock breeding develops into a broader commercial activity. This way these “state sheepherders” sell part of their production on the free market, thus achieving greater profits and greater economic power.

Sources

Β.Cvetkova, «Les Celep et leur rôle dansla vie économique des Balkans à l'époque Ottomane (XVe-XVIIe s.)», M. A. Cook, Studiesin the Economic History of the Middle East, from the rise of Islam to the present day, Oxford 1970, pp. 172–192.
B. Cvetkova, «Le service des "celep" et le ravitaillement en bétail dans l'Empire Ottoman (XVe-XVIIIe s.)», Études Historiques 3 (Sofia, 1966), pp. 145–150
V. Moutavcieva, Agrotikes scheseis stin othomaniki autokratoria (15–16 c.) [Agrarian Institutions in the Ottoman Empire (17th and 18th centuries)], transl. O. Astrinaki – E. Mpalta, Publ. Poreia, Athens 1990, pp. 274 note 205.
V. Rokou, Oreines koinonies kata tin periodo ths Othomanikis kiriarchias sta Valkania [Mountain communities during the time of the Ottoman rule in the Balkans], publ. Erodios, Thessaloniki 2007, pp. 81–106.

Taxation in the Ottoman Empire
Livestock
Agricultural labor
Agricultural law


title: Epagoge mellosa

text:
Epagoge mellosa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Java in Indonesia.

References

Moths described in 1951
Archipini


title: Epagoge occidentalis

text:
Epagoge occidentalis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Java in Indonesia.

References

Moths described in 1948
Archipini


title: Epagoge xanthomitra

text:
Epagoge xanthomitra is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Java in Indonesia.

References

Moths described in 1941
Archipini


title: Rolling stock of Network SouthEast

text:
Network SouthEast (NSE), the sector of British Rail which ran passenger services in London and southeast England between 1986 and 1994, operated a wide variety of rolling stock during its existence.  The majority of the network was electrified, and further electrification schemes took place during the 1986–1994 period; and the 7,000 vehicles owned by NSE in 1986 consisted of a mixture of electric, diesel-electric and diesel multiple units, diesel locomotives and the coaches they hauled.

Network SouthEast inherited a large fleet of electric multiple units (EMUs), smaller numbers of diesel (DMU) and diesel electric (DEMU) multiple units, and some diesel locomotives and coaching stock.  Much of the fleet was introduced after the 1955 Modernisation Plan; stock was old (some dated from before World War II) and in variable condition, giving a "drab" and "uninspiring" appearance, and was difficult to convert to driver-only operation.  Accordingly, the sector invested in many new vehicles during its eight-year history. After initial problems, the Networker range of units proved very successful and is still used across southeast England on the privatised rail network.  The same applies to the innovative Class 319 dual-voltage units, built for NSE's new Thameslink service which operated on two incompatible types of electrified line.

Overview

The London & South East Sector (L&SE) was created in 1982 when British Rail underwent the process of sectorisation.  During the four-year life of this sector—Network SouthEast's immediate predecessor—the number of passenger-carrying vehicles allocated to it was reduced steadily as timetables were adapted in response to a decline in demand caused by the recession.   In May 1984 L&SE operated 7,465 vehicles, which was to be reduced to 7,050 by the start of 1986.  The NSE era started in June 1986 when the LS&E sector was rebranded, at which point it owned 7,004 vehicles.  Of these, the great majority (6,080) were EMU coaches: about 68% of the network's 2,000 route mileage was electrified.  There were 489 DMU/DEMU coaches, 57 locomotives and 435 coaches hauled by locomotives.  Public address systems and power-assisted sliding doors were available on 51% and 23% of vehicles respectively, and the fleet had a mean age of 24 years.  NSE's investment in new coaching stock, refurbishment of existing stock and electrification of routes changed all of these figures over the course of the sector's eight-year existence.  By 1990, NSE had nearly 100 more EMU coaches but fewer DMUs and a near-halving of locomotive-hauled stock; and 80% of carriages had a public address system and 33% featured sliding doors.
By the end of the NSE era in 1994, the sector had acquired 3,020 new coaches and had overhauled a further 2,578.  Refurbishment ranged from the "small but important" work undertaken on the Class 487 Waterloo & City line units, funded by City of London-based firm Allied Lyons, to the £17 million spent on the 1,570-coach Class 423 fleet.  Except for the small fleet of Class 487 units built in 1940 for the Waterloo & City line and some older ex-London Underground stock cascaded to the Island Line on the Isle of Wight, the oldest EMUs were the hundreds of Class 415 and 416 (EPB) units built in the 1950s (the oldest units dated from 1951 and 1950 respectively).  Throughout the LS&E and NSE eras there were more than 800 of these vehicles in service: 139 4-coach Class 415 units and 126 of the 2-coach Class 416s.  Some of the oldest examples had underframes reused from interwar stock.

Network SouthEast's fleet of EMUs featured seven different body designs, from 1930s styles based on stock designed by Oliver Bulleid to the "modernistic but attractive" lightweight aluminium Networker range designed "from the ground up" by NSE's own design team.  Most vehicles were based on British Rail's standardised Mark 1, Mark 2 and Mark 3 carriages, but there were variations in construction materials (welded steel panels, or steel or aluminium bodies of integral construction), door types (slam-doors or automatic sliding doors), underframe styles, cab fronts and internal layouts.  NSE put great emphasis on interior design and the application of its standard livery.  Rolling stock of all types was painted in the network's "house colours" of red, white blue and grey horizontal bands, swept up diagonally at the end of each unit.  Compared to this bold, bright exterior decoration—popularly likened to toothpaste because of its striped pattern—interiors were plainer and more "restful", featuring grey, blue or white plastic panelling, blue seat moquette and fluorescent strip lights.  Most stock had open (saloon-style) seating by the start of the NSE era, but some First Class compartments survived throughout the period.

Most EMUs had one of two incompatible forms of electric traction equipment: 750 volts DC (direct current) or 25,000 volts AC (alternating current).  The Class 313 and 319 units were equipped for both, although only the latter operated journeys which included both systems.  Units equipped for DC traction collected electrical current from a third rail using a collector shoe attached to their bogies, which were in turn connected to traction motors (mostly built in the 1950s, even those used on newer stock).  AC-powered EMUs collected power from overhead lines using a pantograph.  Standard across NSE's fleet were electropneumatic brakes and either semi-automatic Buckeye couplers or (on some later units) fully automatic couplers.

Networker family of trains

Network SouthEast was launched to the public on 10 June 1986 by its director Chris Green.  One of his promises at that time was "a new concept for suburban rail travel around London"—the Networker train.  This would be a family of closely related classes of diesel and electric rolling stock which shared design and engineering features such as lightweight aluminium alloy bodywork (instead of steel), fully automatic couplings, computer-controlled traction motors, passenger-operated sliding doors and new high-backed seating laid out to give more space around the doors.  The diesel version of the train was named the "Network Turbo".

A British Rail research team at Derby Works was developing a concept called the "Advanced Suburban Train" in the mid-1980s, based around innovations such as AC traction motors (smaller, lighter and more reliable than direct current-operated motors) and light aluminium bodies.  After visiting Derby in 1986 and investigating the concept, Green committed to buying large numbers of the trains (to be called "Networkers") for NSE in two stages.  The first batch would be delivered in 1990, then a second batch incorporating extra technical innovations would be bought in 1993.   Until the Networkers were ready, NSE would continue to procure steel-bodied trains to replace ageing stock.

It was decided that the fleet of electric Networkers would replace the entire fleet of ageing slam-door trains on the inner suburban routes of southeast London and Kent.  A prototype test train, allocated the TOPS classification Class 457, was built in 1988 and undertook extensive testing from June of that year.  The interior design and fittings were comprehensively reviewed and revised at the same time: for example, Network SouthEast arranged with the Job Centre in Dartford to borrow all of its applicants for three days to test the efficiency of embarkation and disembarkation through the newly designed push-button sliding doors.  Meanwhile, a full-size wooden mock-up of a Networker was unveiled at the end of 1987 at  by Secretary of State for Transport Paul Channon.  In August 1989 a £690 million contract was signed for the delivery of 842 vehicles and the construction of a maintenance and storage depot at Slade Green near Dartford.  The Class 465 and 466 units (the latter identical to the more numerous 465s, but built by Metro Cammell at Washwood Heath) were delivered on 19 December 1991, just before Chris Green left NSE to join the InterCity sector.

Meanwhile, NSE placed smaller orders for Networker variants which could run on other parts of the network.  The Class 165 and 166 "Networker Turbo" units—the first of which were delivered in September 1991, before the Class 465 and 466 stock—were diesel units with slightly longer bodies and based on technology used in British Rail's long established Sprinter trains.  They were used on the Chiltern Main Line and (from 1992) the Great Western Main Line and its branches, where they proved to be much quicker and more reliable than the old diesel units they replaced.  Overall 78 vehicles went to Chiltern and 174 to the Great Western routes out of  and the North Downs Line.  Then 164 dual-voltage Class 365 units were built for – (Fen Line) services and long-distance services in Kent; the last units in these classes entered service just before the end of the NSE era in 1994.

Other Networker-style units were proposed and in some cases mocked up or built as prototypes.  Trains based on the Networker design were intended for the London, Tilbury and Southend line; the planned Heathrow Express and Crossrail routes; the Thameslink route; long-distance non-electrified routes such as the West of England Main Line; and long-distance electrified routes.  Each was allocated a provisional TOPS classification, but none were ever built—although mock-ups of some units were still in public view until 1992.  After the recession of the early 1990s and the announcement that Britain's rail network would be privatised, "the Networker revolution faced sudden death".

Nicknames

Rail enthusiasts, staff and the general public gave nicknames to several types of rolling stock based on their appearance or characteristics.  The single-coach Class 121 units used on routes out of Paddington and Marylebone were known as "Bubble cars"—a name which has become official since the current operator Chiltern Railways obtained and refurbished one to work on services between  and Aylesbury.  The Class 205 diesel-electric units used on the Marshlink Line and Uckfield Line had a distinctive low-frequency engine noise and were nicknamed "Thumpers".  The Class 206 "Tadpole" units associated with the Hastings Line were so called because of their unusual profile: they were built from the driving car of Class 201 units and narrower driving trailers from redundant Class 416 stock.  In reference to a British television gameshow 3-2-1 and its anthropomorphic dustbin mascot, Class 321 units were nicknamed "Dusty Bins".

Rolling stock of all ages and types was painted in Network SouthEast's livery, made up of horizontal stripes of its house colours of red, white, blue and grey.  From the solebar upwards, the stripes were grey, white, red, white, blue (the thickest stripe, around the windows and doors), white and red.  Much brighter shades of red and blue, and paler grey paint, were used from late 1987.  "Bright", "brash" and "garish" in contrast to British Rail's sober dark blues and greys, it was nicknamed the "toothpaste" livery.

List of rolling stock
 Stock is shown in ascending order of class number, as assigned by the TOPS classification scheme.
 Some classes of rolling stock used during the NSE era are still in use by the privatised train operating companies which succeeded it.  These are identified by a dagger symbol () in the "Class" column.
 Not all images show stock in Network SouthEast livery.
 The "Built" column gives the year in which the first units in this class were built.

See also
 British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification
 Slam door trains

Notes

References

Bibliography

British Rail passenger services
British Rail rolling stock


title: 2013 Football Federation Tasmania season

text:
The Football Federation Tasmania 2013 season was the first season under the new competition format in Tasmania.  The competition consists of three major divisions across the State of Tasmania, created from the teams in the previous structure. The overall premier for the new structure qualified for the National Premier Leagues finals series, competing with the other state federation champions in a final knockout tournament to decide the National Premier Leagues Champion for 2013.

Men's Competitions

2013 NPL Tasmania

The 2013 T-League season was played over 22 rounds, from March to August 2013.

Finals

2013 Tasmanian Premier Leagues

2013 Northern Premier League

The 2013 Northern Premier League was the first edition of the new Northern Premier League as the second level domestic association football competition in Tasmania (third level overall in Australia). 9 teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 16 matches. No teams were promoted or relegated this season.

Finals

2013 Southern Premier League

The 2013 Southern Premier League was the first edition of the new Southern Premier League as the second level domestic association football competition in Tasmania (third level overall in Australia). 12 teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 22 rounds. No teams were promoted or relegated this season.

At the completion of the finals series, Hobart Zebras B, South Hobart B, NTC, Kingborough Lions and Glenorchy Knights B withdrew.

Finals

2013 Tasmanian League One

2013 Northern League One

The 2013 Northern League One was the first edition of the new Tasmanian League One as the third level domestic association football competition in Tasmania (fourth level overall in Australia). 9 teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 16 matches. No teams were promoted or relegated this season.

2013 Southern League One

The 2013 Southern League One was the first edition of the new Tasmanian League One as the third level domestic association football competition in Tasmania (fourth level overall in Australia). 10 teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 18 matches. No teams were promoted or relegated this season.

2013 Tasmanian League Two

2013 Northern League Two

The 2013 Northern League Two was the first edition of the new Tasmanian League Two as the fourth level domestic association football competition in Tasmania (fifth level overall in Australia). 6 teams competed, all playing each other four times for a total of 20 matches. No teams were promoted or relegated this season.

2013 Southern League Two

The 2013 Southern League Two was the first edition of the new Tasmanian League Two as the fourth level domestic association football competition in Tasmania (fifth level overall in Australia). 6 teams competed, all playing each other four times for a total of 20 matches. No teams were promoted or relegated this season.

2013 Tasmanian League Three

2013 Southern League Three

The 2013 Southern League Three was the first edition of the new Tasmanian League Three as the fifth level domestic association football competition in Tasmania (sixth level overall in Australia). 10 teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 18 matches. No teams were promoted or relegated this season.

2013 Tasmanian League Four

2013 Southern League Four

The 2013 Southern League Four was the first edition of the new Tasmanian League Four as the sixth level domestic association football competition in Tasmania (seventh level overall in Australia). 10 teams competed, all playing each other twice for a total of 18 matches. No teams were promoted or relegated this season.

Women's Competitions

2013 Northern Premier League

2014 Southern Premier League

Cup Competitions

References

2013 in Australian soccer
Football Federation Tasmania seasons


title: Darshan Singh Kaypee

text:
Darshan Singh Kaypee was a leader of Indian National Congress from Punjab, India. He was a member of Punjab Legislative Assembly elected for five times from  Jalandhar. He was shot dead by militants in 1992.

References

Victims of Sikh terrorism
1992 deaths
Punjab, India MLAs 1980–1985
People from Jalandhar district
People murdered in Punjab, India
Victims of the insurgency in Punjab
Assassinated Indian politicians
Year of birth missing
Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India
1990s assassinated politicians
20th-century assassinated Indian politicians


title: Mukataa of Metsovo

text:
The mukataa (mukata’a) was a tax district in Ottoman Greece, according to the systems applied widely during the centuries of decline of the Ottoman's fiscal mechanism. The Chora Metsovo was a mukataa, meaning a tax district, the proceeds of which were leased out to malikâne, or lifelong tenants of tax districts.

In the Ottoman Empire, the term mukataa referred to districts or regions, parts of state goods, or other sources of revenue which, in order to facilitate its operation, the state would concede to iltizâm, i.e. to private individuals for a set period of time (tahvi). These districts were granted for tenure through an auction (müzayede) to the person who offered to pay the highest bid to the state treasury.

Seeing that temporary tenants or the frequent change of tenants created tax collection problems and increased foul play against taxpayers, the Ottoman state established the malikâne system, i.e. the system of lifelong tenants of certain tax districts. This is precisely where the political structure of the Chora Metsovou converges with the tax system of the Ottoman Empire. Its Voivodes, meaning the Ottoman officials who were assigned the supervision of a mukataa, are mentioned in local sources also as "malikiane saibides or zaebides", which attests to the fact that their tenure on Chora Metsovou was lifelong and its purpose was to observe and apply the orders of the Sultan’s firmans regarding Metsovo.

Sources

Η. Gerbe, MUKĀTA‘A, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, (VII: 508a).
Β. Cvetkova, "I ekseliksi tou tourkikou feoudalikou kathestotos apo ta teli tou IST’ os ta mesa tou IH’ aiona" [The evolution of the Turkish feudal regime from the late 16th to the mid-18th c.], in I oikonomiki domi ton Valkanikon choron sta chronia tis othomanikis kyriarchias ie’-ih’ c. [The economic structure of the Balkan countries in the years of the Ottoman rule, 15th-19th c.],  publ. Melissa, Athens 1979, pp. 93 –95, 103
H.Inalcik, The Emergence of big farms, çiftliks: state, landlords and tenants, 	Collection Turcica III, éd. Peeters, Leuvain 1983, pp. 111–112
G. Plataris, Kodikas Choras Metsovou ton eton 1708-1907 [Chora Metsovou Log of the years 1708-1907], Athens 1982,, pp. 19–20
L. Darling, Revenue-raising and legitimacy. Tax collection and finance administration in the Ottoman Empire 1560-1660, Lainten-N.York-Cologne 1996, pp. 119–16

Taxation in the Ottoman Empire
Metsovo


title: Douglas Mendes (footballer, born 1988)

text:
Douglas Augusto Mendes dos Santos (born 4 October 1988 in Paulo Afonso, Bahia), known as Douglas Mendes, is Brazilian footballer who currently plays for Cascavel.

References

1988 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série D players
Kategoria Superiore players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
Clube de Regatas Brasil players
Colo Colo de Futebol e Regatas players
Guarany Sporting Club players
Ceará Sporting Club players
Treze Futebol Clube players
Flamurtari FC players
Operário Ferroviário Esporte Clube players
Cuiabá Esporte Clube players
Paysandu Sport Club players
Esporte Clube São Bento players
FC Cascavel players
Expatriate men's footballers in Albania
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Footballers from Bahia
People from Paulo Afonso


title: Hilbert–Kunz function

text:
In algebra, the Hilbert–Kunz function of a local ring (R, m) of prime characteristic p is the function

where q is a power of p and m[q] is the ideal generated by the q-th powers of elements of the maximal ideal m.

The notion was introduced by Ernst Kunz, who used it to characterize a regular ring as a Noetherian ring in which the Frobenius morphism is flat. If d is the dimension of the local ring, Monsky showed that f(q)/(q^d) is c+O(1/q) for some real constant c. This constant, the "Hilbert-Kunz" multiplicity", is greater than or equal to 1. Watanabe and Yoshida strengthened some of Kunz's results, showing that in the unmixed case, the ring is regular precisely when c=1.

Hilbert–Kunz functions and multiplicities have been studied for their own sake. Brenner and Trivedi have treated local rings coming from the homogeneous co-ordinate rings of smooth projective curves, using techniques from algebraic geometry. Han, Monsky and Teixeira have treated diagonal hypersurfaces and various related hypersurfaces. But there is no known technique for determining the Hilbert–Kunz function or c in general. In particular the question of whether c is always rational wasn't settled until recently (by Brenner—it needn't be, and indeed can be transcendental). Hochster and Huneke related Hilbert-Kunz multiplicities to "tight closure" and Brenner and Monsky used Hilbert–Kunz functions to show that localization need not preserve tight closure. The question of how c behaves as the characteristic goes to infinity (say for a hypersurface defined by a polynomial with integer coefficients) has also received attention; once again open questions abound.

A comprehensive overview is to be found in Craig Huneke's article "Hilbert-Kunz multiplicities and the F-signature" arXiv:1409.0467. This article is also found on pages 485-525 of the Springer volume "Commutative Algebra: Expository Papers Dedicated to David Eisenbud on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday", edited by Irena Peeva.

References

Bibliography
E. Kunz, "On noetherian rings of characteristic p," Am. J. Math, 98, (1976), 999–1013. 1

Ring theory


title: Michael Tositsas

text:
Michael Tositsas () was a national benefactor from modern-day Greece. He was an Aromanian. He was born in Metsovo in 1787, and in 1806 he took over his father's fur shop in Thessaloniki, together with his brothers. After developing his business significantly, he sent his brothers to Egypt to open a branch there while he opened branches in Livorno and Malta. He married Eleni Tositsa in 1818.

In 1820 he moved to Malta himself. His acquaintance with Egypt's Prince Regent Mohammed Ali resulted in the Prince taking high esteem in him and appointing him his personal advisor as well as at the helm of the first state bank, the head of the Nile Riverboat company and administrator of his land.

Tositsas, who became one of Egypt's most powerful landowners, also served as Greece's first General Consul in Alexandria and is generally regarded as the father of Hellenism of Egypt. He contributed to the establishment of the Greek Community and, together with his brothers, he helped the community develop significant educational and religious infrastructure. In 1854 he moved to Athens where he died in 1856. His charitable work was not limited to Alexandria but was equally important in Athens, Thessaloniki and his birthplace Metsovo. In his will he left vast amounts for aid for the poor and the support of hospitals, churches and schools. Among them the most notable ones are his contributions to the University of Athens, the Arsakio School and the National Technical University of Athens. After his death, his wife Eleni continued his charity work by donating large amounts to educational and charity organizations as well as for the construction and completion of the National Technical University of Athens. His younger brother, Theodore, who also became very wealthy in Egypt, returned to Greece after the liberation from the Ottomans and donated the largest part of his wealth to foundations.

References

Sources

G. Plataris, “Oi Tositsides sto Livorno” [The Tositsa family in Livorno], Epirotiko Imerologio 1984, pp. 199–206.
A. Politou, O Ellinismos kai I Neotera Aigyptos, Vol. A’, I istoria tou aigyptiotou ellinismou 1798-1927 [Greeks and modern Egypt, vol A, the history of Greeks of Egypt, 1798-1927] , publ. Grammata, Aleksandreia-Athens 1928-1930, 165-167, 172,175-176, 191-222, 237-240, 243,-247.
V. Skafidas, “Istoria tou Metsovou” [History of Metsovo], Epirotiki Estia 12/131, 132 (1963), pp. 194–200, 293-294
A. Goudas, Vioi Paralliloi ton epi tis anagenniseos tis Ellados diaprepsanton andron [Parallel lives of the men who excelled during the Renaissance, Wealth and Commerce] , Vol. D’, ek tou typografeiou Ch. N. Philadelpheos, Athens 1871, 447-486.
I. Chatzifotis, “Oi Metsovites stin Aleksandreia” [The Metsovites in Alexandria], Minutes of the 1st conference of Metsovite Studies, Athens 1993, pp. 87–96
G. Plataris-Tzimas, Kodikas Diathikon, Meizones kai elassones euergetes tou Metsovou [Log of Wills, Major and Minor Benefactors of Metsovo], publ. of the Prefecture of Ioannina and the City of Metsovo, Metsovo/Athens 2004, Vol. A’, pp. 179–207, Vol. B’ pp. 203–217, Vol. C’ pp. 69–71.

External links

1787 births
1856 deaths
Greek businesspeople
Aromanians from the Ottoman Empire
Greek people of Aromanian descent
Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens
People from Metsovo


title: Robert Spiers Benjamin

text:
Robert Spiers Benjamin (17 August 1917 – 20 September 2009) was a 20th-century journalist. He was a founding member of the Overseas Press Club. Following his death, the club named an award in his memory for 'Best reporting in any medium on Latin America'.

He wrote and edited several books

 The Inside Story, about the Overseas Press Club
 The Vacation Guide
 Eye Witness
 I am an American, a symposium of radio interviews with important naturalized Americans. Commissioned by the US Immigration and Naturalization Service
 Call to Adventure: True Tales of Adventures Set Down by the Men who Actually Experienced Them, 1935, an anthology for the Adventurers' Club

As a child, he was a boy scout.

Links

 Obituary by the Overseas Press Club https://www.opcofamerica.org/news/robert-benjamin-last-founding-member-opc-dies

References

American male journalists
The New York Times people
1917 births
20th-century American journalists
2009 deaths


title: Nikolaos Stournaras

text:
Nikolaos Stournaras (1806–1853) is one of Greece’s National Benefactors having used his wealth to donate large pieces of land to various Greek charities.

History
He was born in Metsovo in 1806. Stournaras was an Aromanian. He was the son of Michael Tositsas’ sister. After completing his schooling in Metsovo, he went to Livorno, Italy where he worked in the Tositsas family business. Then he was sent to Paris to study in the Superior School of Trade and Industry. After finishing his studies, he moved to Alexandria, Egypt where he worked as an assistant of his uncle Michael Tositsas and then as manager of the Tositsas Trading House.

His visits to the agricultural and industrial centers of Europe and his studies in European schools gave him the idea to use his vast wealth to subsidize common good projects that would contribute to the development of Greece. He purchased large parcels of land in Fthiotida and donated large amounts to educational and charity institutions in Alexandria and Athens and for the foundation of a school in Metsovo.

In 1853, he came to Greece to work on development projects but he suddenly died. His development plans included a railroad that would connect Athens to Piraeus and the establishment of a shipping company that would connect Piraeus with the Greek islands and coastal towns. In his will, he left large amounts for charity, for the schools of Metsovo and Alexandria and for the establishment of a Polytechnic school in Greece.

References

I. Chatzifotis, “Oi Metsovites stin Aleksandreia” [The Metsovites in Alexandria], Minutes of the 1st conference of Metsovite Studies, Athens 1993, pp. 87–96.
A. Goudas, Vioi Paralliloi ton epi tis anagenniseos tis Ellados diaprepsanton andron, Ploutos h’ Emporion [Parallel lives of the men who excelled during the Renaissance, Wealth and Commerce], Vol. C’, ek tou typographeiou M. P. Peridou, Athens 1870, pp. 289–318.
A. Politou, O Ellinismos kai I Neotera Aigyptos, Vol. A’, I istoria tou aigyptiotou ellinismou 1798-1927 [Greeks and modern Egypt, vol A, the history of Greeks of Egypt], publ. Grammata, Aleksandreia-Athens 1928-1930, pp. 172,219,239,240.
V. Skafidas, “Istoria tou Metsovou” [History of Metsovo], Epirotiki Estia 12/132 (1963), pp. 291–293.
G. Plataris-Tzimas, Kodikas Diathikon, Meizones kai elassones euergetes tou Metsovou [Log of Wills, Major and Minor Benefactors of Metsovo], Vol. A’, publ. of the Prefecture of Ioannina and the City of Metsovo, Metsovo/Athens 2004, pp. 174–178.

Greek philanthropists
1806 births
1853 deaths
19th-century philanthropists
Aromanians from the Ottoman Empire
Greek people of Aromanian descent
People from Metsovo


title: Andean duck

text:
The Andean duck (Oxyura ferruginea) is a bird species native to the Andean Mountains of South America, one of the stiff-tailed ducks. It was considered a subspecies of the ruddy duck.  In fact, some taxonomic authorities still consider it conspecific, including the American Ornithological Society.

Description
These are small, compact ducks with stout, scoop-shaped bills, and long, stiff tails they often hold cocked upward. They have slightly peaked heads and fairly short, thick necks.  In summer, they have rich chestnut bodies with bright blue bills. In winter, they are dull gray-brown above and paler below with dull gray bills. Females and first-year males are brownish, somewhat like winter males but with a blurry stripe across the pale cheek patch. It is separable from the ruddy duck by its all-black face and larger size.

Breeding and habits
Their breeding habitat is marshy lakes and ponds. They nest in dense marsh vegetation near water. The female builds the nest out of grass, locating it in tall vegetation to hide it from predators. A typical brood contains 5 to 15 ducklings.

These birds dive and swim underwater. They mainly eat seeds and roots of aquatic plants, aquatic insects and crustaceans.

References

Andean duck
Andean duck
Birds of the Andes
Andean duck
Andean duck


title: Rhododendron subsect. Brachycalyx

text:
Rhododendron subsection Brachycalyx is a subsection  of the genus Rhododendron, in section Tsutsusi, subgenus Azaleastrum, consisting of fifteen species of Azaleas from Asia.

Description
Leaves deciduous, pseudoverticillate, rhombic, crowded at the shoot apex and monomorphic, hairs usually confined to axils.

Taxonomy
The section Brachcalyx  was first proposed by JC Tate  based on the Chinese Rhododendron farrerae, and described by Robert Sweet in 1831, in The British Flower Garden.

Species;

 Rhododendron amagianum
 Rhododendron decandrum
 Rhododendron dilatatum
 Rhododendron farrerae
 Rhododendron hidakanum
 Rhododendron kiyosumense
 Rhododendron lagopus
 Rhododendron mariesii
 Rhododendron mayebarae
 Rhododendron nudipes
 Rhododendron reticulatum
 Rhododendron sanctum
 Rhododendron tashiroi
 Rhododendron viscistylum
 Rhododendron wadanum
 Rhododendron weyrichii

References

Bibliography
 Loretta Goetsch, Andrew Eckert and Benjamin Hall. Classification of genus Rhododendron.  2005 Annual ARS Convention

 Pojarkova AI, in Schischkin & Bobrov, Flora URSS. 18: 55. 1952.

External links
 Flora of China
 Flora Republica Popularis Sinicae
 Tropicos, see also Section Tsutsusi

Brachycalyx
Plant subsections


title: Foundation of Baron Michael Tositsas

text:
Baron Michael Tossizza (1885–1950) was the grandson of Konstantinos Tossizza, one of the younger brothers of the National Benefactor of Greece, Michael Tositsas (1787–1856), who had moved to Livorno, Italy, at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1831 he and his descendants were awarded the title of Baron by the local Duke as a reward for the major commercial activity of the Tossizza family.

Studies - career
Baron Michael Tossizza studied in Italy and France and then worked in the family's banking business in Paris. Later on he lived and worked in Lausanne, Switzerland, and the south of France.

Establishment of the Foundation
Although he did not maintain relations with Greece, he was convinced, after years of correspondence and personal meetings with Evangleos Averof, to establish a charity foundation in order to help his homeland. The Foundation was established in June 1947 under the name “Foundation of Baron Michael Tossizza” and its main purpose was the development of the greater Metsovo area, from where he originated.

The activity of the Foundation
The Foundation funded the refurbishment of his ancestors’ house in Metsovo, which today is a folk art museum, as well as the reconstruction of the town's elementary school which had burned down in 1947. The Foundation also funded the construction of a hospital, a sawmill, a creamery, a gym, a ski center and many other public benefit and development projects. Furthermore, the Foundation funded the completion of more than 107 schools in Epirus as well as the construction of a student dorm in Kato Kifissia (Athens suburb) for university students from Epirus.

Sources

G. Plataris, 1984, “Oi Tositsides sto Livorno” [The Tositsas family in Livorno], Epirotiko Imerologio, 1984, pp. 199–206.
G. Plataris-Tzimas, Kodikas Diathikon, Meizones kai elassones euergetes tou Metsovou [Log of Wills, Major and Minor Benefactors of Metsovo], Vol. B’, publ. of the Prefecture of Ioannina and the City of Metsovo, Metsovo/Athens 2004, pp. 101–135.

Metsovo
Charities based in Greece


title: Jagat Ram Soondh

text:
Jagat Ram Soondh was a leader of Indian National Congress from Punjab, India. He was a member of Punjab Legislative Assembly and a minister. He was shot dead by militants in 1988.

References

Year of birth missing
1988 deaths
Victims of Sikh terrorism
People from Nawanshahr
People murdered in Punjab, India
Victims of the insurgency in Punjab
Assassinated Indian politicians
Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India
Punjab, India MLAs 1967–1972
Punjab, India MLAs 1972–1977
Punjab, India MLAs 1980–1985
1980s assassinated politicians


title: Adventurers' Club of New York

text:
The Adventurers' Club of New York was an adventure-oriented private men's club founded in New York City  in 1912 by Arthur Sullivant Hoffman, editor of the popular pulp magazine Adventure. There were 34 members at the first meeting. In its second year, "Sinclair Lewis, Hoffman's assistant, was elected secretary and served three years." Monthly dinner meetings, and weekly luncheons, were the primary functions of the club.

According to club secretary, newspaperman Fred J. Splitstone, the club's "One inviolate rule is that no publicity is ever given to the meetings. It makes men freer to talk." It also makes the club difficult to research. However, soon after making those comments, in 1926, the club began publishing a monthly newsletter, The Adventurer. It ran at least until 1960. Its content primarily concerned club business, e.g. changes in leadership, new members. It occasionally ran profiles—and obituaries—of members. The main content was typically a description of the previous monthly dinner meeting. The speakers were described along with a summation of their speeches.

A weekly CBS radio show, Gold Seal Associates, featuring members of the club describing the most exciting moment of their lives, was inaugurated on June 13, 1930. Major C. E. Russell was the inaugural speaker.

The club was one of at least two such clubs in New York.  The other club was the Ends of the Earth Club, which included Mark Twain as a member.

The club appears to have faded out in the 1970s.

Chapters

Spin-off clubs were founded in Chicago, Los Angeles, Honolulu and Copenhagen. The Adventurers' Club of Los Angeles remains active, as does the Adventurers' Club of Honolulu (founded in 1954) and the Adventurers' Club of Denmark.

Members

In 1925, the club had 185 total members, of whom 140 were active. The Adventurers' Golden Jubilee (1964) listed 195 active members and 68 associate members, for a total of 263.

Among the members of the Adventurers' Club of New York were many prominent citizens, travelers, writers, artists and explorers, including the following. Members who attended the first meeting on December 7, 1912, are indicated with "[O]," for original.

 Aage, Count of Rosenborg. Danish prince and officer of the French Foreign Legion.
 Adamson, Hans Christian. Writer; spent 24 days adrift in the Pacific with Eddie Rickenbacker.
 Akeley, Carl. Taxidermist; contributor to natural history museums.
 Aughinbaugh, Dr. William E. A doctor, "a medical hobo," who practiced in perilous places around the globe.
 Bairnsfather, Bruce. British humorist and cartoonist; WWI veteran.
 Barclay, McClelland. Magazine, poster and advertising artist.
 Baldwin, Captain Tom. [O] Pioneer balloonist.
 Bartlett, Bob. Arctic explorer.
 Bedford-Jones, H. Prolific pulp adventure fiction author.
 Braley, Berton. [O] Prolific poet.
 Bruno, Harry. Early aviation promoter.
 Buck, Frank. Hunter, collector of wild animals, and filmmaker.
 Bullard, Robert Lee. Decorated WWI officer.
 Byrd, Admiral Richard E. USN admiral, polar explorer.
 Calvert, E. H. Spanish–American War veteran (Cuba); silent film actor and director.
 Clark, James Lippitt. Explorer, sculptor and scientist.
 Cotlow, Lewis N. World traveler.
 Couzens, H. D. [O] Adventure author.
 Currie, Barton Wood. Author and book collector.
 Curtis, Leland. Artist and explorer.
 De Brissac, Ricardo. Magazine writer and soldier-of-fortune.
 de Prorok, Byron. Archaeologist, anthropologist, explorer and author of travelogues.
 Dingle, Captain A. E. [O] Sea-story author; claimed to be the "very first member . . . at the very first meeting."
 Dunn, J. Allan. Popular pulp adventure and western fiction author.
 Eddy, Clyde. River explorer.
 Duquesne, Fritz. [O] Boer War veteran; big-game hunter; convicted spy.
 Dwyer, James Francis. [O] Popular pulp writer.
 Eagan, Eddie. Summer and Winter Olympic Games athlete.
 Footner, Hulbert. [O] Canoe explorer; prolific author.
 Foran, W. Robert. British Army officer; co-founder of the NY club; established the Chicago chapter.
 Forman, Harrison. World traveler and author.
 Gallery, Daniel V. USN officer; captured U-boat in WWII.
 Grey, Zane. Popular author of westerns.
 Hare, Jimmy. Photojournalist and contributor to Collier's.
 Hawks, Frank. Aviator.
 Henshaw, Neville G. Author.
 Hiller, Lejaren. Illustrator and photographer.
 Hinton, Walter. Early aviator.
 Hoffman, Arthur Sullivant. [O] Editor of Adventure; co-founder of the club.
 Hoffman, Harold G. Governor of New Jersey.
 Holt, George E. US consular official in Morocco. Wrote fiction based in India and Morocco.
 Howden Smith, Arthur D. [O] Historian and Adventure author.
 Hyne, C. J. Cutcliffe. Sea-story author.

 Irwin, Will. Author and journalist.
 Jackson, William Henry. Painter, Civil War veteran, geological survey photographer and explorer.
 Kyne, Peter B. Spanish–American War veteran (Philippines); prolific western author.
 Johnson, Martin. Traveler and filmmaker, with wife Osa; cook on Jack London's yacht, the Snark.
 Law, Frederick Houk. Bicycle traveler and pulp writer.
 Lewis, Sinclair. [O] A. S. Hoffman's assistant editor at Adventure; famous novelist.
 Liebe, Hapsburg. Spanish–American War veteran (Philippines); prolific pulp western author; Adventure contributor.
 Lovfal, Per. Electrical engineer; Arctic explorer.
 Lund, Dane. Spanish–American War veteran (Cuba).
 MacCreagh, Gordon. [O] Traveler, Adventure contributor.
 McCloy, John. US Naval officer and twice Congressional Medal of Honor winner.
 McCurdy, J. A. D. [O] Canadian aviation pioneer.
 Meeker, Ezra. Traveled the Oregon Trail by ox-drawn wagon.
 Mundy, Talbot. [O] Popular adventure-fiction author, prominent in Adventure.
 Pangborn, Clyde. Barnstorming aviator and first pilot to fly non-stop over the northern Pacific Ocean.
 Pierrot, George F. World traveler; host of World Adventure on Detroit radio and television; editor of The American Boy magazine.
 Pond, James B. "Bim". Traveler and lecturer.
 Reynolds, Stephen Allen. [O] Sailor, whaler and soldier; first secretary of the club.
 Ripley, Robert. Cartoonist, famous for Ripley's Believe It or Not!.
 Ritchie, Robert Welles. Journalist, author.
 Roberts, Theodore Goodridge. Author, soldier, and traveler.
 Robertson, George. [O] Automobile racer.
 Russell, Major C. E. Member of the US Intelligence Service and Philippines veteran.
 Schwarzkopf, Norman. Superintendent of the New Jersey State Police.
 Siemel, Sasha. Adventurer, hunter, guide, actor, writer, photographer, and lecturer.
 Steeger, Harry. As head of Popular Publications, published Adventure from July 1934 forward.
 Stephens, Fred. Rocky Mountains trapper and guide.
 Stoloff, Victor. Filmmaker.
 Terhune, Albert Payson. Popular fiction author; famous for the novel Lad, a Dog.
 Thomas, Lowell. Popular journalist and travel writer; brought Lawrence of Arabia to fame.
 Trefflich, Henry. Animal importer and dealer.
 von Hoffman, Carl. Soldier, adventurer, author, and photographer of German ancestry.
 Wallace, Frederick William. Journalist; Adventure contributor.
 Walsh, Henry Collins. [O] First president of the club (1912–17).
 Wells, Carveth. World traveler and lecturer.
 Wells, Linton. Foreign correspondent, world traveler and pioneer broadcaster.
 Wilkins, Sir Hubert. Australian polar explorer, ornithologist, pilot, soldier, geographer and photographer.
 Wirkus, Faustin E. US Marine who ruled Haiti.
 Witwer, H. C. War correspondent and prolific short-story author.
 Wood, Major General Leonard. Distinguished US Army officer.
 Yancey, Lon. USN veteran and history-making aviator.

Speakers

Notable speakers before the club include the following:

 1926 January 16: Ezra Meeker.
 1926 January 16. Lt. Roland G. Mayer. Survivor of the airship Shenandoah, which crashed in 1925.
 1931 January ??: Frank Buck. Hunter and filmmaker.
 1931 January ??: Owen R. Jones. Accompanist to Adelina Patti.
 1932 December ??: J. Allan Dunn. Adventure pulp writer.
 1936 April 16: Frederick Houk Law. Traveler and writer.
 1936 May 21: J. Allan Dunn.
 1936 May 21: Sasha Siemel. Adventurer, hunter, guide, actor, writer, photographer, and lecturer.
 1936 October 15: Tony Sarg. Illustrator.
 1936 October 15: Leon Dabo. Artist.
 1936 November 19: Martin Johnson. Traveler and filmmaker.
 1936 November 19: Alan Villiers. Author and explorer.
 1936 November 19: Walter Granger. President of the Explorers Club.
 1937 January 21: Attilio Gatti. Italian explorer, author and filmmaker.
 1937 May 20: Julien Bryan. Photographer, filmmaker, and documentarian.
 1938 March 17: Sasha Siemel.
 1938 April 21: William E. Young. Sailor, shark expert.
 1938 May 19: Claus K. Clausen. Decorated US Navy officer.
 1938 December 15: Jimmy Hare. Photojournalist.
 1939 January 19: Ralph DePalma. Dirt track auto racing champion.
 1939 February 16: Jimmy Jemail. NFL player and journalist.

 1939 April 20: Lowell Thomas. Popular journalist.
 1939 April 20: Arch Whitehouse. Prolific aviation fiction pulp writer.
 1939 April 20: Frank Buck.
 1939 May 18: Vilhjalmur Stefansson. Canadian Arctic explorer, President of the Explorers Club.
 1939 October 19: Harrison Forman. World traveler and author.
 1939 October 19: Lon Yancey. US Navy veteran and history-making aviator.
 1940 January 18: Alexander Kerensky. Key figure in the Russian Revolution.
 1940 February 15: Linton Wells. Foreign correspondent and pioneer broadcaster.
 1940 March 21: Sterling Hayden. Sailor and future film actor.
 1940 March 21: Harrison Forman.
 1940 March 21: Harold McCracken. Author and adventurer.
 1940 April 18: David Sarnoff. RCA executive.
 1941 February 20: Harrison Forman.
 1941 May 15: Lewis E. Lawes. Warden of Sing Sing.
 1942 February 19: Harry A. Franck. Prolific travel writer, "prince of vagabonds."
 1942 February 19: Charles B. Whitehead. American flyer in the RAF.
 1942 May 21: Robert Ripley. Ripley's Believe It or Not! cartoonist.
 1942 May 21: Jean Delacour. Bird expert of the Bronx Zoo.
 1954 ??: Fritz Duquesne. "My Life – In and Out of Prison"
 1962 May 16: Carl von Hoffman. Soldier, adventurer and author.

Presidents

Award winners

The club also awarded medals and honors. Recipients include:

 Sasha Siemel

Gold Medal

 William O. Douglas (1964). Supreme Court justice; mountain climber.

Bronze Medal

 Alexander de Seversky (1971)

Life Membership

 William Willis (1954). Ocean rafter.

Books

Call to Adventure

In 1935, Robert Spiers Benjamin edited an anthology Call to Adventure. Contributors were:

The Adventurers' Golden Jubilee
In 1964, the club published The Adventurers' Golden Jubilee 1912–1962: A History of the Adventurers Club of New York.

See also
 Explorers Club, an extant club of about the same age, also founded in New York, with a scientific mission.

References

Clubs and societies in New York City
Organizations established in 1912
1912 establishments in New York City


title: 1988 Ordzhonikidze bus hijacking

text:
On 1 December 1988, a LAZ-687 bus carrying thirty fourth-grade pupils and one teacher from school 42 in Ordzhonikidze, Soviet Union (now Vladikavkaz in Russia) was hijacked by five armed criminals, led by Pavel Yakshiyants.

The local authorities conceded to the hijackers' demands and provided an Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft to fly the hijackers to Israel. Upon landing at Tel Aviv's Ben Gurion Airport, however, the hijackers surrendered to local troops and police without resistance. They were extradited to the Soviet Union and sentenced to prison terms, although at that time Israel and the Soviet Union had no extradition treaty as relations were still severed at the time. All hostages were released. Then–Defense Minister of Israel Yitzhak Rabin criticized Soviet authorities for providing the hijackers with an aircraft and flying them to Israel in exchange for the release of the hostages.

Perpetrators
The five hijackers were Pavel Levonovich Yakshiyants, Vladimir Alexandrovich Muravlev, German Lvovich Vishnyakov, Vladimir Robertovich Anastasov and Tofiy Jafarov. Yakshiyants and Muravlev were convicts. Yakshiyants, an Armenian, was first convicted when he was 17 and sentenced to two years in prison for theft. Later he was sentenced to four years in prison for robbery. In 1972, he was sentenced to ten years, again for robbery, but in 1979 he was released on parole.

Hijacking
The schoolchildren had finished a field trip to a local printing plant when a man approached them saying he was the driver sent to take them home. Subsequently, the teacher and her 10- and 11-year-old pupils boarded the bus to find themselves the hostages of five armed people. The children were used as a human shield and bargaining chip. The hijackers rode to the local obkom and demanded about 2 million rubles (about US$3.3 million at the time) and an aircraft. The bus windows were curtained so that the law enforcement units could not see what was happening inside.

The authorities conceded, but the airport of Ordzhonikidze was unable to handle the large Ilyushin Il-76 cargo aircraft, that was sent. The hijackers rode to the airport of Mineralnye Vody, having a free passage. Alpha Group was mobilized for hostage rescue. It learned that the hijackers were planning to land in Tashkent to pick up their friend. Then they planned to fly to Pakistan, but changed their mind and chose Israel instead. According to Israeli Army commander Maj. Gen. Amram Mitzna, the hijackers believed they would be safe in Israel because they had heard that recent Israeli elections had produced an anticommunist government.

The aircraft, escorted by Israeli fighter aircraft, landed on a remote darkened runway. It was surrounded by army and police vehicles and ambulances. According to an Ilyushin Il-76 crew member, the hijackers asked whether this was Israel or Syria, and if it was Israel they would stay. Mitzna told that the hijackers demanded proof that they were actually in Israel, wanting to hear Yiddish or see a Star of David. When a soldier on the runway spoke a few words in Yiddish, the hijackers left the aircraft with their hands in the air. The hostages were flown back to Ordzhonikidze.

Media
The 1990 film Frenzied Bus was based on the hijacking.

References

1988 crimes in Russia
1988 in international relations
1988 in Israel
1988 in the Soviet Union
Aircraft hijackings
1988 crimes
December 1988 events
December 1988 events in Europe
Hostage taking in Russia
Israel–Soviet Union relations
Lod
Vladikavkaz


title: Joginder Pal Pandey

text:
Joginder Pal Pandey was a leader of Indian National Congress from Punjab, India. He was a member of Punjab Legislative Assembly and a minister. He was killed by militants in 1987.

After his death, his son Rakesh Pandey was elected as the MLA from Punjab.

References

Year of birth missing
1987 deaths
Victims of Sikh terrorism
Punjab, India MLAs 1980–1985
Politicians from Ludhiana
People murdered in Punjab, India
Victims of the insurgency in Punjab
Assassinated Indian politicians
Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India
1980s assassinated politicians


title: 2014 European Road Championships

text:
The 2014 European Road Championships were held in Nyon, Switzerland, between 10 and 13 July 2014. The event consisted of a road race and a time trial for men and women under 23 and juniors. The championships were regulated by the European Cycling Union.

Schedule

Individual time trial
Thursday 10 July 2014
 09:15 Women under-23, 26.90 km
 14:10 Men Juniors, 26.90 km

Friday 11 July 2014
 09:30 Women Juniors, 13.45 km
 14:00 Men under-23, 26.9 km

Road race
Saturday 12 July 2014
 08:30 Women under-23, 129.60 km
 14:15 Men Juniors, 129.60 km

Sunday 13 July 2014
 08:30 Women Juniors, 86.4 km
 13:30 Men under-23, 172.80 km

Events summary

Participating nations
36 nations competed at the Championships.

Medal table

References

External links

European Road Championships, 2014
Road cycling
Cycling
Road
European Road Championships by year
Nyon


title: Captain Dingle

text:
Aylward Edward "A.E." Dingle was a sailor and writer. He was born in Oxford, England, in 1874. He died in Cornwall in 1947.

Sailor
He spent 22 years at sea, and was shipwrecked five times. Ships sailed on:
 Thermopylae (clipper)

Castaway on St Paul Island
In 1893, Dingle joined a salvage. The schooner Black Pearl sailed from Mahe, the Seychelle Islands to the Crozets, seeking gold that had gone down with the immigrant ship Strathmore. They found the sunken wreck, and its strongbox, but were unable to remove it. Eventually, they were driven off by gales. On the return voyage, the Black Pearl was wrecked near St. Paul Island. Both crew survived, though the Black Pearl was completely lost. They survived twelve weeks on the island, eating rabbit, goat and fish. Exploring, they found gold from a buried 1870s wreck. On the first morning of the twelfth week, they were rescued by a French bark.

Writer
He wrote pulp fiction for magazines such as Adventure and Blue Book under the names 'Captain A. E. Dingle' and Sinbad. In New York, he shared a flat with writer Gordon MacCreagh and his pet python Billy.

He sold his first story, "Blind Luck on St. Paul", to Adventure for somewhere between forty-five and sixty-five dollars, and it appeared in the January 1913 issue.

He wrote an autobiography, A Modern Sinbad, which sold well in the UK.

In 1912, the new editor of Adventure, Arthur Sullivant Hoffman co-founded the Adventurers' Club of New York. The first arrivals for the first meeting were a group of five: Dingle, Hoffman, Hoffman's assistant Sinclair Lewis, and two others. Dingle was first through the door and forever after claimed to be the club's first member. Dingle remained an active participant in the club for the remainder of his life.

In 1942, he was a guest on BBC Radio's Desert Island Discs, perhaps the programme's only experienced castaway.

Selected works
 "Blind Luck on St. Paul" (1913)
 "To Make or Break" (1918)
 "The Pirate Woman" (1918)
 "Gold Out of Celebes" (1920)
 A Modern Sinbad (1933)
 "Spin: A Yarn Sailor" (1934)
 "Sinister Eden" (1934)
 "Red Saunders: The Chronicle of a Genial Outcast" (1934)
 "Not Wisely" (1936)
 "Mary: First Mate" (1937)
 "Nor Breed Nor Birth" (1937)
 "Mock Star" (1938)
 "Nita of Martinique" (1938)
 "Adrift" (1939)
 "The Bomb Ship" (1942)
 "Pirates May Fly" (1943)
 "Old Glory" (1945)
 "Black Joker" (1946)
 "Reckless Tide" (1947)
 "The Petrel's Path" (1947)
 "The Corpse Came Back" (1948)
 "Out of the Blue" (1948)

References

External links
 Short autobiography, written 1925
 Detailed biography by Bear Alley Books
 Biography by Pulp Flakes

Pulp fiction writers
1874 births
1947 deaths
Castaways
19th-century sailors


title: René van Hove

text:
René van Hove (11 April 1913 – 19 August 1997) was a Dutch cyclist. He competed in the individual and team road race events at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

See also
 List of Dutch Olympic cyclists

References

1913 births
1997 deaths
Dutch male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for the Netherlands
Cyclists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
People from Terneuzen
Cyclists from Zeeland


title: Harbans Lal Khanna

text:
Harbans Lal Khanna was a BJP MLA and president of its Amritsar district branch in Punjab, India. He is remembered as one of the Hindu politicians killed in targeted attacks during early stages of Punjab militancy.

Biography
His killing comes with a backdrop when Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his followers started killing Hindus first in urban areas and then through targeted mobile killing squads in rural areas to generate a Hindu-exodus from punjab. Bhindranwale was known to lead anti-smoking drives. So, Khanna started doing the opposite by leading pro-tobacco marches. One of the marches claimed "...bidi piyenge hum Shaan se jiyenge.”( We'll smoke cigarettes and bidis to live in pride)

While leading a procession against the Sikh effort to have holy city status granted to Amritsar, he had released slogans there on 30 May 1981, "Dukki tikki khehan nahin deni, sir te pagri rehan nahin deni; kachh, kara, kirpaan; ehnoon bhejo Pakistan." ("We are not going to let any second or third group exist, we are not going to let a turban remain on any head; the shorts, the iron bangle, the sword, send these to Pakistan").

On 14 February 1984, mobs led by Khanna gathered at as many as 56 places in Amritsar to engage in anti-Sikh desecrations. At the Amritsar railway station, a model of the Golden Temple was destroyed. A picture of the fourth Sikh guru, which had been on display for several years, was defaced beyond recognition, with feces and lit cigarettes rubbed into it. Carrying some of the pieces of the replica away, some Sikhs swore revenge.

He was shot by Sikh militants in retaliation on April 2, 1984. The responsibility for this terror attack was quickly claimed by a Sikh militant organization known as the 'Dashmesh Regiment.' After the murder, there were clashes between Sikhs and Hindus resulting in a Hindu temple being burned to the ground.  Surinder Singh Sodhi, Jarnail Singh’s right hand man, has been accused of being the killer and so has Labh Singh.

References

Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Punjab
Victims of Sikh terrorism
1984 deaths
Punjab, India MLAs 1977–1980
Politicians from Amritsar
People murdered in Punjab, India
Victims of the insurgency in Punjab
Assassinated Indian politicians
Year of birth missing
1980s assassinated politicians
20th-century assassinated Indian politicians


title: White-backed stilt

text:
The white-backed stilt (Himantopus melanurus) is a locally abundant shorebird of South American wetlands and coastlines. It is found from northwest Brazil to southwest Peru and southcentral Argentina.

Taxonomy
It is sometimes treated as a subspecies of the common or black-winged stilt, using the trinomial name Himantopus himantopus melanurus. The AOS considers it a subspecies of the black-necked stilt, where it is considered parapatric and intergrading to some extent with its northern relative where their ranges meet, and would warrant inclusion with the black-necked stilt when this is separated specifically.

Distribution and habitat
The white-backed stilt is found in estuarine, lacustrine, salt pond and emergent wetland habitats; it is generally a lowland bird but is commonly seen in llanos habitat.

Food and feeding
The white-backed stilt forages by probing and gleaning primarily in mudflats and lakeshores, but also in very shallow waters near shores; it seeks out a range of aquatic invertebrates – mainly crustaceans and other arthropods, and mollusks – and small fish, tadpoles and very rarely plant seeds. Its mainstay food varies according to availability; inland birds usually feed mainly on aquatic insects and their larvae, while coastal populations mostly eat other aquatic invertebrates. For feeding areas they prefer coastal estuaries, salt ponds, lakeshores, alkali flats and even flooded fields. For roosting and resting needs, this bird selects alkali flats (even flooded ones), lake shores, and islands surrounded by shallow water.

Breeding
This stilt chooses mudflats, desiccated lacustrine verges, and levees for nest locations, as long as the soil is friable. The nests are typically sited within  of a feeding location, and the pairs defend an extensive perimeter around groups of nests, patrolling in cooperation with their neighbors. Spacing between nests is approximately , but sometimes nests are within  of each other and some nests in the rookery are as far as  from the nearest neighbor. The nests are frequently established rather close to the water edge, so that their integrity is affected by rising water levels of ponds or tides. This is particularly a hazard in the case of managed salt ponds where water levels may be altered rapidly in the salt pond flooding process.

The clutch size generally is 3–5 eggs with an average of four. For 22–26 days both sexes take turns incubating the eggs. The young are so precocial that they are seen swimming within two hours after hatching and are also capable of rapid land velocity at that early time. In spite of this early development the young normally return to the nest for resting for one or two more days. They fledge after about one month but remain dependent on their parents for some more weeks. Birds begin to breed at 1–2 years of age.

References

Further reading

white-backed stilt
Birds of South America
white-backed stilt
white-backed stilt


title: Loton (disambiguation)

text:
Loton may refer to:

 Loton Park - Loton Park is a country house near Alberbury, Shrewsbury in Shropshire
 Loton - A Village in Ambala District, near Naraingarh
People
 William Loton (1838–1924), banker and politician in Western Australia


title: Rudy Houtsch

text:
Rudolf Houtsch (8 January 1916 – 20 December 2003) was a Luxembourgian cyclist. He competed in the individual and team road race events at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1916 births
2003 deaths
Luxembourgian male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Luxembourg
Cyclists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing


title: Ramesh Bikal

text:
Rameshwor Sharma Chalise better known as Ramesh Bikal () (born 1928, near Gokarna, Nepal in the Kathmandu Valley died 2008) was a Nepalese writer and painter who was known for his works portraying rural life and the lives of common people in Nepal.

Early life and education
He received a B.Ed. in 1960, and worked in education. His early stories had socialist and anti-establishment themes. As a result, he was imprisoned three times between 1949 and 1960. In more recent work, he has focused on sexual relations.

Awards
Bikal was the first short story writer to be given the Madan Puraskar award. He received the Daulat Bikram Bista Aakhyan Samman Award in 2008 for six decades of contributions to fiction writing in Nepal.

Foundation
In tribute to his memory, Ramesh Vikal Literary Foundation has been established at Arubari, Gokarneshwor.

Works
 Birano Deshma ("In an Empty Land"), 1959
 Naya Sadak ko Geet ("The Song of New Road"), 1962
 13 Ramaila Kathaharu ("Thirteen Enjoyable Stories"), 1967
 Aaja Feri Arko Tanna Ferincha ("Today Yet Another Bedspread is Changed"), 1967
 Euta Budo Violin Aashawari ko Dhoon ma ("An Old Violin in the Ashāvari Tune"), 1968
 Agenāko Ḍilmā ("On the Edge of the Hearth"), 1968
 Urmilā Bhāujū ("Sister-in-Law Urmilā"), 1968
 21 Ramālilā Kathāharū ("Twenty-one Enjoyable Stories"), 1968
 Mangal Grahama Bigyan("Bigyan(Science) in Mars")
 Abiral Bagdachha Indrawati ("Indrawati flows continuously")

References

Nepalese male writers
Nepalese prisoners and detainees
Nepalese activists
Prisoners and detainees of Nepal
1932 births
2008 deaths
People from Kathmandu District
Madan Puraskar winners


title: Epalxiphora axenana

text:
Epalxiphora axenana, the brindled bell moth, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it has been recorded from the North Island only.

The forewings are whitish ochreous, mixed and clouded with brownish ochreous. The extreme costal edge is white. The hindwings are whitish, faintly mottled with pale grey towards the hindmargin. Adults have been recorded on wing from November to the beginning of January in one or more generations per year.

The larvae feed on Macropiper excelsum, Dysoxylum spectabile and Citrus species.

References

Moths described in 1881
Archipini
Moths of New Zealand
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Endemic moths of New Zealand


Nossa Senhora da Tourega e Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe is a civil parish in the municipality of Évora, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Nossa Senhora da Tourega and Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe. The population in 2011 was 1,151, in an area of 263.34 km2.

References

Freguesias of Évora


title: William Cotesworth

text:
William Cotesworth (1665–1730), of St James Clerkenwell, Middlesex, was a Member of Parliament for Great Grimsby 10 January – 6 March 1701, December 1701 – 1702, 1705–1710 and 1713–1715, and for Boston 20 December 1711 – 20 March 1712 and 2 April 1712 – 1713.

References

1665 births
1730 deaths
Members of the Parliament of England for Great Grimsby
English MPs 1701–1702
English MPs 1705–1707
British MPs 1707–1708
British MPs 1708–1710
British MPs 1710–1713
British MPs 1713–1715
People from Clerkenwell


title: La notte della Repubblica

text:
La notte della Repubblica (The Night of the Republic) is a TV programme presented by Sergio Zavoli, broadcast by the Italian public TV channel Rai 2. The programme ran from 12 December 1989 (20th anniversary of Piazza Fontana bombing) to 11 April 1990; the first episode was broadcast on Tuesday, second on Monday, while other episodes were aired every Wednesday evening.

The programme told of Italy during the Years of Lead, with movies, interviews with some protagonists of the period and final discussion.

In 1992 the material broadcast on television was transcribed in the book La notte della Repubblica.

Episodes

References

External links

Italian television shows
1989 Italian television series debuts
1990 Italian television series endings
1980s Italian television series
1990s Italian television series


title: B. N. Kumar

text:
Major General B. N. Kumar was an Indian Army officer. He was chairman of Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB). He was shot dead by militants in Chandigarh on 7 November 1988. He was the highest ranking military personnel to be killed by Sikh militants during the insurgency.

References

1988 deaths
1988 murders in Asia
Indian generals
Victims of the insurgency in Punjab
Assassinated Indian people
Assassinated military personnel
People murdered in Chandigarh
Year of birth missing
Victims of Sikh terrorism
Indian military personnel killed in action
Deaths by firearm in India


title: What a Plant Knows

text:
What a Plant Knows is a popular science book by Daniel Chamovitz, originally published in 2012, discussing the sensory system of plants. A revised edition was published in 2017.

Release details / Editions / Publication
Hardcover edition, 2012
Paperback version, 2013
Revised edition, 2017

What a Plant Knows has been translated and published in a number of languages.

References

 Book Review: What a Plant Knows. The Wall Street Journal.
 "What a Plant Knows by Daniel Chamovitz – review". The Guardian.

Botany books
Plant cognition


title: Paul Frantz (cyclist)

text:
Paul Frantz (4 July 1915 – 12 November 1995) was a Luxembourgian cyclist. He competed in the individual and team road race events at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1915 births
1995 deaths
Luxembourgian male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Luxembourg
Cyclists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
People from Mamer


title: Belleisle Regional High School

text:
Belleisle Regional High School is a combined Middle school and  High school located in Kings County, New Brunswick. Belleisle Regional High School is in the Anglophone South School District.

See also
 List of schools in New Brunswick
 Anglophone South School District

References

Schools in Kings County, New Brunswick
English-language high schools in New Brunswick
Middle schools in New Brunswick


title: Other World (album)

text:
Otherworld is a collaborative album by English singer Peter Hammill and American guitarist Gary Lucas. It was released in February 2014 by Esoteric Recordings.

Although on the album cover the title is spelled as "Other World", on Peter Hammill's official website Sofa Sound the title is spelled as one word, "Otherworld".

Track listing
All songs written by Gary Lucas and Peter Hammill.
"Spinning Coins" – 2:54
"Some Kind of Fracas" – 5:14
"Of Kith & Kin" – 5:30
"Cash" – 2:57
"Built from Scratch" – 4:25
"Attar of Roses" – 4:20
"This Is Showbiz" – 3:05
"Reboot" – 6:55
"Black Ice" – 4:59
"The Kid" – 4:16
"Glass" – 3:27
"2 Views" – 3:07
"Means to an End" – 1:38
"Slippery Slope" – 7:04

Personnel
Peter Hammill – guitars, instruments, vocals
Gary Lucas – guitars

Technical
Peter Hammill - recording engineer, mixing (Terra Incognita, Wiltshire)
Paul Ridout - design

References

Peter Hammill albums
Gary Lucas albums
2014 albums
Esoteric Recordings albums


title: Frank Okada

text:
Frank Okada (1931–2000) was an American Abstract Expressionist painter, mainly active in the Pacific Northwest. His mature style often featured brightly colored, off-kilter geometric shapes done in large format, including round canvasses; subtly elaborate brushwork suggested the influence of both traditional Asian art and the "mystics" of the Northwest School. His later work at times used symbolic shapes which more directly evoked his Nisei heritage and the years he spent in detention camps with his family during World War II.

He taught art at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon from 1969 to 1999.

Early life
Frank Sumio Okada was born in Seattle, Washington in 1931. His parents, immigrants from the Hiroshima area in Japan, managed residence hotels in the International District near downtown Seattle. He was the youngest of four brothers, and had two younger sisters. In 1942, following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and signing of Executive Order 9066, Okada and his family spent two years in detention at Camp Harmony and the Minidoka Relocation Center, and another year in Ione, Washington (outside the Japanese exclusion zone), where his father worked in a laundry. His brothers Charlie and John served in the United States Army. Charlie Okada was in the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team, along with an older foster brother who was killed in action in Italy. John Okada later authored the acclaimed novel No-No Boy.

Returning to Seattle after the war, Frank Okada attended Garfield High School and began taking painting lessons on Saturdays at the Leon Derbyshire School of Fine Art. He also began a lifelong infatuation with jazz music, haunting the record stores and live venues of Seattle's Jackson Street, which was two blocks from the Pacific Hotel, where he lived with his family. Among his schoolmates were future jazz legends Quincy Jones and Buddy Catlett. After graduating from high school he studied commercial art at Edison Technical School, then went to Cornish College of the Arts in Seattle.

Career

Okada was drafted in the United States Army for just under two years, including several months at an evacuation hospital in South Korea during the Korean War near the Pusan area. He was a medic. After serving in the army, he attended the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Michigan, receiving a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1957. While at Cranbrook he began visiting New York City, where he met many of the leading lights of Abstract Expressionism, whose inspiration began to show in his own work. After winning a Whitney Fellowship in 1957 he spent about a year in New York, studying and exhibiting. Evenings were often spent at the Cedar Tavern, interacting with the members of the city's burgeoning modern art scene. Okada's work received considerable attention. He was associated with the Brata Gallery, where he showed regularly, and was profiled in a 'new talent' issue of Art in America magazine. However, he found it difficult to develop his style amid the excitement of New York, and was disappointed by how quickly commercial interests and new hierarchies took root as the city became the world's new focus of modern art. In 1958 he returned to Seattle.

Over the next several years Okada spent long periods in Kyoto and Paris, funded by Fulbright and Guggenheim Fellowships, interspersed with periods of working as a commercial artist for the Boeing company in Seattle. He shared a studio space with friend and fellow painter William Ivey in the rough-hewn Pioneer Square section of downtown Seattle. In 1968 the two briefly opened the Seattle Studio School, giving private lessons to a handful of students. He continued his friendship with painter/collagist Paul Horiuchi, whom he had first met in the mid-1950s when Horiuchi was still working as an auto body repairman ("The first part of Paul I saw were his feet, as he was working under a car," Okada later recalled), and he had long discussions about Zen Buddhism and its relationship to art with Mark Tobey and Tomatsu Takizaki, an antique merchant, poet, and Zen practitioner he'd met through Horiuchi.

By the late 1960s Okada's painting style had coalesced into a unique abstract style which subtly reflected the growing awareness of ethnic identity of the era. His work became increasingly popular, with solo exhibitions in the Northwest and group shows in the US, France, and Japan. In 1969 he became one of the artist's represented by Seattle's Richard White Gallery; the same year he was offered, and accepted, a teaching position at the University of Oregon in Eugene, which he held for the next thirty years. Throughout his tenure there he continued to paint and exhibit, establishing himself as a major figure in Asian-American and Pacific Northwestern art, and a well-known name in modern art internationally.

In 1976 Okada married Frances Sharon Fling in Eugene.

Shortly after retiring from the University, Okada underwent surgery for cancer. He died at Sacred Heart Hospital in Eugene on October 30, 2000, at age 69.

Said painter Fred Mitchell, who had instructed Okada at Cranbrook Academy: "[He] was the most consistently expressive painter, bringing together great power for shaping and giving life to color forms. To look at his paintings was to fall into the grip of his formative intensity, and to feel the full force of his form-creating energy."

Legacy
Okada was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1967, a Fulbright Fellowship in 1959 and a Whitney Fellowship in 1957. He had several solo exhibitions at regional institutions, including the Whatcom County Museum of Art, Bellingham, Washington (1997), Portland Art Museum, Oregon (1972), and Tacoma Art Museum, Washington (1970). Okada’s work has also been shown in group exhibitions such as Asian Tradition, Modern Expression, Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Museum, Rutgers University, New Jersey (1997); Light, Shadow and Gesture: By Northwest Artists, Seattle Art Museum (1997); Washington: 100 Years, 100 Paintings, Bellevue Arts Museum, Bellevue, Washington (1995); ART/LA 90, Los Angeles, California (1991) and Japan and the Northwest, the National Museum of Art, Osaka, Japan (1982). He was represented by the Laura Russo Gallery in Portland, and the Greg Kucera Gallery in Seattle.

Works by Okada are included in the collections of the Philbrook Museum, the Museum of Northwestern Art in La Conner, Washington, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington; the Portland Art Museum; SAFECO Insurance Company, Seattle; the Seattle Art Museum; Swedish Medical Center, Seattle; the Tacoma Art Museum, Washington; the Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, in Eugene, Oregon; the Whatcom Museum in Bellingham, Washington; and many others.

References

1931 births
2000 deaths
American Expressionist painters
Cranbrook Academy of Art alumni
University of Oregon faculty
Painters from Seattle
United States Army soldiers
Garfield High School (Seattle) alumni
Cornish College of the Arts alumni
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Painters from Oregon
Japanese-American internees
American military personnel of Japanese descent
American artists of Japanese descent
20th-century American male artists


title: Pieter Jacobsz Schout

text:
Pieter Jacobsz Schout (1570–1645), was a Dutch Golden Age mayor of Haarlem.

He was born in Haarlem and in 1588 he married Anna Matheusdr Steyn there, the daughter of Matheus Augustijnsz Steyn. He became capitain of the St. George militia from 1600–1603, magistrate of Haarlem (1602–1606), and was mayor in the years 1608, 1609, 1613, and 1614. From 1610–1613 and from 1617–1619 he was  a member of the admiralty of Amsterdam. By 1618 he was a judge and colonel of the militia but his service as judge was not "continued" when Prince Maurits came to power in 1618. He is buried in the Grote Kerk, Haarlem.

References

Notes on Verspronk portrait in the RKD
Pieter Jacobsz Schout on KNAW

1570 births
1645 deaths
Mayors of Haarlem


title: Black-and-chestnut warbling finch

text:
The black-and-chestnut warbling finch (Poospiza whitii) is a species of bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is found on the slopes of the Andes in western Argentina and western Bolivia. Its natural habitats are woodland borders and hedgerows.

Taxonomy

The black-and-chestnut warbling finch was formally described in 1883 by the English zoologist Philip Sclater under the current binomial name Poospiza whitii. The specific epithet was chosen to honour Ernest William White who had collected the specimen. The type locality is Cosquín, Córdoba in Argentina.

This species was formerly considered conspecific with the black-and-rufous warbling finch. The taxa were split based on molecular genetic and phenotypic data. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

References

Black-and-chestnut warbling finch
Birds of Argentina
Birds of Bolivia
black-and-chestnut warbling finch
black-and-chestnut warbling finch


title: Rauma shipyard

text:
Rauma shipyard () is a shipyard in Rauma, Finland. It was previously operated by STX Finland which is owned by the South Korean STX Corporation. Rauma shipyard is specialized in large ferries, small cruise ships, multipurpose icebreakers and small naval craft.

, Rauma Marine Constructions operates the Rauma shipyard.

History
Shipbuilding in Rauma had begun in the 16th century and continued until the end of the sail ship era in the 1890s. Modern shipbuilding was launched in 1945 as F.W. Hollming and Rauma-Repola started building ships for Soviet Union as war reparations. In 1991 they merged and were known as Finnyards which was later owned by the Norwegian Aker Maritime. Since 2008 the shipyard was operated by STX Finland.

In September 2013 STX Finland announced of closing the Rauma shipyard and 600 workers were laid off. In January 2014 the shipyard was purchased by the City of Rauma with a price of 18 million euros. The shipyard area is planned to be developed as an industrial park for companies operating in the marine industry. The British marine engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce has expressed its intention to expand its Rauma operations to the dockyard site.

The construction of the Finnish Navy's four new Pohjanmaa-class corvettes is scheduled to begin in the shipyard in 2019.

Selected ships built at Rauma shipyard

Akademik Mstislav Keldysh (1981)
Kiisla-class patrol boats (1984–1988)
Akademik Sergey Vavilov (1988)
Akademik Ioffe (1989)
Silver Explorer (1989)
KBV 181, Swedish Coast Guard Patrol Vessel (1990)
Rauma-class missile boats (1990–1992)
MSV Fennica (1993)
Hamina-class missile boats (1996–2006)
 (2001)
 (2002)
 (2002)
 (2002)
 (2002)
Hovercraft Tuuli (2003)
 (2004)
 (2004)
 (2006)
 (2007)
 (2008)
 (2009)
 (2009)
 (2012)
S. A. Agulhas II (2012)
 (2012)
Turva (2014)

References

External links
 Rauma Marine Constructions

Shipbuilding companies of Finland
Shipyards of Finland
Buildings and structures in Rauma, Finland


title: Huntsville, Indiana

text:
Huntville, Indiana may refer to:

Huntsville, Madison County, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Fall Creek Township
Huntsville, Randolph County, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Union Township


title: Adolf Schreiber

text:
Adolf Schreiber (31 August 1913 – 20 August 1983) was a Liechtenstein cyclist. He competed in the individual road race event at the 1936 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1913 births
1983 deaths
Liechtenstein male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Liechtenstein
Cyclists at the 1936 Summer Olympics


title: Taiwo Akinkunmi

text:
Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi OFR (10 May 1936 – 29 August 2023) was a Nigerian civil servant who was best known for designing Nigeria's national flag. He was commonly referred to as Mr. Flag Man.

Early life and career
Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi was born in Ibadan, of Yoruba origin, the older of a set of twins. He lived with his father until he was 8 years old before he relocated to the Northern part of Nigeria. He began his early education in the North. After his father's retirement, he came down to the West and was re-enrolled at Baptist Day School, Idi-Ikan in Ibadan. He finished from Baptist Day School Idi-kan in 1949, and proceeded to Ibadan Grammar School (IGS) in 1950 where he enjoyed a very good education.

Akinkunmi left IGS in 1955 and took an appointment as an agriculturist at the Western Region Secretariat in Ibadan as a civil servant. He would then work some years before gaining admission to the Norwood Technical College, currently known as Lambeth College in London where he studied electrical engineering. While studying there, he designed the Nigerian Flag. He returned to Nigeria in 1963 and went back to the agricultural department at the secretariat in Ibadan to continue where he stopped. He worked as a civil servant until 1994, when hired as Assistant Superintendent of Agriculture. He was honoured as an Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic (OFR) and honorary life presidential adviser on 29 September 1994 at the Abuja Conference Centre.

Designing Nigeria's national flag
Akinkunmi entered the competition which he came across in a library. In his own words, "I took details of what is [to be] expected to design a flag that would be used by a country that was about to witness [its] independence. I took part in the competition and my design was selected as the best in the year 1958." In 2021, Akinkunmi unveiled the world’s largest national flag in Ibadan, the Oyo state capital.

Personal life and death
Akinkunmi was married with a wife and had children. He died on 29 August 2023, at the age of 87 after a brief illness.

References

External links
 Minutes with the man who design Nigerian Flag, Thisdaylive
 Nigeria’s flag designer, PA TAIWO AKINKUNMI (77) finds joy in old age, Encomium Nigeria

1936 births
2023 deaths
People from Ibadan
Flag designers
Nigerian civil servants
Yoruba people
Ibadan Grammar School alumni
Nigerian twins
Officers of the Order of the Federal Republic


title: 2014–15 FC Barcelona Bàsquet season

text:
The 2014–15 season of FC Barcelona Bàsquet is the 51st season of the basketball club in the highest division of Spanish basketball and the 24th season in the Liga ACB.

Roster

Transactions

In

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Out

Euroleague

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Top 16

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Quarterfinals

References

Barcelona

Barcelona
2014 in Catalan sport
2015 in Catalan sport