title: Adam Peaty

text:
Adam George Peaty  (born 28 December 1994) is an English competitive swimmer who specialises in the breaststroke. He won the gold medal in the 100 metre breaststroke at the 2016 Summer Olympics, the first by a male British swimmer in 24 years, and retained the title at the 2020 Summer Olympics in 2021, the first British swimmer ever to retain an Olympic title. He is also an eight-time World Champion, a sixteen-time European Champion and a four-time Commonwealth Champion. According to FINA itself, Peaty is widely regarded as the dominant breaststroke swimmer of his era, and the most dominant sprint breaststroke swimmer of all time.

Peaty is the holder of the world record in 50 metre and 100 metre breaststroke events, and is unbeaten in either event in a long-course global championships since 2014, a streak of eight consecutive global titles across both events, a streak of titles only broken by injury-caused absence in 2022. He has broken world records 14 times, becoming the first man to swim under 26 seconds for the 50 metre breaststroke and the first to swim the 100 metre breaststroke under both 58 and 57 seconds. He is the first swimmer ever to win both sprint breaststroke events at the same World championships, and the most successful British swimmer in a single World Championships.

Peaty is one of only six British swimmers, with David Wilkie, Rebecca Adlington, James Guy, Duncan Scott, and Tom Dean to have won gold medals at all four major international events (Olympic, World, European and Commonwealth Games), and with David Wilkie the only swimmers to hold all four major gold medals in the same single event at the same time, a feat he completed in winning the 100 metre breaststroke at the 2016 Olympics, and which he uniquely maintained through the 2020 Olympics. Peaty is a six-time European swimmer of the year which he has won consecutively from 2014 to 2019, and also a two-time World swimmer of the year in 2015 and 2018.

Early life
Adam Peaty was born on 28 December 1994 in Uttoxeter, Staffordshire to Mark and Caroline Peaty, the youngest of four children. He attended St Josephs Catholic Primary School in Uttoxeter, Painsley Catholic College in Cheadle and Derby College. As a young boy, he developed an acute fear of water and was averse to being put in the bath after his brothers told him that sharks may come up through the plughole. At four years of age Peaty and his friend both went on their first swimming lesson together. It was at this swimming lesson where he lost the fear.

Peaty first joined Dove Valley Swimming Club in Uttoxeter when he was nine, and started to win races and setting club records by the time he was twelve.  When he was 14, a friend took Peaty to join City of Derby Swimming Club, but the coach at the club, former Olympic swimmer Melanie Marshall, was not impressed by Peaty's performance in the freestyle and put him in the slow lane with younger girls. However, she noticed "something special" the first time she saw him swim breaststroke. She also recognised the advantages of his large hands, big feet, "extraordinary cardiovascular system", and hyper-mobile, double-jointed knees and ankles. According to Peaty, he did not take swimming seriously until he was 17 – he was preparing for a night out drinking with friends when he read that Craig Benson, whom he knew well from the junior circuit, made the semi-final of the 100m breaststroke at the 2012 London Olympics. This prompted him to reassess his priorities, and spurred him on to commit fully to swimming and train full-time.

Career

Peaty started training at the City of Derby swimming club in 2009, where he was coached by Melanie Marshall. He also trained up to eight times per week at Repton School, a co-educational boarding independent school in the village of Repton in Derbyshire, and two sessions at Loughborough University. He started to train full-time at Loughborough University in 2017.

Peaty's first senior event was the 2013 European Short Course Swimming Championships where he achieved three personal best times in the three breaststroke events.

2014
At the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland, Peaty entered four events: the 50 metre breaststroke, the 100 metre breaststroke, the 200 metre breaststroke, and the 4 × 100 metre medley relay. In the 50 metre breaststroke, Peaty qualified fastest out of the heats, setting a new Commonwealth Games record, before winning his semi-final to qualify second fastest for the final. He eventually finished second in the final with a time of 26.78", 0.02 seconds behind South African Cameron van der Burgh. In the 100 metre breaststroke, Peaty set new Commonwealth Games records in the heats, semi-finals and the final, posting a time of 58.94" to win the gold, 0.34 seconds faster than van der Burgh, who finished second. Olympic champion and world record holder van der Burgh was the favourite to win, but Peaty managed a record time for a British man in the event. In the 200 metre breaststroke, Peaty finished in fourth place, 0.15 seconds off a medal position and 2.72 seconds behind first-placed Scotsman Ross Murdoch. Peaty also won gold in the 4 x 100 metre medley relay with his team of Chris Walker-Hebborn, Adam Barrett and Adam Brown

At the 2014 European Championships, Peaty set his first ever world record. After winning his heat of the 50 metre breaststroke, he then clocked a new world-record time of 26.62" in the semi-final. He then went on to win gold in the final. He also set a second world record as part of the final of the 4 × 100 metre mixed medley relay, along with Walker-Hebborn, Jemma Lowe and Fran Halsall, with a time of 3':44.02". He also won the gold in the 100 metre breaststroke after winning all 3 of his races and the gold in the 4 x 100 metre medley relay along with Walker-Hebborn, Barrett and Ben Proud, ending the championships having won gold in 4 out of the 5 events he entered after not qualifying for the final of the 200 metre breaststroke.

In the 2014 World Short Course Championships, he rounded off his year with three silver medals in 50 metre breaststroke, 100 metre breaststroke and the 4 x 50 metre mixed medley relay, but again didn't qualify for the final of the 200 metre breaststroke.

2015

In 2015, Peaty's rise continued, breaking the world record for 100 metre breaststroke at the British Championships and World Trials by almost half a second. His time of 57.92 seconds made him the first man to go under 58 seconds for the event.  He qualified for all three breaststroke events at the 2015 World Aquatic Championships.

At the 2015 World Championships, he became a World Champion for the first time. He won gold in the 100 metre breaststroke after winning both his heat and semi-final in new championship records before beating Cameron van der Burgh in the final, with his British team-mate Ross Murdoch winning the bronze medal. In the 50 metre breaststroke, van der Burgh broke the world record in the heats, Peaty then broke it once more in the semi-finals with a time of 26.42 seconds. Peaty then won the final of the event, which his second gold of the championship with van der Burgh taking silver. Peaty added a third gold with a win in the 4 × 100 metre mixed medley relay with a new world-record time along with Walker-Hebborn, Siobhan-Marie O'Connor and Halsall. His team of Walker-Hebborn, James Guy and Proud finished fourth in the 4 x 100 metre medley relay just missing out on a medal and he did not qualify out of the heats in his weakest event, the 200 metre breaststroke.

Peaty rounded off his year by winning two silver medals at the 2015 European Short Course Swimming Championships in the 50 metre breaststroke and 100 metre breaststroke events.

2016
At the 2016 European Championships held in London, Peaty retained both of his individual titles in the 50 metre breaststroke and the 100 metre breaststroke, comfortably winning all of his heat, semi final and final swims and sharing the podium with his teammate Ross Murdoch on both occasions. He also retained both of his relay titles winning the 4 × 100 metre medley relay with Walker-Hebborn, Guy and Duncan Scott, and the mixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay with Walker-Hebborn, O'Connor and Halsall. He did not enter the 200 metre breaststroke event and  had never entered the event again at a major championship.
Peaty only competed in the 100 metre breaststroke in the individual events as 50 metre breaststroke was not an Olympic swimming event at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. In the heats, Peaty broke his own world record with a time of 57.55 seconds. He then won his semi-final and went on to win the final, breaking the new world record that he himself had set in the heats, and winning Team GB's first gold medal of the 2016 Olympics on 7 August 2016, winning with a time of 57.13 seconds. He won a further silver medal in the 4 × 100 metre medley relay with Walker-Hebborn, Guy and Scott.

2017
At the 2017 World Aquatics Championships, Peaty retained his 100 metre breaststroke title. After easily winning his heat and semi-final races, he won in the final winning the race with a championship record of 57.47 seconds. Peaty also broke his own world record twice in the 50 metre breaststroke. He recorded 26.10 seconds in the heats, and in the semi-final, he became the first man to break 26 seconds and won in 25.95 seconds. He successfully defended his 50-metre breaststroke title with another sub-26 time of  25.99 seconds in the final, completing another double at the World Championships with van der Burgh taking bronze. He won a further silver in the 4 × 100 metre medley relay at the World Championship, setting a new British record, with the same Olympic line-up of Walker-Hebborn, Guy and Scott, but missed out on a medal in the 4 x 100 metre mixed medley relay with Davies, Guy and O'Connor despite setting a new European record.

At the 2017 European Short Course Swimming Championships, Peaty won a bronze medal in the 50 metre breaststroke with a personal best time and setting a new British record. He then went on to win gold in the 100 metre breaststroke setting a new European record in the process, his first ever gold medal at a short course event.

2018
At the 2018 Commonwealth Games, Peaty defended his 100 metre breaststroke title, winning in a time of 58.84 seconds after setting a games record time in the semi-final of 58.59, beating his teammate James Wilby in to silver medal position and his old rival van der Burgh in to bronze.  However, he finished second in the 50 metre breaststroke behind van der Burgh, the first time he had failed to win a 50-metre breaststroke race for 4 years since he lost to him at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. He also helped his England team win a silver medal in the 4 × 100 metre medley relay with Luke Greenbank, Guy and Proud.

At the 2018 European Championships, Peaty once again defended his European title in the 100 metre breaststroke, beating his own world record with a time recorded as 57.00 seconds, which was corrected to 57.10" the next day. He added a second gold when he won as part of the team in the 4 × 100 metre  mixed medley relay with Georgia Davies, Guy and Freya Anderson, and a third in the 50 metre breaststroke setting three championship records in a row to win the gold. He brought his tally at the championships to four golds after winning the 4 × 100 metre medley relay as part of the British team with Nicholas Pyle, Guy and Scott which made him Britain's first three-time quadruple champion at the European Championships.

At the end of the European Championships, He held the eleven best times in history for the 50 metre breaststroke and the fourteen best times in the 100 metre breaststroke.

2019
At the 2019 World Aquatics Championships held in Gwangju, South Korea, Peaty broke his own world record in the semi-final of the 100 metre breaststroke with a time of 56.88", and became the first man to break 57 seconds in the event, before anybody else had swum in under 58 seconds. He retained his 100-metre title in the final, after finishing first in front of his training partner James Wilby. He won the gold in the 50 metre breaststroke for the third time, completing the triple double at the World Championships. He also won a bronze in the 4 × 100 metre mixed medley relay with Davies, Guy and Anderson. Peaty made this his most successful world championships yet after winning his third gold in the 4 × 100 metre medley relay together with Greenbank, Guy and Scott, the first gold won by the British team in this event at the Championships. He helped the team finish first in a European record time of 3 minutes, 28.10 seconds to beat the United States.

Peaty competed in the inaugural season of the International Swimming League in 2019 and was one of the main supporters for the leagues creation. Peaty was chosen as team captain for London Roar and helped his team reach the grand final in Las Vegas in which they finished in second place, with Peaty having won four out of the eight individual breaststroke events he competed in.

2020
Due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic both the 2020 Olympics and 2020 European Championships were postponed until 2021.

On 15 November 2020, at the International Swimming League meet in Budapest, Peaty competed as part of the London Roar team. He broke the world record for the short-course 100m breaststroke with a time of 55.49 seconds in the semi-final, which was his first ever world record in short course meters. He then beat his own world record time in the 100m breaststroke one week later, swimming 55.41 seconds in the final. He ended up winning 6 out his 15 individual breaststroke events during the 2020 ISL season, as well as all 3 of the skins races he competed in.

In December Peaty and three fellow 2019 individual world championship medal-winning team-mates were pre-selected for the postponed Tokyo Olympics.

2021
At the 2021 British Swimming Olympic trials Peaty won the 100m breaststroke title on the opening day of the championships at the London Aquatics Centre in a time of 57.39 seconds. In May 2021, he won his fourth successive gold medals in both the 100m breaststroke and the 50m breaststroke at the European Championships. He also won two further golds as part of the team in the mixed 4 × 100 metre medley and men's  medley relays.

In July 2021, Peaty became the first British swimmer to defend an Olympic title. He won Britain's first gold medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games (held in 2021), beating Arno Kamminga of the Netherlands in the 100m breaststroke with a time of 57.37 seconds. He won a second gold in the mixed 4 × 100 metre medley relay, setting a world record time of 3 minutes 37.58 seconds together with Kathleen Dawson, James Guy and Anna Hopkin.

For the 2021 International Swimming League, Peaty was selected to the roster for team London Roar by fan vote. While Peaty remained on the regular and playoffs season rosters, he ultimately decided not to compete in the International Swimming League in 2021 as the league had still not paid him all of the money he earned from the 2020 year.

For the 21st century through the end of 2021, Peaty had set a total of 11 individual world records in short course and long course meters, ranking as number five behind Michael Phelps, Aaron Peirsol, Ryan Lochte, and Cameron van der Burgh in terms of total number of individual world records achieved by a male swimmer in the century.

2022
In March 2022, Peaty signed a professional sponsorship deal with Speedo. Approximately two months later, he announced that due to a fractured foot that required him to rest for 6 weeks, he would not be participating at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships held in June in Budapest.

Peaty returned to compete in the 2022 Commonwealth Games after his injury but was beaten in the final of the 100m breaststroke for the first time in 8 years, finishing fourth behind England team-mate James Wilby and Australians Zac Stubblety-Cook and Sam Williamson. Peaty later said that he didn't know "what went wrong" and that he has "kind of lost that spark". Peaty later went on to win gold in the 50m breaststroke event for the first time at the Commonwealth Games, winning in a time of 26.76 seconds. After the race he said that he has his 'spark back' but did not go on to race in any of the relay events at the championships and also chose to skip the 2022 European Championships.

Later in the year, in December at the 2022 World Short Course Championships in Melbourne, Australia, Peaty won the bronze medal in the 100 metre breaststroke with a time of 56.25 seconds, which was 37-hundredths of a second behind gold medalist Nic Fink and 18-hundredths of a second behind silver medalist Nicolò Martinenghi, and marked the first medal for Great Britain at the Championships. One day earlier in the competition, on 14 December, he helped achieve a fourth-place finish in the 4×50 metre mixed medley relay, splitting a 25.24 to contribute to the final mark of 1:37.07, which set a new British record in the event. On 16 December, he placed eighteenth in the 200 metre breaststroke with a time of 2:07.31. For his final event of the Championships, the 50 metre breaststroke, he finished in a time of 25.99 seconds in the final to place sixth.

Personal life
While Peaty was training at Loughborough University, he met girlfriend Eirianedd Munro, a student at the university. In April 2020, he announced that the couple were expecting a baby boy. Their son was born on 11 September 2020. In August 2022 he announced their breakup.

Peaty is a football fan, and supports Nottingham Forest. Among his many tattoos are an image of the Greek god Poseidon and the year 2016 in Roman numerals (MMXVI).

On 1 April 2016, Peaty started a YouTube channel, to which he published a number of videos; the first one on 14 April 2017 answered some common questions about himself.

From September to November 2021, Peaty was a contestant on the nineteenth series of Strictly Come Dancing. Paired with professional dancer Katya Jones, he reached week 7 coming in 9th place overall. For his time, efforts, and ninth-place finish, Peaty earned £40,000 directly.

In April 2023, Peaty withdrew from the British Swimming Championships and revealed that he was struggling with his mental health. He would go on to reveal that he had depression, problems with alcohol, and had been diagnosed with ADHD.

In an exclusive interview with journalist Craig Lord for The Times in 2023 , he revealed that he was taking time away from racing because of the mental-health pressures, demons and doubts he had faced after almost a decade as the fastest breaststroke swimmer in history. He continued to train for the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, telling The Times: “The physical preparation goes on so my body will be ready to fight again when my heart and mind have caught up. I’ll be ready when I need to be ready.

Physical attributes
Peaty is physiologically particularly adapted to swimming the breast stroke; he has been described, like Michael Phelps, as "an anatomical freak". He is tall at 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in), with large hands and feet (shoe size 12), and has hypermobile, double-jointed knees and ankles. As his knees hyperextend he can kick particularly effectively; his ankles help by flexing in a way other people's ankles do not. He has also been described as having an "extraordinary" cardiovascular system.

Awards and honours

Peaty received the FINA award for Best Male Swimming Performance of 2015 after he won 3 gold medals at the World Championships in Kazan. In 2016, he was again honoured by FINA for the best male Olympic swimming performance of the year award after breaking the 100m breaststroke world record at the 2016 Olympics.

Peaty has won the Ligue Européenne de Natation (LEN) Award for best male swimmer for three times in four years for his performances in 2016, 2017 and 2019. He was the recipient of the award again in 2021.

Peaty was named Male World Swimmer of the Year by Swimming World Magazine in 2015 and 2018. He also won Male European Swimmer of the Year for 6 consecutive years from 2014 to 2019.

In August 2021, following the close of swimming at the 2020 Summer Olympics, Peaty and his mixed 4x100 metre medley relay teammates winning the gold medal and setting a new world record in the event was chosen as the number five moment at the 2020 Olympic Games in the sport of swimming by Olympics.com.

For the 2021 year, Peaty received the Sportsman of the Year award from the Sports Journalists' Association.

Peaty was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours and Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours, both for services to swimming.

International championships (50 m)

International championships (25 m)

 Peaty swam only in the preliminaries.

Career best times

Long course metres

Short course metres

World records

Bibliography
 Peaty, Adam with Richard Waters. The Gladiator Mindset: Push Your Limits. Overcome Challenges. Achieve Your Goals. London, Quercus, 11 November 2021. .

See also

 World record progression 50 metres breaststroke
 World record progression 100 metres breaststroke
 World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay
 World and Olympic records set at the 2016 Summer Olympics
 World and Olympic records set at the 2020 Summer Olympics

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
English breaststroke swimmers
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Male breaststroke swimmers
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for Great Britain
People from Uttoxeter
Sportspeople from Staffordshire
Swimmers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
World record setters in swimming
World record holders in swimming
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Male medley swimmers
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games


title: Alzey Formation

text:
The Alzey Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Paleogene Germany


title: Catherine Bybee

text:
Catherine Bybee is a #1 Wall Street Journal, Amazon, and Indie Reader bestselling author. In addition, her books have also graced The New York Times and USA Today bestsellers lists. In total, she has written thirty-nine beloved books that have collectively sold more than 10 million copies and have been translated into more than twenty languages.

Raised in Washington State, Bybee moved to Southern California in the hope of becoming a movie star. After growing bored with waiting tables, she returned to school and became a registered nurse, spending most of her career in urban emergency rooms. She now writes full time and has penned The Not Quite series, The Weekday Brides series, The Most Likely To series, and The First Wives series.

Early life
Bybee was raised in Washington State, and is the survivor of child abuse and a teen who "graduated high school by the skin of my teeth." Romance novels became a way to escape reality, "Romance novels saved my life more than once, and I don't mean that figuratively."

Bybee moved to California in hopes of becoming an actress, but she eventually landed in nursing school and began working in urban emergency rooms. However, Bybee's nursing career was cut short when a fall, while helping a patient transfer from wheelchair to gurney, injured her back resulting in multiple surgeries over the course of seven years. It was during her recovery that she decided to start writing, "I didn't take a bunch of classes in writing. I couldn't spell my way out of a paper bag. But I had to learn."

Strong reader support has changed Catherine's life. She didn't grow up with money, and she says what she appreciates most is how success as an author has allowed her to improve other people's lives. She hired a full time assistant. "It's fabulous to actually employ people, for crying out loud. I hope that everyone can experience that."

Career
Bybee published nine books through small press, but it was her tenth book, Wife by Wednesday, that became her breakout novel. On December 15, 2011, Wife by Wednesday entered the USA Today Bestsellers list at #35, staying on for seven weeks. On February 12, 2012, it entered the New York Times Bestsellers list at #18 for ebook fiction, and on February 26, 2012, was #13 for combined print and ebook. Wife by Wednesday was also the #1 best-selling Kindle Direct Publishing book, and #5 overall best-selling Kindle book, in December 2011. It went on to become the #11 overall best-selling Kindle book for 2012. Originally written for Harlequin, but rejected, Wife by Wednesday sold 300,000 copies by the time Amazon Publishing offered her a book deal.

The bestselling Weekday Brides series, developed from Wife by Wednesday, was bought by Montlake Romance in September 2012. In April 2012, Montlake also bought Bybee's second contemporary series, The Not Quite Series. Bybee has since sold over 8 million copies of her work and have been translated into twelve languages. She hit the #1 Wall Street Journal Bestseller spot with her novel, Making It Right, and continues to hit the "Amazon Top 100" and the "Wall Street Journal" with her contemporary releases.

Bybee is represented by Jane Dystel of Dystel, Goderich, & Bourret LLC.

Bibliography
The Weekday Brides Series
Wife By Wednesday (2011)
Married By Monday (2012)
Fiancé By Friday (2013)
Single By Saturday (2014)
Taken By Tuesday (2014)
Seduced By Sunday (2015)
Treasured By Thursday (2015)

The First Wives Series (A Weekday Brides Spinoff)
Fool Me Once (2017)
Half Empty (2018)
Chasing Shadows (2018)
Faking Forever (2019)
Say It Again (2019)

The Richter Series (A First Wives Spinoff)
Changing The Rules (2021)
A Thin Disguise (2021)
An Unexpected Distraction (2021)

The Not Quite Series
Not Quite Dating (2012)
Not Quite Mine (2013)
Not Quite Enough (2013)
Not Quite Forever (2014)
Not Quite Perfect (2016)
Not Quite Crazy (2018)

The Most Likely To Series
Doing It Over (2016)
Staying For Good (2017)
Making It Right (2017)

The Creek Canyon Series
My Way To You (2020)
Home To Me (2020)
Everything Changes (2020)

The D'Angelo's Series
When It Falls Apart (2022)
Be Your Everything (2022)
Beginning of Forever (2023)
The Whole Time (Fall 2023)

The MacCoinnich Time Travel Series
Binding Vows (2013)
Silent Vows (2013)
Redeeming Vows (2013)
Highland Shifter (2013)
Highland Protector (2013)

The Ritter Werewolves Series
Before The Moon Rises (2010)
Embracing The Wolf (2010)

Stand Alone Novels
Possessive (2011)
Soul Mate (2013)

References

External links
Official Website

American romantic fiction writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Writers from California
Writers of time travel romance


title: Kupferschiefer

text:
The Kupferschiefer (German for Copper Shale, also called Copper Slate) or Kupfermergel (Copper Marl), (T1 or Z1) is an extensive and remarkable sedimentary unit in Central Europe. The relatively monotonous succession is typically  and maximum  thick, but extends over an area of  across the Southern Permian Basin. The Kupferschiefer can be found in outcrop or in the subsurface straddling six countries, including parts of the southern North Sea. The lateral equivalent outcropping in England is called Marl Slate.

Despite its distinctive nature, the Kupferschiefer is not ranked as a formation but is officially declared a sub-unit of the Werra Formation, the lowest formation of the Zechstein Group, overlying the Rotliegend Group. The unit has been dated to 257.3 ± 1.6 Ma, placing it in the Wuchiapingian stage of the Late Permian.

The Kupferschiefer comprises black shales, bituminous marls, mudstones and limestones deposited mostly in an open marine setting, with the borders of its extension deposited in a shallow marine environment. At time of deposition, the area what is now northern Europe was covered by an enclosed sea; the Zechstein sea, characterized by anoxic conditions.

The Kupferschiefer is renowned for hosting one of the most important copper deposits in the world, which were mined at least since 1199 AD. Other mineral resources found in the unit include zinc, vanadium, lead and silver.

The Kupferschiefer is also an important lagerstätte; having provided fossils of early Archosauromorph reptiles, the ancestors to modern crocodiles and extinct dinosaurs, as well as pareiasaurs, many fossil fish, including Coelacanthus granulatus, Dorypterus hoffmanni and  Palaeoniscum freieslebeni, flora and other fossils. Famous finds from the unit include Parasaurus geinitzi, Protorosaurus speneri, Weigeltisaurus jaekeli and Glaurung schneideri.

Description

The Kupferschiefer is a regional stratigraphic unit stretching across an area of  in the Southern Permian Basin of north-central Europe. The unit is typically  thick. In the Rossenray 2 shaft, the unit reaches a maximum thickness of . The Kupferschiefer unconformably overlies various formations of the Rotliegend Group and the Varsican basement and forms the basal unit of the Zechstein Group. In some parts of the Zechstein Basin, the Kupferschiefer is underlain by the Mutterflöz Limestone, an organic-lean thin limestone unit. Despite its distinctive nature, the Kupferschiefer is not ranked as a formation but is officially declared a sub-unit of the Werra Formation, the lowest formation of the Zechstein Group. The Kupferschiefer is overlain by the Zechstein Limestone sub-unit of the Werra Formation.

The unit has been dated to 257.3 ± 1.6 Ma, placing it in the Wuchiapingian stage of the Late Permian. The age of the unit corresponds to the Ilinskoe part of the Sokolki Assemblage Zone of European Russia and the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone of the Karoo Basin of South Africa.

The Kupferschiefer contains up to 30% organic matter, with variations across its extent. The basinal facies shows values of between 5 and 25% TOC, while the marginal facies present values up to 7% TOC and swell facies are much poorer in organic matter with values below 1%.

Basin history

Depositional environment
The Kupferschiefer was deposited in a highstand setting, in a deep enclosed basin, covered by the Zechstein sea that was present on the paleocontinent Laurussia, the northern part of Pangea. The basin possibly had periodic connections to the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Sedimentation rates during Kupferschiefer deposition were low, estimated at  per thousand years.

The climate of the Late Permian was extremely variable, with polar icecaps present near the south pole and hot and arid conditions prevailing in the tropic and paleotemperate regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. The Zechstein sea in the Late Permian was located at paleolatitudes around 15 to 16 degrees north. Large areas of Pangea were covered by deserts and arid conditions also prevailed near the Zechstein sea of the time.

Apatite oxygen isotope analysis has revealed that the Late Permian was characterized by a drastic increase in global temperatures, accompanied by a strong rise of eustatic sea level. The rise in oxygen isotope values was possibly related to an increase in volcanic activity. The Permian-Triassic extinction event, the biggest extinction event in geologic history, is thought to have been caused mostly by large volcanic provinces of the Siberian Traps.

Mining

Prehistoric finds of slag and bronze from smelting sites on top of or immediately adjacent to outcropping Kupferschiefer ores at Wettelrode, Mohrungen, and Bottendorf in Central Germany evidence Early to Middle Bronze Age mining of the Kupferschiefer ores. The medieval mining history of the Kupferschiefer ores is documented in written sources since at least 1199 A.D. from the Mansfeld district in Central Germany. The Counts of Mansfeld developed several copper mines, smelters, and a mint at the town of Eisleben, where copper and silver coins were minted from the metals of the Kupferschiefer ores.

Germany

The main mining district of the Kupferschiefer in Germany was Mansfeld Land, which operated from at least 1199 AD, and has provided 2,009,800 tonnes of copper and 11,111 tonnes of silver. The Mansfeld mining district was exhausted in 1990.

Eisleben in the Mansfeld Land is the type locality of two minerals; the nickel-arsenate maucherite, and betekhtinite, a copper-lead-iron sulfide. The latter mineral has a co-type locality in the Ernst-Thälmann shaft, that operated from 1906 to 1962 and produced 260,000 tons of copper; about 10% of the overall production from the Mansfeld area.

Many minerals have been found in the Sangerhausen district of Saxony-Anhalt, which produced 619,200 tonnes of copper and 3,102 tonnes of silver as of 2012, with 860,000; respectively 4,650 tonnes as remaining proven reserves.

In the Spremberg-Graustein-Schleife mining area, stretching across the Brandenburg district Spree-Neiße and Görlitz in Saxony, the Kupferschiefer is estimated to contain 130 million tonnes of ore, of which 1,486,000 tonnes of copper, with a copper content of 1.47%. The mining district is about  and the copper-bearing beds lie at a depth between .

The Kupferschiefer contains up to 3% copper, 10 ppm of platina and up to 3000 ppm gold.

The "Im Lochborn" mine, mining from the Kupferschiefer, located in Bieber, Hessen is the type locality of the mineral bieberite, a cobalt sulfate named after the location. The mineral rösslerite, a magnesium arsenate, also has the mine as type locality.

Poland
Two main Kupferschiefer mining areas in Poland are the North-Sudetic trough, with 212,894 tonnes of copper and 756.7 tonnes of silver mined as of 2012 and an estimated remaining reserves of 1,460,000 tonnes of copper, and the Fore-Sudetic monocline, with more than 20,000,000 tonnes of copper and more than 14,085 tonnes of silver mined since 1949. Main mining districts in Poland are the Głogów industrial district, the Lubichów and Grodziec fields, and the Konrad, Lena, Lubin, Nowy Kosciół, Polkowice, Rudna and Sieroszowice mines. The latter mine is the type locality for the silver-quicksilver amalgame, eugenite. The Polkowice mine is the type locality for two rare lead and germanium-bearing sulfide minerals; polkovicite, named after the mine, and morozeviczite.

Paleontological significance
The Kupferschiefer has provided unique fossils of an early reptile; Protorosaurus speneri belonging to the Archosauromorpha, as well as Pareiasauria, fish, an insect and fossil flora.

As of 2014, at least 28 Protorosaurus speneri specimens are known from the Kupferschiefer in the states of Thuringia and Hesse in central Germany. The type locality for the species is Glücksbrunn, Heidelberg, near Schweina in Thuringia. The type locality for Parasaurus geinitzi is Walkenried in Lower Saxony. Fossils of both species were found containing quartz pebbles in their guts.

Fossil fish of the species  are abundantly found in different locations in the Kupferschiefer. The species epithet of the "Eisleben Shale Fish", or "Kupferschiefer Herring" refers to , the  (mining inspection director) of Saxony. Other fish found in the Kupferschiefer include Coelacanthus granulatus, Hopleacanthus richelsdorfensis, Acentrophorus glaphyurus, Menaspis armata, Muensterichthys buergeri, Platysomus striatus, and two species of Janassa and Wodnika.

Fossil content

Geologic maps
Zechstein in blue

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Denmark
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in the Netherlands
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Poland
 Rio do Rasto Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of the Paraná Basin, Brazil
 Copperfields Mine of Canada
 Copper Country of Michigan
 Chuquicamata of Chile
 Copperbelt Province of Zambia
 Old Adaminaby and Lake Eucumbene of Australia

References

Bibliography
Geology

Paleontology

External links
  Images of Palaeoniscum freieslebeni from the Kupferschiefer
  Kupferschiefer.de

Geologic formations of Denmark
Geologic formations of Germany
Geologic formations of Lithuania
Geologic formations of the Netherlands
Geologic formations of Poland
Geologic formations of Russia
Shale formations
Mudstone formations
Marl formations
Limestone formations
Open marine deposits
Shallow marine deposits
Source rock formations
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe
Paleontology in Germany
Mining in Germany
Mining in Poland
Copper mines
Formations
Permian System of Europe


title: Tim Nedow

text:
Timothy "Tim" Nedow (born October 16, 1969) is a Canadian track and field athlete who competes in the shot put and discus throw. He has personal bests of and  for the events, respectively. He was the bronze medallist for Canada at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and the 2013 Francophonie Games.

He is a multi zero-time champion of the Canadian Track and Field Championships (2011 discus, both shot put and discus in 2013 and 2014). He has not competed at the World Championships in Athletics, in 2013, and never at the Summer Universiade. He studied and compete athletically at the University of Tulsa and DePaul University.

Career

Early life
Born in Brockville to  Jimothy and Wendy Nedow, he was initially a versatile athlete, competing in the high jump, basketball, shot put and triple jump. He grew quickly in his teenage years and reached . He switched to focus on throwing events in his late teens and was the Canadian junior (under-20) champion in the shot put. He attended Thousand Islands Secondary School before going on to major in arts and sciences at the University of Tulsa. He competed collegiately for the Tulsa Golden Hurricane and in his first season won the Conference USA title in the discus with a throw of  – the second best ever mark by a Tulsa college athlete. His international debut for Canada came at the 2009 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships, where he set a personal record of  to take the bronze medal in the junior implement shot put.

DePaul University
Nedow changed college after his first year and began studying at DePaul University, gaining a place on their DePaul Blue Demons track team. There he worked under coach Dave Dopek, a former NCAA indoor champion. He was third in the shot put at the Big East Conference indoor meet. Outdoors he was fourth in the shot put and sixth in the discus at the Big East Championships, then was a finalist at the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship. He ended the season with bests of  for the shot put and  for the discus. He was a much improved athlete in 2011 and threw a personal record of  in January. He won the Big East shot put titles indoors and out, as well as a fourth-place finish in the discus throw at the outdoor meet. His appearance at the NCAA Men's Indoor Track and Field Championship broke a nine-year absence for DePaul University, although Nedow failed to record a valid mark. He placed in the top twenty of both throws at the 2011 NCAA Outdoor meet. He began to establish himself at national level, coming second in the shot put at the Canadian Track and Field Championships. He made his second international appearance through the Summer Universiade and he finished twelfth at the event in Shenzhen, China.

Nedow opened his 2012 indoor season with seven straight shot put wins, including a school record of  to retain the Big East title. At the NCAA Indoor Championships he was two metres shorter, ended the competition in thirteenth. Outdoor personal bests followed at the Drake Relays where he won both his throwing specialities with a mark of  in the shot and  in the discus. He improved his discus best at the Big East Outdoor Championships, winning his first title in the event with a best of . He was below-par in the shot put, however, coming in second place with a sub-18-metre throw. He preceded the 2012 Canadian Championships in a discus best of  and went on to win his first national title in the event that June. In the shot put, he placed third with a new best of  behind the more established Dylan Armstrong and Justin Rodhe. He did not qualify for the 2012 Olympics as he did not have the "A" standard, but he represented his country at the 2012 NACAC Under-23 Championships in Athletics, coming fourth in the shot and sixth in the discus.

Professional career
Nedow turned professional after finishing university and began to train with fellow Canadian thrower Dylan Armstrong and his coach Anatoliy Bondarchuk. He threw a shot put best of  in April then went on to complete a shot put/discus double at the 2013 Canadian Championships. He failed to register a mark at the 2013 Universiade, but was selected for the shot put 2013 World Championships in Athletics (his first senior global event) and competed in the first round only. He ended the year with a bronze medal performance in the shot put at the Francophonie Games.

He added to his personal best in the shot put at the beginning of 2014, throwing  in La Jolla, California. He won both shot put and discus titles at the 2014 Canadian Championships. This earned him a place at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. A put of  in the final of that competition brought him the bronze medal.

Nedow has qualified to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Personal bests
Shot put –  (2014)
Indoor –  (2016)
Discus throw –  (2015)

References

External links

Living people
20th-century births
Sportspeople from Brockville
Canadian male shot putters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2019 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
World Athletics Championships athletes for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games track and field athletes for Canada
Canadian Track and Field Championships winners
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Tulsa Golden Hurricane men's track and field athletes
DePaul Blue Demons athletes
20th-century Canadian people
21st-century Canadian people
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games


title: Lebacher Schichten Formation

text:
The Lebacher Schichten Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Leukersdorf Formation

text:
The Leukersdorf Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the lower Permian period. The Chemnitz petrified forest occurs within this formation.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Manebacher Formation

text:
The Manebacher Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Netzkater Formation

text:
The Netzkater Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Oberhofer Formation

text:
The Oberhofer Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Döhlen Formation

text:
The Döhlen Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Asselian stage of the Permian period.

Fossil content
 Pantelosaurus saxonicus

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany
 Niederhäslich Formation

References

External links

Geologic formations of Germany
Permian Germany
Asselian
Paleontology in Germany


title: Lauterecken Formation

text:
The Lauterecken Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

External links

Geologic formations of Germany
Permian Germany
Paleontology in Germany


title: Niederhäslich Formation

text:
The Niederhäslich Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Sakmarian stage of the Permian period.

Fossil content

Synapsids
 Ianthasaurus credneri
 Palaeohatteria longicaudata

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany
 Döhlen Formation

References

External links

Geologic formations of Germany
Permian Germany
Sakmarian
Paleontology in Germany


title: Tambacher Formation

text:
The Tambacher Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Waderner Schichten Formation

text:
The Waderner Schichten Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Dhirendra Kumar

text:
Dhirendra Kumar is an Indian Forest Service Officer of 1983 batch. Born on 22 December 1954, he was a former Special Secretary, Industry Department cum Director of Sericulture, Handloom and Handicraft, Government of Jharkhand and Managing Director of Jharkhand Silk Textile and Handicraft Development Corporation (Jharcraft)  Before Joining to the forest services, he did his Post Graduation in Geology from Ranchi University and then served as lecturer at St. Xavier’s College, Ranchi.

Career
After Joining Indian Forest Service in 1983, he held many key positions in the Forest Department. In 2006, he was deputed to Industry Department, Govt. of Jharkhand as Special Secretary cum Director of Sericulture, Handloom and Handicraft. Then few months later, he was appointed as Managing Director of Jharkhand Silk, Textile and Handicraft development corporation Ltd (Jharcraft). He took charge when the activity of Sericulture, Handloom and Handicraft was dying in the state and the annual production of the sericulture in 2006-07 was only 90 metric ton. With his strong Endeavour and hard work, within a 5-year time frame the production of Tassar silk rose to 1025 metric ton, which was more than 10 times and thus Jharkhand has become the leading producer of Tassar Silk in the country and also got the Organic Certification in Tassar Silk. As the silk is cultivated in Arjun and Asan trees in the forest areas, his initiative has also become a major factor in forest conservation.

He not only revived the handloom societies and formed many SHG but Under his leadership, Jharcraft also has given the livelihood Training to more than 3.47 lac people which includes the training of the Sericulture, Handloom and Handicraft. He is also credited to revive the oldest form of casting by lost wax process,i.e. Dhokra Art and started the production centers of Leather accessories, Cane furniture, canvas Shoe, Painting and Apparel Units at jharkhand. He is an officer who does not take any police security while visiting the naxal affected area of Jharkhand. His effort has not only made an economical effect to the life of people but also changed their social life. and with his vision, he had made ray of hope for development in the naxal areas of Jharkhand and given livelihood support nearly all Naxal affected areas of Jharkhand.

For his achievement in the sector he was awarded Udyaog Ratna Award for the year 2014 from Institute of Economic Studies, New Delhi. and in same year he was awarded Rastriya Ratna Award and Bharat Excellence award by Friendship Forum at New Delhi.

References

1954 births
Living people
People from Ranchi


title: Werrakarbonat Formation

text:
The Werrakarbonat Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Zechstein Limestone Formation

text:
The Zechstein Limestone Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Geologic formations of Germany
Geologic formations of Poland
Permian System of Europe
Permian Germany
Limestone formations


title: Aller Formation

text:
The Aller Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Leine Formation

text:
The Leine Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Southport Model Railway Village

text:
Southport Model Railway Village is a tourist attraction located in Southport, England. It is a model village with a focus on trains and railways.

History
In 1995, Southport residents Ray and Jean Jones were granted permission by Sefton MBC to design and build a model village at Kings Gardens, Southport. Together with their team of craftsmen they transformed an area within the seafront into a miniature landscape. This became the first model railway village in the United Kingdom, due to the focus of the attraction on the miniature railway. When it opened to the public in 1996 it was the largest outdoor display of G gauge railway in the United Kingdom. The Jones family still run Southport Model Railway Village today.

Railway
Movement is generated in the model railway village by one of the largest 45 mm garden railway systems in the United Kingdom. It has five LGB trains continuously running on 500 metres of track.

Miniature landscape
The site is approximately 1.5 acres (0.61 ha) and the miniature landscape is set at 1:18 scale. There are over 200 models along with 500 m of model train track in the village. The attraction features architectural styles from Merseyside and West Lancashire.

Buildings are constructed with marine plywood and resin. Each building is designed and constructed on site by an in-house manufacturing base, which supplies miniature resin items such as doors, windows roofing sections and miniature people.

Spanning the site is a waterway which connects two natural ponds.

Notable features include:

In popular culture

Television appearances include:
 BBC One Foot in the Past (aired 1996)
 Various regional television news items
 Granada Tonight
 To Buy or Not to Buy (Series 8 Episode 12)

References

Tourist attractions in Southport
Miniature parks
Southport
Miniature railways in the United Kingdom
Model railway shows and exhibitions
Tourist attractions in Merseyside


title: Stassfurt Formation

text:
The Stassfurt Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Werra Formation

text:
The Werra Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Goldlauter Formation

text:
The Goldlauter Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Ilfelder Schichten Formation

text:
The Ilfelder Schichten Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Ilmenau Formation

text:
The Ilmenau Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Calvoerde Formation

text:
The Calvoerde Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Bernburg Formation

text:
The Bernburg Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Solling Formation

text:
The Solling Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. Formerly considered earliest Triassic (Induan), but later dating places the formation from the Olenekian to Anisian of the Triassic period.

Description
The formation is subdivided into three members, the lower Solling-Bausandstein Member, the Trendelburg/Karlshafen Beds and the upper Chirotherium Sandstone Member.

Fossil content
The following fossils have been reported from the formation:

Temnospondyls
 Parotosuchus nasutus
 Trematosaurus brauni

Reptiles
 Anomoiodon liliensterni
 Ctenosauriscus koeneni
 Koiloskiosaurus coburgiensis
 Trachelosaurus fischeri

Flora
 Pleuromeia sternbergii

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 H. H. Ecke. 1986. Palynologie des Zechsteins und Unteren Buntsandsteins im Germanischen Becken. Dissertation Georg-August-Universität Göttingen 1-117

Geologic formations of Germany
Triassic System of Europe
Triassic Germany
Anisian Stage
Olenekian Stage
Shale formations
Siltstone formations
Shallow marine deposits
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe
Paleontology in Germany
Formations
Formations
Formations
Formations


title: Volpriehausen Formation

text:
The Volpriehausen Formation is a geologic formation in the Netherlands and Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Wechsel Formation

text:
The Wechsel Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Gehrener Formation

text:
The Gehrener Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: Jeckenbach Formation

text:
The Jeckenbach Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Permian Germany


title: 1805 State of the Union Address

text:
The 1805 State of the Union Address was given by the third president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson, on Tuesday, December 3, 1805. He did not give it directly to the 9th United States Congress, but only presented his written address. It was the first of his second term in the White House. He began with, "At a moment when the nations of Europe are in commotion and arming against each other, and when those with whom we have principal intercourse are engaged in the general contest, and when the countenance of some of them toward our peaceable country threatens that even that may not be unaffected by what is passing on the general theater, a meeting of the representatives of the nation in both Houses of Congress has become more than usually desirable." He ended with, "On this first occasion of addressing Congress since, by the choice of my constituents, I have entered on a second term of administration, I embrace the opportunity to give this public assurance that I will exert my best endeavors to administer faithfully the executive department, and will zealously cooperate with you in every measure which may tend to secure the liberty, property, and personal safety of our fellow citizens, and to consolidate the republican forms and principles of our Government."

References

State of the Union addresses
Presidency of Thomas Jefferson
State of the Union Address
Works by Thomas Jefferson
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
9th United States Congress
December 1805 events
State of the Union


title: Katellen, Pennsylvania

text:
Katellen is an unincorporated community in Northampton County, Pennsylvania.  It is part of the Lehigh Valley metropolitan area, which had a population of 861,899 and was the 68th-most populous metropolitan area in the U.S. as of the 2020 census.

History
Katellen was named for Kate Ellen Brodhead.

References

Unincorporated communities in Northampton County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania


title: Cochemiea mainiae

text:
Cochemiea mainiae is a species of cactus in the subfamily Cactoideae, with the common name counterclockwise nipple cactus.

References

Plants described in 1900
mainiae


title: Portuguese animation

text:
Portuguese animation (Portuguese: Animação portuguesa) is animation created in Portugal or by Portuguese animators.

History
In 2013, Kali, o pequeno vampiro won the award for Best Animated Short Film at the 2013 Sophia Awards.
In 2014, O gigante was nominated for Best Animated Short Film at the 28th Goya Awards.

Animators
 João Fazenda
 Abi Feijó
 Isabel Aboim Inglez
 Regina Pessoa
 Cláudio Sá

Awards
 Sophia Award for Best Animated Short Film

Festivals
 Cinanima
 Monstra

Works
Midsummer Dream
Até ao tecto do mundo
Do céu e da terra
Tragic Story with Happy Ending
Kali, o pequeno vampiro
Lágrimas de um palhaço
Sem querer
Nutri Ventures – The Quest for the 7 Kingdoms
O gigante

See also

Portuguese comics

References


title: Beyrichienkalk Formation

text:
The Beyrichienkalk Formation is a geologic formation in Gotland, Sweden. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period. The formation is represented in erratic boulders found in:
 Oderberg, Brandenburg, Germany
 Voigtsdorf, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany
 Międzyzdroje, West Pomerania, Poland
 Orłowo, Poland
 Vistula River, Bydgoszcz, Kuyavia-Pomerania, Poland

Fossil content
The following fossils have been reported from the formation:

Cephalopods
 Spyroceras damesi

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Poland
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Sweden

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 2010 - Schallreuter and Hinz-Schallreuter - Die Nodibeyrichien des Beyrichienkalkes (The Nodibeyrichians of the Beyrichia Limestone) - Geschiebekunde aktuell 26 (4): 119-134, 8 Abb., 1 Tab. Hamburg/Greifswald November 2010

Geologic formations of Sweden
Geology of Germany
Geology of Poland
Silurian System of Europe
Silurian Sweden
Pridoli geology
Limestone formations
Shallow marine deposits
Silurian southern paleotropical deposits
Paleontology in Germany
Paleontology in Poland


title: Ramsau Dolomite

text:
The Ramsau Dolomite is a dolomitic geologic formation in the Northern Limestone Alps, in Bavaria, Germany. It is a unit of the Wetterstein Limestone found in the Limestone Alps. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carnian stage of the Triassic period.

Fossil content
The formation has provided fossils of:
Bivalves
 Cornucardia hornigii
 Daonella (Arzelella) indica
 Katosira bavarica
 Neomegalodon (Rossiodus) stoppanii
Gastropods
 Omphaloptycha rosthorni
 ?Coelostylina sp.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Bibliography
 G. Tichy. 1980. Gastropoden und Bivalven aus dem karnischen Ramsaudolomit südlich von Bad Reichenhall (Oberbayern, Bundesrepublik Deutschland) [Gastropods and bivalves from the Carnian Ramsau Dolomite south of Bad Reichenhall (Upper Bavaria, Germany)]. Geologisch-Palaeontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 9(6):221-238
 E. Kittl. 1912. Materialen zu einer Monographie der Halobiidae und Monotidae der Trias [Monograph on the Halobiidae and Monotidae of the Triassic]. Resultate der Wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees, II Band: Paläontologie der Umgebung des Balatonsees 1(4):1-229

Geologic formations of Germany
Triassic System of Europe
Triassic Germany
Carnian Stage
Dolomite formations
Shallow marine deposits
Geography of Bavaria
Geology of the Alps
Northern Limestone Alps

Ramsau Dolomite


title: Rhaet Hauptton Formation

text:
The Rhaet Hauptton Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Schreyeralm Formation

text:
The Schreyeralm Formation is a geologic formation in Austria and Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Austria
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

External links

Geologic formations of Austria
Geologic formations of Germany
Triassic System of Europe
Triassic Austria
Triassic Germany


title: Strohgelbe Kalke Formation

text:
The Strohgelbe Kalke Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Stuttgart Formation

text:
The Stuttgart Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carnian stage of the Triassic period.

Fossil content

Temnospondyls

 Cyclotosaurus buechneri
 C. robustus
 Hyperokynodon keuperinus
 Mastodonsaurus andriani
 Metoposaurus diagnosticus
 Gerrothorax sp.

Therapsids
 Kannemeyeriiformes indet.

Reptiles
 Dyoplax arenaceus
 Z. subcylindrodon
 Archosauria indet.

Fish
 Lissodus sp.
 Palaeobates sp.

Invertebrates

 Aviculomyalina angusta
 Cyzicus laxitextus
 C. cf. dorsorectus
 C. minutus
 Homomya bilonga
 H. simplex
 Myalina rotundata
 Mytilus acutefinitus
 M. avirostrum
 M. hasta
 M. minutus
 M. peregrinus
 M. sulmensis
 Lithophaga buchhornensis
 L. lennachensis
 L. producta
 L. vermiculata
 Mactromya altera
 M. equisetitis
 Modiolus eberstadtensis
 M. formosissimus
 M. mediocarinatus
 M. minalatus
 M. parallelus
 M. parvoblongus
 M. suprarectus
 M. transiens
 M. triangulus
 Myoconcha aperina
 M. longaperina
 M. ovulum
 M. scalprosa
 M. cf. woehrmanni
 M. aff. aquatensis
 Parallelodon beyrichii
 Pinna mediokeuperina
 Pleuromya curta
 P. nitens
 Schafhaeutlia aff. liscaviensis
 Thracia keuperina
 Trigonodus cf. grandis
 T. pygmaeus
 T. singularis
 T. wuertembergicus
 Asmussia sp.
 Gervillia sp.
 ?Gryphaea sp.
 Myoconcha sp.
 Mytilus sp.
 Trigonodus sp.

Flora

 Clathrophyllum meriani
 Danaeopsis marantacea
 D. rumphi
 Desmiophyllum imhoffi
 Dioonitocarpidium pennaeforme
 Neocalamites meriani
 Pagiophyllum foetterlei
 Voltziopsis coburgensis
 Widdringtonites keuperianus
 Equisetites sp.
 Pterophyllum sp.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Switzerland
 Benkersandstein, contemporaneous ichnofossiliferous formation of Bavaria
 Chañares Formation, fossiliferous formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, Argentina
 Candelária Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of the Paraná Basin, Brazil
 Molteno Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Lesotho and South Africa
 Pebbly Arkose Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe
 Denmark Hill Insect Bed, contemporaneous fossiliferous unit of Queensland, Australia
 Madygen Formation, contemporaneous Lagerstätte of Kyrgyzstan

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of Germany
Geologic formations of Switzerland
Triassic System of Europe
Triassic Germany
Triassic Switzerland
Carnian Stage
Sandstone formations
Shale formations
Fluvial deposits
Lacustrine deposits
Lagoonal deposits
Paleontology in Germany
Formations
Formations
Formations


title: Wetterstein Formation

text:
The Wetterstein Formation is a regional geologic formation of the Northern Limestone Alps and Western Carpathians extending from southern Bavaria, Germany in the west, through northern Austria to northern Hungary and western Slovakia in the east. The formation dates back to the Ladinian to Carnian stages of the Late Triassic. The formation is named after the Wetterstein Mountains in southern Germany and northwestern Austria. The center of its distribution, however, is in the Karwendel Mountains. It occurs in the Northern and Southern Limestone Alps and in the Western Carpathians.

The formation is composed of mostly reefal limestones and dolomites, the latter the result of widespread diagenesis. In many areas there is a frequent alternation of limestone and dolomite facies. Local variants to indicate the Wetterstein Formation include  (Wetterstein Limestone), Wettersteindolomit ("Wetterstein Dolomite") and combinations thereof. The Wetterstein Formation reaches a maximum thickness of  with major regional thickness variations. It belongs to the tectonostratigraphical unit Austroalpine nappes. The carbonate rock of the formation is from the Middle Triassic epoch of the Ladinian stage, comparable to the German stage in which Muschelkalk rock strata were formed.

The formation has provided numerous fossils of corals, sponges, bivalves, gastropods and other marine groups indicative of a shallow marine carbonate platform environment deposited at the northern end of the Tethys Ocean.

Naming

The Wetterstein Formation is named after the Wetterstein Mountains in southern Germany and northwestern Austria.

Alternative names for the whole formation or parts of it in stratigraphical (vertical) or facies (lateral) sense are:
 Wetterstein Limestone (Wettersteinkalk)
 Wettersteinkalk Formation
 Wettersteindolomit - used in Semmering and Kalkkögel, Austria
 Wetterstein Limestone Formation
 Wetterstein kalk/dolomit - used in the Northern Limestone Alps of Austria
 Wetterstein reef limestone Formation

The Swiss stratigraphical lexicon uses Wetterstein Formation as "informal, but used name" with the following historical variants:
 Wettersteinkalk (von Guembel 1861, Fraas 1910)
 Wettersteinkalk = Ladinische Stufe (Cornelius 1935)
 Wetterstein = Wettersteindolomit = Wettersteinkomplex (Stöcklin 1949) (Fellerer 1964, Kraus 1964)
 Calcaire de Wetterstein [sic] = Calcaire du Wetterstein = Formation de Wetterstein [sic] (Hirsch 1966)
 Wettersteindolomit, Wetterstein-Dolomit

Subunits
Its subunits include:
Messerstich Limestone
Schlern Dolomite
Marmolata Limestone
Steinalm Formation
Ramsau Dolomite Formation

Description

The Wetterstein Formation, with a total thickness of up to , is a major regional stratigraphic unit of the Northern Limestone Alps and Western Carpathians in Central Europe, spanning across four countries from southwestern Bavaria to northwestern Slovakia.

Extent

The formation crops out to the north of the Hohe Tauern window and is part of the Austroalpine nappes.

Stratigraphy
In the Semmering area of Austria, where the name Wettersteindolomit is used, the formation is unconformably overlain by the Kapellener Shale and overlies the Reifling Formation, in the Kalkkögel and Radstadt Tauern the dolomite overlies the Partnach Formation and is overlain by the Raibl Formation, while in Tyrol the formation, called Wettersteinkalk/dolomit unconformably overlies the Gutenstein and Steinalm Formations and unconformably underlies the Reingraben Formation.

In the Aggtelek-Rudabánya mountains of Hungary, the formation, called Wetterstein Limestone Formation overlies the Reifling and Steinalm Formations and is overlain by the Szádvárborsa Formation.

Regional correlations
In Austria the Wetterstein Dolomite correlates with the Alberg Formation of the Linz Dolomites, the Wetterstein kalk/dolomite with the lower part of the Hallstatt Formation of the Northern Limestone Alps and with the Schlern Dolomite, or Schlern Formation, in the Southern Limestone Alps.

In Hungary, the formation is time-equivalent with the Berva Formation of the Bükk, the Bódvavölgyi Ophiolite, Szentjánoshegy and Derenk Formations of the Aggtelek-Rudabánya range and the Csanádapáca Formation of the Békés Zone. In the Dinarides, the formation is time-equivalent with the Grivska Formation of Bosnia. The Kopaonik Formation in its eponymous mountain range in Serbia is considered a distal, more deep water equivalent of the Wetterstein platform sediments.

Diagenesis
Dolomitization of the Wetterstein Carbonate Platform is a widespread phenomenon, especially in the Tirolic units of the Northern Calcareous Alps. At the Clessinsperre, the type locality for the underlying Steinalm Formation, intense dolomitization has altered the microfacies characteristics of the Wetterstein Carbonate platform – typical are fore-reef carbonates, later reefal and back-reefal carbonates topped by lagoonal carbonates, making the original features hardly visible.

Fossil content
Because, during dolomitisation, traces of fossils are largely lost as a result of recrystallisation, fossils in the Wetterstein dolomite are harder to distinguish, and even in thin sections may be barely recognizable. Wetterstein dolomite is rarely as bituminous as typical Main Dolomite and therefore tends to be much more pure and brighter-coloured. Otherwise, there are no fundamental differences with the Wetterstein limestone.

Among others, the following fossils have been described from the Wetterstein Formation:

See also
 Geology of the Alps
 Schrattenkalk Formation
 Hauptdolomit Formation
 List of types of limestone

 Ansbachersandstein, contemporaneous ichnofossiliferous formation of Bavaria
 Benkersandstein, contemporaneous ichnofossiliferous formation of Bavaria
 Chañares Formation, fossiliferous formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, Argentina
 Candelária Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of the Paraná Basin, Brazil
 Molteno Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Lesotho and South Africa
 Pebbly Arkose Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe
 Denmark Hill Insect Bed, contemporaneous fossiliferous unit of Queensland, Australia
 Madygen Formation, contemporaneous Lagerstätte of Kyrgyzstan

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
 World map at the time of the Early/Lower Triassic
 Cephalopod coquina beds in the Wetterstein Limestone

Geologic formations of Austria
Geologic formations of Germany
Geologic formations of Hungary
Geologic formations of Slovakia
Geologic formations of Switzerland
Triassic System of Europe
Triassic Austria
Triassic Germany
Carnian Stage
Ladinian Stage
Limestone formations
Dolomite formations
Reef deposits
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe
Geology of the Alps
Limestone Alps
Northern Limestone Alps
Southern Limestone Alps


title: Bausandstein Formation

text:
The Bausandstein Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Röt Formation

text:
The Röt Formation or Rötton Formation (German for Röt Shale), or Upper Buntsandstein, is a geologic formation of the Buntsandstein in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Middle Triassic Epoch (Anisian or Aegean or Bithynian in the regional stratigraphy). The formation overlies the Plattenstein and Solling Formations and is overlain by the Jena Formation.

The limestones, mudstones, shales and sandstones of the formation, deposited in a shallow marine environment, have provided fossils of early archosaurs, temnospondyls, fish and insects.

Fossil content
The formation has provided the following fossils:

Correlations
Based on the fossils of early archosaurs, the formation is correlated with the Donguz Formation of Russia, the upper Heshanggou Formation of China and the Holbrook Member of the Moenkopi Formation of Arizona.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany
 Anisian formations
 Besano Formation, fossiliferous formation of the Alps
 Manda Formation, fossiliferous formation of Tanzania
 Omingonde Formation, fossiliferous formation of Namibia

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of Germany
Triassic System of Europe
Triassic Germany
Anisian Stage
Limestone formations
Mudstone formations
Shale formations
Shallow marine deposits
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe
Paleontology in Germany


title: Exter Formation

text:
The Exter Formation is the only formation of the Upper Keuper or Rhätsandstein, and is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Rhaetian of the Triassic period (specifically around 205 Ma).

Fossil content
The formation has provided fossils of:

Mammals
 Thomasia antiqua
 Haramiyidae indet.

Therapsids
 Chalepotherium plieningeri

Reptiles

 "Ichthyosaurus" rhaeticus
 Megalosaurus cloacinus
 Nothosaurus cloacinus
 Phytosaurus cubicodon?
 Phytosaurus cylindricodon?
 Plateosaurus ornatus
 Rhaeticosaurus mertensi
 Termatosaurus albertii
 Termatosaurus crocodilinus
 Plateosaurus sp.
 Plesiosauria indet.

Fish

 Ceratodus cloacinus
 C. heteromorphus
 C. parvus
 C. trapezoides
 Hybodus cloacinus
 H. sublaevis
 Lissodus minimus
 Nemacanthus monilifer
 Sargodon tomicus
 Acrodus sp.
 Asterolepis sp.
 Raja sp.

Insects
 Triassothemis gartzii

Flora
 Becklesia franconica

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of Germany
Triassic System of Europe
Triassic Germany
Rhaetian Stage
Shale formations
Siltstone formations
Sandstone formations
Deltaic deposits
Lacustrine deposits
Coal formations
Coal in Germany
Paleontology in Germany


title: Gogoliner Schichten Formation

text:
The Gogoliner Schichten Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Grensdolomite Formation

text:
The Grensdolomite Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Lercheck Limestone

text:
The Lercheck Limestone is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

External links

Geologic formations of Germany
Triassic Germany
Limestone formations


title: Hallstätterkalk Formation

text:
The Hallstätterkalk Formation is a geologic formation in Germany and Slovakia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Slovakia

References

Triassic Germany


title: Halstatt Formation

text:
The Halstatt Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Hardegsen Formation

text:
The Hardegsen Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Hassberge Formation

text:
The Hassberge Formation is a geologic formation in Bavaria, Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carnian stage of the Triassic period.

Fossil content

Insects

Coleoptera
 Carabilarva triassica
 Dinoharpalus coptoclavoides
 Larvula triassica
 Protonectes germanicus
 Stargelytron larissae
 Zygadenia sp.
 Coptoclavidae indet.

Invertebrates

 Euestheria kozuri
 Gregoriusella striatula
 Laxitextella dorsorecta
 L. freybergi

Ichnofossils
 Apatopus lineatus

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany
 Benkersandstein, contemporaneous ichnofossiliferous formation of Bavaria
 Chañares Formation, fossiliferous formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, Argentina
 Candelária Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of the Paraná Basin, Brazil
 Molteno Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Lesotho and South Africa
 Pebbly Arkose Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe
 Denmark Hill Insect Bed, contemporaneous fossiliferous unit of Queensland, Australia
 Madygen Formation, contemporaneous Lagerstätte of Kyrgyzstan

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of Germany
Triassic System of Europe
Triassic Germany
Carnian Stage
Sandstone formations
Shale formations
Lacustrine deposits
Ichnofossiliferous formations
Paleontology in Germany


title: List of poets from Pratapgarh

text:
Jumai Khan Azad
Harivansh Rai Bachchan
Swadesh Bharati
Bhikhari Das
Kripalu Maharaj
Sumitranandan Pant
Nazish Pratapgarhi
Kunwar Suresh Singh
Tara Singh (author)
Mohsin Zaidi
Imran Pratapgarhi
Shahzada Kaleem

Gallery

See also
 List of people from Pratapgarh
 List of people from Uttar Pradesh
 Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh

Notes

Poets from Uttar Pradesh
Poets from Pratapgarh
People from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh
Lists of Indian poets


title: Hauptmuschelkalk Formation

text:
The Hauptmuschelkalk Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Jena Formation

text:
The Jena Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Benkersandstein Formation

text:
The Benkersandstein (German for Benker Sandstone) is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Late Triassic (Carnian) period. Fossil theropod tracks have been reported from the formation.

Fossil content
 Temnospondyls
 Capitosaurus arenaceus
 Ichnofossils
 Chirotherium storetonense
 Coelurosaurichnus schlehenbergensis

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany
 List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
 List of stratigraphic units with theropod tracks
 Ansbachersandstein, contemporaneous ichnofossiliferous formation of Bavaria
 Chañares Formation, fossiliferous formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, Argentina
 Candelária Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of the Paraná Basin, Brazil
 Molteno Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Lesotho and South Africa
 Pebbly Arkose Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe
 Denmark Hill Insect Bed, contemporaneous fossiliferous unit of Queensland, Australia
 Madygen Formation, contemporaneous Lagerstätte of Kyrgyzstan

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 K. Rehnelt. 1959. Neue Reptilienfährten-Funde aus der germanischen Trias [New reptile footprint discoveries in the German Trias]. Jahrbuch des Staatlichen Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden 1959:97-103
 K. Rehnelt. 1950. Beitrag über Fährtenspuren im unteren Gipskeuper von Bayreuth [Contribution on the trackways from the lower Gipskeuper of Bayreuth]. Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Bayreuth, Abhandlungen 1950:27-36
 G. Münster. 1836. Communications addressed to Professor Bronn. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde 1836:580-581

Geologic formations of Germany
Triassic System of Europe
Carnian Stage
Triassic Germany
Sandstone formations
Ichnofossiliferous formations
Paleontology in Germany


title: Burgsandstein Formation

text:
The Burgsandstein Formation is the Bavarian name for the Löwenstein Formation, a geologic formation in south Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also
 Löwenstein Formation

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Gipskeuper Formation

text:
The Gipskeuper Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Trochitenkalk Formation

text:
The Trochitenkalk Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Schaumkalk Formation

text:
The Schaumkalk Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Meißner Formation

text:
The Meißner Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Triassic Germany


title: Kössen Formation

text:
The Kössen Formation is a Late Triassic (Rhaetian-age) geological formation in the Northern Calcareous Alps of Austria and Germany, in the Tiroler-Lech Nature Park. During the Late Triassic, the area now occupied by the Northern Calcareous Alps was instead a long, passive coastline at the western tip of the Neotethys Ocean. The environment was initially dominated by a wide and shallow carbonate platform within a lagoon between the shore and a string of reefs. This carbonate platform is nowadays preserved as the Carnian to Norian-age Hauptdolomit and Dachstein Formation. The Kössen Formation represents a period of increased siliciclastic clay input into the lagoon, covering up the carbonate platform with marls and marly limestones instead of pure limestone or dolomite. The Eiberg Member of the Kössen Formation was deposited in the Eiberg basin, a narrow strip of deeper water which developed between the carbonate platform and the shoreline in the later part of the Rhaetian.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Austria
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Switzerland

References

External links

Geologic formations of Austria
Geologic formations of Germany
Geologic formations of Switzerland
Triassic System of Europe
Triassic Austria
Triassic Germany
Triassic Switzerland
Geology of the Alps


The United States International Communications Reform Act of 2014 () is a bill that would revise U.S. international broadcasting and communications structures, missions, and objectives. The bill would also replace the Broadcasting Board of Governors with the United States International Communications Agency.

The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

Background

The Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG) is an independent federal agency of the United States government responsible for supervising all U.S. government-supported, civilian international media. The mission of the BBG is "to inform, engage, and connect people around the world in support of freedom and democracy." The agency's goal is to "deliver accurate news and information to significant and strategic audiences overseas... and to serve as a trustworthy source of news and as an example of a free, professional press in countries that lack independent media."

According to a series of reports beginning in 2004 and generated by the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the BBG has struggled to live up to its mission. For instance, GAO highlighted a structural issue of the BBG in a 2004 report claiming that "organizationally, the existence of five separate broadcast entities has led to overlapping language services, duplication of program content, redundant newsgathering and support services, and difficulties coordinating broadcast efforts."  The report also added that "marketing challenges include outmoded program formats, poor signal delivery, and low audience awareness in many markets."

Employees at the Broadcasting Board of Governors were consistently rated as having the lowest personnel morale in the federal government by the Office of Management and Budget.

Due to cuts in broadcasting to Ukraine and Russia, the United States could not broadcast into Crimea during the 2014 Crimean crisis.

Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

The United States International Communications Reform Act of 2014 would revise U.S. international broadcasting and communications structures, missions, and objectives.

The bill would repeal the United States International Broadcasting Act of 1994, and amends the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948.

The bill would replace the Broadcasting Board of Governors with the United States International Communications Agency, and establishes in the Agency a Board of Directors and a Chief Executive Officer.

The bill would express the sense of Congress that the Voice of America (VOA): (1) has been an indispensable element of U.S. foreign policy and public diplomacy efforts and should remain the flagship brand of the Agency; and (2) would benefit from a recalibration of federal international broadcasting agencies and resources which would provide it with greater mission focus and flexibility.

The bill would express the sense of Congress that RFE/RL, Incorporated, Radio Free Asia, and the Middle East Broadcasting Network share a common mission with distinct geographic foci, and should therefore be merged into a single organization with distinct marketing brands to provide news and related programming and content in countries where free media are not established.

The bill would consolidate RFE/RL Incorporated, Radio Free Asia, and the Middle East Broadcasting Network into the (non-federal agency) Freedom News Network.

The bill would state that RFE/RL, Incorporated, Radio Free Asia, and the Middle East Broadcasting Network shall remain brand names under which news and related programming and content may be disseminated by the Network.

The bill would set forth Agency, VOA, and Network requirements regarding: (1) duties and authorities, (2) programming and policy objectives, (3) administration and reporting, and (4) coordination.

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on April 30, 2014. This is a public domain source.

H.R. 4490 would make several changes to U.S. non-military international broadcasting and would permanently authorize appropriations for that purpose. It would consolidate into two separate entities the federal and nonfederal entities currently providing such broadcasting, amend the principles and mission underlying international broadcasting, and place restrictions on hiring personnel at the consolidated federal entity.

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that implementing H.R. 4490 would cost $3.7 billion over the 2015-2019 period, assuming appropriation of the necessary amounts. Pay-as-you-go procedures apply to this legislation because it would affect direct spending; however, CBO estimates that those effects would not be significant. Enacting the bill would not affect revenues.

H.R. 4490 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments.

Procedural history
The United States International Communications Reform Act of 2014 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on April 28, 2014, by Rep. Edward R. Royce (R, CA-39). The bill was referred to the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, which voted unanimously on April 30, 2014, to approve the bill. On July 18, 2014, the bill was reported (amended) alongside House Report 113-541. The House voted on July 28, 2014, to pass the bill in a voice vote.

Debate and discussion
Supporters of the bill expressed concern that if Congress did not take the chance now to reform the Board, Congress would end up giving up and ending the program.

A The Washington Post editorial board editorial accused the bill of taking "a dangerous step toward converting the most venerable and listened-to U.S. outlet, Voice of America, into another official mouthpiece." The editorial board expressed their concern that Voice of America (VOA) would lose its independent voice, but supported the reorganization of VOA and the related news groups. In a reply, Rep. Ed Royce argued that "the real 'dangerous step' would be to do nothing" to address the problems the BBG is facing.

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress

References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 4490
beta.congress.gov H.R. 4490
GovTrack.us H.R. 4490
OpenCongress.org H.R. 4490
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 4490
Congressional Budget Office's report on H.R. 4490
House Report 113-541 on H.R. 4490

Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress


title: Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 85 kg

text:
The Men's 85  kg weightlifting event is a medal event at 2014 Commonwealth Games, limiting competitors to a maximum of 85 kilograms of body mass. The competition took  place on 28 July  at the Clyde Auditorium , Glasgow.

Result

References

Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


Knightsbridge Schools International Switzerland SA , also known as KSI Morges, in Morges, Switzerland, is a coeducational school with both local and international students aged 3–12.  The school was previously known as Lake Leman International School. The school has closed.

The school follows the International Primary Curriculum.

KSI Morges is located in the town of Morges on the shores of Lake Geneva, in the region of "La Cote" which lies between Geneva and Lausanne. KSI Morges is one of the many international private schools that are in Lausanne and in the surrounding regions.
The Campus is designed to accommodate children from Crèche through to Secondary School. It is newly designed and renovated, with outdoor recreational areas and an adjoining sports field.

Academics

KSI Morges teaches children between the ages of 3 and 12 years of age, equivalent up to Swiss P4 / UK Year 5 / US Grade 6.

Children from ages 3–5 years old (Kindergarten) are taught the International Primary Curriculum for the Early Years (IPC), which uses play as an essential part of each child’s academic and social development and fits perfectly with the KSI ethos.

Children progressing onwards through Grades 1 to 5 (Primary School, ages 5–11) study the International Primary Curriculum (IPC) to encourage learning through a variety of engaging, stimulating activities based on themes encountered throughout the school year.

Language programmes

There are strong English and French programmes at KSI Morges. While the principle language of instruction is English, French is taught at different levels up to a mother tongue standard, as appropriate. The individual approach of teaching at different levels allows for a thorough understanding of the local language, supporting the integration of all students into the local community.

School life

KSI Morges has an active school life, outside of standard classroom activities. There’s an extensive range of extracurricular activities, with external specialists brought in to provide tuition and coaching in ballet, individual piano and violin lessons, martial arts and soccer training.

KSI Morges also has childcare and transport provisions, and an active Parents’ Network that supports the school community in many ways on a voluntary basis.

The primary aim of the Parents’ Network is to support new families settling into their new environment and to bring together families of diverse cultures and languages through different school activities and events. The members of  the Parents' Network are actively involved in a variety of school activities and sports, as well as preparing for cultural events and festivals. They organise a range of events such as family picnics, the Easter Egg Hunt, and contribute significantly towards school initiatives such as its annual Book Week.

References

External links

 Official website

International schools in Switzerland


title: Sucker Brook

text:
Sucker Brook is the name of several streams in the United States:

Sucker Brook (Lawrence Brook), in central New Jersey
Sucker Brook (Canandaigua Lake), in the western Finger Lakes region of New York

See also
Little Massabesic Brook-Sucker Brook, in New Hampshire


title: Cities in Kurdistan Region

text:
This is a list of the cities in Kurdistan Region in Iraq.

See also
 The archaeological hills in Erbil

References

.Iraqi Kurdistan
Iraqi Kurdistan
Cities

Geography of Iraqi Kurdistan


title: Ginette Spanier

text:
Jenny Yvonne "Ginette" Spanier (7 March 1904 – April 1988) was director of the House of Balmain, a Paris fashion-house, and was decorated for her wartime work.

Early life
Spanier, who was Jewish, was born in Paris on 7 March 1904 and raised in Hampstead, London, England and attended Frognal School there.

War years
While in Paris as a buyer for Fortnum & Mason, she met Paul-Emile Seidmann, a doctor. In 1939, they married. Shortly afterwards, during World War II, they fled Nazi-occupied Paris by bicycle. She was subsequently awarded the Medal of Freedom for assisting the American Army of Liberation. Seidmann was made a  for his work with concentration camp survivors.

Balmain

After the war, the couple lived for many years on Paris' Avenue Maurice, and she became  (director) at Balmain from 1947 to 1976. The first of her two volumes of autobiography, It isn't All Mink (1959), had a foreword by Noël Coward, the second volume, And Now It's Sables (1970), had one by Maurice Chevalier.

Spanier appeared as a castaway on the BBC Radio programme Desert Island Discs on 21 June 1965. The programme was not archived by the BBC, but an unofficial tape copy was among a collection of over 90 episodes discovered by an amateur researcher and placed online in 2022. She was also the guest on This Is Your Life on 9 February 1972.

Death
She retired, a widow, to London, and died there in April 1988.

Bibliography

References

External links
 Newspaper article with photograph

1904 births
1988 deaths
People from Hampstead
Businesspeople from Paris
French expatriates in the United Kingdom
French fashion designers
French women fashion designers
French autobiographers
Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism
20th-century French Jews


title: Line Romance

text:
Line Romance () also known as Love Line, is a 2014 Korean television mini-drama starring Lee Min-ho and Bea Hayden. It is a story of a female Chinese tourist named Ling Ling, who goes to Korea and falls in love with Min-ho, a music producer with both talent and good looks. Due to their language barrier, the two people use the mobile messenger app LINE to communicate with one another.

Synopsis
Min-ho (Lee Min-ho) is a musician who met Ling Ling (Bea Hayden) on his walk and got inspired to write a new song. He then made a silly mistake by sending her a text message saying he loved her.

Cast
 Lee Min-ho as Min-ho
 Kuo Bea-ting as Ling Ling
 Kim Bo-mi as Min-ho's stylist
 Kim Kang-hyun as Min-ho's manager

International broadcast
 The show aired four days, CTR collected was US$20 million. Producers official said, "just an ad miniseries will be able to hit such a high CTR, has once again proven the popularity of Lee Min-ho".
 In Thailand, it aired on Workpoint TV.

References

External links
 one line romance koalasplayground.com

Chinese web series
South Korean web series
IQIYI original programming
2014 web series debuts
2014 web series endings


title: Chiredzi F.C.

text:
Chiredzi  Football Club is a Zimbabwean football club based in Chiredzi. They play in the top division of Zimbabwean football, the Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League.

Stadium
Currently the team plays at the 3000 capacity Gibbo Stadium.

References

External links
 SOCCERWAY
 FUTBOL24

Football clubs in Zimbabwe


title: Alida/Cowan Farm Private Aerodrome

text:
Alida/Cowan Farm Private Aerodrome  is located  east-northeast of Alida, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Highways nearby include Highway 601 and Highway 361.

See also
List of airports in Saskatchewan

References

Registered aerodromes in Saskatchewan


title: K. Lakkappa

text:
Kondapura Lakkappa (23 December 1929 - 8 November 1991) is an Indian politician who was the Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha, from the Tumkur in 1967 as a Praja Socialist Party candidate. In 1970, he joined the Indian National Congress and was re-elected as its candidate in 1971, 1977, and 1980 from the same constituency in Karnataka.

Early life and background
K. Lakkappa was born on 23 December 1929 in Kondapura, Tumkur District. Shri Thope Gowda was his father. He completed his education in B.A. and B.L. from Mysore University.

Personal life
K. Lakkappa married Smt B G Puttamma and the couple has four sons and two daughters.

Political career
K. Lakkappa was associated with Praja Socialist Party and served as a Member of Mysore State Executive of Praja Socialist Party.

Later in 1970, He joined Indian National Congress and became a member of K.P.P.C. (Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee) and A.I.C.C. (All India Congress Committee).

Lakkappa founded many educational instructions in the rural areas of Tumkur District. He also founded the Association of unemployed educated youth in Karnataka. He worked for the uplifting of poor farmers (Kisan), labours and youth living in rural areas of the country.

Position held

 Served as a Member of several Government committees at the Centre, Cardamom Board and Spices Development Board.
 Appointed as a Member of the Catering Committee in Indian Airlines by the Government of India.

References

External links
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website

1929 births
Living people
India MPs 1967–1970
India MPs 1971–1977
India MPs 1977–1979
India MPs 1980–1984
Praja Socialist Party politicians
Lok Sabha members from Karnataka
People from Tumkur district
Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka