title: Public libraries in North America

text:
A public library is a library that is accessible by the general public and is generally funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals, who are also civil servants.

United States

As the United States developed from the 18th century, growing more populous and wealthier, factors such as a push for education and desire to share knowledge led to broad public support for free libraries. In addition, money donations by private philanthropists provided the seed capital to get many libraries started. In some instances, collectors donated large book collections.

First libraries
William James Sidis in The Tribes and the States claims the public library, as such, was an American invention.

There were parish (parochial) libraries open in Anglican churches all over the American colonies. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, founded in 1701, subsidized libraries as a regular part of their missionary activity whenever they sent a priest to an Anglican mission or church that did not have a library already. There would thus have been parish libraries at the 289 Anglican churches, and at various missions.

According to Edmund Farwell Slafter, the first public library was founded in Boston by the Rev. John Checkley at the Old State House sometime between 1711 when Boston's Old State House was built, and 1725. In a letter to the Rev. Dr. Thomas Bennet, dated June 15, 1725, Checkley wrote:

The library was destroyed when the Old State House interior was consumed by fire on December 9, 1747, when many books, papers, and records were destroyed.

There is evidence of other and possibly earlier public libraries. The Rev. John Sharpe, who had traveled as a missionary priest over the colonies from Maryland to Connecticut, thought the parish library in New York inadequate. He devised an advanced plan for a public library in New York City open to all. In a letter on March 11, 1713, he notes there were already at least four public libraries in the colonies including the one in Boston:

He proposed the institution should be "publick and provincial" and "open every day in the week at convenient hours," when "all men may have liberty to read in the Library."

Just before returning to England in 1713 after a decade spent as a missionary priest in America, he left behind 238 of his volumes to be "given for the laying of a foundation of a Public Library." However, it wasn't until thirty years after Sharp left America that a dozen men in 1754 founded the New York Society Library with Sharp's books as its core. His advanced dream of a library open every day was not to be accomplished in New York until 1791.

In 1729, New York City formed its first public library. It was started with a donation of books from the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.  The Collection of Dr. Millington was presented for the library. Most but not all works were in relation to religion.

In 1731, Benjamin Franklin and the other members of the discussion club the Junto founded the Library Company of Philadelphia partly as a means to settle arguments and partly as a means to advance themselves through sharing information. Franklin's subscription library allowed members to buy "shares" and combined funds were used to buy more books; in return, members could borrow books and use the library. The Library Company continues to exist as a nonprofit, independent research library.

A town in Massachusetts named itself Franklin after the famous bostonian. For this honor, Franklin donated 116 books to the town in lieu of a requested church bell. Franklin's town meeting voted to lend the books to all Franklin inhabitants free of charge in 1790, and this small collection can therefore be considered the first public library in the United States and is now known as the Franklin Public Library.

Dr. Jesse Torrey, Jr., of New Lebanon, New York, was one of the earliest advocates for free public libraries. In 1804 at the age of seventeen, he established the New Lebanon Juvenile Society for the Acquisition of Knowledge. The social library operated under a suggested user fee and was open to any youth between the ages of twelve and twenty-one. In 1817, Torrey published The Intellectual Torch, a treatise advocating for a national system of free public libraries. Torrey's plan included a tax on the import and export of alcohol to support local free schools and libraries.

The first free public library supported by taxation in the world was the Peterborough, New Hampshire Town Library which was founded at town meeting on April 9, 1833. Many sources claim to have been the first, such as Boston's Public Library, which was the second, established in 1852. The Boston Public Library opened on March 20, 1854. The first free continuous children's library in the United States was funded privately, founded in 1835 in Arlington, Massachusetts.

New York lawyer, governor and bibliophile Samuel J. Tilden bequeathed millions to build the New York Public Library. He believed Americans should have access to books and a free education if desired. In 1902, one account suggested "the village library is growing more and more an indispensable adjunct to American village life."

Libraries have been started with wills from other benefactors. For example, the Bacon Free Library in South Natick, Massachusetts, was founded in 1881 after a benefactor left $15,000 in a will; it has operated as a public library since then. Women's clubs in the late 1880s and early 1900s supported the creation of libraries in their communities.

Louisiana public libraries were developed with a grant from the American Library Association in  1925.

A "school district public library" is a type of public library with a service district overlapping a school district. Votes related to library governance and funding, as well as the collection of levied taxes, are administered by the school district.

Carnegie libraries

Andrew Carnegie, born to poverty taught himself and became a leading industrialist and philanthropist. Among his many philanthropies was the public library—he built and furnished a library if the city agreed to maintain and staff it. He gave over $60 million, which was a vast fortune in 20th-century dollars. Carnegie envisioned that libraries would "bring books and information to all people."

A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to universities. 1,689 were built in the United States, 660 in Britain and Ireland, 125 in Canada, and others in Australia, New Zealand, and elsewhere. By 1930, half the American public libraries had been built by Carnegie.

Carnegie was attached to free libraries since his days as a young messenger-boy in Pittsburgh, when each Saturday he borrowed a new book from one. Carnegie systematically funded 2,507 libraries throughout the English-speaking world. James Bertram, Carnegie's chief aide from 1894 to 1914 administered the library program, issued guidelines and instituted an architectural review process.

Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library design, encouraging a closer correspondence between the two. The Carnegie buildings typically followed a standardized style called "Carnegie Classic": a rectangular, T-shaped or L-shaped structure of stone or brick, with rusticated stone foundations and low-pitched, hipped roofs, with space allocated by function and efficiency.

His libraries served not only as free circulating collections of books, magazines and newspapers, but also provided classrooms for growing school districts, Red Cross stations, and public meeting spaces, not to mention permanent jobs for the graduates of newly formed library schools. Academic libraries were built for 108 colleges. Usually there was no charge to read or borrow; in New Zealand, however, local taxes were too low to support libraries and most charged subscription fees to their users. The arrangements were always the same: Carnegie would provide the funds for the building but only after the municipal government had provided a site for the building and had passed an ordinance for the purchase of books and future maintenance of the library through taxation. This policy was in accord with Carnegie's philosophy that the dispensation of wealth for the benefit of society must never be in the form of free charity but rather must be as a buttress to the community's responsibility for its own welfare.

In 1901, Carnegie offered to donate $100,000 to the city of Richmond, Virginia, for a public library. The city council had to furnish a site for the building and guarantee that $10,000 in municipal funds would be budgeted for the library each year. Despite the support from the majority of Richmond's civic leaders, the city council rejected Carnegie's offer. A combination of aversion to new taxes, fear of modernization, and fear that Carnegie might require the city to admit black patrons to his library account for the local government's refusal. A Richmond Public Library did open in 1924 with alternative sources of funding. In a municipal election in 1904 union leaders in Wheeling, West Virginia, blocked the acceptance of a Carnegie library. The Detroit Library subsisted on library fines and inadequate city funds; Carnegie offered $750,000 in 1901 but was turned down because it was "tainted money"; after nine more years of underfunding Detroit took the money.

Changing roles of libraries

In many towns and small cities before 1900, local boosters operated social libraries, which were open by subscription. The middle classes patronized them, borrowed bestsellers and old classics, and came to know the other book lovers in town. These libraries became the forerunners of the public library.

Butte, Montana, was perhaps the largest, richest and rowdiest mining camp in the American West. City boosters opened a public library in 1893. Ring argues that the library was originally a mechanism of social control, "an antidote to the miners' proclivity for drinking, whoring, and gambling." It was also designed to promote middle-class values and to convince Easterners that Butte was a cultivated city. Quite apart from the Wild West, civic boosters hailed the opening of a public library as a landmark in their upward march of civilization and civility.

As VanSlyck (1989) shows, the last years of the 19th century saw acceptance of the idea that libraries should be available to the American public free of charge. However the design of the idealized free library was at the center of a prolonged and heated debate. On one hand, wealthy philanthropists favored grandiose monuments that reinforced the paternalistic metaphor and enhanced civic pride. They wanted a grandiose showcase that created a grand vista through a double-height, alcoved bookhall with domestically-scaled reading rooms, perhaps dominated by the donor's portrait over the fireplace. Typical examples were the New York Public Library and the Chicago Public Library. Librarians considered that grand design inefficient, and too expensive to maintain.
The Brumback Library in Van Wert, Ohio, claims to be the first county library in US.

Melvil Dewey instituted a traveling library system for upstate New York in 1892. The idea spread rapidly in the North. By 1898 there were over a hundred traveling libraries in Wisconsin alone, 534 in New York.

National Planning for Public Libraries after World War II

In 1943 Librarian of Congress, Archibald MacLeish appointed  Carleton B. Joeckel to chair a committee on  Post-War Standards for Public Libraries.  In 1944 Joeckel organized a Library Institute at the University of Chicago Graduate Library School. Papers prepared at this Institute addressed: (1) library service organization at the local level; (2) role of the state, and (3) state and federal aid to libraries.<ref>Joeckel, C.B. ed. (1946). Library Extension, Problems and Solutions."Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</ref> Joeckel with Amy Winslow developed the National Plan for Public Library Service which  provided a framework for library development after World War II.
Once the idea of the public library as an agency worthy of taxation was broadly established during the 19th and early 20th centuries, librarians through actions of the American Library Association and its division devoted to public libraries, the Public Library Association, sought ways to identify standards and guidelines to ensure quality service. Legislation including the Library Services Act (1956) and the Library Services and Construction Act (1964) ensured that unserved areas and unserved groups would have access to library services. The 1991 White House Conference on Library and Information Services (WHCLIS) was analyzed from a public policy view for the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science to identify the public's uses and needs for library and information services. In 1996 the Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) was enacted with an emphasis on technology infrastructure. The public library's role in supporting social equity has been reviewed by Lily Rose Kosmicki.

 Public Library Service Responses

In 2007, the Public Library Association outlined the following eighteen public library service responses. These service responses are not comprehensive, but rather demonstrate the kinds of services public libraries most commonly provide:
 Be an Informed Citizen: Local, National, and World Affairs
 Build Successful Enterprises: Business and Nonprofit Support
 Celebrate Diversity: Cultural Awareness
 Connect to the Online World: Public Internet Access
 Create Young Readers: Early Literacy
 Discover Your Roots: Genealogy and Local History
 Express Creativity: Create and Share Content
 Get Facts Fast: Ready Reference
 Know Your Community: Community Resources and Services
 Learn to Read and Write: Adults, Teens, and Family Literature
 Make Career Choices: Job and Career Development
 Make Informed Decisions: Health, Wealth, and Other Life Choices
 Satisfy Curiosity: Lifelong Learning
 Stimulate Imagination: Reading, Viewing, and Listening for Pleasure
 Succeed in School: Homework Help
 Understand How to Find, Evaluate, and Use Information: Information Fluency
 Visit a Comfortable Place: Physical and Virtual Spaces
 Welcome to the United States: Services for New Immigrants

Canada

In 1779 Governor Frederick Haldimand founded the first subscription library in Québec City, Canada. Canada's small libraries were mostly held by rich families or religious institutions, and the general public was not admitted. "Haldimand's library, like other subscription libraries, appealed primarily to an urban elite", Haldimand's library later merged with the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec (established in 1824), which displays the original Québec Library collection within its library. This and similar association/social libraries were examples of early prototypes of public libraries. They were public in that membership was allowed regardless of class or religion, and many in Canada eventually evolved into free public libraries.

"Subsequently legislative collections were established in 1791 in Upper and in 1792 in Lower Canada; and in 1796 the first public library was founded in Montreal. In 1800, libraries were established in King's College, Nova Scotia, and at Niagara-on-the-Lake, where the first public library in Upper Canada operated for twenty years, in spite of losses during the War of 1812.".

In Saint John, New Brunswick, in 1883, following the efforts of Colonel James Domville in procuring a collection of materials to replace the many private collections lost in the Great Fire of Saint John, New Brunswick, the first free, tax-supported public library was established. Guelph, Ontario, and Toronto, Ontario, opened public libraries that same year as well. Due to Canada's size and diversity, the development of the modern Canadian public library was more of a slow evolution than a quick transition as each of the provinces' specific conditions (geographic, economic, cultural, demographic, etc.) had first to be addressed. The public library therefore took on many forms in Canada's earlier years; the three most prevalent of these forms were school-district libraries, Mechanics Institutes, and association/social libraries (see reference to Literary and Historical Society of Quebec above).

In 1850, school-district libraries were initiated in Canada. Public servant Joseph Howe started one in Nova Scotia, and politician Egerton Ryerson started one in Ontario. New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island followed suit in 1858 and 1877, respectively. The hope was that both children and adults could benefit from the local school authorities, where financial assistance was provided from colonial legislatures, but the departments of education proved to be too centralizing for locals and this practiced was phased out. Mechanics Institutes also contained libraries that the working class could access inexpensively. The first Canadian library of its kind was established in 1828 in Montréal, Québec. Other communities took up this idea as well – notably those in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Hamilton, Ontario, Toronto, Ontario and Victoria, British Columbia. Like the school-district libraries, these institutes eventually ceased or were replaced by public libraries.

The public library that opened in Toronto, Ontario, was mostly due to a campaign by city alderman John Hallam. James Bain became the first chief librarian, and built a comprehensive collection of Canadian literature and history. The Toronto Public Library was one of the first libraries to choose free status, and it was the largest of them all. Its development flourished after 1900 when Carnegie grants began to aid in building construction and the expansion of collections and services. During this time, open access and children's departments were introduced, and standard cataloguing and classification systems were adopted. Many of the original branches, funded by a Carnegie grant, still stand and continue to be operated by the Toronto Public Library. Other provinces were affected by Carnegie as well and followed Ontario's lead in legislating tax support for library services. British Columbia acted in 1891, Manitoba in 1899, Saskatchewan in 1906, and in Alberta, the first legislation officially passed by the legislative assembly was the Library Act. The act was passed March 15, 1907. The next provinces to follow were New Brunswick in 1929, Newfoundland in 1935, Prince Edward Island in 1936, Nova Scotia in 1937, Québec in 1959, and then the Northwest Territories in 1966.

Public libraries in Canada are "governed by provincial statutes and are primarily financed by municipal tax revenues and other local income, with provincial grants supplementing local funding. [They are also] the responsibility of a local or regional library board with authority to appoint or dismiss employees, control library property, establish policies, and budget for library operations."
Though the services offered vary from local branch to local branch, public libraries in Canada are not only places to read and borrow books; they are also hubs of community services, such as early reading programs, computer access, and tutoring and literacy help for children and adults.

Throughout the years, Canadian libraries have been subject to the political and economic influence of the nation. During World War II, public libraries experienced development setbacks, but expansion resumed in 1945. Then, in the 1960s, Canadian public libraries felt the benefits of the era's emphasis on education – service expanded, buildings were remodeled or constructed from scratch, and Centennial grants were provided in order to improve the system. This period of growth ended in due to the inflationary period in the 1970s and the two recessions during the 1980s. However, in the late 1990s this trend reversed and the National Core Library Statistics Program reported in 1999 that public libraries served 28.5 million municipal residents – a total of 93% of the Canadian population. Nevertheless, in 2011 the tides turned for public libraries in Canada once again, specifically in Toronto. The city is now undergoing a heated debate regarding Mayor Rob Ford's proposed budget cuts for the Toronto Public Library, which is currently one of the most efficient public library systems in all of North America.

Mexico

The Biblioteca Palafoxiana in Puebla, Mexico, is the oldest public library in the Western Hemisphere, as well as one of the most beautiful. In 1640, the Bishop of Puebla, Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, donated 5,000 books from his private collection to the seminary of the Colegio de San Juan with the condition that the books be available to anyone who could read, and not just academics, thus creating the first public library in North America.  In 2005, UNESCO added it to the Memory of the World Programme list.

The Biblioteca Nacional de México on the main campus of the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City was established in 1833. As a national library it is the preeminent bibliographic repository of Mexico. It also attempts to acquire all foreign books published about Mexico. Its collection of 1,250,000 documents, including books, maps and recordings makes it one of the largest libraries in Mexico and Latin America.

See also
 Public libraries for Britain and the rest of the world

References

Further reading
Dawson, Robert. (2014). The Public Library: A Photographic Essay. New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press.
 McCook, Kathleen de la Peña and Jenny Bossaller. Introduction to Public Librarianship,  (3rd ed. ALA-Neal-Schuman, 2018)

United States
 Bobinski, George S. Carnegie Libraries: their history and impact on American public library development. (American Library Association 1969)
 Bryan, Alice Isabel. The Public Librarian: a report of the public library inquiry (Columbia University Press, 1952)
 Carrier, Esther Jane. Fiction in public libraries, 1876–1900 (Scarecrow Press, 1965)
 Ditzion, Sydney. Arsenals of a Democratic Culture: A Social History of the American Public Library Movement in New England and the Middle Atlantic States from 1850 to 1900 (Chicago: American Library Association 1947)
 Garrison, Dee. Apostles of Culture: the public librarian and American society, 1876–1920. Free Press (1979)
Gisolfi, Peter A. 2019. “Trends in Public Library Design from the 19th to the 21st Centuries.” Public Library Quarterly 38 (3): 290–308
 Glynn, Tom, Reading Publics: New York City's Public Libraries, 1754-1911 (Fordham University Press, 2015). xii, 447 pp.
Joeckel, C.B. & Winslow, A. (1948). A National Plan for Public Library Service. Chicago: American Library Association: p. 160.
 Jones, Theodore. Carnegie Libraries Across America: A Public Legacy (1997)
Kranich, Nancy. “Libraries and Democracy Revisited.” Library Quarterly 90, no. 2 (April 2020): 121–53.
Latham, Joyce M. 2011 "Memorial Day to Memorial Library: The South Chicago Branch Library as Cultural Terrain, 1937-1947." Libraries & the Cultural Record 46, no. 3: 321-342.
Luyt, Brian. 2007. “The ALA, Public Libraries and the Great Depression.” Library History 23 (2): 85–96.
 Martin, Lowell A. Enrichment: A History of the Public Library in the United States in the Twentieth Century (2003)
 Martin, Lowell Arthur, et al. Library response to urban change: a study of the Chicago Public Library (Chicago: American Library Association, 1969)
 McMullen, Haynes. American Libraries before 1876 (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000)
 Mickelson, Peter. "American Society and the Public Library in the Thought of Andrew Carnegie." Journal of Library History (1975) 10#2 pp 117–138.
 Rose, Ernestine. The public library in American life (Columbia University Press, 1954)
 Shera, Jesse Hauk. Foundations of the public library;: The origins of the public library movement in New England, 1629–1885 (1965)
 Spencer, Gwladys. The Chicago public library: origins and backgrounds (Gregg Press, 1972)
 Watson, Paula D. "Founding mothers: The contribution of women's organizations to public library development in the United States." Library Quarterly (1994): 233-269. in JSTOR
 Whitehill, Walter Muir. Boston Public Library: A Centennial History (Harvard University Press, 1956)
 Wiegand, Wayne A. Main Street Public Library: Community Places and Reading Spaces in the Rural Heartland, 1876–1956 (University of Iowa Press, 2011)
 Wiegand, Wayne A. A Part of Our Lives: A History of the American Public Library (Oxford University press, 2015).
 Williamson, William Landram. William Frederick Poole and the Modern Library Movement (Columbia University Press, 1963)
 Willis, Catherine J. Boston Public Library (Arcadia Publishing, 2011)

Historiography
 Davis, Donald G. Jr and Tucker, John Mark. American Library History: a comprehensive guide to the literature. (ABC-CLIO, 1989)
 Harris, Michael H. and Davis, Donald G. Jr. American Library History: a bibliography. Austin: University of Texas (1978).
 Harris, Michael H. "Library history: a critical essay on the in-print literature." Journal of Library History (1967): 117-125. in jSTOR
 Wiegand, Wayne A. "American Library History Literature, 1947–1997: Theoretical Perspectives?." Libraries & Culture (2000): 4-34. in JSTOR

Canada
 Bruce, Lorne. Free books for all: The public library movement in Ontario, 1850–1930 (Toronto: Dundurn, 1994) excerpt
 Bruce, Lorne. Places to Grow: Public Libraries and Communities in Ontario, 1930-2000 (Guelph, 2011) excerpt
 Bruce, Lorne. "Professionalization, Gender, and Librarianship in Ontario, 1920-75." Library & Information History 28.2 (2012): 117-134.
 Harrison, Tanja. "The Courage to Connect: Mary Kinley Ingraham and the Development of Libraries in the Maritimes." Library & Information History 28.2 (2012): 75-102.
 Kerr, Don. A Book in Every Hand: Public Libraries in Saskatchewan (Regina: Coteau Books, 2005)
 McKechnie, Lynne. "Patricia Spereman and the beginning of Canadian public library work with children." Libraries & culture (1999): 135-150. online
 Mifflin, Jessie. The Development of Public Library Services in Newfoundland, 1934-1972 (Halifax: Dalhousie University Libraries and School of Library Service, 1978)
 Obee, David. The Library Book: A History of Service to British Columbia (Vancouver: British Columbia Library Association, 2011)
 Ridington, John, et al. Libraries in Canada: A study of library conditions and needs (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1933)
 Séguin, François. D’obscurantisme et de lumières: la bibliothèque publique au Québec des origines au 21e siècle'' (Montréal: Éditions Hurtubise, 2016)

External links

Security Issues in Ohio Public Libraries
"Go Ahead, Name Them: America's Best Public Libraries" from the American Library Association
Hennen's American Public Library Ratings
Public libraries in the United States of America; their history, condition, and management. Special report, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education (1876) at Internet Archive,
Public library statistics from the U.S. National Center for Education Statistics

Education in North America

Libraries in Mexico


title: Obrium peculiare

text:
Obrium peculiare is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2011.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 2011


title: Obrium peninsulare

text:
Obrium peninsulare is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Schaeffer in 1908.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1908


title: Obrium planicolle

text:
Obrium planicolle is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hovore and Chemsak in 1980.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1980


title: Charles Joseph Mathieu Lambrechts

text:
Charles Joseph Mathieu Lambrechts (20 November 1753 – 4 August 1825) was a Belgian-born lawyer, rector magnificus of the University of Louvain, who became Minister of Justice of the French Republic, during the Directoire. Later he was a deputy from 1819 to 1824.

Early years

Charles Joseph Mathieu Lambrechts was born in Sint-Truiden, Belgium, on 20 November 1753.
His father was Gilles de Lambrechts, a colonel in the army of the States General of the Netherlands.
He studied civil and canon law at Leuven.
He graduated in 1774, became a professor in 1777 and a doctor in 1782.
He was elected rector of the university in 1786.

In the year 1778 he was initiated to the Lodge  The True and Perfect Harmony  of Mons.

In 1788 the Emperor Joseph II charged Lambrechts with visiting the universities of Germany.
The goal was for him to study legal education in Germany with the promise that when he returned he would be given the chair of public law and international law in Leuven.
The Brabant Revolution (January 1789 – December 1790) upset this plan.
Lambrechts sided with the emperor, left Belgium, and only returned after the restoration of imperial authority.
In 1793 he established himself in Brussels to practice as an attorney.

French Revolution

Lambrechts declared himself a supporter of the Revolution after the French entered Belgium.
He became a municipal officer in Brussels, a member of the central government, then President of the central administration of the Department of Dyle.
In 1797, the French Directory appointed him to replace Merlin de Douai at the Ministry of Justice.
He held this position from 3 Vendémiaire VI (24 Septembre 1797) to 3 Messidor VIII (22 June 1800).
He was a candidate to become a Director when Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès was chosen in place of Jean-François Rewbell.
In January 1798 Lambrechts defined the principles that would be followed in the territories occupied by the French armies, writing that servitude was accompanied by ignorance, and freedom could only come when the people were enlightened. They must therefore learn French in school so they could become virtuous citizens.

After the coup of 18 Brumaire VIII (9 November 1799) when the French Consulate came to power Lambrechts was made a member of the Sénat conservateur.
He was appointed to the Senate on 3 Nivôse VIII (24 December 1799).

Empire

Lambrechts spoke out against Napoleon Bonaparte's accumulation of power, and was one of three senators who voted against establishment of the empire.
Despite this, he was appointed a member of the Legion of Honour on 9 Vendémiaire XII (2 October 1803) and was created Count of the Empire on 13 May 1808.
In 1814 Lambrechts was at the head of the minority, and wrote the preamble to the act of deposition of Napoleon.
He was a member of the commission to prepare a new constitution.
However, King Louis XVIII of France refused to sanction it.
Lambrechts refused to give his oath to the emperor during the Hundred Days.
He retired to private life during the Hundred Days, and did not return to politics until 1819, after the second Bourbon Restoration.

Bourbon Restoration

On 11 September 1819 Lambrechts was elected to the chamber of deputies for two departments.
His health prevented him from appearing except on rare occasions.
Lambrechts died on 4 August 1825. He left part of his fortune to various charitable institutions.

Works

Lambrechts' surviving published works include:

Rapport sur les peines à infliger dans l'armée navale, et dans les ports et arsenaux fait au nom du Comité de la marine Séance du 16 août 1790
Le ministre de la justice aux tribunaux civils, criminels et correctionnels, aux commissaires du Directoire exécutif établis près de ces tribunaux.
Observations d'un citoyen du département des Deux-Nèthes sur les opérations des deux fractions de l'Assemblée électorale du même département 1799|Hacquart

References
Notes

Citations

Sources

1753 births
1825 deaths
People from Sint-Truiden
Members of the Sénat conservateur
French Ministers of Justice


title: Obrium quadrifasciatum

text:
Obrium quadrifasciatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Zajciw in 1965.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1965


title: Obrium rubidum

text:
Obrium rubidum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1850.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1850
Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte


title: Obrium rufulum

text:
Obrium rufulum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gahan in 1908.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1908


title: Obrium semidiffusum

text:
Obrium semidiffusum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Joly in 2010.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 2010


title: Obrium trifasciatum

text:
Obrium trifasciatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bosq in 1951.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1951


title: Obrium vicinum

text:
Obrium vicinum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1909.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1909


title: Negobot

text:
Negobot also referred to as Lolita or Lolita chatbot is a chatterbot that was introduced to the public in 2013, designed by researchers from the University of Deusto and Optenet to catch online pedophiles. It is a conversational agent that utilizes natural language processing (NLP), information retrieval (IR) and Automatic Learning.  Because the bot poses as a young female in order to entice and track potential predators, it became known in media as the "virtual Lolita", in reference to Vladimir Nabokov's novel.

Background

In 2013, the University of Deusto researchers published a paper on their work with Negobot and disclosed the text online. In their abstract, the researchers addressed the issue that an increasing number of children are using the internet and that these young users are more susceptible to existing internet risks. Their main objective was to create a chatterbot with the ability to trap online predators that posed a threat to children. They intended to deploy the bot into sites frequented by predators such as social networks and chatrooms. The university researchers used information provided by anti-pedophilia activist organization Perverted-Justice, including examples of online encounters and conversations with sexual predators, to supplement the program's artificial intelligence system.

Features

Programmed persona

The chatterbot takes the guise of a naive and vulnerable 14-year-old girl. The bot's programmers used methods of artificial intelligence and natural language processing to create a conversational agent fluent in typical teenage slang, misspellings, and knowledge of pop culture. Through these linguistic features, the bot is able to mimic the conversational style of young teenagers. It also features split personalities and seven different patterns of conversation. Negobot's primary creator, Dr. Carlos Laorden, expressed the significance of the bot's distinguishable style of communication, stating that normally, "chatbots tend to be very predictable. Their behavior and interest in a conversation are flat, which is a problem when attempting to detect untrustworthy targets like paedophiles." What makes Negobot different is its game theory feature, which makes it able to "maintain a much more realistic conversation." Apart from being able to imitate a stereotypical teenager, the program is also able to translate messages into different languages.

Game theory

Negobot's designers programmed it with the ability to treat conversations with potential predators as if it were a game, the objective being to collect as much information on the suspect as possible that could provide evidence of pedophilic characteristics and motives. The use of game theory shapes the decisions the bot makes and the overall direction of the conversation.

The bot initiates its undercover operations by entering a chat as a passive participant, waiting to be chatted by a user. Once a user elicits conversation, the bot will frame the conversation in such a way that keeps the target engaged, extracting personal information and discouraging it from leaving the chat. The information is then recorded to be potentially sent to the police. If the target seems to lose interest, the bot attempts to make it feel guilty by expressing sentiments of loneliness and emotional need through strategic, formulated responses, ultimately prolonging interaction. In addition, the bot may provide fake information about itself in attempt to lure the target into physical meetings.

Limitations

Despite being able to carry out a realistic conversation, Negobot is still unable to detect linguistic subtleties in the messages of others, including sarcasm.

Controversy

John Carr, a specialist in online child safety, expressed his concern to BBC over the legality of this undercover investigation. He claimed that using the bot on unsuspecting internet users could be considered a form of entrapment or harassment. The type of information that Negobot collects from potential online predators, he said, is unlikely to be upheld in court. Furthermore, he warned that relying on only software without any real-world policing risks enticing individuals to do or say things that they would not have if real-world policing were a factor.

See also
 Sweetie (internet avatar)
 Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre
 Internet Safety Act
 Creep Catcher

References

Chatbots
Anti-pedophile activism
Anti–child pornography organizations
Internet vigilantism


title: Sheila Lambert

text:
Sheila Monique Lambert (born July 21, 1980) is a retired basketball players who played in the WNBA. Born in Seattle, Washington, she was the seventh pick in the 2002 WNBA draft. She was a member of the WNBA Championship Detroit Shock in 2003.

Baylor statistics
Source

Personal life
Lambert majored in telecommunications at Baylor University. Prior to this she played for the Grayson College Lady Vikings under Bill Brock. She was an all American there. Brock then moved to Baylor as Assistant Coach.

Season Statistics

Awards and honors
 2002—Frances Pomeroy Naismith Award

Vital statistics
Position: Guard
Height: 5 ft 7 in
College: Baylor University
Team(s): Houston Comets, Detroit Shock, Charlotte Sting

References

1980 births
Living people
All-American college women's basketball players
American women's basketball players
Baylor Bears women's basketball players
Charlotte Sting players
Detroit Shock players
Houston Comets players
Junior college women's basketball players in the United States
Basketball players from Seattle


title: Obrium xanthum

text:
Obrium xanthum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hovore and Chemsak in 1980.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1980


title: Obrium

text:
Obrium is a genus of longhorn beetles in the tribe Obriini, erected by Dejean in 1821.

Species
The following are included in BioLib.cz:<ref name=Biolib>BioLib.cz: Obrium''' Dejean, 1821 (retrieved 4 December 2021)</ref>

 Obrium aegrotum Holzschuh, 1982
 Obrium akikoae Niisato, 1998
 Obrium albifasciatum Bates, 1872
 Obrium angulosum Bates, 1885
 Obrium arciferum Bates, 1885
 Obrium asperatum Joly, 2010
 Obrium balteatum Hovore & Chemsak, 1980
 Obrium bartolozzii Adlbauer, 2002
 Obrium batesi Hovore & Chemsak, 1980
 Obrium beckeri Knull, 1962
 Obrium bifasciatum Martins & Galileo, 2004
 Obrium brevicorne Plavilstshikov, 1940
 Obrium brunneum (Fabricius, 1793)
 Obrium californicum Van Dyke, 1920
 Obrium cantharinum (Linnaeus, 1767)
 Obrium castaneomarginatum Hayashi, 1977
 Obrium cephalotes Pic, 1923
 Obrium cicatricosum Gounelle, 1909
 Obrium circumcinctum Aurivillius, 1910
 Obrium circunflexum Martins & Galileo, 2003
 Obrium clavijoi Joly, 2010
 Obrium clerulum Bates, 1885
 Obrium complanatum Gressitt, 1942
 Obrium constricticolle Schaeffer, 1908
 Obrium consulare Holzschuh, 2008
 Obrium coomani Pic, 1927
 Obrium cordicolle Bates, 1870
 Obrium costaricum Hovore & Chemsak, 1980
 Obrium cribripenne Bates, 1885
 Obrium cruciferum Bates, 1885
 †Obrium damgaardi Vitali, 2015
 Obrium dimidiatum Hovore & Chemsak, 1980
 Obrium discoideum (LeConte, 1873)
 Obrium dominicum Linsley, 1957
 Obrium elongatum Niisato, 1998
 Obrium facetum Holzschuh, 1989
 Obrium filicorne Holzschuh, 2008
 Obrium formosanum Schwarzer, 1925
 Obrium fractum Holzschuh, 2003
 Obrium fumigatum Holzschuh, 1995
 Obrium fuscoapicale Hayashi, 1974
 Obrium giesberti Hovore & Chemsak, 1980
 Obrium glabrum Knull, 1937
 Obrium hainanum Niisato & Hua, 1998
 Obrium hattai Ohbayashi & Ohbayashi, 1965
 Obrium helvolum Holzschuh, 2008
 Obrium huae Niisato, 1998
 Obrium invenustum Holzschuh, 2008
 Obrium kusamai Takakuwa, 1984
 Obrium latecinctum Joly, 2010
 Obrium longicolle Jordan, 1894
 Obrium maculatum (Olivier, 1795)
 Obrium madidum Holzschuh, 2011
 Obrium mendosum Holzschuh, 2010
 Obrium miranda Niisato, 2009
 Obrium mozinnae Linell, 1897
 Obrium multifarium Berg, 1889
 Obrium nakanei Ohbayashi, 1959
 Obrium obliquum Martins & Galileo, 2003
 Obrium obscuripenne Pic, 1904
 Obrium oculatum Niisato & Hua, 1998
 Obrium pallidisignatum Hayashi, 1977
 Obrium peculiare Martins & Galileo, 2011
 Obrium peninsulare Schaeffer, 1908
 Obrium piperitum Bates, 1885
 Obrium planicolle Hovore & Chemsak, 1980
 Obrium posticum Gahan, 1894
 Obrium prosperum Holzschuh, 2008
 Obrium quadrifasciatum Zajciw, 1965
 Obrium randiae Gardner, 1926
 Obrium rubidum LeConte, 1850
 Obrium rudebecki Tippmann, 1959
 Obrium ruficolle Bates, 1885
 Obrium rufograndum Gressitt, 1937
 Obrium rufulum Gahan, 1908
 Obrium schwarzeri Hayashi, 1974
 Obrium semidiffusum Joly, 2010
 Obrium semiformosanum (Hayashi, 1974)
 Obrium takahashii Kusama & Takakuwa, 1984
 Obrium tavakiliani Adlbauer, 2003
 Obrium trifasciatum Bosq, 1951
 Obrium unicolor Gardner, 1936
 Obrium vicinum Gounelle, 1909
 Obrium xanthum'' Hovore & Chemsak, 1980

References

External links

Obriini


title: 24 Hours (TeeFlii song)

text:
"24 Hours" is the debut song by American singer TeeFlii. The song was released on May 12, 2014, by Excuse My Liquor and Epic Records as the lead single from his debut album Starr. It was produced by frequent collaborator DJ Mustard and features American rapper 2 Chainz.

Remix
The song's official remix features new guest appearances by Ty Dolla Sign and Bobby Shmurda. Chris Brown and Trey Songz created their own remix to the song.

Music video
A music video for the track was released on May 29, 2014. It was directed by Colin Tilley.

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2014 singles
2014 songs
2 Chainz songs
Epic Records singles
Song recordings produced by Mustard (record producer)
Songs written by Mustard (record producer)
Songs written by 2 Chainz
Songs written by Rico Love


title: Aponoeme amazonica

text:
Aponoeme amazonica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by U. R. Martins in 1985. It is known from the state of Amazonas, Brazil.

References

Oemini
Beetles of South America
Insects of Brazil
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Beetles described in 1985


title: Aponoeme castanea

text:
Aponoeme castanea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 1998.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1998


title: Argentinoeme pseudobscura

text:
Argentinoeme pseudobscura is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Di Iorio in 1995.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1995


title: Avedøre Airfield

text:
Avedøre Airfield (Danish: Avedøre Flyveplads), located in Hvidovre Municipality, west of central Copenhagen, is the oldest operational airfield in Denmark. It is situated at the intersection of Gammel Køge Landevej with the Ring 3 motorway. It is now known s Aeronautisk Aktivitetscenter Avedøre (AAA) and used as a centre for vintage aircraft. The oldest buildings at the site are two wooden hangars that date from its establishment in 1917.

History
Avedøre Air Base was built for the Royal Danish Army's air squad in 1917. It originally covered an area of 500 by 500 metres and included runways and three hangars. One of the hangars was demolished in connection with an expansion of Gammel Køge Landevej in the 1930s.

Twelve Avro 504 aircraft were stationed at the air base but flying was limited due to shortage of fuel and spare parts during World War I. Shortly after the war,  Det Danske Luftfartsselskab (later Scandinavian Airlines) used the airfield for its first civilian test flights. The Royal Danish Navy's air squad briefly operated out of Avedøre in 1921–23 before moving its activities to Kastrup. The premises were then taken over by the 6th Artillery Unit. The hangars were used for storage and the runways as a training ground. Værløse Air Base was inaugurated in 1934, shortly after the foundation of the Royal Danish Air Force.

Avedøre Airfield was taken over by the occupying German Forces during World War II. The site was used for testing of bomber engines after repairs at A/S Nordwerk, a collaborationist company based in Copenhagen. The managing director of A/S Nordwerk was shot in 1945 a few kilometres from the airfield.

After the war, the site was used as a storage facility by the Avedørelejren military installation and Hvidovre Municipality. There were plans to redevelop the site in the 1980s but it was instead decided to use it for recreational purposes.

Avedøre Airfield was put up for sale by the government-owned property company Freja Ejendomme in December 2017.

Buildings

The two red painted hangars from 1917 were listed in 1976. They were constructed in timber so that they could easily be burned down in the event of war. The site also features an engine testing facility from 1943. Almost a hundred metres long, it consists of a row of 10 interconnected testing halls. A vintage aircraft from 1958 has been installed on the top of a column in front of the buildings.

Activities
The airfield is today used by various clubs associated with aircraft and aircraft history, collectively known as Aeronautisk Aktivitetscenter Avedøre (AAA). The hangars are used for restoration of vintage aircraft. The current runway opened in 2004. Avedøre Airfield also hosts an annual air show. The clubs arrange tours of the airfield.

See also
 Kløvermarken
 Værløse Air Base
 Hangar H

References

External links

 Aeronautisk Aktivitetscenter Avedøre

Hvidovre Municipality
1917 establishments in Denmark


title: Argentinoeme schulzi

text:
Argentinoeme schulzi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bruch in 1911.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1911


title: Gastrodia javanica

text:
Gastrodia javanica, or Javanese chijian (Japanese: 爪哇赤箭), is an epiparasitic species of orchid native to Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.  The species normally grows to a height of 20 to 80 centimeters, and has pale yellow or green-yellow flowers.

References

Parasitic plants
Orchids of Indonesia
Orchids of Malaysia
Orchids of Thailand
Orchids of the Philippines
Plants described in 1840
Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Blume
javanica


title: Atenizus capixaba

text:
Atenizus capixaba is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1981.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1981


title: Atenizus castaneus

text:
Atenizus castaneus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1981.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1981


title: Atenizus hylaeanus

text:
Atenizus hylaeanus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1981.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1981


title: Godfrey Carter

text:
Godfrey Downes Carter (1830 – 29 April 1902) was an Australian businessman, politician and mayor of Melbourne from 1884 to 1885.

Born in Jamaica the son of a slaveholder, Carter was educated in England, and migrated to Australia in 1853.  He would ultimately benefit from the compensation his father received from the British government for 22 slaves upon the abolition of slavery. Following his term as mayor, Carter represented the Electoral district of West Melbourne in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1885 to 1889. Carter died in South Yarra, Victoria on 29 April 1902.

References

1830 births
1902 deaths
English emigrants to colonial Australia
Mayors and Lord Mayors of Melbourne
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Treasurers of Victoria
Emigrants from British Jamaica
19th-century Australian politicians


title: Atenizus laticeps

text:
Atenizus laticeps is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1867.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1867


title: Atenizus plaumanni

text:
Atenizus plaumanni is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Tippmann in 1960.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1960


title: Atenizus simplex

text:
Atenizus simplex is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1884.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1884


title: Atenizus taunayi

text:
Atenizus taunayi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1920.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1920


title: Austroeme femorata

text:
Austroeme femorata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1997.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1997


title: Austroeme gentilis

text:
Austroeme gentilis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1909.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1909


title: Austroeme modesta

text:
Austroeme modesta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1909.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1909


title: Haplidoeme punctata

text:
Haplidoeme punctata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Linsley in 1971.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1971


title: Haplidoeme schlingeri

text:
Haplidoeme schlingeri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Linsley in 1965.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1965


title: Kalore asanga

text:
Kalore asanga is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2006.

References

Xystrocerini
Beetles described in 2006


title: Kalore minima

text:
Kalore minima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2011.

References

Xystrocerini
Beetles described in 2011


title: Macroeme condyla

text:
Macroeme condyla is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1971.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1971


title: Macroeme cylindrica

text:
Macroeme cylindrica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomson in 1857.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1857


title: Macroeme plana

text:
Macroeme plana is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Perty in 1832.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1832


title: Macroeme priapica

text:
Macroeme priapica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomson in 1857.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1857


title: United States Air Force Plant 6

text:
Air Force Plant 6, known during World War II as the Bell Bomber Plant, is a government-owned, contractor-operated  aerospace facility at Dobbins Air Reserve Base in Marietta, Georgia, currently owned by the United States Air Force and operated by Lockheed Martin Aeronautics. The plant, originally occupied by Bell Aircraft, began operation in April 1943 and was intended specifically to produce B-29 Superfortresses under license from Boeing. During the course of the War, the factory produced 668 B-29s for the United States Army Air Forces, and at its peak had a work force of approximately 28,000. After the War the factory was mothballed, but with the United States's entrance into the Korean War, in January 1951 the plant was turned over to Lockheed who began refurbishing B-29s. The plant remains in use today by Lockheed.

History
Two weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Bell Aircraft of Buffalo, New York was selected to produce B-29 Superfortresses under license from Boeing. Bell had been founded in 1935 by Lawrence D. Bell, and at the time of the United States's entrance into the War, had a workforce of around 1,000. As the nation prepared to expand its military production, the Roosevelt Administration believed that it was important to situate aircraft plants inland, away from vulnerable coastal positions. Atlanta had a pre-existing airport – Candler Field – and extensive railroad network, and thus seemed a logical choice for a new factory. In September 1940 Roosevelt had appointed Marietta native Lucius D. Clay head of a large airport construction programme, which included Marietta's Rickenbacker Field. After Bell was given the B-29 contract, Clay, along with Cobb County officials lobbied the Government to award the new plant to Marietta over other Atlanta suburbs. On 19 February 1942 the Government announced that Marietta would be the site of the new factory. That same day the Government announced it was taking control of Rickenbacker Field, which it would rename Marietta Army Airfield

Construction of the plant began on 30 March 1942. Located at the northwest corner of airstrip, the complex consisted of four main buildings:

 B-1 – main assembly
 B-2 – administration
 B-3 – hangar (armament assembly)
 B-4 – hangar (radio and radar assembly)

On 15 April 1943 the plant officially opened, and the first Bell B-29 was flown on 4 November 1943. During the War the plant had a succession of four general managers: Captain Harry E. Collins, Omer Woodson, Carl Cover, and James V. Carmichael. At its peak in February 1945 the plant employed over 28,000 workers. Roughly 37 percent of the workforce was female, and 8 percent African American. During the War the factory was racially segregated. On 28 November 1944 Bob Hope gave a performance at the plant. By the summer of 1945 Bell began to scale back production and by the fall only had a couple thousand employees. In 1946 the factory was fully closed, after having produced a total of 668 B-29s. After closing, building B-1 was used for storage, while building B-2 was occupied by the Veterans' Administration.

Two Marietta-built B-29s survive today: 44–84076, which is located at the Strategic Air Command and Aerospace Museum in Ashland, Nebraska, and 44–84053, which is located at the Museum of Aviation in Warner Robins, Georgia.

In January 1951 the Government turned the plant over to Lockheed for the purpose of refurbishing B-29 to go into service in the Korean War. During the 1950s Lockheed also produced 394 B-47 Stratojets at the plant. Today the site is used for the fabrication and assembly of large aircraft.   Plant 6 provides repair, retrofit and overhaul of F-22A, C-130 and other Air Force aircraft currently in the inventory, as well as providing technical support.

Bibliography

 Bell Aircraft Corporation Motion Picture Division. B-29s over Dixie.
 Bell Aircraft Georgia Division (Marietta) Collection, 1942-1945. Kennesaw State University Archives.
 Holland, Jeffrey L. Under One Roof: The Story of Air Force Plant 6. Dayton: Aernonautical Systems Center, 2006.
 Kirby, Kirby. The Bell Bomber Plant. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 2008.

See also

 Air Force Plant 42, Palmdale, California
 Air Force Plant 4, Fort Worth, Texas
 Dobbins Air Reserve Base

References

Plants of the United States Air Force
Lockheed Martin-associated military facilities


title: Macroeme similis

text:
Macroeme similis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2011.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 2011


title: Macroeme sobrina

text:
Macroeme sobrina is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1909.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1909


title: Macroeme vittipennis

text:
Macroeme vittipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1934.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1934


title: Malacopterus pavidus

text:
Malacopterus pavidus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Ernst Friedrich Germar in 1824.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1824


title: Malacopterus tenellus

text:
Malacopterus tenellus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1801.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1801


title: Perry M. Smith

text:
Perry McCoy Smith Jr. (born December 16, 1934, in West Point, N.Y.) is a retired United States Air Force major general. He is a teacher, author and TV and radio commentator. Smith was born at West Point into a military family and travelled extensively throughout his youth. His family was stationed in Hawaii when he was six years old. On the morning of December 7, 1941 he was riding in the back of an Army truck on his way to Sunday school. He watched as the attack on Pearl Harbor took place.

He lived in Italy following World War II, where his father served in the British-American military government of Italy. He attended twelve different schools in the U.S. and overseas and graduated in 1952 from Highland Falls High School in New York. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point (USMA) following high school. Smith played intercollegiate lacrosse and was named as a member of the second team All American lacrosse team. Smith graduated from West Point in 1956. Smith went on to earn his Ph.D. in international relations from Columbia University in 1967. He also graduated from the National War College in 1971.

Military career

Smith is a retired major general who served for 30 years in the United States Air Force. Much of his military career was spent as a pilot in fighter aircraft. Smith flew 180 combat missions over Laos and North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. He commanded the F-15 equipped 36th Tactical Fighter Wing, served as the top Air Force Planner and was commandant of the National War College from 1983 to 1986.

Post-military

Smith settled in Augusta, Georgia in 1990. Since then, he has been active in many community activities including raising funds for Saint Paul's Church, the Fisher House, the Kroc Center, the Boy Scouts, the Heritage Academy and the Augusta Museum of History.

From 1991 to 1998 he served as a military analyst for CNN. He resigned as analyst in protest over CNN's 1998 nerve gas special "Valley of Death" which claimed sarin nerve gas had been used by U.S. forces during Operation Tailwind.

After Smith's departure from CNN, he served on contract with NBC, MSNBC, CBS TV and CBS radio.

Smith was a board member of the Augusta Kiwanis Club, and a successful recruiter of new members.

Smith currently serves as president emeritus of the board of trustees for the Augusta Museum of History.

Smith was a frequent op-ed contributor to the Augusta Chronicle.

Smith is frequently an op-ed contributor to the Augusta Business Daily.

Personal life

Smith is the son of Perry McCoy Smith Sr. and Mary Emily (Porter) Smith. His father was a 1922 West Point graduate who retired from the Army in 1954 as a colonel.

Smith is married to Connor Cleckley Dyess. Dyess is the daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Jimmie Dyess. Jimmie Dyess, a United States Marine, was the only person to earn America's two highest awards for heroism, the Medal of Honor and the Carnegie Medal.

Smith and his wife have two children and four grandchildren.
A good deal of Smith's time is spent teaching and mentoring corporate executives, MBA scholars, government and military leaders, church groups and non-profit organizations. Topics Smith covers include leadership, ethics, strategic planning, heroism, innovation and dealing with the media. He was an enrichment speaker for Crystal Cruises for 20 years. Smith has lived all over the world including Thailand, Germany, France, Italy and Turkey. His travels have taken him to more than one hundred nations across the globe.

Awards and honors

In 1968, Smith's dissertation, Wartime Planning for Postwar Contingencies: The Army Air Force Example, 1943-1956, earned the Helen Dwight Reid award from the American Political Science Association.
In 2011, the General Perry Smith Parkway in Augusta, GA was dedicated in honor of Smith. The parkway will provide access to a new industrial park which will be in close proximity to the Augusta Regional Airport.

Smith was honored with a special section of the Augusta Museum of History (located in Augusta, GA) being named for him.

Smith was presented with the George Barrett Award in recognition of his leadership by the Augusta Kiwanis Club.

In 1992, Smith received an honorary Doctorate from Marietta College

The Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame inducted Smith in 2021.

Author

Smith has written seven books, including Assignment Pentagon, Rules and Tools for Leaders (last edition updated with co-author, Gen. Jeffrey Foley) and A Hero among Heroes: Jimmie Dyess and the 4th Marine Division. In June 2015 Smith released an updated version of his Dyess book entitled "Courage, Compassion, Marine: The Unique Story of Jimmie Dyess."

Smith assisted in the editing and marketing of the book, Medal of Honor, by Peter Collier. This best selling book profiles the remarkable life stories of living Medal of Honor recipients. The book originally included a 90-minute DVD narrated by Brian Williams. The 3rd edition of this book was published in October, 2011. It contains the life stories of recipients from World War II to the War on Terror. In 2021 he self-published his memoir, Listen Up: Stories from Pearl Harbor, Vietnam, the Pentagon, CNN and Beyond.

References

External links
Perry M. Smith blog
Augusta Chronicle stories by Major General Perry Smith
Books by Perry M. Smith

1934 births
Living people
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Air Force officers
School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
National War College alumni
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force generals
National War College faculty
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
CNN people
American male writers


title: Martinsia cordigera

text:
Martinsia cordigera is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Touroult, Dalens and Tavakilian in 2010.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 2010


title: Martinsia scabrosa

text:
Martinsia scabrosa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Linsley in 1967.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1967


title: Mimoeme lycoides

text:
Mimoeme lycoides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Linsley in 1967.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1967


title: Mimoeme pseudamerica

text:
Mimoeme pseudamerica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Touroult, Dalens and Tavakilian in 2010.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 2010


title: Necydalosaurus durantoni

text:
Necydalosaurus durantoni is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Touroult and Tavakilian in 2008.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 2008


title: Necydalosaurus ichneumonides

text:
Necydalosaurus ichneumonides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Touroult and Tavakilian in 2008.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 2008


title: Necydalosaurus mysticus

text:
Necydalosaurus mysticus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Tippmann in 1960.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1960


title: Wilhelm Ehmann

text:
Wilhelm Ehmann (5 December 1904 – 16 April 1989) was a German musicologist, editor, church musician and conductor. He founded the choir Westfälische Kantorei that toured internationally and made many recordings. He was a cofounder and director of the later Hochschule für Kirchenmusik Herford.

Career
Ehmann was born in Freistatt, the son of a dean at the Bethel Institution. After working as an elementary school teacher for a short time, he studied musicology at the universities of Freiburg and Leipzig, with Wilibald Gurlitt, among others. He was promoted to Ph.D. in Freiburg. He worked first as an assistant at the university and Gauchormeister of Baden. He joined the Nazi Party in 1937. From 1938, he was a private lecturer and editor of the magazine Deutsche Musikkultur. He also worked for the department of organ music at the Reichsjugendführung From 1940 to 1945, he was the head of the institute of musicology at the University of Innsbruck.

After World War II, he moved to  near Herford, where he was church musician of the village church. From 1948, he was Landeskirchenmusikwart (district head of church music) of the der Protestant Church of Westphalia and founded the Westfälische Landeskirchenmusikschule in Herford, which became the  in 1991. He was succeeded in 1976 by . He was also a lecturer for church music at the University of Münster.  He was on the boards of national and international institutions of church music, including the Arbeitskreis für Haus- und Jugendmusik from 1951, the Internationaler Arbeitskreis Musik from 1951, the Internationale Heinrich-Schütz-Gesellschaft from 1956, and Deutscher Musikrat from 1959. He died in Freiburg im Breisgau.

Choral and brass music
Ehmann focused on performing choral sacred music and pursued historically informed performance early, recording works by Dieterich Buxtehude, Heinrich Schütz and Johann Sebastian Bach, among others. He also conducted works by more recent composers such as Hugo Distler and Ernst Pepping. He founded the Westfälische Kantorei (Westphalian Chorale) which became known internationally. He published introductions to choral conducting, such as Die Chorführung in 1968. He also inspired historically informed performance for brass ensembles, leading to reproductions of historic instruments. He published tutorials for brass music such as Die Bläserfibel from 1951, and also music for brass such as Alte Spielmusik für Bläser. He toured in Europe, the Near East and Far East, Africa and the US. In 1957 he founded the first record label focused on sacred music, Cantate, together with Carl Merseburger. He taught choral conductors in master classes, especially in the US and St. Moritz, Switzerland. His textbooks on choral conducting were translated to English.

Awards
 Bundesverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse (9 July 1969)

References

Further reading
 Gerhard Mittring (ed.),  (ed.): Musik als Lobgesang. Festschrift für Wilhelm Ehmann (zum 60. Geburtstag am 5. Dezember 1964). Tonkunst Verlag Merseburger, Darmstadt 1964.
 Kurt Drexel: Musikwissenschaft und NS-Ideologie, dargestellt am Beispiel der Universität Innsbruck von 1938 bis 1945. Publikationsstelle der Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck 1994 (Veröffentlichungen der Universität Innsbruck, Vol. 202).
 Eckhard John: "Der Mythos vom Deutschen in der deutschen Musik. Die Freiburger Musikwissenschaft im NS-Staat", in: Musik in Baden-Württemberg. Jahrbuch 5 (1998), pp 57–84.
 Mit Posaune, Chor und Taktstock, Schriften des Landeskirchlichen Archivs, Band 5, Bielefeld 1999

External links

 Wilhelm Ehmann / Bach Cantatas & Other Vocal Works Bach Cantatas Website 2015

German male conductors (music)
1904 births
1989 deaths
Musicians from Lower Saxony
University of Freiburg alumni
Leipzig University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Münster
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century German musicologists
20th-century German conductors (music)
20th-century German male musicians


title: Neoeme annulicornis

text:
Neoeme annulicornis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Buquet in 1859.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1859


title: Neoeme bouvieri

text:
Neoeme bouvieri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1909.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1909


title: Neoeme hudepohli

text:
Neoeme hudepohli is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Monné in 1975.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1975


title: Neoeme opaca

text:
Neoeme opaca is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Zajciw in 1958.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1958


title: Neoeme pallida

text:
Neoeme pallida is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Buquet in 1859.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1859


title: Neoeme quinquelineata

text:
Neoeme quinquelineata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Zajciw in 1958.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1958


title: A. Dale "Bud" Mayo

text:
A. Dale “Bud” Mayo is an American business executive and digital cinema entrepreneur. He is the CEO business advisory firm A. Dale Mayo & Associates, Inc., and also served as chairman of New Vision Entertainment Group, LLC. and Chairman of the Board of Meta Media Tech LLC.  Earlier in his career, he was the founder of Digital Cinema Destinations Corp. and has served as chairman and chief executive officer since its inception in July 2010.

Mayo retired as a board chair of  B2B security company, Riskband/Whereable Technologies, and he has founded and operated several entertainment and tech companies over a more than entrepreneurial 40 years following stints at IBM and Wall Street.

Early life and education
Mayo is from Brooklyn and graduated from Stuyvesant High School and New York University.

Career
Mayo is best known as President and CEO of A. Dale Mayo & Associates, Inc. business advisory services, which he founded in 1969.

New Vision Cinemas. Co-founder and non executive chairman  April 2017-November, 2019

Carmike Cinemas: President, Alternative Programming 2014–2016 when Carmike was acquired by AMC.

Digiplex
Founder, chairman and CEO from 2010 to 2014. Merged into Carmike Cinemas in 2014. Digital Cinema Destinations Corp. is also known by its brand, Digiplex Destinations. The company was dedicated to transforming movie theaters into interactive entertainment centers and provide consumers with uniquely satisfying experiences, combining state-of-the-art digital technology with engaging, dynamic content including live sports events, concerts, conferences, operas, video games, auctions and fashion shows in addition to major motion pictures. Digiplex is also a founding partner in DigiNext, a unique, specialty content venture featuring curated content from film festivals around the world.

Digiplex operates 20 cinemas and 192 screens spanning the country from the Mid-Atlantic region to California. On May 15, 2014 an announcement was made that Carmike Cinemas intends to purchase 100% of Digiplex. The June 12, 2014 issue of Variety lauded the expansion of Digiplex's successful Alternative Programming into the expanded platform of the Carmike circuit.

Since the earliest stages of the exhibition industries transition from film to digital, Mayo has been an outspoken evangelizer about the benefits that Digital Cinema brings to operators and audiences alike. He has been a strong advocate of "Day-Part Programming", that would align the technological capabilities of Digital Cinema with the varying audiences that tend to visit theaters throughout the typical course of the year.

Cinedigm
Mayo was the founder, chairman, president and chief executive officer of Cinedigm, a pioneer in the digital cinema industry, from April 2000 until his retirement in June 2010.

During his tenure, Cinedigm completed an IPO in 2003 and financings in excess of $600 million. Cinedigm lead the way for the transition from film to digital, a revolutionary shift for the entire motion picture industry. Cinedigm continues to provide expanded content for moviegoers as well as enabling software and integration services for producers, distributors, and exhibitors.

Early career
From 1976 to 1993, Mayo was the founder, chief executive officer and sole shareholder of Clearview Leasing Corporation which completed more than $200 million in equipment lease transactions. He began his career with IBM as a computer salesman in 1965 and later co-founded more than a dozen computer services companies. During the 1970s, he served in various corporate finance positions on Wall Street.

In recognition of his contributions to the motion picture exhibition industry, Mayo was inducted into the film exhibition Hall of Fame at the industry's Show East conference in October 2010 and earned a Telly Award in 2009. He was recipient of the Ernst & Young’s 2006 Regional Entrepreneur of the Year Award and has the distinction of being nominated a second time for the 2014 Entrepreneur of the Year.
In 2017 he was inducted into the Box Office Hall of Fame. In 2018 he received the Paul Rogers Leadership Award from  the Geneva Convention. He has served on the board of advisors of the Motion Picture Pioneers/Will Rogers Foundation for more than 25 years.

Personal life
Mayo lives in Point Pleasant, New Jersey and Rancho Palos Verdes, California.

Live theater & civic activity
Mayo has had a decades-long involvement in the performing arts in New Jersey. He served as a board member and chairman of the John Harms Center, predecessor of Bergen PAC.  Since 1994, he has been instrumental in the development of the Community Theater of Morristown mayoarts.org serving as a board member and holding various positions including member of the Finance Committee, president/CEO and chairman. In recognition of his contributions, the Community Theater was renamed the Mayo Performing Arts Center  in 2011. aka MPAC. (www.mayoarts.org ).Mayo has also served as a trustee of the Ocean Medical Center Foundation.

References

External links
 Ellingson, Annlee October 15, 2012 L.A.Biz Who's stressed about digital cinema? Not Digiplex's Bud Mayo
 Dickson, Glen March 24, 2014 Chicago Tribune CinemaCon: Exhibitors Search for Alt. Content to Fill Weeknight Seats
 O'Brien Kathleen September 28, 2012 Star-Ledger Pg. 001 Controversial Obama film makes a strong showing at Jersey theaters

Official links
 Digital Cinema Destinations Corp.

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American business executives
Businesspeople from Brooklyn
People from Point Pleasant, New Jersey
Stuyvesant High School alumni
New York University alumni


title: Thomas A. Doyle (mayor)

text:
Thomas Arthur Doyle (March 15, 1827 – June 9, 1886) was mayor of Providence for three intervals (each made up of one-year terms): 1864–1869; 1870–1881; and from 1884 until his death in office in 1886. His eighteen years in office was the longest until Vincent "Buddy" Cianci, over 100 years later.

Early life
Thomas Arthur Doyle was born March 15, 1827, in Providence, Rhode Island, to Thomas Doyle and Martha Jones. The family was of Irish Protestant heritage. He was one of seven children, among them his sister, educator and reformer Sarah Doyle. Their father died when Thomas was young.

He attended Elm Street Grammar School, a public school. At age 14 he joined the counting-room of Benjamin Cozzens Esq., a lawyer, manufacturer, and calico printer. Doyle clerked there and at a few other jobs, including cashier, stockbroker, and real estate auctioneer.

Political career
Doyle began his political career in 1848, aged 21, when he was elected ward clerk for the Sixth Ward. In 1852 he was elected to the common council from the Fifth Ward. Doyle also served on the school committee, at one time being the youngest member of the committee.

Tenure as mayor

Doyle is considered by some historians and even was regarded in his lifetime to have been one of Providence's greatest mayors. During his tenure Providence grew from "a large manufacturing village" to a "little metropolis". Doyle was instrumental in leading Providence to become a modern city.

Doyle was known for his individuality. He had a reputation for being straightforward and opinionated. At one time or another he alienated everyone from Democrats to Republicans to taxpayers to the press to city departments, often advocating unpopular policies. His relationship with the city council was often stormy; they were said to be in "hearty disagreement on almost everything" and he often exercised the veto power. He spent a lot of money, increased debt, and raised taxes. Yet he earned respect for being honest and running an administration free from corruption.

Some specific achievements of his terms of office included:
 Construction of Providence City Hall was completed in 1878
 Introduction of a uniformed police force, which became a model for other cities
 Introduction of a fire alarm signal system in December 1870
 Construction of a municipal water system which drew water from the Pawtuxet River was introduced in December 1870
 A comprehensive sewer system, which emptied into the river and harbor, was begun in 1872
 The school system was improved and expanded, and many schoolhouses built, including the English High School in 1878
 Acquisition of Roger Williams Park through donation (1871)
 The city population grew from 54,000 to 120,000
 The city took on large amounts of debt
 Doyle began a complete makeover of railroad approaches to Providence, including eliminating grade crossings and constructing a much larger Union Station. These efforts were not completed until after Doyle's death.

Personal life

In 1869, he married Almyra Sprague, sister of Senator William Sprague. They had no children. His house at 137 Chestnut Street in Providence's Jewelry District, stands today.

Doyle was a member of the Unitarian church.  He was also an enthusiastic Mason. He was made a Master Mason in 1857, and was elected to various statewide Mason offices including Knights Templar.

Death, memorial, and burial

Doyle suffered a stroke on the evening of June 6, 1886, while still in office. The "entire right side of his body" was reportedly paralyzed. He died at his house on Wednesday June 9, 1886.

On Saturday the 12th, his body was escorted by the First Light Infantry from his home to City Hall, where he lie in state. Thousands of people came to the City Hall to silently pay their respects. Doyle is believed to be the last mayor to be honored with a wake at City Hall until Buddy Cianci, 130 years later.

Gilbert F. Robbins was named acting mayor, and he issued a proclamation that on the following Monday June 14, all business in the city should be closed from noon to 3:00 PM. On that day a large procession carried his body from City Hall to the First Congregational Church for services, then on to Swan Point Cemetery for burial.

Recognition
 A statue of Doyle by Henry Hudson Kitson was erected on June 3, 1889, in Cathedral Square, near the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul. It was moved in 1967 to the intersection of Broad and Chestnut Street.
 Doyle Avenue, on Providence's East Side, was named for him.
 Doyle was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame in 2004.

References

External links
 Memorial of Thomas Arthur Doyle: Mayor of the City of Providence

 Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame

1827 births
1886 deaths
Mayors of Providence, Rhode Island
Burials at Swan Point Cemetery
Rhode Island Republicans
American Unitarians
American Freemasons
American people of Irish descent
Providence City Council members
School board members in Rhode Island
19th-century American politicians


title: Siegfried Lorenz (baritone)

text:
Siegfried Lorenz (born 30 August 1945) is a German baritone who performs opera, oratorio and Lied. A member of the Komische Oper Berlin and later the Staatsoper Unter den Linden, he made award-winning recordings and appeared as a guest internationally. He has been an academic voice teacher in Berlin and Hamburg.

Career
Born in East Berlin, Lorenz studied voice in his hometown at the Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler" from 1964 to 1969, where he was a master student of Alois Orth. After receiving several prizes at international singing competitions, Lorenz was engaged as a lyrical baritone at the Komische Oper Berlin by Walter Felsenstein in 1969. In 1973, he became the first vocal soloist at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, a position which Kurt Masur created for him. He performed and recorded several cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach and became known as a Lied singer. His recordings of songs by Franz Schubert received several awards.

From 1978 to 1992, Lorenz was first lyrical baritone at the Staatsoper Berlin in Berlin. He appeared successfully as Wolfram in Wagner's Tannhäuser, as the Count in Mozart's Die Hochzeit des Figaro, as Posa in Verdi's Don Carlos, and as Borromeo in Hans Pfitzner's Palestrina, among others.

He recorded Mahler's Kindertotenlieder with the Gewandhausorchester and Masur, and Schubert song cycles with pianist Norman Shetler. English music critic Alan Blyth reviewed Die Winterreise for Gramophone and noted: "He sings with pleasing, consistently firm tone and with an enviable control of line and dynamics. The range of his voice is not so large as Fischer-Dieskau's, a singer from whom he has learnt so much, but within its smaller compass he can achieve almost the same power and intensity."  Recordings of Schubert songs between 1974 and 1987 were combined to form a collection covering 151 of his songs. A reviewer wrote that Lorenz "penetrated Schubert's songs for many years and this eight-CD box is the result of assiduous study and a long-term plan".

Lorenz recorded the role of Beckmesser in Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, alongside Ben Heppner, Cheryl Studer and Bernd Weikl, conducted by Wolfgang Sawallisch, Bach's solo cantatas for bass Ich will den Kreuzstab gerne tragen and Ich habe genug with the Neues Bachisches Collegium Musicum conducted by Max Pommer, Mahlers's Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen conducted by Günther Herbig, and his Fünf Lieder nach Friedrich Rückert with the Staatskapelle Berlin conducted by Otmar Suitner.

Lorenz performed as a guest in Europe, the US and Japan. In 1976, he was awarded the Kunstpreis, and in 1983 the National Prize of the German Democratic Republic. In 1979, he was appointed Kammersänger of the Staatsoper in Berlin, and in 1982 professor. From 2001 to 2003, he was professor of voice at the Musikhochschule Hamburg, and from October 2003 at the Universität der Künste Berlin.

Awards
 1976 Kunstpreis of the GDR, Preis der Deutschen Schallplattenkritik for three recordings of Schubert's song cycles
 1979 Kammersänger
 National Prize of the German Democratic Republic (III. Klasse für Kunst und Literatur, 1983)

Recordings
 Gustav Mahler: Fünf Lieder nach Friedrich Rückert. Four songs from Des Knaben Wunderhorn (1984)

References

External links

 Siegfried Lorenz / Biography by Erik Eriksson AllMusic
 Siegfried Lorenz (Baritone) Bach Cantatas Website
 Siegfried Lorenz / Interview, 10/2010: Siegfried Lorenz, Der Staat war nun einmal da! Der neue Merker, October 2010
 Lorenz Siegfried / baritono Operissimo
 Bariton Siegfried Lorenz wordt 70 jaar operanederland.nl, 30 August 2015
 Hochamt am Imbißstand / Spitzengagen auf der Beletage, Demontage an der Basis – in Ost-Berlins Deutscher Staatsoper herrscht Disharmonie.  Der Spiegel 21 October 1991

German operatic baritones
1945 births
Living people
Musicians from Berlin
Musicians from East Berlin


title: Peter Dimitrovski

text:
Peter Dimitrovski (born 18 June 1995) is a Slovenian footballer who plays for Brežice.

References

External links
Profile at NZS

1995 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Slovenian men's footballers
NK Krka players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players


title: Lists of killings by law enforcement officers

text:
Following are lists of killings by law enforcement officers.

 List of killings by law enforcement officers in Canada
 List of killings by law enforcement officers in China
 List of killings by law enforcement officers in Germany
 List of killings by law enforcement officers in Poland
 List of killings by law enforcement officers in Sri Lanka
 List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United Kingdom
 List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States

See also

 Extrajudicial killings
 Encounter killings by police, a euphemism used in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan to describe extrajudicial killings by the police or the armed forces of suspected gangsters or terrorists in gun battles
 Police brutality by country
 Suicide by cop

Killings by law enforcement officers
law enforcement


title: Dino Stančič

text:
Dino Stančič (born 25 January 1992) is a Slovenian footballer who plays as a forward for Italian Serie D club Clivense. He also played for Koper, Jadran Dekani, Krka, Tabor Sežana, Kras Repen, and Csíkszereda.

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
People from Sežana
Slovenian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
FC Koper players
NK Krka players
NK Tabor Sežana players
FK Csíkszereda Miercurea Ciuc players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Slovenian Second League players
Liga II players
Serie D players
Slovenian expatriate men's footballers
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Slovenia men's youth international footballers


title: A. maculata

text:
A. maculata may refer to:

 Acmadenia maculata, a flowering plant
 Acrolophus maculata, a Brazilian moth
 Actinacantha maculata, an orb-weaver spider
 Actodromas maculata, a migratory wader
 Acus maculata, an auger snail
 Aechmea maculata, an evergreen plant
 Aemene maculata, an Asian moth
 Aerides maculata, a cat's-tail orchid
 Afroneta maculata, a sheet weaver
 Agathiopsis maculata, an emerald moth
 Agroeca maculata, a liocranid sac spider
 Aguaytiella maculata, a neotropical harvestman
 Alaena maculata, a Congolese butterfly
 Alcis maculata, a geometer moth
 Alloclemensia maculata, a Japanese moth
 Allothereua maculata, an Australian centipede
 Allotoca maculata, a fish endemic to Mexico
 Aloe maculata, a succulent plant
 Alpinia maculata, a flowering plant
 Amblyeleotris maculata, a benthic goby
 Ameerega maculata, a poison dart frog
 Amoria maculata, a sea snail
 Amphiura maculata, a brittle star
 Aname maculata, a spider endemic to Australia
 Anaspis maculata, a false flower beetle
 Anchiale maculata, a stick insect
 Anguis maculata, a snake endemic to Sri Lanka
 Antona maculata, a South American moth
 Anyphaena maculata, an anyphaenid sac spider
 Apis maculata, a leaf-cutter bee
 Aplysia maculata, a sea hare
 Aranea maculata, a golden orb-web spider
 Aratinga maculata, a South American parrot
 Arca maculata, an ark clam
 Architectonica maculata, a staircase shell
 Arctia maculata, a European moth
 Arctosa maculata, a wolf spider
 Armina maculata, a sea slug
 Ashtoret maculata, a moon crab
 Australothele maculata, a funnel-web spider
 Austrobaileya maculata, a plant endemic to Queensland


title: Ocroeme aspericollis

text:
Ocroeme aspericollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins Chemsak and Linsley in 1966.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1966


title: Ocroeme nana

text:
Ocroeme nana is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1870.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1870


title: Ocroeme recki

text:
Ocroeme recki is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1931.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1931


title: Ocroeme tricolor

text:
Ocroeme tricolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1980.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1980


title: Aiquin

text:
Aiquin (also spelled Aquin or Acquin), subtitled La conqueste de la Bretaigne par le roy Charlemaigne ("The Conquest of Brittany by King Charlemagne"), is a medieval Old French chanson de geste (heroic narrative poem) about the rivalry between a Saracen king, Aiquin, and the Christian emperor Charlemagne. The French medievalist Joseph Bédier called it a "consolidation of history and legend in an imposing ensemble." It survives in one fifteenth-century manuscript, BnF fr. 2233, now in the Bibliothèque nationale de France. It is usually attributed to , possibly a cleric of Dol. According to historian Éric Borgnis-Desbordes, it was written in the early thirteenth century, probably around 1213 and under the guise of a chanson de geste featuring Charlemagne and the Viking invasions in the tenth century, the author may have alluded to “the transition from Plantagenet domination to Capetian influence in Brittany”. It is the oldest extant French text from Brittany.

The setting of the chanson almost certainly corresponds to the period 919–37 in Breton history, when the Normans (Vikings newly settled in northern France) persistently raided Brittany. It conflates Saracens (Sarrasin) and Arabs (Arabis) with Normans (Norois), and places Aiquin's origins in the north country (Nort pais). It also turns Roland, the Frankish hero of the earlier Chanson de Roland, into a native Breton.

Inspired by Aiquin, the family of the famous French soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (died 1380) claimed to descend from the Saracen king.

Editions

Notes

References

Bibliography

Chansons de geste


title: Blk71

text:
BLOCK71 Singapore, commonly known as "Blk71", is a factory building located in the Ayer Rajah Industrial Estate of one-north, Singapore. The Economist referred to BLOCK71 as the heart of Singapore's technology start-up ecosystem  and the world's most tightly packed entrepreneurial ecosystem. BLOCK71 has built up a strong innovation and entrepreneurship community, where entrepreneurs, investors, developers and mentors within the interactive digital media space are in close proximity to each other. BLOCK71 is home to more than 100 start-ups, venture capital firms and tech incubators.  It is also located near other technology hubs within Singapore, including the Fusionopolis, Biopolis and National University of Singapore (NUS).

History
The Ayer Rajah Industrial Estate was built in the 1970s  by the Jurong Town Corporation, as a series of flatted factories for manufacturing-based activities. A few blocks within this industrial estate, including Block 71, were initially planned for demolition. Blk71 was established in 2011 by NUS Enterprise, the Media Development Authority and SingTel Innov8 as a start-up hub at Block 71, known as Plug-In@Blk71.

In early 2015, Infocomm Investment, the investment arm of the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore inaugurated the extension of Blk71 to neighboring Blk79 (dubbed BASH for Build Amazing Startups Here), which is also a refurbished industrial estate. A third and last unit, Blk73, designed for smaller startups, is being built up and should open in 2015.

Plug-In@Blk71
Plug-In@Blk71 is an incubation program that supports and provides start-ups in the interactive digital media space access to resources needed to effectively develop and market their solutions. It is set up by NUS Enterprise, the Media Development Authority and SingTel Innov8.

Managed by NUS Enterprise, Plug-In@Blk71 provides a common platform for entrepreneurs and stakeholders to meet, connect and accelerate the growth of ideas and start-ups. Since 2011, a strong start-up community has been established at Plug-In@Blk71, where people regularly share contacts, ideas and success stories, which has allowed the start-up scene to grow rapidly. Start-ups are given 24-hour access to Plug-In@Blk71.

Located on level 2 of Blk71, Plug-In@Blk71 provides hot-desking space for entrepreneurs to work on their ideas. There are some 30  entrepreneurs/ start-ups/ business ideas located at the hot-desking space each month, which typically stay there for several weeks up to a few months. Plug-In@Blk71 has shared resources, including meeting rooms, a large seminar room, free internet access, pantry supplies and office equipment.

Regular entrepreneurial events are organised at Plug-In@Blk71 for the entrepreneurial community. There are approximately 3-5 events organised each week, including mentoring sessions, business clinics, VC pitching sessions, industrial sharing seminars and networking events.

Start-ups
The companies based at Blk71 are typically technology start-ups. The majority of them are within the interactive digital media space, including Stream Media, which develops a mobile in-app payment platform, travelmob, which provides an online market place for vacation rentals across Asia, Daylight Studios, a mobile game developer and Appknox, a mobile security company.  However, there are also a few hardware tech companies, such as Zimplistic, which is developing the world’s first automatic roti-maker and T.Ware, which is developing a wearable technology that provides deep pressure to calm autistic children.

Incubators, Accelerators and Investors
There are approximately 30 organizations located at Blk71 that provide a range of funding and in-kind support, including angel investment, seed funding, series A, B and beyond.  These include NUS Enterprise (which manages Plug-In@Blk71 as well as has additional incubation space on levels 1 and 3), and JFDI.Asia.

References

2011 establishments in Singapore
Industrial buildings in Singapore


title: Oeme costata

text:
Oeme costata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1873.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1873
Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte


title: Oeme rigida

text:
Oeme rigida is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Say in 1826.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1826


title: Placoeme vitticollis

text:
Placoeme vitticollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Linsley in 1964.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1964


title: Placoeme wappesi

text:
Placoeme wappesi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2010.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 2010


title: Proeme asimoni

text:
Proeme asimoni is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Touroult, Dalens and Tavakilian in 2010.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 2010


title: Proeme bella

text:
Proeme bella is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1978.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1978


title: Proeme bucki

text:
Proeme bucki is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1931.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1931


title: Proeme cyanescens

text:
Proeme cyanescens is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1910.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1910


title: Proeme latipennis

text:
Proeme latipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1973.

References

Oemini
Beetles described in 1973


title: 1981 WCHA men's ice hockey tournament

text:
The 1981 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 22nd conference playoff in league history. The tournament was played between March 6 and March 15, 1981. All games were played at home team campus sites, including each of the two regional final series. By winning the regional tournaments, both Michigan Tech and Minnesota received automatic bids to the 1981 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.

Though not official designations, Michigan Tech is considered as the East Regional Champion† and Minnesota as the West Regional Champion‡.

This was the final year that the WCHA crowned two teams as tournament champions. (as of 2014)

Format
The top eight teams in the WCHA, according to their final conference standings, were eligible for the tournament and were seeded No. 1 through No. 8. In the first round the first and eighth seeds, the second and seventh seeds, the third and sixth seeds and the fourth and fifth seeds were matched in two-game series where the school that scored the higher number of goals was declared the winner. After the first round the remaining teams were reseeded No. 1 through No. 4 according to their final conference standings and advanced to the second round. In the second round the first and fourth seeds and the second and third seeds competed in an additional two-game, total goal series with the winners of each being declared as co-conference champions. The Tournament Champions each received automatic bids to the 1981 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.

Conference standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against

Bracket

Teams are reseeded after the first round

Note: * denotes overtime period(s)

First round

(1) Minnesota vs. (8) Minnesota-Duluth

(2) Wisconsin vs. (7) Colorado College

(3) Michigan Tech vs. (6) North Dakota

(4) Denver vs. (5) Michigan

Second round

(1) Minnesota vs. (7) Colorado College

(3) Michigan Tech vs. (5) Michigan

Tournament awards
None

See also
Western Collegiate Hockey Association men's champions

References

External links
WCHA.com
1980–81 WCHA Standings
1980–81 NCAA Standings
2013–14 Colorado College Tigers Media Guide
2013–14 Denver Pioneers Media Guide
2013–14 Michigan Wolverines Media Guide; Through the Years
2013–14 Minnesota Golden Gophers Media Guide
2012–13 Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs Media Guide
2013–14 North Dakota Hockey Media Guide
2003–04 Wisconsin Badgers Media Guide

WCHA men's ice hockey tournament
Wcha Men's Ice Hockey Tournament