title: Wagner (footballer, born 1978)

text:
Wagner Santos Lago (born 1 January 1978), known as Wagner, is a Brazilian football manager and former player who is the current youth coach of Bosnian Premier League club Široki Brijeg.

He played 13 years for Široki Brijeg, where he was also the club captain and won one league title and three cups. Wagner would later go on to manage the under-19 team of Široki Brijeg.

Playing career

Early career
Born in Ilhéus, Brazil, Wagner began playing football with local clubs in the Bahia, Goiás and São Paulo state competitions before embarking on a fifteen-year career in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He left Jaboticabal Atlético for Posušje in July 2003.

Široki Brijeg
In the summer of 2005, Wagner went to Široki Brijeg where he played the best games in his entire career and also won one league title and three national cups. He had an average of more than ten goals per season while playing for Široki Brijeg. In the 2013–14 league season, Wagner was the league top goalscorer, scoring 18 goals in that season.

He left Široki at the age of 40, setting a record of 125 goals and 297 appearances in the Bosnian Premier League with Široki Brijeg and Posušje.

Imotski
In August 2018, Wagner signed a part-time contract with Croatian 3. HNL club Imotski.

Managerial career

Široki Brijeg U19
On 1 July 2020, after finishing his playing career, Wagner became the new manager of the under-19 team of Široki Brijeg. In his first game as manager, Wagner's team lost against the under-19 team of Željezničar on 9 August 2020.

Personal life
Wagner's brother, Ricardo, was also a professional footballer who played with Wagner at Široki Brijeg and became a naturalised Bosnian international.

Managerial statistics

Honours

Player
Široki Brijeg
Bosnian Premier League: 2005–06
Bosnian Cup: 2006–07, 2012–13, 2016–17

Individual
Awards
Bosnian Premier League Player of the Season: 2014–15

Performance
Bosnian Premier League Top Goalscorer: 2013–14 (18 goals)

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
People from Ilhéus
Footballers from Bahia
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Expatriate men's footballers in Croatia
Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina players
HŠK Posušje players
NK Široki Brijeg players
NK Imotski players
Men's association football midfielders
Brazilian football managers
Brazilian expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Croatia


title: Theilera

text:
Theilera is a genus of plants in the Campanulaceae. It contains two known species, both endemic to Cape Province of South Africa.

 Theilera guthriei (L.Bolus) E.Phillips 1926
 Theilera robusta (A.DC.) Cupido 2009

References

Campanuloideae
Campanulaceae genera
Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces
Taxa named by Edwin Percy Phillips


title: Siphocodon

text:
Siphocodon is a genus of plants in the family Campanulaceae. It contains two known species, both endemic to Cape Province of South Africa.

 Siphocodon debilis Schltr. 1897
 Siphocodon spartioides Turcz. 1852

References

Campanuloideae
Campanulaceae genera
Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces
Taxa named by Nikolai Turczaninow


title: List of lakes of Faulkner County, Arkansas

text:
There are at least 38 named lakes and reservoirs in Faulkner County, Arkansas.

Lakes
 Boone Pond, , el.
 Grassy Lake, , el.

Reservoirs

	Indian Head Lake, , el.
	Bailey Lake, , el.
	Beaver Fork Lake, , el.
	Bivans Lake, , el.
	Blacks Lake, , el.
	Blacks Lake Number Two, , el.
	Browns Lake, , el.
	Brushlake Reservoir, , el.
	Carter Lake, , el.
	Davis Lake, , el.
	Days Lake, , el.
	Dears Pond, , el.
	Deihl Lake, , el.
	Gentry Lake, , el.
	Jewell Lake, , el.
	Lake Bennett, , el.
	Lake Carol-Dan, , el.
	Lake Conway, , el.
	Lake Conway Nursery Pond, , el.
	Lawrences Lake, , el.
	Meers Lake, , el.
	Montgomery Lake, , el.
	Murray Lake, , el.
	Nalholz Lake, , el.
	Parks Lake, , el.
	Pool Eight, , el.
	Roberts Pond, , el.
	Robins Lake, , el.
	Stevens Lake, , el.
	Stone Lake, , el.
	Torian Lake, , el.
	Tupelo Bayou Site One Reservoir, , el.
	Tupelo Bayou Site Two Reservoir, , el.
	Watson Lake, , el.
	Williams Lake, , el.
	Wisley Lake, , el.

See also

 List of lakes in Arkansas

Notes

Bodies of water of Faulkner County, Arkansas
Faulkner


title: OTO Award for Female Singer

text:
OTO Award Female Singer

Currently held by  Kristína

First awarded  | Last awarded 2000 | Present

OTO Award for Female Singer has been awarded since the first edition of the accolades, established by Art Production Agency (APA) in Slovakia. Each year, the award is presented to the most recognized female artists of the past year with the ceremony permitted live by the national television network STV.

Winners and nominees

2000s

2010s

Superlatives

References

External links
 OTO Awards (Official website)
 OTO Awards - Winners and nominees (From 2000 onwards)
 OTO Awards - Winners and nominees (From 2000 to 2009)

Singer, female
Culture of Slovakia
Slovak television awards
Awards established in 2000
Music awards honoring women


title: Amalia Sánchez Ariño

text:
Amalia Sánchez Ariño (1883–1969) was a Spanish-born Argentine stage and film actress. She appeared in more than fifty films during her career.

Selected filmography
 The Wicked Carabel (1935)
 Blood Wedding (1938)
 The Three Rats (1946)
 Story of a Bad Woman (1948)
 The Goddess of Rio Beni (1950)
 The Honourable Tenant (1951)
 Honour Your Mother (1951)
 Return to the Truth (1956)
 Juan Simón's Daughter (1957)
 Listen To My Song (1959)
 Alfonso XII and María Cristina (1960)

References

Bibliography
 Richard, Alfred. Censorship and Hollywood's Hispanic image: an interpretive filmography, 1936-1955. Greenwood Press, 1993.

External links

1883 births
1969 deaths
Argentine film actresses
Spanish film actresses
Spanish emigrants to Argentina


title: Procervulus

text:
Procervulus is an extinct species of deer found in Europe. It possessed horns that were not shed.

References

Prehistoric deer
Prehistoric mammals of Europe
Prehistoric even-toed ungulate genera
Miocene even-toed ungulates


title: Grand Slam (Judo) (disambiguation)

text:
{{safesubst:#invoke:RfD||INTDABLINK of redirects from incomplete disambiguation|month = October
|day = 14
|year = 2023
|time = 06:45
|timestamp = 20231014064523

|content=#REDIRECT Grand Slam#Judo
}}


title: William Tecumseh Sherman (Saint-Gaudens)

text:
William Tecumseh Sherman, also known as the Sherman Memorial or Sherman Monument, is a sculpture group honoring William Tecumseh Sherman, created by Augustus Saint-Gaudens and located at Grand Army Plaza in Manhattan, New York. Cast in 1902 and dedicated on May 30, 1903, the gilded-bronze monument consists of an equestrian statue of Sherman and an accompanying statue, Victory, an allegorical female figure of the Greek goddess Nike. The statues are set on a Stony Creek granite pedestal designed by the architect Charles Follen McKim.

History

1913 plaza design and statue relocation
The newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer died in 1911 having bequeathed $50,000 for the creation of a memorial fountain to be "like those in the Place de la Concorde, Paris France". In December 1912, the executors of Pulitzer's estate announced that New York City had approved the fountain's proposed location, in the plaza between 58th Street and 60th Street, just west of Fifth Avenue, the same plaza where the equestrian Sherman Monument stood since 1903. The executors invited five architecture firms to participate in a competition to determine the fountain's design, and to provide designs for a "good architectural treatment of the whole plaza". In January 1913, the five schemes were exhibited at the New York Public Library, including the winning scheme, designed by Carrère and Hastings. Architect Thomas Hasting's design placed the fountain in the southern half of the plaza, whereas the Sherman Monument remained in the northern half (but moved  west to be symmetrically opposite the fountain). Construction of the new plaza began in 1915, and by November one newspaper reported: "The Pulitzer Fountain...is now finished and bubbling with the purest Croton water," noting that work on the northern portion of the plaza was delayed by subway construction.

1974 landmarks designation
On May 30, 1974, the Landmarks Preservation Commission held a public hearing to consider designation of the Grand Army Plaza, including the Sherman Monument, as a Scenic Landmark. The measure was approved on July 23, 1974.

Restoration
On March 26, 1985, the Central Park Conservancy and the architecture firm of Buttrick White & Burtis presented plans to the Landmarks Preservation Commission for a full restoration of the plaza, including the Sherman Monument.  The work was completed in June 1990, including a re-gilding of the statue, and the replacement of a palm frond and a sword that had been removed previously.
The Grand Army Plaza was renewed again in 2013, including a re-gilding of the statue of William Tecumseh Sherman.

Critiques
According to the report prepared by the Landmarks Commission for its 1974 designation, many consider the Sherman Monument to be Saint-Gaudens’ finest work. Not everyone agreed; according to Frank Weitenkampf, sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward was less than enthusiastic about the equestrian composition: "Saint-Gaudens was a timid rider and it showed in this work.... if the horse should stumble the general would inevitably be thrown over his head."

Use on coinage

The obverse of Saint-Gaudens' 1907 United States Saint-Gaudens double eagle coin, portraying Liberty, is based on his sculpture of Victory.

Gallery

References

External links

1902 establishments in New York City
1902 sculptures
59th Street (Manhattan)
Saint-Gaudens
Allegorical sculptures in New York City
Bronze sculptures in New York City
Equestrian statues in New York City
Monuments and memorials in Manhattan
Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan
Sculptures by Augustus Saint-Gaudens
Sculptures in Central Park
Sculptures of Greek goddesses
Victory


title: TerraScale

text:
TerraScale may refer to:

Intel Tera-Scale
AMD TeraScale (microarchitecture)
TerraScale (company), a green data centre company.


title: Franklin Orth

text:
Franklin Lewis Orth (May 11, 1907 – January 4, 1970) was an American attorney who served as Executive Vice President of the National Rifle Association of America (NRA) from 1959 until his death. In the 1960s, Orth was influential during debates on gun control in the United States. Orth also served as President of the United States Olympic Committee from April 1969 until his death.

Early life
Orth was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1907. He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1928 and a law degree the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1931. Orth served as an officer in the United States Army during World War II, rising to the rank of Colonel. Orth served on the staff of General Frank Merrill, whose unit, popularly known as Merrill's Marauders, was famous for its operations in the jungles of Burma.

Career
After the war, Orth worked for the Federal government, serving in positions at the Department of Veterans' Affairs, the Bureau of Internal Revenue, and the Office of Price Stabilization. He later served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army.

In 1959, Orth accepted a position at the National Rifle Association, where he would remain for the rest of his life. At that time, the NRA was largely apolitical and primarily concerned with promoting marksmanship and recreational shooting. During Orth's tenure, the organization would take on a more active role in legislative debates in response to calls for new, more expansive gun control legislation amidst the political violence of the 1960s. This included the assassinations of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968, and U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy in June 1968.

Orth was an opponent of gun control measures, but he was more moderate than later NRA leaders. Orth supported banning the inexpensive, often low-quality, handguns known as Saturday night specials. In 1964, he supported limits on mail-order gun purchases, a relevant issue at the time because Lee Harvey Oswald had purchased via mail-order the rifle used in the Kennedy assassination. During the Congressional hearings following Kennedy's death Orth stated, "We do not think that any sane American, who calls himself an American, can object to placing into this bill the instrument which killed the president of the United States."

Orth opposed the 1968 Gun Control Act, but his opposition was tempered. He wrote in the American Rifleman that while some parts of the law "appear unduly restrictive and unjustified in their application to law-abiding citizens, the measure as a whole appears to be one that the sportsmen of America can live with."

In April 1969, Orth was elected President of the United States Olympic Committee and served as its president until his death.

Personal life
He died of a heart attack on January 4, 1970, in Bethesda, Maryland.

Notes

References

External links

1907 births
1970 deaths
University of Wisconsin Law School alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
American gun rights activists
People from Milwaukee
Wisconsin lawyers
United States Army officers
Military personnel from Wisconsin
Presidents of the United States Olympic Committee
20th-century American lawyers


title: Everett Building (Huntsville, Alabama)

text:
The Everett Building is a historic commercial building in Huntsville, Alabama.  Built in 1899, it represents the Commercial Brick style of the late 1800s and early 1900s that eschewed the applied decoration of the Victorian style.  The two-story building is divided into five storefronts, although only the southernmost two have entrances today.  The upper floor is divided by pilasters between tightly spaced, one-over-one sash windows.  Decorative patterned reliefs sit below each window.  The building is topped with a parapet that has a course of dentils between courses of stepped brick.  The center part of the parapet is raised, and flanked by a short, capped column pieces.  The northern bay is visually separated from the others by a pilaster stretching the entire height of the building, and was formerly left unpainted, suggesting it may have been built at another time.  A covered, tree-lined alley separates the building from the Yarbrough Hotel to the north.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Huntsville, Alabama
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Commercial buildings completed in 1899
Buildings and structures in Huntsville, Alabama
1899 establishments in Alabama


title: Robertino Canavesio

text:
Robertino Canavesio (born 2 April 1993) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for San Telmo.

Career
Born in Pergamino, Canavesio began playing football in local club Douglas Haig's youth system. He joined Sarmiento in 2011, and soon was selected to play for the senior team in the Primera B Metropolitana. On 5 November 2011 he made his professional debut playing 90 minutes in a 2-0 home won against Acassuso for the Primera B Metropolitana.

After a spell abroad with Parma, Canavesio signed with Grêmio, and played once in Campeonato Gaúcho, a 1–0 away loss to São José-RS. In June 2014, Canavesio returned to Sarmiento to play in the Primera B Nacional by loan until April 2015.

Career statistics

Honours

Club
Sarmiento
Primera B Metropolitana: 2011-12

References

External links

Robertino Canavesio profile. Goal.

Living people
1993 births
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football central defenders
People from Pergamino
Footballers from Buenos Aires Province
Club Atlético Douglas Haig players
Club Atlético Sarmiento footballers
All Boys footballers
Parma Calcio 1913 players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Clube Atlético Tubarão players
Concórdia Atlético Clube players
Club Atlético San Telmo footballers
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Brazil
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Brazil


title: John Michael Ingram

text:
John Michael Ingram (1 February 1931 – 13 June 2014) was an influential British menswear designer and retailer of the 1950s and '60s who founded the John Michael fashion brand, followed by a range of successful retail concepts, before establishing one of the first fashion forecasting agencies in the 1970s.

He has also been credited as one of the pioneers behind the rise of the King's Road, Chelsea as a fashion destination. In an interview for the magazine Drapers, former Moss Bros managing director Manny Silverman described Ingram as: "one of the leading commercially innovative retailers of the 1960s; always a leader, never a follower. Without him, the King's Road might never have happened".

Early life and career
John Michael Ingram was born into a fashion family – his parents owned the King's Road store Wakeford's, which specialised in dressing debutantes and their mothers. He left school at 16 and joined the family firm as a buyer, demonstrating a keen eye for ensuring Wakeford's brand identity and in sourcing textiles.

Establishment of retail brand
In 1957, Ingram opened his first menswear store in Chelsea – just down the road from Mary Quant's Bazaar – and sold men's shirts in unusual prints and fabrics, such as Swiss voile and gingham, targeting younger buyers who were keen to wear clothing inspired by Italian menswear trends.

The influence of John Michael's fashion grew rapidly. The first menswear editor of British Vogue Aqualina Ross has recalled how he walked into a store that felt like heaven, with clothing in bright colours, lightweight fabrics and youthful cuts – a huge move forward from the typical clothing sold in department stores and small menswear shops of the West End. Ross bought a baby blue seersucker jacket that day and noticed that soon London's top advertising creatives were all clothed in similar John Michael seersucker jackets.

Ingram's King's Road shop was followed by Sportique, a store on Old Compton Street, Soho next door to the influential coffee bar-cum-music venue 2i's. Thanks in part to its location and its stock, the store attracted members of the music scene, including The Beatles, The Who, The Rolling Stones and Marc Bolan. Its clothes were also worn by the London creative set, including David Hockney, Francis Bacon and Peter Cook – although Alan Bennett and Malcolm McLaren were not persuaded, McClaren describing the Sportique style as "a bit too subversive".

Where the creative scene led, a new market followed – not only young professionals but Mod teenagers – and Ingram's retail empire expanded to include a larger store in King's Road and stores in upmarket locations such as Bond Street and St Ann's Arcade, Manchester.

Savile Row
During 1965, the John Michael empire became a PLC with 17 stores and was a flag-bearer for Swinging London – stocked alongside Mary Quant in J.C. Penney, as well as being exported across Europe and to Japan. Ingram opened a head office in Savile Row – home of traditional British men's tailoring – where he created updated versions of men's suits. One of these suits, known as 'spirit of old Broadcasting House' (a reference to the BBC), is now in the V&A archive. Ingram also consulted for other manufacturers and employed people who would go on to establish their own successful tailoring brands, notably Jeremy Hackett and Tom Gilbey. By 1971, Ingram's retail brands also included the store Guys and Dolls and the jeans store Westerner – one of the first dedicated jeans stores in the UK.

Design forecasting
During the mid 1970s, Ingram moved out of fashion retail and established the fashion forecasting agency Design Intelligence, which published guides to fashion trends. As a fashion forecaster, he was revered for his track record in retailing and renowned for his ability to deliver commercial lines to fashion retailers at a time when few companies had their own in-house design teams. Ingram continued working at Design Intelligence up to the age of 81.

References

External links
 John Michael suit in V&A archive
 John Michael bathing trunks in the Museum of London archive

1931 births
2014 deaths
English businesspeople in fashion
Fashion designers from London
Place of death missing
1950s fashion
1960s fashion
1970s fashion
Menswear designers
20th-century English businesspeople


title: Peter M. Bentler

text:
Peter M. Bentler is an American psychologist, statistician, and distinguished professor at the University of California, Los Angeles.

In multivariate analysis and psychometrics, Bentler is the developer of the structural equation modeling software EQS. Bentler received a doctorate in clinical psychology from Stanford University in 1964. His publications have over 300,000 citations . In 2014, he was awarded the Psychometric Society Career Award. In 2015, he was elected Fellow of the American Statistical Association.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American psychologists
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
American statisticians
Psychometricians
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
21st-century American psychologists
21st-century American scientists
Quantitative psychologists


title: Guaracara Park

text:
Guaracara Park is a cricket and football ground owned and operated by Trinidad and Tobago's state enterprise that primarily deals with the refining of crude petroleum, Petrotrin. It is located within the confines of their oil refinery at Pointe-à-Pierre. The ground is situated on the northern bank of the Guaracara River. The oil refinery with its gas flare is clearly visible from the ground.

History
Between 1960 and 2011, 75 matches of first-class cricket were played at Guaracara Park. It was first used in representative cricket in 1947–48 when the touring MCC played a one-day match against South Trinidad. In 1948, it replaced Skinner Park in San Fernando as South Trinidad's home ground in matches for the Beaumont Cup.

The first match of first-class cricket at Guaracara Park was played between Trinidad and MCC in 1959–60, when  David Allen took 7 for 33 and 3 for 30 to give MCC victory on a pitch helpful to the spin bowlers. From 1960 to 1985 first-class matches in the Beaumont Cup and Texaco Cup were played there, along with several first-class matches between Trinidad and touring international teams between 1960 and 2000. Trinidad has played Regional Four Day Competition matches at Guaracara Park since 1981–82, including the finals in 1995–96, 2005–05 and 2006–07.

The highest score at the ground, and only double-century, is 202 by Phil Simmons for Trinidad against Guyana in 1991–92. The best innings bowling figures are 8 for 27 by Prince Bartholomew for North and East Trinidad against South and Central Trinidad in 1975–76, and the best match figures are 13 for 74 (6 for 45 and 7 for 29) by Stuart MacGill for the Australians against the West Indies Board President's XI in 1998–99.

Until the installation of floodlights at the Queens Park Oval in 2008, all of Trinidad and Tobago's domestic limited-overs night matches took place at Guaracara Park due to the availability of floodlights there. Guaracara Park has now been superseded as southern Trinidad's major cricket venue by the Brian Lara Cricket Academy ground, about two kilometres to the southeast, which began hosting major cricket matches in 2017.

References

External links
 First-class matches at Guaracara Park

Cricket grounds in Trinidad and Tobago
Football venues in Trinidad and Tobago


title: Stan Ponchard

text:
Stanley Frederick 'Stan' Ponchard (13 February 1924  22 November 2000) was a professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. He played for the Balmain Tigers in the NSWRFL.

Biography

A Balmain junior, Ponchard played five-eighth for Balmain between 19431948 and 19511953. He also captained the club during his career.  He appeared in 104 first grade games and scored 46 tries and kicked 14 goals.

Ponchard won two premierships with Balmain in 1944 and 1946. His representative career extended to one appearance for N.S.W. City Firsts in 1948.

He was the nephew of another Balmain stalwart, Des Ponchard who played with the Tigers between 19221929.

Ponchard moved to Kempsey, New South Wales after his playing career, and died there on 22 November 2000.

Accolades

Stan Ponchard was posthumously inducted into the Balmain Tigers Hall of Fame in 2010.

References

The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players by Alan Whitaker and Glen Hudson. 1995, Griffin Books ()

1924 births
2000 deaths
Australian rugby league players
Balmain Tigers players
New South Wales rugby league team players
Sportsmen from New South Wales
City New South Wales rugby league team players
Rugby league players from Sydney
Rugby league halfbacks


title: Luis Otero (actor)

text:
Luis Otero was an Argentine film actor. He appeared in more than thirty films including Dark River (1952).

Selected filmography
 Savage Pampas (1945)
 Lost Kisses (1945)
 Story of a Bad Woman (1948)
 Don't Ever Open That Door (1952)
 Dark River (1952)
 The Black Market (1953)

References

Bibliography
 Hammer, Tad. International film prizes: an encyclopedia. Garland, 1991.

External links

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Argentine male film actors
Male actors from Buenos Aires
20th-century Argentine male actors


title: Joan Dillon

text:
Joan de Noailles, Dowager Duchess of Mouchy (née Joan Douglas Dillon, later Princess Charles of Luxembourg; born January 31, 1935) is an American-born French duchess, the first commoner to marry into the reigning dynasty of Luxembourg, and is the former president of French Bordeaux wine company Domaine Clarence Dillon.

Biography
Joan Dillon is the daughter of U.S. Treasury Secretary C. Douglas Dillon and his wife,  Phyllis Chess Ellsworth. She came to live in Paris, France, with her family when her father was appointed American Ambassador in the 1950s. She initially found work with the Paris Review.

After her marriage to Prince Charles of Luxembourg she discovered an interest in wine and the family interest in Haut-Brion. From 1975 to 2008, Joan Dillon held the presidency of Domaine Clarence Dillon. Her husband, Philippe de Noailles, Duc de Mouchy, was general manager. Under their direction the company bought Château La Mission Haut-Brion, Château Laville Haut-Brion and Château La Tour Haut-Brion in 1983. In 2008, Prince Robert of Luxembourg, her son by her marriage to Prince Charles of Luxembourg, became president of Domaine Clarence Dillon.

Wine Enthusiast Magazine describes Dillon as "a larger-than-life lady, with an indefinable, cultured, mid-Atlantic accent."

Family
Dillon married firstly in Paris, France, on 1 August 1953 James Brady Moseley, great-grandson of industrialist Anthony N. Brady, grandnephew of philanthropist Nicholas Frederic Brady and first cousin of U.S. Treasury Secretary Nicholas F. Brady. The couple divorced in Washoe County, Nevada, US, on 12 December 1955; the marriage was annulled in Rome, Italy, on 22 June 1963. They had a daughter, Joan Dillon Moseley Bryan Frost (born 1954).

Dillon married secondly on 1 March 1967 Prince Charles, brother of Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg, at the Catholic Church of St. Edward the Confessor in Sutton Park, Surrey, UK. The marriage was the first authorized of a Luxembourgeois prince to a commoner – authorized by Grand Ducal decree issued 16 February 1967. She was styled "Her Royal Highness Princess Joan of Luxembourg". Prince Charles died in Imbarcati, Province of Pistoia, Italy, on 26 July 1977. They had two children:
Princess Charlotte of Luxembourg (born New York City, 1967)
Prince Robert of Luxembourg (born Fischbach Castle, Luxembourg, 1968)

Dillon married thirdly in Islesboro, Maine, on 3 August 1978 Philippe, 7th Duke de Mouchy (1922–2011). The marriage was without issue.

References

External links
Ancestry of Joan Douglas Dillon

1935 births
Living people
American emigrants to France
Joan
Dukes of Mouchy
House of Noailles
French winemakers


title: Budjak Horde

text:
The Budjak Horde or Belgorod Horde (Dobrujan Tatar: Buğak Ordasî)formed part of the Nogai Horde in the 17th and  18th centuries. It settled in the northern Black Sea coast area under protectorate of the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire's Sanjak of Ozu (Yedisan). Its capital was in Căușeni.

In the 1620s the horde migrated from the Pontic steppes to the steppes of the Budjak region. The  Bilhorod Tatars (20,000-30,000) were nomadic herdsmen. They made forays for slaves and loot into Right-bank Ukraine and Moldavia. In 1770 the horde became a protectorate of the Russian Empire and soon after was dispersed through resettlement in the Azov steppes. From there its remnants emigrated to Turkey during the Crimean War of 1853-1856.

Prominent leaders of the horde included Khan Temir (died 1637), who allegedly established the noble Moldavian family of Cantemirești.

Leaders
 1603–1637 Khan Temir
 Giray family with rank of Serasker

References

External links
 Bilhorod Horde at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
 Bilhorod Horde at the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia
 Bilhorod Horde at the Institute of history of Ukraine website
 Bucak Horde at The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation

European dynasties
Tatar states
States and territories established in the 1620s
Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire


title: Don Hayward (politician)

text:
Donald Keith Hayward (born 26 September 1932) is a former Australian politician.

He was born in Broken Hill to James Keith Hayward and Elsa Margaret, née Egan. He attended Broken Hill High School and Homebush Boys High School before studying at Melbourne and Sydney universities, receiving a Bachelor of Laws from the former. In 1953 he was appointed private secretary to the Minister for National Development, then in 1955 he was appointed private secretary to the President of the Senate. He moved to the private sector in 1958, working for General Motors-Holden where he rose to the positions of public relations director (1966–71), and company director (1966–72, 1978–79).  In 1971 he transferred to General Motors Overseas Corporation and held various positions in Southeast Asia, including President and managing director of General Motors Philippines (1972–1976). He was also a member of University of Melbourne's law faculty from 1967 to 1972.

A Liberal Party member since 1951, he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council in 1979 as one of two members for Monash. In 1985 he transferred to the Legislative Assembly, winning the seat of Prahran. He became Shadow Minister for Education in 1990 and Minister for Education in 1992, serving until his retirement in 1996. After his retirement he joined various government and private sector boards as a non-executive director, including Abigroup (1997-2004).

Minister for Education
As Minister for Education, Hayward implemented a reform program for Victorian Schools called “Schools of the Future”.
 Following the closure of Richmond Secondary College in 1992, he made the decision in 1993 to open a new school for young women–Melbourne Girls' College, which opened in 1994.

Autobiography
His autobiography was published in e-book format on 11 November 2016.

References

1932 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Ministers for Education (Victoria)


title: Blood of Minas Gerais

text:
Blood of Minas Gerais (Portuguese: Sangue Mineiro) is a 1930 Brazilian silent drama film directed by Humberto Mauro. The film is set around Belo Horizonte, where it was filmed. It was Mauro's final film for the small Phebo Filme company before he moved to the much better funded Cinédia studio in Rio de Janeiro.

Synopsis
The daughter of a millionaire attempts to commit suicide after being spurned by her lover.

Cast
 Maury Bueno as Christovam
 Ernani de Paula
 Pedro Fantol as Juliano Sampaio
 Rosendo Franco as Franco
 Adhemar Gonzaga as Carmem's Father
 Luiz Guimarães
 Augusta Leal as Aunt Marta
 Humberto Mauro as Farmer's servant
 Nita Ney as Neusa
 Carmen Santos as Carmem
 Máximo Serrano as Máximo
 Elie Sone as Tuty
 Luis Soroa as Roberto

References

Bibliography
 Shaw, Lisa & Dennison, Stephanie. Brazilian National Cinema. Routledge, 2014.

External links

1930 drama films
1930 films
Brazilian silent feature films
Brazilian black-and-white films
Films directed by Humberto Mauro
Films set in Brazil
1930s Portuguese-language films
Silent Brazilian drama films


title: Let's Get It

text:
Let's Get It may refer to:

Let's Get It: Thug Motivation 101, an album by Young Jeezy released in 2005
Let's Get It (Cash Out album), an album by Cash Out released in 2014
"Let's Get It", a song by Smoot featuring Jadakiss and Swizz Beatz, No.98 on the R&B charts in 2003
"Let's Get It", a 2001 song by G. Dep. feat. P. Diddy and Black Rob; see G. Dep discography

See also
"Let's Get It Started", song by The Black Eyed Peas
"Let's Get It On", song by Marvin Gaye


title: Berlin to the Samba Beat

text:
Berlin to the Samba Beat (Portuguese:Berlim na Batucada) is a 1944 Brazilian musical comedy film directed by Luiz de Barros. The film was in the popular tradition of chanchadas, featuring stars of the musical stage. It was made by the Rio de Janeiro-based Cinédia studio. It was a follow-up to the hit Samba in Berlin (1944) which made fun of Brazil's World War II enemy Nazi Germany.

Cast
 Procópio Ferreira as Zé Carioca
 Francisco Alves as Chico
 Solange França as Odete
 Alfredo Viviani as Pacheco
 Lyson Caster as Mrs.Pacheco
 Delorges Caminha
 Chocolate
 Léo Albano
 Alvarenga
 Carlos Barbosa
 Linda Batista
 Jupira Brasil
 Luizinha Carvalho
 Olivinha Carvalho
 Nilo Chagas
 Matilde Costa
 Walter D'Ávila
 Edu da Gaita
 Ivo de Freitas
 Dalva de Oliveira
 Lila de Oliveira
 Margarida de Oliveira
 Pedro Dias
 Heitor dos Prazeres
 Claudionor dos Santos
 Otávio França
 Viviane Gaster
 Adhemar Gonzaga
 Henricão
 Jararaca
 Maurício Lanthos
Príncipe Maluco
 Vicente Marchelli
 Herivelto Martins
 Flora Matos
 Silvino Neto
 Nilo Oliveira
 Grande Otelo
 Ranchinho
 Ratinho
 Pery Ribeiro
 Manoel Rocha
 Fada Santoro
 Nair Santos
 Grijo Sobrinho

References

Bibliography
 Shaw, Lisa & Dennison, Stephanie. Brazilian National Cinema. Routledge, 2014.

External links

1944 musical comedy films
1944 films
Brazilian musical comedy films
Brazilian black-and-white films
Films set in Berlin
1940s Portuguese-language films
Films directed by Luiz de Barros
Cinédia films


title: I'll Follow You (Shinedown song)

text:
"I'll Follow You" is the fourth single from American rock band Shinedown's fourth studio album, Amaryllis.

Release
The song was released on February 5, 2013.

Track listing

Music videos
The official video premiered on the band's YouTube channel on June 15, 2013. An alternate music video for the song was released on February 14, 2017.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2013 singles
Shinedown songs
2012 songs
Songs written by Dave Bassett (songwriter)
Songs written by Brent Smith
Atlantic Records singles
Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo
Songs written by Eric Bass


title: Adrenaline (Shinedown song)

text:
"Adrenaline" is the fifth single from American rock band Shinedown's fourth studio album, Amaryllis.

Release
The song was released on August 13, 2013. The official video premiered on the band's YouTube channel on October 30, 2013.

Track listing

Use in media
The song was the official theme song of WWE Extreme Rules 2012. It is also the official theme song of the monster truck Extreme Attitude.

Charts

References

2013 singles
2012 songs
Shinedown songs
Songs written by Brent Smith
Songs written by Dave Bassett (songwriter)
Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo
Atlantic Records singles


title: Tom Roper

text:
Thomas William Roper (6 March 1945 − 21 June 2023) was an Australian politician.

Life and career
Thomas Roper was born in Chatswood and attended North Sydney Boys High School before graduating with a Bachelor of Arts from Sydney University. From 1967 to 1968 he was National Aboriginal Affairs officer with the National Union of Australian University Students, moving to education vice-president from 1968 to 1970. In 1970 he became a tutor at La Trobe University's education school, before becoming an advisor for the federal Minister for Aboriginal Affairs in 1973. A member of the Labor Party, he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1973 as the member for Brunswick West, moving to Brunswick in 1976.

In 1976, Roper was appointed Shadow Minister for Health, assuming the ministerial role in 1982 and moving to the Transport portfolio in 1985 and to Planning, Environment, Aboriginal and Consumer Affairs in 1987. In 1990 he was appointed Treasurer, serving until 1992. Following Labor's defeat at the 1992 state election, he became Shadow Minister for Health, Sport, Recreation, Racing and Gaming, but he stepped down from that role in 1993 and resigned from the Assembly in 1994. Following his retirement he was a member of the Australian Government Advisory Council on the Environment and Employment Opportunities from 1994 to 1996, a board member of Australian Hearing Services from 1995 to 2001, a board member of the Climate Institute in Washington, D.C. since 1994, and a board member of Greenfleet Australia since 2003.

Roper died on 21 June 2023, at the age of 78.

Writing
In 1971, his book The Myth of Equality was published. Its subject was "the gross disadvantages experienced by large numbers of students in both the public and private sector".

References

1945 births
2023 deaths
People educated at North Sydney Boys High School
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Ministers for Health (Victoria)
Ministers for the Environment (Victoria)
Treasurers of Victoria
University of Sydney alumni
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
Ministers for Higher Education (Victoria)
Ministers for Planning (Victoria)
Ministers for Casino, Gaming and Liquor Regulation (Victoria)
Ministers for Consumer Affairs (Victoria)


title: Laura Suarez (singer)

text:
Laura Suarez (1909–1990) was a Brazilian singer and film actress. She appeared in twelve films including Samba in Berlin (1944), but much of her work involved performing on the radio or in nightclubs.

Selected filmography
 Samba in Berlin (1944)
 Carnival of Crime (1962)

References

Bibliography
 Flórido, Eduardo Giffoni. Great characters in the history of Brazilian cinema. Fraiha, 1999.

External links

1909 births
1990 deaths
Brazilian film actresses
Singers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
20th-century Brazilian actresses
20th-century Brazilian women singers
20th-century Brazilian singers


title: Ludgarda (wife of Przemysł II)

text:
Ludgarda (c. 1260/61 – bef. 14 December 1283), was a German noblewoman of the House of Mecklenburg, and by marriage Duchess consort of Poznań during 1273–1283 and of all Greater Poland during 1279–1283.

She was the eldest child and only daughter of Henry I the Pilgrim, Lord of Mecklenburg by his wife Anastasia, daughter of Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania. She was probably named after her paternal grandmother, Luitgard of Henneberg.

Life
The alliance between Dukes Bolesław the Pious of Greater Poland and Barnim I of Pomerania was sealed with the marriage between Przemysł II, Bolesław's nephew, and Ludgarda, Barnim I's granddaughter. The wedding ceremony was performed in the city of Szczecin, in 1273.

After a happy beginning, the relationship between the couple became more complicated due to Ludgarda's apparent infertility after almost ten years of marriage. They may have been separated shortly before her death.

Ludgarda died suddenly in Gniezno, and was buried in the local cathedral on 14 December 1283, probably a few days after her death.

According to Jan Długosz and other contemporary sources, she was strangled by order of her husband, after her refusal of a divorce and return to Mecklenburg. However, modern historiography suggests the innocence of Przemysł II.

References

House of Mecklenburg
Duchesses of Greater Poland
Daughters of monarchs


title: Ruy Barbosa Popolizio

text:
Ruy Barbosa Popolizio (December 2, 1919 – June 8, 2014) was a Chilean businessman, politician, and oenologist.

Barbosa served as the Minister of Agriculture from September 26, 1963, until November 3, 1964, as well as the Minister of National Assets briefly from September to November 1963. He later became the dean of the University of Chile from 1968 until 1969.

Death
Barbosa Popolizio died in Santiago, Chile, on June 8, 2014, at the age of 94.

References

1919 births
2014 deaths
Ministers of Agriculture of Chile
Government ministers of Chile
Academic staff of the University of Chile
Chilean businesspeople
Oenologists
Heads of the University of Chile


title: Ted Tanner

text:
Edgar Miles Ponsonby "Ted" Tanner (born 19 March 1947) is a former Australian politician.

He was born in Caulfield; his father, Sir Edgar Tanner, was a Victorian MLA from 1955 to 1976. He attended Melbourne Grammar School and received a Master of Business Administration from Swinburne University of Technology. From 1971 to 1973 he was private secretary to the Victorian Minister for Health and from 1973 to 1976 the Chief secretary, before becoming Victorian tourism promotion officer in London from 1976 to 1979. A member of the Liberal Party from 1958, he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1979 as the member for Caulfield. Appointed Shadow Minister for Labour and Industry in 1982 and adding Tourism in 1983, he went to the backbench in 1985 before assuming the role of Opposition Whip in 1988. He held the position into government, but retired from politics in 1996. From 1996 to 2000 he was chairman of EcoRecycle Victoria, and since 1999 he has been a member of the Victorian Liquor Licensing Panel.

References

1947 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
People educated at Melbourne Grammar School
Swinburne University of Technology alumni


title: Afrodísio de Castro

text:
Afrodísio Pereira de Castro often known as A.P. Castro (1893–1975) was a Brazilian cinematographer who worked on more than fifty films during his career. Occasionally he also worked as a sound recordist or a film editor.

Selected filmography
 Ganga Bruta (1933)
 Hello, Hello Brazil! (1935)
 Hello, Hello, Carnival! (1936)
 Samba in Berlin (1943)
 Berlin to the Samba Beat (1944)

References

Bibliography
 Flórido, Eduardo Giffoni. Great characters in the history of Brazilian cinema. Fraiha, 1999.

External links

1893 births
1975 deaths
Brazilian cinematographers
Brazilian film editors
People from Bahia
Place of death missing


title: Dong-hoon

text:
Dong-hoon, also spelled Tong-hoon or Dong-hun, is a Korean masculine given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 24 hanja with the reading "dong" and 12 hanja with the reading "hoon" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names.

Chung Dong-hoon (born 1932), South Korean boxer
Choi Dong-hoon (born 1971), South Korean film director
Hoon Lee (born Tong-hoon Lee, 1973), American stage and film actor of Korean descent
Haha (entertainer) (born Ha Dong-hoon, 1979), South Korean actor
Primary (musician) (born Choi Dong-hoon, 1983), South Korean hip hop musician
Nam Dong-hoon (born 1984), South Korean modern pentathlete
Lee Dong-whun (born 1987), South Korean figure skater
Cha Dong-hoon (born 1989), South Korean footballer
Yang Tong-hun (), North Korean politician, member of the 7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
Han Dong-hoon (born 1973), South Korean prosecutor and 69th Minister of Justice of South Korea

See also
Yoon Dong-hun (; born 1983), South Korean footballer
List of Korean given names

References

Korean masculine given names
Masculine given names


title: They Met in Guayaquil

text:
They Met in Guayaquil (Spanish:Se conocieron en Guayaquil) is a 1949 Ecuadorian drama film directed by Paco Villar. The film was the first sound film made in Ecuador, which had a very small film industry at the time. The film  was a commercial success on its release. The title refers to Guayaquil, the country's largest city. The production company followed it up with another sound film Dawn in Pichincha in 1950.

Partial cast
 Antonio Arboleda
 Anita Burgos
 Paco Villar
 Olga Eljuri de Villar
 Fernad Nunez

References

Bibliography
 Handelsman, Michael. Culture and Customs of Ecuador. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.
 Rist, Peter H. Historical Dictionary of South American Cinema. Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

External links

1949 films
1949 drama films
Ecuadorian drama films
1940s Spanish-language films
Films set in Ecuador
Ecuadorian black-and-white films
Spanish-language drama films


title: Dawn in Pichincha

text:
Dawn in Pichincha (Spanish:Amanecer en el Pichincha) is a 1950 Ecuadorian drama film directed by Alberto Santana and starring Paul Feret, Martha Jácome and Salomón Rosero. It was the second sound film to be made in Ecuador following They Met in Guayaquil which was released the previous year.

Cast
 Paul Feret
 Martha Jácome
Salomón Rosero

References

Bibliography
 Handelsman, Michael. Culture and Customs of Ecuador. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.

External links

1950 films
1950 drama films
Ecuadorian drama films
1950s Spanish-language films
Films directed by Alberto Santana
Films set in Ecuador
Ecuadorian black-and-white films


title: Gerard Vaughan (Australian politician)

text:
Gerard Marshall Vaughan (born 1 December 1946) is a former Australian politician.

He was born in Glen Huntly to David Arthur Vaughan and Mary Therese, née Russell. He attended state and Catholic schools and received an Associate Diploma of Chemical Engineering from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in 1966. He worked as a chemical engineer with Australian Portland Cement Ltd. from 1967 to 1968, when he received a Bachelor of Education (Honours) from Monash University, followed by a Master of Engineering Science in 1971. He received a Diploma of Education from the State College of Victoria in 1973 and a PhD from Monash University in 1978. From 1968 to 1972 he was a research student and tutor in Monash University's Chemical Engineering Department, becoming a lecturer at Swinburne University of Technology in 1975. From 1977 to 1979 he was a research scientist with CSIRO's Mineral Engineering Division.

A Labor Party member since 1971, he ran unsuccessfully for the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Glenhuntly in 1976 but won the seat in 1979. He transferred to Clayton in 1985 following Glenhuntly's abolition. He served on a number of committees but was never promoted from the backbench, and he lost preselection to Hong Lim in 1996.

References

1946 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
RMIT University alumni
Australian chemical engineers
Monash University alumni
People from Glen Huntly, Victoria
Politicians from Melbourne
Scientists from Melbourne
CSIRO people
20th-century Australian scientists
20th-century Australian politicians


title: Universidad UNIVER

text:
The Universidad UNIVER is a private institution of education in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. It has 13 campuses in the Guadalajara metropolitan area.

History

Early history
UNIVER was founded in 1955 by Jorge Ramírez y Martínez Sotomayor, one of the first architects to graduate from the Autonomous University of Guadalajara, and by the Sisters of Berryts, a Spanish Catholic community that brought to Mexico a new educational model focused on giving women the opportunity to obtain technical and other degrees.

Initially known as the Veracruz Institute (Instituto Veracruz), it later changed its name to the Veracruz Interior Design School (Escuela de Decoración Veracruz de Guadalajara), the second interior design program in the Guadalajara area following that of the Women's University of Guadalajara (Universidad Femenina de Guadalajara). Its first class had twelve female students.

The 1970s saw expansion as well as two moves to new campuses; additionally, the school received accreditation from the Secretariat of Public Education and support from Infonavit and the National Exterior Commerce Institute.

In 1976, the school became a technical college with bachillerato programs, and the religious sisters ended their involvement. Additionally, in 1984, the first undergraduate degree programs were offered.

The 1990s saw the expansion of the school to new facilities and corresponding rapid growth, with the school enrolling 1,200 students at the start of the 1990s and 12,000 by 1998. In 1996, UNIVER opened its first campus outside of the state of Jalisco, in downtown Tijuana. New campuses were opened in La Paz and Los Cabos in Baja California, Toluca and Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in the State of Mexico (now a separate institution known as Univer Milenium), along with graduate programs in Morelia, additional facilities in the Guadalajara area designed for college programs.

Founding of graduate programs
Graduate programs were opened by 1999, in Guadalajara; that same year, UNIVER opened its campus in the city of Morelia, by agreement with the Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz College. In 1996, UNIVER started an exchange program for the training of its professors, with online Graduate programs, at the Catholic University of San Diego, in California.

Programs
Universidad UNIVER offers undergraduate licenciatura degrees (equivalent to a bachelor's degree of the USA plus one extra year of graduate studies), accredited by the SEP, in the following majors:

 Business administration
 Tourism business administration
 Finance administration
 Political science and government
 External trade
 Accounting
 Accounting and finance
 Law
 Graphic design
 Gastronomy
 Computational systems engineering
 Architecture-civil engineering
 Industrial engineering
 Education
 Fashion design
 Information technology
 Administrative computer science
 Communication

References

External links
  (Guadalajara)
  (State of Mexico)

1955 establishments in Mexico
Universities and colleges established in 1955
Private universities and colleges in Mexico


title: Alberto Santana

text:
Alberto Santana (1897–1966) was a Chilean screenwriter and film producer. He directed twenty five films during a career that took him to several countries. Santana was important in developing Ecuadorian cinema, producing They Met in Guayaquil (1949) and directing Dawn in Pichincha (1950) the first and second Ecuadorian sound films.

Selected filmography

Director
 Dawn in Pichincha (1950)

References

Bibliography
 Handelsman, Michael. Culture and Customs of Ecuador. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.

External links

1897 births
1966 deaths
Chilean film directors
Chilean screenwriters
Male screenwriters
People from Iquique
20th-century screenwriters


title: Leeds and York Railway

text:
The Leeds and York Railway was a proposed railway line, promoted in the mid 1840s, intended to connect York and Leeds. The line lost a significant promoter, the Manchester and Leeds Railway in 1845/6 as a result of a non-competition arrangement between that company and the York and North Midland Railway.

The York and North Midland Railway successfully promoted a rival line in the same session of parliament, and obtained an act for its construction in 1846.

The only part of either scheme that was ever constructed was the Tadcaster Viaduct, built by the Y&NMR on a short spur from the Y&NMR's existing Church Fenton to Harrogate branch. This was completed by 1848 before the Y&NMR decided to abandon construction of the line.

History

Leeds and York Railway
The Leeds and York Railway was promoted in the 1840s, during the Railway Mania; the line formed an alternative route from Leeds to York, starting in Wellington Street (Leeds), passing Seacroft, Thorner, Clifford Moor, and crossing the River Wharfe near Thorp Arch continued via Walton, Syningthwaite, Bilton, Hutton Wandesley, Rufforth and Acomb to York.

The line was  shorter than the existing route between the two cities (York and North Midland and Leeds and Selby lines). An associated scheme the York, Hull and East and West Yorkshire Junction Railway was also proposed, connecting towns in the East Riding of Yorkshire; together they represented a potential strong competitor to George Hudson's railway network in Yorkshire.

In 1845 the Leeds and York company gained the support of the Manchester and Leeds Railway, which decided to take up shares in the company on the condition that the line would use the station of the proposed West Riding Union company; the company also determined to support the Leeds and York in their obtaining an act of parliament.

In late 1845 the York and North Midland Railway company and the Manchester and Leeds company entered into a non-competition arrangement as part of an agreement between the two firms on the leasing of the Hull and Selby Railway. Part of the agreement was that the M&L would withdraw its support from both the York-Leeds and York-Hull schemes. The new agreement with the Y&NMR was contradictory to the previous one with the proponents of the Leeds and York and York and Hull schemes, and the board of the M&L withdrew their support and connection to the scheme in November 1845. The Leeds and York refused an offer to return the shares, and the M&L was required to take up  5,000 £25 shares.

Rival schemes between Leeds and York were also proposed in the same period, including the Leeds, York and Midland Railway, and the Leeds Extension of the York and North Midland Railway, both of which followed a route via Aberford and Tadcaster a few miles to the south of the Leeds and York company's plans.

York and North Midland Railway Leeds extension
The Y&NMR applied for an act for a railway over its proposed route in 1845, starting from a junction with the Leeds and Selby Railway near Cross Gates and continuing roughly north-east to make a connection with the Y&NMR's Church Fenton to Harrogate line south of Tadcaster.  The route then ran north for approximately 1 mile, before bearing east across the River Wharfe to meet the York and North Midland's main line at Copmanthorpe, and thence to York.

The Y&NMR's line was successful in parliament over the rival Leeds and York Railway scheme. An act, the "York and North Midland Railway (Leeds Extension) Act" (Victoria 9/10, Cap.89) was obtained in 1846, for a line of  with power to raise capital of £360,000 and a further third in loans.

John Towlerton Leather was contracted to build the Tadcaster-York section, a viaduct at Tadcaster was completed before the work was abandoned after the end of the Railway Mania. (See §Viaduct.)

In its 1849 report to shareholders the company reported:

In 1849 the Y&NMR applied for deviation of and abandonment of the original section from Tadcaster to York (Copmanthorpe), passed as part of the "York and North Midland Railway Act" of 1849.

No line was completed along the route, either by the Leeds and York, York and North Midland or other companies. A shorter route from Leeds to York was opened in 1869, via a cut off from Micklefield to Church Fenton .

Tadcaster Viaduct

The Tadcaster Viaduct (also known as the Virgin Viaduct, or Virgin Bridge) was constructed as part of the northern section of the Leeds-York Line.

The viaduct was constructed of 11 arches, 7 west of the river, 2 east of the river, and 2 wider arches across the River Wharfe; made of magnesian limestone with millstone grit arch voussoirs. Earthworks were constructed for a triangle junction connection to the Harrogate-Church Fenton line immediately northwest of Tadcaster railway station; the viaduct crossed the river upstream and north of the town.

From 1882 or '83 to 1955 there was a siding across the viaduct which was used to supply corn and later coal to Ingleby's Mill on the east bank of the river. After 1901 the Mill was converted to a power station for the Tadcaster Electricity Company. The siding, known as the Ingleby's Mill branch closed in 1959. In 1980 the viaduct was acquired by the town council from British Rail. The structure was listed in 1985.

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Abandoned rail transport projects in the United Kingdom
Rail transport in West Yorkshire
Rail transport in North Yorkshire
Railways authorised but not built in the United Kingdom


title: Marcel Kalla

text:
Marcel Kalla is a Congolese politician who has served as a Deputy in the National Assembly of Congo-Brazzaville since 2012.

Political career
In the June–August 2007 parliamentary election, Kalla stood as an independent candidate in Mabombo constituency, located in Bouenza Region. In the first round of voting, Kalla placed first with 31.25% of the vote, ahead of Christophe Moukouéké, the candidate of the main opposition party, the Pan-African Union for Social Democracy (UPADS), who received 27.42%. Initial results for the second round showed that Kalla won the seat, defeating Moukouéké. However, UPADS contested the result in Mabombo and four other constituencies. On 13 August 2007, Francois Ibovi, the Minister of Territorial Administration, announced a correction in the results for Mabombo, stating that Moukouéké had actually won the seat with 59.01% of the vote; the previously announced result was attributed to a clerical error.

In the July–August 2012 parliamentary election, Kalla stood as the candidate of the Congolese Labour Party (PCT) in Mabombo and won the seat with 57.14% of the vote, defeating Moukouéké.

Standing as a PCT candidate, Kalla was elected as a local councillor in Mabombo in the September 2014 local elections.

In the July 2017 parliamentary election, he was re-elected to the National Assembly as the PCT candidate in Mabombo, winning the seat in the first round with 57% of the vote.

References

Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: The Gypsy of Athens

text:
The Gypsy of Athens () is a 1922 Greek silent drama film directed by Ahilleas Madras.  A gypsy falls in love with an American woman to the fury of his former lover.  It was a joint venture between Joseph Hepp and Ahilleas Madras.  Madras was a theater actor and eventually married the lead character from the film Gypsy of Athens Frida Poupelina.  Together they participated in the Viennese cinema.  Madras went off to create additional films such as Maria Pentagiotissa in 1927 and The Wizard of Athens in 1931.  The Wizard of Athens reused footage from the film Gypsy of Athens.  Regrettably, the original film Gypsy of Athens is a lost film. Luckily most of the film became The Wizard of Athens which was preserved.

The film first premiered in Athens, Greece on 1 October 1922 and had limited distribution in Greece.  The film featured characters from the United States of America and was premiered mainly in New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Chicago. Madras filmed compelling footage of the Asia Minor catastrophe.  Some of his footage was exhibited with the film as news footage.  The footage featured The Commendation of the Americans,  Exchange of Prisoners, The Destruction of Smyrna and  The Tragic Exodus of the Refugees.

The film premiered on Broadway at the Times Square Theater on 20 April 1924 but it was heavily censored by the New York State Film Commission.  Some scenes were deemed indecent and inciting crime namely close-ups of a dance on a rock, shots of belly dancing, a girl falling from a cliff, Venus emerging from the ocean, and the theft of a neckless from a girl unconscious inside a car.  The scenes were cut in the U.S. version.

The New York screenings of the five-act film featured the accompaniment of a 20-piece orchestra conducted by Lucianos Kavadias and a baritone named Belgarino sang the gypsy love song of Yar.  That same year, screenings continued across the United States throughout the Greek communities in Bridgeport, Connecticut, Providence, Rhode Island,  Boston, and Lowell Massachusetts.

Plot
The film features images of Ancient Greek sites and was filmed in parts of  Omonoia, Faliro, Elefsina, Kifissia and Syntagma Stadium.  An American woman named Smale travels to Greece with her wealthy father from Chicago.  Smale becomes enchanted with the country and decides to marry a Greek man. The story features images of the busy modern city of Athens in 1922.  Smale throws a party to find a husband.  One of the men plots to steal her neckless.  She is kidnapped and thrown over a cliff.  She is found by gypsies.  Smale becomes a gypsy woman and falls in love with a gypsy leader named Yor.  Yor is also a violinist and a singer.  She begins to live among the gypsies in a gypsy encampment.  Smale is lured by a wealthy industrialist and forgets about Yor.  Yor is involved with another woman who competes with Smale for his love.  Yor is banished from seeing Smale because of her rich industrialist husband.  Yor tells Smale and they meet on the beach and tragically drown.

The Gypsy of Athens vs. The Wizard of Athens
Most of the footage in the 1931 film The Wizard of Athens was taken from The Gypsy of Athens  released in 1922.  Madras rebranded his silent film with new intertitles changing the story around and introducing new footage.  Luckily for cinema historians The Gypsy of Athens can easily be found within the second film released nine years later.  Madras completely changed the story which was centered around a wizard instead of a gypsy.  The modernization of the two characters can be distinguished by the elaborate outfit worn by the wizard which is slightly different than the original gypsies wardrobe.  Madras was also ten years younger when they filmed the original movie.  Carefully observing both films, the two films can be separated, regrettably, the intertitles were completely changed and lost forever.

Cast
 Ahilleas Madras as Yor
 Frida Poupelina as Smale

References

Bibliography

External links

1922 films
1922 drama films
Greek silent films
Greek drama films
Films set in Athens
Films set in Greece
Greek-language films
Greek black-and-white films
Silent drama films
1920s Greek films


title: Tired (Stone Sour song)

text:
"Tired" is a song by American rock band Stone Sour, released on August 14, 2013 as the second single from their fourth album House of Gold & Bones – Part 1. The song reached No. 1 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart.

Music video
The music video was released through their official YouTube channel on August 19, 2013.

Track listing

Chart positions

References

Stone Sour songs
2013 singles
2013 songs
Roadrunner Records singles
Songs written by Roy Mayorga
Songs written by Josh Rand
Songs written by Jim Root
Song recordings produced by David Bottrill
Songs written by Corey Taylor


title: The Gypsy Girl at the Alcove

text:
The Gypsy Girl at the Alcove (Romanian: Țigăncușa dela iatac) is a 1923 Romanian silent film directed by Alfred Halm. The film premiered in Bucharest on 30 December 1923.

Cast
 Alger Alexandru
 Balta as A young nobleman
 Victor Beldiman as Strul - the innkeeper
 Ion Cernea
 Charles Chamel as An innkeeper
 Jacques Chapier
 Stelian Crutescu
 Tantzi Elvass as Dochita - Anica's mother
 Ion Fintesteanu
 Jean Georgescu
 Dorina Heller as Anica - Hortopan's gypsy charlady
 Ion Iancovescu as Grigore
 Nicolae Kirilov
 Romeo Lazarescu as A gypsy
 Leon Lefter as Vasile Hortopan
 Dimitriscu Morfeu as A Greek
 Ion Mortun as A beggar
 Ion Murgu
 V. Negoescu as A young nobleman
 Lya Olteanu as Nastasia
 Gheorghe Pagu
 Stefan Petrescu Musca as Agachi - Anica's father
 Elvire Popesco as Maria Tortusanu -Basil's fiancée
 Petre Sturdza as Sandu Hortopan - a rich nobleman
 Maria Vecera as Smaranda Trotusanu
 Ecaterina Vigny as The old gypsy

References

Bibliography
 Marcel Cornis-Pope & John Neubauer. History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries. Volume IV: Types and stereotypes. John Benjamins Publishing, 2010.

External links

1923 films
1923 drama films
Romanian silent films
Romanian drama films
Films based on Romanian novels
Romanian-language films
Films directed by Alfred Halm
Romanian black-and-white films
Silent drama films


title: Danilo Baroni

text:
Danilo Luis Baroni (July 12, 1922 – June 9, 2014) was an Argentine lawyer and politician. Baroni, a member of the Justicialist Party, served as the Governor of Chaco Province from December 10, 1987, until December 10, 1991.

Baroni died in Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina, on June 9, 2014, at the age of 92.

References

1922 births
2014 deaths
Governors of Chaco Province
20th-century Argentine lawyers
Justicialist Party politicians


title: David Evans (Victorian politician)

text:
David Mylor Evans  (born 20 June 1934) is a former Australian politician.

He was born in Richmond in Melbourne to grazier Evan Mylor Evans and Constance Muriel, née Burton-Bradley. He graduated from Melbourne Grammar School and farmed on the family property from 1951.

Evans is a former President, Secretary and Treasurer of the Moyhu Football Club in the Ovens & King Football League and was awarded Life Membership in 1976.

Evans was also President of the Ovens & King Football League from 1975 to 1982 and was awarded life membership in 2014.

A member of the National Party, he served as a central party councillor from 1966 to 1980 and state president in 1976, as well as a member of Oxley Shire Council from 1967 to 1976. In 1976 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for North Eastern. He was parliamentary spokesman on lands from 1976 to 1982, on forests and conservation from 1976 to 1992, on environment from 1983 to 1992 and on economic development from 1982 to 1983; he was also Deputy President of the Legislative Council from 1992 to 1996, when he retired from politics. From 1998 to 2000 he was a Wangaratta City councillor, and from 2000 he was Treasurer of the Victorian National Party.

Following his retirement from politics, Evans has served in a range of community roles including as Trustee of the Anglican Diocese of Wangaratta, a Board Member of St John's Retirement Village in Wangaratta, and as a member of  Country Fire Authority local brigade.

In 2016 Evans was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for significant service to the Parliament and community of Victoria, to local government, and to aged care, education, and land conservation groups.

References

1934 births
Living people
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
Members of the Order of Australia
Victoria (state) local councillors
People educated at Melbourne Grammar School


title: Maiden's Rock

text:
Maiden's Rock (Bulgarian: Momina skala) is a 1922 Bulgarian silent drama film directed by Boris Grezov and starring Grezov, Katya Syoyanova and Vyara Salplieva-Staneva.

Cast
 Boris Grezov as Stoyan
 Katya Syoyanova as Lilyana
 Vyara Salplieva-Staneva as Gyula
 Mihail Goretzki as Bozhichko, selski kmet
 Dimitar Stoyanov as Trichko
 Yordan Minkov as Doychin, bashtata na Trichko
 Dimitar Keranov as Mladen, priyatel na Stoyan
 Ivan Stanev as Asen. mlad tziganin
 Cherneva as Adzhara, stara tziganka
 Petko Chirpanliev as Hyusein, Tziganski stareyshina

References

Bibliography
 Marcel Cornis-Pope & John Neubauer. History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries. Volume IV: Types and stereotypes. John Benjamins Publishing, 2010.

External links

1922 films
1922 drama films
Bulgarian silent films
Bulgarian drama films
Bulgarian-language films
Films directed by Boris Grezov
Bulgarian black-and-white films
Silent drama films


title: Boris Grezov

text:
Boris Grezov or Boris Grezhov () (April 4, 1889 – March 3, 1968) was a Bulgarian actor and film director. Grezov was one of the pioneers of early Bulgarian cinema, making important silent films such as Maiden's Rock (1922) and After the Fire Over Russia (1929).

Selected filmography

Director
 Maiden's Rock (1922)
 After the Fire Over Russia (1929)

References

Bibliography
 Marcel Cornis-Pope & John Neubauer. History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries. Volume IV: Types and stereotypes. John Benjamins Publishing, 2010.
 Taylor, Richard. The BFI companion to Eastern European and Russian cinema. British Film Institute, 2000.

External links

1889 births
1968 deaths
Bulgarian film directors
Bulgarian male film actors
Bulgarian screenwriters
Male screenwriters
Actors from Plovdiv
Bulgarian male silent film actors
20th-century Bulgarian male actors
20th-century screenwriters
Film people from Plovdiv


title: BATF2

text:
Basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like 2 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BATF2 gene.

References

Further reading

Proteins


title: Mexican breads

text:
Mexican breads and other baked goods are the result of centuries of experimentation and the blending of influence from various European baking traditions. Wheat, and bread baked from it, was introduced by the Spanish at the time of the Conquest.  The French influence in Mexican Bread is the strongest. From the bolillo evolving from a French baguette to the concha branching out from a French brioche even the terminology comes from France. A baño maría, meaning a water bath for a custard type budín or bread pudding comes from the French word bain marie. While the consumption of wheat has never surpassed that of corn in the country, wheat is still a staple food and an important part of everyday and special rituals. While Mexico has adopted various bread styles from Europe and the United States, most of the hundreds of varieties of breads made in the country were developed here. However, there is little to no baking done in Mexican homes; instead, Mexicans have bought their baked goods from bakeries (and street vendors) since the colonial period.

Traditional Mexican bakeries

Como pan caliente (like hot bread) is a Mexican expression that means that something is popular or in demand. Wheat bread is second only to the corn tortillas and its use can indicate social class and ethnicity. Mexicans do not generally make their own baked goods, even in the past when they generally made their own tortillas. White bread is most often consumed as part of street food such as tortas or as part of large meals as an alternative to tortillas. Sweet breads are most commonly consumed in the morning as part of breakfast or at night, as part of a ritual called "merienda," a small meal taken between 6 and 8pm, along with a hot beverage such as coffee or hot chocolate.

The folklore of the panadero (bread seller) is a man on a bicycle balancing a large bread basket over his head. Though less common as it once was, it can still be seen in various locations. The most common way to buy bread is through small family bakeries located in the center of small towns or in strategic locations in neighborhoods, generally within walking distance. Often one of the family's routines is to send someone to the bakery at a certain time to get the freshest bread possible. The bread making sector is one of the most stable in Mexico, as it is a basic necessity, but it often struggles with efforts to control prices and the rising cost of production. The sale of traditional breads in supermarkets has also impacted neighborhood bakeries.

Mexican bakeries often specialize in those who create cakes (pastelerías) and those that make white and sweet breads (panaderías) but there is overlap. The making of cakes in a pastelería is considered more refined, and those making "repostería" finer still, but in areas where there is more social strata, they are often segregated. The average bakery makes about a hundred varieties of breads through the year. The flour used is still made from the same category of wheat used since the colonial period, although cross experimentation with other varieties have modified the stalks to be more resistant to breaking. Most bakeries used commercially prepared yeast, but avoid preservatives with some bakers insisting that it spoils the taste of the products.

Traditional Mexican bakeries have inherited a set up and work system from the colonial period. Baking bread is considered a trade, learned through apprenticeship although child labor laws have limited how this system can be put into effect. Baking jobs are hierarchical, with bakers able to advance as they acquire more stills. However, men dominate the making of baked goods with few exceptions. Female employees usually found at the counter in the front.

The baking area is called the amasijo, from the word for "to knead." It is set in the back of the establishment. The back area contain various tables, mixers and other equipment, the most notable of which is the oven, usually set into one wall. These ovens can be gas or firewood. Older bakeries in small towns may have ovens large enough to walk into with the wood added from an outer door. The flour initially left to ferment with yeast is called madre (mother), and bits of this used to prepare various types of dough. The mixing and kneading of large quantities of ingredients is now done by commercial electric mixers. However, the final kneading in smaller batches is still done by hand by most baking businesses. Pastries are made by the most experienced bakers who have a higher status, often the master baker and/or owner of the bakery. The various stages of bread making occur at the same time in the different stations, with rising and already baked breads on racks in certain corners. These racks are usually of metal but some older wooden ones can still be found. Cleaning is a constant activity to keep up with the constant baking during shifts.

When baked goods are ready, workers move them from the amasijo to the front of the shop on large trays that they place on shelves. In the self access system, customers take circular trays and tongs and select their breads. They take the tray full of their selections to a counter, where someone counts the breads and calculates a price. Then they pay at a separate station, using a ticket with the total price. Panaderias may have a section dedicated to cakes and or pastries with cream or fruit filling, which are often keep on refrigerated shelves. It is common to see a niche dedicated to a saint, especially the Virgin of Guadalupe and San Judas Tadeo in Mexico City near the counter or the cash register, along with a piece of currency from the first sale of the business, candles and flowers.

Mexican baked goods have become important in certain regions in the United States, especially in areas with large ethnic Mexican populations. In Los Angeles the 1920s there were only a few bakeries that made Mexican style breads but this has increased greatly with the increase in the Mexican population and the acceptance of a number of these breads in other ethnic groups. In addition the conglomerate Grupo Bimbo, the world's largest baking company, has bought a number of foreign baking companies and operates them under their original names and has introduced some of its products from Mexico to foreign markets.

Taxonomy of Mexican breads and other baked goods

Variety
Centuries of experimentation and influence from various European baking traditions has led to the current modern selection found in most Mexican bakeries. Most Mexican breads are unique, linked to Mexico's history and culture. Mexico has since surpassed Spain in the variety of breads it makes and has one of the most varied bread traditions with estimates ranging from over 300 to over 1000. Even small bakeries have a wide variety.

Bakery breads

In the 20th century, there has been some industrialization of bread making, with the leader in this field being Bimbo. This multinational has production facilities in sixteen cities in the world, which has had some success in exporting Mexican bread styles. However, by far the most traditional Mexican breads are still mostly sold in the country.

One reason for the lack of definition in the number of varieties of bread is the naming.  Names for breads can vary from region to region and even from bakery to bakery. Some have whimsical, even mischievous names due to the bawdy reputation of bakers in the past as well as experimentation as one of the ways to keep entertained during the work shift.  The names come from Mexican culture and society as well as obvious cues such as shape such as corbata (bow tie) violín (violin), or ojo de buey (ox eye) a puffy pastry filled with bread dough with a shape of an eye, others have no clear meaning like Chilindrinas. Some breads have names from Mexico's history—Carlota refers to the empress of Mexico in the 19th century. There are breads named duque (duke) and polka. Some relate to common women's names such as Carmela and Margarita, and other refer to other foods such as taco, elote (corn) and zapote (a fruit).

Sometimes names change in new locations. A kind of twisted sweet bread is called alamar in most of Mexico but in Mexican communities in Los Angeles, it is referred to as a “freeway” in reference to the various interchanges in the area. For Mexican communities in the United States, Mexican breads can take on new names and some of these are in English, either by translation of the name (“rope” instead of lazo) or by comparison to something similar in that country. It also goes the other way. Dona is a Spanish adaptation of “donut.” Panque ( from pound cake), sometimes called a queque usually refers to individual-sized pound cakes or cupcakes.

In general, the categories of bread derive from the type of dough (or batter). Some shapes, such as roscas (rings) or cuernos (crescents), may be made with different doughs, but are distinguished by different names. Breads of the same category have the same basic flavor, but differ in shape and additives. Conchas, monjas, limas, chilidrinas and negritos are the same basic sweet bread but with toppings that make them look quite different from one another.

Many bread types are usually distinguished by shape—such as those that are roundish from the natural rising of the dough and bear names such as volcanes (volcanos) and almejas (clams). Other are made from strips of dough, most often used to create shapes similar to man-made objects—such as reja (grill or railing), estribo (stirrup), puro (cigar), libro (book), ladrillo (brick), and lazo (rope).

There are seventeen basic bread categories: pan fino (fine bread), fine bread with egg bread, egg bread, pan engranillado, hojaldrado (puff pastry), cemitas, picón, masa panque, cake/pastel, mantecado, cookies (galletas), paloteado, pambazo, enrollado, pan de agua (lit. water bread, no other liquid used), masa feite, pucha, danesa (Danish), pan de vapor (steamed bread), pan agrio (sourdough) and pan de maiz (corn bread).

The most common breads sold are still basic white breads for sandwiches and other meals. These are made with a simple flour dough with only a little salt and/or sugar for flavoring. These include españolas, bolos, pan de agua, violines, estribos, cuernos, pan de mesa, virotes, juiles, pambazos and teleras.

The most variety comes in sweet breads because of the wide variety of flavorings and fillings. Vanilla and cinnamon are important ingredients in many of the sweet breads. Other important flavorings include almonds, coconut, sesame, peanuts, walnuts, chocolate, tequila, rum, orange peel, strawberry preserves, quince jelly, apricot preserves, apple and pineapple. In some breads, which need to puff greatly, finely ground tequesquite (saltpeter or potassium/sodium nitrate) is used. The use of this ingredient has been documented since the 1700s. Most sweet breads are baked but some are fried, usually using beef or pork fat, sometimes butter. The most popular of these are churros and buñuelos.

Specialty breads

There are a number of events and festivals that are traditionally celebrated with specific kinds of breads and pastry, which include patron saints’ days. They may be sweet or white breads and are often served with drinks such as atole and hot chocolate. Breads made with picón dough, made with rich ingredients such as eggs, milk, cream or canned milk are common for festive occasions, such as Easter Sunday, when Christians are once again free from Lenten dietary rules. On other occasions more common breads and cakes are decorated for holidays such as Christmas, Valentine's Day, Independence Day and commemorations of the Battle of Puebla.

One traditional festival bread is pan de pulque, which as its name implies, is made with the fermented sap of the maguey plant and most popular in the center and south of Mexico. It comes in various shapes and with various toppings and is generally sold by wandering vendors with their own bakery trucks that travel among the many town and religious fairs around Mexico. These breads are also sometimes called pan de burro (donkey bread) because they were originally brought by vendors with these animals.

The rosca de reyes (king's ring) is the traditional sweet bread made for Epiphany, January 6. This is a ring bread, of Roman origin, which used to be filled with cream but in Mexico is generally decorated with ate (quince cheese), raisins and nuts.  It is traditionally eaten with hot chocolate. Inside the ring, there are small images of the infant Jesus and those who find one are responsible for providing tamales for Candlemas on February 2. This bread and tradition was brought to Mexico by the Spanish.

Pan de muerto (Bread of the Dead) is an important bread for Day of the Dead, especially in states with large indigenous populations such as Michoacán, State of Mexico, Guerrero, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Hidalgo, Chiapas and Oaxaca, as well as Mexico City. For this occasion, bakeries turn out hundreds of loaves of this slightly sweet bread, which is often used as an offering on altars as well as eaten by the living. Most of these breads are some kind of round shape with a criss cross of dough on top to indicate bones. However, there are some distinct variations such as those made with puff pastry and those in shapes of sheep, hearts, hands, dead persons and highly decorated wheel formations. In Oaxaca, there are breads for this day decorated with small painted heads made from flour and water.  There are variations such as in Hidalgo where elements are colored red, indicating pre-Hispanic influence as that color was associated with death.

Regional breads

Mexican breads also vary by region. More localized specialties include ladrillos in Aguascalientes; mestizas, pan de mujer and biscotelas in Sinaloa; coricos in Sonora and Sinaloa; coyotas in Sinaloa and Sonora (where is a traditional dish) and northern Sinaloa; semas in Durango and Coahuila; muéganos in Huamantla and Tehuacán, Puebla; cocoles and cheese-filled bread in Perote, Veracruz; pan de yema in Oaxaca; turcos in Nuevo León; aguacatas in Michoacán; fragiles and doradas campechanas in Santa María del Río, SLP and picones de huevos/picones de nata in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco.

Certain towns have reputations for particularly fine baked goods. These include Tingüindín, Michoacan, Acámbaro, Guanajuato, Chilapa de Álvarez, Guerrero, San Juan Huactzinco, Tlaxcala and Totolac, Tlaxcala.

History of baking in Mexico

Colonial period

Before the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, there were no baked goods in the European sense of the word. The main grain staple was (and today still is) corn made into flat breads called tortillas and steamed corn dough wrapped in corn husks or banana leaves called tamales. Other grain products include amaranth, toasted on comals and formed with maguey sap into shapes. The Chichimecas made a flour from mesquite beans to make a kind of flat bread.

Wheat and baking with it was introduced by the Spanish at the time of the Conquest.  Wheat was considered a necessity because it was the only grain recognized as acceptable for the making of communion wafers. This was particularly true to eliminate the formerly sacred grain of amaranth, which the indigenous used to shape into gods and eat. The first wheat crop was planted on land belonging to Hernán Cortés who later gifted it to Juan Garrido, a freed slave and one of the first bakers of the colonial period. The first bakeries were established in the 1520s. While European bakeries at the time were family businesses, passed down for generations, the conquistadors wanted to avoid manual labor, so they taught the indigenous to make bread for them. A tradition of home baking was never really established both because of this and the fact that very few households could afford to have ovens.

At first there was only a small market for bread, both because the initial products were poor, and the indigenous would not eat bread at first. However, as quality improved and the Spanish and mestizo population grew, so did the market for bread. Although the consumption of wheat never surpassed that of corn, bread did become an important staple,  and the limitation of its production to bakeries made these businesses important institution.

During the entire colonial period, bakeries were heavily regulated. Hernán Cortés himself issued the first wheat milling licenses and, to control prices, ordered breads sold in the main squares of towns.  Colonial authorities fixed the amount of wheat used, weights of breads, and prices. Each bakery had to mark their products with a seal for identification purposes. Growers of wheat had to sell to millers who then sold the flour to bakeries. All businesses has to report sales and purchases to the government. The aim of all this regulation was to ensure a supply of inexpensive bread and prevent market manipulation. However, it was not very effective because of corruption and practices of adulterating the wheat.

Because baking became a trade, regulations also included the formation of guilds and titles of master baker.  Guild members had monopolistic privileges such as sales at the markets for the upper classes and control over most of the rest of the market for breads. These members had to be of Spanish descent, and even though there was some selling of breads outside of guild bakeries, such as those made by indigenous women who learned as helpers at convents, they risked punishment for doing so. Being a guild member carried high status, but the work was done by employees who had no chance to advance.

Until the early 20th century, life for bakery workers was exceedingly hard. The work of baking, especially kneading dough was physically taxing and workers had shifts of between 14 and 18 hours a day. The lack of ventilation and unhygienic conditions left bakers susceptible to respiratory infections, tuberculosis, throat and nasal ulcers and more. Spanish owners exploited the lowest classes of colonial society, often entrapping workers with debt peonage and using forced labor by convicts, who could receive sentences of years of kneading dough. By the 18th century about 90% of bakers were indigenous, with the rest being mulattos or mestizos. Most died young from either illness and/or alcoholism.

The popularity of bread grew over time with a number of meals, especially breakfast, dependent on it. In the colonial period, breakfast of sweet bread with hot chocolate became fashionable, with the chocolate replaced by coffee at the end of the 17th century. This tradition has been mostly lost, but can still be found in many parts of Mexico. By the end of the 17th century, there were hundreds of bakeries found in all of Mexico's main colonial cities. Sales were made at these bakeries, as well as in neighborhood grocery shops, traditional markets and by wandering vendors.

Mexico's wide variety of breads had its start in the colonial period as well.  Bread styles soon became differentiated by social class, with the best and whitest breads, called pan floreado, reserved for the nobility and rich.  The lower classes ate “pambazo,” made with darker flour. The word is a mix of pan (bread) and basso (low) and today refers to a kind of street food. French influence on Mexican baking also started in the colonial period, leading one staple bread still found today, the bolillo (similar to a crust French roll). Colonial era monasteries and convents were also an early source of innovation, as they baked their own breads both for their own consumption and as a means of giving charity to the poor. In the 17th century, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz did a transcription of her convent's cookbook, with half the recipes dedicated to breads. These institutions developed recipes for buñueles, empanadas, and more that are still made today.

Although the earliest breads were the most basic, bakeries specializing in sweet breads, called bizcocherías in Mexico, are noted as early as 1554, and are well-established by the end of the 17th century. By the end of the 18th century, most bakeries had people dedicated to sweet breads and more varieties are recorded, especially in cafés, made popular by Italian immigrants in Mexico City.

19th century
After the Mexican War of Independence, colonial era regulations of bakeries were loosened in the hopes of improving working conditions for bakery workers. However, this was not successful, mostly because the need to keep bread prices down for the general populace meant keeping many of the old practices, especially forced labor and debt peonage.

The volatile political situation and the distaste that many of the established creole families had for the baking business meant that bakeries changed hands frequently. In the middle and late 19th century, this allowed entrepreneurs from Europe such as the French, Italians, Austrian and Basques to enter the market. Their participation expanded the number of bakeries and added innovation to the repertoire of breads. One of these was Italian Manuel Mazza who settled in Oaxaca and founded his business. He later became the father in law of Benito Juárez. The El Globo bakery chain in Mexico City was established in 1884 by the Italian Tronconi family. During the regime of Porfirio Díaz, French breads and pastries were particularly favored, especially in cafés in Mexico City. In addition, U.S. style loaf or sandwich bread was introduced during the Mexican–American War. While new styles were introduced, these new owners adopted traditional Mexican employment and monopolistic practices, including alliances by marriage.

What they did do was greatly increase the number of bakeries, allowing many people to be within walking distance of an establishment. Before that, most people bought their bread from wandering vendors. By 1880, there were 78 bakeries in Mexico City along with many more indigenous people who sold their own breads on the streets and markets.  By the 20th century, a number of these bakeries gained reputation, such as La Vasconia.

While employment practices did not change during most of this century, an important strike in 1895 signaled the beginning of the end for them, ending the practice of enclosing bakery workers in dormitories during non-working hours.

20th century to the present
Although able to leave the bakeries on their off time by the beginning of the 20th century, bakery workers still have 14 to 18 hours shifts, leaving little time for anything but sleep. Day of the Dead was one of few, if not the only holiday recognized by bakers. Much of the baking industry was in the hands of foreigners, especially Basques in Mexico City, which was the largest consumer of bread by far.

The Mexican Revolution allowed for major change in the baking industry, first by breaking down the old systems of food supply, especially in Mexico City, which became isolated by the civil war. The revolution also sparked labor activism. The bakers joined the larger labor movement, first with the Casa de Obrero Mundial organization in 1915, but this industry had a harder time gaining concessions despite the Venustiano Carranza government's union sympathies because of the need to feed the population with inexpensive bread. This allowed bakery owners to resist many of the demands of workers until 1928.

In the mid 20th century, there was innovation in production and sales. Mechanical kneaders and mixers were introduced at the beginning of this century. Up through 1940s, most bakeries displayed and sold their products in glass cases, requiring customers to ask counter workers to put together their order. In the 1950s, baker Antonio Ordóñez Ríos decided to do away with the glass in the cases and allow customers to choose their own breads and place them on a tray to be counted and charged by staff. This is the system used in most bakeries in Mexico today.

Since the mid 1950s, the variety of breads has diminished somewhat, but neighborhood bakeries still thrive, most of which make their own products. Bakeries still provide employment for many Mexicans, the basic white breads such as bolillos and teleras remain as staples, accounting for about 85% of all sales.

Mexican baking traditions have spread throughout its history and continues to spread. Migration of Mexican workers to the United States has prompted the opening of Mexican-style bakeries in that country. As a result of international acquisitions, Mexico City-headquartered Grupo Bimbo has become the largest producer of baked products in the world.

See also
 List of baked goods
 List of sweet breads
 Pan dulce

References


title: After the Fire Over Russia

text:
After the Fire Over Russia (Bulgarian: След пожара над Русия; Sled pozhara nad Rusiya) is a 1929 Bulgarian silent drama film directed by Boris Grezov and starring Tacho Kolarov, Baronesa Loudon and Konstantin Kisimov. The film is based on a novel by Pancho Mihaylov. It portrays the lives of a group of White Russians who fled into exile in Bulgarian to work in local mines following the Russian Revolution.

Cast
 Tacho Kolarov as Aleksey Arseniev
 Baronesa Loudon as Nataliya Noykova
 Konstantin Kisimov as Garbitzata
 Titi Tarnovska as Rositza
 Dimitar Keranov as Inzhener Pavel Noykov
 Vladimir Karpov as Stepan
 Docho Kasabov as Dyado Ivan
 Ivan Kasabov
 Vasil Karakanovski
 Rayna Chukleva
 Mihail Slavov

References

Bibliography
 Taylor, Richard. The BFI companion to Eastern European and Russian cinema. British Film Institute, 2000.

External links

1929 films
1929 drama films
Bulgarian silent films
1920s historical drama films
Bulgarian-language films
Bulgarian historical drama films
Russian Revolution films
Films directed by Boris Grezov
Films set in Bulgaria
Bulgarian black-and-white films
Silent drama films


title: 2014 Croatian Football Super Cup

text:
The 2014 Croatian Football Super Cup was the eleventh edition of Croatian Football Super Cup, a football match contested by the winners of the Croatian First League and Croatian Football Cup competitions. The match was played on  11 July 2014 at Stadion Kantrida in Rijeka between 2013–14 Croatian First League winners Dinamo Zagreb and 2013–14 Croatian Football Cup winners Rijeka.

Match details

References

 2013 Croatian Football Super Cup at HRnogomet.com

2014
GNK Dinamo Zagreb matches
HNK Rijeka matches
Supercup


title: Sherman Monument

text:
Sherman Monument may refer to:

 William Tecumseh Sherman (Saint-Gaudens), Grand Army Plaza, Manhattan, New York
 General William Tecumseh Sherman Monument, President's Park, Washington, D.C.


title: James Guest

text:
James Vincent Chester Guest (born 20 October 1937) is a former Australian politician.

He was born in Melbourne to James Chester Guest, a business manager and Chairman of the Commercial Bank of Australia, and Patricia, née Hammond. A graduate of Geelong Grammar School, he attended Brasenose College at Oxford University, where he received a Master of Arts; he became a barrister-at-law in Lincoln's Inn in 1960. From 1961 he was an associate to Sir Owen Dixon, Chief Justice of Australia; in 1963 he returned to Victoria as a barrister. In 1976 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council as a Liberal member for Monash. He served on a number of committees but never rose from the backbench. He retired in 1996.

References

1937 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
People educated at Geelong Grammar School


title: Carmen Santos

text:
Carmen Santos (8 June 1904 – 24 September 1952) was a Portuguese-born Brazilian actress and film producer. Santos began acting at the age of fifteen, and started producing films from 1930 onwards with Blood of Minas Gerais. She founded her own film studio Brasil Vita Filmes in Rio de Janeiro. Santos directed the 1948 film Minas Conspiracy, in which she also starred.

Selected filmography
 Blood of Minas Gerais (1930)
 Minas Conspiracy (1948)

References

Bibliography
 Marsh, Leslie. Brazilian Women's Filmmaking: From Dictatorship to Democracy. University of Illinois Press, 2012.
 Shaw, Lisa & Dennison, Stephanie. Brazilian National Cinema. Routledge, 2014.

External links

 Carmen Santos at the Women Film Pioneers Project

1904 births
1952 deaths
Brazilian film producers
Brazilian film directors
Brazilian women film directors
Brazilian women film producers
Brazilian film actresses
Brazilian screenwriters
Portuguese film producers
Portuguese film directors
Portuguese women film directors
Portuguese women film producers
Portuguese film actresses
Portuguese screenwriters
20th-century Brazilian actresses
Women film pioneers
20th-century screenwriters
Brazilian women screenwriters
Portuguese emigrants to Brazil
People from Bragança District