title: Isle of Man Companies Act 2006

text:
The Isle of Man Companies Act 2006, also known as the 2006 Act, is a law which permits the incorporation of a flexible and modern corporate vehicle which was originally known as the New Manx Vehicle. Incorporation of 2006 Act companies commenced in the Isle of Man on 1 November 2006.

The Act is a stand-alone piece of legislation which supplemented existing Isle of Man Companies Act legislation rather than replaced it. Isle of Man Companies can also be incorporated under the Isle of Man Companies Acts 1931-2004 and the Limited Liability Companies Act 1996.

Introduction
The Isle of Man Companies Act 2006 (the 2006 Act) provides for the incorporation of a flexible and modern corporate vehicle which was originally known as the New Manx Vehicle (‘NMV’).

Background
In 2003, two Isle of Man law firms Cains, and Dickinson Cruickshank (now Appleby) began to jointly lobby the Isle of Man Government to enact a new legislation for a New Manx Vehicle (NMV) which could compete on equal terms with the International Business Companies being turned out in the thousand by the British Virgin Islands (‘BVI’). The result was the Isle of Man Companies Act 2006; a modern companies Act closely following the BVI template. Company number 1v was formed by Middleton Katz Chartered Secretaries LLC  on 1 November 2006.

The Act is a stand-alone piece of legislation which supplemented existing Isle of Man Companies Act legislation rather than replaced it. Following its introduction, Isle of Man Companies can still be incorporated under the Isle of Man Companies Acts 1931-2004 and the Limited Liability Companies Act 1996.

By the end of 2013, over 10,000 Companies had been incorporated pursuant to the Isle of Man Companies Act 2006 and of those, according to Isle of Man Government statistics, 5637 remained on the register on 31 December 2013.

Incorporation
In order to incorporate a 2006 Act Company, it is necessary to file a Memorandum of Association at the Isle of Man Companies Registry together with the prescribed fee. Optionally, Articles of Association can also be filed. If no Articles are filed then ‘Model’ Articles are deemed to apply.

General Provisions
 Corporate Form: 2006 Act Companies can be incorporated as (i) Companies limited by shares, (ii) Companies limited by guarantee, (iii) Companies limited by share and guarantee, (iv) Unlimited companies with shares or (v) Unlimited Companies without shares
 Company names: 2006 Act companies with limited liability must have one of the following endings: (i) Incorporated or Inc, (ii) Corporation or Corp, (iii) Limited or Ltd, or (iv) Public Limited Company or PLC.
 Registered office and Agent: Every Company incorporated under the 2006 Act is required to have its registered office in the Isle of Man, and a registered agent who must be a holder of an appropriate licence issued by the Isle of Man Financial Supervision Commission.
 Directors: Unless stipulated otherwise by its articles and 2006 Act company may have a  Single Director who may be a corporate entity or a natural person. Where the director is a corporate entity, it must be a holder – or a subsidiary of a holder – of an appropriate fiduciary licence issued by the Isle of Man Financial Supervision Commission.
 Corporate Capacity: In accordance with Section 21 of the Act, the ultra vires doctrine does not apply; this provides protection to persons dealing with 2006 Act Companies in good faith.
 Members: Single member companies permitted. Shares may be issued fractionally and may with or without Par value. Bearer shares however are not permitted
 Offering documents: There are straightforward requirements for offering documents. Directors are required to ensure that any Offer fairly and accurately sets out all available material information that the intended recipients would reasonably expect to be included in order to enable them to make an informed decision as to whether or not to accept the Offer.
 Capital Maintenance: There is no concept of non distributable reserves. Distributions are permitted as long as after the distribution the company (i) is able to pay its debts as they become due in the normal course of business and (ii) the value of the assets exceed the liabilities.
 Accounting Records: 2006 Act Companies are required to keep reliable accounting records, but is not required to prepare financial statements.
 Filing Requirements: A simple annual return is required to be filed at the Isle of Man Companies’ Registry which shows the directors that have served during the year. Where a Company adopts Articles of Association which are differ from the Model Articles provided for within the Act these must be filed. Additionally, a company can elect to file documents such as the offering memorandum, registers of directors, charges and members but is not obliged to do so.
 Corporate restructuring including transfer of domicile: Isle of Man Companies incorporated under the 1931-2004 Act Companies can re-register under the 2006 Act. Redomiciliation provisions in Manx Law permits foreign companies to be continued as 2006 Act companies in the Isle of Man and 2006 Act companies to redomicile to a foreign jurisdiction. The legislation also permits 2006 Act companies to be merged and consolidated and converted from a company limited by shares to a Protected Cell Company (PCC).

References

External links
 Government Publication
 Companies Act 2006
 How to Incorporate
 Acts of Tynwald
 Technical FAQ to the 2006 Companies Act

Manx company law


title: David Black (photographer)

text:
David Black (born October 17, 1980, in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American photographer and director noted for his work with musicians such as Daft Punk, Cat Power, Pharrell Williams and The Roots.

Early life

Black was born on October 17, 1980, in Baltimore, Maryland. His father Richard was a physician and a professor, and his mother MaryAnn was a nurse practitioner; both worked at Johns Hopkins University. As part of his research on the nervous system, Richard took Polaroids of oscilloscope screens and made short films of neurological activity. Richard accumulated a wide range of photographic equipment and experimented with it at home. This equipment later became part of Black's first dark room.
When Black was seven, his family moved to Houston, Texas. When he was thirteen he started shooting portraits of his friends with his father's old Nikon.  His father also taught him how to repair and refurbish vintage cameras, such as a Graflex Speed Graphic that Richard purchased from the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.

When Black was eighteen, he took a summer filmmaking course with director Kelly Reichardt at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. While there, he made a series of short 16mm films. He moved to San Francisco in 1999 to study photography at the San Francisco Art Institute, where he studied with artists/filmmakers such as Todd Hido, Larry Sultan, George Kuchar and Henry Wessel Jr. In his final year of college, Black transferred to Cooper Union in New York City.

Career

Black's work initially came to public attention when in 2005, MTV exhibited forty of his photographs on the façade of their Time Square Building.  That same year, he began working at Stop Smiling Magazine for editors J.C. Gabel and James Hughes, photographing cultural icons such as Robert Altman, RZA, Peter Bogdanovich, Oliver Stone, D.A. Pennebaker and Bruce Robinson.

Black has since photographed musicians such as Daft Punk, Cat Power, Victoria Legrand, Kendrick Lamar, Mac Miller, Weekend, Tamaryn, Giorgio Moroder, John Cale, Bobby Womack, Wes Lang, James Blake, Best Coast, Peaking Lights, Richard Hell, Oneohtrix Point Never, and Nas. His work has also appeared in publications such as The New York Times, Interview, and Rolling Stone.

In 2010, he began to shoot for commercial clients, and has since photographed campaigns for Nike, Levi's, Microsoft, Chase, Budweiser, Converse and others.

In 2011, Black created images for Ryan Adams’ album Ashes & Fire. In 2013, he was responsible for the photography for Daft Punk's Random Access Memories.

In 2007, Print Magazine named him a top "New Visual Artist Under 30." In 2008, The Art Directors Club of New York named him as one of their "Young Guns (YG5)", and in 2011, Photo District News named him one of the "PDN 30 Emerging Photographers to Watch".

Black served as a visiting professor at The San Francisco Art Institute in 2007, and as an adjunct professor of Photography at Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York from 2008 to 2010.

Personal life

David relocated to Los Angeles in 2009.  He is represented by Giant Artists agency.

References

American photographers
Living people
1980 births
Artists from Baltimore


title: Trudy Silver

text:
Trudy Silver (born April 24, 1953) is an American jazz pianist and composer.

Life
Born and raised in New Britain, Connecticut, she started playing piano at age 7, often practicing on her aunt's seven-foot Mason & Hamlin concert grand piano. Silver studied composition and music appreciation with Armin Loos before moving to Berkeley, California in January 1971.

It was while in California that she first heard Sun Ra, Ravi Shankar, and Alice Coltrane in a concert at the University of California and she taught herself chords and harmony. She returned to Connecticut in June 1971 and started playing in local bands. In 1979 she moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada. A member of the Montreal Musicians' Union, she worked extensively in Montreal and around Quebec. In 1981 Silver moved to New York City.

Her work includes the political multimedia composition Where's the Outrage, a combination of music, Butoh mime by Sanae Buck and film which was included in the 2016 Dissident Arts Festival, as well as other events. She is an activist, and is also involved in political actions, and made the Village Voice "Honor Roll" of "the 1,793 people arrested during the week of the 2004 Republican National Convention."

She co-founded the 5C Cultural Center & Café in the Lower East Side of Manhattan with her husband, Bruce Morris. Together they have produced over 400 events since 1995.

Discography
 Heroes/Heroines (1987)
 Silver Plays featuring Will Connell (1992)
 Damn the Rules! (2002)

Bibliography
 "Guantánamo NY Blues 2004", And Then, Volume 13, 2007 (ISSN 1520-4111)

References

External links

  The Courant. May 29, 2011

1953 births
Living people
Avant-garde jazz pianists
Free jazz pianists
Women jazz pianists
American women composers
20th-century American composers
People from New Britain, Connecticut
Musicians from Connecticut
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American women pianists
21st-century American women pianists
21st-century American pianists
20th-century women composers


title: LGBT issues at the Olympic and Paralympic Games

text:
Athletes and artists who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, pansexual, non-binary, queer, and/or intersex, and/or who have openly been in a same-sex relationship (LGBTQI+) have competed in the Olympic and Paralympic Games, either openly, or having come out some time afterward.

Alongside the Olympics, international multi-sport events have also been organized specifically for LGBT+ athletes, including the EuroGames, Gay Games and World OutGames.

Ancient Olympic Games

The concept of homosexuality did not exist, at least not as understood in the modern era, in Greece at the time of the ancient Olympic Games. Sexuality was defined by the role one took (active – erastes – or passive – in the case of homosexual relationships, eromenos), rather than by gender, and most men would have taken part in homosexual or pederastic activity. Social roles were connected with the sexual roles, with dominant and adult men to be active and women, young men, and those of low status to be passive. The passive role in men was associated with effeminacy, supposedly an undesirable trait in adults. However, sometimes these roles were flouted, with dominant adult men continuing to have homosexual relationships. Classicist Kenneth Dover has suggested that there would have been social stigma aimed at the passive male in an adult homosexual relationship.

David Stone Potter has discussed the prevailing sexuality in the culture of athletics in ancient Greece, saying that some gymnasiums had to ban men attending purely to pick up other men. Pederasty in sports was elegised by Theognis of Megara in writing "Happy is the lover who, after spending time in the gymnasium, goes home to sleep all day long with a beautiful, young man." Classicists have noted the development of a specific athletic pederasty in the seventh century BC, with Thomas F. Scanlon writing that "the high value placed on an athletic type of physical beauty and nudity contributed to the establishment of gymnnasia and the sanctioning of homosexuality among athletes". Scanlon suggested that widespread pederasty in Greece may have originally arisen due to the practice occurring frequently in gymnasiums, where it was more accepted.

Historians have also commented on elements of sexuality within the context of the ancient Olympic Games specifically. Author and Olympic historian Tony Perrottet has said that while Greek poets wrote odes to the bodies of the men, contemporaneous cultures like the Persians and the Egyptians thought the concept of naked men engaging in physical activity together "promoted sexual degeneracy". The ancient Olympic Games were undertaken in the nude, though this was not initially the case. Historians have connected this nudity to the tradition of men entering adulthood parading naked as a rite of passage. Emeritus professor Nick Fisher wrote that "men believed that nakedness… should reveal the perfection of the trained body and that an erotic response to muscular, bronzed bodies gleaming with olive oil, like statues, was a natural part of the admiration elicited by divinely gifted beauty and skills." Anthropologist Greg Laden described the ancient Olympics as "a softly pornographic group voyeuristic tournament".

Some Ancient Olympians noted for stigmatised adult relationships include the general and statesman Alcibiades, a successful Olympic chariot racer (taking first, second and fourth in 416BC) who had a much-studied relationship with Socrates, also notoriously having many mistresses; and stadion run winner Diocles of Corinth, who moved to Thebes to live with Philolaus of Corinth (of the Bacchiadae) and would be buried with him. In Thebes, Philolaus was a legislator who successfully advocated for adult male unions. Pythagoras of Samos was turned away from the boys' boxing contest and made to compete with the men, while being mocked for being effeminate; he also won the event. Gymnast Iccus of Taranto and pankratiast Kleitomachos were instead known for their abstinence, Kleitomachos supposedly to the point that he could not stand to even hear sex mentioned.

During the height of the popularity of the Olympics, many Greek athletes would spend significant periods of the Olympiad training in specific conditions – historian David Henry James Larmour noted ten months and Eusebius wrote that, during his time, it was sixteen months – including "apparently" having to abstain from sexual intercourse with women.

Summer Olympic Games LGBT+ history

1896–1936

Early years
There is a recorded upsurge in both male and female homosexuality in France towards the end of the 19th century, with institutionalised homophobia increasing at the start of the 20th century in correlation. French academic and gay rights activist Louis-Georges Tin noted in 2008 that "from its origin, the Olympic movement produced homophobic residue", citing an essay written by modern Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin from the time, in which Coubertin wrote that sport was the way to restore a man's correct "virile sensibility". Coubertin had previously proposed, in 1887, that school education should be more focused around sport to divert students from sexual perversion. In founding the modern Olympics, he did not allow provisions for women to compete, having said that women taking part in sport makes them ugly to men and so is unnatural.

Despite this, the first Olympic athlete known to be gay was a Frenchman from the fin de siècle; Robert de Montesquiou was a writer and socialite who also rode horses and won the bronze medal in the 1900 Hacks and hunter combined, the only time this event was contested. By 1912, there were two other gay Olympic athletes – both Danish, one of whom was Niels Bukh, who coached his gymnastic team to a gold medal – as well as a male competitor in the art events who may have once had Montesquiou as a lover.

Interwar years
LGBT+ Olympic historian Tony Scupham-Bilton traced gay Olympic athletes back to at least 1928 in a report produced for Outsports in 2016; the athlete in question was Weimar German runner Otto Peltzer, who lived openly gay, though this was not known worldwide; Peltzer set world records in the 1920s and was a prominent international athlete, but did not perform well at the Olympics. Peltzer was able to live openly within the Weimar Republic as, despite homosexuality technically being illegal, it flourished in culture and society of the interwar period, particularly in Berlin. One of the most prominent cultural figures in this period was Renée Sintenis, an openly queer and androgynous artist who won a bronze medal and would be one of seventeen known LGBT+ artists to compete at the Olympics in the interwar years, including two other Germans: fellow gay icon Ludwig von Hofmann and the sculptor Arno Breker.

A similar flourishing of gay life existed in certain urban communities of the United States in the 1920s, and there were also a significant number of LGBT+ Americans appearing at the Games during this period; Babe Didrikson Zaharias, a lesbian considered the 20th century's best female golfer, won two gold medals and a silver in athletics at the 1932 Olympic Games.

Nazi Olympics

The impact of the rise of Nazism and its attitude towards homosexuality affected the Olympics in the run-up to and at the 1936 Olympic Games. In 1935, Peltzer was arrested, banned from sport, and eventually sent to a concentration camp. Sintenis lived in exile, with her artwork labelled Degenerate.

The Nazis took the chance to use their Games to promote some of their ideology through depicting the ideal Aryan man as a successful Olympic athlete. Since his first Games appearance, Breker had become a favourite of Adolf Hitler and was commissioned to produce statues for the Games. His artwork is known as both homoerotic and Nazi state propaganda, deliberately evoking ancient Greek aesthetics to promote the supposed Aryan physical supremacy; it reflects the homosocial masculine nature of the Nazi vision of utopia, which, paired with the classical sculptural nudity of antiquity, appeared like "a steamy wonderland in which the male body is always on view." Breker's statue for the Berlin Olympiastadion was recreated in miniature as his silver medal-winning competition entry; the full size version features its nude decathlete holding a towel, while the smaller version does not. Another gay Olympian who was supported by Hitler and used for his propaganda was Bukh, invited to demonstrate his gymnastic programme and ideal male physique at the Games; Bukh's support of Nazism, potentially in light of Hitler's support of him, caused an unimpressed ex-lover to out him. Violette Morris, a French athlete of many sports who had long been openly lesbian, was another guest of Hitler's at the 1936 Games; she had been banned by her country from competing in 1928 because of her sexuality, and would later become a Nazi collaborator in occupied France.

Cultural superiority was also supposed to be on display at the 1936 Games, and also prominently involved LGBT+ Germans; artists other than Breker were encouraged by the Nazis to exhibit and compete for Nazi German glory. The famed dancers and choreographers Harald Kreutzberg, gay and androgynous, and Mary Wigman, probably bisexual, were the main architects of the showcase, which was run as a demonstration event. After the Games, Wigman was also labelled Degenerate.

At the 1936 Games, there were several noted incidents of sex verification among athletes in women's events. It was rudimentary, did not result in exclusions, and may have been biased; Helen Stephens said that, after she and Stella Walsh were both accused of being men, Hitler grabbed at her to confirm she was biologically female. It is not known if Walsh was similarly checked, but an autopsy would show that Walsh had intersex characteristics, as did German athlete Heinrich Ratjen (competing as Dora Ratjen); Stephens and Walsh won medals, while Ratjen did not. Ratjen, who competed as female but identified as male, was later banned from sport by his country, though also claimed he had been made to compete as female so that Nazi Germany had a better chance of winning.

1948–1996

Post-war period
In 1948, the last artistic events were contested, and the last contemporaneously out Olympian would be seen until 1984. Mirroring society and the sporting world at large, the later decades of the 20th century saw significant homophobia as well as lack of sexual education; it has been reported that between 1950 and 1990, "many gay individuals... thought they were the only gay person in the world," which was also true among male Olympians. While in some countries, civil rights movements campaigned for LGBT+ equality throughout this period, some with scientific backing, homosexuality was still considered an outlier; there were some successes in the 1970s, including homosexuality being no longer listed as an illness by the American Psychological Association in 1973. However, the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Canada saw a programme called "ville propre" be enforced, with police raiding gay bars and other known homosexual hang-outs, enforcing conservatism.

AIDS and Gay Games
The AIDS epidemic, which officially began in 1981, saw a mixture of responses: from some parties there was more empathy for homosexual and bisexual men, and an outpouring of support; from others, there was an increased fear and vitriol, and sharing of the belief that AIDS was a divine punishment for a gay lifestyle.

The Gay Games, founded by gay former Olympian Tom Waddell, began in 1982, as a safe space for LGBT+ athletes to compete. The acceptance among athletes from the Gay Games is said to have crossed over into the Olympics; also including non-Olympic LGBT+ athletes, the Gay Games showed the world and Olympic movement that there are significant numbers of queer people in sport. Reportedly, being able to see "gay athletes in a highly organised event similar to the Olympic Games" caused attitudes to change in sport.

There was at least one contemporaneously out male LGBT+ athlete at each Summer Olympic Games from 1984 to 1996, with a steady increase over the period.

2000–present

At the end of the 20th century, after the crest of the AIDS crisis, significant media attention in the United States was given to promoting LGBT+ equality, and positive cultural depictions of LGBT+ people returned to the mainstream in Western nations (for example, Ellen DeGeneres coming out in 1997), which helped to normalise not just gay people, but moreover the act of coming out itself, to people in these countries. In the early years of the 21st century, various Western nations decriminalised sodomy and legalised civil partnerships and marriage for same-sex couples. Transgender activism took off, and the internet was said to be a useful tool for popularising and ultimately globalising equality movements.

Transgender athletes were first allowed to compete in 2004.

In the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, only 15 athletes out of the 10,708 participants were openly gay, lesbian or bisexual. Of them only two, including Matthew Mitcham (who also won a gold medal, making him the first openly gay Olympic champion), were male. Mitcham gained media coverage in Australia as reporters thought he was the first Australian to compete in the Olympics as an openly gay person at the time. However, Mathew Helm, the Australian diver who won the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in the men's 10m platform, had publicly announced he was gay before the Olympics began. Other notable gay Australian Olympians include Ji Wallace, who competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in the inaugural trampoline event; however, he came out after the Games. Patricia Nell Warren noted in 2008 that, besides some notable faces, most out Olympians (even medalists) were still being overlooked both for their athletic achievements and by the LGBT+ community. She said that the courage in coming out and opening themselves to homophobia in sport should be more openly acknowledged. Mike Horton, a spokesperson for amateur gay sports in the United States, suggested that simply coming out and winning would not create a legacy of inspiring LGBT+ children to enter sports on its own, that the athletes would have to become public advocates.

Ahead of the 2012 Summer Olympics, the organising committee had included diversity and acceptance in its bid, and approached LGBT+ athletes to encourage participation.

In the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, 23 athletes out of the 10,768 participants were openly gay, lesbian or bisexual. LOCOG was the first organizing committee in Olympic history to include a commitment to diversity in its bid. The organizers publicly supported pro-LGBT concerns during the lead-up to the Games, such as during Pride London 2010, when special pins featuring the Games' emblem and a rainbow flag were sold as part of a wider range celebrating various aspects of diversity. LOCOG chief executive Paul Deighton stated that its vision was "as bold as it is simple – to use the power of the Games to inspire change. We want to reach out to all parts of the community and connect them with London 2012".

A slightly larger number of LGBT athletes competed in London, with 23 out of more than 10,000 competitors, and only three gay men. Outsports co-founder Jim Buzinski considered it to be an "absurdly low number", and considered that in comparison to the arts, politics or business worlds, "sports is still the final closet in society".

In the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, a record 68 athletes out of the 10,444 participants were openly gay, lesbian or bisexual, nearly double the LGBT athletes who took part in the 2012 Summer Olympics. There were no openly transgender athletes, but Rolling Stone magazine reported that two transgender athletes would compete in Rio, based on anonymous details in IOC papers. 51 women and 18 men - who are now openly LGBT -  competed in this Olympiade (some came out afterwards). One other LGBT athlete was known to compete at the time, but did not wish to be identified due to still being in the closet. The Games also featured the first same-sex married couple to compete, Helen and Kate Richardson-Walsh, British field hockey players.

"Rainbow Olympics"
The 2020 Summer Olympics, delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic and held in summer 2021 in Tokyo, have been nicknamed the "Rainbow Olympics" due to not only the significant increase in openly LGBT+ athletes, but also for many of these athletes desiring visibility or taking activist stances. There were three times as many openly queer athletes at Tokyo as there were in Rio, with Outsports able to name at least 185 publicly out LGBTQ athletes by the end of the Games, more contemporaneously out athletes than all previous Summer and Winter Games combined. Despite this, the percentage of LGBT+ individuals among all athletes at Tokyo was still lower than that in the general population. There were also the first appearances of out transgender athletes at Tokyo, with one of these (Canadian soccer player Quinn) winning a gold medal, making them the first openly transgender Olympic champion.

Winter Olympic Games LGBT+ history

During the 1976 Winter Games in Innsbruck athletes such as John Curry from Great Britain were outed before the closing ceremony.

Of the 2,566 athletes who participated in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, only six athletes, all women, were openly lesbian or bisexual.

2014–present

Since 2014, the Winter Olympics have been exclusively held in nations with no anti-discrimination protections for LGBT+ people: Russia, South Korea, and China. Particularly in anticipation of the Russia-hosted Sochi 2014 Games, there has been defiance, with athletes and representatives from nations with LGBT+ protections openly protesting Russia's laws, and using rhetoric to promote their pro-LGBT+ stance. Between 2011 and 2014 in the United States, sporting culture saw a pro-LGBT+ stance become aligned with a pro-Western values, and thus pro-American, position when set in contrast to Russia, with sponsors aligning themselves with this stance for the Olympics and maintaining it within the regular sporting calendar afterwards. In the face of Western-aligned Olympic committees being called to boycott, Belle Brockhoff, who had chosen to come out ahead of competing in Sochi, was said to exemplify the feeling of many athletes in saying: "After I compete, I'm willing to rip on [Putin's] ass. I'm not happy and there's a bunch of other Olympians who are not happy either." The sentiment was seen as athletes wanting to compete and to then make statements while in Russia.

Sixteen out athletes — twelve women and four men — participated in the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. It marked the first time in the history of the Winter Olympics that male athletes competed who were openly gay; Canadian figure skater Eric Radford became the first out gay male athlete ever to win a Winter Olympic gold medal, while figure skater Adam Rippon became the first American out gay male athlete ever to win a Winter Olympic medal, both in Team Figure Skating. Radford later also won Bronze in Pairs Figure Skating. A fifth male athlete, Guillaume Cizeron, came out after the event.

According to Outsports, at least 36 publicly out LGBTQ athletes competed in the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. Timothy LeDuc of the United States became the first openly non-binary athlete to compete in a Winter Olympics.

Paralympic Games LGBT+ history

At least two out athletes competed in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London.

At least 12 out athletes participated in the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, with 10 coming home with medals. In addition, there were two coaches who are openly LGBT, with the U.S. women's wheelchair basketball head coach, Stephanie Wheeler and her assistant coach, Amy Spangler.

At least one openly LGBT athlete competed in the 2018 Winter Paralympics in PyeongChang.

The 2020 Summer Paralympics, delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic, was held in summer 2021. According to Outsports, at least 36 athletes who competed are openly LGBTQ. At least three athletes who competed are nonbinary or neutral, namely Robyn Lambird of Australia, Laura Goodkind of the United States, and Maria "Maz" Strong of Australia.

Pride Houses

Pride Houses are a dedicated temporary location designed to play host to LGBT athletes, volunteers and visitors attending the Olympics, Paralympics or other international sporting event in the host city. The first attempt to organize a Pride House was for the 1992 Barcelona Olympics; the first that happened was for the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics.  Both Pride Houses at Vancouver (one in the city, one in the mountains in Whistler) offered information and support services to LGBT athletes and attendees, with the Whistler location in Pan Pacific Village Centre also having a "celebratory theme", and the Vancouver venue emphasising education about Vancouver's LGBT community and, for non-Canadian athletes, information about immigration to and asylum in Canada, including "legal resources" from Egale Canada and the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA).

An attempt to create a Pride House at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia was struck down by the Ministry of Justice, which refused to approve the registration of the NGO set up to organize the Pride House. The ban was upheld by Krasnodar Krai Judge Svetlana Mordovina on the basis of the Pride House inciting "propaganda of non-traditional sexual orientation which can undermine the security of the Russian society and the state, provoke social-religious hatred, which is the feature of the extremist character of the activity".

As it became clear that no Pride House could take place in Sochi, a number of leading LGBT sports organisations worked together to promote the idea of cities elsewhere hosting their own Pride Houses during the Sochi Olympics. Pride House Toronto, which was set to be the largest Pride House ever and preparing to host visitors during the 2015 Pan American Games at the time of the Sochi Olympics, was already very advanced with its plans for a series of events during the Sochi Olympics highlighting the anti-LGBT laws and LGBT rights in Russia in general. In addition to Pride House Toronto, a group led by Pride Sports UK hosted other Pride Houses, with Manchester being the largest. Other cities across North America, Western Europe, New Zealand, and Brazil, also expressed interest in hosting Pride Houses during the Sochi Olympics.

Sport and gender statistics
The vast majority of openly LGBT+ Olympians are female; of these, most are lesbians. At Tokyo 2020, out female athletes outnumbered the out men by about 9:1. Outsports felt that the low percentage, 0.3% at Tokyo 2020, of male athletes being openly LGBT+ was not a true reflection of the percentage of men within sport who are LGBT+, instead suggesting that a sporting culture keeps men closeted. Short of 2% of all athletes at Tokyo 2020 were openly LGBT+, which was also deemed lower than the statistics in the world at large, with the deficiency similarly attributed to homophobic sporting culture. Monash University behavioural scientist Erik Denison said, in response to the statistics, that male sports are stereotyped to a particular image of masculinity, while female sports are stereotyped to an image of aggression that defies femininity and assumes the participants are lesbians.

Outsports noted that the majority of the out male athletes were "equestrian or in a pool", with the equestrian and aquatic sports accounting for nearly 60% of out male athletes. In winter sport, figure skating is a sport that has been stereotyped as having many gay male athletes, though accounts also say men in figure skating have been closeted due to homophobia within the sport, the fear judges will down mark anything non-traditional, and fear of losing sponsors; without outing any athletes in particular, insiders have estimated that around half of male Olympic figure skating medalists are LGBT+.

In women's sport, football is noted as having high numbers of out athletes, though this has been argued to have created prejudice against women's football itself because of the assumption all players are lesbians and the preexisting prejudice towards lesbians. The event with the highest number of out LGBT+ Olympic athletes is football, nearly all women. One suggestion in a Sportscotland review was that athletes are more likely to come out if they participate in a sport that is stereotypically queer, giving examples of men's figure skating and women's football.

Success
Approximately half of all LGBT+ Olympians have won an Olympic medal. Outsports reported that of the 104 openly gay and lesbian participants in the Summer Olympics up to and including 2012 (and publicly out by 2014), 53% had won a medal. Including only those out ahead of the 2012 Games, LGBT+ athletes that year were six times as likely to win a gold medal compared to all athletes. Cyd Zeigler, founder of Outsports, suggested that this could be the result of the relieved focus and lack of "burden" an athlete would have after coming out; that "high-level athletes" are more likely to feel secure in coming out as their careers have been established; or their performance was mere coincidence and had no correlation with their sexual orientation at all. University of Winchester sociology and sexology researcher Eric Anderson has found that the comparative success of out LGBT+ athletes can be related to them only feeling comfortable to come out when they "have the sporting capital to negate the problems they encounter".

Mark Tewksbury and Greg Louganis, who were among the best in their sports, remarked that feeling personally accepted enough to share their sexuality may have been the psychological burden relieved to allow them to improve. Curler Bruce Mouat has said that, in his team sport, he found that coming out made him more emotionally available and improved his dynamic with his team, seeing them to medal success. Various athletes have reported improved results after coming out, even privately, and some of the most successful sportspeople of their times have been LGBT+ and competed at the Olympics.

Visibility and recognition
The importance of having visible out LGBT+ athletes at the Olympics has been noted due to the global nature of the event and the potential for cultural exchange, with athletes from less progressive nations able to positively interact with openly queer athletes and take their experiences back to their own countries. Outsports, the main reference website covering queer athletes and which gives a platform to many coming-out stories from sports personalities, has the tagline "courage is contagious", expressing that visibility is vital for sports at large to become more welcoming to the LGBT+ community, and as inspiration for other people to come out. Research published in the Journal of Homosexuality suggested that, in the 2010s, more social attention was given to already-successful athletes who came out, particularly those with Olympic or world championship success, than to athletes who were less prominent when they came out. Europe-wide research published in 2019 found that 70% of queer people surveyed considered "famous sport stars" coming out to be key in tackling homophobia and transphobia in sports.

LGBT+ legislation in host cities

Montreal 1976
In the years before the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the nation began somewhat re-criminalising gay sexual activities (officially decriminalised, a law against prostitution was instead applied) and, in February 1975, began enforcing this in Quebec and Ontario, and also actively seeking out people in Montreal suspected of homosexuality to arrest, generally for immorality or as supposed security threats, in a "clean city" ("ville propre") campaign. Gay sex was labelled a vice, with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police being brought in to raid known gay and lesbian spaces, sometimes violently, including bars and bathhouses. Sport and gender activist Helen Lenskyj wrote that the move "suggested a kind of puritanical embarrassment at the prospect that Olympic visitors might actually see gay men and lesbians on the streets"; the Montreal Organising Committee worked with the local politicians, with their official stance being that "all non-conforming elements of which homosexuals are included, must be confined and made hidden". Though activist groups were also targeted, the "clean-up" campaign has otherwise been described as an ardent form of moral cleansing and sexual policing. Rather than intimidate the queer population out of the city as hoped, it instead resulted in new anti-repression activist groups being founded and the largest Canadian gay rights protests ever at the time being held.

Sochi 2014

In the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, seven openly gay women competed. Russia's stance on LGBT rights were a major concern during the lead-up to these Games; in 2012, an attempt to obtain a Pride House was denied, and, in June 2013, Russia became the subject of international criticism after it passed a federal "gay propaganda law", which made it a criminal offence to distribute materials classified as "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships" among minors. Russia attempted to quell concerns about the propaganda law by allowing designated protest zones during the Games; media found this unsatisfactory.

2014 anti-discrimination provision

Marc Naimark of the Federation of Gay Games called "the lack of openly gay athletes" a symptom, not the problem, of the Olympic Games. He said the IOC should pressure countries to repeal anti-gay laws the same way it once excluded South Africa for its apartheid system of racial segregation, and "more recently, succeeded in getting all competing nations to include female athletes on their teams in London [2012]". In 2014, after that year's Winter Olympics were held in Russia, the IOC amended its host city contracts for the 2022 Winter Olympics to include an anti-discrimination provision based on Principle 6 of the Olympic Charter (which itself includes sexual orientation).

Tokyo 2020
Though the 2020 Games have been called the "Rainbow Olympics", the media noted that host nation Japan was the only one of the G7 industrialised nations not to allow same-sex marriage, and to not have any openly queer athletes at the Games. In the run-up to the Games, LGBT+ activists in Japan had hoped the attention of the world would encourage positive change; an anti-discrimination bill was debated, but did not pass, in the National Diet. While Japan had a political agenda through the 2010s, specifically looking ahead to the Games, to "[encourage] the positive reinterpretation of sexual minorities as important new consumers and a tourist niche", the attempts have been described as based in stereotypes and not substantive.

Sex verification and intersex athletes

Since 1968, athletes who have been accused of competing in the wrong gender category have been subject to physical examinations. All female athletes were required to undergo sex verification between 1968 and 1998, which was said to prevent men and "women with unfair ... advantage" from competing in women's events. The issue of sex verification was first raised in the 1960s, when it was uncertain if masculine-appearing women were a product of systemic doping or were "male impersonators". Initial examinations involved physically appraising the genitals of the women before the IOC moved to use a less degrading chromosome test; this was also criticised as, while typically women have two X chromosomes and men one X and one Y, there are various possible deviations that do not have a substantial effect.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the IOC and World Athletics (then, IAAF) had several meetings in which they confirmed that preventing "male imposters" in women's events – i.e. gender, not sex, verification – was the aim; their actions differed, however, with sex testing, especially for androgen bodies, persisting and excluding intersex athletes while never discovering a "male imposter". With genetic laboratories having stopped using the unreliable X chromosome tests in the 1970s, the IOC finally followed suit for the Winter Olympics in 1992; the IAAF abolished all testing later that year. At the 1996 Games, eight (unknown) female athletes were discovered to have an intersex condition upon testing (seven with androgen insensitivity); all were cleared to compete and, after the Games, the IOC abolished the universal testing so as to protect the dignity of athletes who do not already know they have these conditions.

Various international medical and sports professionals have, since 1986, advocated for sex verification in sport, and specifically the Olympics, to be abolished. In 2000, following the 1999 IOC ratification of the 1996 decision to discontinue sex verification, the view was reiterated in the Journal of the American Medical Association; it included commentary that, while the purpose of such tests is to uphold a perceived fairness, the insufficiency of the tests can produce unfair results due to potential inaccuracies and the possibility of both false negatives and false positives. The authors also deemed the tests unfair and discriminatory towards female athletes with disorders of sex development (DSD), whom it felt should be considered as women for the purposes of sport, as "few if any plausible athletic advantages exist". It also considered the implications for female athletes who "fail" a test (either as a false positive or through unknowingly having a DSD), in their personal lives and future career, as too severe to impose the tests.

However, since 2000, testing has still been enforced for athletes of any gender (though invariably women) when "serious doubts" have been raised. In 2012, the IOC changed its mode of verification, testing for testosterone, also deemed unreliable and discriminatory, especially considering the effects of androgen insensitivity. In 2018, World Athletics began requiring intersex women to medically or surgically alter themselves in order to be eligible, which could prevent them from attending events that serve as Olympic qualifiers.

Overview of LGBT+ Olympians

See also

 Homosexuality in modern sports
 The Front Runner (novel)
 Transgender people in sports

Notes

References

Further reading
Baniak, M. & Jobling, I. (2014) "Homosexuality and the Olympic Movement", Journal of Olympic History, International Society of Olympic Historians

External links
 Olympic Pride: The History of LGBT Participation in the Olympics an overview by each Olympic Game.
 LGBT Olympians, as of 20 July 2012, includes country, sport and games attended, medals won, and other information.

Olympic and Paralympic
LGBT
LGBT


title: Yoko Kondo

text:
is a Japanese ice hockey player,  and is considered one of her country's best defenseman. She is the only player to qualify for both the 1998 and 2014 Winter Olympics. Kondo is the oldest player on the 2014 team, for which she switched to the forward position.

Biography
Yoko Kondo was born on February 13, 1979, in Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture. She began playing ice hockey at age six in Aomori, largely because her older brother played the game and she wanted to follow him. She began playing ice hockey professionally in 1995, and qualified for Japan's first Olympic women's ice hockey team during the 1998 Winter Olympics. Kondo felt she personally lacked physical strength to compete with foreign players, and that the team was not playing at a level capable of winning due to the lack of clear goals and a consistent training program. She believed if the team continued to improve, they could eventually qualify for the 2014 Winter Olympics.

Kondo participated in four Division I International Ice Hockey Federation world championship tournaments between 2001 and 2013, with Japan placing second in 2001 and 2005, first in 2007, and fourth in 2013. She plays as a defenseman with the Seibu Princess Rabbits in the Japan Women's Ice Hockey League, while also employed professionally as an office worker. In January 2014, Ilzuka Yuji, head coach of the Japan women's national ice hockey team, played Kondo as a forward in a friendly match and found her speed, body size and powerful shots suited her for the role. Yuji decided to play Kondo as forward in the 2014 Winter Olympics, although she only started seriously training in the position in December 2013.

At age 35, Kondo was the oldest player on the Japan's 2014 Olympic team, and the only one with past Olympic experience. In contrast to 1998, Kondo felt the team is better prepared to compete and had a clear strategy to win.

References

1979 births
Living people
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players for Japan
People from Hachinohe
Japanese women's ice hockey defencemen
Sportspeople from Aomori Prefecture
Asian Games medalists in ice hockey
Ice hockey players at the 1999 Asian Winter Games
Ice hockey players at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Ice hockey players at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Ice hockey players at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 1999 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan


title: Jami Dauber

text:
Jami Dauber is an American jazz musician and teacher. She is the 2nd trumpet in the group Diva Jazz and plays trumpet and flugelhorn in the group Five Play.

After receiving a bachelor's degree in music education from the University of Florida, Dauber earned a Masters in Jazz Studies from the University of North Texas. While at the University of North Texas, she was the first female trumpet player in the One O'Clock Band.

Dauber moved to New York City in 1994 and joined Diva Jazz in 1995. Since 2004 she has also been the band manager. In her freelance work she has appeared on Broadway. Dauber also teaches private lessons and since 1997 has been part of the New York Pops Education Programs.

Citations

American women jazz musicians
Living people
American jazz trumpeters
Flugelhorn players
University of Florida alumni
University of North Texas College of Music alumni
21st-century trumpeters
21st-century American women musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women trumpeters


title: Max Murphy

text:
Max Murphy may refer to:

Max Murphy, founder of Presentation College, Chaguanas
Max Murphy, singer on The Voice UK (series 3)
Max Murphy (bassist) in Mutant Press


title: First Baptist Church (Farmville, Virginia)

text:
First Baptist Church is a historic African-American Baptist church located at Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia. It was built between about 1855 an 1895, and is a one-story, rectangular brick Late Gothic Revival style church building on a full basement.  The building features a square tower centered on the primary façade, pointed arch windows with stained- and milk-glass panes, a primary entry with double leaf doors topped by a pointed arch transom and, on the interior, original wood pews and beaded board wainscoting.  The church was the site of a number of meetings related to the desegregation of Prince Edward County schools during the 1950s and 1960s.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.  It is located in the Farmville Historic District.

See also
Robert Russa Moton Museum
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County

References

African-American history of Virginia
Baptist churches in Virginia
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Churches completed in 1895
19th-century Baptist churches in the United States
Gothic Revival church buildings in Virginia
Churches in Prince Edward County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Prince Edward County, Virginia
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Virginia


title: Joe Keegan

text:
Joseph or Joe Keegan may refer to:

Joseph Keegan (comedian), known as Joseph Elvin, (1862–1935), Cockney comedian and music hall entertainer
Joseph M. Keegan (1922–2007), politician


title: Edenopteron

text:
Edenopteron is a genus of large tristichopterid fish from the Late Devonian (Famennian) of what is now southeastern Australia. It is known from a single specimen of a single species, E. keithcrooki, described in 2013.

Discovery

Edenopteron keithcrooki is known from remains excavated from the Worange Point Formation, near the town of Eden on the coast of New South Wales in 2008. The generic name is a combination of the name Eden and pteron, meaning wing or fin in Greek. The specific name honors Dr. Keith Crook of the Australian National University for his discovery of several fossil sites in New South Wales and his key role in helping to map the geology around Eden.

Description

The holotype consists of numerous semi-articulated remains, including an incomplete skull roof, snout, palate, cheeks, lower jaws and associated dermal bones, a left shoulder girdle, and assorted scales. Reconstructions suggest a skull length of 30 cm (12 in) and lower jaw length of about 48 cm (19 in). The endoskeleton shows a large or complete lack of ossification. The orbits (eye-sockets) are somewhat triangular rather than oval-shaped. Edenopteron possessed dentary fangs and premaxillary tusks, which are presumed to be derived traits for other large tristichopterids. By comparison to body size ratios of other tristichopterid fishes (e.g. Eusthenodon, Langlieria, Mandageria), the body length of Edenopteron is estimated at 2.9—3.2 m (9.5—10.5 ft), while study in 2023 estimates length up to . Additional fossil material may be described in the future: according to lead researcher Gavin Young, quoted in the Canberra Times: "We know that part of the pectoral girdle is still in the rock, so if we can lift up a few more blocks, we might find that the body is actually preserved in the rock."

Classification
Edenopteron is assigned to the Gondwanan tristichopterid subfamily Mandageriinae due to similarities shared with Cabonnichthys and Mandageria, including paired vomers in the palate, submandibular bones overlapping ventral jaw margin, and scales ornamented with widely-spaced grooves.

References

External links

Local dig uncovers new species of ancient fish- ANU Media Release
 Fang the fish shocks researchers- The Australian

Tristichopterids
Prehistoric lobe-finned fish genera
Late Devonian animals
Late Devonian fish
Prehistoric fish of Australia
Paleontology in New South Wales
Fossil taxa described in 2013


title: The Comeback (1980 film)

text:
The Comeback is a 1980 Australian documentary film directed by Kit Laughlin and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger. It follows Schwarzenegger as he returns to professional bodybuilding to compete in the 1980 Mr Olympia to regain the title for the 7th time.

Reception
Allmovie gave the film 2 out of 5 stars.

References

External links

Cultural depictions of Arnold Schwarzenegger
Documentary films about bodybuilding
Australian sports documentary films
1980 in bodybuilding
1980s English-language films


title: Daniela Schächter

text:
Daniela Schächter (born 14 February 1972) is an Italian jazz singer and pianist.

Career
Schächter started on piano when she was eight. In her teens, she performed professionally in Italy and Sicily and worked as a studio musician. In 1998, she attended the Berklee College of Music, where she was taught by Joanne Brackeen. She issued her first album independently in 2001.

Schächter appeared on the radio program Piano Jazz after the host, Marian McPartland, heard she won the Mary Lou Williams jazz piano contest.

Schächter has worked with Patti Austin, Regina Carter, Terri Lyne Carrington, John Dankworth, Shirley Horn, Ingrid Jensen, Christian McBride, Al McKibbon, Tiger Okoshi, Phil Wilson, New York Voices, and the Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra.

Awards and honors
 Mary Lou Williams Jazz Piano Competition, 2005
 Betty Carter Jazz Ahead Competition, 2002

Discography
 Quintet (2001)
 I Colori Del Mare (Splasc, 2006)
 Purple Butterfly (2009)
 Vanheusenism (2016)

References

External links
  Official site
 Faculty page at Berklee

1972 births
Living people
Berklee College of Music alumni
Italian jazz singers
Women jazz singers
Italian jazz pianists
Italian women pianists
21st-century Italian women singers
21st-century pianists
21st-century women pianists


title: List of Tanzanian records in swimming

text:
The Tanzanian records in swimming are the fastest ever performances of swimmers from Tanzania, which are recognised and ratified by the Tanzanian Swimming Federation.

Long Course (50 m)

Men

Women

Short Course (25 m)

Men

Women

Mixed relay

References

Tanzania
Records
Swimming


title: James Byron

text:
James Byron may refer to:

James Byron (writer), wrote books on the List of Ace double novels
James Byron, singer on The Voice UK
Jim Byron, American 1950s and 1960s era publicist
James Paul Byron, ice hockey player

See also


title: Krejčík

text:
Krejčík (feminine Krejčíková) is a Czech-language occupational surname, meaning 'tailor'. Notable people with the surname include:

 Aneta Krejčíková (born 1991), Czech actress
 Barbora Krejčíková (born 1995), Czech tennis player
 Jiří Krejčík (1918–2013), Czech film director
 Jakub Krejčík (born 1991), Czech ice hockey player
 Josef Krejcik (1885–1957), Austrian chess master and writer
 Lukáš Krejčík (born 1990), Czech ice hockey player
 Stanislav Krejčík (born 1972), Czech footballer

See also

Occupational surnames
Czech-language surnames


title: Sweden women's national floorball team

text:
Sweden women's national floorball team represents Sweden in international competitions of women's floorball. The team played their first match in a world championship on 3 May 1997 against Austria in Mariehamn, Finland. The match ended in victory with 32-0 and is still the biggest victory ever in the floorball world championships. The team went unbeaten through the tournament and became the first world champions of women's floorball.

The team has won 10 titles in the world championships, and never missed a medal position. Additionally, the team has won a record eight consecutive titles.

Medal record

All-time world championships results

World championships results against other teams

References

External links
Sweden at the International Floorball Federation's website
Swedish Floorball Federation

Women's national floorball teams
Floorball
Floorball in Sweden
Women's


title: Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade – Men's 5000 metres

text:
The men's 5000 metres event at the 2001 Summer Universiade was held in Beijing, China between 30 August and 1 September.

Medalists

Results

Heats

Final

References

Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade
2001


title: Rosie Garthwaite

text:
Rosie Francesca Garthwaite (born 1980) is an English journalist.

Early life
Garthwaite was born and raised in Hammersmith, London in 1980, the eldest of three children of Sir Mark Garthwaite and Victoria Tuzo (daughter of General Sir Harry Tuzo, the late former Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe and General Officer Commanding of the British Army in Northern Ireland during the early period of the Troubles). Garthwaite attended Benenden School.

Career
Garthwaite joined the British Army as a fast-track gap year officer (with the rank of Second Lieutenant), serving in Canada and Germany as part of the 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery and training as forward observation officer, because she "wanted to see the world but [...] didn't want first to spend six months in King's Road working in some hideous pub earning £3.50 an hour". While in the Horse Artillery, Garthwaite was editing the regimental newspaper. Garthwaite then attended St Hugh's College, Oxford University from 1999 until 2003, completing a Master's degree in Ancient and Modern History (specialising in Alexander the Great), while also becoming a lacrosse Blue, and was runner-up in the Guardian Travel Writing Prize 1999.

Two months after graduating from Oxford, Garthwaite travelled to Iraq as a freelancer without organisational backing, and without taking any of the "hostile environment" courses that most news organisations insist their staff take before deployment in conflict areas. She joined the independent start-up English-language left-wing newspaper the Baghdad Bulletin, where many of Garthwaite's colleagues were, like her, young public school and Oxbridge graduates. Garthwaite became the newspaper's Basra correspondent, and for most of her time in Basra, she was the only resident Western journalist. Garthwaite's position meant she became a sought-after freelancer contributing to media around the world - she had a working knowledge of the Arabic language and often knew more about what was happening than the British Army; at this time, Garthwaite broke the story for Reuters and the Times of the abuse and murder by British troops of an Iraqi civilian named Baha Mousa. The Bulletin shut down on 15 September 2003 due to financial and security concerns.

After taking some time out of journalism because of a back injury, Garthwaite was hired as an intern by the BBC in its current affairs division in spring 2004, and was then promoted to staff researcher. While at the BBC, Garthwaite presented occasional programmes for the BBC World Service, and worked on programmes for BBC Radio 4, BBC Radio 5 Live, and Newsnight. In January 2006, having done some producing at the BBC, she took the chance to join Al-Jazeera to help prepare for its English-language channel launch. Garthwaite became a full-time producer within a year, and in November 2006 moved to Doha in Qatar to help with the channel's launch, where she still lives today. She also helped to set up the Baghdad bureau.

Her first book, How to Avoid Being Killed in a War Zone () draws on her own experiences, and those of other journalists to provide tips and expertise on how to survive in a war-torn country. It was published by Bloomsbury in 2011.

She now works as a producer for her own production company, Mediadante, in the Doha headquarters.

Controversy
In September 2020, Rosie Garthwaite was under criticism for producing a documentary about Israel’s illegal occupation of East Jerusalem. And at the same time, Garthwaite was also found that she has retweeted a tweet which contained an image of four maps showing how Palestinian territory had diminished over the last century due to the illegal occupation. Garthwaite later was threatened as a result of the tweet and removed the picture from Twitter. BBC Director General Tim Davie issued a warning to journalists at the corporation of the introduction of strict new laws on their use of Twitter and other social media in order to stop rows over impartiality.

References

External links
Mediadante website
Rosie Garthwaite on Twitter

1980 births
Living people
Writers from Hammersmith
People educated at Benenden School
Alumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford
Journalists from London
English non-fiction writers
English war correspondents
BBC newsreaders and journalists
Women in the British Army
Women in the Iraq War
Women war correspondents
Royal Artillery officers
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
British women television journalists
British radio presenters
British women radio presenters
Daughters of baronets
Military personnel from London


title: Jade Peters

text:
Jade Peters may refer to:

Jade-Lianna Peters, voice actress on Ni Hao, Kai-Lan
Jade Mayjean Peters, competitor on The Voice UK (series 3)


title: Windeck Castle (Bühl)

text:
Windeck Castle (), also Old Windeck Castle (Burg Alt-Windeck), is a ruined Black Forest spur castle which stands on a  378-metre-high spur in the Bühl district of  Kappelwindeck, in the county of Rastatt in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

History

The castle was built around 1200 by the lords of Windeck. The family, probably of Franconian origin and based in the Ortenau, owned wealthy allodial estates and held numerous fiefs from various liege lords, such as the empire, the Prince-Bishopric of Straßburg, the counts of Eberstein as well as the Vogtei of Schwarzach Abbey as an Afterlehen of the burgraves of Nuremberg. The first documentary evidence dates to 1212 when a certain Melchior von Windeck comes to light, and, in 1248, the lords of Windeck are mentioned in a document at Schwarzach Abbey as ministeriales of the Bishop of Straßburg. The castle itself, however, is first mentioned in 1335. It became a jointly-managed castle or Ganerbenburg very early on as a result of divisions of inheritance.
In the early 13th century the New Windeck Castle (Burg Neu-Windeck) was built by a branch of the family near Lauf within sight of Old Windeck. During the course of the 13th and 14th centuries, the lords of Windeck came into conflict many times with neighbouring territorial lords, the city of Straßburg and the counts of Württemberg in alliance with the Martinsvögel during the so-called Schlegler Wars, during which the castle was besieged, but never captured and so remained largely undamaged. In the late 14th century, however, it was stricken by a devastating fire. Stables and domestic buildings were razed, and the valuable archives, the basis of numerous legal titles, were destroyed. Reinhard von Windeck had the affected buildings rebuilt.

In 1466, the last heir of Old Windeck, Anna, only child of Burkhard von Windeck, married and so the castle went to the family of her husband, Baron Berthold IV of New Windeck. His descendants occupied the castle until the 16th century, but from 1561 it was used as a quarry for other buildings in Bühl, such as the Kappelwindeck Church. Its owner thus moved into the more modern Schlosshof (today a hotel) in Bühl.

The last heir, Jakob von Windeck, was on the return journey of his Junkerfahrt, which had taken him through France, Spain and Italy to Palestine, when he was taken seriously ill and died in Venice in 1592. The fief was returned to the Empire, the remaining allods went in equal portions to his two sisters: Old Windeck to Ursula and New Windeck to Elizabeth.

Description

All that remains of the castle today is a bergfried, a tower and parts of the curtain wall. They may be visited in good weather.

The castle probably consisted of an outer and an inner ward that each had its own bergfried and palas.

The smaller, northern bergfried, with a ground plan measuring 8.5 metres square, guarded the castle gate and the downhill side of the site. The surviving southern bergfried, 27.6 metres high, has a floor area of 9.6 x 9.8 metres. Its lower floor was probably used as a dungeon or store room. In case of war, its thick walls made it a strong refuge for the castle's residents. On the first and second floors of the attached palas were probably reception rooms such as the great hall.

At the foot of the castle ruins are the hotel and restaurant, Burg Windeck, and the Pferdestall snack bar.

Literature
 Ernst Batzer, Alfons Städele (eds.): Burgen und Schlösser um Bühl, Bühl/Baden o.J.
 Ulrich Coenen: Die Baukunst der nördlichen Ortenau. Denkmäler in Bühl, Bühlertal, Ottersweier, Lichtenau, Rheinmünster und Sinzheim. Karlsruhe, 1993.
 Suso Gartner: Die Windecker und ihre Burgen. 2nd edn., Buhl, 1998.
 Suso Gartner, Stefan Uhl: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Windecker und ihrer Burgen. Die Hinterlassenschaft des Wolf von Windeck – Zur Baugeschichte von Alt- und Neuwindeck. Buhl, 2008.
 Karl-Bernhard Knappe: Die Burg Alt-Windeck. In: Hugo Schneider (ed.): Burgen und Schlösser in Mittelbaden. Schriftenreihe: Die Ortenau: Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Mittelbaden, Vol. 64. Verlag des Historischen Vereins für Mittelbaden, Offenburg, 1984, , pp. 150–160.
 Josef Harbrecht (ed.): Alt-Windeck, Die Geschichte der Windecker und ihrer Burg. Special edition from "Bühler Blauer Hefte" Vols. 5,6,7, Bühl/Baden, 1960.
 Adolf Welte: Die Burgen Alt- & Neu-Windeck. Bonndorf, 1894.

External links

 Photo gallery
 Plan of the castle

Ruined castles in Germany


title: 2000 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira

text:
The 2000 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was the 22nd edition of the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, the annual Portuguese football season-opening match contested by the winners of the previous season's top league and cup competitions (or cup runner-up in case the league- and cup-winning club is the same). The 2000 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was contested over two legs, and opposed Porto and Sporting CP of the Primeira Liga. Porto qualified for the SuperCup by winning the 1999–2000 Taça de Portugal, whilst Sporting CP qualified for the Supertaça by winning the 1999–2000 Primeira Liga.

The first leg which took place at the Estádio das Antas, saw 1–1 scoreline. The second leg which took place at the Estádio José Alvalade finished goalless (1–1 on aggregate), which led to the Supertaça being replayed in May 2001. The replay which took place at the Estádio Municipal de Coimbra, saw the Leões defeat the Dragões 1–0 thanks to Alberto Acosta goal which would claim the Leões a fourth Supertaça.

First leg

Details

Second leg

Details

Replay

Details

References

Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira
2000–01 in Portuguese football
FC Porto matches
Sporting CP matches


title: Alice Bennett

text:
(Mary) Alice Bennett (January 31, 1851 – 1925) was a US physician and the first woman to obtain a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. In addition, Bennett was the first female superintendent in the women's section at the state hospital for the insane in Norristown, Pennsylvania, and the first woman president of the Montgomery Country Medical Society.

Early life and education
Bennett spent her first years in her hometown of Wrentham, Massachusetts with her parents, Lydia Hayden and Isaac Francis Bennett and her five older siblings. After her graduation, Bennett taught for four years in local school districts around Wrentham. In 1872, she attended the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Once obtaining her MD in 1876, Bennett worked in a dispensary in the Philadelphia slums. After leaving her work she was appointed as demonstrator of anatomy in the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. She continued her studies and in 1880 became the first woman to obtain a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania. As she finished up her Ph.D., Hiram Corson assisted in her appointment to medical superintendent of the Department for Women at the Pennsylvania State Hospital for the Insane at Norristown.

Work and accomplishments
Alice Bennett was elected as the first female president of the Montgomery County Medical Society in Pennsylvania. During her lifetime she was a member of many societies including the American Medical Association, the Philadelphia Neurological Society and the Medical Jurisprudence Society, as well as one of the contributors to the Spring Garden Unitarian Church of Philadelphia.

Bennett worked as the medical superintendent of the Department for Women at the Pennsylvania State Hospital for the Insane at Norristown from 1880 to 1896. During her time there, she became an advocate for the humane treatment of patients. She condemned the use of restraints on mental and insane patients, arguing that they were ineffective and resulted in anger. Bennett eliminated these practices in her own institution, resulting in other institutions doing the same. As a replacement, the innovative doctor introduced occupational therapy such as, handicrafts, music and art. Her research articles and papers on the nature and characteristics of mental illness won her professional recognition in her field.

Bennett left the state hospital in 1896, moving back to her hometown of Wrentham and maintaining a private practice. In 1910 she discovered Emily Blackwell's New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children. She volunteered at the infirmary as the head of the outpatient department of obstetrics for fifteen years.

Death
Bennett was never married. She died of angina pectoris at the New York infirmary in 1925 and was buried in Wrentham, Massachusetts.

References

1851 births
1925 deaths
American psychiatrists
American women physicians
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania alumni
American hospital administrators


title: Finland women's national floorball team

text:
Finland women's national floorball team is the national team of Finland. At the 1997 Floorball Women's World Championship in Godby and Mariehamn, Åland, Finland, the team finished second. At the 1999 Floorball Women's World Championship in Borlänge, Sweden, the team finished first in the A-Division. At the 2001 Floorball Women's World Championship in Riga, Latvia, the team finished first in the A-Division. At the 2003 Floorball Women's World Championship in Germany, the team finished third in the A-Division. At the 2005 Floorball Women's World Championship in Singapore, the team finished second in the A-Division. At the 2007 Floorball Women's World Championship in Frederikshavn, Denmark, the team finished third in the A-Division.

Medal record

All-time world championships results

References

Women's national floorball teams
Floorball
National team


List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2012 is a listing of asteroids noted for their close approach to planet Earth

Timeline of close approaches less than one lunar distance from Earth in 2012
A list of known near-Earth asteroid close approaches less than 1 lunar distance (384,400 km or 0.00256 AU) from Earth in 2012.

This list does not include any of the objects that collided with earth in 2012, none of which were discovered in advance, but were recorded by sensors designed to detect detonation of nuclear devices.

Warning Times by Size
This sub-section visualises the warning times of the close approaches listed in the above table, depending on the size of the asteroid. The sizes of the charts show the relative sizes of the asteroids to scale. For comparison, the approximate size of a person is also shown. This is based the absolute magnitude of each asteroid, an approximate measure of size based on brightness.

Abs Magnitude 30 and greater
 (size of a person for comparison)

Abs Magnitude 29-30

Absolute Magnitude 28-29

Absolute Magnitude 27-28

Absolute Magnitude 26-27

Absolute Magnitude 25-26

Absolute Magnitude less than 25 (largest)

Notes

See also
List of asteroid close approaches to Earth
List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2011
List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2013

References

close approaches to Earth in 2012
Near-Earth asteroids


title: Hans Kemmer

text:
Hans Kemmer (sometimes Johann Kemmer, fl. c. 1495–1561) was a German Northern Renaissance painter, active in Lübeck.

Life and works
Hans Kemmer came from Lübeck and was educated by Lucas Cranach the Elder in Wittenberg. In 1522 he returned to his native city and appears to have worked there for the duration of his life. In 1528 he is recorded as having bought a house on Königsstrasse street in Lübeck.

The known executed work by Hans Kemmer includes 16 panel paintings, 1 mural, 7 portraits, and 3 drawings or prints; in addition, 18 other works of art have been accredited to him. His masterpiece, an altarpiece dedicated to Saint Olaf, was executed for St. Mary's Church in Lübeck. It was destroyed during World War II.

References

External links

16th-century German painters
German male painters
German portrait painters
Year of birth uncertain


title: The Gift of Love: A Christmas Story

text:
The Gift of Love: A Christmas Story is a 1983 American made-for-television Christmas drama film, originally broadcast on CBS as an annual tradition for more than five years, premiering December 20, 1983. It starred Lee Remick, Angela Lansbury and Polly Holliday. It was produced by Dick Atkins and Michael Lepiner; directed by Academy Award winner Delbert Mann; and written by Earl Hamner, Jr., creator of The Waltons, based on the short story "The Silent Stars Go By" by Bess Streeter Aldrich. The film was filmed on location in 1983 in Vermont, mainly in Burlington and the small town of Chelsea.

Plot
With her world in turmoil, Janet (Lee Remick) feels she is losing so much that is important… her beloved mother (Angela Lansbury), the family business, maybe even her husband. Janet dreams of simpler times, of Christmas in the idyllic Vermont of her younger days, and of taking her children back to the family home where her parents and spinster aunt (Polly Holliday) would be waiting for them. And they are, in all the warmth of the holiday. But only when even more seems lost, as one of her children is in jeopardy, does Janet search for that ‘secret place’ where we all may find what really matters, at Christmas and always.

Reviews
Writing for The Star-Ledger, the film was praised as "The epitome of this year's Christmas offerings. Will catch at your heart and loosen your tear ducts. If you loved 'It's a Wonderful Life' or 'The Homecoming' you will spend a four-handkerchief night with 'The Gift of Love.' The entire project is a joy."

Albany News described the film as "...a tale of love, joy, memory and disappointment, put together in a way that will touch your heart."

In a review for the Los Angeles Times, the film was praised for "Lovely performances by Lee Remick and Angela Lansbury... luminous presence of Polly Holliday... make this a special that merits repeating in seasons to come."

See also
 List of Christmas films

References

External links

1983 television films
1983 films
1980s Christmas drama films
American Christmas drama films
Christmas television films
CBS network films
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by Delbert Mann
Films set in Vermont
Films shot in Vermont
1980s English-language films
1980s American films


title: 2006–07 Wessex Football League

text:
The 2006–07 Wessex Football League was the 21st season of the Wessex Football League. The league champions for the first time in their history were Gosport Borough, who were promoted to the Southern League. The three divisions were renamed Premier Division, Division One and Division Two.

There was some promotion between the three Wessex League divisions, but no relegation, and Division Two was disbanded at the end of the season, leaving the league with two divisions. Clubs with a specified level of facilities were promoted to Division One.

For sponsorship reasons, the league was known as the Sydenhams Wessex League.

League tables

Premier Division
The new Premier Division consisted of 20 clubs, reduced from 22 the previous season, after Winchester City, Thatcham Town and Andover were promoted to the Southern League, Portland United were demoted to the Dorset Premier League, and B.A.T. Sports and A.F.C. Newbury were demoted to the third tier after they suffered problems with their grounds. Four new clubs were promoted from the second tier:
Brading Town
Downton
Horndean
Ringwood Town

Division One
The new Division One consisted of 19 clubs, reduced from 22 the previous season, after Brading Town, Downton, Horndean and Ringwood Town were promoted to the top tier, Bishops Waltham Town and Whitchurch United were relegated to the third tier, and three new clubs joined:
Promoted from the third tier:
Laverstock & Ford
Verwood Town
also:
Warminster Town, joining from the Wiltshire League.

Division Two
The new Division Two consisted of 18 clubs, increased from 17 the previous season, after Laverstock & Ford and Verwood Town were promoted, and Micheldever and Netley Central Sports left the league. Five new clubs joined:
Demoted from the top tier:
A.F.C. Newbury
B.A.T. Sports
Relegated from the second tier:
Bishops Waltham Town
Whitchurch United
also:
Wellow, joining from the Southampton League.
Ordnance Survey were renamed Stoneham.

References

Wessex Football League seasons
9


title: Edward Gerard Hettinger

text:
Edward Gerard Hettinger (October 14, 1902 - December 28, 1996) was a bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States. He served as auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Columbus from 1942 to 1977.

Biography

Early Life and Priesthood
Hettinger was born in Lancaster, Ohio, to Edward and Clara (O'Brien) Hettinger. His father was a saloon-keeper of French and German descent and his mother's parents were from Ireland. He was baptized and confirmed in the Basilica of St. Mary of the Assumption, and attended the school associated with that parish. He began priestly formation first at Holy Cross College and continued at Saint Vincent Seminary before being ordained a priest for the Diocese of Columbus on June 2, 1928. His first assignments was a priest were as chaplain of St. Ann Hospital while living at St. Vincent Orphanage. He began working in the diocesan chancery in 1933, and became chancellor of the Diocese in 1938.  That same year, he was named a Domestic Prelate of His Holiness and granted the title of Monsignor by Pope Pius XII.

Auxiliary Bishop of Columbus
On December 6, 1941 Pope Pius XII appointed him as the Titular Bishop of Teos and Auxiliary Bishop of Columbus.  He was consecrated a bishop by Bishop James Hartley on February 24, 1942 in St. Joseph Cathedral. The principal co-consecrators were Bishop Francis Howard of Covington and Auxiliary Bishop George Rehring of Cincinnati. He acted as apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Columbus following Hartley's death in 1944, as well as pastor of Sacred Heart Church. He continued to serve as an auxiliary bishop until his resignation was accepted by Pope Paul VI on October 14, 1977.  He died on December 28, 1996, at the age of 94.  At the time of his death, he was the longest-serving bishop of any in the United States. He was buried in St. Mary Cemetery in Lancaster, following a funeral at Sacred Heart.

References

1902 births
1996 deaths
People from Lancaster, Ohio
Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus
20th-century American Roman Catholic titular bishops
Religious leaders from Ohio
Catholics from Ohio


title: Norway women's national floorball team

text:
The Norway women's national floorball team represents Norway in international competitions of women's floorball. They won a bronze medal in the first world championship for women in Mariehamn, Finland in 1997. They also won the bronze medal in Riga, Latvia in 2001.

Medal record

All-time world championship results

World championship results against other teams

 , ,

External links
 Norway at the International Floorball Federation's website
 Norwegian Floorball Federation

Women's national floorball teams
Floorball


title: Windeck (disambiguation)

text:
Windeck may refer to:

Geography
 Windeck, municipality in the county of Rhein-Sieg-Kreis in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
 Windeck (Eibingen), settlement above the Rüdesheim village of Eibingen in Hesse, Germany

Castles and palaces
  a ruined castle near Burgebrach (Steigerwald) in Bavaria, Germany
 Windeck Castle (Bühl), ruins near Bühl, Baden, Germany
 Windeck Castle (Heidesheim), in Heidesheim am Rhein in Rhenish Hesse, Germany
 New Windeck Castle, in Lauf (Baden), Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 Windeck Castle (Neidlingen), dilapidated castle near Neidlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 a palace, called Bürgle, in Niederzell on the island of Reichenau
 a palace in Ottrott im Lower Alsace
 Windegg Castle, ruins near Schwertberg, province of Perg in the Mühlviertel, Upper Austria
 Windeck Castle (Sieg), ruins in Windeck,  North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
 Windeck Castle (Weinheim), ruins in Weinheim

People
 Agnes Windeck (1888–1975), pseudonym of the German actress, Agnes Sophie Windel
 Henry of Berg, Lord of Windeck (d 1295), vassal of the Landgrave of Thuringia

Others
  Windeck (Black Forest),   mountain in the southern Black Forest, Germany
 Windeck (TV series), an Angolan telenovela

See also
 Windegg (disambiguation)


title: Partita (Penderecki)

text:
The Partita for Harpsichord and Orchestra, sometimes also referred to as Partita for Harpsichord, Electric Guitar, Bass Guitar, Harp, Double Bass, and Chamber Orchestra or Harpsichord Concerto, is a composition by Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki. It was finished in 1971 and is Penderecki's only major composition for a harpsichord soloist.

Composition

Penderecki's Partita was commissioned by the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York to commemorate the institution's 50th anniversary. The work was finished in 1971 and had its first hearing in Rochester on February 7, 1972, with Felicja Blumenthal playing the harpsichord and Walter Hendl conducting the Eastman School of Music Philharmonia. It was initially conceived as a Partita for Harpsichord; however, the electric guitar, the bass guitar, the harp and a double bass had a quite significant role in the work. Accordingly, when Penderecki revised the composition in 1991 and premiered the revised version on January 5, 1992, these instruments had credit as well. The second premiere took place in Munich, with Elisabeth Chojnacka at the harpsichord, Michael Goltz at the electric guitar, Hans Lengefeld at the bass guitar, Han-An Liu at the harp, Matthias Weber at the double bass, and Penderecki himself conducting the Munich Philharmonic.

Structure

The work is in only one movement. However, some sources suggest that the work can be divided into two sections, marked Allegro ma non troppo and Allegro molto in the score. No recording has divided the work into such sections. Even though the title of the composition may misleadingly suggest a standard suite of dances or dance-related movements, it is generally conceived as a concerto grosso and variation form.

The compositions starts with the strings, which play long, asynchronical notes, some of them a semi-tone away. After that, a whole set of trills, fast arpeggios and uneven rhythms is displayed. It is worth mentioning the implementation of three cadenzas for harpsichord, which were added by the composer for the second premiere of the work.

Notable recordings

Here is a list of some of the most well-known recordings of this piece:

References

Compositions by Krzysztof Penderecki
1972 compositions


Switzerland women's national floorball team is the national team of Switzerland. At the 1997 Women's World Floorball Championships in Godby and Mariehamn, Åland Islands, Finland, the team finished fourth. At the 1999 WCS in Borlänge, Sweden, the team finished second in the A-Division. At the 2001 WCS in Riga, Latvia, the team finished fourth in the A-Division. At the 2003 WCS in Germany, the team finished second in the A-Division. At the 2005 WCS in Singapore, the team became world champions for the first time. At the 2007 WCS in Frederikshavn, Denmark, the team finished second in the A-Division. In the tournaments from 2009 to 2019, the team has finished 2nd, 4th, 3rd, 3rd, 3rd and 2nd respectively.

References

Women's national floorball teams
Floorball
Floorball in Switzerland
Floorball teams in Switzerland


title: Russia women's national floorball team

text:
Russia women's national floorball team is the national team of Russia. At the 1997 Floorball Women's World Championship in Godby and Mariehamn, Åland, Finland, the team finished fifth. At the 1999 Floorball Women's World Championship in Borlänge, Sweden, the team withdrew from the competition and were relegated to the B-Division. At the 2001 Floorball Women's World Championship in Riga, Latvia, the team finished first in the B-Division and were elevated to the A-Division. At the 2003 Floorball Women's World Championship in Germany, the team finished fifth in the A-Division. At the 2005 Floorball Women's World Championship in Singapore, the team finished sixth in the A-Division. At the 2007 Floorball Women's World Championship in Frederikshavn, Denmark, the team finished seventh in the A-Division. At the 2013 Floorball Women's World Championship in Brno and Ostrava, Czech Republic, the team finished tenth.

References

Women's national floorball teams
Floorball


The Canadian Centre for Diversity and Inclusion () is a national charitable organization. Its mission is to help the individuals and organizations they work with be inclusive, and free of prejudice and discrimination – and to generate the awareness, dialogue and action for people to recognize diversity as an asset and not an obstacle. It was formed in 2014.

History
CCDI is a merger of two organizations – the Canadian Institute of Diversity and Inclusion (CIDI) and the Canadian Centre for Diversity (CCDI) – that took place in 2014. The merger was initiated because CCDI had announced they were closing due to funding issues. To allow the CCDI's programs to continue, the CIDI and CCDI entered into a dialogue about a merger which would provide stable funding.

About the Canadian Centre for Diversity (CCDI)
The Canadian Centre for Diversity (originally called the Canadian Council for Christians and Jews) was founded in 1947 to address issues of antisemitism and promote interfaith dialogue. The mandate expanded in subsequent years to focus on addressing issues related to racism, and religious discrimination in Canadian society. Their primary focus was on providing school programs to educate students on issues related to bullying, bias, and discrimination. The CCCJ changed its name in 2008 to the Canadian Centre for Diversity to be more reflective of its broader mandate.

In September 2013, the board of directors of the CCDI announced that it was closing due to a lack of ongoing funding. Subsequently, CCDI announced in January 2014 that they would merge with the Canadian Institute of Diversity and Inclusion.

About the Canadian Institute of Diversity and Inclusion (CIDI)
CIDI was founded in 2012 by Michael Bach, the former National Director of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion for KPMG in Canada, a role he created and held for seven years. Having worked as a diversity and inclusion practitioner for the better part of a decade – both in Canada and globally as the Deputy Chief Diversity Officer for KPMG International – Bach felt there was a need for an organization that could wrap its arms around the entire diversity conversation and provide some unity and clarity to what had become a very complicated topic.

Bach's vision was to create a non-profit organization that would support employers along their diversity and inclusion journey. CIDI officially launched in 2012. By the middle of 2013 CIDI had secured its founding employer partners, had a staff of five, and was operating in four cities across Canada.

Merger talks began between the two organizations at the end of 2013. There was an agreement and Bach was named the CEO of CCDI to facilitate the merger over the course of 2014. The merger officially took place in 2015.

In July 2022, Anne-Marie Pham was named Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Centre for Diversity and Inclusion. Michael Bach was appointed Chair of the Board of Directors.

Awards of Success

In an effort to recognize leaders in the area of diversity and inclusion, in 2016 CCDI launched the Awards of Success to acknowledge the contribution of three individuals who have gone above and beyond to promote diversity and inclusion.

The Awards of Success recognize three people in the following categories:
 Senior Executive of the Year
 Diversity and Inclusion Practitioner of the Year
 Community Contributor of the Year
In their first year, the awards went to Simon Fish, General Counsel, BMO Financial Group (Senior Executive of the Year), Normand St. Gelais, Director, Diversity & Inclusion, Sodexo (Diversity and Inclusion Practitioner of the Year), and Malinda Smith, Professor, University of Alberta.

Educational campaigns
CCDI has released several educational campaigns to raise awareness and inspire discussion on diversity and inclusion in Canada.

TalkingASL
To help raise awareness of available resources related to American Sign Language (ASL, in French Langue des Signes Québécoise or LSQ) CCDI created TalkingASL.ca (in French ParlantLSQ.ca) - a free library ofASL related resources in Canada.

Sochi Olympics
In view of the 2014 Olympic protests of Russian anti-gay laws, the (then) Canadian Institute of Diversity and Inclusion released a humorous public service announcement to draw attention to the ongoing anti-gay laws controversy coupled with the Olympics being held in Russia. In it the jest that the Games have always been a little gay, and should be kept that way.

Save Syria
In response to the death of Alan Kurdi, a Syrian infant who drowned while his family was fleeing war-torn Syrian, CCDI issued a call to action to Canada's largest employers to contribute to help with the resettlement of Syrian refugees in Canada. They created the Save Syria campaign and the Syrian Refugee Relief Fund.

The fund raised over $200,000 and 100% of the funds go to support the resettlement of Syrian refugees in Canada who have been privately sponsored (as opposed to government-sponsored refugees).

#EndTheBan
In an effort to raise awareness of the deferral against men who have sex with men (MSMs) from donating blood, CCDI produced a public service announcement referred to as "Gay Blood", and created the hashtag #EndTheBan. The objective was to point out that there is no such thing as "gay blood" and that the deferral against MSMs was not based on science, but on outdated information, and was ultimately discriminatory.

The PSA received significant attention and the result was that Canadian Blood Services reached out to CCDI to include them on the work to develop the research needed to remove the deferral entirely and move toward a behavioral based deferral. Further, CCDI played an influential role in securing the funding required to conduct the research which began in January 2017.

Conferences

The CCDI also sometimes speaks at Conferences with business leaders to discuss how to incorporate diversity, equity, and inclusion strategies. For example, Anne-Marie Pham, the CEO of CCDI spoke at the Winnipeg Chamber of Commerce’s second Commitment to Opportunity, Diversity and Equity (CODE) Conference in 2023. The conference had 280 attendees.

See also

 Antisemitism in Canada

References

Human rights organizations based in Canada