title: Flower and Snake: Zero

text:
is a 2014 Japanese erotic drama film directed by , starring Maiko Amano, Noriko Hamada and Rina Sakuragi and part of a film series based on the novels of Oniroku Dan. It was released on 17 May 2014.

Plot
The film is set in Tokyo.

Cast
Maiko Amano as Misaki Amamiya
Noriko Hamada as Shizuko Toyama
Rina Sakuragi as Ruri
Yuichi Kimura as Yoshihiko Baba
Kanji Tsuda as Toyama
Naoki Kawano as Hiroki
Hideo Sakaki as Saito
Yuki Tsujimoto as Eddie
Anri as Mifuyu
Daikichi Sugawara as Kurokawa

Reception
On Film Business Asia, Derek Elley gave the film a rating of 5 out of 10.

References

External links

2010s erotic drama films
Japanese erotic drama films
Films directed by Hajime Hashimoto
Films set in Tokyo
Toei Company films
2014 drama films
2014 films
2010s Japanese films


title: Reliance Foundation

text:
Reliance Foundation is an Indian non-profit organisation which was founded in 2010 by Mukesh Ambani. It is wholly owned by Reliance Industries Limited and is one of the largest non-profit foundations in the country.

History
Reliance Foundation was formerly known as Dhirubhai Ambani Foundation. It was founded in 2010 by Mukesh Ambani, chairperson of Reliance Industries.

Purpose and activities
The foundation's objective is to promote sustainable growth in India. It does so in the following spheres:

 Rural transformation: The Bharat-India Jodo is a programme for marginal farmers, and the foundation also has information service programmes bringing technical expertise to 1,400 farming and fishing villages.
 Education: The foundation grants scholarships under the Dhirubhai Ambani Scholarship Programme, which started in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1996 and was extended nationwide in 2009. It also supports 13 schools, including the Dhirubhai Ambani International School, and establishes universities in partnership with the London School of Economics.
 Health: The foundation sponsors the Drishti program, which provides newspapers in Braille for the blind and the country's largest cornea transplant programme, and developed the Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre in Mumbai.

 Urban renewal: The foundation took over development of Goda Park in Nashik after funding problems had delayed it, and in partnership with NASSCOM is underwriting a social media lab for Mumbai Police to improve involvement of residents in improving safety and security.
 Arts, culture and heritage: The foundation sponsors events celebrating and continuing the cultural heritage of India, such as Ustad Zakir Hussain's annual concert in memory of his father, Abbaji, and the Elephanta Festival on Elephanta Island in Mumbai, and also in 2012 co-sponsored with BP the Mummy: The Inside Story visiting exhibition from the British Museum. In February 2016, Reliance Foundation Drishti organized a nationwide arts and essay competition which also involved visually impaired participants. The winning entries were sent out through printed literature.
 The foundation has proposed to set up Jio Institute near Karjat.

The foundation also works with other philanthropies and NGOs on collaborative initiatives, for example in 2012 partnering with the television show Satyamev Jayate to provide a grant to Muktangan Rehabilitation Centre in Mumbai to help street children.

Awards
The foundation has been awarded prestigious Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar for year 2017 by the President of India. Nita Ambani received the 'Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Award 2017'  on behalf of Reliance Foundation as its chairperson, for her initiatives on promoting grassroots sports.
Reliance Foundation's Jr NBA programme entered the Guinness Book of World Record with the participation of over 3400 Jr NBA students in India
Reliance Foundation received prestigious mBillionth South Asia Award 2017 for its efforts in Agriculture & Environment category. The foundation was conferred the award in recognition of its efforts to leverage mobile technology to enhance lives and livelihoods in rural agricultural communities across India.
Reliance Foundation bagged the India CSR Community Initiative Award 2017 for supporting the flood-affected communities through technology-driven digital platforms during relief operations in Madhya Pradesh.
Reliance Foundation bestowed with Institute of Company Secretaries of India CSR Excellence Award
Reliance Foundation received the Late VD Joshi Award for the Best Ferrocement Structure for the year 2016,for construction of natural water-harvesting structures.
Reliance Foundation received India CSR Award 2016 for Water Conservation, Agricultural Development and Best Documentary Film.
Reliance Foundation bagged the prestigious Porter Prize 2015 for its "outstanding contribution to the society to meet the basic human needs, establishing blocks that allow communities to sustain quality of life and creating conditions for individuals to reach their potential".
Reliance Foundation receives internationally acclaimed “Golden Peacock Award” for its CSR initiatives

References

External links
Reliance Foundation official website
Sir H. N. Reliance Foundation hospital and research centre

Charities based in India
Organisations based in Mumbai
Reliance Industries
Development charities based in India
Foundations based in India
Recipients of the Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar
2010 establishments in Maharashtra
Organizations established in 2010
Non-profit organisations based in India


title: Foraker Formation

text:
The Foraker Formation (or Foraker Limestone) is a geologic formation in Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Kansas
 Paleontology in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous geology of Nebraska
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Future for Religious Heritage

text:
Future for Religious Heritage (FRH) is a non-faith, not-for-profit heritage organisation registered in Belgium, with members across Europe. FRH is a member of the European Heritage Alliance 3.3, an informal European sectoral platform. The association was a stakeholder of the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018.

Purpose
"Begun as a grass-roots movement in 2009, the Future for Religious Heritage took shape in 2011 as a network of groups from more than 30 countries, dedicated to finding ways to keep churches, synagogues and other religious buildings open, if not for services, then for other uses."
FRH has an office in Brussels.

Members
Its members include the National Museum of Denmark, the Archbishopric of Prague, Chorus Venezia, Din l-Art Ħelwa, Museum Catharijneconvent, the Department for Cultural Heritage Conservation of the Church of Sweden, the Churches Conservation Trust, the Diocese of London, English Heritage, Friends of Friendless Churches, The Historic Religious Buildings Alliance, Jewish Heritage UK, the National Churches Trust, Scotland's Churches Trust,  Culture Directorate of Government of Cantabria, among many others.

Activities
FRH bring the voice of the sector to the European Institutions, while also working with its members to facilitate the development of cross border projects.

These projects aim to fully exploit the potential of religious heritage in its various aspects:

 Cultural value

Sacred buildings, their contents and their history represent the biggest single portfolio of Europe's historic patrimony.

 Social potential

Religious buildings bind communities together through the worship and non-worship activities that take place within them. They are often the only public buildings remaining.

 Economic potential

Places of worship attract visitors from afar and from nearby. Religious buildings represent five out of ten of Europe's most visited sites and make a major contribution to tourism GDP.

 Environmental potential

Their physical presence marks the cityscape or rural environment.

References

 Nederlands Dagblad, "Kerkgebouwen sleutel Europese identiteit", 5 June 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050245/http://www.frh-europe.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/NDagblad-artikel-Churches-Key-for-European-Identity.pdf
 SIR Europa, "Chiesa da custodire", Num. 78 (2134) - 15 November 2013, http://www.agenziasir.it/pls/sir/v4_s2doc_b2.europa?tema=Sir+Europa+italiano&argomento=dettaglio&id_oggetto=274493
 Reformatorisch Dagblad, "Veel Europeanen zien belang religieus erfgoed in", 3 June 2014, http://www.refdag.nl/kerkplein/kerknieuws/veel_europeanen_zien_belang_religieus_erfgoed_in_1_832151
 Vårt Land, "Gudshus forsvinner i raskt tempo", 17 December 2012, https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050146/http://www.frh-europe.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/2012-12-17-Gudshus-forsvinner-i-raskt-tempo.pdf
 Sustainable Management of Historic Rural Churches, "Europe Seeks New Action to Save Religious Heritage", Ann Vainlo, 25 November 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223511/http://smcproject.org.ee/europe-seeks-new-action-to-save-religious-heritage/
 KA Norway, "Fremtiden for Europas religiøse kulturarv på dagsorden i Venezia", 22 November 2012, https://archive.today/20140818112218/http://www.ka.no/sak/article/131828

External links
 Official website http://www.frh-europe.org/

History organisations based in Belgium
Historic preservation organizations


title: Golf Course Formation

text:
The Golf Course Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma


title: Francis Formation

text:
The Francis Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Gene Autry Formation

text:
The Gene Autry Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Henryetta Coal Formation

text:
The Henryetta Coal Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It contains fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

As of a 1955 government report, the mapped area of the Henryetta mining district included about 168 square miles in Okmulgee County.  Coal occurred in the Senora formation in two minable beds: the Morris bed and the overlying Henryetta bed. The Morris bed averaged about 16 inches in thickness, while the Henryetta coal bed averaged about 25 to 36 inches in thickness.  The coal in both beds was of high volatile A and B bituminous ranks. Remaining coal reserves were estimated to be 275 million tons, 271 million tons of which was in the Henryetta bed.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Hindsville Limestone

text:
The Hindsville Limestone is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Hogshooter Formation

text:
The Hogshooter Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Holdenville Formation

text:
The Holdenville Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Johns Valley Formation

text:
The Johns Valley Formation is a geologic formation in Arkansas and  Oklahoma.  It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

Paleofauna

Bryozoans

Acanthocladia
A. ouachitensis
Fenestella
F. bendensis
F. grandis
F. granularis
F. kosomensis
F. mimica
F. oklahomensis

Leioclema
L. pushmatahensis
Rhombopora
R. johnsvalleyensis
R. nitidula
Sulcoretepora
S. elegans

Cephalopods

 Bactrites
 Cravenoceras
 C. scotti
 Cyclocerid
 Dentoceras
 D. belemnitiforme
 Eumorphoceras
 E. plummeri
 Gastrioceras
 G. adaense
 G. fittsi

 Girtyoceras
 G. limatum
 Glaphyrites
 G. oblatus
 G. morrowensis
 Goniatites
 G. choctawensis
 G. granosus
 Homoceratoides
 H. cracens
 Mariceras

 Metacoceras
 Mitorthoceras
 M. perfilosum
 Mooreoceras
 M. normale
 Neoglyphioceras
 N. cloudi
 Orthoceracone
 Paracravenoceras
 P. ozarkense
 Paradimorphoceras

 Pseudoparalegoceras
 P. kesslerense
 Pseudothoceras
 P. knoxense
 Rayonnoceras
 R. vaughanianum
 Stenopronorites
 S. arkansiensis

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arkansas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Arkansas
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous Arkansas
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Hartshorne Formation

text:
The Hartshorne Formation is a geologic formation in Arkansas and Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous Arkansas
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Oologah Formation

text:
The Oologah Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: McCully Formation

text:
The McCully Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Morrow Formation

text:
The Morrow Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Redoak Hollow Formation

text:
The Redoak Hollow Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Phantasm (franchise)

text:
Phantasm is an American horror film series that consists of five films, novels, comic books, and merchandise. It is mainly about the Tall Man (Angus Scrimm), a supernatural and malevolent undertaker and the main antagonist who turns the dead into dwarf zombies to do his bidding and take over the world. He is opposed by a young boy, Mike (A. Michael Baldwin), who tries to convince his older brother Jody (Bill Thornbury) and family friend Reggie (Reggie Bannister) of the threat. The first film was released in 1979, received generally positive reviews and has garnered a cult following.

Films

Phantasm (1979)

The residents of a small town have begun dying under strange circumstances, leading young Mike to investigate. After discovering that the town's mortician, only known as the Tall Man, is killing and reanimating the dead as misshapen zombies, Mike seeks help from his older brother, Jody, and their friend Reggie, a local ice cream man. Working together, they try to lure out and destroy the Tall Man, all the while avoiding his minions and a deadly silver sphere.

Phantasm II (1988)

In Phantasm II, picking up exactly where the previous film leaves off, the Tall Man and his minions attempt to take Mike, but Reggie manages to save him by blowing up the house. Eight years later, Mike, now a mental patient, still has nightmares about the evil mortician, and is the only person to recall that dreadful night. Upon being released from the institution Mike, who's had a premonition about Reggie’s family, tries to warn his friend of the ensuing danger before an explosion murders the entire family. Convinced by Mike's futile warning, the two men set out to track the mysterious mortician down and rescue Liz Reynolds, a young woman, who has a psychic connection to both Mike and the Tall Man.

Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994)

In Lord of the Dead, once more picking up exactly where the previous film leaves off, the Tall Man has infiltrated the minds of Mike and Reggie. The two friends embark on a journey to find and kill him, only to discover that he has destroyed town after town, leaving zombies in place of the living. Along the way, Mike and Reggie meet several characters who share their goal, including a murderous boy named Tim, and two young women who are excellent fighters.

Phantasm IV: Oblivion (1998)

Taking off immediately where the last one ended, in this episode, Mike travels across dimensions and time fleeing from the Tall Man, at the same time he tries to find the origins of his enemy, and what happened the night that his brother died. Meanwhile, Reggie (accompanied by a beauty he picked up on the road) battles the spheres and the undead in a quest to find Mike before the Tall Man can complete his transformation.

Phantasm: Ravager (2016)

In the series finale, Reggie continues in his quest to stop the evil, dimension-hopping schemes of The Tall Man and his armada of killer Sentinel Spheres. This time, the fight becomes a multi-dimensional battle across an alien planet, multiple timelines, and altered realities, where the fate of Earth is on the line.

Television
The Tall Man is featured as the main antagonist of the 2017 Mike Tyson Mysteries episode "Mystery on Wall Street", voiced by Jeff Bergman.

Cast and crew

Cast

Characters
 Mike Pearson (played by A. Michael Baldwin in the first, third, fourth and fifth films, and by James Le Gros in the second) is the main protagonist of the series. He is an ordinary boy, who notices suspicious activities in the Morningside funeral home where the Tall Man operates. After he discovers the truth, the Tall Man pursues him relentlessly. In the later films, the Tall Man tries to convert Mike into one of his own kind.
Jody Pearson (played by Bill Thornbury in all the films except the second) is Mike's older brother and guardian. Mike is very attached to his only remaining family member and afraid that he'll leave, a fear that becomes reality when the Tall Man murders Jody. In Phantasm III, Jody reappears as one of the Tall Man's Sentinels gone rogue. He helps Mike and the others on a number of occasions, but is enigmatic about what really happened to him.
 Reggie (played by Reggie Bannister) is the Pearsons' best friend, and joins Mike's quest to kill the Tall Man after his wife and daughter are killed in a rigged explosion. He is an ice cream man by trade, and is rarely seen without his trusty quadruple-barrelled shotgun, which he uses to mow down any of his enemies. A running gag in the series involves Reggie's hopeless attempts at having sex with a beautiful woman.
 The Tall Man (played by Angus Scrimm) is an alien undertaker, who is building an army of the living dead by sending corpses to his home planet for conversion. The Tall Man was once a 19th century human named Jebediah Morningside, who invented a dimensional portal that sent him to unknown places before bringing him back to Earth as the monster he is now. His true objective remains a mystery, but it involves the conquest and occupation of Earth.
 The Lady In Lavender (played by Kathy Lester in the first and fifth films) is the Tall Man's feminine alter ego, used to seduce hapless males before killing them.
 Rocky (played by Gloria Lynne Henry in the third and fifth films) is a nunchuck-wielding martial artist who helps Reggie save Mike after her best friend is killed in front of her eyes. She has a love-hate relationship with Reggie due to his obvious attraction towards her. Later in Phantasm V, she is seen as a member of the resistance fighting for Earth.

Production

Development
The story idea for the original film came to Don Coscarelli in a dream; one night, in his late teens, he dreamed of fleeing down endlessly long marble corridors, pursued by a chrome sphere intent on penetrating his skull with a wicked needle. There was also a quite futuristic "sphere dispenser" out of which the orbs would emerge and begin chasing him.

Originally writer-director Don Coscarelli considered the first film's ending to be conclusive and did not feel knowledgeable about writing a sequel, but Coscarelli had what he described as a breakthrough when he realized that he could start the film immediately after the previous film's final scene. He also added a road movie element in how Reggie and Mike combat the Tall Man, after which he described the process as straightforward. Coscarelli has later revealed that some elements of this movie were influenced by Stephen King, especially a few aspects of his novel [['Salem's Lot|'Salem's Lot''']]. For instance, the end of the novel, when the characters go out on the road chasing down vampires, gave him the "road movie" idea of Mike and Reggie chasing The Tall Man.

Universal Studios, who took an interest in the film because they wanted a horror series, allocated three million dollars; this was the lowest budget of any of their films in the 1980s, but it was the highest budget of any Phantasm film. Greg Nicotero and Robert Kurtzman, later of K.N.B. EFX, were recruited for special effects. The studio exerted much control over the film, and they did not allow Coscarelli to include any dream sequences or ambiguity. The executives also wanted to recast both A. Michael Baldwin and Reggie Bannister because they were unknown and had been out of the movie business since the release of the first movie. Don Coscarelli resisted their efforts and was forced to audition A. Michael Baldwin and Reggie Bannister for the opportunity to reprise their roles. In the end, his efforts won him a concession: he was allowed to keep one of the two, but had to replace the other; Coscarelli chose to keep Bannister and cast James Le Gros in Baldwin's place. After the mild box-office results of Phantasm II (1988), Universal Studios chose not to personally pursue a sequel but did offer to distribute it should Don Coscarelli and associates make it themselves.

With no casting restrictions this time, Coscarelli offered the role of Mike to his original performer, A. Michael Baldwin, who returned to the role after almost 16 years in Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead.

Roger Avary, a self-confessed hardcore fan of the Phantasm series, wrote an epic screenplay originally called "Phantasm 1999 A.D." as a follow-up to Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994). It was set in a post-apocalyptic near future, featuring Bruce Campbell as a co-star. As the time passed and they couldn't get the budget needed (around $10 million) Don Coscarelli wrote and directed a fourth installment titled Phantasm IV: Oblivion as a precursor to the project, that was conveniently re-titled "Phantasm 2012 A.D." before renaming the planned film as “Phantasm's End.” Ultimately, when the financing for such an ambitious sequel couldn't be secured, the idea was scrapped altogether.

In 2004, six years after the release of Phantasm IV: Oblivion, series director Don Coscarelli told Fangoria, "I'd also still like to do another Phantasm film. Reggie Bannister and Angus Scrimm are still in great shape and raring to go."

In March 2005, Coscarelli was in the final stages of talks with New Line Cinema to produce a new entry. Reportedly, the new film was "being developed as a relaunch and as a possible trilogy about Mike's coming of age." This version never came to fruition.

Rumors about a sequel were reignited in June 2007 by footage contained in Don Coscarelli's Farewell to the Alamo Drafthouse, featuring Angus Scrimm and A. Michael Baldwin in their roles. In an interview, Reggie Bannister stated there was no activity or development of a fifth film but that anything was possible in the future.

In June 2012, rumors again surfaced that Coscarelli would begin a new Phantasm sequel. According to a report on Dread Central, the script was completed and filming would begin later in the year. Coscarelli disputed this claim, publicly stating, "I have no solid news to report on a new project now." The director, however, was being coy with film news sites. According to what Coscarelli and new co-writer-director David Hartman told Entertainment Weekly, the film was shot secretly in and around southern California during 2012 and 2013.

On March 26, 2014, news of Ravagers completion was released via various film news sites. The next day, a trailer debuted on the film's official site. In a 2014 "sneak peek" video preview on the official Phantasm website, director Hartman mentioned in quick passing, "This thing is going to be in the can 2015... for sure." By October 2015, Ravager was completed and awaited a distributor.

Reception
Box office performance
When comparing Phantasm films to other major horror franchises such as Halloween, A Nightmare on Elm Street, Hellraiser, Scream, Friday the 13th, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, and Saw'', it is one of the lowest grossing horror films but has gained a cult following.

References

Action film franchises
English-language films
Horror film franchises


title: Gene Autry Shale

text:
The Gene Autry Shale is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Sausbee Formation

text:
The Sausbee Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Nellie Bly Formation

text:
The Nellie Bly Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Wapanucka Limestone

text:
The Wapanucka Limestone is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Welden Limestone

text:
The Welden Limestone is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.  It is restricted to the Lawrence Uplift of southern Oklahoma. In this region, the Welden
Limestone is the only carbonate unit deposited during the span of time from Late Devonian to the Pennsylvanian.

The Welden Limestone crops out as a narrow northwest to southeast belt running through sections of Pontotoc County, Oklahoma. It overlies the Woodford and pre-Welden shales and underlies the Caney Shale. The Welden Limestone is a ledge of medium-bedded limestone that separates the Woodford slope from the shale slope of the Caney. It ranges in thickness from 0.85 m in the north to 1.4 m in the south.

The Welden Limestone is primarily a biowackestone with some intervals of biopackstone and biograinstone. It is composed predominantly of skeletal fragments, particularly of trilobites and ostracods, as well as bryozoans, brachiopods, crinoids, foraminifera and conodonts.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Wetumka Formation

text:
The Wetumka Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Wewoka Shale

text:
The Wewoka Shale is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Lake Murray Formation

text:
The Lake Murray Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Carey Formation

text:
The Carey Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Cherryvale Formation

text:
The Cherryvale Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Atoka Formation

text:
Named after Atoka County, Oklahoma, the Atoka Formation is a geologic formation in central and western Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, central and western Texas, and eastern New Mexico. It is the surface rock of the Boston Mountains and dominates exposures in the Frontal Ouachita Mountains of the Arkansas River Valley.

Sedimentology
The Atoka Formation is a sequence of marine sandstones, siltstones, and shales, and may be as thick at 25,000 feet in the Ouachita Mountains. The formation is conformable with the Bloyd Shale in the Boston Mountains and the Johns Valley Formation in the Ouachita Mountains.

Paleofauna

Trace Fossils
 Conostichus
 C. arkansanus

References

Carboniferous Arkansas
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Barnsdall Formation

text:
The Barnsdall Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Boggy Formation

text:
The Boggy Formation is a geologic formation in Arkansas and Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

Paleontology
Amithorthoceras
A. unicamera
Arkbuckleoceras
A. tricamerae
Bitaunioceras
B. buckhornense
Cyrtorthoracoceras?
Dolorthoceras
D. boggyense
Pseudorthoceras
P. knoxense
Sueroceras
S. oklahomense
Sulphurnites
S. taffi
Unklesbayoceras
U. striatulum

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arkansas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Arkansas
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous Arkansas
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Bostwick Formation

text:
The Bostwick Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Skiatook Group

text:
The Skiatook Group is a geologic group in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Geologic groups of Oklahoma
Carboniferous System of North America


title: ADB-PINACA

text:
ADB-PINACA is a cannabinoid designer drug that is an ingredient in some synthetic cannabis products. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor with EC50 values of 0.52 nM and 0.88 nM respectively. Like MDMB-FUBINACA, this compound contains an amino acid residue of tert-leucine.

Side effects

ADB-PINACA has been linked to multiple hospitalizations and deaths due to its use.

Metabolism
Nineteen ADB-PINACA major metabolites were identified in several incubations with cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Major metabolic reactions included pentyl hydroxylation, hydroxylation followed by oxidation (ketone formation), and glucuronidation.

Legality

ADB-PINACA is listed in the Fifth Schedule of the Misuse of Drugs Act (MDA) and therefore illegal in Singapore as of May 2015.

In the United States, it is a Schedule I controlled substance. but its 5'-bromo analog ADB-5'Br-PINACA is not as of October 20th, 2023.

As of October 2015 ADB-PINACA is a controlled substance in China.

See also

 ADB-5'Br-PINACA
 5F-AB-PINACA
 5F-ADB
 5F-ADB-PINACA
 5F-AMB
 5F-APINACA
 AB-FUBINACA
 AB-CHFUPYCA
 AB-CHMINACA
 AB-PINACA
 ADB-5'Br-PINACA
 ADB-BUTINACA
 ADB-CHMINACA
 ADB-HEXINACA
 ADB-FUBINACA
 ADB-P7AICA
 ADBICA
 APICA
 APINACA
 MDMB-CHMICA
 PX-3

References

Cannabinoids
Designer drugs

Indazolecarboxamides
Tert-butyl compounds


title: Krebs Group

text:
The Krebs Group is a geologic group in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back as far as the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Geologic groups of Oklahoma
Carboniferous System of North America


title: S. Oklahoma Ardmore Basin Group

text:
The S. Oklahoma Ardmore Basin Group is a geologic group in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Geologic groups of Oklahoma
Carboniferous System of North America


title: Deese Group

text:
The Deese Group is a geologic group in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Geologic groups of Oklahoma
Carboniferous System of North America


title: Dornick Hills Group

text:
The Dornick Hills Group is a geologic group in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Geologic groups of Oklahoma
Carboniferous System of North America


title: CodeCamp

text:
Kainos CodeCamp is an initiative established by Kainos on 22 July 2013 which runs in various locations across the United Kingdom. The aim of CodeCamp is to give young people a real-life view of software development, improve their computing skills and inspire them to pursue a career in IT. Practical sessions, named "Breakouts", are run by mentors during the camp to teach attendees about different topics in computing.

At the end of the two-week training and app building period, each attendee's app is reviewed by a judging panel. Selected attendees are required to create a short presentation for the panel on their app and present their solution for judging. Prizes are awarded to the best apps in selected categories.

As well as CodeCamp, CodeShow is held in various locations across the UK to keep students and teaching staff up-to-date on the IT industry and to provide talks and practical sessions on a variety of computing topics.

References

External links
 Kainos CodeCamp

See also
 Code Camp

Conferences in the United Kingdom
Meetings


title: Parajito Formation

text:
The Parajito Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Cretaceous geology of Oklahoma


title: Hideaki Inaba

text:
is a retired Japanese light weight powerlifter. He was admitted to the International Powerlifting Federation Hall of Fame in 1979.

References

1944 births
Japanese powerlifters
Living people
Competitors at the 2001 World Games


title: Omadi Formation

text:
The Omadi Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Cretaceous geology of Oklahoma


title: Mesa Rica Sandstone

text:
The Mesa Rica Sandstone is a geologic formation in Oklahoma and New Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

Description
The Mesa Rica Sandstone consists of crossbedded white to buff sandstone. The sandstone is massive and medium- to coarse-grained. It is a very mature sandstone, consisting of almost pure quartz and kaolin, which may reflect its provenance as reworked sediments of the Morrison Formation, or may be due to a slow rate of deposition that permitted meteoric water (water originating as rain or snow) to circulate through the sediments for an unusually long time. In some locations, there is minor quartz-pebble conglomerate at the base of the formation, which lies on the Tucumcari Shale or Glencairn Formation. It is overlain by the Pajarito Formation and has a thickness of up to .

The formation was laid down in a low-accommodation deltaic environment.

Fossils
Dinosaur remains diagnostic to the genus level are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

The upper part of the formation preserves dinosaur trackways and is part of the "dinosaur freeway" megatracksite of New Mexico, Colorado, and Oklahoma. Dinosaur tracks were discovered in the formation at the spillway of Clayton Lake State Park in 1982, at Mosquero Creek in 1986, and at Mills Canyon in 1995. The Mills Creek site shows twelve distinct trackways. The Clayton Lake trackways are unusual in showing trail dragging traces. The trackways here are accessible by a trail with interpretive signage but are rapidly eroding in the lake spillway. Most of the tracks at the three sites have been identified as Charirichnium leonardii.

The Mosquero Creek tracks represent 81 individual ornithopod dinosaurs, of two distinct species, and includes a rare limping track. The trackways also preserve evidence of movement as a group.

The lower part of the Mesa Rica Sandstone preserves marine invertebrate fossils, including the ammonite Mortoniceras equidistans (Cragin)

History of investigation
The unit was first named the Mesa Rica sandstone member of the Purgatoire Formation by Ernest Dobrovolny, Charles Summerson, and Robert Bates in 1947. It was raised to formation rank by Robert Griggs and Charles Read in 1959, who also abandoned the use of the Purgatoire Formation in northeastern New Mexico.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma

Footnotes

References

Sandstone formations of the United States
Cretaceous geology of Oklahoma
Cretaceous Colorado
Cretaceous formations of New Mexico


title: Brownstown Formation

text:
The Brownstown Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Cretaceous geology of Oklahoma


title: Bois d'Arc Formation

text:
The Bois d'Arc Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Devonian geology of Oklahoma
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Haragan Formation

text:
The Haragan Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Devonian geology of Oklahoma
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Hunton Group

text:
The Hunton Group is a stratigraphic group in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Devonian geology of Oklahoma


title: Pinetop Formation

text:
The Pinetop Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Devonian geology of Oklahoma
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Storemates

text:
Storemates is a web-based service designed to allow users to find available storage spaces. It was founded by Shaffique Prabatani, Ben Rogers and Jason Bryan in 2011. Storemates is considered part of the Collaborative Consumption (sharing economy) concept, in a peer-to-peer market, allowing non-utilised assets to be shared for a monetary or non-monetary return.

Users who want to list available storage space can make a posting on the Storemates website with a location, size guide and weekly renting price. Users looking to store items can search for available listings in their desired location.

History

Shaffique Prabatani developed the concept for the website after a personal experience looking for storage space. Prabatani designed a flyer asking neighbours if they had any spare room in their houses, offering to pay a few pounds a month in return for some storage space. He posted the fliers through the letterboxes and within a week he had received 15 phone calls from friendly neighbours offering him space for his stuff in their lofts, garages and spare rooms. Prabatani, along with Ben Rogers and Jason Bryan, created an online service where people can share their space. The website appeared on BBC's Dragon's Den and BBC's Real Storage Wars.

References

External links

2011 establishments in the United Kingdom
Online marketplaces of the United Kingdom
Internet properties established in 2011
Sharing economy


title: Laverne Formation

text:
The Laverne Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Neogene geology of Oklahoma


title: Kindblade Formation

text:
The Kindblade Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Ordovician geology of Oklahoma
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Cape Formation

text:
The Cape Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Ordovician geology of Oklahoma
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Chapman Ranch Formation

text:
The Chapman Ranch Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Ordovician geology of Oklahoma
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Keel Formation

text:
The Keel Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Ordovician geology of Oklahoma


title: Oil Creek Formation

text:
The Oil Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Ordovician geology of Oklahoma
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Joins Formation

text:
The Joins Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Ordovician geology of Oklahoma
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: McLish Formation

text:
The McLish Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Ordovician geology of Oklahoma
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Tulip Creek Formation

text:
The Tulip Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Ordovician geology of Oklahoma
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Viola Formation

text:
The Viola Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Ordovician geology of Oklahoma


title: Adeline Ames

text:
Adeline Sarah Ames (1879–1976) was an American mycologist who specialized in the study of mycelium.

Biography
Born October 6, 1879, in Henderson, York County, Nebraska, Ames was the eldest of four children of Elwyn Ames and Hettie Owen Ames. She attended the University of Nebraska, (B.A., A.M., 1903) and received her Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1913.  She died in Long Beach, California, on February 11, 1976.

Career
In 1913, Ames served as Assistant Forest Pathologist in the Department of Plant Industry in Washington, D.C.  In 1918, she also worked with George Francis Atkinson in Tacoma, Washington collecting fleshy fungus flora. From 1920 to 1941, she was a biology professor at Sweet Briar College.

Scientific work
In February 1913, while a graduate student at Cornell University, she studied the collection of Polyporaceae at the New York Botanical Garden, with special reference to the species occurring in the United States. In 1913, she published the article "A New Wood-Destroying Fungus" in the Botanical Gazette where she worked with Atkinson in Cornell examining polypores collected in the engineering building at the Alabama Polytechnic Institute growing on woodwork. The fungus was identified as a new species, Poria atrosporia, mycelium with pale umbrinous coloration within the substratum or in a superficial layer found on wood from conifers.

Partial bibliography
 The Temperature Relations of Some Fungi Causing Storage Rots (1915). Phytopathology 5:1 (11-19).
 A Consideration of Structure in Relation to Genera of Polyporaceae (1913). key and descriptions of sixteen genera.
 A New Wood-Destroying Fungus (1913). Botanical Gazette, Volume 5 (397-399).
 Studies in the Polyporaceae (1913, Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University).
 Studies on the structure and behavior of rosettes (1903, A.M. thesis, University of Nebraska). ETD collection for University of Nebraska - Lincoln.

References

External links
 - Photo of Adeline Ames

1879 births
1976 deaths
American women botanists
American botanists
American mycologists
Women mycologists
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
University of Nebraska alumni
20th-century American women scientists
Biologists from Nebraska


title: Nelagoney Formation

text:
The Nelagoney Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Geologic formations of Oklahoma


title: Ada Formation

text:
The Ada Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma, within and to west of Ada. It consist mainly of shale with numerous limestone layers which get thinner and eventually disappear to the south, where they are replaced by fine-grained sandstone. Fossils are rare. Disarticulated remains of Eryops, Diasparactus, and Ophiacodon from the Ada Formation represent the first finds of these genera in Oklahoma.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Geologic formations of Oklahoma


title: Northeye

text:
Northeye is the site of an abandoned medieval village known as Hooe Level on the Pevensey Levels, west of Bexhill-on-Sea. The village is mentioned as a dependent limb of the Cinque Port of Hastings in a charter of 1229. It is thought to have been deserted around 1400 AD. The village consisted of houses and a flint built chapel, The Chapel of St James.

Before the Pevensey Marshes were silted up and reclaimed, Northeye was an island in an inlet that reached inland to Hailsham.

References

Geography of East Sussex
History of East Sussex
Bexhill-on-Sea


title: Yanawara (Arequipa)

text:
Yanawara (Quechua yana black, wara trousers, "black trousers", Hispanicized spelling Yanahuara)  is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about  high. It is located in the Arequipa Region, Castilla Province, on the border of the districts Andagua, Ayo and Machaguay. Yanawara lies south-west of P'aqu Urqu and north of Qullpa, Yanqha and Yana Urqu (Quechua for "black mountain", Hispanicized Yana Orcco).

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Arequipa Region


title: Blaine Formation

text:
The Blaine Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Permian geology of Oklahoma
Permian geology of Texas


title: Chickasha Formation

text:
The Chickasha Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Roadian stage of the Middle Permian.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Permian geology of Oklahoma


title: Johnson Formation

text:
The Johnson Formation (or Johnson Limestone) is a thick geologic formation of soft shale with thin, resistant beds of chalkier mudstone and limestone in Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma rarely exposed outside of road cuts. It preserves fossils dating back to the late-Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Kansas
 Paleontology in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous geology of Nebraska
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Red Eagle Formation

text:
The Red Eagle Formation (or Red Eagle Limestone) is a geologic formation ranging from Oklahoma, through Kansas, into southeast Nebraska of the United States. Its members define the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in Kansas.

Lithology
In the Oklahoma type location, the Red Eagle is a single limestone unit, not further defined into members. However, from the far southeast Nebraska type section into northern Kansas, the Red Eagle Formation consists of three members, each with distinctive lithologies. In Nebraska and northern Kansas in particular, the formation stands out on riverside bluffs and road cuts as two blocky, light-colored limestones sandwiching a dark layer of shale.

Howe Limestone
Named from exposures south of Howe, Nebraska, the Howe Limestone member is a grey limestone, 4-5 feet thick, that weathers to buff or slightly yellow. The limestone exhibits brachiopods, baculites, and larger bivalve mollusks. The environment was an open, but very shallow sea with very little in the way of terrogenous sediments. As such, the topmost bed is particularly notable for algae beds and melon-sized stromatolites.

Bennett Shale
Named from exposures along the Little Nemaha River and its branches south of Bennet, Nebraska, the Bennett Shale member is a dark, carbonaceous shale, 2.5 to 15 feet thick. This very dark shale shows contrasting light-colored, circular, thin-shelled Orbiculoidea, roughly 1cm (1/3") in diameter. However, south of Interstate 70 in Kansas, the member becomes increasing limestone to the point that within Oklahoma, the bed is completely limestone and the Red Eagle unit undivided by any significant shale bed.

The Bennett is the youngest Permian rock unit in Kansas.

Glenrock Limestone
Named from exposures high in valley sides just northwest of Glenrock, Nebraska, the Glenrock Limestone member is lighter grey. It is a hard limestone; fresh fractures sparkle in full sunlight from tiny calcite crystals.

The Glenrock is the oldest Carboniferous rock unit in Kansas.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Kansas
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Further reading

Permian geology of Oklahoma
Permian Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Dog Creek Formation

text:
The Dog Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Permian geology of Oklahoma
Permian geology of Texas


title: Duncan Formation

text:
The Duncan Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Permian geology of Oklahoma


title: Flowerpot Formation

text:
The Flowerpot Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Permian geology of Oklahoma


title: Enid Formation

text:
The Enid Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Permian geology of Oklahoma


title: Grenola Formation

text:
The Grenola Formation (or Grenola Limestone) is an early Permian geologic formation (Wolfcampian) with its exposure running north and south through Kansas and extending into Nebraska and Oklahoma, notably having the Neva Limestone member, which is a terrace-forming aquifer and historic Flint Hills building stone source secondary to the Cottonwood Limestone.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Kansas
 Paleontology in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Further reading

Permian geology of Oklahoma
Permian Kansas
Permian geology of Nebraska


title: Hennessey Formation

text:
The Hennessey Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Permian geology of Oklahoma


title: Garber Formation

text:
The Garber Formation is a geologic formation in Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Permian geology of Oklahoma


title: Whitehorse Formation

text:
The Whitehorse Formation is a geologic formation in Nebraska and Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Nebraska

References

Permian geology of Oklahoma
Permian geology of Texas


title: 2014 American immigration crisis

text:
The 2014 American immigration crisis was a surge in unaccompanied children and women from the Northern Triangle of Central America (NTCA) seeking  entrance to the United States in 2014. According to U.S. law, an unaccompanied alien child refers to a person under 18 years of age, who has no lawful immigration status in the U.S., and who does not have a legal guardian to provide physical custody and care.

Between 2013 and 2014, the number of unaccompanied children apprehended at the border increased nearly 80%, from 38,759 in fiscal year 2013 to 68,541 in fiscal year 2014. This influx in unaccompanied minor children has been attributed to a number of factors including the high rates of gang-related violent crime in the Northern Triangle; the promulgation of false "permiso" rumors by smugglers; a growing awareness of H.R.7311 (110th), a 2008 law that granted substantial protections from removal to unaccompanied children from countries that do not share a border with the US; and a recovering US economy and labor market following the Great Recession. Many of the children had no parent/legal guardian available to provide care or physical custody and quickly overwhelmed local border patrols.

Background

From 1980 onwards, the number of immigrants from Central America arriving to the United States has grown substantially. However, most of the people fleeing Central America are those whose countries are plagued by corruption, poverty, and murder. The three countries from Central America with the highest numbers of migrants are Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Other immigrants from different countries in Central America have seen a moderate decrease from 2010 to 2013. For example, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, and Belize have not had as many immigrants as the other three leading countries in the time frame. The three leading countries are the bulk immigrants coming to the United States. Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala make up 85 percent of those who arrive to the United States since the 1980s. "In fiscal year (FY) 2016 alone, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) intercepted nearly 46,900 unaccompanied children and more than 70,400 family units from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras arriving at the U.S.-Mexico border."

During the Cold War, the United States backed violent anti-Communist forces throughout Latin America. Academics claim that the violence and high murder rates in many of these countries is the direct legacy of the US intervention on behalf of these anti-Communist forces stretching back into the 1950s with the Guatemalan coup d'état, which has shaped the contemporary refugee crisis.

In 2014, the reason this crisis was internationally covered by media outlets, was due to the fact that most of the immigrants were children. Most of these children cross through the Guatemala-Mexico border. Most of these children also ride with other migrants atop a train called "La Bestia" (The Beast), which begins near the Guatemalan border, in Chiapas state, and goes to Mexico City. However, La Bestia has drawn international attention. This train route is the epicenter of mass extortion, mutilation, murder, robberies, rape, kidnapping, and sexual assault of Central American and other immigrants. Immigrants do not report these crimes in fear of being deported back to their native countries. If these immigrant children managed to survive La Bestia and the cartels in Mexico, they now need to find "coyotes" to smuggle them across the Mexican-American border.

Most women and children from Central America simply crossed the Rio Grande and turned themselves in to the United States Border Patrol, relying on the belief, partly well founded, that United States immigration and refugee law made special provision for children. The large number of migrants entitled to hearings, counsel, and placement overwhelmed U.S. immigration courts and other government facilities.

Causes
 The 2014 uptick in immigration was largely due to a surge in arrivals of Unaccompanied Minor Children (UAC's), predominately from Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador (the Northern Triangle of Central America). Between 2013 and 2014, the number of unaccompanied children apprehended at the border increased nearly 80%, from 38,759 in fiscal year 2013 to 68,541 in fiscal year 2014. This influx in unaccompanied minor children has been attributed to a number of factors including the high rates of gang-related violent crime in the Northern Triangle; the promulgation of false "permiso" rumors by smugglers; the growing awareness of H.R.7311 (110th), a 2008 law that granted substantial protections from removal to unaccompanied children from countries that do not share a border with the US; and a recovering US economy and labor market following the Great Recession.

In a United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees study of approximately 400 unaccompanied children from Mexico and Central America, 58 percent of UAC's reported being motivated by safety concerns back home, a nearly 450% increase over the 13 percent of Mexican children that reported similar motivations in a 2006 study. Beginning in the early 2000s, the Northern Triangle countries of Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador experienced an increase in violent crime that would continue for the next decade. Although the homicide rates in all three countries had been on the decline since 2011, the murder rates El Salvador and Honduras remained among the highest in the world. In early 2014, El Salvador experienced another uptick in violence after a gang truce between MS-13 and Barrio 18 began to collapse.

Many of the unaccompanied children reported being under the false impression that the Obama Administration was granting permits ("permisos") to children with family members in the US, as long as they arrived by June 2014. It was later determined that these rumors, along with similar rumors about permisos for women who arrived with children, were being promulgated by human smugglers. While the rumors were false, there were in fact a number of policies in place that offered protection from removal to unaccompanied children from Central America. The William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act, a 2008 law intended to protect victims of human trafficking, prevented the immediate deportation of unaccompanied children from Central America. In addition to requiring that the government provide each child with legal representation and hold hearings on their case, the law also requires that children be released to family members or cared for by the Office of Refugee Resettlement in the "least restrictive" accommodations possible while their case winds through the courts. The large backlog of cases meant many children would wait several years before receiving their first hearing, and many more before their cases were fully adjudicated, during which they would be allowed to remain in the United States. The understanding that they would be allowed to remain in the US indefinitely prompted more children to follow. It has also been suggested that some of the new arrivals incorrectly believed that they would be allowed to apply for DACA, a 2012 policy that offers protection from deportation for certain undocumented immigrants who were brought to the US as children.

For women, as crime increased in the last decade, sexual assault and rape have become a prevalent issue in the Northern Triangle as well. In 2014, 40 percent of the people fleeing were women compared to a low 27 percent in recent times. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women showed that in July 2014,  the violent death of women in Honduras shot up at an alarming rate of 263% from 2005 to 2013, fueling the migration of women. In 2013, 95% of the cases of these women go unsolved and women leaving Honduras also face the same risks on their journey.

Organized crime and drug-related violence in these countries have also increased danger for their citizens. Since the 1980s, Colombian smugglers have used Central America, specifically Honduras, as a corridor to the United States. Children in schools are forced to smuggle drugs. Drug trafficking has taken over these countries! as waves of gangsters were deported from the United States in the 90s. Gangs like MS-13 have grown in size and power. Young children are the most vulnerable! as gangsters will offer the choice of working for them or leaving. The presence of Mexican cartels has been a feature of illegal drug trade in Guatemala, where law enforcement presence is sparse and there is plenty of open land where planes smuggling cocaine can easily land.  In the Northern Triangle (Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador), studies have shown that 19 out of 20 murders will not result in prosecution.

In addition to violence and crime, food shortages and malnutrition continue to plague the region. It is estimated that half of Guatemalan children are chronically malnourished, resulting in stunted growth and eventually death. While these countries have some of the greatest potential for economic growth, inequality and general incompetency by the government has left these issues either underserved or unaddressed completely.

Response

From the government
On July 9, 2014, a hearing on the crisis was held by the U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Craig Fugate, the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency in the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, testified, "We are talking about large numbers of children, without their parents, who have arrived at our border—hungry, thirsty, exhausted, scared and vulnerable". Senator Dianne Feinstein compared the crisis to the American refusal to accept Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany aboard the MS St. Louis. President Obama's request for additional funds was met in both houses of Congress by proposals to modify or eliminate the rights granted by the 2008 reauthorization of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000.

As most unaccompanied children from Central America do not attempt to avoid capture but turn themselves into the Border Patrol after entering the United States, they usually cross the Rio Grande into Texas. The large number of children overwhelmed facilities in Texas in summer 2014 and some of the women and children were transferred to INS facilities in California. In most instances this occurred without incident, but in Murrieta, California, on July 1, 2014, buses carrying immigrants to a Border Patrol facility were blocked by flag-waving protesters. On July 15, 2014, in Oracle, Arizona, pro and con demonstrators faced off regarding possible use of a local facility to house immigrant children. The location of the shelters being used is confidential, but a local law enforcement officer had informed the community of the planned use of the facility.

The U.S. Department of Justice reported in June 2014 that it will provide around 100 lawyers and paralegals for the rising number of children coming to the United States without parents or relatives. Under this program, the federal government will issue $2 million in grants to compensate lawyers and paralegals representing unaccompanied children. Attorney General Eric Holder stated, "We're taking a historic step to strengthen our justice system and protect the rights of the most vulnerable members of society". The Obama administration estimated roughly 60,000 unaccompanied children would come across the border to the United States in 2014.

On July 18, 2014, Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick offered one of two locations to the federal government as temporary shelters for up to 1,000 children. One was Camp Edwards, in Bourne on Cape Cod; the other was Westover Air Reserve Base in Chicopee. Governor Patrick explained, "Before a facility opens here, the Commonwealth will sign an MOU with the federal government to ensure that a municipality hosting the facility has input on the circumstances of being a host location."

On July 23, 2014, Senator Barbara Mikulski introduced the bill Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2014 (S. 2648; 113th Congress), a bill that would appropriate supplemental funds for FY2014 to specified federal agencies and programs to respond to the increased apprehensions of unaccompanied minors along the southwestern border, fight wildfires, and support Israel's Iron Dome anti-missile defense system. The bill would provide $2.7 billion in supplemental funding. On July 28, 2014, President Barack Obama released a statement of administration policy in support of the bill, urging "Congress to act swiftly to pass the bill to allow a timely and effective response to these pressing needs."

On July 29, 2014, Rep. Hal Rogers introduced the bill "Making supplemental appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2014 (H.R. 5230; 113th Congress)" (also known as the "Secure the Southwest Border Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2014" and the "Secure the Southwest Border Act of 2014") into the United States House of Representatives. H.R. 5230 would provide supplemental FY2014 appropriations to several federal agencies for expenses related to the rise in unaccompanied alien children and alien adults accompanied by an alien minor at the southwest border. The bill would also change the procedures for screening and processing unaccompanied alien children who arrive at the border from certain countries. H.R. 5230 would provide $659 million in supplemental funding. On July 30, 2014, President Barack Obama released a statement of administration policy stating that "his senior advisors would recommend he veto the bill" if it were presented to him for his signature. The House was scheduled to vote on the bill on July 31, 2014, but the Republican leadership canceled the vote because it did not have enough votes to pass H.R. 5230 at that time.

The Department of Health and Human Services had opened three temporary shelters for children at military bases in Texas, Oklahoma, and California, but the sites were closed in August 2014 as the flow of migrant children declined and the capacity of permanent centers to house children was expanded. However, the new centers, such as the one in Artesia, New Mexico, may not offer facilities compatible with due process. After a lawsuit was filed by the ACLU about conditions at Artesia conditions there showed marked improvement.

In January 2014 the Department of Homeland Security sought a contractor to manage and transport approximately 65,000 Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC) "ages infant to 17 years of age". The Department of Health and Human Services stated in its "Budget in Brief" that the expected annual number of arriving UAC had increased from 6,560 to an estimated 60,000 for fiscal year 2014, and the Government anticipated awarding a five-year contract to deal with them.

In October 2014, immigrant rights groups filed Freedom of Information Act ("FOIA") litigation to compel the release of documents regarding the use of the expedited removal process against families with children, including those detained at the family detention center in Artesia, New Mexico. The complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York.

The provisions of H.R. 7311, William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008, signed into law by George W. Bush give substantial rights and protection to unaccompanied children from countries which do not have a common border with the United States. This made expeditious deportation of the large number of children from Central America difficult and expensive, prompting a call by President Barack Obama for an emergency appropriation of nearly $4 billion and resulted in discussions on how to interpret or revise the 2008 law in order to expedite handling large numbers of unaccompanied children.

In November 2017, the Trump administration ended the Central American Minors Program which allowed eligible minors from the Northern Triangle to apply for the refugee resettlement or parole in the United States, thereby limiting the flow of Central Americans to the United States.

U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America

While the U.S. had numerous domestic policies for dealing with the massive rise in immigration, on July 8, 2014 President Obama also requested funding for "the repatriation and reintegration of migrants to countries in Central America and to address the root causes of migration from these countries." This announcement was the start of a long term U.S. plan to address three "areas of action": security, governance, and prosperity. Congress has so far granted $1.4 billion contingent on these Central American countries meeting security, corruption, and human rights requirements to receive assistance. When funding was first appropriated for these countries, funding was split fairly evenly between addressing economic and civil concerns and "rule of law" concerns regarding police and judicial institutions. So far none of these countries have met all of the legislative requirements to receive all of the funding allotted to them.

In a statement made on the inauguration of Jimmy Morales as the President of Guatemala, the Obama administration addressed certain criteria that the Northern Triangle countries (Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala) would be expected to uphold in order to receive assistance from the United States. These criteria were: Combat corruption and strengthen public institutions, improve civilian jurisdiction and counter activities of criminal organizations, protect human rights, support programs to promote equitable growth, implement effective civil society consultations, and increase government revenues. These criteria have reflected long-standing obstacles for prosperity in these countries, particularly those relating to equality, human rights, and collecting government revenues needed to fund police.

While funding for these efforts has been fairly consistent the past two years, the FY2018 budget proposed by President Trump would cut aid to these countries by roughly 30%. It is hard to know what the full implications of this cut to funding would be, but experts have claimed that it would most likely result in backsliding of any progress made in the governance of these countries.

Detention centers

One cause of the influx of immigrants with children was word of mouth in Central America that families with children were not detained due to lack of facilities. Detention centers with facilities for families with children were built in Artesia, New Mexico, a temporary site that closed in December 2014; one in Dilley, Texas, that is managed by Corrections Corporation of America and located across 50 acres with a capacity of 2,400 migrants; Karnes City, Texas, with a capacity of 530 people; and a small facility in Berks County, Pennsylvania. The facility in Dilley includes barrack-style housing, a school, a medical clinic, and other facilities. However, migrants in the detention centers were refused bond in order to deter other migrants. In February 2015, a federal court, in a case under appeal, forbade use of deterrence of others as a consideration in refusing bond. Jeh Johnson, Secretary of Homeland Security issued new regulations easing requirements for bonding out reducing the average stay in the facility to 22 days, and some detainees who have been detained 6 months or longer have been released. Johnson believes maintaining some capacity to detain families is necessary to maintain deterrence.

From the public

Members of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus called for humane measures with respect to families and children fleeing violence in Central America and continued efforts to refine administrative policy with respect to the millions of undocumented immigrants living and working in the United States.

A 2014 Mother Jones article suggested that many of the unaccompanied children were attempting to escape abusive situations. Analysis of Border Patrol statistics by the Director of the Regional Security Policy Program at the Washington Office on Latin America shows a correlation between gang-related killing of children in Central America, particularly San Pedro Sula in Honduras, and the surge in migration.

According to the Immigrant Rights' Project of the American Civil Liberties Union, the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) within the United States Department of Health and Human Services, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), including U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR),(usually called the immigration courts), within the United States Department of Justice each have statutory responsibilities with respect to unaccompanied children from Central America.

The ACLU believes the stipulated settlement in Flores v. Meese, which is a United States District Court for the Central District of California decision which sets out a nationwide policy concerning federal detention of any minor, also applies.

From migrants' home countries

While acknowledging suggestions that immigration reform may have helped prompt the influx of child migrants, the Obama administration has also focused attention on measures to be taken by the migrants' home countries to try to stop the flow. In July 2014, President Obama met with the presidents of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras to seek their cooperation in reducing migration of children and expediting returns. In the summer of 2014, Mexico took actions to keep migrants from using freight trains ("La Bestia") to travel through Mexico. As of February 2015, the number of unaccompanied minors apprehended at the U.S. border, 12,509, during the previous 5 months had dropped while the number deported by Mexico to their home countries, 3,819, had risen by 56% year on year from the same period in fiscal year 2014. Conditions in Honduras had improved with a drop of about 20% in the homicide rate from 2012 to 2014.

From migrants

Since the placement of restrictions on illegal immigration through policies pursued by the Trump administration, the movement of people from Central America to the United States has shifted to Mexico. The role of Mexico as a transit country between the Northern Triangle and the United States has transformed since the 2016 Presidential election with more people applying for asylum in Mexico than in the U.S. According to a Reuters report, "Mexican asylum data and testimony from migrants in Tenosique suggest that although fewer Central Americans are trying to enter the United States, plenty are still fleeing their poor, violent home countries, with many deciding to stay longer in Mexico, which has traditionally been a transit country."

Aftermath
After the 2014 immigration crisis in America, the influx of immigrants from Central America to the United States continued but in lower proportions. Over the early 2010s America and Mexico presented consistent pushback to all immigrants from Central America. America and Mexico both also showed no immediate immigration policy changes even with the crisis. The United States and Mexico have militarized borders and dissuaded immigrants from making the journey as of 2014.

However Central American families and children keep on coming to borders seeking asylum. In the aftermath, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the Customs and Border Patrol (CBP) detainment of Central American people in the Mexican-American borders increased over 100 percent from late 2015 to early 2016 compared the year before. Also, United States government ordered for the deportation in 7,700 in 2014 to 2015 without court-hearings. However, there are 62,000 children still awaiting legal proceedings after 2014. In most cases, 94 percent of these children do not have attorneys to represent them in court. However, people from the Northern Triangle continue to immigrate despite the militarization of the CBP, increase in deportations, and the dangerous journey because their homes remain unsafe.

Settlement in the United States

During the 2011-2015 period, most migrants from Central America settled in California, followed by Texas and Florida. According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, "In the 2011-15 period, the top four counties with Central American immigrants were Los Angeles County in California, Harris County in Texas, Miami-Dade County in Florida, and Prince George's County in Maryland", which comprise approximately 30% percent of the total Central American immigrant population in the United States for this period. According to U.S. Census data from 2010, out of the top 10 cities where Guatemalan Americans reside in the United States, three cities fall in California: Los Angeles, San Francisco/Oakland/Fremont, and Riverside/San Bernardino/Ontario. Salvadoran Americans in the United States were in the highest concentrations in Los Angeles, Houston and New York in 2010, with 7 out of the top 25 cities with Salvadoran Americans falling in California. In 2011, Honduran Americans in the United States were populated in the highest proportions in Florida, Texas, and New York.

After arriving in the United States, these migrants fall into the legal category of undocumented aliens, which puts them at the risk of deportation. Deportation to their home country poses further problems for Central Americans, as the NCTA countries are not prepared to deal with their return due to inadequacies in the physical and political infrastructure.

Resources

Kids in Need of Defense (KIND) provides free legal aid to unaccompanied minors in immigration proceedings across the U.S. KIND was founded in October 2008 by Angelina Jolie in a collaboration with the Microsoft Corporation and 25 leading U.S. law firms.

In addition to smaller organizations focused on assisting Central Americans in the United States, broader international organizations such as UNICEF, International Rescue Committee, Amnesty International also provide advocacy and support for Central Americans migrating to the U.S.

Other issues

Scamming of relatives

On July 23, 2013, The New York Times reported that con artists had fraudulently obtained confidential information about child immigrants held at military bases in Oklahoma and Texas and had been contacting the children's parents asking for money to facilitate release of the children and reunification with their family. No money is actually required. The matter was reported to be under investigation by the FBI.

Trafficking and abuse of migrant children resettled by federal officials

In July 2015, a federal indictment revealed a forced-labor ring operating on an egg farm near Marion, Ohio, in which teenagers from Guatemala were being lured with promises of education and then forced to work 12-hour days, six or seven days a week. The teens lived in squalid trailers, were denied their paychecks and threatened with death if they sought help. At least half a dozen of the teenagers found working on the farm had been in the custody of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) Office of Refugee Resettlement, which is charged with the processing, treatment, and placement of unaccompanied migrant children pending the resolution of immigration proceedings. Government officials placed the teens with human traffickers who posed as relatives and friends. Concerns that the Ohio case was indicative of larger, systemic problems led to a Senate inquiry into how human traffickers successfully exploited the federal resettlement processes.

The results of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations' probe were released on January 26, 2016. Led by Sen. Rob Portman (R-OH) and Sen. Claire McCaskill (D-MO), the committee found that preventable mistakes were made in the Ohio case. HHS officials failed to run background checks on the sponsors and any secondary caregivers in the households, site visits to the sponsors' homes were not conducted, and in one instance a sponsor was permitted to prevent a child-welfare case worker from visiting with one of the victims. System-wide, the Senate inquiry found similar, serious gaps including weak processes for verifying relationships between children and sponsors, failure to perform background checks, lack of home visits and home studies, and the placement of children without meeting sponsors in person. Other key deficiencies in HHS policies and procedures were an inability to detect when a sponsor is seeking custody of multiple unrelated children and allowing sponsors to deny HHS from providing post-release services to children and barring contact between HHS care providers and the children.

Ultimately, the inquiry concluded that the policies for placing unaccompanied minors exposed them to a risk of trafficking and other abuse at the hands of government-approved sponsors. The Subcommittee identified more than 10 other cases of post-placement trafficking beyond the Ohio case and 15 additional cases with "serious trafficking indicators." It is unclear how many other unaccompanied minors, placed by HHS, have been victims of trafficking or other abuses. HHS maintains no standardized mechanism of tracking trafficking or abuse cases. However, the findings of the Senate investigation echoed results of an independent investigation by the Associated Press (AP) in which the AP found more than two dozen children who had been placed with sponsors and subjected to sexual abuse, starvation, labor trafficking, or severe abuse and neglect.

On January 25, 2016, the AP reported that in response to surges in the number of unaccompanied minors arriving in the U.S. in the past three years, government officials weakened safety standards related to the transfer of children from government shelters into sponsors' homes and the vetting of sponsors. Specifically, the government stopped fingerprinting most adults seeking to claim the children. In April 2014, the Office of Refugee Resettlement also stopped requiring original copies of birth certificates to prove the identity of most sponsors and later it decided not to complete forms that request sponsors' personal and identifying information before sending many of the children to sponsors' homes.

Although the number of unaccompanied youth arriving from Central America declined significantly in 2015, with a 49% drop in the first 8 months of the year when compared to that same period in 2014, the number of young migrants is again on the rise. HHS officials stated that they are strengthening their policies and procedures for placing children and have signed a contract to open more shelters; however, they remain under pressure from the Senate Subcommittee and advocates to both account for documented failings and address their causes.

Refugees vs. immigrants terminology
In the discussion on the influx of Central Americans into the United States the terms "refugee" and "immigrant" have been used interchangeably or synonymously to represent Central Americans entering the country, despite the different legal ramifications of the two terms. The difference in the usage of these terms comes from the different perspectives on the factors motivating movement to the United States, with "push" factors being associated with the terminology of "refugee" and "pull" factors being associated with the terminology of "immigrant". According to Karen Musalo and Eunice Lee,

For those adopting the "push" factor outlook, the crisis is humanitarian one, reflecting human rights violations and deprivations in the region, and the protection needs of refugees (UNHCR 2015b; UNHCR 2014; Musalo et al. 2015) While acknowledging that reasons for migration may be mixed, this view recognizes the seriousness of regional refugee protection needs. For those focusing on "pull" factors, the crisis has its roots in border enforcement policies that were perceived as lax by potential migrants, and that thereby acted as an inducement to migration (Harding 2014; Navarette, Jr. 2014)

See also
Reception of Unaccompanied Minors from the Northern Triangle
Central American migrant caravans
Sin Nombre (2009 film)
Nicaraguan exceptionalism

References

Further reading
"The GOP’s Completely Incoherent Stance on the Border Crisis" blog commentary by Zoë Carpenter on The Nation
"Gov. Perry: Once and for all, secure the border" oped by Governor Rick Perry in USA Today July 9, 2014
"President Obama on Unaccompanied Immigrant Children" 25-minute video of press conference in Dallas July 9, 2014
Democracy Now coverage July 11, 2013:
""We Should Be Protecting Children": Rep. Gutiérrez Supports Funds for Humanitarian Crisis at Border"
"Worst of the American Spirit": Advocates Decry Anti-Immigrant Protests, Urge Asylum for Children"

External links
Children in Danger: A Guide to the Humanitarian Challenge at the Border, American Immigration Council
Unaccompanied Children FAQs from the Administration for Children and Families Dept. of the U.S. Government Health and Human Services
Unaccompanied Alien Children: Potential Factors Contributing to Recent Immigration, Congressional Research Service
Unaccompanied Alien Children—Legal Issues: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions, Congressional Research ServiceForced Displacement and Protection Needs produced by new forms of Violence and Criminality in Central America'', commissioned by UNHCR and issued in May 2012 by the International Centre for the Human Rights of Migrants (CIDEHUM)

Illegal immigration to the United States
113th United States Congress
2014 in American politics
2014 in the United States
Presidency of Barack Obama
Northern Triangle refugee crisis
Guatemalan emigrants to the United States
Honduran emigrants to the United States
Salvadoran emigrants to the United States
2014 in Central America


title: Howard Plumb

text:
Howard Richard Plumb (28 August 1971 – 7 July 2014) was a British windsurfer. He competed in the Mistral One Design at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

Outside his sport, Plumb graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering from Portsmouth University and was employed in the biotechnology industry until his death.

On 5 July 2014, Plumb sustained head injuries after colliding with a car whilst he was cycling in Knight's Hill, Charlton. Plumb was airlifted to London's St George's Hospital in Tooting; however he later died on 7 July 2014 as the result of the injuries sustained. The driver of the car which struck Plumb later pleaded guilty to a charge of causing death by careless driving.

References

External links

1971 births
2014 deaths
English windsurfers
English male sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for Great Britain
Sailors at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Mistral One Design
Sportspeople from Chichester
Road incident deaths in London


title: Thomas Davall

text:
Thomas Davall may refer to:

 Sir Thomas Davall (senior) (1644–1712), MP for Harwich 1695–1708
 Sir Thomas Davall (1682–1714), his son, MP for Harwich 1713–14


title: Le Moyen, Louisiana

text:
Le Moyen (also LeMoyen, Lemoyen) is an unincorporated community in St. Landry Parish, Louisiana, United States. Its ZIP Code is 71356.

Notes

Unincorporated communities in St. Landry Parish, Louisiana
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana


title: Danin

text:
Danin is a town in Lower Chitral district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Populated places in Chitral District


title: Yanawara

text:
Yanawara (Aymara or Quechua, Hispanicized spelling Yanahuara) may refer to:

 Yanawara (Ananta), a mountain near Ananta Lake on the border of the districts Ocuviri, Paratía District and Santa Lucía, in the Lampa Province, Puno Region, Peru
 Yanawara (Arequipa), a mountain in the Arequipa Region, Peru
 Yanawara (Palca-Paratía), a mountain on the border of the Palca District and the Paratía District, northeast of the lake Sayt'uqucha, in the Lampa Province, Puno Region
 Yanawara (Puno), a mountain on the border of the Palca District and the Paratía District, northwest of the lake Sayt'uqucha, in the Lampa Province, Puno Region
 Yanahuara District, a district in the Arequipa Region, Peru
 Yana-Wara, a 2023 Peruvian drama and mystery film.


title: John Humffreys Parry (antiquary)

text:
John Humffreys Parry (6 April 1786 – 12 February 1825) was a Welsh barrister and antiquarian.

Life
The son of the Rev. Edward Parry and Anne, his wife, he was born 6 April 1786; his father was at the time rector of Llangar, but held the living with the curacy of Mold, Flintshire, where he lived and kept school; he did not move on becoming in 1790 rector of the neighbouring parish of Llanferres. Parry was educated at Ruthin grammar school, and then entered the office of his uncle, Mr. Wynne, a solicitor at Mold.

Inheriting some property on the death of his father, Parry was in 1807 admitted to the Temple, and in 1811 was called to the bar. He practised for a time in the Oxford circuit and the Chester great sessions, but became a writer. In September 1819 he started the Cambro-Briton, a magazine on Welsh history; three volumes appeared (London, 1820, 1821, 1822). He took part in the re-establishment of the Cymmrodorion Society in 1820, and edited the first volume of the society's Transactions (London, 1822). On 12 February 1825 he was attacked and killed in North Street, Pentonville, by a bricklayer named Bennett, with whom he had quarrelled in the Prince of Wales tavern.

Works
When in 1823 an official edition of the old British historians was planned, the Welsh part of the work was given to Parry. In the same year he won prizes at the Carmarthen Eisteddfod for essays on The Navigation of the Britons and The Ancient Manners and Customs of the Britons (printed, with a third prize essay, at Carmarthen, 1825). In 1824 appeared The Cambrian Plutarch (London: some copies have a different title-page from 1834), a collection of short biographies of Welsh worthies.

Family
Parry left a widow, daughter of John Thomas, a solicitor of Llanfyllin, and five children, the eldest being John Humffreys Parry the barrister. After Parry's violent death, a fund of over £1,000 was subscribed.

Notes

Attribution

1786 births
1825 deaths
Welsh barristers
Welsh antiquarians
Welsh magazine editors


title: Calotes nigrilabris

text:
Calotes nigrilabris, the black-cheek lizard, is an agamid species endemic to Sri Lanka. It can be distinguished easily from painted-lipped lizard by having black bar on mouth rather than white or orange bar.

Distribution
A submontane and montane species, found at elevations of  and above. This species is tolerably common at localities such as Nuwara Eliya, Pattipola, Ohiya, Horton Plains, and Adam's Peak

Description
Head is one and a half times width. A row of spines above and at the back of tympanum. Adult male is with swollen cheeks. Gular sacs are not developed. Mid body scale rows are 42–50. Ventrals are larger than dorsals.
Dorsum is green unpatterned or with black edged, cream transverse bars or eye-like spots. Head with black markings. Venter is pale green.

Ecology
This species is largely arboreal, inhabiting tree trunks, hedges, and shrubs, where it hunts for insects and worms by day. In Horton Plains C. nigrilabris can be found residing on the gorse bushes (Ulex europeus) and Rhododendron leaves to hunt the insect prey (particularly bees) that gets attracted to the flowers.

Reproduction
Lays up to 4 eggs, measuring 17–23 mm in length and 10–13 mm in width. Hatchlings have mean SVL of 35–50 mm. Two breeding seasons can be observed from November–December and February to March. Hatchlings can be observed following the egg laying in the breeding months after an approximate two months of incubation.

References

External links
https://www.academia.edu/1400803/Calotes_nigrilabris_Peters_1860_Reptilia_Agamidae_Draconinae_a_threatened_highland_agamid_lizard_in_Sri_Lanka
http://www.wildreach.com/reptile/Sauria/Calotes%20nigrilabris.php
https://web.archive.org/web/20140928094724/http://www.srilankanreptiles.com/TetrapodReptiles/Agamidae.html

nigrilabris
Reptiles of Sri Lanka
Endemic fauna of Sri Lanka
Articles containing video clips
Reptiles described in 1860
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters


title: El Rincón del Vago

text:
El Rincón del Vago  (Spanish for "Lazybones's corner") is a Spanish-language web portal.

Established in 1998 and held by Orange España, it offers a public access repository of information, notably monographs. It is very popular among students. Teachers use it as well to discover plagiarism.

References

Orange S.A.
Web portals
Free-content websites
Spanish-language websites
Internet properties established in 1998