title: Gee, Officer Krupke

text:
"Gee, Officer Krupke" is a comedy number from the 1957 musical West Side Story. The song was composed by Stephen Sondheim (lyrics) and Leonard Bernstein (music), and was featured in the Broadway musical and subsequent 1961 and 2021 films.

Music
The song is sung by members of the street gang the Jets, who poke fun at the gruff Police Sergeant Krupke by singing about the societal forces that led them to join a gang. Following a theme used throughout the musical, the song begins with a tritone on the word Dear, held longer to signify its importance. Lyrically, the song features four seven-line verses, each filled with puns and wordplay. Each verse culminates with an interjection (e.g., "Golly Moses", "Leapin' lizards"), followed by the final line.

The tune was originally composed for an unused song for the Venice scene in Candide where the lyrics, by John Latouche, ended with the line, "Where does it get you in the end?"

Censorship
The last line of the song (performed as a "Shave and a Haircut" fanfare) is "Gee, Officer Krupke – Krup you!" Lyricist Stephen Sondheim originally wanted to break a then-existing Broadway taboo by ending the song with "Gee, Officer Krupke – fuck you!", but Columbia Records, which owned the rights to the cast album, told Sondheim that the album could then not be shipped to other states without violating the obscenity laws of the era. Accordingly, Sondheim changed the ending of the song to "Krup you", and later told an interviewer that the new line was the best in the whole musical.

Other versions

Stage play vs. 1961 film
In the original Broadway version, the song appears in the second act, but in the 1961 film version the song was moved to Act One, performed by the Jets (with Riff singing lead) prior to their imminent rumble with the Sharks. For the film's release, "Krupke" was switched with "Cool" (which was originally performed in the play's first act) on a request from Sondheim, who disliked the sequence of the songs in the play, feeling it was unfitting to watch a street gang perform a comedy number right after having seen both gang leaders get killed in the rumble.

Additionally, two stanzas in the film version had their words censored:

Stage play vs. 2021 film
In the 2021 film version, the song—using the lyrics from the 1957 Broadway version—is again moved to the first half, performed prior to the rumble, with "Cool" moved to after "One Hand, One Heart". Additionally, instead of in the streets, the song takes place in the 21st Precinct of the New York City Police Department.

In popular culture
The eighth episode of season seven of Curb Your Enthusiasm is entitled "Officer Krupke". The episode features a police officer whose name is Krupke, and has Larry David describe the controversy over the name. At one point, David is singing the finale of the song and is overheard by others, who think he has said "Fuck you". "Gee, Officer Krupke" was also used as the end credits song in that episode.

In the second episode of season 4 of The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, Midge (Rachel Brosnahan) describes a police officer who arrested her based on a misunderstanding as "Officer fucking Krupke".

References

Songs about crime
Songs about police officers
Songs about fictional male characters
Songs about teenagers
Songs about parenthood
Songs from West Side Story
Songs with music by Leonard Bernstein
1957 songs
Songs written by Stephen Sondheim


title: Avtokam

text:
Avtokam (Russian: Ассоциация Автокам) was a Russian association of car manufacturers. The company was organised as an association in which members provided their shares in the form of free workshops.

In 1989, during a conference in Yelabuga Tatarstan, it was decided for a new venture to be created for the production of inexpensive vehicles by a screwdriver assembly.

Members
The venture started as an association of manufacturers, with 37 enterprises pooling their resources.

These included the following: Karpov Chemical Plant (Mendeleyevsk), Ivanovo Machine Tool Association (provided plant in Shuya), joint venture "Intertap", Tatneftekhimmontage, and others.

Location
Although it was an executive committee member of the Yelabuzhsky registered company city, it soon moved its headquarters to Naberezhnye Chelny.

Initially, it was planned that the assembly would be carried out in Mendeleyevsky and Shuya.

Foreign Partner
FSV, a British company that released the Rickman Ranger car with rear-wheel drive and the frame structure, was selected as a foreign partner.

According to the agreement, 70% of the car company was to be sent to FSV, with plans to fully localise the assembly in the future.

History
 In 1992, the cars were renamed to Avtokam-2160.

Before the year ended, 48 cars were collected in Mendeleevsk and Shuya, and 2 cars in Kadiivka.

The partnership with FSV ended. It failed to add another 950 kits, and it disappeared.

Due to contradictions among the plants, production was discontinued in Shuya, and imported parts were replaced by Russian parts.

 In 1993, production began at the Velta Machine-Building Plant, which led to the formation of a joint venture called Permavto Ltd, together with Avtokam (in 1993 became a joint-stock company), Perm factory "MASHINOSTROITEL", and the Ural Research Institute of composite materials.

The company cars were now called Avtokam-Parma.

 In 1994, Avtokam formed a new Open joint-stock company, named "Perm-avto."
 In 1995, Avtokam left the joint venture by selling its technical documentation.

 In 1995, Zavaod became a subsidiary of the joint Russian-Austrian venture Mende-Rossi. Production in Mendeleevsk lasted until 1997.

In 1997, production was discontinued in Perm.

 In 1999, one more car was released, and then its production ceased.

Facilities
 Toyma plant, Mendeleyevsk (1991-1997)
 Teza plant, Shuya (1991-1992)
 Velta Machine-Building Plant  (1993-1997, 1999)

Models
 Autokam Ranger (1991)
 Autokam-2160 (1992-1997, 1999)
 Autokam-Parma (1993)
 Autokam-2160 long (1995-1997)
 Velta-2163 (1997)
 Velta-21631 (1997)

References

External links
 Autocom cars in blog "Exclusive Cars"
 Autokam in  forum for car lovers AZLK

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Russia
Car manufacturers of Russia
Cars of Russia
Companies based in Tatarstan
Russian brands


title: David Florimbi

text:
David Florimbi (born 9 May 1961) is an American-born artist living in Santa Barbara, California. Florimbi spent his formative years in Spain and Italy. He attended Georgetown University where he studied Fine Art, there he was awarded the Milton Glaser Design Fellowship by the Milton Glaser Foundation.  Upon graduation in 1983, Florimbi was awarded a scholarship by the University of Georgia to study painting in Cortona, Italy.  Since 1984 his work has been exhibited nationally and internationally in Italy (Palazzo di Cortona and the American Academy of Rome), New York (K&E, Radix, and the Ronald Feldman Gallery) and numerous shows throughout California.  His work has also been included in museum shows, most recently at the Santa Barbara Museum of Contemporary Art, the University Art Museum at UCSB, and the Georgetown University Gallery in Washington D.C.

Florimbi and his work have been widely reviewed and featured in publications ranging from Vanity Fair to Architectural Digest. and reviewed by prominent art critic Donald Kuspit who said of his work:
“Sex, power, and spirituality seem to be Florimbi's basic themes. He gives them modern form and fresh impact even as he filters them through traditional art....it seems a tour-de-force of painterly handling and emotional expression.”

More recently, The Huffington Post wrote of his 2012 exhibition, ‘Going and Coming’:

"Florimbi incorporates Michelangelo’s illogical axis-spinning furiously against all odds--with Rene Magritte’s invitation to catch shapes in the clouds. Giorgione’s storm warnings mingle with O’Keeffe’s gaping spaces all beneath Titian’s exquisite sculpted clouds. Each Painting emits a supernatural weather so strong it threatens to suck us in, uncertain as to whether we will sink, soar, float or fall.”

Prominent collections of Florimbi’s work include the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, the UCLA Medical Center, and the Frederick Weisman Foundation, among others.

Notes

American artists
1961 births
Living people


title: Sonny Trinidad

text:
Celso L. "Sonny" Trinidad (died November 23, 2009) was a Filipino comics artist who worked in the Filipino and American comic book industries. In the U.S., he is mostly known for his work for Marvel Comics in the mid–1970s.

Career
Trinidad began his professional career as an assistant for the "Dean of Philippine comics," Francisco Coching, and Trinidad's style bore a similarity to Choching's. Trinidad's first professional credits included illustrating novelist  Marcial Buanno’s Guido Mortal and Arkong Bato in the late 1960s.

Trinidad co-created the Filipino superheroes El Gato (with writer Mike Tan) and Inday sa Balitaw (with writer Pablo S. Gomez).

Along with a number of other Filipino comics creators in the 1970s, Trinidad found work in the American comics industry, initially for DC Comics on such titles as The Witching Hour, House of Mystery, The Unexpected, and Weird Western Tales.

It was in the U.S. that he began using the pen name "Sonny" Trinidad. When he moved to Marvel Comics in 1974, he was given the moniker "Slammin' Sonny Trinidad" in the "Bullpen Bulletins". Trinidad supplied full art or inks over other artists (frequently John Romita Sr. and John Buscema) on horror titles such as Vampire Tales (Morbius the Living Vampire stories written by Doug Moench), Dracula Lives!, Marvel Chillers, and The Son of Satan, as well as fantasy and adventure titles like Skull the Slayer, The Savage Sword of Conan, and Deadly Hands of Kung Fu. Other highlights of Trinidad's tenure at Marvel included "Hellfire Helix Hex!," written by John Warner, for Marvel Presents #2 (Dec. 1975); in addition, Trinidad inked the feature story (written by Bill Mantlo and penciled by Tom Sutton) in Man From Atlantis #1 (Feb. 1978).

Trinidad was often hired to do adaptations. One of his biggest commissions was the black-and-white magazine one-shot Marvel Movie Premiere, which featured his and writer Marv Wolfman's adaptation of the 1975 movie The Land That Time Forgot. With writer Roy Thomas and penciler John Buscema, Trinidad adapted Robert E. Howard's "The Pool of the Black One" in Savage Sword of Conan #22–23 (Sept.–Oct. 1977). And with writer Doug Moench, Trinidad adapted H. G. Wells' The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth for Marvel Classics Comics #22 (1977).

By around 1990, Trinidad had returned to the world of Filipino komiks, with contributions to the horror comic book Holiday (a.k.a. Zuriga). In 1995, Trinidad supplied painted covers for the short-lived series Lastikman Komiks.

Trinidad was diagnosed with cancer in December 2008 and died about a year later. He was survived by his wife, Natalia; daughters, Nacel and Cherry; and son, Norman.

Awards
Sonny Trinidad was honored as "Best Serial Illustrator" and "Best Novel Illustration Fantasy" for KOMOPEB Parangal sa Komiks (1984)

Bibliography

DC Comics
 House of Mystery #214 (1973)
 The Unexpected #146, 157, 186 (1973–1978)
 Weird Western Tales #14 (1972)

Marvel Comics

 Amazing Adventures #36 (1976)
 Deadly Hands of Kung Fu #30–32 (1976–1977)
 The Deep #1 (1977)
 Dracula Lives #9, 12 (1974–1975)
 Haunt of Horror #4–5 (1974–1975)
 Ka-Zar vol. 2 #9 (1975)
 Man from Atlantis #1 (1978)
 Marvel Chillers #2 (1975)
 Marvel Classics Comics #13 (The Last of the Mohicans); #22 (The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth); #27 (Kidnapped) (1977)
 Marvel Movie Premiere #1 (The Land That Time Forgot adaptation) (1975)
 Marvel Presents #2 (1975)
 Marvel Preview #8, 12 (1976–1977)
 Marvel Spotlight #25 (The 7th Voyage of Sinbad adaptation) (1975)
 Monsters Unleashed #11 (1975)
 Planet of the Apes #23, 25 (1976)
 The Rampaging Hulk #4, 6 (1977)
 Savage Sword of Conan #6, 9, 19, 21–22 (1975–1977)
 Skull the Slayer #5, 7–8 (1976)
 Son of Satan #2–7 (1976)
 Vampire Tales #10–11 (1975)

References

External links

 Spurgeon, Tom. "Sonny Trinidad, 19??-2009," The Comics Reporter (Nov. 25, 2009)
 Sonny Trinidad Gallery of Original Comic Art at PilipinoKomiks

2009 deaths
20th-century Filipino artists
21st-century Filipino artists
Artists from Laguna (province)
Comics inkers
DC Comics people
Filipino comics artists
Filipino illustrators
Marvel Comics people
People from Santa Rosa, Laguna
1934 births


title: 2009–10 Fencing World Cup

text:
The 39th FIE Fencing World Cup began in October 2009 and concluded in November 2010 at the 2010 World Fencing Championships held in Paris.

Individual Épée

Individual Foil

Individual Sabre

Team Épée

Team Foil

Team Sabre

References
 FIE rankings

Fencing World Cup
2009 in fencing
2010 in fencing
International fencing competitions hosted by France
2010 in French sport


title: Madison Kimrey

text:
Madison Kimrey is an American political activist from Burlington, North Carolina. Her focuses include youth involvement in politics, the humane treatment of animals, and women’s rights.  She has also been involved with petitions, including a petition to meet with North Carolina governor Pat McCrory. She spoke at a Moral Mondays event in North Carolina, and at the "We are Woman" rally in Washington DC.

Career
Kimrey's first encounter with activism was in Jacksonville, when a family had to pay extra for a family membership at the "Hands-On Children's Museum" because the museum argued they weren't "really a family." After she returned to North Carolina, Kimrey started to notice Pat McCrory and started going to "Moral Monday" protests.

Kimrey is also the author of the blog "Functional Human Being," which contains a collection of political writings, opinions, personal insights and occasional accompanying music video.

References

American political activists
2001 births
Living people
American feminists
North Carolina Democrats
People from Alamance County, North Carolina
People from Burlington, North Carolina
American abortion-rights activists
Activists from North Carolina
American political women
American women's rights activists
21st-century American women


title: International cricket in 2015

text:
The 2015 international cricket season was from May 2015 to September 2015.

Season overview

Rankings
The following are the rankings at the beginning of the season.

May

2015 ICC Americas Twenty20 Division One

Points table

Final placings

England in Ireland

2015 ICC Europe Division One

Points table

Final placings

Hong Kong in Namibia

West Indies Women in Sri Lanka

New Zealand in England

Zimbabwe in Pakistan

June

United Arab Emirates in Ireland

Afghanistan in Scotland

Australia in West Indies

India in Bangladesh

Papua New Guinea in Netherlands

Pakistan in Sri Lanka

Scotland in Ireland

United Arab Emirates vs. Kenya in England

New Zealand Women in India

Nepal in Netherlands

July

South Africa in Bangladesh

2015 Pacific Games – Women's

Points table

Australia in England

2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier

Final Placings

India in Zimbabwe

Australia Women in England

Nepal in Scotland

August

New Zealand in Zimbabwe

India in Sri Lanka

New Zealand in South Africa

Australia Women in Ireland

Australia in Ireland

September

2015 ICC World Cricket League Division Six

Final Placings

Scotland in Netherlands

Pakistan in Zimbabwe

Bangladesh Women in Pakistan

References

External links
 2015 season on ESPN Cricinfo

2015 in cricket


title: Michael Hall (school)

text:
Michael Hall is an independent Steiner Waldorf school in Kidbrooke Park on the edge of Ashdown Forest in East Sussex. Founded in 1925, it is the oldest Steiner school in Britain, and has a roll of 400 students aged between three (kindergarten) and eighteen (6th Form). The school owns a large amount of land.

The school offers a broad education to boys and girls from pre-school to university entrance, based on the educational philosophy of Rudolf Steiner. The curriculum embodies cultural studies, sciences, general arts and humanities, crafts, music and movement and foreign languages. EFL is available in term time. The school explains its educational ethos, curriculum and approach to prospective parents at open mornings. A range of sports, games and extra-curricular activities is offered.

Entrance is non-selective and there is no streaming; for sixth-form entry an interview is conducted and GCSE grade C (or preferably higher) is required in selected sixth-form subjects.

History
The school was founded by a group of five people on the initiative of Daphne Olivier after she had attended one of Rudolf Steiner's educational conferences in Stuttgart in 1923. She approached Rudolf Steiner, asking for his support in founding the first Waldorf school in the English-speaking world. As she was speaking on behalf of three other women, Steiner asked if they could not include a suitable male teacher. This prompted Daphne to recommend her friend and future husband, Cecil Harwood, who met Rudolf Steiner in this manner for the first time and remained connected to the school for the rest of his life. It was founded in South London and named "The New School", until moving to Kidbrooke Park in Forest Row after World War II, whereupon it took on the name Michael Hall.

In November 2014 a book titled "A Good School" was published by Blue Filter documenting the first ninety years of the school's history. With an original manuscript by Joy Mansfield and edited by Brien Masters and Stephen Sheen, the book provides an overview of the school from its beginnings in Streatham to its current home in the Sussex countryside.

Kidbrooke Park

Kidbrooke Park is a grade II* listed house built for the Earl of Abergavenny at the time when Eridge Castle was in ruins and occupied by the Nevills until 1825. The date of construction is 1735 and it stands on 60 acres of parkland landscaped by the landscape architect Humphry Repton, which is separately listed at grade II.

A number of its facilities are available for hire including the reception hall (The Great Hall), The Long Room, The Round Room, The Terrace Room and The Oak Panelled Room for weddings, conferences, parties, film shoots and memorials. There is a theatre seating 450 persons, an expansive and modern gym and additional lecture studio capable of seating 80 people.

Former students
There is an association of former students run by the school's administration. Former students include:
Jean-Michel Le Gal - actor
Michaelina Argy MBE - Thalidomide campaigner
Gavin Carr – conductor and opera singer
Oliver Chris – actor
Frank Dillane – actor, known for playing Young Tom Riddle in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince and Nick Clark in Fear the Walking Dead
John Davy – journalist
Winslow Eliot  – writer
Bella Freud – Young Designer of the Year
Eva Frommer – pioneering child psychiatrist, writer, translator and sponsor of Steiner publications
Marguerite Lundgren – eurythmist
Jonael Schickler – philosopher
Oliver Tobias – actor
Jonathan Westphal – philosopher
Sean Yates – international cyclist
Charlotte Tilbury - celebrity makeup artist and founder of eponymous makeup brand

References

Waldorf schools in the United Kingdom
Private schools in East Sussex
Educational institutions established in 1925
1925 establishments in England
Grade II* listed buildings in East Sussex
Grade II* listed houses
Grade II listed parks and gardens in East Sussex
Forest Row


title: Maria Dziuba

text:
Maria Jadwiga Dziuba (born 2 January 1945) is a Polish farmer and politician from the Polish People's Party. She served as member of the Sejm from 2004 to 2005.

References

1945 births
Living people
People from Masovian Voivodeship
Polish People's Party politicians
Members of the Polish Sejm 2001–2005
Women members of the Sejm of the Republic of Poland
21st-century Polish women politicians
20th-century Polish farmers


title: Krestyanskaya Zastava Square

text:
Krestyanskaya Zastava Square is a city square in Moscow, Russia.  It is located in Tagansky near the Krestyanskaya Zastava metro station.

Origin and name
Renamed in 1919, "in honor of the Soviet peasantry." Prior to that - the area Spassky Gate. Zastava was a customs point Collegiate Chamber shaft. The name of the Savior was given outpost near Novospassky monastery.

Squares in Moscow


title: Bailiwick of Utrecht

text:
The Bailiwick of Utrecht of the Teutonic Order () is a chivalric order based in Utrecht, Netherlands. It originated in 1231 as a division of the order of Teutonic Knights.

During the Protestant Reformation most of the members became Protestant, mainly Reformed or Lutheran. The Bailiwick cut its ties with the order based in the Holy Roman Empire and placed itself under the protection of the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

The order was briefly suppressed during the Napoleonic era, but revived in 1815 after the restoration of the House of Orange. In 1995 it returned to the Duitse Huis (Teutonic House) as its headquarters, a building that dates from 1348.

Foundation
The Teutonic Order originated in 1190 during the siege of Acre in the Holy Land during the Third Crusade.
At first the mission was to nurse the sick and wounded crusaders. In 1198 a military element was added.
The mission was to fight the enemies of Christendom, particularly in the Holy Land, and to protect pilgrims to the holy land.
The statutes of the order were confirmed by Pope Innocent III in a bull of 19 February 1199.

The Teutonic Order was particularly active in the Baltic region.
However, it had many branches in western Europe to provide sources of funds and of recruits.
As with other religious institutions, the order depended on donations of land and buildings from princes and private individuals. The income could then support the troops.
The order soon established an organization throughout the German Empire of bailiwicks headed by a land commander reporting to the German master.
Below the land commander were commanders, who administered the order's property.

The Teutonic Order was given property in the Netherlands in 1218–19  by Count Adolf van den Berg and Sweder van Dingede.
The master of the order held the property at first.
The Bailiwick of Utrecht was established in 1231 when a donation was made of a house with land at the Tolsteegsingel, outside Utrecht in the location of the present  University Hospital.
In 1232 a commander's house had been built and Antonius van Printhagen, known as "Lederzak" (leatherbag) was named commander of Utrecht.
This became the headquarters of all the property of the Teutonic order in the diocese of Utrecht, Holland, Zeeland, Friesland and Gelderland.

Early years

The Teutonic Order's Bailiwick of Utrecht (Balije van Utrecht) initially focused mainly on the spiritual development of its own members.
The knights and priests took the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.
The Bailiwick of Utrecht soon owned several estates and churches. These included the church of Maasland (1241), St. Nicholas Church in Utrecht (1250), Leiden (1268), Rhenen (1270), the church of Valkenburg in Katwijk (1388) and so on.
Commanderies were founded to manage these properties, and over time these came to include the commanderies of Dieren, Schelluinen, Maasland, Schoten, Middelburg, Tiel, Leiden, Doesburg, Nes (Friesland), Valkenburg, Bunne (Drenthe), Schoonhoven, Rhenen and Katwijk.
There were convents of priest brethren at Nes, Rhenen and Tiel.
The smaller houses also owned large areas of land, and were run by commanders.
The head of a commandery was usually a knight but was sometimes a priest brother.

The knight brethren were nobles. The land commander was always a knight, and most of the commanders were also knights.
A knight brother had to have no physical defects, and be of legitimate birth with four noble grandparents. He gave a vow of chastity and obedience. Once admitted after an elaborate ceremony he could not leave the order.
The order was not a religious one, since its goals were mainly nursing the sick and fighting the enemies of Christendom, but religious worship played a large role in the community's life. A convent or main house of a Bailiwick should consist of a commander and twelve brothers, recalling Jesus and his disciples.
Thus in the 15th century the Duitse Huis had five knight brothers and eight priest brothers.

In 1345 Count William IV of Holland, who was engaged in a struggle with the bishop of Utrecht, laid siege to Utrecht.
After the siege the land commander decided to move his headquarters into the city for safety reasons.
He bought some land with four houses on the Springweg for this purpose.
Construction began in May 1347, and by 1358 the headquarters house and a large church were complete.
The Duitse Huis lay between the city wall and Springweg.
In the main Duitse Huis in addition to the knights and priests there were staff who assisted in church services and helped run the house and manage the bailiwick.
These included the treasurer, clerks, storekeeper and other administrative staff, as well as builders and craftsmen, and servants such as the baker, brewer, dishwasher and barber.
The Duitse Huis had a large household for which a well-coordinated organization was essential. Members of the Utrecht bailiwick were actively involved in cultural production as well. Amongst other, priest-brother Gerard of Vliederhoven wrote the influential Cordiale de quattuor novissimis whilst working in the Schoonhoven commandery. At the end of the fifteenth century, the Jüngere Hochmeisterchronik was written at the Duitse Huis, probably by the Utrecht land commander Johan van Drongelen with help by his personal secretary.

The Bailiwick's expenses were covered by the return from assets, mostly farmland, which could not be alienated or encumbered without the assent of the general chapter of the order. As long as regular donations were received, the system was workable. With political strife, it began to fall apart.
In 1520 there was a financial crisis when the general chapter demanded more money, and the land commanders of Utrecht, Alden Biezen, Westphalia and Lorraine jointly protested. They organized another protest in 1529 when the general chapter in Frankfurt asked for a further financial sacrifice.
The Guelderian Wars caused much damage by both sides to the bailiwick's possessions, and the bailiwick had to supply 20 land knights to Vienna to help in the fight against the Turks, at considerable expense.
In 1525 Albert of Brandenberg, grand master of the Teutonic Order, adopted Lutheranism and was made hereditary duke of Prussia by Sigismund I, king of Poland.
After the loss of Prussia the Grand Magistery of the Order was transferred to Mergentheim.

Sometimes the Duitse Huis was the place of pomp and ceremony.
In 1545 the Emperor Charles V and his sister Mary of Hungary made the house their residence on the occasion of a meeting of the Order of the Golden Fleece.
In 1570 the administrator of the order's high master was housed there when he accompanied the Anne of Austria to Spain as bride of  Philip II.
Although technically bound to celibacy, the knights did not take this vow very seriously. Albert van Egmond van Meresteyn, land commander in 1536–60, kept a mistress in a cottage in the Teutonic House grounds and apparently legitimized her daughter in 1549.
His successor Frans van Loo, land commander in 1560–79,  also paid no attention to this vow.
Frans van Loo and his coadjutor Jasper van Egmond were both assumed to have Protestant sympathies.

Transitional period

The Union of Utrecht was signed on 23 January 1579 in Utrecht by Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Groningen.
In the months that followed the other Protestant territories and cities of the Netherlands joined the union.
In 1580 the States of Utrecht began to demand that Catholic institutions such as the Bailiwick be dissolved and their goods used for charity.
The Catholic land commander in 1579–1612, Jacob Taets van Amerongen, resisted on the basis that the goods "belonged to our Lord the German Master", and that the Bailiwick was a knightly institution that served "where necessary to fight with weapons for the defense of the Empire against our common arch enemy, the Turk..."

A struggle ensued with the States of Utrecht, which finally allowed the order to continue to exist on condition that they completely break with the Teutonic Order in Germany. The States of Utrecht would appoint the land commander, coadjutor and commanders. Assets could not be sold without the consent of the States and the order had to contribute to the costs of maintenance and preservation of the reformed worship. Although forced to accept these terms, Taets van Amerongen was an ardent supporter of the Catholic faith and throughout his life considered that he was subordinate to the German master and the Archduke of Austria.

Taets van Amerongen died on 4 December 1612.
On 18 December 1612 the commanders were ordered to provide a detailed account of their goods, rents and mortgages.
The investigation showed that the Bailiwick had serious problems and had to adopt drastic measures. Dieren and Tiel were heavily indebted, and some property had to be sold.
On 8 June 1615, when the chapter asked for permission to appoint a coadjutor, the States determined that offices, prebends and so on could only be given to followers of the reformed religion.

The decisive moment in the transition may have occurred when Jasper van Lynden took office in 1619, since he was the first Protestant land commander. At almost the same time, Hendrik Casimir van Nassau-Dietz was appointed coadjutor of the order, at the age of seven.
A new regulation was adopted in 1619 allowing the land commander, coadjutor and commanders to marry, but they had to leave the order and had no claim to their property.
By a resolution of 13 November 1637 the ban on marriage was withdrawn, and this was approved by the States on 5 May 1640, so married members could remain with the Bailiwick.

Protestant order
In 1637 the knights formally accepted the protection of the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
They remained an order of Teutonic Knights, but were no longer Catholic.
The land commander and commanders decided on admission to the order. Candidates had to provide their certificate of baptism and had to belong to the reformed church.
After paying their fees, they became knights expectant, and had to wait for a vacancy among the commanders.

The Bailiwick gradually lost property. The house in Dieren was destroyed by soldiers in 1629 and had to be rebuilt. The new house and its estate were sold to the Prince of Orange.
In 1657 the town of Doesburg took over the commander's house for use as an orphanage. The order lost the church of Katwijk in 1674. Buildings that were too expensive to maintain were demolished in Tiel (1682), Maasland (1721), Leiden (1730), Middelburg (1740) and Schoonhoven (1740).
By now the commanders generally did not live in their commanderies, and did not exercise effective financial control.
At a meeting on 23 September 1760 a general steward was appointed to take over all financial administration.
The commanders now became purely title holders, receiving a salary determined by the rank and importance of the commandery.
The general steward received a salary of 6% of total revenues, plus fixed fees for managing the finances and maintaining the house in Utrecht.
Use of this house for banquets, balls and concerts was forbidden.

The land commander, knights and staff remained at the Duitse Huis until 1807, when the property was sold to King Louis for 50,000 guilders.
They then moved to a house in the Hague, taking their records with them.
On 27 February 1811 the Teutonic Order was abolished by the French in the Kingdom of Holland and its estates were confiscated.
The land commander Baron Bentinck asked the French for time to arrange for the settlement, and managed to greatly delay the process.
A book published in 1812, slightly out of date, said the bailiwick of Utrecht still had ten commanderies: Dieren, Veluve, Tiel, Maasland, Rheenen, Leyden, Schoten,.Doesburg, Schelluinen, Middelburg and Schoonhoven.

After the fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Orange, on 8 August 1815 the Bailiwick was revived by royal decree of William I of the Netherlands.
The membership was restricted to Lutheran noblemen with sixteen noble quarterings. In recent years this restriction has been relaxed, but members must still have four noble grandparents, and the families of the paternal and maternal lines must both date to before 1795.
In December 1836 the seat of the order was moved back to Utrecht.
In 1995 the Teutonic Order moved back into the 15th century Commander's house on the corner of Springweg and Walsteeg.
Today the order is engaged in charitable work, an echo of its original mission which also combined ministering to the sick with combating the infidel.
The order assists people with disabilities, the homeless and drug addicts.
It is the oldest charitable organization in the Netherlands.

Land Commanders
Land Commanders of the order were:

Antonius van Printhagen, 1231–1266.
Dierik van der Horst, (also in Biesen), 1274–1289.
Seger van der Sluse van Huesde, 1279.
Gijsbert van den Goye, 1286.
Ludolf van Bun, 1288.
Dierik G. v. Holland, (also Biesen & Koblenz), 1289–1317.
Gisbert van Drongelen van Neisteijn, 1325.
Johan van Hoenhorst, (also in Biesen), 1325–1340.
Gosen van Garmaer, 1336–1357.
Rutger van Vriemersheim, (also in Biesen), 1353–1358.
Renier Hoen van Hoensbroek, (also Biesen), 1358–1371.
Lodewijk van Keuswaelre, 1360.
Rutger van Vlimerschen, 1365.
Hendrick van Alckemade, 1375.
Hendrik van Hoenhorst, 1379.
Gerrit Splinter van den Enge, 1405.
Hernier van Opburen, 1407.
Johan van den Sande, 1411–1437.
Herman van Keppel, 1422–1442.
Sweden Cubbinck, 1440.
Albert Vorst, 1440–1452.
Dirk van Enghuizen, 1444–1463.
Johan van Hoeften, 1455–1463.
Nicolaas van der Dussen, 1463–1466.
Hendrik van Hackfort, 1467–1468.
Johan van Drongelen, 1469–1492.
Gozen van Rossum, 1492–1496.
Steven van Zuylen van Nijevelt, 1496–1527.
Wouter van Amstel van Mynden, 1527–1536.
Albert van Egmond van Meresteyn, 1536–1560.
Frans van der Loe, 1560–1579.
Jacob Taets van Amerongen, 1579–1612.
Diederik van Bloys van Treslong, 1612–1619.
Jasper van Lynden, 1619–1620.
Hendrik Casimir I van Nassau-Dietz, 1620–1640.
Willem Frederik van Nassau-Dietz, 1641–1664.
Floris Borre van Amerongen, 1664–1675.
Heinrich von Solms, 1675–1693.
Hendrik Casimir II van Nassau-Dietz, 1693–1696.
Godard van Reede van Athlone, 1697–1703.
Frederik Borre van Amerongen, 1703–1722.
Willem van Lintelo, 1723–1732.
Evert Jan Benjamin van Goltstein, 1732–1744.
Lucas Willem van Broekhuizen, 1744–1748.
Hendrik van Iselmuden, 1748–1751.
Frederik Willem Torck, 1753–1761.
Unico Willem van Wasenaer, 1763–1766.
Frans Steven Carel van Randwijck, 1766–1785.
Karl Ludwig von Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg, 1786–1806.
Jan Walraad van Welderen, 1806–1807.
Arend van Raesfelt van Elsen, 1807.
Volker Rudolf Bentinck van Schoonheeten, 1807–1820.
Adriaan Wolter Willem Sloet van Sinderen, 1820–1824.
Godert Willem de Vos van Steenwijk, 1824–1830.
Rudolph Hendrik van Iselmuden, 1831–1834.
Floris Willem Sloet tot Warmelo, 1834–1838.
Albert Carel Snouckaert van Schauburg, 1838–1841.
Carl Wilhelm Georg Johan Theodor Bodelschwingh-Plettenberg, 1841–1850.
Otto Anna van Bylant, 1850–1857.
Boudewijn Reynt Wouter Sloet van Hagendorp, 1857–1863.
Frederik Louis Wilhelm van Brakell, 1863–1865.
Hendrik Rudolph Willem van Goltstein van Oldenaller, 1865–1868.
Alexander Carel Jacob Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, 1868–1877.
Jan Derk van Rechteren van Ahnen, 1877–1886.
François Maximiliaan van der Duyn, 1886–1889.
Otto van Dedem, 1889–1894.
Reinhard Jan Christiaan van Pallandt van Rosendael, 1894–1899.
Emilius Johan van Pallandt, 1899–1914.
Alexander Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, 1914–1918.
Anne Willem Jacob Joost van Nagell, 1918–1936.
Otto Jacob Eiffelanus van Wassenaer van Catwijck, 1936–1939.
Karel Gerrit Willem van Wassenaer, 1939–1946.
Frand Johan Julius van Heemstra, 1946–1958.
Bernhard Frederik van Verschuer, 1958–1971.
Hendrik Jan van Nagell, 1971–1977.
Paul Anthony van der Borch, 1977–2014.
Jan Reint de Vos van Steenwijk, 2014-

References
Citations

Sources

External links
RDO Balije van Utrecht

Teutonic Order
Charities based in the Netherlands
Protestant orders of chivalry
1231 establishments in Europe
Dynastic orders


title: Topographia Galliae

text:
Topographia Galliae (1655–1661) is a German-language series of illustrated books created by engraver Matthäus Merian and writer Martin Zeiler, and published in Frankfurt. It describes cities and towns in 17th-century France. Wenceslaus Hollar also contributed to its engravings.

Volumes
  1655- (13 volumes)
 ; via Google Books
 Contents: Paris, Île-de-France; index

 Contents: Picardy province; index

 Contents: Lyon

 Contents: Chartres, Orléans, etc.; index

 Contents: Bayonne, Bordeaux, etc.; index

 Contents: Montpelier, Toulouse, etc.

 Contents: Avignon, etc.

 Contents: Grenoble, etc.

See also
 Merian map of Paris

References

Further reading
 Topographia Galliae. Amsterdam: Joost Broersz and Caspart Mérian, 1660.

External links

 WorldCat

Geographic history of France
1650s books
Books about France
Geography books
17th century in France


title: T. nepalensis

text:
T. nepalensis may refer to:

 Tayloria nepalensis, a dung moss
 Tostkar nepalensis, a ground beetle
 Trigonotoma nepalensis, a ground beetle


title: Masdevallia odontocera

text:
Masdevallia odontocera, the tusked masdevallia, is a species of epiphytic orchid native to the cloud forests of Colombia.  The species name is derived from Greek odontoceras, meaning "a tusk".  This is in reference to the appearance of the lateral sepals.

References

External links
 Masdevallia odontocera at the Encyclopedia of Life

odontocera
Orchids of Colombia
Epiphytic orchids


title: Willkommen

text:
"Willkommen" is a song from the 1966 musical Cabaret. It is performed by The Emcee. The music was written by John Kander; the lyrics by Fred Ebb.

Production
John Kander explained "With Cabaret, we were trying to find the piece, to write our way into it. The first thing we wrote was 'Willkommen' and the very first thing that ever happened was that little vamp."

The finale, "Auf Wiedersehen", mixes elements of "Willkommen" and "Cabaret".

Synopsis
The song is "the Emcee’s sardonic introduction" to the Kit Kat Klub, and is set within the cabaret itself.

Analysis
Filmsite notes this "cheery greeting in German, French and English" contains "three languages to suit the club's cosmopolitan clientele [and] anticipates future hostilities between the three nationalities during wartime".

H2G2 writes The Emcee "Immediately evok[es] the decadent, cosmopolitan atmosphere of 1930s Berlin. 'In here, life is beautiful, the girls are beautiful, even the orchestra is beautiful... we have no troubles here.' These words of the Emcee will come back to haunt the characters later."

New Line Theatre wrote the following analysis on the song and its reprise:

Critical reception
USA Today described it as "deliciously bawdy". The Providence Journal described it as an "opening chorus". The Los Angeles Times said the song was "lascivious".

Cover versions

The song was performed live at both the 1998 and 2014 Tony Awards.

Lady Gaga often presents Willkommen as an interlude on her concerts.

The song was performed by Patrick Brewer (portrayed by Noah Reid) in the Season 5 finale of Schitt's Creek.

Joel Grey performed the song in his episode of The Muppet Show.

References

1966 songs
Songs from Cabaret (musical)
Songs with music by John Kander
Songs with lyrics by Fred Ebb


title: Maybe This Time (song)

text:
"Maybe This Time" is a song written by John Kander and Fred Ebb for actress Kaye Ballard. It was later included in the 1972 film Cabaret, where it is sung by the character Sally Bowles, played by Liza Minnelli. It had already been recorded and released twice, in similar arrangements, on Minnelli's debut studio album Liza! Liza! (1964), and subsequently New Feelin' (1970), but it turned into a traditional pop standard after its 1972 inclusion in Cabaret.

Production
Though originally written in 1964 for a different purpose, the song was put into the 1972 film version of the 1966 Cabaret musical. This is one of "two numbers that were added only in 1998, after they were used in the movie", along with "Mein Herr".

Analysis
The Telegraph explained that the song should have an air of "desperate hope" and that Bowles should feel like "someone teetering on the edge of despair." Talkin' Broadway said Maybe this Time' serving as Sally's internal monologue in response to Cliff's plea", adding that the song "is the only time we see the real person beneath the frivolous girl for whom life is a neverending party (cabaret, whatever). As we're privy to Sally's unspoken thoughts here". What's On in Cape Town described Sally Bowles as a Manic Pixie Dream Girl, writing "Her iconic solo, 'Maybe This Time', can be considered the MPDG theme song." Bowles "believ[es] she may be in love for the first time".

Critical reception
The song has been described as a "wistful", and "heartbreaking". Lincolnshire Review described the song as a "soaring ballad", and Peterborough Telegraph deemed it "hopeful".

References

1972 songs
Liza Minnelli songs
Songs from Cabaret (musical)
Songs with lyrics by Fred Ebb
Songs with music by John Kander
1970s ballads


title: Ouachita County Courthouse

text:
The Ouachita County Courthouse is located at 145 Jefferson Avenue in Camden, Arkansas, the seat of Ouachita County.  The two-story brick and concrete structure was designed by Little Rock architect Thomas Harding, and completed in 1933.  The architecturally distinctive building exhibits a restrained Colonial Revival style (which was then passing out of fashion, with elements of Art Deco.  It is a T-shaped building with symmetrical wings flanking a Classical style columned and gabled portico.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Ouachita County, Arkansas

References

Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Colonial Revival architecture in Arkansas
Government buildings completed in 1933
Buildings and structures in Camden, Arkansas
County courthouses in Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Ouachita County, Arkansas
1933 establishments in Arkansas


title: Paul Gachet (speedway rider)

text:
Victor Paul Gachet (born 23 April 1955 in London) is a former motorcycle speedway rider from England.

Career
He started his career with Eastbourne Eagles under Robert Dugard, who was also co-promoter at Oxford Rebels where Paul rode in the British League in 1975.

In 1976, after threat of closure at Oxford, the team relocated to White City where Paul rode for three seasons.

For his last year in speedway he moved for his last year of racing to Mildenhall Fen Tigers.

References

 http://www.defunctspeedway.co.uk/London%20White%20City.htm

British motorcycle racers
Eastbourne Eagles riders
Newport Wasps riders
White City Rebels riders
Oxford Rebels riders
Swindon Robins riders
Halifax Dukes riders
Wolverhampton Wolves riders
Hull Vikings riders
Mildenhall Fen Tigers riders
British speedway riders
Living people
1955 births


title: Cherokee Bluffs, Alabama

text:
Cherokee Bluffs is an unincorporated community in Tallapoosa County, Alabama, United States. The bluffs were a landmark in Tallapoosa County, and they were chosen as the first site on the Tallapoosa River for the creation of a dam and reservoir.

Background
Martin Dam was built at Cherokee Bluffs and completed in 1939. During construction, the community had bathhouses, bunkhouses, a school, commissary, dining hall, recreation hall, camp hospital, and a barber shop. The workers were tested for typhoid fever and malaria, and were not hired if they tested positive for malaria. Local residents were also tested for malaria. Cherokee Bluffs is the birthplace of Roy C. Craven, the founding director of the University Gallery at the University of Florida.

References

Unincorporated communities in Tallapoosa County, Alabama
Unincorporated communities in Alabama
Alabama placenames of Native American origin


Declaration of State Sovereignty of Bashkortostan was a document declaring the political and economic autonomy of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from the Soviet Union. The Declaration was adopted on 11 October 1990 at the third session of the Supreme Soviet of the Bashkir ASSR. The former Bashkir ASSR is today the Republic of Bashkortostan, a federal subject of Russia.

Declaration

On 12 June 1990 the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. This Declaration, as well as laws of the USSR "On the division of powers between the USSR and the subjects of the Federation", "On the basis of economic relations of the USSR and the Union and autonomous republics" were the legal basis for the development and adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Bashkir Republic.

With the launch of the Supreme Council BASSR, which started the drafting of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Bashkir SSR in the country, a discussion about the place of Bashkortostan in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation began. During the development of the Declaration there were designated two centres – in the Supreme Soviet Bashkir ASSR Council of Ministers and the Bashkir ASSR. At the end of July 1990 were developed two draft Declaration that August 2, 1990 were sent to USSR People's Deputies of the RSFSR and BASSR for study and their proposals.

On 10 August 1990 several projects have been published on the Declaration pages by national newspapers for public discussion, among which was a draft prepared by scholars L. Sh. Gumerova, Z. I. Enikeew, A. N. Timonin and F. Z. Yusupov.

On 11 October 1990 at the third session of the Supreme Soviet of the Bashkir ASSR, they adopted of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic.

Murtaza Rakhimov described the adoption of the Bashkortostan Declaration of Sovereignty as "In the name of great aims", "we may say that the Bashkort people is undergoing its second birth. The development of the national culture, growing interest in the native language, of the old traditions — all this gives hope that the Bashkorts will not lose its national originality. It is necessary to point out that further all-round development of the Bashkort people will be possible only if other peoples of Bashkortostan go through the same process of development, will use their native languages, enjoy their morality, history and culture."

Republic Day
Bashkortostan celebrates 11 October as Republic Day, a national holiday – the Day of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Republic. The holiday was enacted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Bashkortostan on 27 February 1992. Along with other national holidays like Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and the Day of the Constitution of Bashkortostan, the Republic Day is a non-working holiday.

See also
 Dissolution of the USSR
 Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan
 Russian constitutional crisis of 1993

References

Bashkortostan law
1990 in law
1990 in Russia
1990 in the Soviet Union
Law of Russia
1990 in international relations
Treaties with indigenous peoples
1990 documents


title: Benjamin T. Powell House

text:
The Benjamin T. Powell House is a historic house at 305 California Avenue in Camden, Arkansas.  The two story wood-frame house was built in 1859, and is one a few pre-Civil War cotton-magnate houses to survive in the city.  The house has a cypress frame, and features a Classical Revival facade with a front gable supported by four round columns sheltering porches with ornamental iron railings.  The house was used as a military headquarters by Union Army forces during the Civil War.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Ouachita County, Arkansas

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Neoclassical architecture in Arkansas
Houses completed in 1859
Houses in Ouachita County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Camden, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Ouachita County, Arkansas
1859 establishments in Arkansas


title: Ludomir Goździkiewicz

text:
Ludomir Karol Goździkiewicz (13 March 1935 – 10 March 2014) was a Polish politician from the Polish People's Party. He served as member of the Sejm from 1989 to 1991.

References

1935 births
2014 deaths
People from Łowicz
People from Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)
United People's Party (Poland) politicians
Polish People's Party politicians
Members of the Contract Sejm
Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Cross of Merit (Poland)


title: Boum Boum Boum

text:
"Boum Boum Boum" is a song by British singer Mika, written by himself alongside Doriand, while produced by Mika, Klas Ahlund and Tim Van Der Kuil. The song was released as a single on 11 June 2014 and was later included on the French as well as on the Italian and Japanese editions of Mika's fourth studio album No Place in Heaven (2015).

The album version is slightly different from the single release, with the ''boom boom boom'' female spoken words removed.

Composition
"Boum Boum Boum" is a Latin-influenced song that is "about Mika and his partner in love loving to make 'the act of love' everywhere they go"

Critical reception
Kevipod from Direct Lyrics praised the song's "easy chorus, cute French and summer vibe," commenting that he doesn't "see any difficulty for it to become smash in France or Belgium this summer."

Chart positions

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

Mika (singer) songs
2014 songs
2014 singles
Songs written by Mika (singer)
Casablanca Records singles
French-language songs


title: Checkpoint (TV program)

text:
Checkpoint is a Dutch children's TV show broadcast by the Evangelische Omroep on Zapp. It can be described as a jumble between Brainiac, Jackass and Fear Factor for youth. The show is presented by Klaas van Kruistum.

In this show tests are carried out which can be sent in by the viewers. However, most tests are not based upon scientific methods. It is rather a show in which stunts are performed.

The ninth season of Checkpoint aired in September 2014.

Structure and development
Since 2009, when the show aired for the first time, its structure has chanced a couple of times.

During the first two seasons of Checkpoint, every episode consisted of three tests. The second one always was Boys vs Girls. In these tests the differences between boys and girls are scrutinized and it focussed on whether men or women are better in performing a certain task or function. The other two tests changed every episode and these focused on products being pinpointed.

Since the third season, which was broadcast in Spring 2010, the structure changed, the number of items went up from three to about four. Also: recurring items were introduced, of which one featured a contest. Apart from the contest now being moved to the closing credits and just a couple of exceptions this structure has still been maintained.

Recurring items

Boys vs girls

This section is featured since the start of the show and nearly every episode contains a new edition. In these tests the differences between boys and girls are scrutinized and it focussed on whether men or women are better in performing a certain task or function. In the season finales a compilation of these tests is shown, which also features the final rankings of the past season (since season 3).

Other recurring items

In season 3 more recurring items are introduced. An overview:

 1 Minuutje (1 Minute). Tasks which can/cannot be done within one minute.
 De Achtbaan (The Roller Coaster). Tasks which can/cannot be done during a roller coaster ride.
 De Auto Van Je Vader (The Car Of Your Father). What can be done with a car standing still.
 Cartoon Check. Which events from cartoons can/cannot occur in real life.
 Feestdagen (Holidays). Tips to raise the celebrations.
 Film Check (Movie Check). Which events from movies can/cannot occur in real life.
 Gevaar In Huis (Danger At Home). Dangers in and around home are scrutinized.
 De Glijbaan (The Slide). Tasks which can/cannot be done while going off a water slide.
 Handleidingen (Instruction Manuals). Instruction manuals from devices are scrutinized.
 High Speed Camera. Simple things displayed in slow-motion.
 Jong vs Oud (Young vs Old). Tasks which can be done better by either young or old people.
 Kat vs. Hond (Cat vs. Dog). Tasks which can be done better by either cats of dogs.
 De Klapper Van De Week (The Banger Of The Week). A search for the loudest bangs (explosions and stuff).
 De Kracht Van Veel (Strength In Numbers). What can be done when many of a little are merged to a big one.
 Net als in de film (Just Like In The Movies). Shows how different stunts and other events in movies are performed.
 Nederland vs ... (Netherlands vs ...) Traditional tasks performed by youth from a certain country compared to youth from the Netherlands.
 Onbreekbaar? (Unbreakable?) Certain objects classified as unbreakable are tested.
 Ondersteboven (Upside Down). Tasks which can/cannot be done while hanging upside down.
 De Oven (The Oven). Objects placed into an oven to see what happens.
 Poep en Plas (Poo and Pee). Uses for feces.
 Psychotest. Psychological tests.
 Recycle. Reuse of certain objects.
 Schimmelgevaar (Dangers Of Mold). Food placed into a container to test the shelf life.
 Spreekwoorden (Proverbs). Certain proverbs and sayings are tested if they are still correct these days.
 Top Secret. Tests which are ill-suited for parents.
 Vuurwerk (Fireworks). Dangers of firework are shown.
 De Windtunnel (The Wind Tunnel). Tasks which can/cannot be done in strong winds.

Recurring items a season

Success

Checkpoint is very popular and in the period the show runs, the ratings from the broadcastings raised to high values. It became one of the flagship shows of Zapp and also belongs to the best viewed shows on Nederland 3 on Saturday. Checkpoint even got his own events, like the vader/zoon-dag (father/son day), which are successful as well and heavily visited.

The show was also awarded several awards. In 2011 Checkpoint won the Cinekid Kinderkast Publieksprijs (Cinekid Kinderkastaudience award) in the category non-fiction. The next year it was nominated for the prestigious Prix Jeunesse international and eventually archived the Children's Jury Award. The same year they got a nomination for the Gouden Stuiver (Golden Nickle), which was however eventually won by Het Klokhuis. Just a week later they revenged by winning the Cinekid Kinderkast Publieksprijs for the second successive year. In 2013 they were once again nominated for the Gouden Stuiver, but Het Sinterklaasjournaal was the final winner this time. In 2014 Checkpoint won the TV-BEELDEN award for best children's show.

Spin-off

Early July 2014 the show gets a spin-off, called Checkpoint top 5. In this show the five best testing moments from a particular theme are shown. Examples are: the five best car crashes, the five dirtiest moments and the five best explosions.

Notes

External links

Dutch children's television series
Science education television series
2009 Dutch television series debuts
2000s Dutch television series
2010s Dutch television series
NPO 3 original programming


title: History of Indian law

text:
Law in India primarily evolved from customary practices and religious prescriptions in the Indian subcontinent, to the modern well-codified acts and laws based on a constitution in the Republic of India. The various stages of evolution of Indian law is classified as that during the Vedic period, the Islamic period, the British period and post independence.

Vedic period
In comparison with modern law, the classical Hindu law was a peculiar legal system as it followed a unique arrangement of law and polity with a unique scheme of values. Ancient India represented a distinct tradition of law, and had a historically independent school of legal theory and practice. The main aim of the law in the Vedic period was to preserve "dharma" which means righteousness and duty. Dharma consists of both legal duties and religious duties. It not only includes laws and court procedures, but also a wide range of human activities like ritual purification, personal hygiene regimes, and modes of dress. Dharma provided the principal guidance by which one endeavored to lead his life.

Sources of classical Hindu law

The sources of law during this period were Sruti, Smriti and acharas (customs). Sruti consist of the 4 Vedas namely Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda. These Vedas chiefly dealt with religious duties, practices and customs. The second source is called Smriti, which literally means 'as remembered' and refers to tradition. They are the humanly authored written texts that contain the collected traditions.

Some of the most prominent Smriti are Dharmashastras which includes Manusmriti (200BC-200CE); Yajnavalkya Smriti (200-500CE); Naradasmriti (100BC-400CE); Visnusmriti (700-1000CE); Brhaspatismriti (200-400CE); and Katyayanasmriti (300-600CE). These texts were often used for legal judgments and opinion. They dealt with the subject matter of dharma and were guidebooks on dharma with rules of conduct and rites. Dharmasutra (the first four texts of the Dharmashastra) discuss the rules for duties for all the ashrama: the student-hood, the house holdership, the retirement or forest dwelling, and renunciation. Also, they provide the rites and duties of kings and court proceedings. Other issues that are Dharmasutras cover include rules about one's diet, crimes and punishments, daily sacrifices, and funeral practices.

Dharmashastra contains three categories or topics. The first is the âchâra, which provides rules on daily rituals, life-cycle rites, as well as specific duties and proper conduct that each of the four castes or varnas have to follow. The daily rituals include practices about daily sacrifices, the kind of food to eat and how to obtain them, and who can give and who can accept religious gifts. The life-cycle rites are the rituals that are conducted on important events in one's life like birth, marriage, and tying of the sacred thread. Acharas also provide rules for duties for all the ashrama. Ashrama are the four stages of life that include: Brahmacharya (the student life), Grihastha (the householder), Vanaprastha (the forest dweller), and Sanyasa (the renouncer). The second topic enumerated in the Dharmashastra is the 'vyavâhara'. Vyavahara are laws and legal procedures. They include the'rajadharma' or the duties and obligations of a king to organize court, listen and examine witnesses, decide and enforce punishment and pursue justice. The third category is called the 'prâyaschitta', which lays down rules for punishments and penances for violating the laws of dharma. They are understood to remove the sin of committing something that is forbidden.

During the Vedic period the legal procedures including that of filing case were called vyavahara. The equivalent of modern plaint was called "purvapaksha", and that of written statement as "uttar". The trial was called "kriya" and verdict as "nirnaya". The profession of lawyers or advocates were unknown during this period. Trial by jury and trial by ordeal were the two types of trials that existed during the period. According to J. Rama Jois the ancient Indian and constitutional system had established a duty based society. It postulated that everybody from the king to the lowest of society is bound to fulfil his/her duty towards the society. This was same for the whole of India, notwithstanding the existence of larger and smaller kingdoms and the supremacy of Dharma (law) over the kings as declared in the authoritative texts was respected in letter and spirits/ Thus there were no absolute monarchies. The Dharmasastras asked the kings to look upon the people as God (Praja Vishnu) and serve them with love and reverence. The doctrine of "king can do no wrong" was not accepted and the king himself was subjected to law.

Administration of Justice During Vedic Period

In ancient India, Naman was regarded as the fountain of justice has to act as the lord of Dharma and was entrusted with the supreme authority of the administration of justice and his foremost duty was to protect the rights of his subject. The King's Court was the highest court, next to which came the court of the Chief Justice (Pradvivaka). The King's Court was the highest court of appeal as well as an original court in cases of vital importance to the state. In the King's Court the King was advised by learned people like Learned Brahmins, the ministers, the Chief Justice etc. As mentioned by Brihaspati, there were four kinds of tribunals, namely, stationary, movable courts held under the royal signet in the absence of the King, and commissions under the King's presidency. So there was hierarchy of courts. In villages, the village councils (Kulani) dealt with simple civil and criminal cases. At a higher level in towns and districts the courts were presided over by government officers under the authority of the King to administer justice. In order to deal with problems among members of artisanal class, traders etc. trade guilds were authorised to exercise an effective jurisdiction over their members. Family courts were also established. Puga assemblies made up of groups of families in the same village decided civil disputes amongst family members. Minor criminal cases were dealt with by judicial assemblies in villages whereas criminal cases of a serious nature were presented before the central court usually held under the King or royal authority. The appeal system was practised and the King was the highest body of appeal. One significant feature of the ancient Indian legal system was the absence of lawyers.
Another notable feature was that a bench of two or more judges was always preferred to administer justice rather than a single individual being the sole administrator of justice.

2nd Millennium
Sharia and Islamic economics fully spread in the Indian subcontinent with the establishment of Delhi Sultanate, Bengal Sultanate and Gujarat Sultanate.

In the 17th century, the Mughal Empire's sixth ruler, Aurangzeb, compiled the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri with several Arab and Iraqi Islamic scholars, which served as the main governing body in most parts of South Asia.

During the British Raj, the Anglo-Hindu law was introduced.

See also
 Law of India
 Indian criminal law

References

Legal history of India
Hindu law
Ancient Indian law


title: List of Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in the NFL Draft

text:
This is a list of Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football players in the NFL Draft.

Key

Selections

See also
List of Georgia Institute of Technology alumni

Notes

References

Georgia Tech

Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets NFL Draft


title: Lawrence Stadium

text:
Lawrence Stadium may refer to

in Arizona
 J. Lawrence Walkup Skydome in Flagstaff, Arizona

in California
 Tony Zupo Field, originally known as Lawrence Park, in Lodi, California

in Kansas
 Lawrence–Dumont Stadium in Wichita, Kansas
 Memorial Stadium (University of Kansas) in Lawrence, Kansas
 Haskell Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas
 Hoglund Ballpark in Lawrence, Kansas
 McCook Field (stadium) in Lawrence, Kansas

in Massachusetts
 Veterans Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Massachusetts

in New York
 Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium in Manhattan, New York

See also
 List of stadiums in North America


title: Seismic code

text:
Seismic codes or earthquake codes are building codes designed to protect property and life in buildings in case of earthquakes. The need for such codes is reflected in the saying, "Earthquakes don't kill people—buildings do." Or in expanded version, “Earthquakes do not injure or kill people. Poorly built manmade structures injure and kill people.”

Seismic codes were created and developed as a response to major earthquakes, including 1755 Lisbon, 1880 Luzon, and 1908 Messina which have caused devastation in highly populated regions. Often these are revised based on knowledge gained from recent earthquakes and research findings, and as such they are constantly evolving. There are many seismic codes used worldwide. Most codes at their root share common fundamental approaches regarding how to design buildings for earthquake effects, but will differ in their technical requirements and will have language addressing local geologic conditions, common construction types, historic issues, etc.

Origin
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake (Portugal) resulted in prescriptive rules for building certain kinds of buildings common in the area.

Following the 1908 Messina earthquake (Italy), the Royal Government of Italy established Geological Committee and Engineering Committee in early 1909 to study the disaster and recommend earthquake disaster mitigation measures. The Engineering Committee, after studying the lateral load resistance of buildings which survived the earthquake motion, recommended that the seismic ratio (seismic acceleration divided by the gravity acceleration) equal to 1/12 for the first floor and 1/8 for the floors above should be used in seismic design of buildings. The Committee proposed equivalent vertical forces much larger than the horizontal forces because vertical motion acted as impacts. This is believed to be the first known quantitative recommendation of design seismic forces in the history of seismic codes. The recommendation was adopted in Royal Decree No. 573 of April 29, 1915. The height of the buildings was limited to two stories, and the first story should be designed for a horizontal force equal to 1/8 the second floor weight and the second story for 1/6 of the roof weight.

The 1923 Great Kantō earthquake (Japan) and earlier events inspired Japanese engineer Toshikata Sano to develop a lateral force procedure that was officially implemented in the 1924 Japanese Urban Building Law, which directed engineers to design buildings for horizontal forces of about 10% of the weight of the building.

In 1925, the city of Santa Barbara, California, added a building code requirement that structures be designed to withstand horizontal forces, but was nonspecific regarding design loads or procedure. This is considered to be the first explicit policy and legal consideration of the seismic safety of structures in the U.S. The city of Palo Alto, California, led by professors at Stanford, also added similar language to its building code in 1926.

In January 1928, the first edition of the Uniform Building Code (UBC) was published, and included an appendix with non-mandatory matter with §2311 recommending a minimum lateral design force for earthquake resistance of V = 0.075W for buildings on foundations with allowable bearing pressures of 4,000 psf or more, and 0.10 W for all other buildings including those on pile foundations.  Building weight (seismic mass) was defined as: W = Dead load + Live load. These provisions were inspired by Japan's newly developed seismic code. The non-mandatory lateral design provisions are not known to have been explicitly adopted by any jurisdiction at the time, but may have been used voluntarily for the design of some buildings.

In response to the 1933 Long Beach earthquake (California), the city of Los Angeles adopted the first earthquake design provisions enforced in the U.S., enacted by City Council under Ordinance No. 72,968 published on September 6, 1933. The requirements included a design lateral base shear V = 0.08 W for regular use buildings, 0.10 W for school buildings and 0.04 W for the portion of a building above a flexible story. Building weight (seismic mass) was defined as W = Dead load + 0.5 Live load (except 1.0 Live for warehouses). Building frames were required to be designed to withstand at least 0.25V independent of any walls.

Immediately after the 1933 Long Beach earthquake, careful analysis of structural failures in that quake by architect Louis John Gill formed the basis for much of the California seismic legislation (Field Act for schools and Riley Act for all buildings). The 1933 Riley Act required all California local governments to have a building department and inspect new construction, mandating that all structures in the state be designed to withstand a horizontal acceleration of 0.02 times the acceleration due to gravity.

Around the world

Mexico
The first Mexico City building code was issued in 1942; since 1966, it contains a complete set of regulations for structural design and has served as a reference for municipalities across the country. In 1976, the code adopted a coherent format for all materials and structural systems, based on limit states design philosophy. In February 2004 a new set of seismic codes was issued.

Spain
In Spain, the seismic code is called the "Norma de Construcción Sismorresistente". (See the article in Spanish Wikipedia)

Turkey

Poor enforcement of seismic codes was a contributing factor to the devastation of the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes in which over 30,000 people died. There were high incidences of support column failure leading to the pancake type collapses which complicates rescue efforts. In a bid to shore up support going into an election in 2018, the government began to offer amnesties for violations of the building code allowing the non-compliance. This has been done by previous governments too. Experts lamented the practice would turn cities into graveyards.

United States

In the United States, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) publishes "Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures. 2015 Edition".

See also
 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake Criticism of government

References

Building codes
Earthquake engineering


title: Larry McKinley

text:
Larry McKinley (8 December 1927 – 13 December 2013) was a New Orleans-based American music promoter, record label co-owner, radio personality and festival icon. He was most well known as the "Voice of Jazzfest", co-founder of Minit Records, and the host of several shows on the New Orleans radio stations WNNR-AM and WMRY-FM (now known as WYLD (AM)).

Early life
McKinley was born on December 13, 1927, in Chicago, Illinois. He spent his early years in the Chicago area and went on to study at Roosevelt University. While studying there in September 1954, he received an internship with the radio station WMRY-FM in New Orleans. He decided to settle there permanently after he covered a speech by Martin Luther King, after which he was quoted having said "I can't go back I feel like I'm being a part of history here".

Career
In 1959 McKinley's success in hosting the radio station WMRY-FM led to a close friendship with a local businessman named Joe Banashak. Together the two each invested $650 to found a record label called Minit Records. The name came to Banashak when he drove by a restaurant called "Meal a Minit". McKinley, who was also promoting local artists, eventually signed Allen Toussaint as the producer for the label. The production efforts of Toussaint earned the label a #1 spot on the national pop and R&B charts through Ernie K-Doe's 1961 hit Mother-in-Law. McKinley went on to briefly own one third of the record label Instant Records but dropped out for reasons that are not entirely clear.

After leaving the record label business for good McKinley went back to radio, hosting the popular local radio show "The Frank and Larry Show". McKinley also went on to join the governing board of the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation, Inc, the proprietor of what is colloquially known as Jazzfest, a New Orleans-based annual music festival. He left the governing board in order to record the voice-overs for the festival. His voice, often described as a baritone, became a mainstay of the festival and is still used today. McKinley also presided over the annual festival gala as the master of ceremonies.

Awards
For his work in the music industry McKinley won several award over the years. In 1989 McKinley was inducted into the AFTRA Hall of Fame for his work in the radio industry. In 2005 OffBeat magazine awarded McKinley their "Best of the Beat Music Business Award" for his contributions to the music business industry. Five years later McKinley was inducted into the prestigious Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.

Death
McKinley died on December 8, 2013, from complications due to COPD. He was buried on December 16, 2013.

References

1927 births
2013 deaths
Radio personalities from Chicago
Music promoters


title: You Gotta Get a Gimmick (song)

text:
"You Gotta Get a Gimmick", also known as "You Gotta Have a Gimmick", is a song from the 1959 musical Gypsy, with music by Jule Styne and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.

Synopsis
TheaterMania describes the song plot as a "threesome of hilariously costumed veteran burlesque dancers...who teach Louise the ropes of stripping."

Critical reception
New City Stage describes it as "endearingly bawdy." Time Out Chicago said the song is "this production’s hands-down highlight...in which three burlesque vets pull out all the stops." Stage and Cinema wrote the song was performed by the "show-stopping, scene-stealing...Tessie Tura, Mazeppa and Electra, the stripper specialists in 'You Gotta Get a Gimmick,'" adding, "It's the ultimate tribute to Darwinian adaptation, the secret of showbiz survival and even success." CurtainUp said the song is "show-stopping" and "outrageously funny." TheaterMania  called the song "scene-stealing." NipperTown described it as a "novelty song." Spokesman named it a "showstopper."

References

1959 songs
Songs from Gypsy (musical)
Songs with music by Jule Styne
Songs written by Stephen Sondheim


title: Richmond-Tufts House

text:
The Richmond-Tufts House is a historic house in rural Ouachita County, Arkansas, outside the county seat of Camden.  This single-story wood-frame house was built in 1853, and was originally located on West Washington Street in Camden, before being moved to its present location c. 1961.  When first built, the house had Greek Revival styling, but it was extensively renovated and extended after its purchase in 1883 by Alfred Tufts, who moved from the northern United States to Camden after the American Civil War, married a local woman, and acquired a great deal of land.  He made numerous Late Victorian additions to the house, most of which were undone when the house was moved, restoring its original Greek Revival character.  The house is five bays wide, with a side gable roof, and a four-column porch that extends across a portion of the front.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Ouachita County, Arkansas

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Houses completed in 1853
Houses in Ouachita County, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Ouachita County, Arkansas
1853 establishments in Arkansas
Relocated buildings and structures in Arkansas
Greek Revival architecture in Arkansas


title: Nevel

text:
Nevel may refer to:

People
Ernie Nevel (1918–1988), American baseball player
Van Nevel, people with that surname

Places
Nevel Urban Settlement, a municipal formation into which the town of Nevel in Nevelsky District of Pskov Oblast, Russia is incorporated
Nevel (town), a town in Nevelsky District of Pskov Oblast, Russia
Lake Nevel, a lake in Nevelsky District of Pskov Oblast, Russia

Other
Nevel (instrument), a stringed instrument used by ancient Hebrew people
Nevel (ship), see Tracking ship#Russian Navy / Soviet Navy
Nevel Papperman, a character in the iCarly American teen sitcom

See also
Nevelsky (disambiguation)
Nevele, a municipality in East Flanders Province of Belgium


title: Ramprapanna Bhattacharya

text:
Ramprapanna Bhattacharya is an Indian classical sitarist of the Etawah Gharana.

He began his sitar training at the age of six from his father in Kolkata, India. He also received musical training from Kashinath Mukherjee and Arvind Parikh, both senior disciples of Vilayat Khan.

He is the recipient of a scholarship from the Ministry of Culture, India.  He has performed and given workshops in different cities in India including Kolkata,  Hyderabad, Mumbai, Nagpur, Ahmedabad, Delhi, Bhopal, Puna, Jaipur, Ajmer, Satara and out of India, notably United Kingdom including London, Peterborough, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Chelmsford, Leeds etc.
Ramprapanna obtained bachelor's degrees in Electronics & Communication Engineering and also has a corporate job.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Sitar players
Hindustani instrumentalists
Bengali musicians
Etawah gharana
Indian male classical musicians


title: Paul Lehmann

text:
Paul Lehmann (13 July 1884 – 4 January 1964) was a German paleographer and philologist.

Biography

Paul Lehmann was the son of businessman Gustav Lehmann and his wife Louisa Meyer. After attending school in his hometown, Lehmann started studying at the University of Göttingen.  A successor to Ludwig Traube, Paul Lehmann began as docent at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1911 and became professor of medieval Latin philology there in 1917. Author of a dissertation on Franciscus Modius and a Habilitationsschrift on Johannes Sichardus, he made numerous contributions to the Sitzungsberichte der bayerischen Akademie. He is best known for Parodie im Mittelalter (1922). He also authored Pseudo-Antike Literatur des Mittelalters (1927) and published Mittelalterliche Bibliothekskataloge Deutschlands und der Schweiz. Lehmann assisted Max Manitius in the preparation of the third volume of the Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters.
He was named a Corresponding Fellow of the Medieval Academy of America in 1926, as well as fellow of numerous other European academies. A Festschrift entitled Liber Floridus, in honor of his sixty-fifth birthday, was published in 1950.

Publications

 Franciscus Modius 1908
 Mittelalterliche Bibliothekskataloge Deutschlands und der Schweiz (1918 ff.)
 Die Parodie im Mittelalter (1922, 2nd edition 1963)
 Das literarische Bild Karls des Großen vornehmlich im lateinischen Schrifttum des Mittelalters (1934)
 Geschichte der Fuggerbibliotheken (1956/60, 2 volumes)
 Pseudoantike Literatur (1927)
 Gesta Ernesti ducis (1927)
 Judas Ischarioth (1930)
 Skandinavische Reisefrüchte (1935/39)

Notes

References

 Bernhard Bischoff: [Obituary]. In: Jahrbuch der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (1964), pp. 179–183.
 : Paul Lehmann. In: Forschungen und Fortschritte Jg. 39 (1965), pp. 94–95.

German palaeographers
Scientists from Braunschweig
German philologists
University of Göttingen alumni
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1884 births
1964 deaths
Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
Ahnenerbe members
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
20th-century philologists


title: I'm the Greatest Star

text:
"I'm the Greatest Star" is a popular song from the 1964 musical Funny Girl.  The show tune was composed by written by Jule Styne with lyrics by Bob Merrill. Barbra Streisand performed it in the role of Fanny Brice, first in the Broadway cast, then again in the 1968 film adaptation.  The song was first included on the original Broadway cast recording album Funny Girl, which was a best-seller in 1964.

Critical reception
A review in Talking' Broadway notes that Brice "comes out swingin' with 'I'm the Greatest Star. Howard Taubman wrote in The New York Times "Miss Streisand imagining herself in a radiant future in 'I'm the Greatest Star,' an appealingly quirky song, is not only Fanny Brice but all young performers believing in their destinies". Commenting on a 1991 performance by Pia Zadora in the lead role, Los Angeles Times critics noted "She has the requisite pluck for 'I'm the Greatest Star.

References

Songs from Funny Girl (film)
Songs from Funny Girl (musical)
1964 songs
Songs with music by Jule Styne
Songs written by Bob Merrill


title: Lise de la Salle

text:
Lise de la Salle (born 8 May 1988) is a French classical pianist.

Career

De la Salle first performed aged 9 on Radio France. At 12 years old, she won the First Prize of the Seventh International Contest of Ettlingen, Germany. She is also a prize winner of the Natexis Banques Populaires Foundation, and won First Prize of "European Young Concert Artists" in Paris in October 2003, and First Prize of the Young Concert Artists International Auditions in New York in January 2004. She became "an international solo pianist very early".

She has been taught since 1998 by Pascal Nemirovski.

References

External links

"Ich wollte immer gewinnen" merkur-online.de
Lise de la Salle pianobleu.com
Lise de la Salle management

1988 births
Living people
People from Cherbourg-Octeville
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
21st-century French women classical pianists


title: Ernst Friedrich Diez

text:
Ernst Friedrich Diez or Dietz (17 March 1805 – December 1892) was a German lyric tenor who sang leading roles in the opera houses of Germany and Austria. He is most closely associated with the Munich Hofoper (now known as the Bavarian State Opera) where he was a member of the company from 1837 to 1849.

Life and career
Diez was born in Waldkirch in the Black Forest region of Germany and trained as a singer in Vienna with Conradin Kreutzer. He began his career in Pressburg in 1826, moving to the Teatro Grande in Trieste in 1828. From 1830 he sang in Berlin and Mannheim before becoming a permanent member of the Munich Hofoper in 1837, although he continued to appear occasionally as guest singer in Vienna in both opera and lieder. In Munich he sang in the world premieres of two operas by Franz Paul Lachner—Alidia (1839) and Catharina Cornaro, Königin von Cypern (1841).

He married the young soprano Sophie Hartmann in 1841. They appeared together in several productions at the Hofoper, including the Munich premiere of Lortzing's Zar und Zimmermann—she as Marie and he as the Marquis de Chateauneuf. After his retirement from the stage in 1848, he dedicated himself to teaching young singers. Sophie Diez died in 1887 after a 40-year career at the Hofoper. Ernst Friedrich survived her by five years, dying in Munich at the age of 87. He is buried with his wife in the Alter Südfriedhof cemetery in Munich.

References

German operatic tenors
1805 births
1892 deaths
19th-century German male opera singers


title: Cypripedium yatabeanum

text:
Cypripedium yatabeanum, known as the spotted lady slipper or palomino lady's slipper, is a species of terrestrial orchid. It is native to Alaska (including the Aleutian Islands), to the Russian Far East (Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands), and northern Japan.

It is distinguished from the closely related Cypripedium guttatum by its yellow-green flowers and narrower, longer lip. It is a perennial herb that grows up to  tall. Its habitats include mesic tundra, marsh borders, and beach dune lag.

References

Flora of Alaska
Orchids of Russia
Orchids of the United States
Orchids of Japan
yatabeanum
Plants described in 1899
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


title: Sarah Springman

text:
Dame Sarah Marcella Springman  (born 26 December 1956) is a British-Swiss triathlete, civil engineer, and academic. She was educated in England and spent much of her career in Switzerland. She is a former rector of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and currently Principal of St Hilda's College at the University of Oxford.

Early life, education and family
Born in London in 1956, Springman was educated at Wycombe Abbey, where she was later a governor from 1993 to 1996. She studied engineering sciences at Cambridge University (Bachelor level) from 1975 to 1978 and returned for a MPhil in soil mechanics in 1983 and carried on her doctoral research in soil-structure interaction, earning her doctorate between 1984 and 1989. From 1979 to 1983, she worked as an engineer on geotechnical projects in England, Australia, and Fiji (primarily on the Monasavu Dam in Viti Levu), before she became a chartered engineer and Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1983. She is married to Rosie Mayglothling.

Academic career
Springman was a doctoral student in the Soil Mechanics Group at Cambridge University, and was supervised initially by Mark F. Randolph, until he moved to the University of Western Australia in 1985, who was succeeded by Malcolm Bolton. She was the first female research fellow at Magdalene College, Cambridge, before becoming a university lecturer in 1990. She has been professor of geotechnical engineering at ETH Zürich since 1997, and was the Deputy Head of the Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering from 2013 to 2014. She became Rector of ETH Zürich on 1 January 2015.

Supported by various funds to introduce computer aided learning at ETH Zurich, she worked with Les Davison from the University of Western England to improve opportunities for teaching and learning of soil mechanics through the Computer Aided Learning in Civil Engineering (CALICE) project (1999-2006), which was shortlisted for a Medida Prix award in 2002. CALICE was redesigned and extended to become the GeoTechnical Information Platform (GeoTIP) (2005-2020).

The emphasis of Springman's research is on geotechnical modelling of soil structure interaction problems, including design and construction of abutments, pile foundations, reinforced soil, and ground improvement of soft and sensitive soils (e.g. sand compaction piles, dynamic compaction). Springman combines physical modelling in a geotechnical centrifuge with numerical modelling so that the data may be used to develop, calibrate or validate new design methods. At ETH Zürich, her group uses a  drum geotechnical centrifuge to carry out practical studies on a range of geotechnical problems.

Springman is an advocate for access for women to STEM / MINT studies and engages in many events and campaigns to support this.

In March 2021, it was announced that Springman would be the next Principal of St Hilda's College, Oxford, in succession to Sir Gordon Duff. She took up the position on 1 February 2022. In June 2022, she gave a farewell lecture at the ETH in Zurich.

Sporting career
In addition to being a civil engineer, she represented Great Britain at the elite level in triathlon from 1983 to 1993, competing in the 1990 Commonwealth Games Triathlon in Auckland, New Zealand, and winning twenty elite European Triathlon Union (ETU) Championship medals in triathlon and duathlon.

She served as Vice-President of the International Triathlon Union (ITU) from 1992 to 1996, during which time, she played an important role in getting triathlon into the Olympics and establishing it as a recognised sport for the Commonwealth Games. She stepped down as President of British Triathlon on 31 December 2012 after celebrating Team GB's first triathlon medals won at an Olympic Games. She was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Sunday Times and Sky Sports Sportswomen of the Year Awards in London in 2013.

She is a member of the International Olympic Committee's Sustainability and Legacy Commission. On 18 August 2016, she was chosen as a presentation official at the Olympic triathlon medal ceremony, at which brothers Alistair and Jonathan Brownlee received gold and silver medals for Team GB in Rio de Janeiro. The International Triathlon Union named her to their Hall of Fame in 2019.

She started rowing in 1994 as part of a Women's Rowing Development Project, sponsored by the ARA (now British Rowing), which was based at Thames Tradesmen Rowing Club, coached by Doug Parnham. Subsequently, she has won medals at the British Rowing Championships for Rob Roy BC in the single and quad sculls and in the Swiss National Rowing Championships for Belvoir RC (Zurich) in the single, quad sculls and women's eight and in European and World Masters Championships in various boat classes. She is a 3-time winner of the Masters CRASH-B World Indoor Rowing sprints over 2000m, and holds World and British indoor rowing records in the 60-69 age group.

Honours and awards
Springman was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1997, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 2012 and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to engineering and international sports administration. She holds honorary doctorates from the Universities of Bath, Berne, Sheffield, and Wollongong, Australia, and is an Honorary Fellow of all three of her Cambridge Colleges.

 2000–2008: Member of Schweizerischer Wissenschafts- und Technologierat and ETH Planungskommission.
 2009: Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering
 2013: Lifetime Achievement Award at the Sunday Times and Sky Sports Sportswomen of the Year Awards

Publications
 Physical Modelling in Geotechnics (Proc. 7th Int. Conference, ICPMG, Zürich), CRC Press 2010, ISBN .
 P. W. Mayne, M. R. Coop, Sarah Springman, A. B. Huang, J. Zornberg State of the Art Paper: GeoMaterial Behavior and Testing, Proc. 17. ICSMGE, Volume 4, Mill Press/IOS Press, Rotterdam 2009, ISBN .
 Sarah Springman, Phillips, Arenson: Permafrost, Swets und Zeitlinger 2003, ISBN .
 Constitutive and Centrifuge Modelling – two Extremes, Taylor and Francis 2002, ISBN .

References

1956 births
Living people
Engineers from London
British female triathletes
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Female Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
People educated at Wycombe Abbey
Athletes from London
21st-century women engineers
Recipients of the Sunday Times Sportswomen of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award
Fellows of the Women's Engineering Society
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Principals of St Hilda's College, Oxford
Sporting dames
English LGBT sportspeople


title: Bag-o Abo

text:
Bag-o Abo (historically Bagabu Islet) is a small, wooded island in northeastern Iloilo, Philippines. It is part of the municipality of Concepcion.

Location and geography

Bag-o Abo Island is east of Panay Island in the Visayan Sea. Part of the Concepcion Islands, Bag-o Abo is  southeast of Tago Island and southwest of Igbon Island.

See also

 List of islands in the Philippines

References

External links
 Bag-o Abo Island at OpenStreetMap

Islands of Iloilo


title: Maciej Grubski

text:
Maciej Tomasz Grubski (20 August 1968 – 17 December 2020) was a Polish politician from the Civic Platform.

Biography
He served as member of the Senate of Poland from 2007 to 2019.

Grubski died of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, at age 52.

References

1968 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Łódź
Democratic Union (Poland) politicians
Freedom Union (Poland) politicians
Civic Platform politicians
Members of the Senate of Poland 2011–2015
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland
Members of the Senate of Poland 2015–2019


title: Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics

text:
The Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics is an annual award of the Breakthrough Prize series announced in 2013.

It is funded by Yuri Milner and Mark Zuckerberg and others. The annual award comes with a cash gift of $3 million. The Breakthrough Prize Board also selects up to three laureates for the New Horizons in Mathematics Prize, which awards $100,000 to early-career researchers. Starting in 2021 (prizes announced in September 2020), the $50,000 Maryam Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prize is also awarded to a number of women mathematicians who have completed their PhDs within the past two years.

Motivation
The founders of the prize have stated that they want to help scientists to be perceived as celebrities again, and to reverse a 50-year "downward trend". They hope that this may make "more young students aspire to be scientists".

Laureates

New Horizons in Mathematics Prize
The past laureates of the New Horizons in Mathematics prize were:
2016
André Arroja Neves
Larry Guth
(prize was rejected by Peter Scholze)
2017
Geordie Williamson
Benjamin Elias
Hugo Duminil-Copin
Mohammed Abouzaid
2018
Zhiwei Yun
Wei Zhang
Maryna Viazovska
Aaron Naber
2019
Chenyang Xu
Karim Adiprasito
June Huh
Kaisa Matomäki
Maksym Radziwill
2020
Tim Austin
Emmy Murphy
Xinwen Zhu
2021
Bhargav Bhatt – "For outstanding work in commutative algebra and arithmetic algebraic geometry, particularly on the development of p-adic cohomology theories."
Aleksandr Logunov – "For novel techniques to study solutions to elliptic equations, and their application to long-standing problems in nodal geometry."
Song Sun – "For many groundbreaking contributions to complex differential geometry, including existence results for Kähler–Einstein metrics and connections with moduli questions and singularities."
2022
Aaron Brown and Sebastian Hurtado Salazar – "For contributions to the proof of Zimmer's conjecture."
Jack Thorne – "For transformative contributions to diverse areas of algebraic number theory, and in particular for the proof, in collaboration with James Newton, of the automorphy of all symmetric powers of a holomorphic modular newform."
Jacob Tsimerman – "For outstanding work in analytic number theory and arithmetic geometry, including breakthroughs on the André–Oort and Griffiths conjecture
2023
Ana Caraiani – "For diverse transformative contributions to the Langlands program, and in particular for work with Peter Scholze on the Hodge-Tate period map for Shimura varieties and its applications."
Ronen Eldan – "For the creation of the stochastic localization method, that has led to significant progress in several open problems in high-dimensional geometry and probability, including Jean Bourgain's slicing problem and the KLS conjecture."
James Maynard – "For multiple contributions to analytic number theory, and in particular to the distribution of prime numbers."
2024
Roland Bauerschmidt, New York University – "For outstanding contributions to probability theory and the development of renormalisation group techniques."
Michael Groechenig, University of Toronto – "For contributions to the theory of rigid local systems and applications of p-adic integration to mirror symmetry and the fundamental lemma."
Angkana Rüland, University of Bonn – "For contributions to applied analysis, in particular the analysis of microstructure in solid-solid phase transitions and the theory of inverse problems."

Maryam Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prize
2021
Nina Holden – "For work in random geometry, particularly on Liouville quantum gravity as a scaling limit of random triangulations."
Urmila Mahadev – "For work that addresses the fundamental question of verifying the output of a quantum computation."
Lisa Piccirillo – "For resolving the classic problem that the Conway knot is not smoothly slice."
2022
Sarah Peluse – "For contributions to arithmetic combinatorics and analytic number theory, particularly with regards to polynomial patterns in dense sets."
Hong Wang – "For advances on the restriction conjecture, the local smoothing conjecture, and related problems."
Yilin Wang – "For innovative and far-reaching work on the Loewner energy of planar curves."
2023
Maggie Miller – "For work on fibered ribbon knots and surfaces in 4-dimensional manifolds."
Jinyoung Park – "For contributions to the resolution of several major conjectures on thresholds and selector processes."
Vera Traub – "For advances in approximation results in classical combinatorial optimization problems, including the traveling salesman problem and network design."
2024
Hannah Larson, University of California, Berkeley (PhD Stanford University 2022) – "For advances in Brill-Noether theory and the geometry of the moduli space of curves."
Laura Monk, University of Bristol (PhD University of Strasbourg 2021) – "For advancing our understanding of random hyperbolic surfaces of large genus."
Mayuko Yamashita, Kyoto University (PhD University of Tokyo 2022) – "For contributions to mathematical physics, index theory."

See also
 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences
 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
 List of mathematics awards

Notes

External links

 Breakthrough Prize — News
 Breakthrough Prize — Mathematics Breakthrough Prize — Laureates
 Breakthrough Prize — Mathematics Breakthrough Prize — Laureates, New Horizons

Academic awards
International awards
Mathematics awards
Awards established in 2013
Russian science and technology awards
Yuri Milner


title: Emelin Theatre

text:
The Emelin Theatre for the Performing Arts is a 267-seat nonprofit theater located in Mamaroneck, NY. that hosts theatre, family, bluegrass, dance, classical, jazz, rock, folk, tribute, and comedy events,  plus a broad range of independent and contemporary films for the community, and is the oldest continually operated performing arts center in Westchester.

History
The Emelin Theatre was founded in 1972 by a group of Mamaroneck citizens and named after local pharmacist Arthur Emelin, who died in 1978. Its facility originated with a $360,000 gift to the Mamaroneck Free Library by Emelin in memory of his father, Emanuel Joseph Emelin.

The structure of the current theater was built in 1984. In 2013, the Emelin’s lobby underwent a $250,000 renovation to make it more modern and accessible. The New Rochelle-based architecture firm Stoll & Stoll donated their services to the Emelin, which paid no fees for the design of the new facility.

The Emelin Theatre upgraded film capabilities to a DCP projection system in 2016.

Events and activities
It hosts music series devoted to rock, folk, classical, jazz, tribute bands, and traditional musical forms from multiple traditions. Its five-time IBMA nominated bluegrass series has existed since 1982. It also features theater, dance, comedy, family films, and a subscription-only film series. Approximately one-third of its programming is family-oriented, and since 1997 its subsidized School Outreach Program has brought children from Westchester County schools to the Emelin for educational programming.

The Emelin has assisted listening devices available, and accessible seating is located in the first four rows of the theatre.

It currently hosts between 80 and 100 performances per year, with a combined attendance of approximately 30,000.

References

External links

 Mission statement

Theatres in New York (state)
Mamaroneck, New York
Buildings and structures in Westchester County, New York
Tourist attractions in Westchester County, New York
1972 establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures completed in 1972