title: Mrs. Perkins's Ball

text:
Mrs. Perkins's Ball is a novel by William Makepeace Thackeray, published under the pseudonym "M. A. Titmarsh" in 1846.

Publication history
Mrs. Perkins's Ball was published as one of many Christmas novels; it was Thackeray's first attempt in the genre and its initial print run sold only 1,500 copies. In one review (written by Thackeray himself), he notes there were some 25 or 30 Christmas books published that season, including several illustrated by the "fast working" Isaac Robert Cruikshank. He then begins caustically reviewing Mrs. Perkins's Ball until, halfway through, he realizes in mock horror that he himself authored it and demands to "Kick old Father Christmas out of doors, the abominable old imposter! Next year I'll go to the Turks, the Scotch, or other Heathens who don't keep Christmas." The book was, nevertheless, popular enough that American author Mark Twain may have used the title character as an inspiration for his first known pen name, W. Epaminondas Adrastus Perkins, affixed to an article of his in the Hannibal Journal for 9 September 1852.

References

External links

Mrs. Perkins's Ball at Internet Archive

1846 British novels
Novels by William Makepeace Thackeray
Christmas novels


title: 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – Women's 500 metres

text:
The 500 meters distance for women in the 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup was contested over 12 races on six occasions, out of a total of seven World Cup occasions for the season, with the first occasion taking place in Obihiro, Japan, on 14–16 November 2014, and the final occasion taking place in Erfurt, Germany, on 21–22 March 2015.

The defending champion was Olga Fatkulina of Russia. Nao Kodaira of Japan won the cup. Fatkulina had to settle for 12th place.

Top three

Race medallists

Standings
Standings as of 22 March 2015 (end of the season).

References

Women 0500


title: Harvey Parker (politician)

text:
Harvey Parker, Jr. (December 28, 1814 – January 7, 1892) was a farmer, lumber merchant and politician in Quebec. He served as mayor of Aylmer from 1862 to 1866, the first person born in Aylmer to serve as its mayor.

Parker was the son of Harvey Parker and Azenath Chamberlain, who came to Aylmer from Newbury, Vermont in 1801. He served on Aylmer municipal council from 1849 to 150 and from 1855 to 1858. Parker also served as municipal assessor. During his term as mayor, wooden sidewalks were built in the village. He was a partner with Robert Conroy, Charles Symmes and John Egan in the operation of a steam-powered flour mill.

Parker was married twice: first to Helen Lafurgy, with whom he had five children, and then to Sarah Leggo, who had six more children with Parker.

He died in Aylmer at the age of 78.

His former residence has been designated as a Quebec heritage site.

References

1814 births
1892 deaths
Mayors of places in Quebec


title: Sanah Mollo

text:
Sanah Mollo (born 30 January 1987) is a South African soccer player who  plays as a defender for Mamelodi Sundowns and has represented the South Africa women's national football team, including at the Summer Olympics football tournaments.

Football career

Club
Sanah Mollo was born in Villiers, Free State on 30 January 1987, and began playing football at the age of nine for The Birds FC, an amateur team. Her parents initially opposed her attendance at the club but eventually became supportive. She continued to play while at high school, and was offered a sports bursary to attend the University of the Free State after playing against them. At a club level, she currently plays for Mamelodi Sundowns.

International
From a young age, Mollo wanted to play for the South Africa women's national football team, and she made her debut in 2006 in a match against Senegal. She has continued to appear in the squads for tournaments over the years, including at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics. She was a member of the team that was runners-up at the 2012 African Women's Championship.

Personal
Mollo holds a marketing degree from the University of the Free State. She works full-time in customer management, working around training and taking time off during tournaments to allow her to play for South Africa. She isn't paid by her club, but is given a travel stipend, and receives some funds from the national team.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Mafube Local Municipality
South African Sotho people
Women's association football midfielders
South African women's soccer players
South Africa women's international soccer players
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic soccer players for South Africa
Soccer players from the Free State (province)


title: Khadijah Sidek

text:
Khatijah Sidek (1918–1982) or Che Khadijah Mohd Sidik was a Malay nationalist and politician during colonial Malaya and the elected leader of the Kaum Ibu (literally meaning "mother's group"; the section name was later changed to Wanita UMNO) in 1954. She was a key figure in the early history of the United Malay National Organisation (UMNO) and a vocal campaigner of women's rights and the education of girls.

Early life and political career
Khatijah was born in Pariaman, West Sumatra, Indonesia to a Minangkabau family, known for their matrilineal heritage system. She received her education at a Dutch school in Sumatra before moving to Singapore in 1946 and soon after marrying a Malayan citizen. Prior to coming to Malaya, Khatijah was active in Puteri Kesatria, an anti-colonial women's group based in Bukit Tinggi, Sumatra. In 1953, she joined UMNO's branch in Johor Bahru following an invitation to survey Malay women's condition under British rule.

Khatijah's rise in politics was reflective of the social changes experienced by women in the post-war years under Japanese occupation. Most women who were active in politics of the period benefited from the promotion of women and girl's education, women's paid employment outside the home, and the rural-urban migration Women who held positions of party leadership at the national, state, and division level were for the most part urban or suburban dwellers, and were either wives or close relations of political activists or members of aristocracy.

Women's rights campaigner
When Khatijah arrived in Malaya in the 1940s, she was disturbed by what saw as the great oppression of women. In her second visit to Singapore in 1947, she wrote in her memoirs that she was determined to help under-educated women by teaching them housekeeping skills and raising their political consciousness. She joined the women's welfare group, the Indonesian and Malay Women's Assembly (HIMWIM), to agitate the liberation of Malay-Indonesian women who resided in Singapore. However, Khatijah's work with HIMWIM fell foul of the British colonial administration, and she was imprisoned under the Emergency Act between 1948 and 1950; during her imprisonment, she gave birth to a daughter.

Upon her release from prison, Khatijah was exiled from Singapore, but was under a detention order to remain in Johor for ten years. With the support of Tunku Abdul Rahman, she was invited by the campaigner Ibu Zain to join UMNO; her position as a wife of a Malayan citizen made her eligible to join. In April 1953, she became a member of UMNO's congress in Melaka. At the congress, her proposal to increase the number of women in the congress was met with anger and disgust by the male delegates.

Leadership of Kaum Ibu UMNO
In October 1954, Khatijah successfully ran against Ibu Zain and the then Selangor Kaum Ibu UMNO (KI UMNO) chief Halimahton Abdul Majid to be elected leader of KI UMNO. During her time as leader, she travelled throughout the country, managing to win over many women to the section by convincing them she was much like them – Lenore Manderson has contended that Khatijah even shared the bed of village women she visited. Khatijah's frequent demands for an increased representation of women and her belief that there were formal barriers to women's political participation quickly saw her regarded as something as a troublemaker. Two weeks after her election as KI UMNO chief, Khatijah was expelled from the UMNO Johor Bahru branch on the grounds that she had divulged details of Supreme Council proceedings; Khatijah had earlier charged that women were deliberately being excluded from state election lists. The Tunku later determined that there was not enough evidence to expel her, and the UMNO Executive later rescinded her expulsion, but not without warning Khatijah to mind her conduct in the future.

After presiding the leadership of KI UMNO at the national level for two years, she was again expelled for challenging the sexual politics of the party. Her dismissal was officially justified on the grounds that she breached party discipline and rules Khatijah succeeded Raja Perempuan Perlis Tengku Badriah (later the 'Queen of Malaya') who took the baton of leadership following the ill health of the latter's predecessor, Hajjah Zain Suleiman or Ibu Zain.

Federal Legislative Council controversy
In 1955, the Tunku was urged by KI UMNO members to appoint Khatijah to one of five reserve seats in the Federal Legislative Council; only one woman, Halimahton, had been elected from the 52 elective seats. The Tunku refused to appoint Khatijah; he argued that Halimahton's election satisfied the demand for a Malay woman in the Federal Legislative Council, and that furthermore Khatijah's candidacy was not appropriate since she remained the subject of a detention order. KI UMNO members complained that their contributions during the 1955 Federal elections had been overlooked, and in response, women were urged to stand in town and municipal elections and work their way up. The male leadership would also claim that they could not find capable women to run as candidates.

Dismissal from UMNO
Khatijah demanded the women's vote within UMNO's National Assembly in 1953 and equal political representation within the party. Moreover, she fought for the autonomy of UMNO's women's section, a separate women youth's section to complement the existing UMNO Youth section, and the increased nomination of women to contest the general elections via the pre-selection of female candidates. But soon she was dismissed from the party in November 1956, and this time the UMNO Executive upheld her expulsion. Although Khatijah was expelled from UMNO for disciplinary reasons, it was more likely because she was challenging the patriarchal tradition and hegemony within the parent party; indeed, one of the reasons cited for her expulsion was that her conduct as KI UMNO chief was 'detrimental to UMNO.' The UMNO Executive then appointed Fatimah binte Haji Hashim as the new leader of KI UMNO, a role she held until 1972.

Khatijah Sidek in PAS
Following her expulsion from UMNO for challenging the party's male-dominated hegemony, Khatijah defected to the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party or PAS, becoming the leader of its women's section, the Dewan Muslimat. She rejoined UMNO in 1972, but did not go on to play a major role in the party.

See also
 Aishah Ghani
 Shamsiah Fakeh
 Early Malay nationalism
 Malaysian politics

References

Further reading
 Memoir Khatijah Sidek: Puteri Kesatria Bangsa (1995), Penerbit UKM: Bangi
 Susan Blackburn and Helen Ting (editors) Women in Southeast Asian Nationalist Movements (2013) NUS Press: Singapore

1918 births
1982 deaths
People from Pariaman
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Minangkabau descent
Women members of the Dewan Rakyat
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Women in Terengganu politics
United Malays National Organisation politicians
Malaysian Islamic Party politicians
Malaysian women's rights activists
20th-century Malaysian women politicians
20th-century Malaysian politicians
Naturalised citizens of Malaysia
Indonesian emigrants to Malaysia


title: Pillaikkaga

text:
Pillaikkaga () is a 1989 Indian Tamil-language action drama film written and directed by P. Vasu, produced by Mohan Natarajan and Tharangai V. Shanmugam under Rajakaliamman Pictures, starring Prabhu, Gautami, Nassar and Rekha. The film was released on 4 March 1989.

Plot

Cast
Prabhu
Gautami
Nassar
Rekha
Rupini
Baby Dhivya Ravi
Devaraj

Soundtrack
Soundtrack was composed by Gangai Amaran.

Release and reception
Pillakkaga was released on 4 March 1989. The Indian Express wrote, "Imposing angles and neat and tangy cutting building up much interest and tension initially but it is overdose of sentiment that director P. Vasu plumps for in an attempt to woo women to his film."

References

External links

1980s action drama films
1980s Tamil-language films
1989 films
Films directed by P. Vasu
Films scored by Gangai Amaran
Indian action drama films


title: English Garden (disambiguation)

text:
English Garden may refer to:
 Gardens in England
 English landscape garden
 Englischer Garten, a park in Munich, Bavaria
 English Garden, a park in Palermo, Sicily
 English Garden (album), an album by Bruce Woolley and The Camera Club, or the title song
 "English Garden" (Ringo Starr song)


title: Indzhova Government

text:
The eighty-fourth Cabinet of Bulgaria (the Indzhova Government) was a caretaker technocratic government set up by President Zhelyu Zhelev following the resignation of the Berov government. The government, headed by Prime Minister Reneta Indzhova, ruled from 17 October 1994 to 25 January 1995 at which time the new cabinet took office.

Formation
The technocratic government led by Lyuben Berov resigned in September 1994. With no party willing to form a new government, the President appointed Indzhova to head a provisional government that would lead the country through the early elections on December 18 of that same year.

Dissolution
Following the victory in the December elections of the Democratic Left, an electoral alliance led by the Bulgarian Socialist Party, the newly elected 37 National Assembly voted in Zhan Videnov and his cabinet. Thus, after ruling for exactly 100 days, the Indzhova government was officially dissolved.

See also
 History of Bulgaria since 1989

References

Bulgarian governments
1994 establishments in Bulgaria


title: Suriya filmography

text:
Suriya is an Indian actor, producer and distributor who works primarily in Tamil cinema. He made a commercially successful cinematic debut in Vasanth's Nerrukku Ner (1997). After few critical and commercial failures, Suriya collaborated with Vasanth again in Poovellam Kettuppar (1999), his first film with his future wife Jyothika.

In 2001, Suriya starred in Bala's Nandha as an ex-convict trying to find his place in society. The film was critically acclaimed and became a turning point in his career. His roles as a police officer in Gautham Vasudev Menon's Kaakha Kaakha (which became his first blockbuster) and a con artist in Bala's Pithamagan, established him as one of Tamil cinema's leading actors. Suriya's performances in both films were praised, winning him a Best Actor nomination for the former and the Best Supporting Actor for Pithamagan at the 51st Filmfare Awards South. The following year, he played dual roles—a hunchback and a college student—in Perazhagan. Suriya's performance was again praised, and he received his first Filmfare Best Actor award. He was also acclaimed for his performance as a student leader in Mani Ratnam's Aayutha Ezhuthu (2004).

In 2005, Suriya starred in three films: Maayavi, Ghajini and Aaru. His performance in Ghajini as a businessman with anterograde amnesia was widely praised, and was commercially successful. Maayavi and Aaru were moderately successful. Suriya then appeared in Vaaranam Aayiram (2008). His dual role as father and son earned him another Filmfare Best Actor award. Suriya's next three films were Ayan (2009), Aadhavan (2009) and Singam (2010). The latter, in which he starred with Anushka Shetty, was his most commercially successful film to that point and spawned two sequels: Singam II (2013) and Si3 (2017). Suriya made his Hindi and Telugu cinema debuts in Ram Gopal Varma's gangster film Rakta Charitra 2 (2010).

Suriya then played the Buddhist monk and creator of Shaolin Kung Fu, Bodhidharma, and his fictional descendant Aravind, in 7aum Arivu (2011). His only 2012 release was Maattrraan, in which he played conjoined twins. In 2015, Suriya released 36 Vayadhinile, the first film from his 2D Entertainment production company. He played three roles for the first time in Vikram Kumar's successful science fiction film 24 (2016). His performance won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor. Following Thaana Serndha Koottam (2018) and Kaappaan (2019), he worked in the acclaimed direct-to-streaming films Soorarai Pottru (2020) and Jai Bhim (2021). For Soorarai Pottru, Suriya won the National Film Award for Best Actor.

Film
 All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.

As actor

As producer

Other crew positions

Television

Discography

Music video appearances

Short film

See also
 List of awards and nominations received by Suriya

Notes

References

External links

Male actor filmographies
Indian filmographies


title: Maira Khan

text:
Maira Khan (; born 27 July 1984) is a Pakistani television actress, film actress, model and former VJ.

Her notable performances include Chambaili (2013 film), Revenge of the Worthless (2016 film), Durj (2019 film), Cheekh (2019 TV Drama), Bewafa (2019). She was a contestant of the reality show Tamasha which aired on ARY Digital & ARY ZAP app, she was evicted towards the end of the show for trying to bite another contestant’s finger.

Early life
Maira Khan was born in Karachi, Pakistan on 27 July 1984 to actress Shakeela Anayat. She has one step brother and sister. Khan graduated from BAMM PECHS Karachi. She started her career as a child actor when she was only four years old.

Career
Maira Khan first appeared in the hit TV serial Jaise Jante Nahin. Since then she has appeared on PTV, Indus TV, Hum TV, ARY TV, TV One, Geo TV serials. She has also appeared as a VJ on Play TV, and hosts her own talk show. She made her film debut in the 2013 political film Chambaili by Shehzad Nawaz and Ismail Jilani. Her character stands up for what's right and is the epitome of the strength of a woman.

Filmography

Films

Telefilm

Short film

Television

Anthology Series

Reality Show

Web series

Hosting

Music Video

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Actresses from Karachi
Pakistani television actresses
21st-century Pakistani actresses
Living people
1984 births


title: 2015 World Archery Championships

text:
The 2015 World Archery Championships was the 48th edition of the event. It was held in Copenhagen, Denmark from 26 July to 2 August 2015 and was organised by World Archery Federation (formerly known as FITA). Qualification and elimination rounds took place at the Sundby Idrætspark, with the medal matches on 1–2 August outside the Danish Parliament building Christiansborg Palace. The competition was preceded by the World Archery Congress on 24–25 July.

The programme featured was the same as previous World Championships, with individual, team, and mixed team events in the compound and recurve disciplines. A record number of athletes has entered: 623 archers across the four disciplines. As well as participation, the Championships also broke public engagement and awareness records.

The competition was also the first opportunity for recurve athletes to secure qualification for their NOCs at the 2016 Summer Olympics. An Olympic Secondary Tournament was held to rank finishers for the purposes of Olympic qualification.

Schedule
All times are local (UTC+01:00).

Medals table

Medals summary

Recurve

Compound

Participating nations
At the close of registrations, a record 96 nations had registered 623 athletes. Nations in bold sent the maximum number of participants, with a full team in each event. In the event, several nations and archers did not use registered places. The final number of participants was 590 from 90 countries.

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  (1)

References

External links
 Official website
 Championships details
 Championships results

World Championship
World Archery
World Archery Championships
World Archery Championships
International sports competitions in Copenhagen
International archery competitions hosted by Denmark
2015


title: Refiloe Jane

text:
Refiloe Jane (born 4 August 1992) is a South African professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Italian Serie A club US Sassuolo and the South Africa women's national team. She previously played for Tshwane University of Technology and Canberra United in the W-League in Australia. She married her long time girlfriend Christa Flora Kgamfe.

Club career
On 20 August 2018 to 2019, Canberra United announced they had signed Jane for the 2018–19 W-League Season. She joined the club alongside fellow South African Rhoda Mulaudzi, they are the first players from South Africa to play in the W-League.

After parting ways with the Australian team Canberra United in April 2019, Refiloe signed for Italian Serie A Women's League outfit AC Milan on a one-year deal for an undisclosed fee.

International career
Jane represented South Africa at the 2012 London Olympics. In September 2014, Jane was named to the roster for the 2014 African Women's Championship in Namibia.

Jane was named to the South African squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics. She played every minute of the team's three group games.

In February 2019, Jane made her 100th appearance for South Africa.

Career statistics
International goals

Scores and results list South Africa's goal tally first

Honours
South Africa

 Women's Africa Cup of Nations: 2022, runner-up: 2012, 2018
Individual

 Women's Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2022
 IFFHS CAF Women's Team of The Year: 2022

References

External links

 South Africa player profile

Living people
1992 births
Soccer players from Soweto
Women's association football defenders
South African women's soccer players
South Africa women's international soccer players
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic soccer players for South Africa
FIFA Women's Century Club
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Expatriate women's footballers in Italy
South African expatriate sportspeople in Italy
AC Milan Women players
Serie A (women's football) players
Canberra United FC players
A-League Women players
Expatriate women's soccer players in Australia
South African expatriate sportspeople in Australia
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup players


title: Babka (surname)

text:
The surname Babka may refer to:
 Daniel Babka (born 1972), Slovak professional ice hockey defenceman
 Jim Babka (born 1968), American writer, activist, and former radio talk-show host
 John J. Babka (1884–1937), U.S. Representative from Ohio
 Marie Babka (1885–1978), former member of the Ohio House of Representatives from Cuyahoga County
 Rink Babka (1936–2022), former American discus thrower


title: 1984 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations

text:
During the parade of nations portion of the 1984 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena, preceded by their flag. The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country chosen either by the National Olympic Committee or by the athletes themselves to represent their country.

Parade order
As the nation of the first modern Olympic Games, Greece entered the stadium first; whereas, the host nation of the United States marched last. Other countries entered in alphabetical order in the language of the host country (English), according with tradition and IOC guidelines.

Whilst most countries entered under their short names, a few entered under more formal or alternative names, mostly due to political and naming disputes. The Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) entered with the compromised name and flag of "Chinese Taipei" under T so that they did not enter together with conflicting People's Republic of China (commonly known as China), which entered as the "People's Republic of China" under C.

A record of 140 nations entered the stadium with a combined total of 7,078 athletes. Eighteen nations made their Olympic debut, namely Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, British Virgin Islands, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Grenada, Mauritania, Mauritius, North Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and the United Arab Emirates. The People's Republic of China made its first appearance at the Summer Olympics since 1952, while the Republic of China participated for the first time under the name Chinese Taipei as a result of the IOC agreement. Thirteen countries, namely Afghanistan, Angola, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, East Germany, Hungary, Laos, Mongolia, North Korea, Poland, and Vietnam, were part of the Soviet Union-boycott of these Games. Apart from the People's Republic of China (a communist country that had substantially warmer relations with the United States than with the Soviet Union, following the Sino–Soviet split), Romania and Yugoslavia were among the socialist countries to disregard the boycott and attend the Games. Albania, Iran and Libya also did not compete at the Games, citing political reasons unrelated to the Soviet Union.

Notable flag bearers in the opening ceremony featured the following athletes: six-time Olympian and Star sailor Hubert Raudaschl (Austria); defending Olympic champions Stelios Mygiakis (Greece) in Greco-Roman wrestling, Esko Rechardt in Finn sailing, Angelo Parisi (France) in heavyweight judo, Sara Simeoni (Italy) in women's high jump, Corneliu Ion (Romania) in rapid fire pistol shooting, and Alejandro Abascal (Spain) in the Flying Dutchman; middle-distance runner and 1976 Olympic champion John Walker; dressage rider Christine Stückelberger (Switzerland); professional basketball player Dražen Dalipagić (Yugoslavia), who led his men's team to capture the gold medal in Moscow four years earlier; and hammer thrower Ed Burke (United States), who competed in his third appearance since the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

List
The following is a list of each country's announced flag bearer. The list is sorted by the order in which each nation appears in the parade of nations. The names are given in their official designations by the IOC.

References

See also
 1980 Summer Olympics national flag bearers
 1988 Summer Olympics national flag bearers

Flag bearers
Lists of Olympic flag bearers
Los Angeles sports-related lists


title: The Isolation Permutation

text:
"The Isolation Permutation" is the eighth episode of the fifth season of the US sitcom The Big Bang Theory and the 95th episode of the show overall. It first aired on CBS on November 3, 2011.

In the episode, Amy becomes upset when Penny and Bernadette go dress shopping without her.

Plot
Bernadette and Penny are shopping for bridesmaid dresses; Howard inadvertently mentions this in front of Amy, who is upset that they did not invite her.

Sheldon is unable to contact Amy: she does not answer Facebook messages, video chats or any other form of communication Sheldon tries to use. He and Leonard go round to her house and finds her singing "Everybody Hurts" while playing the harp. Leonard knocks on the door and leaves, leaving Sheldon alone with Amy. She wants physical intimacy with Sheldon and after negotiating, Sheldon reluctantly cuddles with her.

The following day, Sheldon angrily confronts Howard and Leonard, telling them to "get [their] women in line". They talk to Penny and Bernadette, who explain that Amy is over-enthusiastic about being a bridesmaid. Penny and Bernadette apologize to Amy, but Amy is still upset. She makes an analogy involving a brain's hemispheres, comparing Bernadette to the left hemisphere, Penny to the right hemisphere and herself to a brain tumour. Later, Sheldon receives a phone call telling him that Amy is drunk in a parking lot. He and Leonard go and take her home.

The next morning, Penny and Bernadette apologize again and offer Amy the chance to be the maid of honor at Bernadette's wedding. She is very excited about this. In the final scene, Amy records the three of them dress shopping.

Reception

Ratings
On the night of its first broadcast in the US on November 3, 2011 at 8 p.m., the episode received 15.98 million viewers on CBS, and a 5.4/16 Nielsen rating. It beat the other shows in its timeslot: The X Factor received 11.64 million views on Fox; Community was watched by 3.84 million on NBC; The Vampire Diaries got 3.51 million viewers on The CW and 5.31 households watched Charlie's Angels on ABC.

On CBS, the episode was most watched that night. At 8:30 p.m., Rules of Engagement received 11.81 million views; Grey's Anatomy was watched by 9.52 million at 9 p.m. and The Mentalist garnered 13.66 million viewers at 10 p.m.

In Canada, the episode aired at the same time and was most watched that week, receiving 3.762 million viewers on CTV Total. In Australia, the episode aired on November 14, 2011 and received 1.359 million viewers, ranking it second most watched that night.

In the UK, the episode aired on December 15, 2011 and had 1.176 million viewers on E4, ranking it second on the channel that week. On E4 +1, 0.330 million households watched the episode, ranking it third on the channel and giving the episode 1.506 million viewers overall. It ranked seventh on digital television overall.

Reviews
Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B+, describing it as "one of the season's best". Sava noted that Amy had been "largely operating in the background for most of this season" but claimed she was "The Big Bang Theory'''s most valuable asset". Sava had previously suggested that an episode of the show should focus on "Amy's desire to be one of Bernadette's bridesmaids".

Robin Pierson of The TV Critic rated the episode 58 out of 100, complimenting the "solid attempt to make Amy a more sympathetic character" but wanting the writers to "show Amy learning something from this experience". Pierson also said "the episode wasn't particularly funny" but that Bernadette and Penny's "tolerance of [Amy's] blunt eagerness reflects well on them" and that "Leonard too looked good for pushing Sheldon to take care of his friend".

Jenna Busch of IGN gave the episode eight out of 10. Busch "really enjoy[ed] the dynamic between the girls". Carla Day of TV Fanatic'' gave the episode four out of five stars, but described Amy as "whiny and irritating". However, Day said the scene where Sheldon shouts at Howard and Leonard was "one of the funniest things I've ever seen on the show". Day noticed that "we found out that Leonard is single again", following the events of "The Good Guy Fluctuation".

References

External links
 "The Isolation Permutation" at CBS.com

 Chuck Lorre's vanity card

2011 American television episodes
The Big Bang Theory episodes


title: Earthsea (universe)

text:
Earthsea is a fictional world originally created by Ursula K. Le Guin for her short story "The Word of Unbinding", published in 1964. Earthsea became the setting for a further six books, beginning with A Wizard of Earthsea, first published in 1968, and continuing with The Tombs of Atuan, The Farthest Shore, Tehanu, Tales from Earthsea and The Other Wind. Nine short stories by Le Guin are also set in Earthsea; the earliest two (The Word of Unbinding and The Rule of Names) in her 1975 collection of short stories The Wind's Twelve Quarters, five in Tales from Earthsea, and the final two (2014's The Daughter of Odren and 2018's Firelight) in an illustrated collection (along with the 1993 essay Earthsea Revisioned) in The Books of Earthsea (released to celebrate the 50th anniversary of A Wizard of Earthsea). Collectively, the series is simply known as Earthsea.

Geography
The world of Earthsea is one of sea and islands: a vast archipelago of hundreds of islands surrounded by mostly uncharted ocean. Earthsea contains no large continents, with the archipelago resembling Indonesia or the Philippines. The largest island, Havnor, at approximately  across is about the size of Great Britain. The cultures of Earthsea are not direct analogues of those of our world, but are literate non-industrial civilizations. Technologically, Earthsea is an early Iron Age society, with bronze used in places where iron is scarce. Ged's father is a bronze-smith. Weapons also include the use of wood and other hard but easily crafted metals. The overall climate of Earthsea is temperate, comparable to the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere. There is a yearly transition from warm summers to cold and snowy winters, especially in northern islands like Gont and Osskil. In the southern regions of Earthsea it can be much warmer.

People and cultures

Ethnic groups
The racial characteristics of the people of Earthsea are for the most part "red-brown" in coloring; in the South and East Reach and on Way, they are much darker brown, and with straight black hair; in Osskil, they have light skin, presumably with skin that is lighter in comparison to lands to the south of Osskil such as Gont or Havnor, and the Kargs of the northeastern islands, seen by the Hardic peoples as barbarians, have blonde hair and white skin.

Le Guin has criticized what she describes as the general assumption in fantasy that characters should be white and that the society should resemble the Middle Ages.

Languages
The people of the Archipelago are united by a single language: Hardic. Though dialects have inevitably sprung up on the various islands, all are mutually intelligible. The Kargs speak Kargish, and on the island of Osskil, the inhabitants also speak Osskili.

Dragons talk in True Speech, also called Old Speech, the original language of magic.

 Earthsea, with the exception of the Kargad lands, is a literate society using a writing system called the "Hardic runes". The name suggests similarity to the Germanic runes, but there are supposed to be hundreds of runes in use (in A Wizard of Earthsea, Ged learns to read and write "The Six Hundred Runes of Hardic"), suggesting a logographic system similar to Chinese.

Names
Each individual among the Hardic people has several names over the course of their life: a child-name, a use-name and a true name. Up to puberty, a person is known by their child-name; at their rite of Passage, at about the age of thirteen, that name is taken from them and they are given their true name by a witch, sorcerer or wizard. The true name is a single word of True Speech. One's true name is a closely guarded secret, shared only with those whom they trust completely because it grants the knower great power over the person. A use-name is adopted for everyday dealings. It may be an animal (Dragonfly, Hare, Otter, Sparrowhawk), a plant (Alder, Heather, Moss, Rowan), a substance (Diamond, Flint, Ivory, Jasper, Onyx) or something else (Golden, Kurremkarmerruk, the latter having no meaning). Use-names are not unique; there are, for instance, three different characters called Rose.

Kargs, who hate and fear magic, do not use this system of naming. They have single names only (Azver, Seserakh, Tenar).

History
The Creation of Éa is a 31-stanza poem, the oldest part of Earthsea's oral tradition. It describes how Segoy raised the islands of Earthsea from the ocean by naming them in the True Speech.

Little is known of the original inhabitants of Earthsea, but scattered legends suggest that humans and dragons were once one race. The ancient Pelnish lore and Kargad legends describe an agreement between them called the Vedurnan or Verw Nadan to separate because of their differing temperaments and goals. The dragons chose the free life of air and fire, while humans chose the material world of earth and water.

Early in the history of humans, the largest and most powerful realm was centered on the northern islands of Enlad and Éa, although this realm did not rule all of Earthsea and it is unclear whether other realms existed. The wars and romantic heroes of this period form part of mythology, similar to the Trojan War in European culture. Later, as more of Earthsea came under the dominion of the Kings of Enlad, the center of the kingdom moved from Enlad to the largest island, the more central Havnor. This dynasty of Great Kings ruled all or almost all of Earthsea, but ended soon after the death of Erreth-Akbe and the kingdom fragmented into many separate principalities and domains. By the time of Ged and the beginning of the series, this state of affairs had persisted for centuries, though the emergence of a new king had been prophesied.

Magic in Earthsea
Magic is a central part of life in most of Earthsea, with the exception of the Kargish lands, where it is banned. There are weather workers on ships, fixers who repair boats and buildings, entertainers, and court sorcerers. Magic is an inborn talent which can be developed with training. The most gifted are sent to the school on Roke, where, if their skill and their discipline prove sufficient, they can become staff-carrying wizards.

A strong theme of the stories is the connection between power and responsibility. There is often a Taoist message: "good" wizardry tries to be in harmony with the universe, while "bad" wizardry, such as necromancy, can lead to an upsetting of the "balance" and threaten catastrophe. While the dragons are more powerful, they act instinctively to preserve the balance. Only humans pose a threat to it. In The Farthest Shore, Cob seeks immortality regardless of the consequences and opens a breach between life and death, which endangers the living.

Magic on Earthsea is primarily verbal. Everything has a true name in the Old Speech, the language of the dragons, and the language which Segoy used to create the world. One who knows the true name of an object has power over it. Each person also has a true name which is revealed only to those who are trusted implicitly. A "use-name", which has no magical property, suffices for everyday purposes. For example, the wizard whose true name is Ged is known by the use-name Sparrowhawk.

One vital aspect of magic is that it is impossible for people to lie in the old language, so that magic works by forcing the universe to conform to the words spoken by the magician. For example, to say "I am an eagle" in the old language means that the speaker becomes an eagle, so that the statement is no longer false. Only the magically gifted are able to do this.

The School of Magic
Roke Island is the magical heart of Earthsea and is protected by potent spells and a magical wind and fog that ward off evil. It contains several places of power, such as Roke Knoll and the Immanent Grove.

The school of Roke was founded by Elehal and Yahan of Roke, and Medra of Havnor, as a center of learning, a refuge for magicians fleeing feuding warlords who used them to do harm. The school  gradually grew in authority and influence, until eventually its leader, the Archmage, was considered second only to the king. However, through the long centuries, the wizards of Roke remained always loyal, though no king could have stood against their magic. Even in the long interregnum when the Archipelago was without a king, the Archmage did not try to usurp authority, but sought only to maintain the balance. With the advent of the new king, Lebannen, the school's role had to change. When the last Archmage, Ged, loses his magical abilities, no one is appointed to replace him.

Teaching in the school is carried out by the nine Masters of Roke, each with a specialty:
 Master Windkey, whose skill lies in weather control
 Master Hand, who deals with illusions
 Master Herbal, versed in healing
 Master Changer, who knows the arts of transformation
 Master Summoner, skilled in calling or summoning
 Master Namer, who teaches the students the rudiments of True Speech
 Master Chanter, teacher of music and chanted spells
 Master Patterner, seeker of meaning and intent
 Master Doorkeeper, the guardian of the gates of the school.

Their leader is the Archmage, chosen by the nine Masters, often from outside the school. The position of the Master Finder was abolished by the first Archmage, Halkel, and replaced with that of Chanter. Halkel also banned women from the school.

Evolution of magic

Over the span of the novels and stories, there is an evolution of certain themes, echoes of which are repeated throughout Le Guin's entire body of work. Different uses of power, magic and balance, cooperation vs. dominance, the eternal soul of the Archipelago vs. Kargish concepts of reincarnation, and the position and importance of women in magic, are introduced and redefined. This revision of the depiction of Earthsea is illustrated in the way the role of women evolves throughout the series.

In the early novels, magic in Earthsea is strongly male-dominated. Women practising magic are relegated to the role of village witches who are considered inferior to male wizards and mages. Excluded from the school of Roke, where systematic knowledge of magic can be obtained, they know, at most, a few isolated words of the Old Speech which is the basis of magic. A saying quoted in the outset is "weak as a woman's magic, wicked as a woman's magic." The original trilogy does not challenge this view - Ged makes his first steps in the world of magic under the tutelage of his witch aunt, but it is taken for granted that she cannot give him very much and in order to realize his potential he must study with male mages, first with Ogion and later with the masters of Roke. More honored are sorcerers, who are male, though they may know little more about magic than witches. Those boys who show signs of magical talent or power are generally sent to the school of magic on Roke. There, if they learn what is needful, they are made wizards, signified by the bestowing of a staff of wood. There is no specific definition of a mage; one is simply a very strong wizard.

However, in later books Le Guin delves deeper into the history of Earthsea and reveals some early events that helped shape the dichotomy of male / female magic. Tehanu and The Other Wind, new information is introduced and old events are seen in a new light, revealing that, to begin with, women had a central role in founding the School of Roke and that, far from being an inherent characteristic of magic, their exclusion was the act of male mages, including the first Archmage. Two powerful female figures are introduced: Tehanu and Irian, both being human and dragon at the same time. Irian defeats undead Thorion, resolving inner conflict between the masters of Roke and Tehanu helps destroy the wall separating The Dry Land from the rest of the world.

The Dry Land
The Dry Land is where the people of the archipelago and reaches of Earthsea go when they die. It is a realm of shadow and dust, of eternal night where the stars are fixed in the sky and nothing changes. The souls who live there have an empty, dreary existence, and even "lovers pass each other in silence". Wizards can, at great peril, cross from the land of the living to the Dry Land and back again by using their magic to step over the low stone wall that separates the two realms. At the bottom of the valley of the dead is the dry river and beyond that lie the Mountains of Pain. In The Farthest Shore, Ged loses his magical powers in the Dry Land: no longer able to cross the wall, he and his companion King Lebannen become the first to traverse the Mountains of Pain to return to life.

It is revealed in The Other Wind that the Dry Land was a failed attempt by early mages to gain immortality. The mages stole half of the land "west of west" from the dragons to create a paradise in which their souls would dwell. This earned them the enmity of the dragons, who considered it a breach of the agreement between them and humans called the Vedurnan. However, when the mages walled off the land, its beauty vanished, it fell under eternal night, the wind ceased blowing, and the immortal souls that went there existed without any meaning. The Other Wind recounts how the wall around the Dry Land is destroyed, freeing the trapped souls to rejoin the cycle of death and rebirth. Tenar, who was born in the Kargish lands, makes clear that the Kargad and all other living things, were always part of the cycle of death and rebirth. It was only the people of the archipelago and reaches who entered the Dry Land after death, on account of the actions of what the Kargs traditionally called their 'accursed sorcerers'.

Ursula Le Guin has stated that the idea of the Dry Land came from the "Greco-Roman idea of Hades' realm, from certain images in Dante Alighieri's work, and from one of Rainer Maria Rilke's Elegies."

Creatures

Dragons and dragonlords
The dragons usually keep to themselves far to the West of Earthsea, but they sometimes attack inhabited islands in search of food or treasure and must be driven back by wizards. In A Wizard of Earthsea, the young wizard Ged guesses a dragon's true name and forces him to promise that neither he nor his sons will come to the Archipelago.

Dragons in Earthsea are neither good nor evil by human standards, but are always extremely dangerous. There are several references to the dire consequences of looking a dragon in the eye, and Ged avoids doing so on several occasions. Most dragons in the books are of a positive, though not benevolent, nature.

Dragons consider most men to be uninteresting, short-lived mayflies. The exceptions are the dragonlords. In The Tombs of Atuan, Tenar asks Ged what a dragonlord is: Ged explains that it is not someone with a mastery of dragons, but "one the dragons will speak with" rather than attack immediately. In the setting of the five Earthsea novels, Ged is the only living dragonlord. The most famous dragonlord was Erreth-Akbe, who is a legendary hero by Ged's time. Only the most powerful of mages are able to fight a dragon. The most famous duel is between Erreth-Akbe and the dragon Orm, in which each slew the other. Many centuries later, in the same place, dragon Orm-Embar was killed by the undead mage Cob.

Dragons speak only in the Language of the Making, from which the language of human magic is derived. Wizards cannot lie when they speak that language, but dragons can; they are able to twist what they say and mislead the unwary because it is their native tongue, while no wizard can live long enough to fully master it. Indeed, much of the True Speech remains unknown to humans. Dragons have a strange connection to the language: one wizard described it by saying they live in it as a fish lives in water. In Tehanu, Ged says that perhaps dragons do not learn it. Rather, it seems to be inherent in them and they simply 'are' the language.

Tehanu, Dragonfly and The Other Wind reveal that in ancient times humans and dragons were one people. They chose to part ways because of their very different natures. However, a few in each generation are born who are both human and dragon, among them Tehanu and Orm-Irian, and can transform themselves from one form to the other.

Gebbeth

A gebbeth is a person who has been consumed and taken over by a power. In A Wizard of Earthsea, a man possessed by a creature that Ged inadvertently summoned nearly takes the wizard unaware.

In a time prior to the setting of the novels, the Enemy of Morred turns Elfarran's brother into a gebbeth and uses it to trick her into travelling to the Jaws of Enlad.

Otaks
Otaks are small, furry and silent carnivores with an aggressive temperament that prey on mice and insects. Otaks are rare, living only on four islands of the southern Archipelago: Roke, Ensmer, Pody and Wathort. Ged kept an otak as a pet, named Hoeg. Keeping an otak for a pet was unusual, given that wild otaks rarely trust humans.

Harrekki
Harrekki are small reptiles that look like miniature dragons. They are found in the East Reach. Estarriol's sister Kest had a pet harrekki.

Trolls
Trolls are enormous creatures with rock-like hands and gravelly voices who serve as guards and servants for evil magicians.  Trolls became extinct in the realm of Earthsea at an unspecified time before the events described in the books.

Religion in Earthsea
The people of the Archipelago do not worship any deities. While there is a creation myth involving Segoy raising up the lands from the sea, Segoy is known as a powerful wizard and is not worshipped. At the end of Tehanu, the child Tehanu addresses Kalessin, oldest and wisest of the dragons as "Segoy", raising the possibility that Kalessin is identical with Segoy or is manifestation or incarnation of him. This point, however, is never taken up again in the series.

There are the "Old Powers of the Earth", which existed since before Segoy raised up the lands. These include "The Nameless Ones" in Atuan and the Terrenon in Osskil. It is revealed in Tales from Earthsea that once, the women of power spoke with and learned from the Old Powers, but in Ged's age, they are considered evil. In The Tombs of Atuan, Ged states that the Old Powers are not evil in and of themselves, but that it is wrong for humans to interfere with or worship them.

A number of deities are revered in the Kargad Lands. The oldest are "The Nameless Ones", who are worshipped in Atuan. There are also the Twin God Brothers, Atwah and Wuluah. However, the reverence given them has gradually been usurped by human beings. The God-Kings were the mortal rulers of the Kargad Lands. The dynasty began with "priest-kings", but over the years they promoted themselves, until finally they declared themselves to be gods. The last God-King is overthrown in a civil war by Thol of Hur-at-Hur and flees to Atuan, where he is killed by a priest-eunuch.

The Earthsea canon

Short stories
Seven short stories appear in two collections of Le Guin's work (and some have been reissued elsewhere). Two seminal stories were originally published in 1964 and were collected in The Wind's Twelve Quarters (Harper & Row, 1975). Five much later stories were collected in Tales from Earthsea (Harcourt, 2001), where three were original.  Two later stories were collected in The Books of Earthsea (Saga Press, 2018).
 "The Word of Unbinding", Fantastic Stories of Imagination, January 1964
 "The Rule of Names", Fantastic Stories of Imagination, April 1964
 "Dragonfly", Legends: Short Novels by the Masters of Modern Fantasy, Tor Books, 1998
 "Darkrose and Diamond", The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Oct-Nov 1999
 "The Bones of the Earth" (2001), original to Tales from Earthsea
 "The Finder" (2001), original to Tales from Earthsea
 "On The High Marsh" (2001), original to Tales from Earthsea
 "The Daughter of Odren" (2014) ebook, first printed in The Books of Earthsea (2018)
 "Firelight", "The Paris Review", Summer 2018

Tales from Earthsea also includes about thirty pages of fictional reference material titled "A Description of Earthsea" (2001) and catalogued as short fiction by ISFDB.

Novels
 A Wizard of Earthsea (Parnassus Press, 1968)
 The Tombs of Atuan (Atheneum Books, 1971)
 The Farthest Shore (Atheneum Books, 1972)
 Tehanu: The Last Book of Earthsea (Atheneum Books, 1990)
 The Other Wind (Harcourt, 2001)

Chronology
The internal or fictitious historical order of Earthsea stories differs from their publication order. There is some uncertainty in this "historical" list, but the five novels were published in historical order and the birth of Ged preceded all but the first four entries.

 "The Word of Unbinding"
 "The Finder"
 "Darkrose and Diamond"
 "The Rule of Names"
 "The Bones of the Earth"
 A Wizard of Earthsea
 The Tombs of Atuan
 "On the High Marsh"
 The Farthest Shore
 Tehanu
 "Dragonfly"
 "The Daughter of Odren"
 The Other Wind
 "Firelight"
"A Description of Earthsea", the last part of Tales from Earthsea, is fictitious reference material rather than narrative.

The two 1964 stories are not entirely consistent with the others and they have no certain place in Earthsea chronology. "The Word of Unbinding" may be set any time before The Other Wind, but the differences in magical terminology, the presence of the otherwise unknown "trolls" (whom Le Guin notes "became extinct in Earthsea at some point") and the character of the evil wizard Voll the Fell suggest that it might be appropriately placed either before the time of Morred, or later, in the Dark Times after the death of Maharion and before the founding of the school on Roke: in either case before "The Finder".

"The Rule of Names" apparently takes place some time in (about) the century before A Wizard of Earthsea: Le Guin writes that the main character "must have been on Sattins Island some decades or centuries before Ged found him.... on the Isle of Pendor". But that could place the story before or after "Darkrose and Diamond," which is "at any time during the last couple of hundred years in Earthsea". "The Rule of Names" has some plot links to A Wizard of Earthsea, while "Darkrose and Diamond" is an entirely independent story.

"The Bones of the Earth" takes place early in Ged's lifetime, ten years before his apprenticeship to Ogion, and is closely linked to A Wizard of Earthsea.

The events in Tehanu partially overlap those in The Farthest Shore: some parts of Tehanu assume, or are illuminated by information from The Farthest Shore.

"The Daughter of Odren" is apparently set between "Dragonfly" and The Other Wind because it’s told that 15 years are passed after the political turmoil period occurred before The Farthest Shore.

"Firelight" is set in the house of Ogion on Gont, at the close of Ged's life.

Awards
Each novel in the series has received a literary award, including the 1969 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award for Fiction & the 1979 Lewis Carroll Shelf Award for A Wizard of Earthsea, the 1972 Newbery Honor for The Tombs of Atuan, the 1973 National Book Award for Children's Books for The Farthest Shore, the 1990 Nebula Award for Best Novel for Tehanu, and the 2002 World Fantasy Award for Best Novel for The Other Wind.

Adaptations

Radio
A BBC-produced two-hour radio dramatisation of A Wizard of Earthsea was originally broadcast on Radio 4 on December 26, 1996. This adaptation was narrated by Dame Judi Dench, with Michael Maloney as Ged, and used a wide range of actors with different regional and social accents to emphasize the origins of the Earthsea characters (for instance, Estarriol and others from the East Reach were played by actors with Southern Welsh accents). The adaptation was subsequently released on audio cassette.

A subsequent BBC radio dramatisation, this time of the first three Earthsea books, was broadcast in six half-hour parts on Radio 4 Extra during April and May, 2015.

Television

The U.S.-based Sci Fi Channel broadcast a three-hour loose adaptation for television of A Wizard of Earthsea and The Tombs of Atuan in December 2004, and it was broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK in Easter 2005 in two parts. Titled Legend of Earthsea, it angered fans of the Earthsea novels (and Le Guin herself) with the announcement that Ged and the vast majority of the other characters would be played by Caucasians and with the Dramatis personæ posted on the official website (see below), which featured several original characters such as "The Archmagus", "King Tygath", "Diana", "Penelope", "Marion", and several references to "Kargide" (not Kargad, Karg, or Kargish) characters. The religious practices of Atuan were portrayed differently and the celibacy of Earthsea wizards overlooked as Ged and Tenar become sexually involved.

Le Guin was not involved in the production in any way. She did publish the following remarks on her website:

Anime

Studio Ghibli's 2006 film, Gedo Senki — Tales from Earthsea, is loosely based in the Earthsea mythology. It was directed by Gorō Miyazaki, the son of Hayao Miyazaki. In the past, Le Guin had rejected Hayao Miyazaki's offer to create a film based on the series, but due to her love of his films, Le Guin granted Studio Ghibli the rights.  The story is based mainly on elements of the third and fourth novels of Earthsea: however, Le Guin has stated that she found this rendition of her work "disappointing" and "entirely different" from her creation.

Notes

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links
 Le Guin's website has a map of Earthsea drawn by Le Guin herself

 The World of Earthsea offers more Earthsea maps
 Ursula Le Guin's Magical World of Earthsea by Jon Griffin
 The Isolate Tower: An Earthsea Compendium Features a glossary of names and places, a dictionary on the Old Speech, and a timeline of Earthsea
 To Light A Candle: An Unofficial Earthsea Companion  An ebook which features original fan artwork and an encyclopedia of the relevant places, events and people of Earthsea.
 Chronicles of Earthsea Guardian Unlimited Interview with Ursula K. Le Guin, February 9, 2004.
 Worlds of Ursula K. Le Guin – Documentary Film by Arwen Curry

Fictional archipelagoes
Fictional universes


title: Earthsea (disambiguation)

text:
Earthsea is a series of fantasy books by Ursula K. Le Guin.

It may also refer to:

 Earthsea (universe), the setting of the book series
 Earthsea (miniseries), a 2004 TV adaptation of the books
 Earthsea (radio series), a 2015 radio adaptation by the BBC

See also
 Tales from Earthsea, a collection of short stories by Ursula K. Le Guin
 Tales from Earthsea (film), a Japanese anime by Goro Miyazaki and Studio Ghibli


title: Pan-Germanic language

text:
A pan-Germanic language is a zonal auxiliary language designed for communication amongst speakers of Germanic languages. Many of them are very similar and overlap in their approach but they are mutually inconsistent in their orthography, phonology, and vocabulary.

Background
The intention behind a zonal auxiliary language is to create a means of mutual communication among speakers of related languages. Due to the diversity and variation among Germanic dialects, the most-spoken languagesEnglish, German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish and Norwegianare usually given precedence over others. Some of the pan-languages focus on unifying subgroups of the Germanic languages, such as the North or West Germanic languages.

The development of each language is similar to the process for developing other auxiliary languages. To create a word or a grammatical form, samples are taken from all of the Germanic languages and the form common to most of the languages is selected. Reference is also made to previously existing and parallel Germanic zonal auxiliary languages.

Overview
The first known active and concise effort to unite the Germanic languages is Tutonish. It was developed by Elias Molee in 1901, and reformed in 1906 and 1915. It was extremely simplistic. The orthography, while straightforward, was not related to any of the existing natural Germanic languages. However, despite its shortcomings, Molee established Four Principles that provided a framework for future works.

Later in the 20th and 21st centuries, other projects have been launched as well, none of which has ever been successful, though:
 In 2000, a new project was presented on the Internet by Aaron Chapman, Folksstem ("De Nue Germane Kunstsprak"). Later, it was renamed Nordien and Nordienisk.
 Folkspraak, a collaborative project or projects, was initiated on the internet in 1995. Since its inception, the project has not advanced much, and rifts in the Folkspraak community have given rise to various variants, including Middelsprake (by Ingmar Roerdinkholder, 2004), Sprak (by Stephan Schneider, 2006) and Frenkisch (by David Parke, 2008).
 Tcathan/Chathan (tcatamsck) began being made in 2007.  It has influences from Dutch/Afrikaans, German, North Germanic, Modern English, Frisian, Old English, and Proto-Germanic (and to a lesser extent Scots, Low German and East Germanic).

See also
Interlingua
Pan-Germanism
Scandinavism

References

Zonal constructed languages
Interlinguistics
Germanic languages
Pan-Germanism


title: Vyazma (inhabited locality)

text:
Vyazma () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Modern localities
Urban localities
Vyazma, a town in Vyazemsky District of Smolensk Oblast

Rural localities
Vyazma, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Sukhinichsky District of Kaluga Oblast
Vyazma, Lipetsk Oblast, a village in Lebyazhensky Selsoviet of Izmalkovsky District in Lipetsk Oblast;
Vyazma, Tver Oblast, a village in Verkhnevolzhskoye Rural Settlement of Kalininsky District in Tver Oblast

Alternative names
Vyazma, alternative name of Vyazemskoye, a village in Klementyevskoye Rural Settlement of Mozhaysky District in Moscow Oblast;

See also
Vyazemsky (disambiguation)


title: Paul Melville

text:
Paul Melville (27 December 1956 – 21 November 1978) was an Australian cricketer.  Melville was a right-handed batsman who played for the Victoria state cricket team. He died of brain hemorrhage in 1978.

Melville made his first-class debut for Victoria against South Australia in the 1976/77 Sheffield Shield.  He made 10 further first-class appearances for Victoria, the last coming against the touring England XI in the 1978/79 summer.  A hard-hitting batsman, Melville scored 511 runs at an average of 26.89.  He made four half centuries, with a high score of 86, against Western Australia.

In 1978, Melville played for Rishton Cricket Club in the Lancashire League, scoring over 1000 runs, the second most runs in the league, only behind future Australian captain Allan Border. At the start of the 1978/79 season, he played twice for Victoria, before being dropped from the side.  On 20 November 1978 he complained of a headache, and died from a brain haemorrhage the next day.

See also
 List of Victoria first-class cricketers

References

External links
Paul Melville at ESPNcricinfo
Paul Melville at CricketArchive

1956 births
1978 deaths
Cricketers from Melbourne
Australian cricketers
Victoria cricketers


title: A Document of Dissent: 1993–2013

text:
A Document of Dissent: 1993–2013 is a compilation album by the punk band Anti-Flag. The album was released on July 21, 2014, on Fat Wreck Chords. It marked the band's first release on the label since The Terror State, in 2003.

The album contains 26 tracks recorded and released by the band between 1996 and 2012, each newly remastered by Mass Giorgini.

Track listing

Personnel
Anti-Flag
 Justin Sane – guitar, vocals
 Pat Thetic – drums
 Chris Head – guitar, vocals (tracks 3–26)
 Chris #2 – bass, vocals (tracks 3–26)
 Andy Flag – bass, vocals (tracks 1–2)

References

Anti-Flag albums
2014 albums
Fat Wreck Chords albums