title: Susanto Tirtoprodjo

text:
Susanto Tirtoprodjo (3 March 1900 – 16 November 1969)  was the acting Prime Minister of the Republic of Indonesia (part of the United States of Indonesia from 20 December 1949 to 16 January 1950. He was also a member of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK) and served in a number of early Indonesian cabinets.

References

1900 births
1969 deaths
BPUPK
Indonesian collaborators with Imperial Japan
Indonesian Muslims
Interior ministers of Indonesia
People from Surakarta
Politicians from Central Java


title: Roba da ricchi

text:
Roba da ricchi (Stuff for rich people) is a 1987 Italian anthology comedy film directed by Sergio Corbucci. It consists of three segments, all set in Monte Carlo.

Plot
Against the backdrop of Monte Carlo (where the film was shot) three different stories intertwine:

I episode

Attilio Carbone, a clumsy insurer, after having recklessly insured a dog against the damage caused to it, in order not to be fired must be able to pay the owner the least possible compensation.
However, he will be seduced by the busty Dora who will convince him to have her husband take out a large life insurance policy and then kill him and pocket the insurance money; the woman, who is also in league with her husband, will end up cheating both of them, pocketing the money and abandoning them on a desert island.

II episode

On advice from the family doctor, agree to arrange a meeting between the two.
While he finds himself at the height of despair at the thought of his wife with each other, Mapi will make him believe that Napoleon is homosexual and that it was all a plan to punish him for constant flings. They will promise each other loyalty, but in reality Napoleon is neither gay nor a busker, and he is really Mapi's lover, who will even give him a yacht. Petruzzelli too, however, will continue with his escapades.

III episode

Don Vittorino, returning from a trip to Lourdes with some parishioners, is blocked in Monte Carlo, as he is the striking copy of the man who disturbs the dreams of Princess Topazia. Under pressure from her future husband, from the psychiatrist who is treating her, from a monsignor and from Pope John Paul II himself, he agrees to impersonate the man, in an attempt to reproduce the princess's recurring dream.
The staging, albeit with various obstacles and misunderstandings, will come to fruition. Don Vittorino is also appointed spiritual advisor to the princess with the joyful approval of the new husband and the parents of both spouses, but in reality, for Topazia, it is just an excuse to have him as a lover.

Cast
 First segment
Paolo Villaggio: Carbone
Serena Grandi: Dora
Maurizio Micheli: Guidobaldo
Aldo Ralli: Director

 Second segment
Lino Banfi: Commendator Petruzzelli
Laura Antonelli: Mapi
Milena Vukotic: Friend of Mapi
Maurizio Fabbri: Napoleon
Claudia Gerini: Daughter of Petruzzelli

 Third segment
Renato Pozzetto: Don Vittorino
Francesca Dellera: Princess Topazia
Vittorio Caprioli:  Bishop
Enzo Garinei: Topazia's Psychiatrist

See also
 List of Italian films of 1987

References

External links

1980 films
1980 comedy films
1980s Italian-language films
Films directed by Sergio Corbucci
Italian comedy films
Films set in Monaco
1980s Italian films


title: 2014 European Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres

text:
The men's 5000 metres at the 2014 European Athletics Championships took place at the Letzigrund on 17 August.

Medalists

Records

Schedule

Results

Final

References

Final Results

5000 M
5000 metres at the European Athletics Championships


title: List of America's Cup challengers and defenders

text:
Detailed list of the finalists of the America's Cup.

See also
 America's Cup
 Defender (America's Cup)
 Challenger (America's Cup)

References

External links
 Herreshoff Marine Museum — America's Cup Hall of Fame

Lists of ships


title: Mervyn Susser

text:
Mervyn Wilfred Susser (26 September 1921 – 14 August 2014) was a South African activist, doctor and epidemiologist.

His career was closely interwoven with that of his wife, Zena Stein. He is considered as one of the pioneers of epidemiology in the twentieth century.

Biography
Mervyn Wilfred Susser was born on 26 September 1921 in Johannesburg, South Africa to Solomon and Ida Rose (née Son) Susser. His family moved to Mokopane in Limpopo Province, where he learned to track game in the wild. His mother committed suicide when he was a young boy. His parents enrolled him in a Catholic girls' school because it was the best education available before later switching to an unspecified boys' school several hundred miles away.

Susser married Zena Stein in 1949. Susser and Stein had three children: Ezra Susser, Ruth Susser and Ida Susser.

Susser, Stein and colleagues began their careers at a clinic in Alexandra Township, where they developed ties with members of the anti-Apartheid Movement including Joe Slovo, Ahmed Kathrada, Walter Sisulu and Nelson Mandela.

In this work they were influenced and mentored by Sidney Kark. In 1955, Susser and Stein left South Africa for political reasons, taking positions at Manchester University. While there the couple published a paper on the epidemiology of peptic ulcers and Susser coauthored an early textbook on Medical Sociology, among other contributions.

In 1965, Susser and Stein moved to Columbia University to lead the Division of Epidemiology. Ideas from a series of lectures given at Columbia were published in the book Causal Thinking in the Health Sciences. At Columbia, Susser founded the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, where he was named a chair.

Towards the end of their careers, Susser and Stein became increasingly concerned about the HIV epidemic both in New York and in South Africa. They helped to organise a conference in Maputo in April 1990, which aimed to alert the African National Congress about the HIV epidemic in South Africa, sadly with limited effect. Susser, Stein and colleagues, worked on building scientific capacity in Southern Africa to deal with the HIV epidemic and Susser and Stein served as early directors at the Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, a research centre in Northern KwaZulu-Natal.

He died on 14 August 2014 in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York.

Legacy
On learning of his death, aged 92, Section27 issued the following statement:

References

External links
 Giants Among Us: Mervyn Susser, a 2011 profile.
 Nigel Paneth (2003). A Conversation With Mervyn Susser, Columbia University

1921 births
2014 deaths
People from Johannesburg
South African Jews
South African public health doctors
South African expatriates in the United States
Columbia University faculty
Members of the National Academy of Medicine


title: CS Universitatea Cluj (basketball)

text:
The basketball department of CS Universitatea Cluj is  based in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The club competes in the Liga Națională. The team promoted  in Liga Națională in 2014 after its reaffiliation in 2013.

Season by season

References

Basketball teams in Romania


title: Đồng Tiến

text:
Đồng Tiến is the name of several places in Vietnam:

Đồng Tiến, Bắc Giang
Đồng Tiến, Bình Phước
Đồng Tiến, Hà Giang
Đồng Tiến, Hanoi
Đồng Tiến, Hòa Bình
Đồng Tiến, Hưng Yên
Đồng Tiến, Lạng Sơn
Đồng Tiến, Quảng Ninh
Đồng Tiến, Thái Bình
Đồng Tiến, Thái Nguyên
Đồng Tiến, Thanh Hóa


title: Céline Sallette

text:
Céline Sallette (born 25 April 1980) is a French actress.

Career
In 2012, she was nominated for the César Award for Most Promising Actress for her performance in House of Tolerance.

In 2016, she was a member of the jury for the Un Certain Regard section of the 2016 Cannes Film Festival.

In 2017 she gained critical success with her interpretation of the role of "Masha" in Les Trois Soeurs by Simon Stone at Odéon-Théâtre de l'Europe

Personal life
She is in a relationship with director Laurent Laffargue, with whom she has a daughter named Alice.

Filmography

Other awards
 2013: Prix Romy Schneider

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
French film actresses
French television actresses
French stage actresses
21st-century French actresses
Most Promising Actress Lumières Award winners
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Actresses from Bordeaux


title: FC Zhemchuzhina Yalta

text:
FC Zhemchuzhina Yalta (; FC Zhemchuzhyna Yalta in Ukrainian transliteration () was a professional football club based in Yalta. Founded in 2010, the club reached the Ukrainian Second League for the 2012–13 season. In June 2013 it was refused a license for the league, however, and expelled from professional football, due to the club's debts. Following the 2014 Crimean Crisis, Zhemchuzhina were accepted into the Russian Professional Football League for the 2014–15 season. As Ukraine considers Crimea Ukrainian territory, Football Federation of Ukraine lodged a complaint with UEFA about Crimean clubs' participation in Russian competitions. UEFA's judgment is that any matches Zhemchuzhina plays "under the auspices of the Russian Football Union will not be recognised".

On 4 December 2014 UEFA banned Crimean clubs from participating in Russian professional competitions, and announced that a new local Crimean league will be set up in the future that UEFA will manage directly.

History
Zhemchuzhyna Yalta was founded in 2010 after the withdrawal of FC Feniks-Illichovets Kalinine from the Ukrainian First League. The team declared its readiness to takeover the rest of season in the First league.  However, Zhemchuzhyna was unable to get a license for the right to participate in the first league through licensing regulations of UEFA and FFU. The investors of Zhemchuzhyna guaranteed stable funding only if the club moved to Yalta.

The team did not enter the PFL in the 2011–12 season. Instead the team participated in the championship of the Crimea and the amateur championship of Ukraine.
 In 2012–2013 season the club gained professional status and entered in the Ukrainian Second League championship in Ukraine. In June 2013 the club was refused attestation and expelled from the Ukrainian Second League because of numerous debts to players, staff and others.

Following the 2014 Crimean Crisis, Zhemchuzhina were accepted into the Russian Professional Football League for the 2014–15 season.

The team has a training base for sports called "Inkomsport" in , which is approximately 60 miles from Yalta.

League and cup history

Ukraine
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Season
! Div.
! Pos.
! Pl.
! W
! D
! L
! GS
! GA
! P
!Domestic Cup
!colspan=2|Europe
!Notes
|- style="background:SteelBlue;"
|align=center|2012
|align=center|4th(Amatorska Liha)
|align=center|4
|align=center|6
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|align=center|4
|align=center|4
|align=center|5
|align=center|4
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|- style="background:PowderBlue;"
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2012–13
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|3rd(Druha Liha)
|align=center|13
|align=center|24
|align=center|4
|align=center|4
|align=center|16
|align=center|21
|align=center|48
|align=center|13
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|1/16 finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|−3; qualified to Group 3
|- style="background:PowderBlue;"
|align=center|3
|align=center|6
|align=center|1
|align=center|1
|align=center|4
|align=center|5
|align=center|10
|align=center|4
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|Stage 2
|}

Russia
{|class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Season
! Div.
! Pos.
! Pl.
! W
! D
! L
! GS
! GA
! P
!Domestic Cup
!colspan=2|Europe
!Notes
|- style="background:PowderBlue;"
|align=center|2014-15
|align=center|3rd "South Group 1"(Vtoraya Liga, Yug Gruppa 1)
|align=center|—/11
|align=center|17
|align=center|3
|align=center|4
|align=center|10
|align=center|13
|align=center|31
|align=center|13
|align=center| finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|Annulled
|}

Head coaches
 2010-2014 Ivan Marushchak
 2014-2014 Vyacheslav Zhygailov

See also
 FC Feniks-Illichovets Kalinine

References

External links
 Official Website

Defunct football clubs in Yalta
Association football clubs established in 2010
Association football clubs disestablished in 2014
2010 establishments in Ukraine
2014 disestablishments in Ukraine


title: Seven Gothic Tales

text:
Seven Gothic Tales (translated by the author into Danish as: Syv Fantastiske Fortællinger) is a collection of short stories by the Danish author Karen Blixen (under the pen name Isak Dinesen), first published in 1934, three years before her memoir Out of Africa. The collection, consisting of stories set mostly in the nineteenth century, contains her tales "The Deluge at Norderney" and "The Supper at Elsinore".

Background

In 1933, Blixen had completed a manuscript of Seven Gothic Tales, which was rejected by several publishers in Great Britain.
With the help of her brother Thomas, Blixen brought Seven Gothic Tales to the attention of Book of the Month Club selection committee member Dorothy Canfield, who convinced Random House to publish the book.

Contents

 "The Deluge at Norderney"
 "The Old Chevalier"
 "The Monkey"
 "The Roads Round Pisa"
 "The Supper at Elsinore"
 "The Dreamers"
 "The Poet"
In the British and Danish editions, "The Roads Round Pisa" is the first tale and "The Deluge at Norderney" is the fourth, which was the author's intended order. The order was reversed in the American edition because "The Deluge at Norderney" was the publisher's favorite story.

"The Deluge at Norderney"

In the summer of 1835, a massive storm floods the North Sea island of Norderney, which is home to a bath popular among Northern European nobility. The elderly Cardinal Hamilcar von Sehestedt, who is living on the island with his valet Kasparson while working on a book about the Holy Ghost, is rescued from his cottage by a group of fishermen (Kasparson is killed in the building's collapse). The Cardinal works to rescue the island's peasants, and offers to sail out to the bath to rescue patrons trapped there. Upon arriving, he finds four people: the elderly and somewhat delusional Miss Malin Nat-og-Dag and her maid;  Nat-ot-Dag's companion, the teenage Countess Calypso von Platen; and the melancholic Jonathan Maersk.

The group boards the ship and begins to sail back, but encounter a group of peasants trapped in a granary on their way back. Because the boat is too small to carry them all, all but Nat-og-Dag's maid agree to trade places with the peasants and wait for help to arrive. While stuck in the granary, the group exchanges stories. Maersk describes how he came to be at Norderney: as a teenager, he traveled from the small town of Assens to Copenhagen, where he befriended the wealthy Baron von Gersdorff over their mutual love of botany. He becomes a successful court singer, but eventually learns that he is the Baron's son. Maersk is disillusioned, and repeatedly rejects the Baron's offers to legitimize him so that he can inherit the Baron's enormous estate. Suicidal, Maersk is visited by his mother's husband, who convinces him to travel to Norderney for his health.

Miss Nat-og-Dag then relates the story of the Countess Calypso: the daughter of the poet Count Seraphina, who disliked femininity, she was brought up in an abbey entirely among men, where she was ignored by everyone around her. At sixteen, she decides to chop off her own breasts, but stops herself at the last second upon seeing a painting of nymphs in the reflection of a mirror. Calypso escapes from the abbey and walks through the night, happening upon the house of Miss Nat-og-Dag, who is on her way to Norderney.

At this point, Miss Nat-og-Dag convinces the young duo to marry. With the help of the Cardinal, they complete the ceremony in the granary. The Cardinal then tells a group a parable about an encounter between Saint Peter and Barabbas in a Jerusalem inn, and the newly married couple falls asleep. At this point, the Cardinal reveals to Miss Nat-og-Dag that he is not, in fact, the Cardinal Hamilcar von Sehestedt, but his valet, Kasparson. Kasparson relates his life story to Nat-og-Dag, describing his time as an actor, a barber in Seville, a revolutionary in Paris, and a slave trader in Algiers. According to Kasparson, he is also the bastard older brother of Louis Philippe I, and killed the real Cardinal in order to take on another "role" in life. The story ends with Kasparson and Miss Nat-og-Dag kissing as water begins to enter the granary.

The story, at nearly eighty pages, is close to novella-length.

"The Old Chevalier"

The narrator listens to his father's friend Baron von Brackel tell a convoluted story about an encounter with a prostitute he had in his younger years:

In 1870s Paris, the Baron is approached by a drunken girl on a rainy night, having just survived an attempt on his life through poison by his mistress, the jealous wife of a prominent Parisian statesman. The Baron and the girl, who tells him her name is Nathalie, go back to the Baron's home, he not realizing that she is a prostitute. Throughout his account, the Baron frequently digresses to discuss the changing nature of women over time, concluding, to the younger narrator: "Where we talked of woman—pretty cynically, we liked to think—you talk of women, and all the difference lies there."

The Baron and Nathalie do the usual, though with great reverence on his part, and fall asleep, after which she wakes him in the small hours, asks for twenty francs, and leaves. Too late, the Baron realizes that he loves Nathalie and chases after her, but cannot find her. The narrator asks the Baron whether he ever found her, to which he responds with a brief anecdote about visiting an artist friend nearly a decade and a half later and seeing him painting a still life of a young woman's skull—a skull which bears remarkable physical similarity to Nathalie's face.

References

External links

1934 short story collections
Works by Karen Blixen
Norderney


title: Joaquim Adão

text:
Joaquim Adão Lungieki João (born 14 July 1992) is a Swiss-born Angolan footballer who plays for Petro de Luanda as a defensive midfielder.

Club career
Adão was loaned to Scottish Premiership club Heart of Midlothian in January 2018.

International career
Adão played his first international game for Angola on 5 March 2014, in a 1–1 draw against Mozambique. He was part of the starting lineup and played the entire match.

References

External links

1992 births
Sportspeople from Fribourg
Swiss people of Angolan descent
Living people
Swiss men's footballers
Angolan men's footballers
Angola men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Sion players
FC Chiasso players
Progresso Associação do Sambizanga players
Kabuscorp S.C.P. players
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Atlético Petróleos de Luanda players
Swiss 1. Liga (football) players
Swiss Super League players
Swiss Challenge League players
Swiss Promotion League players
Girabola players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Angolan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Angolan expatriate sportspeople in Scotland


title: Nathan Wright (actor)

text:
Nathan Wright is a British actor.

Background
Nathan Wright grew up in Dudley (England). He became interested in acting while he was still a child. He took part in plays at primary and secondary school. In Dudley he took part in an amateur drama alongside his grandfather and established his determination to become an actor. Wright was trained as an actor at the Arts Ed in London. He graduated in 2009. In 2010 he appeared as Orlando in the play As You Like It  at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds. In the same year Wright got the role of the recurring character Hugh in the TV series Being Human. Later that year Wright appeared the first time as Josh Mathers in the British television series Doctors. He played another guest character in 2011, before getting the role of the main character Chris Reid in 2012. He left the series in 2014. For his role as Chris Reid he got two nominations for the British Soap Awards as sexiest male. In 2015 Wright played the character Robert in the second series of The Musketeers and Colin Pitchfork in episode two of Code of a Killer. In 2017 he appeared as Mike Anderson in the horror film Where the Skin Lies.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Awards and nominations

Nomination
British Soap Awards
 2013: Sexiest Male
 2014: Sexiest Male

External links

References

Living people
1979 births
British male television actors
People educated at the Arts Educational Schools


title: Waterloo campaign: start of hostilities

text:
The Waterloo campaign commenced with a pre-emptive attack by the French Army of the North under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte. The first elements of the Army of the North moved from their peacetime depots on 8 June to their rendezvous point just on the French side of the Franco-Belgian border. They launched a pre-emptive attack on the two Coalition armies that were cantoned in Belgium—the Anglo-allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Prince Blücher.

Hostilities commenced shortly after the French advanced guard crossed the border and encountered the first Coalition outposts manned by soldiers of the Prussian I Corps (Zieten's) around 03:30 on 15 June. For the rest of the day the I Corps engaged in a fighting retreat against the overwhelming force of the French Army of the North. By midnight of 15/16 June the French had advanced north and through Charleroi and in doing so successfully crossed the river Sambre, the only significant river between the French army and Brussels.

At 19:00 on 15 June Marshal Ney, who had ridden up from Paris, met Napoleon near Charleroi, at the point where the road to Fleurus branches off from the one to Brussels. He was ordered to take command of the left wing of the Army of the North and press north up the Charleroi–Brussels road towards the Anglo-allied army and "drive back the enemy" while Napoleon would advance up the Fleurus road and do the same to the Prussians. The advance up the two roads continued until darkness, but slowed during the evening as Coalition troops fell back on reinforcements. The French planned to renew their advance on 16 June, while the Anglo-allied army planned to check them at Quatre Bras, and the Prussian army at Ligny.

Prelude

On 1 March 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte landed in France after his escape from Elba, he marched on Paris. When it became clear that the troops sent to arrest him would not do so, and his arrival in the capital was imminent, Louis XVIII fled.

The representatives of the other European powers assembled at the Congress of Vienna issued a declaration outlawing Napoleon and each agreed to place armies of at least 150,000 in the field to oppose him.

The Coalition Powers agreed on a coordinated invasion of France to start on 1 July 1815. To this end it was agreed that:
 Britain and Prussia would assemble their armies in Belgium (a territory recently acquired by United Kingdom of the Netherlands)
 The Russians would assemble an army and advance through Germany towards the French frontier
 The Austrians would assemble two armies and advance on the French frontiers
 The troops of Bavaria, Baden, Wurtemberg, and Hesse, would assemble their troops on the upper Rhine under the command of the Prince of Württemberg.

As soon as it became apparent that the Coalition Powers were determined to use force against him, Napoleon started to prepare for war. He had a choice of two strategies: either to assemble his forces in and around Paris and defeat the Coalition Powers as they attempted to invest the city, or to launch a pre-emptive attack and destroy each of his enemies' armies before they could combine. He chose the latter strategy and decided to attack the two Coalition armies in Belgium which were cantoned close to the borders of France.

The Prussian army, commanded by Prince Blücher, was cantoned south east of Brussels with its headquarters in Namur. The Anglo-allied army, commanded by the Duke of Wellington, was cantoned south west of Brussels with its headquarters in Brussels. Wellington's army included contingents from the British Army (including the KGL), Hanover (their king was also the king of Britain), Brunswick (until very recently closely associated with Hanover and hence the British), the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch and Belgian troops), and Nassau (had close dynastic ties with the Netherlands and part of the territory had until very recently been ruled by the King of the Netherlands).

Napoleon's plan of campaign
Having decided to attack the Coalition forces in what is now Belgium, Napoleon had several strategies open to him and, although the Coalition commanders knew that they might well be attacked, they were uncertain as to the timing and line of advance that Napoleon would choose.

From his spies Napoleon knew how widely the Coalition forces were spread over the Low Countries. He was aware that the two armies had two distinct and divergent bases, and were commanded by two generals differing in character. His only chance of success lay in swift marches and crushing victories. He had to defeat his foes in detail, and though his aggregate force was weaker than their aggregate force, he had to be always the stronger at the point of contact.

Napoleon argued in conference with his generals that he must not attack between the rivers Moselle and the Meuse, because that course would allow Wellington to join Blücher without molestation; nor must he attack between the rivers Sambre and Scheldt, because in that case Blücher would be able to effect a junction with Wellington. Nor, and for similar reasons, did he deem it prudent to descend the Meuse and attack the city of Namur.

Napoleon noticed that the Coalition armies would require the longest time to concentrate on their inner flanks, and he decided to attack between the Sambre and the Meuse, to wedge himself in between them, crushing any divisions trying to obstruct his progress. Having the advantage, he planned to manoeuvre rapidly on interior lines, and defeat each army in succession before they could join forces.

Napoleon had selected for the line of his main operations the direct road to Brussels, by Charleroi—the road on which Wellington's left wing, and Blücher's right wing rested. As the Prussians' front line covered Charleroi and the French territory immediately to the south of Charleroi, and the Anglo-Allies' most advanced outpost was further up the Charleroi–Brussels road at Frasnes-lez-Gosselies (about  north of Charleroi), he planned to first overcome the Prussian army, and then attack the Anglo-allied troops before they could deploy properly.

Napoleon's grand object was to prevent the two armies combining and destroy them both; to establish himself in Brussels; to arouse the dense population in Belgium (of which a vast proportion secretly adhered to his cause); to re-annex the country to the French Empire; to excite the desertion of the Belgian soldiery from the service of the Netherlands; to discourage invading armies from crossing the Rhine; perhaps also to enter into negotiations — and most important of all, to gain time to gather and train reinforcements from France.

Start of operations (8–12 June)

Advance of the French Army of the North
The French IV Corps (Gérard's) left Metz on 6 June, with orders to reach Philippeville by 14 June. The Imperial Guard (commanded by Drouot) began its march from Paris on 8 June, and reached Avesnes on 13 June, as did the VI Corps (Lobau's) from Laon. The I Corps (d'Erlon's) from Lille, II Corps (Reille's) from Valenciennes, and III Corps (Vandamme's) from Mézières, likewise arrived at Maubeuge and Avesnes on 13 June. The IV Corps of Reserve Cavalry (Milhaud's) concentrated upon the Upper Sombre.

Napoleon joins the army
The junction of the several corps on the same day, and almost at the same hour (with the exception of the IV, which joined the next day), displayed the usual skill of Napoleon in the combination of movements. Their leaders congratulated themselves upon these auspicious preparations, and upon finding the "Grand Army" once more assembled in "all the pomp and circumstance of glorious war": the appearance of the troops, though fatigued, was all that could be desired; and their enthusiasm was at the highest on hearing that the Emperor himself, who had left Paris at 03:00 on 12 June and passed the night at Laon, had actually arrived amongst them.

Upon the following day, the French Army bivouacked on three different points:
 The left wing, consisting of the I Corps (d'Erlon's) and the II Corps (Reille's), and amounting to about 44,000 men, was posted on the right bank of the Sambre at Solre-sur-Sambre.
 The centre, consisting of the III Corps (Vandamme's) and the VI Corps (Lobau's), of the Imperial Guard, and of the Cavalry Reserves (I (Pajol's), II (Exelmans's), III (Kellermann's)) amounting altogether to about 60,000 men, was at Beaumont, which was made the headquarters.
 The right wing, composed of the IV Corps (Gerard's) and of a division of heavy cavalry, amounting altogether to about 16,000 men, was in front of Philippeville.

The army's bivouacs were set up with a view to conceal their fires from observation by Coalition pickets and scouts.

The Army received through the medium of an ordre du jour (order of the day), a spirit-stirring appeal to his army from their commander and emperor (see "Proclamation on the Anniversary of the Battles of Marengo and Friedland, 14 June 1815").

13 June

French deception and limited Coalition intelligence
Napoleon had effectually concealed the movements of several corps, and their concentration on the right bank of the Sambre, by strengthening his advanced posts, and displaying an equal degree of vigilance and activity, along the whole line of the Belgian frontier.

However, during the night of 13 June, the light reflected upon the sky by the French fires was noticed by observation outposts of the Prussian I Corps (Zieten's). The Prussians realised that these fires appeared to be in the direction of Walcourt and Beaumont, and also in the vicinity of Solre-sur-Sambre.

Further reports from spies and deserters concurred by saying that Napoleon was expected to join the French army on that evening; that the Imperial Guard and the II Corps had arrived at Avesnes-sur-Helpe ("Avesnes") and Maubeuge; also that, at 13:00 four French battalions had crossed the river at Solre-sur-Sambre, and occupied Merbes-le-Château; that later in the night the French had pushed forward a strong detachment as far as Sars-la-Buissière; and lastly that an attack by the French would take place on 14 or 15 June.

14 June

First news of the French concentration
On 14 June, the Dutch-Belgian Major-General van Merlen (who was stationed at Saint-Symphorien near Mons), and who commanded the outposts between the Saint-Symphorien and Binche which formed the extreme right of the Prussians, ascertained that French troops had moved from Maubeuge and its vicinity by Beaumont, towards Philippeville. Also that there was no longer any hostile force in his front, except a picket at Bettignies, and some National Guards in other villages. He forwarded this important information to the Prussian General Steinmetz, on his left, with whom he was in constant communication. Steinmetz despatched this information to General Zieten at Charleroi.

The Prussian General Pirch II, whose 2nd Brigade was posted on the left of Steinmetz, also sent word to Zieten that he had received information through his outposts that the French army had concentrated in the vicinity of Beaumont and Merbes-le-Château; that their army consisted of 150,000 men, and was commanded by General Vandamme, Prince Jerome Bonaparte, and other distinguished officers; that since the previous day all crossing of the frontier had been forbidden by the French under pain of death; and that a French patrol had been observed that day near Biercée, not far from Thuin.

During the day, frequent accounts were brought to the troops of Prussian I Corps (Zieten's)—generally collaborating earlier reports—by the country people who were seeking some place of safety for their cattle. Their stories confirmed the above, and also that Napoleon, and of his brother Jerome had arrived.

Zieten immediately transmitted the substance of this information to Prince Blücher and to the Duke of Wellington. This information was consistent with that which had been received from Major General Dörnberg, who had been posted in observation at Mons, and from General van Merlen (through William, Prince of Orange) who, as already mentioned, commanded the outposts between Mons and Binche.

However nothing was positively known about the real point of French concentration, the probable strength of the French, or Napoleon's intended offensive movements. Because of this the two Coalition commanders refrained from altering their dispositions, and waited for better intelligence.

Blücher orders the concentration of his army

Zieten's troops were kept under arms during the night, and were collected by battalions at their respective points of assembly. Later in the day Zieten's outposts reported that strong French columns, composed of all arms, were assembling in his front. This suggested an attack on the following morning, and this intelligence reached Blücher between 21:00 and 22:00 on 14 June.

Orders were despatched by 23:00 for the march of the II Corps (Pirch I's) from Namur upon Sombreffe (a village on the Nivelles-Namur road close to Ligny), and of the  III Corps (Thielemann's) from Ciney to Namur. Earlier that day an order had been forwarded to Bülow at Liège, ordering him to prepare his corps to Hannut in one march, and at midnight he was ordered to concentrate his troops in cantonment about Hannut.

Zieten was directed to await the advance of the French in his position upon the river Sambre. In the event of him being forced to retire, he was to retreat as slowly as possible in the direction of Fleurus, to allow time for the concentration of the other three Prussian corps.

Coalition uncertainty as to Napoleon's main line of attack

The vigilance which was thus exercised along both the Anglo-allied and Prussian line of outposts, obtained for Wellington and Blücher the fullest extent of information which they could reasonably have calculated on receiving respecting the dispositions of Napoleon immediately prior to an attack.

Blücher and Wellington were aware that considerable masses of French troops had moved by their right, and assembled in front of Charleroi. While they were aware that French troops beyond Tournai, Mons, and Binche had moved, this could have been intended to draw the Anglo-allied army towards Charleroi. If so the French would launch a feigned attack on it, while the real attack would be by Mons.

Wellington made no changes to the disposition of his forces, but Blücher immediately ordered his army to concentrate at Sombreffe (a village on the Nivelles-Namur road at the junction of a road that ran to Charleroi). They would then be able to advance through Charleroi should that be the real line of attack, but also be astride a road that would allow them to move rapidly to support Wellington, should that attack be made by the Mons road.

Zieten's dispositions
Zieten's position, and his line of advanced posts, was from  Bonne-Espérance (south of Binche) to Lobbes and Thuin on the Sambre through Gerpinnes and Sosoye to Dinant on the Meuse. His right brigade (the 1st, commanded by Steinmetz), had its headquarters at Fontaine L'Evêque, and held the ground between Binche and the Sambre; his centre brigade (the 2nd commanded by Pirch II) lay along the Sambre, occupying Marchienne-au-Pont, Dampremy, Roux, Charleroi, Gilly and Châtelet; and a portion of his 3rd Brigade, commanded by Jagow) occupied Farciennes and Tamines on the Sambre, while the remainder was posted in reserve between Fleurus and the Sambre; and his left brigade (the 4th, commanded by Donnersmarck) was extended along this river nearly as far as Namur. The reserve cavalry of the I Corps had been brought more in advance, and was now cantoned in the vicinity of the Piéton, having Gosselies for its point of concentration.

Zieten without needing to make any alteration to his deployment, remained prepared for the expected attack on 15 June.

Desertion of de Bourmont to the Coalition

While Napoleon was occupied in organising his intended order of attack, he received a despatch from Count Gérard announcing that Lieutenant General de Bourmont, and Colonels Clouet and Villoutreys, attached to the IV Corps, had deserted to the Coalition. This desertion caused Napoleon to make some alterations in his dispositions.

15 June

Advance of the French army
Early in the morning of 15 June the French army commenced its march towards the Sambre in three columns, from the three bivouacs taken up during the previous night. The left column advanced from Solre-sur-Sambre, by Thuin, upon Marchienne-au-Pont; the centre from Beaumont, by Ham-sur-Heure, upon Charleroi; and the right column from Philippeville, by Gerpinnes, upon Châtelet.

Commencement of hostilities
At approximately 03:30 in the morning, the head of the left column came in contact with Prussian troops in front of Lobbes, firing upon, and driving in, the pickets of the 2nd Battalion of the 1st Regiment of Westphalian Landwehr, commanded by Captain von Gillhausen. This officer was aware that French troops had assembled in great force in his front the night before, and intended to attack him in the morning. He had posted his battalion carefully, so as to afford it every advantage from the hilly and intersected ground it occupied. However the French, inclined more to their right, and joined other troops advancing along the road to Thuin, which lay on his left. Shortly after they drove back an advanced cavalry vedette; and, at 04:30 commenced firing four guns on the outpost at Maladrie, about  in front of Thuin.

This cannonade announced the opening of the campaign by the French, and was heard by the Prussian troops forming the left wing of Steinmetz's Brigade. However the sound didn't carry well in the extremely thick and heavy air, and because of this the greater portion of the right wing of the brigade was unaware of the French advance for some time.

The firing, was distinctly heard at Charleroi, and Zieten—who, by the reports which he had forwarded on 14 June to Blücher and Wellington, had fully prepared these commanders to expect an attack—lost no time in informing Blücher and Wellington that hostilities had commenced. Shortly before 05:00, he despatched Courier Jäger to their respective headquarters, Namur (Blücher) and Brussels (Wellington). He informed them that since 04:30, he had heard several cannon shots fired in his front, and at the time he was writing the fire of musketry also, but that he had not yet received any report from his outposts. To Blücher he also intimated that he should direct the whole Corps to fall back into position, and should it become absolutely necessary to concentrate at Fleurus.

Zieten's report to Wellington arrived in Brussels at 09:00; that to Blücher reached Namur between 08:00 and 09:00 on 15 June. it should be pointed out that there is very serious doubt that Zieten sent a message to Wellington as early as this.  Muffling, the Prussian liaison officer assigned to Wellington, in his memoirs was only aware of a message that was sent between 8 am and 9 am that arrived about 5 pm with him. Wellington's own remark that he had news of Charleroi at 9 am probably meant that the news he had related to the situation at 9 am rather than the news arrived at 9 am. While it placed Wellington on the qui vive (alert), it did not induce him to adopt any particular measure, as he was writing for more definite information. But Blücher was satisfied that he had taken a wise precaution in ordereing the concentration of his several corps in the position of Sombreffe.

Before 10:00 of 15 June, an order was despatched from the Prussian headquarters to the III Corps (Thielemann's) to the effect that after resting during the night at Namur, it was to continue its march upon the morning of 16 June, towards Sombreffe.

At 11:30 a despatch was forwarded to Bülow, announcing the advance of the French, and requesting that the IV Corps after having rested at Hannut, should commence its march upon Gembloux no later than daybreak on 16 June.

Prussian outposts driven in, the French capture Thuin and cross the Sambre
Meanwhile, the Prussian I Corps engaged the advancing enemy. The Prussian troops at Maladrie checked the  advance of the French upon Thuin, and maintaining their ground for more than an hour, with the greatest bravery, but they were overpowered, and driven back upon Thuin.

Thuin was occupied by the 3rd Battalion of the 2nd Westphalian Landwehr, under Major von Monsterberg, who, put up a fierce resistance during which the battalion suffered an immense loss. They were forced to retire about 07:00. upon Montigny-le-Tilleul, where he found Lieutenant-Colonel Woisky, with two squadrons of the 1st West Prussian Dragoons.

The French also succeeded in taking this village, but the retreat continued in good order towards Marchienne-au-Pont, under the protection of Woisky's dragoons; but before reaching Marchienne-au-Pont, the Prussians were attacked by French cavalry. The French attack was devastating for the retreating Prussians, with the infantry in particular, becoming disordered, with some cut down and many taken prisoner. So severe was the loss which the 3rd Battalion of the 2nd Westphalian Landwehr suffered in this retreat, that the mere handful of men which remained could not constitute a battalion in the proper meaning of the term.  It was reduced to a mere skeleton. Lieutenant-Colonel von Woisky had been wounded, but continued at the head of his dragoons.

Captain von Gillhausen commanded the Prussian battalion posted at Lobbes, as soon as he realised that Thuin was taken, organised his retreat. After the lapse of half an hour he drew in his pickets, and occupying the bridge over the Sambre with one company. He then fell back, and occupied the wood of Sart-de-Lobbes (near Lobbes). As the post at Hourpes had also taken by the French, he was then ordered to continue his retreat, taking a direction between Fontaine-l'Evêque and Anderlues.

The Prussian post near Aulne Abbey, occupied by the 3rd Battalion of the 1st Westphalian Landwehr under the temporary command of Captain Grollmann, fell into the hands of the French, between 08:00 and 09:00, Hourpes which is close to the Abbey, fell to the French at about the same time. There are no action reports for the capture of these two outposts, so the Westphalians may have abandoned them shortly before Reille's advanced guard occupied them.

Retreat of Zieten's troops
As soon as Greneral Steinmetz, the commander of the Prussian 1st Brigade, realised the French were advancing on his most advanced posts along the Sambre, he despatched Major Arnauld, an officer of his staff, to the Dutch-Belgian General van Merlen at Saint-Symphorien to inform him of what had taken place, and that his brigade was falling back into position. On his way, Major Arnauld directed Major Engelhardt, who commanded the outposts on the right, to immediately withdraw the chain of pickets, and on arriving at Binche he spread the alarm that the French had attacked, and that the left of the brigade was warmly engaged. Until arrival of Major Arnauld, the Prussian troops in this quarter were wholly ignorant of the attack as they had not heard the sound of firing. It was now necessary that the right should retire as quickly as possible. They had further to travel than the rest of the brigade, yet they were the last to retire.

Zieten ascertained around 08:00 that the whole French army appeared to be in motion, and that the direction of the advance seemed to indicate that Charleroi and its vicinity was probably the main object of the attack, sent out the fresh orders to his brigades:
 The 1st was to retire by Courcelles to the position in rear of Gosselies
 The 2nd was to defend the three bridges over the Sambre, at Marchienne-au-Pont, Charleroi, and Châtelet, for a time sufficient to enable the 1st Brigade (Steinmetz's) to effect its retreat towards Gosselies, and thus to prevent its being cut off by the French, after which it was to retire behind Gilly
 The 3rd and 4th brigades, as also the reserve cavalry and artillery, were to concentrate as rapidly as possible, and to take up a position in rear of Fleurus.

The three points by which the 1st Brigade was to fall back, were Mont-Sainte-Aldegonde, for the troops on the right, Anderlues for those in the centre, and Fontaine-l'Evêque for the left. In order that they might reach these three points about the same time, Zieten ordered that those in front of Fontaine-l'Evêque should yield their ground as slowly as possible to the French attack.

Having reached the line of these three points about 10:00, the brigade commenced its further retreat towards Courcelles. Its left was protected by a separate column consisting of the 1st Regiment of Westphalian Landwehr, and two companies of Silesian Rifles, led by Colonel Hoffmann, in the direction of Roux and Jumet towards Gosselies.

At Marchienne-au-Pont stood the 2nd Battalion of the Prussian 6th Regiment, belonging to the 2nd Brigade of Zieten's Corps. The bridge was barricaded, and with the aid of two guns the Prussians drove the French back, after which these troops commenced their retreat upon Gilly, by Dampremy. In the latter place were three companies of the 1st Battalion of the 2nd Regiment of Westphalian Landwehr, with four guns. These also retired about the same time towards Gilly, the guns protecting the retreat by their fire from the Churchyard. The guns then moved off as rapidly as possible towards Gilly, while the Battalion marched upon Feurus. However the 4th Company which had defended the ridge of Roux until Charleroi was taken, was too late to rejoin its battalion, and attached itself to the 1st Brigade (Steinmetz's) which was retreating on its right flank.

Skirmish at Couillet
Light cavalry of the I Cavalry Reserve Corps (Lieutenant General Pajol's) formed the advanced guard of the centre column of the French army. It was to have been supported by Vandamme's Corps of Infantry, but by some mistake, Vandamme had not received his orders, and at 06:00 had not left his bivouac. Napoleon, perceiving the error, led forward the Imperial Guards in immediate support of Pajol. As Pajol advanced, the Prussian outposts were hard pressed, but skirmished in good order as they retired. At Couillet, on the Sambre, about  below Charleroi, French cavalry fell upon a company of the 3rd Battalion of the Prussian 28th Regiment, surrounded it, and forced it to surrender.

French capture Charleroi
Immediately afterwards, the French gained possession of Marcinelle (in 1815 a village), which was close to Charleroi. The two were connected by a dike about  in length, which terminated at a bridge, the head of which was palisaded. The French cavalry advanced along the dyke, but were driven back by Prussian skirmishers, who lined the hedges and ditches intersecting the opposite slope of the embankment. A part of the village was retaken by the Prussians, and an attempt made to destroy the bridge. The French attacked with increased force, and carried both the dyke and the bridge. By this means they entered Charleroi.

Major Rohr, who commanded this post, abandoned the town and retreated with the 1st Battalion of the Prussian 6th Regiment, towards a prearranged position in rear of Gilly. This was done in good order, though the battalion was hotly pursued by detachments of Pajol's dragoons.

11:00, the French were in full possession of Charleroi, both banks of the Sambre above the town, and Reille's Corps was effecting its passage over the river at Marchienne-au-Pont.

The right column of the French Army, commanded by Gérard, having a longer distance to traverse, had not yet reached its destined point, Chatelet on the Sambre.

Prussians continue to retreat
The 4th Brigade (Donnersmarck's) of I Corps (Zieten's), was also the advanced portion of the 3rd, continued their retreat towards Fleurus. General Jagow, who commanded the latter, had left two Silesian rifle companies and the Fusilier Battalion of the Prussian 7th Regiment at Farciennes and Tamines, to observe French movement along the Sambre, and to protect the left flank of the position at Gilly. But when the French occupied Charleroi, and  the left bank of the Sambre above that town, the situation of the 1st Brigade (Steinmetz's) became extremely critical. Zieten immediately ordered Greneral Jagow, whose brigade was in reserve, to detach Colonel Rüchel-Kleist with the 29th Regiment of Infantry to Gosselies, for the purpose of facilitating General Steinmetz's retreat.

Action at Gosselies
Colonel Rüchel-Kleist found that Greneral Röder (commanding the I Corps cavalry) had posted the Prussian 6th Regiment of Uhlans (Lancers) to Gosselies. Rüchel-Kleist augmented the garrison with the 2nd Battalion of the 29th Regiment. Rüchel-Kleist placed the commander of the Uhlans, Lieutenant Colonel Lützow in command of the garrison, with orders to hold the town while he placed himself in reserve with the other two battalions.

As soon as the French had assembled in sufficient force at Charleroi, Napoleon ordered Pajol to detach the 1st Brigade (General Clary's) towards Gosselies, and to advance with the remainder of the I Corps of reserve cavalry towards Gilly. General Clary, with the French 1st Hussars reached Jumet, on the left of the Brussels road, and only little more than  from Gosselies, before the Prussian 1st Brigade (Steinmetz's) had crossed the Piéton. Pajol now advanced to attack Gosselies, but was met by Lieutenant Colonel Lützow and his dragoons, who defeated and repulsed him. This action gave General Steinmetz time to pass the Piéton; and as soon as he had turned the Defile of Gosselies, Colonel Rüchel-Kleist with the 29th Regiment moved off to rejoin the 3rd Brigade.

The check experienced by General Clary led to his being supported by Lieutenant General Lefebvre-Desnouettes, with the light cavalry of the Guard, and the two batteries attached to this force. A regiment from the Young Guard Division (Lieutenant General Duhesme's) was advanced midway between Charleroi and Gosselies, as a reserve to Lefebvre-Desnouettes. The advanced guard of the II Corps (Reille's), which had crossed the Sambre at Marchienne-au-Pont, was also moving directly upon Gosselies, with the object of cutting off the retreat of Zieten's troops along the Brussels road, and separating the Prussians from the Anglo-allied army. The French I Corps (d'Erlon's), which was considerably in the rear, received orders to follow and support Reille.

Action at Heppignies
When Greneral Steinmetz approached Gosselies, he realised that the French were strong enough to completely cut him off. He quickly directed the 2nd Battalion of the 1st Westphalian Landwehr to march against the French left flank, to divert French attention to him and to check French advance. He continued his retreat towards Heppignies successfully. Protected by the 6th Lancers and the 1st Silesian Hussars, Steinmetz reached Heppignies with scarcely any loss, although he was pursued by General Girard at the head of the French 7th Division of the II Corps, as Reille continued his advance along the Brussels road with the remainder.

Heppignies was already occupied by the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the Prussian 12th Regiment, and with this increase in strength Steinmetz redeployed his men. When Girard attempted to force the place, after having previously occupied Bansart, Steinmetz advanced and drove him back in the direction of Gosselies. A brisk cannonade ensued, which was maintained on the part of the Prussians, only so long as it was deemed necessary for covering their retreat upon Fleurus.

Action at Gilly

Prussians stand at Gilly
In conformity with Zieten's orders, when General Pirch II was forced to abandon Charleroi he retired to Gilly, where he concentrated the 2nd Brigade. About 14:00 he took up a favourable position along a ridge in rear of a stream, his right resting upon Soleilmont Abbey with his left extending towards Châtelineau, which flank was also protected by a detachment occupying the bridge of Châtelet. Gerard's Corps had not arrived yet.

Pirch II posted the Fusilier Battalion of the 6th Regiment in a small wood which lay in advance on the exterior slope of the ridge. To support them he posted four guns on the right upon a rise commanding the valley in front, two guns between this point and the Fleurus road, as also two guns on the right of the road, to impede any columns attempting to advance towards Gilly. The sharp shooters of the Fusilier Battalion of the 6th Regiment, by lining some adjacent hedges, afforded protection to the artillery.

The 2nd Battalion of the 28th Regiment was stationed beyond the Fleurus road near Soleilmont Abbey, where they were concealed from the enemy. The 1st Battalion of this Regiment stood across the road leading to Lambusart; and its Fusilier Battalion was posted more to the left, towards Châtelet. The 2nd Battalion of the 2nd Westphalian Landwehr was posted in support of the battery in rear of Gilly The 1st Battalion of  2nd Westphalian Landwehr was still marching through Dampremy to Fleurus. It passed through Lodelinsart and Soleilmont, and rejoined the Brigade in rear of Gilly before the engagement had finished.

The 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 6th Regiment formed the reserve. The 1st West Prussian Dragoons were posted on the slope of the ridge towards Châtelet, where they furnished vedettes and patrolled the valley of the Sambre, maintaining communication with the detachment at Farciennes, belonging to the 3rd Brigade (Jagow's).

General Pirch realised that if the French succeeding in turning his right, they could advance rapidly along the Fleurns road and seriously endanger his retreat upon Lambusart To prevent this he took the precaution of having this road blocked up by an abatis in the wood through which it led.

French advance on Gilly

Vandamme did not reach Charleroi until 15:00, when he received orders to pursue the Prussians along the Fleurus road in conjunction with Grouchy. Their advance was delayed as the whole of  III Corps (Vandamme's) had to cross the Sambre by a single bridge, and both generals were deceived by exaggerated reports concerning the strength of the Prussians in rear of the Fleurus Woods. Grouchy went forward to reconnoitre, and returned to ask Napoleon for further instructions. Napoleon then undertook his own reconnaissance, accompanied by the four Squadrons de Service. He formed the opinion that the Prussian forces did not exceed 18–20,000 men, and gave orders for the 2nd Brigade (Pirch II's) to attack.

The French generals directed their preparatory dispositions from the windmill near the Farm of Grand Drieu, and opened the engagement about 18:00 with fire from two batteries. Three columns of infantry advanced in echelon from the right, the first directing its course towards the little wood occupied by the  Prussian Fusilier Battalion of the 6th Regiment; the second passing to the right of Gilly; and the third winding round the left of this village. The attack was supported by two brigades of the II Cavalry Corps (Exelmans'), namely, those of brigadier generals Burthe and Bonnemains. One was directed towards Chatelet menacing the Prussian left flank, and the other advanced along the Fleurus road.

Action
The battery attached to the Prussian 2nd Brigade was replying to the superior fire from the French artillery, and the light troops were already engaged, when General Pirch received Zieten's orders to avoid an action against superior numbers, and to retire by Lambusart upon Fleurus.

Realising that the French were advancing in overwhelming force, Pirch II put those orders into effect quickly, and made his dispositions accordingly. The retreat had scarcely begun when his retreating columns were vigorously assaulted by four Squadrons de Service of the Imperial Guard commanded by General Letort—a dashing, well liked and respected cavalry commander who was attached to Napoleon's staff.

The Prussian infantry withstood repeated attacks by the French cavalry, aided by Lieutenant-Colonel Woisky who met the French cavalry with the 1st West Prussian Dragoons. The greater part of the Prussian force succeeded in gaining the Wood of Fleurus, but the Fusilier Battalion of the 28th Regiment (of which one company had previously been captured on the right bank of the Sambre) was broken. It had been ordered to retire into the Trichehève wood behind the hamlet of Rondchamp (or Pierrerondchamp), to the north-east of Pironchamps, but before it could complete the movement, it was overtaken by French Imperial Guard cavalry and was vigorously assaulted, losing two thirds of its number.

The Fusilier Battalion of the 6th Regiment was more fortunate. When about  from the wood, it was attacked by French cavalry on the plain, but formed square, and repelled several charges. As the vigour of the French attacks began to slacken, the Battalion cleared its way with the bayonet through the cavalry that continued hovering round it. One of its companies extended itself along the edge of the wood, and kept the French cavalry at bay. The French cavalry suffered severely on this occasion. General Letort who led the attacks was mortally wounded and died two days later on 17 June. Historians such as Philip Haythornthwaite postulate that if Letort had been present at Waterloo on 18 June, he might have affected the great French cavalry charge, and perhaps the outcome of the battle.

The Brandenburg Dragoons (Watzdorf's) had been detached by Zieten in support of the 2nd Brigade (Pirch II's), and opportunely reaching the field of action, they made several charges against the French cavalry, which was repulsed, ending its pursuit of the Prussian infantry.

The 2nd Brigade (Pirch II's) now took up a position in front of Lambusart, which was occupied by some battalions of the 3rd Brigade (Jagow's). General Röder joined it with his remaining three regiments of cavalry and a battery of horse artillery. At this moment the French cavalry, which was formed up in position, opened a fire from three batteries of horse artillery. This  brought on a cannonade, with which the affair was terminated.

Prussian retreat is concluded
The Prussian 1st Brigade (Steinmetz's) having safely executed its retreat from Heppignies towards Fleurus, reached Saint-Amand about 23:00. The detachments left by the 3rd Brigade (Jagow's) at Farciennes and Tamines, had also effected their retreat without incident as did the 2nd Brigade (Pirch II's) from Lambusart, by , towards Fleurus, being protected by the reserve cavalry.

By 03:00 I Corps (Zieten's), had established a line of advanced posts  in length, from Dinant on the Meuse, crossing the Sambre at Thuin, and extending as far as Bonne-Espérance in advance of Binche. The main force occupied the Sambre from Thuin as far as its confluence with the Meuse, an extent of at least, , exclusive of the numerous windings by the river between those two points.

Since daybreak the Prussians of I Corps had been constantly pursued and engaged by a superior French force, headed by the elite of the French cavalry. It was not until about 23:00 that I Corps effected its concentration in position between Ligny and Saint-Amand, at a distance varying from  to  in rear of its original extended line of outposts; after having successfully fulfilled the arduous task imposed upon it of gaining sufficient time for the concentration, on the following day, of all the Prussian Corps, by stemming, as well as its scattered force could do, the advance of the whole of the French Army of the North.

Concentration of the Prussian Army
By 15:00 of 15 June, the II Corps (Pirch I's)  had taken up the position assigned to it between Onoz and Mazy in the immediate vicinity of Sombreffe, with the exception, however, of the 7th Brigade, which, having been stationed in the most remote of the quarters occupied by the II Corps, did not reach Namur until midnight. Here the latter found an order for its continuance in Namur until the arrival of the III Corps (Thielemann's); but as this had already taken place, the brigade, after a few hours' rest, resumed its march, and joined the II Corps at Sombreffe about 10:00 on 16 June.

Thielemann  passed the night at Namur, which he occupied with the 10th Brigade. The 9th Brigade bivouacked on the right, and the 11th on the left of Belgrade, at a village a short distance from Namur, on the road to Sombreffe. The 12th Brigade in rear of the 9th; the reserve cavalry at Flawinne, between that road and the Sambre, and the reserve artillery on the left of the road.

Miscarriage of orders to Bülow
It has already been mentioned above that on 14 June, Blücher sent off a despatch to Bülow, commander of the Prussian IV Corps, directing him to arrange for his Corps to be able to reach Hannut in one march; and that at midnight of 14 June, a second despatch was forwarded, requiring him to concentrate the IV Corps at Hannut.

The first of these despatches reached Bülow, at Liège, at 05:00 15 June, and he issued orders that they should be acted on as soon as the troops had breakfasted. He forwarded a report of this arrangement to headquarters. These orders to his troops had been despatched for some hours, and the consequent movements were for the most part in operation, when around 12:00, the second despatch arrived altering the destination of the Corps. Bülow considered the effect the changes would have upon the troops, namely that there would be nothing prepared for them at their new destination. As most of his commanders would not receive their new orders until evening, Bülow decided to delay the new movement until dawn of 16 June.

The despatch did not require him to establish his headquarters at Hannut, but merely suggested that the latter appeared the most suitable for the purpose. Bülow was also unaware of the commencement of hostilities, which he had expected would be preceded by a declaration of war. Furthermore, he had  good grounds for believing that the whole Prussian army would assemble at Hannut.

Bülow made a report to Blücher's headquarters informing them of his delay in carrying out his new orders, and informing them that he would be at Hannut by 12:00 on 16 June. Captain Bklow, on Bülow's staff, who carried this despatch, and arrived at 21:00 on 15 June at Namur, where he discovered that the headquarters of the army had been transferred to Sombreffe.

At 11:30 on 15 June, another despatch was forwarded to Bülow from Namur, announcing the advance of the French, and requesting that the IV Corps, after having rested at Hannut, should commence its march upon Gembloux by daybreak on 16 June at the latest. The orderly who carried it was directed to proceed to Hannut, Bülow's  presumed headquarters on that day. On reaching Hannut, the orderly found the previous despatch lying in readiness for the General, and mounting a fresh horse, he went on with both despatches to Liège, where he arrived at sunrise.

However the orders had now become impracticable, as Bülow's had not yet marched his Corps to Hannut. Therefore, it was impossible for the Prussian IV Corps to take part in the Battle of Ligny, which had they been able to, may have changed the outcome of the battle.

Late in the evening of 15 June, after Blücher had established his headquarters at Sombreffe, Captain Below arrived with the report from Bülow, and Blücher realised that he would not be joined by the IV Corps the following day.

Prussian dispositions on night 15/16 June
Of Blücher's four corps, only one, I Corps (Zieten's), had assembled in the chosen position of Ligny, on the night of 15/16 June. Of the others the:
 II Corps (Pirch I's) which had arrived from Namur, was in bivouac between Onoz and Mazy, about  from Ligny
 III Corps (Thielmann's), which had left its cantonments around Ciney at 07:30, passed the night at Namur, about  from Ligny
 IV Corps (Bölow's), supposed by Blücher to be then at Hannut, was still at Liège, about  distant from Ligny.

Prussian and French casualties
The loss of the Prussian I Corps on 15 June, amounted to 1,200 men. The Fusilier Battalions of the 28th Regiment and of the 2nd Westphalian Landwehr, reduced to mere skeletons, were united, and formed into one battalion.

The French forces which attacked the Prussian I Corps sustained casualties of between 300 and 400 men

Anglo-allied engagements

First news at Quatre Bras
The extreme left of the Duke of Wellington's army, composed of 2nd Netherlands Division (Perponcher's), rested upon the Charleroi-Brussels road. The 2nd Brigade (Colonel Goedecke's) of this division, was located thus:
 1st Battalion of the 2nd Regiment of Nassau (Büsgen's), at Houtain-le-Val;
 2nd Battalion (Normann's), at Frasnes-lez-Gosselies and Villers-Perwin;
 3rd Battalion (Hechmann's), at , Quatre Bras and Sart-Dames-Avelines;
 both battalions of the 28th Regiment of Orange-Nassau (Prince Bernhard's), at Genappe.
There was also at Frasnes a Dutch horse artillery battery, under Captain Byleveld.

Early on the morning of 15 June, these troops were unaware of the advance of the French army, when they heard a brisk cannonade at a distance in the direction of Charleroi. But they had not received any warning of the French advance, and they concluded that the firing was Prussian artillery practice, which they had frequently heard before, and to which they had become accustomed.

However, as noon approached the cannonade became louder, and in the afternoon a wounded Prussian soldier arrived warning them of the advance of the French. A messenger was immediately sent with this information to the Regimental headquarters, from where it was also sent to Perponcher's headquarters at Nivelles. Perponcher immediately ordered both brigades of his division to hurry towards their respective points of assembly - the 1st Brigade (General Bylandt's) to Nivelles, and the 2nd Brigade (Goedecke's) to Quatre Bras.

In the meantime Major Normann, who commanded the 2nd Battalion of the 2nd Regiment of Nassau, drew up his battalion with the battery in position in rear of Frasnes upon the road to Quatre Bras. He also posted an observation in advance of the village.

Opening of direct hostilities
About 18:00, parties of French lancers belonging to Piré's Light Cavalry Division of Reille's Corps appeared in front of Frasnes and soon drove in Major Normann's picket. This officer placed a company on the south or French side of Frasnes for the purpose of delaying the entrance of the French into the village for as long as possible. Byleveld's battery took post on the north side of the village, and the remaining companies of the 2nd Battalion of the 2nd Regiment of Nassau drew up in its support. Two guns were upon the road and three on each side of it.

After some time, the French lancers were reinforced, and compelled Normann's company to retire through the village and fall back upon the main body. The Prussians then opened a vigorous fire, driving back the French cavalry. The French then attempted to turn the left flank of the Prussians, but Major Normann and Captain Byleveld fell back to within a short distance of Quatre Bras. The retreat was conducted in excellent order, with the battery continuing to fire along the high road.

Nassau dispositions at Quatre Bras
Before Perponcher's order reached the 2nd Brigade (Goedecke's), Prince Bernhard of Saxe Weimar, who commanded the Regiment of Orange-Nassau at Genappe, was informed by the officer of the Dutch-Belgian Maréchaussées who had been compelled to quit his post at Charleroi, that the French were advancingi. Prince Bernhard took it upon himself to move forward with his regiment from Genappe to Quatre Bras, and despatched a report of his movement to the headquarters of the Brigade at Houtain-le-Val. He subsequently  sent a similar report, to Perponcher at Nivelles, by Captain Gagern of the Dutch-Belgian Staff, who was at Genappe for the purpose of collecting information.

Quatre Bras was the rendezvous of the 2nd Brigade (Goedecke's), and the 3rd Battalion of the 2nd Regiment of Nassau. The 2nd Regiment was cantoned in its immediate vicinity of Quatre Bras, and without waiting for the receipt of superior orders, assembled at that point. When Prince Bernhard, on arriving at Quatre Bras with the Regiment of Orange-Nassau, he learnt of the engagement at Frasnes, and assumed command as senior officer.

Realising the importance of securing the junction of the high road from Charleroi to Brussels with that from Namur to Nivelles, Prince Bernhard decided to make a firm stand at Quatre Bras. This decision was within the spirit of new orders which in the meantime had been despatched from the Dutch-Belgian headquarters at Braine-le-Comte. These new orders were the result of intelligence that the French had crossed the Sambre.

General de Perponcher, who commanded the division, had also approved of the Prince's determination. Colonel Goerecke, who commanded the 2nd Brigade was at Hautain-le-Val with a broken leg, now tendered his command to Prince Bernhard, who immediately accepted it.

The Prince pushed forward the 3rd Battalion of the 2nd Regiment of Nassau, in column, upon the high road towards Frasnes. He detached two companies of the 1st Battalion and the Volunteer Jägers to the defence of the Bossu wood, and sent the remaining companies on the high road towards Hautain le Val. He posted the remainder of the brigade at Quatre Bras, along the Namur road. Four guns of Byleveld's horse battery were posted in advance in the direction of Frasnes, two on the road to Namur and two in rear of the main body.

Ney joins the Grand Army
It was 19:00 15 June, when Marshal Ney arrived, and joined Napoleon near Charleroi, at the point where the road to Fleurus branches off from the one to Brussels. After expressing his pleasure at seeing him, Napoleon gave him the command of the I and II corps. Napoleon explained that Reille was advancing with three divisions upon Gosselies, and that d'Erlon would pass the night at Marchienne-au-Pont. He also told Ney that he would have Piré's light cavalry division under his orders, and also the two regiments of chasseurs and lancers of the Guard which, he was to use only as a reserve. "To-morrow," added the Emperor, "you will be joined by the reserve corps of heavy cavalry under Kellermann. Go and drive back the Enemy".

The determined resistance displayed by Prince Bernhard's forces, as well as the vigorous cannonade he maintained, and the potential flanking attack threatened by the Dutch occupying the Bossu wood, forced Piré's advanced guard to retire. He retired unmolested, and brought back exaggerated intelligence to Ney that Quatre Bras was occupied by ten battalions with artillery, and that Wellington's troops were moving to concentrate at this important point.

Ney's dispositions
At 22:00 Ney's forces were thus disposed:
 Piré's light Cavalry Division and Bachelu's Infantry Division occupied Frasnes-lez-Gosselies, a village situated upon the Brussels road, about  on south of Quatre Bras; the two Regiments of Chasseurs and Lancers of the Guard were in reserve in rear of Frasnes.
 Reill's was with two Divisions, and the artillery attached to them, at Gosselies: these Divisions ensured the communication until the arrival of d'Erlon's Corps, which was to remain that night at Marchienne-au-Pont.
 The remaining Division of Reille's Corps (Girard's) was at Heppignies, and thus served to maintain the communication with the main column under Napoleon.

The troops were greatly fatigued by having been kept constantly on the march since 03:00; the strength of the different regiments, the names of their colonels, and even of the generals, were unknown to the Ney, as also the number of men that had been able to keep up with the heads of the columns at the end of this long march.

These circumstances, combined with the information brought in from Quatre Bras, induced Ney to decline risking a night attack upon that point; and he contented himself with taking up a position in advance of Frasnes-lez-Gosselies.

Having issued such orders as he deemed essential, and enjoined the most vigilant look out, Ney returned to Charleroi, where he arrived about midnight; partook of supper with Napoleon (who had just arrived from the right wing of the army), and conferred with the Emperor upon the state of affairs until two o'clock in the morning.

Other French dispositions
The centre column of the French Army was thus located:
 III Corps (Vandamme's) bivouacked in the Wood of Fleurus;
 Light cavalry of the I Cavalry Reserve Corps (Pajol's)  at Lambusart;
 the 3rd Light Cavalry Division (Domon's), on the left, at the outlet of the Wood, and the heavy cavalry of the II Cavalry Corps (Excelmans's) between the light cavalry and III Corps;
 the Imperial Guards bivouacked between Charleroi and Gilly;
 VI Corps (Lobau's), together with heavy cavalry of the IV Cavalry Corps (Milhaud's), lay in rear of Charleroi.

The right column, consisting of  IV Corps (Gérard's), had by the evening of 15 June advanced as far as the bridge at Chatelet and it bivouacked on the northern bank of the Sambre.

Wellington's earliest news and orders
The first intimation which the Duke of Wellington received on 15 June, of hostilities having commenced, was conveyed in the report already alluded to, as having been forwarded by General Zieten, shortly before 05:00, and as having reached Brussels at 09:00. It was not, however, of a nature to enable Wellington to form an opinion as to any real attack being contemplated by the French in that quarter. It simply announced that the Prussian outposts in front of Charleroi were engaged. It might be the commencement of a real attack in this direction, but it might also be a diversion in favour of an attack in some other direction, such as Mons.

Not long after 15:00, William, The Prince of Orange arrived in Brussels, and informed Wellington that the Prussian outposts had been attacked and forced to fall back. The Prince had ridden to the front at 05:00 in the morning, from Braine-le-Comte, and had a personal interview at Saint-Symphorien, with General van Merlen, whose troops were on the immediate right of the Prussians, who had retired. After having given van Merlen verbal orders respecting his brigade, the Prince left the outposts between 09:00 and 10:00, and travelled to Brussels to communicate to Wellington all the information he had obtained respecting the French attack upon the Prussian's advanced outposts.

Wellington did not consider this sufficient evidence to take any immediate steps; but, about an hour afterwards, around 16:30, General von Müffling, the Prussian officer attached to the British headquarters, gave Wellington a communication which had been despatched from Namur by Blücher at noon, conveying the intelligence that the French had attacked the Prussian posts at Thuin and Lobbes on the Sambre, and that they appeared to be advancing in the direction of Charleroi.

Wellington was fully prepared for this intelligence, though uncertain how soon it might arrive. The reports which had been made to him from the outposts, especially from those of the 1st Hussars of the King's German Legion, stationed in the vicinity of Mons and Tournai, gave sufficient indication that Napoleon was concentrating his forces. Wellington was determined to make no movement until the real line of attack should become manifest; and hence it was, that if the attack had been made even at a later period, his dispositions would have remained precisely the same.

Wellington at once gave orders for the whole of his troops to assemble at the headquarters of their respective Divisions and to hold themselves in immediate readiness to march. At the same time an express was despatched to Major General Dörnberg, requiring information concerning any movement that might have been made on the part of the French in the direction of Mons.

Wellington ordered the following movements:
 Upon the left of the Anglo-allied army, which was nearest to the presumed point of attack —  Netherlands 2nd Division (Perponcher's) and Netherlands 3rd  Division (Chassé's) were to be assembled that night at Nivelles, on which point British 3rd Division (Alten's) was to march as soon as collected at Braine-le-Comte; but this movement was not to be made until the French attack upon the right of the Prussian army and the left of Wellington's had become a matter of certainty. British 1st Division (Cooke's) was to be collected that night at Enghien, and to be in readiness to move at a moment's notice.
 Along the central portion of the army — British 2nd Division (Clinton's) was to be assembled that night at Ath, and to be in readiness also to move at a moment's notice. British 4th Division (Colville's) was to be collected that night at Grammont, with the exception of the troops beyond the Scheldt, which were to be moved to Audenarde.
 Upon the right of Wellington's army — 1st Netherlands Division (Stedman's), and Netherlands Indies Brigade (Anthing's) were, after occupying Audenarde with 500 men, to be assembled at Zottegem, so as to be ready to march in the morning.
 The cavalry were to be collected that night at Ninove, with the exception of the 2nd Hussars of the King's German Legion (Linsingen's), who were to remain on the look out between the Scheldt and the Lys; and British 3rd Cavalry Brigade (Dörnberg's), with the Cumberland Hussars (Hake's), which were to march that night upon Vilvorde, and to bivouac on the high road near to that town.
 The reserve was thus disposed —  British 5th Division (Picton's), the 2/81st British Regiment (Milling's), and 4th Hanoverian Brigade (Best's) — of 6th Division (Cole's), were to be in readiness to march from Brussels at a moment's notice.
 5th Hanoverian Brigade (Vincke's — of British 5th Division (Picton's) was to be collected that night at Hal, and to be in readiness at daylight on the following morning to move towards Brussels, and to halt on the road between Alost and Asse for further orders.
 Brunswick Corps (Frederick, Duke of Brunswick's) was to be collected that night on the high road between Brussels and Vilvorde.
 Nassau Brigade (Nassau 1st Infantry Regiment — Keuse's) was to be collected at daylight on the following morning upon the Louvain road, and to be in readiness to move at a moment's notice.
 The British Reserve Artillery (Drummond's) was to be in readiness to move at daylight.

Prince of Orange is informed
It was 22:00 when the first intelligence of the attack made by the French in the direction of Frasnes, was received at the Prince of Orange's headquarters, at Braine-le-Comte. It was carried by Captain Gagern, who, as previously mentioned (see above), had been despatched by Prince Bernhard of Saxe Weimar, with his report of the affair, to General Perponcher at Nivelles, and who was subsequently sent on by Perponcher, with this information to the Prince of Orange's headquarters. Lieutenant Webster, (aide-de-camp to the Prince of Orange), started soon afterwards for Brussels, with a report from the Dutch Quartermaster General, de Constant Rebecque, stating what had taken place, and detailing the measures which he had thought proper to adopt. These measures did not entirely coincide with the instructions as issued by Wellington that afternoon, because they were consequent upon the attack on Frasnes, with which Wellington at that time was unacquainted; but they were perfectly consistent with the spirit of those instructions, inasmuch as they were not adopted

The French advance along the Charleroi road had already been successfully checked at Quatre Bras, and the necessity of immediately collecting at this important point, the troops ordered by Wellington "to be assembled that night at Nivelles" was too obvious to be mistaken.

Wellington's second orders
A little before 22:00 on the same evening, a further communication reached Wellington from Blücher, announcing the crossing of the Sambre by the French Army of the North, headed by Napoleon in person. Intelligence from other quarters having arrived almost at the same moment and confirmed him in the opinion "that the Enemy's movement upon Charleroi was the real attack", at 22:00 Wellington issued the following orders for the march of his troops to their left:
 British 3rd Division (Alten's) to continue its movement from Braine-le-Comte upon Nivelles.
 British 1st Division (Cooke's) to move from Enghien upon Braine-le-Comte.
 British 2nd and 4th Divisions (Clinton's and Colville's)  to move from Ath, Grammont, and Audenarde, upon Enghien.
 The cavalry to continue its movement from Ninove upon Enghien.

Remarks on Napoleon's operations
In the opinion of the historian William Siborne the result of the proceedings on 15 June was highly favourable to Napoleon. He had completely effected the passage of the Sambre; he was operating with the main portion of his forces directly upon the preconcerted point of concentration of Blücher's army, and was already in front of the chosen position, before that concentration could be accomplished; he was also operating with another portion upon the high road to Brussels, and had come in contact with the left of Wellington's troops; he had also placed himself so far in advance upon this line that even a partial junction of the forces of the Coalition commanders was already rendered a hazardous operation, without first retreating back towards Brussels, and he thus had it in his power to bring the principal weight of his arms against the one, whilst, with the remainder of his force, he held the other at bay. This formed the grand object of his operations on the next day.

William Siborne was also of the opinion that however excellent, or even perfect, this plan of operation may appear in theory, still there were other circumstances, which, if taken into consideration, put the outcome in jeopardy for the French. Napoleon's troops had been constantly under arms, marching and fighting, since 02:00 in the morning, (the hour at which they broke up from their position at Solre-sur-Sambre, Beaumont, and Philippeville, within the French frontier) so they required time for rest and refreshment. They lay widely scattered between their advanced posts and the Sambre. Ney's forces were in detached bodies from Frasnes as far as Marchienne au Pont, the halting place of d'Erlon's Corps; and although Vandamme's Corps was in the Fleurus Woods, Lobau's Corps and the Imperial Guards were halted at Charleroi, and Gisraed's Corps at Chatelet. Hence, instead of an imposing advance, with the first glimmering of the dawn on 16 June, the whole morning would necessarily be employed by the French in effecting a closer junction of their forces, and in making their preparatory dispositions for attack. This interval of time was to be invaluable to the Coalition's generals, for it allowed them time to concentrate sufficient force to hold Napoleon in check, and to frustrate his design of defeating them in detail.

Given the inability of the Prussians to concentrate at Ligny before dawn on 16 June, if Napoleon had instilled more vigour in his corps commanders he could have destroyed the Prussian corps individually before they could concentrate or forced them to retreat away from Wellington's army, allowing him to turn on his other enemy. William Siborne compares the relative laxity of Napoleon's orders to Ney and his dispositions to that energetic perseverance and restless activity which characterised the most critical of his operations in former wars and concludes that to a very great degree, explain the failure of the campaign on the part of the French.

Instead what happened was that Napoleon did not advance towards Fleurus until around 11:30 on 16 June, by which time the Prussian I Corps (Zieten's), II Corps (Pirch II's), and III Corps (Thielemann's) were all concentrated and in position, and he did not commence the Battle of Ligny until nearly 15:00. Ney on his side, in consequence of his operations having been rendered subordinate to those of Napoleon, dallied and did not advance with any degree of vigour against Wellington's forces until around 14:30, by which time Wellington's reserve reached Quatre Bras, from Brussels, and joined the forces already engaged in the Battle of Quatre Bras.

Notes

References
  (Project Gutenberg)

Attribution

Further reading

1815 in France
Hundred Days
Waterloo campaign
History of Charleroi


title: Good Folk's Sunday

text:
Good Folk's Sunday () is a 1953 Italian comedy film directed by Anton Giulio Majano.

Plot
Several destinies are displayed as the soccer teams of Rome and Naples meet,  with Sophia Loren in one of the episodes.

Cast

Maria Fiore: Sandra
Sophia Loren: Ines
Renato Salvatori: Giulio
Vittorio Sanipoli: Conti
Ave Ninchi: Elvira
Alberto Talegalli: Clemente
Carlo Romano: Malesci
Mariolina Bovo: Marisa
Memmo Carotenuto: Amleto
Nino Manfredi: Lello
Turi Pandolfini: Priest
Piero Palermini: Pieri
Gisella Monaldi: Gisella
Alfredo Martinelli: Valli
Laura Tiberti: Maria
Eduardo Passarelli: Doorman
Nino Vingelli
Fiorenzo Fiorentini
Bice Valori
Rina Franchetti
Carlo Giuffrè
Antonio Acqua

References

External links

1953 comedy films
1953 films
Italian comedy films
Films directed by Anton Giulio Majano
Films scored by Nino Rota
Italian black-and-white films
1950s Italian films


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 7000

text:
The Rolls-Royce Trent 7000 is a high-bypass turbofan engine produced by Rolls-Royce, an iteration of the Trent family powering exclusively the Airbus A330neo.

Announced on 14 July 2014, it first ran on 27 November 2015.
It made its first flight on 19 October 2017 aboard on the A330neo.
It received its EASA type certification on 20 July 2018 as a Trent 1000 variant.
It was first delivered on 26 November,
and was cleared for ETOPS 330 by 20 December.

Compared to the A330's Trent 700, the  engine doubles the bypass ratio to 10:1 and halves emitted noise. Pressure ratio is increased to 50:1, and it has a  fan and a bleed air system.
Fuel consumption is improved by 11%.

Development

Announced on 14 July 2014 at the Farnborough Airshow, the Trent 7000 is the exclusive engine for the Airbus A330neo, succeeding the Trent 700 used for the Airbus A330.
It first ran on 27 November 2015 on a test bed in Derby.
Although the first two test engines were made in Derby, further test engines and production Trent 7000 is assembled in the Rolls-Royce Singapore facility.

In 2015 Rolls experienced development problems with the Trent 1000 TEN, and had to involve extra resources to support the on-time March 2017 787-10 maiden flight but it led to delaying the Trent 7000.
The first pair of engines were shipped to Airbus in June 2017.
It made its first flight on 19 October 2017 aboard its A330neo application, directly after ground testing which included altitude, icing, cross-wind, noise and cyclic testing in the USA, and endurance, operability and functional performance testing in the UK.

As it is based on the Trent 1000, it was feared that it could share its durability problems and that could deter buyers. However, Rolls-Royce's CEO Warren East said the 7000 was not affected by the Trent 1000 issues.

It received its EASA type certification on 20 July 2018.
It is certified as a Trent 1000 variant.
This was delayed from the initially planned first quarter of 2017.
At the time, ETOPS testing was halfway through as 3,000 engine cycles are planned, to be completed by early August.
The engine was then planned to be disassembled, examined and reported by the end of September, for an ETOPS certification in time for the year-end introduction.

By August 2018, quantity production was challenging and in October Rolls-Royce expected 500 large engines deliveries in 2018, down from 550.
Rolls confirmed 10 deliveries by the end of October, below the 30 needed for 15 A330neos deliveries by year-end.
The A330-900 was initially cleared for 180 min ETOPS with a limitation of 500 engine cycles for the first delivery to TAP Portugal
on 26 November.
Full ETOPS required an EASA approval plan with a 3,000 cycles validation test plus three simulated diversions followed by disassembly and examination before the end of December.
ETOPS 330 was secured by 20 December.

In 2019, Rolls-Royce delivered 106 Trent 7000s, up from eight in 2018, while it achieved a 99.9% dispatch reliability.

Design

Its architecture comes from the latest version of the Trent 1000, the TEN, using the A330's Trent 700 experience and technology from the Trent XWB.
The  engine doubles the bypass ratio and halves emitted noise compared to the Trent 700.
Maximum pressure ratio is increased to 50:1 from 36:1 and it has a bleed air system for environmental control and wing anti-icing.

Compared to the 20-year-older Trent 700 introduced in 1995, the Trent 7000 features a smaller fan hub and a larger fan — compared to . This doubles the bypass ratio from 5 to 10. It has the highest bypass ratio of any Trent engine.
The fan has 20 blades.

The overall pressure ratio increases thanks to Trent XWB core compressor technology, improving thermal efficiency. This is associated with a 200-Kelvin increase in internal temperatures; Thermally-coated high-pressure turbine blades are used instead of the more expensive ceramic matrix composites, which are used in the next Rolls-Royce engine generation, Ultrafan. The larger fan and higher bypass ratio require two more stages in the low-pressure turbine; the engine is heavier.
The Trent 700 weighs : while the Trent 7000 weighs ,  more.

Despite the additional weight and the extra drag resulting from the wider diameter, Rolls-Royce reported fuel consumption would improve by 11%.
Since bleed air is used instead of electrical power generation (as in the 787's Trent 1000), the IP accessory drive is less loaded and enables the high-pressure compressor to maintain stability at low power settings, improving low-speed fuel consumption for short-haul operations.
The engine features active turbine clearance control providing the optimal level of cooling air for different phases of flight.

At take-off, the fan displaces up to  of air per second, the jet nozzle velocity is almost  and each high pressure turbine blade generates around , rotating at 12,500 rpm with their tips reaching .
Rolls-Royce reports the engine is 10 dB quieter than the Trent 700.

Specifications

See also

References

External links

High-bypass turbofan engines
Trent 7000
2010s turbofan engines


title: Niali

text:
Niali is a Tehsil headquarter in Cuttack district of Odisha. It is famous for the shrine of Sobhaneswar, a Shiva Temple. Niali is situated at a distance of 42 km from Cuttack, the district headquarters.

Tourism

Sobhaneswar Mahadev temple is a 12th-century heritage site at Niali. The temple was built during the Ganga rule possibly during the last part of the reign of Anangbhima dev (1190–98). Details of this temple are chronicled in the archaeological section of Indira Gandhi centre for the Arts. There is an archaeological sculpture shed here by the state archaeological department. There is a huge sculpture of a bull in front of the temple said to be the largest in India.

Madhaba Temple is located at a distance of 8 km from Niali. The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. The significance of the temple is that Garuda (the carrier of Lord Vishnu) is worshipped here. Madhabananda Jew is said to be the maternal uncle of Lord Jagannath.

How to reach

Air

The nearest Airport is located at Bhubaneswar about 30 km from the town.

Rail

The nearest Railway stations from Niali are Bhubaneswar (30 km) and Cuttack (47 km)

Road

State Highway No. 60 connects Niali with Bhubaneswar via Phulanakhara and Cuttack. Niali is connected by road with Konark Sun Temple (35 km), Kakatpur Mangala temple (26 km) and Puri Jagannath temple (60 km).

Medical

Politics

Niali is an assembly constituency in Odisha legislative assembly. It is presently represented by Dr Pramod Kumar Mallick of Biju Janata Dal (BJD). Mallick won the seat thrice in a row on behalf of BJD in 2009, 2014 and 2019 elections. Earlier it was known as Govindpur constituency and was represented by Rabindra Kumar Mallick in 1990 and in 2004. Panchanan Kanungo won the seat in 1995 and 2000. Niali is part of Jagatsinghpur lok sabha constituency and presently represented by Dr Rajashri Mallick of BJD.

References
https://odishatourguide.com/offbeat_places/sobhaneswara-temple/

Cities and towns in Cuttack district
Cuttack


title: Abdoel Kahar Moezakir

text:
Prof. K.H. Abdel Kahar Moezakir or new spelling Abdul Kahar Muzakir (16 April 1907 – 2 December 1973), was chosen Rector Magnificus Islamic University of Indonesia for the first time with the name of STI during two periods – 1945–48 and 1948–60 – he was a member of the  Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK).

References

External links
 Profile on the official website of Islamic University of Indonesia.

1907 births
1973 deaths
BPUPK
Indonesian collaborators with Imperial Japan


title: List of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order appointed by Victoria

text:
The Royal Victorian Order is an order of knighthood awarded by the sovereign of the United Kingdom and several Commonwealth realms. It is granted personally by the monarch and recognises personal service to the monarchy, the Royal Household, royal family members, and the organisation of important royal events. The order was officially created and instituted on 23 April 1896 by letters patent under the Great Seal of the Realm by Queen Victoria. It was instituted with five grades, Knight Grand Cross (GCVO), Knight Commander (KCVO), Commander (CVO), Member (fourth class) and Member (fifth class), the last two of which were abbreviated to MVO. The two highest conferred the status of knighthood on holders; in 1984, the grade of Member (fourth class) was renamed Lieutenant (LVO), and holders of the fifth grade became Members. Women were not admitted until 1936; those receiving the highest two awards were styled Dames and those grades, when conferred on women, are Dame Grand Cross and Dame Commander (DCVO). The order could also be conferred on foreigners, who were typically appointed to honorary grades and were thus not entitled to the styles, such as Sir and Dame, associated with ordinary grades.

No limit was placed on the number of appointments which could be made. The first two appointments were to Queen Victoria's sons, Albert, Prince of Wales, and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, who both received the highest grade on 6 May 1896. The first honorary GCVO to be appointed was Arsène Henry, the Prefect of the Alpes Maritimes, France, two days later. Queen Victoria appointed 19 Knights Grand Cross, plus an additional 28 honorary Knights Grand Cross, between the order's institution and her death on 22 January 1901; of those 19, six were to Princes of the United Kingdom—her own children, grandchildren or other close relatives—and a further seven to those already holding a peerage.

The foreign appointments included 14 Germans, six Russians, two Frenchmen, and one Austro-Hungarian, Chinese, Dane, Egyptian, Montenegrin and Spanish citizens. The King of Spain, Emperor of Germany and Prince of Montenegro were among them, along with several German princes and courtiers from Russia and Germany. Five honorary appointments were made to mark the Coronation of Nicholas II of Russia in 1896 and four to mark the occasion of the German Emperor's visit to England in 1899.

Appointed by Queen Victoria
The list below is ordered by date of appointment. Full names, styles, ranks and titles are given where applicable, as correct at the time of appointment to the order. Branch of service or regiment details are given in parentheses to distinguish them from offices. The offices listed are those given in the official notice, printed in the London Gazette. Where applicable, the occasion is given that was listed either with the notices or in published material elsewhere, in which case that material is cited.

See also

 List of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order appointed by King Edward VII

References

Bibliography
 P. Duckers (2004), British Orders and Decorations (Princes Risborough: Shire Publications Ltd, )
 C. McCreery (2008), On Her Majesty's Service: Royal Honours and Recognition in Canada (Toronto: Dundurn Press; )
 W.M. Shaw (1906), The Knights of England, volume i (London: Sherratt and Hughes; OCLC 185192520)

Citations

British honours system
Royal Victorian Order
Queen Victoria
Royal Victorian