title: Chamaraja Wodeyar I

text:
Chamaraja Wodeyar I (Bettada Chamaraja; 1408 – 1459) was the second raja of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1423, right after his father's death, until his own in 1459. He was the elder son of Yaduraya.

Inheritance and expansion
He inherited a crown for which recognition and respect was growing amongst people. However, the realm the 24-year-old crown controlled had just taken the form of a principality and a young kingdom. Further, Mysore Kingdom was a subordinate power to the Vijayanagara Empire and wouldn't survive without aids and grants from the high command. When Chamaraja Wadiyar I ascended the throne, the Vijayanagara Empire, although prosperous and a militarily super power in India, was under political crisis, with successive and frequent assassinations of the Sangama emperors. His father also faced similar problems, owing to which the persistence of their own power was called into question at times. In spite of political uncertainty in the empire, Mysore saw slow but steady expansion by accession of unincorporated villages and towns in and around Mysore, both during Yaduraya and Chamaraja Wodeyar's reigns.

Soon after Chamaraja Wodeyar I's taking over power, Vijaya Bukka Raya died. However, his successor, Deva Raya II, proved to be an able politician as much as the administrator he was. Deva Raya, with Chamaraja Wodeyar I in Mysore, came to become the most powerful ruler in his time in India, and is regarded as the greatest ruler of the Sangama dynasty. Hence, Deva Raya II's reign, and transitively Chamaraja Wodeyar I's, is regarded as the golden era of South India under the Vijayanagara Empire.

Chamaraja Wodeyar took village-level organisations and other governing bodies beyond his domain under his control, without resorting to military action, thereby diplomatically accessing not only remote, uninhabited places, but also those with settlements. He is also noted for checking and containing the contempt of the remnant Dalvoys for the Vijayanagara Empire and the new Kingdom of Mysore.

Mysore establishment, perpetuity, and death
Chamaraja Wodeyar I died in 1459. He ruled under three emperors, Vijaya Bukka Raya briefly, Deva Raya II for the most part of his rule, and finally under Mallikarjuna Raya for nearly a decade. With his father's 24-year and his own 36-year reigns, Mysore had already come to be recognised as Vijayanagara Empire's prodigy and a potential successor in case of the Empire's disintegration, which, in the course of a century and a half, proved to be true. The focus had begun to shift on Mysore because of several reasons, some being royal-family-feud in Vijayanagara, interim emperors, and other incompetent subordinate rulers parallel to the Mysore rajas. However, after Deva Raya II's coming to power, both Vijayanagara and Mysore began to flourish in development.

See also
 Yaduraya
 Deva Raya II
 Wadiyar Dynasty
 Maharaja of Mysore
 Kingdom of Mysore
 Vijayanagara Empire

External links
 Mysore Palace and the Wodeyar Dynasty

1408 births
1459 deaths
Kings of Mysore
Chamaraja 01


title: Courage C60

text:
The Courage C60 was a Le Mans Prototype (LMP) racing car built by Courage Compétition in 2000, and used in international sports car races until 2006. A replacement for the Courage C52, it was Courage's first all-new prototype since the Courage C41 was built in 1994.

It was initially fitted with a 4-litre naturally-aspirated Judd GV4 V10 engine in 2000, and run by SMG Compétition. In 2001, Pescarolo Sport began using a 3.2-litre twin-turbocharged Sodemo-Peugeot A32 V6 engined version of the car, and the Peugeot-engined versions would prove to be the most successful. In 2004, Pescarolo redeveloped the C60 on their own, and replaced the Peugeot engines with 5-litre Judd GV5 V10s. In 2005, Courage ran two updated versions of the C60 (known as the C60 Hybrid, and using the Judd GV4 engines) as a factory effort; Pescarolo also updated their C60s into a similar Hybrid format, and took second at the 2005 and 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans, whilst also winning the Le Mans Series in both years.

In 2006, the all-new Courage LC70 was introduced by Courage, and Pescarolo introduced their 01 in 2007.

Design and development
In 2000, Courage Compétition introduced the C60 as a clean-sheet replacement for the Courage C52. Like its predecessor, the C60 was designed by Paolo Catone, and was the first all-new car since the Courage C41 was introduced. The C60 used a carbon fibre and aluminium honeycomb monocoque chassis, whilst its suspension consisted of double wishbones, pushrods and horizontally-located dynamic dampers. SMG Compétition were the first team to run the car, and their C60 was fitted with a 4-litre naturally-aspirated Judd GV4 V10 engine, In 2001, Pescarolo Sport began using the C60 and their C60s used a Sodemo-developed 3.2-litre twin-turbocharged Peugeot A32 V6 engine, capable of a claimed power output of . In 2002, André de Cortanze redeveloped the C60 into the C60 Evo, which notably featured an unusual brake duct system similar to that found on an open-wheel racing car at the front of the car, whilst the rear wing endplates were redesigned and the Peugeot A32 engine now produced a claimed output of . The endplates were further developed in 2003, whilst the engine's air restrictors were decreased in size from , resulting in the claimed power output decreasing to . In 2004, Pescarolo began running the car as a "Pescarolo C60" with a 5-litre Judd GV5 V10 engine, as Henri Pescarolo had further developed the C60. For 2005, Courage and Pescarolo both released redeveloped versions of the C60 for the new LMP1 regulations; both were designated as C60 Hybrids and used Judd engines. The Pescarolo version retained its Judd GV5 engine, with a claimed power output of , whilst the Courage version used the smaller  Judd GV4 engine, and featured a noticeably different rear wing. Courage introduced the new Catone-designed Courage LC70 in 2006 as the C60's replacement.

Racing history

2000–2001
The C60 made its debut at the 2000 Silverstone 500 USA Challenge, when SMG Compétition's Gary Formato and Philippe Gache used the car to take tenth place, and eighth in the LMP category. For the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Gache and Formato were to be joined by Didier Cottaz, but suspension failure after 219 laps forced the team to retire. SMG ran Cottaz and Gache at the 1000 km of Nürburgring, but an accident after 44 laps lead to the team's retirement.

For 2001, Pescarolo Sport replaced their C52s with the C60. Their first race with the C60 came at the 12 Hours of Sebring, with Jean-Christophe Boullion, Sébastien Bourdais and Laurent Rédon selected to drive the car; however, engine problems after 167 laps forced them to retire, and they were classified 25th overall, and seventh in class. At the 2 Hours 30 Minutes of Catalunya, Boullion and Bourdais completed 57 laps before another engine problem forced them to retire. For the 2 Hours 45 Minutes of Donington Park, Boullion partnered Rédon to fourth place, the fastest of the non-Audi entries. However, oil pump issues struck at the 1000 km of Monza, forcing Boullion, Rédon and Bourdais to retire. Three C60s were entered in the 2001 24 Hours of Le Mans; Pescarolo ran Boullion, Bourdais and Rédon in one car, and Emmanuel Clérico, Cottaz and Boris Derichebourg in another, whilst SMG ran Gache alongside Jérôme Policand and Anthony Beltoise in their C60. Only the Boullion/Bourdais/Rédon C60 finished (in 13th overall, and 4th in the LMP900 category), as the other Pescarolo car crashed out after 42 laps, and SMG's C60 succumbed to engine problems 9 laps later. Pescarolo Sport's next race with the C60 came at the 1000 km Estoril, where Boullion, Rédon and Derichebourg were able to take the car's first ever victory, although they had initially been disqualified for ignoring blue flags; Boullion and Rédon immediately followed this with another victory in their next race, which was the 2 Hours 30 Minutes of Magny-Cours. Boullion and Derichebourg finished the season off with second at the 2 Hours 30 Minutes of Nürburgring. Courage finished the American Le Mans Series (ALMS) season classified in sixth, whilst they took fifth in the FIA Sportscar Championship, and third in the European Le Mans Series (ELMS).

2002–2003
For 2002, Courage Compétition began running a factory team again (using a Judd-engined C60), whilst Pescarolo Sport continued with their Peugeot-engined C60. The 2 Hours 30 Minutes of Catalunya saw Courage's Thed Björk, Derichebourg and Cottaz take fifth overall, whilst Pescarolo's Boullion and Bourdais won the race. At the 2 Hours 30 Minutes of Estoril, it was Cottaz and Derichebourg who took second for Courage, whilst Boullion and Franck Lagorce finished fourth for Pescarolo. At the 2 Hours 30 Minutes of Brno, Cottaz and Derichebourg took another second for Courage, whilst Pescarolo did not compete. Three C60s were entered for the 2002 24 Hours of Le Mans; Courage selected Cottaz, Derichebourg and Björk to drive their car, whilst Pescarolo ran Boullion, Lagorce and Bourdais in one of their C60-Peugeots, and Stéphane Ortelli, Ukyo Katayama and Éric Hélary drove their other car. Although the C60 of Ortelli/Katayama/Hélary succumbed to engine trouble after 144 laps, the other Pescarolo-entered C60 finished tenth overall, and ninth in class whilst the Courage-entered C60 finished 15th overall, and 11th in class. Pescarolo reverted to a single-car entry for the 2 Hours 30 Minutes of Magny-Cours, which, with Bourdais and Boullion at the wheel, finished in second; the Courage-entered car, driven by Cottaz and Derichebourg, succumbed to electrical issues before completing a lap. Courage did not run their car again, whilst Pescarolo's Boullion and Lagorce took third at the 2 Hours 30 Minutes of Dijon, before Bourdais and Boullion finished the season with a victory at the 2 Hours 30 Minutes of Spa. Courage finished the season tied with Dome on 97 points in the SR1 Constructor's Championship, but lost the title to Dome as they had won a single race less.

Pescarolo started the 2003 FIA Sportscar Championship season with a victory at the 2 Hours 30 Minutes of Estoril, with Boullion partnering Stéphane Sarrazin in the C60. Like the previous year, three C60s were entered at the 24 Hours of Le Mans; Courage ran Jonathan Cochet, Jean-Marc Gounon and Stéphan Grégoire in their car, whilst Pescarolo ran Boullion, Sarrazin and Lagorce in one car, with Nicolas Minassian, Soheil Ayari and Hélary in the other. The three C60s finished seventh, eighth and ninth respectively, which equated to fifth, sixth and seventh in the LMP900 category. Pescarolo followed this result with a string of retirements at the 500 km of Monza, the 2 Hours 30 Minutes of Oschersleben and the 2 Hours 30 Minutes of Donington. The 1000 km of Spa saw a return to form, as Sarrazin and Lagorce took second, before Pescarolo ended the FIA Sportscar Championship season with a victory at the 2 Hours 30 Minutes of Nogaro (where Ayari replaced Sarrazin). Despite the mid-season slump, Pescarolo were still able to deliver Courage second in the SR1 Constructor's Championship. The final race of the C60's season came at the non-championship 1000 km of Le Mans, where Sarrazin, Lagorce and Bourdais took second place.

2004–2005

In 2004, Pescarolo Sport were the only team to use the C60, which they ran as the "Pescarolo C60". The team's first race came in the 1000 km of Monza, which formed part of the new Le Mans Endurance Series (LMES); here, Ayari and Emmanuel Collard took fourth overall, and were the fastest of the non-Audi entrants. For the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Collard partnered Bourdais and Minassian in one C60, whilst Ayari drove with Érik Comas and Benoît Tréluyer in the other. Although the C60 of Collard, Bourdais and Minassian succumbed to engine trouble after 282 laps, the Ayari/Comas/Tréluyer finished fourth overall, and fastest of the non-Audi runners once more. Hélary was selected to partner Ayari at the 1000 km of Nürburgring, and this time the pair brought the C60 home in fifth overall. Pescarolo's last race of the season came at the 1000 km of Spa, where Gounon and Ayari lasted nine laps before being forced to retire due to accident damage. Pescarolo finished the LMES season in fifth place, level on points with Team Jota.

In 2005, Courage Compétition began running their updated C60 Hybrid, whilst Pescarolo also updated their C60; the two teams were the fastest and second fastest respectively at the Paul Ricard test session. At the LMES season opener, which was the 1000 km of Spa, the Courage-entered car, driven by Cochet, Christian Vann and Alexander Frei was eliminated in a pit-lane accident, whilst the Pescarolo entry, driven by Bouillon, Collard and Comas finished second. For the 24 Hours of Le Mans, both teams entered two cars; Courage entered Frei, Vann and Dominik Schwager in one car, and Cochet, Shinji Nakano and Bruce Jouanny in the other, whilst Pescarolo ran Collard, Boullion and Comas in one of their C60s, with Ayari, Hélary and Sébastien Loeb in the other. One car from each team finished; Collard, Boullion and Comas took second for Pescarolo, whilst Schwager, Frei and Vann finished eighth for Courage. Both teams reverted to single-car entries for the 1000 km of Monza, which Collard and Boullion won for Pescarolo; the Gounon/Vann/Frei combination in the Courage finished sixth overall, and fourth in the LMP1 category. For the 1000 km of Silverstone, it was Frei, Vann and Cochet, driving for Courage, who were the fastest C60; they took 14th, and 13th in class, whilst Collard and Boullion had problems and finished 34th, and 17th in class. The 1000 km of Nürburgring saw Boullion and Collard take fourth for Pescarolo, whilst Frei and Cochet took eighth for Courage. At the final round of the season, which was the 1000 km of Istanbul, Collard and Boullion took another victory for Pescarolo, whilst the Courage of Gounon and Frei took 21st overall, and eighth in class. This result meant that Pescarolo had won their first ever team's championship, whilst Courage finished seventh.

2006
For 2006, Pescarolo were the only team to run the C60 in the newly-renamed Le Mans Series (LMS). Collard and Boullion started the season in exactly the same way they had finished the previous one, by winning the 1000 km of Istanbul in the Pescarolo C60 Hybrid. The 1000 km of Spa saw Collard and Boullion win again, despite starting the race from the pitlane after a crash in free practice. At the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Pescarolo entered two C60s, as usual; one driven by Hélary, Loeb and Franck Montagny, whilst the other was driven by Collard, Minassian and Comas. The Montagny/Hélary/Loeb car took second overall, beating one of the brand-new Audi R10 TDIs, whilst the other car finished fifth overall, and fourth in the LMP1 category. Having returned to the LMS, Collard and Boullion were joined by Hélary for the 1000 km of Nürburgring, and the trio took another win for Pescarolo. Didier André replaced Hélary in the final two rounds, which were the 1000 km of Donington and 1000 km of Jarama, and Pescarolo won both races to complete a clean sweep. As a result, Pescarolo retained the LMP1 team's championship with the maximum score possible. The C60 was made obsolete by the new LMP1 regulations for 2007, and thus was retired, and replaced by the Pescarolo 01.

References

Le Mans Prototypes
24 Hours of Le Mans race cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Mid-engined cars
Cars introduced in 2000
C60
Sports prototypes


title: Augustus Smith (priest)

text:
Augustus Elder Smith (17 October 1844 – 8 January 1916) was an Anglican priest who served in two senior leadership positions within the Diocese of Trinidad and Tobago during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Smith was educated at Codrington College, Barbados and ordained in 1868. He played in three first-class matches for the Barbados cricket team from 1864 to 1872. After a curacy at St Silas, Barbados he was Rector and Dean of Holy Trinity Cathedral, Port of Spain; and Archdeacon of Trinidad from 1902 until 1914.

He died on 8 January 1916 at West Kensington.

See also
 List of Barbadian representative cricketers

References

External links

1844 births
1916 deaths
Alumni of Codrington College
Deans of Trinidad
Archdeacons of Trinidad, North and South
Barbadian cricketers
Barbados cricketers
Cricketers from Saint Michael, Barbados


title: Timmaraja Wodeyar I

text:
Timmaraja Wodeyar I (Raja Appana Thimmaraja, 1433 –1478), was the third raja of the Kingdom of Mysore. At the age of 26, he was coroneted as the third raja of the Kingdom of Mysore following his father's death in 1459.

Corrupt high command
The beginnings of the terms of almost all the first five rajas of Mysore are similar in the sense that they represented the Vijayanagara Empire, and in the prosperity of the Vijayanagara Empire lied that of their Mysore Kingdom. Like his father and grandfather, soon after Thimmaraja's becoming Mysore's raja, his boss died. The inefficient and corrupt Vijayanagara Emperor Mallikarjuna Raya died. Both the Vijayaranagar Empire and Mysore Kingdom had begun to witness continual rule of kings. However, with the death of Mallikarjuna Raya, his cousin Virupaksha Raya II took the opportunity to seize the throne, though he failed to prove a better ruler. His rule continued through Thimmaraja's reign.

Beginning of threats to Vijayanagara from all corners
The Mughal rulers had occupied most of North India, ravaging through Hindu kingdoms one after another. Muhammad Shah Bahmani II of the Bahmani Sultanate had voraciously expanded his domain, beginning to march down South. His intimidation of Vijayanagara was imminent. To the empire's east was the Kalinga king Raja Purushottama Gajapati Kapilendra of Odisha. He successfully invaded parts of the empire, which Virupaksha could not keep in check. This was also the time the Portuguese arrived in India, marking the beginning of onslaught of European invasions. They began seizing ports from both the peripheries of southern India: present-day coastal Andhra and Karnataka. Virupaksha lost several ports to the Portuguese.

This was a reckoning for Mysore to contemplate and act swiftly. Before Thimmaraja could act strongly, he died in 1478, having served under two emperors: Mallikarjuna Raya and his cousin, Virupaksha Raya II. His 19-year kingship was akin to his forefathers' in terms of incorporating more villages and townships. However, stronger actions were called for during his last times.

See also
 Wodeyar dynasty
 Portuguese East India Company
 Bahmani Sultanate
 Maharaja of Mysore
 Kingdom of Mysore

External links
 Mysore Palace and the Wodeyar Dynasty

1433 births
1478 deaths
Kings of Mysore
Timmaraja I


title: Elect Mr. Robinson for a Better World

text:
Elect Mr. Robinson for a Better World is a 1993 novel by American author Donald Antrim. It is Antrim's first published novel.  The novel depicts the grisly, and occasionally surreal misadventures of a downsized schoolteacher, Pete Robinson, in a vaguely post-apocalyptic America.

Plot summary
As the novel opens, Pete Robinson is supervising the drawing and quartering of the town's mayor by four automobiles.  We learn that Pete Robinson is an expert in the history of torture, with special emphasis on the Inquisition, and that he was formerly an elementary schoolteacher before the local school system was entirely defunded.  Pete's ambition to run for mayor after resurrecting the local educational system under his own administration—and the thwarting of this ambition—are major elements of the novel's plot.  Other elements of the plot include Pete's thwarted attempts to bury pieces of the former Mayor's body in Egyptological rituals, and his wife Meredith's growing detachment as she becomes more involved in ichthyomorphic trances in which she transforms herself into a coelacanth, or ancient fish.

Style
The novel has no chapter breaks, and has been called a "picaresque of comic surrealism."  However Jeffrey Eugenides writes:
"'Dystopic' describes neither the madness nor the method here. The heart of Antrim's enterprise, the thing that allows him to make credible his wild surmises, is his keen insight into social and marital relations and his masterful linguistic skills. Antrim sketches his characters—Rotarians, tennis buffs, suburban moms, wayward teens—with indelible lines. They speak a perfectly rendered American argot. They go about their lives doing all the things comfortably domesticized Americans do. They attend potluck suppers, ogle one another's spouses, chauffeur children to appointments, borrow plumber's snakes, all in pursuit of happiness in a place where happiness can no longer exist."

References

American magic realism novels
Postmodern novels
Dystopian novels
Debut speculative fiction novels
1993 American novels
1993 speculative fiction novels
1993 debut novels


title: Gareth Graham

text:
Gareth Lee Graham (born 6 December 1978) is a Northern Irish retired footballer who played as a midfielder or right back. He began his career in the Football League at Crystal Palace, before transferring to Brentford in 1999. Upon his release from Brentford, Graham embarked on a nomadic career in non-League football. He represented Northern Ireland U21 at international level. He was known by the nickname "Ginge".

Club career

Crystal Palace
Graham began his career in his native Northern Ireland with Dungoyne Boys and Glentoran, before moving to England to join the youth system at Crystal Palace. He reached the final of the FA Youth Cup and won the Southern Junior Floodlit Cup with the youth team during the 1996–97 season and also made his debut for the reserve team. Graham signed his first professional contract in March 1997 and broke into the reserve team during the early part of the 1997–98 season.

A broken leg suffered in a Surrey Senior Cup match for the reserve team in late 1997 hampered Graham's progress. Graham returned to match play with the reserve team early in the 1998–99 season and to regain fitness, Graham and teammate Andy Martin joined Southern League Premier Division club Merthyr Tydfil on loan December 1998. He made his Crystal Palace debut away to Watford on 24 April 1999, as a substitute for Steven Thomson after 77 minutes of the 2–1 defeat. Graham failed to receive a call into the first team during the early months of the 1999–00 season and departed the club in October 1999.

Brentford
Graham joined Second Division club Brentford on loan on 28 September 1999 and the move was made permanent on 6 October. Following a loan at Southern League Premier Division club Crawley Town, Graham finally made his Brentford debut on 18 December, as a late substitute for Martin Rowlands in a 1–0 defeat to Wigan Athletic. Graham broke into the team on a regular basis in March 2000 and finished the 1999–00 season with 13 appearances.

Graham was out of favour under new manager Ray Lewington during the 2000–01 season, but a buildup of games in hand (due to bad weather and Brentford's run to the 2001 Football League Trophy Final) saw the squad stretched during the second half of the season and Graham was a regular unused substitute. He made his only appearance of the season as a late substitute for Jay Tabb in a 2–2 draw with Luton Town on 3 May 2001. Graham was released at the end of the 2000–01 season, after making just 14 appearances during his time with the Bees.

Non-League football
Aside from a spell in Iceland with Úrvalsdeild club ÍBV in 2002, Graham played in non-League football between 2001 and his retirement in 2014. He played the majority of his football in the Isthmian and Combined Counties leagues and his most notable spell was with AFC Wimbledon, with whom he won consecutive promotions during the 2003–04 and 2004–05 seasons. He had two spells with Croydon Athletic and four with Whyteleafe and captained both clubs. His last club was Lingfield, for whom he made the final appearance of his career early in the 2014–15 season.

International career
Graham won five caps for Northern Ireland at U21 level. He made his debut in a 1–1 1999 International Triangular Tournament draw with Scotland on 4 June 1999. He made three appearances during Northern Ireland's unsuccessful 2000 European U21 Championship qualifying campaign and the last of his caps came in a 2–1 defeat to Finland on 8 October 1999.

Personal life
Graham was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He lives in Croydon and works in film, media and entertainment insurance. He is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter.

Career statistics

Honours
AFC Wimbledon
Isthmian League First Division: 2004–05
Combined Counties League Premier Division: 2003–04

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Association footballers from Belfast
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Brentford F.C. players
Whyteleafe F.C. players
Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Lingfield F.C. players
AFC Croydon Athletic players
AFC Wimbledon players
Croydon Athletic F.C. players
Cray Wanderers F.C. players
Kingstonian F.C. players
Merstham F.C. players
Croydon F.C. players
Chipstead F.C. players
Chertsey Town F.C. players
Leatherhead F.C. players
Merthyr Tydfil F.C. players
Crawley Town F.C. players
Woking F.C. players
Margate F.C. players
English Football League players
Northern Ireland men's under-21 international footballers
Northern Ireland men's youth international footballers
Southern Football League players
National League (English football) players
Úrvalsdeild karla (football) players
Isthmian League players
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football fullbacks


title: LiveJasmin

text:
LiveJasmin (company name: JWS Americas S.à r.l.) is an adult website emphasizing live streaming and related services, typically featuring nudity and sexual activity ranging from striptease and dirty talk to masturbation with sex toys and full sexual intercourse. The models are predominantly female, though there are also a fairly large number of male models. Some are cisgender, while others are transgender. Some couples model together.

Founded in 2001 by György Gattyán, the website quickly rose to prominence during the early 2000s. It is one of the largest adult camming websites in the world, competing with American cam site Chaturbate and fellow European camsite BongaCams, based in The Netherlands.

History
The website was founded in 2001 as jasmin.hu, with a focus on the domestic Hungarian audience.

In 2003, the website experienced significant growth and eventually went global with Jasmin Media Group as its holding company.

In 2014, LiveJasmin started to advertise, producing a number of TV commercials. Two of their commercials were submitted to air during the 66th Primetime Emmys but were declined by CBS, allowing them to be posted online as "banned commercials".

In 2016, LiveJasmin created the first studio and model-oriented program, known as Jasmin Certified, in order to have exclusive content.

Awards and nominations

See also
Internet pornography
List of chat websites
List of most popular websites
List of video hosting services
Porn 2.0
 BongaCams
 Chaturbate
 MyFreeCams
 Stripchat

References

Adult camming websites
Internet properties established in 2001
Luxembourgian websites
Video hosting
Hungarian erotica and pornography websites


title: Chamaraja Wodeyar II

text:
Chamarajara Wodeyar II (Raja Hiriya Abiral Chamarajara Wodeyar II, 1463 – 1513) was fourth raja of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1478 until 1513.

Multiple superiors
Chamaraja Wodeyar II succeeded his father Timmaraja Wodeyar I after his death in 1478. He ruled for 35 years, and a long-reigning monarch was mandated for the kingdom's survival by looming peril of Mughal and European invasions. During his 35-year reign, Chamaraja Wodeyar II ruled as feudatory monarch under three families and eight emperors, surpassing all his forefathers in ruling under most emperors.

Quick roll-overs and insubordination within Vijayanagara
Soon after Virupaksha's death, Praudha Raya took over. Overpowered though he was, his subordinates exhibited insubordination. His own commander, his successor, and the founder of the Saluva dynasty, Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, seized power from him and ascended the throne. Mysore had remained obedient to the Sangama family from the time Mysore government was constituted nearly a century ago. This was also the case with other feudatory governors. Disgruntling grew right within the Saluva family after Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya lost a major portion of eastern Andhra to a long-time Vijayanagara opponent: Raja Purushottama Gajapati Kapilendra of Odisha. Other subordinate governors also began raising against Vijayanagara. After Deva Raya's death, his son Thimma Bhupala, who was enthroned, but was, within weeks, assassinated by a commander during political unrest in the capital Vijayanagara, which brought his brother, Narasimha Raya II, into power.

During Narasimha Raya II's minority, Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya's confidant and colleague, Tuluva Narasa Nayaka, also a commander, played his regent, suppressing/silencing all the supporters of the old Sangama dynasty, including Chamaraja Wodeyar II. Tuluva Narasa Nayaka's son, Tuluva Vira Narasimha, same as Narasimha Raya II in age, when both came of age, fell out on differences over right to the throne. Soon after Tuluva Narasa Nayaka's death, Narasimha Raya II was ostensibly assassinated by Tuluva Vira Narasimha's henchmen. This led to the ruling of Vijayanagara by the Tuluva dynasty.

Beginning of Mysore revolt
During all these developments, Chamaraja Wodeyar II had made minor profits in his rule, but mostly remained quiet about Vijayanagara, as did other feudal prefects. This obedience was further demanded by the growing power and might of Tuluva Narasimha Raya, who was 5 in wading off the northern Sultanates and other enemies. He defeated Yusuf Adil Khan of Bijapur Sultanate. However, over time, Chamaraja Wodeyar II, his chieftain in Ummattur, and other small political comptrollers rebelled against Tuluva Narasimha Raya, who, in his stead, placed Krishnadevaraya, and set South. In this conflict, the Portuguese joined hands with Tuluva Narasimha Raya, starting the first foreign intervention in Indian domestic affairs. The fallout of the battle was mixed. This introduced an air of insubordination amongst southern rulers and the empire. After Narasimha Raya's death in 1509, Chamaraja Wodeyar II again went silent to study the new emperor, Krishnadevaraya. However, in four years, Chamaraja Wodeyar II died at 50, in 1513, out of natural causes.

See also
 Wodeyar dynasty
 Tuluva dynasty
 Krishnadevaraya

1463 births
1513 deaths
Kings of Mysore
Chamaraja II


title: Jaltomata procumbens

text:
Jaltomata procumbens, the creeping false holly, is a plant species native to Arizona, USA, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. It grows as a weed in agricultural fields and other disturbed locations, but in many places the people protect it because of the edible fruits it produces.

Jaltomata procumbens is a spreading, trailing to ascending herb forming many shoots from a single root. Leaves are broadly lanceolate, up to 20 cm long, dark green. Flowers are rotate, pale yellow-green with darker green spots toward the center. Berries are dark purple, spherical, about 1 cm in diameter, with a strong scent resembling that of grapes (Vitis spp.).

Uses
The fruit has a pleasant taste and aroma and is prized as a food source by many peoples. The Tarahumara and Pima Bajo (Mountain Pima) peoples of the Sierra Madre Occidental of northwestern Mexico recognize the species when it grows in their agricultural fields, but protect it and encourage its growth. Many crop historians believe that many other species now recognized as crops began the process of domestication under similar circumstances, as volunteers in fields planted to other species.

References

procumbens
Flora of Mexico
Flora of Central America
Flora of Colombia
Flora of Venezuela
Flora of Ecuador
Edible plants
Berries
Taxa named by Antonio José Cavanilles


title: Secrets (Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson album)

text:
Secrets is a 1978 studio album by American vocalist Gil Scott-Heron and keyboardist Brian Jackson.

Release
Secrets was released in September 1978 by Arista Records. It was the duo's fifth album for the label. Secrets debuted at number 31 on the Billboard magazine's jazz chart on September 9, peaking at number 11 on September 23. The album reached number 61 on the Billboard 200. Like its predecessor Bridges, sales of Secrets were regarded as unimpressive and continued a gradual slide into commercial obscurity for Scott-Heron, who would eventually be dropped from Arista's roster in 1985.

The album's release was preceded by the single "Angel Dust" in July, later followed by "Show Bizness" in October. "Angel Dust" and "Show Bizness" reached numbers 15 and 83, respectively, on the Billboard Hot Soul Singles chart. According to Arista founder Clive Davis, the album was Scott-Heron's first since 1975's The First Minute of a New Day to reach the top 100 of Billboards top albums chart, while the single "Angel Dust" nearly became a hit. "Angel Dust" was Scott-Heron's most commercially successful single while he was signed to Arista between 1975 and 1985. Scott-Heron said the song's level of commercial success was comparable to his previous hits "The Bottle" and "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised".

After three decades out of print, the British label Soul Brother Records reissued the album on compact disc.

Music and lyrics
Compared to the duo's earlier works, Secrets introduces a synthesizer-heavy sound influenced by disco. Jackson first recorded with TONTO  the prior year on "We Almost Lost Detroit" for Bridges. On Secrets, Jackson took the band's sound in the direction of funk, away from the "Afro jazz vibe" found on earlier records like The First Minute of a New Day and From South Africa to South Carolina. Secrets also marked the first appearance of female backup vocalists as performers with the Midnight Band, and these same vocalists also played with the band on the ensuing tour.

Scott-Heron's lyrics on Secrets largely concern socially conscious political themes, in line with most of his works from the mid-to-late 1970s. However, his decision to double-down on directly political lyrics was somewhat at odds with the expectations of Arista executives, who desired a more commercially accessible direction and had begun scheduling his live act as an opener for chart-toppers like KC and the Sunshine Band and the Spinners. Meanwhile, Jackson strived for more extended musical explorations; though he agreed with Scott-Heron's political message, he felt musically restrained by the emphasis on lyrics. Speaking about the Secrets era in their career, Jackson said:

The songs on Secrets cover a variety of topics and social issues. "Angel Dust" takes on the topic of addiction, returning to a theme Scott-Heron had previously explored on "The Bottle". "Angola, Louisiana" tackles prison conditions in the United States. Taking its title from the Louisiana State Penitentiary's nickname "Angola", the protest song decries the wrongful imprisonment of Gary Tyler. At the time of his conviction, Tyler was the youngest person on death row. "Three Miles Down" is about the issue of coal mining safety, while "Madison Avenue" and "Show Bizness" critique the advertising and entertainment industries, respectively.

Critical reception

A review in Black Stars by Julie Ellis praised the album's lyrical storytelling, socially conscious messages, and broad appeal to pop, R&B, and jazz listeners alike; writing for the same magazine, Roy Betts said Secrets "exemplifies a real purpose—exploring the problems of the poor, the downtrodden, the people who seek refuge in drugs and not the betterment of their social condition." Reviewing for The Village Voice in 1979, Robert Christgau lamented the lack of hooks on songs such as "Third World Revolution" but appreciated "Show Bizness" for its "tribulations-of-stardom" theme and "educational refrain". Christgau's main point of praise was for Scott-Heron's political flair, writing that he "stokes the protest-music flame more generously than any son of Woody, and in sheer agitprop terms 'Angel Dust,' one of those black-radio hits that somehow never crossed over, is his triumph—haunting music of genuine political usefulness." People magazine appreciated the record's jazz sounds from Jackson and the Midnight Band, calling Secrets "another angry, robust collection of song-poems, this time exploring injustice, drug addiction and revolution".

Retrospective assessments have identified Secrets as a transitional work in the recording careers of Scott-Heron and Jackson, with mixed appraisals of its stylistic departures. Rashod Ollison of The Virginian-Pilot wrote that, with Secrets, Scott-Heron's "storytelling deepened and became more insightful and colorful" than it had been on his records for Flying Dutchman Records in the early 1970s, while Jackson's "innovative use of fat synthesized basslines ... presaged the G-Funk era of '90s West Coast hip-hop." Mark Sinker of The Wire found the use of synthesizers on the record "every bit as funky, smart and subtle as Wonder's or Gaye's or Kashif's", yet for Sinker the overall sound was "just not really happening somehow; feels soft-centered, losing the words their edge. Although suggesting that the words are as hard as ever maybe hits on another fault: they're so very much the same as ever." Tristan Bath of The Quietus said the record departed from the jazzy sound and Afrocentric themes of Scott-Heron and Jackson's previous recordings together in favor of "disco and futurist dance music tropes", a sonic detour that would grow "increasingly tacky and saccharine" on the duo's followup album, 1980.

Printed record guides have assigned Secrets positive scores, but typically place it within the lower range of Scott-Heron's discography. Dave Marsh rated the album three out of five stars for The New Rolling Stone Record Guide (1983), and Colin Larkin gave the same score in his Virgin Encyclopedia of 70s Music (2002). AllMusic assigned it three-and-a-half stars on its website and three stars in the print All Music Guide to Soul (2003), but omitted a review in both instances. Martin C. Strong's eighth edition of The Great Rock Discography (2006) provided a rating of 6/10, with a scoring system based on Strong balancing his own judgment against his impression of general critical consensus and reader feedback.

Legacy
In a 2010 interview promoting his final record, I'm New Here, Scott-Heron cited Secrets and Winter in America as "some of my best work", noting his preference for studio sessions when "there weren't a whole lot of people in the studio. Just a whole lot of good music got played, even if it was just a piano and a vocal or something like that." Reviewing Scott-Heron's career for Mojo, James Maycock noted that the success of "Angel Dust" had "helped [Scott-Heron, Jackson, and the Midnight Band] survive the decadent disco era whose insatiable appetite for the fluffy mangled most of their contemporaries' careers."

"Angola, Louisiana" was sampled by hip-hop group P.M. Dawn on the song "Paper Doll" from their 1991 debut album Of the Heart, of the Soul and of the Cross: The Utopian Experience. The album track "Better Days Ahead" was later reworked and released on Scott-Heron's 2014 posthumous compilation Nothing New.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

 Gil Scott-Heron – production, vocals, rhythm piano (tracks 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8)
 Brian Jackson – production, flute, piano, keyboard bass (synthesizer), TONTO synthesizer, drums (tracks 3 and 4)
 Malcolm Cecil – associate producer, production assistance, engineering, and mixing
 Lenny Peterzell – production assistance, engineering, and mixing
 Barnett "The Doctor" Williams – congas, Batá drums, assorted percussion
 Leon Williams – tenor saxophone (tracks 4 and 9)
 Harvey Mason – drums (tracks 2, 6, 7, and 8)
 Greg Phillinganes – electric piano, Polymoog synthesizer, TONTO synthesizer
 Alvin Taylor – drums (track 1)
 Ralph Penland – drums (tracks 5 and 9)
 Julia Waters – backing vocals
 Marti McCall – backing vocals
 Maxine Waters Waddell – backing vocals
Technical
 Donn Davenport – art direction
 Trevor Brown – photography

Charts

References

Bibliography

External links

1978 collaborative albums
Arista Records albums
Gil Scott-Heron albums


title: Chamaraja Wodeyar III

text:
Chamaraja Wodeyar III (29 September 1492 – 17 February 1553) was fifth raja of the Kingdom of Mysore and the last one to rule as feudal king under the Vijayanagara Empire. He reigned after his father's demise in 1513 until his death in 1553.

Reign under Krishnadevaraya
Chamaraja Wodeyar III ruled under four Vijayanagara emperors of the Tuluva dynasty. He began his kingship under Emperor Krishnadevaraya. Krishnadevaraya's rajaguru was Sri Vyasatirtha, a Mysore-born guru and philosopher. Further, the growing rebel against Vijayanagara was suspended by Chamaraja Wodeyar III's father, Chamaraja Wodeyar II in order to understand Krishnadevaraya first. Krishnadevaraya proved to be an extremely efficient ruler. He was inordinately knowledgeable. His reign focussed on all aspects of livelihood: arts and literature, culture, politics and business, and whatnot. Besides, his rule was justified by its benevolence, and hence none under him rose against him. He also defeated Yusuf Adil Khan's offspring Yusuf Adil Khan of the Bijapur Sultanate and annexed many Bahamani holdings.

After Krishnadevaraya
During the last days of Krishnadevaraya and after his time, his brother Achyuta Deva Raya took over, continuing in his brother's footsteps. He was succeeded by his son Venkata Raya. However, Venkata Raya's maternal uncle, Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala, had all claimants to the throne assassinated and usurped to power. He even went on to place the Bijapur Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah I in his place for seven days in defiance of Venkata Raya's supporters. This was too much for Vijayanagara's nobles to tolerate. This was also the apple of discord for all subordinate Hindu rulers, including Chamaraja Wodeyar III. After diplomatically convincing, Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala returned. But Venkata Raya's followers assassinated Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala and installed Achyuta Raya's nephew, Sadasiva Raya, with Krishnadevaraya's son-in-law Rama Raya as royal adviser, who played de facto emperor, and was strategically mediating among the Deccan Sultanates with the long-term intention of breaking them apart. During this period, Chamaraja Wodeyar came to begin questioning the authenticity of the Vijayanagara ruling family and what had become of it from the Sangama dynasty to the Tuluva family. He was queasy about bowing before the centre in Vijayanagara and had unofficially begun to undermine the centre's authority. He thought that it was not necessary any more for Mysore Kingdom to act as feudal lords but as allied friends. But before he could take a political stand, Chamaraja Wodeyar III died.

The Palace Fort
Chamaraja Wodeyar III constructed the fort of Mysore on the site of what was a village called Puragiri, whereupon today stands Mysore Palace. The place was named as 'Mysore Nagara'. This fort defined for the first time the seat and palace of the monarch of the Kingdom of Mysore. The fort has been built and rebuilt multiple times, like the palace itself it abuts, with the most recent in 1940, commissioned by Maharaja Jayachamaraja Wadiyar during the beginning of his reign.

Chamaraja Wodeyar III died on 17 February 1553.

See also
Wodeyar dynasty
Mysore Palace

References

1492 births
1553 deaths
Kings of Mysore
Chamaraja III


title: Pan African Federation of Filmmakers

text:
The Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (Fédération Panafricaine des Cinéastes, or FEPACI), formed in 1969 and inaugurated in 1970, is "the continental voice of filmmakers from various regions of Africa and the Diaspora", It focuses on promoting African film industries in terms of production, distribution, and exhibition.

Prehistory
At the forefront of the creation of FEPACI were individual film practitioners who were passionate about African cinema. In 1952, Paulin Vieyra and his friends formed a group called African Cinema, an informal body that had no legal status at the time. At the birth of African cinema, it was evident that the commitment of filmmakers to produce films was mainly for ideological, economic, and cultural development. Filmmakers and other African intellectuals organized themselves through unions, political parties, and writers' associations. Participating in a civil movement aimed at emancipating African cinema and other artistic formations from colonial-dominated structures The era played an important role in introducing film as a medium of expression and a transformational tool for achieving not only political freedom but cultural and ideological freedom as well.

In 1955, Africa was still largely under European domination. The fight for independence by colonized people took a new turn and tone, a new lexicon and vocabulary of intellectual thought was found in the speech against colonialism delivered in the 1950s by Aimé Césaire, Discours sur le colonialisme (Discourse on Colonialism), subsequently published in 1956 by Présence Africaine. Ideas expressed by African and Caribbean intellectuals about the role of the colonial enterprise in the disruption of African societies and the negation of their indigenous cultures became more succinct and radical.
The Bandung conference held in Indonesia in 1955 allowed for the first time the people of Africa and Asia to raise their voices further and beyond their continents, demanding the right to equal emancipation and freedom for their continents.

It was in the Second Congress of Black Writers and Artists, held in Rome in 1959, that a group led by Paulin Vieyra called for a resolution to develop art in Africa. The resolution stressed the need for African ownership of the means of expression, control of production, and strategic proprietorship of public platforms that disseminated the African story and its imagery. The resolution also requested that future congresses be accompanied by an African art festival. The resolution was implemented in April 1966 in Dakar, where the first World Festival of Black Arts was hosted. At this festival, 26 films from 16 African countries were screened. At the end of the festival, a resolution for creating an inter-African body of cinematography was made, led by the African Cinema Group. The headquarters of this body was to be in Dakar, and the office's mandate was to organize meetings of African cinema professionals, film directors, technicians, actors, and students from all over Africa to ensure a strong activist movement set to work collectively in the development and advancement of the audio-visual film industry.

Creating FEPACI
Tunisia created the Carthage Film Festival in 1966. Three years later, in 1969, FEPACI, a continental body, was formed and inaugurated in 1970. The African Cinema group, led by Paulin Vieyra, helped to lay the groundwork at the Pan African Cultural Festival held in Algiers in 1969 for the establishment of the Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI).

Secretaries General
The first FEPACI Secretary General elected was Senegalese Ababacar Samb Makharam in the 1970s, succeeded by Mahama Johnson Traoré and then Gaston Kaboré. After the Congress in 1997, FEPACI started transitioning away from a conference of national organizations, with Pierre Rouamba as a chair of the interim committee tasked to reformulate the constitution. In 2001 the 7th congress of FEPACI adopted the new constitution, and Jacques Behanzin was voted secretary general. He was succeeded by Mrs. Seipati Bulane-Hopa; the incumbent secretary general Mr. Cheick Oumar Sissoko was elected at the 2013 Congress.

FEPACI remains a unique organization with no equivalent in either Europe, America, or Asia. It reflects the commitment of anti-imperialist filmmakers who drafted the Charter of Algiers as a token of their struggle against colonialism. This Charter was adopted unanimously on January 18, 1975, at the Second Congress of the FEPACI in Algiers.

Policies and results
FEPACI policies were driven by a "political militancy" that waged ideological warfare against cultural imperialism and the political and economic subversion of Africa. This militancy was led by film pioneers who were not only vocal about the status quo but who made films that interrogated and challenged Africa's leadership, scrutinizing their ability and capacity to govern in a just and accountable manner.

FEPACI's achievements include:
 The establishment of the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO).
 The drafting and adoption of The Algiers Charter on African Cinema in 1975 and the Niamey Manifesto of African Filmmakers in 1982.
 The issuing of the Final Communiqué of the First Frontline Film Festival and Workshop in Harare, Zimbabwe, in 1990.
 The establishment of the Southern African Film Festival (SAFF) that was organized as the First Frontline Film Festival in Harare in 1990.
 The issuing of the Statement of African Women Professionals of Cinema, Television, and Video, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, in 1991 and the establishment of UPAFI, The Union of African filmmakers.
 The establishment of the magazine/journal Ecrans d'Afrique (African Screens) in collaboration with the Centro Oriamento Educativo (COE) in Milan, Italy, around 1993.
 The Distribution Workshop in Victoria Falls and the founding of the Southern African Broadcasters Association in 1993
 Contribution to the founding of SITHENGI (now defunct) in 1994 and the publication of the book in celebration of a centenary African Cinema L’Afrique et le Centenaire du Cinéma (Africa and the Centenary of Cinema) in 1995
 The founding of the Zanzibar International Film Festival (ZIFF) in 1995–96.
 The Agreement by African Heads of State in Maputo on the principle of the establishment of the Audio Visual and Cinema Committee in 2003
 The First African Film Summit was hosted in collaboration with the South African Department of Arts and Culture and the National Film and Video Foundation (NFVF) in Tshwane South Africa, in April 2006.
 Martin Scorsese's Film Foundation World Cinema Project, UNESCO and FEPACI sign a letter of agreement formalizing their partnership on the African Film Heritage Project, a joint initiative to preserve African cinema initiated by Martin Scorsese.

FEPACI has observer status with the Organization of African Unity and, as a non-governmental organization (NGO), representation with UNESCO and other international bodies, among them the inter-governmental agency of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Arab League and the European Union.

Militancy and thematic and aesthetic choices
What was the impact of aesthetic choices of films made during this period?

Films such as Afrique-sur-Seine, Borom Sarret and Black Girl (1966) that were shot in the first decade of independence were precursors of militant and radical filmmaking whose content and themes were aligned to the spirit of the Charter of Algiers. During this period of political activism - except for Ousmane Sembène, who recalls his film Emitaï (1971), the resistance of peasants and farmers in Casamance to requisitioning of rice during the Second World War - few filmmakers were interested in making films on resistance and colonialism – while filmmakers in the Maghreb or Arabic countries were focused on that genre. Most films shot in black francophone Africa were characterized mainly by social disputes, which illustrated themes that spoke of social ills and difficulties common in films such as Borom Sarret (1963, by Ousmane Sembène), regarded as the first short film to denounce neo-colonialism. In his 1974 film Xala Sembène juxtaposes tradition and modernity.

Djibril Diop Mambety's Touki Bouki (1972) marked a break with the narrative form of classical films of this period and was seen as among the most militant. The time for questions and the crisis The awakening of conscientious filmmakers to renew their activist past was supported by the revolutionary regime of Burkina Faso headed by Captain Sankara in 1983. The third FEPACI congress was held on the ninth edition of FESPACO in 1985. The FEPACI headquarters was moved to Ouagadougou, and filmmaker Gaston Kabore was appointed to the post of Secretary General and remained there until 1997. Gaston Kabore restored the Film Federation.

While support came from Burkina Faso, a more substantial one came from the European Union, which financed a plan to revive the African Cinema and the production of African films. FEPACI's ensuing collaboration with Latin American filmmakers during Gaston Kaboré's custodianship allowed filmmakers to train in Cuban schools. The visibility of African cinema was further made greater at the Cannes Festival, also via the publication of the cinema magazine Ecrans d'Afrique, which was produced with the support of the Italian NGO Centro Orientamento educativo (COE).

In terms of thematic and aesthetic genres, cinema in Africa matured further during the mid-1980s to late '90s and attracted international screens with films such as Yeelen (1987), Wend Kuuni (1982), Bal Dust (1988), Tilaï (1989), Yaaba (1989), Hyenas (1992), and Sankofa (1993). However, it was during this period that FEPACI had to assess the economic crisis and creative impact the lack of funds for films had on the developing production sector had on making African films. The crisis can be traced back to 1980 during the severance tax subsidies from French cinemas by the French ministry of cooperation which, before the cut, had helped with the production of films.

The combined effects of the failures of national distribution organizations and CIDC-CIPROFILM (Consortium interafricain de distribution cinématografique - Centre interafricain de production des films), the lack of funding policies at state levels, the socio-political and economic changes (including the devaluation of the CFA franc in 1994) that occurred in the early 1990s and contributed to diminishing the collective commitment and also the political activism. In the mid-1990s a proliferation of a group of filmmakers formed private productions and associations aimed at complementing the aims of FEPACI.

Among them were:
 UCECAO (Union of Creators and Entrepreneurs of the Cinema and Audiovisual Industries of Western Africa) in Mali (1995),
 The Guild of African Directors and Producers (by established film-makers in the diaspora in Paris) in 1998
 ARPA (Association of Producers African directors created in 2001 in Ouagadougou) and others.

Since the last congress in 2001, FEPACI hopes for a rebirth of a powerful FEPACI again, a renaissance of the organization that proves the vision began African cinema to advance, develop and grow the audio-visual cinema industry is not over. FEPACI today remains inspired by the great militant spirit borne by pioneer filmmakers in the Charter of Algiers to further the vision of creating a viable and sustainable audiovisual environment in Africa.

Development of FEPACI throughout its Congresses
On February 28, 2001, filmmakers gathered in the Dassasgho suburb of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, to reconstitute the Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI), it was the Seventh Congress of the Federation. The Sixth Congress in 1997 had mandated a committee to make a study of the status of the audio-visual industries and contextualize the constitution of FEPACI. It took four years before the next new constitution was presented, so it went to Congress. It was a Congress that marked a major transformation of the nature of the Federation.

Whereas the founding constitution of FEPACI was open only to the national association of filmmakers within the continent, the new constitution allowed for individual membership, related industries, and associations as well as those in the global African diaspora. Although the 2001 constitution was a major change to the structure of the organization, FEPACI had several strategic and principle re-adjustments following trends and developmental challenges of the time on the continent.

The formation of the federation in 1969 was more of a consolidation of filmmakers' efforts to create a film industry in the continent. Most of the filmmakers were driven by an anti-colonial spirit of the time. Having a profound understanding of the power the medium at their hands had to influence and shape the minds, they immediately aligned themselves as a sister body to the continental body Organization of African Unity (OAU) that was formed in 1963 to promote the unity and solidarity of African countries, to defend the sovereignty of members to eradicate all forms of colonialism, to coordinate and harmonise Member States economic, educational, scientific policies among others. As with the case of the OAU membership to FEPACI was open only to the National Association of Filmmakers. Filmmakers had to unify themselves within their country of origin to take membership of FEPACI the exception to this rule was for those filmmakers who were in "occupied" or "troubled" countries - a condition (status) the late Lionel Ngakane (Doctor - honoris causa) was under for a very long time due to Apartheid, and its racial policies.

The development of the Pan African Federation of Filmmakers – La Federation Panafricaine des Cineastes (FEPACI) – has been closely related to attempts at developing the film industry in the continent, and there were success stories in some Francophone countries. Affected by the lack of national and international industries, non-existent structures of production, distribution and exhibition, filmmakers would discuss their material condition looking at their individual and national battles at various art and cultural forums that were organized by some of their governments. They would look at finding workable solutions and getting their respective national governments' intervention.

For an organization with more than 40 years of existence, FEPACI has had very few General Congresses. Perhaps this is because of how FEPACI was founded, from deliberations of cultural industry thinkers. This also reflects the nature of the organization as a self-conscious organization that involves a constant reflection upon itself to be at par with the rapid changes in technologies and trends in the overall discipline of the "seventh art" within the cultural industries.

Every Congress of FEPACI has been necessitated by a need to refocus the federation on politico-socio and economic principles with the milieu at the time, whether internal or external.

 1969 Algiers, Algeria: FEPACI is formed; it is inaugurated in 1970 as Le Federation Panafriçaine des Cineastes in Carthage, Tunisia
 1975 Algiers, Algeria: the meeting that was referred to as the 2nd Congress. The discussion was the future of African Cinema.
 1982 Niamey, Niger: 3rd Congress of FEPACI. which formulated what came to be known as "Le Manifeste de Niamey"
 1985 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: 4th Congress of FEPACI, referred to as the re-foundation of FEPACI.
 1993 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: 5th Congress of FEPACI and the longest that made filmmakers miss viewing films during the FESPACO Film Festival.
 1997 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: 6th Congress of FEPACI. Filmmakers requested a more relevant constitution that reflects the state of production of African cinema and where producers live as some had moved to the Diaspora, so they could not be expected to affiliate to National Associations in the continent.
 2001 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: 7th Congress, the new constitution of FEPACI is adopted.'''
 2006 Tshwane, Republic of South Africa: 8th Congress of FEPACI. Congress was held after the first African Film Summit. The Summit delegates unanimously endorsed FEPACI as the sole representative body of the interest of African filmmakers in Africa and in the Diaspora at a continental level and recommended that: the secretariat is separated from the Head Office and should be accommodated wherever it is possible every four years in order to facilitate both the activities and needs of its members. It was moved to South Africa, where it was hosted through the support of the South African government. The Head Office remains in Burkina Faso.
 The Constitution/ statutes of FEPACI were to be reviewed and amended.
 FEPACI be strengthened in terms of its capacity and means to deliver on its mandate in a transparent and accountable manner
 FEPACI to facilitate unity among African filmmakers
 2013 Sandton, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa: 9th Congress of FEPACI

The Congress of FEPACI always takes a very critical introspective outlook on the state of the organization and the state of the industry throughout the continent, hence the theme "Film Making in the 21st century, a contribution to a sustainable economy", a theme that reflects where audiovisual industries as we know them now have developed from.

References

African cinema
Film organizations


title: SS Georgic (1895)

text:
The SS Georgic was a steam ship built by Harland and Wolff for the White Star Line to replace the  which was lost at sea. Georgic was a cargo ship designed principally to carry livestock, at the time of entering service in 1895 she was the largest cargo ship in the world with a deadweight tonnage of 12,000 tons.

Career
Georgics maiden voyage took place on 8 August 1895. Her large size soon became a problem as it restricted her usage to the North Atlantic for most of her career, mostly operating between the UK and New York. From October 1909, along with the  and , she was transferred to the service to Australia, calling at Adelaide and Sydney.

Incidents
The Georgic had a somewhat accident-prone career; she twice collided with the dock entrance at Liverpool, on 23 May 1896 and 5 August 1901.

On 10 March 1902, she collided with barque Oakhurst at Liverpool, the latter being badly damaged as a result.

On 18 January 1903, she collided with the British steamer SS Saxon King off Flemish Cap, although it was the Saxon King which rammed Georgic from the side, the former ship bore the brunt of the damage.

on 21 March 1904, she collided with the SS Kalabia in St George's Channel, both ships made Liverpool safely.

On 26 November 1908, she rammed the US owned SS Finance in fog off Sandy Hook. The latter sank with the loss of four lives.

World War I
After the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Georgic was used to ship horses and mules and other cargo from the United States for use on the Western Front by the Allies. On 3 December 1916, she left Philadelphia for Liverpool with a cargo of 1,200 horses, 10,000 barrels of oil and a large consignment of wheat intended for the Allies. One week later on 10 December when she was 590 miles south-east of Newfoundland, she was intercepted by the German merchant raider  which was disguised as a Swedish merchant ship. After the crew of 142 were taken off the ship, explosive charges were placed on board Georgic by the crew of the Möwe, and she was scuttled with her cargo of 1,200 horses still on board. Georgic was the largest ship sunk by the Möwe.

See also
MV Georgic (1931)

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20120531153244/http://www.red-duster.co.uk/WSTAR6.htm
http://www.titanic-titanic.com/georgic_1.shtml
http://smsmoewe.com/ships/smsms25.htm

1895 ships
Ships built in Belfast
Ships built by Harland and Wolff
Ships of the White Star Line
Steamships
Maritime incidents in 1916
World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean


title: Mike Lewis (arena football)

text:
Michael Lewis (born August 15, 1984) is an American football Defensive end who is currently a free agent. He was signed by the Albany Conquest as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at Adrian College.

College career
Lewis starred for the Adrian College Bulldogs football team for four years. He originally went to Adrian to be a running back, but after a position switch, he posted the three best sack seasons by a Bulldog and owns the Adrian record for sacks in a single game (4). His 40.0 career sacks and 61.0 tackles for loss are career records. As a senior in 2005, Lewis was named the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association (MIAA) Defensive MVP.

Professional career

Early career
Lewis' first year out of college he played semi-pro football with the Michigan (Flint) Admirals of the North American Football League under coach Don Mathews before receiving an offer to join the Albany Conquest of Arena Football 2. After two seasons with the Conquest, Lewis joined the Peoria Pirates for the 2009 season.

Iowa Barnstormers
Lewis moved up to Arena Football 1 with the af2 folded, joining the Iowa Barnstormers.

Utah Blaze
Lewis moved out west and joined the Utah Blaze in 2011. His sack total earned him 5th place in the league, and earned him a Second Team All-Arena selection. He returned to the Blaze in 2012.

Return to Iowa
Lewis returned to the Barnstormers in 2013, reuniting him with head coach Mike Hohensee, whom had coached him in Peoria. Lewis continued his great sacking ability, moving up the AFL record books for career sacks. Lewis became the 1st player in Arena Football League history to have double digit sacks in three straight seasons (2011-2013).

Las Vegas Outlaws
Lewis joined the Las Vegas Outlaws in 2015.

Orlando Predators
On October 16, 2015, Lewis was assigned to the Orlando Predators.

Los Angeles KISS
On May 24, 2016, Lewis was traded to the Los Angeles KISS for Logan Harrell and John Martinez. Lewis finished his Arena Football League career as the only player in the history of the league to have 3 straight seasons with double digit sack totals. Finished #2 on the Arena Football All Time Quarterback Sacks list.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
Arena Football League bio

1984 births
Living people
American football defensive ends
Adrian Bulldogs football players
Albany Conquest players
Peoria Pirates players
Iowa Barnstormers players
Utah Blaze players
Las Vegas Outlaws (arena football) players
Orlando Predators players
Los Angeles Kiss players


title: Music for Robots (EP)

text:
Music for Robots is a collaborative project composed by Squarepusher and performed by the three robots that comprise the Z-Machines, released on 7 April (8 April in North America) 2014.

Having been approached by the team of Japanese roboticists behind the three Z-Machine robots to compose music for the project in 2013, Squarepusher composed the piece "Sad Robot Goes Funny" which was used in a film of the robots performing directed by Daito Manabe - available to watch on YouTube.

Following the success of the initial piece of music, Squarepusher went on to compose and record the additional four pieces that make up the Music for Robots EP.

Track listing

Charts

References

Warp (record label) EPs
Squarepusher EPs
2014 EPs


title: Susumu Nakanishi

text:
is a scholar of Japanese literature, particularly of the Man'yōshū.

Overview

He is the honorary president of the Nara Prefecture Complex of Manyo Culture, president of the Koshinokuni Museum of Literature, and has been a guest lecturer at Princeton University.

In 1970 he was awarded the Japan Academy Prize for his research in comparative literature and the Man'yōshū, and in 2013 he received the Order of Culture. He has been called "probably the greatest living scholar of the Man'yōshū in Japan".

References

1929 births
Japanese literature academics
Living people
Man'yōshū
Persons of Cultural Merit
Recipients of the Order of Culture
University of Tokyo alumni


title: Daniel Edwin Rutherford

text:
Daniel Edwin Rutherford FRSE (4 January 1906, in Stirling – 9 November 1966, in St Andrews) was a Scottish mathematician, known for his work on the representation theory of symmetric groups.

Biography
Rutherford completed his secondary education at Perth Academy in 1924 and then, with the aid of a bursary, he went to the University of St Andrews, where he received his B.Sc. in 1927 and his M.A. in 1928 in mathematics. Upon the advice of Herbert Turnbull, Rutherford did his graduate work at the University of Amsterdam, where he wrote a doctorandus thesis under Roland Weitzenböck. Rutherford's dissertation was published in 1932 as Modular Invariants in the Cambridge Tracts. He became an assistant lecturer at the University of Edinburgh and then an assistant lecturer at the University of St Andrews, where he in 1934 was promoted to "Lecturer in Mathematics and Applied Mathematics" and given the task of building up the department in applied mathematics. At St Andrews, he received in 1949 a D.Sc. and then became in 1952 a reader and in 1964 a professor in the Gregory Chair of Applied Mathematics. His research specialty was algebra and in particular the representation theory of symmetric groups. His most famous book, Substitutional Analysis (1948), presents his research on the Young tableaux of Alfred Young. Rutherford published some research on numerical methods in fluid dynamics. He was the author of 3 books on pure mathematics and 3 books on applied mathematics and also the coauthor of a textbook on elementary abstract algebra.

In 1934 Rutherford was elected a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Herbert Turnbull,  Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker, Edward Copson and Geoffrey Timms. He won the Society's Keith Medal in 1953. In 1966 he (posthumously) won the Makdougall Brisbane Prize. He was survived by his widow and two daughters.

Publications

with E. M. Patterson:

References

External links

1906 births
1966 deaths
20th-century  Scottish mathematicians
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Academics of the University of St Andrews
People from Stirling
University of Amsterdam alumni


title: Ragnar Rump

text:
Ragnar Rump (born 12 September 1991) is an Estonian football and futsal and beach soccer player. He plays the position of defender.

International career
Rump was a member of Estonia national futsal team.

In 2013 he debuted in Estonia national beach soccer team.

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Estonian men's footballers
Estonian men's futsal players
Estonian beach soccer players
JK Tallinna Kalev players
Meistriliiga players
FC Puuma Tallinn players
Men's association football defenders
People from Raasiku Parish


title: Falseuncaria aberdarensis

text:
Falseuncaria aberdarensis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Kenya.

The wingspan is 11–13 mm. The forewings are greyish white, suffused with fuscous. The hindwings are brownish grey.

References

Endemic moths of Kenya
Moths described in 2010
Cochylini
Taxa named by Leif Aarvik


title: ATLA: All This Life Allows, Vol. 1

text:
ATLA: All This Life Allows, Vol. 1 is the second studio album by American rapper Stat Quo. The album was released on February 25, 2014, under his independent label ATLA Music.  It was preceded by Stat Quo's first studio album Statlanta (2010). The album's production was handled by DeUno, Amir Perry, A.O., Steve Esterfern, Ty Cutta, Bink, LT Moe, Tone Mason and Dr. Dre.  It also features guest appearances from Stoney Brown, Sha Sha, Dre (of Cool & Dre), Scarface and Devin the Dude. The album was promoted by four singles: "Michael", "Trillion" featuring Dre, "OutKast" and "That's Life, Pt. 1".

Singles
On September 9, 2013, Stat Quo released the first single "Michael" (a tribute to Michael Jordan, Mike Tyson, & Michael Jackson) and confirmed it to appears as a bonus track. It was produced by Tone Mason.

On December 16, 2013, the second single titled "Trillion" was released. It features Dre from production duo Cool & Dre and was produced by Tone Mason who also produced "Michael", the album's lead single.

On December 20, 2013, "OutKast" was released as the third single. The song was produced by DeUno and  pays homage to Atlanta rap group Outkast.

Stat Quo released the album opener "That's Life, Pt. 1" as the album's fourth single on January 6, 2014.  The single was produced by Bink.

Track listing

References

2014 albums
Stat Quo albums
Albums produced by Bink (record producer)
Albums produced by Dr. Dre
Albums produced by Tone Mason


title: Henning Graf Reventlow

text:
Henning Graf Reventlow, full name Henning Lothar Gert Count Reventlow (September 22, 1929 – September 9, 2010) was a German Protestant theologian, Old Testament scholar and university professor. He wrote numerous books on religion. His book The Authority of the Bible and the Rise of the Modern World was translated into English by John Bowden and won the Schlegel-Tieck Prize.

Works in English
 History of Biblical Interpretation, Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009–2010.
 Vol. 1. From the Old Testament to Origen, translated by Leo G. Perdue
 Vol. 2. From Late Antiquity to the End of the Middle Ages, translated by James O. Duke
 Vol. 3. Renaissance, Reformation, Humanism, translated by James O. Duke
 Vol. 4. From the Enlightenment to the Twentieth Century, translated by Leo G. Purdue.

References

20th-century German Protestant theologians
German male non-fiction writers
1929 births
2010 deaths


title: Haunted Heart (Renée Fleming album)

text:
Haunted Heart is a jazz album by Renée Fleming with pianist Fred Hersch and guitarist Bill Frisell.

The title track is a 1948 song by Arthur Schwartz (music) and Howard Dietz (lyrics) which was the main hit from the musical revue Inside U.S.A..

Track listing
Haunted Heart – Howard Dietz, Arthur Schwartz
River – Joni Mitchell
When Did You Leave Heaven? – Walter Bullock, Richard A. Whiting
You've Changed – Bill Carey, Carl Fischer
Answer Me – English lyrics by Carl Sigman, original German song by Gerhard Winkler and Fred Rauch
My Cherie Amour – Henry Cosby, Stevie Wonder
In My Life – John Lennon, Paul McCartney
The Moon's A Harsh Mistress – Jimmy Webb
Wozzeck - Alban Berg / Improvisation - Fred Hersch / The Midnight Sun – J. Francis Burke, Lionel Hampton
Liebst du um Schonheit (Rückert Lieder No. 5) Mahler
My One and Only Love – Mack Gordon Robert Mellin / This Is Always - Harry Warren, Guy Wood
Cançao do Amor, for voice & orchestra (arranged from :pt:A Floresta do Amazonas), A. 546 Dora Vasconcellos, Heitor Villa-Lobos
Psyché – Emile Paladilhe
Hard Times Come Again No More – Stephen Foster

Charts

References

2005 albums
Renée Fleming albums


title: Yoshiharu Osaka

text:
is a Japanese instructor of Shotokan karate.
He has won the JKA's version of the world championships for kata on four occasions. He has also won the JKA All-Japan championships for kata on six occasions and for kumite on two occasions.

Biography

Yoshiharu Osaka was born in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan on 8 September 1947. He studied at Takushoku University. His karate training began during his first year of high school.

Competition
Yoshiharu Osaka has had considerable success in karate competition.

Major tournament successes
26th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1983)  - 1st Place Kata
4th IAKF World Karate Championship (Egypt, 1983)  - 1st Place Kata
25th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1982)  - 1st Place Kata
24th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1981)  - 1st Place Kata
3rd IAKF World Karate Championship (Bremen, 1980)  - 1st Place Kata
23rd JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1980)  - 1st Place Kata
22nd JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1979)  - Tournament Grand Champion; 1st Place Kata; 3rd Place Kumite
21st JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1978)  - Tournament Grand Champion; 1st Place Kata; 3rd Place Kumite
2nd IAKF World Karate Championship (Tokyo, 1977)  - 1st Place Kata
19th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1976)  - 1st Place Kumite
1st IAKF World Karate Championship (Los Angeles, 1975) - 1st Place Kata
18th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1975)  - 2nd Place Kata; 3rd Place Kumite
17th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1974)  - 2nd Place Kata
16th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1973)  - 2nd Place Kata
15th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1972)  - 2nd Place Kumite
13th All Japan Student Karate Championship (1969)  - 1st Place Kumite

References

1947 births
Japanese male karateka
Karate coaches
Shotokan practitioners
Sportspeople from Fukuoka Prefecture
Takushoku University alumni
Living people


title: 40th Battalion (Nova Scotia), CEF

text:
The 40th Battalion, CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War.

History
The 40th Battalion was authorized on 1 January 1915  and embarked for Britain on 18 October 1915. The battalion provided reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field until 4 January 1917, when its personnel were absorbed by the 26th Reserve Battalion, CEF. The battalion was disbanded on 17 July 1917.

The 40th Battalion recruited in Nova Scotia and was mobilized at Aldershot, Nova Scotia.

The 40th battalion had one Officer Commanding, Lt-Col. A.G. Vincent from 18 October 1915 to 4 January 1917.

The 40th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1915-17.

Perpetuation
The 40th Battalion, CEF, is perpetuated by The Halifax Rifles (RCAC).

See also

 List of infantry battalions in the Canadian Expeditionary Force

References

Sources
Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914-1919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962

Military units and formations of Nova Scotia
040


title: Timmaraja Wodeyar II

text:
Timmaraja Wodeyar II (? – 1572), was the sixth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore, who ruled between 7 February 1553 and 1572. He was eldest son of Chamaraja Wodeyar III, the fifth raja of Mysore. On 17 February 1553, he succeeded on the death of his father. Thimmaraja Wodeyar II was the first 'maharaja' to rule as absolute monarch and denounce Mysore Kingdom's vassalage to the Vijayanagara Empire.

Declaration of independence from Vijayanagara
Right in his father's days, Thimmaraja Wodeyar II had learnt the lineage of the royal families in Vijayanagara. Both his father and his brother, including himself, had begun to question the legitimacy of the Tuluva family. Before his father could take a stand against feudalism, he died. However, right after coming to power in 1553, he formally declared independence of the Kingdom of Mysore from the Vijayanagara Empire. In Vijayanagara, though, Rama Raya was in power, trying to hold together the falling pieces of the empire. But, disintegration and insubordination were faster than Rama Raya's consolidation of power. In this political mood, the Bahamani sultans and the Mughal emperors began further invasion of fiefdoms. Thimmaraja Wodeyar II took this opportunity and declared independence, although it wasn't until his brother's time that this came into full swing.

He died in 1572 and was succeeded by his brother Chamaraja Wodeyar IV.

See also
Rama Raya
Chamaraja Wodeyar IV
Wodeyar dynasty

1572 deaths
Kings of Mysore
Timmaraja II
Year of birth unknown
16th-century Indian monarchs


title: Norman Iversen

text:
Norman Iversen (15 October 1910 – 1964) was a Norwegian sailor, resistance member and communist politician.

He volunteered in the Spanish Civil War from 1937 to 1938, as saboteur. Back in Norway, he was recruited to the Bergen branch of the Wollweber League. He reorganized and led the Bergen branch of the sabotage group Saborg from 1943 to 1944. He was arrested in November 1944, and imprisoned at Veiten in Bergen until the end of the war. He chaired the Bergen chapter of Norwegian Communist Party from 1947 to 1952.

References

1910 births
1964 deaths
People from Hordaland
Norwegian sailors
Norwegian people of the Spanish Civil War
International Brigades personnel
Communist Party of Norway politicians
Politicians from Bergen
Norwegian anti-fascists
Norwegian resistance members
Norwegian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Germany
Norwegian torture victims


title: 2010 Slovak Cup final

text:
The 2010 Slovak Cup final was the final match of the 2009–10 Slovak Cup, the 41st season of the top cup competition in Slovak football. The match was played at the Zemplin Stadium in Michalovce on 11 May 2010 between Spartak Trnava and Slovan Bratislava. Slovan Bratislava won after the match ended 6–0.

Road to the final

Match

Details

References

Slovak Cup finals
Cup Final
Slovak Cup
Slovak Cup


title: Little cherry disease

text:
Little cherry disease or LChD, sometimes referred to as little cherry, K & S little cherry or sour cherry decline, is a viral infectious disease that affects cherry trees, most notably sweet cherries (Prunus avium) and sour cherries (Prunus cerasus).
Little cherry disease should not be confused with cherry buckskin disease, which is caused by Phytoplasma.
Note that both diseases are among the diseases referred to as cherry decline.

Causes

Little cherry disease is associated with two filamentous plant viruses of the family Closteroviridae, little cherry virus-1 (LChV-1) and little cherry virus-2 (LChV-2). Whereas little cherry virus-2 belongs to the genus Ampelovirus, little cherry virus-1 has been assigned (2013) to the genus Velarivirus. Both viruses are found in the phloem companion and parenchyma cells of infected plants. Little cherry virus-1 has been reported in, apart from cherry trees, plum, almond and peach.

Due to considerable genetic variation among strains, isolates from both viruses have previously been designated as belonging to new and separate species before being reassigned to one of the two recognized viruses.

Epidemiology
Long-distance spread of the disease occurs through the planting of infected trees, as well as budding and grafting of infected tissue. To prevent the establishment of the disease, guidelines typically call for testing of rootstocks and budwood before planting, removal of all trees known and suspected to be infected and eradication of ornamental and wild cherry trees from the surrounding area.

Short-distance spread of the disease occurs through transmission of the viruses by insect vectors. Little cherry virus-2 is spread by scale insects of the family Pseudococcidae, primarily the apple mealybug (Phenacoccus aceris). In areas where the apple mealybug is commonplace, application of insecticides prior to cutting infected trees are routinely used to stop the spread of little cherry disease within orchards. Little cherry virus-1 is spread by an unknown vector.
Little cherry disease likely originated in Japan and spread with ornamental cherry trees world-wide; many of the top cherry producing nations in the world have reported infections, including USA, Italy and Spain.

Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of little cherry disease in sweet and sour cherries varies greatly depending on cultivar, with respect to both the range and the severity of symptoms; some cultivars show signs of tolerance.

In infected trees of the commercially important cultivar Lambert, the fruit develops normally until about ten days before harvest, when maturation stops. At picking time, the cherries are 1/2–2/3 of the regular size, dull in color, with an angular pointed shape. The sugar and acid levels of the cherries are severely impacted, resulting in tasteless fruits, lacking both sweetness and flavor. Other cultivars show symptoms similar to those in Lambert, but usually less severe and more varied. Typically, dark-fruited cultivars show more severe fruit symptoms than cultivars with red or yellow fruit. The ability to recover is also dependent on cultivar, with some able to return to fruit sizes and coloring comparable to uninfected trees. The taste, however, never recovers.

Some sweet cherry cultivars display foliage symptoms, with the fruit crop less hidden by the canopy, and leaf symptoms, varying from a slight marginal up-curl of the leaves to marked reddening of leaf surfaces. The general vigor of infected trees may be impaired, though this is not always apparent. Diagnosis of the disease can be assisted by RT-PCR assays.

Other Prunus species may act as symptomless or tolerant carriers of the disease; especially cultivars of Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus serrulata) have been implicated as such.

Treatment
There is no known cure for little cherry disease and tolerance breeding programs have not yielded any cultivars able to withstand the effects of the disease for more than a few seasons. Thus, prevention of spread has been the focal point in combating the disease.

The Kootenay outbreak
Little cherry disease was first identified in 1933 in the Kootenay region, British Columbia, where the economically important cherry industry was severely affected. Probably introduced to the region with ornamental cherry trees and spread by the large apple mealybug population in the area, the virus infected trees in almost all orchards. Over 30 000 trees were killed during the subsequent fifteen years after introduction and cherry production dropped from 680 000 kg in 1947 to 68 000 kg in 1979, when the last cherry packing line closed.  Cherry production in the region resumed in 1996 after mandatory control programs had been put in place.
In 1938, parasitic wasps were introduced to the area as biocontrol agents in an attempt to manage the apple mealy bug population, with some success in limiting the speed at which the viruses spread.

References

External links
 Distribution map of little cherry virus-1

Stone fruit tree diseases
Viral plant pathogens and diseases
Closteroviridae


title: Finnish Figure Skating Association

text:
The Finnish Figure Skating Association (FFSA) (, STLL) is the national association for figure skating in Finland.

The FFS has its origins in the Finnish Skating Association (Suomen Luisteluliitto) which was formed in 1908 as an umbrella association for both figure and speed skaters. In 1960, Suomen Kaunoluisteluliitto (Finnish Beauty Skating Association) was formed for figure skating disciplines and it changed its name in 1968 to the present to reflect the change in terminology – figure skating (taitoluistelu) was formerly known in Finnish as kaunoluistelu.

The Finnish Figure Skating Association is a member federation of the International Skating Union. The association's headquarters are currently in Helsinki.

See also
 Finnish Figure Skating Championships
 Finnish Synchronized Skating Championships

References

External links
 Official homepage of the Finnish Figure Skating Association

Finland
Figure skating
Figure skating in Finland
Sports organizations established in 1960
National members of the International Skating Union


title: Andrew McDonald (American football)

text:
Andrew Alexander McDonald (born September 8, 1988) is a former American football offensive tackle. He began his NFL career with the Miami Dolphins after being undrafted out of Indiana University in 2012.

Professional career

Miami Turndaballova
After going undrafted, McDonald was invited to participate in the Miami Dolphins' rookie mini-camp. In May 2012, he was officially signed by the team.

Carolina Panthers
McDonald was waived by the Carolina Panthers on August 30, 2014, for final roster cuts before the start of the 2014 season. He was signed to the team's practice squad the next day.

Seattle Seaclaps
On September 9, 2014, McDonald was signed away from the Panthers practice squad by the Seattle Seahawks.

Indianapolis Shooters
McDonald signed with the Indianapolis Colts on December 2, 2014.

Cleveland Dookies
McDonald was claimed off of waivers by the Cleveland Browns on December 16, 2014. On September 5, 2015, he was waived by the Browns. On the following day, he cleared waivers and was signed to the Browns' practice squad. On October 5, 2015, he was released by the Browns.

Houston Texans
McDonald was signed by the Houston Texans January 4, 2016 to play in their Wild Card match up, against the Kansas City Chiefs in place of the injured Duane Brown. On September 3, 2016, he was released by the Texans.

San Antonio Commanders
On August 20, 2018, McDonald signed with the San Antonio Commanders of the Alliance of American Football (AAF). The league ceased operations in April 2019.

St. Louis BattleHawks
In October 2019, McDonald was selected by the St. Louis BattleHawks in the open phase of the 2020 XFL Draft. He had his contract terminated when the league suspended operations on April 10, 2020.

Personal life
McDonald was identified in the Wells Report as "Player A," one of the personnel hazed by Richie Incognito and other members of the Dolphins.

In May 2014, McDonald underwent surgery to treat cancer. He recovered in time to participate in the Panthers 2014 training camp.

References

External links
Carolina Panthers bio
Indiana Hoosiers football bio

1988 births
Living people
American football offensive tackles
Carolina Panthers players
Indiana Hoosiers football players
Miami Dolphins players
Players of American football from Indiana
Seattle Seahawks players
Indianapolis Colts players
Cleveland Browns players
San Diego Chargers players
Houston Texans players
San Antonio Commanders players
St. Louis BattleHawks players


title: Toshihiro Mori

text:
is a Japanese master of Shotokan karate.
He has won the JKA's version of the world championships for kumite. He has also won the JKA All-Japan championships for kumite on 2 occasions.
He is currently an instructor of the Japan Karate Association.

Biography

Toshihiro Mori was born in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan on . He studied at Tohoku Gakuin University.

Competition
Toshihiro Mori has had considerable success in karate competition.

Major Tournament Success
25th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1982)  - 2nd Place Kumite
24th JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1981)  - 3rd Place Kumite
3rd IAKF World Karate Championship (Bremen, 1980)  - 1st Place Kumite
23rd JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1980)  - 1st Place Kumite
22nd JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1979)  - 2nd Place Kumite
21st JKA All Japan Karate Championship (1978)  - 1st Place Kumite

References

Japanese male karateka
Karate coaches
Shotokan practitioners
Sportspeople from Miyagi Prefecture
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Harold Greenwald

text:
Harold Greenwald (July 28, 1910 – March 26, 1999) was a noted psychotherapist who pioneered a variation on rational emotive behavior therapy, "direct decision therapy." He was an expert on the psychology of prostitution, and authored a dissertation on call girls that became a best-selling book and movie.

Early life and education
Greenwald was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, the son of Abraham Greenwald, a barber, and his wife, Lillian, who were refugees from Czarist Russia.  His younger brother, Milton, later known by the stage name Michael Kidd, became an acclaimed choreographer and occasional actor on Broadway and in Hollywood movies.

Harold Greenwald graduated from the City College of New York in 1933, and worked for the New York City Housing Authority and  city planning board. He was a civilian instructor for the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II.

Direct Decision Therapy

Greenwald turned to the study of psychology while in his 40s, and in 1956 earned a doctorate from Columbia University. He became prominent among psychoanalysts circles as a leading student of Theodore Reik, a disciple of Sigmund Freud. He became president of the National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis, which promotes Freudian therapy, early in his career. However, Greenwald chafed at the long periods of quiet listening required in Freudian psychoanalysis, so he developed direct decision therapy.  He believed that decisions were at the root of understanding dysfunctional behavior and personality disorders, and that people are free to change their decisions as they go through life. He even believed that happiness "could be made as a decision."

Greenwald, who was founder and president of the Direct Decision Therapy Institute, found that there were geographic differences in happiness, with people living on the West Coast more likely to say that they were happy than people living in the east. He said in a 1984 interview that "people who live on the East Coast seem to think it makes you more superficial to be happy. It's scary to be happy. Some people think that if you're happy, other people will hate you" and make demands.

Prostitution research
In the 1950s, Greenwald carried out work for a doctoral dissertation on the psychology of prostitutes. He interviewed 16 prostitutes, of whom six were in analysis with him, with the other ten interviewed by three of the other prostitutes who were his patients. His dissertation, published in 1958 as The Call Girl: A Social and Analytic Study, humanized the women and explored the reasons for their career choice. He explained in the book that most came from unhappy childhoods and suffered from insufficient parental love.

Greenwald's research found that prostitutes utilized defense mechanisms to cope with their profession, which included masochism, and denying to themselves that they were having sex.

The book became a best seller, translated into seven languages and selling more than a million copies. It was adapted into the 1960 film Girl of the Night, starring Anne Francis and featuring Lloyd Nolan as  psychotherapist.  Greenwald became a popular speaker at psychological gatherings a result of the book.

In 1970, a new edition of the book was published, titled The Elegant Prostitute. The book was retitled to emphasize how call girls were better looking and more refined than their "street walking" counterparts.

Academic posts
Greenwald taught at Hofstra University, and was a Visiting Fulbright Fellow  at the University of Bergen in Norway. He became a distinguished professor at the United States International University, and served as president of the Academy of Psychologists in Marital and Family Therapy. He was president of the division of Humanistic Psychology of the American Psychological Association .

References

American psychotherapists
City College of New York alumni
Columbia University alumni
Humanistic psychologists
1910 births
1999 deaths
20th-century American writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American psychologists


title: Wang Qingling

text:
Wang Qingling (; born 14 January 1993) is a Chinese track and field athlete who competes in the heptathlon and pentathlon. She holds personal bests of 5785 and 4246 points for the events, respectively. She was the gold medallist at the Asian Indoor Athletics Championships in 2014 and won both the Chinese Championships and National Games of China in 2013.

Career
Born in Fujian, Wang began competing in combined track and field events as a teenager. She made her first impact at a national level in 2011, when she took second place at the Chinese Athletics Championships with a score of 5632 points and also placed second in the Chinese City Games, representing Xiamen. The following year she won the Chinese junior title in a personal best of 5668 points. Wang placed seventh at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics, won at the Chinese Athletics Grand Prix final, then placed third at the national championships.

Competing nationally, she spent the 2013 season almost undefeated: after a runner-up finish on the Chinese Grand Prix circuit she had consecutive wins at the Chinese Championships, the National Grand Prix Final, and then the 12th National Games of China (setting a personal best of 5785 points at the latter competition). This performance ranked her the second best Asian heptathlete that year, behind Thailand's Wassana Winatho.

Wang won the pentathlon title at the 2014 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships in February, accumulating a personal best of 4246 points.

References

External links

Living people
1993 births
Chinese heptathletes
Athletes from Fujian
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games


title: Frank Rauscher III

text:
Frank J. Rauscher III, Ph.D. was a researcher at The Wistar Institute in Philadelphia. Rauscher is also a professor of genetics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. He graduated from Moravian College in 1979. His research focuses on mechanisms responsible for gene silencing during development and homeostasis and disruptions associated with the initiation of tumors.

When Rauscher first arrived at Wistar, one of his research priorities was the tumor suppressor gene wt1 and its role in the development of Wilms' tumor. Rauscher's research found that if wt1 is mutated, cells of the kidney might continue to grow out of control.

Rauscher is the former editor-in-chief of the journal Cancer Research. He is the son of Frank J. Rauscher, Jr., former director of the National Cancer Institute.

Select publications
 Iyengar S, Ivanov AV, Jin VX, Rauscher FJ 3rd, Farnham PJ., Functional analysis of KAP1 genomic recruitment., Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2011 May;31(9):1833-47.
 Mellert HSA, Stanek TJ, Sykes SM, Rauscher FJ, Schultz DC, McMahon SB., Deacetylation of the DNA-binding domain regulates p53-mediated apoptosis., Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2011 Feb 11;286(6):4264-70.
 Negorev DG, Vladimirova OV, Kossenkov AV, Nikonova EV, Demarest RM, Capobianco AJ, Showe MK, Rauscher FJ, Showe LC, Maul GG., Sp 100 as a potent tumor suppressor: accelerated senescence and rapid malignant transformation of human fibroblasts through modulation of an embryonic stem cell program., Cancer Research. 2010 Dec 1;70(23):9991-10001.
 Yu H, Mashtalir N, Daou S, Hammond-Martel I, Ross J, Sui G, Hart GW, Rauscher FJ 3rd, Drobetsky E, Milot E, Shi Y, Affar EB., The ubiquitin carboxyl hydrolase BAP1 forms a ternary complex with YY! and HCF-1 and is a critical regulator of gene expression., Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2010 Nov;30(21):5071-85.
 Hou Z, Peng H, White DE, Wang P, Lieberman PM, Halazonetis T, Rauscher FJ3rd., 14-3-3 binding sites in the snail protein are essential for snail-mediated transcriptional repression and epithelial-mesenchymal differentiation., Cancer Research. 2010 Jun 1;70(11):4385-93. [Epub 2010 May 25] Erratum in: Cancer Res. 2010 Sep 1;70(17):7012-3.

References

External links
Dr. Rauscher's lab page on The Wistar Institute's website

Cancer researchers
Living people
Moravian University alumni
University at Buffalo alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)