title: Nasiruddin Chowdhury

text:
Nasiruddin Chowdhury (; born 9 October 1979) is a Bangladeshi professional footballer who plays as a defender for Bangladesh Premier League club Chittagong Abahani.

Club career

Early years
Born in Chittagong, Nasir played football using his tuition fees. He didn't have boots even before giving trials in Chittagong Pioneer Football League clubs. When the Chittagong league was postponed, Nasir's friend encouraged him to participate in a trial for the Bangladesh Army Football Team, and although his parents were hesitant, Nasir impressed in the trials and ended up getting selected by the army officials.  Nasir started his career with the army at the 28 East Bengal Regiment of Chittagong Cantonment. After completing his military training, Nasir travelled to Sri Lanka in 2000 as, the Bangladesh Army participated in a football tournament held to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Sri Lanka Army. Former Bangladesh national team coach György Kottán was impressed by Nasir's performance during a friendly match between Army team and the Bangladesh national team at BKSP and offered him a chance to play in the national team. However, the army officials did not give him  permission to leave duty.

In 2004, Army were runners-up at the Sher-e-Bangla Cup (losing to Narayanganj) and Nasir finished as the top-scorer with 5 goals. In 2006, Nasir went to the United Nations peacekeeping mission in Liberia. There he met legendary footballer George Weah. After this encounter, Nasir decided to quit his job in the army and in 2008, he filed a petition with the authorities and returned home. Nevertheless, he was unable to play for any professional club as he was yet to receive permission from the army. Former national goalkeeper Aminul Haque came forward to help him. With the help of the then director of Muktijoddha Sangsad KC, Major General Amin Ahmed Chowdhury, he finally got a clearance from the army. The next year he joined his hometown club Chittagong Mohammedan SC.

Domestic league journey
After seeing Nasir's performance in the 2009 Super Cup, tournament winning coach Maruful Haque brought Nasir to Dhaka Mohammedan the same year before the 2009–10 Citycell Premier League. Nasir went onto score 6 league goals that season mainly playing as a striker. Nasir went onto join Muktijoddha Sangsad KC, and played for the club for the next to years. On 3 Jun 2012, he scored a crucial goal against Brothers Union to keep Muktijoddha in the title race, however in the end Nasir failed to win his first league title with the club. The same year Nasir joined rising giants Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club where he went onto make win the Bangladesh Premier League & Federation Cup title twice, during his three years with them. During his time at the Dhanmondi based club, Nasir was often used as a striker turned defender due to his eye for a goal. He scored twice against Chittagong Abahani during the  2013–14 season putting his team six point clear at the top of the table, in the end Sheikh Jamal went onto win there second league title that year. He was also regular with Sheikh Jamal DC & Sheikh Russel KC during continental competitions, the following half a decade. In 2016, Nasir returned once more to Chittagong, this time with Chittagong Abahani Limited. He scored during the group-stages of the 2017 Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup against Manang Marshyangdi Club.

In 2017, Nasir joined Abahani Limited Dhaka. He scored the first in a 2-0 win over his former club Sheikh Jamal DC, the win saw Abahani win a record of six Bangladesh Premier League titles. Throughout the season Nasir scored six league goals, again showcasing his goal scoring ability. He was the second highest local goal scorer and was only one goal behind Tawhidul Alam Sabuz, who mainly played as a forward. In 2018, Nasir was caught in a controversy, as he took an advance of Tk 3 lakh from Abahani, confirming he would stay at the club; but later he joined newcomers Bashundhara Kings. Nasir escaped a one year ban from Bangladesh Football Federation evern after Abahani filed a complaint against him. He won the league the league title once more and scored three goals along the way, the following year Nasir returned to Abahani. However, his second stint at the club was disappointing, as an aging Abahani team failed to win the league title once more, losing out to Bashundhara Kings. The next year Abahani released all of there veteran players including Nasir, who went onto join Sheikh Russel KC in 2021.

International career
Serbian coach Zoran Đorđević was the first to include Nasir in the Bangladesh national team. He mainly played as a defender as per the coaches preference. He started his international career at the 2010 AFC Challenge Cup, in Sri Lanka. Nasir captained Bangladesh at the 2013 SAFF Championship, where he injured his head after a collision with Indian defender Nirmal Chettri. He scored his first international goal against Singapore during a friendly, in 2015.

International goals

Honours
Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club
 Bangladesh Premier League: 2013–14, 2014–15
 Federation Cup: 2013–14, 2014–15
 King's Cup (Bhutan): 2014

Abahani Limited
 Bangladesh Premier League: 2017–18
 Federation Cup: 2017

Bashundhara Kings
 Bangladesh Premier League: 2018–19
 Independence Cup: 2018

Individual
2004 − Sher-e-Bangla Cup Top Scorer Award.
2004 − Sher-e-Bangla Cup Best Player Award.
2014 − Sports Writers Association's Footballer of the Year.

References

External links

Bangladeshi men's footballers
Bangladesh men's international footballers
Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club players
Muktijoddha Sangsad KC players
Sheikh Russel KC players
Abahani Limited Dhaka players
Mohammedan SC (Dhaka) players
Chittagong Abahani Limited players
Bashundhara Kings players
Men's association football defenders
1979 births
Sportspeople from Chittagong
Living people


title: Prime Minister of the Bahamas

text:
The prime minister of The Bahamas is the head of government of The Bahamas. The prime minister is formally appointed into office by the Governor-General of The Bahamas, who represents Charles III, the King of The Bahamas (the Bahamian head of state).

The following article contains a list of prime ministers of The Bahamas, from the establishment of the position of chief minister of the Bahamas Islands in 1955 to the present day.

Constitutional basis
Under section 72 of the Constitution of The Bahamas, the Governor-General of The Bahamas must appoint "the member of the House of Assembly who is the leader of the party which commands the support of the majority of the members of that House". In the event of a hung parliament, the governor-general should appoint the member who is "most likely to
command the support of the majority of members of that House".

Official oath of office

Office of the Prime Minister
The prime minister of the Bahamas is the head of the government of The Bahamas. The duties of the prime minister include:

 Office of the Prime Minister
 Department of Lands and Surveys
 Government Printing Department
 Department of Statistics
 Bahamas Information Services
 National Economic Council
 Promotion and facilitation of investment
 Development in the Family Islands

Agencies under the prime minister include:

 Department of Lands and Surveys
 Lands and Surveying
 Acquiring Land
 Department of Local Government
 Relations with Local Government Agencies
 Local improvement associations

List of heads of government of the Bahamas (1955–present)

Chief minister of the Bahamas Islands (1955–1964)

Premiers of the Bahamas Islands (1964–1969)

Prime minister of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas Islands (1969–1973)

Prime ministers of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas (1973–present)

Deputy prime ministers
Arthur Dion "A.D" Hanna 1967–1984
Clement T. Maynard 1985–1992
Orville Turnquest 1992–1995
Frank Watson 1995–2002
Cynthia A. Pratt 2002–2007
Brent Symonette 2007–2012
Philip Davis 2012–2017
Peter Turnquest 2017–2020
Desmond Bannister 2020–2021
Chester Cooper 2021–present

See also
Governor-General of the Bahamas
Lists of office-holders
 List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II
 List of Commonwealth heads of government
 List of Privy Counsellors (1952–2022)

References

http://www.rulers.org/rulb1.html#bahamas
https://web.archive.org/web/20041017033939/http://www.hk-bahamas.de/en/parties.php
http://www.politicalresources.net/bahamas.htm
Guinness Book of Kings Rulers & Statesmen, Clive Carpenter, Guinness Superlatives Ltd

Bahamas
Heads of government
Bahamas


title: Čardak, Kovin

text:
Čardak is a former vacation settlement on the southern edge of the Deliblatska peščara (Deliblato Sands), in the community of Kovin in Serbia. It has served as a refugee camp since 1991. The camp is about five km east of the village of Deliblato in the South Banat District.

During the Yugoslav Wars many Serbs fled from Croatia and Bosnia, or were driven out. Some of them found refuge in the former vacation settlement in Čardak. In 2005, about 200 people lived in the camp.

References

External links
 Refugee camp "Cardak"
 Report by Radio Vatican

Refugee camps in Serbia
Populated places in South Banat District
Kovin


title: William Arnald

text:
William Arnald BD (died 5 August 1802) was a Canon of Windsor from 1779 - 1802.

Family
He was the son of Richard Arnald (died 1756) English clergyman and biblical scholar.

Career
He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge and graduated BA in 1766, MA in 1769, and BD in 1776.

He was appointed:
Chaplain to Bishop Richard Hurd of Coventry and Lichfield 1775
Sub-Preceptor to the Prince of Wales and the Duke of York 1776–1781
Precentor of Lichfield 1778
Prebendary of Lichfield 1778–1797

He was appointed to the twelfth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1779, and held the stall until 1802. He suffered from mental illness in the later years of his life:The unhappy mental derangement under which he laboured for the last twenty years, was the source of real grief to a numerous circle of friends, who, attached to him by the strongest ties of esteem and affection, admired his abilities, loved the urbanity of his manners, and acknowledged the goodness of his heart.

Notes

1802 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Year of birth missing


The 1995–96 Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team represented Ohio University in the college basketball season of 1995–96. The team was coached by Larry Hunter and played their home games at the Convocation Center. They finished the season 16–14 and finished fourth in the MAC regular season with a conference record of 11–7.

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style=|Non-conference regular season

|-
!colspan=12 style=| MAC regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style=| MAC Tournament

Source:

Statistics

Team Statistics
Final 1995–96 Statistics

Source

Player statistics

Source

References

Final 1996 Division I Men's Basketball Statistics Report
Ohio Record Book

Ohio Bobcats men's basketball seasons
Ohio
Bob
Bob


title: Dean Dempsey

text:
Dean Dempsey (born 1986) is an American visual artist, actor and filmmaker based in New York, New York. His art practice spans a range of media including photography, painting, drawing and video. He is also the writer and director of his debut feature film Candy Apple (2015), for which he won the NY Perspectives Award at the Winter Film Awards the following year.  Dempsey later directed and co-wrote his second feature-length movie Deadman's Barstool (2018), and played lead actor in Flasher (in post-production) . In 2018, he was featured in New York Magazine's "The Cut - They Seem Cool" column entitled, "The Painter Who Loves To Hate The Art World."

Life and career

Dempsey was born in Tucson, Arizona. He received his BFA from the San Francisco Art Institute in 2009 with study at the Chelsea College of Art and Design in London in 2008. He went on to do a residency at the Villa Waldberta in Feldafing, Germany in 2012, which resulted in the exhibition Next Generation: Contemporary American Photography at Munich's Pasinger Fabrik & Amerika Haus that same year. Dempsey's studio is in Orchard Street, New York City. His first two-artist exhibition in the New York City was held at the BOSI Contemporary gallery in 2012, curated by Renato Miracco and entitled Mutatio. This was followed in 2013 by his first solo exhibition there.

Exhibitions

2007 - Another Country, Worth Ryder Gallery, University of California, Berkeley, curated by Allan deSouza.
2007 - Regeneration,  Hall of Flowers, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco
2009 - Dislocation, Exploration and Meaning Gallery 39K, Lahore, Pakistan.
2009 - Re-Think, Matisonn Burgin: Shoreditch Space, London
2010 - Counterpoint 2010, Togonon Gallery, San Francisco.
2010 - Borders,  Root Division, San Francisco
2011 - Dean Dempsey: Selected Works, solo exhibition, Togonon Gallery, San Francisco
2012 -  Dean Dempsey, solo exhibition, MC2Gallery, Milan, Italy.
2012 - En Foco: Selected Works from the Permanent Collection, Art Museum of the Americas, Washington, D.C.
2012 - Next Generation: Contemporary American Photography, Pasinger Fabrik & Amerika Haus, Munich, Germany.
2012 - Art Stays 2012, 10th Festival of Contemporary Art, with MC2 Gallery, Ptuj, Slovenia.
2012 - En Foco: Selected Works from the Permanent Collection, Aljira Center for Contemporary Art, Newark, New Jersey
2012 - Mutatio, two-artist exhibition with Max Glaser, Bosi Contemporary, New York City, curated by Renato Miracco.
2013 - Dean Dempsey, solo exhibition, Bosi Contemporary, New York City
2013 - Vital Signs: The Enigma of Identity,  Pelham Art Center, Pelham, New York, curated by Lisa Banner and Kathleen Monaghan.
2014 - 5 Year Anniversary Show, Ever Gold Gallery, San Francisco
2016 - "Black", Two-person exhibit, Spring/Break Art Show, New York, NY, curated by Kara Brooks.

Collections
Dempsey's work is held in the collections of:
Crocker Art Museum, Sacramento, California
Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana
En Foco, New York City

References

External links

Dean Dempsey on Creem  (video by Melissa Fortunatti, written by Greg Mania). CREEM Magazine 2013
Candy Apple  (official movie page)
The Cut (New York Magazine)

1986 births
Living people
Artists from New York City
Artists from Tucson, Arizona
San Francisco Art Institute alumni
Alumni of the University of the Arts London


title: Yijing (monk)

text:
Yijing (635–713CE), formerly romanized as  or , born Zhang Wenming, was a Tang-era Chinese Buddhist monk famed as a traveller and translator. His account of his travels is an important source for the history of the medieval kingdoms along the sea route between China and India, especially Srivijaya in Indonesia. He also gave accounts of the Gupta Period. A student of the Buddhist university at Nālandā (now in Bihar, India), he was also responsible for the translation of many Buddhist texts from Sanskrit and Pali into Chinese.

Journey

To Srivijaya and Nālandā
Yijing was born . He became a monk at age 14 and was an admirer of Faxian, a famed monk who traveled to India in the 4th and 5th centuries CE. Provided funding by an otherwise unknown benefactor named Fong, he decided to visit the renowned Buddhist university of Nālandā, in Bihar, India, to further study Buddhism. Traveling by a  boat out of Guangzhou, he arrived in Srivijaya (today's Palembang of Sumatra) after 22 days, where he spent the next six months learning Sanskrit grammar and the Malay language. He went on to record visits to the nations of Malayu and Kiteh (Kedah).

In 673 after ten days of additional travel reached the "naked kingdom" (south west of Shu). Yijing recorded his impression of the "Kunlun peoples", using an ancient Chinese word for Malay peoples. "Kunlun people have curly hair, dark bodies, bare feet and wear sarongs." He then arrived at the East coast of India, where he met a senior monk and stayed a year to study Sanskrit. Both later followed a group of merchants and visited 30 other principalities. Halfway to Nālandā, Yijing fell sick and was unable to walk. Gradually he was left behind by the group. He walked to Nālandā where he stayed for 11 years.

Returning to Srivijaya
In 687, Yijing stopped in the kingdom of Srivijaya on his way back to Tang China. At that time, Palembang was a centre of Buddhism where foreign scholars gathered, and Yijing stayed there for two years to translate original Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures into Chinese. In the year 689 he returned to Guangzhou to obtain ink and papers (note: Srivijaya then had no paper and ink) and returned again to Srivijaya the same year.

Return to China
In 695, he completed all translation works and finally returned to China at Luoyang and received a grand welcome back by Empress Wu Zetian. His total journey took 25 years. He brought back some 400 Buddhist texts translated into Chinese.

The Account of Buddhism sent from the South Seas and Buddhist Monk's Pilgrimage of the Tang Dynasty are two of Yijing's best travel diaries, describing his adventurous journey to Srivijaya and India, reporting on the society of India, the lifestyles of various local peoples, and more.

Distribution of Buddhist traditions
In the great majority of areas in India, Yijing writes that there were followers of both "vehicles" (Skt. Yana), with some Buddhists practicing according to the "Hinayana" and others practicing according to the Mahayana. However, he describes Northern India and most of the islands of the South Seas (i.e. Sumatra, Java, etc.) as principally "Hīnayāna." In contrast, the Buddhists in China and Malayu are described as principally following the Mahāyāna.

Yijing wrote about relationship between the various "vehicles" and the early Buddhist schools in India. He wrote, "There exist in the West numerous subdivisions of the schools which have different origins, but there are only four principal schools of continuous tradition." These schools are namely the Mahāsāṃghika, Sthavira, Mulasarvastivada, and Saṃmitīya nikāyas. Explaining their doctrinal affiliations, he then writes, "Which of the four schools should be grouped with the Mahāyāna or with the Hīnayāna is not determined." That is to say, there was no simple correspondence between a monastic sect and whether its members learned "Hīnayāna" or "Mahāyāna" teachings.

Buddhism in Srivijaya

Yijing praised the high level of Buddhist scholarship in Srivijaya (modern-day Sumatra) and advised Chinese monks to study there prior to making the journey to Nalanda in India.

Yijing's visits to Srivijaya gave him the opportunity to meet with others who had come from other neighboring islands. According to him, the Javanese kingdom of Ho-ling (Kalingga Kingdom) was due east of the city of Bhoga at a distance that could be spanned by a four or five days' journey by sea. He also wrote that Buddhism was flourishing throughout the islands of Southeast Asia. "Many of the kings and chieftains in the islands of the Southern Sea admire and believe in Buddhism, and their hearts are set on accumulating good actions."

Translations into Chinese
Yijing translated more than 60 texts into Chinese, including:
 Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya ()
 Golden Light Sutra () in 703
 Diamond Sutra (, T. 239) in 703
 Sūtra of the Original Vows of the Medicine Buddha of Lapis Lazuli Radiance and the Seven Past Buddhas (, T. 451), in 707
 Avadanas () in 710

See also

 Faxian
 Chinese Buddhism
 A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea
 Song Yun
 Xuanzang
 Vikramashila
 Hyecho
 Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
 Wang ocheonchukguk jeon

References

Citations

Sources

 Dutt S, Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India, with the translation of passages (given by Latika Lahiri to S. Dutt, see note 2 p. 311) from Yijing's book: Buddhist Pilgrim Monks of Tang Dynasty as an appendix.  London, 1952
 I-Tsing, A Record of the Buddhist Religion : As Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671-695), Translated by J. Takakusu, Clarendon press 1896. Reprint. New Delhi, AES, 2005, . Internet Archive
 I-Tsing, Chinese Monks in India, Biography of Eminent Monks Who Went to the Western World in Search of the Law During the Great tang Dynasty, Translated by Latika Lahiri, Delhi, etc.: Motilal Banarsidass, 1986
 Sen, T. (2006). The Travel Records of Chinese Pilgrims Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing, Education About Asia 11 (3), 24-33
 Weerawardane, Prasani (2009). Journey to the West: Dusty Roads, Stormy Seas and Transcendence, biblioasia 5 (2), 14-18
 Yijing, Rongxi, Li, transl. (2000). A Record of the Inner Law Sent Home from the South Seas(pdf available on the page), Berkeley CA: Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai. .

External links
 http://www.buddhanet.net/bodh_gaya/bodh_gaya01.htm
 http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/iranian_cultural_impact_southeastasia.php

635 births
713 deaths
Chinese scholars of Buddhism
7th-century Buddhist monks
8th-century Buddhist monks
Tang dynasty translators
Monks of Nalanda
History of Malaysia
Sanskrit–Chinese translators
Tang dynasty Buddhist monks
Pilgrimage accounts
Writers from Jinan
Chinese spiritual writers
Explorers of India
7th-century Chinese translators
Srivijaya


title: Çardak (disambiguation)

text:
The name Çardak might refer to:

 Çardak, a town and a district in Denizli Province, Turkey
 Çardak, Çanakkale
 Çardak, Silvan
 Çardak, Yenişehir
 Çardak, Yeşilova
 Çardak Airport, Denizli's airport situated in the town of Çardak, Turkey

See also
 Čardak (disambiguation)


title: Siba State

text:
Siba State, was a small independent Indian hill state in the Lower Himalayas. It was centered on the town of Dadasiba, Pragpur tehsil, Kangra district, in modern-day Himachal Pradesh. The state was founded in 1450. In 1849 the territory of Datarpur was added to Siba Jagir (1/3 part of land of Mian Devi Singh) and annexed by the British Raj as 'Dada-Siba'.

History

Siba State was founded by Raja Sibarna Chand, a younger brother of the Raja of Guler State about 1450. The state was seized by Guler State in 1808. In 1813 it was untouched by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, founder of the Sikh Empire of Pañjab (Punjab), although divided into two, one part was left for Raja Govind Singh as Princely state for his sustenance and the second one third part was left for Mian Devi Singh, cousin of Raja Gobind Singh. One third part of Mian Devi Singh was annexed by the British in 1849. Rest remained  with Raja Ram Singh.

Rulers
The rulers of Siba State had the title Raja.

.... - ....                Jaswant Chand
.... - ....                Bhag Singh
.... - 1750                Lakel Singh
1750 - 1770                Madho Singh                        (d. 1770)
1770 - 1800                Sher Singh                         (d. 1800)
1800 - 1803                Govind Singh (1st time)            (d. 1845)
1803 - 1830               semi occupied by Guler
1830 - 1845                Govind Singh (2nd time)            (s.a.)
1845 - 1849                Ram Singh                          (d. 1875)
1849 -                     Sunder Singh                       (migrated to Tantpalan)
                           Birbal Singh
1900-1935                  Duni Chand
1935-                      Nama Singh

See also
List of Rajput dynasties
Guler State

References

External links

Princely states of India
History of Himachal Pradesh
Kangra district
Rajputs


title: Sita Sahu

text:
Sita Sahu is  a double Special Olympics medalist from India. Originally from Madhya Pradesh, she was barely fifteen when she won bronze medals for the 200 and 4X400 meter relay races held in 2011 during the Special Olympics in Athens. Media reports suggest that, struggling economically, Sita has joined her family's street food business.

References

Sportswomen from Madhya Pradesh
Special Olympics
People from Rewa district
Living people
21st-century Indian women
21st-century Indian people
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: John Barrow (Canon of Windsor)

text:
John Barrow MA (1651 – 19 March 1684) was a Canon of Windsor from 1682 to 1684.

Career

He was educated at St Edmund Hall, Oxford and graduated BA in 1672, and MA in 1674.

He was appointed:
Chaplain to Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet, Ambassador to Holland
Chaplain to Prince Rupert of the Rhine
Vicar of New Windsor 1680

He was appointed to the twelfth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1682, and held the stall until 1684.

Notes

1651 births
1684 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford


title: Black-spotted false shieldback

text:
The black-spotted false shieldback (Aroegas nigroornatus) is a species of katydid that is only known from the male holotype collected from Mpumalanga, South Africa. It is threatened by livestock grazing and changing weather patterns disturbing its microhabitat.

References

Tettigoniidae
Endemic insects of South Africa
Critically endangered insects
Insects described in 1916

Species known from a single specimen


title: Rodolfo María Ojea Quintana

text:
Rodolfo María Ojea Quintana is a former political prisoner from Argentina, who was detained on 9 February 1975 by military forces in Tucumán Province at the launch of what was called "Operativo Independencia". He was subjected to systematic torture with electric shock for several days until we was brought before a court. He spent six years in prison.

He served as the  of Argentina from 2005 until 2010. In March 2020 he was appointed by the President of Argentina as the Vice-President of the .

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: William Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury

text:
William Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, 4th Baron Montagu, King of Mann, KG (25 June 1328 – 3 June 1397) was an English nobleman and commander in the English army during King Edward III's French campaigns in the Hundred Years War. He was one of the Founder Knights of the Order of the Garter.

Biography
Lord Salisbury was born in Donyatt in Somerset, the eldest son of William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury and his wife Catherine Grandison. One of his sisters, Philippa (d. 5 January 1382) was the wife of Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March. Lord Salisbury succeeded his father as earl in 1344.

On 13 July 1346, he was made a Knight Bachelor. In 1348, Lord Salisbury, at this time married to the King's first cousin, was one of the knights admitted at the foundation of the Order of the Garter.

First marriage
In the early 1340s, Lord Salisbury was married to Joan of Kent, a first cousin of the King, and a princess of England. Both Lord Salisbury and his bride were of exactly the same age, and both were in their early teens. Lord Salisbury entered into the marriage in good faith, without knowing that Joan had already, at the age of twelve, secretly married Thomas Holland, just before the latter left England on crusade. Upon returning to England in 1348, Holland declared that Joan was his wife and demanded that she be restored to him. An inquiry was instituted to examine the question, and it found that Joan had indeed been married to Holland, and that that marriage was valid in law; consequently, Lord Salisbury's own marriage to Joan was invalid. Lord Salisbury attempted to disrupt the proceedings by interfering with Joan's representatives and holding her captive so that she could not testify. Salisbury only released Joan after a second petition by Holland and the Church ordered Salisbury to do so. Joan testified she had consented to her marriage to Holland and it had been consummated. Following the findings of the inquiry, Lord Salisbury's marriage with Joan, Fair Maid of Kent, was annulled by the Pope in 1349. It is not known if Salisbury and Joan ever lived together during the years of their marriage for no records exist.

Military career
Lord Salisbury, by now twenty-one years of age, was showing signs of becoming a successful military commander. Despite the fiasco of his marriage with a member of the royal family, Lord Salisbury rose rapidly in the ranks of the army upon the strength of his own competence. He served as a commander of the English forces in France in many of the following years, including as commander of the rear guard of Edward the Black Prince's army in 1355, and again at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, and further serving in 1357, 1359 and 1360. Later in 1360, he was one of the commissioners who negotiated the Treaty of Brétigny.

The treaty led to a period of tranquillity, during which time Lord Salisbury served on the king's council, working closely with King Edward III. In October 1361, the Edward the Black Prince married Lord Salisbury's former wife Joan. Lord Salisbury returned to the field in 1369, serving in John of Gaunt's expedition to northern France, and then in other raids and expeditions, and on some commissions that attempted to negotiate truces with the French. Lord Salisbury helped Richard II put down the rebellion of Wat Tyler. In 1385, he accompanied Richard II on his Scottish expedition.

In 1392–3, Lord Salisbury sold the Lordship of the Isle of Man to William le Scrope of Bolton.

Second marriage

Lord Salisbury married Elizabeth, daughter of John de Mohun, 9th Lord de Mohun of Dunster. They had a son and two daughters and lived at Bisham Manor in Berkshire. Their only son, Sir William Salisbury married Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan, daughter of Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel, but was killed in a tournament in 1383, leaving no children. Therefore, when Lord Salisbury died in 1397, the earldom was inherited by his nephew, John Montagu, 3rd Earl of Salisbury.

Notes

References

External links
 Royal Berkshire history: William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury
 Inquisition Post Mortem

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|-

1328 births
1397 deaths
14th-century English Navy personnel
14th-century English nobility
Earls of Salisbury (1337 creation)
Garter Knights appointed by Edward III
English army officers
People of the Hundred Years' War
Monarchs of the Isle of Man
People from Bisham
People from South Somerset (district)
Male Shakespearean characters
Wiliam
Barons Montagu
Annulment


title: Rentz's false shieldback

text:
Rentz's false shieldback (Aroegas rentzi) is a species of katydid that is endemic to South Africa, and can be found in Limpopo, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape provinces.

References

Tettigoniidae
Endemic insects of South Africa
Insects described in 1996


The 1994–95 Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team represented Ohio University in the college basketball season of 1994–95. The team was coached by Larry Hunter and played their home games at the Convocation Center. The Bobcats won the 1994 Preseason NIT at Madison Square Garden, downing New Mexico State 84-80 in the championship game, and defeated Ohio State in Columbus in the same tournament.

Roster

Schedule and results

|-
!colspan=9 style=| Regular Season

|-
!colspan=9 style=| MAC Regular Season
|-

|-
!colspan=9 style=| MAC Tournament

|-
!colspan=9 style=| National Invitation Tournament

Statistics

Team Statistics
Final 1993–94 Statistics

Source

Player statistics

Source

Rankings

Awards and honors
Gary Trent – MAC Player of the Year (3x)

Team players drafted into the NBA

References

Final 1995 Division I Men's Basketball Statistics Report
Ohio Record Book

Ohio Bobcats men's basketball seasons
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title: Francis Brown (priest)

text:
Francis Brown DD (1670 - 7 September 1724) was a Canon of Windsor from 1713 to 1724.

Career

He was educated at Eton College and St John's College, Cambridge and graduated BA in 1693. He then moved to King's College, Cambridge and graduated MA in 1696 and DD in 1712.

He was appointed:
Chaplain at King's College, Cambridge 1693 - 1694
Vicar of Shalford 1694

He was appointed to the twelfth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1713, and held the stall until 1724.

Notes

1670 births
1724 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
People educated at Eton College


title: James Barclay (priest)

text:
James Barclay MA (d. 29 December 1750) was a Canon of Windsor from 1724 - 1750.

Career

Barclay was appointed Rector of West Ilsley, Berkshire in 1743.

He was appointed to the twelfth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1724, and held the stall until 1750.

Notes

1750 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Year of birth missing


title: List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868

text:
This list contains notable Europeans and Americans who visited Japan before the Meiji Restoration. The name of each individual is followed by the year of the first visit, the country of origin, and a brief explanation.

16th century
 Two Portuguese traders, António da Mota and Francisco Zeimoto (possibly a third named António Peixoto), land on the island of Tanegashima in 1543. They are the first documented Europeans to set foot in Japan.
Fernão Mendes Pinto (1543, Portugal) Visited Japan and claimed to have introduced guns to the Japanese, though the account is almost certainly untrue.
Francis Xavier (1549, Spain (on Portuguese mission) The first Roman Catholic missionary who brought Christianity to Japan.
Cosme de Torres (1549, Spain) A Spanish Jesuit (on Portuguese mission) who successfully converted Ōmura Sumitada to Christianity – the first Christian daimyō.
Luis de Almeida (1552, Portugal) A Portuguese Jesuit who established the first western hospital in Japan and negotiated the opening of the port of Yokoseura to Portuguese traders.
Gaspar Vilela (1556, Portugal) A Portuguese Jesuit who, in a departure from Xavier's methods, learned the Japanese language and talked directly with daimyos, opening the center of Japan to the mission.
Luís Fróis (1563, Portugal) A Jesuit who befriended Oda Nobunaga and published the account later. His record still serves as an important resource for Japanese historians.
João Rodrigues (1577, Portugal) A Portuguese Jesuit priest who carried out missionary work in Japan and served as an interpreter for both Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. Rodrigues is also known for authoring notable works on Japanese culture and language.
William Adams (1600, England) – The first Englishman to reach Japan. Among the first Westerners to become a samurai, under Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Jan Joosten van Lodensteyn (1600, Dutch Republic) – Adams' shipmate, also among the first Westerners to become a samurai, who became an advisor for the shōgun. He is remembered in Japan (based on their variation of his name) in the Yaesu area of Tokyo and as Yaesu on one exit of the Tokyo Station.

17th century
Cristóvão Ferreira (1609, Portugal) – A Jesuit missionary who committed apostasy after being tortured in the anti-Christian purges of Japan. His apostasy is the main theme of the novel Silence by Shūsaku Endō.
Luis Sotelo (1609, Spain) – A Franciscan friar who proselytized in the Tōhoku region of Japan with the help of Daimyo Date Masamune. He was executed after re-entering Japan illegally in 1624.
John Saris (1613, England) – Captain of the English ship Clove, who met with shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu to establish a trading post in Japan.
Nicolaes Couckebacker (1633, Dutch Republic) – VOC Opperhoofd (chief Dutch trader/agent) in Hirado, who assisted the government in 1638 to suppress Japanese Christian rebels led by Amakusa Shirō.
(Note: In 1639, the Japanese government promulgated the Sakoku policy, which prohibited foreigners from entering Japanese territory. The only exceptions were Dutch traders and associated workers permitted to live on Dejima Island. This policy lasted until 1854.)
Giuseppe Chiara (1643, Italian) – He entered Japan at a time when Christianity was strictly forbidden in an attempt to locate fellow priest Cristóvão Ferreira who had apostatized his Christian faith at the hands of torture by the Japanese authorities in 1633. Chiara was also tortured and eventually became an apostate as well.
Engelbert Kaempfer (1690, Holy Roman Empire) – A German naturalist and physician. His descriptions in History of Japan (posthumously published in English in 1727) became the chief source of Western knowledge about the country for nearly two centuries.
Giovanni Battista Sidotti (1700, Italy) – An Italian Jesuit priest who entered Japan illegally and was arrested. His communication with the scholar Arai Hakuseki resulted in the book Seiyō Kibun.

18th century
Robert Janson (1704, Ireland), a native of Waterford seized off the coast of Kyushu and brought to Dejima Island.
Martin Spanberg (Denmark) visited the island of Honshu in 1738,  being in command of the first Russian naval squadron specifically sent to seek for a diplomatic encounter with the Japanese. The Russians landed in a scenic area which is now part of the Rikuchu Kaigan National Park. Despite the prevalent policy of sakoku, the sailors were treated with politeness if not friendliness.
Isaac Titsingh (1779–1784) A Dutch East India Company ("VOC") Opperhoofd at Dejima in Nagasaki Bay.
Adam Laxman (1792, Russia) Son and representative of Finnish-born researcher Eric Laxman, led a Russian expedition to Hokkaido, ostensibly to return Daikokuya Kōdayū to Japan.
Carl Peter Thunberg (1775, Sweden) A Swedish naturalist who came as a surgeon on a Dutch East India Company ("VOC") ship. He was a follower of Carl Linnaeus whose scientific activities resulted in the first detailed description of the flora and fauna of Japan.
Hendrik Doeff (1799, Dutch Republic) former Dutch East India Company ("VOC") Opperhoofd (Chief Officer) who maintained the Dutch nationality of Dejima even after Napoleon conquered the Netherlands. He presided over the Dutch East India Company ("VOC") during the Phaeton incident.

19th century
Nikolai Rezanov (1804, Russia) A Russian diplomat who stayed in Nagasaki for 6 months. He was commissioned by Alexander I as Russian ambassador to Japan to conclude a commercial treaty, but his efforts were thwarted by the Japanese government.
Vasily Golovnin, Fedor Mur, Andrey Khlebnikov with the crew (1811, Russia) – Russian navigators who were held captive for two years on the island of Hokkaido. Golovnin's book, Captivity in Japan During the Years 1811, 1812, 1813, was widely read by Europeans. Khlebnikov's mémoires left unpublished.
Philipp Franz von Siebold (1823, Netherlands/Germany) A German physician, botanist in Dutch service at Dejima who brought Western medicine to Japan. He was expelled from Japan after being accused as a spy (Siebold Incident).
Heinrich Bürger (1825..1835, Netherlands/Germany), A German scientist in Dutch service who became a pharmacist and botanist on Dejima.
Mercator Cooper (1845, United States) First formal American visit to Edo (now Tokyo), Japan.
Ranald MacDonald (1848, Scottish-Canadian), The first native English-speaker to teach English in Japan, who taught Einosuke Moriyama, one of the chief interpreters to handle the negotiations between Commodore Perry and the Tokugawa shogunate.
Matthew C. Perry (1853, United States) A Commodore of the U.S. Navy who opened Japan to the West in 1854.
Townsend Harris (1855, United States) The first United States Consul-General to Japan.
Henry Heusken (1855, United States) A Dutch-American interpreter for the American consulate in Japan who was assassinated by anti-foreigner rōnin. His diary was published as Japan journal, 1855–1861.
José Luis Ceacero Inguanzo (1855, Spain) Spanish Captain in Manila, Philippines. He was named samurai by the lord of Chikuzen. Advisor to the Meiji Government.
 Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek (1857, The Netherlands) aristocrat, merchant and diplomat. He was Dutch Consul General and Minister-Resident and due his relationship with Emperor Meiji he laid the foundation for modern diplomatic representation in Japan of various European States.
Rutherford Alcock (1859, United Kingdom) The first British diplomatic representative to live in Japan. His book, The Capital of the Tycoon, became one of the first books to describe Edo-period Japan systematically.
James Curtis Hepburn (1859, United States) An American physician, educator and Christian missionary who is known for the Hepburn romanization system, enabling westerners to read and write Japanese in Roman script.
 Thomas Blake Glover (1859, Scotland) A Scottish merchant who supported the anti-Edo government militant Satchō Alliance. His residence in Nagasaki still remains as a museum (Glover Garden).
Margaret Tate Kinnear Ballagh (1861, United States) An American missionary who lived in Yokohama. Her account Glimpses Of Old Japan, 1861–1866 is the only book written by a Western woman staying in Edo period Japan.
Nicholas of Japan (1861, Russia) A Russian Orthodox priest, monk, archbishop and saint who introduced the Eastern Orthodox Church to Japan.
Charles Wirgman (1861, United Kingdom) An English artist and cartoonist, the creator of Japan Punch which was the first magazine in Japan.
Charles Lennox Richardson (1862, United Kingdom) A British merchant who was murdered by samurai in the Namamugi Incident which later led to the Bombardment of Kagoshima.
Ernest Mason Satow (1862, United Kingdom) A British diplomat who assisted the negotiations during the Bombardment of Kagoshima, and kept a diary of his career in Japan.
Aimé Humbert (1863, Switzerland) A Swiss politician who established a treaty with Japan and later published Japan and the Japanese Illustrates, which captured many detailed scenes of Edo-period Japan.
François Perregaux (1863, Switzerland) The first watchmaker in Japan.
James Favre-Brandt (1863, Switzerland) Took part in the first Swiss diplomatic mission to Japan.
Felice Beato (1865, United Kingdom) A photographer who recorded many rare views of Edo Period Japan.
Heinrich Schliemann (1865, Germany) An archaeologist who stayed in Japan for two months.
Frederik Blekman (1839, Amsterdam / Holland) reached Nagasaki on 16 April 1859 via Jakarta.  Translator and empresario

See also
Sakoku
Dejima
Dutch missions to Edo
Dutch East India Company
VOC Opperhoofden in Japan
Convention of Kanagawa
Christianity in Japan
History of Roman Catholicism in Japan
Empire of Japan–Russian Empire relations
 Japan–United Kingdom relations

References

History of the foreign relations of Japan
Edo period
Lists of people by activity
Rangaku
Japan history-related lists


title: Cotentin Donkey

text:
The Cotentin Donkey, , is a breed of domestic donkey from the Cotentin peninsula, in the département of la Manche,   in the Lower Normandy region in north-west France. It is found mostly in that region, but is distributed through much of north-western France. It was in the past used as a pack animal in agricultural work, mainly for carrying milk churns; it is now used in leisure sports and tourism. The breed was recognised by the Ministère de l'Agriculture, the French ministry of agriculture, in 1997. The stud book is kept by the Association de l'âne du Cotentin, an association of breeders.

History

Donkeys are documented in the Cotentin from the sixteenth century. In the 1930s there were 9000 donkeys in the département of la Manche. Numbers dwindled with the mechanisation of agriculture in the period after the Second World War, but less rapidly than in some other breeds, and in 1960 there were still 7000 in the Manche. A breeders' association, the , was formed in 1995; since 1997, when the breed was officially recognised by the agriculture ministry and the Haras Nationaux, the association has kept the stud book for the breed.

The Cotentin Donkey is raised mainly in Lower Normandy, but is also found in more than half the départements of France, mostly in the north-west. Numbers were estimated at 650–700 in 2001. In 2011 there were 107 breeders, and 140 new registrations in the stud book, approximately a quarter of all new donkey registrations in that year.

Characteristics

Cotentin Donkey jacks stand about  at the withers, jennies about . The coat is dove grey, with a well-defined darker dorsal stripe and shoulder-stripe; the legs may show zebra-striping. The lower part of the muzzle is grey-white, as is the belly.

Use

Like the Norman Donkey, the Cotentin Donkey was used in agricultural work, both as a pack animal to transport churns of milk in a time when cows were milked by hand in the field, and in harness. Today it may be used as a pack animal for hiking or trekking, for recreational driving, in therapy for the handicapped, or kept as a companion animal or pet. Asses' milk is used to make cold process soap.

References

Donkey breeds
Donkey breeds originating in France
Manche


title: Japonolirion

text:
Japonolirion is a genus of plants in the family Petrosaviaceae. There is only one known species, Japonolirion osense, endemic to Japan. It is found in grasslands, wetlands and alpine meadows.

Description
Japonolirion osense is a herbaceous, perennial plant with subterranean creeping rootstocks. Its green, linear leaves a set in a rosette, and are  long and  wide, with 7-9 veins, and rough margins. The leaf base encloses the younger leaves. The flowers are facing upwards and are set with 20–40 in a raceme of  long, on an inflorescence stalk of  long that carries membranous bracts. The flower stalks emerge from shoots that carried leaves during the previous year, so it stands separately from the current leaf rosette. Each flower consists of 6 cream-coloured tepals, the outer 3 about  long and the inner about  long. There are 6 stamens of about 1.5 mm long, each carrying a yellow anther. The ovary matures into three free green carpels that later develop into oval capsules of about 2.5 mm in length. Flowering occurs in July and August.

References

Petrosaviales
Monotypic monocot genera
Endemic flora of Japan


title: Reftinskaya GRES

text:
Reftinskaya GRES is the largest solid fuel thermal power plant in Russia. It is situated in Sverdlovsk Oblast, 100 km north-east of Yekaterinburg and 18 km from Asbest. Reftinskiy town, which is home to 18,000 people, is situated 2.5 km from the GRES, which produces 20,000 million KWh annually. It has a total installed capacity of 3,800 and heat power 350 GKh. Coal from Ekibastuz's coal field (16,3 МJ/kilo of calorific value, ash content for moisture-free fuel is 43,3 %) is used as the main  fuel and the black oil is used as the starting fuel. GRES produces power with the  bar «Outdoor switchgear -500 kV» on five power lines -500 kV and with the bar «Outdoor switchgear -220 kV» on five power lines -220 kV. The station supplies power  to the industrial areas in Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Perm and Chelyabinsk regions. The construction of the electric power station was started in 1963, the launching of the first power unit took place in 1970 and the last one in 1980.

History
The building of the electric power plant was started in 1963 and it was realized in 2 lines: first, 6 power units with  installed capacity of 300 MW with the direct-flow two-furnace boilers with rating 950 ton/hour were launched and secondly – 4 power units with installed capacity of 500 MW with the direct-flow two-furnace boilers with rating 1650 ton/hour.

Reftinskaya GRES uses coal supplied from Ekibastuz that has calorific power of 3800–4100 cal/kg, ash content for moisture-free fuel of 40–43% and humidity of 6–9%.

On 3d July, 1963 the group of the formers landed in the suburbs of Asbest and, getting through the taiga jungle, went to research the ground for the building of electric power station that ought to become the leader of the ural energy providers. In the same year Yurii Yelovikov hammered the first peg on the territory of the Reftinskaya GRES.

The building of electric power station was one of the most important construction in the region, thus Sverdlovsk regional committee headed by B.Yeltsin controlled its realization.

The design work of the Reftinskaya GRES was given to the Ural branch of industry institute “Teploenergoproject”. The collective of the institute has been developing from the implementation of the electrification plan and projected all electro stations of the Great Ural, accumulated big experience. The most successful technological decisions of that period and of the whole world were entered in the project of the Reftinskaya GRES.

In March, 1967 the first cubic meter of the concrete for the main building's base was placed. The process of building achieved a good pace of work. One by one objects of the first unit, which had power of 300 MW, came to life.

After the series of control and testing of boiler and turbine, the first unit was plugged in on 24 December 1970.and immediately started to work fully operational. The principle of the unit's maximum work after the building was preserved on all next 9 units with the installed capacity of 300–500 MW that would annually be launching until the out of planned production capacity in 1980.

Unit No. 1 was taken for the exploitation on 28 December 1970 by the state commission under the chairman of V. Trachyk. the counting of the electro station's vital activity started definitely from this moment. Units No.2 and No.3 were taken for exploitation in 1971. unit No.4 was introduced The following year. In September 1974 unit No.5 was introduced. And in May 1975 unit No.6 was introduced. The power of the electric station reached1 800 MW.

It was not profitable To continue the building of the units with the installed capacity of 300 MW. The decision to enlarge Reftinskaya GRES due to “pyatisotka” was taken.

Literally by one year the base of all 4 objects was prepared. Hardly had the unit No.7 been accepted by state commission in the end of 1977, when the butt-end's steel-work of the eighth unit got up. The next units No.8 and No.9 with the capacity of 500 MW were correspondingly introduced in the end of 1978 and 1979. The last (tenth) power unit was launched on 21 December 1980.
And on 22 December 1980 in the occasion of the GRES building termination and achievement of the final planned production capacity of 3800 MW, the mass meeting took place, where the first secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee C.P.S.U. B. Yeltsin congratulated power men and presented governmental rewards more than 200 constructors, fitters, operatives. The rank of the Hero of Socialist Labour was appropriated to the Chef of the Reftinskaya GRES Building Government I. Volfson
It was the first time in the country when on the coal-dust unit of 500 MW at Reftinskaya GRES was introduced the automated control system in 1997. So the conception of reconstruction and development of automated control system of country electric power stations, which was cultivated in Sverdlovenergo, started to be realized. Fundamentally new, unprecedented on coal-dust units technology made work place of machinist more comfortable (panels were replaced by 8 monitors) and supplied personnel with the great quantity of information.

The part of produced on Reftinskaya GRES energy from the total volume of energy, consumed by Sverdlovsk Oblast, contains nearly 40%. Relatively, almost every second electric light bulb in the Sverdlovsk Oblast's households works on the electricity, generated by Reftinskaya GRES. The electric power station provides with electricity consumers from Ural region with the power output of Economic Cooperation Organization of Russia.

On 24 September 2008 at 07:05 GRES generated 700-billionth kWh of energy.
In 2010 public audition in the case of the transition GRES on shot line ash removal took place. The administration of the station got claims of absence of the ecological examination of the project and pedaling o administrative resource, in view of the potential environmental pollution.

The chimney No. 4 of Reftinskaya GRES with the height of 330 meters is one of the highest chimneys in the world.

Reftinskaya GRES has been in operation by JSC Kuzbassenergo since July 1, 2020 after being transferred from Enel.

Features of the equipment

Fuel supply
The delivery of the coal from ekabastuz's field is realized by railroad transportation within a distance of 1400 km. The supply of fuel for units with installed capacity of 300 and 500 MW is autonomous. The plan of fuel supply includes car dumper, belt conveyor system, which are situated in underground galleries and aerial flyovers, units of pouring, crushing case.
Productivity of every fuel supply is ton/hour. A way of coal supply from store to production is realized by a bulldozer. There are 4 containers of 16000 m³ for keeping mazut at GRES.

Technical water supply
An integral cooling system is circulating with cooling pond and usage of low-level intake. The square of the pond is 25 km2. Power of the water recycling system is 12,2 million m/day.

Hydraulic ash removing system
Ash removal system is reserved, hydraгlic, with the transportation of ash and slag through ashlines and  ash dumps. The ash dump No. 2 with the square of 1008 hectare is in the exploitation.

The ash dump No. 1 with the square of 440 hectare is  taken out of action and completely recultivated. The unique project of ash dump recultivation on Reftinskaya GRES was completed in 2007. For the first time in Russia, using the unique method of tree-planting, land of 440 hectare was returned to nature. As a result of cooperative work between scientists of UrS RAS's botanical garden, Institute of plants and animals ecology, Sykholozhskii forestry and powermen of Reftinskaya GRES on recultivation (i.e. reproduction of natural resources) of ash dump on the place, where waste was thrown down, pines of 3 metres grow.

Now the recultivation of ash dump No.1 is a new pine wood guarded by Sykholozhskii forestry of the Sverdlovsk Region Department of forestry. In 2008 the recultivation of ash dump No.1 on Reftinskaya GRES was recognized as the best ecological project of the year. This premium was established by Ministry of Nature of Russian Federation, the project won in nomination of «Nature conservation technologies».

Dry Ash Removal System
The Dry Ash Removal System is launched of Tenova Takraf.
September 29, 2015 – Enel Russia has today inaugurated the Dry Ash Removal System at Reftinskaya GRES one of its most significant environmental projects – and the only one of its kind in the Russian power generation sector. Overall, Enel Russia invested over 12.5 billion roubles in the project. For the first time in Russia, the traditional hydraulic treatment of the ash produced by a coal plant as a waste material, has been replaced by the new, dry method of transportation and storage. This new method will allow increase industrial use of ash: as long as it remains dry, it can be used in road construction, building materials, agriculture etc. The new Dry Ash Removal System is connected to the railway, which makes it possible to ship the dry ash to clients both by rail and by road. DARS potentially allows the shipping to clients of all of the ash produced by the power plant, namely up to five million tonnes per year. All ash that is not immediately requested by clients, is transported by a 4.5 km-long closed pipe conveyor belt to the ash lagoon, where ash stacks are levelled and compressed, preventing dry ash from flying away. Finally, a layer of loam is applied to the stack surface, and green grass is seeded.

The dry ash method enables significant reduction of water usage and the volume of stored ash, making it possible to keep using the existing Ash Lagoon N2 of Reftinskaya GRES for the next 35 years, preserving new land plots and saving hundreds of hectares of forest from being cut down. The DARS project of Reftinskaya GRES was carried out within the framework of the Environmental Agreement that was signed by Enel Russia and the Government of the Sverdlovsk Region at the INNOPROM industrial exhibition in 2011. Earlier in 2015 Enel Russia announced the completion of the 99.9%-efficient fabric filters at three out of ten power units of Reftinskaya GRES, which are also part of the Environmental Agreement.

Water treatment
Water treatment is realizing by the chemical water treatment with the productivity on Na-cationiozated water of 100 t/hour, on desalted water – 340 t/hour.

Demineralizing plant works according to the scheme: liming and coagulation in clarifiers, filtration in mechanical filters, single-stage desalting for replenishment of heating system, triple-stage desalting for the filling of water and steam in cycle of GRES.
A condensate of turbines is purified on modular demineralizing systems according to the schema: de-ironing through electromagnetic filter with the following filtration on mixing action filters – prefilter and general.

Fish protection system
Late in 2016 a fish protection device was commissioned at Reftinskaya GRES.

The fish protection device mode of operation is based on creation of a water-and-air screen in front of deep water intakes of the power plant. When a water-and-air mix is created, acoustic oscillations with a wide frequency range are generated thus ensuring intensive acoustic effect – a signal of biological danger for fish fry. Physical protection is used as well: fish fry is moved into areas where no water is taken to the plant. Acoustic and mechanical protection does not cause any damage to fish, but scares fish away and prevents them from getting into an open feeder and filter screens of onshore pumping stations at Reftinskaya GRES. Fish protection devices save at least 70% of fish fry measuring 12mm and over.

In May 2016 it was the initiative of Reftinskaya GRES to put more than 70 thousand of young sterlets into the water reservoir.

Control and administration system
Control and administration of the work of units in 300 and 500 MW is realizing from modular control panes – one pane for every two units, where regulation devices of the general and supplement equipment work are carried out.

The automized system of administration of technological processes on the base of computing machine СМ-2М, СМ-2, М-6000 and informational machines М-60 was launched and  АСУ ТП Siemens Simatic was launched on the units number 6 and 10Gas-purification
Historically, gas-purification from ash realized through electro filters.

On May, 13 Enel Russia inaugurated the modernized 500 MW Unit 7 at the Reftinskaya GRES coal-fired plant after a large-scale environmental retrofitting. For the first time in Russia fabric filters were installed at a power plant. The filters will lead to a reduction in ash emissions from Unit 7 by roughly 99.9%, equivalent to the saving of up to more than 10,000 tons of emissions per year. The project was implemented within the framework of Enel Russia's Environmental Program, as part of the Agreement for Environmental Cooperation signed by Enel Russia and the Government of the Sverdlovsk Region in 2011. Unit 7 modernization operation have helped improve reliability and efficiency of the overall unit, as well as considerably decreasing the heat rate. Within the retrofitting, alongside the installation of fabric filters, namely 16,800 ash-catching bags that achieve the best filtration of the flue gases, a new generator was installed at Unit 7. Moreover, both the gas ducts and the sealing system of the regenerative air preheater were modernized, resulting in a decrease of air flows from the air section of the preheater to the gas section by 2.5-3 times that leads to a lower rate of own electricity use and a significant increase in the boiler's efficiency.

On July, 11 within the framework of «INNOPROM-2015» International Industry Trade Fair Enel Russia announced that two more power units – No. 4 and No. 5 – at coal-fired Reftinskaya power plant had been equipped with fabric filters. The installation of modern fabric filters at 300 MW Units No. 4 and No. 5 will lead to a reduction in ash emissions from the units by roughly 99.9%, equivalent to the saving of up to over 30,000 tons of emissions per year for the two units, which together with the Unit 7 allows to save about 40,000 tons of emissions per year for the three retrofitted units at Reftinskaya GRES.
The modernization implied cutting-edge technologies, many of which are used in Russia for the first time. At each of the retrofitted 300 MW power units 14,600 ash-catching bags that achieve the best filtration of the flue gases have been installed replacing the obsolete electrostatic precipitators, which implied dismantling of roughly 3,000 tons of metal works. At Unit 5, the modernization works included installation of low-emission burners, which would allow to significantly reduce NOx emissions. Alongside the environmental impact, the retrofitting works at No. 4 and No. 5 have helped to improve reliability and efficiency of the units.

Gas treatment system
Late in 2017 power unit No.1 of Reftinskaya GRES was equipped with a new gas treatment system which helps the modern electrostatic precipitators prevent emission of 13k ton of ashes/ year into the atmosphere. In order to ensure the optimal exhaust gas treatment, the modern Russian electrostatic precipitators were installed which have high-frequency power devices and a new control system. It allows increasing the efficiency of ash particle trapping, online controlling of voltage and electrode purge frequency, thus ensuring the equipment reliability.

Accidents
On 20 December 2006 took place the biggest accident of Reftinskaya GRES's story. Due to fire, unit No. 10 with installed capacity of 500 MW was destroyed, unit No. 9 was damaged and capacity of the station temporarily decreased on 27% %. On 28 March 2008 unit No. 10 was relaunched in exploitation.

References

Geothermal power stations in Russia
Buildings and structures in Sverdlovsk Oblast


title: History of Somalis in Maine

text:
As of 2013, there were around 10,000 ethnic Somalis in Lewiston and Portland.

History

In the 1990s, thousands of Somali immigrants in the United States began a secondary migration to Maine from other states due to the area's low crime rate, good schools and cheap housing.

In October 2002,  Lewiston Mayor Laurier T. Raymond wrote an open letter addressed to leaders of the Somali community, predicting a negative impact on the city's social services and requesting that they discourage further relocation to Lewiston. The letter angered some people and prompted some community leaders and residents to speak out against the mayor, drawing national attention. Demonstrations were held in Lewiston, both by those who supported the immigrants' presence and those who opposed it.

In January 2003, a small white supremacist group demonstrated in Lewiston in support of the mayor, prompting a simultaneous counter-demonstration of about 4,000 people at Bates College and the organization of the "Many and One Coalition". Only 32 attended the rally by the white supremacist group. The mayor was out of state on the day of the rallies, while governor John Baldacci and other officials attended.

In 2006, a severed frozen pig's head was  thrown into a Lewiston mosque while about 40 men were praying. This was considered very offensive by the Muslim community, as swine is proscribed in Islam. A man admitted to the act and claimed it to be a joke.

In 2006, KPMG International released a study identifying the best places to do business around the world and ranked Lewiston as the best in New England. In January 2009, Newsweek associated a drop in crime rate, soaring income per capita and increased business activity in Lewiston with recent immigration to the town by Somalis.

In June 2011, the Lewiston Sun Journal also noted the growing number of Somali recent immigrants earning high school degrees, with more enrolling in local community colleges. The university students consist of both adult undergraduate and continuing education pupils, as well as high school graduates. In 2015, immigrants from Somalia also led Lewiston High School's Blue Devils boys soccer team to win the state championships under coach Mike McGraw.

Demographics

In 2011, there were an estimated 5,000 Somali immigrants in Lewiston. Around 5,000 Somalis also resided in Portland. According to the Immigrant Resource Center, there were approximately 7,500 immigrants from East Africa in Androscoggin County where Lewiston is located, including individuals from Somalia.

Somalis have opened up community centers to cater to their community. In 2001, the non-profit organization United Somali Women of Maine (USWM) was founded in Lewiston, seeking to promote the empowerment of Somali women and girls across the state. The Somali Community Resource Center also provides English and citizenship classes among other services to Portland's resident Somalis, as does the Somali Cultural & Development Association.

As of 2014, the most common non-English language spoken by students of the Lewiston Public Schools is Somali. Speakers make up around 90% of the district's pupils who do not speak English as a native language.

Commerce
In August 2010, the Lewiston Sun Journal reported that Somali entrepreneurs had helped reinvigorate downtown Lewiston by opening dozens of shops in previously closed storefronts. Amicable relations were also reported by local merchants of French-Canadian descent and Somali storekeepers.

Politics
In 2010, several Somali immigrants, now citizens of the United States and residents of Portland, filed to run for the Maine Legislature. Mohammed Dini ran in District 119 in a Democratic Party primary, and Badr Sharif ran in the Republican Party primary for District 116; both candidates were defeated in primary challenges. Additionally, Portland's Somali community led a campaign to permit non-citizens to vote in municipal elections.

In August 2016, while campaigning in Portland, Maine, at a rally Donald Trump said, "We've just seen many, many crimes getting worse all the time, and as Maine knows—a major destination for Somali refugees—right, am I right?"   The Lewiston police chief responded saying Somalis had integrated into the city and had not caused an increase in crime and that crime was actually going down, not up. The Lewiston mayor said Lewiston was safe and they all get along. At a Somali support rally following Trump's comments the Portland mayor welcomed the city's Somali residents, saying, "We need you here." Maine Republican senator Susan Collins commented, "Mr. Trump's statements disparaging immigrants who have come to this country legally are particularly unhelpful. Maine has benefited from people from Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and, increasingly, Africa—including our friends from Somalia."

Following the 2016 U.S. presidential election of Donald Trump, the federal government released Executive Order 13780, a three-month travel restriction against citizens of six Muslim-majority countries, including Somalia. Somalis and other immigrants in Lewiston as well as local residents worried that the temporary decision had put a strain on communal living.

In 2017, a record three Somalia-born candidates, all newcomers to politics, unsuccessfully ran for the school committee in Lewiston.

In 2019, Somali refugee Safiya Khalid was elected to the Lewiston city council.

See also

Somali American
Somali diaspora
Dalmar TV, a Somali-language television network
History of the Somalis in Minneapolis–Saint Paul

References

Further reading
Gibney, James. "Maine's Somalis Could Be Its Saviors" (Archive). Bloomberg View. November 9, 2015.
Sharp, David. "Reborn Maine mill town offers lessons amid refugee crisis" (Archive). Associated Press at Houston Chronicle. Tuesday, February 9, 2016. Alternate link

External links
Somali Culture & Development Association of Maine

Somali-American history

African-American history of Maine
African-American history by ethnic group
Somalian diaspora


title: Love Locs

text:
Love Locs is the fifth studio album by American rapper Khia and was released digitally on July 4, 2014, on her own label Thug Misses Entertainment.

Track listing
All songs written by Khia

Release history

References

2014 albums
Khia albums
Self-released albums
Contemporary R&B albums by American artists


title: Effingham Junction Traincare depot

text:
Effingham Junction Traincare depot stables Class 455 electric multiple units operated by South Western Railway. It is mainly a train shed, but it is classed as a depot. Freight trains are also stabled here occasionally.

Location
The depot is right by Effingham Junction railway station.

References

Railway depots in England
Stagecoach Group


title: Sandra Lee Wirth

text:
Sandra Lee Wirth (June 8, 1945 – March 11, 2006) was an American politician and businesswoman.

Born in Buffalo, New York, Wirth owned a real estate business. She represented her hometown of West Seneca, New York as the 9th District Erie County Legislator from 1991 to 1994.

From 1995 until her death in 2006, from cancer, Wirth served, in the New York State Assembly, as a Republican.

Notes

1945 births
2006 deaths
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Businesspeople from Buffalo, New York
Women state legislators in New York (state)
County legislators in New York (state)
Members of the New York State Assembly
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American women


title: Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt

text:
The Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXXI, alternatively 31st Dynasty or Dynasty 31), also known as the Second Egyptian Satrapy, was effectively a satrapy of the Achaemenid Persian Empire between 343 BC to 332 BC. It was founded by Artaxerxes III, the King of Persia, after his reconquest of Egypt and subsequent crowning as Pharaoh of Egypt, and was disestablished upon the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great.

The period of the 31st Dynasty was the second occasion in which Persian pharaohs ruled Egypt, hence the term "Second Egyptian Satrapy". Before the 31st Dynasty was founded, Egypt had enjoyed a brief period of independence, during which three indigenous dynasties reigned (the 28th, 29th, and 30th dynasties). The period before this is referred to as the "First Egyptian Satrapy" or the 27th Dynasty (525–404 BC).

History

First Egyptian Campaign
In around 351 BC, Artaxerxes embarked on a campaign to recover Egypt, which had revolted under his father, Artaxerxes II. At the same time, a rebellion had broken out in Asia Minor, which, being supported by Thebes, threatened to become serious. Levying a vast army, Artaxerxes marched into Egypt, and engaged Nectanebo II. After a year of fighting the Egyptian Pharaoh, Nectanebo inflicted a crushing defeat on the Persians with the support of mercenaries led by the Greek generals Diophantus and Lamius. Artaxerxes was compelled to retreat and postpone his plans to reconquer Egypt.

Second Egyptian Campaign

In 343 BC, Artaxerxes, in addition to his 330,000 Persians, had now a force of 14,000 Greeks furnished by the Greek cities of Asia Minor: 4,000 under Mentor, consisting of the troops which he had brought to the aid of Tennes from Egypt; 3,000 sent by Argos; and 1000 from Thebes. He divided these troops into three bodies, and placed at the head of each a Persian and a Greek. The Greek commanders were Lacrates of Thebes, Mentor of Rhodes and Nicostratus of Argos while the Persians were led by Rhossaces, Aristazanes, and Bagoas, the chief of the eunuchs. Nectanebo II resisted with an army of 100,000 of whom 20,000 were Greek mercenaries. Nectanebo II occupied the Nile and its various branches with his large navy. The character of the country, intersected by numerous canals, and full of strongly fortified towns, was in his favour and Nectanebo II might have been expected to offer a prolonged, if not even a successful, resistance.  But he lacked good generals, and over-confident in his own powers of command, he found himself out-manoeuvered by the Greek mercenary generals. His forces were defeated by the combined Persian armies near Pelusium.

After his defeat, Nectanebo hastily fled to Memphis, leaving the fortified towns to be defended by their garrisons. These garrisons consisted of partly Greek and partly Egyptian troops, between whom jealousies and suspicions were easily sown by the Persian leaders. As a result, the Persians were able to rapidly defeat numerous towns across Lower Egypt and were advancing upon Memphis when Nectanebo decided to quit the country and flee southwards to Ethiopia. The Persian army then completely routed the Egyptians and occupied the Lower Delta of the Nile. Following Nectanebo's flight to Ethiopia, all of Egypt submitted to Artaxerxes. The Jews in Egypt were sent either to Babylon or to the south coast of the Caspian Sea, the same location where the Jews of Phoenicia had earlier been sent.

After this victory over the Egyptians, Artaxerxes had the city walls destroyed, started a reign of terror, and set about looting all the temples. Persia gained a significant amount of wealth from this looting. Artaxerxes also imposed high taxes and attempted to weaken Egypt enough that it could never revolt against Persia again. During the 10 years that Persia controlled Egypt, believers in the native religion were persecuted and sacred books were stolen. Before he returned to Persia, he appointed Pherendares as satrap of Egypt. With the wealth gained from his reconquest of Egypt, Artaxerxes was able to amply reward his mercenaries. He then returned to his capital, having successfully completed his invasion and occupation of Egypt.

Satrapal rule in Egypt

It is not known who served as satrap after Artaxerxes III, but Pherendates II was an early satrap of Egypt. Under Darius III (336–330 BC) there was Sabaces, who fought and died at Issus and was succeeded by Mazaces. Egyptians also fought at Issus, for example, the nobleman Somtutefnekhet of Heracleopolis, who described on the "Naples stele" how he escaped during the battle against the Greeks and how Arsaphes, the god of his city, protected him and allowed him to return home.

In 332 BC, Mazaces handed over the country to Alexander the Great without a fight. The Achaemenid empire had ended, and for a while Egypt was a satrapy in Alexander's empire. Later the Ptolemies and the Romans successively ruled the Nile valley.

Culture

Occasionally Egyptians wore foreign costumes and jewelry. The taste for non- Egyptian fashion arose during periods of extensive trade or diplomatic contact with distant courts, or when Egypt was controlled by a foreign power. The Persians, who twice invaded the Nile Valley from their West Asia homeland, dominated Egypt during the Twenty-seventh Dynasty (525– 404 B.C.E.) and the Thirty-first Dynasty (342–332 B.C.E.). This statue dates to the later period of Persian rule in Egypt.

According to the Brooklyn Museum, "The long skirt shown wrapped around this statue’s body and tucked in at the upper edge of the garment is typically Persian. The necklace, called a torque, is decorated with images of ibexes, symbols in ancient Persia of agility and sexual prowess. The depiction of this official in Persian dress may have been a demonstration of loyalty to the new rulers."

Coinage

Achaemenid Egyptian coinage

Cilician coinage with Achaemenid rulers as Pharaohs

Pharaohs of the 31st Dynasty

Timeline of the 31st Dynasty (Achaemenid Pharaohs only)

Satraps of the 31st Dynasty

Sources
 Fragments of Ctesias (Persica)
 Diodorus Siculus (Bibliotheca historica)
 Fragments of Manetho (Aegyptiaca)
 Flavius Josephus (Antiquities of the Jews)

See also
 Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (525 BC−404 BC), also known as the First Egyptian Satrapy.
 Sassanid conquest of Egypt

References

External links

States and territories established in the 4th century BC
States and territories disestablished in the 4th century BC
31
31
Achaemenid satrapies
4th century BC in Egypt
340s BC
330s BC
340s BC establishments
4th-century BC establishments in Egypt
4th-century BC disestablishments in Egypt


title: Ted Supalla

text:
Ted Supalla is a deaf linguist whose research centers on sign language in its developmental and global context, including studies of the grammatical structure and evolution of American Sign Language and other sign languages.

Previously at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and the University of Rochester in New York, Supalla is a professor in the Department of Neurology at Georgetown University.

Biography
Ted Supalla was born deaf, into a deaf family, including his younger brother Sam. Ted's father would often go to the Deaf Club, bringing the whole family.

He is married to Elissa L. Newport, also a professor in the Department of Neurology at Georgetown University.

Education
Portland State University Psychology
California State University at Northridge Psychology B.A., 1973
University of Nevada, Reno Psychology
University of California, San Diego Psychology M.A., 1975, Ph.D., 1982

Research
Supalla co-authored with Elissa Newport the first work on the use of movement changes to derive nouns from verbs in American Sign Language. He also produced the seminal work on the structure of classifier constructions and verbs of motion and location. He has published a book and several journal articles on the history of American Sign Language and the processes of linguistic change that introduce new grammatical forms into a sign language over its history. In all of these works, his overarching claim is that the structure of sign languages is quite parallel to that of spoken languages, in complexity and in the processes that introduce grammatical complexities into the language. His recent work focuses on the structure of quite different sign language typologies, comparing American Sign Language and its family of French-derived sign languages with the quite different family of sign languages in Japan and other parts of Asia.

Selected publications
Supalla, Ted and Clark, P. 2015. Sign Language Archeology: Understanding History and Evolution of American Sign Language. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.
Supalla, Ted. In press. Film and Deaf Culture. San Diego, CA: Dawn Sign Press.
Koo, D. & Supalla, Ted. In press. "Nativization of bi-modal co-articulation in Cued Speech: Phonological Representations and Processes in Deaf Cuers," In C. LaSasso & J. Kelly (eds.), Cued Speech and Cued Language Development of Deaf Students. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.
Supalla, Ted, Clark, P., Neumann Solow, S., & Quadros Mueller, R. In press. "A protocol for interpreter coordination at international conferences." In R. McKee & J. Davis (eds.), Studies in Interpretation Series, Volume 5. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.
Bavelier, D., Newport, Elissa L., Hall, M., Supalla, Ted, & Boutla, M. 2008. "Ordered short-term memory differs in signers and speakers: Implications for models of short-term memory." Cognition, 107, 433–459.
Supalla, Ted. 2008. "Sign Language Archeology: Integrating Historical Linguistics with Fieldwork on Young Sign Languages." In R. M. de Quadros (ed.), Sign Languages: Spinning and Unraveling the Past, Present and Future. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research. Florianopolis, Brazil, December 2006. Petropolis, Brazil: Editora Arara Azul.
Hauser, P.C., Paludenviciene, R., Supalla, Ted., & Bavelier, D. 2008. "ASL-Sentence Reproduction Test: Development and Implications." In R. M. de Quadros (ed.), Sign Languages: Spinning and Unraveling the Past, Present and Future. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research. Florianopolis, Brazil, December 2006. Petropolis, Brazil: Editora Arara Azul.
Supalla, Ted. 2008. Prologue for WFD Sign Lexicon. Spanish Association of the Deaf.
Bavelier, D., Newport, Elissa L., Hall, M., Supalla, Ted, & Boutla, M. 2006. "Persistent differences in short-term memory span between sign and speech: Implications for cross-linguistic comparisons." Psychological Science, 17, 1090–1092.
Boutla, M., Supalla, Ted, Newport, Elissa L., & Bavelier, D. 2004. "Short-term memory span: insights from sign language." Nature Neuroscience, 7, 997–1002.
Supalla, Ted. 2004. "The validity of the Gallaudet Lecture Films." Sign Language Studies, 4, 261–292.
Bavelier, D., Newport, Elissa L., & Supalla, Ted. 2003. "Children need natural languages, signed or spoken." Cerebrum, 5, 19–32.
Supalla, Ted. 2003. "Revisiting visual analogy in ASL classifier predicates." In K. Emmorey (ed.), Perspectives on Classifier Constructions in Sign Language. Mahwah N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.
Supalla, Ted. 2002. "Making historical sign language materials accessible: A prototype database of early ASL." Sign Language & Linguistics, 4, 285–297.
Newport, Elissa L., & Supalla, Ted. 2000. "Sign language research at the millennium." In K. Emmorey and H. Lane (Eds.), The Signs of Language Revisited: An Anthology in Honor of Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Newport, Elissa L., & Supalla, Ted. 1999. "Sign languages." In R. Wilson and F. Keil (Eds.), The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Osugi, Y., Supalla, Ted., & Webb, R. 1999. "The use of word elicitation to identify distinctive gestural systems on Amami Island." Sign Language & Linguistics, 2, 87–112.
Senghas, Ann, Coppola, M., Newport, Elissa L., & Supalla, Ted. 1997. "Argument structure in Nicaraguan Sign Language: The emergence of grammatical devices." In E. Hughes, M. Hughes, and A. Greenhill (Eds.), Proceedings of the 21st Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development: Vol.2. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Metlay, D. & Supalla, Ted. 1995. "Morpho-syntactic structure of aspect and number inflections in ASL." In K. Emmorey and J. Reilly (Eds.), Sign, Gesture and Space. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Supalla, Ted, & Webb, R. 1995. "The grammar of International Sign: A new look at pidgin languages." In K. Emmorey and J. Reilly (Eds.), Sign, Gesture and Space. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Supalla, Ted. 1994. Charles Krauel: A Profile of a Deaf Filmmaker. 30 min., VHS, Color/b&w. Documentary videotape. San Diego, CA: DawnSign Pictures.
Supalla, Ted. 1991. "Deaf folklife film collection project." Sign Language Studies, 70, 73–82.
Supalla, Ted. 1990. "Serial verbs of motion in American Sign Language." In S. Fischer (Ed.), Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research. University of Chicago Press.
Supalla, T. 1986. "The classifier system in American Sign Language." In C. Craig (Ed.), Noun Classification and Categorization. J. Benjamins.
Supalla, Ted. 1982. Structure and acquisition of verbs of motion and location in American Sign Language. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, San Diego.
Supalla, T., & Newport, E. 1978. "How many seats in a chair? The derivation of nouns and verbs in American Sign Language." In P. Siple (Ed.), Understanding Language through Sign Language Research. Academic Press.

External links

Signs Through History by Dr. Ted Supalla

References

Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
University of California, San Diego alumni
University of Rochester faculty
Georgetown University faculty
Deaf writers
Linguists of sign languages
American deaf people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American writers with disabilities


title: Mauritian Creole

text:
Mauritian Creole or Morisien (formerly spelled Morisyen;  )  is a French-based creole language spoken in Mauritius. English words are included in the standardized version of the language. In addition, the slaves and indentured servants from cultures in Africa and Asia left a diverse legacy of language in the country. The words spoken by these groups are also incorporated into contemporary Morisien.

Mauritian Creole is the lingua franca of the Republic of Mauritius, which gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1968. Both English and French are used as alternatives to Mauritian Creole. English is spoken primarily for administration and educational purposes and French is used by the media and as a second language.

Mauritians tend to speak Mauritian Creole at home and French in the workplace. French and English are taught in schools. Though Mauritians are of numerous ethnic origins (including Indian, African, European, and Chinese) Mauritian Creole has gradually replaced the ancestral languages of most of the population to become the primary home language of the country. Today, around 1.3 million people speak the language.

Classification
Mauritian Creole is a French-based creole language that may be related to the Seychellois, Rodriguan, and Chagossian Creoles. Linguists disagree over the relationship, if any, of Mauritian Creole to other creole language examples in other parts of the world. Robert Chaudenson and Henri Wittmann hypothesize that Mauritian Creole is closely related to Réunion Creole. However, Philip Baker and Chris Corne, have argued that Réunionnais influence on Mauritian was minimal and that the two languages are no more similar to each other than they are to other French-based creoles.

History

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to visit Mauritius, but they did not settle there. Only a small portion of Mauritian vocabulary derives from the Portuguese element in European maritime jargon (e.g., the Mediterranean Lingua Franca) or from enslaved Africans or Asians who came from areas in which Portuguese was used as a trade language (e.g., Angola and Mozambique). Similarly, the Dutch had a colony on Mauritius from 1638 — 1710, but ultimately evacuated to Réunion. A few runaway slaves remained, leaving no discernible impact on the Mauritian language.

The French ultimately claimed Mauritius and first settled it from 1715 — 1721, building a plantation economy based on slave labour. People from West and Southeast Africa Madagascar came to form 85% of the population by 1777, which led to linguistic fragmentation. The size of the native French settler population on the island remained small and the enslaved population lacked formal education. The common language that developed was based on French, but a dialect that differed greatly from the language spoken by the slave owners. Mechanistically, this was similar to the process of creolization in other parts of the world. The pidgin language used for daily communication by people from varying linguistic backgrounds eventually became the native language of children born in these communities. Eventually, this evolved into a creole language, with the complexity and completeness required for young children to use it as their mother tongue. Historical documents from as early as 1773 note the "creole language" that the slaves spoke.

The British took over Mauritius during the Napoleonic era, but few native English speakers ever settled there. Mauritian Creole had already been firmly entrenched and continued to be the language used after British occupation began.

The abolition of slavery in the 1830s made many Africans leave the plantations. Indentured workers from India were brought to replace the freed slaves. The widely variable linguistic background of these immigrants mirrored that of the African slaves before them; therefore, no native language was dominant enough to become the basis for a shared language. Though Indians soon became the majority population on the island, their own linguistic fragmentation, as well as their alienation from the English- and French-speaking plantation owners, led them to take up Mauritian Creole as their lingua franca.

The native English and French population have long enjoyed greater social status, in addition to dominating government, business, education, and the media; however, Mauritian Creole's popularity in most informal domains has persisted, with around 85% of the population speaking this language.

Phonology

The phonology of Mauritian Creole is very similar to that of Standard French. However, French  and  have respectively depalatalised to  and  in Mauritian, and the front vowels  and  have respectively been unrounded to  and .

Orthography

The language has several published dictionaries, both monolingual and bilingual, written by authors such as Philip Baker (1987) and Arnaud Carpooran (2005, 2009, 2011). The number of publications is increasing steadily, however, the orthographies used in them are significantly different.

The Mauritian government began supporting an orthographic reform in 2011, with a system that generally follows French but eliminates silent letters and reduces the number of different ways in which the same sound can be written. It was codified in the Lortograf Kreol Morisien (2011) and used in the Gramer Kreol Morisien (2012) as well. The language became standard upon the publication of the second edition of the Diksioner Morisien.

Sample vocabulary

Numbers
Examples shown are in Mauritian Creole and French only.

Personal pronouns
Examples shown are in English, Mauritian Creole and French.

Directions

Tamil loanwords

Lexicon
Most words come from French but are not always used in the same way. For example, the French article le, la, les is often fused with the noun in Mauritian: French rat is Mauritian lera and French temps is Mauritian letan. The same is true for some adjectives and prepositions: French femme ("woman") and riz ("rice") are bonnfam (from bonne femme) and diri (from du riz) in Mauritian.  Some words have changed their meanings: Mauritian gagn ("to get, obtain") is derived from French gagner ("to win, earn").

Other words come from either Portuguese or Spanish. The word ziromon meaning pumpkin is from Portuguese jerimum, originally from Tupi jirumun.

There are also several loanwords from the languages of the African Malagasy slaves, who contributed such words as Mauritian lapang from Malagasy ampango (rice stuck to the bottom of a pot), Mauritian lafus from Malagasy hafotsa (a kind of tree), and Mauritian zahtak from Malagasy antaka (a kind of plant).  In some cases, as with some of the nouns from French, the Mauritian word has fused with the French article le/la/les.

Words of East African origin include Mauritian makutu from Makua makhwatta (running sore), Mauritian matak from Swahili, and Makonde matako (buttock).

Recent loanwords tend to come from English, such as map instead of plan or carte in French (plan or kart in Mauritian Creole). English words used in Mauritian Creole retain their English spelling but should normally be written with inverted commas.

Only two common Mauritian Creole words derive from Chinese: min (from ), meaning "noodle", and malang, meaning "dirty" or "poor".

Grammar
Nouns do not change in the according to grammatical number. Whether a noun is singular or plural can usually be determined only by context. However, the particle bann (from bande) is often placed before a plural. French un/une corresponds to Mauritian enn but its use has slightly different rules. Mauritian has an article (la), but it is placed after the noun. Compare French un rat, ce rat, le rat, les rats, and Mauritian enn lera, lera-la and bann lera.

In Mauritian, there is only one form for each plural pronoun and the third-person singular pronoun, regardless of case or gender; li can thus be translated as "he, she, it, him, his, her, hers" depending on the context.

Verbs do not change their form according to tense or person. Instead, the accompanying noun or pronoun determines who is engaging in the action, and several preverbal particles are used alone or in combination to indicate the tense: ti (from French étais) marks past tense, pe, short for the now-rare ape (from "après", as Québec French) still uses to mark the progressive aspect, (f)inn (from French fini) marks the completive or perfect, and pou or sometimes va or av (from French va) marks the future tense.

For example, li finn gagn ("he/she/it had") can also be shortened to linn gagn and pronounced as one word. The Réunion version is li té fine gagne for past, li té i gagne for past progressive, and li sava gagne for present progressive or near future.

Sample
Here is the Lord's Prayer in Mauritian Creole, French and English:

See also

 Creole language
 Agalega creole
 Chagossian creole
 Rodriguan creole
 Seychellois Creole

References

Bibliography

 Adone, Dany.  The Acquisition of Mauritian creole.  Amsterdam; Philadelphia:  J. Benjamins, 1984.
 Anonymous.  Diksyoner Kreol-Angle / Prototype Mauritian creole-English Dictionary.  Port Louis:  L.P.T., 1985.
 Baker, Philip and Chris Corne, Isle de France Creole: Affinities and Origins.  Ann Arbor:  Karoma, 1982.
 Baker, Philip and Vinesh Y. Hookoomsing.  Morisyen-English-français : diksyoner kreol morisyen (Dictionary of Mauritian creole).  Paris : Harmattan, 1987.
 Carpooran, Arnaud. Diksioner morisien [version prototip/let A–E].  Quatre Bornes, Ile Maurice : Editions Bartholdi, 2005.
 Carpooran, Arnaud. Le Créole Mauricien de poche.  Chennevières-sur-Marne : Assimil, 2007.  .
 Carpooran, Arnaud. Diksioner morisien[version integral/1e edision].  Sainte Croix, Ile Maurice : Koleksion Text Kreol, 2009, 1017pp.
 Carpooran, Arnaud. Diksioner morisien.  [version integral/2em edision]. Vacoas, Ile Maurice : Edition Le Printempss, 2011, 1200pp.
 Chaudenson, Robert.  Les créoles francais.  Évreux: F. Nathan, 1979.
 Chaudenson, Robert. Creolization of language and culture; translated and revised by Salikoko S. Mufwene, with Sheri Pargman, Sabrina Billings, and Michelle AuCoin.  London ; New York : Routledge, 2001.
 Choy, Paul. Korek – A Beginners Guide To Mauritian Creole (Grand Baie, Mauritius: Pachworks 4th ed., 2014)
 Corne, Chris. Essai de grammaire du créole mauricien, Auckland : Linguistic Society of New Zealand, 1970.
 Corne, Chris. A contrastive analysis of Reunion and Isle de France Creole French: two typologically diverse languages. In: Isle de France Creole: affinities and origins, Philip Baker & Chris Corne, 8–129. Ann Arbor: Karoma, 1982.
 Corne, Chris. "Mauritian creole Reflexives", Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, Volume 3, Number 1, 1988, pp. 69–94, 1988.
 Corne, Chris. From French to Creole, Battlebridge Publications (Westminster Creolistics), 1999.
 Frew, Mark.  Mauritian creole in seven easy lessons. 2nd ed. Port Louis, Republic of Mauritius : Ledikasyon pu Travayer, 2003.
 Holm, John.  Pidgins and Creoles, Volume II: Reference Survey.  Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press, 1989.
 Lee, Jacques K. Mauritius : its Creole language : the ultimate Creole phrase book : English-Creole dictionary. London: Nautilus Pub. Co., 1999.
 Strandquist, Rachel Eva.  Article Incorporation in Mauritian creole.  M.A. thesis, University of Victoria, 2005.
 Wittmann, Henri. Les parlers créoles des Mascareignes: une orientation. Trois-Rivières: Travaux linguistiques de l'Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières 1, 1972.
 Wittmann, Henri. « Lexical diffusion and the glottogenetics of creole French. » CreoList debate, parts I–VI, appendixes 1–9. The Linguist List, Eastern Michigan University & Wayne State University. 2001.
 Wittmann, Henri & Robert Fournier. "L'agglutination nominale en français colonial." Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 2:2.185–209, 1981.
 Wittmann, Henri & Robert Fournier. "Interprétation diachronique de la morphologie verbale du créole réunionnais". Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 6:2.137–50, 1987; in response to the hypothesis put forward by Corne (1982) in Baker and Corne (1982).

External links

Languages of Mauritius
French-based pidgins and creoles
Subject–verb–object languages


title: Cosme García Sáez

text:
Cosme García Sáez (born 1818 in Logroño, died in 1874 in Madrid) was a Spanish inventor. It is claimed that he was first to invent a submersible, preceding those of Narciso Monturiol and Isaac Peral.
He was self-taught without formal training in engineering.
However, three naval submarines (A-3, S-34 and S-83) have been named after him.

See also
Submarine
History of submarines

References

Submarines
1818 births
1874 deaths
Submarine pioneers


title: Child labour in Tanzania

text:
Child labour is common in Tanzania with millions working. It is more common with girls rather than boys. Girls are commonly employed as domestic servants, sometimes by force. Poor children in particular are trafficked internally for commercial sexual exploitation. Tanzania ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1991 and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child in 2003. Tanzania then enacted the Law of the Child Act, 2009. To help implement that Act and provide a mechanism for the reporting of children's rights violations, a free-of-charge helpline is available throughout the country.

In 2013, the U.S. Department of Labor reported in its Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor study that 25% of children aged 5 to 14 are working children. This percentage corresponds to around 3.1 million children. According to the report, despite the Government's moderate advancement in eliminating child labor, children in Tanzania still engage in agricultural and mining activities as indentured labourers.
In December 2014, an ILAB List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor reported 8 goods produced in such working conditions in Tanzania, 6 of them are agricultural goods (most importantly coffee, sisal, tea and tobacco). The remaining items are gold and tanzanite.

References

Tanzania
Labour in Tanzania
Human rights abuses in Tanzania
Childhood in Africa


title: 2014–15 Miami Hurricanes women's basketball team

text:
The 2014–15 Miami hurricanes women's basketball team represented the University of Miami during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Hurricanes, led by tenth-year head coach Katie Meier, play their home games at the BankUnited Center and were members of the Atlantic Coast Conference. They finished the season 20–13, 8–8 in ACC play to finish in eighth place. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the ACC women's tournament where they lost to Notre Dame. They received an at-large bid of the NCAA women's tournament where they upset Washington in the first round before losing to Iowa in the second round.

Roster

Media
All home games and conference road games will be broadcast on WVUM as part of the Miami Hurricanes Learfield Sports contract.

Schedule

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!colspan=12 style=| Exhibition

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!colspan=12 style=| Non-conference Regular Season

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!colspan=12 style=| ACC Regular Season

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!colspan=12 style=| ACC Women's Tournament

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!colspan=12 style=| NCAA Women's Tournament

Source

Rankings
2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings

See also
2014–15 Miami Hurricanes men's basketball team

References

Miami Hurricanes women's basketball seasons
Miami
Miami
Miami Hurricanes women's basketball team
Miami Hurricanes women's basketball team