title: Annelid

text:
The annelids  (Annelida , from Latin , "little ring"), also known as the segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 22,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches. The species exist in and have adapted to various ecologies – some in marine environments as distinct as tidal zones and hydrothermal vents, others in fresh water, and yet others in moist terrestrial environments.

The Annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a "super-phylum" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, and nemerteans.

The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychates, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts. The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis ("ripples" that pass along the body) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques – some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment.

Earthworms are oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor. In addition to improving soil fertility, annelids serve humans as food and as bait. Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water. Although blood-letting is used less frequently by doctors than it once was, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries. Ragworms' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength.

Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about  in the early Cambrian period. Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about . Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician, about , are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Paleogene period, which began 66 million years ago.

Classification and diversity
There are over 22,000 living annelid species, ranging in size from microscopic to the Australian giant Gippsland earthworm and Amynthas mekongianus, which can both grow up to  long  to the largest annelid, Microchaetus rappi which can grow up to 6.7 m (22 ft). Although research since 1997 has radically changed scientists' views about the evolutionary family tree of the annelids, most textbooks use the traditional classification into the following sub-groups:
Polychaetes (about 12,000 species). As their name suggests, they have multiple chetae ("hairs") per segment. Polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, and nuchal organs that are thought to be chemosensors. Most are marine animals, although a few species live in fresh water and even fewer on land.

Clitellates (about 10,000 species ). These have few or no chetae per segment, and no nuchal organs or parapodia. However, they have a unique reproductive organ, the ring-shaped  clitellum ("pack saddle") around their bodies, which produces a cocoon that stores and nourishes fertilized eggs until they hatch  or, in moniligastrids, yolky eggs that provide nutrition for the embryos. The clitellates are sub-divided into:
Oligochaetes ("with few hairs"), which includes earthworms. Oligochaetes have a sticky pad in the roof of the mouth. Most are burrowers that feed on wholly or partly decomposed organic materials.
Hirudinea, whose name means "leech-shaped" and whose best known members are leeches. Marine species are mostly blood-sucking parasites, mainly on fish, while most freshwater species are predators. They have suckers at both ends of their bodies, and use these to move rather like inchworms.

The Archiannelida, minute annelids that live in the spaces between grains of marine sediment, were treated as a separate class because of their simple body structure, but are now regarded as polychaetes. Some other groups of animals have been classified in various ways, but are now widely regarded as annelids:
Pogonophora / Siboglinidae were first discovered in 1914, and their lack of a recognizable gut made it difficult to classify them. They have been classified as a separate phylum, Pogonophora, or as two phyla, Pogonophora and Vestimentifera. More recently they have been re-classified as a family, Siboglinidae, within the polychaetes.
The Echiura have a checkered taxonomic history: in the 19th century they were assigned to the phylum "Gephyrea", which is now empty as its members have been assigned to other phyla; the Echiura were next regarded as annelids until the 1940s, when they were classified as a phylum in their own right; but a molecular phylogenetics analysis in 1997 concluded that echiurans are annelids.
Myzostomida live on crinoids and other echinoderms, mainly as parasites. In the past they have been regarded as close relatives of the trematode flatworms or of the tardigrades, but in 1998 it was suggested that they are a sub-group of polychaetes. However, another analysis in 2002 suggested that myzostomids are more closely related to flatworms or to rotifers and acanthocephales.
Sipuncula was originally classified as annelids, despite the complete lack of segmentation, bristles and other annelid characters. The phylum Sipuncula was later allied with the Mollusca, mostly on the basis of developmental and larval characters. Phylogenetic analyses based on 79 ribosomal proteins indicated a position of Sipuncula within Annelida. Subsequent analysis of the mitochondrion's DNA has confirmed their close relationship to the Myzostomida and Annelida (including echiurans and pogonophorans). It has also been shown that a rudimentary neural segmentation similar to that of annelids occurs in the early larval stage, even if these traits are absent in the adults.

Mitogenomic and phylogenomic analysis also implies that Orthonectida, a group of extremely simplified parasites traditionally placed in Mesozoa, are actually reduced annelids.

Distinguishing features
No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing. Most of the segments contain the same sets of organs, although sharing a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system makes them inter-dependent. Their bodies are covered by a cuticle (outer covering) that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt – on the other hand arthropods' cuticles are made of the more rigid α-chitin, and molt until the arthropods reach their full size. Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via blood vessels.

Description

Segmentation

Most of an annelid's body consists of segments that are practically identical, having the same sets of internal organs and external chaetae (Greek χαιτη, meaning "hair") and, in some species, appendages. The frontmost and rearmost sections are not regarded as true segments as they do not contain the standard sets of organs and do not develop in the same way as the true segments. The frontmost section, called the prostomium (Greek προ- meaning "in front of" and στομα meaning "mouth") contains the brain and sense organs, while the rearmost, called the pygidium (Greek πυγιδιον, meaning "little tail") or periproct contains the anus, generally on the underside. The first section behind the prostomium, called the peristomium (Greek περι- meaning "around" and στομα meaning "mouth"), is regarded by some zoologists as not a true segment, but in some polychaetes the peristomium has chetae and appendages like those of other segments.

The segments develop one at a time from a growth zone just ahead of the pygidium, so that an annelid's youngest segment is just in front of the growth zone while the peristomium is the oldest. This pattern is called teloblastic growth. Some groups of annelids, including all leeches, have fixed maximum numbers of segments, while others add segments throughout their lives.

The phylum's name is derived from the Latin word annelus, meaning "little ring".

Body wall, chaetae and parapodia

Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis protect their skins. Under the epidermis is the dermis, which is made of connective tissue, in other words a combination of cells and non-cellular materials such as collagen. Below this are two layers of muscles, which develop from the lining of the coelom (body cavity): circular muscles make a segment longer and slimmer when they contract, while under them are longitudinal muscles, usually four distinct strips,  whose contractions make the segment shorter and fatter. But several families have lost the circular muscles, and it has been suggested that the lack of circular muscles is a plesiomorphic character in Annelida. Some annelids also have oblique internal muscles that connect the underside of the body to each side.

The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for example jointed, comb-like or hooked. Chetae are made of moderately flexible β-chitin and are formed by follicles, each of which has a chetoblast ("hair-forming") cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta. The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming microvilli, fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta. When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta. Hence annelids' chetae are structurally different from the setae ("bristles") of arthropods, which are made of the more rigid α-chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle.

Nearly all polychaetes have parapodia that function as limbs, while other major annelid groups lack them. Parapodia are unjointed paired extensions of the body wall, and their muscles are derived from the circular muscles of the body. They are often supported internally by one or more large, thick chetae. The parapodia of burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes are often just ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae. In active crawlers and swimmers the parapodia are often divided into large upper and lower paddles on a very short trunk, and the paddles are generally fringed with chetae and sometimes with cirri (fused bundles of cilia) and gills.

Nervous system and senses
The brain generally forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. The brains of polychaetes are generally in the prostomium, while those of clitellates are in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the prostomium. In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections. The rest of the central nervous system, the ventral nerve cord, is generally "ladder-like", consisting of a pair of nerve cords that run through the bottom part of the body and have in each segment paired ganglia linked by a transverse connection. From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body. However, in most polychaetes the two main nerve cords are fused, and in the tube-dwelling genus Owenia the single nerve chord has no ganglia and is located in the epidermis.

As in arthropods, each muscle fiber (cell) is controlled by more than one neuron, and the speed and power of the fiber's contractions depends on the combined effects of all its neurons. Vertebrates have a different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers. Most annelids' longitudinal nerve trunks include giant axons (the output signal lines of nerve cells). Their large diameter decreases their resistance, which allows them to transmit signals exceptionally fast. This enables these worms to withdraw rapidly from danger by shortening their bodies. Experiments have shown that cutting the giant axons prevents this escape response but does not affect normal movement.

The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes also have various combinations of ocelli ("little eyes") that detect the direction from which light is coming and camera eyes or compound eyes that can probably form images. The compound eyes probably evolved independently of arthropods' eyes. Some tube-worms use ocelli widely spread over their bodies to detect the shadows of fish, so that they can quickly withdraw into their tubes. Some burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes have statocysts (tilt and balance sensors) that tell them which way is down. A few polychaete genera have on the undersides of their heads palps that are used both in feeding and as "feelers", and some of these also have antennae that are structurally similar but probably are used mainly as "feelers".

Coelom, locomotion and circulatory system
Most annelids have a pair of coelomata (body cavities) in each segment, separated from other segments by septa and from each other by vertical mesenteries. Each septum forms a sandwich with connective tissue in the middle and mesothelium (membrane that serves as a lining) from the preceding and following segments on either side. Each mesentery is similar except that the mesothelium is the lining of each of the pair of coelomata, and the blood vessels and, in polychaetes, the main nerve cords are embedded in it.  The mesothelium is made of modified epitheliomuscular cells; in other words, their bodies form part of the epithelium but their bases extend to form muscle fibers in the body wall. The mesothelium may also form radial and circular muscles on the septa, and circular muscles around the blood vessels and gut. Parts of the mesothelium, especially on the outside of the gut, may also form chloragogen cells that perform similar functions to the livers of vertebrates: producing and storing glycogen and fat; producing the oxygen-carrier hemoglobin; breaking down proteins; and turning nitrogenous waste products into ammonia and urea to be excreted.

Many annelids move by peristalsis (waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body), or flex the body while using parapodia  to crawl or swim. In these animals the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments, by making each segment a separate fluid-filled "balloon". However, the septa are often incomplete in annelids that are semi-sessile or that do not move by peristalsis or by movements of parapodia – for example some move by whipping movements of the body, some small marine species move by means of cilia (fine muscle-powered hairs) and some burrowers turn their pharynges (throats) inside out to penetrate the sea-floor and drag themselves into it.

The fluid in the coelomata contains coelomocyte cells that defend the animals against parasites and infections. In some species coelomocytes may also contain a respiratory pigment – red hemoglobin in some species, green chlorocruorin in others (dissolved in the plasma) – and provide oxygen transport within their segments. Respiratory pigment is also dissolved in the blood plasma. Species with well-developed septa generally also have blood vessels running all long their bodies above and below the gut, the upper one carrying blood forwards while the lower one carries it backwards. Networks of capillaries in the body wall and around the gut transfer blood between the main blood vessels and to parts of the segment that need oxygen and nutrients. Both of the major vessels, especially the upper one, can pump blood by contracting. In some annelids the forward end of the upper blood vessel is enlarged with muscles to form a heart, while in the forward ends of many earthworms some of the vessels that connect the upper and lower main vessels function as hearts. Species with poorly developed or no septa generally have no blood vessels and rely on the circulation within the coelom for delivering nutrients and oxygen.

However, leeches and their closest relatives have a body structure that is very uniform within the group but significantly different from that of other annelids, including other members of the Clitellata. In leeches there are no septa, the connective tissue layer of the body wall is so thick that it occupies much of the body, and the two coelomata are widely separated and run the length of the body. They function as the main blood vessels, although they are side-by-side rather than upper and lower. However, they are lined with mesothelium, like the coelomata and unlike the blood vessels of other annelids. Leeches generally use suckers at their front and rear ends to move like inchworms. The anus is on the upper surface of the pygidium.

Respiration
In some annelids, including earthworms, all respiration is via the skin. However, many polychaetes and some clitellates (the group to which earthworms belong) have gills associated with most segments, often as extensions of the parapodia in polychaetes. The gills of tube-dwellers and burrowers usually cluster around whichever end has the stronger water flow.

Feeding and excretion

Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sharp increase in fluid pressure from all these segments everts the pharynx very quickly. Two families, the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae, have evolved jaws, which can be used for seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter. On the other hand, some predatory polychaetes have neither jaws nor eversible pharynges.  Selective deposit feeders generally live in tubes on the sea-floor and use palps to find food particles in the sediment and then wipe them into their mouths. Filter feeders use "crowns" of palps covered in cilia that wash food particles towards their mouths. Non-selective deposit feeders ingest soil or marine sediments via mouths that are generally unspecialized. Some clitellates have sticky pads in the roofs of their mouths, and some of these can evert the pads to capture prey. Leeches often have an eversible proboscis, or a muscular pharynx with two or three teeth.

The gut is generally an almost straight tube supported by the mesenteries (vertical partitions within segments), and ends with the anus on the underside of the pygidium. However, in members of the tube-dwelling family Siboglinidae the gut is blocked by a swollen lining that houses symbiotic bacteria, which can make up 15% of the worms' total weight. The bacteria convert inorganic matter – such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from hydrothermal vents, or methane from seeps – to organic matter that feeds themselves and their hosts, while the worms extend their palps into the gas flows to absorb the gases needed by the bacteria.

Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic and spent materials as urine. The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first – in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid, where it circulates to the metanephridia. In annelids the points at which fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia are on the forward side of a septum while the second-stage filter and the nephridiopore (exit opening in the body wall) are in the following segment. As a result, the hindmost segment (before the growth zone and pygidium) has no structure that extracts its wastes, as there is no following segment to filter and discharge them, while the first segment contains an extraction structure that passes wastes to the second, but does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine.

Reproduction and life cycle

Asexual reproduction

Polychaetes can reproduce asexually, by dividing into two or more pieces or by budding off a new individual while the parent remains a complete organism. Some oligochaetes, such as Aulophorus furcatus, seem to reproduce entirely asexually, while others reproduce asexually in summer and sexually in autumn. Asexual reproduction in oligochaetes is always by dividing into two or more pieces, rather than by budding. However, leeches have never been seen reproducing asexually.

Most polychaetes and oligochaetes also use similar mechanisms to regenerate after suffering damage. Two polychaete genera, Chaetopterus and Dodecaceria, can regenerate from a single segment, and others can regenerate even if their heads are removed. Annelids are the most complex animals that can regenerate after such severe damage. On the other hand, leeches cannot regenerate.

Sexual reproduction

It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore between the apical tuft and the prototroch becomes the prostomium (head);  a small area round the trochophore's anus becomes the pygidium (tail-piece); a narrow band immediately in front of that becomes the growth zone that produces new segments; and the rest of the trochophore becomes the peristomium (the segment that contains the mouth).

However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton, or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae. The rest care for the fertilized eggs until they hatch – some by producing jelly-covered masses of eggs which they tend, some by attaching the eggs to their bodies and a few species by keeping the eggs within their bodies until they hatch. These species use a variety of methods for sperm transfer; for example, in some the females collect sperm released into the water, while in others the males have a penis that inject sperm into the female. There is no guarantee that this is a representative sample of polychaetes' reproductive patterns, and it simply reflects scientists' current knowledge.

Some polychaetes breed only once in their lives, while others breed almost continuously or through several breeding seasons. While most polychaetes remain of one sex all their lives, a significant percentage of species are full hermaphrodites or change sex during their lives. Most polychaetes whose reproduction has been studied lack permanent gonads, and it is uncertain how they produce ova and sperm. In a few species the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual that lives just long enough to swim to a suitable environment, usually near the surface, and spawn.

Most mature clitellates (the group that includes earthworms and leeches) are full hermaphrodites, although in a few leech species younger adults function as males and become female at maturity. All have well-developed gonads, and all copulate. Earthworms store their partners' sperm in spermathecae ("sperm stores") and then the clitellum produces a cocoon that collects ova from the ovaries and then sperm from the spermathecae. Fertilization and development of earthworm eggs takes place in the cocoon. Leeches' eggs are fertilized in the ovaries, and then transferred to the cocoon. In all clitellates the cocoon also either produces yolk when the eggs are fertilized or nutrients while they are developing. All clitellates hatch as miniature adults rather than larvae.

Ecological significance
Charles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that oxygen and water can penetrate it, and both surface and burrowing worms help to produce soil by mixing organic and mineral matter, by accelerating the decomposition of organic matter and thus making it more quickly available to other organisms, and by concentrating minerals and converting them to forms that plants can use more easily. Earthworms are also important prey for birds ranging in size from robins to storks, and for mammals ranging from shrews to badgers, and in some cases conserving earthworms may be essential for conserving endangered birds.

Terrestrial annelids can be invasive in some situations. In the glaciated areas of North America, for example, almost all native earthworms are thought to have been killed by the glaciers and the worms currently found in those areas are all introduced from other areas, primarily from Europe, and, more recently, from Asia.  Northern hardwood forests are especially negatively impacted by invasive worms through the loss of leaf duff, soil fertility, changes in soil chemistry and the loss of ecological diversity. Especially of concern is Amynthas agrestis and at least one state (Wisconsin) has listed it as a prohibited species.

Earthworms migrate only a limited distance annually on their own, and the spread of invasive worms is increased rapidly by anglers and from worms or their cocoons in the dirt on vehicle tires or footwear.

Marine annelids may account for over one-third of bottom-dwelling animal species around coral reefs and in tidal zones. Burrowing species increase the penetration of water and oxygen into the sea-floor sediment, which encourages the growth of populations of aerobic bacteria and small animals alongside their burrows.

Although blood-sucking leeches do little direct harm to their victims, some transmit flagellates that can be very dangerous to their hosts. Some small tube-dwelling oligochaetes transmit myxosporean parasites that cause whirling disease in fish.

Interaction with humans
Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than artificial flies, and worms can be kept for several days in a tin lined with damp moss.  Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations. Some marine polychaetes' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and aquaculture operations.

Scientists study aquatic annelids to monitor the oxygen content, salinity and pollution levels in fresh and marine water.

Accounts of the use of leeches for the medically dubious practise of blood-letting have come from China around 30 AD, India around 200 AD, ancient Rome around 50 AD and later throughout Europe. In the 19th century medical demand for leeches was so high that some areas' stocks were exhausted and other regions imposed restrictions or bans on exports, and Hirudo medicinalis is treated as an endangered species by both IUCN and CITES. More recently leeches have been used to assist in microsurgery, and their saliva has provided anti-inflammatory compounds and several important anticoagulants, one of which also prevents tumors from spreading.

Ragworms' jaws are strong but much lighter than the hard parts of many other organisms, which are biomineralized with calcium salts. These advantages have attracted the attention of engineers. Investigations showed that ragworm jaws are made of unusual  proteins that bind strongly to zinc.

Evolutionary history

Fossil record

Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence. The small shelly fossil Cloudina, from , has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a cnidarian (i.e. in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong). Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta, both from Canada's Burgess Shale, formed about  in the Middle Cambrian. Myoscolex, found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid. However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla.  Then Simon Conway Morris and John Peel reported Phragmochaeta from Sirius Passet, about , and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date. There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia was a mollusc or an annelid. Polychaetes diversified in the early Ordovician, about .  It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown-group cannot have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later. By the end of the Carboniferous, about , fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared. Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern sessile polychaetes, but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the Jurassic, less than . In 2012, a 508 million year old species of annelid found near the Burgess shale beds in British Columbia, Kootenayscolex, was found that changed the hypotheses about how the annelid head developed. It appears to have bristles on its head segment akin to those along its body, as if the head simply developed as a specialized version of a previously generic segment.

The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began , and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from . A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted burrow partly filled with small fecal pellets may be evidence that earthworms were present in the early Triassic period from . Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician, from , have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes, but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed.

Internal relationships
Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaete families into higher-level groups. In 1997 Greg Rouse and Kristian Fauchald attempted a "first heuristic step in terms of bringing polychaete systematics to an acceptable level of rigour", based on anatomical structures, and divided polychaetes into:

Scolecida, less than 1,000 burrowing species that look rather like earthworms.
Palpata, the great majority of polychaetes, divided into:
Canalipalpata, which are distinguished by having long grooved palps that they use for feeding, and most of which live in tubes.
Aciculata, the most active polychaetes, which have parapodia reinforced by internal spines (aciculae).

Also in 1997 Damhnait McHugh, using molecular phylogenetics to compare similarities and differences in one gene, presented a very different view, in which: the clitellates were an offshoot of one branch of the polychaete family tree; the pogonophorans and echiurans, which for a few decades had been regarded as a separate phyla, were placed on other branches of the polychaete tree. Subsequent molecular phylogenetics analyses on a similar scale presented similar conclusions.

In 2007 Torsten Struck and colleagues compared three genes in 81 taxa, of which nine were outgroups, in other words not considered closely related to annelids but included to give an indication of where the organisms under study are placed on the larger tree of life. For a cross-check the study used an analysis of 11 genes (including the original 3) in ten taxa. This analysis agreed that clitellates, pogonophorans and echiurans were on various branches of the polychaete family tree. It also concluded that the classification of polychaetes into Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata was useless, as the members of these alleged groups were scattered all over the family tree derived from comparing the 81 taxa. It also placed sipunculans, generally regarded at the time as a separate phylum, on another branch of the polychaete tree, and concluded that leeches were a sub-group of oligochaetes rather than their sister-group among the clitellates. Rouse accepted the analyses based on molecular phylogenetics, and their main conclusions are now the scientific consensus, although the details of the annelid family tree remain uncertain.

In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and three previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyses undermine the emphasis that decades of previous writings placed on the importance of segmentation in the classification of invertebrates. Polychaetes, which these analyses found to be the parent group, have completely segmented bodies, while polychaetes' echiurans and sipunculan offshoots are not segmented and pogonophores are segmented only in the rear parts of their bodies. It now seems that segmentation can appear and disappear much more easily in the course of evolution than was previously thought. The 2007 study also noted that the ladder-like nervous system, which is associated with segmentation, is less universal than previously thought in both annelids and arthropods.

The updated phylogenetic tree of the Annelid phylum is comprised by a grade of basal groups of polychaetes: Palaeoannelida, Chaetopteriformia and the Amphinomida/Sipuncula/Lobatocerebrum clade. This grade is followed by Pleistoannelida, the clade containing nearly all of annelid diversity, divided into two highly diverse groups: Sedentaria and Errantia. Sedentaria contains the clitellates, pogonophorans, echiurans and some archiannelids, as well as several polychaete groups. Errantia contains the eunicid and phyllodocid polychaetes, and several archiannelids. Some small groups, such as the Myzostomida, are more difficult to place due to long branching, but belong to either one of these large groups.

External relationships
Annelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals – the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata ("jointed animals"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla. However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids. Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented. It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies independently as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla. The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs, brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores (fan-like feeding structures) and/or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa. Meanwhile, arthropods are now regarded as members of the Ecdysozoa ("animals that molt"), along with some phyla that are unsegmented.

The "Lophotrochozoa" hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg's development. When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these four cells form a spiral pattern. In these phyla the "fates" of the embryo's cells, in other words the roles their descendants will play in the adult animal, are the same and can be predicted from a very early stage. Hence this development pattern is often described as "spiral determinate cleavage".

Fossil discoveries lead to the hypothesis that Annelida and the lophophorates are more closely related to each other than any other phyla. Because of the body plan of lophotrochozoan fossils, a phylogenetic analysis found the lophophorates as the sister group of annelids. Both groups share in common: the presence of chaetae secreted by microvilli; paired, metameric coelomic compartments; and a similar metanephridial structure.

Notes

References

External links

Articles containing video clips

Cambrian first appearances
Extant Cambrian first appearances


title: Ivan Djorev

text:
Ivan Velkov Dzhorev (also Ivan Djorev, ; born May 17, 1976, in Yambol) is an amateur Bulgarian freestyle wrestler, who competed in the men's lightweight category. He won a bronze medal in the 55-kg division at the 2004 European Wrestling Championships in Ankara, Turkey, and later represented his nation Bulgaria at the Summer Olympics a few months later. Throughout his sporting career, Djorev trained as a member of the freestyle wrestling team for Sozopol Sports Club in Yambol, under his personal coach Angel Gochev.

Djorev qualified for the Bulgarian squad in the men's 60 kg class at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens by receiving an allocated berth from the International Federation of Associated Wrestling (FILA). He lost two straight matches each to Cuban wrestler and eventual winner Yandro Quintana and India's Sushil Kumar without collecting a single point, leaving him on the bottom of the prelim pool and finishing eighteenth overall in the final standings.

References

External links
Profile – International Wrestling Database
Profile – Bulgarian Wrestling Federation

1976 births
Living people
Olympic wrestlers for Bulgaria
Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
People from Yambol
Bulgarian male sport wrestlers
European Wrestling Championships medalists
20th-century Bulgarian people
21st-century Bulgarian people


title: Līloa

text:
Līloa was a ruler of the island of Hawaii in the late 15th century. He kept his royal compound in Waipi'o Valley.

Līloa was the firstborn son of Kiha-nui-lulu-moku, one of the noho aliʻi (ruling elite). He descended from Hāna-laʻa-nui. Līloa's mother Waioloa (or Waoilea), his grandmother Neʻula, and his great-grandmother Laʻa-kapu were of the ʻEwa aliʻi lines of Oahu. Liloa's father ruled Hawaii as aliʻi nui and upon his death left the rule of the island to Līloa. Kiha had four other sons, brothers to Līloa. Their names were Kaunuamoa, Makaoku, Kepailiula, and (by Kiha's second wife Hina-opio) Hoolana. Hoolana's descendants were the Kaiakea family of Molokai, from whom Abraham Fornander's wife Pinao Alanakapu was descended.

Līloa had two sons: his firstborn, Hākau, from his wife Pinea (his mother's sister); and his second son, ʻUmi-a-Līloa, from his lesser-ranking wife, Akahi-a-Kuleana.

Līloa was the common progenitor of royal dynasties from whom many of the pre- and post-unification ruling ali'i derived their genealogy and mana: all of the kings and queens of the Kingdom of Hawaii could point to him as their ancestor and source of paramountcy.

Hawaiian activist Kanalu G. Terry Young has claimed that the practice of moe aikāne (a type of sexual relationship, frequently homosexual, between members of the aliʻi classes) originated with Līloa.

Līloa's kāʻei

During the reign of King Kalākaua Līloa's kāʻei, or royal sash, became part of the regalia associated with the crown jewels: the possession of this sash lent legitimacy to the elected King, by way of association with the ancestor's military prowess and divine power. "Kalākaua valued the sash as a symbol of his inherited kapu status and the legitimacy of his royal accession. The feather cordon was a rightful possession of the reigning king of Hawai‘i even in the late nineteenth century."

Today, Līloa's kāʻei is one of the Hawaiian crown jewels in the collection of the Bishop Museum in Honolulu.

References

Royalty of Hawaii (island)
People from Hawaii (island)
Hawaiian Kingdom people
House of Līloa
LGBT Native Hawaiians


title: Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi

text:
Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi (born 11 June 1963) is a Nigerian-British feminist activist, writer and policy advocate. She was first lady of Ekiti State, Nigeria as wife of Ekiti State governor Kayode Fayemi from 2018 to 2022. She previously served as first lady from 2010 to 2014 during her husband's first term in office. In 2001, she co-founded the African Women's Development Fund (AWDF), the first Pan-African grant-making organisation. She serves as a UN Women Nigeria Senior Advisor, and was appointed as a Visiting Senior Research Fellow at King's College, University of London in 2017. She is CEO of Above Whispers Limited, and runs an online community called Abovewhispers.com.

When her husband Dr. Kayode Fayemi took office as Governor of Ekiti State, Nigeria, she became actively involved in a range of policy advocacy, grassroots empowerment and social inclusion programs in Ekiti State. She led the campaign to enact a Gender Based Violence Prohibition Law (2011, revised in October 2019), an Equal Opportunities Bill (2013) and an HIV Anti-Stigma Bill (2014). She continues to work on the implementation and sustainability of these initiatives as First Lady of Ekiti State for the second time.

She serves on the Executive Boards of the African Women's Development Fund. She is Chair of the Advisory Council of the Nigerian Women's Trust Fund and also serves on the Governing Council of Elizade University in Nigeria. She is currently Chair of the Gender Based Violence Law Management Committee, Ekiti State and Chair, Ekiti State AIDS Control Agency.
She is also on the Steering Committee of the Regional African Women Leaders Network (AWLN) and a member of AWLN-Nigeria Steering Steering Committee where she serves as an Adviser.

Adeleye-Fayemi is the author of Loud Whispers (2017), Speaking for Myself (2013), and an autobiography entitled Speaking above a Whisper (2013). She also co-edited Voice, Power and Soul.

Education
Bisi Adeleye-Fayemi was born in Liverpool, England, on 11 June 1963. She received her bachelor's and master's degrees in history from the University of Ife, now the Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria.  She also received an MA in Gender and Society (1992) from Middlesex University, UK.  She is currently CEO, Above Whispers Limited, specializing in leadership development for women, and she runs an online community called Abovewhispers.com, where she writes a weekly column called "Loud Whispers". She was until recently a UN Women Nigeria Senior Advisor, and was recently appointed as a Visiting Senior Research Fellow at King's College, University of London.

Career
She served as the Director of Akina Mama wa Afrika (AMwA), an international development organisation for African women, based in London, UK, from 1991 to 2001 as well as Executive Director of the African Women's Development Fund (AWDF), the first Africa-wide grant-making fund which supports the work of organisations promoting women's rights in Africa, from 2001 to 2010.

During her years in the UK, Bisi Fayemi worked in the Department of Health as an Administrative Officer. She then became the Director of Akina Mama wa Afrika (AMwA), an international development organisation for African women based in London, UK, with an Africa regional office in Kampala, Uganda, from 1991 to 2001. While she was the Director of AMwA, she established the African Women's Leadership Institute (AWLI), a training and networking forum for young African women. The leadership institute she developed has become such a powerful legacy that today the AWLI has trained more than 6,000 women across Africa, most of whom are now in senior decision-making positions as Ministers, Members of Parliaments, academics, civil society leaders and employees of international organisations.

Adeleye-Fayemi has been associated with a number of international women's rights and philanthropy organisations, including as co-chair of the International Network of Women's Funds, president of the Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID), and chair of the International Women's Health Coalition (IWHC). She has also been on the board of trustees for Comic Relief (UK).

Leymah Gbowee of Liberia, 2011 Nobel Peace Prize winner, delivered Adeleye-Fayemi's 50th birthday lecture in 2013. Titled "Leading the Change: The Journey of an African Woman", the lecture detailed how Adeleye-Fayemi's support was foundational to Gbowee's work in Liberia, eventually leading to her Nobel Prize. Gbowee talked about how Adeleye-Fayemi, as head of AWDF, had supported the women's peace movement in Liberia in its infancy, saying: "We crave change, but wait for someone to come and save us. Most times, our reluctance to creating change and acting accordingly means that we don't change perception about us. But, Bisi, you have helped us to achieve change. You have used your position to sew dreams and show that change is possible, and helped to set our minds to it. That I won the Nobel Prize is because of people like you. That day, you didn't see me. You saw a sister. Today, we say, 'Thank you'. You have helped to set our minds to it."

Personal life
She is married to Kayode Fayemi, who went on to become Governor of Ekiti State in 2010, and again in 2018; they met while they were students, and they have one son together, Folajimi Fayemi (born 1994).

Awards and recognition
Adeleye-Fayemi was given the "Changing the Face of Philanthropy" award by the Women's Funding Network in 2007, and was named one of the 20 most influential African women in 2009 by New African magazine. In 2011, Women Deliver listed her as one of the top 100 people in the world, advancing the rights of women and girls.

In 2019, she was awarded the 2018 Zik Leadership Prize for humanitarian Leadership by Public Policy Research and Analysis Centre (PPRAC).

Selected publications
 2020 Where Is Your Wrapper?
 2017 Loud Whispers
 2013 Speaking Above A Whisper
 2013 Speaking For Myself
 2008 Voice, Power and Soul (co-edited with Jessica Horn)

References

External links

 "Know Your African Feminists: Bisi Adeleye Fayemi". 4th African Feminist Forum Interview Series, April 2016, Harare, Zimbabwe. YouTube.
  The African Women Leaders Network (AWLN) at the 44th Session of the Commission on Population and Development
   Nigerian Women Leaders call for more involvement of women to promote peaceful elections

  Fayemi's wife wins Zik leadership award
  Erelu Fayemi, two governors, former Ghanaian President win Zik leadership prize
  Mrs. Fayemi receives Zik Prize award

Living people
Alumni of Middlesex University
Obafemi Awolowo University alumni
1963 births
Nigerian women activists
Nigerian women writers
Nigerian feminists
Nigerian philanthropists
Yoruba women writers


title: Rohan Gandotra

text:
Rohan Gandotra (born 26 August 1990) is an Indian television actor who debuted with Everest and then appeared in shows like Qubool Hai, Kaala Teeka, Naagin 2 , Dil Se Dil Tak , Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka and 1962: The War in the Hills

Early life
Rohan Gandotra was born on 26th August 1990 in New Delhi, india into a punjabi hindu family to Sunil Gandotra and Meenakshi Gandotra. He has an elder brother Prateek Gandotra. Gandotra completed his schooling from DLDAV Model School, New Delhi. Gandotra completed Bachelors in Computers from Jagan Institute of Management Studies.

Rohan inspired to be an actor since his college days when he started modelling at college festivals and then he started appearing in lot of print shoots for different brands. There are over 40 plus different brands in his kitty for what he shot including Casio, Vodafone, Tata Docomo, Hyundai Eon, Hair and care etc. After doing a lot of print shoots and tvc’s he started concentrating on his acting career.

Career

Rohan made his acting debut on television with a lead role as Aakash Joshi on Ashutosh Gowariker's Everest on StarPlus produced by AGPPL in 2014. He gained recognition for his role as Akash Joshi that earned him Best Debut at the prestigious Gold Awards and a nomination as the Best Fresh New Face (Male) in Indian Telly Awards. The show is available on Hotstar to watch. In 2015, he did a cameo role in  Zee TV’s  Qubool Hai as Ashfaq , co-starring alongside Additi Gupta and Surbhi Jyoti.
In 2016, he joined Zee TV’s show Kaala Teeka after leap in which he played a charming young businessman as Yug Chaudhary. Show successfully ran for 1.5 yrs before he quit the show.

In November 2017, he was signed as the replacement of Sidharth Shukla in Colors TV most famous show Dil Se Dil Tak opposite Jasmin Bhasin and Rashami Desai. The show was produced by Shashi Sumeet Productions. He played the character of Parth Bhanushali. The series ended in June 2018.
In Feb 2019, Rohan signed a new show for Voot in Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka second season as Veer Verma opposite Tejasswi Prakash, Kunal Jaisingh and Aneri Vajani. The show was the first daily soap to run on an OTT platform. The show went on for 100 episodes and ended in June 2019.

Immediately after the show , Gandotra signed his new show for Hotstar called 1962: The War in the Hills directed by Mahesh Manjrekar , produced by Arre (brand). The show has an ensemble cast of Abhay Deol, Sumeet Vyas, Akash Thosar, Mahie Gill, Pooja Sawant. This is one of the biggest show for Hotstar and received rave reviews from the critics as well as audience. The show is based on Indo-China war of 1962. Gandotra played the character of Sepoy Karan Yadav for which he gained 7kgs to look the part of a ruthless soldier. He received amazing reviews for his performance as a soldier. In 2021, he appeared in StarPlus's show Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana as Yuvraj Singh.

Television

Web series

References

Living people
1990 births
21st-century Indian male actors
Indian male soap opera actors
Indian male models
Male actors from New Delhi
Male actors from Delhi


title: List of Dutch chefs

text:
A list of Dutch chefs. Chefs who have held or hold Michelin starred restaurants are marked with a star.

Jerry Bastiaan
Ron Blaauw
Joop Braakhekke
Vincent la Chapelle
Gert-Jan Cieremans
François Geurds  /
Cees Helder
Sergio Herman
Ida Kleijnen
Erik van Loo
Mario Uva
Mario Ridder
Michel van Riswijk
Jeroen Robberegt
Jankees Roggeveen
Henk Savelberg
Angélique Schmeinck
Cas Spijkers
Rudolph van Veen
Paul van Waarden
Hans van Wolde

References

Chef


title: Enrico Berrè

text:
Enrico Berrè (born 10 November 1992) is an Italian right-handed sabre fencer, two-time team European champion, 2015 team world champion, and 2021 team Olympic silver medalist.

Medal Record

Olympic Games

World Championship

European Championship

Grand Prix

World Cup

Biography
Berrè began fencing at SS Lazio Scherma Ariccia, first learning foil with maestra Matilde Lerro, then switching to sabre with maestro Vincenzo Castrucci. He later transferred to Club Scherma Roma ASD. He took on international competition in 2008. He won the 2010 Junior European Championships in Lobnya.

Amongst seniors, his first significant result was a bronze medal in the 2013 European Championships. He earned a team gold medal in the same competition. In the World Championships that same year, he made his way to the quarter-finals before being defeated 4–15 by Romania's Tiberiu Dolniceanu.

In the 2013–14 season, Berrè won his first World Cup podium with a bronze in Padova, followed by another bronze in the Budapest Grand Prix, and a gold medal in the Glaive d'Asparoukh at Plovdiv. He took the gold both in the individual and team event at the Italian national championships. In the European Championships he was stopped 13–15 in the quarter-finals by Russia's Aleksey Yakimenko, who eventually won the competition. He took his revenge in the team event by beating Russia 45–44 and came away with a second consecutive team gold.

Berrè studied political science at the Università degli Studi Niccolò Cusano. Since 2011 he is a member of GS Fiamme Gialle, the sports section of the Guardia di Finanza.

References

External links

Profile at the European Fencing Championships

Italian male sabre fencers
Living people
1992 births
Fencers from Rome
Fencers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic fencers for Italy
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in fencing
Olympic silver medalists for Italy


title: Spjærøy Church

text:
Spjærøy Church is a century-old Protestant church belonging to the Church of Norway located in Dypedal, Hvaler—a group of islands in Viken county, Norway situated between Vesterøy and Asmaløy. Officially called Spjærøy kirke, the church was built in 1889 and is part of the Fredrikstad Domprosti (rural deanery), Diocese of Borg.

History
In the 1880s, the increasing population in Hvaler had brought about the need to either expand the existing Hvaler church or construct a new building to accommodate the growing number of church-goers. In May 1887, the plan to construct a new granite church in Dypedal was approved by the municipal officials. The design was made by Architect Jacob Wilhelm Nordan, while the construction was supervised by master mason Peder Emanuelsen Utengen from Kirkeøy. In May 1889, the cornerstone was laid and in July 1891 Bishop Carl Peter Parelius Essendrop dedicated the church.

Architecture and interiors
The church building was built primarily of granite derived from a nearby mountain. The church interior was originally maintained in a dark brown color, but after several decades until the present is maintained in white, dark red and blue. The church's chancels has three stained glass windows—designed by Rolf Klemetsrud and Ivar Johansen in 1951—portray the Lamb and Cross, the Resurrection and a pelican. The church bell was cast by Anders Riise of Tønsberg in 1837. The altarpiece, which at first was a huge white Christian cross set on a dark background, was replaced in 1941 with an altar painting by Alfhild Børsum Johnsen from Kirkeøy. The partition in the pulpit, which has four reliefs depicting the Four Evangelists, was sculpted by Sverre Johnsen. In 1965, a new organ was installed in the church, which was manufactured by the J.H. Jørgensen Organ Co. of Oslo.
The church had been renovated several times since its dedication, first in 1941 for its 50th Anniversary, then in 1958, and the latest in 1991 for its 100th Anniversary.

Cultural heritage
Aside from its inherent religious nature, Spjærøy Church is also considered as a historical monument and is included in the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage database, No. 85531. Key historical and current aspects of the church were discussed in a chapter of a book written by Thorkildsen.

References

External links
 Church of Norway
 Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage

Churches in Viken
Lutheran churches in Europe
19th-century Church of Norway church buildings
Churches completed in 1891


title: Mildred Okwo

text:
Mildred Okwo is a Nigerian film director and producer. She was nominated for Best Director award at the 4th Africa Movie Academy Awards. In 2012 she directed the romance comedy-drama film The Meeting which won several awards including Nigeria Entertainment Awards, Africa Movie Academy Awards and Nollywood Movies Awards.

Personal
Okwo was born on 29 April 1966 in Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria. She studied Theater Arts at University of Benin. She is also studied law at the Whittier Law School, Orange County, California, USA.

Okwo is a Nigerian film director and producer whose films have been nominated and won several prestigious awards in Africa including AMVCA, AMAA, NMA and "Publix du Prix" at Nollywood Paris.  In 2006, after her return to Nigeria, she wrote, co-produced and directed her film ‘30 days'''. Many popular film actors in Nigeria performed in the film including Joke Silver, Najite Dede, GenevieveNnaji, Segun Arinze, Rita Dominic, Kate Henshaw and Norbert Young. 30 days was released in the US on April 30, 2006. It received 10 nominations at the 2008 Africa Movie Academy Awards including Best Art Direction, Best Screen Play, Best Cinematography and Best Picture. In 2016, Okwo was named one of "50 Women Shaping Africa" by Elle Magazine and 100 Most influential people in Nigeria by Y'Naija.com

Academy Awards Committee
Okwo alongside eleven other Nollywood practitioners founded the Nigerian Oscars Selection Committee (NOSC) and were approved by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to screen Nigerian films to be submitted for the Best Foreign Language Film category at the Academy Awards.

Filmography30 Days (2006)The Meeting (2012)Suru L'ere (2016)La Femme Anjola'' (2019)

Awards and nominations

See also
 List of Nigerian actors
 List of Nigerian film producers
 List of Nigerian film directors

References

External links

Living people
University of Benin (Nigeria) alumni
Nigerian film directors
Nigerian women film directors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Nigerian film producers
Nigerian women film producers


title: Sanglorians

text:
Sanglorians are an American rock band from Echo Park, California.
Sanglorians were formed in 2011 by lead singer/songwriter Daniel Brummel along with guitarist Jonathan Gomez, bassist Jeremy Keeler, keyboardist/trumpeter Ihui Wu, violinist Morgan Paros and drummer Matt Mayhall (who has since been replaced by current drummer Jon Oswald). Their debut album Initiation was released in October 2013.

Band members
Current
 Daniel Brummel – lead vocals, guitars
 Jonathan Gomez - guitars
 Jeremy Keeler - bass, backing vocals
 Jon Oswald - drums
 Morgan Paros - violin, vocals
 Ihui Wu - keyboards, trumpet, backing vocals
Former
 Matt Mayhall – drums (2011–2013)
 Andrew Lessman - drums (2013)

Discography

 Initiation (2013)
 Odalisque (2020)

Notes

External links
 Sanglorians Official Website
 Sanglorians Facebook
 Sanglorians Bandcamp

American power pop groups
Progressive rock musical groups from California
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 2011
2011 establishments in California


title: Jampatune

text:
Jampatune (possibly from Aymara jamp'atu, jamp'at'u frog, -ni a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with a frog") is a mountain in the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about  high.

Geography
It is situated in the Cusco Region, Canchis Province, San Pablo District, and in the Puno Region, Carabaya Province, Corani District. Jampatune lies west of the mountain Pomanota.

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Cusco Region
Mountains of Puno Region


title: Tiny Ruys

text:
Martinus Johannes Maria "Tiny" Ruys (born 8 May 1957) is a Dutch football coach who has managed SV Meerssen since 2015.

Career
Ruys was in charge of the United Arab Emirates in 2001, and has also managed Dutch club teams Fortuna Sittard and MVV Maastricht.

References

1957 births
Living people
Dutch football managers
Dutch expatriate football managers
United Arab Emirates national football team managers
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Expatriate football managers in the United Arab Emirates
Fortuna Sittard managers
MVV Maastricht managers
SV Meerssen managers


title: Antonija Mitrović

text:
Antonija Tanja Mitrović is a New Zealand computer scientist who was born in Serbia.

Mitrovic did her MSc and PhD at the University of Niš in Niš, Serbia. Before moving to the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand and rising to the level of professor.

Mitrovic specialises in artificial intelligence methods in online-learning systems, particularly in modelling the students' understanding based on previous questions and using the model to select future questions.

Selected works
 Evaluation of a constraint-based tutor for a database language A Mitrovic, S Ohlsson University of Canterbury. Computer Science and Software Engineering. 1999
 Optimising ITS behaviour with Bayesian networks and decision theory M Mayo, A Mitrovic. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. 2001
 An intelligent SQL tutor on the web A Mitrovic. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 13 (2), 173–197	2003
 A comparative analysis of cognitive tutoring and constraint-based modeling A Mitrovic, KR Koedinger, B Martin User Modeling 2003, 313–322 2003
 Constraint-based tutors: a success story A Mitrovic, M Mayo, P Suraweera, B Martin Engineering of Intelligent Systems, 931–940 2001
 Using evaluation to shape ITS design: Results and experiences with SQL-Tutor A Mitrovic, B Martin, M Mayo User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 12 (2–3), 243–279. 2002
 KERMIT: a constraint-based tutor for database modeling P Suraweera, A Mitrovic. Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 377–387	2002
 An intelligent tutoring system for entity relationship modelling P Suraweera, A Mitrovic International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 14 (3), 375–417 2004

References

External links
 google scholar
 linked-in
 institutional homepage

Living people
New Zealand women academics
Serbian emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand computer scientists
University of Niš alumni
Academic staff of the University of Canterbury
Serbian academics
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: F.C. Shikun HaMizrah

text:
F.C. Shikun HaMizrah (), Moadon Sport Shikun HaMizrah, lit. Shikun HaMizrah Sport Club (or in short  Mem Samekh Shikun HaMizrah, lit. F.C. Shikun HaMizrah) is an Israeli football club which representing Shikun HaMizrah neighborhood in Rishon LeZion. The club currently plays in Liga Alef South division.

History
The club was founded in 1958 as Hapoel Shikun HaMizrah, and reached Liga Bet, (the third tier of Israeli football at the time), for the first time in the 1963–64 season.

For the 1977–78 season, the club became Maccabi Shikun HaMizrah, following a merger with Maccabi Rishon LeZion, which have previously established several sport clubs, including athletics, basketball, and also refounded the football club (the original club was dissolved during the 1953–54 season, and the refounded club played in the 1976–77 season in Liga Gimel). In the first season of the merged club, while playing in Liga Gimel, the club was close to make a big upset in the Israel State Cup, after they took top flight club, Hapoel Haifa to penalties, where they lost 1–4, after 2–2 draw in 120 minutes. The club was mentioned in the press by both Maccabi Rishon LeZion and Maccabi Shikun HaMizrah names. The merger with Maccabi Rishon LeZion lasted until 1981, when a dispute concerning the use of facilities, arose between the football club and Maccabi Rishon LeZion athletics club. The club continued to play as Maccabi Shikun HaMizrah.

Maccabi Shikun HaMizrah reached Liga Alef (now as third tier) for the first time in the 1988–89 season. The club relegated to Liga Bet at the end of the 1990–91 season and bounced back to Liga Alef four seasons later, and a season later, in 1996–97, relegated again to Liga Bet, where they remained until they were dissolved prior to the 1999–2000 season. The club refounded in 2004 as F.C. Shikun HaMizrah

As F.C. Shikun HaMizrah, the club was promoted from Liga Gimel to Liga Bet, after they finished runners-up in Liga Gimel Central division in the 2007–08 season. in the 2013–14 season, the club won Liga Bet South B division, and were promoted back to Liga Alef after 19 years.

Honours
Liga Bet:
1987–88, 1994–95, 2013–14
Liga Gimel:
1971–72, 1977–78, 1982–83

References

External links
F.C. Shikun HaMizrah The Israel Football Association

Shikun HaMizrah
Sport in Rishon LeZion
Association football clubs established in 1958
Association football clubs disestablished in 2000
Association football clubs established in 2004
1958 establishments in Israel
2000 disestablishments in Israel
2004 establishments in Israel


title: A Late Divorce

text:
A Late Divorce is a novel written by A. B. Yehoshua, originally published in Hebrew.

Synopsis
Five years after being attacked at knifepoint by his wife, Yehuda Kaminka returns to Israel from the United States in order to divorce her. The novel follows the lives of individuals in the Kaminka family, including Naomi (Yehuda's institutionalized wife), and the couple's adult children (Tsvi, Asa, and Ya'el), among others. Each of the children's lives is fraught with peril: Asa, a university lecturer in Jerusalem, is caught in a sexless marriage with the aspiring writer Dina, Tsvi spends his days in Tel Aviv  lamenting over his relationship with his father and using his middle-aged homosexual lover, and Ya'el, the couple's daughter, is married to a widely-disliked lawyer. The novel, like Yehoshua's debut novel The Lover, is told from a first-person point of view, with each chapter from the view of a different character, and explores themes of unfulfilled romance, Jewish diaspora, social crises, and generational estrangement.

References

External links

1984 novels


title: Idrissa Camará

text:
Idrissa Camará (born 20 July 1993) is a Bissau-Guinean international footballer who plays for Italian club Santa Croce, as a winger.

Club career
Born in Bissau, Camará has played club football for Étoile Lusitana, Chaves, Visé and Correggese. On 1 July 2016 he signed for Serie B team Avellino. In January 2018 he moved on loan to Akragas.

In July 2022, he signed for Eccellenza Sicily club Mazara.

He left Mazara by the end of the season, and in August 2023 he signed for fellow Eccellenza Sicily club Santa Croce.

International career
He made his international debut for Guinea-Bissau in 2010.

International goals
Scores and results list Guinea-Bissau's goal tally first.

References

1993 births
Living people
Bissau-Guinean men's footballers
Guinea-Bissau men's international footballers
Étoile Lusitana players
G.D. Chaves players
C.S. Visé players
SSD Correggese Calcio 1948 players
US Avellino 1912 players
ASD Akragas 2018 players
SSD Varese Calcio players
Challenger Pro League players
Belgian Third Division players
Serie D players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Men's association football wingers
Bissau-Guinean expatriate men's footballers
Bissau-Guinean expatriate sportspeople in Senegal
Expatriate men's footballers in Senegal
Bissau-Guinean expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Bissau-Guinean expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Bissau-Guinean expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
US Agropoli 1921 players


title: Idrissa Camara (dancer)

text:
Idrissa Camara is a dancer and choreographer originating from Guinea in West Africa. He has made the UK his home and is founder and director of Ballet Nimba, an african dance theatre Company which he founded in 2010. Idrissa is also a  music recording artist having produced an album Sogay with his company's musicians and more recently he has turned his hand to film making producing the short documentary Fare Ta.

Ballet Nimba features traditional and contemporary West-African Dance and Music, with a strong presence in the Black Dance Sector.  Idrissa Camara was named as one of the top 10 people to meet at the 2010 Decibel Performing Arts Showcase, Arts Council England's biggest bi-annual event promoting diversity and equality in the Arts. In 2013 Idrissa Camara was awarded a Trailblazer Fellowship from the Association of Dance of the African Diaspora. These 2013-14 trailblazer bursaries were given "in recognition of creative spark, ambition and leadership potential".

In 2012 Ballet Nimba became recording artists with their first album "Saiyama", and performed on the world stage, headlining festivals in the UK and in Europe. Their album was digitally released in 2013. They were asked to attend the Trac Cymru programme for International Development in 2013 and subsequently were successful in being picked for the WOMEX legacy tour for October 2013.

In 2014 Ballet Nimba produced its first film, a Documentary Film by Idrissa Camara. It was first screened at Chapter Arts Centre in Cardiff at the Wales Dance Platform Event. It had its North American Premiere at the Silicon Valley African Film Festival where it won the award for Best Documentary Short.

Performances
Ballet Nimba are self-styled ambassadors for West African Art and culture in the UK. The artists are from several West African nations and they have performed all over the UK at festivals, art centres and rural touring venues, most significantly at London's Southbank Centre and WOMAD's UK festivals. Their performances incorporate acrobatic dancing, traditional musicians and drama. Productions are based on traditional mythology but performed by young contemporary artists with an original sound track.

Productions
Spirit Mask 2010
Saiyama and Payapaya 2011
BagaTai (Land of the Baga) 2012
Kobaya 2013 - a piece commissioned by MYDC for young people
Sagatala (Man) 2014 - a look at masculinity from a Guinean Perspective
Fare- Ta (Land of Dance) - a Documentary short film by Idrissa Camara
Ntokee (The Way you see me) 2014-15

Discography
Sogay (Sunrise) 2012

References

Guinean dancers
Guinean emigrants to Wales


title: Sailor Suit and Machine Gun (film)

text:
is a 1981 Japanese yakuza film directed by Shinji Sōmai, starring Japanese idol Hiroko Yakushimaru as the main character and based on the novel of the same name by Jirō Akagawa. It was released on 19 December 1981. A satirical take on yakuza films, the storyline involves a teenage delinquent schoolgirl named Izumi Hoshi who inherits her father's yakuza clan. The title is a reference to a scene where the main character shoots several rival gang members with a submachine gun, while wearing a sailor-fuku, the traditional Japanese school uniform.

Sailor Suit and Machine Gun is relatively well known in its home country, and spawned two television series based on and expanding upon its story, one in 1982, and one in 2006. Outside Japan, it is popular in some cult film circles, but has not garnered much mainstream attention. It has been released on Region 2 and Region 3 DVD, the latter being its first release that featured English subtitles. A "spiritual sequel", Sailor Suit and Machine Gun: Graduation, was released on March 5, 2016.

Cast

Reception
The theme song of the film, "Sailor Fuku to Kikanjū", sung by the lead actress, Hiroko Yakushimaru, stayed at the 1st place of the weekly Oricon Singles Chart for five consecutive weeks, from December 21, 1981 (issue date) to January 18, 1982 (issue date).

Box office
The film was released in a double bill with Moeru yūsha on 19 December 1981. Distribution income for the bill reached number one on the domestic market for the period including 1982, reaching ¥2.3 billion in distribution income, and totaling  in gross revenue.

Accolades
It was chosen as the 10th best film at the 4th Yokohama Film Festival.

References

External links

Films directed by Shinji Sōmai
Films based on Japanese novels
Yakuza films
Toei Company films
Japanese LGBT-related films
1980s Japanese films

ja:セーラー服と機関銃#映画


title: Cees Helder

text:
Cees Helder (born 1948 in , North Holland) is a Dutch chef, former restaurant owner of Parkheuvel in Rotterdam. He was the first chief cook in the Netherlands to acquire three Michelin stars.

Helder obtained his first Michelin star when he was chief cook at Villa Rozenrust. A second star followed with Le Chevalier in Delft. In 1986, Helder purchased Parkheuvel and in November 2001 it became the first Dutch restaurant to hold three Michelin stars. Helder's culinary style is simple, but very sophisticated, and he is known for his grilled turbot dish. In 2006, Helder sold Parkheuvel to Erik van Loo. In the winter of 2012-3 he was chief cook of the Palazzo Amsterdam.

References

External links
Official website

1948 births
Living people
Dutch chefs
Head chefs of Michelin starred restaurants
People from Graft-De Rijp


title: First Shekhawat ministry

text:
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat became Chief Minister of Rajasthan thrice. First time in 1977 when Janata Party won 151 of the 200 seats in the state assembly elections of Rajasthan and Shekhawat took over as the first non Congress Chief Minister of Rajasthan. His government was dismissed by Indira Gandhi in 1980. He was chief minister again for the periods of 1990–1992 and 1993 to 1998. Here is the list of ministers in his first ministry (1977–80)

Cabinet ministers
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat-Chief minister
Prof Kedar Nath
Lalit Kishore Chaturvedi
Sampat Ram
Master Adityendra
Trilok Chandra Jain
Digvijay Singh
Purushottam Mantri
Surya Narain Chaudhary
Bhanwar Lal Sharma
Manak Chand Surana
Kalyan Singh Kalvi
Dr Hari Singh
Jai Narayan Poonia
Birad Mal Singhvi

Ministers of State
Vidya Pathak
Mehboob Ali
Kailash Meghwal
Vigyan Modi
Nand Lal Meena
Lal Chand

See also
Second Shekhawat ministry

References

Shekhawat 01
1977 in Indian politics
Janata Party state ministries
1977 establishments in Rajasthan
1980 disestablishments in India
Cabinets established in 1977
Cabinets disestablished in 1980


title: Michael Coetzee

text:
Michael Coetzee (25 August 1959 – 13 June 2014) was a South African activist, trade union leader and secretary of Parliament of South Africa.

Anti-apartheid activism
Coetzee was influenced by both the Black Consciousness Movement whilst he was in high school Uitenhage and the politically charged atmosphere of the University of the Western Cape in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Coetzee was recruited into the then banned African National Congress in 1981 and went underground. In 1983 he was arrested by the apartheid government for his involvement in the ANC after documentation with his details were found during a raid led by the South African Defence Force into Lesotho.

He was arrested in 1983 after information linking him to the banned organisation was found during a raid by the SADF in Lesotho, where some of the ANC's underground structures were based. He was then charged with perjury for refusing to testify against other ANC members and spent a year in Allandale Prison.

After prison, Coetzee worked for the Chemical Workers Industrial Union in East London where he assisted in the formation of South Africa's largest trade union COSATU.

Coetzee was regarded as an important political organiser within the ANC and against apartheid.

Political career

Following South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994 he became secretary to the Gauteng Provincial Legislature.  Eight years later in 2002 he was appointed deputy secretary of the Parliament of South Africa and was promoted to secretary in 2012.

Death
Coetzee died of cancer on 13 June 2014.

References

1959 births
2014 deaths
Anti-apartheid activists
South African activists
Deaths from cancer in South Africa


The 1987 World Junior Figure Skating Championships were held on December 2–7, 1986 in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. The event was sanctioned by the International Skating Union and open to ISU member nations. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

Results

Men

Ladies

Pairs

Ice dancing

References

World Junior Figure Skating Championships
1986 in figure skating
1987 in figure skating
World Junior 1987


title: Kazuya Takahashi

text:
is a Japanese actor, singer, songwriter and bassist. He was a vocalist and bassist of Otokogumi, the Japanese rock band which was active during late 1980s and early 1990s. Takahashi has appeared in more than 50 films since 1988.

Career
He was a vocalist and bassist of Otokogumi, the Japanese rock band debuted in August, 1988. The debut single titled "Daybreak" recorded the weekly Top Singles Sales on the Oricon in Japan and Otokogumi won the Best New Artist Award in the 30th Japan Record Awards. Otokogumi released 10 singles and 8 albums in total.

After the inactivation of Otokogumi in 1993, he has released songs in the genres of rock and country music. He is a big fun of Hank Williams.

Takahashi has appeared in more than fifty films since 1988.

Selected filmography

Films

Television

Dubbing
Lee Byung-hun
Beautiful Days – Lee Min-chul
All In – Kim In-ha
Everybody Has Secrets – Choi Su-hyeon
A Bittersweet Life – Kim Sun-woo
Once in a Summer – Yun Suk-young
The Good, the Bad, the Weird – Park Chang-yi
I Saw the Devil – Soo-hyun
Masquerade (BS Japan edition) – King Gwanghae/Ha-sun
Memories of the Sword – Deok-gi/Yoo-baek
The Transporter (2004 TV Asahi edition) – Darren "Wall Street" Bettencourt (Matt Schulze)

Discography
Albums
 1994  BrandNew Road to the Origin (Kazuya and Rock Fork)
 2000  Nervous Circus Kiki-Ippatu (Kazuya Takahashi with Nervous Circus)
 2020  Love from the MOUNTAIN (The Driving Cowboys)

Singles
 2011 Tokyo Boogiey Life

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Male actors from Tokyo
Japanese male film actors
Japanese male television actors
Japanese male voice actors
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors


title: Redarc Electronics

text:
REDARC Electronics is an Australian electronics manufacturer established in 1979. It is located in Lonsdale, South Australia, an industrial suburb south of Adelaide.

REDARC products are used in a variety of vehicles for various purposes. Their range of products includes voltage converters, inverters, power supplies, battery chargers and trailer braking solutions for industries such as automotive and trucking, agricultural, medical and defence. It holds the patents for the technologies on which these products are developed.

In 2019, REDARC's Lonsdale facility added 3,000m2 of advanced manufacturing space in a $22 million development, enabling REDARC to increase its manufacturing capacity by 250% and increase productivity. The additional space now houses a new surface-mount technology line for loading electronic components, an electromagnetic compatibility chamber and a vibration test lab. The vibration test lab enables highly accelerated lifetime testing of products - simulating 10 years of life in a reported span of two days. Three new universal collaborative robots ‘Cobots’ have also been purchased.

REDARC was listed in Deloitte Technology Fast 50 Australia list for three consecutive years - 2011, 2012 and 2013. The firm was also named the 2014 Telstra Business of the year and 2017 Global Media Award Winner for the Tow-Pro Elite Electronic Brake Controller at the SEMA Show in Las Vegas.

REDARC has made headway into the Defence sector and will team up with UK-based advanced manufacturing company MARL International to manufacture and support special light emitting diodes (LED) to be installed in the Type 26 Global Combat Ship-Australia (GCS-A), if BAE Systems secures the SEA 5000 Future Frigates contract.

References

1979 establishments in Australia
Electronics companies of Australia
Companies based in Adelaide


title: Kaludiya Pokuna Forest

text:
Kaludiya Pokuna Archeological Forest Site (කළුදිය පොකුණ පුරාවිද්‍යා භූමිය), is a forest with archeological remains in Kandalama, in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. The site has been handed over to the Girls' High School, Kandy in accordance with the "Urumaya Thani Nokaramu" program organized by the Department of Archeology. For the first time in Sri Lanka, a school was given custody of an archeological site.

Etymology

The place got its name from a pond that had dark water at ancient times.

Archeological remains

The site was initially settled in the 2nd century BC. The remains in the site include inscriptions, residences and a monastery.

Species diversity
Kaludiya Pokuna is also rich with numerous biodiversity, both flora and fauna. The forest is home for many endemic and non-endemic species of flora and fauna, that prevail much more secure than other forests in Sri Lanka.

Site is surrounded by farmland and human settlements from the north, east, and west but is undisturbed by humans and the primates are not provisioned. There is no evidence to indicate that hunting, timber extraction, or woodcutting have occurred at the site.

Forest is composed of many endemic and highly valuable trees and shrubs. The majority of flora are in the family Euphorbiaceae.
Plants like Hydnocarpus venenata, Mischodon zeylanicus, Lepisanthes senegalensis, Grewia rothii, Ficus microcarpa, Mussaenda frondosa, Drypetes sepiaria, Mallotus eriocarpus, Manilkara hexandra, Dimocarpus longan, and Tetrameles nudiflora are abundant. Plants of family Ebenaceae, such as Diospyros ebenum, Diospyros malabarica, Diospyros oocarpa, and Diospyros ovalifolia, which has large timber value, are enormous without any human conflict.

Kaludiya Pokuna is rich with its populations of primate species mainly, where many researches on primates based on this site, especially on tufted gray langur and purple-faced langur. Besides them, forest is also home for the other primates in Sri Lanka, such as toque macaque and red slender loris and other herbivorous mammals, such as Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), spotted deer (Axis axis), sambar (Rusa unicolor), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). The area is also home to a full complement of potential predators such as black eagles (Ictinaetus malaiensis), crested serpent eagles (Spilornis cheela), brahminy kites (Haliastur indus), white-bellied sea eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster), leopards (Panthera pardus), fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus) and Indian rock pythons (Python molurus).

Endemic snakes such as Sri Lanka flying snake, Boiga barnesii, Dendrelaphis bifrenalis, Dendrelaphis oliveri, Oligodon sublineatus are frequently seen. Venomous snakes like Indian cobra, Russell's viper and Hypnale hypnale. Numerous types of skinks and lizards are also found.

The avian diversity is much more high than all other faunal categories at Kaludiya Pokuna. It is about 120 species of birds paradise. Most common birds are Indian cormorant, Oriental darter, Indian pond heron, cattle egret, black-headed ibis and common peafowl.

Endemic birds like Sri Lanka spurfowl, Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka green pigeon, crimson-fronted barbet, greater flameback, greater racket-tailed drongo, black-capped bulbul can be seen without disturbances. It means out of 33 endemic species, 80% of endemic birds are found in Kaludiya Pokuna.

Both types of monitor lizards - Bengal monitor and water monitor, can be seen in Kaludiya Pokuna.

Butterflies and moths are also frequent in Kaludiya Pokuna. Species like crimson rose, common Mormon, Ceylon rose, common rose, common cerulean, common Indian crow, Lemon emigrant are common.

The following list provide the fauna of Kaludiya Pokuna Archeological Forest Reserve.

Birds

Aquatic birds around lakes in Kaludiya Pokuna

 Spot-billed pelican Pelecanus philippensis
 Little cormorant Microcarbo niger
 Indian cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
 Greater cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo
 Indian darter Anhinga melanogaster
 Little egret Egretta garzetta
 Great egret Ardea alba
 Gray heron Ardea cinerea
 Purple heron Ardea purpurea
 Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis
 Indian pond heron Ardeola grayii
 Intermediate egret Mesophoyx intermedia
 Eurasian openbill Anastomus oscitans
 Lesser adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus
 Black-headed ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus
 Eurasian spoonbill Platalea leucorodia
 Lesser whistling duck Dendrocygna javanica
 White-breasted waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus
 Purple coot Porphyrio porphyrio
 Pheassant-tailed jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus
 Yellow-wattled lapwing Vanellus indicus
 Whiskered tern Chlidonias hybrida
 Strok-billed kingfisher Pelargopsis capensis
 White-throated kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis

Forest birds in Kaludiya Pokuna Forest

 Jerdon's baza Aviceda jerdoni
 Oriental honey buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus
 Brahminy kite Haliastur indus
 White-bellied sea eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster
 Gray-headed fishing eagle Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus
 Crested serpent eagle Spilornis cheela
 Shikra Accipiter badius
 Black eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis
 Changeable hawk eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus
 Shaheen falcon Falco peregrinus peregrinator
 Blue-breasted quail Coturnix chinensis
 Sri Lanka spur fowl Galloperdix bicalcarata - endemic
 Sri Lanka jungle fowl Gallus lafayetii - endemic
 Indian peafowl Pavo cristatus
 Emerald dove Chalcophaps indica
 Sri Lanka green pigeon Treron pompadora
 Green imperial pigeon Ducula aenea
 Spotted dove Spilopelia chinensis
 Alexandrine parakeet Psittacula eupatria
 Rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri
 Blue-faced malkoha Phaenicophaeus viridirostris
 Asian koel Eudynamys scolopaceus
 Greater coucal Centropus sinensis
 Oriental scops owl Otus sunia
 Collared scops owl Otus bakkamoena
 Forest eagle owl Bubo nipalensis
 Jerdon's nightjar Caprimulgus atripennis
 Indian swiftlet Aerodramus unicolor
 Asian palm swift Cypsiurus balasiensis
 Little swift Apus affinis
 Little green bee-eater Merops orientalis
 Blue-tailed bee-eater Merops philippinus
 Chestnut-headed bee-eater Merops leschenaulti
 Indian roller Coracias benghalensis
 Malabar pied hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus
 Sri Lanka gray hornbill Ocyceros gingalensis - endemic
 Brown-headed barbet Megalaima zeylanica
 Crimson-fronted barbet Megalaima rubricapillus - endemic
 Coppersmith barbet Megalaima haemacephala
 Golden-backed woodpecker Dinopium benghalense
 Greater flameback Chrysocolaptes stricklandi - endemic
 Indian pitta Pitta brachyura Barn swallow Hirundo rustica Red-rumped swallow Hirundo hyperythra - endemic
 Paddyfield pipit Anthus rufulus Flame minivet Pericrocotus flammeus Sri Lanka woodshrike Tephrodornis affinis - endemic
 Indian paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi Black-naped monarch Hypothymis azurea White-browed fantail Rhipidura aureola Black-capped bulbul Pycnonotus melanicterus - endemic
 Red-venter bulbul Pycnonotus cafer White-browed bulbul Pycnonotus luteolus Black bulbul Hypsipetes ganeesa Common iora Aegithina tiphia Golden-fronted leafbird Chloropsis aurifrons Jerdon's leafbird Chloropsis jerdoni Asian brown flycatcher Muscicapa latirostris Kashmir flycatcher Ficedula subrubra Tickell's blue flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae Oriental magpie robin Copsychus saularis White-rumped shama Copsychus malabaricus Black-backed robin Saxicoloides fulicatus Brown-capped babbler Pellorneum fuscocapillus Yellow-billed babbler Turdoides affinis Gray-breasted prinia Prinia hodgsonii Ashy prinia Prinia socialis Large prinia Prinia sylvatica Common tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius
 Pale-billed flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Purple-rumped sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica Purple sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus Oriental white-eye Zosterops palpebrosus White-rumped munia Lonchura striata Scaly-breasted munia Lonchura punctulata Common mynah Acridotheres tristis Indian golden oriole Oriolus kundoo Black-hooded oriole Oriolus xanthornus Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Racket-tailed drongo Dicrurus paradiseus Jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchosReptiles

 Indian rock python Python molurus Green vine snake Ahaetulla nasuta Brown vine snake Ahaetulla pulverulenta Common rough-sided snake Aspidura trachyprocta Barnes' cat snake Boiga barnesii Sri Lanka cat snake Boiga ceylonensis Forsten's cat snake Boiga forsteni Common cat snake Boiga trigonata Sri Lanka flying snake Chrysopelea taprobanica - endemic
 Common bronzeback tree snake Dendrelaphis tristis Green keelback snake Rhabdophis plumbicolor Banded kukri Oligodon arnensis Common rat snake Ptyas mucosa Black-headed snake Sibynophis subpunctatus Checkered keelback water snake Fowlea piscator Indian cobra Naja naja Brahminy blind snake Ramphotyphlops braminus Jan's blind snake Typhlops mirus Phillips' shieldtail Uropeltis phillipsi Russell's viper Daboia russelii Hump-nosed viper Hypnale hypnale Sri Lanka green pit viper Trimeresurus trigonocephalus Common green forest lizard Calotes calotes Painted-lipped lizard Calotes ceylonensis Whistling lizard Calotes liolepis Oriental garden lizard Calotes versicolor Lowland kangaroo lizard Otocryptis nigristigma Fan-throated lizard Sitana ponticeriana Small day gecko Cnemaspis podihuna Blotched ground gecko Geckoella yakhuna Kandian gecko Hemidactylus depressus Bark gecko Hemidactylus leschenaultii Haly's tree skink Dasia haliana Common supple skink Lankascincus fallax Common skink Eutropis carinata Rock skink Eutropis macularia Spotted skink Eutropis madaraszi Sarasin's snake skink Nessia sarasinorum Land monitor Varanus benghalensis Water monitor Varanus salvator Mugger Crocodylus palustris Black turtle Melanochelys trijuga Star tortoise Geochelone elegansMammals

 Asian elephant Elephas maximus Gray slender loris Loris lydekkerianus - ssp.nordicus Tufted gray langur Semnopithecus priam - ssp.thersites Purple-faced leaf monkey Trachypithecus vetulus - ssp.philbricki Toque macaque Macaca sinica - ssp.sinica Grizzled giant squirrel Ratufa macroura - ssp.dandolena Indian palm squirrel Funambulus palmarum
 Indian gerbil Tatera indica Lesser bandicoot rat Bandicota bengalensis Indian field mouse Mus booduga Black rat Rattus rattus Indian porcupine Hystrix indica Black-naped hare Lepus nigricollis Pygmy shrew Suncus etruscus Fulvous fruit bat Rousettus leschenaultii Indian flying fox Pteropus giganteus Fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus Jungle cat Felis chaus Golden jackal Canis aureus Common palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Golden palm civet Paradoxurus zeylonensis Small Indian civet Viverricula indica Indian gray mongoose Urva edwardsii Ruddy mongoose Urva smithii Eurasian otter Lutra lutra Wild boar Sus scrofa Indian muntjac Muntiacus muntjak Spotted deer Axis axis Sambar Rusa unicolor''

References

External links
 Kaludiya Pokuna at the website of the Department of Archaeology of the Sri Lanka government
 Green Pradise' of Kandalama, The Sunday Times Sri Lanka

Matale District
Geography of Central Province, Sri Lanka
Forests of Sri Lanka
Archaeological protected monuments in Matale District


title: Ilir Jaçellari

text:
Ilir Jaçellari is an Albanian actor, painter and photographer. Ilir is best known for his roles in ACAB – All Cops Are Bastards and Balancing Act.

Biography
Ilir Jaçellari was born in Lushnje, Albania on 7 July 1970. His first studies were in painting and acting with teaching personalities such as Faslli Haliti and Gjergj Lala. His first shows were presented in his city of birth. Ilir is son of famous Albanian writer Halil Jaçellari.

Filmography

References

External links

Albanian male film actors
Albanian painters
1970 births
Living people
People from Lushnjë