title: 2014 Jinnah International Airport attack

text:
On 8 June 2014, 10 militants armed with automatic weapons, a rocket launcher, suicide vests, and grenades attacked Jinnah International Airport in Karachi, Pakistan. 36 people were killed, including all 10 attackers, and 18 others were wounded. The militant organisation Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) initially claimed responsibility for the attack. According to state media, the attackers were foreigners of Uzbek origin who belonged to the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), an Al Qaeda-linked militant organisation that works closely with TTP. The TTP later confirmed that the attack was a joint operation they executed with the IMU, who independently admitted to having supplied personnel for the attack.

Following the attack, the Pakistani military conducted a series of aerial strikes on militant hideouts in the tribal areas along the Afghan border. At least 25 militants were killed on 10 June, including foreign fighters. Two drone attacks on 12 June also killed Uzbek, Afghan and some local militants. On 15 June, the Pakistani military intensified air strikes in North Waziristan, and bombed eight foreign militant hideouts. At least 105 insurgents were reported killed, a majority of whom were Uzbeks, including those linked to the airport attack. Some other foreign militants were also reported killed. According to military sources, a key Uzbek commander and mastermind of the attack, Abu Abdur Rehman Almani, was killed in the operation. These military responses culminated in Operation Zarb-e-Azb, a comprehensive Pakistan Armed Forces operation against militants in North Waziristan.

Background
Jinnah International Airport is Pakistan's largest and busiest airport, and serves as the hub for Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), the national flag carrier of Pakistan. Many domestic and international flights transit through the airport daily. This attack was the first large-scale incident in the airport in years, with the last major incident being the hijacking of the Pan Am Flight 73 in 1986. Earlier in 2011, a similar attack had taken place on the Mehran naval airbase in Karachi, and in 2012, the Bacha Khan International Airport in Peshawar, northwest Pakistan, was attacked by militants.

Attack

The attack began at 11:10 PM on 8 June and lasted until the morning around 4:00 AM of 9 June. Ten attackers divided in 2 groups, stormed at two different checkpoint and attacked the cargo terminal of the airport with automatic weapons, hand grenades, rocket-propelled grenades, and other explosives. The attackers were dressed as security guards, with some also wearing suicide vests. They were wearing uniforms of the Airports Security Force (ASF). A senior Pakistani intelligence official said some of the militants tried to hijack a plane, but were unsuccessful.

Airports Security Force troops fought back, limited the terrorists attack and started taking them out one by one. Within 2 hours, eight of the ten militants were shot dead by the Airports Security Force troops and the remaining two blew themselves up when they were cornered. About 90 minutes after the attack began, hundreds of Rangers, Police and Army troops arrived on the scene but the majority of terrorists had already been eliminated by Airports Security Force. The siege officially ended after five hours; 28 people, including the ten terrorists, 12 ASF personnel, one Pakistan Rangers personnel, a Sindh Police official, and four PIA employees (including two senior aircraft engineers) were killed in the incident. At least 18 security personnel were also injured in the attack and admitted to Abbasi Shaheed Hospital. Seven bodies that were burnt beyond recognition were also recovered from the airport's cold storage facility after a 28-hour rescue operation.

Two aircraft of PIA (a Boeing 747 and an Airbus A310) and one Air Indus (B737) plane were reported damaged. The PIA did not initially elaborate on damage incurred by its aircraft, although sources reported that the planes had either been hit by bullets or shrapnel pieces and received minor damages. Two cargo warehouses stored with NATO Supplies i.e. jeeps, drones, medicines and explosives to be exported to Afghanistan caught fire and took 4 days to get reduced to ashes. During the time the warehouse was on fire, multiple explosions were heard inside from time to time. After the attack, the airport was cleared and handed over to the Civil Aviation Authority and ASF. Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry president Abdullah Zaki expressed reservations over the security situation and its economic impact: "The situation continues to worsen and the overall insecurity of this city can exactly be gauged from the recent airport assault. Under the prevailing circumstances, even domestic travellers are afraid of visiting Karachi due to the airport attack whereas the rising lawlessness across the city along with live coverage of such incidents by TV channels is likely to keep foreigners, particularly the businessmen and investors, away from Pakistan." Both PIA aircraft were written off due to damage sustained.

ASF academy attack
On 10 June, just two days after the airport attack, two to four unidentified militants opened fire near an Airports Security Force academy in Pehlwan Goth, Karachi, following which they retreated from Pehlwan Goth. Pehlwan Goth is a rundown area that is considered a hub of criminal elements, with police and rangers having previously conducted several raids in the area following increased incidence of targeted killings in Karachi in 2011. Security forces soon launched a search operation in the area, during which two people were detained. No casualties and injuries were reported in the attack, and no breach of fence occurred. Flight operations were temporarily suspended at Jinnah International Airport for an hour due to the news, with flights being diverted to other cities, before resuming again. The Director-General of Sindh Rangers described the attack as a hit-and-run incident aimed to create panic. The TTP accepted responsibility for the incident.

Responsibility
The Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) claimed responsibility for the attack, describing it as retaliation for the death of its former chief Hakimullah Mehsud, who was killed in North Waziristan in a drone attack in November 2013. The TTP also confirmed that the perpetrators were foreigners of Uzbek ethnicity, belonging to the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), an Al Qaeda-affiliated organisation that works closely with TTP and is banned by several governments including Pakistan. TTP spokesman Shahidullah Shahid Ponka the attack as a joint operation of TTP and IMU. In an online statement, the IMU accepted its role in the attack, claiming it as a revenge for Pakistani military operations against Uzbeks and other foreign militants, and provided photographs of the ten Uzbek fighters who participated in the airport attack. In the photographs, the militants were seen wearing green tunics and white trainers while carrying assault rifles in what appeared to be a mountainous region. The men looked young and in their early 20s. According to Pakistani defence analyst Imtiaz Gul, foreigners including IMU fighters had fled Afghanistan following the U.S.-led invasion in 2001, and had established a presence in the tribal areas along the Afghan border. They enjoy protection and shelter of the TTP and also provide foot soldiers for TTP's operations. Uzbek militants have previously been involved in large-scale attacks in Pakistan, including the attack on Bacha Khan International Airport in Peshawar in 2012, the attack on PNS Mehran airbase in Karachi in 2011, and the orchestration of jail break in Bannu in 2012 and in Dera Ismail Khan on 29 July 2013.

Taliban commander Abdullah Bahar dismissed the Pakistani government's recent offer of peace talks as a "tool of war" and, in a reference to Pakistani air strikes against militants, claimed the Pakistani government killed "hundreds of tribal women and children". He also warned of more attacks against the state.

TTP spokesman Shahidullah Shahid explained why the airport was targeted: "We chose a location where there would be less civilian and more official casualties." Shahid warned the group will engage "in a full-out war with the Pakistani state, starting on June 10." But "if even now the Pakistani government backs down," Shahid said, "we are ready to engage in meaningful dialogue." Shahid added that "the main goal of this attack was to cut off the supply to NATO Troops in Afghanistan."

Aftermath

All operations at the airport were suspended, all flights were diverted, and the airport was evacuated following the attack. The PIA had to delay or cancel 20 flights immediately after the attack. Pakistan Army forces were deployed to the airport during the attack. After the operation ended, Pakistan's Defence Minister Khawaja Muhammad Asif stated, "This act of terror is unforgivable, the state will give a befitting response to such cowardly acts of terror. Those who plan and those who execute the terrorist attacks will be defeated."

According to The Guardian, security measures at the airport have been criticised in the past. The road passing through the outer perimeter of the main terminal is guarded by the Airports Security Force armed with dowsing rods, similar to the ADE 651 fake bomb detectors sold around the world by British conman Jim McCormick, jailed for fraud in 2013. In an article titled "Why are countries still using the fake bomb detectors sold by a convicted British conman?", Leo Benedictus expressed surprise at the Pakistani officials who still believe the device works. He went on to say that not only Pakistan, but the security forces of Iraq, Lebanon, Kenya and Thailand still use the ADE 651 despite repeated warnings from the United States to stop using them. Following news of the attack, other international airports in Pakistan were put on red alert and security was increased. Airports in neighbouring India were also put on high alert.

According to some Pakistani officials, among some of the long-term implications of the attack is the fact that it may make foreign airlines wary of expanding operations in Pakistan, with many international air carriers already having scaled back their activities since 2008. Currently, there are 19 international airlines serving Pakistani airports. On 11 June, Cathay Pacific Airways notified of a temporary cancellation of its flights to Karachi and stated it would continue to monitor the situation closely. The same day, Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen also postponed his state visit to Pakistan indefinitely, in view of the prevailing situation. The Ireland cricket team were scheduled to play three One Day International cricket matches in Lahore, Pakistan in September 2014, but these were cancelled after the attack. The tour, if gone ahead, would have ended a five-year hiatus of international cricket in Pakistan, with no international teams having toured the country since the 2009 attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team by militants. The attack was thought to have dashed the Pakistan Cricket Board's recent efforts to arrange international teams to tour Pakistan.

A post-attack Cabinet Committee on National Security meeting was chaired by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 10 June. The meeting was attended by Army chief Raheel Sharif, interior minister Nisar Ali Chaudhry and other high-profile government and military officials.

The airport and PIA are estimated to have suffered losses worth billions of rupees, with one estimate putting the accumulated loss at over Rs. 180 billion. Chief Minister of Sindh Qaim Ali Shah announced monetary compensation for victims of the attack.

Military strikes and launch of Operation Zarb-e-Azb

On 10 June, Pakistani security forces carried out aerial strikes in Tirah Valley of Khyber Agency in the northwestern tribal areas next to the Afghan border, during which nine militant hideouts were destroyed and at least 25 militants were killed. The aerial strikes were conducted in the wake of the attack, and were an extension of a campaign of military operations against militants being conducted since the past few months. The area was believed to be used as a shelter for several anti-state militant factions and foreign fighters from Central Asia. According to defence analysts, the Karachi airport attack may push Islamabad to put current peace talks with militants on the backstage and lead for an all-out military offensive in North Waziristan and surrounding tribal areas along the Afghan border. According to one Pakistani security official, "the army is ready for an operation. It now all depends on the government to make a decision." On 11 June, the Army decided to intensify air strikes on militant hideouts following a conference between top military commanders at the General Headquarters, Rawalpindi.

On the early hours of Thursday 12 June, the U.S. conducted two successive drone strikes near Miramshah in North Waziristan, after a nearly six-month break in US drone campaigns in the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan. The drone strikes killed 16 suspected militants. According to a Pakistani intelligence sources, the militants killed included four Uzbeks, a few key Afghan Taliban commanders and members, and two members of TTP Punjab.

On 15 June, Pakistan Air Force fighter jets bombed eight militant hideouts in North Waziristan, during which at least 105 militants (or up to 150 according to other official sources) were killed according to security officials. Most of those killed during the strikes were Uzbek fighters, as the targets were predominantly Uzbek hideouts, and the dead included insurgents linked to the airport attack. Military and intelligence sources confirmed the presence of foreign and local militants in the hideouts before the military operation. Abu Abdur Rehman Almani, a key Uzbek militant commander and a mastermind of the attack, was also reported killed. Some foreign militants from the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, a Uyghur separatist group from western China, were also among the dead.

On 15 June, the Pakistani military formally announced the start of Operation Zarb-e-Azb in North Waziristan, a military strategy aiming to flush out foreign and local militants present in North Waziristan. Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) spokesperson Major-General Asim Bajwa released a statement: "Using North Waziristan as a base, these terrorists had waged a war against the state of Pakistan and had been disrupting our national life in all its dimensions, stunting our economic growth and causing enormous loss of life and property. Our valiant armed forces have been tasked to eliminate these terrorists regardless of hue and color, along with their sanctuaries. With the support of the entire nation, and in coordination with other state institutions and Law Enforcement Agencies, these enemies of the state will be denied space anywhere across the country."

Investigations
According to initial reports provided by the Director-General of the Sindh Rangers, General Rizwan Akhtar, the attackers were foreign nationals and appeared to be Uzbeks. This was later confirmed by the TTP on 11 June, while the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan also accepted the involvement of its fighters behind the attack. Interior Minister Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan stated that foreign elements in coordination with local elements were involved in the events, while federal Information Minister Pervez Rasheed also lent opinion on a foreign hand.

The Afghan ambassador to Pakistan was summoned following the attack, during which Pakistani officials lodged a protest over anti-Pakistani militants finding sanctuary inside Afghanistan, from where they operate.

Reports citing sources in the Pakistani Rangers reported that Indian ammunition and/or Indian-made guns, were recovered from the dead militants, alluding to allegations of Indian involvement behind the attack. Geo English initially posted the Sindh Rangers chiefs' statement on Twitter about Indian weapons recovered from the scene. The Daily Times, The Nation and SAMAA TV reported that several made-in-India "Factor-8 injections" were retrieved during the search operation. According to officials, these injections are used by the Indian Army in frontline combat and have the purpose of stopping bleeding from injuries. The injections are not available in the market. However, this report was not confirmed by authorities in Pakistan. Syed Khurshid Shah, Leader of the Opposition in Pakistani parliament, called on the government to register a protest with the Indian High Commission on the recovery of Indian weapons, and demanded an explanation from the government of India over the issue while also questioning the role of India's intelligence agency. However, an official claim has not yet been made regarding this. Pakistan Foreign Office said that they were investigating the claims regarding the use of Indian weapons in the Karachi attack. The official spokeswoman Ms. Tasnim Aslam said that Pakistan did not have the habit of leveling allegations without investigation or evidence.

The National Crisis Management Cell of the Ministry of Interior said weapons and explosives used in the attack may have been transported into the airport building before the militants stormed it, leading to questions over infiltration and flaws in security. A First Information Report (FIR) was filed in the airport police station on 11 June against the TTP, in which its top leadership including leader Fazlullah and spokesman Shahidullah Shahid were nominated.

Reactions

Domestic
The attack sparked widespread reactions on social media in Pakistan, receiving condemnations from politicians, journalists, and social scientists. Pakistani media reacted strongly to the events, with major newspapers and news channels questioning the government's attempt at negotiations with militants, the failure of security apparatus in preventing such an attack, the safety of other sensitive installations, and with many commentators calling for renewed action against militants.

Imran Khan, chairman of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf political party and a major opposition leader, denounced the attack and heavily criticised the government, calling for the resignation of top officials and noting that "It is a complete failure on the part of the government and state to protect key installations and citizens' lives and those under whose watch this happened must immediately take responsibility and resign." The National Assembly of Pakistan passed a resolution condemning the attack. Information Minister of Sindh Sharjeel Memon criticised the federal government, saying it had failed to react when the attack took place, and credited the army and security institutions for saving the day.

International
  - Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying stated that China "strongly condemns the attack and conveys sympathy to the victims' families as well as those injured" and expressed support for Pakistan's counter-terrorism strategy.
  – A spokesperson for the European Union External Action Service released a statement condemning the attack, expressing sympathy with the families of security officials and civilians killed in the attack, and supported the government of Pakistan's efforts on fighting terrorism.
  – The attack was condemned by the Indian Ministry of External Affairs, while Indian High Commissioner to Pakistan, TCA Raghavan, stated "we strongly condemn the recent act of terrorism in Karachi that is a major setback to regional peace and stability." Raghavan denied allegations of Indian involvement in the attack. On 13 June 2014 the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi replied to a letter sent by his Pakistan counterpart where he strongly condemned the Karachi attack.
  – Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif to offer his condolences the terrorist attack in Karachi. Also he stated that, "Turkey will always be with Pakistan in the fight against terrorism".
  – The United Nations condemned the airport attack and another incident targeting Shia pilgrims in Taftan. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urged the government of Pakistan to address terrorism and bring the culprits to justice.
  – The White House condemned the attack, with spokesman Josh Earnest stating "Americans' hearts go out to the families of the victims and those who were wounded." The U.S. also offered assistance to Pakistani authorities for investigations.

See also
 PNS Mehran attack – a 2011 assault on the Pakistan Navy's headquarters
 2012 Bacha Khan International Airport attack – a similar attack at Bacha Khan International Airport
 Bandaranaike Airport attack – a 2001 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam assault on Sri Lanka's largest airport
 2014 Quetta Airbase attack
Pan Am Flight 73
 Uzbeks in Pakistan

References

Further reading

2014 murders in Pakistan
21st-century mass murder in Pakistan
Attacks in Pakistan in 2014
Attacks on buildings and structures in Karachi
Terrorist attacks on airports
Terrorist incidents in Pakistan in 2014
Mass murder in 2014
Crime in Karachi
Aviation history of Pakistan
Jinnah International Airport
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan attacks
Mass shootings in Pakistan
2010s in Karachi
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2014
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Terrorist incidents in Karachi
2014 mass shootings in Asia
Building bombings in Pakistan


title: Ah Suytok Tutul Xiu

text:
Ah Suytok Tutul Xiu or Ah Zuytok Tutul Xiu was the spiritual leader of the Maya  Tutul Xiu people. Founder of the city of Uxmal in the 7th century, he was from the Nonohual. Nonohual's location is unknown, but was probably in Peten, it also might have been another name for Potonchán in Tabasco or Tula. He was also known by his nickname coconut kaba or "Hun Uitzil Chac" ("the only mountain of Chac").

The Chilam Balam of Tizimín, describes Zuytok Ah Tutul Xiu as the founder of the city of Uxmal in the Katun 10 Ahau (669). However, the Chilam Balam of Mani describes the same fact in the Katun 2 Ahau (620).

Three centuries later the priestly house of Tutul-Xiu of Uxmal was part of the League of Mayapan.  This dynastic line of succession is believed to have begun around 435 AD.  The eruption of a volcano in 430 AD may have disrupted the line of succession.

Chiefs of Tutul-Xiu


title: Zurab Agumava

text:
Zurab Mikhailovich Agumava (; born 1961) is the head of the Supreme Court and a former politician from Abkhazia.

Early life
Agumava was born in 1961 in the village of Eshera and was educated in the local school. In 1987, Agumava graduated in jurisprudence from the Abkhazian State University.

Career
Following his graduation, Agumava joined the Security Service. During the 1992–93 war with Georgia, he led counterintelligence on the Gumista front. Agumava was promoted first to deputy head in 1993 and then, after the end of the war in December 1993, head of military counterintelligence of Abkhazia. Between 1995 and May 1999, he held several senior posts in the Security Service and the Military Prosecution. In May 1999, Zurab Agumava was elected as a Supreme Court judge.

Interior Minister and Security Service Head
On 2 April Agumava was appointed Interior Minister by President Vladislav Ardzinba on 2 July 2001. On 1 November 2001, Agumava succeeded Raul Khajimba as Head of the State Security Service. On 2 April 2003, Agumava was appointed acting Head of the Sukhumi District, a post which he continued to hold until Ardzinba's successor Sergei Bagapsh appointed him Military Prosecutor in 2006.

Head of the Supreme Court
On 6 June 2014, Agumava was appointed acting Prosecutor General after the dismissal of Saferbei Mikanba following the 2014 Abkhazian political crisis. On 9 September, this appointment was extended by acting President Valeri Bganba until 7 October 2014, on which date Parliament elected Aleksei Lomia.

On 30 July, Agumava elected Head of the Supreme Court by Parliament, to succeed Roman Mushba who had announced his resignation, co-inciding with the end of his mandate.

References

Living people
Ministers for Internal Affairs of Abkhazia
1961 births
People from Sukhumi District
Chairmen of the State Security Service of Abkhazia
Heads of Sukhumi District


title: Natshin Medaw

text:
Natshin Medaw (, or , ) was crown princess of Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from 1581 to 1586.

Early life
The princess the only child of Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava and Queen Inwa Mibaya in 1556. Their parents were closely related to each other: half-uncle and half-niece. She grew up in Ava (Inwa). She later moved to Pegu (Bago) when she was married to Mingyi Swa, her maternal first cousin, and her paternal half-cousin, once removed.

Crown princess
By chronicle accounts, the marriage was an unhappy one for both. It contributed to the fallout between her powerful parents and the high king Nanda that ultimately resulted in Ava's revolt in 1583–1584. In early 1583, Natshin Medaw sent a package to her parents, which contained a blood stained shawl and a letter. In the letter, she complained that her husband spent much of the time pursuing Princess Yaza Datu Kalaya, and that when she confronted him about the matter, he pushed her to the bedpost. The blood on the shawl, she explained, came from the cut on her forehead she received when she hit the bedpost.

The rebellion was put down in April 1584. The charade continued. Though she nominally remained the crown princess, Swa continued to pursue Yaza Data Kalaya, who was technically half-aunt to both Swa and Natshin Medaw. Yaza Datu Kalaya for her part continued to spurn her half-nephew's advances. But in October 1586, her protector Nanda went on a military campaign to Siam, and Swa remained in charge. Soon after, Swa raised her to be his queen, and in the process divorced Natshin Medaw. Back from Siam, the king was extremely unhappy to learn the news, and put Natshin Medaw in the same house as her mother with attendants.

Later life
The princess lived with her mother for the next seven years until her death in January 1595. After Pegu fell in December 1599, Natshin Medaw, along with other Pegu royalty, was taken to Toungoo (Taungoo). She spent ten years in Toungoo. On , King Anaukpetlun ordered that Min Taya Medaw, Min Htwe, and Natshin Medaw be sent to Ava (Inwa) with the full royal regalia befitting their former status.

References

Bibliography

First Toungoo Empire
1556 births
Year of death unknown


title: Lord Charles Hervey

text:
Lord Charles Amelius Hervey (1 November 1814 – 11 April 1880) was the fifth son of Frederick Hervey, 1st Marquess of Bristol, an English clergyman and a first-class cricketer who played in a single match for Cambridge University. His place of birth is not known in cricket and other directories, but the 1871 census return indicates he was born in London; he died at Great Chesterford, Essex.

Cricket career
Hervey played in the 1835 match between Cambridge University and the Marylebone Cricket Club which has been recognised as first-class: he batted in the lower order and failed to score in either innings, and there is no record that he bowled or took a wicket, though the match scorecard is incomplete.

Career outside cricket
Hervey was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. On graduation, he was ordained as a Church of England priest and from 1839 to his death in 1880 he was the rector of Great and Little Chesterford, Essex.

References

1814 births
1880 deaths
English cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Charles
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
19th-century English Anglican priests
Younger sons of marquesses


title: Misfit (company)

text:
Misfit, Inc. was  an American consumer electronics company founded on 14 October 2011 by Sonny Vu, Sridhar Iyengar and John Sculley, owned by Fossil Group. It specialized in wearable technology that utilizes sensors and home automation products. Misfit's wearable activity trackers and count sleep, calories, and basic steps that can be synced to a mobile app on a compatible smartphone. Vu and Iyengar previously co-founded AgaMatrix, a company that made the iBGStar, the first FDA approved Smartphone medical device.

In November 2015, Misfit was acquired for $260 million by Fossil Group.

History
Misfit was founded on 14 October 2011. Its name honors Steve Jobs, who died nine days before the company was founded. It was inspired by the 1997 commercial which debuted Apple's "Think Different" slogan: "Here’s to the crazy ones. The misfits. The rebels. The troublemakers. The round pegs in the square holes."

Misfit's first product, Shine, launched via an Indiegogo campaign in 2012. The campaign reached its goal of $100,000 within ten hours, and raised $846,675 in its campaign that lasted just over two months. The co-founders used the crowdsourcing campaign to get feedback about the product and the market for activity trackers and wearable technology.

In April 2012, Misfit raised $7.6 million in its Series A funding. In December 2013, Misfit secured $15.2 million in Series B funding for research and development of products that are expected to be released in 2014. The Series B funding round was headed by Li Ka-shing's Horizons Ventures and joined by Translink Capital and The Coca-Cola Company. Previous investors including Founders Fund, Khosla Ventures, Norwest Venture Partners, O’Reilly AlphaTech Ventures, Max Levchin and IncTANK Ventures also participated in the company’s series B round.

The company released Flash, a water resistant fitness band with battery life of about 6 months, in November 2014. It lacks a heart rate monitor. It is priced around $50 (now $30). Later that year, a health insurance company offered discounts to customers who reach exercise goals set by the company, as measured by a Misfit band.

In January 2015, Misfit announced they are moving beyond fitness to home automation and smartphone controls. Users of Misfit's Flash and Shine wearable will be able to control light bulbs, door locks, thermostats, and home entertainment centers from their wearable device. In April 2015, the company launched the Misfit 2.0 app update which included integrations of other applications such as Spotify and Yo, and the ability to sync with home automation products like Beddit.

In November 2015, Misfit was acquired by Fossil Group for $260 million. Following the acquisition, Misfit announced the release of Ray, a jewelry-like activity tracker, and Specter Bluetooth earbuds—the company's first headphones product.

In 2019 or early 2020 Fossil Group discontinued production of all existing Misfit products and shutdown the website pending relaunch. Misfit's technology was used as the basis for Skagen CONNECTED and Fossil hybrid smartwatches as well as hybrid smartwatch licensed products: A/X CONNECTED (Armani Exchange), Emporio Armani CONNECTED and other licensed products.

Partnerships
Misfit partnered with Coca-Cola to launch Coca-Cola Red Shine activity trackers for the company’s North American rewards program. They were also behind the Coca-Cola summer 2013 campaign “Get the Ball Rolling.” In 2014, Misfit partnered with Coke’s hospitality program for the 2014 Olympic Games by distributing Shines to Olympians, VIP guests, and fans along the Olympic Torch Relay.

In July 2014, Misfit announced that their Shine fitness tracker would support Finnish technology company Beddit's sleep trackers as part of a partnership between the two companies.

After Victoria’s Secret launched its VS Sport line, the women’s clothing and lingerie company partnered with Misfit to produce a VS-inspired pink Shine.

In 2015, Misfit announced a partnership with Swarovski to launch a Swarovski Shine Collection that combines Swarovski’s crystal jewelry with Misfit’s Shine. The line has two wearable products, one of which is the first solar-powered activity tracker produced by Misfit. The wearables are both waterproof and the line also has nine additional accessories all jointly designed by both companies.

Misfit partnered with Speedo in 2015 to release the Speedo Shine, a water resistant activity tracker that can monitor a swimmer's laps in a pool, as well as other daily activities and sleep.

Products

Shine
The Shine was the flagship product produced by Misfit. It is an activity tracker, made of aircraft grade aluminum that gives users insights into how much they are moving and sleeping. Misfit released a companion iPhone app to track fitness goals to coincide with Shine's launch. In December 2013, Misfit released its Shine Android app. Shine is capable of tracking a variety of activities including walking, running, cycling, swimming and sleeping. Shine also tracks sleep depth. Shine is about the size of two quarters and can be worn in a variety of ways, including a wristband, necklace or attached to clothing via a magnetic clip. It is water resistant up to fifty meters and does not require charging.

In November 2015, Shine 2 was launched. The second generation device is thinner than its predecessor, has a different type of lights on its face, and adds the ability to configure vibrating alarms and notifications, but otherwise maintains the same features and battery life.

Flash
The Flash is the second activity tracker product produced by Misfit. It is made of soft touch plastic that come in seven colors. The Flash is a lower-priced and more casual wearable compared to the Shine, but has similar capabilities such as tracking steps, sleep, cycling and calories burned. Initial versions were labelled as being "Waterproof" and listed swimming as a trackable activity, however later versions are "Water Resistant" and no longer support swim tracking. The activity information is also paired with a mobile app.

In July 2015, Misfit launched the Link, a squeezable clicker, with activity tracking features making it similar to the Flash without a wristband. It connects to the Misfit app, becoming a remote control for the applications functions such as pausing a song. This remote control functionality, referred to by Misfit as a "Smart Button", was retroactively added to the Flash, and has been included in every subsequent fitness tracker sold by Misfit including the Ray, Shine 2 and Flare, as well as the Phase, Path and Command hybrid devices.

In 2017, Misfit launched the Flare, a fitness tracker with similar features to the Flash, which occupies the lowest price point in Misfit's product lineup after the Flash was discontinued. Its user interface is more sparse than the Flash, with a single LED which flashes different patterns depending on how close the wearer is reaching their daily goal.

Ray
The Ray is the most minimalist and versatile tracker.  It automatically tracks steps, distance, light and restful sleep.  It is a non‐charging tracker with replaceable batteries lasting up to 4 months.  It is water resistant.  There are 11 colors and 4 options for wearable style: sport band, leather band, bangle and necklace.  There is a customization option as well as packaged sets.

This line was discontinued in 2018.

Vapor
The Vapor is an Android Wear-based smartwatch which was launched in early 2017 and made available for ordering from select countries on 31 October 2017.

The watch was originally reported to come with Misfit's own software and integrated GPS and NFC chips for mobile payment but the design was later changed to be based on Android Wear 2.0 and that the GPS and NFC chips were no longer present. The watch is available in four colours and has interchangeable straps of different types and colours. It features a unique Virtual Touch Bezel that can be used to navigate between apps on the watch. While integrated GPS is no longer part of the watch, it still has a strong focus on fitness use with heart-rate sensor and support for connected GPS (where it uses the GPS of the connected phone) and it is swimproof and water resistant to 50 metres.

Phase, Command, and Path
Misfit introduced the Phase in late 2016. Marketed as a hybrid smartwatch, it features a mechanical analog watch face together with Misfit's typical suite of step, activity, sleep tracking and Smart Button capabilities. It also includes an alarm and notification system, with vibrating alerts and a small circular slot in the watch face which can turn a variety of different background colours depending on the type of notification. The hour and minute hands can also be prompted to serve as a progress indicator towards the user's daily activity goals, and they can move to predetermined locations when vibration alerts occur to provide additional detail about the notification.

Following up on the Phase, Misfit introduced the Command in 2017. Unlike the Phase, the Command has a separate mechanical dial (instead of the notification slot) which normally displays the user's current activity progress, and can also help identify vibration alerts.

The Path is Misfit's third hybrid mechanical watch and fitness tracker, released in 2018. Omitting both the Command's separate progress/notification dial and the Phase's color-coded notification slot, it only includes mechanical hour and minute hands, used to indicate the time-of-day, identify vibration notification alerts, and display the user's activity progress.

Connected home
Misfit has several smart home products such as the Beddit Sleep Monitor, a sleep-monitoring strip that fits over a mattress, as well as the Bolt Smart Bulb, a wirelessly-connected color-changing light bulb. The Bolt Smart Bulbs also function as alarm clocks that can be connected to Misfit’s sleep-monitoring devices such as Shine, Flash or Beddit. The lightbulbs support color combinations that create light-scapes resembling sunsets, sunrises, bright days, or other scenes.

Misfit Home includes a mobile app for iOS and Android operating systems as well as additional smart-home capabilities such as wireless controls for lights, locks and thermostats.

References

Activity trackers
Smart bands
Companies established in 2011
Wearable devices
IOS software
Android (operating system) software
Windows Phone software
Home automation companies
2015 mergers and acquisitions
Fossil Group


title: Hapoel Azor F.C.

text:
Hapoel Azor () is an Israeli football club based in Azor. The club currently plays in Liga Alef South division.

History
The club was founded in 1954, and in 1959 was promoted to Liga Bet, the third tier of Israeli football at the time, where they played up until relegation in the 1965–66 season. fifteen years later, the club returned to the third tier (now Liga Alef), in the 1981–82 season, and reached the third place in the 1986–87 season. however, they were relegated to Liga Bet in the following season, and it took the club twenty four years to make a return to Liga Alef, following a successful promotion play-off victory over Maccabi Ironi Netivot.

In their comeback season to Liga Alef, the club finished in the fourth place, and qualified to the promotion play-offs, where they won 1–0 against Ironi Bat Yam, and were eliminated in the second round, after losing 0–1 to Beitar Kfar Saba. the following season was even more successful, as the club equaled their record placing from 1987, by finishing in the third place, and once again qualified to the promotion play-offs, where they won 4–1 after extra time against Hapoel Marmorek, and 2–0 against Beitar Kfar Saba. However, Azor were eliminated in the third round, after losing on penalties 2–4 to the Liga Alef North play-offs winner, Ironi Tiberias, after the match ended in 1–1 draw.

Honours

League

Cups

External links
Hapoel Azor Israel Football Association

References

Azor
Azor
Association football clubs established in 1954
1954 establishments in Israel


title: Dyticonastis

text:
Dyticonastis is an extinct genus of amphisbaenians, or worm lizards, that includes a single species, Dyticonastis rensbergeri, that lived during the late Oligocene and early Miocene in what is now Oregon. Fossils of the species come from the John Day Formation. It belongs to Rhineuridae, a family that includes many other extinct North American amphisbaenians but only one living species, Rhineura floridana, from Florida. Dyticonastis rensbergeri occurs the farthest west of all rhineurid species. Like all rhineurids, Dyticonastis has a shovel-like snout adapted for burrowing underground, but it differs from most other members of the group in having a relatively shallow angle to its snout wedge (about 30 degrees) and in having a widened snout tip. The only other rhineurids that share these features are species of the genus Spathorhynchus, which lived from the Middle Eocene to the Early Oligocene in what is now Wyoming. A 2007, phylogenetic analysis of amphisbaenians found that Dyticonastis and Spathorhynchus are each other's closest relatives, suggesting that both taxa may have evolved through vicariant speciation; the growth of the Rocky Mountains during the earliest stages of the Laramide orogeny in the early Paleogene would have separated North American rhineurids into eastern and western populations, with the western population producing Dyticonastis and Spathorhynchus.

References

Amphisbaenians
Oligocene lepidosaurs
Miocene lepidosaurs
Oligocene reptiles of North America
Miocene reptiles of North America
Prehistoric lizard genera
Fossil taxa described in 1976


title: Tanjazz

text:
Tanjazz is an international jazz festival held annually in Tangier, Morocco since the year 2000. The event typically has drawn a capacity crowd.

See also
 Abdelhafid Palace

References

External links
 Official website

Jazz festivals in Morocco
Tourist attractions in Tangier
Recurring events established in 2000


title: Mansur ibn Qara-Tegin

text:
Mansur ibn Qara-Tegin, commonly known after his father as Ibn Qaratakin (died 952) was a Turkic military officer of the Samanids in the mid-10th century.

Biography
Mansur is first mentioned in 945, when the rebel Abu 'Ali Chaghani forced Mansur and another Turkic military officer Ibrahim ibn Simjur to leave Nishapur. The two then went to Merv, where the Samanid ruler Nuh I was preparing a counter-attack against Abu 'Ali Chaghani, who had taken control over the Samanid capital of Bukhara and put Ibrahim ibn Ahmad on the throne. Nuh eventually managed to quell the rebellion and in 948 appointed Mansur as the governor of Khorasan. In 949, Mansur wrested Ray from the Buyid ruler Rukn al-Dawla, who was at that time in Shiraz and was ensuring his son's succession.

Mansur then marched towards Isfahan, and had the city plundered. However, Rukn al-Dawla then marched towards Mansur, and a battle shortly ensured, which resulted in the rout of Mansur's army. In 951/2, Mansur re-invaded the territories of Rukn al-Dawla, and several battles ensured between him and Rukn al-Dawla. However, during these clashes, Mansur suddenly died. According to Ibn Miskawayh, "he had been drinking incessantly for some days and nights, and one morning was found dead." Mansur was then succeeded by the pardoned Abu 'Ali Chaghani as the governor of Khorasan.

References

Sources

952 deaths
Year of birth unknown
10th-century Asian people
Samanid generals
Samanid governors of Khorasan


title: Hangover (Psy song)

text:
"Hangover" is a single by South Korean rapper Psy, featuring American rapper Snoop Dogg.  Produced by Yoo Gun-hyung, Its music video debuted on the June 8, 2014, broadcast of Jimmy Kimmel Live!. , the video has received over 362 million views on YouTube. The song serves as a follow-up to Psy's two international hit singles "Gangnam Style" and "Gentleman". The song was used in the 2018 Marvel superhero film Black Panther during the Busan casino scene.

Production
In January 2014, YG Entertainment confirmed that Psy's upcoming single will feature the American rapper Snoop Dogg, along with K-pop rapper G-Dragon. On March 12, 2014, it was revealed that CL of 2NE1 would also appear in the video.

According to YG Entertainment, the music video was produced in January 2014 during Snoop Dogg's visit to South Korea. In an interview with CNN, Psy revealed that the video was filmed over the course of 18 hours at 10 different locations near Incheon International Airport.

Reception

Critical response
Time magazine described the music video as "delightful", while Spin magazine compared the music to "cacophonous EDM-rap" that is "unlikely to ease a hangover", but the end result is "still a curiously enjoyable five minutes".

Social media
Immediately after its release, reactions on social media were mixed. The Wall Street Journal noted that some viewers were "soaking it up", while others have voiced their "complaints about both the song and the video". In South Korea, some fans described the music video as a wrong depiction of Korean culture. Within 24 hours of release, the music video for "Hangover" racked up over 10 million views.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

2014 songs
2014 singles
2014 YouTube videos
Korean-language songs
Macaronic songs
Psy songs
Snoop Dogg songs
Songs about alcohol
South Korean songs
Songs written by Snoop Dogg
Songs written by Psy


title: Hamayne

text:
Hamayne is an alkaloid present in plants of the family Amaryllidaceae, including Iberian Narcissus species and two Nigerian Crinum species, reported to have acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The product has been made via total synthesis as well.

References

Isoquinoline alkaloids
Quinoline alkaloids
Benzodioxoles
Secondary alcohols
Oxygen heterocycles
Nitrogen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings
Diols


title: Cestrum tomentosum

text:
Cestrum tomentosum is a plant in the genus Cestrum that ranges throughout central and South America. It process high fragrant pink flowers followed by pink colored berries. All parts are poisonous if eaten.

See also
Cestrum

References

tomentosum
Flora of Southern America


title: Peaceful Evolution theory

text:
The Peaceful Evolution theory or Peaceful Evolution (; ) in international political thought refers to a theory of effecting political transformation of the Chinese socialist system by peaceful means. The theory was primarily espoused in the United States.

The phrase was formulated by US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles during the Cold War in the 1950s chiefly in the context of the Soviet Union, but has not subsequently featured in official discussions of US policy in China. Chinese analyses of US foreign policy, however, hold that it has constituted part of the theoretical foundation for US relations with the People's Republic of China since then.

According to the thesis, the United States maintains a strategy to infiltrate and subvert socialist countries, notably China, by spreading Western political ideas and lifestyles, inciting discontent, and encouraging groups to challenge the party leadership. According to Chinese readings of the US policy, such efforts are intended cause socialist system to be transformed from within.

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has resisted the idea of Peaceful Evolution when the idea was first raised in the Mao era. The party sees such a process as "the biggest threat to its continuous rule."

Successive generations of party leaders have struggled against the Peaceful Evolution theory, including Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Hu Jintao, and Jiang Zemin. The theory is not currently part of official US policy approach to China, but Chinese military strategists consider it a cause of ongoing concern, as presented in the film Silent Contest.

Origins
The precise locution "peaceful evolution" was a modification, by John Foster Dulles, of the doctrine originally outlined by George F. Kennan, who, in his Long Telegram of February 22, 1946, proposed that the socialist and capitalist blocs could reach a state of "peaceful coexistence."

This was augmented by Dulles over a decade later, in speeches of 1957–58, to "promoting peaceful evolution towards democracy."

In a speech, Dulles referred to "the use of peaceful means" to "accelerate the evolution of government policies within the Sino-Soviet bloc" in order to "shorten the expected life span of communism." Western assistance and commerce were said to be two of the chief instruments of this plan to create a more liberal government in China.

According to Bo Yibo (father of Bo Xilai) Mao Zedong heard about Dulles' remarks and took them seriously, ordering top Party cadres to study the speeches. Mao saw the idea of Peaceful Evolution as a serious policy threat, a "much more deceptive tactic" to corrupt China, and a war against the socialist powers by non-military means. Mao felt that the war was already being waged, with some effect, against the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Chinese communists became more concerned about the strategy.

Uses of the term
An Ziwen's 1964 article Fostering Revolutionary Successors as a Strategic Task for the Party was among the analyses circulated at the top levels of the Communist Party which called attention to the strategy. In particular, An focused on Dulles's statement at an October 28, 1958 press conference that peaceful evolution was "absolutely possible in a few hundred years, but perhaps just a matter of a few decades." In a piece that appeared in Stories of Young Heroes, Luo Ruiqing described the theory of peaceful evolution as one of "sugar-coated bombs," with the "sugar coat" referring to bourgeois lifestyle and material enjoyment promoted by the US.

The overall utility of the term for Chinese analysts is that it sums up a range of the threats to the regime's political security, faced by the Party in the post-Cold War era. These threats are mostly connected with the United States, and are seen as part of the United States' own foreign policy after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

However, the term is now often used by Chinese scholars to condemn any foreign activities (including cultural, economic, social) that are seen as problematic for the Communist Party—not just those that are actually intended to undermine it. It is also used to dismiss out of hand United States criticism on the Chinese government's human rights record, on the theory that the West is simply attempting to undermine the Chinese people's respect for the Communist Party.

Academic Russell Ong argues that the typical Chinese uses of the term—as a conspiratorial plot—are too "vague and all embracing; its meaning ranges from dark conspiracies involving the alleged plotters of the counter revolutionary rebellion [a reference to the Tiananmen Square massacre] to the broad spectrum of cultural, social, and economic exchanges with the outside world."

While Peaceful Evolution ideas are often attributed to the foes of China, observers have suggested that some officials in the Chinese communist system—such as Wen Jiabao—support the process. These allegedly reform-oriented officials, however, are not considered part of the Communist Party's mainstream.

Post-Tiananmen protest

Chinese sensitivities to the idea of a Peaceful Evolution strategy by foreign powers were heightened by the post-Tiananmen crackdown climate of 1989, and the series of regime collapses in Eastern Europe later that year. Initially, Chinese communist leaders deemed the regime changes in the European countries as an "internal affair." In their own meetings, however, they declared them a matter of foreign subversion, also known as peaceful evolution.

Wang Zhen sought to arm Chinese troops with the ideological shield to guard against Western idea—while on a military inspection tour of Xinjiang he said "unswervingly follow the socialist road... the road may be winding and the struggle fierce... In our opposition to peaceful evolution, a key tenet is to fortify the brains of the entire party with Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought." Jiang Zemin, the Party leader after June 4, said that peaceful evolution posed a "major danger" for communist countries.

A three-part article was published in the People's Daily after the massacre titled "On Peaceful Evolution." It argued that the collapse of communist regimes in Europe were a result of "bourgeois liberalization," which refers to Peaceful Evolution, and that the democracy protests in China had also been an attempt to "negate party leadership by political pluralism, and negate public ownership in the economy by privatization." The CCP's crackdown was able to "crush the peaceful evolution strategy of the imperialists," according to scholar Jialin Zhang.

Perceptions in China
Among state-affiliated intellectuals and strategists in the PRC, the term and theory of Peaceful Evolution is a threat and an attempt to undermine the Communist Party's rule. The hard line scholar Huo Shiliang of the Chinese Academy of Social Science's says that after Dulles, the Americans' policy of attempting to peaceful transform China has simply accelerated:

Before June 4 China considered the United States as a trustworthy and friendly country, but since June 4 the United States has become the main source of instability in China. Peaceful evolution is the main threat to China's stability today. The ideological struggle will be the most important factor in future Sino-American relations. The U.S. will again become the major threat to China, but not a military one. The Taiwan problem will remain important. but the ideological struggle—particularly peaceful evolution—will be primary.

The theory of Peaceful Evolution is a key part of Chinese official assessments of the collapse of the Soviet Union. In bracing themselves against the Americans' "soft power" approaches, and attempts to undermine the regime, they have advocated a series of countermeasures. According to Li Jingjie, the director of the former Soviet-Eastern Europe Institute at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, there are eight lessons that China must draw from the Soviet collapse, due in part to the infiltration of Peaceful Evolution:
 Concentrate on growth
 Be ideologically flexible
 Learn from capitalist countries
 Maximize the "comprehensive power" of the state, but lift living standards also
 Expand inner-Party democracy, struggle against corruption
 Treat intellectuals fairly
 Comprehend the complexity and causes of ethnic problems
 Carry out economic reforms, and include some political reforms

Other contexts
The term Peaceful Evolution has been used in the context of China and modernization outside the sphere of international relations. Scholars of China's media environment have used it to refer to the marketization of the press in China, where state control by the Communist Party lessens while the forces of commercialization take hold—though whether the media sphere in China has really evolved along such lines is disputed.

See also

 Dulles' Plan, a post-Cold War conspiracy theory centering around an alleged plan by CIA director Allen Dulles (brother of John Foster Dulles) to destroy the Soviet Union
 Political warfare

References

Peace
Foreign relations of China
International relations theory
History of the People's Republic of China


title: Grevillea refracta

text:
Grevillea refracta, commonly known as silver-leaf grevillea, is a species of plant in the protea family and is native to northern Australia. It is a tree or shrub usually with pinnatipartite leaves and red and yellow flowers arranged on a branched, downcurved raceme.

Description
Grevillea refracta is a tree or shrub that typically grows to a height of  and  wide. The leaves are  long and pinnatipartite with up to 27 egg-shaped to elliptic or linear lobes  long and  wide. Sometimes there are elliptic to more or less linear leaves  long and  wide. The lower surface of the leaves is hairy. The flowers are arranged on one side of an often downcurved raceme with 2 to 6 branches  long, the oldest flowers at the tips of the branches. The flowers are red and orange, yellow or pink, the pistil  long. Flowering occurs from April to September and the fruit is a thick-walled, glabrous, elliptic to more or less spherical follicle  long.

Taxonomy
Grevillea refracta was first formally described in 1810 by the botanist Robert Brown in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. The specific epithet (refracta) means "bent downwards".

In 1994, Peter Olde and Neil Marriott described two subspecies of G. refracta and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
 Grevillea refracta subsp. glandulifera Olde & Marriott has leaves  long, the divided leaves with 3 to 17 lobes  wide.
 Grevillea refracta R.Br. subsp. refracta has leaves  long, the divided leaves with 5 to 27 lobes  wide.

Distribution and habitat
Subspecies glandulifera grows in woodland and savanna and is found in the Ord River catchment in Western Australia, extending just into the far west of the Northern Territory. Subspecies refracta grows in woodland, savanna and Triodia communities and is widespread in Western Australia, the Northern Territory and north-western Queensland, including on nearby islands, north of about latitude 21°S.

References

refracta
Eudicots of Western Australia
Flora of the Northern Territory
Flora of Queensland
Proteales of Australia
Plants described in 1810
Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)


title: Idris Kandhlawi

text:
Idris Kandhlawi (; 20 August 1899 – 28 July 1974) was a Pakistani Sunni scholar during the mid-twentieth century, widely recognized for his contributions to various fields of Islamic studies, including hadith, Quranic studies, Islamic jurisprudence, Prophetic biography, and theology. Holding the titles of Sheikh al-Hadith and Sheikh al-Tafsir, he traced his lineage to Abu Bakr on his father's side and Umar on his mother's side. His educational journey commenced in Thana Bhawan, where he received instruction from Ashraf Ali Thanwi. He excelled in the study of hadith, completing his studies first at Mazahir Uloom under Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri, and later at Darul Uloom Deoband under the guidance of Anwar Shah Kashmiri. His professional career began at Madrasa Aminia and subsequently led him to Darul Uloom Deoband. In 1929, he embraced a new position in Hyderabad State, where he had the privilege of accessing the vast collections of the Asafia Library. This experience enabled him to produce a five-volume Arabic commentary on Mishkat al-Masabih titled Al-Taleeq al-Sabeeh, of which the first four volumes were published in Damascus. His scholarly work garnered recognition in the Arab world. He later assumed the roles of Sheikh al-Tafsir at Darul Uloom Deoband and Sheikh al-Hadith wa al-Tafsir at Jamia Ashrafia. In addition, he served as the Chancellor of Islamia University of Bahawalpur during its tenure as Jamia Abbasia.

He actively engaged in politics and made contributions to the Pakistan Movement as one of the top members of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam. Following the partition of India, he migrated to Pakistan. His literary accomplishments exceeded a hundred works, including an eight-volume Quran commentary called Maarif al-Quran, which aimed to counter the influence of Western-oriented exegesis trends in South Asia. His approach to writing this Quran commentary drew from the methodology of Bayan al-Quran. He also wrote a biography in Urdu of Muhammad, called Seeratul Mustafa. The initial three volumes were printed in 1941, with the final volume, designed as a supplement, published in Deoband in 1966. He also wrote many works to refute Christianity and Qadianism.

Name and introduction
In the introduction to one of his works, he introduces himself as "Hafiz Muhammad Idris ibn Maulana Hafiz Muhammad Ismail Kandhlawi, Siddiqi by nasab (lineage), Hanafi by madhhab (school of jurisprudence), and Chishti by mashrab (spiritual disposition, lit. 'spring')." Elsewhere, in one of his Arabic works, he writes, "as-Siddiqi al-Faruqi by nasab, al-Bawfali by birth and origin, al-Kandahlawi by home, al-Hanafi by madhhab, an-Naqshbandi, al-Mujaddidi."

He was Siddiqi on his father's side, tracing his ancestry to Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, while on his mother's side he was Farooqi, claiming descent from Umar ibn Khattab. Thus he referred to himself as both Siddiqi and Faruqi. He adhered to the Hanafi school of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and his tariqah (order) in Sufism was the Chishtiyah Sabiriyah, which incorporates several orders, including the Naqshbandiyah Mujaddidiyah. He was born in Bhopal and so he was "al-Bawfali" (Urdu: Bhopali). However he is commonly known by the nisbat "Kandhlawi", referring to his home, Kandhla, a north-Indian town known for producing many Islamic scholars. A descendant of Mufti Ilahi Bakhsh Kandhlawi, his nasab (patronymic) is as follows: Muḥammad Idrīs ibn Muḥammad Ismā‘īl ibn Muḥammad Isḥāq ibn Muḥammad Abul-Qāsim ibn Ilāhī Bak͟hsh.

Birth and early life
Idris was born on 12 Rabi ath-Thani 1317 AH ( 20 August 1899), the son of Maulana Muhammad Ismail Kandhlawi (d. 1942), in Bhopal, capital of the princely Bhopal State. Ismail, an Islamic scholar and a disciple of Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki, worked in Bhopal in the State's Forest Department. When Idris was a few years old, Ismail resigned from his post and began teaching hadith in the Jami Masjid in Kandhla. Idris grew up in a religious household. It was common for even the women in the family to know the Qur'an by heart. As per the family tradition, Idris memorized the Qur'an, completing it with his father at the age of nine in Kandhla.

Education
After Idris completed hifz (memorization) of the Qur'an, his father entrusted him to Ashraf Ali Thanawi for religious education at Khanqah Imdadiyah Ashrafiyah in Thana Bhawan. At the madrasah there he completed his primary education in the Dars-i Nizami curriculum with Thanawi as well as with Maulana Abdullah Gangohi. Then, as Madrasah Ashrafiyah only had arrangements for the primary curriculum, Idris was admitted to Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur for further training in the Islamic sciences. Thanawi himself took Idris to Saharanpur and presented him to Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri. At Mazahir Uloom his teachers included Maulana Saharanpuri, Maulana Sabit Ali, Maulana Abdul Latif, and Maulana Zafar Ahmad Usmani. After completing dawrah of hadith he received his sanad-i faraghat (certificate of completion) at the age of 19.

Thereafter, Idris completed dawrah of hadith a second time at Darul Uloom Deoband, with scholars including Allamah Anwar Shah Kashmiri, Allamah Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Mufti Azizur Rahman Usmani, Maulana Muhammad Ahmad Nanautawi, Maulana Habibur Rahman Usmani, and Sayyid Asghar Husain Deobandi. At Deoband his fellow students included Mufti Muhammad Shafi and Qari Muhammad Tayyib.

Career
Idris spent the majority of his life in the service of institutions of Islamic learning. His career can be summarized as follows:
 1921–1922: Madrasah Aminiyah Delhi
 1922–1929: Darul Uloom Deoband
 1929–1939: Hyderabad State
 1939–1949: Darul Uloom Deoband in the post of Shaykh at-Tafsir
 1949–1951: Jamiah Abbasiyah Bahawalpur in the post of Shaykh al-Jamiah
 1951–1974: Jamia Ashrafia Lahore in the post of Shaykh al-Hadith wat-Tafsir

Madrasah Aminiyah
Upon completing his education, in 1921 / 1338 AH Maulana Idris was appointed to his first teaching post at Madrasah Aminiyah, Delhi. This was during the time of Mufti Kifayatullah Dihlawi's leadership at the madrasah. However, after only one year, Maulana Muhammad Ahmad Nanautawi, muhtamim (vice-chancellor) of Darul Uloom Deoband, and Maulana Habibur Rahman Usmani, na'ib muhtamim, (pro-vice-chancellor), invited Maulana Idris to teach at the Darul Uloom.

First stint at Darul Uloom Deoband
Idris began teaching at Darul Uloom Deoband in 1922. He was never assigned the elementary books; instead, the books initially assigned to him were Hidayah awwalin in Hanafi fiqh and Maqamat-i Hariri in Arabic literature. Later Idris was assigned to teach the hadith collection Mishkat al-Masabih. Tafsir al-Jalalayn was also his responsibility. Idris remained with the Darul Uloom for nine years. During this time he regularly delivered a lecture on the Qur'an after Fajr prayer in the madrasah's Naudarah building. Attended by both intermediate and advanced students, in these lessons difficult issues in tafsir, hadith, ilm al-kalam, and fiqh were discussed.

Hyderabad State
In 1929, due to disagreements with the Darul Uloom's leadership, Anwar Shah Kashmiri and Shabbir Ahmad Usmani left the madrasah followed by other teachers and students. Idris left Deoband, taking up a post in Hyderabad State, where he remained for approximately nine years. There, in addition to teaching, he engaged in the writing and compilation of various works, including at-Ta'liq as-sabih, an Arabic commentary on Mishkat al-Masabih in several volumes. He had access to the Asafiyah Library, where he made use of books including a rare manuscript of at-Turbashti's sharh (commentary) of Masabih as-Sunnah, said to be the only such manuscript in India at the time. Though much of his time in Hyderabad was spent in research and authorship he did continue to teach; he taught the hadith collection Mishkat al-masabih in its entirety several times. In Hyderabad State Idris had the opportunity to meet Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall. The two lived across from each other for some time and would often engage in conversation regarding Islam. Other friends and contacts included Manazir Ahsan Gilani and Abdul Bari Nadwi, in whose gatherings many learned individuals would congregate. During his stay Idris also met Abul Ala Maududi and his brother Abul Khair Maududi, both with whom he remained in contact with until the end of his life.

Second stint at Darul Uloom Deoband
In 1936 and 1937 Idris was twice invited to take up a post at Madrasah Islamiyah Arabiyah in Dabhel, where Kashmiri and Usmani had shifted, but he refused both offers. However, in 1939 he was invited to take the post of Shaykh at-Tafsir at Darul Uloom Deoband by Usmani, who by then had returned to the Darul Uloom as sadr muhtamim (chancellor), and Qari Muhammad Tayyib, who was then muhtamim. Idris accepted, although the salary was less than half of what he was receiving in Hyderabad.

Thus in 1939 Idris returned to Darul Uloom Deoband as Shaykh at-Tafsir and remained there until 1949. In addition to teaching Tafsir Ibn Kathir and Tafsir al-Baydawi, the main books of the dawrah tafsir curriculum, he also taught Tafsir al-Jalalayn, Sunan Abu Dawud, and Tahawi. He also continued to conduct his regular Qur'an lecture.

Jamiah Abbasiyah Bahawalpur
After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, who had migrated to Pakistan before independence, repeatedly called Idris to come to Pakistan. Idris finally decided to leave India in 1949, due to what he perceived as the worsening of conditions for Islam and Muslims in the country. In May 1949 he resigned from Darul Uloom Deoband and returned home to Kandhla. He received invitations from other institutions in India, which he refused. He was invited to take the post of Shaykh al-Hadith at Darul Uloom Hathazari in Chittagong, East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh). Despite the high salary, he also refused this offer since he wished to migrate to West Pakistan.

In October 1949 Idris was invited to Jamia Abbasia in Bahawalpur, West Pakistan. Jamia Abbasia was an old university in the princely Bahawalpur State whose educational and administrative system was in need of reform. The State's Ministry of Education had requested Shabbir Ahmad Usmani in the capacity of chancellor (raʾīs al-jāmiʿah) and Idris as vice-chancellor (shaykh al-jāmiʿah). Idris assumed this post on 25 December. Apart from administrative responsibilities he taught Sahih al-Bukhari and Tafsir al-Baydawi. Usmani, however, fell ill shortly after arriving in Bahawalpur and died there in December 1949.

Jamiah Ashrafiyah Lahore
In August 1951 Idris resigned from Jamia Abbasia and went to the recently established Jamia Ashrafia Lahore at the request of Mufti Mahmud Hasan, the madrasah's founder and muhtamim. At Jamia Ashrafia he served as Shaykh al-Hadith wa-at-Tafsir and taught Sahih al-Bukhari, Jami at-Tirmidhi, and Tafsir al-Baydawi. He remained with the Jamia until the end of his life. He died in Lahore on the morning of 7 Rajab 1394 / 28 July 1974, and is buried there.

Publication
Maarif al-Quran
Seeratul Mustafa
 Al-Taleeq al-Sabeeh ala Mishkat al-Masabih
Hujjite hadis
al abwab wa at tarajim
al hairul zari

Legacy

In a Q&A on Darulifta-Deoband.com, he was acclaimed as an great commentator and hadith scholar.

See also
 List of Deobandis

References

Idris Kandhlawi
1899 births
1974 deaths
People from Bhopal
People from Lahore
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Pakistani Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Muhajir people
Deobandis
Mazahir Uloom alumni
Darul Uloom Deoband alumni
Academic staff of Darul Uloom Deoband
Academic staff of Jamia Ashrafia
Students of Anwar Shah Kashmiri


title: A Woman Is a Weathercock

text:
A Woman is a Weathercock is a comedy by the English actor and dramatist Nathan Field, first performed c1609/1610 by the Children of the Queen's Revels at the Whitefriars indoor playhouse in London. It was the first play written by Field, who was aged around 22 at the time and for nearly a decade previously had been the star player of the company of boy actors.

Though the title of the play might suggest the misogyny that was popular as a theatrical topic at the time, in fact the main female characters are found to be innocent of the accusation of inconstancy, and the play attacks the iniquity of arranged marriages. A happy ending is brought about against the will of the central characters' father – and Field portrays most of the male characters in a far worse light than the women.

Synopsis

The action of the play takes place over the course of one day when a double wedding is being held in "the Neighbourhood of London".

Scudmore is in love with Sir John Worldly's eldest daughter Bellafront but, as he is reading a love letter from her, his friend Nevill arrives to tell him Sir John has arranged for Bellafront to be married to rich Count Frederick that very day. Frederick's friend, Captain Powts, hoped to marry Sir John's second daughter Kate, but she is going to be wed to the rich young merchant Strange – Sir John favours him because of his wealth. Sir John's third daughter Lucida is in love with Count Frederick and vows she will marry no one else. The newly knighted and foolish Sir Abraham Ninny – son of Sir Innocent Ninny and his constantly-inebriated wife Lady Ninny – tries to win Lucida's love through terrible poetry ... and fails.

Nevill disguises himself as a parson – unbeknown to anyone except the audience – to perform the double wedding of Bellafront to Count Frederick and Kate to Strange, thereby nullifying the marriages, and giving his friend Scudmore time still to win Bellafront.

After the "weddings", the angry Captain Powts arrives and tells everyone he has slept with Kate "often". Kate demands that Strange rescues her honour by killing Powts and is furious when Strange refuses – he says it's not blood that's required; it's her "good name" that must be redeemed.

Later in the day Strange, disguised as a soldier, takes a letter to Captain Powts that tells him Strange has been killed at Kate's command and she is waiting for her Captain Powts to return. The Captain is fooled by this and says he regrets lying about her. On hearing confirmation that Kate has been slandered, the disguised Strange challenges Powts to a duel. He helps the injured Powts away after the fight.

Meanwhile, Lady Ninny's "gentlewoman" Mistress Wagtail, who is pregnant, has been seeking a husband. She tries to woo Count Frederick's obsequious assistant Pendant – much to his horror – but he persuades her instead that Sir Abraham will be stupid enough to fall for her and accept the baby as his.

At a wedding masque in the evening Scudmore, disguised as Nevill, dances with Bellafront and they run off together to be married by a real priest. Nevill appears and reveals that the two marriages earlier in the day were shams. The wounded Powts is carried in by Strange and admits he had lied about sleeping with Kate. Kate is relieved she is not married, and Nevill offers her his hand, saying: "Mistress Kate, I kept you for myself". Count Frederick says "I have so ruminated on a wife that I must have one this night" – and proposes marriage to Lucida, who loved him all along. And the gulled Sir Abraham gets his parents' approval to marry the pregnant Mistress Wagtail.

First performances and publication

The Children of the Queen's Revels moved from their home at Blackfriars to the nearby Whitefriars  when the London theatres reopened in winter 1609-10 after a long period of closure because of the plague.

A Woman Is A Weathercock was one of the first plays the company performed at Whitefriars, most probably in December 1609 before being presented at Court over Christmas 1609–10, one of five plays the boys performed before the King and Prince Henry at Whitehall.

Field himself is believed to have played the role of Nevill, the "puppet-master" of the play, in these performances.
Though there are no contemporary records of the play's original reception, the fact that it was selected for Court performance alongside works by established playwrights suggests it must have been a success.

The play was published in quarto in 1612 with the title page reading: "A Woman is a Weather-cocke. A New Comedy, As it was acted before the King in White-hall. And divers times Privately at the White-friars, By the Children of her Majesty's Revels".

The printed edition included a commendatory verse by the dramatist George Chapman, headed "To his Loved son, Nat. Field, and his Weather-cocke Woman". Field had performed in many of Chapman's plays including Bussy D'Ambois, All Fools, The Gentleman Usher, May Day, Monsieur D'Olive, Sir Giles Goosecap, The Widow's Tears and Eastward Ho!

The printed quarto begins with an address by Field "To any Woman that hath beene no Weathercocke" in which he says that any woman who has been "constant" will see "what amendes I have made to her and all her sex" when "my next Play be printed". Field's second play Amends to Ladies – his only other solo creation – had already been staged by the time A Woman is a Weathercock was printed, probably by October 1611.

Critical and performance history

A Woman is a Weathercock was among the Jacobean plays revived by the Duke's Company at Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1667 when the London theatres reopened 18 years after their closure at the start of the English Civil War.

There are few records of professional performances since, though several editions of the play have been published, first by John Payne Collier in 1829. An edition based on a copy of the first quarto in the Folger Shakespeare Library was published in 1950, edited by William Peery.

Commentators like Peery have called A Woman is a Weathercock a remarkable achievement for a first-time dramatist who was not yet 22 – and ascribed this to the practical experience Field had amassed performing on the stage since the age of 11 or 12.

Collier said: "A Woman is a Weathercock and its sequel Amends for Ladies are the productions of no ordinary poet: in comic scenes Field excels Massinger ... and in those of a serious character he may be frequently placed on a footing of equality."

R.F. Brinkley said Field knew instinctively how to cater to the taste of the audiences at the indoor theatres with a satire that featured much music, a masque, rowdy scenes, bawdiness, and quick-witted comic repartee – the type of play he had taken part in so many times as a boy actor.

In 1914 the play was revived by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, in a production by Patrick Kirwan with Basil Sydney playing the role of Nevill, Stanley Howlitt as Scudmore and Lydia Hayward as Bellafront.  A review in The Times on 28 April 1914 said the most effective scenes "were those in which the comedians – Pendant, the Ninny family, and the others – figured prominently". It noted that the role of Mistress Wagtail "was considered too Elizabethan altogether and had been bodily removed from the cast, but Mr Harry Gribble as Sir Abraham Ninny, who ought to have married her, found his way into his audience's heart". The review ends by saying: "The whole production was a piece of work well worth seeing."

In 1992 a production of A Woman is a Weathercock was staged by professional theatre company Trampoline at the Pentameters Theatre in Hampstead, London, from 18 February to 15 March. Jeremy Kingston, reviewing the play for The Times, said it was clear Field "knew how to shape a drama and weave three or four plots in a whole". Suzi Feay, writing in Time Out, said "It is an enthralling portrait of a society both savage and tender, a poke in the eye to the pompous and well-to-do, and a vindication of love", and Irving Wardle, writing in the Independent on Sunday, said the play was "more than a collector's piece" and led "into unexpected and human directions, entirely belying the author's misogynistic reputation".

In 2013 A Woman is a Weathercock was performed by an all-boys company from Pocklington School at the Merchant Adventurers' Hall, York, on 27 and 28 November in a production described as the first staged since the 17th century "in the style of the original players, with a cast the same age as the originals, with the actors making lots of decisions, with the audience on three sides, with live music and song and without special lighting or any technology".

Notes

References
 Brinkley, Roberta Florence. Nathan Field, the Actor-Playwright.  New Haven, 1928
Collier, John Payne (ed). A Woman Is a Weathercock, London, 1829
 Chambers, E. K. The Elizabethan Stage. 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923.
 Munro, Lucy. The Children of the Queen's Revels: A Jacobean Theatre Repertory'.' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Peery, William (ed). The Plays of Nathan Field University of Texas Press, Austin, 1950.
Southern, Antonia. Player, Playwright and Preacher's Kid. The Story of Nathan Field, 1587-1620. Athena Press, 2009.
Williams, Margaret Ellen. A play is not so ydle a thing: The Dramatic Output and Theatre-craft of Nathan Field by Margaret Ellen Williams"  Shakespeare Institute, University of Birmingham, May 1992

External links
  (in A Select Collection of Old English Plays, Volume 11'')

English Renaissance plays
1609 plays
1610 plays
Plays by Nathan Field
James VI and I
Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales


title: Ibrahim ibn Simjur

text:
Ibrahim ibn Simjur (died 948) was a Samanid military officer from the Simjurid family.

Biography
Ibrahim was the son of Simjur al-Dawati, the founder of the Simjurid family. Ibrahim is first mentioned as a deputy of the Muhtajid ruler Abu 'Ali Chaghani. In 945, the Samanid ruler Nuh I removed the governorship of Khorasan from Abu 'Ali, and instead gave it to Ibrahim. However, Abu 'Ali responded by rebelling; he managed to capture the Samanid capital of Bukhara and place Nuh's uncle Ibrahim ibn Ahmad on the throne.

Abu 'Ali also forced Ibrahim and another Turkic military officer Mansur ibn Qara-Tegin to leave Nishapur. The two then went to Merv, where Nuh was preparing a counter-attack against Abu 'Ali. Nuh eventually managed to quell the rebellion and Ibrahim shortly died himself in 948 and was succeeded by Mansur ibn Qara-Tegin as the governor of Khorasan. Ibrahim had a son named Abu'l-Hasan Simjuri, who became even more prominent than his father.

Sources

Treadwell, Luke. "Simjurids." Encyclopaedia Iranica. Ed. Ehsan Yarshater. Columbia University. Retrieved 9 June 2014.

948 deaths
Year of birth unknown
10th-century Asian people
Samanid generals
Samanid governors of Khorasan
Simjurids


title: Frederick Phisterer

text:
Frederick Phisterer (October 11, 1836 – July 13, 1909) was a German immigrant, American soldier, and writer who fought for the United States in the American Civil War. Phisterer received the Medal of Honor, his country's highest award for bravery during combat.  On December 12, 1894, Phisterer was recognized for actions at the Battle of Stones River at Murfreesboro, Tennessee in December 1862 and January 1863; the site of the fighting is now the Stones River National Battlefield.

Biography
Phisterer was born in Stuttgart, Kingdom of Württemberg. He joined the Army from Medina County, Ohio, in December 1855, and served in the 3rd Artillery Regiment for 5 years. He re-enlisted with the 18th Infantry Regiment in July 1861, and was commissioned as an officer the following October. He eventually rose to the rank of captain, and was honorably discharged in August 1870.

He was a longtime officer of the New York Militia, and played a large role in the militia's reorganization as part of the National Guard.  He attained the rank of colonel, and was promoted to the brevet rank of brigadier general for his service to organize and train soldiers for the Spanish–American War. He acted as New York's Adjutant General in 1901 and 1902, and was promoted to brevet major general at his retirement as recognition of his many years of successful service.

General Phisterer was a companion of the New York Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and a member of the Order of Indian Wars of the United States.

He died in Albany, New York, and was buried at Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio.

Medal of Honor citation

Bibliography
 The Regular Brigade of the Fourteenth Army Corps, the Army of the Cumberland, in the battle of Stone River, or Murfreesboro, Tennessee, from December 31st, 1862, to January 3d, 1863 (1883)
 Statistical Record of the Armies of the United States (1883)
 New York in the War of Rebellion, 1861-1865 (1912)

See also
 List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M–P

References

External links

1836 births
1909 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
19th-century German people
German-born Medal of Honor recipients
Württemberger emigrants to the United States
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Phisterer
Military personnel from Stuttgart
Foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients


title: Günther Matzinger

text:
Günther Matzinger (born 16 May 1987) is an Austrian track and field athlete who competes in disability athletics in the T46 category. He won the gold medal for the 800 metres at the 2012 Paralympic Games for his category with a new World Record. Matzinger won a silver and bronze medal at the 2011 World Championships.

References

External links
 Paralympic.org IPC Profile
 Günther Matzinger official website

1987 births
Living people
Paralympic athletes for Austria
Paralympic gold medalists for Austria
Austrian male middle-distance runners
Austrian male triathletes
Paralympic triathletes for Austria
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
European Games silver medalists for Austria
Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 European Games
European Games medalists in athletics
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Triathletes at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
21st-century Austrian people


title: List of Cultural Properties of Japan - paintings (Tottori)

text:
This list is of the Cultural Properties of Japan designated in the category of  for the Prefecture of Tottori.

National Cultural Properties
As of 1 July 2019, three Important Cultural Properties have been designated (including one *National Treasure), being of national significance.

Prefectural Cultural Properties
As of 1 May 2019, twenty-six properties have been designated at a prefectural level.

See also
 Cultural Properties of Japan
 List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings)
 Japanese painting
 Kamiyodo Haiji
 List of Historic Sites of Japan (Tottori)
 List of Museums in Tottori Prefecture

References

External links
  Cultural Properties in Tottori Prefecture

Cultural Properties,Tottori
Cultural Properties,Paintings
Paintings,Tottori
Lists of paintings


title: Rudolf Reder

text:
Rudolf Reder a.k.a. Roman Robak (April 4, 1881 – October 6, 1977) was one of only two Holocaust survivors of the Bełżec extermination camp who testified about his experience after the war. He submitted a deposition to the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in January 1946 in Kraków. In terms of the number of Polish Jews who perished in its gas chambers, Bełżec had the third highest death toll among the six Nazi death camps located in occupied Poland, estimated between 500,000 and 600,000 men, women and children. Only Auschwitz-Birkenau and Treblinka had a higher victim count.

The postwar testimony of Reder was of special significance, because Chaim Hirszman, who also survived Bełżec, joined the new communist militia in Stalinist Poland tasked with the crushing of Polish underground, torture, makeshift executions, and mass deportation to Siberia of over 50,000 political undesirables. Hirszman was shot in March 1946 at his residence by the Cursed soldiers from TOW, in the course of an anti-communist insurrection against the new regime, before he was able to give a full account of his camp experience.

Life
Reder ran his own soap factory in Lemberg (then in the Austrian Partition, now Lviv in Ukraine) until 1910, according to the Bełżec Museum website. He married Feiga (née) Felsenfeld. The couple had two children, daughter Freida (Zofia) born in 1908 (or 1916) and a son Boruch (Bronisław), in 1907. Historian Dariusz Libionka wrote that Reder was in the United States until 1919. He returned to Lwów in already sovereign Poland and resumed (or perhaps, only began) soap production with the newly acquired knowledge. During the Holocaust, he lost his first wife and both children. Reder, age 61, was deported to Bełżec on August 11, 1942, with one of the first transports of Jews from the Lwów Ghetto after the new larger gas chambers were erected of brick and mortar. Because of his good knowledge of German, he was not sent off to die, but assigned to the Sonderkommando with a handful of others. At the ramp he claimed to have been a machinist, and for the next three months performed maintenance on engine for the gas chambers among other tasks. At the end of November 1942, during the prisoner transport to Lviv for camp supplies and sheet metal, he escaped under cover of darkness. A Ukrainian woman, his former employee, helped him first, as did the Polish Righteous Joanna Borkowska whom Rudolf Reder married after the war and later emigrated with, settling in Toronto, Canada. He and his second wife, Joanna, are buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, in Toronto. It was previously believed that he had died in 1968, rather than 1977.

Reder's book
Soon after the Soviet takeover, whilst still in Poland, Reder testified in January 1946 in Kraków before the Central Commission for Investigation of German Crimes (known as the Institute of National Remembrance at present). In the same year, he published his testimony in a book, with the help of the Jewish Historical Committee in Kraków. His monograph titled Bełżec was written in Polish with the Preface by his editor, Nella Rost, and illustrated with a map by Józef Bau, a Holocaust survivor who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts. In the book, Reder wrote about what he saw as the motor-maintenance worker, and what he learned afterwards:

Reder changed his name to Roman Robak in 1949 and left Poland for Israel in 1950. He emigrated with his second wife to Canada in 1953. In 1960, he submitted a deposition at the prosecutor’s office in Munich as part of the German preparations for the Belzec trial against eight former SS members of Bełżec extermination camp personnel. Further information on Reder is scant. His second daughter married Leonard Shenker (Szenker) and settled in Great Britain. His account of the Belzec camp imprisonment, published in 1946, was reprinted in 1999 by Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum with Fundacja Judaica in bilingual edition featuring an English translation by Margaret M. Rubel, then issued again as "Belzec" in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry (volume 13, 2000), and republished in the UK as part of a book titled I Survived a Secret Nazi Extermination Camp by Mark Forstater in 2013.

Bibliography

Notes

Citations

References

1881 births
1977 deaths
Belzec extermination camp
Belzec extermination camp survivors
Polish Jews
Polish emigrants to Canada
Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent


title: Entissar Amer

text:
Entissar Amer (; born 3 December 1956) is the current First Lady of Egypt, since her husband Abdel Fattah el-Sisi became the Sixth President of Egypt on 8 June 2014.

Education
Amer received her high school diploma from El Abbassia High School in 1977. She received a BCom degree in accounting from Ain Shams University.

Family
Amer married her cousin el-Sisi in 1977 after el-Sisi graduated from the Military Academy. They have three sons and one daughter: Mahmoud, Mostafa, Hassan and Aya.

Amer became the First Lady of Egypt upon her husband's appointment as the President of Egypt after the June 2013 Egyptian protests; which pushed for a military coup throwing Mohamed Morsi out of power. Judge Adly Mansour was appointed as an acting president during the transitional period from 3 July 2013 to 7 June 2014. Then, el-Sisi won the presidential election that was held afterward, and took the oath of office on 8 June 2014.

Corruption allegation
An Egyptian who was formerly a military contractor, Mohamed Ali, alleged that Entissar Amer was part of "rampant corruption" involving military officials and Sisi's relatives. Street protests took place in response to Ali's claims about Amer and her husband.

References

20th-century Egyptian women
21st-century Egyptian women
1956 births
Ain Shams University alumni
First ladies of Egypt
Living people
El-Sisi family


title: Anaconda (Python distribution)

text:
Anaconda is a distribution of the Python and R programming languages for scientific computing (data science, machine learning applications, large-scale data processing, predictive analytics, etc.), that aims to simplify package management and deployment. The distribution includes data-science packages suitable for Windows, Linux, and macOS. It is developed and maintained by Anaconda, Inc., which was founded by Peter Wang and Travis Oliphant in 2012. As an Anaconda, Inc. product, it is also known as Anaconda Distribution or Anaconda Individual Edition, while other products from the company are Anaconda Team Edition and Anaconda Enterprise Edition, neither of which are free.

Package versions in Anaconda are managed by the package management system conda. This package manager was spun out as a separate open-source package as it ended up being useful on its own and for things other than Python. There is also a small, bootstrap version of Anaconda called Miniconda, which includes only conda, Python, the packages they depend on, and a small number of other  packages.

Overview
Anaconda distribution comes with over 250 packages automatically installed, and over 7,500 additional open-source packages can be installed from PyPI as well as the conda package and virtual environment manager. It also includes a GUI, Anaconda Navigator, as a graphical alternative to the command-line interface (CLI).

The big difference between conda and the pip package manager is in how package dependencies are managed, which is a significant challenge for Python data science and the reason conda exists.

Before version 20.3, when pip installed a package, it automatically installed any dependent Python packages without checking if these conflict with previously installed packages. It would install a package and any of its dependencies regardless of the state of the existing installation. Because of this, a user with a working installation of, for example, TensorFlow, could find that it stopped working having used pip to install a different package that requires a different version of the dependent numpy library than the one used by TensorFlow. In some cases, the package would appear to work but produce different results in detail. While pip has since implemented consistent dependency resolution, this difference accounts for a historical differentiation of the conda package manager.

In contrast, conda analyses the current environment including everything currently installed, and, together with any version limitations specified (e.g. the user may wish to have TensorFlow version 2,0 or higher), works out how to install a compatible set of dependencies, and shows a warning if this cannot be done.

Open source packages can be individually installed from the Anaconda repository, Anaconda Cloud (anaconda.org), or the user's own private repository or mirror, using the conda install command. Anaconda, Inc. compiles and builds the packages available in the Anaconda repository itself, and provides binaries for Windows 32/64 bit, Linux 64 bit and MacOS 64-bit (Intel, Apple Silicon). Anything available on PyPI may be installed into a conda environment using pip, and conda will keep track of what it has installed itself and what pip has installed.

Custom packages can be made using the conda build command, and can be shared with others by uploading them to Anaconda Cloud, PyPI or other repositories.

The default installation of Anaconda2 includes Python 2.7 and Anaconda3 includes Python 3.7. However, it is possible to create new environments that include any version of Python packaged with conda.

Anaconda Navigator

Anaconda Navigator is a desktop graphical user interface (GUI) included in Anaconda distribution that allows users to launch applications and manage conda packages, environments and channels without using command-line commands. Navigator can search for packages on Anaconda Cloud or in a local Anaconda Repository, install them in an environment, run the packages and update them. It is available for Windows, macOS and Linux.

The following applications are available by default in Navigator:
 JupyterLab
 Jupyter Notebook
 QtConsole
 Spyder
 Glue
 Orange
 RStudio
 Visual Studio Code

Conda

Conda is an open source, cross-platform, language-agnostic package manager and environment management system  that installs, runs, and updates packages and their dependencies. It was created for Python programs, but it can package and distribute software for any language (e.g., R), including multi-language projects.
The conda package and environment manager is included in all versions of Anaconda, Miniconda, and Anaconda Repository.

Anaconda Cloud
Anaconda Cloud is a package management service by Anaconda where users can find, access, store and share public and private notebooks, environments, and conda and PyPI packages. Cloud hosts useful Python packages, notebooks and environments for a wide variety of applications. Users do not need to log in or to have a Cloud account, to search for public packages, download and install them.

Users can build new packages using the Anaconda Client command line interface (CLI), then manually or automatically upload the packages to Cloud.

See also
 List of software package management systems
 Package manager
 Pip (package manager)
 Setuptools

References

External links

 Anaconda Cloud

Package management systems
Python (programming language) software