title: List of pizza varieties by country

text:
Pizza, a staple of Italian cuisine, has become one of the most recognizable and popular dishes worldwide. Its widespread adoption into other cuisines, replacing the local traditional dishes, is traced to the early 20th century.

Europe

Italy

Authentic Neapolitan pizzas (pizza napoletana) are typically made with tomatoes and mozzarella cheese. They can be made with ingredients like San Marzano tomatoes, which grow on the volcanic plains to the south of Mount Vesuvius, and mozzarella di bufala Campana, made with the milk from water buffalo raised in the marshlands of Campania and Lazio in a semi-wild state (this mozzarella is protected with its own European protected designation of origin).

According to the rules proposed by the Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana, the genuine Neapolitan pizza dough consists of wheat flour (type 0 or 00, or a mixture of both), natural Neapolitan yeast or brewer's yeast, salt and water. For proper results, strong flour with high protein content (as used for bread-making rather than cakes) must be used. The dough must be kneaded by hand or with a low-speed mixer. After the rising process, the dough must be formed by hand without the help of a rolling pin or other machine, and may be no more than  thick. The pizza must be baked for 60–90 seconds in a  stone oven with an oak-wood fire. When cooked, it should be crispy, tender and fragrant. There are three official variants: pizza marinara, which is made with tomato, garlic, oregano and extra-virgin olive oil, pizza Margherita, made with tomato, sliced mozzarella, basil and extra-virgin olive oil, and pizza Margherita di bufala made with tomato, sliced buffalo mozzarella from Campania, basil and extra-virgin olive oil. The pizza napoletana is a Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (Specialità Tradizionale Garantita, STG) product in Europe.

Roman pizza, pizza in Lazio (Rome), as well as in many other parts of Italy, is available in two different styles. Take-away shops sell pizza rustica or pizza al taglio. This pizza is cooked in long, rectangular baking pans and relatively thick (1–2 cm). The pizza is often cooked in an electric oven. It is usually cut with scissors or a knife and sold by weight. In pizzerias, pizza is served in a dish in its traditional round shape. It has a thin, crisp base quite different from the thicker and softer Neapolitan-style base. It is usually cooked in a wood-fired oven, giving the pizza its unique flavor and texture. In Rome, a pizza napoletana is topped with tomato, mozzarella, anchovies and oil (thus, what in Naples is called pizza romana, in Rome is called pizza napoletana). Other types of Lazio-style pizza include:
 pizza romana (tomato, mozzarella, anchovies, oregano, oil)
 pizza viennese (tomato, mozzarella, German sausage, oregano, oil)
 pizza capricciosa (mozzarella, tomato, mushrooms, artichokes, cooked ham, olives, oil)
 pizza quattro formaggi ("four cheese pizza": tomatoes, and the cheeses mozzarella, stracchino, fontina and gorgonzola; sometimes ricotta is swapped for one of the latter three)
 pizza bianca ("white pizza": a type of bread topped with olive oil, salt and, occasionally herbs, such as rosemary sprigs)
 pizza e fichi (pizza with figs)
 pizza casalinga ("home-style pizza"): a thin layer of dough which is stretched into an oiled, square "Sicilian" pan, topped sparingly with shredded mozzarella, crushed uncooked canned tomatoes, chopped garlic and olive oil, and baked until the top bubbles and the bottom is crisp.

Pizza quattro stagioni is a popular style prepared with various ingredients in four sections, with each section representing a season of the year.

Pizza pugliese is prepared with tomato, mozzarella and onion.

Pizzetta is a small pizza that can range in size from around three inches in diameter to the size of a small personal-sized pizza. It may be served as an hors d'oeuvre.

Sicilian pizza is prepared in a manner originating in Sicily, Italy. Just in the US, the phrase Sicilian pizza is often synonymous with thick-crust or deep-dish pizza derived from the Sicilian Sfincione. In Sicily, there is a variety of pizza called Sfincione. It is believed that Sicilian pizza, Sfincione, or focaccia with toppings, was popular on the western portion of the island as far back as the 1860s.

Pisan pizza (pizza pisana) is a smaller and thicker pizza baked into metal plates and traditionally served with anchovies, capers and grated Grana Padano cheese. The slices are traditionally served folded with a slice of cecina, a chickpeas cake, as street food in Pisa, its province and the nearby provinces of Livorno and Lucca.

Diavola pizza (pizza diavola) is a pizza made with spicy sausage, tomato sauce and grated Grana Padano cheese.

Legislation for traditional Italian pizza
There was a bill before the Italian Parliament in 2002 to safeguard the traditional Italian pizza, specifying permissible ingredients and methods of processing (e.g., excluding frozen pizzas). Only pizzas which followed these guidelines could be called "traditional Italian pizzas" in Italy. On 9 December 2009, the European Union, upon Italian request, granted Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) safeguard to traditional Neapolitan pizza, in particular to "Margherita" and "Marinara". The European Union enacted a protected designation of origin system in the 1990s.

Hungary
Hungarians enjoy most of the traditional pizza toppings, but there are some unique local varieties, including "Magyaros" ("Hungarian-style") pizza, which usually has toppings like bacon, kolbász (Hungarian sausage), salami, hot peppers, and red onion. "White pizza" (see below) is also popular, especially because it's similar to Hungarian kenyérlángos or langalló (a type of flatbread often topped with sour cream, bacon and onions).

Pizza Hut opened its first restaurant in Hungary in 1992. Local pizza chains include Don Pepe, Pizza Forte, Il Treno, and Pizza King.

Iceland
While Iceland has many traditional American and Italian style pizza toppings, bananas are a common topping in both Iceland and Sweden.

Malta
The Maltese enjoy eating Italian style pizza and fast-food pizzas, including local produce. One style of fast-food pizza is the typical pizza kwadra (square pizza), which is found in Pastizzi shops (pastizzeriji), a deep-pan pizza cut into squares, generally topped with either green olives (taż-żebbuġ), hard boiled egg and cocktail sausage (bajd u zalzett), or chicken and barbecue sauce (tat-tiġieġ). A typical Pizzerija will offer a vast number of different pizza recipes, mostly based on local taste. A typical menu would Margherita, Capricciosa, Quattro Stagioni and other typical pizzas.

Pizza has become a household dish. Nevertheless, the traditional Maltese pizza consists of a typical Maltese ftira covered in cheese (mainly local gbejna), onions and potatoes. In fact, it is most often known simply as "ftira" and is mainly sold on the island of Gozo. Different toppings can be added, including tuna, olives, anchovies, sundried tomatoes, and even traditional Maltese sausage.

Norway
Norwegians eat the most pizza in the world according to a 2004 survey by ACNielsen 2004, 5.4 kg/year per capita. 50 million frozen pizzas were sold that year, with consumption being 22,000 tons of frozen pizza, 15,000 tons of home-baked and 13,000 tons of restaurant-made pizzas. By far the most popular is the frozen pizza brand Grandiosa; of all the pizzas frozen or fresh sold in Norway, every other pizza sold is a Pizza Grandiosa. Since its start in 1980 the Grandiosa has been part of Norwegian modern culture and trends, going so far to be unofficially called "The national dish of Norway".

Poland
According to thefirstnews.com, "...most ordered pizza in Poland is the capricciosa, while the favourite toppings in Poland are ham, salami, mushrooms, onions and bacon. Garlic dipping sauce is the favourite choice to accompany a pizza is with 68 percent choosing this and tomato sauce in second place with 14 percent."

Russia
Pizza has only been known in Russia since the end of the 20th century. At the turn of the millennium, the first original Italian pizzerias opened in Russia. After that, pizza became a cult phenomenon. In Russia, high-class ingredients are often used as a topping. For example, the pizza is topped with caviar, salmon, beef fillets or truffles.

Sweden

The first pizza to be served in Sweden was in 1947 at the ASEA staff canteen in Västerås but it was not until 1968 that it became available to the general public at the Stockholm restaurant Östergök. Pizzerias soon followed, run at first by Italian guest workers and subsequently by migrant Turks, which added an unmistakable hint of the Levant to the Swedish pizza. Swedish pizzas are thicker than the Neapolitan, with a more spiced sauce, and without the characteristic crisp texture, but make use of the traditional toppings, and most pizzerias in Sweden have Margherita, Capricciosa, and Quattro Stagioni pizzas at the top of the menu, although with altered recipes. For example, a Swedish Margherita uses Swedish hard cheese instead of mozzarella and dried oregano instead of fresh basil.

Some popular varieties common in most of Sweden, all having tomato sauce and cheese with additional toppings as shown:
 Africana: ham/beef/chicken, banana, pineapple, onion, curry powder
 Bolognese: minced meat, onion, (fresh tomato)
 Calzone (folded): ham
 Capricciosa: mushrooms, ham
 Ciao-ciao (folded): beef, garlic, (onion)
 Frutti di mare: tuna, shrimp, mussels
 Hawaii: ham, pineapple
 Kebabpizza: döner kebab, onion, green peperoncini, (kebab sauce poured over after baking)
 Marinara: shrimp, mussels
 Mexicana: various recipes with minced beef, jalapeños, onion, spicy sauce and other spicy ingredients
 Napolitana: anchovies, olives, capers
 Quattro Stagioni: ham, shrimp, (mussels), mushrooms, artichoke
 Vegetariana: mushrooms, onion, (pineapple), (artichokes), (asparagus), (red bell pepper)
 Bussola: shrimp, cheese, ham, tomato sauce
 other varieties with filet of beef or pork and béarnaise sauce and onion

Perhaps the most extreme pizza in Sweden is the Calskrove or Calzskrove (a portmanteau of calzone and "skrovmål" meaning "big meal" but also Northern slang for "hamburger meal"), sold at some pizzerias in northern Sweden, a complete meal of a 150 or 250 grams of hamburger with bread, all regular toppings, and chips (french fries), baked into a regular Calzone with ham as well.

One of the most popular types of pizza in Sweden since the 1980s is kebab pizza, and a song in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 2008 was "Kebabpizza slivovitza".

Ukraine
Since the end of the 1980s, a wide variety of pizzas has been available. In Ukraine there are few local kinds of pizza like Kozatska and Selyanska. Pizza Margherita and other common varieties are also very popular.

United Kingdom and Ireland
Since the 1980s, a wide variety of pizzas ranging from fairly authentic Italian through American style to mass-processed varieties has been available, and pizzas are also commonly made at home using local substitutions such as bacon for prosciutto and cheddar for mozzarella. Dough bases vary widely from homemade doughs to thin Roman-style and thick American stuffed-crust types. The typical British high street now has a variety of restaurants belonging to international Italian- and American-style pizza chains, including homegrown chains PizzaExpress, Strada, and Prezzo as well as Domino's, Pizza Hut, and Papa John's alongside independent, sometimes Italian-run restaurants which may use wood-fired ovens. Spicy varieties enjoy some popularity, including Chicken tikka masala or other curry toppings, chili pizzas, and a typical mid-range restaurant or takeaway will usually have versions of such standard "Italian-American" combinations as 'Hawaiian' (ham and pineapple), 'Pepperoni' (spicy salami), 'Meat Feast' (a mix of meats and salami), and 'Vegeteriana' options. Sweetcorn is a typical topping found in the UK, available as a topping at all major take-aways although notably absent in most other countries. Non-Italian varieties can be found too, particularly in larger cities such as London, for example lahmacun, known as'Turkish pizzas', or Alsatian 'Flammkuchen'. In some parts of Scotland, a deep-fried pizza called a 'pizza crunch' is sold from fish and chip shops: a frozen pizza, whole or half, is dipped in batter and deep fried, and usually served in the same manner as any other fried item from these shops.

Asia

South and East Asia

Cambodia

China
The presence of pizza restaurant chains in China has contributed to a significant increase in pizza consumption in the country. Pizza Hut opened its first store in China in 1990, and Pizza Hut and Domino's Pizza both expanded in the Chinese market in the 2000s. In order to fit with China's market demand and national culinary peculiarities Pizza Hut modified its pizza recipes to include local ingredients, such as crab sticks, tuna, soy sauce and corn. As of 2019, Pizza Hut had over 2,000 outlets in China.

India

Pizza is an emerging fast food in India. Domestic pizza brands include U.S. Pizza, Smokin' Joes and Pizza Corner. Branded pizza is available in most cities in India. India is the largest market for Domino's Pizza outside the US. Pizza brands feature greater "recipe localization" from pizza makers than many other markets such as Latin America and Europe, but similar to other Asian pizza markets. Indian pizzas are generally spicier and more vegetable-oriented than those in other countries. For instance, oregano spice packs are included with a typical pizza order in India instead of Parmesan cheese. In addition to spicier and more vegetable-oriented ingredients, Indian pizza also utilizes unique toppings like pickled ginger.

Pizza outlets serve pizzas with several Indian-style toppings, such as tandoori chicken and paneer. More conventional pizzas are also eaten. Pizzas available in India range from localized basic variants, available in neighborhood bakeries, to gourmet pizzas with exotic and imported ingredients available at specialty restaurants.

Indonesia

In Indonesia, Pizza Hut is the largest pizza chain restaurant, first entering Indonesia in 1984, followed by Domino's Pizza and Papa Ron's Pizza. Popular pizza recipes such as meat lover's with pepperoni, tuna with melted cheese, and beef blackpepper exist in Indonesia. Those recipes originated either from United States or Italy, thus deriving ultimately from a western counterpart.

However, there are also Asian eastern pizzas which includes Indonesian fusion pizza that combine Indonesian favourite as pizza toppings — such as satay, balado and rendang.
 Balado pizza, spicy hot balado chili pepper pizza, chicken or beef.
 Rendang pizza, spicy and savoury beef rendang pizza.
 Satay pizza, beef or chicken satay pizza with peanut sauce.
Other than Indonesian fusion, other Asian fusion pizza are also known in Indonesia, including:
 Tom Yum pizza, Tom Yum flavour pizza from Thailand
 Bulgogi pizza, Bulgogi flavor pizza from South Korea
 Kimchi pizza, Kimchi flavor pizza from South Korea
 Tikka Chicken pizza, Chicken tikka flavour pizza from India
 Peking Duck pizza, Peking duck flavour pizza from China
 Salmon Teriyaki pizza, Teriyaki flavour pizza from Japan

Japan
American pizza chains entered Japan in the 1970s (e.g. Shakey's Pizza and Pizza Hut in 1973, Domino's Pizza in 1985). The largest Japanese pizza chain is Pizza-La. Local types of pizza are popular, with many using mayonnaise sauces, and sometimes other ingredients such as corn, potatoes, avocado, eel, or even honey or chocolate pizza (as a dessert). "Side orders" also often include items such as french fries, fried chicken, and baked pasta, as well as vegetable soups and green salads. There is also a strong tradition of using Tabasco sauce on cooked pizzas.

One of the unique pizza toppings found in Japan is squid. While seafood may be found on pizzas in most markets worldwide to some extent, having squid as the focal ingredient is unique to Japan.

Local crust variants also exist, for instance mochi pizza (crust made with Japanese mochi cakes). Traditional pizza served in Italian-style restaurants is also popular, and the most popular pizza chain promoting Italian style artisanal pizza is Salvatore Cuomo. The Italian association Associazione Verace Pizza Napoletana also has an independent branch in Japan.

Korea
Pizza is a popular snack food in South Korea, especially among younger people. Major American brands such as Domino's, Pizza Hut, and Papa John's Pizza compete against domestic brands such as Mr. Pizza and Pizza Etang, offering traditional as well as local varieties which may include toppings such as bulgogi and dak galbi. Korean-style pizza tends to be complicated, and often has nontraditional toppings such as corn, potato wedges, sweet potato, shrimp, or crab. Traditional Italian-style thin-crust pizza is served in the many Italian restaurants in Seoul and other major cities.

North Korea's first pizzeria opened in its capital Pyongyang in 2009.

Malaysia

Pizza restaurants in Malaysia include Domino's, Pizza Hut, Papa John's, D'italiane, Canadian 2 and 1 pizza, Jom Pizza, US Pizza and Sure Pizza. There have been several small pizza businesses run by locals, especially in night markets.

Nepal
Pizza is becoming more popular as a fast food in the urban areas of Nepal, particularly in the capital city, Kathmandu, which has several restaurants serving pizza. With the opening of international pizza restaurants, pizza's popularity and consumption has markedly increased in recent times. Common pizza types include mushroom pizza, chicken pizza and paneer pizza.

Pakistan
The first pizzerias opened in Karachi and Islamabad in the late 1980s, with Pappasallis serving pizza in Islamabad since 1990. Pizza has gained a measure of popularity in the eastern regions of Pakistan, namely the provinces of Sindh, Punjab, and Azad Kashmir, as well as the autonomous territory of Gilgit-Baltistan. Pizza has not penetrated into western Pakistan; of the remaining provinces and territories of Pakistan, only one (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) has seen much of the dish, in the form of a single Pizza Hut in Peshawar. Pizza is very popular in the capital of Balochistan, Quetta and there are many shops open to serve customers with varieties such as Supreme pizza and chicken tikka being popular. Chicken Tikka and achari chicken pizzas are popular. In the regions where pizza is known, spicy chicken and sausage-based pizzas are also very popular, as they cater to the local palate.

Philippines

Pizza first arrived in the Philippines during the American period (1901–1946). Many pizza restaurant chains that set up shop in the Philippines (e.g. Shakey's) are American in origin, though a few Filipino brands exist. The common Filipino-style pizza is similar to the Hawaiian pizza except being thinner and sweeter. There are also variants using traditional Filipino dishes like sardines, dried tinapa, bagnet, and longganisa as toppings.

Thailand
The Pizza Company Thailand introduced durian pizza in 2018 to mixed reviews. It bears mention however that Thai-style pizzas, in homage to Thai cuisine, also appear in the US and elsewhere with peanut-based sauces and ingredients like tofu, bean sprouts, shredded carrots, basil or cilantro, shredded green beans, scallions, and similar items.

West Asia

Armenian

Iran

Israel

Many Israeli and American pizza stores and chains, including Pizza Hut and Sbarro, have both kosher and non-kosher locations. Kosher locations either have no meat or use imitation meat because of the Jewish religious dietary prohibition against mixing meat with dairy products such as cheese. Kosher pizza locations must also close during the holiday of Passover, when no leavened bread is allowed in kosher locations. (However, many have found solutions by offering a potato starch-based dough.) Some Israeli pizza differs from pizza in other countries because of the very large portions of vegetable toppings such as mushrooms or onions, and some unusual toppings, like corn. Some Pizza chains in north Israel serve Pizza with ketchup packs.

Turkey
Pizza establishments in Turkey are a mixture of local restaurants, local chains (e.g. Pizza Max), and international chains like Pizza Hut, Domino's Pizza, Little Caesars, and Sbarro. While most combinations of toppings reflect common ingredients found in Italy, there are additional ingredients available that cater to traditional tastes as well, such as minced beef, spicy Sucuk sausage, cured meats like Pastırma, cheeses like Kaşar and Beyaz, and local olives and herbs. With the exception of some restaurants, pork products like ham and bacon are not available, which are substituted with beef, chicken, or lamb equivalents.

Pizza has several equivalent or similar dishes in traditional Turkish cuisine, such as Black Sea–style or Bafra-style Pide.

North America

Canada

Canada has many of its own chains, both national and regional, and many distinctive regional variations and types of pizza resulting from influences of local Canadian cuisine.

Mexico

Pizza in Mexico is made with ingredients typical of Mexican cuisine. The usual toppings that can be found throughout Mexico are chorizo, jalapeño pepper slices, grilled or fried onions, tomato, chili pepper, shrimp, avocado, and sometimes beef, bell peppers, tripas, canned tuna or scallops. This pizza has the usual marinara sauce or white sauce and mozzarella cheese. Variations, substituting pepper jack cheese or Oaxaca cheese for mozzarella, are also popular.

United States

In 1905, the first pizza establishment in the United States was opened in New York's Little Italy. Due to the influx of Italian immigrants, the U.S. has developed regional forms of pizza, some bearing only a casual resemblance to the Italian original. Chicago has its own style of a deep-dish pizza, and New York City's style of pizza is well-known. New York–style pizza refers to the thin crust pizza popular in the states of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Connecticut is also home to New Haven–style pizza, made whole and cooked in an extremely hot coal-fired oven. "Tavern-Style" popular in Chicago and St. Louis, among other Midwestern cities, use thin crusts and rectangular slices in its cracker-like pizzas. Philadelphia provides sauce on top of the cheese; Detroit-style pizza is a square pizza that has a thick deep-dish crisp crust, and is generally served with the sauce on top of the cheese. The square shape is the result of an early tradition of using metal trays originally meant to hold small parts in factories. The jumbo slice is an oversized New York–style pizza sold by the slice to go, especially in the Adams Morgan neighborhood in Washington, D.C. The white clam pie is a pizza variety that originated at the Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana restaurant in New Haven, Connecticut. Barbecue pizza was first made at Coletta's in Memphis, using pulled pork and barbecue sauce, now popular in the Southern United States. In California the barbecue chicken pizza is popular, first invented by Ed LaDou in 1985. The BBQ burnt end pizza can be found in Kansas City.

Taco Bell sells a food item called the Mexican Pizza. It resembles a double decker, open faced tostada. It is relatively unknown in Mexico. The Mexican Pizza is normally made with beef, but its vegetarian variant made with beans has a cult following among South Asian Americans.

Oceania

Australia

The usual Italian varieties are available, though more common is the style popular in the U.S., with more and richer toppings than Italian style. A common unique type is the Aussie, Australian or Australiana, which has the usual tomato base or a seasoned base and mozzarella cheese with options of chicken, ham, bacon and egg (seen as quintessentially Australian breakfast fare). Pizzas with seafood such as prawns are also popular. In the 1980s some Australian pizza shops and restaurants began selling "gourmet pizzas", that is, pizzas with more expensive ingredients such as mangoes, salmon, dill, bocconcini, tiger prawns, or unconventional toppings such as kangaroo meat, emu and crocodile. "Wood-fired pizzas", that is, those cooked in a ceramic oven heated by wood fuel, are well-regarded.

Franchised pizza chains coexist with independent pizzerias. Middle-Eastern bakeries and kebabs shops often sell pizza, which is often done in a Lebanese or Turkish style.

In Australia, barbecue sauce and traditional tomato sauce are both common and popular sauces for pizza bases. White pizza (i.e.: without sauce) is not common.

Fiji
In Fiji, there are many local pizzerias.

There is a local variety of the chicken pizza, originally part of the Indo-Fijian cuisine.

New Zealand
The usual Italian varieties are available and independent restaurants are common, coexisting with franchise chains. New Zealand's first dedicated pizza franchise was opened by Pizza Hut in New Lynn in 1974, with Eagle Boys and Pizza Haven following in the mid-1990s and Domino's in 2003. One notable indigenous chain is Hell Pizza established in 1996 – which now has outlets worldwide – distinguishing itself by often-controversial marketing and using only free-range ingredients. Furthermore, Middle-Eastern bakeries and kebabs shops often sell pizza, which is often done in Turkish style.

New Zealand has no rules for pizza construction, leading to an eclectic and varied approach to toppings. Gourmet and "wild" ingredients are often used, and New Zealanders are apt to push the boundaries of what a pizza can be.

In 2017, spaghetti pizza gained media attention when then Prime Minister of New Zealand Bill English posted a recipe to his Facebook account that included tinned spaghetti. The recipe included pineapple as a topping. Responses on social media included support for spaghetti pizza as a simple and cheap family meal. In 2019 Domino's Pizza included a "Hawaiian Spaghetti Pizza" on the menu on its franchises in New Zealand.

South America

Argentina

Brazil

In 2007, São Paulo was the second largest consumer of pizza in the world, behind only New York City, with 1.4 million pizzas consumed daily. It also had 6,000 pizza establishments, out of a total of 25,000 in the country ().

It is said that the first Brazilian pizzas were baked in the Brás district of São Paulo in the late part of the 19th century. Until the 1940s, pizza was almost only found in the Italian communities around the country. Since then, pizza became increasingly popular among the rest of the population. The most traditional pizzerias are still found in the Italian neighborhoods, such as Bexiga (official name: Bela Vista).

The date 10 July is "Pizza Day" in São Paulo, marking the final day of an annual competition among "pizzaiolos". In São Paulo, almost every local neighborhood pizzeria uses wood-fired brick ovens.

Both Neapolitan (thick crust) and Roman (thin crust) varieties are common in Brazil, with traditional savory versions using tomato sauce and mozzarella as a base. Brazilian pizza in general, though, tends to have less tomato sauce than authentic Italian pizza.

A common ingredient in Brazilian pizza is requeijão (sometimes referred to by the name of a famous brand, "Catupiry"), a creamy and loose white cheese. Common toppings, such as pepperoni or ham, are often offered with requeijão as well – in the case of pepperoni and Catupiry, the combination is sometimes called "catuperoni". Brazil's pizza quattro formaggi, called "quatro queijos", is usually made using mozzarella, requeijão, parmesan and provolone or, sometimes, gorgonzola; some pizzerias offer a variety with all five cheeses.

Calabresa pizza is widely regarded as the most popular pizza in Brazil – calabresa being a Brazilian variant of sausage somewhat similar to pepperoni. Shredded chicken with requeijão ( or frango com Catupiry) is not as popular, but still among the most popular pizza topping choices.

Another common occurrence in Brazilian pizzas is stuffed crust, usually with requeijão or cream cheese in savory pizzas.

Brazil is mostly liberal when it comes to pizza toppings. Apart from ketchup, commonly added to pizzas by customers in some regions and sometimes frowned upon by foreigners, Brazilian pizzas are sometimes very exotic, with choices such as chicken or beef Stroganoff pizza; cheeseburger pizza; French fries pizza; fettuccine pizza; among others.

Sweet pizzas are also very common in Brazil, and usually fall into one of two main categories: chocolate or banana. Chocolate pizzas are more versatile in their ingredients, being topped with chocolate sprinkles to mimic a brigadeiro, M&M's, strawberries or sometimes brownie chunks or even ice cream. Banana pizzas, on the other hand, are usually covered in sugar and cinnamon, and sometimes have a layer of mozzarella beneath the bananas.

Stuffed crusts are also available for sweet pizzas: they can be stuffed with a variety of chocolates, or even hazelnut and cocoa creams.

Colombia
"Hawaiian pizza" is popular in Colombia. This pizza is topped with ham and pineapple.

Uruguay

Pizza has been wholly included in Uruguayan cuisine, a country with a significant italian population. Typical Uruguayan pizzas are medium thick crust, characterised by their rectangular shape and their cooking method within a clay oven, which is why this kind of pizza is called "a la piedra" (on the stone).

Common pizza toppings are ham, olives, peppers, mushrooms, pancetta, palm hearts, mussels and shrimps.

Popular varieties include pizza rellena (stuffed pizza), pizza por metro (pizza by the meter), and pizza a la parrilla (grilled pizza). While Uruguayan pizza largely derives from Neapolitan cuisine, yeast-leavened sicilian pizza is common on events such as birthdays or reunions under the name pizza de cumpleaños (birthday pizza). The figazza derives from focaccia genovese (Genoan) and consists of a thick pizza dough topped with onions and sometimes olives and/or bell peppers; less common is the addition of mozzarella on top of the onion layer.

Sliced pizza is often served along with fainá, made with chickpea flour and baked in the same oven, and is commonly called a caballo.

The American style pizza was introduced around in the 1990s and is called pizzeta to differentiate it from traditional pizza a la piedra.

Africa

Algeria
A traditional pizza in Algeria uses a dough made with semolina and flour. On top, the traditional pizza has only tomato sauce, black olives and chopped parsley, which makes it vegan like the pizza marinara in Italy.

See also
 List of pizza chains

References

Further reading

Flatbread dishes
Italian cuisine-related lists
+Pizza
Lists of foods by type
Mediterranean cuisine
World cuisine


Marie Louise Madeleine Victoire d'Argenton (1684-1749), was the royal mistress of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans from 1702 until 1710. She was the mother of Jean Philippe d'Orléans.

Her parents were Daniel le Bel and Marie Anne Masparault. She was from a noble family and maid of honor to the mother of Philippe.

When she and Philippe had a child, she lost her position as a courtier. However, she was provided with a house by Philippe, and their relationship became public.

In 1706, she was given the title of Countess d’Argenton. In 1709, she acted as Philippe's hostess for the  reception of the Duke of Bavaria. d'Argenton was the subject of several political speculations.

When the relationship was discontinued in 1710, she asked to enter a convent, but was refused permission. Instead, she was given an allowance.

She married Charles-Rodrigue Gonzague de Forbier, Chevalier d’Oppède in 1713, and was widowed in 1717.

Notes

Sources
 Argenton (Marie-Louise-Madeleine-Victoire Le Bel de La Boissière de Séry, comtesse d’). In: Louis-Gabriel Michaud (Hrsg.): Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, 2. Auflage, Bd. 2 (1854), S. 189f. (online).

Mistresses of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans
1684 births
1749 deaths
French ladies-in-waiting


title: Han Dong (politician)

text:
Han Peng Dong  (; born ) is a Canadian politician who is serving as the member of parliament (MP) for Don Valley North. Sitting as an independent, Dong was elected to the House of Commons in 2019 as a member of the Liberal Party. He previously served as the member of provincial parliament (MPP) for Trinity—Spadina from 2014 to 2018, with the Ontario Liberal Party. In March 2023, Dong stepped down from the Liberal caucus amidst allegations that he advised the Chinese consul general in Toronto against the release of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig and helped the consulate interfere in the 2019 federal election.

Background
Han Peng Dong was born in Shanghai. He moved to Toronto with his family when he was 13 and they settled in the Parkdale neighbourhood of Toronto. He lives in Toronto with his wife Sophie and their two children.

Dong worked as marketing director of Chianti Foods and then with the non-profit Canada Shanghai Business Association. Since making the switch to politics, he spent nine years at Queen's Park serving as Ontario Liberal cabinet minister Gerry Phillips's MPP liaison, and most recently as a senior adviser of community outreach under then Citizenship and Immigration Minister Michael Coteau.

Political career

Member of Provincial Parliament (2014–2018)
Dong ran in the 2014 provincial election as the Ontario Liberal candidate in the riding of Trinity—Spadina. He defeated New Democrat incumbent Rosario Marchese by 9,175 votes.

He was Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Training, Colleges and Universities; Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Energy; Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Advanced Education and Skills Development; Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister Responsible for the Poverty Reduction Strategy; Vice-chair of the Standing Committee on Finance and Economic Affairs; member of the Select Committee on Sexual Violence and Harassment; member of the Standing Committee on Public Accounts; member of the Standing Committee on Estimates. He also served as the Chair of The Cabinet Committee of Legislations and Regulations.

In February 2016, he introduced a private member's bill to license and regulate the Ontario home inspection industry, which prompted the Ontario Liberal government to draft its own government legislation for that purpose.

In March 2017 Dong introduced another private member's bill, the Reliable Elevators Act, setting time limits on repairs of elevators in residential buildings. The bill was successfully passed. Dong noted the hardship out of service elevators posed to the elderly, and to parents whose children required strollers.

In the 2018 provincial election, Dong was defeated by New Democratic candidate Chris Glover in the redistributed riding of Spadina—Fort York.

Municipal
Dong registered as a candidate in the 2018 Toronto municipal election, to represent Ward 20 on Toronto City Council. After the number of wards in the city was reduced from 47 to 25, Dong did not refile his candidacy by the September 21, 2018, deadline and was thus deemed to have withdrawn.

Member of Parliament (2019–present)
On July 4, 2019, Dong confirmed his candidacy for the federal Liberal nomination in Don Valley North following the retirement of incumbent MP Geng Tan. Dong was elected to Parliament in the October 2019 federal election.

Dong was re-elected as the MP for Don Valley North in the September 2021 election.

Dong currently serves as the co-chair Canada-China Legislative Association. Dong is also a member of the Standing Committee on Human Resources, Skills, and Social Development and the Status of Persons with Disabilities, and a member of the Standing Committee on Access to Information, Privacy, and Ethics.

Alleged Chinese government interference

On February 24, 2023, Global News reported that its intelligence sources with knowledge of Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) affairs reported that Dong was an alleged "witting affiliate" in China's election interference networks. Sources claim that Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and senior Liberal party officials ignored CSIS warnings about Dong, which has been denied by Trudeau.

The same article also claimed that a "Liberal insider" and former Ontario MPP Michael Chan had possibly arranged Tan's ouster in Don Valley North in favour of Dong in advance of the 2019 federal election because the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was unhappy with Tan. Chan, Dong, and the Chinese embassy denied the accusations, with Dong describing the leaks as "seriously inaccurate". Dong and the Liberal Party also said that his 2019 nomination victory had followed all of the party's rules. According to an anonymous intelligence official and intelligence documents viewed by Global News, CSIS had also been investigating Dong due to an alleged meeting between Dong and a senior official from the CCP's United Front Work Department in New York state.

Dong has stated that he would welcome investigations against himself to clear his name but denies the need for a public inquiry. In response to these allegations, Trudeau has also rejected these allegations as "irresponsible" and a result of anti-Asian racism against Dong. He also stressed that Dong is unquestionably loyal to Canada.

In March 2023, he said that he was yet to be contacted by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Elections Canada, or CSIS concerning the allegations, and that he wanted the truth to come out.

On March 22, 2023, additional reporting from Global News, based on two national security sources, said that in February 2021, Dong had reached out to the Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Toronto to discuss the detention of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig. According to the sources, Dong told Han Tao, the consul-general, that their release should be delayed, that their release could benefit the Conservative Party of Canada, and for China to make concessions to Canada in the ongoing detention dispute. In a statement, Dong said that although he had spoken to the consul-general, he had not initiated it, and he had not suggested delaying the release of the Spavor and Kovrig, instead calling for their release. The Prime Minister's Office said it was not aware of the meeting until Dong told the PMO after media questions, and that Dong was not used as a diplomatic backchannel. On the same day, Dong announced that he would be leaving the Liberal caucus and sitting as an independent to work on clearing his name without disrupting government business and to avoid a "conflict of duty" by remaining on the government benches.

On March 23, 2023, The Globe and Mail, citing a senior government source, reported that the Trudeau government had reviewed the CSIS transcript in question and determined that there was no "actionable evidence" and that it was unable to make the conclusion that Dong had sought for the Two Michaels to be kept in detention for political reasons. The same day, Dong, as an independent MP, voted for a New Democratic Party motion calling for a public inquiry into alleged Chinese interference in the 2019 and 2021 elections that passed with the support of the opposition parties and which was opposed by Liberal MPs.

Following the allegations, Dong said he had retained a lawyer and intended to sue Global News for defamation. Global News stood by its reporting, with its editor-in-chief saying Global follows "a rigorous set of journalistic principles and practices". A few days later, lawyers for Dong issued a libel notice demanding a retraction and apology from Global News, saying that if Global News failed to do so in seven days Dong would file a lawsuit. In April, Dong filed a defamation lawsuit against Global News and some of its reporters. Following his review, Special Rapporteur David Johnston said that allegations that Dong had told Chinese officials to extend the detention of Kovrig and Spavor were false. Johnston reviewed documents but did not speak to Dong when preparing his report, saying he decided against reaching out to Dong out of respect for the ongoing defamation lawsuit. Dong said he was vindicated by the report, saying that he wanted to rejoin the Liberal Party caucus. In June, Intergovernmental Affairs Minister Dominic LeBlanc said he was conducting a review to determine whether the party would readmit Dong to caucus, and that he would be reviewing other intelligence materials, as Johnston's report was just a "starting point".

In September 2023, following the announcement of a public inquiry into foreign election interference, LeBlanc said that he had not had an opportunity to conduct an internal review of Dong's situation. He said that he would be meeting with Dong "in the coming days" and would provide a recommendation to Trudeau "at the right moment".

Electoral record

Federal

Provincial

References

External links

1977 births
Businesspeople from Shanghai
Businesspeople from Toronto
Chinese emigrants to Canada
Living people
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
People from Old Toronto
Politicians from Shanghai
Politicians from Toronto
21st-century Canadian politicians
Canadian people of Chinese descent
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Independent MPs in the Canadian House of Commons
Foreign-born Canadian politicians


title: Military ranks of Portugal

text:
The military ranks of Portugal form the system of hierarchical relationships in the Portuguese Armed Forces.

There are two basic systems of ranks. The first one is used in the Portuguese Army () and in the Portuguese Air Force (), consisting of traditional land military ranks. This system is also used in the National Republican Guard (GNR, ), a gendarmerie force that can be put under the command of the Armed Forces in case of war. The second system is used by the Portuguese Navy (), consisting of traditional naval ranks.

In the Armed Forces of Portugal, the hierarchy of ranks divides them in three large categories: Officers (), Sergeants () and Enlisted (). The officers category is, in turn, subdivided into three subcategories: General officers (), Senior officers () and Junior officers ().

The insignia of rank used in all branches of the Armed Forces is generally similar, despite some particular details existing in each branch.

Commissioned officer ranks
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Other ranks
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Lusophone comparative tables
 Army
 Officers
 Enlisted
 Navy
 Officers
 Enlisted
 Air force
 Officers
 Enlisted
 Military police
 Officers
 Enlisted

Notes

References

External links

Portugal


title: Salome Alt

text:
Salome Alt (21 November 1568 – 27 June 1633), was the mistress to Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau, reigning Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, from about 1593 until 1617.

Life
Born in Salzburg, Salome was the daughter of the merchant and city councillor Wilhelm Alt and a granddaughter of Ludwig Alt, who had been mayor of Salzburg in 1523. She was the niece of Barbara Thenn.

Contemporary sources describe her as a tall grown woman, with red-brown hair and clear grey eyes, a broad forehead, and as the most beautiful woman of the city.

Wolf Dietrich Raitenau's mistress

Salome Alt met the Archbishop at a festivity in the , whereafter Raitenau took her, initially in secret, to his Salzburg residence. It is said that she never again set foot in the town-house of her parents, in Sigmund-Haffner-Alley.

After Raitenau was chosen as prince-archbishop he repeatedly petitioned Rome for a papal dispensation to marry her. The family even claimed that Raitenau and Alt had become partners before he was ordained. It was also assumed at this time that celibacy of the clergy would soon be abolished. Despite support from  his uncle, Cardinal Mark Sittich von Hohenems Altemps, no dispensation was ever granted.

At last, upon a visit by Emperor Rudolf II in 1609, their children were officially relieved from their status as illegitimate. Raitenau made no secret of the relationship; Salome Alt was present at the court, present when guests dined, and she ate at the high table.

Children
Salome Alt's partnership with Raitenau produced 15 children, of whom five died early, and from whom eleven are known by name:
 Hannibal (born 1593, died 1616)
 Helena
 Euphemia (died 1638) married Max Richtersperger, a finance official at Wels, widowed
 Maria Salome (born 1595, died 1605), she is buried at  with a monument carrying her image
 Eusebia (died 1624),
 Cäcilie, who on 3 June 1620 married Georg Constantin Grundemann von Falkenberg (died 1662). Children from this marriage were:
 Georg Constantin
 Adam Anton who married Susanna Katharina Grüber von Grübegg
 Franz Fortunat (Benedictine monk at Kremsmünster)
 Johann Erasmus (died in the military service of the Kaiser)
 Ferdinand Wilhelm (who died in a branch of the Donau at Linz, aged 13 years)
 Ferdinand Adam Rudolf (died in chidlhood).The descendents of Salome Alt von Altenau can be traced to the 21st Century via Cäcilie's children.
 Anton
 Wolf Dietrich
 Viktor (born 1604, died 1638 in Freihaus zu Wels. On 20 February 1634, in the cathedral of Salzburg, he married Katharina Götz, daughter of the chancellor of the Bavarian electorate at Burghausen, Johann Götz
 Johann Georg Eberhard (born 1605, died 1675) Took the name Ägidius and became a Benedictine monk at
 Susanna.

After Raitenau's fall from favour, Salome Alt expressed a wish that none of her children should marry, "so long as her gracious lord should remain incarcerated".

In high society

In 1600 Raitenau vested Salome with the noble title von Altenau. Her old family home changed hands; Johann Stainhauser wrote that in 1605, on 18 August, Friedrich Rechlinger, married to Maria Alt, a second cousin of Salome, bought her old parental house in Sigmund-Haffner Alley and added it to his buildings (he also demolished the old mint in the Kirchengassen, replacing it with a large building extending to the church itself).
In 1606 Raitenau built a shared retreat for them erected outside the Salzburg city walls, Schloss Altenau, which later was rebuilt as Mirabell Palace by his nephew and successor Mark Sittich von Hohenems. This became a favourite refuge of Altenau.
On 28 August 1609 she was ennobled by the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II in Prague. Her children were relieved of their illegitimacy.
A reflective and friendly balanced character, uninterested in politics, Salome was a haven of peace for her partner stuck in increasing internal and external conflicts. Despite her position as the archbishop's mistress, she was said to have no enemies at the Salzburg court throughout her life.
Salome Alt and her children were given the freedom of the Salzburg estate on 24 May 1610, freeing them from the obligations and duties of commoners, and freeing them from the city administration. In 1610, Raitenau gave her Schloss Seehaus, in Rupertiwinkel. Through Raitenau's gifts and purchases in the archbishopric of Salzburg, Salome Alt's assets reached the enormous value of more than 400,000 guilders, assessed in an inventory of 31 October 1610. The annual income from her 80 businesses (farms, farmsteads, inns, mills, fields, and wood-cutting rights) amounted to over 200 guilders. In 1612 she waived her rights to 120,000 guilders in debt obligations from the Tirol in favour of the Salzburg cathedral chapter.

Raitenau's downfall
Raitenau found himself in dispute with the neighbouring duke of Bavaria, Maximilian I. This led to military confrontations over the salt trade, culminating in an invasion by the Bavarians in 1611. Deserted by his cathedral chapter and abandoned by Emperor Rudolf II, Raitenau packed off his family to the  in Flachau for safety, and fled the Salzburg court himself, seeking refuge at Kärnten. He was, however, captured by the Bavarians at Gmünd, and brought first to Hohenwerfen Castle, then Hohensalzburg Fortress where he was imprisoned by his successor, Mark Sittich von Hohenems. He remained at the latter, mostly in solitary confinement, until his death on 16 January 1617. His sufferings can be seen in graffiti scratched on the wall of his cell at Hohenwerfen: "Love is the beginning of suffering, sooner or later".

Salome Alt suffered a nervous breakdown following Raitenau's capture, from which she took a long time to recover. She was herself arrested on 27 October 1611 in Flachau, but was soon released on the instructions of the cathedral chapter. She fled to Wels in Austria to her cousin Felicitas Weiß (née Alt) who had married a merchant, Christoph Weiß. Here she waited in vain for "her lord". Though they were able to secretly communicate, the couple never met again. After Raiteneau's death in custody in 1617, she dressed in mourning like a widow for the rest of her life.

Life after Raitenau's death

In 1622 Salome Alt von Altenau bought a house in Wels, Stadtplatz 24, which still stands today, with its late gothic oriel bearing the three coats of arms of the Hofmann family, and its frescoes dating back to 1570. The house originally belonged to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, and from 1552 had been the country residence of the von Hofmann family. Salome Alt died here on 27 June 1633, aged 64. The family name of Alt von Altenau died with Salome, as no male offspring carrying the name outlived her. Her sister inherited her property, and in 1668 the house in Wels was sold by her heirs to the Eiselsberg family. The site of her grave remains unknown.

Portraits

A painting by Camillo Procaccini (born 1546 in Bologna) showing the burial of Christ, depicts Salome Alt in the foreground as Mary Magdalene. This work was donated by Raitenau to the monastery of Langnau, the site of his family burial-place. It was later moved to the church in the neighbouring Hiltensweiler (today Tettnang, Baden-Württemberg).

The chapel erected for Hans Ulrich (II.) von Raitenau (1567–1622) to the north-west of the church of Mülln contains, on its east wall, a Christmas painting by Otto van Veen (early 17th Century) in which, according to tradition, Mary, the mother of God, and saint Joseph, are portraits of Salome Alt and Wolf Dietrich Raitenau.

Salome Alt in literature
 : Mirabell. Der Roman einer Frau. Paul Zsolnay, Vienna 1941.

Literature
 ; Robert Hoffmann: Salzburg. Die Geschichte einer Stadt (2nd edition). Universitätsverlag Anton Pustet, Salzburg: 2008, ISBN 978-3-7025-0598-1.
 Eva Stahl-Botstiber: Salome Alt und das Frauenbild ihrer Zeit. In Salzburger Landesregierung Kulturabteilung (Publisher), "4. Salzburger Landesausstellung – Fürsterzbischof Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau – Gründer des barocken Salzburgs", pages 55–58. Salzburg: 1987.
 Siebmacher, Johann: Johann Siebmacher's Wappen-Buch. Vol. 28. Die Wappen des Adels in Salzburg, Steiermark und Tirol.  Faksimile-Nachdruck der Ausgabe Nürnberg 1701–1806. Munich: Battenberg. Bauer & Raspe: Neustadt an der Aisch, 1979.
 Eva Stahl: Wolf Dietrich von Salzburg, Weltmann auf dem Bischofsthron. Amalthea, Vienna 1987, ISBN 3-85002-230-7.
 : Um Krone und Liebe. Die Macht der Geschichte. Amalthea, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-85002-649-9.

References

1568 births
1633 deaths
Mistresses of German royalty
People from Salzburg
16th-century German women
17th-century German women
Place of death missing


title: Maccabi Daliyat al-Karmel F.C.

text:
Maccabi Daliyat al-Karmel () is a football club based in Daliyat al-Karmel in northern Israel.

History
The current club was refounded and started in Liga Gimel, the lowest tier of Israeli football, after the previous club with the same name folded during the 2006–07 Liga Bet season, after they failed to show to fixtures and were punished with suspension of activity. in the 2009–10 season, they finished runners-up in the Liga Gimel Samaria division, and promoted to Liga Bet. and in the following season, made another successive promotion, after they won Liga Bet North B division, and were promoted to Liga Alef.

In their first season in Liga Alef, they faced their city rivals, Hapoel Daliyat al-Karmel, for a first derby in Liga Alef. Maccabi won the match 3–1. in the following season, they finished runners-up, 10 points behind champions, Hapoel Afula, and qualified to the promotion play-offs, where they lost in the first round 1–2 to Hapoel Herzliya. in the 2013–14 season, they finished in the fifth place, and once more, qualified to the promotion play-offs, where they lost again in the first round, 1–2 to Ironi Tiberias, which were eventually promoted to Liga Leumit.

Prior to the 2014–15 season, the club merged with Liga Bet club, Hapoel Yokneam.

External links
Maccabi Daliyat al-Karmel Israel Football Association

References

Daliyat al-Karmel
Daliyat al-Karmel


title: The Mystery of Dante

text:
The Mystery of Dante () is a 2014 Italian independent film written and directed by Louis Nero that explores The Divine Comedy though a documentary-style look at the life and philosophy of Dante Alighieri.

Production
The film was shot in the basement of the Macello castle and in Turin. It includes cultural references from Shakespeare, the Sufis (all of Ibn Arabi), and including Luigi Valli, Gabriele Rossetti, René Guénon, Miguel Asín Palacios, and also religious origins of literature, from Muslim, Jewish and Indian traditions back to the Epic of Gilgamesh. Inspired by the work of Gustave Doré, the animations express the esoteric world with respect.</ref>

Plot
The film investigates the life and philosophy of Dante Alighieri through a series of interviews with intellectuals, artists, masons and men of faith who guide the viewer in discovering a little-known side of the man considered the father of the Italian language. This includes analysis of the cardinal points of The Divine Comedy and references to the Western tradition of initiation, secret lodges, membership or not, which accompany the viewer in a different approach to the study of Dante Alighieri. The film's first ten minutes are presented in a found footage format, before seguing into a series of interviews interspersed with occasional animations.

Cast

 F. Murray Abraham as Dante Alter Ego
Interviewees
 Taylor Hackford
 Franco Zeffirelli
 Christopher Vogler
 Valerio Manfredi
 Roberto Giacobbo
 Riccardo Di Segni
 Massimo Introvigne
 Giancarlo Guerreri
 Marcello Vicchio
 Aurora Distefano
 Silvano Agosti
 Diana Dell'Erba
 Mamadou Dioumé
 Gabriele La Porta
 Abd al Wahid Pallavicini
 S.E. Agostino Marchetto

Reception
La Stampa called the film an ambitious project, and a meeting with the potential heirs of the Fedeli d'Amore.

Sentieri Selvaggi wrote that the film is full of both symbolism and pathos, offering an over-the-top popularization that is an overly emotional prophetic mission which carries an amazing truth. It said that the best way to describe Louis Nero's efforts would be as ambitious, with the flavor of maturity. It noted the inclusion of references to the works of scholars, including Valerio Massimo Manfredi, Gabriele La Porta, Silvano Agosti, Robert Jacob and Franco Zeffirelli, transferred into a series of interviews accompanied by certain fictions, in a sort of mockumentary in which the principals are summoned by the secret community "The Brothers of Love", whose representatives have decided to release a witness. The film is accompanied by music composed by Steven Mercurio and Ryland Angel.

References

External links

Italian drama films
2014 films
Films directed by Louis Nero
Cultural depictions of Dante Alighieri


title: 1954 Duggirala by-election

text:
In June 1954 a by-election was held in for the Duggirala seat of the Legislative Assembly of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The by-election was called after the death of the sitting MLA A. Rami Reddi. The election was won by the Indian National Congress candidate Meduri Nageswara Rao, won obtained 21,913 votes (45%). L.B.G. Rao of the Communist Party of India finished in second place with 20,644 votes (42.5%). Ancha Venkateswarlu of the Krishikar Lok Party obtained 5,735 votes (11.7%). There was also an independent candidate in the election, M.R. Rao, who obtained 395 votes (0.8%).

References

By-elections in India
1954 elections in India
1950s in Andhra Pradesh
Guntur district


title: Short Hair (EP)

text:
Short Hair () is the debut extended play by South Korean girl group AOA, It was released on June 19, 2014 by FNC Entertainment. "Short Hair" was released as the lead single.

Background and release
On May 25, 2014, AOA revealed that they were going to have a comeback in June with their first mini-album.

The song "Joa Yo!" was used to promote their first DVD and photobook "Hot Summer". It was released as the second single of the album on July 24, 2014.

Promotion
The promotions of the song "Short Hair" started on June 19, 2014, on M! Countdown. The song was also promoted on the shows, Music Bank, Music Core and Inkigayo.

Track listing

Charts

Sales and certifications

References

2014 EPs
AOA (group) EPs
Korean-language EPs
FNC Entertainment EPs


title: Nothopegia beddomei

text:
Nothopegia beddomei is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is found in India and Sri Lanka. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Culture
Known as "bala" (බල) in Sinhala.

References

External links

Flora of India (region)
Flora of Sri Lanka
beddomei


title: LCDD (disambiguation)

text:
LCDD may refer to:

 Light chain deposition disease
 La Chanson du Dimanche, a musical group
 Linear Collider Detector Description, software for a linear collider


title: William Robinson (priest)

text:
The Venerable William Robinson DD (d. 1642) was Archdeacon of Nottingham.

Family
He was the son of John Robinson of Reading, Berkshire and Lucy Webb.

He married Sarah Bainbrigge, daughter of William Bainbrigge of Lockington, Leicestershire. They had the following children:
John Robinson became 1st Robinson Baronet of London.
Henry Robinson, rector of Long Whatton.

Career
He was a Fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge from 1590 to 1603 and University Preacher.

He was appointed:
Prebendary of St David's Cathedral
Canon of the 5th Prebend of Westminster Abbey 1608 - 1642
Archdeacon of Nottingham 1635 - 1642
Rector of Church of St. Mary and All Saints, Bingham 1635 - 1642
Rector of All Saints Church, Long Whatton

He was buried in All Saints Church, Long Whatton, Leicestershire.

Notes

1642 deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
Archdeacons of Nottingham
Fellows of Queens' College, Cambridge
Year of birth missing


title: Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)

text:
Haplogroup K2b1, known sometimes as haplogroup MS, is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs P397 and P399. It has a complex, diverse and not-yet fully understood internal structure; its downstream descendants include the major haplogroups Haplogroup M (P256) and Haplogroup S (M230).

It is not clear at present whether the basal paragroup K2b1* is carried by any living males. Individuals carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians. It is also carried by Negrito and Melanesian minorities in The Philippines as well as Indonesia.

Structure

K2b1 is a direct descendant of K2b – known previously as Haplogroup MPS.

Its only primary branches are the major haplogroups S (B254), also known as K2b1a (and previously known as Haplogroup S1 or K2b1a4) and  M (P256), also known as K2b1b (previously K2b1d).

Distribution
K2b1 is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of Melanesia (especially the island of New Guinea) and Micronesia, and to a lesser extent Polynesia, where it is generally found only among 5–10% of males. It is found in 83% of males in Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in the Aeta of the Philippines. The vast majority of living males carrying K2b1 are members of downstream subclades within the major haplogroups M (also known as K2b1b) and S (K2b1a).

Studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that, before contact with Europeans, about 29% of Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander males belonged to downstream subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1 (S-P308; previously known as  K2b1a1 or K-P308), and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% (11 individuals) of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup  M1 (M-M4; also known as M-M186 and known previously as haplogroup K2b1d1).  All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders. (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* [K-M526], C1b2b [M347; previously Haplogroup C4], and basal C* [M130].)

References

K2b1


title: Biette de Cassinel

text:
Biette Cassinel (; c.1320s-1394) was the supposed royal mistress of Charles V of France from 1360 until 1363.

Biette was the daughter of the François Cassinel, sergent d'armes of John II of France, and Alix Deschamps. She was the sister of Ferry Cassinel, bishop of Lodève and Auxerre and eventually archbishop of Rheims.

Biette was married to Gérard de Montagu by 1336. She was the mother of Jean de Montagu, who would rise to become Grand Master of France.  It is said by some that Jean was her son by Charles V, while Merlet and Delachenal state there is no evidence for this. Autrand states that a clerk of Parlement skipped two words, concerning Jean's execution, which incorrectly attributed Charles V as Jean's father, instead of his legitimate father Gerard de Montaigu.

Notes

References

Sources

Mistresses of French royalty
1325 births
1394 deaths


title: Alphonsea zeylanica

text:
Alphonsea zeylanica is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

Trunk
Bark - smooth, gray.

Flowers
Inflorescence - sessile, pubescent.

References

zeylanica
Endemic flora of Sri Lanka
Least concern biota of Asia
Least concern plants
Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker


title: Edwin (surname)

text:
Edwin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Sir Humphrey Edwin (1642–1707), English merchant and Lord Mayor of London
 Charles Edwin (died 1756), Welsh politician, MP for Westminster 1741–47, for Glamorgan 1747–56
 Charles Edwin (died 1801), Welsh politician, MP for Glamorgan 1780–89
 Samuel Edwin (1671–1722), British politician, MP for Minehead 1717

English-language surnames


title: Two Rivers Press

text:
Two Rivers Press is an independent publishing house, based in the English town of Reading. Two Rivers Press was founded in 1994 by Peter Hay (1951–2003), a local artist. Its name reflects his enthusiasm for the town and its two rivers, the Kennet and the Thames, and its intention to explore the place where art and history meet. The name also gives a clue to the origins of the company in the, ultimately successful, opposition to Reading's proposed Cross-Town Route, a road scheme that would have seriously impacted the point at which the two rivers meet.

To date, the company has published over 70 titles. A significant part of its work explores and celebrates local history. It also publishes new editions of classic poems, especially ones with some Reading connection, such as Oscar Wilde's The Ballad of Reading Gaol, and collections of contemporary poetry from resident poets.

Today the company is managed by Sally Mortimer, assisted by Adam Sowan, as local history editor, and Peter Robinson, who combines his role of poetry editor with that of Professor of English and American literature at the University of Reading.

References

External links
 The Two Rivers Press web site
 Catalogue of books published

Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Reading, Berkshire
Publishing companies established in 1994
1994 establishments in England


title: Clepsis hissarica

text:
Clepsis hissarica is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Tajikistan.

References

Moths described in 1963
Clepsis


title: Clepsis homophyla

text:
Clepsis homophyla is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Colombia.

References

Moths described in 1917
Clepsis


title: Silent City (album)

text:
Silent City is an album by New York City-based string quartet, Brooklyn Rider and Iranian musician Kayhan Kalhor, released by World Village Records in 2008.

Kalhor met members of Brooklyn Rider in 2000 at Tanglewood, where they took part in the cellist Yo-Yo Ma's Silk Road Project.

The title track is a Kalhor composition originally Included on Yo-Yo Ma's New Impossibilities, it is an elegy for Halabjah, a Kurdish city razed by Saddam Hussein.

Track listing
"Ascending Bird" (Siamak Aghaei,C. Jacobsen) – 6:54
"Silent City" (Kayhan Kalhor) – 29:10
"Parvaz" (Kalhor)  – 6:23
"Beloved, do not let me be discouraged" (C. Jacobsen ) – 10:34

Personnel
Kayhan Kalhor – Kamancheh, Setar
Brooklyn Rider
Colin Jacobsen – Violin
Jonathan Gandelsman – Violin
Nicholas Cords – Viola
Eric Jacobsen – Cello
Additional musicians
Jeff Beecher – Bass
Mark Suter – Percussion
Siamak Aghaei – Tombak, Santur on "Parvaz"

Charts

References

External links
read more about The album title Track

Kayhan Kalhor albums
2008 albums
Collaborative albums


title: Marko Aleksic

text:
Marko Aleksic (born September 10, 1996) is a soccer player who plays for the Alberta Golden Bears.

Career

Club
After three years with FC Edmonton's academy team, Aleksic was signed with FC Edmonton on February 5, 2014. Aleksic made his professional debut on April 27, 2014 as a half-time substitute in a 0-1 loss to Minnesota United. Aleksic would spend four seasons with FC Edmonton, before the club ceased operations after the 2017 season.

International
Aleksic began representing Canada at the U-20 level. He made his debut against Russia's U-21 team in a 2-1 victory on November 15, 2014.

References

External links
 FC Edmonton bio
 Canada West bio

1996 births
Living people
Canadian men's soccer players
FC Edmonton players
North American Soccer League (2011–2017) players
Serbian emigrants to Canada
Canadian people of Serbian descent
Canada men's youth international soccer players
Men's association football defenders
Alberta Golden Bears players
Footballers from Belgrade
University and college men's soccer players in Canada


title: Clepsis humana

text:
Clepsis humana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Sikkim, India and in Nepal.

References

Moths described in 1912
Clepsis


title: Henry le Walleis

text:
Henry le Walleis (sometimes spelled le Waleys) (died 1302) was a 13th-century English politician and Mayor of London. His origins are obscure; he was an outsider to London and may have been Welsh by birth. After making his fortune in the wine trade, he became an alderman in 1269 and sheriff in 1270. As alderman, he represented the ward of Cordwainer. He went on to serve five terms as mayor.

Henry's career was marked by strong support for King Edward I, whom he served as an advisor. In his first term as mayor, in 1273, Henry acted against prior mayor Walter Hervey, who had led a populist movement that nearly resulted in a revolt coinciding with the death of King Henry III. Walleis had Hervey's sheriffs arrested for corruption and persuaded the aldermen to annul the charters Hervey's movement had fought for, before bringing Hervey himself up on numerous charges for his actions as mayor and bailiff. He was succeeded as mayor by his political ally, Gregory de Rokesley. In 1275, Edward I appointed Henry as mayor of Bordeaux, and Henry also served as a diplomat to both France and Scotland over the next two decades. He also was appointed as one of the planners (along with Thomas Alard) of the city of Winchelsea. Henry returned for three more years as mayor from 1281 to 1283, after years of increasing discontent among the citizens of London. In 1282, he established the Stocks Market, where fishmongers and butchers could sell their wares, with the rents going towards the maintenance of London Bridge. He also, in 1283, had a series of shops built along Paternoster Row which would later become a center of the London publishing trade. In 1298, he was elected to his fifth (and final) term as mayor.

Henry married Joan, daughter of Adam de Basing, a previous mayor of London. His son, Augustine le Waleys (sometimes referred to as Augustine de Uxbridge), served as Warden of the Mint for King Edward II. Henry died in 1302, leaving a significant bequest to the Poor Clares and Franciscans.

References

13th-century births
1302 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Sheriffs of the City of London
13th-century mayors of London
Mayors of Bordeaux


title: Syed Asif Ibrahim

text:
Syed Asif Ibrahim (born 28 September 1953) is an Indian diplomat and a former director of the Intelligence Bureau, the main internal intelligence agency of India. He held the position of director from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2014. He was the first Muslim in India to hold this important position. He is an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer of Madhya Pradesh cadre and belongs to its 1977 batch.

In June 2015, he was appointed as Indian Prime Minister's special envoy on "Countering Terrorism and Extremism" with a charter to liaise with governments of West Asian countries, and Afghanistan and Pakistan.

See also
 Syed Akbaruddin

References

Living people
1953 births
Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni
Directors of Intelligence Bureau (India)
Indian police chiefs
People from Madhya Pradesh
Indian diplomats


title: Egolf

text:
Egolf is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Allan Egolf, politician
 Brian Egolf, politician
 Gretchen Egolf (born 1973), American actress
 Tristan Egolf (1971–2005), American novelist

See also
 eGolf Professional Tour
 Volkswagen eGolf, vehicle


title: Josepha von Heydeck

text:
Josepha von Heydeck (1748–1771), was the royal mistress of Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine, from 1765 until 1771.

Biography
Josepha Seyffert was the issue of a palatinate governmental secretary Seyffert and Maria Franziska Reichard. In 1765, after the death of Françoise of Parckstein, the previous mistress of the elector, she attracted the attention of elector Charles Theodore at the opera in Mannheim and was made his mistress.

Josepha von Heydeck was described as pretty, sensible, merciful and kind. Upon the wish of the elector, she was discreet in her public appearances as Charles Theodore, though separated from his spouse electress Elizabeth Auguste, found it important that his spouse's position as electress should not be undermined. On 19 March 1767, she was given the fief of Heydeck, and at the birth of her daughter in 1768, Charles Theodore legitimized the child, and gave both mother and child the title Countess of Heydeck. On 24 October 1769, their son Karl August was born.

She was given her own house in Mannheim. She died in childbirth in 1771.

Figures

Several paintings by Josepha Seyffert, Countess von Heydeck, have been preserved. Two portraits are in the Kurpfälzisches Museum of the city of Heidelberg. In the portrait by the painter Johann Peter Hoffmeister (* 1740 in Heidelberg; † 1772 in Mannheim) from 1770, she can be seen as a 22-year-old woman in the role of the Roman goddess Flora. A flower garland of roses, carnations and forget-me-nots hangs from the attached hair as a symbol of the deity. In a painting by the painter Johann Wilhelm Hoffnas, Josepha von Heydeck sits at a harpsichord and holds sheet music in her hand. This suggests that she also had a musical education. On a history painting by the painter Heinrich Carl Brandt (1724--1787) from 1785, which is located in the Reiss Museum of the city of Mannheim, she is shown shortly before her death with her four children and two servants.

Notes

Mistresses of German royalty
1748 births
1771 deaths
Deaths_in_childbirth


title: Agnes Le Louchier

text:
Agnes-Françoise Le Louchier (1660-1717), was the royal mistress of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria from 1694 until 1717. She also served as the spy of Bavaria at the French court.

Biography
Agnès-Françoise Lelouchier was the daughter of Jean François Le Louchier, Seigneur de Popuelles and his wife Charlotte d' Aubermont. A member of the Flemish nobility, she became the lover of Maximilian II Emanuel when he was the governor of the Spanish Netherlands. She accompanied him to Bavaria in 1694, when he married his second spouse, Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska, while she herself married the Bavarian officer count Ferdinand von Arco. After the wedding, they returned to Brussels. She had a son with Maximilian, named Emanuel-François-Joseph (1695-1747), who was later legitimized by his father. In 1700, the electress wished to separate from the elector because of this affair but managed to reconcile. The same year, the elector and electress returned to Bavaria. Le Louchier was given an assignment as a spy by the elector and sent to Paris to make use of political connections in favour of Bavarian interests. She succeeded with her task and was rewarded with a life pension. She lived with Maximilian during his exile from 1704 to 1715 until he met his wife again on 8 April 1715.

Notes

Sources
Ludwig Hüttl: Max Emanuel – der Blaue Kurfürst, 1679–1726. Eine politische Biographie. Süddeutscher Verlag, München 1976, .
Karl Eduard Vehse: Bayerische Hofgeschichten. Bearbeitet, eingeleitet und mit Anmerkungen herausgegeben von Joachim Delbrück. München 1922.
Werner Sombart: Liebe, Luxus und Kapitalismus. Über die Entstehung der modernen Welt aus dem Geist der Verschwendung, Heidelberg 1913
Peter Claus Hartmann: Der Chevalier De Baviére. ZBLB, Band 31, 1968 S. 286 - 297.
Richard Paulus: Max Emanuel und die französische Kunst, Altbayerische Monatsschrift, Jg. 11, München 1913

Mistresses of German royalty
1660 births
1717 deaths
18th-century spies


title: The Three Musketeers (South Korean TV series)

text:
The Three Musketeers () is a 2014 South Korean television series starring Jung Yong-hwa, Lee Jin-wook, Yang Dong-geun, Jung Hae-in, and Seo Hyun-jin. Loosely based on Alexandre Dumas's 1844 novel The Three Musketeers, the series follows three Joseon-era adventurers who serve Crown Prince Sohyeon as his warrior guards. It aired on cable channel tvN from August 17 to November 2, 2014 on Sundays at 21:00 for 12 episodes.

The Three Musketeers was originally planned for three seasons with a budget of  (12 episodes per season), with the last season to be filmed in China. But with low viewership ratings for its first season, plans for succeeding seasons have been postponed indefinitely.

Cast
Jung Yong-hwa as Park Dal-hyang (based on d'Artagnan)
Park Chang-ik as young Dal-hyang
Lee Jin-wook as Crown Prince Sohyeon (based on Athos)
Jung Taek-hyun as child Sohyeon
Ji Eun-sung as young Sohyeon
Yang Dong-geun as Heo Seung-po (based on Porthos)
Kim Joo-seung as young Seung-po
Jung Hae-in as Ahn Min-seo (based on Aramis)
Lee Joo-chan as young Min-seo
Seo Hyun-jin as Kang Yoon-seo (based on Anne of Austria)
Park So-young as young Yoon-seo
Yoo In-young as Jo Mi-ryung (based on Milady de Winter)
Kim Myung-soo as King Injo (based on Louis XIII)
Park Yeong-gyu as Kim Ja-jeom (based on Cardinal Richelieu)
Jeon No-min as Choi Myung-kil (based on de Tréville)
Lee Kyun as Pansoe (based on Planchet)
Kim Sung-min as Inggūldai (based on Duke of Buckingham)
Park Sung-min as Noh Soo (based on Comte de Rochefort)
Kang Ki-young as Ba-rang
Kim Seo-kyung as Ma Boo-dae
Jung Yoo-suk as Park Ji-won
Woo Hyun as Dal-hyang's father
Byun Joo-hyun as Hong Taiji
Han-min as Princess Jeongmyeong

Ratings
In this table,  represent the lowest ratings and  represent the highest ratings.

International broadcast
It aired in Thailand on PPTV beginning September 27, 2014.

References

External links

The Three Musketeers at Chorokbaem Media
The Three Musketeers at JS Pictures

2014 South Korean television series debuts
2014 South Korean television series endings
TVN (South Korean TV channel) television dramas
Television shows based on The Three Musketeers
South Korean historical television series
South Korean action television series
Television series by Chorokbaem Media
Cultural depictions of Cardinal Richelieu
Cultural depictions of Louis XIII
Television shows written by Song Jae-jung
Television series by JS Pictures


title: Holdaway

text:
Holdaway is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
Guy Holdaway (1886–1973), British athlete
Hubert Holdaway (1896–1963), New Zealand teacher, orchardist, Methodist lay preacher and pacifist
Jim Holdaway (1927–1970), British illustrator
Richard Holdaway (born 1949), British space engineer
Ronald M. Holdaway (born 1934), American military judge
William Holdaway (1893–1967), New Zealand cricketer


title: Xylopia championii

text:
Xylopia championii is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is endemic to the rainforest understory in Sri Lanka. It is known as අතු කැටිය (athu ketiya) or දත් කැටිය (dath ketiya) in Sinhala.

References
 http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13880200801887989?journalCode=phb
 http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2468060
 http://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/57160
 http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/k000574723

championii
Endemic flora of Sri Lanka
Vulnerable flora of Asia


title: Wilhelmine Dorothee von der Marwitz

text:
Wilhelmine Dorothee von der Marwitz (April 1718 – 16 January 1787), was the royal mistress of Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, from the late 1730s until 1744. She was also the host of an influential salon in Vienna in the 1780s.

Life
She was the daughter of the Prussian noble knight Heinrich Karl von der Marwitz, governor of Breslau, and Albertine Eleonore von Wittenhorst (1693-1721). She was employed at the court of Prussia as maid of honour to Wilhelmine of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, and followed the princess to Bayreuth upon the princess' marriage in 1731. In 1730s, Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, made her his official favorite: is regarded likely that he abused his position and that Wilhelmine Dorothee did not become his mistress voluntarily.
In 1744, Wilhelmine arranged her to marry the Austrian count Otto Ludwig Conrad von Burghauß (1713-1795), which required her to leave Bayreuth and settle in Austria, thereby ending her position as favorite. She lived in Budapest and Trieste with her spouse. In 1780, she moved to Vienna, where she hosted an influential and famed literary salon, frequented by Georg Forster, Henry Swinburne, Graf Karl von Zinzendorf and Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz: she supported the Josephine reforms and acted as benefactor of Benjamin Thompson and Johann Hunczowski.

References

 Karl Graf von Zinzendorf: Wien von Maria Theresia bis zur Franzosenzeit: aus den Tagebüchern des Grafen Karl von Zinzendorf. Wiener Bibliophilen Ges., 1972, S. 167.

Mistresses of German royalty
1718 births
1787 deaths
Austrian salon-holders
Wilhelmine Dorothee


title: Schwarzwald-Baar (electoral district)

text:
Schwarzwald-Baar is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 286. It is located in southwestern Baden-Württemberg, comprising the district of Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis and southeastern parts of the Ortenaukreis district.

Schwarzwald-Baar was created for the 1980 federal election. Since 2013, it has been represented by Thorsten Frei of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).

Geography
Schwarzwald-Baar is located in southwestern Baden-Württemberg. As of the 2021 federal election, it comprises the district of Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis and the municipalities of Gutach (Schwarzwaldbahn), Hausach, Hornberg, Oberwolfach, Wolfach from the Ortenaukreis district.

History
Schwarzwald-Baar was created in 1980. In the 1980 through 1998 elections, it was constituency 190 in the numbering system. In the 2002 and 2005 elections, it was number 287. Since the 2009 election, it has been number 286.

Originally, the constituency was coterminous with the Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis district. It acquired its current borders in the 2002 election.

Members
The constituency has been held continuously by Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since its creation. It was first represented by Hansjörg Häfele from 1980 to 1990, followed by Meinrad Belle from 1990 to 2002. Siegfried Kauder was representative from 2002 to 2013. Thorsten Frei was elected in 2013, and re-elected in 2017 and 2021.

Election results

2021 election

2017 election

2013 election

2009 election

References

Federal electoral districts in Baden-Württemberg
1980 establishments in West Germany
Constituencies established in 1980
Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis


title: Samuel Edwin

text:
Samuel Edwin (12 March 1671 – 27 September 1722), of Llanmihangel Plas, Glamorgan,  was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons briefly in 1717.

Edwin was the eldest son of Sir Humphrey Edwin, who was Lord Mayor of London from 1697 to 1698, and his wife Elizabeth Sambrooke, daughter of Samuel Sambrooke, merchant of London. He matriculated at Pembroke College, Oxford on 15 April  1687, aged 15 and was admitted at Lincoln's Inn on 11 July 1689. He married Lady Catherine Montagu, daughter of  Robert Montagu, 3rd Earl of Manchester by licence dated 20 September 1697. In 1707, on the death of his father, he inherited extensive properties in Westminster and Glamorgan.

Edwin stood for Parliament as a Tory at Minehead at the 1715 general election, but was unsuccessful. He was returned as Member of Parliament for Minehead in the poll at a by-election on 11 April 1717 but was unseated on petition just over a month later on 23 May. He stood for Minehead again at the 1722 general election, but was again defeated.

Edwin died on 27 September 1722 leaving a son and daughter. His son Charles was an MP for Westminster from 1741 to 1747, and for Glamorgan from 1747 to 1756. His daughter Anne married Thomas Wyndham MP of Clearwell Court.

References

1671 births
1722 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1715–1722
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Members of Lincoln's Inn


title: Helena Martini

text:
Helena Martini (5 July 1728 Bockenheim bei Frankfurt am Main - 8 July 1803 Darmstadt), was the mistress of Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, from 1744 until 1768.

She was the daughter of Carl Ludwig Martini (d. 1698), an officer, and Susanna Catharina Meser. In 1744 her father, seeking a promotion, is alleged to have sent Helena to submit his petition to Louis VIII at Jagdschloss Kranichstein. When Louis VIII met her, he kept her as his mistress and did not let her return. Martini, who became known as mamsell Lene, enjoyed the unlimited confidence of Louis VIII, was given a house in Darmstadt and accompanied him on his travels. She supported him in his political conflicts with the branches of the Hesse family, and brought the children of her sister to be raised in her care. She reportedly had a good relationship with the family of Louis VIII. Upon his death in 1768, she left the court with a fortune, which she later left to the children of her sister.

Notes

Sources
 K. Esselborn, Landgrafengeschichten, Marburg 19193
 Heinrich Ludwig, Geschichte Bockenheims, Verlag Dr. Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main, 1940
 Foto des Portraitbildes der Helena Martini des deutschen Malers Johann Conrad Seekatz (1719–1768)
 historischer Plan des Hofgutes Schönhof in Bockenheim

Mistresses of German royalty
1728 births
1803 deaths


title: Asian Tour 2014/2015 – Event 1

text:
The Asian Tour 2014/2015 – Event 1 (also known as the 2014 Yixing Open) was a professional minor-rankingsnooker tournament that took place between 17 and 21 June 2014 at the Yixing Sports Centre in Yixing, China.

Joe Perry was the defending champion, but he lost 1–4 against Ding Junhui in the last 16.

Ding won his 17th professional title by defeating Michael Holt 4–2 in the final.

Prize fund
The breakdown of prize money of the event is shown below:

Main draw

Preliminary round
Best of 7 frames

Main rounds

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Bottom half

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Finals

Century breaks

 136, 103, 101, 100  Li Hang
 135, 128, 124, 120, 119  Ding Junhui
 135  Michael Holt
 129  Ryan Day
 127  Barry Pinches
 125, 105  Craig Steadman
 124, 102  Robert Milkins
 120  Chen Feilong

 117  Graeme Dott
 112  Yu Delu
 110, 103, 101  Jamie Burnett
 110  Qian Hua
 108  Sean O'Sullivan
 104  Matthew Selt
 104  Lu Ning
 104  Stuart Bingham

References

External links
 2014 Yixing Open – Pictures by Tai Chengzhe at Facebook

2014
AT1
2014 in Chinese sport
Asian Tour Event 1


The 1937–38 Temple Owls men's basketball team represented Temple University during the 1937–38 NCAA men's basketball season in the United States. The head coach was James Usilton, coaching in his 12th season with the Owls. The team finished the season with a 23–2 record and was retroactively named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll. They won the Eastern Intercollegiate Conference title with a 9–1 record, and the Owls also won the first-ever National Invitation Tournament (NIT) by winning all three games in the tournament. Additionally, this Temple squad reached the finals of the 1936 Olympic Trials.

Schedule and results

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#9E1B34; color:#FFFFFF;"| Regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#9E1B34; color:#FFFFFF;"| National Invitation Tournament

Source

References

Temple Owls men's basketball seasons
National Invitation Tournament championship seasons
NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament championship seasons
Temple
Temple
Temple Owls Men's Basketball Team
Temple Owls Men's Basketball Team


title: Stephen Prince

text:
Stephen Robert Prince (September 13, 1955 – December 30, 2020) was an American film critic, historian and theorist. He was a Professor of Communication Studies and was a Professor of Cinema at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ("Virginia Tech"). His books include The Warrior's Camera: The Cinema of Akira Kurosawa (1991) and Savage Cinema: Sam Peckinpah and the Rise of Ultraviolent Movies (1998).Prince was frequently cited as an expert in East Asian cinema by Criterion and can often be heard in commentary tracks in their collections.

Works

Original works
The Warrior's Camera: The Cinema of Akira Kurosawa (1991, 2nd edition, 1999), Princeton University Press.
Visions of Empire: Political Imagery in Contemporary American Films (1992), Praeger.
Movies and Meaning: An Introduction to Film (1996; 6th Edition, 2012)
Savage Cinema: Sam Peckinpah and the Rise of Ultraviolent Movies (1998), University of Texas Press;
Screening Violence (2000), Rutgers University Press (Series: Rutgers Depth of Field Series).
A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood under the Electronic Rainbow, 1980-1989 (2002), University of California Press (Series: History of the American Cinema, Book # 10)
Classical Film Violence: Designing and Regulating Brutality in Hollywood Cinema, 1930–1968 (2003), Rutgers University Press
Firestorm: American Film in the Age of Terrorism (2009), Columbia University Press
Digital Visual Effects in Cinema: The Seduction of Reality (2011), Rutgers University Press
A Dream of Resistance: The Cinema of Kobayashi Masaki (2018), Rutgers University Press

As editor
Sam Peckinpah's 'The Wild Bunch''' (1998), Cambridge University Press (Series: Cambridge Film Handbooks).The Horror Film (2004), Rutgers University Press.American Cinema of the 1980s: Themes and Variations (2007), Rutgers University Press (Series: Screen Decades: American Culture/American Cinema)

DVD & Blu-ray commentary
Commentary on Red Beard (2001), The Criterion Collection.
Commentary on Ikiru (2003), The Criterion Collection.
Commentary on Ran (2003), The Masterworks Edition.
Commentary on Stray Dog (2003), The Criterion Collection.
Commentary on Kagemusha (2004), The Criterion Collection.
Commentary on Yojimbo (2006), The Criterion Collection.
Commentary on Sanjuro (2006), The Criterion Collection.
Commentary on Sword of Doom (2005), The Criterion Collection.
Commentary on High and Low (2008), The Criterion Collection.
Commentary on The Hidden Fortress (2013), The Criterion Collection.
Commentary on Kwaidan (2015), The Criterion Collection.
Commentary on The Grand Duel'' Arrow Video

References

External links

1955 births
2020 deaths
American film critics
American film historians
American male non-fiction writers
Film theorists
Virginia Tech faculty


title: Mexico–Poland relations

text:
Mexico–Poland relations are the bilateral relations between the United Mexican States and the Republic of Poland. Both nations are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations.

History
During Spanish colonization of Mexico from 1519 to 1810, any relations between New Spain and the Commonwealth of Poland would have been via Spain. After some time, while Mexico was obtaining its independence from Spain, Poland, by contrast, was finding itself being invaded and split among the Kingdom of Prussia, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Russian Empire. At the end of World War I and after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, Poland obtained its independence once more.

In September 1921, Mexican President Alvaro Obregon recognized the national sovereignty of Poland. That same year, Polish Prince Albert Radziwill, who was head of the Polish Legation in Washington, D.C., United States, met with Mexican diplomats in the city, thus establishing the first official contact between the two nations. However, it was not until 26 February 1928 that diplomatic relations between the two countries were formally established. In 1930, Mexico and Poland signed a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation and Mexico soon opened its first diplomatic legation in Warsaw.

In the 1930s, diplomatic relations between the two nations became difficult with the rise of Adolf Hitler in neighboring Germany to the west of Poland and the ever-expanding Soviet Union to the east. In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression treaty stating that they would not attack one another if a war broke out in Europe and that they would share between them the territory of Poland. This treaty was to be known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. During World War II, diplomatic relations between Mexico and Poland never ceased. Mexico vehemently condemned the invasion and occupation of Poland by both German and Soviet troops. In May 1942, Mexico declared war on Germany and in December 1942, Polish Prime Minister Władysław Sikorski paid an official visit to Mexico and met with Mexican President Manuel Ávila Camacho. To show solidarity with the Polish people, Mexico accepted in 1943 over 2,000 Polish refugees including 1,400 Polish orphans to settle in the state of Guanajuato in central Mexico. After the war, many of the refugees remained to live in Mexico.

At the end of World War II, Mexico continued to maintain diplomatic relations with communist Poland. In 1960, both nations elevated their diplomatic missions to that of embassies. In 1963, President Adolfo López Mateos became the first Mexican head of state to visit Poland. That same year, Polish Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz paid an official visit to Mexico. Diplomatic relations continued unabated even when Poland transitioned from having a communist government to a democratic one in 1989. In 1998, former Polish President Lech Wałęsa paid a visit to Mexico. Wałęsa returned to Mexico in December 2000 to attend the inauguration of President Vicente Fox.

In 2017, both nations commemorated the opening of a Polish Investment and Trade Agency office in Mexico City. In 2018, both nations celebrated 90 years of diplomatic relations.

High-level visits

High-level visits from Mexico to Poland
 President Adolfo López Mateos (1963)
 Foreign Minister Rosario Green (2000)
 President Vicente Fox (2004)
 Foreign Minister José Antonio Meade (2015)

High-level visits from Poland to Mexico
 Prime Minister Władysław Sikorski (1942)
 Prime Minister Józef Cyrankiewicz (1963)
 Chairman Henryk Jabłoński (1979)
 Prime Minister Jerzy Buzek  (1998)
 Foreign Minister Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz (2003)
 President Aleksander Kwaśniewski (2004)
 President Andrzej Duda (2017)

Bilateral relations
Both nations have signed several bilateral agreements such as a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1930); Agreement on Consular Relations (1985); Agreement on Air Transportation (1990); Agreement to Avoid Double Taxation and Prevent Tax Evasion in Tax Matters (1998); Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation (1998); Agreement on the establishment of Political Consultations between Mexico and Poland (1998); Agreement of Cooperation to Combat Organized Crime and other types of Crimes (2002); Agreement on Tourism Cooperation (2004); Agreement on Educational and Cultural Cooperation (2017) and an Agreement on Exportation Credit (2017).

Transportation and Tourism
LOT Polish Airlines operates seasonal charter flights between Cancún International Airport and Warsaw Chopin Airport,  Katowice International Airport and Poznań–Ławica Airport. In 2015, 35,000 Polish citizens traveled to Mexico for tourism.

Trade and Economic Relations
In 1997, Mexico signed a Free Trade Agreement with the European Union, of which Poland is a member of since joining in 2004. Since then, trade between the two nations has increased dramatically. In 2018, two-way trade between the two nations amounted to US$1.2 billion. Poland is Mexico's 47th most important trading partner globally. Mexico's main exports to Poland include: motor vehicles, tractors, cycles and other vehicles; memory units; razors; and turbojet, turboprop and gas turbines. Poland's main exports to Mexico include: motor vehicles and seats; goods for the Promotion Program of the Automotive and Auto Parts Industry Sector; and fuel pumps for diesel injection.

Between 1999 and 2012, Polish direct investment to Mexico amounted to US$17 million. During that same period, Mexican direct investment to Poland amounted to approximately US$4 million. Mexican multinational companies such as Cemex, Grupo Industrial Saltillo, Katcon, Mexichem and Nemak operate in Poland and Mexican beer and Tequila are readily found in the country. Polish Vodka and other liquors are available in Mexican all-inclusive resorts and are also sold in stores throughout the country. Polish multinational companies Boryszew and Bury Technologies operate in Mexico. Mexican cinema and Telenovelas are widely watched in Poland.

Resident diplomatic missions
 Mexico has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Poland has an embassy in Mexico City.

See also
 Polish Mexicans
 Mexico–EU relations

References

Poland
Bilateral relations of Poland


title: Dascha Polanco

text:
Dascha Yolaine Polanco (born December 3, 1982) is a Dominican-American actress. She is known for portraying the role of Dayanara "Daya" Diaz on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black, and for the role of Cuca in the 2021 movie In the Heights.

Early life
Polanco was born in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, and moved to the United States at a young age. She was raised in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, and Miami by her father, a mechanic, and mother, a cosmetologist. Polanco is the oldest of three children; she has a brother and sister.

Career
Polanco aspired to be an actress from an early age but "always doubted auditioning because of [her] weight", so she completed a bachelor's degree in psychology at Hunter College. After college she began working in the healthcare industry with the intention of becoming a nurse. She was working in hospital administration at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx while studying nursing when she gained the courage to pursue acting again and registered herself with an acting studio. She attended BIH Studios in New York, and while there was signed by the talent agency Shirley Grant Management. Her first acting credits were minor parts in the television series Unforgettable and NYC 22.

In 2012, Polanco was cast in the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black as Dayanara "Daya" Diaz.

In 2013, Polanco appeared in the independent film Gimme Shelter before returning to her role on Orange Is the New Black for the show's second season. In June 2014, it was announced that she had been promoted from a recurring role to a series regular for the show's third season, which was released in June 2015. She appeared in the comedy films The Cobbler and Joy, and starred in the film The Perfect Match.

In 2018, Polanco had a recurring role in The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story, and in 2019, she had a recurring role in Netflix series, Russian Doll and When They See Us.

In 2021, Polanco played the role of Cuca, one of the lead salon ladies, in the film In the Heights.

From 2021 to 2022, Polaco voiced Ms. Camilla Torres, the mother of Winston who owns a record shop, in the animated series Karma's World.

Personal life
Polanco has two children, a daughter and a son. Her daughter portrayed a younger version of Polanco's character in the fifth season of Orange is the New Black. In 2015, Polanco was accused of assaulting a teenager, allegedly having “punched several times and scratched”. The charges were later conditionally dismissed.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Actresses from Miami
Actresses from New York City
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American people of Dominican Republic descent
Dominican Republic emigrants to the United States
Dominican Republic film actresses
Dominican Republic television actresses
Entertainers from the Bronx
Hispanic and Latino American actresses
Hunter College alumni
Mixed-race Dominicans
Actors from Santo Domingo
People from Sunset Park, Brooklyn
21st-century American actresses


title: Eva von Trott

text:
Eva von Trott (1505 – 12 January 1567), was the royal mistress of Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, from 1522 until 1567. The affair was a contemporary scandal and was used as propaganda against the duke of Brunnswick in Wider Hans Worst by Martin Luther during the Schmalkaldic War.

Life
Eva von Trott came from a noble family and was a maid of honour at the court of Brunswick. In 1522, she became the lover of Henry V. From 1524 onward, she had ten children with him.. Her family as well as the duchess demanded a discontinuation of the affair. Henry V then had Eva von Trott declared dead by the plague and a wooden doll buried in her place, while she herself was smuggled out and hidden in a castle, where Henry V continued to visit her in secret. In 1558, Henry V ended the affair and provided her with a residence in Hildesheim.

She has been portrayed in fiction.

References

 Horst-Rüdiger Jarck (Hrsg.): Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon. 8. bis 18. Jahrhundert. Appelhans, Braunschweig 2006, , S. 709f.

Mistresses of German royalty
1505 births
1567 deaths


title: 2014 Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria

text:
The 2014 Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria was the thirteenth running of the Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria, a women's bicycle race in Spain. It was held on 10 June over a distance of . It was rated by the UCI as a 1.2 category race.

Results

References

External links
 Official website

2014 in Spanish road cycling
2014
2014 in women's road cycling
June 2014 sports events in Europe