title: Utid

text:
UTID (Universally Traceable Identifier) is a unique identifier for a physical or virtual thing, consisting of an id, a catalog and a dns.

It is a character-based identifier, where dns is a domain name of organization who named the thing, catalog is used by the organization to classify the thing, and id is unique in the scope of dns and catalog. Examples are 125.product~db$com1.test, ~db$com1.test, 125.product~$com1.test, and ~$com1.test.

Features
 It contains dns name so as to completely avoid naming conflicts.
 It can be traced by its dns name.
 It has an internal forwarding mechanism by matching the UTID suffix.
 It is traceable by the dns in the Internet and UTID suffix match in the Intranet.

Syntax
The UTID Syntax is as follows:
     UTID  =  [ id ] "~" [ catalog ] "$" dns
        id         =  1 * 92 graphic
        catalog    =  label 0 * 30 dot-label 0 * 1 label
        dns        =  label 0 * 60 dot-label "." 2 * 7 alpha
        label      =  alpha / DIGIT
        dot-label  =  alpha / DIGIT / "-" / "."
        alpha      =  %x61-7A   ; a-z
        graphic    =  %x21-7E / Graphic Unicode character
If one component (catalog) is empty, the delimiter ('~') before the component SHOULD NOT be omitted.

The maximum length of a UTID is 96 bytes including all delimiters in the UTID although the sum of the maximum length of each components is larger than 96.
The dns component must be a real DNS name registered in a domain name registration agent and must not be an IP address or "localhost" that is a loopback name of local machine. That is to say, there must be at least one dot '.' in the dns component and the part after the last dot must be a top-level domain.

DNS component
The Domain Name System (DNS) defines the maximum length of a DNS is 255. However, to simplify implementations, the maximum length of a DNS used in UTID is limited to 64, which is longer than nearly all DNS actually used in real world.

In the DNS definition, characters used in DNS may be lower case or upper case without any significance attached to the case. However, to simplify implementations, the characters used in dns component in UTID MUST be lower case.

The Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) system allows user applications, such as web browsers, map Unicode strings into the valid DNS character set using Punycode, which is called internationalized domain names. However, to simplify implementations, internationalized domain names are not allowed in UTIDs.

Catalog component
The catalog component consists of lowercase letters, decimal digits, hyphen, and period only. A hyphen and a period should not be in the beginning and ending position of the catalog component.

Id component
Like catalog component, the id component consists of lowercase letters, decimal digits, hyphen, and period. A hyphen and a period should not be in the beginning and ending position of the catalog component.

However, for the best compatibility, the id component may consists of graphic characters, which include all graphic characters defined in ISO/IEC 646 and all graphic characters defined in Unicode except white space. The Unicode character SHOULD be encoded in UTF-8 character set. The id component is case sensitive, while the catalog and dns components support lower case only.

It is recommended that id component use lowercase letters, decimal digits, hyphen, and period only. The graphic characters are used only for compatibility to existing code system purpose.

Space ('%x20') or any character less than %x20 is neither supported by id component nor supported by the catalog and dns components in UTIDs.

Nested UTID
A nested UTID is defined as the id component of a UTID is another UTID. Therefore, the id component of a nested UTID MUST contain dns component and follow the UTID syntax. On the contrary, a UTID in which id component contains dns component is not necessary to be a nested UTID. Whether a UTID is a nested UTID is determined both by the syntax and the usage context of the UTID.

Reserved catalog
Some catalogs are reserved for future use. These catalogs include 'u', 'v', 'w', 'x', 'y', and 'z', and all catalogs that end with '.u', '.v', '.w', '.x', '.y', and '.z'.

Usage
The UTID is design for Identifier Tracing Protocol (Idtp), see Idtp for more information.

References
 http://sourceforge.net/p/busilet

External links
 http://www.utid.org
 https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-huangng-utid/
 https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-huangng-idtp/

Unique identifiers


title: Murkebjerg

text:
Munkebjerg is a central-southeastern neighbourhood of  Odense, in Funen, Denmark.

References

Suburbs of Odense


title: Wiston House

text:
Wiston House is a 16th-century Grade I listed building set in the South Downs National Park on the south coast of England, surrounded by over  of parkland in Wiston, West Sussex. It is the home of Wilton Park, an executive agency of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

Originally built in two storeys to an irregular floor plan, substantial parts of the house have since been demolished and replaced and additional wings added. It is a Grade I listed building.

History
The house was built for Thomas Shirley in about 1576 and substantially enlarged by Edward Blore in the early 19th century. It was captured first by the Royalists and then by the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War.

It was bought by Sir John Fagg in 1649 and then acquired by Sir Charles Goring, the husband of Fagg's great-granddaughter, in 1743. During the Second World War, the grounds were used as a camp by the 10th battalion Highland Light Infantry as they prepared for the Normandy landings.

Since 1951 the house has been the base of Wilton Park, an executive agency of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office providing a global forum for strategic discussion.

Wiston House is still owned by the Goring family, who open the grounds every year to the Big Church Festival (previously known as the "Big Church Day Out").

The Church of St Mary
Close to the house is the Parish Church of St Mary, a Grade II* listed building. The church comprises a chancel, a south chapel, twin naves and a tower. Mainly dating from the 14th century, it was heavily restored by architect Gordon MacDonald Hills in 1862. The south chapel contains a brass dated 1426 to Sir John de Braose and the tombs of the Shirley family.

References

Country houses in West Sussex
Grade I listed buildings in West Sussex
Horsham District
Houses completed in 1576
1576 establishments in England


title: 2014 Zandvoort Masters

text:
The 2014 Zandvoort Masters was the 24th edition of the Masters of Formula 3 event, a non-championship race for cars that conform to Formula Three regulations. The event was held on 6 July 2014 at Circuit Park Zandvoort, in Zandvoort, North Holland; it was the 22nd time that the circuit held the event.

Motopark driver Max Verstappen – the son of 1993 winner and former Formula One driver, Jos Verstappen – started from pole position, and led every lap en route to becoming the youngest winner in the race's history, aged 16. Verstappen won by six seconds on the road from Jules Szymkowiak, his Van Amersfoort Racing teammate in the FIA European Formula 3 Championship. However, Szymkowiak was given a 20-second penalty post-race after a first-corner incident with Sam MacLeod, the team's German Formula Three Championship driver, which dropped him to fifth place. This promoted Performance Racing's Steijn Schothorst, on his Formula Three début, into second place, and Motopark's Nabil Jeffri into third place.

Drivers and teams
Eleven drivers from seven countries contested the 2014 Zandvoort Masters; four drivers represented the German Formula Three Championship, with three each from the FIA European Formula 3 Championship and the British Formula 3 Championship. Steijn Schothorst completed the field, competing in his first Formula Three race with Performance Racing, stepping up from the Formula Renault Eurocup.

The Zandvoort Masters was first contested in 1991 as a one-off international meeting with drivers from all the major national Formula Three championships invited to compete. The race was considered a stepping stone to higher racing categories such as Formula One and it returned the Circuit Zandvoort to international recognition after the series stopped holding events at the track at the end of the 1985 season. It later took over from the Monaco Grand Prix Formula Three support race as the most prestigious meeting in European Formula Three. Circuit Zolder hosted the 2007 and 2008 editions due to noise restrictions imposed by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in the Zandvoort area. The Masters of Formula 3 returned to Zandvoort in 2009 and it continued to hold it until its last iteration in 2016 due to calendar changes for the track and FIA Formula Three European Championship regulations probiting any racing activity prior the round in the same area.

Classification

Qualifying
Two qualifying sessions were held for the event, with the driver's fastest lap from either session, counting towards their respective grid position.

Race

References

Masters of Formula Three
Zandvoort
Zandvoort
Masters of Formula Three


title: Daniel Robertson

text:
Daniel Robertson may refer to:
 Daniel Robertson (architect) (died 1849), British architect
 Daniel Robertson (British Army officer) (1733–1819), British military officer in North America
 Daniel Robertson (colonial administrator) (1813–1892), British colonial administrator
 Daniel Robertson (infielder) (born 1994), American professional baseball shortstop
 Daniel Robertson (outfielder) (born 1985), American professional baseball outfielder
 Daniel A. Robertson (1812–1895), American newspaper editor and politician

See also
 Robertson Daniel (born 1991), American football player


title: 2014 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 21

text:
The 2014 Tour de France was the 101st edition of the race, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It featured 22 cycling teams.  The Tour started in Yorkshire, England on 5 July and finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 27 July.

Stage 12
17 July 2014 — Bourg-en-Bresse to Saint-Étienne,

This was a hilly stage which travelled from the department of Ain, into Rhône, with a brief incursion into Saône-et-Loire, and finished in Loire. The stage departed from Bourg-en-Bresse, heading west. The race officially started, on the outskirt of Bourg-en-Bresse, at Saint-Denis-lès-Bourg.

The race headed through Neuville-les-Dames and Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne, before travelling over the River Rhône to an intermediate sprint at Romanèche-Thorins. The race then turned south and headed into Villié-Morgon before passing through Régnié-Durette, over the Category 4 Col de Brouilly and through Odenas. The route continued south through Saint-Étienne-des-Oullières, Blacé, Saint-Julien and Cogny. Here, the route turned west to begin the climb of the Category 3 Côte du Saule d'Oingt at  and then descended south into Oingt, itself. This was followed by Le Bois-d'Oingt and Le Breuil, before heading south-east through Chessy and Châtillon to Lozanne. The route turned, and continued south, through Lentilly and Pollionnay to Vaugneray. Then, the race again headed west to the Category 3  at , and descended south-west into Saint-Symphorien-sur-Coise. The route turned south, once again, headed over the Category 4 Côte de Grammond at , and descended through Fontanès and Sorbiers into La Talaudière, before  of relatively flat finish into Saint-Étienne.

Stage 13
18 July 2014 — Saint-Étienne to Chamrousse,
This was a high mountain stage which travelled from the department of Loire into Isère. The stage departed from Saint-Étienne, heading east. Racing officially started between Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds and Saint-Chamond.

The race passed through Saint-Paul-en-Jarez, before the early climb of the Category 3 Col de la Croix de Montvieux at . The race continued east, passing through Cheyssieu, Cour-et-Buis, La Côte-Saint-André to La Frette. The route turned south-east to Rives, south to Tullins and then east to Voreppe, as the race travelled alongside the River Isère into Saint-Égrève. From Saint-Égrève, the climb began to the summit of the Category 1 Col de Palaquit at , with a  descent south into Grenoble. Grenoble was quickly followed by an intermediate sprint at Saint-Martin-d'Hères before a short climb to Uriage-les-Bains. The first Hors catégorie climb of the tour then began, with a  ascent to the finish at the ski resort of Chamrousse, at a height of .

Before the start there was a minute of silence in memorial for the airplane crash Malaysia Airlines Flight 17. Many Dutch people were killed in this crash. Dutch teams and riders wore black ribbons or black armbands throughout the stage.

Stage 14
19 July 2014 — Grenoble to Risoul,

This was a high mountain stage which travelled from the department of Isère into Hautes-Alpes. The stage departed from Grenoble, heading south-east. Racing officially started after passing through Eybens.

The race travelled through Vizille before turning east and gradually climbing to the intermediate sprint at La Paute in the valley just north of Le Bourg-d'Oisans. The route then climbed up to Le Freney-d'Oisans before beginning the ascent of the Category 1 Col du Lautaret at . The route passed through La Grave, halfway up the climb. From the summit of the climb, the race descended south-east through Le Monêtier-les-Bains and La Salle-les-Alpes to the valley floor at Briançon. The route then turned east to Cervières and began the ascent of the Hors catégorie Col d'Izoard, south from Cervières, at , the highest point reached in the 2014 Tour. From the summit, the race descended  through Arvieux and along the valley south-east, south and then south-west to Guillestre and Risoul. The final climb of the day was the Category 1 hairpin ascent, to the ski station south of Risoul, at .

Stage 15
20 July 2014 — Tallard to Nîmes,

This was an undulating stage which travelled from the department of Hautes-Alpes, through Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Vaucluse and Bouches-du-Rhône, to Gard. The stage departed from Tallard, heading south-west. Racing officially began on the outskirt of the town.

The race headed south-west to Thèze and then south through Sisteron and Châteauneuf-Val-Saint-Donat. Here, the route turned west to Saint-Étienne-les-Orgues and then followed an indirect route west to Banon. The route descended from Banon, heading south and then west to Saint-Saturnin-lès-Apt. The westerly route continued through Cavaillon to an intermediate sprint at La Galine (Saint-Rémy-de-Provence). The race continued to Tarascon and across the River Rhône to Beaucaire. From Beaucaire, there was a further  to ride, west to the finish at Nîmes.

Stage 16
22 July 2014 — Carcassonne to Bagnères-de-Luchon,

After the rest day in Carcassonne, this was a high mountain stage which travelled from the department of Aude, through Ariège, Haute-Garonne and Hautes-Pyrénées, before finishing back in Haute-Garonne. The stage departed west from Carcassonne, with racing officially starting as the route passed Carcassonne Airport.

The route passed through Montréal and La Force before climbing the Category 4 Côte de Fanjeaux at . The race then travelled through Belpech and Pamiers, before climbing the Category 4 Côte de Pamiers at . The route continued west to Pailhes. The route then turned south-west through Sabarat, Le Mas-d'Azil, Clermont and Lescure to an intermediate sprint at Saint-Girons. From here, the race continued to Moulis and Audressein, before turning west to Argein, Orgibet and Saint-Lary. The route then headed over the climb of the Category 2 Col de Portet d'Aspet at  before a descent north-west to the outskirts of Sengouagnet. The route continued west through Juzet-d'Izaut and Cazaunous to the Category 3 Col des Ares at  and descended south-west through Antichan-de-Frontignes and Fronsac, then heading west to Saléchan, Siradan and on to Mauléon-Barousse. From here, the route turned south-west to ascend the Hors catégorie Port de Balès at . The race turned south-east at the top of the climb, for the final  descent into Bagnères-de-Luchon.

Stage 17
23 July 2014 — Saint-Gaudens to Saint-Lary Pla d'Adet,

This was a high mountain stage which travelled from the department of Haute-Garonne with a brief incursion into the Lleida province in Spain, back into Haute-Garonne and finished in the department of Hautes-Pyrénées. The stage departed south-west from Saint-Gaudens with racing officially starting just beyond the Valentine district of Saint-Gaudens, on the opposite side of the Garonne River.

The race passed through Martres-de-Rivière before turning south-east on the outskirts of Gourdan-Polignan. The route followed the Garonne River from Loures-Barousse, through Barbazan, with an intermediate sprint at Saint-Béat. From here, the race headed to Fos before turning south and crossing the border into Spain. The route travelled through Les and Bossòst, then turning west and ascending the Category 1 Col du Portillon at , before re-entering France at the summit. The race then descended west into  Bagnères-de-Luchon, before beginning the climb of the Category 1 Col de Peyresourde at . This was followed by a  descent continuing west into Loudenvielle and Génos. The race then travelled up the hairpin climb of the Category 1 Col de Val Louron-Azet at  followed by a  descent into Saint-Lary-Soulan. The final climb of the day was the Hors catégorie  ascent to the finish, at Pla d'Adet, at .

Stage 18
24 July 2014 — Pau to Hautacam,

This was a high mountain stage which travelled from the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques into the department of Hautes-Pyrénées. The stage departed south from Pau with racing officially starting south of the Gelos district of Pau, on the opposite side of the Gave de Pau.

The route travelled south for a few kilometres, before turning east and heading to Pardies-Piétat and then south-east to Nay. The route travelled east through Bénéjacq and over the Category 3 Côte de Benejacq at . The race continued east through Pontacq, to Ossun, and then around the southern side of the Tarbes–Lourdes–Pyrénées Airport. The route then continued south from Lanne, Bénac and Orincles. This was followed by the Category 3 Côte de Loucrup at , and east to an intermediate sprint at Trébons, before heading south-east through Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Beaudéan and Campan. From Campan, the route headed south-east, south and then south-west, with a long  climbing route to La Mongie, before heading west to the summit of the Hors catégorie Col du Tourmalet at . The race descended west through Barèges, and turned north-west at Luz-Saint-Sauveur, before reaching the valley floor at Villelongue and north to Beaucens. The route then began to climb north into Ayros-Arbouix. From here, the race headed south-east into the final climb of the stage, which was the Hors catégorie  ascending route up to Hautacam, at .

Stage 19
25 July 2014 — Maubourguet Pays du Val d'Adour to Bergerac,

This was an undulating stage which travelled from the department of Hautes-Pyrénées, through Gers and Lot-et-Garonne, into the department of Dordogne. The stage departed north-east from Maubourguet with racing officially starting between Maubourguet and Marciac.

The race travelled north-east through Peyrusse-Grande and Vic-Fezensac, to Valence-sur-Baïse. The route then turned north to go through Condom, Nérac, Lavardac and Buzet-sur-Baïse, to an intermediate sprint at Tonneins. The route turned north-east, once again, to Tombebœuf, then north-west to Miramont-de-Guyenne and wound north to Eymet. The route continued north through Fonroque, to Mescoules, and on to Rouffignac-de-Sigoulès. From here, the route wound east to the Category 4 climb of the Côte de Monbazillac at  and turned north to descend for about . The race passed along the western side of the Bergerac Dordogne Périgord Airport, before the route finally turned east to cross the Dordogne River, into the finish in Bergerac.

Stage 20
26 July 2014 — Bergerac to Périgueux,  (ITT)

This short stage took place entirely in the department of Dordogne and was an individual time trial on an undulating road. The route headed north-west out of Bergerac, before turning north to the outskirts of Ginestet and Maurens, and on to the first time check at Beleymas. The road then bore north-east to Villamblard and north through Manzac-sur-Vern, before turning north-east again, heading to the second time check on the outskirts of Coursac. The route then zig-zagged north-east to the Côte de Coulounieix-Chamiers before crossing the River Isle and finishing in Périgueux.

Stage 21
27 July 2014 — Évry to Paris Champs-Élysées,

This was an undulating stage which travelled from the department of Essonne, through Hauts-de-Seine into Paris. The stage departed from Évry, with racing officially starting at Bondoufle.

The riders travelled south and west around the Brétigny-sur-Orge Air Base to Arpajon. The route continued west to the Category 4 climb of Côte de Briis-sous-Forges at  and headed north through Orsay and Vauhallan. The race then headed east through Massy, north to Châtenay-Malabry, and on through Clamart and Meudon to Issy-les-Moulineaux, before crossing the River Seine and the Île Saint-Germain. The race turned north-east and travelled along the Right Bank of the Seine to Pont Alexandre III, where the riders crossed the Seine, again, and turned left, passing Les Invalides. The race followed the river along to the Pont du Carrousel and crossed the river for a final time. The riders then turned left to travel along the Rue de Rivoli, through the Place de la Concorde and onto the Champs-Élysées. The race then began ten circuits around central Paris, heading up the Champs-Élysées and around the Arc de Triomphe on the Place de l'Étoile. The riders returned, back down the opposite side of the Champs-Élysées, and around the Jardin des Tuileries. Finally, back along the Rue de Rivoli, and through the Place de la Concorde, to the finish line on the Champs-Élysées.

The La Course by Le Tour de France rode 13 laps of the traditional course on the Champs-Élysées a few hours before the men arrived.

References

External links

2014 Tour de France
Tour de France stages


title: Contes d'un buveur de bière

text:
Contes d'un buveur de bière ("Tales of a Beer Drinker") is an 1868 collection of short stories by Charles Deulin, a French author, journalist, and drama critic who adapted elements of European folklore into his work.

Deulin based one of the stories, "Cambrinus, Roi de la Bière" ("Cambrinus, King of Beer"), on folktales about the origin of a beer-brewing mythological king called Gambrinus. In the story, a lovelorn Gambrinus makes a deal with the Devil, and Beelzebub teaches him about brewing.

A few years later, Deulin made his Cambrinus character the focus of his next anthology of short stories, Contes du roi Cambrinus ("Tales of King Cambrinus"), which was published in 1874.

"Cambrinus, Roi de la Bière"
In this, the seminal Cambrinus short story, Cambrinus is an apprentice glassblower in the Flemish village of Fresnes-sur-Escaut, but he believes that he lacks the skill and upward mobility to succeed in glassblowing. He becomes smitten with the master glassblower's daughter, Flandrine. When he tells her, she rebuffs him and he leaves in disgrace. He apprentices himself to a viol master and becomes a great player. One day, he summons the courage to climb on a barrel and play publicly. He plays well, but just as he has whipped the crowd into a dance, the sight of Flandrine flusters him, and he bungles his playing. The villagers, believing Cambrinus tripped them up on purpose, pull him off the barrel to jeer and strike him. A contemptuous judge called Jocko sentences Cambrinus to a month in prison. When Cambrinus emerges a month later, he feels so ashamed that he prepares to hang himself. As he stands with the noose around his neck, a colourfully-dressed stranger appears. Cambrinus recognizes him by his horns: it is Beelzebub. As they chat, Beelzebub reveals that he has killed the judge, and now expects to collect Cambrinus' soul, for, he says, such is his fate if he hangs himself. Not wanting to go to hell or to return to life as he knew it, Cambrinus tries to bargain. Beelzebub cannot make Flandrine love him, so Cambrinus settles for forgetting his affection for her; he also wants revenge on the villagers. Beelzebub tells him that the way to forget is if "one nail drives out another".

Cambrinus wins a fortune in games of skill and chance. The consistent winning becomes tedious, so he returns to Flanders—but Flandrine still refuses him. Once again, he is about to hang himself when Beelzebub reappears, and tells him that drinking is the way to forget. Cambrinus drinks wine, gin, whisky, cider, and brandy, but his condition only worsens. Cambrinus is momentarily contented when Beelzebub introduces him to beer, but he seeks revenge on those who would not dance for him. Beelzebub tells him that playing the carillon will prove irresistible.

Cambrinus builds a large brewery with a carillon and a belfry, then invites the villagers for a drink after Mass. They come, but find the beer too bitter. To punish them, Cambrinus plays his carillon, and everyone in earshot is compelled to dance until they beg for a drink. This time, they find the beer delicious, and Cambrinus' dances become an institution that transforms the village of Fresnes-sur-Escaut.

Fame of the drink and of Cambrinus' carillon reaches the king of the Netherlands, who in return heaps titles of nobility on Cambrinus: Duke of Brabant, Count of Flanders, Lord of Fresnes. But even after founding the town of Cambrai, Cambrinus prefers the villagers' honorary title for him: King of Beer. When Flandrine finally approaches him, he rejects her.

At the end of the 30 years, Beelzebub sends Jocko, the judge, to fetch Cambrinus; but Jocko drinks too much beer and sleeps for three days. Since he is too ashamed to return to hell, he hides in a purse. Cambrinus thrives for nearly a hundred years more. When Cambrinus finally dies, Beelzebub comes for his soul, only to find that Cambrinus' body has become a beer barrel.

A derivation for the stage
Some years after Deulin published Contes d'un buveur de bière, American playwright and blackface minstrel Frank Dumont wrote a loose variation on the story "Cambrinus, Roi de la Bière". In this musical burlesque, titled Gambrinus, King of Lager Beer, Gambrinus is a poor woodcutter to whom "Belzebub" [sic] gives a recipe for an excellent lager beer. In Dumont's version, Gambrinus is joyfully reunited with his love, only to be taken from her by Belzebub.

The play was first produced in the US town of Jackson, Michigan on 21 July 1875, by a blackface troupe called Duprez and Benedict's Minstrels.

See also
1868 in literature
19th-century French literature

References

1868 books
1868 in France
Works about beer
French short story collections
1860s short story collections


title: Amiria Rule

text:
Amiria Juanita Mahanna Denelle Rule ( Marsh; born 17 May 1983) is a retired female rugby union player. She represented  and Canterbury. She was a member of the Black Ferns squad that won the 2002 and 2006 Rugby World Cup's and currently plays for Springston RFC.

Rugby career
Rule was the youngest Black Fern to make her international debut at the age of 17, on 23 September 2000 against Canada at Winnipeg. She competed in her first Rugby World Cup as a member of the Black Ferns 2002 World Cup squad.

In 2006, she was named the New Zealand Women’s Player of the Year and made the Black Ferns squad for the 2006 Rugby World Cup in Canada. She missed out on the 2010 Rugby World Cup due to a knee injury.

Rule was part of the team that won the 2013 series against . She led the Black Ferns in her only captaincy role for the 2014 Laurie O'Reilly Cup, her side won 38–3. She later made selection to the 2014 Rugby World Cup in France where the Black Ferns missed out on playing in the semifinals for the first time. She scored the final try in her sides 63–7 win over Wales in the semi-final of the 5th–8th place playoff.

Personal life
Rule currently teaches at Avonhead Primary School in Christchurch.

References

External links
Black Ferns Profile
AIG Profile

1983 births
Living people
New Zealand women's international rugby union players
New Zealand female rugby union players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Canterbury rugby union players
Rugby union centres


title: Majorera donkey

text:
The Majorera is an endangered breed of small domestic donkey indigenous to the Canary Islands, the Spanish archipelago in the Atlantic off the coast of southern Morocco. There are approximately 200 of the donkeys; almost all are on the island of Fuerteventura, with a small number on Lanzarote. The name derives from majorero, a demonym for the people of Fuerteventura. The Majorera is a small donkey of African origin, and is the only equine breed of the archipelago.

History

The Majorera was introduced to the Canaries at the time of the Spanish conquest in the fifteenth century. It is now present in all six municipalities of Fuerteventura, Antigua, Betancuria, La Oliva, Pájara, Puerto del Rosario and Tuineje; a small number are on Lanzarote, and a few on the other islands.

From 1997 the Majorera was listed by the Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, the Spanish ministry of agriculture, as "under special protection, in danger of extinction". Its conservation status was listed as "critical" by the FAO in 2007 and as "endangered" by the SAVE Foundation in 2008.

The breed is well adapted to the volcanic semi-desert conditions, the high temperatures, and the low rainfall of Fuerteventura, and was used by the islanders for riding and for all kinds of agricultural work: as a pack animal, as a draught animal, and for animal traction tasks such as ploughing. As with other donkey breeds, the mechanisation of agriculture in the twentieth century led to a rapid fall in numbers. In 2009 the population was reported as 141; at the end of 2013 the total number recorded was 27.

Characteristics

The Majorera is a small donkey of African type. It usually grey, ranging from pale to dark grey, and may also be brown. It has primitive markings: a darker dorsal stripe and shoulder-stripe, and zebra-striping on the legs. It stands about  at the withers, and weighs about .

References

Canary Islands
Donkey breeds originating in Spain
Donkey breeds


title: Bendix Grodtschilling the Younger

text:
Bendix Grodtschilling the Younger (1 December 1655  – 10 March 1707) was a Danish painter.

Grodtschilling was born in Itzehoe, the son of the painter Bendix Grodtschilling the Elder's first marriage. He was in France and Italy and trained as a painter, but initially was only an insignificant and little fertile artist in portrait art. He returned to Denmark around 1670, and already in 1672 it is documented that he received payment of three skillings for works he had delivered for Rosenborg Castle. His father gave him regular work of the royal court, and in 1690 he was named official royal court painter, which paid him 100 crowns annually. When his father died the same year, followed Grodtschilling him in office as manager. Among his paintings are: Grodtschilling the Elder's portrait, now at Rosenborg Castle, Christian V of Denmark on horseback, at the old Copenhagen Castle, and an "optical piece": the Oldenburg kings with Christian V in the middle. He also had drawings for Rosenborg Castle wallpapers (except for those in the Great Hall and data sheet. I, 252). In 1704 he was assessor in the ducal court. Grodtschilling died in Copenhagen and is buried in the Trinitatis Church; his wife, Anne Cathrine Eiler Daughter Sander or Zanders, died 1716. For their 12 children, most died young, but one son Bendix Grodtschilling the Youngest became a painter as well.

References
 Bendix Grodtschilling of Art Index Denmark / Weilbachs Artist Encyclopedia
 This article is based mainly on Biography (s) of FJ Meier in the 1st edition of the Danish Biographical Encyclopedia, Volume 6, page 203, Published by CF Washer, Penguin (1887-1905).

1655 births
1707 deaths
17th-century Danish painters
Danish male painters
People from Itzehoe


title: Arabic Popular Movement

text:
The Arabic Popular Movement (also translated as the Arabian Popular Movement) is a political party in Egypt created by members of the Tamarod movement. The Supreme Electoral Commission announced on 3 December 2014 that it had declined the establishment of the party and referred the case to the Supreme Administrative Court to determine its status. The Supreme Administrative Court denied the party's appeal on 28 January 2015. Members of Tamarod will run as independents in the 2015 Egyptian parliamentary election.

References

2014 establishments in Egypt
Arab political parties
Political parties established in 2014
Political parties in Egypt


title: Fur trade in Montana

text:
The fur trade in Montana was a major period in the area's economic history from about 1800 to the 1850s.  It also represents the initial meeting of cultures between indigenous peoples and those of European ancestry.  British and Canadian traders approached the area from the north and northeast focusing on trading with the indigenous people, who often did the trapping of beavers and other animals themselves. American traders moved gradually up the Missouri River seeking to beat British and Canadian traders to the profitable Upper Missouri River region.

Indigenous peoples reacted to fur traders in a variety of ways, usually seeking to further their own interests in these economic dealings. Many times, various tribal groups worked well with traders, but sometimes, especially when indigenous interests were threatened, conflicts developed.  The best example of conflict on the Upper Missouri was between American fur traders and trappers and the Blackfeet, particularly the Blood.  Misunderstanding of indigenous peoples' interests by American traders inevitably led to violence and conflict.

Ultimately, the fur trade brought increased interactions between indigenous peoples and people of American and European ancestry.  A capitalistic economic system was introduced to indigenous peoples impacting their cultures, along with deadly diseases that took a heavy toll in lives.  The beaver population, and later the bison, were significantly diminished in the area that became the territory of, and subsequently, the state of Montana.

Fur trade and indigenous people in Montana
At the start of the 19th century, the North American fur trade was expanding toward present-day Montana from two directions.  Representatives of British and Canadian fur trade companies, primarily the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, pushed west and south from their stronghold on the Saskatchewan River, while American trappers and traders followed the trail of the Lewis and Clark Expedition up the Missouri River from their base in St. Louis.

These traders competed not only in trapping fur-bearing animals, particularly the American beaver, but also in arranging trade relations with the many indigenous groups in the region, hoping to corner the market on these rich resources. For their part, the region's indigenous groups – particularly the Piegan (often called "Blackfeet" in the USA), the Crow, and the Salish and Kootenai – struggled to maintain control of their own lands and resources which supported their people and way of life.  Each group interacted in the fur trade in different ways and to differing extents, yet all were changed by the important trading relations that developed from about 1805 through the 1860s.

Indigenous Women in the Fur Trade

Indigenous women across Montana played a vital and complex role in the development of the fur trade, acting as economic mediators, cultural brokers, and producers/consumers of trade goods and foodstuffs. Over time, as a distinct fur trade society evolved around company-operated outposts, cross-cultural sexual relationships and marriages became commonplace between Euro-American men and women from various tribal communities. These unions and the resultant family networks consolidated and cemented the political and economic ties at the heart of the emerging economy. Many native women occupied central positions of agency and influence, but also proved vulnerable to violence and disease.

Notable individuals include Natawista (also known as Natoapxíxina, Na-ta-wis-ta-cha and Natoyist-Siksina), who in 1840 married Major Alexander Culbertson, then the head of Fort Union, and Wambdi Autepewin, a Lakota woman widely known for her skills as a mediator. Countless others, however, produced necessary articles of clothing and food; prepared skins and tanned hides for market; offered their knowledge of local ecologies and geographies; and became inextricably involved in the multicultural exchange of the trade.

British and Canadian traders

Even while Lewis and Clark struggled to make their way up and over the Rocky Mountains in the summer of 1805, a French Canadian trapper working for the North West Company, François Antoine Larocque explored part of the Yellowstone River drainage in what became southeastern Montana looking to arrange trading relations with Native Americans in the area, especially the Crow. Though his expedition succeeded, Larocque's long-term plans ultimately failed due to the difficulties of competing with the Hudson's Bay Company and aggressive American fur traders.

The North West Company's efforts to establish themselves west of the Continental Divide proved far more successful.  Largely avoiding lands known to be within the Louisiana Purchase, the Nor'Westers, led by the Welsh-born geographer, David Thompson, worked their way to the headwaters of the Saskatchewan River and then turned southwestward into the headwaters of the Columbia River, the western boundary of the Columbia District of the British fur trade.

Thompson's men came into present-day northwestern Montana in 1808 and founded a post on the Kootenai River (near present-day Libby, Montana) to trade with the Native Americans of the same name.  In November 1809, Thompson himself established the most important post in the area, Saleesh House, on the Clark Fork River near present-day Thompson Falls, Montana, named for the explorer. After many travels and amazingly accurate map-making in the area of the Clark Fork, Kootenai and Flathead rivers, Thompson left the region for good in 1812. Through Thompson's efforts and the continuing work of North West Company, and the later efforts of Hudson's Bay Company men like Alexander Ross and Peter Skene Ogden, this region came to be dominated by the British and Canadian fur trade for decades to come.

American traders and trappers

Manuel Lisa

American fur traders quickly moved up the Missouri River following the Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark's exploration.  The first American fur post established in the region now known as Montana was completed in November 1807, and located at the confluence of the Yellowstone and Big Horn rivers by Manuel Lisa and his party of traders. Lisa called it Fort Remon for his son, but it was variously known as Lisa's Fort, or Fort Manuel.

From this post Lisa hoped to build a small empire for his fledgling Missouri Fur Company.  His dream did not last, as he and his men were the first of many American fur traders to be attacked by groups of Piegan, Blood, and Gros Ventre. The post at the mouth of the Big Horn was abandoned by 1811 and Lisa's efforts ended in failure.

Andrew Henry, William H. Ashley, and Jedediah Smith

Taking game in Indian country by non-indigenous parties was against Federal law, but Federal officials were willing to turn a blind eye to the practice in order to encourage American occupation of the frontier and drive out the British.  In 1822, Andrew Henry, formerly of the Missouri Fur Company, and William H. Ashley formed a partnership to enter the fur trade, and obtained a license "to carry on trade with the Indians up the Missouri," but their strategy was to rely predominantly on non-indigenous contract trappers and depend less on direct, formal trade with Native Americans.  Henry and Ashley's trappers included Jim Bridger, Jedediah Strong Smith, and David Edward Jackson, and eventually William Sublette and James Beckwourth.

Henry and Ashley established operations on the upper Missouri River at Fort Henry, and most of the men stayed there through the winter of 1822-23. Smith and some other men had continued up the Missouri to the mouth of the Musselshell River in central Montana where they camped and trapped through the winter and spring, without any notable encounters with indigenous groups. However, in the spring of 1823, Henry took a party further up the Missouri to the Great Falls to try to establish a trading post, but an attack by the Piegans pushed him back. They retreated to Fort Henry but soon abandoned it and established a post two miles up the Yellowstone from the old Fort Remon near present-day Custer, Montana to trade with the more amicable Crow. The rest of the Ashley-Henry men were focusing their trapping in the Snake River country of present-day Idaho and ranged along rivers and streams in present-day Wyoming and Utah, so Henry arranged for a rendezvous in the spring of 1824 along the Sweetwater River in Wyoming.  He picked up the winter's harvest of furs and made it back to St. Louis with half of them, then retired from the fur business.

Upon Henry's retirement, Ashley abandoned the idea of trading posts and initiated the free trapping and rendezvous system in 1825, taking on Smith as a partner.  The new partnership avoided the more dangerous territories to the north, but the next year, in 1826, Smith, Sublette, and Jackson took over the company, and while Smith was engaged in his southwest expeditions, Jackson, Sublette and Robert Campbell made forays into Montana.  In 1829, Smith led a trapping expedition into Piegan country.  The next year, Smith and his partners sold out to Thomas Fitzpatrick, Baptiste Gervais, Jim Bridger, Milton Sublette and Henry Fraeb, who took the name Rocky Mountain Fur Company and set out with 200 men into the Great Falls area.  The hunt was successful, but another attempt the next year was foiled by the Crows running off their horses.

American Fur Company

John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company (AFC) set up operations in St. Louis in 1822.  By 1828 they arrived in the upper Missouri River region.  Scotsman Kenneth McKenzie, intent on breaking into the Upper Missouri—the elusive prize of the Western fur trade—established what became Fort Union near the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers.  The Piegan were surprisingly ready to trade with the AFC.  In 1830 McKenzie negotiated an agreement with a Piegan band, and sent James Kipp to the mouth of the Marias River in 1831 to organize a trading post on Piegan lands.

The AFC soon established a similar post to trade with the Crow on the Yellowstone.  In 1832, the paddle steamer Yellowstone was the first to reach Fort Union.  Steamboats, being able to haul larger loads, provided a decided transportation advantage to the AFC thereafter.

Astor's company dominated the trade in the entire Missouri River region, wresting the lucrative Upper Missouri trade from the Hudson's Bay Company traders to the north who had traded with the Piegan for decades. Unable to match the resources of the AFC, their main American rival, the Rocky Mountain Fur Company sold out in 1834.

Consequences of the fur trade in Montana

The coming of the fur trade to Montana brought several substantial results.  First of all, the land and its resources became better known, maps were filled in and became more accurate. As Montana historian K. Ross Toole put it, "Before the emigrant's wagon ever rolled a mile, before the miner found his first color, before the government authorized a single road or trail, this inhospitable land had been traversed and mapped."

A negative consequence of the trade was its impact on fur-bearing animals, initially the beaver and later the American bison or buffalo, whose populations were pushed to the brink.  The worst consequence physically was the ravages of European diseases such as smallpox being increasingly spread to Native Americans by traders and trappers.

Finally, for those indigenous peoples who survived, the fur trade intensified the introduction of Western European ideals of commerce and religion, since the beaver trade was an extension of global capitalism and also indirectly led to the spread of Roman Catholic Christianity to some of the tribes. These changes greatly impacted the Native Americans of the region, challenging their already distressed way of life and changing their world forever.

See also
 List of fur trading posts in Montana
 Rocky Mountain Rendezvous

Notes

References

 Chap. 4 and Chap. 5

Further reading
  Two volumes, reprint of work first published in 1902, considered a seminal work on the American fur trade.

Economic history of the United States
Fur trade
History of the American West
History of the Rocky Mountains
Native American history of Montana
Pre-statehood history of Montana


title: Idtp

text:
IDTP (Identifier Tracing Protocol) is a communication protocol to tracing messages of things identified by UTDIs (Utid), which adapt request/response model and like a hybrid of HTTP and Web Service but using JSON data format rather than XML format.

Features
 It uses UTID rather than URL to indicate the destination address.
 It uses built-in forward mechanism to trace the messages of UTIDs.

Tracing
The forward rules are UTID suffix match (called tracing rule in this paper) and namespace match (called tracing track in this paper). The underlying protocol of IDTP may be TCP, UDP, UDP multicast, HTTP, HTTPS, Web Service, or local handling without forwarding.

Request and Response
Example of IDTP request:

idtp:0.9/1
utid:125.product~db$com1.test
ns:u.iot.db
name:UtidEcho
len:39

{"refUtid":"312.purchase~db$com2.test"}

Example of IDTP response:

idtp:0.9/1
code:200 OK
len:17

{"msg":"success"}

Header Data
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|  Field Description                            Request   Response|
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|  idtp  Idtp version,request/response version  yes       yes     |
|  utid  Request UTID by client                 yes       no      |
|  ns    Namespace (package) of a request       yes       no      |
|  name  Name of a request                      yes       no      |
|  code  Response status code                   no        yes     |
|  len   User's data length                     yes       yes     |
|  hop   Count of hops, maximum is 8            yes       yes     |
|  hops  List of hops for loop checking         yes       yes     |
|  enc   Encryption parameters                  optional  optional|
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
Note: The "yes" or "no" in the third and fourth column indicates whether the field exists in request or response header data.

User's Data
The user's data is a JSON string or an XML string in one or more lines, which represents serialized data of an object in Object Oriented Languages.

For the consideration of performance and simplicity, the JSON format is recommended.

There is no format type field in header data to indicate that the user's data is in JSON string or in XML string. The format type is easy to determine by checking the first character of the user's data, where '{' stands for JSON string and '<' stand for XML string.

Reference implementation
http://sourceforge.net/p/busilet

References
http://www.utid.org

https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-huangng-utid/

https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-huangng-idtp/

Communications protocols


title: Manu Lanvin

text:
Manu Lanvin (born 23 november 1973) is a French blues rock singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer. He's the son of French actor Gérard Lanvin.

Biography
As an autodidact, Manu Lanvin starts drums and guitar and grows with some French artists as Téléphone, Paul Personne, Bernie Bonvoisin.

From 2000 to 2007, he edits three albums. In 2007, he meets the American bluesman Calvin Russell. They become friends and Manu coproduces Calvin Russell's last album studio Dawg Eat Dawg.

In 2012, Manu releases his fourth album Mauvais casting and a single Sur la route sixty one. The clip is filming in Mississippi with the  assistance of the Delta State University At Montreux Jazz Festival, he meets Quincy Jones who invites him to the Jazz Foundation of America in New York.

Manu writes the soundtrack for some films. He meets another American bluesman Neal Black and goes on tour with him in 2013 during their Paris-Texas Tour.

In 2014, he composes his fifth album Son(s) of the Blues and represents France at International Blues Challenge in Memphis.

Discography

Albums
 2000: Venir au monde
 2004: Les temps mauvais
 2007: Faible humain
 2012: Mauvais casting
 2014: Son(s) of the Blues
 2016: Blues, Booze & Rock'n'Roll
 2019: Grand casino

Collaborations
 2009: Dawg Eat Dawg by Calvin Russell
 2011: Contrabendo by Calvin Russell
 2011: The last call, in the heat of a night by Calvin Russell

Filmography

Musician
 2006: On ne devrait pas exister by HPG
 2009: Lucky Luke by James Huth
 2010: Chicas by Yasmina Reza
 2012: Rock 'n' Bled by Touria Benzari, short

Actor
 2011: A Gang Story by Olivier Marchal

References

External links
 Official Site

Living people
1974 births
21st-century French singers
21st-century French male singers


title: 2015 Ukrainian local elections

text:
On 25 October 2015 local elections took place in Ukraine. The elections were conducted a little over a year since the 2014 snap local elections, which were only held throughout parts of the country. A second round of voting for the election of mayors in cities with more than 90,000 residents where no candidate gained more than 50% of the votes were held on 15 November 2015.

Because of the ongoing conflict in East Ukraine and the February 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia, local elections were not conducted throughout all of the administrative subdivisions of Ukraine.

The highest number of seats were won by the Petro Poroshenko Bloc "Solidarity", Fatherland and Our Land parties, followed by the Opposition Bloc and the Radical Party. The Petro Poroshenko Bloc did well in the western regions, central Ukraine, and the Kherson Oblast of the south. The Opposition Bloc gained most of the votes of the south and east (except Kharkiv Oblast). In the west, Svoboda improved its performance compared with previous year's parliamentary election.

A total of 132 political parties took part in the elections. The political parties contested for the 1,600 regional council seats in 22 regional parliaments, more than 10,700 local councils and mayoral seats. The voter turnout was 46.62% of the population. During the second round, the voter turnout dropped to 34.08%.

Background
Late January 2014 the Constitutional Court of Ukraine made a decision declaring that regardless of under which conditions the previous elections were conducted, regularly scheduled local elections must occur in October 2015.

The Central Election Commission of Ukraine asked the government to allocate ₴1.2 billion (approx. 100 million USD) towards financing the election (on 9 July 2014)

The campaign for the elections started on 5 September 2015. But since the start of the summer political advertising had begun to increase rapidly. This was marred with a sharp rise of handouts by potential candidates. Local issues were ignored by parties, who focused on national issues. According to Depo.ua and the Committee of Voters of Ukraine political parties spend at least $82 million on campaigning. They claim that during the last two months of the campaign political parties rented 75 percent of Ukraine's 20,000 billboards.

More than 350,000 candidates (representing 132 political parties or as an independent candidate) were electable for 168,450 positions of mayors of cities, villages and settlements and for deputies of village, settlement, city, city district, district and 1,600 regional council seats in 22 regional councils. A candidate did not have to live in a constituency where she/he was electable.

Elections in Crimea and Donbas
Because of the March 2014 unilateral annexation of Crimea by Russia, the elections could not be held throughout Crimea.

With the ongoing Russian aggression against Ukraine in Donbas, elections were not held in regional councils and some parts of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts.

On 25 October 2015, the elections were not held in certain government-held towns (in south-east Ukraine) close to the frontline because (it was believed in August 2015) there "voting may be dangerous to people's lives". These towns include Avdiivka, Marinka, Artemivsk and Kostiantynivka. While in other towns near the frontline, like Mariupol, the elections were decided to be held.

Changes in the law
Parties registered 365 days before the election and who had not changed their name 180 days before the election were allowed to participate in the elections. On 14 July 2015, the Ukrainian parliament passed a new law regarding the local elections in the country. This law uprated the election threshold from 3% to 5% (in order to get any seats in the council a party has to score 5% of the total vote of the election). It also introduced three electoral systems for (these) local elections:

Mayors and deputies of settlement and village councils directly elected under a majoritarian system; in a first-past-the-post system.
In cities with fewer than 90,000 voters Mayors are elected under a majoritarian system; in a first-past-the-post system. Region, district, city, and city district councils are elected in multi-member constituencies meaning that for the elections for the city council or district council their territory is split into constituencies. In these constituencies the parties nominated their candidates in closed party lists. Independent candidates can not take part in the elections in places bigger than a village or settlement. If a party passed the 5% election threshold the number of candidates from that party represented in a council will be established in accordance with the number of votes for a deputy in a certain constituency. Ballots have a check box for each party, rather than for individual candidates. Political parties in Ukraine can only register with the Ministry of Justice if they can "demonstrate a base of support in two-thirds of Ukraine's Oblasts" (Ukraine's 24 primary administrative units).
If in a city with more than 90,000 voters (at the time of the elections this was 35 cities) the highest scoring mayoral candidate does not score over 50% of the votes + 1 vote a second round of the election will be held no later than 3 weeks after the election (in these elections that meant all second round elections on 15 November 2015).

A proposition of the minimum number of deputies in a local council was to be 10 in places were the number of voters does not go above 500. The maximum number of Deputies in a council is 80 in places with more than 1.5 million voters. However, the proposition was not passed and the composition of local councils was preserved according to the law originally adopted on 14 July 2015. According to the article 16 the composition of local council is defined by the number of voters which is set at a minimum 12 deputies for up to 1,000 voters and a maximum 120 deputies for over 2 million voters. The composition of the Supreme Council of Autonomous Republic of Crimea is defined by the Constitution of Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

A year after election voters can achieve a recall election if the collect as many signatures as voters.

On the party list at least 30% have to be of the opposite sex as the other candidates. However, there are no legal sanctions if a party does not comply.

Refugees of the war in Donbas and people who moved out of Crimea after the 2014 Russian invasion of Crimea can not vote in the election if they are not registered as voters in the places they fled to.

The new law also implemented election of starosta post which was introduced with the 2015 administrative reform. With the creation of new territorial communities, which started in the summer of 2015, voters are able to elect new leadership.

Results

Election summary
In the election Petro Poroshenko Bloc "Solidarity", Fatherland and Our Land won the largest number of seats, followed by Opposition Bloc and Radical Party.

Petro Poroshenko Bloc did well in West and central Ukraine and Kherson Oblast. Fellow coalition partners in the second Yatsenyuk Government Self Reliance performed unconvincingly, with about 10 percent of the votes nationwide. (Coalition member People's Front did not take part in the elections, at the time Fatherland was also a member of the coalition.) Former coalition member Radical Party trailed behind Petro Poroshenko Bloc and Fatherland.

Only Petro Poroshenko Bloc, Fatherland, Self Reliance and Radical Party won votes throughout the country.

In Southern and Eastern Ukraine Opposition Bloc gained most votes, but in Kharkiv Oblast, Revival gained most votes.

In Western Ukraine Svoboda improved its performance compared with the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election.

In 29 cities a second round of mayoral elections was held on 15 November 2015.

Number of elected deputies per administrative division

Number of elected heads of local councils in populated places

Mayor (selected cities)

Kyiv

In Kyiv incumbent Mayor Vitali Klitschko and Boryslav Bereza competed in a second round of the mayoral election after Klitschko scored 40.5% of the vote and Bereza 8.8% in the first round. Klitschko won this second round with 66.5%; Bereza gained 33.51% of the votes.

Former mayor Oleksandr Omelchenko came third with 8.4%, followed by Volodymyr Bondarenko with 7.86% and Serhiy Husovsky with 7.7%.

The voter turnout in the first round of the election was 41.87%. In the second round of the election the turnout was 28.35%.

Kharkiv
In Kharkiv incumbent Mayor Hennadiy Kernes was re-elected in the first round of the election with 65.8% of the votes; with a voter turnout of 44.4%. Taras Sytenko came second with 12.31%, followed by Yuriy Sapronov with 5.08%. Voter turnout was 42.41%.

Dnipropetrovsk

Also in Dnipropetrovsk a second round of the mayoral election was held after Borys Filatov scored 37.94% and Oleksandr Vilkul 35.78% in the first round of the election.  finished third with 12.42%. In the second round Filatov was elected Mayor with 53.76% of the votes.

Odesa
In Odesa incumbent Mayor Gennadiy Trukhanov defeated Oleksandr Borovyk with 52.9% against 25.7% in the first round of the mayoral election. Former Mayor Eduard Gurwits came in third with 8.5% of the vote.

Zaporizhzhia
In the mayoral election of Zaporizhzhia Volodymyr Buriak or Mykola Frolov gained most votes in the first round of the election. Buriak gained 22.9% and Frolov 18.9% of the vote. In the second round 58.48% of the votes supported Buriak as Mayor.

Hence, incumbent Oleksandr Sin was not reelected after gaining (in the first round of the election) 9% of the vote.

Voter turnout
Turnout of the elections was 46.62% nationwide. The highest participation was in Western Ukraine (around 50%), lowest was in the Donbas region (slightly above 30%). The turnout was typical of rates across Europe.

In the second round of the mayoral election the turnout was 34.08%.

Conduct

1.554 international observers to the elections were registered by the Central Election Commission of Ukraine.

Council of Europe observers were positive about the electoral process.

The OSCE observer mission was also positive about the electoral process, but it argued that the electoral legislation needed improvement.

The European Network of Election Monitoring Organizations observer mission qualified 15 November second round of mayoral elections as "generally held in line with international standards".

Absence of elections in areas of the Donbas
No elections took place on 25 October 2015 in Mariupol, Krasnoarmiisk and Svatove because there the majority of elections commission's members refused to accept the election ballots because of faulty ballots. In Mariupol allegations were made by pro-Euromaidan parties that the printing house owned by Rinat Akhmetov had manipulated the ballots to help Opposition Bloc (whose mayoral candidate Vadym Boychenko worked in a company owned by Akhmetov).

On 6 November 2015 the local election committee set the date for local elections in Svatove for the next 27 December.

On 10 November (2015) the Ukrainian parliament set the date for local elections in Krasnoarmiisk and Mariupol for the following 29 November. In Mariupol Vadym Boychenko won this (mayoral) election (with a 36.49% voter turnout). The ENEMO-mission in Krasnoarmiisk and Mariupol was mildly positive about the elections.

Mayoral re-elections in Kryvy Rih
On 15 November Opposition Bloc Yuriy Vilkul was declared winner of the second round of the mayoral elections in Kryvyi Rih. But runner-up Yuriy Myloboh of Self Reliance filed complaints about the violations of the electoral process. The Verkhovna Rada (on 23 December 2015) set early elections of the mayor of Kryvyi Rih on 27 March 2016. According to NGO's OPORA and Committee of Voters of Ukraine these re-elections were marked by large-scale bribery, the use of administrative resources and other violations. Vilkul won the re-election with 74.18% of the vote; followed by Semen Semenchenko for Self Reliance with 10.92%. Voter turnout on 27 March 2016 was 55.77%.

Notes

References

External links

 Interactive display of the results of second round elections of mayors by Ukrainska Pravda (16 November 2015)
 Elections-2015 information system, independent website that recorded the progress of the election campaign, as well as recorded violations
 Official results. www.cvk.gov.ua (Ukrainian)

2015
2015 elections in Ukraine
2016 elections in Ukraine
October 2015 events in Ukraine
November 2015 events in Ukraine
March 2016 events in Ukraine


title: Hannah Porter

text:
Hannah Porter (née Myers; b. 28 September 1979) is a former female rugby union player. She represented  in fifteens and sevens rugby, and played for Auckland and Otago provincially. She was in the squad that won the 2002 and 2006 Rugby World Cups.

Porter was a member of the first official New Zealand women's sevens team who competed in the 2000 Hong Kong Sevens. She later captained the Black Ferns sevens at the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Dubai.

Porter was appointed as the Black Ferns manager at the 2010 Rugby World Cup. In 2017, She was later appointed as their campaign manager at the Rugby World Cup in Ireland.

In September 2022, Porter was confirmed as the Head of Women’s High Performance at New Zealand Rugby.

References

External links
Black Ferns Profile
NZ Rugby Academy Profile

1979 births
Living people
New Zealand women's international rugby union players
New Zealand female rugby union players
New Zealand female rugby sevens players
New Zealand women's international rugby sevens players


title: AK Plaza

text:
AK Plaza () is a South Korean department store franchise owned by the Aekyung Industrial Co. Ltd.

History
Hyung-suk Chah (채형석) began construction of the first department store in March 1991 in Guro District, Seoul. The store opened on September 10, 1993, as the Aekyung Department Store. The store had five basement floors and seven aboveground floors, with a total cost of 120 billion won (120 million US dollars). The success of the Guro store was allegedly used as the basis for opening other branches.

In July 2000, Aekyung Group was chosen to open a store in Incheon International Airport after Hotel Shilla gave up its subcontractor rights. The store was opened on March 29, 2001, as the 'AK Duty Free.' It was the first AK duty-free shop. The Aekyung Group opened an Aekyung Department Store branch in Suwon on February 14, 2003. The store had one basement floor and six aboveground floors. It was the biggest civilian construction in South Korea at that time.

In March 2007, the Aekyung Group took over ₩470 billion's ($461,596,000) worth of intermediary business from Samsung C&T Corporation, including the Samsung Plaza, the first department store in Bundang-gu which had opened on  November 1, 1997.

On February 3, 2009, the Aekyung Group announced it will change its brand image to AK Plaza. The logo of Aekyung Department Store, Samsung Plaza, and the online site was changed AK Plaza on March 2.

The Pyeongtaek branch was opened on April 24, 2009, as the fourth store. The Wonju branch was opened on April 6, 2012, with 5 basement stories and 7 above ground stories, though the company website claims it was opened on March 6.

Stores
 Guro Main Store (구로본점), adjacent to Guro Station in Guro-gu, Seoul
 Suwon Store (수원점), sharing a building with Suwon Station in Paldal-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do
 Bundang Store (분당점) (formerly Samsung Plaza), above Seohyeon Station in Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do
 Pyeongtaek Store (평택점), adjacent to Pyeongtaek Station in Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do
 Wonju Store (원주점) in Wonju, Gangwon-do

References

Department stores of South Korea


title: 2008 in Cyprus

text:
The following lists events that happened during 2008 in the Republic of Cyprus.

Incumbents
 President – Tassos Papadopoulos (until 28 February), Demetris Christofias (from 28 February)
 President of the Parliament: Dimitris Christofias (until 28 February), Marios Karoyian (from 28 February)

Events
Ongoing – Cyprus dispute

January
 1 January – Cyprus adopts and the euro, along with Malta, becoming the 14th and 15th countries respectively to do so. The Cypriot pound notes and coins will remain valid in shops until the end of the month, and exchangeable at the central bank for some years.

February
 17 February – Incumbent Cypriot President Tassos Papadopoulos is eliminated in the first round of the Cypriot presidential election. The election is later won on February 24 by Demetris Christofias after he defeated competitor Ioannis Kasoulidis.

March
 March 5 – 12 – The 2008 Cyprus Cup took place; Canada women's national soccer team won the competition.

April
 3 April – Greek and Turkish Cypriots open a crossing at Ledra Street, a main shopping street in Cyprus' divided capital Nicosia that had come to symbolize the island's ethnic partition.

May
 24 May – The Eurovision Song Contest 2008 took place with Evdokia Kadi's Femme Fatale being chosen to represent Cyprus in the contest.

August
 8 – 24 August – Cyprus competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics; the country won no medal.

See also
2007–08 Cypriot First Division
2007–08 Cypriot Second Division
2008–09 Cypriot Cup
2008–09 Cypriot First Division
2008–09 Cypriot Second Division
List of Cypriot football transfers summer 2008
List of Cypriot football transfers winter 2008–09

References

External links

Years of the 21st century in Cyprus
Cyprus
Cyprus
2000s in Cyprus
Cyprus


title: Bendix Grodtschilling the Youngest

text:
Bendix Grodtschilling the Youngest (12 August 1686 – 23 March 1737) was a Danish painter and conchologist.

Grodtschilling was born in Copenhagen, the son of the painter Bendix Grodtschilling the Younger and grandson of the painter Bendix Grodtschilling the Elder. He took over from his father as royal court painter, but he struggled with debts and poor health. His wife was Agnes Margaret born Fogelman. Grodtschilling is buried in Trinitatis Church.

References
 Bendix Grodtschilling of Art Index Denmark / Weilbachs Artist Encyclopedia
 This article is based mainly on Biography (s) of FJ Meier in the 1st edition of the Danish Biographical Encyclopedia, Volume 6, page 203, Published by CF Washer, Penguin (1887-1905).

1686 births
1737 deaths
18th-century Danish painters
18th-century male artists
Danish male painters
Artists from Copenhagen


title: Order of Military Merit Antonio Nariño

text:
The Order of Military Merit Antonio Nariño () is an order granted by Colombia. It is the highest order awarded for meritorious devotion to military duty.

Grades
The Order of National Merit Antonio Nariño is awarded in the following grades:
 Grand Cross (Gran Cruz)
 Grand Officer (Gran Oficial)
 Commander (Comendador)
 Officer (Oficial)
 Knight (Caballero)
 Companion (Compañero)

References

External links
CAPÍTULO IV. CONDECORACIONES POR VIRTUDES MILITARES Y PROFESIONALES DE CARÁCTER EXCEPCIONAL DE LAS ÓRDENES Y SU CONSEJO.

Orders, decorations, and medals of Colombia


title: Everaldo (footballer, born 1991)

text:
Everaldo Stum (born 5 July 1991), simply known as Everaldo, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Brazilian club Bahia.

Career
Born in Garibaldi, Rio Grande do Sul, Everaldo graduated from Grêmio's academy, and made his first team debut on 5 November 2011, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 2-0 away loss against Atlético Mineiro, for the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

In 2012, Everaldo was loaned to Caxias. In 2013, after returning to Grêmio, he was loaned to CSA where he was top scorer in the 2013 Campeonato Alagoano, scoring 13 goals. His first professional goal came in a 6-0 win over Sport Atalaia. He then returned back to Grêmio in the same year.

On 17 April 2014 Everaldo was loaned to Figueirense until the end of the season. He scored his first top-flight goal for Figueirense, in a 1-1 draw with Flamengo. This was the first of 6 goals he went onto score during this season. On 29 April 2015, he returned to Figueira until the end of the 2015 season.

From 2015, Everaldo continued to club hop over the next couple of seasons, playing for five different clubs in Brazil as well as a brief stint in Saudi Arabia with Al Faisaly. Playing for ten clubs over seven seasons (2011–2017), Everaldo had played 153 games and scored 38 goals.

For the 2017–18 season, Everaldo signed for Liga MX side Querétaro. Scoring only 4 goals in 33 appearances in his first season, then 1 in 16 in his second, he was loaned out to Chapecoense in the middle of the Mexican 2018–19 season, in time for the 2019 Brazilian season. He went on to score 17 goals across all competitions for Chapecoense, including his first goal in a continental competition, scoring against Unión La Calera in 1-1 draw in the Copa Sudamericana. His personal best season in terms of goal returns was unfortunately not enough to save Chapecoense from relegation.

In January 2020, Everaldo signed for J.League club Kashima Antlers. He scored his first goal for the club in a 4-2 league win over Yokohama F. Marinos, the first of 18 goals he went on to score in 36 appearances in his debut season for Kashima. He finished the season as second top scorer in the division, only behind MVP Michael Olunga and was awarded a place in the 2020 J.League Best XI – one of two players picked from teams other than league champions Kawasaki Frontale.

Everaldo was unable to replicate his goalscoring form in his second season with Kashima, only scoring one league goal in 28 appearances in 2021. Due to his form, in the second half of the season he lost his place in the starting XI to Ayase Ueda. However, he did end up as top goalscorer in the Emperor's Cup scoring 5 goals in just 4 games.

After three seasons in Japan, in December 2022 it was announced that Everaldo would be returning to Brazil, joining Bahia.

Career statistics

Honours
Bahia
Campeonato Baiano: 2023

Individual
J.League Best XI: 2020

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Footballers from Rio Grande do Sul
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série D players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Sociedade Esportiva e Recreativa Caxias do Sul players
Centro Sportivo Alagoano players
Figueirense FC players
Paysandu Sport Club players
Santa Cruz Futebol Clube players
Grêmio Novorizontino players
Atlético Clube Goianiense players
Saudi Pro League players
Al Faisaly FC players
Liga MX players
Querétaro F.C. footballers
Associação Chapecoense de Futebol players
Kashima Antlers players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
J1 League players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
People from Garibaldi, Rio Grande do Sul


title: Herbert Hamblen

text:
Herbert Elliott Hamblen (December 24, 1849 - April 6, 1908) was an American author. He published his first novel under the name Frederick Benton Williams, but published his other work under his own name.

Bibliography

As Frederick Benton Williams
 On Many Seas:  The Life and Exploits of a Yankee Sailor, edited by William Stone Booth (1897; G. P. Putnam's Sons)

As Herbert Elliot Hamblen
 Tom Benton's luck (1898; Macmillan Publishers)
 The general manager's story; old-time reminiscences of railroading in the United States (1898; Macmillan Publishers; reprinted in 1970 by Gregg Press)
 The yarn of a bucko mate; his adventures in two oceans (1899; Charles Scribner's Sons)
 We win: the life and adventures of a young railroader (1899; Doubleday & McClure)
 The red-shirts : a romance of the old volunteer fire department (1902; Street & Smith)

References

External links

1849 births
1908 deaths


title: Megan Nicole

text:
Megan Nicole Green (née Flores, born September 1, 1993), simply known as Megan Nicole, is an American singer-songwriter and actress who debuted on YouTube in 2009.

Early life
Megan Nicole was born in Houston, Texas to parents Tammy and Frankie Flores, she has a sister named Maddie Taylor. Her mother is of German and Native American descent and her father is Mexican American. She was raised in Katy, Texas and became interested in music around age 10, when her father purchased a karaoke machine for her. Nicole also participated in her church's music programs, taking part in a church band during high school and choir during middle school.

Career
In 2009, Nicole uploaded her first video to YouTube, her cover of "Use Somebody" by Kings of Leon. She followed with more covers on her YouTube channel, including songs by Bruno Mars, Katy Perry, Demi Lovato, Miley Cyrus, Taylor Swift, Selena Gomez, One Direction, Echosmith and other artists. She has several collaborations with fellow YouTube artists such as Tiffany Alvord, Alyssa Bernal, Madilyn Bailey, Tyler Ward, Dave Days, Conor Maynard, and Lindsey Stirling.

Nicole released her first original song, "B-e-a-utiful", on July 15, 2011. Written by Nicole, Lairs Johnston, Stephen Folden, and Tom Mgrdichian, the "pop ditty" received one million hits after two days and had 27 million hits by November 2013.

In August 2012, Nicole signed with Bad Boy Records. In September 2012, Nicole reached number 29 on the Billboard Social 50 in her fourth week on the popularity chart.

An April 2014 article in The News Tribune said that on YouTube, Nicole had 1.5 million subscribers and 350 million video views. She also performed at the Pre-Show Party for the 2014 Radio Disney Music Awards.

On August 19, 2014, Nicole released her single "Electrified". This was her first single off of her debut album Escape, an independent release on Hume Records following her departure from Bad Boy Records. With five new, original songs, all co-written by Nicole and Mgrdichian, Escape was released on October 14, 2014. The 80's-inspired music video for "Electrified" premiered on People.com on September 16, 2014.

Nicole starred in her first feature film, Summer Forever, alongside Alyson Stoner and Anna Grace Barlow. It was released through video on demand on September 4, 2015. In 2017, Nicole performed "Get Your Cape On", a cover of the theme song from the animated web series DC Super Hero Girls, originally performed by Jordyn Kane.

Personal life
In March 2017, Nicole became engaged to Cooper Green. They were married on July 1, 2017.

Discography

EP

Singles

Soundtrack appearances

Videography

Filmography

Film

Web

References

External links

1993 births
American musicians of Mexican descent
Living people
YouTubers from Texas
Fullscreen (company) people
American film actresses
21st-century American singers
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American women musicians
Hispanic and Latino American women singers
Hispanic and Latino American actresses
American actresses of Mexican descent


title: Just to Satisfy You

text:
Just to Satisfy You may refer to:

 Just to Satisfy You (album), a 1969 Waylon Jennings album released on RCA Records.
 Just to Satisfy You (song), a song written by Don Bowman and Waylon Jennings, released by A&M Records in 1964.


title: Astroblepus trifasciatus

text:
Astroblepus trifasciatus is a species of catfish of the family Astroblepidae. It can be found in Colombia.

References

Bibliography
Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, num. 1, vol. 1–3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, United States. 2905. .

Astroblepus
Fish described in 1912
Freshwater fish of Colombia


title: Guido Lauri

text:
Guido Lauri  (23 November 1922 – 27 October 2019) was an Italian dancer, actor, choreographer, ballet master, company director.

Born in Rome, he entered the ballet school of then Royal Rome Opera House at 6 years-old and in 1939, after a graduation with full marks, he joined the ballet company with the title of primo ballerino étoile.

A very handsome man, an eclectic artist, a danseur noble with hot-blooded temperament, he excelled in all the classics partnering famous ballerinas such as French Yvette Chauviré, Marina Svetlova, Liane Daydée and Jacqueline Moreau, French/Russian Ludmilla Tchérina, Norwegian Vera Zorina and Italian Attilia Radice, often danced in neoclassical titles by Mikhail Fokin, Vaslav Nijinsky, Léonide Massine and created numerous roles for choreographer Aurel Milloss.

As a guest star, soon after the Second World War and during the 50s, he was very much in demand in Italy (La Scala in Milan, Teatro Regio in Turin, La Fenice in Venice, Teatro Comunale in Bologna, Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, Teatro Massimo in Palermo) and abroad (Metropolitan Opera House in New York and Teatro Colon in Buenos Aires as well as in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Portugal and Spain).

As a ballet master and choreographer, he directed the Rome Opera Ballet between 1965 and 1983 collaborating with Anton Dolin (ballet dancer), Rudolf Nureyev, Roland Petit, Ninette De Valois, Patricia Neary, Pierre Lacotte; as a member of jury, he was invited by close friend Yuri Grigorovich in world-class dance competitions like those of Varna, Tokyo and Osaka.

He worked for theatre with Luchino Visconti, for television with Vittorio Gassman, for cinema with Bernardo Bertolucci and he was invited in Hollywood by Margarete Wallmann. Some of most talented artists of the time such as De Chirico, Guttuso, Picasso and prince Enrico D’Assia designed costumes and scene-painting for him.

He was awarded the Berlin's Golden Bear prize in 1941, the Rome's Tiber's twins in 1964, the Florence's Michelangelo's David in 1978.

In 1957 the Accademia Mondiale degli Artisti e Professionisti chaired by prince Ernesto Baranger awarded him an Honorary Degree, and in 1982 American Who's Who choose him as one of the greatest prides of the Italian ballet of the 20th century.

He was married to Anna Maria Paganini, the ballet dancer for whom Erik Bruhn created the role of the Spirit of the Lake in his 1965 version of Swan Lake act2: they had a daughter, Tiziana Lauri, an acclaimed ballerina herself.
He also counted among his relatives a large number of dancers, athlete Eliseo Paganini and celebrated operatic bass Giulio Neri.

References

Sources
Premio Guido Lauri per la danza, Morfoedro
Enciclopedia dello Spettacolo, founded by Silvio D'Amico – Le Maschere, Roma (p.1281).
Enciclopedia dello spettacolo, Garzanti (p.366).
Cinquant'anni del Teatro dell'Opera 1928–1978, Bestetti editore 1979.
Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, Archivio Storico.
Who's Who in the World, Sixth Edition 1982–83 – Marquis Who's Who, Inc. U.S.A (p.630).
Who's Who in Italy, 1987 (p.710).
Guido Lauri: "La danza per me è una preghiera, una missione… dobbiamo essere sacerdoti di questa passione!", interview Il Giornale della Danza (February 2, 2011).
Tiziana Lauri: "Noi tutti dobbiamo imparare a corporizzare lo spirito e a spiritualizzare il corpo", interview Il Giornale della Danza (September 23, 2011).
Guido Lauri, la voce di un secolo di danza, interview GB Opera Magazine(August 22, 2015).

1922 births
2019 deaths
Dancers from Rome
Italian male ballet dancers
Ballet masters
Ballet teachers


title: Monkwell Square

text:
Monkwell Square is a London street and garden square. It forms part of the Barbican estate, and lies to the west of Wood Street.

The Worshipful Company of Barbers Barber-Surgeons' Hall was established in Monkwell Street in the 14th century. The Hall survived the Great Fire, but was destroyed by enemy bombing in the London Blitz in the Second World War. The modern hall was rebuilt approximately 10m to the east of the former site, in Monkwell Square by architect Terry Farrell.

Notable residents
Sir David Howarth Seymour Howard, 3rd Baronet, businessman and public official

References

Streets in the City of London


title: Astroblepus unifasciatus

text:
Astroblepus unifasciatus is a species of catfish of the family Astroblepidae. It can be found in Colombia.

References

Bibliography
Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, num. 1, vol. 1–3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, United States. 2905. .

Astroblepus
Fish described in 1912
Freshwater fish of Colombia


title: Astroblepus vaillanti

text:
Astroblepus vaillanti is a species of catfish of the family Astroblepidae. It can be found in Ecuador.

References

Bibliography
Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, num. 1, vol. 1–3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, United States. 2905. .

Astroblepus
Fish described in 1904
Freshwater fish of Ecuador
Catfish of South America
Taxa named by Charles Tate Regan


title: 2014 in Cyprus

text:
The following lists events from 2014 in Cyprus.

Incumbents

 President: Nicos Anastasiades
 President of the Parliament: Yiannakis Omirou

Events
Ongoing – Cyprus dispute

May
12 May – The European Court of Human Rights orders Turkey to pay $124 million in compensation for the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus, which established the internationally unrecognized state of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
25 May – The 2014 European Parliament election in Cyprus took place, with a total of six members of the European Parliament being elected from Cyprus.

February
7 – 23 February – Cyprus competed in the 2014 Winter Olympics but won no medals.
11 February – Under pressure to extract natural gas reserves, talks begin over the Cyprus dispute.

Deaths

See also
2013–14 Cypriot First Division
2013–14 Cypriot Second Division
2014–15 Cypriot Cup
2014–15 Cypriot First Division
2014–15 Cypriot Second Division
List of Cypriot football transfers summer 2014
List of Cypriot football transfers winter 2014–15

References

External links

Years of the 21st century in Cyprus
Cyprus
Cyprus
2010s in Cyprus
Cyprus


title: Astroblepus vanceae

text:
Astroblepus vanceae is a species of catfish of the family Astroblepidae. It can be found in the Ucayali River, Peru.

References

Bibliography
Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, num. 1, vol. 1–3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, United States. 2905. .

Astroblepus
Fish described in 1913
Freshwater fish of Peru


title: Adalbert Begas

text:
Adalbert Franz Eugen Begas (8 March 1836, Berlin – 21 January 1888, Nervi) was a German painter.

Life
He was the third son of painter Carl Joseph Begas. Because of his drawing skills, his father encouraged him to become an engraver and sent him to study at the Prussian Academy of Art with the copper engraver and lithographer . In 1849, he went to Paris to complete his studies. His encounters with the works of the old masters there led to his decision to become a painter instead.

In 1862, he followed his brother, the sculptor Reinhold Begas to the Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School, where he found work in the studios of Arnold Böcklin. He took a study trip to Italy in 1864, where he was influenced by paintings of the Madonna. On his return to Berlin, he earned his living primarily as a portrait painter, but was more enthusiastic about producing dreamy genre scenes and idealized (often allegorical) female figures.

In 1877, he married the landscape and architecture painter Luise von Parmentier. The couple made frequent visits to Italy (especially Capri and Venice), inspiring him to make his genre scenes more realistic and colorful. He died during one of these trips of an unspecified pulmonary disorder.

References

Further reading
 Rita Müllejans-Dickmann and Wolfgang Cortjaens: Begas Haus Heinsberg. Vol.2: Die Sammlung Begas, Cologne 2013, pg.117, Catalog 64 (pgs.118-119), Catalog 106 (pgs.190-191), Catalog 107 (pgs.192-193)

External links

 ArtNet: More works by Begas
 Begas Haus @ Museum für Kunst und Regionalgeschichte Heinsberg.

1836 births
1888 deaths
Prussian Academy of Arts alumni
19th-century German painters
German male painters
19th-century German male artists
German people of Belgian descent


title: Brazil v Germany

text:
Brazil v Germany may refer to:

2002 FIFA World Cup Final
Brazil v Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup)


title: Golden Lane, London

text:
Golden Lane, originally known as Goldeslane or Goldyng Lane, then Golding Lane, is a street in the City of London, England, that runs north–south, between Old Street in the north, and Beech Street in the south. It dates back to at least 1274 and was the site of Edward Alleyn's Fortune Theatre that was built in 1600. The street was almost completely destroyed by bombing during the Second World War before being rebuilt in the post-war era.

Origins
Gillian Bebbington notes that the lane dates back to at least 1274 when it was known as Goldeslane and probably connected with Richard, son of Golda, who is recorded as owning land in the area in 1245. The London Encyclopaedia agrees that the lane was probably named after a family who had property there and gives its original name as Golding Lane while Al Smith gives the name of the family as Goldyng and the original street name as Goldyng Lane.

John Stow's 1597 Survey of London states that 'Golding' Lane 'on both the sides is replenished with many tenements of poor people'.

17th century

The Fortune Theatre was built on the eastern side of the street in 1600 for the actor Edward Alleyn. The theatre was highly successful and Alleyn used the money from it to found Alleyn's College in Dulwich but the wooden building was destroyed by fire in 1621. Its stone replacement was damaged by Puritan soldiers in 1649 and the building was finally demolished in 1661. In 1664 or 1678, the theatre manager and dramatist Thomas Killigrew founded an establishment for young actors known as The Nursery whose performances were attended by Samuel Pepys.

Conversion of the playhouse site
In 1656 a report from Edward Jerman and John Tanner to Dulwich College recorded that the lead had been removed from the building and that it was in a general state of disrepair and in danger of collapse, and recommended that it be replaced with 23 tenements and a street cut through from Whitecross Street to Golden Lane.
The College sought to lease it to a tenant in 1659, but with no applicants decided in 1660 to sell it.
After it was fully demolished in 1661, the materials were sold to William Beaven, who was also granted an effective 45 year lease to the ground, in two tranches of 21 years and a further tranche of 3 years because a College ordinance prohibited any leases longer than 21 years.

The cross street on the theatre site was named Playhouse Yard until the 20th century.

19th century
The foundation stone of the former Cripplegate Institute (now offices) on the west side was laid by the Duke of York (later King George V) in 1894. It operated as a library and a theatre and taught students of drama, opera, and secretarial subjects. It is listed grade II by Historical England.

The earliest gaslight street lighting in London was of Golden Lane, the Barbican, and the Golden Lane Brewery in 1807 by the National Light and Heat Company.

Genuine Beer Brewery

Starting out owned by Gideon Combrune, with a purchase of a  steam engine in May 1792, the Combrune's Brewhouse on Golden Lane was producing 18,000 barrels of ale by 1800.
William Brown and Joseph Parry bought the brewery in 1804 and renamed it the Genuine Beer Brewery, with a publicity campaign promising discount pricing on porter and with the pun motto Pro Bono Publico.
Their intent was to be disruptive using economies of scale and to break the monopolistic cartel of the London porter brewers of the time which had increased the wholesale price of porter to 55/- (£) per barrel in two price rises over 1803 and 1804.
The brewery was enlarged and refurbished, with a  steam engine from Boulton & Watt and a porter brewing vat that held .

The product was marketed as being unadulterated malt and hops, in comparison to the widespread adulteration of the time, and initial sales from October 1805 to January 1806 were good, with 14,200 barrels sold during the period and a total sale of 57,400 barrels over the first full year (1806) of trading.
Yearly sales volume rose to 125,700 barrels in 1807, and 131,600 barrels in 1808, putting the brewery third in London by total sales volume in 1808 behind Meux Reid and Thrale Barclay Perkins.

The company ran into excise problems in 1807, when HM Excise decided that since retailers were selling the beer in units smaller than  the company would not qualify for the statutory duty-free "wastage" allowance of 3 barrels in every 36.
A court case ensued, which hinged on the way that the company had been initially financed with partnership "shares" being sold to some 600 London publicans to raise
Arguing that the publicans were (what would now be called) "silent" or "sleeping" partners, with Brown and Parry the "managing" partners, the Brewery prevailed and saved an estimated  per year in excise duty.

Another legal problem ensued with the charge this time being that the brewery was adulterating its beer, with isinglass, and again the company prevailed in court.
In fact, the brewery had arranged for nearby yeast dealer James Butcher to buy up discarded fish skins from fishmongers and dissolve them in stale beer, in search of an alternative to islinglass.
The casks which had been seized from the brewery premises were on public display (and smell) at the yard of the Excise Office and Brown was characterized in Satirist as a businessman with a wide variety of shady schemes afoot.
Although, as in the previous case, the company partners suspected the hands of its competitors in the prosecution, in fact the competitors, who had been adulterating their products, shared a common interest with the Golden Lane company in not letting a prosecution for fining succeed.

A witness for the defence at the trial was engineer William Murdoch, who claimed to have devised this fish-skin process and who had sold it as a trade secret to a consortium of London brewers, and who testified that it was 'exactly the same thing' as isinglass.
The defence argument, supported by the testimony of Humphry Davy, despite his never done any experiments with the fish-skin process himself or being able to answer any questions about the brewery specifically, was that the fish-skin, like isinglass, was not an additive, because it sunk to the bottom of the vat and precipitated out, and that it should be treated by the government the same as isinglass was.
Judge Archibald Macdonald found for the defence that it was unreasonable to object to innovations in brewery practices that were thanks to advances in the science of chemistry, a decision that would be later reflected in an 1817 change to the law on finings.

Rising prices of malt from 77/- (£) per quarter in 1807 to over 100/- (£) per quarter by 1813 drove up the brewery's wholesale prices, and in combination with the fact that the brewery was unable to raise capital from individual wealthy investors or (unlike its competitors) gain business from publicans by issuing loans to incoming leasholders, the business fell into a decline.
In 1827, the brewery was selling a mere 16,100 barrels per year, down from 45,500 per annum in 1813, and the plant was sold at public auction and the Golden Lane brewery buildings demolished.

City Bunhill burial ground
The site of the Golden Lane brewery became the City Bunhill burial ground, a Nonconformist burial ground used from October 1833 to 1853-08-14 where 18,036 people were buried according to contemporary burial registers.
It was still recorded on Ordnance Survey maps of the area in 1873.

It was partly excavated in 2006, which exhumed 248 burials from the Lower section of the site, the cheapest of the three sections (alongside Middle and Upper) into which the burial ground had been divided.
In 1840, for example, a  grave was  in the Upper section, 16/- (£) in the Middle section, and 12/- (£) in the Lower section.

Golden Lane Mission
The whole lane was considered an excessively populous district in itself, stretching from the Barbican to Old Street, with many small passages in between, was "squalid and dirty" and was "one of the least inviting places to be found in immediate proximity of the City". It housed a large number of costers, likely due to it being central, having cheap accommodation, and being a good place to trade. The Lane was discovered by William James Orsman, who after serving in Crimea and seeing Florence Nightingale's work, founded the Golden Lane Mission to the street traders of London. It was at the time "a favourite haunt of street-traders, including costers and a number of nondescripts not to be classified", and was described as rife with "sin, squalor, and suffering".

Slum improvement failure
Golden Lane by the middle of the 19th century had become a slum, with a large population of poor Irish people, characterized by a police sergeant as a 'bad, ruffianly, thievish place' in the 1860s and by James Greenwood as the 'slummiest of slums' in his book In Strange Company in 1874.

Improvement of Golden Lane was approved by Act of Parliament, the "Golden Lane Improvement Act", formally the City of London (Golden Lane and Petticoat Square, &c.) Improvement Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1877 (40 & 41 Vict. c).
However, the scheme fell victim to a corruption scandal in the Metropolitan Board of Works centring around Board member Joseph Storey.

The Board had promised  towards the scheme, and Storey and others had speculatively sought to acquire property that the Board intended to purchase.
The parish of St Luke's, whose improvements committee Storey chaired, had reacquired property at a  profit to its purchasor.
The Board was unable to convince Storey to resign, so the Board withdrew its promised contribution, leaving Story and the others unable to pay for the property that they had agreed to buy.

20th and 21st centuries
The printer and publisher C. W. Faulkner & Co. operated from number 79.

The street was almost completely destroyed by German bombing in 1940 during the London Blitz. In the 1950s the only remaining buildings in the immediate area were the Cripplegate Institute and the remains of the nearby church of St Giles-without-Cripplegate. The street and area were rebuilt in the post-war decades with the Golden Lane Estate of council housing being constructed in the 1950s on land cleared of bomb damage on the west side of the street.

The offices of Church Times, an independent Anglican weekly newspaper, are at Invicta House, 108-114 Golden Lane.

By 1911 Playhouse Yard was, in the words of Walter Besant "a quiet business-like street".
The church of St Mary had been built there in 1864.
After the Blitz, one end of Fortune Street (marked "Formerly Playhouse Yard" on the street signage) was comparatively undamaged, but the at the other end only a World War One memorial remained standing.

The Cordwainers College campus, part of the London College of Fashion, is in Golden Lane.

The Golden Lane Campus building, between Golden Lane and Whitecross Street, was built on the site of the City Bunhill burial ground, next to the Fortune Gardens.
Completed in 2008, the Campus comprises Prior Weston Primary School on the first floor, and Prior Weston Children's Centre and the Richard Cloudesley special education needs school on the ground floor.

References

Bibliography

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Further reading

External links
https://alondoninheritance.com/thebombedcity/cripplegate-institute-jewin-crescent/

Streets in the City of London