title: HIV associated cardiomyopathy

text:
Heart problems are more common in people with HIV/AIDS. Those with left ventricular dysfunction have a median survival of 101 days as compared to 472 days in people with AIDS with healthy hearts. HIV is a major cause of cardiomyopathy (problems with the heart muscle that reduce the efficiency with which the heart pumps blood). The most common type of HIV induced cardiomyopathy is dilated cardiomyopathy also known as eccentric ventricular hypertrophy which leads to impaired contraction of the ventricles due to volume overload. The annual incidence of HIV associated dilated cardiomyopathy was 15.9/1000 before the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). However, in 2014, a study found that 17.6% of HIV patients have dilated cardiomyopathy (176/1000) meaning the incidence has greatly increased.

Presentation
Signs and symptoms such as malabsorption and diarrhea respectively, may occur with HIV infection causing many HIV patients to have nutritional deficiencies and altered levels of vitamin B12, carnitine, and growth and thyroid hormones - all have been associated with left ventricular dysfunction. A lowered BMI in HIV patients is also associated with cardiomyopathy.

Cause
Dilated cardiomyopathy can be due to pericardial effusion or infective endocarditis, especially in intravenous drug users which are common in the HIV population. However, the most researched cause of cardiomyopathy is myocarditis (myocardial inflammation and infection) caused by HIV-1, which the main subtype of HIV (the other being HIV-2), with greater likelihood of transmission and shorter period between infection and illness. HIV-1 virions infect cardiomyocytes in patches but there is no direct correlation between viral infection and dysfunction of cardiomyocytes.
HIV-related cardiomyopathy is often not associated with any specific opportunistic infection, and approximately 40% of patients have not experienced any opportunistic infection before the onset of cardiac symptoms.

Myocarditis
Myocarditis has been documented at autopsy in 40–52% of patients who died of AIDS before the introduction of HAART. Toxoplasma gondii is the most common opportunistic infectious agent associated with myocarditis in AIDS occurring in 12% of deaths from AIDS 1987-1991 in one autopsy series. Myocardial toxoplasmosis causes an increase in the myocardial fraction of creatine kinase (CK-MB).
In situ hybridization or polymerase chain reaction studies illustrate a high frequency of cytomegalovirus and HIV-1 in AIDS patients with lymphocytic myocarditis and severe left ventricular dysfunction. Thus, it supports the hypothesis that HIV-1 has a pathogenetic action and influences dilated cardiomyopathy.
Coinfection with viruses (usually, coxsackievirus B3 and cytomegalovirus) seems to have an important effect as the GISCA autopsy records show that 83% of patients with myocarditis and 50% with dilated cardiomyopathy were coinfected with viruses.

Myocardial cytokine expression
HIV-1 invades the myocardium through endothelial cells by micropinocytosis infecting perivascular macrophages which produce additional virus and cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). This induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis either by signalling through CCR3, CCR5 or CXCR4, by entry into cardiomyocytes (after binding to ganglioside GM1), or through TNF-α. In addition, HIV-1-associated protein gp 120 may induce apoptosis through a mitochondrion-controlled pathway after activating inflammatory cytokines.
TNF-α is produced by infected macrophages and the interaction between dendritic cells presenting the antigen to CD8 (T Killer cells). It causes a negative inotropic effect by interfering with the intracellular calcium ion concentrations perhaps by inducing the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), also decreasing contractility.
The intensity of the stains for TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)   of the myocardium was greater in patients with HIV associated cardiomyopathy (as opposed to idiopathic cardiomyopathy), myocardial viral infection and was inversely correlated with CD4 count with antiretroviral therapy having no effect.

Autoimmune cardiomyopathy
Cardiac autoimmunity affects the pathogenesis of HIV-related heart disease as HIV-infected patients with dilated cardiomyopathy are more likely to have cardiac-specific autoantibodies (anti-α-myosin autoantibodies) than HIV-infected patients with healthy hearts and HIV-negative controls. In addition, patients with echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dysfunction had a higher chance of having cardiac autoantibodies.
Furthermore, impaired myocardial growth and left ventricular dysfunction may be immunologically mediated as monthly intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) in HIV-infected children reduces left ventricular dysfunction, increases left ventricular wall thickness, and reduces peak left ventricular wall stress. Perhaps this is because immunoglobulins inhibit the cardiac autoantibodies by competing for Fc receptors. Alternatively, the immunoglobulins can reduce the effects or secretions of cytokines and cellular growth factors.

Encephalopathy
HIV-infected patients with encephalopathy are more likely to die of congestive heart failure than are those without encephalopathy; the hazard ratio is 3.4. Cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy are hypothesised to be linked by the HIV reservoir cells which are in the myocardium and cerebral cortex and keep HIV-1 on their surfaces for long periods of time even after receiving HAART. They also secrete TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and endothelin-1 which are cytotoxic cytokines causing tissue damage.

Drug cardiotoxicity
Zidovudine is an example of a nucleoside analogue and has been shown to cause: myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy as well as an increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL and insulin resistance. Protease inhibitors are another group of drugs (e.g. ritonavir) and some of them can cause a range of problems such as: lipodystrophy, atherosclerosis, increase total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, and insulin resistance. Amphotericin B can cause dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertension and bradycardia whereas, Ganciclovir can cause ventricular tachycardia. Interferon-alpha can cause arrhythmia and myocardial infarction/ischemia.

Treatment
Mortality in HIV-infected patients with cardiomyopathy is increased independently of CD4 count, age, sex, and HIV risk group.
The therapy is similar to therapy for non-ischemic cardiomyopathy: after medical therapy is begun, serial echocardiographic studies should be performed at 4-months intervals. If function continues to worsen or the clinical course deteriorates, a biopsy should be considered.
HAART has reduced the incidence of myocarditis thus reducing the prevalence of HIV-associated cardiomyopathy by about 30% in developed countries. However, the prevalence in developing countries is 32% and increasing as HAART is scarce – not to mention the effects of other risk factors such as high cholesterol and lipid diet. IVIGs can also help patients with HIV-associated myocarditis as mentioned earlier.

References

HIV/AIDS
Cardiomyopathy


title: Free-orbit experiment with laser interferometry X-rays

text:
The Free-orbit Experiment with Laser Interferometry X-Rays (FELIX) belongs to a category of experiments exploring whether macroscopic systems can be in superposition states. It was originally proposed by the physicist Roger Penrose in his 2004 book The Road to Reality specifically to prove whether unconventional decoherence processes such as gravitationally induced decoherence or spontaneous wave-function collapse of a quantum system occur.

Later revised to take place as a tabletop experiment, if successful, it is estimated that a mass of roughly 1014 atoms would have been superposed, approximately nine orders of magnitude more massive than any superposition observed to that date (2003).

Configuration

The proposed experimental setup is basically a variation of the Michelson interferometer but for a single photon. Additionally, one of the mirrors has to be very tiny and fixed on an isolated micromechanical-oscillator. This allows it to move when the photon is reflected on it, so that it may become superposed with the photon. The purpose is to vary the size of the mirror to investigate the effect of the mass on the time it takes for the quantum system to collapse.

Originally the arms of the interferometer had to stretch into the hundreds of thousands of kilometers to achieve a photon roundtrip-time comparable to the oscillator's period, but that meant that the experiment had to take place in-orbit, reducing its viability. The revised proposal requires that the mirrors be placed into high-finesse optical cavities that will trap the photons long enough to achieve the desired delay.

There are various technological challenges, but all are within high-end laboratory capabilities. The primary requirement is that the mass of the cavity remains as small as possible. To avoid noise on the interferometer and have a low probability of emitting more than one photon each time, a very low absolute temperature for the experiment is needed, on the order of 60 μK. For similar reasons, and to avoid decoherence, the experimental device has to be in ultra-high vacuum conditions. The wavelength of the photons was calculated to be roughly 630 nm so the reflecting surfaces can be as small as possible and yet avoid refraction and reflectivity issues. The micromechanical-oscillator can be similar to the cantilevers in atomic force microscopy and the reflective surfaces typically used in similar high-demanding experiments pose no real challenge. Various elaborate electromagnetic mechanisms have been proposed to "reset" the cavities to a stable state before each repetition of the experiment.

See also
 Penrose interpretation
 Objective collapse theory

References

Quantum mechanics


title: Tony Brothers

text:
Tony Brothers (born September 14, 1964) is an American professional basketball referee who works in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has been a referee in the NBA since the 1994–95 season.  Now in his 29th year, Brothers has officiated in over 1,700 regular season games, 186 playoff games and 16 NBA Finals games. He officiated the 2009 NBA All-Star Game in Phoenix, Arizona. In a survey of NBA players, Brothers was voted the best referee, though at the same time, many voted him amongst the least favorite referees. He wears the uniform number 25.

Brothers graduated from Booker T. Washington High School in Norfolk, Virginia. A 1986 graduate of Old Dominion University, he received a Distinguished Alumni Award in 2014. In 2007, he and his ex-wife, Monica, founded Still Hope Foundation, Inc., to assist single mothers in the Hampton Roads, Virginia area.  In 2015, he founded Men for Hope, Inc., a non-profit to support men, organize their effort in the community, and work with organizations providing services for women and their families.

References

1964 births
Living people
National Basketball Association referees
Old Dominion University alumni
Continental Basketball Association referees
Sportspeople from Norfolk, Virginia
Basketball people from Virginia


title: Svalikhita-jivani

text:
Svalikhita-jivani is an autobiography written in 1896 by Kedarnatha Datta (also known as Bhaktivinoda Thakur), a prominent thinker of Bengali Renaissance and a leading philosopher, savant and  spiritual reformer of Gaudiya Vaishnavism who effected its resurgence in India in late 19th and early 20th century and was hailed by contemporary scholars as the most influential Gaudiya Vaisnava leader of his time.

Written in Bengali on the request of Bhaktivinoda's son Lalita Prasad, Svalikhita-jivani gives a detailed autobiographical account that spanned most of his life from his birth in 1838 until retirement in 1894. The book was published by Lalita Prasad in 1916, after Bhaktivinoda's death.

In February 2023, a Bengali version of the Svalikhita Jivani was jointly published by the Bhaktivedanta Research Center and Dey’s Publishing. It was edited by Dr. Santanu Dey, who compared the original manuscript of the Svalikhita Jivani from 1896 with the first edition of the text by Lalita Prasad Datta from 1916 to eliminate textual discrepancies.

The introduction of the new edition places Kedarnath Datta's life and contributions within the historical context of his times. Additionally, the new edition contains a collection of rare photographs and a complete list of works authored by Bhaktivinod Thakur.

Summary

On the request of his son Lalita Pras-Jivani 896 Bhaktivinoda wrote a detailed autobiography called Svalikhita-jivani that covered 56 years of his life from birth up until that time. Recounting his life's episodes with candour, Bhaktivinoda portrayed his path as full of financial struggle, health issues, internal doubts and insecurity, and deep introspection that gradually led him, sometimes in convoluted ways, to the deliberate and mature decision of accepting Caitanya Mahaprabhu and his teachings as his final goal. Bhaktivinoda did not display much concern for how this candid account would reflect on his status as an established Gaudiya Vaisnava spiritual leader with a large following, in the eyes of thousands of his intellectual bhadralok disciples. It is telling that Bhaktivinoda never refers to himself as feeling or displaying any special spiritual acumen, saintlihood, powers, or charisma – anything worthy of veneration. Rather, the honest, almost self-deprecating narrative portrays him as a genuine, exceptionally humble and modest man. The book was published by Lalita Prasad in 1916 after Bhaktivinoda's passing.

See also
 Bhaktivinoda Thakur bibliography

Footnotes

References

Autobiographies
Indian literature
Bengali-language literature


title: 2014–15 Juventus FC season

text:
The 2014–15 season was Juventus Football Club's 117th in existence and eighth consecutive season in the top flight of Italian football. It was the club's fourth consecutive Serie A title in which it finished 17 points clear of second place Roma, also achieving The Double as they fell short in the Champions League Final

Season review
After winning three consecutive domestic titles, Juventus and Antonio Conte would go on different paths: the manager leaves Turin, in order to become the coach of the Italy national team. His place is taken from Massimiliano Allegri who, in 2011, won the Scudetto managing AC Milan. New men selected for 2014–15 season were Patrice Evra, Kingsley Coman and Álvaro Morata. Carlos Tevez was an integral part of the team as the club's leading scorer. Juventus lost the chance to gain the first seasonal trophy with a loss to Napoli in the 2014 Supercoppa Italiana on penalties after a 2–2 draw.

During the second part of season, Juventus retain the lead of Serie A reaching - at the same time - final step in both cups, domestic and continental. On 26 April 2015, Juventus was beaten 2–1 by Torino: the Granata side wins the Derby della Mole for the first time in 20 years, having gained the previous success on 9 April 1995. Six days later, beating Sampdoria away, the Bianconeri win the league title (fourth consecutive and 31st overall) with four games left to play. Between matchdays 36 and 37, Allegri also conquests the Coppa Italia with a 2–1 win over Lazio: the tenth win for Turin club in this competition; a new domestic record. Juventus finished the league with 17 points more than second-placed Roma, but fell as runners-up in Europe, losing 3–1 against Barcelona in the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final. The first half ended with an early Ivan Rakitić goal to give the advantage to the Spanish side, but Juventus were able to equalize after 10 minutes of the second half with a Morata goal. Barcelona then scored two more goals in the 68th minute by Luis Suárez, with the final goal coming during injury time. The referee's eyes were closed when Pogba was fouled inside the 18 yard box when the scoreline was 1-1.

Club

Coaching staff

|}
Source: Juventus.com

Players

Squad information
Players and squad numbers last updated on 2 November 2014.Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

Transfers

In

Out

Other acquisitions

Total expenditure: €57,150,000

Other disposals

Total revenue: €46,150,000

Net income:  €11,000,000

On loan

Pre-season and friendlies

Competitions

Supercoppa Italiana

Serie A

League table

Results summary

Results by round

Matches

Coppa Italia

Juventus started the Coppa Italia directly in the round of 16, as one of the eight best seeded teams.

UEFA Champions League

Group stage

Knockout phase

Round of 16

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Final

Statistics

Appearances and goals

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! colspan=14 style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Goalkeepers

|-
! colspan=14 style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Defenders

|-
! colspan=14 style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Midfielders

|-
! colspan=14 style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Forwards

|-
! colspan=14 style="background:#DCDCDC; text-align:center"| Players transferred out during the season

Goalscorers

Last updated: 6 June 2015

Disciplinary record

Last updated: 6 June 2015

References

Juventus FC seasons
Juventus
Juventus
Italian football championship-winning seasons


title: Midsummer crisis

text:
The Midsummer crisis () was a political crisis in Sweden after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941. Sweden's neutrality was tested when Nazi Germany and Finland demanded that Sweden allow the transit of the Wehrmacht's 163rd Infantry Division by railroad from Norway to Finland. After the 1939 German-Soviet invasion of Poland, Swedish prime minister Per Albin Hansson declared strict neutrality and called for the formation of a coalition government involving all major parties under his leadership; this was realized in December, with the exception of the Communist Party. With Spain, Liechtenstein, Portugal, Switzerland, Ireland and the Vatican, Sweden maintained neutrality throughout  World War II and cooperated with both sides. According to Winston Churchill, during the war Sweden ignored the greater moral issues and played both sides for profit (particularly in the German occupation of Denmark and Norway, supported by transportation through Sweden sanctioned by Hansson's cabinet).

Evolution

Operation Barbarossa, the 22 June 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union, sparked an ultimatum by the government of Nazi Germany to Hansson's cabinet demanding military concessions (including German troop transports on Swedish railways to support German ally Finland). The political deliberations surrounding this ultimatum have become known as the "midsummer crisis", which (allegedly after King Gustav V's threat to abdicate if the concessions were not made) was resolved in favor of the Axis. Although the 83-year-old king had not directly intervened in government policy since 1914, Gustav had the formal power to appoint his own cabinet; his open intervention in the issue was seen as a threat to the stability of the government and, given the ongoing war, to the nation's sovereignty. However, according to research published in 2002 by Carl-Gustaf Scott "the crisis was created in historical hindsight in order to protect the political legacy of the Social Democratic Party and its leader Per Albin Hansson."

The Social Democratic Party and the Riksdag were divided on the issue. Hansson, implying that the king would abdicate if the German ultimatum was refused, succeeded in getting the Riksdag to make a decision acceptable to the other political parties. One reason for the approval was Finland's expected reaction to a denial; its security relied on outside support provided only by Germany. German Foreign Ministry official Karl Schnurre told Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs Christian Günther that without an agreement, Finland would be drawn into the European conflict. The "midsummer crisis", highly publicized in 1941, was interpreted as a sign of King Gustav V's personal responsibility for Swedish weakness towards Nazi Germany.

The king's actions were confirmed by German foreign-policy documents captured at the end of the war. On 25 June 1941, the German minister in Stockholm sent a "Most Urgent-Top Secret" message to Berlin stating that the king had just informed him that the transit of German troops would be allowed: The King's words conveyed the joyful emotion he felt. He had lived through anxious days and had gone far in giving his personal support to the matter. He added confidentially that he had found it necessary to go so far as to mention his abdication. According to Ernst Wigforss, Gustaf V and Prince Gustav Adolf attempted to persuade the Swedish government to allow the Allies to transport troops through Sweden; this was rejected due to concerns about German retribution. The German-led invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, commenced on 22 June 1941. Due to Germany's involvement with Finland, Soviet forces attacked Finland on 25 June. In response, Finland saw itself as being at war with the Soviet Union. Sweden subsequently did, in fact, begin rail transport of the German 163rd Infantry Division. As Scott has written, "Sweden's conduct was not impartial in the Nazi-Soviet conflict. The decision to allow belligerent troops transit across Sweden was a conspicuous breach of international law regarding the conduct of neutral states ... [and] remains a black spot in Swedish history, one which continues to prick Sweden's national conscience."

References

1941 in Sweden
Sweden in World War II
1941 in military history
June 1941 events
Per Albin Hansson


title: Roland Hagenbüchle

text:
Roland Hagenbüchle (13 October 1932 in Frauenfeld, Switzerland – 14 January 2008) was a scholar for American Studies and cultural philosopher.

Life, teaching and research
Hagenbüchle studied first architecture at the ETH Zurich and completed a two-year internship in Basel, then linguistics, English and German at the University of Zurich. After studying in Cambridge (UK) and Nancy he finished his PH.D. in Zurich 1964. From 1970 to 1972 Hagenbüchle was doctoral fellow at Yale University. In 1974 he finished the habilitation in Zürich.

After visiting professorships in Bern, Göttingen and at the John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies, Free University of Berlin, he was appointed in 1975 to a professorship at the newly opened University of Wuppertal. In 1980, Hagenbüchle simultaneously got two calls to the University of Marburg and at the Catholic University of Eichstätt. Hagenbüchle was from 1980 to 1996 Chair of American Studies at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt.

Roland Hagenbüchle is an internationally renowned interpreter of the works of American poet Emily Dickinson. After the retirement in 1996 Hagenbüchle moved his research interests to the broader field of cultural philosophy, especially on interculturality, the problematic relationship between the different cultures and the critique of Western thought.

Awards
 Scholar in Amherst Award 2008
 The Emily Dickinson International Society Price 2004

Publications (selection)
 Emily Dickinson. Wagnis der Selbstbegegnung. Stauffenburg, Tübingen 1988, .
 "Precision and Indeterminacy in the Poetry of Emily Dickinson", Emerson Society Quarterly, 1974
 The Emily Dickinson Handbook (S Juhasz, G Grabher, R Hagenbüchle, C Miller),1998, University of Massachusetts Press
 Paul Geyer und Roland Hagenbüchel (Hrsg.): Das Paradox. Eine Herausforderung des abendländischen Denkens (= Stauffenburg-Colloquium. Band 21). Stauffenburg, Tübingen 1992, .
 Geschichte und Vorgeschichte der modernen Subjektivität (PDF; 205 kB). In: Reto Luzius Fetz, Roland Hagenbüchle, Peter Schulz (Hrsg.): Geschichte und Vorgeschichte der modernen Subjektivität. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin [u. a.] 1998, .
 Von der Multi-Kulturalität zur Inter-Kulturalität (PDF; 470 kB). Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2002, .
 Kultur im Wandel oder Die Provokation des Vulgären. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2005,

Literature
 Hans Hunfeld (Hrsg.): Wozu Wissenschaft heute? Ringvorlesung zu Ehren von Roland Hagenbüchle. Narr, Tübingen 1997, .
  Messmer, Marietta / Josef Raab (eds.): American Vistas and beyond: A Festschrift for Roland Hagenbüchle. Trier 2002

References

External links
 Roland Hagenbüchle, Katholische Universität Eichstätt
 Biography Roland Hagenbüchle

1932 births
2008 deaths
20th-century Swiss writers
English literature academics
20th-century Swiss philosophers
People associated with the University of Zurich
Yale School of Art alumni
Swiss philosophers
People from Frauenfeld


title: Malvina Tavares

text:
Júlia Malvina Hailliot Tavares (or Malvina Tavares ; Encruzilhada do Sul, 24 November 1866 — Cruzeiro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 16 October 1939) was one of the most active Brazilian militant anarchists, as well as a poet and a pioneer of modern education in southern Brazil. She was responsible for the creation of a secular school, the "Modern School of Francisco Ferrer", in the municipality of São Gabriel do Lajeado, which educated generations of libertarians.

Biography
Tavares was the daughter of François de Lalemode Hailliot and Henriette Souleaux Hailliot, immigrant Frenchmen who came to Brazil in the mid-19th century. In her diary, she refers to the fact that her mother was born in a castle in Bordeaux implying a possible aristocratic origin of her mother's family. In the late 1880s, Tavares was sent to the Brazilian capital to study teaching at the Normal School of Porto Alegre. She studied with another future libertarian pedagogue Ana Amaral Lisboa Aurora. In 1890, she married the Portuguese trader, José Joaquim Tavares. In 1898, Tavares and her husband moved to Encruzilhada do Sul, and two years later, they moved to São Gabriel da Estrela.

Despite adversity, Tavares persisted in her role as a teacher, taking herself with educating rural children. As a teacher, she abolished corporal punishment to learners, very common at the time, and went on to innovate in educational methods, abolishing religious education, and adopting revolutionary proposals by the anarchist Catalan educator, Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia. Her students Nino Martins, Cecilio Vilar and Espertirina Martins became libertarian activists.

References

Bibliography
 . 2008. Costurando vidas: Os itinerários de Ana Aurora do Amaral Lisboa (1860-1951) e Júlia Malvina Hailliot Tavares (1866-1939). Florianópolis: Fazendo Gênero
 . 1995. Os Anarquistas no Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre: UE. p. 207
 . 1999. Memórias do Esquecimento. São Paulo: Globo. p. 302

1866 births
1939 deaths
Brazilian anarchists
Brazilian people of French descent
20th-century Brazilian poets
Brazilian women educators
Brazilian feminists
Founders of educational institutions
People from Rio Grande do Sul
Brazilian women poets
20th-century Brazilian women writers
20th-century Brazilian educators
19th-century Brazilian educators


title: Philip Duval

text:
Philip Duval  (also Du Val, 1732 – 14 March 1808) was a Canon of Windsor from 1772 to 1808. He was chaplain to the Duke of Gloucester.

Duval was the son of the French-born Dr. Philippe Duval, physician to the Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales, the mother of George III. His mother was Marianne Aufrère of Burnside and Foulsham Old Hall, descended from Huguenot nobility.

Career
He was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge and was awarded LLB in 1750 and DD in 1756.

He was appointed:
Prebendary of Worcester Cathedral 1767-1772
Rector of Broodwas, Worcestershire 1768
Preceptor to the Dukes of Cumberland and Gloucester
Chaplain and Treasurer to the Duke of Gloucester
Rector of Hartley Westpall 1786
Rector of Isleworth 1792
Vicar of Twickenham 1792-1808

He was appointed to the ninth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1772, a position he held until 1808.

He married Anna George, daughter of Dr William George, Provost of King's College, Cambridge.

Notes

1732 births
1808 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London


title: Ingo (brand)

text:
Ingo is a filling station brand owned by Circle K (formerly Statoil Fuel & Retail).
Ingo filling stations are located in Denmark and Sweden. They were formerly named Jet, a brand name of ConocoPhillips. ConocoPhillips sold the stations in Denmark and Sweden in 2007 to Statoil. The downstream operation of Statoil was demerged from Statoil in the year 2010 and named Statoil Fuel & Retail. Statoil and Statoil Fuel & Retail were allowed to license the brand name Jet, but introduced a new name, Ingo, for them in 2014.

References

Automotive fuel retailers
Statoil Fuel & Retail


title: Ho Dam

text:
Ho Dam (March 6, 1929 – May 11, 1991) was a North Korean politician, and Foreign Minister from 1970 to 1983.

He was a member of the ruling Politburo of North Korea's Communist Party, and was also chairman of the Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland, which made nominal efforts to reunite the Communist North with the capitalist South.

As Foreign Minister in 1977, he became the first senior North Korean official to visit the United States. He left the Foreign Minister's job in 1983 and became secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea. In 1980, he accompanied Kim Il Sung to Belgrade, Yugoslavia for the funeral of the Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980).

In 1990 he was named chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly, North Korea's parliament.

Ho Dam died on May 11, 1991, from a long illness, according to KCNA. The news agency did not specify the cause of death.

References

1991 deaths
Foreign ministers of North Korea
People from North Hamgyong Province
1929 births
Members of the 6th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea
Alternate members of the 6th Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea
Members of the 5th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
Members of the 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea


title: Isorhapontin

text:
Isorhapontin is a stilbenoid. It is the glucoside of isorhapontigenin. It can be found in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruces (Picea abies), in the bark of Picea sitchensis or in white spruce (Picea glauca).

References

Stilbenoid glycosides
Phenol glucosides


title: Members of the South Australian House of Assembly, 1921–1924

text:
This is a list of members of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1921 to 1924, as elected at the 1921 state election:

 The parliamentary wing of the Farmers and Settlers Association had been referred to by a variety of labels prior to this term of parliament, and had contested the 1921 election independently of the National-dominated "Progressive Country Party". After the 1921 election, the party formally adopted the "Country Party" name, consistent with their federal counterparts.
 Alexandra Liberal MHA George Ritchie resigned on 2 November 1922. Liberal candidate Percy Heggaton won the resulting by-election on 20 January 1923.
 The Liberal Union and the National Party merged in October 1923 to form the Liberal Federation.

Members of South Australian parliaments by term
20th-century Australian politicians


title: Amanda Clayton

text:
Amanda Clayton (born October 24, 1981) is an American actress, best known for her role as Alex Montgomery in the Oprah Winfrey Network prime time soap opera, If Loving You Is Wrong.

Life and career
Clayton was born in Johnston, Rhode Island. She studied at the University of Rhode Island and later moved to New York City to attend New York Conservatory for Dramatic Arts in 2005. She made her film debut in 2006, playing a supporting role in the independent film December Ends. In 2012, Clayton landed the supporting role of Sarah Carter in the Disney adventure film John Carter. She later went to appear in guest starring roles on The Mentalist and Rizzoli & Isles.

In 2014, she was cast as a lead, alongside Edwina Findley, Heather Hemmens, Zulay Henao, and April Parker Jones in the Oprah Winfrey Network prime time soap opera If Loving You Is Wrong. The series ended in 2020 after five seasons. Later in 2014, she was cast opposite Miles Teller and Katey Sagal in the biographical drama film Bleed For This about boxer, Vinny Pazienza.

In addition to Bleed For This, Clayton is the female lead in two additional feature-length films set for release in 2016, the comedy, The Bet and the drama, Bad Frank. In 2017, she played the leading role in the Lifetime Movie Cradle Swapping, and the following year in Mommy's Little Angel.

In 2018, Clayton was cast in the Showtime drama series, City on a Hill.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

American film actresses
American television actresses
American soap opera actresses
People from Johnston, Rhode Island
Living people
University of Rhode Island alumni
21st-century American actresses
1981 births


title: Ellesmere Port Catholic High School

text:
Ellesmere Port Catholic High School is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in the Whitby area of  Ellesmere Port in the English county of Cheshire.

Previously a voluntary aided school administered by Cheshire West and Chester Council, in April 2023 Ellesmere Port Catholic High School converted to academy status. The school is now sponsored by The Holy Family of Nazareth Catholic Academy Trust, but continues to be under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shrewsbury.

Ellesmere Port Catholic High School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils, while students in the sixth form have the option to study from a range of A-levels.

References

External links
Ellesmere Port Catholic High School official website

Secondary schools in Cheshire West and Chester
Catholic secondary schools in the Diocese of Shrewsbury
Academies in Cheshire West and Chester
Ellesmere Port


title: Gay & Lesbian Switchboard of New York

text:
The Gay & Lesbian Switchboard of New York is considered the "oldest operating GLBT hotline in the world".  Initial planning began with 1971 meetings to establish the Gay Switchboard, led by eight individuals from Gay Activists Alliance, Beyond, and the recently dissolved Gay Liberation Front.  The program launched with its first call on 13 January 1972 received at the Liberation House Gay Collective (247 West 11th Street), and grew to field 400 calls per week (20,000 per year) in the 1970s.

Records of phone calls fielded by volunteers, from March 1972 to July 1983, form most of the archives of the organization, preserved at the New York Public Library as part of its collection inherited from the International Gay Information Center Archives.

In 1977, the organization joined with like-minded organizations to create the joint Gay and Lesbian Services Center (110 East 23rd Street), while incorporating on its own as the Gay Switchboard of New York, Inc.

In the mid-1980s the Gay Switchboard of New York became the Gay and Lesbian Switchboard of New York, Inc based at 648 Broadway.

Founded independently, the hotline is now part of the network administered by the LGBT National Help Center as the LGBT Switchboard of New York. The number has remained 212-989-0999.

The hotline was fictionalized in the play Emotional Rescue by Joseph Benjamin at Westbeth Center in 1986, performed by the Stonewall Repertory Theater.

See also
London Lesbian and Gay Switchboard

References

External links

Telephone numbers in the United States
Crisis hotlines
LGBT organizations based in New York City
1972 establishments in New York City
Organizations established in 1972
1972 in LGBT history


title: Hatunqucha (Puno)

text:
Hatunqucha (Quechua hatun (in Bolivia always jatun) big, large qucha lake, "big lake", Hispanicized spelling Jatuncocha) is a lake in the Altiplano in South Peru. It lies in the Puno Region, Puno Province, Atuncolla District, north of Lake Umayo.

References

Lakes of Peru
Lakes of Puno Region


title: Richard Wilmot

text:
Richard Wilmot DD (1703–1772) was a Canon of Windsor from 1748 to 1772.

Family

He was the son of Robert Wilmot of Osmaston Hall, Derbyshire.

Career

He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge and was awarded BA in 1725, MA in 1728 and DD in 1744.

He was appointed:
Rector of Trusley, Derbyshire 1733 - 1738
Vicar of Mickleover, Derbyshire 1740 - 1772
Rector of Morley, Derbyshire 1740 - 1772
Chaplain to the Bishop of Bangor
Rector of St Benet Fink, London 1763 - 1772

He was appointed to the ninth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1748, a position he held until 1772.

Notes

1703 births
1772 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
People from Osmaston, Derby


title: Embers Avenue

text:
The Embers Avenue, also known as Embers, was a gay bar and nightclub located in the Old Town Chinatown neighborhood of Portland, Oregon, in the United States. Embers hosted a variety of events, including comedy and drag shows, karaoke, and live music. The club opened in 1969, and closed in late 2017. The Oregonian reported in late November 2017 that the building owner has intentions to fill the space with a similar venue. It was speculated in January 2018 that Badlands was expected to open that year.

Reception
Donald Olson, writing for Frommer's, rated the venue as two out of three stars. He described the club as a primarily gay disco also appealing to straight people, with "lots of flashing lights and sweaty bodies until the early morning".

References

External links

 The Embers Avenue at The Portland Mercury
 Sexy space music by Andrea Vedder (May 4, 2010), Daily Vanguard

1969 establishments in Oregon
2017 disestablishments in Oregon
Defunct LGBT nightclubs in Oregon
Defunct nightclubs in Portland, Oregon
LGBT culture in Portland, Oregon
Northwest Portland, Oregon
Old Town Chinatown


title: Gwoza massacre

text:
The Gwoza massacre was a terrorist event that occurred on 2 June, 2014 in the Gwoza local government district, Borno State near the Nigerian-Camerounian border.

Militants (presumably from Boko Haram) dressed as soldiers slaughtered hundreds of civilians in the villages of Goshe, Attagara, Agapalwa and Aganjara. Some reliable sources have put the death toll at 400-500.

A community leader who witnessed the Monday killings had said that local residents had pleaded for help from the military, but it did not arrive in time. It took a few days for word from survivors to reach the provincial capital of Maiduguri, because the roads are extremely dangerous and phone connections are poor or nonexistent, due to the state of emergency declared in Borno about a year before. The slaughter was confirmed by both Mohammed Ali Ndume, a senator representing Borno and whose hometown is Gwoza, as well as a top security official in Maiduguri who insisted on anonymity.

Several eyewitness sources reported that men and boys were targeted in these attacks. According to one witness, "When some of the villagers managed to escape, they were unfortunately waylaid outside the villages by some gunmen on motorcycles who would catch and slaughter the men and young boys; they only allowed women and children to go." Another source reported that mothers had their male infants taken from them and shot.

This followed shortly after the assassination of Muslim leader Alhaji Idrissa Timta, the Emir of Gwoza, at the end of May.

In 2022, a HumAngle piece found that many survivors of the massacre still were unable to return to their homes in Gwoza LGA. While the displaced remained in various refugee camps, people who did return to the LGA faced fears of renewed attacks due to their proximity to the Sambisa Forest—a known terrorist hideout.

References

2014 murders in Nigeria
Massacres perpetrated by Boko Haram
Massacres in 2014
Terrorist incidents in Nigeria in 2014
Mass murder in Borno State
Massacres of men
Violence against men in Africa
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2014
June 2014 crimes in Africa


title: MCC Bicentenary Celebration match

text:
MCC Bicentenary Celebration match may refer to the following cricket matches:

MCC Bicentenary match, 1987
Bicentenary Celebration match, 2014


title: George L. Clarke

text:
George Leonard Clarke (August 10, 1813 – February 11, 1890) was an American politician who served as the 10th mayor of Providence, Rhode Island from June 1869 until June 1870.

Early life

George L. Clarke was born in Norton, Massachusetts. His parents were Reverend Pitt Clarke, a well-known pastor of the First Congregational Society in Newtown, and Maria (Simpson) Clarke. His schooling was a combination of home schooling from his parents; a few months spent at a public school in Norton; and "one or two quarters" in a private academy. Upon turning 16, he left school and worked in a store in Providence. He supplemented his education by attending public lectures known as "Lyceum Lectures".
Clarke was a staunch and outspoken abolitionist from an early age, and became well-known throughout the state for his anti-slavery views, even in a time when such views were not popular.

Political career

Clarke was first a member of the Liberty Party which later became the Free Soil Party. When that became absorbed into the Republican Party in 1854, Clarke became a Republican.

He served in the State House of Representatives in 1856 to 1858, then again in 1863-1868. He was Speaker of the House for the last two of those years. He was elected to the State Senate in April 1869.

A month after Clarke's election to State Senate, Providence's popular mayor Thomas A. Doyle left the Republican Party to run as an independent. The Republican party drafted Clarke to run against him. Clarke won in a three-way race, but Doyle returned to defeat Clarke the following year, winning by a two-to-one margin.
During Clarke's time as mayor, a system of fire alarm boxes were installed in Providence. The Sockanosset Reservoir was begun, and Dexter Asylum was enlarged. A major hurricane struck the city on September 8, 1869, which caused much damage and flooding in downtown Providence.

After his mayorship, Clarke was elected to the Board of Aldermen from the First Ward. Later he became president of the City Fire Insurance Company.

Personal life

Clarke married Frances Alice Chace, daughter of a textile firm owner. Clarke went to work at the firm, William A. Chace and Company. The couple lived at 95 Angell Street in Providence's east side.

References

External links
Mayor George L. Clarke biography, posted in Providence City Hall next to his portrait

1813 births
1890 deaths
19th-century American politicians
American abolitionists
Burials at Swan Point Cemetery
Free Soil Party politicians
Liberty Party (United States, 1840) politicians
Mayors of Providence, Rhode Island
Republican Party members of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
People from Norton, Massachusetts
Providence City Council members
Republican Party Rhode Island state senators


title: Penstemon davidsonii

text:
Penstemon davidsonii is a species of penstemon known by the common name Davidson's penstemon, honoring Dr. George Davidson. It is native to North America from the Sierra Nevada Range in California and Nevada through the Coast and Cascade ranges of Oregon and Washington into British Columbia.

Description
Penstemon davidsonii is a low, mat-forming perennial up to  tall.  The leaves are up to  long, thick and firm, usually glabrous, with entire to serrulate margins. The leaves often have a paler green, tan, or reddish edge. The flowers are tubular, blue-lavender to purple, and large relative to the short stature of the plant. The calyx is covered with short hair. Larger plants often flower abundantly, with the leaf mat nearly covered with the showy flowers.

Penstemon davidsonii is included in Penstemon subgenus Dasanthera, along with P. barrettiae, P. cardwellii, P. ellipticus, P. fruticosus, P. lyallii, P. montanus, P. newberryi, and P. rupicola.

Habitat
Penstemon davidsonii grows on rocks or in rocky soils in sunny mountain locations.

Varieties
 P. davidsonii var. davidsonii – Davidson's penstemon
 P. davidsonii var. menziesii (D.D. Keck) Cronquist – Menzies' penstemon
 P. davidsonii var. praeteritus Cronquist – timberline beardtongue

References

External links

davidsonii
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Flora of British Columbia
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Flora of the Cascade Range
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


title: Slate Creek Records

text:
Slate Creek Records is an American independent record label based in Frisco, Texas  founded in 2012 by Jim Burnett.  The label's president is longtime Nashville producer Garth Fundis, who has worked with many artists including Don Williams, Trisha Yearwood, Keith Whitley and Sugarland.
The first release on the label was "Pride" by Neal McCoy. Pride: A Tribute to Charley Pride was a tribute album to artist Charley Pride which featured guest performances by Darius Rucker and Trace Adkins.

October 2013 saw the debut album release of Nashville songwriter Brandy Clark.  Clark wrote or co-wrote all 12 of the songs and it features Vince Gill on background vocals. Prior to releasing 12 Stories, Clark had written/cowritten several hits for other artists including "Mama's Broken Heart" for Miranda Lambert,"Better Dig Two" for The Band Perry and "Follow Your Arrow" for Kacey Musgraves.
In May 2014 Slate Creek announced the signing of Pistol Annies member, Angaleena Presley to the label. Her debut album is set to be released in October 2014.  One month later, Canadian group, The Bros. Landreth announced that their debut album would be released on Slate Creek on January 27, 2015.

On February 6, 2017, it was announced that a tribute album honoring Don Williams would be released on May 26, 2017.  The 11-track album includes performers and songwriters such as Pistol Annies, Garth Brooks, Chris Stapleton, Jason Isbell, Dierks Bentley, Keb' Mo', Alison Krauss, Lady Antebellum, Brandy Clark, Trisha Yearwood and John Prine.

Artists

Former artists
 Brandy Clark
 Neal McCoy
 The Bros. Landreth
 Angaleena Presley

Studio albums
 2013: Neal McCoy- Pride: A Tribute to Charley Pride 2013: Brandy Clark-12 Stories
 2014: Angaleena Presley- American Middle Class
 2014:  Neal McCoy- Pride: A Tribute to Charley Pride-Deluxe Edition (Cracker Barrel)
 2015: The Bros Landreth- Let it Lie
 2017:  Gentle Giants- The songs of Don Williams

Awards and nominations

See also
 List of record labels
 2012 in music

References

American country music record labels
American independent record labels
2012 establishments in Texas
Record labels established in 2012


title: Bachelor in Paradise (American TV series)

text:
Bachelor in Paradise is an American elimination-style reality competition television series, which premiered on August 4, 2014, on ABC. It is a spin-off of the American reality television shows The Bachelor and The Bachelorette. The show features previous contestants who have been featured on The Bachelor and The Bachelorette as they travel to a secluded paradise in Mexico where the show will take place. The show was originally hosted by Chris Harrison.

Production

Development and filming
In March 2013, ABC canceled Bachelor Pad after three seasons. Very similar to Bachelor Pad, rejected contestants from The Bachelor and The Bachelorette are isolated in a romantic paradise in an exotic tropical destination. The first season was filmed in Tulum, Mexico. Beginning in season 2, the show has been filmed in Sayulita, Mexico, at Playa Escondida.

The show begins with an uneven number of women and men, with there being more women. At the first rose ceremony, the men are given a rose to hand out to a woman they’d like to spend more time getting to know in paradise. The women left without roses are immediately sent home. New men are then brought to the beach, so at the next rose ceremony, women can give a rose to a man they'd like to spend more time with and the remaining men are sent home. For seven weeks, this set up alternates between new men or new women joining the cast.

ABC renewed Bachelor in Paradise for a sixth season on February 5, 2019. On August 5, 2019, the series was renewed for a seventh season, which aired on August 16, 2021. In June 2021, it was confirmed that Lil Jon, Tituss Burgess, Lance Bass and others would serve as rotating guest hosts for the seventh season, replacing original host Chris Harrison. On April 7, 2022, ABC renewed Bachelor in Paradise for its eighth season, with Jesse Palmer as host, which premiered on September 27, 2022.

On May 16, 2023, ABC renewed Bachelor in Paradise for a ninth season, which is scheduled to premiere on September 28, 2023 in United States.

Misconduct allegations

During initial filming of season 4, production was halted due to allegations of sexual misconduct between two contestants—DeMario Jackson and Corinne Olympios.  After an internal investigation, it was determined that there was no misconduct and filming resumed shortly after.

After Paradise
Beginning in 2015, ABC began airing Bachelor in Paradise: After Paradise, a regular weekly live after show. Chris Harrison and Jenny Mollen co-hosted the show starring a celebrity fan and one of the Bachelor in Paradise cast members. Season 2 saw the introduction of comedian and talk show host Michelle Collins, who co-hosted After Paradise alongside Bachelor season 17 star Sean Lowe.

Season summary

Ratings

International versions
Bachelor in Paradise Australia was commissioned by Network Ten in late 2017. In Germany premiered on May 9, 2018, on RTL. Bachelor in Paradise Canada premiered on October 10, 2021, on CityTV.

See also
 Ex on the Beach
 Paradise Hotel

Notes

References

External links

2010s American reality television series
2020s American reality television series
2014 American television series debuts
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American dating and relationship reality television series
American television spin-offs
English-language television shows
Reality television spin-offs
Television series by Warner Horizon Television
Paradise
Television shows filmed in Mexico
Television shows set in Mexico


title: Luigi Amerio

text:
Luigi Amerio (15 August 1912 – 28 September 2004), was an Italian electrical engineer and mathematician. He is known for his work on almost periodic functions, on Laplace transforms in one and several dimensions, and on the theory of elliptic partial differential equations.

Works
A selection of Luigi Amerio's scientific papers is published in the two volumes of his "Selecta" : he is also the author of several university textbooks and, jointly with his pupil Giovanni Prouse, he wrote the influential monograph on almost periodic functions .

. In this work, Luigi Amerio proves an important theorem on Laplace transform.
. A research announcement disclosing the results published in  and .
. In this paper Amerio obtained the first theoretical results on Mauro Picone's method of solving boundary value problems for elliptic partial differential equations by the Riesz-Fischer theorem.
. A continuation of the research initiated in .
.
. Luigi Amerio's "Selecta" in two volumes, collecting a selection of his scientific contributions.

Addresses, biographical and survey papers

. An ample survey on the research results in mathematical analysis, including the theory of integral equations and the theory of ordinary and partial differential equations, obtained by Italian mathematicians during the Second world war, published by the Pontificial Academy of Sciences.
. The brief "participating address" presented at the congress by on  by Luigi Amerio on behalf of the Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL and of the Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere.
. () A survey paper on the contribution of Mauro Picone and his school to applied mathematics through the foundation and the direction of the "Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo".
. The "Address" of Amerio at the meeting "Ricordo di Gaetano Fichera" () held in Rome at the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei on 8 February 1997.

See also
Gaetano Fichera
Analytic continuation
Boundary value problem

References

Biographical and general references
. A volume of the journal dedicated to Luigi Amerio.
. The transcription of an ample interview with Luigi Amerio by Claudio Citrini, one of Amerio's pupils and collaborators.
. "Luigi Amerio, master in science and life" is the commemorative speech pronounced by Claudio Citrini, on the occasion of a meeting dedicated to his memory.
. A biographical paper written by Giovanni Prouse, pupil and collaborator of Amerio.
. The biographical and bibliographical entry (updated up to 1976) on Luigi Amerio, published under the auspices of the Accademia dei Lincei in a book collecting many profiles of its living members up to 1976.

Scientific references
. An ample survey paper on results on the solutions of linear integral and partial differential equation obtained by the research team of Mauro Picone at the Istituto Nazionale per le Applicazioni del Calcolo using the methods of functional analysis.
. A survey on research results in complex analysis, including the theory of functions of several complex variables and the theory of analytic functionals, obtained by Italian mathematicians during the Second world war, published by the Pontificial Academy of Sciences.
.
.

Publications dedicated to him or to his memory

. A volume of the journal dedicated to the memory of Luigi Amerio, by several friends, colleagues and pupils.

1912 births
2004 deaths
20th-century Italian mathematicians
21st-century Italian mathematicians
Italian electrical engineers
Members of the Lincean Academy
Complex analysts
Mathematical analysts
PDE theorists
Scientists from Padua
Engineers from Padua


title: Der Feldarbeiter

text:
Der Feldarbeiter ('The Farm Worker') was a newspaper published from Budapest, Hungary from 1906 to 1907. The first issue was published on 21 April 1906. It was a German-language edition of Világszabadság. Initially edited by Kálmán Jócsák, from 30 June 1906 onwards it was edited by Richard Schwarz. It was replaced by Weltfreiheit.

References

1906 establishments in Hungary
1907 disestablishments in Europe
Defunct newspapers published in Hungary
German-language newspapers published in Hungary
Newspapers published in Budapest
Newspapers established in 1906
Publications disestablished in 1907
Socialist newspapers


title: Bill Clifton (pianist)

text:
Bill Clifton (July 6, 1916 – February 26, 1967) was a Canadian jazz pianist based in New York City for almost three decades. He played with many of the name bands of the swing era and accompanied some of the music industry's most noted vocalists  He is remembered today as an early and important influence on the great jazz pianist Bill Evans.

Career
Clifton was born in Toronto, Ontario. He began his piano studies at age seven with Toronto's Royal Conservatory Of Music. Bill was introduced to the music of Fletcher Henderson and Duke Ellington in his high school years and began to ponder a career as a professional musician. After graduating, he became the pianist in The Cliff McKay Band, a Canadian group that played a few "hot" arrangements amongst its stylistically broad program. Bill Clifton entered New York City in 1939, finding immediate employment with The Paul Whiteman  Orchestra. Stints with: Benny Goodman, Woody Herman, Ray Noble, Bud Freeman, Abe Lyman and others followed. Bill also performed and (or) recorded with some of the most beloved voices in American music history including: Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Cliff "Ukulele Ike" Edwards (the voice of Disney's Jiminy Cricket) and Ilene Woods (the voice of Disney's Cinderella).

He made many appearances on radio and television during his employment as a studio musician for several years at both the NBC and CBS networks. He was a regular guest on the "Piano Playhouse" radio program during its lengthy run on NBC from the late 1940s to early 1950s. This was a popular weekly broadcast with an international audience that featured the most important pianist in the jazz and classical fields. His work in television included membership in the Tony Mottola Trio. This combo pioneered live music accompaniment for early television and was led by the brilliant guitarist, Tony Mottola. Bill Clifton also appeared in a number of films including "The Laugh Maker" (1953). starring Jackie Gleason and Art Carney. For several years, beginning in the late 1940s, Clifton alternated solo shows with the great pianist, Cy Walter (the Park Avenue Art Tatum) at New York's famed Drake Room. This elegant night spot housed in The Drake Hotel was a nexus at the time for some of the biggest names in the entertainment world.

In 1950, Bill Clifton recorded one of the earliest long-playing records as part of the Columbia Records "Piano Moods" series. Later work included an album featuring Clifton's talents as an arranger and conductor as well as pianist for the Ilene Woods LP "It's Late".

Clifton died while performing on board the S.S. Argentina.

Selected discography

 Paul Whiteman Orchestra   "Album Of Manhattan"  Decca Records (1940)
 Various Artists  "Midnight At V-Disc"  Pumpkin Productions  (1944)
 Frank Sinatra  "The Voice Of Frank Sinatra"  Columbia Records (1946)
 Jerry Jerome "Something Old, Something New" and "Something Borrowed, Something Blue"  Arbors Jazz Records  (mid 1940s - late 1940s)
 Bill Clifton "Piano Moods"  Columbia Records (1950)
 Ilene Woods  "It's Late"  Jubilee Records (1957)
 Bill Clifton  "Red Shadows: The Keystone Solo Piano Transcriptions c. 1947"  Cliftone Records (released May, 2014)

References

External links
 Official Website
 Bill Clifton and his Modernist Moment - The Dartmouth Review
 Remembering Canada Bill - article for Toronto Jazz Festival 2010
 Duke, Bill Clifton Not Forgotten - Whole Note Magazine, Feb 2014
 Bill Clifton and Bill Evans - Jazzwax, June 2, 2014

1916 births
1967 deaths
Canadian jazz pianists
Musicians from Toronto
Jazz musicians from New York City
20th-century American musicians
20th-century Canadian pianists
People who died at sea
Canadian expatriates in the United States


title: John Mesnard

text:
John Mesnard (also Meynard) DD (died 26 August 1727) was a Canon of Windsor from 1689 to 1727

Family
His wife was Louisa, and they had three children:
Mary Mesnard
Susan Mesnard
Peter Mesnard

Career
He was a minister with the Reformed Church of Paris at Charenton for 16 years before coming to England with William, Prince of Orange. He was created DD at Oxford.

He was appointed to the ninth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1689, a position he held until 1727.

Notes

1727 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Year of birth missing


title: Oligostilbenoid

text:
Oligostilbenoids  (oligo- or polystilbenes) are oligomeric forms of stilbenoids. Some molecules are large enough to be considered polyphenols and constitute a class of tannins.

Examples

Dimers
 Ampelopsin A
 Epsilon-viniferin
 Pallidol
 Quadrangularin A

Trimers
 α-Viniferin
 Ampelopsin E
 trans-Diptoindonesin B
 Gnetin H

Tetramers
 cajyphenol A
 cajyphenol B
 Flexuosol A
 Hemsleyanol D
 Hopeaphenol
 Vaticanol B
 R2-Viniferin (syn. Vitisin A)

Modified
 Diptoindonesin C can be isolated from the bark of Shorea pinanga

Other
 Diptoindonesin F can be isolated from the bark of Shorea gibbosa

Glycosides
 Diptoindonesin A

References

External links


title: Milt Crain

text:
Milt Crain (born December 29, 1937) is a former Canadian Football League (CFL) offensive tackle and center from 1960 to 1964. He became an east division all-star at center for the Montreal Alouettes in 1963.

After playing college football at the University of Mississippi, Milt Crain was drafted by the Baltimore Colts in 1959 but never played a regular season game for them. Instead, he joined the Montreal Alouettes that year but was waived. He returned for another tryout the following year and this time stayed on with them to 1964. Although Crain played as an offensive tackle, he was switched to center in 1963 and was voted at that position as an East All-Star. However, in 1964, the Alouettes had many problems on offense, winding up the season as the lowest scoring team in the east, and he was released after playing only 4 games. Though picked up by the Saskatchewan Roughriders for 1 more game that same year, he never played another season.

References

1937 births
Living people
People from New Albany, Mississippi
Players of American football from Mississippi
Ole Miss Rebels football players
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football offensive linemen
Montreal Alouettes players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players


title: Thomas Vyner (priest)

text:
Thomas Vyner DD (died 11 April 1673) was a Canon of Windsor from 1670 to 1673.

Family
He was the son of William Vyner of Eathorpe, Warwickshire.

He died in 1673 aged 44, and was buried in Gloucester Cathedral.

Career
He was educated at St Catharine's College, Cambridge and award BA in 1650, MA in 1653, BD in 1662 and DD in 1671.

He was appointed:
Rector of Stanton with Snowshill, 1652
Rural Dean of Campden
Rector of Paulersbury, Northamptonshire 1660 - 1663
Prebendary of Gloucester Cathedral 1665 - 1671
Rector of Bradwell by Sea, Essex 1667 - 1673
Archdeacon of Gloucester 1671 - 1673
Dean of Gloucester Cathedral 1671 - 1673

He was appointed to the ninth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1670, a position he held until 1673.

Notes

1673 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Year of birth missing
Burials at Gloucester Cathedral


title: F. nepalensis

text:
F. nepalensis may refer to:

 Fejervarya nepalensis, a frog native to Asia
 Frullania nepalensis, a liverwort with thin, leaf-like flaps on either side of the stem


title: Luz del Fuego

text:
Luz del Fuego (née, Dora Vivacqua; early stage name, Luz Divina; February 21, 1917 – July 19, 1967) was a Brazilian feminist, ballerina, naturist, and striptease artist who performed with live snakes. Comfortable with nudity, she wrapped pythons around her body and became famous in her time.

Biography
Born in Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Espírito Santo, she was the fifteenth child of the Italian immigrants Etelvina and Antonio Vivacqua, and the sister of Senator Attilio Vivacqua. In 1932, her father was murdered by a group of people that, days before, he had expelled from his lands

After her father's murder, the fifteen-year-old Dora Vivacqua was sent to live with her sister Angélia. Angélia's husband then began to sexually harass her. When caught by his wife, he blamed Dora and convinced the family that she was schizophrenic. As a result, she was hospitalized in Belo Horizonte for two months in 1936.  After her release, Vivacqua had lost ten kg. Her brother Achilles, who was worried about her health after her time in the asylum, suggested she move to the farm of another brother, Archilau. At the farm, she caused controversy by mingling with the lower-class farmhands and appearing onstage at an event for the farmworkers dressed as "Eve" - with grape vines on her breasts and pubis, and carrying two vine snakes. When Archilau scolded her for soiling the family name, Dora assaulted him. She was hospitalized again, this time in Rio de Janeiro.

In 1944, she began performing as a dancer using the stage name "Luz Divina", changing it to Luz del Fuego in 1947, the name of a lipstick in the Argentine market. In 1946, she appeared in Franz Eichhorn's film No Trampolim da Vida, and the following year, starred in Luis Moglia Barth's Argentine-Brazilian co-production Não Me Digas Adeus. In 1948, she appeared in Moacyr Fenelon's musical comedy Poeira de Estrelas opposite Lourdinha Bittencourt and Emilinha Borba, and also had a role in Manoel Jorge and Hélio Thys's musical comedy Folias Cariocas.

On the Ilha do Sol (Sun Island), she established the first naturist club in Brazil, the "Brazilian Naturist Club". In the early 1950s, she founded a political party called the Brazilian Naturist Party and ran for Congresswoman for this party. She lost the election as her brother, Attilio, denied the party's official establishment. In 1956, she made an appearance in Curt Siodmak's Curucu, Beast of the Amazon which was being filmed in rural Argentina, and in 1959 starred in Al Ghiu's comedy picture Comendo de Colher. Del Fuego had a final role, which went uncredited, in Robert Day's Tarzan and the Great River in 1967 before she was murdered by a fisherman that year whom she had threatened to denounce for overfishing.

Legacy
Her life was portrayed in the 1982 film, Luz del Fuego, directed by David Neves and featuring Lucélia Santos in the lead role. In November 2013, a lost documentary titled A Nativa Solitária was found by the Espírito Santo Public Archive and restored by it. Because of her courage to face the prejudice of her time with regard to nudity, and for pioneering the creation of the first naturist club in Brazil, her birth date, February 21, is remembered and celebrated among Brazilian naturists as "Day of Naturism".

References

External links

1917 births
1967 deaths
Assassinated Brazilian people
Brazilian ballerinas
Brazilian feminists
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Social nudity advocates
People from Cachoeiro de Itapemirim


title: Daniel Liczko

text:
Daniel Liczko (Litscho), was a Pole who served as a public official in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam.

Born in Koszalin in 1615, Liczko was a sergeant and later lieutenant of the Dutch colonial army under Admiral Christopher Arciszewski in Brazil where in 1646, he married Anna Claes Croesens, the widow of Jan Jansen Swaartveger. Sources seem to indicate that he shortly afterward moved to New Amsterdam since his daughter was baptised there on June 6, 1647. In 1651 Liczko took part in Peter Stuyvesant's expedition on the Delaware River against Sweden, and in 1652 he led a detachment of soldiers who accompanied the governor up the Hudson River where he hauled down the flag of patroon in Rensselaerswyck, thereby freeing the nucleus of the present city of Albany from feudal jurisdiction.

Liczko became one of the most prominent citizens of New Amsterdam, and records indicate that he often took part in the deliberations of the council. When New Hollanders felt threatened by an attack of the English Colonies and began to fortify their city, Liczko contributed one hundred Guilders towards the Dutch Colony's defense. Liczko also served as city fire inspector, and in about 1648 founded a tavern, which was one of the important landmarks in New Amsterdam. Liczko died in 1662.

Anka Muhlstein, in her history of New York City Manhattan, cited Liczko as one of the three Poles who particularly distinguished themselves among the twenty-one Poles in New Amsterdam at this time. Liczko's daughter Anna married William Peartree, who was the mayor of the city in 1701-1707.

References
Notes

1615 births
People from Koszalin
Year of death missing
People of the Province of New York
People from New Netherland


title: Albert Pagara

text:
Albert Pagara (born February 18, 1994) is a Filipino professional boxer. He currently competes in the super bantamweight division and was a WBO and IBF Inter-Continental champion.

Professional boxer Jason Pagara is his older brother.

Early life
Albert Pagara was born in Barangay Lib-og, Maasin, Southern Leyte to Reynaldo Pagara and Sabrian Herugalem.  His older brother, Jason, is also a professional boxer.

Pagara started amateur boxing under the Maasin Sports Council. Along with his brother, he moved to Cagayan de Oro to train further. There, the brothers studied at Misamis Oriental General Comprehensive High School. During his teens, he won a total of 10 gold medals in Palarong Pambansa.

Professional boxing career
Pagara made his professional debut on August 18, 2011, at the age of 17, defeating fellow debutant Sandy Cajil via TKO in the second round at Cebu IT Park, Cebu City, Philippines.

On October 8, 2011, he defeated Shabani Madilu of Tanzania via unanimous decision in Pinoy Pride IX held in Bacolod, Philippines.

On March 24, 2012, during the Pinoy Pride XIII held in Cebu City, Pagara knocked out Thai visitor Phupha Por Nobnom in the second round.

During the Pinoy Pride 24 on March 1, 2014, Pagara knocked out former WBO Asia-Pacific champion Isack Junior of Indonesia in the very first round at Solaire Resort & Casino, Parañaque. On April 11, 2014, he stopped Indonesian fighter Skak Max via TKO in the third round held in his hometown of Maasin.

Pagara wasted no time by gaining his first-ever title, the IBF International Super Bantamweight belt against Hugo Partida. He demolished the Mexican via TKO in the first round at the Waterfront Hotel & Casino in Cebu City on June 21, 2014.

In his first international fight held at Dubai World Trade Centre, in Dubai, United Arab Emirates on August 7, 2015, Pagara knocked down his Mexican opponent, Jesús Ríos on the very first round, defending his IBF Inter-Continental Super Bantamweight title. The 21-year-old boxer caught Ríos with a strong straight right punch behind the ear that immediately knelt him on the floor. After his foe regained his consciousness, Pagara delivered numerous shots on Ríos' head and made referee Bruce McTavish stop the fight with more than a minute left on the first round while Ríos was literally still holding the ropes.

On July 10, 2016, Pagara sustained the first ever loss in his professional boxing career after his challenger Cesar Juárez of Mexico stopped him (knockout) in the 8th round, leading to Juárez's victory in the main event of Pinoy Pride 37 in San Mateo, California. After the fight, Pagara, with a neck brace attached was taken out of a stretcher and rushed to the Stanford Hospital in nearby Palo Alto. He was later cleared by the doctors after undergoing several tests.

Controversies
On September 1, 2021, Pagara was arrested in Cebu City for allegedly molesting and raping a 14-year-old girl. According to relatives of the alleged victim, the incident happened around 4:00 p.m. that same day in Pagara's house. Pagara did not resist arrest but denied the accusations. The following night, Pagara reportedly attempted suicide by self-strangulation in his jail cell but was saved by his fellow detainees. However, police denied that any suicide attempt occurred. He was released after posting ₱100,000 bail on September 8.

Professional boxing record

Exhibition boxing record

See also
List of Filipino boxing world champions
List of IBF world champions
List of super-bantamweight boxing champions

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Lightweight boxers
People from Southern Leyte
Sportspeople from Cebu City
Boxers from Cebu
Filipino male boxers


title: Tod Carroll

text:
Tod Carroll is an American screenwriter, a former writer for National Lampoon magazine, and film producer best known for such films as Clean and Sober, O.C. and Stiggs and National Lampoon's Movie Madness.

References

External links

American male screenwriters
American film producers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
National Lampoon people
Living people


title: Talat Phlu BTS station

text:
Talat Phlu station (, ) is a BTS skytrain station, on the Silom Line in Thon Buri District, Bangkok, Thailand. The station is on Ratchaphruek Road surrounded by residences, small shops and office towers. It is an interchange station with Ratchaphruek BRT station. However, it is located in a different location to Talat Phlu railway station operated by the State Railway of Thailand.

Before construction, it was named "Ratchada-Ratchaphruek" station, but was changed to Talat Phlu station to avoid confusion with the BRT terminus station. The station opened on 14 February 2013 and the walkway to BRT was opened on 5 December 2013. It was the western terminus of the Silom Line between 14 February 2013 and 5 December 2013 until the opening of the Talat Phlu-Bang Wa section.

Although it was named "Talat Phlu" because it is located in the area of Talat Phlu. Indeed, it is located in the area of Dao Khanong near the boundary of Dao Khanong and Bukkhalo Sub-districts, Thon Buri District, diagonally from The Mall Tha Phra.

It is planned to be a station on the SRT Dark Red Line as part of the extension to Mahachai.

Station layout

References

See also
 Bangkok Skytrain

BTS Skytrain stations
Railway stations opened in 2013
SRT Red Lines
Railway stations in Thailand opened in the 2010s


title: Al Bowereh

text:
Al Bowereh or Al-Bweireh, also known as Aqabat Injeleh, is a Palestinian village located just east of Hebron. It is situated adjacent to and north of the Israeli settlement of Givat Harsina. The village is occupied by Israel since 1967, together with the rest of the West Bank.

Geography

Al Bowereh is located at the northern edge of the Baqa'a Valley, a few kilometers east of Hebron City. It is sandwiched between the Israeli settlement Givat Harsina in the south and Israeli outposts in the north and the east. East of Al Bowereh runs the Israeli bypass road Route 60.

Population

According to the PCBS, the estimated population of Al Bowereh was about 780 in 2011, but Christian Peacemaker Teams (CPT) mentioned a number of 340 people in 2012, while ARIJ gave a number of 180 in 2009. The existence of Al Bowereh is endangered due to on-going settlement
expansion and demolition orders for almost all of the remaining homes in Al Bowereh. Al Bowereh is owned by all members of the neighbourhood.

Influence of the Israeli occupation

Israeli settlement and outpost expansion

In 1985, Israeli settlers started the building of Givat Harsina between Al Bowereh and Kiryat Arba, on Palestinian lands belonging to the members of the Jaber and Al Bakri clans from Hebron. In 1995, the Israeli bypass road 60 was built through the Palestinian farm lands located east of Harsina.

In 2009, settlers started building the outpost "Hill 18", also named "Hill 26", "Mitzpe Avihai",  "Karmei Netanel" and "Hammer Lot", between the settlement of Givat Harsina and Al Bowereh. The Hill 18 outpost has a number of times been built, evacuated and rebuilt. Hill 26 is built on land belonging to the Palestinian Ja'abar family, expropriated by the Israeli government. The outpost was earlier dismantled in 1999. In the meantime, however, it had been consistently inhabited by settlers and protected by the IDF. The area was declared a "closed military zone", forcing peace activists of Ta'ayush to evacuate. Hill 26 is mentioned in the 2005 Sasson Report. It is located 230 meter from Givat Harsina and 1.6 kilometer from Kiryat Arba and borders Al Bowereh to the south.

Outpost names can be confusing, as an outpost can have different names. An outpost that has been dismantled can be rebuilt  under another name.

Settlers' violence

Settlers and the military have blocked the village road to Hebron for vehicles. A settler bypass road of the outpost Hill 18 runs parallel to the road. Residents using the village are subjected to settlers' violence, and the children, who are forced to go to school by foot, are often attacked on their way to school. Since November 2009, Christian Peacemaker Teams has provided a protective presence in the area. As of 2012, CPT accompanied 174 children of Al Bowereh on their way home from school, to protect them from settlers' violence.

Denied access to roads and land

Roadblocks prevent the residents from accessing their homes by car, forcing them to walk as far as three kilometers every time they leave or return to the neighborhood. Merchants and ambulances are forced to use long dirty roads.

In 1982, the village tried to build on what now is referred to as Hilltop 26, but were stopped by the Israeli military. In 1986, the Israeli High Court ruled that the members of Al Bowereh were the owners of the land. After the death of an Israeli, however,  an Israeli military court declared the lands "state land", without hearing the Al Bowereh residents.

References

External links
Al Bowereh West bank, palestine . Christian Peacemaker Teams, February 2012; on:  (size: 6.1 MB).
Al Bowereh Village—Fact Sheet. Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem, ARIJ,  2009
Aerial  photo of Al Bowereh, ARIJ
  Kharsina Colonists Cut Down 50 Grapevines in Al Bweira, POICA
Hebron Governorate Access Restrictions. Al Bowereh on OCHA map, near coordinates F 23/24. Map available here (size: 2.2 MB).
Al Bowereh on Google Maps
Al Bowereh, Hill 18 and Givat Harsina on Google Maps
In the Shadow of an Israeli Settlement. Tour through Bowereh area, guided by CPT (tree destruction, road blocking earthmonth, outpost "Hill 18")
Al Buwayra, from International Solidarity Movement

Villages in the West Bank
Hebron Governorate


title: John Heaver

text:
John Heaver DD (d. 23 June 1670) was a Canon of Windsor from 1662 to 1670.

Career
Heaver was educated at Clare College, Cambridge and awarded a BA degree in 1640, MA in 1643 and DD in 1661.

He was a Fellow of Eton College during 1661–1670. He was appointed to the ninth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1662, a position he held until 1670.

In his will, Heaver left £100 to give apprenticeships to poor children in Windsor. He also left £700 to the rebuilding of Clare College, Cambridge.

References

1673 deaths
Year of birth missing
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Fellows of Eton College
Canons of Windsor


title: National Radium Institute

text:
The National Radium Institute (NRI) was an organization incorporated in 1913 to extract radium from US domestic sources for use in cancer treatment and possible industrial use and in the process to develop more efficient methods of radium extraction. It was headquartered in Denver, Colorado. The institute was a joint project initiated by Dr. Howard Kelly a physician at Johns Hopkins University, and James S. Douglas, a mining executive and philanthropist, in cooperation with the US Bureau of Mines.

The Institute's main radium plant in Denver was closed down in April 1917 and the NRI was officially dissolved as a corporation in Delaware in late 1919 and in Colorado on 20 January 1920. NRI's plants and sites changed hands and uses several times in the following decades. In 1988, the institute's last two surviving buildings were demolished "due to extensive radiological contamination".

References

External links

Chemical companies established in 1913
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1920
Companies based in Denver
Historic American Engineering Record in Colorado
1913 establishments in Colorado
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1913
1920 disestablishments in Colorado
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1920
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Colorado


title: To Brazil!

text:
"To Brazil!" is a song by Dutch Eurodance group Vengaboys from their debut studio album Up & Down – The Party Album. It was released as the album's second single in 1997 by Jive Records. The song incorporates elements from "Aquarela do Brasil", composed by Ary Barroso.

Track listing
Dutch CD single
"To Brazil!" (Radio) – 3:06
"To Brazil!" (Medium Radio) – 3:20
"To Brazil!" (XXL) – 4:31
"Parada de Tettas" (Remix Radio) – 3:59
"Parada de Tettas" (Remix XXL) – 4:44

Charts

2014 remix

On May 14, 2014 Vengaboys released a 2014 version of the song in connection with the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.

Track listing
Dutch digital download
"2 Brazil!" (Dance Radio) – 2:55
"2 Brazil!" (Hit Radio) – 3:21
"2 Brazil!" (Extended Dance Radio) – 4:21
"2 Brazil!" (Extended Hit Radio) – 3:48
"2 Brazil!" (Hit Radio Instrumental) – 3:21
"2 Brazil!" (Hitradio Instrumental with Brazil Chant) – 3:21
"2 Brazil!" (Like Brazil Remix) – 4:45
"2 Brazil!" (Like Brazil Remix - Edit) – 2:52

Belgian digital download
"2 Brazil!" (Hit Radio Edit) – 3:21
"2 Brazil!" (Dance Radio Edit) – 2:55
"2 Brazil!" (Extended Dance Mix) – 4:21
"2 Brazil!" (Extended Hit Radio) – 3:48
"2 Brazil!" (Hitradio Instrumental with Brazil Chant) – 3:21

German CD single
"2 Brazil!" (Dance Radio) – 2:55
"2 Brazil!" (Hit Radio) – 3:21
"2 Brazil!" (Extended Dance Radio) – 4:21
"2 Brazil!" (Extended Hit Radio) – 3:48
"2 Brazil!" (Like Brazil Remix) – 4:45
"2 Brazil!" (Like Brazil Remix - Edit) – 2:52

Charts

References

1997 singles
2014 singles
Vengaboys songs
Songs about Brazil
1997 songs
Jive Records singles
Songs written by Ary Barroso
Songs written by Wessel van Diepen
Songs written by Dennis van den Driesschen


title: Rainbow coloring

text:
In graph theory, a path in an edge-colored graph is said to be rainbow if no color repeats on it. A graph is said to be rainbow-connected (or rainbow colored) if there is a rainbow path between each pair of its vertices. If there is a rainbow shortest path between each pair of vertices, the graph is said to be strongly rainbow-connected (or strongly rainbow colored).

Definitions and bounds

The rainbow connection number of a graph  is the minimum number of colors needed to rainbow-connect , and is denoted by . Similarly, the strong rainbow connection number of a graph  is the minimum number of colors needed to strongly rainbow-connect , and is denoted by . Clearly, each strong rainbow coloring is also a rainbow coloring, while the converse is not true in general.

It is easy to observe that to rainbow-connect any connected graph , we need at least  colors, where  is the diameter of  (i.e. the length of the longest shortest path). On the other hand, we can never use more than  colors, where  denotes the number of edges in . Finally, because each strongly rainbow-connected graph is rainbow-connected, we have that .

The following are the extremal cases:
 if and only if  is a complete graph.
 if and only if  is a tree.

The above shows that in terms of the number of vertices, the upper bound  is the best possible in general. In fact, a rainbow coloring using  colors can be constructed by coloring the edges of a spanning tree of  in distinct colors. The remaining uncolored edges are colored arbitrarily, without introducing new colors. When  is 2-connected, we have that . Moreover, this is tight as witnessed by e.g. odd cycles.

Exact rainbow or strong rainbow connection numbers
The rainbow or the strong rainbow connection number has been determined for some structured graph classes:
, for each integer , where  is the cycle graph.
, for each integer , and , for , where  is the wheel graph.

Complexity
The problem of deciding whether  for a given graph  is NP-complete. Because  if and only if , it follows that deciding if  is NP-complete for a given graph .

Variants and generalizations
Chartrand, Okamoto and Zhang generalized the rainbow connection number as follows. Let  be an edge-colored nontrivial connected graph of order . A tree  is a rainbow tree if no two edges of  are assigned the same color. Let  be a fixed integer with . An edge coloring of  is called a -rainbow coloring if for every set  of  vertices of , there is a rainbow tree in  containing the vertices of . The -rainbow index  of  is the minimum number of colors needed in a -rainbow coloring of . A -rainbow coloring using  colors is called a minimum -rainbow coloring. Thus  is the rainbow connection number of .

Rainbow connection has also been studied in vertex-colored graphs. This concept was introduced by Krivelevich and Yuster.
Here, the rainbow vertex-connection number of a graph , denoted by , is the minimum number of colors needed to color  such that for each pair of vertices, there is a path connecting them whose internal vertices are assigned distinct colors.

See also
Rainbow matching

Notes

References

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Graph coloring


title: Luciana Genro

text:
Luciana Krebs Genro (Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, January 17, 1971) is a Brazilian politician, state deputy and one of the founders of the Socialism and Freedom Party (PSOL). In 2014, she was the PSOL nominee for President of Brazil. She came in 4th place, receiving more than 1.6 million votes nationally. She is the daughter of Tarso Genro, an important Workers' Party (PT) politician.

Biography

Early life and career
Luciana began her political career in the student movement in Porto Alegre and was part of the Socialist Convergence, at the time of the current Workers' Party (PT). She was elected in 1994, at the age of 23, for her first term as state deputy, and re-elected in 1998 with twice the previous vote. In the Legislative Assembly, she stood out for denouncing corruption at Corsan, when directed by Berfran Rosado, and for defending various processes of struggles of teachers, students, workers and other social movements.

Electoral history and founding of PSOL
In 2002, she was elected for the first time as a federal deputy by her state, in the same elections in which Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva rose to the Presidency of the Republic. Right at the beginning of the government, she disagreed with PT policies after coming to power, particularly with the government's pension reform proposal in 2003. She voted against and was expelled from the party by José Dirceu and José Genoíno, who are now detained after the Mensalão scandal.

She started, with Heloísa Helena and other dissident deputies, the founding process of PSOL, consolidated in 2005. The following year, she was re-elected federal deputy, already by the new party. In her two terms in the Chamber of Deputies, she devoted herself especially to bills in the economic field, such as the regulation of the tax on large fortunes. In 2008, she ran for mayor of Porto Alegre and took fourth place, with 9% of the votes.

2014 presidential campaign and aftermath
Luciana was a candidate for the Presidency of Brazil in the 2014 elections. In her campaign, she defended a program of deep reform of the economic and political systems, agrarian reform, civil rights and freedoms, among others. She ended the contest in 4th place, with more than 1.6 million votes. Luciana Genro was a candidate for mayor of Porto Alegre in 2016. She confirmed her interest in the dispute after her name appeared first in a poll that measures voting intentions. However, she finished the race in 5th place.

In 2018, she was pushed by some in PSOL to run for President again; however, she chose not to run, with Guilherme Boulos serving as the party's nominee. Instead, she was elected state deputy of Rio Grande do Sul on the Brazilian General Election.

In March 2022 she was amongst the 151 international feminists who signed Feminist Resistance Against War: A Manifesto, in solidarity with the Feminist Anti-War Resistance initiated by Russian feminists after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Personal life
Genro is the daughter of Tarso Genro and Sandra Krebs. Despite having significantly different political views, Luciana maintains a good relationship with her family. She is also the granddaughter of Adelmo Simas Genro, a member of the historical Brazilian Labor Party who was murdered by the military dictatorship, and niece of Adelmo Genro Filho, a journalist now deceased.

Luciana Genro has one son, Fernando Marcel Genro Robaina, born in 1988. Fernando's father is Roberto Robaina, a party director of PSOL with whom Luciana lived together for three and a half years. She separated from Robaina in 1991 and married journalist Sérgio Bueno in 1997. She identifies as an atheist.

References

External links

1971 births
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) from Rio Grande do Sul
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul
Living people
People from Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul
Socialism and Liberty Party politicians
Workers' Party (Brazil) politicians
Candidates for President of Brazil
20th-century Brazilian lawyers
Brazilian women lawyers
Brazilian people of Jewish descent
Brazilian Jews
Brazilian atheists
Jewish atheists
Brazilian feminists
Atheist feminists
20th-century women lawyers


title: Pagsanjan Arch

text:
Pagsanjan Arch also known as Puerto Real or Arco Real is a historic town gate of Pagsanjan, Laguna, Philippines built from 1878 to 1880 under the supervision of Fray Cipriano Bac. The arch was built by the people of Pagsanjan to express gratitude to their patroness, the Our Lady of Guadalupe, from protecting the town from bandits in 1877.

Location
The arch is located at the western entrance of the town along the National Highway. It leads to Rizal Street (formerly Calle Real) of the town.

History

The Story of the Bandits and the Virgin of Guadalupe
Bandits (or tulisanes) were rampant in Laguna during the last years of the Spanish colonization. Even the guardia civil at that time cannot control the acts of the tulisanes. On midnight of December 8, 1877, a group of bandits led by Tangkad who already plundered the nearby town of Majayjay is nearly approaching the western entrance of Pagsanjan. When the bandits are approaching the town, a beautiful lady dressed in white and holding a shining sword appeared to them. Using her sword, she drew a line and proclaimed  that the town is under her protection. The bandits experienced fear and immediately went to the mountains. Mang Juan, a sabungero who lives near the western entrance saw the whole event because of his insomnia that night. He told the event to the Spanish cura who later told it to the government authorities. All of them do not believe the story of Mang Juan until they went to the exact site and saw the mark of the Virgin's sword. To express their gratitude to their patroness, the Virgin of Guadalupe, they built a stone gate on the exact site where they saw the mark of the Virgin's sword.

Construction and Restoration of the Arch
Under the supervision of a Franciscan priest, Fray Cipriano Bac and Don Manuel de Yriarte, the Pagsanjan Arch was built from 1878 to 1880 by the town people through forced labor or polo y servicio. It was also known as Puerta Real or Royal Gate during the Spanish and American occupation.

During the Japanese liberation of the town, municipal authorities vandalized the historic gate by having it painted in a gaudy pink color, including the coat-of-arms and the two Castillan lions. The word Pagsanjan and the years of its construction, 1878–1880, written below it on the upper part of the gate's western facade were defaced and replaced with the greeting, "Welcome", and on the eastern side, "Thank U, Come Again". Historian Gregorio F. Zaide, a native of the town, started a project to restore the historic gate through Pagsanjeños in Manila who generously gave ₱5,000. Upon obtaining permission from the National Historic Institute (now National Historical Commission of the Philippines), the restoration process commenced under the supervision of Engr. Tito Rivera and was completed on May 25, 1975. A large copper plaque was placed on the wall of the first arch to thank the donors. Today, the Pagsanjan arch still stands on a main thoroughfare of the town.

Architectural style
Pagsanjan arch is well known for its three Roman arches or gates made of adobe stones, lime and carabao milk. On top of the arch is the Royal coat-of-arms of Spain (or escutcheon) in gold and yellow guarded by two red Castillan lions.

Heritage designation

The arch was declared as a national landmark by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines on December 6, 2018. A historical marker was unveiled.

See also
 Diocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe

References

Marked Historical Structures of the Philippines
Spanish Colonial architecture in the Philippines
Triumphal arches in the Philippines
Buildings and structures completed in 1880
Buildings and structures in Laguna (province)
19th-century architecture in the Philippines


title: 2013 Paris–Tours

text:
The 2013 Paris–Tours was the 107th edition of this single day road bicycle racing event. John Degenkolb won the race from a mass sprint in front of Michael Mørkøv and Arnaud Démare.

General standings

References

External links
Official website

Paris
Paris–Tours
Paris-Tours
Paris-Tours


title: List of science fiction action films

text:
This is a list of science fiction action films.

0-9

A

B

C

D

E

Encounter

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q
The Quick and the Undead

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z
Zeiram
Zombie Wars
Zone of the Dead

See also
 Lists of horror films
 Lists of science fiction films
 List of science fiction comedy films
 List of science fiction horror films

References

External links

action
Science fiction


title: Hällefors Elkhound

text:
Hällefors Elkhound () is a Swedish dog breed.

Appearance
The Hällefors Elkhound is a medium-sized, rectangular Spitz with either a sickle or curly tail. Thick, harsh, and dense coat should always be yellow, ranging from fawn to reddish. The colour shade is lighter in chest, belly, legs, and below the tail. The average height for males is 55 to 63 cm and for females 52 to 60 cm.

Behaviour
The Hällefors Elkhound is an energetic, courageous, and persistent dog with a strong character.

History
The breed was developed in Svealand, but its more detailed area of origin has been argued. It is stated that despite its name, it was not created in Hällefors, but in Fredriksberg village located in neighbouring Ludvika Municipality. It has mainly been used as a deer-hunting dog and its most remarkable ancestors are the Finnish Spitz and the Ostyak Laika. The Swedish Kennel Club, Svenska Kennelklubben, recognized the breed in 2000 and nowadays it is also recognized in several other Nordic countries, such as Finland and Norway.

Lineage
The breed falls under the mitochondrial DNA sub-clade referred to as d1 that is only found in northern Scandinavia. It is the result of a female wolf-male dog hybridization that occurred post-domestication. Subclade d1 originated 480–3,000 years ago and is found in all Sami-related breeds: the Finnish Lapphund, Swedish Lapphund, Lapponian Herder, Swedish Elkhound, Norwegian Elkhound, Black Norwegian Elkhound and Hällefors Elkhound. The maternal wolf sequence that contributed to these breeds has not been matched across Eurasia and its branch on the phylogenetic tree is rooted in the same sequence as the 33,000 year-old Altai dog (not a direct ancestor).

See also
 Dogs portal
 List of dog breeds

References

Rare dog breeds
Dog breeds originating in Sweden