title: Online social movement

text:
Online social movements are organized efforts to push for a particular goal through the use of new communications and information technologies, such as the Internet. In many cases, these movements seek to counter the mainstream public, claiming there is a wrong that should be righted. Online social movements have focused on a broad range on social and political issues in countries all around the world.

While the first social movements occurred through protests and civil disobedience, the rise of the internet commenced in numerous online social movements, beginning in the late 20th century. Since then, online social movements gained momentum into the early 21st century and are now one of the most prevalent forms of social movement. The organizational structures and strategies behind social movements have changed as a result of the online world. Online communities on social media build off social movements, enabling the connection of persons worldwide to develop a base and gain awareness of issues. The internet supports the mobilization of a larger group of people within a shorter period of time.

The ubiquity of online social movements has resulted in varying attitudes. Both proponents and critics have raised valid points about the potential and the shortcomings of online social movements, which have been increasing evident in the numerous examples around the world.

History
The earliest social movements were minimally related to the internet. For instance, Charles Tilly recognizes the first social movements in Britain and the US in the 1750s and 1760s, after the 7 Years War. John Wilkes led the "Wilkes and Liberty" movement to achieve legal and parliamentary reform. Across the Atlantic, the Boston merchants and the activists in the Sons of Liberty initiated the opposition to the British that eventually lead to the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

The mentality behind these was spurred on by sovereignty within British politics through the Reformation and informed John Wilkes and his followers about alternative societal rule. Thus, in 1768, members of the English lower class began to mobilize underneath Wilkes’ movement against the sovereignty of the ruling class. On May 10, 1768, Wilkes’ supporters and the king’s soldiers at St. George’s field began fighting, resulting in about six to eleven protesters dead. This event sparked speculation about where sovereignty lies. The rise of the Wilkes movement marked the beginning of a new phase in British politics where the notion of popular sovereignty became dominant. Wilkes and his followers consistently challenged the leading authority through actions taken outside of parliament and on the basis of contesting laws. They created something that was so new that it laid the groundwork for political struggles to come: social movements.

These situations, while different in nature from social movements we experience today, started the idea of mass-gathering to contest an issue. Modern examples of social movements include the Movement of the Unemployed in the 1930s, the Free Speech and Civil Rights Movements in the 1960s, the lower-profile 1990s movements, and the many digital movements in the 21st century.

Social movements have evolved to a more widespread and integral state than ever before, in part due to social movements presence on social media. The earliest online social movements began right after the Internet revolution. While the Arab Springs are commonly associated with the earliest online movements, in reality, social movements began through email. In 1990, software company Lotus and credit bureau Equifax gained access to names, addresses and purchasing behavior of 120 million Americans in CD-ROM format. In response, nearly 30,000 consumers organized through emails and message boards in protest, halting the release of the database by 1991.

Since the late 2000s, there has been an increasing use of commercial social media platforms by social movements. According to Lopes, "Social Media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and the various online blogs have arguably given a voice to individuals that otherwise would not be heard."

Many people have conflicting views on social media and its effectiveness when put to the task of activism. The Pew Research Center found that some 64% of Americans feel that the statement ‘social media help give a voice to underrepresented groups’ describes these sites very or somewhat well. But a larger share, 77%, say social networking sites distract people from issues that are truly important, and 71% agree with the assertion that ‘social media makes people believe they're making a difference even when they really are not really making change.' The debate on whether social media has added or retracted to the function of social movements as compared to historical precedence remains at the forefront of modern discussions on these issues.

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced social movements to reinvent their protest strategies. Strict social distancing measures prevented traditional physical demonstrations in several countries, such as Italy, or limited the number of people that could gather, as in France and Germany. Many movements were forced to campaign online. Moreover, with the concept of people-less protests, first described by Yunus Berndt, a form of political activism at the intersection of online and offline spheres emerged.

Uses of the Internet
The use of the Internet in attempts to change society can be understood through different mechanisms, which have redefined traditional social movements. The Internet can be utilized through emails and social media, as well as online forums and petition platforms, which is unique in the context of traditional social movements.

Improved communication and increased public awareness
The Internet has supported the spread of information about movements through rapid dissemination so that there is greater traction and more individuals are exposed to the cause. The communication costs of the social movement also decline, allowing for cheaper and better communication with audiences. In addition, the Internet serves as a forum where people can openly discuss grievances and inequalities. Improved communication becomes important in creating rational understanding of social injustices and inequalities, which are typically critical to driving social movements.

Quicker and larger-scale mobilization of people
With better communication, the Internet facilitates the development of collective understandings that encourages wider participation in movements. Physical constraints, such as geography and resources, can be overcome through online organizing. Social networks have assembled individuals of different backgrounds to create social movements that are widespread and global. Collective identity can be emphasized through this gathering of geographically disparate people and the diffusion of a common narrative. For instance, Twitter hashtags, Facebook pages and Tumblr blogs have all played roles in organizing protests all around the world, with nearly 100,000 different hashtags related to the movement.  There is also potential for cross-movement influence, where the Occupy Movement that begun in the United States enabled the sharing of ideas with the Occupy Gezi protests in Turkey through digital exchange.

Effective coordination
The presence of the Internet supports the coordination of movements and the recruitment of resources. Grievances and public awareness alone are insufficient in driving social movements, but in addition require extensive coordination and resources. The online world also helps improve the different levels of engagement possible, such as sharing opinions and engaging in forums, signing online petitions and participating in decision-making processes. To an extent, movements are able to establish legitimacy through content distributed through the Internet, without relying on mass media or in-person organization.

Efficient resource mobilization
The Internet provides a means to raise funds for campaigns. The Tibet Fund was one of the more prominent online funding raising platforms in support of Tibetan independence. The website provided detailed information for potential donors, as well as clear indications of how the funds will be used. The low cost of access to communicate using the Internet also freed up financial resources for other activities, especially where the campaigns are operating under limited budgets. This strategy can also free up resources to supplement online movements with in person organization, making goals for expansion more tangible.

Examples

Online social movements advance their work primarily through media, traditional or digital. It is easier, less costly as well as less time-consuming to link collective behavior as real-time communication can occur vastly and simultaneously via social media. These movements exist in a range of different locales covering a wide breadth of topics, and the extent of their eventual offline action varies from case to case.

Political

2009 Iranian presidential election protests: Protests against the highly controversial 2009 Iranian presidential election results in support of opposition candidates Mir-Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi, occurred in major cities nationwide from 2009 into early 2010. The protests were titled Iranian Green Movement by its proponents, reflecting Mousavi's campaign theme, and Persian Awakening, Persian Spring or Green Revolution, reflecting the "Persian identity" of Iranians and the so-called "colour revolution" theme. Protests began the night of 12 June 2009, following the announcement that incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad won nearly 63% of the vote, despite several reported irregularities.

Egyptian revolution of 2011: The Egyptian revolution of 2011, also known as the January 25 Revolution, started on 25 January 2011 and spread across Egypt. The date was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual Egyptian "Police holiday" as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of Mubarak's presidency. It consisted of demonstrations, marches, occupations of plazas, non-violent civil resistance, acts of civil disobedience and strikes. Millions of protesters from a range of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Violent clashes between security forces and protesters resulted in at least 846 people killed and over 6,000 injured. Protesters retaliated by burning over 90 police stations across the country.

Arab Spring: The Arab Spring was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in response to oppressive regimes and a low standard of living, starting with protests in Tunisia. The protests then spread to five other countries: Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Bahrain, where either the regime was toppled or major uprisings and social violence occurred, including riots, civil wars or insurgencies. Sustained street demonstrations took place in Morocco, Iraq, Algeria, Iranian Khuzestan, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman and Sudan. Minor protests occurred in Djibouti, Mauritania, the Palestinian National Authority, Saudi Arabia, and the Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara.

Gender, race, and sexuality

#BlackLivesMatter: Black Lives Matter (BLM) is an international activist movement, originating in the African-American community, that campaigns against violence and systemic racism towards black people. BLM regularly holds protests speaking out against police killings of black people, and broader issues such as racial profiling, police brutality, and racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system. In 2013, the movement began with the use of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin in February 2012. The movement became nationally recognized for street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African Americans.

#MeToo: The Me Too (or #MeToo) movement, with a large variety of related local or international names, is a movement against sexual harassment and sexual assault. The phrase "Me Too" was initially used in this context on social media in 2006, on Myspace, by sexual harassment survivor and activist Tarana Burke. Similar to other social justice and empowerment movements based upon breaking silence, the purpose of "Me Too", as initially voiced by Burke as well as those who later adopted the tactic, is to empower women through empathy and strength in numbers, especially young and vulnerable women, by visibly demonstrating how many women have survived sexual assault and harassment, especially in the workplace. Following the exposure of the widespread sexual-abuse allegations against Harvey Weinstein in early October 2017, the movement began to spread virally as a hashtag on social media.
The Time's Up movement is in part a supplemental movement to #MeToo focused on taking equitable action and organization against inequality and sexual harassment in professional settings. The movement was created in 2018 and consists of more than 300 prominent women in Hollywood, including Natalie Portman and Rashida Jones, and work with a legal fund to lobby and get protective laws passed. Time's Up is an example of how online movements can become a segway into more goal-oriented, action-forward work. The movement gained momentum in Egypt following the significant rise in the number of sexual harassment, molestation, and rape cases. However, the rights of some of the witnesses and victims who came forward with their complaints were abused. Seif Bedour is one such student who became the victim of Egypt’s flawed law enforcement after being arrested for accompanying one of his friends to the Cairo police station as a witness in her rape case. Bedour was arrested in August 2020 and has been held in detention for four months on charges of morality despite not having any connections to the alleged rape case or having been present at the crime scene in 2014. The detention of witnesses in the case has cast shadow over the ‘Me Too’ movement started in the region and passed out a message that social morality is held above the rights of the Egyptian women.

Other movements
#MarchForOurLives: The March for Our Lives (MFOL) was a student-led demonstration in support of legislation to prevent gun violence in the United States. It took place in Washington, D.C., on March 24, 2018, with over 880 sibling events throughout the United States and around the world, and was planned by Never Again MSD in collaboration with the nonprofit organization. The event followed the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting a month earlier, which was described by several media outlets as a possible tipping point for gun control legislation. Protesters urged for universal background checks on all gun sales, raising the federal age of gun ownership and possession to 21, closing of the gun show loophole, a restoration of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban, and a ban on the sale of high-capacity magazines and bump stocks in the United States. Turnout was estimated to be between 1.2 and 2 million people in the United States, making it one of the largest protests in American history.

#MMIW Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women was created over ten years ago by the Sisters in Spirit group and Native Women's Association in Canada, where research began towards the violence against Indigenous women. This campaign has moved into the United States and has become a worldwide movement for Indigenous cultures. A majority of the movement and gatherings are led by those personally impacted by a missing or murdered indigenous woman in their lives. In 2014, Holly Jarret started the social media campaign with the #MMIW hashtag along with #ImNotNext, #NativeLivesMatter, #AmInext in a twitter campaign to bring attention to the Canadian Prime Minister to create an inquiry to MMIW where is was later acknowledged.

#EveryChildMatters is a grassroot movement to support and bring awareness to the Indigenous children of Canada and United States who never made it home and for the survivors and families who were impacted by the treatment of their children in the boarding schools. #EveryChildMatters is connected to the hashtag #WearOrangeDay, a campaign for people to wear orange shirts in remembrance of the survivors and those who didn't make it home.

Impacts

The impact of online movements has seen a lot of growth since the introduction of the internet. With the accessible medium of social media, internet activism has reached the forefront of the internet. Through the use of social networking sites such as Facebook and content-sharing sites as YouTube, the opportunity for wide-scale, online social participation has increased.

Benefits

Online social movements have been celebrated for their ability to amass large amounts of success. The online world provides the power to organize without any formal organisations, which speeds up the process of mobilization and allows for greater scale in rapid time frames. This can be understood as New Power, which supports informal leadership and radical transparency, conducive for large amounts of participation by people on social media. Previously, the dominant form of old power limited participation in movements and leadership to a small group. Rapid mobilization helps people overcome pluralistic ignorance, where individuals believe that they are the only person with a particular view. Instead, the online networked sphere helps reveal otherwise preferences to each other in order to discover common ground.  The increased visibility of a movement on the internet supports a sense of camaraderie, setting and maintaining a cause, even if it is otherwise decentralized. Social media can overcome pluralistic ignorance, which is the belief that your opinions are not shared by others, when in reality, they tend to be. The online world enables the synchronization of opinions across disparate geographies, creating new norms of behavior and belief through regular repetition and affirmation of messages. In the political sphere, active online groups increase political participation by providing a framework for discussion, leading petitions, and collecting donations in order to further a political agenda. This alignment of values has often results in the potential to organize, such as fund raising in the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge that raised $100 million in just 30 days.
Online movements are able to sustain attention across boundaries, physical and temporal. For instance, during the Egyptian Revolution in 2011, Facebook’s event function allowed for people to organize protests, which would then be acted out upon in real-life. Similarly, the Occupy movement was able to gather an online following around the world through the Tumblr blog, titled “We are the 99%”. The function of being able to post on a shared website supported the gathering of different narratives, unifying people. In fact, online social movements epitomizes the notion of “many yeses, one no”. This motto highlights how the online world brings together diverse voices against something they all feel strongly about by acting as integrating screens since people use these devices to connect with others, rather than to isolate themselves. In many ways, social media has created networks conducive for unification across different identities, supporting intersectional approaches to fighting injustice. People can inform themselves on the most equitable practices and gain insight on how best to accommodate everyone while fighting for a particular issue. For instance, the Zapatistas attempted to emphasize their inclusivity of the movement, which had begun as somewhat of a peasants revolt. The leader of the movement, Marcos, was famously presented in numerous identities, of different exploited and marginalized minorities who are saying “Enough” to their situation:“Yes, Marcos is gay. Marcos is gay in San Francisco, black in South Africa, an Asian in Europe, a Chicano in San Ysidro, an anarchist in Spain, a Palestinian in Israel, a Mayan Indian in the streets of San Cristobal, a Jew in Germany, a Gypsy in Poland, a Mohawk in Quebec, a pacifist in Bosnia, a single woman on the subway at 10pm, a peasant without land, a gang member in the slums, an unemployed worker, an unhappy student and, of course, a Zapatista in the mountains. Marcos is all the exploited, marginalised, oppressed minorities resisting and saying 'Enough.' He is every minority who is now beginning to speak, and every majority that must shut up and listen. He is every untolerated group searching for a way to speak. Everything that makes power and the good consciences of those in power uncomfortable—this is Marcos.” -Subcommandant Marcos, from Social Justice E-Zine #27 Social media is also able to provide a creative milieu that is conducive for narrative building. Memes, in particular, have proven to be a useful tool when it comes to circulating certain ideas. They enter the public consciousness and are able to pique interest through a dual purpose of entertainment and awareness. In addition, the large numbers of people online allow for intentional overproduction. Amanda D. Lotz noted that this is a key strategy, where multiple shows and commercials are created in order to compete, so that the most effective version can succeed, while the others disappear. In online social movements, hashtag culture functions by having many people copy each other and come up with new permutations, allowing for the most successful version to spread.

Social media platforms are harder to censor than real-life organization of movements. Ethan Zuckerman advanced the Cute Cat Theory of Digital Activism, which explains the relative lack of censorship online. Zuckerman posits that the web is used primarily for innocuous purposes, such as connecting with families and friends and posting pictures of cats. While the affordances that social media provides activists nurtures a community that engages in political criticism, these activists are able to hide behind the largely mundane uses of the internet and cause censorship by governments to appear especially draconian. For instance, the Twitter ban in Turkey by Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan who intended to “wipe out” the social media platform was met with furious outrage from the population, experts and the global community. Similarly when ex-Tunisian President Ben Ali attempted to ban Facebook in 2010, his move backfired because so many Tunisians used Facebook to connect with family, friends and acquaintances.

Detriments

There are numerous critiques posed against online social movements that populate the discourse.

Most frequently, the limited capacity for tangible change is often raised. For social movements to be successful, there need to be network internalities, which are durable networks ideal for organised action. These networks are the result of long-term challenges that are collectively overcome, which supports trust building. This process requires the investment of time and energy in order for members of a social movement to learn how to cooperate to achieve their goals.

Zeynep Tufekci introduces the Mount Everest metaphor in her comparison of the Civil Rights Movement’s achievements with the Arab Spring’s relative limited scope of change, especially in Egypt. Zeynep draws a comparison between social media and Sherpas. Previously, climbing Mount Everest was a challenging task. However, with Sherpas, more people were capable of doing so, and this led to a spike in mountaineering tourism. These individuals remained unprepared for the reality of scaling the mountain, resulting in a spike in deaths. Similarly, social media has enabled more social movements to spread and enter the public sphere. However, there has not been long-term training and building of network internalities which is necessary to sustain these movements. The Civil Rights Movement had undergone strenuous planning and organisation, which has resulted in leaders who were able to represent the cause, such as Martin Luther King. In contrast, online social movements tend to be more short-lived. For instance, Kony 2012 brought attention to child soldiers being forced into Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army. However, the small organization that directed the video, Invisible Children, was incapable of managing the sheer volume of attention received. The director Jason Russell thereafter had a major breakdown and the social movement dissipated, which can be owed to lack of strong organization and network internalities. Related to this is the theory of tactical adaptation by Doug McAdam, which can apply to movements with a lack of strong organizational power and cause opposing forces to easily adapt to tactics employed by social movements. If mobilizing action on social media is a sole or primary tactic of a social movement and no consistent tactical innovation poses a direct threat to government or institutions, the movement may have trouble gaining traction long-term.

There is also the concern of a lack of clear leadership in online social movements. This means that there might be a challenge in finding representatives to negotiate within the movement and with adversaries. These individuals might have little in common beyond the initial movement. For instance, Tahrir Square protesters could not deviate tactically from their initial demand, which was to overthrow the Hosni Mubarak regime. Hence, there was a tactical freeze, where tactics could not be adjusted and new demands were not articulated by the social movement. Even the creator of “We are All Khaled Said”, the main Facebook page of the Egyptian Revolution, Wael Ghonim was in no position to concede anything. Ghonim was neither an elected leader, nor an informal one, which denied him legitimacy to engage in negotiations. Similarly, in the Occupy movement, there was an attempt to empower all protestors to be leaders of the movement. However, as a “leaderful” movement, there was a lack of ability to identify a clear representative to negotiate since there were too many perspectives.

Online social movements, while effective in unifying people, might also amplify the tendency to tribalism. In particular, more people having access to social media might democratize the risk of promoting violence, especially where institutions are not stable and there can be large amounts of distrust and disinformation. For instance, while social media had helped Sri Lanka ease the path to its first democratic elections in 2015 after years of civil war, communal hatreds began to overrun the news feeds, which are the primary portal of news and information for many users.

Some critiques, specific to online social media activism, have been raised about the power mechanisms and organisational structure.  This transition highlighted asymmetrical relationships between the for-profit aims of social media and the copy-left values that drive many online movements. According to Fenton, "Claims for the extension and re-invention of activism need to be considered in the context of the material social and political world of inequality, injustice and corporate dominance." For example, "in his analysis of the Purple Movement (Popolo Viola) in Italy and its extensive use of Facebook, Coretti (2014) demonstrates that, while the myth of the network as open and inclusive persists, it acts as a disguise for the communication protocols of commercial social networking platforms that may well enable large-scale mobilization but ultimately, through their very functionality, encourage organizational centralization and fragmentation in social movements". The proprietary nature of the design of platforms, such as Facebook pages, possibly fails to provide movements with the necessary instruments in a shared democratic management of their resources. Moreover, the inability to manage Facebook pages and groups according to commonly agreed values promotes vertical power structures within movements, contributing to a controversial management of Facebook pages and to internal divisions that significantly hinder the potential of protest.

Future

Social movements have existed before the Internet, but the nature of social movements has been modified through the Internet. The online world's beneficial impacts are clear, but these impacts are accompanied with detriments. Online movements are able to scale up dramatically and more quickly, but these horizontalist movements come at the expense of weathering risks and responses from the government.

In comparing past social movements to social movements today, it is clear that many of them have heavily utilized online social media platforms to advance their agendas. With the help of many open source media platforms, such as Creative Commons and P2P Foundation, the public can easily gain access to the essence of these social movements. The prevalence of these platforms also allows for an easier way to market, while simultaneously reaching a wider range of audience. While many more social media tools are available today and as a result granted faster and easier preparation of a movement, it is up to debate whether this change has been good for the success of current movements. It is essential to continue to monitor this shift in culture in social movements and understand the advantages and drawbacks of having access to social media as a means to advance a movement. With the continued rapid evolution of the internet, the future of online movements is hard to predict.

Vanessa DiMauro, a community builder and researcher in decision-making, believes that the biggest trend concerning online communities is the formation of private online communities. While these large networks that we encounter and use on a daily basis have provided us with a productive and collaborative experience, they have also increased to unmanageable sizes. To become a learning environment, these groups need to be much smaller and manageable, which reflects DiMauro's belief. This is where the idea and trend of private online communities could potentially be the future of online communities.

The traditional role of actors, such as social media organizations and governments, have also changed with online social movements. In these online communities, social movement organizations have been less necessary for online participation. While these organizations have continued to play a role in offline engagements, social media organizations have begun to find new avenues for their contribution to social change.  Similarly, governments have found new ways to respond to online social movements. They have done this by developing new methods to adapt to social media threats, as well as by developing new methods of repression. As governments have evolved, dissidents have continued to adapt with the new technological affordances.  In an online space, uncertain times continue to remain for social activists and governments.

See also

 Slacktivism
 Internet activism
 Accelerated pluralism
Tactical Adaptation

References

Social movements
Internet activism


title: Baccalà alla lucana

text:
Baccalà alla lucana is a traditional dish from Basilicata in southern Italy,  particularly widespread in the area of the comune of Avigliano and therefore also known as baccalà all'aviglianese. A typical Christmas dish, it is made of cod and crunchy red peppers known as cruschi.

See also
 Cuisine of Basilicata
 List of fish dishes

External links
Brief history
Recipe

Italian seafood dishes
Cuisine of Basilicata


title: South Eastern District

text:
South Eastern District or South East District may refer to several places:

Country subdivisions
South-East District, Botswana
South Eastern Subregion, Eritrea
South Eastern District, Malta

Other uses
South Eastern School District, York County, Pennsylvania
South East Community Development Council, Singapore

See also
Southeast

District name disambiguation pages


title: Lepanthopsis melanantha

text:
Lepanthopsis melanantha, common name tiny orchid, is a very small epiphytic species of orchid. It is native to southern Florida and the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico). In Florida, it is known only from the Fahkahatchee Swamp in Collier County.

References

External links
US Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Institute for Regional Conservation, Floristic Inventory of South Florida Database Online, Lepanthopsis melanantha, tiny orchid
Swiss Orchid Foundation at the Herbarium Jany Renz, Lepanthopsis melanantha

Orchids of North America
Flora of Florida
Flora of the Caribbean
Plants described in 1865
Pleurothallidinae
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


title: If You Build It

text:
If You Build It is a 2013 documentary directed by Patrick Creadon, produced by Neal Baer, and filmed on location largely in the town of Windsor and surrounding Bertie County, North Carolina, the state's poorest county.

The documentary follows a year in the life of an innovative, design-based high school program, culminating with the design and sixteen-week construction of a farmer's market pavilion, the only farmers market pavilion in the U.S. designed and built by high school students.

The film's title is a truncated reference to the catchphrase "if you build it, he will come," from the 1989 film Field of Dreams.

Synopsis
In 2010, Superintendent of Public Schools for Bertie County, Chip Zullinger (1951–2014) had been hired to address the school district's serious shortcomings.  After completing four large architectural projects with designer Emily Pilloton-Lam (author of the 2009 book Design Revolution) and architect Matt Miller, Zullinger invited the two to create a high school curriculum.

Pilloton-Lam and Miller described the curriculum, ultimately named Studio H, as shop class for the 21st century, where the design process could address the community's problems and its own sense of possibility. Named after its focus on "humanity, habitats, health and happiness," the curriculum "empowered young people to become creative problem solvers and at the same time encourage them to become more active citizens." Variety quoted Pilloton-Lam, saying the project's purpose was to "plant small seeds in our students that years from now could result in a new kind of resource."

Pilloton-Lam and partner Miller, worked with 10 (initially 13) high school students at Bertie Early College High School through the year-long, full-scale design/build curriculum – following six design rules: there is no design without critical action; we work 'with' not 'for;' we start locally and scale globally; create systems, not stuff; document, share and measure; and finally build. The students began the school year with constructing water purifiers from clay and cow pies. After designing, constructing and selling corn hole boards, the students follow with full-scale chicken coops of their own design and culminate the year with the design and construction of an open-air farmer's market, which subsequently became known as the Windsor Super Market (depicted on the movie poster above, right).

The project team and the community had identified a new farmer's market as a viable and desirable community project, and under the leadership of Pilloton-Lam and Miller the students focused on developing design and construction skills: critical thinking, research (e.g., analyzing Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion House), sketching, and drafting, along with welding and real-world construction trades. Pilloton-Lam and Miller in turn completed construction documents and specifications, worked with a structural engineer and filed for construction permits – while also preparing and conducting three hours of daily classroom instruction.

The film backtracks to tell the story of Matt Miller and his thesis project from the Cranbrook Academy, where he designed and constructed along with classmate Thomas Gardner a 900 sf, two-story infill house.  The house was ultimately abandoned, leading Miller to conclude the project failed because the end-user was insufficiently engaged and invested in process.

Together the Project H team identified student Stevie Mizelle's preliminary concept model to develop further, subsequently completing construction of the farmer's market to approximately 75% before the school year ended.  The design features a large wood platform for vendor booths with vertical wood trusses supporting a rectilinear roofed canopy with wood slats designed to filter and control solar glare; a main floor at the same height above grade as a pickup truck bed, allowing vendors to back up to the "loading dock" at each vendor stall and walk their goods directly off their truck into their booth; and a long ramp at the front to allow pedestrian accessibility and to provide a symbolic front porch for visitors.

Early in the school year, Pilloton-Lam and Miller chose to continue with the project after Zullinger, their prime backer, was dismissed by the school board, and the board became unwilling to underwrite the curriculum and withdrew their offered salaries. Pilloton-Lam and Miller continued to work with the students and subsequently completed construction of the farmer's market after the school year ended.  The Windsor Super Market opened in October 2011.

Students featured in Studio H were Erick Bowen, Rodecoe Dunlow, Kerron Hayes, Anthony Johnson, Stevie Mizelle, Cameron Perry, Cj Robertson, Jamesha Thompson, Colin White and Alexia Williams.  The film also features County Commissioner Ron Wesson as well as volunteer Eric Wandmacher (friend of Pilloton-Lam and Miller) and Superintendent of Public Schools, Chip Zullinger.

Background

Prior to one-year Studio H curriculum in Bertie County, Pilloton-Lam and Miller had completed four architectural projects with the school board, as backed by Superintendent Zullinger: four playgrounds, three computer labs, a weight room for the football team, and a county-wide graphic campaign. Friction on the school board developed with another Zullinger-backed project, "Connect Bertie," a project to bring free county-wide internet connectivity by paying an outside entity, Century Link, to provide the internet services at a cost of $2 million annually.  The tension culminated with Zullwinger's dismissal, followed a reversal of the dismissal and then acceptance of his resignation.  Without his support and the offered salaries, Zullwinger's departure directly threatened the Studio H project.

Other tensions arose, and in a 2013 interview, Pilloton-Lam identified a racially and politically charged context that surrounded the curriculum and the project — describing Bertie County as a place where "hundreds of years of slavery and institutionalized racism is very much still alive and kicking." On release of the film, Pilloton-Lam and Miller said "they said they still believe it was fear of change – not lack of money in a budget that topped $30 million – that ultimately led to the board's decision."

Pilloton-Lam had grown up near Mount Tamalpais, California, attributing the German toy Quadro with inspiring her interest in design. She later studied at the College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley and the Art Institute of Chicago, during a period when there was no curriculum but when there was a 100,000 sf shop class.

Matt Miller was born in West Virginia and has architecture degrees from the University of Tennessee and Cranbrook Academy of Art.  He has taught architecture and design at the Rhode Island School of Design, the College of Creative Studies, and UC Berkeley – and worked with Architecture for Humanity.  Miller was the first student at the Cranbrook Academy to design and also build his thesis project (along with classmate Thomas Gardner): a 900 sf, two-story block infill house at 2126 Pierce Street in Poletown, Detroit.  The house, ultimately abandoned, had a construction budget of $60,000 and used all-volunteer labor along with carefully selected materials (e.g., concrete block and rubber membrane roofing) to keep costs down.

Reception
As of mid-2014, the film had received a rating on Rotten Tomatoes of 78% favorable critic response based on 27 reviews, with an average score of 6.79/10. Architectural Record called the film "a document of America at its most vulnerable."

Follow up
Pilloton-Lam and Miller, who had been a couple, split up some time after the period depicted in the documentary.  Matthew Miller is now the lead design/build instructor at (co)studio, a public high school program in Carbondale, Colorado. Pilloton-Lam continues to direct Studio H, which is now in its fourth year, at the REALM Charter School in Berkeley, California.

Studio H has grown to include more than 200 students, a staff of seven (paid) and 24 built projects around the country (as of mid 2014).  In Bertie County as of 2012, the Studio H program had completed 15 architectural and design projects, worked with 26 students and (in addition to the farmer's market pavilion) constructed two roadside farmstands for important county intersections, and organized a town-managed association for local farmers. Students have worked on these projects for high school and college credits as well as stipends.

Early in the film, student Stevie Mizelle – whose preliminary design for the farmer's market was ultimately selected by the team for design development – joked: "school, I hate it, my dad hated it, my granddaddy hated it. I'm carrying on a tradition." He currently studies animal behavior at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, and made Dean's List his first year. He was the first male relative in his immediate family to graduate from high school, attributing his graduation to his work with Studio H.

Chip Zullinger died suddenly in April 2014. Zullinger, widely described as ahead of his time, told Patrick Creadon, director of "If you Build it," he had been fired at least eight times and wore that as a badge of honor. Creadon described Zullinger as a "renegade school superintendent, a great thinker and a steamroller when it came to getting kids the education they deserve."

References

External links

 Connect Bertie at YouTube
 Article in the Roanoke Chowann New Herald about Connect Bertie

2013 films
American documentary films
2013 documentary films
Documentary films about architecture
Documentary films about high school in the United States
Films shot in North Carolina
Films directed by Patrick Creadon
Bertie County, North Carolina
Architectural education
Documentary films about North Carolina
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


title: Mudhdhoo

text:
Mudhdhoo, is an island  in the Baa Atoll in the Maldives.
It is the location of the Dusit Thani Maldives, a Dusit Thani Group resort hotel.

References

Islands of the Maldives


title: Qaiser Khan

text:
Qaiser Ali Khan (born 16 December 1971) is an Indian politician affiliated with the Indian National Congress party. He also serves as general secretary of the Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee.

Early life and education
Qaiser Ali Khan was born in Varisnagar, Samastipur, Bihar to Wajiha Khanam and Shaukat Ali Khan.

He did his schooling from Victoria Memorial English School, Patna and his graduation from Zakir Hussein College, Delhi University. In 2009, Khan established Y K Homes, a real estate firm.

References

1971 births
Living people


title: Darda Sales

text:
Darda Sales  (born September 1, 1982)  is a Canadian swimmer, 4.0 point wheelchair basketball player and motivational speaker. She won gold medals with the 4x100 medley relay team at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney and the 2002 IPC Swimming World Championships in Mar del Plata, and a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens. She switched to wheelchair basketball after she retired from swimming in 2009, and won a gold medal in that sport at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Toronto.

Biography
Darda Geiger was born in London, Ontario, on September 1, 1982. She was the youngest of four children, with two older brothers and an older sister. She grew up on a farm in rural Ontario. In 1985, when she was two, she lost her right leg above the knee in a farm accident. She has a Bachelor of Arts with Honors degree in kinesiology from the University of Western Ontario and a postgraduate certificate in therapeutic recreation. She is an athlete therapeutic recreational therapist.

When Geiger was nine, she met three athletes who were training for the 1992 Summer Paralympics in Barcelona, and decided to become a Paralympian too. This dream came true at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney. As a member of the 4x100 medley relay team, she won a gold medal in the world record time. This was followed by a gold medal in the same event at the IPC Swimming World Championships in 2002, and a silver at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens. She also won bronze medals in the 100 m freestyle and 400 m freestyle events at the 2006 IPC World Championships.

Geiger married Brad Sales, a fellow Paralympic swimmer and member of the Canadian national swim team, and now goes by the name of Darda Sales. They have three children. She competed in the 50 m, 100 m and 400m freestyle and the 100 m backstroke events at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, her third Paralympic Games, but did not win a medal.

Sales retired from swimming in 2009, but became interested in wheelchair basketball. She competed for Team Ontario at the women's national championships, and made the national team in 2014. She was part of the team that won a gold medal at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Toronto in July 2014. and silver at the 2015 Parapan American Games in August 2015.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Paralympic gold medalists for Canada
Paralympic silver medalists for Canada
Canadian women's wheelchair basketball players
Paralympic swimmers for Canada
Swimmers from London, Ontario
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Wheelchair basketball players at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in wheelchair basketball
Paralympic medalists in swimming
Paralympic wheelchair basketball players for Canada
Canadian female freestyle swimmers
S9-classified para swimmers


title: 10th Yokohama Film Festival

text:
The  was held on 12 February 1989 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.

Awards
 Best Film: Rock yo shizukani nagareyo
 Best New Actor: Otokogumi (Shoji Narita, Kazuya Takahashi, Kenichi Okamoto, and Koyo Maeda) – Rock yo shizukani nagareyo
 Best Actor: Hiroyuki Sanada – Kaitō Ruby
 Best Actress: Kyōko Koizumi – Kaitō Ruby
 Best New Actress: Yukari Tachibana – Neko no Yōni
 Best Supporting Actor: Tsurutarō Kataoka – The Discarnates
 Best Supporting Actress: Shuko Honami – Ureshi Hazukashi Monogatari
 Best Director:
Shūsuke Kaneko – Summer Vacation 1999, Last Cabaret
Shunichi Nagasaki – Rock yo shizukani nagareyo
 Best New Director: Koji Enokido – Futari Botchi
 Best Screenplay: Shoichi Maruyama – Futari Botchi, Love Story o Kimini
 Best Cinematography: Kenji Takama – Summer Vacation 1999

Best 10
 Rock yo shizukani nagareyo
 My Neighbor Totoro
 Futari Botchi
 The Discarnates
 Revolver
 Kaitō Ruby
 Kono Mune no Tokimeki wo
 Summer Vacation 1999
 Last Cabaret
 Grave of the Fireflies
runner-up. Kaisha monogatari: Memories of You
runner-up. So What

References

Yokohama Film Festival
Yokohama Film Festival
Yokohama Film Festival
Yokohama Film Festival


title: Clepsis violacea

text:
Clepsis violacea is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Mongolia.

References

Moths described in 1966
Clepsis


title: Riverview Theater

text:
The Riverview Theater is a cinema in the Howe neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Designed by Liebenberg and Kaplan, the theater was built by theater owners Bill and Sidney Volk in 1948. After building a subsequent theater in a new ultramodern style, the Volks returned to the Riverview in 1956 and had its lobby area heavily renovated and updated. The Riverview remains one of several surviving single-screen cinemas in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area and typically showed second-run films until the COVID-19 pandemic, when it switched to showing first-run movies. Since the early 2000s, it has been consistently recognized by City Pages as one of the best movie theaters in the area.

History
The Lithuania-born Volk brothers, Bill and Sidney, came to Minnesota in the early 1920s and got involved in the movie business by purchasing neighborhood theaters during the Great Depression. In 1946, the Volks initiated what the publication Greater Amusements called a "theater-building orgy" when they received a permit from the Minneapolis City Council to build the first new theater in Minneapolis in twelve years in spite of the protests of other theater managers. The Riverview was designed by architectural firm Liebenberg and Kaplan and built in 1948 in the Streamline Moderne style. It opened December 30, 1948, with a showing of June Bride. The single-screen theater utilized stadium seating, making it one of the earlier movie theaters to do so.

Three years later, the Volks again called on Liebenberg and Kaplan to construct the Terrace Theater in Robbinsdale, Minnesota, "one of the first ultramodern theaters in America", and considered by author Larry Millett to be "their masterpiece". Pleased with the results (and the industry-bucking receipts), the Volks turned back to the Riverview and had Liebenberg and Kaplan remodel it to reflect the successful Terrace model. This occurred in 1956, eight years after the theater's initial construction. The new lobby space was intended to reflect a living room and even included a separate TV lounge. Amenities were ample: "Dunbar tables, McCobb stools, Herman Miller divans and chairs, walnut panels imposed on light wood, graceful modern lamps, stunning draperies." Inside the theater space, however, little changed about the proscenium stage and seating.

The Riverview became one of the few remaining single-screen theaters in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area; by the end of the 1980s, it was one of only six left, and after 1998, it was one of only four left, with the Uptown and Parkway Theaters and the Oak Street Cinema, although since 1998, several new single-screen theaters–the Trylon Microcinema and the Heights Theater–have opened. The owners installed new seats in 1999 that allowed for greater leg room and more space between patrons.

Contemporary status

The Riverview is located in Minneapolis's Howe neighborhood and seats 700 patrons. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the theater typically played second-run films for between $2–3 per ticket and its concessions were also "much cheaper than at the suburban multiplexes". Upon reopening after the start of the pandemic, the theater shifted its model to playing first-run films.

Sometimes, other events are shown, including midnight movies, sporting events, film festivals, an annual screening of the Lord of the Rings trilogy, and political events such as Barack Obama's first inauguration in 2009. Take Up Productions, operator of the nearby 100-seat Trylon Cinema, sometimes uses the Riverview for screenings too large for the Trylon to accommodate. The theater won City Pages Best Budget Movie Theater award in 2000, 2004, and 2005, and the Best Movie Theater award every year from 2006 to 2014 except 2011 and 2012. The Riverview's lobby remains largely unchanged from its 1956 renovation.

Notes

References

Cited

External links

Culture of Minneapolis
Cinemas and movie theaters in Minnesota
Theatres completed in 1948
Streamline Moderne architecture in Minnesota
Buildings and structures in Minneapolis
1948 establishments in Minnesota


title: List of UCLA Bruins in the NFL Draft

text:
This is a list of UCLA Bruins football players in the NFL Draft.

Key

Selections

Notable undrafted players
Note: No drafts held before 1920

References

Ucla

UCLA Bruins NFL Draft
University of California, Los Angeles-related lists


title: Kerry Sanderson

text:
Kerry Gaye Sanderson,  (née Smith; born 21 December 1950) is a retired Australian public servant and business director, who served as the 32nd Governor of Western Australia, in office from 20 October 2014 to 1 May 2018. She is the first woman to have held the position. She has since served as Chancellor of Edith Cowan University for 2019–2021.

Sanderson attended Churchlands Senior High School and the University of Western Australia. She entered the public service after graduation, serving in senior positions in the Treasury and Transport Departments of the Government of Western Australia. Sanderson was chief executive officer of Fremantle Ports from 1991 to 2008. In the position, she undertook a restructuring of the operations of Fremantle Harbour, and was credited with increasing the port's efficiency and returning it to profit.

After leaving Fremantle Ports, Sanderson was named Agent-General for Western Australia for a three-year term (from 2008 to 2011), representing the government in the United Kingdom and Europe. On her return to Australia, she entered the private sector, holding board-level positions with several publicly traded companies. She was appointed to succeed Malcolm McCusker as Governor of Western Australia in August 2014.

Early life and public service
From Perth, Western Australia, Sanderson was raised in the city's western suburbs, attending Wembley Primary School and Churchlands Senior High School. She later graduated from the University of Western Australia with Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Economics degrees, with a mathematics concentration. After graduation, she worked in a computing job for a period of time, but subsequently switched to the public service. Sanderson worked for the Government of Western Australia's Department of Treasury for 17 years, including as director of the economic and financial policy division, and was then deputy director-general of the Department of Transport for four years, becoming "one of the state’s most senior and well-regarded bureaucrats". She and her husband Lancelot John (Lance) Sanderson had two sons; he died in 2007.

Fremantle Ports
In October 1991, Sanderson was named acting general manager of Fremantle Ports, a publicly owned state government trading enterprise (GTE) responsible for Fremantle Harbour and attached facilities in Cockburn Sound. She was appointed chief executive officer (CEO) in 1992, and was re-appointed for another five years in November 1997, going on to continue in the position until October 2008. As CEO, Sanderson was credited with "turning Australia's most inefficient port into its fastest", despite "prejudice against her gender, and the reputation of Australia's waterfront for being notoriously slack". She re-organised the company along total quality management principles and began charging fees based on cargo volume instead of time in port, with the company subsequently going from a A$37-million loss in 1990–91 to a profit three years later. She also re-negotiated with maritime unions, decreasing the number of industrial awards from 29 to six. Overall, Fremantle Ports more than tripled the value of its container throughput during Sanderson's time as CEO, with total movements (in tonnage) growing by 56 percent. Her replacement as CEO was Chris Leatt-Hayter, who was previously general manager strategic and commercial development.

Agent-General
In July 2008, Sanderson was named Agent-General for Western Australia, replacing Noel Ashcroft. Appointed by Governor Ken Michael on the advice of Alan Carpenter, the premier at the time, she took up the role in November 2008, becoming the first female agent-general in Australia. The agent-general is based at Australia House, London, and, as head of the government's European Office, is primarily involved in promoting trade and investment, with some diplomatic functions. During her period as agent-general, Sanderson concentrated on attracting foreign investment and skilled immigrants to Western Australia, as well as promoting WA food and wine exports in European markets. She was also involved in promoting Australia's (successful) bid for the Square Kilometre Array, a radio telescope to be built near Boolardy. Sanderson left the position in December 2011, after her three-year term expired, and was replaced by Kevin Skipworth.

Private sector
During her time as Fremantle Ports CEO, Sanderson had also served on the boards of Austrade and the Australian Wheat Board, as well as serving a term as president of Ports Australia, an industry group. However, under the Agent General Act 1895, she was prohibited from holding any private-sector positions during her period as agent-general. Shortly after finishing her stint as agent-general, Sanderson was named a non-executive director of Downer EDI, an engineering and infrastructure management firm. She was also named to the boards of St John of God Health Care (2012-2014) and Atlas Iron (2012-2014), as well as being on the board of government entities holding positions with a number of charities and non-profit organisations. Additionally, Sanderson was appointed an adjunct professor at Curtin University's business school in January 2013. She resigned from her corporate positions before the start of her term as governor.

After her term as governor, Sanderson was appointed to the board of St John of God Healthcare (Chair since May 2018) and been named to the board of the Western Australian Cricket Association (since 2021). She continues as a director of the WA Parks Foundation (inaugural chair since October 2016) as well as patron or ambassador of a number of not-for-profit entities.

Governor

In August 2014, Colin Barnett, the Premier of Western Australia, announced that Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia had approved Sanderson's nomination as the 32nd Governor of Western Australia, succeeding Malcolm McCusker whose term had expired on 30 June. Appointed for an initial three-year term, she was sworn in on 20 October, becoming the first woman to hold the position. During her time in office, Sanderson lived at Government House, Perth, the governor's official residence.

After the 2017 state election, Sanderson swore in her second premier, Mark McGowan of the Labor Party. In her speech at the opening of state parliament in May 2017, she broke convention by including personal commentary on a political matter, namely Western Australia's disproportionate share of goods and services tax (GST) revenue. Her official secretary confirmed that the material had been inserted into the speech on the initiative of the governor, rather than being composed by the cabinet as is usually the case.

On 3 April 2018, McGowan announced that former federal Labor leader and Australian Ambassador to the United States, Kim Beazley, would succeed Sanderson as governor upon the expiration of her term on 1 May 2018.

Honours

Orders
 14 June 2004: Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) "For service to the development and management of the port and maritime industries in Australia, and to public sector governance in the areas of finance and transport in Western Australia"
 13 June 2016: Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) "For eminent service to the people of Western Australia, to the promotion of international investment, scientific research and export opportunities, and through roles with maritime, mining, emergency management and not-for-profit organisations."
 28 December 2019: Sanderson was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 2020 New Year Honours for her services as Governor of Western Australia.

Medals
 1 January 2001: Centenary Medal "For service to the maritime industry"

Organisations
 1996: Telstra Business Woman of the Year (Western Australia)

Honorary degrees
 2005: Doctor of Letters (University of Western Australia)
 2015: Honorary Doctorate (Murdoch University)

References

1950 births
Living people
Agents-General for Western Australia
Australian chief executives
Australian corporate directors
Australian women in business
Academic staff of Curtin University
Governors of Western Australia
Companions of the Order of Australia
Officers of the Order of Australia
People educated at Churchlands Senior High School
Politicians from Perth, Western Australia
University of Western Australia alumni
Women business executives
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order


title: 1st SS Police Regiment

text:
The 1st SS Police Regiment () was initially named the 1st Police Regiment (Polizei-Regiment 1) when it was formed in 1942 from existing Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units for security duties in Occupied Europe. It was redesignated as an SS unit in early 1943. Later that year it was disbanded and its battalions were reassigned to other SS Police units. The regiment was reformed in late 1944 in Hungary, but was absorbed by 35th SS and Police Grenadier Division (35. SS und Polizei Grenadier Division) in early 1945.

Formation and organization
The regimental headquarters was formed in July 1942 in Berlin and was subordinated to the Polizei Abschnitt Spree which was the police command for all SS-police units in and around the Berlin capitol area. The regiment comprised three police battalions as well as a signals and headquarters unit. A police tank company was planned, but never formed. Police Battalion 2 (Polizei-Batallion 2) was assigned as its 1st battalion, but it was in northern Russia at that time. It was withdrawn to Berlin around August or September for reorganization. The regiment's 2nd battalion was Police Battalion 3, but this assignment was only nominal as the battalion was scattered along the length of the Eastern Front and remained that way until the bulk of it was withdrawn to Mährisch Ostrau, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, (now Ostrava, Czech Republic) in late 1942 where it served as cadre for the 1st Battalion of the 36th Police Rifle Regiment (Polizei-Schützen Regiment 36) in mid-1943. Police Battalion 10 was in Upper Carniola, Slovenia, when it was redesignated as the regiment's third battalion, and apparently remained there until early 1943. All of the police regiments were redesignated as SS-police units on 24 February 1943.

Activities
In late 1942, the headquarters and first battalion were deployed to the Eastern Front and attached to Army Group North while the second battalion remained attached to various security police units on the individual company level and the third battalion remained in Slovenia on anti-partisan duty. In early 1943, the first and third battalions were transferred to France where they were assigned to Polizei-Regiment Griese in Marseilles, and were redesignated as the first and third battalions of the 14th SS Police Regiment in March, while the regimental HQ was disbanded.

The regiment was reformed in August 1944 in Hungary from the headquarters of the Polizei-Regiment zbV (zur besonderen Verwendung). Its battalions were taken from other police regiments, notably II./SS Pol.Rgt. 12, II./SS Pol.Rgt. 20 and III./SS Pol.Rgt. 21 as its first through third battalions, respectively. The latter two battalions were redesignated as the first and second battalions of the 6th SS Police Regiment in October while the regiment's second battalion was replaced by the assignment and redesignation of the Police Half-Battalion Hungary (Polizei Halb-Batallion Ungarn). The regiment was ordered disbanded on 12 March 1945 and its personnel and equipment were absorbed by the SS and Police Grenadier Regiment 89 (SS und Polizei Grenadier Regiment 89) of the 35th SS and Police Grenadier Division.

Notes

References
 Arico, Massimo. Ordnungspolizei: Encyclopedia of the German Police Battalions, Stockholm: Leandoer and Ekholm (2010).
Tessin, Georg & Kannapin, Norbert. Waffen-SS under Ordnungspolizei im Kriegseinsatz 1939–1945: Ein Überlick anhand der Feldpostübersicht, Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio Verlag (2000).
 Yerger, Mark C. Allgemeine-SS: The Commands, Units, and Leaders of the General SS, Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing (1997).


title: Clometerone

text:
Clometerone () (developmental code name L-38000), or clometherone (), also known as 6α-chloro-16α-methylprogesterone, is a synthetic pregnane steroid and derivative of progesterone which was reported in 1962 and is described as an antiestrogen and antiandrogen but was never marketed.

Clometerone has been found to suppress estrone-induced uterine hypertrophy in mice at oral and parenteral doses in which progesterone is inactive (active at 10 µg with clometerone and progesterone inactive at 10–100 µg in the case of both routes). However, its progestogenic potency in the Clauberg assay is considerably less than that of progesterone. As such, the progestogenic effects of clometerone do not seem to parallel its estrogenic effects. It was also studied as an antiandrogen in men but was found to slightly increase sebum production when given orally and to variably and inconsistently affect sebum production when given as a topical medication.

See also
 Steroidal antiandrogen
 List of steroidal antiandrogens

References

Abandoned drugs
Antiestrogens
Chloroarenes
Diketones
Pregnanes
Progestogens
Steroidal antiandrogens


title: Greyston Holt

text:
Greyston Holt (born September 30, 1985) is a Canadian actor. He is known for his role  as Ray Prager Jr in the television series Durham County, as young Emerson Hauser in the Fox series Alcatraz, and as Clayton Danvers in Space series Bitten.

Personal life
Greyston Stefancsik was born in Calgary, Alberta. He was raised by his parents, Mike and Nancy, on Salt Spring Island, British Columbia. His grandparents, Mike and Edith Stefancsik emigrated from Hungary in 1957 to Lethbridge. Greyston's maternal grandmother, Anna Horvath also immigrated from Hungary with her parents in 1927.

During his high school years, he learned to play guitar after which he formed a band and played at various venues. He also took an acting class for the "extra credits" and fell in love with a new avenue of expression.

Career
He moved to Vancouver after high school to pursue an acting career. He was cast in a small role in Killer Bash which was followed by another small role in Steven Spielberg's award winning miniseries, Into the West. After small roles in major television shows like Smallville, Blood Ties and The 4400, he was cast in a recurring role in Durham County for which he was nominated for a Leo Award for Best Supporting Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series. He was later cast in guest roles on Stargate Universe, Sanctuary, Fringe and Flashpoint.

In 2011, he was cast as the Young Emerson Hauser in the short-lived FOX series, Alcatraz. His biggest role was being cast in Space fantasy/horror TV series Bitten for which he received another "Leo Award" nomination. The success of the show led to it being acquired by American  basic cable channel, Syfy who renewed the show for a second 10-episode season.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1985 births
21st-century Canadian male actors
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian people of Hungarian descent
Living people
Male actors from British Columbia
Male actors from Calgary


title: Clepsis truculenta

text:
Clepsis truculenta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Durango, Mexico.

References

Moths described in 1979
Clepsis


title: Clepsis tuxtlana

text:
Clepsis tuxtlana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.

References

Moths described in 2003
Clepsis


title: Z. Mason

text:
Zaccheus Marvin "Z." Mason (born January 21, 1991) is an American professional basketball and a former American football player, who last played with Hyères-Toulon Var Basket of France's second division. He previously played for Barangay Ginebra San Miguel on the 2014 PBA Governors' Cup as an import.

He first played football for Christ Presbyterian Academy with a scout grade of 81 before he played basketball as an import for Barangay Ginebra San Miguel, his first professional basketball  experience.

College basketball
In college at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Mason averaged 15.2 points, 9.7 rebounds, and 3.0 blocks during his last year.

Professional career

Barangay Ginebra San Miguel
Barangay Ginebra San Miguel acquired Mason as an import to play for the 2014 PBA Governors' Cup. Coach Jeffrey Cariaso acquired him for defensive purposes. In the tune-up game before the start of the conference, Mason scored 22 points to help the team win against the San Miguel Beermen.

In his debut game on the 2014 PBA Governors' Cup, he tallied 21 points, 15 rebounds, and four assists in the team's win.

In his second game on the 2014 PBA Governors' Cup, the team won again, and Mason finished with 32 points and 19 rebounds against the Meralco Bolts. In his third game, against the Air21 Express, he tallied 22 points, 9 rebounds, and 5 assists; after this win, the team was the only undefeated team remaining.

Hyères-Toulon Var Basket
On August 1, 2014, Mason signed with Hyères-Toulon Var Basket of LNB Pro B in France.

References

External links
 Chattanooga bio

1991 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in the Philippines
Barangay Ginebra San Miguel players
Basketball players from Nashville, Tennessee
Centers (basketball)
Chattanooga Mocs men's basketball players
HTV Basket players
Ole Miss Rebels football players
Philippine Basketball Association imports
American men's basketball players
African-American basketball players
21st-century African-American sportspeople


title: Will (Thames barge)

text:
Will is a Thames sailing barge, built in Great Yarmouth by Fellows & Co in 1925. She is  long,  across and  deep. Will Everard, as she was originally known, was commissioned as one of four steel barges; the largest ever built. She is a mulie, with a spritsail rigged mainmast, a topmast and a gaff-rigged mizzen. She has a flat bottom with leeboards as is customary for Thames sailing barges. As one of the last sailing cargo vessels to operate in UK waters she left trade in 1966. After a few years lying derelict, she was refitted and eventually entered into the service of P&O (Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company) where she was used as a floating board room until 1999. This role in corporate hospitality continued and she now is fully engaged in private charter work. She currently operates out of the Pool of London from a base at Hermitage Community Moorings, Reeds Wharf and St Katherine Docks for cruises through London, the east coast and beyond.

Early life as an Everard barge
Will Everard, as she was originally known, was commissioned by F.T. Everard in 1925 as one of four steel-hulled sister ships. The vessels were to be the largest Thames sailing barges ever built and were coasters destined for ports up to Newcastle in the north-east and round to Poole in the southwest.  The Barges were built to Mr F.T. Everard's exact specifications and named after four family members: Will, Ethel, Fred and Alf. According to long term skipper, Jim Uglow MBE, "four stouter built barges never put to sea."

Will Everard was finished in 1925 and worked for the firm for over 40 years. She was initially bound to a coal contract supplying the gasworks at Margate with coal from Keadby on the Humber but routinely fitted in other cargoes between voyages. She was designed to be sailed by a Master, a Mate and two boys, however, her large size meant in practice a man at Third Hand proved more capable than two boys. In the 1930s she parted cables while sitting though a storm off Eastbourne and was blown ashore and battered on the beach for hours before the storm passed. She was found buried in the shingle, damaged but intact (her bottom survived this damage for decades before it was finally replaced in 2006). She was towed out by horse and the rig was repaired within days.

World War II
Will Everard was due to participate in the Dunkirk evacuation, but her cargo was not unloaded in time.  Her sister ship, Ethel Everard was lost on the beaches and left aground. Will Everard continued her trade work throughout the war. She completed 147 coasting voyages and carried, in total, 38,345 tons of cargo that included grain, sugar beet, oil cake, fertilisers, flour, sugar and cement.

In 1940, she was machine gunned twice in the River Medina and bombed in a daylight raid at Phoenix Wharf by the Luftwaffe. In the same year another Thames sailing barge, Britisher, was destroyed by depth charges only 300 yards away.   In 1942 she was very nearly torpedoed off Harwich by a German motor torpedo boat and in the following year she was attacked by a Focke-Wulf that shot 1,000 holes through her mainsail. However, none of her crew were injured and by this point her wheelhouse had been reinforced with steel to withstand aircraft mounted machine guns. Jim Uglow was awarded an MBE for his work becoming the only Barge Master to be honoured with such an achievement in this line of work.

A new life for an old barge?
Will Everard continued to trade after the war and was for a while the largest barge to remain trading under sail. However, the fleets were smaller and the sail trade was changing. An auxiliary engine was fitted in 1950 but the cost of running the barges was going up, many of the crews sought work elsewhere and shipping was changing with the introduction of containerization and a growing road network.

She was sold out of trade in 1966 to Vernon Harvey for £750 and was renamed Will. She lay as storage for a few years before being bought by a barge enthusiast, John Hobbins, who re-rigged her. In 1976 she was sold to Overseas Containers Ltd (OCL) where she had a major refit in Maldon and began her new life in corporate hospitality.

In 1986, P&O (Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company) shipping gained control of OCL and therefore Will as well. They painted her hull in P&O blue and they began using her as a floating boardroom and dining room for entertaining. With her cargo hold now a mahogany panelled saloon, her conversion was complete. This new role of transporting and entertaining people continues to this day. In many ways this reflects the growing service sector in the wake of manufacturing decline in the latter 20th century and beyond. The P&O insignia is still visible on her mainsail to this day.

Her skipper of 17 years, Sue Harrison, bought her in 1999 before she was sold to Mark Tower and Topsail Events in 2004 to continue work in corporate hospitality. Her hull has had many colours, notably green under OCL and dark blue under P&O, however, she was recently repainted in 2006 by the current owner into her original grey hull with gold sheer line. Between 2018 and early 2020, she operated out of the Pool of London by a charter company called Thames Leisure.  In 2020 she was bought  outright by another owner and operates as Thames Barge Will. She is moored at the heart of Canary Wharf in the West India Docks where she cruises through London, the east coast and beyond.

In 1996, Will was made a part of the National Historic Ships fleet in the UK as vessel number 234 showing her continuing importance for national maritime heritage.

See also
Thalatta (Thames barge)

Citations

References

External links
 National Historic Ships UK  web site

Thames sailing barges
World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Sailing ships of the United Kingdom
1925 ships
Ships built in Norfolk
Ships and vessels on the National Register of Historic Vessels


title: Nikon D810

text:
The Nikon D810 is a 36.3-megapixel professional-grade full-frame digital single-lens reflex camera produced by Nikon. The camera was officially announced in June 2014, and became available in July 2014.

Compared to the former D800/D800E it offers an image sensor with a base sensitivity of ISO 64 and extended range of ISO 32 to 51,200, an Expeed processor with noise reduction with claimed 1 stop noise improvement, doubled buffer size, increased frame rate and extended battery life, improved autofocus – now similar to the D4S, improved video with 1080p 60 fps and many software improvements.

The D810 was succeeded by the Nikon D850 in August 2017 and was listed as discontinued in December 2019.

Features
 New 37.09 megapixel (36.3 effective) full-frame (35.9×24 mm) sensor with sensitivity of ISO 64–12,800 (ISO 32–51,200 boost) and no optical low-pass filter (OLPF, anti-aliasing filter)
Improved microlenses with increased light gathering
Nikon Expeed 4 image processor with improved noise reduction, moiré (aliasing) reduction and increased battery life to 1200 shots / 40 minutes video notwithstanding 30% higher speed
Roughly doubled buffer size of D800/D800E
Frame rate (photo) increased to 5 fps FX (full-frame, DX up to 7 fps). Videos up to 1080p 60p / 50p fps
Simultaneous video recording on external recorder (uncompressed video, clean HDMI; up to 1080p60) and compressed on memory card
Autofocus equivalent to D4S, also Group Area mode: uses five AF sensors together. Face-detection switchable with custom settings
Highlight-weighted metering preventing blown highlights or underexposed shadows. Also Highlight Display with Zebra Stripes and full aperture metering during live view and video
 Kevlar/carbon fiber composite shutter with reduced lag, vibrations and shutter noise. Redesigned Sequencer / Balancer Mechanism for Quiet and Quiet Continuous modes
Electronic front curtain shutter for further reduced vibrations enabling higher resolutions
OLED viewfinder display
Timelapse up to 9,999 frames, additionally timelapse videos. Timelapse / Interval Timer Exposure Smoothing
Customizable 'Picture Control 2.0' options: Flat affecting dynamic range (preserve highlights and shadows), Clarity affecting details. Other settings affecting exposure, white balance, sharpness, brightness, saturation, hue; allowing custom curves to be created, edited, saved, exported and imported
3.2" 1229k-dot (RGBW, four dots per pixel: extra white dot) VGA LCD display with "Split-screen display zoom" function
USB 3.0, HDMI C (mini), Nikon 10-Pin interfaces and 3.5 mm / 1/8″ stereo headphone + 3.5 mm / 1/8″ stereo microphone connectors
"Superior" resistance to dust and water (Nikon claim)

Accessories
 Nikon WT-4/WT-4A or WT-5/WT-5A (also UT-1 network) Wireless Transmitter for WLAN. Third-party solutions available.
 Nikon Wireless remote control or third-party solutions.
 Nikon GP-1 or GP-1A GPS Unit for direct GPS geotagging. Third-party solutions partly with three-axis compass, data-logger, bluetooth and support for indoor use are available from Solmeta, Dawn, Easytag, Foolography, Gisteq and Phottix. See comparisons/reviews.
 Nikon Battery grip or third-party solutions
 Various Nikon Speedlight or third-party flash units. Also working as commander for Nikon Creative Lighting System wireless (slave) flash.
 Third-party radio (wireless) flash control triggers
 Tethered shooting with Nikon Camera Control Pro 2, third-party solutions or open-source software and apps
 Other accessories from Nikon and third parties, including protective cases and bags, eyepiece adapters and correction lenses, and underwater housings.
 Nikon D810 animator's kit including the AF-S VR Micro-NIKKOR 105mm f/2.8G, Dragonframe 3.5 software, power supply and cables
 Nikon D810 DSLR Filmmaker's Kit including three fast prime lenses, a portable HDMI recorder using "Pro" codecs, but not capable for storing uncompressed video, ME-1 Stereo Microphone, filters, batteries and cables

Reception

At the time of its release, the Nikon D810 became the Dxomark image sensor leader ahead of the Nikon D800E and received many reviews.

Service advisory
On August 19, 2014, Nikon acknowledged a problem reported by some users, of bright spots appearing in long-exposure photographs, as well as "in some images captured at an Image area setting of 1.2× (30×20)." Existing owners of D810 cameras were asked to visit a website to determine whether their camera could be affected, on the basis of serial numbers. Repairs would be made by Nikon free of charge. If bright spots still appear in images after servicing, Nikon recommends enabling Long exposure NR. Products already serviced have a black dot inside the tripod socket.

Nikon D810A
An astrophotography variant with a special infrared filter capable of deep red / near infrared and with special software tweaks like long-exposure modes up to 15 minutes, virtual horizon indicator and a special Astro Noise Reduction software was announced February 10, 2015. The D810A's IR filter is optimized for H-alpha (Hα) red tones, resulting in four times greater sensitivity to the 656 nm wavelength than the D810. In comparison, Canon's astrophotography DSLRs 20Da and 60Da Hα sensitivity was 2.5 times and 3 times (respectively) more than the standard 20D / 60D. The D810A additionally has 1.39 stops advantage due to the larger image sensor format  resulting in better than 2 stops sensitivity advantage giving over four times faster exposure times compared to the Canon 20Da/60Da.

Although the D810A can be used for normal photography, due to the deep red / near infrared sensitivity the in-camera white balance may fail in case of fluorescent light or difficult cases with very strong infrared light  requiring an external infrared filter. Nikon published an D810A astrophotography guide that recommends live view focusing with 23× enlarged selected areas and a gallery showing the mostly small effects to the color reproduction in "normal" photos.

A review concludes that especially the D810A long exposure noise is superior compared to the D800E and other Nikon fullframes, and shows effects of the increased H-alpha sensitivity. Color balance of "normal" photos seems mostly correct, except comparatively hotter objects with strong infrared radiation and a bit more purple in sunsets.

References

External links

 Nikon D810, Nikon USA
 Nikon D810A, Nikon USA
 Nikon D810 - D800/D800E Comparison Sheet Nikon
 D810-D810A Comparison Sheet Nikon
 Nikon D810 User Manuals, Guides and Software Nikon Download-center
 Nikon D810A User Manuals, Guides and Software Nikon Download-center
 Nikon D810 Review Imaging Resource
 Best camera for astrophotography? Nikon D810A review, Skies & Scopes

D810
D810
Live-preview digital cameras
Cameras introduced in 2014
Full-frame DSLR cameras


title: Sergent Blandan

text:
Jean Pierre Hippolyte Blandan (9 February 1819 – 12 April 1842) was a French soldier, known for his historic resistance on the battlefield at Boufarik in Algeria. He was posthumously made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.

Career
Blandan joined the French Army at the age of eighteen, and served in the conquest of Algeria. He left Lyon on 9 September 1837 for the city of Bône in the province of Constantine in Algeria to fight the tribe led by Oued Radjett. He was appointed Corporal on 6 August 1839, and promoted to Sergent on 1 January 1842.

Death
On 11 April 1842, Blandan led a detachment of twenty men to carry mail from Boufarik to Béni Mered, some 8–9 km away. After about an hour of marching, his company was attacked by a group of 200–300 Arab horsemen. Blandan exhorted his men to fight, even though he was seriously wounded. He refused to surrender before the superior force, and cried "Courage mes amis, défendez-vous jusqu'à la mort!" (be brave my friends, fight to the death!) The noise of the battle was heard in Boufarik and relief arrived under Joseph de Breteuil. They found only five soldiers still fighting, the others all being dead or wounded. Blandan died of his wounds that night in the hospital in Boufarik, at the age of 23.

Tributes
In 1886, a public competition was run to create a statue of Blandan as a tribute to his heroism. The jury awarded the work to French sculptor Charles Gauthier who completed it in 1887 and the statue was placed in Boufarik following Algerian independence. However, it was moved to France in 1963, where it was placed in the courtyard of a barracks in Nancy. As part of the ceremony to mark the placement of the statue, Blandan's ashes were placed in the new monument's base. In 1990, it was moved again to Rue du Sergent Blandan, Nancy.

The statue represents Sergent Blandan, pointing at the battle of Boufarik where he died. He holds a weapon, to show that he was a military man.

In 1887, la rue Saint-Marcel, one of the oldest streets in Lyon, was renamed Rue du Sergent Blandan in his honour. Medals were struck in his name  and a statue was placed on the Place Sathonay in Lyon.

The creation of Parc du Sergent Blandan in the 3rd, 7th and 8th arrondissements of Lyon was due to start in 2012. It will cover 17 hectares.

His death was depicted by Louis-Théodore Devilly in 1882. Presented at the Salon des artistes français in 1882, the painting was purchased by the State, which donated it to the Museum of Fine Arts in Nancy, of which Devilly was the curator.

References

1819 births
1842 deaths
Knights of the Legion of Honour
French soldiers
French Algeria


title: Tarō Naka

text:
was a prize-winning Japanese poet. He was born Shōjirō Fukuda in Hakata, now Fukuoka, on the island of Kyushu in western Japan. At school he read, among others, Sakutarō Hagiwara, Friedrich Nietzsche, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Charles Baudelaire, and the Kyoto School philosopher Kitarō Nishida. In April 1941, he entered Tokyo Imperial University to study Japanese Literature. Some of his earliest poems dealing with the war and its immediate aftermath appeared in his debut collection, Etudes, in 1950, published by his high-school classmate Tokuo Date's Eureka Press.

Between 1957 and 1964, Naka worked on what the critic Shōbin Hirai, among many others, considered his magnum opus, his 1965 collection Ongaku ('Music'). It was published by Shichōsha, Japan's foremost poetry publisher, in a limited edition of four hundred copies. It received widespread critical praise and was awarded the Yomiuri Prize and the Saisei Murō Prize. The collection is characterized by its high degree of attention to the interplay between the visual, phonetic and semantic aspects of words. In 2003, he composed a nō play, Shikōtei ('The First Emperor'), which was performed at the National Noh Theatre on 20 March 2014, a few months before Naka died from pneumonia in June 2014.

An English translation of his work, Music: Selected Poems, was published by Isobar Press in July 2018.

References

1922 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia in Japan
20th-century Japanese poets


title: Friedrichsruh station

text:
Friedrichsruh station is a railway station on the Berlin–Hamburg Railway in the district of Friedrichsruh in the municipality of Aumühle in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 7 station.

The Grade II listed station building, built in the mid-19th century, is one of the oldest surviving station building in Schleswig-Holstein and the only one on the line in the state that dates from the construction of the line. Since 2000, it has been the location of the Otto von Bismarck Foundation.

Location

The station is located at kilometre 259.7 of the Berlin–Hamburg Railway. Friedrichsruh is located in the Sachsenwald (Saxony Forest) and was formerly a popular weekend destination for residents of the nearby city of Hamburg. The two side platforms are offset from one another. Travellers pass through an underpass to the other side of the track. East of the station the railway line passes under state road L208.

History

The station building at Friedrichsruh was built during the construction of the Berlin–Hamburg line and has survived until today. Like almost all other station buildings on the Berlin-Hamburg Railway, it was built in the Neoclassical style. Thus, there are similarities to, among others, the buildings in Friesack in Brandenburg and in Ludwigslust in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Both of these, however, have later additions.

Friedrichsruh was acquired along with the Sachsenwald in 1871 and given to Chancellor Otto von Bismarck by German Emperor William I. Bismarck stayed here many times because of the good transport connections to Berlin. After his retirement in 1890, Friedrichsruh was Bismarck's home. His estate was near the line at the station. Bismarck procured for himself and his guests of state permission for trains to stop at his property, about 250 metres from the entrance building. After Bismarck's death in 1898 about 100,000 people visited the place annually, mostly travelling by train.

Until the 1970s, the Historischer Bahnhof (historical railway station) restaurant was located in the station. Then it stood empty. In the early 1980s the Red Army Faction member Christian Klar used its basement as a hideout and he was arrested at Friedrichsruh in 1982. In the meantime asylum seekers from East Germany arrived at the station building. Until the late 1990s, it was left to decay. After its renovation, the Otto von Bismarck Foundation (Stiftung) moved into it in 2000. It operates the former station building and next to it has research facilities and a museum with a permanent exhibition on German history of the 19th century.

Passenger services

Since the December 2019 schedule update, the station has had no passenger service. The last service to stop at Friedrichsruh was Regional-Express service between Hamburg Hbf and Büchen, every two hours on Sundays and holidays only.

Notes

Railway stations in Schleswig-Holstein
Neoclassical architecture in Germany
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1846
Buildings and structures in Herzogtum Lauenburg


title: Dyas (king)

text:
Dyas, also spelled Diyas, was an 11th-century Chudasama king of Saurashtra region of western India mentioned in bardic literature and folklore.

In bardic literature and folklore
During his reign, the Raja (king) of Patan invaded his dominions and conquered the capital town of Vamanasthali (now Vanthali). So Dyas fled to  the Uparkot of Junagadh to which the Raja laid siege.  Some sources name the Raja as Durlabhsen (possibly Durlabharaja). Different reasons are assigned for the war but the accounts are unanimous in representing Dyas to have insulted one of the ladies of the Raja's family while on a pilgrimage to Girnar near Junagadh. After much difficulty the Uparkot was taken.

When Dyas died, his son Navagahana was a child and was secretly raised. After few years of reign by governors appointed from Patan, Navaghana regained the throne when he became an adult.

Dates
According to bardic tales and folklore, he was a son and the successor of Kavat and reigned from Vamanasthali (now Vanthali) from 1003 CE to 1010 CE.

References

11th-century Indian monarchs
Chudasama dynasty
Legendary monarchs


title: 2014–15 EHF Champions League qualifying

text:
This article describes the qualifying of the 2014–15 EHF Champions League.

Format
Twelve teams will take part in the qualification tournaments. They were drawn into three groups of four teams, where they play a semifinal and a final or third place match. The winners of the qualification tournaments, played on 6–7 September 2014, will qualify for the group stage, while the eliminated teams will be transferred to the 2014–15 EHF Cup. The draw took place on 26 June 2014, at 14:00 local time, in Vienna, Austria.

Seedings
The seedings were published on 23 June 2014.

Qualification tournament 1
HC Meshkov Brest has the right to organize the tournament.

Bracket

Semifinals

Third place game

Final

Qualification tournament 2
Alpla HC Hard has the right to organize the tournament.

Bracket

Semifinals

Third place game

Final

Qualification tournament 3
Initia Hasselt has the right to organize the tournament.

Bracket

Semifinals

Third place game

Final

References

External links
Official website

qualifying


title: List of Brazilian films of 1942

text:
This is a list of Brazilian films released in 1942.

See also
 1942 in Brazil

References

1942
Films
Brazilian


title: 4th SS Police Regiment

text:
The 4th SS Police Regiment () was named the 4th Police Regiment (Polizei-Regiment 4) when it was temporarily formed in 1939 from existing Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units for security duties during the invasion of Poland. The second formation was ordered in 1942 from existing Order Police battalions in Occupied France. It was redesignated as an SS unit in early 1943.

Formation and organization
The 4th Police Regiment was formed on 16 September 1939 in Kielce, Poland, from elements of Police Group 6 (Polizeigruppe 6) for security duties in the rear area of the 3rd Army during the invasion of Poland. The regimental headquarters was redesignated as Police Regiment Warsaw (Polizei-Regiment Warschau) around November.

The regiment was ordered to be reformed in July 1942 in France, but the regimental headquarters was not formed until 16 April 1943; in the meantime its battalions were controlled by Police Regiment Griese (Polize-Regiment Griese). Police Battalion 316 in Upper Carniola, Slovenia, and Police Battalion 323 in Occupied Poland were redesignated as the regiment's first and second battalions, respectively, and the third battalion was newly formed. The first two battalions were transferred to France shortly afterwards. All of the police regiments were redesignated as SS police units on 24 February 1943.

Notes

References
 Arico, Massimo. Ordnungspolizei: Encyclopedia of the German Police Battalions, Stockholm: Leandoer and Ekholm (2010).
Tessin, Georg & Kannapin, Norbert. Waffen-SS under Ordnungspolizei im Kriegseinsatz 1939–1945: Ein Überlick anhand der Feldpostübersicht, Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio Verlag (2000).


title: Last Cabaret

text:
is a 1988 Japanese erotic drama film directed by Shusuke Kaneko. It was released on 23 April 1988. The film was the second-to-last entry in Nikkatsu's series of Roman Porno films, a higher budget version of the pink film.

Plot
When a greedy land developer forces a popular cabaret to shut down, the owner's daughter goes on a trek to visit her father's old girlfriends to reminisce about the past. The story has been taken by critics as a metaphor for the demise of the Nikkatsu studio itself which would soon halt film production.

Cast
Miyuki Katō
Yasuo Daichi
Yōko Takagi
Kyōko Hashimoto
Kō Watanabe

Reception

Accolades
It was chosen as the 9th best film at the 10th Yokohama Film Festival.

References

External links

1980s erotic drama films
Films directed by Shusuke Kaneko
Pink films
Nikkatsu Roman Porno
1988 drama films
1988 films
1980s Japanese-language films
1980s Japanese films


title: Coeloptera epiloma

text:
Coeloptera epiloma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.

Adults have been recorded on wing from November to January.

References

Archipini
Moths described in 1902
Moths of Australia
Taxa named by Oswald Bertram Lower