The Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act (; ) is a United States public law that repeals a rulemaking determination by the United States Copyright Office that left it illegal for people to unlock their cellphones.

The bill passed in both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. It was signed into law on August 1, 2014 by President Barack Obama.

Background
In the United States and other areas, where carriers often offer deeply discounted cell phones in exchange for an exclusive agreement with a carrier, that phone will often be locked so it will not work with another carrier. Under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA), it was illegal to use technical means to circumvent copyright protection systems. Therefore, consumers could not use software to circumvent the carrier lock on their cell phones (sometimes referred to as "hacking").

In 2010 the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) successfully convinced the United States Copyright Office to grant an exemption to the anti-circumvention provisions of the DMCA. However, exemptions to the DMCA are not permanent and must be reauthorized periodically by the Copyright Office. In a rulemaking determination effective October 28, 2012, the Copyright Office declined to extend the unlocking exemption for the next three-year period.

As a result, only phones that were purchased before or within 90 days of the effective date could continue to be unlocked by users. Phones purchased more than 90 days past the effective date would again be subject to the anti-circumvention clause of the DMCA and could not be legally unlocked without the carrier's permission.

In March 2013, the Obama administration and the Federal Communications Commission expressed the opinion that consumers should be able to switch carriers and keep their existing phones in response to a successful petition on the WhiteHouse.gov platform We the People.

Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

The Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act would repeal a Library of Congress (LOC) rulemaking determination, made upon the recommendation of the Register of Copyrights, regarding the circumvention of technological measures controlling access to copyrighted software on wireless telephone handsets (mobile telephones) for the purpose of connecting to different wireless telecommunications networks (a practice commonly referred to as "unlocking" such devices). Reestablishes, as an exemption to provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) prohibiting such circumvention, a previous LOC rule permitting the use of computer programs, in the form of firmware or software, that enable used wireless telephone handsets to connect to a wireless telecommunications network, when circumvention is initiated by the owner of the copy of such computer program solely to connect to such a network and access to the network is authorized by the network operator, thus permitting unlocked phones.

The bill would direct the Librarian of Congress, upon the recommendation of the Register, to determine whether to extend such exemption to include any other category of wireless devices in addition to wireless telephone handsets (e.g., tablets and other mobile broadband-enabled devices).

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as reported by the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on July 10, 2014. This is a public domain source.

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that implementing S. 517 would have no significant effect on discretionary spending over the 2015-2019 period. Enacting S. 517 would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply.

S. 517 would repeal a rule published in October 2012 by the Librarian of Congress (LOC) that limited the ability of certain owners of wireless telephone handsets to "unlock" their phones, that is, to circumvent software protections that prevent the owner from connecting to a different wireless network. The bill would reinstate an earlier rule that provided broader authority to circumvent such protections. S. 517 also would direct the LOC to consider whether to extend that broader authority to other categories of wireless devices in addition to smartphones. Based on information from the LOC, CBO estimates that implementing the provisions of the bill would not have a significant effect on the agency's workload.

S. 517 contains no intergovernmental mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments.

S. 517 would impose a private-sector mandate by eliminating an existing right of action for wireless carriers (and others), who are currently able to pursue legal action against those who, without permission, circumvent the access controls on certain wireless telephone handsets. The cost of the mandate would be the forgone net value of settlements and damages in such cases. A search of the literature suggests that few, if any, of those types of lawsuits have been brought against individual consumers. Because such claims would probably be uncommon in the future and the damage awards allowed in such cases would be relatively small, CBO estimates that the cost of this mandate would be small and fall below the annual threshold established in UMRA for private-sector mandate ($152 million in 2014, adjusted annually for inflation). If the Librarian of Congress decides to broaden the exemption allowed under the bill to cover other types of mobile devices, such an action would eliminate additional rights of action. The cost of that expansion would depend on what devices the Librarian would include under the exemption and the forgone net value of settlements and damages. CBO has no basis to estimate the cost of such mandates as it would depend on the regulatory actions taken by the Librarian.

On November 5, 2013, CBO transmitted a cost estimate for H.R. 1123, the Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act, as ordered reported by the House Committee on the Judiciary on July 31, 2013. The provisions of both pieces of legislation are similar, as are the CBO cost estimates.

Procedural history
The Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act was introduced into the United States Senate on March 11, 2013 by Sen. Patrick J. Leahy (D, VT). It was referred to the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. On July 15, 2014, the Senate voted to pass the bill with unanimous consent. The House voted to pass the bill on July 25, 2014, sending it to president for signature or veto.

On August 1, 2014, President Obama signed the bill into law.

Debate and discussion
Rep. Bob Goodlatte (R-VA) supported the bill, saying "this is something that Americans have been asking for and I am pleased that we were able to work together to ensure the swift passage of legislation restoring the exemption that allowed consumers to unlock their cell phones."

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress
SIM lock
Acts of the 113th United States Congress

References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas S. 517
beta.congress.gov S. 517
GovTrack.us S. 517
OpenCongress.org S. 517
WashingtonWatch.com S. 517
Congressional Budget Office's report on S. 517

United States federal copyright legislation
United States federal communications legislation
United States federal computing legislation
Acts of the 113th United States Congress
Hardware restrictions


title: Clerkenwell Road

text:
Clerkenwell Road is a street in London.

It runs west–east from Gray's Inn Road in the west, to Goswell Road in the east. Its continuation at either end is Theobald's Road and Old Street respectively.

Clerkenwell Road and Theobalds Road were constructed by the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1874–78 as the central portion of an intended cross-capital arterial road, linking the West End and East End.

The road is served by London Bus routes 55, 243 and night route N55.

The Columbia Graphophone Company established its headquarters and studios in Victorian warehouses at 102-108 Clerkenwell Road shortly before the First World War, and the buildings were a key location in the development of the British recording industry until the 1930s.

See also
 Hockley-in-the-Hole

References

Streets in the London Borough of Camden
Farringdon, London


title: Wedson Anselme

text:
Wedson Anselme (born 4 April 1986) is a Haitian professional footballer, played for Haiti national football team alongside clubs in India, Bangladesh and Dominican Republic.

Club career

Early career
Wedson started his professional career with aigle noir of Haiti. He then represented San Cristobal FC in the Dominican Republic league. In 2011, he started his Asian adventure as he signed for Bangladesh Football Premier League side Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club.

Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi
The Haitian goal machine was lured to Bangladesh football in the 2013–14 season by his compatriot Sony Norde, who had made a name for himself in the previous season with Sheikh Russel KC. The two played for Sheikh Jamal in the 2013–14 season, winning the 2013–14 Bangladesh Football Premier League and the 2013 Bangladesh Federation Cup titles.he scored 26 goals in the process and became the top scorer of the season. But while Sony has since been lured by the riches of the Indian League, Wedson stayed back in Bangladesh, playing a key role in Sheikh Jamal's league and Federation cup
titles in the following season as well as Sheikh Jamal's King's Cup triumph in Bhutan in 2014.he scored almost 60 goals for the club in the three years.

East Bengal
In November 2016 Wedson signed for I-League giant East Bengal FC. He made his debut for the club in their season opener match against Aizawl fc on 7 January 2017.He scored 8 goals from 15 matches in the 2016-17 I-League season which includes a sumptuous curler in an away fixture against Bengaluru fc.

Saif Sporting
After one season in India Anselme returned to Bangladesh Football Premier League. He has become the highest-paid footballer in Bangladesh's club history when the Haitian forward was signed by Bangladesh Premier League newcomers Saif Sporting Club from I-League outfit East Bengal for a record monthly wage. He replaced Alvi Fokou Fopa in the second phase of 2017–2018 season. He made his debut for the club in a "2–1" home win against Dhaka Abahani and scored a goal in the 34th minute. However at the end of the season Saif sporting released him in order to boost their squad ahead of the AFC Cup preliminary round.

International career
Wesdon made his debut for Haiti in a non FIFA friendly match against French Guiana on 16 September 2012. Then he was also included in Haiti's 22 men squad for Copa América Centenario qualifying play-offs match on 9 January 2016 against Trinidad and Tobago and he made it up to the substitute list on the match day.

Honours

Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi
Bangladesh Football Premier League: 2013–14, 2014–15
Bangladesh Federation Cup: 2013, 2015
Bhutan King's Cup: 2014

References

1986 births
Living people
Haitian men's footballers
Haitian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in the Dominican Republic
Haitian expatriate sportspeople in the Dominican Republic
Expatriate men's footballers in Bangladesh
Haitian expatriate sportspeople in Bangladesh
Expatriate men's footballers in India
Haitian expatriate sportspeople in India
Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club players
I-League players
Haiti men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
San Cristóbal FC players


title: Causapscal Lake

text:
Causapscal Lake (Lac Causapscal) () is a fresh water body located in the unorganized territory of Lac-Casault in La Matapédia Regional County Municipality in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec, Canada.

See also
Matapédia Valley

References

Lakes of Bas-Saint-Laurent


title: Wrinkled frog

text:
Wrinkled frog may refer to:

 Abdulali's wrinkled frog, a frog endemic to the Western Ghats, India
 Deccan wrinkled frog, a frog endemic to the Western Ghats, India
 Giant wrinkled frog, a frog endemic to the Western Ghats, India
 Japanese wrinkled frog, a frog native to Japan
 Kalakad wrinkled frog, a frog endemic to the Western Ghats, India
 Large wrinkled frog, a frog endemic to India
 Pigmy wrinkled frog, a frog endemic to southern Western Ghats of India
 Sacred swamp wrinkled frog, a frog endemic to the Western Ghats, India
 Smith's wrinkled frog, a frog found in Thailand and possibly Myanmar
 Wrinkled ground frog, a frog found in the Philippines, Palau, Fiji, New Guinea, and in the Admiralty, Bismarck, and Solomon Islands

Animal common name disambiguation pages


title: Theriot, Lafourche Parish, Louisiana

text:
Theriot is an unincorporated community in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, United States.

Notes

Unincorporated communities in Lafourche Parish, Louisiana
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana
Unincorporated communities in Houma – Thibodaux metropolitan area


title: Fremont Formation

text:
The Fremont Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Ordovician Colorado
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Harding Sandstone

text:
The Harding Sandstone is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Ordovician Colorado
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Manitou Limestone

text:
The Manitou Limestone is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

Depositional Environment

Because the rocks of the Manitou Dolomites are mostly indeterminate carbonates, the exact depositional environment is unknown. However it was likely shallow water, either lagoon or near-shore, and the many jumbled fossils of trilobite spines and brachiopods suggest that the paleoenvironment may have been prone to storms.

Paleontology

The limestones and dolomites of the Manitou Formation, contain cast/mold-preserved Ordovician-aged marine fossils, including cystoid stems, brachiopods, and trilobites such as Manitouella (Leiostegium?) and Kainella.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Ordovician Colorado
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Priest Canyon Formation

text:
The Priest Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Ordovician Colorado
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Awmsawi

text:
Dai people live in different townships such as Matupi, Paletwa, Mindat, Kanpalet.Awm Sawi Village is one of Dai villages in Matupi Township. Awm Sawi people can communicate to other Dai people who live in different township though they have challenges speaking in the same dialect. However, the terminology of basic needs are very much the same as other Dai tribe. It is for sure, the closeness of one language is dictated by geographical distance. The tone of Awm Sawi dialect seems to have every bit from other tribes. It seems to be harsh, straight and direct.. As a result, Awm Sawi people can learn and speak other language with minimal effort.

Location

Awm Sawi is the name of a village located in west of Matupi city, southern Chin State, Burma. It is a hilly place and very beautiful village. There are about 200 houses, with a population of approximately 350 people. Most house are built with wood and bamboo. It used to be called just Awm Sawi. Some people started to move to Theih Ceng late 1975 or early 1980. Since then it is called Awm Sawi (A) or Butlang and Awm Sawi (B) or Theih Ceng Matupi Township, Chin state, Burma Located on Latitude: 21°28'52.81"N longitude : 93°26'11.53"E  Villagers

Language
The majority of the people speak local dialect, Awm sawi language. The language is similar to all other tribes and Ngala local language. It is a mixed of everything. It is very easy to communicate with other Dai Tribes in Matupi Township, Mindat Township and Paletwa Township. Awm Sawi people are also one of the Dai Tribes (Burmese called Dai-Yindu).

The surrounding villages are to the east Kal Im/Kuep Na, to the west Tuisip, to the North Matupi Town (in local language Batu) and to the south Kawica.

People

The Awm Sawi people are descendants of Nawnca. Pu Nawnca had two sons; they were Awm Zoe/Yoe and Thang Koel. The descendants of Awm Zoe/Yoe currently live in Butlang, whereas the descendants of Thang Koel live in Theihceng. The name Awm Sawi is used both as the name of people and the name of the village. People who live in Butlang are called Awm Yoe Carhi (sons of Awm Yoe). In the same manner, those who live in Theihceng are called Thangkoel Carhi (sons of Thang Koel). When there is special occasion or big celebration, they say Nawnca pa (Son of Nawnca). Today there are many sub-clans who are the descendants of Pu Nawn that live in Awm Sawi Village. They live in various places in search of better life style. Many also live in abroad after in year 2000. Vide Clip of Butlang

Where did they land?
It was believed that Pu Nawn had started life in the area of Tuibaap. They also had lived around Bui area where it is possible to find archaeological evidence. However, no one had conducted thorough research on the place Pu Nawn possibly might have lived. It would be very difficult to trace back the exact physical locations and the true historical event that evolved during Nawn's life on earth. No one had written document about him.

In Awm Sawi dialect: "Ni tui ni Khaw ni cet taanah khaw chang laa nih pha rhi pil nam Awm Sawi (Families) ca rhi boek boek sa din ca laa ban taang kut nim tuk rhi nueng. Thlaang rhging khaw sak ah “Ni tui ni khaw, ni nuh dam Pah dam, ni puu ni pii, ni huui ni tai, ni Nu ni Pa, ni koe ni naun, ni zu ni ca ti ce a nam hlih kom uk ti. Bawi ah mang nah om, khawdaeng patan awmah koeh rhem rhem nah om nawn ca ce nawn ca ni. Nah taa ah om lii vengah na pui-nah peh bawm kawi veng ah,a chang laa ah nan mang koek timoe. Nang ngah am na bawm ah moe u ngah a bawm hluen. Ya oe..ka pui oe, nin luem naa ni tui ni khaw oe..ya oe. Ue tueh ah aw ni khaw ham la bi ni bi hluen?" ("Even though you are in the richest country in the World, Even though you earn a lot of money, Even though you are a rich person, Even though you are rewarded uncountable metals, Even though you are gorgeous in the host country, Your grandparents; Your venerable Parents; Your lovely brothers and sisters; They live in hands to mouth bottomlessly. They are very poor and hopeless in life. Ya oe..they are looking for you to come back to them again. They thought that they had lost their precious one, they are praying to the Lord that His every blessings be with you, ka ca oe .. Ya oe. Ya..oe.")

Ram dang la ak awm rhi
Malaysia 2012 -Pa khaw Mi, Pa Aung Ting, Pa Pang Tang, Pa Awm Zoe, Pa Lawm Kim, Pa Thang Phung, Pa Win Aung, Pa Ba Hoe, Pa Khan Thang, Pa Piter,  Pa Hah Thang, Pa Za Lian, Pa San Oo, Pa Kap Lian, Pa Pa Sum, Pa Kyaw Ting, Pa Lai Kung, Pa Ngou Nai, Pa Ram Ngai, Pa Pa Ceu, Pa Rhueh Lii, Pa Bawi Thang

Cadawng rhi Pa Sai, Pa Hum, Lian Za Thang, Pa Kim, Ngai Thang, Kip Thang, Kyaw Thang Lian, Pa Hrang, K.M Zung Ha, Tlung Puen, Thaak Kung, Than Aung, Laal Luio, Piter, Maung Myint, Lian Mawi, Nyi Nyi Lwin, Pi Aung, Kawl Uk, Lai Kung, Ro Sung, Song Thang

In United States of America -Awm Sawi 2012, Pa Phun Sang, Pa Khaw Uk, Pa Peng Thang ( Am Shwe Thang), Pa Ram Uk, Pa Thang Lung, Pa Bik Lian, Pa Kui Tam, Pa Ngai Uep, Pa Zawng Nuen, Pa Zawm Rgueh, Pa David, Pa Paya

Cadawng rhi, Za He, Tha Due, Mang Lian, Hun Tuem, Pa Thang, Thang Kawm, Mawn Thang

Australian -Awm Sawi Families 2013)- Pa Tui Moe, Pa Pai Ting, Pa Ni Thang, Pa Ba Hoe

Cadawng rhi la - Phillip, Htun Nai, Rem Thang

Canadian-Awm Sawi rhi laa- Pa Van Ngai, Htun Tuep,

Religion and Practices

The descendants of Nawn or Awm Sawi people practiced animism before the arrival of Christianity in 1952. They worshipped spirit (Khaw or Rgaai). When someone got sick, they brought burn offering to the Spirit (Khaw or Rgai). They believed that the spirit is responsible for bringing good fortunes as well as bad lucks. It was believed to make the right offering to the spirit, one of the expert among the elders had to see eggs (thlungtoek). By looking at the eggs, the spirit told or revealed what kind of offering should be made. For example, how many goats, pigs, cows should be slaughter so that the spirit would be content with the offering. This is one of the reason people live in poverty.

Although Baptist Missionary had come to Matupi in 1948, Rev. Tha Dun, the first Baptist Missionary to Matupi, seemed not to start his missionary work in Awm Sawi. However, Pu. Sawng Bawi, one of the villagers who was a police officer in Falam Town, Northern Chin State, Burma brought Christianity to his own people. In 1952, Pu. Sawng Bawi left his job as a police officer and started his missionary work to his own people. This is the beginning of Christianity in Awm Sawi people and the surrounding villages. The last convert to Christianity from Animism was Pu Thang Tawm, in 1992. Awm Sawi people could celebrate Golden Jubilee of Pu. Sawng Bawi in 2002 to honor who introduced Christianity to its people and for his service the Lord.

Matu Association of Baptist Church Youth Conference in Awm Sawi

Denominations
There are many Churches: Baptist Church, Presbyterian Church, Assembly of God, and Roman Catholic Mission. Among those churches Baptist denomination has the largest church members and the second largest is Presbyterian church. There are more than 15 ministers serving the Lord. Most of the ministers are working in various mission fields in mainland Burma.

Education
Education is an important part of every culture and society. Despite the celebration of Golden Jubilee of the arrival of Christianity, the focus on education is still weak. There are two government sponsored elementary schools and one middle school which is privately run by villagers so that children do not have to travel 18 miles to Matupi to get high school education. Although middle school has been funded and run for over 20 years, the school do not receive any assistance from the government. Children aged 10 to 15 have a hard time getting a good education because their parents cannot afford to send their children to cities for study without accompanied by adults. This is one of the reason the people from this village are behind in terms of education. Even though there should have been many university graduates, only very few have gotten university degree.

Agriculture and Business
The people in this village do not have conventional business. Everyone works at his or her own farm. The main food source comes from farming. They do not buy at store like in the city. They practice shifting cultivation system. They do not do farm at one location. Year after year, they migrate in order to get good nutrient soil so that the crop can produce more crops. The main crops are rice and corn.

"Do you eat?"
"Buh na ai hawh aw."

"Where do you go?"
"Hala na ceh."

"Have a nice dream."
"."

Populated places in Chin State


title: Brendan Hill (rugby league)

text:
Brendan Hill (born 15 September 1964), also known by the nickname of "Bren Gun",  is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He played at representative level for Yorkshire, and at club level for Leeds (Heritage № 1142), Bradford Northern (Heritage №), Halifax (Heritage № 993) and Keighley, as a .

Playing career

County Cup Final appearances
Brendan Hill played right- in Bradford Northern's 12-12 draw with Castleford in the 1987 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1987–88 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 17 October 1987, and played right-, scored a try, and was man of the match (the White Rose Trophy was not presented as it had already been awarded to Paul Harkin in the original final) in the 11-2 victory over Castleford in the 1987 Yorkshire Cup Final replay during the 1987–88 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Saturday 31 October 1987.

Regal Trophy Final appearances
Brendan Hill played left- in Halifax's 12-24 defeat by Wigan in the 1989–90 Regal Trophy Final during the 1989–90 season at Headingley, Leeds on Saturday 13 January 1990.

Club career

Hill was transferred from Bradford Northern to Halifax for a transfer fee of £90,000 during January 1989, (based on increases in average earnings, this would be approximately £244,600 in 2017).

References

1964 births
Living people
Bradford Bulls players
English rugby league players
Halifax R.L.F.C. players
Keighley Cougars players
Leeds Rhinos players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Rugby league props
Yorkshire rugby league team players


title: DeBeque Formation

text:
The DeBeque Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado's Piceance Basin, preserving fossils which date back to the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene period (Clarkforkian to Wasatchian in the NALMA classification. Examples of these fossils are held in the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History.

Wasatchian correlations

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Bibliography

Further reading

 A. J. Lichtig and S. G. Lucas. 2015. Paleocene-Eocene turtles of the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 67:145-152
 A. J. Kihm. 1984. Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna of the Piceance Creek Basin. Northwestern Colorado
 K. P. Schmidt. 1938. New crocodilians from the upper Paleocene of western Colorado. Geological Series of Field Museum of Natural History 6(21):315-321

Geologic formations of Colorado
Eocene Series of North America
Paleocene Series of North America
Paleogene Colorado
Thanetian Stage
Ypresian Stage
Clarkforkian
Wasatchian
Sandstone formations
Fluvial deposits
Ooliferous formations
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of North America
Paleontology in Colorado


title: Farisita Formation

text:
The Farisita Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Paleogene Colorado


title: Huerfano Formation

text:
The Huerfano Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Paleogene Colorado


title: Middle Park Formation

text:
The Middle Park Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Paleogene Colorado


title: Ohio Creek Formation

text:
The Ohio Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Paleogene Colorado


title: Poison Canyon Formation

text:
The Poison Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in the Raton Basin of Colorado and New Mexico. The formation was deposited from the late Cretaceous through the Paleocene.

Description
The Poison Canyon Formation consists of thick sandstone beds separated by beds of mudstone and siltstone. It is found throughout most of the Raton Basin. The sandstone is arkosic and coarse-grained to conglomeratic. The mudstone and siltstone beds weather to yellow, are rich in mica, and are not resistant to erosion. The total thickness of the formation is up to .

The formation grades below into the Raton Formation, with the transition often very gradual, up to . In the western part of the Raton Basin, the formation intertongues with and partially replaces the Raton Formation. The two are distinguished by color (the Raton Formation is gray and the Poison Canyon Formation is yellow to orange), by the absence of arkosic sandstone in the Raton Formation, and by the absence of coal from the Poison Canyon Formation. In addition, river channel deposits in the Raton Formation are up to six times wider and five times deeper than river channels in the Poison Canyon Formation, and the channels in the Poison River Formation tend to be isolated and lack any sheet-like amalgamation.

The Poison Canyon Formation underlies the Cuchara Formation in the northern part of the Raton Basin.

The formation derived its sediments from the San Luis uplift to the southwest and the Wet Mountains uplift to the north and northwest. Its age ranges from late Cretaceous (where the formation partially replaces the Raton Formation) to Paleocene.

Fossils
The Poison Canyon Formation contains sparse fossilized plant remains characteristic of the Paleocene.

Economic resources
The formation is a significant freshwater aquifer in the Canon City, Colorado area.

History of investigation
The unit was first named as the "Poison Canyon conglomerates" by R.C. Hills in 1888. Hills later clarified the definition, separating the uppermost beds of his measured section to the Huerfano Formation.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Paleogene Colorado
Paleogene formations of New Mexico


title: Shoshone Formation

text:
The Shoshone? Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Geologic formations of Colorado
Paleogene stratigraphic units of North America


title: Animas Formation

text:
The Animas Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Geologic formations of Colorado
Paleogene formations of New Mexico
Paleogene stratigraphic units of North America


title: Coalmont Formation

text:
The Coalmont Formation (Tmc) is a geologic formation that outcrops in the North Park intermountain basin in Colorado. It contains fossil plants and coal layers dating back to the Paleogene period.

Fossil content

The following fossils have been reported from the formation:

Insects

 Calandrites hindsi
 ?Calandrites ursorum
 ?Carabites arapahoensis
 Curculio beeklyi
 Ophryastites hendersoni

Flora

 Allantodiopsis erosa
 Ampelopsis acerifolia
 Betula stevensoni
 Carya antiquorum
 Cercidiphyllum arcticum
 Cissus marginata
 Eucommia serrata
 Fraxinus eocenica
 Glyptostrobus nordenskioldi
 Hydromystria expansa
 Lastrea goldiana
 Laurophyllum perseanum
 Laurus socialis
 Lygodium coloradense
 Metasequoia occidentalis
 Mimosites coloradensis
 Nordenskioldia borealis
 Persea brossiana
 Platanus nobilis
 P. raynoldsi
 Prunus corrugis
 Pterocarya hispida
 Quercus greenlandica
 Q. sullyi
 ?Robinia wardi
 Sassafras thermale
 Sparganium antiquum

Wasatchian correlations

See also
 Coalmont, Colorado
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of Colorado
Eocene Series of North America
Paleocene Series of North America
Paleogene Colorado
Ypresian Stage
Thanetian Stage
Wasatchian
Coal formations
Coal in the United States
Sandstone formations of the United States
Fluvial deposits
Paleontology in Colorado


title: Creede Formation

text:
The Creede Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period, particularly many well-preserved fossil plants from Oligocene strata.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Paleogene Colorado


title: Cuchara Formation

text:
The Cuchara Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ypresian stage of the Eocene period, or Wasatchian in the NALMA classification.

Fossil content
The following fossils have been reported from the formation:

Mammals
Ferae
 Didymictis sp.
Perissodactyla
 Hyracotherium sp.
Placentalia
 Phenacodus intermedius

Wasatchian correlations

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of Colorado
Eocene Series of North America
Paleogene Colorado
Ypresian Stage
Wasatchian
Paleontology in Colorado


title: Dawson Arkose

text:
The Dawson Arkose is a geologic formation in the Denver Basin that underlies the Denver area in Colorado. It is characterized by alternating beds of arkosic sandstone and mudstone. The Dawson Arkose contains plant remains and other nonmarine fossils, and hosts aquifers that are important sources of water for the area.

Stratigraphy
The Dawson Arkose  consists of alluvial fan and fluvial deposits that accumulated at the foot of the growing Rocky Mountain Front ranges. It overlies and interfingers with the Denver Formation which spans the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, and is of early Paleocene (Puercan) age.  In 2002 the Dawson Arkose was included as part of a larger unconformity-bounded unit named the D1 Sequence, in order to facilitate basin-wide studies and avoid confusion arising from the lateral and vertical facies changes that occur within the Denver Basin. The base of the D1 is marked by the abrupt facies change at the top of the Laramie Formation, and its top is placed at the base of a regional paleosol series. The Arapahoe Formation and the Denver Formation are also included in the D1 Sequence.

References

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

Geologic formations of Colorado
Geology of the Rocky Mountains


title: Maroon Formation

text:
The Maroon Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period. It is the primary formation of sandstone that lends the vivid red color to the hills around Glenwood Springs, Colorado.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Geologic formations of Colorado
Permian System of North America


title: Sheep Pen Sandstone

text:
The Sheep Pen Sandstone is a late Triassic geologic formation exposed in northeastern New Mexico. Fossil theropod tracks have been reported from the formation.

Description
The formation consists of up to  of thinly bedded light brown sandstone. It with a slight angular unconformity on the Sloan Canyon Formation and is overlain unconformably by the Exeter Sandstone.

The formation is usually assigned to the Dockum Group. The proposal of Spencer G. Lucas and his collaborators to abandon the Dockum Group, possibly in favor of the Chinle Group, is highly controversial.

Fossils
Ichnofossils (track fossils) have been found in thee different locations  north of Kenton, Oklahoma. The lower site includes the invertebrates Scoyenia and the dinosauroid Grallator on a scour surface. The traces are numerous but of low diversity. The middle site has at least ten distinct trackways, eight of Grallator and two of Brachychirotherium. The upper site has well-preserved tracks of Grallator and some poorly preserved tracks, possibly of Brachychirotherium. The tracks suggest a stable ecosystem with low diversity, which may be typical of the middle Norian.

Economic geology
The formation has some copper mineralization around the western Oklahoma panhandle. Some 200 mines were in operation from 1884 to 1925. but these likely produced less than 10,000 tons of ore. The ore took the form of chalcocite, malachite, and azurite, deposited both in lenticular beds and in clastic plugs.

History of investigation
The formation was first named by B.H. Parker in 1930.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Sandstone formations of the United States
Triassic formations of New Mexico


title: Alamosa Formation

text:
The Alamosa Formation is a geologic formation in Colorado. It preserves fossils. The formation was deposited by Lake Alamosa, a paleolake that existed from the Pliocene to the middle Pleistocene.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Geologic formations of Colorado


title: Fredy Hinestroza

text:
Freddy Hinestroza Arias (born 5 April 1990) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Junior.

Club career
Born in Medellín, Hinestroza played for lowly CF Ferroválvulas de Medellín before passing in a trial at Atlético Nacional in October 2010. He failed to adapt into his new team, suffering with injuries and being also with dual registration problems.

Despite appearing regularly during the pre-season (also occasionally playing as a left back), He only appeared in one league game for Atlético Nacional, a 1–2 home loss against La Equidad on 31 August 2011.

On 23 January 2012 Hinestroza moved to La Equidad. He scored his first goal on 17 June, netting his side's last in a 2–2 home draw against Independiente Santa Fe. He was an ever-present midfield unit during Equidad's following campaigns.

On 8 July 2014 Hinestroza moved abroad for the first time in his career, joining La Liga side Getafe CF in a one-year loan deal. He made his debut in the competition on 24 August, coming on as a second half substitute for Pablo Sarabia in a 1–3 away loss against Celta de Vigo.

On 5 August 2015 Hinestroza was loaned to Real Zaragoza in Segunda División, for one year.

International career
Hinestroza made his debut for the Colombia national team on 16 January 2022 in a 2–1 home win over Honduras.

Honours

Club

Atlético Nacional
Categoría Primera A: 2011–I

Junior
Superliga Colombiana (2): 2019; 2020
Categoría Primera A: 2020–I

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Medellín
Colombian men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Categoría Primera A players
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Liga MX players
Atlético Nacional footballers
La Equidad footballers
Getafe CF footballers
Real Zaragoza players
Santos Laguna footballers
C.D. Veracruz footballers
Águilas Doradas Rionegro players
Atlético Junior footballers
Colombian expatriate men's footballers
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico


title: Václav Levý

text:
Václav Levý (also known as Wenzel Lewy; 14 September 1820 – 30 April 1870) was a Czech sculptor. He was considered to be one of the pioneers of the modern style in Bohemia.

Biography

Levý was born in the village of Nebřeziny (today part of Plasy). He was the son of a shoemaker. When he was two years old, the family moved to Kožlany, where they remained. He showed an early aptitude for carving, creating several figures of the Virgin Mary and crucifixes. His parents were not sympathetic, however, and sought to apprentice him to a carpenter. At the urging of a local parson, he was sent away for an education, first to a certain abbey in Plzeň, then to the Augustinian monastery in Lnáře, where he became a cook, later serving a brief apprenticeship in Dresden.

Upon returning from Dresden, he made the chance acquaintance of Antonín Veith, a landowner who was also a patron of the arts, and entered his service as a cook at his estate in Liběchov village near Mělník in 1844. His talent for sculpture was soon noticed by many of Veith's guests and, on the advice of the painter Josef Matěj Navrátil, he was sent to Prague to study with the sculptor František Xaver Linn (1802–1848). However, Levý came to the conclusion that Linn was a mediocre sculptor who had nothing to teach him, so he returned to Liběchov.

It was there, in 1845, at the suggestion of Veith's librarian, an Augustinian professor from Brno named František Klácel, that Levý began creating the reliefs on a rock massif situated in wooded hill near Liběchov that are now known as the "Klácelka Cave." Levý probably took his inspiration for the sculptures from Klácel's poem Ferina Lišák (a fable about a fox). The attention attracted by these reliefs encouraged Veith to send him to Munich for studies with Ludwig Schwanthaler, where he was taught the Academic style. It was here that he produced one of his best-known works Adam and Eve in 1849. He then returned to Klácelka, adding motifs from Czech history, as well as working on new decorations for the castle chapel.

1850–1870

Veith fell into financial difficulties and died suddenly in 1853, but Levý was able to survive as a free-lance sculptor and soon received a commission from the Sisters of Mercy Hospital near Petřín Hill in Prague. Ultimately, however, he decided that he could not compete in the local sculpture market (which was dominated by the brothers Josef and Emanuel Max), so he applied for and received a stipendium to study in Rome. This proved to be his most fruitful period and his contacts there led to several large commissions in Vienna.

Because of health problems (believed to be liver disease), he returned to Bohemia in 1867. He was given contracts for decorating the tympanum at the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius and sculptural adornments for St. Vitus Cathedral, but his worsening health gradually decreased his ability to work and he came to rely on his best student, Josef Václav Myslbek, whom he had met in Vienna.
He died of his illness in Prague in 1870 and was buried in Vyšehrad cemetery.

Works
(incomplete list)
 1846 – Čertovy hlavy ("Devil's Heads") in Želízy, near Klácelka
 1858 – "Madona na půlměsíci" (Madonna on the Crescent Moon) and "Kristus s Pannou Marií a Martou" (Christ with Mary and Martha), National Gallery of Prague
 1861 – Saint Elizabeth of Thuringia (in Carrara marble), now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
 1864 – Saint James the Great and seven reliefs in the church at Polička
 1866 – Saint Agnes of Bohemia, in the Votivkirche, Vienna

References

Further reading
 Emanuel Poche (František Muzika, Josef Träger, editors): Václav Levý. Vol. 55, Mánes Union of Fine Arts, Prague 1943.
 Josef Říman et al.: Malá československá encyklopedie Part 3 (I–L). Academia, Prague 1986, p. 878.
 Nová encyklopedie českého výtvarného umění (New Encyclopedia of Czech Fine Arts), ed. by Anděla Horová, First part (A–N). Prague, Academia 1999, p. 446

External links

 Detailed biography by Josef Veselý, published by Czech Radio
 Klácelka @ Má Vlast
 List of Works relating to Levý in the National Library of the Czech Republic

1820 births
1870 deaths
Czech sculptors
Czech male sculptors
19th-century sculptors
People from Plasy


title: Adaptive immunity in jawless fish

text:
Jawless vertebrates, which today consist entirely of lampreys and hagfish, have an adaptive immune system similar to that found in jawed vertebrates. The cells of the agnathan AIS have roles roughly equivalent to those of B-cells and T-cells, with three lymphocyte lineages identified so far:

VLRA (most similar to α/β T cells, in its role and pathway of differentiation)
VLRB (most similar to B cells)
VLRC (most similar to γ/δ T cells)

VLRA and VLRB were identified in 2009, while VLRC was discovered in 2013. Instead of immunoglobulins, they use variable lymphocyte receptors.

Antigen receptors
Jawless vertebrates do not have immunoglobulins (Igs), the key proteins to B-cells and T-cells.  However, they do possess a system of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins that make up variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs).  This system can produce roughly the same number of potential receptors that the Ig-based system found in jawed vertebrates can. Instead of recombination-activating genes (RAGs), genes coding for VLRs can be altered by a family of cytidine deaminases known as APOBEC, possibly through gene conversion. Cytidine deaminase 1 is associated with the assembly of VLRA and VLRC and cytidine deaminase 2 appears to assemble VLRB.

Evolution
The gene expression profiles of lymphocyte-like cells (LLCs) in jawless vertebrates indicate that VLRB+ LLCs and B cells share a common ancestor, and VLRA+ and VLRC+ LLCs and T cells share a common ancestor. Like B cells and T cells, the development of VLRB+ LLCs is spatially separated from the development of VLRA+ and VLRC+ LLCs. VLRB+ LLCs and B cells develop in hematopoietic tissues: VLRB+ LLCs develop in the typhlosole and kidneys and B cells develop in bone marrow. VLRA+ and VLRC+ LLCs develop in a thymus-like organ called the thymoid, similar to T cells developing in the thymus. VLRB molecules and B cells can directly bind to antigens and VLRB-transfected cells secrete VLRB protein products, similar to B cells in jawed vertebrates. VLRA+ LLCs were unable to bind Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, or Streptococcus pneumoniae before or after immunization, suggesting that VLRAs require antigen processing like TCRs. However, MHCs or MHC-like molecules that could present processed antigens have not been found in lampreys, and some VLRAs expressed in yeast were able to directly bind to antigens. The antigen binding of VLRCs has not been studied. However, the VLRC gene is close in proximity and sequence to the VLRA gene and the two are often co-expressed in LLCs, suggesting that both are TCR-like receptors.

References

Further reading

Agnatha
Immune system


title: NR-1 Sinkhole

text:
The NR-1 Sinkhole is a giant underwater sinkhole located in the Straits of Florida  southwest of Key West, Florida. It is found at an approximate depth of  of water at the foot of the Pourtales Escarpment, an area of Quaternary sediment. It was discovered in October 1994 during a survey conducted by the American submarine NR-1, a U.S. Navy nuclear research submarine, and is named for the submarine. It was first identified via side-scan sonar and near-bottom echo sounder data, prompting a second survey in May 1995 to confirm the finding.

Discovery of the NR-1 Sinkhole prompted scientific interest, as sinkholes are generally believed to form only in environments which are subaerial, or exposed to the air. In contrast, the NR-1 Sinkhole is believed to be too deep underwater for the area to have been exposed to the air during formation in the Neogene. It was the first documented evidence suggesting that it is possible for karst sinkholes to form entirely underwater.

References

Sinkholes of Florida
Florida Keys
1995 in science
Karst formations


title: Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh

text:
Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh (Persian شهربانو تاجبخش) (born 1965) is an Iranian-American researcher, university lecturer, and United Nations consultant in peacebuilding, conflict resolution,  counter-terrorism, and radicalization, best known for her work in "Human Security" and for contributions in the republics of Central Asia and Afghanistan, as cited by the New York Times and other publications as well as hundreds of scholarly publications.  Currently, she is a lecturer at Sciences Po, researcher, and consultant to the United Nations.

Personal life and education

Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh was born on December 5, 1965, in Iran.

In 1987, she received a BA from Georgetown University.  In 1991 she earned an MA and in 1994 a doctorate from Columbia University plus certificate from Columbia's Harriman Institute.  Her doctoral thesis was "The A-Soviet Woman of the Muslim East and Nativization in Tajikistan" (1994), supervised by Edward A. Allworth.

Tadjbakhsh resides currently in France.

Career in academia and United Nations

Tadjbakhsh has been teaching at l’Institute d’Etudes Politiques (Sciences Po) since 2003. Currently she is teaching a course on Human Security and a course on Understanding and Responding to Violent Extremism, both at the Master's of International Security at Sciences Po. She also runs a summer course on Human Security at the Summer School since 2017 at Sciences Po.

She also currently works with various entities of the United Nations as a consultant on peacebuilding, counter-terrorism, and prevention of violent extremism and radicalization.

Contribution to Human Security studies

Tadjbakhsh is a thought leader in the field of Human Security studies, both as an academic subject and as a policy field. She has been teaching one of the longest running university courses on the subject at the Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po) in Paris since 2003, in addition to running a summer program at Sciences Po since 2007.

Her co-authored book "Human Security: Concepts and Implications" should be, in the words of a reviewer, compulsory text for all those interested in serious academic discussions on the subject. As a proponent of the broad approach to Human Security, she advocates for the definition that not only encompasses freedom from fear but also freedom from want and indignity.
In 2004, Tadjbakhsh founded Journal of Human Security (la revue de Sécurité Humaine) at Sciences Po, which ran through 2008.

She has written numerous monograms and articles, contributed to the development of training manuals at the United Nations and has trained UN workers, government officials and practitioners on the Human Security approach and its policy and programming implications. In collaboration with the UN's Human Security Unit (New York), she prepared a training manual for operationalizing human security as a concept. She also contributed to the reports of the UN Secretary General on Human Security which led to a General Assembly Resolution in 2012.

In May 2013, Tadjbakhsh delivered a Kapuscinski Lecture sponsored by UNDP and the European Commission on the theme of Human Security, delivered at the University of Riga and the Stockholm School of Economics in Riga, Latvia. In 2021, she was interviewed for a podcast on spotify on what humanizing people meant for security.

Expertise on Afghanistan and Central Asia
She is best known for her work on Central Asia

 and Afghanistan.
Her writing on Central Asia was recommended for The New York Review of Books by Ahmed Rashid as part of what people should know about Central Asia. She has written about cross-border communities across Central Asia and Afghanistan.
Between 2010 and 2016 she was a researcher at the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) working on Regional Security Complexes around Afghanistan which resulted in a book co-written with Kristian Berg Harpviken on Afghanistan: A Rock Between Hard Places.
She also conducted research on the ethics of liberal peace  and edited a book on Rethinking the Liberal Peace.
She and her students conducted a joint research between Sciences Po and Kabul University in 2007. In 2015, she participated at the OSCE Security Days conference focusing on Contemporary Challenges to Euro-Atlantic Security hosted by the Wilson Center and talked about Enhancing Security and Stability in Afghanistan and Central Asia.

Contributions to the field of understanding violent extremism and countering terrorism
Tadjbakhsh is also known for her expertise in the field of counterterrorism and prevention of violent extremism, especially in Central Asia and Afghanistan.
She has been teaching a course on Understanding and Responding to Violent Extremism at the Master's of International Security at Sciences Po since 2018. Between 2010-2019, she was  a consultant with the UN Regional Center for Preventive Diplomacy in Central Asia (UNRCCA) and the UN Office on Counter Terrorism (UNOCT), and helped prepare the Joint Plan of Action for the Implementation of the UN Global Counter Strategy in Central Asia, adopted in November 2011 and revised and updated in 2021.
In January 2018, she worked as an Advisor to the Permanent Mission of Kazakhstan to the United Nations on their Presidency of the United Nations Security Council to help with resolutions and statements on counter-terrorism and on Afghanistan. She helped the Government of Kazakhstan prepare the Code of Conduct for A World Free of Terrorism that was then adopted by 70 countries at the United Nations.

Since 2017, she has collaborated on numerous projects for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), including helping prepare the Guidebook on a government-civil society collaboration on countering and preventing violent extremism and radicalization that leads to terrorism and conducting training for journalists and the youth on countering the use of the Internet for terrorist purposes through alternative narrative development.

Teaching and research

She has taught as an adjunct associate professor at Georgetown University, at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs and a visiting scholar at the Harriman Institute for post-Soviet Studies through (2003–2004) and has been delivered lectures as a visiting professor at various universities in Tehran, at Kabul University, at Jamia Islamiya University (Jamia-tul-Madina) and at Jawaharlal Nehru University in India, at the University of Pretoria in South Africa, at the Russian Center for Strategic Research and International Studies]] in Russia, and at the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan.

Since 2014, she has been academic advisor to the Afghan Institute for Strategic Studies (AISS) and has provided guidance for the research and publication of a series of papers on radicalization in Afghanistan. With the AISS, she has been developing a concept of security based on sufism and love, as part of a project on developing the Herat School of Security.

Tadjbakhsh has served on the board of governors of Jacobs University Bremen (International University of Bremen, Germany) between (2008–2010). She has also served on editorial boards of the Journal of Conflict Transformation and Security, University of Manchester (2012 – Present), Les Cahiers de l’Orient (2007–2008), Central Asia Monitor (1993–2000), and the Afghan Institute for Strategic Studies (since 2015).

United Nations

Tadjbakhsh served on the staff of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) from 1997 to 2003 and since then has collaborated with UN agencies as a consultant, including the Political Affairs, UN Regional Center for Preventive Diplomacy (under DPPA), United Nations Counter-Terrorism Office and  United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP), as well as the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
In 2000, while working at the Human Development Report Office at UNDP headquarters (New York City), Tadjbakhsh set up the National Human Development Report (NHDR) Unit in 2000 and ran a Community of Practice Network on Human Development.
In 2003, Tadjbakhsh left the UN but has continued to contribute to UN Human Development Reports. She led team in preparing Human Development Reports on South Eastern Europe, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, Nepal and South East Europe She also worked with teams in preparing Human Development Reports for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Djibouti, and Mongolia among others.

The first UNDP/Government National Human Development Report for Afghanistan, published in 2004, for which Tadjbakhsh served as editor in chief, received notice by New York Times as the "first comprehensive look at the state of development in Afghanistan in 30 years." More than 15 years prior to the US pull-out from Afghanistan in 2021, the report warned, "In addition to ranking Afghanistan in the development index for the first time, the report warned that Afghanistan could revert to anarchy if its dire poverty, poor health and insecurity were not improved. 'The fragile nation could easily tumble back into chaos,' concluded the authors of the study, led by Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh."

Since 2010, Tadjbakhsh has been a consultant for the United Nations Regional Center for Preventive Diplomacy in Central Asia (UNRCCA) and the UN Office of Counter Terrorism, for whom she has engaged in preparing the Action Plan for Implementation of the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (UNGCTS) in Central Asia.
In January 2018, she worked with the Permanent Mission of Kazakhstan to the United Nations on their Presidency of the United Nations Security Council to help with resolutions and statements on counter-terrorism and on Afghanistan.

Selected bibliography
Tadjbakhsh's work appears in detail on WorldCat.  They include:

Books

 Editor, Rethinking the Liberal Peace: External Models and Local Alternatives, edited by Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh, (New York: Routledge, 2011)

Chapters, articles, other

 "Conceptualizing love for peace from below: humane security in Afghanistan (Open Democracy, 12 july 2019)
 Ṣadr-I ̮Ziyā and his Diary Leiden | Boston: Brill, 2004.
 Babel: widows of Tajikistan Index on Censorship. March-April, 1998, Vol. 27 Issue 2, p163, 6 p.
 "Iran and its Relationship with Afghanistan After the Nuclear Deal" with Mohammed Fazeli (PRIO, 2016)
 "Regional Responses to Radicalization in Afghanistan: Obstacles, Opportunities and an Agenda for Action" (PRIO, 2016)
 "Strangers Across the Amu River: Community Perceptions Along the Tajik–Afghan Borders" with Kosimsho Iskandarov and Abdul Ahad Mohammadi (Stockholm: SIPRI/OSF, 2015)

 "Human Security Twenty Years On" in Norwegian Peace Building Resource Center Paper (2014)
 "In Defense of the Broad Approach of Human Security" in Handbook on Human Security (Routledge, 2013)
 "The Persian Gulf and Afghanistan: Iran and Saudi Arabia's Rivalry Projected" (PRIO, 2013)
 "Central Asia and Afghanistan: Insulation on the Silk Road, Between Eurasia and the Heart of Asia" (PRIO, 2012)

 "After 9/11: A Wasteland of Buried Reason" (Open Democracy, 2011)
 "South Asia and Afghanistan: The Robust India-Pakistan Rivalry" (PRIO, 2011)
 "International Relations Theory and the Islamic World View" (2010)
 "Liberal Peace is Dead? Not So Fast" (2009)
 "Peacemaking in Tajikistan and Afghanistan: Lessons Learned and Unlearned" (2008)
 "Normative and Ethical Frameworks for Human Security in Eastern and Central Europe: A Status Report" with Odette Tomasco-Hatto (UNESCO, 2007)
 "Human Security: Concept, Implications and Application for Post-Intervention Afghanistan" (CERI, 2005)
 "Between Socialism and Islam: Women in Tajikistan" (1996)
 "National Reconciliation in Tajikistan: the Imperfect Whim" (1995)
 "Tajikistan: A Forgotten Civil War" with Nassim Jawad (1995)
 "The Bloody Path of Change: The Case of Post-Soviet Tajikistan" (1993)
 "The Tajik Spring of 1992: A Comparison of Tajik Political Parties" (1993)
 "Causes and Consequences of the Civil War"

External sources

 Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh - Lennart Meri Conference, ICDS

 Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh: Bibliography

 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)
 Open Democracy
 C-SPAN

See also

 Peace Research Institute Oslo
 Sciences Po
 United Nations
 Peacebuilding
 Human security
 Central Asia
 Afghanistan
 Tajikistan
 Edward A. Allworth
 Ryszard Kapuściński

References

1965 births
Academics from Tehran
Living people
Georgetown University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Academic staff of Sciences Po
Political science writers
Iranian writers
Iranian emigrants to the United States
Peace and conflict scholars


title: The Sufferettes

text:
The Sufferettes are a Canadian comedy duo composed of Becky Johnson and Kayla Lorette.

Performance history
The Sufferettes began performing together in 2008 as part of the weekly competitive improv show, Catch23 Improv, in Toronto.

In 2011, the Sufferettes began touring together internationally performing in such cities as London, Berlin, Vienna, Graz, Ljubljana, Sarnen, Bochum, Karlsruhe, Edmonton, Rochester and more.

Awards and nominations
Canadian Comedy Award 2014, Best Improv Troupe (Winner)
Now Magazine Best of Toronto 2014, Improv Troupe (Winner)

References

Canadian comedy duos
Canadian Comedy Award winners


title: Friendship, South Carolina

text:
Friendship is an unincorporated community in Marion County, South Carolina, United States.

St. Paul Baptist Church is located in Friendship.

Herbert Woods, co-founder of Sylvia's Restaurant of Harlem, lived in Friendship as a child.

References

Unincorporated communities in Marion County, South Carolina
Unincorporated communities in South Carolina


The 2014–15 VCU Rams women's basketball team will represent Virginia Commonwealth University  during the 2014–15 college basketball season. Beth O'Boyle assumes the responsibility as head coach for her first season. The Rams were members of the Atlantic 10 Conference and play their home games at the Stuart C. Siegel Center. They finished the season 16–14, 7–9 in A-10 play to finish in a tie for eighth place. They lost in the second round of the A-10 women's tournament to Saint Louis.

2014–15 media
All non-televised Rams home games and conference road games will stream on the A-10 Digital Network.

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#F8B800; color:#000000;"| Regular Season

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#000000; color:#F8B800;"| Atlantic 10 Tournament

Rankings
2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings

See also
 2014–15 VCU Rams men's basketball team
 VCU Rams women's basketball

References

VCU Rams women's basketball seasons
VCU
VCU Rams women's basketball


title: 1977 West Bank Premier League

text:
1977 West Bank Premier League was the first season of the West Bank Premier League and the 4th completion of the Palestinian Top Tier. The Champion was Silwan.

League table

References

West Bank Premier League seasons
West Bank
West Bank
League


title: Odvardt Helmoldt von Lode

text:
Odvardt Helmoldt von Lode, also Odvardt Helmoldt de Lode (c. 1726 – 3 September 1757), was a Danish painter and engraver.

Early life
Lode was the son of the painter and engraver Gustav de Lode. He followed in his father's footsteps and became a painter in Viborg and later in Copenhagen and was first mentioned in documents in 1742. From 1743 on there were articles about him and his work in several magazines.

Works
In 1745 he painted the frontispiece in Altona, Hamburg. He also engraved a series of portraits of notable people, including Tycho Brahe, Adam Gottlob Moltke, Ole Worm, Peter Tordenskjold, Ludvig Holberg (1752) and Johan Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg (1757).

Later life
In 1754 he married a wine merchant's daughter, Karen Nordrup. In 1755 he was awarded the Academy's silver medal. He was then commissioned to engrave the twelve Oldenburg kings. He completed Christian I of Denmark in 1757, but died the same year. His widow died in 1763.

References
 Odvardt Helmoldt von Lode at the Art Index Denmark / Weilbachs Artist Encyclopedia

External links
 MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image repository) illustrations by Odvardt Helmoldt von Lode from Monuments de la mythologie et de la poésie des Celtes. Clicking on the thumbnail will give you the full image and information concerning it.

1726 births
1757 deaths
18th-century Danish engravers
18th-century Danish painters
18th-century male artists
Danish male painters


title: Ekene

text:
Ekene is a unisex given name. Notable people with the name include:

Ekene Emigo (born 1984), Nigerian footballer
Ekene Ibekwe (born 1985), American-Nigerian basketball player
Ekene Igwe (born 1988), Nigerian footballer
Ekene Ikenwa (born 1977), Nigerian footballer
Ekene Obi (born 2003),
Nigerian blogger and Pharmacist

Masculine given names


title: Abu Dardah

text:
Abu Dardah () is a Syrian village located in Hama Nahiyah in Hama District in Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Abu Dardah had a population of 486 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Abu Mansaf

text:
Abu Mansaf ()  is a Syrian village located in the Hama Subdistrict of the Hama District in the Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Abu Mansaf had a population of 364 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: William Hertling

text:
William Hertling is a science fiction writer and programmer. He was a co-founder and Director of Engineering at Tripwire, and a web strategist and software developer at Hewlett-Packard where he obtained numerous software engineering patents in the areas of networking protocols, printing, and web applications.

Writing
Hertling began publishing science fiction in 2011 with Avogadro Corp: The Singularity is Closer than it Appears. Influenced by Ray Kurzweil and Charles Stross, his work examines the emergence of strong artificial intelligence and how humankind reacts to and coexists with AI. The resulting Singularity series has received critical acclaim from Wired and KurzweilAI, as well as notable people in the technology industry, including Brad Feld, Harper Reed, Ben Huh, Amber Case, and John Walker.

The first novel, Avogadro Corp, a near-term technothriller, is about the modification of an email language optimization software program giving the software a survival instinct, accidentally creating a self-motivated artificial intelligence. His second novel, A.I. Apocalypse, set ten years later, explores the creation of strong artificial intelligence through software evolution and the resulting organizational principles and values of an AI society. The third book, The Last Firewall, again set ten years further into the future, is a cyberpunk novel examining post-humanism, the effects of social class on AI and humans, and technological unemployment. The fourth novel, The Turing Exception, is set where humans and AI have co-existed peacefully until 2043, where a nanotech event seen as a terrorist act by AI results in the destruction of Miami and large controls placed on AI, and explores the unfolding events revolving around XOR – an AI splinter group with the goal of taking the reign of Earth from humans. Throughout all four novels, the reaction of humans to strong AI, and the coexistence of both groups are recurring themes.

He published his first children's novel in 2014, The Case of the Wilted Broccoli, a detective novel about three elementary school students who solve a food supply chain mystery.

Awards and Expertise
A self-published author, Hertling is a frequent presenter at technical, writing, and science fiction conventions, where he talks about the intersection of science fiction and technology, self-publishing, book marketing, technology, and innovation. He describes his success with self-publishing in Indie and Small Press Book Marketing, his non-fiction manual for marketing books.

He was nominated for the Prometheus Award for Best Novel for A.I. Apocalypse, won Foreword Review's Science Fiction Book of the Year in 2011 for Avogadro Corp, and won Independent Publisher's IPPY Bronze medal for The Last Firewall.

Bibliography
 Avogadro Corp: The Singularity is Closer than it Appears (2011)
 A.I. Apocalypse (2012)
 Indie and Small Press Book Marketing (2012)
 The Last Firewall (2013)
 The Case of the Wilted Broccoli (2014)
 The Turing Exception (2015)
 Kill Process (2016)
 Kill Switch (2018)

References

External links

American science fiction writers
Living people
University of Arizona alumni
1970 births
Writers from Portland, Oregon
American male novelists
Novelists from Oregon


title: Olisa

text:
Olisa is both a surname and given name. Notable people with the name include:

 Olisa Adibua, Nigerian radio personality
 Olisa Agbakoba (born 1953), Nigerian lawyer and activist
 Olisa Metuh Nigerian lawyer and politician
 Ken Olisa (born 1951), Nigerian British businessman and the first black Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London
 Victor Olisa, senior officer in the Metropolitan Police in London, England


title: Adabas, Hama

text:
Adabas, Hama ()  is a Syrian village located in Hama Nahiyah in Hama District in Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Adabas, Hama had a population of 933 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Al-Alamein, Syria

text:
Al-Alamein ()  is a Syrian village located in the Hama Subdistrict of the Hama District in Hama Governorate.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Alamein had a population of 1,081 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District
Villages in Syria


title: Årsgång

text:
Årsgång (pronounced [ˈoːʂgɔŋ]) is an archaic form of Swedish divination. It is sometimes translated as the year walk or yearly round.

According to Swedish researcher Tommy Kuusela, Årsgång was a complex form of divination in Swedish folk tradition, usually practised at Christmas or New Year’s Eve. The phenomena could vary greatly regionally or even in the same district, but the general course was the same: if the practicers ("year walkers") had managed to follow certain instructions and to solve particular challenges (such as encounters with supernatural beings), they would catch glimpses of what would happen the following year.

Petrus Gaslander's 18th century Beskriftning om Svenska Allmogens Sinneslag och Seder… ("Character and Customs of the Peasantry") describes the årsgång, and says that it is no longer practised. He writes that to undertake the årsgång, one must walk into a forest before first light on Christmas Eve, without looking at a fire and without food or drink, and walking so far that the crowing of a cock cannot be heard. Having done so, the "year walker" will now be able to see the events of the future, and by looking at fields and the roads approaching churches can learn of the harvests and funerals of the coming year.

In popular culture
Årsgång was the basis for a 2013 adventure video game called Year Walk.

References

Culture of Sweden
European folklore


title: Paddy Cardiff

text:
Paddy Cardiff (8 November 1925 – 3 June 2005) was an Irish trade unionist.

Born in Dublin, into a family heavily involved in trade unionism, Cardiff left school at 13 and joined the British Army near the end of World War II.  He returned to Dublin in 1948, where he soon started work at Guinness, and became active in the Workers' Union of Ireland (WUI). He studied at the Catholic Workers College in Milltown. He was one of a group of trade unionists who secured recognition of the union by the company, and he rapidly rose through the union, working for it full-time from 1964.  In 1969, he was elected as Deputy General Secretary of the WUI, in which role he led the union's campaign for Ireland to join the European Economic Community.

Cardiff was elected as General Secretary of the WUI in 1977, and led negotiations which several years after his 1982 retirement brought about a long-anticipated merger with the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union.  He served as President of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions in 1983, then retired on account of ill health.

References

1925 births
2005 deaths
Trade unionists from Dublin (city)
Presidents of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions
Alumni of the National College of Ireland


title: Region 9

text:
Region 9 or Region IX can refer to:

Former Region 9 (Johannesburg), an administrative district in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa, from 2000 to 2006
Araucanía Region, Chile
Zamboanga Peninsula Region, Philippines
NJCAA Region 9, of the National Junior College Athletic Association, U.S.

Region name disambiguation pages


title: Grantsdale, Montana

text:
Grantsdale is an unincorporated community in Ravalli County, Montana, United States. Grantsdale is located near U.S. Route 93 and Montana Highway 38,  south of Hamilton. The community had a post office until October 29, 1988; it retains its own ZIP code, 59835.

Initially called Skalkaho Creek, the town became Grantsdale in about 1888 after H. H. Grant, the town's founder.

References

Unincorporated communities in Ravalli County, Montana
Unincorporated communities in Montana


title: Amaka

text:
Amaka is a Nigerian given name. Notable people with the name include:

 Amaka Agugua-Hamilton (born 1983), American basketball coach
 Amaka Gessler (born 1990), New Zealand swimmer
 Amaka Igwe (1963–2014), Nigerian filmmaker and broadcasting executive
 Amaka Ogoegbunam (born 1990), Nigerian sprinter
 Amaka Osakwe (born 1987), Nigerian fashion designer

See also
 Christ the King College, Onitsha, popularly known as Amaka Boys, aan all-boys secondary school in Onitsha, Anambra, Nigeria


title: Kyzyl (disambiguation)

text:
Kyzyl is the capital city of the Tuva Republic, Russia.

Kyzyl may also refer to:

Kyzyl Airport, an airport in the Tuva Republic, Russia
Kyzyl mine, a gold mine in Kazakhstan
Kyzyl Caves, Buddhist caves in Xinjiang, China

See also

 Kizil (disambiguation)


title: Annandale's frog (disambiguation)

text:
Annandale's frog (Clinotarsus alticola) is a frog in the family Ranidae found in northeastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, northern Peninsular Thailand, and possibly Bhutan and Nepal.

Annandale's frog may also refer to:

 Annandale's bush frog (Raorchestes annandalii), a frog in the family Rhacophoridae found in the eastern Himalayas in India, Nepal, and Bhutan
 Annandale's high altitude frog (Kurixalus naso), a frog in the family Rhacophoridae found in northeastern India, Tibet, and Myanmar
 Annandale's paa frog (Nanorana annandalii), a frog in the family Dicroglossidae found in northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal) and eastern Nepal
 Annandale's tree frog or Annandale's pigmy tree frog (Chiromantis simus), a frog in the family Rhacophoridae found in Bangladesh and northeastern India (in Assam, Mizoram, and West Bengal states)

Animal common name disambiguation pages


title: Bratt pan

text:
Bratt pans are large cooking receptacles designed for producing large-scale meals. They are typically used for braising, searing, shallow frying and general cooking. The units feature either manual or electrical tilting.

See also
 List of cooking vessels

References

Cookware and bakeware


title: Adeyinka

text:
Adeyinka is a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:

Given name
 Adeyinka Afolayan, Nigerian professor
 Adeyinka Asekun (born 1956), Nigerian banker and diplomat
 Adeyinka Faleti (born 1976), Nigerian-American politician and veteran
 Adeyinka Gladys Falusi, Nigerian academic
 Adeyinka Oyekan (1911–2003), former Oba of Lagos

Surname
 Adewale Adeyinka (born 1996), Nigerian footballer
 Gbenga Adeyinka, Nigerian actor, comedian, radio and TV presenter, writer, and MC


title: Amarat Aslan

text:
Amarat Aslan ()  is a Syrian village located in the Hama Subdistrict of the Hama District in the Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Amarat Aslan had a population of 746 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Arzah

text:
Arzah (); also spelled Arze or Arzeh; also known as al-Arzah al-Dabaa () is a Syrian village located in the Subdistrict of the Hama District in the Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Arzah had a population of 1,280 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.

References

Alawite communities in Syria
Populated places in Hama District


title: Bahra, Hama

text:
Bahra ()  is a Syrian village located in the Hama Subdistrict of the Hama District in the Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bahra had a population of 1,098 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Marvin Lamb

text:
Marvin Lee Lamb (born July 12, 1946) is an American composer, music pedagogue and conductor.

Life
Lamb was born in Jacksonville, Texas, studied at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas and received a Bachelor of Music in music theory and composition. He then studied at the University of North Texas in Denton and received a Master of Music. He completed his studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in Urbana and earned a Doctor of Musical Arts in composition. His teachers include John Butler, William P. Latham and Paul Zonn as well as electronic music and computer techniques with Herbert Brun and John Melby.

He worked at Atlantic Christian College, now Barton College, (1973–1977), at the Peabody College in Nashville, Tennessee (1977–1979), from 1980 to 1983 at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, from 1983 to 1989 at Tennessee Tech University, and from 1989 to 1998 he served as dean of the school of music and held the Yeager Endowed Professorship of Composition at Baylor University, at which point he became dean of the Weitzenhoffer Family College of Fine Arts at the University of Oklahoma (1998-2005). He is currently professor of music at the University of Oklahoma.

As a composer he writes works for different genres, with performances in Europe, Japan, Mexico, Argentina and Canada. He is a member of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), the fraternities Pi Kappa Lambda and Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the American Music Center, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools College Consulting Network and former president of the Texas Association of Music Schools.

Compositions

Works for orchestra
 1972 Movements for trumpet, percussion, and string orchestra
 1977 Concerto for Tenor Saxophone and Orchestra
 1985 J.B. II, for picc., Dbl. Fl., Eng. Hrn., Dbl. Ob., and orchestra
 1987 Overture for orchestra
 1987 The Eagle has landed, for speaker, harp, piano, orchestra and narrator
 2010 Bop!, concertino for Theater Organ and Orchestra
 2011 For Franco/Delicatissimo, for orchestra

Works for band
 1985 Igor Fantasy, for band
 2001 Sacred Ground, Fanfare for band

Musical theatre

Incidental music
 2010 The Dada Play – Incidental Music and Solo Songs, for tenor, mezzo-soprano, guitar, piano and vocal ensemble – text: Mieko Ouchi

Vocal music

Works for choir
 1978 Sitio, for 3 vocal soloists, SATB choir, brass trio, organ, and percussion – text: David Cassel
 1981 The Annunciation, for Handbell choir, trompet, and SATB choir – text: Rainer Maria Rilke "Annunciation to Mary"
 2008 Bless This House, for SATB choir, brass quintet and piano

Solo vocal works
 1970 Life Cycle, for tenor, flute, trumpet, and bassoon
 1975 Lullabye on a text by George Barker, for soprano, clarinet, oboe, and piano

Chamber music
 1968 Structures, for trombone and piano
 1970 Prairie Suite, for brass quintet
 1973 Woodwind Quintet
 1973 In Memoriam, Benjy, for saxophone quartet
 1974 Regards Broussards, for clarinet and trombone
 1971 Solowalk, for flute
 1973 The Professor March and Rag, six speakers/actors
 1979 Ballad of Roland, for alto saxophone and tinwhistle
 1981 Serenade for unknown friends, for oboe, clarinet, tenor saxophone, and piano
 1984 Music for Julius Baker, for flute choir
 1984 Vision of Basque, for bassoon
 1984 Heavy metal, for 5 tubas
 1985 Prism, for trombone, piano, and percussion
 1986 Final Roland, for alto saxophone, whistle siren, piano, and harmonica
 1986 The Stomp Revisited, for brass quintet
 2006 A Fit Reliquary, for brass quintet and percussion orchestra (10 players)
 2008 Lamentations, for string quartet
 2008 Grappelli Dreams, for alto saxophone and viola
 2008 House of Dawn, for 4 violas (or viola ensemble)
 2010 Pablo/Saul, for piccolo/flute, Eb, Bb, Bass Bb Cl, violin, cello, piano, and percussion
 2011 Fantasy, for viola and piano

Intermedia works
 1972 Intonazione, for prepared tape, lights, and sculpture

Publications
 The musical, literary and graphic influences upon Luciano Berio's Thema, Omaggio a Joyce, DMA Thesis – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1977. 115 p.

Bibliography
 Wolfgang Suppan, Armin Suppan: Das Neue Lexikon des Blasmusikwesens, 4. Auflage, Freiburg-Tiengen, Blasmusikverlag Schulz GmbH, 1994,
 Paul E. Bierley, William H. Rehrig: The Heritage Encyclopedia of Band Music – Composers and Their Music, Westerville, Ohio: Integrity Press, 1991,
 Jean-Marie Londeix: Musique pour saxophone, volume II : répertoire général des oeuvres et des ouvrages d' enseignement pour le saxophone, Cherry Hill: Roncorp Publications, 1985.
 E. Ruth Anderson: Contemporary American Composers – A Biographical Dictionary, Second edition, Boston: G. K. Hall, 1982, 578 p.,

References

External links
Biography from the University of Oklahoma
Biography from Sigma Alpha Iota (SAI)
Biography from Media Press, Inc.

American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century classical composers
1946 births
Living people
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians


title: Ministry of Finance (Saudi Arabia)

text:
The Ministry of Finance (MoF; ) of Saudi Arabia is the principal body for controlling state expenditure in Saudi Arabia. It is currently led by Mohammed Al-Jadaan.

History
When instructions were issued by the Kingdom of Hejaz that financial matters were to be managed by a finance directorate, a single entity in the form of a General Directorate of Finance was established on 14 October 1927. Royal Order No. 381 was issued on 14 May 1932 changing the name of the General Directorate of Finance to the Ministry of Finance, thus becoming the second ministry to be established after the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Ministry of Finance was tasked with regulating, managing and securing the collection of state funds, and oversight of expenditures, and became the general authority for financial matters in the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd and its territories. Royal Decree No. 1697 was issued on 27 June 1953 establishing the Ministry of Economy to replace the Bureau for Economic Affairs. Royal Decree No. 31 was issued on 4 September 1954 merging the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Finance into a single ministry called the Ministry of Finance and National Economy. Royal Order No. 2/A was issued on 1 May 2003 transferring responsibility for economic activity from the above-mentioned ministry to the Ministry of Planning, thus changing the name of the Ministry of Finance and National Economy to the Ministry of Finance, and the name of the Ministry of Planning to the Ministry of Economy and Planning.

The Ministry owns the Istidama Holding Company, which on 23 April 2018, received the 36.2% stake of the Saudi Binladin Group owned by Bakr bin Laden and his brothers Saleh and Saad.

Government bodies established by the Ministry of Finance
In 1936, as the activities of the Ministry of Finance expanded in scope, a number of general directorates were established within the ministry (later turned into independent government bodies), including:
	Petroleum and Minerals Directorate
Public Works Directorate
	Customs Directorate
	Agriculture Directorate
	Hajj, Endowment and Radio Affairs
	Personnel and Retirement Bureau
	Labor Bureau
	Institute of Public Administration
	Postal Directorates
	Roads Authority
	Railway Authority
	Real Estate Development Fund
	Saudi Industrial Development Fund
	Saudi Credit & Saving Bank
	Agriculture Development Fund
	Public Investment Fund
  General Authority of Zakat & Tax
	Public Pension Agency
	General Authority of Statistics
	 Urban Projects Bureau
 Saudi Contractors Authority

Functions
One of the tasks of the ministry is to collect zakat from companies owned by Saudi citizens and citizens of other Gulf countries. The ministry transfers these funds to the Ministry of Social Affairs which allocates them to unemployment programs and social security payments.

Ministers

The ministers of finance are as follows:
 Abdullah bin Suleiman Al Hamdan (14 August 1932-14 April 1954)
 Mohammed Suroor Sabban, (14 April 1954-22 February 1958)
 Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Adwan, (22 February 1958- 28 July 1958)
 Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, (28 July 1958-30 August 1960)
 Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, (30 August 1960-11 September 1961)
 Muhammed bin Saud Al Saud, (11 September 1961-15 September 1961)
 Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, (15 September 1961-16 March 1962)
 Musaid bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud, (16 March 1962-14 October 1975)
 Mohammed bin Ali Aba Al Khail, (14 October 1975-3 August 1995)
 Suleiman bin Abdelaziz Al Sulaim, (3 August 1995-10 October 1995)
 Abdulaziz Abdullah Al Khuwaiter, (10 October 1995-30 January 1996)
 Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al Assaf, (30 January 1996-1 November 2016)
 Mohammed Al Jadaan, (1 November 2016-present)

References

External links
Ministry of Finance
General Authority of Zakat & Tax
Saudi Costumes

1932 establishments in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Finance
Ministries established in 1932


title: Helmville, Montana

text:
Helmville is an unincorporated community in Powell County, Montana, United States. Helmville is located in the central section of the county near Montana Highway 141,  southeast of Ovando. The community has a post office with ZIP code 59843.

The community is named for J. H. Helms, who applied for a post office. It was granted in 1872.

Helmville is near the confluence of Nevada Creek and the Blackfoot River.

Demographics

References

Unincorporated communities in Powell County, Montana
Unincorporated communities in Montana


title: Carolina Academic Press

text:
Carolina Academic Press (also known as CAP) is an academic publisher of books and software. Since entering the legal education market in the late 1970s, Carolina Academic Press has become a major publisher of law school textbooks. Today, CAP publishes more than 100 books a year in academic fields ranging from legal education and criminal justice to anthropology and african studies. In 2011, CAP released its first software package, Core Grammar for Lawyers, which has been used by more than half of the law schools in the United States.

History
Keith Sipe founded Carolina Academic Press in 1974. Sipe began publishing after living in Pakistan on a Fulbright scholarship. The press's first titles were American editions of foreign scholarship. The first title to use the CAP imprint was India/China: Underdevelopment and Revolution by the widely known journalist, Nigel Harris. Within a few years, however, CAP was publishing original scholarship and began entering new markets. The first manuscript signed was Richard Remnek's, Soviet Scholars and Soviet Foreign Policy which was published in 1975.

In 1978, Carolina Academic Press published Plain English for Lawyers by Richard Wydick. Arriving at a time when the plain English reform movement was reaching national popularity, the book soon became what The New York Times called the "most popular legal text today." The book's success spurred the firm to enter the legal publishing field.

On January 1, 2016, Carolina Academic Press acquired the Law School Publishing Division of LexisNexis. This acquisition added more than 500 new titles to the CAP list.

The firm has its headquarters in the historic Fitzgerald office building near downtown Durham.

References

External links

Legal publishers
Publishing companies established in 1974
Companies based in Durham, North Carolina
Book publishing companies based in North Carolina
Academic publishing companies


title: Bayad, Hama

text:
Bayad ()  is a Syrian village located in Hama Subdistrict in the Hama District in the Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bayad had a population of 471 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Al-Daminah

text:
Al-Daminah () is a Syrian village located in the Hama Subdistrict of the Hama District in the Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Daminah had a population of 752 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Al-Suwayda al-Sharqiyah

text:
Boraq  () is a Syrian village located in the Subdistrict of the Hama District in the Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Boraq had a population of 315 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims. the village name is not eastern swiddah. Its Calle BORAQ

References

Bibliography

Populated places in Hama District


title: Daniel Edlen

text:
Daniel Edlen (born November 18, 1975) is a visual artist known for creating vinyl art, portraits of musicians and entertainers hand-painted on their vinyl records. Raised in Pacific Palisades, CA, he attended the Brentwood Art Center, learning to draw and paint. He also studied Cybernetics at University of California, Los Angeles.

After moving to Arizona, Daniel Edlen began creating his vinyl art using a modified pointillistic technique. White acrylic paint dabbed on creates an image "a bit like a black and white newspaper photo in reverse". It is noted that painting the recycled records is "a meticulous process that... often translates to one hyper-realistic rendering per month". It's also been remarked that it is "a truly unique message-meets-medium portraiture technique, using the physical canvas of artists’ talent — their records — to paint portraits of them in white acrylic."
Notable works have been shown by VH1, commissioned by the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Hollywood and VEVO, as well as done for the Roger Steffens Reggae Archives. Edlen was also commissioned by the David Lynch Foundation to paint a series of pieces, which were signed by the artists like Tom Waits and Iggy Pop to be auctioned to benefit the foundation.
In an interview with Phoenix Magazine, Edlen stated his reason for creating his Vinyl Art, "They celebrate the subject and the object, the art and the artifact.”

References

External links
brentwood art center homepage

Living people
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
1975 births
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
People from Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles
Painters from Los Angeles
American male painters


title: Alexander C. McClurg

text:
Alexander Caldwell McClurg (September 9, 1832 – April 15, 1901) was an American bookseller and military adviser from Pennsylvania. He was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where his father owned a prosperous foundry. Graduating from Miami University, McClurg briefly studied law before moving to Chicago, Illinois, to join a bookselling house. During the Civil War, McClurg served as a captain with the 88th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment. After his advisory skills were noticed by General Alexander McDowell McCook, McClurg spent the rest of the war as an adviser to various generals. His most prominent position was as Chief of Staff and Adjunct General to Major General Jefferson C. Davis and the XIV Corps. After the war, McClurg returned to his bookselling house as a junior partner. McClurg eventually became senior partner and the house became known as A. C. McClurg & Co.

Biography

Early life
Alexander Caldwell McClurg was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 9, 1832, but was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His father, Alex McClurg, built the Fort Pitt Foundry in Pittsburgh. McClurg graduated from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He then studied law under Walter H. Lowrie, the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. However, McClurg's declining health caused him to stop the pursuit of law and he instead turned to mercantile pursuits. He moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1859 and joined the book-house of S. C. Griggs & Co., the leading house in the city.

Civil War
Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, McClurg enlisted as a private in Company D of the 16th Regiment Illinois State Militia. However, the regiment was deemed unnecessary and it was disbanded after a few months. McClurg briefly returned to S. C. Griggs & Co. before enlisting after a second call for troops. McClurg helped to raise a regiment called the Crosby Guards, which were merged into the 88th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, also known as the Second Chicago Board of Trade Regiment. McClurg was named a captain under Col. Francis Trowbridge Sherman. Within a month, the regiment saw action at the Battle of Perryville.

When the regiment arrived at Nashville, Tennessee, McClurg was named a judge advocate of a general court martial. When Major General Alexander McDowell McCook noticed McClurg's skill in the proceedings, he named McClurg his acting assistant adjutant general. McClurg assisted with planning the Tullahoma Campaign. Following a command reorganization following the Battle of Chickamauga, McClurg was reassigned to the staffs of Philip Sheridan, George Henry Thomas, and Absalom Baird. Baird named McClurg his adjutant general, assisting with the Chattanooga Campaign.

On April 14, 1864, he was named adjutant general to John M. Palmer, assisting with the Atlanta Campaign. After Palmer resigned his post, Major General Jefferson C. Davis requested the services of McClurg as adjutant general and Chief of Staff of XIV Corps and promoted to lieutenant colonel. With the war winding down, Major General George Stoneman offered McClurg a similar position with the Army of the Tennessee, but McClurg refused. On September 18, 1865, he was breveted brigadier general.

Bookselling
Although General Davis petitioned McClurg to join the regular army, he instead returned to S. C. Griggs & Co. as a junior partner. The firm became known as Jansen, McClurg & Co. in 1872 after Griggs lost his assets in the Great Chicago Fire the year before. In 1874, McClurg founded the 1st Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, leading it for three years. In 1887, McClurg became senior partner and the company was renamed A. C. McClurg & Co. President Grover Cleveland named McClurg examiner at United States Military Academy. Later that year, he received an honorary Master of the Arts degree from Yale University. The A. C. McClurg & Co. was destroyed in an 1899 fire, but McClurg financed its reconstruction. The new structure, designed by Holabird & Roche, is now recognized as a historic place. At the time of his death, A. C. McClurg & Co. was the largest book and stationery house in the West and was among the largest in the country.

Personal life

McClurg married Eleanor Wheeler, the niece of first Mayor of Chicago William B. Ogden, in 1877. They had two children, though one died in infancy. McClurg served terms as president of the Chicago Literary Club and the Commercial Club of Chicago. He served as vice president of the Chicago Historical Society and the University Club of Chicago. He was one of the first thirteen trustees of the Newberry Library in Chicago. McClurg co-founded the American Publishers Association and served as its first vice president shortly before his death. He died in Saint Augustine, Florida, on April 15, 1901, and was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago.

References

1832 births
1901 deaths
Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
Miami University alumni
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
19th-century American businesspeople


title: Sycophila

text:
Sycophila is a genus of wasp that associates with figs and galls of various insects such as gall wasps and gall midges. They have a cosmopolitan distribution.

Species
There are currently around 120 described species

References

Eurytomidae


title: Wilton Park Estate

text:
The Wilton Park Estate is located in Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire.

History
The Wilton park estate once belonged to the monks of Burnham Abbey. It is mentioned in 1412, with John Amond as farmer.

In 1702 it was acquired by the Basill family, who built a house on the estate. Sometime between 1760 and 1770 they sold the estate to Josias Du Pré, the future Governor of Madras. He commissioned the building of a mansion house on the estate, also known as the "White House", from Richard Jupp which was completed in 1779.

In 1939 the house was taken over by the War Office and used as an interrogation centre for Nazi prisoners of war: German refugees working for the Allies would listen in secret into prisoners' conversations. After the Second World War the house was used by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to re-educate prisoners of war into the British way of life: between January 1946 and June 1948 approx 4,500 Germans were made to attend re-education classes there. The house went on to become the home of the Army School of Administration from 1949 and also the home of the Army School of Education from 1950. The Foreign Office "re-education" facility, still known as Wilton Park and still organising conferences, moved out in 1951 and is now based at Wiston House in West Sussex.

A single-storey blockhouse was constructed in the grounds of Wilton Park in 1954, to provide a protected wartime headquarters for the senior Army officers of Eastern Command and London District. From 1957, alternative provision was made for the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Command and his staff as part of the Regional Seats of Government planning; but the blockhouse was retained and remained available for use by London District until the end of the Cold War.

In the 1960s a Defence School of Languages was established on the site (Colonel Gaddafi of Libya studied there at that time). Although the house was demolished in 1968, the school remained on the site until April 2014. In September 2014 a single story building known as the "Shean Block" was demolished.

Standing sets for filming the ITV TV series Endeavour were built at Wilton Park in 2016.

In December 2019, Inland Homes was granted planning permission to develop the site and create 146 new homes. In April 2022 a relief road, providing improved access to the site was opened up to the public.

In September 2020, the historian, Helen Fry, published a book titled "MI9: A History of the Secret Service for Escape and Evasion in World War Two" describing what went on at Wilton Park during the Second World War and its subsequent use up to and including the 21st century.

In March 2022, a fire broke out at Wilton Park. It took three hours to get the fire under control: a building in between the fifteen story tower block and Defence School of languages was destroyed but nobody was hurt.

In May 2022, Inland Homes sold part of the site to another developer, Beechcroft Developments, for £19 million.

References

Country houses in Buckinghamshire
British country houses destroyed in the 20th century
World War II prisoner-of-war camps in England
Houses completed in 1779