title: Causes of cancer pain

text:
Cancer pain can be caused by pressure on, or chemical stimulation of, specialised pain-signalling nerve endings called nociceptors (nociceptive pain), or by damage or illness affecting nerve fibers themselves (neuropathic pain).

Infection
Infection of a tumor or its surrounding tissue can cause rapidly escalating pain, but is sometimes overlooked as a possible cause. One study found that infection was the cause of pain in four percent of nearly 300 cancer patients referred for pain relief. Another report described seven patients, whose previously well-controlled pain escalated significantly over several days. Antibiotic treatment produced pain relief in all patients within three days.

Tumor-related
Tumors can cause pain by crushing or infiltrating tissue, or by releasing chemicals that make nociceptors responsive to stimuli that are normally non-painful (cf. allodynia).

Vascular events
Deep vein thrombosis
Between 15 and 25 percent of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is caused by cancer (often by a tumor compressing a vein). Cancers most likely to cause DVT are pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, brain tumors, advanced breast cancer and advanced pelvic tumors. DVT may be the first hint that cancer is present. It causes swelling and pain (which varies from intense to vague cramp or "heaviness") in the legs, especially the calf, and (rarely) in the arms.
Superior vena cava syndrome
The superior vena cava (a large vein carrying circulating, de-oxygenated blood into the heart) may be compressed by a tumor, most often non-small-cell lung carcinoma (50 percent), small-cell lung carcinoma (25 percent), lymphoma, or metastasis, causing superior vena cava syndrome. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, swelling of the face and neck, dilation of veins in the neck and chest, and chest wall pain.

Nervous system
Between 40 and 80 percent of patients with cancer pain experience neuropathic pain.

Brain
Brain tissue itself contains no nociceptors; brain tumors cause pain by pressing on blood vessels or the membrane that encapsulates the brain (the meninges), or indirectly by causing a build-up of fluid (edema) that may compress pain-sensitive tissue.

Meninges
Ten percent of patients with cancer spreading to different parts of the body develop meningeal carcinomatosis, where metastatic seedlings develop in the meninges (outer lining) of both the brain and spinal cord (with possible invasion of the brain or spinal cord). Melanoma and breast and lung cancer account for 90 percent of such cases. Back pain and headache – often severe and possibly associated with nausea, vomiting, neck rigidity and pain or discomfort in the eyes due to light exposure (photophobia) – are frequently the first symptoms of meningeal carcinomatosis. "Pins and needles" (paresthesia), bowel or bladder dysfunction and lower motor neuron weakness are common features.

Spinal cord compression
About three percent of cancer patients experience spinal cord compression, usually from expansion of the vertebral body or pedicle (fig. 1) due to metastasis, sometimes involving collapse of the vertebral body. Occasionally compression is caused by nonvertebral metastasis adjacent to the spinal cord. Compression of the long tracts of the cord itself produces funicular pain and compression of a spinal nerve root (fig. 5) produces radicular pain. Seventy percent of cases involve the thoracic, 20 percent the lumbar, and 10 percent the cervical spine; and about 20 percent of cases involve multiple sites of compression. The nature of the pain depends on the location of the compression.

Nerve infiltration or compression
Infiltration or compression of a nerve by a primary tumor causes peripheral neuropathy in one to five percent of cancer patients.

Dorsal root ganglion inflammation
Small-cell lung cancer and, less often, cancer of the breast, colon or ovary may produce inflammation of the dorsal root ganglia (fig. 5), precipitating burning, tingling pain in the extremities, with occasional "lightning" or lancinating pains.

Brachial plexopathy
Brachial plexopathy is a common product of Pancoast tumor, lymphoma and breast cancer, and can produce severe burning dysesthesic pain on the back of the hand, and cramping, crushing forearm pain.

Bone

Invasion of bone by cancer is the most common source of cancer pain. About 70 percent of breast and prostate cancer patients, and 40 percent of those with lung, kidney and thyroid cancers develop bone metastases. It is commonly felt as tenderness, with constant background pain and instances of spontaneous or movement-related exacerbation, and is frequently described as severe. Tumors in the marrow instigate a vigorous immune response which enhances pain sensitivity, and they release chemicals that stimulate nociceptors. As they grow, tumors compress, consume, infiltrate or cut off blood supply to body tissues, which can cause pain.

Fracture
Rib fractures, common in breast, prostate and other cancers with rib metastases, can cause brief severe pain on twisting the trunk, coughing, laughing, breathing deeply or moving between sitting and lying. In breast, prostate or lung cancer, multiple myeloma and some other cancers, sudden onset limb or back pain may indicate pathological bone fracture (most often in the upper femur).

Skull
The base of the skull may be affected by metastases from cancer of the bronchus, breast or prostate, or cancer may spread directly to this area from the nasopharynx (fig. 2), and this may cause headache, facial paresthesia, dysesthesia or pain, or cranial nerve dysfunction – the exact symptoms depend on the cranial nerves impacted.

Pelvis
Pain produced by cancer within the pelvis varies depending on the affected tissue, but it frequently radiates diffusely to the upper thigh, and may refer to the lumbar region. Lumbosacral plexopathy is often caused by recurrence of cancer in the presacral space, and may refer to the external genitalia or perineum. Local recurrence of cancer attached to the side of the pelvic wall may cause pain in one of the iliac fossae. Pain on walking that confines the patient to bed indicates possible cancer adherence to or invasion of the iliacus muscle. Pain in the hypogastrium (between the navel and pubic bone) is often found in cancers of the uterus and bladder, and sometimes in colorectal cancer especially if infiltrating or attached to either uterus or bladder.

Viscera
Visceral pain is diffuse and difficult to locate, and is often referred to more distant, usually superficial, sites.

Liver
Acute hemorrhage into a hepatocellular carcinoma causes severe upper right quadrant pain, and may be life-threatening, requiring emergency surgery or other emergency intervention. A tumor can expand the size of the liver several times and consequent stretching of its capsule can cause aching pain in the right hypochondrium. Other causes of pain in enlarged liver are traction of the supporting ligaments when standing or walking, the liver pressing against the rib cage or pinching the wall of the abdomen, and straining the lumbar spine. In some postures the liver may pinch the parietal peritoneum against the lower rib cage, producing sharp, transitory pain, relieved by changing position. The tumor may also infiltrate the liver's capsule, causing dull, and sometimes stabbing pain.
Kidneys and spleen
Cancer of the kidneys and spleen produces less pain than that caused by liver tumor – kidney tumors eliciting pain only once the organ has been almost totally destroyed and the cancer has invaded the surrounding tissue or adjacent pelvis. Pressure on the kidney or ureter from a tumor outside the kidney can cause extreme flank pain. Local recurrence of cancer after the removal of a kidney can cause pain in the lumbar back, or L1 or L2 spinal nerve pain in the groin or upper thigh, accompanied by weakness and numbness of the iliopsoas muscle, exacerbated by activity.
Abdominal and urogenital hollow organs
Inflammation of artery walls and tissue adjacent to nerves is common in tumors of abdominal and urogenital hollow organs. Infection or cancer may irritate the trigone of the urinary bladder, causing spasm of the detrusor urinae muscle (the muscle that squeezes urine from the urinary bladder), resulting in deep pain above the pubic bone, possibly referred to the tip of the penis, lasting from a few minutes to half an hour.
Gastrointestinal
The pain of intestinal tumors may be the result of disturbed motility, dilation, altered blood flow or ulceration. Malignant lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract can produce large tumors with significant ulceration and bleeding.
Respiratory system
Cancer in the bronchial tree is usually painless, but ear and facial pain on one side of the head has been reported in some patients. This pain is referred via the auricular branch of the vagus nerve.
Pancreas
Ten percent of patients with cancer of the pancreatic body or tail experience pain, whereas 90 percent of those with cancer of the pancreatic head will, especially if the tumor is near the hepatopancreatic ampulla. The pain appears on the left or right upper abdomen, is constant, and increases in intensity over time. It is in some cases relieved by leaning forward and heightened by lying on the stomach. Back pain may be present and, if intense, may spread left and right. Back pain may be referred from the pancreas, or may indicate the cancer has penetrated paraspinal muscle, or entered the retroperitoneum and paraaortic lymph nodes
Rectum
A local tumor in the rectum or recurrence involving the presacral plexus may cause pain normally associated with an urgent need to defecate. This pain may, rarely, return as phantom pain after surgical removal of the rectum, though pain within a few weeks of surgical removal of the rectum is usually neuropathic pain due to the surgery (described in one study as spontaneous, intermittent, mild to moderate shooting and bursting, or tight and aching), and pain emerging after three months (described as deep, sharp, aching, intense, and continuous, made worse by sitting or pressure) usually signals recurrence of the disease. The emergence of pain on standing or walking (described as "dragging") may indicate a deeper recurrence involving attachment to muscle or fascia.

Serous mucosa
Carcinosis of the peritoneum may cause pain through inflammation, disordered visceral motility, or pressure of the metastases on nerves. Once a tumor has penetrated or perforated hollow viscera, acute inflammation of the peritoneum appears, inducing severe abdominal pain. Pleural carcinomatosis is normally painless.

Soft tissue
Invasion of soft tissue by a tumor can cause pain by inflammatory or mechanical stimulation of nociceptors, or destruction of mobile structures such as ligaments, tendons and skeletal muscles.

Diagnostic procedures

Some diagnostic procedures, such as venipuncture, paracentesis, and thoracentesis can be painful.

Lumbar puncture
In lumbar puncture a needle is inserted between two lumbar vertebrae, through the dura mater and arachnoid membrane surrounding the spinal cord, into the fluid-flled space between the arachnoid membrane and the spinal cord (the subarachnoid cavity), and cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) is withdrawn for examination. In one study, 14 percent of patients felt pain on lumbar puncture. (fig. 5)
Post-dural-puncture headache
In some patients, subsequent leakage of CSF through the dura mater puncture causes reduced CSF levels in the brain and spinal cord, leading to the development of post-dural-puncture headache (PDPH) hours or days later. Onset occurs within two days in 66 percent and within three days in ninety percent of PDPH cases. It occurs so rarely immediately after puncture that other possible causes should be investigated when it does.
The headache is severe and described as "searing and spreading like hot metal," involving the back and front of the head, and spreading to the neck and shoulders, sometimes involving neck stiffness. It is exacerbated by movement, and sitting or standing, and relieved to some degree by lying down. Nausea, vomiting, pain in arms and legs, hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, dizziness and paraesthesia of the scalp are common.

Treatment-related
Potentially painful cancer treatments include immunotherapy which may produce joint or muscle pain; radiotherapy, which can cause skin reactions, enteritis, fibrosis, myelopathy, bone necrosis, neuropathy or plexopathy; chemotherapy, often associated with mucositis, joint pain, muscle pain, peripheral neuropathy and abdominal pain due to diarrhea or constipation; hormone therapy, which sometimes causes pain flares; targeted therapies, such as trastuzumab and rituximab, which can cause muscle, joint or chest pain; angiogenesis inhibitors like bevacizumab, known to sometimes cause bone pain; and surgery, which may produce post-operative pain, post-amputation pain or pelvic floor myalgia.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy may cause mucositis, muscle pain, joint pain, abdominal pain caused by diarrhea or constipation, and peripheral neuropathy

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
Between 30 and 40 percent of patients undergoing chemotherapy experience chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN): tingling numbness, intense pain, and hypersensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes progressing to the arms and legs. Chemotherapy drugs associated with CIPN include thalidomide, the epothilones such as ixabepilone, the vinca alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine, the taxanes paclitaxel and docetaxel, the proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib, and the platinum-based drugs cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin. Whether CIPN arises, and to what degree, is determined by the choice of drug, duration of use, the total amount consumed and whether the patient already has peripheral neuropathy. Though the symptoms are mainly sensory – pain, tingling, numbness and temperature sensitivity – in some cases motor nerves are affected, and occasionally, also, the autonomic nervous system.

CIPN often follows the first chemotherapy dose and increases in severity as treatment continues, but this progression usually levels off at completion of treatment. The platinum-based drugs are the exception; with these drugs, sensation may continue to deteriorate for several months after the end of treatment. Some CIPN appears to be irreversible. Pain can often be helped with drug or other treatment but the numbness is usually resistant to treatment. A 2007 American study found that most patients did not recall being told to expect CIPN, and doctors monitoring the condition rarely asked how it affects daily living but focused on practical effects such as dexterity and gait.
Mucositis
Cancer drugs can cause changes in the biochemistry of mucous membranes resulting in intense pain in the mouth, throat, nasal passages, and gastrointestinal tract. This pain can make talking, drinking, or eating difficult or impossible.

Muscle and joint pain
Withdrawal of steroid medication can cause joint pain and diffuse muscle pain accompanied by fatigue; these symptoms resolve with recommencement of steroid therapy. Chronic steroid therapy can result in aseptic necrosis of the humoral or femoral head, resulting in shoulder or knee pain described as dull and aching, and reduced movement in or inability to use arm or hip. Aromatase inhibitors can cause diffuse muscle and joint pain and stiffness, and may increase the likelihood of osteoporosis and consequent fractures.

Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy may affect the connective tissue surrounding nerves, and may damage or kill white or gray matter in the brain or spinal cord.

Fibrosis around the brachial or lumbosacral plexus
Radiotherapy may produce excessive growth of the fibrous tissue  (fibrosis) around the brachial or lumbosacral plexui (clusters of nerves), which can result in damage to the nerves over time (6 months to 20 years). This nerve damage may cause numbness, "pins and needles" (dysesthesia) and weakness in the affected limb. If pain develops, it is described as diffuse, severe, burning pain, increasing over time, in part or all of the affected limb.
Spinal cord damage
If radiotherapy includes the spinal cord, changes may occur which do not become apparent until some time after treatment. "Early delayed radiation-induced myelopathy" can manifest from six weeks to six months after treatment; the usual symptom is a Lhermitte sign ("a brief, unpleasant sensation of numbness, tingling and often electric-like discharge going from the neck to the spine and extremities, triggered by neck flexion"), usually followed by improvement two to nine months after onset, though in some cases symptoms persist for a long time. "Late delayed radiation-induced myelopathy" may occur six months to ten years after treatment. The typical presentation is Brown-Séquard syndrome (movement problems and numbness to touch and vibration on one side of the body and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the other). Onset may be sudden but is usually progressive. Some patients improve and others deteriorate.

Cited works

References

Oncology
Pain
Cancer pain


title: Phoebe Hart House

text:
The Phoebe Hart House is a historic house at The Hill in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA. Built about 1808–10, it is a well-preserved example of a middle-class urban Federal style house. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It now houses professional offices.

Description and history
The Phoebe Hart House is located on The Hill, a cluster of closely spaced historic houses on the northern edge of downtown Portsmouth, bounded on the north by Deer Street and on the east by High Street. This grouping was created by a road widening project from houses originally located on or near Deer Street. This house is located in the center of the cluster, behind the Henry Sherburne House. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. Its front facade is oriented to the south, toward an open plaza at the center of The Hill. The facade is five bays wide, with slightly asymmetrical placement around a centered entrance. The entrance is the most elaborate part of the facade, with attached columns and a segmented fanlight window, above which is a modillioned gable. The interior retains its original finishes, including a central circular staircase.

This house was probably built around 1808–10, the lot it originally stood on having been subdivided in 1808. The front entrance surround is one of the most unusual to survive from the Federal period in the city; it was probably based on examples published in architectural pattern books. This level of detail was also not typically found on middle-class housing of the period, of which this is an example. Originally oriented with a side gable end toward Deer Street, it was moved to its present location in the 1970s.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Federal architecture in New Hampshire
Houses completed in 1808
Houses in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Portsmouth, New Hampshire


title: You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet (Lisa Marie Presley song)

text:
"You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet" is a song performed by Lisa Marie Presley, written by Presley, James Bryan McCollum and Sacha Skarbek. It is from her Storm & Grace album, and was released as a single on April 10, 2012. The song was described by the Presley Foundation's own website as having an "ominous, swampy vibe."

The single failed to chart, but the "smoky, spooky" single was well received by Entertainment Weekly. Presley made a guest appearance on American Idol on May 17, 2012, performing the song.

References

2012 songs
Lisa Marie Presley songs
Songs written by Sacha Skarbek
Song recordings produced by T Bone Burnett
2012 singles
Universal Republic Records singles
Songs written by James Bryan McCollum


title: Hemipecten

text:
Hemipecten is a genus of scallops, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Pectinidae.

Species
Species within the genus Hemipecten include:
 Hemipecten forbesianus Adams & Reeve, 1849

References

Pectinidae
Bivalve genera


title: Woman's Journal (British magazine)

text:
Woman's Journal was a monthly British magazine primarily targeted towards women readers, published from November 1927 to 2001. It contained a mix of contemporary fiction, fashion and stories about the Royal family.

It also supported women's many interests, including publishing a Women Driver's Pocketbook in 1963, with useful tips and guidance on safe driving.

Among the writers contributing to its fiction pages were -
Margery Allingham
Leslie Charteris
Agatha Christie
Daphne Du Maurier
John Galsworthy
Fanny Heaslip Lea
Georgette Heyer
Ngaio Marsh
Mary Stewart
Elizabeth Von Armin
H.G.Wells
John Wyndham
Dornford Yates
Woman's Journal has resurrected in the UK as The Women's Journal in 2023. The Women's Journal UK is a new online feminist magazine by women, for women - relaunched to readdress women's issues at a time when there has been many steps backwards for women worldwide.

Editors
Ailsa Garland (1965–1970)
 Marcelle d'Argy Smith (1997–1999)
 Elsa McAlonan (1999–2001)

References

Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct women's magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1927
Magazines disestablished in 2001


title: Roberto Rey

text:
Roberto Rey (15 February 1905 – 30 May 1972) was a Chilean film actor who worked in Spain, appearing in more than fifty films during his career including the 1935 musical Paloma Fair.

Selected filmography
 A Lucky Man (1930)
 A Gentleman in Tails (1931)
 Transit Camp (1932)
 Paloma Fair (1935)
 The Dancer and the Worker (1936)
 The Barber of Seville (1938)
 It Always Ends That Way (1939)
 A Palace for Sale (1942)
 The Princess of the Ursines (1947)
 Bella the Savage (1953)
 They Fired with Their Lives (1959)
 Litri and His Shadow (1960)
 A Girl from Chicago (1960)
 The Daughters of Helena (1963)
 Gunfighters of Casa Grande (1964)
 Aragonese Nobility (1965)
 The Complete Idiot (1970)

References

Bibliography
 D'Lugo, Marvin. Guide to the Cinema of Spain. Greenwood Publishing, 1997.

External links

1905 births
1972 deaths
Chilean male film actors
20th-century Chilean male actors
Chilean emigrants to Spain


title: Jasdan State

text:
Jasdan State was a princely state in Saurashtra during the British Raj. Its last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union on 15 February 1948. The capital of the state was in Jasdan town.

History
Jasdan state was founded in 1665 when Vika Khachar defeated the Khumans of Kherdi. In 1807, after its ruler Vajsur Khachar came to an agreement with the British and the Gaikwar, it became a British protectorate. Later in the 19th century Jasdan became part of the Kathiawar Agency of the Bombay Presidency.

Jasdan was the biggest kathi state in British India issuing its own postage stamps.

Rulers
Jasdan State was ruled by Kathi Kshatriya belonging to Khachar dynasty of Kathiawar region The rulers of the state bore the title 'Darbar'.
.... – 1809                Vajsur Odha Khachar                (d. 1809)
1809 – 27 October 1851         Shela Vajsur Khachar II            (d. 1851)
1852 – 1904                Ala Shela Khachar Shri Vajdur Oda  (b. 1831 – d. 1904)
1904 – 21 December 1912         Odha Ala Khachar II                (d. 1912)
21 Dec 1912 – 10 July 1919  Vajsur Odha Khachar II             (d. 1919)
11 Jul 1919 – 15 August 1947  Ala Vajsur Khachar                 (b. 1905 – d. 1973)
11 Jul 1919 –  1 December 1924  .... –
17 November 1997
Shivraj Ala Khachar I

Notable members of royal family
 Lavkumar Khachar, ornithologist
 Yuvraj saheb Raviraj Khachar(CROWN PRINCE)

See also
Political integration of India
Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency
Saurashtra (region)

References

Kathiawar Agency
Rajputs
Rajkot district
States and territories established in 1665
1665 establishments in India
1948 disestablishments in India


title: Giorgi Papunashvili

text:
Giorgi Papunashvili (, ; born 2 September 1995), commonly known as Papu, is a Georgian professional footballer who plays for Azerbaijani club Kapaz as a winger.

Ha has played for Georgian national senior and youth teams.

Club career

Dinamo Tbilisi
Papunashvili started his career in his hometown club Dinamo Tbilisi. In 2013, after having spent a single season with the reserve side of the Georgian club, Papunashvili was promoted to the first team and in November he made his debut in Erovnuli Liga against Tskhinvali.

During the 2014–15 season, Papunashvili became the key figure at Dinamo, scoring 16 goals in all tournaments with the club, including his first career hat-trick against Tskhinvali in October 2014. Dinamo won Georgian Cup at the end of the season as well, with Papunashvili scoring two goals in the final against Samtredia.

In summer 2015, Papunashvili signed a season-long loan deal with Werder Bremen. He joined the reserve side of the club and played in 3. Liga. The loan spell was unsuccessful, as Papunashvili missed 12 games due to injury and was only able to make 20 appearances for the club, scoring two goals.

Real Zaragoza
In June 2017, Papunashvili signed four-year deal with Real Zaragoza. He made his debut for the Spanish club against Granada CF on 28 August, replacing Oliver Buff.

On 12 January 2020, Papunashvili joined fellow second division side Racing de Santander on loan until the end of the season.

Short spells
On 24 December 2020, Zaragoza announced the transfer of Papunashvili to Cypriot club Apollon Limassol FC.

In January 2022, he returned to Erovnuli Liga to join Torpedo Kutaisi. After six months Papunashvili moved to Serbian side Radnički Niš. In March 2023, he signed with Samtredia, and four months later joined Telavi. Having played one league match for the latter, Papunashvili signed a contract with Azerbaijan Premier League side Kapaz.

International career
Papunashvili made his debut for the national team in a 1–0 friendly loss against the United Arab Emirates on 3 June 2014.

He also represented Georgia national under-17 football team in the 2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship in Slovenia.  Papunashvili scored a memorable last-minute goal in a crucial win over England in the qualifying stage of this championship.

Career statistics

Club

International goals
Scores and results list Georgia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Papunashvili goal.

Honours
Dinamo Tbilisi
Umaglesi Liga: 2013–14
Georgian Cup: 2013–14, 2014–15
Georgian Super Cup: 2014

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
Men's footballers from Georgia (country)
Men's association football wingers
Erovnuli Liga players
FC Dinamo Tbilisi players
3. Liga players
SV Werder Bremen II players
Segunda División players
Real Zaragoza players
Racing de Santander players
Apollon Limassol FC players
Georgia (country) men's international footballers
Georgia (country) men's under-21 international footballers
Expatriate men's footballers from Georgia (country)
Expatriate sportspeople from Georgia (country) in Spain
Expatriate sportspeople from Georgia (country) in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Footballers from Tbilisi


title: Huillolluni

text:
Huillolluni (possibly from Aymara and Quechua willullu poor / orphan, Aymara -ni a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with an orphan")  is a mountain in the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about  high. It is situated in the Cusco Region, Quispicanchi Province, Marcapata District, and in the Paucartambo Province, Kosñipata District. Huillolluni lies north-east of the mountain Jolljepunco and north-west of the mountain Ancahuachana.

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Cusco Region


title: Northeast Coast campaign (1746)

text:
The Northeast Coast campaign of 1746  was conducted by the Wabanaki Confederacy of Acadia against the New England settlements along the coast of present-day Maine below the Kennebec River, the former border of Acadia. During King George's War from July until September 1746, they attacked English settlements on the coast of present-day Maine between Berwick and St. Georges (Thomaston, Maine).  Within two months there were 9 raids - every town on the frontier had been attacked. Casco (also known as Falmouth and Portland) was the principal settlement.

Background

After the two attacks on Annapolis Royal in 1744, Governor William Shirley put a bounty on the Passamaquoddy, Mi’kmaq and Maliseet on Oct 20. The following year, during the campaign, on August 23, 1745, Shirley declared war against the rest of the Wabanaki Confederacy – the Penobscot and Kennebec tribes.

In response to the New England expedition against Louisbourg which finished in June 1745, the Wabanaki retaliated by attacking the New England border. New England braced itself for such an attack by appointing a provisional force of 450 to defend the frontier. After the attacks began they increased the number of soldiers by 175 men. Massachusetts established forts along the border with Acadia: Fort George at Brunswick (1715), St. George's Fort at Thomaston (1720), and Fort Richmond (1721) at Richmond.  Fort Frederick was established at Pemaquid (Bristol, Maine).

After the Northeast Coast campaign (1745), another 200 British troops were sent to the New England/ Acadia border in January and 460 more in the spring.

The campaign

The 1746 campaign started on April 19 when a militia of 10 natives raided Gorhamtown.  Gorham had a blockhouse and four families.  The natives divided into five parties of two.  They then attacked the four families at the same time. Killing a father and four children killed, while taking the mother captive. They took two other fathers prisoner.  The men in the blockhouse charged after the natives and one of the militia men was taken captive.

The Confederacy next raided present-day Waldoboro, Maine, burning the village and killing some while taking others into captivity.  Some of the villagers fled to Pemaquid and others to St. Georges.  People did not return until after the war.

The Confederacy raided Pemaquid, killing cattle.

A militia of 15 native men ambushed 5 people at Sheepscot (present-day Newcastle, Maine), killing one of them.  A villager killed one of the natives.

At Wiscasset, Maine, natives killed 19 cattle and took Captain Jonathan Williamson captive for 6 months.

There was a battle near Fort St. Georges at Thomaston where one native was killed and one wounded.

A militia of 30 natives were at Falmouth and North Yarmouth, Maine. They killed two near Long-creek (Stroudwater). The soldiers from New Casco Fort approached, the natives retreated to attack Frost’s garrisoned house at Stroudwater but it was heavily defended.  Another blockhouse was built.

At Scarborough, Maine the natives killed a soldier and several others.

Last attack happened on 26 August in the vicinity of Pemaquid, Fort Frederick.  Settlers destroyed his cattle and entire habitation, wounding the owner and his son.

Aftermath
In response to these events, Shirley sent more troops and munitions to the Maine frontier over the winter, anticipating the Wabanaki campaign in the spring of 1747.  In response St. Georges was garrisoned with 30 men; 370 put between Berwick and Damariscotta.  150 were detailed as minute-men.  Scalp bounties were increased to 250 pounds for scalps taken west of Passamquoddy, 100 for anywhere else.

Notes

References

See also
Military history of Nova Scotia
 Northeast Coast campaign (1703)
 Northeast Coast campaign (1723)

Military history of Acadia
Military history of Nova Scotia
Military history of New England
Military history of Canada
Conflicts in 1746
1746 in the Thirteen Colonies
Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts
New France
Captives of Native Americans
1746 in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
Battles in Maine
Battles of King George's War
Berwick, Maine
Thomaston, Maine


title: Teen Choice Award for Choice Action TV Actor

text:
The following is a list of Teen Choice Award winners and nominees for Choice TV Actor - Action. This award was first introduced (along with Choice TV Actress - Action and Choice TV - Action) in 2008.

Winners and nominees

2000s

2010s

References

Action Actor


title: Isjuminella

text:
Isjuminella is a species of extinct  brachiopods, a marine rhynchonellate lampshell in the family Tetrarhynchiidae.

These stationary epifaunal suspension feeders lived in the Late Jurassic period.

References

Prehistoric brachiopod genera


title: Multifocal diffractive lens

text:
A multifocal diffractive lens is a diffractive optical element (DOE) that allows a single incident beam to be focused simultaneously at several positions along the propagation axis.

Principle of operation
An incident laser beam is deflected by grooved diffraction pattern into axial diffraction orders along its optical axis. The foci appear around the far field position. With an additional focusing lens,  foci from multifocal lens will appear at certain distances from the focal point of the lens.

Theory
The multifocal spots location is a function of refractive focal length fRefractive and predetermined diffractive focal length fDiffractive The focal spot at the "zero" order refers to the refractive focal length of the lens being used.

The distance between the focal spots can be described by the equation
,
where fm is the focal length for the mth diffractive order,
fRefractive is the focal length of the refractive lens, and
fDiffractive is the focal length of the diffractive lens.

Applications
 Laser cutting
 Laser drilling
 Microscopy
 Ophthalmology: Multifocal contact lenses and multifocal intraocular lenses

External links
 HOLOOR Application note for Multifocal Lenses
 Interactive Optical calculator for Multifocal Lenses
 Beam Propagation through multifocal lens (Movie)

References

Diffraction
Lenses


title: Sir Hugh Innes, 1st Baronet

text:
Sir Hugh Innes, 1st Baronet ( – 16 August 1831) was a Scottish politician.

Innes was the oldest surviving son of Rev. Hugh Innes of Calton, Glasgow and Jean, daughter of Thomas Graham. He was educated at the University of Glasgow.

He became a wealthy landowner, possibly having made his money in trade.

He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ross-shire from 1809 to 1812,
for Ross-shire from 1812 to 1830,
for Sutherland from May 1831 until his death in August 1831.

Announced on 7 December 1818, Innes was created a baronet on 28 April 1819, of Lochalsh and Coxton in the County of Moray.
However, he never married and died childless, so the baronetcy became extinct on his death.
No will was ever found.

References

External links

1764 births
Year of birth uncertain
1831 deaths
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Scottish landowners
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1831–1832


title: Lily's Driftwood Bay

text:
Lily's Driftwood Bay is a Northern Irish animated children's television series. Produced in Northern Ireland, the series premiered on Nick Jr. in the UK and Ireland on 5 May 2014 and it ended on 5 November 2017. It is created and produced by Sixteen South in association with Ingenious Media and with the participation of Nick Jr. and KiKA for season 2. It is based on an original idea and characters by Joanne Carmichael. The show uses paper cut-out animation.

Plot
A young sea-treasure hunter named Lily and her Dad live in a beach hut on an otherwise deserted beach. They give the impression of a family living 'off grid' with their patched clothes and Dad's plain look - their transport is an old van, and Lily having only a seagull for friendship and most of her toys composed of 'sea treasure' found on the beach.

In episode 35 "Goodbye Seabird" Lily is presented a framed photograph, from her father, showing a slightly younger Lily, her father and a blonde-haired lady by her father's side. The episode deals with the death of a seabird on Driftwood Bay and a suggestion could be that Lily's mother recently died given that Lily appears only a couple of years younger in the photograph.

Characters

Main
Salty Dog' (voiced by Peter Mullan) is a Scottish dog and the captain of a boat called "Delilah". He is Nonna's younger brother who lives on Driftwood Bay. His catchphrases are "All aboard for Driftwood Bay!", "Land ho!", "Aye, aye, young Lily!", "Welcome aboard, Old Delilah!", "Golden goose caps!", "Moldering mudskippers!", "Lumbering lobsters!", "Rattling razor-clams" and "Slippery scallions!" Salty takes Lily to Driftwood Bay on Old Delilah. Salty seems to be in love with Hatsie Hen.
Lily (voiced by Clodagh Kane) is the protagonist of the series, an imaginative, happy-go-lucky, cheerful and feisty young 5-year-old Northern Irish red-headed girl with a vivid imagination. Lily is always accompanied by her best friend, Gull (a Seagull) who often spies "sea treasure" that is washed up on the shore by her beach hut. Once Lily finds the sea treasure, she wonders what it could be, and gets whisked away to Driftwood Bay, an island that exists only in her imagination.  During the title sequence Lily creates pictures of her animal friends with things that have washed up on the beach, which come to life on Driftwood Bay. Her catchphrases are "Sea treasure!", "Every day, a new adventure washes up on the beach!", "Hoop-dee-doo!", "Hooray!", "Across the way on Driftwood Bay!", "Come on, Gull!", "Aye, aye, Captain Salty!" and "What is it, Gull?"
Bull Dozer ([voiced by Ardal O'Hanlon) is an Irish bull who wears a red neckerchief (or scarf) and lives on Driftwood Bay.
Nonna Dog (voiced by Annette Crosbie) is a Scottish dog who is Salty's older sister and the owner of the Cockle Cafe on Driftwood Bay.
Hatsie Hen (voiced by Tameka Empson) is a train-driving English hen who wears goggles at great speed and Salty seems to be in love with. She lives on Driftwood Bay.
Wee Rabbit (voiced by Jane Horrocks) is a Welsh rabbit who wears a pink dress and lives on Driftwood Bay. She is shy and loves art.
Lord Stag (voiced by Stephen Fry) is an English stag who wears a head reflector]and lives in Stag Castle on Driftwood Bay.
Dad (voiced by Richard Dormer) is Lily's Dad who loves her and stays at home, always there when she returns from her adventures.
Gull (voiced by Paul Currie) is Lily's best friend who is a seagull and is very squawky and talkative.
Puffin (voiced by Paul Currie) as his name implies, is a puffin who lives on Driftwood Bay.

Special guests
Noleen Hen (voiced by Dolly Parton) is a famous American country singer/songwriter and guitarist who gets washed up in a storm on Driftwood Bay. She appears in the episode "The Salty Chicken".
Dredger Tom Fox (voiced by Robert Brydon) is the antagonist of the series. Tom is a seafaring Welsh silver fox who is Nonna's former childhood sweetheart. He appears in the episode "The Proposal".
Roweena Rabbit (voiced by Imelda Staunton) is Wee Rabbit's sister who appears in "Fabulous Darling".

Episodes

Season 1 (2014)

Season 2 (2017)

Home video history
UK
Abbey Home Media Group (2016)
USA
NCircle Entertainment (2016)

Broadcast
The series premiered on Universal Kids in the United States on 12 May and on ABC in Australia on 19 May 2014. In Ireland, it airs on RTÉ.
It used to air on Channel 5 - Milkshake! in the UK, Piwi+ in France in August 2016. In Canada it was broadcast on Family Jr. on September 3, 2016, then season 2 aired on TVO Kids in August 2017.

References

External links
Official website

2014 British television series debuts
2017 British television series endings
2010s British animated television series
2010s British children's television series
British children's animated adventure television series
British children's animated comedy television series
British flash animated television series
British preschool education television series
Irish children's animated adventure television series
Irish children's animated comedy television series
Irish preschool education television series
English-language television shows
Channel 5 (British TV channel) original programming
ITV children's television shows
Animated television series about children
Animated television series about dogs
Television series about chickens
Animated television series about rabbits and hares
Television series about deer and moose
Animated television series about birds
Animated preschool education television series
2010s preschool education television series
Television shows set in Northern Ireland


title: Ancient Engleish Metrical Romanceës

text:
Ancient Engleish Metrical Romanceës (1802) is a collection of Middle English verse romances edited by the antiquary Joseph Ritson; it was the first such collection to be published.  The book appeared to mixed reviews and very poor sales, but it continued to be consulted well into the 20th century by scholars, and is considered "a remarkably accurate production for its day".

Contents

Volume 1

Dissertation on Romance and Minstrelsy

Ywain and Gawain

Launfal

Volume 2

Lybeaus Disconus

The Geste of Kyng Horn

The King of Tars, and the Soudan of Damas

Emare

Sir Orpheo

Chronicle of England

Volume 3

Le Bone Florence of Rome

The Erle of Toulous

The Squyer of Lowe Degre

The Knight of Curtesy, and the Fair Lady of Faguell

Notes [including an edition of Horn Childe and Maiden Rimnild]

Glossary

Composition

Up to this point only three complete Middle English romances had appeared in scholarly editions: Golagrus and Gawain and The Awntyrs of Arthure had been published by John Pinkerton, and Launfal by George Ellis.  Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, arguably the ultimate source of inspiration for Ritson's collection, did not include any mediaeval romance in full, and only the synopsis of Lybeaus Disconus.  Ritson approached the task with his usual insistence on the highest standards of editorial fidelity to the original text.  "Every article", he wrote, "is derive'd from some ancient manuscript, or old printed copy, of the authenticity of which the reader has all possible satisfaction; and is printed with an accuracy, and adherence to the original, of which the publick has had very few examples".  All manuscripts were transcribed by himself, with the exception of Sir Orpheo and The Erle of Toulous, copies of which were provided by Walter Scott and John Baynes respectively.  Apart from being a literary scholar Ritson was also a spelling-reformer, and in all the editorial matter of the Romanceës he adopted his own system of "etymological" spelling, a fact which was to deter readers and be seized on by hostile reviewers.

Ritson's mental health was deteriorating as he worked on the book.  He himself wrote of being "in continu'd state of il-health, and low spirits".  This particularly manifested itself in the virulence of his many attacks on the poor scholarship of Percy, Pinkerton and Warton in a lengthy "Dissertation on Romance and Minstrelsy" with which he prefaced the work.  In this Dissertation he addresses the problem of the origins of the romance form.  He rejects not just Warton's theory that romance was a literary form that came to Europe from the Islamic world, but also the contentions of others that it came from the Celtic countries or from Scandinavia, concluding that its true point of origin was France.  He proceeds first to a consideration of the state of the English language in the Middle Ages, which he thinks was at first too rude and undeveloped for French poets to have thought of borrowing romances from across the Channel, and then to a chronological survey of the English romances.  Finally he considers the social history of the minstrel.  This was a subject of long-standing dispute between himself and Thomas Percy, Percy holding that the minstrels enjoyed a high status in mediaeval society, while Ritson produced much evidence, here and elsewhere, to show that they were considered a low and vagabondish class.  Such men, he thought, could not be the authors of the romances, which were rather the work of learned men.  The Dissertation is piled high with relevant information, much of it new, but his theses are not always coherently developed, so that at times, as Monica Santini says, "the only thread of his argument is the continuous harrying of Warton".

Publication

The difficult problem of finding a publisher willing to take on such an unpromising work was solved by Ritson's friend George Ellis, who undertook to fund the project.  A delay of several months was caused by the discovery of a number of derogatory comments about the Christian religion in Ritson's text, which the publishers, G. and W. Nicol, insisted should be removed, but the three volumes eventually appeared in October 1802.  A second edition, revised by Edmund Goldsmid, was published by E. and G. Goldsmid in 1884-1885.  In 1891 this edition was reissued in a cut-down form, the romances being limited to Ywain and Gawain, Launfal and Lybeaus Disconus.

Reception

Ritson's book bleakly anticipated its own financial and critical failure:
The editour abandons it to general censure, with cold indifference, expecting little favour, and less profit; but certain, at any rate, to be insulted by the malignant and calumnious personalitys of a base and prostitute gang of lurking assassins, who stab in the dark, and whose poison'd daggers he has  experience'd.
The work was indeed a commercial flop, the market for unmodernized Middle English verse not yet being in existence, especially when even the editorial matter had to be read in reformed spelling.  It was already being reported in 1806 that it had fallen into "undeserved neglect", and it was left to Ellis's Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances (1805) to capture the popular market.

The Romanceës were reviewed in the British Critic and the Critical Review, but not favourably or at length.  Walter Scott, in the Edinburgh Review, was more friendly:
Let it be remembered to his honour, that, without the encouragement of private patronage, or of public applause; without hopes of gain, and under the certainty of severe critical censure, he has brought forward such a work on national antiquities, as in other countries has been thought worthy of the labour of universities, and the countenance of princes.
He stressed the importance of the romances to the historian in telling us how our ancestors lived, acted and spoke.  In private Scott was more critical, writing to Ellis that the Dissertation "reminds one of a heap of rubbish, which had either turned out unfit for the architect's purpose, or beyond his skill to make use of".  In later years he preferred Henry Weber's "Metrical Romances" (1810).  The poet Robert Southey was an out-and-out enthusiast for the Romanceës.  "Of all men living [Ritson is] the best qualified for the task, and the most trustworthy" he wrote in the Annual Review.  In a letter to Coleridge he called it "a treasure of true old poetry…Ritson is the oddest, but most honest, of all our antiquaries, and he abuses Percy & Pinkerton with less mercy than justice."  He encouraged the writer William Taylor to find subjects for new poetry in Ritson's Romanceës.  Thomas De Quincey knew and admired the Romanceës enough to induce Coleridge to include passages from them in his Royal Institution lectures on poetry, to their benefit.  In fact he had enough readers among the writers of the Romantic movement to ensure a measurable influence on it.

By the end of the 19th century the Middle English scholarship of Ritson's Romanceës was no longer the state of the art.  Walter Skeat pointed out a number of mistakes in the glossary, and remarked that the Romanceës was "a valuable book in its way, but we must not trust it too much".  Nevertheless, in 1938 Ritson's biographer Bertrand Bronson could point out that "Scholars still refer to these volumes with a frequency which is homage to the quality of Ritson's labor", and in 1989 the critic Rolf P. Lessenich wrote that it has "remained a useful edition across the centuries".

Notes

References

External links
 Ancient Engleish Metrical Romanceës at the Internet Archive

1802 poetry books
English poetry collections
Romance (genre)
Middle English poetry
Books by Joseph Ritson


title: Baybay Elementary School

text:
Baybay Elementary School is a public school in Barangay Baybay, Tangalan, Aklan, Philippines.

See also
 List of schools in Tangalan
 Education in the Philippines

References

External links
 DepEd Region VI Website
 Data.gov Website
 MOOE for 2014

Schools in Aklan
1963 establishments in the Philippines
Educational institutions established in 1963


title: MIT School of Telecom Management, Pune

text:
MIT School of Telecom Management, Pune, is a higher education institution in Pune, India. The school, established in 2007, is one of MAEER's MIT Group of Institutions. It is supported by the industry in designing the academic curriculum.

Programs
 Post Graduate Diploma in Management, with Specialization in Telecom Systems, Marketing, and Finance.
Affiliation : AICTE
 Master of Business Administration, with Specialization in Telecom Systems, Marketing, and Finance.
Affiliation : Mahatma Gandhi University
 Master of  Science in International Business
Affiliation:  University of Dundee, UK,       * University of Abertay Dundee, UK, and  Robert Gordon University, UK

Ranking
It has been ranked A in the Business India Survey 2013. It has recent ranked A4 in India Management survey 2014

References

Universities and colleges in Pune


title: Darbishire

text:
Darbishire is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Arthur Dukinfield Darbishire (1879–1915), British zoologist
Charles Darbishire (1875–1925), British Liberal politician and East India merchant
Godfrey Darbishire (1853–1889),  English rugby union player
Helen Darbishire (1881–1961), English literary scholar
Henry Astley Darbishire (1825–1899), British architect
Robert Dukinfield Darbishire (1826–1908), English lawyer and philanthropist

Fictional characters
Charles Edwin Jeremy Darbishire, the school friend of John Jennings in the Jennings novels by Anthony Buckeridge

Other
Darbishire Quad, a building and quad of Somerville College, Oxford

See also
Darbyshire
Derbyshire, English county


title: Mankralo

text:
Among the Gas of the Greater Accra Region, the mankralo is a person of high authority whose responsibilities include relaying information about happenings in the community to the people.  In Teshie, a Ga community, the mankralo is selected by the three ruling houses.  The position carries great prestige because of the opportunities that accompany it.

Mass media occupations
Ghanaian culture
Ga-Adangbe people


title: Giorgi Papava

text:
Giorgi Papava (born 16 February 1993) is a Georgian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Uzbekistan Super League club Pakhtakor.

Honours
Dinamo Tbilisi
Georgian League: 2012–13; 2013–14
Georgian Cup: 2013; 2014
Georgian Super Cup: 2014

External links

1993 births
Living people
Men's footballers from Georgia (country)
Georgia (country) men's international footballers
Georgia (country) men's under-21 international footballers
Expatriate men's footballers from Georgia (country)
Men's association football goalkeepers
Cypriot First Division players
FC Dinamo Tbilisi players
Nea Salamis Famagusta FC players
FC Dila Gori players
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
FC Metalurgi Rustavi players
Uzbekistan Super League players
Footballers from Tbilisi


title: Vala State

text:
Vala State or Vallabhipura was a non-salute princely state in India during the British Raj until 1948. The centre was the city of Vallabhi. The last ruler of the state signed the state's accession to the Indian Union on 15 February 1948.

History

Vala (Vallabhipura) princely state was founded in 1740 by Thakore Sahib Akherajji of nearby Bhavnagar (also in Gohelwar prant; later a salute state under a Maharaja), a Gohil Rajput of the Suryavanshi clan, for his twin brother Visaji, who became the first Thakore. It was one of the many states in Saurashtra, mostly petty states. It comprised 40 villages, covering 492 Square Kilometers km2. In 1921 it had a population of 11,386 (13.285 in 1903–4). Its state revenue was 225,000 Rupees (in 1903–4, mainly from land; later 341,773 Rupees), and it paid 9,202 Rupees tribute to the Gaekwar Baroda State and to Junagadh State.

It was a native state of British India in charge of the colonial (originally Eastern -) Kathiawar Agency of the Bombay Presidency., later merged into the Western India States Agency.

It ceased to exist by accession to freshly independent India's then state Saurashtra (now part of Gujarat) on 15 February 1948. The privy purse was fixed at 520,000 Rupees.

References

Kathiawar Agency
Princely states of Gujarat
Bhavnagar district
Gohils
States and territories disestablished in 1948
1948 disestablishments in India


title: Dolicholobium

text:
Dolicholobium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus is found from central Malesia to the southwestern Pacific.

Species
Dolicholobium aciculatum Burkill - Solomon Islands
Dolicholobium barbatum M.E.Jansen - D'Entrecasteaux Islands
Dolicholobium brassii Merr. & L.M.Perry - Solomon Islands
Dolicholobium cordatum M.E.Jansen - Louisiade Archipelago
Dolicholobium crassicarpum M.E.Jansen - Papua New Guinea
Dolicholobium forbesii Wernham - Papua New Guinea
Dolicholobium gertrudis K.Schum. - Papuasia
Dolicholobium glabrum M.E.Jansen - Solomon Islands
Dolicholobium graciliflorum Valeton - Papua New Guinea
Dolicholobium leptocarpum Merr. & L.M.Perry - New Guinea
Dolicholobium linearilobum M.E.Jansen - Papua New Guinea
Dolicholobium longifructum M.E.Jansen - Louisiade Archipelago, Woodlark Island
Dolicholobium macgregorii Horne ex Baker - Fiji
Dolicholobium minutilobum M.E.Jansen - Santa Isabel Island
Dolicholobium moluccense M.E.Jansen - Maluku Islands
Dolicholobium nakiki M.E.Jansen - Bismarck Archipelago
Dolicholobium oblongifolium A.Gray - Fiji, Vanuatu
Dolicholobium oxylobum K.Schum. & Lauterb. - New Guinea
Dolicholobium parviflorum M.E.Jansen - Bougainville Island
Dolicholobium peekelii Valeton - Bismarck Archipelago
Dolicholobium philippinense Trel. - Philippines
Dolicholobium rheophilum M.E.Jansen - Louisiade Archipelago
Dolicholobium ridsdalei M.E.Jansen - Bougainville Island
Dolicholobium riuense M.E.Jansen - Louisiade Archipelago
Dolicholobium rubrum Schltr. ex Valeton - Papua New Guinea
Dolicholobium rufiflorum S.Moore - Papua New Guinea
Dolicholobium seruiense M.E.Jansen - Yapen
Dolicholobium solomonense Merr. & L.M.Perry - Solomon Islands, Vanuatu

References

External links
 Dolicholobium in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae

Rubiaceae genera
Dialypetalantheae


title: Gorochana

text:
Gorochana or gorocana (transliterated from  "cattle-light"; also  gi-wang) is a stone or 'bezoar' found in cattle ( go), such as the bull, cow, ox, and yak. Its presence in the animal is reputedly indicated by the snoring or other nocturnal sounds made by the animal in its sleep.  Its equivalent in Sinitic culture is calculus bovis. The vernacular Hindi and Bengali names are the same as the Sanskrit.

Vedic legend
Legend has it that Indra once cast the five precious minerals: gold, silver, coral, pearl, and either sapphire or turquoise, into the great ocean. These were eventually consumed by various animals, which then formed bezoars within their bodies. They have different colors and potencies based on the animal they originate from.

Medicinal properties
Reputedly, Gorochana acts as an antidote to poisons, promotes clear thoughts, and alleviates fevers and contagious diseases. The superior, mediocre, and inferior forms of these stones are reputed to respectively cure seven, five, or three patients who have been poisoned. In medieval European medical traditions bezoars were highly esteemed as an antidote to poisoning. 'Oriental bezoars' obtained from the East were particularly prized ones.
In India, A drop of Gorochana will be given along with mothers milk every particular day of the baby's birth. It will help to tremendously enhance voice clarity for babies.

Source and other properties
Gorochana of the finest quality is supposedly obtained from the brain or forehead of an elephant, and the second best quality is obtained from the stomach of a cow. Resembling the yellow yolk of a boiled egg, the yellow pigment obtained from a Gorochana is used as a tonic, sedative or tilaka to the forehead.

References

Tibetan Buddhism


title: Etymology (album)

text:
Etymology is an audio source library recorded in 1995 by Skeleton Crew. It was released by Rarefaction in 1997 in the United States on audio CD and CD-ROM for Macintosh and Windows 95 PCs. The sound files (16-bit AIFF stereo, sampled at 44.1 kHz) are royalty free, and Rarefaction stated that they are free for use in "musical or multimedia project[s]".

Background
Skeleton Crew was an American experimental rock and jazz group formed in 1982. They originally consisted of English guitarist Fred Frith and American cellist Tom Cora, with American harpist and keyboardist Zeena Parkins joining later. Although the group disbanded in 1986, Frith and Cora collaborated again in The Netherlands in 1995 as Skeleton Crew to record Etymology.

Frith later used Cora's cello samples on Etymology in "Traffic Continues II: Gusto", an extended piece Frith composed for Ensemble Modern on their 2000 album, Traffic Continues. Cora had died in 1998, and Frith dedicated "Traffic Continues II: Gusto" to Cora.

Track listing
"0dB Test Tone A440" (Frith) – 0:32
"Actions (9 samples)" (Frith) – 0:23
"Gestures (11 samples)" (Frith) – 1:53
"Swells (3 samples)" (Frith) – 1:15
"Boiler (3 samples)" (Frith) – 0:42
"Caste Rhythm" (Frith) – 0:08
"Caste Rhythm Loops (5 samples)" (Frith) – 0:11
"Gliss Rhythm" (Frith) – 0:08
"Gliss Rhythm Loops (2 samples)" (Frith) – 0:09
"Hand Tambour" (Frith) – 0:16
"Hand Tambour Loops (9 samples)" (Frith) – 0:24
"Livid Gaze" (Frith) – 0:13
"Livid Gaze Loops (7 samples)" (Frith) – 0:19
"Percolatte" (Frith) – 0:17
"Percolatte Loops (7 samples)" (Frith) – 0:23
"Pluck Taps" (Frith) – 0:11
"Pluck Tap Loops (2 samples)" (Frith) – 0:11
"Pouncers (2 samples)" (Frith) – 0:16
"Scride" (Frith) – 0:11
"Scride Loops (4 samples) " (Frith) – 0:14
"Slackedback" (Frith) – 0:17
"Slackedback Loops (9 samples)" (Frith) – 0:24
"Stap" (Frith) – 0:23
"Stap Loops (11 samples)" (Frith) – 0:29
"Brush" (Frith) – 0:12
"Brush Loops (5 samples) " (Frith) – 0:16
"Random (3 samples)" (Frith) – 0:52
"Vignettes (6 samples)" (Frith) – 1:55
"Armageddon" (Frith) – 0:28
"Armageddon Cuts (11 samples)" (Frith) – 0:37
"Noxoous" (Frith) – 0:52
"Noxous Loops (9 samples)" (Frith) – 0:56
"Steamleak" (Frith) – 0:16
"Steamleak Loops (13 samples)" (Frith) – 0:28
"Tandrum" (Frith) – 0:48
"Tandrum Loops (6 samples)" (Frith) – 0:51
"4 Questions" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:08
"4 Questions Loops (4 samples)" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:11
"Complete Sentence" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:15
"Phrase Loops (7 samples) " (Skeleton Crew) – 0:23
"Data Trash Shuffle" (Skeleton Crew) – 1:26
"Data Trash Loops (21 samples)" (Skeleton Crew) – 1:39
"Lexical Tantrum" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:18
"Lexical Tantrum Loops (8 samples)" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:25
"Line and Shine" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:21
"Line and Shine Loops (7 samples)" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:26
"Parsing Reel" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:33
"Parsing Reel Loops (9 samples)" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:41
"Phonology" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:18
"Phonology Loops (2 samples)" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:18
"Whistler's Other" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:49
"Whistler's Other Loops (5 samples)" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:53
"X-Bar Theory" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:33
"X-Bar Theory Loops (11 samples)" (Skeleton Crew) – 0:35
"Actions (4 samples)" (Cora) – 0:24
"Axons (10 samples)" (Cora) – 0:29
"Diphtongs (8 samples)" (Cora) – 0:40
"Gyri (4 samples)" (Cora) – 0:32
"Neural Chumps (7 samples)" (Cora) – 0:27
"Scritch (5 samples)" (Cora) – 0:20
"Snattre (5 samples)" (Cora) – 0:21
"Adage A" (Cora) – 0:52
"Adage A Cuts (9 samples)" (Cora) – 1:00
"Adage B" (Cora) – 0:28
"Adage B Cuts (6 samples)" (Cora) – 0:33
"Adage C" (Cora) – 0:36
"Adage C Cuts (12 samples)" (Cora) – 0:47
"Adage Coda" (Cora) – 0:25
"Adage Coda Cuts (13 samples)" (Cora) – 0:37
"Adage D" (Cora) – 0:22
"Adage D Cuts (7 samples)" (Cora) – 0:28
"Laryngio (5 samples)" (Cora) – 0:27
"Patterns (8 samples)" (Cora) – 0:38
"Statements (4 samples)" (Cora) – 0:41
"Quarter Loner (2 samples)" (Cora) – 0:56
"Bassis (10 samples)" (Cora) – 0:53
"The Bends 1 (10 samples)" (Cora) – 0:38
"The Bends 2 (11 samples)" (Cora) – 0:47
"Crackles & Rips (11 samples)" (Cora) – 0:26
"Creaks (4 samples)" (Cora) – 0:09
"Friction (10 samples)" (Cora) – 0:31
"Industrial (3 samples)" (Cora) – 0:14
"Scrapes (4 samples)" (Cora) – 0:24
"Scrawls/Scratches (13 samples)" (Cora) – 0:43
"Percussive (14 samples)" (Cora) – 0:24
"Bounces (4 samples)" (Cora) – 0:20
"Chordal (9 samples)" (Cora) – 0:28
"Flutterance (10 samples)" (Cora) – 0:37
"Tonal (21 samples)" (Cora) – 1:16
"Vox-like (10 samples)" (Cora) – 0:22
"Dissonance (7 samples)" (Cora) – 0:25
"High (4 samples)" (Cora) – 0:18
"Metallic (12 samples)" (Cora) – 0:39
"Rosin Haw (12 samples)" (Cora) – 0:36
"Overtones (12 samples)" (Cora) – 0:40
Source: Etymology liner notes, Fred Frith discography.

Personnel
Fred Frith (tracks 1–54) – guitar, electromagnetic translations
Tom Cora (tracks 37–95) – cello, cello resonated objects
Source: Discogs, Fred Frith discography.

Sound and artwork
Recorded at Koeinverhuurbdrijf Studio, Purmerland,  The Netherlands in 1995
Dolph – recording engineer
Thomas Dimuzio – producer (cutting, looping and editing)
Peter Baeder – cover artist
Source: Etymology liner notes, Fred Frith discography.

References

External links
Etymology at Rarefaction

1997 albums
Experimental music albums by American artists
Free improvisation albums


title: Dolichometra

text:
Dolichometra is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus contains only one species, viz. Dolichometra leucantha, which is endemic to the East Usambara Mountains in Tanzania.

References

Monotypic Rubiaceae genera


title: Tactical litigation

text:
Tactical litigation is a type of litigation which is not used for the normal purposes of victory on the merits, but instead, to give expression to a tactical goal. One of the most well known uses of tactical litigation, is the use of lawsuits for manufacturing delay, for example as an environmental authority to prevent a decision being taken to remove a wilderness area.

References

Judicial legal terminology
Abuse of the legal system
Ethically disputed judicial practices


title: Angus Brandt

text:
Angus John Brandt (born 26 October 1989) is an Australian professional basketball player for the Kagawa Five Arrows of the Japanese B.League. He played college basketball for Oregon State University before beginning his professional career with the Sydney Kings in 2014. After two seasons with the Kings, he joined the Perth Wildcats, where he won two NBL championships in three years. He has also had stints in Lithuania, New Zealand and Italy.

Early life
Born in Sydney, New South Wales, Brandt grew up in the Blue Mountains region. Living in his hometown of Springwood, he attended Blaxland High School in Blaxland, where he graduated from in 2007.

In 2008, Brandt moved to the United States to attend Lake Forest Academy in Lake Forest, Illinois for a prep season in 2008–09. In his one-season playing for Lake Forest, he averaged 15 points and 10 rebounds per game for coach Matt Vaughn.

College career
As a freshman at Oregon State in 2009–10, Brandt played sparingly for a Beavers team that finished the season with a 14–18 record. In 26 games (two starts), he averaged 1.1 points and 1.1 rebounds in 9.2 minutes per game.

As a sophomore in 2010–11, Brandt earned first-team Pac-12 All-Academic honors, while also earning a bigger role on the team which led to higher production value. In 29 games (21 starts), he averaged 4.8 points and 2.5 rebounds in 16.0 minutes per game.

As a junior in 2011–12, Brandt led the team in three-point field goal percentage with 49.2 percent (29-for-59), finished ninth in the Pac-12 in field goal percentage with 53.5 percent (122-for-228), and earned Pac-12 All-Academic Honorable Mention honors. In 36 games (35 starts), he averaged 9.1 points, 3.4 rebounds and 1.1 assists in 23.2 minutes per game.

On 16 November 2012, Brandt suffered an isolated tear of the ACL in his right knee against Purdue that required surgery and forced him to miss the remainder of the 2012–13 season. He was later granted medical hardship by the Pac-12 Faculty Athletics Representative Committee and deemed eligible to play in 2013–14. In four games (all starts), he averaged 11.3 points, 8.5 rebounds, 1.8 assists, 1.0 steals and 1.3 blocks in 30.5 minutes per game. He was again named to the Pac-12 All-Academic Honorable Mention team.

As a redshirted senior in 2013–14, Brandt finished 11th in the Pac-12 in field goal percentage with 51.1 percent (138-for-265), and earned second-team Pac-12 All-Academic honors. On 18 December 2013, he recorded a career-high 27 points against Towson. In 30 games (all starts), he averaged 12.6 points, 3.9 rebounds and 1.5 assists in 25.4 minutes per game.

Professional career

Sydney Kings (2014–2016)
On 16 June 2014, Brandt signed a three-year deal with the Sydney Kings of the National Basketball League. The following month, he joined the Penrith Panthers of the Waratah League in preparation for the 2014–15 NBL season. With the Panthers, he played alongside his brother, Louis. In six games for the Panthers, he averaged 25.3 points and 10.2 rebounds per game.

A knee injury suffered on New Year's Eve saw Brandt miss seven matches during his rookie season with the Kings. Despite this, he was named NBL Rookie of the Year for the 2014–15 season, averaging 7.4 points and four rebounds per game while shooting at nearly 50 per cent from the field over 21 games. He went on to play all 28 games for the Kings in 2015–16, averaging 8.1 points, 5.3 rebounds and 1.2 blocks per game.

Lithuania (2016)
On 23 February 2016, Brandt signed with Neptūnas Klaipėda of Lithuania for the rest of the 2015–16 LKL season. He helped Neptūnas reach the LKL Finals, where they were defeated 4–1 in the best-of-seven series by Žalgiris. In 21 games, Brandt averaged 4.6 points and 3.8 rebounds per game.

Perth Wildcats and Hawke's Bay Hawks (2016–2019)

On 12 May 2016, Brandt signed a two-year deal with the Perth Wildcats. His first season with the Wildcats saw him improve as the year went on, as he had a number of memorable performances as the Wildcats faced clutch games towards the end of the season. On 20 January 2017, Brandt played a season-high 30 minutes off the bench and had season-best figures of 17 points and 11 rebounds in an 84–78 overtime win over the Cairns Taipans. The Wildcats finished the regular season in third place with a 15–13 record, and went on to sweep the second-seeded Taipans in the semi-finals to make it through to the best-of-five NBL Grand Final series against the Illawarra Hawks. In game two of the series, Brandt stepped up to cover the loss of Matthew Knight, who suffered a head injury. Brandt recorded 15 points and 11 rebounds to help the Wildcats take a 2–0 lead in the series. The Wildcats took out the championship in game three with a 95–86 win, thus sweeping the series. Brandt had six points, seven rebounds and four assists in 20 minutes off the bench in game three. He appeared in all 33 games for the Wildcats in 2016–17, averaging 6.0 points, 2.9 rebounds and 1.1 assists per game. His development as the season went on saw him earn the Perth Wildcats Most Improved Player Award.

On 17 July 2017, Brandt signed a two-year contract extension with the Wildcats. Brandt turned the hook shot into his trademark during the 2017–18 season. On 16 February 2018, in the Wildcats' second last game of the season, Brandt scored 24 points in a 97–85 loss to Melbourne United. The Wildcats finished the regular season in third place with a 16–12 record before going on to lose 2–0 to the Adelaide 36ers in the semi-finals. Brandt appeared in all 30 games for the Wildcats in 2017–18, averaging 9.8 points, 4.7 rebounds and 1.4 assists per game.

Following the conclusion of the Wildcats' season, Brandt joined the Hawke's Bay Hawks for the 2018 New Zealand NBL season. On 4 May, in just his third game of the season, Brandt scored a season-high 23 points to go with 14 rebounds in a 90–87 win over the Taranaki Mountainairs. On 16 June, he recorded 22 points and a season-high 17 rebounds in a 93–84 win over the Super City Rangers. On 27 July, he had a second 17-rebound effort to go with 14 points against the Canterbury Rams. He helped the Hawks finish the regular season in fourth place with a 12–6 record. In their semi-final against the Wellington Saints, Brandt scored 16 points in a 99–73 loss. In 17 games, he averaged 15.2 points, 8.4 rebounds and 1.6 assists per game. He was subsequently named to the NZNBL All-Star Five.

On 19 September 2018, Brandt was ruled out for three to six weeks with an ankle injury he suffered while playing for the Australian Boomers. He subsequently missed the NBL Blitz and NBA pre-season games. On 27 October 2018, Brandt recorded 14 points and 20 rebounds (12 of them offensive) in a 101–96 double-overtime win over Melbourne United, becoming the first Wildcat with 20+ rebounds in 12 years. On 10 February 2019, he recorded 19 points and nine rebounds in a 95–86 overtime win over the Sydney Kings. He helped the Wildcats win the minor premiership with a first-place finish and an 18–10 record, before going on to advance through to the NBL Grand Final series, where they defeated Melbourne 3–1, with Brandt becoming a two-time champion. In 31 games, he averaged 8.0 points, 5.5 rebounds and 1.3 assists per game.

On 29 March 2019, Brandt parted ways with the Wildcats after opting to exercise the European out-clause in his contract.

On 26 April 2019, Brandt returned to the Hawke's Bay Hawks, signing as a short-term injury replacement for Daniel Kickert. He appeared in two games for the Hawks.

China (2019)
In June 2019, Brandt joined Wuhan Dangdai of the Chinese NBL. In 13 games, he averaged 20.3 points, 15.2 rebounds and 1.8 assists per game.

Italy (2019–2020)
On 20 July 2019, Brandt signed with Italian team Pistoia Basket 2000. The 2019–20 LBA season was cancelled in February 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic. In 19 games, he averaged 11.0 points, 7.9 rebounds and 1.5 assists per game.

Japan (2020–present)
On 17 August 2020, Brandt signed with the Shiga Lakestars of the Japanese B.League. In 56 games, he averaged 11.9 points, 8.6 rebounds and 3.3 assists per game.

On 25 June 2021, Brandt signed with the Kagawa Five Arrows, returning to the B.League for a second stint.

On 8 June 2022, Brandt re-signed with the Five Arrows for the 2022–23 season.

National team career
In 2011, Brandt was part of the Australian University national team that played at the 26th World University Games in Shenzhen, China. In 2014, he was part of the Boomers team that played in the four-game Sino-Australia Challenge series.

In June 2017, Brandt was named in a 20-man Boomers squad ahead of the 2017 FIBA Asia Cup. A month later, he was named in the final 12-man squad. On 24 October 2017, he was named in the 12-man Boomers squad to compete in the first two games of the FIBA World Cup Qualifiers in November.

In February 2022, Brandt was named in a 17-man Australian Boomers squad ahead of the FIBA World Cup Qualifiers in Japan. He re-joined the team later that year for the next qualifying window.

Personal life
Brandt is the son of John and Lorraine Brandt, and has two brothers, Seamus and Louis.

Brandt and his wife Meg have a son.

Notes

References

External links

Kagawa Five Arrows player profile
Pistoia Basket 2000 player profile
Perth Wildcats player profile
Sydney Kings player profile
OSU Beavers player bio
"Building a Champion Brandt"  at nbl.com.au
"Brandt Recognition"  at nbl.com.au

1989 births
Living people
Australian expatriate basketball people in Italy
Australian expatriate basketball people in Japan
Australian expatriate basketball people in Lithuania
Australian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Australian men's basketball players
Basketball players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Basketball players from Sydney
BC Neptūnas players
Centers (basketball)
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games medallists in basketball
Hawke's Bay Hawks players
Kagawa Five Arrows players
Lake Forest Academy alumni
Lega Basket Serie A players
Oregon State Beavers men's basketball players
Perth Wildcats players
Pistoia Basket 2000 players
Shiga Lakes players
Sydney Kings players
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Sportsmen from New South Wales


title: Jermaine Blackwood

text:
Jermaine Blackwood (born 20 November 1991) is a Jamaican cricketer. He made his Test cricket debut for the West Indies against New Zealand in June 2014. He made his One Day International debut for the West Indies against Sri Lanka on 4 November 2015. He is vice-captain of West Indies test team.

Blackwood scored his maiden Test century in the first Test of England's 2015 tour, however, England went on to win the match. Blackwood then steered his team to victory in the third Test at Barbados hitting 53 not out with the winning runs coming off the bowling of Moeen Ali. The West Indies won by 5 wickets to draw the series 1–1.

In September 2019, in the second innings of the second Test against India, Blackwood replaced Darren Bravo as a concussion substitute in the West Indies' squad.

In October 2019, he was named in Jamaica's squad for the 2019–20 Regional Super50 tournament. In March 2020, in round eight of the 2019–20 West Indies Championship, Blackwood scored his maiden double century in first-class cricket, with 248 runs against the Leeward Islands. He was the leading run-scorer in the tournament, with 768 runs in eight matches.

In June 2020, Blackwood was named in the West Indies' Test squad, for their series against England. The Test series was originally scheduled to start in May 2020, but was moved back to July 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the first Test of the series, at Southampton, Blackwood top-scored with a match winning 95, helping his team to win the match by four wickets.

In November 2020, Blackwood was named in West Indies's test squad against New Zealand. In the first test against New Zealand, he scored 104 and shared a 155 run stand with Alzarri Joseph, but could not help the West Indies to win the Test.

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
West Indies Test cricketers
West Indies One Day International cricketers
Jamaican cricketers
Jamaica cricketers
Jamaica Tallawahs cricketers


title: Imaan Hammam

text:
Imaan Hammam (born 5 October 1996) is a Dutch fashion model. As of 2020, she has appeared on the cover of Vogue 18 times, four times on the American edition.
She currently ranks on models.com's "Industry Icons" and was ranked on its "Top Sexiest Models" lists. As of 2021, she has appeared on The Big Four covers of Vogue.

Early life
Imaan Hammam was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands, to an Egyptian father from Cairo and a Moroccan mother from Zagora. Her parents were both immigrants; her mother immigrated to the Netherlands at the age of 19. Hammam's father worked in music, and her mother worked as a seamstress and a Dutch language teacher for new immigrants. Hammam has five siblings -- she has four older half-siblings, and one younger sister. Hammam and her family spoke Arabic at home.

When Hammam was 11 years old, her parents divorced. Hammam and her sister, Aisha, lived with their mother and her four kids in the Netherlands after the divorce.

Career

Hammam is signed with DNA Model Management in New York, VIVA Model Management in Paris, London, and Barcelona, Why Not Model Management in Milan, and CODE Management in Amsterdam.

Hammam was first discovered in Amsterdam's Central Station by an agent from CODE Management in 2010 at age 14. In 2013, her agency sent her to Paris with VIVA Model Management and she was given the special honor to open the Givenchy show as an exclusive. Shortly after she appeared in consecutive issues of American, Italian and French Vogue. The current editor of Vogue,Anna Wintour, is a supporter of Hammam and mentioned the model in her editor's letter the first time she appeared in the magazine.

Hammam has also appeared on the covers and editorials (including several international editions) of Elle, Harper's Bazaar, Allure, Glamour, Pop, LOVE, The Gentlewoman, i-D, V, Holiday, Wall Street Journal, Porter, The Edit, W, Numéro, and Document Journal.

Hammam has walked the runways for nearly every top brand including Burberry, Alexander McQueen, Givenchy, Marc Jacobs, Maison Margiela, Prada, Michael Kors, Moschino, Chanel, DKNY, Jean Paul Gaultier, Hugo Boss, Nina Ricci, Jacquemus, Giambattista Valli, Isabel Marant, Dsquared2, Lanvin, Stella McCartney, Oscar de la Renta, Dolce & Gabbana, Alberta Ferretti, Derek Lam, Ralph Lauren, Carolina Herrera, Thierry Mugler, rag+bone, Emanuel Ungaro, Roberto Cavalli, Valentino, Balenciaga, Hermés, Tommy Hilfiger, Diane Von Furstenberg, Anna Sui, Vera Wang, Versace, Fendi, Proenza Schouler, Anna Sui, Tom Ford, Dior, Sportmax, Philipp Plein, Brandon Maxwell and Victoria's Secret.

She has appeared in advertising campaigns for Chanel, Versace, Moschino, Alexander McQueen, Revlon, Chloe, Givenchy, Sonia Rykiel, DKNY, Diane Von Furstenburg, Coach, Giorgio Armani, Tiffany & Co., Calvin Klein, Shiseido, H&M, Topshop, Express, Target and Scotch & Soda.

In April 2016, Hammam won Couturesque Magazine's Model of the Year competition, receiving more than half of the public vote against popular models Lucky Blue Smith and Bella Hadid.

For the H&M collaboration with Erdem, Hammam was one of the collection's ambassadors.

Hammam became a brand ambassador for Estée Lauder in 2023.

Personal life

Hammam is a Muslim. Although she has been described as being "Middle Eastern", she does not see herself as such and identifies as Afro-Arab.

“Sometimes people call me Middle Eastern, and I'm like, 'No, I'm black.' I am proud of my culture, proud of who made me, proud to be here.”

“I’m half Moroccan, half Egyptian, and I was born in Amsterdam. I’m Muslim, and I’m superproud of my heritage and of my roots. I want to be a role model for young girls who are struggling with racism or struggling with their looks or with their skin color. I had Naomi Campbell, who I looked up to as a black powerful woman. But there aren’t many Arabic models, and being an African-Arabic model, I’m trying to open doors for more Arabic girls.”

In 2019, Imaan announced a partnership with nonprofit organization She's the First as the organization's first global ambassador. On November 18, 2021, Imaan was honored by She's the First as the "Powerhouse of the Year" in a virtual awards ceremony, with the award presented by Anna Wintour. On Instagram, Imaan shared her thoughts on the honor: “I am so honored to be receiving the first-ever Powerhouse of the Year Award, standing alongside girls who have been breaking barriers and advancing public health initiatives in their communities as we show the world what true power looks like. Unfortunately, as Covid-19 is still a threat – She’s the First’s services are especially needed as vaccine access in these girls’ communities remains limited."

In June 2020, she shared a series of infographics on Instagram created by the Students for Justice in Palestine at Georgetown University. Her post was done to call attention to the Israeli-Palestine conflict in West Asia. In December 2021, she volunteered for a food kitchen in New York City, along with models Melodie Monrose, Madison Headrick, and Cora Emmanuel, to help address the food insecurity problem in the area.

References

External links

 Imaan Hamman on Models.com

1996 births
Living people
Models from Amsterdam
Dutch female models
Dutch people of Egyptian descent
Dutch people of Moroccan descent
Dutch Muslims
Muslim models


title: Samita Bajracharya

text:
Samita Bajracharya is a Nepalese former Kumari of Patan, a living goddess worshipped by Hindus and Buddhists all over South Asia. They believe her to be a reincarnation of Durga, the Hindu goddess, and she is one of several holders of the title of Kumari. Appointed in October 2010, she lived in Lalitpur, Nepal, and as per tradition, continued in her role until first menstruated in 2014. In early 2014, upon reaching puberty, she undertook a ritual involving untying her hair and removing her third eye, after which she was no longer considered a goddess. As a Kumari, she was considered omniscient and thus not educated. She was not allowed to walk anywhere - her feet could not touch the ground. After becoming 'mortal' i.e. after her tenure as a Kumari, she was able to integrate in society, beginning school, walking and learning an instrument. By 2014 she was attending St Xavier School in Patan as a conventional 13-year-old student, allowed to mix socially with classmates with almost no trace of her former role crossing over into her post-Kumari life.

References

Living people
Kumaris (goddesses)
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Meuse Citadels

text:
The Meuse citadels or Mosane citadels () are a group of forts situated along the Meuse river in southern Belgian region of Wallonia. The citadels were originally intended to defend the Prince-Bishopric of Liège and County of Namur and were later modernized during the periods of French and Dutch rule. They include four citadels, at Namur, Liège, Huy and Dinant, all of which are partially or totally preserved.

List of citadels

UNESCO proposal
On 8 April 2008, the citadels of Dinant, Namur and Huy were officially proposed as candidates to be UNESCO World Heritage Sites under the reference number 5365. After discussions, it was decided to propose Namur alone, possibly in combination with Dinant.

See also

Fort de Charlemont, Givet

References

External links

UNESCO tentative list, proposal 5365
Citadel of Namur (official website)
Citadel of Dinant (official website)
Citadel of Huy (official website)

Fortifications in Belgium
Buildings and structures in Liège Province
Buildings and structures in Namur (province)


title: Dolichopentas

text:
Dolichopentas is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus is found in tropical Africa.

Species
Dolichopentas decora (S.Moore) Kårehed & B.Bremer
Dolichopentas decora var. decora
Dolichopentas decora var. lasiocarpa (Verdc.) Kårehed & B.Bremer
Dolichopentas decora var. triangularis (De Wild.) Kårehed & B.Bremer
Dolichopentas liebrechtsiana (De Wild.) Kårehed & B.Bremer
Dolichopentas lindenioides (S.Moore) Kårehed & B.Bremer
Dolichopentas longiflora (Oliv.) Kårehed & B.Bremer

References

External links
Dolichopentas in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae

Rubiaceae genera
Knoxieae
Flora of Africa
Taxa named by Birgitta Bremer


title: Alfred Ravenscroft Kennedy

text:
Alfred Ravenscroft Kennedy (1879-1943) was a Conservative Member of Parliament for the United Kingdom House of Commons constituency of Preston who later became a County Court judge.

During his time in Parliament he asked if a Bill supporting rural properties could be introduced. He studied at Eton College and called to the Bar in 1903.

He was employed as a legal adviser to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

References

External links

1879 births
1943 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1924–1929
20th-century English judges
County Court judges (England and Wales)


title: Alberto Maynez

text:
Alberto Maynez  was a lieutenant colonel who served as Governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México between 1807 and 1808 and between 1814 and 1816.

Career
Maynez joined the Spanish Army in his youth, eventually rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel.

In 1807, Maynez was appointed as Governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México. During his administration in New Mexico, he allowed the Neomexicanos to trade with pagans and the province of Nueva Vizcaya. This meant the merchants had to have only a government approval and passports to trade with them (the passports were required to confirm that the number of armed men in the transactions was enough). In 1808, he was replaced by José Manrique.

In 1815 he was appointed acting governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México and city councilman in Santa Fe. In addition, he served as protector of the Native Americans who lived in the province (at this time New Mexico, according to the Cadiz Constitution, was a province of Spain). During his administration, the settlers in the Pecos River continued hunting and trading with the Comanche people, establishing good relations with them. This occurred regardless of government approval.

In 1816, the chief of the Taos Pueblo sued the many settlers who had just settled in San Fernando de Taos and Arroyo Hondo, near San Fernando. However, the mayor of Taos, Pedro Martinez, and the friar of the Taos Mission, Jose Benito Pereyro, opposed the suit, pointing out that lands that were not cultivated by Native Americans (including Arroyo Hondo's lands) should belong to the Criollos, because they were descendants of Spaniards, who had conquered New Mexico. Either way, Maynez ordered the settlers of San Fernando de Taos to abandon the lands which were property of the Pueblo Native Americans. In October 1815, Maynez issued a law that defended the Indigenous rights of New Mexico.

In 1816, during the final year of his government in New Mexico, 280 Spanish colonists of Taos made a revolt to reverse the new 5% tax (which had been set by Pedro Martin, the Alcalde mayor of Taos) and were imprisoned. The complaint was delivered to Maynez, who represented them. After Maynez imposed the removal of that tax, Alcalde Mayor Pedro Martin resigned from his charge.

Maynez ended his term in New Mexico in 1816, being replaced by Pedro María de Allande in the province government.

References

Colonial governors of Santa Fe de Nuevo México
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown


title: Johann Moritz Richter

text:
Johann Moritz Richter (1620–1667) was a German architect and engraver.

Richter was born in Weimar. In the position of "fürstlich-sächsischer Landbaumeister" (court architect), he designed the oldest extant bridge in Weimar, the Sternbrücke (de), built from 1651 to 1654 crossing the Ilm river. It is part of the Park an der Ilm. He designed the Schloss in Weimar which was destroyed by fire in 1774.

Richter participated in building Schloss Moritzburg in Zeitz and  in Weißenfels. His son continued his work on these buildings after his death.  He is buried on the Jacobsfriedhof.

Literature

 Frank Boblenz: Zum Umfeld des Zeitzer Schloßbaumeisters und Ingenieurs Johann Moritz Richter (1620–1667). In: Die sächsischen Wurzeln des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt und die Rolle der Sekundogenitur Sachsen-Zeitz. Halle 1997, pp. 51–72 (Beiträge zur Regional- und Landeskultur Sachsen-Anhalts. 5).
 Frank Boblenz: „in der ingenieurkunst erzogen undt ihn […] so weit bracht, das er was feines begriffen“. Zur Ausbildung und zum Werk des Weimarer Baumeisters Johann Moritz Richter (1620–1667). In: Weimarbrief. 2/2008. pp. 86–91.

References

 In: Ulrich Thieme, Felix Becker u. a.: Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Band 28, E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1934, S. 295f.

External links

17th-century German architects
1620 births
1667 deaths
People from Weimar


title: Donnellyanthus

text:
Donnellyanthus is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus contains only one species, viz. Donnellyanthus deamii, which is found in Oaxaca, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua.

References

External links
Donnellyanthus in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae

Monotypic Rubiaceae genera


title: List of science fiction horror films

text:
This is a list of science fiction horror films.

0-9
4D Man (1959)
9 (2009)
9 (2019)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O
The Omega Man (1971)
Outland (1981)
Outpost:
Outpost (2008)
Outpost II: Black Sun (2011)
Outpost III: Rise of the Spetsnaz (2013)
Overlord (2018)

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z
Zaat (1971)
Zombie Wars (2007)
Zone of the Dead (2009)

See also
 Lists of horror films
 Lists of science fiction films
 List of comic science fiction films
 List of science fiction action films

References

horror
science fiction


title: Duidania

text:
Duidania is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus contains only one species, viz. Duidania montana, which is found in Guyana and southern Venezuela.

This plant is a shrub or small tree with leathery leaves and clusters of tubular yellow flowers. It grows on the tepuis of the Guiana Highlands in wet scrub and cloud forest habitat.

References

Monotypic Rubiaceae genera
Flora of Guyana
Flora of Venezuela
Flora of the Tepuis


title: Alfred Tobin

text:
Sir Alfred Aspinall Tobin (26 December 1855 – 30 November 1939) was a British lawyer and judge who served as the Conservative Member of Parliament for Preston between 1910 and 1915.

Tobin's grandfather, Thomas Tobin, had been a prominent Liverpool merchant; his son, James Aspinall Tobin, followed him into the same line of business and rose to become the Mayor of Liverpool in 1854–55. Alfred Tobin was educated at Rugby School, where he took prizes in Greek or Latin, and then at University College, Oxford, where he took first-class honours in law and history.

He then trained as a barrister at Middle Temple, where he was called to the bar in 1880 and devilled for William Rann Kennedy. He was appointed a King's Counsel in 1903. His most prominent cases were in a series of major lawsuits following the 1907 Kingston earthquake, where he was leading counsel for a group of insurers, and as the defence barrister in the 1910 trial of Dr. Crippen. He was appointed as Recorder of Salford in 1904, where he was noted as a conscientious judge, particularly when dealing with young offenders and inexperienced barristers.

He unsuccessfully contested the Liverpool Scotland seat in the 1906 general election, and was elected as the Conservative candidate at Preston in the general election of January 1910, then re-elected in December that year. His maiden speech was in March 1910, when he spoke about Preston's denominational schools in a debate on Training Colleges.

He was appointed a Judge of the County Courts for Herefordshire and Shropshire in 1915, causing his resignation from Parliament and a subsequent by-election in Preston. In 1919 he transferred to the Westminster County Court, from where he retired in 1935, aged eighty.

In his private life, he was a keen traveller, particularly in Italy, Greece, and Palestine, where he was once captured and ransomed while travelling in the Transjordan. He was also an active freemason, and master of two Lodges.

References

External links

1855 births
1939 deaths
20th-century King's Counsel
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
20th-century English judges
Knights Bachelor
County Court judges (England and Wales)


title: 1997 West Sussex County Council election

text:
Elections to West Sussex County Council were held on 1 May 1997 alongside a parliamentary general election. The whole council was up for election, and the Conservative Party regained control of the council from the Liberal Democrats who had governed since 1993 as a minority administration . Turnout across the county ranged from 57.7% in Richmond to 78.6% in Lindfield.

Election Result

|}

Results by electoral division

Adur

Arun

Chichester

Crawley

Horsham

Mid Sussex

Worthing

References

1997 English local elections
1997
1990s in West Sussex


title: Zivko Prendzov

text:
Zivko Prendzov (born December 11, 1957) is a Macedonian artist. He graduated from the Pedagogical Academy in Skopje in 1982, majoring in graphic direction, and holds a Master of Fine Arts degree in graphics. He is a member of the Association of Fine Artists of Veles and the Association of Artists of Macedonia. He began his career in 1979 as a conservator of the fresco and artifacts inventory from the ancient town of Stobi in SR Macedonia. Starting in 1989, he worked as a designer a textile factory called Nokateks and in 1996, as a professor of art in an elementary school. He has also participated in many group exhibitions organized by DLUV and Artists' Associations of Macedonia, Poland, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Egypt, Kosovo, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovenia and others. He participated in many art colonies in Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia, Croatia. More recently, from 2007 to 2010, he served as the municipal coordinator of Art "Papradiski masters". He has presented solo exhibitions in Veles in 2006, Novi Pazar in 2008, Vranje in 2009, Ljubljana in 2009, and Kavadarci in 2010.

Winner of the "Sun of the Year" award for the first product design awarded by the Macedonian Ministry of    Economy in 2001.
Winner of the "B. Barutovski " graphics award, presented by the Association of the Art Teachers of Macedonia in 2004.
Won a gold medal at the Second International velesaem 1996 product design in Zagreb.

Exhibitions
*2006 Veles
2008 Novi Pazar
*2009 Vranje
*2009 Ljubljana
2010 Kavadarci

References

Living people
1957 births
People from Veles, North Macedonia
Macedonian contemporary artists


title: Dunnia

text:
Dunnia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus contains only one species, viz. Dunnia sinensis, which is endemic to Guangdong. The Dunnia's survival is threatened due to the presence of humans. Humans' have populated and exploited their natural habitats, along streams and hillsides at low altitudes, to the point of only five isolated habitats being all that's left.

References

External links
Dunnia in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae

Monotypic Rubiaceae genera
Rubioideae


title: Eksta Church

text:
Eksta Church () is a medieval church in Eksta on the Swedish island of Gotland, in the Diocese of Visby. The church underwent substantial changes during a restoration in 1838.

History and architecture
The oldest part of Eksta Church is the tower, dating from the 13th century and still unchanged. The rest of the church is also from the Middle Ages, but was heavily rebuilt in 1838. The church still has four medieval portals, in both Romanesque and Gothic style. The interior of the church is largely Neoclassical, dating from the 1838 renovation. A few traces of medieval murals have survived on the walls, as have a single stained glass window pane – a rare example of in situ medieval stained glass in Sweden.

The church was renovated in 2010.

References

Further reading

External links

Official site (in Swedish)

Churches in Gotland County
Churches in the Diocese of Visby
13th-century churches in Sweden
Churches converted from the Roman Catholic Church to the Church of Sweden


title: Raquel Rodrigo

text:
Raquel Rodrigo (1915–2004) was a Cuban actress and singer who appeared in Spanish films. In 1935, she appeared in the music film Paloma Fair.

Filmography

References

External links

1915 births
2004 deaths
Cuban film actresses
20th-century Cuban women singers
Musicians from Havana


title: Ourse

text:
The Ourse, or Ourse de Ferrère, is a French river in the Pyrenees, a tributary of the Garonne. It is  long. It forms the Barousse valley.

Geography

According to the Sandre, its mother-course is the ruisseau de Seuès which begins at 1,770 m high, NNW of the lac de Crouès.

After a few km, it is joined left by the Salabe runlet and then becomes l'Ourse de Ferrère, which joins l'Ourse de Sost at Mauléon-Barousse and then becomes l'Ourse.

It joins the Garonne left bank at 441 m high in the commune of Loures-Barousse.

The stream length of the path « Ruisseau de Seuès-Ourse de Ferrère-Ourse » is 25.4 km, for a watershed of 139 km2.

L'Ourse runs through 13 communes in the Hautes-Pyrénées, all located in the canton of Mauléon-Barousse, from high to low : Ferrère, Ourde, Mauléon-Barousse, Troubat, Bramevaque, Gembrie, Antichan, Créchets, Anla, Aveux, Sarp, Izaourt, et Loures-Barousse.

It has 20 tributaries recorded by the Sandre, of which two are more than 5 km long :

 the Salabe, 6.0 km, left bank,
 l'Ourse de Sost, 12,4 km, right bank.

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Occitania (administrative region)
Rivers of Hautes-Pyrénées


title: Duperrea

text:
Duperrea is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus contains only one species, viz. Duperrea pavettifolia, which is found in southern China and Indochina.

Varieties
Duperrea pavettifolia var. pavettifolia
Duperrea pavettifolia var. scabra Pit.

References

Monotypic Rubiaceae genera
Gardenieae
Flora of China
Flora of Indo-China