title: Blood In, Blood Out (Exodus album)

text:
Blood In, Blood Out is the tenth studio album by American thrash metal band Exodus. It was released on October 14, 2014 through Nuclear Blast, and is the band's first album with vocalist Steve "Zetro" Souza since 2004's Tempo of the Damned. The album also saw a reunion with original guitarist Kirk Hammett, who plays the guitar solo on "Salt the Wound". Blood In, Blood Out received generally favorable critical reviews, and it entered the Billboard 200 at number 38—the band's highest U.S. chart position to date. Exodus promoted the album with its first concert tour with Souza since he left the band in 2004, due to a feud with guitarist Gary Holt. This is also the only studio album the band released whilst Holt did double duties with Exodus and Slayer, the latter of where Holt had filled in for the late Jeff Hanneman until their disbandment in 2019.

Writing and recording
Asked in June 2012 if Exodus had plans to record a tenth studio album, bassist Jack Gibson stated that the band was "way overdue to do it." Then he added, "I know that Gary has songs, and Lee has some stuff — they've been coming up with stuff — [but] we just really haven't had the time to sit down and hammer it all out and then record it. That takes a few months together to make that happen, and we just haven't had the time, basically. But there is gonna be another album, for sure." Vocalist Rob Dukes stated that the album was going to be "fast and short", and added, "everybody fucking complained about how long the last one was, we're, like, 'Fuck 'em! We'll give them about a fucking 38-minute record. I don't know. I'm just talking shit. I don't know what we're gonna do. We've got no plan. We're just going with what feels right. If we end up with another 74-minute record, so be it." Dukes was also asked who would end up producing the album, and his response was, "I don't know yet. There are a couple of people on the table. I think Andy [Sneap, producer of Exhibit B: The Human Condition] is taking some time off; I don't know if he's gonna do it with us again."

In an October 2013 interview with The Washington Times, guitarist Gary Holt stated that he would take a break from touring with Slayer until April to focus on finishing the new Exodus album. He also announced that the band would start recording the album in February. Asked about the progress of the songwriting sessions for drummer Tom Hunting replied, "It's a pretty old-school process, actually. Gary will put some riffs on a CD, or even a cassette, depending on which vehicle I'm driving. He feeds the riff to me, and then I put a beat to it, and we work it all out, and then we come together as a band and arrange it. Rob is really not in the room for the musical process. We're gonna probably do some more pre-production for this one, 'cause our bass player now knows about Pro Tools and is really computer savvy. None of the rest of us are, really. It's a fun process. I love the process of recording; it's my favorite thing. It's like construction; you're taking raw wood and building something. Gary likes to say he makes moonshine and Lee makes fine wine, 'cause Lee will dissect his own parts and rebuild it here, change something there, add an overdub there, or whatever...But it's a fun process; I love it. You're building something, and it's yours."

Gibson indeed ended up being responsible for engineering the guitar and vocal tracks; he has been working with Pro Tools for other projects and eventually took a course on how to operate the software himself. Come recording time, the busy schedule of Andy Sneap prevented the band from relying on Sneap for tracking, and Gibson stepped up as the engineer.

By March 2014, Exodus had begun recording their tenth album at Goats 'R Us Ranch & Studios in San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California. Holt commented that they were "well into drum tracks; everything is going super smooth and Tom is just killing it! Best drum sound this band has ever laid down — sounds just simply pummeling!" He also stated that the band had "only one more song left to lay down and some B-sides to go." Asked about the musical direction of the album, Dukes replied, "This album is very fast and has more of a punk rock feel to it, whereas I think the last few Exodus albums were metal epics, with longer songs. These songs are shorter and a little faster. It has a really different feel to it. It sounds great."

On June 8, 2014, it was announced that Dukes had been fired from the band, and was replaced by his predecessor Steve "Zetro" Souza. On the day after, Holt announced that Souza would start recording vocals on the new album. Souza co-wrote at least one song on the album with bassist Jack Gibson and guitarist Lee Altus, now known as "Body Harvest".

The album features an industrial hip hop tinged intro on the opening track "Black 13" produced by Dan the Automator; Holt explained the intro was done in a short period of time using the casual acquaintance Holt and Dan built up over the years.

Critical reception

Blood In, Blood Out has received mostly positive reviews. James Christopher Monger of AllMusic rated the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, and states, "Band and ex/current/deceased lead singer acrimony aside, the 11- track Blood In, Blood Out mostly crushes it, offering up a pulverizing set of textbook thrash-induced mayhem that somehow manages to sound both classic and vital."

Blood In, Blood Out received another positive review from Ray Van Horn, Jr. of Blabbermouth.net, who gave the album a rating of nine out of ten and states, "As Souza last appeared on Exodus' 2004 Tempo of the Damned album, for most fans, Blood In, Blood Out is going to ring true, no matter how monstrously heavy the band was with Dukes at the helm. For all of the hullabaloos behind Zetro's past tenures in Exodus, he's all over this album in a major way and by attrition, the band throws its own retro, gang-shouting speed metal party, one finding Metallica (and one-time Exodus) guitarist Kirk Hammett on the guest list."

All About The Rock writer Joe Reed scored the album 8 out of 10, and said, "Recorded in the Bay Area, the albums sound blends the attitude and energy of the band's past with their musical growth and development over the years. Listenable, yet not overwhelming, I think it captures the band's early material with their more recent body of work quite well."

At the end of 2014, Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles ranked the album #5 on their 2014 "BravePicks" list.

In terms of chart positions, Blood In, Blood Out was successful, and was Exodus' first album since 1990's Impact Is Imminent to enter the Billboard 200; the album itself peaked at #38 on the Billboard 200, making it Exodus' highest chart position so far, and their first album in 25 years to crack the top 100 since Fabulous Disaster (1989), which peaked at #82 on the Billboard 200. The album sold approximately 8,800 copies in its first week in the U.S.

Touring and promotion
To support Blood In, Blood Out, Exodus embarked on their first major tour with Souza since 2004. They toured South America in October 2014, and embarked on a U.S. tour with Slayer and Suicidal Tendencies in November and December. In April and May 2015, Exodus (along with Shattered Sun) was a supporting act for Testament on their Dark Roots of Thrash II tour. Following this, the band toured Europe in May and June, including two consecutive nights at  the Underworld in London. Prior to the Dark Roots of Thrash II tour, the band played Australia's Soundwave in February and March, and then played three shows in Japan. From October to December 2015, Exodus toured North American with King Diamond. Souza said that Exodus would continue to tour in support of Blood In, Blood Out until the fall of 2016, and then begin work on a new album for a 2017 release; however, Persona Non Grata would not be released until 2021.

Track listing
All songs written by Gary Holt except where noted.

Personnel
Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes.

Exodus
 Steve "Zetro" Souza – vocals
 Gary Holt – guitars
 Lee Altus – guitars
 Jack Gibson – bass
 Tom Hunting – drums, vocals on "Angel of Death"

Additional musicians
 Dan the Automator – intro on "Black 13"
 Kirk Hammett – guitar solo on "Salt the Wound"
 Chuck Billy – additional vocals on "BTK" and "Blood In, Blood Out"
 Anthony "Rat" Martin – additional vocals on "Protect Not Dissect"

Production
Exodus – producer
Andy Sneap – engineering (drums), mixing, mastering
Jack Gibson – engineering (vocals, guitars & bass)
Jason Victorine – additional engineering (drums)
Matt Mullin – additional engineering (drums)
Pär Olofsson – cover art
Gustavo Sazes – layout
Eus Straver – photography

Recording locations
Recorded at Goats 'R Us Ranch & Studios (Tom Hunting's jam room), Briones, Bay Area, California, March–July 2014.
Drums recorded at Recorded at Studio D, Sausalito, California, March–July 2014.
Mixed & mastered at Backstage Studios, Derbyshire, England.

Charts

References

Exodus (American band) albums
2014 albums
Nuclear Blast albums
Albums produced by Dan the Automator
Albums with cover art by Pär Olofsson


title: Sud-Ouest Espadon

text:
The Sud-Ouest SO.6020 Espadon (Swordfish) was a French post-war prototype interceptor designed and built by SNCASO during the late 1940s. The French Air Force (Armée de l'Air) judged the design a failure despite some records being set and cancelled plans to put it into service in 1951. Only four aircraft were built and they were later modified to serve as testbeds for the mixed rocket and turbojet-powered SNCASO SO.9000 Trident program. Only one badly damaged aircraft survives.

Background and description
Designer Lucien Servanty and his team at SNCASO began work on jet-powered fighters in 1945 and
submitted a design proposal that the company designated as the SO.6020 when the French Air Force issued a specification for a single-seat assault fighter-interceptor on 25 March 1946. The aircraft had to have a speed in excess of  at an altitude of , an endurance of one hour with 15 minutes in combat, a take-off distance less than , a cockpit armored against  shells, and an armament of six  or four  autocannon. The Air Force ordered three prototypes on 28 June, with plans to order more than 230 interceptors if the aircraft satisfied its requirements.

As built, the aircraft was a metal-skinned mid-wing monoplane powered by a  Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet engine licence-built by Hispano-Suiza. It had a one-spar swept wing fitted with leading-edge slats, slotted flaps and ailerons. The wide-track tricycle landing gear retracted into the fuselage while the main landing gear struts retracted into the bottom of the wing. The canopy of the cockpit was unusually tall because the Air Force decided to provide the pilot with a parachute despite the Heinkel ejection seat. The SO.6020 had a total fuel capacity of  divided amongst four fuel tanks.

Development
The unarmed first prototype made its maiden flight on 12 November 1948, delayed by the late delivery of its radio equipment. This aircraft had a ventral air intake for the engine that proved to be very inefficient and tended to collect objects from the runway. This caused the prototype to be very underpowered and it failed to meet nearly all of the specifications. It had an engine failure in flight on 1 December 1949 that caused a belly landing, but it was repaired and returned to flight testing. It was later modified for flying trials with small wingtip-mounted turbojets.

The second prototype was scheduled to make its first flight on 15 August 1948, but this was delayed until 16 September 1949, possibly due to the need to revise the air intake to improve the flow to the engine. SNCASO decided upon a pair of protruding intakes on the sides of the fuselage under the trailing edge of the wing roots. The aircraft was fitted with six cannon in the nose. Flight testing showed that there was little improvement in the supply of air to the engine and that it was not very maneuverable as a lot of force was required to move the rudder. The aircraft's longitudinal and transverse stability was poor and it was not effective as a gunnery platform above speeds of  as the controls required more effort to move at high speeds. Landing characteristics were rated as good although it had marginally effective speed brakes.

The third prototype was intended to serve as an unarmed reconnaissance aircraft, but it was converted while under construction into the SO.6025 to support the mixed-power SNCASO SO.9000 program. It reverted to the ventral air intake of the first prototype, albeit in an extended and revised form. The rear section of the intake fairing was extended to house a  SEPR 25 liquid-fuel rocket engine. The aircraft also received the enlarged wing used by the SO.6021 pre-production fighter and an enlarged vertical stabilizer. Some of the internal fuel tanks were converted for the Furaline (C13H12N2O) rocket fuel and the nitric acid oxidizer was carried in a tank between the intake and the rocket where it could be safely dumped if necessary. The aircraft first flew on 28 December 1949, solely using its turbojet, and made its first rocket-powered flight on 10 June 1952. It became the first European aircraft to break the sound barrier in level flight on 15 December 1953.

The proposed production variant, the SO.6021, was lightened in the hopes of improving its performance by reducing the amount of armor plate carried and shrinking the canopy. It was fitted with an enlarged wing and a new vertical stabilizer and weighed about  less than the first SO.6020 prototype. The aircraft made its maiden flight on 3 September 1950. It could reach Mach 0.96 in a dive, but encountered serious buffeting at Mach 0.75 in horizontal flight and handled as poorly as its predecessors. Unhappy with its performance, the French Air Force cancelled its plans to put the SO.6021 into production on 5 July 1951. By this time, the Air Force had already decided to use the aircraft to support the SO.9000 program by testing various small turbojet engines on wingtip mounts. These included the  Turbomeca Marboré and the more powerful Turbomeca Gabizo engine, in both afterburning and non-afterburning configurations. At one point it was flying with one of each type despite their differing weights and sizes. These tests lasted until 1956.

The second prototype was subsequently converted into the SO.6026 with a SEPR 25 rocket below the tail pipe, also to support the SO.9000 program. It first flew with the rocket installed on 15 October 1951, but the first rocket-powered flight did not occur until 26 March 1953. It demonstrated its rocket's ability to climb at the 1953 Paris Air Show, but only made a total of 28 flights before it was placed in storage in early 1955, of which only 13 used its rocket.

Variants
SO.6020-01
Nene-powered prototype, later fitted with two small wingtip-mounted turbojets.
SO.6020-02
Second prototype, later modified with the addition of a SEPR 25 rocket engine and re-designated SO.6026.
SO.6020-03
Third prototype, modified while under construction as the SO.6025 also with a SEPR 25 rocket.
SO.6021
The proposed production aircraft with a variety of structural changes to reduce weight and improve performance. Unsuccessful and it too was later used to test wingtip turbojets.
SO.6025
The third prototype fitted with a SEPR 25 beneath the fuselage.
SO.6026
The second prototype was also modified with a SEPR 25 in a neater installation in the tail.

Surviving aircraft
The sole SO.6025 is at the Ailes Anciennes Toulouse Museum in poor condition.

Specifications (SO.6021)

References

Notes

Bibliography

Espadon
1940s French fighter aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of France


title: Hudson Yards

text:
Hudson Yards may refer to:
Hudson Yards (development), a real estate development in the Far West Side of Manhattan, New York
Hudson Yards, Manhattan, the rezoning effort for the surrounding neighborhood
34th Street–Hudson Yards station, a subway station


title: We Were So Beloved

text:
We Were So Beloved is a 1985 documentary film by Manfred Kirchheimer about Jewish survivors of the Holocaust living in Washington Heights, Manhattan in New York City. It consists of interviews with family and friends interspersed with written and spoken quotes from Mein Kampf to remind the viewer of the evil that had preceded.  The film received mixed reviews.

Subject
Reviewers saw the film as addressing two central questions in the aftermath of the Holocaust: Is survival an end in itself?  Do survivors carry the burden of responsibilities?  To address these questions, Kirchheimer interviews family and friends who were able to escape Nazi Germany before 1939.  Kirchheimer himself escaped with his family in 1936 at the age of 5.  Those interviewed for the film settled in Washington Heights, Manhattan.  By the early 1940s, they had built a thriving community (sometimes called Frankfurt-on-the-Hudson)—at the same time that millions of Jews were being murdered in Nazi concentration camps.

In the interviews, family and friends tell stories about "ordinary" Germans who risked their lives and their families to help their Jewish friends. The central questions of the documentary are asked by asking the interviewees what they would have done if they were in their German friends' places.  For example, Kirchheimer, asks his father what he would have done.  His father's reply is that he would not have helped if the tables were turned.  He explains by saying "By nature, I'm a coward".

The film consists of more than just interviews. Interspersed with the interviews are still pictures of the interviewees and quotes written and spoken that are taken from Mein Kampf to remind the viewer of the evil that had happened.

Kirchheimer, whose perspective in the film is that survival is not an end in itself, is disturbed by some of the answers he receives.  For example, two elderly Jewish women who had escaped Nazi Germany before 1939, expressed their revulsion at the more recent immigration of Hispanic people.  In another scene, Louis Kampf, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was bewildered when at age 14, his parents were not outraged when a New York City police officer beat a black man.

These middle-class survivors of the Holocaust are deeply troubled by guilt that is not theirs. In one scene, a middle-aged man remembers his father with disgust after he was released from a concentration camp and emigrated to New York City.  His father had developed an utter fear of authority.  It was only later that the man realized his father's strength in surviving the horrors he had faced.  In another interview, Max Frankel, former editor of the New York Times, said that at the age of 6, while living in Germany, he wanted to join the Hitler Youth "if only they would have had me". Writing for the New York Times, Vincent Canby concludes that despite the film's subject matter, it is "a no less harrowing examination of conscience than Shoah and Marcel Ophuls's 'Sorrow and the Pity'".

Critical response
Some reviewers found the documentary to be an important addition to other documentaries concerned with The Holocaust.  Kevin Thomas writing for the Los Angeles Times wrote "there will be a need for films like Manfred Kirchheimer's". However, Jordan Hiller expressed his doubts by asking "Must we celebrate every decent Holocaust film as a success even if it adds nothing new to the genre?" David Denby writing for New York magazine dissents from praising the documentary and with regard to the two central questions of the film he says "I know that Kirchheimer is trying to escape complacency and tribal chauvinism, but his questions strike me as inane."

References

External links

1985 films
Documentary films about the Holocaust
1980s English-language films


title: Matter wave clock

text:
A matter wave clock is a type of clock whose principle of operation makes use of the apparent wavelike properties of matter.

Matter waves were first proposed by Louis de Broglie and are sometimes called de Broglie waves. They form a key aspect of wave–particle duality and experiments have since supported the idea. The wave associated with a particle of a given mass, such as an atom, has a defined frequency, and a change in the duration of one cycle from peak to peak that is sometimes called its Compton periodicity. Such a matter wave has the characteristics of a simple clock, in that it marks out fixed and equal intervals of time. The twins paradox arising from Albert Einstein's theory of relativity means that a moving particle will have a slightly different period from a stationary particle. Comparing two such particles allows the construction of a practical "Compton clock".

Matter waves as clocks
De Broglie proposed that the frequency f of a matter wave equals E/h, where E is the total energy of the particle and h is Planck's constant. For a particle at rest, the relativistic equation E=mc2 allows the derivation of the Compton frequency f for a stationary massive particle, equal to mc2/h.

De Broglie also proposed that the wavelength λ for a moving particle was equal to h/p where p is the particle's momentum.

The period (one cycle of the wave) is equal to 1/f.

This precise Compton periodicity of a matter wave is said to be the necessary condition for a clock, with the implication that any such matter particle may be regarded as a fundamental clock. This proposal has been referred to as "A rock is a clock."

Applications
In his paper, "Quantum mechanics, matter waves and moving clocks", Müller has suggested that "The description of matter waves as matter-wave clocks ... has recently been applied to tests of general relativity, matter-wave experiments, the foundations of quantum mechanics, quantum space-time decoherence, the matter wave clock/mass standard, and led to a discussion on the role of the proper time in quantum mechanics. It is generally covariant and thus well-suited for use in curved space-time, e.g., gravitational waves."

Implications
In his paper, "Quantum mechanics, matter waves and moving clocks", Müller has suggested that "[The model] has also given rise to a fair amount of controversy. Within the broader context of quantum mechanics ... this description has been abandoned, in part because it could not be used to derive a relativistic quantum theory, or explain spin. The descriptions that replaced the clock picture achieve these goals, but do not motivate the concepts used. ... We shall construct a ... description of matter waves as clocks. We will thus arrive at a space-time path integral that is equivalent to the Dirac equation. This derivation shows that De Broglie's matter wave theory naturally leads to particles with spin-1/2. It relates to Feynman's search for a formula for the amplitude of a path in 3+1 space and time dimensions which is equivalent to the Dirac equation. It yields a new intuitive interpretation of the propagation of a Dirac particle and reproduces all results of standard quantum mechanics, including those supposedly at odds with it. Thus, it illuminates the role of the gravitational redshift and the proper time in quantum mechanics."

Controversy
The theoretical idea of matter waves as clocks has caused some controversy, and has attracted strong criticism.

Atom interferometry
An atom interferometer uses a small difference in waves associated with two atoms to create an observable interference pattern. Conventionally these waves are associated with the electrons orbiting the atom, but the matter wave theory suggests that the wave associated with the wave–particle duality of the atom itself may alternatively be used.

An experimental device comprises two clouds of atoms, one of which is given a small "kick" from a precisely-tuned laser. This gives it a finite velocity which, according to the matter wave theory lowers its observed frequency. The two clouds are then recombined so that their differing waves interfere, and the maximum output signal is obtained when the frequency difference is an integer number of cycles.

Experiments designed around the idea of interference between matter waves (as clocks) are claimed to have provided the most accurate validation yet of the gravitational redshift predicted by general relativity. A similar atom interferometer forms the heart of the Compton clock.

However, this claimed interpretation of the interferometry function has been criticised. One criticism is that a real Compton oscillator or matter wave does not appear in the design of any actual experiment. The matter wave interpretation is also said to be flawed.

Compton clocks
A functional timepiece designed on the basis of matter wave interferometry is called a Compton clock.

Principles of operation

The frequency of the wave associated with a massive particle, such as an atom, is too high to be used directly in a practical clock and its period and wavelength are too short. A practical device makes use of the twin paradox arising from the theory of relativity, where a moving particle ages more slowly than a stationary one. The moving particle-wave therefore has a slightly lower frequency. Using interferometry, the difference or "beat frequency" between the two frequencies can be accurately measured and this beat frequency can be used as a basis for keeping time.

Measurement of mass
The technique used in the devices can theoretically be reversed to use time to measure mass. This has been proposed as an opportunity for replacing the platinum-iridium cylinder currently used as the 1 kg reference standard.

References

Quantum mechanics
Clocks
Theory of relativity
Fringe physics


title: Geinsheim (Neustadt)

text:
Geinsheim is a village in the town of Neustadt an der Weinstraße in the Anterior Palatinate in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It was incorporated into the town on 7 June 1969, its parent town lying 10 kilometres to the northwest of Geinsheim.

Geography
The Palatine village of Geinsheim is a ribbon development that lies, as its name indicates, in the so-called Gäu, the flat terrain between the German Wine Road and the River Rhine, on the Upper Rhine Plain.

Geinsheim is roughly equidistant from Neustadt to the west and the town of Speyer to the east. Cycleways and footpaths, notably the Neustadt to Speyer cycleway, characterise the flat landscape, through which the Hörstengraben stream flows, north of the village, before emptying into the Speyerbach near Hanhofen.

Its neighbouring communities are, clockwise from the north, across a short piece (several metres) of the Neustadt village of Lachen-Speyerdorf, Haßloch in the district of Bad Dürkheim, Hanhofen and Harthausen in the district of Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis, Gommersheim and Böbingen in the district of Südliche Weinstraße and Duttweiler another sub-district of Neustadt.

Sights

Heritage site
The heart of the village, which is up to 500 years old, is protected as a heritage site.

Church buildings
The protected zone includes the landmark of the municipality, the Roman Catholic parish church of St. Peter und Paul with its Neogothic facade and its tower that, for some time, has once again been a nesting place for the white stork. It is the largest church in the Gäu and is therefore known by the locals as the Gäu-Dom or "Gäu Cathedral". The church was built around 1500 and the tower and choir with its sacristy date to that period.

Secular buildings
The oldest secular building in the conservation zone, with the address Gäustraße 96, dates to the year 1600 and is built in the Renaissance style. The estate farm in Gäustraße 79/81, with its barn in which the donations to Speyer's cathedral chapter were stored, dates to the Baroque period. The old Classicist school building, in which the village council is now house, as well as several double and three-sided farmsteads, date to the 18th to 20th centuries and complete the conservation zone.

Economy and Infrastructure

Economy
In addition to some wine the main crops are asparagus, tobacco, sugar beet, grain and potatoes. Home-grown fruit and vegetables are often sold by the growers immediately in front of their house on the road or in the farmyards.

Transport
Geinsheim is on the B 39 federal highway from Neustadt to Speyer. After decades of planning and four years of construction work the 3.4 kilometre long ring road was opened on 30 August 2005. With the completion of this bypass to the north of the village, the last ring road on this 18-kilometre long stretch of the B 39 between Neustadt and Speyer was finished. Over 10,000 vehicles pass Geinsheim daily.

Geinsheim is also connected via the B 39 to the national road network. Six kilometres to the west is the A 65 motorway from Ludwigshafen am Rhein to Karlsruhe; the nearest junction being Neustadt-Süd. 10 kilometres to the east is the B 9 (Ludwigshafen–Wörth am Rhein, junction Speyer-Mitte), via which the  A 61 (Koblenz–Hockenheim, junction Speyer-Nord), 4 kilometres beyond, can be reached.

Clubs
The Chorsängern 1791 Geinsheim claims to be Germany's oldest male voice choir. There is a football club, SV 1920 Geinsheim that once played in the Oberliga-Verein. In 1973, an 18-hole golf course was opened by the Golf-Club Pfalz ("Palatinate Golf Club").

Festivals
On the last weekend in August, Geinsheim celebrates the traditional wine festival known as the Wein- und Ludwigskerwe. The 3rd weekend in June is the occasion of the two-day fire service festival run by the Geinsheim Fire Service (Löschgruppe Geinsheim).

Population growth
Geinsheim was originally a typical farming and wine-growing village; today it is increasingly a residential suburb of Neustadt. In June 2011 Geinsheim had a population of 1,937; in January 2012 it had fallen to 1,954.

Sons and daughters of the village
 Theodor Schneider (1703–1764), Jesuit; first German Roman Catholic missionary in the USA
 Thaddäus Stahler (1857–1938), prelate; canon, dean and Domdekan in the Bishopric of Würzburg as well as the chairman of the Bavarian Clergy Association for many years.

References

External links

 www.geinsheim-pfalz.de: Geinsheim in der Pfalz
 deutsche-heimat.de: Geinsheim

Villages in Rhineland-Palatinate


title: FAO Headquarters

text:
The FAO Building (, literally "FAO Palace") is the international headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), located in the San Saba rione of Rome, Italy. Originally built under the Fascist government of Italy in the 1930s to be the seat of the Ministry of Italian Africa, the building was repurposed after World War II to be the headquarters of the then-new United Nations' agricultural agency, the FAO. The building is located the in one of the most scenic parts of Rome, southeast of the Aventine Hill, and overlooking  the Baths of Caracalla and the Circus Maximus.

History
The building was designed in 1938 by Vittorio Cafiero, the designer of the city plan of Asmara, and Mario Ridolfi, one of the masters of Italian Rationalism, and was originally designated to be the seat of the Ministry of Italian Africa: this was named until 1937, the year of the Italian conquest of Ethiopia, the Ministry of the Colonies, and was abolished in 1953. In front of the enormous building  a four lane avenue was opened; it was named "Viale Africa" after it, and renamed "Viale Aventino", after the hill which faces the building, in 1945. The palace was still unfinished when Italy surrendered to the allies in September 1943. The construction works, now directed only by Cafiero, started again in 1947, and the building was supposed to host the Ministry of Post and Telecommunication After the decision to assign the edifice to FAO, the building was enlarged, and work was finished in 1952. The Italian State endowed to the building the right of extraterritoriality, and rented it to FAO for the symbolic rate of one US dollar, to be paid yearly in advance.

In 1937, after the invasion of Ethiopia, Italian army specialists had brought to Rome the second longest Stele among the many existing in Axum. The 4th-century monolith, which in Ethiopia lay for centuries on the ground and was broken in several pieces, was erected in front of the area designated to host the Ministry of Italian Africa building, in order to show the usage of the new complex. In 2005, after restoration, the stele was taken back to Ethiopia and erected in Axum by the Italian Government.

Notes

Food and Agriculture Organization
Buildings and structures completed in 1952
FAO
Italian fascist architecture
Rome R. XXI San Saba


title: The Man (Ed Sheeran song)

text:
"The Man" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It features production from frequent collaborator Jake Gosling. The song was released as an "instant grat" digital download to the iTunes Store on 19 June 2014, serving as the sixth of seven promotional singles from his second studio album, x (2014). It entered the UK Singles Chart at number 87.

At his concert in Düsseldorf on 5 November 2014, Sheeran played "The Man" as his pick for the night and said that he had only ever played it live once before, and that it is the one song he wished he had never put on an album, as writing it was therapeutic and thus very personal.

Critical reception
Billboard's Jason Lipshutz has likened Sheeran's rapping to Mike Skinner of The Streets.

Charts

Certifications

References

2014 songs
Ed Sheeran songs
Song recordings produced by Jake Gosling
Songs written by Ed Sheeran


title: The History of English Poetry

text:
The History of English Poetry, from the Close of the Eleventh to the Commencement of the Eighteenth Century (1774-1781) by Thomas Warton was a pioneering and influential literary history.  Only three full volumes were ever published, going as far as Queen Elizabeth's reign, but their account of English poetry in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance was unrivalled for many years, and played a part in steering British literary taste towards Romanticism.  It is generally acknowledged to be the first narrative English literary history.

Composition and content

Warton probably began researching the History in the 1750s, but did not actually begin writing in earnest until 1769.  He conceived of his work as tracing "the transitions from barbarism to civility" in English poetry, but alongside this view of progress went a Romantic love of medieval poetry for its own sake.  The first volume, published in 1774 with a second edition the following year, is prefaced with two dissertations: one on "The Origin of Romantic Fiction in Europe", which he believed to lie in the Islamic world, and the other on "The Introduction of Learning into England", which deals with the revival of interest in Classical literature.  Then begins the History proper.  Warton decided to give no account of Anglo-Saxon poetry, ostensibly because it lay before "that era, when our national character began to dawn", though doubtless really because his knowledge of the language was too slight to serve him.  Instead he began with the impact of the Norman Conquest on the English language, before moving on to the vernacular chronicles.  Then follow a series of studies of various Middle English romances, of Piers Plowman, and of Early Scots historical writing.  The volume ends with a long and detailed look at the works of Geoffrey Chaucer.  The second volume appeared in 1778.  It deals with John Gower, Thomas Hoccleve, John Lydgate, and the controversy over the authenticity of Thomas Rowley's poems (actually forgeries by Thomas Chatterton, as Warton shows), before moving on to Stephen Hawes and other poets of the reigns of Henry VII.  He studies the Scottish Chaucerians in some detail, then returns to England and John Skelton.  The volume ends with chapters on the mystery plays, and on continental humanism and the Reformation.  The third volume, published in 1781, begins with a dissertation on the Gesta Romanorum, one of many sections of the History to fall out of chronological sequence.  He moves on to the Earl of Surrey, Thomas Wyatt, Tottel's Miscellany, John Heywood, Thomas More, and another out-of-sequence study, this time of the Middle English romance of Ywain and Gawain.  Then come The Mirror for Magistrates, Thomas Sackville, Richard Edwardes, and finally a general survey of Elizabethan poetry.  His fourth volume was never published complete, though 88 pages of it were printed in 1789.  It is often said that attacks on the History by the antiquary Joseph Ritson were the cause of Warton's publishing no more, but other theories have been suggested: that he found the wide variety of 16th century literature difficult to bring within a simple narrative structure; that he found himself unable to reconcile his Romantic and Classical attitudes towards early poetry; that the further he left his greatest love, the era of romance, behind him the less interested he became; that an alternative project of editing Milton had captured his interest; or that he was just congenitally lazy.

Later editions

As the state of medievalist scholarship advanced the need for revision in Warton's History became increasingly felt.  In 1824 a new and expanded edition of the History was published, with additional notes by, among others, Joseph Ritson, George Ashby, Francis Douce, Thomas Park, and the editor, Richard Price.  The 1840 edition, by Richard Taylor, contained further notes by Frederic Madden, Thomas Wright, Richard Garnett, Benjamin Thorpe, J. M. Kemble and others.  Finally, William Carew Hazlitt edited the History afresh in 1871.  The contributors to this version included Frederic Madden, Thomas Wright, Walter Skeat, Richard Morris and Frederick Furnivall.

Critical reception and influence

Warton's History had all the advantages and disadvantages of a pioneering work.  Being almost the first work to give general readers any information on Middle English poetry it had the attraction of novelty, leading to a generally favourable response to the first edition.  The Gentleman's Magazine, reviewing the first volume, called it "this capital historical piece", and had no doubt that "every connoisseur will be curious to view the original, and impatient for the completion of it".  Of the third volume the same magazine wrote that it "does equal credit to Mr. Warton's taste, judgment, and erudition, and makes us impatiently desirous of more".  Edward Gibbon mentioned the History in The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, saying it had been accomplished "with the taste of a poet and the minute diligence of an antiquarian".  But the praise was not unanimous.  Horace Walpole and William Mason both professed themselves annoyed by Warton's habit of throwing in illustrative material indiscriminately.  A more dangerous attack came from Joseph Ritson, whose pamphlet Observations on the Three First Volumes of the History of English Poetry, bitterly tore into Warton for the many mistranscriptions, misinterpretations, and errors of fact that his book, as the very first attempt to map the Middle English world, inevitably contained.  This led to a long and sometimes ill-tempered correspondence in the journals between Warton, Ritson, and their respective supporters.  Ritson kept up the attack in successive books through the rest of his life, culminating in the viciously personal "Dissertation on Romance and Minstrelsy" in 1802.

By the time the dust had settled from this controversy everyone was aware that the History could not be implicitly trusted, but it continued to be loved by a new generation whose taste for the older English poetry Warton's book, along with Percy's Reliques, had formed.  The influence of those two books on the growth of the Romantic spirit can be illustrated by Robert Southey, who wrote that they had confirmed in him a love of Middle English that had been formed by his discovery of Chaucer; and by Walter Scott's description of the History as "an immense commonplace book…from the perusal of which we rise, our fancy delighted with beautiful imagery and with the happy analysis of ancient tale and song".

In 1899 Sidney Lee wrote that
Even the mediæval expert of the present day, who finds that much of Warton's information is superannuated and that many of his generalisations have been disproved by later discoveries, realises that nowhere else has he at his command so well furnished an armoury of facts and dates about obscure writers.
The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica confirmed that "his book is still indispensable to the student of English poetry".  Though Warton's History no longer enjoys the same position as an authority on early poetry, it is still appreciated.  Arthur Johnston wrote that
To the modern scholar reading Warton, it is not his errors in transcripts or dating which attract attention; it is rather the richness of his information, the wealth of documentation, the multitude of his discoveries, his constant alertness to the problems and awareness of the ramifications of his subject.

Notes

References

External links

 The History of English Poetry at the Internet Archive

1774 non-fiction books
1778 non-fiction books
1781 non-fiction books
Book series introduced in 1774
18th-century history books
Books of literary criticism
Books about poetry
Middle English poetry
English poetry
History of poetry
Unfinished books


title: A Second Childhood

text:
A Second Childhood (, also known as Endless Youth) is a 2010 Italian drama film directed by Pupi Avati.

Cast

 Fabrizio Bentivoglio: Lino Settembre
 Francesca Neri: Francesca
 Serena Grandi: Aunt Amabile
 Gianni Cavina: Preda
 Lino Capolicchio: Emilio
 Manuela Morabito: Teta
 Erika Blanc: The Widow
 Isabelle Adriani: Nicoletta
 Vincenzo Crocitti: Don Nico

References

External links

2010 films
Italian drama films
2010 drama films
Films directed by Pupi Avati
Italian films about Alzheimer's disease
Films scored by Riz Ortolani
2010s Italian films


title: Grielum

text:
Grielum is a genus of four accepted species of plants in the family Neuradaceae. They are low-growing annual herbs endemic to dry regions, mainly in Western South Africa and Namibia.

Description
The genus comprises annual dwarf herbs with pronounced taproots.
 The leaves are more or less furry, and may be canescent or tomentose. They are lobed at least, but more typically are decompound. The stipules are obsolete, being barely evident if present at all.
 The flowers are conspicuous and are borne on singly on pedicels in leaf axils. They are generally vivid lemon-yellow in colour, but with a white centre in some species. The calyx has five sepals, forming a shallow cup. The corolla has five petals, usually imbricate and thereby forming a shallow bowl, though this is less evident if the petals happen to be narrow, as sometimes occurs on a particular plant. The petals are inserted into the throat of the calyx cup. There are ten stamens, more or less set in two whorls of five, inserted between the base of the gynoecium and the petals. The carpels typically are five in number, but may vary from about 3 to 10. They are connate and remain so in the fruit, which forms a synaptospermic diaspore that may act as a trample burr, being spread by sticking to animals' feet. The styles are terete and the stigmas capitate.
 The taproot of local species is well developed as a storage organ and is an important source of food and moisture for some animals such as duiker, so much so that one of its common names is "duikerwortel", Afrikaans for "duiker root"; duikers are notorious for digging up the root from sandy soils. It also was an important food plant for local hunter-gatherers. It is thick and so mucilaginous that it also is known by variations on the name "Pietsnot", meaning "snotty Pete". The taproot of for example Grielum humifusum and Grielum grandiflorum are relished even by some campers when roasted on a campfire.

Species
Four species are recognised:
 Grielum cuneifolium Schinz
 Grielum grandiflorum (L.) Druce
 Grielum humifusum Thunb.
 Grielum sinuatum Licht. ex Burch.

References

Neuradaceae
Malvales genera


title: Pontano Chapel

text:
The Pontano Chapel or Cappella dei Pontano is a Renaissance-style chapel in central Naples, Italy, on Via Tribunali, just in front of and obscuring the left lower façade of the church of Santa Maria Maggiore alla Pietrasanta.

The chapel was built in 1492 by humanist Giovanni Pontano as funerary chapel for his beloved wife Adriana Sassone. The architects, the brothers Giocondo and Francesco di Giorgio, made the building have Vitruvian proportions for length and width. The serene façade, seemingly out of place with the bright dynamic façade of Santa Maria Maggiore, is constructed of grey piperno rock with pilasters. The interior has maiolica flooring. Behind the altar is a fresco of the Madonna with Saints John the Baptist and John the Evangelist (c. 1492)  attributed to Francesco Cicino da Caiazzo.

References

Chapels in Naples
Renaissance architecture in Naples
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1492
Roman Catholic chapels in Italy
15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy


title: Linda E. Ginzel

text:
Linda E. Ginzel is a Clinical Professor of Managerial Psychology at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business and the founder of the Customized Executive Education program. She researches, develops curricula, and teaches courses on negotiation, effective leadership, and organizational behavior. Ginzel is a two-time recipient of the James S. Kemper Jr. Grant in Business Ethics.

Ginzel is also the co-founder and president of Kids in Danger, a nonprofit organization which works to protect and promote the welfare and rights of consumers regarding children's product safety. In 2000, President Bill Clinton awarded Ginzel with the President's Volunteer Service Award for her work in national public safety.

Biography
Ginzel was born in Seoul, South Korea, but spent her childhood between the United States and Germany.

She received a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Colorado in 1984, earning both distinction and summa cum laude. In 1986, she earned an M.A. in Social Psychology from Princeton University, and later went on to earn a Ph.D. in social psychology from Princeton University in 1989. During her time at Princeton, she studied with Edward E. Jones.

From 1989 to 1992, she was an assistant professor of organizational behavior at the graduate school of business at Stanford University.  Then from 1991 to 1992, she was visiting assistant professor of organizational behavior at the Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University.

In 1992, Ginzel joined University of Chicago Booth School of Business as a senior lecturer in behavioral sciences. Since 1998, she has worked as a clinical professor of managerial psychology for the university. In addition, Ginzel is a charter member of the Association for Psychological Science and a member of the Academy of Management.

Academic work

Ginzel leads programs and teaches MBA and executive education courses in leadership capital, high-performance leadership, the social psychology of management, essentials of effective leadership, managerial psychology, negotiations, and decision-making.

Previous work
Ginzel established the Corporate Executive Education Program at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.  From 1995 to 2004, she managed and grew a custom-designed program, which now ranks number one in the world for Executive Education Programs. Ginzel has also designed and taught customized educational programs for a number of Fortune 500 companies.

In the past, she has taught courses on organizational behavior, interpersonal perception, attribution theory, and general & social psychology to both M.B.A. and Ph.D. students at Northwestern, Stanford, and Princeton.

Negotiations and Decision-Making
Ginzel said, “Negotiation is the essential leadership skill for those creating a different future. It is the ultimate skill for problem solving. Entrepreneurs do that everyday.” In her negotiation courses, Ginzel encourages her students to: 1) look for tradeoffs to create value, 2) enlarge the pie before dividing, 3) adapt their strategy to their counterpart's style, and 4) practice 'conditional' cooperation. Overall, her goal is for her students to gain a better understanding of the psychological processes that underlie the judgements made during negotiations and become better analytical negotiators. The course has been taught to full-time, part-time, and executive MBA candidates at Booth locations in Chicago and London.

In terms of decision making for individuals in business, Ginzel said, "I do not think that my advice is any different for women than for men in business. I tell all my students to be sure that they have a strong sense of their own priorities so that they do not end up making choices based on the priorities of others. I believe that who we become depends on the everyday choices that we make, and we must choose wisely.

Leadership Capital
In Ginzel's Leadership Capital course, she challenges students to address questions such as: What makes a good executive? What does a leader do to create and add value? How does management differ from leadership? What is the basis of management and leadership?

Defining "leadership capital" as "the wisdom to decide when to manage and when to lead together with the courage and capacity to implement," Ginzel teaches a framework geared towards developing a strategy of knowing when to change and when to maintain the status quo. Her framework includes the development of two types of skills: action skills and insight skills.

Choosing Leadership: A Workbook
Ginzel published her first book, "Choosing Leadership: A Workbook," in 2018. Ginzel decided to write the book after students from her leadership course began to ask for copies of class material to share with their coworkers and friends. Drawing from her materials for executive development courses, the book uses a personalized approach to developing leadership and management skills. Ginzel noted in the introduction: "Instead of thinking about people who are "leaders," think of the choices these people made to lead."

The workbook includes exercises and activities to encourage personal and professional growth, with the goal of "being wiser, younger." Concepts included within workbook exercises include developing personal definitions of leadership, leveraging the Zeigarnik effect, and leveraging data collection to maximize the value of past experiences.

"Choosing Leadership" has been featured in media such as the Chicago Booth CareerCast podcast, Chicago's WGN Radio, and the Association for Surgical Education podcast. In 2019, Forbes included "Choosing Leadership" in its list, "Top Life and Career Design Books to Plan Your Year," stating that the book was a "good option to create your own self-coaching leadership program."

"Choosing Leadership" has been incorporated into curricula for courses across disciplines. At the Indiana University Maurer School of Law, Professor William D. Henderson used "Choosing Leadership" as the core text in a Deliberative Leadership course.

Consumer Advocacy
Along with her academic work, Ginzel also currently serves as the co-founder and president of the non-profit organization Kids in Danger. In 1998, Ginzel and her husband, Boaz Keysar, founded Kids in Danger after the death of their son, Danny Keysar, who was strangled by a previously recalled portable crib. Through their work with the organization, Ginzel and Keysar helped push the state of Illinois in banning the sale of recalled children's products in 1998 and were also key leaders in the enactment of the Children's Product Safety Act in Illinois in 1999.

In 2008, as members of the Advisory Committee on the Obama Transition Team, Ginzel and Keysar were instrumental in the creation of CPSC legislation that mandated changes in regulating children's products. The legislation included a provision, named after their son Danny, that put into effect tougher safety standards and compulsory testing for durable children's products. An extension of this CPSC legislation in 2012 included new rules for playpens that require independent testing for stability. At the announcement of this legislation, Ginzel said, "It is bittersweet for me to be standing here today," she said, "The fact that strong mandatory standards are now required by law is Danny's legacy and the legacy of other children whose lives have been lost so carelessly, so tragically." In short, Danny's Law required that manufacturers test toys and infant products before sale. It also banned lead and phthalates in toys.

Ginzel testified in Congress and state legislatures throughout the country on the topic of children's product safety. Ginzel's work has been featured across mainstream media and publications including ABC Nightly News, Today Show, Oprah, Voice of America, Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, USA Today and People Magazine.

Currently, Ginzel volunteers as a consumer representative on the Consumer Products Committee F15 of ASTM International.

Awards and recognition

 2019: Hillel J. Einhorn Teaching Award for teaching in the Booth Singapore Executive MBA Program Asia
2014: Class of 2014 Impact Professor as voted by full-time students at the Booth School of Business
 2014: The Hope and Courage Award, Lurie Children's Hospital in Chicago
 2013: Inaugural Global Hillel Einhorn J. Einhorn Teaching Award as voted by Executive MBA students at the Booth School of Business across three campuses: Singapore, London and Chicago
 2011: Faculty Excellence Award as voted by Evening and Weekend MBA students at the Booth School of Business for exceptional commitment to teaching, Chicago, Illinois[26]
 2007-2008: Finalist, Faculty Pioneer Award, The Aspen Institute Center for Business Education, Washington, DC
 2000: The President's Service Award, the nation's highest honor for volunteer service directed at solving critical social problems from President Clinton, Washington, DC
 2000 & 2001: Two-time recipient of the James S. Kemper, Jr. Grant in Business Ethics, The James S. Kemper Foundation, Chicago, Illinois
 1998: Chicagoan of the Year, Chicago Magazine, Chicago, Illinois
 1992: Honorable Mention, "Professor of the Year", The Manager's Program, Kellogg Graduate School of Management Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
 1990: General Electric Foundation Faculty Grant Stanford University, Stanford, California
 1990: Dispute Resolution Research Center Grant, with M. Bazerman Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
 1989: Teaching Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Instruction Association of Princeton Graduate Alumni, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
 1985: Princeton University Merit Fellowship Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
 1984: The Outstanding Graduate, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences The University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
 1984: Nell G. Fahrion Award for Excellence in Psychology The University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
 1983 & 1984: Two-time recipient of the Colorado Scholars Award The University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado

Publications
 Zivan, D. (2002). “The Playskool Travel-Lite Crib,” Edited by L. Ginzel is available at http://www.chicagocdr.org/cases.
 Also from: The National Academy of Engineering, Online Ethics Center: http://ethics.iit.edu/eelibrary/node/6460; and
 CasePlace.org the online service of The Aspen Institute: http://www.caseplace.org/cases/cases_show.htm?doc_id=124280 ; and
 McGraw-Hill's electronic publishing system, the Primis database.
 Also appears in: Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell (2005) Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Houghton Mifflin Co, pp. 144–169.
 McAlister, Ferrell and Ferrell (2005) Business and Society: A Strategic Approach to Social Responsibility. Houghton Mifflin Co, pp. 167–189.
 Nash, de Bettignies and Goodpaster (2006) Business Ethics: Policies and Persons. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Inc., pp. 287–303.
 Keysar, B., Ginzel, L. E., and Bazerman, M. H. (1995). “States of Affairs and States of Mind: The Effect of Knowledge about Beliefs.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 64, 283–293.
 Ginzel, L. E. (1994). “The Impact of Biased Inquiry Strategies on Performance Judgments.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 57, 411–429.
 Ginzel, L. E., Kramer, R. M., and Sutton, R. I. (1993). “Organizational Impression Management as a Reciprocal Influence Process: The Neglected Role of the Organizational Audience.” In L. L. Cummings and B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, (Vol. 15, pp. 227–266). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
 Also appears in: M. J. Hatch and M. Schultz (Eds.), Organizational Identity: A Reader. Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 223–261.
 Hogarth, R. M., and Ginzel, L. E. (February, 1993). “’Soft Skills and Hard Knowledge.” Training Today, pp. 6–8.
 Kirby, P., and Ginzel, L. E. (August 1989). “A Trainer’s Dozen: Critical Professional and Program Issues.” Training and Development Journal, pp. 69–72.
 Ginzel, L. E., Jones, E. E., and Swann, W. B. Jr. (1987). “How ‘Naive’ is the Naive Attributor?: Discounting and Augmentation in Attitude Attribution.” Social Cognition, 5, 108–130.

References

Princeton University alumni
University of Colorado alumni
Living people
University of Chicago faculty
1959 births


title: Retreat Rosenwald School

text:
Retreat Rosenwald School, also known as the Retreat Colored School, is a historic Rosenwald School located at Westminster, Oconee County, South Carolina.

It was built in 1924, and is a one-story,  T-shaped, two-teacher community school. The building has three main rooms consisting of two classrooms and an industrial room in the forward-projecting wing.  The school closed in 1950.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

References

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Defunct schools in South Carolina
1924 establishments in South Carolina
Educational institutions established in 1924
African-American history of South Carolina
Rosenwald schools in South Carolina
Schools in Oconee County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Oconee County, South Carolina
Educational institutions disestablished in 1950
1950 disestablishments in South Carolina


title: Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan

text:
Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan or BMMA ('Indian Muslim Women's Movement') is an autonomous, secular, rights-based mass organization led by Zakia Soman which fights for the citizenship rights of the Muslim women in India. The BMMA was formed in January 2011. The organisation is based in Mumbai.

Over 30,000 members have been enrolled in the BMMA in 15 states, over the past six years.

BMMA conducted a Study of Muslim women’s views on reforms in Muslim personal law— 'Seeking Justice Within the Family''' across 10 states that revealed that an overwhelming 82%  of the over 4,000 women who were surveyed had no property in their name and that 78% were home makers with no income of their own.

“It is quite revealing that 95.5% poor women had not even heard of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board, yet the government and the people go by the decisions taken by these self-proclaimed leaders of the Muslim community,’’ said Zakia Soman, co-founder of the Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan.

Noorjehan Safia Niaz, co-founder of the Bhartiya Muslim Mahila Andolan (BMMA) does not support practices such as the hijab and believes that instances where complete strangers — young and old men, and once a younger woman — walk up to her in public and question her choice of dressing with impunity and audacity, violate her personal space.

BMMA has backed Hindu women in the Shani Shingnapur Temple row.

 Campaigns
Ban on Triple talaq
The BMMA demanded a ban on the practice of 'Triple Talaq' (verbal divorce). It also petitioned the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Muslim Personal Law. Eventually, Triple talaq in India was banned. On 30 July 2019, the Parliament of India declared the practice of Triple Talaq illegal and unconstitutional and made it a punishable act from 1 August 2019.

Women’s entry into the inner sanctum of the Haji Ali Dargah
BMMA also challenged the restrictions on women’s entry into the inner sanctum of the Haji Ali Dargah of Mumbai, and on 26 August 2016 after a three year legal battle, the Bombay High Court, allowed women entry and termed the ban unconstitutional.

Abolition of Polygamy, Mut'a marriages, Misyar marriages and Nikah halala
On June 23, 2014, BMMA released a draft, 'Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act' recommending that polygamy be made illegal in the Muslim Personal Law of India.

On December 12 2022, on a public interest litigation filed by BMMA, the Supreme Court of India issued notices to the centre and Law Commission of India requesting the abolition of practices of polygamy and other practices like Mut'a marriages, Misyar marriages and Nikah halala as they violate fundamental rights of the Muslim women in India under articles 14, 15, 21 and 25 of the Constitution.

 Female Qazis
In 2016, the Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan (BMMA) founded the Darul Uloom Niswan'' with the aim to train female qazis with the skills needed to challenge the misuse of authority by mullahs who had been issuing fatwas, supporting unilateral triple talaq, and promoting practices such as 'nikah halala', often leading to exploitation and abuse of power.

Report on women in polygamous marriages
In December 2022, the BMMA released a report 'Status of women in polygamous marriages and need for legal protection' based on the study of women whose husbands are in polygamous marriages, across 11 states in India. According to the report, 84% of respondents said polygamy should be prohibited, and 73% thought a husband should be penalised for taking a second wife. The Survey also found that 45% of the husbands threatened to divorce their first wives if they disapproved of his second marriage. An overwhelming number of women said that they felt a sense of betrayal, loss of dignity and loss of self-respect when the husband married other women despite her being the wife. The poll found that many of the women suffered from serious mental health problems and 50% of the 289 women reported suffering from mental trauma such as depression, self-blaming and suicidal tendencies.

See also
 Islam in India
 Muslim Personal Law
 Women in Islam

References

Islam in India
Women's organisations based in India


title: List of years in Finland

text:
This is a list of years in Finland.

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also
 Timeline of Helsinki
List of years by country

Further reading

External links

Finland history-related lists
Finland


title: Cheay Areng Dam

text:
Cheay Areng Dam was a proposed 108 MW hydroelectric dam on Areng river in Koh Kong Province, southwest of Cambodia.

China Guodian Corporation once intended to build the dam. Sinohydro Resources Ltd, a holding company for Sinohydro Group, was granted approval in February 2014 for six months of extensive drilling, geological mapping and prospecting in the dam concession.

The project was shelved in 2017 by Prime Minister Hun Sen due to a strong local opposition to the dam. A new coal plant will be constructed in Preah Sihanouk as a compensation.

Environmental and social concerns
Cheay Areng Dam was to be built in the Central Cardamom Protected Forest (CCPF), largest unbroken tract of woodland in Southeast Asia, covering 4,013 km². This area, made up of a series of adjoining national parks, hosts a high biodiversity including 31 endangered animal species, among which the world’s second-largest population of wild Siamese crocodile.

Furthermore, the dam would flow a 20 km² area from which 1500 Chong indigenous people would have to be relocated. Buddhist monks and villagers are against the project. , local residents continue to oppose construction of the dam, which would provide power principally to neighboring countries.

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Cambodia
Dams in Cambodia
Koh Kong province
Cancelled hydroelectric power stations
Dam controversies


title: List of years in Serbia

text:
This is a list of years in Serbia.

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also
 Timeline of Serbian history

Serbia history-related lists
Serbia


title: Lüchow-Dannenberg – Lüneburg

text:
Lüchow-Dannenberg – Lüneburg is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 37. It is located in northeastern Lower Saxony, comprising the Lüchow-Dannenberg and Lüneburg districts.

Lüchow-Dannenberg – Lüneburg was created for the inaugural 1949 federal election. Since 2009, it has been represented by Jakob Blankenburg of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

Geography
Lüchow-Dannenberg – Lüneburg is located in northeastern Lower Saxony. As of the 2021 federal election, it comprises the entirety of the districts of Lüchow-Dannenberg and Lüneburg.

History
Lüchow-Dannenberg – Lüneburg was created in 1949, then known as Lüneburg – Dannenberg. In the 1965 through 1998 elections, it was named Lüneburg – Lüchow-Dannenberg. It acquired its current name in the 2002 election. In the inaugural Bundestag election, it was Lower Saxony constituency 13 in the numbering system. From 1953 through 1961, it was number 35. From 1965 through 1998, it was number 31. In the 2002 and 2005 elections, it was number 37. In the 2009 election, it was number 38. Since the 2013 election, it has been number 37.

Originally, the constituency comprised the independent city of Lüneburg and the districts of Landkreis Lüneburg and Lüchow-Dannenberg. In the 1953 election, it gained the Uelzen district with the exception of the city of Uelzen and the Samtgemeinden of Altes Amt Ebstorf and Suderburg. In the 1980 through 1998 elections, it comprised only the Lüchow-Dannenberg and Lüneburg districts. In the 2002 and 2005 elections, it also contained the Samtgemeinden of Elbmarsch, Hanstedt, and Salzhausen from Harburg district and the municipality of Munster from Soltau-Fallingbostel district. Since the 2009 election, it has comprised only the Lüchow-Dannenberg and Lüneburg districts.

Members
The constituency was first held by Friedrich Nowack of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who served from 1949 until 1953. He was succeeded by Willi Koops of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), who served a single term. He was succeeded by fellow CDU member Lambert Huys. In 1972, Horst Schröder of the CDU was elected representative. Klaus Harries served from 1987 to 1994, then Kurt-Dieter Grill from 1994 to 1998. The SPD won the constituency in 1998, and Arne Fuhrmann served a single term as representative. Hedi Wegener then served from 2002 to 2005. In 2009, Eckhard Pols of the CDU won the constituency. He was re-elected in 2013 and 2017. Jakob Blankenburg won the constituency for the SPD in 2021.

Election results

2021 election

2017 election

2013 election

2009 election

References

Federal electoral districts in Lower Saxony
1949 establishments in West Germany
Constituencies established in 1949


title: Russell House (Mountain Rest, South Carolina)

text:
Russell House was a historic inn located near Mountain Rest, Oconee County, South Carolina. It was built about 1867, and considerably expanded around 1890, and served as an inn for travelers between Walhalla and the mountain resort area. The Russell House, two storage buildings, and a privy were destroyed by fire in 1988. Located on the property are the contributing ruins of a log barn, a spring house, outhouse, garage, corn crib, and potato cellar.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

References

Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1867
Buildings and structures in Oconee County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Oconee County, South Carolina


title: List of years in Slovakia

text:
This is a list of years in Slovakia.

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also
List of years
List of years by topic

Years in Slovakia
Slovakia history-related lists
Slovakia


title: List of years in Moldova

text:
This is a list of years in Moldova.

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also
 List of years in Romania
 Timeline of Chișinău

Further reading

External links
 BBC News. Moldova Profile: Timeline.

Years in Moldova
Moldova history-related lists
Moldova


title: The Friends at the Margherita Cafe

text:
The Friends at the Margherita Cafe (, also known as The Friends of Bar Margherita) is a 2009 Italian comedy-drama film directed by Pupi Avati.

Plot summary
Bologna, 1954. In the Margherita Cafè the young Taddeo meets a group of strange characters, led by the old Al. Al is a man who likes pretty girls, and soon Taddeo gets hired as his driver to take him to brave nights. While consume the stories of the other characters, who regularly go at the bar Margherita every day, Taddeo meets a beautiful librarian of his own age, and plans to marry her. However, the ambitions of the young Taddeo are too hasty, and so the fate repays him with a bad joke.

Cast

 Diego Abatantuono: Al
 Neri Marcorè: Bep
 Laura Chiatti: Marcella
 Fabio De Luigi: Gian
 Luigi Lo Cascio: Manuelo
 Pierpaolo Zizzi: Taddeo
 Luisa Ranieri: Ninni
 Claudio Botosso: Zanchi
 Katia Ricciarelli: Mother of Taddeo
 Gianni Cavina: Grandpa Carlo
 Gianni Ippoliti: Sarti

References

External links

2009 films
Italian comedy-drama films
2009 comedy-drama films
Films directed by Pupi Avati
Films set in Emilia-Romagna
Films set in 1954
2000s Italian films
2000s Italian-language films


title: Alyssum dagestanicum

text:
Alyssum dagestanicum, the Dagestanian alyssum, is a species in the family Brassicaceae that is native to Russia and the Caucasus Mountains. It occurs in rocky xerophyte communities in the middle montane zone. It is threatened by grazing and cropland development.

References

dagestanicum


title: Luca Campani

text:
Luca Campani (born February 18, 1990) is an Italian professional basketball player for Pallacanestro Trieste of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA).

Career
On July 12, 2018, Campani signed with the Italian club Sidigas Avellino. He signed with Basket Torino in 2019.

Campani returned to the Serie A on January 16, 2022 signing with Pallacanestro Trieste to replace the injured Alessandro Lever.

References

External links
Eurobasket.com Profile
Legabasket Profile

1990 births
Living people
Centers (basketball)
Fulgor Libertas Forlì players
Basket Torino players
Italian men's basketball players
Lega Basket Serie A players
Pallacanestro Reggiana players
Pallacanestro Varese players
Orlandina Basket players
Power forwards (basketball)
S.S. Felice Scandone players
Sutor Basket Montegranaro players
Vanoli Cremona players
Sportspeople from Reggio Emilia


title: Ram Cat Alley Historic District

text:
Ram Cat Alley Historic District is a national historic district located at Seneca, Oconee County, South Carolina. It encompasses 18 contributing buildings in the central business district of Seneca. They were built between about 1887 and 1930.  Notable buildings include the Patterson Building, Harper and Jones Building, C. F. Adams General Store, Old Seneca Post Office, and Richardson Theatre.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The application was compiled and submitted by Chris Knopf, a Clemson University Graduate Student, and Walter Scharer, then Planning Director for Seneca, South Carolina. Knopf is now County Manager for Surry County, North Carolina, and Scharer is Planning Director for Shelby, North Carolina.

References

Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Oconee County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Oconee County, South Carolina
Seneca, South Carolina


title: List of years in North Macedonia

text:
This is a list of years in North Macedonia, the country formerly named as "Republic of Macedonia" between 1991 and 2019.

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

History of Macedonia (region)
North Macedonia history-related lists
History of North Macedonia
Macedonia


title: Indiana PGA Championship

text:
The Indiana PGA Championship is a golf tournament that is the championship of the Indiana section of the PGA of America. Although the Indiana section was chartered in 1924, there were no section championships held until 1936. Todd Smith, member of the Indiana Golf Hall of Fame, holds the record with six victories. PGA Tour winners who also won this tournament include Bob Mann, who partnered with Wayne Levi to win the 1978 Walt Disney World National Team Championship, and Bob Hamilton, who won the PGA Championship in 1944.

Winners

 2022 Timothy Wiseman
 2021 Michael Asbell
 2020 Chris Smith
 2019 Michael Asbell
 2018 Brad Fellers
 2017 Craig Bowden
 2016 Brett Melton
 2015 Craig Bowden
 2014 John DalCorobbo
 2013 Jeff March
 2012 John DalCorobbo
 2011 John DalCorobbo
 2010 David Carich
 2009 Todd Smith
 2008 Jim Ousley
 2007 John DalCorrobo
 2006 Quinn Griffing
 2005 Alan Schulte
 2004 Brad Fellers
 2003 Scott Pieri
 2002 Brad Fellers
 2001 Todd Smith
 2000 Alan Schulte
 1999 Todd Smith
 1998 Denny Hepler
 1997 Todd Smith
 1996 Todd Smith
 1995 Gary Sowinski
 1994 Todd Smith
 1993 Denny Hepler
 1992 Greg Havill
 1991 Scott Steger
 1990 Cary Hungate
 1989 Scott Steger
 1988 Cary Hungate
 1987 Cary Hungate
 1986 Bill Shumaker
 1985 Cary Hungate
 1984 Bill Shumaker
 1983 Bill Mattingly
 1982 Bob Mann
 1981 Bob Mann
 1980 Mal McMullen
 1979 Don Padgett II
 1978 Geoff Hensley
 1977 Bill Shumaker
 1976 Jim Barber
 1975 Don Padgett II
 1974 Bob Placido
 1973 George Thomas
 1972 Bill Miller, Sr.
 1971 Don Essig III
 1970 Sam Carmichael
 1969 Arnold Koehler
 1968 Alan White
 1967 Ed Knych
 1966 Jim Guinnup
 1965 Ed Knych
 1964 Ed Knych
 1963 Ed Knych
 1962 Charlie Harter
 1961 William Heinlein
 1960 Don Street
 1959 Jim Guinnup
 1958 Jim Guinnup
 1957 Charlie Harter
 1956 Jimmy Scott
 1955 Jim Guinnup
 1954 William Heinlein
 1953 Wayne Timberman
 1952 Mike DeMassey
 1951 Todd Houck
 1950 Charlie Harter
 1949 Charlie Harter
 1948 William Heinlein
 1947 Wayne Timberman
 1946 William Heinlein
 1945 William Heinlein
 1944 Bob Hamilton
 1943 Bob Hamilton
 1942 Wayne Timberman
 1941 Bud Williamson
 1940 Russell Stonehouse
 1939 John Watson
 1938 Bud Williamson
 1937 Ralph Stonehouse
 1936 Bud Williamson

References

External links
PGA of America – Indiana section

Golf in Indiana
PGA of America sectional tournaments
Recurring sporting events established in 1936


title: Photograph (Ed Sheeran song)

text:
"Photograph" is a song by  English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran from his second studio album, × (2014). Sheeran wrote the song with Snow Patrol member Johnny McDaid, who had a piano loop from which the composition developed. After recording several versions with other producers, Sheeran eventually solicited help from Jeff Bhasker; the collaboration generated a version that Bhasker further enhanced for months. The ballad derives its music primarily from an acoustic guitar, piano and programmed drums. With visually descriptive lyrics, it discusses a long-distance relationship inspired by Sheeran's own experience of being away from his then-girlfriend while he was on tour.

The song received generally supportive commentary from critics, who noted the lyrics and Sheeran's use of love for all people. "Photograph" served as the fifth and final single from the album. It reached the top five on the main singles charts in more than five countries. In the US, where it peaked at number ten, "Photograph" became the third single from the album to have reached within the top ten. In the UK, it reached number fifteen and has since been certified quadruple platinum. The single has also been certified double platinum in Australia and Canada, and platinum in New Zealand and Italy.

The single's release on 23 June 2014 followed the premiere of the music video on 9 May 2015. The video is a montage of real home footage of Sheeran's infancy, childhood and adolescence, providing insight on his private early life, such as his inclination to playing music instruments and fondness of Lego. The video was nominated for Best Video at the 2016 Brit Awards. Sheeran performed the song on television shows and on his x Tour, which ran from 2014 to 2015.

Background and composition

Ed Sheeran wrote "Photograph" in May 2012 with Johnny McDaid, instrumentalist and background vocalist of the Irish band Snow Patrol. Sheeran toured with the band as a support act in select North American dates. McDaid had a three-note piano loop that became the basis of "Photograph". The song's development began when Sheeran, while in a hotel room in Kansas City, was humming "loving can hurt, loving can hurt" to the loop that was playing on McDaid's laptop. Sheeran recalled: "I started humming, and then [McDaid] put a beat behind it."

They developed ideas for the song while Sheeran was building a Lego and McDaid was working on his laptop. After four hours, Sheeran picked up a guitar and they began properly structuring the composition. According to Sheeran, they ended up composing the song "within about half an hour". Both realized what had transpired only after listening back to the song the following day; they then decided on recording it. Sheeran completed writing the song while in Denver, Colorado.

Sheeran credited "Photograph" as the first record "properly" completed for his second studio album. According to him, he had "probably" recorded 60 to 70 versions of the song; these varied from live to that with piano accompaniment. Aside from the earlier versions he made with McDaid, Sheeran had recordings with songwriter-producer, Jake Gosling, who produced much of Sheeran's debut album, and producer, Rick Rubin, who was involved in other tracks from the follow-up album. However, Sheeran thought these versions "never fit" and he eventually solicited help from producer, Jeff Bhasker. This particular collaboration generated a version that Bhasker continued to enhance for several months. Emile Haynie was credited on the album's liner notes for his additional production.  On 24 January 2015, Sheeran recalled the backstory of "Photograph" for the VH1 Storytellers.

Music, lyrics and inspiration

An acoustic pop ballad, "Photograph" derives its music from an acoustic guitar, piano, strings, organ, electric and bass guitar, and programmed drums. The melody builds up with the guitar strums and piano keys; the drums, strings, organ etc. then follow. It has a tempo of 108 beats per minute and the originally published key is in E major. "Photograph" features a chord progression that is common in popular music.

The lyrics to the song chronicle a long-distance relationship. It contains detailed imagery such as the protagonist remembering his girlfriend kissing him "under the lamppost, back on 6th street", and keeping a picture of him "in the pocket of [her] ripped jeans". These lyrics were inspired by Sheeran's own experience on a long-distance relationship. He dated Nina Nesbitt, a Scottish singer/songwriter, for more than a year. While in this relationship, Sheeran spent five months away from Nesbitt: three months while on a concert tour with Snow Patrol and further two months on his own tour. At his concert in Kansas City on 27 June 2017, Sheeran noted that he wrote "Photograph" at Kansas City's Intercontinental Hotel during a previous tour.

Release
In February 2013, Sheeran played a demo version of "Photograph" to a German radio station. This performance was not recorded in film or audio. Sheeran played the song again pre-release at a show at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York on 14 July 2014. Taylor Swift was seen at the concert, notably, the only person in the crowd who knew the lyrics to this unreleased song." Sheeran favoured the song as one of the best in the album and claimed: "I think ["Photograph"] will be the one that will change my, kind of, career path." He also asserted that "Photograph" would serve as the "collateral" song that could "sell [the album]" even if the rest of the tracks would not prove appealing.

The song was released as an "instant grat" digital download to the iTunes Store on 20 June 2014; it served as the final of seven promotional singles from his second studio album, × (2014). On 22 April 2015, through his Twitter account, Sheeran announced that "Photograph" would be the next single off ×. It was released on 23 June 2014 to hot adult contemporary format, and the following day to contemporary hit radio in the US. On 12 June 2015, "Photograph" was released to the German market in CD format with the B-side, "I Will Take You Home". The latter track was featured in the American television sitcom, Cougar Town.

"Photograph" served as the fifth and last single released from the album. Of the five singles, preceded by two upbeat songs such as the lead single, "Sing", "Photograph" was the second mellow track released from ×. The first was "Thinking Out Loud", the third single, which is a blue-eyed soul record produced by Gosling. According to Sheeran, no one from his label wanted "Thinking Out Loud" as a single release; they favoured "Photograph" as the "big song". "Photograph" was supposed to be the main single, but when "Thinking Out Loud" spent several weeks within the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart albeit not in radio rotation, the latter song was kept as the third single.

Critical reception
Upon the album's release, critical response to "Photograph" was generally positive. In his track-by-track review of x for Billboard magazine, Jason Lipshutz suggested that the line "Loving can hurt sometimes/But it's the only thing that I know" in "Photograph" was the "lynchpin line of the whole album". Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe had the same sentiment; she called the song "haunting" and felt it "[crept] up on you with [its] tunefulness". Jamieson Cox of Time described Sheeran's use of "detail and powerful imagery" in the lyrics as "smart"; Cox opined that it  "[brought the song] to life".

Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph deemed the track "soulful balladry" and felt it showcased that Sheeran "can slip smoothly through the gears" on the album. Lipshutz described his singing as being "restrained" over "hesitant" acoustic guitar strum before the "arena drums kick in". Paul Cantor of Vibe picked "Photograph" as one of the standouts from the album, and noted that the song's "brooding arrangement is an emotional roller coaster". Kitty Empire of The Observer called "Photograph" a "swelling ballad", and suggested that Sheeran's writing was "particularly calculated". In his review for MusicOMH, John Murphy also felt that "Photograph" was "calculated and a bit cynical, almost as if it's been written specifically as a soundtrack to a particularly emotional scene in a US television series".

On her analysis of the lyrical content of the album, Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club expressed that Sheeran's "self-awareness extends to the rest" of the album by tackling homesickness in "Photograph", for instance. Meanwhile, Carolyn Menyes of the Music Times wrote in her review of the song that "in the grander scheme of x, 'Photograph' doesn't quite seem to line up lyrically", and noted that most of the album's songs explored "the feelings of a lover scorned, cheating exes and a little bit of the excess life". She also said: "Simply put: 'Photograph' is one of Sheeran's more simplistically beautiful songs."

McDaid's involvement in the song was noted by a few critics. Kevin Harly of The Independent wrote: "If you didn’t know Snow Patrol's Johnny McDaid produced the ballad 'Photograph', its stolid plod through clichés about how lovin' 'can hurt' and 'heal' should tell you". Meanwhile, Dave Hanratty of Drowned in Sound remarked: "... the cloying 'Photograph' ... is co-written and produced by a member of Snow Patrol should surprise nobody, given that it follows their heartstring-tugging script so resolutely. At least it moves." The Herald Alan Morrison felt that "Photograph" was "identikit Snow Patrol".

Chart performance
"Photograph" and the rest of the album's tracks entered the UK Singles Chart due to high streaming rates. The single debuted at number 44 on the chart week ending 5 July 2014, ten months prior to the single's release. It peaked at number 15, and has spent 50 weeks on the chart as of the week ending 5 November 2015. On 17 March 2017, the British Phonographic Industry certified the single quadruple platinum for combined sales of 2.4 million units. As of September 2017, the song has accumulated 386,000 copies in actual sales, and with 96 million streams, it has a combined total of 1,347,000 units.

In the US, the single reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and marked the third top 10 from the album. With "Photograph", Sheeran also became the ninth male solo artist since 2010 to spawn four top 20 hits from a single album, excluding deluxe editions. In specific formats such as the Mainstream Top 40, the single reached the top 10 on the week ending 29 August 2015; it gave the album four that have achieved the threshold. The single was first certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on 21 July 2015, double platinum on 29 February 2016 and triple platinum on 16 August 2017. As of June 2016, the song has sold 1,551,000 copies in the US. Elsewhere, the single reached top five in Austria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Slovakia, and South Africa.

In April 2015, commercial streaming company Spotify released a report of the most streamed tracks worldwide under the category sleep. "Photograph" placed at number 18; it joined Sheeran's other six songs ranked in the top 20. Sleep is one of the company's most popular categories that, according to Spotify, "people also use for general relaxation and to help themselves unwind". The Guardian columnist Tim Dowling suggested that the report was an indication of "very popular, slightly mellow songs that keep cropping up on sleep playlists" but not a list of a "carefully curated journey to unconsciousness".

Controversy

On 9 June 2016, it was reported that Sheeran was being sued by songwriters Martin Harrington and Thomas Leonard, writers of Matt Cardle's 2011 single "Amazing", for $20 million for copyright infringement. The lawsuit says: "Given the striking similarity between the chorus of Amazing and Photograph, (the) defendants knew when writing, publishing, recording, releasing, and distributing Photograph that they were infringing on a pre-existing musical composition." The lawsuit was privately settled in April 2017, with no admission of guilt.

In March 2022, while in court for a separate lawsuit over his song "Shape of You", Sheeran said that he settled the "Photograph" complaint on the advice of his lawyers, as the case was "more trouble than it was worth".  He later also said he was on tour at the time, and was advised that the culture around copyright claims meant that he "probably would lose". He thought that settling the case opened a floodgate of claims, and led to the "Shape of You" lawsuit.  After he won the "Shape of You" case, he said he regretted settling the claim for "Photograph", not because of the money involved, but because it changed his relationship with the song. He said: "I didn't play 'Photograph' for ages after that. I just stopped playing it. I felt weird about it, it kind of made me feel dirty."

Music video
An accompanying music video for "Photograph" was released on 9 May 2015. The video is a montage of real home footage. Sheeran sourced the clips from his father, who was then compiling it into DVDs for their family Christmas present. He initially intended the clips for inclusion in a documentary that was being produced around that time; but looking through the collection, he thought it might work for a music video. Sheeran also admitted he could not attend to an actual video shoot, hence he opted for the montage. Emil Nava, who had previously worked with Sheeran on his other promotional music videos, directed "Photograph". Editor Ellie Johnson worked with Sheeran's father while in central London. According to Johnson, they spent a weekend gathering the clips used in the montage.

The montage chronicles Sheeran's infancy, childhood and adolescence (1990s and 2000s). It features Sheeran playing various music instruments (including piano, cello, bass, acoustic guitar and drums), suggesting that he was musically inclined at a young age. He is also shown displaying his skill in Bodhrán, an Irish frame drum. Other footage depicts a teen Sheeran busking in Galway, Ireland. In another clip before the final, Sheeran is shown performing to a crowd at a festival. Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone noted that the clips also revealed Sheeran's "lifelong obsession with Legos", an object the latter referenced on his 2011 single "Lego House".

According to Ryan Book of the Music Times, the media form utilized in the montage contradicted the song's title. Kreps stated that the video was reminiscent of Kurt Cobain: Montage of Heck, a documentary film about Nirvana front man and 1990s rock icon Kurt Cobain. According to Kreps, the private life of both artists in their youth were revealed through real home videos.

Live performances and usage in media
"Photograph" was performed on television prior to its commercial release. On 13 December 2014, Sheeran appeared on The X Factor UK, where he gave his first televised performance of the song. This performance contributed to the song's first ascent inside the top 40 on the UK Singles Chart. Sheeran also performed the song for various US television shows such as on Good Morning America, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, and Undateable, at Canada's Much Music Video Awards, and at the 2015 Global Citizen Festival. The song was part of the setlist in Sheeran's x Tour; the concert tour ran from 2014 to 2015.

English singer Foxes covered the song for the BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge.

Other recordings
The song was recorded by Jordan Feliz, for his debut studio album, Beloved, released by Centricity Music. A critic says the acoustic rendition shows, "his falsetto shining", while another writes it is an "incredible" cover song, on a track meant to convey the temporal nature with which worldly mortal relationships have compared to one with God's son Jesus Christ. Jessica Mauboy covered the song on her 2016 album, The Secret Daughter: Songs from the Original TV Series.

In 2021, The Portraits (an alt-folk duo, Jeremy and Lorraine Millington, previously known for a 2020 cover of "Together in Electric Dreams" with their daughter, which they said was similar to the 2021 John Lewis advert song) released a cover of "Photograph" with their 15-year-old daughter, Ciara Mill, on lead vocals again and a Somerset choir called the Skylarks backing them, alongside The Somerset County orchestra. Picked as one of the Official Charts Company's Christmas No 1 Contenders, the record has been recorded as a charity release for Cruse Bereavement Support and Mental Health Ireland and comes with a video which features 300 photos of people who lost their lives during the Covid pandemic.

It was performed by Trace Adkins and Iñigo Pascual on the second episode of the country music drama series Monarch.

Formats and track listings
CD single
"Photograph" – 4:19
"I Will Take You Home" – 3:59

Digital download (Remixes)
"Photograph" (Felix Jaehn Remix) – 3:22
"Photograph" (Jack Garratt Remix) – 3:05

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the album liner notes.

Ed Sheeran – vocals, writer, acoustic guitar
Johnny McDaid – writer
Jeff Bhasker – producer, piano, keys, electric bass
Emile Haynie – additional producer, drum programming
Tyler Sam Johnson – engineering, electric guitar, drum programming
Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
Geoff Swan – engineering
Davide Rossi – string arrangement
Stuart Hawkes – mastering

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

External links

2014 songs
2014 singles
2010s ballads
Ed Sheeran songs
Asylum Records singles
Atlantic Records singles
Song recordings produced by Emile Haynie
Song recordings produced by Jeff Bhasker
Songs written by Ed Sheeran
Songs written by Johnny McDaid
Folk ballads
Pop ballads
Songs involved in plagiarism controversies


Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato is the official name of a UNESCO World Heritage Site comprising "five distinct wine-growing areas with outstanding landscapes" plus the Castle of Grinzane Cavour in the region of Piedmont, Italy.

The site, which extends over hilly areas of Langhe and Montferrat, is one of the most important wine producing zones in Italy.

Located in the center of Piedmont region (North West of Italy), the site is inscribed as a "cultural landscape", since it is a result of the combined work of nature and man. The site is inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List thanks to the outstanding value of its wine culture, which has shaped the landscape over the centuries.

Description
The site includes five distinct wine-growing areas of outstanding landscapes and the Castle of Grinzane Cavour, an emblematic name in vineyards development and Italian history. It is located in the southern part of Piedmont, between River Po and the Ligurian Apennines. It includes a full range of technical and economic processes related to viticulture and wine-making that characterized the region for centuries. They found in the area also pollen dated to the 5th century BC, when Piedmont was a place of contact and exchange between the Etruscans and Celts: in fact Etruscan and Celtic words, particularly those related to the wine, are still used in the local dialect. During the Roman Empire, Pliny the Elder mentioned the region as one of the most favorable for the cultivation of vineyards in ancient Italy and Strabo wrote about its barrels.

Sites

See also
Castle of Grinzane Cavour
Langhe
Montferrat
Piedmont
UNESCO

References

External links
 Association for the Heritage of the Vineyard Landscape of Langhe-Roero and Monferrato

World Heritage Sites in Italy
Monferrato
Langhe
Roero
Piedmont
Nizza Monferrato


title: List of years in Monaco

text:
This is a list of years in Monaco. For only articles about years in Monaco that have been written, see :Category:Years in Monaco.

13th – 18th century
1200s ·
1300s ·
1400s ·
1500s ·
1600s ·
1700s

19th century
Decades: 1800s ·
1810s ·
1820s ·
1830s ·
1840s ·
1850s ·
1860s ·
1870s ·
1880s ·
1890s

20th century
Decades: 1900s ·
1910s ·
1920s ·
1930s ·
1940s ·
1950s ·
1960s ·
1970s ·
1980s ·
1990s

21st century

See also

History of Monaco
Monaco-related lists
Monaco


title: Jackie & Ryan

text:
Jackie & Ryan (released in the UK and South Africa as Love Me Like You Do) is a 2014 American romantic drama film written and directed by Ami Canaan Mann, starring Katherine Heigl and Ben Barnes.
The film was released on July 3, 2015 in a limited release and through video on demand by Entertainment One in the United States.

Plot

Set in Ogden, Utah, the film is about two 20-something musicians whose paths briefly intersect, Ryan (Ben Barnes), a modern-day, nomadic train hopper struggling to be a successful bluegrass musician, and Jackie (Katherine Heigl), a recently single mom, battling to get custody of her daughter. They have a symbiotic relationship which briefly becomes passionate and changes both of their lives.

Jackie is a once-known musician who now lives on little money in her mother’s home in her hometown, and regularly has nasty phone altercations about her daughter Lia (Emily Alyn Lind) with her almost ex-husband. Walking downtown one day, she observes Ryan busking with a folk tune. Recognizing his talent, she tells him so. Also noticing he only does covers, she asks, “Ain’t got nothin’ to say?”

A short time later Jackie is knocked down by a slow-moving truck and he helps her up that they actually connect. Not having health insurance makes her especially grateful.  Through his charm and handy-man skills, Ryan stays a few days with Jackie at her mother’s (Sheryl Lee). In a short time, they find inspiration in each other: Jackie pushes Ryan to write his own songs, while he motivates her to stand up to her husband.

At this point Jackie & Ryan explore their romantic connection. In the performance scenes, Heigl is actually singing, and Barnes is actually signing and playing guitar. They go to a fest dedicated to folk music fiddlers. The music is not hippy, nor does it make you dance. It’s old-fashioned, deeply melancholic, and satisfying.

They part ways to follow their quests: Jackie goes to NYC to sell her condo, and briefly faces her ex. Ryan finally gets to the recording studio and records some of his original songs.

Cast
 Katherine Heigl as Jackie
 Ben Barnes as Ryan
 Clea DuVall as Virginia
 Sheryl Lee as Miriam
 Emily Alyn Lind as Lia
 Ryan Bingham as Cowboy's Brother

Production
Filming took place in Utah in 2014. The film was shot in 20 days.

Release
Jackie & Ryan screened in the Horizons section at the 71st Venice International Film Festival on August 30, 2014. The film then screened at the Newport Beach International Film Festival on April 25, 2015. The film's distribution rights were later acquired by Entertainment One, and  was released in the United States on July 3, 2015 in a limited release and through video on demand.

Reception
Jackie & Ryan received mixed reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, critics gave the film a rating of 64%, based on 22 reviews, with a weighted average of 5.42/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 55%, based on 15 reviews. Jessica Kiang of Indiewire gave the film a "C" rating, calling it "a strangely old-fashioned film, yielding a big enough crop of corn to revive the entire Midwestern economy, putting forth a dubiously romanticized view of the philosophical beauty of the train-hopping lifestyle". Lee Marshall of Screen International in his favorable review commented that it is "a women's film in which the sensitively-conveyed bond between three female generations of one family seem destined to be much stronger than any ties with the men who drift in and out of sight".

References

External links

 Jackie & Ryan at Box Office Mojo

 , review by Daniel Gelb (3/5)

2014 films
2014 romantic drama films
American independent films
American romantic drama films
Entertainment One films
Films about music and musicians
Films directed by Ami Canaan Mann
Films set in Utah
Films shot in Utah
2014 independent films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
English-language romantic drama films