title: Culture of Gjakova

text:
Gjakova has been populated since the prehistoric era. During the medieval period, in 1485, Gjakova is mentioned as a village, concretely as a market place.
Gjakova served as a trading center on the route between Shkodër and Istanbul.

The old town of Gjakova was one of the most developed trade centers during the rule of the Ottoman Empire in Balkans. A testimony to this period is the Grand Shopping area (çarshia e madhe) located in the center of the old town, containing many preserved and restored shops and residential buildings. Shopping was developed around the Hadum Mosque, built in 1594-95 as a donation by Hadum Sylejman Efendia (known as Hadum Aga), who simultaneously donated funds for other public facilities in the town, including some of the first shops in the old marketplace.

Gjakova is mentioned as a city for the first time in 1662, by the Ottoman Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi, who described it as a flourishing and attractive town consisting of 2,000 houses, all built of stone with roofs and gardens.
Public buildings were suited on a broad plain and included two richly adorned Congregational mosques, several prayer-houses, some khans with leaden roofs, a delightful bathhouse, and about 300 shops like nightingale-nests.

The forms of denominating the city had changed during the centuries. The oldest form "Jakova" originates from the base "Jak" anthroponym dispersed among vendor Albanians and the Ottoman suffix "ovasi" that means a field. Therefore, "Jak ovasi" means Jak’s field, because Jak Vula, according to the tradition, allowed Hadum Aga to build the mosque and the above-mentioned objects with the condition that the city to be built would carry his name.

Religion
In the 16th century there were only 13 Islamic families, out of 68 families that lived in Gjakova.
According to the demographic statistics of 2011, the prominent religion is Islam, including 81,75% of the population, while 17,23% is Christian, 0.02% Orthodox and 1% other.

This is a result of the process of Islamization that occurred during the Ottoman Rule.
Most Catholics live in the "Rruga e Katolikëve" street, where the two main churches are, and others in villages. The Muslims, living in other parts of the city and in most villages, have been encouraging the building of mosques, which could have counted about 10-15 buildings during the centuries. The religious monuments enrich the cultural heritage of Gjakova.

Cultural Heritage Monuments

Gjakova is very rich regarding to the monuments of cultural heritage. Most of them are religious monuments, but Gjakova is also known for some other interesting monuments, such as: stone houses (kulla), strong stone bridges and Old Bazaar, as an urban, architectural and traditional handicrafts entirety.

The historical monuments in Gjakova, western Kosovo, are divided into three main categories based on their cultural, religious, and social context. In 1574, the Hadum Mosque was built on Jak Vula's property, laying the foundation of the city. The core part of the town was created between the Krena River to the east and Cabrati hill to the west. Around the cornerstone of the town, the Old Bazaar, the center of trade and craftsmanship, was created. By 1900, the bazaar housed around 1,000 businesses. Numerous bridges were built to enable trade caravans to cross the neighboring rivers. With the fast development of trade in the city, several inns were built to host visitors. Because of its ancient origins, and rapid economic development, Gjakova is of historical importance.

Mosques
Gjakova, as a town with Islamic main religious orientation, is characterized with a large number of mosques and Tekkes. One of the most important mosque is The Hadum Mosque while there are also some others, such as: The Kusar Mosque and The Mahmut Pasha Mosque.
The Hadum Mosque was built by Sylejman Hadum Aga in 1594-95, thus becoming the first mosque in Gjakova. The complex of the Hadum Mosque represents a cultural, educational and religious center of this area. It used to be comprised from a madrasah, a library and shops that were destroyed during the 1999 Kosovo War. Comprising a main prayer hall, ornate vestibule and minaret, the mosque is famous for its colorful interior and exterior. Its decorations display examples of the Islamic Albanian baroque style, used in the 19th century.

Churches
Gjakova is also characterized with two main catholic churches, which are part of the cultural heritage. These are:
The Saint Ndou (Anton) Church
Saint Paul and Saint Peter Church

Church of St. Anton of Padova
The Church of St. Anton of Padova ("Ndou"), was built in 1931, located in the Catholic neighborhood, next to the Saint Pal Church and Saint Pjeter Church in Gjakova. It was previously called the Patter Mila church (Emilio a Cless), built in 1882, but later this church was totally destroyed. In 1931, Pater Lorenc Mazreku built the new church in the same location as the old church. It was renovated several times with the addition of dormitories, offices, and toilets, but it carefully preserved the concept, and architectural importance, of catholic churches. The Saint Ndou Church, being one of the oldest sacred buildings in Gjakovë, is an important architectural site in the city. During the Kosovo War in 1999 the church was subject to major damage done by Yugoslav Serb soldiers.

Tekkes
Most of the Tekkes belong to the Islamic Sufi Tarikat/orders like Rifai, Saadi, etc. There are many tekkes, while some are very interesting and unique in architectural concepts and their roles during history. The Big Autochepalous Balcanic Tekke is the oldest tekke of Saadi Tarikat in the whole Rumelia, dating from the origin of Gjakova town. Other important tekkes are:

The Shejh Emin Tekke
The Shejh Ban Tekke
The Shejh Danjoll Tekke
The Bektashi Tekke
The Tekke of Baba Ali

Sheikh Emin's Tekke

Sheikh Emin's Tekke (Khanqah) was built in 1730 by Sheikh Emin, a famous architect who created many important architectural complexes in Gjakove. It belongs to the Sufi Muslim order (Sufism), specifically, Sad Tariqa. It is one of many religious monuments that represent the folk architecture in Gjakova. The whole complex with its "tyrbes" (small mausoleums), the ritual prayer halls called "samahanes", houses, and fountains make this Tekke a monumental religious building. It is characterized by a detailed sacral architecture, with its wood carved elements that show the centuries of cultural values hidden behind this Tekke. As such it has been protected by law since 1956. This monument is often referred to as a model when analyzing other architectural monuments with this form.

Bektashi Tekke

The Bektashi Tekke was built in 1790 at the heart of the Big Bazaar complex in Gjakove. Being the first of its kind, this Tekke represented the Tarikat Bektashi. According to legend, the Tarikat Bekatshi was created by Haxhi Bektash Veliu in Anadolu during the thirteenth century. As the Ottoman Empire started to expand, a mission of this Muslim sect arrived from Anadolu in Balkans, Crete, and Greece. In Gjakova, the Bektashi Tekke was destroyed by the Serbian military forces during the Kosovo War in 1999. Thousands of books, including fifty-eight manuscripts, were burned, as the whole structure was destroyed. The Bektashi Tekke was reconstructed between 2004 and 2006 so that believers would be able to perform their spiritual rituals. It is characterized by the ringing bell, by the courtyard door, which announces another crowd of visitors who share the same Muslim belief has arrived. The graves of seven out of nine Bektashi fathers who served here from the seventeenth century are located in the right temple of the Tekke, while two others were buried in Turkey. These seven graves are considered to be sacred, meaning that they give direction to people to find the path towards God and they help people challenge their difficulties in life. The Bektashi carry their own specific Islamic ideas, indicating the diversity of beliefs in Kosovo and the prevalence of the religious tolerance.

Grand Tekke

The Grand Tekke, is located close to the Big Bazaar, next to the Clock Tower (Albanian: Sahat Kulla). It was built in the seventeenth century and remains the oldest tekke of the Saad Tarikat (a local tribe of the Muslim sect) in the entire Rumelia (the old Ballkan). It was established by Sheikh Sulejman Axhiza Baba in 1582, with the origin from the Bushati family in Shkodër, Albania (Bushatlinjet). Sheikh Sulejman lived in Gjakova together with his three sons for a few years. One of his sons, Danjoll Efendiu, followed in his footsteps by becoming the first imam in the Hadumi Mosque in Gjakova. After a while, Sheikh Sulejman, along with his third son, moved to Prizren, the closest city to Gjakova and built the Saad Tekke in Marash, the center of the town. A focal point of the whole of the Grand Tekke is the shrine "tyrbe" where the saints are buried. There are also the so-called "samahanes" where people perform their religious practices, and the residential section where the family and its members, who take care of the Tekke, live.

Bridges

Gjakova has many bridges which were built to connect the city with other developed areas, such as Prizren, Vushtrri and Shkodra, and simultaneously facilitating the journey of the Caravans. The bridges were mostly built by the Esnaf of Gjakova, who played the main role on the economic development of that time.

The most notable bridges are:
Terzijski Bridge is a famous stone bridge built across the Erenik river 1730. It served as a means for Gjakova’s esnafs/terezis (artisans) to go between Gjakova and Prizren. It consists of eleven arches in half-arch shapes and ten discharging windows between them. It is 192.8 meters long and 5.1m wide. The bridge is under protection since 1962, for its historical, sociological, artistic, urban, and cultural value.
Tabaket Bridge spans the river Erenik. Built by the Esnaf of Gjakova in 1771, it served as a link between Gjakova and Shkodra, two famous trading cities at the time. It is a 127m long construction consisting of 14 lintel windows with discharges and carved reliefs. A scissors-like figure (the working tool of the craftsman who built the bridge), a hand palm with fingers, and a rosette with a small sphere and radius within is carved in one of the archways of the bridge. It has also been under protection since 1962.
Taliqi Bridge is built on the River Krena and connects the older part of the city on the west, with the newest, on the east. The bridge is over 21.50m long, 4.05m wide and has a height of 5.0m. Earlier there were three backed vaults in its structure with two discharging windows, and later it had two large arches and two columns. It consisted of 7m length of wooden construction. The decision in 1962 on its protection reports that it too has historical, sociological, artistic, urban, and cultural value.
The Fshajt Bridge is a stone bridge with one arch over the Canyon of the river Drini I Bardhe on the way from Gjakova to Prizren. The bridge is 18.50m high, 7m wide, and 37m long. During the First World War it was destroyed completely, but in 1942 was rebuilt. In the war of 1999 it was damaged again, and was restored by the Italian Kosovo Force (KFOR). Both the bridge and the canyon have been legally protected since 1986.
The Islam Begu Bridge

Many of these bridges dating back to the 18th century, are still used, and represent historical, sociological, urban, artistic and cultural values.

Clock Tower

Clock Tower (Sahat Kulla) was built in the year 1597 (just after The Hadum Mosque) at a place known as "Field of the Clock" (Clock Valley, near the Grand Bazaar), characterizes the rapid economic development of Gjakova at that time. In 1912, the tower was burned by Montenegrin military forces (part of the Balkan Wars), while the belfry was removed and transported to Montenegro. With sides 4.10m long and a height of about 30 meters, a new clock tower was built later near the foundations of the previous one. Constructed mainly of stone with the wooden observation area and the roof covered in lead, the clock tower is unique of its kind.

The Haraqia Inn (Hani i Haraçisë)

Dating from the 16th century, the Haraqija Inn (Haraçia Inn) is one of the oldest objects in Gjakova, which history is linked with the origin of the city. Being used by many different passing caravans, the inn is situated in the southern part of the Bazaar. Characteristic wooden construction style, with a beautiful "çardak", two floors and a wonderful yard, it has almost saved the original shape. The second floor had several single-rooms, where people of caravans, mostly from Shkodër, who used to travel and trade to Venedik, used to pass the night in. There are many elements that reminds old times, and it is a good enjoyment, especially for them who like oriental style. Nowadays the Haraçia Inn is exploited as a museum-restaurant, where people can be served with traditional foods.

During the 1870s and 1880s, 16 inns were built in Gjakova. In 1835, Ami Beau wrote about the beauty of the Inns of Haraqia and of Islam Aga. Miller, in 1838, mentioned the big caravanserai which hosted around 100 guests and their transport animals. The Caravanserai had big halls of Armenian seraphs. One of the most famous inns that still exist nowadays is the Haraqija Inn, located near the Hadumi mosque. The inn still serves as a restaurant and can host around a hundred people. The Haraqija Inn is made up of two parts: "the old inn" in the west, and "the new inn" in the east. The old inn is believed to have been built just after the construction of the Hadumi mosque, whereas the new inn was built in 1901. The old inn consists of two floors, the ground floor, which is constructed with stones, and the first floor that is constructed with bricks and attic. All the ceilings are decorated with carved wood. Likewise, the new inn consists of the ground floor and first floor constructed with bricks. Even today, The new inn still maintains its traditional style.

The Old Bazaar (Çarshia e Vjetër)

The Old Bazaar of Gjakova (from the Turkish: Çarşı meaning marketplace Albanian: Çarshia e Vjetër; also known as Çarshia e Madhe - Grand Bazaar) This cordial market with small wooden shops since the 16th century, if not earlier, has been a center of craftsmen and handicrafts-men of different artisans. The Old Bazaar was considered as one of original bazaars in Albania, which together with the Small Bazaar, Wood Square, Grain Square, Animal Square (livestock market), etc. composed the most important object of Gjakova Market. Although divided from the Krena River, the two bazaars (the old and the small one) used to be linked with a good system of bridges, lighted by head lights, creating the unitary and making the Old Bazaar as one of the largest and qualified markets in Albania. This market of a great economic value for the city of Gjakova was burnt to the ground during the 1999 war, but afterwards it was rebuilt in the same style and today it has been revived. The Old Bazaar is one of the most unusual oriental monuments in Kosovo and abroad.

It contains around 525 important buildings., covering an area of about 34,000 m2, with its north to south scope reaching 1,000 m.

The history of Old Bazaar
Established with the appearance of the first craftsmen and the manufacture production craft-work, when Gjakova won the status "kasaba" in 1594/95, the Old Bazaar represents a priceless value of cultural and social development of Gjakova. For the maintenance of the objects built by Selman Hadim Aga, such the mosque, the "mejtep" (religious elementary school), the "muvakihane" (a building which measures time and defines the calendar based on astrolabic quadrates), the library, the "hamam" (public bath), the inn and the shops, the Sultan was requested to add to his "vakëf" some land from the sultanate.

Being visited in 1662, Gjakova is first and right interpreted for the Old Bazaar, from the Turkish traveler, Evliya Çelebi, who was amazed with the large number of shops, buildings and craft-work.

The most famous craftsman and artisans were gunsmiths, silversmiths, tinsmiths, copper dishes producers, tailors (terezis), tanners (tabaks), embroiderers, bookbinders, musical instruments makers, pipe-makers, and carpenters. The different types of craftsmanship were a huge influential contributor to the cultural, social and economic development of the region of Gjakova.

It has been under protection of the law since 1995.

Urban Entirety of Old Bazaar
The Old Bazaar is the most special characteristic Gjakova has.  With an oriental structure of crooked roads, which spontaneously link different neighborhoods, it inspires each architect. From the center of the city, through the Islam Begu Bridge, can be reached in less than five minutes. It includes a space from about 35,000 m2, with the main road, which is longer than 1 km.
In architectonic view, it represents an interesting structure of the most beautiful models of the traditional architecture and the building skills starting from the tiniest details till the large complex of buildings, objects, environments and urbanism, always keeping the greatness in each detail.
The architect who projected the Old Bazaar, had a giant creative force, making it a symbol of traditional life of Gjakova people.

Handicraft tradition

Since being connected with developed places of that time, such Shkodra, Dubrovnik, Venedik, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Egypt, Austria, etc., Gjakova was developed rapidly. As center for this development was the Old Bazaar, which lied mainly round the Hadum Mosque, between the Çabrati Hill and Krena River.
The Old Bazaar in the 19th century, had 1250 shops of different handicrafts, which drove the development of inside and abroad trade. Even in the Old Bazaar of Gjakova, the trade day used to long three days, and some time used to be organized twice a week.
According to an old Byzantine tradition, which had a fluent development during the Ottoman Empire rule, each kind of handicraft or trade had its own road or square. While in eastern part of the Old Bazaar were assembled silk-workers, embroidery craftsmen, push button called "sumbulla" workers, in the opposite side toward the south, were grouped clock workers and silversmiths. Near the Hadum Mosque were centered the manufacture with many shops, while at various points of the Old Bazaar were placed other crafts such as: woolen white hat craftsmen, quilt workers, leather processors, blade workers, gunsmiths, rug workers, tailors, saddlers, caldron workers, bakers and butchers.
The Old Bazaar has a big cultural, social and historical value for the science, because through studying it, can be known the traditional and social life in Gjakova. This expresses a true museum, with the diversity of different handicrafts, some of have remained as part of spiritual heritage.

Traditional city houses

Traditional city houses, used to have near the yard entering doors, a kind of guest-house, composed from the room of familiar and unfamiliar, with separated baths and toilettes, the stable for placing the carrying animals and hayloft above it for keeping the food for animals, than the wheat garner, corn, basket, etc. At this side of the house the guests were sited that did not manage to finish all the works during the market day, which sometimes, when the bazaar reached the peak of its development, lasted up to three days.
The most famous city houses are:
Sylejman Vokshi House is located at the entrance of Grand Bazaar in an area called "Mejtepie Ruzhdije". The tower was built in the first half of the eighteenth century. It has great historical value because Sylejman Vokshi, a popular hero, was born there. Sylejman Vokshi was mostly distinguished for his involvement in the Albanian National Movement. He was an initiator of the Prizren National League (September 1878), a political and military leader, member of the central committee, head of the financial commission of that league, and head of the Albanian League in Gjakova. This tower was protected by law in 1980 and has architectural value since it is built with bricks, natural stones, and mortar limestone. The building has undergone some slight changes, especially in the inner part.
Abdullah Pashë Dreni House, built in 1790, is a three-floor building in the shape of a tower, which served as a private house and a fortress. It was built out of stone and bricks and it has small windows. Nowadays, the first floor cannot be seen from the outside due to the increase in level of the main road which connects two parts of the city through the Islam Beg Bridge. Apart from its architectural value, this building also has historical significance. When Marshall Mehmet Ali Pasha visited Gjakova in order to oversee the cession of that region to the Principality of Montenegro, he was killed along with many Ottoman soldiers in this house.
The house of Rexhep Haxhi Ismaili: The Ethnographic Museum was built in 1830. Initially it was the house of Rexhep Haxhi Islami, whose high status as a citizen was represented by his living in a corner dwelling. The house has two floors with interesting corners and a unique heating system. The ceiling of the house is decorated with carved wood. It has been under legal protection since 1955.
The house of Hasan Polloshka
The stone house 'kulla' of Mustafa Vokshi
The house 'kulla' of Hysni Koshi

Handcrafts
Production of arms - Gunsmiths
Metal manufacturing included several important craftsmen such as gunsmiths, silversmiths, production of copper dishes, tinsmiths, etc. During the 18th century in Gjakova, a renowned gunsmith, Tush Dyfektxhija (rifle), managed to create  "the popular school" of this workmanship, still known with the same name. Tush was considered as the most talented master for producing and ornamenting the "celinas" (A gun named after a kind of snake, given that the head-handle was in the shape of a snake). Long weapons crafted in Gjakova, ornamented with gold and silver elements, decorated "in the Albanian way", became famous all over Europe from the 18th century. These and other models were also sold abroad in other markets such as Venice, Austria, Greece, etc.

Silversmiths
Gjakovar craftsmen were also known as silversmiths. Gjakova, Peja and Prizren are well-known silversmiths regarding their work of filigree and carving. The black and white metal combination, crafting method, was called as  "Gjakova style" that differed from the "Prizren and Pehja style" (filigree and grain respectively). This style of craftsmanship was used in the production of rings, tobacco cases/boxes, tobacco pipes, etc. Up until now the method of this style was kept secret by gjakovars.

The artistic work of silversmiths were praised not only from the native population but also from the foreign countries that made them famous.

From the products for personal decoration of Gjakovar silversmiths we can mention: rings, earnings, bracelets,  (bowl-shape decorative hats for women), etc. that were utilized from the richest families of the country and also exported to Istanbul.

Tailors ("Terzinjtë")
The yearbook of the Prizren vilajet (manuscript) of the year 1874, mentions the vast number of tailors ("terzi"), Currier work ("tabak") and the embroidery work ("gajtanxhi/kazaz"). In Gjakova the tailors were divided in categories according to their society ranks. The first category i.e. worked for the richest ranks of the city with selected imported fabrics, which were sold with higher prices. Tailors worked costumes and outfits with high artistic values. The clothing was embroidered with silken, golden and silver threads. The work of national clothing for women and men that were ornamented with authentic elements had the advantage of tailoring products. "The esnaf" of gjakovar tailors was the most powerful leader and owned two-hundred shops, that were constantly working.

Curriers ("Tabakët")
In Gjakova a vast number of various crafts were developed, feature this that can be supported by a great number of shops in "Çarshia e Madhe" (Old Bazaar), which according to a report given by Myller in 1838, "consisted of 1100 shops that almost all of them are filled with various goods". From this variety of crafts one can mention the Currier "tabakët" only, the producers of white and black leather.

Gjakova is a city rich with water sources that presented an important precondition for organizing the workshops for the Currier.

At the second half of the 19th century, in Gjakova there were sixty Currier workshop where large quantities of leather types such as soft "Saftjan" and durable "qoselea" were produced.

Woolen white hat ("Qeleshe") craft

From the wool products, Gjakova was known for the white woolen hats, called "qeleshe". These craftsmen were very popular from the establishment of the Old Bazaar because these hats were an essential part of the Albanian national clothing. It is known that the type of white round cap similar to nowadays white hat called "plis" presents a part of our Illyrian ancestor's clothing. Albanians that took part in Kosovo War, in 1389, according to the fable, wore white round hats as current ones. Besides this, the type of cap that is called the Skanderbeg grave tells us the heritage of the Albanian "qeleshe". Gjakova was the only center of this craft where afterwards was disseminated to other Kosovo regions, such as in Northern Albania, Western Macedonia, in Sanxhak, etc.

There are various techniques for producing the "Qeleshe" woolen white hats. The oldest way, used until the end of the 19th century with one balding, was called "the gjakovar way", which differs from the more sophisticated methods of "Tirana way" with uses +two balding. The latter technique was later used in Gjakova as well. Gjakova Craftsmen Chamber before the Second World War had registered 16 shops that produces these hats, than afterwards in 1963 increased to 19 of them. This craft continues to exist.

Wool and silk processing
From the 18th and especially in the 19th century, besides metal processing the craft of wool and silk processing went through as well. In the Old Bazaar of Gjakova were produced and sold in wholesale: felts, silken and woolen fabrics, woolen and silken lacing, etc. that were exported continuously to bigger quantities at the markets and fairs of the neighboring provinces of the Balkans, Mediterranean and those of the Central European Countries.

Embroidery work ("Kazazët")
Another craft linked closely with the one of tailoring was the one of embroidery ("kazaz") that was characteristic for Gjakova's craftsmanship. Silk was also produced, which were used to make weaved fabrics linen and fine elegant shirts. Gjakova embroiders were very known for the quality of their luxury products that were sent to markets of Prishtina, Skopje, Manastir, etc.

It is said that in Gjakova there were about 150 shops for silk and embroidery production.

Cauldron work
From other crafts on metal processing, in Gjakova there was also developed the craft of cauldron-work, which developed enormously in the city center. Gjakovar cauldron-workers went all over to sell their products, competing successfully with other craftsmen of this workmanship.

Carpenters
At the small side streets beyond the complex of Hadum Mosque crowded shops of many craftsmen were also located. Therefore, at the first side street beyond the mosque that today is called the case box workers street ("Rruga e kutixhinjëve"), there were many shops of woodworkers, which worked extraordinary decorative wood case boxes, cupboards, distaffs, ornamented jewelry boxes, coffee cases boxes, cradles and hammocks for children, kneading troughs, low round dining tables, school desks, folding chairs for reading, bookcase, stairs, etc.

Saddlers
The leather production gave impetus also to the development of the craft of furrier (leather worker), craft of leather processing. The leather workers produced saddles as the most precious articles, ornamented with silver, colorful and metal decorations. In Shkodra, Gjakova and Manastir, according to Myller, saddles were produced, which differed from the others, because rear and front parts were more lifted. ref

The craft of the Currier and leather production contributed to development of another craft saddlers, the craftsmanship for processing the leather. Saddlers produced bags for tobacco and money, pushes, wallets, purses, arm belts, saddles, curbs, bits, girdles and other products necessary for equipping animal transport and loading. ref

The leather workers, same as tanners and slipper makers, used to sell their products locally and abroad. However, around the end of the 19th century the value of these crafts started to diminish.

Tobacco pipe craft

Gjakova was known in all the Dukagjini Region more for the development of the tobacco pipe craft called "Çibukxhinjtë". This craft existed in Gjakova up to second half of the 20th century.

Tobacco pipe craftsmen worked on producing the tobacco pipes, jackets, calumets and various cutty pipes. The Dema brothers had their shops until the end of the 19th century, while the family of Zejnullah Ramadani, kept the shop until around 1958.

The raw material that was used for producing the tobacco pipes, jackets, calumets and various cutty pipes was wood and horns, different from what they used in the past such as ivory and bones.

In the past this craft was carried out also by silversmiths, who took care particularly of decoration of long pipes (chibouks, "çibuk") and weavers, who wove with silky gallons, parts of the smoking set.

Bookbinders

Another interesting craft, it seems, only for Gjakova, was the bookbinders craft (muxhelitët), who in their workshops, dealt with the binding of different books and manuscripts, with mending-repairing of old books damaged by long usage, or of any other physical damage and, above all, they dealt with copying of works of different authors, which they then distributed to libraries, or gave as gifts to their friends or to well-known scholars. They were usually people who had good handwriting.

Their work tools were usually made of wood by the bookbinders themselves.

This craft was practiced traditionally in Gjakova, from generation to generation, by the members of Doli family until recently. In the second half of the 19th century, Bajram Jusuf Doli was mentioned in regarding the craft of the bookbinder. There are over one hundred manuscripts that are kept in different collections in Kosova, which have been copied and bound by Bajram Doli. There are also some other famous bookbinders, such as: Mullah Bajram Efendi Doli, Mullah Hamdi Efendi Doli, Tahir Efendi Boshnjaku, Muhamed Tahir Jaka, etc.

Other crafts
Other well-known crafts of Gjakova are barbers, drugstores, soap work, farriers, potters, quilt work, clog work, watchmakers, millers, smiths, butchers, cart work, chest workers, and confectionery. According to some statistics of the beginning of the 20th century in Gjakova there were up to 400 crafts.

The "Esnaf"
From the crosscut sources and from the verbal declarations of the head esnafs or its members, we learn that |in Gjakova the esnaf saved their function and authority up to late, up to the third decade of the 20th century. Therefore, from the declarations of the tailors head esnaf, Mr. Ahmet Domi, on 21 June 1924, we learn that this esnaf with humanitarian aid collected from its members and other charitable people, bought shops, fields, valleys, etc., and from their benefits helped the poor members of the esnae and other people in need. With this income they built a bridge above the stream, called the Terzi Bridge, that is 120m long.

Besides many other functions, craftsmen were also known for their humanitarian activities, such as helping the poor, the ill and disabled people. The most known craftsman, was the head-craft of the tailors, who dispersed to their members and the poor ones, food aid, built public buildings, fountains, bridges, etc.

Gjakova belonged to the cities, which during the 18th and 19th centuries, used the weakness and anarchy, which covered the Ottoman Empire and its administrative system, by empowering the power of esnafs in the Bazaar up to the level of non-defying the local governmental authority or the influence of "bejlers" (person of higher rank). The bound of craftsmen to esnafs and the rigorous respecting of their rules saved the trade development to the Grand Bazaar and the beginning of the 20th century, when, from the lack of authority of the state government, the esnafs kept the order and peace with power of weapons.

At the head of the Esnaf the best master craftsmen were chosen, so called more "esnafli".
Therefore, the power of the head if the esnaf, that in Gjakova was called "Qehaja", was very big. In Gjakova the head of the esnaf carried a special stick or cane, which was the sign of the authority that he had. This cane he used as a signal for closing a shop of a craftsman, which broke the rules of the esnaf. There were case when he ordered the closure of one shop for limited time, for three, six months or for a year. But there were also cases when the head of the esnaf closed the shop good and recessed the owner from the esnaf forever. At the 19th century in Gjakova it is mentioned the most known head of the esnaf of the tailors, Latif Gjuza.

Traditional clothes

Albanian folk costumes in Kosovo differ from one place to another, according to the age, and purpose, such as those used in a solemn act with the ones in ritual acts. They are all linked with the customs code itself and to a certain degree they are subject to different cultures identifying therewith the culture of those who lived in those regions. This is typical also for other Albanian regions. However, it is characteristic that this influence of foreign cultures has the strongest impact on ladies' costumes and quite a little on men’s wear. As in other ethno-cultural fields, there are different explanations in the sphere of tradition as a result of its outstretching and comparison of study. Province features differ gradually passing from one territory to another. Brilliant works from Gjakova are wanted and somehow used in every town.

The young brides worked the folk costumes to have different feasts and events, in order to preserve the clothing tradition. This wear was replaced by modern wear receiving the denomination "Allafranga", ("in the western fashion"). However, for a long time the folk costumes continued to be worked out within household economies by the women themselves. Gjakova with its surroundings was known as a place of fabric production. The connection with bigger towns, such as Peja, Prizren, Prishtina, Mitrovica, resulted in many clothing materials, as well as special parts for waistcoats, socks, shorts being bought ready-made. The Dukagjini Plain has been the place where the traditional costume has been developed the most. This region of Kosovo, binding the northern part of Albania with the Gjakova Highland area, mainly Tropoja and including the Has are, has cultivated a tradition in costumes, being therefore in the first place.

See also
Gjakova
Historical Monuments in Gjakova
The Old Bazaar, Gjakova
The Hadum Mosque

References

Bibliography
Ajete Beqiraj. (2007). The Bektashi Tekke opens its doors for believers all over the world. Available: http://www.dw.de. Last accessed 1 March 2013.
CHwB. (2011). Integrated Conservation. Available: http://chwbkosovo.org/full.php?category=39&template=full. Last accessed 1 March 2014.
Fejaz Drancolli (2007). Hadum Mosque & Bazaar in Gjakova. Prishtine: Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport. 1-47.
Institute for Conservation of Cultural Monuments, Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport. Archives,
Kujtim Rrahmani, Shkelzen Rexha (2009). Tourist guide Gjakova City and Valbona Valley. Gjakove: Artesa. 1-80.
Masar Rizvanolli (2009). Grand Bazaar of Gjakova. Gjakove: Association of Intellectuals.  1-100.

Gjakova
Gjakova


title: List of The New York Times number-one books of 1961

text:
This is a list of books that topped The New York Times best-seller list in 1961.

Fiction
The following list ranks the number-one best-selling fiction books.

The most popular titles of the year were Hawaii by James Michener, The Agony and the Ecstasy, by Irving Stone and Franny and Zooey by J. D. Salinger with respectively 12, 27 and 10 weeks at the top. Hawaii had previously dominated the 1960 list, and Franney and Zooey continued into 1962 at the top of the list for a total run of 26 weeks.

The only other book to top the list in 1961 was The Last of the Just by André Schwarz-Bart. That book, a multi-generational saga translated from the French, spent 18 weeks slowly rising to the top, and spent 4 weeks there before being toppled by The Agony and the Ecstasy. It continued among the top 15 best sellers for another 20 weeks.

Nonfiction
The following list ranks the number-one best-selling nonfiction books.

See also
 Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1960s

References

1961
.
New York Times number-one books
New York Times number-one books
New York Times number-one books


title: 2014 Brasil Open – Doubles

text:
Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Guillermo García-López and Philipp Oswald.
García-López and Oswald went on to win the title, defeating Juan Sebastián Cabal and Robert Farah in the final, 5–7, 6–4, [15–13].

Seeds

  Alexander Peya /  Bruno Soares (first round)
  Juan Sebastián Cabal /  Robert Farah (final)
  Andre Begemann /  Martin Emmrich (quarterfinals)
  Pablo Cuevas /  Horacio Zeballos (quarterfinals)

Draw

Draw

References
 Main Draw

Brasil Open - Doubles
2014 Brasil Open


title: Nuijamaa Church

text:
Nuijamaa Church () is an Evangelical Lutheran church in the Nuijamaa district of Lappeenranta, Finland. The church was opened in December 1948. The national romantic wooden design was created by the architect couple Tarja Salmio-Toiviainen and . The church is located only a couple of hundred meters from the Finnish–Russian border.

The church is listed as a nationally significant built heritage site by the Finnish National Board of Antiquities.

See also
 Lauritsala Church
 St. Mary's Church of Lappee

References

External links

 Official site (in Finnish)

Lappeenranta
Lutheran churches in Finland
National Romantic architecture in Finland
Churches completed in 1948
20th-century churches in Finland
20th-century Lutheran churches


title: Serenades of the Netherworld

text:
Serenades of the Netherworld is the second album released by Dutch guitarist Sander Gommans's project HDK (Hate, Death, Kill). "Revelation" and "Return from Tomorrow" were released as single tracks, while the entire album itself entered stores on 1 September 2014.

Track listing

Personnel
HDK
Sander Gommans (ex–After Forever, Trillium, Kiske/Somerville) – guitars, bass, recording, producing
Amanda Somerville (Trillium, Avantasia, Kiske/Somerville) – female vocals
Geert Kroes (Dead Man's Curse, BlindSight) – clean male vocals, growls, cover artwork
Koen Herfst (Bagga Bownz, I Chaos, Dew–Scented, Armin van Buuren) – drums
Uri Dijk (Textures) – keyboards

Guests musicians
Mark Burnash – bass on tracks 2–4
Paul Owsinski – lead guitar on track 8
Stephen Pursey – guitar solos on track 2
Erik van Ittersum (Insomnia, Ethereal) – keyboards on tracks 8 and 9

Production
Joost van den Broek (Sun Caged, ex–After Forever) – mixing
Jos Driessen – mastering

References

2014 albums
HDK (band) albums


title: Arman Serebrakian

text:
Arman Serebrakian (born 9 April 1987) is an Armenian alpine skier. He was born in California, United States. He competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in  giant slalom and slalom for Armenia, and was the flag bearer for Armenia during the Sochi Olympics Closing Ceremonies.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Armenian male alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for Armenia


title: Ron Lawfer

text:
Irvin Ronald "Ron" Lawfer (born May 15, 1934 – December 18, 2016) was an American farmer and politician.

Background
Born in Stockton, Illinois, Lawfer served in the United States Army in Korea, He then received his bachelor's degree from University of Illinois. He was a grain, beef, and dairy farmer. He served as a county board member for Jo Daviess County, Illinois and in the Wards Grove Township, Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Lawfer then served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1992 to 2002 as a Republican.

Notes

External links

1934 births
2016 deaths
People from Jo Daviess County, Illinois
Military personnel from Illinois
University of Illinois alumni
County board members in Illinois
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives


title: Fontainebleau Memorandum

text:
The Fontainebleau Memorandum is the name given to a document written by British Prime Minister David Lloyd George and his advisers during the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 that was drafting the Treaty of Versailles. It was titled ‘Some Considerations for the Peace Conference Before They Finally Draft Their Terms, March 25th, 1919’.

Lloyd George and the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, were opposed to the French demand for Allied occupation of the Rhineland except as a temporary measure to be used as a guarantee for German payment of reparations. Lloyd George therefore decided to set down in writing the limits to which the British delegation at the Conference were prepared to go. Lloyd George, General Smuts, Sir Henry Wilson, Sir Maurice Hankey and Philip Kerr retired to Fontainebleau to decide what kind of peace treaty they would like to see.

The memorandum called for a peace based on justice that would not provoke future wars. It also warned of the danger of provoking Germany into becoming Bolshevik and it endorsed the creation of a League of Nations to ensure international right and the abolition of competitive armaments.

See also
German disarmament

Notes

Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)
David Lloyd George


title: List of cosmological computation software

text:
This List of Cosmological Computation Software catalogs the tools and programs used by scientists in cosmological research.

In the past few decades, the accelerating technological evolution has profoundly enhanced astronomical instrumentation, enabling more precise observations and expanding the breadth and depth of data collection by several orders of magnitude. Simultaneously, the exponential growth in computational power has enabled the creation of computer simulations that reveal details with unprecedented resolution and accuracy. For performing computer simulations of the cosmos and analyzing data from both cosmological experiments and simulations, many advanced methods and computational software are developed every year. These software are widely used by researchers all across the globe, in all various fields and topics of cosmology.

The computational software, used in cosmology can be classified into the following major classes:

 Cosmological Boltzmann codes: These codes are used for calculating the theoretical power spectrum given the cosmological parameters. These codes are capable of calculating the power spectrum from the standard LCDM model or its derivatives.  Some of the most used CMB Boltzmann codes are CMBFAST, CAMB, CMBEASY, CLASS, CMBAns etc.
 Cosmological parameter estimator:   The parameter estimation codes are used for calculating the best-fit parameters from the observation data. The ready to use codes available for this purpose are CosmoMC, AnalyzeThis, SCoPE etc.

Newtonian cosmological simulation codes

GADGET
GADGET, named "GAlaxies with Dark matter and Gas intEracT" is a code written in C++ for cosmological N-body/Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations on massively parallel computers with distributed memory. Its first version was developed by German astrophysicist, Volker Springel and was published in 2000. It was followed by two more official public versions, with GADGET-2 released in 2005 and GADGET-4 released in 2020, which is the most recent public version of the software suite currently. GADGET is capable to address a wide array of astrophysically interesting problems, e.g. the dynamics of the gaseous intergalactic medium, star formation and its regulation by feedback processes, colliding and merging galaxies, as well as the formation of large-scale structure in the Universe.

AREPO
AREPO is a massively parallel code for gravitational N-body systems, hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). It is named after the enigmatic word AREPO in the Latin palindromic sentence "sator arepo tenet opera rotas", the Sator Square. The first version of AREPO was written and published by Volker Springel in 2010, with further development by Rüdiger Pakmor and contributions by many other authors. The Arepo code utilizes an unstructured Voronoi-mesh and was designed to blend the benefits of finite-volume hydrodynamics and SPH. Primarily optimized for cosmological simulations, especially galaxy formation, Arepo supports a high dynamic range in space and time.

RAMSES

GIZMO
GIZMO is a flexible, massively parallel, multi-physics simulation code, written in ANSI C by Philip F. Hopkins. The code offers diverse methods to solve fluid equations. It also introduces novel methods, which optimize the resolution of simulations and minimize common errors found in previous methods that limited the accuracy of prior solvers. Originating from GADGET (hence the name "GIZMO", a play on words), the code maintains compatibility in naming/use conventions as well as input/output, making it user-friendly for those familiar with GADGET.

PKDGRAV3

StePS
StePS, which stands for "STEreographically Projected cosmological Simulations" is a freely available code that implements a novel N-body simulation method that models an infinite universe within a finite sphere with isotropic boundary conditions to follow the evolution of the large-scale structure. Unlike traditional methods, which use unrealistic periodic boundary conditions for numerical simplicity, StePS offers a more observation-aligned approach. This technique enables detailed simulations of an infinite universe using less memory and provides results that are more in line with the observed universe geometry and topology.

Relativistic cosmological simulation codes

gevolution

CosmoGRaPH
CosmoGRaPH (Cosmological General Relativity And (Perfect fluid | Particle) Hydrodynamics) is a C++ code used to explore cosmological problems in a fully general relativistic setting. It was developed by James Mertens and Chi Tian and was published in 2016. The code implements various novel methods for numerically solving the Einstein field equations, including an N-body solver, full AMR capabilities via SAMRAI, and raytracing.

Cosmological Boltzmann codes

CMBFAST

CMBFAST is a computer code, developed by Uroš Seljak and Matias Zaldarriaga (based on a Boltzmann code written by Edmund Bertschinger, Chung-Pei Ma and Paul Bode) for computing the power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background anisotropy. It is the first efficient program to do so, reducing the time taken to compute the anisotropy from several days to a few minutes by using a novel semi-analytic line-of-sight approach.

CAMB

Code for Anisotropies in the Microwave Background by Antony Lewis and Anthony Challinor. The code was originally based on CMBFAST. Later several developments are made to make it a faster and more accurate and compatible with the present research. The code is written in an object oriented manner to make it more user friendly.

CMBEASY

CMBEASY is a software package written by Michael Doran, Georg Robbers and Christian M. Müller. The code is based on the CMBFAST package. CMBEASY is fully object oriented C++. This considerably simplifies manipulations and extensions of the CMBFAST code. In addition, a powerful Spline class can be used to easily store and visualize data. Many features of the CMBEASY package are also accessible via a graphical user interface. This may be helpful for gaining intuition, as well as for instruction purposes.

CLASS

The purpose of the Cosmic Linear Anisotropy Solving System  is to simulate the evolution of linear perturbations in the universe and to compute CMB and large scale structure observables. CLASS is written in plain C to achieve high performance, yet its modular structure emulates the architecture and philosophy of classes in object-oriented languages for enhanced readability and modularity. The name "CLASS" also derives from its object-oriented style, mimicking the notion of a class.

Parameter estimation packages

AnalizeThis

AnalizeThis is a parameter estimation package used by cosmologists. It comes with the CMBEASY package. The code is written in C++ and uses the global metropolis algorithm for estimation of cosmological parameters. The code was developed by Michael Doran, for parameter estimation using WMAP-5 likelihood. However, the code was not updated after 2008 for the new CMB experiments. Hence this package is currently not in use by the CMB research community. The package comes up with a nice GUI.

CosmoMC

CosmoMC is a Fortran 2003 Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) engine for exploring cosmological parameter space. The code does brute force (but accurate) theoretical matter power spectrum and Cl calculations using CAMB. CosmoMC uses a simple local Metropolis algorithm along with an optimized fast-slow sampling method. This fast-slow sampling method provides faster convergence for the cases with many nuisance parameters like Planck. CosmoMC package also provides subroutines for post processing and plotting of the data.

CosmoMC was written by Antony Lewis in 2002 and later several versions are developed to keep the code up-to date with different cosmological experiments. It is presently the most used cosmological parameter estimation code.

SCoPE

SCoPE/Slick Cosmological Parameter Estimator is a newly developed cosmological MCMC package written by Santanu Das in C language. Apart from standard global metropolis algorithm the code uses three unique technique named as 'delayed rejection' that increases the acceptance rate of a chain, 'pre-fetching' that helps an individual chain to run on parallel CPUs and 'inter-chain covariance update' that prevents clustering of the chains allowing faster and better mixing of the chains. The code is capable of faster computation of cosmological parameters from WMAP and Planck data.

Other packages
 MADCAP — Microwave Anisotropy Data Computational Analysis Package developed by Borrill et al.
 SIToolBox — SI Toolbox is a package for estimating the isotropy violation in the CMB sky. It is developed by Das et al. and it consists of several Fortran subroutines and stand-alone facilities, that can be used to estimate the BipoSH coefficients from non statistically isotropic (nSI) skymaps.
 RECFAST — Software was developed by Seager, Sasselov, and Scott and used to calculate the recombination history of the universe. The package is used by cosmological boltzmann codes (CMBFast, CAMB etc.)
TOAST — Time Ordered Astrophysics Scalable Tools, developed and designed by Theodore Kisner, Reijo Keskitalo, Jullian Borrill et al. It "generalizing the problem of CMB map-making to the reduction of any pointed time-domain data, and ensuring that the analysis of exponentially growing datasets scales to the largest HPC systems available".
Commander - Commander is an Optimal Monte-carlo Markov chAiN Driven EstimatoR which implements fast and efficient end-to-end CMB posterior exploration through Gibbs sampling. It was developed by Hans Kristian Eriksen et al.

Likelihood software packages

Different cosmology experiments, in particular the CMB experiments like WMAP and Planck measures the temperature fluctuations in the CMB sky and then measure the CMB power spectrum from the observed skymap. But for parameter estimation the χ² is required. Therefore, all these CMB experiments comes up with its own likelihood software.
 WMAP Likelihood Package
 Planck Likelihood Software

See also

 Lambda-CDM
 Physical cosmology
 Observational cosmology
 Computational astrophysics
 UniverseMachine
 High-performance computing

Notes

Physical cosmology
Cosmic background radiation
Cosmological computation software
Scientific simulation software


title: Zone Raiders

text:
Zone Raiders is a futuristic vehicular combat video game for DOS and Macintosh focused around hovercars. Developed by Image Space Incorporated and published by Virgin Interactive, it was released in North America in 1995. The music in the game was created by the band CONTAGIAN, of which some of the Virgin Studios Audio Department were members.

Production
Zone Raiders was developed by Image Space Incorporated and published by Virgin Interactive. It was released in late 1995 on a CD-ROM format. A demo was also made available via a free Software USA shareware disc

Digital re-release
The game was re-released digitally as a DRM-Free exclusive on ZOOM-Platform.com through a partnership between Image Space Incorporated and the Jordan Freeman Group.

Reception
A reviewer for Next Generation applauded the game as "that rarest of animals – a first-person racer that truly conveys a sense of speed." He also praised the variety of weapons, innovative power-ups, secret passageways to discover, and four-player networked play. He scored it four out of five stars. The game received a positive review from Computer Game Review, netting a "Golden Triad" score. The magazine called it "one of the best arcade style shoot 'em ups in years." A reviewer for Joystick described the game as having "borrowed its 'straight to the point' aspect" from Terminal Velocity and noted that the quality of the graphics worsened in later levels when extra details appear on the screen.

The game was listed as a "ZOOM DRM-Free Exclusive" among the Bestsellers. Computer Gaming World's Martin E. Circulis gave Zone Raiders three stars out of five, describing the graphics as "a competent, if somewhat uninspired design" and that "the missions are fairly interesting, but most will find too few for their game-dollar." Scott Wolf of PC Gamer called it "a high-tech post-apocalyptic road trip that goes right for the jugular with its mix of driving challenge and shoot-'em-up fun."

References

External links

1995 video games
Science fiction racing games
Games commercially released with DOSBox
DOS games
Classic Mac OS games
Image Space Incorporated games
Video games developed in the United States
Virgin Interactive games
Multiplayer and single-player video games


title: Akhil Mishra

text:
Akhil Mishra (22 July 1956 – 21 September 2023) was an Indian film and television actor who has worked in films such as Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi,
Gandhi, My Father and television serials such as Pradhanmantri. He was working in the serial Do Dil Bandhe Ek Dori Se. He became famous by doing the cameo role of Librarian Dubey in 3 Idiots and playing the role of Umed Singh Bundela in Uttaran. He also acted in Bhopal: A Prayer for Rain.

Personal life

Akhil Mishra was born in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh on 22 July 1956. He married Manju Mishra in 1983 who had acted with him in his first feature film Dhat Tere...Ki in 1983 and a serial Grihalakshmi Ka Jinn. Manju died in 1997. Mishra was doing Dhat Tere...Ki as writer, producer and actor.

Mishra later married German actress Suzanne Bernert on 3 February 2009. They married again in a traditional way on 30 September 2011. He had worked with Suzanne in movie Kram and serial Mera Dil Dewaana (Doordarshan) and on stage. In 2019 they shot a Short Film called "Majnu ki Juliet", which Mishra wrote, acted in and directed it.

Mishra's mother's name was Arundhati Mishra; she died October 2012.

Death
Akhil Mishra died from a fall in his kitchen, on 21 September 2023, at the age of 67. The actor had been unwell for some time due to blood pressure-related issues.

Filmography
 Majnu ki Juliet as Riksha Walla, written and directed by Akhil Mishra. Released on YouTube Six Sigma Films (Source IMDB.com.)
 3 Idiots as Librarian Dubey
 Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi
 Bhopal: A Prayer for Rain
 Mere Dost Picture Abhi Baki Hai
 Radio (2009 film)
 Blue Oranges as Mr. Goel
 Don
 Kram as Vinayak Mathur
 Well Done Abba as Arun Mishra - Tahsildar
 Gandhi, My Father
 Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin as the Neighbour
 Shikhar (film)
 Calcutta Mail
 Kareeb
 Dhat Tere...Ki (1983) as Pitamber/Pattu
 Kamla Ki Maut (1989)
 Hamari Shaadi (1990)

Television
  Bhanwar as Ahmed episodic Lead (2015)
Yam Hain Hum as Minister
Pradhanmantri as Lal Bahadur Shastri
The Adventures of Hatim
 Do Dil Bandhe Ek Dori Se

 Uttaran as Umed Singh-Bundela (2009-2013)
 Udaan Cameo of Teacher
 R._K._Laxman_Ki_Duniya Cameo as guest who rhymes everything he says (Feb. 2012)
 Mera Dil Dewaana Psychotic Chachha
Pardes Mein Mila Koi Apna as Nirupama's father
Hatim_ as Butler in 2004  https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5201864/
Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag as the mysterious King's henchman

 Kadam:Breast Cancer as Eternal Father
 Reporter Intelligence Officer
 C.I.D. as Business Man
  Sea Hawks (TV series) as Navy Officer and Father Figure to Commandant Preet
 Shrimaan Shrimati as Fantush (Ad Film Director)
 Grihalakshmi Ka Jinn as IAS Officer
 Bharat Ek Khoj (1988)
 Rajani (TV series)

References

External links

1956 births
2023 deaths
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors
Indian male film actors
Indian male television actors
Male actors in Hindi cinema
People from Kanpur
Accidental deaths from falls


title: Truemors

text:
Truemors, is a user-created rumor reporting site founded by noted author and venture capitalist Guy Kawasaki.  The service launched in the middle of May 2007 to mixed reviews.

While its home page resembles many list-style sites such as Digg and Reddit, Truemors focuses on "true rumors" in a time-sensitive setting.

Truemors was sold to NowPublic in 2008.

Launch
The service launched with some buzz, as Kawasaki has been a well-regarded author about entrepreneurship with not many startups under his belt. Of particular note, Michael Arrington of TechCrunch stated in a May 15 review, "I like the idea of truemors but they are launching very broadly. Digg became popular based on focusing on a tech niche to start (and it may be stuck there as it tries to expand)."

Writing two days later, Seth Godin said on his blog, "I disliked this project from the very first moment I saw the beta."

Brian Lash, founder of blog-to-audio service Ch4tter, expressed support for the project on his blog. Others expressed their support for Kawasaki's efforts by posting comments to Kawasaki's blog. In a response on his blog, he wrote "Thanks for the kind words about Truemors! To put it mildly, there has been very few positive things said about it. But every company has to start somewhere, right?"

Whether it was good or bad press, a spike in traffic earned the site a top-10,000 Alexa ranking. Truemors has been criticized - both by the blogosphere and on its own pages - for slow load times and "chit-chat" posts that recall Twitter.

Development for the site was unusual. Kawasaki was proud to say it only cost US $12,107.09 because all software development was out-sourced to a South Dakota firm, Electric Pulp.

References

 The Inquirer - Worst website ever discovered
 http://truemors.com
 Interview with Guy Kawasaki regarding Truemors.
 The Adventure Capitalist

Web syndication
Web 2.0


title: Mārtiņš Onskulis

text:
Mārtiņš Onskulis (born 18 June 1994) is a Latvian alpine skier. He was born in Sigulda. He competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in  giant slalom and slalom.

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Latvian male alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for Latvia
People from Sigulda


title: Benjamin Alcock

text:
Benjamin Alcock (1801 – 1865) was an Irish anatomist. He is remembered for his description of the pudendal nerve sheath, which came to be known as Alcock's canal,  later more usually called the pudendal canal, and an associated disease, Alcock canal syndrome, also known as pudendal nerve entrapment or pudendal neuralgia.

Born in Kilkenny, Ireland, he was the eldest of three sons and at least two daughters of Deborah Prim and Nathaniel Alcock (1770-1836), medical officer of the Kilkenny Dispensary. He became an accomplished anatomist working for some time under the leading Irish surgeon, Abraham Colles. After studying at Kilkenny College, he entered the University of Dublin, Trinity College in 1816, coming first in the College Entrance Examination and graduating B.A. in 1821.

In 1825 Alcock became a licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and obtained his M.B. degree from Trinity College Dublin in 1827. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons later that year (MRCSI). He had begun teaching in 1825 working firstly as a Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Park Street Medical School and then as Professor of Anatomy from 1838 in Apothecaries Hall. In 1849 Alcock left Apothecaries Hall to become the first Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at Queen's College, Cork where Sir Robert Kane was president.

While in Apothecaries Hall, Alcock had had a number of public disagreements with his fellow professors. Kane, who was also Professor of Chemistry at Apothecaries Hall, knew about these but thought he had Alcock's agreement that “there should be in Cork none of the quarrelling that had existed in other institutions to which he had belonged”.

However, in his first year at Cork he had a serious disagreement with Kane over the facilities provided to his department and the use of anatomy fees paid to him by his students. The College Visitors supported his case, whereupon he began a lawsuit against the college for the return of these fees for his personal use.  While this was in train, he had a more serious disagreement over the terms in which corpses from the Workhouse could be obtained for dissection by medical students. This was permitted under the Anatomy Act 1832, but only if the legal owner of the corpse agreed to hand it over and if the surviving relatives consented. The legal owners in this case were the Board of Guardians of the Cork Workhouse and they, not wanting adverse publicity, refused. If students were to be taught, a way had to be found around this conundrum. The answer arrived at by the college authorities and Denis Brenan Bullen, the Inspector of Anatomy for the Province of Munster, with the tacit approval of the Workhouse doctors and the English government in Ireland, was for the Professor of Anatomy and Physiology to pose as a relative of those who had died alone or whose real relatives could not afford to bury them. This was at the time of the Great Famine when many Workhouse inmates died under these circumstances. Alcock steadfastly refused to cooperate, claiming, rightly, he could be prosecuted for a misdemeanour under the Act. As a result, students began to leave the college. After extensive correspondence between Dublin Castle, Alcock, the Anatomy Inspector and the President of Queen's College Cork, the government demanded Alcock's resignation which he reluctantly submitted in 1854.[3]

Emigration and Death

Having unsuccessfully petitioned the Lord Lieutenant and Queen Victoria for redress, Alcock decided to emigrate to America. He arrived in New York on the City of Baltimore in April 1859 and successfully obtained United States citizenship some years later. In America he married another Irish emigrant (first name Sarah), who had had a daughter, Ellen, by an earlier marriage. They built a house on 3 acres in Hammondsport in Steuben County, New York State, which at that time was a growing wine producing town. As far as is known, he never practiced anatomy or medicine in Hammondsport. He died there in 1865, having made provision for his adoptive daughter Ellen in his will. She married the Revd. Daniel Loveridge in 1877 and the two provided a home for Sarah until her death in 1883. Sarah left an estate valued at $5,400 and is buried with her husband beside the family home in Hammondsport.

References

1801 births
Irish anatomists
Scientists from County Kilkenny
19th-century Irish scientists
Year of death missing
Place of death missing
People educated at Kilkenny College
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Academics of University College Cork
Irish emigrants to the United States


title: Amalia Ferraris

text:
Amalia Ferraris (1828 in Voghera – 8 February 1904, in Florence) was an Italian dancer.

Biography
Her year of birth may have been 1828, 1830, or 1832. After studying  in Turin, she attended the ballet school at La Scala Academy, under the direction of the Carlo Blasis; she debuted in Milan. Ferraris danced at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples and then throughout Europe.

In 1848, she joined the Theatre Royal in London, and performed on the occasion of The Great Exhibition. After successful performances in London (1853), Rome (1854), and Vienna (1855), Ferraris performed at the Paris Opera in 1856. Together with Carolina Rosati, her artistic rival, Ferraris was one of the most notable Italian dancers of her era. In 1857, she performed with Rosati at the Paris Opera in the ballet Marco Spada, ou La Fille du Bandit;
it was said to have been commissioned by Napoleon III for Ferraris and Rosati, who was considered to be the most celebrated ballerinas at the time. Along with Rosati, Giuseppina Bozzacchi, and Fanny Cerrito, Ferraris was considered an Italian virtuosity, known for "bravura displays of technique". According to Lillian Moore, Ferraris "could leap like a fawn and descend like a falling leaf".

In 1859, she made her debut with the Imperial Ballet, St. Petersburg where she performed in several ballets. It was for Ferraris that the choreographer Marius Petipa created the Carnaval In Venice pas de deux to music by Cesare Pugni, which the composer based on Niccolò Paganini's Il Carnevale di Venezia as an ode to the Italian ballerina. The pas de deux was later added to the ballet Satanella in 1866 where it acquired its more well-known title, the Satanella pas de deux. This pas de deux is still performed throughout the world today.

References

1828 births
1904 deaths
Italian ballerinas
Paris Opera Ballet étoiles
19th-century Italian ballet dancers


title: Tacariju de Paula

text:
Tacariju Thomé de Paula (January 30, 1917 – September 1, 2005) was a Brazilian Olympic sailor in the Star class. He competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics together with Cid Nascimento, where they finished 12th.

References

Olympic sailors for Brazil
Brazilian male sailors (sport)
Star class sailors
Sailors at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Star
1917 births
2005 deaths


title: Roerichism

text:
Roerichism or Rerikhism (Russian: Рерихи́зм, Рерихиа́нство, Ре́риховское движе́ние) is a spiritual, cultural and social movement that emerged in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century, though it has been described as a "thoroughly Russian new religious movement", due to its close connection with Russia.

The movement centers on the Neo-Theosophical religious doctrine of Agni Yoga, or the Living Ethics, transmitted by Helena Roerich and Nicholas Roerich. Agni Yoga draws ideas from Theosophy, Eastern and Western religions, Vedic and Buddhist traditions, molding them into Russian culture, too. Agni Yoga is the spiritual foundation of Roerichism.

This movement played a significant role in bringing knowledge of Asian religions to the Western world. Roerichism has an international following and has many thousands of adherents. Some international and regional organizations, whose activity is based on the ideas of Roerichism, arose many years after the death of all the members of the Roerich family.

Teachers and their teachings
Roerichism is a spiritual and cultural movement centered on the teachings transmitted by Helena and Nicholas Roerich. It draws ideas from Theosophy, Eastern and Western religions, and Vedic and Buddhist traditions, molding them into Russian culture and Russian cosmism.

Helena Roerich

Helena Roerich (1879–1955) was a Russian theosophist, writer, and public figure. In the 20th century, she created, in cooperation with the Teachers of the East (Masters of the Ancient Wisdom), the philosophical teaching of Living Ethics (Agni Yoga).

Helena was born in the family of Ivan Shaposhnikov, a well-known Saint-Petersburg architect. Helena's mother, belonged to an ancient Golenischev-Kutuzov family, which originated from Novgorod at the end of the 13th century. Significant members of this family included knyaz Mikhail Kutuzov, field marshal of the Russian Empire; Arseny Golenishchev-Kutuzov, poet of the end of the 19th century; Ilya Golenishchev-Kutuzov, a philologist and poet; and Modest Mussorgsky, a well-known composer. It was a nobiliary family, distinguished not only for its nobility but for its cultural traditions too. Helena was in frequent communication with artists and scientists of the era, such as Vladimir Bekhterev, Alexander Blok, Sergei Diaghilev, Arkhip Kuindzhi, Vladimir Solovyov, Vladimir Stasov, Igor Stravinsky, and  Mikhail Vrubel.

In 1901 Helena married Nicholas Roerich. Since that time they were inseparable in their life and spiritual-creative paths. She became his companion-in-arms in all his public and cultural undertakings. The Agni Yoga Society was founded by Nicholas and Helena in 1920 in the United States. It is a non-profit educational institution incorporated under the laws of the State of New York. Together with her husband she participated in the heroic Transhimalayan expedition (1924–1928). After the Roerich family settled in Kullu Valley, in the Himalayas, they established the Himalayan Institute of the Scientific Studies, and its honorary president was the foundress Helena Roerich.

The years of life in India were the time of the most intensive work of Helena. Here she completed a major part of books of the Agni Yoga series. She published fourteen volumes of that series. On the frontispieces of the volumes there is no author's name, since Helena Roerich considered that the sacred wisdom contained therein can not be the author's property. She considered herself an author of three books only. They were published under different pen-names: "The Foundations of Buddhism" (1927), "The Cryptograms of the East" (1929), "The Banner of the Reverent Sergius" (1934). Besides, she maintained very active correspondence with many people from Europe, Asia and America. Two volumes of her letters (Letters of Helena Roerich) were published in Riga in 1940. Helena also did the translations. She translated into Russian the extracts from the book The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett (The Chalice of the East) and also two volumes of The Secret Doctrine by Helena Blavatsky.

Nicholas Roerich

Nicholas Roerich (1874–1947) was a Russian painter, writer, archaeologist, theosophist, philosopher, and public figure. He is perceived by some people as a spiritual teacher and guru.

He studied at the Karl May School, at the Imperial Academy of Arts, and at St. Petersburg University from 1893–1898, and simultaneously at the Law University as well. He wrote,"From 1890s, I saw accurate symbolisms of their people's morals shown in the main directions of philosophy, cultural memorials, monuments, literature and religions from ancient India, China, Tibet and Mongolian culture". For forty-two years Roerich lived in Russia, in India for twenty years, in the United States for three years, in Finland for two years, in France for one year, in England for one year, in China for two years, in Tibet for half a year and in Mongolia for seven–eight months. Roerich twice toured through Central and Eastern Asia, in 1924 and 1934, and following his travels in Mongolia's Gobi, in the Altai Mountains and the Himalayan Mountains, he wrote the books "Heart of Asia" and "Altai-Himalaya". In order for humankind to coexist peacefully, he initiated the Roerich Pact during World War II for the purpose of protecting world cultural values, together with well-known international figures (Albert Einstein, Tagore). Roerich's paintings, so attractive with their combinations of colours, symbols, and secrets, depict hidden ideas and deep meanings. Roerich, knowing the Buddha legend, toured through the Indian and Tibetan mountains looking for the legendary Shambhala. The Roerichs are also famous for introducing Shambhala in the Buddhist teachings of Western countries.

Jawaharlal Nehru's tribute to Roerich,

Roerich's sons
Nicholas and Helena had two children: George (1902 – 1960) and Svetoslav (1904 – 1993).

George de Roerich

In August 1902 their eldest son, George, was born in Okulovka, Novgorod Oblast. After finishing his studies at Karl May School, he entered the Indian and Iranian department of Oriental Languages at London University in 1918. Under the Indologist Edward Denison Ross he studied Sanskrit and Pali. Later he became a world-renowned scientist, orientalist, and guru. George is known for his contributions to Tibetan dialectology, his monumental translation of the Blue Annals, and his 11-volume Tibetan-Russian-English dictionary with Sanskrit parallels. After spending almost thirty years in India, George returned in 1957 to Russia. His return and acquisition of Soviet citizenship was courageous as the USSR's opinion on his family was rather distorted. Because of his effort, bans were lifted on everything associated with Roerichism and the legacy of research left by the family was preserved. The first of Nicholas Roerich's exhibitions was organized in Moscow in 1958, then spread to Leningrad, Riga, Kiev, Tbilisi, and other cities. He was able to dispel myths about the family's philosophy of Agni Yoga or Living Ethics in the USSR. George died on 21 May 1960, and his ashes were placed in Moscow, at the Novodevichy Cemetery. Svetoslav Roerich is the author of the memorial to this outstanding Russian scientists.

Svetoslav Roerich

Their younger son, Svetoslav, was born on 23 October 1904, in Saint Petersburg. In 1914-1916 he studied at the Karl May School. Since 1920 he lived in the United States. Svetoslav entered the Columbia University, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree from the department of architecture. Since 1923 he was a director of the International Centre of Art "Corona Mundi" in New York which was founded by Nicholas Roerich. In 1928 Svetoslav moved from the United States to India (Darjiling), to his family. Studying the culture, art and philosophy of India he created many paintings. Together with landscapes he painted many portraits, including the portraits of Nicholas Roerich, Jawaharlal Nehru and Devika Rani – Svetoslav's wife. One of the most beautiful ones is a portrait of his mother Helena Roerich, the woman of exceptional spiritual and physical beauty. Svetoslav headed the department of folk art and pharmacopoeia at the Institute of Himalayan Studies "Urusvati". In 1989 up to the initiative of Svetoslav the Soviet Foundation of the Roerichs was established in the USSR; at the base of it there were the study and spread of the ideas of Agni Yoga. In 1991 he gave the archives of his parents and his eldest brother, which were kept in India until that time, to the Foundation. On 30 January 1993, Svetoslav died in Bangalore.

Agni Yoga as the spiritual foundation of Roerichism

Religious doctrine
Agni Yoga is a religious doctrine transmitted by the Helena and Nicholas Roerichs from 1920. The followers of Agni Yoga believe that the teaching was given to the Roerich family and their associates by Master Morya, the guru of Helena Roerich and Helena Blavatsky, a founder of the Theosophical Society. In the sixteen volumes of the Teaching of Living Ethics that have been translated into English from the original Russian, as well as in the letters of Helena Roerich, the Agni Yoga teaching is also referred to as the Teaching of Living Ethics, the Teaching of Life, the Teaching of Light, or simply as the Teaching.

Being based on the ancient knowledge of the East and the achievements of modern science in the West, Agni Yoga concerns peculiarities of the cosmic evolution of humanity and creates a new system of perception. The Teaching pays particular attention to the cosmic laws that determine the motion of planets and growth of natural structures, birth of stars, and also human behavior and the development of the universe. The authors of the Teaching state that these laws influence the historic and social processes in human life and unless humanity realizes this life can't be improved. According to Agni Yoga, the universe is the immense spiritual-energy system in which a man plays the most important role. Moral perfection, strict observance of ethical laws and comprehension of the key factor of culture in the development of human society are basic principles of spiritual and historical development of humanity. It is impossible to build a better future without respecting knowledge and culture.

A man, according to the Teaching, influences the cosmic processes greatly. Particular attention is paid to the consciousness of a man and the culture of thinking, since thought is energy, capable of filling space and effecting its surroundings. A man is directly responsible for the quality of his thoughts, words, and deeds, because not only his spiritual and physical health depend on them, but also the condition of the entire planet. Calling people to live in accordance with cosmic laws, Agni Yoga opens unlimited possibilities for the spiritual transformation of life, the expansion of consciousness, and the acquirement of high moral standards.

The Agni Yoga Society

The Agni Yoga Society was founded in 1920 by Helena and Nicholas Roerich. It is a non-profit educational institution incorporated in 1946 under the laws of the State of New York, and is supported entirely by voluntary contributions and membership dues. This organization was located in the building called "Master Apartments". The aims of the Society are embodied in the philosophy that gives it its name — Agni Yoga — as contained in the books of the Agni Yoga series published by the Society. In them is found a synthesis of ancient Eastern beliefs and modern Western thought, and a bridge between the spiritual and the scientific.

Unlike previous yogas, Agni Yoga is a path not of physical disciplines, meditation, or asceticism — but of practice in daily life. It is the yoga of fiery energy, of consciousness, of responsible, directed thought. It teaches that the evolution of the planetary consciousness is a pressing necessity and that, through individual striving, it is an attainable aspiration for mankind. It affirms the existence of the hierarchy of light and the center of the heart as the link with the hierarchy and with the far-off worlds. Though not systematized in an ordinary sense, Agni Yoga is a Teaching that helps the discerning student to discover moral and spiritual guide-posts by which to learn to govern his or her life and thus contribute to the common good. For this reason Agni Yoga has been called a "living ethic". Speaking about the individual's role in human spiritual evolution, Helena Roerich wrote "The greatest benefit that we can contribute consists in the broadening of consciousness, and the improvement and enrichment of our thinking, which, together with the purification of the heart, strengthens our emanations. And thus, raising our vibrations, we restore the health of all that surrounds us".

The Master Institute of United Arts and Nicholas Roerich Museum

The Master Institute of United Arts came into being in 1920 as the Master School of United Arts. It struggled to survive until, in 1922, Louis Horch financed its transfer from a single-room, all-in-one studio at 314 West 54th Street to a mansion he bought on the site where the Master Building would later be constructed. Originally built to house a museum for Nicholas Roerich, a school, an auditorium and a restaurant in a residential hotel, the building was designed by Helmle, Corbett & Harrison and Sugarman & Berger. They were attracted to the spiritual quest in which the Roerichs were engaged and participated in sessions during which Helena Roerich would receive instructions from Master Morya and Nicholas Roerich would record them on scrolls of paper that were later transcribed into a series of texts, the "Leaves of Morya's Garden", which follows, appears to encourage the construction of a building, such as the Master Building, as an educational center for spiritual enlightenment. The Master Institute aimed to give students a well-rounded education in the arts and also to "open the gates to spiritual enlightenment" through culture.

The mansion where it was located also housed the Nicholas Roerich Museum, containing many of the thousands of paintings Roerich had created, and "Corona Mundi", which arranged exhibitions of paintings by Roerich and international artists. The Nicholas Roerich Museum in New York City is dedicated to the works of Nicholas Roerich, whose work focused on nature scenes from the Himalayas. The museum is located in a brownstone at 319 West 107th Street on Manhattan's Upper West Side. The museum was originally located in the Master Apartments at 103rd Street and Riverside Drive, which were built especially for Roerich in 1929. Currently, the museum includes between 100 and 200 of Roerich's works as well as a collection of archival materials. The Nicholas Roerich Museum in New York is the largest center of Roerich-related activity outside of Russia.

Roerich Pact and Banner of Peace

The Roerich Pact and Banner of Peace movement grew rapidly during the early nineteen-thirties, with centers in a number of countries. There were three international conferences, in Bruges, Belgium, in Montevideo, Uruguay, and in Washington, D.C. The Pact itself declared the necessity for the protection of the cultural product and activity of the world — both during war and peace — and prescribed the method by which all sites of cultural value would be declared neutral and protected, just as the Red Cross does with hospitals. Indeed, the Roerich Pact was often called The Red Cross of Culture:

Some ideas of the Roerich Pact still are not implemented in the international law, especially its principle of preference for the preservation of cultural values over military necessity.

The American-Russian Cultural Association
The American-Russian Cultural Association (Russian: Америка́но–ру́сская культу́рная ассоциа́ция) was organized in the USA in 1942 to encourage cultural ties between the Soviet Union and the United States, with Nicholas Roerich as honorary president. The group's first annual report was issued the following year. The group does not appear to have lasted much past Nicholas Roerich's death in 1947.

International Center of the Roerichs and Museum named after Nicholas Roerich
The International Center of the Roerichs (Russian: Междунаро́дный це́нтр Ре́рихов) is a non-governmental public association of citizens and public associations incorporated on the basis of their common interests in the cause of study, preservation, and popularization of the Roerich family heritage. The Center is an associated member of the Non-Governmental Organizations Association under the United Nations Department of Public Information.

The Museum named after Nicholas Roerich (Russian: Музе́й и́мени Н. К. Ре́риха Междунаро́дного це́нтра Ре́рихов) contains the Roerichs' cultural heritage passed on to the Soviet Roerichs' Foundation (now International Center of the Roerichs) by Svetoslav Roerich in 1990. It carries with itself a new cosmic world view. The core of Roerichism is the philosophy of cosmic reality – Agni Yoga, which develops the idea of a close relationship between mankind and the cosmos and transmits knowledge which assists in understanding the features peculiar to the new evolutionary stage of mankind's development.

Post-Roerichian teaching of life
The Teaching of Life, which contains a new, cosmic worldview, has played and continues to play an enormous role in
paving the way for spiritual evolution. The Roerich movement, like any social movement in the process of formation, has its difficulties and problems. Some international and regional organizations, whose activity is based on the ideas of Roerichism, arose many years after the death of all members of the Roerich family.

The World Organisation of Culture of Health (WOCH)
The World Organisation of Culture of Health was founded in the year 1994. Victor Skumin was elected to the post of president-founder of the World Organisation of Culture of Health — International social movement "To Health via Culture" (Russian: Междунаро́дное обще́ственное Движе́ние «К Здоро́вью че́рез Культу́ру»). The organization operates in accordance with what written in the charter registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. A key element of a "Culture of Health" is to implement innovative health programs that support a holistic approach to physical, mental and spiritual well-being both inside and outside the workplace.
The culture of heath is an integral sphere of knowledge that develops and solves theoretical and practical tasks of harmonious development of people’s spiritual, mental, and physical strength, health improvement of biosocial environment that provides a higher life creative level on this basis (by Skumin and Bobina, 1994).

This organization, in order to promote international relations, has established a link with the International Buddhist Meditation Centre at Kathmandu. The Russian Orthodox Church is critical of the WOCH and qualifies its ideology of Agni Yoga as New Age:

The relationship between Skumin's doctrine of culture of health and Roerichism is also confirmed by some scientists, such as V. P. Goraschuk, professor at H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University. In 2004, he wrote in his thesis for a doctor's degree on the speciality "general pedagogics and history of pedagogics",

The anthem of WOCH ("To Health via Culture") consists of four stanzas. The capital letters each of the four stanzas form the word Agni. ().
Another hymn by Skumin is termed "Urusvati". Helena Roerich, known as the Tara Urusvati in Agni Yoga and Roerichism. The hymn begins with the phrase "The fire of the heart ignites Urusvati, she teaches the spirit take-off on the wings of the grace".

Skumin elaborated on the conceptions of spiritual evolution and proposed (1990) the classification of Homo spiritalis (Latin: "spiritual man"), the sixth root race, consisting of eight sub-races (subspecies) – HS0 Anabiosis spiritalis, HS1 Scientella spiritalis, HS2 Aurora spiritalis, HS3 Ascensus spiritalis, HS4 Vocatus spiritalis, HS5 Illuminatio spiritalis, НS6 Creatio spiritalis, and HS7 Servitus spiritalis.

The Journal of the World Organisation of Culture of Health ("World Health Culture Organization") is based in Novocheboksarsk. In 1995, Victor Skumin became the first editor-in-chief of the journal To Health via Culture. The journal received an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) 0204-3440. The main topics of the magazine are the dissemination of ideas of culture of health, holistic medicine, Roerichism, and Agni Yoga.

The Organization also has its own publishing house ("To Health via Culture"), which has the right to publish the books with the International Standard Book Number (ISBN).

See also

References

Sources

 Also on

External links
 Agni Yoga Society
 Nicholas Roerich Museum (New York)
 World Organisation of Culture of Health

Videos

20th century in philosophy
Cosmism
Roerich family
Culture of Russia
Russian philosophy
Spiritual evolution
Theosophy
Transhumanism
New religious movements in Russia


title: Jan Willem Aten

text:
Jan Willem Aten  (born October 11, 1953) is a Brazilian former Olympic yachtsman in the Star class. He competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics together with Jörg Bruder, where they finished 4th.

References

Olympic sailors for Brazil
Brazilian male sailors (sport)
Star class sailors
Sailors at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Star
1953 births
Living people


title: The Brave Warrior

text:
The Brave Wales () is a 1968 Brazilian drama film directed by Gustavo Dahl. The directorial debut of Dahl, it is one of the most important films of the second phase of Brazil's Cinema Novo movement. It won the Special Award at the 1968 Festival de Brasília, Best Director at the 1968 Festival de Belo Horizonte, and the Best Cinematography at the 1969 Instituto Nacional do Cinema (INC) Awards.

Cast
Paulo César Pereio as Miguel Horta
Mário Lago as Augusto
Ítalo Rossi as Conrado Frota
Maria Lúcia Dahl as Clara Horta
Milton Gonçalves as sindicalist
César Ladeira as Virgílio
Paulo Gracindo as Péricles
Joseph Guerreiro as Honório
Angelito Mello as governor
Hugo Carvana as Pelêgo
Carlos Vereza as Rodrigues

References

External links

1968 drama films
1968 films
Brazilian drama films
Films about Brazilian military dictatorship
1968 directorial debut films
1960s Portuguese-language films


title: List of The New York Times number-one books of 1962

text:
This is a list of books that topped The New York Times best-seller list in 1962.

Fiction
The following list ranks the number-one best-selling fiction books.

Four books topped the list that year, the longest on top being Ship of Fools by Katherine Anne Porter, which spent exactly half the year there - from April 29 to November 11, its last week at the top - though it continued in the top 15 best sellers for another 20 weeks. Franny and Zooey by J. D. Salinger started the year at the top of the list carrying over from 1961, where it entered the top spot on October 25. In all Salinger's book spent 25 continuous weeks in the top spot. The list was interrupted at the end of the year by the 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike which lasted 114 days and had a profound impact on the newspaper industry in New York.

Nonfiction
The following list ranks the number-one best-selling nonfiction books.

See also
 Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1960s

References

1962
.
New York Times number-one books
New York Times number-one books
New York Times number-one books


title: Erling Tambs

text:
Erling Tambs (May 25, 1888 - 1967) was a Norwegian writer and sailor.

Life
Erling Tambs was born in Larvik, Norway, the sixth child of lawyer Victor Emanuel Tambs and his wife Henriette. As a child, he lost his father and a brother drowned while sailing. Tambs was employed at the age of 15 on a square rig. After eight years long trip ( to Australia ), he tried his hand as a secretary, journalist, writer and importer in Oslo. Because really succeeded in anything, he summed up the plan in 1928, along with his wife Julie on her own keel, Teddy sail it. They had secret - the authorities would not let them run out due to lack of equipment of their ships - sneak out of the harbor. Less than a year after the start was the Canaries born son Tony, six weeks later they began to cross the Atlantic. About Trinidad and Panama reached the South Seas . Cocos Islands, Marquesas and Society Islands was on his way in 1931, New Zealand Tui daughter is born. 1932, after the expiration of Auckland drove Teddy in the cutting of Challenger Islands on the rocks . Tambs cut Tony, who was tied to the railing, going on and jumped with the child on a rocky promontory . Julie was washed overboard, fought the battered land . Tambs also saved Tui, surf shattered ship. [1 ]
As of 1935 Cruising Club of America an Atlantic Regatta printed, Tambs wanted to represent his homeland . He bought Sandefjord, one Colin Archer crack, and sailed with friends for Newport . In the storm a huge wave swept the boat, it capsized . A man drowned in accordance notriggers they reached the target.
1937 Erling Tambs again in the Pacific Ocean sailing. To fill up the travel fund, he had to charter the ship to birders, the island of Tristan da Cunha explored. Tambs into not once landed, sailed months in the county or expected hove to order. Sick from scurvy, and with a ship in a dilapidated condition reached Tambs Cape Town, where he had to sell the ship for lack of money. He died in 1967.
In Germany Erling Tambs published ' Books honeymoon, but how! In the pilot cuts the two seas, islands of the blessed and cruise fright. They are all about their travels. It is honestly written, engaging experience reports.

Ship
The Sandefjord was a Norwegian Spitzgatter, a former working boat of the Coast Guard. It is a gaffelgetakelte ketch, the Colin Archer has resigned. It was in 1913 Risør built, and had a length oa of 14.36 m, a width of 4.94 m and a draft of 2.44 m, and she wore 82,6 m² sail, motor built Tambs from.
On the pitch polling (over-head go) Sandefjord still takes textbooks reference when it comes to the characteristics of the fuselage and tail shapes of sailboats. Among sailors, Colin Archer cracks are not entirely uncontroversial: "Poor Am-wind properties," "too slow", "lack of buoyancy in the stern" arguments to one side, the other praises their "beauty", "the ability without danger in any weather accompanied "and the" good self-control abilities. "Colin Archer Double Ender is a type of yacht, which is already built more than 100 years virtually unchanged, probably unique in this Article
The Sandefjord sailed in 1965 for 21 months in the world, and since then the Scandinavian coasts.

Works
 Hard Cruising (Eng. "cruise of Horror" 1979, )
 The voyage With Teddy (Eng. "honeymoon - but how in the pilot cuts the two seas" 1947)
 Islands of the Blessed (Leipzig 1944)
 The cruise of the Teddy (London 1933)

Norwegian writers
1888 births
1967 deaths
People from Larvik


title: Yngve Engkvist

text:
John Yngve Adolf Engkvist (18 February 1918 in Stockholm, Sweden – 26 August 1982 in Ekerö, Sweden) was a Swedish Olympic sailor in the Star class. He competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics together with Bengt Melin, where they finished 17th.

References

Olympic sailors for Sweden
Swedish male sailors (sport)
Star class sailors
Sailors at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Star
1918 births
1982 deaths
Sailors (sport) from Stockholm


title: I'll Cry Tomorrow (book)

text:
I'll Cry Tomorrow is a 1954 autobiography by Lillian Roth, co-written by Roth, Gerold Frank and journalist Mike Connolly. It is a "brutally frank" depiction of Roth's alcoholism, one of the earlier books by a celebrity on addiction, and influential in drawing attention to alcoholism as a disease. It sold over 7 million copies in 20 languages. It was adapted into the 1955 film of the same name.

References

1954 non-fiction books
American autobiographies
Alcoholics Anonymous
Memoirs about alcoholism
English-language books


title: Charles Wirgman (sport shooter)

text:
Charles Wirgman (22 July 1875 – 6 June 1953) was a British sports shooter. He competed in the 50 yard free pistol event at the 1908 Summer Olympics.

References

1875 births
1953 deaths
British male sport shooters
Olympic shooters for Great Britain
Shooters at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from High Wycombe


title: Per-Olof Karlsson

text:
Per-Olof Karlsson (born 19 February 1942) is a retired Swedish sailor. He competed in the star class at the 1960 Summer Olympics and finished 10th, together with Sune Carlsson. His father Hjalmar and elder brother Arne were also Olympic sailors.

References

External links

1942 births
Living people
Swedish male sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for Sweden
Sailors at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Star
Star class sailors
Sportspeople from Örebro


title: Shubhi Sharma

text:
Shubhi Sharma (born 27 March 1992) is an Indian actress who is active mainly in Bhojpuri-language films. She is known for her role in Chalni Ke Chaalal Dulha opposite Pravesh Lal Yadav, for which she received the award for Best Female Debut of the Year at the 5th Bhojpuri Film Awards.

Acting career
Sharma started her career with Pravesh Lal Yadav in Chalni Ke Chaalal Dulha. Her other notable films have included Bhaiya Ke Sali Odhania Wali with Pawan Singh, Santan with Ravi Kishan, and Chhapra Express with Khesari Lal Yadav.

Filmography

See also
 List of Bhojpuri cinema actresses
 Bhojpuri cinema
 Bhojpuri Film Award

References

Living people
Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema
Indian television actresses
Indian film actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
1992 births


title: Kent Carlsson (sailor)

text:
Kent Halvor Carlsson (born 23 August 1951 in Gothenburg, Sweden) is a retired Swedish Olympic sailor in the Finn and Star classes. He competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics, best finishing 4th in the 1984 edition together with Henrik Eyermann in Star.

References

Olympic sailors for Sweden
Swedish male sailors (sport)
Star class sailors
Finn class sailors
Sailors at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Finn
Sailors at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Finn
Sailors at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Star
1951 births
Living people
Sailors (sport) from Gothenburg
World champions in sailing for Sweden
OK class world champions
OK class sailors


title: Baryi Kalimullin

text:
Baryi Gibatovich Kalimullin (, ; April 10, 1907 – July 21, 1989) was a Soviet architect, educator, and social activist. He is credited with helping to build Ufa Aviation University and Bashkir State University.

In 1935-51 Head of sector of urban planning in the trust "Bashprogor" (now institute Bashkirgrazhdanproekt).

In 1951-1963 Senior Research Fellow, Institute of History, Language and Literature BF USSR.

Since 1966 Head of the Department of Architecture at the Kazan State University of Architecture and Engineering.

In 1971-87 at the Ufa Oil Institute, where he initiated at the Faculty of Civil Engineering in 1977 and opened a specialty "Architecture".

Creation

Kalimullin was a founder of scientific research in the field of urban development in the country, Bashkir folk architecture, planning villages. He was one of the organizers and the first president of the Union of Architects of the Republic of Bashkortostan, leading the group for about 30 years.

His research interests included urban planning, architecture, history of the region, art. He published a total of ten monographs, including "Landmarks Bashkiria", "City Salavat", "Caravanserai Orenburg", "City Sterlitamak" (planning and development), "Issues of planning and development of Ufa", "Planning and construction Bashkir villages", and "Bashkir folk architecture".

References

1907 births
1989 deaths
People from Bashkortostan
People from Zlatoustovsky Uyezd
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Russian architects
Russian architectural historians
Russian architecture writers
Russian urban planners
Soviet architects
Soviet urban planners