title: Primer Plano (magazine)

text:
Primer Plano was a Spanish film magazine established on 20 October 1940. The founder was a Falange member Manuel Augusto García Viñolas. It was published on a weekly basis. The Falange-influenced publication struck a balance between its coverage of film stars and film reviews, as well as the role of entertainment and film in society.

Primer Plano ceased publication with the October 1963 issue.

References

External links

1940 establishments in Spain
1940 disestablishments in Spain
Defunct magazines published in Spain
Entertainment trade magazines
Film magazines published in Spain
Magazines established in 1940
Magazines disestablished in 1963
Spanish-language magazines
Weekly magazines published in Spain


title: De Silva Fernández de Híjar Portugal family

text:
The House (Casa) de Silva Fernández de Híjar (or Ixar) Portugal had its origin from the marriage ties of the house de Silva, with the house of Fernández de Ixar  [from doña Isabel (1620-1700) descendant of don Pedro Fernández de Ixar (1245-1299), natural child of the king don Jaime I d'Aragon called "The Conqueror" and of doña Bereguela Fernández, granddaughter of don Alfonso IX de Leon, by matrilineal descent] and the House de Portugal [from doña Ana (1570-1629) (descendant from doña Isabel de Portugal (1364-1395) natural child of don Fernando I of Borgogna king of Portugal]. Marriage ties which created one of the most ancient, important, and richest families of Spain and Portugal (probably descendant from Visigothic kings). A family which has given a great number of Grandes of Spain, viceroys, famous military figures, politicians, statesmen, clergymen, saints, scholars, artists, architects; to the kingdom first and to the Spanish Empire later, to nowadays.

History
Talking about this House, it is very important, in order to understand its history, to keep in mind that, as we can see from the genealogical account above, the inheritance takes place by matrilineal descent thanks to the royal concession granted by Ferdinand the Catholic in 1483, to natural children, legally recognized, of Kings.

The origins of the House de Silva, are, like all the origins of the ancient aristocratic families of the High Middle Ages, uncertain as far as documentation is concerned.

Gutierre Peláez de Silva, Lord of Lugares, Alderete de Insam y Sufam y de la Quinta and Torre de Silva, was a knight who became "Ricohombre", who probably, took part in the conquest of Cordoba, too, in 1064.

But whatever his historical origins were, one of the most famous descendants of Don Gutierre Peláez de Silva was Don Ruy Gomez II de Silva y Meneses (1517-1573) Grande of Spain, Prince of Eboli, first Duke of Pastrana, V Lord of Ulme and Chamusca; great statesman and best friend/counsellor of Philip II of Asburgo, King of Spain.

From his marriage with Doña Ana de Mendoza de la Creda y de Silva Cifuentes [(1540-1592), one of the most beautiful women of Spain], there were born ten children. One of them, Don Rodrigo de Silva y Mendoza (1562-1596) II Duke of Pastrana, marrying Doña Ana de Portugal y Borja (1570-1629), descendant from the King Ferdinand I of Portugal, gave origin to the lineage De Silva Portugal; whereas another son, Don Diego de Silva y Mendoza (1564-1630), I Marquess of Alenquer and III Duke of Francavilla, gave origin to the lineage De Silva Alenquer. Lineage that from the marriage between his son Don Rodrigo de Silva Mendoza y Sarmiento (1600-1664) and Doña Isabel Fernández de Ixar [(1603-1642) V Duchess of Ixar, who by her own decree created her husband Duke of Ixar, became De Silva Fernández de Ixar.

The union of the two lineages, which brought to the birth of the House de Silva Fernández de Híjar Portugal, took place when don Fabrique III de Silva (1672-1700) IV Marquess of Orani, in the second half of the 17th century, married his IV degree cousin Doña Juana Petronilla de Silva Fernández de Ixar (1669-1710) VII Duchess de Ixar or Híjar.

The following division of the House De Silva Fernández de Híjar Portugal into three lineages (two Spanish and one Italian), was due to three children born from the two marriages of Don Andres Avelino de Silva Fernández de Híjar Portugal y Fernández de Cordoba (1806-1885) XIV Count-Duke of Aliaga and Count of Palma del Rio. From the first wedding with Doña Josefina de Ferrari y Bonet (1819-1876) (daughter of Don Jeronimo de Ferrari of Parma, "Kapellmeister" of King Ferdinando VII of Borbone) was born Doña Josefa Maria del Carmen de Silva Fernández de Híjar Portugal (1837-1906); who, with her daughter -doña María Dolores (1861-1923)- and with Doña María Dolores's son Don Vittorio Umberto de Silva Fernández de Híjar Portugal (1881/1954) [illegitimate son whom Doña Maria Dolores de Silva Fernández de Híjar Portugal had with Don Carlos Maria Fitz James Stuart y Portocarrero Palafox (1849-1901)XVI duke of Alba] by matrilineal descent gave origin to the Italian lineage still in existence.
From his second wedding with Doña Mary Caroline Elisabeth Campbell y Vincent (1820-1894) were born ten children of whom two, [Alfonso I (1848-1930) and Jaime (1852-1925)], gave origin to the two Spanish lineages still in existence, too. The Spanish lineage of Alfonso I, like it had already happened to the House De Silva Fernández de Ixar Portugal with two unions between the De Silva and the Fitz James Stuart, rejoined the descendants of James Fitz-James I Duke of Berwick (1670-1734) [illegitimate son, who James II Stuart (1633-1701) King of England had with Arabella Churchill y Drake (1648-1730) sister of John Churchill I Duke of Marlborough] when Doña Maria del Rosario de Silva Fernández de Híjar Portugal y Guterbey (1900-1934) married Don Jacob Fitz James Stuart (1878-1953) IX Duke of Berwick and XVII Duke of Alba. In this way, by matrilineal descent, the Spanish lineage of the De Silva joined the dukedom of Híjar and its titles with the House Fitz James Stuart y de Silva Fernández de Híjar Portugal. Whereas the descendants of Don Jaime have just the titles of Dukes of Lecera and Dukes of Bournonville, the Fitz James Stuart y de Silva hold, actually, the majority of the titles of the House De Silva.

Heraldry

De Salazar, in his "Historia Genealogica de la Casa de Silva" writes that "the Casa de Silva, like many in Spain, uses a heraldic device very different from the name by which it is known. Don Melchor de Teves refers (in the book de la Casa de Lerma) that on an ancient tomb of the de Silva family there is a rampant Crowned Lion. It seems that the first to use on his shield the symbol of the Lion was the Count don Gomez Paéz de Silva, who lived in the 12th century. He did it to remind his origin from the Royal House (Casa de Leon); to wear in their honour the same device as the House princes and to hand down to posterity the memory of his evident descendance from it... Drawing and painting the weapon (a rampant Lion of crimson colour, golden crowned on a silver background) exactly in the same way as the kings de Leon, Ovjedo and Galizia".

Others say that the count don Gomez Paéz de Silva was, for the same reasons, referring to the house of Borgogna, being his grandfather Gutirrez Pelaéz de Silva (1030-1110) the first to use the patronymic De Silva, vassal and counsellor of Henry of Borgogna count of Portugal.

Other primary Heraldries which characterize the House de Silva Fernández de Híjar Portugal are the ones of both the Fernández de Híjar house and of the Portugal family.

The first, of the Fernández de Híjar , shows the fusion of the lineages of Aragon and Navarra. In the shield of Pedro Fernández de Híjar (the bastard son who king Jaime I of Aragon had from doña Isabel Berenguela Fernández, granddaughter of the king of Navarra) we can see the five golden vertical bands alternated by four red vertical bands (de cuatro palos gules) symbol of Aragon and the golden chains, symbol of Navarra, framed and cross-shaped with, in the middle, an emerald on a red background.

The second, of the Portugal-Noronhas , in the I and IV quarters, shows five blue shields cross-shaped, each with five silver bezants, placed to quincunx of the house De Portugal and, in the II and III quarters, the castle with the three golden towers surmounted by two crimson lions of the house of Castiglia and of Leon. The quarter is framed by nine golden squares alternated by nine blue towers. doña Isabel de Portugal, bastard daughter of king Ferdinand I, married don Alfonso count of Gíjon Noronha, bastard son of the king Enrico II di Castiglia. Heraldry joins the symbols by matrilineal descent: Portugal-antigo (only because of the matrilineal line of the descendants of doña Isabel, daughter recognized by the king Ferdinando I) with the one of the Noronhas.

The three ancient heraldries, in different periods, belonging to different lineages of the House de Silva, were joined to make the emblems of the: De Silva Portugal, De Silva Cifuentes, De Silva Alénquer, De Silva Alvarez de Toledo, De Silva Infantado, De Silva Fernández de Hijar, De Silva Fernández de Híjar Portugal, De Silva Pastrana and so on. Still, always in the shape where the crowned Lion of the ancient kings of Leon dominates.

Viceroys, Military men, Politicians

 Don Gutiérre Pelaéz de Silva (1030-1110). Lord of Lugares, alderete de Insam y Sufam, y de la Quinta, y torre de Silva. It is certain that he went with King Ferdinand the Great to the conquest of Coimbra in the war against the Moors. He is considered the forefather of the House de Silva and such fact is proved in various genealogies both Castilian and Portuguese. He got married with Doña Maria Perez de Ambia. He had just one son: Don Pelayo Gutiérrez de Silva.
 Don Gomez Paez de Silva (1110-1170) Don Gomez, in the year 1166, had the dignity of count that, as in those days it was not yet hereditary, was given to the "Ricos Hombres" of high lineage who were ruling either over a seigniory (dominion) or, however, a very important territory. Don Gomez Paez possessed the castle of Santa Olaya and its territory, as Major Alcade. Earlier on, he had taken part in important battles: in 1139 in the battle of Campo di Orique. In 1160, together with his brother Don Pedro Paez de Silva, in two battles that the adelantado Don Gonzalo Mendez de Maya fought against the Moors at Campos de Beja, where the Christian armies defeated, in the same day, two Muslim armies. He married with Doña Urraca Nunéz Vello. His successor was his second son: Don Pelayo Gomez de Silva.
 Don Juan de Silva y Meneses Noronha I Count of Cifuentes (1399-1464). He was born in Toledo in 1399, son of Don Alonso Tenorio de Silva and of Doña Guiomar de Meneses Noronha. He can be considered as the founder of the count House of Cifuentes and ancestor of the Duchess of Pastrana by mother lineage: Doña Ana de Mendoza La Cerda y de Silva Cifuentes. In the year 1433 he became major ensign of the Kingdom of Castile. In 1434, as a consequence of his high dignity inside the kingdom, he went to the Council of Basel, where he behaved in such a wise and balanced way to be considered by all the people attending it, a man of great wisdom and trustworthy. "History" records that he reproached the English legates, who had arrogated to themselves the right of sitting in the Council without having the dignity, with his famous sentence : "no posa quien mal posa", today the motto of the House of the de Silva Fernandez de Híjar Portugal.
 Don Ruy Gomez II de Silva y Meneses (Chamusca, Kingdom of Portugal 27 October 1516 - Madrid, Kingdom of Castiglia 29th July1573) first Prince of Eboli, Grande of Spain. Son of Don Francisco de Silva y Enriquez de Noronha, married, on Filippo II's advice in 1552, Doña Ana de Mendoza de la Cerda y de Silva Cifuentes from whom he had ten children. He firmly opposed the centralist and interventionist politics of Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, third Duke of Alba.
 Doña Ana de Mendoza de la Cerda y de Silva Cifuentes, (Cifuentes, Spain 29 June 1540 Pastrana, Spain 2 February 1592) Princess of Eboli, Grande of Spain daughter of Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y de la Cerda, Viceroy of Aragon, she was considered one of the most powerful and richest women in Europe. Very young, at just 12, she became the wife of Don Ruy Gomez II de Silva y Meneses, to whom she gave ten children. She had a strong political influence on the court of Don Filippo II and she was in sharp contrast with the House Alvarez de Toledo. She was the inspirer of what was called the Ebolista Party. She is said to have plotted, after her husband's death, together with Don Antonio Perez, secretary of the King, to separate the Kingdom of Portugal from Spain and to put her son Diego de Silva y Mendoza on the throne. Discovered and imprisoned, she died confined in the tower of her Palace of Pastrana.
 Don Diego de Silva y Mendoza de la Cerda de Silva Cifuentes (1564-1630), Count of Salinas and Ribadeo, III Duke of Francavilla, I Marquess of Alenquér, Grand of the Kingdom of Portugal. He was a very important poet and a Spanish politician of the "Siglo de Oro". Son of Don Ruy Gomez de Silva y Meneses and of Doña Ana de Mendoza de la Cerda y de Silva Cifuentes. His mother favoured him to his elder brother Rodrigo, II Duke of Pastrana, and managed to get him to inherit the Italian Dukedom of Francavilla from his grandfather Diego Hurtado. He married first with Doña Ana Sarmiento of Villadando de Ulloa in 1591, then with his sister-in-law Marina. His son was Don Rodrigo de Silva y Sarmiento Villadando de Ulloa, VIII Count of Salinas, then Duke of Híjar by his wife's decree (Rodrigo was the one who managed to rise Aragon against King Filippo IV of Habsburg when the King tried to become King of Aragon). He brought a long action against his brother Rodrigo for the acknowledgement of the Dukedom of Francavilla. Filippo II of Austria appointed him I Marquess of Alenquér which allowed him to become Grande of the Kingdom of Portugal. He had many missions from the kings of the house of Austria: Filippo II, Filippo III, Filippo IV. He was appointed general captain of Andalusia (1588) and, then, Viceroy of Portugal (1615-1622). As a poet, he is still considered one of the greats of the 17th century, like Luis de Gongora. His poetical writings have a great lyrical sensitiveness, really appreciated by the most important scholars and editors of the 20th and 21st centuries. Even nowadays it is possible to read his works which have lost very little of the past splendour.

 Don Rodrigo de Silva Mendoza de la Cerda Cifuentes y Sarmiento (Madrid 1600-Leon 1664) II Marquess of Alenquer, Count of Salinas and other titles. Duke of Híjar by decree of his wife, Doña Isabella Margherita Fernández de Ixar y Castro Pinos, V Duchess of Híjar. Military man, politician, polemist. He had a command during the Portuguese War of Restoration. He was a political antagonist of the first Minister Count Duke de Olivares. He was involved in a conspiracy of nobles and banished from the Court of Don Filippo IV. In 1640 he was appointed general in chief of the armies of Aragon. He was charged of being involved in the attempt of "coup d'état" of Don Carlos Padilla (Master of field of Cavalry). Which was a Pronouncement that aimed at detaching Aragon from the Kingdom of Spain and put the Duke of Híjar on the Aragonese throne. When the plot was discovered, he was imprisoned and tortured, but he never admitted his guilt, unlike the others who were put to death: He was imprisoned and kept in chains, in the castles of Leon, where he died in 1664.
 Don Jaime Francisco Victor Sarmiento de Silva y Fernández de Híjar Castro Pinos (1625-1700). Son, of Don Rodrigo Sarmiento de Silva Mendoza and of Doña Isabel Margarita Fernández de Hijar, was the VI Duke of Hijar, VI Duke de Lecera, VI Duke of Aliaga, V Duke of Vallfogogna, IV Count of Guemira, IX Count of Salinas. He was great camerlengo, general captain, and Viceroy of Aragon from 1681 to 1697. Because of his poor health, he gave to his third wife, Doña Teresa Pimentel y Bonavedes, the power to govern all his feuds: his daughter, Doña Petronilla de Silva Fernández de Híjar y Pignatelli d'Aragon, succeeded him.
 Don Isidoro de Silva Portugal y Carvayal (1643-1682). Military man, son of the marquess Don Fadrique II de Silva Portugal and of Doña Ana Suarez de Carvayal. He was the III Marquess of Orani, Lord of the baronies of Monovar, Mur and Sollana, of the possessions of Nuoro, Bitti and of the Gallura Gemini, of the feuds of Ponalver and Alondiga. Chamberlain of the King, Knight Commander of Galizia and of the Order of Alcantara. He was appointed admiral of the Spanish galleys and after few years, he became General Commander of the fleet of the Sardinian galleys. He married Doña Agustìna Fernández Portocarrero Guzman with whom he had four children. His wife, at his death, succeeded him as a regent of the marquisate and in the administration of the family feuds. Doña Agustìna was succeeded by IV Marquess of Orani, her third child: Don Fadrique III de Silva Portugal y Portocarrero Guzman (1672-1700), husband of doña Juana Petronila de Silva Férnandez de Híjar y Pignatelli de Aragon.
 Doña Juana Petronila de Silva Fernandez de Híjar (1669-1710) y Pignatelli de Aragon. She was the VII Duchess of Híjar, VII Duchess of Lecéra, VII Duchess of Aliaga, X Countess of Salina and Ribadeo and others. She was lady-in-waiting of the Queen Doña Marìa de Orléans. She married twice: first with her cousin Don Fadrique de Silva Portugal y Portocarrero (1672-1700), III Marquess of Orani, Baron of Monovar, Lord of Penalver y Sollana in Valencia and of the regions of Nuoro, Bitti and of the Gallura Gemini in Sardinia. In this way, with the union of the House of Híjar with the House of Portugal (5-12-1688), the ducal house annexed the marquisate of Orani. Doña Juana Petronila had five children from Fadrique; she remarried with Don Fernando Pignatelli de Aragon, Prince of Montecorvino, governor of Galizia. She had no children from him. She was succeeded to the Dukedom of Híjar by her first son Don Isidro Francisco Fadrique de Silva Portugal y de Silva Fernandez de Híjar (1690-1749) who became the VIII Duke of Híjar and first titular of the House de Silva Fernandez de Híjar Portugal.
 Don José Rafael de Silva Fernandez de Ixar Portugal y Rebboledo de Palafox Guzman, Croy de Havré, Lante della Rovere (1776-1863). XIII Duke of Híjar, XII Count-Duke of Aliaga, X Maquess of Orani and others. Seven times Grand of Spain. He was conferred the order of the Toson d'Oro (15 November 1829). He fought at the battle of Trocadero (31 August 1823). Elder Major-domo and Grand Master of the "Royal House" of King Ferdinand VII de Borbòn and Chamberlain of the Queen. Married with Doña Juana Nepomucena Fernández de Cordoba from who he had three children: Cayetano, Andrés Avelino and Maria Antonia.

Saints, Blesseds and Ecclesiastics

 Saint Beatrice of Silva (Campo Maior, Portugal 1426 – Toledo, Spain 9 August 1492), daughter of Ruy Gomes da Silva, the first governor of Campo Maior, and Isabella de Menezes, the countess of Portalegre. In 1447 she was lady-in-waiting of Isabella d'Aviz, Queen of Castile, the granddaughter of the King John I of Portugal. Then, after entering a convent in 1454, Beatrice of Silva founded the religious Order of the Immaculate Conception (or Franciscan Conceptionists) and was inscribed by Pope Paul VI in the catalogue of the Saints on 3 October 1976.

 Blessed Amadeu of Silva (in the world João de Menezes da Silva, Campo Maior, Portugal 1420 – Milan, Italy, 10 August 1482). Saint Beatrice de Silva's brother, he was a Reformer of the Franciscan Order and the founder of the Congregation of the Amadeiti (from Amadeu's name) established in 1464. Congregation of a strict observance of the Franciscan Rule and of strict customs, it was, later on, united to the Observant Friars Minor to avoid divisions inside the Franciscan Order.
 Fernando of Silva and Mendoza (Madrid 10 February 1571 – 23 July 1639). He was the last male child of doña Ana de Mendoza and of don Ruy Gomez II de Silva princess and prince of Eboli. He became famous with the name of Friar Pedro Gonzales de Mendoza, as it changed his name in honour of his ancestor, the great Cardinal Mendoza, when he became Franciscan in the monastery of La Salceda. He attained fame and riches as bishop of Siguenza and archbishop of Granada. He was literate (he wrote, among other works, the "History of Mount Celia", "The Convent of la Salceda", "Pastoral Letters" and "Immaculatae Conceptionists") and theologist, defender of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary (Mary Immaculate). Following the example of the Great Cardinal Mendoza, he was architect and maecenas, too. But while his father don Ruy Gomez was a protector of the Arab minority, Friar Pedro was a strong supporter of their expulsion from Spain.

See also
 Amadeu de Silva
 Beatrice de Silva
 Ruy Gómez de Silva, 1st Prince of Éboli
 Ana de Mendoza, Princess of Eboli
 Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba
 Walter de Silva

References

Archive sources
Government of Aragona, Provincial Historical Archive of Zaragoza-Ducal Archive of Híjar. Documents relating to the following signatures:
A) SI-333-4. Testamentaria Exc.mo Sr. Duque de Aliaga.
B) SIV, 85-1/1. Poder para varios fines. El Sr. Marques de Almenara, don Alfonso de Silva, a favor de don Manúel Garcia de Huerta y Espinosa.
C) S.IV, 851/2. Aliaga año 1875. Poder especial otorgado para el Exc.mo Sr. Duque de Aliaga a favor de don Manúel Garcia de Huerta y Espinosa.
D) S.IV. 47–1. Paris 21 de Noviembre 1865 - Bayonne á 12 Octubre de 1875. Poderes generales del Exc. mo. Sr. Duque de Aliaga a favor de don Manuel Garcia de Huerta.
E) S.IV, LEG.122-26. Híjar (Aliaga) - Madrid años de 1837 al 1867 y de 1875 al 1882. Asunto reservado de doña Josefa Ferrari con el Sr. don Andrés Avelino de Silva. Pension vitalicia de la misma y reclamaciones de su hija doña Carmen. Acompañan varios documentos y cartas hasta fino al 1882.
F) Aliaga = Luzón, años 1874 al 76. Pension vitalicia de doña Josefa Ferrari y de su hija doña Carmen de Silva.
G) Luzón, años 1883–1886. Pension de doña María Carmen Ferrari.
H) S.III 97/14. Madrid años 1888 al 90. Correspondencia y fés de vida della pensionista doña Carmen de Silva Ferrari.
I) Consulado de España en Milan, años 1891 y 92. Fés de vida de doña María Carmen de Silva Ferrari.
Madrid. Anni 1877/1887. Registro Histórico Notarial de Madrid. Atti del notaio Miguel Díaz Arévalo.
Milano. Municipal Historical Archive of Milan. Stato di famiglia integrale storico del 9/11/1869 (iscrizione da Parigi) (F).
Torino, years 1801/1951 and 1786-1907/1949-2003. Archive de Silva Fernández de Ixar, original documents not present in the Provincial Historical Archive of Zaragoza and Ducal Archive of Híjar.
Madrid. Archivo Histórico National de Madrid, document relating to don Lorenzo de Ferrari y Pozzo Conde de Cumbre Hermosa, 1737.

Bibliography
De Salazar y Castro L., Historia genealógica de la Casa de Silva, Madrid 1685.
Reglamento de la Real Capilla. Copy signed by don José Rafael de Silva Fernández de Ixar XIII Duca di Híjar, Marquis of Orani. Imprenta de don Firmin Villalpando, impresor de Cámara de S.M., Madrid 1825.
Tola P., Dizionario degli uomini illustri di Sardegna, Torino 1837.
Spreti V. e collaboratori, Enciclopedia storico-nobiliare italiana: appendix part II, letter S pages 592–593, Milano 1935.
De Mattos A., A heráldica dos bastardos reais portugueses, Pôrto 1940
Archivo Histórico Nacional, Catálogo alfabético de los documentos referentes a Títulos del Reino y Grandezas de España, Madrid 1951.
Loddo Canepa F., La Sardegna dal 1478 al 1793, Sassari 1974.
Casula F. C., La Sardenya catalano aragonesa, perfil historic, Barcelona 1985.
Floris F. – Serra S., Storia della nobiltà in Sardegna, Cagliari 1986.
Bracchi G. - Martella G., Tecniche di organizzazione degli archivi, Torino 1988.
Laborda Gracia M., Recuerdos de Híjar, Vol I e II; Centro de iniciativas turísticas del cuadro artístico de Híjar-Diputación General de Aragón, Zaragoza 1993.
Casau Ballester Ma J., Archivo Ducal de Híjar. Catálogo de los fondos del antiguo Ducado de Híjar (1268-1919); Diputación General de Aragón, Valencia 1997.
Floris F., Fondi e feudatari in Sardegna, Cagliari 1996.
Pinna R., Atlante dei feudi in Sardegna, Cagliari 1999.
Moreno Meyerhoff P., Il Marchesato di Orani, Università di Lleida, Lleida 2001.
De Meo M., Le antiche famiglie nobili e notabili di Parma e i loro stemmi, Parma 2002.
Istituto Salazar Y Castro, Elenco de Grandezas y Titulos Nobiliarios Españoles, Madrid 2006.
A.A.V.V., Atlante Storico Zanichelli, Bologna 1966.
A.A.V.V., Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani, Roma 1975.
A.A.V.V., Enciclopedia Europea Garzanti, Milano 1984.
Duby G., Atlante Storico S.E.I., Torino 1992.

External links
Archive of the ducal house of Híjar-Aranda (Provincial Historical Archive of Zaragoza)
Ducal Archive of Híjar
Town Hall of Chamusca which leads, by clicking on the heraldic shield, to the partial family tree of the house de Silva Fernández de Ixar Portugal, Spanish/Portuguese and Italian branch

Grandees of Spain
Spanish princes
Portuguese nobility


title: Ludwig Münstermann

text:
Ludwig Münstermann (c. 1560 or 1575 – 1638/39) was a German sculptor and master woodcarver from either Hamburg or Bremen. He worked in numerous churches and was a leading exponent of the North German Mannerist style in sculpture.

Life and career

Münstermann is said to have been from either Hamburg or Bremen. He was active before 1599 in the workshop of the Bremen sculptor Hans Winter (1565–1603). Tonnies and Heinrich Münstermann were also woodworkers in Bremen at this period. Ludwig Münstermann became a master in the guild of turners in Hamburg in 1599. From 1607 to 1612, he worked on Schloss Oldenburg.

Münstermann carved many altars, pulpits and organ cases for churches, especially in the Duchy of Oldenburg. His largest surviving altar is in the castle church at Varel, where he worked on the altar, pulpit and font between 1613 and 1618. Around 1590 he worked in his winter studio on epitaphs for St Ansgar's church in Bremen. There are important altars, pulpits and font covers by Münstermann in two churches in Stadland, St Matthew's in Rodenkirchen (1629–31) and St Secundus' in Schwei (1618–38). The church in Hohenkirchen in Wangerland has an altar (1620) and pulpit (1628) by him, and St Hippolytus' church in Blexen in Nordenham has altar figures and a pulpit (1638). His organ case for the former castle chapel at Rotenburg an der Wümme (1608) and a stone statue of Hercules are in the Focke Museum in Bremen.

Münstermann is one of the most prominent representatives of North German Mannerist sculpture. His style is characterised by exaggerated figures in movement that may approach the grotesque and by dramatic expressivity. Depictions are framed by detailed mannerist ornamental and architectural settings. Ornate colouration in practically gaudy hues and shadings plays an important rôle in his aesthetic; however, this element has in part been effaced by unsympathetic 'restorations'. It is significant that Münstermann first attracted attention from art historians in the Expressionist era.

A street in Barmbek-Nord in the Hamburg-Nord district of Hamburg is named for him.

References

German sculptors
German male sculptors
1575 births
1638 deaths
17th-century German people
Artists from Hamburg


title: Flume (disambiguation)

text:
A flume is a man-made gravity chute for water, with raised walls.

Flume or The Flume may also refer to:

 Flume (musician), an Australian electronic musician, producer and DJ
 Flume (album), his eponymous 2012 album
 Flume Gorge, a natural gorge in Franconia Notch State Park, New Hampshire, United States
 The Flume (Alton Towers), a log ride in Staffordshire
 "Flume", a song by Bon Iver from the 2007 album For Emma, Forever Ago
 Flume, an alternative name for a recreational water slide
 Werner Flume (1908–2009), a German jurist
 Captain Flume, character in Catch-22

Other uses
 Apache Flume, a service for collecting, aggregating, and moving large amounts of log data
 Log flume, used to transport lumber and logs down mountainous terrain to a sawmill by using flowing water
 Log flume (ride), amusement rides consisting of a water flume and artificial hollow logs or boats

See also
 Flame (disambiguation)
 Fluke (disambiguation)


title: Maria Tschetschulin

text:
Maria Tschetschulin (1852–1917), was a Finnish clerk. She was the first woman to attend university in Finland.

Maria Tschetschulin, who was of Russian descent through her Russian father, was the daughter of the steam boat owner Feodor Tschetschulin and Hilda Eckstein in Helsinki. After the death of her father and the bankruptcy of her family, she applied for a permission to study to support her family, having three younger sisters. In 1870, she became the first female university student in Finland at the University of Helsinki. Women were not allowed to study there, but she was given special dispensation to do so, and thus became the first woman in the Nordic countries to do so: though women in Sweden was given the right to attend university the same year, the first woman, Betty Pettersson, did not enlist at university until the year after. Maria Tschetschulin was the first female to study at university, but she discontinued her studies in 1873 without taking her exam, and the first female graduate was Emma Irene Åström in 1882; she described herself as an anti-feminist, and did not wish to attend lectures in the company of only men. After her studies, she successfully worked within the steam boat business of her family.

She was sister of the violinist, composer and music teacher Agnes Tschetschulin.

References

 kansallisbiografia Suomen kansallisbiografia  (National Biography of Finland)

1852 births
1917 deaths
People from Helsinki
People from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Finnish people of Russian descent
19th-century Finnish women
People from the Russian Empire


title: Primer Plano

text:
Primer Plano may refer to:

 Primer Plano (magazine) in Spain
 Primer Plano (television show) in Venezuela


The 1970 NCAA University Division baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began in the spring of 1970.  The season progressed through the regular season and concluded with the 1970 College World Series.  The College World Series, held for the twenty fourth time in 1970, consisted of one team from each of eight geographical districts and was held in Omaha, Nebraska at Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium as a double-elimination tournament.  Southern California claimed the championship.

Conference winners
This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1970 season.  Each of the eight geographical districts chose, by various methods, the team that would represent them in the NCAA tournament.  11 teams earned automatic bids by winning their conference championship while 15 teams earned at-large selections.

Conference standings
The following is an incomplete list of conference standings:

College World Series

The 1970 season marked the twenty fourth NCAA baseball tournament, which culminated with the eight team College World Series.  The College World Series was held in Omaha, Nebraska.  The eight teams played a double-elimination format, with Southern California claiming their sixth championship with a 2–1, fifteen inning win over Florida State in the final.

Award winners

All-America team

References


title: Charlotte Thitz

text:
Anna Charlotte Thitz (11 December 1799, in Loviisa – 22 March 1889, in Helsinki), was a Finnish educator. She was active as a governess and the leader of a girls school. She is considered as an important representative of the contemporary development of female education in Finland.

She was the daughter of the miniature painter Anders Gustaf Thitz from Germany. She managed a girls school in Loviisa from 1826 until 1841, after which she worked as a private teacher, a governess and gave private lessons in piano playing to upper class families in Vaasa and Heinola until 1870.

References

 kansallisbiografia Suomen kansallisbiografia  (National Biography of Finland)

Finnish women educators
1799 births
1889 deaths
19th-century Finnish educators


title: The Pheasantry

text:
The Pheasantry, 152 King's Road, Chelsea, London, is a Grade II listed building that was home to a number of important figures in 1960s London and a small music venue in the 1970s where a number of bands were able to play their first gigs.

Early history

The original buildings, now largely demolished, may have been constructed in 1766 or 1769. The site gets its name from the business of Samuel Baker who developed new breeds of oriental pheasants as well as cattle and foxes. Advertising appeared in The Field in 1865 offering pairs of birds for 15 guineas.

Amédée Joubert and Son
English Heritage believe that the current building was constructed in the mid-nineteenth century. The Companion Guide to London states that the Jouberts bought the building in 1880 and it seems that they added significant amounts of architectural decoration around that time. According to Nikolaus Pevsner and Bridget Cherry, the building includes a "flamboyant Louis XV façade and a triumphal entrance arch to its front courtyard with caryatids and quadringa ... the odd, extremely heavy display of Grecian enthusiasm were added to an earlier house in 1881 by the artist and interior decorator Amédée Joubert". The London Green Guide noted in 2012 that only the facade and portico survive.

The firm of Amédée Joubert & Son provided services of upholstery, gilding, the importation of Aubusson tapestry, Lyons silks and oriental carpets and the manufacture of French bedding, chairs etc. and continued until 1932, lastly under Felix Joubert who also made dolls' house furniture for Queen Mary. By 1914, however, the showroom was closed and the rest of the building rented out as studios with only the basement in use by the Jouberts as a workshop.

Pheasantry studios

In the early 1900s, one occupant of the Pheasantry was Eleanor Thornton (drowned 1915), a favourite model of artist and sculptor Charles Sykes. Thornton may have been the model for Sykes' most famous work, his Rolls-Royce mascot the Spirit of Ecstasy.

From 1916, part of the building was a ballet academy run by the dance teacher Serafina Astafieva (1876–1934), great niece of Leo Tolstoy. Astafieva trained Alicia Markova who came to Diaghilev's attention when he visited the school in 1921 and went on to join his Ballets Russes. Anton Dolin and Margot Fonteyn also trained there.

From 1950, the Italian painter Pietro Annigoni spent six months a year in Britain using the Pheasantry as his British studio.

The Pheasantry Club
Following the retirement of Felix Joubert in 1932, the basement became a bohemian restaurant and drinking club patronised by actors and artists, including Augustus John, Dylan Thomas, Humphrey Bogart, and Francis Bacon. It was run by an Italian called Reny De Meo. Lynda Bellingham recalls that in the 1960s Anthony Hopkins would "hold court" there doing an impression of Richard Burton doing Dylan Thomas. The club closed in 1966 after the death of the owner Mario Cazzini, and the building was converted into apartments and the basement into a nightclub.

1960s
Among those living at The Pheasantry in the 1960s were David Litvinoff who worked in Tim Whidborne's studio there, the writer Anthony Haden-Guest, the musician Eric Clapton and Martin Sharp of Oz magazine who shared a studio there, Germaine Greer, Robert Whitaker, Philippe Mora, Freya Mathews and Nicky Kramer. Clapton only escaped being arrested on drugs charges by Norman Pilcher, who rang the doorbell to announce "postman, special delivery", by escaping from the rear of the building. By this time, the building was starting to deteriorate. One visitor, Mick Farren, recalled: "It was falling down. It had gone through its popular phase, but no money had been put back into it to fix the roof and stuff, and the roofs were leaking and everything was kind of coming apart".

The sound from the nightclub in the basement could be heard through the floorboards in the studios above. The club had seen better days. Barry Miles recalls it as a venue where "the likelihood of having your drink spiked with acid was pretty high". Another said: "It would be an R & B club for a bit ... then it'd become a gay club for a while ... [it] always seemed to be hosting various floating crap games, some of which were R & B, some of which were folk music and some of which were gay. I think also it had a back room where the doors were closed and people went on drinking, and I think there were gangsters involved."

According to Miles, one King's Road character who lived at the Pheasantry had a pet rabbit, which he dyed bright green and may have given acid to, that "committed suicide" by leaping from the roof. Miles said: "He was a fucking mad idiot. I mean, there were a lot of people like that, particularly at the Pheasantry, it was really filled with them."

1970s

The Pheasantry nightclub hosted early gigs by Lou Reed, Queen and Hawkwind. The venue was small, however. According to John Hewlett, "It was a naff place to play. It was the sort of place you played if you get The Marquee." It was a gig in London, however, and unsigned bands were grateful for that. The 1972 gig by Queen, which had been intended as a showcase for the band, did not go well. Phil Reed remembered that the band were "unpolished" and the venue was mainly a disco, "once the disco had stopped and Queen went on everyone went to the bar." In addition, none of the record company A & R people who had been invited, turned up. Thin Lizzy performed there and were described as "playing to a handful of posey people sitting there drinking cocktails."

Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice found Yvonne Elliman at the Pheasantry, as a result of which she featured in the original soundtrack of Jesus Christ Superstar. Sparks played their first British gig there.

In the 1970s John Betjeman led a campaign to prevent the redevelopment of the site.

Today
The building now houses a branch of the Pizza Express restaurant chain. In the basement is a cabaret club The Pheasantry which opened in 2010 after the closure of Pizza on the Park.

References

Further reading
Macdonald, Nesta. (1977) The History of the Pheasantry, Chelsea, 1766–1977. London: Nesta Macdonald.

External links

 Photographs at victorianweb.org

Grade II listed buildings in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Grade II listed houses in London
Houses in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Nightclubs in London
Restaurants in London
Music venues in London
King's Road, Chelsea, London


title: Lake Guerin West Shelter Cabin

text:
The Lake Guerin Shelter Lookout/Cabin, historically the Lake Guerin West Shelter Cabin is a historic backcountry shelter in the Admiralty Island National Monument, part of the Tongass National Forest in Southeast Alaska.  It is one of a number of such facilities built by Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) on the Admiralty Island Canoe Route between 1933 and 1937.  This cabin, a three-sided Adirondack-style log structure with shake walls and roof, was built in 1936.  The cabin continues to be maintained by the Forest Service.

The cabin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, Alaska

References

External links
Tongass National Forest description of the shelter

Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
Buildings and structures completed in 1935
Log cabins in the United States
Tongass National Forest
Civilian Conservation Corps in Alaska
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Hoonah–Angoon Census Area, Alaska
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska


title: Brahim Yadel

text:
Brahim Yadel (born March 17, 1971) is a citizen of France who was held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba. His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 371. Born in Aubervilliers, France, the Department of Defense has reported his date of birth.

Although originally convicted in France, his trial was overturned and he was released in February 2009. On February 17, 2010, the Court of Cassation, the highest court in France, ordered a re-trial of Brahim Yadel and four other men.

Allegations of ties to terrorism
A Time magazine article, published on March 16, 2003, reported that Brahim Yadel was recruited by Karim Bourti. According to the article, Karim Bourti was: "...a self-described Paris-based recruiter for international jihad."

Brahim Yadel, and three other French Guantanamo captives, were repatriated to French custody on July 28, 2004. Brahim Yadel was repatriated to France one day prior to the institution of the Combatant Status Review Tribunals in July 2004.

French authorities held Brahim Yadel, Nizar Sassi, Mourad Benchellali and Imad Kanouni on charges of "associating with criminals engaged in a terrorist enterprise."

French authorities suspected Brahim Yadel helped organize jihadist training camps in the forest of Fontainebleau.

Formerly secret Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment
On April 25, 2011, whistleblower organization WikiLeaks published formerly secret assessments drafted by Joint Task Force Guantanamo analysts. His Joint Task Force Guantanamo assessment was two pages long, and was drafted on January 31, 2004. It was signed by camp commandant Geoffrey D. Miller. He recommended Bradel be detained under DoD control.

French trial
Brahim Yadel and five other returned Guantanamo detainees were to stand trial in France in 2006.

While all the other men free on conditional release, preceding the trial, Brahim Yadel was kept in detention. He had violated the terms of his conditional release.

Trial delayed
The trial was delayed to allow an investigation into the conduct of French intelligence agents who interrogated the men in Guantanamo. France had insisted French agents had not interrogated the men in Guantanamo, but leaked memos showed this was untrue.

Judge Jean-Claude Kross apologized, saying: "I am sorry, we have to start again from scratch".

The Prosecutor has recommended lenient, one-year prison sentences, to take into account their "abnormal detention" in Guantanamo.

Conviction and appeal
Brahim Yadel, and four other French citizens, were convicted in 2007 of "criminal association with a terrorist enterprise." They had their convictions overturned on appeal on February 24, 2009. Their convictions were overturned because they were based on interrogations conducted in Guantanamo, and the interrogations were conducted by French security officials, not law enforcement officials.

McClatchy interview
On June 15, 2008, the McClatchy News Service published articles based on interviews with 66 former Guantanamo captives. McClatchy reporters interviewed Brahim Yadel in France. According to his McClatchy interviewer, Brahim Yadel was disgusted by al Qaeda's attacks on September 11, 2001, and tried to flee Afghanistan immediately after he heard of them, and never engaged in hostilities against US forces. However, he acknowledged receiving military training in Afghanistan, and "even took advanced al Qaida courses in electronics that would have led to bomb making."

He told his McClatchy interviewer that he saw the USS Cole as a legitimate military target, but felt his non-western companions in Afghanistan had no idea how appalling the attack on the World Trade Center was:

"I knew bin Laden was against the Americans," he said. "In the logic of war, attacking a warship made sense. It wasn't my battle, but I could understand it. Unlike the Afghans, I'd grown up in Western culture, which means American culture. They didn't understand the enormity of what had happened. I did. It was horrible. I didn't believe in this war."

See also

Khaled ben Mustafa
Redouane Khalid

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
French extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
French Muslims
French people of Algerian descent
Guantanamo detainees known to have been released


title: Willi Münstermann

text:
Willi Münstermann (1903–1982) was a German entrepreneur. He did much towards the development of the sport of ice hockey in Germany, and was a founder and sponsor of the Krefeld Penguins, a top league ice hockey team, in 1936.

References

Businesspeople from Düsseldorf
1903 births
1982 deaths
20th-century German people
Ice hockey people in Germany


The University of Copenhagen Symphony Orchestra, also called "SymfUni" is an orchestra that was founded by a group of students at the University of Copenhagen in 2007. It is based in Frederiksberg, Copenhagen.

General information
SymfUni was founded in 2007  by a group of students at the University of Copenhagen. At this moment, the orchestra consists of about 60 students from all kinds of study programs at the University of Copenhagen as well as a large group of international students and students from other universities in the Copenhagen metropolitan area. SymfUni has collaborated with different choirs and in spring 2012 the orchestra travelled to the Netherlands to perform Niels Gade’s Erl King's Daughter together with a Dutch student choir from Nijmegen. In April 2015, SymfUni attended the European Student Orchestra Festival in Leuven, Belgium.

Repertoire
The orchestra has played a number of concerts around Europe with a broad repertoire – from Beethoven to Bizet.

In autumn 2013 SymfUni collaborated with Universitätschor Dresden and played amongst others God in Disguise by Lars-Erik Larsson and Vom Himmel hoch by Felix Mendelssohn.
In spring 2014 the orchestra played movie music, amongst others E.T. - Adventures on Earth and Raider's March by John Williams.
Winter 2014 the orchestra played amongst others in Koncertkirken in Nørrebro. On the repertoire was Aleksandr Borodin's Polovtsian Dances, Swan Lake by Tchaikovsky and Piano Concerto No. 2 by Sergei Rachmaninoff.
In the spring 2015 SymfUni performed amongst others Carl Nielsen's Aladdin and music from Elverhøj by Friedrich Kuhlau in the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and in the Church of Our Saviour, Copenhagen.

Conductors
 2007-2009: Frederik Støvring Olsen
2009- 2010 Kristoffer Kaas
2010- 2013 Jan Scheerer
2014- 2017 Peter Piotr Gasior
2017-  Bram Kortekaas

References

External links
The University of Copenhagen Symphony Orchestra homepage
The University of Copenhagen Symphony Orchestra facebook page

University orchestras
Musical groups established in 2007
Symphony Orchestra


title: Giovanni Domenico Piastrini

text:
Giovanni Domenico Piastrini (1678–1740) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active in Tuscany and Rome.

Biography
He learned first skills from his father, Francesco Maria, who had painted in the Annunziata and San Lorenzo churches of Florence. But then traveled to Rome to work in the studio of Benedetto Luti. He painted for the Basilica of our Lady of Humility in Pistoia. He also painted altarpieces for churches in Rome (including Santa Maria in Via Lata) and Pisa. He died in Rome.

Among his works are a canvas depicting Emperor Trajan condemning Saint Ignatius of Antioch (1710–1716) at the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica in Palazzo Barberini, Rome ; a Marriage at Cana at Bob Jones University Museum & Gallery, Greenville, South Carolina; a Meal of St Phillip Benizi (1723–1724) at the church of Santa Maria in Via, Rome; and  a Virgin in Glory with Saints Joseph, Vittoria, and Ranieri for the church of Santa Maria del Carmine, Pisa.

References

1678 births
1740 deaths
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
18th-century Italian painters
Italian Baroque painters
Painters from Tuscany
18th-century Italian male artists


title: Serafia Fredrika Schaeffer

text:
Serafia Fredrika Schaeffer (1800–1887), known as "Sheffer's Madam", was a Finnish cunning woman and herbalist. She was married to vicar Karl Johan Schaeffer and attended to the sick of the parish by use of her own herbal medicine. While this was not unusual for a vicar's wife, she continued with her medical care after she was widowed in 1833, and she did so with her own medicine and achieved widespread reputation as a cunning woman.

References
 kansallisbiografia Suomen kansallisbiografia  (National Biography of Finland)

1800 births
1887 deaths
19th-century Finnish people
Herbalists
Cunning folk


title: Ron Edmundo Dantes

text:
Ron Edmundo Dantes is a prestigious cuban rum brand produced in Santiago de Cuba. Only 3000 bottles are issued every year. It is a 40% rum, has a golden color and has a little vanilla taste.

Two kinds of rum are proposed:
 The 15 years old in a 0.7L glass bottle
 The 25 years old in a 0.7L porcelain bottle hand decorated with 24 carat gold (150 delivered bottles every year for Spain)

The name of the brand comes from the Count of Monte Cristo book.

See also
List of rum producers

References

Cuban alcoholic drinks
Cuban brands
Drink companies of Cuba
Rums


title: Paul Münstermann

text:
Paul Münstermann (18 June 1932 – 30 August 2010) was a German agent, the former Vice President of the Federal Intelligence Service (Bundesnachrichtendienst).

References

1932 births
2010 deaths
20th-century German people
Christian Social Union in Bavaria politicians
People of the Federal Intelligence Service


title: Kaisa Pöyry

text:
Kaisa Pöyry (1818–1892), was a Finnish cunning woman and herbalist. She was based in Ristiina and Savolax, but was widely reputed and attracted clients from large parts of Finland.

References

1818 births
1892 deaths
19th-century Finnish people
Cunning folk
People from Ristiina


title: 1999 Kilkenny County Council election

text:
An election to Kilkenny County Council took place on 10 June 1999 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 26 councillors were elected from five local electoral areas on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV) for a five-year term of office.

Results by party

Results by local electoral area

Ballyragget

Callan

Kilkenny

Piltown

Thomastown

External links
 Official website

1999 Irish local elections
1999


title: Maraslis House

text:
Maraslis's House is at 4 Pushkinska Street in Odesa.

History
The house was the home of Grigorios Maraslis who was the Mayor of Odesa. He lived here from 1831 to 1907. The house had belonged to his father (1780–1853) who had the same name. It is not known who is the architect, but his father had bought this house in the 1820s.

During the Soviet era the house had a number of uses including as a hospital and an Oncology centre.

The building has a plaque outside that notifies visitors of its significance. There is also a QRpedia code that links to this article.

References

Buildings and structures in Odesa
Tourist attractions in Odesa
Pushkinska Street, Odesa


title: Peter Münstermann

text:
Peter Münstermann (born 3 August 1956) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) party. He is an elected member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia since 2012. He announced to resign in 2017.

References

1956 births
Living people
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Place of birth missing (living people)


title: Potassium hypochlorite

text:
Potassium hypochlorite (chemical formula KClO) is the potassium salt of hypochlorous acid.  It is used in variable concentrations, often diluted in water solution.  It has a light grey color and a strong chlorine smell.  It can be used as a disinfectant.

Preparation
Potassium hypochlorite is produced by the disproportionation reaction of chlorine with a solution of potassium hydroxide:
Cl2 + 2 KOH → KCl + KClO + H2O

This is the traditional method, first used by Claude Louis Berthollet in 1789.

Another production method is electrolysis of potassium chloride solution.
With both methods, the reaction mixture must be kept cold to prevent formation of potassium chlorate.

Uses
Potassium hypochlorite is used for sanitizing surfaces as well as disinfecting drinking water. Because its degradation leaves behind potassium chloride rather than sodium chloride, its use has been promoted in agriculture, where addition of potassium to soil is desired.

History
Potassium hypochlorite was first produced in 1789 by Claude Louis Berthollet in his laboratory located in Javel in Paris, France, by passing chlorine gas through a solution of potash lye. The resulting liquid, known as "Eau de Javel" ("Javel water"), was a weak solution of potassium hypochlorite. Due to production difficulties, the product was then modified using sodium instead of potassium, giving rise to sodium hypochlorite, widely used today as a disinfectant.

Safety and toxicology
Like sodium hypochlorite, potassium hypochlorite is an irritant. It can cause severe damage on contact with the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Inhalation of a mist of KClO can cause bronchial irritation, difficulty breathing, and in severe cases pulmonary edema. Ingestion of strong concentrations can be lethal.

Potassium hypochlorite is not considered a fire or explosive hazard by itself. However, it can react explosively with numerous chemicals, including urea, ammonium salts, methanol, acetylene, and many organic compounds. Heating and acidification can produce toxic chlorine gas.

References

Potassium compounds
Hypochlorites
Antiseptics
Disinfectants
Oxidizing agents


title: Benito Juárez Hemicycle

text:
The Benito Juárez Hemicycle is a Neoclassical monument located at the Alameda Central park in Mexico City, Mexico and commemorating the Mexican statesman Benito Juárez. The statue of Juárez is flanked by marble Doric columns. There are two allegorical female statues next to Juárez, representing the fatherland and law. The pedestal bears the inscription "Al benemerito Benito Juárez la Patria" (Spanish: "To the meritorious Benito Juárez, the Homeland"). It was depicted on the reverse of the 20 peso bill of Series C and D, issued in 1994.

History
The construction began in 1906 it mark the centennial of Juárez's birth. The engineers for the construction of the monument were assigned by Porfirio Díaz. Statues were sculpted by the Italian artist Alessandro Lazzerini.

The monument was dedicated on September 18, 1910.

Style
It is Neoclassical style, semicircular, with strong Greek influence; it has twelve Doric columns, supporting an entablature and frieze structure of the same order.
On both sides it has two golden spikes.

At the center is a sculpture composed of Benito Juarez seated with two allegories: one representing the homeland crowning Juarez with laurels in the presence of a second that represents the law in the basement has festoons, another sculpture center that chairs a republican eagle with open wings in a facing, with neoaztec frets, which lie two lions.

On the central pillar there is a medallion surrounded by a laurel, inscribed with the following;

References

1910 establishments in Mexico
1910 sculptures
Alameda Central
Allegorical sculptures
Buildings and structures completed in 1910
Cultural depictions of Benito Juárez
Monuments and memorials in Mexico City
Neoclassical architecture in Mexico
Outdoor sculptures in Mexico City
Sculptures of men in Mexico City
Sculptures of women in Mexico City
Statues in Mexico City


title: 2014 Saudi Super Cup

text:
The 2014 Saudi Super Cup was the second Saudi Super Cup, an annual Saudi football match contested by the winners of the Saudi Professional League and the winners of the King Cup of Champions. Al-Shabab won the match, prevailing 4–3 on penalties.

Match details

References
Thesaff.com.sa
Thesaff.com.sa
Au.soccerway.com

Saudi Super Cup
2014–15 in Saudi Arabian football
Al Nassr FC matches
Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) matches
Saudi Super Cup 2014


title: Charlotta Lönnqvist

text:
Charlotta Maria Lönnqvist (4 February 1815 Siuntio – 27 April 1891 Siuntio) was a Finnish cultural personality. She is mainly known as the benefactor of Aleksis Kivi who lived in her cottage in 1864-1871. She was also a known wolfer, who was awarded a prize by the Finnish Hunting Association for her skills.

Life
Charlotta Lönnqvist was the daughter of the soldier Jonas Lönnqvist and Maria Forsström. She never married. After the death of her parents, she inherited her childhood cottage. She had a small saving capital and occasionally earned some money catering at weddings and funerals. From 1864 to 1871, Aleksis Kivi lived with her. It was regarded improper for a male to live alone with a female of the same class (in which neither was employed by the other), and this caused rumors that they were lovers. Charlotta Lönnqvist participated in charity, and her relief work during the famine of 1866-68 ruined her. Kivi therefore gave her an income from his writings in 1869.

References
 Suomen kansallisbiografia (National Biography of Finland)

Finnish women
1815 births
1891 deaths
19th-century Finnish people
Swedish-speaking Finns


title: Lasse Münstermann

text:
Lasse Münstermann (born 6 April 1979) is a German retired snooker player and pundit. He began playing at the age of 11, and in 1994 he played in his first World Amateur Championship in Johannesburg, South Africa. For a year he trained in England at the Rushden Snooker Academy, where prominent snooker players like Peter Ebdon, James Wattana and Ding Junhui studied.

Career
Münstermann is the winner of several German Championships (Team: 1995 and 2005; double: 1994 and 1997; Single: 2003, 2004 and 2006; U21: 2000). His success in the European tour gave him a place on the main tour and 2001 World Snooker Championship in the 2000–01 season, but it was short-lived. At the 2005 World Games he reached the quarter-finals. For Germany, he was part of a team with Sascha Lippe and Itaro Santos which won the European Team Snooker Championship in Ghent, Belgium, in early 2007. He qualified for the Players Tour Championship 2010/2011, which was held in Germany. He has also contributed to PAT (Playing Ability Test) Snooker along with Thomas Hein, Thomas Moser and Frank Schröder.

Tournament wins

Amateur

References

1979 births
Living people
German snooker players
Snooker writers and broadcasters
Competitors at the 2005 World Games
Sportspeople from Lower Saxony


title: Micromon

text:
Micromon (also known as Micromon: The Legend of Vaithe) is a 2014 video game released for iOS and, formerly, Android. It has frequently been described as the first successful Pokémon-inspired game for iOS (Nintendo had not released a game within the franchise on Apple consoles. It later released Pokémon Camp, Pokémon Go and Pokémon Duel.)

Production and release

Micromon is in the genre of monster-capture RPG. It was developed by indie game studio MOGA which is located in Costa Rica, published by Pocket Trend, and programmed entirely by a person with the alias Omegas7. IGN explained "The game has been in development for at least two years, following a failed Kickstarer campaign in 2012. According to MOGA's Kickstarter, MOGA wasn’t pleased with the quality of other monster-capture RPGs already available on mobile devices and wanted to do better. When Micromon failed to meet its fundraising goals, MOGA promised the game would still be released on the App Store—minus some features". After two years, the game was finally released on July 31, 2014 and both topped the Apple Charts at No. 1 for Paid games and No. 38 for Top Grossing. The game "bears a striking resemblance to Nintendo's Pokémon franchise". It has in-app purchases. Pocket Trend described it as a "fully animated monster catching game".

Plot
The main character has been sucked into the digital world called Pixekai and "your avatar immediately meets a quirky professor and is given a vague mission to explore a large and varied world, taming as many of the 250 different Micromon as you can, and leading them into battle against other tamers for fun and profit". Players are also instructed to defeat 4 Legion Members in order to achieve the title S-ranked tamer. As you explore, a darker grander story starts to unfold, with a Team Rocket-esque evil corporation called Black Root, a mythical Micromon called Vaithe, and eventually a plot to save the world ensue. By the end of the game the bridge between the real and digital worlds is crumbling and only the player can stop it. There are various mini-plots involving the unique towns, including a love story and a game of hide-and-seek with 2 mischievous twins. Touch Arcade notes "thanks to some excellent, colorful graphics, it's still a fun place to explore. Each of the towns has a very different style, and although there are a lot of reused objects, the towns and the houses have a nice lived-in feeling to them". A side-quest involves the player collecting four chip fragments.

Gameplay

The gameplay is very similar to Pokémon games, with some minor differences. Players carry up to 6 Micromon with them and battle other monsters with the aim of defeating or capturing them. As the world is entirely digital, Micromon are caught using chips. Players have to explore 5 worlds, and defeat Tamers they come across. Acquiring special Eggs allow them to randomly spin for a new Micromon, which then can become part of their party. There are 6 Micromon types: Water, Mineral, Normal, Wind, Fire, and Special. The game "borrow[s] the fundamental mechanics of exploiting innate weaknesses of monster types and leveling a team up", as well as evolving. As well as changes involving which type is weak or strong against another, another big change is that "instead of permanently forgetting a move to learn a new one, Micromon retain all of their skills, letting you decide which four to equip at any time". Similar to Nurse Joy in the Pokémon series, there are various characters who recur in all of the worlds and provide a service. These include B002 who allows the player to travel between worlds, a man who has information on the game mechanics, and a travelling item-seller.

An online arena is also open to players, as are Safari Zone-esque areas in each world. In the former, as players win battles, they can collect prizes from a certain character that recurs in each world. These include Micromon eggs, coins, and diamonds; the latter is a special and rare currency that is used to buy things like pets, avatars, and a bike to make transport swifter. It is the currency that real-life money buys. IGN notes regarding multiplayer:

Critical reception
The Sydney Morning Herald rated the game a 7/10, writing "While many attempts have been made to bring a Pokémon clone to mobile devices, Micromon is the first that succeeds by any measure and despite a handful of very un-Nintendo hiccups", adding "Micromon is just different and fresh enough to serve as a reminder of what Pokémon was like at the height of its charm before decades of very similar games wore away the appeal". The review praised monster encounters, Micromon designs, fun explorable worlds, engaging story, and funny writing. While rambling characters and obligatory in-app purchases were criticised, it added the latter could be avoided through grinding.

IGN summed up its review by saying "I don't condone this sort of brazen, cynical game cloning, but if Nintendo won't give me a way to play Pokémon on iOS, I guess it's a good thing that someone else did", and rated the game 6.7. It wrote "Pokémon is fun because of its complex and strategic creature-battling gameplay, simple but endearing story, and colorful graphics. Micromon is a shameless but competently made copy of Pokémon, so Micromon is fun for all those same reasons. It earns no points for originality or unique personality, but… it's basically Pokémon on your iPad, so that's not bad." It noted "The big change-up is in type weaknesses, and most of them are confusing. Considering everything else that is straight-up copied, this is a weird and unnecessarily confusing change. It feels like the developers just made a mistake". It complimented the Micromon retention of all Skills learnt, allowing the player to experiment and customise: "It’s such a smart, simple way to make your virtual monsters more versatile. A different IGN review said "Already, players are calling it the first "actual Pokémon" for iOS and better than Pokémon".

Touch Arcade gave the game 4.5 stars out of 5. It concluded its review by saying "Micromon is probably one of the best dollars you can spend on a Japanese-style RPG in the App Store, and if you're even slightly into monster collecting, you're going to get a fantastic amount of value out of this game. I don't think it surpasses Pokémon in any respect, but I also don't exactly see Pokémon available in the App Store, and in that magical world where I could see it, I sincerely doubt it would be selling for a dollar or even ten."

References

Android (operating system) games
IOS games
Role-playing video games
2014 video games
Video games developed in Costa Rica


title: Mathilda Linsén

text:
Johanna Mathilda Linsén (November 26, 1831, Helsinki - February 5, 1872), was a Finnish pedagogue. She is regarded as a pioneer within the education of the blind in Finland: she was the founder and principal of the first school for the blind in Finland in 1865-1872.

Life
Mathilda Linsén was the daughter of professor Johan Gabriel Linsen and Wilhelmina Petronella Hoeckert, and sister of the composer Gabriel Linsén. She was educated by her father and as an autodidact. By the help of Uno Cygnaeus, she was given state support to study the education of the blind in Germany and Scandinavia in 1863-64. In 1865, her rapport was published, and Finland's first school for the blind was founded in Helsinki, for which she was made principal. In 1867, she published another investigation on the subject.

References
 kansallisbiografia Suomen kansallisbiografia  (National Biography of Finland)

1831 births
1872 deaths
19th-century Finnish educators
Finnish women educators
Swedish-speaking Finns


title: Snowbird Mountain Lodge

text:
The Snowbird Mountain Lodge is an historic hotel property in rural Graham County, North Carolina.  It is located on the Cherohala Skyway, about  west of Robbinsville.  The main lodge was designed by Asheville architect Ronald Greene, and was built in 1940–1941 for Arthur and Edwin Wolfe; it was one of the last of a series of architecturally significant mountain lodges built in the region in the first half of the 20th century.  The property features commanding views of the surrounding Nantahala National Forest and Lake Santeetlah.

The lodge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Graham County, North Carolina

References

External links
Snowbird Lodge web site

Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Hotel buildings completed in 1941
Buildings and structures in Graham County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Graham County, North Carolina
1941 establishments in North Carolina


title: Sir Alexander Malet, 2nd Baronet

text:
Sir Alexander Malet, 2nd Baronet  (1800–1886) was an English diplomat and writer.

Life
The eldest son of Sir Charles Malet, 1st Baronet, born at Hartham Park, Wiltshire in June 1800, he succeeded to the baronetcy in 1815. He was educated at Winchester College and at Christ Church, Oxford (B.A. 1822), and entered the diplomatic service in 1824 as unpaid attaché at St. Petersburg. There he was an eye-witness to the Decembrist revolt of 1825.

Malet later became secretary of legation at Lisbon under Lord Howden during the Miguelite war of 1832–1834. He served in a similar post at The Hague, and was then secretary of the embassy at Vienna, and British minister at Württemberg.

In 1849 Malet became minister plenipotentiary to the Germanic Confederation at Frankfurt, and there formed a close friendship with Prince Bismarck. He was in post from the Revolution in Baden, to the battle of Sadowa, and the expulsion of Austria from the Confederation.

On the fall of the Germanic confederation in 1866, Malet retired on a pension, and was made a K.C.B. He died on 28 November 1886.

Works
Malet was the author of:

 Some Account of the System of Fagging at Winchester School, with Remarks … on the late Expulsions thence for resistance to the Authority of the Prefects, London, 1828;
 An English metrical translation of Wace's Roman de Rou, London, 1860; and of
 The Overthrow of the Germanic Confederation by Prussia in 1866, London, 1870.

Family
In 1834 Malet married Marianne Dora, only daughter of John Spalding, of the Holm, Scotland and stepdaughter of Lord Brougham. They had two sons, Lieutenant-colonel Sir Henry Charles Eden Malet, 3rd Baronet, and Edward Malet.

Notes

Attribution

1800 births
1886 deaths
Deputy Lieutenants of Wiltshire
British diplomats
English writers
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
Nobility from Wiltshire


title: Signe Häggman

text:
Signe Amalia Häggman (29 April 1863, Jyväskylä -26 June 1911, Helsinki), was a Finnish pedagogue. She is regarded as a pioneer within the physical education of disabled people in Finland.

Life
Häggman was educated at Jyväskylä seminary and worked as a teacher in Uleåborg and Lapua. In 1889, she was given a scholarship from the state to study the physical education of disabled people in Copenhagen. On her return to Finland, she was appointed as the first manager and educator of the newly founded professional school for disabled people in Helsinki, and served in the position from 1890 until 1911. During the period, she was in effect responsible for the education of disabled people in Finland.

References

 kansallisbiografia Suomen kansallisbiografia  (National Biography of Finland)

1863 births
1911 deaths
19th-century Finnish educators
Finnish women educators
Swedish-speaking Finns
People from the Grand Duchy of Finland
Educators from the Russian Empire


title: B&K

text:
B&K may refer to:
 Brüel & Kjær, a Danish multinational engineering and electronics company
 Banjo & Kazooie, a pair of fictional video game characters
 B&K Rootbeer, an independent chain of drive-in fast-food restaurants

See also
 BK (disambiguation)


title: Alma Hjelt

text:
Alma Hjelt (1853-1907), was a Finnish gymnast and women's rights activist. In 1884, she became the first chairperson of the first women's organisation in Finland.

She was the daughter of the politician Nils Hjelt. In 1884, the Suomen Naisyhdistyksen, the first organisation for women's rights were founded in Helsinki in Finland by Alexandra Gripenberg, and Alma Hjelt became its first chairman. The purpose of the organisation was to work for access of the same cultural and political rights for women as for men. After 1886, branches of the organisation was founded in other parts of Finland, the first being the one in Kuopio headed by Minna Canth.

In her will, she founded a scholarship for females wishing to study medicine; it also provided funds for Finnish females to study medicine abroad, should they in the future be barred from study medicine in Finland.

References
 kansallisbiografia Suomen kansallisbiografia (National Biography of Finland)

1853 births
1907 deaths
Sportspeople from the Grand Duchy of Finland
19th-century Finnish people
Finnish women's rights activists
Swedish-speaking Finns


title: Speed Walking

text:
Speed Walking () is a 2014 Danish drama film directed by Niels Arden Oplev. It is based on the novel of the same name by Morten Kirkskov.

Plot
In 1976 in provincial Denmark, 14-year-old Martin (Villads Bøye) is about to be confirmed when his mother dies of cancer. The weeks leading up to his confirmation are difficult and turbulent, as Martin's father and older brother are distraught and Martin must try to keep the family together. In addition, he must deal with his feelings, sexuality and friendships.

Cast
 Villads Bøye as Martin
 Frederik Winther Rasmussen as Kim
 Kraka Donslund Nielsen as Kristine
 Anders W. Berthelsen as Hans
 Sidse Babett Knudsen as Lizzie
 Pilou Asbæk as Onkel Kristian
 Jens Jørn Spottag
 Jakob Lohmann
 Christine Gjerulff
 Anette Støvelbæk
 Kristian Halken
 Steen Stig Lommer
 Stine Stengade
 Anne Louise Hassing
 David Dencik

References

External links

2014 films

2014 drama films
2010s Danish-language films
Films directed by Niels Arden Oplev
Danish drama films
Danish LGBT-related films
Gay-related films
Films set in the 1970s
Films set in 1976


title: Rosina Heikel

text:
Emma Rosina Heikel (17 March 1842 – 13 December 1929) was a Finnish medical doctor and feminist. In 1878, she became the first female physician in Finland, and specialised in gynaecology and paediatrics.

Early life and education
Heikel was born in Kaskinen on 17 March 1842 to Carl Johan Heikel and Kristina Elisabet Dobbin. Her father was the mayor of Oulu and Kokkola, and both her brothers Alfred and Emil studied medicine. She attended school in Vaasa, Jakobstad, Porvoo and Helsinki, and was a good student. From a young age she believed that access to education should be equal for all regardless of gender and had decided by 1862 to become a doctor like her brothers. There were no Finnish universities at the time, however, that would allow women to study medicine, and so she travelled to Sweden to train in physiotherapy at the Stockholm Gymnastics Institute. She finished the course in 1866 and returned to Helsinki, where she completed a course in midwifery a year later. She visited Stockholm again in 1869 to receive further tuition in anatomy and physiology.

In 1870, Heikel was allowed to attend physiology lectures at the University of Helsinki, and in 1871 she was given special permission  to study medicine at the university. She received her medical degree in 1878, becoming the first woman physician in Finland, as well as the first in the Nordic countries.

Career

Medicine
Heikel was granted a limited license to practice, which allowed her to treat only women and children. During 1878, she practiced in Stockholm and Copenhagen, and moved to Vaasa in 1879 to specialise in women's and children's health. She could not register as a member of the Finnish Medical Society until 1884. In 1883 the post of city gynaecologist in Helsinki was created for her; it was changed to city gynaecologist and paediatrician in 1889. Heikel stayed in the role until 1901 and maintained a private Helsinki practice until 1906.

Activism
Outside of medical practice, Heikel was an active proponent of the women's rights movement and the feminist association Naisasialiitto Unioni. An advocate of women's education, she helped to found Konkordia-liitto, an organisation for female academics. In 1888, Heikel spoke at a meeting of the Finnish Medical Society against legalised prostitution, and in 1892 she addressed the Naisasialiitto Unioni to promote equality in educational opportunities for girls and boys. She managed a children's workhouse and was an advocate for children's health in rural Finland.

Death
Heikel died on 13 December 1929 in Helsinki, with no surviving family. She is buried in the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.

References

Further reading
 Heikel, 2. Emma Rosina i Nordisk familjebok (andra upplagan, 1909)
 Westermarck, Helena: Finlands första kvinnliga läkare Rosina Heikel. Helsinki 1930.

1842 births
1929 deaths
19th-century Finnish physicians
Finnish gynaecologists
Finnish women's rights activists
Finnish women physicians
People from Kaskinen
Physicians from Helsinki
University of Helsinki alumni
Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery
Finnish midwives
Finnish pediatricians
19th-century women physicians
20th-century Finnish physicians
20th-century women physicians


title: European route E584

text:
European route E 584 is a European B class road in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine, connecting the cities Poltava and Slobozia, Romania. This route was previously numbered as E577.

Route

 :  Poltava (E85) - Oleksandriia
 : Oleksandriia - Znamianka - Kropyvnytskyi
 : Kropyvnytskyi (E50/E471) - Platonove

 : Dubău - Chișinău
 : Chișinău - Giurgiulești

 : Galați - Brălia (concurrent with E87)
 : Brălia - Slobozia

External links
 UN Economic Commission for Europe: Overall Map of E-road Network (2007)
 International E-road network

Roads in Romania
Roads in Moldova
European routes in Ukraine


title: Jesús Leal

text:
Jesús Antonio Leal Bernal (born 18 December 1992) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Coras de Nayarit.

Club career

América

Jesús Leal debuted with América during the Apertura 2013, making three appearances, and also played with the club in the CONCACAF Champions League tournament that same year.

Potros UAEM
Leal signed with Potros UAEM for the 2019 season.

Honours
América
 Liga MX: Apertura 2014

Real Monarchs
 USL Championship Regular Season Title: 2017

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Mexican expatriate men's footballers
Mexican men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Club América footballers
Cimarrones de Sonora players
Real Monarchs players
Potros UAEM footballers
Real Estelí FC players
Coras FC footballers
Liga MX players
Ascenso MX players
Liga Premier de México players
Tercera División de México players
USL Championship players
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Expatriate men's footballers in Nicaragua
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in Nicaragua
Footballers from Sinaloa
Footballers from Culiacán


title: Al Rojo Vivo (2002 TV program)

text:
Al Rojo Vivo (Red Hot) is a Spanish language news program on the American television network Telemundo, which has been broadcast on that network since 2002, replacing the long-running Ocurrió Así. The name derives from the Spanish language expression meaning heated until red hot, the glowing color of an object between about 500 °C and 800 °C. As in English it can be used to indicate intense emotion or a situation ready to be shaped or forged by public opinion.

The show is very similar to its Univision competitor, Primer Impacto, featuring a mix of tabloid and entertainment news, sports, weather, and human interest stories. The show has a tamer and less-aggressive approach compared to its competitor, however, with less coverage of crime stories and more lighter fare.

The show was hosted by María Celeste Arrarás from its inception, just after resigning from Primer Impacto and giving birth to her first baby. She was the main face of the show until August 5, 2020, when she was laid off as part of cost-cutting measures by Telemundo's parent company NBCUniversal. After an interim period in which Arrarás' main fill-ins up to that time, Myrka Dellanos and correspondents Rodner Figueroa, Rebeka Smyth and Jessica Carrillo, anchored the broadcast on rotation, the show switched to dual presentation on October 26, 2020, with Carrillo promoted as co-anchor with newcomer Antonio Texeira, brought over from Telemundo O&O KBLR in Las Vegas. The new presenting team was poorly received upon launch, critics opining that it was too similar to its competitor, and lacked the flair of Arrarás.

References

Telemundo original programming
Noticias Telemundo
2002 American television series debuts
2000s American television news shows
2010s American television news shows


title: Louise af Forselles

text:
Louise af Forselles (1850-1934), was a Finnish philanthropist and salvationist. She was the central figure of the Christian charitable activity in contemporary Finland. She introduced the Salvation Army to Finland in 1889.

Louise af Forselles was a known Christian philanthropist in Finland with a secure position in society due to her status as a baroness. She became involved with the work of the Salvation Army during a visit to her sister in Switzerland in 1888. She was given a suggestion to introduce the army in Finland, to which she agreed. In 1889, she introduced the Salvation army in Finland.

References

 kansallisbiografia Suomen kansallisbiografia (National Biography of Finland)

1850 births
1934 deaths
19th-century Finnish nobility
Finnish philanthropists
Finnish Salvationists


title: Agricultural University of Berlin

text:
The Agricultural University of Berlin () was an agricultural university in Berlin, Germany. Established in 1881, it was closed in 1934, and incorporated as a faculty into the Humboldt University of Berlin.

History
Academic teaching in agricultural science began in Germany only after the publishing of Grundsätze der deutschen Landwirtschaft (Principles of the German Agriculture) by Johann Beckmann (1739–1811) in 1779. After the foundation of the first agricultural institute in Celle, establishment of several educational institutions in this field followed in Germany.

Mid-1860s, the then Prussian Minister of Agriculture, Count Heinrich Friedrich August von Itzenplitz (1799–1883), set up an agricultural institute in Berlin, which was subordinated to the ministry, and was affiliated to the university. The institute was initially housed in a private home in the Behrensstraße, and then moved to the Dorotheenstraße in 1873.

On 14 February 1881, the Royal Agricultural University (Königliche Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule) was founded by combining the institute and an 1867–established agricultural museum. The university moved in a monumental three-storey building in the Invalidenstraße adjacent to the building of Chemical Institute.

In 1906, the university was divided in three faculties or departments for agriculture, geodesy and agricultural commerce. In 1929, the university expanded with the foundation of the Department of Horticulture, the first of its sort in Germany. Curriculum was in agriculture, agricultural technology, natural science, political science and jurisprudence. Graduates were awarded the title "Diplom-Landwirt" (B.Sc. Agronomy). The possibility of carrying out doctoral studies was offered as well.

Although the name of the university was changed to Agricultural University of Berlin (Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule Berlin) with the fall of the monarchy in Germany by November 1918, the scientific teaching and research continued. Finally in 1934 following the Nazi regime's takeover, the Agricultural University of Berlin was closed and incorporated as a Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture () at the Frederick William University of Berlin, which was later renamed to Humboldt University of Berlin (). After World War II, Humboldt University and so the faculty fell to East Berlin in the territory of Soviet-controlled East Germany. Following the German reunification, the Institute of Farming () at the Technical University of Berlin was incorporated into the Faculty of Agriculture at the Humboldt University in 1992, which was renamed to Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture (Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät) in 1993.

Since its founding in 1881, the university was also home to the collections of the former Berlin Agricultural Museum.

Building
The three-storey building was constructed between 1876 and 1880. It is part of a three-building complex designed by August Tiede (1834–1911) on the ground of the Royal Iron Foundry (Königliche Eisengießerei) at Neuer Tor in Berlin. The two other buildings in the group house the Museum für Naturkunde (Museum für Naturkunde) and the Geological Institute and Mining Academy (Geologische Landesanstalt und Bergakademie).

The building is decorated with a stone facade in the Renaissance Revival architecture (Neo-Renaissance). The windows are all round-arched and only the top floor windows are separated by pilasters. The building is today a listed one.

The marble busts in the foyer feature the agronomist Albrecht Daniel Thaer (1752–1828), the economist Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783–1850), the agricultural policymaker Hugo Thiel (1839–1918) and the agricultural machinery manufacturer Heinrich Ferdinand Eckert (1819–1875). On the left wand of the foyer, an artwork made of 30 tiles shows the model plantation of Thaer in Möglin.

Inside the building, there is an atrium of , one of the biggest in Berlin. In the middle of the inner  court, a monument of Thaer is erected, created and began by Christian Daniel Rauch (1777–1857) and later completed by Hugo Hagen (1818–1871). A sculpture of the Royal Iron Foundry features the rural life.

Faculty
Carl von Münstermann (1843–1930), professor of culture and technology

References

Humboldt University of Berlin
Universities and colleges established in 1881
1881 establishments in Germany
Educational institutions disestablished in 1934
1934 disestablishments in Germany
Defunct universities and colleges in Germany
Renaissance Revival architecture in Germany
School buildings completed in 1880
Agricultural universities and colleges in Germany


title: Anthim

text:
Anthim may refer to:

 Anthim the Iberian (1650–1716), Georgian theologian, scholar, calligrapher and philosopher
 Anthim I (1816–1888), Bulgarian education figure and clergyman
 Anthim, a brand name of obiltoxaximab


title: Alina Forsman

text:
Alina Forsman (1845–1899) was a Finnish sculptor. She is referred to as the first female sculptor in Finland.

Life
Alina Forsman reportedly had a "burning interest" for the art of sculpture, which was controversial for a woman at the time, as sculpturing, demanding physical labor, was regarded as a masculine subject.

She debuted as a sculptor in 1871. She studied art in Germany and Rome in 1873–75 and in Copenhagen in 1875–78.

She can be regarded as the first female Finnish sculptor rather than Eveliina Särkelä (1847–1939), active just shortly after her, who is normally referred to a such; however, Forsman mainly worked abroad rather than in her native Finland.

From 1887 onward, she lived permanently in Germany; first in Berlin, and later in Weimar.

References

 kansallisbiografia Suomen kansallisbiografia  (National Biography of Finland)

1845 births
1899 deaths
19th-century Finnish sculptors
Finnish women sculptors
19th-century Finnish women artists


The Odisha Rural Housing & Development Corporation or ORHDC, was established on 19 August 1994 as a Public Sector Undertaking of Government of Odisha. Odisha Rural Housing & Development Corporation (ORHDC) acquired a certificate for Commencement of Business from Registrar of Companies, Orissa, on 23 September 1994.

Odisha Rural Housing & Development Corporation's main principal was financing, promoting, developing rural housing, related activities and act as a coordinator with the objective of upgradation and building cost effective houses with the technology developed in the Building Centres.

Schemes
 Kalinga Kutir Scheme
 Credit Linked Housing Scheme
 Individual Housing Loan Scheme
 Corporate Housing Loan Scheme
 Project Finance Scheme
 Building Centre Scheme

References

External links
 Official Website of Odisha Rural Housing & Development Corporation (ORHDC)

Housing finance companies of India
State agencies of Odisha
Rural development organisations in India
1994 establishments in Orissa
Government agencies established in 1994


title: Anna Edelheim

text:
Anna Christina Charlotta Edelheim (3 January 1845, Helsinki – 25 May 1902, Helsinki), was a Finnish journalist. She is considered to be one of the first female journalists in Finland.

Life
Anna Edelheim was born to politician Paul Henrik Edelheim and Emilia Christina af Brunér and sister of architect Frans Edvard Edelheim.

Edelheim was educated at the Svenska fruntimmersskolan i Helsingfors and then in Stockholm in Sweden.

She was active as a journalist for the Finland ("Finland") in 1886-1888. As such, she has traditionally been referred to as the first professional female journalist in Finland. In reality however this was not technically correct as there were earlier examples, the first of whom was Catharina Ahlgren.

In 1888 she became the founder, managing editor and publisher of the weekly newspaper Finska Veckobladet ('Finnish Weekly').

She foremost focused on women's rights, freedom of religion and controversial subjects such as a secular wedding ceremonies.

Works

 Fremlingens dotter : en sommarsaga från en finsk insjö, af -ei-. Helsingfors 1878
 I brytningstid : samtal i språkfrågan af x.?. Söderström, Helsingfors 1897
 Hemkomsten, af -im. Fosterländsk läsning. Serie 2 N:o 2. Stockholm 1903

References

 kansallisbiografia Suomen kansallisbiografia  (National Biography of Finland)

1845 births
1902 deaths
19th-century Finnish women writers
19th-century Finnish journalists
Finnish women journalists
19th-century women journalists


title: Ostreoidea

text:
Ostreoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of bivalve marine mollusc, sometimes simply identified as oysters, containing two families.  The ostreoids are characterized in part by the presence of a well developed axial rod.  Anal flaps are known to exist within the family Ostreidae but not within the more-primitive Gryphaeidae.  The scar from the adductor muscle is simple, with a single, central scar.  In the majority, the right valve is less convex than the left.

Anatomy

Harold Harry (1985) gives a detailed description of the morphological and anatomical features that are common in the superfamily.  In this section, oyster is used to mean "members of Ostreoidea".

Oysters of this group generally attach to a substrate by cementing their left valve to it.  The two valves are unequal: the attached left valve is larger and more cupped than the right 'lid' (to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the species).

The lips of the mantle lobes are joined at the edge opposite the hinge (ventral or posteroventral edge, the hinge is conventionally designated as the dorsal direction).  This forms two chambers, one on either side of the visceral mass. The ingress chamber is anatomically anterior and the egress chamber is posterior.  Within Ostreoidea, the degree of attachment of the left and right mantle lobes to the visceral mass varies between subgroups.  The may be one (right) or two passages (left and right), or none, around the body between the adductor and hinge (termed either supramyal or promial passages).

Oysters are monomyarian, having one adductor muscle.  This is the posterior of the ancestral pair; the anterior muscle is not present in post-larval stages.  The adductor is divided into visible halves of translucent "quick" muscle tissue and opaque "catch" tissue.  Oysters also lack a foot and the associated body muscles: the foot disappears in early larval stages. This is in contrast to other bivalves with reduced or missing feet where the process occurs later in development.

References

Ostreida
Mollusc superfamilies
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque


title: Mike Witteck

text:
Michael Robert Witteck (February 21, 1964 - March 15, 1990) was an American football linebacker who played one season with the New York Jets of the National Football League. He played college football at Northwestern University and attended Valley Stream North High School in Franklin Square, New York. He was also a member of the Washington Commandos of the Arena Football League.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
College stats
Fanbase profile

1964 births
1990 deaths
American football linebackers
Northwestern Wildcats football players
New York Jets players
Washington Commandos players
Players of American football from Queens, New York
People from Franklin Square, New York
Valley Stream North High School alumni
National Football League replacement players


title: Highlands Inn

text:
The Highlands Inn is a historic hotel at the corner of 4th and Main Streets in Highlands, North Carolina.  The main block of the hotel is a three-story late Victorian structure built in 1880, with a two-story porch across the main facade.  Over the course of the 20th century a number of alterations and additions have been made to this structure, to increase services and rooms.  It is one of the oldest continuously-operating hotels in the highlands of western North Carolina.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Macon County, North Carolina

References

External links
Highlands Inn web site

Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Victorian architecture in North Carolina
Hotel buildings completed in 1880
Buildings and structures in Macon County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Macon County, North Carolina
1880 establishments in North Carolina


title: Retrospective Review

text:
The Retrospective Review was an English periodical published from 1820 to 1828. It was founded by Henry Southern, who edited it to 1826, as well as contributing. From 1827 to 1828 Nicholas Harris Nicolas was co-editor with Southern.

It concentrated on Early Modern English literature; John Gross saw it as presaging later academic literary criticism. Contributors included:

George Frederick Beltz
James Crossley
Charles Wentworth Dilke;
William Ford
Basil Montagu
William Johnson Fox;
John Hamilton Reynolds;
William Stevenson
Thomas Noon Talfourd.

The title was revived in the 1850s by the publisher John Russell Smith.

Notes

1820 establishments in the United Kingdom
1828 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Defunct literary magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1820
Magazines disestablished in 1828


title: Sa Calobra

text:
Sa Calobra is a small village in the Escorca municipality on the northwest coast of the Spanish Balearic island of Mallorca.

The port village is a popular destination for coach trips and road cyclists. It is accessed by a single winding road, designed by Italian-Spanish engineer Antonio Parietti and opened in 1933, which features many hairpin bends and a 270° spiral bridge called the tie knot.  The climb is officially called the Coll del Reis or the Coll de Cal Reis, the pass on  altitude, though it is often referred to by the name of the village at its base and was built and is considered to be "as close as one could get to a perfect road for motorsport". Unconventionally the road was engineered with tourists in mind.

References

Populated places in Mallorca


title: List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ethiopia

text:
This is a list of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ethiopia.

List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units

See also

 Lists of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Africa
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Djibouti
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Eritrea
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kenya
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Sudan
 Geology of Ethiopia

References

Further reading
 G. Assefa, D. Clark, and M. Williams. 1982. Late Cenozoic history and archaeology of the Upper Webi Shebele Basin, east central Ethiopia. Ethiop. Journal of Science 5(1):27-46
 J. D. Clark, Y. Beyene, G. WoldeGabriel, W. K. Hart, P. R. Renne, H. Gilbert, A. Defleur, G. Suwa, S. Katoh, K. R. Ludwig, J.-R. Boisserie, B. Asfaw, and T. D. White. 2003. Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 423:747-752
 J. D. Clark, B. Asfaw, G. Assefa, J.W.K. Harris, H. Kurashina, R.C. Walter, T.D. White and M.A.J. Williams. 1984. Paleoanthropological discoveries in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. Nature 307:423-428
 D. Clark and H. Kurashina. 1979. Hominid occupation of the east central Highlands of Ethiopia in the Plio-Pleistocene. Nature 282:33-39
 M. B. Goodwin, W. A. Clemens, J. H. Hutchison, C. B. Wood, M. S. Zavada, A. Kemp, C. J. Duffin and C. R. Schaff. 1999. Mesozoic continental vertebrates with associated palynostratigraphic dates from the northwestern Ethiopian plateau. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(4):728-741
 C. Guerin. 1985. Les Rhinoceros et les Chalicotheres (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) des gisements de la Vallee de l'Omo en Ethiopie (collections francaise) [The rhinoceroses and chalicotheres (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Omo Valley localities in Ethiopia]. in Coppens, Y. ed., Les faunes Plio-Pleistocenes de la basse Vallee de l'Omo (Ethiopie)Artiodactyles (les Bovidae); expedition internationale 1967–1976, Paris. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sep. 1985, Cahiers de Paleontologie, Section Vertebres, Paris, France. 1985:67-96
 F. C. Howell, L. S. Fichter, and G. Eck. 1969. Vertebrate assemblages from the Usno Formation, White Sands and Brown Sands localities, lower Omo basin, Ethiopia. Quaternaria 11:65-88
 R. Jordan. 1971. Megafossilien des Jura aus dem Antalo-Kalk von Nord-Äthiopien [Jurassic megafossils from the Antalo Limestone of northern Ethiopia]. Beihefte zum Geologischen Jahrbuch 116:141-171
 J. E. Kalb, C. J. Jolly, A. Mebrate, S. Tebedge, C. Smart, E.B. Oswald, D. Cramer, P. Whitehead, C.B. Wood, G.C. Conroy, T. Adefris, L. Sperling, and B. Kana. 1982. Fossil Mammals and Artifacts from the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. Nature 298:25-29
 W. Kiessling, D. K. Pandey, M. Schemm-Gregory, H. Mewis, and M. Aberhan. 2011. Marine benthic invertebrates from the Upper Jurassic of northern Ethiopia and their biogeographic affinities. Journal of African Earth Sciences 59:195-214
 M. G. Leakey and J. M. Harris. 2003. Lothagam: the dawn of humanity in eastern Africa. Lothagam: the dawn of humanity in eastern Africa 678
 M. G. Leakey and C. Feibel. 1996. Lothagam: a record of faunal change in the late Miocene of East Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16(3):556-570
 M. G. Leakey. 1982. Extinct large Colobines from the Plio-Pleistocene of Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 58:153-172
 G. Suwa, R. T. Kono, S. Katoh, B. Asfaw, and Y. Beyene. 2007. A new species of great ape from the late Miocene epoch in Ethiopia. Nature 448:921-924
 H. B. Wesselman. 1984. The Omo Micromammals: Systematics and Paleoecology of Early Man Sites from Ethiopia. Contributions to Vertebrate Evolution 17

Ethiopia
Paleontology in Ethiopia
Geologic formations of Ethiopia
Ethiopia geography-related lists
Fossil


title: Hanna Andersin

text:
Johanna Ottiliana “Hanna” Andersin (30 August 1861 – 7 April 1914), was a Finnish educator. She was the principal of the first Gymnasium (school) for females in Helsinki in 1907–1914 and is regarded to have played an important part in the history of the education of women in Finland.

See also
 Elisabeth Blomqvist

References

1861 births
1914 deaths
19th-century Finnish educators
Finnish women's rights activists
Finnish women educators
People from the Grand Duchy of Finland