title: Iboshi Hokuto

text:
was an Ainu waka poet and social activist.

He devoted his life to improving the standing of the Ainu people, expressing his ideas as tanka in newspapers and magazines and influencing the Ainu youth of the time. He also circulated around the Ainu kotan (villages) of Hokkaido, preaching of the need for unity and the formation of an Ainu identity.

Along with Yaeko Batchelor and , Iboshi is counted as one of the . He has been called the "Takuboku of the Ainu".

Life

Childhood
Hokuto was born in 1901 in the first district of Ōgawa-chō in the town of Yoichi, the third son of his father Jinsaku and mother Haru. Jinsaku made his living fishing for herring, but was also an accomplished bear hunter.

The Iboshi family name dated back to the time of Hokuto's grandfather Manjirō. Manjirō went in 1872 to study in Tokyo on the grounds of Zōjō-ji, at the "Aborigine Education Facility" associated with the Kaitakushi (Hokkaido Development Commission). With excellent grades, he remained in Tokyo as an official of the Kaitakushi. Manjirō was one of the first Ainu permitted to adopt a Japanese name. His family possessed a hereditary symbol called an  — something like a Japanese kamon crest — consisting of two lines crossed in an "X" and two round dots to the top and bottom, situated between the lines (like ※ without the left and right dots). From the special terminology of kamon, which refers to the cross shape as  and the dots as , he derived the name . In the course of usage, though, the name took on the shorter reading of "Iboshi".

Hokuto's official name in the family register was thus  – but the first name was a misprint by the scribe, who had been told the boy's name was . His friends called him Takejirō or just Take, and he himself wrote his name either way, or even as "竹二郎".

When Hokuto was young he was a ringleader for the local children. In 1908, though, his education-minded mother Haru sent him to the 6-year , rather than the 4-year "Former Aborigine School" most of the local Ainu children attended. With only a few Ainu peers at the school, he endured severe discrimination. When he was in his fifth year, his mother died, and he abandoned aspirations for educational advancement, instead beginning to work upon his graduation in 1914. In addition to helping with his father's fishing work, he did manual labor away from home in forestry and agriculture, but continued to meet with societal discrimination as an Ainu.

Teenage years
Perhaps from the severe pressure of demanding manual labor and discriminatory treatment, the already frail Iboshi fell seriously ill at 17, and from this point on came to take an interest in more ideological pursuits. Around the same time, he saw two tanka in the Hokkai Times that showed disdain for the Ainu, further increasing his bitterness towards the Japanese. Around this time, though, he was deeply moved by some small words a Japanese school principal he sat beside spoke to him at a meeting. As minor a thing as it was, this event completely changed his opinion of the Japanese he'd seen as cold-blooded.

Influenced by his old schoolteacher Naoya Nara, Iboshi became interested in ideas of culture and character. He became involved in youth groups and made an effort to get along with the Japanese, coming to believe that the Ainu needed to develop their own cultural awareness, as well as a consciousness of their status as Japanese nationals, and develop both people and a society of splendid character that would contribute to society alongside the Japanese. During this time he was also conscripted, in 1923, as a logistics officer in the 7th division of the Imperial Japanese Army, but after a little more than a month he was discharged, perhaps for illness.

From this time on, Iboshi formed the culture group  with other Ainu youth from Yoichi, including his childhood friend , under the guidance of his teacher Nara. Holding study sessions and publishing a bulletin called , they held various activities to raise awareness. By Nara's introduction, Iboshi became a devoted reader of Mitsujirō Nishikawa's culture magazine  and met Nishikawa in person when the latter visited Hokkaido.

It was also around this time that Iboshi began producing haiku under the tutelage of Nara and the newly appointed teacher Kenji Yoshida. He participated in gatherings of haiku poets in Yoichi and began submitting his work to the Tokyo poetry magazine Nihihari.

Life in Tokyo
In February 1925, through the kind offices of Mitsujirō Nishikawa, Iboshi obtained a job as a clerk with the  and was thrilled to move to the capital. The Market Association managed a public market, and its offices were then located in Yotsuya ward (now in Shinjuku, in the vicinity of Golden Gai). When he arrived in Asagaya, where Nishikawa lived, off of a steam train ride taking a full two days, Nishikawa's wife was shocked to hear that Iboshi had drunk only one cup of milk during the entire trip.

Iboshi visited the linguist Kyōsuke Kindaichi shortly after his arrival, and was impacted by the story of Yukie Chiri, an Ainu girl who wrote  before dying at the age of 19. The picture she book painted of Hokkaido as a lost paradise of the Ainu impressed Iboshi, and that vision had a great influence on his later work. Speaking with Kindaichi also gave him his first knowledge his fellow Ainu and future compatriots, the adopted daughter of the Anglican missionary John Batchelor Yaeko Batchelor and Yukie Chiri's younger brother Mashiho Chiri.

Kindaichi invited Iboshi to the , where he gave lectures to scholars of some standing, including the folklorist Tarō Takayama and the "father of Okinawaology" Iha Fuyū. His association with Kindaichi's connections also let him meet authors and publishers. Meanwhile, he became deeply involved with Nishikawa's Jidō Dōwa magazine, and deepened his inquiry into culture and religion by visiting then-influential groups like Seikō Gotō's Kibōsha and Tanaka Chigaku's Nichiren Buddhist group Kokuchūkai.

Life in Tokyo gave Iboshi a steady job and chances to meet various celebrities and personages, as well as knowledge and experience from participating in various academic and lecture groups. Furthermore, he was free of the discrimination that had plagued him in Hokkaido and could live out productive days in peace.

Even so, these happy days did not last. Realizing that he was now being pampered because of his status as an Ainu, which had brought him prejudice back home, troubled Iboshi. Finally, he decided that he could not be spoiled by people's kindness, and that the Ainu needed to revive themselves with their own hands. He left behind a prosperous year and a half in Tokyo to return to his birthplace of Hokkaido, resolved to save his fellows from poverty and discrimination.

In Horobetsu and Biratori
On July 5, 1926, Hokuto boarded a night train out of Ueno Station and left Tokyo, sent off by many people. On July 7 he arrived in Horobetsu, now the town of Noboribetsu. He first headed to Horobetsu's Anglican church to meet Yaeko Batchelor. Remaining a few days in Horobetsu, he visited the home of Yukie Chiri and met Mashiho Chiri.

After visiting the surrounding kotan, including Shiraoi, he went on the 14th to Biratori with the intention of learning more about Ainu culture. Supported by Seikō Gotō of Kibōsha, he helped out in a kindergarten managed by John Batchelor. However, conflict broke out between these two sponsors during Hokuto's stay, including Gotō's cutting funding to the kindergarten, and Iboshi was caught between them.

Working day jobs, including construction work, Iboshi traveled the kotan of Hidaka Subprefecture, distributing copies of Jidō Dōwa, meeting his fellow Ainu, and continuing his awareness campaign. He also submitted Ainu folklore to , a magazine run by Nishikawa's wife. Since returning to Hokkaido, he began vigorously producing tanka instead of haiku poetry.

Back in Yoichi
In February 1927, Iboshi's older brother Umetarō's son died of illness, and Iboshi returned to his hometown. There, he helped with the fishing, but on top of a poor catch, he fell ill again and recuperated in Yoichi. In the meantime, he worked with his old friend Nakazato to make a mimeograph fan magazine, named Kotan, which they completed in August. They also conducted investigations of the ruins in the area and interviewed elderly local residents.

On October 3, he was recognized by Bonsei Namiki and one of his tanka was published in the Otaru Shimbun for the first time. After this, he published a continuous stream of tanka, essays, and research in that newspaper. On November 3, he attended a gathering of poets in Yoichi, where he met the poets of Otaru, including Bonsei Namiki and Shōji Inabata. Meeting with praise and admiration, he struck up a friendship with them. He also began contributing heavily to their new poetry periodical, .

From December 1927 to January 1928, Iboshi released a series called . In response to an opinion piece by the local professor Shōzō Nishida regarding the then-recent discovery of stone walls and dolls appearing to bear ancient lettering, which had been entitled , Iboshi argued that these were not Ainu relics, and were more likely fakes. Takeichi Moritake, who lived in Shiraoi and would later be counted among the three great Ainu poets with Iboshi and Yaeko Batchelor, first encountered Hokuto's work at this point. He was greatly moved, and the two would later strike up a friendship.

Peddler
From the end of 1927 on, Iboshi began traveling around kotan all over Hokkaido as a peddler selling hemorrhoid medicine. This too was a vehicle for him to meet fellow Ainu and advocate the improvement of Ainu standing by self-awareness, unity, and culture. He circled Otaru, Chitose, Muroran, Shiraoi, and Horobetsu. In Muroran he was welcomed as an ethnological researcher, in Shiraoi he met with Takeichi Moritake, and in Horobetsu he met again with Mashiho Chiri. He did not always travel alone: he was joined for a time by , and then by , who shared his ideals and who he dubbed the .

In the spring of 1928, Iboshi returned home to Yoichi to gather funds working with the family fishing.

He continued to draw attention as a poet, publishing tanka almost every week in the Otaru Shimbun and having a special edition of the Sapporo poetry magazine  dedicated to a collection of his works. This issue represents the only reasonably collected set of his works released during his lifetime.

Illness
Despite his poetic success, the hard work of fishing was once again putting stress on Iboshi's body. On April 25, 1928, he had a lung hemorrhage and entered a period of fighting the illness at his older brother's house. The disease was tuberculosis. Iboshi did not give up, and on his sickbed arranged an anthology of his poetic works entitled . He also continued sending poems about fighting the illness to the Otaru Shimbun.

The sickness continued to eat away at his body and spirit regardless, and on January 26, 1929, at 9 A.M, he died at the age of 27. He left behind three death poems.

Legacy
Seikō Gotō, who Iboshi had looked up to since his time in Tokyo, grieved at Iboshi's death and planned to release a posthumous collection of his manuscripts. The haiku poet Kenji Yoshida, who had been close to Iboshi, organized the manuscripts that had been in a traveling bag by his pillow and sent them to the Kibōsha. After editing, Kibōsha released the collection in May 1930, a year after Iboshi's death, entitled

In July 1931, the first unified association of Hokkaido was formed, fittingly called the Ainu Association of Hokkaido. Many of its primary members had been influenced by Iboshi, and the movement on which he had gambled his life finally took form.

Hokuto Iboshi was forgotten for years until 1954, when Toshihiko Hiroko established the  with others connected to the deceased poet. Gathering and collecting his works, they pushed for the construction of monuments and creation of a radio drama about him. In 1959 Kisaku Yumoto introduced Iboshi alongside Yaeko Batchelor and Takeichi Moritake in . Kotan was included in the 1972 compilation  from , and in Rippū Shōbō Publishing's , volume 11. In 1984 Sofukan republished Kotan, making Hokuto's works much easier to obtain.

References

External links
 Hokuto Iboshi.com (fan page)
 Works by Hokuto Iboshi at Aozora Bunko

Japanese Ainu people
People from Yoichi, Hokkaido
1901 births
1929 deaths
20th-century Japanese poets
Ainu artists
Imperial Japanese Army officers


title: Alfred Shale

text:
The Alfred Shale is a geologic formation at Alfred Station, New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)


title: Dunkirk Formation

text:
The Dunkirk Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Geologic formations of New York (state)
Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Gowanda Shale

text:
The Gowanda Shale is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Geologic formations of New York (state)
Devonian geology of New York (state)


title: Cashaqua Shale

text:
The Cashaqua Shale is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

The Cashaqua shale underlies the Rhinestreet Shale member of the West Falls Group, and overlies various other members of the Sonyea Group. In the western part of New York State, it overlies the Middlesex Shale, and moving eastward, it overlies the Pulteney shale and then the Rock Stream Formation in west-central New York.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)


title: Cayuta Formation

text:
The Cayuta Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Central Valley Sandstone

text:
The Central Valley Sandstone is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Chesney Formation

text:
The Chesney Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Cattaraugus Formation

text:
The Cattaraugus Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Ellicott Formation

text:
The Ellicott Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Oswayo Formation

text:
The Oswayo Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Connelly Conglomerate

text:
The Connelly Conglomerate is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)


title: Enfield Formation

text:
The Enfield Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Esopus Formation

text:
The Esopus Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Gardeau Formation

text:
The Gardeau Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Genundewa Limestone

text:
The Genundewa Limestone is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)


title: Lodi Formation

text:
The Lodi Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Below Genesee Formation

text:
The Below Genesee Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Centerfield Limestone

text:
The Centerfield Limestone is a geologic formation in New York, and Pennsylvania. It dates back to the Devonian period. It is the lowest member of the Ludlowville Formation and it overlies the Skaneateles Formation.

Fossils
This Limestone unit contains fossils of crinoids, rugosa, bivalvia, trilobites and brachiopods.

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Cherry Valley Formation

text:
The Cherry Valley Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Delphi Formation

text:
The Delphi Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Gilboa Formation

text:
The Gilboa Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Jaycox Formation

text:
The Jaycox Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Kiskatom Formation

text:
The Kiskatom Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Moscow Formation

text:
The Moscow Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Givetian stage. It represents around 1.5–2 million years of constant deposition.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Mount Marion Formation

text:
The Mount Marion Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Panther Mountain Formation

text:
The Panther Mountain Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period. It is located in the counties of Albany, Madison, Oneida, Otsego, and Schoharie. It is well known for its fossil arthropods preserved as flattened cuticles, including Attercopus and Dracochela.

Paleobiota

Arachnids

Myriapods

Insects
Eye fragments of supposed archaeognathan affinities, and scales of possible archaeognathan or zygentoman affinities are known.

Flora

See also
 Gilboa Fossil Forest, forest existed in Givetian of New York
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian System of North America
Givetian Stage
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Tully Pyrite

text:
The Tully Pyrite is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)


title: Union Springs Formation

text:
The Union Springs Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Kalkberg Formation

text:
The Kalkberg Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Manlius Formation

text:
The Manlius Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: New Scotland Formation

text:
The New Scotland Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Kalkberg Limestone

text:
The Kalkberg Limestone is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)


title: Ludlowville Formation

text:
The Ludlowville Formation is a geologic formation in New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania. It dates back to the Devonian period.

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Oneonta Formation

text:
The Oneonta Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

It consists of shale, sandstone and conglomerate and is part of the Genesee Group.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Onteora Formation

text:
The Onteora Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Penn Yan Formation

text:
The Penn Yan Formation
is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Rock Stream Formation

text:
The Rock Stream Formation (or Rock Stream siltstone) is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits
Frasnian Stage


title: Sherburne Sandstone

text:
The Sherburne Sandstone is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)


title: West River Shale

text:
The West River Shale is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)


title: Ashokan Formation

text:
The Ashokan Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Devonian geology of New York (state)
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Fort Cassin Formation

text:
The Fort Cassin Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician geology of Vermont
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Rochdale Formation

text:
The Rochdale Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Tribes Hill Formation

text:
The Tribes Hill Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Amsterdam Limestone

text:
The Amsterdam Limestone is a geologic formation in New York. It dates back to the Ordovician period. It is a unit of the Black River Group in Eastern New York.

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)


title: Chaumont Formation

text:
The Chaumont Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Canajoharie Formation

text:
The Canajoharie Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Valcour Formation

text:
The Valcour Formation is a geologic formation in New York and Vermont. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician geology of Vermont
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Crown Point Formation

text:
The Crown Point Formation is a geologic formation in New York and Vermont. It preserves invertebrate fossils dating back to the Ordovician period. Notable fossiliferous localities within the Crown Point Formation include quarries in the towns of Panton and Isle La Motte, Vermont.

Invertebrate Fauna

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician geology of Vermont
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Day Point Formation

text:
The Day Point Formation is a geologic formation in New York and Vermont. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician geology of Vermont
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Deepkill Shale

text:
The Deepkill Shale is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)


title: Denley Limestone

text:
The Denley Limestone is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)


title: Dolgeville Facies

text:
The Dolgeville Facies is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)


title: Fort Ann Formation

text:
The Fort Ann Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician geology of Vermont
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Kings Falls Limestone

text:
The Kings Falls Limestone is a geologic formation in New York state, USA. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)


title: Whetstone Gulf

text:
The Whetstone Gulf is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)


title: Sugar River Limestone

text:
The Sugar River Limestone is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)


title: Napanee Limestone

text:
The Napanee Limestone is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)


title: Normanskill Formation

text:
The Normanskill Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

 Normanskill Formation (NYOn;3)on USGS

Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Ogdensburg Formation

text:
The Ogdensburg Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Schaghticoke Formation

text:
The Schaghticoke Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Selby Limestone

text:
The Selby Limestone is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)


title: Dolgeville Formation

text:
The Dolgeville Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Sherman Fall Limestone

text:
The Sherman Fall Limestone is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Ordovician geology of New York (state)


title: Whitehall Formation

text:
The Whitehall Formation is a geologic formation in New York. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York

References

Geologic formations of New York (state)
Cambrian southern paleotemperate deposits
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Al-Muhafaza Stadium

text:
Al-Muhafaza Stadium () is a multi-use all-seater stadium in the Syrian capital Damascus. It is mostly used for football matches and is home to the Syrian league club Al-Muhafaza SC. It also hosts local competitions of athletics.

History
The stadium was opened in 2011 with a capacity of 1,000 seats in the Kafr Sousa district of Damascus, with a total cost of US$ 2.8 million. It is owned and operated by the Damascus-based Al-Muhafaza Sports Club and is part of a complex that includes an administration building, gymnasium, theatre, restaurants and plazas.

See also
List of football stadiums in Syria

References

Muhafaza
Muhafaza
Muhafaza
2011 establishments in Syria


title: Greg Smith (film producer)

text:
Gregory Ivor Smith (4 November 1939 – 19 February 2009) was a British film producer who had successes in the world of theatre and television.

Smith was born in Twickenham and raised in Laindon by his aunt after his parents died. At the age of 15, Smith joined the Argyle Theatre Touring Company where acting assignments included a stint as an ugly sister in a production of Cinderella. After working as an office boy for Bernard Delfont, and an talent agent for MVA and the Billy Marsh Agency, Smith formed his own talent agency based out of London's Golden Square.

In the late sixties Smith worked as a production associate on two documentary shorts made by Norcon films, Brendan Behan's Dublin (1966) and The London Nobody Knows (1967) beginning a long association and friendship with their director Norman Cohen (1936–1983). With Smith producing and Cohen directing, the two men would go on to make the film adaptation of Spike Milligan's Adolf Hitler: My Part in His Downfall (1973). Smith followed this with the Confessions... series of sex comedy films, with Michael Klinger as the executive producer and Cohen directing all but the first. The series comprises Confessions of a Window Cleaner (directed by Val Guest, 1974), Confessions of a Pop Performer (1975), Confessions of a Driving Instructor (1976) and lastly Confessions from a Holiday Camp (1977). The Confessions series put Smith and Cohen in direct competition with the Carry On series of films. "Things have changed since the Carry-Ons" Smith remarked to Films Illustrated in September 1975: "Humour is more sophisticated, people are more aware. Not that I'm running down the Carry-Ons for one moment. They're one of my favourite types of film, and always have been. But maybe they're a little dated now."

A commercial, but diverse, filmmaker, Smith's other work from this period included producing the glam rock extravaganza Never Too Young to Rock (1976), the documentary  The Importance of Being Dublin (1974) and the third film  adaptation of The Thirty-Nine Steps (1978). Plans for a 1978 film adaptation of Dennis Potter's Pennies from Heaven (meant to have been produced by Smith for Norfolk International Productions) did not come to fruition, however, nor did plans to make a fifth Confessions film ‘Confessions from a Haunted House’ in 1978.

Smith began turning more to producing for television, including the well-remembered Shillingbury Tales (1980), working in the field until the late 1990s. In 1989 he enjoyed huge success as the co-producer of the hit musical Buddy – the Buddy Holly Story, which ran for twelve years in London's West End.

Personal life
Smith was married four times, first to Cheryl Cocklin, then to actress Lynda Bellingham (1975–76). His third wife Valerie Van Ost, also an actress, worked as casting director on two of his film productions (The Boys in Blue (1982) and Funny Money (1983).  Smith married his fourth wife, Gloria Thomas, shortly before he died on 19 February 2009.

References

External links
Obituary at Tonybeingcreative
2003 profile
2007 interview

1939 births
2009 deaths
English film producers
People from Laindon
People from Twickenham
20th-century English businesspeople


title: 2014 Fiesta Bowl (December)

text:
The 2014 Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 31, 2014, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The 44th Fiesta Bowl was one of the New Year's Bowls of the College Football Playoff. It was one of the 2014–15 bowl games that conclude the 2014 FBS football season. The game was sponsored by the Vizio consumer electronics company and is officially known as the Vizio Fiesta Bowl.

The game was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes, and broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio, with  kickoff at 4:00 pm ET (2 pm MT).

Teams
The two participants for the game were determined by the College Football Playoff selection committee, and consisted of at-large selections and/or the highest ranked team from the "Group of Five" conferences.

This was the first overall meeting between these two teams.

Boise State

Arizona

Game summary

Scoring summary

Source:

Statistics

Fiesta Bowl history
Prior to the 2014–15 NCAA football season, the Fiesta Bowl became one of the six bowls that comprise the College Football Playoff (CFP). This game between Boise State and Arizona ended the Fiesta Bowl's 16-year tie-in with the Big 12; since 1999, the Big 12 champion had hosted the Fiesta Bowl when it is not playing in the national championship game.

The preceding Fiesta Bowl was actually played on New Year's Day, which naturally was also in 2014. There therefore were two 2014 Fiesta Bowls.

References

2014–15 NCAA football bowl games
Fiesta Bowl
Arizona Wildcats football bowl games
Boise State Broncos football bowl games
December 2014 sports events in the United States
2014 in sports in Arizona


title: The Girl from Rector's

text:
The Girl from Rector's is a play written by Paul M. Potter. The play is a sex farce involving several couples in a tangle of adulterous affairs, and was considered indecent by many critics, as well as some government officials who censored performances. It is an adaptation of Loute, a French farce by Pierre Veber. In 1909, producer A. H. Woods staged it on Broadway, where it was a hit.

Plot
New York rake Richard O'Shaugnessy is having an illicit affair with a woman he knows by the name "Loute Sedaine". When O'Shaugnessy's cousin asks for help with charming Marcia Singleton, a high-class young woman visiting from Battle Creek, Michigan, O'Shaugnessy decides she will be a more favorable partner for himself instead of for his cousin. He informs his mentor, known to him as "Colonel Tandy", that he will marry Singleton and break off his relations with Sedaine. He also severs ties with Tandy, whose assistance he no longer needs.

When he arrives in Battle Creek, O'Shaugnessy discovers his rude dealings with Sedaine and Tandy were a mistake, because "Tandy" turns out to be a false name used in New York by his new fiancée's father. Similarly, "Sedaine" is also from Battle Creek, where she is the wife of a local judge. In a complication borrowed from the French original without regard to its implausibility in American law, O'Shaugnessy and Singleton have already wed in a civil ceremony, but need to go through a religious ceremony to complete their marriage. The joint arrival of O'Shaugnessy's lover and his mentor threatens to disrupt this plan.  The main characters all end up at a roadhouse, where they go in and out of one another's rooms, revealing their embarrassing affairs. Eventually they work out their differences; O'Shaugnessy consummates his new marriage, and his former lover reconciles with her husband.

History
Woods purchased the production rights after reading the original. He had previously produced touring melodramas that were as likely to appear in the Bowery as on Broadway. The Girl from Rector's was his first regular Broadway production.

Prior to opening on Broadway, preview performances were scheduled in Trenton, New Jersey. After the first matinee, a group of 25 local clergy complained to Trenton police the play was immoral. The police shut the play down and did not permit any further performances.

Productions

The Broadway production opened at Weber's Music Hall on February 1, 1909. It ran there until June 1909, with 184 performances.

The characters and cast from the Broadway production are given below:

Reception
The play's content was controversial among contemporary critics, many of whom condemned the play as indecent. Muckracking journalist Samuel Hopkins Adams counted it as one of many plays of "dubious character" that had invaded American theater. He decried its suggestive dialogue, as well as its portrayal of loose women and lecherous men, and described the final act as "the grossest bit of action that I have ever seen on an English-speaking stage". When the play previewed in Trenton, the Trenton Evening Times denounced it as "offensively vulgar and putrid". The New York Times review of the Broadway production said Potter "appears to have gone as far as he thought the police would allow". In The Evening World, reviewer Charles Darnton said the play "tries very hard to be bad, but it only succeeds in being stupid".

Impact on namesake
The play's title refers to a popular Manhattan restaurant of its day operated by George Rector, although the restaurant does not appear in the play and is only mentioned once. The play's notoriety proved problematic for Rector, who was in the process of building the Hotel Rector to go with his restaurant. Many believed the unsavory reputation of the play tarnished the new hotel, and held the play responsible when Rector declared his new venture bankrupt in May 1913. The new owners changed the name to escape the stigma.

References

External links

1909 plays
Broadway plays
Comedy plays
Plays based on other plays
Plays set in Michigan
Plays set in New York City
Plays by Paul M. Potter


title: Amphorella cimensis

text:
Amphorella cimensis is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Ferussaciidae.

Distribution and habitat
This species is endemic to Madeira, Portugal, where it is restricted to Porto Santo Island and the adjacent islets of Cal and Cima. The survival of this species is threatened by habitat loss and degradation, especially because of tourism development around coastal bays of Porto Santo. The recent programmes of both eradication of rabbits and removal of introduced plants have led to major improvements in the habitats on Cal and Cima. This snail can be found on bare earth beneath stones and logs.

References

Ferussaciidae
Near threatened animals
Gastropods described in 1983
Molluscs of Madeira
Endemic fauna of Madeira
Porto Santo Island


title: Live 2013

text:
Live 2013 may refer to:

 Live 2013 EP, a 2013 EP by Nine Inch Nails
 Céline une seule fois / Live 2013, a 2014 album by Celine Dion
 Trilogia 1983–1989 live 2013, a 2013 album by Litfiba
 Time: Live Tour 2013, a concert tour by Tohoshinki


title: Live 2014

text:
Live 2014 may refer to:

Ghost Stories Live 2014, album by Coldplay
Live 2014, album by Franz Ferdinand
Vamps Live 2014, album by The Vamps (British band)
Animelo Summer Live 2014, by Nana Mizuki


title: Thalaivan (1970 film)

text:
Thalaivan () is a 1970 Indian Tamil-language thriller film, directed by P. A. Thomas. The film stars M. G. Ramachandran and Vanisree, while M. N. Nambiar and S. A. Ashokan portray the antagonists.

Plot

The story begins at the time of the end of the reign of the last kings of India in our days (the 1970s).

Sanguili (M. N. Nambiar) is a man without faith nor law, who extorts, kidnaps, if necessary, which murders and desires for a very long time, the fabulous treasure of the king of neighborhood, (S. V. Ramadoss).

At the time of seizing it, where he fails moreover, he kills the king and puts the blame of this heinous crime on his wife, the queen, then pregnant.

All the indications accuse the poor queen, who eventually volatilizes.

The only one, Velamma (G. Sakunthala), who could acquit her, is silenced by the threats of Sanguili. Some years passed.

Ilango (MGR), a particularly very effective secret agent (grace, among others, in its total control of the yoga and to his knowledge complete of the well done of healing plants, inherited from his father, Moghan Ram (K. Nadarajan (or) K. Nadaraja Iyer), an herbalist of great renown) is sent by his superiors with a mission to stop the actions of Sanguili.

A map is in the center of this case, because it indicates the location exact of the famous treasure, so looked for, for years by Sanguili.

Cast

The casting is established according to the original order of the credits of opening of the movie, except those not mentioned.

Production
The film faced numerous production troubles for over 18 months, including financial and call sheet issues.

Soundtrack
The music was composed by S. M. Subbaiah Naidu, while the lyrics were written by Vaali. In his memoir, Vaali wrote that Ramachandran told him, "Unlike for other movies, I had given the most number of call sheets for this movie. More than 18 months had passed: finance problem, call sheet problem, and also a particular lyric you had written when it was recorded on the first day of ‘pooja’ shooting, that turned out to be a bad omen. Vaali, the movie's title is Thalaivan (i.e., leader). You had written a line that Thalaivan hasn't come yet".

References

External links

1970 films
1970s Tamil-language films


title: Live 2006

text:
Live 2006 may refer to:
2006 Live live album by the Danish progressive metal band Royal Hunt
Carrie Underwood: Live 2006 first concert tour by American country singer, Carrie Underwood
Ringo Starr & His All Starr Band Live 2006


title: Vuyyuru mandal

text:
Vuyyuru mandal is one of the 25 mandals in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Vuyyuru revenue division and the headquarters are located at Vuyyuru town. The mandal is bounded by Kankipadu, Unguturu, Thotlavalluru, Pedaparupudi and Pamidimukkala mandals. The mandal is also a part of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region under the jurisdiction of APCRDA.

Towns and villages

 census, the mandal has 13 villages.

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

See also
List of villages in Krishna district

References

Mandals in Krishna district


title: Live 2004

text:
Live 2004 may refer to:

Live 2004 (Planxty album)  by the Irish folk band Planxty
NBA Live 2004


title: South African Universities (cricket team)

text:
South African Universities are a former first-class cricket team in South Africa. They played 35 first-class friendly matches, usually one match per season, between March 1949 and January 1990.

Matches
South African Universities played their first first-class match in 1948–49 against the touring MCC, who won by an innings. Their next first-class match was also against the MCC, in 1956–57, and ended with the same result. David Pithey took 5 for 100 in the MCC innings.

They won their next match, in 1957–58 against North Eastern Transvaal, when Colin Bland scored 131 on his first-class debut and Pithey and Peter van der Merwe shared most of the wickets. Later that season they drew their match against the Australians, Tony Pithey scoring 126 and his brother David taking 5 for 105.

From 1960–61 – when Glen Hall took 4 for 24 and 9 for 122 (South African Universities' best innings and match figures) on his first-class debut, and Colin Bland scored 124 and Eric Brotherton scored 164 not out (South African Universities' highest individual score) to defeat Western Province by an innings – South African Universities played annually, usually against a provincial team, and usually in early December. In their seven matches against provincial teams in the 1960s they won four: twice against Western Province, once against Transvaal, and once against Orange Free State.

From June to August 1967 South African Universities toured England, playing 21 matches, of which they won ten and lost only one. Two matches were first-class, against Cambridge University, which was drawn, and Oxford University, which South African Universities won by an innings.

In the 1970s South African Universities played 10 matches, all of them against provincial teams, winning two and losing six. In the match against Western Province in 1978–79, the Universities won by scoring 500 for 7 in the fourth innings. Adrian Kuiper top-scored with 110 not out, after taking 6 for 96 in the first innings.

They played nine matches from 1980–81 to 1989–90, losing four and drawing five. Several matches were close, however: they lost to Northern Transvaal by four runs in 1980–81 and had the better of draws against Border in 1983–84, the Australian XI in 1985–86 and the England XI in 1989–90, which was South African Universities' last first-class match.

Of their 35 first-class matches, South African Universities won eight, lost 16 and drew 11.

Test players
Many South African Universities players went on to play Test cricket. Of the team in the first match in 1949, Jack Nel, John Waite, Anton Murray, Ian Smith and Cuan McCarthy all went on to play Tests. Six future Test players – Tony Pithey, Derek Varnals, Colin Wesley, David Pithey, Peter van der Merwe and Clive Halse – were in the team in 1956–57. From the last match in 1990, Andrew Hudson, Hansie Cronje, Clive Eksteen and Tertius Bosch all played Test cricket.

References

External links
 First-class matches played by South African Universities at CricketArchive

South African first-class cricket teams
Former senior cricket clubs in South Africa


title: Nallathai Naadu Kekum

text:
Nallathai Naadu Kekum () is a 1991 Indian Tamil language film starring and directed by Jeppiaar. It stars M. G. Ramachandran via archive footage. The film was released on 10 May 1991.

Plot

Cast

Production
MGR's unfinished film in 1977 Nallathai Naadu Kekum directed by M. Karnan was incorporated into a totally new plot, resulting into this film. The M. G. Ramachandran footage includes few scenes. When this film went out, Ramachandran had died, for a little less than four years.

Soundtrack
Music was composed by Shankar–Ganesh.

References

External links

1991 films
1990s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh


title: Live 1980

text:
Live 1980 may refer to:
Devo Live 1980
Live 1980 (Sammy Hagar album)
Live 1980, Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown


The William I. Koch International Sea Scout Cup is a biannual Sailing Regatta put on by the William I. Koch International Sea Scout Cup Association, Inc. in conjunction with the  Sea Scouting (Boy Scouts of America). The event was founded by Bill Koch in 2002 in order to allow Sea Scouts from around the world to compete. The original National Sea Scout Sailing Championship began in the 1930s but went dormant when Sea Scouts left the program to serve in World War II.
Today Sea Scouts from around the world gather for a week of friendly competition. Scouts from Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Egypt, England, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Liberia, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, and the United States have participated.

History
After nearly half a century since there was a Sea Scout national sailing competition, the Sea Scouts program asked Bill Koch if he would be interested in reviving the championship that had been dormant since World War II. Koch requested that the regatta be open to Scouts from around the world in order to foster international understanding and camaraderie.

The Koch Cup

Bill Koch president of the America³ Foundation, Inc. commissioned Asprey’s of London, the silversmith who made the original America's Cup trophy, to manufacture the William I. Koch International Sea Scout Cup. The trophy referred to as The Koch Cup is made of silver and stands thirty-four inches tall. America³ Foundation, Inc. transferred the Cup to the National Scouting Museum where it is on display in the national Boy Scout Office in Irving, Texas when not on loan to the Koch Cup or the America³ Foundation, Inc.

Kiwi Cup

Teams qualify on the first few days of the cup. Sea Scouts in the top half of the fleet qualify for the Koch Fleet and the rest qualify for the Kiwi Fleet. The Kiwi Cup was donated by the Sea Scouts of New Zealand in 2000. It is an authentic Maori carved statue that is presented to the winners of the Kiwi Fleet.

Results

References

Sailing competitions in the United States
Sea Scouting


title: 2014 Fiesta Bowl

text:
2014 Fiesta Bowl may refer to:

 2014 Fiesta Bowl (January), played as part of the 2013–14 college football bowl season between the UCF Knights and the Baylor Bears
 2014 Fiesta Bowl (December), played as part of the 2014–15 college football bowl season between the Boise State Broncos and the Arizona Wildcats


title: Sulaiman Al-Alwan

text:
Sheikh Sulaymān al-ʿAlwān or more fully known as, Sulaymān bin Nāṣir bin ʿAbdillāh al-ʿAlwān (), is a theoretician of militant jihad. He is known to have memorised the 9 books of Hadith with the chain of narrations known as 'Isnaad'. At a young age, he memorised a lot of texts in different Islamic sciences alongside the explanations of these texts.

Fatwa
In 2000, he issued a fatwa endorsing the use of suicide bombings against Israel, and in 2001 he supported the destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan by the Taliban.
Al-Alwan's mosque in Al-Qassim Province was criticised by moderate Islamic scholars as a "terrorist factory". Among his students was Abdulaziz al-Omari, one of the plane hijackers in the September 11 attacks. After the September 11 attacks, Al-Alwan issued two fatwas (21 September 2001 and 19 October 2001), in which he declared that any Muslim who supported the Americans in Afghanistan was an infidel, and called on all Muslims to support the Afghans and Taliban by any means, including jihad. In January 2002, Alwan and two other radical Saudi clerics, Hamoud al-Aqla al-Shuebi and Ali al-Khudair, wrote a letter to Taliban leader Mullah Omar praising him and referred to him as the Commander of the faithful.

Prison
On 31 March 2003, 11 days after the start of the Iraq War, al-Alwan published an open letter in which he called on the Iraqi people to fight the American soldiers and use suicide bombings against them. On 28 April 2004, Saudi authorities arrested al-Alwan and after being held for 9 years without trial, he was released on 5 December 2012.

In October 2013, Alwan was sentenced to a 15-year prison term; charges included questioning the legitimacy of the country's rulers.
He was due to be released in 2019.

See also
Nasir al-Fahd
Ali al-Khudair

References

Saudi Arabian prisoners and detainees
Saudi Arabian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Living people
Salafi jihadists
Saudi Arabian Qutbists
Critics of Shia Islam
People from Buraidah
Saudi Arabian imams
Prisoners and detainees of Saudi Arabia
1969 births


title: Hasht-Bhaiya

text:
The Hasht-Bhaiya (  meaning 'Eight Brothers') (e)states were a group of jagirs (small feudatory estates, formally ranking below a proper princely state) of Central India during the period of the British Raj.

They belonged to the Bundelkhand Agency and all of them had been originally part of the princely state of Orchha. The Hasht-Bhaiya Jagirs were British protectorates between 1823 and 1947. Their last jagirdars (rulers) joined the Indian Union in 1948.

History

Early history
Towards 1690 Udot Singh, the Maharaja of Orchha, gave to his brother, Diwan Rai Singh, the jagir of Baragaon near Jhansi.

After Rai Singh's death, the jagir went to his sons and it was divided into eight parts (hasht) among the brothers (bhaya) in order to form the following estates:
 Kari (extinct)
 Pasari (extinct)
 Tarauli (extinct)
 Banka-Pahari 13 km2, pop. 1056 in 1901
 Bijna 70 km2, pop. 1578 in 1901
 Chirgaon (annexed by the British in 1841)
 Dhurwai 47 km2, pop. 1826 in 1901
 Tori-Fatehpur 93 km2, pop. 7099 in 1901

Three jagirs were merged into the others, owing to lack of issue, a fourth would later be annexed by the British.

In the 18th century the dismemberment of Orchha State by the Marathas and the formation of Jhansi State brought about disputes regarding the sovereignty and control of the remaining five Hasht-Bhaiya estates.

British rule
In 1818 the British established their rule and in 1821 a settlement was reached by which the five jagirs would remain under direct dependence of the British Raj. The British decided that the tribute levied by Jhansi should be paid through the Hasht-Bhaiya jagirs and that their rulers would keep and respect the traditional protocol towards the Maharaja of Orchha as head of the ruling families of the jagirs. The jagirdars were granted  in 1821 and 1823.

In 1841, following the rebellion of Jagirdar Bakht Singh, the British authorities took possession of Chirgaon jagir, invoking the Doctrine of lapse. After this, only four of the original eight principalities remained.

See also
 Doctrine of lapse
 Vindhya Pradesh

References

Princely states of Bundelkhand
Princely states of Madhya Pradesh
Tikamgarh district
Jagirs
1690 establishments in Asia


title: Live 1992

text:
Live 1992 may refer to:

Live 1992 (Stéphane Grappelli album)
Live 1992 (Shakespears Sister album)
Den Haag 30 October 1992 by The Wedding Present; see The Wedding Present discography
Mr. Big Live; see Mr. Big discography


title: Timeless Portraits and Dreams

text:
Timeless Portraits and Dreams is an album by pianist Geri Allen recorded in 2006 and released on the Telarc label.

Reception

Allmusic awarded the album 4 stars, stating: "Geri Allen's musical interests prove to be quite diverse in Timeless Portraits and Dreams, delving into jazz, spirituals, sacred works and originals... While some jazz fans may prefer to hear Geri Allen in a strictly instrumental setting, they will miss out if they fail to investigate these stimulating sessions. Highly recommended". The Guardian review by John Fordham awarded the album 4 stars, observing: "Everything else on the album is uplifting – in the most free and least doctrinal sense". JazzTimes stated: "Allen’s unique, distinctive keyboard style shines brightly throughout this recording". All About Jazz enthused: "Throughout Timeless Portraits and Dreams, Allen's piano and Carter's bass keep the listener engaged. Cobb's drum work is subtle but effective. Lundy, Walden, Roney, Shirley and the Atlanta Jazz Chorus supplement the trio with great results". The Penguin Guide to Jazz acknowledged Allen's ambition, but commented that "the sheer grandness of some of these structures is their undoing".

Track listing
All compositions by Geri Allen except as indicated
 "Oh, Freedom" (Traditional) – 1:52
 "Melchezedik" (Antoine Roney) – 7:06
 "Portraits and Dreams" – 2:24
 "Well Done" (Kenny Lattimore, Pat McClain) – 5:14
 "La Strada" (Nino Rota) – 4:20
 "I Have a Dream" (Mary Lou Williams) – 2:24
 "Nearly" – 4:27
 "In Real Time" (Allen, Wallace Roney) – 5:40
 "Embraceable You" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 2:45
 "Ah-Leu-Cha" (Charlie Parker) – 4:48
 "Just for a Thrill" (Lil Hardin Armstrong) – 4:21
 "Our Lady (For Billie Holiday)" – 5:54
 "Timeless Portraits and Dreams" – 5:04
 "Portraits and Dreams (Reprise)" – 1:39
 "Lift Every Voice and Sing" (James Weldon Johnson, John Rosamond Johnson) – 3:52 Bonus CD single

Personnel
 Geri Allen – piano
 Ron Carter – bass (tracks 2–4, 6–12, 14 & 15)
 Jimmy Cobb – drums (tracks 2–4, 6–12, 14 & 15)
 Wallace Roney – trumpet (tracks 8 & 12)
 Donald Walden – tenor saxophone (track 6)
 Carmen Lundy – vocals (track 4 & 13)
 George Shirley – tenor (track 6 & 15)
 The Atlanta Jazz Chorus directed by Dwight Andrews (tracks 2, 4, 6, 13 & 15)

References

2006 albums
Geri Allen albums
Telarc Records albums
Vocal jazz albums


title: Dobson Trail

text:
The Dobson Trail is a 57.75 km hiking trail that runs from Riverview, New Brunswick to Fundy National Park. The trail is named for Dr. Art Dobson, who started the initiative to build the trail in 1959. The trail is the longest volunteer-maintained trail in Eastern Canada.

History
Dr. Art Dobson began scouting the trail in 1959, following the standards set out in a publication from the Appalachian Trail conference. Over a decade Scout troops from Hillsborough, Riverview, Moncton and Alma blazed the trail under Dobson's direction. The trail was originally referred to as "The Fundy Trail," after Fundy National Park, where the trail led. In the 1960s, the Province of New Brunswick established roadways known as the Fundy trails and Fundy National Park. In 1975 the name was changed to the Dobson Trail to avoid confusion with these other trails. The trail connects to the 33-kilometre Fundy Trail at Fundy National Park, which in turn connects to the Fundy Footpath.

Sections

References

Hiking trails in New Brunswick
Trans Canada Trail
Transport in Albert County, New Brunswick


title: W Global Center

text:
The W Global Center is a 8-storey building located at Bonifacio Global City. It was built in 2012 and is classified as a Class A building. It is the second project of the W Group and is a joint venture of Wee family and GRCI. The W Global Center has a total office and commercial space area of 5,600 square meters with a typical floor area of 1,870 square meters. The mezzanine and ground floor consists of retail and dining options. It has recognised startups such as PawnHero that offer affordable credit to the unbanked.

Developer
W Land Holdings Inc. was incorporated for land developments in the Bonifacio Global City area. They have been developing residential projects since the 1980s. W Tower is their flagship project in the Bonifacio Triangle area in Bonifacio Global City. Global Restaurant Concepts Inc. (GRCI), on the other hand, develops and operates local restaurants in the Philippines.

Location
W Global Center is located at the corner of 9th Avenue and 30th Street in Bonifacio Global City, Taguig. It is in close proximity to Bonifacio High Street, Serendra, and Market! Market!.

References

Bonifacio Global City
Office buildings in Metro Manila
Office buildings completed in 2012
21st-century architecture in the Philippines


title: Live 1992 (Stéphane Grappelli album)

text:
Live 1992 is a jazz album by Stéphane Grappelli. The album features Philip Catherine and Marc Fosset, guitars, and Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, bass. It is one of his last live albums before his death in 1997. The album was recorded live on March 27 and 28, 1992 at the Salle de spectacles de Colombes, France and produced by Jean François Deiber for Birdology records. The original more serious looking photo of Grappelli on the red cover of the Birdology release was replaced with a lighter and younger looking picture of Grappelli in a coat for Verve.

Reception

The Washington Post reviewer concluded: "don't be surprised if you find yourself not only humming but asking that fundamental Gershwin question: 'Who could ask for anything more?'" The Penguin Guide to Jazz wrote that Grappelli "sounds like he enjoyed this one as much as any gig in the past, oh, forty years or so". AllMusic described it as "one of his more worthwhile recordings – in live performance or the studio – during the last decade of his beautiful life".

Track listing

References

1992 live albums
Stéphane Grappelli albums


title: Kanavan

text:
Kanavan (  ) is a 1968 Indian Tamil-language film, directed by P. Neelakantan, starring M. G. Ramachandran and Jayalalithaa, with C. R. Vijayakumari, S. A. Ashokan, Cho among others. It was released on 15 August 1968.

Plot

Vellaiya is falsely accused for murdering cashier Ganapathy. Meanwhile. Rani a wealthy daughter of Chidambara Pillai, who hates marriages wand wants to be freed from humiliated Manogar, who comes to see Rani after Chidambara Pillai invitation. Manogar gets angry and insults Chidambara Pillai on Rani's behaviour. Chidambara Pillai, gets heart-attack and writes a will based on Manager Mani's advise and dies. To inherit, Rani has to marry in urgency. She chooses a person sentenced to death, the good Vellaiya. Vellaiya though reluctant initially,  he marries Rani. However, due to twist of incident, Vellaiya acquitted at the last minute, Vellaiya comes to settle down with his beautiful Rani. He has decided well to give her a lesson in the hardness of life.

Cast

Production
The film was inspired by two narratives – the Russian novel Woodcutter and the English play The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare.

Soundtrack
The music was composed by M. S. Viswanathan.

Release
Kanavan was released on 15 August 1968. When the film was released at Madurai's Thangam Theatre, gatecrashes and stampedes occurred, leading to three casualties. The film was dubbed into Hindi as Aakhri Nishan.

References

Bibliography

External links

1960s Tamil-language films
1968 films
Films directed by P. Neelakantan
Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan


title: Eagle Han-ying

text:
Eagle Han-ying (Korean name: Kim Young Il, 김영일) was a Korean actor and martial artist, who rose his fame in South Korea through various Korean drama series from the 90. Outside of Korea, he is best known with his appearance with many kung fu films from the range of Korean, Hong Kong and Taiwanese production.

Early life
At the early age, Han Ying was sent to the orphanage and was adopted by Chinese translator as well as the action director named Kim Cheong Do. Han Ying was soon to be exposed in the physical education, in particularly with the sports especially with the martial arts. At his early age he would train for Taekwondo (whom which he earned himself a black belt 24th degree) as well as the praying mantis style. Although he did not appear in any of the Shaw's production, but with his adopted father's suggestion as well as the recommendation, Han Ying would soon to be trained in Shaw Brothers studio as an actor trainee for 6 years. This soon gave him more flexibility with his film careers in both South Korea and as well as countries like Hong Kong and Taiwan.

After returning to Korea, he then planned to join the army school, but due to his father's persuasion, he decided to focus his aiming on becoming an actor. He later attended Chung-Ang University in which he studied in the field of theatre and acting major.

Film career
Han Ying made his first film appearance in 1977 Korean, Taiwan and Indonesian co-production films Endless Fight (Pukulan Berantai), who appeared as a thug fighting oppose to Shin Il Ryong. Following up with the Endless Fight, he then appeared in series of obscure Korean martial arts films, following with Bruceploitation film Return of the Red Tiger starring Bruce Le and Return of Fist of Fury. He was often a frequent collaborator with another Taekwondo martial artist actor Casanova Wong, with the films such as Wonderman from Shaolin (1977), South Shaolin Vs. North Shaolin (1982) and even Wong's own directorial debut Fire Lord (1981).

Around 1979, Han would also collaborate with the soon to be famous Hong Kong action star Jackie Chan for twice. Both of them which worked under the Lo Wei's Hong Kong, Korean, and Taiwanese co-production with the films such as Dragon Fist (1979) and as well as making a guest appearance for Chan's directorial debut film The Fearless Hyena. Along with Chan, Han Ying would also co-star with James Tien and Yen Shi Kwan in both pictures.

Han Ying's talent would soon be discovered by many of the Taiwanese directors, such as William Cheung Ki whom gave Han Ying a starring role as a villain To Ko Lam in Death Duel of Kung Fu, the film that co-stars both Secret Rivals star John Liu (actor) and Don Wong Tao, as well as the involvement with many of the stuntman from Sammo Hung's stunt group with the likes of Chung Fat, Chin Yuet Sang and Mang Hoi.

He also worked with several of Shaw Brothers' famous leading faces as well as the stunt directors with the likes of Gordon Liu and Liu Chia Liang in Korean/Taiwanese co-production Shaolin Drunken Monk (1981) as well as Chang Cheh's frequent Venom Mob Shaw Brothers' pictures' choreographer Robert Tai with another co-production Kung fu adventure film Ninja Vs. Shaolin Guards (1984) co-starring Alexander Lo Rei.

Film Success
Following with the film success in Hong Kong, he equally had a cult status on the silver screen from his home country of South Korea. He would continue appearing in the martial arts action genre, in particularly after the success of comedic kung fu films from Jackie Chan's era. Han Ying would frequently collaborate with the veteran Korean director Kim Jeong Yong as well as to co-star with the fellow Korean martial artist actor Elton Chong.

The trio worked on at least 6 pictures together. One of which was titled Chef of the Shaolin Temple (Hangul: 소림사 주방장), also known as Shaolin Drunken Monkey(1981). The film was a huge success in South Korea and currently gained the cult status in among the Korean fans. Following with the Shaolin Drunken Monkey, they've also worked together in 10 Shaolin Disciples, The Snake Strikes Back, Fist of the Golden Monkey, Dragon Against Vampire and their last on-screen collaboration Ninja of the Magnificent which came out in 1987.

End of the career and death
After making several films in the 1980s, he eventually retired from acting in 1987. However, in 1992 he made the appearance once again in Walking Towards the Sky the Korean movie and in addition he also made the appearance in 1997 television series Love and War. After Walking Towards the Sky, Han became a monk in Gyeongsang Province after his retirement from filming business. In 2002 he was diagnosed with stomach cancer and died August 12, 2003.

Filmography
Endless Fight (1977) - Fighter in Korea
Return of Red Tiger (1977) - Thug Leader
Young Ja's Heydays (1977)
Wonderman from Shaolin (1977) - Shaolin Monk
Duel with the Devils (1977)
Gate of Life or Death (1977)
Return of Fist of Fury (1977)
The Fist of Hercules (1978)
Manhunt (1978)
The Fearless Hyena (1979) - Chin Wa Li
Dragon Fist (1979) - Nan Qing
Death Duel of Kung Fu (1979) - To Ku Lan
Quick Step Mantis (1979)
Champ Against Champ (1980) - Kai's Fighter (credited as Charles Han)
Fire Lord (1980)
Ninja Holocaust (1980)
Hitman in the Hand of Buddha (1981) - Monk (cameo)
The Shaolin Drunken Monk (1981) - Wong Kin Chung
Shaolin Drunken Monkey (1981) - Silver Eagle
Duel of the Tough (1981)
10 Shaolin Disciples (1981) - Warlord's Son
The Snake Strikes Back (1982)
Jackie and Bruce to the Rescue (1982)
Revenge of Drunken Master]] (1982)
Incredible Shaolin Thunderkick (1982) - Iron Claw
Fist of the Golden Monkey (1983) - Leader of 8 Beasts
7-Star Grand Mantis (1983) - Bong Chu
Shaolin and Taichi (1983) - Warlord
Sandong Chinese Restaurant (1983) - Bong Ryung
South Shaolin VS North Shaolin (1984)
Ninja VS Shaolin guards (1984) - Hung Gin
Wild Panther (1984) - Big Boss
Dragon Against Vampire (1985)
Sword of Evil Power (1985)
Ninja of the Magnificent (1987)
The Meteor Prince from the Milky Way 3 (1988)
Marihuana (1988)
Milk Chocolate 1950-1990 (1990)
Woman in Philopon Addict (1990)
The Dark City (1990)
Distant Saigon (1990)
Midnight Escape (1992)
Back to Even (1992)
The Girl's Man (1993)
Christmas Present (1994)
The Marine Rebelion (1995)

Television series
Red Zone (적색지대)(1992~1993) - as Song Myung Kyu
Walking To Heaven(걸어서 하늘까지)(1993) - as Jet
Love and War (1995)
New Generation - Adults Don't Know (1995~1998) - Teacher
Shooting (1996) - Coach
Happy Time, Masterpiece Theater (2014) (Movie review, archive footage documentary)

Documentary
Top Fighters (Documentary, footage from Shaolin Drunk Monk and Dragon Fist)

References

External links

 HK Cinemagic entry

South Korean male film actors
Hong Kong male film actors
1952 births
2003 deaths
20th-century South Korean male actors
20th-century Hong Kong male actors


title: Manukau railway station

text:
Manukau railway station is located at the heart of the campus of the Manukau Institute of Technology in Manukau, a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is the terminus station for Eastern Line services between Manukau and Britomart Transport Centre in central Auckland.

Access from the station to ground level and to surrounding streets is by stairs, lift or escalator to the ground floor of the 7-level campus building.

Station works were essentially finished by October 2011, and the Manukau Branch line, a 2.5 km spur line off the North Island Main Trunk railway, opened on 15 April 2012. Manukau station is the only station on the branch line.

The Eastern Line was the second passenger rail line in Auckland to receive electric train services, following the Onehunga Line in April 2014. Electric trains began running on some Eastern Line off-peak services on 15 August 2014, and were gradually rolled out onto all services over the following month.

In December 2014, all trains using the Eastern Line began terminating at Manukau rather than alternating between Manukau and Papakura. Similarly, all Southern Line trains began terminating at Papakura or Pukekohe.

In April 2018, Manukau was the 11th busiest train station on the Auckland network with an average of 1,650 passengers on a typical weekday.

Services
Auckland One Rail, on behalf of Auckland Transport, operates suburban services from Manukau to Britomart along the Eastern line via Glen Innes and Panmure. At off-peak, three trains per hour depart Manukau during weekday inter-peak, decreasing to two trains per hour in the evening and on weekends. At peak times, as many as six trains per hour depart Manukau.

Bus routes AirportLink, 33, 35, 36, 313, 325, 352, 353, 355, 361, 362, 365 and 366 serve Manukau station.

Bus station
In 2016, work began on the 23-bay Manukau bus station adjacent to the train station. It was officially opened on 7 April 2018, and bus services from the facility began the following day.

See also
 List of Auckland railway stations
 Public transport in Auckland

References

Rail transport in Auckland
Railway stations in New Zealand
Railway stations opened in 2012
2012 establishments in New Zealand
Manukau City Centre
Ōtara-Papatoetoe Local Board Area
Railway stations in New Zealand opened in the 2010s


title: Uppada Beach

text:
Uppada Beach is located near Kakinada in Kakinada district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. APTDC undertakes the developmental activities in order to promote tourism.

Cyclone effects
After the beach was eroded by Cyclone Helen in 2013, a retaining wall was built to protect from future damage.

References

Beaches of Andhra Pradesh
Geography of East Godavari district


title: Living with Fran

text:
Living with Fran is an American television sitcom that aired on The WB. It starred Fran Drescher and Ryan McPartlin, and was co-created by Jamie Kennedy. The series debuted on April 8, 2005, and ran two seasons before ending on March 24, 2006.

Premise
Fran Reeves is an interior designer and divorced mother of two. Her son, Josh, recently dropped out of medical school and now lives at home with his younger sister, Allison, his mother and her young boyfriend, Riley Martin. Fran deals with the visits of her sleazy ex-husband, Ted, and her divorced cousin, Merrill. Fran also must deal with the fact that others, including her son, disapprove of the relationship she has with her much younger boyfriend. In the episode "Dreaming with Fran", Fran breaks up with Riley because of the age difference but in the next episode, Riley proposes to Fran.

Cast

Main
 Fran Drescher as Fran Reeves – Fran plays an interior designer who is the mother of two. She had her first kid, Josh Reeves, at seventeen.
 Ryan McPartlin as Riley Douglas Martin – Riley is Fran's younger boyfriend who is twenty-six years old.
 Misti Traya as Allison Reeves – Allison is Fran's fifteen-year-old daughter. She and her brother Josh do not get along all the time. Unlike Josh, she does not seem to mind her mother dating a younger man.
 Ben Feldman as Josh Reeves – Josh is Fran's twenty-one-year-old son who dropped out of medical school. It is revealed that he was forced to go in the first place because of his father, but could not handle the sight of blood. He starts working at a video store. Unlike Allison, he is opposed to his mother dating a younger guy, and often makes fun of the two by comparing their ages. Despite this, he gets along quite well with Riley's father upon his appearance. He has nothing but contempt for his father and the two make barbs against each other every time they see each other.

Recurring
 Charles Shaughnessy as Ted Reeves – Ted Reeves is Fran's ex-husband. He is a doctor, and the man who forced Josh into medical school. He is something of a confidence trickster. He is described in one episode as being unsupportive of Josh's dreams. He later makes an appearance in person, and seems to have a poor relationship with his kids, mainly Josh. He enjoys making fun of his son, Riley, and Fran during his appearances, but takes more "kindly" to his daughter, Allison. He also flirts a lot with younger women.
 Debi Mazar as Merrill – Merill is Fran's unmarried cousin who appears in several episodes. She later gets hooked up with one of Riley's friends, and in season two, she is engaged. During her engagement party in the last episode, Riley and Fran are broken up.
Caitlin Crosby as Becca – Allison's best friend who at one point had a crush on Josh, which temporarily ruined her friendship with Allison until Josh told her he was not interested. She appears in several episodes in both season one and two, spending time with Allison. She plays the guitar and sings, later revealed in season two when she sings at Merill's engagement party in the episode "Reuniting with Fran".

Guest
 Marilu Henner as Donna Martin – Donna is Riley's mother who always makes rude comments about Fran's age, even comparing her to an antique. This amuses Fran's son, Josh. By the end of the episode, however, she and Fran start to get along better after he ends up in the hospital for a cut. After her first appearance, Donna makes no more appearances in person, but does call during the arrival of her daughter, Jenny, making sure she is okay.
 John Schneider as Tom Martin – Tom is Riley's father. Unlike his wife, he is not as rude, and supports his son in everything he does. He and Josh get along very well in the series, forming a father-and-son-like relationship.
 Lauren Woodland as Jenny Martin – Jenny is Riley's younger sister around Josh's age. She innocent and sweet, and Donna appears to be quite protective of her, calling Fran repeatedly before her arrival. She and Josh accidentally get married after they get drunk, but their marriage is terminated later based on the circumstances. She is engaged to be married.
 Hal Linden as Grandpa Hal – Hal is Cookie's husband and Fran's father. According to the family members, he "hates" Riley and believes Fran is taking care of him. He loses all his money to Riley in a bet, but Riley uses the money to send him and his wife on a vacation, possibly resolving their differences.
 Ryan Devlin as Todd – Todd is Allison's older boyfriend who is disliked by Fran and Riley. In season 2 he is dumped by Allison after lying to her.
 Lainie Kazan as "Nana" Cookie – Cookie is Fran's mother. She likes Riley, but her relationship with her daughter is another story. Whenever Fran tries to make a decision, she claims she is not going to say anything, but ends up disagreeing with her decision anyhow and then pointing out her mistakes. She also blames Fran for her missing a concert because she got into an accident on the exact day that Cookie was going to go see it.

Production
The series was originally titled Shacking Up, and was ordered to series by The WB for the 2004–05 television season, though it ultimately did not premiere in fall 2004 and was held for midseason. The early tapings of the show frustrated star Fran Drescher, and the series' original showrunners were replaced before the show ever aired. It was not renamed until very close to its premiere; episodes of television entertainment shows like Extra can be found on the internet discussing the show with the cast and previewing clips while still calling it Shacking Up.

The series was executive produced by actor and comedian Jamie Kennedy, known for his roles in the Scream film series. He also appeared on an episode of the first season as a flamboyant, stripper-coach Fran hires to surprise Riley for their anniversary.

On October 18, 2005, The WB removed Living with Fran from its Friday night schedule, replacing with the new series Twins, indicating that the series was just being put on hiatus and that the remaining nine episodes of the second season would air at a later date. The show returned Friday, January 13, 2006, at 8:30p.m. The second-season finale aired on Friday, March 24, 2006. In the episode, Riley proposed to Fran; the episode was a cliffhanger, and Fran's answer was not revealed. On May 17, 2006, one day before the upfronts, it was announced that Living with Fran would not be returning for a third season in fall 2006 on the new CW network, which was the result of the merger of the former WB and UPN networks.

Episodes

Season 1 (2005)

Season 2 (2005–06)

Ratings
The premiere episode of Living with Fran airing at 8:30p.m. on April 8, 2005, drew 3.1 million viewers and a 1.3 rating/5 share in adults 18–49 in preliminary ratings, improving on the ratings of its lead-in What I Like About You, while the followup episode of the show that the same evening at 9:30p.m. retained approximately 90% of the audience from its lead-in Reba. The series was considered a "solid" performer in its first season according to Varietys Rick Kissell.

References

External links

2005 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2000s American sitcoms
English-language television shows
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
The WB original programming


title: Lotta That

text:
"Lotta That" is a song by American rapper G-Eazy. It was released on June 10, 2014, as the sixth single from his debut studio album These Things Happen (2014). The song was produced by Eazy himself and Christoph Andersson. It also features guest appearances from American rapper ASAP Ferg and English rapper Danny Seth.

Chart performance
This single reached number 14 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles and peaked at number 32 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. On April 4, 2018, the single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 digital copies in the United States.

Credits and personnel
Credits and personnel are adapted from the These Things Happen album liner notes.
 G-Eazy – writer, vocals, producer
 Christoph Andersson – writer, producer, recording
 ASAP Ferg – writer, vocals
 Danny Seth Bell – writer, vocals
 James W. Lavigne – writer, background vocals
 Jaycen Joshua – mixing
 Ryan Paul – mixing assistant
 Dave Kutch – mastering

Charts

Certifications

References

External links

2014 singles
2014 songs
G-Eazy songs
ASAP Ferg songs
RCA Records singles
Songs written by ASAP Ferg
Songs written by G-Eazy


title: Weil–Brezin Map

text:
In mathematics, the Weil–Brezin map, named after André Weil and Jonathan Brezin, is a unitary transformation that maps a Schwartz function on the real line  to a smooth function  on the Heisenberg manifold. The Weil–Brezin map gives a geometric interpretation of the Fourier transform, the Plancherel theorem and the Poisson summation formula. The image of Gaussian functions under the Weil–Brezin map are nil-theta functions, which are related to theta functions. The Weil–Brezin map is sometimes referred to as the Zak transform, which is widely applied in the field of physics and signal processing; however, the Weil–Brezin Map is defined via Heisenberg group geometrically, whereas there is no direct geometric or group theoretic interpretation from the Zak transform.

Heisenberg manifold
The (continuous) Heisenberg group  is the 3-dimensional Lie group that can be represented by triples of real numbers with multiplication rule

The discrete Heisenberg group  is the discrete subgroup of  whose elements are represented by the triples of integers. Considering  acts on  on the left, the quotient manifold  is called the Heisenberg manifold.
The Heisenberg group acts on the Heisenberg manifold on the right. The Haar measure  on the Heisenberg group induces a right-translation-invariant measure on the Heisenberg manifold. The space of complex-valued square-integrable functions on the Heisenberg manifold has a right-translation-invariant orthogonal decomposition:

where
.

Definition
The Weil–Brezin map  is the unitary transformation given by

for every Schwartz function , where convergence is pointwise.

The inverse of the Weil–Brezin map  is given by

for every smooth function  on the Heisenberg manifold that is in .

Fundamental unitary representation of the Heisenberg group
For each real number , the fundamental unitary representation  of the Heisenberg group is an irreducible unitary representation of  on  defined by
.
By Stone–von Neumann theorem, this is the unique irreducible representation up to unitary equivalence satisfying the canonical commutation relation
.
The fundamental representation  of  on  and the right translation   of  on  are intertwined by the Weil–Brezin map
.
In other words, the fundamental representation  on  is unitarily equivalent to the right translation  on  through the Wei-Brezin map.

Relation to Fourier transform
Let  be the automorphism on the Heisenberg group given by
.
It naturally induces a unitary operator , then the Fourier transform

as a unitary operator on .

Plancherel theorem
The norm-preserving property of  and , which is easily seen, yields the norm-preserving property of the Fourier transform, which is referred to as the Plancherel theorem.

Poisson summation formula
For any Schwartz function ,
.
This is just the Poisson summation formula.

Relation to the finite Fourier transform
For each , the subspace  can further be decomposed into right-translation-invariant orthogonal subspaces

where
.
The left translation  is well-defined on , and  are its eigenspaces.

The left translation  is well-defined on , and the map

is a unitary transformation.

For each , and , define the map  by

for every Schwartz function , where convergence is pointwise.

The inverse map  is given by

for every smooth function  on the Heisenberg manifold that is in .

Similarly, the fundamental unitary representation  of the Heisenberg group is unitarily equivalent to the right translation on  through :
.
For any ,
.

For each , let .  Consider the finite dimensional subspace  of  generated by  where

Then the left translations   and  act on  and give rise to the irreducible representation of the finite Heisenberg group.  The map  acts on  and gives rise to the finite Fourier transform

Nil-theta functions
Nil-theta functions are functions on the Heisenberg manifold that are analogous to the theta functions on the complex plane. The image of Gaussian functions under the Weil–Brezin Map are nil-theta functions. There is a model of the finite Fourier transform defined with nil-theta functions, and the nice property of the model is that the finite Fourier transform is compatible with the algebra structure of the space of nil-theta functions.

Definition of nil-theta functions
Let  be the complexified Lie algebra of the Heisenberg group . A basis of  is given by the left-invariant vector fields  on :

These vector fields are well-defined on the Heisenberg manifold .

Introduce the notation . For each , the vector field  on the Heisenberg manifold can be thought of as a differential operator on  with the kernel generated by .

We call

the space of nil-theta functions of degree .

Algebra structure of nil-theta functions
The nil-theta functions with pointwise multiplication on  form a graded algebra  (here ).

Auslander and Tolimieri showed that this graded algebra is isomorphic to
,
and that the finite Fourier transform (see the preceding section #Relation to the finite Fourier transform) is an automorphism of the graded algebra.

Relation to Jacobi theta functions
Let  be the Jacobi theta function. Then
.

Higher order theta functions with characteristics
An entire function  on  is called a theta function of order , period  () and characteristic  if it satisfies the following equations:
,
.
The space of theta functions of order , period  and characteristic  is denoted by .
.
A basis of  is
.
These higher order theta functions are related to the nil-theta functions by
.

See also
Nilmanifold
Nilpotent group
Nilpotent Lie algebra
Weil representation
Theta representation
Oscillator representation

References

Harmonic analysis
Representation theory