title: The Forgiveness Project

text:
The Forgiveness Project is a UK-based charity that uses real stories of victims and perpetrators of crime and violence to help people explore ideas around forgiveness and alternatives to revenge. With no political or religious affiliations, The Forgiveness Project's independent and inclusive approach ensures its core message – that everyone has the potential to change their perspective and break the cycle of vengeance – resonates across all cultures.

Aims

The charity's goals are centred on:
 Awareness:  Raise the debate about forgiveness by collecting and sharing personal stories.
 Education:  Encourage and empower people to explore the nature of forgiveness and alternatives to conflict and revenge.
 Transformation: Engage civil society, as well as transform hearts and minds, help individuals cope with their trauma.

History

The charity was founded in 2004 by Marina Cantacuzino, a journalist who in the build up to the Iraq War began to gather personal stories from people whose lives had been affected by violence and terrorism but who had learned to forgive and move on.

Cantacuzino spent all of 2003 collecting stories of reconciliation and forgiveness for an exhibition of words and images which she created with the photographer Brian Moody. These stories subsequently formed the basis of The Forgiveness Project's The F Word exhibition.

Concept of rehabilitative storytelling

Central to their work is the sharing of personal accounts about people's transformative journeys. Having collected over 130 personal stories on their website, this is also done through its exhibition, The F Word, and via the award-winning programmes it runs within prisons, schools, community groups and companies.

In providing tools that can facilitate conflict resolution and reconciliation, The Forgiveness Project encourages behavioural change and improves people's lives, whatever their story.

These story-led initiatives operate at a local, national and international level and encourage individuals to reflect on their current perspective and their future life path. Rather than give advice or tell people what to think, The Forgiveness Project works by inviting those involved to see whether they can relate to the stories they hear and to take steps in trying to see a different perspective on their circumstances.

Themes
Stories collected by The Forgiveness Project follow multiple themes that the Project states "provide a framework to these forgiveness stories, adding a dimension to the narrative of hate, hurt, and healing." These themes are feeling pain and anger, being curious, forgiving yourself, developing empathy, seeking revenge, transforming hate, and making meaning. The Forgiveness Project believes that analyzing the themes "shows that while forgiveness is not a linear process, and seldom a one-off event, nevertheless certain qualities and values feature in most of the stories."

 feeling pain and anger
 being curious
 forgiving yourself
 developing empathy
 seeking revenge
 transforming hate
 making meaning

Projects and programmes

The F Word exhibition
This collection of thought-provoking narratives document personal tales of forgiveness and reconciliation around the world. The exhibition can be hired in a range of formats and regularly tours Germany, the UK and the USA. There are also permanent exhibitions in France, Kenya, South Africa and Sweden.

The F Word exhibition has been displayed in more than 500 venues across 13 countries to an audience of over 60,000 people since being launched in London's Oxo Gallery in January 2004.  The exhibition was described by the charity's founding patron, Anita Roddick Anita Roddick, as “truly an education of the human spirit”.

The Exhibition is made up of Storytellers, who engage others and share their traumas in order to help others heal.

The Forgiveness Project: Stories for a Vengeful Age (book)
An updated collection of some of the charity's stories which examine the charity's core themes of forgiveness, reconciliation and conflict transformation have been brought together into an illustrated 240-page book. Released in hardback by Jessica Kingsley Publishers on 26 March 2015, the book was written by founder Marina Cantacuzino and includes forewords from patron Desmond Tutu and Alexander McCall Smith. It has also been received endorsements from actress Emma Thompson, journalist and news presenter Jon Snow, historian and TV presenter Dan Snow, cultural thinker and founding faculty member of The School of Life in London, Roman Krznaric, Cambridge University professor Simon Baron-Cohen, humanitarian and former hostage Terry Waite and journalist Bel Mooney.

Speaker's Bureau
The charity believes that hearing someone speak first-hand and being able to ask questions is the most powerful form of story-telling so over 30 of those who share their stories with The Forgiveness Project are also part of the charity's Speaker's Bureau. This facility allows schools, prisons, conferences and organisations hiring the F Word exhibition to have one of the featured storytellers on hand to share their experience of forgiveness.

Annual lecture
In addition to regular talks, The Forgiveness Project has also hosted five annual lectures to date.

 2010:  The first annual lecture was delivered by Desmond Tutu in May 2010 at St John's, Smith Square. Tutu was joined by Mary Blewitt who lost 50 members of her family in the Rwandan genocide; Jo Berry whose father was killed in the 1984 Brighton hotel bombing; and Patrick Magee, the former IRA activist who planted the bomb. The event was chaired by BBC broadcaster Edward Stourton.
 2011:  Clare Short delivered the second annual lecture on 'No Forgiveness Without Justice' on 6 October 2011 at Union Chapel, Islington. Chaired by Yasmin Alibhai-Brown of The Independent, Clare Short's lecture was preceded by Colin Parry, who lost his son in the IRA Warrington bomb in 1993, Elizabeth Turner, whose husband was killed while at a business meeting in the World Trade Centre on 11 September 2001, and Bassam Aramin, a Palestinian whose 10-year-old daughter was killed by an Israeli soldier and who is a founding member of Combatants for Peace.
 2012: Dr Gwen Adshead, forensic psychiatrist at Broadmoor High Security Hospital, who delivered the 2012 lecture at the Royal Geographical Society, supported on stage by Marian Partington whose sister was murdered by Fred and Rosemary West, Erwin James, the Guardian columnist and former prisoner who has served a life sentence for murder; and Kemal Pervanic, survivor of the notorious Ormaska concentration camp in Bosnia.
 2013: Professor Simon Baron-Cohen delivered the keynote speech on 'Zero degrees of empathy: exploring explanations of human cruelty and kindness' at the Royal Geographical Society. The lecture, chaired by Simon Fanshawe, was followed by a panel discussion with Marina Cantacuzino, Mary Foley, whose 15-year-old daughter Charlotte was murdered during a birthday party in East London in 2005, and Peter Woolf, a reformed career criminal.
 2017: 7th Annual lecture delivered by Richard Holloway October 11, 2017 at The Royal Geographical Society, chaired by Shani Chakrabarti. The Lecture "The Politics of Forgiveness" was about the complexity of Forgiveness.

RESTORE programme
RESTORE is the charity's intensive, group-based victim empathy programme for offenders that encourages the sharing of experiences within a framework influenced by Restorative Justice principles. The project has delivered over 160 programmes in custodial and non-custodial settings in England and Wales since 2007.

Over nine years in the judicial system: The Restore Programme has helped over 3,000 people including 180 Prison Officers.

Co-facilitated by trained victims of crime and ex-offenders, the workshop leaders use their personal testimonies to encourage prisoners to take responsibility for their actions and change how they think and feel about their offending behaviour.

Link between RESTORE and restorative justice
Whilst Restorative Justice (RJ) traditionally focuses on bringing a victim and offender into communication, this process can be stalled if both parties aren't at the same life stage. The Forgiveness Project's approach is to help offenders unravel their own stories and develop empathy by understanding the effect their actions have on others. This enables them to start the restorative process without being entirely dependent on their victim's willingness or availability to participate.

In many cases, having encouraged behavioural change, the programme may result in the offender having the confidence, motivation and support to meet their victims as part of future RJ conferencing. RESTORE assists in victims' recovery by enabling them to play a role in the criminal justice system.

Recognition

Awards and commendations
The organization has won recognition such as:
 Longford Prize: In 2007, the charity received a 'Special Commendation' from the Longford Prize judges, awarded for its 'remarkable work' in exploring and encouraging notions of forgiveness through grassroots projects, including in prisons.
 Robin Corbett Award:  In February 2014, the charity was highly commended by the Robin Corbett Award for Prisoner Rehabilitation 2014 for its involvement of trained former offenders, victims of crime and prison staff in the delivery of its group-based RESTORE programme. The runner-up prize of £1,000 was presented by Lady Corbett and Lord Ramsbotham at the House of Lords in Westminster.

Cantacuzino received a 2013 Winston Churchill Memorial Trust Travelling Fellowship which enabled her to spend five weeks visiting and learning from other restorative justice programmes in custodial and community settings in the US and Canada.

Research and evaluation
Independent evaluation was commissioned on the work of RESTORE within prisons and the effect that it has had on young offenders and adult prisoners who had participated in the programme.

 2009: In 2009, Lois Edmund, Ph.D., C.Psych., Associate Professor of Conflict Resolution Studies, University of Winnipeg, conducted a qualitative assessment based on the first 18 months of The Forgiveness Project's operations in prison. The report concluded that RESTORE 'results in dramatic insight for many participants', but 'further work is needed to evaluate the long-term learnings of the participants'.
 2012: To back up The Forgiveness Project's assertion that its work consistently demonstrates a shift in offenders' motivation to change the charity commissioned an independent evaluation of RESTORE from the Forensic Psychological Services at Middlesex University. The evaluation concluded that the intervention reduces recidivism and that those who completed the programme had improved general attitudes to offending, were less likely to anticipate re-offending, and less likely to evaluate crime as worthwhile.
 2013: The Forgiveness Project carried out extensive work at Ashfield Young Offenders Institute in Bristol where, with funding from the Home Office's Communities Against Gangs, Guns and Knives Fund, it was able to embed its RESTORE work into the fabric of the prison. In a report of this programme by cultural scientist Christian Straub, a member of the prison staff described RESTORE as “very powerful” because it “delivered a strong message gently”.

Patrons and supporters

Since Dame Anita Roddick first lent her support in advance of the inaugural The F Word exhibition in 2004, The Forgiveness Project has attracted endorsements and ongoing support from a number of high-profile organisations and individuals.

The charity's patrons include Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Rt Hon the Lord Woolf, philanthropist Lady Edwina Grosvenor, actress Emma Thompson and comedian Shappi Khorsandi whilst supporters include Tony Benn, clothes designer Katharine Hamnett, actors Dame Helen Mirren and Linus Roache plus Terry Waite.

The Forgiveness Project is also a peace partner of the Charter for Compassion.

External links
Official website

References

Charities based in London
Dispute resolution
Organizations established in 2004
Restorative justice
Storytelling organizations
2004 establishments in England


title: Teucrium gnaphalodes

text:
Teucrium gnaphalodes is a plant species in the genus Teucrium. It is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and grows at altitudes between 200 and 1500 m. It flowers from March to July.

The flavones diosmin, cirsimaritin, salvigenin, cirsilineol, cirsiliol, luteolin, apigenin and the flavanone naringenin, as well as the flavone glycosides luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, and the diglycosides luteolin-7-O-β-D-rutinoside, luteolin-7-O-β-D-neohesperidoside (veronicastroside) and luteolin-7-O-β-D-sambubioside can be found in T. gnaphalodes.

References

External links

gnaphalodes
Plants described in 1788
Flora of Southwestern Europe


title: William Waldegrave (Suffolk MP, died 1613)

text:
Sir William Waldegrave (1540 – 25 August 1613) was an English Member of Parliament.

Waldegrave was born into a prosperous and well-connected Suffolk family, the only son of Sir William Waldegrave and Juliana, the daughter of Sir John Raysnford.

He studied at Lincoln's Inn, but was not called to the Bar, instead choosing to rely on his large estates in East Anglia for income. Waldegrave was elected as Member of Parliament for Suffolk in 1563. He was knighted in 1576. He served as Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk between 1586 and 1589.

Waldegrave married firstly Elizabeth (d.1581), daughter of Thomas Mildmay and had six sons and four daughters. He married secondly Grizelda, daughter of William Paget, 1st Baron Paget and widow of Sir Thomas Rivett.

References

1540 births
1613 deaths
Waldegrave family
Politicians from Suffolk
English MPs 1563–1567
High Sheriffs of Norfolk
High Sheriffs of Suffolk


title: Tamarack Swamp Natural Area

text:
Tamarack Swamp Natural Area is a boreal (non-glacial) bog in Sproul State Forest, in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is named for the tamarack tree that is common in the surrounding wetland. Numerous other species of plants and animals also inhabit the wetland. The protected natural area consists of 267 acres within the larger Tamarack Swamp complex.

Location and biology
Tamarack Swamp is located in northern Clinton County, Pennsylvania. It is northeast of the community of Tamarack, north of the borough of Renovo and close to Pennsylvania Route 144, which in turn passes near the western edge of the wetland. The wetland has a total area of 4000 acres. Its elevation is  above sea level. Tamarack Swamp serves as the headwaters of Drury Run.

Tamarack Swamp is home to the tamarack tree, which is the only deciduous conifer in Pennsylvania. Most of the trees in it are boreal conifers, though black spruce and balsam fir are also species of trees that live in the wetland. Plants living in the wetland include Hooker's orchid, soft-leaved sedge and small floating manna grass. Hemlock, Sphagnum mosses, and  some Canadian fauna were also found in Tamarack Swamp in the early 1900s, with hemlocks being found as late as 1940.

Tamarack Swamp is considered an Important Bird Area by Audubon Pennsylvania. Bird species in the wetland include Aegolius acadicus, Buteo platypterus, Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Empidonax alnorum, Melospiza georgiana, Myiarchus crinitus, Parkesia noveboracensis, Rallus limicola, and Vermivora chrysoptera. Five rare species of dragonfly are found in the area. Black bears live in Tamarack Swamp, as well as red-spotted newts and wood frogs.

Meadows of sedge and the stumps of white pine trees occupy the southern part of Tamarack Swamp. There are also cattails and alders in the southern part of the wetland. The northern borders of the wetland are home to a population of red and white oaks. The carnivorous sundew plant is also found in the wetland.

History
In around 1827, Alexander Kelly, Montgomery Kelly, George Kelly, and Samuel Kelly settled on the western side of Tamarack Swamp. In approximately 1865, James Hennessy discovered several moose antlers buried in the wetland, indicating that moose once lived there. In a 1925 book by Francis R. Cope, Tamarack Swamp was mentioned. Cope referred to the wetland as "a little oasis in the desert...". In the early 1900s, parts of Tamarack Swamp were damaged by logging and development.

Logging was conducted as late as the 1940s, when Hicks Jennings cut down the only remaining virgin spruce in Tamarack Swamp. By 1947, the tamarack and black spruce trees in the wetland were significantly less healthy than they had been around 1900. The bird species olive-sided flycatcher, brown creeper, and winter wren have been extinct in the wetland since 1925. A report from the late 1940s mentioned pitcher plants in the wetland. In the 1990s, the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy added over 9400 acres to Sproul State Forest, including Tamarack Swamp.

Uses
There are plans to develop the Tamarack Swamp area, including plans to drill for oil and natural gas in the wetland. Natural gas pipelines have been laid in the swamp. The land that Tamarack Swamp is situated on has multiple owners.

A Natural Heritage Inventory in 2000 called Tamarack Swap "one of the most unique natural features in [Clinton] county". The United States Forest Service has designated one-third of the wetland as the Tamarack Swamp Natural Area. Tamarack Swamp is named as one of the top 100 birding sites in Pennsylvania by the Pennsylvania Game Commission.

See also
List of bogs

References

External links
Image

Appalachian bogs
Landforms of Clinton County, Pennsylvania
Bogs of Pennsylvania


title: Newark Academy (disambiguation)

text:
Newark Academy may refer to:

Newark Academy, a private school in Livingston, New Jersey, United States
The Newark Academy, a secondary school in Balderton, Nottinghamshire, England
Newark Collegiate Academy, a high school located in Newark, New Jersey, United States

See also
Newark High School (disambiguation)
Newark (disambiguation)


title: Democratic Centre (Latvia)

text:
The Democratic Centre (), officially the Democratic Centre and Non-Partisan Public Workers (Demokrātiskais centrs un bezpartejiskie sabiedriskie darbinieki), was a political party in Latvia in the inter-war period.

History
The Democratic Centre was initially established as an alliance of the Workers' Party and the Latvian People's Party prior to the 1922 elections, in which it won six seats, becoming the fourth-largest faction in the first Saeima. The following year the two parties officially merged into the Democratic Centre.

The party won five seats in the 1925 elections, becoming the third-largest faction in the 2nd Saeima. The 1928 elections saw the party reduced to three seats, although it recovered to win six seats in the 1931 elections, which included the election of Berta Pīpiņa, the first woman elected to serve in the Saeima. The party was dissolved after the 15 May 1934 Latvian coup d'état.

References

Defunct political parties in Latvia
Defunct political party alliances in Latvia


title: Heritage Operations Processing System

text:
Heritage Operations Processing System, Heritage Ops, or HOPS, is a web-based tool for the day-to-day running and management of preserved and heritage railways. The system was developed, from a concept drawn up by Danny Scroggins and Luke Cartey.

Founding and development
The HOPS Project began early in August 2009 in the rostering office of the signalling department at the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway – who embraced the use of the technology. Beta testing began in January 2010 with a small group of volunteers, the group being enlarged later that year. After this period, the system was made available to other UK heritage railways in January 2011.

The purpose of the system is to provide administration tools associated with operating functions on heritage railways, such as staff rostering, timetabling, competence management and document control, etc. The system is used to assist railways in meeting the requirements of government legislation such as the Railways and Other Guided Transport Systems (Safety) Regulations 2006 (ROGS), which were introduced in Great Britain to put the 2004 European Railway Safety Directive into practice. The system assists with competency management (as a requirement of the Safety Management System).

The ethos of the development of the system has been that in the majority of cases, producing large-scale data-handling and storage facilities, with the appropriate level of security, access, backups, etc., would not be economical for an individual railway. A single program, in use by many railway companies, however, would make the investment economical.

The system has grown significantly in the five years it has been in development, mainly in response to feedback from users and demands of the industry,.

References

Rail technologies
Information systems
Workflow applications
Transportation planning
Public transport information systems


title: Penicillium allii

text:
Penicillium allii is an anamorph fungus species of the genus of Penicillium. Penicillium allii is a pathogen of garlic (Allium sativum).

Further reading
Penicillium allii, a New Species from Egyptian Garlic Michael A. Vincent and John I. Pitt Mycologia Vol. 81, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 1989), pp. 300–303 Published by: Mycological Society of America

See also
List of Penicillium species

References

allii
Fungi described in 1989


title: Julius Bergman

text:
Julius Bergman (born November 2, 1995) is a Swedish professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently playing under contract for Södertälje SK in the HockeyAllsvenskan (Allsv). Bergman was selected by the San Jose Sharks in the second round (46th overall) of the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

Playing career
Bergman grew up playing youth hockey in Sweden, initially with the junior teams affiliated with Karlskrona HK before being loaned to the Frölunda HC organization, where he played firstly with the J18 team before being moved to the J20 team. Bergman made his debut with the senior Frölunda team during the 2013 European Trophy.

Bergman signed a three-year entry-level contract with the San Jose Sharks on July 16, 2014. He spent the 2014–15 season playing major junior hockey in Canada with the London Knights of the Ontario Hockey League. Bergman played three seasons with the Sharks' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate  San Jose Barracuda. He had his best season in 2017–18, scoring ten goals and ten assists.

On June 19, 2018, he was traded by the Sharks alongside Mikkel Bødker and a sixth-round pick of the 2020 NHL Entry Draft to the Ottawa Senators in exchange for Mike Hoffman, Cody Donaghey and a fifth-round pick in 2020. After attending his first training camp with the Senators, Bergman was assigned to begin the 2018–19 season with AHL affiliate, the Belleville Senators. Bergman was unable to replicate his previous contributions in the AHL, posting just 6 assists in 33 games from the blueline. In February, Swedish sports paper Sportbladet reported that Bergman intended to return to Frölunda at the end of the season.

On February 22, 2019, Bergman was included in the trade of Matt Duchene by the Senators to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for prospects Vitaly Abramov, Jonathan Davidsson and two conditional first-round picks in 2019 and 2020. He was immediately re-assigned to the Blue Jackets' AHL affiliate, the Cleveland Monsters. Before Bergman could make his debut with the Monsters, the Blue Jackets traded him at the trade deadline to the New York Rangers along with fourth- and seventh-round picks in the 2019 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for Adam McQuaid. Bergman played 10 games to play out the remainder of the season with the Rangers AHL affiliate, the Hartford Wolf Pack.

Unable to break through to the NHL, as an impending restricted free agent from the Rangers, Bergman opted to return to continue his career in Sweden, signing a two-year contract with his original club, Frölunda HC, on May 8, 2019. In his return to Frölunda, Bergman struggled to find his role on the club in the 2019–20 season, contributing with just 6 assists through 42 regular season games before the COVID-19 pandemic cancelled the playoffs.

On 21 April 2020, Bergman terminated the final year of his contract with Frölunda, opting to sign a two-year deal with Finnish club, Lahti Pelicans of the Liiga.

During the 2022–23 season, Bergman went scoreless in 28 regular season games with Brynäs IF, before opting to move to second tier HockeyAllsvenskan club, Södertälje SK, on a three-year contract on 13 January 2023.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1995 births
Brynäs IF players
Belleville Senators players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
Karlskrona HK players
Lahti Pelicans players
Living people
London Knights players
Frölunda HC players
San Jose Barracuda players
San Jose Sharks draft picks
Södertälje SK players
Ice hockey people from Stockholm
Swedish expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
Swedish expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Swedish ice hockey defencemen
Worcester Sharks players


The Union of Social Democrats – Mensheviks and Rural Workers (, SDML) was a political party in Latvia in the inter-war period led by Marģers Skujenieks.

History
The party was established in July 1921 as a breakaway faction from the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party. They won seven seats in the 1922 elections, becoming the third-largest faction in the 1st Saeima. In the 1925 elections they were reduced to four seats, with the party going on to win just two seats in the 1928 elections. The party was dissolved in 1929, with its leadership going onto establish the Progressive Association.

References

1921 establishments in Latvia
1929 disestablishments in Latvia
Defunct political parties in Latvia
Political parties disestablished in 1929
Political parties established in 1921
Political parties of the Russian Revolution


title: National Union (Latvia)

text:
The National Union (, NA) was a far-right political party in Latvia during the inter-war period. It was led by Arveds Bergs.

History
The party was established in 1919, and contested the 1922 elections as the Non-Partisan Independent Centre (Bezpartijiskais nacionālais centrs), winning four seats in the 1st Saeima. Prior to the 1925 elections the party became the National Union, before going on to win three seats in the 2nd Saeima. The 1928 elections saw the party reduced to two seats, with both being lost in the 1931 elections. The party ceased to exist after 15 May 1934 Latvian coup d'état, when all political parties were banned following a self coup by Prime Minister Kārlis Ulmanis.

Ideology
The party represented conservative parts of the commercial, professional and industrial sectors. It supported a nationalist foreign policy and paying compensation to the 1,300 landowners who had been dispossessed during the 1920 land reforms in order to redistribute 3.7 million hectares. Its 1931 electoral campaign was described by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency daily news bulletin as entirely directed against Jews.

It usually sat in the Saeima alongside the Christian National Union, the Party for Peace and Order and some Latgalian parties, in a grouping known as the "National Bloc".

References

Defunct political parties in Latvia
Nationalist parties in Latvia


title: List of songs recorded by Mayday Parade

text:
The following is a sortable table of all songs by Mayday Parade:

The column Song list the song title.
The column Writer(s) lists who wrote the song.
The column Album lists the album the song is featured on.
The column Producer lists the producer of the song.
The column Year lists the year in which the song was released.
The column Length list the length/duration of the song.

Studio recordings

References
 Footnotes
Acoustic version included on 2008 reissue of A Lesson in Romantics (2007)
Included as a bonus track on 2008 reissue of A Lesson in Romantics (2007)
Bonus tracks on iTunes Deluxe Edition of Anywhere but Here (2009)
Bonus tracks on iTunes Deluxe Edition of Mayday Parade (2011)
Bonus track on 2014 reissue of Monsters in the Closet (2013)

 Citations

Mayday Parade


title: Afghan, Iran

text:
Afghan (, also Romanized as Āfghān) is a village in Kambel-e Soleyman Rural District, in the Central District of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 134, in 27 families.

References

Populated places in Chabahar County


title: Yossi Cohen

text:
Yosef "Yossi" Meir Cohen (; born 10 September 1961) was the Director of Mossad, the national intelligence agency of Israel.

Early life
Cohen was born in Jerusalem to a religious family and grew up in the Katamon neighborhood. His father Aryeh was an eighth-generation Sabra who was descended from one of the founding families of the Mea Shearim neighborhood of Jerusalem. He worked in a senior position at Bank Mizrahi and was also an Irgun veteran. His mother Mina was a teacher and school principal. She was a seventh-generation Sabra, born to a Jewish family rooted in Hebron, now part of the West Bank.

Cohen was raised in a religious household and was a member of the Bnei Akiva religious Zionist youth movement. He attended the religious high school Yeshivat Or Etzion.

Career

Cohen was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces in 1979. He volunteered as a paratrooper in the 35th Paratroopers Brigade. He served as a soldier and a squad leader. After being discharged, he studied at university in London, and joined the Mossad in 1982. Cohen has been described as 'able to inspire the confidence of his charges'. He became a case officer, charged with recruiting and handling spies in foreign nations. While in training, he had been the only religious candidate in the Mossad's case officer course at the time. He ran agents in a number of countries over his career, and rose to lead the Mossad's collections division ("Tsomet"). From 2011 to 2013, he was the deputy director of the Mossad, serving under Tamir Pardo. He was known publicly as "Y" (Hebrew: "י") in this post. Cohen won the prestigious Israel Security Prize for his Mossad work.

In August 2013 he was appointed the National Security Advisor to the Prime Minister of Israel. In December 2015, Cohen was appointed to succeed Tamir Pardo as director of Mossad. and assumed office in January 2016. Cohen is one of the closest officials to Netanyahu.

In January 2018, Cohen oversaw the Mossad operation to steal Iran's secret nuclear archive in Tehran and smuggle it out of the country. According to the Jerusalem Post, a map of nuclear sites captured in the operation has not yet been made public. Among the assassinations attributed to the Mossad during Cohen's tenure were those of Hamas drone expert Mohamed Zouari in Tunisia, Hamas rocket expert Fadi Mohammad al-Batsh in Malaysia, and Iranian nuclear program chief Mohsen Fakhrizadeh in Iran.

Cohen has also been the chief Israeli official in charge of managing Israel's largely clandestine relations with various Arab nations. He has often met with representatives of Egypt, Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar and helped negotiate Netanyahu's visit to Oman in 2018. Reportedly, he met Sudan's chief of intelligence, though the Sudanese intelligence service denied it. He was Israel's chief negotiator in arranging the Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement.

Intelligence reporter Ronen Bergman has written that Cohen has a reputation as a tough boss, that he speaks fluent English, French, and Arabic, and is also a marathon runner. Cohen is nicknamed "the Model" for his stylish appearance.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reportedly considered Cohen to be the best person to succeed him as prime minister when he leaves office. In September 2019, The Jerusalem Post listed Cohen as the most influential Jew of the year.

In June 2021, Cohen retired from Israel’s national intelligence agency

Political views
At a conference in 2019 in Herzliya, Israel, Cohen announced that Israel has a unique window of opportunity to reach a comprehensive peace agreement with the Palestinians. He stated that this is also the view of the Mossad unit whose job it is to analyze diplomatic opportunities. Given the present good relations with the United States, the Russian government, and restoration of partial diplomatic ties with the Arab states of the Persian Gulf centered around opposition to Iran, in Cohen's view there is a one-time opportunity for Middle East peace under terms very beneficial to Israel that the Israeli government must now seize.

The Jerusalem Post reported in September 2019 that Cohen "does not believe anything will move on the peace process until Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas leaves office."

Family
Cohen and his wife Aya have four children. One of his sons, Yonatan, is a former officer in Unit 8200 and has cerebral palsy. He also has one granddaughter. Cohen lives in Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut and is a Masorti Jew.

References

External links

 Yossi Melman, WHAT'S NEXT FOR THE CHARMING HEAD OF THE MOSSAD?, The Jerusalem Post, September 7, 2018

1961 births
Living people
Directors of the Mossad
Israel Defense Prize recipients
Israeli Jews
People from Jerusalem


title: Joe Comeau (lacrosse)

text:
Joe "The Quiet Man" Comeau (born June 24, 1940) is a Canadian retired amateur and professional box lacrosse goaltender. A member of the Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame, Comeau was the winner of four Mann Cup national championships, WLA playoff and regular season most valuable player trophies, seven all-star team inductions and four Nicholson Trophies as the WLA's top goaltender.

Career
At age 12, Comeau switched from defenceman to goaltender. After four provincial minor championships, he was promoted to the Junior A New Westminster Salmonbellies. He helped lead the 'Bellies to the 1960 Minto Cup with a 21-1 record and an 0.810 save percentage in the regular season.

In 1962, Comeau was forced to split his time between the New Westminster Salmonbellies of the ICLL and Port Coquitlam of the Senior B loop. In Senior B, he led Port Coquitlam to a provincial title. By 1964, he was full-time with the Salmonbellies. He also played a stint with the Coquitlam Adanacs.

In 1968, Comeau turned professional with the relocated Portland Adanacs in the National Lacrosse Association, but rejoined the Salmonbellies for the 1969 NLA season. The 'Bellies would win the WLA Conference of the NLA, but lose the final to the Peterborough Lakers. The NLA folded at the end of the 1969 season.

In 1971, 1972, and 1973, Comeau was a WLA playoff champion and won the Mann Cup in 1971 and 1973. He subsequently retired from lacrosse. In 1974, he returned and won yet another league title and Mann Cup and retired again. Late in the 1976 season, his Salmonbellies were suffering a bad season, and he came out of retirement to turn their season around, win the league and a fourth Mann Cup. He then retired for a third and final time.

"Quiet Man" Comeau was elected into the Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame in 1983. The Salmonbellies dynasty that he was an integral part of was also inducted in 2004.

Statistics
''Source: Wamper's Bible of Lacrosse and Stan Shillington's "Who's Who in Lacrosse 1933-2013: Goaltending Records".

References

Canadian lacrosse players
Lacrosse people from Vancouver
1940 births
Living people


title: Christine Trujillo

text:
Christine Trujillo is an American politician and a former Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives representing District 25, in office from January 15, 2013 until July 1, 2023.

Education
Trujillo earned her BA in Education from New Mexico Highlands University and her MA in education from the University of New Mexico.

Elections
2012 When District 25 incumbent Democratic Representative Danice Picraux retired and left the seat open, Trujillo ran in the three-way June 5, 2012 Democratic Primary and won with 1,652 votes (62.2%) and won the November 6, 2012 General election with 8,383 votes (63.1%) against Republican nominee Elisabeth Keen.
2002 Trujillo was unopposed for the District 3 New Mexico Board of Education Democratic Primary and won a four-year term in the November 5, 2002 General election against Republican nominee Mary Gilbert.

References

External links
Official page at the New Mexico Legislature

Christine Trujillo at Ballotpedia
Christine Trujillo at OpenSecrets

21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Democratic Party members of the New Mexico House of Representatives
Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in New Mexico
Hispanic and Latino American women in politics
Living people
New Mexico Highlands University alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Politicians from Albuquerque, New Mexico
University of New Mexico alumni
Women state legislators in New Mexico
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Hans Schultz (sport shooter)

text:
Hans Christian Schultz (23 March 1864 – 26 June 1937) was a Danish sports shooter and founder of the Schultz & Larsen rifle company. He competed in six rifle events at the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics and finished fourth and eighth with the Danish team, respectively. His best individual result was a 21st place.

Schultz took up shooting in his teens and later served as a specialist in guns and ammunition with the Danish Army. By the time he moved to Otterup in 1889 he was already known as a gun expert, and frequently received rifles from other places for reparation and tuneup. In 1904 he founded a gunsmith workshop. In 1908 he learned about a talented young shooter, Niels Larsen, who dreamed of having a rifle from Schultz. Eventually Schultz hired Larsen in 1910. They competed together at the 1912 Olympics and became business partners in 1917. In January 1919 they opened Schultz & Larsen, a rifle manufacturing company based on the Schultz's workshop. Earlier in 1916 Larsen married Schultz's daughter Ellen; they had a son Uffe Schultz Larsen, who later competed in four Olympics and took over the company.

References

External links

1864 births
1937 deaths
Danish male sport shooters
Olympic shooters for Denmark
Shooters at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
People from Nordfyn Municipality
Sportspeople from the Region of Southern Denmark


title: Parietaria praetermissa

text:
Parietaria praetermissa, the clustered pellitory, is a plant species native to the coastal plains of the southeastern United States, i.e., Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina and South Carolina. It grows in hammocks, waste places, calcareous outcrops, etc., at elevations of 10 m (33 feet).

Parietaria praetermissa is an annual, trailing herb up to 55 cm (22 inches) tall. Leaves are ovate or lancolate, up to 6.5 cm (2.6 inches) long.

According to Hinton, Parietaria praetermissa was for many years erroneous called Parietaria floridana. However, when Hinton examined the type specimen of P. floridana, he discovered that it was a different species, the only that had been called Parietaria nummularia. Under the rules of botanical nomenclature, this meant that P. nummularia needed to be renamed P. floridana, and the species that had long been called P. floridana was in fact an undescribed species, one which Hinton described as P. praetermissa.

References

praetermissa
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


title: Bendor Grosvenor

text:
Bendor Gerard Robert Grosvenor (born 27 November 1977) is a British art historian, writer and former art dealer. He is known for discovering a number of important lost artworks by Old Master artists, including Sir Peter Paul Rubens, Claude Lorrain and Peter Brueghel the Younger. As a dealer he specialised in Old Masters, with a particular interest in Anthony van Dyck.

Early life and education

Grosvenor was born on 27 November 1977 in London. His parents are The Honourable Richard Alexander Grosvenor and Gabriella Grosvenor.

The name Bendor is derived from the Grosvenor family's medieval heraldic shield, a bend or, a golden bend (diagonal stripe), which they used until 1389, when it was claimed instead by the Scrope family in the case Scrope v Grosvenor. Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster, was nicknamed "Bendor".

Grosvenor is a grandson of Robert Grosvenor, 5th Baron Ebury, and fifth cousin of Hugh Grosvenor, 7th Duke of Westminster. He is also of Swiss and Dutch heritage. His father's eldest half-brother is Francis Grosvenor, 8th Earl of Wilton.

Grosvenor was educated at Harrow School before attending the University of East Anglia for his BA. He then received an MPhil from Pembroke College, Cambridge and a PhD from the University of East Anglia. His PhD thesis was entitled "The Politics of Foreign Policy: Lord Derby and the Eastern Crisis, 1875-8".

Career
Before becoming an art historian, Grosvenor worked in politics as an adviser, first to the Labour MP Tony Banks (later Lord Stratford) and then to the Conservative MP Hugo Swire (now Lord Swire).

His first major art discovery was a mis-catalogued portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence being sold at a London auction in 2003 as a work by Lawrence's pupil George Henry Harlow. From 2005 until 2014, he worked for Philip Mould Ltd, where he made a number of significant art historical discoveries, including lost works by artists such as Sir Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Gainsborough, and Sir Anthony van Dyck, on whom he is an acknowledged specialist. In 2016 he sold a newly identified portrait by Joan Carlile, the first professional British female artist, to the Tate gallery.

In 2017, he discovered the "lost portrait" of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham at Pollok House, Glasgow, Scotland. The painting was thought to be a copy of a painting by Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens that had been lost for nearly 400 years, but after restoration was found to be the original by Rubens.

Grosvenor has been a member of the Lord Chancellor's Advisory Council on National Records and Archives, and the Lord Chancellor's Forum for Historical Manuscripts and Academic Research. He also works as a journalist and writer, and presents programmes for BBC2's The Culture Show.

From 2011 to 2016 he carried out specialist research for, and appeared in, the BBC1 art programme Fake or Fortune?. He now presents, with Emma Dabiri (Jacky Klein in Series 1), the BBC4 series Britain's Lost Masterpieces, which began in 2016.

He was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder as an adult, and has advocated improved accessibility at museums.

Jacobite portraiture
Grosvenor has made a special study of Jacobite portraiture. In 2009 he proved the Scottish National Portrait Gallery's iconic portrait of Charles Edward Stuart by Maurice Quentin de La Tour was in fact a portrait of Charles' brother Henry Benedict Stuart, Cardinal Duke of York.

In 2013 he discovered the lost portrait of Charles Edward Stuart by Scottish artist Allan Ramsay at Gosford House, the home of the Earl of Wemyss near Edinburgh. This portrait is now on display at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, and has taken the place of the La Tour pastel as the definitive portrait of Charles.

Grosvenor is a second cousin nine times removed to both Jacobite Princes, since he is a descendant of King Charles II and Louise de Kérouaille. Specifically Bendor's great-grandfather was John Yarde-Buller, 3rd Baron Churston, a descendant of Charles and Henry's male-line second cousin Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond.

Marriage and children
In 2015, he married Ishbel Hall and he has one daughter and two step-sons.

Publications

Filmography
Fake or Fortune? (2011–2016)
The Culture Show - Venice: A Tale of Two Cities (2013)
The Lost Portrait of Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Culture Show Special (2014)
Britain's Lost Masterpieces (2016)

References

External links
Art History News, run by Bendor Grosvenor

1977 births
Living people
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
English art dealers
BBC people
Fake or Fortune?
Bendor
People from Westminster


title: St Saviour's Church, Retford

text:
St Saviour's Church, Retford is a Grade II listed parish church in the Church of England in Retford.

History

The church dates from 1829. It was consecrated on 27 September 1829 by the Rt. Revd. Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt Archbishop of York as a daughter church of St John the Baptist Church, Clarborough, the church became a parish in its own right in 1871. It was restored in 1878. In 2002 it was united with St Swithun's and St Michael's in Retford to become a joint parish. Following further re-organisation, St. Saviour's became a single parish again in 2019 covering much of the east side of Retford.

Two stained glass memorial windows are by Charles Eamer Kempe

Clergy

Joshua William Brooks 1827 - 1843
Charles Hodge 1844 - 1858
James Disney 1860 - 1876
Lawrence Roworth 1877 - 1913
Edwin Paxton 1914 - 1927
Frederic Eddy 1927 - 1930
Edward Hester 1931 - 1933
Lawrence Ashcroft 1934 - 1943
James Godsmark 1943 - 1955
Thomas Womack 1956 - 1967
John Moore 1967 - 1973
John Tompkins 1973 - 1987
Tony Walker 1988 - 2017
Ben Clayton 2018–Present

See also
Listed buildings in Retford

References

Church of England church buildings in Nottinghamshire
Grade II* listed churches in Nottinghamshire
Saint Saviour


title: E. J. Field

text:
Ephraim Joshua Field (20 March 1915 – 1 August 2002) was a British neuroscientist.

Education
Field studied Medicine at the University of Durham, UK. Previously Lecturer and then Reader in Anatomy at the University of Bristol, he moved to Newcastle as invited by Henry Miller to become a consultant neuropathologist at Newcastle University. The university awarded him a personal chair in experimental pathology. His subsequent pioneering work on multiple sclerosis, scrapie and kuru, during which he discovered the beginnings of the mechanics of prion diseases, attracted attention from the Medical Research Council who appointed him honorary director of a new demyelinating diseases research unit. Field's work on the kuru was the subject of a 1970 BBC  Horizon documentary in New Guinea.

Field was a prolific researcher and author, having published almost 300 academic papers, including 14 in Nature, 54 in The Lancet and 40 in the BMJ.  He was also a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. His children with his wife Dereen are David, a distinguished physicist, and  Judith, an expert in art and mathematics.

References

1915 births
2002 deaths
British neuroscientists
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Alumni of King's College, Newcastle


title: Robin Söderqvist

text:
Robin Söderqvist (born September 27, 1994) is a Swedish ice hockey player. He is currently playing with IK Oskarshamn of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

Söderqvist made his Swedish Hockey League debut playing with Frölunda HC during the 2013–14 season.

References

External links

1994 births
Frölunda HC players
IK Oskarshamn players
Living people
Ice hockey people from Gothenburg
Swedish ice hockey forwards
IF Troja/Ljungby players
Växjö Lakers players


title: Gulli Petrini

text:
Gulli Charlotta Petrini (Stockholm, 30 September 1867 – Stockholm, 8 April 1941) was a Swedish Physicist, writer, suffragette, women's rights activist and politician. She was the chairperson of the local branch of the National Association for Women's Suffrage in Växjö 1903–1914 and Stockholm 1914–1921, and sat in the city council for the liberals in Växjö in 1910–1914.

Biography
She was born on 30 September 1867 to professor Carl Jacob Rossander and Emma Maria Godenius. She graduated at the Wallinska skolan in 1887, and became Doctor of Philosophy at Uppsala University in 1901. In 1902, she married fellow student Henrik Petrini. She worked as a teacher at the secondary education school for females in Växjö in 1902–06, and as a teacher at different girl schools in Stockholm in 1914–1931.

Gulli Petrini became interested in the women's movement as a student in Uppsala in the 1890s, where she frequented the radical circle around Ann-Margret Holmgren. Her interest in the women's movement was inspired by her own life, which was not conventional. Supported by her progressive father, she studied at university when this was still a controversial thing for a female; she was also a professional despite being married in a period when married females were not expected to support themselves. She became active within politics in 1904, when she became engaged in the local branch of the suffrage movement in Växjö, and soon became a prominent figure in the Swedish women suffrage movement.

Petrini died on 8 April 1941.

References

Sources
 Barbro Hedvall (2011). Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist. red.. Vår rättmätiga plats. Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt.. Förlag Bonnier.
 Gulli C Petrini, urn:sbl:7193, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Hjördis Levin), hämtad 2015-09-05.

Further reading

External links

1867 births
1941 deaths
Swedish suffragists
Swedish women's rights activists
People from Växjö
Place of birth missing
Local politicians in Sweden
20th-century Swedish women politicians
20th-century Swedish politicians


title: Greeks in Malta

text:
Greeks (, Ellines; ) have a long presence in Malta, which may lead back to ancient times. The archipelago was intensely Hellenized beginning in the 3rd century BC, a process which intertwined with the Christianization of Malta after the 1st century AD. The Byzantine presence was overturned by the Arab conquest of 870, and the surviving Greek community was Islamified. Maltese Christianity of the Byzantine Rite was only preserved in some parts of the country, being especially important in Gozo. These groups formed the basis for a local branch of the Eastern Orthodox Church, revived following Norman conquest in the 1120s. Although marginalized by Catholicism, which became the dominant faith, a Greek-speaking Eastern Orthodox community survived into the 15th century.

Greek immigration was resumed in the 1520s, shortly before the establishment of Hospitaller Malta. It comprised mainly refugees from the Ottoman Empire, hundreds or thousands of whom escaped from Rhodes. They reestablished the Greek Orthodox colony, presumed to have been placed under the Archbishopric of Ohrid, but also included in their ranks Greek-speaking members of both the Latin Church and Greek Byzantine Catholic Church. Within fifty years, with the onset of Counter-Reformation, the former community was pressured into merging with the latter two. By 1600, the Eastern Orthodox Greeks had formally abjured, but in various documented cases continued to practice their older rites. In tandem, the consolidated community of Catholic Greeks discarded its traditional center in Birgu and moved its base to Valletta, after which it became prone to assimilation into the ethnic mainstream.

In the 17th century, the Eastern Orthodox presence was also reinforced by Ottoman Greeks taken as slaves by the Maltese privateers, some of whom were themselves ethnic Greeks; there were also new waves of Maniots and Aetolians. Though small in numbers, the resulting community participated in the propagation of Greek nationalism and of the "Greek Plan". Many local Greeks also supported the French occupation of Malta, which closely preceded a Franco–Ottoman war. During the period of British colonization, the Maltese Greek community leader Ioannis Papafis was a sponsor of the Greek War of Independence. Greeks affiliated with either Catholicism or Eastern Orthodoxy remained present over the following centuries, though the latter community continued to be informally marginalized throughout the 19th century, and are now a small minority.

Early presence
Various archeological finds may suggest some connections between the old Maltese civilization and the Minoan civilization, followed by Mycenaean Greece. In the 1920s, biological anthropologist L. H. Dudley Buxton proposed that the original inhabitants of Malta Island and Gozo were Cretan immigrants. However, the Ancient Greeks appear not to have included either island in their colonization of the Mediterranean, perhaps owing to their lack of natural resources. They used Malta for commerce, but the archipelago was taken over and colonized by Phoenicians, then by Carthage. Gozo is perhaps the mythical island of Ogygia, described in the Odyssey, which may attest that groups of Mycenians once settled there. The main island was known in Greece under the name Melite (); one theory is that the name "Malta" is a derivative of the Greek word for "honey" (). A Phoenician derivation has also been proposed.

Despite being under Carthaginian rule, Malta was culturally integrated by the Hellenistic world in the 3rd century BC, when it built strong commercial links with Magna Graecia. Focusing on the finds at Tas-Silġ, scholar Antonio Tempio proposes that the archipelago was regularly visited by traders from Pithekoūsai, which had a mixed Carthaginian–Greek populace. Greek influence was only reinforced after the First Punic War, when Malta was annexed to the Roman Republic, later becoming part of the Roman Empire alongside Roman Greece. This was especially the case in Gozo, where archeological finds document the extensive circulation of Ancient Greek coinage. While Punic was still spoken locally into the 1st century AD and perhaps even later, it faced competition from both Latin and Greek (see Cippi of Melqart).

The Greek-speaking Byzantine Empire held Malta from the 6th century AD, and, beginning in the 8th century, Maltese Christianity was organized under the Byzantine Rite. Scant archeological evidence may suggest that local communities were under the command of tourmarchoi representing the Sicilian Theme, but this remains disputed. In circa 870, following the islands' capture and annexation by the Emirate of Sicily, some 3,000 men were reportedly killed, while 3,600 women and 5,000 children fell victim the Arab slave trade. The remaining Greek community was persecuted, its bishop enslaved, and its church destroyed. Local Greeks were largely converted to Islam, but continued to speak their original language.

The period of Islamic conversion also witnessed the birth of Maltese, which developed largely from Maghrebi and Siculo-Arabic. Medieval Greek left "remarkably few" or "absolutely no traces" on this linguistic development. There is however evidence that a Christian church, probably Byzantine, still survived on Gozo, though it was cut off from contacts with other parts of Europe. An historical account originating with Zakariya al-Qazwini suggests that in the 11th century the Catepanate of Italy tried to restore Christian Byzantine rule over Malta. This attempt was thwarted when the Arabs agreed to emancipate their slaves, who joined the resistance. Nevertheless, the ethnic origin of these men remains unclear.

Norman-Byzantine and Rhodian diasporas

Following the Norman conquest of the 1120s, Malta was integrated with the County, then the Kingdom of Sicily, and as such included within the Norman–Byzantine cultural sphere. The new rulers released and sent back to their homes those Christian slaves still present on the islands, but also brought with them a number of Greeks, who were disproportionately represented in the Norman–Sicilian navy. During the brief existence of a Norman kingdom in Africa, Greek administrators participated in repressing Arab piracy. A poem by a Greek exile to Malta, probably authored ca. 1150, laments that the population was still mostly Muslim, and commends the Normans for their efforts to convert them.

Upon the end of that campaign, which can be reliably dated to the 13th century, Maltese Arabs and Greek Muslims were generally converted to Catholicism. There is however evidence that at least some Maltese Greeks opted for the Eastern Orthodox Church (see East–West Schism). Some clandestine sanctuaries might be indicators that Basilian monks, perhaps affiliated with Eastern Orthodoxy, were active in Malta. An obituary discovered in 2012 mentions a Nicólaos Protopapàs Máltes (died 1230). His Greek surname, which can be read as "Protopope", could suggest that Eastern Orthodoxy had maintained an ecclesiastical structure. In the 1260s, Sicily and Malta became part of a personal empire built by Charles I of Anjou. According to anthropologist Stefan Goodwin, at his stage "faltering religious pluralism still existed in the sense that Orthodox Christians, Jews, and Muslims still constituted a substantial minority of the population." Malta's native Greek Orthodoxy probably died out in the mid 15th century.

Other groups of Greeks appeared in that context. In July 1401, the Crown of Aragon (which included Sicily and Malta from 1409) banned the release of Greek, Circassian, Albanian, Ruthenian, Bulgarian and Vlach slaves. From the 16th century on, most Greeks who arrived in Malta did so as a result of displacement by the Ottoman Empire (see Ottoman wars in Europe). Following a siege in 1522, the Knights Hospitaller were chased out Rhodes and granted possession of Malta. Rhodian Greeks followed them there, numbering in the hundreds or as many as 3,000 to 5,000 individuals (up to 20% of the total population). Overall, most migrants were initially Eastern Orthodox—however, Rhodians most likely included Latin Church and Greek Byzantine Catholics.

Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Greeks from Hospitaller Malta and Maltese-occupied Tripoli were granted the privilege of trading with Muslim states, and integrated commercially with the larger Greek diaspora. In tandem, Greek seafarers contributed to the birth of Maltese privateering. Already in the 1530s, the archipelago was home to prosperous Greek Maltese merchants Sydero Metaxí and Stammato Galanti. Eastern Orthodox Rhodians settled in Malta-proper included priest Angelo Metaxí and the prosperous Fundomali family of Birgu. Among the Catholic descendants of this Rhodian diaspora was the adventurer Iacob Heraclid. Born at Birkirkara in 1527, he claimed the thrones of Samos and Chios, and would eventually serve as Prince of Moldavia in the 1560s. Propagated and partly distorted by the Hospitallers, accounts of Heraclid's career have left traces in Maltese literature and historiography.

With four parish churches mentioned in early records, Birgu remained the center of Greek Rhodian immigration. In 1565, during the Great Siege of Malta, Greeks from that town joined a militia company mainly staffed by Maltese locals. Following the Hospitaller relocation from Birgu to Valletta, Greek converts were invited to the latter city, and were granted the Church of St Nicholas. Despite being a Catholic state, Hospitaller Malta remained somewhat tolerant of the Orthodox presence and, by 1621, the Greek Orthodox community in the archipelago had established direct contacts with the Patriarchate of Constantinople. It is likely that Malta and Gozo answered to the Archbishopric of Ohrid, through a suffragan located at Agrigento.

Inquisition and assimilation
During the Counter-Reformation era, efforts to absorb this congregation into Catholicism became more systematic. Greeks who were still Eastern Orthodox made repeated pledges of union with Catholicism, as a Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic community, but these remained formal. In the 1570s, Cardinal Giulio Antonio Santoro and the Roman Inquisition made a note that the Greek "heretics" were resisting such attempts, taking their chrism exclusively from their "Oriental prelate". In 1575 Birgu, there were 74 Greek Catholics. Their parish priest, Emmanuel Metaxí, angered Catholic supervisors by omitting references to Filioque and ignoring the Gregorian calendar. Other Byzantine-Rite Greeks were prosecuted for similar offenses involving the calendar, prompting priest Constantin Sguro to ask advice from the Holy See. In one other case, the five daughters of a Greek priest were formally investigated by the Inquisition after accusations that they practiced witchcraft using his leftover chrism. In 1600, Metaxí bequeathed Damascena Church to monks from the Church of Sinai; unusually, this transfer was countersigned by the Catholic Archbishop, Tomás Gargallo. The monks, who also catered to the needs of Greeks in Cospicua, were presumed to be Catholic converts, but later found to be omitting the Filioque.

The presence of Greeks was temporarily reinforced by other factors. By 1580, Hospitaller Malta was organizing privateer raids on Ottoman Tripolitania and the Levant, attracting some Catholic Greek volunteers—perhaps as many as 5% of the total privateers. This trend was still observable in the 1630s, when Greeks made up a sizable portion of the Maltese seafaring community, itself estimated at 20% of the active population. During the Golden Age of Piracy, Malta developed as a slave-trading hub, primarily supplied with Muslim captives. Between 1550 and 1600, some 20% of the captives were Christians, many of them Greeks; the policy was to release most non-Muslims, but in practice some Greeks were still kept as slaves, in perpetuity. In the 17th and 18th centuries, sailors under the Maltese cross were regularly attacking ships manned by sailors from Ottoman Greece, since these were generally Orthodox (and therefore "schismatic"). In various cases, Greek captives began declaring themselves Catholic to obtain release. In 1674, the Holy See gave its permission for the sale of Orthodox slaves, provided they were Ottoman subjects.

Also in the 1670s, some hundreds of Maniots are believed to have settled in the Maltese archipelago. According to Buxton, Maniot "racial" influence was especially striking in and around Żurrieq. Meanwhile, Birgu's Catholic Greek community declined even more, and became small enough to be served by the priests of Borgo. The Catholic Greek parishioners of Valletta are not mentioned in the 1680s census (or Status Animarum) for unclear reasons, but probably had a more thriving community. However, this group became especially prone to assimilation, by adopting the Latin liturgical rites and, with time, Maltese identity. Already before 1670, Maltese graduates of the Pontifical Greek College frequently opted for priesthood into the Latin Church. By 1708, there were only nine Byzantine Rite Catholics of young age registered in Valletta; Latinized Greeks of that age included Gioacchino Loretta, a noted Baroque painter.

According to historian Katerina Papakonstantinou, before 1723 "captains from Messolonghi formed the only Greek presence on the island [of Malta]", by which time "the flag of Malta was often flown by Greek ships, especially those from Messolonghi, in order to provide them easy access to Western European ports." Later in the 18th century, Malta became the destination of sailors from throughout the Aegean Islands. The temporary presence of a Greek colony in southwest Mdina during that age has given its name to the neighboring "Greeks Gate". The lush area outside Rabat is traditionally known as Wied ir-Rum, translated by Giovanni Francesco Abela as Valle de' Christiani Greci ("Valley of the Greek Christians"; see Rûm).

Napoleonic era

Beginning in the 1760s, Hospitaller Malta became interesting to the Russian Empire, which increased its presence in the Mediterranean and even attempted to impose its rule. A Greek-Russian envoy, Antonio Psaro, negotiated an understanding between the Order and the Russians, integrating Malta with the "Greek Plan" before 1789. Such maneuvers enhanced the rift between the Hospitallers and the French Republic. In June 1798, a French occupation of Malta ended Hospitaller rule. Maltese Greeks were reportedly enthusiastic about this development, believing it a prelude to the liberation of Greece.

On Napoleon's orders, the 2,000 slaves still present in Malta were all manumitted. In his proclamations, he thanked the Greeks for their loyalty, and banned Latin priests from ever officiating in "Greek Churches". However, an explicit order was given to execute Greeks who maintained relations with the Russian Empire. While the French engaged the Ottomans in battle, an attempt to revive the Hospitallers as an Orthodox-and-Catholic order was made by Paul I of Russia (see Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller). Participating in this reconciliation, Jean-Baptiste Antoine de Flachslanden proposed to create a Hospitallers' Langue for Greek expatriates. However, his project also called for moving the Order's headquarters to Austrian Dalmatia.

500 Greeks and some "disloyal Maltese" still assisted the beleaguered French Revolutionary Army during the uprising of September 1798. There followed an occupation by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which imposed a Malta Protectorate (nominally under the Kingdom of Naples). During this time, Ottoman Greeks were among the soldiers of fortune taken to serve at Fort Ricasoli; they were then participants in the Froberg mutiny of April 1807. The revolt was violently suppressed, but not before attempts at mediation involving local Greek priests.

With the establishment of the Crown Colony of Malta within the British Empire, Eastern Orthodox Greeks again had a noted presence in the islands. In 1816, they founded Saint George Church of Valletta, re-purposing a regular 17th-century building. The Church Mission Society noted that, between 1810 and 1819, the number of Greek Orthodox "foreigners" in Malta had declined from 12,000 (the largest minority, ahead of 7,000 Jews), to a "very small number". The Catholic parishioners who identified as Greeks were a similarly minor presence. In 1806, only 76 individuals registered with Byzantine Catholic churches anywhere in the archipelago.

With the end of the Napoleonic Wars came a regeneration of the Black Sea wheat trade, and Greek-run enterprises became its major players, setting up representations in Maltese ports. Greek community life experienced a small revival during the Greek War of Independence, when events such as the Chios massacre pushed some, including the shipowner and political conspirator Alexandros Kontostavlos, to seek refuge on the Maltese islands. The newly proclaimed Hellenic Republic managed to set up a consulate in Malta, but it remained largely inactive. In that context, one particularly important Greek migrant was the broker Ioannis Papafis, originally from Thessaloniki, who had moved to Malta in 1818. Until his death in 1886, Papafis contributed significantly to the local society; he also provided financial aid for the Hellenic Republic, and later for the Kingdom of Greece.

Modern communities

British rule introduced toleration for Greek Orthodox customs, but Catholicism was preserved as the privileged religion. A controversy erupted in the 1840s, when Greek Orthodox priests began wearing their vestments outside church, testing an older customary prohibition. Greece intervened to protect that right, but the First Russell ministry sided with Maltese Catholics. The Catholic Greeks, meanwhile, no longer ordained local priests, relying on envoys from the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church. Their two churches in Valletta, St Nicholas and the new Damascene Church, had by then been reassigned to Latin confraternities. Some Greeks joined other spiritual communities: in 1831, American Congregationalist records noted the existence in Malta of at least one family of Greek affiliates, one of whom helped direct the effort to establish missions in Greece.

By the 1880s, Greeks from the islands had joined in the Maltese migration to the Khedivate of Egypt. British reports of the period claim that Greek Maltese settlers in Alexandria were often engaged in criminal activities. When the ‘Urabi revolt reached the city in June 1882, Maltese Greeks were among its earliest victims (see Bombardment of Alexandria). There were various instances of Greek migration to Malta, including, in the 1880s, the Orthodox Giovanni Dacoutros of Santorini. He founded a successful business which relied on imported Greek wine, while other families of immigrants (Colombos, Grech, Marich, Sorottos, etc.) dealt mainly in tobacco. The British census of 1911 recorded 36 males and 39 female Greek nationals among the recent immigrants to the Colony.

In 1915, scholar Raymond Janin still noted the existence of "small colony" of Byzantine-Rite Catholic Greeks in Malta. He counted this group alongside similar communities of Grikos and Arbëreshë in the Italian Peninsula, Cargèse, and French North Africa, estimating the total number at 25,000. The Damascene church was returned to them in 1934, but was then heavily damaged during the bombing raids on Malta. Greek Orthodox still maintained a chapel in the 1950s, but it reportedly had no attending priest. According to the Catholic cleric Giorgio Schirò, this issue prompted many more Orthodox to join his Byzantine-Rite community.

The present-day non-assimilated Greek presence in Malta remains small. An informal estimate for 2012 placed the total number of Greeks in Malta at 20 families or less. The Orthodox community, comprising some 50 people in 2010, was allocated to the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta until January 2021, when a Maltese Excharcate was created. Catholic Byzantine-Rite Greeks are mainly parishioners of the Damascene Church. In 2012, this was served by a non-Greek priest, George Mifsud Montanaro, and affiliated with the Melkite Greek Catholic Church (Diocese of Galilee). In July 2015, members of the communities and temporary migrants from Greece protested alongside Moviment Graffitti in Valletta, showing support for the anti-austerity movement in Greece.

See also
 Greece–Malta relations

Notes

References

Malta


title: Ruth Gustafson

text:
Ruth Valborg Maria Gustafson née Pettersson (8 July 1881 – 5 April 1960), was a Swedish politician (Social Democrat), union worker, women's rights activist and editor. She was a member of the Stockholm city council from 1919 to 1938, a member of the second chamber of parliament from 1933 to 1960, and editor of the social democratic paper Morgonbris from 1908 to 1910 and 1919 to 1921. She was a member of the National Association for Women's Suffrage from 1902 to 1921, and a speaker of the left wing within the movement.

Life and career
Ruth Gustafson was born to caretaker Fredrik Teodor Pettersson and Anna Lovisa Johansson in Stockholm. She married editor and parliamentarian Hjalmar Albin Gustafson (1883–1961) in 1912 and divorced him in 1934. She was a board member of the Women's Trade Union in 1903–1906, Working Committee of the Social Democratic Women in 1907–1910 and 1917–1920, Chairperson of the Working Committee of the Social Democratic Women in 1908–1910, board member of the Social Democratic Women in 1920–1932 and 1936–1948.

Gustafson was raised in an intellectual working-class home with parents interested in socialism and worker's rights and a father engaged in union work, and she became active in the social democratic movement through its youth clubs in Stockholm in the 1890s. She became a formal member of the Social Democratic party in 1902, and was thereafter active as a speaker for the party, citing Kata Dalström and Anna Sterky as her role models. She was known for her radical views in favor of abolishing the church, in favor of civil marriage, to give legal rights to couples living together without being married (as she herself did with her spouse for six years before she married him), and to protect children from being used for child labor.

Ruth Gustafson was a leading figure of the women's rights movement within the social democratic party and the Swedish working-class movement, where the women normally did not wish to become a part of the women's rights organisations as they were considered to consist mainly of upper-class ladies. Working-class women at this point spoke for their rights through the trade unions for women, and Gustafsson was an important speaker for them within the social democratic party, where the rights of workers were given priority over women's rights, and women's participation in politics, though frequent, was not yet uncontroversial.

Gustafson died in Stockholm in 1960.

Sources
 Tidens kalender 1941, Stockholm: Victor Pettersons bokindustri A.B., 1940, sid. 122.
 Barbro Hedvall (2011). Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist. red.. Vår rättmätiga plats. Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt.. Förlag Bonnier.
 Ruth V M Gustafson, urn:sbl:13309, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Göran Wendel), hämtad 2015-09-05.

Further reading

1881 births
1960 deaths
Swedish suffragists
Swedish women's rights activists
Women members of the Riksdag
Members of the Riksdag from the Social Democrats
Swedish trade unionists
20th-century Swedish women politicians
20th-century Swedish politicians
Socialist feminists
Members of the Andra kammaren


title: Alexandra Skoglund

text:
Louise Sophie Alexandra Skoglund (1862–1938) was a Swedish suffragette, women's rights activist and politician.

Skoglund was born 22 October 1862 in Stockholm, Sweden. Skoglund graduated from Högre lärarinneseminariet in 1883. She was a teacher at the Åhlinska skolan in 1912–1933. In 1902–1903, she was one of the founders of the National Association for Women's Suffrage. After the Country Association for Women's Suffrage had abandoned its political neutrality in 1911, when the conservative Moderate Party was the only party left opposed to women suffrage, Alexandra Skoglund was one of the right wing suffragists to create the Moderate Association for Women's Suffrage. She was the chairperson in the women's group of the Moderate Party in 1920–1938. Skoglund died 12 February 1938 in Stockholm.

References

Sources
 Walborg Hedberg – Louise Arosenius: Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden, Stockholm 1914, sid. 93.
 Ann-Cathrine Haglund, Ann-Marie Petersson, Inger Ström-Billing, red (2004). Moderata pionjärer: kvinnor i politiskt arbete 1900–2000. Stockholm: Sällskapet för moderata kvinnors historia. Libris 9666368.  (inb.) Pionjären Alexandra Skoglund, 1862–1938 av Inger Ström-Billing
 L S Alexandra Skoglund, urn:sbl:6020, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Inger Ström-Billing), hämtad 2014-02-11.

Further reading

1862 births
1938 deaths
Swedish suffragists
Swedish women's rights activists
20th-century Swedish women politicians
20th-century Swedish politicians
Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen


title: Latgalian Farmer-Labour Party

text:
The Latgalian Farmer-Labour Party, also known as the Latgalian Progressive Farmers, was a political party in Latvia during the inter-war period. The party contested elections in an alliance with several other parties under the name United List of Latgalian Small Landless Farmers and Latgalian Labour Party. It was led by .

History
The party first contested national elections in 1922, when it won four seats in the parliamentary elections that year. It was reduced to two seats in 2nd Saeima after 1925 elections. The party changed its name to the Progressive People's Union (), which won three seats in the 1928 elections. The 1931 elections saw the party win five seats in the 4th Saeima.

Ideology
The party supported radical land reform, including land distribution without compensation for former landowners. Like other parties in Latgale, it took an anti-Polish stance.

References

Defunct political parties in Latvia
Defunct agrarian political parties
Labour parties
Latgale


title: Christoffer Ehn

text:
Christoffer Ehn (born 5 April 1996) is a Swedish professional ice hockey forward, who is currently playing with Linköping HC of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). Ehn was drafted 106th overall by the Detroit Red Wings in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

Playing career
During the 2013–14 season, Ehn recorded eight goals and ten assists in 15 games with Frölunda HC's Under-18 team, as well as four goals and seven assists in 45 games with Frölunda's J20 SuperElit team. Ehn was ranked 89th by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau on their final list of the top draft-eligible European skaters leading into the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

During the 2015–16 season, Ehn recorded two assists in 37 regular season games, and one assist in 16 playoff games, helping lead Frölunda HC to the Le Mat Trophy.

During the 2016–17 season, Ehn recorded four goals and nine assists in 52 games with Frölunda HC. Following the conclusion of the season, Ehn left the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) and was signed to a professional tryout by the Grand Rapids Griffins, the American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate of the Red Wings. On 20 April 2017, Ehn signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the Red Wings. He made his NHL debut for the Red Wings on 4 October 2018. Ehn was re-assigned to the Grand Rapid Griffins on 25 October after playing in nine games but was recalled a few weeks later on 21 November. On 23 December he scored his first career NHL goal against Garret Sparks of the Toronto Maple Leafs in a 5–4 overtime loss.

During the 2018–19 season in his first full year in the NHL, Ehn posted three goals and six assists in 60 games, while averaging 10:37 time on ice.

As a free agent from the Red Wings following the completion of his contract, Ehn opted to return on a one-year contract to his original Swedish club, Frölunda HC of the SHL, on 6 November 2020. In the following 2020–21 season, Ehn made 36 regular season appearances, contributing with 4 goals and 9 points.

On 11 May 2021, Ehn joined his second SHL club, agreeing to a three-year contract as a free agent with Linköping HC.

International play
Ehn represented Sweden at the 2014 IIHF World U18 Championships, where he recorded three assists in seven games. Ehn later represented Sweden at the 2015 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, where he recorded two assists in seven games. Ehn represented Sweden at the 2016 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, where he recorded one goal and one assist in seven games.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Detroit Red Wings players
Frölunda HC players
Grand Rapids Griffins players
BIK Karlskoga players
Linköping HC players
IK Oskarshamn players
Swedish ice hockey forwards


title: 1949 Taça de Portugal final

text:
The 1949 Taça de Portugal final was the final match of the 1948–49 Taça de Portugal, the 10th season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The match was played on 12 June 1949 at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, and opposed two Primeira Liga sides: Atlético CP and Benfica. Benfica defeated Atlético CP 2–1 to claim their fourth Taça de Portugal.

Match

Details

References

1949
Taca
S.L. Benfica matches
Atlético Clube de Portugal matches


title: Kateřina Böhmová

text:
Kateřina Böhmová may refer to:

 Kateřina Böhmová (1958), Czech tennis player (the mother)
 Kateřina Böhmová (1986), Czech tennis player (the daughter)


title: Ellen Hagen

text:
Ellen Helga Louise Hagen (née Wadström; 1873–1967) was a Swedish suffragette, women's rights activist and politician. She was a member of the National Association for Women's Suffrage, the chairperson of Liberala kvinnor (Liberal Women) in 1938–1946 and Svenska Kvinnors Medborgarförbund (Swedish Women's Citizen Society) in 1936–1963. During the 1920s and 1930s, she was internationally active within peace work and the Swedish delegate in the international peace conference in Paris in 1931.

Life
Hagen was born on 15 September 1873 in Stockholm, Sweden. She was the daughter of the priest and writer Bernhard Wadström and Helga Westdahl (1838–1879), and the sister of the writer Frida Stéenhoff. In 1896 she married Roger Hagen, governor of Gävleborg country. She was the mother of ambassador Tord Hagen.

She was active as a speaker for Country Association for Women's Suffrage. She is described as a skillful speaker, and her contribution was appreciated: by her connections, the movement gained supporters from the upper class, who would not otherwise be willing to listen to a speech about women suffrage, and by her glamorous way of dressing, she proved wrong the caricature of a suffragette as "masculine". Women suffrage was achieved in 1919.

After the death of her spouse in 1922, she was proposed by the government to succeed him as governor of Gävleborg country, though this did not come about. In 1923, she became the launching editor of a Swedish liberal feminist magazine, Tidevarvet.

Hagen died on 28 January 1967 in Stockholm.

Sources

Further reading
 Barbro Hedvall (2011). Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist. red.. Vår rättmätiga plats. Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt. Förlag Bonnier.
 Hagen's biography at University of Gothenburg (Swedish)

1873 births
1967 deaths
Politicians from Stockholm
Swedish suffragists
Swedish women's rights activists
20th-century Swedish women politicians
20th-century Swedish politicians
Burials at Uppsala old cemetery
19th-century Swedish women politicians
19th-century Swedish politicians


title: Christian Pedersen

text:
Christian or Kristian Pedersen may refer to:

 Kristian Pedersen (born 1994), Danish footballer
 Christian Pedersen (cyclist) (1920–1999), Danish cyclist
 Christian Pedersen (gymnast) (1889–1953), Danish Olympic gymnast
 Christian Pedersen (rower) (born 1982), Danish rower and member of the Gold Four
 Christian Pedersen (sport shooter) (1874–1957), Danish Olympic sports shooter
 Christian Theodore Pedersen (1876–1969), Norwegian-American seaman, whaling captain and fur trader
 Kristian Tønder (Kristian Pedersen Tønder, 1860–1934), Norwegian priest and politician


title: Wilfrid Wills

text:
Wilfrid Dewhurst Wills (15 October 1898 – 20 April 1954)  was a  Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Batley and Morley from 1931 to 1935.

The son of a Director of Wills Tobacco, he was born at Bromley, Kent and educated at Cheltenham College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He served in both World Wars: as an Officer in the 5th Dragoon Guards from 1916 to 1919; and as a Lieutenant-Commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer (Wireless) Reserve from 1939 to 1945.

External links

Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
1898 births
1954 deaths
UK MPs 1931–1935
People from Bromley
People educated at Cheltenham College
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
5th Dragoon Guards officers
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
British Army personnel of World War I
Military personnel from Bromley
Royal Navy sailors


title: St Michael the Archangel's Church, Retford

text:
St Michael the Archangel's Church is a Grade II* listed parish church in the Church of England in Retford, Nottinghamshire, England.

History

The church dates from the 13th century. It was heavily restored in 1863. The chancel was lengthened in 1889, and a sacristy added at the north east around 1910. The church hall was added in 1978. It is also in a joint parish with All Hallows' Church in Ordsall.

Interior
The chancel screen is by Charles Hodgson Fowler from  1899.

The reredos behind the altar displays a painted Adoration of the Magi, by Sir Ninian Comper.

Organ

The church has a two manual pipe organ by Henry Willis dating from 1876.

See also
Grade II* listed buildings in Nottinghamshire
Listed buildings in Retford

References

14th-century church buildings in England
Church of England church buildings in Nottinghamshire
Grade II* listed churches in Nottinghamshire
Saint Michael
Anglo-Catholic church buildings in Nottinghamshire


title: Hiruma

text:
Hiruma is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Toshi Hiruma, American film producer

Fictional characters
 Yoichi Hiruma, a character in the manga series Eyeshield 21
 Hiruma Brothers, a pair of characters in the manga series Rurouni Kenshin

Japanese-language surnames


title: Leonard McGrath

text:
Leonard John McGrath (1899 – December 1949) was an Irish dual player who played both football and hurling for Galway.

Born in Charters Towers, Queensland, Australia, McGrath came to Galway with his family in his youth. He made his first impression on the inter-county scene when he was a member of the Galway senior hurling team for the 1923 championship. McGrath won an All-Ireland medal that year as Galway secured their first hurling title. Two years later he won an All-Ireland medal with the Galway senior football team.

At club level McGrath played with Mullagh and St Grellan's.

He also played rugby, which earned him an expulsion from the GAA under Rule 27.

His medal collection was auctioned in 2020.

References

1899 births
1949 deaths
20th-century Australian farmers
Australian Gaelic footballers
Australian hurlers
Irish people of Australian descent
Dual players
Gaelic footballers who switched code
Galway inter-county hurlers
Galway inter-county Gaelic footballers
20th-century Irish farmers
Mullagh hurlers
St Grellan's Gaelic footballers
People from Charters Towers


title: Alan Hunter (astronomer)

text:
Alan Hunter CBE (9 September 1912 East Ham, London – 11 December 1995) was an English astronomer who spent his career at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, serving as Director between 1973 and 1975.

Early life

Alan Hunter was born in East Ham, East London, on 9 September 1912. He attended East Ham Grammar School, then studied physics at Imperial College London from where he graduated with a BSc degree. He remained at the college as a research student studying spectroscopy, leading to the award of a PhD degree.

Assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich
Hunter was appointed an assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in 1937, at a time when the observatory was under the directorship of Sir Harold Spencer Jones, the Astronomer Royal. On 11 January 1935 Hunter was elected to the fellowship of the Royal Astronomical Society. Hunter served as head of the observatory's Department of Astrometry and Astrophysics from 1937 to 1956. In 1937 he married Joan Portnell. He worked on measuring the distances of stars using photography with the Greenwich 26-inch diameter refracting telescope. He also measured temperatures of stars using a 36-inch diameter reflecting telescope.

During the Second World War, Hunter was transferred temporarily to the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, where he researched into the properties of metals. On 23 February 1944 Hunter joined the British Astronomical Association.

On returning to the Royal Observatory in 1946, he worked on measuring positions of minor planets and comets. He attempted to travel to observe a total solar eclipse in Brazil in 1947, but an aircraft he was travelling in crashed in Senegal. Hunter was injured but survived; some other passengers were killed.

Work at the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux
As part of the observatory's relocation from London to the clearer and darker skies of Sussex, Hunter moved in 1956 to the Royal Greenwich Observatory's new site at Herstmonceux Castle. His department was split into two by the new Astronomer Royal, Sir Richard Woolley, with Hunter becoming head of the Department of Astrometry.

Hunter worked for six months at Mount Wilson Observatory in 1959–1960 to gain experience of using large telescopes, in preparation for the construction of a new telescope at Herstmonceux.

Alan Hunter was promoted to be Chief Assistant in 1961, when he was responsible for the Royal Greenwich Observatory's administration. In this role he supported the transfer of the running of the observatory from the British Admiralty to the Science Research Council. He was also responsible for completing the construction and the opening of the new Isaac Newton Telescope at Herstmonceux, a 98-inch diameter reflecting telescope that provided British astronomers access to modern observing facilities. He contributed to the search for a suitable site for the Anglo-Australian Observatory, a new observatory established jointly by the United Kingdom and Australian governments. He served on the Large Telescope Users' Panel for the Science Research Council.

Hunter became Deputy Director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory in 1967. When the Astronomer Royal, Sir Richard Woolley, retired in 1971, the United Kingdom government chose to split the post of Astronomer Royal from the observatory. The Astronomer Royal had been director of the Greenwich Observatory from its foundation in 1675 up to this time, but the government appointed Margaret Burbidge as Director, with the post of Astronomer Royal becoming an honorary title from then on. Hunter served as acting director of the observatory until Burbidge's arrival in 1972.

Director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory
Margaret Burbidge resigned from the observatory in 1973, and Alan Hunter was appointed her successor as Director. This put him in charge of the institution as the latest in a series of eleven astronomers royal and two directors over nearly 300 years.
He served in this position until his retirement in 1975, a period that included the observatory's 300th anniversary
celebrations.

Retirement
Alan Hunter and his wife retired to Norfolk. He died there on 11 December 1995.

Honours and awards
 Vice-president, Royal Astronomical Society (1956–1957, 1965–1966, 1976–1977).
 President, British Astronomical Association (1956–1958).
 Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) (1975).

References

External links
 Online catalogue of Hunter's working papers (part of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives held at Cambridge University Library)

1912 births
1995 deaths
Alumni of Imperial College London
20th-century British astronomers
People from East Ham
Royal Observatory, Greenwich


title: Abram Ozmun

text:
Abraham "Abram" Ozmun' (August 31, 1814 – November 29, 1887) was an American farmer and politician.

Born in Tompkins County, New York, Ozmun moved to Illinois and then settled in Minnesota Territory in 1856. He was a farmer and then was in the hardware business in Rochester, Minnesota. He served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1859 to 1860. He then served as Mayor of Rochester, Minnesota from 1864 to 1865. His son, Edward Henry Ozmun, also served in the Minnesota Legislature.

Notes

1814 births
1887 deaths
People from Tompkins County, New York
Businesspeople from Minnesota
Mayors of Rochester, Minnesota
Members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople


title: Dutch Lenten Campaign Foundation

text:
Dutch Lenten Campaign Foundation is the Roman Catholic aid agency for the Netherlands. In Dutch: “Stichting Bisschoppelijke Vastenaktie Nederland”. The foundation is supported by the local churches here and in developing countries. The organization campaigns in cooperation with private initiatives, especially during the Advent period before Christmas and the Lenten period before Easter.

The Dutch Bishops Lenten Campaign Foundation is an initiative of the Dutch bishops led by Cardinal Alfrink in 1961. Since 2011 she is also responsible for the Advent campaign.
The Lenten Campaign is best known for the Lenten Campaign pockets. It is a small organization in The Hague that works with thousands of volunteers in Parishes, villages and cities in the Netherlands. The scope of Lenten Campaign lies primarily in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe and has a disposable budget of about 5 million euros (2012).

Campaigns
The Foundation performs various campaigns. Each campaign has its own theme. The supported projects are socio-economic in nature, on small scale, and focused on self-help.
 Lenten Campaign asks to slow down, for another person, in the period between carnival and Easter.
 Advent Campaign wants to bring light to those who live on the margins of society, in the period before Christmas.
The revenues of the campaigns of this charity organisation support hundreds of projects in developing countries.

History
The Lenten campaign started in 1961, not in place of existing missionary activities, but was an additional fundraising activity for alleviating acute needs in dioceses in developing countries. More importantly, encouraging a spirit of detachment and sacrifice at a time of increasing prosperity and rising military spending.
The execution was placed in the hands of the parishes. Workgroups spread the Lenten campaign pockets. The board of the Lenten selected each year the project applications received.
From 1965 14 national aid agencies went together in the international umbrella organization CIDSE, International Working Group for socio - economic development.
The international Lenten Campaign had an eye for social and political injustices in places such as South America and the Philippines and supported the resistance against it.
In 1995, the development organizations Lenten Campaign and Cebemo merged. The aim of the merger was a pooling of resources and increase the effectiveness and efficiency as well as cost savings.
Cordaid was formed in 1999 from a merger of two Catholic development organizations: Memisa Medicus Mundi ( 1925) and Mensen in nood (1914 ), and was simultaneously entered into with Bilance (an intensive cooperation organization between Lenten Campaign and Cebemo). The Lenten Campaign Foundation was co-founder of Cordaid. End of 2011, the campaigning partnership with Cordaid ended.

Sources

Catholic charities
Catholic Church in the Netherlands
Foundations based in the Netherlands
International development agencies
Religious service organizations


title: Alfred M. Jones

text:
Alfred Miles Jones (February 5, 1837 – July 8, 1910), nicknamed "Long" Jones, was an American politician and businessman. Born in New Hampshire, Jones came with his family to Illinois in 1847. Jones became a prominent politician in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, eventually rising to deputy sheriff and the leader of the county chapter of the Republican Party. He was elected to two terms in the Illinois House of Representatives, then received two positions under the spoils system. Jones was chairman of the Illinois Republican Committee for twelve years. In the 1880s, he assumed control of the Bethesda spring in Waukesha, Wisconsin, and helped turn it into one of the most prominent spring water companies in the nation. He moved to Waukesha in 1896 and was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate three years later, serving one term.

Biography
Alfred Miles Jones was born in New Durham, New Hampshire, on February 5, 1837. He was the eldest child of farmers Alfred S. and Rebecca (Miles) Jones. When Jones was ten, the family moved to Hebron, Illinois, to establish a new farm. When he was sixteen, Jones moved to Michigan to work in a lumber yard. He later operated a raft on the Mississippi River. After saving some money, he moved to Rockford, Illinois, and attended a school there. Graduating in 1856, Jones returned to the family farm in Hebron, teaching a school there in winters.
Shortly afterward, the family moved to Warren. There, Jones opened a store selling books and jewelry. However, he was financially ruined by the Panic of 1857. He left Illinois with a friend to join the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. He found little of value and decided to head east to Kearney, Nebraska. He then returned to Warren to work as a laborer. He was appointed constable of Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Jones became involved in the farm machinery trade and sold such items for five years. He then studied law and became involved with real estate. He rose in county politics to become deputy sheriff and coroner. He was named the chairman of the county Republican Party central committee.

Jones became a  member of the State Republican Committee in 1871, serving twelve years as its chairman. In 1872, Jones was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives for the 10th district, serving two two-year terms. He was the Majority Leader for the second term. To distinguish him from fellow representative Benjamin L. Jones, Alfred Jones was nicknamed "Long" Jones (for his height), a nickname that stuck for the rest of his life.

After his second house term expired, Jones was named a commissioner of the Joliet Penitentiary. He was the secretary of the board of trustees for three and a half years. President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed Jones a tax assessor for Sterling, Illinois, in 1880. The next year, President James A. Garfield named him marshal of the Northern District of Illinois. He held the position until 1885. At the 1892 Republican National Convention, he had control of Benjamin Harrison's presidential campaign.

In 1885, Jones assumed control of the Bethesda mineral spring in Waukesha, Wisconsin. He became its president and manager three years later, eventually purchasing almost 75% of the company stock. The company was extremely successful, selling over one million bottles of water a year by 1892. He co-founded the Waukesha Beach Electric Railway and was elected its first president. He also purchased the Terrace Hotel. In 1894, he decided to leave Illinois and permanently settle in Waukesha. He was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate in 1899, serving a four-year term.

Jones married Emeline A. Wright on October 13, 1857. They had two children: Alfred Wirt and Ernie. Alfred Wirt served under his father as secretary of Bethesda. Alfred Miles Jones was a Freemason and Baptist. He died in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on July 8, 1910, and was buried in Prairie Home Cemetery.

References

1837 births
1910 deaths
Schoolteachers from Illinois
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Republican Party Wisconsin state senators
People from Warren, Illinois
People from New Durham, New Hampshire
Politicians from Waukesha, Wisconsin
Businesspeople from Illinois
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
United States Marshals
19th-century American politicians
People from Hebron, Illinois
People from Rockford, Illinois
People from Sterling, Illinois
Burials in Wisconsin
Baptists from Wisconsin
Baptists from Illinois
Baptists from New Hampshire
19th-century American educators
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century Baptists


title: Fredrik Forsberg (ice hockey, born December 1996)

text:
Fredrik Forsberg (born December 12, 1996) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing with HV71 of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).

Forsberg made his Swedish Hockey League debut playing with Leksands IF during the 2013–14 SHL season.

Personal life
Fredrik is the younger brother of Filip Forsberg who was drafted 11th overall in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft by the Washington Capitals. Filip now plays for the Nashville Predators. The brothers are of no relation to former NHL star Peter Forsberg.

References

External links

1996 births
BIK Karlskoga players
HV71 players
IK Oskarshamn players
Leksands IF players
Living people
Swedish ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey people from Uppsala