title: Drew Struzan

text:
Drew Struzan (; born March 18, 1947) is an American artist, illustrator and cover designer. He is known for his more than 150 movie posters, which include The Shawshank Redemption, Blade Runner, Mallrats, as well as films in the Indiana Jones, Back to the Future, and Star Wars film series. He has also painted album covers, collectibles, and book covers.

Early life
Struzan was born on March 18, 1947, in Oregon City, Oregon. In 1965, at age 18, he enrolled at the Art Center College of Design, then in West Los Angeles.

Career

Early career
A counselor asked Struzan about his interests and told him he had a choice between fine art or illustration. The counselor described the two careers, telling Struzan that as a fine artist he could paint whatever he wanted, but as an illustrator he could paint for money. Struzan chose to be an illustrator, saying, "I need to eat." In his first year, he married and became a father. Struzan worked his way through school by selling his artwork and accepting small commissions. He graduated in five years, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree with honors. He also completed two years of graduate studies, and eventually returned to the school in later years, after the campus relocated to Pasadena, California, to teach for a short time.

About his career, Struzan has said: "I was poor and hungry, and illustration was the shortest path to a slice of bread, as compared to a gallery showing. I had nothing as a child. I drew on toilet paper with pencilsthat was the only paper around. Probably why I love drawing so much today is because it was just all I had at the time."

After graduating from college, Struzan remained in Los Angeles, and a trip to an employment agency found him a job as a staff artist for Pacific Eye & Ear, a design studio. There he began designing album covers under the direction of Ernie Cefalu, relishing the creative aspects the 12x12" size the record packaging afforded him. Over the next 5 years, he would create album cover artwork for a long line of musical artists, including Tony Orlando and Dawn, The Beach Boys, Bee Gees, Roy Orbison, Black Sabbath, Glenn Miller, Iron Butterfly, Bach, Earth, Wind and Fire, and Liberace. He also illustrated the t-shirt that George Carlin wears on the front and back cover of his album Toledo Window Box.

Among these, Struzan illustrated the album cover artwork for Alice Cooper's Welcome to My Nightmare, which Rolling Stone would go on to vote one of the Top 100 Album Covers Of All Time. Despite the burgeoning demand for his talents, however, Struzan was still only earning $150 to $250 per album cover.

Airbrushed one-sheets
Along with a friend with a background in the movie industry, Struzan started a small company, Pencil Pushers, in a collaboration that would last eight years. It was during this time that he honed his distinctive one-sheet style and first became proficient in the use of the airbrush, which would later define him as a master of the tool. His first film poster works started appearing in 1975, although in those early days Struzan mainly did artwork for B-movies, such as Empire of the Ants, Food of the Gods, and Squirm. While his talent steadily grew in demand, it was his work done for a major science-fiction movie that would establish Struzan and his work in the public eye forever.

 In 1977 fellow artist Charles White III, well known for his own airbrush prowess, had been hired by David Weitzner, Vice President of advertising at 20th Century Fox, to create a poster design for the 1978 re-release of Star Wars. White, uncomfortable with portraiture, asked Struzan for his help on the project. As such, Struzan painted the human characters in oil paints and White focused on the ships, Darth Vader, C-3PO, and all the mechanical details of the poster art.

The unique poster design, popularly called the "Circus" poster, depicts what appears to be a torn posted bill on a plywood construction site wall. "It was necessity that invented that," Struzan explains. "They found out there wasn't enough room for the typography and the billing block they had left in the design. What can we do to make more space on a poster that's already been printed? Let's pretend it's posted, then they can put the type below the actual poster. We painted Obi-Wan down the side and stuff across the bottom to make it wider and deeper."

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Struzan produced poster work for such films as Blade Runner, The Thing, The Cannonball Run, the Police Academy series, Back to the Future, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, The Muppet Movie, Coming to America, First Blood, Risky Business, D.C. Cab, Stroker Ace, *batteries not included, An American Tail, and The Goonies. By the 1980s, Struzan was producing approximately ten poster designs a year.

During this period, Struzan continued his association with Lucas by designing the original Industrial Light & Magic logo, and creating the associated one-sheet artwork for both the continuing Star Wars saga and the Indiana Jones series of films. In the process, Struzan's work became, in the public mind, the defining visual images representing those series. As such, he was also sought after to create new artwork for re-releases and reissues on video and DVD, book covers, theme-park rides and video game titles for those properties.

1990s–2000s

In the 1990s, with the advent of computers and digital manipulation of images utilized to create poster art, Struzan was affected by the decline of traditionally illustrated poster art. While continuing to create artwork for such 1990s and 2000s films as Hook, Hellboy and the American poster for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, he started exploring other outlets for his work, including comic books, limited-edition art, and the collectible market. As such, his work has been featured on such diverse items as Franklin Mint collectible plates, including a twelve-piece set commemorating the life of Princess Diana, the 1996 cover for Parker Brothers board game Clue, and over 30 U.S. postage stamps, including the 2004 John Wayne stamp and the 2007 James Stewart stamp.

Struzan once lamented on the decline of traditional art in an e-mail exchange:

From 1995 through 1997, Struzan's work was shown throughout Japan in a series of one-man exhibitions, which offered his one-sheet work of Lucas and Spielberg films in a successful limited-edition program.

In 1999, in an exhibit entitled Drew: Art of the Cinema, Struzan had over 65 pieces of his artwork presented at the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

For the release of Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, George Lucas dictated that, contractually, Struzan's poster was the only art the foreign distributors could use, and other than the text, it could not be modified in any way.

2000s
In 2008, Struzan in collaboration with his art director son, Christian, created the official poster for the 80th Academy Awards.

After completing the extensive artwork required for the campaign of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Struzan announced his retirement on September 3, 2008.

In 2009, Struzan (in collaboration with Jim Sanders of Reel Ideas) produced a DVD, Conceiving and Creating the Hellboy Movie Poster Art, as a step-by-step documentation of his creative process, techniques, and industrial experience. Shot in his studio, the DVD is intended to provide an over-the-shoulder look at the thinking and techniques that go into Struzan's posters.

A February 2009 exhibit entitled Drew Struzan: An Artist's Vision at Gallery Nucleus in Alhambra, California, presented select pieces of the artist's for the first public exhibit in 10 years.

In September 2009, Struzan produced an image for publication in Kurv magazine of Mattel's Barbie, in celebration of that doll's 50th anniversary year.

2010s
The 2013 documentary, Drew: The Man Behind The Poster, directed by Erik Sharkey, examines Struzan's life and work, and features interviews with filmmakers and actors involved with films for which Struzan has done poster work, including Frank Darabont, Harrison Ford, George Lucas, Michael J. Fox, Steve Guttenberg, Guillermo del Toro, Steven Spielberg and Thomas Jane. The film was scored by award-winning composer Ryan Shore.

Struzan came out of retirement to design posters for the 2015 documentary Batkid Begins: The Wish Heard Around The World and Star Wars: The Force Awakens.

In December 2017, to celebrate Struzan's 70th birthday, Robert Townson, Varèse Sarabande and the Golden State Pops Orchestra produced the tribute The Magnificent Movie Poster World of Drew Struzan – live in concert which featured Struzan's artwork displayed to the live orchestral performance of associated film music. The performance included composers Thomas Newman, John Debney, Brian Tyler, Marco Beltrami, Robert Folk, and Michael Kosarin, as guest conductors.

In January 2019, for the release of How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World Struzan came out of retirement again to create three separate posters for the How To Train Your Dragon film trilogy. This series followed the exclusive Comic-Con poster Struzan did for the release of How to Train Your Dragon 2 in 2013.

Published in 2019, Struzan illustrated the book A Bloody Business  about prohibition and organized crime, written by his wife Dylan Struzan.

Creative process
To create his finished work projects, Struzan starts by sketching out drawings on gessoed illustration board, then tinting the draftsmanship with airbrushed acrylic paint, finishing up the highlights and other details with colored pencils and more airbrush if needed. The gessoed foundation allows Struzan the luxury of being able to accommodate any requested changes to the work. Preferring to work on a 1 to 1 scale, Struzan's one-sheet work would be approximately 27 x 40 inches, the size of a printed movie poster. Working from reference photographs and live models, Struzan has been known, at times, to include depictions of himself, family members and friends in his work. He is known for working very quickly; typically takes him a week to two weeks to finish a painting. With the theatrical release of the Star Wars special editions, Struzan created the three panel triptych within the limited four-week deadline. The poster artwork for John Carpenter's 1982 remake of The Thing was created overnight, Struzan having received that assignment less than a day before the finished poster was needed.

Personal life
Working from a backyard studio, Struzan lives in California with his wife, Dylan. He has a son named Christian and since retiring from full-time work in 2008 spends much of his time caring for his grandchildren.

Published collections
 Drew Struzan: Oeuvre  – a hardbound edition of Struzan's works, ranging from movie posters to album and book covers. Due to financial problems with the publisher, Dreamwave, Struzan lost a considerable amount of personally invested money on this volume.
 The Art of Drew Struzan – Star Wars Portfolio
 The Movie Posters Of Drew Struzan

Awards
 2002 Saturn Award
 2010 Inkpot Award
 2014 Saul Bass Award
 2015 Art Center College of Design Alumni Lifetime Achievement Award
 2016 Sergio Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Comic Art Professional Society (CAPS)
 2020 Society of Illustrators Hall of Fame

See also
 :Category:Albums with cover art by Drew Struzan

References

External links

 The Drew Movie Poster Page
 Original Album Cover Art

 Drew Struzan Facebook Page

Interviews
 "The Last Movie-Poster Artist". Time.
 "Face To Face With The Masters: Drew Struzan". The Force.net.
 Carter, Jeff (1997). "Drew Struzan". Echostation.com.

1947 births
Living people
Artists from California
American illustrators
Film poster artists
People from Oregon City, Oregon
Art Center College of Design alumni
American poster artists
Disney people
Inkpot Award winners


title: Joseph Gilman

text:
Joseph Gilman may refer to:

 Joseph Gilman (tackle), All-American football player at Harvard University
 Joseph Gilman (guard) (1883–1933), All-American football player at Dartmouth College and, later, president and general manager of the Boston Garden
 Joseph Gilman (1738–1806), New Hampshire State Senator and judge of the Northwest Territory


title: Lucas Mineiro (footballer, born 1992)

text:
Lucas Alberto Pereira da Silva (born 16 June 1992), simply known as Lucas Mineiro, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Tombense Futebol Clube.

Career
Born in Montes Claros, Brazil, Lucas Mineiro is product of Vitória youth ranks. On 23 July 2014, Lucas Mineiro started his first experience abroad, joining Académica on a two-year deal.

He made his debut for Académica at 10 January 2015, in a 2-2 draw against Paços de Ferreira, scoring the 2-1. On 4 August 2015, Mineiro terminated his contract with Académica.

References

1992 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Primeira Liga players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Ceará Sporting Club players
Académica de Coimbra (football) players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
People from Montes Claros


title: Hunter Mariners

text:
Hunter Mariners were an Australian professional rugby league club based in the Hunter Region's largest city, Newcastle. Hunter was formed in mid-1995 and was later disbanded at the end of 1997. The club was formed because of the Super League war, which was the rivalry between the traditional Australian Rugby League competition and the new media driven Super League competition. The team competed in the inaugural and only Super League season in 1997, as well as that year's World Club Challenge.

The Mariners faced much adversity in the Newcastle region because of the Australian Rugby League's Newcastle Knights team being already well established in the region. The club played its home games at Topper Stadium and missed out on the finals of the 1997 Super League season, but made the grand final of the World Club Challenge. The team was overshadowed by the Newcastle Knights who won the ARL competition and were admitted into the 1998 re-united competition.

The Mariners were disbanded after being left out of the new competition because they believed that the Hunter region could not support two entities. Six of the Mariners first grade squad would relocate to Super League's new frontier team to debut in the NRL, the Melbourne Storm.

History

Formation
The New South Wales Rugby League competition (NSWRL) had been formed in 1908 as the first rugby league competition in Australia. There was a Newcastle based club in the first two seasons of the Sydney-based competition, but they eventually left to form their own Newcastle Rugby League competition. It was not until 1988 that another Newcastle based team was admitted into the NSWRL. In 1995, the Australian Rugby League (ARL) took control of the competition amid the beginning of the Super League war. It was then that News Limited began proposing and deliberating a rival rugby league competition and the twenty teams which competed in the 1995 ARL season were split between the Super League and ARL competitions.

The Newcastle Knights, the Newcastle-based team formed in 1988, aligned itself with the ARL and the new Super League competition was left without a Newcastle-based team. The Super League then established their own Newcastle-based team. The financially successful Newcastle Wests Leagues Club was given a licence to form a club for the 1996 inaugural Super League season.

In July 1995, it was officially announced that the Newcastle-based team would be called the "Hunter Mariners". However, in the middle of 1995, members of the Newcastle Wests Leagues Club did not want the club involved in the rebel competition, and the club held a meeting after 5,000 fans signed a petition objecting to the club's involvement. After this, and when local unions became involved in the protest, the Leagues Club abandoned the licence. The club then became owned and supported by News Limited.

In early 1996, the Hunter Mariners club was officially launched, without a home ground, but on that same day the Super League was banned from running its rebel competition. Originally the Mariners were allowed to use the Newcastle Knights home ground Marathon Stadium by the Showground Trust, but the Supreme Court found that they had no rights to play there. The club eventually played at Topper Stadium, sharing the ground with the National Soccer League's Newcastle Breakers, and used over $1 million to upgrade facilities at the stadium. After an appeal in mid-1996, the Super League was officially allowed to run the competition, which began in 1997.

1997 Super League Telstra Cup
The Mariners lost their first three games of the premiership season, their first a narrow loss on their home ground. However, after the first loss at home, the Mariners were able to win seven consecutive matches at Topper Stadium. Despite this home ground record, Mariners were never able to win away from home. They lost all nine matches played away from their stadium, and subsequently missed out on the finals for the Super League season.

The Mariners were able to produce some representative players throughout their one season. Noel Goldthorpe and Robbie Ross were selected in the Super League Tri-series and Goldthorpe scored the winning points for New South Wales in the final of that series. Tyran Smith, Tony Iro and Kevin Iro were all selected for the New Zealand representative team. While mid-year find Brett Kimmorley was the club's sole selection for Australia in the Super League Test series against Great Britain.

1997 World Club Championship
The Super League had also begun a rugby league competition in England, and they had created a mixed competition, encompassing Super League clubs from Australia, New Zealand, France and England, known as the World Club Challenge. The 1997 World Club Championship was held in order to crown "the best club in the world". The Mariners were a part of Australasia's group B and competed in England, before returning to complete the Australian part of the competition. The Mariners won all three games in England, over Paris Saint-Germain, Castleford and Sheffield. They returned home to again win the three games at Topper Stadium and therefore made the finals of the competition.

The finals system meant that they would have to play their finals match in England against English Super League club Wigan. The Mariners shocked the club and the world of rugby league by winning 22–18. That score line would again be repeated in the grand final qualifier against Australian club Cronulla, another match the Mariners were expected to lose. But the Mariners were able to defeat the Australian Super League runners-up to take themselves to the grand final of the competition. Against the winners of the Super League grand final, Brisbane, the Mariners were blown away by the competition favourites. In what would be their final rugby league match as a club, the Mariners were down at half-time 26–4 and the final scoreline of 36–12 prevented the Mariners taking out a A$1 million prize.

Demise
The agreement of the ARL and Super League was to unify and become one competition, to be known as the National Rugby League (NRL), was that only twenty teams would compete in the competition in 1998. This meant that three of the twenty-two teams from both competitions were to be omitted with the addition of a new Melbourne based team. With the other Newcastle-based team, the Newcastle Knights winning the 1997 premiership, they were admitted into the new competition, however the NRL saw that two Newcastle based teams would not be financially viable.

Late in 1997, the club was offered to merge with Gold Coast-based team the Gold Coast Chargers, which would be known as the Gold Coast Mariners and would be based in the Gold Coast. However the Gold Coast party withdrew late to go alone in the 1998 competition, and while the Mariners tried to do the same, they, along with South Queensland Crushers and Western Reds, were not admitted into the NRL competition, thus ending their tenure as a first-grade rugby league team.

Representative players
Players from the Hunter Mariners that have represented other teams while at the club include Australian international Brett Kimmorley and New Zealand internationals Kevin Iro, Tony Iro and Tyran Smith. Robbie Ross and Noel Goldthorpe also played for New South Wales in the State of Origin.

Players
In the Super League season, the Mariners used a total of twenty-nine players over the eighteen games.

Records and statistics

Individual records
Scott Hill, Peter Gregory, and Tony Stone share the record of playing all eighteen Super League games for the Mariners, being the players with the most first grade games. Nick Zisti, however is the Mariner's most prolific record holder, with the most first grade points for the team with 76 points. This encompasses the most tries for the team with nine as well as most goals with twenty. Zisti has the most tries and goals in a match with three and five scored respectively in a match. The Mariners have only had three representatives, Robbie Ross and Noel Goldthorpe represented New South Wales in the Super League Tri-series while Brett Kimmorley represented Australia in the Super League test matches.

Team honours
Their home ground success, winning seven from nine matches, was never able to attract decent figure crowds, their highest reaching 7,719. Compared with the Super League competition average of 12,347 and the nearby Newcastle Knights had an average of 14,257 home attendances. With crowds at these levels, the Mariners were unsuccessfully competing in the Newcastle area.

References

External links
 RL1908 profile of Hunter Mariners

Rugby clubs established in 1995
1995 establishments in Australia
Rugby league teams in Newcastle, New South Wales
Defunct NSWRL/ARL/SL/NRL clubs


title: Batteries Not Included

text:
Batteries Not Included (stylized as *batteries not included) is a 1987 American science fiction comedy film directed by Matthew Robbins about small extraterrestrial living spaceships that save an apartment block under threat from property development. The story was originally intended to be featured in the television series Amazing Stories, but executive producer Steven Spielberg liked the idea so much that he decided to adapt it into a film. It was the feature film screenwriting debut of Brad Bird.

Plot
Frank and Faye Riley, an elderly couple who manage an apartment building and café in the East Village, come under threat by a nearby property development. The development manager, Lacey, sends a hoodlum named Carlos and his gang of thugs to bribe the couple and their tenants to move out. When the tenants resist, Carlos and his thugs punch through artist Mason Baylor's door, intimidate pregnant single mother Marisa Esteval, and break retired boxer Harry Noble's jar of tiles. After Frank Riley refuses to move, Carlos vandalizes the café.

This assault convinces three of the tenants to move out. Mason's girlfriend, Pamela is tired of living in an old, depressing building with a guy whose art career is going nowhere. She dumps Mason, packs up and before leaving, advises Mason to quit being an artist and get a steady job. The Rileys' friends, Muriel and Sid Hogensin, take Lacey's bribe and decide to move to a retirement home in New Jersey. Frank feels a little betrayed by the Hogensins for taking Lacey's money but they explain that the building doesn't feel like home anymore. They advise Frank that maybe he and Faye should come live with them at the retirement home. With the assault and Faye's dementia growing, Frank contemplates giving in.

Things look bleak until a pair of small living spaceships appear in the Rileys' apartment that evening and start repairing many of the items that were broken. They also repair the vandalized cafe, putting Frank and Faye back in business. The two aliens take up residence in the shed at the top of the apartment building and are dubbed "The Fix-Its" by the residents. Carlos comes back to threaten the tenants once again, but the Fix-Its lure him to the top of the building and into the shed where they scare him away.

Faye and Marisa learn that the "female" Fix-It is pregnant. After consuming plenty of metal and electrical objects, it gives birth to three baby Fix-Its, although one of them is stillborn. Faye buries the stillborn in a flowerbox the next day, but then Harry digs it up, takes it back to his apartment, and succeeds in reviving it by taking apart his precious television set. Frank and Faye see a boost of business in the café from the demolition crew, while the Fix-Its help in the kitchen.

Mason and Marisa grow closer. Marisa admires Mason's paintings, which makes Mason feel better about his art. Marisa's baby is due in 2 to 3 months. Her boyfriend, Hector, who is a musician and the father of her baby, comes over. Mason leaves Marisa and Hector alone, but when Mason returns, Hector is gone. Marisa explains that Hector and his band have found a steady gig in Chicago with good pay. Mason wonders why Hector would leave without her. Marisa confesses that she told Hector to go without her because their relationship just wasn't working out. But it also appears she has developed feelings for Mason. Mason has developed feelings for her as well.

With Carlos unable to prove the existence of the Fix-Its that had been foiling their plans, Lacey is furious with the delays in evicting the tenants and moves to replace him. Desperate to see the job done and growing more unstable, Carlos breaks into the building's basement to sabotage the building's pipework and electricity, and badly damages the "father" machine in the process. After Harry throws him out, the tenants discover the Fix-It children are missing and go searching for them in the city while Faye stays behind with the "mother" machine as it fixes the "father". When the "father" machine is repaired, the now-wary Fix-It parents leave to seek out their offspring. After finding them with Harry, the machine family departs from the planet.

Tired of the delays, Lacey hires an arsonist. The arsonist attempts to burn down the building in a staged "accidental fire". Carlos discovers the plan and, in a rage, sabotages the arson to make the entire building explode, only to then discover that Faye is still in the building. While the arsonist flees, Carlos unsuccessfully attempts to pose as her late son Bobby to get her to leave, but succeeds in rescuing her as the fire spreads. The tenants then return to find the blazing apartment block collapsing, and Faye being loaded into an ambulance.

By the next morning, the apartment block has been reduced to a smoldering wreck. To Kovacs' fury the construction crew, out of respect for Harry, refuse to continue as he is sitting dejected on the steps. Harry is greeted by the mechanical family later that night, who have recruited countless other Fix-Its for repairs. By the next morning, the entire building has been seamlessly restored to brand new condition, ending Lacey's demolition plans and resulting in him terminating Kovacs. Mason and Marisa settle into a relationship while Carlos tries to start a friendship with the Rileys, with Faye finally having come to accept her real son's passing.

Some years later, the developments have been built, but this time flanking either side of the tiny apartment building, with Frank's café now doing a roaring trade as a result of the new employment brought into the area.

Cast

In addition, James LeGros and José Santana received opening credit billing as two of Carlos' goons.

Production

Principal photography started in New York in August 1986, but location scouting began almost a year before. "Since the story called for a solitary building amidst rubble," explained producer Ronald Schwary, "we had to find a vacant lot with burned-out buildings all around it. We finally settled on an actual building on 8th Street between Avenues C and D on New York's Lower East Side (the building no longer stands, and was probably located on the site of the current Housing Bureau substation, or the building to the east. ).  Production designer Ted Haworth designed a three-sided, four-story tenement facade and oversaw its construction on a location that covered most of a city block. In the name of authenticity, he brought 50 to 60 truckloads of rubble to cover the once vacant lot. It was so remarkably realistic that the Sanitation Department came by and took away prop garbage one morning, potential customers stopped by to eat in the diner, and the business agent for the Plumber's Local of New York visited, demanding to know why there wasn't a permit down at City Hall for the construction."

Reception
The movie gained a mostly mixed reception but debuted at #4 at the box office. It has a rating of 67% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 18 reviews. Gene Siskel described it as "a comic book with the best pages torn out" and accused the film of having "forced warmth." Roger Ebert defended the film, saying it "had a lot of good feeling in it, it had a few nice laughs, it had a few interesting special effects, and...it's better than most of the stuff out there."

See also
 Self-replicating machine
 List of films featuring extraterrestrials

References

External links

1987 films
1980s children's comedy films
1980s science fiction comedy films
1980s fantasy comedy films
American children's fantasy films
American science fiction comedy films
American fantasy comedy films
American robot films
1980s English-language films
Films about extraterrestrial life
Films about real estate holdout
Films set in apartment buildings
Films using stop-motion animation
Puppet films
Films set in Manhattan
Films shot in New York City
Amblin Entertainment films
Universal Pictures films
Films directed by Matthew Robbins
Films scored by James Horner
Films with screenplays by Matthew Robbins
Films with screenplays by Mick Garris
Films with screenplays by Brad Bird
1987 comedy films
1980s American films
English-language science fiction comedy films


title: Recessed light

text:
A recessed light or downlight (also pot light in Canadian English, sometimes can light (for canister light) in American English) is a light fixture that is installed into a hollow opening in a ceiling. When installed it appears to have light shining from a hole in the ceiling, concentrating the light in a downward direction as a broad floodlight or narrow spotlight.

"Pot light" or "canister light" implies the hole is circular and the lighting fixture is cylindrical, like a pot or canister.

There are three parts to a recessed lighting fixture: housing, trim and bulb. The trim is the visible portion of the light. It is the insert that is seen when looking up into the fixture, and also includes the thin lining around the edge of the light. The housing is the fixture itself that is installed inside the ceiling and contains the lamp holder. There are many different types of bulbs that can be inserted into recessed lighting fixtures, with the amount of heat generated by the bulb being a unique consideration.

History
The earliest recessed lights were developed in the 1940s by Ivan Kirlin of the Kirlin Company, Detroit, Michigan.

Advantages
Recessed lighting offers the advantages of being a hidden light source and energy efficiency. However, the tradeoff is that they are relatively permanent and may be unflattering.

Types of housing

In North America, UL 1598 recessed housings generally fall into one of four categories.
IC or “insulation contact” rated new construction housings are attached to the ceiling supports before the ceiling surface is installed. If the area above the ceiling is accessible these fixtures may also be installed from within the attic space. IC housings must be installed wherever insulation will be in direct contact with the housing.
Non-IC rated new construction housings are used in the same situations as the IC rated new construction housings, only they require that there be no contact with insulation and at least  spacing from insulation. These housings are typically rated up to 150 watts.
IC rated remodel housings are used in existing ceilings where insulation will be present and in contact with the fixture.
Non-IC rated remodel housings are used for existing ceilings where, ideally, no insulation is present. However, these also require that there be no contact with insulation and at least  spacing from insulation. Sloped-ceiling housings are available for both insulated and non-insulated ceilings that are vaulted.

The main feature of the housing is designed to ensure that no flammable materials come into contact with the hot lighting fixture. Badly-housed downlights can be a fire hazard, though all newer ones contain a self-resetting thermal switch for safety.

The housings come in various sizes based on the diameter of the circular opening where the lamp is installed. The most commonly used sizes are 4, 5 and 6  inches in diameter, with 4  inch IC New Construction units less readily available at present. Smaller housings (2 and 3  inch) are also available for specialized uses.

The housing can also be "Air Tight", which means it will not allow air to escape into the ceiling or attic, thus reducing both heating and cooling costs.

The City of Chicago has an additional requirement "Chicago Plenum" which requires the housing to be airtight in addition to requiring all wiring and to be sealed off and gasketed from the plenum air space.  This housing rating must be used on all recessed luminaires installed in air plenums in the City of Chicago as well as nearby municipalities which have adopted the Chicago amendments to the NEC.  The intent of this rating is to prevent potential sparks from escaping the luminaire into the air plenum and getting recirculated in the HVAC system.

IEC 60598 has two classifications.
Luminaires for recessing into ceilings with thermal insulating matting covering the luminaire.
Luminaires for recessing into ceilings but not suitable for covering with thermal insulating material.

Trim styles

Recessed lighting styles have evolved with more manufacturers creating quality trims for a variety of applications. Recessed lighting trim usually comes in the standard baffle in black or white, which is the most popular. They are made to absorb extra light and create a crisp architectural appearance.

There are cone trims which produce a low-brightness aperture. Multipliers are offered which are designed to control the omnidirectional light from "A" style incandescent light bulbs and compact fluorescents.

Lens trim is designed to provide a diffused light and protect the lamp. Lensed trims are normally found in wet locations.

The luminous trims combine the diffused quality of lensed trim but with an open downlight component.

Adjustable trim allows for the adjustment of the light whether it is eyeball style, which protrudes from the trim or gimbal ring style, which adjusts inside the recess. These lights allow for full versatility.

Lastly, there are the wall-washer trims, which are designed to eliminate the often seen "scalloped light effect".

Bulb types

There are two types of bulbs for recessed lighting: directional and diffuse. Directional lamps (R, BR, PAR, MR) contain reflectors that direct and control the light. Diffuse lamps (A, S, PS, G) control light distribution through their omnidirectional light.

References

Light fixtures


title: To Asty

text:
To Asty (Greek: ) was a Greek newspaper based in Athens.

References

External links

Greek-language newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in Greece
Newspapers published in Athens
Newspapers established in 1885
1885 establishments in Greece
Publications disestablished in 1907
Daily newspapers published in Greece


Freddi Fish and the Case of the Missing Kelp Seeds is a video game developed and published by Humongous Entertainment and the first game released for the Freddi Fish franchise. It was released on October 28, 1994. In 2008, it was released on the Wii under the title Freddi Fish in Kelp Seed Mystery as well as Windows and Macintosh, and on Android with a shortened title Freddi Fish and the Missing Kelp Seeds. The Wii version's availability was limited by legal problems concerning its development. A simplified handheld LCD game partially based on Kelp Seeds was also released in 1999 that adapted one of its minigames, Jellyfish Jamboree and was titled Freddi Fish: Jellyfish Jamboree.

Plot
A pelican named Sam delivers flowers to Freddi Fish to give to Snappy Turtle (or Jason the guppy), and Grandma Grouper. When Freddi arrives at Grandma Grouper's house, she finds out that the latter's treasure chest that holds all the kelp seeds (the source of the ocean's food) has been stolen. As such, her garden has begun to wilt, which will cause all the fish to starve if the kelp seeds aren't found. A courageous Freddi offers to find the treasure and Grandma Grouper gives Freddi her last "peanut butter and jellyfish" sandwich for her journey.

After leaving Grandma Grouper's house, Freddi finds her friend, Luther, trying to swim loop-de-loops, eventually knocking a bottle loose. When Freddi and Luther investigate, they discover a note lodged inside. The note gives them a clue to where the kelp treasure is, and they set out to look for more clues. Unbeknownst to them, it was two sharks named Boss and Spongehead, who were the ones that stole the treasure as part of their plan to help their boss, the Squidfather, grow kelp. Spongehead had hidden four bottles with notes in them in random locations so he could find his way back to the treasure.

As Freddi and Luther find more of Spongehead's clues to the treasure, Boss becomes increasingly furious at Spongehead for not remembering where the treasure is or the bottles that lead the way, so he takes him to the Squidfather as punishment. Upon finding out, the Squidfather is enraged and spews out ink. Out of fear, Spongehead remembers where the treasure is and the sharks go retrieve it right after Freddi and Luther have found the last bottle, revealing that the treasure is at a sunken ship.

At the sunken ship, Freddi and Luther open a window on the ship (after receiving a crank handle from the pirate, Phineas McFinn) and spot the treasure, but the two are stopped by Boss and Spongehead, who order them to hand it over. Freddi boldly refuses and explains that everyone can grow kelp if they share it, which the sharks agree on. While the sharks go to tell the Squidfather about their deal, Freddi and Luther grab the treasure, spread it around to give to everyone, and plant it in Grandma Grouper's Garden. As Luther tries to take most of the credit for retrieving the treasure, Grandma Grouper invites the two into her home so they can tell her all about their adventure.

Gameplay
The game makes use of a simplified adventure system where a single click on a certain spot allows the player to pick up items, go to another location, talk to characters and find trivial but fun stuff in the screen. Clicking on an item in the right place allows Freddi to make use of it. A specific kind of item, purple sea urchins, can be found in various locations (with some being achievable after solving a puzzle) and used to gain access to a volcano (where a bottle is sometimes located); in total, seven urchins can be found in the game. Most puzzles require the player to make exchanges with characters and use items to get to inaccessible areas. The locations of the clues in bottles and the trails to follow for the treasure chest are randomized in every new game.

There are also a few minigames, such as "Jellyfish Jamboree", where Freddi must fend off waves of jellyfish by throwing food at them before they get too close, with Luther keeping score. Such minigame forms the basis of the LCD handheld version.

Reception
Freddi Fish and the Case of the Missing Kelp Seeds received mixed reviews from various critics. GameRankings lists a 60% score for the Windows version based on 1 review, Metacritic has an average score of 70 out 100, Allgame gave a 4-star rating, GameZone rated 7 out of 10, Adventure Gamers gave a 3-star rating, and Unikgamer gave a 7 out 10 score. It also received over 20 awards.

The Case of the Missing Kelp Seeds won Electronic Entertainments 1994 "Best Edutainment Title" award. The editors wrote that the game features a well made original characters, strong storyline, appropriately challenging puzzles, and beautiful animation.

The Case of the Missing Kelp Seeds was a commercial success, with sales of 250,000 units by 1999. During the year 2001 alone, Freddi Fish sold 54,447 retail units in North America, according to PC Data.

References

External links

 Freddi Fish and the Missing Kelp Seeds at Humongous Entertainment

1994 video games
Adventure games
Android (operating system) games
Atari games
Classic Mac OS games
Children's educational video games
Detective video games
Humongous Entertainment games
IOS games
Linux games
Majesco Entertainment games
Mistic Software games
Point-and-click adventure games
SCUMM games
ScummVM-supported games
Single-player video games
Tommo games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games scored by George Sanger
Video games set underwater
Wii games
Windows games


title: Masagos Zulkifli

text:
Masagos Zulkifli bin Masagos Mohamad (Jawi: ماسڬوس ذوالكفل; born 1963) is a Singaporean politician who has been serving as Minister for Social and Family Development and Second Minister for Health since 2020, Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he serves as the Vice Chairman in the party Central Executive Committee (CEC) since 2018 and had been the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Tampines West division of Tampines GRC since 2006.

Before joining politics, Masagos was an electrical engineer and had held key positions in Singtel. He made his debut in the political scene after winning the 2006 general election as part of a five-member PAP team contesting in Tampines GRC. Since then, he has won three subsequent elections and has held various positions in the ministries of Home Affairs, Foreign Affairs and Health. On 9 April 2015, Masagos was appointed Minister in the Prime Minister's Office. His appointment marked the first time in Singaporean history when there were two Malay ministers in the Cabinet. On 1 October 2015, Masagos took up the portfolio of Minister for Environment and Water Resources.

Background
Masagos was educated at Bukit Panjang Government High School and National Junior College before he went to Nanyang Technological University, where he graduated in 1988 with a Bachelor of Engineering (First Class Honours), majoring in electrical and electronic engineering. In 1994, he obtained a Master of Science in electrical engineering from the National University of Singapore. His first job was with Singtel in 1988. In 1995, he completed a Master of Business Administration at the University of Southern California on a postgraduate scholarship awarded by Singtel. He was later appointed Chief Executive Officer of SingTel Global Offices.

Political career
Masagos made his debut in politics in the 2006 general election when he contested as part of a five-member People's Action Party team in Tampines Group Representation Constituency (GRC). The PAP team won about 68% of the vote, and Masagos became a Member of Parliament representing the Tampines West ward of Tampines GRC. He was subsequently appointed Senior Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Education on 2 June 2006, and concurrently Senior Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Home Affairs on 1 April 2008. On 1 November 2010, he was promoted to Minister of State in these two ministries.

Masagos was re-elected in Tampines GRC in the 2011 general election. On 21 May 2011, he was appointed Minister of State for Home Affairs and Foreign Affairs. On 1 August 2012, he was promoted to Senior Minister of State in these two ministries.

On 9 April 2015, Masagos was promoted to the rank of full Minister but did not have a portfolio yet, so he was a Minister in the Prime Minister's Office. This was the first time in Singaporean history when there were two Malay ministers in the Cabinet, the other being Yaacob Ibrahim. Masagos was also promoted to Second Minister for Home Affairs and Second Minister for Foreign Affairs, and was put in charge of leading the PAP team in Tampines GRC. On the same day, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said that Masagos's elevation to full Minister reflected the "progress of the Malay community" in Singapore. Masagos also said that he was honoured to have been appointed and that "[h]aving two Malay full ministers in the Cabinet for the first time in our nation's history reflects the [Government's] trust and recognition of the good progress made by the Malay-Muslim community".

On 1 October 2015, Masagos took up the portfolio of Minister for Environment and Water Resources. From 1 May 2018, he was given an additional appointment as Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs, taking over from Yaacob Ibrahim. On 27 July 2020, he changed his portfolio to Minister for Social and Family Development and took up an additional portfolio as Second Minister for Health, while concurrently holding the position of Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs. From July 2023, Masagos took over Cheng Li Hui’s formal duties at Tampines GRC after her resignation following an extramarital affair.

References

External links

 Masagos Zulkifli on Prime Minister's Office
 Masagos Zulkifli on Parliament of Singapore

1963 births
Living people
Marshall School of Business alumni
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
Members of the Parliament of Singapore
Nanyang Technological University alumni
National Junior College alumni
National University of Singapore alumni
People's Action Party politicians
Singaporean Muslims
Singaporean people of Malay descent
Environment ministers
Environment ministers of Singapore


title: Done In 60 Seconds Award

text:
The Done In 60 Seconds Award (abbreviated DISS) is an award presented annually by the British film magazine Empire to the winner of that year's Done In 60 Seconds Competition, in which participants recreate a known film in 60-seconds. The Done In 60 Seconds Award was first introduced at the 13th Empire Awards in 2008, with Nick Jesper from the United Kingdom receiving the award for his 60-second version of Titanic. The competition was open for its first two years only to entries from the United Kingdom and has since become an international competition with each participating country selecting its own local winner (or number of finalists) which then joins the global shortlist of films, from which a panel of judges selects the global winner.

The 2015 competition will be running in the following countries: Armenia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Greece, Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia, Serbia and the United Kingdom. The start date for the 2015 entries was October 29, 2014 at 12:00 and the closing date for entries will be January 31, 2015 at 23:59. The local winners will be showcased at the 20th Empire Awards on March 29, 2015 where a panel of judges will choose the Global Done In 60 Seconds winner.

Since its inception, the award has been given to five United Kingdom winners. Other winners include Kazakhstan and the Netherlands with one award each. David Smith from the United Kingdom is the most recent winner in this category for There Will Be Blood (Milk), his 60-second film version of There Will Be Blood.

Done In 60 Seconds competition

The Done In 60 Seconds competition was first introduced at the 13th Empire Awards in 2008, then open only to entries from the United Kingdom and it continued to be a United Kingdom only competition for its second appearance at the 14th Empire Awards in 2009. The competition was first opened to international entries at the 15th Empire Awards in 2010 and has since remained an international competition with eligible countries changing each year. The 15th Empire Awards also introduced The Global Final ceremony, where the shortlisted directors were invited to London where a group of judges chose the five finalist films. The Global Final was held for 5 consecutive award ceremonies between the 15th to 19th Empire Awards in 2014 and was discontinued at the 20th Empire Awards in 2015.

The 1st Done In 60 Seconds Competition Global Final was held on March 26, 2010 at 24 Club, London, England. The team of judges consisted of Empire editor-in-chief Mark Dinning, English actor Jason Issacs and English director Edgar Wright, which selected from a shortlist of 20 nominees the five Done In 60 Seconds Award finalists that were invited to the Empire Awards where the winner was announced.

The 2nd Done In 60 Seconds Competition Global Final was held on March 25, 2011 at the London Film Museum, London, England. The team of judges consisted of Empire editor-in-chief Mark Dinning, Irish actor and comedian Chris O'Dowd and English director Neil Marshall, which selected from a shortlist of 24 nominees the five Done In 60 Seconds Award finalists that were invited to the Empire Awards where the winner was announced.

The 3rd Done In 60 Seconds Competition Global Final was held on March 23, 2012 at the London Film Museum, London, England. The team of judges consisted of Empire editor-in-chief Mark Dinning, Sky Movies Premiere English presenter Alex Zane, Irish actor and comedian Chris O'Dowd and English director Gareth Edwards, which selected from a shortlist of 28 nominees the five Done In 60 Seconds Award finalists that were invited to the Empire Awards where the winner was announced.

The 4th Done In 60 Seconds Competition Global Final was held on March 22, 2013 at the Google Campus, London, England. The team of judges consisted of Empire editor-in-chief Mark Dinning, Bauer Media CEO Paul Keenan, Sky Movies Premiere, English presenter Alex Zane, Scottish radio DJ Edith Bowman and English actors Joanne Froggatt and Tom Hiddleston, which selected from a shortlist of 23 nominees the five Done In 60 Seconds Award finalists that were invited to the Empire Awards where the winner was announced.

The 5th Done In 60 Seconds Competition Global Final was held on March 29, 2014 at The Brewery, London, England. The team of judges consisted of Empire editor-in-chief Mark Dinning, Sky Movies Premiere English presenter Alex Zane, Scottish radio DJ Edith Bowman, Scottish director Jon S. Baird and English director Ben Wheatley, which selected from a shortlist of 24 nominees the five Done In 60 Seconds Award finalists that were invited to the Empire Awards where the winner was announced.

The 2014 competition was open to entries from 22 countries, including: Armenia, Bosnia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Greece, India, Israel, Kazakhstan, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.

Current competition

The 2015 competition will be running in the following countries: Armenia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Greece, Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia, Serbia and the United Kingdom. The start date for the 2015 United Kingdom entries was October 29, 2014 at 12:00 and the closing date for entries will be January 31, 2015 at 23:59. On February 20, 2015 a shortlist of 20 United Kingdom entries that the judging panel consider to be the most entertaining and technically competent entries will be published on the competition website with members of the public voting for their favorite film. The voting will close on March 6, 2015 and on March 13, 2015 the name of the most popular United Kingdom shortlist entry, based on the number of votes, will be chosen. As a change from previous years, there will not be a Global Final held where a panel of judges choose the 5 finalist films, instead the United Kingdom winner will join the other winners from the other participating countries and will be showcased at the 20th Empire Awards on March 29, 2015 where a panel of judges will choose the Global Done In 60 Seconds winner.

Winners and nominees
In the list below, winners are listed first in boldface, followed by the other nominees. The number of the ceremony (1st, 2nd, etc.) appears in parentheses after the awards year, linked to the article (if any) on that ceremony.

2000s

2010s

Notes
A: When there was a conflict regarding the director name between the Empire Awards official websites and the information provided in the film, the film information was chosen.
B: The official website for the 15th Empire Awards in 2010 only lists the United Kingdom nominees and finalists and not the global finalist list. The global finalist list was taken from an independent source.

Award statistics
The following countries received the Global Done In 60 Seconds award:

Done In 60 Seconds finalist films

2008 films

2009 films

2010 films

2011 films

2012 films

2013 films

2014 films

References

External links

Empire Awards
Film competitions


title: Egil Øyjord

text:
Egil Øyjord (Mo i Rana, 31 August 1928 – Ås, 10 February 2021) was a Norwegian professor emeritus at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, who in 1964 founded the International Association on Mechanization of Field Experiments (IAMFE). He was president of IAMFE for 36 years. The main objective of the association is to inform agronomists and plant breeders about new machinery, equipment, and instruments to increase the capacity and accuracy of their experimental work.

Øyjord worked with the construction of machinery and equipment for the mechanization of field experiments. Øyjord invented the interchangeable distributor heads in 1965. This made the Øyjord plot seeders to a world article with export to 57 countries. In 2003 he received the King's Medal of Merit in Gold for his work for developing and manufacturing the world's first plot seeders for seeding of multiple rows of one variety.

References

External links
 Egil Øyjord - website

1928 births
2021 deaths
People from Mo i Rana
Academic staff of the Norwegian College of Agriculture
Academic staff of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Recipients of the King's Medal of Merit in gold


Newports Institute of Communications and Economics (NICE) () is a private institute in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.

Degree programs

NICE offers following degree programs:

Bachelor's programs
 BBA (Hons.) 4 Year Program
 BS Computer Science 4 Years
 Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) 4 Years Program
 BA - Textile Design 4 Years Program
 BA - Fashion Design 4 Years Program
 BA - Fine Arts 4 Years Program
 BS Electronics Engineering Technology 4 Year Program
 BS Electrical Engineering Technology 4 Year Program
 BS Mechanical Engineering Technology 4 Year Program
 BS Civil Engineering Technology 4 Year Program

Master's programs
 MBA (Regular) 3.5 Years
 MBA (Regular) 1.5 Years
 Executive MBA 2 Years Program
 Master of Commerce (M.Com) 2 Years
 MS (Computer Science) 2 Years

References

External links
 NICE official website

Educational institutions established in 1993
Universities and colleges in Karachi
1993 establishments in Pakistan


title: Miami Pop Festival (December 1968)

text:
The Miami Pop Festival was a rock festival that took place from December 28-30, 1968, at Gulfstream Park, a horse racing track in Hallandale, Florida, just north of Miami. It is sometimes confused with a separate event that took place seven months earlier, at the same venue, though the two events were unrelated. The earlier event was officially publicized on promotional materials and in radio ads as the "1968 Pop and Underground Festival," and "The 1968 Pop Festival," but later came to be referred to colloquially as the "Miami" Pop Festival, a practice which has led to confusion between the two events.

History
The Miami Pop Festival was the first major rock festival on America's east coast.  It was produced by a team led by Tom Rounds and Mel Lawrence, who had previously produced the seminal KFRC Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival on Mount Tamalpais in Marin County, California. The crowd size for the three days was estimated to be around 100,000.

Performers covered a wide range of music genres, and included:

 The Amboy Dukes
 Chuck Berry
 Blues Image
 The Box Tops
 Paul Butterfield Blues Band
 Canned Heat
 Wayne Cochran
 Cosmic Drum (aka Train of Thought)
 James Cotton Blues Band
 Country Joe and the Fish
 José Feliciano
 Fish Ray
 Flatt and Scruggs
 Fleetwood Mac
 Marvin Gaye
 The Grass Roots
 Grateful Dead
 Richie Havens
 Ian & Sylvia
 Iron Butterfly
 Junior Junkanoos
 Jr. Walker & The Allstars
 The Charles Lloyd Quartet
 Hugh Masekela
 Joni Mitchell
 Pacific Gas & Electric
 Procol Harum
 Terry Reid
 Buffy Sainte-Marie
 Steppenwolf
 The Sweet Inspirations
 Sweetwater
 Joe Tex
 Three Dog Night
 The Turtles

Many of these musicians were cast as superheroes in a commemorative comic book distributed at the event.  Interesting moments during the festival included:  Joni Mitchell inviting former Hollies member and new love interest Graham Nash, as well as Richie Havens to join her onstage to sing Dino Valenti's "Get Together";  Jefferson Airplane's Jack Casady playing bass guitar with Country Joe & the Fish;  and folksinger/songwriter icon and Coconut Grove resident Fred Neil stopping in at the festival one day to hang out and enjoy the music. Several acts advertised in early promotional materials did not appear, and their names were removed from subsequent promotions, including John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, Dino Valenti and H.P. Lovecraft.  Two bands who were expected to appear were unable to perform due to last-minute problems:  The McCoys got snowbound in Canada and Booker T. Jones of Booker T. & the M.G.'s got the flu.

This festival was unique in that it was the first rock festival to have two entirely separate 'main' stages several hundred yards apart (the Flower Stage and the Flying Stage), both operating simultaneously and offering performers of equal calibre.

See also

List of historic rock festivals

References

External links
Miami Pop Festival December 28-30, 1968, as chronicled by The Strip Project
Facebook Miami Pop Festival community group page
Photos of Flatt & Scruggs at the Miami Pop Festival

Music festivals in Miami
1968 in Florida
1968 in American music
Counterculture festivals
Music festivals established in 1968
1968 music festivals


title: Hintere Brandjochspitze

text:
The Hintere Brandjochspitze () is a summit roughly 200 metres northwest of the Vordere Brandjochspitze in the Nordkette range above Innsbruck. It rises above its "forward" neighbour by around 40 metres.

The summit may be reached in 20 minutes from the Vordere Brandjochspitze at climbing grade UIAA I through a gully left of the arête. A more difficult route runs along the western arête (grade III-) from the Hohe Warte. Other routes along the northern Hippengrat (UIAA IV) from the Hippenspitze (2,388 m) and from the northwest (UIAA IV) are rarely used.

Literature
  (Hippengrat, northwest route)
  (normal route, west arête)

Two-thousanders of Austria
Karwendel
Mountains of Tyrol (state)
Mountains of the Alps
Innsbruck


title: Pullstring

text:
A pullstring (pull string, pull-string), pullcord (pull cord, pull-cord), or pullchain (pull-chain, pull chain) is a string, cord, or chain wound on a spring-loaded spindle that engages a mechanism when it is pulled. It is most commonly used in toys and motorized equipment. More generally and commonly, a pullstring can be any type of string, cord, rope, or chain, attached to an object in some way used to pull or mechanically manipulate part of it.

Toys

Perhaps the simplest pullstring toy is the yo-yo (c. 460 BCE). The jumping jack is a more complicated animated puppet paper doll that uses a pullstring to move its arms and legs up and down. Trompos and some spinning tops use a string that is wound around the top and then pulled to make it spin.

More recent toys include dolls, such as Chatty Cathy (1959), Charmin' Chatty (1963), Talking Tamu (1970), Look Around Crissy (1972), Sky Dancers (1994), and Sheriff Woody (from the Toy Story franchise), that have a pullstring built into them that activates a speaker when it is pulled, causing the doll to say a built-in phrase. The Blythe doll (1972) has a pullstring that changes the doll's eye color. Other non-doll toys like See 'n Say (1965).

The earliest patent with a pullstring included in it is an 1886 "Toy Bowling-Alley".

Engines

Many motorized lawn mowers, chainsaws, portable generators, and portable outboard motors use a pullstring or pullcord attached to a handle as a manual ignition device. Some vehicle engines are also started with pullchains, such as the early-1900s Puckridge, or pullcords, like the pre-release version of the Citroën 2CV car, and the DKW RT 125 scooter.

Weapons
Some grenades such as the German Models 24, 39, and 43 have pullcords. Some machine guns such as the M73 machine gun and M85 machine gun use a pullchain to charge and/or fire them.

Transport

A train's emergency brake can be a cord or chain that will stop the train when pulled. Some transit buses and trams/trolleys have a pullcord, also known as a bell cord, that a passenger can pull to signal the driver that they are requesting a stop. Many newer vehicles now use buttons to request stops instead. The Jaguar XK120 sports car's doors have no external handles so it uses an interior pullcord instead.

Other
Some types of window blinds and curtains use a cord pull to open, close, raise, and lower them. Some types of ladders like the extension ladder and attic ladder can have a pullstring that pulls it down from the ceiling. A dock plate can use a pullchain to move it. Some gates have a pullstring on its latch. A pull switch uses a chain or string to actuate a switch, commonly used in lighting and ceiling fans. Modern flush toilets use a pullchain attached to a lever that lifts the plunger to release water into the toilet bowl. The photoplayer uses pullchains to generate sound effects for silent films. Pre-1990s North American diesel locomotive train horns used a lever or pull cord to actuate an air valve. Older steam whistles were almost always actuated with a pull cord.

Some grandfather clocks have a pullchain to raise the weights in order to wind the clock's gears. A lifejacket has a pullcord used to inflate it.

Variants
A bow string is perhaps the simplest type of pullstring that pulls a bow's ends together. A ripcord is a type of pullstring used to release a parachute. A drawstring is a type of
pullstring used in many aspects of the fashion industry and in bags as a closing device.

See also
 Bell pull
 Drawer pull
 Drawstring
 Hoist (device)
 Pull switch

References

Hardware (mechanical)
Chains


title: Li Huang

text:
Li Huang (1895 – 15 November 1991) was a Chinese politician and educator. While studying in France from 1919–1924, he was one of the founders of the Young China Party. After returning to China, he taught French literature in several universities in the 1920s through the 1940s. During the Second Sino-Japanese War the Youth Party joined the China Democratic League, a "Third Force" independent of both the Chinese Communist Party and the Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek.

Youth and education in France
Li Huang's father was a prosperous merchant in Chengdu, where Li joined the Young China Study Association, an informal group that brought young intellectuals together for informal but wide-ranging discussions. He went to France in 1919 to study sociology and literature. Li earned a Master's Degree. The Chinese community in France debated cultural and political strategies for the future of China, and Li joined in the debates. The Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement, sponsored by Li Shizeng and his group of anarchists, arranged for Chinese students to work in French factories order to pay for their studies. Li did not formally join the group, but took part in some of their activities. Li had more contact with French families than most of the Work-Study students did, and he contributed his time to tutor them. Li recalled in his memoirs that many of the students were "provincial"  and that he had to show them how to eat bread, drink wine, and wear western clothes instead of their Chinese padded jackets. In time, he became discouraged at their lack of motivation.

Li and his friends Zuo Shunsheng  and Zeng Qi became alarmed at the spread of Marxism among the students, such as Zhou Enlai, who became radicalized and joined the Communist Party. In December 1923, Li and other Chinese students founded the Youth Party in Paris. They proclaimed that their objective was "internally eliminating the national robbers [the Communists and warlords] and externally resisting the foreign powers." The original name was the Chinese Nationalist Youth Corps (Guojiazhuyi qingniantuan), though the word "Youth" did not refer to the age of the founders, but was rather a reference to the "Young Turks" in Turkey upon whom the new party was modelled.

Li's later account of the influence of the Comintern on Chinese students in Europe in his memoir Xuedunshi huiyilu (Memoirs from the Xuedun Study) has been widely accepted as lively and accurate, but the American historian Marilyn Avra Levine's  research found that his account of Marxist developments contained errors of fact and interpretation.

Third Force politics in China
On their return to China, Li and other leaders organized the Young China Party in Shanghai. The CYP held its First Party Congress in 1926, but the new Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai-shek outlawed the party and arrested many members when they refused to support the GMD after the breakup of the United Front. Li fled to Sichuan, where the CYP had connections with the provincial government. Although leftists accused Li's CYP of being a "fascist" because of its strong anti-communism and nationalistic programs, Li and his colleagues insisted that their support of the Nationalist government was contingent on its support for democratic programs.

Li and Zhang Junmai, a close follower of Liang Qichao, collaborated on a journal, Xin Lu (New Way), for which Zhang raised most of the money and Li wrote most of the content. The journal favored democracy, civil rights, national autonomy, unification, and raising the standard of living for workers and farmers. Zhang's writings focused on criticizing the Nationalist while Li's target was the Communists. The CYP also organized a training institute for young party workers in which Li played a major role.

Although Chiang Kai-shek's police harassed the leadership of the CYP and drove it underground, in 1937, the CYP joined the anti-Japanese United Front to support the national government. In the early years of the war, the Youth Party became the third largest party, after the Nationalists and the Communists. One informed observer, however, called  the party organization "extremely weak" because most members were either personal friends of Zhang Junmai, many of whom had also been followers of Liang Qichao, or former students of Li or his friends. Li visited Shanxi province in brief hope that its military leader, Yan Xishan and his program of military and industrial development could be a base for CYP organizing, but returned wondering how this "barren land with its impoverished people" could "manage to build up a model province in the North?"

Following the end of the war, Li continued to be a prominent member of the CYP, but did not have the high position he once held. The Party joined the China Democratic League, an alliance of smaller parties allied neither to the ruling Nationalists or the Communists. Li was a China delegate at the New York opening meeting of the United Nations in 1945, then in 1947 again withdrew his support of Chiang Kai-shek, and moved to Hong Kong. He remained there until moving to Taiwan in the 1960s, where he died in 1991.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 Li Huang papers at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, NY

1895 births
1991 deaths
Republic of China politicians from Sichuan
Politicians from Chengdu
Educators from Sichuan
Chinese expatriates in France
Taiwanese people from Sichuan
Young China Party politicians


title: 1997 Davis Cup World Group

text:
The World Group was the highest level of Davis Cup competition in 1997. The first-round losers went into the Davis Cup World Group qualifying round, and the winners progressed to the quarterfinals and were guaranteed a World Group spot for 1998.

France were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the first round.

Sweden won the title, defeating the United States in the final, 5–0. The final was held at the Scandinavium in Gothenburg, Sweden, from 28 to 30 November. It was the Swedish team's 6th Davis Cup title overall.

Participating teams

Draw

First round

Brazil vs. United States

Romania vs. Netherlands

Australia vs. France

Czech Republic vs. India

Italy vs. Mexico

Spain vs. Germany

South Africa vs. Russia

Sweden vs. Switzerland

Quarterfinals

United States vs. Netherlands

Australia vs. Czech Republic

Italy vs. Spain

Sweden vs. South Africa

Semifinals

United States vs. Australia

Sweden vs. Italy

Final

Sweden vs. United States

References

External links
Davis Cup official website

World Group
Davis Cup World Group
Davis Cup


title: Jacob van Laethem

text:
Jacob van Laethem, also Jacques van Lathem or Laethem,  (1470–1528) was a Flemish painter of the Early Netherlandish painting era.

Early life
Jacob Van Lathem was the second son of the miniaturist Lieven van Lathem. He probably received his training from his father and from 1490 to 1493 he was employed by John II of Portugal. In 1493 he joined the Guild of Saint Luke in Antwerp and in 1494 he was appointed by Philip the Fair as "valet de chambre et peintre Monsignor". He was often involved in the decoration of churches and palaces, and thus worked equally well in Ghent, Brussels and Antwerp, but also in Spain, where he accompanied his clients on several trips.

Travel
He accompanied Philip the Fair on his trip to Spain from 1502 to 1503, also, from the documentation it appears that his brother Lieven van Lathem the Younger, the goldsmith, was part of the company. In 1506, he accompanied Philip again when traveling to Spain to be recognized as king consort of Castile. After the death of Philip on September 25, 1506 in Burgos, Jacob returned to the Netherlands. There he was in the service of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, and he worked for the court of Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy. From 1517-1520 he accompanied Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on his trip to Spain. From 1522 to 1528 he went again with Charles V for the last time to Spain.

Works
Jacob van Laethem seems to have been involved in major projects of ceremonial decoration. In 1497 for instance, he was responsible for the decoration of the church Paleis op de Koudenberg on the occasion of the requiem masses sung in memory of John of Aragon, the Crown Prince of Aragon and Castile. Three years later in 1500, he worked as a decorator at the ceremonies at the death of Albert III, Duke of Saxony, was involved in the decoration of the Saint Bavo Cathedral in Ghent, then St. Janskerk, for the celebration of the baptism of Charles V on 7 March 1500, and executed a manuscript for Maximilian I. There have been preserved in the Écaussinnes-Lalaing Castle four works that would have been donated by the Spanish court. The subjects of the works are:

 Meeting of Philip the Fair and Ferdinand II of Aragon in Remesal
 A bullfight in Benavente
 A "juego de cañas" in Valladolid
 The funeral of Philip the Fair in Burgos

There are a number of his portraits also found in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Windsor Castle and the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium.

References
 Miguel. A. Zalama, Rafael. D. Casas, Jacob van Laethem, Painter Felipe "The Beautiful" And Carlos V: Details on his work, Bulletin Seminar Studies Art and Archaeology: BSAA, ISSN 0210-9573, Volume 61, 1995, pages. 347-358.
 MJ Onghena, The iconography of Philip the Fair, Brussels Royal Academy, 1959, p.26.
 Mr. Gachard Collection of Voyages of Rulers of the Netherlands. Vol.I, Brussels, 1876, p.365
 Miguel. A. Zalama, Rafael. D. Casas, Jacob van Laethem, Painter Felipe "The Beautiful" And Carlos V: Details on his work, Bulletin Seminar Studies Art and Archaeology: BSAA, ISSN 0210-9573, Volume 61, 1995, pages. 347-358. p.348
 R.H. Wilensky, Flemish Painters. Historical Survey (1430-1830). Londen 1960, p.591.
 MJ Friedländer, Early Netherlandish Painting, vol. IV, Leiden / Brussels 1969, p. 64
 J. Duverger, "court painter Lieven Van Lathem (ca. 1430-1493)," Yearbook of the Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp 1969, p. 97 (inclusion of Jacob van Lathem at Lily Brothers in Brussels, about 1499)
 R. van Schoute and B. Patoul (ed.), The Flemish Primitives, Leuven 1994, p. 547
 A. H. van Buren, "Van Lathem's Costumes', in: J. Chapuis (ed.) Invention: Northern Renaissance Studies in Honor of Molly Faries, Turnhout 2008, p. 94-103

1470 births
1528 deaths
Early Netherlandish painters
Van Laethem
Flemish Renaissance painters


title: Amable Aristy

text:
Amable Aristy Castro (10 May 1949 – 4 December 2022) was a politician and businessman from the Dominican Republic. He was a senior leader of the Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC) and was a Senator for the province of La Altagracia. Aristy was the presidential candidate for his party in the 2008 presidential election. Due to the remarkable power and influence that he wielded on his native province, he was known as the "Chieftain of Higüey" ("").

Aristy was elected senator for La Altagracia 7 times in a row: in 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2016. Nevertheless, he was not  a senator for all those years as he resigned in the 1998-2002 period and he did not swear in in 2002 and 2006 leaving his senatorship to close friends; while he was chairman of the League of Dominican Municipalities (from 1999 to 2010). In 2010 he was threatened with impeachment and political disqualification if he left his senatorship to a friend again; he left his office in the League to a cousin of his and decided to be sworn in on 10 November 2010, nearly three months after August the 16th, the date marked by the constitution to do so.

Aristy was described as one of the least laborious senators.

Political leader Amable Aristy Castro died on December 4th in Higüey, La Altagracia province, from a cardiac arrest at the age of 73.

According to local sources, he suffered a cardiac arrest at his home, after participating in the inauguration of a shopping mall. He was transferred to the Perozo Clinic, where he was pronounce dead.

Castro was born in the community of El Bonao, Higüey, La Altagracia province, on May 10, 1949. He had been president of the Liberal Reform Party (PRL) since 2015.

He began his political career in the Social Christian Reform Party (PRSC), which he joined in 1976 and for which he was elected twice as a representative and seven times as a senator. He also presented his presidential candidacy for this political party in 2008. He was president of the Senate four times and held the position of general secretary of the Municipal League (LMD) on three occasions.

Political life
Known as “the chief of Higüey”, Aristy Castro had a turbulent political life that began in the 1970s, being elected to public office for the first time in the 1982 elections, occupying a seat in the Chamber of Deputies.

He spent eight years in the Lower House, and from 1990 to 1998 he served as a Senator of the Republic representing the province of La Altagracia.

In 1999, he resigned from the Senate to become general secretary of the Dominican Municipal League (LMD), after an agreement between the PRSC and the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD).

In the 2002 congressional elections, he was again elected as a senator. In that legislative period, he once again assumed the leadership of the LMD, with the support of the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), for which he had to resign from his seat in the Senate again in 2003.

In 2006, he returned to the National Congress as a senator, a post he vacated to return to the LMD, under a support agreement between the PLD and PRD.

Four years later, in 2010, he was elected to the Senate for the PRSC, but two years later he was expelled by the Permanent Presidential Commission of that political party for opposing an alliance with the PLD for the 2012 elections.

After his expulsion from the PRSC, after being one of its main leaders for 36 years, in 2015 he founded the Liberal Reform Party (PRL), a political organization for which he was re-elected senator in an agreement with the PLD to support the re-election of President Danilo Medina.

In November 2019, the PLR continued as an ally of the PLD, with the candidacy of Gonzalo Castillo, but less than a month before the 2020 presidential and congressional elections, it announced its support for Luis Abinader, then presidential candidate for the Modern Revolutionary Party (PRM), while expressing his intention to be re-elected again as a senator.

However, the PRM had its candidate for the Senate for the province of La Altagracia, Virgilio Cedano, who won with 38,403 votes (43.77%) against 25,270 votes (28.80%) achieved by Aristy Castro. Robert de la Cruz, from the PLD, obtained 22,160 votes (25.26%).

References

1949 births
2022 deaths
People from La Altagracia Province
Dominican Republic people of Basque descent
Social Christian Reformist Party politicians
Presidents of the Senate of the Dominican Republic
People acquitted of corruption
Universidad de la Tercera Edad alumni
Candidates for President of the Dominican Republic
20th-century Dominican Republic politicians
21st-century Dominican Republic politicians


The 2014–15 Coppin State Eagles men's basketball team represented Coppin State University during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Eagles, led by first year head coach Michael Grant, played their home games at the Physical Education Complex and were members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference. They finished the season 8–23 6–10 in MEAC play to finish in a tie for ninth place. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the MEAC TOurnament where they lost to North Carolina Central.

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#333399; color:#CFB53B;"| Regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#333399; color:#CFB53B;"| MEAC tournament

References

Coppin State Eagles men's basketball seasons
Coppin State
Coppin
Coppin


Translations of One Thousand and One Nights have been made into most of the world's major languages. They include the French translation by Antoine Galland (titled Les mille et une nuits, finished in 1717). Galland's translation was essentially based on a medieval Arabic manuscript of Syrian origin, supplemented by oral tales recorded by him in Paris from Hanna Diyab, a Maronite Arab from Aleppo.

The first English translation appeared in 1706 and was made from Galland's version; being anonymous, it is known as the Grub Street edition. There are two extant copies, one kept in the Bodleian Library and one in Princeton University Library. After this, several English reissues appeared simultaneously in 1708. As early as the end of the 18th century the English translation based on Galland was brought to Halifax, Nova Scotia, Montreal, Philadelphia, New York and Sydney. Generally, translations starting from Galland were censored due to lewd content.

Meanwhile, the original scattered Arabic texts were collected and printed in four corpuses:
the so-called Calcutta I or Shirwanee Edition (1814–18, 2 volumes)
the Bulaq or Cairo Edition (1835, 2 volumes)
the Breslau Edition (1825–38, 8 volumes)
the Calcutta II or W.H. Macnaghten Edition (1839–42, 4 volumes)

Galland-based English translations were superseded by that made by Edward William Lane in 1839–41. In the 1880s an unexpurgated and complete English translation, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, was made by Richard Francis Burton.

French translations

Galland

Galland based his translation on what is now known as the Galland Manuscript, a three-volume (or perhaps once four-volume) manuscript from the fourteenth or fifteenth century now kept in the National Library of France. He published his translation in a twelve-volume set between 1704 and 1717. Galland's translation altered the style, tone and content of the Arabic text. Designed to appeal, it omitted sophisticated or dark elements while enhancing exotic and magical elements and became the basis of most children's versions of One Thousand and One Nights.

Mardrus
In 1926–1932 a lavishly decorated 12-volume edition of J. C. Mardrus' translation, titled Le livre des mille nuits et une nuit, appeared. Soviet and Russian scholar Isaak Filshtinsky, however, considered Mardrus' translation inferior to others due to presence of chunks of text, which Mardrus conceived himself to satisfy the tastes of his time. According to Robert Irwin, "Mardrus took elements which were there in the original Arabic and worked them up, exaggerating and inventing, reshaping the Nights in such a manner that the stories appear at times to have been written by Oscar Wilde or Stéphane Mallarmé". In response to criticism of his translation by academic Arabists, Mardrus promised to produce a tome of learned commentary and justificatory pieces which he, however, failed to do.

Russian translations

The first Russian translation of One Thousand and One Nights, in Russian:  (Týsjača i odná nočʹ), was made by Alexey Filatyev in 1763–1774. It was based on Galland's translation and consisted of 12 volumes. Later Russian translations were also based on European translations. For instance, a three-volume translation by Yulia Doppelmayr (1889–1890) was based on Galland, the six-volume translation by Lyudmila Shelgunova (1894) was based on that by Edward William Lane and an anonymous translation (1902–1903) was based on Mardrus.

The first Russian translation directly from the Arabic source (from Calcutta II) was made by Mikhail Salye, published in eight volumes by Academia in 1929–1939. Salye also translated seven tales not contained in Calcutta II (from the manuscript in the National Library of Russia).

English translations
Departing from the Grub Street version, Jonathan Scott made the first literal translation of Galland. This rendition, entitled The Arabian Nights Entertainments, appeared in 1811.

Henry Torrens would later translate the first 50 nights from Calcutta II, published in 1838. Having heard that Edward William Lane had begun his own translation, Torrens abandoned his work. Lane translated from the Bulaq corpus. In his opinion, "Galland [had] excessively perverted the work". According to Lane, Galland's "acquaintance with Arab manners and customs was insufficient to preserve him always from errors of the grossest description". Working with the Bulaq corpus, Lane occasionally crosschecked against the Calcutta I and Breslau corpuses. His translation, however, was incomplete. In 1923 a translation by Edward Powys Mathers based on the French translation by J. C. Mardrus appeared.

Another attempt at translation was made by John Payne (The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night, 1882–84). Payne printed only 500 copies, for private distribution, and ceded the work to Richard Francis Burton. Burton's translation (The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night 1885–88) enjoyed huge public success but was criticised for its use of archaic language and excessive erotic detail. According to Ulrich Marzolph, as of 2004, Burton's translation remained the most complete version of One Thousand and One Nights in English. It is generally considered one of the finest unexpurgated translations from Calcutta II. It stood as the only complete translation of the Macnaghten or Calcutta II edition (Egyptian recension) until the Malcolm C. and Ursula Lyons translation published in 2008.

Sir Richard Francis Burton  made the only complete translation so far titled The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night in 16 or 17 volumes, with supplements from William Forsell Kirby and William Alexander Clouston. Unexpurgated, this was made from various editions and corpuses but mainly based on the Calcutta II edition - Egyptian recension, in 1885–88.

The first English translation solely by a female author was published by Yasmine Seale in November 2021. It removes Burton's added sexist and racist references and includes all the tales from Hanna Diyab. Additionally, previously omitted stories featuring female protagonists are included, such as tales about Parizade, Pari Banu, and the horror story Sidi Numan.

Partial or incomplete translations
Anonymous from Grub Street based on Antoine Galland - The Arabian Nights' Entertainments (1706–21)
Jonathan Scott - The Arabian Nights Entertainments (1811)
Henry Torrens - The first 50 Nights Calcutta II Edition (1838)
Edward William Lane - The Bulaq corpus along with the Calcutta I and Breslau corpus (1838–40)
John Payne - The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night (unexpurgated) (1882–84)
Edward Powys Mathers based on J. C. Mardrus in 4 volumes (1923)
Malcolm C. Lyons and Ursula Lyons - The Arabian Nights: Tales of 1001 Nights published by Penguin Books based on the Macnaghten or Calcutta II edition (Egyptian recension) in 10 volumes (2008)
The Arabian Nights: the Husain Haddawy Translation Based on the Text Edited by Muhsin Mahdi, Contexts, Criticism, ed. by Daniel Heller-Roazen (New York: Norton, 2010).
Yasmine Seale - The Annotated Arabian Nights: Tales from 1001 Nights (Liveright Publishing, 2021)

German translations
In 1825 a Galland-based translation was made by Maximilian Habicht. Duncan Black MacDonald later proved that the Tunisian manuscript Habicht claimed to use during the translation was in fact forged by Habicht. In 1839–1842 One Thousand and One Nights was translated into German by Gustav Weil. From 1895 to 1897, Max Henning published another German translation in 24 small volumes; the first seven volumes were based on the Bulaq edition, while volumes 18–24 were largely translated from Richard Francis Burton. In 1912–13 another translation was made by Felix Paul Greve.

In 1921–1928, Enno Littmann produced a six-volume German translation of the whole One Thousand and One Nights based on Calcutta II. This included the poetry contained in the text. He translated one lewd portion into Latin rather than German. Nonetheless, Isaak Filshtinsky considered Littmann's translation to be "the most complete and accomplished". Robert Irwin pronounced it "the best German translation".

In 2004, C. H. Beck published Claudia Ott's translation of the critical edition of the Galland Manuscript by Muhsin Mahdi. Ott won the Johann-Friedrich-von-Cotta-Literatur- und Übersetzerpreis der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart for her translation.

Dutch translations
There have been several Dutch translations made from the French editions of Galland and Mardrus. In 1999 the final volume of "De vertellingen van duizend-en-één nacht" was published; the first and so far only Dutch translation from the Arabic texts, by Dr. Richard van Leeuwen. For his translation, van Leeuwen used the Bulaq (Cairo 1835), Calcutta (1842) and Mahdi (Leiden 1984) editions.

Italian translation
In 1949 Arabist Francesco Gabrieli, who headed a team of anonymous translators, produced a four-volume Italian translation, based on Bulaq collated with Calcutta II.

Spanish translations
The stories about Sinbad the Sailor had  already been translated into Spanish by 1253. Later Spanish translations were made particularly by Pedro Pedraza (from Galland); Vicente Blasco Ibáñez (from Mardrus) and Eugenio Sanz del Valle, Luis Aguirre Prado and Alfredo Domínguez (from Mardrus). More accurate translations were made by Rafael Cansinos Asséns and the Arabists Juan Vernet, Juan A.G. Larraya and Leonor Martínez Martín or Salvador Peña.

Japanese translations
One Thousand and One Nights appeared in Japanese in as early as 1875 – the two-volume translation, made by , was titled  and published in Tokyo by . In the preface, Nagamine wrote that he used G. F. Townsend's The Arabian Nights's Entertainments, which was based on Jonathan Scott's English translation of Galland. Nagamine also used Edward William Lane's English translation as a supplement. The second Japanese translation by Inoue Tsutomu, titled Zensekai ichidai kisho (The Most Curious Book in the Whole World), appeared in 1883 and became more popular than Nagamine's.

Subsequently, other Japanese translations were made, but the first complete Japanese translation from Arabic was published in 1976–92 by Shinji Maejima and Ikeda Osamu, in nineteen volumes (titled Arabian Naito).

Chinese translations
A selection of stories from One Thousand and One Nights, titled Yi Qian Ling Yi Ye（一千零一夜） appeared in 1900. In 1906 a four-volume translation was made by Xi Ruo（奚若, published in Shanghai.

In the 1930 new translations, primarily from Bulaq, appeared, also under the title Yi Qian Ling Yi Ye. In that period a five-volume translation by Na Xun（纳训） was made. In the 1950s Na Xun produced another three-volume translation, again titled Yi Qian Ling Yi Ye.

In 1982 a six-volume Beijing edition of Na Xun was published. It became the source of the 1980s two-volume translation titled Tian Fang Ye Tan（天方夜譚）, which appeared in Taipei.

Hebrew translations
From 1947 to 1971 Arabist Yosef Yoel Rivlin produced a 32-volume Hebrew translation, based mainly on Bulaq. A selection of stories, translated by Hanna Amit-Kohavi, appeared in two volumes, in the years 2008 and 2011, under the title Leylot Arav.

Kashmiri translations
Aalif Laila, a translation of the stories in Kashmiri was made by Mohiuddin Hajni in 1969. It was published by the Sahitya Akademi - the Indian national academy of letters.

Catalan translations
A complete translation into Catalan, by Arabists Margarida Castells i Criballés|Margarida Castells and Dolors Cinca Pinós|Dolors Cinca, was published in 1999: Les mil i una nits (Barcelona: Edicions Proa,  / ), in three volumes. It is based on the Bulaq edition, includes the apocryphal tales from Galland as an appendix and has been the base for several published anthologies.

Bosnian translations
In the year 1999 4-volume of Bosnian translation was published. The Bulaq version was translated by Esad Durakovic during the siege of Sarajevo.

Telugu translations
Veyyinnokka Ratrulu (2003), a translation of the stories in Telugu was published by the Sahitya Akademi - the Indian national academy of letters. The translation work was done by writer Ghandikota Brahmaji Rao.

Malayalam translations
Ayirathonnu Raavukal (2011), a single volume translation of the Nights was published by Mathrubhumi Books in Malayalam with Indian literary critic M. Achuthan serving as its editor. Another translation into Malayalam, Ayirathonnu Rathrikal by M. P. Sadasivan, was published by DC Books in 2008.

Meenaketanacharitram (1850–1860), a story by Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma, the ruler of the Indian princely state of Travancore, was loosely based on Edward William Lane's translation of "The Story of the Prince Kamar-Ez-Zeman and the Princess Budoor" from the Nights.

Slovenian translation
In 2019 a three-volume Slovenian translation was published. Based on the Calcutta II version, it was translated by Mohsen and Margit Alhady.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 The Thousand Nights and a Night in several classic translations, including the Sir Richard Francis Burton unexpurgated translation and John Payne translation, with additional material.
 1001 Nights
 The Arabian Nights Entertainments, Selected and Edited by Andrew Lang, Longmans, Green and Co., 1918 (1898).

 The Arabian Nights, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Robert Irwin, Marina Warner and Gerard van Gelder (In Our Time, October 18, 2007)

One Thousand and One Nights
One Thousand and One Nights
Translation-related lists


title: 2002–03 Swindon Town F.C. season

text:
The 2002–03 season was Swindon Town's third season in the Division Two since their relegation from the second tier of English football in 2000. Alongside the league campaign, Swindon Town will also competed in the FA Cup, League Cup and the Football League Trophy.

Nationwide League Division Two

Results and matchday squads

Division Two line-ups

1 1st Substitution, 2 2nd Substitution, 3 3rd Substitution.

FA Cup line-ups

1 1st Substitution, 2 2nd Substitution, 3 3rd Substitution.

League Cup line-ups

1 1st Substitution, 2 2nd Substitution, 3 3rd Substitution.

Football League Trophy line-ups

1 1st Substitution, 2 2nd Substitution, 3 3rd Substitution.

References

2002-03
Swindon Town


title: Holy Family of Nazareth Church, Oulu

text:
The Holy Family of Nazareth Church is a Roman Catholic church in the Koskela district in Oulu.

The church building, designed by architect Gabriel Geronzi, was constructed in two phases. Pope John Paul II blessed the cornerstone of the church on his visit to Finland in 1989. The first phase of the church building was completed in 1991. The second phase was completed in 2000.

The parish of the Holy Family of Nazareth was established in 1992. It includes Northern Ostrobothnia and the Finnish Lapland and is the northernmost catholic parish of Finland.

Operating in the parish since 1989,  there are four neocatechumenal communities in the parish.

References

External links

Churches in Oulu
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1991
Catholic Church in Finland
1991 establishments in Finland
Neocatechumenal Way
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Finland


title: Restaurant Startup

text:
Restaurant Startup is an American food competition series that aired for three seasons on CNBC, from 2014 to 2016. In the show, two judge-investors meet with aspiring chefs, taste their food, hear their concept and decide whom they want to support in their food career. During the first two seasons, the judges-investors were celebrity restaurateurs Joe Bastianich and Tim Love. In the third season, the judges-investors were Bastianich, Love and Elizabeth Blau, with two of the three appearing in each episode.

Each episode is divided into four parts: first, judges-investors choose among two competing pitches for a new restaurant. Then, the winning team gets $7,500, a location and various helpers to refine their restaurant idea (including logo design, decor, and menu) and turn the concept into a functioning restaurant in 36 hours. Then, customers are brought in and the team runs the restaurant over several hours. Finally, the team meets with the investors, and one or both of the investors may then make an investment offer.

The series premiered on July 8, 2014. Its final episode aired on March 2, 2016.

Episodes

Season 1

Season 2

Season 3

See also
 Shark Tank

References

External links
 Official page
 Restaurant Startup on Internet Movie Database

2014 American television series debuts
2016 American television series endings
CNBC original programming
2010s American reality television series
Television series by Reveille Productions


title: Bikini Airways

text:
Bikini Airways is a 2003 American made for cable erotic film written and directed by Fred Olen Ray (under the pseudonym name Nicholas Juan Medina).

Plot
Terri (Regina Russell), after inheriting an airline from her late uncle (and the debt that goes with it), gets a wealthy oil tycoon to pony up 25,000 to have his bachelor party on her first flight.

Background
The film was produced by the production company American Independent Productions and distributed by Retromedia Entertainment. It was broadcast several times in the winter of 2003 at fixed times and on demand on the premium channels Cinemax and Showtime.

Ray said he made the film "on a lark and it did really well". It ushered in a series of bikini films.

Reception
The film was given 2.5 out of 4 by Dr. Gore's Movie Reviews. It was also rated 8 out of 10 by Tarstarkas.net.

References

External links

2003 television films
2003 films
American erotic films
Films directed by Fred Olen Ray
2000s erotic films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


title: Miami Pop Festival

text:
Miami Pop Festival may refer to:

Miami Pop Festival (May 1968)
Miami Pop Festival (December 1968)
Miami Pop Festival (album), an album by the Jimi Hendrix Experience


title: Milbank Arms, Barningham

text:
The Milbank Arms is a Grade II listed public house at Barningham, County Durham. Built in the early 19th century, it spent a period as a hotel before converting to a public house. It was one of the last public houses in the country to not include a bar counter when one was fitted in 2018. The public house, and former hotel, are named after local land owning family, the Milbanks, who have recently taken over the license.

History
The building dates back to the early 19th century and it opened as the Milbank Hotel in 1860. In the early 1900s, it was refurbished a public house, but unusually for English pubs it did not include a bar counter. Instead, drinks would be fetched directly from the cellar by the staff. However, a bar was put in place in 2018 by the current landlord - at the time there were only eight remaining pubs without a bar in England. Due to this change, the Campaign for Real Ale have put the pub's "unspoilt" status under review. It had previously been on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.

The building is made of stone, with a slate roof. There are three rooms on the ground floor, a domino room, a tap room and a dining room. The dining room was historically used for collections of rents from tenants of the land in the 19th century. Few different landlords have run the Millbank arms, between 1860 and 2018, only three different names have been on the license above the door. It had been run by the Turner family between 1939 and 2018, before being taken over by Sir Edward Milbank.

References

Grade II listed pubs in County Durham
National Inventory Pubs