title: Liberbank

text:
Liberbank was a Spanish financial services company constituted by a merger of Group Cajastur, Caja de Extremadura and Caja Cantabria. It was established from the combination of the assets and liabilities of the banking business (excluding those pertaining to the social work of each savings bank).

Liberbank has a national presence and is a leader in the retail markets of Asturias, Cantabria, Castile-La Mancha and Extremadura.

On 23 May 2011, Effibank was established as a bank SIP Group Cajastur, Caja de Extremadura and Caja Cantabria. From 19 July 2011, the bank operated under the brand Liberbank. Subsequently, the trade name of Effibank (Effibank SA) was also replaced and became Liberbank SA.

On 29 May 2012, Banco Caja3 and Ibercaja merged. Thus born the seventh Spanish financial institution. However, the merger was canceled in October 2012 as a result of the stress test of Oliver Wyman and capital requirements Liberbank scenarios shown in this document.

On 20 December 2012, the European Commission approved the restructuring plan Liberbank, so that this entity to go public in the first half of 2013, reducing its size by 25% compared to 2010. In return, Liberbank received 124 million euros in aid in the form of contingent convertible bonds (cocos) subscribed by the FROB with a maximum repayment term of two years. A drastic reorientation of the business of the bank is also required: must leave in practice real estate, focusing on the credit support to SMEs in their areas of influence and primarily engage in the retail business, limiting their presence in the business of wholesale banking .

On 16 May 2013, Liberbank went public with a sale of redeemable preference shares and subordinated shares in the company and closed the session with a capitalization of 734 million Euro.

On 30 December 2020, it was announced Unicaja was buying Liberbank. The merged company is the fifth largest of Spain.

References

Defunct banks of Spain
banks based in Madrid


title: VA-85 (U.S. Navy)

text:
VA-85 was a short-lived Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy. It was established on 15 September 1948 and disestablished on 29 November 1949. The squadron's nickname is unknown. It was the first squadron to be designated VA-85, a second VA-85 was established as VA-859 on 1 February 1951, redesignated VA-85 on 4 February 1953 and disestablished on 30 September 1994.

Home port assignments
The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown:
 NAS Oceana – 15 Sep 1948
 NAS Jacksonville – 5 November 1948

Aircraft assignment
The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown:
 TBM-3E Avenger – Nov 1948
 AM-1 Mauler – 20 Nov 1948

See also
 Attack aircraft
 List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons
 History of the United States Navy

References

Attack squadrons of the United States Navy
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons


title: 2003 Copa América de Futsal

text:
The 2003 Copa América de Futsal was the 8th edition under FIFA rules, 19th edition of the main international futsal tournament of the South America region. It took place in Asunción, Paraguay from 26 August to 1 September 2003.

The tournament acted as a qualifying tournament for the 2004 FIFA Futsal World Championship in Taiwan.

Championship
The ten participating teams are divided into three groups of three in the first two groups and four teams in the last group, which will play each in a single round-robin format. The top team of each group advances to the semi-finals with the second placed team from Group C. The top three teams for the tournament will earn participation at the 2004 Futsal World Championship.

Group A

Group B

Group C

Final round

Final classification

References
 Copa América de Futsal 2003 todos los daos en RSSSF
 Copa América de Futsal Paraguay 2003

Copa América de Futsal
International futsal competitions hosted by Paraguay
Copa América de Futsal, 2003
2003 in Paraguayan football


title: Joachim Baldauf

text:
Joachim Baldauf (* 20 July 1965 in Weiler, Germany) is a German photographer and publisher. He currently lives in Berlin.

Biography

Joachim Baldauf began his studies in textile design at the Technikum Reutlingen in 1984, where he graduated with a degree in 1987. He went on to create textile designs for Holzhauser Textildesign, Rueff Muntlix, Stragapede Didra and others.
From 1989 to 1998, Baldauf worked as a graphic designer and art director for magazines and other clients such as Adidas, Bertelsmann Music Group, Cosmopolitan, Doc Martens, Helmut Lang/Sucrow-Barthel, Levi's, MAC and others.
In 1992, together with Gabriele Grammelsberger and Dieter Brachtl, he founded the agency Boom Communication in Munich, which published magazines including Nachtschwärmer and Lavabo.
Since 1998, Joachim Baldauf has worked as a freelance photographer for numerous international magazines and has photographed a variety of advertising campaigns.
Baldauf also supports charity projects through his work with organisations such as Doctors Without Borders, the Altonaer Museum, the German Red Cross, Dunkelziffer e.V., Internationales Kindercamp Sans Souci and Pro Organ.
From 1999 to 2002 he collaborated extensively with the London-based magazine Wallpaper*, where he was responsible for approximately 30 editorials and covers.
In 2004, together with the graphic designer Agnes Feckl, Baldauf founded the publishing house Printkultur, which publishes the magazine Vorn as well as a variety of books.
Since 2009, he has worked as a lecturer and guest speaker at various universities, including the Maastricht Academy of Fine Arts and Design, the Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Fefè Project in Rome, the University of the Arts Bremen, the Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft in Berlin, the Merz Akademie in Stuttgart and the Berlin University of the Arts.

Exhibitions

Since 2002, Joachim Baldauf has been the subject of various solo exhibitions, and he has also participated in a number of group exhibitions in galleries and institutions.
 Jeden Tag ein wenig, AMD, Munich, 2002
 Der subjektive Mann, Galerie Rössler, Munich, 2002
 Le charme discret de la bourgeoisie, Galerie Viaux, Hamburg, 2003
 Deichtorhallen/Haus der Photographie, Hamburg, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007
 Private Collection, curated by Thorsten Heinze, Sevenstargallery, Berlin, 2007
 Mode ist tot – Von Virusverbreitern und Gratwanderern, curated by Werner Hanak-Lettner, Haus Wittgenstein, Vienna, 2008
 Be an Angel, Camerawork, Berlin, 2008
 Fashion, Camerawork, Berlin, 2009
 The Wallpaper* Years, curated by Claudia Seidel, Galerie im Regierungsviertel, Berlin, 2009
 Meissen Macht Ikonen, curated by Claudia Seidel, Albrechtsburg, Meissen, 2010
 Lingering Whispers, curated by Predrag Pajdic and Claudia Seidel, Crypt of St Pancras Church, London, 2010
 Liebet!, Perfectprops, Vienna, 2010

Awards

Joachim Baldauf and Printkultur have received numerous prizes and awards, including several International Art Directors Club Awards and Lead Awards, a Creative Club Austria Award, a Swiss Photo Award, Cover of the Year and a Distinctive Merit Award.

Printkultur publications
 Vorn, issue no. 1, 244 pages, Printkultur (2004), limited edition
 Vorn, issue no. 2, 268 pages, Printkultur (2004), limited edition
 Vorn, issue no. 3, 252 pages, Printkultur (2006), limited edition
 Vorn, issue no. 4, 250 pages, Printkultur (2007), limited edition
 Vorn, issue no. 5, 250 pages, Printkultur (2008), limited edition
 Wendy Iles: A Book About Hair, 228 pages, Printkultur (2008),
 Tina Berning: 100 Girls On Cheap Paper, 192 pages, Printkultur (2009),
 Christina Kruse: Reisetagebuch 1–5, 254 pages, Printkultur (2009), no ISBN
 Vorn, issue no. 6, 240 pages, Printkultur & Claudia Seidel (2010), limited edition
 Vorn, issue no. 7, 240 pages, Printkultur & Uta Grosenick (2014),

Publications
 Joachim Baldauf: Photographs + The Wallpaper* Years, 384 pages, Distanz Verlag (2013),

With a conversation between Tyler Brûlé, founder and former editorial director of Wallpaper* and current editor-in-chief of Monocle, and Ariel Childs, former editor of photography at Wallpaper*; a text by Tillmann Prüfer, an editor at Die Zeit and style director at Zeit Magazin; and a foreword by Uta Grosenick, cofounder of Distanz Verlag.

References

External links
 Website of Joachim Baldauf

1965 births
Living people
Photographers from Berlin
German publishers (people)


title: Interpreter (disambiguation)

text:
An interpreter is someone who performs interpretation, not just translation, of speech or sign from a language into another.  This may be done orally, or via other methodology.  It may be simultaneous, but need not be.

Interpreter may also refer to:

Math and computing
 Interpreter (computing), a computer program that directly executes a programming or scripting language
 Interpreter pattern, a software engineering design pattern which embeds an interpreter inside a system
 Punched card interpreter, a machine that interprets the holes in a punched card

Media

Film
 The Interpreter (2005 film), a 2005 film
 The Interpreter (2018 film), a 2018 Slovak film
 The Interpreter, working title of 2023 film Guy Ritchie's The Covenant

Television
 The Interpreter (TV series), a 2016 Chinese television series

Literary
 The Comics Interpreter, a magazine of comics criticism
 The Interpreter or Interpreter Magazine, a web publication by the Institute of Modern Russia
 The Interpreter, a blog published by the Lowy Institute
 The Interpreter (novel), a 2003 novel by Suki Kim
 The Interpreter: A Story of Two Worlds New York, a 2012 book by Robert Moss
 The Interpreters (novel), a 1965 novel by Wole Soyinka
 Interpreter (journal), a Mormon studies journal

Music
 The Interpreters, a Philadelphia band
 Interpreter (album), a 1996 album by Julian Cope
 The Interpreter (album), a 2011 live album by Rhett Miller of Old 97

Other
 Left-brain interpreter, the post-hoc construction of explanations by the brain's left hemisphere

See also
 Interpretation (disambiguation)
 Interpreted language, in computing


title: RDS-3

text:
RDS-3 was the third atomic bomb developed by the Soviet Union in 1951, after the RDS-1 and RDS-2. It was called Marya in the military. The bomb had a composite design with a plutonium core inside a uranium shell, providing an explosive power of 41.2 kilotons. The RDS-3T was a modernized version and the first  mass-produced nuclear weapon by the Soviet Union. It was assigned to Long Range Aviation in 1953.

Testing
RDS-3 was tested on October 18, 1951, being air-dropped. It was the first such test of a nuclear device by the Soviets, known as Joe-3 in the West. It was detonated at an altitude of four hundred meters. The resulting flash could be seen from 170 kilometers away, and the sound heard from around the same distance. The footage of the test was filmed by an instrument tower 7.5 kilometers from ground zero.

See also
Soviet atomic bomb project
RDS-1
RDS-2
RDS-4
RDS-37
RDS-220 (Tsar Bomba)

References

Soviet nuclear weapons testing
Nuclear bombs of the Soviet Union
Cold War aerial bombs of the Soviet Union
1951 in the Soviet Union


title: Peter Hervik

text:
Peter Hervik (born 1956) is a Danish anthropologist and professor whose work focuses on the media's representations and popular consciousness in the context of identities and everyday lives of ethnic minorities, immigrants and refugees in Denmark.

He received his Ph.D. in anthropology at the University of Copenhagen. He completed his Ph.D. thesis based on ethnographic fieldwork in Yucatán Mexico where he studied the incongruency between external discourses of "Maya culture" and the self-categorization of people associated with "Mayan culture".

Peter Hervik had done work on Muhammad cartoon crisis showing how the news media shapes understandings and perceptions of Islam and Muslims in Denmark. He also analyzed the role of anthropological inquiry in addressing media representations of migrant minorities. In his book The Annoying Difference; The Emergence of Danish Neo-nationalism, Neo-racism, and Populism the post 1989 World (2011) he criticizes the approach taken by the Danish People's Party to immigration and discusses how immigration policy developments affect migrant minorities in Denmark.

Hervik was a professor of Media and Migration at Aalborg University.

Selected works

(2011) – The Annoying Difference : The emergence of Danish neonationalism, neoracism, and populism in the post-1989-world.

(2003) – Mayan People Within and Beyond Boundaries. Social Categories and Lived Identity in Yucatan

(2002) – Mediernes muslimer. En antropologisk undersøgelse af mediernes dækning af religioner i Danmark

(1994) – and Peter Hervik, Social Experience and Anthropological Knowledge

References

External links
 Personal Website
 University Personal Profile

Living people
Academic staff of Aalborg University
Danish anthropologists
1956 births


title: Vera Chok

text:
Vera Chok is a Malaysian actress and writer based in the United Kingdom, who has featured in various stage, screen and radio roles. From 2021 to 2023, she played Honour Chen-Williams in the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks.

Early and personal life
Chok was born in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, of Chinese ancestry. After attending Assunta Primary and Secondary schools in Malaysia and Abbots Bromley School in Staffordshire, she graduated from The Queen's College, Oxford, before training as an actor at the Poor School in London and with Philippe Gaulier in Paris. Chok identifies as queer and uses she/they pronouns.

Career
Chok's main theatre roles have included parts in the award-winning Lucy Kirkwood play Chimerica (2013), as part of the original cast at the Almeida and Harold Pinter theatres and in The World of Extreme Happiness (The Shed at the National Theatre, 2013), in which she co-starred with Katie Leung. Chok played the part of Ming Ming, a female migrant worker, in a production about the world of migrant workers in rapidly emerging modern China. Vera Chok also appeared in the TV miniseries version of Chimerica on Channel 4 in 2019, alongside Katie Leung.

In 2015, Chok appeared in Nicholas Hytner's final production as artistic director for the National Theatre, Tom Stoppard's The Hard Problem. The play was Stoppard's first for the theatre since 2006 and a special screening was broadcast live to cinemas. She subsequently had roles in the Kenneth Branagh Theatre Company production of The Winter's Tale at the Garrick Theatre in late 2015  and an associated work, Terence Rattigan's Harlequinade, also at the Garrick, which humorously depicts a postwar CEMA-sponsored theatrical troop at a provincial theatre in Brackley making a hash of Romeo and Juliet and "the intrigues and dalliances of the company members".

Chok was nominated in the 2015 BBC Audio Drama Awards (Best Debut Performance In An Audio Drama) for her performance in the BBC Radio 3 production of British Chinese novelist Xiaolu Guo's first play, Dostoevsky And The Chickens (2014), in which she co-starred. In Liao Yimei's comedy drama Rhinoceros in Love, also for Radio 3, she plays the beautiful Mingming, the object of a zookeeper's longing, in a performance described by the Sunday Times as 'bewitching'.

She appeared in Jingo (2008, Finborough Theatre, London) and played the lead role of Lila in the stage adaptation of Philip Pullman's The Firework-Maker's Daughter (2011, Theatre by the Lake) - described by The Stage as a 'poignant performance'.

Whatsonstage.com named her one of "15 theatre faces to look out for in 2015". Asked by the magazine to give her advice on International Women's Day, Chok said "Play the long game: stay open, generous, and keep developing your craft."

In 2016, she contributed a chapter to the anthology of the personal accounts of members of immigrant and ethnic minorities in the UK, 'The Good Immigrant'. Writing about her experiences as a Malaysian immigrant in Britain in the Guardian during Black History Month, Chok commented on the invisibility of 'East Asian' groups in Britain: "In the UK media, we don’t see south Asians portrayed in a way that reflects their position as the largest racial minority group in the UK (3 million to 1.9 million black British). East Asians, the third-largest and fastest-growing racial group at 1.2 million, people bear the damning “model minority” label which isolates them from other people of colour, and condemns them to an invisibility where violence against them is ignored." Writing in British Chinese journal Neehao in 2017, she urged British Chinese and East Asian actors not to take on parts that reinforce anti-China sentiment at a time when " ...Asians in America, in LIBERAL states, are being beaten up because of anti-China rhetoric from D(onald) T(rump)."

She wrote a play for online, Rice!, broadcast on Zoom in 2021, a co-production between Omnibus Theatre and Malaysian company Wayang Kitchen, which featured a distributed Malaysian meal to cook at home with tutorial help, plus a play broadcast from Kuala Lumpur and Wiltshire, according to The Stage "an elegant proposition: playing to audiences in both the UK and Malaysia, this story about migration and belonging unfolds while we cook congee with meal kits provided by the company".

In December 2021, Chok began playing Honour Chen-Williams, a prison psychiatrist, in the British TV soap Hollyoaks. Her character was one of parents of the newly introduced Chen-Williams family, alongside her delivery driver husband Dave, played by Dominic Power. Chok told media that “Dave and Honour have a very large brood, so it's a really solid relationship. They've been together for a long while and brought up this really adorable blended family". Her final appearance in the soap aired in April 2023.

She played the lead role in the 2022 Forest Fringe film Dream Agency, directed and written by Deborah Pearson and Andy Field, which won the Best Micro-Budget film award in 2023 from the London Independent Film Festival.

Producing
In 2010, Chok founded saltpeter, an independent theatre company. She produced and starred in their opera production Tonseisha - The Man Who Abandoned the World (2014 - Studio, Central Saint Martins), which is adapted from the play by Erik Patterson. In the work, which features opera, dance and theatre, Chok played Yukiko, a Japanese woman haunted by the losses of her father and Beat writer Richard Brautigan. In 2011, she founded the Brautigan Book Club, which stimulates creative explorations based on Brautigan's work.

Filmography

Film

Television

Radio

Theatre

External links

 Vera Chok on Twitter
 Spotlight Actresses 2013/17 - Vera Chok

References

Notes

Living people
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
British actresses of Asian descent
British LGBT actors
British people of Chinese descent
British people of Malaysian descent
British radio actresses
British stage actresses
British voice actresses
Malaysian actresses
Malaysian people of Chinese descent
People educated at Abbots Bromley School for Girls
Queer actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Enkeli

text:
"Enkeli" is a 2013 song by Finnish rapper Tuomas Kauhanen featuring Väinöväinö. The song peaked at number two on the Finnish Singles Chart.

Chart performance

References

Finnish hip hop songs
2013 singles
Warner Music Finland singles
2013 songs
Finnish-language songs
Reggae songs


title: 1923 Birthday Honours

text:
The King's Birthday Honours 1923 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King. They were published on 1 and 29 June 1923.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.

British Empire

Baron
 The Honourable Charles Napier Lawrence, Chairman, London, Midland and Scottish Railway.
 The Honourable Herbert Cokayne Gibbs, , Chairman of the City of London Unionist Association. For public and political services.

Privy Councillor
 Montagu Collet Norman, , Governor of the Bank of England.
 The Honourable Stanley Melbourne Bruce, , Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia.
 The Honourable William Stevens Fielding, , Minister of Finance, Canada.
 Lieutenant-Colonel George Abraham Gibbs, , Member of Parliament for Bristol (West) since 1906. Treasurer of HM's Household since 1921.
 Commander Bolton Meredith Eyres-Monsell, Royal Navy, , Member of Parliament for Evesham since January 1910, Civil Lord of the Admiralty, 1921–October 1922, Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty since October 1922.

Baronet
 Major-General Sir Anthony Alfred Bowlby, , President of the Royal College of Surgeons.
 Thomas Hutchison, Lord Provost of Edinburgh.
 Sir William Plender, . For public services.
 Henry Lesser Rothband. For public services.
 George Alfred Wills, . For public services.
 Sir William Watson Rutherford, , Member of Parliament for Edge Hill Division of Liverpool, 1903-1922.
 Major Arthur Clive Morrison-Bell, , Member of Parliament for Honiton since 1910.
 John Henry Brunel Noble, . For public services in the County of Northumberland.
 Sir Arthur John Dorman, . For public services in Yorkshire.
 Sir William Hannay Raeburn, , Member of Parliament for Dumbartonshire since 1918.

Knight Bachelor
 Francis Robert Anderton, Late Chairman of the London County Council.
 George Francis Blacker, , Dean of University College Hospital Medical School.
 George Dance. For public services.
 David Davis, , Lord Mayor of Birmingham.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert Ellisse, , Controller and Financial Adviser, Imperial War Graves Commission.
 Professor Hermann Gollancz, . In recognition of his contributions to learning.
 His Honour Judge Herbert William Lush-Wilson, . For public services.
 Henry Joseph Lynch, Managing Director of Messrs. Davidson, Pullen, Rio de Janeiro. Ex-President of Chamber of Commerce, Brazil.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ewen John Maclean, . For services to the Ministry of Health in Wales.
 Arthur Copson Peake, , President of The Law Society.
 Professor William Matthew Flinders Petrie, , Edwards Professor of Egyptology, University College, London.
 Arthur Scott Quekett, , Parliamentary Draughtsman and Treasury Solicitor, Northern Ireland.
 Guy Stephenson, , Assistant Director of Public Prosecutions.
 John Fischer Williams, , British Legal Representative on the Reparations Commission.
 Henry Maddocks, , Member of Parliament for Nuneaton since 1918.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Martin Archer-Shee, , Member of Parliament for Finsbury Central, January and December, 1910, and Finsbury since 1918.
 Alfred Stephens, . For public and political services in Carmarthenshire.
 George Henry Morse, . For public and political services in Norwich. Lord Mayor of Norwich 1923.
 Charles Ernest Leonard Lyle, , Member of Parliament for Stratford 1918-1922. Chairman of Queen Mary Hospital for the East End of London since 1915.
 Alderman Ernest Henry Cook, , For public and political services in Bristol. Lord Mayor of Bristol 1921-22.
 John Priestman, . For public and political services in Sunderland.
 Daniel Thomas Keymer, . For public and political services in Hackney.
 Herbert Lidiard. For public and political services in Paddington. Three times Mayor of Paddington.
 Major Frederic Arthur Kelley, , Member of Parliament for Rotherham since 1918.
 Pomeroy Burton. For public services.
 Louis Frederick Pearson, . For public and political services in Nottingham.
 Alderman Albert Edward Pritchard, . For public and political services in Wednesbury.
 Alderman Charles Henry Wilson, . For public and political services in Leeds.

India
 Maurice Henry Weston Hayward, Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Bombay.
 Rai Bahadur Kurma Venkata Reddi Nayudu Garu, Minister for Development, Madras.
 Moropant Vishvanath Joshi, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of the Central Provinces.
 Mr. Justice Hugh Walmsley, Indian Civil Service, Judge, High Court, Calcutta, Bengal.
 Mr. Justice Muhammad Rafiq, Puisne Judge, High Court, Allahabad, United Provinces.
 Ernest Albert Seymour Bell, , Member, Railway Board.
 Edward Mitchener Cook, , Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of India, Finance Department.
 Brigadier-General Charles Lane Magniac, , Agent, Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway, Madras.
 Hugh Trowbridge Keeling, , Chief Engineer, Public Works Department, Delhi.
 Captain Thomas George Segrave, , Royal Naval Reserve, in charge of the management of the Indian Prize Ships.
 Diwan Bahadur Sathappa Chettiar Ramanathan Chettiar Muthiah Chettiar Annainalai Chettiar Avargal, Banker, Madras.
 Rai Bahadur Gopal Das Bhandari, , Pleader and President, Municipal Committee, Amritsar, Punjab.
 Purshotamdas Thakurdas, , Merchant, Bombay.
 Adam Beattie Ritchie, Merchant, Messrs. Finlay, Fleming & Co., Burma.
 Hector William Gavin Mackenzie, , Senior Censor, Royal College of Physicians.
 Rayner Childe Barker, , Director-in-Chief, Indo-European Telegraph Department, India Office.

Dominions, Colonies, Protectorates, etc.
 The Honourable Frederick Revans Chapman, Judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand.
 William Herbert Daw, for services in connection with the Oversea Dominions.
 The Honourable Jean Etienne Reenen de Villiers, Judge President of the Orange Free State Provincial Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa.
 Charles James Griffin, Chief Justice of His Majesty's High Court of Uganda.
 George Handley Knibbs, , Director of the Bureau of Science and Industry, Commonwealth of Australia.
 William Thorley Loton, of the City of Perth in the State of Western Australia, in recognition of his public services.
 James Comyn Macgregor, , Resident Commissioner, Bechuanaland Protectorate.
 William Macintosh, of Port Elizabeth, Member of the House of Assembly of the Union of South Africa, in recognition of his public services.
 Ernest William Sanders Montagu, Secretary for Mines and, Works, Southern Rhodesia.
 Professor William John Ritchie Simpson, , a Member of the Colonial Advisory Medical and Sanitary Committee.
 John Warren Swanson, Lord Mayor of the City of Melbourne, State of Victoria, in recognition of his public services.

Order of the Bath

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)
Civil Division
 Sir Eyre Crowe, , Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.

Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)
Military Division
Royal Navy
 Vice-Admiral Sir Morgan Singer, .
 Vice-Admiral Sir Hugh Henry Darby Tothill, .

Army
 Major-General Charles Walker Robinson, , retired pay.
 Major-General Owen Edward Pennefather Lloyd, , retired pay, Colonel Commandant, Royal Army Medical Corps.
 Lieutenant-General Sir John Stuart Mackenzie Shea, , Indian Army.

Royal Air Force
 Air Vice-Marshal Arthur Vyell Vyvyan, .

Civil Division
 Holberry Mensforth, , Director-General of Factories, War Office.

Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
Military Division
Royal Navy
 Rear-Admiral David Murray Anderson, .
 Captain (Commodore, 2nd class) Alan Geoffrey Hotham, .
 Captain Charles Andrew Fountaine.
 Captain Francis Arthur Marten, .
 Surgeon Rear-Admiral Joseph Chambers, .
 Colonel Reginald Cecil Temple, , Royal Marine Artillery.

Army
 Major-General Arthur Grenfell Wauchope, .
 Colonel Anthony Hudson Woodifield, , Assistant Director of Ordnance Services, the British Army of the Rhine.
 Colonel Howard Alan Denholm Fraser, Commanding Royal Engineers, Peshawar District, India.
 Lieutenant-Colonel and Brevet Colonel Alfred Edgar Glasgow, , Commanding 2nd Battalion, The Royal Sussex Regiment.
 Colonel Cecil De Sausmarez, , Officer in charge of Records, Royal Garrison Artillery.
 Colonel Julian Mayne Young, , Assistant Quartermaster-General, Aldershot Command.
 Major-General Arthur Le Grand Jacob, , Indian Army, General Officer Commanding, Kohat District, India.
 Colonel Walter Holland Ogilvie, , Indian Medical Service, Assistant Director of Medical Services, Presidency and Assam District, India.
 Colonel (temporary Colonel Commandant) Etienne Ronald Partridge Boileau, , Indian Army, Brigade Commander, 11th Indian Infantry Brigade.
 Colonel (temporary Colonel Commandant) Harry Ross, , Indian Army, Commander, Rangoon Brigade Area, Southern Command, India.
 Colonel Arthur William Hamilton May Moens, , Indian Army, General Staff, Officer, 1st Grade, India Office.
 Colonel Edward Thomas Humphreys, , for valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Malabar, 1921-1922.

Royal Air Force
 Air Commodore Charles Alexander Holcombe Longcroft, .

Civil Division
 Robert John Thompson, , Assistant Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture.
 Captain John McInnes Borland, , Royal Naval Reserve.
 William McClelland, .
 Lieutenant-Colonel and Honorary Colonel Thomas Stokes George Hugh Robertson Aikman, late Commanding 4th Battalion (Militia), The Highland Light Infantry.
 Colonel Sir Robert Drummond Moncreiffe, , Honorary Colonel, 6th/7th (Perth & Fife) Battalion, The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders), Territorial Army.
 Brevet Colonel Robert William Herbert Watkin Williams-Wynn, , Honorary Colonel, 61st (Carnarvon & Denbigh Yeomanry) Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery, Territorial Army.
 Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Charles John Coventry, , Commanding 100th (Worcestershire & Oxfordshire Yeomanry) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Territorial Army.
 Colonel George Ralph Charles, Baron Harlech, , Chairman of the Shropshire Territorial Army County Association.

Order of the Star of India

Knight Grand Commander (GCSI)
 His Highness Lieutenant-Colonel Maharaja Shri Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji, , Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar, Bombay.

Knight Commander (KCSI)
 Rao Bahadur Bayya Narasimheswara Sarma, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor-General.
 Sir Ibrahim Rahimtoola, , Member of the Executive Council, Bombay.

Companion (CSI)
 Maharaja Shri Fateh Singh, Home Member of Council, Jodhpur State, Rajputana.
 John Hullah, Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Revenue and Agriculture.
 Steuart Edmund Pears, , Resident, Waziristan, North West Frontier Province.
 John Campbell, , Indian Civil Service, Representative of the Government of India on the Opium Advisory Committee of the League of Nations.
 George Frederick Paddison, Indian Civil Service, Commissioner of Labour, Madras.
 James Milne, lately serving with the Inchcape Committee.

Order of Saint Michael and Saint George

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
 His Excellency the Right Honourable Sir Charles Norton Edgcumbe Eliot, , His Majesty's Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Tokio.

Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)
 Laurence Nunns Guillemard, , Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements and their Dependencies.
 Malcolm Stevenson, , High Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief of the Island of Cyprus.
 The Honourable John George Bice, Member of the Legislative Council, Chief Secretary and Minister of Marine of the State of South Australia.
 Charles Thomas Davis, , Assistant Under-Secretary of State, Colonial Office.
 James William Jamieson, , His Majesty's Consul-General at Canton.

Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
 John Ernest Adamson, Director of Education for the Province of Transvaal, Union of South Africa.
 David Alexander, Director of Medical and Sanitary services, Gold Coast Colony.
 John Henry Butters, , Chief Engineer and General Manager, Hydro Electric Department, State of Tasmania.
 Captain Thomas Edward Donne, Secretary, Office of the High Commissioner in London for New Zealand.
 Percy Hubert Ezechiel, one of the Crown Agents for the Colonies.
 The Reverend Robert Laws, , Principal of the Livingstonia Mission, Nyasaland Protectorate, in recognition of his public services.
 William Stewart Mowle, Clerk of the Legislative Assembly of the State of New South Wales.
 Major Cecil William Chase Parr, , British Resident, Perak, Federated Malay States.
 Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Reginald St. Johnston, Colonial Secretary of the Leeward Islands.
 John Scott, Deputy Chief Secretary to the Government of Nigeria.
 Samuel Henry Slater, , Adviser to the Ministry of Finance, Iraq Government.
 James William Tibbs, lately Headmaster of the Auckland Grammar School in the Dominion of New Zealand, in recognition of services to Education.
 Thomas Trumble, , Secretary to the Department of Defence, Commonwealth of Australia.
 Charles Henry Bentinck, Counsellor at His Majesty's Legation at Athens.
 Nevile Meyrick Henderson, Counsellor to His Majesty's High Commission at Constantinople.
 Gerald Campbell, His Majesty's Consul General at San Francisco.

Honorary Companion
 His Highness Tunku Mahmud ibni Almerhum Sultan Ahmad Tajudin, Vice-President of the State Council, Kedah, Malay States.

Order of the Indian Empire

Knight Grand Commander (GCIE)
 Sir Reginald Henry Craddock, , late Lieutenant-Governor of Burma.

Knight Commander (KCIE)
 Henry Fraser Howard, , late Controller of Finance, India Office, and Secretary to the Inchcape Committee.

Companion (CIE)
 Khan Bahadur Diwan Abdul Hamid, , Chief Minister, Kapurthala State, Punjab.
 Rao Bahadur Thakur Hari Singh, , Military Member, State Council, Bikaner, Rajputana.
 Wilfred Alder, , Indian Civil Service, Officiating Auditor-General, Government of India, Finance Department.
 James Rea Martin, Indian Civil Service, Secretary, Development Department, Bombay.
 David George Mitchell, Indian Civil Service, lately Secretary to Government, Legal Department, and Secretary to the Legislative Council, Central Provinces.
 Eardley Garforth Bryan Peel, His Majesty's Consul at Ahwaz, Persian Gulf.
 Francis Farquhar Sladen, Indian Civil Service, Deputy Commissioner, United Provinces.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Henry Chenevix-Trench, , Political Agent in Zhob, Baluchistan.
 Albert Frederic Lucas Brayne, Indian Civil Service, Officer on Special Duty, Government of India, Finance Department.
 Eric Charles Handyside, , Officiating Commandant, Frontier Constabulary, North West Frontier Force.
 Cecil Guy Barnett, Superintending Engineer, Burma, formerly Executive and Superintending Engineer, Delhi New Capital Works.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Asher Leventon, Indian Medical Service, Superintendent, Campbell Medical School and Hospital, Bengal.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Hunter, Indian Medical Service, Civil Surgeon, Lucknow, United Provinces.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Robert McCarrison, Indian Medical Service, on deputation to the Medical Research Department, India.
 Joseph William Bhore, , Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the High Commissioner for India in the United Kingdom, lately acting as High Commissioner.
 Harry Graham Haig, Indian Civil Service, late Secretary, Indian Fiscal Commission.
 Khan Bahadur Muhammad Bazlullah Sahib, , Commissioner of the Corporation of Madras.
 Reginald Maitland Maxwell, Indian Civil Service, Bombay.
 James Herbert Hechle, late Registrar, High Court (Original Side), Bengal.
 Major David Patrick Johnstone, , Surgeon to His Excellency the Governor of Madras.
 Khan Bahadur Muhammad Sher Baz Khan, Honorary Magistrate, Lahore District, Punjab.
 Khan Bahadur Mian Muhammad Hayat Khan, Kureshi, of Sobbowal, Honorary Magistrate, Shahpur District, Punjab.
 The Reverend George Dunsford Barne, , Principal, Lawrence Royal Military School, Sanawar (2nd in Command, Simla Rifles Auxiliary Force, India), Punjab.
 John Evershed, Director of the Kodaikanal Observatory, Madras.
 Saw Hke, Sawba of Hsipaw, Burma.

Royal Victorian Order

Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)
 His Highness Aga Sultan Sir Mahomed Shah Aga Khan,  (dated 30 May 1923.)
 The Right Honourable Reginald, Earl of Meath, .
 The Right Honourable Andrew, Baron Dunedin, .

Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)
 Arthur, Viscount Valentia, .

Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)
 Lieutenant-Colonel John Chaytor Brinton, .
 Philip Colville Smith.

Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 4th class (MVO)
 The Honourable Montague Charles Eliot, .
 Major Richard Hasell Sheepshanks, , 5th King Edward's Own Probyn's Horse.
 Herbert Arthur Previté Trendell, .
 Major Henry Hudson Fraser Stockley, .
 Harry Clifford Longden, .
 John Lombard Hobson.
 Henry Linnington Martyn,
 Herbert Mitchell.
 Francis Jeune Willans,  (dated 3 February 1923.)

Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 5th class (MVO)
 Jean Marie Claud Barlerin.
 Charles Coleman.
 Edward Septimus Courroux.
 Henry John Thomas Joist.

Order of the British Empire

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE)
Civil Division
 Sir William Guy Granet. For public services.
 Sir Harry Harling Lamb, , until recently His Majesty's Consul-General at Smyrna.
 Major-General Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack, , Governor-General of the Sudan.

Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)
Civil Division
 Barbara, Lady Strickland. For public service, 1919-1922.
 Belle, Lady Cox, , for services in Iraq.

Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
 Vice-Admiral Thomas Jackson, .

Army
 Colonel Ivo Lucius Beresford Vesey, .
 Colonel Reginald Seaburne May, .
 Major-General John Theodosius Burnett-Stuart, , for valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in Malabar, 1921-1922.

Civil Division
 Arthur Balfour, . In recognition of his public services. President of Association of British Chambers of Commerce. Member of the Grand Council of the Federation of British Industries.
 Walter Schroder, Coroner for Central London.
 Percy Crosland Tempest, , General Manager, Southern Railway.
 Major-General Wilkinson Dent Bird, , late Lieutenant-Governor and Secretary, Royal Hospital Chelsea.
 Colonel (Honorary Major-General) Ernest Dunlop Swinton,  (retired pay).
 Horace Dickinson Nugent, , His Majesty's Consul-General at Chicago, on retirement from the Consular Service.
 Harry Gloster Armstrong, His Majesty's Consul-General at New York.
 William Ford Coaker, lately Minister of Marine and Fisheries, Newfoundland, in recognition of his public services.
 The Honourable Arthur Alfred Clement Cocks, Colonial Treasurer of the State of New South Wales.
 Hugh Denison, of the City of Sydney, in recognition of his public services to the Commonwealth of Australia.
 Alfred Theodore Hennessy, of the City of Cape Town, in recognition of his public services to the Union of South Africa.
 The Honourable William Murray McPherson, Treasurer of the State of Victoria.
 Robert Howard Nolan, , of the City of Auckland, Dominion of New Zealand, in recognition of his public services.
 Claud Severn, , Colonial Secretary, Hong Kong.

Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
 Paymaster Captain Kenneth Sydney Hay.

Army
 Lieutenant-Colonel John Brown, , 4th Battalion (Territorial), The Northamptonshire Regiment.
 Colonel Ronald Bruce Campbell, .
 Colonel Edward Henry Eley, , Territorial Army.
 Colonel (temporary Colonel Commandant) Bonham Faunce.
 Major and Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel (temporary Colonel) Leonard Kirke Smith, , The Royal Scots, attached Egyptian Army.
 Colonel John Beatson Bell, Indian Army.
 Colonel (temporary Colonel on the Staff) George Montague Philip Hawthorn, , Inspector-General of the King's African Rifles.
 Lieutenant-Colonel (local Colonel) Austin Hubert Wightwick Haywood, , Royal Artillery, Inspector-General of the West African Frontier Force.
 Major Robert Douglas Johnston, The Hampshire Regiment.
 Major Basil Gerard Peel, , 1st Madras Pioneers, Indian Army.
 Major Ernest Steuart Weldon, , The Dorsetshire Regiment.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Ernest Robert Caldwell Wyatt, , 4th Hazara Pioneers, Indian Army.

Royal Air Force
 Air Commodore Frederick Crosby Halahan, .

Civil Division
 Max Julius Bonn. For services in connection with juvenile employment.
 Lieutenant-Colonel John Southey Bostock, , Director of Medical Service, Ministry of Pensions.
 Frederick Gatus Bowers, , Accountant General, Ministry of Labour.
 David Caird, Director of Information Section, War Office.
 Colonel Robert Clark, , Chairman of City of Edinburgh Territorial County Association.
 Harold Claughton, , Secretary of Disposal and Liquidation Commission.
 Charles Henry Colson, , Deputy Director of Works, Admiralty.
 John Ainsworth Dale, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Labour, Northern Ireland.
 The Reverend Canon Frederick Charles Davies, . In recognition of his public services as Vice-Chairman of the Consultative Council on National Health Insurance.
 Rachel Annie Cox-Davies, Late Matron, Royal Free Hospital, and late Principal Matron of the Territorial Army Nursing Service. Member of General Nursing Council.
 Walter Davies, , Chairman, Manchester Hospitals Voluntary Committee.
 Francis Lindsay Fisher, , Member of Disposal Board.
 Walter Miller Gaul, Assistant Secretary, War Office.
 John Fitzhugh Gelston, Deputy Inspector General and Commissioner of Police, Northern Ireland.
 James Scott Gordon, , Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Ireland.
 Douglas Houstoun, Solicitor to HM Duchy of Lancaster.
 William Henry Kendal, , Secretary of the Office of Commissioner of Metropolitan Police.
 John Lee, Controller of Central Telegraph Office, General Post Office.
 Gertrude Margaret McCowan, . For public services in Glasgow and the West of Scotland.
 Lewis McQuibban, , Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland.
 William Thomas Madden, . In recognition of his services as Honorary Manager, State Liquor Undertaking at Enfield from 1916 to 1922.
 Alderman Charles Henry Margrett, . For public services.
 George Torrance Milne, , Senior Trade Commissioner, Montreal.
 Ernest Tom Neathercoat, , President of the Pharmaceutical Society. In recognition of his services in connection with Dangerous Drugs Regulations.
 Agnes Helen Harty (Agnes Nicholls), A leading Soprano in both Oratorio and Opera.
 Francis George Nutt, , Assistant Secretary, Air Ministry.
 Walter Peel, , , Member of the Central Advisory Committee, Ministry of Pensions. For public services.
 Herbert Ward, Chief Inspector of Training College, Board of Education.
 Samuel Watt, , Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs, Northern Ireland.
 Francis Bernard Bourdillon, a Member of the Upper Silesian Plebiscite Commission.
 Captain Ulick de Burgh Charles, Commercial Secretary (Grade I) at His Majesty's Embassy at Madrid.
 Reginald Gerard Leigh, , Assistant Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
 Lieutenant-Colonel James Procter, for valuable services in connection with the relief of refugees from Russia and Anatolia.
 Hubert Wilberforce Wilson, , His Majesty's Consul-General at Buenos Aires.
 Laurence Frederic Rushbrook Williams, .
 Jamsetji Framjee Madan, , Merchant, Bengal.
 Alexander Richard Chancellor, Inspector-General of Police and Official Member of the Legislative Council, Straits Settlements.
 James Richard Collins, , Secretary to the Treasury, Commonwealth of Australia.
 Edwin Mortimer Drower, Adviser to the Ministry of Justice, Iraq.
 John Thomas Easterbrook, of Manly, New South Wales, in recognition of his services to the Commonwealth of Australia.
 Honorary Colonel Edward James Hayward, , formerly Officer Commanding Ceylon Garrison Artillery.
 Cornewall Lewis Warwickshire Mansergh, , lately Secretary of the Provincial Council of the Cape of Good Hope.
 Major Robert McKeeman Oakley, , Deputy Comptroller-General, Department of Trade and Customs, Commonwealth of Australia.
 Arthur James Philbrick, Chief Commissioner, Northern Territories, Gold Coast.
 Reginald Arthur Roberts, Senior Resident, Southern Provinces, Nigeria.
 Alfred Allen Simpson, of the City of Adelaide, in recognition of his public services to the Commonwealth of Australia.

Honorary Commander
 His Highness Syed Alwi ibni almerhum Syed Safi, Raja of Perlis, Malay States.

Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
 Engineer Commander Ernest William Roberts.

Army
 Major and Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Ralph Bignell Ainsworth, , Royal Army Medical Corps.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Alleyne Percival Boxall, , 57th (Home Counties) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Territorial Army.
 Commissary of Ordnance and Major Frederic Harold Buckland, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
 Lieutenant-Colonel St. John Augustus Cox, , Extra Regimentally Employed List.
 Quartermaster and Major Edward Henry Dinham, The Gloucestershire Regiment.
 Deputy Commissary of Ordnance and Captain (temporary Major) John William Dunne, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Frecheville Hubert Ballantine-Dykes, , 5th Battalion (Territorial), The Border Regiment (Major, Regular Army Reserve of Officers).
 Major Frederick William Fraser, , 4th Battalion (Territorial), The Cameron Highlanders.
 Major Algernon Clement Fuller, Royal Corps of Signals.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Francis Goode, , 48th (South Midland) Divisional Train, Royal Army Service Corps, Territorial Army.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Francis Hill Greenwood, , 22nd London Regiment, Territorial Army.
 Quartermaster and Lieutenant-Colonel Ernest Thomas Hynes, , Extra Regimentally Employed List.
 Captain and Brevet Major (temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) Lionel Manton, , Royal Engineers.
 Inspector of Ordnance Machinery, 1st Class, and Major Bertie Howard Penn, , Royal Army Ordnance Corps (employed Tank Corps).
 Quartermaster and Major Edward Pickard, , The Green Howards.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Stanley Rimmer, , 89th (3rd West Lancashire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, Territorial Army.
 Lieutenant-Colonel John Ridley Ritson, , 8th Battalion (Territorial), The Durham Light Infantry.
 Captain George Lewis Stanley Smith, , Royal Garrison Artillery.
 Major (local Lieutenant-Colonel) Drummond Cospatrick Spencer-Smith, Royal Artillery.
 Captain Frederick Noble Syms, 5th Battalion (Territorial), The Northumberland Fusiliers.
 Captain George Vere Taylor, , The Norfolk Regiment.
 Winifred Mary Aldridge, , Senior Nursing Sister, Queen Alexandra's Military Nursing Service for India.
 Captain John Clark, 3rd Battalion, 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles, Indian Army.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Gerard Irvine Davys, , Indian Medical Service.
 Captain (temporary Major) Arthur Friedrich Rawson Lumby, 2nd Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment, Indian Army.
 Major Frank Alan Macartney, , 3rd Battalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment, Indian Army.
 Major David Guy Porteous, 2nd Battalion, 8th Punjab Regiment, Indian Army.
 Captain Evelyn Seigfried MacLeod Prinsep, 5th Probyns Horse, Indian Army.
 Major Henry Jocelyn Kennedy Wallis, 9th Royal Deccan Horse, Indian Army.
 Captain and Brevet Major Victor Charles Micallef, Royal Malta Artillery, Colonial Aide-de-Camp to the Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Malta and its Dependencies.

Royal Air Force
 Squadron Leader Lionel Douglas Dalzell McKean.
 Flight Lieutenant Francis John Linnell.
 Flight Lieutenant Christopher Thomas O'Neill, .

Civil Division
 Harold Frederic Andorsen, Parliamentary and General Branch, Disposals Board.
 John William Bloe, , Senior Investigator, Royal Commission on Historical Monuments.
 Frederick Ambrose Britten, County Inspector, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 Oscar Browning, Scholar and author.
 Alfred William Clapham, , Technical Editor, Royal Commission on Historical Monuments.
 David Lionel Clarke, Accountant, Ministry of Home Affairs, Northern Ireland.
 George Eades, Deputy Director of Stores and Transport, Disposals Board.
 Richard Dale Winnett Harrison, County Inspector, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 John Blake Harrold, , Registrar-General of Shipping, Board of Trade.
 Major David Alfred William Ker, County Commandant, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 Henry Benson Wyndham Ball Lenthall, County Inspector, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 John McNally, County Inspector, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 Captain Cyril Hamley Petherick, Principal Clerk, Ministry of Finance, Northern Ireland.
 Bertram Roskruge Seagrave, Principal, HM Office of Works.
 Charles James Gerrard Tate, Controller, Pension Issue Office, Ministry of Pensions.
 Matthew Tearle, Secretary, Cardiff Branch of Sailors' and Firemen's Union. For public services.
 William Donald McDonald Cruickshank, a Member of the Upper Silesian Plebiscite Commission.
 Reginald Eustace Richard Chandos Brinsley Richards, an Assistant Director at the Department of Overseas Trade.
 Leonard Arthur de Lacey Meredith, a Senior Intelligence Officer at the Department of Overseas Trade.
 Ernest Gabriel Lomas, His Majesty's Consul at Rabat.
 Thomas Emanuel Kavanagh Cormac, honorary Legal Adviser to His Majesty's Consulate-General at San Francisco.
 Robert William Urquhart, His Majesty's Vice-Consul at Smyrna.
 Charles Buckmaster, Foreign Office.
 Mary Birch Mitchell, , Foreign Office.
 Philip Crawford Vickery, of the Punjab Police.
 Khan Bahadur Sardar Liakat Hayat Khan, Superintendent of Police in the Punjab.
 Rao Bahadur Keshav Vithal Kokje, Honorary Deputy Superintendent of Police, Criminal Investigation Department, Bombay.
 Robin Lescher, Planter, Madras.
 Charles Frederick Belcher, , Attorney-General, Nyasaland Protectorate.
 Major Frederick William Bewsher, , Commandant of the Palestine Gendarmerie.
 Captain Robert Ernest Cheesman, Private Secretary to the High Commissioner for Iraq.
 Charles Francis Clarkson, Member of the Provincial Council of Natal, Union of South Africa.
 Leonard Hawthorn Darlot, in recognition of his public services to the State of Western Australia.
 Edwin Evans, Assistant Director of Education, Ceylon, in recognition of his services to Education.
 Frederick William Flanagan, Permanent Head of the Valuation Department, Dominion of New Zealand.
 Captain Thomas John Hallinan, Royal Army Medical Corps, Medical Officer of Health, Basra.
 Eldon Harvey, Medical Superintendent of the Lunatic Asylum and Health Officer, Western District, Bermuda.
 Joseph Huber, Treasurer, Malta.
 The Reverend Brother James, Manager, St. Xaviers Branch School, Pulau Tikus, and Visitor, St Xaviers Institution, Penang, Straits Settlements, in recognition of his services to Education.
 Major John Walter McLean, Brigade Major of Railways and Harbours Brigade, Union of South Africa.
 Captain Frederick Gerald Peake, Inspector General of Gendarmerie, Trans-Jordan.
 The Reverend Thomas William Pearce, , in recognition of his services to Education in the Colony of Hong Kong.
 Ralph Henry Pinhorn, Headmaster of the Penang Free School, Straits Settlements, in recognition of his services to Education.
 Benjamin William Quartey-Papafio, , Member of the Legislative Council of the Gold Coast Colony and formerly Assistant Colonial Surgeon.
 Francis Ernest Reed, Secretary of the Jamaica Schools Commission, in recognition of his services to Education.
 Rose Lilian Vintcent, , in recognition of her services in connection with the aftercare of blinded soldiers in the Union of South Africa.
 The Reverend Canon Herbert Thomas Candy Weatherhead, Head of the Buddo High School, Uganda, in recognition of his services to Education.

Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Military Division
Army
 No.1020669 Battery Sergeant-Major William James Asquith, Royal Field Artillery.
 Lieutenant Frederick Charles Avis, , Royal Army Service Corps.
 Lieutenant (DO) William James Ball, Royal Artillery.
 Assistant Commissary of Ordnance and Captain Frederick Barley, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
 Lieutenant Frederick Church, Extra Regimentally Employed List (Employed Indian Signal Service).
 Lieutenant Percy Howard Cocks, Army Educational Corps.
 Captain John Kynock Gumming, The Cameron Highlanders, Adjutant, 10th Battalion (Territorial), The King's Regiment.
 Temporary Lieutenant James Cochrane Houston, Royal Engineers.
 Temporary Captain Hubert Eyton Husey, General List.
 Lieutenant Frederick Harry Jones, Army Educational Corps.
 Captain Thomas Otto Jones, 5th Battalion (Territorial), The Welch Regiment.
 Quartermaster & Lieutenant John William Jordan, , Extra Regimentally Employed List.
 Lieutenant (temporary Captain) Percy Edwin Keller, Royal Army Service Corps.
 2nd Lieutenant Edward Mauleverer Lindesay, Royal Garrison Artillery.
 Captain William Frederick Lindsell, 4/5th Battalion (Territorial), The Cheshire Regiment.
 Quartermaster & Captain Andrew Lockie, 8th Battalion (Territorial), The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders.
 Captain Thomas Picton, , The Royal Sussex Regiment, Adjutant, 7th Battalion (Territorial), The Royal Welch Fusiliers.
 Quartermaster & Captain Frank Pigden, 5/7th Battalion (Territorial), The Hampshire Regiment.
 Captain Robert Alexander Reddie, , 3rd Battalion (Militia), The Norfolk Regiment (Lieutenant, retired pay).
 No.5038839 Company-Sergeant-Major John Alfred Russell, The North Staffordshire Regiment.
 No.7574282 Sub-Conductor Joseph Bland Sedgwick, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
 Quartermaster & Lieutenant James Sutherland, 2nd Battalion, The Gordon Highlanders.
 Lieutenant Edward Noel Callis Symonds, , Royal Garrison Artillery.
 Captain Philip Henry Tanner, , 17th London Regiment, Territorial Army.
 Captain Ralph Ernest Vyvyan, , Royal Corps of Signals.
 Captain Philip Geoffrey Whitefoord, , Royal Artillery.
 Lieutenant Hugh Wilkin, , The Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment.
 Assistant Commissary & Lieutenant Evan Victor Creak, Indian Miscellaneous List.
 Assistant Commissary & Lieutenant John William Danskin, Indian Miscellaneous List.
 Commissary & Major David Drysdale, Indian Miscellaneous List.
 Deputy Commissary & Captain James Fox, Indian Miscellaneous List.
 Captain Alexander Thomas Gammon, The Rangoon Battalion, Auxiliary Force, India.
 Assistant Commissary & Lieutenant Henry Berton Grimley, Supply and Transport Corps, Indian Army.
 Captain Antonelli Francisco Bartholomeu Saldanha, Indian Medical Service.
 Commissary & Major John Christopher Swinnerton, Indian Miscellaneous List.
 Commissary & Major George William Twiddy, Indian Miscellaneous List.
 Captain Alexander Vass Anderson, Royal Engineers, attached 2nd Queen Victoria's Own Sappers and Miners, Indian Army.

Royal Air Force
 Flying Officer Rowland John Divers.
 Flying Officer Leslie Hamilton, .
 Observer Officer Louis James Chandler.
 No.531 Sergeant-Major, 1st Class, Clarence Herbert Baker.

Civil Division
 William Allen, Higher Executive Officer, Ministry of Labour, Northern Ireland.
 William Atteridge, District Inspector, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 Captain Harry John Aukett, Adjutant in County Tyrone, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 William John Cairns, Assistant Principal, Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland.
 Henry Jackson Clark, District Commandant, Special Constabulary, Northern Ireland.
 Captain Hope Crisp, Regional Awards Officer, Ministry of Pensions.
 Samuel George Fenton, District Commandant, Special Constabulary, Northern Ireland.
 Rowland Herbert Fisher, Acting Principal, Disposals Board.
 Thomas Henry Fletcher, District Inspector, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 Captain Horace Ash Gaussen, Adjutant in Belfast, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 Ewing Gilfillan, District Inspector, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 Donal Charles Blake Jennings, District Inspector, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 Douglas Egerton Keatinge. In charge of Lahore Depot, Disposals Board.
 Edward David Kerr, District Commandant, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 Charles Magill Kirkpatrick, Assistant Principal, Ministry of Commerce, Northern Ireland.
 Sydney Richard Lamb, Secretary, Sheffield Joint Hospitals Council.
 James McBrien, Superintendent, Metropolitan Police.
 John McCarthy, Late Superintendent, Metropolitan Police.
 Louis James Mason, Higher Executive Officer, Ministry of Finance, Northern Ireland.
 John William Nixon, District Inspector, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 Guy Carleton Richardson, Adjutant in County Fermanagh, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 Richard Gray Ronaldson, Higher Executive Officer, Ministry of Home Affairs, Northern Ireland.
 James Ross, Paymaster to County Down Special Constabulary.
 Captain Raymond Sheppard, First Class Clerk, Imperial War Graves Commission.
 Kathleen Maria Margaret Sissmore, Administrative Assistant, General Staff, War Office. Cover description: actually in MI5.
 Reginald Rowland Spears, District Inspector, Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 Henry Taylor, District Commandant, Special Constabulary, Northern Ireland.
 George Charles Gillespie Young, District Commandant, Special Constabulary, Northern Ireland.
 Mary Frances Casson, Foreign Office.
 Charles John Gibbons, Foreign Office Press.
 Eleanor Harriet Fulcher, Foreign Office.
 Mabel Palling, Foreign Office.
 Emily Townsend, Foreign Office.
 Clarence Rose Macaulay Schmidt, Director of Office Systems, Madras.
 Harold Mackenzie Browne, Inspector of the Bombay City and Harbour Veterinary Department, Bombay.
 Khan Bahadur Syed Allah Band, Indian Attaché, Meshed.
 Sardar Bahadur Diwan Singh Duggal, Civil Surgeon, Punjab.
 Rao Sahib Raghunath Balkrishna Rajadhyaksha, Head Clerk to the Inspector General of Police, Bombay.
 Rai Sahib Nelson Charles Bose, Confidential Assistant to His Excellency the Governor of Bengal.
 Agnes Henderson, Lady Doctor, Central Provinces.
 Elsie Evelyn Crocker, of the City of Johannesburg, in recognition of her public services.
 Charles Henry Dowsett, of the City of Durban, in recognition of his public services.
 Dikran Ekmekjian, Secretary to the Ministry of Justice, Iraq.
 Alexander James Gill, of Oudtshoorn, Union of South Africa, in recognition of his public services.
 Claude Reuben Grice, Personal Assistant to the Director of Health Services, Iraq.
 Lee Peck Hock, of Singapore, Straits Settlements, in recognition of his public services.
 Rashid Khamis, in recognition of his services to the Uganda Protectorate.
 Oliver Lea, of the City of Durban, in recognition of his public services.
 Phyllis Bruce Lys, of the City of Johannesburg, in recognition of ex-public services.
 Alice Mary McClure, Acting Matron of the Mosul Civil Hospital, Iraq.
 Engela Elizabeth Mackenzie, of the City of Johannesburg, in recognition of her public services.
 George Douglas Mackie, Treasurer and Collector of Customs of the Island of Saint Lucia.
 Robert Albert James Mathieson, Press Superintendent, Ministry of Interior, Iraq.
 Ada Pitts, in recognition of her services to Education in the Colony of Hong Kong.
 Nevins Selvadurai, Principal of the Hindu College, Jaffna, Ceylon, in recognition of his services to Education.
 William Henry James Turner, Sub-Engineer, Ministry of Communications and Works, Iraq.
 Robert Ward, Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, British Guiana.
 Sinnatamby Welayden, Chief Inspector, Vernacular Schools, Ceylon, in recognition of his services to Education.

Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
 Captain Alan Wilson Duncan, 2nd Battalion, 8th Gurkha Rifles, Indian Army.

Bar to the Distinguished Service Order
 Captain Patrick McEnroy, , Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (formerly Leinster Regiment) (DSO gazetted 1 January 1919). For distinguished service rendered in connection with military operations in Malabar, 1921-1922.

Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM)
 7177145 Private J. Cahill, , 2nd Battalion, Manchester Regiment (formerly 1st Battalion, Leinster Regiment). (Kilnaganny)
 7178031 Private G. Ryan, 1st Battalion, Leinster Regiment [E]. (Clonmel)

Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO)
Home Civil Service
 Frederick Charles Bagley, Chief Clerk and Finance Office, Ordnance Survey Department, Southampton.
 Henry William Batten, Accountant (Second Class), Disposal and Liquidation Commission.
 Tom Berry Burgess, Accountant (First Class), Army Audit Staff, War Office.
 Thomas John Cheater, BSc, Superintending Chemist, Custom House Laboratory.
 Harry Adolphus Clark, Assistant Secretary and Chief Clerk, Public Works Loan Board.
 George Davis, Superintending Clerk, Department of the Accountant-General, Admiralty.
 John Gritton, , Staff Officer, Foreign Office.
 John Robert James Johnston, Chief Bankruptcy Clerk, Board of Trade.
 Frederic Henry Lewis, Accountant, Official Trustees Department, Charity Commission.
 John Mackintosh, Surveyor, Prison Commission for Scotland.
 Frederick John Pearson, Senior Assistant Accountant-General, Post Office.
 David Joseph Scourfield, Chief Clerk, Royal Mint.
 William Francis Stone, Accountant, Finance Branch, Ministry of Labour.
 Nathan Thompson, , Inspector General of Waterguard, Board of Customs and Excise.
 Albert Samuel Twort, Principal Inspector of Taxes, Inland Revenue Department.

Overseas Dominions
 Walter David Bingle, Secretary to the Department of Works and Railways, Commonwealth of Australia.
 Lancelot Frederick Campbell, Supervisor of Customs, Bonthe, Sierra Leone.
 Robert James Clinckett, , Official Assignee, Barbados.
 Maurice Gallagher, , District Superintendent, Uganda Railway, Kenya.
 Walter Garden Hutchinson, Treasurer of the Island of Saint Vincent, Acting Administrator.
 Gilbert Owen-Smith, Commissioner of Customs and Excise, Union of South Africa.
 Oguntola Sapara, Medical Officer, Nigeria.
 John Douglas Story, Public Service Commissioner of the State of Queensland.
Indian Civil Services
 William Hayward, , Assistant Secretary to the Political Resident, Persian Gulf, Bushire.
 Lieutenant Charles Archibold Webb, Superintendent, Office of Commissioner, Rawalpindi Division, Punjab
 Rao Bahadur Wasudeo Ramchandra Dhoble, Central Provinces Civil Service (Judicial).
 Khan Bahadur Abdul Hamid Khan, Extra Assistant Commissioner (retired), North West Frontier Province.
 Albert Benjamin George Snesdell, Assistant to the Deputy Inspector-General of Police, Railways and CID, Madras.
 Shearman Edward Bird, Personal Assistant to the Chief Inspector of Explosives with the Government of India.
 Shaikh Faqir-Ulla, Honorary Deputy Superintendent of Police, Punjab.
 John de Mello, Superintendent, Office of the Surgeon-General with the Government of Bombay.
 Jivanji Hormasji, Training Master and Official Referee, High Court, Rangoon, Burma.

Imperial Service Medal
Indian Civil Services
 Kattamanchi Krishnaswami, retired Duffadar, District and Sessions Court, Chittoor, Madras.
 Ashgar Khan, Jamadar to the Inspector General of Forests, India.
 Muhammad Ghouse Sahib, attender to the Chief Justice of the High Court of Judicature, Madras.

British Empire Medal (BEM)
Military Division
For Gallantry
For services rendered in connection with military operations in Malabar, 1921-1922.
 No.5718784 Private Frederick Chant, 2nd Battalion, The Dorsetshire Regiment.
 No.5718234 Sergeant William George Hand, , 2nd Battalion, The Dorsetshire Regiment.
 No.5718907 Private Thomas Miller, 2nd Battalion, The Dorsetshire Regiment.
 No.5719290 Private Frederick Henry Troake, 2nd Battalion, The Dorsetshire Regiment.
 Assistant Surgeon, 3rd Class, George David Rodriques, Indian Medical Department.

For Meritorious Service.
 No.7177147 Company-Quartermaster-Sergeant John Christie, 1st Battalion, The Lancashire Fusiliers (formerly 1st Battalion, The Leinster Regiment).
 Staff Sergeant H.A. Joy, Indian Ordnance Department.

Civil Division
 Alexander Brown, Chancery Servant at HM Legation and Consulate-General, Panama.
 Henry William Fontaine, Head Office Keeper at the India Office.
 Subadar Major Gurmukh Singh, Straits Settlements Police, 1885-1923.
 Ato Retta Wassi, Head Syce of HM Legation, Addis Ababa.
 Said Shahwan, Chief Kavas to the High Commissioner for Palestine.
 Hsia Yung-chi, Coxwain of the Government Steam Launch Alexandra at Weihaiwei.

Military Cross (MC)
 Lieutenant William Benjamin Whitaker, 2nd Battalion, 70th Burma Rifles, Indian Army.

Military Medal (MM)
2nd Battalion, The Dorsetshire Regiment
For bravery in connection with military operations in Malabar, 1921-1922.
 5719280 Private G. Alexander. (Jersey)
 5718697 Private L. Churchill. (Poole)
 5719133 Corporal R. Collins. (Brixton)
 5718387 Sergeant H. Fairman. (Semley)
 5719354 Private C. Trueman. (Shanklin)

Air Force Cross (AFC)
 Squadron Leader John Kilner Wells.
 Squadron Leader Harold James Payn.

Air Force Medal (AFM)
 248043 Corporal Herbert Valentine Hughes.

Kaisar-i Hind Medal
 Begum Saheba Fatima Sidhika, Regent of Manawadar, Bombay.
 The Reverend Canon Arthur Crosthwaite, S.P.G. Moradabad, United Provinces.
 The Reverend Father Theophilus Van Der Schueren, Priest, Society of Jesus, Bengal.
 The Reverend Father Ernest Francois Auguste Loubière, of Paris Society of Foreign Missions, Cuddalore, South Arcot District, Madras.
 Ann Elizabeth Banks, late Lady Principal of the Bevenshaw Girls High School, Cuttack, Bihar and Orissa Province.
 Eleanor McDougall, Principal of the Women's Christian College, Madras.
 Bai Bahadur Lala Tara Chand, Honorary Magistrate, Bhiwani, Hissar District, Punjab.
 Williamena Johan Meiklejohn, Nursing Superintendent, General Hospital, Rangoon, Burma.
 Bhola Nath Barooah, Merchant, Assam.

Bar to the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal
First Class
 Lilian Agnes Starr, Matron-in-charge of the CMS Mission Hospital, Peshawar, North West Frontier Province.

Mention in Despatches
For distinguished services rendered in connection with military operations in Malabar, 1921-1922.
 Captain A. W. Duncan, 2nd Battalion, 8th Gurkha Rifles, Indian Army.
 Colonel E. T. Humphreys, .
 Captain P. McEnroy, , Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (formerly Leinster Regiment).

Promotions
To the rank of Air Marshal in the Royal Air Force
 Air Vice Marshal Sir John Maitland Salmond, , in recognition of his distinguished service in Command of the Forces in Iraq.

Honorary rank
Honorary Major
 Honourable Captain His Highness Raj Rajeshwar Maharajadhiraja Sir Umed Singh Bahadur, , Maharaja of Jodhpur.

References

Birthday Honours
1923 awards
1923 in the United Kingdom
June 1923 events
George V


title: Handwashing in Judaism

text:
Jewish law and custom prescribe ritual hand washing in a number of situations. This practice is generally known by the Hebrew term  (), which literally means taking up of the hands.

The Talmud used the requirement of handwashing in  ("The person who is touched by one who has a discharge without rinsing his hands in water must wash their clothes and bathe with water, and they will be unclean till evening") as a hint for general handwashing law, using asmachta (a Biblical hint, rather than an explicit requirement).

Occasions for hand washing

Before eating bread
Halakha requires the hands to be washed before eating a meal containing bread. This washing was initially known as mayim rishonim (first waters) but is now commonly known simply as netilat yadayim (hand washing).

This only applies to bread made from one of the five chief grains (wheat, cultivated barley, spelt, wild barley, and oats). The washing is performed by pouring water from a cup over each hand.

The Gemarah of the Babylonian Talmud contains homiletic descriptions of the importance of the practice, including an argument that washing before meals is so important that neglecting it is tantamount to unchastity, and risks divine punishment in the form of sudden destruction or poverty.

Rabbinic law requires that travelers go as far as four biblical miles to obtain water for washing prior to eating bread if there is a known water source there. This applies only to when the water source lies in one's direction of travel. However, had he already passed the water source, he is only obligated to backtrack to a distance of one biblical mile. The one exception to this rule is when a man or a party of men are encamped while on a journey, and there is no water to be found in the vicinity of their camp, in which case the Sages of Israel have exempted them from washing their hands prior to breaking bread.

After eating bread (Mayim Acharonim)

Rabbinic sources discuss a practice to wash hands after a meal, before reciting Birkat Hamazon. This practice is known as mayim acharonim ("after-waters"). According to the Talmud, the washing is motivated by health concerns, to remove the "salt of Sodom" which may have been served at the meal - as salt originating from the Sodom area allegedly causes blindness, should it be on one's fingers and they happen to touch their eyes. The Talmud considered mayim acharonim obligatory, and more important that washing before the meal. Many, but not all, later sources agree.

However, Tosafot ruled that mayim acharonim is not required in current circumstances, since the salt of Sodom is no longer served at meals. Similarly, R' Yaakov Emden ruled that it is not required, since nowadays it is customary to eat with forks and knives, and salt is unlikely to get on the fingers. Based on these sources, in many communities nowadays mayim acharonim is not practiced. Nevertheless, many others continue to practice it. One reason to continue practicing it is the principle that if the underlying reason behind a rabbinic ruling no longer applies, the ruling is not automatically cancelled. Another reason has given the assertion that in every kor of salt, there is to be found a qurtov of salt of Sodom.

Although mayim acharonim was once not widely practiced (for example, until recently it did not appear in many Orthodox Passover Haggadahs) it has undergone something of a revival and has become more widely observed in recent years, particularly for special meals such as the Shabbat and Jewish holidays.

No blessing is recited on this washing. Generally, only a small amount of water is poured over the outer two segments of the fingers, while a minority (primarily Yemenite Jews or related groups) wash the entire hand up to the wrist.  The water is sometimes poured from  a special ritual dispenser. One should not pause between the washing and reciting birkat hamazon.

Thematic interpretations
Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook explained that our involvement in the physical act of eating has the potential to diminish our sense of holiness. To counteract this influence, we wash our hands after the meal. The Talmudic Sages spoke of washing away the "salt of Sodom" – a place whose very name is a symbol of selfishness and indifference to others. "This dangerous salt, which can blind our eyes to the needs of others, is rendered harmless through the purifying ritual of mayim acharonim."

Before eating dipped fruit or vegetables
Some sources speak of washing hands, before eating a piece of food which has been dipped in a liquid (e.g. water, honey, oil, etc.) which then clings to that piece, with the one exception of fruits, seeing that they do not require hand washing. While the Shulhan Arukh requires the washing of hands prior to eating fruits that are merely damp with one of the seven liquids, Maimonides does not mention this stringency in his Mishneh Torah. Rabbi Hayim Kessar says that the enactment only applied to dipping fruits or vegetables in a liquid, but not when wetness merely clung to those fruits or vegetables.

Nowadays this washing is not widely practiced, with one notable exception: During a Passover Seder, the hands are washed without reciting a blessing before eating karpas, a washing referred to as "Urchatz".

Before worship

According to the Shulchan Aruch, a person should wash both hands before prayer. This hand washing does not require the use of a cup (or similar vessel), though many have the custom to use a cup. No blessing is recited on this washing. If water cannot be obtained, the hands may be cleaned in another manner instead.

As the Shacharit prayer is commonly recited shortly after awakening, many Jews rely on the handwashing upon awakening, and do not wash hands again before Shacharit.

This washing is likened to the ritual purification required before entering the Temple in Jerusalem, in whose absence prayer, in Orthodox Judaism, serves in its place.

Before the Priestly Blessing

In Orthodox Judaism (and, in some cases, in Conservative Judaism), Kohanim, members of the priestly class, offer the Priestly Blessing before the congregation on certain occasions. Before performing their offices, they are required to wash their hands. Judaism traces this requirement to , which requires the priests to wash their hands before Temple service. The verse also refers to washing of feet, but this is generally not practiced in the absence of a Temple in Jerusalem.

The water for this washing is commonly poured on the priests' hands by Levites, who also assist priests in other ways.

In some communities priests do not wash their hands before the Priestly Blessing, the reasoning being that they have already washed hands upon awakening before the prayer.

After sleeping

According to the Shulchan Aruch, a person who slept is required to wash upon arising, and says the netilat yadayim blessing. This ritual is known by the Yiddish term  (, lit. "nail water"), and sometimes in Hebrew as Netilat Yadayim Shacharit. This Yiddish term is also used for a special cup used for such washing. The water is poured out from a vessel three times, intermittently, over each hand.

Reasons given for this washing vary: to remove an evil spirit from one's fingers, or in preparation for the morning prayer, or to make the hands physically clean before reciting blessings and studying Torah. This is performed when awaking from a full night's sleep, or even after a lengthy nap.

The Talmud states God commanded Jews to wash the hands and provides the text of the netilat yadaim blessing still in use.

Other occasions
 After touching part of the body which is dirty or customarily covered such as the private parts, back, arm pits, inside of nose or ear, the scalp (but not if one just touched the hair), or the sweat from one's body (excluding the face), or one's shoes
 Upon leaving a latrine, lavatory or bathhouse, as a symbol of both bodily cleanliness and of removing human impurity. Handwashing after excretion is sometimes referred to as "washing asher yatzar", referring to the Asher yatzar blessing recited once the hands have been washed after excretion.
 Upon leaving a cemetery
 After cutting one's hair or nails
 The Shulchan Aruch specifies that one must wash hands after sexual intercourse, but among many Orthodox Jews this is not accepted practice.
 After a blood letting; while blood letting is no longer performed, some wash their hands after donating blood.
 To remove tumat met ("impurity from death") after participating in a funeral procession or coming within four cubits of a corpse
 Some have the custom of washing their hands prior to scribal work

Laws of washing

Blessing said before washing
A blessing is prescribed over hand washing before eating bread and when one wakes up from his sleep in the morning. Maimonides prescribes saying the blessing before one actually pours water over his hands, as brought down by the Code of Jewish Law, and the Talmud requiring that for all of the commandments the recitation of the blessing must be made prior to one performing the action. But for some, the custom has developed to recite the blessing only after he has poured water over his hands and has rubbed them together, while they are raised in the air to the height of his chin, prior to his drying them with a towel.

The blessing text is as follows: "Blessed are you, O Lord, our God, King of the Universe, who has sanctified us through your commandments and has commanded us concerning the washing of hands" (). Immediately following the recital of the blessing, one must dry the hands with a towel or similar.

A text from the Cairo Geniza, following the Palestinian minhag, has been discovered where the blessing concluded al mitzvat shetifat yadayim.

Manner of pouring the water

In two of these hand washings, water is poured out over one's hands with the aid of a vessel: 1) upon waking from sleep, and 2) before eating bread. These hand washings are nearly always accompanied with a special blessing prior to concluding the actual act of washing (see infra). The basis of references in the Bible to this practice, e. g., Elisha pouring water upon the hands of Elijah. Water should be poured on each hand at least twice. A clean dry substance should be used instead if water is unavailable. The hand washing made when one leaves the lavatory or latrine, or when one touches his privy parts, or sweat, may be done simply with running tap water (faucet).

Other methods have developed concerning over which hand one is to begin when pouring water over them. The general custom in the morning (based on a kabbalistic teaching) is to take-up the vessel in one's right hand, pass the vessel into his left hand, and only then begin to pour out water from that vessel over his right hand. Then one reverses the order by taking-up the vessel in his right hand and pouring out water from that vessel over his left hand. This process is repeated altogether three times for each hand, with intermittent changing of hands after each pouring. When this is accomplished, he then takes the vessel and pours out water over both hands, simultaneously, after which he rubs his hands together and then lifts them to make the blessing over his hands, before he wipes them dry.

In the hand washing made for eating bread, the custom differs: one takes the vessel in his right hand and pours water in abundance over his left hand. He then takes the vessel in his left hand and pours water in abundance over his right hand. In this case (for eating bread), it is not necessary to wash the hands three times, intermittently, as is customarily done in the morning. Rather, one or two pours for each hand are sufficient.

Quantity and type of water
Although the minimal quantity of water needed to fulfill one's religious duty is 1/4 of a log (a liquid measure of capacity equal to the bulk or volume of one and half medium-sized eggs), and must be sufficient to cover at least the middle joints of one's fingers, water poured out in excess of this amount is considered praiseworthy in Jewish law.

The water used must be naturally pure, unused, not contain other substances, and not discoloured.

Development of hand washing on bread

The most developed and, perhaps, important of these washings is the washing of hands before eating bread. It is looked upon with such rigidity, that those who willfully neglect its practice are said to make themselves liable to excommunication, and bring upon themselves a state of scarcity, and are quickly taken out of the world.

Hand washing in the Temple
 requires the priests to wash their hands and feet before offering sacrifices or entering the Tabernacle. Solomon's Temple contained ten brazen lavers to allow for this washing. The Mishnah records that priests were also required to wash hands and feet after urinating. The use of these lavers did not pertain to the general public, nor to their eating foods with washed hands.

The Mishnah (Tractate Yadayim) is the first to describe the ritual of hand washing outside of the Temple.

According to the Babylonian Talmud, King Solomon made an additional decree that priests must wash their hands before eating meat from animal sacrifices.

Hand washing for priests before eating terumah
Following the example of King Solomon, in the 1st or 2nd century CE, the Houses of Hillel and Shammai decreed the priests' hands to be ritually impure, which disqualified their eating terumah foods until washing those hands (as terumah may only be eaten while pure). This law was one of the eighteen new enactments made in the house of Hananiah ben Hezekiah ben Garon. It is recorded in Mishnah Bikkurim 2:1, which states that terumah and bikkurim "require the washing of the hands."

The Babylonian Talmud debates whether this decree was enacted by the Houses of Hillel and Shammai, or else by Hillel and Shammai themselves (in the year circa 32 BCE). It concludes that Hillel and Shammai issued the decree but this was not commonly accepted; and later, the Houses of Hillel and Shammai reissued the degree and it was accepted.

The Jerusalem Talmud states that Hillel and Shammai did not originate washing before eating terumah, but rather the requirement had existed in ancient times, and then was neglected and forgotten until Hillel and Shammai revived it. While the law is of rabbinic origin, according to one opinion there is a hint (asmachta) to it in .

This enactment was made in order to instruct priests about the necessity of washing their hands after immersing their bodies in a mikveh, since the Torah requires priests to eat their consecrated foods in a state of ritual purity. Bodily purity can only be attained by, both, immersing themselves in a ritual bath as well as by washing their hands before consuming of such foods.

Grades of uncleanness
Halacha specifies a number of different levels of impurity; each level can result from touch by an object at one higher level. By this degree, all human hands automatically have second-level impurity (sheni letumah) until washed. If (after washing) a person's hands touched a first-level impurity (rishon letumah), those hands become impure as far as the wrist, while the rest of his body remains pure. All that is needed, therefore, is for him to wash his hands in water, and he removes thereby all uncleanness.

Hand washing for all Israelites
In subsequent years, many priests were ignoring the requirement to wash hands before touching terumah. To encourage the performance of this law, it was decreed that all Jews (priests and non-priests) must wash their hands before eating bread, even if that bread to be eaten was only ordinary non-terumah bread. According to the Babylonian Talmud, the underlying motive for this new enactment was because hands were considered "fidgety," and apt to touch things. "Hence, unless their owner has taken care that they should not touch a ritually unclean object after he washed them, they are treated as unclean."  capable of rendering terumah invalid for consumption. This hand washing is referred to as serakh terumah ( meaning "[washing introduced] on account of terumah" and which is done for the sake of conformity);<ref>Babylonian Talmud, [https://www.sefaria.org.il/Chullin.106a.11?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en Chullin 106a:11 Hullin 106a]</ref> as all Jews were now required to wash their hands before eating bread, it was expected that the delinquent priests too would wash their hands before eating 'terumah.

The Jerusalem Talmud, speaking more candidly about this subject, says explicitly: "Did they not decree [defilement] over the hands in order that he (i.e. the priest) might separate himself from the terumah? By saying to a man that his hands suffer a second-grade uncleanness, even so does he (the priest) separate himself from terumah." Unwashed hands which suffer a second-grade uncleanness were capable of invalidating terumah given to the priests.

Others have explained hand washing as being merely for the sake of bodily cleanliness which, in turn, leads to ritual purity. Rabbi Hiyya the Great had commanded Rav (Abba Aricha) by saying: "If you are able to eat all throughout the year non-consecrated foods in a state of ritual purity, then eat! But if not, at least eat seven days out of the year [in such a state of ritual purity]." On account of these words, Rabbi Pinchas ben Yair would say: "...Bodily cleanliness leads to ritual purity."

External sources
It is unclear what sort of regulations were already in place during the late Second Temple period. A reference to hand washing is made in the Christian New Testament, when the Pharisees asked Jesus why his disciples did not wash hands prior to eating bread. It is reported that "the Pharisees and all the Jews" considered this washing a "tradition of the elders", yet Jesus and the disciples did not do it - even though one proclaimed to be the Messiah might be expected to follow the highest standards for holy behavior. Thus, the disciples' non-observance may indicate that handwashing for bread was not universal at the time. Perhaps, handwashing was practised by some Pharisaic schools of thought and not others (for example, by the School of Shammai and not the more lenient School of Hillel).

References

External links

 The Laws Upon Awakening in the Morning (Chabad)
 Hand Washing, by Rabbi Louis Jacobs
 A Short History of Jewish Handwashing

Hand
Hygiene
Jewish belief and doctrine
Jewish law
Jewish law and rituals
Jewish ritual purity law
Water and religion
Priesthood (Judaism)


title: Suphanburi F.C. Reserves and Academy

text:
Suphanburi Football Club Reserves and Academy () are the Reserve team of Suphanburi F.C. They play in the Thai Premier League Reserves and Academy.

External links
 Official Website suphanburifootballclub
 Suphanburi FC Website

Football clubs in Thailand
Suphanburi
Sport in Suphan Buri province
Association football clubs established in 1998
1998 establishments in Thailand
Reserves and Academy


title: Bruno Leibundgut

text:
Bruno Leibundgut (born 1 April 1960) is a Swiss astronomer born in Basel. His work focuses on supernovae and cosmology. He was a member of the High-z Supernova Search Team and participated in the planning, development and start of the operations of the Very Large Telescope.

Career
Leibundgut received his doctorate at the University of Basel in 1988 under the supervision of Gustav Andreas Tammann. His thesis was titled "Light Curves of Supernovae Type I". He was a postdoctoral researcher at Harvard working with Robert Kirshner and at Berkeley with Alex Filippenko. He is the author or co-author of over 140 refereed papers with more than 35,000 citations.

Since 1993 he has worked as an astronomer at ESO. He has had various roles such as deputy programme scientist for the VLT, head of the user support group in Garching and Director for Science. He was sabbatical in 2014. He was the Very Large Telescope programme scientist from 2015 to 2022 and has been re-appointed director for science at ESO in 2023.

He is an Honorary Professor at the Technical University of Munich since 2019

He is the co-principal investigator of the adH0cc programme  which aims to determine the current expansion rate of the Universe, the so-called Hubble constant (see Hubble law) by measuring distances to Type II supernova in the Hubble flow using the Tailored Expanding Photosphere Method.

Awards
2007: Gruber Prize in Cosmology (co-recipient with High-z Supernova Search Team)
2011: Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Leibundgut's colleagues Brian P. Schmidt and Adam Riess, from the High-z Supernova Search Team for the work done by that collaboration.
 2015: Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, shared with Brian P. Schmidt, Adam Riess, and the High-Z Supernova Search Team.

References

Scientists from Basel-Stadt
Living people
1960 births
21st-century Swiss astronomers


title: Twin Towers 2

text:
The Twin Towers II (also known as Twin Towers 2, New Twin Towers, Trump Twin Towers, World Trade Center Phoenix and Michael W. Diamond Twin Towers) was  a proposed twin-towered skyscraper complex which would have been located at the World Trade Center site in Manhattan, New York City. The proposed complex would have replaced the former Twin Towers of the World Trade Center destroyed in the September 11 attacks, restoring the skyline of the city to its former state. The main design for the proposed complex would feature new landmark twin towers, nearly identical to the originals designed by Minoru Yamasaki, though it would feature 115 stories—5 floors taller than the originals, among other differences. Beside the towers, an above-ground memorial would have occupied the footprints of the original towers. The new site would also have featured three 12-story buildings, replacing the original 3, 4 and 5 World Trade Center. The complex was designed and developed by American architect Herbert Belton and American engineer Kenneth Gardner, and sponsored by Donald Trump.

Background (2001–2003)
After the September 11 attacks in 2001, several ideas about building new twin towers were discussed online and in the media. After the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) launched the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition in 2002, seven architectural groups were commissioned by the organization to create a proposal to restore the Manhattan skyline. Out of the seven, four groups proposed building twin towers though they were not identical to the original design by Minoru Yamasaki. After Daniel Libeskind's Memory Foundations design was favored and then chosen by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation in 2003, the proposed twin-towered designs were rejected. The result of the competition and the design chosen by the LMDC was criticized by the public, including architectural critic Herbert Muschamp as well as Donald Trump. The twin-towered Team Twin Towers design was planned to be entered into the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition, but was unable to complete the design before the competition closed.

Initial emergence (2004)
The initial planning of the project first surfaced in the media in 2004 with the group behind the project called Team Twin Towers, Inc., composed of activists and designers collaborating on the early design of the model. The team was initially led by television producer and co-founder of the team Randy Warner, and the design led by engineer  Kenneth "Ken" Gardner and architect Herbert Belton, who was an architect for the original World Trade Center. Their spokesman was Jonathan Hakala, a venture capitalist who had been a tenant on the 77th floor of the original North Tower. The project design was called the "Plan of the People", and would be identical to the original Yamasaki design.

The new design would feature a steel skin built in two layers–a tube within a tube–that has heavier columns and better structural support than the original, and it would call for larger windows for comfort and improved fireproofing. The memorial would feature two 5-story memorials that would occupy the original footprints of the Twin Towers, made of the original steel skin of the collapsed towers and replicated steel. The victims' names would be etched in granite. "It stands for resolve, it stands for strength, it stands for renewal", says engineer of the project Ken Gardner. "To see the towers return would have an inspirational impact on the population. It's a living memorial, and I think it's more powerful than pretending 9/11 never happened." The main twin towers originally would feature a 500-foot-high mast on top of the North Tower, which would bring its total height to 1,888 feet, which at the time would have made it the tallest building in the world surpassing the 1,667-foot-high Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan. The two towers were planned to be 112 stories tall.

Team Twin Towers was one of several groups pressuring government and development officials to alter the reconstruction plans of the Libeskind master plan chosen by the  Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. Joanna Rose, spokeswoman for the LMDC, which is coordinating reconstruction at the site, said the organization intended to go forward with its chosen plan. Randy Warner, co-founder of Team Twin Towers said: "As long as we haven't started digging a hole in the ground, there's room for discussion."

Team Twin Towers, on February 18, 2004, unveiled their architectural model of new twin towers at a news conference at the Marriott Financial Center Hotel (now New York Marriott Downtown) near the World Trade Center site. Team Twin Towers spokesman Jonathan Hakala says the original Twin Towers "were among Earth's few 'instantly recognizable' landmarks." and "It was a magnificent structure to see going up", recalls Artie Vignapiano, who was a Port Authority landscape planner as the original World Trade Center was built. "When I worked on the 74th floor of Tower One, I used to tell people, 'You know what I get paid for? To look outside my window at the Statue of Liberty.'" He then went on to say, 'All of the people who worked on the buildings—10 out of 10—want them back.'"

Later in February, Trump appeared on CNN show Larry King Live with Larry King. During a talk radio broadcast, a caller asked whether Trump was involved or going to be involved with the "new twin towers". Though Trump at the time was not involved with the Team Twin Towers project, he became a sponsor of the project's design in the later year(s). Trump said the following about David Childs and Daniel Libeskind's design of One World Trade Center:

Early development (2005–2007)

In 2005, publicity for the project increased, with Trump officially supporting and sponsoring the project. Support for the project increased due to the criticism of the Childs-Libeskind design and accusations from 2002 revived against former New York Governor George Pataki, accused of cronyism for supposedly using his influence to get the winning architect's design picked as a personal favor for his friend and campaign contributor, Ron Lauder. In May 2005, Trump appeared on Hardball with Chris Matthews to discuss the proposed Childs-Libeskind Freedom Tower design. While Matthews asks Trump about whether an empty site is better than the proposed design, he quickly responds, criticizing Libeskind, "It was designed by an egghead architect who really doesn't have a lot of experience of designing something like this. And it's just a terrible design." Trump later goes on to say that he doesn't "even blame the architect." Trump, who in the later month(s) later sponsors the project, says that there is "not much of a role I can take." in response to a question by Matthews. "What I want to see built is the World Trade Center stronger and maybe a story taller. And that's what everybody wants."

While the project was gaining publicity due to Donald Trump's sponsorship of it, former Borough president of The Bronx, Fernando Ferrer, supported the plan to build new twin towers, saying that it is "very interesting and it should be considered." adding that the new signature building shouldn't look "cowardly." Before the statement, Ferrer issued a rebuilding plan that called to spread out the 10 million square feet of office space around the five boroughs so it "decentralized." Ferrer spokeswoman Jen Bluestein said that "The reason, he said then, was to create back-office space to help the boroughs outside Manhattan. He also didn't want to give the terrorists another target." she continued to explain, "Fernando Ferrer has always believed that the mayor's responsibility was to both rebuild critical mass at Ground Zero and, using existing hubs, expand office space throughout the five boroughs. Unfortunately, Mayor Bloomberg has managed to do neither".

Greg Manning, who worked in the original World Trade Center along with his wife Lauren, wrote an article in The New York Times supporting the Twin Towers II project. Greg worked for Euro Brokers on the 84th floor of the South Tower and Lauren was a partner for Cantor Fitzgerald on the 105th floor of the North Tower. Manning was late, so he was not in his office when United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the building, destroying the Euro Brokers offices. His wife Lauren was burnt by the fireball that blew out the lobby of the North Tower after American Airlines Flight 11 hit the building. Greg said the following about the project:

Trump, on May 18, 2005, held a press conference at his residence on Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, to address the proposed Twin Towers II design. Along with him was engineer Ken Gardner and architect Herbert Belton, Trump presented the Team Twin Towers designed twin-towered complex model. The Freedom Tower plan, according to Trump, "looks like a junkyard, a series of broken-down angles that don't match each other. And we have to live with this for hundreds of years? It is the worst pile of crap architecture I've ever seen in my life." Though Trump was supporting the proposed twin-towered project, he was leaving the decision up to Larry Silverstein, whose company Silverstein Properties leased the site. "I only have the power of persuasion", Trump said. At the press conference, he read from a letter sent to him by Libeskind. Trump quoted Libeskind as saying the shape of the tower was "the product of David Childs", while he wanted a more slender, classical tower set back farther from the street. Libeskind added in a statement Wednesday: "The site plan is not just about commercial buildings. The memorial is its crucial centerpiece. It is there for a reason." Trump, finishing his speech, said that "If we rebuild the World Trade Center in the form of a skeleton, the terrorists win." and that if tenants could not be found for the project, to build a memorial park instead.

A final design for the "Freedom Tower" was formally unveiled on June 28, 2005. To address security issues raised by the New York City Police Department, a  concrete base was added to the design in April of that year. The design originally included plans to clad the base in glass prisms in order to address criticism that the building might have looked uninviting and resembled a "concrete bunker". Construction of the Freedom Tower began in April 2006, which jeopardized the Twin Towers II project from being built on the site.

Later development (2008–2009)

Criticism arose in 2008 that the rebuilding of the World Trade Center was taking longer than expected. Though now renamed One World Trade Center (formerly Freedom Tower) was under construction as well as the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, it was still proposed to halt One World Trade Center and build the Twin Towers II project. "Seeing them go up could be as powerful as seeing them go down." Ken Gardner stated, engineer of the project.

Project abandonment (2010)
Since 2008, news of the project, as well as if it could still be built, had not been mentioned. Due to the completion of One, Three, and Four World Trade Center, as well as the memorial and museum, the project was very unlikely to be built.

Bjarke Ingels, who was selected as the architect for Two World Trade Center's new design, stated that he would have rebuilt the World Trade Center if it were up to him. He commented, stating that "They were such a big part of the identity of Manhattan. When you watch Tony Soprano drive out of the Holland Tunnel, he can see the towers in his rearview mirror. They looked very strong."

Notes

References

External links
Make New York New York Again – original website for the project
Team Twin Towers archived website – an archived version of the original team designing the project
The Twin Towers Alliance – an organization who promoted the project

Unbuilt buildings and structures in New York City
Proposed skyscrapers in the United States
World Trade Center
Aftermath of the September 11 attacks
Financial District, Manhattan
Skyscrapers in Manhattan
Twin towers
Donald Trump real estate
Unbuilt skyscrapers


title: AFF Player of the Year

text:
The AFF Player of the Year is an association football award presented to the best footballer in ASEAN region. The inaugural award was launched in 2013 and run every 2 year.

Winner (Men)

Winner (Women)

References

ASEAN Football Federation
Asian football trophies and awards
Asian AFF
Awards established in 2013
2013 establishments in Southeast Asia