title: David Olifard

text:
Sir David Olifard (c.1113/1117 – c. 1170) was the first recorded Justiciar (of the Lothians), governing the southern half of Scotland south of the rivers Forth and Clyde (excluding Galloway). Olifard was godson to King David I of Scotland, whose life he saved at the Rout of Winchester in 1141.
Olifard is the first known chief of Clan Oliphant today.

Personal life
The Olifards held their lands in England from the Earls of Northampton and Huntingdon. In 1113, King David I of Scotland married Maud, Countess of Huntingdon, widow of Simon de St. Liz. Thus King David held the earldoms during the lifetime of his wife. David Olifard was godson of his namesake, the current earl, King David I of Scotland. Olifard must therefore have been born after 1113 (and before 1117 – see below).

Olifard's wife is unknown but there is a clue: Olifard granted to the monks of Jedburgh the "tenths" of the mill of Crailing and Berengerias de Engein granted the same monks a mark of silver from the mill of Crailing. Both these grants were confirmed by David I. Whether Berengerius was a father-in-law or brother-in-law to Olifard, we do not know. To have an interest in the mill of Crailing, which Olifard owned, coupled with the fact that Berengerius also made his donation to the same monks to whom Olifard made his donation, suggests that the two men were related. Members of the de Engain family held estates in Huntingdonshire and Northamptonshire.

Olifard had four sons:
 Sir Walter Olifard, who became Justiciar of the Lothians;
 William, who was ancestor of the Oliphants in Perthshire;
 Philip and
 Fulco.

and at least one unnamed daughter:
 Filia David de Olifard of Bothwell; she married William de Moravia (Murray) who later became the first Murray to occupy the lands encompassing the Bothwell Barony. William was son of William de Moravia son of Freskin.

The Olifard's land ownings in England
The Olifards were tenants in demesne at Lilford. In 1086 it was held by a Walter (no surname given). The first mention of the name Olifard in connection with Lilford is William Olifard (circa 1130, who is probably Olifard's father. This William may have been the son of the afore mentioned Walter) "William Olifardus reddit conjuncture de x mercis argenti for placito terre de Lillingstan." There is no record connecting David Olifard with Lilford although his heirs held the lands following after William Olifard, his brother. Olifard's mother was quoted as Muriel.

Oakington in Cambridge was held in 1086 by Roger and, between 1090 and 1108, there was in the county, a Roger Olifard, the first with the Olifard surname on record (either this Roger or the Walter at Lilford is probably David Olifard's grandfather). Oakington was considered a dependency of Lilford and held by David Olifard's brothers and then latterly by his own heirs. The same Roger held the manor of Over, part of which later became the manor of Gavelock. Like Lilford, Over (as was Gavelock) was held by David Olifard's family before it devolved to his heirs.

Sawtry in Huntingdon
David Olifard had a fief of Sawtry from Henry of Scotland (the son of Olifard's godfather, King David I of Scotland) who held it as the Earl of Huntingdon from the crown. To have been given Sawtry must have been something of an honour as "Countess Judith 'especially loved and frequented,' [the manor of Sawtry]" the lands were "freed by William I, as a mark of favour to her, from all dues to the Crown, including murdrum and danegeld,". During the civil war between King Stephen and the Empress Matilda, both Henry of Scotland and King David I of Scotland supported the Empress Matilda. This resulted in King Stephen confiscating the earldom in 1138 from Henry of Scotland and giving it to one of his supporters, Simon de Senlis II. This would have been unpopular with Olifard but nevertheless he would have been compelled to follow Simon de Senlis into battle. In 1141 Olifard was fighting on the winning side against Empress Matilda. On seeing that his godfather was in danger of being captured, Olifard abandoned Stephen's army and rescued King David I of Scotland.

Since there is no record of any other Olifards at Sawtry prior to David, it would appear that these lands had been granted to Olifard at the instigation of his godfather. The date of Henry of Scotland's forfeiture of the Earldom of Huntingdon is helpful, since Olifard would most likely have been granted the fiefdom of Sawtry once he had reached his majority. Olifard would have received the lands prior to the forfeiture in 1138 and thus was born no later than 1117 and probably earlier.

Simon de Senlis II, in an act designed to prevent Olifard from ever returning to Sawtry, founded the Cistercian monastery of Sawtry Abbey on Olifard's lands in 1147. William Olifard is a witness to this foundation charter. Sawtry is the only known property to have been held by David Olifard in England.

The nearest public house to the site of the ruins of Sawtry Abbey, in a village called Woodwalton is called "The Elephant and Castle" although nobody knows why. In 1391 Sawtry Abbey was granted a messuage and one carucate of land in Woodwalton. It could be a pun on Olifard and their residence.

In the 12th century when Olifard held Sawtry, it was called "Saltreia" or "Saltreaim".

Arrival in Scotland
When Olifard arrived in Scotland, he did so as a baron of the highest status, being the same level as the most favoured newcomers into Scotland of the Anglo/Norman and Anglo/Flemish nobility.

Career in Scotland
Olifard first appears in a Royal charter in Scotland in 1144. For the next 26 years he features regularly as a witness in Royal charters in King Malcolm IV's reign but does not appear to be of outstanding importance before 1165. From that year until 1170 Olifard features at the most eminent level in the charters of the kings (Malcolm and William I). Thereafter Olifard disappears from record, suggesting that he died in 1170. Although Olifard appears in at least ten charters as "Justiciar", there is no document stating that he is Justiciar of the Lothians. This is also true for every Justiciar of the Lothians another decade after he ceased to be Justiciar,  It was not until well into his son's (Sir Walter Olifard) tenure as Justiciar, that the complete style appears. Just as Sir David is the first Justiciar on record, so his son, Sir Walter Olifard is the first Justiciar of the Lothians on record to be styled as "of the Lothians". It should also be noted that at the time of Sir David Olifard, Northumbria and Cumbria were also part of Southern Scotland.

The Hospital of Soutra
The Hospital of Soutra, also known as "Domus de Soltre" was the largest hospital in Scotland. It was founded in 1164 by King Malcolm IV. The name Soltre or Soutra is similar to the name of Olifard's old estate of Sawtry or Saltreia in Huntingdon, so much so that historians have confused the two.

It is perhaps no coincidence that the first charter (signed between 1153 and 1170) after the hospital's foundation is one from David Olifard and that he also granted the hospital one thrave of corn in Autumn from every carucate in his domain. Olifard's seal was appended to this charter, showing three crescents. This is the earliest example of the Oliphant arms recorded.

By 1271, a dispute had arisen between the monks at the Hospital and the inhabitants of Crailing (lands which had been owned by Olifard and his descendants). It was eventually settled in favour of the monks.

Olifard's landownings in Scotland
Soon after Olifard came to Scotland, he received the lands of Smailholm and also Crailing, both in Roxburghshire. In the reign of King Malcolm IV, he was granted the lands between the North and South Calder Waters (rivers), these lands formed the core of the great barony of Bothwell. These lands were given to Olifard by the King in lieu of his lands at Sawtry in Northamptonshire. Olifard lands around Bothwell extended far beyond the Calder Waters and included the barony (and lands) of Drumsergard (which changed its name to Cambuslang in the 17th century)

References

Year of death missing
12th-century Scottish people
Political office-holders in Scotland
Year of birth uncertain
Oliphant family


title: San Antonio station (Medellín)

text:
San Antonio station is a station on the Medellín Metro. It is the terminal station for line B (center to west), and a possible transfer station to line A (north to south). It is named after the Church of San Antonio, which also gives its name to the nearby San Antonio Plaza. Line A station was opened on 30 November 1995 as part of the inaugural section of line A, from Niquía to Poblado. Line B station was opened on 28 February 1996 as part of the inaugural section of the line, from San Javier to San Antonio.

References

External links
 Official site of Medellín Metro

Medellín Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1995
1995 establishments in Colombia


title: Cisthene opulentana

text:
Cisthene opulentana is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1864. It is found in the Brazilian localities of Tefé and Espírito Santo and in Bolivia.

References

Cisthenina
Moths described in 1864


title: Cisthene orbonella

text:
Cisthene orbonella is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found in the Brazilian states of Paraná and Rio de Janeiro.

References

Cisthenina
Moths described in 1900


title: Cisthene packardii

text:
Cisthene packardii, or Packard's lichen moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1863. It is found in the US from the states of New York to Florida and from Missouri to Texas.

The wingspan is about 19 mm. Adults are on wing from February to December in the south.

The larvae feed on algae and lichens. They are grey to charcoal with a mottled black head. Full-grown larvae reach a length of about 12 mm.

References

Cisthenina
Moths described in 1863


title: Cisthene perrosea

text:
Cisthene perrosea is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1904. It is found in the US from California to Utah, New Mexico and western Texas.

The length of the forewings is 9–11 mm. Adults are on wing from June to July and again from September to October.

References

Cisthenina
Moths described in 1904


title: Aristea cantharophila

text:
Aristea cantharophila is a plant species endemic to a small region of Western Cape Province, South Africa, Southeast of Cape Town. Type locality is in the Hottentots Holland Mountains near Sir Lowry's Pass. The species is facing serious threats and has been slated for conservation efforts.

Aristea cantharophila is a perennial herb up to 30 cm high, forming tussocks up to 12 cm in diameter. Leaves are mostly basal, very thin and sword-like, gladiolate (= folded so that one edge points toward the stem). Flowers are pale purple to white with a dark purple center.

References

Iridaceae
Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces
Taxa named by Peter Goldblatt
Taxa named by John Charles Manning


title: Cisthene petrovna

text:
Cisthene petrovna is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1892. It is found in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro.

References

Cisthenina
Moths described in 1892


title: Cisthene phaeoceps

text:
Cisthene phaeoceps is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found in Mexico.

References

Cisthenina
Moths described in 1900


title: Cisthene picta

text:
Cisthene picta, the pictured lichen moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1918. It is found in the United States from Texas to Arizona. The habitat consists of deserts.

The wingspan is about 18 mm. Adults are on wing from August to October.

References

Cisthenina
Moths described in 1918


title: Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo

text:
Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo (11 December 1781 – 9 May 1847) was a Brazilian journalist and politician. He was active in the freemasonry movement in Brazil. He was one of the leaders of the more liberal and democrat faction during the confused period around the time of the declaration of independence of Brazil in 1822.

Early years

Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo was born in Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on 11 December 1781.
His parents were Antonio Gonçalves Ledo and Maria dos Reis.
At the age of fourteen he went to Portugal to complete his secondary education, and then enrolled at the University of Coimbra to study medicine.
When his father died in 1808 Ledo cut short his education and returned to Brazil.
He found a job as a clerk in the army arsenal.

The freemasonry movement in Brazil was similar to that of France, tending to support a republican form of government.
The Pernambucan Revolt, in which a Brazilian republic was declared on 6 March 1817, had many freemasons among its leaders.
The revolt was suppressed by the army. On 30 March 1818 King John VI of Portugal, who had taken refuge in Brazil from the Napoleonic Wars in 1808, signed a decree prohibited all secret societies. There was a liberal revolution in 1820, and in April 1821 John VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son Prince Pedro as regent.
Ledo was a freemason, and helped reinstate the Comércio e Artes lodge in 1821.

Transition to independence
Ledo  was Liberal and deeply patriotic. He had absorbed the democratic ideals of the encyclopédistes, but accepted that Brazilian independence could only be achieved under a constitutional monarchy. Unlike the wealthy landowners of the southeast he wanted a more democratic government in Brazil.
He and Januário da Cunha Barbosa founded the influential newspaper Revérbero Constitucional Fluminense (The Echo).
Its first issue appeared in Rio de Janeiro on 15 September 1821, promoting independence.

On 9 December 1821 the Cortes of Lisbon ordered Prince Pedro to return to Portugal. He refused.
Dom Pedro named José Bonifácio de Andrada Minister of State and Foreign Affairs – in effect Premier.
In response to threats of a return to the status of a colony subordinate to Portugal, a  decree of 16 February 1822 created a Board of Attorneys General of the Provinces of Brazil.
José Gonçalves Ledo proposed to this board that an elected Constituent Assembly should be convened.
Pedro accepted the proposal and ordered the convocation of the assembly in June 1822.
José Bonifácio accepted the decision but proposed indirect elections, which was eventually agreed upon.
Ledo was elected a deputy.

On 13 May 1822, due to the work of Ledo's group and following a proposal by Domingos Alves Branco Muniz Barretto, Prince Pedro assumed the title of "Perpetual Defender of Brazil".
On 17 July 1822 Ledo organized the masonic lodges into the "Grand Orient of Brazil". He offered the position of grand master to José Bonifácio, taking the immediately subordinate position of first vigilante.
Prince Pedro definitely broke with Portugal on 7 September 1822 and became the first emperor of Brazil on 1 December 1822.

In late September 1822 the title of Grand Master of the Grand Orient was awarded to Dom Pedro.
José Bonifácio de Andrada responded by prosecuting Ledo, accusing him of being a republican and secretly conspiring to overthrow the monarchy.
On 30 October 1822 the Grand Orient was closed and Ledo and others in the group had to flee in order to avoid being arrested and deported.
On 4 November 1822 Ledo's property was confiscated.
Ledo took refuge in Argentina, where the local freemasons gave him a warm reception.

Later career

José Bonifácio and his brother Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada fell from power in July 1823.
Lêdo returned to Brazil and took his seat as a deputy.
Pedro I abdicated on 7 April 1831.
For a brief time José Bonifácio and José Gonçalves Ledo worked together.
Lêdo participated in reestablishing the Grand Orient in 1831-32.
He remained a deputy until 1834.
Until 1835 Ledo was a member of the Provincial Assembly of Rio de Janeiro.
That year he retired from politics and Freemasonry.
He died of a heart attack on his farm at Sumidouro, Rio de Janeiro, on 19 May 1847, aged 66.

Ledo played a central role in the transition of Brazil to independence. According to the Baron of Rio Branco, "It was Ledo who inspired all the great events of those two years in our capital, who urged the government to convene a constituent assembly and who wrote some of the key policy documents such as the manifesto of 1 August 1822 addressed by Dom Pedro to the Brazilians."

References
Citations

Sources

1781 births
1847 deaths
Brazilian politicians
Brazilian Freemasons


title: Cisthene polyzona

text:
Cisthene polyzona is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1885. It is found in Mexico, Dominica and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

References

Cisthenina
Moths described in 1885


title: Port of Zhongshan

text:
The Port of Zhongshan is a natural estuary port located on the coast of Zhongshan Prefectural Level city, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. It opens into the Pearl River Delta.

Setting
Port of Zhongshan extends on the West Shore of the Pearl River Delta between Zhuhai and Guangzhou.

History

Layout
The Port of Zhongshan is divided into three main port areas: 东有中山港区, 北有小榄港区, 南有神湾港区
Zhongshan Port Area (): located to the east of the city, on the Hengmen Canal (横门水道).
Xiaolan Port Area (): to the north of the city, on the Xiaolan Canal (小榄水道)
Shenwan Port Area (): to the south of the city, at the mouth of the Xijiang River (西江)

Administration

Operations

References

External links

Ports and harbours of China


title: Graham House (Stamford, Connecticut)

text:
The Graham House is a dramatic Modern house designed by architect Eliot Noyes for Manhattan art dealer Robert Graham and built in 1968–69.  The house is located at the crest of a rocky outcrop in a rural section of Stamford, Connecticut.  It represents the culmination of a series of properties designed by Noyes in which he developed the idea of having two stone walls forming a central hallway, with rooms cantilevered off the outside of those walls.

The dominant features of the house are two parallel walls, built out of fieldstone and concrete, with the former including stones gathered from the property.  The space in between these two high walls acts as a kind of street, with flagstone paving.  The main rooms of the house project outward from these walls, appearing to float over the surrounding landscape.  The exterior of these rooms is finished in glass and brown stained vertical board siding.

The first house that Eliot Noyes designed featuring parallel stone walls was his own home in New Canaan, which was built in 1954.  It had two stone walls on either side of a central courtyard.  He further developed this idea with several designs that were never actually executed.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.  The listing was unusual in that the house was not yet 50 years old, a traditional cutoff for historic buildings; this was in recognition of the importance of this execution of the idea.  In 2012, the house was protected by a preservation easement held by Historic New England.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Stamford, Connecticut

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Houses completed in 1969
Houses in Stamford, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Fairfield County, Connecticut


title: Prenk Pervizi

text:
Prenk Pervizi (4 May 1897 – 6 September 1977) was an Albanian military figure, General of the Albanian army, who also served as Minister of Defence for a short period during World War II.
Pervizi attended the Military Academy in Vienna, Austria, from 1914 to 1918, and later in Torino, 1930–1933. As a military figure, he was a protagonist in the foreground of Albanian history in the years between 1918 and 1944. Friend and right-hand man of King Zog, he remained loyal from the beginning to the end to him and the Albanian Kingdom, 1928–1939. During World War II he was involved in military operations. Recruited by the Italians and sent to the first line of combat, he came into conflict with them, withdrawing the Albanian troops from the Greco-Italian War. He also opposed the German SS troops recruitment process in Albania. Bitter opponent of the communists, after failed attempts to engage some serious support from the British emissaries, he was forced to exile, first in Greece and later in Belgium as a political refugee. He spent the rest of his life in Belgium, where he died at age 80, on 6 September 1977.

Biography

Family roots
The Pervizi family from Skuraj village in present-day Milot, Kurbin were a notable Catholic lineage from north of Albania. The name comes from its founder Pervizi, the Great of Skuraj of Kurbini, who lived in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It was said that he had strongly opposed the Ottoman invasion and had not agreed to bow to their tempting offers, for which he was killed by the Turks. It was five centuries before the name of Pervizi returned to prominence in the history of Albania. This happened in the period of the National Awakening, when Gjin Pjeter Mark Pervizi from Skuraj distinguished himself as head of the popular uprising of Kurbini-Kruja (1912) against the Turkish domination conducted successfully and raising of the national flag in Milot regional center, on the same day of the Albanian Declaration of Independence 28 November 1912 in Vlore, by patriots led by Ismail Qemali.

Born 4 May 1897 at Skuraj, Kurbin, Albania, Prenk Pervizi would go on to be considered a patriot, a military leader and a character of great significance and importance in the modern history of Albania.

Initial engagement
Coming out of Kadettenschule of Vienna in 1918, Pervizi was engaged in the army as commander of the Albanian district of Kruja in 1918, and later at the General Command of the Army, distinguishing himself in the operations for the expulsion of the Serbian armies from the north of the Albania, alongside patriots like Bajram Curri, Elez Isufi, and Prenk Jaku during 1920–1921. Pervizi was a friend and collaborator of Ahmet Zogu, and they had known each other since his stay in Vienna and the participation in the Congress of Lushnjë (1920) where Zogu became minister. Pervizi also defended Zogu and the government during the Albanian Revolt of 1922, when guerrillas of Elez Isufi and Zija Dibra attempted to make a Coup d'État, marched down to Tirana and threatened to get control of the capital by force (8 March 1922). The intervention of Pervizi and his gendarme units saved Albania from a crisis that could have had disastrous consequences for the very existence of it. This action earned him a promotion to Captain  of First Instance for war merits, and the "Gold Medal for Military Valor".

Service to Zogu

Pervizi was not able to thwart a subsequent coup d'état, which began 24 June 1924. Zogu with his government and the military loyal to him fled to Yugoslavia. This is known as the June Revolution. In December 1924 he took part in the operations that brought to power Ahmet Zogu and overthrew Fan Noli's government. Albania it was divided by Zog into four military zones and Pervizi was in charge along with the other three captains (Muharrem Bajraktari to the north, Fiqri Dine for the north-west, and Hysni Dema to the south).

In November–December 1926, another rebellion had broken out in the Catholic regions of Dukagjin, Shala, and Shod in the north Albania, allegedly supported by Yugoslavia to destabilize the country. The rebels were initially successful in blocking the army that had intervened against them, getting the local army commanders as prisoner. The rebels were preparing to attack and occupy Shkodra. At this point, Zogu called Pervizi giving full powers to quell the revolt. In three days the rebellion was quelled and its leaders Ndok Gjeloshi and Dom Loro Caka fled from Albania while others were arrested and prosecuted. This success expanded Pervizi's fame and influence in the army and the population.

Relations with Italy
Pervizi remained in friendly relations with the Kingdom of Italy. In 1929, having completed his duty, Pervizi was sent to the School of War in Turin. He had sent his children to educate themselves in Italy since elementary school, in Lanzo Torinese, in the College of Don Bosco, a prestigious institution which the children of the House of Savoy, the King and Prince Umberto II of Italy also attended.  They would spend three years in Turin and another two years in Florence. Pervizi was a special guest invited to the wedding of Prince Umberto, whose mother was Elena of Montenegro and who supported the theory that Montenegrins and Albanians were of the same Illyrian origin. Pervizi received the title "Officer of the Order of Chivalry SS Maurice and Lazarus". Raised to the grade of colonel, he was appointed inspector in charge of the Albanian students in Italy, headquartered in Florence, where he lived until 1935. The long stay in Italy allowed him to master the Italian language and to make many acquaintances and friendships in Italian society, particularly in the military. Later in 1965, when he stopped by in Italy as a political refugee, he was asked to enroll as General in the Italian army, with the condition that he acquired Italian citizenship, which he did not accept and shortly after retired in Belgium.

The Italian invasion of Albania

On his return to Albania, he was in the "Commission of Foreign Observers" in the War of Ethiopia (1935–1936) where he had the opportunity to meet the General Badoglio, De Bono and Graziani, besides other senior officers including several alumni of the School of War. For this war, Pervizi wrote a very detailed report and held a number of conferences in Albania.

In August 1936, he represented Albania in a session of the Great Maneuvers of Italy in Irpinia, where he exchanged a few words with Benito Mussolini, who gave him to understand his intention to intervene in Albania. Pervizi went back and warned the King Zogu on intentions of Benito Mussolini. His avertiment fell into deaf ear.  Ahmet Zogu was skeptical and did not give credence to the warning. On the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Albanian independence (1937), Pervizi advanced to the rank of colonel and received the "Order of Besa", becoming also "Great Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy".  Strangely Colonel is transferred from Tirana to Korca city in the far south. A measure that awake 'much wonder in a time that Albania was in danger of military attack by Italian fascism of Mussolini.

When 1 April 1939, Francisco Franco proclaimed victory and the end of Spanish Civil War, six days after Mussolini ordered the attack and invasion of Albania. In this situation Pervizi asked King Zogu, while fleeing the country, to proclaim the resistance army over the mountains, but the King refused this proposal moving himself to Greece and sanctioning de facto the end of the Kingdom of Albania. Pervizi was forced to defend the King and to follow him in Greece. The King begged him to talk to Albanians who had followed him and ordered him to return too. He apologized for not having him promoted to higher ranks, which at this juncture recognizes him. Now that it was over Zogu tried to repair the serious mistakes of not heeding the advice of his loyal friend and respected military figure.

Returned in Albania, Pervizi was convened by the Generals Alberto Pariani and Alfredo Guzzoni, asking him to adapt to the situation and explaining that they were not interested in losing the existing Albanian army. Pervizi showed himself available and requested that the Albanian army did not participate in any action against population alongside the Italian army. His request was accepted. He was formally given the rank of Colonel, as Italians were aware of his figure and patriotic influence and sympathy that he enjoyed in the army and the population, and they were afraid to give an excuse a discontent that could deteriorate into an armed rebellion.

The Italo-Greek War

On 28 October 1940 the Italian campaign in Greece began. Some battalions of the Albanian army were staged into the divisions "Venezia" and "Julia" with Pervizi representing the Albanian army at the high command of the operations.

Pervizi came into conflict with Italian generals who were making fun of the "poor quality of Albanian soldiers", based on the fact that an Albanian units had been decimated by the Greeks. Pervizi immediately returned to the headquarters and protested in the face of two generals Visconti Frasca and Ubaldo Soddu, and all the Italian command, that Albanian soldiers were not to be used as cannon fodder. While serving in Korçë region, Pervizi abandoned the war front, after he ordered the Albanian troops to leave the front as well and shelter in safe position. Korçë was left with a small company led by Spiro Moisiu, back then a lower rank officer, and was soon occupied by the Greek army. Italians, angered by this act, asked to bring those responsible before a military tribunal, but in the end, fearing further complications and worse consequences, the only proceeding was the transfer of Albanian soldiers in the mountains of the north while Pervizi got dislocated and isolated in the area of Puka. In the meantime, however, he was promoted to General, to calm the situation and the people. It loomed the unstoppable takeoff of Italy.

Pervizi was mentioned at the Conference of Mukje in August 1943, where he was proposed as commander-in-chief of the Albanian army (acting as Minister of Defence), after the surrender of Italy on 8 September 1943.

German occupation

Pervizi moved to Shkodër as a simple counselor. On 8 September 1943, he resumed his old powers, taking over the command of General Dalmazzo. On 23 October, he was elected Minister of Defense and promoted to the rank of General of Division, thus enabling him to reform the Albanian army and strengthening the northern border to prevent attempts to re-annex Kosovo by Serbia. Partisans attacks led him to abandon Tirana in favor of the mountains, where he joined the British mission in Albania (August 1944) in its region of Kurbini (Skuraj) in an attempt to organize the struggle against the Communists.

Exile

Pervizi made the acquaintance of Colonel Neil McLean, and other officers as Julian Amery and David Smiley. He proposed to the British to form a commanding unit with them, and organized militarily forces to oppose the Communists who were about to take power without meeting any significant resistance. The British did not accept and left in October 1944.  Pervizi was an anti-communist. He took refuge in the mountains of Skuraj during 1944–1946 and in September 1946 secretly reached Greece, where he acquired the status of a political refugee. After 19 years in Greece, he passed in Italy in 1965, then in 1966 in Belgium, where he lived 11 years and died on 6 September 1977, at the age of 80 after 31 years of political exile. During all this time his family, mother, wife and three children were locked up in prisons and concentration camps of Communist Albania. His mother, wife, and second son, died  while in internment in these camps.

Battles and wars

 Against Serbian armies in North Albania, 1919–20
 Uprising of Mirdita 1921
 Golp State 8 mars 1922
 June Revolution 1924
 (Drenica-Dukagjin Uprisings) Uprising of Dukagjin 1926
 Italo-Greek War (Greco-Italian War) 1940-41
 Defense of Kosova,(Kosovo Operation (1944) 1943–44

Distinctions and decorations

Promoted for merits of war. -
Medal of Military Valor. -
Grand Officer of the Order of Scanderbeg. -
Medal "Triumph of Legality". -
Knight of the Order SS. Maurice and Lazarus. -
Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy
Medal of Albanian Order of "Besa". -
Honor's Badge of the War College in Turin. -
Honor's Badge of War in Abyssinia. -
Honor's Badge of Great Maneuvers in Italy. -

Bibliography
 Pjetër Hidri (2002). Gjeneral Prenk Pervizi : monografi. Tirana: Botimet Toena. . OCLC 68622616.
 Gjovalin Kola (2006), Pourquoi la Belgique dans l'histoire albanaise?, Bruxelles: Éd. Grafimmo, pp. 66–76, OCLC 260134350
 Julian Amery (1948). Sons of the eagle, a study in guerilla war. London: Macmillan. pp. 304–306. OCLC 10258345.
 Proletar Hasani (2001). Kush e ka drejtuar ushtrinë shqiptar: drejtuesit kryesorë të saj nga krijimi deri më sot, Tirana. OCLC 69017482.
 Reginald Hibert (1991). The Bitter Victory, New York: Pinter Pub Ltd. .
 Lek Pervizi (2011). Gjenerali Prenk Pervizi ne shtypin shqiptar, Bruxelles: Dorian, .
 David Smiley (1985). Albanian Assignment, London and Sydney: Sphere. .
 Patrice Najbor (2008). Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa Maison Royale, Tome II, 1925–1939. Paris: JePublie. .
 Walther Peinsipp (1985)."Das Volk der Shkypetaren. Geschichte, Gesellschafts- und Verhaltensordnung". Wien, Köln, Graz: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfahren.
 P. Sebastiano Monari,L'italia nella seconda guerra mondiale- Guerra di Grecia, 2004.
 Robert Elsie,  The Tribes of Albania, London 2015.
 Robert Elsie, A Biographical Dictionary of the Albanian History, London, 2013.
 Piero Crociani, Gli Albanesi nelle forze armate italiane, Roma, 2004.
 Mario Cervi,  La guerra di Grecia,2001.
 Wiki, General, Alfredo Stroessner, etc.. 2014.
 Hubert Neuwith, Wiederstand und collaboration in Albanien,1939-1944.
 Micael Schmidt-Neke, Enstellung und Aufbau der Königsdictatur in Albanien.

References

1897 births
1977 deaths
Albanian anti-communists
Albanian collaborators with Fascist Italy
Albanian collaborators with Nazi Germany
Albanian expatriates in Belgium
Albanian expatriates in Greece
Albanian expatriates in Italy
Albanian generals
Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)
Albanian monarchists
Albanian Roman Catholics
Government ministers of Albania
Defence ministers of Albania
People of the Greco-Italian War
People from Kurbin
People from Scutari vilayet


title: Jamie Coots

text:
Gregory James Coots (November 17, 1971 – February 15, 2014) was a Pentecostal pastor in Kentucky who was featured in the National Geographic Channel reality television show Snake Salvation, which documented the lives of people who practice snake handling. He died from a rattlesnake bite during a service.

Biography

Early life
Jamie Coots grew up in Middlesboro, Kentucky. He was a third-generation snake handler whose father Gregory Coots was the pastor of Full Gospel Tabernacle in Jesus' Name. The church was founded in 1978 by his grandfather Tommy Coots. Jamie's son Cody Coots is now the pastor.

Jamie Coots began handling snakes at age 23. He worked primarily as a truck driver for a mine. His status as a serpent handler meant Coots traveled circuits to other churches, often with Punkin Brown. While he was the pastor of Full Gospel Tabernacle in Jesus Name, Coots increased the number of snakes and the portion of those with lethal bites among those used in services.

Coots was  bitten by snakes eight times prior to his fatal snake bite. One bite in 1993 nearly killed him, according to Cody Coots. Jamie Coots lost part of a finger from a bite in 1998.

A 28-year-old Tennessee woman in his congregation was bitten by a snake in 1995 during a church service Coots led. She died from the bite in his home. Coots was charged in connection with the death but a judge decided not to pursue the case.

Coots was fined in 2008 for keeping 74 snakes in his home. He was sentenced to one year of probation in 2013 for illegal wildlife possession after he entered Tennessee with five venomous snakes.

2013 arrest
On January 31, 2013, Coots was traveling in the backseat of his Kentucky-licensed car northbound on Interstate 75 between Alabama and Kentucky, states where possessing venomous snakes is legal. Hours before, while in Alabama, Mr. Coots had legally purchased five venomous rattlesnakes and copperheads for his church in Kentucky and carried the receipt. The snakes were being transported in locked boxes.

A police officer pulled Coots' vehicle over for a window tint violation.  The officer noted the captive snakes. He then seized the occupant's driver's licenses and keys and detained them for more than an hour while a Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA) wildlife officer traveled more than 100 miles. The wildlife officer cited the church members for Illegal Possession of Class I Wildlife, a class A Misdemeanor, and seized the snakes.

Christopher H. Jones, a Chattanooga Wildlife and Constitutional Defense Attorney represented Coots and filed a Motion to Suppress the illegal vehicular stop in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and a Motion to Dismiss based on the federal Commerce Clause. The attorney also cited an Attorney General's Opinion for the State of Tennessee that forbade the TWRA from requiring permits of nonresidents traveling through the state with animals because of the Commerce Clause. Coots' lawyer also provided a Motion to return the snakes and disclose their location.

At court on February 11, 2013, the Assistant District Attorney threatened that if Coots refused to immediately plead guilty to the current charge and forfeit his snakes and sacramental boxes, the wildlife officer would add an additional charge of Unlawful Transportation of Wildlife, T.C.A. 70-4-405(h)(7) to each defendant. Coots refused to plead guilty and the wildlife officer added the new charge to each. The court date was reset for a Preliminary or Probable Cause Hearing on February 25, and on this day Coots and co-defendants attended court with two experts who had studied the defendants' serpent handling religion in Kentucky for more than 30 years

The Prosecutor said unless Coots immediately pleaded guilty to all charges, his snakes and sacramental boxes would be considered contraband and immediately destroyed by the TWRA. This upset Coots and when the Prosecutor saw his visceral reaction, she offered to drop all charges against the co-defendants and return the sacramental boxes if he pleaded guilty to the first charge of Illegal Possession of Class I Wildlife, T.C.A. 70-4-401, but the snakes would be forfeited.[citation needed]

Coots accepted the prosecutor's offer and pleaded guilty with one year of unsupervised probation. The new charge and other charges against his co-defendants were dismissed. The TWRA officer returned the sacramental boxes.[citation needed]

Following his arrest Coots had an article published in October 2013 in The Wall Street Journal calling for snake handling to be protected under the religious freedom provisions of the US Constitution.

Death
On February 15, 2014, Jamie Coots was bitten on his right hand during a service at his Full Gospel Tabernacle in Jesus' Name church in Middlesboro. After the bite, he dropped the snakes but then picked them up and continued the ceremony. Later, he was driven home; when paramedics arrived his relatives refused medical treatment for him, saying it was inconsistent with his religion. He died in his home. He was succeeded as the head of the Full Gospel Tabernacle by his son, Cody Coots.

References

2014 deaths
Deaths due to animal attacks in the United States
Deaths due to snake bites
1971 births
People from Middlesboro, Kentucky
American Pentecostal pastors
Snake handling pastors
Christianity in Appalachia


title: List of athletes who competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympic games

text:
Below is a list of athletes who competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympics, as of the end of the 2022 Winter Olympics.

Prior to the 1924 Winter Olympics, the winter sports of Figure skating and Ice hockey had been contested in the Summer Olympics. The creation of the first winter games allowed for many athletes of the era to compete in both sets of games in the same discipline, and on this page these athletes are listed below the main list. The Russian athlete Nikolai Panin is unique in having competed in both a summer sport (shooting in 1912) and a winter sport (figure skating in 1908) but only competing at the Summer Olympics.

Among these athletes, the most-occurring combination is bobsledding and athletics, followed by cycling and speed skating. Other events competed in by Summer and Winter Olympians include fencing, track and field, sailing, ski jumping, and equestrian events. Only six of the 139 athletes won medals in both the Summer or Winter Olympics.

Eddie Eagan and Gillis Grafström were the only two athletes to win gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics.  Grafström has the further distinction of being the only person to have won an individual gold medal in both the Summer (1920) and Winter Olympics (1924, 1928), meanwhile Eagan remains the only athlete to have managed the feat in different disciplines. Some of the Olympians competed in both sets of games over a span of different decades.

Athletes who competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympics in different sports

Athletes who competed in both the Summer and Winter Olympics in the same sport

Uncertain athletes
The next 23 athletes have an uncertain status: they haven't participated at one (or more) of 2 or more sports but their appearance in the Olympic official website is considered official. Some of them have been already included in the list above. There are also some contrasts between Olympedia and the Olympics official website regarding the number of appearances.

Sports and years in bold are those sports and years that are considered as official in the Olympics website or Olympedia but the athletes haven't participated in those years at those sposts (or 1 out of more times).

Notes

References

Lists of Olympic competitors


title: Ohio State Route 1 (1961–1965)

text:
State Route 1 (SR 1) is a former state highway in Ohio originally planned as a second Ohio Turnpike. Its southern terminus was in Cincinnati, and its northern terminus was in Conneaut at the Pennsylvania state line. The majority of its route is now Interstate 71.

History
After the original SR 1 was redesignated as US 40 in 1927, SR 1 was not used for an Ohio highway again until 1961. After planning had been completed for the Ohio Turnpike and construction of the Turnpike was substantially underway, Ohio highway authorities began planning a second Ohio Turnpike extending southwest to northeast across the state. It was planned to run from Cincinnati to Conneaut and connect with an extension built across the panhandle of Pennsylvania to the New York State Thruway.  As the highway was being planned, the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 was enacted, and the project was converted from a toll road to a free Interstate Highway. It was designated as SR 1, since the Interstate Highway numbering system had not yet been implemented.  Portions of the freeway began to be completed and opened in 1959 with the new Interstate Highway funding, and they were later marked as SR 1 (the Interstate Highway numbers did not go up until 1962). Since large gaps existed along the corridor where no freeway had yet been completed, existing two-lane or four-lane highways were designated as Temporary SR 1 in order to complete the route.

SR 1 was rerouted as sections of Interstate opened.

The SR 1 signage was removed in 1965 as the Interstate Highway numbers adequately marked the route and the state highway numbering was superfluous. The present day route of what was once planned as SR 1 is Interstate 71 from Cincinnati to just northeast of Medina, Interstate 271 for its entire length from northeast of Medina to Willoughby Hills, and Interstate 90 from Willoughby Hills to the Pennsylvania state line at Conneaut.

Since 1965, there has been no highway designated as SR 1.

Route description (1961)
In 1961, SR 1 followed Central Ave. in Cincinnati, to John Street, to Lincoln Park Drive (now Ezzard Charles Drive), to Freeman Avenue, to Western Avenue, to Spring Grove Avenue, to Colerain Avenue to Interstate 75 (at what is now the I-75/I-74 interchange); Interstate 75 from current I-74 interchange to West Carrollton; U.S. Route 25 (Dixie Drive) from West Carrollton to Interstate 70; Interstate 70 from Dixie Drive to near Enon (the current I-70/SR 4 split); State Route 4 from near Enon to Springfield; U.S. Route 40 from Springfield to Columbus; Broad St. (US 40) in Columbus, to 4th Street, to Summit/3rd Street (US 23), to Hudson Street, to Interstate 71; I-71 from Columbus to just east of Medina (the only portion of Interstate 71 complete at the time); State Route 18 from near Medina to Montrose; U.S. Route 21 from Montrose to Brecksville; State Route 82 from Brecksville to Aurora; (an alternate SR 1 ran from Twinsburg southeast along State Route 14 to Streetsboro and then on State Route 43 to Aurora, in order to connect SR 1 to the Ohio Turnpike;) State Route 306 from Aurora to State Route 84; SR 84 from State Route 306 to just west of what was then State Route 44; due south to Interstate 90 along what is now a section of SR 44; and finally Interstate 90 to the Pennsylvania state line.

Major intersections (1964)

References

External links

001


title: Cisthene rosacea

text:
Cisthene rosacea is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1896. It is found in São Paulo, Brazil.

References

Cisthenina
Moths described in 1896


title: Truman H. Judd

text:
Truman H. Judd (October 27, 1817 – May 9, 1884) was an American businessman, contractor, manufacturer and railroad executive from Milwaukee, Wisconsin who served in the Wisconsin State Assembly as a Republican, and in his later years was active in the Greenback Party.

Background
Judd was born in Milton, New York, in Saratoga County, New York, on October 27, 1817. With his family he was moved to Chemung County, New York when he was eleven. The family remained there several years, allowing Truman to witnessing the construction of the Chemung Canal. He was educated in the public schools of New York.

He lived for a time in Buffalo, and from that city he set out for Illinois in the spring of 1836, attracted to the West by what he had heard of its resources. He first visited Chicago, then a mere village showing little promise of future greatness. After a little time in Chicago, he continued on to Wisconsin Territory, only recently divided from Michigan Territory, and having traveled for some time through that region he returned to his native state. Two years later, having reached 21, he engaged in business on his own account as a contractor on the Genesee Valley Canal.

Coming to and building Wisconsin
In 1843, he moved to Wisconsin and continued to operate as a public works contractor in that state. In 1844, he began building a turnpike road from Milwaukee to Muskego (a distance of twelve miles) funded by subscriptions of citizens of Milwaukee and the region interested in the improvement. Judd completed it in 1845, being the first highway from Milwaukee into the interior of the Territory. Soon after completing this project he moved on to Dodge County, where he built a sawmill and cleared virgin land which he developed into a farm.

In 1850, he was chosen superintendent of the Milwaukee-Watertown Plank Road, and moved again, this time to Hartland, where he lived during 1850–1851, while supervising the construction of the plank road, and for another four years while he served as manager thereof. He left this position in 1856 and moved to Milwaukee and went into the lumber business, which he was to follow successfully until 1879. In addition to constructing some of the earliest public highways in Wisconsin, he was also one of the builders of the Milwaukee & Watertown Railway (one of the first railroads in the state, eventually to become part of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad). As earlv as 1854, he had constructed two bridges over the Rock River on this line, and was afterward connected for a time with the business management of the railroad.

Political office
Judd was a firm believer in the principles of the Republican Party which arose in Wisconsin soon after he came there. In 1866, he was elected as a member of the "Union Party", as Republicans were known at that time, to the State Assembly, to represent Milwaukee County's 5th Assembly district (the 5th and 8th Wards of the City of Milwaukee), succeeding Democrat Charles H. Orton. He served on the standing committee on incorporations. (It is not clear whether he was at all related to Stoddard Judd, who during this same period was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate from Dodge County, where Truman Judd had created his farm.) He was succeeded the next year by another Democrat, John Fellenz.

After the Assembly
In addition to his lumber business, he also went into partnership with John Hiles to manufacture window sashes, doors and window blinds. In 1871 Judd had a brick business block built in downtown Milwaukee at the corner of Clybourn Avenue and West Water Street. In the later years of his life Judd did not agree with the financial policies of the Republican Party, and in 1878 he ran as the candidate of the Greenback Party for Congress from the Milwaukee district, polling 1,351 (5.74% of the vote, to 11,157 (47.42%) for Democrat Peter V. Deuster and 11,022 (46.84%) for Republican Leander F. Frisby.

In 1879 he retired from active business other than the care of his estate; after 1880 impaired health caused him to reside much of the time in California. He died in San Jose, California on May 9, 1884.

References

Republican Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Wisconsin Greenbacks
19th-century American politicians
Businesspeople from Milwaukee
People from Milton, Saratoga County, New York
Politicians from Milwaukee
American railroad executives
American construction businesspeople
American manufacturing businesspeople
1817 births
1884 deaths
People from Hartland, Wisconsin
19th-century American businesspeople


title: Torquaratoridae

text:
Torquaratoridae (Latin for "neck plow") is a family of acorn worms (Hemichordata) that lives in deep waters between 350 and 4000 meters (the species Tergivelum baldwinae has been found 4100 meters below the surface). They can grow up to three feet (about one meter) in length and have semitransparent gelatinous bodies, often brightly colored.

Cilia on their underside are used to glide over the ocean floor at about three inches (eight centimeters) per hour, while detritus is sucked into their gut, leaving behind a constant trail of feces. When deciding to move to new feeding locations, they empty their gut and drift over the bottom, aided by an excreted balloon of mucus, before they let themselves down somewhere else.

One species (Coleodesmium karaensis) has been shown to care for the offspring by bearing about a dozen embryos surrounded by a thin membrane in shallow depressions on the surface of the mother's pharyngeal region.

The proboscis skeleton is reduced to a small medial plate in one genus, while it is absent in the remaining species, and the stomochord reduced in adults. Terminstomo arcticus have lost the heart, blood sinus and proboscis skeleton, and has a stomochord that extends from the posterior end of the proboscis through the entire length of the collar. Their large eggs, which measure almost 2 millimetres across, suggest that there is direct development without larvae.

Their genitals are unusual by being located outside the body. On each side of the worm, a flap of the skin runs the entire length of the trunk. Located on the inner surfaces of these flaps, the numerous ovaries and testicles bulge outwards in an epidermal pouch attached to the rest of the body by a slender stalk. The ovaries' eggs are protected by just a single layer of cells. One species, Yoda purpurata, is also the first known hermaphroditic hemichordate. It is assumed that these modifications are an adaptation to life in their deep sea habitats.

Only one known species (Allapasus aurantiacus) is muscular and robust enough to burrow into substrates. The other species have a very reduced body musculature and are too gelatinous and fragile to do so. Instead they live directly on the seafloor. The extra-wide-lipped species shows the most obvious adaptations to the free living lifestyle, and they are found almost exclusively on rocks of deep-sea lava formations. Some Antarctic species have been found to make tubes in sediments that can last for days, resembling some Cambrian species as Spartobranchus tenuis.

At depths between 1500 and 3700m, these animals are often the most numerous, along with echinoderms, molluscs, crustaceans and fish.

Genera

 Allapasus Holland, Kuhnz & Osborn, 2012
 Coleodesmium Osborn, Gebruk, Rogacheva & Holland, 2013
 Tergivelum Holland, Jones, Ellena, Ruhl & Smith, 2009
 Torquarator Holland, Clague, Gordon, Gebruk, Pawson & Vecchione, 2005
 Yoda Priede, Osborn, Gebruk, Jones, Shale, Rogacheva & Holland, 2012

References

Enteropneusta


title: Cisthene ruficollis

text:
Cisthene ruficollis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1896. It is found in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Paraná.

References

Cisthenina
Moths described in 1896