title: Fun Club

text:
Fun Club is the debut release by British punk rock band Gnarwolves. Released as a double EP on Tangled Talk Records, it features five original tracks, as well as four cover songs from Green Day, AFI, Black Flag and Converge.

Track listing

Personnel
Gnarwolves
Thom Weeks - Vocals/Guitar
Charlie Piper - Vocals/Bass
Max Weeks - Drums

Production
Wolfmask - Art

References

2011 debut EPs
Gnarwolves albums


title: CRU (EP)

text:
CRU is a six track EP by British punk rock band Gnarwolves released on 16 July 2012 through BSM Recordings and Tangled Talk Records. All six tracks would later appear on the compilation album Chronicles of Gnarnia.
All the song titles on this EP are references to the book Brave New World.

Track listing

Personnel
Gnarwolves
Thom Weeks - Vocals/Guitar
Charlie Piper - Vocals/Bass
Max Weeks - Drums

Production
Wolfmask - Art

References

2012 EPs
Big Scary Monsters Recording Company EPs
Gnarwolves albums


title: Funemployed (EP)

text:
Funemployed is a four-track EP by British punk rock band Gnarwolves released on 17 June 2013 through Big Scary Monsters. All four tracks would later appear on the compilation album Chronicles of Gnarnia.

Track listing

Personnel
Gnarwolves
Thom Weeks - Vocals/Guitar
Charlie Piper - Vocals/Bass
Max Weeks - Drums

References

2013 EPs
Big Scary Monsters Recording Company EPs
Gnarwolves albums


title: Reza Abdollahi

text:
Reza Abdollahi (; born 1955) is an Iranian politician.

Abdollahi was born in Zanjan. He is a member of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly from the electorate of Mah Neshan and Ijrud. Abdollahi won with 19,459 (42.08%) votes. He, Mohammad-Reza Bahonar and Ahmad Nategh-Nouri are the highest number of
representation in Islamic Consultative Assembly since Iran's 1979 revolution.

References

People from Zanjan, Iran
Deputies of Mah Neshan and Ijrud
Living people
1955 births
Members of the 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 8th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 7th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 6th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 5th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 4th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 3rd Islamic Consultative Assembly


title: Chronicles of Gnarnia

text:
Chronicles of Gnarnia is a compilation album by the British punk rock band Gnarwolves, released 24 February 2014. The album compiles songs from Gnarwolves first three EPs, Fun Club, CRU and Funemployed.

Track listing

Personnel
Gnarwolves
Thom Weeks - Vocals/Guitar
Charlie Piper - Vocals/Bass
Max Weeks - Drums

References

2013 compilation albums
Gnarwolves albums


title: Gnarwolves (album)

text:
Gnarwolves is the eponymously-titled debut album by the British punk rock band Gnarwolves, released on 15 September 2014.

Iona Cairns of the band Great Cynics features on the song 'Eat Dynamite, Kid' as an additional vocalist. At the end of 'Eat Dynamite, Kid' there is a secret track referred to as 'the hardcore song' which features Lewis Johns on guitar.

Reception

The album peaked at number 68 in the UK album chart in its first week of release and number 4 in the Rock album chart.

Aaron Kent of 7BitArcade called the album 'excellent' stating the debut album to be 'a lot better than most bands achieve three or four albums in'. Kent claimed 'Gnarwolves may be the most authentic, consistent new band on the punk circuit currently, and their self-titled debut album only fulfils this promise' giving the album a very positive review.

Track listing

Personnel
Gnarwolves
Thom Weeks - Vocals/Guitar
Charlie Piper - Vocals/Bass
Max Weeks - Drums

References

2014 debut albums
Big Scary Monsters Recording Company albums
Gnarwolves albums
Pure Noise Records albums


title: George Hamilton (Australian police officer)

text:
George Hamilton (12 March 1812 – 2 August 1883), was a pioneer overlander, artist, settler, and police officer in the Colony of South Australia, serving as Commissioner of Police for fifteen years.

Origins

Hamilton came from an old Herefordshire family and as a youth was educated at Harrow School before serving as midshipman in the Royal Navy. Farming was his major interest when he emigrated to Australia, firstly to Sydney, before overlanding sheep to Port Phillip, Victoria in March, 1837. He was the first European to settle on the future townsite of Gisborne, Victoria on about 24 March 1837. He then participated in overlanding a herd of cattle for Lt Alfred Mundy and Captain George Brunswick Smyth from Pyalong, Victoria to Adelaide in October 1839, along with close friend E.B. Scott. For the next few years he combined mixed farming along with his artistic talents, both visual arts and authorship, all of which had considerable merit, but none of which were a resounding success.

In 1848 he accepted a position as clerk with the Colonial Treasury and, when the Gold Escorts from the Victorian Goldfields were established, he transferred in May 1852 to become Bullion Clerk in the busy Gold Escort Office.

Early Police career
On 1 December 1853 he joined the South Australian Mounted Police with the rank of Inspector, at the invitation of Alexander Tolmer, who around the time had been demoted from Commissioner of Police to Chief Inspector.

He progressed gradually through the ranks. Around 1860 he was appointed Chief Inspector and also acted in the position of Commissioner on occasion. During this period he was an activist for the humane treatment of horses, publishing two significant books on that topic, these early endeavours in the prevention of animal cruelty now being recognised at the National Museum of Australia.

On 14 November 1867, aged 55 years, he was appointed Commissioner of Police, succeeding Major Peter Warburton, who had been asked to resign. Inspector William Searcy was promoted to Hamilton's former position of Chief Inspector.

Commissioner of Police
Hamilton had already served twenty years in the force when he was appointed, and so he was well familiar with its policies and politics. He was destined to preside over a period of solid growth and reorganisation, restoring the reputation of the force from one of disorganisation. He was involved in advising and fitting out a number of government and private exploration parties. Hamilton was a noted horseman, and placed great importance on mounted constabulary during his time as Commissioner, which made a career with the police an attractive choice for bright adventurous young men. He was a stern disciplinarian and developed the police force into a well-drilled and efficient service. He never failed to punish infractions, nor to give credit for good work.

He was not only a great supporter of the artistic merits of photography, but could also see its benefit in police investigations. In the late 1860s he introduced the science of photography to the South Australia Police, appointing Detective Von Der Borch as its official photographer.  This was followed in 1880 by his introduction of the scientific analysis of handwriting, appointing Detective Peter Webster as the first handwriting expert.

In 1881 he took one year's leave of absence prior to resignation, and was replaced by W. J. Peterswald. From the day he first set foot in Australia he never left the country.

He was closely associated with the vice-regal staff, acting as aide-de-camp on occasion and at the time of his death was serving as extra aide-de-camp of Sir William Robinson. Lake Hamilton on Eyre Peninsula bears his name.

Artistic and Literary Interests
Hamilton's published writings include poetry, essays, verse, and reminiscences. His drawings were often imbued with a somewhat whimsical characterisation. He became something of an authority on art, and was a keen amateur artist. Penman and Galbraith published a collection of his lithographs depicting conflict between European and Aboriginal people. It was reported in 1883 that he had purchased, for £2,000, William Strutt's 1864 painting "Black Thursday" for permanent loan to the South Australian Art Gallery, although this sale may not have been finalised. He was foremost in the foundation of the Adelaide Club, and actually resided there in his retirement. He was an active member of the Acclimatization and Zoological Society.

Family
Hamilton never married and in later years lived at the Adelaide Club. Members of his extended family served with distinction in the British Army over several generations, some being elevated to the peerage. He was an elder brother of Maj. Gen. Henry Meade Hamilton, CB, (Crimea, New Zealand, Natal), whose sons included Col. Gilbert Henry Claude Hamilton, CB, General Sir Bruce Meade Hamilton, GCB, KCB, KCVO., and Major General Hubert Ion Wetherall Hamilton, CB, CVO, DSO.  His other brothers were Dr. Hamilton, of London, and Colonel Dugdale Hamilton with the British Army in India.

Published works
Hamilton wrote under his own name as well as the pseudonyms John Newcome and An Old Hand. His published works, some of which are illustrated with his own drawings, include:
 The Horse : Its Treatment in Australia, with Illustrations (1864)
 An Appeal for the Horse (1866)
 Experiences of a Colonist Forty Years Ago, etc. (1879)
 Fugitive pieces in prose and verse (187?)
Engravings of his drawings were also published in:
 Eyre, Edward John : Journal of Discovery into Central Australia
 Grey, George : Journals of two expeditions of discovery in north-west and Western Australia, etc

References

External links

Commissioners of the South Australia Police
Australian artists
1812 births
1883 deaths
Adelaide Club
Burials at West Terrace Cemetery
English emigrants to colonial Australia
People educated at Harrow School
Royal Navy officers
People from Herefordshire
19th-century Australian public servants
Military personnel from Herefordshire


title: Onychocerus aculeicornis

text:
Onychocerus aculeicornis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by William Kirby in 1818.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1818


title: Onychocerus albitarsis

text:
Onychocerus albitarsis is a relatively rare species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae from the Amazon and Atlantic forest regions in Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and southern Peru. It is remarkable for being the only known beetle that has a venomous sting (as opposed to spraying toxins like bombardier beetles or secreting toxins from the body like blister beetles) and the only known arthropod that stings with its antennae. Each antenna ends in a stinger that has evolved to resemble a scorpion's tail and it is connected to a venom gland. The sting was already reported in 1884 but researchers thought the pain only was caused by the sharpness of the antennae, as also known from some other beetles. It was only confirmed in 2005 that it is venomous when a biologist was stung, comparing it to a bee sting, and subsequently studied it in detail. In the first of two other cases where the identity of the stinging insect was confirmed to be this beetle, a woman experienced significant pain directly after the incident, and redness and itching at the sting site that lasted for a week. In the other case a man experienced moderate pain directly after being stung and redness that only lasted for an hour. The other species in the genus Onychocerus appear to not be venomous since they lack the structures inside the antennae that are associated with the venom apparatus of Onychocerus albitarsis.

Onychocerus albitarsis has a head-and-body that is about  long and has a variable mottled pattern in yellow-brown, black and white. Little is known about its behavior, but it is phytophagous.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1859
Taxa named by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe


title: Onychocerus ampliatus

text:
Onychocerus ampliatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1875.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1875


title: Onychocerus concentricus

text:
Onychocerus concentricus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1862.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1862


title: Onychocerus scorpio

text:
Onychocerus scorpio is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fabricius in 1781.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1781


title: Reality Show (album)

text:
Reality Show is the third studio album by American R&B singer Jazmine Sullivan. It was released by RCA Records on January 13, 2015, in the United States. Sullivan recorded the album, her first in five years, during a hiatus from the music industry, writing and working with producers such as Anthony Bell, Salaam Remi, and Key Wane. Reality Show received widespread acclaim from critics and sold 30,000 copies in its first week.

Background
In January 2011, after having released her second album Love Me Back (2010), Sullivan announced via Twitter that she was indefinitely leaving the music industry saying, "I promised myself when it wasn't fun anymore I wouldn't do it. And, here I am. I'm not saying I won't ever sing again in my life because I don't believe that. But in this moment… right now… [I] got some things to figure out". In 2014, she announced her new album, Reality Show. In a 2014 interview with Billboard, Sullivan described her return as inevitable saying she "...can't escape [her] calling."

Release and reception

Reality Show was released by RCA Records on January 13, 2015. In its first week, it debuted at number 12 on the Billboard 200 and sold 30,000 copies in the United States.

Reality Show received widespread acclaim from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, it received an average score of 85, based on 9 reviews. In The New York Times, Jon Pareles said the record shrewdly mixes older elements of soul music with modern drum programming, while the themes of romantic dysfunction intensify and inspire Sullivan's singing. "Playing a woman too often scorned", Pareles wrote, "she comes out victoriously soulful." AllMusic's Andy Kellman felt she sings more confidently than before and concluded in his review, "Just as potent and lasting as Fearless and Love Me Back, Reality Show completes one of the most impressive first-three-album runs." Ryan B. Patrick of Exclaim! stated that Sullivan's return was a welcome one, as she delivers "an R&B album that feels like how R&B used to sound circa late 1990s/early 2000 while still coming off as forward-looking". Pitchfork critic David Drake hailed Sullivan's voice as the best in contemporary R&B and said "her songs work so well because they allow the listener to experience them at face value or more holistically, shifting perspectives as rapidly as in life itself.".

Accolades
Reality Show was ranked number 44 on Pitchforks list of 2015's best albums, while Rap-Up named it the year's tenth best record. It was also nominated for the 2015 Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, while the song "Let It Burn" received nominations in the categories of Best R&B Song and Best Traditional R&B Performance.

Track listing

Sample credits:

“Let It Burn” samples “Ready or Not” by After 7.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from AllMusic.

 Anthony Bell – instrumentation, musician, producer, programming
 Tyler Bellinger  – choir, chorus
 Amber Bullock  – vocals (background)
 Maddox Chimm  – assistant
 Da Internz  – producer
 Kevin "KD" Davis – mixing
 Dilemma – producer
 Gleyder "Gee" Disla – engineer
 DJ Dahi – keyboards, producer, programming
 Peter Edge – producer
 Twanetta M. Ferebee-Brown – choir, chorus
 Benjamin Freedlander – keyboards, producer
 Joe Gallagher – engineer, vocal engineer
 Erwin Gorostiza – creative director
 Jeff Halsey – assistant
 Kevin Hanson – guitar
 Stacey Harcum – choir, chorus
 Chuck Harmony – producer
 Michelle Holme – art direction, design
 Jaycen Joshua – mixing
 Trevor Jerideau – A&R, producer
 JoeLogic – producer
 Mike "Guru" Johnson – production coordination
 Ryan Kaul – assistant
 Dave Kutch – mastering
 Erik Madrid – mixing
 Shane McCauley – photography
 Meek Mill – featured artist
 Sophia Nicole Stephens – choir, chorus
 Gary Noble – mixing
 Tyron Perrin – vocals (background)
 Karl Peterson – engineer
 Kevin Randolph – keyboards
 Salaam Remi – A&R, arranger, drums, keyboards, producer
 Nicole Renee – choir, chorus
 Tony Russell – bass,
 Richard "Tubbs" Smith – keyboards
 Christopher Stevens – trumpet
 Jazmine Sullivan – executive producer, primary artist, producer, vocals (background)
 Pamela Sullivan – vocals (background)
 Laurin Talese – choir, chorus
 Dan Thomas – drum programming
 Vincent Vu – assistant
 Key Wane – arranger, bass, drums, keyboards, producer
 Matt Wong – bass, keyboards, strings
 Kenta Yonesaka – engineer

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

2015 albums
RCA Records albums
Jazmine Sullivan albums
Albums produced by DJ Dahi
Albums produced by Da Internz
Albums produced by Salaam Remi
Albums produced by Chuck Harmony


title: Onychocerus giesberti

text:
Onychocerus giesberti is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Júlio and Monné in 2001.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 2001


title: The Grump

text:
The Grump () is a 2014 Finnish comedy film directed by Dome Karukoski, in which the main character is The Grump, a cranky old man, created by the Finnish author Tuomas Kyrö.

The Grump was selected to compete for the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. It is based on a 2014 novel by Kyrö, the third volume by the author, in which this character appears.

The film stars Antti Litja as Mielensäpahoittaja a.k.a. the Grump, Petra Frey, Mari Perankoski, and Iikka Forss. The film tells the story about a stubbornly traditional eighty-year-old farmer — whose social attitudes verge on the prehistoric — raises hell when he is forced to move in with his sadsack, city-dwelling son and successful daughter-in-law.

Cast
 Antti Litja as the Grump (a.k.a. Mielensäpahoittaja)
 Petra Frey as his missus
 Mari Perankoski as the daughter-in-law
 Iikka Forss as the Grump's son
 Viktor Drevitski as Sergei
 Kari Ketonen as Sakke Intonen
 Mikko Neuvonen as Stinde
 Bruno Puolakainen as Tarasenko
 Janne Reinikainen as Dr. Kiminkinen
 Alina Tomnikov as Ldujmila

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on 7 reviews.

References

External links

2014 films
2010s Finnish-language films
Films directed by Dome Karukoski
Films set in Helsinki
Films based on Finnish novels
2014 comedy films
Finnish comedy films


title: Onychocerus hovorei

text:
Onychocerus hovorei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Júlio and Monné in 2001.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 2001


title: Onychocerus versutus

text:
Onychocerus versutus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1966.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1966


title: Sedjes

text:
Sedjes is an ancient Egyptian cartouche "name" for a king (pharaoh), who is said to have ruled during the 3rd Dynasty (Old Kingdom period). The lexeme appears only once in the Abydos King List as cartouche No. 18, presented as if it were the name of the direct follower of king Sekhemkhet (here named Teti) and the direct predecessor of king Neferkara I.

In the 19th century it was thought by Egyptologists and historians to be the name of a king, because the scribes had placed the word sedjes inside a royal cartouche. But as knowledge about Ancient Egyptian phrasing and grammars advanced, scholars realized its true meaning: sedjes means "omitted" or "missing" with the scribes using the word as a pseudonym, replacing a now illegible name of a king. They encircled it with a royal cartouche to mark it as a king's name, but following generations of scribes erroneously took it as the actual birth name of the to-be listed king. A similar case can be observed with the ominous cartouche name Hudjefa, also used as a pseudonym for missing royal names. Today, it is passionately disputed which king of the 3rd Dynasty was meant to be denoted in cartouche No. 18.

References

Pharaohs of the Third Dynasty of Egypt


title: Racial profiling in the United States

text:
Racial profiling by law enforcement at the local, state, and federal levels, leads to discrimination against people in the African American, Native American, Asian, Pacific Islander, Latino, Arab, and Muslim communities of the United States. Examples of racial profiling are the use of race to determine which drivers to stop for minor traffic violations (commonly referred to as 'driving while black, Asian, Native American, Middle Eastern, Hispanic, or brown'), or the use of race to determine which pedestrians to search for illegal contraband. Besides such disproportionate searching of African Americans and members of other minority groups, other examples of racial profiling by law enforcement in the U.S. include the Trump-era China Initiative following racial profiling against Chinese American scientists; the targeting of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the investigation of illegal immigration; and the focus on Middle Eastern and South Asians present in the country in screenings for ties to Islamic terrorism. These suspicions may be held on the basis of belief that members of a target racial group commit crimes at a higher rate than that of other racial groups.

Definitions
According to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU):  Racial profiling refers to the practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual's race, ethnicity, religion or national origin.

According to Minnesota House of Representatives analyst Jim Cleary:  "There appears to be at least two clearly distinguishable definitions of the term 'racial profiling': a narrow definition and a broad definition... Under the narrow definition, racial profiling occurs when a police officer stops and/or searches someone solely on the basis of the person's race or ethnicity... Under the broader definition, racial profiling occurs whenever police routinely use race as a factor that, along with an accumulation of other factors, causes an officer to react with suspicion and take action."

History
Sociologist Robert Staples emphasizes that racial profiling in the U.S. is "not merely a collection of individual offenses" but, rather, a systemic phenomenon across American society, dating back to the era of slavery, and, until the 1950s, was, in some instances, "codified into law". Enshrinement of racial profiling ideals in United States law can be exemplified by several major periods in U.S. history.

In 1693, Philadelphia's court officials gave police legal authority to stop and detain any Black person (freed or enslaved) seen wandering about. Starting around the mid 18th century, slave patrols were used to stop slaves at any location in order to ensure they were being lawful. In the mid 19th century, the Black Codes, a set of statutes, laws and rules, were enacted in the South in order to regain control over freed and former slaves and relegate African Americans to a lower social status. Similar discriminatory practices continued through the Jim Crow era.

Prior to U.S. immigration restrictions following the September 11 attacks, Japanese immigrants were rejected U.S. citizenship during World War II, for fear of disloyalty following the attacks on Pearl Harbor. What resulted was the government's preemptive internment of more than 100,000 Japanese immigrants and Japanese American citizens during World War II, as a measure against potential Japanese espionage, constituting a form of racial profiling.

In the late 1990s racial profiling became politicized when police and other law enforcement fell under scrutiny for the disproportionate traffic stops of minority motorists. Researchers from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) provided evidence of widespread racial profiling, one study showed that while blacks only made up 42 percent of New Jersey's driving population, they accounted for 79 percent of motorists stopped in the state.

Supreme Court cases
Terry v. Ohio was the first challenge to racial profiling in the United States in 1968. This case was about African American people who were suspected to be stealing. The police officer arrested the three men and searched them and found a gun on two of the three men, and John W. Terry (one of the three men searched) was convicted and sentenced to jail. Terry challenged the arrest on the grounds that it violated the search and seizure clause of the Fourth Amendment; however, in an 8–1 ruling, the Supreme Court decided that the police officer acted in a reasonable manner, and with reasonable suspicion, under the Fourth Amendment. The decision in this case allowed for greater police discretion in identifying suspicious or illegal activities. This case resulted in the creation of the Terry stop, in which the police may stop a person based on reasonable suspicion of involvement in criminal activity.

In 1975, United States v. Brignoni-Ponce was decided. Felix Humberto Brignoni-Ponce was traveling in his vehicle and was stopped by border patrol agents because he appeared to be Mexican. The agents questioned Brignoni-Ponce and the other passengers in the car and discovered that the passengers were illegal immigrants, and the border agents subsequently arrested all occupants of the vehicle. The Supreme Court determined that the testimonies that led to the arrests, in this case, were not valid, as they were obtained in the absence of reasonable suspicion and the vehicle was stopped without probable cause, as required under the Fourth Amendment.

In 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Armstrong that disparity in conviction rates is not unconstitutional in the absence of data that "similarly situated" defendants of another race were disparately prosecuted, overturning a 9th Circuit Court ruling that was based on "the presumption that people of all races commit all types of crimes – not with the premise that any type of crime is the exclusive province of any particular racial or ethnic group", waving away challenges based on the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution which guarantees the right to be safe from search and seizure without a warrant (which is to be issued "upon probable cause"), and the Fourteenth Amendment which requires that all citizens be treated equally under the law. To date, there have been no known cases in which any U.S. court dismissed a criminal prosecution because the defendant was targeted based on race. This Supreme Court decision doesn't prohibit government agencies from enacting policies prohibiting it in the field by agents and employees.

The Supreme Court also decided the case of Whren v. United States in 1996. Michael Whren was arrested on felony drug charges after police officers observed his truck sitting at an intersection for a long period of time before he failed to use his turn signal to drive away, and the officers stopped his vehicle for the traffic violation. Upon approaching the vehicle the officers observed that Whren was in possession of crack cocaine. The Court determined the officers did not violate the Fourth Amendment through an unreasonable search and seizure and that the officers were permitted to stop the vehicle after it committed a traffic violation and the subsequent search of the vehicle was permitted regardless of the pretext of the officers.

In June 2001 the Bureau of Justice Assistance, a component of the Office of Justice Programs of the United States Department of Justice, awarded a Northeastern research team a grant to create the web-based Racial Profiling Data Collection Resource Center. It now maintains a website designed to be a central clearinghouse for police agencies, legislators, community leaders, social scientists, legal researchers, and journalists to access information about current data collection efforts, legislation and model policies, police-community initiatives, and methodological tools that can be used to collect and analyze racial profiling data. The website contains information on the background of data collection, jurisdictions currently collecting data, community groups, legislation that is pending and enacted in states across the country, and has information on planning and implementing data collection procedures, training officers in to implement these systems, and analyzing and reporting the data and results.

Statutory law
In April 2010, Arizona enacted SB 1070, a law that would require law-enforcement officers to verify the citizenship of individuals they stop if they have reasonable suspicion that they may be in the United States illegally. The law states that "Any person who is arrested shall have the person's immigration status determined before the person is released". United States federal law requires that all immigrants who remain in the United States for more than 30 days register with the U.S. government. In addition, all immigrants age 18 and over are required to have their registration documents with them at all times. Arizona made it a misdemeanor crime for an illegal immigrant 14 years of age and older to be found without carrying these documents at all times.

According to SB 1070, law-enforcement officials may not consider "race, color, or national origin" in the enforcement of the law, except under the circumstances allowed under the United States and Arizona constitutions. In June 2012, the majority of SB 1070 was struck down by the United States Supreme Court, while the provision allowing for an immigration check on detained persons was upheld.

Some states contain "stop and identify" laws that allow officers to detain suspected persons and ask for identification, and if there is a failure to provide identification punitive measures can be taken by the officer. As of 2017, there are 24 states that have "stop and identify" statues; however, the criminal punishments and requirements to produce identification vary from state to state. Utah HB 497 requires residents to carry relevant identification at all times in order to prove resident status or immigration status; even so, police may still dismiss provided documents under suspicion of falsification and arrest or detain suspects.

In early 2001, a bill was introduced to Congress named "End Racial Profiling Act of 2001" but lost support in the wake of the September 11 attacks. The bill was re-introduced to Congress in 2010 but also failed to gain the support it needed. Several U.S. states now have reporting requirements for incidents of racial profiling. Texas, for example, requires all agencies to provide annual reports to its Law Enforcement Commission. The requirement began on September 1, 2001, when the State of Texas passed a law to require all law enforcement agencies in the state to begin collecting certain data in connection to traffic or pedestrian stops beginning on January 1, 2002. Based on that data, the law mandated law enforcement agencies to submit a report to the law enforcement agencies' governing body beginning March 1, 2003, and each year thereafter no later than March 1. The law is found in the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure beginning with Article 2.131.

Additionally, on January 1, 2011, all Texas law enforcement agencies began submitting annual reports to the Texas State Law Enforcement Officers Standards and Education Commission. The submitted reports can be accessed on the commission's website for public review.

In June 2003, the Department of Justice issued its Guidance Regarding the Use of Race by Federal Law Enforcement Agencies forbidding racial profiling by federal law enforcement officials.

Support
Supporters defend the practice of racial profiling by emphasizing the crime control model. They claim that the practice is both efficient and ideal due to utilizing the laws of probability in order to determine one's criminality. This system focuses on controlling crime with swift judgment, bestowing full discretion on police to handle what they perceive as a threat to society.

The use and support of racial profiling has surged in recent years, namely in North America due to heightened tension and awareness following the events of 9/11. As a result, the issue of profiling has created a debate that centers on the values of equality and self-defense. Supporters uphold the stance that sacrifices must be made in order to maintain national safety, even if it warrants differential treatment. According to a 2011 survey by Rasmussen Reports, a majority of Americans support profiling as necessary "in today's society".

In December 2010, Fernando Mateo, then president of the New York State Federation of Taxi Drivers, made pro-racial profiling remarks in the case of gun-shot taxi-cab driver: "You know sometimes it's good that we are racially profiled because the God's-honest truth is that 99 percent of the people that are robbing, stealing, killing these drivers are blacks and Hispanics." "Clearly everyone knows I'm not racist. I'm Hispanic and my father is black. ... My father is blacker than Al Sharpton." When confronted with accusations of racial profiling the police claim that they do not participate in it. They emphasize that numerous factors (such as race, interactions, and dress) are used to determine if a person is involved in criminal activity and that race is not a sole factor in the decision to detain or question an individual. They further claim that the job of policing is far more imperative than to concerns of minorities or interest groups claiming unfair targeting.

Proponents of racial profiling believe that inner city residents of Hispanic communities are subjected to racial profiling because of theories such as the "gang suppression model". The "gang suppression model" is believed by some to be the basis for increased policing, the theory being based on the idea that Latinos are violent and out of control and are therefore "in need of suppression". Based on research, the criminalization of a people can lead to abuses of power on behalf of law enforcement.

Criticism
Critics of racial profiling argue that the individual rights of a suspect are violated if race is used as a factor in that suspicion. Notably, civil liberties organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) have labeled racial profiling as a form of discrimination, stating, "Discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, nationality or on any other particular identity undermines the basic human rights and freedoms to which every person is entitled."

Conversely, those in opposition of the police tactic employ the teachings of the due process model, arguing that minorities are not granted equal rights and are thus subject to unjust treatment. In addition, some argue that the singling out of individuals based on their ethnicity comes in violation of the Rule of Law, having voided all instance of neutrality. Those in opposition also make note of the role that the news media plays within the conflict. The general public internalizes much of its knowledge from the media, relying on sources to convey information of events that transpire outside of their immediate domain. In conjunction with this power, media outlets are aware of the public's intrigue with controversy and have been known to construct headlines that entail moral panic and negativity.

In the case of racial profiling drivers, the ethnic backgrounds of drivers stopped by traffic police in the U.S. suggests the possibility of biased policing against non-white drivers. Black drivers felt that they were being pulled over by law enforcement officers simply because of their skin color. However, some argue in favor of the "veil of darkness" hypothesis, which states that police are less likely to know the race of a driver before they make a stop at nighttime as opposed to in the daytime. Referring to the veil of darkness hypothesis, it is suggested that if the race distribution of drivers stopped during the day differs from that of drivers stopped at night, officers are engaging in racial profiling. For example, in one study done by Jeffrey Grogger and Greg Ridgeway, the veil of darkness hypothesis was used to determine whether or not racial profiling in traffic stops occurs in Oakland, California. The conductors found that there was little evidence of racial profiling in traffic stops made in Oakland.

Research through random sampling in the South Tucson, Arizona area has established that immigration authorities sometimes target the residents of barrios with the use of possibly discriminatory policing based on racial profiling. Author Mary Romero writes that immigration raids are often carried out at places of gathering and cultural expression such as grocery stores based on the fluency of language of a person (e.g. being bilingual especially in Spanish) and skin color of a person. She goes on to state that immigration raids are often conducted with a disregard for due process, and that these raids lead people from these communities to distrust law enforcement.

In a recent journal comparing the 1990s to the present, studies have established that when the community criticized police for targeting the black community during traffic stops it received more media coverage and toned down racial profiling. However, whenever there was a significant lack of media coverage or concern with racial profiling, the amount of arrests and traffic stops for the African-American community would significantly rise again.

New York Police Department

Suspicionless surveillance of Muslims

Between 2003 and 2014, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) operated the "Demographics Unit" (later renamed "Zone Assessment Unit") which mapped communities of 28 "ancestries of interest", including those of Muslims, Arabs, and Albanians. Plain-clothed detectives were sent to public places such as coffee shops, mosques and parks to observe and record the public sentiment, as well as map locations where potential terrorists could "blend in". In its 11 years of operation, however, the unit did not generate any information leading to a criminal charge. A series of publications by the Associated Press during 2011–12 gave rise to public pressure to close the unit, and it was finally disbanded in 2014. Racial profiling not only occurs on the streets but also in many institutions. Much like the book Famous all over Town where the author Danny Santiago mentions this type of racism throughout the novel. According to Jesper Ryberg's 2011 article "Racial Profiling And Criminal Justice" in the Journal of Ethics, "It is argued that, given the assumption that criminals are currently being punished too severely in Western countries, the apprehension of more criminals may not constitute a reason in favor of racial profiling at all." It has been stated in a scholarly journal that for over 30 years the use of racial and/or demographic profiling by local authorities and higher level law enforcement's continue to proceed. NYPD Street cops use racial profiling more often, due to the widespread patterns. They first frisk them to check whether they have enough evidence to be even arrested for the relevant crime. "As a practical matter, the stops display a measurable racial disparity: black and Hispanic people generally represent more than 85 percent of those stopped by the police, though their combined populations make up a small share of the city's racial composition." (Baker)

Stop-and-frisk

The NYPD has been subject to much criticism for its "stop-and-frisk" tactics. According to statistics on the NYPD's stop and frisk policies, collected by the Center for Constitutional Rights, 51% of the people stopped by the police were Black, 33% were Latino, and 9% were White, and only 2% of all stops resulted in contraband findings. Starting in 2013, use of racial profiling by the NYPD was drastically curtailed, as New York Mayor Bill de Blasio was campaigning for the office, and this policy has continued into his term. In June 2019, the independent Office of the Inspector General for the NYPD (OIG-NYPD), under New York City's Department of Investigation (DOI), released a report which found deficiencies in how NYPD tracked and investigated allegations of racial profiling and other types of biased policing against NYPD officers. The report concluded that NYPD had never substantiated any complaints of biased policing since it began tracking them in 2014.

Dealing with terrorism

The September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon have led to targeting of some Muslims and Middle Easterners as potential terrorists and, according to some, are targeted by the national government through preventive measures similar to those practiced by local law enforcement. The national government has passed laws, such as the Patriot Act of 2001, to increase surveillance of potential threats to national security as a result of the events that occurred during 9/11. It is argued that the passage of these laws and provisions by the national government leads to justification of preventative methods, such as racial profiling, that has been controversial for racial profiling and leads to further minority distrust in the national government. One of the techniques used by the FBI to target Muslims was monitoring 100 mosques and business in Washington DC and threatened to deport Muslims who did not agree to serve as informers. The FBI denied to be taking part in blanket profiling and argued that they were trying to build trust within the Muslim community.

On September 14, 2001, three days after the September 11 attacks, an Indian American motorist and three family members were pulled over and ticketed by a Maryland state trooper because their car had broken taillights. The trooper interrogated the family, questioned them about their nationality, and asked for proof of citizenship. When the motorist said that their passports were at home, the officer allegedly stated, "You are lying. You are Arabs involved in terrorism." He ordered them out of the car, had them put their hands on the hood, and searched the car. When he discovered a knife in a toolbox, the officer handcuffed the driver and later reported that the driver "wore and carried a butcher knife, a dangerous, deadly weapon, concealed upon and about his person." The driver was detained for several hours but eventually released.

In December 2001, an American citizen of Middle Eastern descent named Assem Bayaa cleared all the security checks at Los Angeles airport and attempted to board a flight to New York City. Upon boarding, he was told that he made the passengers uncomfortable by being on board the plane and was asked to leave. Once off the plane, he wasn't searched or questioned any further and the only consolation he was given was a boarding pass for the next flight. He filed a lawsuit on the basis of discrimination against United Airlines. United Airlines filed a counter motion which was dismissed by a district judge on October 11, 2002. In June 2005, the ACLU announced a settlement between Bayaa and United Airlines who still disputed Bayaa's allegations, but noted that the settlement "was in the best interest of all".

The events of 9/11 also led to restrictions in immigration laws. The U.S. government imposed stricter immigration quotas to maintain national security at their national borders. In 2002, men over sixteen years old who entered the country from twenty-five Middle Eastern countries and North Korea were required to be photographed, fingerprinted, interviewed and have their financial information copied, and had to register again before leaving the country under the National Security Entry-Exit Registration System. No charges of terrorism resulted from the program, and it was deactivated in April 2011.

In 2006, 18 young men from the Greater Toronto Area were charged with conspiring to carry out a series of bombings and beheadings, resulting in a swell of media coverage. Two media narratives stood out with the former claiming that a militant subculture was forming within the Islamic community while the latter attributed the case to a bunch of deviant youth who had too much testosterone brewing. Eventually, it was shown that government officials had been tracking the group for some time, having supplied the youth with the necessary compounds to create explosives, prompting critics to discern whether the whole situation was a set-up. Throughout the case, many factors were put into question but none more than the Muslim community who faced much scrutiny and vitriol due to the build-up of negative headlines stemming from the media.

Studies
Statistical data demonstrates that although policing practices and policies vary widely across the United States, a large disparity between racial groups in regards to traffic stops and searches exists. Based on academic search, various studies have been conducted regarding the existence of racial profiling in traffic and pedestrian stops. For motor vehicle searches, academic research showed that the probability of a successful search is somewhat similar across races. Similar evidence has been found for pedestrian stops, with identical ratios of stops to arrests for different races.

One study concluded that the ratio of different races stopped by New York cops is about the same for all races tested, though other studies have found the rates of stops to be starkly racially differentiated.

In a study conducted in Cincinnati, Ohio, it was concluded that "Blacks were between three and five times more likely to (a) be asked if they were carrying drugs or weapons, (b) be asked to leave the vehicle, (c) be searched, (d) have a passenger searched, and (e) have the vehicle physically searched in a study conducted. This conclusion was based on the analysis of 313 randomly selected, traffic stop police tapes gathered from 2003 to 2004."

A 2001 study analyzing data from the Richmond, Virginia Police Department found that African Americans were disproportionately stopped compared to their proportion in the general population, but that they were not searched more often than Whites. The same study found that Whites were more likely than African Americans to be "the subjects of consent searches", and that Whites were more likely to be ticked or arrested than minorities, while minorities were more likely to be warned. A 2002 study found that African Americans were more likely to be watched and stopped by police when driving through white areas, despite the fact that African Americans' "hit rates" were lower in such areas. A 2004 study analyzing traffic stop data from suburban police department found that although minorities were disproportionately stopped, there is only a "very weak" relationship between race and police decisions to stop. Other studies have found that young black and Hispanic men were more likely to be issued citations, arrested, and to have force used against them by police, even after controlling for numerous other factors.

A 2005 study found that the percent of speeding drivers who were black (as identified by other drivers) on the New Jersey Turnpike was very similar to the percent of people pulled over for speeding who were black. A 2004 study looking at motor vehicle searches in Missouri found that unbiased policing did not explain the racial disparity in such searches. In contrast, a 2006 study examining data from Kansas concluded that its results were "consistent with the notion that police in Wichita choose their search strategies to maximize successful searches," and a 2009 study found that racial disparities in people being searched by the Washington state patrol was "likely not the result of intentional or purposeful discrimination." Another 2009 study found that police in Boston were more likely to search if their race was different from that of the suspect, in contrast to what would be expected if preference based discrimination was not occurring (which would be that police search decisions are independent of officer race).

A 2010 study found that black drivers were more likely to be searched at traffic stops in white neighborhoods, whereas white drivers were more likely to be searched by white officers at stops in black neighborhoods. A 2013 study found that police were more likely to issue warnings and citations, but not arrests, to young black men. A 2014 study analyzing data from Rhode Island found that blacks were more likely than whites to be frisked and, to a lesser extent, searched while driving; the study concluded that "Biased policing is largely the product of implicit stereotypes that are activated in contexts in which Black drivers appear out of place and in police actions that require quick decisions providing little time to monitor cognitions."

As far as the consequences, studies have shown a myriad of effects on people who have experienced racially discriminatory police stops. For example, one study found that perception of police discrimination is significantly related to adopting what Elijah Anderson called the "code of the street", and that this relationship is conditioned by neighborhood-level violence.

As a response to the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson on August 9, 2014, the Department of Justice recruited in September a team of criminal justice researchers to study racial bias in law enforcement in five cities and to subsequently devise strategic recommendations. In its March 2015 report on the Ferguson Police Department, the Department of Justice found that although only 67% of the population of Ferguson was black, 85% of people pulled over by police in Ferguson were black, as were 93 percent of those arrested and 90 percent of those given citations by the police.

A 2020 study in the journal Nature that analyzed 100 million traffic stops found that "black drivers were less likely to be stopped after sunset, when a ‘veil of darkness’ masks one's race, suggesting bias in stop decisions", "the bar for searching black and Hispanic drivers was lower than that for searching white drivers", and "legalization of recreational marijuana reduced the number of searches of white, black and Hispanic drivers—but the bar for searching black and Hispanic drivers was still lower than that for white drivers post-legalization". The authors concluded that "police stops and search decisions suffer from persistent racial bias and point to the value of policy interventions to mitigate these disparities".

A 2016 study found that shootings of police officers by black suspects increased racial profiling of black civilians (but no similar effect for white or Hispanic shooters on profiling white or Hispanic civilians) for a brief period in the immediate aftermath of the shooting.

Racial profiling in retail
Shopping forms one major avenue for racial profiling. General discrimination devalues the experience of shopping, arguably raising the costs and reducing the rewards derived from consumption for the individual. When a store's sales staff appears hesitant to serve black shoppers or suspects that they are prospective shoplifters, the act of shopping no longer becomes a form of leisure.

Racial profiling in retail was prominent enough in 2001 that psychology researchers such as Jerome D. Williams coined the term "shopping while black", which describes the experience of being denied service or given poor service because one is black. Commonly, "shopping while black" involves, but is not limited to, a black or non-white customer being followed around and/or closely monitored by a clerk or guard who suspects he or she may steal, based on the color of their skin. It can also involve being denied store access, being refused service, use of ethnic slurs, being searched, being asked for extra forms of identification, having purchases limited, being required to have a higher credit limit than other customers, being charged a higher price, or being asked more or more rigorous questions on applications. These negative shopping experiences can directly contribute to the decline of shopping in stores as individuals will come to prefer to shop online, avoiding interactions that are deemed degrading, embarrassing, and highly offensive.

Public opinion

Perceptions of race and safety
In a particular study, Higgins, Gabbidon, and Vito studied the relationship between public opinion on racial profiling in conjunction with their viewpoint of race relations and their perceived awareness of safety. It was found that race relations had a statistical correlation with the legitimacy of racial profiling. Specifically, results showed that those who believed that racial profiling was widespread and that racial tension would never be fixed were more likely to be opposed to racial profiling than those who did not believe racial profiling was as widespread or that racial tensions would be fixed eventually. On the other hand, in reference to the perception of safety, the research concluded that one's perception of safety had no influence on public opinion of racial profiling. Higgins, Gabbidon, and Vito acknowledge that this may not have been the case immediately after 9/11, but state that any support of racial profiling based on safety was "short-lived".

Influence of religious affiliation
One particular study focused on individuals who self-identified as religiously affiliated and their relationship with racial profiling. By using national survey data from October 2001, researcher Phillip H. Kim studied which individuals were more likely to support racial profiling. The research concludes that individuals that identified themselves as either Jewish, Catholic, or Protestant showed higher statistical numbers that illustrated support for racial profiling in comparison to individuals who identified themselves as non-religious.

Contexts of terrorism and crime
After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, according to Johnson, a new debate concerning the appropriateness of racial profiling in the context of terrorism took place. According to Johnson, prior to the September 11, 2001 attacks the debate on racial profiling within the public targeted primarily African-Americans and Latino Americans with enforced policing on crime and drugs. The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon changed the focus of the racial profiling debate from street crime to terrorism. According to a June 4–5, 2002 FOX News/Opinion Dynamics Poll, 54% of Americans approved of using "racial profiling to screen Arab male airline passengers." A 2002 survey by Public Agenda tracked the attitudes toward the racial profiling of Blacks and people of Middle Eastern descent. In this survey, 52% of Americans said there was "no excuse" for law enforcement to look at African Americans with greater suspicion and scrutiny because they believe they are more likely to commit crimes, but only 21% said there was "no excuse" for extra scrutiny of Middle Eastern people.

However, using data from an internet survey based experiment performed in 2006 on a random sample of 574 adult university students, a study was conducted that examined public approval for the use of racial profiling to prevent crime and terrorism. It was found that approximately one third of students approved the use of racial profiling in general. Furthermore, it was found that students were equally likely to approve of the use of racial profiling to prevent crime as to prevent terrorism-33% and 35.8% respectively. The survey also asked respondents whether they would approve of racial profiling across different investigative contexts.

The data showed that 23.8% of people approved of law enforcement using racial profiling as a means to stop and question someone in a terrorism context while 29.9% of people approved of racial profiling in a crime context for the same situation. It was found that 25.3% of people approved of law enforcement using racial profiling as a means to search someone's bags or packages in a terrorism context while 33.5% of people approved of racial profiling in a crime context for the same situation. It was also found that 16.3% of people approved of law enforcement wire tapping a person's phone based upon racial profiling in the context of terrorism while 21.4% of people approved of racial profiling in a crime context for the same situation. It was also found that 14.6% of people approved of law enforcement searching someone's home based upon racial profiling in a terrorism context while 18.2% of people approved of racial profiling in a crime context for the same situation.

The study also found that white students were more likely to approve of racial profiling to prevent terrorism than nonwhite students. However, it was found that white students and nonwhite students held the same views about racial profiling in the context of crime. It was also found that foreign born students were less likely to approve of racial profiling to prevent terrorism than non-foreign born students while both groups shared similar views on racial profiling in the context of crime.

References

Race and crime in the United States
Race-related controversies in the United States
Offender profiling
Law enforcement controversies in the United States


title: Parachalastinus championi

text:
Parachalastinus championi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1885.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1885


title: Parachalastinus flavescens

text:
Parachalastinus flavescens is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Julio in 2005.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 2005


title: Víctor Aguirre-Torres

text:
Victor M. A. Aguirre-Torres is an internationally recognized econometrician, professor and researcher of the Academic Department of Statistics at the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM).  He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences (Academia Mexicana de Ciencias).  Since 1991, he has formed a significant number of leaders in México, with nearly 46 generations to his credit.

Besides his family, he has a passion for teaching and research in statistics and econometrics. He has over 33 publications in research journals and 23 distinctions, among which stand out, those obtained as the Best Paper Award of The 2009 International Conference of Computational Statistics and Data Engineering, in London, England;. He has been a member of the National Accreditation Board of Research (SNI), area of Physics and Mathematics, since 1988.

In 1982, he received the Ph.D. degree in Statistics from North Carolina State University (NCSU). Before that he obtained a Master of Statistics from NCSU and a Master of Science in mathematics from the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City. His alma mater is the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, where he earned a Physics and Mathematics degree.

He has given more than 33 international seminars and has been invited to over 32 talks and 47 contributed talks.

Among his achievements, he was leader in the creation of the Statistics Group at the Center for Research in Mathematics in Guanajuato (CIMAT).

Awards
Elected member of the National Accreditation Board of Research (SNI), level 2. Area of Physics and Mathematics for the periods: 2014-2018 and 2010–2013.

Best Paper Award of The 2009 International Conference of Computational Statistics and Data Engineering. London, England. 2009

Elected member of the National Accreditation Board of Research (SNI), level 1. Area of Physics and Mathematics for the periods: 2006–2009, 2002–2005, 1999–2001, 1996–1999, 1988–1991.

Outstanding Academic Performance Award, ITAM in the years: 1997, 1996, 1994, 1993, 1992, 1991.

Outstanding Academic Performance, Continuing Education, ITAM 2000.

Mexico's National University Recognition for Coordinating the Masters Program in Statistics and OR. 1997.

Elected member of the National Accreditation Board of Research (SNI), level Candidate. Area of Physics and Mathematics, 1985–1988.

Elected member of Phi-Kappa-Phi Honor Society Mathematics, NCSU Chapter, USA.

Elected Gertrude M. Cox Fellow, Statistics Department, NCSU, USA.

Mexico's National Science Foundation Scholarship for Doctoral Studies, 1979–1982.

Elected Best Math Student of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexican Institute of Culture, 1977.

External links

Faculty's website at Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México.

References

1954 births
Living people
20th-century Mexican economists
Academic staff of the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México
North Carolina State University alumni
Econometricians
21st-century Mexican economists


title: Parachalastinus nigrescens

text:
Parachalastinus nigrescens is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2001.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 2001


title: Seyyed Mohammadi Ali Mosavi

text:
Seyyed Mohammadi Ali Mosavi (; born 1952) is an Iranian Shiite cleric and politician.

Mosavi was born in Qom. He is a member of the 4th, 5th and 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly from the electorate of Khodabandeh. Mosavi won with 41,741 (42.94%) votes.

References

People from Qom
Deputies of Khodabandeh
Living people
1952 births
Members of the 9th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 5th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 4th Islamic Consultative Assembly


title: Parachalastinus rubrocinctus

text:
Parachalastinus rubrocinctus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1869.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1869


title: Phacellocerina limosa

text:
Phacellocerina limosa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by noted English naturalist Henry Walter Bates in 1862. The species is native to South America, and has a distribution field encompassing Guyana and Venezuela. No subspecies of the beetle are known to exist, and no
common name has entered the nomenclature since its discovery. Specimens of the insect are held in Paris in the National Museum of Natural History, where its distinctive pattern can be ascertained.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1862


title: Phacellocerina seclusa

text:
Phacellocerina seclusa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1964.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1964


title: Phacellocerina silvanae

text:
Phacellocerina silvanae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Julio in 2003.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 2003


title: Satipoella bufo

text:
Satipoella bufo is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomson in 1868.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1868


title: Satipoella heilipoides

text:
Satipoella heilipoides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1964.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 1964


title: Satipoella ochroma

text:
Satipoella ochroma is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Julio in 2003.

References

Anisocerini
Beetles described in 2003


title: Dharma Raja (film)

text:
Dharma Raja is a 1980 Indian Tamil-language film, directed by M. A. Thirumugam and produced by Chinna Annamalai. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, K. R. Vijaya, K. Balaji and Major Sundarrajan. It was released on 26 April 1980, and ran for over 100 days in theatres.

Plot

Cast
Sivaji Ganesan as Dharma Raja
K. R. Vijaya
K. Balaji
Major Sundarrajan
Thengai Srinivasan
Manorama
Pushpalatha
Geetha

Production
Dharma Raja became Balaji's final film to feature him in a negative role as he became tired of playing such roles. The filming was primarily held at Japan.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by M. S. Viswanathan, while the lyrics were penned by Kannadasan. The song "Vanavillai Polirukkum" attained popularity.

Reception
Kanthan of Kalki lauded Viswanath Rai's cinematography.

References

External links

1980 films
1980s Tamil-language films
Films directed by M. A. Thirumugam
Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan


title: Juliusz Józef Dinder

text:
Julius Joseph Dinder (9 March 1830 - 30 May 1890) was a German Bishop of the Roman Catholic Church, and Archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno, and the Primate of Poland in the years 1886- 1890.

Early life
He was born in Rößel, Ermland in East Prussia (modern Reszel, Warmia, Poland). He studied Theology in the Lycaeum Hosianum in Braunsberg and was ordained on June 8, 1856. he was a vicar in Bischofsburg, then a pastor in Grieslienen, working among Ermland's / Warmian Catholics, where he learned the Polish language. In 1868, he was made a pastor of the parish in Königsberg in Prussia, ranked provost at the provostry church there, and was appointed Dean of Samland, and honorary canon of Ermland.

Rise to Primate
He was the first non-Polish Primate of Poland in several hundred years. His rise to the office was at the promotion of Otto von Bismarck, who wanted a German in the role, as part of his Germanisation-politics.  Bismarck put pressure on the Vatican to appoint Dinder. Pope Leo XIII, decided not to exacerbate a conflict with the German Empire.

His appointment was opposed by the polish Chancellor and the majority of the clergy.

Career as Primate
Dinder was an appointment of the German Emperor, and supported pro-German policies. However, in 1888 he asked the clergy to abstain from all political statements. Poland that this time was not a state and he encouraged the use of German in schools instead of Polish.
He also appointed several German priests, however in what could be seen as a conciliatory action did appoint Prussian Poles Joseph Cybichowski as vicar-general, Edward Likowski as Bishop of Poznań and Jan Korytkowski as assistant in Gniezno (Gnesen).

Latter life
He died in Posen on 30 May 1890. "Kurier Poznański" wrote of him "everything you did, had a sense of Justice and kindness, which indeered him in hearts and minds".

References

External links
 Virtual tour Gniezno Cathedral
List of Primates of Poland

1830 births
1890 deaths
People from Reszel
People from the Province of Prussia
Bishops of Poznań
Archbishops of Gniezno
19th-century German Roman Catholic bishops
Catholic clergy of the Prussian partition


title: Andrew Rona

text:
Andrew Rona (born July 1971) is an American film producer and movie executive. Some of his most popular films include Non-Stop, Project X, Equilibrium, Scream and Scary Movie.

Early life and education
Rona was born in New York, where he studied film at the School of Visual Arts in New York City.

Career

Miramax Films (1991-1995)

In 1991, while a student, Rona went to work as an intern for Harvey Weinstein at Miramax Films. From there, Rona went on to become an assistant for the Weinsteins. He was then promoted to the Director of Development and Production for the new genre label "Dimension Films" in 1995.

Dimension Films (1995-2006)

Rona served as Co-President of Dimension Films from 2001-2006, during which the company changed its focus from acquiring and co-financing lower budget pictures to producing, marketing and distributing a wider variety of films. Rona supervised more than 60 productions, ranging from thrillers like the Scream franchise, to comedies like the Scary Movie franchise and Bad Santa, and to action films such as Sin City.

Project Greenlight

In 2005 Rona appeared on Season 3 of the reality show Project Greenlight on Bravo.

Rogue Pictures (2005-2008)

In 2005, Rona joined Universal Pictures as co-president of the new label, Rogue Pictures, which was funded by Universal. Rona oversaw all creative aspects of the label. Under Rona's leadership Rogue Picture produced Shaun of the Dead, Hot Fuzz, The Strangers, Dave Chappelle's Block Party and Fighting.

Academy Member

In 2008 Rona was invited to become a member of the Executive Branch of the Academy Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences.

Silver Pictures (2008-2014)

Rona served as President, Silver Pictures, Joel Silver's production company based at Warner Bros. studios from December, 2008 until January 15, 2014. He was responsible for overseeing all creative aspects of the company including production and development of feature films and television. Rona also produced several other productions including Non-Stop, Sherlock Holmes, and Project X. Rona also produced The Gunman. Rona left Silver Pictures in January, 2014.

The Picture Company (2015-Present)

In 2015 Rona started his own production company with Alex Heineman, The Picture Company, with financing from European conglomerate StudioCanal. He produced the first film under The Picture Company shingle, The Commuter, starring Liam Neeson, and Alpha, directed by Albert Hughes at Studio 8.

References

Living people
1971 births
Filmmakers from New York (state)
School of Visual Arts alumni
American film producers


title: Manifest Tyranny

text:
Manifest Tyranny is the fifth full-length album by progressive metal band Andromeda.

The album was reviewed with 8/10 by Powermetal.de, 9/10 by Metal.de, but only 6.5/10 by Rockhard.de.

Track listing
 "Preemptive Strike" - 2:32
 "Lies 'R' Us" - 5:19
 "Stay Unaware" - 6:21
 "Survival of the Richest" - 6:02
 "False Flag" - 9:38
 "Chosen By God" - 4:35
 "Asylum" - 7:03
 "Play Dead" - 7:47
 "Go Back to Sleep" - 7:40
 "Antidote" - 7:02

Personnel
 David Fremberg - vocals
 Johan Reinholdz - guitars
 Thomas Lejon - drums
 Martin Hedin - keyboards
 Fabian Gustavsson - bass

References

Metalinside.de review

2011 albums
Andromeda (Swedish band) albums


The 1987–88 Courage League National Division Three was the first full season of rugby union within the third tier of the English league system, currently known as the National League 1. Both Wakefield and West Hartlepool won ten matches, lost one and finished on twenty points. Wakefield finished as champions due to their superior points difference but neither team was promoted to National Division Two. Morley and Birmingham (without a win) finished in the bottom two places and both clubs were relegated to Area League North for the following season. Almost all clubs in the national divisions reported an increase in attendances.

Structure
Each team played one match against the other teams, playing a total of eleven matches each. There was no set date for matches, clubs having to arrange the fixtures amongst themselves.

Participating teams and locations

League table

Sponsorship
National Division Three is part of the Courage Clubs Championship and was sponsored by Courage Brewery

See also
 English Rugby Union Leagues
 English rugby union system
 Rugby union in England

References

External links
 National Clubs Association

N3
National League 1 seasons


title: World Rally Championship (2005 video game)

text:
WRC: FIA World Rally Championship is a racing video game developed by Traveller's Tales for the PlayStation Portable. The game features content from the 2005 World Rally Championship, which was also featured on WRC: Rally Evolved.

Reception

The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.  In Japan, where the game was ported and published by Spike on 9 March 2006, Famitsu gave it a score of all four sevens for a total of 28 out of 40.

References

External links

2005 video games
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Portable-only games
Traveller's Tales games
World Rally Championship video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video game spin-offs


title: The Ups and Downs (album)

text:
The Ups and Downs is the debut album by the English singer/songwriter Stephen Duffy (released under the name Stephen "Tin Tin" Duffy). It was released in April 1985 and reached No. 35 on the UK Albums Chart.

It includes the UK No. 4 single, "Kiss Me", a solo re-recording of a song originally recorded with his earlier band, Tin Tin. A second single from the album, "The Icing on the Cake" reached #14 in the UK. Although further singles from the album were released, none charted within the top 75.

During a 2008 interview to promote its expanded CD reissue, Duffy commented that "I never liked The Ups and Downs. I enjoyed mixing with Stephen Street and making 'The Icing on the Cake' but the rest of it is just a mess."

Track listing
All tracks composed by Stephen Duffy; except where noted.

Personnel
Stephen "Tin Tin" Duffy - vocals
Guy Pratt,  Eluriel "Tinker" Barfield, David Levy - bass
Andy Richards, Danny Schogger - keyboards
Charley Charles - drums
Toni Childs - vocals on "Kiss Me"
Booker T. Jones - piano on "Wednesday Jones"
Leroy Williams - percussion on "Icing on the Cake"
Roger Freeman - trombone
Chris Dean, Steve Sidwell - brass on "The World at Large Alone"
Robert "Joad" Gannon, Jane Eugene, Julie Roberts, Gary Osborne - backing vocals
Nicky Holland - string arrangement

References

Stephen Duffy albums
1985 debut albums
Albums produced by Stephen Street
Albums produced by Booker T. Jones


title: 2014–15 British Basketball League season

text:
The 2014–15 BBL season was the 28th campaign of the British Basketball League since the league's establishment in 1987. The season featured 13 teams from across England and Scotland, including new entrants, Bristol Flyers and Leeds Force. The season started on 26 September 2014 and ended on 10 May 2015 with the Play-off Final at The O2 Arena.

As they did in 2005–06 and 2011–12, Newcastle Eagles completed a clean sweep of honours available during the season. After a 31–5 regular season campaign – which ensured the Championship and top seeding for the play-offs – the Eagles then defeated Bristol Flyers and Sheffield Sharks to make the final, which they then won 96–84 over London Lions. The Eagles also won the BBL Cup in January against Glasgow Rocks, and the BBL Trophy in March against Leicester Riders.

Teams

BBL Championship (Tier 1)

Regular season

Standings

Results

Playoffs

Bracket

Quarter-finals
(1) Newcastle Eagles vs. (8) Bristol Flyers

(2) Leicester Riders vs. (7) Sheffield Sharks

(3) Worcester Wolves vs. (6) London Lions

(4) Cheshire Phoenix vs. (5) Glasgow Rocks

Semi-finals
(1) Newcastle Eagles vs. (7) Sheffield Sharks

(4) Cheshire Phoenix vs. (6) London Lions

Final
(1) Newcastle Eagles vs. (6) London Lions

EBL National League Division 1 (Tier 2)

Final standings

EBL National League Division 2 (Tier 3)

Final standings

BBL Cup
The winners of the five 1st Round matches will be joined by Newcastle Eagles, Worcester Wolves and Sheffield Sharks in the Quarter-finals, who received byes for finishing in the top three BBL Championship positions last season. The Final will be played on 11 January 2015 at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham.

1st round

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals
Sheffield Sharks vs. Newcastle Eagles

Bristol Flyers vs. Glasgow Rocks

Final

BBL Trophy
The 13 BBL clubs will joined by Essex Leopards and Reading Rockets of the English Basketball League and Falkirk Fury of the Scottish Basketball League to form a straight knock-out competition. The first two rounds featured one-off games whilst the Semi-finals took place over two legs. The Final will be held at the Emirates Arena in Glasgow on 8 March 2015, and will be the third consecutive year that the venue has hosted the event.

1st round

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals
Newcastle Eagles vs. Plymouth Raiders

Leicester Riders vs. London Lions

Final

Monthly awards

References

British Basketball League seasons
1
British


title: WRC 4

text:
WRC 4: The Official Game of the FIA World Rally Championship (also known as WRC 4 and WRC 2004) is a racing video game developed by Evolution Studios for the PlayStation 2. It is the fourth rallying game to be officially licensed by the FIA World Rally Championship and is based on the 2004 WRC season.

Gameplay
In a quick race, the player will play a randomly selected stage with a randomly selected car and driver. During the race, the player will have to beat a time trial (although this is not needed to advance in the game). The time target will be based on the 1st place time ranking. If beaten, the best time will be the new target time to beat. The Championship mode lets the player play through the 2004 WRC season. The player must play through this mode based on the real life calendar, following the schedule for the 2004 WRC season. Championship mode ends when all 16 rallies are played, but the player can stop playing after any stage, because the game saves after each stage is finished. The player can play all six stages in a rally, but normally the player will have to buy the stage to play it in other modes.

The Pro Driver Challenge is a career mode where the player takes the role of a rookie who has to start from the weak Super 1600 class and must complete a series of tasks to enter the WRC class. In Super Special Challenge, the player will play against an AI generated opponent in all SSS course in the country's alphabetical order instead of the season's chronology. In a single rally, the player will play all six stages in a selected rally. The test track mode lets the player practice their driving skills or take part in rally tests akin to the license tests of the Gran Turismo series.

Reception

The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.  In Japan, where the game was localized and published by Spike on 7 April 2005, Famitsu gave it a score of all four eights for a total of 32 out of 40.

References

External links

2004 video games
Evolution Studios games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Sony Interactive Entertainment games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in Argentina
Video games set in Australia
Video games set in Cyprus
Video games set in Finland
Video games set in France
Video games set in Germany
Video games set in Greece
Video games set in Italy
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Mexico
Video games set in Monaco
Video games set in New Zealand
Video games set in Spain
Video games set in Sweden
Video games set in Turkey
Video games set in Wales
World Rally Championship video games


title: G.D. Jackson Garcia

text:
Jackson Garcia Futebol Clube, is a sports club from Benguela, Angola. The club made its debut at the Gira Angola, the second division of Angolan football in 2014.

The club is named after club owner, Angolan businessman Jackson Garcia.

League & Cup Positions

Achievements
Angolan League:

Angolan Cup:

Angolan SuperCup:

Benguela provincial championship:  1
 2015

Staff

Manager history

Players

See also
Girabola
Facebook

References

External links

Football clubs in Angola
Sports clubs and teams in Angola


title: Dennis Leary

text:
Dennis Leary is a restaurateur and chef based in San Francisco, California. Leary owns and operates six food and beverage businesses in the San Francisco area, along with a forty-acre farm in Capay Valley called Andromeda Farm. The six restaurants include Rx, Café Terminus, Natoma Cabana, Golden West, House of Shields, and the Sentinel.

Early life and education
Dennis Leary began his professional culinary career at the age of 14 as a dishwasher at The Red Lion Inn in his hometown of Cohasset, Massachusetts. By the time he graduated high school he had moved on to become a line cook.

Leary attended Wheaton College (Massachusetts) and studied English literature.  At Wheaton College (Massachusetts), he joined the academic honor society Phi Beta Kappa. While attending college, he worked at both Kimball's, also in Cohasset, and at the Parker House Hotel in Boston.

Career
After college, Leary moved on to line cook positions at the Boulders Resort in Scottsdale and at the Carmel Valley Ranch in California.  It was then that Leary met Alain Rondelli, who hired him to work as pastry chef at his restaurant in San Francisco. A year later Dennis started at Drew Nieporent's Rubicon as sous chef and became executive chef. Leary served as executive chef for six years before moving on to start his own restaurant.

In 2005, Leary started his own restaurant and bar called Canteen. Located in the Commodore Hotel, Leary was the sole chef and owner of the 20-seat restaurant.

In 2008 Leary partnered with Eric Passetti and opened The Sentinel, a sandwich shop in downtown San Francisco. The Sentinel became known for its corned beef sandwich with Russian dressing. The two also opened The Golden West, serving breakfast and lunch on weekdays.

During 2009, Leary and Passetti joined the bar business and took over the lease of the House of Shields in SoMa. The House of Shields has been in existence since 1908, and Leary refurbished the space to fix the vintage light fixtures, statues, and floors.

In July 2014 Leary opened up Natoma Cabana with Passetti on Natoma Street. Natoma Cabana is set in a former blacksmith's shop, with the interior of the bar dating back to 1913. Leary commissioned local graffiti artist, Ian Ross, to design the front of Natoma Cabana.

Dennis Leary reopened the location of Trocadero Club as RX in November 2014.  Rx is a craft cocktail bar in the Tenderloin. The name comes from the prohibition era, when a doctor's prescription was one's only way to legally access liquor.

Awards
2014 – Eater Awards: Empire Builder

References

American male chefs
People from the San Francisco Bay Area
Food and drink in the San Francisco Bay Area
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Wheaton College (Massachusetts) alumni
People from Cohasset, Massachusetts


title: Lynton Morby-Smith

text:
Lynton Morby-Smith (born 27 May 1936, Durban, Natal, South Africa) is a former cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1958 to 1967.

Morby-Smith made his first-class debut for Natal in 1958–59, playing five matches and scoring 223 runs at an average of 37.16. He continued to play for Natal in 1959-60 and 1960–61, with more moderate results. He toured England in 1961 with the South African Fezela XI of promising young players.

After a two-year gap he resumed his career in 1963–64 with Western Province. In four matches in the Currie Cup he scored 451 runs at 56.37 batting at number three. In the first three matches he made 99 and 41 against Eastern Province, 60 and 101 (his first century) against Transvaal, and 77 and 31 against Natal. He was one of the South African Cricket Annual Cricketers of the Year.

Morby-Smith made his highest score, 127, in a friendly match against Eastern Province in 1964–65. After captaining Western Province in 1966–67 he retired from first-class cricket.

References

External links
 Lynton Morby-Smith at CricketArchive

1936 births
Living people
South African cricketers
KwaZulu-Natal cricketers
Western Province cricketers