title: Arilova

text:
Arilova is a residential area of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located on the north fringe of Visakhapatnam city with hills surrounding on opposite sides.  It is located beside Kailasagiri.  Arilova is a Part of GVMC Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation, which is responsible for the civic amenities in Arilova.

Head Office: Visakhapatnam H.O
Sub Office: Govt Dairy Farm S.O
Location: Visakhapatnam (Urban) Taluk of Visakhapatnam

District

Arilova is mainly a middle-class hub. Arilova comes under Visakhapatnam- East Constituency. Arilova plays an important role in every aspect of Visakhapatnam. It is also known as the Health City of Visakhapatnam as many hospitals are being built in and around Arilova.

Localities
Kailasnagar and Sri Hari Nagar, Arilova Colony, Durganagar, TIC Point, Ambedkar Nagar, Parvathi Nagar, Apsara Colony, Mustafa Colony, Balaji Nagar, and Thotagaruvu are important residential areas in Arilova. The East Point golf club was also located in Arilova. Mudasarlova Reservoir is Located near this place. Hanumanthuwaka, Kailasagiri, M.V.P, Venkojipalem are places located around Visakhapatnam.

Hospitals
The nearest major hospitals are the Visakha Institute of Medical Science, L.V. Prasad Eye Hospital, Apollo hospital,Narayana Medciti, Care Hospital, Gims Hospital, Pinnacle hospitals, M.B Hospital, and diabetics hospitals. Arilova is also known as the Health City of Visakhapatnam.

Transport
Arilova is well connected to most locations of the city by the state-owned bus service, APSRTC. Arilova as Bus Rapid Transit System Roads. Any part of Vizag can be reached in just a few minutes. Arilova is directly connected to Visakhapatnam Railway Station, Dwaraka Nagar, Jagadamba Centre, MVP Colony, Asilmetta and Simhachalam. Arilova BRTS is a crucial part of the circuit in the city. Bus routes from Arilova: 69-Railway station, 60c-Jagadamba, 60b-RK Beach, 400-Gajuwaka & 500-Anakapalli.
APSRTC routes

References

Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam
Towns in Visakhapatnam district


title: Selden D. Bacon

text:
Selden Daskam Bacon (10 September 1909 in Pleasantville, New York – 6 December 1992 in Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts) was a Yale professor of sociology and an alcoholism researcher. He was director of the Center of Alcohol Studies at Rutgers University from 1962 to 1975. Together with E. Morton Jellinek and Howard W. Haggard, he was an important developer of the disease model of alcohol addiction in the 1940s.

Biography
Selden D. Bacon claimed ancestry to Sir Francis Bacon from several generations back. His father, Selden Bacon, was a constitutional attorney who argued against the constitutionality of Prohibition (the 18th amendment) in the Supreme Court of the United States. Bacon was also the son of the author Josephine Dodge Daskam Bacon (responsible for the first Girl Scout Guidebook) and first cousin to preacher and writer Leonard Bacon.

Bacon earned three degrees from Yale University: a B.A., M.A. in Government in 1934, and Ph.D. in Sociology in 1939. He taught sociology at Pennsylvania State College (today Penn State University) from 1937 to 1939 and then at Yale. He became full professor at Yale in 1956. Bacon's initial research interest was in criminology. His interest in alcohol studies began when the Connecticut War Council asked him to do a study that compared people in jail for alcohol-related charges to those for other charges, because of a perceived lack of manpower during the war due to drunkenness arrests.

During this time, Bacon first got in touch with the alcohol researches at Yale. In 1944 with the help of the Connecticut Prison Association, Bacon helped start the Yale Plan Clinics, the first public clinics for alcoholics that he thought of after conducting this study in Connecticut jails.

After his contact with Yale researchers at the Laboratory of Applied Physiology (LAP), which later became the Yale Center of Alcohol Studies, he was invited to join as a part-time researcher and part-time sociology instructor. In 1945, he published a review on the movie The Lost Weekend, whose main character was an alcoholic, in the Yale Center's journal. He was appointed director of the LAP and the Summer School of Alcohol Studies from 1950 to 1962. He was also a chairperson to the Connecticut Commission on Alcoholism. In 1962, the Center and Bacon as its director moved to Rutgers University. He retired in 1975.

He died of a heart attack at age 83 at Martha's Vineyard, where his retirement home was located.

Selected publications

References

1909 births
1992 deaths
Yale College alumni
Yale University faculty
Rutgers University faculty
People from Pleasantville, New York
Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni


title: Anabasis eugeniae

text:
Anabasis eugeniae, or Eugenia's anabasis, is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is endemic to the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in Azerbaijan, and is only known from the Julfa and Ordubad districts. It can be found on clay soils containing gypsum. It is threatened by overgrazing.

References

Amaranthaceae
Endemic flora of Azerbaijan
Barilla plants
Vulnerable flora of Asia


title: Basil Johnson

text:
Basil Johnson is an Irish former hurler who played as a midfielder for the Offaly senior team.

Born in Banagher, County Offaly, Johnson first played competitive hurling in his youth. He made his senior debut with Offaly during the 1965-66 National League and immediately became a regular member of the team. During his brief career he experienced little success.

At club level Johnson is a two-time Leinster medallist with St Rynagh's. He also won numerous championship medals with the club.

His retirement came following the conclusion of the 1973 championship.

Honours
St Rynagh's
Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship (2): 1970, 1972

References

Living people
St Rynagh's hurlers
Offaly inter-county hurlers
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Inika McPherson

text:
Inika McPherson (born September 29, 1986, in Port Arthur, Texas) is an American track and field athlete specializing in the high jump. She was the 2013 and 2014 US Indoor champion. She also won the women's high jump at the 2014 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships by clearing 2.00 m for the first time. McPherson has many tattoos and has had a variety of hairstyles, including mohawks.

Early career
She was a 2005 graduate of Memorial High School, of Port Arthur, Texas where she was freshman state champion and a six foot high jumper as a freshman in high school. McPherson shares the freshman high school record with Amy Acuff 6 ft. Was also named ESPN female high jumper of the decade.  Her high school best was 6'2" (1.87 m).  She also excelled in the triple jump and lettered in four sports, was Texas University Interscholastic League All-State and carried a 5.0 GPA.

College
Her next stop was the University of California, Berkeley where she set the school indoor record and was a three time NCAA All American, though she didn't get back to the range of her 6'2" from high school. Due to an injury she battled with during her years at Cal which caused her to have ankle surgery on her take off foot in 2008. In 2009 McPherson  came off ankle surgery and captured the Pac 10 Championship title and named female Athlete of the year at the University of California.

Professional
She has represented the United States at the 2016 Rio Olympics, 2007 Pan American Games, the 2011 and 2013 World Championships and the 2012 and 2014 World Indoor Championships.  Her improvements have been in bursts.  She moved into the rarefied air of elite competition by going 1.95 at the 2012 Mt. SAC Relays, still finishing second to the eventual Olympic silver medalist Brigetta Barrett.

Doping sanction
McPherson tested positive for benzoylecgonine, the main metabolite of cocaine, at the 2014 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships and subsequently accepted a 21-month doping ban through March 2016.

International competitions

Personal life
In 2014, she and Regina George announced on social media that they are in a relationship.

References

External links

1986 births
American sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in athletics
Living people
American female high jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Lesbian sportswomen
LGBT people from Texas
American LGBT sportspeople
LGBT track and field athletes
USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2007 Pan American Games
Pan American Games track and field athletes for the United States
Sportspeople from Port Arthur, Texas
Track and field athletes from Texas
California Golden Bears women's track and field athletes


title: Barbara Arrowsmith Young

text:
Barbara Arrowsmith Young (born November 28, 1951) is a Canadian author, entrepreneur and lecturer. She is the founder of the Arrowsmith School in Toronto and the controversial Arrowsmith Program which forms the basis of the school's teaching method. In 2012 she published The Woman Who Changed Her Brain which combines an autobiographical account of her own severe learning disabilities and the method she developed to overcome them with case studies of learning disabled children who she claims overcame similar problems by using her method.

Early life
Arrowsmith Young was born in Toronto on November 28, 1951 to Jack and Barbara Young. Her father was an electrical engineer who worked for Canadian General Electric. Her mother was a teacher. As a child she had  exceptional visual and auditory memory, but it was coupled with several severe deficits in other areas, including dyslexia, dyscalculia, and problems with spatial reasoning, logic, and kinesthetic perception. With the help of her mother she eventually achieved basic literacy and numeracy. However, she struggled throughout elementary and high school.

Education
Despite her learning difficulties, she graduated with a BA.Sc in child studies from the University of Guelph in 1974. After graduating she worked for two years as the head teacher of the university's laboratory preschool before embarking on a master's degree in applied psychology at the University of Toronto's Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE). She completed her Masters dissertation, A follow up study of a clinical sample, in 1982. It examined the progress of 62 students who had been previously assessed as learning disabled at the OISE's education clinic.

In 1977 she had met Joshua Cohen, a PhD. student at OISE who also had learning disabilities and ran a small clinic for learning disabled children. Cohen introduced her to the work of Alexander Luria. According to Arrowsmith Young, Luria's 1971 book The Man with the Shattered World which documented the recovery under his treatment of the brain-injured soldier Lev Zasetsky was profoundly influential on her, as was the work of Mark Rosenzweig on neuroplasticity. Using the ideas of Luria and Rosenzweig, she began developing a series of exercises in 1978 which she states finally helped to overcome her learning disabilities.

Career

Arrowsmith Young and Cohen married in 1980 and opened the Arrowswmith School for learning disabled children in Toronto that same year. Its curriculum was based on the exercises which Arrowsmith Young had developed for herself and which came to be known as the Arrowsmith Program. She named the school after her paternal grandmother (born Louie May Arrowsmith in 1883), who as a young girl had been one of the pioneer settlers of Creston, British Columbia. The Toronto school gradually expanded and in 1991 she and Cohen opened a second school in Brooklyn, New York. The Toronto branch was wound down and closed. However, the New York school folded a few years later, and in 1994, Arrowsmith Young and Cohen's marriage ended. She returned to Toronto and re-opened the original school. Cohen remained in New York and died there in 2000.

The Arrowsmith Program

The re-opened Arrowsmith School in Toronto attracted increasing numbers of students and eventually opened other branches. The Arrowsmith Program was also franchised to other private schools and in some public ones as well. In 2012 she published The Woman Who Changed Her Brain, an autobiographical account of how she overcame her own severe learning disabilities combined with 30 case studies of learning disabled children who she says overcame similar problems by using her method.

Her method, which was the subject of a 2008 CBC documentary Fixing My Brain, has proved controversial. Psychiatrist Norman Doidge devoted one of the chapters in his book, The Brain That Changes Itself, to Arrowsmith Young and described her approach as "an important discovery". However, the Arrowsmith Program has been criticized by several neuroscientists, psychologists and cognitive scientists, including Anne Castles, Max Coltheart, Pamela Snow, Emma Burrows and Linda Siegel, for basing its claims on anecdotal evidence. They have noted that there have been no peer-reviewed studies published which use randomized controlled trials to evaluate whether it is actually more effective than any other "brain training" programs.

Additionally, other experts, including clinical psychologist and neuropsychologist Tim Hannan, speech pathologist Alison Clarke, and at least one human rights tribunal have made similar concerns, citing lack of evidence and improper tests on the program. Clarke even argues the program to be based on pseudoscientific methodology.

Robert Shepard, a clinical psychologist with twenty-five years of private practice, forensic and family health team experience, as well as a critic of Norman Doidge and his work, makes a ten point argument against the Arrowsmith Program. Explaining each point in short essay format, he argues that these are essential to marketing a product when no evidence exists that it actually works.

References

External links
 Barbara Arrowsmith Young's official website

1951 births
Businesspeople from Toronto
Canadian education writers
Canadian educators
Canadian women educators
Canadian women non-fiction writers
Living people
Writers from Toronto


title: Purple-capped fruit dove

text:
The purple-capped fruit dove or Pohnpei fruit dove (Ptilinopus ponapensis), is a species of bird in the family Columbidae found on Chuuk and Pohnpei in the Caroline Islands. It was formerly considered as a subspecies of the crimson-crowned fruit dove. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.

References

Cibois, A., J.-C. Thibault, C. Bonillo, C.E. Filardi, D. Watling, and E. Pasquet. 2014. Phylogeny and biogeography of the fruit doves (Aves: Columbidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 70: 442–453.

Ptilinopus
Birds described in 1878


title: Brian Lyons

text:
Brian Lyons is an Irish former hurler who played as a midfielder for the Offaly senior team.

Born in Banagher, County Offaly, Lyons first played competitive hurling in his youth. He made his senior debut with Offaly during the 1971-72 National League and immediately became a regular member of the team. During his brief career he experienced little success.

At club level Lyons is a two-time Leinster medallist with St Rynagh's. He also won numerous championship medals with the club.

Honours
St Rynagh's
Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship (2): 1970, 1972

References

Living people
St Rynagh's hurlers
Offaly inter-county hurlers
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Some Stupid with a Flare Gun

text:
Some Stupid With a Flare Gun is the fifth studio album by Cincinnati-based indie rock band Ass Ponys. It was released on April 11, 2000, on the Chicago-based indie label Checkered Past Records, and was produced by Brad Jones. The album's title is taken from a line in the Deep Purple song "Smoke on the Water." The album won "CD of the Year" in 2001 at the Cammy Awards.

Critical reception

Some Stupid with a Flare Gun received mainly positive reviews from critics, one of whom (Robert Christgau), after giving the album an A−, later ranked it #40 on his 2000 end-of-the-year Dean's List for the Pazz & Jop. Another favorable review was written by Fred Mills, who wrote that Chuck Cleaver, the band's lead singer and songwriter, "gives equal weight to life’s little joys and disappointments, employing nuance and economy to great effect." He also praised what he called the band's "unerring sense of melody," calling them "as accessible as they come". David Starkey of PopMatters gave the album an 8 out of 10 rating, calling it "solid" and noting that Cleaver mostly "focuses on the lives of the down-and-out" in his songs.

Track listing
 Pretty As You Please – 4:29
 Astronaut – 4:23
 Fighter Pilot – 3:12
 Love Tractor – 3:36
 Your Amazing Life – 2:56
 Sidewinder – 4:39
 Swallow You Down – 3:55
 X-tra Nipple – 3:53
 Magnus – 4:16
 Casper's Coming Home – 3:35
 Kitten – 5:06
 Between The Trees – 6:06

Personnel
Chuck Cleaver – vocals
Bill Alletzhauser – guitar
Dale Davis – mastering

References

2000 albums
Ass Ponys albums
Checkered Past Records albums


title: İzmir Toy Museum

text:
İzmir Toy Museum (also called “Ümran Baradan Toy Museum”) is a museum of toys in İzmir , Turkey. The museum is situated near Varyant street on Halil Rifat Paşa mah 31, Konak.

History
The museum was established by ceramic artist, Ümran Baradan. In 2005, she donated a two-storey house and toys she had purchased in various countries. Later, Sunay Akın, who had previously founded İstanbul Toy Museum, contributed various items to the museum.

The museum
The museum is now run by the municipality of Konak (an intracity district of İzmir.) The ground floor contains objects donated by Ümran Baradan. The first floor is reserved for Sunay Akın's donations.

Exhibits
In addition to classical Turkish toys, such as Karagöz and Hacivat, toys from many countries are displayed. Some examples are:
1860 Baby carriage (United States)
1880 Cardboard town (United Kingdom)
1920 Teddy bear (Germany)
1920 Dancing girl (Italy)
1920 Baby house (Turkey-Alanya)
1930 Washing machine (United States)
1920s Tin automobiles (United States, United Kingdom and Germany)

References

External links

Museums in İzmir
Toy museums
Buildings and structures in İzmir


title: Mapinguari (plant)

text:
Mapinguari is a genus of orchids native to Central America and northern South America.

Mapinguari auyantepuiensis (Foldats) Carnevali & R.B.Singer - Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil
Mapinguari desvauxianus (Rchb.f.) Carnevali & R.B.Singer - The Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
Mapinguari foldatsianus (Carnevali & I.Ramírez) Carnevali & R.B.Singer - Guyana, Venezuela
Mapinguari longipetiolatus (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Carnevali & R.B.Singer - Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru

References

Maxillarieae genera
Maxillariinae


title: Pepa Lábus

text:
Pepa Lábus (born 15 December 1968 in Trutnov) is a Czech singer-songwriter. He started his career in 1984 as a folk musician. In 1996, he released the first album Morana as a solo artist and next year, he was joined by violinist Slávek Forman and bassist Tomáš Nýdrle and they performed as a trio under the name Pepa Lábus a Spol. His most recent album Délka vteřiny was released in 2012. He is also lyricist for other artists, such as Luboš Pospíšil. He is also a radio presenter on Radio Beat station.

Discography
Morana (1996)
Zrcadlo Mistra Matyáše (1999)
Bezčasá a nehnutá (2002)
Vzlétají ptáci (2006)
Délka vteřiny (2012)
Uzamčená brána (2022)

References

External links
Official website

1968 births
Living people
20th-century Czech male singers
Czech folk singers
Czech guitarists
Male guitarists
Folk guitarists
21st-century Czech male singers


title: Faithfull Forever

text:
Faithfull Forever is the third American studio album by British singer Marianne Faithfull.

"Some Other Spring", "Lucky Girl" and "I'm the Sky" are unique to this album. The rest of the songs had been released as singles or would later be released on her next UK album Love in a Mist, although the version of "Counting" is a different mix from its European release, and "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face," with choral overdubs, differs significantly from the one on her previous UK album North Country Maid. Mike Leander was the arranger; Gus Dudgeon and Vic Smith were the engineers and Jean-Marie Perrier for the photography.

Track listing
 "Counting" (Bob Lind) - 2:52
 "Tomorrow's Calling" (Eric Woolfson) - 2:58
 "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" (Ewan MacColl) - 3:47
 "With You in Mind" (Jackie DeShannon) - 2:26
 "In the Night Time" (Donovan) - 3:05
 "Ne Me Quitte Pas" (Love theme from The Umbrellas of Cherbourg) (Jacques Demy, Michel Legrand) - 2:35
 "Monday, Monday" (John Phillips) - 3:07
 "Some Other Spring" (Arthur Herzog, Jr., Irene Kitchings) - 2:30
 "That's Right Baby" (Michael Farr) - 2:48
 "Lucky Girl" (Barry Mason, Les Reed) - 2:55
 "I'm the Sky" (Norma Tanega) - 2:30
 "I Have a Love" (Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim) - 2:50

References

1966 albums
Marianne Faithfull albums
Albums arranged by Mike Leander
London Records albums


title: The Mad Bomberg

text:
The Mad Bomberg (German:Der tolle Bomberg) may refer to:

 The Mad Bomberg (novel), a 1923 novel by Josef Winckler
 The Mad Bomberg (1932 film), a 1932 German film adaptation
 The Mad Bomberg (1957 film), a 1957 West German film adaptation


title: Anacropora puertogalerae

text:
Anacropora puertogalerae is a species of briar coral that can be found in the central Indo-Pacific, Japan, the East China Sea, eastern Australia, the oceanic west Pacific Ocean, the Philippines and the Maldives. It is also found in the Andaman Islands, Rodrigues, Fiji and Vanuatu. It occurs in shallow reefs, from depths of 5–20 m. It is very fragile, and is particularly susceptible to coral bleaching, disease and habitat loss.

References

Acroporidae
Vulnerable animals
Animals described in 1964


title: Lundbreen

text:
Lundbreen is a glacier in Nathorst Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a length of about , extending from Juvtinden to Kvitskarvbreen, beside the mountain of Langlifjellet. The glacier is named after the civil servant Egil Lund.

From 300 AD to 1500 AD, Lundbreen was used as a mountain pass. In the 2010s, artifacts from up to 2,000 years ago were found here, because of melting in the area. However, most of the items date from 300 to 1500 A.D.

References

Glaciers of Spitsbergen


title: Hugh Dolan

text:
Hugh Dolan is an Irish former hurler who played as a midfielder for the Offaly senior team.

Born in Banagher, County Offaly, Dolan first played competitive hurling in his youth. He made his senior debut with Offaly during the 1971-72 National League and immediately became a regular member of the team. During his brief career he experienced little success.

At club level Dolan is a two-time Leinster medallist with St Rynagh's. He also won numerous championship medals with the club.

Honours
St Rynagh's
Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship (2): 1970, 1972

References

Living people
St Rynagh's hurlers
Offaly inter-county hurlers
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Anacropora spinosa

text:
Anacropora spinosa is a species of briar coral that can be found in the central Indo-Pacific, Southeast Asia, the Solomon Islands, Japan, the East China Sea and the oceanic west Pacific Ocean. It is also found in Rodrigues and the Andaman Islands. It occurs in shallow reefs, from depths of 5–15 m. It is particularly susceptible to coral bleaching, disease and reduction of coral reef habitats.

Description
Anacropora spinosa forms bushy clumps of contorted branches up to  thick which taper to a point. The corallites are long, crowded and irregular, mostly being untapered. Spines project beneath the corallites. The colour of this coral is usually brownish, and the tips of the branches are often white.

Status
Anacropora spinosa is found in shallow reef habitats and is particularly susceptible to coral bleaching and coral disease and is slow to recover. It is an uncommon species and the population is thought to be trending downwards. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being "endangered".

References

Acroporidae
Endangered animals
Animals described in 1892


title: The Mad Bomberg (novel)

text:
The Mad Bomberg (German: Der tolle Bomberg) is a 1923 novel by the German writer Josef Winckler. It is loosely based on the legendary exploits of a real-life aristocrat Gisbert von Romberg (1839-1897). The novel has been adapted into films on two occasions. The first was a 1932 film The Mad Bomberg directed by Georg Asagaroff. The second The Mad Bomberg (1957) was a vehicle for the actor Hans Albers, which attempted to recreate the success of his 1943 film Münchhausen.

References

Bibliography
 Hake, Sabine. Popular Cinema of the Third Reich. University of Texas Press, 2001.

1923 German novels
1923 German-language novels
Historical novels
Novels set in the 19th century
Novels set in Germany
Novels by Josef Winckler
German novels adapted into films


title: Gerry Burke

text:
Gerry Burke is an Irish former hurler who played as a right wing-forward for the Offaly senior team.

Born in Banagher, County Offaly, Burke first played competitive hurling in his youth. He made his senior debut with Offaly during the 1967-68 National League and immediately became a regular member of the team.

At club level Burke is a one-time Leinster medallist with St Rynagh's. He also won numerous championship medals with the club.

Honours
St Rynagh's
Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship (1): 1970

References

Living people
St Rynagh's hurlers
Offaly inter-county hurlers
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Løyndbreen

text:
Løyndbreen ("The Hidden Glacier") is a glacier in Nathorst Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a length of about four kilometers, situated between the mountains of Bassøefjellet and Langlifjellet, and extending towards the valley of Bromelldalen.

References

Glaciers of Spitsbergen


title: Kosmos 93.6

text:
Kosmos Radio () or Kosmos 93.6 & 107.0, is a public radio channel of Greece's public broadcaster, ERT, the most popular among its radio stations. The program consists of world music, jazz, folk, reggae, latin idioms, hip hop, afro and alternative rock and pop. The actual director for Kosmos is Leonidas Antonopoulos.

External links
Official Website
Kosmos 93.6 – Online webcast

Hellenic Radio
Radio stations established in 2001


title: The Mad Bomberg (1957 film)

text:
The Mad Bomberg () is a 1957 West Germany comedy film directed by Rolf Thiele and starring Hans Albers, Marion Michael and Harald Juhnke. It was shot at the Göttingen Studios with sets designed by the art directors Gabriel Pellon and Peter Röhrig. The film is an adaptation of the 1923 novel of the same title by Josef Winckler which was based on a real historical Westphalian aristocrat of the nineteenth century. The film was conceived partly as an attempt to replicate the success of Albers' hit film Münchhausen (1943).

Plot
Baron Gisbert von Bomberg, a wealthy and eccentric lover of practical jokes, leaves the army and returns home. He contrives to get himself out of a long-promised engagement to a woman. His relatives hope to have him declared insane so they can get their hands on his wealth. To avoid another possible marriage, von Bomberg fakes his own death.

Cast
 Hans Albers as Baron Gisbert von Bomberg
 Marion Michael as Paula Mühlberg
 Harald Juhnke as Dr. Roland
 Paul Henckels as Dr. Emil Landois
 Ingeborg Christiansen as Emma, the buxom maid
 Gert Fröbe as Gustav-Eberhard Mühlberg
 Camilla Spira as Frau Kommerzienrat Mühlberg
 Ilse Künkele as Baroneß Adelheid von Twackel
 Erich Fiedler as Baron von Twackel
 Hubert von Meyerinck as Pastor
 Wanda Rotha as Editha
 Walter M. Wülf as Fuchs, the majordomo
 Herbert Hübner as Regiment Commander von Strullbach
 Otto Stoeckel as Kuno von Schnappwitz
  as Mathilde von Schnappwitz
 Herbert Weissbach as Count Murveldt
 Hans Leibelt as Professor von Wetzelstien
 Margit Symo as Galina Krakowskaja
 Helga Warnecke as Aunt Laura

References

Bibliography
 Hake, Sabine. Popular Cinema of the Third Reich. University of Texas Press, 2001.

External links

1957 films
1950s historical comedy films
German historical comedy films
West German films
1950s German-language films
Films directed by Rolf Thiele
Films based on German novels
Films set in the 19th century
1957 comedy films
1950s German films
Films shot at Göttingen Studios


title: Anacyclus ciliatus

text:
Anacyclus ciliatus, the ciliated German pellitory, is a species of pellitory that is endemic to Azerbaijan. It can be found in Gobustan National Park and near Kürdəmir, Hadzhi-Gabul and Yevlakh. It grows on dry clay and pebbly slopes on lowlands and lower montane areas. Despite being known from only five locations, it is common within its range, and its population is stable.

References

Anthemideae
Endemic flora of Azerbaijan


title: 1447 in Ireland

text:
Events from the year 1447 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Lord: Henry VI

Events
 Torna Ó Maolconaire became Ollamh Síol Muireadaigh.

Deaths
 Sadhbh Ó Mailchonaire, Ban Ollamh Síol Muireadaigh.


title: Joe Dooley (St Rynagh's hurler)

text:
Joe Dooley was an Irish former hurler who played as a right corner-back for the Offaly senior team.

Born in Banagher, County Offaly, Dooley first played competitive hurling in his youth.
He was described as being "a teak tough defender, who played most of his hurling in the full back line".

He made his senior debut with Offaly during the 1966-67 National League and immediately became a regular member of the team. During his brief career he experienced little success.

At club level Dooley is a one-time Leinster medallist with St Rynagh's. He won 12 Offaly senior hurling championship medals, between 1965 and 1982.  He also won three Leinster Club Championship medals with St Rynagh’s in 1970, 72 and 1982.

Despite being domiciled in Dublin, for a long number of years, he maintained a keen interest in the fortunes of Offaly GAA and was a regular attendee at club and county games.

Death
Dooley died on 28 June 2014.

Honours
St Rynagh's
Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship (2): 1972, 1982

References

St Rynagh's hurlers
Offaly inter-county hurlers
2014 deaths
Year of birth missing


title: Anapistula

text:
Anapistula is a genus of dwarf orb-weavers that was first described by Carl Eduard Adolph Gerstaecker in 1941.

Species
 it contains twenty-five species, found in North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Oceania, Asia, South America, and Portugal:
Anapistula appendix Tong & Li, 2006 – China
Anapistula aquytabuera Rheims & Brescovit, 2003 – Brazil
Anapistula ataecina Cardoso & Scharff, 2009 – Portugal
Anapistula australia Forster, 1959 – Australia (Queensland)
Anapistula ayri Rheims & Brescovit, 2003 – Brazil
Anapistula bebuia Rheims & Brescovit, 2003 – Brazil
Anapistula benoiti Forster & Platnick, 1977 – Congo
Anapistula bifurcata Harvey, 1998 – Australia (Northern Territory)
Anapistula boneti Forster, 1958 – Mexico
Anapistula caecula Baert & Jocqué, 1993 – Ivory Coast
Anapistula cuttacutta Harvey, 1998 – Australia (Northern Territory)
Anapistula equatoriana Dupérré & Tapia, 2017 – Ecuador
Anapistula guyri Rheims & Brescovit, 2003 – Brazil
Anapistula ishikawai Ono, 2002 – Japan
Anapistula jerai Harvey, 1998 – Malaysia, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Krakatau), Borneo
Anapistula orbisterna Lin, Pham & Li, 2009 – Vietnam
Anapistula panensis Lin, Tao & Li, 2013 – China
Anapistula pocaruguara Rheims & Brescovit, 2003 – Brazil
Anapistula secreta Gertsch, 1941 (type) – USA to Colombia, Bahama Is., Jamaica
Anapistula seychellensis Saaristo, 1996 – Seychelles
Anapistula tonga Harvey, 1998 – Tonga
Anapistula troglobia Harvey, 1998 – Australia (Western Australia)
Anapistula ybyquyra Rheims & Brescovit, 2003 – Brazil
Anapistula yungas Rubio & González, 2010 – Argentina
Anapistula zhengi Lin, Tao & Li, 2013 – China

See also
 List of Symphytognathidae species

References

Araneomorphae genera
Cosmopolitan spiders
Symphytognathidae


title: Langlibreen

text:
Langlibreen ("The Long Hillside Glacier") is a glacier in Nathorst Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a length of about 4.5 kilometers, situated between the mountains of Rånekampen and Langlifjellet, and extending towards the valley of Langlidalen.

References

Glaciers of Spitsbergen


title: Gabriel Jackson (composer)

text:
Gabriel Jackson (born 1962 in Hamilton, Bermuda) is an English composer. He is a three-time winner of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors British Composer Award. From 2010-2013 he was associate composer to the BBC Singers.

Philip Barnes of Choral Journal describes him as "prominent among his British contemporaries by reason of a prolific output and engaging style". Jackson's work includes a significant body of organ compositions, piano and other instrumental works, but he is probably best known for his vocal music, especially for his deft use of text. While he cites Michael Tippett and Igor Stravinsky as influences, he is also drawn to soul and R&B, and this influence is noticeable in his music.

Jackson was a chorister at Canterbury Cathedral before studying composition at the Royal College of Music, first under Richard Blackford, then with John Lambert. He was awarded the R.O. Morris Prize for Composition in 1981 and 1983, and in 1981 also won the Theodore Holland Award.

Notable compositions include the commissioned piece for the 2009 Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College, Cambridge, a new work to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Tallis Scholars in 2012 and a full-length Passion for Merton College, Oxford in 2013.

References

1962 births
Living people
English composers
People from Hamilton, Bermuda


title: Anapistula seychellensis

text:
Anapistula seychellensis is a species of araneomorph spider that is endemic to the islands of Silhouette, Praslin and Curieuse in the Seychelles. It can be found in woodland habitats in leaf litter. It is threatened by habitat degradation caused by invasive plant species, especially Cinnamomum verum.

References

Symphytognathidae
Endangered animals
Spiders described in 1996
Spiders of Africa
Endemic fauna of Seychelles


title: Samuel Napier (Northern Irish politician)

text:
Samuel Napier (died April 1984) was a Northern Irish politician.

Biography
Napier studied at Queen's University Belfast.  He joined the Northern Ireland Labour Party (NILP) in 1938, and was soon elected to Bangor Borough Council, serving for thirty years.  In 1949, Party Secretary Joseph Corrigan resigned in protest, and Napier took his role on a temporary basis.  He was confirmed in post in 1952 and given a full-time salary.

Napier first stood for the party in North Down at the 1949 Northern Ireland general election.  He took only 12.6% of the vote, and was also unsuccessful at the 1952 Belfast South by-election to the Westminster parliament, taking 24.9% of the votes cast.  At the 1953 Northern Ireland general election, he stood for the Queen's University Belfast seat, at which he took just 5.3%.

In 1965, the NILP was confident of securing an additional place in the Senate of Northern Ireland.  Napier was lined up for the position, in order that the party could save the cost of his salary, but instead the post went to Norman Kennedy, and Napier resigned as Party Secretary.  However, he was persuaded to return, and remained in post until 1969.  He remained active in the party until 1977, and in 1982 called for the NILP to be wound up, as its membership and support had decreased dramatically.

Napier was known for wearing a bow tie for press appearances.  In his personal life, following his retirement as party secretary, he wrote short stories.

References

Year of birth missing
1984 deaths
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Councillors in County Down
Northern Ireland Labour Party politicians
People from Bangor, County Down


title: Gabriel Jackson

text:
Gabriel Jackson may refer to:
 Gabriel Jackson (composer) (born 1962), English composer and arranger
 Gabriel Jackson (Hispanist) (1921–2019), American hispanist and historian


title: Billy Keane

text:
William Keane is an Irish former hurler who played as a left corner-back for the Offaly senior team.

Born in Banagher, County Offaly, Keane first played competitive hurling in his youth. He made his senior debut with Offaly during the 1984-85 National League, but was dropped from the team before the championship. During his brief career he experienced little success.

At club level Keane is a one-time Leinster medallist with St Rynagh's. He also won numerous championship medals with the club.

Honours
St Rynagh's
Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship (1): 1982

References

Living people
St Rynagh's hurlers
Offaly inter-county hurlers
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Hanumanthavaka

text:
Hanumanthuwaka is an area of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The Visakhapatnam BRTS connects Hanumanthuwaka to Simhachalam. Hanumanthuwaka was an initially a small suburb outside Visakhapatnam.

Landmark
Famous tourist spot in Visakhapatnam City Kailasagiri is located in this area.

Hospitals
Visakha Institute of Medical Sciences(VIMS) and L.V. Prasad Eye Hospital is located here.

Transport
Hanumanthuwaka is connected by the National Highway.  It is one of the busiest junctions in the city as NH 16 passes through here. Buses are run by the state-owned APSRTC, and is well connected to all parts of Visakhapatnam. All buses going to Arilova, Thagarapuvalasa, Bheemili pass through here.

References

Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam


title: Parthenope (Siren)

text:
Parthenope () was one of the Sirens in Greek mythology.  Her name means "maiden-voiced" from parthenos and ops.

Family
Parthenope was the daughter of the god Achelous and the Muse Terpsichore. Her two sisters were called Ligeia, and Leucosia.

Mythology
According to Greek legend, Parthenope cast herself into the sea and drowned when her songs failed to entice Odysseus.  Her body washed ashore at Naples, on the island of Megaride, where the Castel dell'Ovo is now located. Her tomb on the island was called "constraction of sirens". When people from the city of Cumae settled there, they named their city Parthenope in her honour.

A Roman myth tells a different version of the tale, in which a centaur named Vesuvius was enamored with Parthenope. Angered, Jupiter turned the centaur into a stratovolcano and Parthenope into the city of Naples. Thwarted in his desire, Vesuvius' rage is manifested in the volcano's frequent violent eruptions.

In literature and art
Parthenope has been depicted in various forms of literature and art, from ancient coins that bore her semblance to the Fountain of the Spinacorona, where she is depicted quenching the fires of Vesuvius with water from her breasts.  In his Georgics, Virgil stated that he had been nurtured by Parthenope, writing:

In addition, Parthenope has served as the inspiration for a number of other works, such as Manuel de Zumaya's Partenope and the ancient Greek novel Mētiokhos kai Parthenopē. Also, several operas based on the myth of Parthenope were composed on the 18th century by Sarro (1722), Vinci (1725), Handel (1730), Vivaldi (1738) and Hasse (1767).

Notes

References

 John Tzetzes, Book of Histories, Book I translated by Ana Untila from the original Greek of T. Kiessling's edition of 1826.  Online version at theio.com
Lycophron, The Alexandra  translated by Alexander William Mair. Loeb Classical Library Volume 129. London: William Heinemann, 1921. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Lycophron, Alexandra translated by A.W. Mair. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1921. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Strabo, The Geography of Strabo. Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Strabo, Geographica edited by A. Meineke. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.

Sirens (mythology)
Water spirits
Greek legendary creatures
Women in Greek mythology
History of Naples
Fictional suicides


title: Tom White (hurler)

text:
Tom White is an Irish former hurler who played as a right wing-back for the Offaly senior team.

Born in Banagher, County Offaly, White first played competitive hurling in his youth. He made his senior debut with Offaly during the 1981-82 National League, and played for just one season. During his brief career he experienced little success.

At club level White is a one-time Leinster medallist with St Rynagh's. He also won numerous championship medals with the club.

Honours
St Rynagh's
Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship (1): 1982

References

Living people
St Rynagh's hurlers
Offaly inter-county hurlers
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Atemnidae

text:
Atemnidae is a family of pseudoscorpions, first described by Kyukichi Kishida in 1929.

Genera
, the World Pseudoscorpiones Catalog accepts the following twenty-one genera:

 Anatemnus Beier, 1932
 Atemnus Canestrini, 1884
 Athleticatemnus Beier, 1979
 Brazilatemnus Muchmore, 1975
 Caecatemnus Mahnert, 1985
 Catatemnus Beier, 1932
 Cyclatemnus Beier, 1932
 Diplotemnus Chamberlin, 1933
 Mesatemnus Beier & Turk, 1952
 Metatemnus Beier, 1932
 Micratemnus Beier, 1932
 Miratemnus Beier, 1932
 Nilotemnus Klausen, 2009
 Oratemnus Beier, 1932
 Paratemnoides Harvey, 1991
 Stenatemnus Beier, 1932
 Synatemnus Beier, 1944
 Tamenus Beier, 1932
 Titanatemnus Beier, 1932
 Tullgrenius Chamberlin, 1933
†Progonatemnus Beier, 1955

References

Pseudoscorpion families


title: Eduardo García (footballer)

text:
Eduardo García Vergara (8 March 1945 – 26 February 2016) was a footballer who played international football for both Uruguay and Ecuador.

He played club football in those two countries for Peñarol, Emelec, Nacional and Bella Vista.

He later became a coach at Emelec, and also ran a food business. He died on 26 February 2016.

References

1945 births
2016 deaths
People from Colonia del Sacramento
Footballers from Colonia Department
Uruguayan men's footballers
Uruguay men's international footballers
Ecuadorian men's footballers
Ecuador men's international footballers
Dual men's international footballers
Uruguayan Primera División players
Ecuadorian Serie A players
Peñarol players
C.S. Emelec footballers
Club Nacional de Football players
C.A. Bella Vista players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Uruguayan emigrants to Ecuador


title: Anatemnus

text:
Anatemnus is a genus of pseudoscorpions in the Atemnidae family.

Species
The genus contains the following species:

 Anatemnus angustus Redikorzev, 1938
 Anatemnus cavernicola (Beier, 1976)
 Anatemnus chaozhouensis Hu & Zhang, 2012
 Anatemnus elongatus (Ellingsen, 1902)
 Anatemnus javanus (Thorell, 1883)
 Anatemnus luzonicus Beier, 1932
 Anatemnus madecassus Beier, 1932
 Anatemnus megasoma (Daday, 1897)
 Anatemnus nilgiricus Beier, 1932
 Anatemnus novaguineensis (With, 1908)
 Anatemnus orites (Thorell, 1889)
 Anatemnus oswaldi (Tullgren, 1907)
 Anatemnus pugilatorius Beier, 1965
 Anatemnus reni Gao & Zhang, 2016
 Anatemnus rotundus (With, 1906)
 Anatemnus seychellesensis Beier, 1940
 Anatemnus subindicus (Ellingsen, 1910)
 Anatemnus subvastus Alexander, Burger & Harvey, 2014
 Anatemnus subvermiformis Redikorzev, 1938
 Anatemnus tonkinensis Beier, 1943
 Anatemnus vermiformis (With, 1906)
 Anatemnus voeltzkowi (Ellingsen, 1908)
 Anatemnus wongalara Harvey & Cullen, 2021

Anatemnus longus Beier, 1932 is a synonym of Anatemnus voeltzkowi (With, 1906).

References

Cheliferoidea
Atemnidae
Pseudoscorpion genera


title: Seán White

text:
Seán White is an Irish former hurler who played as a left wing-forward for the Offaly senior team.

Born in Banagher, County Offaly, White first played competitive hurling in his youth. He made his senior debut for Offaly during the 1981–82 National League, and played for just one season. During his brief career he experienced little success.

At club level White is a one-time Leinster medallist with St Rynagh's. He also won numerous championship medals with the club.

Honours
St Rynagh's
Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship (1): 1982 (c)

References

Living people
St Rynagh's hurlers
Offaly inter-county hurlers
Year of birth missing (living people)


The 2000 Huntingdonshire District Council election took place on 4 May 2000 to elect members of Huntingdonshire District Council in Cambridgeshire, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.

After the election, the composition of the council was:
Conservative 37
Liberal Democrats 13
Independent 3

Election result

Ward results

By-elections between 2000 and 2002

Upwood and the Raveleys

Eynesbury

Farcet

Gransden

Eaton Socon

References

2000 English local elections
2000
2000s in Cambridgeshire


title: Dirty Weekend (2015 film)

text:
Dirty Weekend is a 2015 comedy-drama film written and directed by Neil LaBute and starring Matthew Broderick, Alice Eve, and Phil Burke. Produced by Duncan Montgomery, Tiller Russell, and Joey Stewart, with Executive Producers Cody Davis, Jack Selby & James Jackson Leach. Shot in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Plot
Les Moore (Broderick) is a businessman who finds himself delayed in a city where a year earlier a few too many drinks led to an unexpected encounter that has since haunted him. He sets out with his co-worker Natalie Havington (Eve) to figure out what really happened.

Cast
 Matthew Broderick as Les Moore
 Alice Eve as Natalie Havington
 Phil Burke as Cabbie
 Gia Crovatin as Dylan Price

Production
Duncan Montgomery, Tiller Russell, and Joey Stewart produced the film while Neil LaBute directed and wrote the script. In November 2013, K5 International signed on to distribute world wide.

Executive Produced by Cody Davis, Jack Selby & James Jackson Leach.

Filming took place in Albuquerque, New Mexico in fall 2013.

Reception
Critical response aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 30% approval rating based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 4.25/10. Metacritic reports a score of 39/100 based on 16 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

References

External links

Films directed by Neil LaBute
Films shot in New Mexico
2015 comedy-drama films
2015 films
Midlife crisis films
American comedy-drama films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


title: Paddy O'Rourke

text:
Paddy O'Rourke may refer to:

Sportspeople
 Paddy O'Rourke (association footballer) (1934–2011), Irish footballer for St Patrick's Athletic
 Paddy O'Rourke (cricketer) (born 1965), New Zealand cricketer
 Paddy O'Rourke (Down footballer) (born 1960), Irish Gaelic footballer and manager
 Paddy O'Rourke (Meath footballer) (born 1989), Irish Gaelic footballer

Other people
 Patrick Jake O'Rourke (1947–2022), American libertarian political satirist and journalist

See also
 Patrick O'Rorke (1837-1863), Irish-American soldier who was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg.


title: Colin Campbell (footballer, born 1883)

text:
Colin Campbell (20 February 1883 – 23 May 1972) was a footballer who played international football for both Argentina and Chile. Campbell played club football for Santiago National and was a Chilean squad member at the Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo in 1910. His sons Donald and Ian both played rugby for Chile.

References

Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Argentina men's international footballers
Chilean men's footballers
Chile men's international footballers
Dual men's international footballers
Estudiantes de La Plata footballers
Santiago National F.C. players
Chilean people of Scottish descent
Naturalized citizens of Chile
1883 births
1972 deaths
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine emigrants to Chile


title: Biology (journal)

text:
Biology is a quarterly, peer-reviewed, open access, scientific journal covering research on all aspects of biology. It was established in 2012 and is published by MDPI. The editor-in-chief is Chris O'Callaghan (University of Oxford). The journal publishes reviews, research papers, and communications.

Biology publishes reviews, research papers and communications in all areas of biology and at the interface of related disciplines. Its aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible.

This journal covers all topics related to Biology. Research fields of interest include but are not limited to:

 bacteriology

 biochemistry

 biodiversity

 bioethics

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
 Chemical Abstracts
 AGRICOLA
 EMBASE
 Science Citation Index Expanded
 Scopus
 The Zoological Record

References

External links

Biology journals
Open access journals
Academic journals established in 2012
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
MDPI academic journals
Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals


title: Anatemnus seychellesensis

text:
Anatemnus seychellesensis is a species of pseudoscorpions that is endemic to the Seychelles, and is known from a single specimen from Silhouette Island. It is threatened by habitat degradation from invasive plants and coastal development.

References

Atemnidae
Cheliferoidea
Endangered animals
Endemic fauna of Seychelles
Animals described in 1940


title: The Mad Bomberg (1932 film)

text:
The Mad Bomberg () is a 1932 German comedy film directed by Georg Asagaroff and starring Hans Adalbert Schlettow, Liselotte Schaak, and Paul Heidemann. It is an adaptation of the 1923 novel The Mad Bomberg by Josef Winckler, which was later made into a 1957 film of the same title. The film's art direction was by Otto Erdmann and Hans Sohnle.

Synopsis
The wealthy, eccentric Baron Giesbert von Bomberg is forced by his relatives to get married. Gradually he begins to fall in love with his wife.

Cast

References

Bibliography

External links

1932 films
Films of the Weimar Republic
German historical comedy films
1930s historical comedy films
1930s German-language films
Films directed by Georg Asagaroff
Films set in the 19th century
Films based on German novels
German black-and-white films
1932 comedy films
1930s German films


title: Dermot Devery

text:
Dermot Devery is an Irish former hurler who played as a right wing-forward for the Offaly senior team.

Born in Banagher, County Offaly, Devery first played competitive hurling in his youth. He made his senior debut with Offaly during the 1979-80 National League. During his brief career he experienced little success.

At club level Devery is a one-time Leinster medallist with St Rynagh's. He also won numerous championship medals with the club.

Honours
St Rynagh's
Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship (1): 1982

References

Living people
St Rynagh's hurlers
Offaly inter-county hurlers
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Saviem H

text:
The Saviem H was a range of medium/heavy trucks manufactured by the French manufacturers Saviem and Renault Véhicules Industriels between 1977 and 1980.

Characteristics

Dimensions
The cab used for the H range was the 875, an extended version of the Club of Four's 870 cab introduced in the lighter weight J range. The new cab was 240mm larger than the original. The H was offered as a tractor unit (HB) or rigid (HM).

Engines
The H range had  a straight-six Berliet MID 06.20.30 engine, with a power output of  at 2400 rpm. It also mounted two MAN engines, the R5 and the R6. The R5 was a straight-five engine  with a power output of  and the R6 was a straight-six with a power output of .

References and sources
 The entry incorporates text translated from the Saviem French entry.

Vehicles introduced in 1977
Renault trucks
Saviem


title: Nova Scotia Open

text:
The Nova Scotia Open was a golf tournament on the Web.com Tour. It was first played in July 2014 at the Ashburn Golf Club, New Course in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Winners

Bolded golfers graduated to the PGA Tour via the Web.com Tour regular-season money list.

References

External links
Coverage on the Web.com Tour's official site

Former Korn Ferry Tour events
Golf tournaments in Canada
Sport in Nova Scotia


title: List of Russian federal districts by GDP

text:
This is a list of Russian federal districts by GDP measures counted in PPP or Nominal. The  Central Federal District, North Caucasian Federal District, Northwestern Federal District, Southern Federal District and the Volga Federal District are counted for the European part of Russia, while the Far Eastern Federal District, Siberian Federal District and Ural Federal District are counted for the Asian part of Russia.

See also
 List of Russian federal subjects by GRP

References

Russia, GDP
Political divisions of Russia
GDP
Gross state product
GDP


title: Herbert Jackson (chemist)

text:
Sir Herbert Jackson KBE, FRS (1863–1936) was a British chemist. He was knighted for his work on heat-resisting and optical glasses for military use in the First World War.

Jackson was born in Hampstead, London, on 17 March 1863. He studied at King's College, London from 1879, becoming Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1905. In 1914 he became Daniell Professor of Chemistry. During the War he worked for the Optical Munitions and Glassware Department (OMGD) of the Ministry of Munitions. In 1918 he resigned his Professorship to become the Director of Research of the British Scientific Instrument Research Association.

He died on 10 December 1936 and is buried at the parish church of Hampstead.

Research
In 1896, a year after Röntgen's discovery of X-rays, Jackson demonstrated to the Royal Society an X-ray tube that became the model for all gas-type X-ray tubes.

In 1907 he presented to the Royal Society of Arts his research on detergents and bleaching agents used in the laundry industry.

References

1863 births
1936 deaths
Alumni of King's College London
British chemists
Fellows of the Royal Society


title: Per Gullestrup

text:
Per Gullestrup (born 6 October 1955) is a Danish ship owner, investor and philanthropist, best known for successfully negotiating the release of the Clipper Group ship CEC Future and its crew, held hostage by Somali pirates in November 2008. The incident was the basis for the subsequent film, A Hijacking, released in 2013.

Biography
Gullestrup was born on 6 October 1955 to Lars and Gitta Gullestrup in Copenhagen, Denmark, and is the eldest of three children. His mother, Gitta, physically disabled from birth, encouraged him to pursue a career in shipping when he left school at the age of 15.

Joining A. P. Møller - Mærsk as an apprentice in Copenhagen, Denmark, Gullestrup was later transferred to London, United Kingdom in the late 1970s. He joined Armada Group in their Houston, Texas office in 1983, which later became Clipper Group. In the late 1990s, Gullestrup moved back to Copenhagen, Denmark, and Clipper merged with another shipping company, Elite. The newly merged company became known as Clipper-Elite, and later Clipper Group, and Gullestrup became the CEO. Gullestrup is accredited with helping drive Clipper Group to become the world's largest shipping company within a number of bulk segments and project vessels.

Gullestrup currently sits on the board of numerous companies and as of 2013 stepped in as chairman of the International Seafarers' Welfare and Assistance Network, an organisation that promotes the welfare of seafarers globally. In 2014, he was appointed as a non-executive director with Garrets.

2008 hijacking
It was during his tenure as CEO that in November 2008, that one of Clipper's ships, the CEC Future, was seized by Somali pirates. Gullestrup took the lead in negotiations with the hijackers, resulting in the successful release of both the ship and its crew. A documentary was produced on the story, and subsequently the Danish film, A Hijacking, based on the incident and loosely around Gullestrup's role in it.

As a direct result of the incident involving the Somali pirates, Gullestrup and other industry leaders started the Danish-Somali charity initiative called Fair Fishing in Somaliland. Fair Fishing teaches locals how to fish and live off the natural resources in order to make an honest living. Gullestrup sits on the board of Clipper Group but has stepped down from the daily running of Clipper Group.

Personal
Gullestrup married Helle Henriksen, a former model and nurse, in 1979. They have two children.

References

1955 births
Living people
Danish businesspeople in shipping
Danish philanthropists


title: Toughsheet Community Stadium

text:
The Toughsheet Community Stadium is the home ground of Bolton Wanderers F.C. in Horwich, Greater Manchester, England.

Opening in 1997, it was originally named the Reebok Stadium, after club sponsors Reebok. In 2014, Bolton Wanderers signed a naming rights deal with Italian sportswear company Macron. It was renamed the University of Bolton Stadium in 2018. From 1 July 2023 it became known as the Toughsheet Community Stadium.

A hotel forms part of the stadium and some of the rooms offer views of the pitch.

History
The stadium is an all-seater stadium with a capacity of almost 29,000 and was completed in 1997, replacing the club's old ground, Burnden Park.

By the 1980s, Burnden Park, which at its peak had held up to 60,000 spectators, was becoming increasingly dilapidated, and a section of terracing was sold off for redevelopment as a supermarket to help pay off the club's rising debts. Bolton Wanderers had dropped into the Third Division in 1983 and later spent a season in the Fourth Division. In January 1990, the Taylor Report required all clubs in the first and second tiers of the English league to have an all-seater stadium by the 1994-95 season. Bolton were still in the Third Division at that stage, but were aiming for promotion - which was finally achieved in 1993. By that time, the club's owners had decided to relocate to a new all-seater stadium away from Burnden Park and, by 1995, had identified a location at Horwich as the preferred site of a new stadium.

The lead consultant/architect of the project was Lobb Sports, while local firm Bradshaw Gass & Hope acted as planning supervisors and quantity surveyors. The contractor was Birse Construction, and Deakin Callard & Partners provided structural engineering services. The value of the contract was £25 million (US$42.1 million). The stadium is noted for its distinctive gabled architecture, first pioneered by the Kirklees Stadium.

The stadium was opened in 1997 by John Prescott, a Labour Party politician, who was the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the time.

The stadium consists of four stands: The Carrs Pasties (North) Stand at one end; the South Stand (Franking Sense and also the away end) at the other end; the Kia (West) Stand at one side of the pitch; and the Nat Lofthouse (east) Stand on the other side.

When the stadium was named after long-time team sponsor Reebok in 1997, fans considered the title impersonal and believed that too much emphasis was being placed on financial considerations. That opposition lessened considerably after the stadium was built, as fans grew accustomed to the name and were bolstered by Reebok's status as a local company.

The Macron branding was applied in July 2014, after the Bolton Wanderers club finalised a partnership with the large Italian sportswear brand. In April 2014, long-serving club chairman Phil Gartside stated that he was "proud" to be associated with Macron and had "been very impressed with their [Macron's] passion for football". A four-year duration was negotiated for the Macron deal and the club had the option to extend at completion.

When the deal with Macron came to an end in August 2018, the stadium was again renamed, this time as the University of Bolton Stadium.

On 1 July 2023, the stadium name was changed to The Toughsheet Community Stadium; the deal is set to last for five years.

Footballing firsts

 The first competitive – and Premier League – match at the stadium was a 0–0 draw between Bolton and Everton on Monday 1 September 1997. Bolton's Gerry Taggart had a header that crossed the line wrongly ruled out, and the points it would have won would have saved Bolton from relegation at Everton's expense.
 The first player to score at the stadium was Alan Thompson, a penalty in the 1–1 draw against Tottenham Hotspur, on 23 September. Chris Armstrong, who later in his career had a short spell with Wanderers, got the equaliser.
 On 6 September 2002, it hosted its first international, a friendly between England under-21 and Yugoslavia under-21. It ended in a 1–1 draw with 10,531 in attendance. Visitor Danko Lazović scored the first goal and Shaun Wright-Phillips equalised.
 Lokomotiv Plovdiv were the visitors in the first UEFA Cup match at the stadium, on 15 September 2005. Boban Janchevski scored first for the visitors, but late goals from El Hadji Diouf and Jared Borgetti secured a 2–1 home victory in the first competitive European match in Bolton's history.

Other events

The stadium has hosted concerts by Oasis, Pink, Elton John, Coldplay, The Killers, Little Mix and Rod Stewart. The music video for Coldplay’s 2005 single Fix You uses footage filmed at their Horwich concerts. The track was performed twice on each night so enough footage could be captured.

The stadium also hosted the UK Open Darts Championship, boxing matches with local boxer Amir Khan and in 2011 Premiership rugby union, when Sale Sharks lost to London Irish. It will also host group matches and the quarter-final of the Rugby League World Cup in 2021.

The venue's Premier Suite is home to the UK's leading amateur mixed martial arts event, Full Contact Contender.

In August 2019, the stadium hosted a campaign rally by Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn.

In March and April 2021, the stadium held Crown Court cases due to the large amount that had built up as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic whilst the actual Courts were closed. In the same year it was a venue for COVID-19 vaccinations.

Snooker
A professional snooker tournament, the 2021 Champion of Champions, was hosted at the stadium between 15 and 21 November 2021.

Rugby League
The stadium has also hosted seven rugby league matches.

Rugby League Test Matches

World Club Challenge

Challenge Cup
In 2018, the stadium hosted the first ever double-header semi-finals of the Challenge Cup, repeated in 2019.

Bolton Wanderers Free School
In 2014, the club established Bolton Wanderers Free School at the stadium. It was a sixth form centre offering sports and related courses for 16- to 19-year-olds, and utilised the facilities of the stadium for most of its teaching and learning. However, this closed in 2017 due to low pupil numbers which made it 'not financially viable'.

Attendances

Record attendances

Record attendance: 28,353 v Leicester City, 28 December 2003
(FA Premier League)

Lowest attendance for a competitive match: 1,540 v Everton U23s, 30 August 2016 Northern Section Group Stage, Game One

Lowest Premier League attendance: 17,014 v Derby County, 2 January 2008

Record UEFA Cup attendance: 26,163 v Atlético Madrid, 14 February 2008 Last 32 1st leg

Record FA Cup attendance: 23,523 v Arsenal, 12 March 2005 Quarter finals

Record League Cup attendance: 20,064 v Aston Villa, 23 August 2022, Second Round

Record EFL Trophy attendance: 9,062 v Bradford City, 3 September 2019 Northern Section Group Stage, Game One

Average attendances

Nat Lofthouse statue

Bolton Wanderers unveiled a bronze statue of their most famous player, Nat Lofthouse (1925–2011), prior to a game against Queens Park Rangers on 24 August 2013. The statue, which cost £100,000 due to the generosity of public donations and sponsors, is situated near to the south-west corner of the stadium and was officially revealed by club owner Eddie Davies in a special ceremony.

Club chaplain Phil Mason, chairman Phil Gartside and the son of Nat Lofthouse – Jeff Lofthouse, also took part in the ceremony as did sculptor Sean Hedges-Quinn. Hedges-Quinn had taken 18 months overall to complete the project having worked successfully on the statues such as that of Bob Stokoe at The Stadium of Light, Ted Bates at St Mary's Stadium and Sir Bobby Robson and Alf Ramsey at Portman Road.

Transport
The stadium's West Stand lies about 200 metres from Horwich Parkway railway station situated between Lostock and Blackrod on the Manchester to Preston Line. Football specials operate to and from the station on matchdays. When the Wanderers play at home, bus services are laid on by the club from across the borough.

On non-matchdays, Horwich Parkway is served by three trains an hour in each direction, operated by Northern or TransPennine Express. Numerous routes serve bus stops near or at the ground, operated by Arriva North West, Vision Bus and Diamond Bus North West.

References

External links

  on Bolton Wanderers FC
 Bolton Wanderers Free School

Sports venues completed in 1997
Bolton Wanderers F.C.
Buildings and structures in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton
Football venues in England
Premier League venues
Sport in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton
Rugby League World Cup stadiums
Sports venues in Greater Manchester
Darts venues
Music venues in Greater Manchester
Reebok
English Football League venues
Bradshaw, Gass & Hope buildings
1997 establishments in England


title: Andasta

text:
Andasta is a genus of ray spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1895.

Species
 it contains four species, found in Asia and on the Seychelles:
Andasta benoiti (Roberts, 1978) – Seychelles
Andasta cyclosina Simon, 1901 – Malaysia
Andasta semiargentea Simon, 1895 (type) – Sri Lanka
Andasta siltte Saaristo, 1996 – Seychelles (Silhouette Island)

See also
 List of Theridiosomatidae species

References

Further reading

Araneomorphae genera
Spiders of Africa
Spiders of Asia
Theridiosomatidae


title: Islamic republic (disambiguation)

text:
Islamic republic is the name given to several states or countries ruled by Islamic laws.

Islamic republic may also refer to:

 Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran
 Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
 Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2004-2021 government of Afghanistan

 Arab Islamic Republic, a proposed unification of Tunisia and Libya in 1974
 Islamic republic, including several examples

See also
 Islamic state (disambiguation)


title: Wahoola!

text:
Wahoola! is the second full-length studio album by London-based composer/producer Matthew Gilbert Linley, and was released in December 2010.

Track listing

Personnel

Musicians
Matthew Gilbert Linley: Synths, organs, celeste and piano, drums and percussion.
Maud Waret: Vocals.
Roger Linley: Double bass, bass guitar.
Kenny Paterson: Bass guitar on 1 and 8.
Brian Lee: Violin, spoken word on 5.
Geoff Irwin: Viola.
Masumi Yamamoto: Harpsichord.
Kai Hoffman: French horn.
Feargal Murray: Flugel Horn, backing vocals on 8.
Lettie Maclean: Vocals on 8.
Ruby Aspinall: Harp.
Rhodri Davies: Harp on 2 and 8.
Paul Bishop: Banjo.
Jeanine Moss: Flute.

Production
Recorded and produced by Matthew Gilbert Linley in London, except:
Drums recorded at Goldtop Studios.
Mixed in London by Kenny Paterson.
Mastered by Duncan Cowell at Sound Mastering London.

References

External links
 Gilbert Soundcloud page

2010 albums


title: Syktyvkar (disambiguation)

text:
Syktyvkar is the capital city of the Komi Republic, Russia.

Syktyvkar may also refer to:
Syktyvkar Urban Okrug, a municipal formation which the city of republic significance of Syktyvkar in the Komi Republic, Russia is incorporated as
Syktyvkar Airport, an airport in the Komi Republic, Russia
Syktyvkar Southwest, an unfinished and abandoned airport in the Komi Republic, Russia


title: Andasta benoiti

text:
Andasta benoiti is a species of ray spider that is endemic to the Seychelles. It is found on the islands of Mahé, Conception, Thérèse, North, Praslin, Marianne, Felicite and Denis. It is found in coastal woodlands. It is threatened by coastal development and habitat degradation from invasive plants, especially Cinnamomum verum.

References

Theridiosomatidae
Vulnerable animals
Endemic fauna of Seychelles
Spiders of Africa
Spiders described in 1978


title: Riverside, Eddy County, New Mexico

text:
Riverside is an unincorporated community in Eddy County, New Mexico, in the southwestern United States. It is located on the left bank (east side) of the Pecos River about five miles east of Artesia, New Mexico on U.S. Route 82 (Lovington Highway). Riverside is in the Loco Hills Division of Eddy County.

The community of Riverside grew up in the 1970s as a place for oil workers' mobile homes and oil field support. It was almost abandoned in the early 1980s, but came back in the 1990s as oil prices rose. Mack Energy Corporation has its corporate offices in Riverside.

References

Unincorporated communities in Eddy County, New Mexico
Unincorporated communities in New Mexico


title: Michel Voïta

text:
Michel Voïta (born 1 March 1957) is a Swiss actor. He appeared in more than sixty films since 1983.

Selected filmography

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
Swiss male film actors
Swiss male television actors
20th-century Swiss male actors
21st-century Swiss male actors


title: Dondaparthy

text:
Dondaparthy is a mixed residential zone and commercial area in central Visakhapatnam. It is an important neighborhood in Visakhapatnam.

Accessibility
 Dondaparthy is located close to the famous locality of Dwaraka Nagar.
 Dondaparthy is situated towards the south of the Visakhapatnam city center. The distance between Dondaparthi and city center is a little more than 1.8 km.
 Visakhapatnam Railway Station, the premium railway station in Vizag, is less than 1 km from Dondaparthi.
 Dondaparthi is surrounded by Railway New Colony Road, Thatichetlapalem Road, Akkayyapalem Road and Railway Station Road.
 Telugu Talli Flyover is connecting from Asilmetta to Dondaparthi is 1.8 km.

Transportation
Dondaparthy is well connected to Gajuwaka, Gopalapatnam, NAD X Road, Arilova and Maddilapalem

APSRTC routes

References

Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam


title: Nantovinus

text:
Nantovinus (also known as Conrad Nantwein or Nantwin(us); d. 7 August 1286) was, according to legend, a pious Christian pilgrim who died as a martyr. He is venerated as a saint and his feast day is 7 August.

Life

There is no record about Nantovinus' origin and occupation. According to tradition the saint came to Wolfratshausen on horseback in 1286 on a pilgrimage to Rome. As the incumbent judge Gantner learned that the pilgrim had supposedly seduced an underage boy, he had Nantovinus arrested and brought to Castle Wolfratshausen. Meanwhile the judge observed that Nantovinus travelled with a considerable sum of money. To obtain it, Gantner convicted him without questioning witnesses to burning at the stake. Stadler's Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon (complete lexicon of saints) from 1858 says that the judge wanted to get Nantovinus' beautiful horse.

According to legend the condemned was asked at what place he wanted to be burnt. Then he had taken off the top of his pilgrim's staff and thrown it over the river Loisach saying "Where this falls down shall be my place of execution". He is said to have indeed been burnt there. At this place the church St. Nantwein stands today.

From the place of martyrdom miracles were reported soon after. So exists a tradition that the blinded horse of judge Gantner could see again after a piece of bone from the ashes of the burnt martyr was held in front of its eyes. The remaining bones were kept in a chapel, raised in honour of the martyr only a few years later at the place of execution. The brain pan and pilgrim's bottle of the saint were also preserved. Pilgrims started pouring in because of the marvelous events, and pope Boniface VIII is said to have conducted the canonization of Nantovinus in 1297. In 1624 St. Nantwein church was built in the baroque style to accommodate the large number of visiting believers, which still stands at the spot today.

The relics, meanwhile lined in silver, had to be given over to the state in 1801 to contribute to the war chest. After several changes in ownership the brain pan got into the possession of a Munich citizen in 1928, who gave it to the Munich Stadtmuseum where it remains. The pilgrim's bottles are missing to this day, however.

The quarter of Wolfratshausen where the events took place derives its name Nantwein from the saint. Images of Nantovinus depict his death by burning or a pilgrim in bonds.

References

 Gabriele Rüth, Sabrina Schwenger (ed.): Nantwein – Eine Legende – Viele Geschichten, 2006.
 Stadt Wolfratshausen: Heimatbuch – Wolfratshausen 2002, Herausgegeben zum 1000-jährigen Jubiläum 2003.

External links
 Nantwein (web-page of the historical society of Wolfratshausen - German only)
 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sankt_Nantovinus_und_Sankt_Laurentius_(Wolfratshausen)

13th-century births
1286 deaths
13th-century German people
German Roman Catholic saints
13th-century Roman Catholic martyrs


title: Andasta siltte

text:
Andasta siltte is a species of ray spider that is endemic to the Seychelles. It is only known from a single specimen from Silhouette Island. It is found in woodlands at the lower edge of cloud forest. It is threatened by habitat deterioration, from invasive plants (especially Cinnamomum verum) and climate change.

References

Theridiosomatidae
Critically endangered animals
Endemic fauna of Seychelles
Spiders described in 1996
Spiders of Africa


title: Ukhta (disambiguation)

text:
Ukhta is a town in the Komi Republic, Russia.

Ukhta may also refer to:
Ukhta Urban Okrug, a municipal formation which the town of republic significance of Ukhta in the Komi Republic, Russia is incorporated as
Ukhta (inhabited locality), several inhabited localities in Russia
Ukhta Airport, a civilian airport in the Komi Republic, Russia
Ukhta (river), a river in the Komi Republic, Russia
Kalevala, a settlement in Karelia called Ukhta until 1963


title: Ukhta (inhabited locality)

text:
Ukhta () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.

Modern localities
Urban localities
Ukhta, a town in the Komi Republic;
Kalevala, Russia, named Ukhta until 1963, an urban locality in the Republic of Karelia;

Rural localities
Ukhta, Khabarovsk Krai, a selo in Ulchsky District of Khabarovsk Krai

Renamed localities
Ukhta, before 1963, name of Kalevala, an urban-type settlement in Kalevalsky District of the Republic of Karelia


William Caulfeild, 2nd Viscount Charlemont  (c.1655 – 21 July 1726) was an Irish soldier and peer.

Life
Caulfeild was the son of William Caulfeild, 1st Viscount Charlemont of County Armagh, whom he succeeded in 1671 and Sarah Moore, daughter of  Charles Moore, 2nd  Viscount Moore of Drogheda. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin.

He was an avid pro-Williamite in the struggle between William of Orange and King James II of England for the British crown, and was consequently attainted by King James' first Parliament in 1689. He was rewarded by William for his loyalty by being put in command of a regiment of infantry and created Custos Rotulorum of Tyrone and Armagh. After Willams's victory, the regiment was disbanded but in 1701 he was given command of the new 36th Foot Regiment and promoted in 1704 to the rank of Brigadier-General. He took the regiment to Spain, taking part in the Siege of Barcelona and the attack on Fort Montjuïc in 1705. Although contentiously removed from his command of the regiment, he was nevertheless promoted in 1707 to the rank of Major-General and made Governor of Counties Armagh and Tyrone.

On 11 July 1678, he married Anne, the only daughter of James Margetson, Archbishop of Armagh, and they had five sons and seven daughters. His eldest son was James. Another son, Thomas, was an early British Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia. One of Caulfeild's great-granddaughters, Sophia Frances Anne Caulfeild, was an author, poet and encyclopedist.

In May 1726, he was made a Privy Counsellor but died in Dublin shortly afterwards and was buried in the vault of the family in Armagh. He was succeeded by James, his eldest surviving son.

References

1650s births
1726 deaths
17th-century Irish people
18th-century Irish people
British Army major generals
William
Viscounts Charlemont
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
36th Regiment of Foot officers
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin


title: Anemone halleri

text:
Anemone halleri, Haller's anemone, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, that can be found in sub-alpine and alpine regions of southern France, southern Switzerland, northern Italy and Poland, extending eastward to Greece, Bulgaria and Ukraine. It is found in mountain meadows, dry hills, dry grassy locations and mountainous forest glades. It is collected and cultivated for botanical and private gardens.

Growing in clumps to  tall and wide, this herbaceous perennial has hairy grey-green foliage, and in spring produces pink or purple flowers which form ornamental silky seedheads. It prefers an exposed, well-drained position in full sun.

Anemone halleri is mildly toxic, and can cause stomach ache on skin contact.

It is still widely referenced under its former name, Pulsatilla halleri. The species  and the subspecies P. halleri subsp. slavica are recipients of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

References

halleri
Taxa named by Carlo Allioni


title: Bioluminescent bacteria

text:
Bioluminescent bacteria are light-producing bacteria that are predominantly present in sea water, marine sediments, the surface of decomposing fish and in the gut of marine animals. While not as common, bacterial bioluminescence is also found in terrestrial and freshwater bacteria. These bacteria may be free living (such as Vibrio harveyi) or in symbiosis with animals such as the Hawaiian Bobtail squid (Aliivibrio fischeri) or terrestrial nematodes (Photorhabdus luminescens). The host organisms provide these bacteria a safe home and sufficient nutrition. In exchange, the hosts use the light produced by the bacteria for camouflage, prey and/or mate attraction. Bioluminescent bacteria have evolved symbiotic relationships with other organisms in which both participants benefit close to equally. Another possible reason bacteria use luminescence reaction is for quorum sensing, an ability to regulate gene expression in response to bacterial cell density.

History
Records of bioluminescence due to bacteria have existed for thousands of years. They appear in the folklore of many regions, including Scandinavia and the Indian subcontinent. Both Aristotle and Charles Darwin have described the phenomenon of the oceans glowing. Since its discovery less than 30 years ago, the enzyme luciferase and its regulatory gene, lux, have led to major advances in molecular biology, through use as a reporter gene. Luciferase was first purified by McElroy and Green in 1955. It was later discovered that there were two subunits to luciferase, called subunits α and β. The genes encoding these enzymes, luxA and luxB, respectively, were first isolated in the lux operon of Aliivibrio fisheri.

Purpose of bio-luminescence
The wide-ranged biological purposes of bio-luminescence include but are not limited to attraction of mates, defense against predators, and warning signals. In the case of bioluminescent bacteria, bio-luminescence mainly serves as a form of dispersal. It has been hypothesized that enteric bacteria (bacteria that survive in the guts of other organisms) - especially those prevalent in the depths of the ocean - employ bio-luminescence as an effective form of distribution. After making their way into the digestive tracts of fish and other marine organisms and being excreted in fecal pellets, bioluminescent bacteria are able to utilize their bio-luminescent capabilities to lure in other organisms and prompt ingestion of these bacterial-containing fecal pellets. The bio-luminescence of bacteria thereby ensures their survival, persistence, and dispersal as they are able to enter and inhabit other organisms.

Regulation of bio-luminescence
The regulation of bio-luminescence in bacteria is achieved through the regulation of the oxidative enzyme called luciferase. It is important that bio-luminescent bacteria decrease production rates of luciferase when the population is sparse in number in order to conserve energy. Thus, bacterial bioluminescence is regulated by means of chemical communication referred to as quorum sensing. Essentially, certain signaling molecules named autoinducers with specific bacterial receptors become activated when the population density of bacteria is high enough. The activation of these receptors leads to a coordinated induction of luciferase production that ultimately yields visible luminescence.

Biochemistry of bio-luminescence
The chemical reaction that is responsible for bio-luminescence is catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase. In the presence of oxygen, luciferase catalyzes the oxidation of an organic molecule called luciferin. Though bio-luminescence across a diverse range of organisms such as bacteria, insects, and dinoflagellates  function in this general manner (utilizing luciferase and luciferin), there are different types of luciferin-luciferase systems. For bacterial bio-luminescence specifically, the biochemical reaction involves the oxidation of an aliphatic aldehyde by a reduced flavin mononucleotide. The products of this oxidation reaction include an oxidized flavin mononucleotide, a fatty acid chain, and energy in the form of a blue-green visible light.

Reaction: FMNH2 + O2 + RCHO → FMN + RCOOH + H2O + light

Evolution of bio-luminescence
Of all light emitters in the ocean, bio-luminescent bacteria is the most abundant and diverse. However, the distribution of bio-luminescent bacteria is uneven, which suggests evolutionary adaptations. The bacterial species in terrestrial genera such as Photorhabdus are bio-luminescent. On the other hand, marine genera with bio-luminescent species such as Vibrio and Shewanella oneidensis have different closely related species that are not light emitters. Nevertheless, all bio-luminescent bacteria share a common gene sequence: the enzymatic oxidation of Aldehyde and reduced Flavin mononucleotide by luciferase which are contained in the lux operon. Bacteria from distinct ecological niches contain this gene sequence; therefore, the identical gene sequence evidently suggests that bio-luminescence bacteria result from evolutionary adaptations.

Use as laboratory tool
After the discovery of the lux operon, the use of bioluminescent bacteria as a laboratory tool is claimed to have revolutionized the area of environmental microbiology. The applications of bioluminescent bacteria include biosensors for detection of contaminants, measurement of pollutant toxicity  and monitoring of genetically engineered bacteria released into the environment. Biosensors, created by placing a lux gene construct under the control of an inducible promoter, can be used to determine the concentration of specific pollutants. Biosensors are also able to distinguish between pollutants that are bioavailable and those that are inert and unavailable. For example, Pseudomonas fluorescens has been genetically engineered to be capable of degrading salicylate and naphthalene, and is used as a biosensor to assess the bioavailability of salicylate and naphthalene. Biosensors can also be used as an indicator of cellular metabolic activity and to detect the presence of pathogens.

Evolution
The light-producing chemistry behind bioluminescence varies across the lineages of bioluminescent organisms. Based on this observation, bioluminescence is believed to have evolved independently at least 40 times. In bioluminescent bacteria, the reclassification of the members ofVibrio fischeri species group as a new genus, Aliivibrio, has led to increased interest in the evolutionary origins of bioluminescence. Among bacteria, the distribution of bioluminescent species is polyphyletic. For instance, while all species in the terrestrial genus Photorhabdus are luminescent, the genera Aliivibrio, Photobacterium, Shewanella and Vibrio contain both luminous and non-luminous species. Despite bioluminescence in bacteria not sharing a common origin, they all share a gene sequence in common. The appearance of the highly conserved lux operon in bacteria from very different ecological niches suggests a strong selective advantage despite the high energetic costs of producing light. DNA repair is thought to be the initial selective advantage for light production in bacteria. Consequently, the lux operon may have been lost in bacteria that evolved more efficient DNA repair systems but retained in those where visible light became a selective advantage. The evolution of quorum sensing is believed to have afforded further selective advantage for light production. Quorum sensing allows bacteria to conserve energy by ensuring that they do not synthesize light-producing chemicals unless a sufficient concentration are present to be visible.

Bacterial groups that exhibit bioluminescence
All bacterial species that have been reported to possess bioluminescence belong within the families Vibrionaceae, Shewanellaceae, or Enterobacteriaceae, all of which are assigned to the class Gammaproteobacteria.

(List from Dunlap and Henryk (2013), "Luminous Bacteria", The Prokaryotes )

Distribution
Bioluminescent bacteria are most abundant in marine environments during spring blooms when there are high nutrient concentrations. These light-emitting organisms are found mainly in coastal waters near the outflow of rivers, such as the northern Adriatic Sea, Gulf of Trieste, northwestern part of the Caspian Sea, coast of Africa and many more. These are known as milky seas. Bioluminescent bacteria are also found in freshwater and terrestrial environments but are less wide spread than in seawater environments. They are found globally, as free-living, symbiotic or parasitic forms  and possibly as opportunistic pathogens. Factors that affect the distribution of bioluminescent bacteria include temperature, salinity, nutrient concentration, pH level and solar radiation. For example, Aliivibrio fischeri grows favourably in environments that have temperatures between 5 and 30 °C and a pH that is less than 6.8; whereas, Photobacterium phosphoreum thrives in conditions that have temperatures between 5 and 25 °C and a pH that is less than 7.0.

Genetic diversity
All bioluminescent bacteria share a common gene sequence: the lux operon characterized by the luxCDABE  gene organization. LuxAB codes for luciferase while luxCDE codes for a fatty-acid reductase complex that is responsible for synthesizing aldehydes for the bioluminescent reaction. Despite this common gene organization, variations, such as the presence of other lux genes, can be observed among species. Based on similarities in gene content and organization, the lux operon can be organized into the following four distinct types: the Aliivibrio/Shewanella type, the Photobacterium type, theVibrio/Candidatus Photodesmus type, and the Photorhabdus type. While this organization follows the genera classification level for members of Vibrionaceae (Aliivibrio, Photobacterium, and Vibrio), its evolutionary history is not known.

With the exception of the Photorhabdus operon type, all variants of the lux operon contain the flavin reductase-encoding luxG gene. Most of the Aliivibrio/Shewanella type operons contain additional luxI/luxR regulatory genes that are used for autoinduction during quorum sensing. The Photobacterum operon type is characterized by the presence of rib genes that code for riboflavin, and forms the lux-rib operon. TheVibrio/Candidatus Photodesmus operon type differs from both the Aliivibrio/Shewanella and the Photobacterium operon types in that the operon has no regulatory genes directly associated with it.

Mechanism
All bacterial luciferases are approximately 80 KDa heterodimers containing two subunits: α and β. The α subunit is responsible for light emission. The luxA and luxB genes encode for the α and β subunits, respectively. In most bioluminescent bacteria, the luxA and luxB genes are flanked upstream by luxC and luxD and downstream by luxE.

The bioluminescent reaction is as follows:

FMNH2 + O2 + R-CHO -> FMN + H2O + R-COOH + Light (~ 495 nm)

Molecular oxygen reacts with FMNH2 (reduced flavin mononucleotide) and a long-chain aldehyde to produce FMN (flavin mononucleotide), water and a corresponding fatty acid. The blue-green light emission of bioluminescence, such as that produced by Photobacterium phosphoreum and Vibro harveyi, results from this reaction. Because light emission involves expending six ATP molecules for each photon, it is an energetically expensive process. For this reason, light emission is not constitutively expressed in bioluminescent bacteria; it is expressed only when physiologically necessary.

Quorum sensing

Bioluminescence in bacteria can be regulated through a phenomenon known as autoinduction or quorum sensing. Quorum sensing is a form of cell-to-cell communication that alters gene expression in response to cell density. Autoinducer is a diffusible pheromone produced constitutively by bioluminescent bacteria and serves as an extracellular signalling molecule. When the concentration of autoinducer secreted by bioluminescent cells in the environment reaches a threshold (above 107 cells per mL), it induces the expression of luciferase and other enzymes involved in bioluminescence. Bacteria are able to estimate their density by sensing the level of autoinducer in the environment and regulate their bioluminescence such that it is expressed only when there is a sufficiently high cell population. A sufficiently high cell population ensures that the bioluminescence produced by the cells will be visible in the environment.

A well known example of quorum sensing is that which occurs between Aliivibrio fischeri and its host. This process is regulated by LuxI and LuxR, encoded by luxI and luxR respectively. LuxI is autoinducer synthase that produces autoinducer (AI) while LuxR functions as both a receptor and transcription factor for the lux operon. When LuxR binds AI, LuxR-AI complex activates transcription of the lux operon and induces the expression of luciferase. Using this system, A. fischeri has shown that bioluminescence is expressed only when the bacteria are host-associated and have reached sufficient cell densities.

Another example of quorum sensing by bioluminescent bacteria is by Vibrio harveyi, which are known to be free-living. Unlike Aliivibrio fischeri, V. harveyi do not possess the luxI/luxR regulatory genes and therefore have a different mechanism of quorum sensing regulation. Instead, they use the system known as three-channel quorum sensing system. Vibrio use small non-coding RNAs called Qrr RNAs to regulate quorum sensing, using them to control translation of energy-costly molecules.

Role
The uses of bioluminescence and its biological and ecological significance for animals, including host organisms for bacteria symbiosis, have been widely studied. The biological role and evolutionary history for specifically bioluminescent bacteria still remains quite mysterious and unclear. However, there are continually new studies being done to determine the impacts that bacterial bioluminescence can have on our constantly changing environment and society. Aside from the many scientific and medical uses, scientists have also recently begun to come together with artists and designers to explore new ways of incorporating bioluminescent bacteria, as well as bioluminescent plants, into urban light sources to reduce the need for electricity. They have also begun to use bioluminescent bacteria as a form of art and urban design for the wonder and enjoyment of human society.

One explanation for the role of bacterial bioluminescence is from the biochemical aspect. Several studies have shown the biochemical roles of the luminescence pathway. It can function as an alternate pathway for electron flow under low oxygen concentration, which can be advantageous when no fermentable substrate is available. In this process, light emission is a side product of the metabolism.

Evidence also suggests that bacterial luciferase contributes to the resistance of oxidative stress. In laboratory culture, luxA and luxB mutants of Vibrio harveyi, which lacked luciferase activity, showed impairment of growth under high oxidative stress compared to wild type. The luxD mutants, which had an unaffected luciferase but were unable to produce luminescence, showed little or no difference. This suggests that luciferase mediates the detoxification of reactive oxygen.

Bacterial bioluminescence has also been proposed to be a source of internal light in photoreactivation, a DNA repair process carried out by photolyase. Experiments have shown that non-luminescent V. harveyi mutants are more sensitive to UV irradiation, suggesting the existence of a bioluminescent-mediated DNA repair system.

Another hypothesis, called the “bait hypothesis”, is that bacterial bioluminescence attracts predators who will assist in their dispersal. They are either directly ingested by fish or indirectly ingested by zooplankton that will eventually be consumed by higher trophic levels. Ultimately, this may allow passage into the fish gut, a nutrient-rich environment where the bacteria can divide, be excreted, and continue their cycle. Experiments using luminescent Photobacterium leiognathi and non-luminescent mutants have shown that luminescence attracts zooplankton and fish, thus supporting this hypothesis.

Symbiosis with other organisms
The symbiotic relationship between the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and the marine gram-negative bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri has been well studied. The two organisms exhibit a mutualistic relationship in which bioluminescence produced by A. fischeri helps to attract pray to the squid host, which provides nutrient-rich tissues and a protected environment forA. fischeri. Bioluminescence provided by A. fischeri also aids in the defense of the squid E. scolopes by providing  camouflage during its nighttime foraging activity. Following bacterial colonization, the specialized organs of the squid undergo developmental changes and a relationship becomes established. The squid expels 90% of the bacterial population each morning, because it no longer needs to produce bioluminescence in the daylight. This expulsion benefits the bacteria by aiding in their dissemination. A single expulsion by one bobtail squid produces enough bacterial symbionts to fill 10,000m3 of seawater at a concentration that is comparable to what is found in coastal waters. Thus, in at least some habitats, the symbiotic relationship between A. fischeri and E. scolopes plays a key role in determining the abundance and distribution of E. scolopes. There is a higher abundance of A. fischeri in the vicinity of a population of E. scolopes and this abundance markedly decreases with increasing distance from the host's habitat.

Bioluminescent Photobacterium species also engage in mutually beneficial associations with fish and squid. Dense populations of P. kishitanii, P. leiogathi, and P. mandapamensis can live in the light organs of marine fish and squid, and are provided with nutrients and oxygen for reproduction  in return for  providing bioluminescence to their hosts, which can aid in sex-specific signaling, predator avoidance, locating or attracting prey, and schooling.

See also
 Bioluminescence
 Bioluminescent shunt hypothesis
 List of bioluminescent organisms

References

Further reading

Bioluminescence
Bacteria