Scottish education in the eighteenth century concerns all forms of education, including schools, universities and informal instruction, in Scotland in the eighteenth century.

At the beginning of the period there was a largely complete network of parish schools in the Lowlands, although there were gaps in provision in the Highlands. Wealth from the Agricultural Revolution led to a programme of extensive rebuilding of schools. From the 1790s urban schools were often rebuild in a more imposing classical style. Many poorer girls were taught in dame schools, informally set up by a widow or spinster to teach reading, sewing and cooking. Literacy rates were lower in the Highlands than in comparable Lowland rural society, and despite these efforts illiteracy remained prevalent into the nineteenth century. Increasing numbers of girls from the higher social orders were taught in boarding schools. Female illiteracy rates remained high, but there were highly educated women who emerged as authors in this period.

Scottish universities went from being small and parochial institutions, largely for the training of clergy and lawyers, to major intellectual centres at the forefront of Scottish identity and life, seen as fundamental to democratic principles and the opportunity for social advancement for the talented. Chairs of medicine were founded at all the university towns. By the 1740s Edinburgh medical school was the major centre of medicine in Europe and was a leading centre in the Atlantic world. Access to Scottish universities was probably more open than in contemporary England, Germany or France. Attendance was less expensive and the student body more representative of society as a whole. The system was flexible and the curriculum became a modern philosophical and scientific one, in keeping with contemporary needs for improvement and progress. Scotland reaped the intellectual benefits of this system in its contribution to the European Enlightenment. Many of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment were university professors, who developed their ideas in university lectures.

Schools

Background: early modern era

In the sixteenth century the Reformation had led to a disestablishment of the monastic and choir schools and the ambition to create a system of parish schools. This was enshrined in legislation in 1696. By the late seventeenth century there was a largely complete network of parish schools in the Lowlands, but in the Highlands basic education was still lacking in many areas.

School building
Hospitals continued to be built by benefactors and some of these had very impressive buildings, like that of Robert Gordon's Hospital in Aberdeen, which was designed by William Adam (1689–1748) in the 1730s. Until the late eighteenth century most schools buildings were indistinguishable from houses, but the wealth from the Agricultural Revolution led to a programme of extensive rebuilding. Most schools had a single schoolroom, which could hold up to 80 pupils, were taught by a single schoolmaster. There might be smaller adjoining rooms for the teaching of infants and girls. There was sometimes with a schoolmaster's house in the same style nearby. Many burgh schools moved away from this model of teaching from the late eighteenth century as the new commercial and vocational subjects led to the employment of more teachers. From the 1790s urban schools were often rebuild in a more imposing classical style, from public subscription, or a legacy, and renamed academies.

Democratic myth

One of the effects of the extensive network of parish schools was the growth of the "democratic myth", which in the nineteenth century created the widespread belief that many a "lad of pairts" had been able to rise up through the system to take high office and that literacy was much more widespread in Scotland than in neighbouring states, particularly England. Historians now accept that very few boys were able to pursue this route to social advancement and that literacy was not noticeably higher than in comparable nations, as the education in the parish schools was basic and short and attendance was not compulsory.

Girls
By the eighteenth century many poorer girls were being taught in dame schools, informally set up by a widow or spinster to teach reading, sewing and cooking. From the mid-seventeenth century there were boarding schools for girls, particularly in Edinburgh or London. These were often family-sized institutions headed by women. Initially these were aimed at the girls of noble households, but by the eighteenth century there were complaints that the daughters of traders and craftsmen were following their social superiors into these institutions. Among members of the aristocracy by the early eighteenth century a girl's education was expected to include basic literacy and numeracy, needlework, cookery and household management, while polite accomplishments and piety were also emphasised. Female illiteracy rates based on signatures among female servants were around 90 per cent from the late seventeenth to the early eighteenth centuries, and perhaps 85 per cent for women of all ranks by 1750, compared with 35 per cent for men. Overall literacy rates were slightly higher than in England as a whole, but female rates were much lower than for their English counterparts. There were some notable aristocratic female writers, including included Lady Elizabeth Wardlaw (1627–1727) and Lady Grizel Baillie (1645–1746). There are 50 autobiographies extant from the late seventeenth to the early eighteenth century, of which 16 were written by women, all of which are largely religious in content.

Highlands
In the Scottish Highlands, popular education was challenged by problems of distance and physical isolation, as well as teachers' and ministers' limited knowledge of Scottish Gaelic, the primary local language. Here the Kirk's parish schools were supplemented by those established from 1709 by the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge. Its aim in the Highlands was to teach English language and end the attachment to Roman Catholicism associated with rebellious Jacobitism. Though the SSPCK schools eventually taught in Gaelic, the overall effect contributed to the erosion of Highland culture. Literacy rates were lower in the Highlands than in comparable Lowland rural society, and despite these efforts illiteracy remained prevalent into the nineteenth century.

Universities

Background

The five ancient Scottish university colleges recovered from the disruption of the Reformation, civil wars and Restoration with a lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science, offering a high-quality liberal education to the sons of the nobility and gentry. They established chairs of mathematics, astronomy was facilitated by the building of observatories, and Robert Sibbald was appointed as the first Professor of Medicine at Edinburgh and he co-founded the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1681. helping the universities to become major centres of medical education and would put Scotland at the forefront of Enlightenment thinking.

Reform
In the eighteenth century Scotland's universities went from being small and parochial institutions, largely for the training of clergy and lawyers, to major intellectual centres at the forefront of Scottish identity and life, seen as fundamental to democratic principles and the opportunity for social advancement for the talented. Chairs of medicine were founded at Marsichial College (1700), Glasgow (1713), St. Andrews (1722) and a chair of chemistry and medicine at Edinburgh (1713). It was Edinburgh's medical school, founded in 1732 that came to dominate. By the 1740s it had displaced Leiden as the major centre of medicine in Europe and was a leading centre in the Atlantic world. The universities still had their difficulties. The economic down turn in the mid-century forced the closure of St Leonard's College in St Andrews, whose properties and staff were merged into St Salvator's College to form the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard.

Access
Access to Scottish universities was probably more open than in contemporary England, Germany or France. Attendance was less expensive and the student body more representative of society as a whole. Humbler students were aided by a system of bursaries established to aid in the training of the clergy. In this period residence became divorced from the colleges and students were able to live much more cheaply and largely unsupervised, at home, with friends or in lodgings the university towns. The system was flexible and the curriculum became a modern philosophical and scientific one, in keeping with contemporary needs for improvement and progress. Scotland reaped the intellectual benefits of this system in its contribution to the European Enlightenment.

Achievements

Many of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment were university professors, who developed their ideas in university lectures. The first major philosopher of the Scottish Enlightenment was Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746), who held the Chair of Philosophy at the University of Glasgow from 1729 to 1746. A moral philosopher who produced alternatives to the ideas of Thomas Hobbes, one of his major contributions to world thought was the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume (1711–76) and Adam Smith (1723–90). Hugh Blair (1718–1800) was a minister of the Church of Scotland and held the Chair of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres at the University of Edinburgh. He produced an edition of the works of Shakespeare and is best known for Sermons (1777–1801), a five-volume endorsement of practical Christian morality, and Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres (1783), an essay on literary composition, which was to have a major impact on the work of Adam Smith. He was also one of the figures who first drew attention to the Ossian cycle of James Macpherson to public attention.

Hume became a major figure in the sceptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy. His scepticism prevented him from obtaining chairs at Glasgow and Edinburgh. He and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed what he called a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behave in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of modernity. Indeed, modern sociology largely originated from this movement.<ref>A. Swingewood, "Origins of Sociology: The Case of the Scottish Enlightenment," The British Journal of Sociology',' vol. 21, no. 2 (June 1970), pp. 164–80 in JSTOR.</ref> Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations'' (1776) is considered to be the first work of modern economics. It had an immediate impact on British economic policy and still frames twenty-first century discussions on globalisation and tariffs. The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen, physician and chemist, James Anderson, an agronomist, Joseph Black, physicist and chemist, and James Hutton, the first modern geologist.

Notes

History of education in Scotland
18th century in Scotland


title: Universitäts-Augenklinik Düsseldorf

text:
The Universitäts-Augenklinik Düsseldorf is the department of Ophthalmology of the University Hospital of Düsseldorf in Germany. It is an internationally renown centre for corneal transplantation, ocular surface disease and management of associated disorders ranging from Glaucoma to oculoplastic surgery. Further subspecialist expertise is established for the diagnosis and surgical and medical treatment of vitreoretinal and macular disorders as well as strabismus.

History
Albert Mooren was the first well known ophthalmologist in Düsseldorf, whose name today is reflected in the postal address of the University Hospital. He trained with the famous founder of the German Ophthalmological Society, Albrecht von Graefe (1828–1870), before becoming chairman of the newly established Eye Hospital of Düsseldorf in 1862. The hospital was promoted to medical school in 1919.
Ernst Custodis, Professor and chairman of the department from 1946 to 1967, introduced scleral buckling to ophthalmology in 1949 as a revolutionary new concept to treat retinal detachment.
In 1973 the medical school was transferred into and renamed the University Hospital Düsseldorf.
Rainer Sundmacher, Professor and chairman from 1986 to 2006 founded in 1995 the Lions Eye Bank of North Rhine-Westphalia. Since then diagnosis and management of corneal disease has been the focus of the department.
Since 2011, the Universitäts-Augenklinik Düsseldorf is managed by Gerd Geerling.

Subspecialty areas

Anterior Segment
Corneal transplantations are the major focus of the department.
 Penetrating keratoplasty
 Anterior and posterior lamellar keratoplasty (DSAEK; DMEK, DALK)
Other areas with subspecialist experience are
 Collagen crosslinking for keratectasias such as keratoconus
 Keratoprosthesis
 Cataract surgery
 Glaucoma surgery

Other subspecialist clinics
Macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy and other retinal vascular disorders as well as infectious and inflammatory vitreoretinal disorders are treated in the medical and surgical retina clinic. In the oculoplastic clinic all forms of lid, lacrimal and orbital disorders are treated, including ptosis, entropion, ectropion, dermatochalasis as well reconstructive lacrimal and orbital surgery (e. g. orbital decompression). In the orthoptics and paediatric ophthalmology department strabismus (squint) as well as all forms of neuroophthalmological problems are treated. A school of orthoptics is also run by the eye department.

Lions Eye Bank North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW)
The Lions Eye Bank NRW is part of the department and is one of the largest eyebanks in Germany.

Scientific focus
The basic research of the department focusses on translational projects which are carried out at the laboratory for experimental ophthalmology. A number of projects are centered around regenerative medicine of the eye trying to establish tissue constructs for the treatment of corneal and conjunctival disorders, including severe dry eye.

The eye department also has a certified clinical trials unit and as such is member of the EVICR.net (European Vision Clinical Research). It participates in a number of international multicentre trials on
 Dry eye and tear substitutes
 Corneal transplantation
 Vascular diseases of the macula

Scientific Publications
The Universitäts-Augenklinik Düsseldorf has published numerous scientific publications.

Literature
 Hans Joachim Küchle: Augenkliniken deutschsprachiger Hochschulen und ihre Lehrstuhlinhaber im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Biermann Verlag, Köln 2005, .
 Thorsten Halling, Jörg Vögele: 100 Jahre Hochschulmedizin in Düsseldorf 1907-2007. düsseldorf university press, Düsseldorf 2007, .

Notes

External links
 Official Website (German and English version available)

Teaching hospitals in Germany
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
Medical and health organisations based in North Rhine-Westphalia
Eye hospitals


title: Muhammad Shah Rukh

text:
Shazada Muhammad Shah-Rukh (2 October 1926 – 6 September 2015) was a Pakistani field hockey player and cyclist. He competed in the field hockey event at the 1948 Summer Olympics and in four cycling events at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1926 births
2015 deaths
Pakistani male field hockey players
Pakistani male cyclists
Field hockey players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic field hockey players for Pakistan
Olympic cyclists for Pakistan
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from Lahore
Asian Games medalists in cycling
Cyclists at the 1958 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1958 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for Pakistan
Asian Games bronze medalists for Pakistan
Commonwealth Games competitors for Pakistan
Cyclists at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Field hockey players from Lahore
20th-century Pakistani people


title: Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 62 kg

text:
The Men's 62 kg weightlifting event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland, took place at Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre on 25 July.

Result
The final results:

References

Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's +105 kg

text:
The Men's +105  kg weightlifting event was the heaviest men's event at the competition, featuring competitors with over 105 kilogrammes of body mass. The competition took place on 31 July at 15:30. The event took place at the Clyde Auditorium.

Result

References

Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Giannis Loukinas

text:
Giannis Loukinas (; born 20 September 1991) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a striker for Super League 2 club Athens Kallithea FC.

A prolific scorer, Loukinas has registered more than 100 career goals in Greek league and cup competitions.

Club career

Early career
Loukinas started his football in the academy of Agia Paraskevi. After scoring twice against Olympiacos in friendly matches, he was signed on loan by Olympiacos and moved to the club's U20 squad. After a year at Olympiacos, he returned to Agia Paraskevi, where he broke through the first team in the 2008–09 season, appearing in 29 matches and scoring six goals.

His performances earned him a transfer to Super League 1 club Panionios. Loukinas made his first team debut in a home defeat against Larissa. He would play in one more match before he was loaned out to Kalloni and PAO Rouf.

In the 2011–12 season he was indispensable for Niki Volou appearing in all but four matches and scoring three goals in the club's push for promotion.

He played for Fokikos in the 2012–13 season making 24 appearances with three goals before a hernia injury forced him out for the rest of the season.

On 3 August 2013, Loukinas signed for Chania. His first goal for Chania was an injury time winner against Acharnaikos on 24 November 2013. He would play 34 matches for Chania on the season, scoring nine goals.

Iraklis
On 11 July 2014 he signed a three-year contract with Greek Football League side Iraklis. Loukinas debuted for his new club in the opening match of the season, a cup match against Lamia. He scored twice in his league debut for Iraklis in a win away to Tyrnavos. On 20 May 20 2015, Loukinas scored the winner against AEL to lift Iraklis back to Super League 1. In total, Loukinas scored 15 goals between league and playoffs in the 2014/15 season to help Iraklis earn their promotion, and he spent the next two seasons with the club in the top flight.

Karaiskakis, Giannina, Platanias, Veria
From Iraklis, he would move on to Karaiskakis, PAS Giannina, Platanias, and Veria, scoring at least nine goals in each of the next four seasons.

Kalamata
In July 2021, Loukinas signed for Kalamata and enjoyed the best season of his career as top scorer in Super League 2’s South Group with 21 goals in 2021/22.

Athens Kallithea FC
In July 2022, Loukinas joined Athens Kallithea FC. In the 2022/23 season, Loukinas was the top scorer in the south group of Super League 2 with 19 goals.

Γιάννης Λουκίνας 2022-2023 | 19 goals

International career
Loukinas has made his debut for Greece U-19 on 25 May 2009 in a home defeat against Portugal U-19. He made one more appearance three days later on a match against Denmark U-19.

Personal life
Zlatan Ibrahimović is Loukinas' idol and Manchester United is his favourite club abroad.

References

External links
myplayer.gr profile

1991 births
Living people
Fokikos A.C. players
Iraklis F.C. (Thessaloniki) players
Niki Volos F.C. players
Panionios F.C. players
PAS Giannina F.C. players
Platanias F.C. players
Veria NFC players
Kalamata F.C. players
Super League Greece players
Super League Greece 2 players
Greece men's youth international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Athens
Greek men's footballers
Olympiacos F.C. players


title: Regunathapuram

text:
Regunathapuram may refer to:

 Regunathapuram, Papanasam, a village in Papanasam taluk, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India
 Regunathapuram, Pattukkottai, a village in Pattukkottai taluk, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India
 Regunathapuram, Pudukkottai, a village in Karambakudi taluk, Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu, India

See also
 Raghunathapuram, Nalgonda district, a village in Nalgonda district, India


title: List of Brazilian films of 1954

text:
A list of films produced in Brazil in 1954:

See also
1954 in Brazil

External links
Brazilian films of 1954 at the Internet Movie Database

Brazil
1954
Films


title: Easton Methodist Church

text:
Easton Methodist Church is a Methodist Church in Easton, on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, which was built in 1906–07. The church, along with its former manse and boundary walls, has been a Grade II* Listed since May 1993. Its church hall was formerly a Wesleyan school, dated 1878 on the porch. The school, with the boundary wall, was designated Grade II in May 1993. The church remains active to date, as part of the Portland Methodist Circuit – which involves two churches; Underhill Methodist Church and Easton Methodist Church.

History

Robert Carr Brackenbury, of Lincolnshire, came to Portland in 1791. Alongside Mr George Smith, the pair successfully established a Methodist following on Portland. By 1793 Brackenbury had a chapel built at his sole expense in Fortuneswell. However, the 19th-century construction of Portland Harbour's Breakwaters, and the other associated government works and defences, led to a large increase within Portland's Methodist population. A Wesleyan Church at Easton was built in 1854, and in 1878 a Wesleyan School within the village followed, built to accommodate 227 children. By the end of the 19th-century, the decision was made to build a new Methodist church, known as Underhill Methodist Church, by 1899, replacing Brackenbury's original chapel.

The increasing Methodist community led to the need for a Tophill church, and this was built between 1906 and 1907. It was designed by Latrobe and Weston of Bristol, and built by builders Wakeham Brothers of Plymouth, for a total cost of £7,000. As it was sited alongside the 1878 Wesleyan School, the school building was transformed into the church hall. Easton Methodist Church is still active today as part of the Portland Methodist Circuit. The congregation is currently at approximately 120 members, and the church is often the host of many different events and community projects.

Design
The twin-spired church, which seats 900, is made of rock-faced snecked Portland stone with ashlar dressings, or rubble, and has a plain tile roof. The twin-towered front, transepts with semi-octagonal apse containing organ gallery, and a low flat-roofed vestry are all designed with a mixture of late muscular Gothic with Art Nouveau detailing. The central doorway is in French High Gothic style.

The interior of the church features a three-bay nave with two-bay transepts, and mosaic floors. There are galleries on three sides of the church. A grand organ and case is behind a tall moulded painted arch, and surrounded by choir seating; which consist of plain pews. The pulpit and reading desk is made of Portland stone, bowed front with the high relief carving of The Last Supper. The church's mannered, robust exterior conceals an unusually rich interior, all of which has been retained unchanged and helps to demonstrate the strength of Methodism on the island.

The church hall was formerly a Wesleyan school, dating 1878 on the porch, reading "Wesleyan 1878 School". It is a cruciform building, but probably built first as a single hall to which 'transept' and rear wing was later added. The north side was linked to the main church by a 1906 wall with door.

References

External links

 Dorset South and West Methodist Circuit website

Isle of Portland
Churches in Dorset
Grade II* listed churches in Dorset
Methodist churches in Dorset


title: Lester W. Milbrath

text:
Lester Walter Milbrath (29 October 1925 – 26 December 2007) was an American  environmentalist and professor of Political science, who taught at SUNY Buffalo from 1965 to 1991. During his academic career, he taught abroad on sabbaticals and Fulbright scholarships in Poland, Norway, Denmark, Taiwan and Australia. He also taught at the University of California, Irvine from 1992 to 1994.

Biography

Early life
Les Milbrath was born in Bertha, Minnesota on 29 October 1925, the son of Walter Rudolph and Lila Henrietta Milbrath. He grew up on his parents’ farm in Todd County, Minnesota. In 1945, he enlisted in the United States Navy, serving as an electrician on the USS General H. W. Butner (AP-113) and a Landing Craft Infantry ship (LCIL-820).

After the war, he earned bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Minnesota, graduating Phi Beta Kappa. He received a doctoral degree in political science from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1956.

Career
After his graduation, Milbrath held a research fellowship at the Brookings Institution. He then taught at Duke University, Northwestern University, and the University at Buffalo , where he spent most of his career.

Milbrath joined the Department of Political Science at University at Buffalo in 1966, which had a newly established doctoral program in political science. (He also held a joint appointment in the Department of sociology beginning in 1987.)  He continued to write 80-plus chapters and papers in political science journals or edited books. He regularly taught undergraduate and graduate courses on political psychology, political attitudes and behavior, and research methodology.

Between 1969 and 1976, Milbrath directed the campus-based Social Science Measurement Center and the Social Science Research Institute between  and served as the associate provost of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Administration during the same period of time. Between 1976 and 1987 he headed the Environmental Studies Center, and he later directed the Research Program in Environment and Society, which focused on the issues of the sustainability of future societies, environmental beliefs and values, public policy, political beliefs, social measurement and social change.  He also served as a fellow of the Rockefeller Institute of Government.

Retirement
Milbrath retired from teaching at University at Buffalo in 1991. Milbrath spent three winter quarters teaching and lecturing at the University of California, Irvine.

In 1997, Milbrath received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Political Science Association. The award was presented, said an APSA spokesperson, in recognition of Milbrath’s "distinguished lifetime achievement in scholarship, teaching and advancement of the field of ecological and transformational politics."

On October 11, 2001, he received a Lifetime Environmental Achievement Award from the University at Buffalo Environment and Society Institute. In addition to the award, the Institute established The Lester W. Milbrath Environment and Society Institute Fellowship in his honor for  a graduate student .

Milbrath died Wednesday, December 26, 2007 at Canterbury Woods in Amherst, New York.  He was buried at the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Buffalo, New York in the Rosewood Mausoleum.

Work

The Washington Lobbyists, 1963
In 1963, while at Northwestern University,  Milbrath published  The Washington Lobbyists. Building upon his early interest in the role money plays in politics, he sought to analyze and explain the influence of lobbyists on congressional actors in Washington, D.C. Very little empirical research had been conducted on them before that time.   The Washington Lobbyists was considered a path breaking work.  Much to the surprise of political scientists at the time, his survey suggested that lobbyists exerted little influence and, instead, were a critical source of information for legislators. Exactly how lobbyists communicated with legislators was a focus of  Milbrath's study.

Other publications
In 1965, he published Participation: How and Why do People Get Involved in Politics. It examined the literature on citizen political participation, organizing empirical findings reported in previous studies. The book  became widely cited, prompting   him to co-author a second, substantially updated edition of the volume in 1977 with   M. Lal Goel

The topics of environmental beliefs and values, and environmental policy making became a research focus for  Milbrath throughout the remainder of his career. In addition to his numerous journal articles and book chapters, he published Environmentalists: Vanguard for a New Society (SUNY Series in Environmental Public Policy) State University of New York Press 1985   in 1984. This book compared and contrasted the attitudes, values, and perceptions of environmentalists with those of the "rearguard," a group of people who embrace the dominant social paradigm of economic growth at any cost. The book,  based on extensive survey data, received a great deal of acclaim by political scientists and scholars in environmental studies.

He tackled the problem of sustainable development in Envisioning a Sustainable Society: Learning Our Way Out? State University of New York Press  . As with his previous books, this one received very favorable reviews.

After his retirement Milbrath continued to write, and to testify in public settings on environmental matters. In 1996 he published Learning to Think Environmentally: While There is Still Time with a foreword by David T. Suzuki, In the book, he utilized a fictional conversation with a neighbor about important environmental issues and what we must do to develop a sustainable society. Time is running short, he told the neighbor, and we must act now.  Unlike  his previous publications, this book was intended for reading by the general populace. At first, SUNY Press was reluctant to publish the book because of its nontraditional approach. However, it has been widely adopted in many environmental studies, policy, and politics courses.

Books
Personality Correlates of Political Participation.  Written with Walter W. Klein.  1962
The Washington Lobbyists.  1963
Measuring the Personalities of Lobbyists. Northwestern University, Program of Graduate Training and Research in Political Behavior.
Political Participation: How and why Do People Get Involved in Politics?.  1965
The Politics of Environmental Policy.  1975 Sage Publications, 1975.
An Extra Dimension of Representation in Water Quality Planning: A Survey Study of Erie and Niagara Counties, New York 1976.  1977 publisher=State University of New York at Buffalo.
Environmental Quality and Quality of Life.  1977. Environmental Studies Center|location=State University of New York at Buffalo
Some Methodological and Conceptual Problems of Measuring and Explaining Quality of Life and Quality of Environment.  1977
Political Participation: How and why Do People Get Involved in Politics?.  Revised 2nd Edition.  M. Lal Goel (Editor).  1977
Citizen Surveys as Citizen Participation Mechanisms.    Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, 1982
Citizen Participation in Government Decision Making: The Toxic Waste Threat at Love Canal, Niagara Falls, New York.  Written with L. Gardner Shaw.  1983 Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government,State University of New York
Public Decision-making with Regard to Managing Major Natural Resources.   Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government|location=State University of New York
Environmentalists, Vanguard for a New Society (SUNY Series in Environmental Public Policy)].  1985
Envisioning a Sustainable Society (SUNY Series, Environmental Public Policy)] .  1989
An Inquiry Into Environmental Education: Levels of Knowledge, Awareness and Concerns Among New York State High School Students.  Written with  Kathryn M. Hausbeck and Sean M. Enright. Research Program in Environment and Society|location=State University of New York at Buffalo, 1990
Learning to Think Environmentally While There Is Still Time.  1996

References

1925 births
2007 deaths
American political scientists
20th-century political scientists
American environmentalists
People from Todd County, Minnesota
University of Minnesota alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
University at Buffalo faculty
University of California, Irvine faculty
Duke University faculty
Northwestern University faculty


title: Gouldtown, New Jersey

text:
Gouldtown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Cumberland County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is in the northwestern part of the county, in the northeast part of Fairfield Township, and it is bordered to the west by the city of Bridgeton, the county seat. New Jersey Route 49 runs through the community, leading east  to Millville and west through Bridgeton  to Salem.

Demographics
As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 1,601.

History
Monroe Work catalogued it among "Negro" communities in his Negro Yearbook series.

Gouldtown was first listed as a CDP prior to the 2020 census. Trinity African Methodist Episcopal Church, organized in 1818, current building constructed in 1860, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Gouldtown include:
Harold Gould (1924–2012), baseball pitcher with the Philadelphia Stars of the Negro National League.
Theophilus Gould Steward (1843–1924), U.S. Army chaplain, Buffalo Soldier, organizer of A.M.E. congregations in South Carolina and Georgia

See also
Whitesboro, New Jersey
Lawnside, New Jersey
Springtown, New Jersey

Further reading
Gouldtown, a Very Remarkable Settlement of Ancient Date: Studies of Some Sturdy Examples of the Simple Life, Together with Sketches of Early Colonial History of Cumberland County and Southern New Jersey and Some Early Genealogical Records originally published in some for in 1913 in and published in 1923 Theophilus Gould Steward and William Steward.

References

Census-designated places in Cumberland County, New Jersey
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Fairfield Township, Cumberland County, New Jersey


title: Jenny Montigny

text:
Jeanne (Jenny) Montigny (8 December 1875, Ghent – 31 October 1937, Deurle) was a Belgian painter.

Life
Montigny's father was a lawyer and government official who oversaw several boards and commissions and was later Dean of the law faculty at the University of Ghent. Her mother was of English origin. At seventeen, she decided to become an artist, knowing that she could not count on her parents' support. (Her father once remarked "De kunsten laten me helemaal koud."...The arts leave me totally cold.)

After seeing a painting by Emile Claus (The Kingfishers), Montigny decided to seek out a position in his studios near Deinze. In the summer of 1893, she and several other female students took his course in plein air painting. After 1895, she commuted regularly between Ghent and Deinze. Despite the fact that Claus was married and twenty-six years her senior, they began a relationship that lasted until his death in 1924. In 1902, she made her debut at the Ghent Salon, followed by shows in Paris. Two years later, she and her younger brother moved into a villa in Deurle. She later became a member of the luminist group Vie et Lumière.

At the outbreak of World War I, she followed Claus and his wife in emigrating to London, where she became a member of the Women's International Art Club and exhibited at the Grafton Galleries. After the war, she returned to Belgium and, finding it necessary to sell her villa, moved into a more modest home. In 1923, she joined the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts. After Claus' death, she found herself in worsening financial straits. Her painting style was no longer popular and it was necessary to accept charity from family and friends. She was largely forgotten after her death until 1987, when exhibitions were held in Deurle and Deinze. In 1995, a major retrospective took place at the Musée Pissarro in Pontoise.

References

Further reading
 Johan de Smet, Sint-Martens-Latem en de kunst aan de Leie, 1870-1970. Lannoo, 2000
 Katlijne Van der Stighelen, Mirjam Westen, Elck zijn waerom : vrouwelijke kunstenaars in België en Nederland 1500-1950. Ghent, Ludion, 1999.
 Serge Goyens de Heusch, L'impressionnisme et le fauvisme en Belgique, Paris, Fonds Mercator, 1988
 Chris Weymeis, Jenny Montigny, kunstenares van de Latemse school. In: De Standaard; (17 December 1993)
 Kredietbank, 9 vrouwen, 9 x kunst: vrouwelijke kunstenaars actief rond de eeuwwisseling (Female artists active around the turn of the century). Brussels, Piet Jaspaert, 1988.

External links

 ArtNet: More paintings by Montigny

1875 births
1937 deaths
Belgian Impressionist painters
20th-century Belgian painters
20th-century Belgian women artists
Artists from Ghent


title: Felipe Liñán

text:
Felipe Liñán (1931 – 7 August 1975) was a Mexican cyclist. He competed in the individual and team road race events at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1931 births
1975 deaths
Mexican male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Mexico
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing
20th-century Mexican people
Sportspeople from San Luis Potosí


title: Lewis Asprilla

text:
Lewis Coler Asprilla (born 27 May 1972) is a retired Colombian athlete who specialised in the long jump. He won several medals on regional level.

His personal best jump is 7.96 metres, set in 1999 in Bogotá. This is the current national record.

Competition record

References

1972 births
Living people
Colombian male long jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Colombia
20th-century Colombian people

Asprilla family


title: Cerreto, Sorano

text:
Cerreto is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Sorano, province of Grosseto, in the tuff area of southern Maremma. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 19.

Cerreto is about 90 km from Grosseto and 4 km from Sorano, and it is situated along the Provincial Road which links Sorano to San Quirico. The village is known for the Marian apparition that occurred to the young shepherdess Veronica Nucci in 1853. The sanctuary of Madonna Addolorata was built in 1846 as a place of pilgrimage.

Cerreto is also known for its typical caciotta cheese, the pastorella ("shepherdess") of Cerreto.

Main sights

 Sanctuary of Madonna Addolorata, built in 1846 in the place of the apparition of the Virgin Mary to the 12 years old shepherdess Veronica Nucci, it hosts now the Carmelite cloistered nuns.
 Sant'Anna (13th century), former church now converted into a barn, you can still recognize the original walls and arches of the primitive structure.

References

Bibliography
 Alfredo Scanzani, La Signora del Cerreto. La straordinaria apparizione a una pastorella della Maremma, Florence, Mosaico Edizioni, 1998.

See also
 Castell'Ottieri
 Elmo, Sorano
 Montebuono, Sorano
 Montevitozzo
 Montorio, Sorano
 San Giovanni delle Contee
 San Quirico, Sorano
 San Valentino, Sorano
 Sovana

Frazioni of Sorano


title: Rafael Vaca

text:
Rafael Vaca Váldez (born 1934) is a former Mexican cyclist. He competed in the individual and team road race events at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1934 births
Living people
Mexican male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Mexico
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)


title: Lsjbot

text:
Lsjbot is an automated Wikipedia article-creating program, or Wikipedia bot, developed by Sverker Johansson for the Swedish Wikipedia. The bot primarily focuses on articles about living organisms and geographical entities (such as rivers, dams, and mountains).

According to its description page on the Swedish Wikipedia, Lsjbot was active in the Swedish and Waray Wikipedias and is currently active in the Cebuano Wikipedia, and has created most Wikipedia articles in those languages (between 80% and 99% of the total).

During 2020, Lsjbot was only performing maintenance on the Cebuano Wikipedia, with no major article creation projects underway.

History

The program was responsible for 2.7 million articles as of 2014 (at a rate of 10,000 articles per day), and 9.5 million articles as of January 2019 (at a rate of 4,000 per day), two-thirds of which appear in the Cebuano language Wikipedia (the native language of Johansson's wife); the other third appear in the Swedish Wikipedia.

On June 15, 2013, the Swedish Wikipedia hit one million articles, the eighth language on Wikipedia to reach that goal. The millionth article was created by Lsjbot – which at that point had created 454,000 articles, almost half of the entire article count of the Swedish Wikipedia. Lsjbot was also responsible for helping the Swedish Wikipedia become the second edition of Wikipedia to reach 2 million articles, which as of 2022 is the  largest edition of Wikipedia behind English, Cebuano and German.

In February 2020, Vice reported that Lsjbot was responsible for over 24 million of 29.5 million edits at Cebuano Wikipedia, now the world's second largest Wikipedia, with bots comprising all but five of the site's top 35 editors and no human editors in the top 10. However, Lsjbot is no longer creating new articles at the Swedish and Waray-Waray Wikipedias. Sverker Johansson explained that "opinions shifted" within the Swedish Wikipedia community and Waray-Waray editors were unable to form a consensus about the automatic creation of articles.

On the Swedish Wikipedia, since early 2017, around 900,000 articles written by Lsjbot have been deleted, due to a lack of adequate documentation or because of other reasons. Apart from these already-deleted articles, as of 26 December 2021, a further number of approximately 200,000 articles await deletion.

Overall, starting in 2017, there was an initial pace of approximately 20,000 to 40,000 deletions of Lsjbot-made articles per year, but since July 2020 the pace of deletions has greatly accelerated. In just one year, from July 2020 to December 2021, Swedish Wikipedia fell from 3.72 million articles to 2.79 million articles. Furthermore, since July 2020, the deletion rate has occasionally exceeded 5,000 per day.

Media coverage
Its operation has generated some criticism, from those who suggest the stub articles lack meaningful content and a human touch. The Sydney Morning Herald compared the bot to Phil Parker, allegedly the most published author in human history, who has published over 200,000 books, each of which is completed in less than an hour using computers. Popular Science compared the bot to the announcement in July 2014 by the Associated Press that it planned to use bots to write articles. Johansson countered attacks on his methods by appealing to problems of gender bias on Wikipedia, noting that if the bot does not write articles, "otherwise they're mainly written by young, white, male nerds and reflect male interests."

References

External links

 Source code of Lsjbot

Internet bots
Internet in Sweden
Wikipedia controversies