title: Kudumba Sangili

text:
Kudumba Sangili () is a 1999 Tamil language film directed by P. N. Ramachandar. The film stars the producer Kalaipuli G. Sekaran alongside Khushbu, while Manivannan plays a supporting role. The film, which had music composed by Sirpy, opened in November 1999.

Cast
Kalaipuli G. Sekaran
Khushbu
Alex
Rajesh
Nithya Ravindran
Vadivukkarasi
Bayilvan Ranganathan
Senthil

Soundtrack

Release
Post-release, the film was exempted from paying entertainment tax for four weeks.

References

1999 films
1990s Tamil-language films


title: Cheongna Dalton School

text:
Cheongna Dalton School (CDS) is a secular international private college preparatory school situated in Cheongna, Incheon, South Korea, offering an American curriculum following the Dalton Plan in an English-only setting.

Cheongna Dalton School opened to students on September 1, 2011, and has classes from pre-Kindergarten to the 12th grade.

The present site is 46,200 m2 (11.4 acres or 497.292 sq ft) and is located in the Cheongna area.

The school provides dormitory and day-school options but the elementary students cannot use the dorms. They share the philosophy of Dalton School in New York and accept the Dalton Plan that Helen Parkhurst established during her career. They have accreditation from WASC and the school provides AP system classes.

The Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC), based in California, accredited Cheongna Dalton School for a six-year term on July 2, 2012. As a condition of attending the school, a student is required to have at least one parent who holds a foreign passport, or the student must have been out of the country of Korea for more than 1,095 days at the time of enrollment.

Campus and facilities

The school has computers for student use, and all classrooms and facilities are fully networked. There are two libraries and several science laboratories. The auditorium, known as the Dalton Hall, is used for parent and teacher functions, fine arts productions and concerts, and it is equipped with lighting and sound systems. Music facilities include orchestra and choir rooms and sound-proofed practice rooms.
Athletic facilities include a gymnasium, an equestrian course with four horses, a tennis court, a heated swimming pool, a soccer field with grass turf, and a dance room.

At the entrance of the school, there is a golden statue of Founder of Bongduk Education Foundation, Madame Bongduk Lee (1921~2010).
The campus consists of the High School block, the Middle School Block, the "First Program" (Elementary), soccer field and residential facilities include the dormitory for students, and the Town House and Guesthouse for foreign teachers.

Courses

Students in the school must attend Korean classes, World Language classes and extracurricular activities. In Middle School, basic subjects such as Pre-Algebra, Algebra 1, social studies, science and physical education. Those who take and pass the Math Exemption Exam would skip a year in the math curriculum. In addition, high school students, receive more opportunities of extracurricular activities such as band. Counseling sessions are offered for students, AP Courses and college counseling sessions are offered for High School students, so that they can find a suitable college to attend after graduating.

In CDS, there is a team championship known as the Dalton Cup, where students in different Dalton Cup teams compete in many subjects, such as sports, music, Accelerated Reader programs, writing competitions, and math competitions. The team in which achieves the highest score receives special prizes handed out to the team members.

Daily schedules are oriented according to the three principles of the Dalton Plan : House, Laboratory and Assignment. House is a session in the morning where students gather in their homeroom classes, and listen to announcements, upcoming events and reminders. The Laboratory, known as Lab Time, is a 30-minute session after first period, where students can visit teachers for assignments or talk with friends. There is also a period known as Silent Sustained Reading, or SSR, in which students must read a book silently for a duration of 30 minutes.

The school follows the six principles known as the 6Cs: Character, Curiosity, Critical Thinking, Communication, Collaboration and Community. The grades split into three categories which is the first program, Middle school, and the High school. The students who are grade 1 to 8 and have Korean nationalities are required to take a Korean language course. They have two house teachers in one class and the students have the opportunity to go to the University in Korea if they fill the 102 hours of studying Korean History and Korean. Every class is operated by about 70 minutes, with a 5 minute transition time. Also, the students from the school are mandated to do service works. In addition, they take foreign languages, Spanish or Chinese, just for the middle and high school students.

Extracurricular activities

At the end of every Wednesday and Friday, there are clubs such as Fencing Club, Horseback Riding Club, and Film Club where students can attend. In addition, the school provides sport activities such as basketball, soccer and swimming. The education of the school in the musical area is developed by the middle and high school orchestra. In addition, the school provides service learning projects. The school also offers the Winter school program for the elementary and the middle school students. After school programs(known as ASPs) include Drama Club, swimming, dancing, and horseback riding.

Admission
The middle and high school students who want to attend the school need to take Math and English tests. However, the elementary students only need a document and an interview for admission. As a condition of attending the school, a student is required to have at least one parent who holds a foreign passport, or the student must have been out of the country of Korea for more than 1,095 days at the time of enrollment.

College acceptance

The students from Cheongna Dalton school has around a 60% college acceptance from international universities. However, there were also some students who enrolled into Korean universities if the students had an early graduation.  Half of the students stated that they wanted to go to Korean universities when they graduated from high school.

Some international universities students managed to enroll in are:
 Cornell University
 University of Wisconsin, Madison
 New York University
 Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Science
 George Mason University
 Saint Andrew's University
 Michigan State University
 Emory University
 Washington University
 University of Virginia
 University of the Arts
 University of Iowa
 University of Southern California
 Les Roches International School of Hotel Management (Switzerland)
 Waseda University (Japan)
And others

Other students who qualified for Korean universities attended:
Seoul National University
Yonsei University
Korea University
Kyunghee University
Hanyang University
Kookmin University
And others

References

 "Admission." Cheongna Dalton School. Cheongna Dalton School, 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.
 Cheongna Dalton. April 2011.Twitter.Web. 15 March 2016.
 Cheongna Dalton School. Cheongna Dalton School campus. 22 December 2009. Daltonschool.kr. Web. 14 March 2016.
 Cheongna Dalton School. Cheongna School have an experience for studying abroad. 20 October 2011. Daltonschool.kr. Web. 14 March 2016.
 "Cheongna Dalton School." YouTube. Pic CDS, 15 Oct. 2014. Web. 5 Mar. 2016.
 "Location." Cheongna Dalton School. Cheongna Dalton School, 2012. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.
 Shin, Min Jae. "Cheongna Dalton School First Graduates 67% for Foreign Pathways." Yonhapnews. Yonhapnews, 2 Oct. 2015. Web. 5 Mar. 2016.
 Yu, SI Jeong. "아무도 가르쳐주지 않는 국제학교 · 외국인학교의 모든 것." Google Books. Denstory, 25 Nov. 2013. Web. 05 Mar. 2016.
 "청라달튼 외국인 학교 pt1." YouTube. Kangmin Park, 6 Sept. 2010. Web. 05 Mar. 2016.

External links

 Cheongna Dalton School - Tuition
 Western Association of Schools and Colleges

Boarding schools in South Korea
International schools in South Korea
Schools in Incheon
Educational institutions established in 2011
2011 establishments in South Korea


title: List of armistices involving Germany

text:
This is a list of armistices signed by the German Empire (1871–1918) or Nazi Germany (1933–1945). An armistice is a temporary agreement to cease hostilities. The period of an armistice may be used to negotiate a peace treaty.

Armistice of Versailles (28 January 1871, came into effect fully by 31 January)
Signed with the Third French Republic, ended the Franco-Prussian War. A final peace, the Treaty of Frankfurt, was signed on 10 May 1871.
Armistice of Focșani (9 December 1917)
Signed by Germany and its allies—Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire—with Romania during World War I. A final peace, the Treaty of Bucharest, was signed on 7 May 1918.
Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers (15 December 1917)
Signed by Germany and its allies—Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire—with Soviet Russia after the Russian Revolution, ending the Eastern Front of World War I. The armistice came to an end on 18 February 1918, but the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ending the state of war was signed on 3 March 1918.
Armistice of Compiègne (11 November 1918)
Also called the Armistice of Rethondes. Signed between the German republic and the Allied and Associated Powers after the German Revolution, ending the Western Front of World War I. A final peace, the Treaty of Versailles, was signed on 28 June 1919.
Armistice of Compiègne (22 June 1940, came into effect 25 June)
Also called the Armistice of Rethondes. Signed, at the same location as the previous, with France during World War II. No peace treaty was signed before the unconditional surrender of Germany and the establishment of the French Fourth Republic
 Armistice of Belgrade (17 April 1941, came into effect 18 April)
Signed with Yugoslavia during World War II and worded as an unconditional surrender. On account of its doubtful legality, no peace treaty was signed.

See also
 German Instrument of Surrender (7–9 May 1945), an unconditional surrender that ended the European theatre of World War II.

Germany
Armistices


title: Skeletonizer

text:
Several moth species are known as skeletonizers, including:

Aglaope infausta (almond-tree leaf skeletonizer moth)
Bucculatrix ainsliella (oak leaf skeletonizer, oak skeletonizer)
Bucculatrix albertiella (oak-ribber skeletonizer)
Bucculatrix canadensisella (birch skeletonizer)
Catastega aceriella (maple trumpet skeletonizer moth)
Choreutis nemorana (fig-tree skeletonizer moth, fig leaf roller)
Choreutis pariana (apple-and-thorn skeletonizer, apple leaf skeletonizer)
Harrisina americana (grapeleaf skeletonizer)
Harrisina metallica (western grapeleaf skeletonizer)
Prochoreutis inflatella (skullcap skeletonizer moth)
Schreckensteinia festaliella (blackberry skeletonizer)

See also
Skeletonization (disambiguation)

Animal common name disambiguation pages


title: Deh-e Hasan, Jahanabad

text:
Deh-e Hasan (, also Romanized as Deh-e Ḩasan; also known as Ḩasanābād) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 36, in 11 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: List of restaurants in Scotland

text:
This is a list of notable restaurants in Scotland.

Restaurants in Scotland

Edinburgh

Glasgow

 Pink Peacock

 Menu by Gordan Ramsay, Ibrox Stadium, Glasgow City, Scotland, UK

Elsewhere

Former restaurants
 Amaryllis (Glasgow)

See also

 Scottish cuisine
 List of companies of Scotland
 Lists of restaurants

References

Companies of Scotland
Scotland
Restaurants


title: Deh-e Hasan, Dust Mohammad

text:
Deh-e Hasan (, also Romanized as Deh-e Ḩasan) is a village in Dust Mohammad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 42, in 9 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Ghosts (Mayday Parade song)

text:
"Ghosts" is a song by American rock band Mayday Parade. The song was released on August 27, 2013 as the lead single from their third studio album, Monsters in the Closet.

Background
On August 16, 2013, the band released the cover art for "Ghosts". On August 24, 2013, the group released a 30-second snippet of the track via Twitter. Bassist Jeremy Lenzo spoke about the meaning of the song stating, "This song has to do with your inner demons, and it portrays that in a literal sense by referring to them as ghosts and how they are always with you."

Composition
Written by members of the band and produced by Zack Odom and Kenneth Mount, the track runs at 76 BPM and is in the key of C major. Lead vocalist Derek Sander's range in the song spans from the notes G4 to A5.

Critical reception
"Ghosts" was met with generally positive reviews. The song was compared to Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody". Luke O'Neil of MTV stated, "'Ghosts' is a pogo-worthy sprint for the bulk of its near 5 minutes, with call and response and gang vocals giving the track its charge of shout-along spirit." O'Neil complimented the groups work for their "next level of musical maturity."

Music video
The music video for "Ghosts" premiered via Entertainment Tonight on November 15, 2013 and was directed by Brant Kantor. The video showcases the band performing in and exploring a haunted hotel. Yahoo! Movies described the video as a "pop-punk video with great production value and innovative concepts." The video is filled with elements of horror, fantasy and melodrama.

Credits and personnel

Mayday Parade
 Derek Sanders – lead vocals, keyboards
 Jeremy Lenzo – bass guitar
 Alex Garcia – lead guitar
 Brooks Betts – rhythm guitar
 Jake Bundrick – drums, backing vocals

Production
 Zack Odom – producer
 Kenneth Mount – producer

Charts

Release history

References

2013 songs
2013 singles
Fearless Records singles


title: Hajji Malek

text:
Hajji Malek () may refer to:
 Hajji Malek, Sistan and Baluchestan


title: Order-4 120-cell honeycomb

text:
In the geometry of hyperbolic 4-space, the order-4 120-cell honeycomb is one of five compact regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs). With Schläfli symbol {5,3,3,4}, it has four 120-cells around each face. Its dual is the order-5 tesseractic honeycomb, {4,3,3,5}.

Related honeycombs
It is related to the (order-3) 120-cell honeycomb, and order-5 120-cell honeycomb.

It is analogous to the order-4 dodecahedral honeycomb and order-4 pentagonal tiling.

See also
 List of regular polytopes

References
Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. . (Tables I and II: Regular polytopes and honeycombs, pp. 294–296)
Coxeter, The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays, Dover Publications, 1999  (Chapter 10: Regular honeycombs in hyperbolic space, Summary tables II,III,IV,V, p212-213)

Honeycombs (geometry)


title: Hajji Malek, Sistan and Baluchestan

text:
Hajji Malek (, also Romanized as Ḩājjī Malek; also known as Malek Moḩammad) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 294, in 56 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Jani, Iran

text:
Jani (, also Romanized as Jānī; also known as Deh-e Jānī Meylak and Jani Saiyid) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 269, in 60 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Order-5 120-cell honeycomb

text:
In the geometry of hyperbolic 4-space, the order-5 120-cell honeycomb is one of five compact regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs). With Schläfli symbol {5,3,3,5}, it has five 120-cells around each face. It is self-dual. It also has 600 120-cells around each vertex.

Related honeycombs
It is related to the (order-3) 120-cell honeycomb, and order-4 120-cell honeycomb. It is analogous to the order-5 dodecahedral honeycomb and order-5 pentagonal tiling.

Birectified order-5 120-cell honeycomb
The birectified order-5 120-cell honeycomb  constructed by all rectified 600-cells, with octahedron and icosahedron cells, and triangle faces with a 5-5 duoprism vertex figure and has extended symmetry [[5,3,3,5]].

See also
 List of regular polytopes

References
Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. . (Tables I and II: Regular polytopes and honeycombs, pp. 294–296)
Coxeter, The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays, Dover Publications, 1999  (Chapter 10: Regular honeycombs in hyperbolic space, Summary tables II,III,IV,V, p212-213)

Honeycombs (geometry)
Self-dual tilings


title: Controlled Oral Word Association Test

text:
Controlled Oral Word Association Test, abbreviated COWA or COWAT, is a verbal fluency test that measures spontaneous production of words belonging to the same category or beginning with some designated letter.

History
The test was first called the "Verbal Associative Fluency Test", and then was changed to the "Controlled Word Association Test".

Procedure
The participant is usually asked to name words beginning with a letter, excluding proper nouns, for one minute and this procedure is repeated three times. The most commons letters used are FAS because of their frequency in the English language. The examiner must quickly write down the words provided by the participant on a piece of paper. The whole examination usually takes 5–10 minutes.

References

Neuropsychological tests


title: Shir Ali Khan, Iran

text:
Shir Ali Khan (, also Romanized as Shīr ‘Alī Khān; also known as Shīr ‘Alī) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 61, in 16 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Ali Khan, Iran

text:
Ali Khan () in Iran may refer to:
 Ali Khan, Sistan and Baluchestan
 Ali Khan-e Kachkul, Sistan and Baluchestan Province
 Ali Khan-e Zaman, Sistan and Baluchestan Province
 Ali Khan, alternate name of Deh Now-e Ali Khan, Sistan and Baluchestan Province


title: Pavel Kochetkov

text:
Pavel Sergeyevich Kochetkov (; born 7 March 1986 in Kamensk-Uralsky) is a Russian cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam .

On 5 March 2014, he fractured his collarbone after a low-flying helicopter knocked him off his bike during the Stage 7 of the Tour de Langkawi. He was named in the start list for the 2015 Vuelta a España. In July 2018, he was named in the start list for the 2018 Tour de France.

Major results

2007
 1st Circuito Internazionale di Caneva
 1st Stage 4 Giro delle Regioni
 2nd Giro Ciclistico del Pinerolese
 3rd Gran Premio di Poggiana
 6th Coppa della Pace
 8th Ruota d'Oro
2008
 1st Trofeo Marco Rusconi
 3rd Gran Premio di Poggiana
 3rd Trofeo Alcide Degasperi
 3rd Trofeo Salvatore Morucci
 4th La Côte Picarde
 5th GP Capodarco
 6th Ronde van Vlaanderen U23
 7th Lombardia Tour
 8th Coppa della Pace
2009
 1st Trofeo Città di San Vendemiano
 1st Trofeo Alcide Degasperi
 1st Freccia dei Vini
 1st GP Inda
 2nd Overall Giro della Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia
 2nd Coppa della Pace
 6th Gara Ciclistica Millionaria
 9th Overall Giro della Valle d'Aosta
2010
 4th Grand Prix Südkärnten
2011
 1st Stage 1 Tour of Bulgaria
 7th Overall Tour des Pays de Savoie
1st Stage 1
 9th Overall Grand Prix of Sochi
2012
 2nd Overall Czech Cycling Tour
1st  Points classification
 2nd Memorial Oleg Dyachenko
 3rd Central European Tour Košice–Miskolc
 4th Overall Tour du Loir-et-Cher
 7th Overall Circuit des Ardennes
1st Stage 3 (TTT)
 10th Duo Normand (with Vyacheslav Kuznetsov)
2014
 10th Overall Tour de Wallonie
2015
 3rd Tour of Almaty
 Giro d'Italia
Held  after Stages 3–4
2016
 1st  Road race, National Road Championships
 8th Overall Tour of Slovenia

Grand Tour general classification results timeline

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Russian male cyclists
Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for Russia
Cyclists at the 2015 European Games
European Games competitors for Russia
People from Kamensk-Uralsky
Sportspeople from Sverdlovsk Oblast
21st-century Russian people


title: Deh-e ‘Alī Khān, Sistan and Baluchestan

text:
Ali Khan (, also Romanized as ʿAlī Khān; also known as Deh-e ‘Alī Khān) is a village in Margan Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 66, with 14 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: The Silent Mountain

text:
The Silent Mountain is a 2014 Austrian war drama film written by Clemens Aufderklamm and produced and directed by Ernst Gossner set in the Alpine Front of World War I. The Silent Mountain is a love story set in the Dolomites at the outbreak of hostilities between Italy and Austria-Hungary in 1915.

Plot
The story begins on May 1915 in South Tyrol where Anderl Gruber, a son of a rich hotel owner, is attending the wedding of his sister Elisabeth (Lisl) with Italian Angelo Calzolari. There, he meets Angelo's sister Francesca, with whom he falls in love. However, the same day Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary. The tensions present between Austrians and Italians immediately escalate into the conflict between them, and they both join their respective armies. With the expulsion of the Italians, by the villagers Francesca is forced to hide her identity. However, Fritz Weinberger, a local teacher who returns from the front and who has particularly strong hatred towards Italians, exploits this and offers Francesca to protect her identity in exchange for sexual favors.

An Austro-Hungarian Army platoon that occupies the adjacent mountains tricks the attacking Italians into retreating. Later. they are reinforced by a German Alpenkorps unit. Anderl is wounded in a massive battle and ends up in the hotel Gruber, which is now a field hospital for wounded Austrian soldiers. Meanwhile, Anderl discovers Francesca's affair with Fritz and returns to the front in such a rage that he single-handedly repulses a massive attack of Italian infantry. Andrerl is severely wounded again. As the following Italian offensives also fail, Nicola Quinziato, the commander of Italian garrison, orders Angelo, an experienced civil engineer, to dig a tunnel below the Austrian positions. Initially it is planned to launch an offensive through the tunnels, but later Quinziato decides to set the explosives below the mountain to blow up the Austrian troops. Angelo is discharged immediately after that and sent to the regular infantry, thus exposing him to the dangers of the war.

Some time later, Angelo is caught by the Austrians where he reveals the Italian plans to blow up the mountain. Anderl helps Angelo to return to their village, while the German and Austrian troops decide to hold the mountain despite the imminent danger. Unfortunately, Angelo's identity is quickly discovered and he is summarily executed by the Austrian troops, with Elisabeth watching.

Anderl looks for Francesca, forgives her and leads her out of the village to the mountains. They arrive close to the Austrian positions in the moment of explosion, which annihilates the Austrian stronghold. They then leave the valley and Anderl later often thinks about their mountain, a mountain without the soldiers.

Cast
William Moseley as Anderl Gruber
Eugenia Costantini as Francesca Calzolari
Claudia Cardinale as Nuria Calzolari
Harald Windisch as Karl Gruber
Fritz Karl as Fritz Weinberger
Werner Daehn as Sven Kornatz
Emily Cox as Lisl Gruber
Brigitte Jaufenthaler as Anna Gruber
Julia Gschnitzer as Anastasia Gruber

Release
The film was a box-office success in Austria and Italy in March 2014 and sold to more than 60 countries worldwide. It was released in the United States on August 19, 2014.

Production
The Silent Mountain was shot in various locations in the Dolomites in South Tirol, Trentino, Tirol and Cortina d'Ampezzo. The story is inspired by the actual events during the Mountain War between 1915 and 1918.

In 2012 it was announced by Paradigm's manager David Guillod and his attorney Lev Ginsburg that William Moseley will star in a film along with Eugenia Costantini and Claudia Cardinale.

The crew and cast was struck by lightning while shooting in the mountains. William Moseley was hit as was the camerawoman. She was looking through the viewfinder as the lightning struck and went through the iron body through her eye to her optical nerve and burnt it.

A battlefield set was destroyed and flushed into a nearby river by a mud slide.

References

External links

2014 films
Austrian war drama films
English-language Austrian films
Films scored by Gregor Narholz
Films set in the Alps
Mountaineering films
World War I films set on the Italian Front
Films set in 1915
Films shot in Austria
2010s English-language films


title: Deh-e Ali Khan

text:
Deh-e Ali Khan () may refer to:
 Deh-e Ali Khan, Markazi
 Deh-e Ali Khan, Sistan and Baluchestan
 Deh-e Ali Khan, alternate name of Ali Khan, Sistan and Baluchestan


title: LAWC-T

text:
The LAWC-T (short for Light Armored Weapon Carrier) platform was developed by FNSS Defence Systems. to meet the requirements for a new agile armored combat vehicle that can be configured to meet many different mission requirements such as: anti-armor, fire support and reconnaissance roles. The vehicle can be fitted with a variety of turrets/weapon stations as well as Anti Armor (ATGM) turrets mounting a variety of missiles. The vehicle is capable of missions such as Reconnaissance and Surveillance. It can be integrated with elevated platforms fitted with Thermal Imagers, Long Range CCD cameras and Laser Rangefinders.

Layout
The power pack is located at the rear of the platform enabling the driver and commander to sit side by side in the front providing a very high level of local situation awareness and high field of view with the help of eight frontal periscopes. The rear power pack configuration also enables a low thermal and noise signature.

Crew accommodation
LAWC-T in the anti-armor role has a maximum crew of five. The crew enters and leaves via a clam-shell type door at the rear, two side doors and through the wide commander and driver hatches at the front.

Powertrain
The vehicle has a 4-stroke diesel engine satisfying a minimum power-to-weight ratio of 25 hp/ton. Suspension is of the torsion bar type with either side having five dual road wheels, drive sprocket at the front, and idler at the rear and three shock absorbers on each side. The vehicle can be equipped with either conventional T130 or T150 tracks or rubber band tracks. Steering is of the hydro-static type.

Armor
LAWC-T has a ballistic protection of NATO STANAG 4569 Level 4, providing immunity against 14.5mm heavy machine gun ammunition. The well-sloped glacis plate and the vertical hull sides allow additional armor to be fitted if required. The Standard mine protection meets STANAG 4569 Level 3a.

Cameras
The vehicle is configured with all-around thermal/day cameras for driving and providing situational awareness to commander and driver. A modern open architecture system enables different electronic subsystems integration and allows future upgrades to be applied.

Performance
LAWC-T platform has a high degree of mobility allowing the vehicle to keep pace with latest main battle tanks both on-road and cross country conditions.

Deployability
The vehicle is deployable by C-130 aircraft as well as railway and sea transport vessels.

References
Notes

Armoured fighting vehicles of Turkey


title: General Officers of World War I

text:
General Officers of World War I (originally entitled Some General Officers of the Great War) is an oil painting by John Singer Sargent, completed in 1922.  It was commissioned by South African financier Sir Abraham Bailey, 1st Baronet to commemorate the generals who commanded British and British Empire armies in the First World War.

Background
Sargent was initially unwilling to take on such a large project, but took the commission in January 1919 and began work in August 1920, after he completed his similarly huge painting, Gassed.  He was also working on murals for the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts.

Sargent found it difficult to find a suitable composition for so many full-length portraits, and Sargent himself foresaw a "horrible failure".  The resulting painting is unsatisfactory, with 22 men in khaki uniforms standing like pillars in a crowd in front of an anonymous brownish void, possibly an open doorway, with the bases of fluted pillars to either side.  Sargent described it as "painting them all standing up in a vacuum".  They look forward with blank stares, with no discernible purpose, almost as if each was unaware of the others around him.

The completed painting measures . It was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1922.

Bailey commissioned two other commemorative portraits, Statesmen of World War I by Sir James Guthrie, and Naval Officers of World War I by Sir Arthur Stockdale Cope. Bailey paid £5,000 for each of the three paintings and donated all three to the National Portrait Gallery.

Generals
The painting depicts 22 of the approximately 1,500 brigadier-generals, major-generals, lieutenant-generals, generals, and field marshals who served in the British and Imperial armies in the First World War.  All but two of the subjects reached the rank of at least lieutenant-general, and most were commanders of armies or army corps.  The only two divisional commanders are Major-General Lukin and Major-General Russell.

From left to right, they are:
 Field Marshal William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood (commander of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps from 1914 to 1916, and of the British Fifth Army in 1918)
 Field Marshal Jan Smuts (commander of Imperial forces in east Africa in 1916)
 General Louis Botha (commander in southwest Africa) (blue lapel flashes)
 Field Marshal Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy (commander of the British Third Army from 1917 to 1919)
 General Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson (commander of the British Fourth Army from 1916 to 1919) (carrying a coat)
 Major-General Sir Henry Lukin (commander of the South African Brigade from 1915 to 1916, and of the 9th (Scottish) Division from 1916 to 1918)
 General Sir John Monash (commander of the Australian Corps from 1917 to 1918)
 General Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne (commander of the British First Army from September 1917)
 Field Marshal George Milne, 1st Baron Milne (commander of British forces in Salonika from 1916 to 1919)
 Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet (Chief of the Imperial General Staff from February 1918)
 Major-General Sir Andrew Hamilton Russell (commander of the New Zealand Division from 1916 to 1919)
 Field Marshal Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer (commander of the British Second Army from 1915 to 1917 and in 1918) (white moustache)
 General Sir John Cowans (Quartermaster-General to the Forces from 1912 to 1919)
 Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig (commander-in-chief of the British Expeditionary Force in France from December 1915 to 1919) (with baton)
 Field Marshal John French, 1st Earl of Ypres (commander-in-chief of the British Expeditionary Force in France in 1914 to December 1915) (with baton, wearing coat)
 Field Marshal Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet (Chief of the Imperial General Staff from December 1915 to February 1918)
 Lieutenant-General Sir Stanley Maude (commander of British forces in Mesopotamia from 1916 to his death in 1917)
 Field Marshal Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby (commander of the British Third Army in 1916 to 1917, and the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in the Middle East) (turning away, with sword)
 Lieutenant-General Sir William Marshall (commander of British forces in Mesopotamia from 1917 to 1919)
 General Sir Arthur Currie (commander of the Canadian Corps from June 1917 to 1918) (carrying coat)
 Field Marshal Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan (commander of the Italian Tenth Army from March 1918)
 General Sir Charles Macpherson Dobell (commander in Cameroon from 1914 to 1916, and then in the Middle East until 1917)

The generals are mostly British, but some representatives from the British Empire are also included: Field Marshal Smuts, General Botha and Major-General Lukin from South Africa, Generals Currie and Dobell from Canada, General Monash from Australia, and Major-General Russell from New Zealand.

A list of potential subjects was compiled by Evan Charteris and Lewis Vernon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt, and approved by Bailey.  Some were deliberately omitted (for example, General Ian Hamilton was blamed for the failure at Gallipoli and left out).  Others prominent army commanders to be left out include Horace Smith-Dorrien, Hubert Gough, Charles Monro, Richard Haking, William Peyton, Charles Kavanagh, John Nixon, Percy Lake, and Charles Townshend; administrative officers such as Stanley Brenton von Donop, William Furse, Nevil Macready, George Macdonogh, Ronald Charles Maxwell and Travers Clarke, several Chiefs of the Imperial General Staff – Charles W. H. Douglas, James Wolfe Murray, and Archibald Murray – and army chiefs of staff, such as Charles "Tim" Harington, Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd, Launcelot Kiggell and Herbert Lawrence.  There are no officers from the Royal Flying Corps, such as Hugh Trenchard, David Henderson and John Salmond, or the Tank Corps, such as Hugh Elles.

See also
 List of works by John Singer Sargent

References
 Painted Men in Britain, 1868–1918: Royal Academicians and Masculinities, Jongwoo Jeremy Kim, pp. 150–151.
 General Officers of World War I, National Portrait Gallery
 Gary Sheffield, General officers of World War I, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press. accessed 1 Oct 2014

1922 paintings
Paintings by John Singer Sargent
Paintings in the National Portrait Gallery, London
War paintings
Group portraits by American artists


title: Samad, Iran

text:
Samad (, also Romanized as Şamad; also known as Deh-e Şamad ‘Īsá Zahī) is a village in Margan Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 87, in 18 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Benjamin Loder

text:
Benjamin Loder (February 15, 1801 – October 7, 1876) was an American business man and president of the Erie Railroad from 1845 to 1853, who had made his fortune in New York as dry goods merchant.

Biography
Loder was born at South Salem, New York February 15, 1801. He began life as a school teacher, and later engaged in the wholesale dry-goods trade in Cedar Street, New York City.

Having accumulated a comfortable fortune, he had retired from active business life at the age of forty-three. The reputation he had made as a progressive and successful business man led the struggling New York and Erie Railroad Company, at a crisis in its affairs, to solicit him to take hold of them, and endeavor to save the company from ruin. He was elected president, August 14, 1845, succeeding Eleazar Lord, and remained at the head of the Company eight years.

Loder retired from the presidency broken in health. A friend, knowing of his large subscription to the stock of the company, asked him, soon after he had retired, if he lost his money. No, said he, I neither lost nor made any money while with the railroad. As a matter of fact, the money President Loder received for his services, which were given night and day, barely reimbursed him for his expenses. In course of time, Loder's health was restored to somewhat of its old vigor, and he spent the closing days his life in Westchester County, New York. He died at Rye, October 7, 1876, aged seventy-five years. He was a modest, able, generous, and honest man. He was survived by two sons and five daughters. The older of the two sons died in 1890.

Work

Erie and New York Railroad

Loder was a native of Westchester County, N.Y. He had been for twenty years in the dry goods trade in New York, and had accumulated a fortune. It was said of him that he had never asked for bank accommodation in all his business career. According to a New York newspaper of that day:
He now, while yet in the prime of life, comes into the direction of the Erie Road with all the shrewdness which characterized the architect of his own fortunes, and the observation gained from his own daily intercourse with all classes of men lead them to believe that he is the Hercules, aided by a most able Hoard, who will, if any man can, drain the present miry slough.

If all classes of men held that belief, events proved that they had held it wisely, for even the metaphor of his newspaper friend did not daunt him. The difficulties President Loder overcame during his struggle to complete the work he had engaged to complete were unprecedented in the history of the railroad, shirking as he did no exercise of physical endurance, shrinking from no encounter with physical hardships, nor leaving untried any effort of his mind that mind that might sustain and hasten to completion the task he had in hand.

Subscription for capital stock
Soon after Benjamin Loder was chosen president of Erie in 1845, he invited twenty-two of the richest men in New York City to meet him in conference at the New York Hotel. They met, and he at once declared to them that among them they must subscribe sufficient money to start up the work on the railroad and keep it going, a sum which he placed at S3,ooo,ooo. To set an example to the others, he himself subscribed §250,000, his entire fortune.

Stephen Whitney, the millionaire cotton-merchant, was one of the men present at the meeting. He pulled at Mr. Loder's coat-tail to attract his attention, and admonished him not to risk his all in the enterprise. It will ruin you, the cautious cotton-merchant whispered in his ear. But President Loder shook his head, and refused to withdraw the subscription. Aroused by his confidence in the enterprise, the twenty-two men there and then subscribed the required amount.

President Loder's first act was to open books for subscriptions to §3,000,000 of the capital stock of the company, September 2, 1845, at the office of the company, 50 Wall Street. The plan of subscription was the payment of §5 per share as soon as required by the company after the entire amount had been subscribed, on condition that interest at six per cent, per annum be paid semi-annually on all the instalments from the date of the respective payments until a single track from the Hudson to Lake Erie and the branch to Newburgh should be completed and in use; no instalment to be called in until 3O,O0O shares at $100 each were subscribed and accepted, nor any instalment to be more than $25 per share within a year after the $3,000,000 had been subscribed, nor more than §30 per share the second, nor more than $45 the third year; every subscriber to the stock, after paying $25 per share, and purchasing any bond or bonds issued under the act of May 14, 1845, to be entitled to exchange such bonds into stock of the Company at par, to an amount equal to his subscription.

Address to the public
President Loder issued an address to the public to accompany the plan for raising the necessary money. In this he made these interesting statements, published among other places in an 1845 edition of the Railway Locomotives and Cars journal:

To complete a single track to Lake Erie, six millions of dollars are required. The cost of the work to the stockholders will then be $7,350,000; and adding a liberal amount to provide for cars and engines for the commencement of business, the road, with a heavy (T) rail estimated at $65 per ton, will be brought into use for less than $20,000 per mile. The actual cost of the road will be over $28,000 per mile, but the liberality of the State, and the surrender of half of the stock by the present holders, reduces it to this very low rate.
In reference to the estimates, it may be proper to state, that responsible contractors have offered to take the whole work at prices nine per cent, less than those assumed in the calculations on which they were based. If the road can be completed it must pay large dividends. The results obtained in the sections already in use prove this. The great length of the work, the productiveness of the country through which it passes and to which it leads, the absence of all danger of injurious competition from rival routes, the numerous branches already existing or in contemplation, exceeding in the aggregate the length of the main trunk, the immense market which this city (New York) will afford for agricultural products of every description, and the boundless country whose inhabitants must be supplied with merchandise to be sent in exchange, appear to leave no reasonable doubt on this most important question. To these considerations must be added the great improvements in motive power which have recently been made, and which have demonstrated fully that railroads can, and do, compete successfully in the transportation of articles of heavy merchandise with any other mode of conveyance.
With regard to the indebtedness of the company, the amount of which is about $600,000, the board is happy to be able to state that, owing to the liberality manifested by the principal creditors, the time of payment for most of it has been extended, on satisfactory terms, the sum of $486,839.37, in the shape of six and seven per cent, certificates, payable on 1 January 1849. The holders of about one-half the remainder have agreed to settle by taking certificates of the same character, and the residue, including an amount due for work recently done on the Shawangunk summit, is in course of settlement, as the means of the company will permit.

Added to the other inducements are those of the release by the State of the $3,000,000 loan, and the reduction of the old stock from $1,500,000 to $750,000, making altogether a bonus of $3,750,000 to the new stockholders. Thus the whole work, on which about $5,000,000 has been expended, will be represented by stock and debts to the amount of only $1,350,000.

More precise, of the $3,000,000 required to be raised by subscription, more than one million of dollars have been pledged in large sums by a very few friends of the road, leaving less than two millions to be raised by additional subscriptions, to secure the full benefit of the recent act of the Legislature. For comparison, when the Erie came into existence a quarter of a century earlier, it had stated : " The whole work, on which about §5,000,000 has been expended, will be represented by stock and debts to the amount only of §1,350,000." In later days of Erie management this could well have been read thus: "The whole work, on which about §1,350,000 has been expended, will be represented by stocks and debts to the amount of §5,000,000."

A genuine inclination on the part of capital to take hold in earnest and push the New York and Erie Railroad to completion, now manifested itself. Individual members of the board of directors made committees of themselves to solicit subscriptions, and one of them, Director Sheldon, raised §100,000 among the grocers of New York in one day. By the beginning of October, 1845, the entire loan of §3,000,000 was subscribed, and Newburgh subscribed §100,000 toward the building of the Newburgh Branch.

References
 This article incorporates public domain material from Edward Harold Mott Between the Ocean and the Lakes: The Story of Erie. Collins, 1899. p. 460-61; and other public domain material from books and websites.

1801 births
1876 deaths
Erie Railroad
People from South Salem, New York
19th-century American businesspeople


title: Tyabb Airport

text:
Tyabb Airport , also called Tyabb Airfield, is a small regional airport located just west of the town of Tyabb, Victoria on the Mornington Peninsula. Tyabb is the site of the Tyabb Air Show, which is held every two years.

See also
 List of airports in Victoria

References

External links
 Peninsula Aero Club
 Tyabb Air Show

Airports in Victoria (state)
Buildings and structures in the Shire of Mornington Peninsula


title: LeRoy Prinz

text:
LeRoy Jerome Prinz (July 14, 1895 – September 15, 1983) was an American choreographer, director and producer, who was involved in the production of dozens of motion pictures, mainly for Paramount Pictures and Warner Brothers, from 1929 through 1958, and choreographed Broadway musicals. He was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Dance Direction in the 1930s, and won the Golden Globe in 1958.

Among the films whose dances he staged were Show Boat (1936), Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), Rhapsody in Blue (1945), and South Pacific (1958).

Early life and military service
Leroy Jerome Prinz was born July 14, 1895, in St. Joseph, Missouri to Edward "Egid" Albert and Anna Prinz.  His father owned Prinz's Dancing Academy in St. Joseph, Missouri.  His father taught more than three generations how to dance and was teaching until his death at 80 years old.

According to one account,  Leroy was sent to reform school after chasing his stepmother with a carving knife.In newspaper profiles, he claimed that after running away from boarding school at the age of 15, he "hopped a freight" and came to New York City, where, in 1911, he began a blackface song and dance act, named Prinz and Buck, with a young black man he met along the way. Later that year, he told interviewers, he went on a ship to Europe as a cabin boy, jumped ship, and traveled around Europe "introducing the American strut step" in return for meals and lodging. In Marseilles, he joined the French Foreign Legion, serving as a bugler in Algiers. He also represented a rubber company in St. Louis and Kansas City.

After the outbreak of World War I, he returned to France, trained as a pilot, and served in the French aviation corps and Captain Eddie Rickenbacker's 94th Aero Squadron. He was with the 94th from November 1917 to June 1918, when he switched to the 27th Aero Squadron, where he stayed until November 1918. At the 27th, his duties included working at the Aircraft Acceptance Park test facility at Orly, France. Prinz subsequently told journalists that he crashed 14 to 18 airplanes, was nicknamed "America's German Ace" as a result, (he was also called "Crash Ace Prinz) and that he was wounded in the war and carried a silver plate in his head from his last plane crash. In an October 1918 article, war correspondent George Seldes described how Prinz was separated from his flight on his first venture into German territory, and returned home with minor injuries after a perilous journey.

Career
According to his obituary in the Los Angeles Times, Prinz returned to the U.S. in 1919 and studied theater at Northwestern University. After graduation from Northwestern, the newspaper reported, Prinz returned to France and worked as a choreographer for the Folies Bergère in Paris.

A November 1919 report in St. Louis Post-Dispatch states that Prinz was employed in the aeronautical portion of an American Legion show, also featuring actor William S. Hart, that was touring the area. The newspaper gives Prinz's rank as captain and states that he was a flight partner of Quentin Roosevelt. A Wisconsin newspaper reported in 1921 that Prinz, which it said had "danced with Al Jolson," was teaching dance at a vacation camp for wounded veterans. The newspaper wrote that Prinz had "fallen 3000 feet" but had recovered.

In various newspaper profiles, Prinz claimed that he worked as a dancer at a bordello in Omaha, as an aviation instructor for the Mexican government, and that he ferried ammunition for the Nicaraguan rebel leader, Augusto César Sandino. He told interviewers that he worked for gangster Jim Colosimo's restaurant in Chicago, and that he produced stage shows for Al Capone. He claimed in a 1945 New York Times profile that Capone hired him to book entertainment and stage floor shows at 18 Chicago nightclubs. Prinz left Chicago and worked as a dance director in New York, Florida, Mexico and Cuba. His employers included Earl Carroll, Broadway's Shubert family, Tex Guinan and Philadelphia bootlegger Boo Hoo Hoff. He choreographed Earl Carroll's Vanities of 1930 and other Broadway shows between 1929 and 1933.

His first employment in films was in 1931 by director Cecil B. DeMille, who employed him as dance director. While filming Cleopatra (1934), Prinz clashed with DeMille's niece Agnes de Mille, who was brought in to choreograph dance sequences. According to Agnes de Mille's biographer, her uncle always deferred to the "reliable but pedestrian" Prinz, even after agreeing to his niece's flamboyant dances in advance. Agnes de Mille left the film.

Prinz directed dance sequences for dozens of Paramount Pictures movies between 1933 and 1941, when he became dance director of Warner Brothers, where he staged all of Warner's musical sequences for the next 16 years. He worked on over 150 films, mainly as a choreographer, including The Desert Song (1929), Tea for Two (1950), and The Jazz Singer (1952), a remake of the first sound movie.

In the 1940s, he worked on Road to Singapore (1940) at Paramount. His first major assignment at Warner Brothers was the George M. Cohan biographical movie Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942), starring James Cagney in the title role. He choreographed a "ballet in jive" sequence in the service musical Hollywood Canteen (1944), featuring Broadway dancer Joan McCracken. Prinz played himself directing the sequence in a brief cameo.

McCracken, who came to Hollywood after winning acclaim in the 1943 production of Oklahoma!, was discouraged by her experiences filming the Hollywood Canteen number and did not like working with Prinz. As a choreographer he made no effort to integrate his dances into specific stories, or to choreograph specific dance steps. This caused deep disillusionment for McCracken, whose Oklahoma! dances were choreographed by Agnes de Mille, because Prinz was not able to support or advance McCracken's artistic development. However, he gave her latitude to incorporate ballet in her dance routine, and Prinz did not object to her ideas.

Prinz worked again with James Cagney, eight years after Yankee Doodle Dandy, on West Point Story, also starring Virginia Mayo and Doris Day. He ceased working in films after choreographing the Boar's Tooth Ceremonial dance sequence in the film adaptation of South Pacific (1958).

Later in life, he was owner of his own production company, vice president of an advertising agency, and a producer of benefit programs in Hollywood. He counted among his friends Ronald Reagan, whom he knew from their days working together at Warner Brothers, and he choreographed entertainment at the 1976 Republican National Convention and at several presidential inaugurations. Reagan called him from the White House when Prinz was in the hospital shortly before he died. At the 1976 convention, he came up with the idea of playing "The Star-Spangled Banner" when convention organizers wanted to silence unruly delegates.

Prinz was a "notorious self-promoter", and told stories about himself that were sometimes dubious. Columnist Michael Coakley recounted in a late-life profile of Prinz that editors of The Saturday Evening Post once were able to verify 90% of what they were told by Prinz, who sent them a telegraph stating "That's great. Don't believe 50 percent of it myself." In a Los Angeles Times profile late in life, Prinz' claimed "at least partial credit" in popularizing the Charleston and rumba, which became popular after appearing in his movies.

Awards
Prinz was nominated in the long-defunct category of Best Dance Direction during the 1937 Academy Awards for Waikiki Wedding, and was twice nominated in this category for the 1935 films All the King's Horses and The Big Broadcast of 1936. He was awarded the Golden Globe for best film choreography in 1958.

Though known mainly for his work as a dance director on big-budget musicals, he directed a number of mainly short films, one of which, A Boy and His Dog (1946), won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film.

Choreographic style and legacy

A  New York Times profile wrote that "his life story reads more like the script of an Errol Flynn adventure", though the stories he told about himself were often dubious. He was once described as "a feisty little man who always had a cigarette dangling from his lips and looked more like a bartender than a choreographer."

Prinz was an "idea man" rather than a choreographer, creating lavish production numbers by using simple steps and dance routines. Jazz dance choreographer Jack Cole has said that Prinz "didn't know a bloody thing about dancing." In a 1952 profile, Associated Press Hollywood columnist James Bacon stated that Prinz differed from what he described as "sissified" choreographers, that he was "a rough, tough guy, as some little giants of 5 foot 5 are. His language is colorful." He claimed never to have taken a lesson in his life, and in a reference to his family's dancing school, that he was a "victim of heredity."

As a choreographer at Warner Brothers, Prinz had a different approach from Busby Berkeley, whose choreography for early 1930s movies included elaborate production numbers that were photographed using imaginative camera angles, often from above. Berkeley's numbers "broke the boundaries of the stage," and Prinz took a completely opposite approach, reinforcing the perspective of a stage performance that the audience could not forget. Prinz's style is evident in the Little Johnny Jones number in Yankee Doodle Dandy, which featured a stationary camera and included features of the stage, such as the orchestra pit, in the dance number. The camera, in effect, became a member of the audience.

In his 1983 study of wartime Hollywood musicals, Allen L. Woll says that with the camera angles not being employed effectively, as they were by Berkeley, "the pedestrian quality of Prinz's dance numbers is painfully revealed. No matter the picture, no matter the director, Prinz's dances are invariably the same, static and stage-bound."

His treatment of dancers was sometimes caustic. Choreographer Hermes Pan recalled in 1972 interview that Prinz "would make some girls hysterical. He loved to have them in tears. And that seemed to be the thing, to swear at the girls and be nasty."

Personal life
Prinz was married three times, to Mary E. Thompson  in 1919, Agnes Suzanne Thorstadt (1926-1934), and Elizabeth Meiklejohn, aka Betty Bryson. Prinz eloped to Yuma, Arizona with Bryson on June 21, 1936, and remained married to her until his death in 1983 Betty Bryson was the niece by marriage of actor Warner Baxter. She was put under contract to Fox  and had a part in her uncle's film, Grand Canary.

He had a daughter, Dolores Lee Prinz and had a son, LeRoy Prinz, Jr.

Selected credits
 Bolero (1934)
 Cleopatra (1934)
 The Big Broadcast of 1936 (1935)
 Anything Goes (1936)
 Show Boat (1936)
 The Big Broadcast of 1937 (1936)
 Artists & Models (1937)
 St. Louis Blues (1939)
 Road to Singapore (1940)
 Buck Benny Rides Again (1940)
 Too Many Girls (1940)
 Fiesta (1941)
 Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)
 Mission to Moscow (1943)
 This is the Army (1943)
 Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943)
 Hollywood Canteen (1944)
 Rhapsody in Blue (1945)
 Night and Day (1946)
 Escape Me Never (1947)
 The West Point Story (1950)
 The Ten Commandments (1956)
 Sayonara (1957)
 South Pacific (1958)

References

External links

American choreographers
1895 births
1983 deaths
People from St. Joseph, Missouri
Northwestern University School of Communication alumni
Film directors from Missouri
Burials at Los Angeles National Cemetery


title: Farahi, Iran

text:
Farahi (, also Romanized as Farāhī; also known as Deh-e Farāhī) is a village in Qorqori Rural District, Qorqori District, Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 42, in 7 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: A Celebrated Case

text:
A Celebrated Case is a 1914 American silent drama film starring Alice Joyce, Guy Coombs and Marguerite Courtot. It is based on the 1877 play Une cause célèbre by Adolphe Philippe Dennery and Eugene Cormon. A French soldier is wrongfully sentenced to the galleys for the murder of his wife.

It is considered to be a lost film.

Cast
Alice Joyce as Madeline Renaud
Guy Coombs as Jean Renaud
Marguerite Courtot as Adrienne
James B. Ross as Adrienne's Father
Harry F. Millarde as Lazare
Alice Hollister

References

External links

Silent American drama films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
American films based on plays
Lost American drama films
1914 drama films
1914 films
1914 lost films
1910s American films


title: Lists of restaurants

text:
This is an index of restaurant-related lists. A restaurant is a business establishment which prepares and serves food and drink to customers in return for money, either paid before the meal, after the meal, or with a running tab. Meals are generally served and eaten on premises, but many restaurants also offer take-out and food delivery services. Restaurants vary greatly in appearance and offerings, including a wide variety of the main chef's cuisines and service models.

Lists of restaurants

By company

 List of countries with Burger King franchises
 List of countries with Jollibee outlets
 List of countries with KFC franchises
 List of countries with McDonald's restaurants
 List of countries with Subway restaurants
 List of countries with TGI Fridays franchises

By country and city

Australia
 List of restaurants in Australia
 List of pizzerias in Australia

Austria
 List of restaurants in Vienna

Canada
 List of Canadian restaurant chains
 List of Canadian pizza chains
 List of fast-food chains in Canada
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Toronto
 List of restaurants in Vancouver
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Vancouver

China
 List of restaurants in China
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Beijing
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Guangzhou
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Hong Kong and Macau
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Shanghai

France
 List of restaurants in Paris

Germany
 List of restaurants in Germany

Hong Kong
 List of restaurants in Hong Kong

Hungary
 List of restaurants in Hungary

Iceland
 List of restaurants in Iceland

India
 List of restaurant chains in India

Ireland
 List of restaurant chains in Ireland
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Ireland

Israel
 List of restaurants in Israel

Japan
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Japan
 List of restaurants in Tokyo

Mexico
 List of restaurants in Mexico

Netherlands
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in the Netherlands
 List of restaurants in Rotterdam

Nigeria
 List of restaurants in Lagos

Philippines
 List of restaurant chains in the Philippines

Poland
 List of restaurant chains in Poland

Portugal
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Portugal

Singapore
 List of restaurants in Singapore
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Singapore

South Korea
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Seoul

Spain
 List of restaurants in Barcelona

Sweden
 List of restaurants in Sweden

Switzerland
 List of restaurants in Switzerland

Taiwan
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Taipei

Thailand
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Thailand

Turkey
 List of restaurants in Istanbul

United Kingdom
 List of Michelin 3-star restaurants in the United Kingdom
 List of restaurants in London
 List of restaurants in Scotland
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Scotland
 List of restaurants in Wales

United States
 List of restaurant chains in the United States
 List of pizza chains of the United States
 List of Michelin 3-star restaurants in the United States
 List of restaurant districts and streets in the United States
(by state then city)
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Los Angeles and Southern California
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in San Francisco Bay Area, California
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Colorado
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Florida
 List of restaurants in Miami, Florida
 List of restaurants in Tampa, Florida
 List of restaurants in Atlanta, Georgia
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Atlanta
 List of restaurants in Hawaii
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Chicago, Illinois
 List of restaurants in New Orleans, Louisiana
 List of restaurants in Baltimore, Maryland
 List of restaurants in Boston, Massachusetts
 List of restaurants in Cambridge, Massachusetts
 List of restaurants in the Las Vegas Valley, Nevada
 List of restaurants in New Jersey
 List of restaurants in Albuquerque, New Mexico
 List of restaurants in New York City
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in New York City
 List of restaurants in Cincinnati, Ohio
 List of restaurants in Portland, Oregon
 List of restaurants in Rhode Island
 List of restaurants in Houston, Texas
 List of restaurants in Seattle, Washington
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Washington, D.C.

By cuisine

 List of Ashkenazi Jewish restaurants
 List of barbecue restaurants
 List of Basque restaurants
 List of Cajun restaurants
 List of chicken restaurants
 List of coffeehouse chains
 List of doughnut shops
 List of fish and chip restaurants
 List of frozen yogurt companies
 List of hamburger restaurants
 List of hot dog restaurants
 List of ice cream parlor chains
 List of Louisiana Creole restaurants
 List of Middle Eastern restaurants
 List of New American restaurants
 List of noodle restaurants
 List of ramen shops
 List of oyster bars
 List of Pacific Northwest restaurants
 List of pancake houses
 List of pizza chains
 List of pizza franchises
 List of Scandinavian restaurants
 List of seafood restaurants
 List of soul food restaurants
 List of Southern restaurants
 List of steakhouses
 List of submarine sandwich restaurants
 List of sushi restaurants
 List of teahouses
 List of Tex-Mex restaurants
 List of vegetarian restaurants

By national cuisine

 List of Chinese restaurants
 List of Cuban restaurants
 List of Czech restaurants
 List of French restaurants
 List of German restaurants
 List of Greek restaurants
 List of Indian restaurants
 List of Italian restaurants
 List of Japanese restaurants
 List of Korean restaurants
 List of Lebanese restaurants
 List of Mexican restaurants
 List of Russian restaurants
 List of Spanish restaurants
 List of Thai restaurants
 List of Ukrainian restaurants
 List of Vietnamese restaurants

By ownership
 List of Black-owned restaurants
 List of restaurants owned or operated by Gordon Ramsay

By rating

 List of Michelin 3-star restaurants
 List of Michelin 3-star restaurants in the United Kingdom
 List of Michelin 3-star restaurants in the United States
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Atlanta
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Beijing
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Chicago
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Colorado
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Florida
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Guangzhou
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Hong Kong and Macau
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Ireland
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Japan
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Los Angeles and Southern California
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in the Netherlands
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in New York City
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Portugal
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in San Francisco Bay Area
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Scotland
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Seoul
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Shanghai
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Singapore
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Taipei
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Thailand
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Toronto
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Vancouver
 List of Michelin starred restaurants in Washington, D.C.
 La Liste
 The World's 50 Best Restaurants

By type

 List of bakeries
 List of biker bars
 List of buffet restaurants
 List of cafeterias
 List of casual dining restaurant chains
 List of delicatessens
 List of diners
 List of dinner theaters
 List of drive-in restaurants
 List of floating restaurants
 List of Irish-themed restaurants
 List of Jewish delis
 List of kosher restaurants
 List of restaurant chains
 List of fast food restaurant chains
 List of defunct fast-food restaurant chains
 List of revolving restaurants
 List of supper clubs
 List of theme restaurants

See also
 List of restaurant districts and streets
 Lists of companies (category)
 List of lists


title: Hajji, Iran

text:
Hajji (, also Romanized as Ḩājjī; also known as Gholām Ḩoseyn Deh Mardeh, Borj-e Yūsef, and Borj-e Yūsof) is a village in Qorqori Rural District, Qorqori District, Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 291, in 58 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Backward chaining (applied behavior analysis)

text:
Chaining is a technique used in applied behavior analysis to teach complex tasks by breaking them down into discrete responses or individual behaviors that are part of a task analysis. With a backward chaining procedure the learning can happen in two ways. In one approach the adult can complete all the steps for the learner and give the learner the opportunity to attempt the last one and prompt as needed. For the other approach the adult can prompt the learner throughout the steps on the chain and give the learner an opportunity to complete the last one independently. However, if unable to do so the adult helps by also prompting the learner through the last step and reinforcement is given to the learner once the last step is completed. Because independency is desired the goal is to remove the prompts as soon as the learner can complete the steps without help.

Task Analysis

A task analysis involves breaking a complex skill into smaller teachable units creating a series of steps or tasks. In other words, it is the identification of all the stimuli and responses in a behavior chain. In backward chain task analysis, the final step of the routine is taught first so that the reinforcement for completing the step is accessible to the naturally occurring reinforcement.

Implementation

In order to teach a task utilizing a backward chaining procedure, begin by breaking down the entire task into individual steps known as a task analysis.

For example, a tooth brushing routine may be broken down as follows:

1. Grab toothbrush 2. Apply toothpaste to toothbrush, 3. Turn on water 4. Wet toothbrush, 5. Brush top teeth, 6. Brush bottom teeth, 7. Rinse toothbrush, 8. Turn of water 9. Put toothbrush away

The trainer would begin by completing each step for the learner beginning with step one (Grabbing the toothbrush). Once the trainer has completed all steps, the trainer allows the learner to complete the last step (Put toothbrush away) independently. Once this step is independently mastered then the trainer can move on to training the last two steps (Steps 8 and 9). This training will continue until the student is completely independent and can complete the entire tooth brushing routine without assistance. It is important to note that transitioning from one step to the next will vary from learner to learner and should not be done until the learner is proficient in the targeted step.

The trainer can either complete the steps for the leaner or physically prompt the learner through all the steps before allowing the learner to complete the last step independently.

For example, a physical prompting of toothbrushing can look like hand over hand helping the learner complete all the steps correctly before letting the learner complete the last one independently.

Prompting
The two types of prompting in a behavior chain are either most to least(MTL) or least to most (LTM).

MTL prompting is when the most intrusive prompt is introduced initially and then systematically faded out to least intrusive prompts. This prompting method is mainly used when the task analysis is being taught.

LTM prompting there is no prompt initially, and the intrusiveness of the prompt is increased as necessary for each step of the task analysis. This prompting method is mainly used when you are doing an error correction on a specific step in the task analysis the learner has experience with.

Steps of Implementation
1. When considering if backward chaining is appropriate for the learner one must consider if the learner is learning a new behavior or is it an issue with compliance. If the learner can not perform the task then the chain would be appropriate. If the learner can do the step but chooses not to then another procedure should be used in accordance with compliance.

2. Develop task analysis of the S - R chain
When developing steps of the task analysis the steps should match the learner’s skill level.

3. Collect baseline data

4. Implement

5. Continue to collect data

6. Shift to intermittent reinforcement for maintenance

Fading & Mastery
In order to fade prompts on the steps being targeted the learner must show increased independence. The fading technique used will be most to least because the skills being worked on are new. The prompts will be decreased to least intrusive when the learner shows increased ability to complete the task with less assistance.

To determine mastery, assessments are done prior to the chaining procedure being implemented to establish the learner’s mastery level. There are two methods that can be used to assess mastery: single and multiple opportunity.

 Single Opportunity: the learner is stopped if any step is skipped or they are unable to complete it.
 Multiple Opportunity: allowing the learner to attempt each step in the chain

Once the mastery level has been established, a mastery criterion is also determined before the chain can be implemented. The mastery criterion is set for each of the steps and learner is said to have mastered the skill once they can perform all steps on the chain at the predetermined mastery criterion.

See also
 Backward chaining

References

Behavior modification


title: Santa Bahadur Rai

text:
Santa Bahadur Rai(सन्त बहादुर राई: Lohorung, November 2, 1936) is former chairman of National planning commission and secretary of Ministry of Housing and physical planning of the government of Nepal.

Education
 1954: S.L.C (School Leaving Certificate), Government High School Darjeeling, India
 1954 - 1956: I.Sc (Intermediate of Science), Government College Darjeeling, India
 1956 - 1958: B.A. (Bachelor of Arts), Government College Darjeeling, India
 1959 - 1961: B.Ed. (Bachelor of Education), Tribhuwan University Kathmandu, Nepal
 1967 - 1969: M. Sc. (Master of Science), Michigan State University, United States

Career
 Chairman (Public Service Commission)
 Secretary (Ministry of Local Development, Ministry of Supply, Ministry of Housing and physical planning)
 Member of Raj Parishad
 Member, Aug.1991 to 1993	Constitutional Public Service Commission	Position Kamal Pokhari, Kathmandu
 Chairman, Jan. 1994 to Nov. 3 2001 Chairman Public Service Commission	Kamal Pokhari, Kathmandu
Secretary, 1988-27 Aug 1991	Executive Chief of the Ministry of Housing and Physical Ministry Planning, His Majesty's Government
Secretary, 1986–1987, Executive Chief of the Ministry of Local Development Ministry His Majesty's Government
 Secretary, 1984-1986 Executive Chief of the Ministry of Supply, His Majesty's Government
 Additional Secretary, 1986-1987 Executive Chief of the Ministry of Panchyat and Ministry of Local Development His Majesty's Government
 Director General, Feb 1977 – Oct 1981 Ministry of Panchyat and Local Development His Majesty's Government
 Deputy Director, Jul 1972 – Jan 1977 Ministry of Panchyat and Ministry of Local Development, His Majesty's Government
 Chief Districts Officer (CDO), Oct 1969 – Jun 1972
 Local Development Officer, Apr 1961 – Sep 1969 (including 19 months in the US)

Awards
 Gorkha Dakshina Bahu
 Gorkha Dakshina Bahu (Fourth)

References

1936 births
Living people
People from Sankhuwasabha District
Lohorung
Tribhuvan University alumni
Michigan State University alumni
Nepalese civil servants
Rai people


title: Tonestus graniticus

text:
Tonestus graniticus, common names granite serpentweed and Lone Mountain serpentweed, is a rare endemic plant species known only from the east side of Lone Mountain in Esmeralda County, Nevada, about 20 km (12.5 miles) west of Tonopah. It grows there in the crevices of granitic outcrops.

Tonestus graniticus is a perennial herb growing close to the ground and forming mats. Leaves are ovate to spatulate, irregularly toothed, up to 4 cm (1.6 inches) long. Flower heads are born in racemose or corymbiform arrays. There are no ray flowers, but up to 23 yellow disc flowers.

References

Astereae
Flora of Nevada


title: Kanal, Iran

text:
Kanal (, also Romanized as Kānāl) is a village in Qorqori Rural District, Qorqori District, Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 664, in 131 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Labohan Dagang–Nilai Route

text:
Labohan Dagang–Nilai Route, also known as Nilai–KLIA Highway, Federal Route 32 (formerly Selangor state route B20 or Negeri Sembilan state route N20), is a major highway in the Multimedia Super Corridor area in Selangor and Negeri Sembilan states, Malaysia. The 26.0 km (16.2 mi) federal highway connects Tanjung Dua Belas, Selangor in the west to Nilai, Negeri Sembilan in the east.

The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 32 starts from Nilai, Negeri Sembilan.

In 2010, the highway was gazetted as the federal roads by JKR as Federal Route 32.

At most sections, the Nilai–KLIA Highway was built under the JKR R5 road standard as a dual-carriageway highway with partial access control, with a speed limit of 90 km/h.

There are no overlaps, alternate routes, or sections with motorcycle lanes.

List of interchanges

References

Highways in Malaysia
Malaysian Federal Roads


title: Takhteh Pol

text:
Takhteh Pol () may refer to:
 Takhteh Pol, Afghanistan
 Takhteh Pol, Iran
 Takhteh Pol, Gilan, Iran


title: Dust Mohammad Rural District

text:
Dust Mohammad Rural District () is in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Dust Mohammad.

At the National Census of 2006, its population (as a part of the former Hirmand District of Zabol County) was 20,788 in 4,264 households. There were 17,972 inhabitants in 4,173 households at the following census of 2011. By the time of the census, Hirmand District had been separated from Zabol County to form Hirmand County. It was then divided into the Central and Qorqori Districts. At the most recent census of 2016, the population of the rural district was 16,742 in 4,669 households. The largest of its 103 villages was Deh-e Khamr, with 1,119 people.

References

Hirmand County

Rural Districts of Sistan and Baluchestan Province

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Fuladh ibn Manadhar

text:
Fuladh ibn Manadhar (), was a Justanid prince, who served as a high-ranking military officer of the Buyid dynasty.

Biography

Fuladh was the son of Manadhar, a Justanid king. Fuladh had a brother named Khusrau Shah, who ruled Rudbar after Manadhar. He also had an unnamed sister, who married the Buyid ruler Adud al-Dawla, and bore him two sons, Abu'l-Husain Ahmad and Abu Tahir Firuzshah. During that period, Fuladh, along with a Gilaki officer named Ziyar ibn Shahrakawayh, dominated the Buyid court of Baghdad. After the death of Adud al-Dawla, the Buyid Empire was thrown into civil war; the Empire was disputed between his two sons Samsam al-Dawla and Sharaf al-Dawla. Samsam al-Dawla ruled Iraq, while Sharaf al-Dawla ruled Fars and Kerman.

In 986, a Daylamite officer named Asfar ibn Kurdawayh rebelled against Samsam al-Dawla, and changed his allegiance to Sharaf al-Dawla. However, Asfar quickly changed his mind, and declared allegiance to the latter's other brother Abu Nasr Firuz Kharshadh, who was shortly given the honorific epithet of "Baha' al-Dawla." However, Samsam al-Dawla, with the aid of Fuladh, suppressed the rebellion, and imprisoned Baha al-Dawla. Samsam al-Dawla shortly made peace with Sharaf al-Dawla, and agreed to release Baha al-Dawla. In 987, Sharaf al-Dawla betrayed Samsam al-Dawla, conquered Iraq, and had him imprisoned in a fortress. He then imprisoned Fuladh and had Ziyar executed.

In 988/989, Fuladh was released. After his release, Fuladh then began serving Samsam al-Dawla once again, this time in Shiraz, where he once again became a prominent figure in his court. However, Fuladh later tried to remove the viceroy of Shiraz, which forced him to flee from the wrath of Samsam. Fuladh managed to reach to the court of Fakhr al-Dawla in Ray, where he stayed until death about 994. He had a son named Ibn Fuladh, who would later challenge Buyid authority and claim Qazvin as a part of his own domain.

References

Sources

Daylamites
Buyid generals
Justanids
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain
990s deaths
10th-century Iranian people


title: Tarinee Datt Chataut

text:
Tarinee Datt Chataut () is a politician from Nepal. He served as the Law, justice and parliamentary minister and Tourism, Civil Aviation and Culture minister of Nepal. He was the Chief Whip of Parliamentary Party of Nepali Congress. He was a central working committee member of Nepali Congress Party and served as Chief of Foreign Department and Training Department of the party. He is currently a Constituent Assembly member of Nepal.

References

See also
 Nepali Congress
 Kanchanpur

Nepali Congress politicians from Sudurpashchim Province
Nepal MPs 1991–1994
Nepal MPs 1999–2002
Members of the 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly


title: Jahanabad Rural District

text:
Jahanabad Rural District () is in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Jahanabad-e Sofla.

At the National Census of 2006, its population (as a part of the former Hirmand District of Zabol County) was 16,438 in 3,178 households. There were 15,062 inhabitants in 3,491 households at the following census of 2011. By the time of the census, Hirmand District had been separated from Zabol County to form Hirmand County. It was then divided into the Central and Qorqori Districts. At the most recent census of 2016, the population of the rural district was 15,069 in 3,879 households. The largest of its 60 villages was Sanjarani, with 1,914 people.

References

Hirmand County

Rural Districts of Sistan and Baluchestan Province

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Margan Rural District

text:
Margan Rural District () is in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Margan.

At the National Census of 2006, its population (as a part of the former Hirmand District of Zabol County) was 13,954 in 2,833 households. There were 11,119 inhabitants in 2,573 households at the following census of 2011. By the time of the census, Hirmand District had been separated from Zabol County to form Hirmand County. It was then divided into the Central and Qorqori Districts. At the most recent census of 2016, the population of the rural district was 12,355 in 3,107 households. The largest of its 103 villages was Jahan Tigh, with 798 people.

References

Hirmand County

Rural Districts of Sistan and Baluchestan Province

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Qorqori Rural District

text:
Qorqori Rural District () is in Qorqori District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Qorqori.

At the National Census of 2006, its population (as a part of the former Hirmand District of Zabol County) was 15,172 in 3,074 households. There were 10,434 inhabitants in 2,300 households at the following census of 2011. By the time of the census, Hirmand District had been separated from Zabol County to form Hirmand County. It was then divided into the Central and Qorqori Districts. At the most recent census of 2016, the population of the rural district was 8,796 in 2,461 households. The largest of its 54 villages was Qorqori (now a city), with 1,329 people.

References

Hirmand County

Rural Districts of Sistan and Baluchestan Province

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Vani Hari

text:
Vani Deva Hari (born March 22, 1979), who blogs as the Food Babe, is an American author, activist, and affiliate marketer who criticizes the food industry. She started the Food Babe blog in 2011, and it received over 54 million views in 2014.

She is a New York Times best-selling author, and companies such as Chick-fil-A and Kraft may have changed or reconsidered ingredients in their products following her campaigns.

Hari's ideas on food safety have been criticized by scientists as pseudoscience and chemophobia, and others have drawn attention to her financial interest through promotion and marketing of natural foods.

Career
Born in Charlotte, North Carolina to Indian immigrant parents from Punjab, India, Hari first attended the University of Georgia before transferring to University of North Carolina at Charlotte. After graduating in 2001 with a degree in computer science, she worked as a management consultant for Accenture. In her early 20s, Hari was hospitalized with appendicitis. In response, she began looking into health and nutrition issues. She started the Food Babe blog in 2011, and left  Accenture in 2012 to devote her time to activism and blogging, as well as marketing dietary and other products. By 2014, her blog was receiving over 54 million views. Hari has over 97,000 Twitter followers, and an official Facebook page with over one million likes. She refers to her followers and supporters as the "Food Babe Army."

Hari has capitalised on her following by selling books, subscriptions to her eating guide, meal plans, products through which she gains affiliate commissions, and through marketing her own line of supplements under the Truvani brand. Critics argue that the controversy she engenders through her activism helps drive sales through her site.

Activism

In 2011, Hari wrote a piece about ingredients in Chick-fil-A sandwiches which she alleged to be harmful. Chick-fil-A responded to Hari's post in May 2012, inviting her to its headquarters in Atlanta to discuss her concerns. As part of a larger effort to improve the nutrition of their products, Chick-fil-A announced in late 2013 it was removing dyes, corn syrup, and TBHQ from their products. They also announced a plan to only use antibiotic-free chickens within the next five years.

Hari has said that President Barack Obama did not keep a promise that he made during his 2008 presidential campaign to force the labeling of genetically modified food (GMOs). During the 2012 Democratic National Convention, which she attended as an elected delegate, Hari sat in the first row on the convention floor and held a sign that read "Label GMOs!" during Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack's speech.

In 2012, Hari wrote a blog post regarding Chipotle describing her quest to get clear answers about what Chipotle used in their food, saying: "Most of their food was contaminated with genetically modified cooking oil, corn oil, and they were using genetically modified ingredients in their tortillas. Even in the black beans there was GMO soybean oil. You couldn't even order vegetarian and avoid it. It was really unfortunate. Then, when I saw their flour tortillas' package, it said that they use trans-fat. That's crazy." After she published her blog post, Chipotle set up a meeting with Hari where she urged them to publish their ingredients publicly. In March 2013, Chipotle's Communications Director emailed Hari with a link to a new page on Chipotle's website with the ingredients in all of their menu items, along with a statement on the sidebar, "Our goal is to eliminate GMOs from Chipotle's ingredients, and we're working hard to meet this challenge." In April 2015, Chipotle followed up on their commitment to remove GMO ingredients from their food and became the first national restaurant chain to use only non-GMO ingredients.

In March 2013, Hari posted her first petition on Change.org asking Kraft Foods to remove FD&C yellow#5 and FD&C yellow#6 food dyes from their Mac & Cheese. On April 1, 2013, Hari visited Kraft headquarters in Chicago bringing along a petition with over 270,000 signatures and met with executives. Following Hari's visit, Kraft told ABC News Chicago they have "no plans to change the recipe for the original mac and cheese," and "...the safety and quality of our products is our highest priority and we take consumer concerns very seriously. We carefully follow the laws and regulations in the countries where our products are sold." Hari replied, "People have tried to petition the FDA over and over and it hasn't worked. The best way to create change is to hold the food companies responsible."  While the dyes are legal in the U.S., Kraft uses a different formula in the United Kingdom without artificial dyes. By the end of October 2013 the petition had received about 348,000 signatures. In October 2013, Kraft announced they would change the ingredients in three of its Mac & Cheese products aimed at children, which included the use of whole grains, reduction in salt and some fats, and changing the coloring; Kraft said that the changes were not a response to the petition but rather were part of an ongoing effort to improve the nutrition of the offerings, which takes several years to plan and implement. Hari claimed credit for the changes. In April 2015, Kraft further announced that they will remove artificial dyes and artificial preservatives from all of its Mac & Cheese products by 2016.

In 2013, Hari wrote about the use of class IV caramel color in Newcastle Brown Ale on her blog and put public pressure on them to drop this ingredient. In January 2015, Heineken announced that they would stop adding class IV caramel color to their Newcastle Brown Ale, and would instead color it naturally with the same roasted malt they had previously used. Heineken's announcement came just prior to the release of her book, The Food Babe Way (February 10, 2015), that devotes a chapter to the ingredients—including caramel coloring—in some beers, wines, and liquors.

In February 2014, Hari launched a petition on her website asking Subway to remove azodicarbonamide (a safe flour bleaching agent and dough conditioner) from their sandwich bread. The petition gathered more than 50,000 signatures in 24 hours. Subway later announced a plan to remove the ingredient from all of their sandwich breads, a process which began before her campaign. The Center For Science In The Public Interest, who advocates for its reduction, credited Hari for drawing attention to it. The Environmental Working Group supported the removal of azodicarbonamide and urged against its use. Food science experts have pointed out that the level of azodicarbonamide permitted by the FDA for use in bread is too low to pose a significant risk.

In June 2014, Hari posted a petition asking major brewers to list the ingredients in their products, something which U.S. brewers are not required to do. As part of this campaign, she claimed that commercial brewers "even use fish swim bladders" in their beer, as an undisclosed ingredient. NPR cited this as an example of fearmongering and lack of subject matter knowledge, as isinglass, derived from fish swim bladders, has been used as a natural fining agent in food and drink for centuries, and is in any case used primarily in cask ale, not vat-brewed beers, which are normally cleared by filtering. The day after she posted her petition, Anheuser-Busch and MillerCoors released ingredients in many of their products. The trade publication Beer Marketer's Insights called Hari's petition an "attempt of fear-mongering in the name of advocacy." Hari later claimed that she was aware of the historic use of isinglass, and was raising attention to it for the benefit of uninformed vegans and vegetarians. In October 2015 Guinness announced that they are stopping the use of isinglass in their refining process so that their beer will become vegan-friendly.

In August 2014, Hari wrote a blog post in which she claimed there is a lack of transparency when it comes to the ingredients in Starbucks' drinks. She noted that Starbucks doesn't publish their ingredients online and pointed out the use of class IV caramel color and the lack of real pumpkin in Starbucks's Pumpkin Spice Latte. This blog post received over 10 million views in 2014, and in the fall of 2015 Starbucks debuted a reformulated Pumpkin Spice Latte with real pumpkin and without caramel color. Hari took credit for this change, claiming to have emailed them monthly for updates.

On February 5, 2015, Hari launched a petition on her website asking General Mills and Kellogg's to remove the preservative butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) from their cereals. The additive has been widely used in cereal packaging in the U.S. for many years. BHT has to be listed as an ingredient on food labels, and some consumer-protection advocates like the Environmental Working Group have advised people to avoid it when possible. Cereals marketed in Europe by General Mills and Kellogg's do not contain the additive. Hari's petition received over 30,000 signatures in 24 hours. On February 5, 2015, General Mills released a statement that they would be removing BHT from their cereal, stating, "This change is not for safety reasons, but because we think consumers will embrace it.  We've never spoken with Vani Hari and she did not play any role in our decision," and "...our removal of BHT from cereals is well underway and has been for more than a year."

In August 2015, Hari campaigned Subway in conjunction with Natural Resources Defense Council, Friends of the Earth, the Center for Food Safety, and the U.S. Public Interest Research Group to commit to buying meat produced without the routine use of antibiotics and to provide a timeline for doing so. In October 2015, Subway announced they would transition to chicken raised without antibiotics in 2016 and turkey within the following 2–3 years, and would also transition beef and pork raised without antibiotics by 2025.

Her petition about Kraft's ingredients received over 365,000 signatures, and her Subway petition received over 50,000 signatures in the first 24 hours. Her site had a reported 52 million visitors in 2014 and over 3 million unique visitors per month.

In March 2015, Time named Hari among "The 30 Most Influential People on the Internet".

Books

The Food Babe Way
Hari's first book, The Food Babe Way, was released February 10, 2015. The book was #4 on the New York Times bestseller list for March 1, 2015 in the "Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous" section. It remained on the list for five weeks. It also appeared as #1 for nonfiction on the Wall Street Journal bestseller list for the week ending February 15, 2015.

Feeding You Lies
Hari released her second book, Feeding You Lies: How to Unravel the Food Industry's Playbook and Reclaim Your Health, in February 2019. The book appeared on the Wall Street Journal bestseller list for the week ending February 23, 2019. The Daily Beast also listed it amongst 12 Best Selling Books Published in February 2019.

Reception
Hari has received wide criticism concerning the accuracy, consistency, and presentation of her many claims.

Hari is a former management consultant who has a degree in computer science, and has no expertise in nutrition or food science. In response to criticisms that she lacks training in these fields, Hari has stated, "I never claimed to be a nutritionist. I'm an investigator." According to horticultural scientist Kevin Folta, Hari's lack of training often leads her to misinterpret peer-reviewed research and technical details about food chemistry, nutrition, and health. Chemist Joseph A. Schwarcz also criticizes her lack of scientific knowledge, saying: "It isn't hard to deconstruct her arguments. Most of them are so silly. Her basic tenet is guilt by association."

Cheryl Wischhover, a freelance Beauty/Health/Fitness writer in Elle described Hari's tactics as "manipulative", "sneaky", and "polarizing rather than productive." Wischhover also wrote about cases of Hari deleting and failing to acknowledge past articles, and stated "The fact that she tried to 'disappear' these stories makes me distrust and discredit anything else she has to say, and it's mindboggling that others still take her seriously." In December 2014, a National Public Radio article compared her activism to fear mongering. A 2015 Slate article described her writings as using "malicious metonymy" to be deceptive. Referring to the whole food movement, Marion Nestle, professor of nutrition, food studies, and public health at New York University, says Hari "gives the movement a bad name" and prefers Hari focus on more important issues.

Yvette d'Entremont, science writer and former analytical chemist, writing for Gawker, criticized the lack of scientific support for Hari's claims, and described her writing as "the worst assault on science on the internet".

Following d'Entremont's article, Marion Nestle stated that d'Entremont's criticisms were "valid scientifically", and that "the difficulty with the kinds of compounds that Vani Hari has been dealing with is that they're present in the food supply in very small amounts, and therefore it's very hard to test whether small amounts are harmful or not harmful, so the science is uncertain, it's nuanced, it's very hard to talk about." Her concern with Hari is that she "turns these things into something that's black or white—very easy for people to understand, but not necessarily accurate."

Hari has also been accused of banning dissenters from the Food Babe LLC social media accounts in order to create an echo chamber. Social media groups for people who have been banned by Hari have sprung up as a result of these tactics.

Promotion of pseudoscience
Hari has been criticized by scientists and others for promoting pseudoscience. Kevin Folta has accused Hari of being "afraid of scientific engagement". Folta stated that while her campaigns have been driven by "honest intention", they had the effect of spreading scientific disinformation. Chemistry professor Joseph A. Schwarcz, director of McGill University's Office for Science and Society states Hari "has no understanding of chemistry or food science" and that "her scientific background is nonexistent". He describes azodicarbonamide, a chemical Hari opposes the usage of, as being safe for use in food but unessential. In 2015 skeptic Brian Dunning listed FoodBabe.com as #7 on a "Top 10 Worst Anti-Science Websites" list.
Following her beer campaign, David Gorski, a surgeon, stated that she was "peddling pseudoscience" by portraying the chemicals used in the making of beer as dangerous.

In a July 2012 post (which has since been removed), Hari quoted the ideas of Masaru Emoto that microwave ovens cause water molecules to form crystals that resemble crystals exposed to negative thoughts or beliefs, such as when the words "Hitler" and "Satan" were exposed to the water. Steven Novella calls Emoto's claims "pure pseudoscience" and states that "Hari's conclusions about microwaves are all demonstrably incorrect and at odds with the scientific evidence". She later described the post as not her "most impressive piece of work" and noted that it was written when she had first started blogging. In a widely discredited 2011 post, Hari warned readers that the air pumped into aircraft cabins was not pure oxygen, complaining it was "mixed with nitrogen, sometimes almost at 50 per cent" despite ambient air being 78% nitrogen. Hari deleted the post, later claiming it contained an "inadvertent error".

In an October 2011 blog post, Hari claimed getting the flu is not dangerous but getting a flu shot is, and the following day tweeted that flu vaccines have been "used as a genocide tool in the past". The tweet was subsequently deleted. Hari's position was criticized as false and dangerous by the American Council on Science and Health.

In The Food Babe Way, Hari states: "There is just no acceptable level of any chemical to ingest, ever." This quote was noted by The Atlantic in its review of the book, used as a pull quote, and criticised at length. The statement was widely commented on in the press and with public organizations promoting science, such as McGill University's Office for Science and Society and the American Council on Science and Health.

Financial interests
In an article in Bloomberg Businessweek, Duane D. Stanford wrote that Hari has an apparent financial interest by generating controversy in order to draw traffic to her website to increase ad sales and drive readers to buy a subscription to her organic Eating Guide, which Hari says is her primary source of revenue. Hari's critics have drawn attention to her affiliated marketing partnerships with organic and non-GMO brands from which she profits by recommending them over mainstream brands.

A 2015 article in Skeptical Inquirer details products Hari declares as having toxic ingredients while Hari promotes and receives sales commissions for products containing the same or similar ingredients. Hari's claims of toxicity have been dismissed by experts in science and medicine as incorrect or exaggerated. Hari in the past removed a product from her site when attention was drawn to it as containing chemicals she has spoken against, a body scrub called Fresh, which contained butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). However, Hari claims that BHT is not as toxic if applied to skin as opposed to ingested.

Personal life

Vani Hari is married to Finley Clarke.

See also
 Detoxification (alternative medicine)
 The dose makes the poison
 Wisdom of repugnance

References

External links
 Official website

1979 births
American bloggers
American food writers
Living people
American women bloggers
Women food writers
University of North Carolina at Charlotte alumni
American people of Indian descent
American people of Punjabi descent
Writers from Charlotte, North Carolina
University of Georgia alumni
Anti-GMO activists
Pseudoscientific diet advocates
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
Activists from North Carolina
American conspiracy theorists
21st-century pseudonymous writers
Pseudonymous women writers