title: Los Angeles Pacific Railroad

text:
The Los Angeles Pacific Railroad (1896−1911) (LAP) was an electric public transit and freight railway system in Los Angeles County, California.  At its peak it had  of track extending from Downtown Los Angeles to the Westside, Santa Monica, and the South Bay towns along Santa Monica Bay.

History

Sherman and Clark

Originally a teacher from Vermont, Moses Sherman had engaged in a variety of activities in the Arizona Territory, one of which was creating a street railway in Phoenix, Arizona.  He was interested in the possibilities such a system offered in Los Angeles.  After his arrival in Los Angeles in 1890 Sherman  and his brother-in-law, Eli P. Clark, consolidated old lines and created new lines for a narrow-gauge street railway called the Los Angeles Consolidated Electric Railway Company (LACE). In addition, they acquired and electrified existing horsecar lines in Pasadena.

On April 11, 1894, Sherman and Clark incorporated the Pasadena & Los Angeles Electric Railway Company (P&LA), southern California’s first interurban line.  This line connected  the Pasadena lines with the LACE Railway system at Sycamore Grove.

The Pasadena and Pacific Electric Railroad Company

In November, 1894, they incorporated the Pasadena & Pacific Electric Railroad Company (P&P) of Arizona, to build a second interurban line from Los Angeles to Santa Monica.

But all the construction on the LACE, P&LA and P&P properties stretched Sherman and Clark’s financial situation, and LACE defaulted on a bond payment.  In March, 1895, the LACE Railway bondholder group acquired the LACE lines and organized a new company, the Los Angeles Railway Company (LARy).  Sherman and Clark negotiated with the group and managed to keep the P&LA and P&P lines.

The Pasadena and Los Angeles line opened on May 4, 1895.

Construction to Santa Monica via Colegrove of the narrow-gauge electric line began shortly thereafter, on June 11, 1895, with Clark serving as contractor, using the roadbed of the old Elysian Park Street Railway and the Los Angeles and Pacific Railway. They negotiated an agreement with LARy to use that company’s track to enter the downtown area.  Car shops and a rail yard were built midway between Los Angeles and Santa Monica, in an area they named Sherman.  Santa Monica promoters Robert S. Baker and Senator John P. Jones provided 225 acres near the Soldier’s Home, and Sherman and Clark sold it to raise funds for construction. The property became part of Sawtelle.

On April 1, 1896, after passing through fields of wildflowers and freshly plowed farms, the first car entered into Santa Monica, where its arrival was celebrated.

On November 9, 1896, Sherman and Clark incorporated the Pasadena and Pacific Railway Company of California, and built a line from Los Angeles, then known as the Sixteenth Street Division, via West 16th Street (Venice Boulevard), to Beverly. Shorter by two miles and faster to the beach than the line through Colegrove, it was called the “Santa Monica Short Line”, and opened July 1, 1897.

Again, financial difficulties arose. The P&LA defaulted on its bond payments in 1897 and the bondholders forced the company into receivership in January, 1898.  The P&LA was sold by the court on April 27, 1898 and then reorganized as the Los Angeles-Pacific Electric Railway Company.  Henry E. Huntington bought the LA&P and the local Pasadena lines in late 1898, leaving Sherman and Clark with their western lines and, as Henry Huntington noted, a nice profit.

The Los Angeles-Pacific Railroad Company

They then created another corporation on June 4, 1898, the Los Angeles-Pacific, and folded the existing lines into this corporation. They followed this practice of creating new corporations for new lines, and then combining the new line and old lines into another new corporation for years.

On December 15, 1899, Sherman and Clark started a line on Prospect Avenue in Hollywood, just north of the Colegrove line. Prospect Avenue, opened in 1887, would be renamed Hollywood Blvd in 1910. Though much construction was financed though bonds, various people paid a bonus to the LAP to help with construction of various Colegrove and Hollywood lines, a common practice for Sherman and Clark.

1902 was a very active year.  A section of private right of way, the first section of what would be called the Trolleyway, was built between Santa Monica and Venice.

The Palms Division was built, encompassing a line from Vineyard through Ivy Station (the future Culver City) to Ocean Park.  Called the Venice Short Line, this would become LAP’s most popular line. A new powerhouse in Ocean Park was built to handle the increased power requirements. The company purchased new cars to carry the additional traffic.

The Santa Monica Short Line (Venice Blvd, San Vicente Blvd, Santa Monica Blvd) and the Venice Short Line (Venice Blvd, Trolley Way, Ocean) took away much of the Southern Pacific and Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway's passenger business. After the Santa Fe received permission to abandon their line from Santa Monica to Inglewood, LAP acquired it. At the time, it was the only standard-gauged line that LAP owned.

By June, 1902, the company had 102.635 miles of equivalent single track.

In September, 1902, the Los Angeles, Hermosa Beach and Redondo Railway Company was formed to create a line down the coast.  The Del Rey Division was built from Ivy to a new resort development named Playa Del Rey, whose many investors included Sherman and Clark. Opened on December 7, 1903, it was followed by a line from Playa Del Rey to Redondo Beach, which was inaugurated in late summer, 1904. The Redondo line passed by Hermosa Beach, where Sherman and Clark also had major investments.

With the Redondo and Del Rey Divisions well underway, the Los Angeles, Hermosa Beach and Redondo Railway Company was merged into a new company, the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad Company of California on June 16, 1903, along with another line, the Los Angeles-Santa Monica Railroad Company, and the original  LA-P.

During 1902 and 1903 there was a competitive threat to Sherman and Clark's plans. William Hook, principal behind the Los Angeles Traction Company (LAT), and developer Abbot Kinney were building a line to Venice as well.  After much wrangling between the two groups, the Southern Pacific purchased the stock of LAT, who then abandoned the proposed line, freeing Sherman and Clark to proceed with their plans.

In 1903, a new, larger power house was built at Vineyard which replaced both the damaged Sherman power equipment and the Ocean Park power house.

In 1905, the Lagoon line, the line from Santa Monica to Venice, was extended from Venice to Playa Del Rey. When Robert C. Gillis' new Brentwood Park subdivision (in which Sherman and Clark were investors) was being built in 1906, LAP built tracks for the Westgate Line, which ran on San Vicente Boulevard to Ocean Avenue (Santa Monica) and then turned south to the Santa Monica Main Line.

In February, 1906, there were persistent rumors that E. H. Harriman, of the Southern Pacific Railroad, had purchased the Los Angeles Pacific, but Clark denied them.  Finally, in March, 1906 it was revealed that Harriman had purchased control of the Los Angeles Pacific.  Sherman had asked Harriman to guarantee LAP bonds, and Harriman agreed, on condition that he receive a controlling interest.  Sherman and Clark continued to manage the company.

The Los Angeles Pacific Company

The Southern Pacific incorporated a new company on April 4, 1907, the Los Angeles Pacific Company, capitalized at $20,000,000 (210,000 shares at $100 each).  107,100 shares were held by Epes Randolph on behalf of Harriman.

From 1907 through 1909, all the company’s lines, which had almost all been narrow-gauge, were rebuilt to standard-gauge.

Plans for a subway from Fourth Street to Vineyard, along with a large terminal building were announced, along with addition a third and fourth track to the Venice Short Line, and tunnels north of the Hill Street station that would benefit the Hollywood line, but a business panic in 1907 and other projects interfered with these plans.  The Pacific Electric Railway would later build a different version of the subway and the Subway Terminal Building in the mid-twenties.

In 1908 LAP leased the Southern Pacific Santa Monica Line (the Air Line) and the Long Wharf, and electrified it from Santa Monica to Sentous, which would become the interchange point with the SP for freight.

In 1909, the company did build two tunnels north of the Hill Street Station, designed to make entry to Los Angeles easier for the Hollywood and Colegrove cars.  These opened on Tunnel Day, September 9, 1909, and cut 10 minutes off the time to Hollywood and Colegrove.  In addition, they started preliminary engineering work on a line to the San Fernando Valley via Cahuenga Pass, a project that would ultimately be completed by the Pacific Electric Railway, which opened the line in 1912.

By October, 1909, the Los Angeles Pacific had grown to 213.5 miles of track, all standard gauged.

1911: LAP becomes part of the new Pacific Electric

Sherman and Clark remained minority stockholders, executive officers and directors of the company until May 28, 1910 when they sold their shares to the Southern Pacific and retired from active participation in the company. SP then pressured Huntington to sell his shares in the Pacific Electric Railway.

On September 1, 1911, in what is called “The Great Merger”, the Southern Pacific consolidated seven electric railways into the new “Pacific Electric Railway Company”. The Los Angeles Pacific lines, along with the Glendale–Burbank Line and the soon-to-be-completed San Fernando Valley Line, would become the Pacific Electric’s Western Division.

In September, 1911, the Los Angeles Pacific brought to the new Pacific Electric Railway the following:
 of owned track
 of leased track
172 passenger cars
194 freight cars
25 line and other service cars
$21 million in outstanding stock and $14,201,000 in bonds. ($ and $ respectively in  adjusted for inflation)

Lines
LAP passenger cars operated local service in the cities of Los Angeles, Pasadena, Hollywood, Sawtelle, Santa Monica, and Ocean Park.

LAP’s best performing interurban lines included these four:
Santa Monica Short Line – Hill Street to Santa Monica, Ocean Park and Venice  by way of Vineyard and Beverly
Venice Short Line – Hill Street to Venice, Ocean Park and Venice by way of Vineyard and Ivy
Hollywood Line – Hill Street to Gardner Junction in Hollywood by way of Sunset, Prospect Ave (Hollywood Blvd) and private right of way.
Redondo Beach via Playa del Rey Line – Hill Street to  Manhattan Beach, Hermosa Beach and Redondo Beach by way of Vineyard and Del Rey.

Other important interurban lines included these:
Colegrove Line – Hill Street to Santa Monica, Ocean Park and Venice by way of Colegrove (South Hollywood)and Sherman.
Western and Franklin Avenue Line – From Hill Street to Hollywood and Vine by way of Sunset, Santa Monica Boulevard, Western Ave, Franklin Ave, Argyle Ave, Yucca St, and Vine Street.
Westgate Line (Brentwood) – Hill Street to Santa Monica (North Beach) by way of Vineyard, Sherman, Beverly, Sawtelle, Soldier’s Home and 26th Street.

Local service was primarily provided on these lines:
Lagoon Line – Seventh and Montana in Santa Monica to Playa Del Rey. Was exceptionally popular on beach days.  Part of the route used private right of way called the Trolleyway.
Brush Canyon Line – From Franklin Avenue north on Brush Canyon to a quarry.
Highland Line – From Santa Monica Boulevard north on Highland to Cahuenga Pass. Was in the process of being extended to San Fernando Valley when LAP was consolidated with other railways to form the Pacific Electric.
Elysian Park Line – From Sunset north on Echo Park Avenue to Cerro Gordo.
Rodeo Line – From Santa Monica Blvd north on Rodeo Drive to the future Beverly Hills Hotel (built 1912) on Sunset Blvd.
South Loop, North Loop – local lines in Santa Monica.
Santa Monica Air Line  –From Fourth Street station to Vineyard and Ivy to Santa Monica. Only one car daily but regular service was offered between Ivy, Santa Monica and Port Los Angeles.
Inglewood Line  – From Fifth and Santa Monica to Santa Monica Depot in Inglewood.  Used mostly for freight but a single, daily passenger car was used to preserve the franchise.
Santa Monica Canyon Line – From Colorado in Santa Monica to Port Los Angeles.
Laurel Canyon Line – From Hill Street via the Hollywood Line to Laurel Canyon Blvd. In 1910, an interesting feature was an electric “Trackless Trolley” at its terminus which served “Bungalowtown” at the head of the canyon.
Soldier’s Home – From Sawtelle Station on Santa Monica Blvd, north on Sepulveda Blvd to the Soldier’s Home, where it made a loop,
Motordrome Spur – a spur off the Redondo Line, near Playa Del Rey, that served an auto Motordrome from 1910 to 1913. The racetrack featured drives such as Barney Oldfield.

Balloon Route

The Balloon Route Trolley trip was a featured excursion of the Los Angeles Pacific, and opened in 1901. Beginning in November, 1904, Charles Merritt Pierce, the original owner of the Glen-Holly Hotel, Hollywood's first hotel, operated the line for the LAP.

Initially, the line ran from the Hill Street station in downtown Los Angeles, via the Santa Monica Short Line through Hollywood to Santa Monica and Ocean Park, and then back to Los Angeles via Palms and the Venice Short Line.

As the system expanded, the excursion expanded as well. Excursion cars (sometimes in multi-unit trains) made the following stops in 1909:
 From the Hill Street station, through the Hill Street tunnels to the Sunset Boulevard studio of painter Paul de Longpré
 Through farms to the bean fields of Morocco (the future Beverly Hills)
 A stop at the Old Soldiers' Home above Sawtelle for pictures
 A trip onto the Long Wharf north of Santa Monica
 A stop at the Camera Obscura in Santa Monica
 A stop at the Playa del Rey Pavilion for a fish dinner
 A ride along the beach to Redondo's Moonstone Beach
 A return trip up the beaches to Venice
 A final return downtown via Palms on the Venice Short Line

This excursion line was heavily advertised and thus became well known. Brochures and ads touted it as “101 miles for $1.00”, or "10-dollar tour for one dollar”. The first car used was a Parlor car (#400), and as the line became popular more cars were added, until the larger 700 class cars made trains possible. Excursions departed downtown Los Angeles at 9:30 am each day and returned to Los Angeles at 5:00 pm.

In 1906, when Harriman/Southern Pacific interests took over ownership and operation of LAP, they continued the excursions with Pierce in charge. When the LAP was consolidated into the new Pacific Electric Railway Company (PE)  in 1911, PE took over the operations and continued the excursion until 1923.

The Balloon Route Streetcar Depot, West Los Angeles has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1972.

Cars

In 1906 the company owned and operated 405 cars: 144 passenger cars, 6 parlor cars, 17 electric locomotives, 221 freight cars, 5 mail cars and 12 repair service cars.

The company had several types of cars.  This is what LAP had as of April, 1911.

Passenger cars included motorized cars that conveyed passengers from place to place, or non-motorized trailers that were pulled by the motorized cars. Passenger cars changed over time, reflecting the continual upgrading of the system from a simple country trolley line to a heavy-duty interurban railroad.  LAP purchased groups of cars and assigned series numbers; for example, they acquired the 60-series in 1895-96 and numbered them  60-69.

The original cars, purchased in 1895-96 from Pullman and Brill, included the motorized 60- and 70-series, and the non-motorized trailer 40-series.  These cars had two 43 h.p. motors and could carry up to 48 passengers.  They also had the distinctive 5-window ends that would become the standard for LA streetcars.

After 1902, when LAP had built more lines, larger and more powerful cars were purchased including the 180- and 190-series from the American Car Company, along with the 48-series trailers. Most  cars had open sections on either or both ends, and were called California cars. In 1904-05, LAP purchased 50 new 48-passenger cars from the St. Louis Car Company, that they numbered the 200-series.  But even with two 57 h.p. motors, these cars were still not powerful enough for heavy interurban use.

Once SP interests purchased a majority interest, the resulting influx of money let LAP purchase 50 heavy-duty cars from the St. Louis Car Company, which were numbered the 700-series.  These cars were substantially larger, with a 56-passenger capacity, and had four 75 h.p. motors rather than the two that most previous cars used. These cars were immediately put to use on the Venice Short Line and Santa Monica Short Line.

Some were plusher than regular cars; these included Observation cars used for the Balloon Route excursion (especially car 400), the beautiful “El Viento” for LAP’s officers’ use, and the “Mermaid”, Sherman’s private car.

Some cars were built or modified at the Sherman Shops. New passenger cars had new bracing installed to make them stronger, or had different brakes or motors installed. Old passenger cars may be converted to Line or Maintenance cars. The shops even built electric locomotives from older cars.

Freight and Express cars – LAP had a large number of freight cars to handle commodities and freight, including over 60 flat cars, 13 box cars, over 100 dump cars, and 15 oil cars. The company also had 15 cars that handled express freight and the mail.

Line cars had a variety of uses, including tower cars for maintaining the overhead, a bonding car to connect rails electrically, a wrecker to deal with car wrecks, a portable substation to provide power anywhere when needed, work motors to move cars and construction crews, a vacuum car that quickly cleaned passenger cars, a weed  burner, a sprinkler, a gondola for rubbish.

Facilities

Stations

Fourth Street Station – The first passenger station in downtown Los Angeles was at 222 West Fourth Street, and was shared with the Pasadena and Los Angeles Electric Railway.  There was no rail yard, and passengers embarked or disembarked on cars in the street.

In 1900 the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad waiting room and offices moved to a larger, $100,000 building at 314 West 4th Street next to the Broadway Department Store in Downtown Los Angeles. Passengers again had to load and alight in the street.

Hill Street Station – Once the system began to be standard-gauged after the Harriman acquisition, a new station and yard was built in April, 1908, at 439 South Hill Street, between Fourth and Fifth Streets.  Cars arriving on the West 16th Street line used this station, while narrow-gauge cars from Hollywood and Colegrove used the Fourth Street station.

A fire on in November 15, 1908 destroyed the Fourth Street offices, forcing the company to move their offices to the Masonic Temple on Hill Street, which was next to the Hill Street station, and had been purchased by LAP in anticipation of the Fourth Street subway project.  The neighboring rail yard was reconfigured to handle both the East 16th Street and Hollywood traffic.

Brick stations were located at individual destinations such as Santa Monica, Hollywood, Ocean Park, Beverly, Playa Del Rey, Hermosa Beach, Sawtelle and Sherman. Frame stations could be found at Port of Los Angeles, Santa Monica, Palms, Soldier’s Home, Ocean Park, Venice and Redondo.

Maintenance facilities

In 1896, the Pasadena and Pacific Railway Company purchased 5.56-acres (2.25 ha) on Santa Monica Boulevard about halfway between Los Angeles and Santa Monica and constructed a rail facility. “Sherman”, as it was called (after Moses Sherman), had a steam power house, a car barn, repair shops, and over two miles of rails for car storage. The nearby settlement was also named "Sherman", and eventually became the city of West Hollywood.

In October 1906, the Harriman interests acquired another 13.81 acres after filling in nearby swampy areas and added additional shop buildings in mid-1907.  In 1912 the Pacific Electric Railway moved all repair services to their Seventh Avenue & Central shops in downtown Los Angeles, but the Sherman facility remained open for local maintenance.

Other rail yards were at the Buena Vista freight depot and the Hill Street Station.

Electrical power

Electrical power for the original lines was provided by a steam-powered facility at Sherman.  After an explosion crippled the plant, and because of the power needs of the new Venice Short Line, a second power house was built in December, 1901 at Ocean Park. In the meantime, power for the LAP was supplied by the Los Angeles Railway.
As the system expanded further, LAP built a much larger power house in September, 1903 at the intersection of the Palms Division (Venice Short Line) and the Santa Monica Short Line, at a location called Vineyard.  Vineyard became the company's central power station, using a Westinghouse Parsons steam turbine to generate 2400 AC volts. Vineyard was expanded to accommodate even more expansion in March, 1904, early 1905, and May, 1906 so that by the time heavy-duty multiple unit cars were used, the power generation was ample.
Substations converted the 2400 volts AC to the 600 volts DC used by streetcar motors, and were located at Bush Street and Burlington Avenue, West Olive Street, Ivy Park (Culver City), Playa del Rey, Hermosa, Ocean Park, and Sherman.

Other facilities

Hill Street Tunnels – in 1908 and 1909, two tunnels were dug north of the Hill Street Station so that cars coming from Hollywood had faster access to the station.  The tunnels opened on Tunnel Day, September 15, 1909, and cut 10 minutes off the travel time from the Hollywood area.
Long Wharf – the Long Wharf was constructed by Southern Pacific in 1893 to serve as a proposed harbor that would take the place of SP facilities in San Pedro.  After San Pedro was selected as Los Angeles’ main harbor, this facility declined in importance, and in 1908 LAP leased this facility and related trackage and used it to receive lumber until 1911.  In 1908 LAP also included it as part of the Balloon Route excursion.

Freight and mail handling

Freight operations were important to LAP. As early as 1898, they used electrified steam cars (obtained from two steam railways they acquired earlier) to transport boxcars of lemons from the groves in Colegrove and Hollywood to either Los Angeles for local consumption, or to Ocean Park, where it was transferred to Santa Fe boxcars (due to the difference in rail gauges) for shipment to eastern cities. Early freight shipments also included decomposed granite from the Laurel Canyon area, which was transported throughout the system where it was used as ballast. Oil for power house use was transported via steam via the Oil Spur line, constructed in 1900. In addition, during that same year LAP was granted the contract to deliver mail to Santa Monica.

As the system expanded, freight assumed a larger role as well.  By 1901 there were 11 freight stations spread across the system which could receive and distribute freight shipments.  LAP built 5 electric locomotives in their Sherman Shops to help accommodate the traffic.

By 1902, LAP acquired the Santa Fe’s Inglewood branch, and used steam equipment over the line until it was electrified in October. LAP could now collect freight from all over its growing system, transfer it to box cars in Ocean Park and move it to Inglewood for transfer to the Santa Fe.  In order to facilitate this, a larger freight depot was constructed at Ocean Park.  This allowed LAP to deliver all the lumber for the Ocean Park Lumber Company.

By 1903, as LAP generated more power, it was able to increase its freight services. There were now three freight trains a day: one 5 AM train to Santa Monica (delivering newspapers, fruit and vegetables), a through freight at 7 AM, and a way freight at 1 PM.

LAP constructed a spur off of 26th Street in Santa Monica for a local brickyard. This new track helped LAP increase its freight business, and also allowed shipments to be transferred to Southern Pacific boxcars for further delivery.

As freight handling continued to grow, in April, 1905 the Buena Vista Freight House was built at Sunset and North Broadway, serviced by ten tracks. This freight house handled freight, express shipments, and passengers. In May, 1905, six new express motors were added to handle the business.

Once the Harriman/SP interests acquired a controlling interest in 1906, and the system and cars were broad-gauged, LAP was able to expand freight services even more. In 1908, they leased SP’s Air Line, which brought new business.  Sentous now became the chief interchange point for freight, now between LAP and SP.

The many lines radiating from Los Angeles made LAP vital to west side communities. Starting in 1907, a newspaper train delivered Los Angeles papers to Redondo Beach via Hollywood and Colegrove. Express and mail trains made deliveries to various parts of the system each day. Local deliveries within communities were made via wagons.

By 1909 the system had 17 electric locomotives, 225 freight cars, and 5 mail or express cars. There was a freight terminal in every town of any size.  Along with regular freight, LAP transported bulk commodities that included crushed stone, oil, lumber, citrus and more, usually shipped from late at night until dawn, when more power was available.

By 1911, daily shipments had increased to two from Los Angeles to Redondo, four from LA to Venice via Colegrove and two from LA to Hollywood. After the September, 1911 Great Merger, LAP trackage was connected to Pacific Electric via the Air Line, the Buena Vista freight house was closed, and all freight was diverted to PE’s Freight House at Eighth and Hemlock.

Legacy

Luther Ingersoll has credited the tremendous growth of the beach communities and other settlements along the trolley lines to the creation of these trolley lines, as they brought new settlers who purchased lots in the many developments, and brought pleasure seekers to the various beaches. It was Sherman and Clark’s electric lines and real estate ventures which worked together to bring this about.

Remaining LAP facilities and routes

The current Sherman Way G Line station is on the right-of-way of a line planned by LAP, and completed by Pacific Electric. Sherman Way is named after General Sherman, due his land development and rail lines he built in the valley.

Ivy Substation - 9070 Venice Blvd, Culver City, CA
 Burlington Substation - 1147 West Venice Blvd, Los Angeles, CA - now an auto upholstery shop
 West Olive Substation, built in 1905, now Epitaph Records, 2798 W. Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles,
 Site of Ocean Park Carhouse - now Metro Division 6, 100 Sunset Ave, Venice
 Site of Sherman Shops – now West Hollywood, Metro Division 7 and Pacific Design Center
 Air Line – now Metro E-Line/Expo Line
 Palms-Southern Pacific Railroad Depot - Heritage Square, 3800 N. Homer St, Montecito Heights, CA

See also

Sunset Junction, Los Angeles
Streetcar suburb
List of California street railroads
Streetcars in North America
List of California railroads
History of rail transportation in California
Los Angeles Motordrome
Pacific Electric's Red Cars
Los Angeles and Independence Railroad

References

New Depot for Los Angeles Pacific Railroad
Los Angeles Pacific Corporate Histories
expogreenway.org
CITY TRANSIT HISTORY (SANTA MONICA)

Bibliography

External links

Defunct California railroads
History of Los Angeles
Public transportation in Los Angeles
Public transportation in Los Angeles County, California
Railway companies established in 1899
1899 establishments in California
Railway companies disestablished in 1911
1911 disestablishments in California
History of Los Angeles County, California
History of Santa Monica, California
History of Southern California


title: Irena Peeva

text:
Irena Vassileva Peeva is a professor of mathematics at Cornell University, specializing in commutative algebra. She disproved the Eisenbud–Goto regularity conjecture jointly with Jason McCullough.

Education and career
Peeva did her graduate studies at Brandeis University, earning a Ph.D. in 1995 under the supervision of David Eisenbud with a thesis entitled Free Resolutions. She was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Berkeley and a C. L. E. Moore instructor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
before joining the Cornell Department of Mathematics faculty in 1998.

Peeva is an editor of the Transactions of AMS.

Books
Peeva is the author of:
 Graded Syzygies (Springer, 2011).
 Minimal Free Resolutions over Complete Intersections (with David Eisenbud, Springer, 2016).

Recognition
In 2014 Peeva was elected as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to commutative algebra and its applications."

In 2019/2020 and in 2012/2013 Peeva was a Simons Foundation Fellow. During 1999-2001 she was a Sloan Foundation Fellow and was a Sloan Doctoral Dissertation Fellow in 1994/1995.

References

External links
Home page at Cornell University
Irena Peeva in the Oberwolfach photo collection

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American women mathematicians
Brandeis University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Cornell University faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
20th-century women mathematicians
21st-century women mathematicians
Algebraists
21st-century American women


title: Kalahandi State

text:
Kalahandi State, also known as Karond State, was one of the princely states of India during the period of the British Raj. It was recognized as a state in 1874 and had its capital in Bhawanipatna. Its last ruler signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1948. The present titular head of the state is Anant Pratap Deo who resides in the Kalahandi Palace in Bhawanipatna

History
Kalahandi was the largest of the 26 Feudatory states of Odisha. According to local tradition, the state originated with Raja Raghunath Sai of the Naga dynasty who traced descent from the Nagabanshis of Chotanagpur of Eastern India, beginning to rule the Kalahandi area in 1005 CE. As per the traditional records preserved in Kalahandi Darbar, the Nagas succeeded the Gangas in Kalahandi when the last Ganga Governor of Kalahandi, Jagannath Deo's only daughter was married to Raghunath Sai, a prince of the Naga clan. However, historians have disputed the early date for the establishment of Naga dynasty rule in Kalahandi but most agree the Nagas succeeded the Gangas as the feudatories in the region during the 15th century taking advantage of the weakness of the central authority as the power of the Eastern Ganga dynasty started to decline in Odisha. Hence the state's coat of arms had two cobras facing each other. and the presiding deity of the dynasty is Goddess Manikeswari.

In August 1947 Kalahandi became part of the Eastern States Union, an entity that was formed in Rajpur and that gathered most of the princely states of Orissa and Chhattisgarh. The Eastern States Union was dissolved in 1948.
The formerly princely state's territory is now within Kalahandi District.

List of rulers
The rulers of Kalahandi princely state were granted a hereditary salute of 9 guns by the British.

Rulers of the Naga dynasty of Kalahandi are–
Raghunath Sai (1005–1040)
Pratap Narayan Deo (1040–1072)
Birabar Deo (1072–1108)
Jugasai Deo I (1108–1142)
Udenarayan Deo (1142–1173)
Harichandra Deo (1173–1201)
Ramachandra Deo (1201–1234)
Gopinath Deo (1234–1271)
Balabhadra Deo (1271–1306
Raghuraj Deo (1306–1337)
Rai Singh Deo I (1337–1366)
Haria Deo (1366–1400)
Jugasai Deo II (1400–1436)
Pratap Narayan Deo II (1436–1468)
Hari Rudra Deo (1468–1496)
Anku Deo (1496–1528)
Pratap Deo (1528–1564)
Raghunath Deo (1564–1594)
Biswambhar Deo (1594–1627)
Rai Singh Deo II (1627–1658)
Dusmant Deo (1658–1693)
Jugasai Deo III (1693–1721)
Khadag Rai Deo (1721–1747)
Rai Singh Deo III (1747–1771)
Purusottam Deo (1771–1796)
Jugasai Dei IV (1796–1831)
Fateh Narayan Deo (1831–1853)
Udit Pratap Deo I (1853–1881)
Raghu Keshari De (1894–1897)
Court of Wards (1897–1917)
Brajamohan Deo (1917–1939)
Pratap Keshari Deo (1939–1947)

Titular rulers
Pratap Keshari Deo (1948 – 8 October 2001)
Udit Pratap Deo II (8 October 2001 – 2 November 2019)
Anant Pratap Deo (2 November 2019 – current)

Gallery

See also
 Eastern States Agency
History of Kalahandi
Political integration of India

References

External links

Aftermath of Merger of Princely States in Orissa

Princely states of Odisha
History of Odisha
Kalahandi district
States and territories disestablished in 1948
11th-century establishments in India
1005 establishments in Asia
1948 disestablishments in India
Gun salute princely states


title: Ma Jiajue

text:
Ma Jiajue () (4 May 1981 – 17 June 2004) was a Chinese biochemistry major at Yunnan University in Kunming, who murdered his four university roommates in February 2004. Their bodies were found in a dormitory closet at the university. He was convicted of the quadruple murder and was executed.

Early life
Ma, who came from a remote farming village in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China, was the son of father Ma Jianfu and mother Li Fengying; he had an older brother and two sisters. He attended Binzhou Middle School for junior high school, where he was a top student, and Binyang Middle School for high school, where his academic effort diminished.

In November 1999 he ran away from home  out of fear that he would not be able to pass the gaokao college entrance exam. He was discovered by police in Guigang in eastern Guangxi after his school reported his disappearance, and received a disciplinary punishment upon his return. After passing his gaokao, Ma, the pride of his family, was given his family's meager savings; he enrolled in Yunnan University in September 2000, as a biochemistry student.

Murders and aftermath
According to his confession, Ma, in his final year of university, used a hammer to kill his four roommates, who were fellow students at Yunnan University, between February 13 and 15 in 2004. The roommates died due to blunt-force trauma. Ma said that he killed them because his roommates, who came from wealthier families, had accused him of cheating in a card game, and had bullied him regarding his plans for the Lunar New Year holiday. On February 23, following the holiday break, the roommates' bodies were discovered in a dormitory closet.

Ma Jiajue fled following the murders and was on the run for 21 days. Police offered a 200,000 yuan (US$24,000) reward for information that would result in his apprehension. On March 15 he was captured in Sanya, in South China's Hainan Province,  southeast of the crime scene.

Legal proceedings and execution
The Intermediate People's Court of Kunming in southwest China's Yunnan Province sentenced Ma Jiajue to death on April 24. The Yunnan Provincial Higher People's Court did an automatic review of the verdict, and upheld it. On June 17, 2004, Ma Jiajue was executed.

Legacy
In 2004, Xinhua stated: "The murder case has attracted nationwide attention, with experts and ordinary people heatedly discussing how a college student could choose to kill his young schoolmates."

See also

 2022 University of Idaho killings, killing of four university roommates

References

1981 births
2004 deaths
2004 murders in China
21st-century Chinese criminals
21st-century executions by China
Chinese male criminals
Chinese mass murderers
Chinese people convicted of murder
Executed mass murderers
Executed people from Guangxi
Executed People's Republic of China people
Hammer assaults
Male murderers
People convicted of murder by the People's Republic of China
People executed by China by firearm
People from Nanning
Yunnan University


title: Richard L. Bishop

text:
Richard Lawrence Bishop (August 12, 1931 – December 18, 2019) was an American mathematician who specialized in differential geometry and taught at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

Bishop went to Case Institute of Technology as an undergraduate, earning a B.S. in 1954. Next he earned his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959, and immediately joined the UIUC faculty, where he stayed until his retirement in 1997. His thesis, On Imbeddings and Holonomy, was supervised by Isadore Singer. At UIUC, his doctoral students included future UIUC colleague Stephanie B. Alexander. He is the author of Geometry of Manifolds (with Richard J. Crittenden, AMS Chelsea Publishing, 1964, translated into Russian 1967 and reprinted 2001) and Tensor Analysis on Manifolds (with Samuel I. Goldberg, Macmillan, 1968, reprinted by Dover Books on Mathematics, 1980).

In 2013, Bishop became one of the inaugural fellows of the American Mathematical Society.

The Bishop–Gromov inequality in Riemannian geometry, one form of which appeared in his book with Crittenden, is named after him and Mikhail Gromov, who gave an improved formulation of Bishop's result. He introduced the "Bishop frame" of curves in Euclidean space, an alternative to the better-known Frenet frame. With Barrett O'Neill he made foundational contributions to the study of convex functions and convex sets in Riemannian geometry and their applications in the study of negative sectional curvature, including to the geometry of warped products.

Notable publications
 R.L. Bishop and B. O'Neill. Manifolds of negative curvature. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 145 (1969), 1–49.  ;
 Richard L. Bishop. There is more than one way to frame a curve. Amer. Math. Monthly 82 (1975), 246–251.
 Richard L. Bishop and Richard J. Crittenden. Geometry of manifolds. Reprint of the 1964 original. AMS Chelsea Publishing, Providence, RI, 2001. xii+273 pp. ;

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
People from Allegan, Michigan


title: Bjoernstadia kasuluensis

text:
Bjoernstadia kasuluensis is a moth in the family Cossidae, and the only species in the genus Bjoernstadia. It is found in the Albertine Rift region of Tanzania.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Endemic fauna of Tanzania
Metarbelinae
Moths described in 2012


title: Haberlandia

text:
Haberlandia is a genus of moths in the family Metarbelidae.

Species

Etymology
The genus is named in honour of the grandparents of the author, Eduard Willi Haberland and his wife Charlotte Marie Johanna, née Quitter, who died on 26 December 2010.

References

 , 2011: The description of a new genus and twenty-three new species of Metarbelidae (Lepidoptera:Cossoidea) from the lowland tropical rain forests of the Guineo-Congolian Region with notes on habitats and biogeography. Published by the author. Hamburg, 67 pages, 10 b/w plates, 6 colour plates, 1 coloured map: 1-67. Full article:

External links
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Metarbelinae


title: Kroonia

text:
Kroonia is a genus of moths in the family Metarbelidae.

Species
 Kroonia adamauensis Lehmann, 2010
 Kroonia carteri Lehmann, 2010
 Kroonia dallastai Lehmann, 2010
 Kroonia fumealis (Janse, 1925)
 Kroonia heikeae Lehmann, 2010
 Kroonia honeyi Lehmann, 2010
 Kroonia murphyi Lehmann, 2010
 Kroonia natalica (Hampson, 1910)
 Kroonia politzari Lehmann, 2010

References

 , 2010: A new genus of Metarbelidae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea)  from the Afrotropical Region with the description of seven new species. Esperiana Buchreihe zur Entomologie Memoir 5: 294–322.

External links

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Metarbelinae


title: Dictionary of Art Historians

text:
The Dictionary of Art Historians (DAH) is an online encyclopedia of topics relating to art historians, art critics and their dictionaries. The mission of the project is to provide free, reliable, English-language information on published art historians.

The DAH was started in 1986 as a notecard project indexing art historians by the editors Lee R. Sorensen and Monique Daniels. In 2002, the project was migrated to the internet, and in 2010 it was adopted by the art history department of Duke University. In 2017, the DAH was adopted by the Wired! Lab at Duke University and a new version of the site was launched in 2018. The project enjoys collaboration with the Journal of Art Historiography, which started in 2010.

Starting as a database of art historians mentioned in major art historiographies, the site has grown through the comments and contributions of various authors specializing in national fields of art history.

References

External links

Art history
Historiography
American online encyclopedias
Open-access archives
Duke University


title: Ortharbela

text:
Ortharbela is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae.

Species
 Ortharbela albivenata (Hampson, 1910)
 Ortharbela bisinuata (Hampson, 1920)
 Ortharbela castanea Gaede, 1929
 Ortharbela cliftoni Lehmann, 2009
 Ortharbela diagonalis (Hampson, 1910)
 Ortharbela guttata Aurivillius, 1910
 Ortharbela jurateae Lehmann, 2009
 Ortharbela minima (Hampson, 1920)
 Ortharbela obliquifascia (Hampson, 1910)
 Ortharbela rufula (Hampson, 1910)
 Ortharbela semifasciata Gaede, 1929
 Ortharbela sommerlattei Lehmann, 2008
 Ortharbela tetrasticta (Hampson, 1910)

References

 , 2008: Ten new species of Metarbelidae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea) from the coastal forests and the Eastern Arc Mountains Of Kenya and Tanzania, including one species From Two Upland Forests. Journal of East African Natural History 97 (1): 43-82. DOI: 10.2982/0012-8317(2008)97[43:TNSOML]2.0.CO;2. Abstract: .
 , 2008: Six New Species of Metarbelidae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania, Including One New Species from Marenji Forest in Southeast Coastal Kenya. Journal of East African Natural History 97 (2): 187-206. DOI: 10.2982/0012-8317-97.2.187. Abstract: .

External links
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Metarbelinae


title: Shimonia

text:
Shimonia is a genus of moths in the family Metarbelidae. The genus was described by Ingo Lehmann and Hossein Rajaei in 2013.

Species
 Shimonia fischeri Lehmann & Rajaei, 2013
 Shimonia oyiekeae Lehmann & Rajaei, 2013
 Shimonia splendida (D. S. Fletcher, 1968)
 Shimonia timberlakei Lehmann & Rajaei, 2013

Etymology
The genus is named for Shimoni Lehmann, the son of the senior author.

References

Lehmann, I. & Rajaei Sh., H. (2013) "Description of a new genus and three new species of Metarbelidae (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea) from East and Central Africa, with notes on biogeography". Bonn Zoological Bulletin, 62 (1): 100–110.

External links

Metarbelinae


title: Live at Sweet Basil Vol. 2

text:
Live Sweet Basil Vol. 2 is a live album by jazz composer, arranger, conductor and pianist Gil Evans recorded by King Records (Japan) in New York in 1984 featuring Evans with his Monday Night Orchestra which included George Adams, Howard Johnson, and Lew Soloff and originally released in the US on the Gramavision label.

Reception
Allmusic awarded the album 2 stars, stating, " Although arranger/keyboardist Gil Evans is the leader of the 14-piece band, he has a very minor presence on the set, letting his talented sidemen get self-indulgent and take seemingly endless solos. Because the supporting cast includes such fine players... This is a lesser effort that should have been a memorable one".

Track listing
All compositions by Gil Evans except as indicated
 "Jelly Roll" - 11:15
 "Friday the 13th" (Thelonious Monk) - 13:44
 "Gone" – 16:00
 "Prelude to Stone Free" - 8:42
 "Stone Free" (Jimi Hendrix) - 14:00
 "Snowflake Bop" (Anita Evans) - 16:58

Personnel
Gil Evans - piano, electric piano, arranger, conductor
Lew Soloff, Hannibal Marvin Peterson, Shunzo Ohno, Miles Evans - trumpet
George Adams - tenor saxophone
Chris Hunter - alto saxophone
Howard Johnson - tuba, baritone saxophone, bass clarinet
Tom Malone - trombone
Hiram Bullock - guitar
Pete Levin - synthesizer
Mark Egan - electric bass
Adam Nussbaum - drums
Mino Cinelu - percussion

References

1987 live albums
Gil Evans live albums
Albums arranged by Gil Evans


title: Pachnistis

text:
Pachnistis is a genus of moths in the family Autostichidae.

Species
The species of this genus are:

Pachnistis arens Meyrick, 1913 (India)
Pachnistis cephalochra Meyrick, 1907 (Bhutan, India)
Pachnistis craniota (Meyrick, 1913) (South Africa)
Pachnistis cremnobathra Meyrick, 1922 (Java)
Pachnistis fulvocapitella Legrand, 1966 (Seychelles)
Pachnistis inhonesta Meyrick, 1916 (India)
Pachnistis morologa Meyrick, 1923 (Angola)
Pachnistis nigropunctella Viette, 1955 (Madagascar)
Pachnistis nubivaga Meyrick, 1921 (Celebes)
Pachnistis phaeoptila Bradley, 1961 (Java)
Pachnistis silens Meyrick, 1935 (Taiwan)

References

De Prins, J. & De Prins, W. 2014. Afromoths, online database of Afrotropical moth species (Lepidoptera). World Wide Web electronic publication (www.afromoths.net) (17-Jun-2014

Autostichinae


title: Yamashita Park

text:
is a public park in Naka Ward, Yokohama, Japan, famous for its waterfront views of the Port of Yokohama.

History
Much of Yokohama was destroyed on September 1, 1923, by the Great Kantō earthquake. A Scotsman, Marshall Martin, advisor to Mayor Ariyoshi Chuichi, is credited with persuading the city government to use rubble from the Kannai commercial district to reclaim the former waterfront as a park.

Yamashita Park was formally opened on March 15, 1930.

The park was requisitioned in 1945 during the Occupation of Japan for military housing, reverting to Japanese control in 1960.  Across the street from the park is the Hotel New Grand where General Douglas MacArthur spent his first night on his arrival in Japan on August 30, 1945.

Park attractions
As well as public green space with trees, flower beds, fountains and memorials, Yamashita Park is also noted as the location of:

 The Ōsanbashi Pier, a pier on which is built the Yokohama passenger ship terminal, which has been in continuous operation since 1896, with major renovations in 1964 and 2002.
 The Hikawa Maru, a Japanese ocean liner built in 1929 for Nippon Yūsen Kabushiki Kaisha ("NYK Line") now a museum ship.
 The Port Service, an operator of seabuses, excursion and restaurant ships, operating from the park pier. Ship services include scheduled public lines as far as Yokohama Station as well as larger charter ships.
 The Guardian of Water, a Donal Hord sculpture gifted by Yokohama's sister city San Diego in 1960. A replica of the sculpture located in front of the San Diego County Administration Center.
 Yokohama Indian Water Fountain. Donated by the local Indian community to show its gratitude to the Japanese for aiding the Indian survivors after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, as well as to remember those who perished in the disaster.
 Girl Scout Statue - Dedicated March 18, 1962 on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the founding of the Girl Scouts. (two of the three models for the statue are Libby Watson and Hiroko Tanaka)
 Statue of the Girl with Red Shoes (Akai Kutsu)
 Monument of the Children's Song "Seagull Sailor Man"
 Monument of General Artemio Ricarte - Philippine General, erected in 1972

References

Naka-ku, Yokohama
Parks and gardens in Yokohama
Tourist attractions in Yokohama


title: Rhododendron subg. Azaleastrum

text:
Rhododendron subgenus Azaleastrum is a subgenus of the genus Rhododendron.

The subgenus included two sections, however in 2005, Choniastrum was elevated to subgenus rank, but sections Sciadorhodion and Tsutsusi were added, providing a new total of three sections.
 Azaleastrum sect. Azaleastrum (4 species)
 Azaleastrum sect. Sciadorhodion
 Azaleastrum sect. Tsutsusi (81 species)

References

Bibliography
 Wilson EH, Rehder A. A MONOGRAPH OF AZALEAS RHODODENDRON SUBGENUS ANTHODENDRON. THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE April 15 1921. PUBLICATIONS OF THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM, No. 9

Azaleastrum
Plant subgenera


title: Allocryptobia

text:
Allocryptobia is a monotypic moth genus in the family Cossidae. Its sole species, Allocryptobia musae, is found in Guatemala and Brazil. Found by Jonah Twomey for the first time in the late 1840s they continue to mainly populate Brazil but recent 2023 studies have shown their habitat is under threat and they are likely to migrate north during winter months with up to 164,000 flying in a herd at a time.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Monotypic moth genera
Cossidae genera
Moths of Central America
Moths of South America


title: Alophonotus

text:
Alophonotus is a monotypic moth genus in the family Cossidae. Alophonotus rauana, the sole species in the genus, is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe.

References

 , 2013: The Cossidae (Lepidoptera) of Malawi with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa, 3709 (4): 371–393. Abstract:

External links

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Monotypic moth genera
Cossidae genera
Moths of Africa


title: Hyung-joo

text:
Hyung-joo, also spelled Hyung-ju, is a Korean unisex given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 21 hanja with the reading "hyung" and 56 hanja with the reading "joo" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names.

People with this name include:
Ha Hyung-joo (born 1962), South Korean male judo practitioner
Kim Hyung-ju (born 1976), South Korean male judo practitioner
Kim Hyung-joo (born 1985), South Korean female freestyle wrestler
Lim Hyung-joo (born 1986), South Korean operatic pop singer
Park Hyung-joo (born 1995), South Korean male swimmer

See also
List of Korean given names

References

Korean unisex given names


title: Fatou Jaw-Manneh

text:
Fatou Jaw-Manneh is a Gambian journalist and activist who received political asylum from the United States in 1994 and has lived in the U.S. ever since. She is a well-known member of the Gambian community in the U.S. and runs the popular news and politics website Maafanta.com. She was the first female reporter at the Gambian Daily Observer and is widely known as “Gambia's Iron Lady” and the “Dame of the Flaming Pen.”

During a visit to her native country in 2007, Jaw-Manneh was arrested and tried for sedition. Her arrest and trial were widely covered by international human rights groups and were protested by the Committee to Protect Journalists and by PEN in the UK and the U.S.

Early life and education
Fatou Jaw-Manneh was born in Sukuta/Foni Bulock, Gambia. She has recalled that as a young woman she “sat contemplating, with [her] brother and his friends"...how they were "going to get a job” in a country “rife with nepotism, corruption, and serious government irresponsibility.” Her brother, she said, taught her “how to brew tea/attaya, play Scrabble, listen to all kinds of music; mostly Bob Marley, Burning Spear, Peter Tosh and all the heavyweight reggae kings….Plus he introduced me to reading political materials and holding arguments, taking and receiving blows.”

She has said that her first job after high school was “a receptionist/phone operator at the Novotel/Kombo beach Hotel.” When she was laid off during after tourist season, a friend of her father's “gave [her] a job at his tiny juice shop,” where she “sold soft drinks and rented out action movies.” At the time she was “a young married mother with two sons,” whose husband was “on a hustle in America,” seeking help to “get into law school.”

Introduction to journalism
During this time, she was always enticed by the current events of her native country and the globe. “I would always buy the Observer, this new paper...” she explained. She would read avidly about the Mandelas, and about “Lady Diana and Whitney Houston.” She liked the Observer because it ran “photos of our politicians,” thus providing “evidence of all our fears of and distaste for Gambian politicians,” and also “carried human-interest stories” and “represented the downtrodden.” Jaw-Manneh “began bombarding the Observer with letters to the editor about government waste, nepotism, cheating [the people] on government scholarships, and the dangers of skin bleaching. And about corruption and everything else that was bothering our communities.”

Career at The Observer
Eventually, she went to the newspaper's offices and met the letters editor, who was the sister of Kenneth Y. Best, the Liberian exile who was the newspaper's publisher. Brewer “laughed at the sheer bulk of letters to the editor [Jaw-Manneh] was sending by the day” and introduced her to Best, who asked if she wanted to be a reporter. She reportedly replied “Oh no Sir, I am not that educated... and I know nothing about reporting.” He then offered her first a position as a columnist, but after she considered the proposals decided on being a reporter. She became the newspaper's first female reporter. As she “became more of an opinionated commentator,” says Jaw-Manneh, Best would “pluck and peel my opinions out of news stories,” saying “I am not asking for your opinion. Give me the story, the Who, What and Why.”

Exile
Jaw-Manneh was granted political asylum in the U.S. in 1994 after the coup that brought President Yahya Jammeh to power. After her emigration from Gambia, she was a frequent contributor to the now-defunct U.S.-based opposition website AllGambian.net. In 2003 she wrote an article, entitled “Jammeh under the Microscope,” for the Gambian newspaper The Independent, which is also now-defunct. The article, which focused on that country's poverty level and corruption, resulted in the arrest and detention of the paper's editor, Abdoulie Sey. The Gambian government shut down The Independent in 2006.

Writing on her website Maafanta.com, Jaw-Manneh has argued that “no other sector in Gambian civil society has suffered as much as the private press under President Yahya Jammeh.” Although he had originally “presented himself as a different kind of...leader, one who respects and believes in a free and vibrant press,” he had eventually turned the press into his “punching bag,” as a result of which “most journalists have been forced to go into exile or to abandon the profession due to family pressure, while a number of newspapers and radio stations have been indefinitely closed by the government.”

Arrest and trial
In March 2007, Jaw-Manneh traveled from the U.S. to Gambia, where her father had recently died. She was arrested upon arrival at Banjul Airport on March 28, 2007, by agents of the National Intelligence Agency and charged with sedition, in part for an interview she had given to the Independent newspaper in 2004. The interview, which had first appeared in June 2004, had been posted in October 2005 on several websites, including AllGambian.net. In the interview, she had stated: “Jammeh is tearing our beloved country into shreds, he debunked our hopes and became a thorn into every issue that is related to progress in The Gambia; be it social, political and economical. Worst of all he is a bundle of terror.”

Asked if the arrest had come as a shock, Jaw-Manneh said she had been “caught off guard…but not shocked, given the hostility towards journalists in the country.” Joel Simon, executive director of the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), complained that Manneh's “week-long detention without charge violated her basic due process rights under Gambian laws.” CPJ called on Gambian authorities to drop the charges against Manneh.

On 4 April, Jaw-Manneh appeared before a court in Kanifing and was charged on three counts: “Intention to commit sedition,” “publication of seditious words,” and “publication of false news intended to cause public fear and alarm to the Gambian public.” A fourth charge, “uttering seditious words,” was added on 20 June 2007. Each of the counts carried a prison term of two years, a fine, or both. She was released on 25,000 dalasis (US$950) bail, but ordered to surrender her travel documents. The trial was set for 11 April 2007. Jaw-Manneh's lawyer argued that the court lacked jurisdiction, because the alleged offenses had been committed when Jaw-Manneh was outside the country, but the court rejected this argument. English PEN protested her trial, calling the charges “a violation of her right to freedom of expression guaranteed by the Gambian Constitution and international human rights treaties.”

Jaw-Manneh's incarceration and trial were “a very difficult time for [her],” she stated. “It is not easy when all of a sudden, you are restricted to an unhealthy facility. The emotional and mental torture was tough. I had to sleep in a mosquito infested room. I was red like a tomato from all the mosquito bites. No sleep. Thank God I did not fall sick after six days of detention.” During the trial itself, she recalled, “[so] much has changed after this military takeover. You see judges just being pawns and dictated to. So they choose to side with the dictator, and send citizens to jail for all kinds of libel and seditious charges.”

Jaw-Manneh's trial for sedition lasted a year and a half. She was sentenced to a fine of D250,000 (about $11,000) or four years in jail with hard labor. PEN American Center sent a letter to President Jammeh on September 10, 2008, to protest Jaw-Manneh's sentence and call for an acquittal, which was ignored. She chose to pay the fine, which she was able to pay with the help of friends, family, and the Gambian Press Union.

Return to U.S.
After her return to the U.S., Jaw-Manneh continued criticizing Jammeh, describing him as “more dangerous, more corrupt than ever” and as “one of the richest and most corrupt leaders in Africa, who is “selling everything in Gambia, from bananas to bread to meat,” and trafficking in drugs and arms.  She has claimed that “Gambians are being detained, jailed and killed at random,” and has also charged that “Gambians have never seen such a leader and hope he is the last of his kind in the country.”

In her article “Plea to the Gambian Intellectual”, written in August 2012, she wrote: “Gambia has been highjacked by an individual who is not qualified to lead our country” and who “has brought death, destruction, fear” to the country, which is “yearning for some of us to rise up” and save it “from the clutches of tyranny.” She called on “a selected few,” whom she dubbed 'The Redemption Gambia Group', “to come up with a plan that will ultimately rescue our country for sliding into the abyss.” Her favorite story, she noted, was “of the American Founding Fathers. Can you imagine then the power of the British Empire? 50 Americans choose to sign the [D]eclaration of Independence document, and shoot it out to the king,” thereby signing off “their right to live then, to liberty and to everything they own. Signing that document then was a death sentence.” As a result, many “families were torn,” but today not only are American citizens “benefiting from the actions and thoughtfulness of those brave men who came to their rescue 200 years ago, but every citizen of the world aspire[s] to come here to the USA for education, or to know that you can work the restaurant kitchens [and] get paid 250 dollars a week, take care of your family and live freely.”

In September 2012, Jaw-Manneh took part in a protest by Gambian and Senegalese citizens outside the State Capitol in St. Paul, Minnesota, against Jammeh's execution of nine death-row inmates. “The man is too brutal,” said Jaw-Manneh. “We are not animals… Jammeh should not decide who should live, die, eat or travel. It is unfair.” In a videotaped interview, she said: “We have an animal as a president. He’s a cannibal, he’s a thief…he’s a very, very wicked human being….We have to show him we are not afraid of him. It has to stop, this human sacrifice, this killing Gambians every day. It has to stop.”

In November 2013, Jaw-Manneh wrote a 75th birthday tribute to Best, whom she thanked for having hired her and others who had “no family or government connections.”

When Gambia passed a restrictive new press law in 2013, Jaw-Manneh wrote on Facebook: “Senseless and Ruthless! We are not threatened and shall never back down!!!”
She spoke at the Oslo Freedom Forum in May 2014.

Honors and awards
She won Oxfam Novib/PEN International Free Expression Award in 2007. It is presented “to writers who continue to work for freedom of expression in the face of persecution.”
She won the Hellman/Hammett award from Human Rights Watch in 2009. The award aims “to help writers who dare to express ideas that criticize official public policy or people in power.”

References

Living people
Gambian journalists
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Aramos ramosa

text:
Aramos ramosa is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Texas in the United States and Quintana Roo and Yucatán in Mexico.

Adults have been recorded on wing in June and from August to October.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Moths described in 1892


title: Aramos

text:
Aramos is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae.

Species
Aramos ramosa (Schaus, 1892)
Aramos itys (Druce, 1911)

Former species
Aramos masoni (Schaus, 1894)

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Cossidae genera


title: Bergaris

text:
Bergaris is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae.  The species are Southeast Asian, ranging from Myanmar and Vietnam to Sulawesi.

Species
 Bergaris flora Yakovlev, 2006
 Bergaris halim Yakovlev, 2011
 Bergaris jacobsoni (Roepke, 1957)
 Bergaris lutescens (Roepke, 1957)
 Bergaris malayica (Roepke, 1957)
 Bergaris ruficeps (de Joannis, 1929)
 Bergaris solovievi Yakovlev, 2011

References

 , 2006, New Cossidae (Lepidoptera) from Asia, Africa and Macronesia, Tinea 19 (3): 188-213.
 , 2009: The Carpenter Moths (Lepidoptera:Cossidae) of Vietnam. Entomofauna Supplement 16: 11-32.

External links
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Cossidae genera


title: Brephomorpha

text:
Brephomorpha is a monotypic moth genus in the family Cossidae described by David Stephen Fletcher in 1982. It contains only one species, Brephomorpha cineraria, described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1945, which is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from northern Queensland.

References

External links

Zeuzerinae
Monotypic moth genera
Cossidae genera


title: Brevicyttara

text:
Brevicyttara is a monotypic moth genus in the family Cossidae described by David Stephen Fletcher and I. W. B Nye in 1982. Its only species, Brevicyttara cyclospila, described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1945, is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.

The wingspan is from 20 to 40 mm. The forewings are brown with dark areas at the base and a dark spot near the middle of the wing.

References

Zeuzerinae
Monotypic moth genera
Cossidae genera


title: Brypoctia

text:
Brypoctia is a monotypic moth genus in the family Cossidae. Its only species, Brypoctia strigifer, is found in Mexico, Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala and Colombia.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Monotypic moth genera
Cossidae genera
Moths of North America
Moths of South America


title: Soe Lwin Lwin

text:
Soe Lwin Lwin (; 18 September 1962 – 25 July 1999), also known as Po Po, was a well-known singer-composer in the 1980s in Myanmar. He penned several songs for successful singers such as Kaiser, Hlwan Moe and Maung Galon. "Chit Lu-Maik", "A-May", "Maung Myet Yay Waing" and "Ko-Gyin Sa-Na Ge Ya Bi Lay" were some of his successful songs.

He died in Yangon on 25 July 1999.

Album discography
Some of solo albums were as follows:

 Chit Lu-Maik
 Thuyegaung Doh-Ye Hnalontha
 Kyuntaw Ma Thi De Kyuntaw (1988)

01.စိုးလွင်လွင်(မင်းထက်သာတဲ့လူ) circa 1980
  Success, lynn Studio
  တေးရေး Kaizar,WinNaing,AungKhaingMaw,SoeLwinLwin
02.စိုးလွင်လွင်(ချစ်လူမိုက်)
  Success,ရဲခေါင်(မေ)
  တေးရေး နိုင်မြန်မာ၊စိုးလွင်လွင်၊ဖိုးရှမ်း၊AungKhaingMaw
03.စိုးလွင်လွင်(သူရဲကောင်းတို့ရဲ့နှလုံးသား)
  Success,
04.စိုးလွင်လွင်(ကျွန်တော်မသိတဲ့ကျွန်တော်)
  Success,
05.စိုးလွင်လွင်(မာနမျက်နှာ)
  Success,
06.စိုးလွင်လွင်(မောင့်မျက်ရည်ဝိုင်း)
  Success,
 တေးရေး Kaizar,NyiNyiSan,NyiNyiThwin,YarPyae,SoeLwinLwin
07.စိုးလွင်လွင်(မြင်းရိုင်းတစ်ကောင်)

08.စိုးလွင်လွင်(ကျွန်တော်တစ်ယောက်တည်းလမ်းပေါ်မှာ)
09.စိုးလွင်လွင်(ချစ်တဲ့ငြမ်း)

References

1962 births
1999 deaths
20th-century Burmese male singers
Burmese singer-songwriters


title: Carohamilia

text:
Carohamilia is a neotropical genus of moths in the family Cossidae.

Species
 Carohamilia lineaplena (Dognin, 1911)
 Carohamilia ophelia (Schaus, 1921)

Former species
 Carohamilia itys (Druce, 1911)

References

External links
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Cossidae genera


title: Catoxophylla cyanaugus

text:
Catoxophylla cyanaugus is a moth in the family Cossidae, and the only species in the genus Catoxophylla. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae


title: Naupada–Gunupur line

text:
Naupada–Gunupur railway line belongs to East Coast Railway of Waltair division.

History

The Parlakhemundi Light Railway was a two-foot six-inch gauge railway. The Raja of Parlakhemundi decided to connect his capital with Naupada which was only 40 km away. With the government giving its sanction in 1898, work began in fully. The line was opened to traffic in 1900. This railway line was built at a cost of Rs 700,000. In the starting years, the Parlakhemundi Railway had incurred losses but after 1910, it started making marginal profits and after 1924–25, the profits increased. This motivated the Raja to extend the line to Gunupur in two phases in 1929 and 1931. It was later merged with Bengal Nagpur Railway.

Railway reorganization
After Indian Independence it was merged with South Eastern Railway. surveys were undertaken for broad-gauge conversion in 1950
and again in 1964 and 1967. The foundation stone was finally laid for the Naupada–Gunupur gauge conversion work at Naupada on 27 September 2002. With effect from 1 April 2003 became a part of the newly formed East Coast Railway. The line was finally closed for gauge conversion on 9 June 2004.

Train services
After gauge conversion Puri–Gunupur Passenger was inaugurated on 22 August 2011. Palasa–Gunupur Passenger was inaugurated on 21 July 2012. A new Passenger train to Visakhapatnam was announced in Rail budget 2013–14.

References

Rail transport in Odisha
Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh


title: Cecryphalus nubila

text:
Cecryphalus nubila is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Mongolia, Turkey, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, southern Iran and China.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae


title: Cecryphalus

text:
Cecryphalus is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae.

Species
 Cecryphalus helenae (Le Cerf, 1924)
 Cecryphalus nubila (Staudinger, 1895)

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Cossidae genera


title: Chalcidica minea

text:
Chalcidica minea is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in India, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, the Moluccas, Papua New Guinea, Queensland and on the Solomon Islands. The habitat consists of lowland rainforests.

Adults have red wings with blue-black patches.

References

 , 2004: Cossidae of Thailand. Part 1. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). Atalanta 35 (3-4): 335-351.
 , 2009: The Carpenter Moths (Lepidoptera:Cossidae) of Vietnam. Entomofauna Supplement 16: 11-32.
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Moths described in 1779


title: Viking Bank

text:
Viking Bank is a Russian regional bank headquartered in Saint-Petersburg. Their corporate name  is Commercial Bank "Viking" Closed Joint Stock Company. Viking Bank is a part of Russian Banking System and is governed by the applicable law of the Russian Federation, regulatory acts of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, and the Charter. General Banking License No. 2 is issued by the State Bank of USSR on August 26, 1988. The Bank functions on the financial market as a universal credit institution.

History

In August 1988, the USSR had begun the period when state banks of industry-specific branches were transformed into the commercial banks. During that period the first private commercial bank - Viking Bank - was established as an experiment (at the beginning the Bank's name was "Patent"). At that time there was no law regulating banking activity and the first Charter of the bank was developed on the basis of the Cooperation Act. Viking Bank was given the General Banking License No.2 on August 26, 1988. License No.1 was given one day before to the Union Bank in Kazakhstan that went bankrupt.

Executives
Victor Halansky – Chairman of the Board of Directors. ScD (Economics), Professor of VAK (Higher Attestation Commission).
Alexey Ustaev – President, ScD (Economics)

Core business areas

Investment financing of the companies in the real sector of economy is a core business area for Viking Bank.

References

Banks of Russia
Companies based in Saint Petersburg
Russian brands


title: Chalcidica

text:
Chalcidica is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae.

Species
 Chalcidica maculescens Yakovlev, 2011
 Chalcidica mineus (Cramer, 1779)
 Chalcidica pallescens (Roepke, 1955)

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Cossidae genera


title: Duomitus

text:
Duomitus is a monotypic moth genus in the family Cossidae described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1880. Its only species, Duomitus ceramicus, described by Francis Walker in 1865, is found in Yunnan in China and from southern India and Malaysia to Sumatra, Ceram and New Guinea.

Description
Palpi are minute. Antennae of male with proximal half bipectinate (comb like on both sides), the distal half is simple, wholly simple in female. Legs without spurs. Wings are long and narrow. Forewing with very large areole. Vein 11 given off from 10. Hindwing with no bar between veins 7 and 8, veins 4 and 5 given off separately. The fork of the veinlets in the cell of both wings are broad.

Former species
 Duomitus fuscipans Hampson, 1892

References

 , 2004: Cossidae of Thailand. Part 1. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). Atalanta 35 (3-4): 335–351.
 , 2009: The Carpenter Moths (Lepidoptera:Cossidae) of Vietnam. Entomofauna Supplement 16: 11–32.

External links

Zeuzerinae
Moths described in 1865
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Asia
Cossidae genera


title: Rhododendron ovatum

text:
Rhododendron ovatum is an elepidote rhododendron species native to China and Taiwan. It is the type species for the subgenus, Azaleastrum.

References

Bibliography

 The Plant List: Rhododendron ovatum
 Hirsutum.com

minus
Taxa named by Karl Maximovich


title: Kapena

text:
Kapena is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jonah Kapena (died 1868), royal advisor and statesman of the Kingdom of Hawaii
John Mākini Kapena (1843–1887), politician, diplomat, and newspaper editor of the Kingdom of Hawaii


title: Eburgemellus

text:
Eburgemellus is a monotypic moth genus in the family Cossidae. Eburgemellus geminatus, the only species in the genus, is found in Cameroon and Ivory Coast.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Monotypic moth genera
Cossidae genera
Moths of Africa


title: Bardaghat Municipality

text:
Bardaghat (or Bardghat) नेपाली: बर्दघाट is a Municipality in Nawalparasi (West of Bardaghat Susta) District in Lumbini Province, Nepal. It is situated in the lap of the Chure range. This municipality was established on 18 May 2014 by merging existing Makar and Panchanagar VDCs. Again during the local election, the neighbouring VDC Dawanne devi and some parts of Dhurkot, Jamuniya, and Rupauliya were merged. It has a population of 76,703 (2078 Census) with an area of 162.05  km2. The population growth rate is 2.77%/per year. It has a LITERACY RATE of 82.05%. It is an emerging town of Nawalparasi (West of Bardaghat Susta) District  that is developing rapidly with tourist areas.

.

Economy
It is a commercial and trading area, mostly an upcoming economy hub of Nawalparasi. The economy of Bardaghat is centered around trade, service, and business. The main trading points are Bardaghat Chowk, TCN Chowk, Chisapani, etc. Besides modern shopping, the traditional market called Hatbazar runs twice around the city area in two places: Wednesday in Chisapani, Friday in Hatbazar line, and Sunday in Dharma Basti. The central aspect of business in Bardaghat involves banking, education, transport, and hotel. Dozens of banks, Financial institutes, and co-operative societies operate from here.

Bardaghat is connected to the biggest city Butwal and Bharatpur through the Mahendra highway. It serves as the gateway for the province no 5.
The private commerce and trade of Bardaghat are united under the umbrella of Bardaghat Chamber of Commerce and Industry. "Audhyogik Byapar Mela" is an industry exhibition held in Bardaghat yearly at Mangsir/Poush.

Transport
Bardaghat municipality is connected with the Mahendra Highway that connects Bardaghat to the Kakarbhitta and Bhimdatta in the east and west respectively. Another important highway of Bardaghat is the Hulaki highway that connects it to the Parasi and Bhairahawa. Bardaghat is also connected to Triveni through the Bardaghat-Triveni road also with the Maheshpur check post from the Bhutaha-Maheshpur road.
Several buses operate from Bardaghat for the further destination. Daily a number of buses pass through Bardaghat which can easily be accessed from the TCN Chowk from which we can go to all parts of Nepal. Nearly more than 100 bus departs from the bus terminal of Bardaghat for a short distance such as Bardaghat-Butwal, Bardaghat-Triveni, Bardaghat-Malbari, Bardaghat-Parasi, Bardaghat-Maheshpur. During the winter season, small jeeps also operate towards the hillside of the city.

Health
Health is a very important prospect required for humans. As such, Sahid Smriti Community Hospital and Chisapani Hospital are two major hospitals in this area. Private medical centers such as Sanjivani Health Home, Bardaghat Dental Clinic, Daunne Devi Hospital, etc., and other various Government health clinics are also present in Bardaghat.

Education
Bardaghat is set to be an educational hub for the western Nawalparasi with more than 50 private and government colleges. Divya Jyoti Multiple Campus and Daunnedevi Multiple Campus are two notable colleges of the Parasi area, providing education from kindergarten to master level. Other various schools and colleges in this area are:

Kindergarten
 New Life English Boarding Higher Secondary School
 Kumudini English Boarding Secondary School
 Salbas Sunrise English Secondary School
 Oasis Model Academy
 Mount Everest English Boarding School
 DEBHIS
 Ex-army English Boarding Higher Secondary School
 Glorious Academy
 Iris Academy
 Daunne Devi Higher Secondary School
 Divya Jyoti Higher Secondary School
 Global Academy
 Holy Care English Boarding School
 Manakamana English Boarding School
 Holy Angel English Boarding School
 Nawajiwan Higher Secondary School
 Shanti Nikunja Higher Secondary School
 Wisdom English Boarding School
 Raja Mahatma Purna Bhadra Secondary School
 Shree Adarsha H.S school
 Gyan Jyoti School
 Bardaghat Enlightened English School
 Shree Saraswati Secondary School, Kunjanpur
 Shree Nityanand Ratna Kumaru Secondary School, Jahada
 Gyankunj Shiksha Sadan
 Universal Cambridge English Boarding School
 SUMIN ADHIKARI ACADEMY

Colleges
 Daunne Devi Multiple Campus
 Divya Jyoti Multiple Campus
 Shree Daunne Devi Technical College
 New Life College
 Kumudini College
 Ex-army College

Sports
Bardaghat is the hometown of a well-known football player Bimal Gharti Magar and cricket player Rohit Paudel. Sports such as football, cricket, martial arts, badminton, volleyball, basketball, etc. are being played in Bardaghat. Ex-Army Camp is one of the famous and multi-purpose grounds located here. In Bardaghat, a covered hall is under construction.

Place of interest
 Daunne temple
 Triveni
 Buddhamangal Taal
 Ramgram
 Kanchankuti
 Sansarkot
 Kanchangadhi

Media
The two radio channels in operation are Radio Daunne and Dautari FM. One weekly daily named "Esthaniya Patra" and a local television channel "Triveni Television" are two popular media in this area.

References

Populated places in Parasi District
Municipalities in Lumbini Province
Nepal municipalities established in 2014


title: Eulophonotus

text:
Eulophonotus is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae endemic to sub-Saharan Africa.

Species
 Eulophonotus armstrongi (Hampson, 1914)
 Eulophonotus congoensis (Strand)
 Eulophonotus elegans (Aurivillius, 1910)
 Eulophonotus hyalinipennis (Strand, 1910)
 Eulophonotus myrmeleon Felder, 1874
 Eulophonotus nigrodiscalis Yakovlev, 2011
 Eulophonotus obesus (Karsch, 1900)
 Eulophonotus stephania (Druce, 1887)

References

 , 2013: The Cossidae (Lepidoptera) of Malawi with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa, 3709 (4): 371-393. Abstract:

External links
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Cossidae genera


title: Hamilcara

text:
Hamilcara is a monotypic moth genus in the family Cossidae. Its only species, Hamilcara atra, is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona. The genus and species were first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1910.

Former species
 Hamilcara gilensis Barnes & McDunnough, 1910, now Psychonoctua gilensis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1910)
 Hamilcara ramosa (Schaus, 1892), now Aramos ramosa (Schaus, 1892)

References

Zeuzerinae
Cossidae genera
Monotypic moth genera


title: The Boat Race 1977

text:
The 123rd Boat Race took place on 19 March 1977.  Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames.  Oxford won by seven lengths, their biggest margin of victory for more than 90 years.  It was the first time in the history of the event that one of the crews, Oxford, used a plastic boat as opposed to a wooden one.   It was also the first race to have an official sponsor in Ladbrokes.

In the reserve race, Cambridge's Goldie beat Oxford's Isis by seven lengths. Cambridge won the 32nd Women's Boat Race.

Background
The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues").  The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the  Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London.  The rivalry is a "hotly contested point of honour" between the two universities.  Oxford went into the race as reigning champions, having won the 1976 race by  lengths, with Cambridge leading overall with 68 victories to Oxford's 53 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877).

The first Women's Boat Race took place in 1927, but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s. Up until 2014, the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races, but as of the 2015 race, it is held on the River Thames, on the same day as the men's main and reserve races.  The reserve race, contested between Oxford's Isis boat and Cambridge's Goldie boat has been held since 1965.  It usually takes place on the Tideway, prior to the main Boat Race.

Both crews rowed in monocoque boats for the first time in the history of the race;  Oxford used a Carbocraft shell (combining carbon fibre and plastic) for the first time, while Cambridge raced in a prototype developed by Imperial College London.  Journalist and author Christopher Dodd referred to the boats as "the most up-to-date boats that the rowing world has seen".  The race was sponsored for the first time, by British betting company Ladbrokes, who would sponsor the event until the 1987 race when they were replaced by Beefeater Gin.

Crews
The Oxford crew weighed an average of 13 st 9.5 lb (86.7 kg), just over  per rower more than their opponents.  Returning Cambridge cox Joe Manser, at 9 st 11 lb, weighed  more than his counterpart Colin Moynihan.  Along with Manser, Cambridge saw the return of just one other former Blue in David Searle, while Oxford's crew included three Boat Race participants in Bob Mason, Crispin Money-Coutts and John Wiggins.

Race

Oxford started the race as "one of the strongest favourites of all time", with The Guardians Christopher Dodd writing that "Oxford have some world-class pedigree".  They won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station. Within thirty seconds of the start, and in calm conditions, Oxford were a length ahead at Fulham F.C. They moved further ahead to a two-length lead by the Mile Post, and a six-second advantage over the Light Blues.  Oxford extended their lead to three lengths and nine seconds by the time both crews shot Hammersmith Bridge, where the crews were subjected to choppy water, but between there and Chiswick Steps, Oxford raced further ahead, gaining at least two further lengths on Cambridge.  Twenty seconds ahead at Barnes Bridge, the Dark Blues continued to press home their advantage, and passed the finishing post in a time of 19 minutes 28 seconds, 22 seconds ahead of Cambridge.  It was Oxford's third victory in four years, and the seven-length margin of victory was their greatest since their win in the 1898 race.

In the 13th running of the reserve race, Cambridge's Goldie beat Oxford's Isis by seven lengths in a time of 19 minutes 35 seconds.  It was Goldie's first victory since 1974. Cambridge won the 32nd Women's Boat Race, their fourteenth victory in fifteen years.

Reaction
Oxford stroke Andy Michelmore was surprised by the conditions: "we couldn't extend ourselves until the very end."  Of the rough water, Michelmore's cox, Moynihan, said "a sinking was possible. We shipped, I think, a couple of inches of water and I was more than apprehensive".

ReferencesNotesBibliography'

External links
 Official website

The Boat Race
1977 in English sport
1977 in rowing
1977 sports events in London
March 1977 sports events in the United Kingdom


title: Dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 14

text:
Dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAH14 gene.

Function

Dyneins are microtubule-associated motor protein complexes composed of several heavy, light, and intermediate chains. Two major classes of dyneins, axonemal and cytoplasmic, have been identified. DNAH14 is an axonemal dynein heavy chain (DHC) (Vaughan et al., 1996 [PubMed 8812413]).

References

Motor proteins


title: Hermophyllon

text:
Hermophyllon anceps is a moth in the family Cossidae, and the only species in the genus Hermophyllon. It is found in Malaysia (Sabah), Indonesia (Sumatra, Nias, Kalimantan and Java) and the Philippines.

Etymology
The genus name refers to the Greek god Hermes plus Greek phyllon (meaning leaf).

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Monotypic moth genera
Cossidae genera


title: Henry Fleetwood (Preston MP)

text:
Henry Fleetwood (c. 1667 – 22 May 1746) of Penwortham, near Preston, Lancashire, was an English soldier and Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1708 to 1722.

Early life
Fleetwood was the eldest son of Arthur Fleetwood of Lichfield, Staffordshire and St Margaret's, Westminster, and his wife Mary Archbold, daughter of Sir Henry Archbold of Abbots Bromley, Staffordshire, chancellor of Lichfield diocese. His father was secretary to the Earl of Danby. He was a cousin of Sir Christopher Musgrave, 5th Baronet. He matriculated at Brasenose College, Oxford on 25 October 1683, aged 16, but in 1685 he joined the English Army. He was an Ensign in the 7th Foot, and rose to second lieutenant in 1687, and lieutenant in 1688. In 1704 he inherited estates, including Penwortham Priory, from his cousin Edward Fleetwood MP.

Career
Fleetwood stood unsuccessfully for Preston at a by election on 27 December 1706. He was returned unopposed as Tory Member of Parliament for Preston at the 1708 British general election. He voted against the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell in 1710. At the 1710 British general election, he was returned unopposed again as a Tory at Preston  with the support of the Duke and Duchess of Hamilton. He was a teller on the Tory side, and   was listed as one of the ‘Tory patriots’ who opposed to the war and a ‘worthy patriot’ who detected the mismanagements of the previous administration. He voted  for the French commerce bill on 18 June 1713. After assiduously canvassing his electorate, he was returned at the head of the poll for Preston in a contest at the 1713 British general election but made little impression in Parliament.

Fleetwood married Sarah Sudell, the daughter of Roger Sudell of Preston, Lancashire by a settlement dated 12 February 1714.

At the 1715 British general election, Fleetwood was returned again as Tory MP for Preston. His only known vote was in 1719 against the repeal of the Occasional Conformity and Schism Acts.  He did not stand  at the 1722 British general election. He was an active member of the mock corporation of Walton-le-Dale for the next twenty years.

Death and legacy
Fleetwood died without issue on 22 May 1746, leaving debts of £16,000. His estates were sold to John Aspinall to pay his debts, after an Act of Parliament in 1748.

References

1667 births
Year of birth uncertain
1746 deaths
People from Lichfield
Politicians from Preston, Lancashire
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1708–1710
British MPs 1710–1713
British MPs 1713–1715
British MPs 1715–1722
English army officers


title: Vietnamese people in Belgium

text:
Vietnamese people in Belgium or Vietnamese Belgian refers to people of Vietnamese ancestry who were born in or immigrated to Belgium. The population of the community is about 14,000 as of 2012.

History
The first Vietnamese migrants to Belgium consisted of students and diplomats from South Vietnam beginning in 1965, when the South Vietnamese government sought for stronger relations with other Francophone nations following a minor rift with France. Belgium soon became a popular alternative to France for South Vietnamese students seeking higher education and career opportunities, especially in the cities of Brussels, Liège and Leuven.

A much larger influx of Vietnamese immigrants arrived as refugees following the Fall of Saigon, beginning in 1978. Similarly to their counterparts in France, South Vietnamese refugees to Belgium were largely of higher socioeconomic standing and integrated much easier into their host country's society due to better linguistic and cultural knowledge than their peers who settled in North America, Australia and the rest of Europe.

Following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, a number of Vietnamese workers in former Soviet Bloc countries who were sponsored by the communist government of Vietnam sought asylum in Belgium. This included many guest workers in the former East Germany who were encouraged by the German government to be repatriated back to their home country following German reunification.

Demographics and culture
A large proportion of the Vietnamese Belgian population resides in Brussels and the surrounding area, with a Vietnamese business district centered along Boulevard Anspach. The rest of the Vietnamese Belgian community is largely concentrated in the southern French-speaking Wallonia region, especially around the city of Liège.

The Vietnamese community in Belgium maintains strong relations with its counterpart community in France. Before the establishment of Vietnamese businesses and community institutions in Belgium during the late 1970s, Vietnamese Belgians would travel to Paris for various purposes, such as buying Vietnamese grocery products and seeking immigrant needs.

In terms of religion, the vast majority of Vietnamese Belgians are at least nominal Buddhists, following the Mahayana branch with influences from Confucian philosophy. The influx of Vietnamese immigrants into Belgium created a visible Buddhist community in the country, with temples serving as both spiritual and community centers, and have also attracted non-Vietnamese worshippers.

Socioeconomics
The Vietnamese community in Belgium is largely well-integrated into Belgian society. Among immigrants from the former South Vietnam, initial strong knowledge of the French language allowed them to pursue studies and careers despite their recent arrival. While some Vietnamese immigrants did settle in the Flanders region and learned Dutch, most relocated to Brussels or Wallonia. Meanwhile, Belgian-born Vietnamese have extremely high rates of success in education, at many times outperforming their peers and having a high rate of enrollment in higher education.

Notable people
Quynh Anh

See also

 Vietnamese people in France
 Overseas Vietnamese
 Demographics of Belgium

References

Belgium
Demographics of Belgium
Ethnic groups in Belgium


title: Lakshmia

text:
Lakshmia is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae endemic to southeast Asia.

Species
 Lakshmia hauensteini Yakovlev, 2004
 Lakshmia pandava Yakovlev & K. Nakao, 2013
 Lakshmia sirena Yakovlev, 2006
 Lakshmia zolotuhini Yakovlev, 2004

Former species
 Lakshmia dea Yakovlev, 2006

References

 , 2004: Cossidae of Thailand. Part 1. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). Atalanta 35 (3–4): 335–351.
 , 2006, New Cossidae (Lepidoptera) from Asia, Africa and Macronesia, Tinea 19 (3): 188–213.
 , 2013: A new species of Lakshmia Yakovlev, 2004 (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) from northern Thailand with a world catalogue of the genus. Zootaxa 3736(2): 198–200.
 , 2009: The Carpenter Moths (Lepidoptera:Cossidae) of Vietnam. Entomofauna Supplement 16: 11–32.

External links

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Cossidae genera


title: The Boat Race 1859

text:
The 16th Boat Race took place on 15 April 1859.  Held annually, the event is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. The race went ahead following Cambridge's request for a postponement due to extremely rough conditions being rejected. Oxford won the race after Cambridge sank. It was the first time in the history of the event that one of the crews did not finish the race.

Background
The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues").  The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the  Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London.  Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having defeated Oxford by  lengths in the previous year's race.  They led overall with nine wins to Oxford's six.

For the 1859 race, Oxford instigated a new method of crew selection: trial eights.  Prior to this, the selection of crew was made on the recommendations of the college boat club captains.  Oxford boat club president John Arkell remarked "it will not do to trust too much the judgment of the College captains."  Following a race between the two trial eights, the final crew was selected eight weeks prior to the race.  Cambridge would not introduce this selection method until the 1868 race.  Oxford began training on 14 March with an outing almost every day between then and 13 April.  Cambridge, on the other hand, arrived in London six days before the race and made just three outings on the Thames.  The race was umpired by Joseph William Chitty who had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 (in the March and December races) and the 1852 race.

Crews

Oxford saw the return of three former Blues in Lane, Risley and Arkell, all of whom rowed in the 1858 race.  Cambridge welcomed back five former rowers, including Archibald Levin Smith who had rowed in both the 1857 and 1858 races.  Oxford's crew weighed an average of 11 st 8.75 lb (73.6 kg), approximately  per man more than their opponents.

Race

The weather was inclement, with the sky overcast by heavy clouds and gale-force winds;  according to a report in The Times, "it would not have been easy to pitch on a more unfavourable day for an eight-oared race".  Although Cambridge were pre-race favourites, they requested a postponement because of the conditions.  Oxford refused the request;  Cambridge lost the toss and were handed the Surrey station for the start.  The Middlesex station provided Oxford considerable relief from the rough water and wind.

Oxford's boat was heavily criticised: "it was everything but what was right", but it became quickly apparent that the Cambridge boat was too light for the conditions, and began taking on water from the moment it left the shore. Oxford made a good start and after the first mile, were two-to-three lengths ahead of Cambridge.  Conditions soon worsened: some of the steamboats in the flotilla following the crews looked "bound to capsize".   By Hammersmith Bridge the Cambridge boat was "ankle deep in water" and was sinking under the rough water.  Oxford took the opportunity to extend their lead and pulled away from their opponents and the boats following.  As Cambridge's vessel sank opposite The White Hart pub at Mortlake, some members of the crew were picked up by boats while others swam to the shore.

Oxford recorded a winning time of 24 minutes and 4 seconds and took the overall record to 9–7 in favour of Cambridge.  It was the first time in the event's history that a boat sank.

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Official website

1859 in English sport
The Boat Race
1859 in sports
April 1859 events


title: Luisa Ortega Díaz

text:
Luisa Marvelia Ortega Díaz (born 11 January 1958) is a Venezuelan lawyer. Between December 2007 and August 2017, she served as the Prosecutor General of Venezuela. A proponent of the Chavismo ideology, Ortega Díaz was fired as Prosecutor General on 5 August 2017 by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice and the Constituent National Assembly (ANC) promoted by Nicolás Maduro, following a breaking with the Maduro government as a result of the 2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis in the context of the crisis in Venezuela. This dismissal was rejected by the opposition-led National Assembly of Venezuela, arguing that only that institution had the power to carry out said removal according to the Constitution, and cataloging the Prosecutor as the only legitimate authority of the Public Ministry. As a result, she is called by the National Assembly, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile and some media outlets as the Prosecutor General of Venezuela in exile.

Early life and career
Ortega Díaz was born in Valle de la Pascua, in Guárico State, on 11 January 1958.

She was educated at the University of Carabobo, in Carabobo, graduating in law. She then chose to specialize in criminal law and in procedural law and moved to Caracas. She studied criminal law at the Universidad Santa María and procedural law at Andrés Bello Catholic University, both in the capital.

Ortega later became a law professor at the Universidad Santa María and still holds the title. She also served as a legal consultant to the state TV channel, Venezolana de Televisión.

Prosecutor General
In April 2002, Ortega joined the public prosecution service, in the Ministerio Público.

She was Prosecutor General under Nicolás Maduro when arrest warrants and indictments were issued against opposition leader Leopoldo López. After her dismissal as Prosecutor General, Ortega stated that she was pressured to bring about trumped up charges against López.

Ortega denounced the rupture of democracy in Venezuela when the Venezuelan Supreme Court, in a move broadly, both nationally and internationally, considered a power grab, assumed powers constitutionally attributed to the National Assembly. The move was seen as a betrayal by the Maduro government and resulted in subsequent accusations by the Maduro government and the Venezuelan Supreme Court.

On 29 June 2017, the Supreme Court barred her from leaving the country and froze her assets, due to alleged "serious misconduct" in office.

She was dismissed as Prosecutor General by the newly established National Constituent Assembly on 5 August 2017.

Later life
Tarek William Saab, the replacement Prosecutor General appointed by the Constituent Assembly, stated on 16 August 2017 that Ortega and her husband, German Ferrer, operated an extortion group. The Constituent Assembly ordered their arrest the next day and the couple fled to Colombia. Ferrer said the charges were political in nature.

Ortega and Ferrer fled from Venezuela by speedboat to Aruba and then flew into Colombia. Ortega stated that the Maduro government would "deprive me of my life".

In late August 2017, Maduro said he was seeking an international arrest warrant for both Ortega and her husband because they had been involved in serious crimes.

See also

Government of Venezuela

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
People from Valle de la Pascua
Venezuelan women lawyers
21st-century Venezuelan women politicians
21st-century Venezuelan politicians
Universidad Santa María (Venezuela) alumni
Venezuelan defectors
Venezuelan feminists
People of the Crisis in Venezuela
University of Carabobo alumni
Andrés Bello Catholic University alumni