title: Neuromanagement

text:
Neuromanagement uses cognitive neuroscience, among other life science fields, and technology to analyze economic and managerial issues. It focuses on exploring human brain activities and mental processes when people are faced with typical problems of economics and management. This research provides insight into human decision-making and other general social behavior. The main research areas include decision neuroscience, neuroeconomics, neuromarketing, neuro-industrial engineering, and neuro-information systems. Neuromanagement was first proposed in 2006 by Professor Qingguo Ma, the director of Neuromanagement Laboratory of Zhejiang University.

Decision neuroscience
Decision neuroscience consists of the following aspects:
 The neural basis of decision-making and behavioral preferences;
 the brain activities during decision-making process;
 decision-making modeling incorporated with the characteristics of brain activities; and
 the neural basis of game theory and game modeling.

Neuromarketing
Neuromarketing derives from research on neural features of consumer behavior. Using neural activity to interpret consumer behavior provides insight into the neural mechanism underlying different consumer decision-making behavior. Marketing experts can then determine what will encourage different consumers to make a purchase and produce appropriate marketing strategy, including general marketing, branding and how these relate to customer loyalty. Neuromarketing research is mainly composed of neuro-consumer behavior, neuro-marketing strategy and neuro-advertising.

Neuro-industrial-engineering
The concept of neuro-industrial engineering was conceived by Qingguo Ma. It is an interdisciplinary subject of cognitive neuroscience and industrial engineering. Neuro-IE studies human cognition and uses advanced neuroscience and biofeedback technology to measure physiological responses in order to acquire data for further analysis, which provides insight into people's mental states without subjective consciousness control. Then this data, people's neuro activities with physiological and psychological states in the production process, are applied to operations management to improve processes for workers.

Neuro-Information-Systems (NeuroIS)
The concept of NeuroIS was formally proposed at the 2007 International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). The proposal discussed four major opportunities for the application of cognitive theory, methods and techniques on information system issues, particularly in technology adoption and application, e-commerce and group decision support systems. Subsequently, the study of NeuroIS has been published in MIS Quarterly, Information Systems Research, as well as presented at ICIS and Americas Conference on Information Systems.

Neuro-entrepreneurship
This incorporates the interior characteristics of the entrepreneurs to study the neural basis of innovation. More important, neuroentrepreneurship focuses on what if often called the "entrepreneurial mindset" by looking at "what lies beneath" more surface level entrepreneurial thinking such as intentions. Neuroentrepreneurship thus offers new insights into understanding what happens in experiential learning as is essential in entrepreneurship education.

Neuromanagement Lab
Neuromanagement Lab was established in 2006 as one of the first labs established in China specialized in researches elucidating the micro-mechanisms of management activities in an interdisciplinary field integrating management science, economics, and cognitive neuroscience. The lab is located at Zhejiang University and equipped with standard cognitive neuroscience and behavioral experiment rooms. The lab has recently focused on researches on interdisciplinary fields including Decision Neuroscience, Neuroeconomics, Neuromanagement, Neural-Industrial Engineering, Neuromarketing, and Social neuroscience.

The Lab has undertaken over 30 national, ministerial or provincial-level projects since establishment. The project on Neuromarketing and the project on decision-making (both sponsored by the National Social Science Foundation of China) were the first projects approved in their academic fields. Moreover, the lab has hosted approximately 10 high-level academic symposiums, including the International Conference on Neuromanagement and Neuroeconomics.

References

See also
Consumer neuroscience

Behavioral economics
Neuroeconomics
Cognitive psychology


title: G. P. Chopra

text:
Gyan Prakash Chopra (1920-2011) was an Indian educationist, credited with the establishment of several educational institutions in India. A recipient of the Padma Shri in 1999, he was honored again by the Government of India, in 2010, with the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian award, for his services to the field of education.

Biography
G. P. Chopra was born in 1920, in the pre-independence India. After graduating in English Literature, he joined Murray College, Sialkot, in the present day Pakistan, as a lecturer. After the Indian independence and partition, he moved to New Delhi and joined Hans Raj College of Delhi University and taught at the college till his retirement from teaching service.

Gyan Prakash Chopra was the President of DAV network of institutions, a 123-year-old non governmental organization focused on education. During his period, he was successful in establishing over several DAV educational institutions across the country, including the rural and tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand and Orissa.

DAV network
DAV network of institutions is an education-focused group, started in 1886, which runs over 700 educational institutions in various parts of the country, with a student strength of about one million. The group witnessed growth during Chopra's reign as the President of the Managing Committee. The first of the DAV schools was started in 1885, followed by the establishment of the DAV Trust and Management Society, a year later. The movement, founded by Dayanand Saraswati, at various points of time, involved many notable personalities such as Hans Raj Hans, Mehr Chand, Lala Balraj, Justice Mehar Chand Mahajan, Dr. G. L. Dutta, Lala Suraj Bhan, Prof Ved Vyas, Darbari Lal, T. R. Tuli, G. P. Chopra and Punam Suri.

Awards and recognitions

 Padma Bhushan - 2010
 Padma Shri - 1999
 Qimpro Platinum Standard - 2009
 Delhi Ratna — All India Conference of Intellectuals
 Distinguished Fellow — Foundation for Unity of Religions and Enlightened Citizenship (FUREC)

External links
 New year Message - 2009 by G. P. Chopra on YouTube
 Documentary on G. P. Chopra

References

1920 births
2011 deaths
People from Sialkot
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education
20th-century Indian educational theorists
Founders of Indian schools and colleges


title: Valentin Gallery

text:
Valentin Gallery is an art gallery in Quebec.  Created in 1934, it was first called "L'Art français" and had its start on Laurier Street in Montreal. Owners Lucienne (1900-1992) and Louis (1890-1956) Lange initially showed works by French artists. By the 1940s they were offering art by Marc-Aurèle Fortin and Philip Surrey. In 1975, Jean-Pierre Valentin purchased the gallery. The gallery moved to its present Sherbrooke Street location later and changed the name to Valentin Gallery.

Galerie L'Art français
In the beginning, L'Art français was a shop selling frames and reproductions of French paintings. The owners were Louis and Lucienne Lange, who came to Canada in 1930. Louis was from Belgium and Lucienne from France. They were ready to go back to Europe when they decided to open the framing gallery on Laurier Avenue, incorporating print sales for better access to the public. Through the framing activity, they started meeting artists who came there to have their paintings framed. In 1936, the first show by Quebec artist Fleurimont Constantineau was the starting point in a non-stop series of exhibitions. Mr. Lange then decided to travel to Europe, especially to France and Belgium, in order to buy paintings. The gallery also exhibited young Canadian painters. While it opened with a stock entirely from France, World War II interrupted importations so it went Canadian. In 1943 and 1944 two solo exhibitions of Henri Masson and the first solo of René Richard were held. Sculptures by Jordi Bonet were also exhibited.
In the 1950s, painters such as John Little were regularly exhibited. Canadian painters were now the main feature of exhibitions at L'Art français. The Lange also sold the paintings of painters such as Adrien Hébert, Suzor-Côté, Alfred Laliberté, Clarence Gagnon, Horatio Walker, Cornelius Krieghoff, Coburn, Lyman, Jackson, and also abstract surrealist works by Riopelle, Pellan, Borduas, and Jean Dallaire. In 1956, Mr. Lange died and his wife decided to carry on. She exhibited Miyuki Tanobe. During these years, Stanley Cosgrove, Ozias Leduc, Paul Soulikias and Goodridge Roberts exhibited their works here. The gallery exhibited also Henri Masson, Berthe des Clayes, Edmund Alleyn, Ghitta Caiserman, P.V Beaulieu, Lismer, Borenstein, Pilot, Emily Carr, Brymner, Cullen, Franchère, Adrien Hébert, Massicotte, Plamondon, John Young Johnstone, Bourassa, Laliberté and Henri Julien.

Valentin Gallery
Since the early 1970s, the gallery exhibits Miyuki Tanobe, young Canadian painters and more "classical" painters such as Marc-Aurèle Fortin. The Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec had access to the Fortin's research resources for an exhibition about the artist. The gallery also helps tracking down works in private collections for exhibitions in museums. Instead of focusing on French art, the gallery forged ahead by choosing to display Québécois and Canadian artists like Lemieux, Riopelle, Suzor-Coté. Retrospective exhibitions were held with artists such as Philip Surrey, Molinari, Dallaire, Borduas, Lyman.
The gallery also exhibits young sculptors and painters such as Christian Deberdt, Geneviève Jost, Élène Gamache et Pearl Levy, Jeannette Perreault, Maja Vodanovic, Henry Wanton Jones, Stanislav Germanov, Thérèse Lacasse, Guylaine Beauchemin. At each anniversary the gallery presents a selection of Canada classics.

Jean-Pierre Valentin
Born in France in 1949, he is a master in International Trade after studies in a Paris commerce school. He was a Paris-based art dealer who travelled the world selling works of art. In 1977, he occupied a position on the Board of Trustees of the Professional Art Dealers Association of Canada. In 1981, he became the youngest president and was re-elected in 1983. He has given conferences on how to build an art collection and on how to invest in art, on the importance of a good appraisal and on the works of Marc-Aurèle Fortin. He is working on a catalogue raisonné of this artist.

References

External links
 Valentin Gallery

Art museums and galleries in Quebec
History of Montreal
1934 establishments in Quebec
Art galleries established in 1934


title: Sonal Jha

text:
Sonal Jha (born 29 July 1971) is an Indian film and television actress. Sonal Jha is best known for her roles in films such as Lipstick Under My Burkha, 3 Storeys, Chillar Party and TV Serials such as Na Aana Is Des Laado and Balika Vadhu.

Personal life
Sonal Jha was born in Bihar, Patna and has been involved in theatre since her childhood. In Patna, she performed as an actress and singer for 15 years. Jha later moved to Delhi to pursue her postgraduate education, receiving her master's degree in history from Delhi University.

Acting career
Jha became a member of Ekjute Theater Group, learning from personalities such as Nadira Babbar and acting in several plays throughout India. Eventually, [Prakash jha] hired Jha for his regional (Bhojpuri), in which she played the mother of Bahubali. She rose to fame as Indian soap opera's sensitive and charming mother while playing Irawati in Balika Vadhu. That made her a household name after playing equally important roles in Sapno Ke Bhanwer Main and Na Aana Is Des Laado.  Her short film MAD was a Perfect 10 winner at The Mumbai Film Festival.

Filmography

Television

Web series

Theatre

References

External links

 Sonal Jha – Official website

Indian film actresses
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Hindi television
Indian television actresses
1971 births
Living people


title: Berta Rojas

text:
Berta Rojas (born 23 September 1966) is a Paraguayan classical guitarist. She was awarded a Latin Grammy for her album "Legado" (2022) in the category of "Best Classical Album". The same album received another statuette for "Best Contemporary Classical Contemporary Composition" for Anido's Portrait, written by Sergio Assad. She has been nominated to the Latin Grammy on three other occasions: In 2012 she was nominated for Best Instrumental Album in the Latin Grammys for her album "Día y Medio (A Day and a Half)" which she recorded with Paquito D’Rivera. For her album "Salsa Roja", she was nominated at the 2014 Latin Grammy Awards in the category of Best Classical Album. She got her third nomination in the 16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards for Best Tango Album for her album "History of Tango", which she recorded with the iconic Camerata Bariloche.

Background and education
Berta Rojas was praised for having “introduced a new dimension in the emotional reaches of the instrument,” according to El País newspaper in 1991. Since then she has gone on to build an international career and was lauded by the Washington Post as a "guitarist extraordinaire" and by Classical Guitar Magazine as "ambassador of the classical guitar."

She had her first music lessons with guitarist Emiliano Aiub Riveros. She then studied guitar briefly with Carlos Vázquez, and began her formal education in classical guitar at age 10 under the instruction of Felipe Sosa and Violeta de Mestral.  At the same time, she also studied piano with Rosa Mereles de López at the Jorge Báez Conservatory.

Rojas moved to Uruguay in 1986 to continue her studies with Uruguayan professor Abel Carlevaro. There she enrolled in the Escuela Universitaria de Música (Universidad de la República), where she obtained a Bachelor of Music in Classical Guitar, studying under guitarist Eduardo Fernández and Mario Paysée.

In 1996, Rojas was named a Fellow of the Americas by the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts for her artistic excellence. This recognition helped her acquire the means to continue her formal education in the United States. That same year, she began her graduate studies at the Peabody Institute. In 1997 she received a scholarship from the Organization of American States which financed her remaining studies. She received a Master of Music from Peabody Institute under the instruction of Manuel Barrueco and Ray Chester. In 2000, Rojas received her Graduate Performance Diploma at the same institution under Barrueco and Julian Gray.

Musical career
Rojas has performed at various venues around the world, including at the National Concert Hall in Dublin as a soloist with the Irish Radio and Television Orchestra (RTO), and on Belgian National Television with the Brussels Philharmonic Orchestra. Since 2011, Rojas has toured through 20 countries in the Americas with Cuban saxophonist and 11-time Grammy award winner Paquito D'Rivera on the "In the Footsteps of Mangoré" tour. Together, Rojas and D’Rivera recorded and released Día y Medio (A Day and a Half), an album which earned a nomination for "Best Instrumental Album" in the 13th Latin Grammy's in 2012. She has also frequently toured with Brazilian guitarist Carlos Barbosa-Lima.

Rojas' twelve regular studio recordings began with the 1998 album Intimate Barrios, that was included in Gramophone Magazine's list of "the best recordings you can buy." Her 2006 release "Cielo Abierto" was praised by Soundboard Magazine as "impeccable in every aspect of professionalism—heart-touching musical artistry, interesting repertoire and excellent technical production." 2009's "Terruño" has received excellent reviews by critics internationally. Steve Marsh of Classical Guitar Magazine commended "Terruño" for exhibiting a "poetic exquisiteness which many another player rarely attains."

In May 2015, Berta Rojas received the distinction of "Maestros del Arte", the "Embajadora Ilustre del Arte Musical" distinction by the Paraguayan Senate, and the award of "La Ordena Nacional al Mérito Comuneros", by the Chamber of Deputies Paraguay. On 18 May 2015 she released her album "History of Tango", along with the iconic Camerata Bariloche.

In 2016 the Autonomous University of Encarnación and the Universidad Americana of Asunción bestowed upon her Honorary Doctorate Degrees. And for her outstanding work on behalf of culture, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs awarded her the National Order of Merit “Don José Falcón” in 2017.

On 8 May 2017 she presented her album entitled "Felicidade", in homage to Brazilian music, with the collaboration of the outstanding artists Gilberto Gil, Toquinho and Iván Lins.

On 4 July 2017, she received the Carlos Colombino award, granted by the National Secretariat of Culture of Paraguay in recognition of her contribution to Paraguayan culture.

In August 2017 she became the first Latin American guitar teacher in the Guitar Department at the Berklee College of Music.

In June 2018 she joined the renowned Australian guitarist John Williams in a tribute to Agustín Barrios Mangoré at the Sam Wanamaker theater of the Shakespeare's Globe cultural complex in London.

In 2019, the National University of Asunción also granted her an Honorary Doctorate.

On May 24, 2022, she releases her most recent recording material, entitled "Legado" (Legacy), a tribute to the pioneering women of the classical guitar. The same year she received La Guitarra de Oro Award: A Life Dedicated to the Guitar, bestowed by the Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory of Milan. More recently in 2023, she was awarded with the National Order of Merit in the Grade of "Grand Cross", the highest degree of recognition granted by Paraguay.

Activism promoting the development and appreciation of musical arts

Discography
 Berta Rojas interprets Agustin Barrios – Clave Ediciones. Paraguay, 1992
 Concierto Latinoamericano – Paraguay, 1995
 Concierto Latinoamericano – Dorian Recordings, USA, 1997
 Intimate Barrios – Dorian Recordings. USA, 1998
 Guitarra Adentro – Paraguay, 2002
 Cielo Abierto – ON Music Recordings. USA, 2006
 Alma y Corazón – ON Music Recordings. USA, 2007
 Flores de Asunción – ON Music Recordings. USA, 2008
 Paraguay According to Agustin Barrios – ON Music Recordings. USA, 2008
 Terruño – ON Music Recordings – USA, 2009
 Día y Medio – ON Music Recordings. USA, 2012
 Salsa Roja – ON Music Recordings. USA, 2013
 Historia del Tango (History of Tango) – ON Music Recordings. USA, 2015
 Felicidade (Happiness) – ON Music Recordings. USA, 2017
 Legado - ON Music Recordings. USA, 2022

References

Bruzual, A. (2012). La Guitarra en Venezuela. Desde sus orígenes hasta nuestros días [Guitar in Venezuela. From its origin until our days]. Caracas: Central Bank of Venezuela
González Palacios, E., Podetti, M., Rovatti, D., & Muñoz, I. (1998). Lengua y Literatura 7 [Language and Literature 7]. Asunción: Santillana S.A.
Quevedo, O. (2005). Forgers of Paraguay. Asunción: Arami Grupo Empresarial
Starling, W. (2012). Strings Attached. The life & music of John Williams. London: The Robson Press
Stover, R. (2002). Six Silver Moonbeams. The Life and Times of Agustín Barrios Mangoré. El Salvador: Fundación María Escalon de Nuñez.

External links
 Official site of Berta Rojas
 Official fanpage of Berta Rojas
 Berta Rojas on Spotify
 Berta Rojas on YouTube
 Berta Rojas on Twitter
 Berta Rojas on Instagram
 Berta Rojas on Soundcloud
 Berta Rojas on Google+
 Berta Rojas on About.me
 In the Footsteps of Mangoré Project
 Touring Schools in Paraguay
 Press articles
 On Music Recordings
 Pu Rory Ensemble

1966 births
20th-century classical musicians
Living people
Paraguayan classical guitarists
Women classical guitarists
20th-century guitarists
21st-century classical musicians
21st-century women musicians
Musicians from Asunción
Paraguayan women musicians
Women in Latin music
20th-century women guitarists
Latin Grammy Award winners


Nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) is an ambient pressure ionization technique used in mass spectrometry (MS) for chemical analysis of organic molecules. In this technique, analytes are desorbed into a liquid bridge formed between two capillaries and the sampling surface. Unlike desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), from which nano-DESI is derived, nano-DESI makes use of a secondary capillary, which improves the sampling efficiency.

Principle of operation
The typical nano-DESI probe setup consists of two fused silica capillaries  - primary capillary which supplies solvent and maintains a liquid bridge, and secondary capillary which transports the dissolved analyte to the mass spectrometer. High voltage (several kV) is applied between the inlet of the mass spectrometer and the primary capillary, creating a self-aspirating nanospray. The liquid bridge is maintained by continuous flow of the solvent and the contact area between the solvent bridge and sample surface can be controlled by changing the solvent flow rate, varying the diameter of the utilized capillaries and regulating the distance between the sample and the nano-DESI probe. In this way, the spatial resolution in mass spectrometry imaging applications can be improved, with typical resolution ranging between 100 - 150 μm.

Applications
Nano-DESI has been applied for localized analysis of complex molecules and imaging of tissue sections, microbial communities and environmental samples.

References

Mass spectrometry
Spatial analysis


title: Tarzan (franchise)

text:
Tarzan is a Disney media franchise that commenced in 1999 with the theatrical release of the film Tarzan, based on the character Tarzan by Edgar Rice Burroughs.

Films

Tarzan (1999)
Tarzan is a 1999 American animated adventure musical film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The 37th Disney animated feature film, it is based on the story Tarzan of the Apes by Edgar Rice Burroughs, and is the only major motion picture version of the story Tarzan property to be animated.

Tarzan & Jane (2002)
Tarzan & Jane is a Disney direct-to-video film released on July 23, 2002, sequel to the 1999 animated feature Tarzan, and uses three unaired episodes of the film's corresponding television series, The Legend of Tarzan. The film is set one year after the events of the first film.

Tarzan II (2005)
Tarzan II (also known as Tarzan II: The Legend Begins) is a 2005 direct-to-video animated film and follow-up to the 1999 Walt Disney Feature Animation film Tarzan. It was released on June 14, 2005. Taking place during Tarzan's youth and before his adulthood, the film follows Tarzan's adventure to discover who he really is.

Television

The Legend of Tarzan
The Legend of Tarzan is an American animated television series created by The Walt Disney Company in 2001, based on the Tarzan character created by Edgar Rice Burroughs. The series aired on ABC from July 13 to September 7, 2002 as part of its "Disney's One Saturday Morning" lineup. The Legend of Tarzan picks up where the 1999 feature film left off.

Broadway musical

Tarzan
The original Broadway musical production of Tarzan opened in 2006, directed and designed by Bob Crowley with choreography by Meryl Tankard. The production ran for 35 previews and 486 performances. Subsequently, the show has been staged in several foreign countries and by regional theatres.

Video games

Disney's Tarzan

Disney's Tarzan (also known as Tarzan Action Game) is a platform game developed by Eurocom and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation console in 1999. Konami published the game for its Japanese release. It was also released on the PC and Game Boy Color in 1999, and Nintendo 64 in 2000.

Tarzan: Untamed

Tarzan: Untamed (known as Tarzan: FreeRide in Europe) is a 2001 action-adventure video game released by Ubisoft Montreal for the PlayStation 2 and was a launch title for the GameCube.

Tarzan Jungle Tumble
Tarzan Jungle Tumble is a 2001 platform game developed and released by Disney Interactive for the PC.

Disney's Tarzan: Return to the Jungle
Disney's Tarzan: Return to the Jungle is a 2002 platform game released by Activision for Game Boy Advance. In this game, Tarzan and Terk are lost, and they have to go back to protect the jungle from Queen La.

Disney's Tarzan Activity Center
Disney's Tarzan Activity Center, a 1999 game which is part of Disney's Activity Center series.

Other appearances
 Tarzan's home, "Deep Jungle", is a playable world in the Disney/Square Enix video game Kingdom Hearts released for PlayStation 2 in 2002. Tony Goldwyn and Brian Blessed were the only cast members to reprise their roles in the game. It does not appear in any subsequent games in the series, save for the game's Final Mix version, due to Square Enix's failure to acquire the required rights from the family of Edgar Rice Burroughs.
 Tarzan, Jane, Tantor, and Terk, in their young forms, appear as playable characters in Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure, developed by Toys for Bob and released for PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox and Game Boy Advance in 2003.

Theme park attractions

Tarzan's Treehouse
Tarzan's Treehouse is a walk through attraction at Disneyland and Hong Kong Disneyland. It is styled after the 1999 film Tarzan.

Tarzan Rocks!

Tarzan Rocks! was a musical show that took place in the Theater in the Wild at Disney's Animal Kingdom from 1999 to 2006. It featured rollerskating monkeys along with Tarzan, Jane and Terk. It also featured songs from the Tarzan film by Phil Collins. It was replaced by Finding Nemo – The Musical.

Meet and greets
Tarzan, Jane and Terk all appear at the Disney Parks and Resorts as meetable characters, and can be found in Adventureland, and at Disney’s Animal Kingdom.

Music

Soundtrack
Tarzan: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack is the soundtrack for the 1999 Disney animated film, Tarzan. The songs on the soundtrack were composed by Phil Collins, and the instrumental score by Mark Mancina. The song "You'll Be in My Heart" won both an Oscar and a Golden Globe for Best Original Song and received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media while the soundtrack album received a Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album. For his contribution to the soundtrack, Collins received an American Music Award for Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist.

 "You'll Be in My Heart"
 "Strangers Like Me"
 "Son of Man"
 "Two Worlds"

Cast and characters

References

External links

Walt Disney Studios (division) franchises


title: 1822 in Scotland

text:
Events from the year 1822 in Scotland.

Incumbents

Law officers
 Lord Advocate – Sir William Rae, Bt
 Solicitor General for Scotland – James Wedderburn; then John Hope

Judiciary
 Lord President of the Court of Session – Lord Granton
 Lord Justice General – The Duke of Montrose
 Lord Justice Clerk – Lord Boyle

Events
 10 January – Princes Street in Edinburgh is first given gas lighting.
 May – the Edinburgh and Glasgow Union Canal, engineered by Hugh Baird, is opened throughout, from a terminus at Fountainbridge in Edinburgh to a junction with the Forth and Clyde Canal at Camelon near Falkirk, including Scotland's only canal tunnel (at Falkirk) and completion of Slateford Aqueduct; passenger boats have been operating on the canal from the beginning of the year.
 July – the Royal Association of Contributors to the National Monument of Scotland is incorporated; the foundation stone is laid in Edinburgh on 27 August.
 15–29 August – visit of King George IV to Scotland, largely arranged by Sir Walter Scott (with the assistance of his friend, the theatrical manager William Henry Murray), first appearance of the monarch here since 1651.
 23–24 October – the Caledonian Canal, engineered by Thomas Telford, is opened throughout, linking the east and west coasts through the Great Glen from Clachnaharry on the Beauly Firth near Inverness to Corpach on Loch Linnhe near Fort William; the passenger steamboat Stirling Castle operates through the canal.
 Cartland Bridge is completed to the design of Thomas Telford, crossing  above the Mouse Water near Lanark.
 The Highland Show is first staged.
 The old town of Cullen, Moray, is demolished.
 The façade of Register House in Princes Street, Edinburgh, is completed to the design of Robert Reid.
 The Assembly Rooms, Aberdeen, designed by Archibald Simpson, are built.

Births
 9 February – Francis Cadell, explorer in Australasia (murdered 1879 in the East Indies)
 13 February – James B. Beck, U.S. Senator (died 1890 in the United States)
 12 March – William Fettes Douglas, painter (died 1891)
 22 March – Jane Miller Thengberg, pioneer of female education in Sweden (died 1902 in Uppsala)
 8 June – Hugh Findlay, Mormon missionary (died 1900 in the United States)
 26 July (bapt.) – Robert William Thomson, engineer, inventor of the bicycle tyre (died 1873)
 1 August – James Grant, author (died 1887)
 10 September – Alexander Ferrier Mitchell, ecclesiastical historian and Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (died 1899)
 1 December – Andrew Allan, shipowner (died 1901 in Canada)
 2 December – David Masson, literary biographer and historian (died 1907)
 6 December – David Stirling, architect in Nova Scotia (died 1887 in Canada)
 Probable date – Stewart McPherson, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross (died 1892)

Deaths
 27 March – Sir Alexander Boswell, 1st Baronet, politician, poet, songwriter and antiquary, killed in duel (born 1775)
 29 March – Ewen MacLachlan, Gaelic poet and scholar (born 1775)
 Hugh Robertson, musical instrument maker (born )

The arts
 March – The Noctes Ambrosianae, imaginary colloquies, begin to appear in Blackwood's Magazine (Edinburgh).
 October – English actor Edmund Kean acquires an estate on the Isle of Bute.
 Henry Raeburn is knighted and appointed royal limner; he is present in Edinburgh for the royal visit.
 Sir Walter Scott's novels The Pirate and The Fortunes of Nigel are published anonymously, together with the poem "Halidon Hill".
 Lorenzo Bartolini's marble sculpture The Campbell Sisters dancing a Waltz is completed for the subjects' uncle, George Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll.

See also

 1822 in Ireland

References

Scotland
1820s in Scotland


title: Republic of Pirates

text:
The Republic of Pirates was the base and stronghold of a loose confederacy run by privateers-turned-pirates in Nassau on New Providence island in the Bahamas during the Golden Age of Piracy for about twelve years from 1706 until 1718. While it was not a republic in a formal sense, it was governed by an informal pirate code, which dictated that the crews of the Republic would vote on the leadership of their ships and treat other pirate crews with civility. The term comes from Colin Woodard's book of the same name.

The activities of the pirates caused havoc with trade and shipping in the West Indies until newly-appointed Royal Governor of the Bahama Islands Woodes Rogers reached Nassau in 1718 and restored British control. Rogers, a former privateer himself, offered clemency to the pirates of the Bahamas, known as the "King's Pardon", an offer many pirates took advantage of, and though a few would return to piracy in the following years, British control of the Bahamas had been secured.

History

The era of piracy in the Bahamas began in 1696, when the privateer Henry Avery brought his ship the Fancy loaded with loot from plundering Indian trade ships into Nassau harbour. Avery bribed the governor Nicholas Trott with gold and silver, and with the Fancy itself, still loaded with 50 tons of elephant tusks and 100 barrels of gunpowder. This established Nassau as a base where pirates could operate safely, although various governors regularly made a show of suppressing piracy. Although the governors were still legally in charge, the pirates became increasingly powerful.

The era of true pirate control occurred when a combined Franco-Spanish fleet attacked Nassau in 1703 and again in 1706; the island was effectively abandoned by many of its settlers and left without any English government presence. Nassau was then taken over by English privateers, who became completely lawless pirates over time. The pirates attacked French and Spanish ships, while the French and Spanish forces burned Nassau several more times. Pirates established themselves in Nassau, and essentially established their own republic with its own governors. By 1713, the War of the Spanish Succession was over, but many British privateers were slow to get the news, or reluctant to accept it, and so slipped into piracy. This led to large numbers of unemployed privateers making their way to New Providence to join the republic and swell its numbers. The republic was dominated by two famous pirates who were bitter rivals – Benjamin Hornigold and Henry Jennings. Hornigold was mentor to pirates such as the famous Edward Teach, known as "Blackbeard", along with Sam Bellamy and Stede Bonnet. Jennings was mentor to Charles Vane, "Calico" Jack Rackham, Anne Bonny, and Mary Read. Despite their rivalries, the pirates formed themselves into the Flying Gang and quickly became infamous for their exploits. The Governor of Bermuda stated that there were over 1000 pirates in Nassau at that time and that they outnumbered the mere hundred of inhabitants in the town. Blackbeard was later voted by the pirates of Nassau to be their magistrate, to be in command of their republic and enforce law and order as he saw fit.

Pirate Thomas Barrow declared "that he is Governor of Providence and will make it a second Madagascar, and expects 5 or 600 men more from Jamaica sloops to join in the settling of Providence, and to make war on the French and Spaniards, but for the English, they don't intend to meddle with them, unless they are first attack'd by them." While originally the pirates had avoided attacking British ships, this restraint disappeared over time, and at their height, the pirates could command a small fleet of ships that could take on the frigates of the Royal Navy. The amount of havoc caused by the pirates led to an outcry for their destruction, and finally King George I appointed Woodes Rogers as royal governor of the Bahamas to bring the piracy to an end, and offered a pardon to all pirates who turned themselves in.

End of the Republic

News of the King's Pardon was brought first from Bermuda, then by Captain Vincent Pearse of , and received a mixed reception, some of those rejecting the pardon being Jacobites. Pearse made a list of 209 pirates on New Providence – fewer than half the pirates on the island – who stated their intention to take the pardon.

In 1718, Rogers arrived in Nassau with a fleet of several ships, bringing with him the authority to grant the King's Pardon. Among those who accepted was Benjamin Hornigold, and, in a shrewd move, Rogers commissioned Hornigold to hunt down and capture those pirates who refused to surrender and accept the royal pardon. As a former privateer himself, Hornigold was well placed to understand what needed to be done, and he pursued his former comrades with zeal. Although pirates such as Charles Vane and Blackbeard evaded capture, Hornigold did take ten pirates prisoner and on the morning of 12 December 1718, nine of them were executed. This act re-established British control and ended the pirates' republic in the Bahamas. Those pirates who had fled successfully continued their piratical activities elsewhere in the Caribbean in what has become known as the Golden Age of Piracy.

Code of conduct

The pirates ran their affairs using what was called the pirate code, which was the basis of their claim that their rule of New Providence constituted a kind of republic. According to the code, the pirates ran their ships democratically, sharing plunder equally and selecting and deposing their captains by popular vote. Many of the pirates were privateers out of work since the end of the Queen Anne's War and ex-sailors who had revolted against the conditions on merchant and naval ships. Africans could be equal members of the crew, and several people of mixed European and African descent became pirate captains. Some of the pirates were also Jacobites, who had become pirates to help restore the recently deposed Stuart line to the throne. A few female pirates like Anne Bonny and Mary Read were also present.

Pirates of Nassau

Captain Pearse's list of pirates intending to take the King's Pardon

In popular culture
In Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, fictional character Edward Kenway helps to seize control of Nassau and establish the pirate republic with other major pirates of the Golden Age of Piracy.

The TV series Black Sails is largely based on the history and famous historical pirate inhabitants of Nassau. Several characters' motivations are rooted in the idea of establishing a true "Republic of Pirates" in Nassau.

The Netflix limited series The Lost Pirate Kingdom (2021) is also based on the exploits and rivalries of both the Republic of Pirates as well as the Flying Gang and its members, including Benjamin Hornigold, Sam Bellamy, Henry Jennings, and Blackbeard.

The 2022 HBO Max series Our Flag Means Death features the Republic of Pirates in episode 3, "A Gentleman Pirate".

See also
1715 Treasure Fleet
Brethren of the Coast
Distribution of justice

Jolly Roger
Libertatia
Republic of Salé
Thalassocracy
Victual Brothers

References

Bibliography

External links
Cruise Port Insider website on Nassau history
St. Augustine Pirate and Treasure Museum website
Website of the book The Republic of Pirates by Colin Wodward Archived
Website on Pirate Code

18th century in the Bahamas
History of the Colony of the Bahamas
Piracy in the Caribbean
Pirate dens and locations
Former republics
Republicanism in the Bahamas
1700s establishments in the Caribbean
1706 establishments in North America
States and territories established in 1706
1718 disestablishments in North America
2nd-millennium disestablishments in the Caribbean
States and territories disestablished in the 1710s
Blackbeard


title: Ateliers d'Art Sacré

text:
The Ateliers d'Art Sacré (Studios of Sacred Art, 1919-1947) was a collective of artists based in Paris, France in the first half of the 20th century. It aimed to create religious art that was both modern and accessible to the general public.  For nearly thirty years, this movement brought together a large number of  artists dedicated to producing art in the service of the Catholic faith.

Foundation

The Ateliers d'Art Sacré were founded on 15 November 1919 after World War I (1914-18) by Maurice Denis (1870–1943) and Georges Desvallières (1861–1950) as part of a broad movement in Europe to reconcile the church with modern civilization.

Their aim was to train artists and crafts people in the practice of Christian art and to provide tasteful religious works of traditional and modern style to churches, particularly those that had been devastated by the war. Denis stated that he was against academic art because it sacrificed emotion to convention and artifice, and was also against realism because it was prose, whereas what was needed was music. Above all, he aspired to beauty, which was an attribute of divinity.

A group of 22 shareholders were organized into the Société des Ateliers d’Art Sacré, which oversaw the material side of the project. The school first moved into various addresses on the Left Bank of Paris (the former studio of Paul Sérusier, 7 rue Joseph-Bara, and later moving to no. 8 rue de Furstemberg). Other workshops were then associated with it: that of the stained glass artist Marguerite Huré or the sculpture workshop, housed in rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs, where Simone Callède, Albert Dubos and Roger de Villiers worked.

The financing of the Workshops depended on receiving orders for religious artwork and the quarterly tuition payments of the students.

Activities

The artists of the Ateliers received a number of important orders during the twenties and thirties. They were deeply involved in decoration of the Église Saint-Esprit in Paris, where the iconography shows the milestones in church history. Built over the 1928-35 period by the architect Paul Tournon, the church’s murals were painted by forty artists including Maurice Denis, Georges Desvallières, Henri Marret, Jean Dupa, Pauline Peugniez and  Robert Poughéon.

In The Way of the Cross of Saint-Michel de Picpus, decorated in 1934 under the direction of Henri de Maistre, the personality of the artists was effaced for the sake of the collaborative work.

The church of the ‘French Village’ of the Decorative Arts Fair of 1925 also brought together masters and companions from the Ateliers in the church of the French Village.

The Ateliers also did the Church of the Catholic Missions Pavilion at the International Colonial Exhibition of 1931. This church is now Notre-Dame-des-Missions in Épinay-sur-Seine.

Education of artists
Education of young artists was a central part of the mission of the Ateliers. Denis and Desvallières opposed the academic teaching of the Beaux Arts tradition as well as such avant-garde movements as cubism or futurism which, in their eyes, endangered the durability of art even in West.

For Denis, artistic education should ideally be based on the collaboration of students and their teachers: "Instead of an academy, it would be a workshop, or a group of workshops where we accept orders, where we would execute not for vague exhibitions, but for precise destinations, all that serves to adorn the cult, in such a way that the pupil becomes what he was before the Renaissance... an apprentice, then an assistant to the master".  In Denis’ view, modern artistic education should strive to develop sensitivity, free the imagination of students, train them in craftsmanship, while also cultivating their reason and their taste. Theological education and spiritual formation were also part of the Atelier’s program.

The broader objective of the Ateliers was that its students would ultimately form a community of trained and fraternal Christian artists, working in the spirit of the corporations of the Middle Ages.

Members

By founding the Sacred Art Workshops in 1919 with George Desvallières, Maurice Denis trained a whole generation of young painters. His official recognition reached its peak after the end of the First World War, when several retrospective exhibitions were dedicated to him (Biennale of Venice in 1922, Pavillon de Marsan in Paris in 1924). He became a member of the Académie de Beaux Arts in 1932.

George Desvallières became interested in religious art after losing a son to World War I in 1915; he himself had commanded a battalion in the Vosges during the war. He tackled a number of public and private decorative programs related to the war; among these were stained glass windows for the Douaumont ossuary. Works by Desvallières may be found in the Musée d'Orsay and the Musée du Louvre.

The Dominican Marie-Alain Couturier (1897–1954) was a member of the Ateliers. He argued that a masterpiece, even if made by a non-believer, would always be more effective than a religious work of lesser value. He gradually moved away from the influence of Maurice Denis and developed an admiration for Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse.

The Canadian painter Jean Dallaire (1916–1965) received a grant from the government of Quebec that allowed him to go to Paris and study at Ateliers d'Art Sacré and the studio of André Lhote. He also worked in his own studio in Montmartre. While in Paris, Dallaire discovered the work of Pablo Picasso and the surrealists, such as Salvador Dali.

The master stained glass artist, Marguerite Huré (1896-1967), applied the principles of the Ateliers to the stained glass in the modernist St. Joseph's Church, Le Havre.

Closure
Over the longer term, revenues from church commissions were not sufficient to sustain the Ateliers, which closed on the decision of their Board at the beginning of the 1947 academic year.

The closure can be attributed to the failure of the Ateliers’ attempt to graft modernity onto sacred art and to the lack of enthusiasm of the public. In addition, the clergy of the time was mostly without artistic training and not very competent in aesthetics. This new art also often met with hostile reactions from reactionary circles’ who considered it "degenerate". But more often than not, indifference prevailed.

Another cause of this failure was the outbreak of the Second World War and the shortages it caused. In October 1939, Henri de Maistre proposed precautionary measures to Maurice Denis: "The Ateliers could remain open as long as the receipts balance the expenses, that is to say as long as the number of pupils was sufficient to allow each to pay a reasonable sum".

Finally, the architecture style of the time tended to provide more space for large windows and for stained glass; the fresco, a discipline widely practiced by the Ateliers, gradually lost access to the space needed for the Ateliers to survive.

Place in art history
Still relatively little known, the Ateliers d’Art Sacré embodied the idealism of its members and their collective mode of work. The Ateliers strove to combine modernity with the corporatist tradition of the religious art of the Middle Ages in an exclusively spiritual project.

Also noteworthy are the large number of women among the Companions and student's and the fact that this trend will have lasted for about thirty years despite the difficulties encountered.

During this same period, other institutions also attempted this renewal of the sacred arts: the Catholics of the fine arts (founded in 1909), the Society of Saint-Jean, L'Arche (founded in 1917 by Valentine Reyre and Maurice Storez), the Artisans de l'Autel (founded in 1919), and again Art et Louange, as well as the Ateliers de Nazareth (founded in 1928).

Gallery

References
Citations

Sources

French art movements
Christian art


title: Bila (river)

text:
The Bila river is the largest tributary of the Lašva river. The Bila river flows past the settlements of Stara Bila and Nova Bila (), with a length of approximately 35 km. Originating from Vlašić mountain, in the area of Prelivode and Meupić mountain, it flows south to south-east toward Lašva valley where it spills into the Lašva river.

The aquifer form which the source of the Bila emerges is shared with the Vrbanja, Ilomska, and Ugar rivers of the Vrbas basin in the west, and the Bosna basin in the east, via rivers of the Usora and Lašva. This watershed is situated in the areal of mountains Meupić, Vučija Planina (), Usko Brdo (), Vijenac, Jasen and Divić, at approximately 1,300 to 1350 meters above sea level. On its way to the Lašva, the Bila runs through a valley between the Vlašić (1943 m) and Meokrnje (1,425 m) mountains, which is approximately 2.5 km wide near the confluence with the Lašva, passing through the villages of Bukovica and Mehurići. The river often floods the valley and has significant hydro potential.

The river Bila is rich in water as it drains from numerous small mountain rivers and streams, such as, on the right: the Suhi potok, Butetinac, Pašinac, Ribnjak, Trimuža and Kozica, and on the left: the Pržni and Javorački potok, Ramića Rijeka, Jasenica, and Rogačka Rijeka.

References

See also
 Travnik
 Vitez

Rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina


title: All About You (Hilary Duff song)

text:
"All About You" is a song recorded by American singer Hilary Duff. It was released on August 12, 2014 by RCA Records. Written by Duff, Kristian Lundin, Savan Kotecha, and Carl Falk, "All About You" a folk pop and pop rock song, having a banjo, handclaps, and a "heavy hand" drum as the song's instrumentation. Lyrically, the song talks about how the protagonist is so hooked on her boyfriend that she is willing to prove her true love for him anywhere.

Critics found similarities between "All About You" and songs from Taylor Swift and The Lumineers. The song became more successful than "Chasing the Sun" in Australia, where it managed to reach the top 20, the first time a Duff song had done so in nine years. Elsewhere, it had less impact, failing to enter the Billboard Hot 100 but managing to chart on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles and Top 40 Mainstream.

Duff released a lyric video for the song, where she appeared seducing the camera, with a succession of extreme close-ups of Duff. The official music video was directed by Declan Whitebloom and it finds the singer chasing a guy she meets at a diner, while also doing a choreography with her dancers. The singer has promoted the track with some live performances on The X Factor (Australia), Good Morning America and Live with Kelly & Michael.

Background and release
After spending six years without releasing new music, Duff announced she was recording her upcoming new album. "I'm working with a lot of people. I'm still writing, so that process is still going on," she told MTV News during the 2014 iHeartRadio Music Awards red carpet. She also described the album as an "earthy, indie-pop vibe" and that a new single was going to be out "soon". On July 29, 2014, Duff released "Chasing the Sun". The song received mostly favorable reviews from music critics, and debuted at number 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. However, less than a month after the release of "Chasing the Sun", Duff announced that she would release a new single called "All About You" on August 11, 2014. Additionally, she tweeted out the cover art for the song, featuring Duff "looking boho chic in a black hat, low-cut black dress, capelet and lots of silver rings", as described by Jocelyn Vena from Billboard.

Composition
"All About You" is a folk pop and pop rock song. The song was written by Hilary Duff, Kristian Lundin, Savan Kotecha and Carl Falk. Its instrumentation consists of a banjo, handclaps, and the "heavy hand" of a drum, which according to Carolyn Menyes of Music Times, results in the song sounding like "a big ol' stomping party". Seventeen magazine's Kristin Harris found the song to sound like a mix of Taylor Swift, The Lumineers, and "old-school Hilary". Emily Blake of MTV News echoed the same thought, writing that the guitar-driven track starts out like a Lumineers or Mumford & Sons joint but noticing that it "builds into something far more peppy, poppy and, well, Hilary Duff."

Lyrically, "All About You" incorporates romantic innuendos, with Duff talking about how hooked she is on her boyfriend, and she is willing to prove her true love for him by "turning the lights down" and going to action. "Think you're all about me / But I'm all about you," she sings. "Turn the lights down let me show you it's true / Get a lot of taste what I'm into." For Emily Blake, the song is about "that honeymoon-phase kind of love — the kind of feeling when you're addicted to thinking about someone new." Lucas Villa of AXS noted that "lyrically and vocally, Hilary shows a more mature side to herself on 'All About You'."

Critical response
The song received universal acclaim from music critics. According to Nolan Feeney of Time magazine, "All About You" is in the "same twangy folk-pop vein" as "Chasing the Sun", but that it is a "huge improvement", writing that "All About You" has the "kind of rowdy punch" that is required to get a comeback "really cooking". He wrote that while comparisons to Taylor Swift are inevitable, Duff's "nod to her Texan roots" is "attention-grabbing" and effortless. Feeney concluded that "the world should have heard this one first". Jason Lipshutz of Billboard praised the song, naming it "a no-nonsense pop tour de force," [with] the folk undertones, handclaps, shout-along chorus and deliriously enjoyable melodies [that] make this the winning comeback bid that Duff fans were hoping to hear when she announced her return to music."

Carolyn Menyes of Music Times praised Duff's voice for "wander[ing] into its own territory, playing against the music and making an irresistible combination." Menyes also praised the "sing along 'Hey baby baby' refrain in the pre-chorus," noting that "it's nearly impossible not to at least bop your head to the powerful chorus." Lucas Villa of AXS pointed out that the song "certainly sounds like it could be Hilary's next big hit," while Mike Wass of Idolator classified the song as "the kind of sassy, sing-a-long summer anthem we've been expecting from the pop deity who brought us classics like 'So Yesterday' and 'Come Clean'." Michelle McGahan of Pop Crush was complimentary with the folk-rock tone for "add[ing] a rich depth and maturity to Duff's sound [...] that is only enhanced by the slightly provocative lyrics."

Chart performance
In Australia, "All About You" made its debut on the ARIA Charts at number 21, during the week of September 21, 2014. It later climbed to number 20, becoming Duff's first top-twenty hit in nine years in the country, with the last being "Beat of My Heart" (2005). It was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 35,000 copies, becoming her first certified single there in ten years. Elsewhere, the song received little impact on the charts, reaching number 91 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart, lower than her previous single, "Chasing the Sun", and failing to debut on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, though it did reach number 19 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles extension. It fared better on some Billboard component charts, including the Pop Songs, where it has reached number 38.

Music video

Lyric video
On August 19, 2014, Duff released a lyric video for "All About You" on YouTube. The lyric video features a succession of extreme close-ups of Duff belting the lyrics appearing to be in the nude, while also having dancing embers and subtle flashes of orbs, as noted by Marc Inocencio from Ryan Seacrest.com. Bradley Stern of Idolator praised the lyric video for showing a sexy side of Duff, and she herself was praised for "actually appearing in the song's lyric video." Mandi Salemo of Pop Crush complimented the lyric video, calling it "a cute, flirtatious vid that Hilary looks gorgeous in (of course), and it makes us even more excited to see what the actual music video will be like."

Official video
Duff wrote on her Twitter account on 4 September that she was filming the single's music video, which was directed by Declan Whitebloom. On September 18, 2014, Duff posted a picture on her Twitter account in which she said the video was going to be released on September 24. She also revealed that the video was going to have choreography, declaring: "The choreography was actually pretty easy, but it was a lot of rehearsals and I wanted to be so particular because I'm not, like, a dancer and I didn't want to be, like, super-sexy time dancing. I wanted something different about it that was more me," she told MTV News. As described by Thomas Chau of Pop Crush:
"The Cinderella-esque video begins with Duff innocently sitting in a diner when glances across and sees a hunky guy not far from her. She snaps a photo of the guy to share with her friends but before she's able to say anything, he leaves behind a record. Duff and her girlfriends vow to help her find the guy and armed with only the record and her cell photo of him, she embarks on a trip to find the guy that stole her heart."

Live performances
Duff performed "All About You" live for the first time on The X Factor Australia on September 8, 2014. The following day, Duff presented an acoustic  version of the single on "Take 40 Australia". She also performed the song on Australian television talkshow Sunrise on September 11, 2014. Duff sang the song for the first time, on live television in the US, on Good Morning America on October 7, 2014 and on Live! With Kelly and Michael on October 8, 2014.

Credits and personnel
Songwriting – Hilary Duff, Kristian Lundin, Savan Kotecha, Carl Falk
Production – Kristian Lundin, Carl Falk
Guitar – Carl Falk
Engineering – Cory Bice, John Hanes
Mixing – Serban Ghenea

Credits adapted from Qobuz.com

Charts

Certifications

Release history

References

2014 singles
2014 songs
American folk songs
Hilary Duff songs
RCA Records singles
Songs written by Hilary Duff
Songs written by Kristian Lundin
Songs written by Savan Kotecha
Songs written by Carl Falk


title: 1994 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B

text:
The football (soccer) Campeonato Brasileiro Série B 1994, the second level of Brazilian National League, was played from August 7 to December 4, 1994. The competition had 24 clubs and two of them were promoted to Série A and two were relegated to Série C. The competition was won by Juventude.

The championship was reestablished after the 1993 Campeonato Brasileiro, and its participants included the eight teams relegated from the 1993 Série A, along with 16 teams chosen through qualificatory tournaments. However, with América-MG's suspension, Democrata, that had been eliminated in the qualification, was chosen to take América's place. Juventude beat Goiás in the final match, and was declared 1994 Brazilian Série B champions, and both Goiás and Juventude achieved promotion to the 1995 Série A. The two worst ranked teams (Fortaleza and Tiradentes-DF) were relegated to play Série C in 1995.

Qualification

Southern Region

Rio Grande do Sul

Santa Catarina

Paraná

Southern triangular

São Paulo

Group A

Group B

Rio de Janeiro

Goiás-Tocantins

Minas Gerais-Federal District

Minas Gerais

Federal District

Final

Northern Region

Acre-Amazonas

Mato Grosso-Rondônia

Final

Pará-Amapá

Ceará-Rio Grande do Norte

Paraíba-Alagoas

Pernambuco

Sergipe-Bahia

Maranhão-Piauí

Maranhão
Imperatriz, with no chances at qualifying, did not appear for its final match against Sampaio Corrêa. As punishment, the result of its final match was counted as a 1-0 victory for Sampaio Corrêa, and the point earned against in the draw against Sampaio Corrêa in the first match was given to Sampaio Corrêa, tying it and Moto Club in number of points, forcing an extra match, won by Moto Club by 2-1.

Piauí

Finals

First phase

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Second phase

Group E

Group F

Group G

Group H

Semifinals

Finals

References

Sources

Campeonato Brasileiro Série B seasons
1994 in Brazilian football leagues


title: Gold Coast Express

text:
Gold Coast Express may refer to

 Gold Coast Express (horse), a race horse and winner of the Champion of Champions horse race
 Gold Coast Express (Zürich), a precursor to the Zürich S-Bahn rail service in Switzerland


title: Academy for Urban Leadership Charter High School

text:
Academy for Urban Leadership Charter School is a five-year comprehensive public charter  school that serves students in seventh through twelfth grades from Perth Amboy, in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. The school operates under the terms of a charter granted by the New Jersey Department of Education. After opening with 100 students in ninth grade in the 2010–11 school year, the school's plans were to add 100 students each year in ninth grade.

As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 414 students and 39.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.6:1. There were 297 students (71.7% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 39 (9.4% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

AUL's first graduating class of 2014 had a graduating percentage of 95% and the second graduating class had a 100% graduation rate. The school started a sports program, with wrestling the only sport that had a varsity and a junior varsity team. The school also offers softball, baseball and basketball. For other sports that were not offered at the school, students could go participate and play for Perth Amboy High School's team.

The school started offering the SAT in its location. It is a college prep school that helps more students graduate and move on to college.

Athletics
The Academy for Urban Leadership Charter School Jaguars compete independently in interscholastic sports under the supervision of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association. With 317 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group I for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 75 to 476 students in that grade range.

Administration
The school's Lead Administrator is Margaret Rose Morales. Her administration team includes two vice principals.

References

External links
Academy for Urban Leadership Charter School

Data for Academy for Urban Leadership Charter School, National Center for Education Statistics

2010 establishments in New Jersey
Charter schools in New Jersey
Education in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 2010
Perth Amboy, New Jersey
Public high schools in Middlesex County, New Jersey


title: War Heroes Stadium

text:
War Heroes Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Sangrur, Punjab. The stadium has hosted two Kabaddi World Cups in 2010 and 2013.

In 2013, the stadium was upgraded at the cost of 7 crore for laying the synthetic athletic track at the stadium which will be constructed by the National Building Construction Company.

The stadium will have state of the art sports facilities for games like taekwondo, badminton, lawn tennis and badminton in addition to the existing disciplines of athletics, boxing and volleyball with the association Sports Authority of India.

References

External links
 architizer

Sangrur
Sports venues in Punjab, India
Kabaddi venues in India
2010 establishments in Punjab, India
Sports venues completed in 2010


title: The Fault in Our Stars (soundtrack)

text:
The Fault in Our Stars (Music from the Motion Picture) is the soundtrack for the American romantic comedy-drama film The Fault in Our Stars. The full track list was released on April 13, 2014, and arranged by Nate Walcott and Mike Mogis of Bright Eyes. It includes a few high-profile artists like Kodaline, Birdy and Ed Sheeran, the last of whom wrote the song for the end credits ("All of the Stars"). The soundtrack was released in North America on May 19, 2014, and in the United Kingdom on June 23, 2014.

The lead single from the soundtrack is Charli XCX's contribution "Boom Clap", which debuted on April 11, 2014, and the music video for which premiered June 2. A music video for Sheeran's "All of the Stars" was released May 9, 2014. Music videos were also released for Birdy's "Tee Shirt" on June 6, 2014, and "Not About Angels" on June 12, 2014.

Track listing

Credits and personnel

Credits and personnel for the soundtrack adapted from AllMusic.

Afasi – primary artist
Afasi & Filthy – primary artist
Charlotte Aitchison – composer
Sachiko Asano – art direction, design
Fredrik Berger – composer
Patrik Berger – composer, producer
Birdy – primary artist
Josh Boone – executive producer, liner notes
Marty Bowen – executive producer
Michael H. Brauer – mixing
Jake Bugg – primary artist
Tom Cavanaugh – music business affairs
Charli XCX – primary artist
Jana Coffey – coordination
Keil Corcoran – composer
Tony Corey – marketing
Ruadhri Cushnan – mixing
Danielle Diego – executive in charge of music
Johan Duncanson – composer
Richard Evans – mixing, producer
Filthy – primary artist
James Flannigan – composer
Pete Ganbarg – A&R
Steve Garrigan – composer
Chris Gehringer – mastering
Ellen Ginsburg – music clearance
Shawn Glassford – composer
Wyck Godfrey – executive producer
Anthony Gonzalez – composer
Yann Gonzalez – composer
Stefan Gräslund – composer, producer
Grouplove – composer, primary artist
John Hill – producer
Joshua Hodges – composer
Patrick Houlihan – music supervisor
Indians – primary artist
Søren Løkke Juul – composer, producer
Jake Kennedy – composer
Season Kent – music supervisor, producer
Joseph Khoury – coordination
Kodaline – primary artist
Ray LaMontagne – primary artist
Ray LaMontagne – composer
Lykke Li – composer, primary artist, producer
Magnus Lindehäll – composer
M83 – primary artist
Lasse Marten – mixing
Vincent May – composer
Johnny McDaid – composer, engineer, producer
Justin Meldal-Johnsen – composer
Patrick Morris – composer
Herbert Munkhammar – composer
Tom Odell – composer, primary artist
Rob Orton – mixing
Mark Prendergast – composer
Matthew Prime – composer
Areli Quirarte – management
Ryan Rabin – mixing, producer
The Radio Dept. – primary artist
John Rausch – engineer, mixing
Sam Riback – A&R
Craig Rosen – A&R
Ed Sheeran – composer, primary artist
STRFKR – primary artist
Carolyn Tracey – package production
Jasmine Van Den Bogaerde – composer, producer
Kevin Weaver – A&R, producer
Dan Wilson – composer, producer
Jaymes Young – primary artist
Björn Yttling – composer, producer
Cindy Zaplachinski – legal advisor, music business affairs

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Original score

The Fault in Our Stars (Score from the Motion Picture) is the soundtrack, which had 31 instrumental pieces recorded and produced by Mike Mogis and Nate Walcott, and the film score was recorded during 2013–14. The score was released by Atlantic Records on June 9, 2014.

References

Drama film soundtracks
2014 soundtrack albums
The Fault in Our Stars (film)
Atlantic Records soundtracks


title: Hold It In

text:
Hold It In is the 20th studio album by the Melvins, released on October 14, 2014. The lineup for this album features Melvins stalwarts Buzz Osborne and Dale Crover joined by Butthole Surfers members Paul Leary and Jeff Pinkus.

Vinyl version
A single LP vinyl edition was released by Ipecac Recordings in December 2014, omitting the tracks "Eyes on You" and "House of Gasoline". A 10" single of Bride of Crankenstein was released by Amphetamine Reptile Records, featuring the omitted tracks.

Track listing
All songs written by Osborne, Pinkus and Crover except where noted.

Personnel
King Buzzo – guitar, lead (3, 5, 7, 9, 12) and backing vocals
Dale Crover – drums, backing vocals
Paul Leary – guitar, lead (2, 6, 10) and backing (3) vocals, engineer
JD Pinkus – bass, lead (1, 8, 11) and backing vocals

Additional personnel
Toshi Kasai – engineer
Stephen Haas – engineer
John Golden – mastering
Brian Gardner – mastering (2, 6 & 10)
Mackie Osborne – design

References

Melvins albums
2014 albums
Ipecac Recordings albums


title: Mani C. Kappan

text:
Mani C. Kappan (born 1956) is an Indian politician, film producer, film director and actor. He is the current Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of the state of Kerala for the Pala constituency.

Mani C. Kappan defeated Jose Tom Pulikkunnel of UDF during by-election in September 2019. This seat was vacant after the death of K. M. Mani, former Kerala Finance Minister. He was also the State Treasurer of the Nationalist Congress Party and had been the Convener of its Overseas Cell. He is the current MLA of Pala constituency. He is also a former volleyball international who played along with volleyball player Jimmy George. He is the producer of Meleparambil Aanveedu, one of the highest grossing Malayalam films of the early 1990s. It made the list of "14 Greatest Malayalam Movies Ever" as compiled by Manorama News. He was also the producer and director of Mannar Mathai Speaking, a popular Malayalam movie. He acted in around 25 movies mainly as antagonists during the 1990s.

Kappan is the incumbent MLA from the Pala constituency. On all the earlier occasions he was defeated by K. M. Mani who had represented the seat from its inception in 1965. He is the son of a former Member of Parliament, Cherian J. Kappan, who was also a freedom fighter. Kappan is also a well-known figure in Malayalam cinema, having produced about ten films and acted in around two dozen films. He even has two films to his credit as a director including a bilingual film in Assamese and Bengali. He was also an international volleyball player in the eighties.

Pala Seat Controversy
The brawl over Pala Assembly seat, which began during the by-election last year and was rejuvenated once again with the unexpected entry of the Kerala Congress (M) into the Left Democratic Front, is furious despite denial by the LDF leadership. The Nationalist Congress Party's state leadership is also divided over the issue. And on 22 February 2021 he formed a new political party named Nationalist Congress Kerala, with Mani C. Kappan as the National President and Babu Karthikeyan as the National Vice
President. His party had won one seat in 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election. In the election he defeated Kerala Congress(M) Chairman Jose K. Mani by more than 15,000 votes. Jose K. Mani's father K.M. Mani had held the constituency for fifty years.

Filmography

Acting
 Kusruthikaatu (1995) as Ganga's Father
 Mangalam Veettil Manaseswari Gupta (1995) as Govindankutty
 Man of the Match (1996) as Abdul Rahman
 Yuvathurki (1996) as J.K.
 The Good Boys (1997)
 Aalibaabayum Aarara Kallanmaarum (1998) as A. T. Alexander
 Friends (1999) as Cyriac
 Vaanchinathan (2001) as Mahesh Gupta
 Nagaravadhu (2001) as Thripati
 Kusruthi (2004)
 Iruvattam Manavaatti (2005) as Bharathan
 Borolar Ghor (2012) as Bankimchandra
 Kabadii

Producer
 Janam (1993)
 Meleparambil Aanveedu (1993)
Nandhini Oppol (1993)
Vardhakya Puranam (1993)
 CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed. (1994)
Mangalam Veettil Manaseswari Gupta (1995)
 Mannar Mathai Speaking (1995)
 Kusruthikaatu (1995)
 Man of the Match (1996)
 Nagaravadhu (2001)
Kabadi Kabadi (2008)
Borolar Ghor (2012)

Direction
 Mannar Mathai Speaking (1995)
 Borolar Ghor (2012)

Television career
 Dathuputhri (Mazhavil Manorama), Year: 2015
Chilluivilakku

References

External links

Mani C Kappan at MSI

Male actors in Malayalam cinema
Indian male film actors
Male actors from Kottayam
Living people
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors
People from Pala, Kerala
1956 births
Malayalam film producers
Malayalam film directors
Male actors in Malayalam television
Indian male television actors
Film producers from Kerala
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
Film directors from Kottayam district
Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Kerala
Kerala MLAs 2016–2021


title: Ramganj Belgachhiya

text:
Ramganj Belgachhiya ऱामग़ञ्ज बॆलगछिया in the name of Lord Rama, the incarnation of Lord Vishnu, is a village in the south of the Sunsari District of Nepal. It is bordered on the south by India's Araria district. North of Ramganj is Purba Kushaha, to the east is Biratnagar Sub Metropolitan City, and to the west is Chimdi Village Development Committee. A road from Biratnagar to Dewanganj goes through Ramganj Belgachhiya via Shukrabare of Ramganj Belgachiya Ward #1. There are 9 wards in this village. Ward No. 1 is joined with Purba Kushaha VDC whereas ward No. 3 is joined with Purba Kushaha and Chimdi VDC.

Ramganj Belgachhiya was declared an ODF (open defecation free) area on 14 July 2014 with the support of Plan Nepal. The V-WASH-CC (Village Water and Sanitation Committee) played a vital role in declaring Ramganj an ODF area. The VDC Secretary Yuwaraj Pokharel, Dil Bahadur Gurung, the president of CBO Sristi Samaj, Govind Sharma Bhatta, Development Coordinator from an INGO Plan International Nepal, local child clubs and women groups especially FCHV (Female Community Health Volunteer) played vital role in this expedition. In the course of this expedition many activities were carried out. The activities were whistling in early mornings in the vulnerable defecating areas, follow-up to families, children's rallies video shows during evenings and FGD (Focussed Group Discussions).

In Ramganj Belgachhiya there are 5 schools. They are Shree Nawadurga Madhyamik Viddyalaya in ward # 1, Laxmi Primary School in ward # 8, Shree Sarbajanik Rastriya Nimna Madhyamik Viddyalaya in ward # 4 and Shree Ramsita Uchcha Madhyamik Viddyalaya in ward # 5.

Populated places in Sunsari District


title: Franklin Pierce Cover House

text:
The Franklin Pierce Cover House is a historic house on North Carolina Route 1388 in the small town of Andrews, North Carolina.  The -story brick Queen Anne Victorian was built in 1900, and is a remnant of Andrews' industrial heritage.  The house was built by Franklin Pierce Cover, owner of a local tannery.  It exhibits the complex massing typical of Queen Anne houses, with multiple gables, projections, and a massive three-story octagonal tower.  Documentary photographs suggest the house once had a Queen Anne porch with brackets and an ornamental frieze, but this was replaced by a more Colonial Revival scheme with heavier Tuscan columns.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cherokee County, North Carolina

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Queen Anne architecture in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1900
Houses in Cherokee County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Cherokee County, North Carolina


title: Lake Malawi Museum

text:
Lake Malawi Museum is a museum on Lake Malawi in Malawi. Situated in the Old Gymkhana Club and organized by the Society of Malawi since 1971 (and likely not updated since then), the museum is located near the Queen Victoria memorial near the Bakili Muluzi Bridge in Mangochi town, Mangochi District, within the Southern Region of Malawi.

Gallery

References

External links
 Lake Malawi National Park Museum on Wikimapia

Museums with year of establishment missing
Museums in Malawi
Local museums
Buildings and structures in Southern Region, Malawi
Museum


title: The Theory of Everything (Life on Planet 9 album)

text:
The Theory of Everything is the second studio album by Life On Planet 9, the pseudonym used by American hard rock band Lo-Pro when releasing music of a more experimental sound. The first album under the moniker, Bittersweet, had been more of an outlet for Lo-Pro's acoustic songs that had taken on too many electronic rock elements to be billed an acoustic album. The Theory of Everything largely disavows the acoustic elements in favor of electronic elements coupled with melodic guitar-work. It was released on August 26, 2014.

Background
Lead singer Pete Murray and guitarist Neil Godfrey first began working with each other in the late 1990s for the nu metal band Ultraspank. After two albums, the band disbanded, though the two later started a new hard rock band in the early 2000s, called Lo-Pro.  The band released their major record label debut, Lo-Pro in 2003, and despite a top 20 mainstream rock single, "Sunday", the band was dropped from their label. After the split, Murray and Godfrey spent an extended five-year period of working on new material before releasing anything. The band found themselves with some material that was more centralized around acoustic guitar and electronic effects than Lo-Pro's hard rock sound. As such, the band decided to release the Lo-Pro acoustic/electronic sessions under a different moniker; the pseudonym Life On Planet 9. The band finally released their debut album, Bittersweet, in August 2011.

Writing and recording
Work on the album started in 2012, shortly after Bittersweet. Progress would be slow though, as Murray and Godfrey would concurrently be working on their 2013 Lo-Pro release, Disintegration Effect, and participating on the Battlefield of the Mind project, where they collaborated with members of Staind and Megadeth. Murray and Godfrey would refocus their efforts in mid-2013, with them stating that they were about 75% complete with the album as of August 2013, and done with all but one track by the end of the year. They spent the first half of the year tinkering with tracks and their mixes, with them wrapping up the final mixing process in June 2014.

Promotion and release
The band released an early version of "What Would You Say" in June 2012. In early August, the band released a teaser video that showed clips of the tracks "Everything" and "Rainy Days", with a full version of "Rainy Days" being streamed on August 15. The album was released on August 26, 2014.

Track listing

Personnel
Pete Murray - vocals, electronic programming
Neil Godfrey - guitars

References

External links

2014 albums
Lo-Pro albums


title: Grigori Mints

text:
Grigori Mints (June 7, 1939 – May 29, 2014) was a Russian philosopher and mathematician who worked in mathematical logic.
He was born in Leningrad, in the Soviet Union (now St. Petersburg, Russia), and received his Ph.D. in 1965 from the Leningrad State University under Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shanin with a thesis entitled "On Predicate and Operator Variants for Building Theories of Constructive Mathematics". In 1990 he received his D.Sc. from Leningrad State University with a thesis entitled "Proof Transformations and Synthesis of Programs". He was a Stanford University professor. Since 1991, Grigori "Grisha" Mints was a professor of philosophy and, by courtesy, of mathematics and of computer science at Stanford University. Before joining Stanford, Mints held research positions at the Steklov Mathematical Institute, Leningrad University, and the Estonian Academy of Sciences.

Considered one of the most distinguished logicians in the world, Mints was passionate about the applications of logic to philosophy. His expertise was in proof theory – the analysis of the structure of mathematical reasoning. Mints was elected to the Estonian Academy of Sciences in 2008 and to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010.

Mints was a very active member of the steering committee of the WoLLIC series of workshops on logic and language, after having been a member of the community in several capacities such as invited speaker, PC member, PC chair, Organising Committee chair, guest editor of proceedings and special issue, and steering committee member.

Selected publications
Mints, G. (2013) Epsilon substitution for first- and second-order predicate logic. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 164(6): 733-739.
Mints, G., Olkhovikov, G.V., Urquhart, A. (2013) Failure of interpolation in constant domain intuitionistic logic. "J. Symb. Log." 78(3): 937-950.
Mints, G. (2013) ADC Method of Proof Search for Intuitionistic Propositional Natural    Deduction. To appear in a "Festsschrift for A. Avron".
Mints, G. (2012) Effective Cut-elimination for a Fragment of Modal mu-calculus. "Studia Logica" 100(1-2): 279-287.
Mints, G. (2010) Cut-free formulations for a quantified logic of here and there. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 162(3): 237-242.
Mints, G. (2008) Cut elimination for a simple formulation of epsilon calculus. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 152(1-3): 148-160.
Mints, G. (2006) Notes on constructive negation. in R. Kahle and P. Schroeder-Heister (eds.), "Proof-Theoretic Semantics", special issue of "Synthese", 2006, 148, issue 3, pp. 701–717.
Mints, G. (2006) Cut Elimination for a Simple Formulation of PAepsilon. "Electr. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci." 143: 159-169.
Mints, G. (2006) S4 is Topologically Complete for (0, 1): a Short Proof. "Logic Journal of the IGPL" 14(1): 63-71.
Mints, G. (2006) Cut Elimination for S4C: A Case Study. "Studia Logica" 82(1): 121-132.
Mints, G. & Zhang, T. (2005) Propositional logic of continuous transformations in Cantor space. "Arch. Math. Log." 44(6): 783-799.
Kremer, Ph. & Mints, G. (2005) Dynamic topological logic. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 131(1-3): 133-158.
Mints, G. & Zhang, T. (2005) A proof of topological completeness for S4 in (0, 1). "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 133(1-3): 231-245.
Tatsuta, M. & Mints, G. (2005) A simple proof of second-order strong normalization with permutative conversions. "Ann. Pure Appl. Logic" 136(1-2): 134-155
Mints, G. & Muskens, R. (eds.) (2003) "Games, Logic, and Constructive Sets". Published by Center for the Study of Language and Information - Lecture Notes (Book 161), 2003.
Mints, G. (2001) "A Short Introduction to Intuitionistic Logic" (University Series in Mathematics). Published by Kluwer Academic Publisher, 2001.
Mints, G. (1992) "A Short Introduction to Modal Logic". Published by Center for the Study of Language and Information - Lecture Notes (Book 30), 1992.
 Selected Papers in Proof Theory (North-Holland), August 1992, , Studies in Proof Theory series)
Mints, G. & Martin-Löf, P. (eds.) (1990) "COLOG-88: International Conference on Computer Logic", Tallinn, USSR, December 12–16, 1988, Proceedings - Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 417), 1990.

References

External links
 Grigori Mints official website at Stanford University
  Tributes to Grigori Mints

1939 births
2014 deaths
21st-century Russian mathematicians
Russian logicians
Russian philosophers
Mathematical logicians
Historians of mathematics
Stanford University Department of Philosophy faculty
Philosophers of mathematics


title: Reformation Europe, 1517–1559

text:
Reformation Europe, 1517–1559 is a 1963 book written by Geoffrey Elton.

Content
The book is an analysis of the religious, economic, cultural and political history of Europe during the period of the Reformation. He examines the history of the period through the interrelationships between different forces in Europe at the time, such as the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, the Papacy, reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, Martin Bucer and Zwingli, and explores the resultant Counter-Reformation and the beginnings of European colonisation of other parts of the world such as South America. Its central focus is upon the conflict between Luther and Charles V.

According to one scholar, the book was written in a way which helped Reformation studies to emerge from a partisan situation where Protestant history was largely written by Protestants and Catholic history written by Catholics, in this sense representing the 'secularisation' of the period's historical interpretation. Elton also wrote from a particular intellectual framework of his own, however, being antithetical towards radical movements such as the Anabaptists in a way that drew some criticism at the time of publication.

Much of the work is largely narrative and chronological in tone and structure, though there are important points of interpretation: one key conclusion that Elton comes to, for example, is a repudiation of the Weberian thesis of a link between the Protestant revolution and a nascent 'spirit of capitalism' associated with a rising middle-class. Elton asserts that there is not ample factual evidence to support such a framework and concludes that it is sad that so many historians have devoted their time and energy to what he perceives of as an illusory belief.

Chapters
 1. Luther
 The Attack on Rome
 The State of Germany
 2. Charles V
 3. Years of Triumph
 The Progress of Lutheranism
 Zwingli
 The Wars of Charles V
 4. The Radicals
 5. Outside Germany
 The South
 The West
 The North
 The East
 6. The Formation of Parties
 The Emergence of Protestantism
 The Search for a Solution
 7. The Revival of Rome
 Catholic Reform
 Counter-Reformation
 The Jesuits & the New Papacy
 8. Calvin
 The Meaning of Calvinism
 The Reformation in Geneva
 The Spread of Calvinism
 9. War & Peace
 The Triumph of Charles V
 The Defeat of Charles V
 The End of an Age
 10. The Age
 The Religious Revolution
 Art, Literature & Learning
 The Nation State
 Society
 The Expansion of Europe

References

1963 non-fiction books
History books about the 16th century
Harper & Row books


title: 41st Infantry Regiment (Greece)

text:
The 41st Infantry Regiment () is a historic unit of the Hellenic Army. Today its name and tradition are borne by the military command of Samothrace island in the northern Aegean Sea, as the 41st Infantry Regiment "Saranta Ekklisies" Tactical Command (Τακτική Διοίκηση 41 Συντάγματος Πεζικού "ΣΑΡΑΝΤΑ ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΕΣ", ΤΔ/41 ΣΠ).

History
The 41st Infantry Regiment was formed in September 1920 in Saranta Ekklisies in Eastern Thrace (Kirk-Kilise, now Kirklareli in Turkey), at the time under Greek control, as part of the Xanthi Division, soon to be renamed into the 12th Infantry Division.  On 1 June 1921, the regiment landed at Smyrna and took part in the Greek offensive in July–September, which culminated in the Battle of Sakarya. After the Greek withdrawal, the regiment, along with the rest of the 12th Division, was placed on the heights northeast of Afyon Karahisar. Following the Turkish breakthrough in the Battle of Dumlupinar, the regiment retreated westwards to the Aegean coast and embarked at Çeşme on 31 August for Chios.

As part of the Army of the Evros, the regiment was then successively moved to Alexandroupoli, Didymoteicho and Ferres in late 1922/early 1923, before being moved to its peacetime quarters in Xanthi after the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne in July 1923. The regiment was re-formed anew with the general mobilization after the Italian invasion of Greece on 28 October 1940, and undertook garrison duties in the Metaxas Line, in the area of Achladochori. After the German invasion of Greece and the capitulation of the Greek Army, the regiment was disbanded.

On 20 February 2004, the title of the 41st Infantry Regiment, as well as the honorific name "Saranta Ekklisies", were given to the 289th Infantry Battalion Tactical Command (Τ∆/289 ΤΠ) which formed the garrison of the island of Samothrace. The island had been devoid of military presence until the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. After that it was successively defended by a company from the 290th National Guard Battalion in nearby Lemnos, by the separate Samothrace Command until 1982, and by the 289th National Guard Battalion, reduced in 1995 to a Tactical Command level.

Insignia
The Tactical Command's emblem is the statue of the Winged Victory of Samothrace, superimposed on an outline of the island and surrounded by a wreath, on a light blue background. The top bears the unit's motto ΚΛΕΟΣ ΑΦΘΙΤΟΝ ΕΣΤΑΙ ("glory is imperishable"), a quote by Achilles in Homer's Iliad (I.413). Below the statue is a scroll with the unit's honorific name. The unit flag consists of the whole emblem superimposed on three horizontal bands of black, red, and green, the distinctive colours of artillery, infantry and armour in the Hellenic Army, separated by thin gold stripes.

References

1920 establishments in Greece
Military units and formations established in 1920
Infantry regiments of Greece
Commander's Crosses of the Cross of Valour (Greece)
Military units and formations of Greece in World War II
Samothrace
Military units and formations of Greece in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)


title: Caroline Boudreaux

text:
Caroline Boudreaux is an American businesswoman and social entrepreneur. In 2000, she left her career in TV advertising to found Texas-based international nonprofit Miracle Foundation.

In 2009, she was recognized as one of 200 Young Global Leaders at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. She was named a global visionary by UBS in February 2017.

References

Living people
American women in business
1969 births
21st-century American women


title: Joel Valencia

text:
César Joel Valencia Castillo (born 16 November 1994) is an Ecuadorian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Polish club Zagłębie Sosnowiec.

Valencia is a product of the Real Zaragoza academy and later played in Slovenia and Poland, rising to prominence in the latter country with Piast Gliwice. Following four years in England with Brentford, during which he predominantly played away on loan, he returned to Poland to join Zagłębie Sosnowiec in 2023. Valencia was capped by Spain and Ecuador at U17 level.

Club career

Spain
A winger, Valencia joined the Real Zaragoza academy in 2005, at age 11. By 2011, he had progressed into the club's reserve team and was called into the first team squad on three occasions during the 2011–12 season. Valencia made his only senior appearance for the club as a substitute for Pablo Barrera late in a 6–0 La Liga defeat to Real Madrid on 28 August 2011. He spent much of the following three years in the reserve team and on loan at Málaga B, before departing La Romareda to join Segunda División B club Logroñés in August 2014. He remained with Logroñés until January 2016 and made 54 appearances for the club, scoring one goal.

Slovenia and Poland
On 29 January 2016, Valencia moved to Slovenia to join PrvaLiga club Koper. He made 28 appearances and scored two goals during 18 months at the Bonifika Stadium, before departing to join Polish Ekstraklasa club Piast Gliwice in August 2017, one a one-year contract, with a three-year option. Valencia was a part of the club's 2018–19 Ekstraklasa-winning team and his exploits were recognised with the Ekstraklasa and Polish Union of Footballers Player of the Year awards and a place in the Polish Union of Footballers Team of the Year. By the time of his departure in late July 2019, he had made 65 appearances and scored 9 goals for the club.

Brentford
On 31 July 2019, Valencia moved to England to join Championship club Brentford on a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee, reported to be £1.8 million. Despite making 23 appearances and scoring one goal, he struggled to adapt to the pace of English football during the 2019–20 season. Valencia's 24th and final Brentford appearance came as a late substitute in the opening match of the 2020–21 season.

Valencia played much of the remaining three years of his contract away on loan and Brentford's promotion to the Premier League at the end of the 2020–21 season pushed him further down the pecking order. He played in Poland, Spain and the Netherlands for Ekstraklasa club Legia Warsaw, Segunda División club AD Alcorcón and Eerste Divisie club De Graafschap respectively. He suffered a plethora of injury problems and made a combined 51 appearances for the three clubs.

Return to Poland
On 14 July 2023, Valencia returned to Poland to sign a two-year contract with I liga club Zagłębie Sosnowiec on a free transfer.

International career
Valencia was capped by Spain and Ecuador at U17 level. He was a part of Ecuador's 2011 FIFA U17 World Cup squad and made three appearances at the tournament.

Personal life
Valencia was born in Quinindé, Esmeraldas, Ecuador and moved to Spain in 2002, at age 8. He has a Spanish passport. Valencia's partner, actress Paulina Chapko, gave birth to their child in July 2022.

Career statistics

Honours

Piast Gliwice
 Ekstraklasa: 2018–19

Individual
 Ekstraklasa Player of the Year: 2018–19
 Ekstraklasa Midfielder of the Year: 2018–19
 Polish Union of Footballers Player of the Year: 2018–19
 Polish Union of Footballers Team of the Year: 2018–19

References

External links

 Joel Valencia at lapreferente.com

 Joel Valancia at zaglebie.eu

1994 births
Living people
People from Quinindé Canton
Ecuadorian emigrants to Spain
Spanish people of Ecuadorian descent
Sportspeople of Ecuadorian descent
Spanish men's footballers
Spain men's youth international footballers
Ecuadorian men's footballers
Ecuador men's youth international footballers
Men's association football wingers
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Ekstraklasa players
English Football League players
Eerste Divisie players
Deportivo Aragón players
Real Zaragoza players
Atlético Malagueño players
UD Logroñés players
FC Koper players
Piast Gliwice players
Brentford F.C. players
Legia Warsaw players
AD Alcorcón footballers
De Graafschap players
Zagłębie Sosnowiec players
Ecuadorian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovenia
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Ecuadorian expatriate sportspeople in England
Ecuadorian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
I liga players


title: Aahung

text:
Aahung is a non-governmental organisation which aims to improve sexual and reproductive health. It is based in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It was established in 1994, and in 2013 was awarded the annual Human Rights Tulip prize by the Dutch government.

Aims
Aahung is a Karachi-based non-governmental organisation which aims to improve the sexual and reproductive health of men, women, and adolescents across Pakistan. On its website it states its role as “enhancing the scope and improving the quality of services that uphold sexual health and rights, while advocating for an enabling environment where every individual’s sexual health and rights are respected, protected, and fulfilled as an inalienable human right.”

History
Aahung was founded in 1994, bringing together two community-based projects, Karachi Reproductive Health Project (KRHP-1994) and AIDS Awareness Program (AAP-1997), which were aiming to improve the sexual health status of women and adolescents in four low-income urban communities.

The experience and research of project members pointed to a widespread lack of accurate knowledge and understanding about sexual health matters, not only among the general population but among providers of medical services as well. Aahung developed culturally appropriate techniques for providing information and empowering members of the public to make better sexual and reproductive health choices and practise safer behaviours. It improved the skills of medical practitioners in handling consultations about sexual health problems, and drew up more appropriate protocols for managing sexually transmitted disease.

Sheena Hadi, a graduate of Amherst College, Massachusetts, became director of Aahung in 2008.

Activities
The group's own summing up of its activities is: “Functioning in an environment devoid of expertise or resources, Aahung has been successful in developing culturally relevant strategies to respond to the sexual and reproductive health needs of the Pakistani population. Moreover, Aahung has had success in integrating quality sexual and reproductive health education in medical academic and educational institutions across Pakistan.”

Aahung adopts innovative strategies to promote public awareness on critical topics of reproductive health such as gender equality, violence, maternal health, and infection prevention, and to advance reproductive health and rights. It also develops long-term partnerships with organisations and institutions providing education and medical services.

Public awareness
In a country such as Pakistan, where religious and cultural norms may hinder communication on sexual and reproductive health issues, Aahung has developed culturally appropriate strategies to respond to the sexual health needs of the Pakistani population. It offers specialised training courses and develops information, education and communication materials in provincial languages that can be disseminated through clinics and community workers throughout Pakistan. It widens community outreach by working with the field staff of community-based organisations (CBOs) and building the capacity of these CBOs.

Children and young people
Aahung has begun to introduce sexual health education and services into schools, a provision that has otherwise been generally lacking in Pakistan. It has drawn up life skills-based education (LSBE) programmes incorporating sexual and reproductive health, and trained teachers to implement them at both primary and secondary levels. Topics covered include gender discrimination, HIV/AIDS, child marriage and protection from violence. In the process Aahung has worked with religious leaders and institutions. Aahung has succeeded in integrating the LSBE curriculum into public and private schools in Sindh province.

Medical education
Aahung has integrated sexual health education and services into a range of reproductive health organisations, medical universities and nursing colleges. For example, Aahung has collaborated with Dow University of Karachi on developing a medical education curriculum for trainee medical doctors, incorporating reproductive health education, and inculcating clinical skills in dealing with patients' sexual and reproductive issues in a sensitive and non-judgemental way.

Advocacy
Aahung has adopted a rights-based approach to address the sexual and reproductive health needs of the people of Pakistan, advocating for increased access to quality sexual and reproductive health information and services. It advocates for improving laws and policies and holding the government accountable to national and international commitments in this arena.

Publications
Publications of Aahung include: “Preventing Child Sexual Abuse”, “Aware for Life - Facilitator Guide”, “A Care givers' Guide: 'How to Talk to Children and Young People'”, and “Teaching Puberty and Responsible Behaviour”.

Human Rights Tulip, 2013

In December 2013, Aahung, in the person of its director Sheena Hadi, was presented with the Human Rights Tulip Award by the Netherlands Minister of Foreign Affairs, Frans Timmermans. The Tulip award is presented each year to a global human rights defender or organisation for the promotion and protection of human rights through the use of innovation. In selecting the 2013 winner, special attention was given to human rights defenders working in innovative ways.

Presenting the award on 11 December 2013, Mr Timmermans said: “Aahung owes its success to the ability to give human rights a human face … Its efforts to promote human rights are not abstract. They involve the people we share our daily lives with and who are part of the local community. They teach men and women of all ages life skills to help them deal with issues like puberty, gender discrimination, HIV/AIDS, peer pressure and family planning. The Aahung method is to engage a wide range of stakeholders, like school teachers, medical staff, religious scholars and parents, to talk about difficult subjects”.

Timmermans added that the award of the Human Rights Tulip to Aahung was more than simply the end of a selection process: it was the start of a long relationship between Aahung and the Netherlands. Aahung would be able to use the €100,000 prize to further develop, innovate and scale up its human rights work, so that more people in as many places as possible would be able to benefit. The Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law (HiiL) would work with Aahung to extend the reach of the latter’s successful approach.

References

External links
 Aahung website
 Qayaas – Aahung Theme Song (Listen/Download Mp3) , Pakium (Pakistan Ultimate Media)

Human rights organisations based in Pakistan
Medical and health organisations based in Pakistan
Organisations based in Karachi