title: Dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner

text:
The dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner, colloquially known as El Stronismo or El Stronato, was the period of almost 35 years in the history of Paraguay in which army general Alfredo Stroessner ruled the country as a de facto one-party state under an authoritarian military dictatorship, from 15 August 1954 to 3 February 1989.

Historical context
After the Paraguayan Civil war and overthrow of the Higinio Moríñigo regime, Juan Natalicio González assumed the Presidency, but he was soon overthrown and followed by Presidents who held power for only a few months each. Some stability was achieved after Federico Chávez was elected on 10 September 1949. Three weeks after taking office, Chávez imposed a state of siege, using his executive emergency powers under the Constitution of 1940 to attack the supporters of González and of ex-President Felipe Molas López.

The growing economic problems after two decades of extreme political and social unrest had undermined and shattered Paraguay's economy. The national and per capita income had fallen sharply. The Central Bank's practice of granting soft loans to the regime's cronies was spurring a rise in inflation and a growing black market. Finally, Argentina's economic problems were also negatively influencing Paraguay. By 1953 political and military support for the 73-year-old Chávez had eroded.

1954 military coup

Chavez's decision to run for re-election disappointed younger politicians, who wanted power and military officers who did not approve reduction of military's budget in favor of National police. In early 1954 the recently fired Director of Central Bank Epifanio Méndez Fleitas joined forces with General Alfredo Stroessner, who was the Commander-in-chief of the armed forces, in a plot to oust Chaves. Méndez Fleitas was unpopular with Colorado Party stalwarts and the army, who feared that he was trying to create a dictatorship like his hero, President of Argentina Juan Domingo Perón (1946-1955). On 4 May 1954 Stroessner ordered his troops into the streets and staged a coup. Fierce resistance by police left almost fifty dead.

As the military strongman behind the coup, Stroessner was able to place his supporters in positions of power in the provisional government. He then quickly made moves to secure power for himself. About two months later, a divided Colorado Party nominated Stroessner as their presidential candidate for Presidential elections. For many party members he was a temporary choice, as Morínigo had been for the Liberals in 1940. When Stroessner took office on 15 August 1954, few imagined that this circumspect, unassuming forty-one-year-old would be a master politician capable of outmaneuvering and outlasting them all— or that they were witnessing the start of the fifth and longest of Paraguay's extended dictatorships.

Early rule
The use of political repression, threats and death squads was a key factor in Stroessner's longevity as dictator of Paraguay. He had virtually unlimited power by giving a free hand to the military and to Minister of Interior Edgar Ynsfrán, who began to harass, terrorize, and occasionally murder family members of the regime's opponents.

Stroessner's rule took a hard-line stance from the beginning. Soon after taking office, he declared a state of siege, which gave him the power to suspend constitutional freedoms. Under the state-of-siege provisions, the government was empowered to arrest and detain anyone indefinitely without trial, as well as forbid public meetings and demonstrations. It was renewed every 90 days until 1987, except for a brief period in 1959. Although it technically only applied to Asunción after 1970, the courts ruled that anyone charged with security offenses could be brought to the capital and charged under the state-of-siege provisions—even if the offense took place outside the capital. Thus, for all intents and purposes, Stroessner ruled under what amounted to martial law for nearly all of his tenure.

The retirement of González and the death of Molas López had removed two of his most formidable opponents and the September 1955 Argentine coup that deposed President Perón deprived Méndez Fleitas of his main potential source of support. Perón fled to Asunción and the new Argentine junta compelled Perón to depart Asunción for Panama in November. Méndez Fleitas prepared to stage a coup in late December. As a result, Stroessner purged the military of Méndez Fleitas' supporters and sent him into exile in 1956.

Stroessner was at the time barely in control of the Colorado Party, which was split in competing factions by rival politicians, while the army was also not a dependable supporter of his rule. The economy was in bad shape and deteriorating further, with inflation growing. His economic austerity measures proved unpopular with the nation's military officers, who had long grown used to getting soft loans from the Central Bank; with fiscally dodgy businessmen, who disliked the severe tightening of credit; and with increasingly poor workers, who organized 1958 Paraguayan general strike demanding increased pay. In addition, the new Argentine government, displeased with Stroessner's cordial relations with Perón, canceled a trade agreement with Paraguay.

Guerillas
1958 elections gave Stroessner the second Presidential term. The vote was fixed to favor the regime and opposition blossomed into a guerrilla insurgency soon afterwards. Sponsored by exiled Liberals and febreristas, small bands of armed men began to slip across the border from Argentina. Venezuela sent large amounts of aid to these groups starting in 1958. The following year, the new Cuban government under Fidel Castro also provided assistance to the United National Front.

The guerrillas received little support from Paraguay's conservative peasantry. The Colorado Party employed its own militias, the peasant py nandí irregulars ("barefoot ones" in Guaraní) had a well-deserved reputation for ferocity in combat, torture and executing their prisoners. Growing numbers of people were interned in jungle concentration camps. Army troops and police smashed striking labor unions by taking over their organizations and arresting their leaders.

Liberalization of 1959

Stroessner decided to accept the growing calls for reform from the army and the Colorado Party. In April 1959 the state of siege was lifted, opposition exiles allowed to return, press censorship ended, political prisoners freed, and a new Constitution promised to replace the authoritarian 1940 Constitution. After two months of this democratic "spring" the country was on the verge of chaos. In late May, nearly 100 people were injured when a student riot erupted in downtown Asunción over a local bus fare increase. The disturbance inspired the legislature to call for Ynsfrán's resignation. Stroessner responded swiftly by reimposing the state of siege and dissolving the legislature. The 1960 parliamentary elections were boycotted by all opposition parties.

Creating a multiparty dictatorship
An upsurge in guerrilla activity and anti-government violence followed, but Stroessner and his colleagues stood firm. Several factors strengthened Stroessner's hand. First, United States military aid was helping enhance the army's skills in counterinsurgency warfare. Second, the many purges of the Colorado Party had removed all opposition factions. In addition, the new economic policy had boosted exports and investment and reduced inflation, and the military coups in Brazil in 1964 and Argentina in 1966 also improved the regional political climate for nondemocratic rule in Paraguay.

Another major factor in Stroessner's favor was a change in attitude among his domestic opposition. Demoralized by years of fruitless struggle, psychological exhaustion and exile, the major opposition groups began to sue for peace. A Liberal Party faction, the Renovation Movement, returned to Paraguay to become the "official" opposition as the Radical Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Radical - PLR).

In the elections of 1963, Stroessner allotted the new party twenty of Congress's sixty seats. Four years later, PLR members also returned to Paraguay and began participating in the electoral process. By this time, the Febreristas, a sad remnant of the once powerful, but never coherent revolutionary coalition, posed no real threat to Stroessner and were legalised in 1964 as Revolutionary Febrerista Party. The new Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano - PDC) also renounced insurgency violence as a means of gaining power. This enabled Stroessner to crush the still aggressive Paraguayan Communist Party (Partido Communista Paraguayo - PCP) by mercilessly persecuting its members, families and their spouses and to isolate the exiled Colorado Epifanistas (followers of Epifanio Méndez Fleitas) and Democráticos, who had reorganized themselves as the Popular Colorado Movement (Movimiento Popular Colorado - Mopoco). The American government helped Paraguay fight the communists as part of the Cold War.

Under "liberalization", Ynsfrán, the master of the machinery of terror, began to outlive his usefulness to Stroessner. Ynsfrán opposed political liberalization and was unhappy with Stroessner's increasingly clear intention to stay as President for life. A May 1966 police corruption scandal gave Stroessner a convenient way to dismiss Ynsfrán in November. His replacement, Sabino Augusto Montanaro (a member of the "Cuatrinomio de Oro", a group of politicians intimately connected to Stroessner) continued the same violent policies. In August 1967, after the Constitutional Assembly elections a new Constitution created the two-house Paraguayan legislature and formally allowed Stroessner to serve for two more five-year presidential terms. In 1968 elections and 1973 elections opposition parties were allowed to win seats. In 1977 new Constitution Assembly elections were held and Constitution was amended removing all Presidential term limits allowing Stroessner to win 1978 elections.

Growing opposition
By skillfully balancing the military and the Colorado Party, Stroessner remained very much in control. He was increasingly being challenged in ways that showed that his control was not complete. For example, in November 1974, police units captured seven guerrillas in a farmhouse outside of Asunción. When the prisoners were interrogated, it was found they were planning to assassinate Stroessner and had information that could have come only from a high Colorado official. With the party hierarchy suddenly under suspicion, Stroessner ordered the arrest and interrogation of over 1,000 senior officials and party members. He also dispatched agents to Argentina and Brazil to kidnap suspects among the exiled Colorados. A massive purge of the party followed. Although the system survived, it was shaken. More mass arrests followed during the Painful Easter of 1976.

Beginning in the late 1960s, leaders in the Roman Catholic Church persistently criticized Stroessner's successive extensions of his stay in office and his treatment of political prisoners. The regime responded by closing Roman Catholic publications and newspapers, expelling non-Paraguayan priests, and harassing the church's attempts to organize the rural poor. Despite all this, the Church still managed to print the newspaper Sendero.

The regime also increasingly came under international fire in the 1970s for human rights abuses, including allegations of torture and murder. In 1978 the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights convinced an annual meeting of foreign ministers at the OAS to pass a resolution calling on Paraguay to improve its human rights situation. In 1980 the Ninth Organization of American States General Assembly, meeting in La Paz, Bolivia, condemned human rights violations in Paraguay, describing torture and disappearances as "an affront to the hemisphere's conscience". International groups also charged that the military had killed 30 peasants and arrested 300 others after the peasants had protested against encroachments on their land by government officials. (See Genocide of indigenous peoples in Paraguay.)

In 1977, Domingo Laíno, a PLR congressman during the previous ten years, broke away to form the Authentic Radical Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Radical Auténtico - PLRA) in a late 1970s rise in political activity. Laíno's charges of government corruption, involvement in narcotics trafficking, human rights violations, and inadequate financial compensation from Brazil under the terms of the Treaty of Itaipú earned him Stroessner's wrath. In 1979 Laíno helped lead the PLRA, the PDC, Mopoco, and the legally recognized Febreristas, the latter angered by the constitutional amendment allowing Stroessner to seek yet another presidential term in 1978, into the National Accord (Acuerdo Nacional). The National Accord served to coordinate the opposition's political strategy. The victim of countless detentions, torture, and persecution, Laíno was forced into exile in 1982 following the publication of a critical book about ex-Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Somoza had found a refuge in Paraguay, even publishing a book, Nicaragua Betrayed, before being assassinated in Asunción in 1980. The assassination of Somoza also showed growing weaknesses. From Stroessner's standpoint, there were ominous similarities between Somoza and himself. Like Stroessner, Somoza had run a regime based on the military and a political party that had been noted for its stability and its apparent ability to resist change. Somoza had brought economic progress to the country and had skillfully kept his internal opposition divided for years. Ultimately, however, the carefully controlled changes he had introduced began subtly to undermine the traditional, authoritarian order. As traditional society broke down in Paraguay, observers saw increasing challenges ahead for the Stroessner regime.

International relations and the economy

During the 1960s and 1970s, the main foreign influences on Paraguay were Brazil and the United States. Both countries aided Paraguay's economic development in ways that enhanced its political stability. A 1956 agreement with Brazil to improve the transport link between the two countries by building roads and a bridge over the Paraná River broke Paraguay's traditional dependence on Argentine goodwill for the smooth flow of Paraguayan international trade. Brazil's grant of duty-free port facilities on the Atlantic Coast was particularly valuable to Paraguay.

Brazil's financing of the US$19 billion Itaipú Dam on the Paraná River between Paraguay and Brazil had far-reaching consequences for Paraguay; it had no means of contributing financially to the construction, but its cooperation, including controversial concessions regarding ownership of the construction site and the rates for which Paraguay agreed to sell its share of the electricity, was essential. Itaipú gave Paraguay's economy a new source of wealth. The construction produced a tremendous economic boom, as thousands of Paraguayans who had never before held a regular job went to work on the enormous dam. From 1973 (when construction began) until 1982 (when it ended), gross domestic product grew more than 8 percent annually, double the rate for the previous decade and higher than growth rates in most other Latin American countries. Foreign exchange earnings from electricity sales to Brazil soared, and the newly employed Paraguayan workforce stimulated domestic demand, bringing about a rapid expansion in the agricultural sector.

There were, however, several drawbacks to the construction at Itaipú. The prosperity associated with the major boom raised expectations for long-term growth. An economic downturn in the early 1980s caused discontent, which in turn led to demands for reform. Many Paraguayans, no longer content to eke out a living on a few hectares, had to leave the country to look for work. In the early 1980s, some observers estimated that up to 60 percent of Paraguayans were living outside the country. Even those people who were willing to farm a small patch of ground faced a new threat. Itaipú had prompted a tidal wave of Brazilian migration in the eastern border region of Paraguay. By the mid-1980s, observers estimated there were between 300,000 and 350,000 Brazilians in the eastern border region. With Portuguese the dominant language in the areas of heavy Brazilian migration and Brazilian currency circulating as legal tender, the area became closely integrated with Brazil. Further, most of Paraguay's increased wealth wound up in the hands of wealthy supporters of the regime. Landowners faced no meaningful land reform, the regime's control of labor organizers aided businessmen, foreign investors benefited from tax exemptions, and foreign creditors experienced a bonanza from heavy Paraguayan borrowing. Although the poorest Paraguayans were somewhat better off in 1982 than they were in the 1960s, they were worse off relative to other sectors of the population. Agricultural policy for much of the regime was headed by Juan Manuel Frutos Fleitas, who oversaw the creation of the Rural Welfare Institute (Instituto de Bienestar Rural—IBR). From 1963 to the late 1980s, the IBR titled millions of hectares of land and created hundreds of colonies, directly affecting the circumstances of roughly one-quarter of the population. The IBR, however, was criticized for having a pronounced political bias, with land being primarily allocated to supporters of Stroessner and his regime.

Closer relations with Brazil paralleled a decline in relations with Argentina. After Perón's expulsion, Paraguay slipped from the orbit of Buenos Aires as Argentina declined politically and economically. Argentina, alarmed by Itaipú and close cooperation between Brazil and Paraguay, pressed Stroessner to agree to participate in hydroelectric projects at Yacyretá and Corpus. By pitting Argentina against Brazil, Stroessner improved Paraguay's diplomatic and economic autonomy and its economic prospects.

Stroessner also benefited from the 1950s and 1960s Cold War ideology in the United States, which favored anti-communist governments. In 1957 Paraguay established diplomatic relations with Taiwan. Upon reaching Asunción during his 1958 tour of Latin America, Vice President Richard Nixon praised Stroessner's Paraguay for opposing communism more strongly than any other nation in the world. The main strategic concern of the United States at that time was to avoid the emergence a left-wing regime in Paraguay, which would be ideally situated at the heart of the South American continent to provide a haven for radicals and a base for revolutionary activities around the hemisphere. From 1947 until 1977, the United States supplied about US$750,000 worth of military hardware each year and trained more than 2,000 Paraguayan military officers in counter-intelligence and counterinsurgency. In 1977 the United States Congress sharply cut military assistance to Paraguay.

Paraguay regularly voted in favor of United States policies in the United Nations and the Organization of American States. Stroessner, probably the United States' most dependable ally in Latin America, once remarked that the United States ambassador was like an extra member of his cabinet. Relations faltered somewhat during the administration of President John F. Kennedy, as United States officials began calling for democratic rule and land reform and threatened to withhold Alliance for Progress funds (an amount equal to about 40 percent of Paraguay's budget) unless Paraguay made progress. Although pressure of this sort no doubt encouraged Stroessner to legalize some internal opposition parties, it failed to make the Paraguayan ruler become any less a personalist dictator. Regime opponents who agreed to play Stroessner's electoral charade received rewards of privileges and official recognition. Other opponents, however, faced detention and exile. Influenced by Paraguay's support for the United States intervention in the Dominican Republic in 1965, the United States became friendlier to Stroessner in the mid-1960s under President Lyndon B. Johnson. New United States supported military governments in Brazil and Argentina also improved United States-Paraguay ties.

Relations between Paraguay and the United States changed substantially after the election of President Jimmy Carter in 1976. The appointment of Robert White as United States ambassador in 1977 and the congressional cut-off of military hardware deliveries in the same year reflected increasing concern about the absence of democratic rule and the presence of human rights violations in Paraguay. Paraguay also lost the Filártiga v. Peña-Irala torture case.

Beyond the financial support he received from the United States, which supported his anti-communist struggle, his regime was characterized by corruption and the distribution of favors among what was known as "the trilogy": the government, the Colorado Party and the armed forces. Smuggling—geographically favoured by Paraguay's location between Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia—became one of the main sources of income, ranging from alcohol and drugs to cars and exotic animals. Some estimate that the volume of smuggling was three times the official export figure. Stroessner used some of that money, as well as slices of major infrastructure works and the delivery of land, to buy the loyalty of his officers, many of whom amassed huge fortunes and large estates.

The concentration of wealth and land in the hands of a few made Paraguay the most unequal country on the planet. Humanitarian organizations such as Oxfam and Amnesty International have denounced that it continues to have one of the highest rates of land concentration in Latin America. According to Oxfam, 1.6% of the population owns 80% of the land as a direct consequence of the Stroessner regime: between 1954 and 1989 some 8 million hectares were distributed irregularly among friends of power, he says. That's a third of arable land.

Torture and murder
Most  Latin American  dictatorships have regularly instituted extrajudicial killings of their enemies; for one of the better-known examples, see Operation Condor, which Paraguay participated in.
 Records about its victims, the so-called Archives of Terror were discovered in 1992.

The United States helped General Stroessner in many ways. It sent U.S. Army officer, Lieutenant Colonel Robert Thierry to help the local workmen to build a detention and interrogation center named La Technica as part of Operation Condor. La Technica then became a well known torture center. Among the most feared torturers were Pastor Coronel, Antonio Campos Alum and Ramón Aquino.

Overthrow

Paraguay had entered the 1980s less isolated and rural than it had traditionally been, but more than half of the population was still rural. Political and social structures remained inflexible, but Paraguayans had changed their world views and their perceptions of themselves. 1983 elections and 1988 elections were manipulated to deliver nearly 90% of the votes for Stroessner, while maintaining the fiction of a multiparty system.

On 3 February 1989, Stroessner was overthrown in a military coup headed by General Andrés Rodríguez. He went into exile in Brazil, where he died in 2006. At the time of his death, Stroessner was the defendant in several human rights cases in Paraguay.

Rodríguez won the presidency in a multi-party election held in May 1989 to complete Stroessner's term, in which the Colorado Party also dominated the Congress. In the aftermath of the coup, one of the immediate results was that rural Paraguayans occupied unused lands "claimed by the state, the Stroessner family and its cronies, and foreign investors." They set up huts and cleared land to grow staples of manioc and corn. "They were soon followed by thousands more. By mid-1990, observers and representatives of the occupants estimated that roughly 19,000 families had claimed lands totaling over 360,000 hectares." This happened mostly in the eastern and northern border departments, a frontier zone, but it occurred in other rural areas as well. At the time, 2.06 million people of the 4.1 million total population were still rural.

In the newly created municipal elections of 1991, opposition candidates won several major urban centers, including Asunción. As president, Rodríguez instituted political, legal, and economic reforms and initiated a rapprochement with the international community.

See also
Itaipu Dam
Politics of Paraguay

References

Works cited

History of Paraguay
El Stronato
Military dictatorships
States and territories established in 1954
States and territories disestablished in 1989


title: Yakutsk (disambiguation)

text:
Yakutsk is the capital of the Sakha Republic, Russia.

Yakutsk may also refer to:
Yakutsk Urban Okrug, a municipal formation in the Sakha Republic, Russia, which the city of Yakutsk and eleven rural localities in its jurisdiction are incorporated as
Yakutsk Airport, an airport in the Sakha Republic, Russia
Yakutsk Time, a time zone in Russia, ten hours ahead of UTC
Asia/Yakutsk, a time zone identifier in the Tz database
 Yakutsk TV Tower, Steel lattice television tower in Sakha Republic, Russia
 Yakutsk constituency, Russian legislative constituency
 Yakutsk electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917)

See also
 Yakut (disambiguation)


title: Safe Carry Protection Act

text:
The Safe Carry Protection Act (House Bill 60, also known as the Guns Everywhere Bill) is a law in the state of Georgia that dictates where firearms may be carried by residents of the state.  It also allows residents with a permit to carry a concealed weapon to bring firearms into "bars, churches, school zones, government buildings and certain parts of airports." The bill passed the Georgia General Assembly, passing the House of Representatives by a vote of 112-58 and the Senate by 37-18.  The bill received support from the Republican and Democratic candidates in the 2014 gubernatorial election: incumbent Nathan Deal and State Senator Jason Carter.

Specifics
The law permits churches to disallow firearms. Persons found in possession are subject to a $100 fine. Government buildings without security (libraries for example) by default allow guns, while firearms may be carried into a bar by a licensed gun owner unless it is prohibited by the bar owner. People found carrying a gun into a bar where the owner prohibits them may be charged with trespassing. There was no change to the prohibition of carrying a gun on a college campus, however the fine for being in possession was reduced to $100. While permitted within airports and the Transportation Security Administration checkpoint lines, firearms are still not permitted within the secure area.  The law also reduces the age required to carry a firearm from 21 to 18 for serving or honorably-discharged members of the armed forces who have completed basic training. School staff are permitted to carry firearms at elementary and high schools at the discretion of the school district. Databases listing residents with a concealed carry permit will not be maintained, and police cannot stop people to verify if they have a permit. According to its critics, the law also allows anyone, even those who cannot legally possess a gun (such as convicted felons), to claim a defense under the state's stand-your-ground law.

Disallowments
Retailer Target has announced that their stores will not allow customers carrying guns, as it is at "odds with the family-friendly shopping and work experience we strive to create". Mayor of Atlanta Kasim Reed mandated that all public city buildings would not permit firearms, "with the exception of certain public safety officials and employees". Despite the law, Atlanta city employees will not be permitted to carry firearms while at work, or store firearms in their vehicles in secured city parking facilities.

See also
Gun laws in Georgia

References

Further reading

2014 in Georgia (U.S. state)
United States firearms law
Georgia (U.S. state) statutes
2014 in American law


title: Maiwa, Indonesia

text:
Maiwa is district of Enrekang Regency in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is divided into ten villages: Patondon Salu (population 2,017), Salo Dua (970), Boiya (882), Tuncung (1,266), Bangkala (3,902), Mangkawani (1,069), Botto Mallangga (2,127), Batu Mila (also known as Malino; population 1,426), Puncak Harapan (798), Tapong (833), Palakka (601), Pasang (809), Baringin (886), Lebani (836), Matajang (1,001), Limbuang (272), Ongko (733), Pariwang (460), Kaluppang (689), Paladang (884), Labuku (616) and Tanete (523).

References

Districts of South Sulawesi


title: The Weather in the Streets

text:
The Weather in the Streets is a novel by Rosamond Lehmann which was first published in 1936. When it was published it was an instant best-seller, selling particularly well in France.

Content
The story involves the description of Olivia Curtis, a young woman, and her affair with a married man, Rollo Spencer, whom she knows through his sister Marigold and whom she meets again on a railway journey (after having met him, initially, years before at a ball). Eventually Rollo Spencer's wife, Nicola, becomes pregnant which leads to the termination of the affair with Olivia.

The heroine of the novel, Olivia, is an older version of the same character who is the central character in Lehmann's novel Invitation to the Waltz. In the earlier work she moves from childhood to young adulthood, while in The Weather in the Streets she is an adult who has been married at an earlier stage of her life and is now separated (in contrast to her sister Kate who is happily married). The novel was controversial in some ways, for example in its depiction of extramarital affairs on the one hand and of backstreet abortions on the other (at a time, prior to the Abortion Act 1967, when abortion was still illegal). Lehmann observed that the character Olivia was quite autobiographical (more so, for example, than Judith Earle in her debut novel, Dusty Answer).

Stylistically, the novel uses techniques and forms that were pioneered by modernist writers such as Virginia Woolf and James Joyce, with a fragmented narrative style building up a complex interiority that helps us to explore subjects that were relatively taboo during the 1930s such as female sexuality. Lehmann also employs the device of sharp shifts between first and third person narration which helps to manifest the complex emotional life experienced by Olivia and the way in which it interacts with the wider culture of the period.

Film adaptation

A British film of the same name was produced in 1983. It was directed by Don Homfray and Gavin Millar and starred Michael York, Lisa Eichhorn, and Joanna Lumley. It premiered at the London Film Festival in November 1983, before being broadcast on the BBC the following February.

In other media
Marilyn Monroe is reading the book in the "Marilyn Monroe and Billy Wilder" episode of the television show Urban Myths.

Diana Carey-Lewis is reading the novel in the 1936 chapter of the novel Coming Home, by Rosamunde Pilcher.

References

1936 British novels
British novels adapted into films
English novels
William Collins, Sons books


title: NewsWatcher

text:
NewsWatcher was a series of freeware and open source newsreader software for Apple Macintosh computer systems. Running on System software versions 7.0 until 10.5, the original NewsWatcher was written by Steve Falkenberg and John Norstad, and later forked by others into a number of versions such as MT-NewsWatcher (Multithreaded NewsWatcher), VA-NewsWatcher (Value Added NewsWatcher) and YA-NewsWatcher (Yet Another NewsWatcher).

Version 2.0b24 of the original NewsWatcher was evaluated for the Good Netkeeping Seal of Approval, but did not receive it, with the evaluator noting as its "fatal flaw" that the application allowed posting from invalid email addresses. John Norstad revised the application and it later received the award, earning seal #00002. These revisions were later picked up by derived versions, enabling them to also pass the evaluation.

Varieties of Newswatcher were included in popular internet starter kits of the early 1990s such as Adam Engst's Internet Starter Kit book/cd combo, which called NewsWatcher "fast, clean, and easy to use, which is the result of nice touches at every level".

The latest developed version was MT-NewsWatcher (MTNW), which was reviewed in 2002 by MacWorld, which noted its use "almost since the dawn of the Macintosh's use on the internet". MT-NewsWatcher was discontinued when the Open Transport software library it used became unsupported after Apple discontinued the Rosetta compatibility library.

See also
List of Usenet newsreaders
Comparison of Usenet newsreaders

References

External links
 MT-NewsWatcher page
 John Norstad page including history of NewsWatcher development

Usenet clients
Discontinued software


title: Salomón Cohen Levy

text:
Salomón Cohen Levy (28 May 1927 – 24 June 2018) was a Moroccan Jewish-Venezuelan civil engineer and real estate businessman. He was the founder and owner of the construction company Sambil.

Biography

Salomón Cohen was born in Jerusalem, then in the British Mandate of Palestine, into a Moroccan Jewish family which resided in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco. His family moved to Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, at the age of three, when his father Ezra Sión Cohen looking for a better future in the thriving Latin American country. He studied at the Liceo Andrés Bello.

In 1951, he obtained a degree in civil engineering at the Central University of Venezuela. He started his career as an engineer at the Ministry of Public Works and Housing during the mandate of President Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1953. He left his post at the ministry and was appointed as manager at Banco Obrero. Cohen was a member of the Israelite Association of Venezuela.

Business ventures and investments

In 1953 he founded Constructora Sambil, and became a real estate businessman. His first major project was the Lido shopping mall located in El Rosal, Caracas; with a mix of offices and hotel rooms, it gave birth to the Lidotel chain. In 1998 it expanded into a growing developing business, the building and administration of shopping malls, opening the Centro Sambil located in Chacao. Later on more Shopping malls openings followed in other cities in  Venezuela, Curaçao and the Dominican Republic.

In 2012, his company purchased the Spanish shopping mall Avenida M-40, which closed in 2010 due to the effects of the economic crisis of 2008. Sambil was renovating it and planned to re-open it as an outlet center in the summer of 2015. It will be renamed Sambil Outlet Madrid.

After his death on June 24, 2018, all Sambil shopping malls in the country closed their doors for three days as a sign of mourning.

See also
 Centro Sambil

References

External links
 Salomon Cohen Levy Resume

1927 births
2018 deaths
20th-century Sephardi Jews
20th-century Moroccan Jews
Immigrants to Venezuela
Mandatory Palestine emigrants
Venezuelan people of Moroccan-Jewish descent
Central University of Venezuela alumni
20th-century Venezuelan businesspeople
Venezuelan Jews
Businesspeople from Jerusalem
Venezuelan civil engineers
20th-century Venezuelan engineers
Deaths in Caracas
People of Palestinian-Jewish descent


title: Uusvada tsässon

text:
Uusvada tsässon is a small Seto chapel in Uusvada village, Setomaa Parish, Võru County, Estonia, dedicated to Saint Anastasia also known as Nahtsi tsässon. Nahtsipäev (Nahtsi Day) is on 11 November. Probable time of building is 1698.

General information
The building is not state-protected. It is in good condition. The last renovation was done with the funding from the state programme "Preservation and development of sanctuaries" in 2008–2009. This tsässon has been used to keep dead people in it.

Building data
Uusvada tsässon is a small one-storied unhewn pine cross-beam building, which has a square floor plan and a gable roof, the outer measurements are 308 x 409 cm; the building has one interior room (7.2 m2) and an external shelter (2.5 m2). The shelter has wane beam posts and a horizontal wide boarding fence. The main part of the building is covered by narrow horizontal boarding from the outside; from the inside the beams are uncovered. The beams are bound by axe-hewn corner tenon joints from the corners. The walls of the building stand on granite stones. The height of the building from the ground up to where the rafter and the wall unite is 188 cm and the height up to the ridge is 320 cm. There is a wooden decoration sawn round and tenoned vertically in the front end of the ridge raising-plate. There are no ceiling or floor beams.
The building has a floor made of half-beams axe-hewn on the top. They support on the slots in the front wall. The width of the beams is different, 10 cm on average. The floor of the entrance-room is original and consists of the same half-beams axe-hewn on top. The building has one round ridge raising-plate remaining and rafters with hewn sides and profiled ends. During 2009 renovation, the tsässon got a new shingle roof and a forged cross that was on the ridge during the 1980s.
The door of the building is probably original. The leaf of the door is made from four wide boards fixed on the crosspiece, sized 153 x 84 cm. The door opens on the inside and is fixed on the hewn supporting posts by forged hinges. The door is not painted. There is no handle on it, old forged staple and clamp have remained on the outside, but the building is not locked. A finely drawn orthodox cross on the outside of the door is especially noteworthy.
Looking at the earlier photos, it is possible to fixate the time of the different re-buildings of the tsässon: A photo from the beginning of the 20th century shows that the exterior walls are without planks, there is a shingle-roof and the entrance-room is exposed. The walls on the 1974 photo have narrow planks on them; part of the entrance-room fence is also replaced by planks. There is a shingle-roof and a different cross than before. From the photo dating back to the 1980s, it can be seen that the shingle-roof had eternit installed on top of it and there is no cross. At the end of the 1980s, a different cross had been placed on the roof.

Furnishing
There is a wooden icon table on the rear wall of the building. A candle table is attached to it, with holes drilled inside for the candles. A little higher is a shelf for one icon with embellished front edge. Three old icon frames are situated on the icon shelf and in the rear wall, with new printed icon pictures in them. According to 1974 descriptions (Kupp 1974) the icons were still there, but had decomposed. There are a few printed icons hung on the rear wall. A forged hook fixed on the ceiling for holding an oil lamp has also remained from earlier times. During 1974 expedition, a few interesting furnishings were discovered, described as follows: “A few ethnographic items may be of interest: 2 candle sticks. Both of them have been made of wood, first one is carved, the other one probably turned. The bases are round-shaped. A bench for the fresh-harvested crop. The bench is hewn from boards, it is rather old. The length of the bench is 1.09 m, width 0.41 m, height 0.72 m. It is of museal interest.” (Kupp 1974).

References

Chapels in Estonia
Setomaa Parish
Buildings and structures in Võru County
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1698
17th-century establishments in Estonia
1698 establishments in Sweden


title: KCWB (FM)

text:
KCWB (92.1 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic country music format. It is licensed to Byron, Wyoming. The station is currently owned by the Big Horn Radio Network, a division of Legend Communications of Wyoming, LLC.

All Big Horn Radio Network stations have their offices and studios located at 1949 Mountain View Drive in Cody. KCWB, KCGL and KTAG all share a transmitter site on Cedar Mountain off Highway 14, west of Cody.

The station signed on in June 2014.

References

External links

Classic country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2014
CWB
2014 establishments in Wyoming
Big Horn County, Wyoming


title: Birchwood Community High School

text:
Birchwood Community High School is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form with academy status, located in the Birchwood area of Warrington in the English county of Cheshire.

Previously a community school administered by Warrington Borough Council, Birchwood Community High School converted to academy status on 1 July 2013. However, the school continues to coordinate with Warrington Borough Council regarding its admissions.

Birchwood Community High School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils, while students in the sixth form (named Birchwood College) have the option to study from a range of A-levels and further BTECs.

The school has four houses: Fides, Libertas, Veneratio and Dedicatio – the Latin names of the school's values of belief, independence, respect and commitment.

History
Birchwood Community High School was opened in September 1985, by the first headteacher Sheila Yates. The aim back then was to be a focal point for the area of Birchwood. Birchwood has grown from 180 pupils and 14 staff in 1985 to 1016 pupils and over 200 staff in 2021.

Notable former pupils
 David Brooks, footballer
 Josh Brownhill, footballer
 James Chester, footballer
 Brianna Ghey, TikTok creator, killed February 2023
 Stephen Jordan, footballer
 George Sampson, actor and dancer
 Jordan Thorniley, footballer

References

External links
Birchwood Community High School official website

Secondary schools in Warrington
Academies in Warrington
Educational institutions established in 1985
1985 establishments in England


title: Resapuvanipalem

text:
Resupuvanipalem  is a neighborhood in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

About
Resupuvanipalem is one of the major commercial and residential suburbs in Visakhapatnam located to the west of Bay of Bengal. The Visakhapatnam BRTS Road connects Resupuvanipalem to Asilmetta and Dwaraka Nagar. Resupuvanipalem was an initially a small suburb between Asilmetta and Maddilapalem. One of the biggest indoor stadiums of Visakhapatnam  Swarna Bharathi Indoor Stadium is located here.

Commerce
The shopping area is good with corner grocery stores and others. Spencers market, reliance mart and many other shops are located here.

Institutes
 Dr.L.Bullayya College

Transport
The buses run by APSRTC connect Resupuvanipalem to all parts of the city.

References

Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam


title: Rambagh, Prayagraj

text:
Rambagh is a locality/township of Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Neighbourhoods in Prayagraj
Villages in Prayagraj district


title: Atyria lemonia

text:
Atyria lemonia is a species of moth of the family Geometridae first described by Herbert Druce in 1890. It is found in Ecuador.

References

Moths described in 1890
Cyllopodini
Moths of South America


title: Alexander Murray (1789–1845)

text:
Alexander Murray (1789 – 15 July 1845) of Broughton was a Scottish Liberal Party politician who sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1838 to 1845.

At the 1837 general election Murray unsuccessfully contested Wigtownshire, where was defeated by the Conservative Party candidate James Blair.
He was elected unopposed at a by-election in 1838 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kirkcudbright Stewartry, filling the vacancy caused the death of Robert Cutlar Fergusson.

Murray was re-elected in 1841
with more than twice the votes of his lone opponent, the Conservative W. Maxwell.

He held the seat until his death 4 years later, aged about 56.
He died in the south of Ireland on 15 July 1845, having been suddenly taken ill two days earlier.

References

External links

1789 births
1845 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
People from the Scottish Borders


title: Alexander Murray (died 1750)

text:
Alexander Murray ( – 1 May 1750) was a Scottish politician who sat in the British House of Commons from 1715 to 1727.

Early life and family

Murray was the second son of Richard Murray of Broughton (a member of the pre-Union Parliament of Scotland) and his wife Anna Lennox, the daughter of Alexander Lennox of Cally.  His brother John Murray  was also a member of Parliament of Scotland.

In 1726 he married Lady Euphemia Stewart, daughter of the 5th Earl of Galloway. They had one son, James
(1727–1799).

Murray inherited extensive estates in Kirkcudbright from his mother. In 1740 he bought Broughton House in High Street, Kirkcudbright as a town house.

Career
At the 1715 general election, Murray elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kirkcudbright Stewartry. He was re-elected unopposed in 1722, but was defeated at the 1727 election.

References

1680 births
1750 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies
British MPs 1715–1722
British MPs 1722–1727
People from the Scottish Borders


title: Küllätüvä tsässon

text:
Küllätüvä tsässon is a small Seto chapel in Estonia, dedicated  to Saint Anastasia also known as Nahtsi tsässon. Nahtsipäev is on 11 November. Tsässon was built during 1925–1928 on the place of an earlier, decayed tsässon.

General information
Tsässon is situated in  Küllätüvä village, Meremäe rural municipality in Võru County. It stands in the middle of the village and there is a spring with limestone curbs nearby. The building is not state-protected. It is in good condition. According to the 1974 data from the Dr. Fr. R. Kreutzwald Memorial Museum expedition (Kupp 1974), the tsässon was built by men from Lillepuu farm. The service was held on 11 November at 10 am. Usually, there were about a hundred people at Küllätüva Nahtsipäev, the villagers as well as people from further regions. In time, tsässon began to fall apart, but in the middle of the 1990s, the building was restored. Tsässon was re-opened on 18 August 1996. The instigator for the re-opening and renovation was Vassili Lillepuu, other men from the village (Mati Kõivik, Raivo Uiboleht, Mihkel Uiboleht, Nikolai Lillepuu, Voldemar Sillaots) helped.  In the course of the renovation, the building got a new roof construction and the gable end of the roof was replaced by pitched roof, the windows were replaced, the interior was refurbished and renewed.

Building data
At the moment, Küllätüvä tsässon is the largest of Setomaa stone tsässons that is situated on the territory of the Republic of Estonia. It is a square one-storied stone (lime and gravel blocks hollow from the inside) building with a gable roof. The stone blocks were moulded in Irboska and brought to the site by horses. Tsässon has one interior room, divided into two by a partition wall: An icon scarf room (35 m2) and an altar room (12 m2). Entry to the altar room is through iconostasis gates, characteristic to churches. During 1974 inventory taking, the building still had a shingle half-hipped roof that was in a very bad state at the time. Because of this, the iconostasis, icons, images and other furnishings were completely perished (Kupp 1974). The dimensions of the building from the outside are 947 (l) x 580 (w) cm, height from the ground up to the ridge is 590 cm and the height of the wall is 260 cm. The size of the altar room is 370 x 530 cm.

Furnishing
There are about ten icons, most of them covered by icon scarves (knitted and hand-painted). In addition, a few analois and flags used for decorative purposes as well as during processes led by cross are in the tsässon. A smallish oil lamp is hanging from the ceiling. In addition to ecclesiastic furnishings, there are tables and benches-chairs, used for village gatherings on Nahtsipäev as well as on other village holidays. Some medieval stone cross pieces from a village cemetery on Küllätüvä village lands have been brought into hiding inside tsässon. A small round metal stove lies in the north-west of the building that is wood-burning and has the chimney brought out through the wall.

References

Chapels in Estonia
Setomaa Parish
Buildings and structures in Võru County
Churches completed in 1928
1928 establishments in Estonia


title: Evariste Djimasdé

text:
Evariste Djimasdé is a former Chadian professional football player. He made four appearances for the Chad national football team.

See also
 List of Chad international footballers

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chadian men's footballers
Chad men's international footballers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football forwards


title: Barbara Conway (journalist)

text:
Barbara Anne Conway (30 January 1952 – 5 May 1991) was a British financial journalist, author and broadcaster.

Early career
Born in London, and educated at Henrietta Barnett School and (briefly) at Barnet College, Conway worked briefly for The Jerusalem Post but began her British journalistic career on the weekly financial magazine Investors Guardian. From 1973 to 1977 she wrote an investigative column under the name "Cheapside" for the Investors Chronicle; "dedicated to turning up the seamier side of public companies' affairs, [the column] was as popular with readers as it was unpopular with targets. An undeniable delight in seeing illdoers squirm was combined with an equally genuine belief in the rights of shareholders". She was the sister of music historian David Conway.

At The Daily Telegraph
In 1977 she joined  The Daily Telegraph where she created and wrote the column "Scrutineer", also concerned with financial skulduggery. Although she moved to the Daily Mail for a brief interval, she otherwise remained at the Telegraph until 1986. During this period she published her first two books, a guide to investor rights (illustrated by the cartoonist Peter Maddocks), and an exposé of maritime fraud, on which she became an expert when breaking the news of the complex "Salem affair" of 1979–80, in which Lloyd's of London received a fraudulent claim for over $56m., the largest claim of its type in Lloyds's history at the time. Her expertise on this subject was such that Lloyds later commissioned her to write a more detailed book on the topic.

During this period the financiers she critically investigated included Asil Nadir, Tiny Rowland, and Sir James Goldsmith, whom she so infuriated that he said he hoped she would "choke on her own vomit". Goldsmith complained to the City editor on the Telegraph that Conway was motivated by antisemitism; however, this criticism was misplaced as Conway herself was Jewish. Her professionalism was vindicated when in 1978 she gained the 'Young Financial Journalist Award' of the Wincott Foundation.

Later career
In 1986 Conway was recruited to be head of information at the newly created Securities and Investment Board. However, after a short while "her duties did not prove as fulfilling as journalistic investigation", and in 1988 she joined the newly formed business and economics unit of the BBC, in which capacity she gave numerous broadcasts. She also acted as a freelance journalist, and as an editor in the early pioneer information provider network Micronet 800.(see illustration, right).

Despite progressive illness from cancer, she continued to work up to her death; her final published article appeared a week after her death in the Financial Times, for which she wrote a series of articles on the computer industry. A colleague wrote of her "She was an example to all reporters, a pleasure to work with, but a robust opponent in any conflict."

Conway is buried at the Western Synagogue Cemetery, Cheshunt.

References
Notes

Sources
Books by Barbara Conway
 Conway, Barbara (1980), ill. Peter Maddocks. Investor Power: A Guide to Shareholder Rights. London: Flame Books. .
 Revised edition: Conway, Barbara (1988). How to Protect Your Investments: A Guide for Shareholders. Introduction by Lord Shawcross; ill. Peter Maddocks. London: Flame Books. .
 Conway, Barbara (1981). The Piracy Business. London: Hamlyn Paperbacks. .
 German Translation: Conway, Barbara, tr. Alfred P. Zeller (1981). "Seeraub heute: das Milliardengeschäft der moderne Piraten." Bremen: Stalling. .
 Conway, Barbara (1990). Maritime Fraud. London: Lloyd's of London Press. .

Others
 Anon a (1991). "Obituary: Barbara Conway", in The Daily Telegraph, 7 May 1991.
 Anon b (1991). "Obituary: Barbara Conway", in Investors Chronicle, 10 May 1991.
 Anon c (1991). "Obituary: Barbara Conway", in The Times, 21 May 1991.
 Anon d (1991). "Obituary: Barbara Conway", in Jewish Chronicle, 17 May 1991.
 Faith, Nicholas (1997). "Obituary, Sir James Goldsmith, in The Independent, 21 July 1997, accessed 30 April 2020.
 Moore, John (1991). "Barbara Conway" (obituary), in The Independent, 9 May 1991
 Morgan, Nick (1991). "A Seeker of Truth" in Money Week magazine, 22 May 1991.
 "Slícker" (1991). "Barbara Conway", in Slícker column, Private Eye, no. 768 (24 May 1991).
 Yemma, John (1987). "Britain offers lessons for US in protecting investors from abuse" in The Christian Science Monitor, 2 July 1987. Accessed 3 July 2014.

1952 births
Journalists from London
People educated at Henrietta Barnett School
British investigative journalists
English Jews
English women journalists
The Jerusalem Post people
The Daily Telegraph people
BBC people
Daily Mail journalists
Private Eye contributors
Financial Times people
Jewish non-fiction writers
Deaths from cancer in England
1991 deaths
20th-century British women writers
Pseudonymous women writers
20th-century English businesspeople
20th-century pseudonymous writers


title: Romana Film

text:
Romana Film was an Italian film production company. Founded in 1946 by the Sicilian Fortunato Misiano, the company was based in Rome. It made films in a variety of popular genres such as Swashbucklers, Peplum and Eurospy films, turning out roughly a hundred films before the company ceased production in the late 1960s.

Selected filmography
 Baron Carlo Mazza (1948)
 What Price Innocence? (1952)
 Heads or Tails (1969)

References

Italian film studios
Film production companies of Italy
Mass media companies established in 1946
Mass media in Rome
Italian companies established in 1946


title: How Ya Gonna Keep 'em Down on the Farm (After They've Seen Paree)?

text:
"How Ya Gonna Keep 'em Down on the Farm (After They've Seen Paree?)" is a World War I song that rose to popularity after the war had ended. The lyrics highlight concern that soldiers would not want to return to their family farms after experiencing the European city life and culture of Paris during World War I. The song features music by Walter Donaldson and words by Joe Young and Sam M. Lewis. It was published in 1919 by Waterson, Berlin & Snyder Co in New York.

The song was first introduced to vaudeville by Sophie Tucker. Eddie Cantor also added it to his stage set. An early jazz band, Jim Europe's 369th Infantry Band frequently performed it in 1919 after arriving back in New York.

Like many World War I songs, it was sung by soldiers in World War II.

References

External links
  Listen to an MP3 of the song and see the sheet music at the Illinois Digital Archive
 How 'ya gonna keep 'em down on the farm : (after they've seen Paree?) Sheet Music at the Library of Congress
 Discography of American Historical Recordings

1919 songs
Songs about Paris
Songs of World War I
Nora Bayes songs
Billy Murray (singer) songs
Songs with music by Walter Donaldson
Songs with lyrics by Joe Young (lyricist)
Songs with lyrics by Sam M. Lewis
Sophie Tucker songs
Eddie Cantor songs


title: Mark Pryor (author)

text:
Mark Pryor (born May 8, 1967) is a British-American mystery writer and Assistant District Attorney for Travis County, Texas. He is best known for his mystery novels featuring Hugo Marston, a former FBI agent from Texas, and now head of security at the U.S. Embassy in Paris. Pryor is also the author of the nonfiction book, As She Lay Sleeping, based on the 1985 cold case murder of Natalie Antonetti (the mother of Johnny Goudie) that he successfully prosecuted in 2011.  He has appeared on CBS News' "48 Hours"  and Discovery Channel's "Discovery ID: Cold Blood" discussing the case. He is also the creator of the true-crime blog D.A. Confidential.

Biography
Pryor grew up in Hertfordshire, England.  He earned a journalism degree and became a police reporter for a paper in Colchester, Essex. In 1994, he  moved to Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where his mother is from and returned to school. He received a bachelor's degree from the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill journalism school in 1999 and a law degree from Duke University in 2002. After graduating, he moved to Dallas, Texas to practice civil law. In 2006, he moved to Austin, Texas to accept a position with the Travis County District Attorney’s Office. He currently resides in Austin with his wife and three children.

Publications

Hugo Marston Novels
The Bookseller (2012) Seventh Street Books
The Crypt Thief (2013) Seventh Street Books
The Blood Promise (2014) Seventh Street Books
The Button Man (2014) Seventh Street Books
The Reluctant Matador (2015) Seventh Street Books
The Paris Librarian (2016) Seventh Street Books
The Sorbonne Affair (2017) Seventh Street Books
The Book Artist (2019) Seventh Street Books
The French Widow (2020) Seventh Street Books

Standalone Novels
Hollow Man (2015) Seventh Street Books
Dominic: A Hollow Man Novel (2018) Seventh Street Books

Nonfiction
Faith, Grace and Heresy: The Biography of Rev. Charles M. Jones (2002) Writer's Showcase Press 978-0-59521-718-2
As She Lay Sleeping (2013) New Horizon Press

References

External links
http://www.markpryorbooks.com/
http://www.daconfidential.com/
http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2012032696/

1967 births
Living people
British mystery writers
21st-century American novelists
Texas lawyers
Novelists from Texas
University of North Carolina School of Law alumni
Duke University School of Law alumni
American male novelists
21st-century American male writers
UNC Hussman School of Journalism and Media alumni


title: Euglyphis amida

text:
Euglyphis amida is a species of moth of the family Lasiocampidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1890. It is found in Ecuador.

References

Moths described in 1890
Lasiocampidae
Moths of South America


title: François Poupart

text:
François Poupart (1661–1709) French physician, anatomist and entomologist.

He described Poupart's ligament, which had been discovered by Gabriele Falloppio.

In 1789, botanists published Poupartia a genus of plants from Islands in the Indian Ocean in family Anacardiaceae. It was named in Poupart's honour.

Then in 2006, botanists published Poupartiopsis. a genus of flowering plants from Madagascar, belonging to the family Anacardiaceae and also named in Francois honour.

References

History of anatomy
17th-century French physicians


title: Lightning Run

text:
Lightning Run is a custom Hyper GT-X steel roller coaster, created and manufactured by Chance Rides, located at Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville, Kentucky. Since its opening on May 24, 2014, Lightning Run is, to-date, the only operating Hyper GT-X model roller coaster in the world.

History
In February 2010, Six Flags permanently closed Kentucky Kingdom after a negotiation could not be reached with the Kentucky State Fair Board for a new lease needed for the park. In May 2010, Local Investor Ed Hart returned to the fold to operate the park again almost 13 years after selling the park to Six Flags. However, after over one year of trying to negotiate with the fair board over a lease, negotiations with Hart abruptly ended in September 2011. At the start of 2012, the owners of Holiday World expressed interest in running the park and renaming it to Bluegrass Boardwalk, but those plans ended without success in June 2012. In August 2012, Ed Hart returned to the Fair Board with a new proposal which included a  Bolliger & Mabillard roller coaster, but the plans were slightly changed to a  roller coaster and a different manufacturer. Chance Rides was then hired to build a brand new coaster model for the park.

Reception
Lightning Run was ranked in the Amusement Today's Golden Ticket Awards for best new ride of 2014 with 9% of the vote, to come in fifth place.

References

Hypercoasters
Kentucky Kingdom
Roller coasters in Kentucky
Roller coasters introduced in 2014
2014 establishments in Kentucky


title: Euglyphis ampira

text:
Euglyphis ampira is a species of moth of the family Lasiocampidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1890. It is found in Ecuador.

References

Moths described in 1890
Lasiocampidae
Moths of South America


title: Orrin L. Mann

text:
Orrin Lorentna Mann (November 25, 1833 – December 13, 1908) was an American soldier and politician who served as an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Born in Ohio, Mann struggled to find gainful employment in his early years and made two abortive attempts to gain a university education. While in Chicago, Illinois, Mann raised a regiment, the 39th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which deployed in late 1861. Mann led the unit through the First Battle of Kernstown and Siege of Fort Wagner before sustaining an injury while leading at the Battle of Drewry's Bluff. During this latter engagement, Mann was promoted to brigadier general. He spent most of the rest of the war as the Provost Marshal of Norfolk, Virginia. After the war, Mann held a series of political offices in Illinois including as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives (1874–1876) and Cook County Sheriff (1880–1882).

Biography
Orrin Lorentna Mann was born in Chardon, Ohio on November 25, 1833. Two of his grandfathers served in the Revolutionary War. Mann helped on the family farm until he was twenty years old. At that age, Mann decided to learn a trade to better support himself. After a year apprenticing as a blacksmith in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Mann suffered an injury that forced him to abandon the study. Living in the same city as the University of Michigan, Mann decided to turn his attention to academics. He studied at Albion College for two years, but was forced to leave due to his lack of resources.

Mann then turned his attention west, moving to Chicago, Illinois in 1853. A private school allowed him to study until his was able to secure the resources to the University of Michigan. He left in his junior year due to poor health, returning to Chicago in 1861. He sought a trade, but with the outbreak of the Civil War, Mann decided instead to raise a regiment for the Union Army. His regiment became the 39th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment and Mann was given the rank of captain. However, Illinois had already met its troop quota and could not deploy units without Congressional approval. Mann petitioned President Abraham Lincoln to deploy the regiment, and the unit finally saw action after the First Battle of Bull Run. Mann was promoted to Major of his "Yates Phalanx", nicknamed after Governor of Illinois Richard Yates.

The 39th was tasked with guarding the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. On January 2, 1862, the company met Major General Stonewall Jackson's Valley District Army (15,000 soldiers), but managed to retreat after a skirmish. Mann's decision making during the retreat earned him a promotion to lieutenant colonel. He served on the staff of  General Alpheus S. Williams until leaving to join his regiment at the First Battle of Kernstown. The unit then moved to South Carolina and the 39th took part in the Siege of Fort Wagner; Mann sent the announcement of its capture to General Quincy Adams Gillmore.

Mann spent the next winter in Chicago Union Army recruiting office; recruits were sent to fill the ranks of the 39th. In 1864 the regiment was reassigned to the Army of the James under Colonel Thomas O. Osborn. Mann assumed Osborn's duties after he was injured at the Battle of Drewry's Bluff. The 39th made an advance against a Confederate defensive position and captured a brigadier general. For his actions, Mann himself was brevetted brigadier general.

A gunshot wound to his leg sustained at Drewry's Bluff kept Mann hospitalized until autumn. Upon his return to action, he was named Provost Marshal of the District of Eastern Virginia. Mann was responsible for the administration of the city of Norfolk, Virginia and the Norfolk Military Prison. After the Union captured Richmond, Virginia, state military rule was abolished. For his work in Norfolk, Mann was promoted to a full colonel (although he did not officially accept the position) and he was ordered to return to his command of the 39th. However, after anarchy engulfed in the city in the following weeks, Major General Alfred Terry reassigned Mann to Norfolk with four regiments at his command.

Mann and the 39th were mustered out of service on December 16, 1865. Upon his return, he was named Collector of Internal Revenue for the First District of Illinois. He also became involved with brickmaking. Mann served one term in the Illinois House of Representatives as a Republican from 1874 to 1876. He served as Cook County Coroner from 1878 to 1880, then as Cook County Sheriff from 1880 to 1882. He died in Oak Park, Illinois on December 13, 1908 and was buried in Chicago in Rosehill Cemetery.

References

1833 births
1908 deaths
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
People from Chardon, Ohio
Union Army officers
University of Michigan alumni
19th-century American politicians
Cook County Coroners


title: Hermann Schievelbein

text:
Friedrich Anton Hermann Schievelbein (18 November 1817 – 6 May 1867) was a German sculptor.

Life
He was the son of a master carpenter and lost his parents early, growing up in the home of an older sister. His artistic education began with the landscape painter Carl Friedrich Trautmann (1804-1875). Afterwards, he attended the Prussian Academy of Art from 1835 to 1838, where he studied with the sculptor Ludwig Wilhelm Wichmann. After graduating, he spent three years in Saint Petersburg, helping to decorate Saint Isaac's Cathedral and the Winter Palace.

Two years later, he received the "Großen Staatspreis" for a figure of Merope about to kill her son Aepytus. The prize included a stipend that enabled him to travel in Italy. He broke off the trip in 1844 and returned early, having received a commission for a figure on the Schloßbrücke (Castle Bridge) in Berlin-Mitte. In 1860, he was appointed a professor at the academy, and became a member of its governing senate in 1866. In addition to his large-scale works, he also created sculptural decorations at the terracotta factory of Ernst March.

A persistent chest ailment forced him to take frequent curative trips to the south. He died of pleurisy, aged only fifty.

Selected major works

 1845-1847: Zinc statues of four of the Apostles on the Helsinki Cathedral
 1850/1851: Terra cotta reliefs Auszug der Krieger (Retreat of the Warrior) and Heimkehr des siegreichen Heeres (Return of the Victorious Army) on the base of the Triumphal Arch, Potsdam
 1853: Statue Athene unterrichtet den Jungen im Gebrauch der Waffen (Athena Instructing a Young Warrior), on the Schloßbrücke.
 1863/1864: Models for allegorical figures representing six of the months, on the West and East wings of the Orangery Palace in Potsdam. The full statues were executed from 1865 to 1866 by  and Eduard Stützel.
 1867−1869: Monument for Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein, formerly on the Dönhoffplatz on the Leipziger Straße, now in front of the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Representatives) in Berlin.

References

External links

 Helsing Taidemuseo: The Twelve Apostles on Helsinki Cathedral (in English)
 Museumsportal Berlin: Schievelbeins Fries "Die Zerstörung Pompejis". Eine Katastrophe mit glücklichem Ausgang
 "Hermann Schievelbein", in The History of Sculpture by Wilhelm Lübke via Google Books

1817 births
1867 deaths
German sculptors
German male sculptors
Sculptors from Berlin
Prussian Academy of Arts alumni
19th-century sculptors


title: Gaius Doumde

text:
Gaius Doumde is a former Chadian professional football player. He made two appearances for the Chad national football team.

See also
 List of Chad international footballers

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Chadian men's footballers
Chad men's international footballers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football defenders


title: Ganthem Church

text:
Ganthem Church () is a well-preserved Romanesque church in Ganthem on the island of Gotland. It contains murals from the 15th century as well as a number of medieval furnishings. It lies in the Diocese of Visby (Sweden).

History and architecture
Ganthem church is a well-preserved Romanesque church, finished in the middle of the 13th century. The choir with its apse is the oldest part, dating from the late 12th century. The nave is slightly later, from the beginning of the 13th century while the tower is the most recent addition. Apart from an enlargement of the windows made in the 19th century, and the addition of a sacristy in the 1930s, the church has remained unchanged since the 13th century.

The interior of the church is decorated with murals from the 15th century. On the northern wall, a set of paintings depict the Passion of Christ. This set is unusual inasmuch as it has never been painted over, and has retained much of its original vibrancy. On the southern wall, another set of murals depicts other religious subjects.

The church still contains a number of medieval items. The baptismal font is from the latter half of the 14th century and has been ascribed to the artist Hegvald. The triumphal cross is from circa 1200 and unusually well-preserved. The altarpiece is furthermore a copy of the original, 14th-century altarpiece now belonging to the Swedish History Museum.

References

Further reading

External links

Churches in Gotland County
Churches in the Diocese of Visby
Romanesque architecture in Sweden
Church frescos in Sweden
Churches converted from the Roman Catholic Church to the Church of Sweden


title: Old Laurel High School

text:
Old Laurel High School is a historic former school building on Montgomery Street in Laurel, Maryland.  Built in 1899, it was the original home of Laurel High School, and now houses a community center.

Laurel High School was founded in 1899 with an enrollment of 59 students and four teachers. According to the city government, as reported by The Washington Post, the 1900 graduating class was all women. The original school building is now the Phelps Community Center in Laurel. The cupola on top was used during World War II as a Civil Defense Aircraft Spotting Station for identifying enemy aircraft. In 1965, the high school was moved to a larger building on Cherry Lane. The last class at the original location held a 50th reunion in 2015.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as "Laurel High School".

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Prince George's County, Maryland

References

External links
, including photo in 2003, at Maryland Historical Trust website

Buildings and structures in Laurel, Maryland
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
School buildings completed in 1899
Defunct high schools in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Prince George's County, Maryland
1899 establishments in Maryland


title: Herman Doumnan

text:
Herman Doumnan (born 25 September 1982) is a Chadian professional football player. He has made nine appearances for the Chad national football team.

See also
 List of Chad international footballers

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Chadian men's footballers
Chad men's international footballers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football midfielders


title: Rotameter (railway)

text:
The New South Wales Government Railways constructed in 1903 a device for measuring the length of its lines of railway. That authority named the machine a Rotameter. It consisted of a four-wheel trolley with an additional large fifth wheel which traveled along the running surface of the rail. Its last recorded use was in the 1920s.

References

Railway buildings and structures
Measuring instruments