title: 135th (East Anglian) (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery

text:
135th Field Regiment was a Royal Artillery (RA) unit being formed in Britain's part-time Territorial Army (TA) on the outbreak of World War II. Spun off from an existing unit, it took over two batteries from Hertfordshire and Northamptonshire and was later granted the double subtitle '(East Anglian) (Hertfordshire Yeomanry)'. As part of the 18th (East Anglian) Infantry Division the regiment remained in the United Kingdom until 1941 when it was sent to India. The division was deployed to Fortress Singapore where it was captured by the Japanese. Some of the prisoners were murdered in cold blood, many of the others died working on the Burma Railway. The regiment was never reformed.

Mobilisation

With the rapid expansion of the TA after the Munich Crisis, existing units were ordered to form duplicates of themselves. In practice, 86th (East Anglian) (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Field Regiment contributed to three new RA regiments: 135th Field Rgt, 191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Rgt and 79th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Rgt. In the case of the 135th Field Rgt this was done by combining one of the Hertfordshire Yeomanry batteries with one from another East Anglian field regiment that was being converted to the anti-aircraft (AA) role:
 Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) at Yeomanry House, Hertford, then at 91 Bancroft, Hitchin, from 20 September 1939
 336 (Northampton) Field Battery at Lincoln Road, Peterborough – from 84th (East Anglian) Field Rgt
 344 (Hitchin) Field Battery at Bearton Camp, Hitchin – from 86th (East Anglian) (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Field Rgt

Advance parties of the TA were mobilised on 24 August 1939 and general mobilisation was ordered on 1 September, two days before the outbreak of war. 135th Field Regiment assumed full independence from its parent unit on 7 September. The commanding officer (CO) was Brevet Colonel J. Hudson, MC, TD, a retired TA officer who had previously command 88th (2nd West Lancashire) Field Brigade, RA from 1930 to 1936. The new regiment was assigned to 18th Infantry Division, the duplicate of 54th (East Anglian) Division in which 86th Field Rgt served; 18th Divisional HQ took over responsibility on 30 September.

At this time the establishment of an RA field regiment was two batteries, each of three four-gun Troops. The intention was to equip field regiments with 24 of the new 25-pounder gun-howitzers, but prior to the outbreak of war the four batteries of 86th Field Rgt had been equipped with just 16 4.5-inch howitzers of World War I pattern.

Service

Home defence
There now followed the period known as the Phoney War. 18th Division moved to Norfolk in November 1939 as a home defence division under the 'Julius Caesar' plan, though it was still badly equipped. RHQ and 336 Bty of 135th Field Rgt were billeted at Kimberley Hall, 344 Bty at Wymondham, with the regiment's four 4.5-inch howitzers at No 5 AA Practice Camp on the coast at Weybourne. 336 Battery moved from the outbuildings of Kimberley Hall to nearby Hingham Hall when the weather turned bad. During March 1940, parties were temporarily sent to man Lewis guns for AA defence on coastal shipping, and 20 volunteers left the regiment to join No. 8 Commando, being formed from units of 18th Division.

When the Battle of France began on 10 May, 18th Division was redeployed for immediate coast defence. 135th Field Rgt and 53rd Infantry Brigade took over the Norfolk coastline between Wells-next-the-Sea and Sheringham. 336 Battery manned the four 4.5-inch howitzers at Weybourne, later at Cley next the Sea, while F Trp of 344 Battery had two 18-pounder Mk II PA guns on pneumatic wheels at Catton. These six guns comprised half of 18th Divisional Artillery's firepower. Those personnel of the regiment not required to man the guns became part of a temporary '18th Divisional Artillery Rifle Regiment' on anti-paratroop duties, while the signallers went to assist the training of 57th (Newfoundland) Heavy Regiment. After the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from Dunkirk, the regiment exchanged three officers and 57 other ranks (ORs) with 97th (Kent Yeomanry) Field Rgt, which had experience of the fighting in France.

On 24 August 1940 the regiment received additional guns: eight French World War I 75 mm guns, carried Portee on 30-cwt Fordson trucks. These were assigned to A and B Trps of 336 Bty, while C Trp additionally manned some fixed 4-inch naval guns in beach defences. Further 75 mm guns arrived later, so that by mid-September the regiment had its full allocation of guns, albeit extemporised:

 336 Bty
 A Trp at Lowes Farm, Holt – 4 x 75mm
 B Trp at Aylmerton – 4 x 75mm
 C Trp – 2 x 18-pdrs; 2 x 4-inch

 344 Bty
 D Trp – 4 x 18-pdrs
 E Trp – 4 x 75mm
 F Trp – 4 x 75mm

During September the gunners carried out practice shoots against targets at sea and on the beaches. They also received some training on borrowed 18/25-pounders, after which the two batteries went in succession to West Down on Salisbury Plain to fire the guns there. Meanwhile, the coastal defences had been reinforced by a number of independent Defence Batteries. The first of these was 901 Defence Bty, for which 135th Field Rgt provided a cadre of 64 recently-joined ORs. The battery was commanded by Maj J.R.O'B, Warde, the senior officer transferred from 97th Field Rgt. 901 Independent Defence Bty served on the Norfolk Coast from 1 September 1940 until its disbandment on 3 March 1941.

In November 1940, with winter approaching, the regiment moved back into billets: RHQ at Holt, 336 Bty at West Runton, 344 Bty at Sheringham. It was supporting 222nd Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a newly-formed coast defence formation attached to 18th Division. The regiment now began to receive its allocation of motor transport, including Quad (4 x 4) gun tractors in preparation for the eventual issue of 25-pdr guns: 336 Bty had 18 Guy Quad-Ants, while 344 Bty had 18 Morris C8s. The regiment also received No 11 wireless sets. It was only now that the RA was producing enough trained battery staffs to begin the process of changing regiments from a two-battery to a three-battery organisation. (Three 8-gun batteries were easier to handle, and it meant that each infantry battalion in a brigade could be closely associated with its own battery.) On 27 November C Trp of 336 Bty and F Trp of 344 Bty were detached to become E and F Trps of a new battery initially designated as C Bty; consequently D and E Trps of 344 Bty were redesignated C and D. Inevitably C Bty now had a mixture of different equipment, and full implementation of the new organisation appears to have been delayed for some months.

Mobile training

At the beginning of 1941, 18th Division moved from coastal defence duties to GHQ Reserve and began mobile training for overseas service. On 1 January, 135th Rgt moved to billets between Lockerbie and Annan in Dumfriesshire, Scotland. At the same time parties were sent to the ordnance depot at Donnington in Shropshire to collect the regiment's allocation of 24 Mk II 25-pdrs and limbers. The division trained in the Scottish Borders until the beginning of April, when it moved to Cheshire, with 135th Field Rgt billeted in Macclesfield. The regiment spent a few days at the end of April at No 4 Field Practice Camp at Trawsfynydd in North Wales, where it fired its 25-pdrs for the first time. On 5 May the regiment sent a large party to assist in air raid duties at Liverpool, which had suffered four successive nights of heavy bombing. Two nights later the city suffered one of the worst raids of the Liverpool Blitz and the regiment suffered its first casualties by enemy action, one killed and two seriously injured.

The Blitz ended on 16 May and the firewatching party returned to billets. 336 Battery moved to a mill building at Congleton, and later to Knowsley Park. Battle training in North Wales and the Welsh Borders continued during the summer. The provisional C Bty was formally established as 499 Bty on 1 June and its acting commander, Captain O.H. Daltry, promoted to major; Lord de Ramsey became the battery-captain. As the regiment approached readiness, Maj Philip Toosey, was promoted from second-in-command of 59th (4th West Lancashire) Medium Regiment to lieutenant-colonel to succeed LCol Hudson in command of 135th Field Regiment on 1 September 1941. Warning orders to proceed overseas arrived on 22 September.

At sea
18th Division was earmarked as a reinforcement for Middle East Forces. The men were issued with desert uniforms and sun helmets. The regiment handed in its Guy and Morris Quads and received new Canadian-built Chevrolet CGT Quad gun tractors. It loaded them together with the guns and vehicles (all painted desert sand colour) aboard ship at Liverpool in mid-October. The personnel of the regiment embarked on the SS Sobieski at Gourock on the Firth of Clyde and sailed on 31 October as part of convoy CT5.

The Sobieski took the regiment to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where 135th Field Rgt and 53rd Bde transshipped to the USS Mount Vernon and CT5 sailed on via Port of Spain to Cape Town. Training continued during the voyage. A Troop manned the Bofors 40 mm guns that had been shipped for AA defence, and practised against balloons while at sea. While the convoy was at sea news of the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor and Malaya was received. From Cape Town the convoy's destination was changed from the Middle East to India. Then on 23 December the Mount Vernon was detached and sent alone via Mombasa to join a convoy proceeding direct to Malaya.

Malayan campaign

The Mount Vernon docked at Singapore on 13 January 1942 and 135th Field Rgt landed during a Japanese air raid. Its guns and equipment were in other ships of CT5 on their way to Bombay, so it had to be re-equipped on arrival with whatever guns were available from the Singapore Ordnance Depot, 336 Battery being issued with eight 4.5-inch howitzers and 344 Bty with eight 25-pdrs, all towed by Chevrolet 4 x 4 1-ton trucks; 499 Bty remained without guns. A number of officers of the Federated Malay States Volunteers (FMSV) were attached to the regiment to act as interpreters and liaison officers equipped with civilian vehicles as reconnaissance and staff cars. Together with 53rd Bde the regiment was attached to 11th Indian Division.

53rd Brigade was immediately rushed across the Straits of Johore onto the Malay Peninsula to secure the communications of the British (including Indian and Australian) forces retreating from northern Johore against further Japanese landings that were reported on the coast. A reconnaissance ('recce') party from 135th Field Rgt consisting of Lt-Col Toosey and the three battery commanders accompanied the brigade while the guns were being serviced. On the evening of 18 January C Trp took up positions covering the beach near Pontian Kechil, with a 30-strong detachment from 499 Bty for local defence. Next day BHQ and D Trp of 344 Bty under Maj H.M. Peacock deployed in a 'hide' outside Pontian Kechil, supporting 28th Indian Bde on the coast road. The battery established an observation post (OP) on Pulau Pisang island, guarded by a platoon from 2nd Battalion 2nd Gurkha Rifles; the OP was out of wireless range, but Heliograph signalling to the beach position worked well. Meanwhile, on On 20 January, 336 Bty under Maj C.F.W. Banham drove out to the Mount Austin Estate north of Johor Bahru on the road to Kota Tinggi to recce likely anti-tank positions. 499 Battery under Maj Daltry was finally issued with a collection of requisitioned vehicles to tow its guns (8 x 4-5-inch howitzers) and join the rest of the regiment.

The British commander, Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival intended to hold the enemy advance on the line of the Batu Pahat–Ayer Hitam–Kluang–Mersing, with 11th Indian Division holding the Batu Pahat sector. On the night of 23/24 January 336 Bty moved up alongside 344 Bty at its hide at Skudai, while 499 Bty brought its guns up, exchanged E Trp's 4.5s for D Trp's longer-range 25-pdrs, and moved on to Batu Pahat to support 15th Indian Bde. However, the Japanese had already cut the Batu Pahat–Ayer Hitam road and were threatening the coast road to Batu Pahat from Senggarang. 53rd Brigade moved to garrison this road, but 6th Bn Norfolk Regiment, moving up from Rengit to Senggarang with A Trp was ambushed, one of the 4.5-inch howitzers being lost, though Capt T.P. Halford-Thompson got the other into action. A Company of 6th Norfolks with another of A Trp's guns attempted to clear the road, but could only do so temporarily.

It was now clear that the British force would have to retire from Johore towards Singapore Island. On the night of 25/26 January 15th Indian Bde began to withdraw down the coast road towards Senggarang and Benut, picking up the detachments of 53rd Bde as it went. But the road was now blocked by Japanese forces in several places. 11th Indian Division now organised a mixed column under Maj Banham ('Bancol') to re-open the road from Rengit to Senggarang. The two sections of B Trp were ordered to advance by leap-frog bounds so that they could provide continuous fire support for the scratch force of Norfolks and FMSV armoured cars. The armoured cars advanced under fire from both sides of the road until a road bock was encountered and the length of the road came under fire, the infantry being cut down, one howitzer lost and the other saved (together with many wounded) by Bombardier Thompson who turned the gun tractor round in the narrow road. Banham in an Indian Carrier did get through to Senggarang, where he reported the road impassable for wheeled vehicles. The commander of 15th Indian Bde decided to retire to Benut through the mangrove swamps along the shoreline, so A Trp's remaining howitzer was put out of action by dropping the breech-block into the river. Banham, Halford-Thompson and the men of 336 Bty reached Benut late on 27 January. Meanwhile, Rengit was under heavy attack and was overrun during the night of 26/27 January; guns and vehicles were disabled and the survivors made their way to Benut, where they were evacuated by Royal Navy gunboats. Lieutenant Lang of 336 Bty took a party to the mouth of the Benut River and helped boatloads of evacuees.

53rd Brigade HQ at Benut was now effectively the front line, defended by 3rd Bn 16th Punjab Regiment and the two remaining howitzers of B Trp of 336 Bty under Capt J.M. Neal. The brigade was given permission to withdraw during the night of 27/28 January to Pontian Kechil, which was still held by 28th Indian Bde and 344 Bty. The Benut river bridge and 336 Bty's ammunition dump were blown up and 336 Bty withdrew its two guns. On the night of 30/31 January all the troops in Johore withdrew across the causeway onto Singapore Island, Lt-Col Toosey withdrawing his guns by leap-frog bounds to ensure continuous fire support.

Defence of Singapore

At Singapore, 135th Field Rgt was reunited with its own 25-pounder guns, just arrived with the rest of 18th Division. 336 Battery was the last to refit, due to the casualties it had suffered, and moved into positions near Nee Song on 4 February. The regiment formed part of the Northern Area defences between the Naval Base and the causeway. 499 Battery established an OP in a water tower on the edge of the naval base, whole 344 Bty's was in a partially completed building overlooking the causeway; other forward observation officers (FOOs) were established along the water's edge. 4th (Hazara) Mountain Battery, Indian Artillery, equipped with two 6-inch howitzers, and a section of 273 Anti-Tank Bty armed with 2-pounder guns were attached to 135th Field Rgt on 3 February. On 5 February the Japanese guns moved into position across the straits and the regiment engaged in counter-battery (CB) fire missions against them. Roving sections were used so that the permanent artillery positions were nor revealed to the Japanese. But ammunition was restricted to an average of 20 rounds per gun to conserve stock for a long siege, and this was halved on 7 February. The gun areas, wagon lines and OPs came under Japanese fire and the telephone cables between guns and OPs were frequently cut, but the regiment (with its experience of coast defence deployments in the UK) had duplicated and even quadruplicated some of its links. A joint 135th Field Rgt/4th Mtn Bty OP under an overhanging rock at Bukit Mandai received 25 direct hits but the FOOs (Capt G. Keane, 135th Feld Rgt, and Jemadar Jogindar Singh, 4th Mtn Bty) remained at their posts, bringing down fire on the enemy's gun flashes, and temporarily silencing the guns firing on the naval base.

On the evening of 8 February the Japanese began their landings. The OPs at Bukit Mandai and the water tower reported landing craft and 135th Field Rgt and 4th Mtn Bty dispersed them, but the main landings during the night were on the western side of the island. From there the Japanese advanced towards the causeway and the exposed west flank of 11th Indian Division. On 10 February, 8th Indian Bde was ordered to put in a counter-attack on Point 95 overlooking the causeway with fire support from 135th Field Rgt. At 17.00, after 10 minutes of intense artillery fire (1500 rounds), the infantry were able to  walk up the hill entirely unopposed, but they were unable to reach their further objective. 135th Field Rgt fired 7000 rounds that day, and received the personal congratulations from the Commander-in-Chef of ABDA, Sir Archibald Wavell, who was visiting the island.

During the night of 10/11 February the regiment carried out harassing fire (HF) tasks. In the prevailing confusion, a relief of the garrison on Pt 95 was bungled, and it had to be recaptured again in the morning, supported by 135th's guns. By now the Japanese were within three miles of the regiment's gun positions, so 344 and 499 Btys were withdrawn to join 336 Bty at Nee Soon. Next morning the regiment was moved again, changing front to go into action at Sembawang airfield, with 336 Bty and 4th Mtn Bty covering the Mandai Road, 344 covering Thomson Road, and 499 covering Seletar Creek. By now  Percival was pulling his troops back to the Singapore City perimeter defences. In the Northern Sector 53rd Bde provided a rearguard at Nee Soon, supported by 366 Bty. As the Japanese advanced to Sembawang airfield they were engaged over open sights by 499 Bty before it withdrew (some rounds fired while the guns were already hooked into the limbers), and three tanks were knocked out by the troop of 273 A/T Bty. However, the order to withdraw did not reach 499 Bty's B Echelon in the wagon lines in a rubber plantation, and the men and vehicles with their FMSV liaison officers were captured in an ambush when they finally pulled out. 366 Battery withdrew from its rearguard after dark but one of its Quad gun tractors broke down, so it was overturned into a monsoon drain and the battery's Bedford 15 cwt wireless truck successfully towed out two limbers and a 25-pounder.

On the morning of 13 February 336 Bty was established on the Balestier road, with A Trp in the open on the polo ground, two of B Trp's guns camouflaged in front gardens and two in garages. 344 Battery finally found suitable positions and came into action in the afternoon. Both troops of 499 Bty  placed their guns inside palm-thatch barrack huts, which gave them cover from view, but no cover from incoming fire. With signal cable becoming scarce, 336's telephone exchange was responsible for the whole regiment.  Both 11th Indian and 18th Divisions were trying to deploy their artillery in the same small area. Batteries of different regiments were mixed up, and firing in different directions in response to calls. A section of 135th Field Rgt firing over open sights narrowly missed the command post of B Trp, 155th (Lanarkshire Yeomanry) Field Rgt.

The whole city and defence perimeter were now under shellfire and air attack, and it was clear that the defence was nearly ended. Toosey was now ordered to join the evacuation of key personnel and cadres from Singapore, but he refused (quoting the Artillery Training manual) so that he could remain with his men during their impending captivity. Major Daltry was placed in command of 135th Field Rgt's cadre but he was seriously wounded on the dockside and it was left to Battery Sergeant Major Waldock to lead the 12-strong party, which escaped on 15 February in a small boat to Sumatra and then to Ceylon. Toosey was later awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his heroism and leadership during the defence of Singapore.

On the morning of 14 February Battery Quartermaster Sergeant Cluff of 499 Bty's B Echelon made his way through the regiment's own fire to the forward RHQ. He brought a message from their captors that the prisoners would be executed if the British did not surrender immediately. Cluff was passed up to the RA HQ and his message sent to Malaya Command HQ. On the expiry of the implied 24 hour deadline, the prisoners (11 of 499 Bty and two FMSV liaison officers) were shot and bayoneted. Amazingly two of the gunners survived, one making his way back to British lines, the other looked after by a Chinese family until he rejoined about a week after the surrender.

Firing continued throughout 14 February, with 11th Indian and 18th Divisions holding their ground, but field gun ammunition was running short and the city's water supply breaking down. In the evening the regiment was warned of Japanese tanks attacking, and Sergeant Hughes's gun of B Trp was detached and placed in an anti-tank role facing north on Balestier Road. However, the attack did not materialise, but infantry fighting continued through the night. The following day a ceasefire was arranged; initially the British agreed to hand over all their guns, but orders arrived from ABDA that they were to be destroyed. 336 Battery did this by putting a shell in the breech, another in the barrel, and then pulling the firing lever from a safe distance using Trolleybus wire. They later assured their captors that the damage was due to Japanese shelling.

135th Field Regiment went into captivity on 16 February. It was officially authorised on 17 February 1942 to use the same '(East Anglian) (Hertfordshire Yeomanry)' subtitles used by its parent unit, but it had already been destroyed before this could take effect. No attempt was made to reform the regiment in India on the basis of BSM Waldock's cadre.

Bridge on the River Kwai
The men were imprisoned in Selarang Barracks at Changi, converted into a Prisoner-of-war camp. In June 1942, 500 men of 135th Field Rgt were sent to Sime Road Camp to work as labourers on a Japanese war memorial, some of the others remaining at Changi during the notorious Selarang Barracks incident. In October a party of 18th Division prisoners, including about 400 of 135th Field Rgt, was sent to Thailand to work on the Wan Po viaduct across the Mae Klong river on the Burma Railway. Toosey was the senior Allied officer in the PoW camp at Tha Maa Kham (known as Tamarkan) that housed the men building the bridge. This was described in a book by Pierre Boulle and later in the Oscar-winning film The Bridge on the River Kwai in which Alec Guinness played the senior British officer. Both the book and film outraged former prisoners because Toosey did not collaborate, unlike the fictional Colonel Nicholson.

The men of 135th Field Rgt were progressively split up as the work on the railway was completed in 1943 and parties of PoWs were moved to other labouring jobs in Thailand, Formosa and Japan.

The Far East prisoners of war were released after the Surrender of Japan in August 1945. During and immediately after the war 135th Field Regiment lost 67 men killed in action or died of wounds, and a further 159 died while prisoners of the Japanese, including those lost at sea in transit to Japan, those killed in Allied bombing of installations close to their camps, and some whose aircraft crashed while being repatriated after the Japanese surrender. Officially 135th (East Anglian) (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Field Regiment was disbanded on 1 January 1947, but the regiment regarded the remembrance service held in December 1945 as its final parade.

Insignia
When the Hertfordshire Yeomanry was transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1920 as part of what became 86th Field Rgt, it was obliged to adopt the RA cap badge, but the whole of the 86th retained the Herts Yeomanry's hart badge as a collar badge and on undress caps, officers also wearing it beneath the rank badges on their shoulder straps. Although its titular link to the Yeomanry was not authorised until after its capture, 135th Field Rgt kept up this tradition. When a representative detachment of the regiment was inspected by King George VI before sailing to Singapore, the officers had defied orders to remove all distinguishing badges, and had continued to wear the Hertfordshire Yeomanry badge on their shoulder straps. The King was reported to have said 'Good, I am glad to see that you are still wearing it and I hope you will continue to do so'. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) design for headstones for members of 135th Field Rgt includes both the RA and Hertfordshire Yeomanry badges.

Memorials

A stone tablet commemorating the men of all four Hertfordshire Yeomanry artillery regiments who died during World War II was unveiled on 19 September 1954 in the War Memorial Chapel of St Albans Cathedral.

In 1956 Lady de Ramsey created a Lady Chapel at the Church of St Thomas à Becket, Ramsey, as a thanksgiving gift for the safe return of her husband from a Japanese PoW camp.

Fragments from the Burma Railway are included in the Far East Prisoners of War Memorial in St Martin-in-the-Fields, London. A memorial consisting of original rails and sleepers from the Burma Railway was installed at the National Memorial Arboretum at Alrewas, Staffordshire, in 2002. A Far East Prisoners of War Memorial Building was also erected at the Arboretum in 2005.

A memorial to those prisoners who died in the construction of the Burma Railway was erected in Camden High Street, London, in 2012.

See also
 Hertfordshire Yeomanry
 86th (East Anglian) (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
 Northamptonshire Battery, Royal Field Artillery

Footnotes

Notes

References

 Anon, History of the 359 (4th West Lancs.) Medium Regiment R.A. (T.A.) 1859–1959, Liverpool: 359 Medium Regiment, 1959.* Basil Collier, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004 ISBN 978-1-84574-055-9.
 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, ISBN 1-85753-080-2.
 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Far East Theatre 1939–1946, London: Brasseys, 2002, ISBN 1-85753-302-X.
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
 Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, ISBN 1-843424-74-6.
 Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, ISBN 0-9508205-2-0.
 Maj-Gen I.S.O. Playfair, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Mediterranean and Middle East, Vol III: (September 1941 to September 1942) British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb, London: HM Stationery Office, 1960 /Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-67-X
 Lt-Col J.D. Sainsbury, The Hertfordshire Yeomanry Regiments, Royal Artillery, Part 1: The Field Regiments 1920-1946, Welwyn: Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Artillery Trust/Hart Books, 1999, ISBN 0-948527-05-6.
 Maj-Gen S. Woodburn Kirby, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War Against Japan Vol I, The Loss of Singapore, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, ISBN 1-845740-60-2.

External sources
 Imperial War Museum, War Memorials Register

Field regiments of the Royal Artillery
Military units and formations in Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire Yeomanry
Military units and formations in British Malaya in World War II


title: The Veil (2017 film)

text:
The Veil is a 2017 American post-apocalyptic film directed by Brent Ryan Green and starring William Levy, Serinda Swan, William Moseley and Nick E. Tarabay. The film is also known as Rise of a Warrior and Barbarian: Rise of the Warrior.

Premise
The Veil is set in a war-torn land where tribal factions live in fear of annihilation, and tells the story of a deadly warrior leading a destructive war campaign. When he is betrayed by his own and left for dead, he is healed by a mysterious princess and taken in by a hidden tribe that believes he was chosen to wage a final battle.

Cast
 William Levy as Warrior.
 Serinda Swan as Zera.
 William Moseley as Aysel.
 Nick E. Tarabay as Reiken.
 Brett DelBuono as Nikai
 Adam Gregory as Warrior's Father
 Christopher Levy as Young Warrior
 Brent Ryan Green as Young Evil Emperor
 Owen Joyner as Mountain Tribe Boy

Release
The Veil released in Brazil on April 15, 2017. It also released in the United Kingdom, where it was titled Barbarian: Rise of the Warrior.

Reception
Starburst reviewed the film, noting it was "Not a perfect film, but definitely enjoyable for those already a fan of this genre."

References

External links

2010s science fiction films
2017 films
American post-apocalyptic films
Films shot in Oklahoma
American science fiction action films
Films produced by Brent Ryan Green
Films directed by Brent Ryan Green
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


title: 153rd Division

text:
In military terms, 153rd Division or 153rd Infantry Division may refer to:

 153rd Division (Wehrmacht), formed in 1939 and fought in World War II
 153rd Infantry Division Macerata (Italian, World War II)
 153rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
 153rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)


The 79th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (79th (HY) HAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of Britain's Territorial Army (TA). Formed just before the Seond World War, it fought in the Battle of France, the Swansea Blitz, Operation Torch and the Italian Campaign. It continued serving in the post-war TA until 1955.

Origin
During the period of international tension in 1938, the TA was rapidly expanded in size, particularly for the Anti-Aircraft (AA) role. Much of this expansion was achieved by converting and/or expanding existing units. In the case of 86th (East Anglian) (Herts Yeomanry) Field Brigade, Royal Artillery, partly descended from the old Hertfordshire Yeomanry cavalry, this was done by expanding 343 (Watford) Field Battery into a complete new AA brigade. Orders were issued by the Army Council in July 1938 and the new unit came into existence on 1 November with the following organisation (the traditional term 'brigade' for a Lieutenant-Colonel's command in the Royal Artillery (RA) being superseded by 'regiment' on 1 January 1939, and the 'Hertfordshire Yeomanry' subtitle being granted in July 1939):

79th (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA
 Regimental HQ (RHQ) at Clarendon Hall, Watford
 246 (1st Watford) Anti-Aircraft Battery – 2 x QF 3-inch 20 cwt semi-mobile guns
 247 (2nd Watford) Anti-Aircraft Battery – 2 x 3-inch semi-mobile guns
 248 (Welwyn) Anti-Aircraft Battery at Lemsford Lane, Welwyn Garden City – due to receive QF 3.7-inch AA guns

2nd Hertfordshire Company of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Unit, Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS), was also based at Watford and affiliated to 79th (HY) AA Rgt. Under the command of Jean Knox (later director of the ATS) it provided support staff in the early days.

86th Field Brigade had retained the Hertfordshire Yeomanry badge of the Hart (deer) as a collar badge worn in addition to the RA's 'gun' cap badge, and later it replaced the gun badge on side caps and berets; this was continued by the new unit even though 343 Field Bty was strictly descended from 4th East Anglian Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, and not the Yeomanry.

Major Thomas Bazley Green, TD, officer commanding (OC) 341 (St Albans) Field Bty, was promoted to Lt-Col to raise and command the new regiment. Other officers were drawn from 86th Field Rgt and other TA units including Stockbrokers serving in the ranks of the 54th (City of London) AA Rgt.

Mobilisation
In June 1939, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of Anti-Aircraft Command was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each TA AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected gun positions. 79th (HY) AA Regiment was embodied on 25 June for a partial deployment to gunsites along the south bank of the Thames Estuary, with RHQ at Fort Borstal. The availability of equipment at the gunsites was invaluable for training the recruits, and the second half of the month's embodiment was spent at the AA Practice Camp at Bude in Cornwall.

On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised and sent to its war stations. 79th (HY) AA Rgt was under the command of 37th AA Brigade in 6th Anti-Aircraft Division, responsible for the defences of South East England, centred on the Thames Estuary and including the airfields of 11 Group of RAF Fighter Command.

The regiment's immediate task was to deploy two sections to defend Fighter Command's HQ at Bentley Priory near Stanmore in Middlesex. This required all four of the regiment's 3-inch guns, which were manned by 247 Bty. 247 Battery then drew four more 3-inch guns from the School of Anti-Aircraft Defence at RAF Biggin Hill and deployed them to defend RAF Duxford. Meanwhile 246 Bty took over four 3-inch guns from 90th AA Rgt at Alexandra Palace and four more from 59th (Essex Regiment) AA Rgt at Walthamstow and deployed them to RAF Debden and RAF North Weald respectively. One section of 248 Bty manned two 3-inch guns at Biggin Hill while the rest of the battery manned Lewis Light machine guns (LMGs) at RAF Felixstowe (8 LMGs) and RAF Martlesham Heath (12 LMGs).

Second World War

Phoney War
After war was declared on 3 September there were numerous adjustments to AA Command's deployment as further units and equipment became available. During the autumn 79th (HY) AA Rgt handed over most of its responsibilities for airfields, and shifted towards the Gun Defence Area (GDA) round the port of Harwich and adjacent harbours, where Lt-Col Bazley-Green was appointed AA Defence Commander (AADC) with a Gun Operations Room (GOR) at Harwich:

 RHQ at Stansted Mountfitchet, later Felixstowe
 246 Bty:
 4 x 3-inch at site H1 (Landguard Common, Felixstowe)
 20 x AA LMG at Royal Naval Mining Depot, Wrabness
 20 x AA LMG at Murex Works, Rainham
 247 Bty:
 2 x 3-inch at site A1 (RAF Bentley Priory)
 2 x 3-inch at site A2 (RAF Bentley Priory)
 2 x 3-inch at site H5 (Beacon Hill Battery, Harwich)
 248 Bty:
 2 x 3.7-inch at site H2 (Trimley, Felixstowe)
 2 x 3.7-inch at site H3 (Dovercourt)
 20 x AA LMG at RAF Martlesham Heath
 20 x AA LMG at Parkeston Quay, Harwich

(The Royal Navy submarine depot ship HMS Cyclops in Harwich harbour was designated as AA site H4 under the GOR)

On 17 October the regiment fired its first rounds in anger, when sites H2 and H3 engaged an aircraft identified as hostile. During this period a draft of 100-plus recruits (Militiamen with 3 months' AA training) was received for each battery, and training began for 'Operators, Fire Control' who would man RDF (radar) sets when they arrived.

On 26 December a warning order was received to prepare to move overseas, and the detachments concentrated at Harwich. The regiment was designated as a base defence AA regiment to man static 3.7-inch guns. 248 Battery was already experienced with the 3.7-inch and only needed to attend short courses by sections on a static gun site at Dartford before mobilising at Blackdown Camp near Aldershot, whereas 246 and 247 Btys went to 208th AA Training Rgt at Yeovil and 209th AA Training Rgt at Blandford respectively, followed by two weeks at No 4 AA Practice Camp at Tŷ Croes on Anglesey and No 1 AA Practice Camp at Aberporth in West Wales respectively.

France
248 Bty proceeded from Blackdown to Southampton and sailed for France on the night of 7/8 February 1940. It landed at Le Havre where it came under the operational command of 8th (Belfast) AA Rgt in 3 AA Bde guarding the lines of communication for the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). It was to remain at Le Havre to man two static 3.7-inch gun positions at Parc de la Hève on the edge of the cliff in front of the lighthouse. The concrete pits were built and guns emplaced by 27 February. The rest of the regiment disembarked on 6 March under the command of Lt-Col R.C. Raikes and took over from 8th AA Rgt. 246 Battery manned four static guns on the harbour mole and four mobile guns some 300 yards to the west. 247 Bty manned one 4-gun position on the seafront and another at Octeville-sur-Mer. In addition, 4 Light AA (LAA) Bty was attached, manning eight static and  four mobile Bofors 40 mm guns sited round Le Havre. Both 246 Bty at the harbour and 247 Bty at Octeville were equipped with a Gun-Laying (GL) Radar Mk I set, and in the absence of searchlights the commanders of 3 AA Bde and 79th (HY) AA Rgt devised an AA barrage scheme using fixed bearings and staggered heights over the docks and oil storage tanks for 'unseen' fire at night; this was codenamed 'Pillar of Fire'.

The Battle of France began on 10 May with the German invasion of the Low Countries and France. The BEF followed the pre-arranged Plan D and advanced into Belgium, but a rapid German breakthrough in the Ardennes forced it to fall back again. By 21 May the main body of the BEF was cut off, and between 26 May and 4 June as much as possible was evacuated through Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo).

Even after the Dunkirk evacuation ended, there were still British forces in France north of the Seine, and 79th (HY) AA Rgt maintained its defences at Le Havre covering the Seine ferries. As AADC, Lt-Col Raikes had a troop of 174 LAA Bty from 58th (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) LAA Rgt and from 20 May a battery of 37th (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Searchlight Rgt with 24 lights, in addition to his own regiment and 4 LAA Bty. There were also some Barrage balloons and French AA guns.

From 10 to 19 May the only Luftwaffe activity in the area was daily reconnaissance flights, but  on the night of 19/20 May there was a three-hour raid on the French airfield at Octeville, during which 'Pillar of fire' brought down an enemy aircraft, followed on succeeding nights by attempts to drop Parachute mines into the harbour entrance. Nightly air attacks on the harbour area began in earnest on 3/4 June, with the guns in action for long periods.

By 8 June, under renewed German attacks, the 1st Armoured and the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and other assorted British forces withdrew to the Seine. That night, with much of the town and oil depots set on fire by the raids, 'Cuckoo Section' of 79th (HY) AA Rgt ferried the four highly secret GL radar transmitter trailers and their receiver trailers across the river to Honfleur, followed by 247 Bty with the mobile guns.

With the enemy closing on Le Havre, the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division was cut off and forced to surrender, 3 AA Bde was ordered to evacuate. On the night of 11/12 June 246 Bty disabled their static guns and boarded the Southern Railway ferry SS Brittany, which took them to Cherbourg-en-Cotentin. RHQ and most of 248 Bty followed the next night aboard SS St Briac. In a week of prolonged action, 15 enemy aircraft had been destroyed and many of the dive-bombing attacks by Junkers Ju 87 Stukas disrupted.

Operation Aerial, to evacuate the remainder of the British forces from France was now under way. From Cherbourg, RHQ and the two batteries without equipment were shunted by train between Nantes and Rennes before being evacuated from St Nazaire aboard SS Duchess of York and reaching Liverpool on 18 June. The party of 248 Bty that had stayed to disable the guns was evacuated through St Malo. 247 Battery, operating directly under 3 AA Bde, deployed to defend Rennes and then moved to St Nazaire on 18 June, when it dumped its disabled guns in the dock and boarded SS Glenaffric and was evacuated to Plymouth.

Cuckoo Section joined 3 AA Bde HQ at Martigné on 9 June and moved to Nantes on 11 June. On 14 June it was joined by two transmitters and receivers from 73rd HAA Rgt and on 16 June by two more transmitters. With great difficulty, the section got all the secret equipment aboard the SS Marslew which sailed on 18 June and docked at Falmouth, Cornwall, the following day.

Home Defence
While the bulk of the regiment was accommodated in guest houses in Blackpool, 247 Bty went from Plymouth to a hutted camp at Devizes, and then to No 1 AA Practice Camp at Aberporth. When 79th (HY) Heavy AA Rgt (as AA units were designated from 1 June 1940 to distinguish them from LAA) was ordered to join 45 AA Bde in South Wales as part of 5th Anti-Aircraft Division, 247 Bty immediately went to occupy a gunsite at Jersey Marine, near Swansea on 30 July. The rest of the regiment then attended Aberporth before relieving batteries of 77th (Welsh) HAA Rgt at Cardiff to allow them to attend Aberporth in turn. Two sections of 248 Bty spent over a month at Cardiff, with the guns in action against almost daily air raids during the Battle of Britain.

246 Battery emplaced eight 3.7-inch guns at Pembroke Dock to defend the oil terminal. The guns were unloaded on 24 August and were in action against an air raid the following day. There was a heavy raid on Swansea from 20.55 to 03.00 on the night of 1/2 September, but because RAF night fighters were in the area, 247 Bty was prevented from firing for the first three hours. After that raid, Lt-Col Raikes of 79th (HY) Rgt devised a new barrage scheme for the Swansea GDA codenamed 'Ball of Fire'. By the end of the month the responsibilities at Pembroke Dock and Cardiff had been handed over to other units and the whole of the regiment was deployed around Swansea, with a GOR established.

On 15 September the regiment provided the first of five cadres sent to form the basis of new batteries forming at the training regiments (see below). In this case 364 HAA Bty was regimented with 79th (HY) until it completed its training and joined 116th HAA Rgt in December. The regiment also undertook basic training for an intake of 250 local Welsh recruits, of whom 100 remained with the regiment while others were posted to 77th Searchlight Rgt in 45 AA Bde. In January 1941 the regiment received a draft of 120 older recruits for basic training before they were sent to Z Battery rocket units.

In November 1940, 45 AA Bde was split into two, with a new 61 AA Bde HQ taking over control of Swansea and South West Wales as far as Milford Haven; it came under a new 9th Anti-Aircraft Division split off from the 5th Anti-Aircraft Division.

During October, 248 Bty began constructing a new gunsite at Mumbles, which broke away from convention by positioning the emplacements at the corners of a field, concealed in the hedges and served by the existing road, rather than grouped in the centre of the field with visible access tracks. The position was completed and guns mounted in December, and a similar 4-gun site was begun in January at Ravenhill north of Swansea. The new elevation-finding attachment ('Effie') for the GL Mark I radar was also installed.

Swansea Blitz

There was enemy air activity over the Bristol Channel and South Wales coast on most nights, but usually these were reconnaissances or nuisance raids, Heavier raids against Swansea began on 4/5 January 1941, when a bomb put all the GOR telephone lines out of action, but the gunsites continued with 'Ball of Fire' barrages.

In February 1941 the Luftwaffe began a new tactic of hitting the same towns on successive nights in an attempt to put them completely out of action. Swansea was the first town so attacked. On the night of 19/20 February the building housing both RHQ and the GOR was destroyed by a direct hit during a heavy raid. Two officers and five other ranks (ORs) were killed or died of wounds, but the guns continued firing under local control and communications were maintained.

The Luftwaffe returned to continue the 'Swansea Blitz' on the nights of 20/21 and 21/22 February. On the latter night there was confusion between the Sector Operations Room at RAF Pembrey and the Swansea GOR, resulting in the guns ceasing fire between 20.20 and 21.10, leaving the town centre unprotected. Although some raiders were shot down once the restriction was lifted, the centre of Swansea was devastated, and fires and delayed-action bombs destroyed communications. The GOR had to be temporarily relocated to Neath.

By the end of February 1941 the HAA guns in the Swansea GDA still only numbered 18 out of a planned establishment of 36. These were distributed to sites as follows:
 N1 Llansamlet – 4 x 3.7-inch (247 Bty)
 N2 Neath – 4 x 3.7-inch (246 Bty)
 N3 Jersey Marine – 4 x 3.7-inch (247 Bty)
 N4 Ravenhill (under construction by 246 Bty)
 N5 Mumbles – 4 x 3.7-inch (248 Bty)
 N6 Sketty – 2 x 3.7-inch (248 Bty)

These had been increased a month later to 36, though an additional 18 were already being called for by 9th Anti-Aircraft Division. 398 HAA Battery, formed by a cadre from 79th (HY) HAA Rgt (see below) joined the regiment from 207th HAA Training Rgt, Devizes, on 10 March 1941 to take over N8 (Margam) and N10 (Morfa Mawr). The newly formed 384 and 386 Btys of 120th HAA Rgt also came under operational command of 79th (HY) HAA Rgt.

After a last burst of enemy activity in early May, the Blitz came to an end, and there was little more activity until the end of the year. The equipment of the gunsites round Swansea was improved and 437 HAA Bty, also raised from a cadre provided by the regiment (see below), was regimented on 10 July and joined in August, while 248 Bty was transferred to 120th HAA Rgt (see below).

Mobile training
On 3 January 1942, 79th (HY) HAA Rgt was ordered to convert from a four-battery static organisation to a three-battery mobile unit in preparation for overseas service. Vehicles arrived for training in March, and in April the regiment (except 437 Bty) was relieved by 57th (Wessex) HAA Rgt. It moved to Eastleigh in Hampshire and came under control of 11 AA Bde, responsible for mobile training. Upon completion of the course, the regiment returned to its previous sites round Swansea on 16 May, but on 13 June it moved to 55 AA Bde in Cornwall to relieve another regiment for training; at this point 437 Bty transferred to 138th HAA Rgt and left the regiment permanently.

The whole South Coast of England was at the time subject to 'hit and run' raids by the Luftwaffe, and gunsites occupied by the regiment at Penzance and Truro were called into action as soon as they arrived on 15 June. A month later the relieved regiment returned, and 79th (HY) HAA Rgt moved to Hitchwood Battle Camp in Hertfordshire for infantry training. It was then sent back to South Wales to complete mobilisation by 1 September while occupying gun sites at Chepstow (246 Bty), Barry (247 Bty) and Port Talbot (398 Bty).

During October the regiment was relieved of duties under AA Command and came under War Office (WO) Control at Uttoxeter while the necessary ancillary units arrived. A practice move by road to Otterburn Training Area was followed by gunnery practice. By November the regiment had the following organisation:
 RHQ
 246, 247, 398 HAA Btys (each 8 x 3.7-inch)
 79th HAA Rgt Signal Section, Royal Corps of Signals
 79th HAA Workshop, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME)
 79th HAA Rgt Platoon, Royal Army Service Corps (RASC) – later redesignated  1521 HAA Rgt Platoon

Operation Torch
79th (HY) HAA Regiment now formed part of First Army, the leading elements of which landed at Algiers in French North Africa as part of Operation Torch on 8 November. However, the regiment did not begin to load its guns and equipment on various transport ships until 2 January 1943, and the personnel finally embarked on HM Transport Dunnottar Castle at Glasgow on 20 January.

The Dunottar Castle docked at Algiers on 1 February, where the regiment's baggage party and '1st Reinforcements' remained while the frontline personnel embarked on the Landing Ships, Infantry (LSIs) HMS Royal Scotsman and HMS Royal Ulsterman for forward transport to Bône in eastern Algeria. The ships carrying the regiment's guns and equipment docked at Algiers, Bône and Philippeville on 8 and 9 February, but two vessels had been sunk en route and all of 247 Bty's guns and towing vehicles were lost, as well as the light vehicles of 398 Bty and the REME workshop.

While 247 Bty remained at Bône providing guards for 66 AA Bde HQ and 209 Prisoner of War Camp, 246 and 398 Btys and their guns were assembled at Philippeville, where Lt-Col Dickinson of 79th (HY) HAA Rgt was appointed AADC by 66 AA Bde on 14 February. He had elements of 64th LAA Rgt and 30th (Surrey) Searchlight Rgt under his control, later joined by a Z Rocket battery. The vulnerable areas to be defended were the port and fuel terminal, and Philippeville Airfield when it became operational. The town was designated as an Inner Artillery Zone (IAZ) in which AA guns had priority over fighters. During February and March the regiment sited its guns, and sited and resited its GL sets to find good reception areas. 398 Battery had two engagements on 4 and 19 March against low-flying aircraft: the gun positions fired Shrapnel shell from their 3.7-inch guns and used the twin Bren LMGs with which they were equipped for close defence. By the end of March the Philippeville defences under 79th (HY) HAA Rgt were as follows:
 RHQ
 'H' AA Operations Room
 246/79 HAA Bty (8 x 3.7-inch)
 398/79 HAA Bty (8 x 3.7-inch)
 285/64 LAA Bty (18 x Bofors 40mm guns)
 C Troop, 193/64 LAA Bty (6 x Bofors)
 184 AA 'Z' Bty (12 x 9-barrel projectors at Philippeville airfield)
 One troop 567/30 S/L Rgt (6 x radar-controlled S/Ls)
 263 Company, Pioneer Corps (smoke-producing)
 C Flight, 985 (Barrage Balloon) Squadron, RAF (18 x balloons)

In April, 247 Bty was able to draw new 3.7-inch guns from the base ordnance depot and install them at two new sites at Philippeville that the battery had constructed over the preceding two months. There were three raids on the town, on 21, 27 and 28 April, when the AA fire was generally successful in deflecting the bombers from their targets.

Enemy resistance in North Africa ceased on 12 May 1943, but AA defence of the Algerian ports continued while they were used to prepare for the invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky). AA engagements were usually against single high-flying reconnaissance aircraft, with one significant raid on the night of 17/18 June. 246 AA Battery was moved to Bône in July, followed in September by RHQ, 'H' (now 40) AAOR and 247 Bty, where the regiment took over operational control of 180 HAA Bty of 64th HAA Rgt, 567 S/L Bty and 124 AA 'Z' Bty. The OC of 398 HAA Bty became AADC of the reduced Philippeville IAZ.

During the winter of 1943–4, responsibility for the AA defence of the Bône–Philippeville area passed from 66 AA Bde to 52 AA Bde and 44 AA Artillery Brigade, US Army. Meanwhile, 79th (HY) HAA Rgt prepared for service in the Italian Campaign with training in mobile warfare and ground shooting. On 26 March 1944, the regiment handed over to French troops and sailed from Bône and Algiers.

Italy
79th (HY) HAA Regiment disembarked from transports at Naples between 27 March and 14 April to join 52 AA Bde defending the Foggia Airfield Complex. Lt-Col Dickinson was appointed Deputy AADC for the Spinazzola Group of airfields, with batteries of 64th LAA and 106th HAA Rgt under command. By 3 May the regiment was deployed as follows:
Canosa:
 RHQ and GOR
Lesina Airfield (306th Fighter Wing, US Army Air Forces):
 L1: A Trp, 246 HAA Bty (4 x 3.7-inch)
 L2: B Trp, 246 HAA Bty (4 x 3.7-inch)
Venosa Airfield (485th Bombardment Group USAAF):
 V1: D Trp, 247 HAA Bty (4 x 3.7-inch)
 V2: C Trp, 247 HAA Bty (4 x 3.7-inch)
 F Trp, 193/64 LAA Bty (6 x Bofors)
Pantanella Airfield (464th and 465th Bombardment Groups USAAF):
 P1: F Trp, 398 HAA Bty (4 x 3.7-inch)
 P2: E Trp, 398 HAA Bty (4 x 3.7-inch)
 G & H Trps, 285/64 LAA Rgt (12 x Bofors)
Spinazzola Airfield (460th Bombardment Group USAAF):
 S1: A Trp, 332/106 HAA Bty,  (4 x 3.7-inch)
 S2: B Trp, 332/106 HAA Bty (4 x 3.7-inch)
 J Trp, 285/64 LAA Bty (6 x Bofors)

In June 1944 the regiment was 'diluted' (as the process was officially described) by Basuto troops from the African Pioneer Corps. Each battery received 81 ORs from 1932 Dilution Company to be trained as gunners at L1 site at Lesina Airfield. In practice, Nos 1 and 4 of each nine-man gun crew remained British ORs, the other seven numbers being African. Twelve British ORs from each battery formed a new plotting detachment while the remaining 190 surplus gunners were transferred to the infantry (those aged under 40) or to other Royal Artillery units or the Royal Signals (over-40s).

In July the regiment was withdrawn from operational duties and began mobile training pending a move to Allied Force Headquarters in northern Italy. The fully mobile establishment required additional drivers and other specialists, who were obtained from 100th HAA Rgt, which was being disbanded. The regiment also practised firing against ground targets. It began moving north on 25 August, reaching the River Arno at Leghorn (Livorno) on 28 August, having detached 398 Bty to take over AA defence of Porto Santo Stefano, some 80 miles down the coast. The regiment deployed to sites as follows:
 246 Bty
 A Trp to site W (4 miles south of Pisa) in dual AA/field role
 B Trp to site LH7 (immediately east of Leghorn) in AA role
 247 Bty
 C Trp to site LH4 (northern outskirts of Leghorn) in AA role
 D Trp to site Y (7 miles north of Leghorn) in dual AA/field role

As soon as it arrived, D Troop began firing ground shoots in direct support of 39th LAA Rgt acting as infantry, knocking out German 88mm Flak guns (also operating in a dual field role) and in harassing fire tasks. Calls for ground fire slackened after US IV Corps crossed the Arno on 1 September, and the batteries took up positions on the far side of the river. The regiment reverted to AA duties, except for No 1 Gun (codenamed 'Arthur Gun') of A Trp, which came under operational command of 71st (Forth) HAA Rgt and was kept busy with observed fire tasks. B Troop's No 3 Gun took over as 'Arthur Gun' on 14 September, and was in turn relieved by a gun from C Trp. Before the 'Arthur Gun' detachment was withdrawn on 8 October, its average daily ammunition expenditure was 70 rounds, peaking at 140 on 2 October.

In October the regiment left US Fifth Army and crossed Italy again to join 12 AA Bde in British Eighth Army at Rimini. The journey on muddy mountain roads was particularly difficult. On arrival it took over established gun positions, including its first GL Mk. III radar sets and twin 0.5-inch Browning machine guns to replace the twin Brens. In November some of the guns were pushed forward to defend a landing-ground at Bellaria and Lt-Col Dickinson became AADC Bellaria and Rimini Landing Grounds and Rimini Railhead.

In January 1945 the regiment learned that it was to be disbanded. The African ORs transferred to 57th (Wessex) HAA Rgt, the British ORs to the infantry or other RA units. 79th (HY) HAA Rgt with 246, 247 and 398 HAA Btys passed into 'suspended animation on 10 March 1945.

248 (Welwyn) HAA Battery
See main article: 248th (Welwyn) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery, Royal Artillery
On 20 mid-August 1941, 248 Battery was transferred to bolster the inexperienced 120th HAA Rgt which was moving from 61 AA Bde to 26 (London) AA Bde in 1st Anti-Aircraft Division defending the London IAZ. It remained there for over a year, serving through the desultory Luftwaffe raids of 1942, with 248 Bty manning various static 3.7-inch and 4.5-inch gunsites round London.

In mid-January 1943, 120th HAA Rgt left 26 AA Bde and came under WO Control to mobilise as a defended ports unit. After two months at the mobilisation centre at Easthampstead in Berkshire it sailed from Liverpool on 14 March and disembarked at Port Tewfik, Egypt, on 6 May. Here it came under Middle East Forces. After a month in Egypt it was moved by railway to Beirut and then by sea to Cyprus, where it landed on 14 June to take over AA defence of ports and airfields on the island under 20 AA Bde in Ninth Army.

At the end of October 1943, 248 Bty was 'diluted' by a draft of 80 ORs of the African Pioneer Corps. The state of readiness in Cyprus was relaxed in March 1944 and the AA defences on the island were run down during April. The remaining personnel moved to Cairo where 120th HAA Rgt, including 248 (Welwyn) Bty, was disbanded in May–June 1944.

Cadres
Between 1940 and 1942, 79th (HY) HAA Rgt provided cadres to form the following new batteries. Each cadre comprised a battery commander-designate, 1–3 other officers and 9–21 other ranks who were pre-war Territorials embodied in August 1939:
 364 HAA Bty: cadre transferred to 209th HAA Training Rgt, Blandford, 15 September 1940. Battery initially regimented with 79th (HY) HAA, joined 116th HAA Rgt 10 December 1940.
 398 HAA Bty: cadre transferred to 207th HAA Training Rgt, Devizes, 12 December 1940. Battery joined 79th (HY) HAA Rgt 10 March 1941, and served with the regiment until March 1945.
 437 HAA Bty: cadre transferred to 206th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, 22 May 1941. The soldier intake for this battery came from 257 and 260 LAA Btys, which had been recently formed and then disbanded. The battery joined 79th (HY) HAA Rgt (replacing 248 (Welwyn) HAA Bty) 20 August 1941, and served with the regiment until transferred to 138th HAA Rgt on 11 June 1942.
 496 (Mixed) HAA Bty: cadre transferred to 206th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, 10 November 1941. The male soldier intake came from 224 LAA Troop, originally formed on the outbreak of war to defend RAF Hullavington. The battery joined 143rd (Mixed) HAA Rgt 2 February 1942 and transferred to 171st (Mixed) HAA Rgt 29 August 1942.
 526 (Mixed) HAA Bty: cadre transferred to 207th HAA Training Rgt, Devizes, 29 January 1942. Battery joined 154th (Mixed) HAA Rgt 20 April 1942.

'Mixed' indicated units where women from the ATS were integrated into the unit; in the case of HAA batteries they provided approximately two-thirds of the personnel.

Postwar

479 (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) HAA Regiment, RA

When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 79th (HY) HAA Rgt was reformed as 479 (Mobile) (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) HAA Regiment, with HQ at St Albans Road, Barnet and batteries at Barnet, Watford and Welwyn Garden City. (The regiment's old number was taken by the Regular 7th HAA Rgt, which became 79th HAA Rgt) Recruitment for the new TA regiment opened on 31 May 1947. As a designated mobile unit it was equipped with towed 3.7-inch guns and radar, intended to form part of 82 AA Bde (the former 56th Light AA Bde). However in practice it served under 63 (North London) AA Bde, the former 37 AA Bde, which was an exclusively HAA formation.

In 1951, the Watford Battery was able to move into a new drill hall at Croxley Green, the site having been purchased before the Second World War, and then moved out of the cramped Clarendon Hall which it had shared with 1st Battalion Hertfordshire Regiment. That year a REME Light Aid Detachment was formed for the regiment.

AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955 and the number of AA units in the TA was drastically reduced. 479 (HY) HAA Regiment amalgamated back into its former parent regiment, now 286 (Hertfordshire Yeomanry) Medium Rgt based at St Albans. Combined batteries were formed at Watford and Welwyn Garden City. Most personnel of the Barnet Battery chose to transfer to 557 Tank Transporter Company, RASC. Others decided to join the Mobile Defence Corps.

8th (Hertfordshire & Cambridgeshire) Battalion, MDC
When 479 (HY) HAA Rgt amalgamated with 286 (HY) Medium Rgt in March 1955, a group of volunteers from 479 formed the nucleus for a battalion of the Mobile Defence Corps (MDC). The MDC was being formed at the time to provide trained military support for the Civil Defence Corps and Fire Services on a regional basis. The units were formed in the Army Emergency Reserve (AER) from volunteers and National Servicemen (Army and Royal Air Force) who were approaching demobilisation and who were posted after training to their local MDC battalion for their subsequent compulsory part-time service. The firefighting requirement was dropped but the rescue battalions were organised. The men from 479th HAA Rgt provided the basis for 8th (Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire) Battalion of the MDC, with HQ at Barnet, recruiting from across both counties. When the MDC was disbanded in February 1959 those members of 8th Bn who wished to continue in the AER transferred to the Royal Army Ordnance Corps.

Commanding Officers
The following served as Commanding Officer of 79th and 479th HAA Rgt:
 Lt-Col T.L.L. Bazley Green, TD, 1 October 1938 – 15 January 1940 (to Home Office Air Raid Precautions Department)
 Lt-Col R.P. Gatehouse, 16 January–24 February 1940
 Lt-Col R.C.M. Raikes, OBE, 24 February 1940–December 1941 (to command 5 AA Brigade)
 Lt-Col A. B. De C. Dickinson, December 1941–10 March 1945
 Lt-Col R.N. Hanbury, OBE, 1 May 1947 – 31 March 1950 (to command 63 (North London) AA Bde)
 Lt-Col G.W.A. Tufton, TD, 1 April 1950 – 31 August 1953
 Lt-Col J.A. Chaplin, TD, 1 September 1953 – 30 June 1955

Honorary Colonel
The following officers served as Honorary Colonel of the regiment:
 Lt-Col T.H. Sebag-Montefiore, DSO, MC, RA retired, 17 May 1939 to 17 May 1944<
 Lt-Col T.L.L. Bazley-Green, original CO, 17 May 1944–May 1949
 Lt-Gen Arthur Percival, CB, DSO and Bar, MC, 1949–54
 Brigadier R.N. Hanbury, OBE, one of the original officers and former CO, appointed on 26 December 1954; retained the position after the merger into 286 Rgt until 1963, and was also Hon Col of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment 1967–71.

Prominent members
 Lieutenant Desmond Flower, 10th Viscount Ashbrook was among the officers appointed to the new regiment; he had previously served in the ranks of the 54th (City of London) HAA Rgt, and ended the Second World War as a major.
 Captain John Vincent Holland, Indian Army retired, who had won a Victoria Cross during the First World War, was the administrative officer of the regiment when it was embodied in June 1939.
 Lieutenant Peter Heber-Percy, descended from Bishop Hugh Percy, had served for two years as a Regular RA officer before becoming a stockbroker. An original officer of the regiment, having transferred from 54th (City of London) HAA Rgt, he ended the Second World War as a Lt-Col and CO of 55th (Kent) HAA Rgt and was awarded the OBE.
 Second-Lieutenant Peter Compton Spencer-Smith, nephew of Sir Drummond Hamilton-Spencer-Smith, 5th Bt, was another original officer of the regiment, having transferred from 54th (City of London) HAA Rgt; he ended the Second World War as a major.

Insignia
On formation, 79th (HY) HAA Rgt adopted the same badges and uniform distinctions as 86th (HY) Fd Rgt, including the Hertfordshire Yeomanry's hart badge worn as a collar badge in addition to the RA cap badge, and later as a cap badge on side caps and berets.

Post-war, 479 (HY) HAA Rgt used the same beret and collar badges as 286 (HY) Fd Rgt: a hart surrounded by a strap inscribed 'Herts Yeomanry' and surmounted by a crown. Officers wore the hart collar badge in bronze below their rank badges in battledress. It was also used as a vehicle marking, painted in gold on the doors. In 1953 the regiment adopted the old 'Harts [sic] Yeomanry Cavalry' button in place of the RA pattern, and RA cap badges were completely abandoned. Cavalry-style shoulder chains were worn in No 1 dress. The AA Command formation badge was worn on both sleeves in battledress.

Memorial
A memorial tablet to the men of all four Hertfordshire Yeomanry artillery regiments who died during the Second World War was unveiled in St Albans Abbey on 19 September 1954.

Footnotes

Notes

References

 Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 100th Edn, London, 1953.
 Basil Collier, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957.
 Maj L.F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War in France and Flanders 1939–1940, London: HM Stationery Office, 1954/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, 978-1-85457-056-6.
 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, .
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984, .
 Ashley Jackson, The British Empire and the Second World War, London: Hambledon Continuum, 2006, .
 Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, .
 Patrick Mileham, The Yeomanry Regiments: 200 Years of Tradition, 2nd Edn, Edinburgh: Canongate Academic, 1994, .
 Monthly Army List.
 Sir Frederick Pile's despatch: "The Anti-Aircraft Defence of the United Kingdom from 28th July, 1939, to 15th April, 1945" London Gazette 18 December 1947.
 Brig N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994,
 J.D. Sainsbury, Hertfordshire's Soldiers: A Survey of the Auxiliary Military Forces Raised in Hertfordshire from 1757 to the Present day, Hitchin: Hertfordshire Local History Council, 1969.
 Col J.D. Sainsbury, The Hertfordshire Yeomanry Regiments, Royal Artillery, Part 2: The Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment 1938–1945 and the Searchlight Battery 1937–1945; Part 3: The Post-war Units 1947–2002, Welwyn: Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Artillery Trust/Hart Books, 2003, .

External links
 Orders of Battle at Patriot Files
 British Army units from 1945 on
 The Drill Hall Project
 IWM National War Memorials Register
 Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)
 Royal Artillery 1939–1945
 Graham Watson, The Territorial Army 1947

Military units and formations established in 1938
Military units and formations disestablished in 1955
Hertfordshire Yeomanry
Heavy anti-aircraft regiments of the Royal Artillery
Military units and formations in Hertfordshire
Military units and formations in Watford
Welwyn Garden City


title: 155th Division

text:
In military terms, 155th Division or 155th Infantry Division may refer to:

 155th Division (People's Republic of China)
 155th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
 155th Reserve Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)
 155th Infantry Division Emilia (Italian, World War II)
 155th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)


title: 156th Division

text:
In military terms, 156th Division or 156th Infantry Division may refer to:

 156th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
 156th Division (People's Republic of China)
 156th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
 156th Infantry Division Vicenza (Italian, World War II)


title: 157th Division

text:
In military terms, 157th Division or 157th Infantry Division may refer to:

 157th Division (People's Republic of China)
 157th Infantry Division (France)
 157th Mountain Division (German, World War II)
 Italian 157th Garrison Division
 157th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)


title: 158th Division

text:
In military terms, 158th Division or 158th Infantry Division may refer to:

 158th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
 158th Infantry Division (France) (1915–1917)
 158th Infantry Division Zara (Italian, World War II)


title: William James Campbell

text:
William James Campbell (December 12, 1850 – March 4, 1896) was an American attorney and politician in Illinois. From Pennsylvania, he came with his parents to southern Cook County, Illinois at a young age. Campbell attended public schools, then the University of Pennsylvania and the Union Law School. He co-founded Campbell & Custer, a prominent law firm that represented industries. He served in the Illinois Senate from 1878 to 1886, quickly rising to become its president. From 1883 to 1885, this made him acting Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. After his Senate experience, he returned to his law firm and was a member of the Republican National Committee.

Biography
William James Campbell was born on December 12, 1850, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents, John and Mary, immigrated from northern Ireland. When Campbell was a child, they moved to Cook County, Illinois. He attended public school in Bloom Township then matriculated at Lake Forest University. later transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, then was accepted at the Union Law School in Chicago, Illinois. Campbell studied law under William C. Goudy for two years, then was admitted to the bar. He practiced alone for two years, then formed the partnership of Campbell & Custer.

Campbell was elected to the Illinois Senate and served four two-year terms from 1878 to 1886. He was named president pro tempore in 1880, the first to hold the office, serving under John Marshall Hamilton. When Hamilton became Governor of Illinois in 1883, Campbell position made him the Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. He returned to the Senate when Hamilton's term expired, continuing to serve as president pro tempore. He became a close friend of John Riley Tanner in the Senate and the two often collaborated on political projects.

After his years in the senate, Campbell returned to Campbell & Custer in the Rookery Building in Chicago. He represented several large industries there, including Armour and Company. He joined the Republican National Committee in 1891, succeeding George R. Davis. He elected its chairman in 1892, but quickly resigned the office. Campbell was a trustee of the Armour Institute of Technology and was a member of the Chicago and Union League Clubs. He died in Riverside, Illinois on March 4, 1896, after an illness.

References

|-

1850 births
1896 deaths
19th-century American politicians
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Businesspeople from Illinois
Illinois lawyers
Republican Party Illinois state senators
Lake Forest College alumni
Lieutenant Governors of Illinois
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
People from Riverside, Illinois
Politicians from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania alumni
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American lawyers


title: James Knight (Australian politician)

text:
James Mylne Knight (c.1826 – 21 August 1876) was an auctioneer and politician in colonial Victoria , a member of the Victorian Legislative Council.

Knight was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, the son of George and Ann née Halley. Knight arrived in the Port Phillip District 1847 and briefly worked in his brother's (A. H.) grain and milling business.

Knight moved to Belfast (later known as Port Fairy in 1848. He became a partner in the auctioneering firm Macgregor & Knight.

On 15 November 1855, Knight was elected to the unicameral Victorian Legislative Council for Villiers and Heytesbury, a position he held until the original Council was abolished in March 1856.

Knight died in Port Fairy, Victoria on 21 August 1876, he had married Matilda Bennett in 1853.

External links

References

1826 births
1876 deaths
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia
Politicians from Edinburgh
Australian auctioneers
19th-century Australian politicians
19th-century Australian businesspeople


title: Lubna of Córdoba

text:
Lubna of Córdoba (Lubna Al-Qortobia, ) was an Andalusian intellectual, mathematician, and poet of the second half of the 10th century known for the quality of her writing and her excellence in the sciences. Lubna was born into slavery and raised within the Madīnat al-Zahrā palace. She then pursued a career within the palace as part of Al-Hakam II's team of copyists.

Early life
Little to no information is known about Lubna’s upbringing, and most accounts available are historian and scholar speculations based on facts about women in her same position during the 10th century time period in Al-Andalus.

Lubna was born within the Madīnat al-Zahrā, under the rule of the caliph Abd al-Rahman III, which began in 929. During his reign, the number of enslaved people in Córdoba increased, Lubna being one of them from birth.

José Miguel Puerta Vílchez, of the University of Granada, claims that Lubna's father was caliph Abd al-Rahman III, which would make her one out of his sixteen daughters. Although records show the names of his 11 sons, the names of his daughters remain unwritten, except for daughters Hind and Wallada. The children of the caliph were typically raised by their enslaved mothers within the royal harem; one example is Al-Hakam II, Abd al-Rahman III's son and heir to the throne, who was born to Marjan, raised within the palace harem, and went on to work alongside Lubna in the library.

Lubna is thought to have had a good education available throughout her life in order to later become an intellectual and a scholar of the caliph's court. Additionally, there were religious motivations which made the practice of educating, freeing, and employing enslaved people more common under Muslim rule.

Career
Lubna started out as a copyist for the library of  Al-Hakam II, who rose to power as caliph in 961.

According to Arab chronicles, in the time of Caliph Al-Hakam II, more than 170 literate women could be found in some suburbs of the city; these women were responsible for making copies of valuable manuscripts. This gives an idea of the culture and the role of women during the reign of the Caliph.

Al-Hakam II followed in his father's footsteps by freeing Lubna and appointing her as his resident secretary and scholar. One of many responsibilities, Lubna was also in charge of the library, of which she was an expert because of her experience transcribing the manuscripts it held.

Lubna was one out of at least 100 people that were freed from enslavement by Al-Hakam II before and after his death. In the case that she was given documents that proclaimed her freedom, she would have been part of the "freedmen" (mawla, mawali) social class of Muslim society. During 10th century Al-Andalus, it was not unusual for former slaves of the palace to obtain positions of power, and they were often trusted more than local politicians.

In the library of Córdoba, Lubna was in charge of playing, writing, and translating many manuscripts. She studied these texts and wrote valuable commentaries and annotations on them. Some of these texts include those of Archimedes and Euclid. Along with Hasdai ibn Shaprut, she was the driving force behind the creation of the famous library of Medina Azahara, which was home to at least 400,000 books.

Dr. Joyce E. Salisbury, of the University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, describes Lubna's engagement with the community outside of the palace walls. She tutored children in math, and as she went back into the palace, they would follow her reciting multiplication tables.

She was also included in Ibn Bashkuwāl's biographical dictionary of Islamic Spain's scholars, ‘Continuation of the scholarly history of al-Andalus' (Kitāb al-ṣila fī taʾrīkh aʾimmat al-Andalus, Arabic:  كتاب الصلة في تاريخ أئمة الأندلس وعلمائهم ومحدثيهم وفقهائهم وأدبائهم ). Here she is described as "an intelligent writer, grammarian, poetess, knowledgeable in arithmetic, comprehensive in her learning; none in the palace was as noble as she...", as having "great knowledge of mathematics and other sciences as well", and as being well-versed in the exact sciences, with the ability to solve "the most complex geometrical and algebraic problems known in her time."

Questions of Identity
There are many questions pertaining to Lubna's identity and her role within the Madīnat al-Zahrā's library and palace.

Although variants of her name are found throughout various historical sources, they overlap significantly in terms of time, place, and role in the palace. Lubna has also been found under the names of Labna, Labanna/Labana, Libana, and Labona throughout different historical accounts.

As writer Kamila Shamsie analyzes, "What does seem clear about Lubna of Cordoba is that she was connected to both the palace and the world of books during the reign of al-Hakam II, and was significant enough to be remembered for her intellect and learning." She also affirms that Lubna was most likely enslaved within the royal court, contrasting the theory with that of Lubna being a Fatimid invited to the court for specialized book acquisition.

As Al-Hakam II's personal secretary, the narrative of Lubna being both in charge of the workings of the library and book acquisition in Cairo, Damascus and Baghdad would not be logistically possible, given that she would have to physically leave the library for long periods of travel time.

Shamsie claims that Lubna might have been two different women, Lubna and Fatima – combined into one woman because the historian responsible could not comprehend that there were two female intellectuals at the same court. Lubna and Fatima are described as two different people in several historical accounts, such as in The Story of Islamic Spain by Syed Azizur Rahmad and La corteza de la letra by Marietta Gargatagli.

Legacy
A street in Cordoba was named after her in 2019, Avenida Escriba Lubna, commemorating her work as a copyist. She is one out of thirty-three women who are identified in professor Inmaculada Serrano Hernández's project, "Mujeres en las Calles de Córdoba" ('Women in the Streets of Cordoba'). The project has been created in collaboration with Casa Árabe, Centro de Profesorado de Córdoba, Instituto Andaluz de la Mujer, and promoted by the Ayuntamiento of Cordoba.

The artist, Jose Luis Munoz, created his own depiction of Lubna. His series focuses on six important figures during the era of Al-Andalus. The portrait of Lubna can be found in the permanent exhibition of La Casa de Sefarad in Córdoba.

The Essay on BBC Radio 3 featured a series dedicated to Islamic Golden Age. In one episode, writer Kamila Shamsie explores the life of Lubna of Cordoba

References

Arabic-language women poets
Arabic-language poets
People from Córdoba, Spain
10th-century women writers
10th-century writers
Women poets from al-Andalus
Medieval women poets
Mathematicians from al-Andalus
Women from al-Andalus
People from the Caliphate of Córdoba
Arabian slaves and freedmen
10th-century slaves
Slaves from al-Andalus


title: Boag Johnson

text:
David Ralph "Boag" Johnson (December 6, 1921 – July 11, 2005) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Anderson Packers between 1947 and 1950, then the Fort Wayne Pistons between 1950 and 1953.

Career statistics

NBA
Source

Regular season

Playoffs

References

External links
Boag Johnson obituary
Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame profile

1921 births
2005 deaths
American men's basketball players
Anderson Packers players
Basketball players from Indiana
College men's basketball players in the United States
Fort Wayne Pistons players
High school basketball coaches in Indiana
Huntington University (United States) alumni
People from Huntington, Indiana
Point guards
Undrafted National Basketball Association players


title: Samuel Okey

text:
Samuel Okey (fl. 1765–1780), the younger, was a British mezzotint engraver, in later life an emigrant to British North America.

Life
Samuel Okey, eldest surviving son of Samuel Okey, a printseller in Fleet Street, London, and his wife Mary Atterbury, was born in the City of London on 21 February 1742.  Nothing is known of his training as a mezzotint engraver, but those of his prints that are signed “Samuel Okey junior” were probably produced before the death of his father in 1768.  As Samuel Okey junior, he obtained premiums in 1765 and 1767 from the Society of Arts. In 1770 he engraved a print Sweets of Liberty, after John Collett; this was published by him and Charles Reak, near Temple Bar, and it exhibits Wilkite sympathies.

In 1773 the names Okey and Reak appear as joint publishers of an engraved portrait by Okey of the Baptist minister Thomas Hiscox after Robert Feke; and as "print sellers and stationers on the Parade", Newport, Rhode Island. They published a portrait of Thomas Honyman there in 1774, and one of Samuel Adams in 1775. It is uncertain whether Okey remained in America or returned to England.

Works

Okey's first premium was for a mezzotint engraving of Nancy Reynolds, copied from that done by Charles Phillips, after a picture by Sir Joshua Reynolds. In 1767 he exhibited at the Incorporated Society of Artists an engraving of An Old Man with a Scroll after Reynolds, and in 1768 A Mezzotinto after Mr. Cosway.

Among Okey's earlier works were:

 Mrs. Anderson, after Robert Edge Pine;
 Lady Anne Dawson, after Reynolds;
 Miss Gunning, and The Gunnings as Hibernian Sisters;
 Nelly O'Brien, after Reynolds;
 William Powell the actor, after Robert Pyle;
 Miss Green and a Lamb, after Tilly Kettle; and
 A Burgomaster, after Frans Hals.

A print by him, A Modern Courtezan, was published in 1778, but may have been executed earlier.

Notes

Attribution

British engravers
18th-century British people


title: Claudio Celso

text:
Claudio Celso (born August 4, 1955) is a Brazilian guitarist, composer and arranger. His work includes jazz, bossa nova and Brazilian popular music. He was listed in the world's top 100 guitarists by Guitar Player Magazine in Brazil.

Early years

Claudio Celso was born in São Paulo, Brazil. He began playing guitar at the age of four. He initially studied classical guitar and then learned bossa nova and jazz with guitarist/composer Paulinho Nogueira and also with his father, Nilson M. Celso, who was an early electric guitarist in Brazil.

Performer

Celso is known for impeccable technique and deep jazz roots and for his breadth of experience.
His career has included working with the Brazilian instrumental ensemble Zimbo Trio for over two years. He accompanied major popular artists with the Tupi Television Orchestra while in his hometown, São Paulo. From 1978 until 1985 he was based in New York City and worked with numerous well-known jazz icons and producers Teo Macero, Creed Taylor, Roy Cicala and Eumir Deodato. He studied composition and arranging with Don Sebesky while in New York.  He has subsequently worked internationally with numerous renowned musicians and has been playing in music clubs, concert venues and jazz festivals.

In early 2015, Claudio performed his Suite “Axis Mundi” at the Coliseu Theater in Santos, Brazil - with the Symphonic Orchestra of Santos – a concert designed for electric guitar and orchestra. This project unites both classical and contemporary music in an effort to revitalize passion and interest for symphonic instruments in young audiences all around the world. The event celebrated the city´s 469th birthday and had a sold out audience.

Back in Los Angeles late 2015, Claudio started the pre-production of his EP "Alpha Solaris", consisting of a series of compositions to musically tell the fantasy story of an astronaut on a lonely journey in search of a new planet for mankind. It was later recorded in 2018 at CDAudio Studios, Sao Paulo, where Claudio Celso had the privilege of having the late legendary bassist Arthur Maia participate in the recording.

During 2019 and 2020, Claudio releases the albums "Alpha Solaris",  "Axis Mundi", "Simetria", "A Brazilian Cool Jazz Experience" (a remake of his previous "Swell" album) and three acoustic guitar albums: "Agreste, "Quilombo" and "Arraial" (Boom Boom Records) based on the sound of pure folkloric Brazilian grass roots music.

Back in Brazil in 2021, Claudio writes a set of 22 new original musical pieces. He calls It - the  result of a lifetime in music, ranging from all influences including up tempo sambas dressed in elaborated chord changes (modulations), baião and modern jazz influences. This new repertoire is performed in a trio format composed of acoustic guitar, electric/upright bass and drums/percussion.

Other
In addition to his career as a performer, Claudio does guitar clinics and writes articles for Guitar Player Magazine. He has taught extensively in his own country and internationally, published a Jazz Guitar instructional video, and mentored Brazilian guitar stars.

He frequently gives newspaper, magazine, radio and TV interviews, including an acclaimed interview with Guitarra Cover Magazine. His 2007 appearance on Programa do Jô, the popular TV talk show in Brazil, was followed by 4.6 million viewers.

In 2014, under the Rouanet Law, which allows tax payers (both persons and corporations) to make donations or sponsorships to cultural projects and get tax exemption, he received a grant from the Brazilian Ministry of Culture for a project which includes concerts and workshops throughout Brazil, and the recording of two new CDs.

Discography
His recordings include:

(2020) Axis Mundis - Suite for Guitar and Orchestra (Claudio Celso) – Boom Boom Records - Album
(2019) Alpha Solaris (Claudio Celso) – Boom Boom Records - EP
(2019) Arraial (Claudio Celso) – Boom Boom Records - Single
(2019) Simetria (Claudio Celso) – Boom Boom Records - Single
(2019) Quilombo (Claudio Celso) – Boom Boom Records - EP
(2019) Agreste (Claudio Celso) – Boom Boom Records - Single
(2019) A Brazilian Cool Jazz Experience (Claudio Celso) – Boom Boom Records - EP
(2013) Turno di Notte (Francesco Lattanzi) DC Records/Italy – CD
(2010) The Music of Claudio Celso (Claudio Celso) - Reverbnation - CD
(2010) Surf Life (Claudio Celso) – CDBaby - CD
(2009) Sambatuque (Salaberry)  - Tum Tum Home Music - CD
(2006) Swell – A Brazilian Cool Jazz Experience (Claudio Celso) - Maritaca – CD
(2005) Vida de Artista (Paulo Freire) - Vai Ouvindo - CD
(1998) Amazon Moon - The Music of Mike Stoller (Guilherme Vergueiro) - CD
(1998) Padre Pio (Giacomo Piraino) – Boca Raton/Florida – CD
(1998) Brazilian Jazz by Claudio Celso (Claudio Celso) - Universal Music - CD
(1992) Raul Seixas – O Início, o Fim e o Meio (various artists) – Epic/Sony Music - CD
(1991) O Inferno é Fogo (Lobão) – BMG - LP
(1991) Lucky! (Sandra de Sá) - BMG Ariola – LP
(1990) Pepê (various artists) – Fonobrás – LP
(1990) A Girl from Ipanema (Ana France) - Yamaha Jazz - LP
(1989) Mais (Marisa Monte) – video
(1989) Pé de Boi: Power Samba Band (Guilherme Franco) - Arcadia - LP
(1986) Vania Bastos (Vania Bastos) - Bom Tempo/Copacabana – LP
(1986) Intelligence (Intelligence) – RCA – LP
(1984) Red on Red (Claudio Roditi) - Greene St Records – LP
(1982) The Brazilian Beat of Guanabara - Baystate Records - LP
(1981) Jewel Eyes (Frank Ferrucci) – Wren Records - LP
(1980) Elegia (Lloyd McNeill) - Baobab Records Co. - LP

Compositions

Compositions include:

LP The Brazilian Beat of Guanabara
"Vento"

LP Intelligence
"Explode Alegria" (w/Simbas)
"Homem do Fogo" (w/ Pedro & Albino Infantozzi, Simbas and Glauco Guerin)
"Manhê” (w/ Simbas, Pedro Infantozzi and Albino Infantozzi)
"Quero Ficar na Cidade” (w/ Kim Milford)
"Rádio” (w/ David Musser)
"Saudade de Você" (w/Simbas)
"Sonho Louco” (w/ Pedro Infantozzi and Simbas)
"Você Está Sempre em Mim” (w/ Kim Milford and Simbas)

CD Brazilian Jazz
"Song for Anita"
"Ascension"
"Jungle Beat"
"Children"
"SUS"
"Raga"

CD Swell - A Brazilian Cool Jazz Experience
"Delfina"
"Hades"
"Liana's Waltz”
"Presente para Deisy"
"Song for Anita"
"Swell"
"Tomatoes"
"Tudo Azul em Monicaland"

CD Surf Life
"Ascension"
"Back in the Water"
"Balloneh"
"Beach Break"
"High Tide"
"Hope"
"Koalytha's Dream"
"Panda the Fairy"
"What a Day"

EP Alpha Solaris
"Lifting Off"
"Ascending"
"Lending on Alpha Solaris"
"Jupiter 1"

Single Agreste
"Cangaceiro"
"Menina Bonita"

Single Simetria
"Simetria Parte A"
"Simetria Parte B"

Single Arraial
"Arraial Pt. A"
"Arraial Pt. B"

EP Quilombo
"Quilombo"
"Xaxonico"
"Caminho no Mato"
"Meu Lugar"

EP A Brazilian Cool Jazz Experience
"Hades"
"Swell"
"Presente para Deisy"
"Delfina"

Album Axis Mundis - Suite for Guitar and Orchestra
"Hades"
"Sininha"
"Beach Break"
"Jungle Beat"
"Leil dos Homens"
"A Medley of Baloneh, Back in the Water & Hope"

References

External links
 Claudio Celso Official Site

 Claudio Celso - The Alpha Solaris Project
 Claudio Celso - Facebook

Brazilian composers
Brazilian jazz composers
Bossa nova guitarists
Brazilian pop guitarists
Música Popular Brasileira guitarists
Brazilian jazz guitarists
Brazilian male guitarists
1955 births
Living people
Musicians from São Paulo
Male jazz composers


The North Korea women's national under-20 football team represents the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in international association football competitions in the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup and the AFC U-19 Women's Championship, as well as any other under-20 women's international football tournaments. It is governed by the DPR Korea Football Association.

They have won the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup twice, in 2006 and 2016. Upon the former triumph, they became the first Asian team to win a FIFA women's tournament and the first Asian football team to win any FIFA tournaments since Saudi Arabia's victory in the 1989 FIFA U-16 World Championship.

Competition History

FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup

AFC U-19 Women's Championship

*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

Current squad
U-20 Women's national team for 2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup from November 13 to December 3.

See also

North Korea women's national football team
North Korea women's national under-17 football team

References

External links
North Korea at the FIFA website
North Korea at the AFC website

Asian women's national under-20 association football teams
under


title: The Message to the Planet

text:
The Message to the Planet is a novel  by Iris Murdoch. Published in 1989, it was her twenty-fourth novel.

Plot
The Message to the Planet centres on Marcus Vallar, a charismatic former mathematician and painter who has abandoned both these pursuits, and on a group of London friends, former associates of Vallar, with whom he has broken off contact. The plot begins with the decision of Alfred Ludens, a young history professor, to seek out his former mentor Vallar in the hope that he can restore his friend Patrick Fenman to health. Fenman is apparently dying of a mysterious wasting disease and believes that his illness is the result of his having been cursed by Vallar.

Ludens finds Vallar living in the country with his daughter, a young woman named Irina. The three return to London, where, by a combination of physical manipulation and verbal exhortation, Vallar initiates Fenman's recovery. Ludens is convinced that Vallar is a brilliant philosopher and that it is his responsibility to  help Vallar to express his thoughts in writing, something he is reluctant or unable to do.  After a short period living in London, Irina arranges for her father to be admitted to Bellmain, an exclusive mental institution in the country near Salisbury Plain, where she will live with him in a cottage. Ludens is appalled by the suggestion that Vallar is mentally ill. He moves into a hotel in the nearby village and continues seeing Vallar daily in the hope of getting him to write, while trying to convince Irina, to whom he has become engaged, that Vallar should be removed from the institution.

Before long the story spreads that a healer who has raised a man from the dead is living at Bellmain. A group of new age travellers on their way to Stonehenge arrives, followed by others wishing to see him. Marcus Vallar begins making public appearances to his visitors, on whom he makes a strong impression of holiness. He also receives people asking for healing. However, he later renounces his position as a holy man.

The book's secondary plot concerns a ménage à trois involving the artist Jack Sheerwater, who had been Vallar's painting instructor, Jack's wife Franca, and his mistress Alison. Jack has had mistresses in the past, and has told Franca about them while assuring her that these extramarital relationships are temporary and insignificant. However, he decides that his relationship with Alison is to be permanent, and that all three should live together. Franca, still in love with Jack, acquiesces at first, but eventually she decides to leave him, as also does Alison. By the end of the novel Marcus Vallar has died, Ludens is no longer engaged to Irina, and Franca is still married to Jack, while Alison has left him.

Major themes
The Message to the Planet, Iris Murdoch's twenty-fourth novel, continues the exploration of some of the themes familiar from her earlier works. Marcus Vallar is a charismatic and masterful "enchanter" figure, a type featured in many of her novels. According to her biographer Peter J. Conradi, Iris Murdoch said that the character of Marcus Vallar was based on Georg Kreisel. Conradi also notes that Murdoch's seven last novels all deal with the death of a "wise older man", in this case Vallar. In common with other Murdoch novels, The Message to the Planet also explores the relationship between a master and his disciple, Vallar and Ludens respectively.

Two major themes more particular to this novel are the Holocaust and the "dilemma of the religious leader with power and his relationship to suffering". Vallar, who is Jewish, becomes obsessed with the suffering of the Jews, reads books about the Holocaust, and visits Auschwitz concentration camp. At the same time, several incidents and characteristics of Vallar recall the life of Jesus, including the apparently miraculous healing of Pat.

The subplot concerning the relationship among Franca, Jack and Alison highlights another characteristic Murdoch subject, the egoism and selfishness inherent in erotic love.

Literary significance and reception
Reaction to the novel was mixed, both by contemporary reviewers and by later critics and scholars. Anatole Broyard, an admirer of Murdoch's novels, wrote that after reading it "I still don't know whether it is a great novel, a merely interesting one, or an unclassifiable pandemonium". Another reviewer remarked that anyone "seeking an untroubled read and pat answers should seek them elsewhere".

In his study of Iris Murdoch's fiction, Peter Conradi wrote that The Message to the Planet was a "lesser" novel, inferior to its predecessor The Philosopher's Pupil, but with some memorable scenes. On the other hand, Suguna Ramanathan calls it "an extraordinary achievement" and "of all her 24 novels, the largest in scope and most powerful in thrust".

References

1989 British novels
Novels by Iris Murdoch
Chatto & Windus books