title: 251st Rifle Division

text:
The 251st Rifle Division was the seventh of a group of 10 regular rifle divisions formed from cadres of NKVD border and internal troops as standard Red Army rifle divisions, very shortly after the German invasion, in the Moscow Military District. It was largely based on what would become the shtat (table of organization and equipment) of July 29, 1941, with several variations. It served under command of 30th Army in an effort to recover Smolensk in late July and in the Dukhovshchina offensives in August and September, and was quickly reduced to a much-weakened state. It was largely encircled in the initial stages of Operation Typhoon but sufficient men and equipment escaped that it was spared being disbanded. In the following two and a half years the division slogged through the difficult and costly battles around Rzhev and Smolensk as part of 20th Army, and later 31st Army, of Western Front, including several abortive offensives toward Orsha and Vitebsk in late 1943 and early 1944. At the start of Operation Bagration in June the 251st was serving in the 39th Army of 1st Baltic Front and it won a battle honor for its part in the liberation of Vitebsk. Following this victory it advanced into the "Baltic Gap" that had formed between Army Groups North and Center, entering Lithuania and winning the Order of the Red Banner for its part in the fighting for Kaunas. The division was transferred to 43rd Army and then 4th Shock Army as the Front advanced on Riga, and two of its rifle regiments received decorations for the battles for the Latvian capital. In the first days of 1945 the 251st was reassigned yet again, to the 2nd Guards Army of 3rd Belorussian Front, and served under this Army for the duration of the war. It, and several of its subunits, received awards during the East Prussian campaign, and ended the war in East Prussia. After the war the 251st was moved into the Caucasus region, and was finally disbanded in early 1947.

Formation
The 251st Rifle Division began forming within days of the start of the German invasion on June 26, 1941, at Kolomna, in the Moscow Military District. This was based on an NKVD order of that date: Its order of battle was as follows:
 919th Rifle Regiment
 923rd Rifle Regiment
 927th Rifle Regiment
 789th Artillery Regiment
 309th Antitank Battalion
 331st Reconnaissance Company
 419th Sapper Battalion
 671st Signal Battalion (later 671st, 429th Signal Companies)
 269th Medical/Sanitation Battalion
 249th Chemical Defense (Anti-gas) Company
 61st Auto Transport Company (later 472nd)
 308th Field Bakery
 306th Divisional Veterinary Hospital (later 104th)
 814th Field Postal Station
 715th Field Office of the State Bank
Maj. Gen. Filipp Yakovlevich Solovyov, an NKVD officer, was named divisional commander on June 30; he had previously led the 26th NKVD Rifle Division. The division was assigned to 30th Army of Western Front by July 13, less than three weeks after beginning to be formed. On its arrival at the front the unit did not make a favorable impression on the Army commander, Maj. Gen. V. A. Khomenko, who reported on August 5:

In this same report Khomenko stated in regard to his 250th and 251st Divisions that they had been required to move up to 350 km on foot to their concentration areas and "were taken from their assembly points in the very midst of assembly, and, incomplete, they did not approach being 'knocked together' and went into battle unprepared for combat." The two divisions had no howitzers at all, severe shortages existed in field guns and mortars, and ammunition of all types was short. He went on to note:Glantz comments that "These candid reports about the combat state of 30th Army will largely explain why 30th Army operates as it does during the Western Front's three counteroffensives during late July, August, and early September 1941. Given these facts, the army's performance was nothing short of amazing."

30th Army was first assigned to the Group of STAVKA Reserve Armies, and also contained the 242nd and 250th Rifle Divisions. On July 21 General Khomenko ordered each of his rifle divisions to receive a tank battalion from the 110th Tank Division. These battalions were supposed to consist of two companies, one of 10 T-34s and one of 10 BT or T-26 light tanks, plus a BT or T-26 as a headquarters tank, but by the date of the above report only one of these tanks remained.

Battle of Smolensk
The 251st officially joined the active army on July 18, just over three weeks after beginning to form up. Three days earlier, the lead elements of 2nd Panzer Group's 29th Motorized Division had reached the southern part of Smolensk. Over the following days German pressure mounted against the three armies of Western Front, commanded by Marshal S. K. Timoshenko, which were almost entirely encircled in that region. On July 19 the commander of the Group of STAVKA Reserve Armies, Lt. Gen. I. A. Bogdanov, was alerted by the STAVKA to begin preparing an offensive operation with his 29th, 30th and 28th Armies to rescue Timoshenko's force. The 30th, starting from its concentration area north of the Western Dvina River, was to advance toward Demidov.

The following day, on behalf of the STAVKA, Army Gen. G. K. Zhukov sent a directive to Timoshenko, who was now acting as commander of the Western Direction. Four reserve armies, including the 30th (now designated as "Group Khomenko"), were to launch attacks toward Dukhovshchina and Smolensk along converging axes. Khomenko was to attack southward from the region southwest of Bely to reach the MaksimovkaPetropole line by the end of July 22 before pushing on toward Dukhovshchina the next morning. A report from 0600 hours on July 23 indicated that the 251st had reached the Belyi line. A further report two days later stated that the Army was engaged in fighting with German motorized infantry 2 km north of Chernyi Ruchei, and that the division (less one rifle regiment) was attacking from the Petropole line, 25 km south of Bely, as of 2000 hours to assist the 107th Tank Division on its left.

In orders issued by Timoshenko at 0240 hours on July 26 the division was to attack toward Teribki and Baturino and capture the Pozhinki, Sukharevo, and Lelimovo region, 40 km south of that Bely. During that day and the next 30th Army recorded some tactical successes in advances of 5–15 km against the dug-in company-size battlegroups of 18th Motorized Division, On July 30 General Solovyov left the 251st and was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ivan Fyodorovich Nikitin. Solovyov returned to the front as commander of the 364th Rifle Division in September; he would later lead the 112th and 123rd Rifle Corps and be promoted to the rank of lieutenant general. Nikitin had commanded the 58th Rifle Division prewar and had also served as a senior instructor at the Frunze Military Academy. By July 31 it was clear that the offensive to recover Smolensk and rescue the three nearly-encircled armies there had failed, but had also forced Army Group Center's two panzer groups to a near standstill.

On August 1 Army Group Center began its final effort to seal off the Smolensk pocket and liquidate the forces within it. In a report issued by Timoshenko at 2000 hours on August 3 it was stated that 30th Army had attacked with its main forces in the morning, overcoming strong German resistance, with the 251st moving on Zhidki and Pochinok No. 2 against small groups of withdrawing German troops. As of August 5 the division had lost 3,898 officers and men killed, wounded or missing; the 919th and 923rd Rifle Regiments were down to just 247 and 379 men, respectively. In addition, the tank battalion had just one operational vehicle remaining.

Dukhovshchina Offensives
As of August 8 the divisions of XXXIX Motorized Corps which had been facing 30th Army had been relieved by the infantry divisions of 9th Army's V Army Corps. These divisions were very hard pressed to parry the attacks of Khomenko's forces and Lt. Gen. I. S. Konev's 19th Army east and northeast of Dukhovshchina. In the wake of these assaults the commander of Army Group Center noted "9th Army was also attacked; the day before yesterday the Russians broke through as far as the 5th Division's artillery positions." The chief of staff of OKH, Col. Gen. F. Halder, noted on August 11 in regard to these attacks:Timoshenko began planning for a renewed effort on August 14 which was intended to recapture Dukhovshchina en route to Smolensk. The STAVKA ordered this to be coordinated with Zhukov's Reserve Front on August 17 in order to engulf the entire front from Toropets in the north to Bryansk in the south. In the event, due to the chaotic situation, Timoshenko was forced to conduct the operation in piecemeal fashion and was unable to establish close cooperation with Zhukov.

The operational directive set the goal of encircling and destroying the German 106th, 5th, and 28th Infantry Divisions and 900th Lehr Regiment through concentric attacks with two shock groups, the northern consisting of the 30th Army's 242nd, 251st and 162nd Rifle Divisions, 107th Tank and 45th Cavalry Divisions. The Army was to protect its right flank toward Bely with the 250th Division, penetrate the German defense and then commit the mobile forces to encircle the objective from the west. The attack sector was 17 km wide from Markovo to Staroe Morokhovo, from 38 km to 55 km north of Yartsevo. The 251st, which had the support of two battalions of the 392nd Cannon Artillery Regiment and other supporting units, was to block the German center of resistance near Staroe Selo with two battalions, attack toward Shelepy and Pominki with its main forces, with the immediate mission of reaching the Staroe Sochnevo and Khadobuzha line, and subsequently develop the attack in the general direction of Verdino. The 107th Tanks and 45th Cavalry were to follow through the 251st's sector. The attack was to be preceded by a 45-minute artillery preparation beginning at 0900 hours. The shock group faced the German 106th Infantry, which was holding a sector roughly 16 km wide.

General Khomenko launched his attack on time, despite not all of his forces having managed to reach their jumping-off points. Several units were fed in piecemeal, which in some instances worked to their advantage, since the artillery preparation had done more to alert German units than it accomplished in causing damage. While 19th Army managed to penetrate the German tactical defenses throughout its sector, 30th Army achieved far more limited results due to intense machine gun and mortar fire, backed by effective artillery fire on most sectors. The 251st, in common with the 162nd and 242nd, only advanced from 150m-400m, but the 107th Tanks, in cooperation with one regiment of the 162nd, was successful in penetrating the defensive line and exploited roughly 4 km deep. Timoshenko's headquarters reported at 2000 hours that the 251st had attacked in the Pochinoi 2 and Guliaevo sector and was fighting to capture Gordeenki from the north with its left wing.

The Army attempted to resume its offensive at 0900 on August 18, but Khomenko's evening report reveals very little progress: "251st RD – fighting for Staroe Selo and Gordeenki." Overall, although 19th Army continued to make some gains, the 30th could not say the same. In addition, German reserves, such as the 35th Infantry Division, were arriving in the sector. General Nikitin left the division that day; in September he would be given command of the 128th Rifle Division and later did three stints as deputy commander of 42nd Army and as commander of two rifle corps, but ended the war leading the 45th Rifle Training Division. He was replaced the next day by Col. Vladimir Filippovich Stenin, who had previously been deputy commander of the 69th Motorized Rifle Division, which had been reorganized as the 107th Tanks in July. On the same day, although the 162nd Rifle and 107th Tank Divisions managed to cover another 2 km, the remaining divisions stalled against heavy resistance, and the belated arrival of the reinforcing 244th Rifle Division did nothing to assist because it had not yet regrouped after its long approach march. Under the pressure of the offensive the German 9th Army had no choice but to call on the only available reserve, the 7th Panzer Division.

Army Group Center began its counterstroke on August 20. By noon the 7th Panzer was concentrated north of Losevo with roughly 110 tanks (mostly Panzer 38(t) types), preparing to strike the right flank of 19th Army. This attack drove into the heart of the Army's antitank defenses and was driven off with significant losses. Meanwhile, 30th Army maintained its offensive pressure as best it could; Khomenko reported that the 251st and 162nd Divisions were fighting fiercely to widen the penetration in the Pochinoi 2 and Shelepy sector. The next day, as the dogfight with 7th Panzer continued, Timoshenko decided that, since it appeared that 30th Army's attacks were going nowhere, it would be more useful to transfer its fresh forces to 19th Army's sector; on August 22 he permitted Khomenko to take a day to rest and refit. At the end of the day the 251st was reported as being west of Mikhailovshchina and the edge of the woods 1,000m southeast of Sechenki. Among the division's casualties the military commissar of its headquarters and Battalion Commissar Zaitsev was reported killed, as was Captain Shamko, the acting commander of the 927th Rifle Regiment. 19th Army resumed the attack on August 23 and 30th Army recorded some minor gains, with the division being tasked with identifying the boundaries between the German formations, begin penetrating these boundaries by sudden attacks overnight, and be prepared to exploit these penetrations the next morning. However, by the end of the day word had reached Timoshenko that 22nd Army, which was supposed to be advancing south of Velikiye Luki, was in fact facing defeat from the forces of 3rd Panzer Group moving northward.

Despite this impending crisis, Stalin, the STAVKA, and Timoshenko remained confident that their armies could collapse Army Group Center's defenses east of Smolensk, and so persisted in their offensive preparations. On August 25 Timoshenko directed Khomenko to continue protecting the Bely axis with at least two regiments of the 250th Division while preparing to continue the offensive with most of the rest of his forces. At 0145 hours Khomenko dispatched a warning order to his subordinates which included:Near the end of the day it was reported that the 251st was fighting to capture Sechenki against strong German resistance, but had not faced any counterattacks. This was part of a combined attack by the Army's five divisions on a 7 km-wide sector against 106th Infantry Division which gained up to 2.5 km and forced the German division back to its second defensive line. The assault resumed just past noon of the following day. The division was reported as fighting to capture Bolshoe Repino with its right wing and protecting the Nazemenki and Torchilovo sector with its left wing. Altogether, 30th Army forced the right wing of the damaged 106th Infantry to bend but not break, but at the cost to itself of 182 men killed and wounded. The heaviest fighting on August 28 occurred in the Shelepy area where the 251st and 162nd Divisions recorded advances of several hundreds of metres. The former captured Bolshoe Repino and reached a line from Hill 212.9 to the road junction southwest of Sekachi by 1500 hours while continuing to attack toward Krechets and Gorodno; this was supported by most of 107th Tanks. The Army lost another 453 men killed and wounded during the day. Khomenko issued orders for August 29 for the divisions to make a combined attack on the Gorodno and to seize crossings over the Votra River. This would smash the right wing defenses of 106th Infantry. Just before midnight, Timoshenko gave further orders that, while continuing its attacks, 30th Army was to regroup during August 30–31 for a new general offensive.

Second offensive
On August 29 the division encountered heavy German fire while capturing Hill 235.1 and beginning to fight for Gorodnoe. The following day it was ordered to capture Krechets and Novoselki and protect the Army's left flank. In the process of regrouping, Khomenko formed a new shock group consisting of the 251st, 162nd and 242nd divisions, backed by the 250th and the artillery of 107th Tanks. Timoshenko, determined to carry out his design and press the advantages he had won, issued orders to Western Front to prepare to resume the offensive on September 1 after regrouping. 30th Army was directed to make its main attack toward Demidov, with the objective of reaching that place as well as Velizh by the end of September 8.

During August 30, before the offensive officially resumed, the 251st completed the recapture of Gorodno as German forces withdrew to the northwest. When the general assault began the division attacked at 0900 hours; by 1630 the 919th Regiment had occupied Hill 214.9 and was attacking toward Krechets, while the 923rd Regiment reached the brushy area 500m east of Ivanovo before attacking toward that place. During the day the Army lost 248 men killed and wounded. Khomenko now issued orders for September 2, directing Colonel Stenin to regroup his main forces to his left wing overnight, establish links with the 244th Division of 19th Army, capture the road junction at Dorofeevo and crossings over the Votro in that sector, 5–7 km west-southwest of Gorodno. As of 0500 the 251st was reported as digging in along the Hill 214.9, Novoselki and southwestern outskirts of Gorodno line. During this day and the next 30th Army recorded very few gains, and as of 1700 hours on September 3 the division was said to have advanced 400m to a road junction east of Mamonovo. Khomenko attacked again at 0800 on September 5 with four divisions, including the 251st, but was unsuccessful at the cost of an additional 131 men. Finally, at 0335 on September 10 the STAVKA ordered Western Front to go over to the defense. The next day the division, in cooperation with the 162nd, to firmly defend the Hill 228.0, Olkhovka, and Ilina Farm region (25–32 km south of Chernyi Ruchei), with combat security positions along the Shelepy, Shanino Farm, 1 km west of Sechenki, and western outskirts of Gorodno line to prevent German infantry and tanks from penetrating toward Savinka and Karpovo and protect the boundary with 244th Division. In a report produced by the Army's military council on September 6 the division had criticized for poor collection of intelligence, to the point of appointing a procurator to investigate if criminal proceedings would be justified.

Operation Typhoon
The front west of Moscow was generally quiet through the balance of September as Army Groups Center and South focused on the encirclement and destruction of Southwestern Front east of Kyiv. By the end of the month 30th Army was defending a 66 km-wide sector with four divisions; 19th Army remained on its left (south) flank. General Khomenko correctly determined, due to the terrain, that the Kaniutino axis was likely where the main German attack would come. At the expense of a critical weakening of the Army's other sectors the 162nd Division was moved from reserve to deploy on this flank in two echelons on a frontage of only 6.5 km, with one regiment of the 242nd also in the first echelon. The 251st was designated as the Army's reserve, backed by 107th Tanks (now redesignated as 107th Motorized Rifle) in Front reserve./ In addition to being badly overstretched, the Army was experiencing an acute shortage of artillery, rifles, and engineering assets. Although the STAVKA believed the main German attack would come along the SmolenskVyazma highway, in fact it would be aimed at the 19th/30th Army boundary.

Khomenko decided to fire a preemptive artillery bombardment between 1100 and 1130 hours on October 1 in an effort to disrupt the German forces which, by then, were clearly massing against his left flank. While Khomenko's headquarters claimed significant damage had been inflicted, a good deal of the Army's available ammunition was also expended. Operation Typhoon began at 0530 hours on October 2, and the Army boundary was struck by 3rd Panzer Group and 9th Army as Khomenko expected. While the overall attack front was up to 45 km wide the main breakthrough sector was only 16 km wide. Overall, the Kaniutino axis was attacked by four German corps consisting of 12 divisions, including three panzer divisions (460–470 tanks) and one motorized division, simultaneously. Shortly after, the 9th Army's VI Army Corps began pushing toward Bely. At 1630 hours Khomenko issued a combat order which stated in part:The two divisions were to destroy the German units that had broken through, prevent further expansion of their lodgements, and restore the positions of the 162nd. Not only were these orders unrealistic, but the commitment of the 251st and 107th Motorized was delayed and piecemeal. Not only did the counterattack fail but the line of defense along the Vop River could not be held, and the Army's left flank divisions began to retreat to the east.

General Konev, now in command of Western Front, resolved to stage a counterstroke against the penetration using Front reserves along with the 30th Army from the north and 19th Army from the south. The reserve commander, Lt. Gen. I. V. Boldin, ordered the formation of an operational group to consist of the 251st and 152nd Rifle Divisions, 45th Cavalry Division, 101st Motorized Division and two tank brigades. This group was "to liquidate the enemy breakthrough on the Kaniutino axis and restore the 30th Army's position." The bulk of this force was located as far as 55 km from the breakthrough area. Boldin's Group was largely intercepted by advancing German forces (significantly underestimated in numbers by Western Front) long before reaching its assembly areas. Meanwhile, the chief of the Vyazma garrison had reported at 0645 that 30th Army's headquarters had no contact with either the 162nd or 251st Divisions.

The situation on the Bely axis deteriorated further after the failure of 30th Army's counterattack. The 107th Motorized and 251st had both suffered heavy losses and were thrown back to the east. At 0719 hours on October 5 General Khomenko reported to Konev that the 242nd, 107th Motorized, and 250th Divisions had been fighting in encirclement for two days. They had run out of ammunition. German forces had seized Bely the day before and under the circumstances he requested permission for the three divisions to break out and withdraw to the northeast. At 0720 on October 6, in a illustration of the chaos gripping Western Front, General Boldin was still assigning orders to the 251st, directing its remnants, along with the 152nd (minus one regiment), to take Igorevskaya Station. The German main encirclement was closed the next day near Vyazma, while the 251st, 162nd and 242nd Divisions were also pocketed separately east of Bely and north of Sychyovka. These passed to the control of 31st Army as 30th Army headquarters went into reserve. By October 9 up to 500 men of the division had been collected in the Aleksandrovka area, and were expected to arrive in the Sychyovka area by nightfall. Colonel Stenin led this breakout; while nominally in command of the division until October 25 he was replaced on this date by Col. Sergei Ivanovich Orestov. Stenin went on to several other commands, being promoted to the rank of major general on August 4, 1942, and was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on April 6, 1945.

As of October 10 the remnants of the 242nd, 162nd, and that part of the 251st which had not escaped, remained encircled by the German 6th and 110th Infantry Divisions west of the RzhevVyazma road. Already, the 9th Army was so overstretched that it could not spare the manpower to mop up the pocket, which was simply surrounded by a thin cordon of detachments from various infantry divisions. After holding out for 15 days, the three divisions staged a successful breakout to the north on October 27, and reached the lines of 29th Army before the end of the month, covering some 75 km and causing damage and confusion in the German rear. While the other two divisions were disbanded for replacements, the 251st was not, although at the end of the year its strength was no more than 2,000 men. It was rebuilt over the following months.

Defense of Moscow
By the beginning of November the division had returned to 30th Army, which was now in Kalinin Front, but later in the month the Army was assigned back to Western Front. The 923rd Rifle Regiment was operating detached from its division and, by order of Western Front staff, on November 26 was concentrating, with the 2nd Motorized Rifle Regiment, in the area of Dmitrovka, 20 km southeast of Solnechnogorsk. It then became part of the Rogachevo group, which on November 28 was noted as falling back to the east and southeast under pressure of superior German forces following difficult defensive fighting.

Battles of Rzhev
By the beginning of the new year the 30th Army had returned to Kalinin Front; in January the 251st formally returned to command of 31st Army in the same Front. On January 8 the first Rzhev-Vyazma offensive began with a total of 14 armies of Kalinin and Western Fronts involved. Kalinin Front led the attack with 29th and 39th Armies forming its shock group. 29th Army soon began to envelop Rzhev from the west, reaching as close as 8 km to the city by January 11, and the STAVKA ordered the Front commander, General Konev, that it be taken the following day. On its left, 31st Army secured the advance and prevented German 9th Army from shifting units to Rzhev. The German forces managed to hold the city.

On February 16 the STAVKA issued a new directive which reiterated the task for the troops of the Western Direction "to smash and destroy the enemy's RzhevViaz'maIukhnov grouping and by 5 March reach and dig in on our old defensive line with prepared anti-tank ditches." This directive raises doubts that the STAVKA knew the real situation. 31st Army was given the order to seize the Zubtsov area by the end of February 23. Only this Army was able to get underway on the designated start date of February 20; the others started on various days thereafter. Daily grinding attacks began, none of which brought any real results. Nevertheless, on March 20 the STAVKA again demanded that Kalinin and Western Fronts continue to execute the previously assigned orders more energetically, declaring that "the liquidation of the enemy's RzhevGzhatskViaz'ma grouping has been impermissibly delayed." 31st Army, with the newly refitted 29th Army, was to seize Rzhev by April 5. This effort had no more success than the previous, in part due to the start of the spring rasputitsa. By this time the Army had been reduced to just three divisions (5th, 247th, 251st). In July the 251st was transferred to 20th Army in Western Front.

First Rzhev-Sychyovka Offensive

At the beginning of July, following a discussion with Stalin, Zhukov had initiated planning for an offensive by 20th Army against the Rzhev salient to be called Operation "Sverdlovsk". This was intended primarily as a means to draw German reserves from their developing offensive in the south, but as it developed Zhukov's plan anticipated advances towards Rzhev, Sychyovka and Gzhatsk. In its final form the operation was to include the 29th and 30th Armies of Kalinin Front to the north and the 31st and 20th Armies of Western Front to the south. Kalinin Front began its offensive on July 30, but on the same day heavy rains began which flooded the countryside and turned the roads into quagmires. After waiting for the weather to abate Western Front attacked on August 4 following a powerful artillery preparation which destroyed or suppressed roughly 80 percent of the German forces' weapons. 8th Guards Corps, in the first echelon of 20th Army, breached the defenses south of Pogoreloe Gorodishche allowing the Army's mobile group, the 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps, to begin to exploit in the direction of Sychyovka. 31st Army was similarly successful to the north and by the end of August 6 the gap in the German front was up to 30 km wide and Soviet troops had penetrated to a depth of 25 km, closing on the Gzhat and Vazuza rivers.

Colonel Orestov left the division on August 8 and was replaced by Col. Basan Badminovich Gorodovikov. This officer, of Kalmyk nationality, had previously served as commander of the 71st Cavalry Regiment and the 1st Crimean Partisan Area. 20th Army had intended to liberate Sychyovka on August 7 but by now the German High Command was reacting with alarm and the offensive began drawing German reserves. 8th Guards Rifle Corps ran into elements of the 1st Panzer Division as it continued to advance and on August 9 and 10 the roughly 800 tanks under Western Front met counterattacks by about 700 panzers; the Soviet armor lacked adequate signals equipment and command facilities which limited its effectiveness. The counterattack was eventually repulsed but the Soviet forces in turn were unable to make much headway. On August 23 the Army, in cooperation with elements of 5th Army, broke through the German grouping at Karmanovo and liberated that town. Although this date is given as the official end of the offensive in Soviet histories, in fact 20th Army persisted in efforts to penetrate the German front and attack Gzhatsk from the west before going over to the defense on September 8. In total during the period from August 4 to September 10 the 20th Army suffered a total of 60,453 personnel killed, wounded and missing-in-action.

Operation Mars
The division later participated in the Second Rzhev–Sychevka Offensive Operation in November 1942. 20th Army, now under command of Maj. Gen. N. I. Kiryukhin, was assigned the main task along the east face of the Rzhev salient; it was to drive across the Vazuza and create a breach for its mobile forces to exploit and pinch off the northern part of the salient in conjunction with Kalinin Front from the west. The 251st, along with the 42nd Guards Rifle Division, was to assault the German positions at and north of Grediakino, while the 326th Rifle Division pinned down the German forces in Vaselki. The division would be directly supported by the 83rd Tank Brigade, and the infantry assaults would be led by penal battalions and companies despite the misgivings of Kiryukhin, as he was unsure how these troops would perform. A headlong assault was to propel the 251st and 42nd Guards through the German forward defenses in time to link up with their left flank neighbour's attack on the second German defensive position during the second day of the advance. After this position fell, four rifle divisions would cross the RzhevSychyovka railroad line by day's end and the 251st and 42nd Guards, with the 326th, would wheel to the northwest to roll up the defenses. Altogether a 15–18 km wide breach in the German defenses would be created, allowing the commitment of the 6th Tank Corps and 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps into the German operational rear.

The offensive began at 0920 hours on November 25, in the narrow neck of land between the Vazuza and Osuga rivers. The German forces, consisting of the 195th Grenadier Regiment of the 102nd Infantry Division, were very well dug-in and, because of poor visibility due to fog and falling snow, the preparatory artillery bombardment had been relatively ineffective. The grenadiers reoccupied their forward positions just as the artillery lifted and met the advancing riflemen with heavy machine gun and rifle fire. Pre-registered German artillery fell on presumed assault routes, and diminishing snowfall allowed better observation; attack after attack was repulsed, until the fields were littered with hundreds of dead, plus tens of burnt-out tanks. By 1140 the attacks slackened and Gorodovikov's first echelon regiments had suffered heavy losses while making no progress at all toward Grediakino. Konev egged Kiryukhin to commit the divisions' second echelons, following a renewed artillery preparation, as greater success seemed to have been achieved on sectors to the south. During November 26 the 251st continued to fight along existing lines without any appreciable gains.

By November 29 the German forces facing the division had been reinforced by elements of 9th Panzer Division, making its task yet more difficult. During the day the incessant attacks of the 251st and 42nd Guards finally isolated the single panzergrenadier battalion in Grediakino and drove back German infantry on its long flank toward Vaselki, but at the cost of further losses of infantry and seven destroyed tanks. While the Germans were eventually forced to abandon Grediakino on November 30, the offensive was stalled. Lt. Gen. M. S. Khozin took over command of the Army on December 4. Zhukov was still determined to renew the offensive, and in his orders from the Front on December 8 he was directed:To do so Zhukov provided Khozin with infantry reinforcements and the fresh 5th Tank Corps, which had previously been held in reserve as an exploitation force. On December 11, four rifle divisions went over to the attack on the Vazuza sector, but this did not include the 251st. In the event the attackers made scanty gains of 500 – 1,000 metres at significant cost, and failed to capture a single German-held fortified village. The 251st would require substantial rebuilding; in the period from November 25 to December 18 the division lost 765 men killed, 1,911 wounded, and 328 missing-in-action, for a total of 3,004 casualties.

Into Western Russia and Belarus
During February 1943 the division was reassigned back to 31st Army, still in Western Front. During Operation Büffel, which began on March 1, Army Group Center made a phased evacuation of the Rzhev salient; while Western and Kalinin Fronts attempted to encircle and destroy elements of the retreating forces, they were too much weakened by the preceding battles to be effective. On March 8, units of 31st Army finally liberated Sychyovka. By mid-month the pursuit also became hampered by the spring rasputitsa. By March 31 Western Front's armies reached the German defenses at the base of the salient along the DukhovshchinaSpas-Demensk line, and began to dig in. The 789th Artillery Regiment received the Order of the Red Banner on June 19 for general exemplary service. On July 27, Colonel Gorodovikov was moved to command the 85th Guards Rifle Division. He would be promoted to the rank of major general on October 16 and in mid-1944 he was reassigned to the 184th Rifle Division, which he led almost continuously into the postwar, being made a Hero of the Soviet Union on April 19, 1945. In 1946–47 he furthered his military education before taking command of the 12th Guards Mechanized Division. He would be further promoted to lieutenant general in 1959, retired in 1961, and died in Moscow in 1983. Col. Vasilii Nikitovich Zatylkin took over the 251st.

Operation Suvorov
By the beginning of August the 251st was part of the newly-forming 71st Rifle Corps in 31st Army, which also comprised the 82nd and 133rd Rifle Divisions. At this time the divisions of the Army averaged 6,500 – 7,000 personnel each. On August 7, the first day of Operation Suvorov, the only real Soviet success was achieved by 31st Army against XXXIX Panzer Corps in the Yartsevo sector. The main effort was made by the 36th and 45th Rifle Corps, with the 71st in second echelon. The attack gathered steam late in the day as the Corps attacked east of the Vop River. It faced the inexperienced 113th Infantry Division which had only been at the front for two weeks.  Sensing confusion in the German ranks the commander of 31st Army, Maj. Gen. V. A. Gluzdovsky, committed his mobile group to break through to the Minsk-Moscow highway just 6 km to the south. For a brief moment it seemed the Army might achieve a breakthrough, but commitment of the 18th Panzergrenadier Division on August 8 stabilized the situation and by the end of the next day the two sides were stalemated.

On August 12, Lt. Col. Aleksandr Alekseevich Volkhin took over the division from Colonel Zatylkin. Volkhin had an unusual background. He was a pre-war major general and was appointed to command the 147th Rifle Division in May 1942. While leading this division in Stalingrad Front in July, defending the Don River near Surovikino, his troops were partially encircled and suffered heavy losses. Volkhin was arrested and condemned to death for having lost control of his unit, but this was commuted in December to 10 years imprisonment to be served after the war. In February 1943 he was released and returned to the front with the rank of major, almost immediately being promoted to lieutenant colonel, to take up the position of deputy commander of 927th Rifle Regiment. Within a week he was in command of the same regiment, and in March his sentence was annulled. His command of the 251st was not uninterrupted:
 August 12 – October 21, 1943.
 October 22–30, 1943. Colonel Zatylkin returned to command.
 October 31, 1943 – January 25, 1944. Volkhin restored to rank of major general on January 17.
 January 26 – February 15. Replaced by Col. Vladimir Naumovich Ratner, chief of staff.
 February 16 – July 11. Volkhin was then moved to command of 45th Rifle Corps and was replaced by Col. Evgenii Yakovlevich Birsteyn.
Within a few days the stalemate on the Smolensk front had become general. As of September 1 the 251st was reassigned to 45th Corps, joining the 88th Rifle Division.

Western Front's offensive finally resumed on September 15 and by the end of the day Yartsevo was liberated. 45th Corps was transferred to 68th Army on September 18 and over the following week the 68th and 31st Armies pressed to encircle Smolensk, which was finally taken early in the morning of September 25. During this month the division continued to advance towards the Belorussian border with 68th Army, but later that month 45th Corps rejoined the 31st Army.

Orsha Offensives
68th Army advanced westward south of the Dniepr River in early October with 45th Corps to the rear, closing up to the defenses of the German XXVII Army Corps late on October 8. The 88th Division reinforced an assault across the Mereya River, forcing the 18th Panzergrenadiers to withdraw westward but the German division took up new defensive positions along the Rossasenka River on October 11. 68th Army prepared to resume its attacks the next day, but by now the 45th Corps was marching north to rejoin 31st Army.

Second Orsha Offensive
The commander of the 31st, Maj. Gen. V. A. Gluzdovskii, now deployed his reinforced Army astride the Smolensk-Orsha highway with 36th Corps to the north, 71st Corps to the south, and 45th Corps plus the 220th Rifle Division in second echelon. The front began with an artillery preparation that lasted 85 minutes but failed to take the German forces by surprise. The Army's shock groups were stalled almost immediately without any appreciable gains and a further effort the next day did no better. After a regrouping the offensive recommenced on October 21, at which time the 220th was under 45th Corps command; the 88th and 251st Divisions were in first echelon and the 220th in second. The Corps was deployed astride both the highway and the nearby rail line in the center of the Army's sector. This effort was preceded by an artillery preparation of two hours and ten minutes, and the Army's lead divisions punched through the first defensive line of the 197th Infantry Division between the villages of Redki and Novaya, at considerable cost, and by early evening had penetrated 4 km deep on a front 1,000m wide toward the village of Kireevo, on the main rail line to Orsha. Two brigades of the 2nd Guards Tank Corps were committed into the penetration but were soon halted by heavy German fire from the flanks. The attack was resumed the next day but gained 1,000m at most. On October 24 the second echelon divisions were committed in a final effort to break the German defenses but failed in part due to artillery ammunition shortages. The offensive was halted at nightfall on October 26 by which time the offensive capabilities of 10th Guards and 31st Army were completely exhausted after gaining 4–6 km at a combined cost of 4,787 killed and 14,315 wounded.

Third Orsha Offensive
In early November Western Front prepared for another attempt to break through the German defenses. The front's first shock group consisted of the 10th Guards and 31st Armies on both sides of the Orsha highway, but by now their rifle divisions averaged only 4,500 personnel each. 45th Corps, south of Kireevo, faced the 119th Panzergrenadier Regiment of 25th Panzergrenadier Division. The 251st was in the first echelon when the attack began on November 14 after a three-and-a-half hour artillery and air preparation, but was soon stopped in its tracks due to heavy machine gun fire. The fighting continued over the next four days but 45th Corps gained no more than 400m at considerable cost. The STAVKA, however, ordered the offensive to continue, which it did beginning on November 30 after another regrouping. 31st and 10th Guards Armies were concentrated on a 12 km-wide sector from Osintori to the Dniepr, with the 31st focused on just 3 km of that with four divisions in first echelon and five in the second. In the event the attack made virtually no ground even after the second echelon was brought up, and the front went over to the defense on December 5. The failure of the Orsha offensives was ascribed, apart from the strength of the German defenses, to a lack of training of Red Army replacements and a stereotyped use of artillery which did more to warn the German forces of attacks than to actually inflict damage. During December the STAVKA ordered Western Front to shift its efforts towards Vitebsk.

Babinavichy Offensive
By the beginning of January 1944 the 251st, one of just four divisions remaining in 31st Army, had been assigned to the 114th Rifle Corps with the 88th Division, but by a month later it was under direct Army control. When the Front began planning a new offensive along an axis north of Babinavichy, Gluzdovskii was directed to form a shock group consisting of the 251st, 220th, and 42nd Rifle Divisions, to advance northwestward along the north bank of the Luchesa River to smash the defenses of the VI Army Corps' 256th Infantry Division and outflank the German grouping around Vysochany from the south. The offensive was set to begin on February 22 with the 220th and 251st in the first echelon and the 42nd Guards Tank Brigade in support. The assault fairly easily tore a 5 km-wide gap in the forward defenses of the 256th Infantry and by day's end the 251st, with its armor support, had penetrated to a depth of 2 km and reached the eastern edge of Vishni, forming a narrow gap in the 256th's defenses that that division was unable to close. The 42nd Division was committed into this gap but once again sparse German reserves were able to contain the advance even though it persisted into March. During its course 31st Army lost another 5,767 casualties, including 1,288 dead.

Operation Bagration
At the beginning of April the division was in the 62nd Rifle Corps of 33rd Army, but Western Front was disbanded on April 11, and later that month the 251st was reassigned to the 65th Rifle Corps of 5th Army in 3rd Belorussian Front. By the start of June it had been moved again, now to the 72nd Rifle Corps of the same Army.

Vitebsk-Orsha Offensive

On June 5 the 251st was transferred again, now serving in 5th Guards Rifle Corps of 39th Army in 1st Baltic Front. The initial objective of this Army was drive westwards to help pinch off the German-held salient at Vitebsk. Starting on June 23 the Corps smashed through the lines of the 197th Infantry Division's 347th Infantry Regiment on a 6 km-wide front and crossed the Luchesa River; the 251st was in second echelon and was committed at 1300 hours to protect the south flank of the advance. A counterattack by a regiment of the 95th Infantry Division, supported by tanks, was unsuccessful. The Corps linked up with 43rd Army the following day, trapping the Third Panzer Army in a pocket. During June 25 the two armies solidified their junction at Gnesdilovichi while fending off 18 attacks from the encircled force attempting to reestablish a corridor. On June 27 the two Soviet armies launched their final assault on Vitebsk, leading to the surrender of most of the German forces. A group of 5,000 Germans attempted to break out, but were soon surrounded and defeated by three rifle divisions, including the 251st. For its achievements in this battle, the division was given the name of the city as an honorific:

Baltic Offensive
On July 4 the STAVKA issued a new directive in which 1st Baltic Front was ordered to develop the offensive by launching its main attack in the direction of Švenčionys and Kaunas with the immediate task of capturing a line from Daugavpils to Pabradė by no later than July 10–12. It was then to continue the attack with its main forces on Kaunas as well as toward Panevėžys and Šiauliai. 39th Army was out of contact with organized German forces as it caught up with the remainder of the Front and on this date the 5th Guards Corps was in the KalnikDomzheritsyZyaboenye area. By July 19 it had crossed the eastern border of Lithuania near Švenčionys. Two weeks later, as the rate of advance slowed due to logistics and increasing resistance, the 251st was in the vicinity of Jonava, and 39th Army was returned to 3rd Belorussian Front. On August 12 the division was recognized for its role in the liberation of Kaunas with the award of the Order of the Red Banner. When the German Operation Doppelkopf began on August 15 the division was positioned at Širvintos. Later that month it was moved yet again, now to 43rd Army's 84th Rifle Corps in 1st Baltic Front.

Riga Offensive
By mid-September 43rd Army had advanced northward to the vicinity of Bauska in Latvia. As of the beginning of October 84th Corps had come under command of 4th Shock Army in the same Front. This Army was straddling the border of Latvia and Lithuania in the area of Žagarė. 4th Shock was not directly involved in the liberation of Riga on October 13 but for their roles in holding off German relief efforts the 919th Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree, on October 22, while the 923rd Regiment was given the Order of Alexander Nevsky. The 251st remained under command of 4th Shock and 84th Corps until December when it ended its peregrinations, assigned to the 60th Rifle Corps in 2nd Guards Army of 3rd Belorussian Front. It would remain under these commands for the duration. On January 5, 1945, Colonel Birsteyn took over command of the 334th Rifle Division and was replaced by Col. Nikolai Mikhailovich Sobenko.

East Prussian Campaigns
When the East Prussian Offensive was launched on January 13, 60th Rifle Corps (154th, 251st and 334th Rifle Divisions) was assigned to defend along a broad front to the north of Goldap while the remainder of 2nd Guards Army followed 28th Army's breakthrough of the German lines; the 251st and its Corps followed in second echelon. On February 24 Colonel Sobenko handed his command over to Maj. Gen. Aleksei Prokofevich Moskalenko.

Battle of Königsberg
In the second half of March, in the lead-up to the assault on Königsberg, 60th Corps advanced along a route from Preussisch Eylau to Domnau, Tapiau, and Granz. General Moskalenko was in turn replaced on March 29 by Col. Nikolai Nikolaevich Degtyaryov. On April 5 the 251st was awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree, in recognition of its role in the capture of Preussisch Eylau. On the same date the 927th Rifle Regiment received the Order of the Red Banner for its part in the fighting around the Masurian Lakes.

During the assault on Königsberg on April 7, the division assisted in forcing the Tierenberger River and reached the area north of Norgau. Once the city fell, the 251st took part in the clearing of the Samland Peninsula beginning on April 13 as part of the Zemland Group of Forces. On April 15 the division received its final commander, Col. Afanasii Pavlovich Skrynnik, who would hold this post until it was disbanded. In recognition of their earlier roles in the destruction of German forces southwest of Königsberg, on August 26 the 923rd Rifle Regiment was given the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree, while the 927th Regiment received the Order of Alexander Nevsky.

Postwar
The division ended the war as the 251st Rifle Vitebsk, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division (Russian: 251-я стрелковая Витебская Краснознамённая ордена Суворова дивизия).
It became part of the Don Military District with the 60th Corps and was located in Shchelkovskaya. It moved to Elista, where it became the 29th Rifle Brigade and was disbanded in March 1947.

References

Citations

Bibliography

 p. 113
 pp. 227–28

External links
Filipp Yakovlevich Solovyov
Ivan Fyodorovich Nikitin
Vladimir Filippovich Stenin
Basan Badminovich Gorodovikov
Aleksandr Alekseevich Volkhin
Aleksei Prokofevich Moskalenko
HSU Vladimir Filippovich Stenin
HSU Basan Badminovich Gorodovikov

251
Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
Military units and formations awarded the Order of the Red Banner
1941 establishments in the Soviet Union
1947 disestablishments in the Soviet Union


title: Wildsee

text:
Wildsee may refer to the following lakes:

Austria
Wildsee (Seefeld), a lake near Seefeld in the Northern Limestone Alps, Tyrol
 Wildsee (Fieberbrunn), a lake in the Kitzbühel Alps near Fieberbrunn, Tyrol

Germany
Wildsee (Kaltenbronn), a lake near Gernsbach and Bad Wildbad in the Northern Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg
Wildsee (Ruhestein), a lake near Baiersbronn in the Northern Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg

Italy
 Pragser Wildsee, a lake in the Prags Dolomites in South Tyrol

Switzerland
 Wildsee (Pizol), a lake in the Pizol area in the canton of St. Gallen

See also
 Wildensee (disambiguation)


title: ZMZ-24

text:
The ZMZ-24 was an automobile engine produced by Zavolzhye Engine Factory (Zavolzhye Motorni Zavod, ZMZ) in the Soviet Union.

The ZMZ-24 was an aluminium-block overhead valve (OHV) inline four design, an evolution of the ZMZ-21A, displacing , and in its initial appearance, produced with chain-driven camshaft and compression ratio of 6.6:1; it produced  at 4,000 rpm and  at 2,200 rpm. It was also produced as the UMZ 4178.10.

It "quickly became the mainstay of the Soviet engine industry", and would be used in a variety of vehicles.

The improved ZMZ-24D, found in the GAZ-24, ran on 92 RON gasoline (while the ZMZ-24-01 could use commonly available 76 octane, and the ZMZ-24-07 could use liquid propane). The cylinder block was die cast, instead of the slower coquille for the 21A. The engine featured a twin-choke carburettor, with a higher compression ratio, producing  at 4500 rpm and an even more impressive  of torque at 2200–2400 RPM.

By 1970, the ZMZ-24 had been renamed the ZMZ-402.10, with a lower-compression 4021.10 version, which remained in limited production until 2006. In this format, it was used in the RAF minibus and ErAZ van.

It also served as the basis for the sixteen-valve   ZMZ-4062.10 (seen in some Volgas after 1996), the   ZMZ-40552.10 (used in GAZ's commercial vehicles), the  ZMZ-409.10 of the UAZ Patriot, and the ZMZ-5143 diesel all derive from the ZMZ-24.

Notes

Sources
 Thompson, Andy. Cars of the Soviet Union. Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing, 2008.

Cars of Russia
Automobile engines
Zavolzhye Engine Factory
Soviet automobiles
Soviet brands


title: E. L. Richardson (trade unionist)

text:
Effingham Lysaght Richardson (1860–1947) was an Irish trade unionist.

Born into a Church of Ireland family, Richardson joined the Roman Catholic church shortly before his marriage in 1883.  Richardson became active in the Dublin Typographical Provident Society, and was elected to the Dublin Corporation in 1898 as an independent labour candidate.

Richardson was elected as Secretary of the Irish Trades Union Congress in 1901, serving until 1909, when he resigned to become the superintendent at the Dublin Labour Exchange.  He also served a year as President of the Dublin Trades Council in 1903.  In this role, he was able to continue his opposition to Jim Larkin, particularly during the Dublin Lockout.  Becoming a fierce opponent of the Labour Party, he lost his council seat in the mid-1910s.

Richardson retired in 1934, and died in 1947.  He was distantly related to Iris Murdoch.

References

1860 births
1947 deaths
Trade unionists from Dublin (city)
Members of Dublin City Council


The Médaille du Cercle National des Armées de Terre, Air et Mer (Medal of the National Circle of the Armies of Land Air and Sea) is a military decoration of the French Republic.

Description

The medal is circular, silvered metal with eyelet for suspending it from a ribbon.  The face of the medal is a view in relief of the Circle’s building on the Place Saint-Augustin in Paris.  The medal's face is inscribed ‘CERCLE NATIONAL DES ARMEES’ above and ‘TERRE AIR MER’ below.  The inscription is contained within a border of devices with an upright sword, crossed anchors and outstretched wings for the three armed services.  The reverse of the medal contains the logo of the Circle.

The medal is suspended on a recent ribbon in the French national colors of red, white and blue.

The Cercle Nationale is the French military's select professional association.  Foreigners who have contributed to improved relations between their countries and France's military are also eligible for membership.  It has its origins in the Order in Council of February 5, 1887, in which President Jules Grévy and the government of France's Third Republuc sought to create a professional officer corps that was not tied to the monarchist Second French Empire.  The French law of April 16, 1924 authorized the Cercle Nationale's establishment on the site of the former La Pépinière Barracks, a new building designed by Charles Lemaresquier.

References

External links
 Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau, Cercle National des Armées, retrieved July 23, 2014
 Michael Belis, 1-22 Infantry.org, John M. A. Palmer, Commanding Officer 22nd Infantry, June 11, 1920 - May 5, 1921, retrieved July 23, 2014
  C. Langston Craig, Library of Congress, John McAuley Palmer Papers: Artifact, 1917, page 10, retrieved July 23, 2014

Military awards and decorations of France
Awards established in 1887
1887 establishments in France


title: Mudrinić

text:
Mudrinić is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Vladimir Mudrinić (born 1976), Serbian football player and manager
  (born 1955), Croatian politician

Surnames of Serbian origin
Surnames of Croatian origin


title: Walter L. Shaw

text:
Walter L. Shaw Sr. (December 20, 1916, in Vineland, New Jersey – July 21, 1996) was an American telecommunications engineer and inventor who clashed with his employer  (variously identified as AT&T, Bell and Southern Bell) over ownership of his inventions. As a result, he quit and eventually ended up supplying the Mafia with black boxes capable of making free and untraceable telephone calls. In 1976, he was convicted of "illegal phone usage" and sent to prison.

Biography
He was born on December 20, 1916, in Vineland, New Jersey, to Amanda and Edward Shaw.

Shaw went to work for AT&T or Bell or Southern Bell in 1935. In his spare time, he invented things, eventually obtaining 39 patents. His inventions or inventions based on his patents include: the speakerphone, call forwarding, conference calling and the answering machine. In 1954, he was asked by President Dwight D. Eisenhower to create the Moscow–Washington hotline, the "red telephone" connecting the two superpowers. When his bosses repeatedly tried to get him to sign over the rights to his inventions and patents, he quit after 14 years on the job.

Since his former employer enjoyed a telephone monopoly in the United States, he was unsuccessful in reaping any rewards from his inventions, until he became involved with the Mafia. He devised a black box to make free, untraceable long distance telephone calls, which was a boon for bookmaking and other criminal activities. He was called to testify before the United States Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in 1961 and again in 1971. Shaw was convicted in 1976 on eight counts of "illegal phone usage".

His son, Walter T. Shaw Jr., became embittered by the treatment accorded his father. He left home at the age of 16 and became a prolific jewel thief, credited with over 2000 robberies, before reforming. After serving 11 years in prison, Shaw Jr. reconciled with his father.

Walter L. Shaw died of prostate cancer on July 21, 1996, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

Legacy

Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs built and sold blue boxes which worked like Shaw's black box to provide free telephone calls, which has led some sources to presume a connection. As Jobs would later comment, "If it hadn’t been for the blue boxes, there wouldn’t have been an Apple".

In 2002, it was announced that Ben Kingsley would star in All or Nothin, a crime drama about Walter L. Shaw and his son, though the project never materialized.

Shaw Jr. produced Genius on Hold, a 2013 documentary film about his father.

References

1916 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American engineers
American white-collar criminals
People from Vineland, New Jersey
Engineers from New Jersey
20th-century American inventors


title: Centennial Performance

text:
Centennial Performance was a Canadian television miniseries which aired on CBC Television's English and French networks in 1967.

Premise
This series featured performances by winners of a performing arts scholarship sponsored by INCO for the Canadian Centennial. They were joined by an orchestra and prominent classical artists.

Scheduling
The three-hour-long Centennial Performance episodes were broadcast in colour, each at 9:30 p.m. Eastern:

 19 April 1967 Scholarship recipients Jacques Simard (Quebec City, oboe) and Irene Weiss (Calgary, piano) were featured with singer George London. Pierre Hétu conducted the Montreal Symphony Orchestra.
 4 October 1967 Richard Gresko (Montreal, piano) and Martine van Hamel (Toronto, ballet) were the featured scholarship winners, joined by singer Maureen Forrester and ballet dancer Hazaros Surmejan. George Crum and Brian Priestman conducted the Toronto Symphony Orchestra.
 15 November 1967 Scholarship winners Claude Corbeil (Montreal, bass) and Audrey Glass (Vancouver, soprano) were joined by Glenn Gould in Toronto and the Toronto Symphony Orchestra conducted by Vladimir Golschmann.

References

External links

CBC Television original programming
Ici Radio-Canada Télé original programming
1967 Canadian television series debuts
1967 Canadian television series endings
1960s Canadian music television series


title: All I Want Is You (Carly Simon song)

text:
"All I Want Is You" is the fourth and final single from Carly Simon's 13th studio album Coming Around Again (1987). The song was co-written by Simon, Andy Goldmark, and frequent collaborator Jacob Brackman.

The song is one of Simon's biggest Adult contemporary hits, and has been included on multiple compilations of her work, such as the three-disc box set Clouds in My Coffee (1995), the UK import The Very Best of Carly Simon: Nobody Does It Better (1998), the two-disc retrospective Anthology (2002), the single-disc Reflections: Carly Simon's Greatest Hits (2004), and Sony Music's Playlist: The Very Best of Carly Simon (2014). It is also featured in Simon's 1987 HBO concert special Live from Martha's Vineyard, and the accompanying Greatest Hits Live (1988).

Reception
"All I Want Is You" peaked at No. 54 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Simon's 22nd entry on this chart, where it spent nine weeks. It was an even greater success on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, where it peaked at No. 7, and charted for five months. It ranked No. 46 on the Adult Contemporary year-end chart for 1988.

Cash Box said that "Simon turns in yet another outstanding vocal performance."

Track listings and formats
7" single (US)
 "All I Want Is You" (Single edit) – 3:40
 "Two Hot Girls (On A Hot Summer Night)" – 4:51

7" single (UK)
 "All I Want Is You" – 3:58
 "You Have To Hurt" – 4:04

Personnel
 Carly Simon – lead vocals
 Andy Goldmark – keyboards, drum machine
 Robbie Kilgore – keyboards, synth bass
 Jimmy Maelen – percussion
 Rob Mounsey – string arrangements and conductor
 David Nadien – concertmaster
 Roberta Flack – backing vocals

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links
Carly Simon's Official Website

1987 singles
Carly Simon songs
Songs written by Carly Simon
Pop ballads
Songs written by Andy Goldmark
1987 songs
Arista Records singles
1980s ballads
Songs written by Jacob Brackman


title: Theodore L. Kramer

text:
Theodore L. Kramer (1847 – March 2, 1910) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Kramer received his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor. Kramer's medal was won for his actions in the Battle of Chapin's Farm, Virginia, on September 29, 1864. He was honored with the award on April 6, 1865.

Kramer was born in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, and entered service in Danville. He was buried in Elmhurst, Illinois.

Medal of Honor citation

See also
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L

References

1847 births
1910 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials in Illinois
People from Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients


title: Execution of Joseph Wood

text:
Joseph Rudolph Wood III was an American convicted murderer executed on July 23, 2014, at Florence State Prison in Arizona, with a two-hour lethal injection procedure that was described as "botched". Wood gasped and snorted for an hour and fifty-seven minutes after the drugs were injected, and the entire procedure took almost two hours; experts said the execution should have taken about ten minutes.

Background
Wood had been convicted of murder and assault after shooting dead his estranged girlfriend Debra Dietz and her father, Eugene Dietz, on August 7, 1989. Wood was convicted of two counts of first-degree murder and two counts of aggravated assault against a police officer.  He was sentenced to death for each murder and received 15-year prison sentences, set to run concurrently, for the aggravated assault convictions.

Wood was scheduled to be executed with a combination of midazolam and hydromorphone, which had been used only once previously for the January 2014 execution of Dennis McGuire in Ohio. McGuire's execution had also been described as "botched" due to McGuire appearing to snort, gasp, and convulse during a procedure that lasted 25 minutes. From 1890 to 2010, the rate of botched lethal injections in the United States was 7.1%, higher than any other form of execution, with firing squads at 0%, the electric chair at 1.9%, hanging at 3.1%, and the gas chamber at 5.4%.

Execution
The execution began at 1:52 p.m. MST and ended at 3:49 p.m. when Wood was pronounced dead. It involved injecting Wood with the drug cocktail of Midazolam, a sedative, and hydromorphone, a semi-synthetic opioid, each at a dose such that a single application of both drugs was supposed to be sufficient to kill him. Wood had to be dosed 15 times, during which he gasped and snorted for well over one hour, a media witness comparing Wood's breathing to a "fish gulping for air". One Associated Press reporter said Wood gasped more than 600 times. Experts stated that the execution should have taken about ten minutes.

Wood's lawyers filed an emergency appeal with the Supreme Court an hour into the procedure, requesting that the prolonged execution be halted. In the motion, they wrote: "He has been gasping and snorting for more than an hour. ... He is still alive." The appeal was denied by Justice Anthony Kennedy, with word coming half an hour after Wood's death.

After the execution, Debra Dietz's sister told the Associated Press: "What I saw today with him being executed, it is nothing compared to what happened on August 7, 1989," Jeanne Brown said, referring to Wood's murder of her father and sister on that date. "What's excruciating is seeing your father lying there in a pool of blood, seeing your sister lying in a pool of blood."

Aftermath
Governor Jan Brewer ordered a review of the state's execution procedures, citing concern with the length of time it took Wood to die. Regarding the execution, Brewer said: "One thing is certain, however, inmate Wood died in a lawful manner and by eyewitness and medical accounts he did not suffer. This is in stark comparison to the gruesome, vicious suffering that he inflicted on his two victims – and the lifetime of suffering he has caused their family."

Charles Ryan, director of Arizona's department of corrections, said in a statement: "Once the inmate was sedated, other than sonorous respiration, or snoring, he did not grimace or make any further movement. Throughout this execution, I conferred and collaborated with our IV team members and was assured unequivocally that the inmate was comatose and never in pain or distress."

Stephanie Grisham, then a spokeswoman for the Arizona attorney general's office, who was also a witness, said: "There was no gasping of air. There was snoring. He just [lay] there. It was quite peaceful."

Dale Baich, Wood's public defender, decried the execution as a violation of the Constitution's prohibition of "cruel and unusual punishment", and said it could have been prevented.

On July 24, 2014, Arizona temporarily halted executions following the Wood case, pending a review of its procedures.

Executions did not resume in Arizona for eight years until 8 June 2022, when Clarence Dixon was executed for raping and murdering a 21-year-old woman.

See also
 Capital punishment in Arizona
 Crime in Arizona
 Doyle Hamm
 Execution of Clayton Lockett
 Execution of Dennis McGuire
 List of botched executions
 List of people executed in Arizona
 List of people executed in the United States in 2014

Notes

References

1958 births
20th-century American criminals
21st-century executions by Arizona
21st-century executions of American people
People executed by Arizona by lethal injection
American people convicted of assault
American people executed for murder
People convicted of murder by Arizona
2014 in American law
2014 in Arizona
2014 controversies in the United States
2014 deaths
Deaths by person in Arizona
Executed people from Texas
July 2014 events in the United States


title: Sudesh Peiris

text:
Anton Sudesh Peiris Kurukulasooriyage (born February 3, 1985) is a weightlifter from Sri Lanka. Kurukulasooriyage was born in Sandalankawa, Sri Lanka. At the 2010 Commonwealth Games he won a bronze medal in the 62 kg event. Kurukulasooriyage was also selected to be a part of Sri Lanka's 2014 Commonwealth Games team, where he was the flagbearer during the opening ceremony. Later he won a silver medal in the 62 kg event.

See also
List of Sri Lankans by sport

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
People from Kurunegala
Sri Lankan male weightlifters
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Sri Lanka
Weightlifters at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Weightlifters at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Sri Lanka
Weightlifters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Weightlifters at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic weightlifters for Sri Lanka
Commonwealth Games medallists in weightlifting
South Asian Games gold medalists for Sri Lanka
South Asian Games medalists in weightlifting
Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Championship Snooker

text:
Championship Snooker is a Canadian television series which aired on CBC Television from 1966 to 1967.

Premise
Each episode featured snooker games between two players, recorded in Toronto at the House of Champions and edited for the hour-long time slot.

Don Maybee and Bob Trodd were the competitors in the debut episode.

Scheduling

The series was broadcast on Saturday afternoons. The first series featured a 26-week tournament, broadcast between 7 May and 26 November 1966. The second season was broadcast from 13 May to 16 September 1967,

References

External links

CBC Television original programming
1966 Canadian television series debuts
1967 Canadian television series endings
1960s Canadian sports television series
Snooker on television


title: Manitoba Provincial Road 353

text:
Manitoba Provincial Road 353 is a provincial road in southwestern region of the Canadian province of Manitoba.

Route description

The route begins at PTH 5 near Oberon, and terminates at PTH 10.

PR 353 is an east–west highway providing access to the unincorporated communities of Brookdale and Moore Park. The road is generally quite straight and is paved for its entire length.

History
In the early 1990s, the Manitoba government decommissioned a number of provincial secondary roads and returned the maintenance of these roads back to the rural municipalities. A large portion of the original PR 353 was included in this decommissioning.

Prior to this, PR 353 was more than twice its current length. It continued past its current eastbound terminus with PTH 5 (PR 258 prior to 1980) as a concurrence to the unincorporated community of Wellwood, where PR 353 continued east to meet PR 352. The two roads joined in a northwest concurrence to the unincorporated community of Edrans.

From Edrans, PR 353 continued east through the unincorporated community of Pine Creek Station to its terminus with PTH 34.

After decommissioning, maintenance of the former PR 353 was turned over to the Rural Municipalities of North Cypress and North Norfolk.

The original length of PR 353 was .

References

353


title: Polygonum plebeium

text:
Polygonum plebeium, the common knotweed, is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family, found natively throughout much of South Asia including India, in Madagascar, and introduced to the United States and Australia. It occurs in disturbed habitats that frequently are flooded, such as banks, ditches, and rice fields. It is used as a vegetable in food in some locations.

Native names
 Machechi •  Tarakmana •  Gulabi Godhadi • Bengali: Chemti sag • Oriya: Muthisag • Gujarati: Zinako Okhrad •  Sarpakshee at Pocharam lake, Andhra Pradesh, India.

References

plebeium


title: Globalization (album)

text:
Globalization is the eighth studio album by American rapper Pitbull. It was released on November 21, 2014 through Mr. 305, Polo Grounds Music, and RCA Records. The production on the album was handled by multiple producers including Dr. Luke, Cirkut, DJ Frank E, The Monsters and the Strangerz and Max Martin. The album also features guest appearances by Sean Paul, Chris Brown, John Ryan, Ne-Yo, Chloe Angelides, Heymous Molly, Jason Derulo, Juicy J, G.R.L., Bebe Rexha, Jennifer Lopez, and Claudia Leitte.

Globalization was supported by five singles: "Wild Wild Love", "Fireball", "Time of Our Lives", "Fun" and "Drive You Crazy". The album received generally mixed reviews from music critics and was a moderate commercial success. It debuted at number 18  on the US Billboard 200 chart, earning 49,000 album-equivalent units in its first week.

Singles
The album was supported by five singles. The first single, "Wild Wild Love" was released as the album's lead single on February 25, 2014. The song features guest appearances from American-British-Canadian girl group G.R.L. The single peaked at number six on the UK; number ten in Australia and number 30 in the United States. The second single, "Fireball" was released on July 23, 2014. The song features guest appearance from John Ryan. It eventually reached at number one in Netherlands; number six in Spain; number nine in Finland and number 23 in the United States. The third single, "Time of Our Lives" featuring Ne-Yo was released on November 17, 2014. The song reached at number seven in Czech Republic, number nine in United States and Norway; number ten in Canada. The fourth single, "Fun" featuring Chris Brown was released on April 21, 2015. The single peaked at number 40 in the United States. The fifth and final single, "Drive You Crazy" featuring Jason Derulo and Juicy J was released on August 21, 2015.

Other songs
"We Are One (Ole Ola)" was released as official single of the official 2014 FIFA World Cup song on April 15, 2014. It features American singer Jennifer Lopez and Brazilian recording artist Claudia Leitte.

"Celebrate" was released on October 18, 2014. It serves as the lead single for the film Penguins of Madagascar and was used in the commercial for the 2016 edition of CBC's Hockey Day in Canada.  The Philadelphia Phillies play the song after every home victory. These songs were also included on "Globalization".

"Sexy Beaches" was used in the "Visit Florida" tourism campaign, sponsored by the state of Florida. The music video was filmed at The Don CeSar in St. Petersburg, Florida, and was uploaded to Pitbull's YouTube channel on July 13, 2016.

Commercial performance
Globalization debuted at number 18  on the US Billboard 200 chart, earning 49,000 album-equivalent units (including 38,000 copies as pure album sales) in its first week. The album also debuted at number three on the US Top Rap Albums chart. As of September 2016, the album has sold 198,000 copies in the US. On October 16, 2020, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over one million units in the United States.

In Canada, the album also debuted at number 16 on the Canadian Albums Chart.

Track listing

Notes
 signifies an additional producer
"Ah Leke" contains elements of "Passinho do Volante (Ah! Lelek Lek Lek)" performed by MC Federado & Os Leleks, and written by MC Federado.
"Celebrate" contains elements of "I Just Want to Celebrate" performed by Rare Earth and written by Dino Fekaris and Nick Zesses.
”Celebrate” Is Featured In The Movie Penguins of Madagascar

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

2014 albums
Pitbull (rapper) albums
RCA Records albums
Albums produced by Cirkut
Albums produced by Max Martin
Albums produced by DJ Frank E
Albums produced by Jason Evigan


title: The Passerby (TV series)

text:
The Passerby is an American TV series that was broadcast in the 1950s and was distributed on the NTA Film Network. It was produced by Ely Landau.

Original plans called for a 15-minute program to be aired five times a week with production beginning in New York in October 1952. However, the trade publication Broadcasting in 1953 described the program as a "26-part series of half-hour TV films", with production having begun in June.

Celebrities who made guest appearances included Veronica Lake, Jackie Cooper, Fay Bainter, Eva Gabor, and Kent Smith. Among its directors was James Neilson (director).

References

External links
The Passerby at CVTA

1950s American television series


title: Ahungalla

text:
Ahungalla is a small coastal town, located in Galle District, Southern Province, Sri Lanka, governed by an Urban Council. It is approximately  south of Colombo and is situated at an elevation of  above the sea level.

History
Ahungalla is known primarily for its sandy beach, accompanied by a wide palm belt, considered to be one of the best on the island.

The village is located about  south of Bentota,  north of the provincial capital Galle at Cape Point Ahungalla. The neighboring villages are Kosgoda to the north and Balapitiya in the south. Southeast of the town is the mangrove area of Madu Ganga.

The largest and most well-known building in the town is the luxury hotel, Heritance Ahungalla (formerly Hotel Triton), designed by notable Sri Lankan architect, Geoffrey Bawa, and constructed from 1979 to 1981.

As with the entire region Ahungalla was devastated by the tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

Transport
Ahungalla is located on the Coastal or Southern Rail Line (connecting Colombo through to Matara), and the A2 highway, connecting Colombo to Wellawaya.

Facilities
 Ahungalla railway station - few trains however stop at this station
 Rajapaksha College

Attractions
 Ahungalla beach

See also
 List of beaches in Sri Lanka

References

Populated places in Galle District
Populated places in Southern Province, Sri Lanka
Seaside resorts in Sri Lanka


title: 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup squads

text:
This article lists the official squads for the 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup in France.

Pool A

Head Coach:  Francois Ratier

Head Coach:  Gary Street

Head Coach:  Euini Lale Faumuina

Head Coach:  Inés Etxegibel

Pool B

Head Coach:  Philip Doyle

Head Coach:  Adam McDonald

Head Coach:  Brian Evans

Head Coach:  Peter Steinberg

Pool C

Head Coach:  Paul Verrell

Head Coach:  Christian Galonnier

Head Coach:  Lawrence Sephaka

Head Coach:  Rhys Edwards

Notes and references

2014
squads


title: Lankhmar (board game)

text:
Lankhmar is a fantasy board wargame published by TSR in 1976 that is based on both the Swords and Sorcery short stories of Fritz Leiber set in the fictional city of Lankhmar, and on a board game designed by Lieber and Harry Otto Fischer while they were in college.

Description
Lankhmar is a 2–4 player game in which each player takes on the role of a different hero from Fritz Leiber's "Lankhmar" short stories: Fafhrd, the Gray Mouser, Pulgh, or Movarl.

Components
The game box contains:
22" x 28" paper hex grid map of Nehwon
224 counters
12-page rulebook
45 Geas cards
45 Reward cards
six-sided die
counter storage tray

Setup
Each player is given one of the four heroes at random, as well as eight warriors, several weapons counters, and horses, boats and/or camels. Each player is assigned one of the four citadels at random. Each player then draws a Geas card to start the game. If the Geas card contains a quest, the player must immediately carry it out but can assign the quest to either the hero or one of the eight warriors.

Gameplay
On a player's turn the player has the following phases:
Draw a Geas card. This may be blank. If there are instructions from Sheelba or Ningauble such as "Bring a basket of oats from the Grainfield to Ningauble", then the player must immediately send their hero or a warrior on that quest.
 Move counters. Each unit counter has a movement rate, but this is reduced for each action the counter takes such as changing or picking up weapons.
 If the hero has completed the quest on a Geas card, the player draws a Reward card. Some of these are blank. Most are useful, but few are valuable.
 Engage in combat. All personal combat is resolved with a die roll. A counter that is hit twice is eliminated. A player who loses their hero in combat can still continue the game using any surviving warriors. To successfully attack a citadel, a player must move more units into the citadel than the defender. Once this is accomplished, fighting stops.

Optional rules
Optional rules can add complexity to combat, add healing to the game, allow resurrection of a dead hero in their home citadel, or introduce the Sinking Lands — a piece of land that sinks beneath the waves and then rises again. Any counters caught on the land when it sinks are removed from the game.

Victory conditions
The first player to take all of their opponents' citadels is the winner.

Publication history
In 1937, while Fritz Leiber and Harry Otto Fischer were attending University of Louisville, they created the fictional world of Nehwon, and within it the city of Lahkmar (spelled slightly differently than "Lankhmar" in later years.) Leiber and Fischer then created a very large (5 ft x 2½ ft) three-dimensional square-grid diorama of Nehwon, using of layers of corrugated colored paper representing various terrains, and designed a wargame titled Lahkmar to be used with this map. Games were very long, often taking an entire weekend to complete. The game was only played by Leiber, Fischer, and a handful of friends during their time at University of Louisville, and was never published.

In the early 1970s, David Megarry demonstrated the prototype of a board game that he'd developed called The Dungeons of Pasha Cada to Gary Gygax. Gygax, who at the time was freelancing as a game designer for Guidon Games, tried to convince Guidon owner Don Lowry to publish the game. Gygax wrote to Fritz Leiber on Guidon letterhead, seeking permission to use the world of Nehwon for a game that would be a companion to Megarry's game. As Gygax envisioned it, players would have overland adventures in the Lieber-inspired game and underground adventures in Megarry's Dungeon game. Ultimately Lowry turned down the opportunity to publish Megarry's game — he thought the board would be too expensive to print — but Gygax and Lieber continued to correspond about using Lankhmar material in a game. After Gygax co-founded TSR and published Megarry's game as Dungeon! in 1974, Lieber agreed to let TSR use the old Lakhmar game from Lieber's college days as the basis of a new board game.

Gygax, Robert J. Kuntz, and Brad Stock revised the old game, changing the square grid of the original map to the hex grid that had become an industry standard for wargames. The original geography of Lieber's map was retained, but the size of the new map was considerably reduced to 22" x 28". Rules for combat were modernized as well. The new game Lankhmar was published by TSR in 1976 with front cover art by David C. Sutherland III and a blank rear box cover. Second and third printings were released the same year with an image of the box contents and a description of the game on the rear cover. Although Dungeon! was a bestseller for TSR, with several new editions released over the next 40 years, in contrast Lankhmar did not sell well, and was dropped from the TSR catalogue after the third printing.

Reception
In Issue 2 of White Dwarf, Fred Hemmings complained that the game had little to do with Leiber's stories, given that Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser were enemies in this game. He also did not like the use of weapon and transportation counters, which led to teetering stacks of counters for a hero or warrior that was mounted and carrying three weapons. And he found the combat system too reliant on random luck. But he liked the weapon variety, the atmosphere of the game, and the clarity of the rules. He concluded by giving the game a below-average rating of 6 out of 10, saying "The game has its faults [...] despite these and other minor flaws, Lankhmar is a game well worth playing."

In the inaugural issue of Ares (March 1980), Eric Goldberg called this a "simple, lifeless game [that] manages to strip the Leiber stories of interest." He concluded by giving the game a very poor rating of only 3 out of 9, commenting, "The basic mistake committed in Lankhmar is the design approach: the stories depend on a great degree of uncertainty (or mystery), which is absent in the game."

John O'Neill, writing for Black Gate, noted that Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser are partners in Leiber's stories, so "The objective — to capture your opponents’ citadels — makes little sense in the context of the fiction, but was a comfortable fit with 70s board game logic." O'Neill also noted that "Most of the components, including the playing cards and counters, are printed on very flimsy stock. But the map is gorgeous."

Other reviews and commentary
Panzerfaust and Campaign #76

References

External links

Fantasy board wargames
TSR, Inc. games
Wargames introduced in 1976


title: Danville Register & Bee

text:
The Danville Register & Bee is a daily newspaper serving Danville, Virginia, United States. It is owned by Lee Enterprises.

History
The paper was previously published as The Danville Register and The Bee. The two were merged on July 1, 1989. The Register was founded as The Daily Register, in February 1882. The Bee was founded as the Danville Daily Bee, in 1899.

Starting June 17, 2023, the print edition of the newspaper will be reduced to three days a week: Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. Also, the newspaper will transition from being delivered by a traditional newspaper delivery carrier to mail delivery by the U.S. Postal Service.

References

External links

1882 establishments in Virginia
Daily newspapers published in Virginia
Danville, Virginia
Lee Enterprises publications
Newspapers established in 1882


The American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons (ASMS) is a professional organization focused on the science and practice of surgery of the facial region and craniofacial skeleton. The organization is involved in education, research, and advocacy on behalf of patients and maxillofacial surgeons.

History

The American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons (ASMS) was founded in 1947.  Early members were largely dual-trained in dentistry and medicine. Over the ensuing years, a relationship with the American Medical Association and American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons (now the American Society of Plastic Surgeons) was fostered.  After development of formal maxillofacial training programs and later the birth of the field of craniofacial surgery, the scope of training required for ASMS membership broadened to include surgeons with an MD degree and formal maxillofacial training.  The society commemorated its 75th anniversary in 2022 by honoring the long history and current role of military surgeons in advancing treatment of maxillofacial conditions and by exploring  the interplay between the past and future of maxillofacial surgery in a special edition of the journal FACE.

Education and research

Education of trainees and peers has been an organizational objective since the inception of the ASMS.  The Kazanjian lectureship was initiated in 1966.  This now biennial lectureship currently alternates with the Converse lectureship at the ASMS portion of the annual meeting of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.

The maxillofacial basics workshop was founded in 1979.  Fundamentals of maxillofacial surgery and basic techniques for management of maxillofacial trauma and orthognathic conditions are taught to residents and fellows around North America semiannually.

In 1998, the ASMS initiated a one-day intensive lecture series preceding the annual meeting of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.  Each year, the ASMS pre-conference symposium provided a multi-disciplinary education on topics in the field of craniomaxillofacial surgery for students, surgeons-in-training, and practicing plastic and maxillofacial surgeons. In the late 2010's, topics featured in the ASMS pre-conference symposium became more broadly incorporated into the regular program of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons annual meeting.

In 2003, two educational fellowships were established to foster advanced learning in the field of craniomaxillofacial surgery. The organization also offers grants for research on maxillofacial conditions to foster new innovations that may improve surgical treatment.

In 2023, the ASMS launched international educational programs. The first was a partnership with both the Korean Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association and Korean Society for Simulation Surgery, focusing on cutting edge techniques in craniomaxillofacial surgery.  This was followed shortly thereafter by a maxillofacial symposium in collaboration with the Romanian Association of Plastic Surgeons.  International exchange of ideas and experience is a growing focus of the ASMS given the diverse clinical scope of maxillofacial surgery.

Scholarly work
In 2020, the ASMS launched the journal, FACE, in collaboration with the American Society of Craniofacial Surgeons.  This SAGE Publishing journal is dedicated to advancing the art and science of craniomaxillofacial surgery by disseminating evidence-based peer reviewed research.  In 2022, the FACE call podcast was developed to highlight individual papers in FACE and provide short-term open access to journal articles in addition to audio content.  The following year, 2023, FACE became indexed in Scopus.

Maxillofacial conditions

American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons initiatives focus on problems with facial form or function, including  congenital craniofacial differences, facial trauma, reconstruction after head and neck cancer, and problems with bite.  Congenital craniofacial differences are conditions affecting the head and face that present at or shortly after birth such as craniosynostosis, cleft lip and palate, hemifacial microsomia (aka craniofacial microsomia, oculoauriculovertebral spectrum, or Goldenhar syndrome), and Treacher Collins syndrome (aka mandibulofacial dysostosis).  Traumatic facial injuries include orbital (eye socket) fracture, mandible (jaw) fracture, nasal fracture (broken nose), dog bite, and gunshot wound.  Treatment of head and neck cancer and skin cancer of the face often results in missing tissue requiring jaw reconstruction, skin reconstruction, and nose reconstruction.  Problems with occlusion (bite) may be treated with orthognathic surgery.  American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons members have contributed to early achievement in face transplant, which is emerging as treatment for the most severe maxillofacial deformities.

References

External links

 FACE Journal

Plastic surgery


title: George Green (Medal of Honor)

text:
George Green (July 16, 1840 – February 10, 1898) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Green received his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor. Green's medal was won for his actions in the Battle of Missionary Ridge, Chattanooga, Tennessee, on November 25, 1863. He was honored with the award on January 12, 1892.

Green was born in Elsham, Lincolnshire, England. He joined the US Army from Columbus, Ohio in April 1861, and mustered out with his regiment in June 1864. He was buried in Troy, Ohio.

Medal of Honor citation

See also
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L

References

External links

1840 births
1898 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials in Ohio
English-born Medal of Honor recipients
English emigrants to the United States
People from Elsham, North Lincolnshire
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients


title: Unbreakable: My Story, My Way

text:
Unbreakable: My Story, My Way is a 2013 New York Times best-selling autobiography written by Mexican-American singer-songwriter Jenni Rivera. It was published by Pocket Books. Rivera died in a plane crash in December 2012. The autobiography was released on the first birth date after her death on July 2, 2013

According to her family, the book was written on napkins and loose papers between tours and work travels. In its first week on the U.S. market it was in the top 25 most purchased books. According to Nielsen BookScan, Unbreakable: My Story, My Way reached the No. 12 position by selling more than 6,000 copies. The Spanish-language version, Inquebrantable: Mi Historia, A Mi Manera reaching the No. 2 overall spot on Amazon.

References

American autobiographies
2013 non-fiction books
Pocket Books books
Jenni Rivera


title: Llorar

text:
Llorar (English: "Cry") may refer to:

 "Llorar" (Aventura song) (2003)
 "Llorar", a song by Jesse & Joy featuring Mario Domm, from the deluxe edition of their album ¿Con Quién Se Queda El Perro? (2012)
 "Llorar", a song by Lucero, from her album Lucero De México (1992)

See also
 "Llorarás", a song by R.K.M & Ken-Y


title: Llegaste Tú

text:
Llegaste Tú (English: You Arrived) may refer to:

Llegaste Tú, an album by Ray Sepúlveda (1994)
"Llegaste Tú", a song by Mary Ann Acevedo from her album Cántale a tu Bebé (2009)
"Llegaste Tú", a song by CNCO (2018)
"Llegaste Tú", a song by Huey Dunbar from his album Music for My Peoples (2003)
"Llegaste Tú", a song by Luis Fonsi from his album 8 (2014)
"Llegaste Tú", a song by Jesse & Joy from their album Esta Es Mi Vida (2006)
"Llegaste Tú", a song by Jessy J from her album True Love (2009)
"Llegaste Tú", a song by Sofía Reyes from her album Louder! (2016)
"Llegaste Tú", a song by Tito El Bambino from his album Invicto (2012)

See also
"Y Llegaste Tú", a song by La Banda el Recodo
"Y Llegaste Tú", a song by Sin Bandera from their eponymous album


title: Give Me All Night

text:
"Give Me All Night" is the second single from Carly Simon's 13th studio album Coming Around Again (1987). The song was co-written by Simon with Gerard McMahon and produced by Paul Samwell-Smith. An accompanying music video was filmed on Martha's Vineyard and featured drummer Rick Marotta.

The song is one of Simon's biggest Adult contemporary hits, and has been included on multiple compilations of her work, such as the three-disc box set Clouds in My Coffee (1995), the UK import The Very Best of Carly Simon: Nobody Does It Better (1998), the two-disc retrospective Anthology (2002), the single-disc Reflections: Carly Simon's Greatest Hits (2004), and Sony Music's Playlist: The Very Best of Carly Simon (2014). Simon also performed the song on her 1987 HBO concert special Live from Martha's Vineyard.

Reception
"Give Me All Night" peaked at No. 61 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Simon's 21st entry on this chart, where it spent 12 weeks. It was even more successful on Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, peaking at No. 5 and charting for 17 weeks. The song was a minor hit in Canada, and charted at No. 87. It also charted in South Africa, peaking at No. 14.

Cash Box called it a "gentle and richly melodic ballad."

Track listings and formats
7" single (US)
 "Give Me All Night" – 3:56
 "Sleight Of Hand" – 3:26

7" single (UK)
 "Give Me All Night" – 4:02
 "Two Hot Girls (On A Hot Summer Night)" – 4:51

Personnel
 Carly Simon – lead vocals, backing vocals
 Peter-John Vettese – keyboards
 Hugh McCracken – guitars
 Tony Levin – bass
 Russ Kunkel – drums
 Frank Filipetti – LinnDrum
 Jimmy Bralower – percussion

Charts

References

External links
Carly Simon's Official Website

1987 singles
Carly Simon songs
Songs written by Carly Simon
Pop ballads
1987 songs
Song recordings produced by Paul Samwell-Smith
Arista Records singles
Songs written by Gerard McMahon


title: Kanopy

text:
Kanopy is an on-demand streaming video platform for public and academic libraries that offers films, TV shows and documentaries. The service is free for users, but content owners and content creators are paid on a pay-per-view model by the institution.

The company was founded in Scarborough, Western Australia on December 25, 2008, moving its headquarters to San Francisco, California a few years later. On June 9, 2021, it was announced that OverDrive had reached a deal to acquire Kanopy. The acquisition was later completed on July 15, 2021. Kanopy's subdivision, Kanopy Kids, includes children's programming; all Kanopy member accounts have access to Kanopy Kids.

History
Kanopy was founded on December 25, 2008, at Scarborough, Western Australia, by Olivia Humphrey, an Australian entrepreneur, as an educational tool for colleges and universities. Until 2010, the company functioned only as a DVD distributor, moving into streaming in that year. After attaining considerable success in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Singapore, it expanded into the UK and US, and soon afterwards moved its headquarters to San Francisco, with Humphrey remaining as CEO.

In October 2019, Kevin Sayar succeeded Humphrey as CEO. On June 9, 2021, OverDrive announced that it had reached a deal to acquire Kanopy. The acquisition was later completed on July 15, 2021.

Services
Kanopy provides each participating public library, college and university with a dedicated and customizable website through which members can stream films. The service includes features such as captions, transcripts, clip creation, and playlist creation that allow users to share videos.

Business model
Public library patrons, college and university students and faculty are able to watch Kanopy free-of-charge with their institution's library card. Institutions pay for the films their students and faculty watch on a per-view basis. This model used by libraries is referred to as "patron-driven acquisition" where each view (watching a video for 30 seconds or more) will prompt the sale of a license fee for that title. Costs vary per institutional contract, but have been estimated in 2019 for single titles to be $150 for one year, $350 for a three-year license.

Librarians have access to an administrative dashboard which allows them to view user analytics and adjust budgets.

On July 1, 2019, three of the largest public libraries in the United States—the New York Public Library, the Brooklyn Public Library, and the Queens Public Library—discontinued Kanopy, citing unpredictable and unsustainable costs.

Device support
Kanopy can be viewed on a computer, mobile device, or television via a web browser supporting HTML5 video or the Kanopy app for Amazon Fire Tablet and Fire Stick, Android, Apple iOS, Chromecast and Roku.

See also
Hoopla
OverDrive

References

External links

2008 establishments in Australia
2021 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 2008
Companies based in San Francisco
Mass media companies established in 2008
Mass media companies of the United States
Publishing companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Publishing companies established in 2008
Streaming media systems
Video on demand services


title: Just Know That I Love You

text:
Just Know That I Love You, known as  in Japan,  is an album by American recording artist and musician Priscilla Ahn. The album was inspired by the Joan G. Robinson novel When Marnie Was There and written for the anime film adaptation of the novel, released by Studio Ghibli in 2014.

Release
The album was released on CD in Japan, and in 113 countries worldwide (including Japan) as a digital download on the iTunes Store on 16 July 2014. It reached #58 on the Oricon charts during the week of 28 July 2014 and remained on them for 10 weeks.

Track listing

References

External links

2014 albums
Priscilla Ahn albums


title: Copper(II) perchlorate

text:
Copper(II) perchlorate is a salt of copper and perchloric acid. It is a hygroscopic crystalline blue solid, most commonly copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate, Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O. Like any perchlorate, it is a strong oxidizing agent.

References

Copper(II) compounds
Perchlorates


title: Anbura

text:
Anbura () is a Syrian village located in the Masyaf Subdistrict in Masyaf District, located west of Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Anbura had a population of 998 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.

References

Bibliography

Alawite communities in Syria
Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Biqraqa

text:
Biqraqa () is a Syrian village located in the Masyaf Subdistrict in Masyaf District, located west of Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Biqraqa had a population of 798 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District