title: Lawrence Lockman

text:
Lawrence E. Lockman is an American lumber worker, lobbyist and political activist from Amherst, Maine, who has served as a Republican member of the Maine House of Representatives since 2012. In 2020, Lockman ran for the Maine State Senate, challenging incumbent state Senator Kimberly Rosen in the Republican primary.

Background
Lockman is a 1967 graduate of Philadelphia-Montgomery Christian Academy in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. He studied liberal arts at Covenant College in Lookout Mountain, Georgia and Pasadena City College in California. Around 1976, he began working at a sawmill in Passadumkeag, Maine.

Controversies
In 1975, Lockman stopped paying federal and state income taxes and founded a group called Maine Patriots which put forth various tax protester arguments and urged other Mainers to follow his example.

In the mid-to-late 1980s, Lockman switched his emphasis to activism about HIV, the AIDS epidemic, and homosexuality. In a letter to the Lewiston Daily Sun, Lockman wrote "Clearly the practice of sodomy is learned behavior, and those addicted to this form of biologically-insane sex are at high risk for all manner of serious medical problems."

In 1986 and 1988, Lockman ran in District 143 of the Maine House of Representatives against the incumbent Democrat Michael Michaud. He lost both, finishing with 639 votes to Michaud's 2,438.

In 1991, Lockman became one of the directors of the Pro Life Education Association, a Maine-based anti abortion organization.

In a 1995 op-ed, Lockman warned of a "secret gay affirmative action plan," claiming "You can bet the rent money they will demand that employers set up goals and timetables to achieve 10 percent homosexual representation in the workforce and in government contracts."

In a 1995 letter in the Sun Journal in Lewiston, a reader quoted a press statement by Lockman, then part of the Pro Life Education Association, saying, “If a woman has (the right to an abortion), why shouldn’t a man be free to use his superior strength to force himself on a woman? At least the rapist’s pursuit of sexual freedom doesn’t (in most cases) result in anyone’s death.”

In 2012, Lockman was elected to the House's District 30, which included portions of Hancock and Washington counties, with 2188 votes to 2082 for Democrat Dennis Mahar. He was a strong supporter of Maine's governor Paul LePage, who was challenged for re-election in the 2014 race by Lockman's previous opponent, Michael Michaud (who in 2013 came out as gay) LePage was succeeded by Democrat Janet Mills in 2018.

Response to controversy
Lockman has released a statement saying "I have always been passionate about my beliefs, and years ago I said things that I regret. I hold no animosity toward anyone by virtue of their gender or sexual orientation, and today I am focused on ensuring freedom and economic prosperity for all Mainers."

Personal life
In 1990, Lockman was part of a group seeking to break the union at the Passadumkeag Stud Mill where he worked, a drive which was defeated by an 81 to 18 vote. He had worked there for sixteen years before leaving in 1992 to work as a territory manager in eastern Maine for the National Federation of Independent Business, a position he held until 2010. He now works as a territory manager in eastern and central Maine for National Write Your Congressman.

Lockman and his wife Debbie were married in 1974. They have four adult children and five grandchildren.

References

External links
Lockman's official House website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American political activists
Republican Party members of the Maine House of Representatives
People from Hancock County, Maine
People from Penobscot County, Maine
American tax resisters
American anti-abortion activists
Businesspeople from Maine
21st-century American politicians


title: Victor Muñoz (footballer, born 1990)

text:
Victor Muñoz Martiañez (born 25 July 1990) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Career

Early career
Muñoz spent nine years with Real Madrid's academy, spending time with Real Madrid C. At eighteen years old, Muñoz rejected a three-year contract from the club in order to focus on his education. He spent one season playing for Celta de Vigo, before moving to the US.

Muñoz moved to the United States and spent 2010 playing college soccer at Iona College, before transferring to UCLA in 2011.

Sporting Kansas City
On 16 January 2014 Muñoz was selected in the second round of the 2014 MLS SuperDraft by D.C. United becoming the first Spanish player to ever being drafted from college in the history of the MLS. However, Muñoz's rights were traded to Sporting Kansas City on 1 April 2014.

Muñoz made his professional debut on 18 June 2014 in a US Open Cup fixture against Minnesota United.

Arizona United
Muñoz signed with USL club Arizona United on 3 March 2015. After one season in Arizona, he left the club and went back to Spain.

San Sebastián de los Reyes
On 27 July 2015, Muñoz returned to his home country and joined UD San Sebastián de los Reyes. He contributed with 32 appearances and four goals during the campaign, as his side achieved promotion to Segunda División B.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Madrid
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Tercera División players
UD San Sebastián de los Reyes players
Iona Gaels men's soccer players
UCLA Bruins men's soccer players
USL League Two players
USL Championship players
D.C. United draft picks
OC Pateadores Blues players
Sporting Kansas City players
Phoenix Rising FC players
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States


title: Kerry Conley

text:
Kerry Ellsworth Conley (1 September 1866 – 5 March 1924) was Minnesota businessman, civic leader, and politician.

Together with his brother Fred, they founded the Conley Camera Company in Spring Valley, Minnesota at 510 Main Street. The brothers were childhood friends with Richard Sears, and the company secured a contract to sell cameras through Sears, Roebuck, Inc. catalogs.  To help fill the increased demand, as well as being able to advertised the cameras as "Made in Rochester" in an attempt to associate their cameras with Kodak, they moved the business to Rochester, Minnesota in 1904 and purchased a factory. The production soon expanded and they built a larger factory in 1910.   The Conley brothers eventually sold their company to Sears.

Kerry Conley served in a number of political offices, including the Minnesota State House of Representatives. He also owned The Hotel Arthur with Arthur C Gooding in Rochester, which was designed by his son Walter Conley.  Kerry later owned a company which produced cut glass windows.  Kerry died unexpectedly from a heart attack while playing volleyball at the local YMCA.

About 1909, he built an American Foursquare style home designed to showcase many examples of ornate glass and woodwork, which stood until 2014. The former factory still stands at 14 Fourth Street SW in Rochester.

References

External links
Minnesota Legislative Reference Library entry: Conley, Kerry E.

1866 births
1924 deaths
Republican Party members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
Politicians from Rochester, Minnesota
Place of birth missing
People from Spring Valley, Minnesota


title: Ram Herrera

text:
Ramiro "Ram" Herrera is a Tejano musician. He was nominated at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2002 in the category Latin Grammy Award for Best Tejano Album for the 2001 album Ingrata, and nominated again for Ram Herrera and the Outlaw Band at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards 2007. At the 1999 Tejano Music Awards, Herrera received a Lifetime Achievement Award.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Tejano musicians


title: Los Barón de Apodaca

text:
Los Barón de Apodaca are a six-man Mexican cumbia band formed in 1978 in Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico. They have a long recording history with several compilations issued by EMI Latin America, and a 30 Aniversario album (2008).

Members
 Javier Cantu – Guitar
 Efrain Flores – Bass
 Solomon Guajardo – Keyboard
 Juan Francisco Martinez – Drums
 Ubaldo Suárez – Lead vocals
 Arturo Valadez – Backing vocals

References

Cumbia
Mexican musical groups
Musical groups from Apodaca


title: Pa'O

text:
Pa'O may refer to:

 Pa'O language, a Karen language of Burma
 Pa'O people, an ethnic nationality in Burma


title: 1994 in Portugal

text:
Events in the year 1994 in Portugal.

Incumbents
President: Mário Soares
Prime Minister: Aníbal Cavaco Silva

Events
 12 June - European Parliament election.
December 9 O Estranho Mundo de Jack on Portuguese Movie Theater

Arts and entertainment

Portugal participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1994 with Sara Tavares and the song "Chamar a música".

Sports
Portugal participated in the 1994 Winter Olympics. In association football, for the first-tier league seasons, see 1993–94 Primeira Divisão and 1994–95 Primeira Divisão; for the cup seasons, see 1993–94 Taça de Portugal and 1994–95 Taça de Portugal.
 3–12 June - European Men's Handball Championship
 5 June - Taça de Portugal Final
 20–24 July - World Junior Championships in Athletics
 25 September - Portuguese Grand Prix
 7–9 October - Trampoline World Championships

Births
 27 May - João Cancelo, footballer
 10 August - Bernardo Silva, footballer
 8 September - Bruno Fernandes. footballer
 24 October - Bruma, footballer

Deaths
 7 February - Jorge Brum do Canto, film director, actor

References

Portugal
Years of the 20th century in Portugal
Portugal


title: Acroloxus egirdirensis

text:
Acroloxus egirdirensis is a species of very small freshwater snail, which because of their shape are known as limpets, aquatic pulmonate gastropods in the family Acroloxidae.

Distribution
This freshwater limpet species is endemic to Lake Eğirdir in Turkey. It is found in the shallow waters along the north side of the lake.

Threats
The survival of this species is threatened by the accumulation of pesticides in the lake from surrounding orchards, as well as by soil erosion leading to siltation.

References

Acroloxidae
Gastropods described in 2012
Vulnerable animals
Endemic fauna of Turkey


title: Wayne Dobbs

text:
Wayne Dobbs (June 12, 1939 – February 10, 2015) was an American college basketball and baseball coach.  He served as head basketball coach at Belmont University, George Washington University and Vanderbilt University. Dobbs died on February 10, 2015.

References

1939 births
2015 deaths
Belmont Bruins baseball coaches
Belmont Bruins men's basketball coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
George Washington Revolutionaries men's basketball coaches
Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels baseball players
Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels men's basketball players
Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players


title: Batch cryptography

text:
Batch cryptography is the area of cryptology where cryptographic protocols are studied and developed for doing cryptographic processes like encryption/decryption, key exchange, authentication, etc. in a batch way instead of one by one. The concept of batch cryptography was introduced by Amos Fiat in 1989.

References

Cryptography


title: Los Donneños

text:
Los Donneños were a 1950s Mexican Norteño duo formed by Ramiro Cavazos and Mario Montes and named after Donna, Texas. Ramiro Cavazos was the lead singer and played the bajo sexto, while Mario Montes was second voice and played the accordion. On some recordings they were joined by a string bass player, Rafael Gaspar.

Cavazos met Montes while working as a migrant laborer near Donna, Texas.  They had been acquainted through their manual labor, but joined forces musically after Cavazos noticed Montes playing music by the side of the road.  They formed a duet named after the Texas town, and continued to work as migrant laborers even after making records for Falcon Records and developing a following that spanned both sides of the United States-Mexican border. In the 1970s and 1980s Ramiro Cavazos had a record store on South 23rd Street in McAllen, Texas.

References

American norteño musicians
Norteño music groups
Tejano music groups
Musical groups from Texas
American Latin musical groups
Spanish-language singers of the United States
Musicians from Nuevo León


title: Corneille Nicholas Morphey

text:
Captain Corneille Nicholas Morphey was the commander of the French East India Company frigate Le Cerf.

On November 1, 1756, he took possession of the Seychelles in the name of the King of France and the French East India Company.

References

History of Seychelles
French explorers
French East India Company


title: Fluoroacetaldehyde

text:
Fluoroacetaldehyde is a metabolic precursor of both fluoroacetate and 4-fluorothreonine in Streptomyces cattleya.

References

Organofluorides
Aldehydes
Fluorine-containing natural products


title: Reproductive system of planarians

text:
The reproductive system of planarians is broadly similar among different families, although the associated structures can vary in complexity.

All planarians are hermaphrodites, so their reproductive system has a male and a female part. Both parts communicate with the surface of the body via a single opening called gonopore, which is located on the ventral side of the posterior half of the body.

Male part of the reproductive system

The male part of the reproductive system in planarians has a set of several testicles, distributed throughout the body in two or more rows. They are usually concentrated in the anterior two thirds of the body, although they can reach close to the posterior end. The testicles are connected to a pair of sperm ducts which run posteriorly towards the gonopore.

In some groups, the sperm ducts met in their distal part, forming the ejaculatory duct, which then opens in a cavity called “male atrium”. In others, like land planarians, both open in the prostatic vesicle, a glandular organ which then runs posteriorly and opens in the male atrium, usually through an ejaculatory duct. The male atrium is located anteriorly to the gonopore.

Usually associated to the ejaculatory duct, there is a structure formed basically by a fold of the walls of the male atrium called “penis papilla”. The penis papilla is a permanent structure that occupies part or the whole male atrium and is protruded during copulation, thus also called a protrusible penis. In species without a penis papilla, the penis is formed only during copulation by a projection of the walls in the male atrium and called an eversible penis.

In land planarians, the structure of the male atrium may be quite variable between different genera. The most common constructions are:

Permanent or true penis papilla: A big penis-like fold occupies the whole male atrium or most of it and is crossed by an ejaculatory duct. It is found in the genera Geoplana, Obama, Cratera, Paraba, Polycladus, Microplana, among others.
Apparent penis papilla: Similar to a true penis papilla, but with a wide ejaculatory cavity instead of an ejaculatory duct. It is found in the genus Matuxia.
Intra-antral penis papilla: A much smaller version of the true penis papilla, perceived as a small conical structure in the male atrium, which is mostly occupyed by irregular folds. It is found in the genera Amaga and Endeavouria, among others.
Inverted penis: A structure that fills most of the male atrium, leaving a narrow canal connecting to the prostatic vesicle that resembles an ejaculatory duct. This canal, however, is pushed outwards during copulation, becoming the outer wall of the penis. It is found in the species Choeradoplana minima.
Absent penis papilla: The male atrium lacks a permanent penis-like structure, i.e., contains an eversible penis, and is usually filled by irregular folds. An ejaculatory duct may be present (as in Pasipha, Imbira and Luteostriata) or not (as in Notogynaphallia).

Female part of the reproductive system
The female part of the reproductive system in planarians is formed by two ovaries in the anterior region. Exiting the ovaries, a pair of oviducts (or, more precisely, ovovitelloducts) runs posteriorly towards the gonopore. A group of yolk glands also connects to these ducts, as planarians are neoophorans and thus yolk is not located inside the eggs.

Close to the gonopore, the ovovitelloducts reach a cavity called “female atrium”, which is located posteriorly to the gonopore. The ovovitelloducts may or not meet and become a single duct (common ovovitelloduct) before entering the female atrium. The distal part of the ovovitelloducts is usually sorrrounded by shell glands, which secrete the material that forms the shell of the eggcase (also called cocoon).

Accessory structures

Among the accessory structures of the reproductive system of planarians, one usually found in freshwater and marine species is the bursa copulatrix, which has the function to store sperm after mating.
Some planarians (such as the genera Planaria, Artioposthia, Arthurdendyus, Coleocephalus and Newzealandia) have a series of finger-like projections, called adenodactyls, near the male and female atria. Adenodactyls contain glands and produce several secretions believed to be useful during reproduction.

References

Tricladida
Animal reproductive system
Platyhelminth anatomy


title: Acroloxus pseudolacustris

text:
Acroloxus pseudolacustris  is a species of very small freshwater snail, which because of their shape are known as limpets, aquatic pulmonate gastropods in the family Acroloxidae.

Distribution
This freshwater limpet is endemic to Gīlān Province in Iran; it also possibly occurs in Māzandarān Province.

References

Acroloxidae
Gastropods described in 2012
Endemic fauna of Iran


title: Quxue Dam

text:
The Quxue Dam is a 174 m tall rock-fill embankment dam on the Shuoqu River in Dêrong County of Sichuan Province, China.

the Quxue Dam has a narrow canyon with very steep abutments supporting its superstructure.

The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 246 MW power station.

Design and construction
The dam is situated in a deep canyon which has an asymmetrical “V” shape. The slope of the left and right banks is around 70°, getting steeper towards the top. Made of mobile sediment, the depth of the alluvial river overburden (waste and spoil) is around 30 m at the dam site.

The crest length of the dam is 220 m with the crest width being 15 m across. The dam was designed to have a slope of 1.9H:1V upstream and an average slope of 1.85H:1V downstream.

Construction on the dam began in 2013 and the river was diverted around the construction site in February 2014. The power station was completed in 2016.

See also

List of tallest dams in the world
List of dams and reservoirs in China
List of tallest dams in China

References

Dams in China
Rock-filled dams
Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
Hydroelectric power stations in Sichuan
Energy infrastructure completed in 2016


title: Kismat Ki Baazi

text:
Kismat Ki Baazi is a 1980 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Bhappi Sonie, starring Sharmila Tagore, Mithun Chakraborty and Reena Roy in lead roles.

Cast

Sharmila Tagore
Mithun Chakraborty
Reena Roy
Prem Chopra
Jagdeep

References

External links

1980 films
1980s Hindi-language films
Films directed by Bhappi Sonie


title: 5'-Deoxy-5'-fluoroadenosine

text:
5′-Deoxy-5′-fluoroadenosine is the first step in the biosynthesis of organic fluorides. It is synthesized by the fluorinase catalyzed addition of a fluoride ion to S-adenosyl-L-methionine, releasing L-methionine as a by product. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase mediates a phosphorolytic cleavage of the adenine base to generate 5-fluoro-5-deoxy-D-ribose-1-phosphate.

References

Organofluorides
Nucleosides
Fluorine-containing natural products


title: Acropora abrotanoides

text:
Acropora abrotanoides is a species of acroporid coral found in Indo-Pacific waters from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden east to the East China Sea, Japan, the central Pacific Ocean and Australia. It is found in shallow coral reefs that are exposed to the action of strong waves, at depths up to 15 m. It is vulnerable to coral bleaching, disease and crown-of-thorns starfish. It is resistant to predation as it has well-developed radial corallite lips.

Taxonomy and systematics
Acropora abrotanoides was first described by Lamarck in 1816 as Madrepora abrotanoides. Acropora irregularis was formerly considered as a separate species, but is now considered as synonymous with Acropora abrotanoides.

Description
It occurs in colonies of fused branches growing across the seabed (prostrate) with vertical outer branches with diameters of up to ; these can be table-shaped. In the centre of a colony, the branches are fused together—these can be either elongated or conical, sometimes with ends tapering to a point. Its branches contain both axial and radial corallites; radial corallites have been observed as elongated and axial corallites occur in varying numbers and are rasp-like or tubular in shape. Radial corallites have evolved to have well-developed tips preventing predation. It is green-grey or pink-brown in colour and is similar to Acropora pinguis, and Acropora robusta.

Distribution
Acropora abrotanoides is found from the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, through the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea, Australia, and Japan. It also occurs in the south-eastern Atlantic Ocean.

Threats
It is classed as a least concern species on the IUCN Red List, but it is believed that its population is decreasing, and it is listed under Appendix II of CITES. Figures of its population are unknown, but is likely to be threatened by the global reduction of coral reefs, the increase of temperature causing coral bleaching, climate change, human activity, the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) and disease.

References

Acropora
Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean
Fauna of the Indian Ocean
Fauna of the Red Sea
Marine fauna of Asia
Marine fauna of Oceania
Near threatened animals
Near threatened biota of Asia
Near threatened biota of Oceania
Corals described in 1816


The Order of Merit of the Republic of Turkey () is awarded by the President of Turkey upon the proposal of the relevant members of the Cabinet considering the opinions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Atatürk Supreme Council for Culture, Language and History.

The order is awarded to foreign scientists, academics, artists and intellectuals in recognition of their contributions to international promotion and celebration of the Republic of Turkey in science and arts.

Recipients of the Order of Merit
 8 June 1990 –  : Joseph Jacob Heinotten
 8 June 1990 –  : Clemens Holzmeister
 25 October 1996 –  : Rupert Wilbrandt
 25 October 1996 –  : Wilhelm Leitner
 25 October 1996 –  : Annemarie Schimmel
 28 August 1997 –  : Geza Feher
 28 August 1997 –  : Gerö Gyözü
 28 August 1997 –  : Geza David
 20 November 1997 –  : Ninette de Valois
 14 January 1998 –  : Jean-Paul Roux
 14 January 1998 –  : Robert Mantran
 14 January 1998 –  : Yuzo Nagata
 14 January 1998 –  : Shoichiro Toyoda
 14 January 1998 –  : Isao Yonekura
 14 January 1998 –  : Kamil Veli Nerimanoğlu
 14 January 1998 –  : Tofig Ismayilov
 14 January 1998 –  : Justin McCarthy
 14 January 1998 –  : Stanford Shaw
 14 January 1998 –  : Bernard Lewis
 14 January 1998 –  : Andrew Mango
 14 January 1998 –  : Geoffrey Lewis
 14 January 1998 –  : Omeljan Pritsak
 14 January 1998 –  : Roziya Galiyevna Mukminova
 14 January 1998 –  : Bubina Oruzbayeva
 14 January 1998 –  : Edhem Tenişev
 14 January 1998 –  : Gubeydolla Aydarov
 13 February 1998 –  : Bert G. Fragner
 13 February 1998 –  : Oraz Yağmur
 14 February 1998 –  : André Clot
 5 October 1998 –  : Augusto Sinegra
 9 October 1998 –  : Patrick Kinross
 9 October 1998 –  : Nasrullah Mübeşşir el-Tırazi
 9 October 1998 –  : Hüseyin Mucib el-Mısri
 1 January 1999 –  : Abdimalik Nisanbayev
 4 January 1999 –  : İbrahim El-Mouelhy
 3 June 2008 –  : Sachihiro Omura
 20 October 2008 –  : Lars Johanson
 20 October 2008 –  : András Róna-Tas
 20 October 2008 –  : Robert Dancoff
 20 October 2008 –  : Walter G. Andrews
 20 October 2008 –  : Viktor Guzev
 11 June 2014 –  : Evangelia Balta
 11 June 2014 –  : Suraiya Faroqhi
 11 June 2014 –  : Cornell Fleischer
 11 June 2014 –  : Feridun Hamdullahpur
 11 June 2014 –  : György Hazai
 11 June 2014 –  : Machiel Kiel
 11 June 2014 –  : Fehim Nametak
 11 June 2014 –  : Dimitri Mihailoviç Nasilov
 11 June 2014 –  : Julian Raby
 11 June 2014 –  : Claudia Römer
 11 June 2014 –  : Tadashi Suzuki
 11 June 2014 –  : Abdeljelil Temimi
 11 June 2014 –  : Abudurexıti Yakufu
 11 June 2014 –  : Feroz Ahmad

References

Orders, decorations, and medals of Turkey
Civil awards and decorations of Turkey
Awards established in 1988
Orders of merit


title: Rosie Burgess

text:
Rosie Burgess (born 6 January 1978) is an Australian singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. Since 2010, she has fronted the Rosie Burgess Trio, a folk, roots and blues band, with Sam Lohs on percussion and Tim Bennett on bass guitar. In 2004 Burgess had a side project as a hip hop, electronic artist, Panika, and she also worked as DJ Phobic.

Rosie Burgess has recorded five albums: Viewed (Though a Little Distracted) (2 February 2005), Humble Pie (5 May 2007), Wait for the World (13 October 2008), Leap (1 November 2010), and Before I Set Sail (2 March 2012).

Biography
Rosie Burgess was born on 6 January 1978, she was raised in Melbourne with an older brother. At the age of four, Burgess started playing piano. Her instrumentation includes electric violin, harmonica, ukulele, guitar, mandolin, and a makeshift drum kit. In 2004, she worked in Melbourne as a hip hop electronic artist, under the name Panika, and issued a five-track extended play, 2 for Breathing, in November of that year. Also in that year, she performed as DJ Phobic, mixing "underground Australian hip hop with her own trax". In June 2007, National radio station, Triple J's Zan Rowe named Panika's track "Bezerk" as her Catch of the Day and felt it was "a great tune, short and snappy with some tidy production" as an example of "Uke-hop? Yep, ukelele with hip-hop beats. Very tidy stuff". As an acoustic folk singer-songwriter she issued, Viewed (Though a Little Distracted), in February 2005.

Burgess' recordings and live performances have been met with critical praise. According to Soulshine's reviewer in 2006, her "quirky and original tunes are captivating audiences wherever she goes. Her high energy live shows and many live-to-air radio performances have secured her a growing fan base of acoustic blues & roots lovers around the globe". She signed with Fogsongs, a Sydney publishing group, and her album, Humble Pie, which appeared in May 2007 was distributed by MGM Distribution. Later that year, Groove Merchants' writer noted that by "Playing straight from the heart, Rosie keeps herself warm with her skillful rootsy guitar, harmonica and mandolin playing, singing up a storm everytime she takes the stage. Her music flows out of her whole body – at times edgy and intense, at times raw and beautiful, it is always original and gripping".

In 2008, Burgess received a grant of $6000 from Arts, Victoria to undertake a tour of Western Australia including performing at the Nannup Festival in March. She has performed extensively in Australia and North America at festivals such as the Woodford Folk Festival, Musikfest, and California Worldfest. She has toured the United States and Canada.

Personal life

Rosie Burgess is a self-taught musician and formed her own record label, Payne Street Records in 2001. She became a vegetarian from age 14; since 2001, she has been a vegan and is an animal rights activist. She resides in Melbourne with her son.

Discography

Albums

 Viewed (Though a Little Distracted) (2 February 2005)
 Genetically Modified (by Panika) (20 May 2006) Sound Vault
 Humble Pie (5 May 2007) Fogsongs/MGM Distribution
 Wait for the World (13 October 2008)
 Raw (Live at the Wesley Anne) (by Rosie Burgess Set) (live album, 15 June 2009)
 Leap (by Rosie Burgess Trio) (1 November 2010)
 Before I Set Sail (by Rosie Burgess Trio) (2 March 2012)

Extended plays

 2 for Breathing (by Panika) (29 November 2004) Sound Vault
 Handful, Part One (by Rosie Burgess) (21 October 2016)
 Handful, Part Two (by Rosie Burgess) (2017)

References

External links
 Rosie Burgess at Foghorn Records

1978 births
Living people
Australian women singer-songwriters
Australian singer-songwriters
21st-century Australian singers


title: 5-Fluoro-5-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate

text:
{{DISPLAYTITLE:5-Fluoro-5-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate}}

5-Fluoro-5-deoxy--ribose 1-phosphate is metabolite formed during the biosynthesis of organofluorides. It is formed by the purine nucleoside phosphorylase mediated phosphorolytic cleavage of 5'-deoxy-5'-fluoroadenosine. It is isomerized to 5-fluoro-5-deoxy-ribulose-1-phosphate which is then cleaved by an aldolase to release fluoroacetaldehyde.

References

Organofluorides
Organophosphates
Halogen-containing natural products
Fluorine-containing natural products


title: Acropora aculeus

text:
Acropora aculeus is a species of acroporid corals found throughout the Indian Ocean, the central Indo-Pacific, Australia, southeast Asia, Japan and the East China Sea. It is also present in the western Pacific Ocean. It is an uncommon species and is particularly prone to coral bleaching, disease, and crown-of-thorns starfish predation; it is also harvested for use in aquaria, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed it as being a "vulnerable species". Habitat loss is a big concern.

Description
Acropora aculeus forms corymbose, pillow-like structures, the horizontal branches being slender and spreading while the upright branches are narrow and shorter. The corallites are distinctive, longer than they are wide, smooth and polished. This coral is usually yellowish or grey, but can be bright bluish-green, and the tips of the branches are often yellow, pale blue, green or brown.  It is usually yellow on the Great Barrier Reef and in the Philippines, but pale brown in western Australia. It is named as  ACR ACUL in Coral Codes.

Distribution and habitat
Acropora aculeus is native to the Indo-Pacific region, its range extending from the east coast of Africa and Madagascar to Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, Australia and some island groups in the eastern Pacific Ocean.  It is endemic to the Philippines  distributed in Samoa, Great Barrier Reef, Sri Lanka, South Vietnam, and the Marshall Islands. It occurs at depths between about  or even deeper. It is found on all parts of the reef, particularly the front slope, and also in lagoons. Its form varies with its degree of exposure to wave action, being more massive in exposed locations and more pillow-like in lagoons.

Status
The reefs on which Acropora aculeus lives are under threat from global warming, increased ocean acidification and reef destruction. It is a generally uncommon species of coral and is particularly susceptible to bleaching and coral diseases. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being "vulnerable", considering that 37% of the colonies may be lost in the next thirty years (three generation lengths).  Others suggest it is endangered, along with 76% of the Acropora corals.

References

Acropora
Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean
Cnidarians of the Indian Ocean
Marine fauna of Asia
Marine fauna of Oceania
Marine fauna of Southeast Asia
Anthozoa of Australia
Vulnerable fauna of Asia
Vulnerable fauna of Oceania
Corals described in 1846
Taxa named by James Dwight Dana


title: N. Surendran

text:
N. Surendran s/o K. Nagarajan (Tamil: நா. சுரேந்திரன்), commonly referred to as N. Surendran, is a Malaysian lawyer and politician. He was the Member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the Padang Serai constituency in the state of Kedah for one term from 2013 to 2018. He is a member of the People's Justice Party (PKR), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition.

Early life, education and legal career
Surendran was born in Kuantan, Pahang and raised in Alor Setar, Kedah. His late father was a postmaster, and he has three siblings. He obtained a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London and was admitted to the Malaysian Bar in 1994.

Surendran practiced as a human rights lawyer, taking on cases of deaths in custody and representing the Hindu Rights Action Force (HINDRAF). He co-founded Lawyers for Liberty (LFL) in 2011 and became a key member of the group.

Politics
In 2010 Surendran was appointed by Anwar Ibrahim as one of PKR's vice-presidents. The appointment was a surprise: Surendran was not a parliamentarian at the time and his selection was criticised by N. Gobalakrishnan, the then Padang Serai MP who had just lost a ballot for the vice presidency. He remained in the post until 2014, when he was defeated for re-election in a party ballot.

In the 2013 general election, Surendran contested the Padang Serai parliamentary seat for the PKR. Gobalakrishnan had won the seat for PKR in the previous election but left the party to sit on the crossbench soon after his public attack on Surendran's appointment as a party vice-president. Surendran won the seat at the election, defeating four other candidates including Gobalakrishnan. Surendran had expressed surprise, travelling to Padang Serai from his home in Kuala Lumpur to campaign, at the extent of rural poverty there.

In November 2013, Surendran was suspended from the Parliament for six months. The government-dominated Parliament voted to suspend him on the ground of insulting the Speaker of the House of Representatives during a debate about the demolition of Hindu temples. In Jun 2014, Surendran notched up his fourth suspension from the Parliament amidst a debate on the Lynas Advanced Materials Plant. In August 2014, he was twice charged for sedition for criticising the overturning of opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim's acquittal on sodomy charges and alleging that the Prime Minister, Najib Razak, was "personally responsible" for Anwar's prosecution.

Surendran was dropped by PKR as candidate in 2018 general election.

Election results

References

See also

 List of Malaysian politicians of Indian origin

Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Pahang
Surendran
Malaysian human rights activists
20th-century Malaysian lawyers
People's Justice Party (Malaysia) politicians
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Alumni of the University of London
21st-century Malaysian politicians
1966 births
21st-century Malaysian lawyers


title: Acropora acuminata

text:
Acropora acuminata is a species of acroporid coral found in Australia, the Red Sea, the central Indo-Pacific, Japan, the northern Indian Ocean, the East China Sea, southeast Asia, and the western Pacific Ocean. It is particularly susceptible to coral bleaching, the crown-of-thorns sea star (Acanthaster planci), and harvesting for the aquarium trade. It is found on shallow coral reefs from depths of 5–20 m. It was described by Verrill in 1864.

Description
It is found in table-shaped colonies mainly consisting of horizontal branches, which taper to points. Corallites are not visible on the horizontal branches of specimens and form parts of the branches, while corallites on vertical branches exist in two forms, including a large tube-shaped form. It is brown or pale blue in colour and appears similar to Acropora hoeksemai. Radial corallites have nariform or oval openings and generally do not come in contact with each other.

Distribution
It is classed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List as the population is decreasing, and is listed under Appendix II of CITES. Its population is unknown, but is likely to be threatened by the global reduction of coral reefs, the increase of temperature causing bleaching, climate change, human activity, aquarium-related harvesting, the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci), and disease. It is found in the Red Sea, southeast Asia, Australia, the northern Indian Ocean, Japan, the central Indo-Pacific, the East China Sea and the western Pacific Ocean.

Taxonomy
It was described by Verrill in 1864 as Madrepora acuminata.

References

Acropora
Corals described in 1864
Vulnerable animals


title: Tomingaj

text:
Tomingaj () is a village in Croatia. Nikola Tesla at one point lived in Tomingaj.

Population

According to the 2011 census, Tomingaj had 26 inhabitants.

1991 census

According to the 1991 census, settlement of Tomingaj had 292 inhabitants, which were ethnically declared as this:

Austro-hungarian 1910 census

According to the 1910 census, settlement of Tomingaj had 1,256 inhabitants in 8 hamlets, which were linguistically and religiously declared as this:

Literature

  Savezni zavod za statistiku i evidenciju FNRJ i SFRJ, popis stanovništva 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981. i 1991. godine.
 Knjiga: "Narodnosni i vjerski sastav stanovništva Hrvatske, 1880–1991: po naseljima, author: Jakov Gelo, izdavač: Državni zavod za statistiku Republike Hrvatske, 1998., , ;

References

External links

Populated places in Zadar County
Lika
Serb communities in Croatia


title: Danao-Danao Island

text:
Danao-Danao Island (variously Danao Danao island, Danao Island, Dunad Island, Dunao Island or Dunao Islet) is a small, low-lying island in northeastern Iloilo, Philippines. It is part of the municipality of Concepcion.

Location and geography

Danao-Danao Island is  east of Panay Island in the Visayan Sea. Part of the Concepcion Islands, it is separated from nearby Bulubadiangan Island by a small reef. Danao-Danao is  at its highest point.

Natural disasters

Typhoon Haiyan

In 2013, Typhoon Haiyan (locally known as Yolanda) Passed over Danao-Danao, damaging boats and homes. Rather than evacuate, some villagers stayed behind during the storm, in order to protect their boats. Four men went missing as a result.

See also

 List of islands in the Philippines

References

External links
 Dunao Island at OpenStreetMap

Islands of Iloilo


title: Louie Gong

text:
Louie Gong (born August 8, 1974) is a Canadian American visual artist, activist, public speaker, educator, and entrepreneur. His work focuses on Indigenous and multiracial identity, exploring race and identity through art, and expanding business leadership and capacity for Native artists.

Early life and education

Gong was born in Ruskin, British Columbia and is Native American (Nooksack), Chinese, French and Scottish. He was raised by his grandparents, father and stepmother in Ruskin, B.C. and later in the Nooksack tribal community in Washington State.

Gong graduated from Western Washington University with a master's degree in school counseling and worked as a child and family therapist, first with youth from his own tribal community in the public school system. He later became a school counselor in the North Kitsap School District before moving into higher education at the University of Washington and administration at Muckleshoot Tribal College. Gong has been an independent artist and entrepreneur since 2012.

Career

Art

Gong is the founder of the company Eighth Generation, through which he merges traditional Coast Salish art and icons from popular culture to make statements about identity. He also launched the Inspired Natives Project , with the motto "Support Inspired Natives, not Native-inspired", in 2014 to model respectful ways of aligning with Native artists, aesthetics, and culture—while building the capacity of emerging Native arts entrepreneurs. His first artist collaboration under the Inspired Natives Project was with Acoma Pueblo artist Michelle Lowden, followed by a collaboration with Anishinaabe artist and organizer Sarah Agaton Howes.

In 2011, Gong collaborated with Manitobah Mukluks to design the "LG Gatherer", a limited edition boot that sold out of numerous production runs. Louie has also collaborated with Paul Frank Industries on an original design for tote bags, pillows and blankets. In 2012, Gong partnered with the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) to explore issues of identity, community and mixed heritage through "Design Yourself: IAMNMAI" workshops, using his customizable art toy, Mockups. Gong was named to Native Max Magazine's list of "Top 10 Inspirational: Natives Past and Present".

Gong has also exhibited at or had artistic partnerships with the Seattle Art Museum, the Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience,
and the DePaul Art Museum.

Activism

Gong's activism about social and political issues affecting Native and mixed race people has been featured in media such as The New York Times, NBC Nightly News and MSNBC.com, Native Peoples Magazine, Native Max Magazine, and the Indian Country Today Media Network.

Gong was board president of the Mavin Foundation, a national non-profit organization that raises awareness about mixed race people and families, from 2007 to 2009. He was a co-developer of the Mixed Heritage Center.

Films

Gong's merging of art and activism has been the subject of UNRESERVED: the Work of Louie Gong, a Longhouse Media film that screened at film festivals including Festival De Cannes and National Geographic's All Roads Film Festival, and Schuhe Machen Leute, a 2013 documentary produced in Germany.

References

External links
 Eighth Generation
 UNRESERVED: The work of Louie Gong (film)

1974 births
Living people
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century Native American artists
American activists
American textile industry businesspeople
Canadian activists
First Nations artists
Nooksack people


title: Lizhou Dam

text:
The Lizhou Dam is a run-of-the-river hydroelectric arch dam on the Muli River in Muli Tibetan Autonomous County, Sichuan Province, China.

The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation, with its 355 MW power station located 14.5 km to the southeast of the dam. The difference in elevation between the reservoir and power station affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of .

Preliminary construction on the project began in 2009 and the superstructures were approved in 2011. Pouring of roller-compacted concrete for the dam began in 2012. The dam began to impound its reservoir in December 2015. Lizhou Dam started producing its power in 2016, when the whole facility was commissioned.

See also

List of dams and reservoirs in China
List of tallest dams in China

References

Dams in China
Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture
Arch dams
Roller-compacted concrete dams
Hydroelectric power stations in Sichuan


title: Khun San Lwin

text:
Khun San Lwin () is a Pa'O politician of Burma. He is a former member of the Pa-O National Organization and currently Chairman of the Pa'O Self-Administered Zone. He was appointed to the State Administration Council in 2023.

References

Burmese politicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Alexandru Philippide

text:
Alexandru I. Philippide (; May 1, 1859 – August 12, 1933) was a Romanian linguist and philologist. Educated in Iași and Halle, he taught high school for several years until 1893, when he secured a professorship at the University of Iași that he would hold until his death forty years later. He began publishing books on the Romanian language around the time he graduated from university, but it was not until he became a professor that he drew wider attention, thanks to a study of the language's history. Although not particularly ideological, he penned sharp, witty polemics directed at various intellectual figures, both at home and, in one noted case, in Germany.

In 1898, Philippide began work on a Romanian dictionary; by 1906, he and his team had completed the first four letters of the alphabet before others took over the task. His major work, which appeared in two hefty volumes in 1925 and 1928, brings together a wide range of ancient sources and linguistic evidence to analyze the ethnogenesis of the Romanians and the development of their language. Although attacked for parochialism by one set of academics, the students he trained carried forth his ideas by forming the core of an Iași-based linguistic school.

Biography

Origins and early career
Born in Bârlad in the Tutova County of Western Moldavia region, his father Iancu was deputy prefect of a plasă during the reign of Alexandru Ion Cuza, and owned land at Cerțești, a village to the south. Philippide was of Greek origin on his father's side, the family originating in Milies, a village at the foot of Mount Pelion in Thessaly. His great-grandfather's brother Daniel Philippidis, a historian and geographer, settled in Iași at the turn of the 19th century. His family origins were a source of pride, even in old age: asked by Nicolae Bănescu if he was of Aromanian background, the linguist replied, "no, no, we're entirely Greek!"

Alexandru attended primary school (1866–1870) and Gheorghe Roșca Codreanu High School (1870–1877), both in his native city. Subsequently, he enrolled in the University of Iași, earning his degree in 1881. Pursuing specialized study at the University of Halle-Wittenberg from 1888 to 1890, he took courses in classical and modern philology, archaeology and the history of Greek philosophy. While there, he met Eduard Sievers, Heinrich Keil and Hermann Suchier, becoming close friends with the latter. A librarian at the Central University Library of Iași from 1881 to 1884, he subsequently taught at the city's National College. He was hired there to fill a vacancy caused by the death of an admired teacher, Alexandru Lambrior.

Returning to teach high school after his German stint, he became a professor at the literature faculty in Iași in 1893, retaining the post until his death. He was initially a substitute professor in the newly created department, rising to full professor in 1896. A Neogrammarian, he taught courses on the history of the Romanian language, general linguistics, Vulgar Latin, the physiology of the human voice and the origin of the Romanians. The initiator of an original theory of linguistics, this was developed and augmented by his student Gheorghe Ivănescu. His books, studies and articles total some 4000 pages, while his course materials number another 1500. The latter, in which he traced the history of the Romanian language, complemented his published work. It was where he tested new ideas and drafted outlines for the full-length Originea românilor.

1880s–1890s writings
An early work was the 1881 Încercare asupra stării sociale a poporului românesc în trecut ("Investigation into the Social Status of the Romanian People in the Past"), which attempted to trace the origins of Romanian culture. In 1892, he undertook a thorough linguistic analysis to demonstrate that the Chronicle of Huru, a purported 13th-century document, was in fact a modern forgery. He published  ("Introduction to the History of Romanian Language and Literature") in 1888 and Gramatică elementară a limbii române ("Elementary Grammar of the Romanian Language") in 1897; this was at a time when domestic scientifically composed textbooks were in scarce supply. The first work, after presenting the author's ideas on literary history, goes on to provide biographical sketches of Romanian literary figures from the 16th-century Coresi through 1821. Philippide believed that a satisfactory history of Romanian literature did not exist, and set out to correct this deficiency. Beginning here, he grappled with the issue of the literary language, which he termed the "common language". Observing that Romanian had not yet developed a firm standard, he both suggested a theory of language evolution and steps to be taken toward standardization. However, he rejected wholesale attempts to create a new variant, which he accused Heimann Hariton Tiktin of doing prematurely. He ascribed overarching importance in the creation and evolution of literary languages to popular writers.

The second work, targeted at a specialist audience, was not intended as a textbook but as a means to show Romanian grammar as it existed in reality; this was in contrast with Tiktin's 1891 teaching manual. Philippide discussed words selected from the dictionary by Alexandru Cihac, the only one he found respectable; and from writers, Moldavians especially: Ion Creangă foremost, but also Mihai Eminescu, Alexandru Odobescu, Costache Negruzzi, Petre Ispirescu, Costache Conachi and Vasile Alecsandri; and from the Moldavian chronicles, as well as a bit of Anton Pann. The book features many examples of the spoken language, some of them in the Moldavian subdialect. He believed the examples would help illustrate the development of the language's inflection and syntax; this methodology is unique in the annals of Romanian grammar works. Here, he introduced the (debated) notion that the Romanian literary language was not based on a particular subdialect, but resulted from each one's contributions. While the Wallachian form was previously dominant, the increasing output of Moldavian writers meant that, by the end of the 19th century, the written language had become a compromise between the two.

It was an 1894 history of the language that put him on the academic map. Although modeled on Hermann Paul's Principles of the History of Language, it was original in scope, discussing the distinction between literary and spoken language, the causes of linguistic change, the processes that lead to literary language formation and the relation between language and orthography. In his writing, he insisted on phonetic spelling, a principle that arose not only out of his linguistic theory, but also from his study of anthropology, which led him to believe that "naturalness" should lie at the heart of language, as well as morality, society and art. However, he made one significant exception to the phonetic rule: his own surname. When asked on this point, he joked that he wished to show he had the same name as Alexander the Great, "who was himself Alexandru Philippide, that is, Alexander, son of Philip."

Family life
Philippide married twice. As a bachelor, he sought a German bride, having become convinced during his Halle days that a German woman would be ideal for him. His first wife, Johanna Minckwitz, had a doctorate in Romance philology and was the daughter of a Zürich professor. The marriage took place in a civil ceremony at Saint Helier on Jersey in early October 1895. Although initially delighted with his new wife, the relationship soured due to the presence of Philippide's mother-in-law in his house. During one heated argument, he handled an axe and Johanna took her mother's side. Eventually, the two women returned to Switzerland and the marriage ended in divorce. Johanna continued to be interested in Romanian literature, and put out her own study of Eminescu's poetry. She and Philippide reportedly had a child, although details have not survived.

In 1897, Philippide married a Romanian woman. This was Lucreția Nemțeanu, a young novice at Agapia Monastery, where her sister was a nun. Her father, the former mayor of Vânători-Neamț, was the administrator of the mental hospital in Târgu Neamț. He first learned of Lucreția when he saw her photograph in the hands of her brother, a student of his, and asked to meet her; a month and a half later, the two were married. This time, both a civil and a religious (Romanian Orthodox) service were held, probably at the insistence of his new in-laws. Although remarking on her "rotten poverty", he admired Lucreția's youth, beauty and kindness, considering her the opposite of Johanna. Their son, born in 1900, was the future poet Alexandru A. Philippide. The latter would recall the Spartan education received from his father, involving a strict program of Homeric verse in the original Greek. The elder Philippide drew a sharp distinction between science, which he regarded as the province of manly, knowledge-seeking personalities; and literature, particularly poetry, which for him was an unserious activity for sensitive small minds. Although he had flirted with poetry as a young man, he was saddened to see his son adopt it as a profession.

Junimea and philosophical orientation
Philippide entered Junimea society in the early 1890s, during its gradual relocation to Bucharest, the national capital. He then remained in contact with the young intellectuals who still met in Iași, where Junimea maintained a nominal presence—with N. Volenti and Teohari Antonescu as mainstays. Philippide was disgusted by the provincial airs of Iași Junimism. In December 1898, he wrote a letter to Junimea founder Titu Maiorescu, telling him that his creation had "degenerated" beyond recognition: "joke has turned to buffoonery, sally to insanity, liberty to anarchy." His time at Junimea did not leave a significant impact on his thinking: it was for him primarily a means of access to high society and developing useful connections with prominent figures capable of helping him advance. Later, once he was secure in his professorship, he distanced himself from Junimism, particularly its political manifestation.

Philippide did retain something of the conservative aesthetics promoted by Maiorescu, with which his tastes and sensibilities naturally fit in. Like Maiorescu himself, he derided didacticism, "social ideals" in art, and the Marxist school of Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea. He detailed this hostility in his essay Idealuri ("Ideals"), serialized by the Junimea magazine, Convorbiri Literare, in 1892 and 1893: Philippide thought it absurd that Dobrogeanu-Gherea equated cultural heritage with socialist culture, and was infuriated by the Marxist claim that Junimea would not survive at all in cultural memory. Writing from a Junimist standpoint, he opined that a writer must take literary tradition into account, and that his writing should be devoid of moralizing. According to literary historian Z. Ornea, Idealuri is "dense, confused, and rather outside the scope of the polemic", as well as "passionately violent" in tone.

From 1900, Philippide joined the 26-man team of editors at Convorbiri Literare (a step in its ongoing transition from literary polemics to scientific publishing). In 1902, at Constantin Stere's urging, Philippide joined the anti-Junimist National Liberal Party, but retained amiable or even friendly ties to Junimea figures, particularly Maiorescu. In line with the latter's pronouncements, he was a critic of modern, bourgeois-created Romanian society. Although nearly as vehement in this regard as Eminescu, he approached the matter not from a political angle but based on the classical morality espoused in the Nicomachean Ethics.

An independent thinker and committed individualist, characterized by moral intransigence, a lucid critic of his era and of his country's negative aspects, Philippide refused to be pigeonholed into a single ideological current, thus occupying a rare position for the time. His original thought combined tendencies normally thought of as contradictory: to his Junimist foundations were added small portions of socialist-tinted humanitarianism and Sămănătorist-Poporanist nationalism, as well as a hefty dose of German notions. Nevertheless, in the view of literary critic Antonio Patraș, they managed to form a coherent and compelling whole, lending scientific but also moral authority to his writings.

Dictionary project
Elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy in 1898 and upgraded to titular member in 1900, he took part in its sessions twice, in 1910 and 1918. Philippide pursued two major tasks: the composition of a Romanian dictionary and the writing of the language's history from its origins to his day. Between 1898 and 1906, under the academy's aegis, he worked on Dicționarul limbii române ("Dictionary of the Romanian Language"), together with several students. The project was sponsored by Maiorescu, who, like Philippide, deplored the excessive tendency to ascribe Latin etymologies. He managed to write definitions for letters A through D before having to interrupt his work; the manuscript covers 11,744 folio pages. He put together a bibliography and plan for the whole dictionary and collected over 600,000 files.

Inherited from Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, who offered to pass him notes, the project subsequently passed into the hands of Sextil Pușcariu. The proximate cause for the end of Philippide's involvement was that the contract had expired; however, disagreements had arisen over the years as well. The academy and King Carol wanted a normal, functional, barebones dictionary, while Philippide preferred an exhaustive compilation of the lexis, "a Littré for the Romanians" (although he eventually dropped entries on proper nouns). One of his collaborators on the project was Garabet Ibrăileanu, whom he had helped set up Viața Românească. The two shared a conservative temperament but not a similar political outlook, and Philippide took aim at the other's purported deficiencies as a philologist, seeing him as primarily a philosopher.

Renewed public debates

Alongside Stere, Philippide was a founding member and mentor of Viața Românească magazine, which, according to his own linguistic norms, was written in conscious contrast to the official spelling directives from the academy. In his essays, which appeared in Viața Românească and in Convorbiri Literare, Philippide tried to create a model portrait of the Romanian intellectual. His writings were polemical, sharply attacking the leading figures of his time. He derided a certain type of "specialist", and insisted that intellectuals needed to focus above all on enrichment through learning. His intellectual models had both made their mark prior to Alexandru Ioan Cuza's being deposed in 1866: Timotei Cipariu and Mihail Kogălniceanu. Considering he lived in a darker age, the only later scholar he admired was Lambrior, while the quintessential "specialist" for him was Hasdeu.

Uninterested in adopting others' opinions, with a penchant for discipline and thoroughness acquired in Germany, he became an adept of Stoicism, which accounts for his emphasis on ethical values, above all honesty. His devotion to honesty sometimes caused problems in social settings. Analyzing his style, particularly as found in his correspondence, philologist Cristina Florescu categorizes Philippide as a late Romantic, displaying "impetuosity, idealism, a longing for a vanished time, imprudent and abrupt gestures", his flourishes meshing with his "elevated consciousness of Romanian realities". She suggests that his spirit, in order to face a society he often shunned, took refuge in humor. His primary weapon was irony: "whether acidic or gently sentimental, frequently hilarious but even more often stinging". His blend of satire, humor and irony made for a highly specific writing style. However, as argued by his friend Gheorghe T. Kirileanu, his speeches were uplifting, "stirring up inside you, in the deepest parts of your soul, the pleasure to work and live." According to Kirileanu, Philippide was cheerful only "because he wants to make others happy"; his scatological jokes, however, were perfectly suited to annoy "the delicate aristocrats", Simion Mehedinți and Matei B. Cantacuzino.

Collections of his essays appeared as Specialistul român. Contribuție la istoria culturii românești din secolul XIX ("The Romanian Specialist. Contribution to the History of Romanian Culture in the 20th Century", 1906–1907), and as  ("How the Romanian Specialist Defends Himself", 1908). However, he also attacked German linguist Gustav Weigand in a series of articles that appeared in 1909–1910 in Viața Românească, published in 1910 in a single volume as Un specialist român la Lipsca ("A Romanian Specialist at Leipzig"). He began by defending his student Giorge Pascu, the target of a number of attacks by Weigand. Broadening the scope of his polemic, he questioned Weigand's competence as a scholar of Romanian, as well as that of other contemporary linguists. He passionately underscored what he considered Weigand's shortcomings as a person, accusing him of lacking objectivity and even of intrigue, claiming he sent letters to magazines in order to stop publication of articles by professional rivals.

Philippide made a trip to Western Europe in 1914, after which he remained in Iași for the rest of his days. Like many educated Moldavians, he expressed distaste for Bucharest, considering it the root of all evil. He derided the Romanian Parliament as a gathering of "wretched undertakers", and railed against the Romanian Academy, which he saw as a hastily improvised imitation of prestigious Western academies, rife with imposture and improvisation, its members concerned with getting rich quickly rather than finding comfort in the rewards of philosophy. Philippide, in common with other Junimists, deplored the French influence on Romania, believing the country needed a Germanic touch for its betterment. He was proud to live far from the hustle and bustle of Bucharest, hoping to revive the Junimea-era glories of the country's former cultural capital that he inhabited. To this end, he helped bring a superior class of students, professors, writers and artists to Iași.

Philippide, together with many other Junimists and Iași academics such as Stere, favored the Central Powers for the first two years of World War I, during which interval Romania remained neutral. His cooperation with Stere deepened: in early 1916, he supported Stere's bid to return as Rector of Iași University, and ran on the same list as him. Although Philippide gathered most votes, the list overall lost as a result of government opposition and intrigue. The "Germanophile" party lost, as, in 1916, Romania joined the Entente; after the German counteroffensive, Bucharest was occupied and Iași became the provisional capital of a rump Romanian state. Between October 1916 and spring 1919, Iași University virtually ceased functioning due to the hardships of war. Its buildings were requisitioned by the War Ministry and most of the faculty were not in town. However, a few professors, including Philippide as well as Ibrăileanu and Dimitrie Gusti, were able to teach part of their course schedule inside their private homes, which were not entirely taken over by the army. In October 1918, after Romania made peace with Germany, Philippide proposed Stere, Ibrăileanu, and Ilie Bărbulescu for membership of the academy—they lost, owing to Stere's uncompromising Germanophilia.

Originea românilor

He spent the better part of his career on his second principal endeavor, a history of the language and an exploration of how it arose. Called Originea românilor ("The Origin of the Romanians"), its first, 889-page volume appeared in 1925, with the second 829-page one being published in 1928. Volume I, Ce spun izvoarele istorice ("What Historical Sources Say"), deals with the Romanians' ethnogenesis (see origin of the Romanians) and displays Philippide's abilities as an historian. He brings critical analysis to the works of Herodotus, Polybius, Appian, Strabo, Ptolemy and Cassius Dio, focusing on their writings about Dacia and the northern Balkans. The work includes long passages that had never previously appeared in Romanian. At the same time, he details the Latin inscriptions found in the Balkans, paying close attention to Procopius' De aedificiis but also to other material in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.

He calculates the length and intensity of Romanization in various parts of the Balkans and documents the ethnic migrations that took place throughout the Middle Ages between the north and south banks of the Danube. Additionally, he summarizes and critiques the main theories of ethnogenesis that appeared between the Middle Ages and the beginning of the 20th century. He completely rejects the notion put forth by Austrian historian Robert Roesler that Romance-speaking people migrated into Transylvania in the 12th–13th centuries, after Magyar settlement, instead proposing a migration north of the Danube starting in the 6th century. He made a correction to the Jireček Line that was generally accepted by later linguists.

Part I of volume II is called Ce spune limba română ("What the Romanian Language Says"), and details the history of the language's phonology. Remaining a standard reference text into the 21st century, the book also includes a history of the Aromanian language's grammar. Using the comparative historical method of the Indo-Europeanists, he reconstructs the language at its beginnings, labeling it "primitive Romanian" (see Proto-Romanian language), a dialect of Vulgar Latin. He suggests how the Eastern Romance languages were related at that point and how they broke apart into four distinct entities: Daco-Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian. He used Weigand's linguistic atlas of the area, as well as many other sources on the four languages. The evolution of each sound and each grammatical form in the languages is closely documented.

In the second part of volume II, Ce spune limba albaneză ("What the Albanian Language Says"), he tackles the difficult question of how Romanian is related to Albanian and how this might shed light on Romanians' ethnogenesis. His conclusions retain general acceptance: that commonalities between the two languages are not due to borrowing by the ancestors of the Romanians from early Albanian, or vice versa, but arise from an ancient substrate. For Romanian, this is a pre-Roman, Thracian-Dacian-Moesian one; while for Albanian, the substrate is the Illyrian-Pannonian language.

In terms of where ethnogenesis took place, Philippide, based on historic and linguistic investigation, proposed that this happened after 268 AD in the Roman provinces south of the Danube: Pannonia Inferior, Moesia (Superior and Inferior) and Dardania, and not in Dacia Traiana. Later research using discoveries in archaeology and numismatics that had not yet been made in Philippide's day cast doubt on his hypothesis that the Roman population of Dacia withdrew south of the Danube during the reign of Emperor Gallienus. The linguistic portion of his hypothesis dealt with affrication, and he based his conclusions on the chronology of this phenomenon that was accepted in his time. Since then, a new timeline has come to be accepted. Nevertheless, Philippide was not strident in his conclusions, suggesting that a Romanized remnant stayed in Dacia even after 268, while in the parts of Romania that were not under Roman rule, there were people "not Romanized, but only Romanianized, and who live there, where they are now, since time immemorial".

Later life and legacy
Philippide suffered an attack of paralysis in early 1926 and developed atherosclerosis in 1931. This became worse upon his wife's death in March 1933 and led to his own death five months later. Nevertheless, although he reached the mandatory retirement age in 1929, he received three successive exemptions that allowed him to remain on the faculty until his death. In 1927, an Institute of Romanian Philology was set up alongside Iași University upon the initiative of Philippide and Pascu, its first director. In December 1933, four months after his death, it was named in Philippide's honor.

During his lifetime, only Pușcariu was an intellectual rival of equal stature. Later, for years, and for mainly ideological reasons although using his work as a pretext, he was ascribed an image of provincialism and extravagance bearing unjustified pretensions. The south-Danubian ethnogenesis hypothesis proposed in Originea românilor provoked long-term fury among a wide variety of uncultured nationalists, while philologists who had their own ethnic-based prejudices summarily dismissed Philippide's view. Moreover, his personal character did not help matters, with contemporaries recalling him as withdrawn, overly proud, unpredictable, cold when not aggressive during unwanted encounters. It was only in the presence of close associates or before the classroom that he let down his guard. Feared and respected by allies as well as rivals, only a relatively few followers understood and valued him.

Nevertheless, these latter scholars did make use of his publications as a basis for their own research, as well as adopting the rigorous intellectual methods and persistent search for knowledge that he displayed. His students include the main representatives of the Iași school of linguistics: Gheorghe Ghibănescu, Vasile Bogrea, Giorge Pascu, Iorgu Iordan, Constantin Gălușcă, Titus Hotnog, I. N. Popovici, Ioan Șiadbei, Dimitrie Găzdaru, Grigore Scorpan, Haralambie Mihăescu and Gheorghe Ivănescu. Pascu, Ibrăileanu and Iordan took up his ideas on literary language, but it was Ivănescu who subjected them to a detailed critical analysis and developed his own theory by synthesizing Philippide's with linguistic idealism.

Ion Petrovici's opening speech to the Romanian Academy in 1935 had Philippide as its theme. During the Communist period, Iordan published a biography in 1969. The latter, who retained a strong admiration for his mentor, wrote the book in response to a biography of Hasdeu published the previous year. Next came by a volume of studies that appeared in 1983 on the occasion of the semicentennial of his death, by a volume of his works the following year, and by a 1986 book recording dialogues with his contemporaries. Carmen-Gabriela Pamfil authored a 2008 biography in preparation for the 150th anniversary of Philippide's birth. In 2011, his edited course materials were published as Istoria limbii române ("The History of the Romanian Language"). Two Iași sites associated with Philippide are listed as historic monuments by Romania's Culture Ministry: his house, now a laboratory used by the city's medical university; and his grave in Eternitatea cemetery.

Selected bibliography
. Iași, 1881
. Iași, Editura Librăriei Frații Șaraga, 1888
. Iași, Tipografia Națională, 1894
. Iași, Editura Librăriei Isr. Kuppermann, 1897
. Iași, Tipografia "Viața românească" S.A., 1925, 1928

Notes

References

 Vasile Arvinte, "70 de ani de la moartea lui A. Philippide", in Buletinul Institutului de Filologie Română 'A. Philippide''', year IV, Nr. 4, October–December 2003, pp. 13–16
Cristina Bădară, "G. T. Kirileanu în colecțiile Bibliotecii Centrale Universitare Carol I", in Revista Bibliotecii Naționale a României, Nr. 2/2006, pp. 45–52
Lucian Boia, "Germanofilii". Elita intelectuală românească în anii Primului Război Mondial. Editura Humanitas, Bucharest, 2010,
Grigore Brâncuș, "Gramatica lui Al. Philippide", in Anuarul Universității din Iași, secțiunea III (Lingvistică), vol LIX, 2013, pp. 19–25
 Mioara Dragomir, "Locul limbii literare în doctrina lui Alexandru Philippide", in Philologica Jassyensia, year V, Nr. 1 (9), 2009, pp. 17–25
 Stelian Dumistrăcel, "Alexandru Philippide – Gustav Weigand: ipostaze", in Philologica Jassyensia, year V, Nr. 1 (9), 2009, pp. 27–42
 Cristina Florescu, "Alexandru I. Philippide. Coordonate stilistice", in Philologica Jassyensia, year V, Nr. 1 (9), 2009, pp. 43–50
 Alexandru Gafton, "Originea românilor – piatră de temelie a Şcolii lingvistice de la Iaşi", in Philologica Jassyensia, year V, Nr. 1 (9), 2009, pp. 51–55
 Ofelia Ichim, "Alexandru Philippide și receptarea istoriei literare", in Philologica Jassyensia, year V, Nr. 1 (9), 2009, pp. 57–61
Lucian Nastasă, Intelectualii și promovarea socială în Romania. Editura Limes, Cluj-Napoca, 2004,
Z. Ornea, Junimea și junimismul, I-II. Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1998,
 Carmen-Gabriela Pamfil,
"Alexandru I. Philippide (1859–1933)", in Anuar de lingvistică şi istorie literară, vol. XXIII A. (Lingvistică), 1992–1993, pp. 297–299
"Istoria limbii române de Alexandru Philippide", in Philologica Jassyensia, year IV, Nr. 1, 2008, pp. 211–232
Antonio Patraș, "Alexandru Philippide la Viaţa Românească", in Philologica Jassyensia, year V, Nr. 1 (9), 2009, pp. 79–88
Eugen Pavel, "Alexandru Philippide – între filologie și istorie literară", in Anuarul Universității din Iași, secțiunea III (Lingvistică), vol LIX, 2013, pp. 31–41
 Mihai Sorin Rădulescu, "Philippide – o familie greco-română", in Revista Arhivelor, Nr. 1, 2009, pp. 83–96
Marius Sala, "Cărți și oameni", in Anuarul Universității din Iași, secțiunea III (Lingvistică), vol LVIII, 2012, pp. 27–9
Simona Șova, "Polemica la Alexandru I. Philippide", in Anuarul Universității din Iași, secțiunea III (Lingvistică), vol LVIII, 2012, pp. 65–74
Roxana Vieru, "Originea Românilor, din nou sub tipar", in Anuarul Universității din Iași'', secțiunea III (Lingvistică), vol LVIII, 2012, pp. 75–78

1859 births
1933 deaths
19th-century Romanian historians
20th-century Romanian historians
Romanian literary historians
Romanian Latinists
Linguists from Romania
Romanian lexicographers
Romance philologists
Albanologists
19th-century essayists
20th-century essayists
Romanian essayists
Male essayists
Romanian textbook writers
Romanian schoolteachers
Romanian librarians
Romanian magazine editors
People from Bârlad
Romanian people of Greek descent
Gheorghe Roşca Codreanu National College alumni
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University alumni
Academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
Junimists
Titular members of the Romanian Academy
Romanian people of World War I
Burials at Eternitatea cemetery
19th-century male writers
20th-century Romanian male writers
People from the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia


title: Plural Left (Spain, 2014)

text:
Plural Left (, IP) was a Spanish electoral coalition in the 2014 European Parliament election made up from both national and regional left-wing parties.

History
Its list obtained 10.03% and 1.575.308 votes, achieving 6 seats distributed as follows:

4 seats to United Left, joined European United Left–Nordic Green Left.
Willy Meyer, resigned as of 25 June 2014
Paloma López Bermejo
Marina Albiol Guzmán
Ángela Rosa Vallina de la Noval
Javier Couso Permuy, takes Meyer's seat.
1 seat to Anova-Nationalist Brotherhood, joined European United Left–Nordic Green Left.
Maria Lidia Senra Rodríguez
1 seat to Initiative for Catalonia Greens, joined The Greens–European Free Alliance
Ernest Urtasun Domenech

Composition

Electoral performance

European Parliament

References

Defunct left-wing political party alliances
Defunct political party alliances in Spain
Socialist parties in Spain
United Left (Spain)


title: Ahmed Abdullah al-Jubouri

text:
Ahmed Abdullah Abid Khalaf al-Jubouri ('Abu Mazin') () (born ~1968) is an Iraqi politician from Salah ad-Din governorate, and a prominent figure in the Baiji area. He was the Minister of State for Provincial Affairs from 2014 to 2015 and the governor of Salah ad-Din governorate from 2013 to 2014.

Political career
Jubouri was the Salah ad-Din governor's Assistant for Security Affairs from 2005. In the 2009 governorate elections he stood for the Iraqi National List and received more votes than any other candidate. In a deal between the INL and the Iraqi Accord Front, Jubouri was appointed the provincial chairman.

Jubouri had a bitter political rivalry with ex-Deputy Governor Abdullah Hussein Jebara. As part of this rivalry Jubouri played a role in the attempts to prevent Jebara from standing for election on de-Ba'athification grounds.

Governorship
Jubouri's political party, the Iraqi People’s Coalition, received the largest share of the votes in the 2013 Saladin governorate election. Jubouri subsequently became the governor of Saladin governorate.

Jubouri survived an assassination attempt on 18 December 2012. Jubouri had been travelling in the Tikrit area in a car with Qotaiba Jubouri, an MP and the Head of Iraqiya Hurra coalition, as part of an inspection of the various districts and villages of Saladin province. When travelling near the village of Albo-Ajeil village a car bomb went off. Both men survived.

In December 2013 Juburi was suspended by Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki for at least two months while allegations of corruption were investigated.

National politics
In the April 2014 elections, he headed the Al-Arabiya Coalition list in Salah ad-Din, which won the highest number of votes in the province. In August 2014 he took a seat in the Council of Representatives of Iraq and resigned as governor. He was appointed Minister of State for Provincial Affairs, a post in the cabinet of Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi, on 8 September 2014.

In August 2015, in response to protests against government corruption and inefficiency, the Prime Minister abolished 11 cabinet posts, including the Ministry for Provincial Affairs.

After his removal it was revealed that the Integrity Commission had issued a travel ban against him; he had been twice convicted of car theft, in 1985 and 1992 (which should have made him ineligible as an MP), and the qualification he had declared from a religious institution in Salah ad-Din was not equivalent to a university degree, and therefore he was not eligible to be a minister.

References

1968 births
Governors of Saladin Governorate
Iraqi politicians
Iraqi Sunni Muslims
Living people
People sanctioned under the Magnitsky Act


title: Max Schrems

text:
Maximilian Schrems (born 1987) is an Austrian activist, lawyer, and author who became known for campaigns against Facebook for its privacy violations, including violations of European privacy laws and the alleged transfer of personal data to the US National Security Agency (NSA) as part of the NSA's PRISM program. Schrems is the founder of NOYB – European Center for Digital Rights.

Prominent legal cases

Complaints with the Irish Data Protection Commissioner (2011)
While studying law during a semester abroad at Santa Clara University in Silicon Valley, Schrems decided to write his term paper on Facebook's lack of awareness of European privacy law, after being surprised by what the company's privacy lawyer, Ed Palmieri, said to his class on the subject. He later made a request under the European Right of access to personal data provision for the company's records on him and received a CD containing over 1,200 pages of data, which he published at europe-v-facebook.org with personal information redacted. He filed a first round of complaints against the company with the Irish Data Protection Commissioner (DPC) in 2011. In February 2012 Richard Allan and another company executive flew to Vienna to debate these complaints with him that lasted six hours. Facebook was audited under European law and had to delete some files and disable its facial recognition software. In 2014 Schrems took back the complaints, claiming that he never received a fair procedure before the Irish Data Protection Commissioner. He has never received a formal decision by the DPC and was denied access to all submissions by Facebook and the files of the case. On europe-v-facebook.org, he commented about taking back his complaints:

This decision was based on the fact that the Irish DPC has refused a formal decision for years and has not even granted the most basic procedural rights (access to files, evidence or the counterarguments). The DPC has factually stopped all forms of communication and ignored all submissions made. Many observers assumed that this may be based on political and economic considerations in Ireland."

Schrems I

In 2013 Schrems filed a complaint against Facebook Ireland Ltd with the Irish Data Protection Commissioner, Ireland being the country where Facebook has its European Headquarters. The complaint was aimed at prohibiting Facebook from further transferring data from Ireland to the United States, given the alleged involvement of Facebook USA in the PRISM mass surveillance program. Schrems based his complaint on EU data protection law, which does not allow data transfers to non-EU countries unless a company can guarantee "adequate protection". The DPC rejected the complaint, saying that it was "frivolous and vexatious" and that there was no case to answer. Schrems filed an application for judicial review in the Irish High Court over the inaction by the Irish DPC, which was granted. On 18 June 2014, Mr. Justice Hogan adjourned the case pending a reference to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). He said that Irish law relating to privacy had effectively been pre-empted by European law and that the core issue was whether the relevant directives should be re-evaluated in the light of the subsequent entry into force of Article 8 (protection of personal data) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

The European Commission found in the executive decision 2000/520/EC that the so-called EU–US Safe Harbor Principles would provide "adequate protection" under Article 25 of Directive 95/46/EC (Data Protection Directive), when it comes to the transfer of personal information from the EU to the US. This executive decision by the European Commission was called into question by the 2013 Edward Snowden revelations. In essence Schrems therefore argued that the Safe Harbor system would violate his fundamental right to privacy, data protection and the right to a fair trial under the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

The oral hearing before the CJEU was held on 24 March 2015. The court's Advocate General for the case was Yves Bot. During the hearing, Bot asked the European Commission lawyer Bernhard Schima what advice he could give him if he was worried about his data being at the disposal of US authorities. Schima replied that he might consider closing down his Facebook account, if he had one. He said the European Commission was unable to guarantee that "adequate" safeguards for the protection of data are met, a remark that Schrems said was the most striking thing he heard at the hearing.

Bot delivered his opinion on 23 September 2015. He declared the Safe Harbor agreement invalid and said that individual data protection authorities could suspend data transfers to third countries if they violated EU rights.

On 6 October 2015, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that, (1) national supervisory authorities still have the power to examine EU–US data transfers in spite of an existing Commission decision (such as its Safe Harbor Decision in 2000 which determined that US companies complying with the principles were allowed to transfer data from the EU to the US), and (2) the Safe Harbor framework is invalid. The Court found that the framework is invalid for several reasons: the scheme allows for government interference of the protections, it does not provide legal remedies for individuals who seek to access data related to them or have it erased or amended, and it prevents national supervisory authorities from exercising their powers. Under EU law, data-sharing with countries deemed to have lower privacy standards, including the US, are prohibited. Such activities will only be possible through more expensive and time-consuming methods.

On 2 December 2015, Schrems resubmitted his original complaint against Facebook with the Irish Data Protection Commissioner. He also sent similar complaints to the Hamburg and Belgian Data Protection Authorities, which both claim jurisdiction over Facebook. The complaints are designed to enforce the CJEU judgement on Facebook, which presently does not rely on Safe Harbor for its data transfers. Instead Facebook relies on pre-approved contractual agreements called "model clauses". Schrems argues that these agreements also incorporate exceptions for cases of illegal mass surveillance, and thus that the CJEU ruling applies to these agreements as well. The Irish Data Protection Commissioner took the view that Schrems had raised "well-founded" objections, but that it needs further guidance from the CJEU to determine the complaint.

After the proceedings in February/March 2017, Ms Justice Costello of the Irish High Court delivered the executive summary on Oct 3, 2017, referring the case to the CJEU.

2014 Austrian class action

On 1 August 2014 Schrems filed a lawsuit against Facebook at the local Viennese courts. He enabled other Facebook users to join his case, generating a "class action" style suit, dubbed by the press as a David and Goliath suit, estimated as likely to be the largest class action privacy suit ever brought in Europe. Any Facebook user was able to assign his claim to Schrems via the fbclaim.com webpage. Within six days the participation in the suit was limited to 25,000 Facebook users, due to too many registrations, although other users could still register an interest. Schrems sued the Irish subsidiary of Facebook in the Vienna courts for a "token amount" of €500 in damages per participant. The case was financed by the German litigation funder . According to the terms of fbclaim.com all awarded money would be forwarded to the individual participants. Schrems does not receive any financial benefit from the class action, but acts on a pro bono basis.

The first hearing took place on 9 April 2015. On 1 July 2015, the Vienna District Court dismissed the class-action, saying it had no jurisdiction. The Court's decision hinged on whether Schrems was merely a consumer of Facebook, since it was on that basis that Schrems was able to pursue a case in an Austrian civil court in his place of residence. Facebook accused Schrems in having a commercial interest in his numerous legal actions against Facebook. Judge Margot Slunsky-Jost said that Schrems could benefit off the enormous media interest in his future career. The Court ruled on procedural grounds that Schrems would consequently not qualify as a consumer and could not file at his home court in Vienna.

In October 2015, the Higher Regional Court of Vienna reversed the regional court ruling, finding that Schrems is a consumer and that he does not act in any commercial interest. The Higher Regional Court ruled that Schrems can bring his own claims against Facebook Ireland in Vienna, which constituted 20 of the 22 claims in the lawsuit, but is unable to form a class action for procedural reasons. This limited Schrems to bringing only a "model case". The  allowed an appeal to the Austrian Supreme Court in the key matter of forming a class action under EU and Austrian law. Schrems filed the appeal on 2 November 2015. Schrems won the battle, in the sense that Higher Regional Court of Vienna confirmed the judgment of the Regional Court for Civil Law Matters and Schrems received the EUR 500 token judgment from Facebook, but the war continues, since in Schrems' words, the regional courts "have not really dealt with many of the problems that this case raises." Specifically, while finding the Facebook violated DPD in this instance, they did not find against Facebook's assertion that it could use a contract of adhesion to define the limits of their data-handling obligations under the DPD. As of December 2020, Schrems referred the matter to the Austrian Supreme Court and hopes to take it onward to the European Court of Justice for a decisive judgment.

Complaints filed under GDPR in 2018–19

Shortly after its coming into effect on 25 May 2018, Schrems filed suit under the newly promulgated General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Ireland against Google and Facebook for coercing their users into accepting their data collection policies. Three complaints totalling over €3.9 billion were filed.

On 18 January 2019, Schrems filed further GDPR complaints against Amazon, Apple Music, DAZN, Filmmit, Netflix, SoundCloud, Spotify, and YouTube. His non-profit, noyb.eu, alleged they failed to respond, did not include sufficient background information, or provided insufficient or unintelligible raw data. noyb predicted a maximum total fine of €18.8 billion for the 8 companies.

Schrems II

At the conclusion of Schrems I, the Irish High Court officially referred the case (now called Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland and Maximillian Schrems) to the CJEU, along with eleven questions to address related to the validity of the  SCC (standard contractual clauses). Judgement was presented July 16, 2020.

In September 2020, Ireland's Data Protection Commission sent Facebook a preliminary order to stop transferring data from EU citizens to the US. A fine of 4% of annual revenue will be applied if the conditions are not met. Facebook's blog published a response letter by Nick Clegg, VP of Global Affairs and Communications, on September 9, 2020. Clegg acknowledged that the laws regarding data transfer are changing, yet still more legal clarity is needed for everyone involved, and advocated a revision to the Privacy Shield. Additionally, the response noted the seeming contradiction between the Privacy Shield, which applies to EU-US data transfers and the court invalidated, and the SCC, which apply to EU-3rd party countries and the court held still valid.

In March 2021 possible repercussions on trans-Atlantic intelligence services and surveillance have surfaced again. Citing national security and member states' rights, a new initiative has formed in an attempt to keep European intelligence services beyond court jurisdiction. EU member state governments, led by France, are seeking to insert a national security exemption into the pending ePrivacy Regulation that would exclude third-party states such as the U.S.

In May 2021 the Irish High Court rejected judicial review proceedings (brought by Facebook Ireland Limited) seeking to stop a preliminary draft decision (PDD) of the DPC. Facebook alleged a number of complaints, including procedural faults, unfair targeting of Facebook versus other data processors, and the failure of the court to answer questions by Facebook regarding the proceedings. Mr Justice David Barniville rejected each of Facebook's submissions and held the DPC's procedures were lawful; however, he did acknowledge that Facebook's questions regarding the proceedings should have been answered.

NOYB - "None Of Your Business"

In 2017, Schrems co-founded NOYB. NOYB aims to launch strategic court cases and media initiatives in support of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the proposed ePrivacy Regulation, and information privacy in general. After 2017, many of the latest court cases he has been involved in have been brought forth by NOYB instead of Schrems personally.

Publications

Schrems has authored the following books in German:

  (Fight for your Data), 2014
  (Private Video Surveillance Law), 2011

Awards and honors
 2011: Defensor Libertatis of the Austrian Big Brother Awards.
 2013: EPIC Privacy Champion Award by the US Privacy NGO EPIC
 2013: Internet and Society Award (Oxford Internet Institute)
 2015: Theodor-Heuss-Medal
 2016: EFF Pioneer Award
 2017: Forbes 30 under 30 Europe — Law & Policy 2017

Notes
Notes

References

External links
 Schrems' website

 Notes on 24 March 2015 CJEU hearing

Living people
Privacy activists
21st-century Austrian lawyers
Austrian activists
1987 births


title: Lorenzo Carranco

text:
Lorenzo José Carranco (1695, in Cholula, New Spain – October 2, 1734 in Misión de Santiago de los Coras Aiñiní, New Spain) was a Jesuit missionary.

Biography
Born in Cholulua in 1695, Carranco studied at Puebla and made his novitiate in Tepotzotlán. In 1725, he trained at Nuestra Senora del Pilar de la Paz Airapi in La Paz to take over at Misión de Santiago de los Coras Aiñiní. Briefly, he served as a missionary at Todos los Santos, Baja California Sur. In 1727, Carranco succeeded Father Ignacio Maria Napoli at Misión de Santiago. He was killed in the Rebelión de los pericúes at the Misión de Santiago by the Pericúes in a manner similar to Nicolás Tamaral.

References

1695 births
1734 deaths
People from Puebla
People of the Californias
Jesuit missionaries
Mexican Jesuits
Catholic martyrs
Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in New Spain
People murdered in New Spain
Spanish murder victims
Jesuit martyrs


The 2011 Big South Conference baseball tournament was the postseason baseball tournament for the Big South Conference, held from May 24 through 28, 2011, at Gray–Minor Stadium on the campus of the Virginia Military Institute.  The top eight regular season finishers of the ten eligible teams met in the double-elimination tournament.  was not eligible for postseason play in any sport until the 2012–2013 academic year due to its transition to Division I.  Top seeded  won their twelfth championship and earned the conference's automatic bid to the 2011 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.

Seeding
The top eight finishers from the regular season were seeded one through eight.

Bracket

Play-in Round

Double-Elimination

All-Tournament Team
The following players were named to the All-Tournament Team:

Most Valuable Player
Coastal Carolina designated hitter Keith Hardwick was awarded MVP honors with a .429 batting average and 4 RBI in the tournament.

References

Big South Conference Tournament
Big South Conference baseball tournament
Big South baseball tournament
Big South Conference baseball tournament


title: Kuli Kuli, Inc.

text:
Kuli Kuli Inc. is a food business based in Oakland, CA, and the first company to introduce Moringa oleifera to the USA market in the form of energy bars, powders, smoothie mixes, and energy shots. Moringa is a nutritious plant food. Kuli Kuli's CEO, Lisa Curtis, started the company after working with moringa in the Peace Corps in Niger. Kuli Kuli works with women-owned and small family farming cooperatives in West Africa, Latin America, and South-East Asia.

Mission

Kuli Kuli's mission is to source moringa from family farmers and women's cooperatives and provide moringa products nationwide.

History
Kuli Kuli was founded by Lisa Curtis.  As a Peace Corps Volunteer in Niger, she was introduced to moringa and upon returning to the United States, she began to explore how to introduce moringa to USA markets. Whole Foods Market was the first retailer to pick up Kuli Kuli’s Moringa Superfood Bars, starting in Northern California. Kuli Kuli expanded to over 11,000 retail locations, including 2,500 Walmart locations.

Kuli Kuli sources its Moringa oleifera from family farmers and women's farming cooperatives in West Africa, Latin America, and South-East Asia.

Funding
On May 6, 2013, Kuli Kuli launched an Indiegogo campaign that raised $52,997 for fund for the first manufacturing run. In 2015, Kuli Kuli received a Clinton Foundation grant, and raised another $100,000 on Indiegogo. In 2017, Kuli Kuli closed a $4.25m Series A with Kellogg’s new venture capital fund, and in 2019, a $6.34m Series B with Griffith Foods. More recently, Kuli kuli has raised $1.3m in debt financing from Whole Foods Market and impact investors to support the launch of their gummy supplements line.

Products
Moringa powders are made from the dried and milled leaves of the tree Moringa oleifera.

References

Energy food products
Food and drink companies of the United States


title: Bicol River Hot Paddlers

text:
Bicol River Hot Paddlers is a dragon boat team composed of fisher folks and farmers who reside in a village along Bicol River in Canaman, Camarines Sur. It used to represent Camarines Sur Dragon Boat Team which won in international competitions until in 2009. The team competed as a new team at the Camarines Sur Dragon Boat Festival held in Pili, Camarines Sur in 2009.

Recently at the 1st Mercedes National Dragon Boat Competition held from 13–14 June 2014, the team won 2nd Place in 200m Open Small Boat (57:58), 4th place in 200m Mixed Small Boat (1:05:25) and 4th place in 200m Women's Small Boat category (2:18:49, cumulative time).

References

Dragon boat racing
Sports in Camarines Sur


title: Linda Weiser Friedman

text:
Linda Weiser Friedman (born 1953) is an author and academic.  She is a Professor of Statistics and Computer Information Systems at Baruch College and the CUNY Graduate Center. Friedman holds a PhD in Operations Research from New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering and a B.A degree in Statistics / Biology from Baruch College.  Her research and teaching interests are varied and include business statistics, object-oriented programming, humor studies, Jewish studies, online education, social media, and all things technology. Her most recent book is God Laughed: Sources of Jewish Humor (), which Publishers Weekly called a "lighthearted but thoughtful study". She also writes fiction and poetry, and lives in the Borough Park neighborhood of Brooklyn.

Early life
Linda Weiser Friedman was born in New York City to Norman and Marion Weiser, and grew up in the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Crown Heights and Midwood.  She attended Crown Heights Yeshiva (when it was still located at 310 Crown St.) and Esther Schoenfeld High School (in the Lower East Side).  She married Hershey H. Friedman in 1972; they have five adult children.

Books
Hershey H. Friedman and Linda Weiser Friedman, God Laughed: Sources of Jewish Humor, Transaction Publishers, 2014.
Linda Weiser Friedman, The Simulation Metamodel, Kluwer Academic, Norwell, Massachusetts, 1996.
Linda Weiser Friedman, Comparative Programming Languages: Generalizing the Programming Function. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991.
Deadly Stakes, coauthored with Hershey H. Friedman under the pseudonym H. Fred Wiser, Walker Publishing, 1989.

References

External links
Official website
 SSRN author page
Google Scholar page

1953 births
21st-century American Jews
Jewish American academics
Jewish scientists
Baruch College faculty
CUNY Graduate Center faculty
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
Baruch College alumni
American Orthodox Jews
People from Borough Park, Brooklyn
People from Crown Heights, Brooklyn
People from Midwood, Brooklyn
Living people