title: Technology in Star Wars

text:
The space-opera blockbuster, Star Wars franchise has borrowed many real-life scientific and technological concepts in its settings. In turn, Star Wars has depicted, inspired, and influenced several futuristic technologies, some of which are in existence and others under development. In the introduction of the Return of the Jedi novelization, George Lucas wrote: "Star Wars is also very much concerned with the tension between humanity and technology, an issue which, for me, dates back even to my first films. In Jedi, the theme remains the same, as the simplest of natural forces brought down the seemingly invincible weapons of the evil Empire."

While many of these technologies are in existence and in use today, they are not nearly as complex as seen in Star Wars. Some of these technologies are not considered possible at present. Nevertheless, many of the technologies depicted by Star Wars parallel modern real-life technologies and concepts, though some have significant differences.

Biotechnology

Cloning and genetic engineering

Star Wars also depicts the practice of cloning and genetic engineering, though far more advanced and sophisticated than modern scientific and technological standards. Cloning in Star Wars was first mentioned in the original 1977 Star Wars film (A New Hope) and its novelization. It was first seen on film in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002).

There are major differences between the current ability to clone humans and those seen in Star Wars. Current human cloning methods need to use the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), which requires an unfertilized egg from a female donor to have its nucleus removed, resulting in an enucleated egg. DNA from the subject being cloned would need to be extracted and electronically fused together with the enucleated egg. A surrogate mother needs to be impregnated with the embryos to give birth to the clone.

Cloning in Star Wars does not seem to use this process, and instead depicts advanced machinery that directly processes the human subject's DNA, and produces the clone or clones, by the thousands, if desired. The clones in Star Wars can also be genetically altered during their pre-birth phase to have their growth hormones and learning abilities accelerated, as well as their independence and self-consciousness restricted.

According to Jeanne Cavelos, a science-fiction writer and former NASA astrophysicist, who is also author of the book The Science of Star Wars, all of this is a future possibility with the progress of science and technology. What is not possible, according to her, is the ability to accelerate either the growth of clones, or their ability to learn faster.

Regeneration

Submersion in a liquid called bacta causes mutilated flesh to regenerate in the Star Wars universe. According to an in-universe reference book, bacta is a red-hued chemical compound; it must be mixed with a synthetic liquid which mimics bodily fluids. The combined bacterial medium regenerates traumatized flesh and promotes tissue growth. Luke Skywalker was first seen using a bacta tank in The Empire Strikes Back; his father Darth Vader has a similar tank in Rogue One. Clone troopers also use such healing technology in The Clone Wars. Bacta can also be administered in a spray form.

Prosthetics

In Star Wars, prosthetics are first seen on film towards the end of Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back. The prosthetic limbs seen in the films bear an almost absolute resemblance to natural limbs, in terms of size, shape, and movement. The only distinction is the material that the prosthetic limbs are made of, which differs greatly from the organic material of the natural limbs and other organs that the prosthetic limbs replace. Such precision is not considered possible by current technological means. However, according to recent research and development conducted at the Case Western University, which produced prosthetic limbs similar to the ones seen in Star Wars, the ability for prosthetics to produce feeling has become closer to reality.

A similar production, even closer to natural organic limbs, known as the DEKA Arm System and dubbed "The Luke", after Luke Skywalker's prosthetic arm, was approved for mass production by the US Food and Drug Administration after eight years of testing and development.

More recently, scientists have begun to develop artificial skin jackets to cover prosthetic limbs, creating an effect similar to what is seen in the Star Wars films.

Body armor

Body armor is seen throughout the Star Wars films, television shows and other media. Their main purpose is to protect the wearer from attacks and other hazards as in ancient and current times on Earth. They are most commonly seen on Imperial stormtroopers, clone troopers, bounty hunters and others, providing various levels of protection and other functions. According to Star Wars lore, the armor worn by stormtroopers is generally impervious to projectile weapons and blast shrapnel and can deflect a glancing blow from a blaster but will be punctured by a direct hit. Meanwhile, the traditional armor worn by Mandalorians, made from the fictional material known as beskar, is capable of repelling a lightsaber; though by the time the films take place in, most sets only had small amounts of beskar, which was alloyed with other metals. This was because most of the beskar in Mandalore’s crust had mined out millennia prior.

Major characters in the Star Wars franchise are also known for wearing body armor. The bounty hunter Boba Fett wore modified body armor fitted with various gadgets like his predecessor, Jango Fett. This armor has multi-purpose tactical abilities along with many scrapes and dents which Fett wears with pride. Darth Vader wears an armored suit which protects him in combat as well as provides life-support functions for his badly burned body.

Such type of armor has slowly begun to become a scientific reality. In 2016, ballistic and body armor company, AR500, in collaboration with Heckler & Koch produced body armor modelled after the iconic villain, Boba Fett.

Carbonite freezing
Carbonite freezing in Star Wars is first seen in the film The Empire Strikes Back when Darth Vader places Han Solo in a carbonite casing to be delivered to Jabba the Hutt.  The reverse process is seen in Return of the Jedi. The technology also appears in The Mandalorian.

Carbonite freezing is based on the concept of cryonics, which involves freezing a living organism to keep it in suspended animation. The technology is still being researched and developed by scientists into a more sophisticated form. Carbonite exists in real life as a type of gunpowder. According to professor James H. Fallon, the carbonite used in Star Wars might be a "dry ice" with an opposite charge. He further speculates that it is a form of carbon dioxide mineral, which, like in cryonics, is kept at very low temperatures, to the point that there is no need for oxygen or blood-flow. This could keep living organisms and living tissue in suspended animation. While the freezing process as depicted in the films is realistic, reversing the same process by heating, he argues, is more challenging, and can be dangerous if heated too fast. He also argues that this process, as depicted in the film, is a scientific, physical challenge. In 2020, researchers were able to preserve nematodes in a suspended animation state known as anhydrobiosis inside a liquid metal cage (Gallium, which later solidified) during seven days, and then recovered them alive.

Computers and other artificial intelligence

Aside from droids/robots, the use of artificial intelligence and computers is found very commonly in the Star Wars universe. Computing technology exists in many different forms in both the Star Wars movies and other media, with the capacity to process large volumes of data every millisecond and store it for safekeeping. Examples include simple viewscreens that receive and display information; scanners which examine an object, interpret the collected data and present it to the user; and data-pads, portable computers (often handheld) which allow individuals to access and interpret information.

An example of computing devices which perform very complex tasks in the Star Wars franchise are navigational computers, also called nav-computers or navi-computers, which form a key part of many Star Wars spacecraft. Such computers are said to store vast libraries of astrogation knowledge and work with their ships' sensors and hyperdrive to plot safe courses in real-space and hyperspace. Source material makes it clear that only the desperate or foolhardy would attempt traveling in hyperspace without an up-to-date navi-computer as a ship can easily smash into a hazard without one. Some small Star Wars spacecraft (such as the X-wing) use an astromech droid in place of a navi-computer due to size restrictions.

A unique form of data storage found in the Star Wars universe is the Holocron, a type of artefact used by both Jedi and Sith to store vital and sensitive knowledge, usually concerning the Force. Holocrons resemble evenly-proportioned polyhedrons and typically store information in the form of holographic lessons. Many will only permit access to someone who is sensitive in the Force, and for additional security may require a separate memory crystal in order to activate. More mundane forms of data storage exist in the Star Wars franchise, though some have tremendous capacity. The IGV-55 Surveillance Vessel, a class of Imperial spy ship seen in the Star Wars Rebels television series, possess a massive database that can store billions of yottabytes of data.

In a 2016 article for TechCrunch, contributor Evaldo H. de Oliveira estimated the amount of data needed to manage the Death Star was in excess of 40,000 yottabytes. This included an estimate that the Death Star's crew would generate 8.84 exabytes per year, with an additional 2.08 exabytes generated per year by its droid population.

An example of multi-purpose artificial intelligence is seen in moisture , devices that produce water from hydrogen and oxygen in the air. These are first seen on film on the planet Tatooine in A New Hope. Their artificial intelligence is more basic than most other forms of artificial intelligence seen in the Star Wars universe, dealing with input from humidity and air density sensors. They use this input to help them take samples from the air and produce water. They also require input from robots. The film also shows Owen Lars, Luke's uncle, telling C-3PO that he needs a droid that can really understand the language of moisture , with the droid claiming that it is in his programming.

Cybersecurity also plays a major role in the films and other media, with many real-world counterparts. The term slicer is the in-universe designation for a hacker in the Star Wars universe, describing individuals such as DJ (Benicio del Toro) from The Last Jedi. A form of security token is worn by Imperial and First Order officers called a code or access cylinder, which grants them access to restricted areas or databases.

A report analysing the Empire's cyber-security systems used in Rogue One, in which IT experts were consulted, made a few conclusions. One claim by information systems management professor Hsinchun Chen was that the theft of digital architectural designs are a common phenomenon in real life. He concludes that software breaches should not just be resisted, as in the case of Star Wars, but successfully prevented by taking security measures far prior to any attempted attacks. Corey Nachreiner, in a 2017 GeekWire article, also examined some of the lessons in cyber-security offered by Rogue One. This include the need to safeguard the Internet of Things represented by the droid character K-2SO (Alan Tudyk) and the need for strong multi-factor authentication.

Cybernetics

The use of cybernetics in Star Wars is documented by much of the Star Wars media, including novels, comics, and television series. It is used by characters for both enhancements and replacements for damaged or destroyed body parts. Within the Star Wars universe, characters who uses cybernetics to enhance their bodies are referred to as cyborgs. Cybernetics are used to replace organic body parts at a deeper and more complex level than prosthetics, and the process is usually irreversible. In the films, it is most recognizably used on two major characters: General Grievous and Darth Vader, both whom are cyborgs. Its applications are also first seen on film in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith.

Darth Vader, previously Anakin Skywalker, lost one of his limbs starting in the Clone Wars, and later, towards the end of the Clone Wars, lost most of his limbs after a deadly lightsaber duel with Obi-Wan Kenobi. Shortly after the duel, he was caught in the heat range of molten lava, resulting in the burning and melting of much of his flesh and tissue.

Vader lost many of his nervous and sensory systems, most of which were replaced by prosthetics, bionics, and, later, cybernetics. Besides having cybernetic limbs, Vader wore a suit equipped with cybernetic systems, both to help him function, and to protect his damaged body from exposure. His belt included high and low range audio sensors. The belt also included respiratory and temperature regulation adjustment controls. Vader's neural functions were also regulated by neuro sensors, located towards the back of his helmet. Additionally, to help him see, breathe, and maintain cognition, Vader's helmet was equipped with enhanced visual sensors, body heat vents, and neural function sensors.

Vader's internal oxygen, blood, and nutrient flows, as well as nervous systems, were regulated by the control plate on his chest. His muscular system was enhanced by a neuro-electrical nervous pulse system in his cybernetic suit, giving him amplified physical strength. Scientists and scientific commentators have suggested that Vader lost his lungs by inhaling air in extreme temperatures within the heat range of lava on the planet Mustafar, causing damage to his lung tissue. This would require the need for a filter mask to take in more purified oxygen, as well as replacement lungs, most of which are possible by modern scientific and technological means.

A peer reviewed journal by two Danish physicians concluded that Darth Vader's suit acts as a wearable hyperbaric chamber, which supports his supposedly chronically injured lungs. It also protects his damaged and vulnerable skin from infection. In a study on the breakdown of Vader's breathing habits, one of the two physicians concluded that the suit would not be their top preference, but rather that lung transplantation would be a better choice.

General Grievous's body is almost entirely cybernetic. Animation director Rob Coleman explained that Grievous was made with technological flaws, and experienced difficulties such as poor manoeuvrability and coughing, the latter caused by his lungs constantly filling with liquid. His mechanical body did, however, give him advantages in combat, due to being made of solid material, instead of organic bones and limbs.

Grievous's organic body being destroyed in conflict left him with only a brain, eyes, and internal organs, which scientists placed in a constructed cybernetic body. Anatomy and neurobiology professor James H. Fallon of the University of California explains that one problem with this type of cybernetic body is the lack of knowledge in brain circuitry coding, which has yet to be decrypted. Fallon argues that most prosthetic and cybernetic technology in Star Wars is still plausible with continuous research and development in the relevant fields.

Many other minor characters and organizations within the Star Wars universe are known to utilize cybernetics. Lobot, the chief administrative aide of Bespin's Cloud City, is fitted with an AJ^6 cyborg construct.  While it allows direct neural interface with computer systems via wireless signal and overall productivity increase, the implant tends to negatively affect the user's personality in what is referred to as the "lobotomy effect." Imperial Death Troopers are fitted with implants which provide biofeedback information and can stimulate sensory organs for increased performance. Foot soldiers of the Guavian Death Gang, first appearing in The Force Awakens, receive cybernetic augmentations in exchange for their loyalty, including a second mechanical heart which pumps speed- and aggression-enhancing chemicals directly into the bloodstream.

Energy technology

Reference material identifies a number of different methods by which energy is created in the Star Wars universe. Examples of power sources used for domestic devices include chemical, fission and fusion reactors. In Star Wars spacecraft and other large structures, fusion reactors powered by the fictional "hypermatter" fuel are considered the most common source of energy. These fuels are typically hazardous to organic life, taking the form of corrosive liquids or poisonous gases.

Solar power technology is a method of energy generation used mainly by the Imperial TIE fighter, which features in many Star Wars films and other media. According to the TIE Fighter Owner's Workshop Manual, these spacecraft are fitted with two hexagonal wings that have six trapezoidal solar arrays on both sides which collect energy from nearby stars and use it to power the fighter's ion engines. Another Star Wars ship noted for using solar power is the solar sailer piloted by Count Dooku (Christoper Lee) in Attack of the Clones and other media. It deploys a solar sail  wide which captures interstellar energy in order to travel without requiring fuel.

An electron transfer experiment conducted by scientists in 2005 involved a supramolecular TIE fighter ship design. It is unclear whether the experiment managed to achieve the desired results or not.

Force fields

The use of force fields in the Star Wars universe is documented both in the main films of the Star Wars saga and in spin-off media, such as The Clone Wars, as well as other media adaptations.  According to reference material, protective force fields used to defend starships, buildings, armies and other objects from attack are known as deflector shields and come in two main types. Particle shields repel solid objects such as space debris or high-velocity projectiles. Ray shields (or energy shields) repel radiation, lasers, blasters and other energy-based attacks. Deflector shields which envelop an object can either be generated by it or be projected onto it from another location.

Deflector fields come in many different sizes and varieties in the Star Wars universe, as seen in the films and explained in background literature. Droidekas, which made their theatrical appearance in The Phantom Menace, are equipped with deflector shields that are polarized to allow their own blaster bolts to pass through while stopping any fire coming from outside. In The Empire Strikes Back a shield system protects the Rebels' Echo Base on Hoth. Projected by modules studded throughout the surrounding territory and powered by a central generator, only slow-moving ground-contact vehicles (such as Walkers) can penetrate the shield. The incomplete Death Star II is protected remotely via deflector shield generator located on the Endor in Return of the Jedi. Identified as a SLD-26 Planetary Shield Generator, it can envelop a small moon (or large space station) with a nearly impenetrable shield for an indefinite period of time. In Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, the tropical planet Scarif is completely enveloped in a deflector shield to prevent anyone from landing or leaving the planet without Imperial authorization except by a single shield gate.

Many Star Wars spacecraft and starfighters are said to possess generators which create both types of deflector shields around them to protect against normal space travel and enemy attacks. Smaller vessels may only have a single deflector shield generator which can be adjusted to protect specific parts of the ship, while larger vessels may have multiple generators each protecting a specific area. Large starships with hangar bays will also employ another type of force field called a magnetic shield. These are activated whenever the hangar's blast doors are opened, retaining a pressurized atmosphere within the bay while allowing smaller vessels to come and go.

The Gungans are described in Star Wars sources employing unique hydrostatic field generators to create their underwater bubble cities as seen in The Phantom Menace. This same technology is used to make defensive shields for their army, from small handheld versions that can deflect solid objects and blasters to large generators carried on fictional Fambaa creatures. These generators can envelop an area as wide as one kilometre in a protective bubble which will stop weapons fire but not battle droids from marching through the perimeter.

In 2014, physics students at the University of Leicester developed a module of plasma-based deflector shields, inspired by the ones in Star Wars and other science fiction stories. However, the field poses some issues. One issue is that the deflector shield would have to be much stronger to repel than to hold the plasma in position. Another is that the shield would deflect electromagnetic energy, including light. This would make it impossible for someone inside the shield to see anything.

In 2015, the American megacorporation Boeing built plasma-based force fields, similar in size and dimensions to the force fields used in Star Wars ground battles. Like the ground force fields in the Star Wars films, these shields cannot block or repel solid matter, but are instead built to protect vehicles from the force of explosions.

Gravity technology
Technology which allows for the manipulation of gravity is a common feature in the Star Wars films and other media. Examples include the use of tractor beams, force fields which envelop an object and manipulate it remotely, and repulsorlifts, which push against a planet's gravity to create lift. Artificial gravity and inertial dampeners are also used on Star Wars spacecraft, protecting their occupants from the crushing gravitational forces of high-speed manoeuvres or when landing on a high-gravity world. Interdiction fields create gravitational shadows which prevent Star Wars ships from using their hyperdrives or pull them out of hyperspace.

Repulsorlift

Levitation is depicted throughout the Star Wars films, as well as in most other spin-off media of the franchise. Levitation in Star Wars is primarily caused by a type of anti-gravity technology known within the setting as a "repulsorlift engine." According to in-universe material, a fusion-powered repulsorlift or 'antigrav' creates a field of negative gravity that pushes against the natural gravitational field of a planet. Terrestrial vehicles such as landspeeders and speeder bikes use this technology to propel themselves across a planet's surface. Repulsorlifts are also used by spacecraft as secondary engines for atmospheric flight and planetary landings and take-offs.

Other vehicles that utilize repulsorlift engines include Jabba the Hutt's sail barge and snowspeeders. Many droids and robots also use this technology to hover and move above a planet's surface, such as the Imperial Probe Droid.  The carbonite freezing coffin that kept Han Solo in suspension was suspended in mid-air using a gravity repulsion force field.

Levitation by this method is currently considered a physical impossibility by today's means. Despite being a current scientific impossibility, research on such concepts are still being hypothesized and exercised by scientists today, with occasional minor breakthroughs.

Magnetic levitation already exists in modern times, but with fundamental differences from levitation seen in Star Wars. An example of vehicles that maintain constant levitation without the use of constant propulsion is the Maglev train. The Maglev train stays afloat by using the magnetic repulsion of like charges, but relies on the surface that it travels above, in its case, the train tracks, to have the same charge as its own coils, resulting in a magnetic repulsion.

One possibility for magnetic levitation as seen in Star Wars is suggested by physics associate professor Michael Dennin. According to him, if a planet was made out of the right magnetic materials, such as iron or nickel, the vehicle could then produce a repulsive charge, allowing it to lift above the surface.

In 2010, Australian inventor and engineer Chris Malloy constructed a hoverbike that uses turbofans to enter flight. It is claimed to fly up to 10,000 feet and fly at a horizontal speed of 173 miles an hour. The hoverbike has been repeatedly compared to the hoverbikes seen in the Star Wars films. It is unclear, however, whether these hoverbikes were actually inspired by Star Wars or not. Another fundamental difference, besides their power sources, is that the hoverbikes in Star Wars can only climb a few meters above the ground, unlike the current ones being developed. Malloy's company, Malloy Aeronotics, is reported to have partnered with an American-based company for further experimenting, as well as developing Malloy's hoverbikes for the US military.

Tractor beams
A tractor beam is described as an invisible force field that can grab, trap, suspend, and move objects with force. According to Star Wars sources, tractor beams generators and projectors are common components on many spacecraft, with both military and civilian applications. Tractor beams can be used to move cargo, tow disabled vessels, or assist in docking manoeuvres. They can also be used offensively to slow down or immobilize an opponent, though targeting fast and manoeuvrable ships can be challenging. Additional uses are made of this technology for other purposes as well. Open-topped taxis on Coruscant emit tractor fields when in flight to keep passengers securely seated without requiring restraints. The AT-TE possess tractor-field generators in its footpads for a stronger grip over uneven ground.

Scientists have explored the concept of tractor beams, having some success since the early 2010s. In that time, they have managed to produce lasers with unusual intensity-beam profilesthat allow them to attract and repel tiny particles. Some breakthroughs include the successful project of a team of science researchers from the Australian National University, who managed to produce a doughnut shaped laser that can drag hollow glass spheres by a distance of roughly 7.8 inches, several times the distance of previous experiments.

Another successful experiment was conducted at the University of Bristol, which revealed that sound could be manipulated to produce possible future tractor beams, rivalling light. This could be done using a precisely timed sequence of sound waves, produced by tiny loudspeakers, creating a limited space with low pressure that can counteract gravity and levitate objects.

Holography

Holography in Star Wars was first seen on film in the fourth film of the saga Episode IV: A New Hope. Holographs were used for various purposes, mainly communication. At the time of the release of the original Star Wars films, holographic technology in 3D format, as seen in the films, was not available.

Neowin reports that research conducted by Microsoft has brought about the creation of 3D holographic technology. The technology is intended be used for various purposes, such as plotting data on maps.

ExtremeTech reports that smartphones created at HP labs are now bringing 3D holographic technology from Star Wars closer to reality.

Also, Fox News reported that Australian National University students were close to developing Star Wars-style holograms. A researcher for the project said that the material the device consists of will be transparent and used in a wide range of applications, as well as “complex manipulations with light.”.

Interstellar travel

In the Star Wars universe, two different types of fictional propulsion exist to allow starships to travel in space and across the galaxy: sublight drives and hyperdrives. Sublight drives propel starships below the speed of light and are used upon leaving a planet's atmosphere and during space battles. Many different varieties of sublight drives or sublight engines exist, but the most common are electromagnetic propulsion types like ion engines which release charged particles to propel the ship forward. Ion engines also lack moving parts and high-temperature components, making them easier to maintain.  Sublight drives can propel Star Wars vessels clear of a planet's atmosphere and gravity in a matter of minutes.

The hyperdrive allows Star Wars spaceships to travel between stars by transporting them into another dimension, known as hyperspace, in which objects with mass are capable of traveling faster than the speed of light. The in-universe explanation for how hyperdrives function is that they utilize supralight 'hypermatter' particles (such as ) to launch ships into hyperspace at faster-than-light speeds without changing their complex mass/energy configuration. Hyperdrives are categorized by class, with the lower class indicating higher speed. Hyperspace is one of two dimensions of space-time. It is coterminous with 'realspace' and permeated by "shadow" counterparts of realspace objects. Any object in hyperspace colliding with one of these shadows is destroyed, so in order to navigate safely, starships must utilize navigational computers (or navi-computers) to calculate a safe route through hyperspace. Thanks to hyperdrive technology, Star Wars ships can cover interstellar distances which would normally requires thousands of years in a matter of hours.

Deep Space 1 was the first NASA spacecraft to use ion propulsions, with comparisons made directly between it and the Empire's TIE Fighter. According to NASA, while their means of propulsion were the same, advances in power generation would be needed in order to develop an ion engine as powerful as those used on TIE fighters. The space probe Dawn also uses ion propulsion, although unlike the TIE fighter it was fitted with three instead of just two.

In an examination of the amount of force generated by Star Wars sublight engines, Rhett Allain, associate professor of physics at Southeastern Louisiana University, looked at the scene of a Hammerhead corvette ramming one Imperial Star Destroyer into another during the final space battle of Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. He argues that the Hammerhead's engines would had to have exerted  (or 200 billion) Newtons in order to push the Star Destroyer. This would make them 6,000 times more powerful than a Saturn V rocket.

Radios and other communications devices
In Star Wars, a subspace transceiver, also known as a subspace comm, subspace radio, and hyper-transceiver, was a standard device used for instantaneous, faster-than-light communications between nearby systems. Similar to its shorter-ranged cousin, the com-link, the subspace transceiver relied on energy to broadcast signals. Starships carried these units to broadcast distress signals and other important messages. They used subspace as the communications medium. The subspace transceiver of an Imperial Star Destroyer had a range of 100 light-years.

Devices for shorter-range communications, such as the com-link, can be either hand-held (as seen in A New Hope) or strapped to the wrist (as seen in The Empire Strikes Back, during the early scenes on the planet Hoth). These devices can also be tuned with encryption algorithms for private communication.

Most humanoid droids, such as C-3PO, communicate long distances using these com-links. Other droids, such as R2-D2 and Imperial Probe Droids, use antennas to transmit/receive messages and signals for longer range communications.

Devices for long-range communications within a planet are connected by satellites orbiting the planet.

Robotics

Star Wars depicts robotics which resembles current robotics technology, though at a much more advanced and developed level. Robotics in Star Wars are generally divided into two categories, as in modern reality: military and civil.

Civil

Some robots in the Star Wars universe are capable of performing multiple types of tasks, while others can only perform one type of task. For example, 21-B is built for the sole purpose of performing medical tasks. Others, such as humanoid protocol droids like C-3PO, are built for multiple purposes. These range from basic physical chores to translating between different forms of communication, including with sophisticated computers and other forms of artificial intelligence. Other, barrel-shaped robots, such as R2-D2, are built with multiple features and capabilities. These include repairing and programming advanced devices, as well as maintaining them.

The basic concepts and purposes for robotics in Star Wars, as in real life, are to reduce human labour, assist humans with sophisticated requirements, as well as store and manage complex information. Another parallel to the modern world is the use of robots in Star Wars for tasks not considered safe or acceptable for humans. Robots are also seen as a source of cutting human labour costs.

The Japanese radio control manufacturer Nikko developed a toy robot version of R2-D2, with more limited abilities than the R2-D2 has in the Star Wars films. The toy can respond to a small number of verbal commands. Most of the robot's operations must be done manually, due to its limited abilities. A related development is the creation of the droid BB-8 for the film Star Wars Episode VII: The Force Awakens (made by different manufacturers). In the film, BB-8 is a semi-automated robot, operated by remote control, unlike C-3PO (played by Anthony Daniels) and R2-D2 (played by Kenny Baker), who were portrayed by actual actors. The BB-8 toy is operated by remote control, but it also has some independent features, and shares its manner of movement and other features with the film's BB-8.

In 2010, NASA developed robots inspired by the hovering remote-controlled droids, seen in the Star Wars films and other media, and used by the Jedi for lightsaber combat training. These robots were used in NASA space stations for experimentation. Also in 2010, a hacker developed similar robots, but only capable of floating beyond a limited magnetic range.

Military

Military robots in the Star Wars universe are built on the same principles as modern military robotics. While most military robots in the modern world are designed in various shapes, depending on their purpose, the military robots of the Star Wars universe are primarily humanoid, and built to imitate live, organic soldiers, mainly human ones.

A major similarity between modern military robotics and those of the Star Wars universe is that different robots are built and designed for different specific purposes, whether those purposes are ground warfare, maritime warfare, aerial warfare, or space warfare, as seen in the Star Wars prequel films. Such uses are considered unpractical and unfeasible by current means, given the sophistication and resources each individual unit would require.

Another significant, recognizable distinction of the robots in the Star Wars universe, whether military or civilian, is their strong sense of independence and self-awareness, compared to current robots. This is mainly due to Star Wars robots having much more advanced sensors and self-computing systems than current robots do. Despite the limited abilities of current robots, Dr. Jonathan Roberts, director of CSTRO Autonomous Systems Laboratory, proclaims that the role of robots in assisting humans is going to increase, similarly to what is seen in Star Wars.

The Christian Science Monitor reported in 2011 that an American blogger, out of patriotism, tried to raise money to build a robotic AT-AT for the US military. Heikko Hoffman, a robotics expert from HRL Laboratories, who was not associated with the project, claims that AT-ATs are possible, though some of their designs should be changed from those seen in the Star Wars universe, for safety, and for financial and operational costs. The project, though not terminated, was suspended, due to intellectual property concerns from Lucasfilm.

In 2012, the United States Navy built a robot modelled after C-3PO, but appears to function for both military and civilian purposes.

Macro-engineering
Examples of Macro-engineering on vast scales feature prominently in the Star Wars films and other media. The most famous example is the Death Star from the original Star Wars film. A giant battle station which is said to be  in diameter, it was built in secret over a twenty-year period and operated with a crew of over one million. The Death Star II which appears in Return of the Jedi is even larger at  in diameter. In The Force Awakens, the First Order unveils Starkiller Base, a planetoid  in diameter which has been transformed into a mobile weapons platform.  The flagship of the First Order that appears in The Last Jedi, the Supremacy, is a Mega-class Star Destroyer  wide and a crew of over two million.

As part of a team project, a group of students at Lehigh University in 2012 attempted to determine the cost and time needed to build a Death Star. They determined that the amount of steel alone needed to build a Death Star was  (or 1.08 quadrillion) tons, which at then-current production rates would take 833,315 years and cost $852 quadrillion USD. They also estimated that the total amount of mineable iron ore in the Earth would be enough to build two billion Death Stars. Zachary Feinstein, an assistant professor at the McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, estimated that the total cost for the first Death Star would amount to $193 quintillion USD. Conversely, he estimated that the cost of building Starkiller Base would be a fraction of that price at $9.315 quintillion USD, but only if it was naturally able to maintain a self-sustaining atmosphere.

Other technologies

Aside from major technologies, the Star Wars universe also includes technologies that play less important roles with respect to the plot of the stories.

Macrobinoculars

Macrobinoculars are hand-held devices that function like binoculars, with the purpose of giving the user the ability to see vast distances. It was first seen on film in A New Hope and mentioned in its novelization. The websites tested.com reports that Sony has developed macrobinoculars comparable to the ones seen in Star Wars, known as DEVs, and produced in separate types of models. These give the user the ability to see great distances clearly and record their sightings.

See also
 List of Star Wars air, aquatic, and ground vehicles
 List of Star Wars weapons
 Science fiction prototyping
 Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination

Bibliography

References

External links

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title: Bernard Barillot

text:
Bernard Barillot (born 4 October 1949 in Carcassonne, Aude), is a French painter and calligraphist.

Biography
After high school in Carcassonne, he entered the Toulouse School of Fine arts in September 1967.
He studied under Claude Chaigneau and Jacques Fauché. He also attended Michel Goedgebuer 's lithography and silk screen printing art studio.
He finished his studies in 1974 and was awarded the “Grand prix of the town of Toulouse”.

After much research, BB was busy with bind writing, calligraphy and painting.
Sign, Letter and Graphic became obsessional for him.
“The deep mysterious drawing of graphic signs and their powerful evocation draw attract and captivate the attention by means of sensitivity. The plan carries the image slowly, with the fragility of time passing space” writes Bernard Barillot in his book of artist “The song of the sign”.

As soon as he had finished at the School of Fine Arts, Bernard Barillot held multiple exhibitions, first in France and then abroad.
In 1984 Barillot took part in the exhibition “ L’abstraction au carré” (“the abstraction squared”) about the Larzac with Pierre Soulages, André Marfaing, Charles Pierre Bru, Albert Ayme, Jacques Fauché. He was then invited in residence with Kodama Maria Borges in Marrakech, April 1999. The creation of a first work followed:  “L’Ecriture hors limites” (“writing off limits”).

In 1999 he was the guest artist at the Book Fair of Bordeaux. On this occasion, the art critic Jean-Luc Chalumeau gave a conference in the Center of Contemporary Visual Arts (CAPC). He has just prefaced a catalog on his work, “Bernard Barillot, le devenir de l’oeuvre” (“Bernard Barillot, the future of the work”).
Two other works followed, the first prefaced by the art critic Gérard-Georges Lemaire.  The next one an artistic book entitled “The song of the sign”, entirely printed in 18 colour silk screen printing, with a poem by Serge Pey especially written for the artist “L’écriture qui ne se lit pas”, “The writing which is not read”

Several other writers, artists, journalists, write texts that accompany his works, Marie Didier, Jean Pierre Mader, Eric Carriere, Helen Ling, Alain Monnier, Marie Paule Peyronnet. Very early in June 2002, Bernard Barillot meets and presents his work to Pierre Restany, Campagne Première street in Paris, the art critic wishes to follow his approach that he finds interesting.

Unfortunately a second meeting would not take place, Pierre Restany dies practically one year later to the day. Very touched by all these texts, the artist will collect them surrounded by reproductions of some of his works of different formats, watercolors, pastels, acrylics, in a reasoned catalog so the publication will take place in spring 2019.

Bernard Barillot regularly shows his work in San Francisco in the United States.

Main events
 1974 : Gallery DALBA2 in Toulouse
 1978 : Cultural centre of the town Toulouse
 1995 : Cultural centre Saint Jérôme in Toulouse
 1995 : Gallery Simone BOUDET in Toulouse
 1997 : Gallery Simone BOUDET in Toulouse
 1999 : Museum of Marrakech
 1999 : Book fair in Bordeaux
 2001 : Museum André ABBAL in Carbonne
 2006 : Abbey of Beaulieu in Ginals
 2007 : Church Saint-Étienne in Beaugency
 2009 : Gallery Tiny FACTORY in Toulouse
 2013 : Espace 3 in Sarlat-la-Canedat
 2013 : Gallery Tiny FACTORY in Toulouse
 2014 : Legal Office in Paris
 2015 : Calligraphy for the Stéphane Hessel high school in Toulouse
 2016 : Catholic Institute of Toulouse

Further reading
Philippe Comte, OPUS international
Marc Herisse, La gazette de l’hôtel Drouot (« the gazette of Hotel Drouot »)
Gérard-Georges Lemaire, Verso arts et lettres (« Verso arts and letters »)
Gérard-Georges Lemaire, Revista
Marie-Paule Peyronnet, Arts et Métiers du livre (« Arts and Crafts of books »)
Madeleine Plaut,Acteurs graphiques (« graphic actors »)
Bernard Lescure, La dépêche du midi

Notes and references

1949 births
Living people
People from Carcassonne
French calligraphers
20th-century French painters
21st-century French painters


title: National Radiator Company (USA)

text:
The National Radiator Corporation was an American radiator and boiler manufacturer.

History
The National Radiator company developed from the earlier Fowler Radiator Company (est. 1894.) which was acquired in 1896 by John and Samuel Waters; after the acquisition the radiator factory was moved from Norristown to Johnstown. In 1902 the company was renamed National Radiator Company.

Expansion
The company expanded, and by the 1920s had plants in Trenton, New Jersey, Lebanon, Pennsylvania, and New Castle, Pennsylvania. On 8 Aug 1927 the National Radiator Corporation of Delaware was established with a capital of  $25 million; the new group incorporated the Union Radiator Company, the Gurney Heater Canufacturing company, the Continental Heater Company, the Niagara Radiator and Boiler Company, and the Utica Heating Company. In 1929 the company established an industrial research laboratory.

In the early 1930s the company required reorganisation due to debt problems, and was placed into receivership and subsequently re-established.

In 1951 a fire at the company's "Century" plant (Moxham) killed one person, and caused $1 million of damage.

In 1954 the directors of the company approved a merger with the United States Radiator Corporation.

References

External links

Power Flushing, Radiator, Boiler Powerflush & Descaling
High Efficiency Reliable & Energy Saving Gas Boiler

Heating
Johnstown, Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies of the United States


title: Jason Alkire

text:
Jason Alkire is an American fashion designer and partner of the Haus Alkire fashion label. His partner and wife is Julie Alkire, also known as Julie Haus. The first public season of the New York made women's collection was Fall 2012.

Along with garment design, Alkire also creates the custom textile prints for the collection. He employs techniques in painting, drawing, graphic design, and photography to produce the prints.

In 2018, Alkire was inducted into the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA). He graduated from the University of Houston and was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity.

Career

Prior to his fashion designer career, Alkire was an advertising executive and the publisher and creative director of SPOON magazine. The magazine was distributed by Time Warner. Alkire worked with Haus at the publication. She was the editor-in-chief there before she began her fashion career. She is also known for her work on her eponymous line Julie Haus, which Alkire also helped design.

Retail business

Alkire and Haus opened a retail store in New York City in 2010 dedicated to the Julie Haus label. In 2013, the designers closed the store to open a new atelier type store dedicated to the Haus Alkire collection. That store is located on White Street in the neighborhood of Tribeca in New York City.

Creative inspiration

The first collection (Autumn/Winter 2012) was shown at New York Fashion Week on February 14, 2012. The designers sought inspiration from the artist Lou Jie and the actress Elsa Martinelli's portrayal of Belle Star in the 1968 film The Belle Star Story. The New York Fashion Week event was held at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.

The second collection was inspired by Hana, Hawaii. The designers used images of an imaginary creature along with Plumeria and bamboo trees as the subject for their textile prints. The showing was held at a home in the West Village area of New York City.

Awards

Alkire and Haus were awarded the Ecco Domani Fashion Foundation Award for Womenswear in January 2012. The award recognizes emerging American fashion talent.

In 2012, the designers were named to the W Hotels Fashion Next program.

In 2013, the Autumn/Winter collection was sponsored by Swarovski Elements.

In 2015, the designers were awarded The Fashion Group International Rising Star Award for womenswear. There were ten finalists competing for the award that included Rosie Assoulin, Tome, Ji Oh, Tanya Taylor, Antonio Azzuolo, Harbison, and Houghton. Previous winners of the award include Proenza Schouler, Alexander Wang (designer), Jason Wu, Phillip Lim, and Wes Gordon. Wu was the guest speaker at the award ceremony. In 2014, Alkire and Haus were finalists for same award. In 2015, the designers also won the Design Entrepreneurs NYC Israel Goldgrub award presented by New York City Economic Development Corporation NYCEDC and the Fashion Institute of Technology.

In 2016, Haus Alkire was named to the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) {Fashion Incubator} 4.0 class for 2016-2018.

References

External links
 HAUS ALKIRE Website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American fashion designers
University of Houston alumni


title: Moxham

text:
Moxham may refer to:

Moxham in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, see also Moxham Historic District

People
Billy Moxham (1886-1959) Australian rules footballer
George Churchill Moxham (1892-1955) Businessman and politician of British Columbia
Roy Moxham British writer
Phil Moxham, musician in the post-punk band Young Marble Giants


title: Custos Rotulorum of County Galway

text:
The Custos Rotulorum of County Galway was the highest civil officer in County Galway. The position was later combined with that of Lord Lieutenant of Galway.

Incumbents

 Richard de Burgh, 8th Earl of Clanricarde (Died after 1708)
1754-? Sir Thomas Prendergast, 2nd Baronet
1792–1797 Henry de Burgh, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde and 12th Earl
1798–1808 John de Burgh, 13th Earl of Clanricarde
?1808–?1837 Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty (died 1837)

For later custodes rotulorum, see Lord Lieutenant of Galway

References

Galway


title: Thomas Frewen

text:
Thomas Frewen may refer to:

 Thomas Frewen (physician) (1704–1791), English physician from Sussex
 Thomas Frewen (MP) (1630–1702), MP for Rye

See also
 Frewen (disambiguation)


title: National Radiator Company

text:
National Radiator Company may refer to:

National Radiator Company, (Johnstown, Pennsylvania, USA), later National Radiator Corporation
A number of European subsidiaries of the American Radiator Company, later under the Ideal Standard business.
Compagnie Nationale de Radiateurs in France
National Radiator Company Limited in UK
Nationale Radiator Gesellschaft mbH in Germany


title: Afzal Upal

text:
Muhammad Afzal Upal is a writer and a cognitive scientist with contributions to cognitive science of religion, machine learning for planning, and agent-based social simulation.

Early life and education
He was born in Pakistan with 2 sisters and 3 brothers. His family emigrated to Canada because Ahmadiyya, the form of Islam they practiced, was discriminated against in Pakistan. For his PhD research, he worked under the supervision of Professor Renee Elio at the University of Alberta.  In December 1999, he successfully defended his thesis on "Learning to Improve the Quality of Plans Produced by Partial-order Planners".

Leadership
He was chair of the First International Workshop on Cognition and Culture, the 14th Annual Conference of the North American Association for Computational, Social, and Organizational Sciences, and the AAAI-06 Workshop on Cognitive Modeling and Agent-based Social Simulation.

Professional career
In July 1999, Upal was hired as a tenure-track assistant professor of computer science at Dalhousie University's new Faculty of Computer Science.  In 2001, he moved to Information Extraction & Transport (IET) Inc. to work as a senior scientist on various DARPA sponsored projects to develop Bayesian network based decision-aid systems.  In July 2003, he joined the University of Toledo's Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Department as a tenure track assistant professor to teach computer science. From 2008 to 2017, he worked as a defense scientist at Defence R & D Canada's Toronto Research Centre. From 2017 to 2020, he served as the head of the Computing and Information Science at Mercyhurst University. Since 2020, he has been working as the Chair of the Computer Science & Software Engineering Department at University of Wisconsin-Platteville.

Scientific contributions
He has contributed to research areas of Cognition & Culture and Cognitive science of religion through the development of the Context-based model of minimal counterintuiveness. In a 2005 article in the Journal of Cognition and Culture, he proposed a cognitive science of new religious movements. Upal has also pioneered a knowledge-rich agent-based social simulation technique for simulating the development of complex cultural beliefs. In 2017 his book Moderate Fundamentalists: Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at in the lens of cognitive science of religion, was published by DeGruyter Press.  The book uses Context-based model of minimal counterintuiveness to explain counterintuitive claims of new religious movement founders such as Mirza Ghulam Ahmad-the founder of Ahmadiyya Islam. He co-edited the Brill Handbook of Islamic Sects & Movements with Professor Carole M. Cusack.

References

Canadian cognitive scientists
Canadian computer scientists
Artificial intelligence researchers
University of Toledo faculty
Living people
1970 births
Pakistani emigrants to Canada


title: People's Countryside Party

text:
The People's Countryside Party (PCP)  was an Argentinean political party founded in 2008. This party has been formed by the union of the Movement for Dignity and Independence (Modin, active in Buenos Aires and San Luis) founded by the carapintada (English: painted face) Aldo Rico and the regional party Cordoba's Patriotic Movement.

Political activity

The PCP is recognized as a district-level party by the National's Electoral Chamber in Buenos Aires and in the province of Santa Fe. This party is also politically active in Buenos Aires, Misiones, Formosa, San Luis and Cordoba. The PCP was present in two national elections (2009 and 2011) and in several province elections.

History

The PCP was founded in 2008. In 2010, the PCP districts of Santa Fe and Capital Federal were integrated with the Movement for Dignity and Independence (Modin, active in Buenos Aires and San Luis) founded by the carapintada (English: painted face) Aldo Rico and the regional party Cordoba's Patriotic Movement. The possible union with Social Alternative, chaired by Mario Puértolas was not possible due to juridic and political reasons. The Social Alternative party takes part in the Buenos Aires autonomic city elections with its own candidates, while the PCP integrated the Citizens Front.
For the 2011 elections, the party launched a political platform known as New Democracy and presented José Bonacci as presidential candidate. In the primary elections the formula Bonacci-Villena reached the 0,24% (without reaching the 1.5% threshold required by the law to participate in the general elections).

Ideology

In its doctrine basis, the party has popular nationalism as a resistance against globalization. According to its program for the 2011 elections the party rejects the actual democracies in which “the political parties are mere advertisement agencies”.
In July 2011, PCP candidates for representatives visited the Seprin company where they declared: “Our party has as a cornerstone combat against drugs traffic, defense of our nation, the respect for our country institutions, in particular the Army, the security forces and the church so much discredited by the stateless people that nowadays govern us. And, most importantly, is that we defend the family to the maximum”.
On August 1, facing accusations of being a radical party, the PCP released a statement saying that “there are no agreements, alliances or political relations with the Social Alternative Party from the Argentinean Federal district (Spanish: Capital Federal). The PCP also has not join this party due to the political and juridic failure of the conversations and the ideological differences with the mentioned party. We endorse the need to go deeper into the democracy, as the actual model is limited and enclosed, but we are not a xenophobic or restrictive group and our ideology is based on popular nationalism and democracy.”
By mistake it has been published that José Bonacci, the PCP leader, is under investigation for the falsification of approximately 2000 signatures of young people to make them appear as affiliated with his party in order to enter the elections. Rosario 3, the news website, agreed that it provided wrong information. Nevertheless, the newspaper "La Capital de Rosario" did not publish the requested rectification of the defamation.

References

External links
Sitio oficial del partido

Nationalist parties
Political parties in Argentina
Argentine nationalism
Peronist parties and alliances in Argentina


title: Prawn cocktail, steak and Black Forest gateau

text:
Prawn cocktail, steak garni with chips, and Black Forest gâteau was the most popular dinner menu in British restaurants in the 1980s, according to contemporary surveys by trade magazine Caterer and Hotelkeeper. It was associated with the Berni Inn chain, which popularised mass-market dining out after the end of food rationing in Britain following the Second World War. The Prawn Cocktail Years, by Simon Hopkinson and Lindsey Bareham, called this meal the Great British Meal Out.

Background
Laura Mason in Food Culture in Great Britain wrote that "In mid-twentieth-century Britain, eating out had a dreadful image. Badly served, poor and unimaginative food, discourteous staff, and dining rooms with limited and inconvenient hours." Food rationing, introduced during the Second World War, did not end until 1954 and the range of eating-out options and variety of meals available remained limited, only gradually expanding through the 1950s and 60s.

Meal
The Great British Meal Out was a meal in a restaurant designed to appeal to those for whom eating out at all was unusual and for whom a prawn cocktail, steak garni or gateau were exotic foreign food. Nigel Slater wrote of his childhood in the 1970s: "As a family, we never went out for dinner unless we were on holiday, but there were occasional Saturday lunches at the local Berni Inn" adding "Steak garni always sounded so much more exotic than plain steak."

The standardised menu suited the restaurant, who could purchase and prepare food in bulk within tight cost controls, and avoided the need for the customer to choose courses from a menu which might include foods with which they were unfamiliar or which might include hard to pronounce foreign words, both of which had the potential to cause social embarrassment. The ingredients of the meal had a pleasantly sophisticated ring: "cocktail", the use of prawns, which was not common, "steak garni" rather than just steak, and "Black Forest gâteau" rather than just cake; all slightly foreign but easy enough to learn for next time, and allowing the diner to feel that they were enjoying a "continental" (European) eating experience.

The meal eventually became unfashionable as British dining tastes became more sophisticated from the 1980s onwards and the Gallup survey conducted by the trade magazine Caterer and Hotelkeeper in 1989 confirmed that Black Forest gâteau had suddenly become less popular. Simon Hopkinson and Lindsey Bareham coined the term "Great British Meal" in their 1997 book The Prawn Cocktail Years, which includes a chapter titled The Great British Meal Out. They wrote that, "cooked as it should be, this much derided and often ridiculed dinner is still something very special indeed".

Association with Berni Inns
The meal became associated with the Berni Inn chain, established 1955 and which had 147 hotels and restaurants by 1970, making it the largest food chain outside the United States. The chain prospered by offering a menu with a limited number of options in "Olde Worlde" style restaurants that looked much the same in every branch. The most popular meal at a "Berni", even as late as the 1980s, remained prawn cocktail, steak and chips, and Black Forest gâteau.

In their 2000 obituary of Frank Berni, The Guardian noted "the Briton's favourite menu of prawn cocktail, steak and Black Forest gâteau". The Bristol Post noted that, by the 1980s, the Berni format was starting to look dated and "By then, Berni Inns were becoming popular shorthand for naff – prawn cocktail starter, steak & chips main, Black Forest gâteau for dessert". The Berni Inn chain was sold to Whitbread in 1990 and became the Beefeater chain.

In 2013, The Times reported on the bankruptcy of the Scotch Steak Houses chain earlier that year, which it cast as latter day Berni Inns. The paper wrote that "for three decades [the owner] has run restaurants where time – and quality – appeared to stand still. While his rivals sought to keep pace with consumer tastes, Ali Salih's Aberdeen, Highland and Angus steakhouses continued to serve prawn cocktail, steak and Black Forest gâteau to diners seated on velour banquettes as they quaffed Blue Nun."

In fiction
In his 1990 novel Titmuss Regained, John Mortimer has Sir Willoughby mention "prawn cocktail, followed by steak and 'all the trimmings', to be topped off with a liberal helping of Black Forest gâteau".

See also

British cuisine
Chicken in a basket
Sunday roast

References

External links
Pub grub...a history, by Paul Delplanque. gazettelive.co.uk

1970s in the United Kingdom
Beef dishes
Potato dishes
British seafood dishes


title: Epsa

text:
Epsa  () is the name of a Greek non-alcoholic beverage company based in the city of Volos. It was founded in 1924.

Initially based on lemonades, today it produces various beverages and natural juices. It is one of the most historical beverage companies of Greece.

Sources
EPSA bio
Soft drinks in Greece
Epsa
Official site

Greek brands
Drink companies of Greece
Companies based in Volos
Food and drink companies established in 1924
Greek companies established in 1924


title: Dumas Boys of GTP

text:
Dumas Boys of GTP (often called as Dumas Boys) is a Ghanaian professional football club based in Tema. They are a currently competing in the Ghana Football Leagues.

In 1976 the team has won the Ghanaian FA Cup

Honours
Ghanaian FA Cup: 1976

References

External links

Football clubs in Ghana
Tema


title: Mohamed Berrahal

text:
Mohamed Berrahal (born 24 May 1979) is an Algerian athlete who competes in disability athletics in the T/F51 category. Berrahal broke the world record in the F51 category to become the Paralympic Champion in London. At the 2013 World Championships he broke his own world record as he won a combined F51–53 event in the discus.

References

World record holders in para-athletics
1979 births
Living people
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic bronze medalists for Algeria
Paralympic gold medalists for Algeria
Paralympic athletes for Algeria
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
21st-century Algerian people


title: Maackia (gastropod)

text:
Maackia is a genus of freshwater snails with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Amnicolidae.

Species
 Maackia angarensis (Gerstfeldt, 1859)
 Maackia bythiniopsis (Lindholm, 1909)
 Maackia costata (W. Dybovski, 1875) - type species
 Maackia herderiana (Lindholm, 1909)
 Maackia herderiana parvula Kozhov, 1936
 Maackia herderiana semicostulata (Lindholm, 1924)
 Maackia pusilla (Lindholm, 1909)
 Maackia raphidia (Bourguignat, 1860)
 Maackia umbilicifera (Starostin, 1926)
 Maackia variesculpta (Lindholm, 1909)
 Maackia werestschagini (Kozhov, 1936)

References

External links

Amnicolidae


title: Frederick Gymer Parsons

text:
Frederick Gymer Parsons FRCS FZS (1863 – 11 March 1943) was a British writer and scientist, specialising in the fields of anatomy and anthropology. He contributed numerous anatomical articles to the 1911 eleventh edition of Encyclopædia Britannica.

References

External links

1863 births
1943 deaths
English anthropologists
English anatomists
English encyclopedists
English science writers
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Presidents of the Anatomical Society


title: Joseph F. Hlavacek

text:
Joseph F. Hlavacek (July 13, 1921 – July 5, 1982) was an American painter from Whitewater, Wisconsin whose paintings, mixed oil and metal collages, drawings, and prints on themes of the natural world won him much acclaim in the Midwest and from art critics around the country. He was also recognized as a potter and draftsman.

Biography
Hlavacek was born on July 13, 1921, in Kenosha, Wisconsin, to Frank and Cecilia Hlavacek of Czech/Yugoslavian descent. He graduated from the Layton School of Art in Milwaukee in 1949 (a school that would also produce artists Paul Faulkner, Knute Heldner, Karl Priebe, Walter Sheffer, among others). He received his master's degree in fine arts from the Instituto Allende, San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, in 1970. He was faculty in the art department at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater from 1964 until his death in 1982.

Hlavacek was known for both the "force and originality of his symbolism...and the bold simplification of form and color which was his trademark" (The Milwaukee Journal, July 6, 1982). His inspiration came from the Wisconsin landscape and local plants, animals, and insects, and butterflies were a common theme in his later work. Following his study in San Miguel de Allende, Hlavacek's work also took on color palettes, objects, and patterns reminiscent of indigenous Mexican art.

Hlavacek described his motivation in an interview in 1952: "Today's world is just too real, too much with us, so I like to deal with what some might term unreality."

Recognition
In 1952 he won first place in Hallmark's Second International Art Competition. His entry was reproduced in Life magazine. He also received purchase awards in Gimbels' Wisconsin Centennial competition and the Wisconsin Renaissance competition sponsored by Marine Banks. His art appears in many public and private collections, including those of the Milwaukee Art Museum, Museum of Wisconsin Art, Marquette University, Alverno College, The University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, and the Bergstrom-Mahler Museum, among many others.

Personal life
Hlavacek was married to Joyce Hlavacek (Colburn) and had two sons, Fredric and Peter Hlavacek.

References

1921 births
1982 deaths
People from Kenosha, Wisconsin
Instituto Allende alumni
University of Wisconsin–Whitewater faculty
Artists from Wisconsin
20th-century American painters
American people of Czech descent
American people of Yugoslav descent


title: CAFF

text:
CAFF may refer to:
Cambridge African Film Festival
Canadian Association of Fringe Festivals
Central Asian Football Association
Chinese American Film Festival
Cyprus Amateur Football Federation

See also
Caff (disambiguation)


title: Prudencio Induráin

text:
Prudencio Induráin Larraya (born 9 June 1968) is a Spanish retired road racing cyclist. He competed in four editions of the Tour de France. He is the brother of another retired professional cyclist, Miguel Induráin.

In 2011 he entered politics as a candidate for the Navarrese People's Union in the 2011 parliamentary election.

Major results
1993
 3rd Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
1994
 5th Overall Circuit Cycliste Sarthe
1996
 2nd Overall Volta ao Alentejo
1st Stages 1a, 2a & 5
 3rd GP Villafranca de Ordizia

General classification results timeline

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Pamplona
Spanish male cyclists
Navarrese People's Union politicians
Cyclists from Navarre


title: Cold Summer (song)

text:
"Cold Summer" is the second single released from Fuel's album Puppet Strings.
The song dates back to the early 2000s (decade) before the band's 2003 album Natural Selection. According to Scallions the band had recorded the song several times and lost hope in it until producer Eddie Wohl convinced Scallions to record it for Puppet Strings.

Track listing
Song composed by Brett Scallions and Eddie Wohl. Ken Schalk is credited to performing drums on this track, however, left the band before the release of Puppet Strings.

Music video
A music video was filmed in Agoura Hills, CA and features Scallions as a pool boy who stumbles in to a party.

Personnel
Brett Scallions - lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Andy Andersson - lead guitar
Brad Stewart - bass
Ken Schalk - drums

Charts

References

Fuel (band) songs
2014 songs
2014 singles


title: Calhoun, New Brunswick

text:
Calhoun is an unincorporated community in Westmorland County, New Brunswick. The community is situated in southeastern New Brunswick, to the east of Moncton, and is part of Greater Moncton.

History

Notable people

See also
List of communities in New Brunswick

Bordering communities

References

Communities in Westmorland County, New Brunswick
Communities in Greater Moncton


title: Jawahar Lal Kaul

text:
J. L. Kaul was a professor of Law at Campus Law Center, University of Delhi. He is a former Vice-Chancellor of Vikram University, Ujjain, and Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University. He has over 30 years of experience in international trade law and human rights and had written several books and articles. He is the president of All India Law Teachers' Association since 2005 and executive member of Indian Society of International Law, New Delhi. He received his Ph.D. in law from Maharishi Dayanand University, LL.M. from the iconic Punjab University Law College and LL.B. from Delhi University. He is the provost, Jubilee Hall, University of Delhi, since 2008. He is Member, Executive Council, Indian Society of International Law, New Delhi since 2009. He is Fellow,  Institute  of  Globalization  and  International  Relations,  Maastricht University, Netherlands. He is visiting fellow, Bangor University Law School, Republic of Wales since 2012. He is also Visiting Fellow, University of St. Thomas School of Law, Minneapolis, (USA) since 2014.

In November 2017, a proposal to dismiss Jawahar Lal Kaul of the Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University was sent by the Ministry of Human Resource Development to the president, Ram Nath Kovind. The HRD ministry, in December 2017, sacked Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal (HNBG) University vice-chancellor Jawahar Lal Kaul for administrative irregularities. Kaul allegedly allowed affiliated colleges to increase their intake in some courses to 200 seats, violating rules that limit the number at 60 and 80 in some cases. He also allegedly decided to make it cheaper than prescribed for colleges to get affiliation with the university.

Kaul is the third central university head — after Sushanta Dattagupta of Visva-Bharati University and Chandra Krishnamurthy of Pondicherry University — to be dismissed by the incumbent government.

See also
 Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University

References

Living people
Indian academic administrators
Delhi University alumni
Punjab University Law College alumni
Academic staff of Delhi University
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Seyfi Arkan

text:
Abdurrahman Seyfettin Arkan, Seyfi Nasih (1903 – 15 July 1966) was a Turkish architect, the personal architect of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. He was born in 1903 in Istanbul. He attended Kadikoy French School and Galatasaray High School. He was first in his class under Vedat Tek in 1928, and later worked with Hans Poelzig in Germany. In 1933, he designed the Glass Villa of Çankaya Köşkü, the President of Turkey's official residence, as well as Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion, a Bauhaus-style former residence of Atatürk and now a museum, in 1935.

Early life and career
Arkan was born in 1903 in Istanbul, Turkey. Following the completion of primary education in Kadikoy French School, received secondary education at Galatasaray High School. He began the architecture education in Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi, the Academy of Fine Arts graduated from Vedat Tek Warehouse in 1928. After received the degree in Canakkale Monument Competition, he was sent to Europe to continue his education by the Ministry of National Education. He became one of the students of Hans Poelzig from 1929 to 1932, and he worked in his workshop. He researched about the field of school buildings workers' habitats and stadiums during his education process within Europe. Seyfi Arkan had come back to Turkey in 1933, and he started to work urbanism studies at Academy of fine arts as an instructor. Poelzing modern perspective on architecture and Berlin's socio-cultural structure influenced Arkan's architectural studies at the large extent. In addition, some of the most important factors which Arkan considered during his project are Turkey's economic and social condition during the 1930s and 1940s. Seyfi Arkan, was the winner of the Çankaya Hariciye Kosku contest which held in 1933. After that, he did many project as private architecture of Atatürk.

His awarded project
 25,000 Capacity Stadium Cebeci Architectural Competition, 2nd Prize, 1957.
 Ankara Ulus Square Hotel and Is Bank, Architectural Design Competition, Honorable Mention 5, 1956.
 Turkey Anafartalar Is Bank Office Building (Bank, Hotel and Theatre Building) Architectural Design Competition, Honorable Mention 5, 1955.
 Trabzon Exhibition House Architectural Competition, 3rd Prize, 1946.
 Teacher's Dormitory, 1st Prize, 1946.
 Turkey Grand National Assembly Building, 4th Prize, 1938.
 Winter and Summer Turkey Embassy Building and Interior Design Competition in Tehran and Simran, 1st Prize, 1937.
 Istanbul Port Galata Passenger Lounge (Garmarit I) Architectural Design Competition, 1st Prize, 1936.
 Sümerbank General Directorate Building, 1st Prize, 1935.
 Bank of Provinces (Municipalities) Architectural Design Competition, 1st Prize, 1935.
 Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion, 1st Prize, 1934.
 Harıcıye Kosku, 1st Prize, 1933

References

1903 births
1966 deaths
Galatasaray High School alumni
Architects from Istanbul
20th-century Turkish architects
Date of birth missing


title: Yax Ehb Xook

text:
Yax Ehb Xook, also known as Yax Moch Xok and Yax Chakte'I Xok, (fl. c. 90) was the dynastic founder and ajaw of the Maya city-state of Tikal. He ruled c. 90 AD.

Previous estimates had placed the founder at AD 170-235 or AD 219–238. But these ranges had been derived by placing the death of the ninth ruler Chak Tok Ich'aak I who died in AD 378. In fact, Chak Tok Ich'aak I, was Tikal's fourteenth ruler and not its ninth. This earlier foundation date only reinforces Tikal's pivotal role in the genesis of Classic civilization in the Maya Lowlands, synchronizing it with developments in the Highlands and Pacific Coast that have traditionally been designated Late Preclassic but bear most of the hallmarks of Early Classic civilization.

Biography
There are no monuments or records of Ehb Xook's reign, which is solely documented through archaeological evidence, and through acknowledgements made by his successors.

Ehb Xook's name appears on a jade earflare excavated at Kaminaljuyu, suggesting it may have been his place of origin, from which he came to Tikal. Despite being recognized by later rulers of Tikal as its founder, earlier tombs in the city's North Acropolis suggest that he did not found the city. Hence, it is possible that Ehb Xook gained his status as Tikal's founder due to his reign and actions.

Notes

Footnotes

References

Monarchs of Tikal
1st-century monarchs
1st century in the Maya civilization


title: 1988 in sumo

text:
The following is a list of events in professional sumo in 1988. Six honbasho or official tournaments are held each year.

Tournaments
Hatsu basho, Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, 10 – 24 January
Haru basho, Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium, Osaka, 13 – 27 March
Natsu basho, Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Tokyo,  8 – 22 May
Nagoya basho, Aichi Prefectural Gymnasium, Nagoya, 3 – 17 July
Aki basho, Ryōgoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, 11 – 25 September
Kyushu basho, Fukuoka International Centre, Kyushu, 13 – 27 November

News

January
At the opening tournament of the year, new ozeki Asahifuji wins his first yusho or tournament championship, defeating his nemesis Chiyonofuji on the final day for only the second time in 22 meetings. Asahifuji finishes on 14–1, one win ahead of fellow ozeki Konishiki. Asahifuji's title is the first yusho for his group of stables, the Tatsunami-Isegahama ichimon, for nearly 19 years – the last was Kiyokuni's in July 1969. Chiyonofuji can manage only third place on 12–3, alongside maegashira Kotogaume who wins the Fighting Spirit Prize. Sakahoko wins the Outstanding Performance Award for his defeat of Chiyonofuji. Veteran former sekiwake Dewanohana announces his retirement, as does his stablemate, former komusubi Onishiki. And the oldest man in sumo, 40-year-old Oshio, ends his 26-year professional career after a losing record in the makushita division.

March
The Osaka tournament is won by Onokuni, who captures his first yusho as a yokozuna by defeating Hokutoumi twice on the final day, once in regulation and once in a playoff.  Chiyonofuji misses the tournament through injury. Veteran Kirinji, the oldest man in the top division, wins his fourth Fighting Spirit prize. Wakasegawa wins the juryo championship and earns promotion back to makuuchi.

May
Chiyonofuji wins the May tournament with a 14–1 record. His only defeat is to sekiwake Kotogaume, who earns the Outstanding Performance award. Veteran Daijuyama, making his first sanyaku appearance in over five years, wins the Fighting Spirit prize. Hidenohana wins the juryo championship at his first attempt. Lower down the divisions, Oginohana wins the makushita yusho and Wakahanada the jonokuchi title.

July
Chiyonofuji wins the July tournament with a perfect 15–0 record. Hokutoumi misses the tournament with a back injury.

September
Chiyonofuji wins his third tournament in a row, and once again emerges undefeated. His winning streak reaches 39 matches, a postwar record second only to Taiho's 45.

November
All eyes are on Chiyonofuji, who continues his winning run, equalling Taiho's mark on Day 6 with a win over Jingaku and surpassing it the next day by beating Hananokuni. Speculation that he might go on and challenge Futabayama's all-time record of 69 is ended, however, after he is beaten on the last day by Onokuni. His streak stops at 53, but he still finishes with his 26th championship and a 14–1 record.

Deaths
29 October: the 46th Yokozuna Asashio Taro III, also Takasago Oyakata, of a stroke aged 58.

See also
Glossary of sumo terms
List of years in sumo

References

Sumo by year
Sumo


title: 1980 WCHA men's ice hockey tournament

text:
The 1980 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 21st conference playoff in league history. The tournament was played between March 7 and March 15, 1980. All games were played at home team campus sites, including each of the two regional final series. By winning the regional tournaments, both Minnesota and North Dakota were invited to participate in the 1980 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.

Though not official designations, Minnesota is considered as the East Regional Champion† and North Dakota as the West Regional Champion‡.

Format
The top eight teams in the WCHA, according to their final conference standings, were eligible for the tournament and were seeded No. 1 through No. 8. In the first round the first and eighth seeds, the second and seventh seeds, the third and sixth seeds and the fourth and fifth seeds were matched in two-game series where the school that scored the higher number of goals was declared the winner. After the first round the remaining teams were reseeded No. 1 through No. 4 according to their final conference standings and advanced to the second round. In the second round the first and fourth seeds and the second and third seeds competed in an additional two-game, total goal series with the winners of each being declared as co-conference champions.

Conference standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against

Bracket

Teams are reseeded after the first round

Note: * denotes overtime period(s)

First round

(1) North Dakota vs. (8) Michigan State

(2) Minnesota vs. (7) Michigan Tech

(3) Colorado College vs. (6) Minnesota-Duluth

(4) Michigan vs. (5) Notre Dame

Second round

(1) North Dakota vs. (5) Notre Dame

(2) Minnesota vs. (3) Colorado College

Tournament awards
None

See also
Western Collegiate Hockey Association men's champions

References

External links
WCHA.com
1979–80 WCHA Standings
1979–80 NCAA Standings
2013–14 Colorado College Tigers Media Guide
2013–14 Michigan Wolverines Media Guide; Through the Years
2013–14 Michigan State Spartans Media Guide; Section 5
2013–14 Minnesota Golden Gophers Media Guide
2012–13 Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs Media Guide
2013–14 North Dakota Hockey Media Guide
2008–09 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Media Guide; History

WCHA men's ice hockey tournament
Wcha Men's Ice Hockey Tournament


title: 2014–15 US Città di Palermo season

text:
U.S. Città di Palermo played the season 2014–15 in the Serie A league and Coppa Italia.

Season overview

After completing the 2013–14 Serie B season in first place, Giuseppe Iachini was confirmed as head coach. On the other hand, Giorgio Perinetti left the club after chairman Maurizio Zamparini hired Franco Ceravolo as new director of football. Igor Budan will also leave his role as team manager to fulfil a career as director of football himself. This was also followed by Abel Hernández's selection to the Uruguay squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, making him the only Palermo player to appear in the competition. Hernández himself was subsequently sold to Hull in what appeared one of the main transfer moves of the season, together with the sale of Kyle Lafferty to Norwich and the signing of two players scouted from the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Sol Bamba and Giancarlo González.

On its first official game, Palermo lost 0–3 at home to Serie B club Modena in the 2014–15 Coppa Italia third round, thus being immediately eliminated from the competition. A number of dismal results left the Rosanero winless at the bottom of the league after six games in the season increased pressure on Iachini, whose coaching staff was successively extended in early October with the hiring of Fabio Viviani. This was followed by the dismissal of Franco Ceravolo and his replacement with youth system head Dario Baccin.

Club

Managerial staff

Coaching staff

Youth system

Players

Squad information

Transfers

Summer 2014

In

Out

On loan

Winter 2014–15

In

Out

On loan

Pre-season and friendlies

Competitions

Serie A

League table

Results summary

Results by round

Matches

Coppa Italia

Statistics

Appearances and goals
As of 30 May 2015.

|-
! colspan=10 style="background:#EEBBBB; text-align:center| Goalkeepers

|-
! colspan=10 style="background:#EEBBBB; text-align:center| Defenders

|-
! colspan=10 style="background:#EEBBBB; text-align:center| Midfielders

|-
! colspan=10 style="background:#EEBBBB; text-align:center| Forwards

|-
! colspan=10 style="background:#EEBBBB; text-align:center| Players transferred out during the season

|}

Goalscorers
This includes all competitive matches.  The list is sorted by shirt number when total goals are equal.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
|-
!width=15|
!width=15|
!width=15|
!width=15|
!width=150|Name
!width=80|Serie A
!width=80|Coppa Italia
!width=80|Total
|-
|1
|9
|FW
|
|Paulo Dybala
|13
|0
|13
|-
|2
|20
|MF
|
|Franco Vázquez
|10
|0
|10
|-
|-
|=
|27
|MF
|
|Luca Rigoni
|9
|0
|9
|-
|4
|99
|FW
|
|Andrea Belotti
|6
|0
|6
|-
|5
|18
|MF
|
|Ivaylo Chochev
|3
|0
|3
|-
|6
|8
|MF
|
|Édgar Barreto
|2
|0
|2
|-
|=
|21
|MF
|
|Robin Quaison
|2
|0
|2
|-
|=
|7
|DF
|
|Achraf Lazaar
|2
|0
|2
|-
|7
|89
|DF
|
|Michel Morganella
|1
|0
|1
|-
|=
|6
|DF
|
|Ezequiel Muñoz
|1
|0
|1
|-
|=
|12
|MF
|
|Giancarlo González
|1
|0
|1
|-

References

Palermo FC seasons
Palermo


title: Ciociara Grigia

text:
The Ciociara Grigia or Grigia Ciociara is an indigenous breed of domestic goat from Lazio in central Italy. It takes its name from the Ciociaria, the area around Frosinone. It is thought to have originated in the area of the Monti Aurunci and the Monti Ausoni. It is raised in those mountains, in the Monti Lepini, and in the Val Comino. Because of the transhumant management of the herds it has also diffused into some neighbouring areas of Campania and Abruzzo. It is one of the forty-three autochthonous Italian goat breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep- and goat-breeders.

At the end of 2013 the registered population was 674.

References

Goat breeds
Dairy goat breeds
Goat breeds originating in Italy


title: Linda Polman

text:
Linda Polman (born 1960 in Amstelveen) is a Dutch freelance journalist and author of three books on humanitarian aid and intervention: We Did Nothing, War Games, and The Crisis Caravan.

Author

We Did Nothing
Polman's book We Did Nothing: Why the Truth Doesn't Always Come Out When the UN Goes in was first published in 1997 in Dutch and later published in English.

Martin Woollacott reviewed the book along with the book A Problem from Hell by Samantha Power, for The Guardian. He concluded: "We have yet to work out properly how the post-twin towers interventions relate to those that went before. But there is obvious irony in the fact that while previously, as these books illustrate so clearly, determination was often lacking to deal with crises that most people agreed were serious, there was no shortage of it when the Bush administration moved to deal with a crisis on which there was no global consensus at all." The book was also reviewed by Hugh O'Shaugnessy  in The Observer alongside Never Learn to Type: A Woman at the United Nations.

War Games
Polman's book War Games: The Story of Aid and War in Modern Times argued that humanitarian aid intervention often ended up fueling wars and making them worse. Her book cited the example of the Rwandan genocide, where humanitarian groups facilitated the flow of aid to Hutu militia who were involved with the killing, rather than the Tutsi who were genocide victims. Her work was discussed in The Guardian. The Humanitarian Policy Group at the Overseas Development Institute issued a written response to the book.

The Crisis Caravan
Polman's book The Crisis Caravan: What's Wrong with Humanitarian Aid? was reviewed in The Economist, Foreign Affairs, and the Huffington Post.

Media appearances
Linda Polman has appeared on The Daily Show to discuss her book, The Crisis Caravan.

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Dutch journalists
People from Amstelveen


title: Marumo Medal, Class II

text:
The Marumo Medal, Class II was instituted by the State President of the Republic of Bophuthatswana in 1988.

The Bophuthatswana Defence Force
The Bophuthatswana Defence Force (BDF) was established upon that country's independence on 6 December 1977. The Republic of Bophuthatswana ceased to exist on 27 April 1994 and the Bophuthatswana Defence Force was amalgamated with six other military forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

Institution
The Marumo Medal, Class II was instituted by the State President of Bophuthatswana in 1988. It is the junior award of a set of two, along with the Marumo Medal, Class I.

"Marumo" can be translated as "fight" or "fighting", adopted into Setswana from a command used by Shaka Zulu.

Award criteria
The medal could be awarded for merit in action.

Order of wear

Since the Marumo Medal, Class II was authorised for wear by one of the statutory forces which came to be part of the South African National Defence Force on 27 April 1994, it was accorded a position in the official South African order of precedence on that date.

Bophuthatswana Defence Force until 26 April 1994

Official BDF order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Defence Force Commendation Medal.
 Succeeded by the Nkwe Medal.
Bophuthatswana official national order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Defence Force Commendation Medal.
 Succeeded by the Police Medal for Combating Terrorism.

South African National Defence Force from 27 April 1994

Official SANDF order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Defence Force Medal of the Republic of Venda.
 Succeeded by the Defence Force Medal of the Republic of Transkei.
Official national order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Prisons Service Commendation Medal of the Republic of Ciskei.
 Succeeded by the Defence Force Medal of the Republic of Transkei.

The position of the Marumo Medal, Class II in the order of precedence remained unchanged, as it was on 27 April 1994, when decorations and medals were belatedly instituted in April 1996 for the two former non-statutory forces, the Azanian People's Liberation Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe, and again when a new series of military orders, decorations and medals was instituted in South Africa on 27 April 2003.

Description
Obverse
The Marumo Medal, Class II is a medallion struck in silver, 38 millimetres in diameter and 3 millimetres thick at the rim, with an encircled silver cross in a square frame in the centre, surrounded by eight green enameled triangles, the whole depicting four green-tipped arrows or spears arranged as a cross.

Reverse
The reverse has the Coat of Arms of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.

Ribbon
The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and cobalt blue, with two three-coloured bands, spaced 10 millimetres apart and 3 millimetres from each edge, each consisting of a 1 millimetre wide green band, a 1 millimetre wide cobalt blue band, a 4 millimetres wide yellow band, a 1 millimetre wide cobalt blue band and a 1 millimetre wide green band.

Discontinuation
Conferment of the Marumo Medal, Class II was discontinued when the Republic of Bophuthatswana ceased to exist on 27 April 1994.

References

Military decorations and medals of Bophuthatswana
Awards established in 1988
Awards disestablished in 1994
1988 establishments in Africa
1994 disestablishments in Africa


title: Reese (rapper)

text:
Maurice Williams, known by his stage name Reese Laflare, is an American rapper and record producer from Atlanta, Georgia. He was one of the original members of the hip hop collective Two-9.

Career

2011present: Reese Vs the World mixtapes and DSNRTRAPN
On January 26, 2011, he released his debut mixtape Reese Vs the World via DatPiff. Following this mixtape, Reese went on to release Reese Vs the World 2 on October 30, 2012. Both mixtapes were hosted by Don Cannon.

On July 31, 2013, Reese released his third mixtape titled DSNRTRAPN via free digital download.

On March 2, 2015, Reese released his EP "Jump off a Building" featuring Rich Homie Quan, Kari Faux and more for free digital download and iTunes.

On September 29, 2015, Reese released his fourth mixtape titled DSNRTRAPN2 via free digital download. and purchase.

In September 2017, LaFlare was featured on Brisbane rapper Eric Sanders single "Purple Panther".

In August 2018, Reese was featured on the song "Forever Ever" by Trippie Redd alongside Young Thug.

On August 17, 2018, Reese released his official debut album Reese LaFlare with Empire Records.

On April 29, 2020, Reese debuted his new clothing line, Diva in the United States, along with an EP, Diva, Vol 1. He followed up the first release of his clothing brand with Diva, Vol 2 on July 29 with another EP. To close out 2020, Reese released Diva, Vol 3, with features from long time collaborators, Key! and Lil Yachty while also featuring rising Washington, D.C. rapper IDK. Reese has stated he would like to release his final album in 2021.

Discography

Album
 Reese LaFlare (2018)
 Final Fantasy (2019)

Mixtapes
 Reese Vs the World (Hosted by Don Cannon) (2011)
 Reese Vs the World 2 (Hosted by Don Cannon) (2012)
 DSNRTRAPN (2013)
 DSNRTRAPN2 (2015)
 Before the Universe (2016)
 Been Had Boyz (with KEY!)  (2017)

EPs
 Jump off a Building (2015)
 Diva, Vol. 1 (2020)
 Diva, Vol. 2 (2020)
 Diva, Vol. 3 (2020)
 Diva, Vol. 4 (Expected 2022)

References

Living people
1991 births


title: GFA TV

text:
GTA TV is a Ghanaian television channel owned by the Ghana Football Association (GFA).

The channel was awarded a licence from the National Communications Authority of the Republic of Ghana and started broadcasting in August 2013. Its output concentrates on football, covering the Ghana Premier League, Ghana national football team, Ghanaian FA Cup, Ghana Football Leagues and semi-professional football in the country.

Programs
Ghana national football team (Live Matches & Highlights)
Ghana Premier League (Live Matches & Highlights)
Ghanaian FA Cup (Live Matches & Highlights)
Ghana Football Leagues (Live Matches & Highlights)

References

Broadcasting in Ghana
Modern Times Group
Mass media in Accra
Television stations in Ghana


title: Ariel Award for Best Director

text:
The Ariel Award for Best Director (, officially known as the Ariel Award for Best Directing) is an award presented by the Academia Mexicana de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas (AMACC) in Mexico. It is given in honor of a film director who has exhibited outstanding directing while working in the Mexican film industry. In 1947, the 1st and 2nd Ariel Awards were held, with Roberto Gavaldón and Emilio "El Indio" Fernández winning for the films La Barraca and Enamorada, respectively. With the exception of the years 1959 to 1971, when the Ariel Awards were suspended, the award has been given annually. Nominees and winners are determined by a committee formed every year consisting of academy members (active and honorary), previous winners and individuals with at least two Ariel nominations; the committee members submit their votes through the official AMACC website.

In 1953, filmmakers Luis Buñuel, Alfredo B. Crevenna and Gavaldón were nominated, but no winner was declared. Carlos Carrera and Fernández hold the record for most wins in the category, with four each. Carerra's El Crimen del Padre Amaro was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2003. Since 1976, Felipe Cazals has been nominated at least once every decade, winning three times for El Año de la Peste (1980), Bajo la metralla (1984), and Las Vueltas del Citrillo (2006). Buñuel and Amat Escalante won the Ariel for Best Director and the same award at the Cannes Film Festival for Los Olvidados and Heli, respectively. Alfonso Cuarón won the Ariel and the Academy Award for Best Direction, Cuarón is the first one to win both accolades for the same film. Since its inception, the award has been given to 40 directors. As of the 2023 ceremony, Alejandro González Iñárritu is the most recent winner in this category for her work on Bardo, falsa crónica de unas cuantas verdades.

Winners and nominees

Multiple wins and nominations

The following individuals have received multiple Best Director awards:

The following directors received four or more Best Director nominations:

See also
 Academy Award for Best Director
 Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)

Notes

References

Ariel Awards
Awards for best director


title: Benjamin Hedin

text:
Benjamin Hedin is an American author of Parisian descent who has published widely. He is also a university professor and has written and produced two documentary feature films.

Biography
Hedin, son of poet and translator Robert Hedin, was born in Paris, France, and raised in North Carolina and Minnesota. After studying music at the College of William and Mary, he earned his M.F.A. in fiction from The New School. He then began teaching, first at Long Island University and The New School, then in the Expository Writing Program at New York University.

Career
Hedin's fiction, essays, and interviews have been published in The New Yorker, Slate, The Nation, Chicago Tribune, Poets and Writers, Salmagundi, The Georgia Review, The Gettysburg Review, and Radio Silence. He is the editor of Studio A: The Bob Dylan Reader, widely regarded as one of the finest collections of music writing, and the author of In Search of the Movement: The Struggle for Civil Rights Then and Now. He wrote and produced  the documentary Two Trains Runnin''' and wrote the documentary MLK/FBI. His debut novel, Under the Spell will be published by Northwestern University Press in 2021.

Published worksStudio A: The Bob Dylan Reader (Hedin as editor), W. W. Norton & Company, 2005, In Search of the Movement: The Struggle for Civil Rights Then and Now, City Lights, 2015, Under the Spell: A Novel, Northwestern University Press, 2021,

DocumentariesTwo Trains Runnin' (Hedin as writer, producer), Avalon Films, 2016MLK/FBI'' (Hedin as co-writer, producer), IFC Films, 2020

References

External links
 Benjamin Hedin website
 Benjamin Hedin on IMDb

American male writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
College of William & Mary alumni
The New School alumni


title: Wendish Quarter

text:
The Wendish Quarter or Sorbian Quarter, is a historical ethnic enclave and district in Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany.

History
Created from between 1984 and 1989 between Berliner Square and Oberkirche Square, its architecture is influenced by traditional Sorbian motifs and style.

See also
Lusatia

References

Ethnic enclaves in Germany
Sorbian culture
Cottbus


title: Archery at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's team

text:
The men's team recurve competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea was held from 6 to 10 October at the Gangseo Archery Field.

Schedule
All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)

Results
Legend
DNS — Did not start

Qualification

Knockout round

References

2002 Asian Games Report, Pages 253–255
Qualification Results
Final Results

External links
Official website

Men


title: Sourdough Mountain Lookout

text:
The Sourdough Mountain Lookout is a fire lookout that was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1933. Constructed atop Sourdough Mountain in North Cascades National Park, in the U.S. state of Washington, the lookout was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

An earlier lookout was erected at the site in 1917 but was torn down when the current lookout was constructed. The current structure was built atop a rock foundation and is  by  square. The walls are composed of shiplap siding and the structure is covered with a wood-shingled hip roof. Diagonally-braced plywood shutters could be swung open for observation in each direction. The structure is no longer used on a regular basis but is visited with some frequency by hikers and it is a  hike to the cabin from the trailhead.

During the summer of 1953, poet Gary Snyder worked at the location as a fire lookout while his friend and fellow poet Philip Whalen worked at Sauk Mountain Lookout. Snyder's poem "Mid-August at Sourdough Mountain Lookout" is based on his time there as is his poem "August on Sourdough, A Visit from Dick Brewer." Snyder's time at Sourdough Mountain Lookout is said to have provided the "seed experience for the poetry he is best known for: language full of the raw, playful wit that reflects the granite ridges where he worked and watched and wrote."

Two years later Snyder was blacklisted by the Forest Service from working another season at Sourdough Mountain so Whalen took his place as the lookout. While there Whalen wrote "Sourdough Mountain Lookout," one of his "most enduring poems." The poem references Whalen's work as a lookout along with "musings on rocks, insects, animals, and weather."

In August 2023, the lookout was wrapped in fire-proof material to mitigate potential damage caused by the nearby Sourdough Fire.

References

External links
 "Mid-August at Sourdough Mountain Lookout" by Gary Snyder
 "August on Sourdough, A Visit from Dick Brewer" by Gary Snyder
 "Sourdough Mountain Lookout" by Philip Whalen

Fire lookout towers on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures completed in 1933
Buildings and structures in Whatcom County, Washington
Aircraft Warning Service
National Register of Historic Places in North Cascades National Park
Civilian Conservation Corps in Washington (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Whatcom County, Washington