title: Kendall J. Fielder

text:
Brigadier General Kendall "Wooch" Jordan Fielder (August 1, 1893 – April 13, 1981) was an influential World War II officer in the United States Army, who served in Hawaii at the time United States' entry into World War II, and testified before Congress in favor of statehood.

At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, then Lieutenant Colonel Fielder was the U.S. Army G-2 Chief of Intelligence and Security. Fielder later helped to form several Japanese Americans formations such as Varsity Victory Volunteers, 100th Infantry Battalion and 442nd Regimental Combat Team.

Early career and World War I

Kendall J. Fielder was born on August 1, 1893, in Cedartown, Georgia, as the son of William and May Fielder. Following a high school, he entered the Georgia Tech, where he played football under coach John Heisman and captained the team between 1915 and 1916. Fielder graduated in summer 1916 with Bachelor of Science degree in textile engineering and accepted job as Real estate loan agent in Atlanta, Georgia.

Following the United States' entry into World War I, Fielder was commissioned second lieutenant in the Infantry branch on May 31, 1917, and ordered for basic training at Fort McPherson. He was subsequently attached to the 56th Infantry Regiment at Camp MacArthur near Waco, Texas. Fielder participated in the intensive training for combat deployment and embarked with his regiment for France in June 1918 as the part of 7th Division.

He rose to the rank of Captain and assumed command of Divisional Machine Gun Company. Fielder led this unit during the Battle of Saint-Mihiel in September 1918 and during the fighting in the Argonne Forest in October–November that year. Following the Armistice in November 1918, he was ordered back to the United States.

Interwar period

Fielder remained in the Army and was ordered to Camp Funston, Kansas, and was attached to the 13th Infantry Brigade under Brigadier general Harry H. Bandholtz as Brigade Adjutant. He later moved with the brigade to Camp Meade, Maryland and following the deactivation of the brigade in September 1921, he followed general Bandholtz to the headquarters, Military District of Washington as his assistant adjutant. Fielder remained in this capacity under generals Hamilton S. Hawkins III and Samuel D. Rockenbach until July 1927, when he was ordered to the Philippines.

He was stationed on Luzon and served as Commander of I Company, 57th Infantry Regiment until May 1930. Fielder was subsequently ordered stateside and graduated from the advanced course at the Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, in June 1931. He then served as Commanding officer of the Troops at Army War College in Washington, D.C., until mid-1935, when he was promoted to Major and appointed battalion commander with 34th Infantry Regiment at Fort Meade, Maryland.

In June 1937, Fielder was sent to the Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and following the graduation one year later, he rejoined his battalion at Fort Meade.

Fielder was ordered to Hawaii in November 1938 and assumed duty as Executive officer, 22nd Infantry Brigade under Brigadier general Clement A. Trott. He served with this command at Schofield Barracks and participated in the training of Japanese Americans soldiers in the 298th Infantry Regiment, the part of Hawaii National Guard. He meanwhile reached the rank of lieutenant colonel.

World War II

In February 1941, Fielder was promoted to Colonel and transferred to Fort Shafter in Honolulu, where he assumed duty as Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2 (Intelligence), Hawaiian Department under lieutenant general Walter C. Short. He also assumed additional duty as Commanding Officer of Military Intelligence & Counterintelligence Hawaii & Pacific Ocean Areas.

Fielder became an active member of the Committee of Inter-Racial Unity, one of many advisory groups to Hawaii FBI Chief Robert Shivers to study and encourage racial harmony among the various ethnic groups on the islands. Following the devastating Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, Fielder task was to dispel the rumors and encourage calm among the residents. He investigated allegations of espionage and sabotage, worked with the press to ensure accurate reporting, and gave two radio addresses to calm the fears of the population.

During the events following Pearl Harbor, general Short was relieved of command on December 18, 1941, and replaced by lieutenant general Delos C. Emmons, who had orders from the President Roosevelt which included mass internment of Hawaii's Japanese population on Molokai Island or stateside. Emmons also formed a Public Morale Division in the Territorial Office of Civilian Defense, whose responsibilities included race relation recommendations to Fielder.

Fielder tried to convince Emmons to resist the pressure up the military chain of command to the President. Several members of the Public Morale Division confirmed the arguments between Fielder and Emmons and Hung Wai Ching, who was also member of the Public Morale Division, stated he thought Fielder would be relieved and court martialed during this period. John Burns, head of the Honolulu Police Contact Group, described Fielder as “a man of exemplary courage and an outstanding American” for his actions countering the general.

Unfortunately shortly thereafter, Japanese Americans were released from the Hawaii Territorial Guard, including ROTC students at the University of Hawaii, who signed a petition to form a non-combat labor battalion. This petition was submitted to Fielder, who in turn convinced Emmons to form the Varsity Victory Volunteers, a civilian Japanese Americans sapper unit. Fielder then urged general Emmons that a Nisei combat unit should be formed from the Japanese Americans in the Hawaii Territorial Guard.

Emmons agreed and ordered Fielder to the War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C., to convince Army Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall to form the unit. Marshall enthusiastically agreed and a provisional infantry battalion of Japanese Americans was formed and sent to the mainland for training on June 6, 1942. This unit was later designated the 100th Infantry Battalion. Fielder also helped to arrange a meeting of Assistant Secretary of War, John J. McCloy with the representatives of Varsity Victory Volunteers and later meeting with first lady Eleanor Roosevelt to discuss Japanese American issues. She promised to inform the President of the issues, which lead to a meeting between the President and representatives of Varsity Victory Volunteers in Washington.

The successes of the Varsity Victory Volunteers, the 100th Battalion, and the meetings with policy makers helped influence the creation of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team (the 100th Battalion became the regiment's first battalion). Fielder and Emmons fully endorsed efforts on the mainland to form the unit. On January 1, 1943, Marshall ordered the formation of the unit. Fielder became known as a “Father of the 442nd”.

Fielder continued in the capacity of Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2 (Intelligence), Hawaiian Department under new commanding general, Robert C. Richardson Jr. and toured military installations in the Pacific area during the rest of the war. He was promoted to Brigadier general in early 1944 and received Army Distinguished Service Medal, two awards of Legion of Merit and Bronze Star Medal for his service during World War II.

During the Battle of Okinawa in May–June 1945, General Fielder asked Thomas Taro Higa to go to Okinawa, to help convince the people of Okinawa to come out of the caves and surrender, since Higa was able to make a personal connection with them.

Later service

Following the War, Fielder was reverted to the rank of Colonel and ordered to Washington, D.C., where he assumed duty as Deputy Chief of the Public Information Division for the Army under Major general Floyd L. Parks.

In mid-1948, Fielder returned to Hawaii and joined the headquarters, United States Army Pacific under lieutenant general John E. Hull. He served consecutively as Public Information officer; Deputy Commander for Civilian Components and Chief of Staff and following the appointment of new commanding general, John W. O'Daniel in September 1952, Fielder assumed duty as Assistant Deputy Commander of U.S. Army Pacific.

Fielder retired from active duty on July 31, 1953, and was promoted again to the rank of Brigadier General according to law, which allowed the Army officers to be retired at the highest rank, which they held during their active service. During the parade and review in his honor at Fort Shafter, General O'Daniel presented him with the Certificate of Achievement for Outstanding meritorious service.

Civil career

Upon his retirement from the Army, Fielder settled in Honolulu, Hawaii, and accepted a job on the Honolulu Police Commission. He remained in this capacity until August 1954 and later served as a member of the Board of Director, Crown Corporation, a Hawaii-based diversified growth company engaged in insurance, real estate, property management and development, printing, publishing, garment manufacturing and automotive sales.

Fielder was also a member of Rotary International organization and served as Assistant treasurer. Since December 1946, General Fielder was elected as an honorary member of Club 100 (the 100th Infantry Battalion Veterans group).  The Japanese-American 100th was the first active Battalion of the 442nd Regiment.

According to Edgar Rice Burroughs (writing in Honolulu circa 1944) they played bridge occasionally, and Fielder was an accomplished parlor magician, and a member in good standing of the Society of American Magicians.

Brigadier general Kendall J. Fielder died on April 13, 1981, aged 87, at his home in Honolulu, Hawaii. He is buried at National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific together with his wife May Crichton Fielder (1897-1994).

In popular culture

Fielder served as a technical adviser for the 1953 film From Here to Eternity.  In 1970, Bill Edwards played Colonel Fielder in the film Tora! Tora! Tora!.

Decorations

Here is Brigadier General Fielder's ribbon bar:

References
Fielder, Kendall J. (O7450). –Ga. 1 Aug. ’93. –Ga. , ,     :  , Advanced Course, ’31. B.S.,       —       (PL-1043) —Official Army Register (1946)

1893 births
1981 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army generals
Attack on Pearl Harbor
People from Cedartown, Georgia
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
All-Southern college football players
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football players
American football halfbacks
Players of American football from Polk County, Georgia
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Burials in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific


title: Kevin Witkos

text:
Kevin Witkos (born 1964 or 1965) is a Republican member of the Connecticut State Senate, representing the 8th District since 2009. He served as Deputy Senate Republican President Pro Tempore since January 2017 to January 2019. and previously served as Minority Leader Pro Tempore from 2014 to 2016 and Caucus Chairman for Outreach since 2013.  Witkos served as the State Representative from the 17th district which includes Canton and part of Avon from 2003 to 2008.

Political career

Witkos is the State Senator for the 8th Senate District since 2009, representing the northwest suburbs of Hartford in the Farmington Valley and Litchfield County in the Connecticut Senate, including the towns of Avon, Barkhamsted, Canton, Colebrook, Granby, Hartland, Harwinton, New Hartford, Norfolk, Simsbury, and Torrington.

In 2015, precipitated by the multiple criminal convictions of Central Connecticut State University professor Ravi Shankar, Witkos introduced legislation to require background checks before promoting professors in the state's university system. Though unsuccessful in the Senate, the legislation led to the Connecticut Board of Regents for Higher Education's proposal to allow convictions to be used as a consideration in employment decisions.

In 2017, Witkos joined with Senate Majority Leader Bob Duff in support of legislation to repeal occupational licensing requirements for certain jobs, including "above-ground swimming pool installer, uniform student athlete agents, licensed shorthand reporters, and real estate intern"; Governor Dannel P. Malloy signed the bill into law. In 2021, Kevin Witkos was the only Republican state senator to vote for the legalization of recreational marijuana. Witkos' vote was crucial, as the final tally was 19–17. Witkos' wife Esther is employed by Curaleaf, a medical marijuana producer. However, Witkos explained that her employment there had no bearing on his vote.

In January 2022, Witkos announced that he would not seek reelection and would retire at the end of his term.

Professional career

Kevin Witkos is a Community Relations & Economic Development Specialist for Eversource, a Connecticut Electric Utility.  He is also a former Canton Police Department sergeant who had a 28-year career in law enforcement.

Fireworks proposal
Kevin and others sponsored a controversial bill that would legalize fireworks considered to be consumer-level by the federal government in an effort to boost revenue. However, the bill failed in the face of steep opposition by the state's police and fire-fighting forces.

Personal
Witkos was born in Beverly, Massachusetts and holds an A.S. from Tunxis Community College and a B.A. from the University of Connecticut.

See also

Connecticut Senate

References

1960s births
Republican Party Connecticut state senators
Living people
People from Beverly, Massachusetts
People from Canton, Connecticut
University of Connecticut alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American politicians


title: Petroravenia

text:
Petroravenia is a genus of plants in the family Brassicaceae, first described in 1994. There are to date only two species proposed as members of the genus:

Petroravenia eseptata Al-Shehbaz from Argentina
Petroravenia friesii (O.E. Schulz) Al-Shehbaz from Chile

The genus Petroravenia was named in honor of Peter H. Raven, President Emeritus of the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis. The plants are superficially similar to those of the genus Draba, but differ from them in several technical fruit and seed characters. Most important of these is Petroravenia's lack of septum diving the fruit into two compartments, which is the usual case in the family.

References

Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae genera


title: Pinar del Río (disambiguation)

text:
Pinar del Río is the capital city of Pinar del Río Province, Cuba.

Pinar del Río may also refer to:

Sports teams
 FC Pinar del Río, football (soccer) club based in Pinar del Río
 Pinar del Río, a defunct baseball team of the Cuban National Series, active before 1992
 Vegueros de Pinar del Río, a baseball team in the Cuban National Series, formed in 1992

Other uses
 Pinar del Río Airport, an airport in Cuba
 Pinar del Río Province, one of the provinces of Cuba
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Pinar del Río, a Catholic Diocese in Cuba
 University of Pinar del Río, a public university in Cuba

See also


The American Journal of Reproductive Immunology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering reproductive biology and immunology. It was established in 1980 under its current name. From 1985 to 1988 it was published under the name American Journal of Reproductive Immunology and Microbiology. It is the official journal of the American Society for Reproductive Immunology. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell and the editor-in-chief is Gil Mor (Yale University School of Medicine). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 2.668.

References

External links

Immunology journals
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1980
English-language journals


title: Beautiful Nowhere

text:
Beautiful Nowhere is the second studio album by singer-songwriter Josh Clayton-Felt, though it was marketed and released under his birth name Josh Clayton.

Background and recording
After the success of his first album, 1996's Inarticulate Nature Boy, Clayton-Felt prepared to release a new batch of songs under the title Center of Six. However, A&M Records suspended all contracts and placed a freeze on recordings during their buyout by Universal Records, preventing the release of Center of Six. While lobbying Universal Records to release its claim on the songs from the Center of Six sessions, Clayton-Felt continued to write and record a new batch of songs that were ultimately self-released under the title Beautiful Nowhere.

Track listing
All tracks written and played by Josh Clayton-Felt.

Production
The album's credits can be obtained from the liner notes.
Produced by Josh Clayon-Felt.
Mastered by Sean Nova.
Design by Larimie Garcia and Michelle Horie for Gig Design.
Photography by Clayon-Felt, Garcia, and Hroie.

References

1999 albums
Josh Clayton-Felt albums


title: Varushamellam Vasantham

text:
Varushamellam Vasantham () is a 2002 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Ravi Shankar and produced by R. B. Choudary. The film featured Manoj, Anita Hassanandani in her Tamil debut, and Kunal Singh, while  M. N. Nambiar and Sukumari play supporting roles. The film, which had music composed by Sirpy, opened in May 2002. The film was remade in Telugu as Manchivaadu.

The film received an overall positive response from the audience and the soundtrack featuring all the songs was classified by the audience as a blockbuster in the 2000s.

Plot
Raja  is an unemployed, carefree, lazy young man who lives in Thenkasi with an extended family consisting of his grandfather Paramasivam, grandmother, parents, uncle, aunt and paternal cousins. Raja also has a brother Ramesh. Ramesh is a year younger than Raja and works as a successful software engineer in Delhi. Paramasivam is a rich and well-respected retired IAS officer who favors Ramesh since he is well-educated and obedient. He often speaks ill of Raja and degrades him constantly, going so far as to leave him out of his daily prayers.

Paramasivam's niece, husband, and daughter Latha move from Kolkata to Raja's home to stay for a short while. Raja instantly develops feelings for Latha and tries to befriend her. He soon finds out that Ramesh is also attracted to Latha and is determined to win her over. Raja realizes that he needs to impress Latha so that she will choose him over Ramesh and tries to change his lifestyle. Taking the advice of a friend, he tries to get a job as a collector, but he is turned away due to his lack of education. He then tries to learn English, but he is so hopeless that his teacher eventually gives up.

Meanwhile, Ramesh tries to sabotage his brother's efforts. He convinces Raja that Latha is very fond of sapota, a fruit which she actually hates and is allergic to. Raja delivers baskets of sapota to Latha, but she has an allergic reaction, and this causes a rift in their friendship. Raja is disheartened after his many failures and the attitude of his brother and grandfather. His hope is renewed one day after a conversation with Latha, where she mentions that wealth and education should not affect the love two people have for each other. She says that a single flower bought by a person who works hard is worth more than gifts worth thousands.

Raja eventually finds a job at a metal factory, where he works long hours doing dangerous work. Paramasivam witnesses Raja working, overhears some of the laborers talking about what a hard worker he is, and sees a change in his grandson and softens his approach towards him.

Latha (later known as "Anarkali") celebrates her 23rd birthday with a grand party, and Ramesh presents her with a costly laptop computer. Ashamed, Raja tries to hide his gift (some cheap clothing wrapped in plain paper), but Latha insists on trying on the outfit immediately. Paramasivam realizes that the change in Raja was brought about by Latha and proposes a marriage between the two. To everyone's surprise, Raja declines, despite the fact that he loves Latha. Paramasivam is embarrassed and enraged, telling Raja that he will never find a girl who is educated and well-respected like Latha. He also says that Raja will forever be useless and lazy and threatens to cut off his grandson's inheritance. Raja decides to move out and continue working at the metal factory.

Ramesh, who was aware of Raja's feelings towards Latha, confronts his brother about his rejection of the marriage proposal. Raja reveals that Latha had confided in him that she is actually in love with Ramesh. Shocked, Ramesh asks his brother why he did not just stay silent and accept the marriage. Raja says that love should come from both sides and cannot be forced. Ramesh is astonished by this and is grateful for Raja's kind character. He asks for forgiveness and the brothers reconcile. Paramasivam overhears this conversation and is overcome with guilt. After an emotional exchange, he welcomes Raja back home and now treats his him with affection and love and speaks of him with pride.

Cast

Manoj as Raja
Anita Hassanandani as Latha / Anarkali
Kunal Singh as Ramesh
M. N. Nambiar as Paramasivam, Raja and Ramesh's grandfather
Sukumari as Meenakshi
Nalini as Latha's mother
Subhashini as Raja's mother
Madhan Bob as Latha's father
Mayilsamy as Tea Shop Owner
Y. Vijaya
Anu Mohan
Pandu
Sanghavi in a cameo appearance
Anandaraj as Inspector (guest appearance)
Raghava Lawrence in a special appearance in "Naan Ready Neenga Readya"

Production
After working as an assistant director and lyric writer in the 1990s, Ra. Ravishankar debuted as a film director through Varushamellam Vasantham.
Raghava Lawrence was initially signed to act in a leading role in the film, alongside Manoj, but was later replaced by Kunal though Lawrence made a cameo appearance for a song.

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack was composed by Sirpy. Sirpy introduced singer Ganga through the album for the film, opting to retain her rough copy track for a song initially meant to be sung by Sujatha Mohan.

Release and reception
The film opened in May 2002 to positive reviews, with a critic from The Hindu noting it was "a neat family drama that is not completely crisp". Screen wrote "With good performance from the artistes and melodious music by Sirpy and Rajarajan’s cinematography capturing the scenic beauty of the countryside, the film is a good family entertainer." Tulika of Rediff called the film a "clean family drama" and wrote that "Sirpy's music complements the typical story. Cinematography, editing and other departments blend well, but fail to deliver a sensational film". Malini Mannath of Chennai Online wrote "It is the director's first work and he shows promise. Setting his ambience well, moving his narration fairly engagingly, handling effectively the scenes of one-upmanship between siblings who fall in love with the same girl. But the narration tends to drag at times, and it is the comedy track that keeps it going then".

Awards
The film won two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, one for Best Lyricist and one for Best Male Singer.

References

External links

2002 films
2000s Tamil-language films
Indian romantic drama films
Tamil films remade in other languages
2002 directorial debut films
Films scored by Sirpy
2002 romantic drama films
Super Good Films films


title: Antonio Cappello

text:
Antonio Cappello (1494-1565) was a Venetian noble, a member of the San Polo branch of the  [:it:Cappello (famiglia)]. A Procurator of St Mark's, he acted as ambassador to the court of Charles V at Gand, but is mainly remembered for his role as one of the main promoters of public art and architectural projects in sixteenth-century Venice. He resided in the palazzo on San Polo now known as Ca Cappello Layard and oversaw its redevelopment.

Political beginnings

He was born approximately in 1494, the son of Giambattista of Marino Cappello, a merchant and a nobleman, and Paola Garzoni, daughter of Marino Garzoni, who had been prominent in politics as procuratore de Citra, podestà of Verona, podestà of Mantua and finally duke of Candia. Antonio Cappello began his political career at a young age. In 1511 he was vice-podestà of Cologna Veneta, in 1515 an official at the Dogana da Mar - the maritime customs office- and in 1516, with a donation to the Republic of 200 ducats, he secured the office of provveditore and captain in Legnago, in the Verona countryside. There he amassed considerable rural wealth, as tax returns for 1537 show him in agrarian possessions measuring up to 1,200 Venetian campi in area. In 1519 he joined the savi alle decime, then, through a 400 ducat donation he secured access to the pregadi before purchasing for 8,000 ducats the office of procuratore de Supra, one of the two chief procurators of Saint Mark's, tasked with the conservation and expansion of the Basilica. He would maintain the prestigious role for 42 years.

Construction of the fortress of Legnago with Michele Sanmicheli

An important evolution in the career of Antonio Cappello was his nomination to provveditor sopra le fabbriche di Legnago- superintended over the fortification works of Legnago- in 1528, following the removal of the incompetent Pietro Tagliapietra. His task was to aid in the construction of the "fortezza nova" at Legnago, strongly desired by doge Andrea Gritti, a project under the direction of the commander-in-chief of the Venetian land forces Francesco Maria I della Rovere. The building of the fort however turned out to be a slow and contested process. On 15 December 1530 the chief architect working on the project, the Ferrarese Sigismondo de Fantis was fired for incompetency, to be replaced by his aide, the Veronese Michele Sanmicheli, whose Porta di San Martino had gained considerable acclaim as a tasteful yet function example of military engineering. Problems did not cease and in April 1532 the Republic's authorities, learning that the works were still far behind schedule removed Antonio Cappello from his role as superintendent. Both Michele Sanmichele and Francesco Maria della Rovere however defended his role and actions.

Embassy at Charles V’s court at Gand

The removal from office at Legnago did not halt his career. In 1533 he was nominated savio alle acque, then procurator in the zonta dei nove- an additional group of councillors that sat with the Council of Ten- then in 1539, together with the duke of Urbino, inspector of the fortresses of the Venetian mainland, and then, on 27 December 1539, with Vincenzo Grimani, special ambassador to the courts of Francis I in France and emperor Charles V in Flanders, with the objective of convincing the two rival monarchs to set aside their differences and join Venice in an anti-Ottoman coalition. The embassy did not however obtain significant political results: Francis I valued his Ottoman allies, and so the Venetians made for Charles V's court, where they were well received and Antonio Cappello received the title of count imperial, but failed to secure meaningful military support. In the following years, Antonio Cappello was appointed to more prestigious public offices: he sat in the consiglio alle acque, then in the committee that superintended the fortifications of Zadar, then he was provveditor over the Republic's fortifications, In 1543 finally he was dispatched to negotiate the purchase of the fortress of Marano Lagunare in eastern Friuli, seized the previous year by a band of rogue Venetian subjects loyal to Florentine renegade adventurer Piero Strozzi from the Austrians, and which threatened to draw the Republic into the Italian War of 1542-46 then raging between Habsburgs and Valois. The affair was concluded with the hefty disbursement in favour of Piero Strozzi of 35,000 ducats, in exchange of which the Venetians gained the small but strategic town.

Sponsorship of public art

The offices where he left the greatest mark were certainly those of artistic and architectural patronage. As procurator of Saint Mark's he was responsible of substantial restoration interventions in the Basilica of Saint Mark's, and also of the commencement of works on the Biblioteca Marciana. His experience in overseeing construction work saw him nominated as superintended over the bridge and works at Rialto together with Tommaso Contarini and Vettor Grimani for the period between January 1551 and November 1554, where he oversaw proposals for the redesigning of Rialto Bridge and the beginning of the works. He was renominated to the post with Gianbattista Grimani between October 1555 and October 1556 and continued to oversee the construction of the bridge. In the same year he was nominated superintended over works at the Ducal Palace, where he oversaw important works of reconstruction and redecoration, such as the repainting by Giovanni Battista Zelotti and Paolo Veronese of the ceiling of the room of the Council of Ten. He also led the council of fifteen patricians that oversaw the building of the Golden Staircase in the Ducal Palace.

This frontal role in the management of artistic and cultural policy in Venice put Antonio Cappello at the centre of an important artistic network. Significant in this sense was the friendship that tied him to architect Michele Sanmicheli from their shared days in Legnago, and this brought him to commission to Michele Sanmicheli important works. Not only that, but two of Sanmicheli's artistic protégés, Giovanni Battista Zelotti and Paolo Veronese, received from him important commissions.

Commissioning of the fresco cycle of Zelotti and Veronese at Ca’ Cappello

It is not surprising that a man who promoted the Republic's political advancement through a cultivated cultural policy thought to advance his own personal political career through artistic patronage. As such Antonio Cappello organized a substantial reorganization of the Gothic palazzo he inherited on the Grand Canal, Ca’ Cappello, that culminated with Giovanni Battista Zelotti and Veronese creating a large fresco-cycle with mythological scenes. The frescoes were damaged by fire and had worn out by the nineteenth century, but in his 1648 Carlo Ridolfi could still see them "above the Grand Canal in the house of the Cappelli [Veronese] coloured some figures of Cerere, Pomona, Pallas and other deities, while those above were coloured by his friend Zelotti". Anton Maria Zanetti thought them very notable in the 1760 and had engravings made of the surviving figures.

Footnotes

1494 births
1565 deaths
Republic of Venice politicians
Procurators of Saint Mark
Dukes of Crete
16th-century Venetian people
Ambassadors of the Republic of Venice to France
Ambassadors of the Republic of Venice
Antonio


title: Edward Burgess

text:
Edward Burgess may refer to:

 Edward Burgess (yacht designer) (1848–1891), American yacht designer
 Edward Burgess (British Army officer) (1927–2015), British Army general
 Edward M. Burgess (born 1934), American chemist
 Edward Sandford Burgess (1855–1928), American botanist
 Edward Burgess (architect) (c. 1850–1929), British architect
 Edward Burgess (merchant) (1810–1855), English merchant and British subject in Qajar Iran


title: Matías Cortese

text:
Matias Eduardo Cortese (born 1 October 1985 in Ampuero) is an Argentine rugby union player.

Cortese joined Northampton Saints in the Aviva Premiership for the 2006/07 season on a two-year contract. After his release, Cortese then spent seasons with French sides Biarritz Olympique and Bayonne, before he returned to Argentina to join Pampas XV where they won the 2011 Vodacom Cup.

On 24 May 2011, Cortese was signed by Gloucester Rugby for the 2011/12 season. On 22 June 2012, following his release from Gloucester, he signed for French club US Colomiers in the Pro D2, the second level of domestic rugby union in France.

Matias Cortese won his first cap with Argentina where he made his international debut in 2005, as a replacement, against Samoa in an international friendly losing at 12-28. His other two test match appearances came in the 2010 South American Championship with Cortese playing against Chile and Uruguay. He was recalled to Argentina squad for the 2014 summer-test series held in June.

References

External links
 Toulon sign Argentina hooker at planetrugby.com

1985 births
Living people
Argentine rugby union players
Argentina international rugby union players
Rugby union hookers
Sportspeople from Mendoza, Argentina
Northampton Saints players
Biarritz Olympique players
Aviron Bayonnais players
Pampas XV players
Gloucester Rugby players
Argentine expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in France


title: Petroravenia eseptata

text:
Petroravenia eseptata is a plant species native to Argentina. It is also type species for its genus, Petroravenia, first described in 1994.

Petroravenia eseptata is a perennial herb spreading by means of underground rhizomes. All the above-ground vegetative parts are covered with finely branched hairs. Leaves are sessile (without ), ovate to elliptical, up to 4 mm (0.16 inches) long. Petals 4, white, narrow. Fruits are egg-shaped, up to 5 mm (0.1 inches) long, lacking septum, with 8-18 seeds per fruit.

References

Brassicaceae
Flora of Argentina


title: Edward Coffman

text:
Edward Coffman may refer to:

 Edward M. Coffman, military historian
 Edward G. Coffman Jr. (born 1934), computer scientist
 Edward N. Coffman (1942–2014), American accounting scholar and professor of accounting


title: The Mountains of Madness

text:
The Mountains of Madness is an audiovisual musical adaptation of the works of H. P. Lovecraft by Tiger Lillies, Danielle de Picciotto and Alexander Hacke. It was conceived by Hacke in 2005. Tiger Lillies performs the music with narration by Hacke from selections of Lovecraft's stories.

The Performance
The performance lasts a little more than an hour. An opening monologue blends the opening of Lovecraft's never-completed "Azathoth" with excerpts from a biography. Between a number of the songs, Hacke narrates from other short works by Lovecraft. The music is underscored by soundscapes created and performed by Alexander Hacke and illustrations by Danielle de Picciotto. The lyrics reflect themes of sorrow and despair.

The songs:
"Intro"
"The Mountaintops"
"Rats (In The Walls)"
"The Cult of Cthulhu"
"The Butcher"
"The Music of Erich Zann"
"Subconscious Mind"
"Charles Dexter Ward"
"Do You Know What's Wrong?"
"Haunter of the Dark"
"Mountains Of Madness"
"Paranoid"
"The Butcher (Revisited)"

Credits
Accordion/Vocal - Martyn Jacques
Drums - Adrian Huge
Bass/Saw - Adrian Stout
Electronic Soundscapes/Narration - Alexander Hackes
Illustrations - Danielle de Picciotto

Home media
The music has not been released on CD, but a DVD featuring the complete premier performance is available. In 2020, the band made the music available as a digital release.

Musical

In 2013 the performance was adapted into Necronomicon, a musical for Dramaten in Stockholm, Sweden. The music was rearranged for electronic music and used as the backbone for a storyline. The musical's storyline is a mix of The Music of Erich Zann, The Rats in the Walls, The Call of Cthulhu, At the Mountains of Madness, The Shadow Out of Time and The Thing on the Doorstep  The musical follows the young composer Edward Jr. is tasked with showing the archeologist Judith and her daughter Edith the newly opened mine that is owned by Edward's father. But soon they find themselves trapped in the cavern and they are not alone. They find most of the workers dead and are tormented by the insane worker Sebastian.

Plot
The audience is led into a dormitory in a mental ward. Edward Zann Jr. is sitting on a bed with bloody hands and a knife. Caretakers wearing masks appear and restrain him after he has hummed a strange melody. The Head Psychologist appears above the audience and follows the melody (The Music Of Erich Zann). The Head Psychologist invite the audience into the auditorium. The audience is led onto a stand. The Psychologists ask Edward Jr to tell them about what happened in the mine of Svartvatten (Black Water).

Edward Jr. explains that his father Edward Zann owned a mine in his home town Svartvatten. During digging the workers found "strange geology" in the mine and Judith Grip, an old friend of Edward was sent after. Edward Jr, an aspiring composer, was supposed to meet up with them and lead them into the mine to meet up with Edward. Along with Judith came Edith, Edward Jr's childhood friend. Judith gives Edith the family pendant as she now is an adult. Edward Jr explains that his compositions came from dreams and strange melodies that came to him seemingly from nowhere. As the trio arrives in Svartvatten Edward is nowhere to be found and they decide to go look for him in the mine (The Mountains of Madness). The mine is seemingly abandoned and soon the elevator and one way out malfunctions, trapping them. The group discover unnatural stalagmites that have perfect surfaces like they were sculpted. One of them opens and a pulp of flesh drips out. They quickly realise that this is the remains of the workers. As they try to turn on the elevator the electricity goes out and the stage goes dark. Edward Jr runs alone in the darkness with only a small headlamp to light his way (and the stage). Suddenly a blonde, crazed and hulking worker appears and terrorizes Edward Jr with an insane rant about rats (The Rats in the Wall). As the light returns Edward recognises the worker as Sebastian. Sebastian is covered in blood and seemingly delighted by the chaos and horror. He rants about the Necronomicon. Edward Jr, Judith and Edith manage to subdue him and tie him up. They accuse him of killing the worker to which he neither denies or admits. When Edward Jr mentions the music Sebastian reveals he can hear it to and finds it beautiful. Sebastian says he found the Necronomicon in the mine and when he read is he learned the truth about everything and the Old Gods. He directs Edith to the book and she becomes enticed by it. When reading it she realises that the killing of the workers is part of a ritual to awaken the Old Gods and that they will destroy mankind when awakened (The Cult of Cthulhu).

As the group goes to sleep, Edward Jr remembers the serial killer, the Butcher, who haunted Svartvatten during their childhood (The Butcher). Sebastian frees himself but Edward appears with a gun too shot him. Sebastian flees but steals the Necronomicon. When Edward hears that Sebastian has found the lost Necronomicon which was the property of the Zanns for centuries he agrees that Sebastian is trying to awaken the Old Gods. Edward Jr goes away by himself and whispers to himself (Paranoid). Sebastian reads from the Necronomicon and throws himself onto a stalagmite which kills him. The whole mine shakes and eldritch symbols appear on the floor. Edith sinks into despair thinking Sebastian has succeeded with his plan (Haunter of the Dark).

Edward Jr remembers a midsummer when he was a child (Subconscious Mind). Edward and Judith had discovered minerals in the local mountains allowing a mine to be opened. But soon after Judith's mother is found murdered by the Butcher. In the mine, Edith finds out that the ritual can be reversed by performing it again. Judith kills Edward to be the sacrifice and forces Edith to read from the Necronomicon. Sebastian suddenly awakens from the dead and attacks the group trying to prevent them from performing the ritual but they manage to kill him again. Edith reads from the book but group notices something is wrong. Suddenly Edith feels pain and falls to the ground. Her pendant is glowing and Judith reveals that she is in fact the consciousness of the Grips ancestral mother who through the pendant has passed on for centuries trying to awaken the Old Gods. Edward Jr stabs Judith but this is in fact how the transmission is concluded: he has killed Edith who is trapped in Judith's body. Sebastian actually tried to stop the awakening but was to insane after learning the truth that he could not tell. Judith burns the Necronomicon preventing the awakening from being stopped but Edward Jr stabs her to death thus robbing her of her prize: seeing and meeting the Gods.

The stand is pulled back and the action returns to the hospital. Edward Jr sums up his story. The psychologists start to question his story, but not the fantastical elements. Instead they ask him how he could escape the mine and how he could be at the hospital if the Old Gods were unleashed? In a chilling twist the entire front story is revealed to be the actual delusion: Edward Jr. is still in the cave and the hospital scenario is a defense mechanism. As Edward wallows in his despair in the mine, above the Old Gods destroys all other life on the planet (Do You Know What's Wrong?'').

Cast
Eric Stern — Edward Zann Jr
Staffan Göthe — Edward Zann/Head Psychologist
Thérèse Brunnander — Judith Grip/Psychologist
Maia Hansson Bergqvist — Edith Grip/Psychologist
David Book — Sebastian/Psychologist

References

Works based on At the Mountains of Madness
Works based on The Call of Cthulhu


title: Dolichoctis exigua

text:
Dolichoctis exigua is a ground beetle species first described by Baehr in 1999.

References

Lebiinae
Beetles described in 1999


title: AllthePigs Theatre Company

text:
AllthePigs Theatre Company is an independent theatre company based in London. Their stated mission is to "showcase the hidden gems of the past, champion up-and-coming playwrights, and give both the platform to shine".

History
AllthePigs were formed by Ami Stidolph and Sam Carrack upon graduating the Oxford School of Drama.

The company's first plays were written by first time writers, and were presented at the Hen and Chickens Theatre and played alongside Isabelle Wright's Peepshow.

Previous productions

First Time Writers Initiative
Running from the beginning the First Time Writers Initiative was set up by the AllthePigs and selects individuals who have never had a play professionally produced before and takes them on a 16-week intensive course of workshops, readings and rehearsals, eventually creating a 30-minute play, and pairing them up with an up-and-coming director.

Each short play then runs alongside a published production as selected by AllthePigs.

From 2010-2012 each writer had two performances of their play. In 2013, each writer had a full week of performances.

"This process appears to be an effective one, judging by the high quality of dialogue and characterisation"

Awards
 Peepshow and AGM received a commendation by the National Student Drama Festival and Spotlight Emerging Artists’ Award at the Hen and Chickens Theatre.
 Recipients of Old Vic New Voices Start Up Fund in 2011.

References

External links
 Official website
 New Diorama Theatre official homepage

Theatre companies in London


title: Dolichoctis aculeoides

text:
Dolichoctis aculeoides is a ground beetle species first described by Baehr in 1999.

References

Lebiinae
Beetles described in 1999


title: Texas Midland Railroad

text:
Texas Midland Railroad (TM) was incorporated in Texas on December 1, 1892, by Hetty Green. The original standard gauge 52 mile line was built between Garrett and Midland Junction (also called Roberts) by the Houston and Texas Central Railroad  in 1882. This original line was known as the Northeast Extension of the Houston and Texas Central. The line went bankrupt in 1885 and the Northeast Extension was sold at foreclosure on April 22, 1891, and became the Texas Central . This portion of the Texas Central was sold on October 27, 1892, to Hetty Green. Hetty Green sold the 52 mile railroad to the Texas Midland on January 27, 1893, and installed her son Edward Howland Robinson Green as president and General Manager.  Headquarters city of the Texas Midland was Terrell, Texas.  At start up the new company had five steam locomotives a 2-4-4, three  4-4-0s and a 4-6-0. Initial capitalization of the Texas Midland was $500,000. Over the next two decades Hetty Green invested some $1.8 million in the Texas Midland.

Betterments and Extensions
In 1894 a new 4-4-0 was purchased from Schenectady Locomotive Works. A 19-mile extension was built from Roberts in Hunt County (just south of Quinlan) to Greenville in 1895. A new 4-4-0 was purchased from Baldwin Locomotive in 1896. On September 1, 1896, trackage rights were granted by the St. Louis Southwestern Railway from Greenville to Commerce.  A 38-mile extension was completed between Commerce and Paris in 1897. When the line to Paris was completed the Texas Midland had 125 route miles. Schenectady built three 4-4-0s and nine 4-6-0s for the Texas Midland in 1897.  Two 2-8-0s were purchased from Alco in 1913. In 1921 the Texas Midland built its own 14 mile line between Greenville and Commerce.  A 1923 report in Poor's Railroads showed the Texas Midland owned 16 locomotives, 16 passenger cars and 183 freight cars.

Traffic Base
The Texas Midland was part of a through route between St. Louis and Galveston. The line connected with the St. Louis-San Francisco Railroad at Paris and with the Houston and Texas Central at Ennis. A large portion of the freight traffic originated on the Texas Midland was cotton grown in the Blacklands Prairies region of East Texas.

Innovations
The Texas Midland placed its first all steel box car in service in 1900. The Texas Midland was the first railroad to use burnt gumbo as ballast. Texas Midland passenger equipment was the most luxurious in Texas. The Texas Midland operated the first café lounge and observation sleepers in the southwest.  President Green cooperated with the federal government in developing a model demonstration cotton farm near Terrell. This model farm was in response to the Boll Weevil infestation of the cotton crop. The farm taught better cultivation and promoted new varieties of cotton. President Green paid his freight solicitors on commission rather than salary. This practice ended when not approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Sale of Property
The Texas Midland was sold to the Southern Pacific Railroad on April 1, 1928. The Southern Pacific leased the Texas Midland to the Texas and New Orleans Railroad for operation. The Texas Midland was dissolved on June 30, 1934, when the Southern Pacific sold it to the Texas and New Orleans Railroad.

Abandonments
The new 14 mile line built between Greenville and Commerce was abandoned in 1933. Trackage rights were again established over the St. Louis Southwestern between those two points.  Texas State Highway 224 now occupies a majority of this abandoned ROW between Greenville and Commerce.  The line between Ennis and Kaufman was abandoned in 1942. The line between Kaufman and Greenville was abandoned in 1958. In 1971, floods on the North Sulphur (M.P. 110.77) and Jernigan (M.P. 95.52) Rivers washed out several miles of trackage on what was called the Paris Branch. Formal abandonment of this line was completed in 1975.  A portion of track was left in place from Mile Post 86.79 (beginning of Paris Branch) in Commerce east to Mile Post 93.50 near Horton and utilized for car storage into the early 1980s.  The rails were then removed east of Hunt County Road 4513 leaving a short stub in Commerce that was reconnected directly to the former St. Louis Southwestern C-branch main line track and is still utilized as a car storage track by the Blacklands Railroad.

Preservation
Some Texas Midland trackage remains in Commerce that is used by the Blacklands Railroad for freight car storage. Former Texas Midland trackage also exists in Ennis, Greenville, and Terrell as spurs serving local industry. Track is still down on a spur in Paris that led to the old compress. The Texas Midland Freight Depot remains in Commerce. The Texas Midland depot in Cooper is now the Patterson Memorial Delta County Museum. The Texas Midland depot in Rosser is extant.   Texas Midland passenger car #993 is preserved in Terrell.
The Texas Midland freight depot is still standing in Terrell.  It is located below the Highway 34 bridge, about 100 yards south of the Texas and Pacific (now Union Pacific) main line.

References

 Railroad Magazine October 1963 "Hetty Green's Railroad" Pages 17–23 by Arthur H. Lewis.
Handbook of Texas Online "Texas Midland Railroad   http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/eqt22
 Abandoned Rails website http://www.abandonedrails.com/Texas_Midland_Railroad
 http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/eqt11  Texas Central

External links
 http://www3.familyoldphotos.com/photo/texas/11760/texas-midland-railroad-depot-greenville-texas-1900s
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140221225235/http://railroadtreasures.com/Railroad%20Indexes/Texas%20Midland.htm list of photos
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135358/http://terrellheritagemuseum.org/midlandrr.html TM car 993 at Terrell
 http://faculty.tamuc.edu/jdavis/railroad/commerce/parisbranch.htm Paris Branch information and photos
 https://archive.today/20140217175358/http://www.tnorr.com/sptco/Depots-Texas/TNO_Sub_Texas_Paris_1942.htm T&NO Paris Sub Timetable 35, 1942
 http://www.tnorr.com/sptco/Depots-Texas/SP_Branches_Texas_Ennis_1962.htm#Paris-Branch SP Ennis Sub Timetable 2, 1962

Defunct Texas railroads


title: Deh Qaleh

text:
Deh Qaleh (, also Romanized as Deh Qal’eh and Deh-e Qal‘eh) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 225, in 58 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Dahaneh, Sistan and Baluchestan

text:
Dahaneh (, also Romanized as Dahneh; also known as Dahānā) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 209, in 45 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Dakab-e Rughan

text:
Dakab-e Rughan (, also Romanized as Dakāb-e Rūghan) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 10 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Damikan

text:
Damikan (, also Romanized as Damīkān; also known as Damanīkān) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 59, in 11 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Darreh-ye Shargan

text:
Darreh-ye Shargan (, also Romanized as Darreh-ye Shārgān) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 33, in 7 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Darin, Sistan and Baluchestan

text:
Darin (, also Romanized as Darīn) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 33, in 7 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Jangal, Khash

text:
Jangal (; also known as Jangalak) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 25, in 6 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Jangal-e Mukan

text:
Jangal-e Mukan (, also Romanized as Jangal-e Mūkān) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 68, in 17 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Jangaluk

text:
Jangaluk (, also Romanized as Jangalūk; also known as Jangalak) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21, in 6 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Genz

text:
Genz (; also known as Genizī and Gīnzī) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 361, in 92 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Genzerig

text:
Genzerig (, also Romanized as Genzerīg; also known as Ganīzī Zīrīk, Ganzerīk, Ganzrīk, and Genzerīk) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 72, in 14 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Gar Abdy

text:
Gar Abdy (, also Romanized as Gar ʿAbdy) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 15, in 4 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Javadabad, Sistan and Baluchestan

text:
Javadabad (, also Romanized as Javādābād) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 38, in 8 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Dolichoctis biak

text:
Dolichoctis biak is a ground beetle species first described by Baehr in 1999.

References

Lebiinae
Beetles described in 1999


title: Seppo Heikinheimo

text:
Seppo Erkki Sakari Heikinheimo (3 June 1938 – 26 May 1997) was a Finnish musicologist, music journalist, writer and translator.

Seppo Heikinheimo's father was the pianist Sakari Heikinheimo. Seppo begun his piano studies with Erik Tawaststjerna, and after the matriculation examination he studied musicology and classical philology at Helsinki University. He defended his Ph.D. thesis in 1972; the subject was the electronic music of Karlheinz Stockhausen.

Heikinheimo started his journalistic career in Uusi Suomi newspaper in 1959, first as a photographer and then as a writer. In 1963, recommended by Tawaststjerna, he moved on to Helsingin Sanomat and worked the rest of his life there as a music journalist. On the top of that, he also worked as an intendant of the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra in the 1970s.

As a critic, Heikinheimo was harsh and sharp. He only knew excellence and inferiority; mediocrity was the worst he could think of. He used W. A. Mozart and Dmitri Shostakovich as yardsticks when evaluating musical accomplishments. In the 1960s Heikinheimo was an advocate of musical modernism and radicalism but later became very suspicious of contemporary music, alienating his former friends.

In the early 1990s, Heikinheimo was active in starting the Mikkeli Festival. Heikinheimo had a summer villa near Mikkeli in the near the Lake Puula in Hirvensalmi.

Heikinheimo's literary output as a writer, translator and editor was wide. He wrote three voluminous biographies, on Martti Talvela (1978), Aarre Merikanto (1985) and Oskar Merikanto (1995), and translated numerous works of fact and fiction into Finnish, including books by Roald Dahl, Maxim Gorky, Daniel Barenboim, Garri Kasparov, Yuri Lyubimov and others. Of special significance is his translation of the controversial Testimony by Dmitri Shostakovich which he made directly from the Russian-language manuscript. Heikinheimo is known to have used pen names "Antti Virtanen" ja "Raimo Ontronen".

A categorical and highly controversial person, Heikinheimo was proud of his Finnish fatherland and despised the Finland's Swedish language as the language of the occupiers. He was critical of the Soviet Union but was a friend of many Russian musicians like Vladimir Ashkenazy, Valery Gergiev, Sergey Musaelyan. For a short period of time, he was the chairman of Association of Finnish Culture and Identity.

The last vicissitudes of Heikinheimo's life were dramatic: he wrote his memoir but seemed to suffer from an unstable state of mind. After having sent the manuscript to his publisher Otava, Heikinheimo committed suicide in a hotel room in Helsinki.

A couple of months later the book was published, with the uncompromising title Mätämunan muistelmat (roughly, “Memoirs of a Rotten Egg” or “Memoirs of a Pariah”). It is a book full of vivid and snarky anecdotes from home and abroad, spanning Heikinheimo's whole career, with 924 names in the personal index. Heikinheimo ends the book in Biblical words of the Aramaic language, "Eeli, Eeli lama sabaktani."

Seppo Heikinheimo was married to the singer (mezzo-soprano) Päivi Heikinheimo.

Books
 The Electronic Music of Karlheinz Stockhausen: Studies on the Esthetical and Formal Problems of its First Phase. Translated by Brad Absetz. Acta Musicologica Fennica, 6. Ph.D. thesis. Helsinki University. Helsinki: Suomen musiikkitieteellinen seura, 1972.
 Stereo-opas. Helsinki: Tammi, 1973. .
 Ontronen, Raimo: Tehtävä Sorokassa. Hämeenlinna: Karisto, 1977. .
 Martti Talvela: Jättiläisen muotokuva. Helsinki: Otava, 1978. .
 Aarre Merikanto: Säveltäjänkohtalo itsenäisessä Suomessa. Helsinki: WSOY, 1985. .
 Oskar Merikanto ja hänen aikansa. Helsinki: Otava, 1995. .
 Mätämunan muistelmat. Memoir. Helsinki: Otava, 1997. .

References

External links
 Laitinen, Kai: "Seppo Heikinheimo: Mätämunan muistelmat." Helsingin Sanomat, 23 October 1997.
 Lång, Markus: "Heikinheimon varjossa." Valitetut teokset: Esseitä ja arvosteluja 1991–2011, pp. 363–368. (Helsinki 2014.)
 Tarkka, Pekka: "Seppo Heikinheimo." Helsingin Sanomat, 27 May 1997.

1938 births
1997 deaths
Finnish musicologists
Finnish music critics
Finnish translators
University of Helsinki alumni
Finnish memoirists
20th-century translators
20th-century Finnish male musicians
20th-century Finnish male writers
20th-century musicologists
20th-century Finnish journalists
20th-century memoirists
1997 suicides
Suicides in Finland


title: Jangalak

text:
Jangalak () may refer to:
 Jangal, Khash
 Jangaluk


title: The Martian (Weir novel)

text:
The Martian is a 2011 science fiction debut novel written by Andy Weir. The book was originally self-published on Weir's blog, in a serialized format. In 2014, the book was re-released after Crown Publishing Group purchased the exclusive publishing rights. The story follows an American astronaut, Mark Watney, as he becomes stranded alone on Mars in 2035 and must improvise in order to survive.

A film adaptation, The Martian, directed by Ridley Scott and starring Matt Damon, was released in October 2015.

Plot summary
In the year 2035, the crew of NASA's Ares 3 mission have arrived at Acidalia Planitia for a planned month-long stay on Mars. After only six sols, an intense dust and wind storm threatens to topple their Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV), which would trap them on the planet. During the hurried evacuation, an antenna tears loose and impales astronaut Mark Watney, a botanist and engineer, also disabling his spacesuit radio. He is flung out of sight by the wind and presumed dead. As the MAV teeters dangerously, mission commander Melissa Lewis has no choice but to take off without completing the search for Watney.

However, Watney is not dead. His injury proves relatively minor, but with no long-range radio, he cannot communicate with anyone. He must rely on his own resourcefulness to survive. He begins a log of his experiences. His philosophy is to "work the problem", solving each challenge in turn as it confronts him. With food a critical, though not immediate, problem, he begins growing potatoes in the crew's Martian habitat (the Hab), and uses an iridium catalyst to separate hydrogen gas from surplus hydrazine fuel, which he then burns to generate water for the plants.

NASA eventually discovers that Watney is alive when satellite images of the landing site show evidence of his activities; NASA personnel begin devising ways to rescue him, but withhold the news of his survival from the rest of the Ares 3 crew, on their way back to Earth aboard the Hermes spacecraft, so as not to distract them.

Watney plans to drive  to Schiaparelli crater where the next mission, Ares 4, will land in four years and whose MAV is already pre-positioned. He begins modifying one of the rovers for the journey, adding solar cells and an additional battery. He makes a three-week test drive to recover the Pathfinder lander and Sojourner rover and brings them back to the Hab, enabling him to contact NASA. Mitch Henderson, the Ares 3 flight director, convinces NASA Administrator Teddy Sanders to allow him to inform the Ares 3 crew of Watney's survival; they are thrilled, except for Lewis, who is guilt-stricken at leaving him behind.

The canvas at one of the Hab airlocks tears because of Watney's repeated use of the same airlock, which was not designed for frequent and long-term usage. This results in the  depressurization of the Hab and nearly kills him. He repairs the Hab, but his plants are dead, threatening him again with eventual starvation. Setting aside safety protocols to comply with time constraints, NASA hastily prepares an uncrewed probe to send Watney supplies, but the rocket disintegrates after liftoff. A deal with the China National Space Administration provides a ready booster — planned for use with the Taiyang Shen, an uncrewed solar probe — to try again. With no time to build a probe with a soft-landing system, NASA is faced with the prospect of building a capsule whose cargo can survive crashing into the Martian surface at .

However, astrodynamicist Rich Purnell devises a "slingshot" trajectory around Earth for a gravity assist that could get Hermes back to Mars on a much-extended mission to save Watney, using the Chinese rocket booster to send a simpler resupply probe to Hermes as it passes Earth. Sanders vetoes the "Rich Purnell Maneuver", as it would entail risking the other crewmembers, but Henderson secretly emails the details to Hermes. All five of Watney's crewmates approve the plan. Once they begin the maneuver (having disabled the remote overrides), NASA has no choice but to support them. The resupply ship docks with Hermes successfully.

Watney resumes modifying the rover because the new rescue plan requires him to lift off from Mars in the Ares 4 MAV. While working on the rover, Watney accidentally shorts out the electronics of Pathfinder, losing the ability to communicate with Earth (except for spelling out Morse code with rocks for a one-way communication).

After Watney leaves for Schiaparelli, NASA discovers that a dust storm is approaching his path, but has no way to warn him. The rover's solar cells will be less and less able to recharge, endangering both the rendezvous and his immediate survival (if there is not enough power to run his life-support equipment). While crossing Arabia Terra, Watney becomes aware of the darkening sky and improvises a rough measurement of the storm's shape and direction of movement, enabling him to go around it.

Surviving a rover rollover on his descent into Schiaparelli, Watney reaches the MAV and reestablishes contact with NASA. He receives instructions on the radical modifications necessary to reduce the MAV's weight to enable it to intercept Hermes during its flyby. The modifications include removing the front of the MAV, which Watney has to cover with Hab canvas. After takeoff, the canvas tears, creating extra drag and leaving the MAV too low for the rendezvous. Lewis hastily improvises a plan to intercept the MAV by firing Hermes attitude thrusters and then blowing a hole in the front airlock with an improvised sugar-and-liquid-oxygen bomb, using the thrust from the escaping air to reduce speed. Beck, the Hermes EVA specialist, uses a Manned Maneuvering Unit, MMU, on a tether to reach Watney and bring him back to Hermes. In a final log entry, Watney expresses his joy at being rescued, reflecting on the human instinct to help those in need.

Main characters
The major characters in the novel are:
 Mark Watney – The titular "Martian" and main character; Ares 3 astrobotanist and mechanical engineer.
 Melissa Lewis – Commander of Ares 3, United States Navy Submarine Warfare officer, oceanographer, and geologist.
 Rick Martinez – Ares 3 pilot.
 Beth Johanssen – Ares 3 computer specialist.
 Alex Vogel – Ares 3 astrochemist.
 Dr. Chris Beck – Ares 3 flight surgeon and EVA specialist.
 Venkat Kapoor – Ares program manager.
 Mitch Henderson – Chief of astronaut corps.
 Bruce Ng – Director of JPL.
 Teddy Sanders – NASA administrator (head of NASA).
 Annie Montrose – NASA public relations chief.
 Mindy Park – NASA satellite imaging.
 Rich Purnell – NASA astrodynamicist.

Publishing history

Andy Weir, the son of a particle physicist and electrical engineer, has a background in computer science. He began writing the book in 2009, researching related material so that it would be as realistic as possible and based on existing technology. Weir had previously used the concept of humans stranded on Mars in his webcomic Casey and Andy. Weir studied orbital mechanics, astronomy, and the history of human spaceflight. He said he knows the exact date of each day in the book. He specifically avoided physically describing the characters when not necessary for the plot.

Having been rebuffed by literary agents when trying to get prior books published, Weir decided to put the book online in serial format one chapter at a time for free at his website. At the request of fans, he made an Amazon Kindle version available at 99 cents (the minimum allowable price he could set). The Kindle edition rose to the top of Amazon's list of best-selling science-fiction titles, selling 35,000 copies in three months, more than had been previously downloaded free. This garnered the attention of publishers: Podium Publishing, an audiobook publisher, signed for the audiobook rights in January 2013. Weir sold the print rights to Crown in March 2013 for over US$100,000.

The book debuted on the New York Times Best Seller list on March 2, 2014, in the hardcover fiction category at twelfth position and remained on this list for four weeks without going above eleventh position. The trade paperback edition of the novel debuted on The New York Times Best Seller list on November 16, 2014, in the paperback trade fiction category at eighth position. It gradually rose to the top position for the week of June 28, 2015, before dropping down to number two for nine weeks, during which it was displaced by E. L. James' Grey, before returning to the top position on September 6, 2015. The book remained continuously at the number one position for 12 weeks before it was displaced on November 22, 2015, by Nora Roberts' Stars of Fortune for two weeks. The trade paperback returned to the top position for the third and final time on December 6, 2015, for six weeks before it was finally replaced on January 24, 2016. The trade paperback's final appearance on the list occurred on April 24, 2016, 76 weeks after its debut in this category. Overall, the trade paperback edition was on the top of its New York Times best seller category for a total of 19 out of 76 weeks that the edition was listed.

Editions
The Martian was published in print by Crown on February 11, 2014. There are significant textual changes between Weir’s original self-published version and the Crown edition: profanity was reduced, spelling and grammatical errors were fixed, there were many minor stylistic changes, scientific errors were corrected, and a 263-word epilogue removed. An audiobook edition, narrated by R. C. Bray and released by Podium Publishing, preceded the print release in March 2013 on Audible.com, and was later followed with an MP3 CD in association with Brilliance Audio. The audiobook was nominated and won an Audie Award (2014) in the Science Fiction category. A Classroom Edition, published by Broadway Books in May 2016, contains educational materials and removes profanity and also made further scientific corrections.   Audible released a new audiobook edition, narrated by Wil Wheaton on January 1, 2020, featuring several additional short tie-in stories written by Weir.

Tie-ins
In book 6 of The Expanse series of science fiction novels, Babylon's Ashes, there is mention of a Martian ship called the Mark Watney as being commandeered by the Free Navy's Michio Pa fleet during the Free Navy Conflict.

In 2015, Andy Weir wrote a prequel short story to The Martian, titled "Diary of an AssCan".

A 2017 German publication of an interview with Andy Weir and survival tips for living on Mars was published, titled "Der Mars Survival Guide", tying into the novel and movie.

A 2017 novel Artemis by Andy Weir, which is set in the 2080s, depicts a character of an elderly groundskeeper living on the Moon, whom was later confirmed by Weir to be elderly Mark Watney.

Reception
In a starred review, Publishers Weekly said that "Weir laces the technical details with enough keen wit to satisfy hard science fiction fan and general reader alike." Kirkus Reviews called The Martian "Sharp, funny and thrilling, with just the right amount of geekery". The Wall Street Journal called the book "the best pure sci-fi novel in years". Entertainment Weekly gave the novel a grade of "B", describing it as "an impressively geeky debut novel" but saying Weir "stumbles with his secondary characters". USA Today rated The Martian three out of four stars, calling it "terrific stuff, a crackling good read" but noting that "Mark's unflappability, perhaps the book's biggest asset, is also its greatest weakness. He's a wiseacre with a tendency to steer well clear of existential matters." Amazing Stories commented, "Andy Weir's The Martian will leave you as breathless as if you'd been dropped on the Martian surface without a suit".

Awards and honors
The Martian has been translated to over 45 languages and some of those translations have won major awards. In 2015, the Japanese translation of the novel won the Seiun Award for Best Translated Long Story, the Hebrew translation won the Geffen Award for Best Translated Science Fiction Novel, and the Spanish translation won the Ignotus Awards for Best Foreign Novel.

At the 2016 Hugo Awards, Weir won the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer for The Martian while the screenplay adapted from the novel additionally won Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form at the same event.

Solanum watneyi, a species of bush tomato from Australia, was named after the fictional botanist. It is a member of the same genus as the potato, Solanum.

Film adaptation

In March 2013, Twentieth Century Fox optioned the film rights, and hired screenwriter Drew Goddard to adapt and direct the film. In May 2014, it was reported that Ridley Scott was in negotiations to direct an adaptation that would star Matt Damon as Mark Watney. On September 3, 2014, Jessica Chastain joined the film as Commander Lewis. The ensemble cast also includes Kristen Wiig, Jeff Daniels, Michael Peña, Kate Mara, Sean Bean, Sebastian Stan, and Chiwetel Ejiofor. The film was released on October 2, 2015, and became the 10th-highest-grossing film of the year.

In popular culture
On December 5, 2014, the Orion spacecraft took the cover page of The Martian script on the first test flight of the uncrewed Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1). The script was launched atop a Delta IV Heavy on the flight lasting 4 hours and 24 minutes, landing at its target in the Pacific Ocean.

In October 2015, NASA presented a new web tool to follow Watney's trek across Mars, and details of NASA's next steps, as well as a health hazards report, for a real-world human journey to Mars.

See also
 No Man Friday
 Robinsonade
 Robinson Crusoe on Mars
 The Moon Is Hell! by John W. Campbell
 A Fall of Moondust by Arthur C. Clarke

Notes

References

External links

 Mark Watney's path across Mars by NASA/Mars Trek
 "Following the path of The Martian" by the German Aerospace Center
 A map of the Mark Watney's travels in The Martian

2011 American novels
Self-published books
2011 science fiction novels
Fiction set in 2035
Novels first published in serial form
American science fiction novels
Space exploration novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels first published online
Novels set on Mars
Novels about NASA
Hard science fiction
Novels about survival skills
Castaways in fiction
Science fiction novels adapted into films
2011 debut novels
Works by Andy Weir
Crown Publishing Group books


title: Hedkan

text:
Hedkan (, also Romanized as Ḩedkān; also known as Hedgān) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 133, in 29 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Hitgar

text:
Hitgar (, also Romanized as Hītgar; also known as Hītkar-e Bālā) is a village located in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. According to the 2006 census, it has a population of 285, these number is distributed in 64 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Heshik

text:
Heshik (, also Romanized as Heshīk; also known as Hashak, Hashik, and Heshī) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 235, in 55 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Kah Gishan

text:
Kah Gishan (, also Romanized as Kāh Gīshān) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 45, in 9 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Kashen

text:
Kashen (, also Romanized as Kāshen) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 85, in 20 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Kaminak

text:
Kaminak (, also Romanized as Kamīnak) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 242, in 51 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Kuh-e Nurk

text:
Kuh-e Nurk (, also Romanized as Kūh-e Nūrk) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 96, in 21 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Kuh-e Pasan

text:
Kuh-e Pasan (, also Romanized as Kūh-e Pāsān) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 52, in 16 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Nimgan

text:
Nimgan (, also Romanized as Nīmgān) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 37, in 7 families.

This village is in the Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Perom

text:
Perom (; also known as Parūm and Perūm) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 53, in 14 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Pusar

text:
Pusar (, also Romanized as Pūsār; also known as Posa) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 56, in 16 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Shavatk

text:
Shavatk (, also Romanized as Shāvātk) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 18, in 5 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Shahrak, Irandegan

text:
Shahrak (; also known as Shahrak-e Genz) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 75, in 23 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Varedan

text:
Varedan (, also Romanized as Vāredān and Vārdān; also known as Vārīdān and Yārīdān) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 184, in 46 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Zirkeyk

text:
Zirkeyk (, also Romanized as Zīrkeyk; also known as Ganzerīg, Genizī Zīrīk, and Zīnkīk) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 173, in 35 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Emanations (Penderecki)

text:
Emanations, also referred to by its original German title Emanationen or by its Polish title Emanacje, is a composition for two orchestras by Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki. Composed in 1958, it is one of his early compositions.

Composition and premiere

The composition was conceived and written in 1958 and won the second prize at the Polish Composers Union Young Composers Competition, in April 1959. It would eventually be premiered on September 7, 1961, at the Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music. Michael Gielen conducted the Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra for its premiere. It was dedicated to Tadeusz Ochlewski and was published by the Polish Music Publishing House and the Moeck Musikinstrumente + Verlag.

Analysis

Emanations is scored for two string orchestras that are tuned a minor second apart. It takes approximately 7 minutes to perform and features the sound-painting compositional style that became a well-known trait of his works from the 60s and 70s, until his first symphony.

Notable recordings
Following are some of the most well-known recordings of this piece:

References

1958 compositions
Compositions by Krzysztof Penderecki
Compositions for string orchestra
Compositions that use extended techniques
Contemporary classical compositions


title: Newton Leys

text:
Newton Leys is a district that covers the southern tip of Bletchley (a constituent town of Milton Keynes) and straddles the  boundary between the City of Milton Keynes and the rest of Buckinghamshire. The larger fraction of Newton Leys lies within Milton Keynes and forms a part of Bletchley and Fenny Stratford civil parish.  It is separated from central Bletchley, Water Eaton and the Lakes Estate by the West Coast Main Line. The remaining fraction of Newton Leys lies within the (former) Aylesbury Vale district and forms a part of the Stoke Hammond civil parish, although the village of Stoke Hammond is situated on the other side of the A4146

Newton Leys within Milton Keynes is a brownfield development and within the Buckinghamshire Council area is greenfield. The full district covers some  and comprises development land with housing for up to 1650 homes with employment areas, shops, a school, community facilities, new park, hotel, a care home and leisure facilities built on two former brickworks and farmland. The site is being developed by Taylor Wimpey. Houses have been built at the development by Taylor Wimpey South Midlands, Taylor Wimpey North Thames, Persimmon, and Bovis Homes Group.

The development area sits next to a man-made lake created from the brick making industry, a claypit was flooded to form Jubilee Lake, which has since become known as Willow Lake. The lakes at Newton Leys form part of a sustainable drainage system/balancing lake system designed to manage excess water caused by heavy or prolonged rainfall. Jubilee Brooks runs through the centre of the development, which rises north of Drayton Parslow and flows through the settlement towards the West Coast Mainline passing through to the Lakes Estate where it joins with the Water Eaton Brook, eventually flowing into the River Ouzel.

Newton Leys is bordered by the A4146, the Bletchley Landfill Site operated by FCC Environment, Blue Lagoon Local Nature Reserve, Newton Longville and Stoke Hammond. The OxfordBletchley railway line runs along the northern border of the site, whilst the West Coast Main Line runs to the east of the site.

History of the site
The Bletchley area is rich in Oxford Clay, which has long been used for bricks. Brick-making has taken place on the Newton Leys site and the surrounding area from the late 19th century, circa 1897.  The brickworks were named Newton Longville Brickworks  and were made up of two sites - Jubilee Brickworks which was located on what is now the south of the Newton Leys site, and Bletchley Works which was in the northwest corner of the development site, adjacent to the OxfordBletchley railway line.

Jubilee Brickworks closed in 1978  and has since been used as farming land for the adjacent Slad Farm. The lake formed by clay extraction at this site was used by anglers for many years and was known as Jubilee Pit The developer has since renamed it Willow Lake. Phase 1, 2 & 3 of the Newton Leys development is in this part of the site.

Bletchley Brickworks closed in September 1990  and was planned to be used as landfill, initially by London Brick Landfill, a division of the brick-making company which owned the site, and was subsequently bought out by Shanks & McEwan.  Permission was granted in 2002, and the landfill site has been operated since 2004 by FCC Environment. The original claypits (Fletton Pit, Water Eaton Pit) for the Bletchley Works closed in 1970 and have since become the Blue Lagoon Local Nature Reserve.

In 1991, a plans to develop the unused parts of the brickworks and the adjoining farmland they owned at Slad Farm were created by The London Brick Company with input from Aylesbury Vale District Council, Buckinghamshire County Council, Milton Keynes City Council, and Milton Keynes Development Corporation. Outline planning permission was granted in June 2006, and development is expected to be complete by 2021.

Iron Age History
Parts of the site have a history going back as far as the Iron Age, an archaeological evaluation commissioned by the developer in 2006, found an area of occupation in the floor of a stream valley in the southern part of the site, just west of Willow Lake. This comprised at least one circular enclosure interpreted as either a roundhouse or stock enclosure, and a series of ditches, gullies and small pits and postholes as well as several spreads of occupation deposits including a significant find of Iron Age pottery.

Newton Longville Brickworks
Newton Longville Brickworks were located on land between Bletchley and Newton Longville and were made up of two sites - Jubilee Brickworks and Bletchley Works. Brick-making started onsite circa 1890s and ceased within 100 years. As noted below, both works have been demolished and their sites subsequently redeveloped as Newton Leys. Nothing remains of the original structures.

Jubilee Brickworks
Jubilee Brickworks closed in 1978 and was mainly used as farming land for the adjacent Slad Farm. The lake formed in the claypit at this site was used by anglers for many years and was known as Jubilee Pit. The lake is now known as Willow Lake.

Bletchley Brickworks
Bletchley Brickworks closed in September 1990 and was proposed for reuse as landfill, initially by London Brick Landfill and subsequently by Shanks & McEwan. Permission was granted in 2002 and the site has been operated since 2004 by FCC Environment. The original claypits (Fletton Pit, Water Eaton Pit) for the Bletchley Works closed in 1970 and have since become the Blue Lagoon Local Nature Reserve.

References

Areas of Milton Keynes
Buckinghamshire


title: Marriage of the Sea ceremony

text:
The Marriage of the Sea ceremony () was a major maritime event in the Republic of Venice commemorated on Ascension Day. It symbolized the maritime dominion of Venice and was manifested by the throwing of a golden ring into the Adriatic Sea. This ritual gesture was performed by the doge of Venice until the fall of the republic in 1797.

Since 1965, the ceremony has been reenacted annually by the mayor of Venice reprising the role as doge.

Origins

The rites of propitiation linked to the sea dates back to antiquity. In his short memoir, the French archaeologist and religious historian Salomon Reinach recalls famous episodes, in particular the throwing by Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, of a precious ring into the sea to appease the gods. He also quotes Empress Helena  throwing a nail from the True Cross into the Adriatic Sea to make it more lenient to navigators. According to Reinach, the Marriage of the Sea ceremony of the Venetians was derived from a pagan ritual reappropriated by the Catholic Church.

According to most authors, the ceremony first appeared around the year 1000, concurrent to the conquest of Dalmatia by the Venetians around 997 under the leadership of Doge Pietro II Orseolo.

The event was definitively codified and fixed on Ascension Day in 1173 under the reign of Doge Sebastian Ziani. Its principle was confirmed in 1176 by Pope Alexander III who, during the truce in Venice, gave Doge Sebastiano Ziani a gold ring, saying to him: "Here, my son, Doge of Venice, this is the wedding ring of your marriage to the sea. From now on, we want you and your successors to marry her every year". The ceremony would be commemorated for more than six centuries until the entry of Napoleon's troops and the abdication of Doge Ludovico Manin during the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797.

The major symbolic importance of this Venetian ceremony is regularly underlined. According to Italian art historian Sergio Bettini, the event is "something deeper and more substantial [...] than a simple occasion of rest or jubilation or commemoration". Like the "great Roman and Byzantine ceremonies", it is "the periodic representation and incarnation of the myth of Venice in real life". The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) evokes the ceremony as a "fundamental" rite for ancient Venice.

Procedure

The ceremony begins with the bucentaur docking at the Môle in front of the Doge's Palace. The doge of Venice boards the sovereign galley dressed in full regalia: a mantle of gold and silver lamé brocade made with ermine fur, with a ceremonial corno ducale headwear and command rod in hand. He takes his seat at the stern, with the papal legate on his right and the French ambassador on his left. The Venetian Senate occupies four rows of seats.

The bucentaur leaves the lagoon and heads for the Adriatic Sea surrounded by accompanying boats and gondolas. Once it is off the barrier island of Lido di Venezia, the Patriarch of Venice climbs aboard from another ship and heads to the stern. The Patriarch then pronounces a nuptial benediction (marriage) which consecrates the ceremony. The doge then throws the ring into the sea while and recites the following address translated as: "We espouse thee, O sea, as a sign of true and perpetual dominion".

The return of the bucentaur to shore signals the opening of the Festa della Sensa, a feast famous throughout Europe for its splendor and wealth, and its huge fair in Saint Mark's Square.

A Grand Admiral was responsible for passenger safety during the journey. The bucentaur was not well-suited for navigation, difficult to maneuver, and had a flat bottom and shallow draft which risked it capsizing. The author Giacomo Casanova noted that the slightest headwind could "drown the doge with all the most serene lordship, the ambassadors and the nuncio of the pope", and that an accident would cause Europe to laugh and say "the doge of Venice finally went to consummate his marriage".

Present day
Since 1965, modern-day Venice has reenacted the ceremony on Ascension Day every year with the mayor of Venice reprising the role as doge. The mayor is accompanied by the patriarch of Venice and other dignitaries as they travel to San Nicolò Church on a replica of the bucentaur, where a ring is ceremoniously thrown into the sea.

The only contemporary evidence of the ancient ritual which is currently preserved is the ring of an unidentified doge fished out of the sea by chance. It is now part of the collection in Saint Mark's Basilica.

See also
Festa della Sensa
Poland's Wedding to the Sea

References

External links

Video footage of the 2014 ceremony

Ceremonies in Italy
Culture in Venice
History of Venice
History of the Adriatic Sea
Italian traditions
Marriage and religion
Maritime culture in Europe
Naval ceremonies


title: Pavel Alexandrovich Alexandrov

text:
Pavel Alexandrovich Alexandrov (, 1866 - September 24, 1940) was a distinguished lawyer and state official of the Russian Empire, councillor of state. He investigated the most sensational crimes of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which received wide coverage in the mass media.

Biography
He was born in a burgess family.
 In 1890 he graduated from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. Was appointed to the work district judicial  investigator (1st section of the District Court of St. Petersburg), where he worked for fifteen years with a break.
 In 1895, he became the acting attorney in the district court of Mitava. Returned to investigative work.
 From 1897 he served in the Petersburg District Court - in the first instance as an investigator.
 In 1909 he became an investigator for particularly important cases.
 Starting in 1916 he was an investigator for particularly important cases in St. Petersburg court. He investigated the  attempted murder of Prime Minister Sergei Witte (in 1907, he proved that the Tsarist secret police had been involved), the poisoning of Mr. Buturlin by Dr. Panchenko, the murder of actress Ms. Timme, Mr. Orlov-Davydov and the artist Mr. Poiret, the swindler Ms. Olga Stein, the teacher-lecher Mr. Du-Lu, the death of the son of Admiral Mr. Crochae, and a fire at St. Petersburg folk house, caused by Prince of Oldenburg and others. He earned a reputation as an impartial and faithful investigator and was political impartial, ensuring public confidence in the results of his investigation.
 At the beginning of 1917 Aleksandrov was a teacher of "production techniques of investigation for espionage affairs" at the school of counterintelligence at the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Empire. During the judicial investigation for treason of Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks - Mr. Alexandrov sewed to Volume 11 of the case filed testimony from chief central department of counterintelligence at the Main Directorate of the General Staff of Mr. Medvedev, and Volume 13 of the case - fully compiled of agential of the material of counterintelligence.
 After the February Revolution, Justice Minister Mr. Skaryatin seconded Mr. Alexandrov to special commission of inquiry, which investigated the activities of the "Union of the Russian People", case «Manasevich-Manuylov», case «Bielecki», case «Protopopov» and others. In July 1917, Mr. Alexandrov submitted to a commission of inquiry to investigate «July events» 3–5 July (building counterintelligence on the waterfront of the "Resurrection" was attacked twice per day — the main goal was Bolsheviks to capture the counterintelligence archives at the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Empire, which contained incriminating documents about the anti-state activities of the Bolsheviks). Counterintelligence gave examining magistrate Mr. Alexandrov several cupboards (with of correspondence and telegrams), that included compromising information on the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin. Mr. Alexandrov was requested to present a formal public prosecution against Vladimir Lenin on the basis of "a criminal act under 51, 100 and 108 § 1 of Art. Criminal Law Code of the Russian empire".
 In mid-April 1917, Alexandrov opened a criminal case against Lenin and the Bolsheviks. On October 17, 1917, Alexandrov interrogated the last witness - Mr. Alexeev. The case against the Bolsheviks was never completed, because the person under investigation, Vladimir Lenin, organized a coup d'etat in October 1917, which was when his court hearing was scheduled. The criminal case was so important that the confiscation of his 21 volumes was the first command of the new government, the future USSR, before even the attack on the Winter Palace.
 October 21, 1918, Alexandrov was arrested by the Cheka in USSR, because of his conscientious performance of official duties in the public service in the Russian Empire. He was arrested at a station on the Veimarn Baltic Railway. Together with his son-in-law (Mr. Anatoly Alexeyevich Zhdanov) concluded in concentration camp with the phrase - "before the end of the Civil War" (two years); his daughter released. A July 26, 1919, at the request Demyan Bedny addressed to Felix Dzerzhinsky released son-in-law (Mr. Anatoly Alexeyevich Zhdanov).
 In 1925, he again gave testimony to Soviet law enforcement agencies (OGPU) after arrest. At the time, he worked as head of the department of incidents on "October railway" in Moscow.
 On April 5, 1928, he was arrested and imprisoned again. He was sentenced to 5 years in a "Labor camp" and sent to a concentration camp.
 In early 1929 his wife requested application in "Political Red Cross" for facilitating repression. The Russian FSB) preserved a note from Anatoly Lunacharsky (1929):

 In 1932 - he was released early from the concentration camp and sent to serve his remaining term in Siberia.
 In the mid-1930s - after his release he returned to Moscow and worked as a legal adviser in the office of the Chief Supply Management sugar industry Commissariat food industry.
 On January 17, 1939, the NKVD arrested him (secret decree about repression «NKVD Order No. 00447»).
 On 17–18 November 1939, he was arrested at night without the production of a criminal case, in violation of the regulation of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR issued on November 2, 1927: "On amnesty to mark the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution". There was a request of the security organs «KGB» not to apply amnesty to  Mr. Aleksandrov. This request was adopted by the Prosecutor's Office the USSR on the May 22, 1939. This was decided at the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 11 November 1939. At the time of his arrest, he worked as a legal adviser in the economic office supplies.
 In a July 16, 1940 closed session of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, it was decided to shoot Aleksandrov.
 On September 24, 1940, he was shot. He was buried in «Donskoi Cemetery» (in «Common Grave Number 1», after burning in a «Donskoi crematorium»).
 November 9, 1993 the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation posthumously rehabilitated him.

Career colleagues Mr. P. A. Alexandrov lawyer Andrey Vyshinsky turned out differently, though A. Vyshinsky signed order for the arrest of V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin). Since Andrey Vyshinsky became a member of the RSDLP before 1917, and his immediate supervisor, the (Minister of Justice of the Russian Empire Mr. Pavel Nikolaevich Maljantovich, was a member of the RSDLP), they warned the head of the RSDLP V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) about an impending arrest, to facilitate his escape and concealment from justice.

Honors
meritorious official duties
  Order of Saint Stanislaus 3 degrees;
  Order of Saint Stanislaus 2 degrees;
  ;
 (Order of Bukhara gold star) 2 degrees.

Family
His wife Katherine Ivanovna Alexandrova (*born 1875), had secondary education and was a housewife.
In 1929, after her husband was sent to a concentration camp, she lived with relatives in Pyatigorsk. In the autumn of 1933, she was arrested in Pyatigorsk. On December 12, 1933, she was sentenced to three years' exile in Siberia and sent to Tomsk Oblast.

References

Documentary film
 Russia-1 (TV channel) Кто заплатил Ленину? Тайна века. Документальный фильм (25.01.2014)

Sources
 State Archive of the Russian Federation: Ф. Р-8409. Оп. 1. Д. 911. С. 45–49, 56.
 State Archive of the Russian Federation: Ф. Р-8419. Оп. 1. Д. 172. С. 33; Ф. Р-8409. Оп. 1. Д. 380. С. 77–80, 98–99.
 case «Pavel Alexandrovich Alexandrov» - Central Archives Federal Security Service Russia
 case «Vladimir Lenin» - Central Archives October Revolution
 Звягинцев А. Г., Орлов Ю. Г. // «Неизвестная Фемида. Документы, события, люди» — г. Москва: изд. «ОЛМА-ПРЕСС», 2003 г. ЧАСТЬ II В ЭПОХУ РЕФОРМ И ПОТРЯСЕНИЙ «АЛЕКСАНДРОВ Павел Александрович (1866 — 1940), юрист, следователь по особо важным делам.» — С.233-234 —
 Давыдов Ю. // «Бестселлер». Москва: «Новое литературное обозрение», 1999 г. С. 281.
 Никитин Б. В. // «Роковые годы». г. Москва: изд. «Айрис-Пресс», 2007 г. — С. 19, 26–27, 48–49, 124–25, 128, 131, 136, 139, 142, 149, 152–54, 215, 336, 367.

External links
 United States Agency for International Development, Henry M. Jackson Foundation (USA) «Мартиролог расстрелянных в Москве и Московской области» (Сахаровский центр, USAID, Фонд Джексона (США) и др.)
 АЛЕКСАНДРОВ Павел Александрович (1866—1940), юрист, следователь по особо важным делам — Портал «Юристъ»
 Биография «Павел Александрович Александров»
 Александров Павел Александрович (1866—1940) — сайт «Центр генеалогических исследований»
 Полковник юстиции АНИСИМОВ Н. Л., Военно-исторический журнал, 1990 г., № 11, «Обвиняется В. Ульянов-Ленин»
 Самые популярные мифы о СССР, Юрий Идашкин (21-05-2012)
 Александрова Екатерина Ивановна (1875 г.р.) - «Жертвы политического террора в СССР», сайт «Мемориал»
 Александров Павел Александрович (1866—1940) - «Жертвы политического террора в СССР», сайт «Мемориал»
 «Супруги АЛЕКСАНДРОВЫ П.А. и Е.И.», КНИГА ПАМЯТИ (АЛФАВИТНЫЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ) - сайт "МЕМОРИАЛ"

1866 births
Lawyers from Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg State University alumni
Lawyers from the Russian Empire
Russian criminologists
Prosecutors
Detectives
1940 deaths
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class


title: D. exigua

text:
D. exigua may refer to:

 Dalea exigua, a prairie clover
 Delia exigua, a calyptrate muscoid
 Dolichoctis exigua, a ground beetle
 Drimia exigua, a flowering plant