title: Kotaro Uchikoshi

text:
is a Japanese video game director and writer. He is known for his work on visual novel games, including the Infinity and Zero Escape series. His writing style often incorporates elements of science fiction with various scientific and philosophical themes, and makes heavy use of plot twists.

Interested in narrative based games from a young age, Uchikoshi studied video game development at a vocational school. His first job in game development was at KID in 1998, where he primarily wrote scenarios for bishōjo games and other visual novels. These included Memories Off (1999) and Never 7: The End of Infinity (2000). In 2001, he left KID to become a freelance writer, and continued to work on visual novels. Uchikoshi joined Chunsoft in 2007, where he came up with the idea of integrating puzzles into a visual novel for the player to solve. He implemented this idea in Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors (2009), the first game in which he served as the director.

Both Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors and its sequel Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward (2012) were commercial failures in Japan. When Chunsoft put the Zero Escape series on hiatus, Uchikoshi returned to freelance work, and wrote his first anime series, Punch Line (2015). He also worked on a manga and video game adaptation of Punch Line. A large fan presence helped revive the Zero Escape series, and Uchikoshi returned to write and direct the concluding installment, Zero Time Dilemma (2016). In 2017, he left Spike Chunsoft and formed the video game developer Too Kyo Games together with Danganronpa series staff members and his Infinity co-writer Takumi Nakazawa. Shortly after, he wrote the concept for the anime series The Girl in Twilight (2018), directed and wrote the adventure game AI: The Somnium Files (2019), and returned to write its sequel, AI: The Somnium Files – Nirvana Initiative (2022).

Life
Uchikoshi was born on November 17, 1973, in Higashimurayama, Tokyo. Almost immediately after birth, he began choking on amniotic fluid, and claims he would have died had his doctor not held him upside down and "hit his backside". Uchikoshi was born with torticollis, which required surgery when he was three years old. While in middle school, he read gamebooks written by Steve Jackson, which instilled an interest in narrative-based games.

He studied management engineering in college, but dropped out and spent a year without a job. Uchikoshi then enrolled in the vocational school Vantan Design Institute, where he studied video game planning, 3D modelling, 2D art, sound, and programming. Vantan was founded as a school for clothes design, and only branched into game development later; according to Uchikoshi, the teachers were not well versed in video games, which led to uninteresting courses and many students dropping out. Eventually, only Uchikoshi and a few others attended classes, which resulted in the teachers being able to better focus and take care of the smaller group of students who still attended; because of this, Uchikoshi says that he and the other remaining students were able to achieve a higher level of proficiency.

Career
Uchikoshi's first job in game development was in 1998 when he joined KID, a company known for bishōjo games. At the time, KID was also developing video game adaptations of board games; he originally joined KID because of these board game projects, as he was interested in making simple games that a lot of people would be able to enjoy. His first project at KID however was designing 3D models for the action game Pepsiman (1999). Sometime after the release of Pepsiman, a producer at KID asked him to write a scenario for an upcoming bishōjo game. Uchikoshi believes he was chosen because of his personality and experience with writing. The first bishōjo game he worked on was the visual novel Memories Off (1999), followed by Never 7: The End of Infinity, Memories Off Pure and Memories Off 2nd (all 2000). While writing Never 7: The End of Infinity, Uchikoshi wanted to include science fiction themes, but was instructed by his superiors to instead focus on the romantic relationships between the game's characters.

In 2001, Uchikoshi left KID to become a freelance writer and developer; this was the result of a need for independence, and the ability to work for other companies besides KID. Over the next few years, he worked on several games, including Close To: Inori no Oka (2001), Ever 17: The Out of Infinity (2002), and Remember 11: The Age of Infinity (2004). He also wrote two erotic visual novels, the first was a 2003 game which he was uncredited for and whose title he does not remember, and the second was Eve: New Generation (2006).

While working as a freelance writer, Uchikoshi was contacted by the game development company Chunsoft about a possible job offering. Looking to provide a stable income for his wife and daughter, he accepted the company's offer in 2007. Chunsoft had developed several mystery visual novels in the past, such as Kamaitachi no Yoru (1994), but wanted to create a new type of visual novel that could appeal to a wider audience. Uchikoshi came up with the idea to include puzzles that are integrated within the story, and need to be solved in order for the player to make progress. He began implementing and expanding upon these ideas in Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors (2009), in which he served as the game director, planner, and scenario writer. Although the game was a commercial failure in Japan, its unexpected critical success in North America prompted Uchikoshi to continue the series.

The sequel to Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors was Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward (2012). In an attempt to reduce costs, Uchikoshi asked Chunsoft if he could develop Virtue's Last Reward and its eventual sequel simultaneously, as both games would use the same game engine and digital assets; Chunsoft agreed to the proposal. Uchikoshi maintained his duties as the director, planner, and scenario writer. Despite positive international reviews, Virtue's Last Reward was another commercial failure in Japan. As a result, Chunsoft placed the game's sequel on indefinite hiatus, effectively concluding the Zero Escape series. Uchikoshi examined the possibility of financing the development through the use of crowdfunding on a website like Kickstarter, but felt that the idea was "not quite persuasive enough".

After Virtue's Last Reward, Uchikoshi returned to freelance work. He wrote a scenario for Steins;Gate: Linear Bounded Phenogram (2013) before working on his first non-game related project, the anime series Punch Line (2015). Uchikoshi wrote the episode scripts, which he noted were more cinematic in tone than most of his previous projects. The series ran on Japanese television from April to June 2015. Uchikoshi also wrote a Punch Line manga, which began serialization in September, and a video game adaptation, released in 2016.

Meanwhile, fans of the Zero Escape series created an online campaign to raise awareness and support the development of a sequel to Virtue's Last Reward. Uchikoshi noted that the fan presence was a key factor for the sequel's reevaluation. While delivering the pitch for the game, he used a fan-made vocal rendition of the series theme song; Spike Chunsoft agreed to the proposal, and green-lit production of Zero Time Dilemma (2016). With Zero Time Dilemma, Uchikoshi intended to resolve all mysteries left from the previous two games in the series, as well as those introduced in the third. Following the game's release, he remarked that having devoted the last decade of his life to the series, he was saddened to see it finally come to an end. His next two projects were announced in 2017: the escape room game The Pop Star's Room of Doom, and the video game AI: The Somnium Files. Another anime project, The Girl in Twilight, was announced in 2018, for which Uchikoshi wrote the original concept.

In 2018, it was announced that Uchikoshi had left Spike Chunsoft and formed a new, independent video game developer, Too Kyo Games, together with writer Kazutaka Kodaka and composer Masafumi Takada, both of whom previously worked on the Danganronpa series at Spike Chunsoft. Other Danganronpa staff members, and Uchikoshi's fellow Infinity writer Takumi Nakazawa, also joined the company. At Too Kyo Games, Uchikoshi has the role of scenario writer and game director, and is writing two video games: "Project #1", co-written by Kodaka; and World's End Club, an action-adventure game involving children playing a death game.

Writing style and philosophy

As a writer, Uchikoshi prioritizes storylines over characters, with the goal to write a story that people will remember regardless of the overall quality. He first writes the basic outline of a story. With plot twist heavy stories, he will typically work on the ending first and continue backwards, in order to not get confused when writing the plot. This method of writing, referred to by Uchikoshi as the "deductive composition method", was not used in his earlier works; Ever 17: The Out of Infinity was written using the "inductive composition method", where a setting is created first, and a story is created to support the setting, something he described as a gamble, with the risk of an uninteresting story. He also likes to work non-sequentially, writing multiple scenes in parallel.

After crafting a story, Uchikoshi attempts to create a balanced cast of characters with regards to genders, personalities, and ages. He used the Enneagram of Personality as a reference while creating the characters for Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors and Virtue's Last Reward. He purposefully does not give the main character of the story a strong personality in order for the player to more easily empathize with them. Although the character dialogue is usually written with an international audience in mind, Uchikoshi will sometimes incorporate humorous or important lines aimed towards Japanese audiences. This style of writing can be seen in Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors, as a vital plot point hinged on a Japanese pun, which forced the localization team to play through the entire game again to determine if the story still made sense in English.

Uchikoshi believes the most important aspect of writing visual novels is to envision what the player will think about in each scene, saying that he always has "a conversation with an imaginary player" when writing stories. Uchikoshi's works often deal with scientific and philosophical themes, including idealism,
Rupert Sheldrake's theory of morphic resonance, and the prisoner's dilemma. When asked about this, he noted that he often has them in mind before writing a story, and collects web pages related to the topics. Once he has completed the final preparations for a story, he will choose which topics interest him and conduct further research. Among his influences are science fiction writers Isaac Asimov and Kurt Vonnegut. Uchikoshi believes ninety percent of any creative work consists of pieces from others' works, and that the remaining ten percent is creativity, with the result hinging on how well a writer can incorporate their influences with their own ideas.

Works

Video games

Other

Notes

References

External links

1973 births
21st-century Japanese writers
Japanese video game designers
Japanese video game directors
Living people
People from Higashimurayama, Tokyo
Video game writers
Writers from Tokyo


title: Guttenberg plagiarism scandal

text:
Guttenberg plagiarism scandal refers to the German political scandal that led to the resignation of Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg as Minister of Defence of Germany over the plagiarism of his doctoral dissertation. The first accusations of plagiarism in Guttenberg's dissertation were made public in February 2011. Guttenberg's doctoral dissertation, "" ("Constitution and Constitutional Treaty"), had been the basis of his 2007 doctorate from the University of Bayreuth. Guttenberg at first denied intentional plagiarism, calling the accusations "absurd," but acknowledged that he may have made errors in his footnotes. In addition, it emerged that Guttenberg had requested a report from the Bundestag's research department, which he had then inserted into his thesis without attribution. On 23 February 2011, Guttenberg apologized in parliament for flaws in his thesis, but denied intentional deception and denied the use of a ghostwriter.

On 23 February 2011, the University of Bayreuth withdrew Guttenberg's doctorate. In part due to the expressions of confidence by Angela Merkel, the scandal continued to evoke heavy criticism from prominent academics, legal scholars (who accused Guttenberg of intentional plagiarism), and politicians both in the opposition and in the governing coalition. On 1 March 2011, Guttenberg announced his resignation as Minister of Defense, from his seat in the Bundestag, and from all other political offices.

In May 2011, a University of Bayreuth commission tasked with investigating Guttenberg's dissertation came to the conclusion that Guttenberg had engaged in intentional deception in the writing of his dissertation, and had violated standards of good academic practice. The commission found that he had included borrowed passages throughout his thesis, without citation, and had modified those passages in order to conceal their origin.

In November 2011, the prosecution in Hof discontinued the criminal proceedings for copyright violations against Guttenberg on condition of Guttenberg paying €20,000 to a charity. The prosecutor found 23 prosecutable copyright violations in Guttenberg's dissertation, but estimated that the material damage suffered by the authors of those texts was marginal.

Background
Guttenberg studied law at the University of Bayreuth, where he passed the first legal state examination in 1999. In 2007, he was awarded a doctorate in law, under supervision of Peter Häberle, with a dissertation on the development of constitutional law in the United States and the European Union. The doctoral thesis was titled "" (translation: "Constitution and Constitutional Treaties – Constitutional Steps of Development in the USA and the EU"). The university awarded the dissertation with the highest honor “summa cum laude”.

Loss of doctorate and resignation

Fischer-Lescano plagiarism review
On 12 February 2011 Andreas Fischer-Lescano, professor of law at the University of Bremen, prepared a review of Guttenberg's thesis for the left-leaning German legal quarterly Kritische Justiz. Fischer-Lescano was co-editor of this publication. During a reference check he discovered an article of the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ), published in 2003, of which passages had been included in Guttenberg's thesis without citation.  After this discovery Fischer-Lescano performed further searches and discovered seven more passages lacking proper citation. He discussed the findings with the other editors of Kritische Justiz and they decided that their publication, with only 1,800 subscribers, was not the appropriate forum to make the findings public. So Fisher-Lescano contacted the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung in Munich.

On February 15, 2011, the newspaper contacted law professor Diethelm Klippel, the Bayreuth University ombudsman, and informed him of the plagiarism charges. Klippel had also been on the review committee for Guttenberg's doctoral thesis. On the same day the newspaper informed Guttenberg and gave him a few hours to respond to the allegations. Guttenberg was on an official visit in Poland that day. Fischer-Lescano informed Guttenberg's thesis supervisors Peter Häberle and Rudolf Streinz about the charges.

Guttenberg offers resignation
On 16 February 2011 the Süddeutsche Zeitung published an article reporting the allegations against Guttenberg. On the same day the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ) reported that the introduction of his thesis was borrowed from an FAZ-article from 1997, written by the political scientist Barbara Zehnpfennig.

In a first statement Guttenberg, who was still in Poland, called the charge of his thesis being a plagiarism “abstruse”. He insisted that the thesis was his own achievement and that none of his employees helped him to draft it. The University of Bayreuth delegated the allegations against Guttenberg to its Commission on Professional Self Regulation in Science.
On 16 February 2011, after his return from Poland, Guttenberg left for a surprise visit to German soldiers in Afghanistan. He spent the night in the military camp “OP North” in the war zone Baghlan province. Although the visit had been planned weeks in advance, allegations were raised that this trip was some kind of “getaway” for Guttenberg.

Guttenberg returned the next day, 17 February 2011, and had a meeting with German chancellor Angela Merkel. His offer to resign was refused by Merkel. The same day the University of Bayreuth sent a letter to Guttenberg conceding him two weeks to respond to the plagiarism allegations.
The crowd-source Guttenplag Wiki was launched by anonymous user PlagDoc as a platform for internet user to submit claims of unattributed work in Guttenberg's thesis.
A scheduled speech at an election campaign in Saxony-Anhalt was cancelled by Guttenberg because of his meeting with Angela Merkel.

The district attorney's office in Hof, Bavaria, announced it would wait on the results of the Bayreuth University's examination of Guttenberg's thesis and confirmed that two criminal complaints had been filed against Guttenberg, one regarding possible copyright violations and another on a possible false statutory declaration. The second was immediately declined by the attorney due to apparent insubstantiality. The same day the newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung reported its findings that Guttenberg had used texts of 19 authors without correct attribution.

Chancellor Angela Merkel declared: “He has my full confidence for his work, and this work is important. He has my support […] and we must wait until the university has completed its examination of the allegations”. In an interview the chancellor attested Guttenberg had a “head-on approach” on the allegations.

Use of Parliamentary Research Service

On February 19, 2011, the German news magazine Der Spiegel reported that Guttenberg had used works of the German Parliamentary Research Service (PRS) without proper attribution. Any publication of PRS papers requires prior approval by the German Bundestag's departmental management. During the weekend of February 20, 2011, Guttenberg re-read his thesis to examine Guttenplag's and other's findings.

The next day in a letter Guttenberg asked the University of Bayreuth to revoke his title and declared that he had “lost track of the use of sources over the course of the seven years in which [he] worked on the thesis”, but “at no point made mistakes by intention”.

Also on 21 February 2011, chancellor Merkel reiterated her support for Guttenberg and told journalists “I appointed Guttenberg as Minister of Defence. I did not appoint him as an academic assistant or doctor. What is important to me is his work as Minister of Defence and he carries out these duties perfectly.”
This statement caused anger in the German academic community.

Annette Schavan, German minister of Education and Research, who two years later had to resign herself because of plagiarism-accusations related to her own thesis, declared that she didn't “consider the incident to be a trifle”, because “intellectual theft is not a small thing. The protection of intellectual property is a higher good.”
The same day it became known that Guttenberg had used another PRS paper without proper citation.
That evening Guttenberg attended a campaign event in Kelkheim and stated that he would give up his doctorate title permanently.
“Over the weekend I had another look at my doctorate thesis”, Guttenberg declared and continued "I lost sight of the sources in one or two places. I wrote this piece of work myself and I stand by it, but I also stand by the rubbish I wrote". Guttenberg admitted “serious mistakes”, which had not been intentionally but “do not meet the ethical code of science”, and apologized to people who had been hurt by his work.  Guttenberg called his decision to give up the title “painful”. He rejected all speculation about his resignation and declared: “I will perform my duties with all my powers”.
The University of Bayreuth confirmed the same day that Guttenberg had asked them to revoke his title.
Chancellor Merkel approved his decision to give up his title, a spokesman declared.

Distinct criticism on Guttenberg's crisis management was passed by Norbert Lammert, President of the German Bundestag. In an interview on 22 February 2013, Lammert also expressed his doubts about the reliability of the university's awarding process.

Loss of doctorate

Parliamentary questioning
On 23 February 2011, Lammert presided over a parliamentary questioning in the Bundestag on Guttenberg's use of PRS papers in his thesis. During the questioning, politicians from the opposition called for Guttenberg's resignation and accused him of cheating, lying, and intentions to deceive. In his reply Guttenberg again apologized and admitted: “I wrote a dissertation that was obviously flawed”. He described himself as “a man of mistakes and weaknesses” and stated “I did not deliberately cheat, but made serious errors”. Guttenberg declared: “I was certainly so arrogant as to believe that I could square the circle by trying to coordinate political passion and work, as well as academic and intellectual challenges, with being a young father” and apologized “for me this was overload, and today I regret to say that I couldn’t manage it.” Asked whether his call for the allegations as “abstruse” hadn't been premature, Guttenberg confirmed this part of his previous statement as it was related to the accusation of his thesis as being a plagiarism.  According to accusations of misusing the German Parliamentary Research Service (PRS), Guttenberg pointed out that all studies had been related to his political work. He noted that all papers had been cited, but without the authors’ names, as they had been employees of the PRS. Guttenberg stated that he couldn't answer whether he had sought prior approval to use these reports for his thesis, but that he had already apologized to Bundestag President Lammert in case of a potential oversight.

University revoked title
On the same day the doctoral commission of Bayreuth University revoked Guttenberg's PhD. The University's president Rüdiger Bormann declared that Guttenberg had “objectively not conformed” to academic standards. According to Bormann, this fast revocation was possible because of Guttenberg's statement. The doctoral commission made no judgment as to whether Guttenberg had acted intentionally, something that led to criticism. Such an investigation would “surely have been an extended process”, Bormann declared, which was unnecessary after Guttenberg's request for a withdrawal of his title. Further inquiries would be done by the Commission of Professional Self Conduct in Science, Bormann announced.
Chancellor Merkel commented on the revocation of Guttenberg's title as being “in line of what he had requested”.

Further investigations
On 24 February 2011, President of the Bundestag Norbert Lammert declared that Guttenberg had used six reports by the parliament's research service for his doctoral thesis without prior approval. However, Lammert acknowledged the fact that it was widespread practice among Bundestag Members to use documents prepared by the parliamentary research service without first obtaining the necessary approval. The same day, an open letter to chancellor Merkel was published to be signed by doctoral students and researchers.
The successor of Guttenberg's thesis supervisor Peter Häberle at the University of Bayreuth, Oliver Lepsius, alleged that the minister made the mistakes deliberately, and accused him of fraud.

Media reported that between 1999 and 2006, a new chair of the University of Bayreuth had been sponsored with €747.000 by Rhön-Klinikum. Until 2002, Guttenberg's family held a major stake in the hospital, and he had been a member of its supervisory board. In a statement, the university denied any sponsoring by Guttenberg, as the funding had been part of a cooperation between the university, a health insurance, the state of Bavaria, and Rhön-Klinikum.

Two days later, minister Schavan in an interview criticized Guttenberg for his thesis: “As someone who earned my doctorate 31 years ago and has worked with many doctoral candidates during my career, I’m embarrassed, and not just privately.” Bundestag's president Lammert called the affair a “nail in the coffin for trust in our democracy”.

Chancellor Merkel announced through her spokesman Steffen Seibert on 28 February 2011 that Guttenberg still had her full confidence.  Asked for Merkel's opinion on the fraud accusation by Oliver Lepsius, Seibert declared that “fraud requires intention. Any intention was denied by Guttenberg. The Chancellor believes him.”
Guttenberg himself gained strong support at a CSU meeting in Munich, while several CSU politicians sharply criticized Lammert and Schavan for their comments.

Resignation as Defense Minister
On 1 March 2011, Guttenberg declared his resignation from all political offices at national level. He called this decision the “most painful step of my life” and declared "I was always ready to fight, but I have reached the limits of my strength". "I must agree with my enemies who say that I was not appointed minister for self-defence, but defence minister" Guttenberg said in view of his ministerial office. As for the inquiry regarding his thesis, he announced his full cooperation with the district attorney's investigations. Guttenberg thanked Angela Merkel for her support, trust, and understanding.

Chancellor Merkel reacted to Guttenberg's decision by saying that “I deeply regret his resignation”. For Merkel he had “a unique and extraordinary ability” relating to people. For the future, the Chancellor declared that "I am convinced that we will have the opportunity to work together again in the future, in whatever form that may take".

Rüdiger Bormann, president of University of Bayreuth, declared that the inquiries of its Commission on Professional Self Regulation in Science would continue.

Apology
On 2 March 2011 the district attorney's office in Hof announced the launch of an investigation into potential copyright violations contained in Guttenberg's thesis as soon as his immunity would be withdrawn.
With his official resignation as Member of Parliament the following day,  Guttenberg abandoned his parliamentary immunity, thus allowing the district attorney's investigations to proceed. Media reported on more than 80 charges, which had been filed. On 3 March 2011 Guttenberg received his dismissal certificate in a ceremony hosted by German President Christian Wulff.

The same day, media reported about an anonymous member of the Commission of Professional Self Regulation in Science allegedly accusing Guttenberg of deception. In contrast, Volker Rieble, law professor at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, himself a strong critic of Guttenberg's thesis, published an op-ed disputing the legal basis for further investigations in view of the fact that the university had already revoked Guttenberg's title and that he was no longer affiliated with the university.

On March 5, 2011, the thesis supervisors Peter Häberle and Rudolf Streinz issued a statement declaring that in 2006, when the thesis was finished, the plagiarism wasn't detectable for lack of technical opportunities. Without knowledge of the copied passages, Guttenberg's thesis demonstrated “a high degree of analytical depths and penetrated the dissertation topic in all its facets”, Häberle emphasized. “It is important to note that the candidate [Guttenberg] was able to respond successfully to even intense questioning regarding the methodology and content of the thesis and was completely able to hold his own during the discussion as part of the oral PhD exam”, the supervisors declared on Guttenberg's doctoral examination procedure and its grading (summa cum laude).

On 7 March 2011 the district attorney's office in Hof announced the launch of a preliminary investigation into potential copyright violations by Guttenberg.
The University of Bayreuth, on 8 March 2011, announced the expansion of the commission investigating Guttenberg's dissertation to also include Wolfgang Löwer, professor of law at University of Bonn, and Jürgen Mittelstraß, professor of philosophy at University of Konstanz.

A few days later, as a means of taking responsibility for his error, Guttenberg sent personal apology letters to all those authors who were not properly quoted in his thesis.
Guttenberg resigned from his last political office, the Kulmbach county council, on 15 March 2011. At the same day the open letter, signed by 63,713 people, was delivered to the Chancellery in Berlin.
On 20 March 2011 the Zurich weekly Neue Zürcher Zeitung published extracts of an apology Guttenberg had sent to Klara Obermüller for not quoting her in his dissertation.

Commission report and response
On 7 April 2011, the Commission of Professional Self Regulation in Science sent its report of preliminary findings to Guttenberg asking for his response by 26 April 2011.

On 9 April 2011, there was a first leak of the commission's initial findings to the press, in which Guttenberg was accused of deliberate deception Guttenberg's lawyer sharply criticized the commission's leaks as an unfair "prejudgment" of his client given that the press reports were published both before the end of the investigation and before the 26 April deadline Guttenberg had been given by the university to respond to the commission's report before its public release.  His lawyer also pointed out that the leaks were a violation of Guttenberg's personal rights. Critics accused Guttenberg of trying to prevent the public release of the commission's final report, an allegation that he rejected.
Several representatives from universities and science demanded the release of the commission's report due to public interest. A spokesman of the university rejected the lawyer's charges and stated that there had been no official report accusing Guttenberg of deliberate deception.
The spokesman of chancellor Merkel declared on 11 April 2011 that she was expecting full clarification of the matter.
Guttenberg's lawyers declared on 13 April 2011 that he was still standing by his commitment of full cooperation but that he was opposed to leaks to the press, which violated proper proceedings and caused prejudgment. Guttenberg had no objection against publishing the commission's report after end of proceedings, the lawyers said. The same day it was reported that the Bundestag would not press charges against Guttenberg.

A few days later media published extracts from Guttenberg's initial response to the commission. Guttenberg denied any deliberate plagiarism. He described the working-method during the several years of his dissertation as often working in short periods and using various different data carriers. This led to his losing track of the PhD dissertation, Guttenberg stated.
Guttenberg sent his response to the commission's draft report on 26 April 2011. In the following days media again published extracts of his response. On 10 May 2011 media reported that one author, whose work was copied, filed a complaint against Guttenberg with the district attorney's office in Hof.

Report of Commission of Professional Self Regulation in Science

After an announcement on 6 May 2011, already citing the conclusions,  the university released the report to the public on 11 May 2011. According to that document, he had "grossly violated standard research practices and in so doing deliberately deceived" and it further stated that it was "obvious that plagiarism was involved".

Preliminaries
The report started with the elaboration of the commission's historical background, its internal duties within the Bayreuth University, also in relation to other committees like the university's promotion commission. These included institutional enhancements, the evaluation of academic misconduct corresponding to standards of scientific community.
The report then defined the criteria of academic misconduct: deliberately or grossly negligent use of “Falschangaben” (misrepresentations), the violation of other's intellectual property, and the obstruction of research. “Falschangaben” were defined as the fabrication or distortion of data and the “obstruction of research” was defined as unauthorized use of material with arrogation of its authorship.
The commission comprised as regular members Wiebke Putz-Osterloh, Nuri Aksel, Paul Rösch, Stephan Rixen as chairman, and Diethelm Klippel as a consulting member – all from the University of Bayreuth.
On 8 March 2011 Wolfgang Löwer, professor of law at University of Bonn, and Jürgen Mittelstraß, professor of philosophy at University of Konstanz joined the commission as consulting members.
The report listed four commission's meeting on Guttenberg's thesis: 16 February 2011, 8 and 23 March 2011, and the final meeting on 7 April 2011. The hearings of the thesis’ supervisors were on 23 March 2011. Then the report specified the used material including its communications with Guttenberg himself.

Commission’s findings
The commission reported missing citations and violations of the academic rules of citations. It reported numerous verbatim forms of plagiarism and plagiarism with regard to content   where the use of other authors’ material was not clearly expressed. The commission exemplified this in detail on the basis of six Parliamentary Research Service (PRS)  papers and listed the passages Guttenberg had used in his thesis, including all text modifications and extensions. Two of the PRS papers lacked any citation and four PRS papers were cited insufficiently, leading to misconceptions about the initial authorship of the passages.
The commission judged this as deception and described a pattern of creation (werkprägendes Bearbeitungsmuster). As for Guttenberg, the commission concluded on intentional actions and deliberate deception due to the numbers of violations of academic rules of citations. Both the use of verbatim text elements and the use with marginal text changes lacking proper citation or listing cited sources only in bibliography were evaluated as attempts to cover up.
The commission saw no indications that the thesis had been written by a ghost-writer.

Contrary to previous expectations, the commission denied any responsibility of the thesis supervisors due to a lack of semantic or other indicators for plagiarism and Guttenberg's “exceedingly convincing” oral PhD exam ("rigorosum").   Only the supervisors’ omission to ask for the PRS papers cited in the bibliography and the grading with “summa cum laude” was criticized by the commission.

Guttenberg’s statement
In his final response, Guttenberg once again denied that he had deliberately deceived the university and instead blamed severe “errors in workmanship” for the grave deficiencies in his doctoral thesis. He described a high burden of professional commitments as a result of new political responsibilities during the years of his dissertation, which led to an ad-hoc and sometimes chaotic working-method with long intervals between working periods.  Guttenberg reported on diverse collections of material such as books, loose sheets of papers, more than 80 data carriers, and several laptops spread across several domiciles, used for his thesis. This led to an overburdening by the thesis, which further increased during the years, Guttenberg described. Family expectations, namely that a started task had to be finished, his intention to not disappoint his supervisor, and his unwillingness to admit weakness, hindered him to quit the dissertation, Guttenberg explained.
The commission however, based on the view, that Guttenberg had continued his dissertation despite the feeling of being overburdened, denied negligence and concluded on intention.

Reactions

Criticism by Walter Schmitt-Glaeser
The University of Bayreuth's handling of the matter was sharply criticized by its former vice-president and law professor Walter Schmitt-Glaeser, who, while agreeing that revoking the doctoral degree was justified, described the additional measures taken by the institution as an attempt at character assassination ("Treibjagd"). As any affiliation of Guttenberg to the university was severed by the withdrawal of his title, the university therefore lacked legal standing for any further investigation, Schmitt-Glaeser argued. The leaking of information from the commission's confidential meetings to the press – according to Schmitt-Glaeser most-likely done by its members – he called “outrageous” and “more than embarrassing”.

For Schmitt-Glaeser especially the part of the report looking into a possible deception by Guttenberg should not have been published. Also, according to Schmitt-Glaeser, the fact that Guttenberg had to agree to the report's publication due to massive public pressure, including from University of Bayreuth, cast a shadow of suspicion on the entire proceedings. The professor, former president (CSU) of the Bavarian senate, also criticized the lack of conclusive evidence to prove the university's assertion that there was "deliberate deception" on the part of Guttenberg, Schmitt-Glaeser referred to the multiple instances of minor text changes – which the commission viewed as indicators of cheating – as a typical procedure with a text considered by an author as his own work.  With the proceedings the university denied any solicitousness for its former student Guttenberg and damaged his social existence, the professor criticized. From the judicial proceeding on this case he expected a result solely based on facts without regard to the person concerned.  In an interview, Schmitt-Glaeser described the university's intention as an attempt to “drag Guttenberg in front of a tribunal and find him guilty”. In the professor's conviction, knowing Guttenberg personally, he had not committed intentional cheating.

Disputed neutrality
Others criticized the commission's final report for not decrying the university's own lack of due diligence in the matter and noted that the university had first awarded Guttenberg's degree with the highest possible distinction ("summa cum laude"). Furthermore, the commission's neutrality was disputed as the University of Bayreuth was party to the proceedings. Among these critics was Thomas Goppel (CSU), former Bavarian Minister of Education, who viewed the report as an attempt by the university to downplay its own responsibility and acquit itself. Others complained about the university's lack of control provisions.

Volker Rieble
Professor Volker Rieble approved the report of the university but saw the case as an expression of the public desire for “ritual punishment”. Rieble decried the widespread practice of academic publications being written by assistants but published by professors as much worse for academia than any plagiarism.

Günther Beckstein
Günther Beckstein, former Minister-President of Bavaria, referred to Guttenberg by saying that everyone deserves a second chance, after some period of time.

August 2011
In August 2011, the authors of Guttenplag Wiki, which triggered similar initiatives on VroniPlag Wiki, were accused of running a partisan campaign after it emerged that the founder of VroniPlag was a member of the opposition SPD party.

Cessation of proceedings
In November 2011 the attorney's office in Hof dropped the charges against Guttenberg after having found 23 relevant copyright violations with only minor economic damage. This decision was criticized for being biased toward economic criteria. The court approved this arrangement after Guttenberg had agreed to make a donation of 20,000 Euro to a German charitable foundation.

The attorney's office saw no indications that Guttenberg had intentionally used other authors’ texts within his thesis without proper attribution and judged his explanation of losing track of sources as “comprehensible and irrefutable”. Contrary to University of Bayreuth, which had accused Guttenberg of deliberate deception, the prosecution concluded that Guttenberg had made the thesis’ errors only with contingent intent (dolus eventualis).
The attorney's office also stated that there was no criminal abuse of his PhD title nor fraud or breach of trust related to PRS papers either.

See also
 Scientific plagiarism in Germany

References

Plagiarism controversies
Second Merkel cabinet


title: Ebrahimabad, Hirmand

text:
Ebrahimabad (, also Romanized as Ebrāhīmābād) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 138, in 22 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: The Village Subway

text:
The Village Subway, also commonly known as Raleigh Underground, was an underground entertainment district located underneath the Cameron Village shopping center in Raleigh, North Carolina. During the 1970s and 1980s, this underground network contained nightclubs, restaurants, commercial shops, and an arcade. Live music and entertainment consistently made appearances there. The underground music venues included The Frog and Nightgown, The Pier, The Bear's Den, Elliot's Nest and Cafe Deja Vu. The Village Subway, opened in 1972,  was shut down in 1984 due to concerns about the fire code, drug use and customer safety.

History
In 1947, the 158 acres of land that make up Cameron Village were purchased by J. W. York and R. A. Bryan. Their company, York Properties, owned the land until 1964, when the property was sold to Brookmont Corporation in the Dutch Antilles. York Properties still managed the area after they sold it.

The 20,000 square feet space was originally constructed as a bomb shelter during the Cold War. It was planned to be used not only as a place for citizens to go during an attack, but also for the federal government to recuperate.

The Village Subway was modeled after Underground Atlanta, a similar entertainment and shopping complex, which is still in use today. Both locations have a similar mix of restaurants, clubs, and boutiques.

The name "Village Subway" came from its New York City-like subway entrance with a long stairwell that led to paintings of trains. There was also rectangular paintings of shops that decorated the walls.

Author David Sedaris, who spent his high school years in Raleigh, said he remembers going to the Frog and Nightgown and thinking "This is what New York is like!"

Although The Village Subway had early popularity, there wasn't enough traffic during the day to keep up with the nightlife. Security became a problem, since drugs were beginning to be distributed in the parking lot and service areas surrounding the Village. These issues as well as concerns about the fire code led to the closing of The Village Subway in 1984.

Music Scene
As interest was recently rekindled in The Village Subway, many former artists that performed at one of the three nightclubs beneath Cameron Village shared their experiences. Dave Adams, a musician who used to play in many of the underground venues, describes how often artists became famous after their performances at The Village Subway more than thirty years ago. Adams played keyboard and sang for many bands during the 1970s. Among them are local bands Glass Moon and The Fabulous Knobs, who both had regional popularity at the time.

The atmosphere of The Village Subway, as described by Adams, was "diverse and expansive," with "all types of music there, from jazz to international groups."
Many artists, both well-known and obscure, performed in the underground venue. Some artists are famous for their performances at Raleigh's The Frog and Nightgown, including Paul Jeffrey, known for working with Thelonious Monk. He spent 10 days in North Carolina performing at the Village Subway in 1970. At a later concert of his, excerpts from his set in the Raleigh club were played.

The Frog and Nightgown served as Raleigh's only jazz club at the time. Jazz music was popular in Raleigh, and audiences had to keep an eye on who was performing frequently because performers were not often announced in advance.  Finding her niche in jazz music, artist Lenore Raphael connected with Peter Ingram, owner of the Frog and Nightclub from 1968 until 1975. Both jazz players, they performed together. Some artists though, like Dave Adams, performed frequently at events such as "Rock Night," which took place every week.

Many other up and coming bands played in the basement venues, from R.E.M. to Jimmy Buffett. The first known concert footage of R.E.M. was recorded in 1982 at The Pier. In addition, Sonic Youth recorded the live track "I Wanna Be Your Dog", a Stooges cover, at The Pier for its album Confusion is Sex.

The Connells also found their start here, performing at Cafe Deja Vu and other underground clubs in The Village Subway during their early years. They lived in close proximity to Cameron Village, and were able to walk to some of the shows, carrying their equipment with them.

Petition and plans
The interest in The Village Subway was rekindled after a Candid Slice article, written by Heather Leah, reminded people of the vacated area. Upon being shown blueprints of the area by a friend, Leah expressed her interest via her online article.

More than five hundred thousand people read the article since July 2013, and the nostalgia associated with the underground club scene caused a petition for a revival of The Village Subway. The groups were asking to bring back the popular nightlife location instead of allowing the space to go unused.

The current president of York Properties is G. Smedes York.

Fresh Market signed a lease March 28, 2014 to use the old The Village Subway space for food preparation. John Pharr, the senior vice president of Regency's Southwest Region said, "This was an unusual situation because The Fresh Market has been at the shopping center a long time, but it's one of their smallest stores. Right now, they are fenced in by the library next door, so it was go vertical or go below. They decided to go below." The Fresh Market Underground will not be open to the public.

Fresh Market has one of the two remaining entrances to the underground, the other being behind the former Party Shop (now Steven Shell Living).

Farewell events

On April 25, 2014, music returned briefly above The Village Subway in an event called "Cameron Village Live." The Love Language were performers.

This vacant space then reopened one time for a special event on May 16, 2015, to benefit local charities; as reported by the Raleigh News & Observer. The event included a fashion show, live music and a chance to view historic photographs. After this event, an undefined renovation is planned. The underground space is a wide open shell at present, because the structures that enclosed the various clubs and stores have been removed in the past. The article remarks that the prices for admission are not equivalent to those in the 1980s. To gain admission to the event beneath Cameron Village, VIP passes would be $125 and general admission would be $85.

The admission tickets sold out within four hours, Indy Week reported;  $25,000 was to benefit the Inter-Faith Food Shuttle.

There was some criticism in an article by Indy Week after the event, that none of the bands who created the original scene were invited to play again. A wedding band, Crush, was the only live music. As well, Rod Abernethy, a past member of Arrogance, who played at least 75 times in the Underground, said he knew "few people" from past bands who would be attending because they "couldn't  afford it".  When asked if he would be attending, he remarked: "No, I didn't buy a ticket. They cost too much for me."

See also

Music of North Carolina
Red Hat Amphitheater
Urban exploration
Hopscotch Music Festival
Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts

References

External links
The Underground Comes Alive One Night Only: May 2015

Buildings and structures in Raleigh, North Carolina
Entertainment districts in the United States
Underground cities
Defunct tourist attractions in the United States
Music scenes
Shopping malls in Raleigh, North Carolina


title: Jahanabad-e Olya, Sistan and Baluchestan

text:
Jahanabad-e Olya (, also Romanized as Jahānābād-e ‘Olyā; also known as Jahānābād-e Bālā) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 192, in 36 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Jahanabad-e Sofla, Sistan and Baluchestan

text:
Jahanabad-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Jahānābād-e Soflá; also known as Jahānābād-e Pā’īn) is a village in, and the capital of, Jahanabad Rural District of the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran.

At the 2006 National Census, its population was 362 in 81 households, when it was in the former Hirmand District of Zabol County. The following census in 2011 counted 511 people in 136 households. By the time of the census, Hirmand District had been separated from Zabol County to form Hirmand County. It was then divided into the Central and Qorqori Districts. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 451 people in 136 households.

References

Hirmand County

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Jama Azam

text:
Jama Azam (, also Romanized as Jamā Āʿz̧am) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 46, in 8 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Hajj Mohammad Alishah

text:
Hajj Mohammad Alishah (, also Romanized as Ḩājj Moḩammad ‘Alīshāh) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 48, in 11 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Hajji Ahmad Shahvazayi

text:
Hajji Ahmad Shahvazayi (, also Romanized as Ḩājjī Aḩmad Shāhvazāyī; also known as Deh-e Ḩājj Aḩmad) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 145, in 26 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Hajji Baluch Khan

text:
Hajji Baluch Khan (, also Romanized as Ḩājjī Balūch Khān; also known as Deh-e Ḩājj Balūch Khān and Ḩājj Balūch Khān) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 82, in 17 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Hajji Malang Kharut

text:
Hajji Malang Kharut (, also Romanized as Ḩājjī Malang Kharūţ) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 535, in 103 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Hajji Nabi

text:
Hajji Nabi (, also Romanized as Ḩājjī Nabī; also known as Deh-e Ḩājjī Nabī) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 22, in 7 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Khaneh Hay Khodadad

text:
Khaneh Hay Khodadad (, also Romanized as Khāneh Hāy Khodādād) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 69, in 10 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Khaneh Hay Mehrollah

text:
Khaneh Hay Mehrollah (, also Romanized as Khāneh Hāy Mehrollah; also known as Naz̧erābād) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 14, in 4 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Hoseyn Arbabi

text:
Hoseyn Arbabi (, also Romanized as Ḩoseyn Arbābī; also known as Deh-e Ḩoseyn Arbābī) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 125, in 28 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Kadkhoda Hoseyn

text:
Kadkhoda Hoseyn (, also Romanized as Kadkhodā Ḩoseyn) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 63, in 15 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Kondel, Sistan and Baluchestan

text:
Kondel () is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 23, in 5 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Kang-e Shir Ali Khan

text:
Kang-e Shir Ali Khan (, also Romanized as Kang-e Shīr ‘Alī Khān; also known as Kang-e Shīr ‘Alī) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 263, in 53 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Marsha Rowe

text:
Marsha Rowe (born 1944) is an Australian-born journalist, writer and editor now living in the United Kingdom. In 1972, she was co-founder, with Rosie Boycott, of the leading feminist magazine Spare Rib.

Early life
Rowe was born in Sydney, Australia, and raised on the North Shore of Neutral Bay. Her father was an engineer. After a typing course at a Sydney technical college, she worked for the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), then based in the grounds of Sydney University.

Rowe was a secretary for Oz magazine from 1964 when it was based in Sydney, its original location. Because Rowe was aged under 21, editors Richard Neville and Richard Walsh had to persuade Rowe's father to allow her join the staff.

"I saw the freedom, the opportunity to make satire, the (editors') lack of reverence for authority," she told Helen Trinca of The Australian in 2013. "I was still rather mentally restricted in terms of authority, but I could see how they were so funny and mentally stimulating. I learnt a lot from OZ -- how to start a magazine and do it yourself. Where do you go for new ideas and thinking?" Her period at the Sydney OZ lasted until 1966. Rowe then worked for the Australian edition of Vogue, but found fashion journalism a restrictive area in which to work.

Counterculture in London
Rowe settled in London in 1969, but at first disliked the city because of the pervading attitude to expatriate Australians. During her six-months in Greece which soon followed, the regime of the Colonels politicised her, and she returned to London.

Rowe was employed on the London edition of OZ, and one of the magazine's London editors, Felix Dennis, later described her as the publication's "anchor" during this period. When the three editors (Neville, Dennis and Jim Anderson) were tried at the Old Bailey for obscenity in Schoolkids Oz, Rowe was part of the defence team and was responsible for typing documents for the defence each evening. "I hated having to be a secretary. But I really did have a sort of idea that maybe women were there to support men," she told Andy Beckett in 2005. "In the counter-culture we still did all that stuff the men didn't."

However, when the three male editors were away, Rowe was not left in charge. When Neville co-founded the short-lived Ink in 1971, Rowe joined him, but resigned over the male domination of the venture after a few months. Three female typists, whom she had hired, were sacked by the men when the publication acquired new office equipment. She was aware of what some of the women had given up to work for Ink; it had no trade union representation.  It appeared to her, and underground press colleague Louise Ferrier (who was romantically connected to Neville at the time), that sexual freedom for men still meant women were objectified and excluded from the editorial process. (Rowe has quoted one woman as having said that year: "With brothers like these, who needs chauvinists?")

With Michelene Wandor also involved, they organised a series of meetings for other women involved in the underground press. Fifty people turned up at the first meeting in December 1971 at Rowe and Ferrier's basement flat in Notting Hill. At the third meeting, Rowe has said she suggested women should establish their own magazine. An American in London, Bonnie Boston, had suggested the idea to her, but according to Stephen Alomes, the only other supportive voice came from Rosie Boycott.

Founding Spare Rib
Boycott and Rowe founded Spare Rib, the feminist monthly magazine, the first edition appearing in June 1972. It was intended as "the alternative news magazine for women", and Rowe has written that while it was "seen as the public face of the women's movement", the magazine "was not synonymous with the movement". The 20,000 print run of the first two issues sold out, helped by the publicity received from the refusal of W. H. Smith to stock it. Boycott and Rowe, however, had significant differences and the formation of a collective to run the magazine, at Rowe's suggestion, led to Boycott being marginalised, and she resigned not much more than a year later after the launch.

A Spare Rib Books imprint (soon to be renamed Virago Press) was founded in 1973 by Carmen Callil whose own company had assisted on publicity for the magazine's launch. Rowe and Boycott became directors of the new company, but both resigned the following year.

Later life
Rowe, after herself leaving Spare Rib in 1987, became a freelance editor, commissioning books for feminist publishers and writing her own works. She was fiction editor at independent publishing firm Serpent's Tail and ran a life-writing course (Your Life's Word). Among the collections she compiled for Serpent's Tail are Sex and the City (1989), So Very English (1991), and Sacred Space (1992). Rowe contributed to the 1992 anthology Serious Hysterics, edited by Alison Fell, which also featured short stories by Marina Warner, Lynne Tillman, Zoe Fairbairns, Nicole Ward Jouve, Leslie Dick and other writers.

Rowe collaborated with Felix Dennis and Mike Pentelow, on The Characters of Fitzrovia, which was published in November 2001.

After living in London for many years and for some years in Leeds, and she moved to Norwich, and is working on writing a memoir.

Bibliography

As editor

  Contributors include Mario Vargas Llosa, Fay Weldon, Susan Daitch, Kathy Lette, Lynne Tillman, Nicole Ward Jouve, Fleur Adcock, Jean Binta Breeze, Roy Heath, Adam Zameenzad, Naomi Mitchison, Kate Pullinger, Judith Grossman, Jill Neville, Ben Okri, Emma Tennant, Deborah Levy, and others.

 With Mike Pentelow, The Characters of Fitzrovia. Chatto & Windus. 2001. .

References

1944 births
Living people
Australian expatriates in England
British book editors
British feminists
British women journalists
Women anthologists
Women print editors
Writers from Sydney


title: Antoinette de Jong

text:
Antoinette Rijpma-de Jong (; born 6 April 1995) is a Dutch speed skater. She won the bronze medal in the 3000 m at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. She also competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, where she placed seventh in 3000 meters. She is the world record holder of 3000 meters in juniors.

Personal records

She is currently in 7th position in the adelskalender with a points total of 156.444.

World records

World records

Tournament overview

source:

References

External links

1995 births
Dutch female speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for the Netherlands
Olympic silver medalists for the Netherlands
Olympic bronze medalists for the Netherlands
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Heerenveen
Living people
Olympic medalists in speed skating
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists
21st-century Dutch women


title: Ernest Chavez (politician)

text:
Ernest Chavez (born February 6, 1937 in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is an American politician and a Democratic former member of the New Mexico House of Representatives representing District 12, first elected in 2004 and serving since 2005. He did not seek reelection in 2014.

Education
Chavez graduated Albuquerque High School and Albuquerque Business College.

Elections
 2012 Chavez and returning 2008 and 2010 Republican challenger Clyde Wheeler were both unopposed for their June 5, 2012 primaries setting up a direct rematch; Chavez won the November 6, 2012 General election with 4,736 votes (71.8%) against Wheeler.
 1992 To challenge District 12 incumbent Democratic Representative Delano Garcia, Chavez ran in the June 2, 1992 Democratic Primary but lost to Representative Garcia who was unopposed for the November 3, 1992 General election, and was re-elected.
 1994 Again challenging Representative Garcia, Chavez ran in the three-way June 7, 1994 Democratic Primary but Chavez and Representative Garcia lost to James Taylor who was unopposed for the November 8, 1994 General election, and was elected, winning re-election in 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002.
 2004 District 12 incumbent Democratic Representative Taylor was challenged in the June 1, 2004 Democratic Primary but won; when Taylor was appointed to the New Mexico Senate, Chavez replaced him on the November 2, 2004 General election ballot, and was unopposed, winning with 5,730 votes.
 2006 Chavez was unopposed for both the June 6, 2006 Democratic Primary, winning with 1,008 votes and the November 7, 2006 General election, winning with 4,608 votes.
 2008 Chavez was unopposed for both the June 8, 2008 Democratic Primary, winning with 1,852 votes and won the three-way November 4, 2008 General election with 6,265 votes (65.5%) against Republican nominee Clyde Wheeler and Independent Robert Schiller.
 2010 Chavez, Clyde Wheeler, and Robert Schiller were all unopposed for their June 1, 2010 primaries, setting up a rematch; Chavez won the three-way November 2, 2010 General election with 3,945 votes (58.3) against Wheeler and Schiller.

References

External links
 Representative Ernest H. Chavez - (D) at the New Mexico Legislature

 Ernest Chavez, Sr. at Ballotpedia
 Ernest Chavez at OpenSecrets

1937 births
Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in New Mexico
Living people
Democratic Party members of the New Mexico House of Representatives
Politicians from Albuquerque, New Mexico


title: John A. Bentley

text:
John A. Bentley (January 27, 1836 – 1912) was an American lawyer and politician.  He was United States Commissioner of Pensions under the last year of Ulysses S. Grant's presidency and through the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes.  He also served as a member of the Wisconsin State Senate in 1865 and 1866.

Biography
Bentley was born in Kingsbury, New York, to Cornelius and Mary Brayton Bentley.  As a boy, he worked on his father's farm and attended public schools in the vicinity.  He studied law under Judge Enoch H. Rosekrans, of the New York Supreme Court, and Orange Ferriss, who would later serve in Congress.  He graduated from Albany Law School in 1857 and was admitted to the New York State Bar Association.  He established a legal practice in Glens Falls, New York, where he remained until 1859.

In March 1859, he traveled to the state of Wisconsin, first establishing himself at Manitowoc, then moving to Sheboygan.  In 1864, he was elected to represent Sheboygan County in the Wisconsin State Senate on the National Union ticket.  He left the senate after a single two-year term and became President of the Sheboygan and Fond du Lac Railroad.

In 1876, he was appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant to be United States Commissioner of Pensions after the brief term and resignation of fellow Wisconsinite Charles R. Gill.  Bentley went on to serve through the remainder of Grant's term and through the four years of the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes, relinquishing his office when a successor was appointed by President James A. Garfield.

After leaving office, he moved to Denver, Colorado, and restarted his legal practice.

Family and personal life
On September 5, 1861, Bentley married Isabella J. Peat (1837–1917). They had one son, William R. Bentley (1867–1941). The family grave is in Glens Falls, New York.

References

1836 births
1912 deaths
People from Kingsbury, New York
People from Manitowoc, Wisconsin
Republican Party Wisconsin state senators


title: Charlotte Kipling

text:
Charlotte Kipling was born on 7 June 1919 in Toxteth Park, Liverpool, Lancashire, England. She was a statistician and ichthyologist. Starting in 1941 she was employed by the British Navy as a cipher officer in Liverpool. She was associated with the Navy until 1946. In 1947 she was hired by the Freshwater Biological Association in Windermere, Cumbria. She collected data on the changes in the char, pike, and perch populations in the Windermere lake. She was a member of the Royal Statistical Society and the Institute of Biology. She died in 1992 in Millerground Windermere, Cumbria, England.

Education
Kipling attended Liverpool College, Juyton and St. Leonard School, St. Andrews before studying economics at Newnham College Cambridge from 1937-1940. She studied at Newnham during a period where women were allowed to attend classes, but were not made full members of the university or granted degrees. This was changed in 1948. There is evidence found in International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950, that would imply Kipling received an M.A. from Newnham in that same year. From 1946-1947 she studied statistics at University College, London before moving to Windermere.

Scientific career
Kipling was hired as a statistician by the Freshwater Biological Association at Ferry House in 1947. While in this position she extensively tracked the diminishing fish populations within the Windermere lake. She developed methodology to help track this data alongside Winifred E. Frost. These methodologies were used to help determine the most efficient ways to gather as much data as possible on the different species within the lake. Most of this research was used within the "Windermere Perch and Pike Project" (Le Cren 2001), which long-term data collected on the Windermere lake by Kipling and her colleagues was used to analyse the ways the different fish populations reacted to their changing environment, as well as the effects of overfishing. The long term data conducted by Kipling was essential to this project and is cited extensively throughout. Most of her publications are similar long-term studies of freshwater fish populations within the Windermere lake (see below).

Selected publications
Craig, J. F. & Kipling, C. (1983). Reproduction effort versus the environment; case histories of Windermere perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and pike, Esox lucius L. Journal of Fish Biology 22, 713-717.

Craig, J. F., Kipling, C, Le Cren, E. D. & McCormack, J. C. (1979). Estimates of the numbers, biomass and year-class strengths of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in Windermere from 1967 to 1977 and some comparisons with earlier years. Journal of Animal Ecology 48, 315-325.

Frost, W. E. & Kiplmg, C. (1959). The determination of the age and growth of the pike (Esox lucius L.) from scales and opercular bones. Journal du Conseil permanent international pour VExploration de la Mer 24, 314-341.

Frost, W. E. & Kipling, C. (1959). A study of the reproduction, early life, weight-length relationship and growth of the pike, Esox lucius L., in Windermere. Journal of Animal Ecology 36, 651-693.

Frost, W. E. & Kipling, C. (1980). The growth of charr, Salvelinus willoughbii Gunther, in Windermere. Journal of Fish Biology 16, 279-289.

Kipling, C. (1957). The effect of gill-net selection on the estimation of weight-length relationships. Journal du Conseil permanent international pour VExploration de la Mer 23, 51-63.

Kipling, C. (1972). The commercial fisheries of Windermere. Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archeological Society, N.S. 72, 156-204.

Kipling, C. (1983a). Changes in the growth of pike (Esox lucius) in Windermere. Journal of Animal Ecology 52, 647-657.

Kipling, C. (1983b). Changes in the population of pike (Esox lucius) in Windermere from 1994 to 1981. Journal of Animal Ecology 52, 989-999.

Kipling, C. (1984a). A study of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and pike (Esox lucius L.) in Windermere from 1941 to 1981. Journal du Conseil permanent international pour l'Exploration de la Mer 41, 259-267.

Kipling, C. (1984b). Some observations on autumn spawning charr, Salvelinus alpinus L., in Windermere, 1939-1982. Journal of Fish Biology 24, 229-234.

Kipling, C. & Frost, W. E. (1969). Variations in the fecundity of pike, Esox lucius, in Windermere. Journal of Fish Biology 1, 221-237.

Kipling, C. & Frost, W. E. (1970). A study of the mortality, population numbers, year-class strengths, production and food consumption of the pike, Esox lucius L., in Windermere from 1944 to 1962. Journal of Animal Ecology 39, 115-157.

Kipling, C. & Le Cren, E. D. (1984). Mark-recapture experiments on fish in Windermere, 1943-1982. Journal of Fish Biology 24, 395-414.

Kipling, C. & Roscoe, M. E. (1977). Surface water temperature of Windermere. Monthly and yearly totals of degree-days centigrade and monthly mean temperatures, 1933 to 1975. (Also Addendum, 1976-1980). Freshwater Biological Association Occasional Publication No. 2, Ambleside. 60 + 7 pp.

Le Cren, E. D. & Kipling, C. (1963). Some marking experiments on spawning populations of char. Special Publications of the International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries 4, 130-139.

Le Cren, E. D., Kipling, C. & McCormack, J. C. (1977). A study of the numbers, biomass and year-class strengths of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in Windermere from 1941 to 1966. Journal of Animal Ecology 46, 281-307.

References

1919 births
1992 deaths
British statisticians
Women statisticians
British women biologists
British ichthyologists
Women ichthyologists
20th-century English mathematicians
20th-century British zoologists
20th-century British women scientists
Fellows of the Royal Statistical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Biology
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
20th-century women mathematicians
Scientists from Liverpool


title: Pan (2015 film)

text:
Pan is a 2015 American fantasy film directed by Joe Wright and written by Jason Fuchs. The film is a prequel to the 1904 play Peter Pan; or, the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, released in novel form in 1911 as Peter and Wendy, from Scottish author J. M. Barrie, and focuses on the origin story for Peter Pan and Captain Hook. It stars Hugh Jackman as a fictionalized version of Blackbeard, Garrett Hedlund as Hook, Rooney Mara as Tiger Lily, and Levi Miller as Peter Pan.

Pans world premiere was held in London on September 20, 2015, and it was theatrically released in the United States on October 9, 2015, by Warner Bros. Pictures. Pan was a box-office bomb, only grossing $128.4 million against a production budget of $150 million, resulting in significant loss for the studio, and was received negatively by critics, with criticism calling the plot formulaic and the action heavily reliant on CGI. Some also criticized the casting of white actress Rooney Mara as the Native American character Tiger Lily; Mara would later voice regret over her role in the film. Meanwhile, critics also praised the film for the action sequences, performances by Hedlund, Jackman and Miller, John Powell’s score, and special effects.

Plot

Newborn Peter is left on the steps of a London orphanage with a mysterious pan flute pendant by his mother Mary. Years later during World War II, upon learning that the abusive Mother Barnabas is hoarding food and riches for herself, Peter and his best friend Nibs are caught trying to steal the food for the orphans. In the process, they find a letter written to Peter by his mother, declaring her love and assuring him they will meet again "in this world or another".

Mother Barnabas summons pirates who kidnap Peter, Nibs and several other orphans. Nibs manages to escape, but Peter is taken aboard a flying pirate ship. Following an aerial battle with several Spitfires, the ship reaches Neverland, where the children are forced to mine for Pixum – crystallized Fairy Dust—for the pirate Blackbeard, who uses the substance to prevent himself from aging.

Taken captive by Blackbeard's right-hand man Bishop, Peter meets another miner, James Hook. After insulting Blackbeard's men, Peter is forced to walk the plank over the deep mine, but survives by flying. Blackbeard tells Peter about the native tribe's prophecy of a flying boy who would lead an uprising to kill him, but Peter refuses to believe in "bedtime stories".

Peter joins Hook and his accomplice, Sam "Smee" Smiegel in stealing a flying ship and escaping into the forest. Determined to find his mother, Peter refuses to leave Neverland. They are found by the native chief's daughter Tiger Lily and nearly executed, but Chief Great Little Panther notices Peter's pendant, which is said to belong to their people's greatest hero, the legendary Pan.

Using the Memory Tree, Tiger Lily tells Peter that many years ago, when the natives and fairies united against the pirates, the Fairy Prince and Mary, the love of Blackbeard's life, fell in love. When Blackbeard discovered them, the Prince took human form and sacrificed himself to rescue Mary, as fairies can live as humans for only one day. Mary was forced to hide their son Peter in the other world and seek shelter in the Fairy Kingdom. As half-fairy, Peter has the ability to fly but is unable to do so because of his lack of faith.

Fearful of Blackbeard, Smee betrays the natives’ location, and in the ensuing battle Chief Great Little Panther is shot by Blackbeard, who reveals that he killed Mary. Peter is hurt to learn that Tiger Lily lied to him that his mother was still alive, but she explains that he would have walked away from his destiny if he knew the truth.

Peter, Hook, and Tiger Lily escape in a raft to enlist the help of the Fairy Kingdom. They are attacked by a giant crocodile and Peter is nearly eaten before being rescued by the mermaids. Tiger Lily shows Peter a vision of Blackbeard accidentally killing Mary as she defended the Fairy Kingdom, revealing she was a great warrior who trained Tiger Lily herself.

Hook leaves on an abandoned ship to find home while Peter and Tiger Lily arrive at the Fairy Kingdom, only to be ambushed by Blackbeard. Planning to use the fairies' vast amount of Pixum to live forever, Blackbeard takes Peter's pendant, the key to the Fairy Kingdom, and opens their gates, launching an attack.

Peter escapes and meets the fairy Tinker Bell. Hook returns and fights Blackbeard's right-hand man Bishop while Tiger Lily duels Blackbeard, and the ship tips over, sending Hook and Bishop plummeting. Peter conquers his fears and flies to save Hook, then rallies the fairies against the pirates to save Tiger Lily. Blackbeard and his men are forced into an abyss to their deaths, with only Smee having fled. Peter sees a vision of Mary, who reaffirms him to be Neverland's savior: Peter Pan.

Peter, Tiger Lily and Hook, now captain of the Jolly Roger, return to London to rescue Nibs and the other orphans, who become Peter's crew, the Lost Boys. Hook and Tiger Lily fall somewhat in love, and Peter and Hook reaffirm their friendship, certain nothing will ever go wrong between them.

Cast

 Levi Miller as Peter Pan
 Hugh Jackman as Blackbeard
 Garrett Hedlund as James Hook
 Rooney Mara as Tiger Lily
 Adeel Akhtar as Sam "Smee" Smiegel
 Kathy Burke as Mother Barnabas
 Nonso Anozie as Bishop
 Amanda Seyfried as Mary
 Jack Charles as Chief Great Little Panther
 Lewis MacDougall as Nibs
 Bronson Webb as Steps
 Na Tae-joo as Kwahu
 Cara Delevingne as the mermaids

Production

The script for the film was listed on Hollywood's 2013 Black List. In January 2014, Garrett Hedlund was cast as a younger version of Captain Hook. On January 24, 2014, Jackman was officially cast as the pirate Blackbeard. In February, a casting call was issued for the role of Peter Pan, which went to newcomer Levi Miller in March. In April 2014, Amanda Seyfried was cast. In August 2014, British model Cara Delevingne was chosen to play a mermaid. Rooney Mara was cast as Tiger Lily.

Casting controversy

Mara's casting as Tiger Lily created accucations of whitewashing, due to her being of European ancestry while Tiger Lily is Native American. Also considered for the role of Tiger Lily were actresses Lupita Nyong'o and Adèle Exarchopoulos, neither of whom are Native American.

According to critics of the casting there are very few main roles for Native American women in Hollywood, and that the choice not only took one away from a Native American actress, but also perpetuated the invisibility of Native Americans in film. During the film's casting, an article in TheWrap stated that director Joe Wright was trying to create a "very international and multi-racial" world. However, most of the main characters in the film (including the four lead actors) are white. A petition was created in response to the casting to urge Warner Bros. studios to stop casting white actors in roles for people of color. Previous portrayals of the Piccaninny tribe in Peter Pan have been criticized as racist.

Critics of the casting in Pan suggested that Warner Bros. may have wanted to avoid repeating the alleged racism of previous Peter Pan stories by altering the ethnicity of the Piccaninnies rather than stereotypically portraying the source material.

In a February 2016 interview, Mara expressed regret for playing Tiger Lily in Pan saying: "I really hate, hate, hate that I am on that side of the whitewashing conversation. I really do. I don't ever want to be on that side of it again. I can understand why people were upset and frustrated....Do I think all of the four main people in the film should have been white with blonde hair and blue eyes? No. I think there should have been some diversity somewhere."

Filming
On April 28, 2014, the film's principal photography began. Many natural scenes in the film were from Son Doong Cave, Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, and Ninh Bình Province in Vietnam, shot with the help of Bangkok-based Indochina Productions.

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack was released in 2015. It was composed by John Powell, and additional music by Anthony Willis, Batu Sener, Paul Mounsey. Dario Marianelli, a frequent collaborator with Wright, had composed a score for the film, but Warner Bros. later replaced him with Powell after test screenings. Lily Allen wrote two original songs for the movie.

 Track list
 "Smells Like Teen Spirit" – Performed by Hugh Jackman and Cast
 "Blitzkrieg Bop" – Performed by Hugh Jackman and Cast
 "Short Change Hero" – Performed by Capitol Children's Choir & Metro Voices
 "Something's Not Right" – Performed by Lily Allen
 "Little Soldier" – Performed by Lily Allen
 "Irish Blessing" – Performed and Arranged by The African Children's Choir
 All Music – Composed and written by John Powell

Release

On December 12, 2013, Warner Bros. set for a June 26, 2015 release, with Joe Wright as director. The release was pushed back several times including to July 17, 2015 and July 24, 2015, and the studio eventually decided on October 9, 2015, in part to avoid box office competition from summer blockbusters such as Ant-Man and Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation.

The new release date also gave the producers more time to work on editing and visual effects during post-production. The film was first released in Australia, on September 25, 2015. It was then released in key markets two weeks later, including Germany, Russia, Korea, and Brazil, on October 8. That was followed by Mexico and Spain the next day.

The film opened in the United Kingdom on October 16, 2015, and France on October 21, 2015, followed by China on October 22, 2015, Japan on October 31, 2015, and Italy on November 12, 2015.

Pan was originally planned for an IMAX release, as evident in early posters, trailers, and press, but was cancelled and only received non-IMAX presentations.

Home media
Pan was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Blu-ray 3D on December 22, 2015, by Warner Home Video. Pan was one of the first Ultra HD Blu-rays, released on March 1, 2016.

Reception

Box office
Pan was financially unsuccessful. It grossed $35.1 million in North America and $93.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $128.3 million. In comparison, its production budget was reported to be $150 million, and the total spent on marketing was estimated at $100–125 million.

In the United States and Canada, the film grossed $5.2 million on its opening day. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $15.3 million, below the studio's $20 million projection, and finished third at the box office. Several factors have been attributed to the financial failure of Pan. Forbes blogger Scott Mendelson attributed this to the absence of notable movie stars. Despite the presence of Jackman, "like any number of would-be big stars who are best known for a certain franchise, his opening weekend strength dips when he's not playing his trademark character." Outside of the X-Men films, his biggest openings are Van Helsing ($51 million) and the $27 million debuts of Real Steel and Les Misérables. Variety described the departure of the film in tone and writings that made earlier Peter Pan stories and films a success, from Jackman's role as Blackbeard to the inclusion of contemporary pop songs from Nirvana and the Ramones which is peculiar for a children's film adaptation. "Without the Disney seal of approval, audiences are a bit wary of these fairy tale adaptations," said Jeff Bock, a box office analyst with Exhibitor Relations. He added, "It veered off the Peter Pan path quite extensively and it was just too far left of center for a generation that grew up with Hook and sees that as the definitive account." Warner Bros. declined to discuss Pans box office results.

Pan also struggled internationally, grossing $20.4 million on its opening weekend from 54 markets from over 11,000 screens. 3D comprised 85% of the opening gross. The film was released in Australia on September 24, 2015, to take advantage of the prime September school holidays, where it grossed $1.5 million in its opening weekend. Elsewhere, it opened in the U.K. with $4.1 million, and No. 1 in Mexico ($2.9 million), Brazil ($1.8 million), Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand and No. 2 in Russia and the CIS with $2 million (behind The Martian), Spain with $1.7 million (behind Regression), Hong Kong, Singapore and the Philippines.

The Hollywood Reporter estimated that the film cost $275 million to produce and market worldwide—while The New York Times reported at least $250 million—and noted that the financial losses by Warner Bros. could finish anywhere between $130 million and $150 million. The site suggested that if the film overperformed in China—the world's second largest movie market—the losses could have been lower. Opening in China on October 22, 2015, it failed to meet expectations. Based on its production cost and factoring in the percentage of ticket sales kept by theater owners, analysts estimated that Pan needed to take in at least $400–500 million worldwide to break even. The financial loss incurred by Pan puts it alongside Tomorrowland and Jupiter Ascending as one of the biggest box office failures of 2015.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 26% based on 202 reviews and an average rating of 4.60/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Pan finds a few bursts of magic in its prequel treatment of classic characters, though not enough to offset the rushed plot and shrill, CGI-fueled action." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 36 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 78% overall positive score.

A.O. Scott of The New York Times called the action scenes "murky and chaotic" and stated, "The dominant emotion in Pan is the desperation of the filmmakers, who frantically try to pander to a young audience they don’t seem to respect, understand or trust." The main characters lacked chemistry and depth according to Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter, who added that with the exception of Levi Miller's Pan, "the characters don't reasonably comport with one's pre-existing images of them". He also called a good portion of the film "a seriously extended chase that possesses hefty CGI-propelled dynamics but absolutely no suspense and a very limited sense of fun". Andrew Barker of Variety praised the film's technical achievements and action sequences but found it depressing overall: "Pan swaps puckish mischief and innocence for doses of Steampunk design, anachronistic music, a stock “chosen one” narrative and themes of child labor, warfare and unsustainable mineral mining exchanges".

In a more positive review, Bill Zwecker of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars, calling Levi Miller "a truly wonderful cinematic discovery" and praising the film's "thrilling action sequences, vivid costumes and well-executed special effects".

While promoting the film Darkest Hour in 2017, Wright said he almost quit directing and considered retirement following the box office failure of Pan: "I had just made this $100 million flop. It was a dark, difficult time. I didn’t know if I was going to make any more movies, I didn’t know that I wanted to make movies anymore, to be honest."

Accolades

See also
List of biggest box-office bombs
Whitewashing in film

References

External links

2015 films
2015 3D films
2015 action films
2015 fantasy films
2010s action adventure films
2010s children's adventure films
2010s children's fantasy films
2010s fantasy adventure films
American 3D films
American action adventure films
American buddy action films
American children's adventure films
American children's fantasy films
American fantasy adventure films
Films about child abduction
Films about fairies and sprites
Films about mermaids
Films directed by Joe Wright
Films produced by Greg Berlanti
Films scored by John Powell
Films set in London
Films shot in Vietnam
Films using motion capture
Peter Pan films
Native American-related controversies in film
Casting controversies in film
Steampunk films
Dune Entertainment films
Warner Bros. films
American World War II films
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
American prequel films
Cultural depictions of Blackbeard


title: Reiðhöllin

text:
Reiðhöllin () is an indoor arena located in Reykjavík, Iceland, which is used primarily as an equestrian center. The hall is just over 1,800 m2 in size; 26 meters wide and 70 meters long. It has also hosted concerts, including performances by Kiss in 1988 and Whitesnake in 1990.

References

Indoor arenas in Iceland
Sports venues in Reykjavík


title: Lajehi

text:
Lajehi (, also Romanized as Lajeh’ī; also known as Deh-e Lajī and Deh-e Qezelbāsh) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 42, in 9 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Mohammad Rakhshani

text:
Mohammad Rakhshani (, also Romanized as Moḩammad Rakhshānī) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 129, in 23 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade – Men's 200 metres

text:
The men's 200 metres event at the 2001 Summer Universiade was held at the Workers Stadium in Beijing, China on 30–31 August.

Medalists

Results

Heats
Wind:Heat 1: +1.7 m/s, Heat 2: ? m/s, Heat 3: +0.2 m/s, Heat 4: 0.0 m/s, Heat 5: 0.0 m/s, Heat 6: -0.1 m/s, Heat 7: ? m/s, Heat 8: +1.1 m/s

Quarterfinals
Wind:Heat 1: +0.8 m/s, Heat 2: +1.4 m/s, Heat 3: +0.2 m/s, Heat 4: -0.3 m/s

Semifinals
Wind:Heat 1: +2.7 m/s, Heat 2: +1.5 m/s

Final

References

Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade
2001


title: Mohammad Qasem

text:
Mohammad Qasem (, also Romanized as Moḩammad Qāsem; also known as Deh-e Moḩammad Qāsem) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 678, in 108 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Mim Khan

text:
Mim Khan (, also Romanized as Mīm Khān) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 321, in 56 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Molla Dadkhoda Isa Zehi

text:
Molla Dadkhoda Isa Zehi (, also Romanized as Mollā Dādkhodā ʿĪsá Zehī) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 59, in 14 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Mandilan-e Bala

text:
Mandilan-e Bala (, also Romanized as Mandīlān-e Bālā; also known as Mandīlān) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 64, in 15 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Nayib-e Lajehi

text:
Nayib-e Lajehi (, also Romanized as Nāyīb-e Lajeh’ī) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 184, in 33 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Nur Mohammad, Hirmand

text:
Nur Mohammad (, also Romanized as Nūr Moḩammad; also known as Deh-e Nūr Moḩammad-e Arghavānī) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 57, in 12 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Pakak Hajji Heydar

text:
Pakak Hajji Heydar (, also romanized as Pakak Ḩājjī Ḩeydar) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 495, in 99 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Qajar Barani

text:
Qajar Barani (, also Romanized as Qajar Bārānī; also known as Gholāmḩoseyn-e Bārānī) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 82, in 22 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Saleh Mohammad Shahriyari

text:
Saleh Mohammad Shahriyari (, also Romanized as Şāleḩ Moḩammad Shahrīyāri) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 158, in 26 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Sharekh

text:
Sharekh (, also Romanized as Shārekh) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 55, in 13 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Sasuli, Jahanabad

text:
Sasuli (, also Romanized as Sāsūlī; also known as Shahrak-e Sāsūlī) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 600, in 122 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Seyyed Khan, Jahanabad

text:
Seyyed Khan (, also Romanized as Seyyed Khān) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 121, in 26 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Sheykh Alam

text:
Sheykh Alam (, also Romanized as Sheykh ʿAlam) is a village in Jahanabad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 86, in 20 families.

References

Populated places in Hirmand County


title: Farnborough Spencer Academy

text:
Farnborough Spencer Academy is a coeducational secondary school located in the Clifton area of Nottingham in the English county of Nottinghamshire.

The school offers GCSEs as programmes of study for pupils, with a small number of pupils attending Central College Nottingham for vocational courses. It previously held Technology College status as part of the (now defunct) Specialist Schools Programme and also previously had the motto 'Tenez Le Droit. '

Previously a community school administered by Nottingham City Council, in December 2013 an Ofsted inspection judged Farnborough School Technology College to be 'Inadequate'. The rating meant the school was placed in special measures. The school was opened in September 2014 by paralympian Richard Whitehead and was renamed The Farnborough Academy. The 1950s school buildings were demolished and also replaced with a new building designed by Franklin Ellis Architects, one of the last projects built under the Building Schools for the Future programme. It was then operated as part of the Trent Academies Group, however, in September 2018 Trent Academies Group merged with the Spencer Academies Trust. The school then changed its name to Farnborough Spencer Academy in September 2021.

The Academy was graded as Good in all areas by Ofsted in September 2022.

References

External links
Farnborough Spencer Academy official website

Secondary schools in Nottingham
Academies in Nottingham
Clifton, Nottinghamshire


title: Eleanor Carothers

text:
Estrella Eleanor Carothers (4 December 1882 – 1957), known primarily as Eleanor Carothers, was an American zoologist, geneticist, and cytologist known for her work with grasshoppers. She discovered important physical evidence for the concept of independent assortment, vital to modern understanding of genetics.

Early life and education
Carothers was born on December 4, 1883, in Newton, Kansas to Z. W. Carothers and Mary Bates. She studied at the Nickerson Normal College and went on to earn her Bachelor of Arts degree and her Master's degree from the University of Kansas, in 1911 and 1912 respectively.

Research career
She began her career as a Pepper Fellow at Pennsylvania State University, where she stayed from 1913 to 1914. That year, she was appointed an assistant professor of zoology there, and graduated with her Ph.D. in 1916. Carothers stayed on as assistant professor until 1936, though she also had an overlapping appointment as an independent investigator for the Marine Biological Laboratory, which lasted from 1920 until 1941. In 1936 she moved to the University of Iowa and was a research associate there until 1941. Her work there was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.

While studying and teaching at the University of Pennsylvania, Carothers traveled to the southern and southwestern regions of the United States on research expeditions, held in 1915 and 1919. During her time at the University of Iowa, she completed her most important work, in the field of genetics and cytology, using grasshopper embryos to study the independent assortment of heteromorphic homologous chromosomes. This was the first physical evidence that homologous chromosomes separated independently during meiosis, which is one source of genetic variation in sexually-reproducing organisms.

Later life

Carothers retired from the University of Iowa in 1941 and moved from Iowa to Kingman, Kansas, where she continued to conduct research for the Woods Hole Marine Biological Lab. In 1954, she moved to Murdock, Kansas, where she lived and researched for the remainder of her life. Carothers died in 1957 at the age of 75.

Awards and honors
In 1921, Carothers was awarded the Ellen Richards Research Prize by the Naples Table Association. She received a starred entry for her work on grasshopper embryos in the fourth edition of American Men of Science, published in 1927, a rare and significant award  for a female scientist at the time. Carothers was also elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Major publications

Further reading

References

American geneticists
20th-century American zoologists
Women zoologists
1882 births
1957 deaths
20th-century American women scientists
People from Newton, Kansas
People from Kingman, Kansas
People from Kingman County, Kansas