title: Canal Dime Savings Bank

text:
Canal Dime Savings Bank, also known as Eckerd's Drug Store, is a historic bank building located at Columbia, South Carolina. It was built between 1892 and 1895, and is a three-story, Romanesque Revival style brick building with a granite façade and red barrel tile roof.  The building was purchased by Eckerd's Drug Store in 1936.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

References

Bank buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Romanesque Revival architecture in South Carolina
Commercial buildings completed in 1895
Buildings and structures in Columbia, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Columbia, South Carolina


title: Relational sociology

text:
Relational sociology is a collection of sociological theories that emphasize relationalism over substantivalism in explanations and interpretations of social phenomena and is most directly connected to the work of Harrison White and Charles Tilly in the United States and Pierpaolo Donati and Nick Crossley in Europe.

Background
Relational sociology draws on a perspective or social ontology that Tilly and Donati refer to as relational realism or "the doctrine that transactions, interactions, social ties and conversations constitute the central stuff of social life." (Although, Donati argues that other relational sociologies based on constructivist ontology are not truly relational realism.) This redefines the object of sociology, as Donati argues: "Society is not a space “containing” relations, or an arena where relations are played. It is rather the very tissue of relations (society “is relation” and does not “have relations”). Although several relational thinkers emerge throughout human thought, these presumably disparate theoretical ideas were consolidated in the United States under one banner during what some, following Ann Mische, refer to as The New York School of relational sociology in the 1990s. The Canadian Sociological Association has referred to it as the "relational turn" in social sciences spreading around the world.

While substantivalism (similar to substantialism in philosophy) tends to view individuals (or other social objects) as self-subsistent or self-acting entities, relationalism underscores that practices constitute individuals, and that all action is always trans-action, always with implication transcending the momentary intent. This distinction is frequently cited by Pierre Bourdieu who borrowed it from Ernest Cassirer, specifically, Cassirer's 1923 publication Substance and Function. Overall, "relational theorists reject the notion that one can posit discrete, pre-given units such as the individual or society as ultimate starting points of sociological analysis."

History

In Mustafa Emirbayer's 1997 "Manifesto for a Relational Sociology" he traces the tradition of privileging relations over substances to the pre-Socratic, Greek philosopher Heraclitus. He is attributed the cryptic saying "Ever-newer waters flow on those who step into the same rivers," from which the simpler "everything flows" (Panta rhei) emerges. Among the classical sociologists, Emirbayer and sociologist Marion Fourcade agree that relational ideas emerge in the work of several founders of sociology, including Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Mead, and Simmel. Among early and mid-20th century sociologists, the most prominently relational theorists are John Dewey, Arthur F. Bentley, Pierre Bourdieu, Norbert Elias, and Niklas Luhmann. Pierpaolo Donati contends that Simmel, specifically the concept Wechselwirkung, is "the first one to give sociology the "relational turning point." Donati's own "Manifesto" for his own variety of relational sociology was first published in 1983 in Italian, entitled Introduzione alla sociologia relazionale. In 1992, the French sociologist Guy Bajoit authored "Pour une sociologie relationnelle," which is contemporary with the relational movement in American sociology, but is only engaged, briefly, by Donati's relational sociology.

The New York School

Following Ann Mische, some refer to the emergence of the relational turn in American sociology in the 1990s as the New York School, as several New York universities were involved in the convergence of two maturing and previously discrete sub-fields in sociology: cultural sociology and social network analysis. Key relational thinkers were concentrated during this time at the Paul F. Lazarsfeld Center for the Social Sciences at Columbia University, as well as the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research and New York University. These sociologists included Harrison White, Charles Tilly, Mustafa Emirbayer, David Gibson, Ronald Burt, Mimi Sheller, Jeff Goodwin, Ann Mische and Melissa Fischer. During the 1990s New York was the site of many conferences and workshop discussing relational ideas: Harrison White hosted several conferences at the Lazersfeld Center discussing the themes of time, language, identities, and networks; Charles Tilly hosted the Workshop on Contentious Politics; and Mustafa Emirbayer organized a study group on Theory and Culture at the New School which discussed early drafts of his Manifesto for Relational Sociology. A 2008 symposium cited White's Identity and Control, Mische's Partisan Publics, Tilly's Contentious Politics in Great Britain, 1758–1834, Bearman's Relations into Rhetorics, and Gould's Insurgent Identities as "milestones in Relational Sociology." All but Gould played a direct role in the New York School.

Spread of relational sociology

In September 2008, the Humboldt University of Berlin hosted an international symposium on relational sociology organized by Jan Fuhse titled Relational Sociology: Transatlantic Impulses for the Social Sciences. The symposium centered on the work of Harrison White. In addition to White, presenters included: John Levi Martin, Patrik Aspers, Eiko Ikegami, Ann Mische, Stephan Fuchs and Sophie Muetzel.

In October 2009, sociologist Yanjie Bian hosted the International Conference on Relational Sociology at the Institute for Empirical Social Science Research of Xi'an Jiaotong University. The conference included keynote speakers Nan Lin and Peter Li.

In 2010, the University of California-Davis hosted a conference on relational work, organized by Fred Block, which resulted in a special issue on Relational Work in Market Economics in Politics & Society. Relational work is a sociological concept created by a relational economic sociologist, Viviana Zelizer. This conference included the work of Frederick Wherry, Jennifer Haylett, Sarah Quinn, Josh Whitford and Nina Bandelj.

Italian sociologist Pierpaolo Donati is one of the founders of relational sociology in Europe and published Relational Sociology: A New Paradigm for the Social Sciences in 2011. Also in 2011, British sociologist Nick Crossley published Towards Relational Sociology.

Beginning in 2011, the Canadian Sociological Association has held meetings at every annual conference to develop a research cluster devoted to relational sociology. The most recent meeting was organized by François Dépelteau and Chris Powell from the Laurentian University and Ryerson University.

A 2013 call for papers from the Sociological Network Research section of the German Sociological Association argues that, while major methodological advances occurred in the United States, relational sociology has strong roots in the German-language tradition of sociology. In addition to Simmel, Marx, Elias and Luhmann, such German relational sociologists include: Leopold von Wiese, Karl Mannheim, Theodor Litt, Alfred Schütz, and Helmuth Plessner. The invitation was for oral presentations which addressed scholars who are part of the German-language tradition of relational sociology.

Also in 2013, two books were published on relational sociology by F. Dépelteau and C. Powell. Conceptualizing Relational Sociology and Applying Relational Sociology, both published with Palgrave Macmillan, are collections of texts presenting the variety of the last theoretical and empirical researches done within this intellectual current.

In 2014, a research cluster on relational cluster was created through the Canadian Sociological Association.

The Palgrave Handbook of Relational Sociology was published in 2018. All together it consists of 33 chapters.

Recent years has seen the development of a relational approach to organizational theory in education by Scott Eacott, best captured in "Beyond Leadership: A Relational Approach to Organizational Theory in Education".

Criticisms

Sociologist Richard Swedberg, argues that relational sociology disregards the potential role that interests play in social action:

Sociologist Christian Smith states in What is a Person? that he rejects Emirbayer's position that substantialism and relationalism represent fundamentally different points of view, rather:

References

Sociological theories

it:Sociologia relazionale


title: Nutter-Rymes House

text:
The Nutter-Rymes House is a historic house at 409 The Hill in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.  Built in 1809, it is an unusual double house with an arched carriageway in the middle, and an important surviving early example of urban residential design in the city.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. Currently it is occupied by the apart-hotel THE INN Downtown.

Description and history
The Nutter-Rymes House stands in The Hill, a cluster of closely spaced historic houses bounded on the north by Deer Street and the east by High Street at the northern edge of downtown Portsmouth. This grouping was created by a road widening project from houses originally located on or near Deer Street.  This house, located at the southeastern corner of The Hill, is one of the few in the group that remains at its original location.  It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a side-gable roof and clapboarded exterior.  Its most distinctive feature is the large central keystoned arch, which originally provided a vehicular passage between the two halves of the building.  The building entrances are located at the outermost bays of the long southern facade.

The two houses were built by James Nutter for himself and Christopher Rymes, a merchant and real estate speculator, and were originally mirror-image duplicates.  The house is important because Nutter was a major local builder at the time, and the house serves as a window into his building practices.  It is also an early surviving example in the city of a house that was specifically designed for an urban setting, rather than being an adaptation of an older rural form.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Federal architecture in New Hampshire
Houses completed in 1809
Houses in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Portsmouth, New Hampshire


title: Parramatta Sun

text:
The Parramatta Sun was a weekly regional newspaper which served the communities of Parramatta and the former Holroyd local government areas.  The newspaper was part of Fairfax Media Regional. The final edition of the newspaper was released in December 2017.

Its circulation was over 63,000 and readership over 78,000.

References

External links
 Official website

Defunct newspapers published in Sydney
Parramatta


title: Lillian McGeoch

text:
Lillian Jean McGeoch (born Lillian Jean McKittrick; 17 January 1903 – 1992) was a Canadian painter and sculptor.

Lillian Jean McKittrick was born in Sundridge, Ontario on 17 January 1903.
Her parents were Edward James McKittrick and Ida Caroline Curran.
The Rev. E.J. McKittrick was an Algoma clergyman.
McKittrick studied under John William Beatty and George Agnew Reid at the Ontario College of Art.
She also studied art at the Port Hope summer school, and with groups of artists in Toronto, Nova Scotia and Rockport, Maine.
She won two scholarships in succession while studying under Alfred Howell (1889–1978) at the Toronto Central Technical School.

On 24 April 1926 McKittrick married Rae McGeoch, a sales manager in Toronto.
She worked as a freelance commercial artist and taught art.
She mainly painted oil and tempera landscapes and still life studies.
She also worked with metal, clay and wood.
McGeoch had solo exhibitions in Halifax, Nova Scotia (1950), the Toronto Lyceum Club (1957), the Women’s Art Association, Toronto (1961), Richview Library, Toronto (1967, 1969), Newport Hotel, Clarkson, Mississauga (1968) and the Douglas Art Gallery, Toronto.

She died in 1992 and is buried with her husband, Rae McGeoch (1898–1993), in King City Cemetery, King City, Ontario.

References

Sources

1903 births
1992 deaths
Canadian sculptors
20th-century sculptors
20th-century women sculptors
20th-century women painters
20th-century Canadian painters
Canadian women sculptors
20th-century Canadian women artists
Canadian women painters
20th-century Canadian sculptors


title: North Carolina Mutual Building

text:
North Carolina Mutual Building, also known as the Blue Palace Tea Shop and Barber Shop, is a historic commercial building located at Columbia, South Carolina. It was built in 1909 by the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, and is a three-story, rectangular, brick commercial block. The building housed African-American businesses, professionals, and institutions during the years of Jim Crow segregation.  It is located in the Washington Street business district, the city's black downtown.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

References

African-American history of South Carolina
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Commercial buildings completed in 1909
Buildings and structures in Columbia, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Columbia, South Carolina


title: Qureshi caretaker ministry

text:
The Qureshi caretaker ministry under Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi as the caretaker prime minister of Pakistan was sworn into office on 18 August 1993 and only served for three months. Qureshi's tenure as caretaker prime minister is known for the various reforms it brought to the political and bureaucratic setups within the country.

Government formation

1993 constitutional crisis
Pakistan was "plunged into chaos" as president Ghulam Ishaq Khan and prime minister Nawaz Sharif duelled for supremacy. Even though neither was successful, they put nearly all of Pakistan's institutions at risk. It was then that the army chief Gen Abdul Waheed Kakar called both the president and prime minister to negotiate this political power crisis.

Two weeks of intense negotiations ensued and the crisis came to an abrupt end in July 1993 when the prime minister resigned from his post. Sharif's resignation was part of a negotiated settlement whereby he had asked also for the removal of president Khan. Subsequently following Sharif's resignation, army chief Kakar and the JCSC chairman Gen Shamim Alam Khan forced Ishaq Khan to resign from his presidency thus ending the political standoff.

Authorising a caretaker setup
The resignations were welcomed as a unique gesture by the sitting government where they were seen to have voluntarily stepped down for the first time to avoid a possible military intervention. A caretaker government was authorised under the supervision of Senate chairman Wasim Sajjad who became the caretaker president.

The first order of business for Sajjad was to call Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi back to Pakistan from his home in the United States. Qureshi was a former Pakistani bureaucrat who had also served as the vice-president of the World Bank. Qureshi was appointed as the caretaker prime minister in hopes that "[he could] ease Pakistan over the monumental crisis its political and military leaders had created". Qureshi was the choice of the civil-military bureaucracy, not the politicians. He had been tasked to restore public confidence in government.

Preparing for the next election
Upon the appointment of Qureshi as the caretaker prime minister, it was announced that the next general election would be held on 6 October 1993. In preparing for the election, the Qureshi caretaker ministry issued a list of loan defaulters who may be barred from contesting the new elections. The ministry also published a "sensational roster of the amounts paid in income tax by some of the richest people in the country, including the Sharif family".

Qureshi introduced sweeping reforms during the three months that his caretaker government was in power. He cut government spending, raised taxes, devalued the Pakistani rupee and fattened a thinning foreign reserve account. Following the allegations of corruption on the Sharif family, the previous government's Yellow Cab Scheme was scrapped and the Pakistan Motorways Project was also shelved.

Qureshi's cabinet
A caretaker cabinet of 12 ministers took an oath on 18 August 1993 under caretaker prime minister Qureshi and the caretaker president Sajjad. In formulating his cabinet and cutting the government expenses, Qureshi ordered the closing down of 15 ministries and ten embassies. With the prime ministerial mantle going to a technocrat, the Qureshi caretaker cabinet is considered to be one of the most efficient caretaker setups in the country.

Citations

References

1993 establishments in Pakistan


title: Daniel Pinkham House

text:
The Daniel Pinkham House is a historic house at 400 The Hill in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.  Built c. 1813–15, it is one of the finest Federal period houses surviving on the city's north side.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

Description and history
The Daniel Pinkham House is one of a cluster of houses known as The Hill, located south of Deer Street north of downtown Portsmouth, that was created as the result of a road works project in the 1970s.  It is a three-story wood-frame structure, with a low-pitch hip roof and clapboarded exterior.  Its main facade is five bays wide with a center entrance; the windows are simply trimmed, with smaller windows on the third floor.  Its front entry is flanked by Adamesque pilasters with rope molding, and topped by a semicircular fanlight window.  The interior features original cornices, doors, and other woodwork.

The house was built c. 1813–15 by Daniel and Isaac Pinkham, in the wake of Portland's devastating 1813 fire.  The latter was a noted local cabinetmaker, whose work is presumed to decorate the interior.  Although its exterior was altered in the late 19th century by the addition of Victorian elements, these were removed when the house was renovated and moved in the 1970s.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Federal architecture in New Hampshire
Houses completed in 1813
Houses in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Portsmouth, New Hampshire


title: Ansgars Church

text:
Ansgars Church (Danish: Ansgars Kirke) is a church in Odense, Denmark, within the Diocese of Funen.

Completed in 1902, it was the first church built in the city since the Middle Ages. The church was designed by Niels Jacobsen in a late Romanesque style from red brick, and built on granite foundation. Its features include a cross-shaped interior and a spired bell-tower measuring . There are three mural paintings inside the church: the 1902 work is a decoration on vault rubs, the 1917 frescoes are in the parish hall, and the 1935–1936 frescoes on the altar's niche.

References

Churches completed in 1902
Churches in Odense
Churches in the diocese of Funen


title: China Road

text:
China Road: A Journey into the Future of a Rising Power is a book on travel literature by Rob Gifford, first published on January 1, 2007 by Random House.

The book documents Gifford's 2004 trip across China National Highway 312 from Shanghai to the China-Kazakhstan border and his observations of China. Gifford was at the end of his term as a China correspondent for National Public Radio (NPR), and his experiences were the basis of several NPR stories.

Vanessa Bush of Booklist stated "Gifford notes an aggressive sense of competition in the man-eat-man atmosphere of a nation that is likely to be the next global superpower." Dinah Gardner of Asia Times stated that "To anyone who has lived some time in China, Gifford's book is nothing revolutionary - the editors appear to have pruned it for a reader with little knowledge of the country."

Reception

Gardner criticized "the intrusion of Gifford's religious views" and Gifford letting "moral outrage color his arguments" but concluded overall that the book "is, in every other way, a very vivid and lively piece of reportage."

References

2007 non-fiction books
Books about China


title: Peter Righton

text:
Paul Pelham Righton (14 April 1926  12 October 2007), known as Peter Righton, was a child protection expert and social care worker, and a convicted child molester. In 2013, the Metropolitan Police launched Operation Cayacos to investigate claims that Righton was part of an establishment paedophile network.

Career
Righton worked in children's homes, including in Maidstone, Kent, and was a lecturer in child protection and residential care, including at the Open University and in Birmingham. He was Director of Education at the National Institute of Social Work, and vice-chairman of governors at New Barns School in Toddington, Gloucestershire. He was also a consultant to the National Children's Bureau. Righton justified relationships between adults and children in his academic work - he wrote in Social Work Today in 1977 that "Provided there is no question of exploitation, sexual relationships freely entered into by residents – including adolescents – should not be a matter for automatic inquiry", and wrote in the book Perspectives on Paedophilia that "Most child molesters, if paedophile at all, are so only incidentally. Most of those I have called 'dispositional' paedophiles, when they engage in sexual activity with children, do not molest them... On the contrary, the child's consent is usually of cardinal importance to them."

Child abuse and conviction
Journalist Nick Davies called Righton "a notorious paedophile who attempted to legitimise his obsession in a series of academic studies." Righton was a founding member of the Paedophile Information Exchange (number 51). Child protection manager Peter McKelvie helped in the investigation. Righton, then living in Evesham, was convicted by a magistrates court in September 1992 of importing child pornography magazines and photographs after Customs and Excise intercepted material being sent to him from the Netherlands that April. A police raid on his home uncovered other paedophile magazines, and letters to and from other paedophiles containing details of abuse. He was fined £900 with £75 costs for importing child abuse images, had the magazines destroyed, and was cautioned for an historical assault. The BBC's Inside Story documentary reported in 1994 that he was allowed to leave a boarding school under a "gentleman's agreement" after being found to have abused boys. He had confessed past abuse to child protection colleagues, but they did not act on this out of loyalty to him. A former student of his wrote that his position of power, authority and charisma allowed him and other paedophiles to avoid detection and to lead some to turn a blind eye to suspicions. Liz Davies, a reader in child protection at London Metropolitan University who was involved in the investigation into his abuses in Islington, wrote that Righton was allowed to live on the Thornham Magna estate of Lord Henniker in Suffolk, where children from Islington continued to be taken, apparently until his death; Member of Parliament Tom Watson wrote that the Chief Constable of Suffolk warned against Righton being allowed to live on the estate but was ignored.

In October 2012, Watson claimed that Righton was involved in a paedophile ring with connections to the British Government. Former West Mercia police detective Terry Shutt made similar claims in 2014. Operation Cayacos, an investigation into historical claims of child abuse being conducted by the Metropolitan Police, began investigating claims of a paedophile network connected to Righton in 2013. Operation Cayacos is a spin-off of Operation Fairbank, investigating the Elm Guest House child abuse scandal.

Works

References

External links
Inside Story – The Secret Life of a Paedophile, BBC documentary on Peter Righton (Available via YouTube);

1926 births
2007 deaths
English people convicted of child pornography offences
English social workers
Academics of the Open University
20th-century English criminals
Paedophile Information Exchange people
Violence against men in the United Kingdom
20th-century English LGBT people


title: Parsons Homestead

text:
The Parsons Homestead is a historic house at 520 Washington Road in Rye, New Hampshire.  Probably built at around 1800 but including portions of older buildings, it is a well-preserved example of a distinctive local variant of the Federal style of architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Description and history
The Parsons Homestead stands in the village center of Rye, on the southeast side of Washington Road, nearly opposite its junction with Lang Road.  It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a side-gable roof and clapboarded exterior.  It has two interior brick chimneys, and a five-bay front facade.  The central bay is a two-story gabled projection, a distinctive local variant of the Federal style that is now seen in only a few surviving examples.  The main entrance is at the base of the projection, flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a half-round transom.  Sash windows are placed in the other bays, framed by moulded surrounds.

The construction date of this house is traditionally given as 1757, but there is no significant architectural evidence supporting a construction date before about 1800.  Portions of the house (a stairway and some posts) appear to have been recycled from an older house.  The interior woodwork is among the finest of the period in Rye.  The builder of the house is not known.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Georgian architecture in New Hampshire
Houses completed in 1757
Houses in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Rye, New Hampshire


title: Pappali

text:
Pappali () is a 2014 Indian Tamil-language film directed by A. Govindamoorthy. It stars Senthil Kumar and Ishaara Nair in the lead roles, while Saranya Ponvannan, Singampuli and Jagan play supporting roles. The film, which has music composed by Vijay Ebenezer, was released on 11 July 2014.

Cast
Senthil Kumar as Karthik
Ishaara Nair as Subbalakshmi
Jagan
Ilavarasu
Saranya Ponvannan
Singampuli
Aadukalam Naren
Nirosha

Production
Govindamurthy, who had previously directed Karuppusamy Kuththagaithaarar (2007) and Vedigundu Murugesan (2009), approached the producers with a script and they readily agreed to produce the venture after listening to his narration. He revealed that the team signed on Senthil Kumar and Ishara Nair to work on the film, as the team could not afford bigger stars and could not afford to wait for their dates. The songs of the film were released in March 2014.

Release
The film opened to poor reviews in July 2014, with a critic from Sify.com noting that the film "is a crude and crass comedy laced with sentiments", adding the "film lacks technical finesse and is difficult to sit through". New Indian Express wrote "The first half with its crude comedy, jarring at times, leads one to believe that the film would be a mindless comic caper. But the latter part makes up for it, taking a total about-turn" praising the message of the film.

References

2014 films
2010s Tamil-language films
Films directed by A. Govindamoorthy


The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Structured Reality Program is handed out annually at the Creative Arts Emmy Award ceremony.

In 2014, Outstanding Reality Program was separated into two categories – Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program and Outstanding Structured Reality Program. The category of "structured reality program" is defined as consisting of reality shows that "contain consistent story elements that mostly adhere to a recurring structured template".

In the following list, the first titles listed in gold are the winners; those not in gold are nominees, which are listed in alphabetical order. The years given are those in which the ceremonies took place:

Winners and nominations
Outstanding Reality Program

2000s

2010s

Outstanding Structured Reality Program

2020s

Programs with multiple wins

5 wins
 Queer Eye

4 wins
 Shark Tank

2 wins
 Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
 Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List
 Undercover Boss

Programs with multiple nominations
Totals include nominations for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series.

21 nominations
 Antiques Roadshow

12 nominations
 Shark Tank

8 nominations
 MythBusters

7 nominations
 Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives
 Undercover Boss

6 nominations
 Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List
 Queer Eye

5 nominations
 Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
 Who Do You Think You Are?

3 nominations
 Lip Sync Battle
 Love Is Blind

2 nominations
 Dirty Jobs
 Dog Whisperer
 Fixer Upper
 Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution
 Queer Eye for the Straight Guy
 Taxicab Confessions

See also
 Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Structured Reality Show

References

Structured Reality Program
American reality television series


title: Monilea lentiginosa

text:
Monilea lentiginosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

The Australian Faunal Directory considers Monilea lentiginosa Adams, 1853 to be a synonym of Monilea callifera (Lamarck, 1822)

Description
The size of the shell varies between 12 mm and 24 mm. The umbilicate, very solid shell has a conical shape. It is lusterless with a whitish color, unicolored or obscurely striped or maculate with brown or buff. The spire is conical with an acute apex. The sutures are impressed. The 6 to 7 whorls are convex, the last with a tendency to be flattened around the middle. The entire surface is covered with sharp close uneven spiral riblets with deeply incised interstices, and very fine, close, longitudinal growth lamellae, forming compressed beads on the lirae, and generally lamellae in the interstices. The oblique aperture is rounded-quadrangular, with 10 or 11 plicae within, which attain the edge of the lip. The short columella is toothed below, concave and somewhat expanded above. The umbilicus contains within a smooth, not very prominent, funicle.

Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Central Indo-West Pacific and Australia ( Queensland - New South Wales)

References

External links

lentiginosa
Gastropods described in 1851


title: River Town

text:
River Town can refer to:
 River Town: Two Years on the Yangtze, 2001 book by Peter Hessler
 River Town (1999 book), book written by Bonnie Geisert and illustrated by Arthur Geisert

See also
River Township, Red Lake County, Minnesota


title: Noncommutative projective geometry

text:
In mathematics, noncommutative projective geometry is a noncommutative analog of projective geometry in the setting of noncommutative algebraic geometry.

Examples
The quantum plane, the most basic example, is the quotient ring of the free ring:

More generally, the quantum polynomial ring is the quotient ring:

Proj construction

By definition, the Proj of a graded ring R is the quotient category of the category of finitely generated graded modules over R by the subcategory of torsion modules. If R is a commutative Noetherian graded ring generated by degree-one elements, then the Proj of R in this sense is equivalent to the category of coherent sheaves on the usual Proj of R. Hence, the construction can be thought of as a generalization of the Proj construction for a commutative graded ring.

See also
Elliptic algebra
Calabi–Yau algebra
Sklyanin algebra

References

Fields of geometry


title: Sebalu & Lule

text:
S&L Advocates (formerly Sebalu and Lule Advocates) is a Ugandan law firm headquartered in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda. It is a leading business law firm that was founded in 1980 by Paulo Sebalu and Godfrey Serunkuma Lule. The firm is a member of DLA Piper and the DLA Piper Africa Group. The firm's advocates are members of various professional bodies, including the International Bar Association, the Commonwealth Lawyers Association, the East African Law Society and the Uganda Law Society.

S&L Advocates advises leading local and multinational organisations across the financial services, energy and infrastructure, insurance, telecommunications, construction, hospitality and leisure, private equity and processing/manufacturing sectors, several of whom are listed on the Uganda Securities Exchange, the JSE Limited and FTSE 100 index. The firm also acts for industry regulators, international financiers, the Government and governmental agencies.

History
S&L Advocates was formed as Sebalu & Lule in 1980 by Paulo Sebalu and Godfrey Serunkuma Lule, both distinguished legal practitioners at the time.

In 2010, S&L joined the DLA Piper Group.

Work Profile
S&L Advocates specialises in the following practice areas: banking and finance, capital markets, corporate and commercial law, commercial dispute resolution, projects and infrastructure, power (energy, oil and gas and mining), mergers and acquisitions, employment and pensions, non-profit organisations, real estate and tax.

Notable transactions include:

Advised the lenders, including the International Finance Corporation, African Development Bank and Standard Chartered Bank,  for the US$900 million project financing of the Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station on the Victoria Nile, currently Uganda’s largest energy and infrastructure project.  Although Sebalu & Lule, advising on Uganda law, was a lesser one of the four legal firms involved, the project was "the first greenfield power financing in Uganda and is east Africa's largest private sector investment."
Advised the Government of Uganda for the concession of assets of Uganda’s sole copper mine, Kilembe Mines
Acted for Rabobank and Rabo Development BV in the acquisition of an equity stake in a listed company in Uganda in what was the first transaction to test the Capital Markets (Mergers and Takeovers) Regulations
Acted for Standard Chartered Bank, Uganda Telecom and Kakira Sugar Works on the issue of medium-term notes programmes on the Uganda Securities Exchange and for the Nation Media Group for its cross-listing on the Uganda Securities Exchange.
Acted as Legal Advisor to MTN Uganda during the telecommunications company's listing of 20 percent shareholding in an IPO on the Uganda Securities Exchange during the fourth quarter of calendar year 2021.

Notable cases include:
Successfully acted for the National Social Security Fund, Uganda statutory provident fund, in its challenge of a US$20 million arbitral award before the Supreme Court of Uganda.
Successfully acted for Standard Chartered Bank Uganda before the East African Court of Justice in a multi-million dollar dispute founded upon a claim on a guarantee issued by Standard Chartered Bank Uganda.

Associate firms
DLA Piper
DLA Piper Africa Group
Cliffe Dekker Hofmeyr

Awards & Rankings
The 2014 IFLR1000's financial and corporate law rankings for Sebalu & Lule indicate that it is a Tier 1 financial and corporate law firm. The firm is also ranked as a Tier 1 energy and infrastructure law firm by the same legal directory.
Sebalu & Lule is ranked as a Band 1 Ugandan law firm in the 2014 edition of Chambers & Partners.
Barnabas Tumusingize is ranked as a Band 1 general business law expert in the 2014 edition of Chambers & Partners. James Mukasa Sebugenyi and Nicholas Ecimu are ranked as Band 2 and Band 3 general business law experts respectively by the same publication.

See also
 Law Development Centre
 Uganda Law Society
Godfrey Serunkuma Lule

References

External links
  Official Website
  IFLR1000: The Guide to the World's Leading Financial Law Firms
 CHAMBERS & PARTNERS: Your guide to the world's best lawyers
  The Legal 500

Law firms of Uganda


title: Tom Goss

text:
Tom Goss may refer to:

 Tom Goss (American football) (born c. 1946), American football player, college athletics administrator
 Tom Goss (musician) (born 1981), American musician
 Tom Goss, drummer in New York-based American rock bands St. Johnny and Grand Mal


title: Julinho Sporting F.C.

text:
Julinho Sporting F.C. (also known as the Rundu Lions) is a Namibian football club competing in the Namibia Premier League. The team is based in Rundu in the Kavango East region. The team earned a promotion to the 2014–15 Namibia Premier League after winning the 2013–14 North East First Division title. In their first season in the Premier League, the team placed 13th.

History

Julinho Sporting F.C. was founded in 2002 by brothers Nelson and Norton Luis in Rundu. They named the team after their late father, Julio Luis. The three had previously been involved with a community football club called Cola-Cola Sporting. The club spent nine years in Namibia's Second Division and was originally composed of players from the Maria Mwengere Secondary School. Julinho Sporting won a promotion to the First Division for the 2011–12 season.

Julinho Sporting F.C. won the North East First Division in the 2013–14 season after a 2–0 win against Bingo F.C. The victory earned the club a spot in the 2014–15 Namibia Premier League. In their first season, the club earned 9 wins, 5 draws, and 16 losses for a total of 32 points. They finished in 13th place, avoiding relegation by a single point. In the summer of 2015, the club earned a spot in the Dr. Hage Geingob Cup in Windhoek. The club garnered over 30,000 votes in a public voting competition to become the 4th and final entrant into the tournament. Other clubs in the tournament included Namibia's African Stars F.C., South Africa's Mamelodi Sundowns F.C., and Angola's C.D. Primeiro de Agosto. Julinho Sporting lost to African Stars 5–4 on penalties after a 1–1 draw. They would eventually lose the third-place game 1–0 against Primeiro de Agosto.

The team earned their first victory of the season against Flamingo F.C. 1–0 on 20 September.

Achievements

Namibia Second Division: 1
2012
Namibia First Division: 1
2014 (Promotion to Namibia Premier League)

References

External links
Julinho Sporting F.C. on Facebook

Football clubs in Namibia
Namibia Premier Football League clubs
Association football clubs established in 2002
Rundu
2002 establishments in Namibia


title: ČSA Flight 523

text:
ČSA Flight 523, operated by an Ilyushin Il-18D, was a scheduled flight from Prague Ruzyně International Airport (PRG/LKPR), Czechoslovakia to Havana via Shannon Airport and Gander International Airport, with 69 people on board, on 5 September 1967 it crashed on climb-out from Gander.

In 2015 a memorial plaque was unveiled in Gander to honour its victims.

Crash
On 5 September 1967, ČSA Flight 523 crashed on climb-out from Gander International Airport, after being re-fuelled for the final leg of the flight. The aircraft took off from runway 14 climbing at an abnormally shallow angle. The aircraft struck a supporting wire of a mast, climbed to , then started to dive, hitting the ground at a speed of approximately , hit a railway embankment  past the end of the runway, caught fire and broke into pieces. Four crewmen and 33 passengers were killed.

The aircraft was relatively new, manufactured in April 1967, having flown only 766 hours. The crew, replaced by a fresh one in Gander, consisted of a captain with over 17,000 hours experience (over 5,000 on the Il-18), familiar with the airport as he had been flying there since 1962, and a co-pilot with over 10,000 hours experience.

Investigation
The investigation of the incident started immediately; Czechoslovak and Soviet experts, including Genrikh Novozhilov from Ilyushin and the Czech World War II fighter pilot František Fajtl, also took part in it. Several possibilities were discussed but the cause of the accident was never determined.

References

External links
 ICAO circular

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1967
Czech Airlines accidents and incidents
Accidents and incidents involving the Ilyushin Il-18
Airliner accidents and incidents in Canada
Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador
1967 in Newfoundland and Labrador


title: Mihir Joshi

text:
Mihir Joshi (born March 15, 1981) is an Indian singer, television anchor and former All India Radio FM Rainbow radio jockey.

Early life

Joshi is an electronics engineer by training and studied at Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues College of Engineering.

Professional life
Joshi started his career as a radio jockey with the stage-name Music-man Mihir. His first interview was with Engelbert Humperdinck. He worked Mumbai-based music store Furtados Music to help promote local bands and create a bridge between artists and instrument manufacturing companies. He also worked as a freelance writer and photographer for many magazines and newspapers such as (Rock Street Journal, Rave, Yuva, Jam, JLT, Hindustan Times, Mumbai Mirror and various others, including his own, called eMUSICPOST.com). After serving 5 years as a radio jockey on All India Radio, he moved to Radio One (India) to host One Mumbai One Music, a show dedicated to featuring Indian musicians on radio. The talk-show format of this radio show later grew into an independent show, The MJ Show.

Music career

Performing artist
Mihir Joshi formed and fronted three English bands as the lead vocalist, The King Keys in 2006, The Works in 2007, and Mihir Joshi Band in 2012. He also formed his first Hindi band, Bombay Rock Project in 2011, that went on to perform and do quite well on season 3 of India's Got Talent. He also formed his new Bollywood Band in 2014.

Album
Mihir released his first album on May 31, 2014 – Mumbai Blues, produced by Ashish Manchanda, recorded at Ranjit Barot's Nirvana Studios and Ashish's Flying Carpet Productions. It was released worldwide digitally by Times Music and physically by Flying Carpet Productions. The album was launched by Ehsaan Noorani and Loy Mendonsa of the famous Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy music director trio on the Harman Live Arena stage at the Palm Expo in Mumbai.

In February 2015, Mihir's label Times Music was ordered by Central Board of Film Certification to remove the word Bombay from one of his songs, Sorry.

Television Hosting
Joshi hosted two TV reality shows – ICICI Direct Aspire on Zee Business and Maruti Suzuki Colors Of Youth on MTV India.

The MJ Show
Joshi started The MJ Show as a blog in 2010, and later took it to a visual platform on YouTube with help from Ping Network in August 2013. Season 1 had 50 episodes and Season 2 is about to end with 25 episodes on the YouTube channel. The show is also broadcast by NDTV Prime

WWE

Mihir is also a professional emcee and has hosted events for a lot of really big companies for over 11 years. He is also the official host for the world's largest sports entertainment brand – WWE in India.

Awards

Global Indian Music Awards

The Global Indian Music Academy Awards are presented annually by Global Indian Music Academy to honour and recognise Indian music. Joshi and his band, the Mihir Joshi Band won an award for their debut album Mumbai Blues .

|-
| align="center"| 2015
| align="center"| Mumbai Blues
| align="center"| Best Rock Album
|
|-
|-

References

External links

Reddit AMA

Living people
1981 births


title: Kubernetes

text:
Kubernetes (, commonly abbreviated K8s) is an open-source container orchestration system for automating software deployment, scaling, and management. Originally designed by Google, the project is now maintained by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation.

The name Kubernetes originates from Ancient Greek, meaning 'helmsman' or 'pilot'. Kubernetes is often abbreviated as K8s, counting the eight letters between the K and the s (a numeronym).

Kubernetes works with various container runtimes, such as containerd and CRI-O. Its suitability for running and managing large cloud-native workloads has led to widespread adoption of it in the data center. There are multiple distributions of this platform – from independent software vendors (ISVs) as well as hosted-on-cloud offerings from all the major public cloud vendors.

History

Kubernetes (,  or , and the etymological root of cybernetics) was announced by Google in mid-2014. The project was created by Joe Beda, Brendan Burns, and Craig McLuckie, who were soon joined by other Google engineers, including Brian Grant and Tim Hockin.

The design and development of Kubernetes was influenced by Google's Borg cluster manager. Many of its top contributors had previously worked on Borg; they codenamed Kubernetes "" after the Star Trek ex-Borg character Seven of Nine and gave its logo a seven-spoked wheel. Unlike Borg, which was written in C++, Kubernetes source code is in the Go language.

Kubernetes 1.0 was released on July 21, 2015. Google worked with the Linux Foundation to form the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) and offered Kubernetes as a seed technology. In February 2016, the Helm package manager for Kubernetes was released.

Google was already offering managed Kubernetes services, while Red Hat was supporting Kubernetes as part of OpenShift since the inception of the Kubernetes project in 2014. In 2017, the principal competitors rallied around Kubernetes and announced adding native support for it:
 VMware (proponent of Pivotal Cloud Foundry) in August,
 Mesosphere, Inc. (proponent of Marathon and Mesos) in September,
 Docker, Inc. (proponent of Docker) in October,
 Microsoft Azure also in October,
 AWS announced support for Kubernetes via the Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) in November.

On March 6, 2018, Kubernetes Project reached ninth place in the list of GitHub projects by the number of commits, and second place in authors and issues, after the Linux kernel.

Until version 1.18, Kubernetes followed an N-2 support policy, meaning that the three most recent minor versions receive security updates and bug fixes. Starting with version 1.19, Kubernetes follows an N-3 support policy.

Concepts

Kubernetes defines a set of building blocks ("primitives") that collectively provide mechanisms that deploy, maintain, and scale applications based on CPU, memory or custom metrics. Kubernetes is loosely coupled and extensible to meet the needs of different workloads. The internal components as well as extensions and containers that run on Kubernetes rely on the Kubernetes API. The platform exerts its control over compute and storage resources by defining resources as objects, which can then be managed as such.

Kubernetes follows the primary/replica architecture. The components of Kubernetes can be divided into those that manage an individual node and those that are part of the control plane.

Control plane

The Kubernetes master node handles the Kubernetes control plane of the cluster, managing its workload and directing communication across the system. The Kubernetes control plane consists of various components, each its own process, that can run both on a single master node or on multiple masters supporting high-availability clusters. The various components of the Kubernetes control plane are as follows.

etcd
etcd is a persistent, lightweight, distributed, key-value data store (originally developed for Container Linux). It reliably stores the configuration data of the cluster, representing the overall state of the cluster at any given point of time. etcd favors consistency over availability in the event of a network partition (see CAP theorem). The consistency is crucial for correctly scheduling and operating services.

API server
The API server serves the Kubernetes API using JSON over HTTP, which provides both the internal and external interface to Kubernetes. The API server processes, validates REST requests, and updates the state of the API objects in etcd, thereby allowing clients to configure workloads and containers across worker nodes. The API server uses etcd's watch API to monitor the cluster, roll out critical configuration changes, or restore any divergences of the state of the cluster back to the desired state as declared in etcd.

As an example, a human operator may specify that three instances of a particular "pod" (see below) need to be running, and etcd stores this fact. If the Deployment controller finds that only two instances are running (conflicting with the etcd declaration), it schedules the creation of an additional instance of that pod.

Scheduler
The scheduler is an extensible component that selects the node that an unscheduled pod (the basic unit of workloads to be scheduled) runs, based on resource availability and other constraints. The scheduler tracks resource allocation on each node to ensure that workload is not scheduled in excess of available resources. For this purpose, the scheduler must know the resource requirements, resource availability, and other user-provided constraints or policy directives such as quality-of-service, affinity/anti-affinity requirements, and data locality. The scheduler's role is to match resource "supply" to workload "demand".

Kubernetes allows running multiple schedulers within a single cluster. As such, scheduler plug-ins may be developed and installed as in-process extensions to the native vanilla scheduler by running it as a separate scheduler, as long as they conform to the Kubernetes scheduling framework. This allows cluster administrators to extend or modify the behavior of the default Kubernetes scheduler according to their needs.

Controllers
A controller is a reconciliation loop that drives the actual cluster state toward the desired state, communicating with the API server to create, update, and delete the resources it manages (e.g., pods or service endpoints).

An example controller is a ReplicaSet controller, which handles replication and scaling by running a specified number of copies of a pod across the cluster. The controller also handles creating replacement pods if the underlying node fails. Other controllers that are part of the core Kubernetes system include a DaemonSet controller for running exactly one pod on every machine (or some subset of machines), and a Job controller for running pods that run to completion (e.g. as part of a batch job). Labels selectors often form part of the controller's definition that specify the set of pods that a controller manages.

The controller manager is single a process that manages several core Kubernetes controllers (including the examples described above), and is distributed as part of the standard Kubernetes installation.

Custom controllers may also be installed in the cluster, further allowing the behavior and API of Kubernetes to be extended when used in conjunction with custom resources (see custom resources, controllers and operators below).

Nodes

A node, also known as a worker or a minion, is a machine where containers (workloads) are deployed. Every node in the cluster must run a container runtime, as well as the below-mentioned components, for communication with the primary network configuration of these containers.

kubelet
kubelet is responsible for the running state of each node, ensuring that all containers on the node are healthy. It takes care of starting, stopping, and maintaining application containers organized into pods as directed by the control plane. kubelet monitors the state of a pod, and if not in the desired state, the pod re-deploys to the same node. Node status is relayed every few seconds via heartbeat messages to the API server. Once the control plane detects a node failure, a higher-level controller is expected to observe this state change and launch pods on another healthy node.

Container runtime
A container runtime is responsible for the lifecycle of containers, including launching, reconciling and killing of containers. kubelet interacts with container runtimes via the Container Runtime Interface (CRI), which decouples the maintenance of core Kubernetes from the actual CRI implementation.

Originally, kubelet interfaced exclusively with the Docker runtime through a "dockershim". However, from November 2020 up to April 2022, Kubernetes has deprecated the shim in favor of directly interfacing with the container through containerd, or replacing Docker with a runtime that is compliant with the Container Runtime Interface (CRI). With the release of v1.24 in May 2022, the "dockershim" has been removed entirely.

Examples of popular container runtimes that are compatible with kubelet include containerd (initially supported via Docker), rkt and CRI-O.

kube-proxy
kube-proxy is an implementation of a network proxy and a load balancer, and it supports the service abstraction along with the other networking operations. It is responsible for routing traffic to the appropriate container based on IP and port number of the incoming request.

Namespaces

In Kubernetes, namespaces are utilized to segregate the resources it handles into distinct and non-intersecting collections. They are intended for use in environments with many users spread across multiple teams, or projects, or even separating environments like development, test, and production.

Pods
The basic scheduling unit in Kubernetes is a pod, which consists of one or more containers that are guaranteed to be co-located on the same node. Each pod in Kubernetes is assigned a unique IP address within the cluster, allowing applications to use ports without the risk of conflict. Within the pod, all containers can reference each other.

A container resides inside a pod. The container is the lowest level of a micro-service, which holds the running application, libraries, and their dependencies. Containers can be exposed to the world through an external IP address.

A volume, such as a local disk directory or a network disk, can be defined within a pod and made accessible to the containers residing in it. Pods can be managed manually through the Kubernetes API, or their management can be delegated to a controller. Such volumes are also the basis for the Kubernetes features of ConfigMaps (to provide access to configuration through the file system visible to the container) and Secrets (to provide access to credentials needed to access remote resources securely, by providing those credentials on the file system visible only to authorized containers).

Workloads
Kubernetes supports several abstractions of workloads that are at a higher level over simple pods. This allows users to declaratively define and manage these high-level abstractions, instead of having to manage individual pods by themselves. Several of these abstractions, supported by a standard installation of Kubernetes, are described below.

ReplicaSets, ReplicationControllers and Deployments
A ReplicaSet's purpose is to maintain a stable set of replica pods running at any given time. As such, it is often used to guarantee the availability of a specified number of identical Pods. The ReplicaSet can also be said to be a grouping mechanism that lets Kubernetes maintain the number of instances that have been declared for a given pod. The definition of a ReplicaSet uses a selector, whose evaluation will result in identifying all pods that are associated with it.

A ReplicationController, similar to a ReplicaSet, serves the same purpose and behaves similarly to a ReplicaSet, which is to ensure that there will always be a specified number of pod replicas as desired. The ReplicationController workload was the predecessor of a ReplicaSet, but was eventually deprecated in favor of ReplicaSet to make use of set-based label selectors.

Deployments are a higher-level management mechanism for ReplicaSets. While the ReplicaSet controller manages the scale of the ReplicaSet, the Deployment controller manages what happens to the ReplicaSet  whether an update has to be rolled out, or rolled back, etc. When Deployments are scaled up or down, this results in the declaration of the ReplicaSet changing, and this change in the declared state is managed by the ReplicaSet controller.

StatefulSets
StatefulSets are controllers that enforce the properties of uniqueness and ordering amongst instances of a pod, and can be used to run stateful applications. While scaling stateless applications is only a matter of adding more running pods, doing so for stateful workloads is harder, because the state needs to be preserved if a pod is restarted. If the application is scaled up or down, the state may need to be redistributed.

Databases are an example of stateful workloads. When run in high-availability mode, many databases come with the notion of a primary instance and secondary instances. In this case, the notion of ordering of instances is important. Other applications like Apache Kafka distribute the data amongst their brokers; hence, one broker is not the same as another. In this case, the notion of instance uniqueness is important.

DaemonSets
DaemonSets are responsible for ensuring that a pod is created on every single node in the cluster. Generally, most workloads scale in response to a desired replica count, depending on the availability and performance requirements as needed by the application. However, in other scenarios it may be necessary to deploy a pod to every single node in the cluster, scaling up the number of total pods as nodes are added and garbage collecting them as they are removed. This is particularly helpful for use cases where the workload has some dependency on the actual node or host machine, such as log collection, ingress controllers, and storage services.

Services

A Kubernetes service is a set of pods that work together, such as one tier of a multi-tier application. The set of pods that constitute a service are defined by a label selector. Kubernetes provides two modes of service discovery, using environmental variables or using Kubernetes DNS. Service discovery assigns a stable IP address and DNS name to the service, and load balances traffic in a round-robin manner to network connections of that IP address among the pods matching the selector (even as failures cause the pods to move from machine to machine). By default a service is exposed inside a cluster (e.g., back end pods might be grouped into a service, with requests from the front-end pods load-balanced among them), but a service can also be exposed outside a cluster (e.g., for clients to reach front-end pods).

Volumes

Filesystems in the Kubernetes container provide ephemeral storage, by default. This means that a restart of the pod will wipe out any data on such containers, and therefore, this form of storage is quite limiting in anything but trivial applications. A Kubernetes volume provides persistent storage that exists for the lifetime of the pod itself. This storage can also be used as shared disk space for containers within the pod. Volumes are mounted at specific mount points within the container, which are defined by the pod configuration, and cannot mount onto other volumes or link to other volumes. The same volume can be mounted at different points in the file system tree by different containers.

ConfigMaps and Secrets

A common application challenge is deciding where to store and manage configuration information, some of which may contain sensitive data. Configuration data can be anything as fine-grained as individual properties, or coarse-grained information like entire configuration files such as JSON or XML documents. Kubernetes provides two closely related mechanisms to deal with this need, known as ConfigMaps and Secrets, both of which allow for configuration changes to be made without requiring an application rebuild.

The data from ConfigMaps and Secrets will be made available to every single instance of the application to which these objects have been bound via the Deployment. A Secret and/or a ConfigMap is sent to a node only if a pod on that node requires it, which will only be stored in memory on the node. Once the pod that depends on the Secret or ConfigMap is deleted, the in-memory copy of all bound Secrets and ConfigMaps are deleted as well.

The data from a ConfigMap or Secret is accessible to the pod through one of the following ways:

 As environment variables, which will be consumed by kubelet from the ConfigMap when the container is launched;
 Mounted within a volume accessible within the container's filesystem, which supports automatic reloading without restarting the container.

The biggest difference between a Secret and a ConfigMap is that Secrets are specifically designed for containing secure and confidential data, although they are not encrypted at rest by default, and requires additional setup in order to fully secure the use of Secrets within the cluster. Secrets are often used to store confidential or sensitive data like certificates, credentials to work with image registries, passwords, and ssh keys.

Labels and selectors

Kubernetes enables clients (users or internal components) to attach keys called labels to any API object in the system, such as pods and nodes. Correspondingly, label selectors are queries against labels that resolve to matching objects. When a service is defined, one can define the label selectors that will be used by the service router/load balancer to select the pod instances that the traffic will be routed to. Thus, simply changing the labels of the pods or changing the label selectors on the service can be used to control which pods get traffic and which don't, which can be used to support various deployment patterns like blue–green deployments or A/B testing. This capability to dynamically control how services utilize implementing resources provides a loose coupling within the infrastructure.

For example, if an application's pods have labels for a system tier (with values such as frontend, backend, for example) and a release_track (with values such as canary, production, for example), then an operation on all of backend and canary nodes can use a label selector, such as:
tier=backend AND release_track=canary

Just like labels, field selectors also let one select Kubernetes resources. Unlike labels, the selection is based on the attribute values inherent to the resource being selected, rather than user-defined categorization. metadata.name and metadata.namespace are field selectors that will be present on all Kubernetes objects. Other selectors that can be used depend on the object/resource type.

Add-ons

Add-ons operate just like any other application running within the cluster: they are implemented via pods and services, and are only different in that they implement features of the Kubernetes cluster. The pods may be managed by Deployments, ReplicationControllers, and so on. There are many add-ons, and the list is growing. Some of the more important are:

 DNS
 All Kubernetes clusters should have cluster DNS; it is a mandatory feature. Cluster DNS is a DNS server, in addition to the other DNS server(s) in your environment, which serves DNS records for Kubernetes services. Containers started by Kubernetes automatically include this DNS server in their DNS searches.
 Web UI
 This is a general purpose, web-based UI for Kubernetes clusters. It allows users to manage and troubleshoot applications running in the cluster, as well as the cluster itself.
 Container Resource Monitoring
 Providing a reliable application runtime, and being able to scale it up or down in response to workloads, means being able to continuously and effectively monitor workload performance. Container Resource Monitoring provides this capability by recording metrics about containers in a central database, and provides a UI for browsing that data. The cAdvisor is a component on a slave node that provides a limited metric monitoring capability. There are full metrics pipelines as well, such as Prometheus, which can meet most monitoring needs.
 Container Cost Monitoring
 Kubernetes cost monitoring apps allow to break down costs by pods, nodes, namespaces, and labels. Three crucial metrics to track are daily cloud spend, cost per provisioned and requested CPU, historical cost allocation.
 Cluster-level logging
 Logs should have a separate storage and lifecycle independent of nodes, pods, or containers. Otherwise, node or pod failures can cause loss of event data. The ability to do this is called cluster-level logging, and such mechanisms are responsible for saving container logs to a central log store with search/browsing interface. Kubernetes provides no native storage for log data, but one can integrate many existing logging solutions into the Kubernetes cluster.

Storage

Containers emerged as a way to make software portable. The container contains all the packages you need to run a service. The provided file system makes containers extremely portable and easy to use in development. A container can be moved from development to test or production with no or relatively few configuration changes.

Historically Kubernetes was suitable only for stateless services. However, many applications have a database, which requires persistence, which leads to the creation of persistent storage for Kubernetes. Implementing persistent storage for containers is one of the top challenges of Kubernetes administrators, DevOps and cloud engineers. Containers may be ephemeral, but more and more of their data is not, so one needs to ensure the data's survival in case of container termination or hardware failure. When deploying containers with Kubernetes or containerized applications, companies often realize that they need persistent storage. They need to provide fast and reliable storage for databases, root images and other data used by the containers.

In addition to the landscape, the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF), has published other information about Kubernetes Persistent Storage including a blog helping to define the container attached storage pattern. This pattern can be thought of as one that uses Kubernetes itself as a component of the storage system or service.

More information about the relative popularity of these and other approaches can be found on the CNCF's landscape survey as well, which showed that OpenEBS  a Stateful Persistent Storage platform from Datacore Software, and Rook  a storage orchestration project  were the two projects most likely to be in evaluation as of the Fall of 2019.

Container Attached Storage is a type of data storage that emerged as Kubernetes gained prominence. The Container Attached Storage approach or pattern relies on Kubernetes itself for certain capabilities while delivering primarily block, file, object and interfaces to workloads running on Kubernetes.

Common attributes of Container Attached Storage include the use of extensions to Kubernetes, such as custom resource definitions, and the use of Kubernetes itself for functions that otherwise would be separately developed and deployed for storage or data management. Examples of functionality delivered by custom resource definitions or by Kubernetes itself include retry logic, delivered by Kubernetes itself, and the creation and maintenance of an inventory of available storage media and volumes, typically delivered via a custom resource definition.

Container Storage Interface (CSI)

In Kubernetes version 1.9, the initial Alpha release of Container Storage Interface (CSI) was introduced. Previously, storage volume plug-ins were included in the Kubernetes distribution. By creating a standardized CSI, the code required to interface with external storage systems was separated from the core Kubernetes code base. Just one year later, the CSI feature was made Generally Available (GA) in Kubernetes.

API

A key component of the Kubernetes control plane is the API Server, which exposes an HTTP API that can be invoked by other parts of the cluster as well as end users and external components. This API is a REST API and is declarative in nature. The API server is backed by etcd to store all records persistently.

API objects
In Kubernetes, all objects serve as the "record of intent" of the cluster's state, and are able to define the desired state that the writer of the object wishes for the cluster to be in. As such, most Kubernetes objects have the same set of nested fields, as follows:

 spec: Describes the desired state of the resource, which can be controlled by end users, or other higher-level controllers;
 status: Describes the current state of the resource, which is actively updated by the controller of the resource.

All objects in Kubernetes are subject to the same API conventions. Some of these include:

 Must have the following metadata under the nested object field metadata:
 namespace: a label that objects are subdivided into;
 name: a string that uniquely identifies the object within the defined namespace;
 uid: a unique string that is able to distinguish between objects with the same name across space and time (even across deletions and recreations with the same name).
 May be managed by another controller, which is defined in the metadata.ownerReferences field:
 At most one other object shall be the managing controller of the controllee object, which is defined by the controller field.
 May be garbage collected if the owner is deleted:
 When an object is deleted, all dependent objects may also be deleted in a cascading fashion.

Custom resources, controllers and operators
The Kubernetes API can be extended using Custom Resources, which represent objects that are not part of the standard Kubernetes installation. These custom resources are declared using Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs), which is a kind of resource that can be dynamically registered and unregistered without shutting down or restarting a cluster that is currently running.

Custom controllers are another extension mechanism that interact with the Kubernetes API, similar to the default controllers in the standard pre-installed Kubernetes controller manager. These controllers may interact with custom resources to allow for a declarative API: users may declare the desired state of the world via the custom resources, and it is the responsibility of the custom controller to observe the change and reconcile it.

The combination of custom resources and custom controllers are often referred to as a Kubernetes Operator. The key use case for operators are to capture the aim of a human operator who is managing a service or set of services and to implement them using automation, and with a declarative API supporting this automation. Human operators who look after specific applications and services have deep knowledge of how the system ought to behave, how to deploy it, and how to react if there are problems.

Examples of problems solved by operators include taking and restoring backups of that application's state, and handling upgrades of the application code alongside related changes such as database schemas or extra configuration settings. Several notable projects under the Cloud Native Computing Foundation's incubation program follow the operator pattern to extend Kubernetes, including Argo, Open Policy Agent and Istio.

API security
Kubernetes defines the following strategies for controlling access to its API.

Transport security
The Kubernetes API server listens on a TCP port that serves HTTPS traffic, in order to enforce transport layer security (TLS) using CA certificates.

In older versions of Kubernetes, the API server supported listening on both HTTP and HTTPS ports (with the HTTP port number having no transport security whatsoever). This was deprecated in v1.10 and eventually dropped support in v1.20 of Kubernetes.

Authentication
All requests made to the Kubernetes API server are expected to be authenticated, and supports several authentication strategies, some of which are listed below:

 X.509 client certificates
 Bearer tokens
 Service account tokens, intended for programmatic API access

Users are typically expected to indicate and define cluster URL details along with the necessary credentials in a kubeconfig file, which are natively supported by other Kubernetes tools like kubectl and the official Kubernetes client libraries.

Authorization
The Kubernetes API supports the following authorization modes:

 Node authorization mode: Grants a fixed list of operations of API requests that kubelets are allowed to perform, in order to function properly.
 Attribute-based access control (ABAC) mode: Grants access rights to users through the use of defined access control policies which combine attributes together.
 Role-based access control (RBAC) mode: Grants access rights to users based on roles that are granted to the user, where each role defines a list of actions that are allowed.
 Webhook mode: Queries a REST API service to determine if a user is authorized to perform a given action.

API clients
Kubernetes supports several official API clients:

 kubectl: Command-line for interacting with the Kubernetes control plane
 Official client libraries maintained by Kubernetes for C, .NET, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Python and Ruby

Cluster API
The same API design principles have been used to define an API to programmatically create, configure, and manage Kubernetes clusters. This is called the Cluster API. A key concept embodied in the API is using Infrastructure as Software, or the notion that the Kubernetes cluster infrastructure is itself a resource / object that can be managed just like any other Kubernetes resources. Similarly, machines that make up the cluster are also treated as a Kubernetes resource. The API has two pieces  the core API, and a provider implementation. The provider implementation consists of cloud-provider specific functions that let Kubernetes provide the cluster API in a fashion that is well-integrated with the cloud-provider's services and resources.

Uses

Kubernetes is commonly used as a way to host a microservice-based implementation, because it and its associated ecosystem of tools provide all the capabilities needed to address key concerns of any microservice architecture.

Distributions
Various vendors offer Kubernetes-based platforms or infrastructure as a service (IaaS) that deploy Kubernetes.

These are typically categorized according to open-source, commercial or managed distributions. Several notable distributions are listed below:

Open-source distributions

 Amazon EKS-D
 K3s
 SUSE Rancher Kubernetes Engine (RKE)

Commercial distributions

 D2iQ Kubernetes Platform
 Mirantis K0s
 Red Hat OpenShift
 VMware Tanzu

Managed distributions

 Alibaba Cloud ACK (Alibaba Cloud Container Service for Kubernetes)
 Amazon EKS (Elastic Kubernetes Service)
 Canonical MicroK8s and Charmed Kubernetes
 DigitalOcean managed Kubernetes Service
 Google GKE (Google Kubernetes Engine)
 IBM Cloud Kubernetes Services
 Microsoft AKS (Azure Kubernetes Services)
 Oracle Container Engine for Kubernetes
 Platform9 Managed Kubernetes
 Wind River Systems Wind River Studio

Release timeline

Support windows
The chart below visualizes the period for which each release is/was supported

See also
 Docker (software)
 List of cluster management software
 Open Service Mesh
 OpenShift

References

External links

2014 software
Cloud infrastructure
Containerization software
Free software for cloud computing
Free software programmed in Go
Linux containerization
Linux Foundation projects
Software using the Apache license
Virtualization software for Linux
Orchestration software


The Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program is handed out annually at the Creative Arts Emmy Award ceremony.

In 2014, Outstanding Reality Program was separated into two categories – Outstanding Structured Reality Program and Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program. The category of "unstructured reality program" is defined as consisting of reality shows that "contain story elements driven by the actions of characters and lacking a consistent structured template."

In the following list, the first titles listed in gold are the winners; those not in gold are nominees, which are listed in alphabetical order. The years given are those in which the ceremonies took place:

Winners and nominations
Outstanding Reality Program

2000s

2010s

Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program

2020s

Programs with multiple wins

3 wins
 Deadliest Catch
 United Shades of America with W. Kamau Bell

2 wins
 Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List

Programs with multiple nominations
Totals include nominations for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series and Outstanding Hosted Nonfiction Series or Special.

16 nominations
 Antiques Roadshow

13 nominations
 Deadliest Catch

7 nominations
 RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked

6 nominations
 Intervention
 Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List

5 nominations
 United Shades of America

4 nominations
 Born This Way
 Project Greenlight

3 nominations
 Selling Sunset

2 nominations
 Alaska: The Last Frontier
 American High
 Cheer
 Gaycation with Ellen Page
 Indian Matchmaking
 Million Dollar Listing New York
 Naked and Afraid
 The Osbournes
 Trauma: Life in the E.R.
 Wahlburgers

See also
 Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Unstructured Reality Show

Notes

References

Unstructured Reality Program
American reality television series


title: Carl Lendorf

text:
Carl William Frederik Lendorf (13 December 1839 - 29 September 1918) was a Danish architect and historicist who worked primarily in Odense. He also designed Copenhagen's 1898 St Thomas' Church.

Biography
He was born in 1839 in Copenhagen, the son of the carpenter Christian Gottfried Lendorf and Vilhelmine Nielsen. Lendorf became a student in 1855 at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Architecture School, where he went until 1863.

He was employed by Ferdinand Meldahl on the construction of Fredericia Town Hall (1859) and later worked on the reconstruction of Frederiksborg Palace (1863–64), also under Meldahl. Lendorf managed his own firm in Odense (1864–83) and then in Copenhagen. He was drawing teacher at Odense Technical College (1846–83). Lendorf participated in the Nordic Exhibition of 1888. He was honored as a Knight of the Dannebrog, was awarded the Dannebrogordenens Hæderstegn, and served on the board of the Foreningen for Alderdoms-Friboliger.

Personal life
Lendorf was married on May 12, 1863 in Copenhagen to Sophie Christiane Jørgine Anchersen (3 October 1843, Vejle - 5 January 1901, Frederiksberg). He died in 1918 at Bagsvaerd and was buried at Solbjerg Park Cemetery.

Selected works in Odense

Funen Stiftstidendes buildings near Lille Gråbrødrestræde (1866 sabotaged 1944)
Torvehal Fisketorvet (1867, moved in 1875, later burned)
The Danish Masonic Order lodge building, Albanigade 16 (1870)
Sukkerkogeriet Odense, Vesterbro 118-120 (1872–73, now theater, etc..)
Local girls' school, Klaregade (1873, demolished)
Fyens Disconto Kasse (1873–74, demolished)
Funen Diocese Savings Bank, later The hive, the Fish Market (1874–75)
Rytterkasernen (barracks), Pjentendamsgade 21 (1874–80)
Garrison Hospital, Albanigade (1876, demolished)
Jernbanegades Skole, Jernbanegade 20 (1878–83, together with Johan Daniel Herholdt)
Odense City Hall (1881–83, together with J.D. Herholt 1st prize, interiors comprehensively reworked)

References

External links

1839 births
1918 deaths
Architects from Copenhagen
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog


title: Le Maître-nageur

text:
Le Maître-nageur is a 1979 French comedy-drama film directed by Jean-Louis Trintignant.

Cast
 Guy Marchand : Marcel Potier
 Stefania Sandrelli : Marie Mariani Potier
 Jean-Claude Brialy : Logan
 Moustache : Achille Zopoulos
 Jean-Louis Trintignant : The gardener of Zopoulos
 Christian Marquand : Paul Jouriace
 François Perrot : Maître Dalloz
 Serge Marquand : Alfredo

References

External links

1979 films
1979 comedy-drama films
French comedy-drama films
1979 comedy films
1979 drama films
1970s French films


The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a brief self-report questionnaire developed in 1977 by Laurie Radloff to measure depressive symptoms severity in the general population.
The CES-D consists of 20 questions that asks about various symptoms of depression as they have occurred in the past week, and the majority of the items focus on the affective component of depression.
Although initially designed for use in general population surveys, CES-D now serves as a screening instrument in primary care clinics and in research.

A revision, the CESD-R was produced in 2004.

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) is a modified version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. This measure assesses both depressive symptoms as well as symptom improvement in a wide range of children and adolescents, ages 6–17. The CES-DC was first developed to measure the incidence and prevalence of depression among children and adolescents in large-scale epidemiological research. Several research studies have found the CES-DC to be a reliable and valid measure of depressive symptoms in children.

Question breakdown and scoring
The CES-DC is an inventory of 20 self-report items regarding depressive symptoms, taking about 5 minutes to complete. Each item asks how often a symptom has occurred within the last week. Response choices are assigned point values, which are summed together to determine a total measure score.  Response choices for each item and their corresponding point values are as follows:

0 points: "Not at all"
1 point: "A little"
2 points: "Some"
3 points: "A lot"

Items 4, 8, 12 and 16 are phrased to reflect positive affect and behavior, and therefore are scored in opposite order as follows:

0 points: "A lot"
1 point: "Some"
2 points: "A little"
3 points: "Not at all "

Interpretation
Scores on the CES-DC range from 0 to 60, in which higher scores suggest a greater presence of depressive symptoms. A score of 15 or higher is interpreted to indicate a risk for depression. However, screening for depression is a complex process and scoring a 15 or higher on the CES-DC should be followed by further evaluation.

Limitations
A study evaluating the CES-DC found that the scores do not necessarily match up to a DSM diagnosis, and while it is a good psychometric tool for adolescents, reliability and validity is poor when applied to children.

References

Further reading

External links

Depression screening and assessment tools


title: Doon Castle Broch

text:
Doon Castle Broch is an iron-age broch located in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland ().

Location
The Broch is located on the Rhins of Galloway in Dumfries and Galloway.

History
The broch was first recorded by archaeologists in 1912 by RCAHMS in their 'Fourth Report and Inventory of Monuments and Constructions in Galloway'. It has since been mentioned in several other publications but has yet to have been excavated.

Description
Doon Castle broch is located on the south side of Ardwell Point, which projects out into the North Channel. An early description mentions that the broch is separated from the main land by a wall and natural gully (6 meters across and 2.3 meters deep) crossed by a man-made causeway (1.9 meters wide and 0.9 meters high).

The remains of the broch are reasonably preserved, showing that the structure is 9 meters in diameter with walls 3–4 meters in thickness. On the northeast side the wall is preserved up to 1.8 meters in height. This broch had two entrances; one on the north-northeast side (which is blocked by fallen stones) and a second in the south side. These two entrances coincide with land and sea approaches.  There is a chamber to the east, with a possible second chamber to the west. The extant remains of the chamber to the east consist of the sides of the entrance (measuring 0.8 meters at the mouth to 1.2 meters closer to the inner wall face). There is far less known about the possible west chamber.

Between Doon Castle broch and the northern end of the point there are further archaeological remains, including a wall approximately 2.6 meters thick. This wall appears to enclose an area 14 meters (E-W) by 10 meters (N-S). This outer structure was likely entered in the north-northeast wall, which is situated opposite the manmade causeway.

Archaeological Finds
Doon Castle Broch has not been excavated, with survey only revealing rubble in the interior.

Images

References

External links

 The Modern Antiquarian, Doon Castle (Broch)

Brochs
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Dumfries and Galloway
Rhins of Galloway


title: Amphisbaenic rhyme

text:
Amphisbaenic rhyme describes a pair of words that create an agreement in sound if the sequence of the letters in one of the words is reversed. The term refers to the amphisbaena serpent in classical mythology. The serpent had a head at each end of its body and therefore was able to move forwards and backwards. In its simplest form the amphisbaenic rhyme consists of the same word spelled backwards (step/pets). Less obvious variations match the sound of one or more syllables of a rhyme mate with the sound of an inverted word or syllable (day/masquerade).

Examples

In Ab-Soul's Album DWTW, there is a song titled RAW/WAR.
-RapGenius

In the 1948 poem “The Pickerel Pond: A Double Pastoral.” Edmund Wilson used the amphisbaenic rhyme to symbolize the mirror reflection of the pond’s environment.

The lake lies with never a ripple,
A lymph to lave sores from a leper:
The sand white as salt in an air
That has filtered the tamed every ray;
Below limpid water, those lissome
Scrolleries scribbled by mussels;
The floating dropped feathers of gulls;
A leech like a lengthening slug
[...]

Though the term was first coined in Wilson's collection of poetry, this rhyme scheme first saw use from the 1942 collection of Filipino poet Jose Garcia Villa. Villa refers to this backwards rhyme scheme as "reverse consonance" rather than amphisbaenic. Villa accused Wilson of plagiarizing this rhyme scheme, naming it amphisbaenic in order to evade giving credit to the earlier work, "Have Come, Am Here". This controversy was met with a reply from Wilson stating that he has never read any of Villa's work. .

See also
Rhyme
An Introduction to Rhyme

References

Rhyme


Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis (, Book of endowments of the Bishopric of Wrocław) is a Latin manuscript catalog of documents compiled in the later 13th or in the early 14th century. It lists towns and villages obliged to pay a tithe to the Bishopric of Wrocław. As a primary source it helps to recreate territorial extent, structure and revenues of the contemporary Diocese of Wrocław, additionally hundreds of villages in Silesia were being attested for the first time in their history, hence the importance of the document. The exact date of the document is not determined, but most often it is believed to be compiled in 1305, during Henryk of Wierzbna bishophood, who tried to reorganize bishopric's finances.

The catalog is subdivided into five parts:
 Registrum Nissense (ecclesiastical Duchy of Nysa)
 Registrum Wratislaviense (Archdeaconry of Wrocław)
 Registrum Wyasdense (Archdeaconry of Opole/Ujazd)
 Registrum Legnicense (Archdeaconry of Legnica)
 Registrum Glogoviense (Archdeaconry of Głogów)

References

Further reading

External links

14th-century manuscripts
14th-century documents
History of Silesia


The 2014–15 Wisconsin Badgers women's basketball team represented the University of Wisconsin–Madison during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Badgers, led by fourth year head coach Bobbie Kelsey, play their home games at the Kohl Center and were members of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season 9–20, 5–13 in Big Ten play to finish in eleventh place. They lost in the first round of the Big Ten women's tournament to Purdue.

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#cc1122; color:#ffffff;"| Exhibition

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#cc1122; color:#ffffff;"| Non-conference regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#cc1122; color:#ffffff;"| Big Ten regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style="text-align: center; background:#cc1122"|Big Ten Women's Tournament

Source

See also
2014–15 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team

References

Wisconsin Badgers women's basketball seasons
Wisconsin
Wisconsin Badgers women's basketball
Wisconsin Badgers women's basketball


title: The Outcasts (2017 film)

text:
The Outcasts is a 2017 American teen comedy film directed by Peter Hutchings. The film features an ensemble cast, starring Victoria Justice, Eden Sher, Ashley Rickards, Claudia Lee and Katie Chang. The plot follows a group of misfit teenagers who band together to overthrow the popular clique at their high school. Originally titled The Outskirts, filming took place between July and August 2014. The film was released in limited theaters and through video-on-demand on April 14, 2017, by Swen Releasing and Red Granite International.

Plot
Best friends Mindy and Jodi have suffered years of torment under the thumb of the school's mean girls Whitney and Mackenzie. They plan to ride out their senior year under the radar, but when they become the victim of a humiliating prank, the two hatch a plan to unite the outcasts of the school and start a social revolution. They join forces with Dave, an affable slacker, Claire, a Girl Scout with a secret, and Virginia, an overachiever with dirt on everyone.

Cast
 Victoria Justice as Jodi Schellenberger, a music nerd who is Mindy's best friend.
 Eden Sher as Mindy Lipschitz, a science nerd who is the brains of the revenge operation and is Jodi's best friend.
 Ashley Rickards as Virginia Vanderkamp, a depressed loner with money who helps Mindy and Jodi with their plan.
 Claudia Lee as Whitney Bennett, a ruthless evil popular girl who takes down anyone trying to be her equal. It is revealed that she is not rich and that her parents work in the mansion and live in the servants' quarters.
 Katie Chang as Claire Stewart, a Girl Scout who comes out as lesbian.
 Jazmyn C. Richardson as Dolores "Sugar" Jones, a young woman who is part of Mindy and Jodi's master plan, and also wants to stand up for black rights and women's rights.
 Peyton List as Mackenzie Smith, the youngest and closest of Whitney's friends. She dumps Whitney to hang out with Mindy.
 Avan Jogia as Dave Quinn, Jodi's boyfriend who used to be one of Whitney's minions.
 Harry Katzman as Louie Hammerschmidt, a fantasy nerd.
 Noah Robbins as Martin Vimmel, a sci-fi nerd.
 Alex Shimizu as Howard Chang, a tech nerd.
 Frank Whaley as Herb Schellenberger, Jodi's father.
 Brock Yurich as Kyle McDevitt, one of Whitney's popular friends.
 Daniel Eric Gold as Mr. Samuels, Mindy's teacher with whom she has a close friendship.
 Ted McGinley as Principal Whitmore, a torturous principal.
 Will Peltz as Colin Hackett, one of Whitney's popular friends.
 Jeanette Dilone as Paloma Watson, one of Whitney's popular friends.

Production
On May 13, 2014, the cast of the film, originally titled The Outskirts, was announced to include Eden Sher, Avan Jogia, Claudia Lee, Victoria Justice, Ashley Rickards, Peyton List, Katie Chang and Will Peltz. On August 8, Frank Whaley joined the film to play Herb, the father of Jodi and a postal worker who agrees to start dating once his daughter takes charge of her own life. Victoria Justice and Avan Jogia starred together in the Nickelodeon movie Spectacular! and television show Victorious.

Filming
Principal photography began on July 2, 2014, in New York City. In August, filming occurred at John L. Miller Great Neck North High School and other locations around Great Neck and Port Washington.

Marketing
On July 29, 2014, two images from the film were revealed by Entertainment Weekly. On May 14, 2015, the official poster was revealed through the cast members official social media accounts.

Release
In March 2017, Swen Group acquired distribution rights to the film. On April 14, 2017, The Outcasts was given a limited release and made available through video-on-demand. On August 14, 2017, it was released on Netflix.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 56% based on 9 reviews. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 47 out of 100 based on 4 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

References

External links

2017 films
2017 comedy films
2010s American films
2010s English-language films
2010s high school films
2010s teen comedy films
American films about revenge
American high school films
American teen comedy films
Films about school bullying
Films directed by Peter Hutchings
Films set in New York City
Films shot in New York City


title: River Town: Two Years on the Yangtze

text:
River Town: Two Years on the Yangtze is a 2001 book by Peter Hessler. It documents his Peace Corps teaching assignment at Fuling Teachers College in Fuling, Sichuan, which started in 1996 and lasted for two years; Fuling is now part of Chongqing municipality.

Style
The book is a memoir of his experience in Fuling, told in first person. The language used is deliberately informal and aims to convey the beauty of the city and the poignancy of the stories. One of the features of the book is that most of its chapters can be read out of order without confusion. Most characters only appear inside a single chapter — or a few contiguous chapters — while just a few main characters appear throughout the book.

The main characters are:
Adam, Peter's foreign friend
Teacher Liao and Teacher Kong, who will teach Peter Chinese
Anne, one of Peter's brightest students

The author uses many Chinese terms (normally romanized) to refer to common things or people, to make them look more typical of Chinese culture. For instance, foreigners are often referred to as waiguoren, girls are called xiaojies, porters are called stick-stick soldiers (translated literally from the Sichuanese term 棒棒军 bàngbàngjūn), and so on.

Each chapter includes a short annex which describes Fuling's most notable places in the present tense, whilst normal chapters are set in the past and use the past simple, present perfect and past perfect tenses.

It is common to find excerpts from writing assignments given to Chinese students. Those short pieces and excerpts are pregnant with their stories, feelings and thoughts, that help the reader (as the author before) to discover hidden private stories about Chinese life.

The goal of the book partly seems to be to recount the author's experience in Fuling, but mostly it seems to be aimed at telling the locals' stories inside the setting of the author's life in Fuling. Many stories are heavy with poignancy: for instance, the priest of the Fuling Catholic Church, 李海若 (Li Hǎiruò) has a beautiful innocence and a poignant past. Moving stories are also those of some of his students, who came from deprived peasant homes in Sichuan countryside and tried to deal with a tough schooling system. Some of his students (mostly women) had abortions or committed suicide. The author manages to go over the "unemotional veneer" that the Chinese presented to the outside world and discover real China.

Environment
Fuling was very different from now in the two-year period 1996-1998. There were no streets and highways, and the life, the schooling system as well as the working conditions and salaries were worse than now. History also plays a role in the narrative, when Deng Xiaoping's death and the Handover of Hong Kong (1997) give the author the chance to exchange opinions with the locals and participate in the celebration of those events.

The university
The campus where Peter Hessler was teaching was called Fuling Teachers College and it used to be a college for teachers. As shown on the map found in the book, it was located in Jiangdong area at that time. The Jiangdong campus then became Yangtze Normal University and eventually it was shut down. Now it serves as a dormitory for the elderly. Nowadays, Fuling Teachers College, together with Yangtze Normal University, is located in the newly built Lidu (李渡镇) neighborhood.

Reception
The book won the Kiriyama Prize and it has also been a New York Times Notable Book.
Marlene Chamberlain of Booklist concluded that "This is a colorful memoir from a Peace Corps volunteer who came away with more understanding of the Chinese than any foreign traveler has a right to expect."

See also
White Crane Ridge

References

Bibliography

2001 non-fiction books
Chinese memoirs
Books about China
English-language education
Peace Corps
Chongqing
Sichuan


title: Heptasulfur imide

text:
Heptasulfur imide is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is a pale yellow solid that is, like elemental sulfur, highly soluble in carbon disulfide. The compound, which is only of academic interest, is representative of a family of sulfur imides (or azacyclosulfanes or thiacycloazanes) .

Synthesis and structure
It is prepared by reaction of disulfur dichloride with ammonia, although other methods have been developed. Together with , the reaction also produces three isomers of  (diazacyclooctasulfanes) and two isomers of  (triazacyclooctasulfanes).

Azacyclooctasulfane is an analogue of octasulfur (cyclooctasulfane) , with one  replaced by . The  center is almost planar, suggesting that the amine is nonbasic.

References

Inorganic amines
Sulfur–nitrogen compounds
Eight-membered rings
Heterocyclic compounds with 1 ring


title: Calabi–Yau algebra

text:
In algebra, a Calabi–Yau algebra was introduced by Victor Ginzburg to transport the geometry of a Calabi–Yau manifold to noncommutative algebraic geometry.

References

Algebra