title: Skenoh Island

text:
Skenoh Island is located at the north end of Canandaigua Lake, near the city of Canandaigua, New York, United States. It is one of two islands in the 11 Finger Lakes. Frequently it is described as New York's smallest state park; however, while it is one of the state's smallest protected areas, it is not formally designated as a state park, but rather it is a "unique area" managed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.  The island was previously known as Squaw Island until October 2021, when the name was changed to remove the ethnic slur squaw.

It formed from the alluvial deposits of nearby Sucker Brook. Limestone from the brook's bedrock dissolved in its waters forms rare lime carbonate oncolites, known locally as "water biscuits", on its shores. Rises in the lake level following the damming of Canandaigua Outlet have reduced the island to a small portion of its former land. The state and local activists have worked together to shore it up against erosion and prevent it from disappearing.

Geography

The island is located roughly  south of the mouth of Sucker Brook and  southwest of the end of the docks at the north end of the lake in Canandaigua. Although both those locations are in the city, the island itself is outside its boundaries, in the town of Canandaigua. The surrounding waters, like much of the shallow north end of the lake, are no deeper than  it is sometimes possible to wade to it from shore.

It is roughly  long by  wide, for a total area just under . Several mature deciduous trees grow on the island; the shoreline is marked by large piles of flat stones. Its terrain is level, barely rising above the water level. A  granite boulder is located in the middle.

History

Canandaigua Lake, like all the Finger Lakes, was formed at the end of the last Ice Age about 11,000 years ago, from the glacial meltwater flooding the deep glacial moraines that typify the terrain of western Central New York. Skenoh Island began to form as a sandbar created by the interactions between the sediments carried in Sucker Brook and the counterclockwise currents along the lakeshore. Prior to European settlement, the island had two long gravel spits projecting to the north and southwest; the adjoining delta of the brook would have made the island easy to reach from land without boating to it, especially at times of year when the water was low.

The first humans known to have settled in the region, the ancestors of the Iroquois Native American tribes, did not live on the island, even though it was larger than it is now. However, flint arrowheads and other artifacts found on the island suggest it was used for hunting waterfowl and perhaps deer. It may also have been used as a staging area for Iroquois warriors in the area mobilizing against the Sullivan Expedition of 1779, during the Revolutionary War.

While it is widely believed that the island got its original name of "Squaw Island" from its purported use as a place of refuge for Iroquois women during that time, the island's easy accessibility from the shore (even today) makes that use unlikely, and thus casts doubt on that story as the origin of the name. It seems more likely that it emerged from the island's use as a hunting and fishing spot.

In 1900, paleontologist John M. Clarke published a paper about the rare oncolites that had long accumulated on the island's north shore. The disc-shaped white rocks, known locally as "water biscuits", were light yet strong when wet but brittle enough to break by hand when dry. They were formed, Clarke wrote, when lime that had dissolved in the water from the limestone bedrock that Sucker Brook flowed over precipitated after algae that had grown on pebble or gravel substrates used up enough of the free carbon dioxide in the water, a process that repeated itself enough times to form the biscuits. He called it "a most interesting instance of the influence of plant growth upon lime deposits" and compared to similar phenomena recorded in European lakes that help explain the formation of similar structures found in fossil records elsewhere.

Clarke's paper attracted the interest of Mary Clark Thompson, a Canandaigua native and daughter of former governor Myron H. Clark. After the 1899 death of her husband, New York City banker Frederick Ferris Thompson, she had returned to Sonnenberg Gardens, her estate in Canandaigua, and used the fortune she had inherited from him to finance civic improvements. She used her influence and connections to have the island, which had been state property since the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua, declared a New York State Museum Reservation in 1918 in order to protect it. The following year she had the large granite boulder moved to the center of the island, with an explanatory plaque affixed to it.

Throughout the rest of the 20th century, Skenoh Island would face threats greater than those that could be held at bay by making it a protected area. Damming of Canandaigua Outlet drove up the lake's water level, leaving most of the two spits permanently underwater. The delta was dredged out of existence in the late 1950s to allow better lake access from a marina to the west. In 1975 it was made part of the state's newly created Natural and Historic Preservation Trust.

Two years later the state's Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC), which by then managed the land, tried to sell it to the Town of Canandaigua, within whose boundaries the island sat, for $1. In the mid-1980s the state's Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation dredged Sucker Brook all the way to the Parrish Street bridge in the city of Canandaigua in order to expand facilities for a state marine park and boat launch. DEC sank cedar logs around the island and took other measures to protect its shores from erosion.

The DEC currently designates the property as Skenoh Island Unique Area. Further protection efforts have been undertaken by a group of local citizen activists.

As with other places with "squaw" in the name, efforts began in the 21st century to have the name changed, since the use of the term is seen as insensitive.  These efforts became successful with the announcement in October 2021 that the U.S. Board on Geographic Names had approved the name "Skenoh Island", effective immediately, based on recommendations from the New York State Geographic Names Committee, the New York State Museum and the Commissioner of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.  The word "skenoh" translates to "health" or "peace" in the Seneca language.

See also

List of islands in New York

Notes

References

Lake islands of New York (state)
Uninhabited islands of New York (state)
Finger Lakes
Protected areas of Ontario County, New York
Canandaigua, New York
Protected areas established in 1918
Landforms of Ontario County, New York


title: List of Western Michigan Broncos in the NFL Draft

text:
This is a list of Western Michigan Broncos football players in the NFL Draft.

Key

Selections

References

Western Michigan

Western Michigan Broncos NFL Draft


title: RepRisk

text:
RepRisk AG is an environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) data science company based in Zurich, Switzerland, specializing in ESG and business-conduct risk research, and quantitative solutions.

The company runs an online due-diligence database that allows clients to monitor and assess the risk exposure of companies, infrastructure projects, sectors, and countries related to 28 ESG issues.  The issues are mapped to the 10 principles of the UN Global Compact, the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) Materiality Map, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

On a daily basis, RepRisk assesses ESG risks such as environmental degradation, human rights abuses, child labor, forced labor, fraud, and corruption that can impact an organization's reputation, financial profitability, or lead to compliance issues. Financial institutions and corporations use RepRisk to prevent and mitigate ESG and business conduct risks related to their operations, business relationships, and investments.

The RepRisk database systematically identifies ESG risks by analyzing over 100,000 sources per day in 20 major business languages.  As of July 2020, the database covered more than 150,000 public and private companies, and over 40,000 infrastructure projects reported to have links to ESG risks, as well as ESG risks related to all countries and 34 different sectors.  It also includes data on ESG issues and topics, over 20,000 NGOs, and over 15,000 governmental bodies.

History
RepRisk was formed in 1998 as ECOFACT, a Zurich-based environmental and social risk consultancy focused on the financial sector. In 2006, its ESG risk database was created at the request of UBS, and in 2010, RepRisk split from the consultancy and became an independent company.

Methodology

Research scope and process
RepRisk screens, on a daily basis, over 100,000 public sources and external stakeholders, including international and local print and online media, news websites, newsletters, NGOs, governmental bodies, think tanks, blogs and Twitter, in 20 major business languages. This screening identifies companies and projects linked to ESG-related risk.  RepRisk monitors 28 ESG issues (for example local pollution, child labor or tax evasion) and 67 topic tags, or "hot topics" (such as palm oil, arctic drilling, indigenous people, coal, or water scarcity). The research scope is defined in accordance with international standards and norms, such as the ten principles of the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) and Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB).

To achieve consistent data over time, RepRisk's database uses strict, rules-based processes that incorporate both artificial intelligence and machine learning with human intelligence.  The following steps outline the high level RepRisk screening process:
 Sources are screened through the company’s proprietary AI tool that identifies risk incidents through text and metadata extraction from unstructured content, followed by multi-lingual de-duplication and clustering processes.
 An analyst studies adverse incidents, defines severity and novelty of each, using international standards.
 Relevant entities (companies, projects, sectors, and countries) are linked to the risk event, assigned a title, and a summary is completed.
 The compiled news passes a quality check prior to being released to the RepRisk ESG risk platform database.

RepRisk Index (RRI)
The RepRisk Index (RRI) is a proprietary algorithm that dynamically captures and quantifies the reputational exposure to ESG and business conduct risks. The RRI is a quantitative measure ranging from 1 (lowest) to 100 (highest).

Companies that have been exposed to higher levels of criticism in the past are less sensitive to new adverse events and allegations in comparison to a company that experiences a first-time incident. If a company does not experience new criticism, their score will eventually drop to zero over a maximum period of two years.

A current RRI value indicates the current media and stakeholder exposure.  The Peak RRI is an overall risk exposure indicator that indicates the highest level of criticism over the past two years.

The RRI score is calculated based on a number of factors, including the influence of the source of the information, the frequency and timing of criticisms, and the novelty and severity of the criticism.

RepRisk Rating (RRR)
The RepRisk Rating (RRR) is a letter rating (AAA to D) and is similar to a credit rating.   It facilitates benchmarking and ESG integration.  Available only to companies, it combines a company’s own ESG risk exposure with the ESG risk exposure of the countries and sectors in which the company has been exposed to risks. Both the Rating and the RRI are updated daily for all companies in the database.

RepRisk UN Global Compact Violator Flag
This indicator identifies companies with a high potential risk of violating one or more of the ten UNGC Principles. The flag allows users to see if the UNGC violations are primarily linked to the operations or to the supply chain  of a company.

External use of data
 FactSet used RepRisk as their first third party provider of environment, social, and governance (ESG) and business conduct risk data on the new Open: Marketplace Platform and FactSet Workstation.
 UBS was RepRisk's first client and in 2010, as part of a broader corporate responsibility initiative, UBS expanded its global compliance database to include information gathered about environmental and social risks by RepRisk. The data is applied to companies, prospective sourcing partners and investment clients to identify risks that could impact the bank's reputation and financial performance. In 2011, UBS expanded its global compliance database to include information on environmental and social issues provided by RepRisk, a global research firm specialized in environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) risk analytics and metrics. This was done in an effort to mitigate environmental and social risks that could impact the bank's reputation or financial performance and to simultaneously help globally standardize and systematically implement the firm's due diligence processes. RepRisk data is used in the on-boarding process to screen potential new clients and sourcing partners, alongside periodic client reviews and, also, to evaluate the risks related to transactions in investment banking and institutional lending.
 Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) / RobecoSAM: RobecoSAM uses RepRisk as part of the Media and Stakeholder Analysis section of its Corporate Sustainability Assessment for the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, in order to identify companies' involvement in environmental, economic and social situations that may have a damaging effect on their reputation and core business.  Once a company is listed on the DJSI, it is monitored daily for any critical arising issues, which can lead to the exclusion of the company if deemed critical enough. Examples of events that would lead to exclusion include: commercial practices, human rights abuses, layoffs or worker disputes, or catastrophic disasters. This monitoring is supported by RepRisk, a global research firm and provider of environmental, social and governance (ESG) risk data. RepRisk screens media outlets, stakeholder groups and other publicly available sources to identify risks related to these issues. The information gathered is then systematically analyzed and quantified. If a critical event happens, the situation is analyzed by RobecoSAM for the scope in which it reaches. If large enough, the event will be analyzed further based on severity, media coverage, and crisis management. RobecoSAM analysts decide from here whether the company will be excluded from the DJSI. An assurance report is completed by Deloitte to ensure the validity of the company's information.
 FTSE: RepRisk data is among the ESG data providers used by FTSE in their ESG methodology for various benchmarks.
 The Norwegian Global Pension Fund selected RepRisk in 2009. RepRisk was selected again in 2013. To support the ethical screening process, the Council on Ethics works with RepRisk ESG Business Intelligence, a global research firm and provider of environmental, social and governance (ESG) risk data. RepRisk monitors the companies in the Norwegian Pension Fund's portfolio for issues such as severe human rights violations, particularly regarding child labor, forced labor, and violations of individual rights in conflict areas, as well as gross environmental degradation and corruption. RepRisk has been working with the Council on Ethics since 2009 and in 2014, re-won the tender for ESG data provision for 2014-2017.
 First Sentier Investors: RepRisk is used to screen companies in their portfolios and for company engagement.
 BASF: RepRisk data is used in part to screen the suppliers for ESG-related risks.
 The Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) uses RepRisk data as an input for the development of sustainability accounting standards by supporting its evidence-based research.
 Carbon Disclosure Project: RepRisk's data serves as an input in the evaluation of companies for CDP's Climate Performance Leaders and Water Performance Leaders, which outlines the top companies around the world doing the most to combat climate change and to manage their water resources, respectively. RepRisk's data adds to the current evaluation process by validating company-provided information and clarifying how a company's policies, commitments and initiatives translate into performance.
UN-supported Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI): The RepRisk database is used by the UNPRI's Investment Engagement team.
 Global 100 Ranking: RepRisk's assessment data was incorporated in the sanctions portion of the screening of the Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World annual ranking and sustainability equity index managed by Corporate Knights Capital.
 World's Most Ethical Companies ranking: RepRisk's data is used as part of the 2015 evaluation process to validate self-reported scores provided by companies who completed the Ethics Quotient survey, the underlying framework for the World's Most Ethical Companies designation published by Ethisphere.
 2014 Newsweek Green Rankings: Newsweek incorporated RepRisk assessments of reputational risk for companies for the "Reputation Score" indicator in their 2014 Green Rankings. The Newsweek Green Rankings are one of the world's most recognized assessments of corporate environmental performance.
 Ecolab: RepRisk’s Industry and Country Risk scores are available in the risk analysis section of the Water Risk Monetizer developed by Ecolab.
JUST Capital: RepRisk data used in JUST Capital's 2017 ranking of America's Most JUST Companies report as input to evaluate the performance of the largest publicly traded corporations in the U.S.
Chartered Quality Institute: RepRisk data used for Technology on Trial 2018 report by the Chartered Quality Institute to find sector wide governance failures after assessing the world’s leading technology companies.
World Business Council for Sustainable Development: (2018) RepRisk data used in Reporting Matters 2018 publication to evaluate the Balance indicator of WBCSD’s framework.
Nest: Nest began integrating RepRisk data in 2019 into its ESG initiatives and investment decision process, to allow the pension scheme to consider the investment risks and opportunities associated with ESG factors to provide a more holistic view of companies, alongside the more traditional investment risk factors.
Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas: Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas employed RepRisk's proprietary Country Sector Matrix in 2019 to understand the broader country-specific ESG and reputational risks that may threaten water quantity, quality, and access.
State Street Global Advisors: State Street Global Advisors launched SPDR S&P 500 ESG in 2019 with 'fast-exit' feature based on RepRisk data. If a company is reported by RepRisk to have violated its RepRisk Index threshold of 70, it will be removed from the index within two business days.
Corporate Knights: Corporate Knights use RepRisk data to identify companies who have violated UN Global Compact Principles in their Carbon Clean 200 list 2020.
Crux Informatics partners with RepRisk to accelerate ESG market reach and delivery capabilities in 2020.
As of 2020, BattleFin’s alternative data suite of solutions includes RepRisk data.
ICE Data Services is integrating ESG risk data from RepRisk into its ESG Reference Data service in 2020.
In 2020, J.P. Morgan’s DataQuery offers RepRisk’s data.

Data products and services

RepRisk data is available in various formats and products and is searchable online:

 Benchmarking Briefs benchmark the ESG risk exposure for up to ten companies.
 Company Reports outline the ESG and business conduct risks for a single company, and are available via PDF.
 Supplier Monitoring Briefs and Portfolio Monitoring Reports are also available on a monthly or quarterly basis and identify companies in a supplier list or investment portfolio that are most exposed to ESG risks, and are most likely to violate internal policies, ethical guidelines, or international standards and are available via PDF.

Publications and research

Annual Most Controversial Companies Report
Since 2013, RepRisk releases a yearly ranking of the top ten most controversial companies in the world, related to ESG issues. The ranking is based on the companies that have the highest RRI over a particular year.

Annual Most Controversial Projects Report
Since 2013, RepRisk releases a yearly ranking of the top ten most controversial projects in the world, related to ESG issues. The ranking is based on the projects that have the highest RRI over a particular year.

Research
 The Effect Of Bad News On Credit Risk (Research Study): Julian Koelbel, a PhD student at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, used RepRisk data in the research study: The effect of bad news on credit risk: a media based view of the pricing of corporate social responsibility. The paper, which won an Award for Excellence in Responsible Investment Research at the UN PRI's annual Academic Network conference in 2013, highlighted that more negative news on CSR issues are associated with higher credit default swap spreads. The study is published in the Strategic Management Journal.
 ESG Alpha in China (Research Study): Michael Barnett of the Centre for Corporate Reputation at Oxford University, and Jimmy Chen, Andreas Hoepner and Qian Li from the Centre for Responsible Banking & Finance at the University of St Andrews, used RepRisk data as the basis for their recent research paper, "ESG Alpha in China." The research paper, which investigated the effect of ESG risks on the share performance of Chinese firms and found that ESG criteria can be used to generate alpha for investments in Chinese companies, won the European PRI award in the category of Investment Strategy.
Kepler Cheuvreux: Kepler Cheuvreux and Affectio Mutandi included RepRisk data in their Soft Law Violation & Liability research report, one of a series of reports produced by the company surrounding business ethics. Kepler Cheuvreux also featured RepRisk in its “The Responsible Investor Playbook” published in 2016.
 RepRisk and CSRHub published a joint research report in May 2015 on the relationship between perceived CSR performance (based on CSRHub data) and reputational risk exposure related to ESG issues (based on RepRisk data).
 ESG Performance of European investment funds.
 The effect of bad news on reputation and share price: An empirical survey.
 Does Corporate Social Responsibility Benefit Society? Jun Li, University of Michigan, Stephen M. Ross School of Business, and Di (Andrew) Wu, University of Michigan, Stephen M. Ross School of Business (2017).
 The Relationship between Sustainability Performance and Sustainability Disclosure—Reconciling Voluntary Disclosure Theory and Legitimacy Theory
 How Media Coverage of Corporate Social Irresponsibility Increases Financial Risk
 Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Reputation Risk
 The Price of Ignoring ESG Risks
Kepler Cheuvreux: Kepler Cheuvreux released their 2016 special report on tools in SRI-ESG field based on RepRisk data, including use cases, links with academic research, and underlying methodological assumptions.
(2019) Citi Global Data Insights: Citi Global Data Insights published The Rise of AI in ESG Evolution in 2019, featuring RepRisk's proprietary research methodology.

Partners
Selected RepRisk partner list.

References

Analytics companies
Companies based in Zürich
Macroeconomics consulting firms
Ethical investment
Financial data vendors
Financial services companies established in 1998
Risk management companies
Risk analysis methodologies
Social responsibility organizations
Environmental organisations based in Switzerland
Rating systems


title: St. Michael the Archangel Parish of Binakayan

text:
The Iglesia Catolica Apostolica Filipina Independiente – also known as Iglesia Filipina Independiente de Binakayan, is a Christian Church organized in Kawit, Cavite, Philippines, in 1902, under the Diocese of Cavite of the Philippine Independent Church.

Churches in Cavite
Kawit, Cavite


title: Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Welterweight

text:
The Welterweight boxing competition at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland took place between 25 July and 2 August at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre.

Like all Commonwealth boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals, so no boxers competed again after their first loss. Bouts consisted of three rounds of three minutes each, with one-minute breaks between rounds. Punches scored only if the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent. Tree scored each bout; The winner of the bout was the boxer who won the most rounds.

Schedule
All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1)

Medalists

Results

References

Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's rhythmic team all-around

text:
The women's rhythmic teams all-around gymnastics competition at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland was held on 24 July at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre.

Final
The final results:

References

Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
2014 in women's gymnastics


title: The Apartment Style Edition

text:
The Apartment: Style Edition was the second season of the Asian reality television show The Apartment, which after six seasons is the longest running reality competition show in Asia. The concept is that eight pairs of people with one relation, friends, brothers, couples and even two strangers, were to cooperate to design one room each week for ten  weeks. The host of the programme, Jamie Durie, gave the challenge and a panel including Laurence Llewelyn Bowen judged their work. The final winners were announced after the last episode, and the prize was their own apartment in The Veo in the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur.

The winners by process of elimination was Dali, with contestants Iva and Philipe. The show was created by Riaz Mehta and produced by the Singapore-based Imagine Group.

Contestants

As there were eight teams and ten episodes with the last having the two finalists, only six pairs could have been eliminated the previous nine episodes. This was solved by having two episodes without elimination and the reintroduction of one of the teams that were eliminated earlier. Glue & Glam, the first team to be eliminated, were brought back.

Episodes

Elimination

 Green background and WINNER means the team won The Apartment Style Edition.
 Silver background and RUNNER-UP means the team was the runner-up on The Apartment Style Edition.
 Blue background and WIN means the team won that challenge.
 Orange background and BTM 2 mean the team worst challenge but safe.
 Red background and ELIM means the team was eliminated of the competition.

In episode 5, Team "Glue & Glam" returned to the competition

References

2012 Malaysian television seasons
Celebrity reality television series
Home renovation television series
Malaysian reality television series
Television shows filmed in Malaysia


title: Hsu Wen-hsin

text:
Hsu Wen-hsin (; born 13 April 1988) is a Taiwanese former tennis player.

Hsu won two singles titles and six doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 15 May 2006, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 221. On 7 May 2012, she peaked at No. 180 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Hsu won her first $50k title at the 2011 Kōfu International Open, partnering with Chan Chin-wei to defeat Remi Tezuka and Akiko Yonemura in the final.

Playing for Taiwan in the Fed Cup, Hsu reached a win–loss record of 5–1.

ITF finals

Singles (2–6)

Doubles (6–8)

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Taipei
Taiwanese female tennis players
Tennis players at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Chinese Taipei
21st-century Taiwanese women


title: Holdhus Church

text:
Holdhus Church (; historically called ) is a former parish church of the Church of Norway in Bjørnafjorden Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Holdhus. Although it is no longer regularly used, it is one of the churches that is part of the Fusa parish which is part of the Fana prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The brown, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1726, although part of the building dates to 1618. The church seats about 90 people.  The church is notable for its interior decorations. The walls are covered in Rosemaling, a type of Norwegian folk-art.

History
The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1306, but that is not the year of construction. The first church in the Hålandsdal valley was a wooden stave church and it was called . It was likely built during the 13th century. In 1618, the old choir of the church was torn down and a new timber-framed choir was built in its place. In 1726, the old nave was torn down and replaced with a new timber-framed nave which seated 90 people. This new nave was attached to the choir that had been built in 1618. After this, there were no more medieval parts of the church still standing. In 1890, the new Hålandsdal Church was completed about  to the southeast. When the new church was built, this church was no longer regularly-used as a parish church. In 1889, the old church was sold to Hans H. Holdhus for demolition within two years, but in 1890, Holdhus sold it to the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments. Since then it has been a museum called  and it is still used by the parish for special occasions. The new owners provided a comprehensive repair and restoration project for the building in 1905–1906 which was led by the architect Schak Bull.

Media gallery

See also
List of churches in Bjørgvin

References

Bjørnafjorden
Churches in Vestland
Long churches in Norway
Wooden churches in Norway
18th-century Church of Norway church buildings
Churches completed in 1726
13th-century establishments in Norway
Buildings and structures owned by the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments
Former churches in Norway
Museums in Norway


title: Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Light heavyweight

text:
The Light heavyweight boxing competition at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland took place between 25 July and 2 August at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre. Light heavyweights are boxers who are between 76 kilograms and 79 kilograms.

Like all Commonwealth boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals, so no boxers competed again after their first loss. Bouts consisted of three rounds of three minutes each, with one-minute breaks between rounds. Punches scored only if the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent. Five judges scored each bout; three of the judges had to signal a scoring punch within one second for the punch to score. The winner of the bout was the boxer who scored the most valid punches by the end of the bout.

Schedule
All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1)

Medalists

Results

References

Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Conglomerat de Pierrefitte

text:
The Conglomerat de Pierrefitte is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Conglomérat de Cernay

text:
The Conglomérat de Cernay is a geologic formation in Champagne-Ardenne, northern France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Thanetian stage of the Paleocene period. The lizard Cernaycerta and placental mammal Bustylus cernaysi are named after the formation.

Fossil content
The formation has provided fossils of:

Mammals
Primates

 Berruvius lasseroni
 Chiromyoides campanicus
 Plesiadapis remensis
 P. tricuspidens
 Sarnacius gingerichi

Acreodi
 Dissacus europaeus

Eutheria
 Landenodon lavocati

Macroscelidea

 Berrulestes pellouini
 B. phelizoni
 B. poirieri
 Dipavali petri
 Gigarton louisi
 G. meyeri
 G. sigogneauae
 Louisina marci
 L. mirabilis
 Thryptodon brailloni
 Walbeckodon girardi

Multituberculata
 Hainina godfriauxi
 H. vianeyae

Perissodactyls

 Paschatherium dolloi
 Phakodon levei
 Teilhardimys brisswalteri

Placentalia

 Bustylus cernaysi
 B. germanicus
 Remiculus deutschi
 Tricuspiodon rutimeyer
 T. sobrinus
 Afrodon sp.
 Tricuspiodon sp.

Theriiformes
 Adapisoriculidae indet.

Birds

 Berruornis orbisantiqui
 Eupterornis remensis
 Gastornis parisiensis
 Remiornis heberti

Reptiles
Crocodiles
 Diplocynodon remensis

Lizards

 Camptognathosaurus parisiensis
 Cernaycerta duchaussoisi
 Eolacerta sp.
 Necrosaurus sp.
 Amphisbaenidae indet.

Turtles

 Compsemys russelli
 Laurasichersis relicta
 Trionyx sp.
 Cryptodira indet.

Amphibians

 Palaeoproteus gallicus
 Koalliella sp.
 Palaeobatrachus sp.
 cf. Salamandra sp.
 Bufonidae indet.
 Neobatrachia indet.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France
 Thanetian formations
 Tuffeau de St Omer
 Cerrejón Formation
 Danata Formation
 DeBeque Formation
 Willwood Formation

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of France
Paleocene Series of Europe
Paleogene France
Thanetian Stage
Conglomerate formations
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe
Paleontology in France


title: Falun d'Auvers

text:
The Falun d'Auvers is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Falun d'Ormoy

text:
The Falun d'Ormoy is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Falun de Jeurs

text:
The Falun de Jeurs is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Falun de Morigny

text:
The Falun de Morigny is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Falun de Pierrefitte

text:
The Falun de Pierrefitte is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Fayette Formation

text:
The Fayette Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Guépelle Formation

text:
The Guépelle Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Gypsum des Camoins

text:
The Gypsum des Camoins is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Lignites de Soissonais

text:
The Lignites de Soissonais is a geologic formation in the Var, Marne departments of France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ypresian stage of the Eocene period.

Fossil content
The following fossils have been reported from the formation:

Reptiles
Turtles

 Axestemys vittata
 Francellia salouagmirae
 Merovemys ploegi
 Neochelys arenarum
 N. eocaenica
 Allaeochelys sp.
 Palaeochelys sp.
 Trionyx sp.

Lizards

 Dormaalisaurus girardoti
 Geiseltaliellus longicaudus
 Tinosaurus europeocaenus
 Eolacerta sp.
 Necrosaurus sp.
 Tinosaurus sp.
 Amphisbaenidae indet.
 Anguini indet.
 Helodermatidae indet.
 Gekkonidae indet.
 Melanosaurini indet.

Snakes

 Calamagras gallicus
 Dunnophis matronensis
 Saniwa orsmaelensis
 Anniealexandria sp.

Mammals
Primates

 Arcius fuscus
 A. lapparenti
 Avenius amatorum
 Cantius savagei
 Donrussellia provincialis
 Phenacolemur lapparenti
 Platychoerops daubrei
 Plesiadapis aff. remensis
 Pelycodus aff. eppsi
 Toliapina lawsoni
 T. vinealis
 cf. Agerinia sp.
 Adapidae indet.

Artiodactyls

 Bunophorus cappettai
 Diacodexis gazini
 D. varleti
 Cuisitherium sp.
 ?Diacodexis sp.
 ?Simpsonodus sp.

Carnivora

 Miacidae indet.
 ?Miacidae indet.

Cimolesta

 Plesiesthonyx luciae
 P. minimus
 cf. Hyracolestes sp.
 Palaeoryctidae indet.

Ferae

 Palaeonictis gigantea
 Quercygale smithi
 Uintacyon hookeri
 cf. Viverravus sp.

Hyaenodonta

 Didelphodus cf. absarokae
 Eoproviverra eisenmanni
 Galecyon gallus
 Minimovellentodon russelli
 Morlodon vellerei
 Preregidens cf. langebadrae
 Prototomus girardoti
 cf. Didelphodus sp.

Insectivora

 Apatemys mutiniacus
 A. sigogneaui
 Apatemys sp.
 Heterohyus sp.

Macroscelidea

 Neomatronella luciannae
 Macrocranion cf. nitens

Microchiroptera

 Ageina tobieni
 Icaronycteris menui

Microchiropteramorpha

 Archaeonycteris brailloni
 cf. Ageina sp.
 cf. Archaeonycteris sp.

Multituberculata
 Ectypodus riansensis

Perissodactyls

 Cymbalophus cuniculus
 Hyracotherium aff. leporinum
 Paschatherium russelli
 P. cf. dolloi
 ?Paschatherium sp.
 Pliolophus vulpiceps
 Teilhardimys musculus

Placentalia

 Hyopsodus itinerans
 Phenacodus cf. teilhardi
 cf. Paroxyclaenus sp.
 Phenacodus sp.

Rodents

 Microparamys cf. chandoni
 Pantrogna russelli
 Paramys cf. pourcyensis
 ?Ailuravinae indet.

Soricomorpha

 Placentidens lotus
 cf. Leptacodon sp.

Theriiformes

 Amphiperatherium aff. brabantense
 A. goethei
 A. cf. maximum
 Peradectes louisi
 Peratherium matronense
 ?Leptictidae indet.
 ?Nyctitheriidae indet.
 cf. Paroxyclaenidae indet.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France
 Ypresian formations
 Ieper Group of Belgium
 Fur Formation of Denmark
 London Clay Formation of England
 Silveirinha Formation of Portugal
 Wasatchian formations
 Nanjemoy Formation of the eastern United States
 Wasatch Formation of the western United States
 Itaboraian formations
 Itaboraí Formation of Brazil
 Laguna del Hunco Formation of Argentina

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of France
Paleogene France
Eocene Series of Europe
Ypresian Stage
Coal formations
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe
Paleontology in France
Formations
Formations


title: Marl Formation

text:
The Marl Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Marnes de Dormans

text:
The Marnes de Dormans is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Marnes de Foncouverte

text:
The Marnes de Foncouverte is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Geologic formations of France
Paleogene France
Eocene Series of Europe
Ypresian Stage
Marl formations
Paleontology in France


title: Menat Formation

text:
The Menat Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleocene. It is a maar deposit located on top of an ancient volcano, the extent is very localised with the outcropping area being around 600 by 1000 metres. Numerous species of fossil insects, plants and fish are known, as well as some isolated mammals, including the primate Plesiadapis insignis,  the choristodere reptile Lazarussuchus, and birds, including members of Halcyornithidae and Messelasturidae and relatives of Songziidae.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Marnes de Gan

text:
The Marnes de Gan is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Geologic formations of France
Paleogene France
Eocene Series of Europe
Ypresian Stage
Marl formations
Paleontology in France


title: Meudon Formation

text:
The Meudon Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Mont Aime Formation

text:
The Mont Aime Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Monteils Formation

text:
The Monteils Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Niveau du gypse d'Aix Formation

text:
The Niveau du gypse d'Aix Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Quercy Phosphorites Formation

text:
The Quercy Phosphorites Formation (French: Phosphorites du Quercy) is a geologic formation and Lagerstätte in Occitanie, southern France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period (latest Bartonian to Late Oligocene), or MP16 to MP28 zones of the European land mammal age classification, ranging from approximately 38 to 25 Ma.

It qualifies as a Lagerstätte because beside a large variety of mammals, birds, turtles, crocodiles, flora and insects, it also preserves the soft tissues of amphibians and squamates, in addition to their articulated skeleton in what has been called natural mummies.

The genera Quercylurus, Quercymegapodius, Quercypsitta, Quercypodargus, Quercycerta and Quercygama, and species Mosaicomeryx quercyi, Robiacina quercyi, Palaeophyllophora quercyi, Archaeomys quercyi, Eomys quercyi, Eucricetodon quercyi and Tarnomys quercynus, as well as the lizards Paraplacosauriops quercyi and Pseudolacerta quercyini and the insect Palaeortona quercyensis were named after the formation.

Description
The first phosphate deposits in Quercy were discovered in 1869 and published by Daubré and Trutat independently in 1871. The first fossils from the formation were described by Delfortie (1872) and Gervais in the same year and extensively studied by Filhol from 1877 onwards. The first geologic investigation of the formation was performed by Thévenin in 1903, and apart from a description by Gèze in 1938, the paleontological richness was not studied until a team of researchers of the Universities of Montpellier and Paris visited the site in 1965.

The karstified phosphate deposits are found from the Lot and Célé river valleys in the north to the left bank of the Aveyron in the south and from the Villefranche Fault in the east to the lacustrine deposits of the Aquitaine Basin in the west. The formation is found in fissures (karst) incising Jurassic and Triassic rocks east of Cahors. The age of the fossiliferous unit, in which almost 12,000 specimens were found ranges from the MP16 to MP28 zones of the European land mammal age classification. These ages correspond to the latest Bartonian to Chattian, from about 38 to 25 Ma.

Paleontological significance

The Quercy Phosphorites Formation is a highly fossiliferous unit designated as a Lagerstätte due to the excellent preservation of fossils. The phosphorite conserves up to the nerves, digestive tract and stomach content, insect larvae and other elements of the paleobiology in the formation. Nearly all Quercy fly pupae were preserved as isolated endocasts, of which many were still covered by the puparium, the hardened skin of the last larval instar. The formation also straddles the Grande Coupure and shows diversity changes (number of species) of frog, salamander, lizard and snake fossil records across the formation. It is assumed that the Quercy arthropods fossilized by a rapid fixation by phosphate-rich water followed by encrustation and mineralization.

Fossil content
The following fossils have been reported from the formation:

Mammals
Primates
 Cryptadapis tertius

Apatotheria

 Heterohyus (Chardinyus) nanus
 Heterohyus (Gervaisyus) pygmaeus
 Chardinyus sp.
 Gervaisyus sp.

Artiodactyls

 Bachitherium guirounetensis
 B. lavocati
 Cryptomeryx gaudryi
 Dichobune sigei
 Dichodon vidalenci
 Iberomeryx matsoui
 Mosaicomeryx quercyi
 Paroxacron bergeri
 Plesiomeryx cadurcensis
 Prodremotherium elongatum
 Pseudamphimeryx salesmei
 Robiacina lavergnensis
 R. quercyi
 Tapirulus perrierensis

Carnivora

 Amphicynodon typicus
 Cynodyctis lacustris neboulensis
 Dinailurictis bonali
 Eofelis edwardsii
 E. giganteus
 Eusmilus bidentatus
 Mustelictis cf. major
 M. aff. olivieri
 Nimravus intermedius
 Pachycynodon amphictina
 P. crassirostris
 P. cf. dubius
 P. cf. filholi
 Palaeogale sectoria
 Peignictis pseudamphictis
 Quercylurus major
 Wangictis tedfordi
 Cephalogale sp.
 cf. Eofelis sp.

Chiroptera

 Hipposideros (Pseudorhinolophus) sehlosseri
 H. (P.) trassounius
 H. (P.) zbrjdi
 Leuconoe lavocati
 Palaeophyllophora oltina
 P. quercyi
 Stehlinia bonisi
 S. minor
 Vaylatsia garouillasensis
 Vespertiliavus gerscheli
 V. gracilis
 V. lapradensis

Creodonta
 Paracynohyaenodon magnus
 Parapterodon lostangensis

Euarchonta
 Darbonetus aubrelongensis

Hyaenodonta
 Paroxyaena pavlovi

Lipotyphla

 Amphidozotherium cayluxi
 Darbonetus aubrelongensis
 D. tuberi
 Myxomygale antiqua
 Saturninia beata
 S. pelissiei

Marsupials

 Amphiperatherium bourdellense
 A. lamandini
 Peratherium bretouense
 P. cayluxi
 P. lavergnense
 P. perrierense

Perissodactyls
 Pachynolophus bretovense

Proeutheria
 Pseudorhyncocyon cayluxi

Rodents

 Archaeomys intermedius
 A. quercyi
 Bernardia marandati
 Blainvillimys gemellus
 B. gousnatensis
 B. langei
 B. rotundidens
 Elfomys medius
 Eomys gigas
 E. minus
 E. quercyi
 Eucricetodon atavus
 E. quercyi
 Gliravus garouillensis
 G. itardiensis
 Issiodoromys limognensis
 I. pauffiensis
 Palaeosciurus goti
 Paradelomys spelaeus
 Patriotheridcmys altus
 P. altus neboulensis
 P. sudrei
 Pseudoltinomys gaillardi
 P. major
 P. phosphoricus
 Sciuromys cayluxi
 S. rigali
 Tarnomys quercynus
 Theridomys ludensis

Birds

 Horusornis vianeyliaudae
 Idiornis itardiensis
 Itardiornis hessae
 Necrobyas minimus
 Palaeoglaux perrierensis
 Palaeotodus escampsiensis
 P. itardiensis
 Paleseyvus escampensis
 Primocolius sigei
 P. minor
 Quercymegapodius brodkorbi
 Quercypsitta ivani
 Q. sudrei
 Recurvirostra sanctaeneboulae
 Sylphornis bretouensis
 Ventivorus ragei
 Ameghinornis sp.
 Leptoganga sp.
 Nocturnavis sp.

Caprimulgiformes
 Euronyctibius kurochkini
 Quercypodargus olsoni

Reptiles
Crocodiles
 Alligator gaudryi

Lizards

 Ayalasaurus tenuis
 Brevisaurus smithi
 Cadurciguana hoffstetteri
 Cadurcogekko piveteaui
 Dracaenosaurus croizeti
 Eurheloderma gallicum
 Geiseltaliellus lamandini
 Mediolacerta roceki
 Necrosaurus cayluxi
 N. eucarinatus
 Omoiotyphlops priscus
 Paraplacosauriops quercyi
 Placosaurus rugosus
 Plesiolacerta lydekkeri
 Pseudeumeces cadurcensis
 Pseudolacerta mucronata
 P. quercyini
 Quercycerta maxima
 Quercygama galliae
 Uromastyx europaeus
 Placosaurus sp.

Snakes

 Cadurcoboa insolita
 Coluber cadurci
 Dunnophis cadurcensis
 Eoanilius europae
 Natrix mlynarskii
 Palaeopython cadurcensis
 P. filholi
 P. neglectus
 Paleryx cayluxi
 Platyspondylia lepta
 Plesiotortrix edwardsi

Turtles

 Ptychogaster cayluxensis
 Testudo phosphoritarum
 Testudinidae indet.

Amphibians
Frogs

 Bufo serratus
 T. gezei
 Thaumastosaurus bottii

Salamanders

 Heteroclitotriton zitteli
 Megalotriton filholi
 M. portisi
 Phosphotriton sigei

Insects

 Coptera anka
 Onthophilus intermedius
 Palaeortona quercyensis
 Xenomorphia handschini
 X. resurrecta
 Blattodea
 Coleoptera
 Diptera
 Ensifera
 Hymenoptera
 Lepidoptera
 Myriapoda

Flora

 Palmocaulon sp.
 Anacardiaceae indet.
 Caryophyllales indet.
 Malvaceae indet.
 Menispermacae indet.
 Sapotaceae indet.
 Ulmaceae indet.
 Vitaceae indet.

References

Bibliography

Map reports

Paleontology

Further reading

External links

Geologic formations of France
Eocene Series of Europe
Oligocene Series of Europe
Paleogene France
Phosphorite formations
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe
Paleontology in France
Formations


title: Sable de Vauroux

text:
The Sable de Vauroux is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Salt Formation

text:
The Salt Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Tuffeau de St Omer

text:
The "Tuffeau" de Saint-Omer is a geologic formation in northern France. The sandstones of the formation, named after Saint-Omer, preserve bird and primate fossils dating back to the middle Thanetian age of the Paleocene epoch of the Paleogene period, dating to about 58 Ma.

The European land mammal age, a continental biostratigraphic zonation for the Cenozoic, as ammonites for the Mesozoic and conodonts for the Paleozoic, classification starts after this age, the Thanetian is correlative with the MP2 to 5 of the Mammal Paleogene zone of Europe. At this time in geologic history the climate was at an all-time high with estimated tropical temperatures of  and 2000 ppm atmospheric CO2.

The formation is locally referred to and geologically known as tuff, although the lithology of the formation is glauconitic sandstone, deposited in a shallow marine environment at the southernmost edge of the North Sea Graben.

Description
The Tuffeau de Saint-Omer is described as a glauconitic well-sorted sandstone, with opal cement and the invertebrate fossils Pholadomya cuneata, P. konincki, Cyprina morrisi, Thracia prestwichi, Natica deshayesiana and Martesia cuneata. The Tuffeau is exposed near Molinghem and Doulac, north of Saint-Omer, after which the formation is named. Despite the siliciclastic lithology, the formation is locally referred to as "tuff"; volcaniclastic rock.

The thickness of the unit varies from  (near Garbecque) to around  (in Arques, Quiestède, and Aire-sur-la-Lys) and sometimes more ( at Helfaut and  at Blendecques). The thickness of the tuff intersperses with the Sables d'Ostricourt, giving a total thickness of the Landenian section of .

Fossil content
At Templeuve, the following fossils were reported:

Primates
 Berruvius cf. lasseroni
 Sarnacius aff. gingerichi

Birds
 Lithornithidae indet.
 Pelagornithidae indet.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France
 Cerrejón Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation in Colombia
 Itaboraí Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation in Brazil
 European land mammal age

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of France
Paleogene France
Paleocene Series of Europe
Thanetian Stage
Sandstone formations
Shallow marine deposits
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe
Paleontology in France
Formations
Formations


title: Calcaire a Asteries

text:
The Calcaire a Asteries is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Calcaire de Saint

text:
The Calcaire de Saint is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Calcaire de Vigny

text:
The Calcaire de Vigny is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Calcaire grosse

text:
The Calcaire grosse is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Calcaire Grossier d'Etrechy

text:
The Calcaire Grossier d'Etrechy is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Calcaires a Asteries

text:
The Calcaires à Asteries are a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Oligocene epoch. Among the known fossils is the kekenodontid whale Phococetus.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Calcaires de Vacheres

text:
The Calcaires de Vacheres is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Calcaires lithographiques de Vachères

text:
The Calcaires lithographiques de Vachères is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Calcares marins à alvéolines

text:
The Calcares marins à alvéolines is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Geologic formations of France
Paleogene France
Eocene Series of Europe
Ypresian Stage
Limestone formations
Paleontology in France


title: Cernay Formation

text:
The Cernay Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Châlons Formation

text:
The Châlons Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Argile a lignite d'Epernay

text:
The Argile a lignite d'Epernay is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Paleogene France


title: Argiles d'lignite du Soissonnais

text:
The Argiles d'lignite du Soissonnais is a geologic formation in the Oise department of northern France. The formation has provided fossil mammals, reptiles and fish as well as arthropods in the amber of the formation. The Argiles d'lignite du Soissonnais dates back to the Ypresian stage of the Eocene period.

Description
The formation comprises a succession of lenticular bodies showing two main facies; clayey sands rich in frequently pyritised lignite, together with amber and grey clayey sands with less lignite (1 to 12 % of the sediment), with continental vertebrate fauna. These facies, the rarity of mollusk shells and charophytes, probably due to decarbonatation and the presence of pyrrhotite (FeS4), reflect a hypoxic environment.

The strata were deposited at the bottom of two channels cutting into underlying Thanetian marine green sands. The channels prograde toward the northeast and were discovered under Oise River Quaternary deposits.

Fossil content
The formation has provided among others the following fossils:

Mammals
Primates

 Teilhardina aff. belgica
 Cantius sp.
 Platychoerops sp.

Artiodactyls
 Diacodexis sp.

Cimolesta
 Esthonyx sp.
 cf. Apatotheria indet.

Eutheria
 Palaeosinopa sp.
 cf. Landenodon sp.

Ferae

 Dormaalocyon latouri
 Gracilocyon solei
 Oxyaena woutersi
 Palaeonictis gigantea
 Palaeanodon sp.
 Vassacyon taxidiotis

Hyaenodonta

 Arfia gingerichi
 Prototomus girardoti
 P. minimus

Macroscelidea
 cf. Macrocranion sp.

Multituberculata
 Multituberculata indet.

Perissodactyls
 Chowliia europea
 cf. Pachynolophus sp.

Placentalia
 Hyopsodus sp.

Rodents
 Pliolophus quesnoyensis
 Ischyromyidae indet.

Soricomorpha
 Leptacodon sp.
 Wyonycteris sp.

Theriiformes
 Peratherium sp.
 Pantodonta indet.

Reptiles
Turtles

 Merovemys ploegi
 Paleotrionyx cf. vittatus
 Cryptodira indet.
 Trionychidae indet.

Crocodiles

 Allognathosuchus sp.
 Asiatosuchus sp.
 Diplocynodon sp.

Lizards

 Eolacerta sp.
 Placosaurus sp.
 Plesiolacerta sp.
 Gekkonidae indet.
 Lacertidae indet.
 ?Anguinae indet.
 ?Cordylidae indet.
 ?Iguanidae indet.
 ?Necrosaurus indet.

Snakes

 Dunnophis matronensis
 Saniwa cf. orsmaelensis
 Boidae indet.

Amphibians

 Caudata indet.
 Pelobatidae indet.
 Salamandroidea indet.
 cf. Koaliella indet.

Fish

 Anomotodon novus
 Isurolamna inflata
 Lepisosteus fimbriatus
 Otodus obliquus
 Pachygaleus lefevrei
 Palaeogaleus vincenti
 Palaeohypotodus rutoti
 Squalus orpiensis
 Striatolamia striata
 Cyclurus sp.
 Heterodontus sp.
 Myliobatis sp.
 Notorynchus sp.
 Squatina sp.
 Percoidei indet.

Arthropods
Diptera
 Eurodoliopteryx inexpectatus
 Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Psocodea, Arachnida

Pancrustacea
 Collembola indet.
 Hexapoda indet.

Flora

 Nitellopsis sp.
 Pinophyta indet.
 Arecaceae indet.
 Myricaceae indet.
 Juglandaceae indet.
 Lauraceae indet.
 Apocynaceae indet.
 Caesalpiniaceae indet.
 Celastraceae indet.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France
 Ypresian formations
 Ieper Group of Belgium
 Fur Formation of Denmark
 London Clay Formation of England
 Silveirinha Formation of Portugal
 Wasatchian formations
 Nanjemoy Formation of the eastern United States
 Wasatch Formation of the western United States
 Itaboraian formations
 Itaboraí Formation of Brazil
 Laguna del Hunco Formation of Argentina

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of France
Paleogene France
Eocene Series of Europe
Ypresian Stage
Sandstone formations
Coal formations
Amber
Fluvial deposits
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe
Paleontology in France
Formations


title: Assise de Kusel

text:
The Assise de Kusel is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Permian France


title: Assise de Lebach

text:
The Assise de Lebach is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Permian France


title: Assise de Millery

text:
The Assise de Millery is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Permian France


title: Assise de Muse

text:
The Assise de Muse is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Permian France


title: Bert Formation

text:
The Bert Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Permian France


title: Cian Formation

text:
The Cian Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Permian France


title: Pradineaux Formation

text:
The Pradineaux Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Permian France


title: Salagou Formation

text:
The Salagou Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

Geology
The Salagou Formation is a fine-grained loessite which is a deposit of red mudstone. It was created by the Montage Noire Dome.

Discoveries
In 2015, a number of new insects were discovered in the Salagou Formation including Paleomanteidae and reclassification of Permobaharellus salagousensis, Lodevophlebia reticulata (Sylvaphlebiidae), and Oborella lodevensis (Euryptilonidae) based on found wing patterns.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

https://books.google.com/books?id=pGEhEAAAQBAJ&dq=Salagou+Formation&pg=PA116

Permian France


title: Schistes de Buxières

text:
The Schistes de Buxières is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Permian France


title: Bill Freeman (racing driver)

text:
Bill Freeman was a professional racing driver, race team owner, motorsport racing enthusiast, race car manufacturer, and business entrepreneur.

Racing career
 1961 - 1967 Go Kart racing in the Midwest. Dual & Triple engine
 1967 - 1972 S.C.C.A. Racing, Triumph TR4, MGB, 427 Cobra
 1972 - 1978 S.C.C.A. Trans-Am, I.M.S.A. GT Racing, Can-Am (Corvette, Camaro, Porsche, Lola, McLaren)
 1977 S.C.C.A. B-Production National Champion (SP Division - Porsche 911RSR) Freeman was S.C.C.A. National Champion in his 911 Porsche.
 1979 - 1980 Freeman was the originator and supervisor for all aspects of a new Ferrari IMSA team.
 1976 - 1983 Newman Freeman Racing  (Can-Am, Indy, I.M.S.A.)

In 1978 Paul Newman and Bill Freeman formed a racing partnership to compete in various forms of  auto  racing. The Racing Team was based in Santa Barbara, California. As the team's Managing Partner, Freeman managed all aspects and operations for this professional automobile racing company. In 1979, Bill Freeman negotiated a new home at Laguna Seca Raceway for the Newman Freeman Racing Can-Am team. Construction was completed in the early ‘80s and the new shop and offices in the pit area became a permanent home for the Budweiser sponsored team”.

The building has been used for two permanent driving schools since the ‘90s, and it’s still used today as a garage, media center and classrooms.

The company specialized in Indy Cars, Can-Am, and other high-performance motorsport racing. The team raced in Chevrolet-powered Spyder NF's, sponsored by Budweiser.

The  "Newman  Freeman  Racing" team dominated North America's Can Am series in its Budweiser sponsored Lola team. The partnership attracted several drivers who would go on to become legends in the future, included Keke Rosberg,  Elliott Forbes-Robinson, Bobby Rahal, Danny Sullivan, Teo Fabi, and others. Driving for Newman Freeman Racing, these drivers won many competitions including the Can-Am Team Championship of 1979.

Bill Freeman is credited as the man who introduced Paul Newman to professional auto racing. In addition to the team management, Bill Freeman and Paul Newman drove many S.C.C.A. and I.M.S.A. events together, including the Sebring 12 hour endurance sports car race.

 1983-1984 Gurney Freeman Racing

Freeman was General Manager and Team Manager for Gurney Freeman Racing Indianapolis 500 CART championship racing team and partners with Dan Gurney at All American Racers in Santa Ana, California.

 1984–Present: Managing Partner - Newman Freeman Racing and CEO - Fine Sports Cars

Other business

In 1984 Freeman also formed Fine Sports Cars with partner Ashton Marshall, to remanufacture, restore, and offer for sale legendary sports racing cars.  The company was based in San Diego,  California, with a showroom, The Fine Car Store, located in La Jolla, California.

In 2009 the company was expanded to include both sanctioned and certified cars and established a global network of workshops and suppliers.

Awards
 Freeman was S.C.C.A. National Champion in his 911 Porsche in 1977
 Newman Freeman Racing won the Can-Am Team championship in 1979
Freeman co-managed the race team which Paul Newman drove for in the 24 hours of Le Mans class winning victory in 1979
 AAR Gurney Freeman Racing set the fastest stock block qualifying lap in history for the 1982 Indianapolis 500

References

20th-century births
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Racing drivers from California
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers


title: Gahard Formation

text:
The Gahard Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Geologic formations of France
Silurian System of Europe
Silurian France
Silurian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Raja Muhammad Sarwar

text:
Captain Raja Muhammad Sarwar Bhatti ( ; 10 November 1910 – 27 July 1948) , best known as Muhammad Sarwar, was an officer in the Pakistan Army who was cited as the first recipient of Pakistan’s highest military award, Nishan-i-Haider, for his gallantry and actions of valor during the First Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–48.

Biography

Raja Muhammad Sarwar Bhatti was born to a Punjabi Muslim Rajput family in a small village, Singhori, that was located in the vicinity of the Gujar Khan Tehsil, Rawalpindi District, Punjab, British India in British Indian Empire on 10 November 1910. He was a military brat whose father, Raja Muhammad Hayat Khan Bhatti, was an enlist in the British Indian Army, retiring at rank of Havildar.

He was educated in government-run schools in Rawalpindi District and secured his matriculation from a local school in Faisalabad in 1928. After graduation, he followed his father, Havildar Muhammad Hyatt, path and enlisted in the British Indian Army in 1929 as a Sepoy, where he was posted with the 2nd Battalion of the 10th Baloch Regiment (2/10th Baloch Regiment) of the Baloch Regiment (present 7th Battalion The Baloch Regiment (Steadfast Battalion)). From 1929 until 1939, he worked hard towards reacting the one of the highest enlisted ranks and was eventually promoted as the Naib Subedar and posted in supply and ammunition with the Pakistan Army Service Corps in 1939.

In 1939, Sarwar was invited to attend the Indian Military Academy in Dehradun and completed his military training before gaining commission in the 2nd Battalion of the 1st Punjab Regiment (2/1st Punjab Regiment) of the British Indian Army in 1943. In 1944, 2nd-Lt. Sarwar briefly served in the Burma, serving with distinction in the military operations in 1944–45 that earned him the Burma Star by the British administrations in Delhi in India.

In 1944, 2nd-Lt. Sarwar was posted in an administrative position in the Punjab Regiment — he was promoted as Lieutenant in 1945–46. In the British Indian Army personnel accounts, Lt. Sarwar was known to be "a serious man with no nonsense and deeply religious who would practice his religion, Islam, devotedly and offered five prayers everyday, first offering the prayer before sunrise and concluding with the very last midnight prayer."

In 1946–47, Lt. Sarwar was promoted as army captain and decided to attend the signal course before Capt. Sarwar was recommissioned in the Pakistan Army Corps of Signals in 1947, and directed towards attending the Military College of Signals. After hearing the news of the first war between India and Pakistan over Jammu and Kashmir, Capt. Sarwar immediately wanted volunteered but refrained due to his officers wanted him to complete his schooling on the military signals, which he completed after a year. In 1948, Capt. Sarwar took over the command of the 2nd Battalion of the Punjab Regiment of the Pakistan Army as its commanding officer and was deployed on frontline.

A march towards the Uri town of the Jammu and Kashmir was commenced under Capt. Sarwar, and led an attack on the organized Indian Army's troops, forcing them to retreat from the Gilgit-Baltistan to Ladakh on 26 July 1948. Capt. Sarwar's company followed the retreated Indian Army's troops to the Uri region where his unit faced off the strongly fortified enemy position located in the Uri sector. His company was only 50 yards away from the fortified enemy position as the Indian Army's soldiers begin their mortar shelling at his positions, and received instructions on leading the attack on the left side of the bunker where the shelling was taking place. Moving towards the new position, his passage was blocked due to the barbed wires and decided to move to cut the wires with only taking six men alongside. During the firefight, Capt. Sarwar used the bolt cutter to cut their barbed wires and due to the downpour of shelling,  taking a bullet with a machine gun fire.

On 27 July 1948, Capt. Sarwar was killed while clearing the passage– he was 38 years old at the time of his death.

Family background and personal life

Muhammad Sarwar's father, Raja Muhammad Hayat Khan, had served in the British Indian Army and was decorated with the British war medal for his services in the World War I– Muhammad Hayat retired as a Havildar Sergeant and died on 23 November 1932. Muhammad Sarwar had three brothers and one sister. Raja Muhammad Sarwar married in arranged marriage in 1936 and had a son and a daughter from that marriage.

Nishan-e-Haider
The body of Capt. Sarwar is buried at the Hill of Tilpatra which is near the Uri in Indian Kashmir where he was buried on 27 July 1948. It was on 23 March 1956 when the Government of Pakistan recognized his services as the Parliament of Pakistan authorized to posthumously award the Nishan-E-Haider (Eng. lit. Emblem of the Lion) for his meritorious services, which was awarded to him by the President of Pakistan. The Presidential Nishan-e-Haider citation on his grave is written in Urdu; and it reads with translation as:

Citation
Battle of Tilpatra in Uri:

In 1967, the federal government later established the marble tomb in his memory to offer remembrance of his career highlights in the military and martyrdom to the civil society with additional funding was later secured by Imtiaz Warraich, the MP on the platform of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) to expand the facility in his memory in 1990— the marble tomb is located near his locality.

In memory

In 1968, a paintings exhibition was inaugurated in Lahore, Pakistan depicting Pakistani war heroes including the first sketched portrait of Capt. Muhammad Sarwar.

In 1991, he was subjected a biographical war telefilm, "Captain Muhammad Sarwar Shaheed" produced and directed by the Qasim Jilali of the PTV. In addition, the federal government established the community college, the Sarwar Shaheed College, in his honor near his birthplace in the Gujar Khan.

Galleries

Awards and decorations

Foreign decorations

See also
 Gujar Khan
 Sawar Muhammad Hussain Shaheed

References

External links

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title: La Lande Muree Formation

text:
The La Lande Muree Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Geologic formations of France
Silurian System of Europe
Silurian France
Silurian south paleopolar deposits


title: Plougastel Formation

text:
The Plougastel Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Geologic formations of France
Silurian System of Europe
Silurian France
Silurian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Keuper Formation

text:
The Keuper Formation is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France
 Keuper (a lithostratigraphic unit)

References

Triassic France


title: Marnes de Châlins

text:
The Marnes de Châlins (French for Châlins Marl) is a Late Triassic (Norian to Rhaetian) geologic formation in France. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.

Fossil content
The formation has provided the following fossils:
 Reptiles
 Plateosaurus sp.
 Gresslyosaurus cf. plieningeri
 ?Prosauropoda indet.
 Fish
 Grozonodon candaui
 Lissodus lepagei
 L. minimus
 ?Gyrolepis sp.
 Ptychoceratodus rectangulus

See also
 List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
 List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 G. Cuny, M. Martin, R. Rauscher and J. Mazin. 1998. A new neoselachian shark from the Upper Triassic of Grozon (Jura, France). Geological Magazine 135(5):657-668
 A. F. d. Lapparent. 1967. Les dinosaures de France [The dinosaurs of France]. Sciences 51:4-19
 M. J. Henry. 1876. L'Infralias dans la Franche-Comté [The Lower Lias of Franche-Comté]. Mémoires de la Société d'Émulation du Doubs, 4e série 10:287-486

Geologic formations of France
Triassic System of Europe
Triassic France
Norian Stage
Rhaetian Stage
Marl formations
Paleontology in France


title: Calcaire à entroques

text:
The Calcaire à entroques is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Triassic France


title: Gres a Meules

text:
The Gres a Meules is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Triassic France


title: Grès d'Antully

text:
The Grès d'Antully is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Triassic France


title: Grès de Boisset

text:
The Grès de Boisset ( sandstone) is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Rhaetian stage of the Late Triassic period.

Fossil content
The following fossils have been reported from the formation:

Mammals
 Thomasia sp.
 ?Kuehneotheriidae indet.

Fish
 Nemacanthus monilifer
 Birgeria sp.
 Hybodus sp.
 Lissodus sp.
 Pseudodalatias sp.
 Saurichthys sp.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of France
Triassic System of Europe
Triassic France
Rhaetian Stage
Sandstone formations
Marl formations
Shallow marine deposits
Paleontology in France


title: Grès à Voltzia

text:
The Grès à Voltzia is a geologic formation in France. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in France

References

Triassic France
Triassic System of Europe
Anisian Stage


title: Sukhen Dey

text:
Sukhen Dey may refer to:

 Sukhen Dey (footballer)
 Sukhen Dey (weightlifter)


title: Four Falls Border Crossing

text:
The Four Falls Border Crossing is a one-way crossing between Fort Fairfield, Maine and Four Falls, New Brunswick on the Canada–US border. Traffic is seasonally permitted to enter Canada at this location, but people entering the United States face arrest per immigration and customs laws.

History
This crossing opened in 1934, and traffic was permitted in both directions.  In the late 1950s, the US closed its border station; however Canada continued to operate its border station until April 1, 1985.  Both border stations were demolished after their respective closures. In 1994, the Government of Canada relented to pressure from members of the nearby Aroostook Valley Country Club to reopen the crossing during golf season.  The US government refused to reopen its border station, but it allowed vehicles to enter as long as they proceeded only as far as the golf course, or if they traveled directly to an open US border inspection station to report for inspection.

After the September 11 attacks, the United States changed its entry policies, requiring all travelers to enter at an open border inspection station.  This meant that Canadian golfers could not enter the US via Brown Road,  and even Canadian residents who can only access their homes via Russell Road could not legally drive to their homes from Canada.

See also
 List of Canada–United States border crossings
 Aroostook Valley Country Club

External links
 Aroostook Valley Country Club

References

Canada–United States border crossings
Transportation buildings and structures in Aroostook County, Maine
1934 establishments in Maine
1934 establishments in New Brunswick


The Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu manages and controls the temple administration within the state. The Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act XXII of 1959 controls 36,425 temples, 56 mathas or religious orders (and 47 temples belonging to mathas), 1,721 specific endowments and 189 trusts.

History
In 1923, the Madras Hindu Religious Endowments Act was passed by Madras Presidency. In 1925, the Government constituted "The Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Board" consisting of a President and two to four Commissioners nominated by the Government to function as a statutory body. Subsequently, it was modified and in 1960 it became The Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department by Tamil Nadu Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act XXII of 1959 which came into force with effect from 28 April 1960.

Since 1991, religious and spiritual leaders have been involved in the maintenance and administration of the Hindu Temples and Charitable Endowments . However, the maintenance and administration of the Jain temples are under the administration of Jain religious and spiritual leaders.

The act controls 36,425 temples, 56 mathas or religious orders (and 47 temples belonging to mathas), 1,721 specific endowments and 189 trusts.

Schemes
Annadhanam Scheme is conducted in 746 Temples and 50 to 300 devotees are provided with mid-day meals after Uchikala Pooja. Every year Special Rejuvenation camp is held for elephants from temples and mutts across Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. In 2020-2021, the 48-day long camp was held at Thekampatti on the banks of River Bhavani. Spiritual and Moral Instruction classes were conducted in 485 temples by scholars. Various welfare schemes for temple employees and Nathaswara artists were also performed by this department. This department publishes an electronic magazine called Thiru Koil at its official website.

Temples
Below are a few temples maintained by the department.

References

Tamil Nadu state government departments
Hinduism in Tamil Nadu
1960 establishments in Madras State


title: Gigi Gryce (album)

text:
Gigi Gryce is an eponymous album by American jazz saxophonist Gigi Gryce, recorded in 1958 and released on the MetroJazz label.

Reception

AllMusic awarded the album 3 stars, stating: "A fine mainstream date, but probably long gone."

Track listing
 "In a Sentimental Mood"  (Duke Ellington, Irving Mills, Manny Kurtz) - 3:35
 "Blues March" (Benny Golson) - 3:03
 "Seabreeze" (Larry Douglas, Fred Norman, Romare Bearden) - 2:30
 "Bangoon" (Hank Jones) - 2:43
 "It Don't Mean a Thing" (Ellington, Mills) - 3:16
 "Cold Breeze" (Wade Legge) - 2:36
 "Rich and Creamy" (Jack Lazare) - 3:29
 "My Ideal" (Richard Whiting, Newell Chase, Leo Robin) - 2:48
 "Baba's Blues" (Gigi Gryce) - 2:59
 "Little Susan" (Randy Weston) - 2:29
 "Lullaby for Milkman" (Lazare) - 2:30
 "Somewhere" (Ray Copeland) - 2:36

Personnel
 Gigi Gryce - alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone, clarinet, piccolo, flute
 Hank Jones - piano, celeste
 Milt Hinton - bass
 Osie Johnson - drums

References

1958 albums
Gigi Gryce albums
MetroJazz Records albums


title: Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Super heavyweight

text:
The Super heavyweight boxing competition at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland took place between 25 July and 2 August at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre. Super heavyweights are boxers who are over 91 kilograms in weight.

Like all Commonwealth boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals, so no boxers competed again after their first loss. Bouts consisted of three rounds of three minutes each, with one-minute breaks between rounds. Punches scored only if the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent. Five judges scored each bout; three of the judges had to signal a scoring punch within one second for the punch to score. The winner of the bout was the boxer who scored the most valid punches by the end of the bout.

Schedule
All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1)

Medalists

Results

References

Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Beethoven (Mähler)

text:
There are at least two surviving portraits created by German painter Joseph Willibrord Mähler in oils of the composer Ludwig van Beethoven.

One, painted in approximately 1804 or 1805, is the first of up to four untitled portraits the painter made of the composer. Today it hangs in the Beethoven Museum in Probusgasse, Vienna, part of the Vienna Museum.

A copy of this painting, once owned by Beethoven's biographer Alexander Wheelock Thayer, is now owned by the New York Public Library.

Mähler's 1814 portrait of Beethoven exists in two versions, and is part of a series of portraits he made of Viennese composers at this time.

The portrait of 1804–1805

Background
Joseph Willibrord Mähler was introduced to Beethoven by the writer Stephan von Breuning (1774–1827). Though eventually a court secretary, Mähler was interested in music, was a good singer and did some composing. Beethoven took him to one rehearsal of Leonore in 1805.

What is known about the painting stems from Alexander Wheelock Thayer's biography. He first came across the original Mähler painting during a research visit (for his Beethoven biography) to Caroline Barbara van Beethoven (born Naske), the widow of Karl van Beethoven, the composer's nephew. Because Thayer owned a copy (see below), he was particularly interested in learning about the circumstances under which it was painted. He considered this painting the most interesting and engaging of the portraits he had encountered. He later interviewed Mähler on 24 May 1860. Thayer characterized the friendship between Beethoven and Mähler as one where composer's kindness was returned by Mähler with warm affection and admiration for composer's genius. In offering recollections of Beethoven, Mähler spoke of his 1804 portrait and wondered where it was. To his question, Thayer responded that it belonged to Karl van Beethoven's widow. Mähler then revealed that he had a copy of it.

Mähler painted four portraits of Beethoven. Only the first image, dated by Thayer at 1804–05, contains a nearly full view of the composer. Beethoven apparently liked this portrait very much and owned it until his death.

There are only three references to this portrait in contemporary Beethoven sources:
In the papers left by Beethoven there was an undated note to Mähler: "I beg of you to return my portrait to me as soon as you have made sufficient use of it—if you need it longer I beg of you at least to make haste—I have promised the portrait to a stranger, a lady who saw it here, that she may hang it in her room during her stay of several weeks. Who can withstand such charming importunities, as a matter of course a portion of the lovely favors which I shall thus garner will also fall to you";
A brief reference in Anton Schindler's biography, noting its "insignificance";
In his , Gerhard von Breuning (son of Stephan), provided a description of Beethoven's apartment. The portrait of Beethoven’s grandfather was prominently displayed in the entry hall, while the Mähler portrait was on the back wall of a storage room where visitors were never admitted.

The portrait presently hangs in the Beethoven Museum in Probusgasse, Heiligenstadt, Vienna, a division of the Vienna Museum.

Symbolism
The historian Owen Jander discusses the symbolism embedded within Beethoven's fifth symphony and the portrait, hypothesizing that both works were a "ritualized confrontation" – a public yet veiled declaration of the composer's growing deafness, as a means of learning to accept it. Jander proposes that much of 18th to 19th century portrait painting can be considered self-portraits, commissioned at significant times in a person's life in which the details of the portrait were laid out by the subject. Elements such as the subject's pose, facial expression, clothing, accompanying objects and gestures are all part of the conventions of portraiture. Similarly, if any of these elements is depicted in such a way that diverges from typical depictions, that strengthens the message they intend to communicate by drawing in the viewer's attention. Contrasting gestures between right and left arm are typical and serve to sensitize the viewer to summon interpretation, or in the words of critic Philip Conisbee, a "narrative portrait with a didactic purpose."

Jander theorizes that an inspiration for Mähler's portrait is Leopold Radoux's 1773 portrait of Beethoven's grandfather, also named Ludwig van Beethoven (1712–1773), which the composer had prominently displayed in his apartment. Notably, one of the features of this portrait (painted the same year as the subject's death) was a cape falling off the back of the subject. To Jander, this represents the overcoming of grief that befell Beethoven's grandfather upon the death of his wife from alcoholism while maintaining a family life (his son Johann—the younger Ludwig van Beethoven's father—also suffered and eventually died from alcoholism). To understand the possible effect upon the composer, Jander cites 18th century mathematician and art theorist Johann Georg Sulzer who in his Allgemeine Theorie der schönen Künste provided an understanding on how an ancestor's portrait can have a healing effect on descendants. "The bonds of admiration and love between us and our ancestors are maintained and thus have a healing influence on the spirit, as though occasionally the deceased were still sitting among us….a portrait can make almost as powerful an impression upon us humans as can the person himself."

The plant
Jander notes that plant studies were part of the curriculum of the Dresden Art Academy where Mähler attended, so it is natural to expect plants in his graphic work. The plant at the bottom left of the portrait Jander identified as Polygonum bistorta, commonly known as knotweed. The nature of this plant is of inflorescence (a cluster of flowers on a branch). In the portrait there are groups of knotweed shown in various stages, from initial blossoming with pink to mature florets with the color receded. (Jander charactizes Beethoven as "nature-loving" and recalls the Heiligenstadt Testament where the composer wrote "as the leaves of autumn fall and are withered…," an allusion very similar to the one depicted in the portrait.) Jander proposes that the fading color of the plant is a metaphor to the composer's loss of hearing.

The lyre-guitar
Though Mähler described the instrument as a lyre, Jander identified it specifically as a lyre-guitar, an instrument popular in the early 19th century. The interpretation is that, with his hand holding the instrument, Beethoven draws forth music. But lyre-guitars normally have six strings, while the one Beethoven is holding has only five. With the pegs of the strings arranged in two rows, Jander identified the missing string as being one of the higher-pitched strings, suggesting a visual metaphor for Beethoven's inability to hear high frequencies.

The cape

Jander quotes Sulzer who described the arrangement of clothing in graphic art could depict "a soul agitated through passion." Below Beethoven's back there is a dark blue cape which has fallen from his shoulders. Most of the cape lies in a heap in the lower right hand corner of the picture, which "intensifies the message of divestment." In part this is a reference to the painting of the composer's grandfather, whose falling cape represented the overcoming of grief.

The right hand
Sulzer (as quoted by Jander) said that gestures should never cause so much attention as to distract the viewer away from the face. The enigmatic nature of the depiction of Beethoven's right hand appears to have puzzled both Thayer and Jander. Thayer recalled Mähler offering a description: "...the right hand is extended, as if, in a moment of musical enthusiasm, he was beating time..." Thayer provided his own thoughts:

Like Thayer, Jander says the ambiguous meaning of the right hand is due to Mähler's deficiency as an artist. Alessandra Comini observed that, in contradistinction to the portrait of his grandfather where his ancestor's hand is pointing at music already written, Beethoven's "hand rises, palm outward, in response to music heard and to be written down for the future."

The action
In Jander's interpretation "the composer projects himself as turning his back (quite literally) to the darkness, turmoil, and half-dead tree that dominate the area to his left. Musical instrument in hand, he projects himself as beginning to move toward the calm, sun-drenched field [and temple to Apollo] to his right." Just as music had rescued his grandfather from overwhelming grief, so too does music provide life's direction for Beethoven and solace from deafness.

The portrait of 1814–1815
Around 1815, Mähler produced a series of portraits showing contemporary Viennese composers, including, apart from Beethoven, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Antonio Salieri, Ignaz von Seyfried and Michael Umlauf. Most of these portraits entered the collection of the  Viennese music society, the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde. As written in the music journal Allgemeine Musikzeitung  in August 1815, "all of them distinguish themselves in a most creditable way through the effectual brush stroke, the descriptive resemblance and the distinctive expression of their soul". A half length portrait of Beethoven was part of the series. The painter created several versions of this portrait.

Thayer's copy of the 1804–1805 portrait

Estimated to have been painted around 1808, this painting is a copy by an unidentified painter of the portrait of Beethoven by Mähler. This copy was owned for many years by Alexander Wheelock Thayer, author of the first scholarly biography of the composer, who considered it one of his most prized possessions. Today the painting belongs to the New York Public Library.

Thayer estimated the copy of Mähler's portrait to have been painted approximately in 1808 by an unidentified artist (it is known that Mähler did not paint the copy himself). The date derives from a listing in an 1890 exhibition catalog for a Beethoven festival held in Bonn. Since Thayer was still living in 1890, musicologists Luigi Bellofatto and Owen Jander surmise that he must have personally lent the portrait for exhibition and most likely provided the date.

The earliest known owner of the portrait was Ferdinand Luib, editor of the noted musical journal, the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung. Bellofatto and Jander hypothesize that Luib, having unsuccessfully compiled materials for a biography of Franz Schubert, recognized the same research drive in Thayer and presented him with the portrait as a gift. When Thayer was appointed US Consul to Italy, the portrait hung the American Consulate in Trieste. (Thayer held the position from 1865 until 1882).  Upon Thayer's death in 1897, it was inherited by his niece Susan Elizabeth Fox. She donated it to the Beethoven Association, a New York-based group that came into existence for the purpose of translating Thayer's biography into English by producing chamber music concerts. (The translation by Henry Edward Krehbiel was first published by the Beethoven Association for its members in 1921).

In 1940, the Beethoven Association disbanded and donated its holdings (including the painting) to the New York Public Library. At its opening in 1965, the painting hung in the Music Division's Special Collections reading room of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. Since the 2001 renovation, the painting has hung in the Special Collections Reading Room named for Katherine Cornell and Guthrie McClintic.

References

Bibliography

1800s paintings
German paintings
Cultural depictions of Ludwig van Beethoven
Romantic paintings
Portraits by German artists
19th-century portraits


title: Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 50 metre freestyle

text:
The women's 50 metre freestyle event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games as part of the swimming programme took place on 25 and 26 July at the Tollcross International Swimming Centre in Glasgow, Scotland.

The medals were presented by Alison Sheppard, 2002 Commonwealth champion and the quaichs were presented by Francis Paul, Secretary-General of the National Olympic Committee of Kenya.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Commonwealth Games records were as follows.

The following records were established during the competition:

Results

Heats

Semifinals

Final

References

External links

Women's 050 metre freestyle
Commonwealth Games
2014 in women's swimming


title: Tawkers

text:
Tawkers is a Saas application, which allows publishers to create and distribute branded text message conversations live or after the fact. The application is created for various devices, but was originally launched as an iPhone app and has become a set of content tools for brand marketers and publishers. Tawkers is owned and managed by Tawkers Inc, which was founded in 2011.

The company launched a beta of Tawkers as a web application in 2013, before releasing the official version in March 2014. Gizmodo Brazil ranked Tawkers in their list of top iPhone Apps for that particular month.

In 2016, Tawkers began work on a SaaS product, creating an enterprise solution for brands, agencies and publishers to create and manage public messaging content between influencers. The content is then embedded across the client's media. This new offering followed a partnership with NBCUniversal and 360i in which the companies utilized the technology to create content for their owned, earned and paid media channels, as well as within mobile applications. The first campaign was with the Bravo TV show Odd Mom Out.

Background
Blake Ian is the current CEO and co-founded the company in 2011 in New York City after having the idea of sharing text conversations while he was chatting with a friend about a film over instant messaging. In late 2011, after developing the idea, the company received $360,000 in seed funding.

Following the development of a beta in 2013, Ian stated to TechCrunch that he believed that celebrities would use the Tawkers platform as a way to engage with fans and also engage conversation on given subjects.

The app did just that in the early stages of the beta, with Lee Camp, Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal, Colin Quinn, singer Eleanor Goldfield, Deepak Chopra, and also Howard Rheingold using the app during the early parts of its existence.

In March 2014, Gizmodo Brazil ranked Tawkers in their list of top Apps.

Mechanics
According to their website, the application aims to bridge the gap between private text messaging and public expression, providing marketers and publishers a solution for creating mass amounts of high engaging content for no production cost and minor effort from influential brand ambassadors.

The SaaS platform works by allowing marketing professionals and content creators to create publicly accessible chats. These chats are then embedded across the internet within owned, earned and paid media channels as well as mobile applications. In 2014, Ian commented on the desire for people to share their own text conversations and read conversations by others, particularly celebrities. The example he gave was when Macklemore texted Kendrick Lamar, after Macklemore's Grammy success and then tweeted an image of the conversation which went viral.

References

Online companies of the United States
Social networking services
IOS software
Instant messaging clients