The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice (sometimes shortened to An Extra Slice) is a British television after-show to follow the series The Great British Bake Off. Hosted by Jo Brand, the show features three celebrity panelists discussing the after-events of the week. Originally, the show began airing on BBC Two on 8 August 2014 two days after the premiere episode of the fifth series of the main show, and was filmed at The London Studios. In April 2017, it was announced that the series and Brand would follow The Great British Bake Off to Channel 4 in 2017. The sixth series of The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice  returned on 30 August 2019 and concluded on 1 November 2019. The eighth series began airing on 24 September and concluded on 26 November 2021. In 2022 The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice has been renewed for a tenth series that began airing on 28 September 2023.

History
The after show was announced in July 2014. Comedian Jo Brand was later announced as the host of the series on 24 July 2014. The show returned for a second run, beginning on 7 August 2015, and for a third series on 24 August 2016. A fourth series began on 31 August 2017 on Channel 4. A fifth series began on 31 August 2018, moving to Friday evenings. In 2023 the show moved to Thursday evenings.

Format
Brand and three rotating panelists appear on each episode. The panelists are generally a chef or cooking expert, such as Michel Roux Jr. or Rosemary Shrager, a comedian such as Hal Cruttenden, and a well-known figure who is a fan of the show. The panel has also featured past bakers, including winners Nancy Birtwhistle and Nadiya Hussain. A typical episode begins with Brand reviewing the events of the previous episode while showing clips, including unseen footage from the tent, usually humorous outtakes. Afterwards, she interviews the panelists about the current episode and what happened in the tent that week. In the next segment, she presents images of bakes viewers have sent in, then talks about the bakes the audience have brought to the studio, at least one of which the panelists try. In the final segment, the most recently eliminated baker joins the panel and is interviewed again by Brand. In the earlier series, the baker is invited to bring one of their "less-successful bakes" which Brand and the panel sample, but this was eliminated in 2020 (most likely to follow COVID-19 regulations). The segment concludes with the baker being presented a cake that captures their time in the tent. Brand concludes the show by showing a preview of what will happen in the next episode of the main show.

Panelists
While on the BBC, the celebrity panel typically (though not always) consisted of a professional baker/chef, a celebrity who is a fan of the show, and a comedian. In the final episode of each series judges Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry normally made an appearance on the panel, along with a comedian.  However, since the fourth series (tied to the 8th series of the main show), Prue Leith and Hollywood have appeared on episodes throughout the series. In the Channel 4 version of the show, the panel consists of two comedians and an actor or other fan. In 2018, Tom Allen joined the series as a regular contributor, reviewing audience members' bakes. Sarah Millican hosted one edition of the second series in 2015, as regular host Jo Brand was unavailable.

Reception

Transmissions

References

External links

2014 British television series debuts
2010s British television series
2020s British television series
BBC Television shows
Channel 4 original programming
An Extra Slice
English-language television shows


The Child Tax Credit Improvement Act of 2014 () is a bill that would amend the Internal Revenue Code with respect to the child tax credit. The bill would require taxpayers claiming the child tax credit to provide their Social Security Numbers, a change that would prevent undocumented immigrants from claiming the credit. The bill would index the child credit to inflation.

The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

Background
A study by the United States Department of Agriculture found that it costs a middle-income family more than $241,000 to raise a child up to age 18.

Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

The Child Tax Credit Improvement Act of 2014 would amend the Internal Revenue Code, with respect to the child tax credit, to: (1) increase from $110,00 to $150,000 ($75,000 for individual taxpayers and married taxpayers filing separately) the threshold amount applicable to married couples filing joint tax returns above which such tax credit is reduced, and (2) allow an inflation adjustment to the threshold amounts and the $1,000 credit amount beginning after 2014.

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Ways and Means on June 25, 2014. This is a public domain source.

H.R. 4935 would increase the amount of the child tax credit and the income thresholds at which the credit begins to phase out for taxpayers. Under current law, an individual may claim a tax credit of $1,000 for each qualifying child under the age of 17. H.R. 4935 would index the $1,000 amount for inflation starting in 2015. In addition, under current law the aggregate amount of child credits that may be claimed is phased out for married individuals filing joint tax returns with modified adjusted gross income over $110,000 and for unmarried individuals with such income over $75,000. H.R. 4935 would increase the beginning of the phaseout for joint filers to $150,000, and it would index for inflation the beginning points of the income phaseouts for all taxpayers starting in 2015. For married taxpayers filing separately, the beginning of the income phaseout would increase from $55,000 under current law to $75,000, indexed for inflation.

The staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) estimates that enacting H.R. 4935 would reduce revenues over the 2014-2024 period by about $93.9 billion, and increase direct spending by about $21.0 billion over that period. JCT therefore estimates that enacting the legislation would increase federal budget deficits by about $114.9 billion over the 2014-2024 period.

The Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010 establishes budget-reporting and enforcement procedures for legislation affecting direct spending and revenues. Because enacting H.R. 4935 would affect revenues and direct spending, pay-as-you-go procedures apply.

JCT has determined that the bill contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.

Procedural history
The Child Tax Credit Improvement Act of 2014 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on June 23, 2014 by Rep. Lynn Jenkins (R, KS-2). It was referred to the United States House Committee on Ways and Means. On July 17, 2014 the bill was reported (amended) alongside House Report 113-527. The bill passed the House on July 25, 2014 in a vote of 237–173.

The White House threatened to veto the bill.

Debate and discussion
Rep. Sam Johnson (R-TX) supported the bill. He said that "right now the IRS is providing this refundable child tax credit to those who are here illegally," arguing that "the last thing we need is to continue to encourage folks from Central America to make the dangerous and life-threatening trek to Texas."

Rep. Jim McDermott (D-WA) opposed the bill, arguing that "this provision will harm millions of American kids who are in the United States living in immigrant families."

Rep. Rubén Hinojosa (D-TX) accused House Republicans of "attacks on the Latino community" with this bill as an example.

Elaine Maag, writing in The Christian Science Monitor, argued that Jenkins' "proposed expansions are ill-targeted and fail to address the credit's biggest looming issue: the change in refundability that will hit the poorest recipients after 2017." According to Maag, the plan would be improved if the credit was made refundable for all families so that families so poor they had no tax liability could still benefit from the credit.

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress

References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 4935
beta.congress.gov H.R. 4935
GovTrack.us H.R. 4935
OpenCongress.org H.R. 4935
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 4935
Congressional Budget Office's report on H.R. 4935
House Report 113-527 on H.R. 4935

Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress
Taxation in the United States


title: Vengeful Heart

text:
Vengeful Heart () is a thriller film directed by Vietnamese-American director Victor Vu. The film was released on February 14, 2014. Starring actress Nha Phuong, actor Thai Hoa, Quy Binh, Hoang Bach, Tu Vi, Kim Xuan, Nancy Nguyen and Van Tung.

The film was based on same title play written by Thai Hoa, which used to be a best selling play at Phu Nhuan Theater.

Plot
The story starts as Son takes his newly wife Linh on a vacation after her heart transplant. After the transplant, Linh keeps encountering unexplainable incidents and dreaming about a strange house located in the countryside of Da Lat. 49 days later, she sleepwalks to the grave of Phuong at an isolated area, where she meets Tam who is Phuong's husband. Tam brings Linh back to his house while waiting for Son to pick Linh up after informing him, Linh comes to realize this is the house which she has kept dreaming about. Entering the house, she meets Phuong's mother - Ms. Le and Cu Hu (a friend of Phuong and Tam). Son comes to pick Linh up, in the midst of talking, it is revealed that the heart which had been transplanted for Linh is from Phuong - Ms. Le's daughter also Tam's wife. Ms. Le gets emotional, therefore she invites both of them to stay at their house to join her late daughter's 49-day ceremony.

Many weird and supernatural incidents begin to happen since they have decided to stay, Linh has more sleepwalking incidents, while Son keeps being haunted, as well as there seems to be a soul or ghost trying to warn Linh something, to the point Linh is unable to leave that house as her heart will stop beating once she does it. Finally, after being heavily haunted, Son can't take it anymore and confesses that he caused the accident that killed Phuong in the middle of the street, however, he was in a rush to the hospital. Son drove away after calling the police to inform the situation. The police named Sau Dung invites him to the police station for a couple of questions. Thinking everything is coming to an end, things are getting weirder as Son claims that when he drove away, Phuong was still alive and was not injured, she was just unconscious. However, the body found by the police was heavily crushed, unable to identify, later Tam confirmed it was Phuong then took her body back home for the funeral.

Cu Hu discovers that Linh's blood type to be O, therefore she couldn't be able to get transplant by Phuong whose blood type is AB. Later, Linh and Cu Hu find a funeral table with the picture of Hong - who is allegedly Tam's business partner. Right after knowing that Hong is missing, Cu Hu drives Linh to the flower farm where Tam is working a night shift. Linh has intuition so she insists Tam to drive her back to the abandoned house on Ma Ta Hill, which turns out Phuong is still alive and has been locked inside for months.

Phuong says Hong is Tam's mistress and they had much debt due to their failed business. Knowing Tam wouldn't divorce Phuong (Tam truly loves Phuong) and leave her deal with all the debts alone, Hong had secretly texted and told Phuong to go to the abandoned house on Ma Ta Hill in order to know the truth about her husband. Phuong was hiding outside and heard the full story, which little did she know that Tam hits Hong with a shovel later. Phuong terrifyingly ran away while Tam was chasing her. As she was about to get close to the outskirt of the wood, Phuong got hit by Son while carelessly crossing the road. Tam hid until Son drove away, Phuong was still alive and kept warning that she would report this to the police. Tam decided to switch Phuong and Hong's clothes and locked Phuong in the basement, then Tam carried barely conscious Hong to the road where Phuong got hit previously. Tam used Phuong's car to crush Hong until she was completely dead, then made a false statement about Phuong that she was in the accident in which her face was fully crushed. Actually, the heart Linh carries is from Hong. Cu Hu calls the police right away, however, he is hit by Tam, while Linh is chased by Tam in the woods. As she is about to reach the outskirt, Linh suddenly falls like Phuong did. Tam intends to kill Linh but the ghost of Hong shows up to save her. Being terrified to see Hong, Tam is stunned as Hong is staring at him. The police arrive and Tam tries to escape, however, he gets hit by a truck.

Phuong reconciles with her mother, Linh and Son are happy together. The movie ends with the scene in which Cu Hu is taking Phuong to sightsee on the boat. Phuong also discovers Cu Hu's unrequited love for her after a long time.

Cast
Nhã Phương as Linh
Thái Hòa as Cu Hù
Quý Bình as Tâm
Hoàng Bách as Sơn
Tú Vi as Phương
Kim Xuân as Mrs. Lê
Nancy Nguyễn as Hồng
Văn Tùng as Mr. Sáu Dũng
Mã Trung as Mr. Phong
Vy Minh as Nurse

Reception
The film grossed 91 billion đồng (US$4.3m) in Vietnam. It's the highest-grossing Vietnamese film in 2014.

References

External links

Quả tim máu at Facebook
Trailer

2010s Vietnamese-language films
Vietnamese horror films
Vietnamese neo-noir films
2014 horror films
Films directed by Victor Vu
Films set in Vietnam
Films shot in Vietnam
Films based on works by Vietnamese writers
2014 films


title: Heterochorista classeyiana

text:
Heterochorista classeyiana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1984
Archipini
Moths of Papua New Guinea
Taxa named by Marianne Horak


title: Heterochorista fulgens

text:
Heterochorista fulgens is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1984
Archipini
Moths of Papua New Guinea
Taxa named by Marianne Horak


title: Boris Kondakov

text:
Boris Vadimovich Kondakov (, ) (born March 29, 1954) is a Russian specialist in literary criticism, philologist, Doctor of Philology, head of Russian literature department, Dean of philological faculty at Perm State National Research University (since 1998). He is a grandson of Vadim Alexandrovich Kondakov (), Professor of Perm State University, and a brother of Igor Vadimovich Kondakov (), a philosopher and culturologist. Also he is a leader of the school "Typological Regularities and Dialogue of Cultures in Russian Literature of the 19th to 21st Centuries".

Sources
 Personal Page of B. Kondakov at Perm State National Research University's Official Page.
 Boris Kondakov's page at "Perm Culture Encyclopedia"
 List of B. Kondakov's publications in "Журнальный зал" online-magazine

References

1954 births
Russian philologists
Perm State University alumni
Academic staff of Perm State University
Living people


title: Heterochorista dispersa

text:
Heterochorista dispersa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1952
Archipini


title: Naanum Indha Ooruthan

text:
Naanum Indha Ooruthan is a 1990 Indian Tamil-language film, directed by Shegar Raja and produced by Florida Fernando. The film stars Murali, Khushbu, Ravichandran and Nagaraja Cholan.

Cast

Murali
Khushbu
Ravichandran
Nagaraja Cholan
Sulakshana
Rajeev in Friendly Appearance
V. Gopalakrishnan
Samikannu
Chinni Jayanth
Pasi Narayanan
Trichy Murugan
Sabaskar
Master Vijay
Sabaana
Y. Vijaya
Mohanapriya
Jayanthi
Periya Karuppu Thevar
Sithan
Joseph Raja
Azhagu Nambi
Naadaar
Lakshmi

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Shankar–Ganesh.

References

External links

1990 films
1990s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh


title: C12H16O4

text:
{{DISPLAYTITLE:C12H16O4}}
The molecular formula C12H16O4 (molar mass: 224.26 g/mol, exact mass: 224.1049 u) may refer to:

 2,4,5-Trimethoxypropiophenone
 Olivetolic acid


title: Heterochorista inumbrata

text:
Heterochorista inumbrata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1953
Archipini


title: Mary Schaps

text:
Mary Elizabeth Schaps (; born August 6, 1948), also known as Malka Elisheva Schaps, is an Israeli-American mathematician. She is Professor of Mathematics and Dean of the Faculty of Exact Sciences at Bar Ilan University. She received her Ph.D. from Harvard University, and has published in deformation theory, group theory, and representation theory. She is also a writer, authoring several novels under the pseudonym Rachel Pomerantz.

Early and personal life
Mary Elizabeth Kramer was born on August 6, 1948, in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. From 1965 to 1969, she was educated at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, majoring in mathematics, philosophy and history, and graduating summa cum laude in 1969. She then attended Harvard University as a mathematics graduate student: she completed her Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1971 and her Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1972. Her doctoral thesis was titled "Non-singular deformations of space curves, using determinantal schemes": her advisors were David Mumford and Heisuke Hironaka.

She was brought up a Presbyterian and then a Unitarian Universalism. She became interested in Judaism, and formally converted to Conservative Judaism in college. In 1968, she married David Schaps, a classics professor who was then also studying for a PhD at Harvard. They both gradually felt more and more drawn to Orthodox Judaism and considered themselves Haredi by the time they had completed their doctorates. The couple made aliyah (moved to Israel) in 1972.

Together, she and her husband had two children: this was a small family by Haredi standards, and they raised four more foster children. They live in Bnei Brak, a Haredi city near Tel Aviv.

Career
Schaps had some teaching experience at Harvard University: she was teaching assistant from 1971 to 1972, and a lecturer at the 1975 Harvard Summer School. In 1972, having moved to Israel, she was appointed a lecturer in mathematics at Tel Aviv University. In her second year in Israel the Yom Kippur War occurred: the change in language, culture and the threat to her new family were a shock. In 1977, she moved to Bar-Ilan University as a senior lecturer: she was promoted to associate professor in 1991 and full professor in 2006. She was the only female Haredi professor in Israel. In October 2013, she was appointed Dean of Exact Sciences at Bar-Ilan University: having been the only female Haredi professor, she now became the highest ranking Haredi woman in Israeli academia. She stepped down as dean in 2015, and was made Professor Emeritus on retirement in 2016.

Selected publications
.
 Katz, Mikhail G.; Schaps, Mary; Vishne, Uzi. Logarithmic growth of systole of arithmetic Riemann surfaces along congruence subgroups. J. Differential Geom. 76 (2007), no. 3, 399–422.
 Schaps, Mary. Deformations of Cohen–Macaulay schemes of codimension 2 and non-singular deformations of space curves. Amer. J. Math. 99 (1977), no. 4, 669–685.
 Schaps, Mary; Zakay-Illouz, Evelyne. Combinatorial partial tilting complexes for the Brauer star algebras. Representations of algebras (São Paulo, 1999), 187–207, Lecture Notes in Pure and Appl. Math., 224, Dekker, New York, 2002.

References

External links
Prof. Malka Schaps Bar Ilan University

Living people
American Haredim
Israeli Haredim
Israeli mathematicians
Harvard University alumni
Academic staff of Bar-Ilan University
Women mathematicians
1948 births
People from Cleveland
Converts from Presbyterianism
Converts to Judaism from Protestantism
Converts to Orthodox Judaism
Swarthmore College alumni
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
People from Bnei Brak


title: Jacob W. Wilkin

text:
Jacob Wilson Wilkin (June 7, 1837 – April 4, 1907) was an American lawyer, soldier and judge, including nineteen years as a Justice (two as Chief Justice) of the Illinois Supreme Court.

Early and family life

Born in Licking County, Ohio near the National Road and Newark on June 7, 1837, Jacob was the fifth of nine children born to Isaac and Sarah Wilkin. Two of his brothers would become Methodist Episcopal ministers. His family moved west to Illinois in 1845. Jacob helped on the family farm, as well as attended the local public schools. He traveled west to Lebanon, St. Clair County, Illinois to attend McKendree College, and graduated in 1862. Soon afterward, Wilkin enlisted in the Illinois militia and Union Army, as discussed below. After the war, Wilkin married, as well as began studying law under the direction of John Scholfield in Marshall, Illinois.

Military service

During the Civil War. Jacob Wilkin enlisted for three years, initially as a private  in the 130th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Fellow soldiers elected him their captain, and by the time he was mustered out in August 1865, Wilkin had attained the rank of major. Wilkin fought in the Vicksburg campaign, and his company guarded General Grant. As the war ended, he was transferred to the staff of General Ransom, and fought in the Battle of Fort Blakeley in Alabama in April 1865.

Legal career
Admitted to the bar in March 1867, Wilkin joined Scholfield's practice as a partner. Wilkin was a Republican and was a presidential elector during the 1872 United States presidential election. However, the following year Scholfield was elected to the Supreme Court of Illinois, ending the partnership. Wilkin continued to practice in Marshall until 1879. That year, he was elected to the 4th Illinois Circuit Court. He served until 1885, when he was elevated to the 4th District, Illinois Appellate Court. Wilkin moved to Danville, Illinois that year. In 1888, he was elected to the Supreme Court of Illinois to fill the vacancy of John M. Scott, who had declined re-election. Wilkin was re-elected in 1897 and 1906, serving a total of nineteen years. He was chief justice in 1894 and 1901.

Personal life

Wilkin married Alice E. Constable, the daughter of circuit court judge Charles H. Constable (a friend turned critic of President Lincoln during the Civil War), in September 1865. They had three children: Harry O., John Scholfield, and Jessie Bell. Alice died in 1883 and Wilkin later married Sarah E. Archer. Wilkin was active in Freemasonry as a Knight Templar, 32nd degree Scottish Rite. He was also a member of the Knights of Pythias.

Death and legacy

Wilkin died in Danville during his third term, on April 4, 1907, shortly before he was expected to serve as chief justice. His remains were returned for burial in Marshall Cemetery, along with his journal, titled "dernier ami".

References

1837 births
1907 deaths
Chief Justices of the Illinois Supreme Court
Illinois Republicans
People from Marshall, Illinois
People from Licking County, Ohio
McKendree University alumni
People from Crawford County, Illinois
People from Danville, Illinois
19th-century American judges
Justices of the Illinois Supreme Court


title: Policy Coherence for Development

text:
Policy coherence for development (PCD) is an approach and policy tool for integrating the economic, social, environmental and governance dimensions of sustainable development at all stages of domestic and international policy making. It is the aim of Policy Coherence for Development to make foreign relations to be as ecologically, economically and socially coherent as possible and thereby to make international co-operation for international development more effective.

Commitments on achieving greater policy coherence to promote development have also been promoted by the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (which has a specific department, Policy Coherence for Development Unit) as well as in the 2011 Busan Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation, the UN Millennium Declaration and the 2010 UN Millennium Development Goals Summit. In an era when development assistance is likely to come under more pressure, Policy Coherence for Development (PCD) should become more rather than less important, including in the post 2015 framework as is increasingly becoming recognised. An example of such recognition is the target of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 17 which aims to enhance policy coherence for sustainable development as part of the 2030 Agenda.

The origins of the concept go back to successful European NGO campaigns of the 1990s that put a spotlight on 'dumping' of European products in developing countries, and which in 1992 led to an article in the Treaty on European Community that required EU policy makers to take account of developing country interests when drawing up new policies. Depending on the translation, this Treaty article was referred to as promoting coherence (e.g. German version) or consistency (e.g. English version). Later that same decade the OECD added 'for development' so as to clarify that 'PCD' was about ensuring that policies do not harm and where possible contribute to international development objectives. Examples of PCD definitions clarifying this impact focus can be found in the 2005 European Consensus on Development and the 2008 outcome document of the UN MDG summit, both of which link to the MDGs.

Under the principles of Policy Coherence for Development (PCD) potential conflicts of objectives and interests between international co-operation and other sectoral policies of the various federal departments should be identified and resolved as far as possible. These may be in the following policy areas: Migration policy, agricultural policy, environmental policy, health policy, financial sector policy, security policy, education, research and cultural policy.

The concept of policy coherence for development (PCD) first emerged in discussions among international aid donors in the early 1990s. The term Policy Coherence for Development (PCD) originally emerged from the realisation that non-aid policies of donors affect developing countries and should not distract but rather be supportive of international development goals. The PCD concept initially emphasised the responsibility of developed countries to take into account the effect on developing countries when formulating domestic policies across different sectors (trade, finance, migration, security, technology, science). It thus originates from a north-south paradigm with responsibilities for better PCD placed on developed countries to the benefit of developing countries. As the concept evolved, PCD has been understood to go beyond a 'do no harm' approach, also with a requirement to seek synergies between development co-operation and other policies as well as to correct existing incoherencies. The debates taking place in the EU and the OECD on promoting PCD have also fostered the understanding that PCD should be enhanced at different levels. These were commonly referred to as internal, intra-governmental, inter-governmental, multilateral, multi stakeholder and developing country coherence.

PCD operates in a multi-polar global economy in which all countries are playing a role in driving global growth and enabling sustainable development. A rapidly changing global economic landscape means every country is facing more complex and interlinked economic, social and environmental challenges. A better understanding of the linkages of the emerging global trends and their implications is critical for countries as they craft strategies for sustainable development.

The European Union and policy coherence for development

The European Union has translated this idea into a legal commitment as most recently stated in the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 and has highlighted the concept in political declarations and communications, including the position on the post-2015 agenda ‘A decent life for all’. The OECD expressed political will to ensure PCD as noted its 2008 Ministerial Declaration and in the following 2010 Council Recommendations on PCD. The OECD Strategy for Development also assigns key importance to PCD. Both OECD and EU have put in place systems and tools define overall ambition and targets, facilitate decision-making and monitor progress, which include institutional mechanisms, monitoring tools, e.g. peer reviews, indicators and reporting, as well as policy tool-kits presented as practical measures to achieve progress. Some OECD Member states, for example Finland, the Netherlands, have currently developed and piloted self-assessment PCD toolkits. Finland and Switzerland are also testing developing country-level impact assessments in the area of food security.

The European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) a think tank focused on development co-operation that is based in Maastricht, The Netherlands, argue that Policy Coherence for Development (PCD) is fundamentally a matter of politics. A key dilemma for the countries is how to develop and sustain a level of political interest in and support for PCD, how to put PCD on the political agenda, and to retain momentum and make commitments towards promoting PCD meaningful at both the national and EU level. Although the potential benefits of effective PCD remain unquestioned, ECDPM argues that political leadership, sponsorship and focus have waned in recent years in the several countries, even if many of these are considered global leaders in PCD.

A recent report from the European Commission states that the European Union has made good progress on Policy Coherence for Development (PCD) at both European and Member State level, a fact recognised by the OECD in the most recent (2012) OECD DAC peer review. It argues that the EU has cemented its position as a global leader in implementing PCD commitments in policy-making. It does however acknowledge that there is still room for progress in terms of using mechanisms such as impact assessments, evaluation and/or measuring, monitoring progress and reporting on implementation. The Commission argues that the EU remains the lead actor for PCD internationally, ahead of its main partners, with the highest levels of political and legal commitment. More recently, PCD issues have benefited from sustained high-level political attention in the EU and featured more prominently on the agenda of the EU Foreign Affairs Council.

The United States and policy coherence for development

Policy coherence for development is among the many criteria for the OECD Development Assistance Committee Peer Review Process. The 2011 DAC Peer Review of the United States stated that "The OECD/DAC describes progress towards policy coherence for development (PCD) as involving three building blocks: (i) a political commitment that clearly specifies policy objectives; (ii) policy co-ordination mechanisms that can resolve conflicts or inconsistencies between policies and maximise synergies; and (iii) monitoring, analysis and reporting systems to provide the evidence base for accountability and for well- informed policy making and politics (OECD, 2008a). The 2006 peer review encouraged the US government to develop a more explicit policy on the role of policy coherence for development and to put in place the resources needed to carry out analysis and effectively manage the policy coherence agenda. Five years on, the US has achieved mixed progress in implementing these recommendations and the three PCD pillars"

The OECD argue that national security strategy cannot substitute for a policy coherence for development agenda. After the passing of the FY14 State and Foreign Operations Appropriations bill in 2013, Kate Almquist Knopf, a former assistant administrator for USAID, blogged that "There is a fundamental mismatch between the United States’ foreign aid architecture, resources, and objectives" and that the bill was a "stinging reminder of the low esteem in which many members of Congress hold global development and the US Agency for International Development (USAID), the primary federal agency charged with delivering US foreign assistance worldwide." She called for the USAID administrator to be a standing member of the National Security Council, and the US Secretary of State could return actual budget and planning authority to USAID by restoring the USAID administrator as the dual-hatted director of US foreign assistance.

Policy coherence for food security

Food security is a major development challenge and to address this, the EU amongst others has effectively put global food security high among its development priorities for the years to come. However, while the European Union is the world's major development actor on food security, as ECDPM argues some of its other policies are still contested as harmful to global food security and agricultural development.

An analysis of EU policy-making processes related to agriculture, fisheries, energy and trade shows that some tangible efforts have been made to strengthen policy coherence 'for food security'. However, these are tentative steps. Other concerns and interests dominate the debates and shape the outcomes, while global food security considerations play a very marginal to no role, or the food security rationale used is at odds with the logic of the EU's own food security policy framework.

Policy coherence for development in the post-2015 development goals debate

Amid international reflection on the form and content of a post-2015 framework, among many other issues, PCD was highlighted as being a key component of the 'beyond-aid' debate.  The post-2015 agenda discussions emphasise the need for a universal development agenda that is relevant to the needs of all countries and which is based on shared responsibilities. This is against the background of a changing global development landscape and shared development and 'global public goods' challenges, such as climate change, widening income inequalities, resource scarcity and environmental degradation. The original PCD concept focusing on 'beyond-aid' policies of OECD DAC donor countries does not easily fit such a new 'universal' logic. For this reason, the OECD has reconceptualised PCD and now promotes a wider universal approach and definition of PCD in the context of the post-2015 agenda.

The Eighth Millennium Development Goal (MDG8) was designed "to create an environment – at the national and global levels alike – conducive to development and to the elimination of poverty."  The OECD argue that progress in achieving the MDG8 has been limited and in fact the MDG8 downplayed the importance of domestic policies and domestic resource mobilisation in financing the MDGs and fostering development. They also argue that discussions on PCD have mainly taken place among donors, having focused on coherence between aid and non-aid policies and on a sector-by-sector basis. This has meant focusing on issues with important cross-border dimensions, such as trade, agriculture, investment, health and migration, amongst others, but without giving attention to the multi-dimensionality of development challenges. At the same time, an approach to "naming and shaming" has succeeded only in highlighting the failures and negative effects of non-aid policies. This has been counterproductive for engaging other policy communities and key actors beyond those in development.

A paper by ECDPM argues that the various of the ideas and principles of PCD can be mainstreamed in the post-2015 framework without using strong PCD jargon. These include i) targets for Means of Implementation in thematic areas that effectively require strengthened PCD efforts, ii) targets in relation to capacity building for more integrated and evidence-based policy-making and iii) efforts to build a strong accountability framework. The paper further concludes that independent from whether a universal PCD concept will explicitly be part of the language of a new framework, real progress on PCD will have to remain a major, if not the most, important component of OECD and EU MS action in achievement of post-2015 commitments.

Policy coherence for development index

The Policy Coherence for Sustainable Development Index (PCSDI) is an index elaborated by the Non Governmental Organisation Coordinator in cooperation with the Spanish Network for Development Studies REEDES. PCSDI analyses both the policies that make a positive contribution to sustainable development in a country and those that impact negatively, not only on that country, but also on third countries or on the whole planet.

In 2019 PCSDI 148 countries are ranked from 26.76 (the worst, India) to 79.02 (the best, Denmark). The PCSDI has 5 components: economic, social, environmental, global and productive.

A critique of policy coherence for development

In 2013, the high-profile development blogger Owen Barder wrote a critique of the concept of 'Policy Coherence for Development' entitled 'Policy Coherence Is a Hobgoblin'. He argued that "The term PCD has given us an industry of reports and conferences focussing on whether countries have policies which are consistent with each other, and institutions thought likely to make them so, instead of focusing on whether and how those policies are individually supportive of, or inimical to, development." He argued that the PCD concept has "perhaps subconsciously, altered the country’s policy objectives away from impact to consistency."

See also

 Development Policy Review

References

Economic policy in Europe
Foreign relations of the European Union


title: 1802 State of the Union Address

text:
The 1802 State of the Union Address was written by Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, on Wednesday, December 15, 1802.  He said, "When we assemble together, fellow citizens, to consider the state of our beloved country, our just attentions are first drawn to those pleasing circumstances which mark the goodness of that Being from whose favor they flow and the large measure of thankfulness we owe for His bounty. Another year has come around, and finds us still blessed with peace and friendship abroad; law, order, and religion at home; good affection and harmony with our Indian neighbors; our burthens lightened, yet our income sufficient for the public wants, and the produce of the year great beyond example."

References

State of the Union addresses
Presidency of Thomas Jefferson
State of the Union Address
Works by Thomas Jefferson
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
7th United States Congress
December 1802 events
State of the Union


title: Heterochorista trivialis

text:
Heterochorista trivialis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1984
Archipini
Moths of Papua New Guinea
Taxa named by Marianne Horak


title: Mexican tree frog

text:
Mexican tree frog may refer to:

 Dwarf Mexican tree frog (Tlalocohyla smithii), a frog in the family Hylidae endemic to Mexico
 Mexican burrowing tree frog (Smilisca), a genus of frogs in the family Hylidae found in the Americas
 Common Mexican tree frog (Smilisca baudinii), a species of frog found from southern California to Costa Rica

Animal common name disambiguation pages


title: Coming Out of the Ice

text:
Coming Out of the Ice is a 1982 American made-for-television biographical film of Victor Herman. It is based upon Herman's 1979 autobiography of the same name.

Cast
John Savage
Willie Nelson

See also
 The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin’s Russia

References

External links
Coming Out of the Ice at IMDb
Coming Out of the Ice at BFI
Coming Out of the Ice at TCMDB
Review at Washington Post

1982 television films
1982 films
1980s biographical films
American biographical films
CBS network films
Films directed by Waris Hussein
Films scored by Maurice Jarre
1980s American films


title: Heterochorista spinosa

text:
Heterochorista spinosa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1984
Archipini
Moths of Papua New Guinea
Taxa named by Marianne Horak


title: Polhané Sönam Topgyé

text:
Polhané Sönam Topgyé (; ) (1689 – 12 March 1747) was one of the most important political personalities of Tibet in the first half of the 18th century. Between 1728 and 1747 he was effectively the ruling prince of Tibet and carried royal titles during the period of Qing rule of Tibet. He is known as an excellent administrator, a fearsome warrior and a grand strategist. After the troubled years under the reign of Lhazang Khan, the bloody invasion of Tsering Dhondup and the civil war, his government ushered in a relatively long period of stability and internal and external peace for Tibet.

Family

Polhané Sönam Topgyé was born in 1689 in Polha (Pho-lha) as the son of the general Pema Gyalpo and his wife Drolma Butri. His father was an experienced warrior who took part in the war against Ladakh in 1679-1684. He later participated in campaigns against Bhutan and Nepal. His forefathers were local officials in Tsang in the 17th century; his grandfather Asum was endowed with the estate Polha, south of Gyangtse, by the Khoshut king Tenzin Dalai Khan for his services. It was here that Sönam Topgyé grew up. In his young years he received teachings in the Mindroling Monastery which belonged to the Nyingma school, and also by the Panchen Lama. While his given name was Sönam Topgyé, he is usually known by the cognomen Polhané (the one from Polha).

Career under Lhabzang Khan

Shortly after his marriage in 1707, Polhané traveled to Lhasa where he was presented to the ruler Lhabzang Khan. The ruler confirmed him in his possession of the estate that he had inherited from his deceased father. Now he began a typical official career and was educated in the Ministry of Finance (rTsis khang) in Lhasa. After some years he was appointed district judge in Gyangtse. In 1714 he received his first military command. He successfully led an entire detachment against Bhutan, although the war as such was lost by the Tibetans. After the invasion of Tibet by the Dzungars he took part in the organization of the Tibetan defense lines. He was present during the final defense of Lhasa.

Resistance against the Dzungars 1717 to 1720

Lhasa fell in the hands of the Dzungars because of treason from some defenders, and Lhabzang Khan was killed in the melée. Pholhané managed to take refuge in the Drepung Monastery. In the following months, the Dzungars tried to eliminate followers of Lhabzang Khan. Pholhané was captured and brought naked through the streets of Lhasa. After having been whipped with 15 lashes he was cast in prison. He managed to survive since old friends brought him food. Finally, he was released through the intervention of Tagtsepa, leader of the Tibetan government that was formed under the Dzungars. Pholhané then returned to Tsang. Here he began to collaborate with Khangchenné Sönam Gyalpo who had been appointed governor of Ngari by Lhabzang Khan and continued to rule there in spite of the Dzungars. They organized resistance against the invaders until the grand Chinese army sent by the Kangxi Emperor marched into Lhasa in September 1720.

Participation in the cabinet 1721 to 1727

Immediately after their arrival to Lhasa, the representatives of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty organized a provisional military government under the general Yansin. After the return of the imperial army, a garrison of 3,000 men stayed in Lhasa. This troop was replaced in 1723. Two officials called zongli and two other termed xieli were placed as representatives of the emperor and advisers to the Tibetan government. The provisional military government was replaced in 1721 by a cabinet under the leadership of Khangchenné, who retained the jurisdiction over Ngari. The other two ministers were Ngaphöpa Dorje Gyalpo (d. 1728) and Lumpané Tashi Gyalpo (d. 1728). Khangchenné appointed Polhané as personal adjutant, and he received the jurisdiction over the Tsang province. He submitted a proposal that the hundreds of Nyingma monasteries and temples which had been ruined by the Dzungars should be restored with government assistance. This was taken up badly by many, especially by the Seventh Dalai Lama and his father who viewed the Nyimgma as heretic.

In 1723 he and Charaba Lotro Gyalpo were appointed regular members of the cabinet, which from now on consisted of five members. The basic principle of this new administrative structure of Tibet was, that the members of the cabinet acted as ruling princes over the regions standing under them (Ü, Kongpo, Tsang, and Ngari), having their particular military resources and means of income. This certainly weakened the position of Tibet vis-à-vis its neighbours, but also raised the danger of inner dissent, if the leading politicians could not agree. In fact, there was great disharmony between the cabinet members from the start. The tension eventually exploded in 1727 when Khangchenné died under the knives of his peers. Polhané was luckily absent from Lhasa at the time, since his wife was ill and he had hastened to her sickbed at his estate.

The civil war of 1727-1728

Immediately after Khangchenné's assassination, Ngaphöpa, Lumpané and Charaba took over power in Lhasa, supported by the father of the Dalai Lama, Sönam Dargye. They mobilized the troops in their respective territories, in particular from Kongpo and Ü. 300 men were sent to catch Polhané but failed to do so. The latter boded up troops from Tsang. He allied with Khangchenné's brother Gashiba Tseten Tashi who had taken over governance in Ngari in 1725. Meanwhile, he sent an express envoy to inform the court in China. After a half year of fighting at Gyangtse, Ngaphöpa was defeated. Polhané marched towards Lhasa with 9,000 troops, occupied the city and laid siege to the Potala Palace where his opponents and the ambans had taken refuge. Dalai Lama was allowed to take sanctuary in the Drepung Monastery, but Polhané's adversaries were taken prisoners on 5 July 1728. Polhané immediately communicated his victory to the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty. As the imperial troops arrived on 4 September 1728 the civil war had already been concluded. One of the main tasks of the arriving Chinese was to find the main culprits behind the eruption of the war. Ngaphöpa and Lumpané were publicly executed by slow slicing, two clerics were hanged, and 13 others were beheaded. In addition, the close kin of the culprits were executed as well, including small children.

On 1 November 1728, after the Qing reconquest of Lhasa in Tibet, several Tibetan rebels were sliced to death by Qing Manchu officers and officials. The Qing Manchu President of the Board of Civil Office, Jalangga, Mongol sub-chancellor Sen-ge and brigadier-general Manchu Mala ordered the Tibetan rebels Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa to be sliced to death. They ordered gZims-dpon C'os-ac'ad (Hsi-mu-pen ch'ui-cha-t'e), son of Lum-pa-nas and rNog Tarqan bsKal-bzajn-c'os-adar and dKon-mc'og-lha-sgrub (Kun-ch'u-k'o-la-ku-pu) and dGa'-ldan-p'un-ts'ogs (K'a-erh-tan-p'en-ch'u-k'o), sons of Na-p'od-pa to be beheaded. Byams-pa (Cha-mu-pa) and his brother Lhag-gsan (La-k'o-sang) and their brothers, daughters, wives and mother were exiled after their father sByar-ra-nas was beheaded. The Manchus wrote that they "set an example" by forcing the Tibetans to publicly watch the executions of Tibetan rebels of slicing like Na-p'od-pa since they said it was the Tibetan's nature to be cruel. The exiled Tibetans were enslaved and given as slaves to soldiers in Ching-chou (Jingzhou), K'ang-zhou (Kangzhou) and Chiang-ning (Jiangning) in the marshall-residences there. The Tibetan rNam-rgyal-grva-ts'an college administrator (gner-adsin) and sKyor'lun Lama were tied together with Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa on 4 scaffolds (k'rims-sin) to be sliced. The Manchus used muskets to fire 3 salvoes and then the Manchus strangled the 2 Lamas while slicing Lum-pa-nas and Na-p'od-pa to death while they beheaded the 13 other rebel leaders. The Tibetan population was depressed by the scene and the writer continued to feel sad as he described it 5 years later. All relatives of the Tibetan rebels including little children were executed by the Qing Manchus except the exiled and deported family of sByar-ra-ba which was condemned to be slaves. The public executions spectacle worked on the Tibetans since they were "cowed into submission" by the Qing. Polhané, who was a collaborator with the Qing, himself also felt sad at his fellow Tibetans being executed in this manner and he prayed for them. All of this was included in a report by General Yue Zhongqi and sent to the Qing emperor at the time, the Yongzheng Emperor.

Government 1729-1735

Now Beijing interfered strongly in the organization of the civil and military administration of Tibet. Polhané was once again given the jurisdiction over Tsang. Two other ministers, namely Sicho Tseten and Tsering Wanggyal, were appointed to govern Lhasa and Ü. However, they stood entirely under the direction of Pholhané. Two Manchu representatives or ambans watched over the government of Polhané. The Panchen Lama, Lobsang Yeshe (d. 1737), was given great authority which de facto made him the ruler of western Tsang. The borders in East Tibet (1724, Amdo, 1727, Kham) were much altered, and Lhasa was permanently occupied by imperial troops, plus 2,000 men who supported the ambans. Under the pretext of going on a tour to Beijing, the Seventh Dalai Lama was sent in exile to Garthar near Lithang for six years (1728-1735). The actual reason was that his father had played a dubious role during the civil war and had to be kept far away from the government. Another reason was supposedly that the Dalai Lama was to be kept safe from the Dzungars.

Pholhané as administrator and ruling prince 1735-1747

As time passed Polhané became ever more independent and posed as a king or ruling prince of sorts (honorary royal titles bestowed by the emperor in 1731 and 1739). The Tibetans usually knew him by the title , "ruler of men". The protector status of the Manchu rulers was handled more as a formality. Still, he took care to orient his politics so as to take the powers of the imperial court into account. Since his trustworthiness and loyalty to the imperial dynasty could not be questioned, the troops stationed in Lhasa were reduced to 500 men in 1733. At the same time, Polhané built up a professional army consisting of 15,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry. He ordered the borders to be guarded and secured and built military barracks all over the land. In 1729 he organized a postal system that secured the transmission of messages from Ngari to Lhasa and from Lhasa to East Tibet. This postal system was inspired by Chinese model and replaced the system instigated by the Chinese in 1720, especially in East Tibet. In the time of Polhané even the Chinese officials in Lhasa used this postal system for the communications with the imperial court. In the sphere of culture Polhané sponsored the first printed edition of the Buddhist canon.

In sum, Polhané's tenure is remembered as being peaceful, stable and welfare oriented.

Succession

After Polhané's death in 1747, the imperial government confirmed his second son Gyurme Namgyal as his successor. Gyurme Namgyal was murdered in 1750 by the two ambans. The deed provoked some unrest among the population under the leadership of the chief groom of the murdered leader, Lobsang Tashi. Imperial troops intervened anew, after which the government was handed over to the Seventh Dalai Lama.

See also
 Tibet under Qing rule
 History of Tibet

References

Sources

 Roland Barraux (1995), Die Geschichte der Dalai Lamas - Göttliches Mitleid und irdische Politik. Düsseldorf.
 Dungkar Lobsang Thrinle, "Tshering Wanggyel and his Pholhane-biography" (Tibetan, in the issue of nationality Sichuan Publishing)
 K. Kollmar-Paulenz (2006), Kleine Geschichte Tibets. München.
 Alex McKay (ed.) (2003), The history of Tibet, Vols. I-III. London & New York: Routledge.
 Dan Martin, Yael Bentor (ed.) (1997), Tibetan Histories: A Bibliography of Tibetan-Language Historical Works. London: Serindia,  (Nos. 270, 271) - ( Addenda et Corrigenda )
 Luciano Petech (1972), China and Tibet in the Early XVIIIth Century. History of the Establishment of Chinese Protecturate in Tibet. Leiden.
 Luciano Petech (1973), Aristocracy and Government in Tibet. 1728-1959. Roma.

 Hugh Richardson (1984). Tibet & its history. Boston & London: Shambhala.
 Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa (1967), Tibet: A political history. New York.

1689 births
1747 deaths
18th-century Tibetan people


title: Heterochorista signata

text:
Heterochorista signata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1984
Archipini
Moths of Papua New Guinea
Taxa named by Marianne Horak


title: Heterochorista rufulimaculata

text:
Heterochorista rufulimaculata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1984
Archipini
Moths of Papua New Guinea
Taxa named by Marianne Horak


title: Heterochorista rostrata

text:
Heterochorista rostrata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1984
Archipini
Moths of Papua New Guinea
Taxa named by Marianne Horak


title: Heterochorista punctulana

text:
Heterochorista punctulana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1984
Archipini
Moths of Papua New Guinea
Taxa named by Marianne Horak


title: Patrick Wilson (architect)

text:
Patrick Wilson (c.1798 – 6 February 1871) was a British architect with a long career spanning across the 19th century from the Georgian aesthetic to the Victorian. He was a strong advocate of purpose-built housing for the poor working closely with the Rev. Thomas Chalmers. Most of his works are in Edinburgh, the most notable of which is the first ever colony style housing in the city, the Shaw Colonies, a very innovative building form.

Life
He was the son of Robert Wilson, cabinetmaker in Edinburgh. He married Catherine Peddie, daughter of the founding secretary of the Standard Life Assurance company, Edinburgh. She was a cousin of the architect John Dick Peddie. Their son Robert Wilson followed in his father's footsteps and also became an architect. Wilson's wife died in 1843 when their son was only eight. Wilson was then remarried to Jane Milne. He set up a practice at 2 Queen Street which his son Robert inherited on his death.

Wilson is buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard, just south of the church, with his wife, Catherine Peddie (1807-1843).

Principal works
Georgian style tenements at 1-9 Archibald Place (off Lauriston Place) (1824) (southmost block Demolished)
Two pairs of Georgian houses,7/8 and 17/18 Hopetoun Crescent (1827) (street laid out by Robert Brown, architect)
 Caprington Castle, near Kilmarnock, reconstructed for Sir William Cunninghame (1829).
Tolbooth School, Ramsay Lane (facing Ramsay Gardens) (1837)
Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow (1838)
Dalmellington Parish Church, Ayrshire (1845)
Pilrig Model Dwellings, known as the "Shaw Colonies", off Leith Walk (1847–49)
Fountainbridge Free Church (1854)
Chalmers Buildings, Fountainbridge (1854)
United Presbyterian Church, South College Street (1856)
Cowgate Free Church, now converted to Wilkie House Theatre (1859)
Burntisland Free Church (1860)
Protestant Institute, 17/19 George IV Bridge (1860)
Chalmers Working Men's Hall, Fountainbridge (1863)
Chalmers Memorial Free Church (now St. Catherine's Argyle) (1865) (spire never built)

References

Buildings of Scotland, Edinburgh by Gifford McWilliam and Walker
Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Robert Wilson
Who's Who in Architecture

1798 births
1871 deaths
Architects from Edinburgh
Scottish architects
Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard


title: Heterochorista prisca

text:
Heterochorista prisca is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1984
Archipini
Moths of Papua New Guinea
Taxa named by Marianne Horak


title: Heterochorista nitida

text:
Heterochorista nitida is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1984
Archipini
Moths of Papua New Guinea
Taxa named by Marianne Horak


title: Heterochorista ornata

text:
Heterochorista ornata is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1984
Archipini
Moths of Papua New Guinea
Taxa named by Marianne Horak


title: Heterochorista melanopsygma

text:
Heterochorista melanopsygma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1953
Archipini


title: Nangal Puthiyavargal

text:
Nangal Puthiyavargal () is a 1990 Tamil-language drama film directed by R. G. Elavalagan and produced by V. Kondian, C. Balamani and P. Kadhiravan. The film stars Murali, Rekha, Chinni Jayanth and Chakravarthy.

Cast

Murali as Gowri
Rekha as Bharathi
Chinni Jayanth as Chandramohan
Chakravarthy as Vidyasagar
J. Lalitha as Lalitha
Rajathi
MRK
Oru Viral Krishna Rao
Loose Mohan
Joker Thulasi
Omakuchi Narasimhan as Balamurugan
Vijayasree
Naveena
Bhuvaneswari
Mahendar
Chaplin Natarajan
Rajesh
Raja as Raja (Guest appearance)

Soundtrack
Lyrics written by Vairamuthu.

 Pattam Vaangi - Malaysia Vasudevan
 Nee Enbathu - Mano, Lalitha Sagari
 Naatta Kedukatheenga - Malaysia Vasudevan
 Unnai Santhithen - K. J. Yesudas, Vani Jairam
 Ennada Saami - Mano

References

1990 films
1990s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Chandrabose (composer)


title: Schaps

text:
Schaps is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Eric Schaps (born 1942), education researcher
Mary Schaps (born 1948), Israeli-American mathematician

See also
Schaap


title: Heterochorista polysperma

text:
Heterochorista polysperma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1952
Archipini


title: Heterochorista papuana

text:
Heterochorista papuana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Papua, Indonesia, on the island of New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1952
Archipini


title: Sleep in fish

text:
Whether fish sleep or not is an open question, to the point of having inspired the title of several popular science books.  In birds and mammals, sleep is defined by eye closure and the presence of typical patterns of electrical activity in the brain, including the neocortex, but fish lack eyelids and a neocortex.  Some species that always live in shoals or that swim continuously (because of a need for ram ventilation of the gills, for example) are suspected never to sleep. There is also doubt about certain blind species that live in caves.

However, other fish do seem to sleep, especially when purely behavioral criteria are used to define sleep. For example, zebrafish, tilapia, tench, brown bullhead, and swell shark become motionless and unresponsive at night (or by day, in the case of the swell shark); Spanish hogfish and blue-headed wrasse can even be lifted by hand all the way to the surface without evoking a response. On the other hand, sleep patterns are easily disrupted and may even disappear during periods of migration, spawning, and parental care.

Behavioural sleep
Instead of examining brain activity for sleep patterns, an alternate approach is to examine any rest/activity cycles that might indicate "behavioural sleep". The following four behavioural criteria are characteristic of sleep in birds and mammals and could be extended to fishes:  (1) prolonged inactivity; (2) typical resting posture, often in a typical shelter; (3) alternation with activity in a 24-h cycle; (4) high arousal thresholds. Based on these criteria, many fish species have been observed sleeping.  The typical sleep posture of the brown bullhead is with the fins stretched out, the tail lying flat on the bottom, the body inclined to one side at an angle of 10-30 degrees to the vertical, the cardiac and respiratory frequencies much slower than normal, and much less sensitivity to sound and to being touched.  Mozambique tilapia are motionless at the bottom at night, with a lower respiratory rate and no eye movement, and they do not respond as readily as during the day to electrical currents or food delivery. At night, Spanish hogfish,  bluehead wrasse, the wrasse Halichoeres bivittatus, the cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus, and even requiem sharks, can be picked up by hand without eliciting a response. A 1961 observational study of approximately 200 species in European public aquaria reported many cases of apparent sleep.

Divers can easily see fishes settling down for the night in typical shelters, such as holes and crevices, underneath ledges, amidst vegetation, inside sponges, or buried in sand.  Some extra protection can be derived from special secretions, such as the mucous envelope produced by several species of wrasse and parrotfish, either around the fish themselves or at the opening of their shelter. These envelopes screen the sleeping fish from predators  and ectoparasites.

In the laboratory, periods of inactivity often alternate with periods of activity on a 24-h basis, or a near 24-h basis when the lighting conditions are constant. Circadian rhythms of activity have been documented in over 40 different fish species, including hagfish, lamprey, sharks, cyprinids, ictalurids, gymnotids, salmonids, and labrids.

Physiological sleep
One physiological characteristic of sleep goes by the name of "homeostatic regulation". This is the notion that animals need a more or less constant amount of sleep every day, so that if a subject is deprived of sleep one day, the amount of sleep tends to "rebound" (increase) the next few days. This has been observed in zebrafish. At night, zebrafish appear to float in the water column, either horizontally or with the head slightly up. The frequency of mouth and gill movement is reduced by almost half and they are twice as hard to arouse as during the day. If they are deprived of this sleep-like behaviour, the sleep bouts thereafter are longer and the arousal threshold is higher than usual, suggesting a rebound effect.  Similarly, in the convict cichlid, activity decreases on days that follow an experimental disruption of the fish's normal rest behaviour at night.

Absence of sleep

Many pelagic fish species, such as bluefish, Atlantic mackerel, tuna, bonito, and some sharks, swim continuously and do not show signs, behavioural or otherwise, of sleep.  It has been argued that one function of sleep is to allow the brain to consolidate into memory the things it has learned during the animal's normal period of activity. The brain might not be able to do this while still assailed by new stimuli and new information to process. Therefore, the role of sleep would be to periodically shut down sensory input to allow the brain to form memories. Pelagic species swim in an environment that is rather boring (kilometers upon kilometers of open water with not much happening in it). In such species, the sensory input is so low that memory formation could take place even if the fish keeps on moving (a repetitive activity) and does not fall asleep in the traditional sense of the word.

Diurnal damselfish normally sleep motionless in crevices within coral reefs at night, but three species (the green chromis, the marginate dascyllus and the whitetail dascyllus) spend the night between coral branches where they beat their fins at a rate about twice that of normal daytime swimming. This creates water currents that keep the inner zone of the coral (and thus the fish themselves) well oxygenated, at levels about four times higher than in the absence of the fish. Though the fish are active (mostly in a repetitive way), they do not respond to light or to the presence of potential predators. The researchers who documented this behaviour called it "sleep-swimming".

Sleep could also be absent during specific parts of a fish's life. Species normally quiescent at night become active day and night during the spawning season.  Many parental species forego sleep at night and fan their eggs day and night for many days in a row. This has been observed in threespine stickleback,  convict cichlid and rainbow cichlid,  various species of damselfish,  smallmouth bass and largemouth bass, and the brown bullhead. Some diurnal species, like the tautog Tautoga onitis, become active day and night during migration. In the Mozambique tilapia, sleep has been observed in adults, but not in juveniles.

Some species may be variable in the phasing of their daily activity/inactivity periods, and thus presumably of their sleep. Within the same laboratory populations of goldfish, some individuals may be spontaneously diurnal while others are nocturnal. Goldfish can also be diurnal if food is more available by day, or nocturnal if food is available at night. Salmon are mostly diurnal when temperature is high, but become more nocturnal if temperature plummets. At high latitudes, captive burbot, sculpin and brown bullhead are nocturnal in summer but become diurnal under the short photoperiod of the Arctic winter. In captivity, white sucker Catostomus commersonii are diurnal when living in a shoal but nocturnal when living alone.

References

Sleep
Ichthyology
Sleep physiology


title: Hiceteria heptatoma

text:
Hiceteria heptatoma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on New Guinea.

References

Moths described in 1953
Archipini


title: Park Cho-a

text:
Park Cho-a (born March 6, 1990), known mononymously as Choa (stylized as ChoA), is a South Korean singer. She is best known as a former member of the girl group AOA.

Early life
Choa was born on March 6, 1990, in Incheon, South Korea. She wanted to major in music at university but her conservative father wanted her to get a traditional job, so she enrolled in Aviation Business Administration in Inha Technical College. She also worked as an IPTV salesperson, where she secretly auditioned to be an idol, failing the audition at SM Entertainment 15 times.

Choa's first step in becoming an idol was when she met singer-songwriter Juniel, who told her about FNC's auditions for their girl group, AOA. Both Juniel and Choa were previously trainees at a company that went bankrupt.

Career

20122013: Debut with AOA

On July 30, 2012, Choa made her debut as a member of AOA on Mnet's M Countdown with the song "Elvis" from their debut single album, Angels' Story.

On June 12, 2013, it was announced that Choa would play the female lead, Gabriella, in the musical High School Musical. Her agency, FNC Entertainment, revealed photos of Choa practising the duet song, "Start of Something New". Choa said that she wanted to portray Gabriella as sincerely as she could. The musical ran from July 2 to September 1 at Seoul's Blue Square Samsung Card Hall.

20142017: Solo activities and hiatus
On March 16, 2014, Choa released a solo OST for TV Chosun's TV series Bride of the Century.

Choa appeared as a new cast member on MBC's variety show "My Little Television". She later left the show on May 19, 2015.

Choa also became a new model for sports brand NBA's 2015 S/S, the first few pictures released were colourful and sporty.

On March 25, 2015, it was revealed that Choa would be one of the members on the studio panel for MBC's We Got Married, replacing Hong Jin-young.

On June 6, 2015, she became an advertising model for Alba Heaven, a website to help people find part-time jobs. She appeared alongside Yoo Byung-jae in a commercial for the website that month.

On July 22, 2015, it was revealed that Choa would collaborate with Primary and Iron for Primary's new single 2-3s song "Don't Be Shy".
The song and the full music video starring Choa was released on July 24, 2015.

A teaser trailer for Choa's solo debut, "Flame", was released on December 14, 2015. "Flame" is a cover of a song by Jang Hye-jin featuring Gary, with Gary's rap reworked into a section for Choa to sing. The song was later released on December 17, 2015.

In October 2016, Choa was confirmed to be the MC of JTBC new variety show Sing For You, scheduled for December 3, 2016.

On June 22, 2017, Choa announced that she would be leaving AOA due to depression and insomnia. She stated that she had tried using medication to help, however, there was no improvement in her mental health. This followed after Choa had a hiatus from the group following their activities from January 2017 when they released their first studio album Angel's Knock. Her departure from AOA was officially confirmed by FNC Entertainment on June 30, 2017. In May 2019, her contract with FNC expired and was not renewed.

2020present: Return and Great M
After a three-year hiatus from the entertainment industry, it was announced on August 6, 2020, that Choa had recorded a new song for the soundtrack of the KBS2 drama Men Are Men. Officials confirmed her participation after viewers heard the song on the August 3 broadcast of the show, and speculated that the singer sounded similar to Choa. According to an entertainment industry official on August 21, 2020, Choa has moved to Great M Entertainment, a new agency founded by Kim Young-sun, who was a founding member and managing director of FNC Entertainment.

In March 2022, it was announced that Choa was preparing to release a single titled "Yesterday" on April 9, 2022.

Discography

Singles

Soundtrack appearances

Filmography

Television shows

Web shows

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

AOA (group) members
1990 births
Living people
K-pop singers
South Korean female idols
South Korean women pop singers
Musicians from Incheon
FNC Entertainment artists
South Korean female models
South Korean television personalities
South Korean dance musicians
South Korean musical theatre actresses
Japanese-language singers of South Korea
South Korean rhythm and blues singers
21st-century South Korean actresses
21st-century South Korean women singers


title: São Bartolomeu dos Galegos e Moledo

text:
São Bartolomeu dos Galegos e Moledo is a civil parish in the municipality of Lourinhã, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes São Bartolomeu dos Galegos and Moledo. The population in 2011 was 1,483, in an area of 20.10 km².

References

Freguesias of Lourinhã


title: Deathbomb Arc

text:
Deathbomb Arc is an independent record label based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US. It was started in 1998 by Brian Miller in Los Angeles, California, originally to release music by the band Turbine. Miller's cat Leroy Brown was the label's acting CEO until his death in 2014.

Miller has described the label's ethos as a "fuck you" attitude towards a music industry that is afraid of new ideas" and as "a window into another universe... for those of us with an ear to new sounds, we're already in that other universe, but I want to reach people who normally have to wait years before an "experimental" act is deemed normal enough for them." He characterises Deathbomb Arc as an "artist label" as well as a record label, treating record releases as just one part of an artistic spectrum. As an example, he cites clipping. as a Deathbomb Arc act, despite the group self-releasing their first album. According to clipping.'s William Hutson, "The modus operandi of Deathbomb is punk as a way of being in the world, and not a type of music."

Their website explains that "our criteria for putting out bands is inexplicable" and not constrained by genres. The label has released a wide range of styles including breakcore, noise rock, witch house, new age, hip hop, ambient, punk and techno. Notable releases include the first material from Clipping, JPEGMAFIA, Death Grips and Julia Holter.

Deathbomb Arc ran a digital singles club in 2011 and 2012, releasing a single each week by a wide variety of artists.

Artists released

Abe Vigoda
AIDS Wolf
Alphabets
ANGRY BLACKMEN
Back to the Future the Ride
Black Pus
Books on Tape
Captain Ahab
Child Pornography
clipping.
The Dead Science
Death Grips
DEBBY FRIDAY
Dos Monos
Divorce
Drug the Corpse
Ed Balloon
Fairhorns
Foot Village
Gang Wizard
Girl Pusher
GRYPT
I.E.
J. Fisher
JPEGMAFIA
Julia Holter
Kevin Blechdom
Lana Del Rabies
Mad Murderz
No Restraint
Obsidian Pond
Pariah Qarey
Patrick Wensink
Puppy Dog
R. Stevie Moore
Ratsmagick
Rose for Bohdan
rRope
SARN
SHADI
Signor Benedick the Moor
They Hate Change
Thurston Moore
tik///tik
Trash Dog
True Neutral Crew
Turbine
Viper Venom
Yellow Swans
Yola Fatoush
Yuma Nora
Xiu Xiu

References

External links
 Official Website
 Bandcamp page
 Twitter

American record labels
Record labels established in 1998


title: Chiarone Scalo

text:
Chiarone Scalo is a village in Tuscany, central Italy,  administratively a frazione of the comune of Capalbio, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 18.

Geography
Chiarone Scalo is about 58 km from Grosseto and 11 km from Capalbio, and it is situated in the plain of southern Maremma between the hills of Capalbio and the Tyrrhenian Sea, next to the mouth of the river Chiarone, which marks the border between the provinces of Grosseto and Viterbo, Lazio. Chiarone Scalo is the southernmost village in Tuscany.

History
The small town was born in the late 18th century as border point and customs between the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Papal States and it developed in the next century with the opening of the railway station (1867). With the Maremman Riforma agraria (land reform) in the 1950s it became the centre for various newborn rural villages which converge on it: the hamlet of Selva Nera and several others named after the letters of the alphabet (Centro A, Centro B, Centro C, Centro D, Centro E, Centro F, Centro G, Centro H, Centro I, Centro L, Centro M).

Main sights

 Palazzo del Chiarone, or Palazzo Boncompagni, situated along the Via Aurelia, is preceded by a portico which was seat of customs between Tuscany and the Papal States. The palace was then named after the family who lived there after the dismantling of customs. The palazzo is divided into nearly a hundred rooms and among them there were also the papal apartment, stables and a prison.
 Tower of Selva Nera is a defense coastal tower situated on the road between Chiarone and Capalbio Scalo, it was built in the late 16th century by the Medicis and abandoned in the mid-19th century. The tower is now used for residential purposes.

Transportation
Chiarone Scalo is located along the Via Aurelia highway which links Grosseto to Rome and it is easily reached from the Tirrenica railway line thanks to its own station.

References

Bibliography
 Fabiola Favilli, Capalbio. Alla scoperta del borgo e del territorio, Arcidosso, C&P Adver Effigi, 2011.

See also
 Borgo Carige
 Capalbio Scalo
 Giardino, Capalbio
 La Torba
 Pescia Fiorentina

Frazioni of Capalbio
Railway towns in Italy


title: Tacna Historical Museum

text:
Tacna Historical Museum (Spanish: Museo Histórico Regional de Tacna) is a museum located in the center of the city of Tacna, Peru.

In the rooms, you can see documents and objects from the time of the emancipation, independence, and the war with Chile.

In the same building (located at Calle Apurimac 202) there is a Tacna Public Library. The building was designed in the Republican style and built in 1957.

References
Notes

 i perú (2014), "Información de Tacna".

Museums in Peru
Buildings and structures in Tacna Region
Tourist attractions in Tacna Region


title: The Four III

text:
The Four III () is a Chinese-Hong Kong 3D wuxia film directed by Gordon Chan and Janet Chun. It is the final installment of the trilogy based on Woon Swee Oan's novel series, after The Four (2012) and The Four II (2013).

Cast
 Deng Chao as Leng Lingqi/Lengxue (Cold Blood)
 Liu Yi Fei as Sheng Yayu/Wuqing (Emotionless)
 Collin Chou as Tie Youxia/Tieshou (Iron Hands)
 Ronald Cheng as Cui Lueshang/Zhuiming (Life Snatcher)
 Anthony Wong as Zhuge Zhengwo
 Jiang Yi Yan as Ji Yaohua
 Liu Yan as Ru Yan (Lady Fog)
 Yu Cheng Hui as An Yunshan/Lord An
 Wu Xiubo as An Shigeng (God of Wealth)
 Sheren Tang as Jiaoniang (Aunt Poise)
 Waise Lee as Prince
 Alec Su as Emperor
 Cao Bing Kun as Minister Cai
 Lai Xi as Eunch Wu
 Bao Bei Er as Dalang (Big Wolf)
 Emma Wu as Ding Dang
 Xiang Tianran as Ling'er (Bell)
 Liu Chun Wei as Jiang Lei
 Li Zi Wei as Gao Tianzhao
 Jiang Yi Fan as Li Wei
 Liu Feng Chao as Guo Tao
 Li Shan Yu as Firefly
 Jelly Lee as Cicada
 Qiu Ye as Dragonfly
 Lee Wan Zhen as Wasp
 Li Rui Xue as Ru Yi
 Li Yao Jing as General Di

References

External links

2014 films
Chinese sequel films
Wuxia films
Films directed by Gordon Chan
Chinese 3D films
Hong Kong 3D films
2014 3D films
Films based on Chinese novels
Films set in 12th-century Song dynasty
Hong Kong sequel films
Adaptations of works by Woon Swee Oan
Chinese martial arts films
2014 martial arts films
2010s Hong Kong films


title: Lousã e Vilarinho

text:
Lousã e Vilarinho is a civil parish in the municipality of Lousã, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Lousã and Vilarinho. The population in 2011 was 13,056, in an area of 72.40 km².

References

Freguesias of Lousã


title: Hollow (2014 film)

text:
Hollow (Vietnamese: Đoạt Hồn) is a 2014 Vietnamese horror film directed by Ham Tran.

Plot
A young girl falls into a river and drowns. When her body is found in a remote village along the river, her uncle arrives to claim her body, only to find that she is very much alive. But when she returns to her family, unexplainable occurrences lead them to believe she is possessed.

Cast
 Trần Bảo Sơn as Vương Gia Huy
 Nguyễn Ngọc Hiệp as Diệp
 Nguyễn Hồng Ân as Chi
 Thanh Mỹ as Ái
 Jayvee Mai as Thức
 Kieu Chinh as Linh
 Minh Trang as Quyên
 Thương Tín as Thảo
 Nhung Kate as Tuyết
 Suboi as Hương
 Huy Ma as Vinh
 Thành Trung as Kiên

Release
Hollow was released on July 18, 2014 in Vietnam. It earned 160,000 admissions in its first four days in Vietnam from 1,140 screenings nationwide. It was first place in the Vietnamese box office over its first weekend over the American films A Million Ways to Die in the West, Planes: Fire & Rescue and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.

Reception
Film Business Asia gave the film a seven out of ten rating, referring to the film as a "thoroughly generic but effective tale of demonic possession from Vietnam".

References

External links

Hollow at Allmovie
Trailer.

2014 films
2010s Vietnamese-language films
2014 horror films
Films directed by Ham Tran
Vietnamese horror thriller films
Vietnamese speculative fiction films
Ghost films
Psychological thriller films
Supernatural horror films
Films about families
Films about revenge
2014 horror thriller films
Films set in Vietnam
Films shot in Vietnam


title: AnaCap Financial Partners

text:
AnaCap Financial Partners ('AnaCap') is a private equity firm advising funds that invest in Software, Technology and Services within the European financial ecosystem.

History
AnaCap  was founded in 2005. The firm launched its debut fund in 2006, when it raised €300 million and has since raised €2.7 billion across 4 private equity funds and various co-investment vehicles. AnaCap’s funds have attracted a global investor base including institutions such as Goldman Sachs and Allianz.

Private Equity

The firm’s strategy is to invest in Software, Technology and Services within the European financial ecosystem. AnaCap focus on supporting founders, entrepreuners and managers with a highly specialised sector approach in the European lower mid-market. This strategy is specifically targeted towards companies with a high propensity and opportunity for both organic and inorganic growth.

AnaCap's investment decisions are driven by extensive operational knowledge and leveraging deep sector expertise.

Credit Opportunities
In July 22, Anacap announced the carve out of the credit business into an independent advisory firm called Veld Capital, which has resulted in Anacap focusing exclusively on its private equity strategy.

Leadership
As of January 2023, AnaCap was led by group executive chairman Joe Giannamore and co-managing partners Nassim Cherchali and Tassilo Arnold.

References

Companies based in the London Borough of Camden
Private equity firms of the United Kingdom


title: Oregon Creek Covered Bridge

text:
Oregon Creek Covered Bridge is a historic bridge that spans Oregon Creek just above its confluence with Middle Yuba River. It is located approximately 3 miles northeast of the community of North San Juan just off California State Route 49 within the Oregon Creek Day Use Area of the Tahoe National Forest.

Current Status

The bridge was rehabilitated in early 2018 and is now open to light motor vehicles, with a 5-ton weight limit. This involved replacing the entire cover, and reworking the abutments.

Prior to this, the bridge was officially closed to all traffic but pedestrians can and do access it. The National Bridge Inventory lists it as "structurally deficient." There is extensive graffiti inside. The roof is now covered with corrugated metal sheeting and the deck is supported by metal I-beams.

This description was written in 1974 on the Nomination Form for the bridge's inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places:
The hand hewn wooden Ponderosa Pine beams are approximately 16 inches square and are still sound. The sides consist of wooden siding and the structure originally had a shake roof. The abutments were originally of unmortared stone construction. The east abutment appears to be as originally constructed, however, the west abutment was faced with concrete at some later date. Yuba County replaced the wooden siding and replaced the shake roof with one of corrugated tin because of the snow loads, some 40 to 50 years ago.

History

The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The following is excerpted from the Nomination Form, which was filled out in 1974 by George W. Taylor, Land Use Planner for the Tahoe National Forest:
The covered bridge over Oregon Creek has been used continuously since its construction over a century ago. The actual construction date is in question, however. Thompson and West indicates that Tom Freeman built a bridge across Oregon Creek in 1858 and in 1871 built another a little above the first at a cost of $2,500.00. The original bridge was washed away subsequent to the construction of the new bridge. (1879:100)

Other references quote various dates, including 1860, 1861 and 1862 as the year that the bridge was constructed. (Adams 1963:134) In any event, this bridge is either the oldest, or one of the oldest covered bridges in the western United States still in general use. (Adams 1963:134)

Tom Freeman, who built the bridge, operated it and another bridge across the Middle Yuba River nearby, as toll bridges, apparently until his death, in 1892. Subsequently, Yuba County acquired the bridge and still operates it. The date of acquisition is unverified, but is thought to be about 1910. (Thompson § West 1879:100) The bridge is unique in the annals of American covered bridge building in that the portals curve to meet the traveler at either end. (Adams 1963:134)

In 1883, the failure of the English Dam far upstream on the Middle Yuba River sent a mass of water flooding downstream. The high flood waters surged upstream in Oregon Creek, lifted the bridge from its abutments and carried it away. When the flood waters subsided, the bridge was found some 50 yards below its original location. Mr. Freeman hired a logging contractor, Solon Chatfield, to return the bridge to its abutments. However, during the flood the bridge had been turned end for end and the west end of the bridge was placed on the east abutment and the east end on the west abutment as it has remained to the present time (Adams 1963:134) (Smith 3-29-64)

Historically, the bridge served local mining and logging communities and carried traffic on what was called Allegheny Ridge Road, part of the Henness Pass Road, a major freight hauling route over the Sierra Nevada via Henness Pass after the Comstock Lode discovery in Virginia City in 1859 sparked a Nevada mining boom.  This route was attractive because goods could be shipped up the Sacramento River from the San Francisco Bay to Marysville before being loaded onto wagons for the trans-Sierra journey.

See also
List of bridges in the United States
List of covered bridges in California

References

External links

 Link to photo showing queen post and truss: http://bridgehunter.com/photos/20/31/203124-L.jpg
 Link to photo showing Native Daughters of the Golden West plaque at the bridge: http://bridgehunter.com/photos/20/31/203128-L.jpg
 Link to photo showing Highway 49 plaque at the bridge: http://bridgehunter.com/photos/20/31/203129-L.jpg
 Link to 1922 photo by Larry Matthews: http://bridgehunter.com/photos/10/13/101327-M.jpg'
 Link to photo of the Rudyard (English) Dam: http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/FindingAids/dynaweb/calher/miscster/figures/I0047282A.jpg
 Photo of Oregon Creek Covered Bridge at Freeman's Crossing between North San Juan and Camptonville

Covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Buildings and structures in Yuba County, California
Former toll bridges in California
National Register of Historic Places in Yuba County, California
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Wooden bridges in California
Queen post truss bridges in the United States


title: Goodman Dlamini

text:
Goodman Dlamini is a South African footballer who plays as a midfielder.

Career
On 20 May 2018, he scored the winning goal in the Nedbank Cup final to lead Free State Stars to their first title in 24 years.

References

1985 births
Living people
South African men's soccer players
People from Clermont, KwaZulu-Natal
Men's association football midfielders
AmaZulu F.C. players
Free State Stars F.C. players
South African Premier Division players


title: Edgar von Westphalen

text:
Edgar Gerhard Julius Oscar Ludwig von Westphalen (26 March 1819 – 30 September 1890) was a German writer and Communist politician, who was also a long-time friend and brother-in-law of Karl Marx. He was the son of Prussian baron Ludwig von Westphalen and his second wife Caroline Heubel. Heubel was also the mother of Jenny who married Karl Marx. Edgar had a half-brother Ferdinand from his father's first marriage. The Westphalen and Marx families were neighbors in Trier, with Karl and Edgar being friends and schoolmates.

During the Adelsverein-sponsored German immigration to Texas, Edgar von Westphalen was one of the early immigrants to the Latin settlement of Sisterdale.

Westphalen was an early member of the Communist Correspondence Committee's Brussels' circle and later one of the founding members of the Communist League.

Works
 Aus Havelland. Gedichte. Gensch, Berlin 1883.
 Armin, der Cheruskerfürst. Gensch, Berlin 1883.
 Der Bataveraufstand. Gensch, Berlin 1883.
 Aus Havelland. Gedichte. 2. Auflage. Gensch, Berlin 1884.

References

1819 births
1890 deaths
Emigrants from the Kingdom of Prussia
Immigrants to the Republic of Texas

German-American culture in Texas
People from the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine


title: Ruggeri

text:
Ruggeri is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alessandro Ruggeri (b. 1990), Italian professional football player
Andrea Ruggeri (b. 1982), Italian international relations scholar
Candela Ruggeri (b. 1992), Argentine model, actress, reality television personality and entrepreneur
Cinzia Ruggeri (1942–2019), Italian designer and artist
Davide Ruggeri (b. 1999), Italian rugby union player
Don Ruggeri (b. c. 1939), former American football coach
Enrico Ruggeri (b. 1957), Italian singer-songwriter
Fabrizio Ruggeri, Italian statistician
Guido Ruggeri, Italian engraver
Matteo Ruggeri (b. 2002), Italian professional footballer
Oscar Ruggeri (b. 1962), Argentine football player
Paola Ruggeri (b. 1961), Miss Venezuela 1983
Paul Ruggeri (b. 1988), American gymnast
Ruggero Ruggeri (1871–1953), Italian actor
Telemaco Ruggeri (1876–1957), Italian actor and film director
Teresa Ruggeri (b. 1972), Italian operatic soprano
Valerio Ruggeri (1934-2015), Italian actor and voice actor
Rugeri or Ruggeri, 17th-century family of Italian violin makers

See also
 Ruggieri

Italian-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names


title: Los Kipus

text:
Los Kipus or Los Quipus, were a Peruvian musical group. Los Kipus were highly influenced by música criolla. The style of music, known as vals criollo, is evident throughout their work. Los Kipus were originally formed in 1959 and consisted of group members Paco Maceda, Genaro Ganoza, and Carmen Montoro. Throughout the years Los Kipus had numerous female lead singers, including Eva Ayllon from 1973 to 1975. Others included Zoraida Villanueva, Charo Alonso, and Pilar Valdivia.

Los Kipus were a popular musical group in Peru throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Popular hits written by Los Kipus included "Perdiste," "Cariñito," and "Nada soy." Apart from playing original songs, Los Kipus also performed vals created by other writers. Some popular ones included "Ansias" by Luis Abelardo Núñez and "Amorcito" by Lucas Borja.

History
Paco Maceda was born on January 15, 1933, in the Peruvian province of Piura. At 16 years old, Maceda first started experimenting with guitars and the vals criollo genre. In 1954, Maceda, along with Juan Jiron and Juan Ruiz, formed "Los Ruiseñores." In 1955, Paco Maceda teamed up with Luis Abanto Morales to write the hit song "Nunca Podran."

Genaro Ganoza Torres, co-founder of Los Kipus, was born on July 10, 1931. He was born in Viru, a province of Trujillo in Peru. Ganoza is credited with co-writing the song "Nada Soy."

In 1959, Maceda, Ganoza, and Carmen Montoro formed the trio Los Kipus. In August 1959 their first song, "Por que sigues llorando" was written with assistance from Rafael Otero.

Despite numerous changes to the female lead, the band always consisted of two acoustic guitars, a female voice lead, and native Peruvian percussion instruments. Eva Ayllón, in later interviews, described Maceda and Ganoza as "very important Creole guitarists and composers" who had "a way of making the strings cry that is very unique."

As the band leader and manager, Maceda took Los Kipus throughout South America in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1992, Maceda moved to the United States and settled in Florida until his death on April 23, 2004, from liver cancer. Ganoza died on December 15, 2016. Los Kipus continue to tour as of today with Paco Maceda Jr. as lead guitarist.

Discography
 Éxitos de Siempre
 Los Kipus y Sus Voces
 Carmen, Paco y Genaro
 Retorno Triunfal

References

Peruvian musical groups


title: 1842 State of the Union Address

text:
The 1842 State of the Union Address, was written by John Tyler, the tenth president of the United States.  It was presented on Tuesday, December 6, 1842, by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives.  He said, "We have continued reason to express our profound gratitude to the Great Creator of All Things for numberless benefits conferred upon us as a people. Blessed with genial seasons, the husbandman has his garners filled with abundance, and the necessaries of life, not to speak of its luxuries, abound in every direction."

References

State of the Union addresses
Presidency of John Tyler
27th United States Congress
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
December 1842 events
State of the Union


title: Burrill (disambiguation)

text:
Burrill is a small village in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. Burrill may also refer to:

Places
 Burrillville, Rhode Island
 Burrill with Cowling, civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England
 Burrill Lake, New South Wales, village in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia
 Mount Burrill, mountain on the eastern edge of Malta
 Burrill Airport, airport north of Medford in Jackson County, Oregon

People

Burrill as given name
 Burrill Phillips (1907–1988), American composer, teacher, and pianist
 Burrill Bernard Crohn (1884–1983), American gastroenterologist

Burrill as surname
 Billie Ann Burrill (1921–2010), American physical education teacher and champion masters swimmer
 Charles L. Burrill (1862–1931), American banker and politician who served as the Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts
 Edgar White Burrill (fl. 1920s-1930s), critic and literary lecturer
 Gary Burrill (born 1955), Canadian politician
 George T. Burrill (1810?– 1856), first sheriff of Los Angeles County, California
 Hugh Burrill, Canadian television sports anchor and reporter
 James Burrill, Jr. (1772–1820), Federalist-party United States senator representing the state of Rhode Island
 Mary P. Burrill (1881–1946), early 20th-century African-American playwright and educator
 Thomas Jonathan Burrill (1839–1916), American botanist
 Truman N. Burrill (1832–1896), chief of the Bureau of Engraving in the U.S. Department of the Treasury
 Vivian Burrill (born 1854), politician in Shawinigan, Quebec
 William G. Burrill (1894-1949), American bishop


title: Peter Hinchliff

text:
Peter Bingham Hinchliff (25 February 1929 - 17 October 1995) was a South African Anglican priest and academic. He was the Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at the University of Oxford from 1992 to 1995.

Early life

Hinchliff was born in South Africa on 25 February 1929 to an Anglican priest who had moved to the country in 1914. Hinchliff attended St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown He studied at Rhodes University, before moving to England. There he matriculated into Trinity College, Oxford, where he studied theology under Austin Farrer. Returning to South Africa, he attended St Paul’s Theological College, Grahamstown before his ordination.

Career

Ecclesiastical career

Hinchliff was ordained deacon 1952 and priest in 1953. His first posting was as a curate in Uitenhage, Eastern Cape Province. From 1955 to 1959, he was sub-warden of his alma mater, St Paul's College, Grahamstown. In 1964, he was appointed a canon and chancellor of Grahamstown Cathedral.

In 1974, it was suggested that he was a candidate for the position of Archbishop of Cape Town, however Bill Burnett was eventually appointed. In January 1992, he was appointed a canon of Christ Church Cathedral.

Academic career

From 1957 to 1959, Hinchliff was a Lecturer in Comparative Religion at Rhodes University. In 1960, he was appointed Professor of Ecclesiastical History. He resigned the position in 1969 in protest against apartheid that had worsened with the passing of the Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968. From 1969 until 1972 Hinchliff served as secretary of the Missionary and Ecumenical Council of the Church Assembly. In 1972 he became Chaplain and Fellow of Balliol College in Oxford.

In January 1992, Hinchliff was appointed Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Fellow of Christ Church, Oxford.

Publications

Notes

References

1929 births
1995 deaths
20th-century South African Anglican priests
Regius Professors of Ecclesiastical History
Rhodes University alumni
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Alumni of St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown
St Paul's College, Grahamstown alumni
Academic staff of St Paul's College, Grahamstown


title: Giardino, Capalbio

text:
Giardino is a rural area in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Capalbio, province of Grosseto. At the time of the 2001 census its population amounted to 15.

Geography
Giardino is about 50 km from Grosseto and 12 km from Capalbio. It is situated in the plain of southern Maremma between the hills of Capalbio, Manciano and Orbetello, and the Tyrrhenian Sea. The valley of Giardino is commonly known as Valle d'Oro (Golden Valley) and it is surrounded by various heights of mountains, of which the highest peaks are those of Monte Nebbiello (127 meters), Poggio Imperiale (147 m), Poggio dei Butteri (154 m), Poggio Farletta (180 m) and Poggio Capalbiaccio (238 m).

History
Recent archaeological excavations proved that the valley was inhabited by the Etruscans dependent on the city of Vulci, as well as the Romans, as the hinterland of the colony of Cosa.

The modern hamlet of Giardino was built in the 1950s as a result of the riforma agraria (land reform) in Maremma.

Main sights
 Church of Sacro Cuore di Gesù (20th century), the main parish church of the village, was built in 1959.
 Archaeological Park of Valle d'Oro, an archaeological site full of Roman relics like the remains of aqueducts, villas, houses, fortifications.

References

Bibliography
 Fabiola Favilli, Capalbio. Alla scoperta del borgo e del territorio, Arcidosso, C&P Adver Effigi, 2011.
 Mariagrazia Celuzza, Cecilia Luzzetti, Valle d'Oro. Parco archeologico e paesaggistico. Studio di fattibilità, Arcidosso, Effigi 2013.

See also
 Borgo Carige
 Capalbio Scalo
 Chiarone Scalo
 La Torba
 Pescia Fiorentina

Frazioni of Capalbio


title: Leon Gaspard House

text:
The Leon Gaspard House, also known as Gaspard House Museum, was the Taos, New Mexico home of Russian artist Leon Gaspard who became a member of the Taos art colony. The house was listed as a National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

It is now a private residence.

Gallery

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Taos County, New Mexico

References

External links

Adobe buildings and structures in New Mexico
Artists' studios in the United States
Historic house museums in New Mexico
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
Houses in Taos County, New Mexico
National Register of Historic Places in Taos County, New Mexico
Pueblo Revival architecture in Taos, New Mexico


title: Chris Williams (football manager)

text:
Chris Williams is an Australian former soccer manager.

He was appointed by the Tonga Football Federation in November 2010.

Williams was appointed as U17 coach for the nation and his team lost all four of their games, conceded 46 goals in the process at the 2011 OFC U-17 Championship which included a 17-0 loss to New Caledonia. Prior to the competition Williams had written that the Tonga Football Federation had forgotten to withdraw from the competition and rather than be fined $NZ 50,000 by the OFC, they allowed Williams to take a team to the tournament.

He was also put in of the Tonga national football team during their 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign in 2011. In November 2011, his Tonga team became the first team in international football to lose to American Samoa, Tonga finished second in a group of four with four points.

References

External links

 Chris Williams Article

Living people
1986 births
Australian soccer managers
Australian expatriate soccer managers
Expatriate football managers in Tonga
Tonga national football team managers