title: Subhen Chatterjee

text:
Subhen Chatterjee is an Indian  percussionist and tabla player. Chatterjee began his training on the tabla in his childhood, studying with Swapan Chaudhuri. In 1985 he created the fusion band Karma. He has accompanied the vocalist Girija Devi on several recordings including Songs of Varanasi for Nimbus Records. He has also recorded with V.M. Bhatt and Matt Malley on the album Sleepless Nights for World Village Records. His album Artistry recorded live in Kansas City with Manilal Nag on sitar, Ramesh Mishra on sarangi and Chatterjee on tabla  was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2002.

Awards and nominations
 Grammy Nomination for the album Artistry - 2002
 Just Plain Folk (JPF) Award Nomination for Bandish Fusion album - 2008
 Jadu Bhatta Award from Salt Lake Music Conference - 2006
 Honorary Citizenship from the State of Alabama (USA) - 2013

 SANGEET SAMMAN AWARD from West Bengal State Govt -2021

Discography

With Padmabhushan Smt. Girija Devi

 PRATIKSHA [Sagarika]
 SONGS FROM VARANASI [Nimbus Records]
 INDE DU NORD (Live in Paris) [Occura Radio France]
 SPRING MELODY [Mantra Records]
 SAMADHI [Sony BMG]
 With Pt. Vishwa Mohan Bhatt
 MOMENTS ( Dreamz Muzik)
 SLEEPLESS NIGHTS (along with Matt Malley) [Harmonia Mundi]
 BOUQUET OF RAGAS (WITH PT. VISWA MOHAN BHAT [PESHKAR INT'L]
 With Ustad Shahid Parvez
 MORNING GLORY [Biswas Records]
 EMOTIVE SITAR [Biswas Records]
 INTIMATIONS OF GODDESS [Minds of Light]
 DOUBLE CD ( LIVE IN TORONTO ) [India Music Club]
 With Pt. Manilal Nag & Pt. Ramesh Mishra
 ARTISTRY (Sitar & Sarengi duet) [Rhyme Records]

With Budhaditya Mukherjee

 SITAR [Biswas Records]
 MAGIC MOMENTS [Sapphire Records]

With Pt. Manilal Nag & Ustad Ali Ahmed Hussain (Sitar & Sehnai Duet)

 MUSIC FROM MAESTROS [Biswas Records]
 JUGALBANDI [Rhyme Records]
 SHEHNAI [B M G Records]

With KARMA - the fusion band

 BANDISH FUSION: the lasting legacy [HMV SAREGAMA]
 BANDISH FUSION: Redefind [HMV SAREGAMA]
 BANDISH FUSION [Prime Music]
 SECULAR MINDS [Plus Music]
 BASICALLY YOURS [Megaphone Records]
 BEYOND LIMIT [On Air Communications]

With Snehashish Mazumder (Mandolin)

 ECLECTIC TRIO ( with Pt. Rupak Kulkarni ) ( Dreamz Muzik )
 MANDOLIN DREAMS [World Music Records]
 RAINBOW [Neelam Records]

With Dr. Rajeeb Chakraborty

 TRILOGY ( with Mr. Jesse Bannister ) ( Dreamz Muzik )
 BLACK & WHITE (RAJEEB & REENA: Sarode - Sitar duet) [On Air Communications]
 SEASONS (with Rajeeb) [Rhyme Records]
 CROSSWINDS (RAJEEB & JESSE BANNISTER: Sarode - Saxophone duet) [On Air Communications]
 RAJEEB & REENA (Sarode - Sitar duet) [Neelam Records]

With Others

 DESERT ROOTS ( with The Langa Manganiyars of Rajasthan ) (Dreamz Muzik )
 BAUL EXPRESS ( with The Bauls of Bengal ) ( Dreamz Muzik )
 BLISS (Tabla Solo) [M2 Records]
 EMOTIVE SARENGI (Pt. Ramesh Misra) [M2 Records]
 SADHANA (Pt. Rajan & Sajan Misra- vocal duet) [PESHKAR INT'L]
 LAGUK HAWA (With Rejwana Chowdhury Bonnya - An album on Rabindra Sangeet as World Music) [HMV SAREGAMA]

References

External links

1963 births
Living people


title: Accelerans nerve

text:
Accelerans nerve forms a part of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, and its function is to release  noradrenaline at its endings on the heart. The heart beats according to a rhythm set up by the sinus-atrial node or pacemaker, which is located on the right atrium of the heart. It is acted on by the nervous system, as well as hormones in the blood, and venous return: the amount of blood being returned to the heart. The two nerves acting on the heart are the vagus nerve, which slows heart rate down by emitting acetylcholine, and the accelerans nerve which speeds it up by emitting noradrenaline. This results in an increased blood flow, preparing the body for a sudden increase in activity. These nerve fibres are part of the autonomic nervous system, part of the 'fight or flight' system.

Right where the sinus-atrial node is, the negative charge of the interior of the fibres of heart muscles breaks down spontaneously the cells in the pacemaker about 70 minutes each time. As a result of this, a small current sweeps over the atria, which then reaches the insulating connective tissue between the atria and ventricles. When the current reaches this part, the atrio-ventricular node picks it up, thus creating the rhythm of the heartbeats through the rate and strength of each palpitation which is controlled by the accelerans nerve.

History and etymology
The accelerans nerve was first discovered in April 23, 1883 by German medical students L.C. Wooldridge, D.S and George Henry Lewes, M.B. Both medical students conducted their investigation in the Physiological Institute of Leipzig. The purpose of the investigation which yielded the finding of the accelerans nerve was to learn more about the function of the nerves which can be observed in the surface of the ventricles of mammalian hearts. In their findings, both researches saw that there was an increase in cardiovascular acceleration due to stimulation of the accelerans nerve found in the ventricles of the mammals they studied. In Aug 1950, medical researcher O. Krayer confirmed that through electrical stimulations of the accelerans nerve, the force of heart palpitations could be increased which increases blood flow throughout the body, rightly solidifying the importance of this nerve as well as what its manipulation could lead to. More recently, in 24 Feb 2000, the New England Journal of Medicine released a study which revealed the existence of a mutant gene that leads to the development of a transporter that is in charge of the reuptake of noradrenaline back to the accelerans nerve.

The term accelerans comes from the latin word accelerrō which means "quickening" or "to hasten". The term nerve comes from the latin words nervus which meant sinew or tendon in an animal body.

Measurements in mammals
The majority of research regarding the accelerans nerve has been centered around other mammals part from humans. The first study ever conducted on accelerans nerve in April 23, 1883 necessitated other mammals apart from humans, not only due to ethical concerns, but in order to visualize the difference in their stimulation depending on the mammal. The following is a list of mammals who have been used for research into the accelerans nerve and what results were found from the studies:

Dogs
In the case of dogs, the first case ever mentioned regarding the accelerans nerve and its function in 1883 yielded that the investigation in dogs was done almost exclusively on the right side of the nerves. The reason for this was that researches saw that any sort of stimulation on the left side showed no significant impact to the rhythm of the heart. Also, the researchers observed that even after death, any manipulation of the accelerans nerve, or any other neighbouring nerves, caused a reflex movement from the dogs, underlying the significance of its function in the heart. Furthermore, one study conducted in January 1988 found that even through chronic administration of betaxolol (1 mg kg-1 daily, s.c.) for 7 days, which is a drug used to relax blood vessels and slowing down heart rate, in vivo stimulation of the accelerans nerve demonstrated a significant increase in the production of noradrenaline. These results indicated that in medical situations in which the rate and strength of a patients heartbeats reaches critically low levels, stimulation of the accelerans nerve allows for a more expeditious way to gain the heart's vitality back, analogous to the function of artificial pacemakers.

Cats
In the case of cats, stimulation of the accelerans nerve was found to produce a much more significant effect on their heart rates compared to the hormones secreted by the adrenals glands in the autonomic-nervous system for the fight-or-flight response. Moreover, the vigorous heart palpitations induced by the accelerans nerve in the hearts of cats seem to disappear quickly after a low-frequency stimulation is applied to the nerves. This quick shift in the heart rate resulted in the idea that decreases of stroke volume in humans requires direct vagal control of the heart ventricles.

Rabbit
In the case of rabbits, a study conducted in December 1973 directly administered certain substances to slow down the heart rate ranging from fentanyl to morphine (at concentrations of 10-100μM)  in order to observe the heart's natural secretion of noradrenaline in the case of critically low heart rates. Every single drug given to the rabbits, except for naloxone, led to a diminished amount of neuronal uptake of noradrenaline. However, researchers observed that all the substances administered directly into the rabbits' hearts led to an increase in the secretion of noradrenaline due to the stimulation of the accelerans nerve by 5 hertz. In another case, it was observed that acidic substances, specifically acetic acid, when exposed to the accelerans nerve in rabbit hearts led to an increase in blood pressure due to the nerve's reaction with the acid which made it send out stronger signals.

See also

 Atrio-Ventricular Node
 Noradrenaline
 Accelerator Nerves
 Ventricles
 Sinus-Atrial Node
 Pacemaker
 Acetylcholine
 Vagus Nerve

References

Nerves
Autonomic nervous system


title: Townley Hall

text:
Townley Hall is a Georgian country house which stands in parkland at Tullyallen some 5 km west of Drogheda, County Louth in the Republic of Ireland. It was designed by Irish architect Francis Johnston for the Townley Balfour family and built between 1794 and 1798.

The house is  square, built in local stone with simple neoclassical lines, broken only by a Doric portico. The interior is dominated by a spiral staircase in a domed rotunda. The building replaced a previous house which once stood some  to the north of the present building

History
The Townley estate had belonged to the Townley family since Cromwellian times. Blayney Townley, MP had inherited the wealth of his nephew, William Balfour, in 1739 and added Balfour to his surname. The Townley estate passed to his grandson, also Blayney Townley Balfour, later the MP for Belturbet, who in 1794 commissioned Francis Johnston to design the present house. Other buildings on the site, which were designed by Johnston, include the entrance gates and gate lodge, a dovecote, walled garden, farmyard and farmyard houses.

Mrs Townley Balfour, wife of the grandson of Blayney jnr, died childless in 1955 and the property passed to her cousin David Crichton. He sold the house and  of land in 1957 to Trinity College, Dublin for used as an agricultural school. In 1969 the college sold  of farmland to the Land Commission and  of woodland to the Forestry Department.

In 1967 Professor Frank Mitchell of Trinity College bought the house with some  of surrounding land and ran it as a study centre for several years.

The house is now owned by the School of Philosophy and Economic Science, a registered charity based in Ballsbridge Dublin, who use it as a residential study centre.

The house and grounds are private and access is strictly by appointment.

Residents

Among the residents of Townley Hall were, according to documents held by national Library of Ireland (MS 50,863).

 Anne Mary Balfour (1820–95).
 Blayney Balfour Townley (1832)
 Blayney Reynell Townley Esq. (head of household 1911)
 Elizabeth Sarah Balfour (1820–60).
 Florence Henrietta Townley Balfour (1881–93).
 John Willoughby Cole, 2nd Earl Enniskillen 1833
 Kathleen Balfour (1820–60).
 Letitia Frances Balfour (1828–85)
 Lowry Vessey Townley Balfour.
 Madeline Elizabeth Townley (1867-1955)
 Mary Frances Balfour (1820–60).
 Rev. William Townley Balfour (1888–95).

(Eight servants in 1911).

See also
 Beaulieu House and Gardens
 Dowth Hall

References

External links

 Website of the estate

History of County Louth
Drogheda
Houses in County Louth


title: Nalchik river

text:
The Nalchik () is a river in Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia. It is a left tributary of the Urvan, which is a branch of the Cherek. It is  long with a drainage basin of . It flows through the city Nalchik, the capital of Kabardino-Balkaria. Its banks are eroded to the point of needing fortifications.

References

Rivers of Kabardino-Balkaria


title: Pinctada longisquamosa

text:
Pinctada longisquamosa, sometimes called scaly pearl osters, are a small species of pearl oyster found in the western Atlantic. They are distinguished by unique prismatic shell structures which protrude from the outer shell.

Taxonomy
Pinctada longisquamosa are invertebrate bivalves of the phylum Mollusca, which include cephalopods such as squids and gastropods such as snails and slugs. Pearl oysters such as Pinctada longisquamosa are not true oysters (order Ostreida), but rather members of a separate order, Pteriida, that includes pearl oysters and winged oysters. The fossil record of their family, Pteriidae, extends from the Triassic Period.

The species was originally described as being from the Eastern Pacific Ocean, but this appears to have been due to an error in the locality data. Partly because of this confusion the species was often frequently confounded with Pinctada imbricata and Pteria colymbus. the Western Atlantic's main Pteriidae representatives. Recent efforts to classify Western Atlantic bivalves have confirmed Pinctada longisquamosa as a distinct species and supported its transfer from the genus Pteria to the genus Pinctada.

Description
Pinctada longisquamosa is a relatively small pearl oyster, with a mean length of 23 mm and a height of 20 mm. The largest recorded specimen, housed at the American Museum of Natural History, has a length of 39 mm and a height of 29 mm. Pinctada longisquamosa is noted for its radial rows of narrow shell lamellae and generally bright green to yellow coloration. The coloration of individual specimens has been recognized as matching that of the marine plants to which they are attached, suggesting a method of camouflage. The nacre, or mother-of-pearl, is thin, “allowing external color and ornamentation to show through the valve”. Additionally, the byssal ridge, a thickening on the interior surface of the left valve, is notably prominent in Pinctada longisquamosa.

Juveniles display opaque white irregular blotches, which are randomly distributed. The conspicuous lamellae that are characteristic of adult Pinctada longisquamosa are largely absent.

Behavior
Preliminary quantitative and qualitative data indicate that Pinctada longisquamosa exhibit fluctuating population densities, from absence to 300 individuals/m2. It is unclear whether these fluctuations are seasonal or in response to “the extremes of high and low salinity that sometimes occur in the Florida Bay estuarine system”.

It has also been suggested that Pinctada longiquamosa exhibit a behavior described as “suicide spawning,” in which older pearl oysters go through a period of spawning then die off in response to a strong storm, such as a hurricane. The functionality of this behavior is the subject of further research.

Distribution and habitat
Populations of Pinctada longisquamosa are found in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, from St. Augustine, Florida to Texas, Bermuda, The Bahamas, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and the Caribbean coast of Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela.

In Florida Bay, where the pearl oyster is most thoroughly documented, its preferred habitat is shallow seagrass, particularly Thalassia testudinum, often intermixed with seaweed. Less frequently, Pinctada longisquamosa has been recorded in mixed algae on mangrove roots and rocks, in Halimeda (a genus of green macroalgae) clumps, associated with sponges and gorgonian stalks, and attached to floating Sargassum (a large, brown seaweed). It is sometimes found on the ocean side of the afore-mentioned islands, but only in near-shore shallows, and is considered more typical of shallow Florida Bay.  The deepest record for living specimens of Pinctada longisquamosa is 4 m, supporting its characterization as a shallow water bivalve.

Diet
Like other pearl oysters, Pinctada longisquamosa are filter-feeders, using their gills to capture phytoplankton and other particulate food and expelling the excess seawater. This exposes them to vulnerability to water pollution and scarcity of resources in the case of storms, flooding, and other disruptive events.

References

Further reading
 Mikkelsen, P. M., I. Tëmkin, R. Bieler, and W. G. Lyons. 2004. Pinctada longisquamosa (Dunker, 1852) (Bivalvia: Pteriidae), an unrecognized pearl oyster in the western Atlantic. Malacologia 46(2): 473–501.

Pteriidae
Bivalves described in 1852


title: 1996 UCLA Bruins football team

text:
The 1996 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles in the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season. The season was highlighted by the 25-yard Skip Hicks touchdown run in the second overtime that won the game for the Bruins over the crosstown-rival USC Trojans.

Schedule

Game summaries

USC Trojans

Six straight wins for the Bruins over the Trojans.

Roster

References

UCLA
UCLA Bruins football seasons
UCLA Bruins football


title: Irenita Duarte

text:
Irenita Duarte is a Brazilian actress. Her acting roles on Brazilian television include the soap operas Quem Casa com Maria (1964), Simplesmente Maria (1970-1971), and Um Sol Maior (1977).

References

External links

Brazilian television actresses
Brazilian telenovela actresses
20th-century Brazilian actresses
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Okaka

text:
Okaka may refer to:
Katsuobushi or okaka, dried, fermented, and smoked skipjack tuna.
Okaka, Nigeria, a town in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State in South West Nigeria which is under Itesiwaju local government area

People with the surname
Stefano Okaka, Italian football player


title: Berlin glass amphora from Olbia

text:
The Berlin glass amphora from Olbia (German: Berliner Glasamphora aus Olbia) is a Hellenistic glass vessel in the shape of an amphora, which is now kept in the Antikensammlung Berlin. Presumably the glass amphora was commissioned by a rich citizen of the city of Olbia, where it was later found, in the second half of the second century. The uniquely shaped vessel was donated to the collection, with some other glass vessels, by Friedrich Ludwig von Gans in 1912 and is now displayed in the Altes Museum with the inventory number 30219, 254. It is, to date, the largest known piece of its kind - and one of the best preserved.

Description
The amphora is a masterpiece of Hellenistic glasswork. It is 59.6cm high and therefore the largest glass vessel from Antiquity. It is entirely free of air pockets. Nowadays the glass is milky and light yellow due to centuries of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, but originally it was clear and had a pale green tinge. With its cap, it is 2.445 kg in weight and it has a diameter of 9.6 cm at the cap and 22.4 cm at the belly. The cap is not the original, which was probably broken and replaced by this new, slightly overlapping, conical cap of clear, rather yellowish glass. Because of the complicated manufacturing process there is a shift in the axis between the foot and the cap.

Below the belly on both sides, holes have been drilled. In these holes, taps have been fitted in the shape of satyrs, holding animal bladders, from which the liquid in the amphora could flow out. They, like the decorative bands and other decorative elements (the knob on the cap or the sleeves which cover the join between the handles and the amphora) are made of gilt copper sheet. The sleeves for the handles are in the shape of masks and maple scrolls. The shape imitates the Panathenaic amphora, which were manufactured in this form in the third and second centuries BC in Athens. It must have had the appearance of quartz, especially when used during feasts in the glow of artificial light.

Manufacture
Since the technique of glassblowing had not yet been invented, its creation was a complicated process. The vase was made from two pieces: the widely flaring belly on a high foot, and the shoulder with a long neck and flaring mouth. These two pieces fit together exactly. The join is covered by a gilt copper strip decorated with vine patterns. Only one side of this strip survives, however. The two parts were made in turn. The belly, whose walls are very thin, was either cast in a mould or pressed onto a mould. The bell-shaped foot was produced similarly, which was then hot joined to the belly piece using a solid stick. The other portion was made in the same way. The shoulder and a portion of the neck were either cast in a mould or lowered onto a template while hot. The rest of the neck and the mouth were melted together with a hot stick, just as the foot and belly were. Because of the bulge, the join can easily be spotted.

Bibliography
Gertrud Platz-Horster. "Die Berliner Glasamphora aus Olbia." Journal of Glass Studies. Vol. 37, 1995, , pp. 35–50.
Gertrud Platz-Horster. "Die Glasamphora aus Olbia." In Andreas Scholl, Gertrud Platz-Horster (ed.): Die Antikensammlung. Altes Museum. Pergamonmuseum. 3rd completely revised edition. von Zabern, Mainz 2007, , pp. 107-108.

Archaeological discoveries in Ukraine
Altes Museum
Antikensammlung Berlin
Glassmaking in classical antiquity
Glass works of art


title: USS Audwin

text:
USS Audwin (SP-451) was a patrol vessel that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919. She then was a survey vessel in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1919 to 1927.

Construction, acquisition, and commissioning
Audwin was built as a private motorboat in 1911 at Morris Heights in the Bronx, New York, by the New York Yacht, Launch and Engine Company. The U.S. Navy purchased her from M. C. Kimball of New York City on 30 June 1917 for use as a patrol vessel during World War I. After converting her for nava use, the Navy commissioned her at New York on 5 November 1917 as USS Audwin (SP-451) with Ensign Charles Laufer, USNRF, in command.

U.S. Navy service

From her commissioning until May 1918, Audwin patrolled the coastal waters of the 3rd Naval District. In May 1918, she moved to the Great Lakes and spent the remainder of World War I patrolling in the 9th Naval District, operating out of Detroit, Michigan. In November 1918, she returned to New York and resumed patrol duty in the 3rd Naval District. She continued that service until 27 March 1919, when she was decommissioned and transferred to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Her name was stricken from the Navy list that same day.

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey service

Commissioned into the Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1919 as USC&GS Audwin, Audwin operated as a survey launch, conducting hydrographic surveys of the waters of the United States West Coast and the Territory of Alaska until 1927.

In 1927, Audwin was sold to P. H. McCue in Seattle, Washington.

References

Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center Online Library of Selected Images: Civilian Ships: Audwin (American Motor Boat, 1911). Served as USS Audwin (SP-451) in 1917-1919.
NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Audwin (SP 451)
NOAA History: Tools of the Trade: Coast and Geodetic Survey Ships: AUDWIN

Patrol vessels of the United States Navy
World War I patrol vessels of the United States
Ships of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
Survey ships of the United States
Ships built in Morris Heights, Bronx
1911 ships


title: James Croke

text:
James Croke  (1789 – 10 March 1857) was Solicitor-General of Victoria (Australia) and a politician, a member of the Victorian Legislative Council.

Croke was born in County Cork, Ireland, the son of William Croke, a farmer. Croke was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was admitted to the Irish Bar in 1821 and practised in the Munster circuit.

Croke arrived in Sydney, New South Wales on Sydney on 25 July 1839 and in the Port Phillip District in November 1839. He was appointed Crown prosecutor and admitted Port Phillip Bar in 1841.
On 21 July 1852, Croke was appointed Solicitor-General and a member of the old (unicameral) Victorian Legislative Council,
replacing Edward Williams.
Croke was sworn-in in July 1852 and held the seat until resigning in January 1854, he then returned to England.

Croke died in Richmond Hill, Petersham, Surrey, England, on 10 March 1857.

References

1799 births
1857 deaths
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
Solicitors-General of Victoria
Irish emigrants to colonial Australia
Lawyers from County Cork
19th-century Australian politicians
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Irish barristers
19th-century Irish lawyers


title: CodeHS

text:
CodeHS is an interactive online learning platform offering computer science and programming instruction for schools and individual learners. CodeHS is focused on spreading access to and knowledge of computer science by offering online instructional materials supported by remote tutors. In the introductory learning module, students on the site practice computer science concepts and programming skills by giving commands to a dog named Karel. In the most popular course offered, which is similar to the original Karel programming language developed by Richard E. Pattis, Karel the dog must complete various tasks by moving around a grid world, and putting down and picking up tennis balls using only simple commands. Later learning modules teach more advanced concepts using languages like JavaScript, Java, and HTML.

History
CodeHS was founded in 2012 by Jeremy Keeshin and Zach Galant, both Stanford University Computer Science graduates. Keeshin and Galant based CodeHS on their experience as section leaders and teaching assistants for several of Stanford's introductory computer science courses. The company joined the Imagine K12 incubator's third class, launching in October 2012, and its investors include NewSchools Venture Fund, Seven Peaks Ventures, Kapor Capital, Learn Capital, Imagine K12, Marc Bell Ventures, and Lighter Capital. In total, CodeHS has raised $2.9 million as of December 2016.

NBC Education Nation

CodeHS was selected as one of three education technology companies to take part in the 2013 Innovation Challenge, part of the NBC Education Nation initiative. Innovation Nation challenge participants CodeHS, Teachley, and GigaBryte participated in a series of challenges in October 2013, culminating in a live pitch contest broadcast live on NBC during the Education Nation Summit. CodeHS won the Innovation Challenge, earning a $75,000 prize awarded by the Robin Hood Foundation.

Hour of Code
During the week of December 9, 2013, CodeHS participated in the nationwide Hour of Code challenge promoted by Code.org. CodeHS was featured as a tutorial for learning JavaScript on the Computer Science Education Week website. Over the course of the week, an estimated 116,648 participants started learning to code for an hour on CodeHS.

Karel the Dog
The first learning module on CodeHS teaches introductory programming concepts by having students give basic commands to Karel the Dog using Karel-specific JavaScript commands. This approach is based on the original Karel programming language developed by Richard E. Pattis and is used in Stanford University's introductory computer science classes. Karel initially knows only a few basic commands: move(); to have Karel move one spot forward, turnLeft(); to have Karel turn left, putBall(); to have Karel put down one tennis ball in the current spot, and takeBall(); to have Karel pick up one tennis ball from the current spot. Karel can be "taught" additional commands by defining new functions composed of these basic commands. The programmer can also use elements like loops and conditionals to control the flow of the program.

After Karel the dog, Tracy the turtle was introduced.

Superkarel
Karel evolves into Superkarel and gains the ability to turnRight() and turnAround().

Example
The following is an example of a simple program to have Karel repeat a series of commands (put down a tennis ball, move, turn left, move, then turn right) three times:

Reception
CodeHS received significant media coverage upon its launch, including articles in the Forbes, TechCrunch, and Education Week. The site has also been featured on various blogs for its interactive and beginner-focused approach to teaching programming.

See also

 Blended learning
 Karel (programming language)
 Code.org
 Codecademy
 CodeCombat
 Khan Academy
 Team Treehouse
 Udacity

References

External links
CodeHS
CodeHS Blog

American educational websites
Computer programming
Privately held companies of the United States


title: Yodo1

text:
Yodo1, Ltd. is a Chinese mobile game publisher based in Beijing. Founded in November 2011, it is headed by co-founders Henry Fong and James LaLonde as chief executive officer and chief growth officer, respectively, and publishes games with a focus on the Chinese market. As of October 2019, games published by Yodo1 have been played by one billion users.

History
Yodo1 was founded in November 2011 by a group of video game entrepreneurs. Founders include chief executive officer Henry Fong and chief growth officer James LaLonde. In a June 2012 round of seed funding led by Chang You Fund managing partner Zhi Tan, Yodo1 raised  from Chang You Fund. In June and August 2012, Yodo1 partnered with Robot Entertainment and HandyGames, respectively, to release their games in China. The company raised a further  in a series A round from SingTel Group (the leader) and Chang You Fund in April 2013, and  in a series B round led by GGV Capital in December 2013.

References

External links

2011 establishments in China
Video game companies established in 2011
Video game companies of China
Video game publishers


title: Bavarian Nordic

text:
Bavarian Nordic A/S is a fully integrated biotechnology company focused on the development, manufacturing and commercialization of vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapies. The company is headquartered in Hellerup, Denmark, with a manufacturing facility in Kvistgård, and an additional site in Hørsholm. The company has a research and development facility in Martinsried, Germany, and offices in Zug, Switzerland, and Morrisville, North Carolina. The company uses viral vectors in its research and development.

Technologies

MVA-BN
MVA-BN is a proprietary technology developed by Bavarian Nordic. It is derived from the Modified vaccinia Ankara virus. MVA-BN is characterized by the inability to replicate in human cells, contrary to other vaccinia-based vaccines, which may replicate in humans, thus potentially causing severe and life-threatening side effects. Developed as the non-replicating smallpox and monkeypox vaccine, MVA-BN is approved in Canada as Imvamune, in the European Union, as Imvanex, and the United States as
Jynneos. The vaccine was supplied for emergency use to the U.S. Strategic National Stockpile as well as other government stockpiles.

The vaccine is being deployed worldwide to combat the 2022 monkeypox outbreak, leading to concerns over vaccine nationalism and hoarding by countries with pre-existing contracts.

Vaccinia-fowlpox-TRICOM
A second poxvirus-based technology is employed in most of the company's cancer immunotherapies, and was in-licensed as part of a collaboration with the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Vaccinia-fowlpox-TRICOM is a sequential prime-boost therapy based on vaccinia and fowlpox in combination with three co-stimulatory molecules (TRICOM). The poxvirus-based immunotherapy can be modified to encode different tumor-associated antigens such as Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and/or Mucin 1 (MUC1), which are all tumor markers that are overexpressed in various cancers. This technology formed the basis of the company's lead oncology product candidates, Prostvac and CV-301.

Ebola vaccine development and production

The company has worked for several years with the NIAID on the development of a filovirus vaccine for Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever diseases. In October 2014, following a successful pre-clinical demonstration of the combination vaccine regimen of its multivalent MVA-BN Filovirus vaccine and Crucell/Janssen's AdVac technology based on adenoviral vectors, Bavarian Nordic joined efforts with Crucell Holland B.V., one of the Janssen Pharmaceuticals companies of Johnson & Johnson to develop and manufacture this vaccine regimen intended for emergency use to help contain the outbreak in West Africa. In January 2015, the company had produced the first 400,000 doses of the vaccine and the first clinical trial of the vaccine regimen was initiated in the UK, with additional trials planned in the US and Africa. It was approved for medical use in the European Union in July 2020.

Acquisitions

In October 2019, it was announced that Bavarian Nordic would acquire travel vaccines Rabipur(/Rabavert) for rabies and Encepur for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). In February 2023, it was announced that Bavarian Nordic would acquire travel vaccines Vivotif for typhoid fever and Vaxchora for cholera, in addition to a late-stage candidate for chikungunya, from  Emergent BioSolutions.

Marketed products and pipeline

Bavarian Nordic's marketed products and pipeline, as of July 2020.

Associations

Bavarian Nordic is a member of the Alliance for Biosecurity, a group of companies that work towards preventing and treating severe infectious diseases, especially those that present global security challenges.

The company is a funding partner of the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense, and a former donor to the Bipartisan Policy Center.

References

External links

Pharmaceutical companies of Denmark
Biotechnology companies of Denmark
Danish companies established in 1994
Life science companies based in Copenhagen
Companies based in Gentofte Municipality
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1994
Companies listed on Nasdaq Copenhagen
Companies traded over-the-counter in the United States


title: Origi

text:
Origi is the surname of three related footballers:

 Mike Origi (born 1967), played for Kenya and various Belgian clubs
 Arnold Origi (born 1983), plays for Kenya and Lillestrøm, has played for various Kenyan and Norwegian clubs
 Divock Origi (born 1995), plays for Belgium and AC Milan


title: Thomas Swinford

text:
Captain Thomas Francis Swinford (9 May 1839 – 23 January 1915) was an English army officer and cricketer who played in four first-class cricket in 1874. Born at Minster-in-Thanet near Ramsgate in Kent, Swinford was a right-handed batsman.

Educated at Blackheath Proprietary School, Swinford played his first-class matches for Kent County Cricket Club. His debut was against Derbyshire. He was described in his Wisden obituary as a "good batsman and long-stop" who had made a half-century against Lancashire.

He served as a captain in the 98th Regiment. He died at Polegate near Eastbourne in Sussex in January 1915 aged 75.

References

External links

1839 births
1915 deaths
People from Minster-in-Thanet
People educated at Blackheath Proprietary School
English cricketers
Kent cricketers
98th Regiment of Foot officers
People from Polegate
Cricketers from East Sussex


title: Bergmann (disambiguation)

text:
Bergmann is a Germanic-language surname.

Bergmann may also refer to:

A large number of pistols and machine guns designed by Theodor Bergmann and listed in his article
Bergmann Battalion
Bergmann Offensive of World War I
Bergmann gliosis, a pathological process in cerebellum
Bergmann Hotel, Alaska, USA

See also
Bergman (disambiguation)


title: Pinky (nickname)

text:
Pinky is the nickname of:

 Pinky Agnew (born 1955), New Zealand actress, author and social commentator
 Pinky Anand, Indian lawyer
 Pinky Beecroft, Australian singer, songwriter and screenwriter
 Benazir Bhutto (1953–2007), twice Prime Minister of Pakistan
 Sheila Levrant de Bretteville (born 1940), American graphic designer, artist and educator
 Withers A. Burress (1894–1977), US Army lieutenant general
 Cuthbert Burnup (1875–1960), English amateur cricketer and footballer
 Savika Chaiyadej (born 1986), Thai actress
 Keith Christensen (born 1947), American retired football player
 Louis Clarke (1901–77), American sprinter and Olympic relay champion
 Sally Maria Diggs (c. 1851–?), American slave girl bought and freed by Henry Ward Beecher
 Pinky Hargrave (1896–1942), American Major League Baseball player
 J. C. Harrington (1901–1998), American archaeologist
 Pinky Higgins (1909–1969), American Major League Baseball player, manager, executive and scout
Pinky Lilani (born 1954), Indian writer
 Noella Leduc (born 1933), pitcher and outfielder in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (1951–1954)
 Chris Lindsay (1878–1941), American Major League Baseball player
 Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur, wife of Arthur MacArthur Jr. and mother of Douglas MacArthur
 Pinky May (1911–2000), American Major League Baseball player
 Pinky Mitchell (1899–1976), American boxer and National Boxing Association light welterweight champion
 George Nelson (astronaut) (born 1950), American astronomer and retired NASA astronaut
 Neil Patterson (athlete) (1885–1948), American high jumper
 Jan Peerce (1904–1984), American operatic tenor
 Pauline Pirok (born 1926), member of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (1943–1948)
 Pinky Pittenger (1899–1977), American Major League Baseball player
 Donn F. Porter (1931–1952), US Army sergeant posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor
 Pinky Maidasani, Indian folk rapper and playback singer
 Pinky Sarkar, Indian actress
 Lidia Elsa Satragno (1935-2022), Argentine actress and news anchor
 Pinky Silverberg (1904–1964), American boxer, briefly National Boxing Association flyweight champion
 Virginia Pinky Smith, American pioneering female jockey
 Meredith P. Snyder (1858–1937), American businessman and three-time mayor of Los Angeles
Pinky Rajgarhia, Indian model
Pinky Rajput (born 1969), Indian voice actress
 Pinky Swander (1880–1944), American Major League Baseball player
 Myron "Pinky" Thompson (1924–2001), social worker and community leader in Hawaiʻi
 Pinky Tomlin (1907–1987), singer, songwriter and bandleader of the 1930s and 1940s
 Pinky Webb (born 1970), Filipino television news anchor
 Pinky Whitney (1905–1987), American Major League Baseball player
 Pinky Woods (1920–1982), American Major League Baseball pitcher

See also
 Pinkie (disambiguation)

Nicknames


title: Vera Campos

text:
Vera Campos is a Brazilian actress. Among her acting roles on Brazilian television are the soap operas Quem Casa com Maria? (1964), O Direito de Nascer (1964) and Viúvas Eróticas (1982).

References

External links

Brazilian television actresses
Brazilian telenovela actresses
20th-century Brazilian actresses
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman

text:
Timothy Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman (March 18, 1845 – February 27, 1863) was an American Union Army soldier of Native Hawaiian descent. Considered one of the "Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War", he was among a group of more than one hundred documented Native Hawaiian and Hawaii-born combatants who fought in the American Civil War while the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was still an independent nation.

Born and raised in Hilo, Hawaiʻi, he was the eldest son of Kinoʻoleoliliha, a Hawaiian high chiefess, and Benjamin Pitman, an American pioneer settler from Massachusetts. Through his father's business success in the whaling and sugar and coffee plantation industries and his mother's familial connections to the Hawaiian royal family, the Pitmans were quite prosperous and owned lands on the island of Hawaiʻi and in Honolulu. He and his older sister Mary were educated in the mission schools in Hilo alongside other children of mixed Hawaiian descent. After the death of his mother in 1855, his father remarried to the widow of a missionary, thus connecting the family to the American missionary community in Hawaiʻi. However, following the deaths of his first wife and later his second wife, his father decided to leave the islands and returned to Massachusetts with his family in 1861. The younger Pitman continued his education in the public schools of Roxbury, where the Pitman family lived for a period of time.

Leaving school without his family's knowledge, he made the decision to fight in the Civil War in August 1862. Despite his mixed-race ancestry, Pitman avoided the racial segregation imposed on other Native Hawaiian recruits of the time and enlisted in the 22nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, a white regiment. He served as a private in the Union Army fighting in the Battle of Antietam and the Maryland Campaign. In his company, Private Robert G. Carter befriended the part-Hawaiian soldier and wrote in later life of their common experience in the 22nd Massachusetts. Compiled decades afterward from old letters, Carter's account described the details surrounding his final fate in the war. On the march to Fredericksburg, Pitman was separated from his regiment and captured by Confederate guerrilla forces. He was forced to march to Richmond and incarcerated in the Confederate Libby Prison, where he contracted "lung fever" from the harsh conditions of his imprisonment and died on February 27, 1863, a few months after his release on parole in a prisoner exchange. Modern historians consider Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman to be the only known Hawaiian or Pacific Islander to die as a prisoner of war in the Civil War.

For a period of time after the end of the war, the legacy and contributions of Pitman and other documented Hawaiian participants in the American Civil War were largely forgotten except in the private circles of descendants and historians. However, there has been a revival of interest in recent years in the Hawaiian community. In 2010, these "Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War" were commemorated with a bronze plaque erected along the memorial pathway at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu.

Early life and family

Timothy Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman was born March 18, 1845, in Hilo, Hawaiʻi, the first son and second child of Benjamin Pitman and Kinoʻoleoliliha. Originally a native of Salem, Massachusetts, Pitman's father was an early pioneer, businessman and sugar and coffee plantation owner on the island of Hawaiʻi, who profited greatly from the kingdom's booming whaling industry in the early 1800s. On his father's side, he was a great-grandson of Joshua Pitman (1755–1822), an English-American carpenter on the ship Franklin under Captain Allen Hallett during the American Revolutionary War. On his mother's side, Pitman was a descendant of Kameʻeiamoku, one of the royal twins (with Kamanawa) who advised Kamehameha I in his conquest of the Hawaiian Islands, and also of the early American or English sea captain Harold Cox, who lent his name to George "Cox" Kahekili Keʻeaumoku II, the Governor of Maui. Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman shared his Hawaiian name with his maternal grandfather Hoʻolulu who, along with his brother Hoapili, helped conceal the bones of King Kamehameha I in a secret hiding place after his death. In the Hawaiian language, the name "Hoʻolulu" means "to lie in the sheltered waters". His siblings were Mary Pitman Ailau (1838–1905), Benjamin Franklin Keolaokalani Pitman (1852–1918) and half-sister Maria Kinoʻole Pitman Morey (1858–1892).

Because of his father's success in business and his mother's descent from Hawaiian royalty, the Pitman family was considered quite prosperous and were host to the royal family when they visited Hilo. Besides being one of the leading merchants in town, his father also served the government as district magistrate of Hilo. Henry's mother, Kinoʻole, had inherited control over much of the lands in Hilo and Ōlaʻa from her own father, and King Kamehameha III had granted her use of the ahupuaʻa of Hilo after her marriage. During Henry's early childhood, the family lived in the mansion that Benjamin Pitman had built in 1840, in an area known as Niopola, one of the favored resort spots of ancient Hawaiian royalty. The residence also became known as the Spencer House after Pitman sold it to his business partner Captain Thomas Spencer. The property later became the site of the Hilo Hotel, built in 1888 and torn down in 1956. In the 1850s the family moved to the capital of Honolulu where Benjamin Pitman took up banking and built a beautiful two-story house that he named Waialeale ("rippling water") at the corner of Alakea and Beretania Streets.

Education

While in Hawaiʻi, Pitman and his older sister Mary attended Mrs. Wetmore's children's school in Hilo. The school was located at the Wetmores' residence on Church Street. Taught by Lucy Sheldon Taylor Wetmore, the wife of American missionary doctor and government physician Charles Hinckley Wetmore, who had come to Hawaii in 1848 with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), the two elder Pitman children received their education in English rather than Hawaiian. This was unusual since Hawaiian was the official language of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, and all other schools in Hilo were conducted in the Hawaiian language. Mrs. Wetmore taught the children reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic and singing, while also reinforcing the curriculum with a strong adherence to the principles of the Protestant faith. Like the Pitman siblings, many of their classmates were also of half-Hawaiian (hapa-kanaka) descent with a majority of them being Chinese-Hawaiians (hapa-pake).

After the death of his mother Kinoʻole in 1855, Pitman's father remarried to Maria Louisa Walsworth Kinney, the widow of American missionary Rev. Henry Kinney. The Kinneys were part of the Twelfth Company of missionaries from the ABCFM to arrive in 1848. The marriage aligned the Pitman children with the American missionary community. They were called "cousins" by the children of the missionaries and considered part of the extended missionary family of Hawaiʻi. This first stepmother died in 1858 after giving birth to their father's fourth child, a daughter named Maria Kinoʻole (1858–1892). The Pitman family returned to Massachusetts in 1861 after his father remarried to his third wife Martha Ball Paddock, giving his four children another stepmother. Letters by traveler Sophia Cracroft, niece of Lady Jane Franklin, indicated that the Pitman family left for San Francisco, on June 25, 1861, aboard the ship Comet with Cracroft and Lady Franklin and that the elder Pitman "now has a third wife with a baby [Charles Brook Pitman]." According to an 1887 biography written by Robert G. Carter, a private who would later serve in the same company as Pitman, he was neglected after his mother's death by his father and stepmother, who "subjected [him] to neglect and treatment, that with his sensitive nature he could not bear". He continued his education in the public schools of Roxbury, where the Pitman family lived for a period of time. He have proceeded the family in leaving Hawaii. The 1860 United States Census registered Pitman under his teacher Solomon Adams as residing and presumably being educated in Newton, also in the Boston area.

Growing into adolescence, he was said to strongly resemble his Hawaiian mother. His enlistment card during the war noted he had a dark complexion, hazel colored eyes, black hair and stood five feet eight inches. Robert G. Carter gave a brief description of his appearance in wartime letters first published in 1897:
[A] tall, slim boy, straight as an arrow. His face was a perfect oval, his hair was as black as a raven's wing, and his eyes were large and of that peculiar soft, melting blackness, which excites pity when one is in distress. His skin was a clear, dark olive, bordering on the swarthy, and this, with his high cheek bones, would have led us to suppose that his nationality was different from our own, had we not known that his name was plain Henry P. There was an air of good breeding and refinement about him, that, with his small hands and feet, would have set us to thinking, had it not been that in our youth and intensely enthusiastic natures, we gave no thought to our comrades' personal appearance. We can look back now and see the shy, reserved nature of the boy, the dark, melancholy eyes, the sad smile, the sensitive twitching of the lips.

American Civil War
After the outbreak of the American Civil War, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi under King Kamehameha IV declared its neutrality on August 26, 1861. But many Native Hawaiians and Hawaiian-born Americans (mainly descendants of the American missionaries), both abroad and in the islands, volunteered and enlisted in the military regiments of various states in the Union and the Confederacy. Individual Native Hawaiians had been serving in the United States Navy and Army since the War of 1812, and even more served during the Civil War. Many Hawaiians sympathized with the Union because of Hawaiʻi's ties to New England through its missionaries and the whaling industry, and the ideological opposition of many to the institution of slavery.

Enlistment and service

On August 14, 1862, Pitman left school without his family's knowledge and volunteered to serve in the Union Army and fight in the Civil War. He apparently never informed his family in advance about the choice to join the war, because the news of his enlistment was reported back in Hawaiʻi's American missionary community as "Henry Pitman has run away from home and gone [to war]." Carter described Pitman's rationale for enlisting: "In the midst of the clamor of war, when the very air vibrated with excitement, the wild enthusiasm of the crowds, and the inspiring sound of the drum, his Indian nature rose within him. His resolve was made."

Pitman was a hapa-haole, of part Hawaiian and part Caucasian descent. His father was white and his native-born mother was also part Caucasian from her own mother, who was the daughter of Captain Cox and a Hawaiian chiefess. Despite his mixed-race ancestry, Pitman avoided the racial segregation imposed on other Native Hawaiian volunteers in this period. Most Native Hawaiians who participated in the war were assigned to colored regiments, but Pitman's fair skin color meant he was able to serve in a white unit, indicating that unit assignment may have been influenced by how dark Hawaiians appeared. Historians Bob Dye, James L. Haley and others claimed Pitman was placed in the colored regiments because of his mixed race, but regiment records indicate otherwise.

Pitman served as a private in the 22nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, Company H. This regiment was also named the "Henry Wilson's Regiment" after Colonel and U.S. Senator Henry Wilson, who commanded the unit in 1861. Colonel William S. Tilton was the regimental commander during Pitman's brief term of service. The regiment was part of the V Corps of the Army of the Potomac under the senior command of Major General George B. McClellan. During this period, the regiment fought in the Second Battle of Bull Run and was involved in the Maryland Campaign fighting in the Battle of Antietam, the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, and the Battle of Shepherdstown. His regiment was on the march to the Battle of Fredericksburg when Pitman was captured by Confederate troops.

Imprisonment and death

The most detailed account of Pitman's final fate in the war came from Robert G. Carter. In November 1862, Pitman was captured near Warrenton Junction on the march toward Fredericksburg, Virginia, during the weeks prior to the Battle of Fredericksburg. He had fallen behind the group because his feet had blistered and swollen due to the tightness of "a pair of thin, high-heeled and narrow soled boots" he had purchased. One of his comrades temporarily stayed behind to care for him but later decided to move on with the rest of the camp for fear of disciplinary consequences of falling out without authority. He was urged to move on, but without much success. Pitman's last words to his comrade were, "I will be in camp by night, good by." His fellow soldiers never saw him again and considered him missing. Shortly after he was left, a band of Confederate guerrillas under Colonel John S. Mosby captured the weary and defenseless soldier without a struggle. The inscription on his tombstone differs slightly from Carter's account, stating he was captured by J. E. B. Stuart's cavalry instead.

After Pitman's capture, he was marched to Richmond in a weak physical state. He was imprisoned in the Confederate Libby Prison and Belle Isle, which were notoriously harsh prisons. Pitman's letters home described his place of incarceration as the "Pen" where "the filthy meat [was] thrown to them as if they were dogs". The condition of his incarceration including the shortage of food, lack of sanitation, overcrowding and his physical weakness made him susceptible to virulent diseases present in the Confederate prisons. Carter described how the prisons "wore out the brave spirit". During a prisoner exchange, Pitman was released by the Confederate Army at City Point, Virginia, on December 12, 1862, and then sent to Camp Parole, Annapolis. Suffering from complications due to the conditions of his imprisonment, he contracted "lung fever", which was perhaps pneumonia. Carter wrote later how his friend had "linger[ed] feebly a few weeks, like the flickering of an expiring flame, then quietly pass[ed] away to an eternal life". Pitman died at Camp Parole on February 27, 1863, just weeks short of his eighteenth birthday. According to historians Anita Manning and Justin Vance, Pitman "has the unfortunate distinction of being the only known Hawaiian or Pacific Islander to die as a prisoner of war in the Civil War".

Considering him missing, Pitman's regiment did not discover his final fate until news of his funeral at Roxbury was received in the spring of the following year. His remains were returned to his family in Massachusetts after his death in Camp Parole. Benjamin Pitman, his father, had him buried in a family plot in Mount Auburn Cemetery. On one side of the Pitman family grave marker was placed the inscription:

Timothy Henry PitmanBorn at Hilo, HawaiiMar. 18, 1845Died at Camp ParoleAnnapolis, MD, Feb'y 27, 1863Aged 17 years 11 mos. 9 daysA member of Co. H, 22nd RegimentMass. Vols., was with his Regiment in thebattles of South Mountain, Antietam and Sharpsburg. Was taken prisoner by Stuart'scavalry on the march to Fredricksburg [sic];Imprisoned in Libby Prison, paroled andsent to Camp Parole, Annapolis, and died incamp of pneumonia.

Legacy
After his death, the memory of Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman was honored by friends and family members back in Massachusetts and Hawaiʻi. During a return to Hawaiʻi in 1917, his younger brother Benjamin Keolaokalani Pitman and his wife Almira Hollander Pitman discovered a grandson of a nephew was named Kealiʻi i Kaua i Pakoma (meaning "Chief that fought the Potomac") in honor of his deceased older brother. Similarly, Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman Beckley, the second son of his Hawaiian first cousin George Charles Moʻoheau Beckley, a grandson of Captain George Charles Beckley, was also named after him. Shortly after his death, Pitman was eulogized back in Hawaiʻi by Martha Ann Chamberlain, Corresponding Secretary of the Hawaiian Mission Children's Society:
Our cousin, Henry Pitman, the first of Hawaii's sons to fall in the war, died at Annapolis Parole Camp, Feb. 27, of lung fever, serving as a soldier in the Union army. His remains were deposited in Mt. Auburn Cemetery, near Boston, Mass. He died in a just cause. Let his memory be embalmed among our band.

After the war, the military service of Hawaiians, including Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman, were largely forgotten, disappearing from the collective memories of the American Civil War and the history of Hawaiʻi. However, in recent years, Hawaiian residents and historians and descendants of Hawaiian combatants in the conflict have insisted on the need to remember "our boys from Hawaii". Renewed interest in the stories of these individuals and this particular period of Hawaiian-American history have inspired efforts to preserve the memories of the Hawaiians who served in the war. On August 26, 2010, on the anniversary of the signing of the Hawaiian Neutrality Proclamation, a bronze plaque was erected along the memorial pathway at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu recognizing these "Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War", the more than one hundred documented Hawaiians who served during the American Civil War for both the Union and the Confederacy. Pitman's great-grandniece Diane Kinoʻole o Liliha Pitman Spieler attended the ceremony. Pitman Spieler stated, "I'm very proud of a young man of his age – he was quite young – who served in the Civil War for his family."

The title character Dr. Peter Blood of Rafael Sabatini's Captain Blood trilogy (1922–1936) and resulting film adaptations is credited as being based on Pitman, imagining an alternate history in which he became a pirate, in place of Henry Morgan, inspired by the work of Alexandre Exquemelin.

In 2013, Todd Ocvirk, Nanette Napoleon, Justin Vance, Anita Manning and others began the process of creating a historical documentary film about the individual experiences and stories of Hawaii-born soldiers and sailors of the Civil War, including Pitman, Samuel C. Armstrong, Nathaniel Bright Emerson, James Wood Bush, J. R. Kealoha and many other unnamed combatants of both the Union and the Confederacy. In 2014, Maui-based author Wayne Moniz wrote a fictionalized story based on the lives and Civil War service of Hawaiian soldiers like Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman in his book Pukoko: A Hawaiian in the American Civil War. In 2015, the sesquicentennial of the end of the war, the National Park Service released a publication titled Asians and Pacific Islanders and the Civil War about the service of the large number of combatants of Asian and Pacific Islander descent who fought during the war. The history of Hawaiʻi's involvement and the biographies of Pitman, Bush, Kealoha and others were co-written by historians Anita Manning and Justin Vance.

See also
 Hawaii and the American Civil War
 Massachusetts in the American Civil War

Notes

References

Bibliography

Books and journals

Newspapers and online sources

Further reading

External links

1845 births
1863 deaths
American military personnel of Native Hawaiian descent
Union Army soldiers
People of the Hawaiian Kingdom in the American Civil War
People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War
American Civil War prisoners of war
Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War
Hawaiian Kingdom people
People from Hilo, Hawaii
People from Roxbury, Boston
Deaths from pneumonia in Maryland
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery


title: Alan Sisitsky

text:
Alan David Sisitsky (June 4, 1942 – July 7, 2017) was an American lawyer and politician who served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and the Massachusetts Senate.

Early life
Sisitsky was born on June 4, 1942, in Springfield, Massachusetts. He attended Springfield public schools and went on to graduate from Cornell University (Bachelor of Arts in government), Harvard University (Master of Arts in Political Science), and Yale Law School (Bachelor of Laws). He was on the staff of The Cornell Daily Sun and a member of the Quill and Dagger society at Cornell, and editor of the Yale Law Journal. Prior to entering politics, Sisitsky served in the United States Army and worked for the Boston law firm of Choate, Hall & Stewart.

Political career
Sisitsky was inspired to enter politics by John F. Kennedy. In 1968 he ran against incumbent Republican Philip Kimball in the Massachusetts House of Representatives' 7th Hampden District. He defeated Kimball by 139 votes. In 1972 he defeated incumbent George D. Hammond to become the State Senator for the Hampden and Berkshire District.

Insurance
Sisitsky was considered an expert on auto insurance. He was credited with creating the state Auto Insurance Rating Bureau and having auto insurance companies return $35 million in excess profits to Massachusetts drivers. He also sponsored legislation to compel insurance companies to include investment income in their calculations when making annual rate-increase requests and helped pass legislation to provide protective regulation for elderly people purchasing health insurance policies and prevent the arbitrary cancellation of homeowners insurance. When William M. Bulger became Senate President in 1978, he appointed Sisitsky to the Insurance Committee.

Judiciary Committee
In 1976 he was appointed the Senate's Chairman of the Legislature's Joint Committee on the Judiciary by Senate President Kevin B. Harrington. As co-chairman, Sisitsky played a major role in the effort to reform the Massachusetts court system. In 1977, Sisitsky's bill, which contained many of the proposals submitted by the Cox Committee (chaired by Harvard professor Archibald Cox) a year earlier, passed the Senate 31 to 6. The House also passed a court reform bill and a compromise bill was constructed. The compromise bill died on the Senate floor at the end of the 1977 legislative session. In 1978, the committee recommended the removal of Robert M. Bonin as Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Superior Court after Bonin was censured and suspended by the Supreme Judicial Court for improprieties involving the hiring of secretaries and attending a benefit for defendants awaiting trial in Superior Court. Sisitsky, however, disagreed with the committee's recommendation and delivered an impassioned speech in defense of Bonin. Bonin later resigned, stating that his removal was 'inevitable'.

Legislation
During his tenure in the Massachusetts legislature, Sisitsky sponsored legislation to establish the Hampden Housing Court, implement the Equal Rights Amendment, reorganize and strengthen the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination, tighten the open meeting law, and provide a right to counsel during grand jury proceedings. He also helped pass an anti-rape statute, a rape shield law, displaced homemaker legislation, and legislation requiring banks to pay interest on tax escrow accounts.

Relationship with Michael Dukakis
Sisitsky was initially a supporter of Governor Michael Dukakis. He raised money and campaigned for Dukakis during his 1970 run for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts and ran his campaign in Western Massachusetts during the 1974 gubernatorial election. However, Sisitsky broke with Dukakis soon after he became governor. Sisitsky faulted Dukakis for cutting spending on human services and for "doing very little" to promote court reform. It was also reported that Sisitsky was upset with Dukakis for not appointing him to his cabinet. Sisitsky considered running against Dukakis for the Democratic nomination for governor in 1978, but instead decided to run for reelection to his Senate seat. He was also mentioned as a possible candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts if Democratic incumbent Thomas P. O'Neill III decided to challenge Edward Brooke in the 1978 senate election, however O'Neill chose to run for reelection instead.

Opposition to Proposition 2½
One day after Proposition 2½ was passed by voters through an initiative petition, Sisitsky announced that he would file a bill to repeal it. His repeal efforts resulted a vitriolic reaction from the public. He received over 200 phone calls from supporters of Proposition 2½, which he said included death threats and anti-semitic slurs. Although he continued to oppose the law, Sisitsky later chose to drop his repeal efforts, stating that repeal would "flout the referendum vote".

Feud with Matthew Ryan
On May 20, 1981, Sisitsky asked the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court to investigate Hampden County District Attorney Matthew J. Ryan. He accused Ryan of abusing his office by using the indictment process for "intimidation", protecting mobsters, and protecting a close friend who was charged with shooting at two police officers. Chief Justice Edward F. Hennessey advised Sisitsky to take his case to Massachusetts Attorney General Francis X. Bellotti, whose office reviewed the charges.

During his tenure in the Massachusetts Legislature, Sisitsky sponsored successful legislation that reduced the size of Ryan's district by creating a separate district attorney's office for Berkshire County and barred district attorneys from private practice, which cost Ryan about $100,000 per year.

Ryan's supporters, including Assistant District Attorney Guy Peznola, claimed that Sisitsky bore a grudge over Ryan's prosecution of Sisitsky's father in 1960. Sisitsky said that he had forgotten about his father's case long ago.

Initially, nothing came of Sisitsky's charges. However, in 1990 it was announced that the United States Attorney's office and the Massachusetts Attorney General's office were jointly investigating Ryan.

Feud with Bulger, resignation, and removal
In 1981, Sisitsky clashed with Senate President William M. Bulger over the autonomy of the Springfield and Boston Housing Courts, which had been placed under the Boston Municipal Court as part of the 1982 Budget. Sisitsky felt that these courts had been downgraded because the chief judge did not appoint a friend of Bulger's to the position of assistant clerk.

On July 14, 1981, Sisitsky announced that he would resign from the Senate effective September 1. He cited the actions of Bulger and Senate Ways and Means Committee Chairman Chester G. Atkins as his reason for resigning. He blamed Bulger and Atkins for stalling for two weeks before approving an emergency spending bill. Sisitsky's decision to resign was met with skepticism from fellow Senators, who believed that Sisitsky would not resign. On July 30, Bulger replaced Sisitsky as Judiciary Committee Chairman. On August 18, Sisitsky announced that he had changed his mind and would finish out his term. He listed a number of reasons for his change of mind, including an overwhelming response from the public urging him to stay, the cost of a special election, and his desire to attempt to reform the Senate. He also announced that he would run for statewide office in 1982, but did not state which office he would run for, and that in addition to his Senatorial duties, he would work part-time as a teacher at Puget Sound Law School in Tacoma, Washington.

During his feud with Bulger, Sisitsky's behavior in the chamber became disruptive. Boston Globe columnist Norman Lockman described the atmosphere of the Senate as being "poisoned" by his "festering hate for the place". He also described the Senate as running on "Sisitsky-time". Due to Sisitsky's frequent rants and attacks on Bulger, the Senate to dragged on while Sisitsky spoke and feverishly rushed to pass legislation when Sisitsky's was tired out or when he was away teaching at Puget Sound Law School.

On October 27, 1981, Sisitsky made a motion to remove Bulger as Senate President. Bulger ruled the motion out of order, which caused Sisitsky to shout "that is the worst ruling made in my 14 years here. It's outrageous" and state that he would make a motion to remove Bulger every day. Bulger ruled Sisitsky out of order because he did not seek permission from the chair before speaking. Later, Sisitsky interrupted another Senator while he was speaking on a bill and, while the Senate was debating a bill reported out of the Banks and Banking Committee, Sisitsky said that the committee should be disbanded and instead a rubber stamp should be given to the cleaning lady. He also accused committee chair John A. Brennan, Jr. of being "co-opted by the bankers". After the attack on Brennan, Bulger named Sisitsky, a disciplinary action that resulted in Sisitsky's ejection from the Senate Chamber and prevented him from returning until the Senate voted to reinstate him. It was the first time in the 201-year history of the Senate that such an action had been taken. Sisitsky was escorted out of the chamber by a court officer. On his way out, Sisitsky exclaimed "Being thrown out of this Senate is like being thrown out of a brothel" and "to leave this chamber is an honor. I thank you for the honor".

On November 2, 1981, the Senate Ethics Committee recommended that Sisitsky be reinstated only if he issued a formal apology to the Senate. That same day, attorneys for Sisitsky filed suit in the Supreme Judicial Court seeking to overturn his removal. On November 9, the Court refused to issue an injunction to reinstate Sisitsky. On November 16, Sisitsky issued an apology and was reinstated.

Sisitsky's attacks on William Bulger upset Bulger's brother, mobster Whitey Bulger. Whitey Bulger had his associate Kevin Weeks call Sisitsky and threaten to kill him.

Mental health issues
During his final term in the Senate, Sisitsky's behavior was described as eccentric and erratic. He spent hours making calls to reporters and news organizations, sometimes into the early morning. During the 1981 Senate budget debate, Sisitsky walked around the Senate chamber for 20 hours, talked loudly, challenged rulings, and proposed amendments that received little or no support. At one point he sat in another senator's chair and refused to move. He also tore up a newspaper and then tried to piece it back together so he could finish an article that angered him. Senator Sharon Pollard twice changed her seat to avoid Sisitsky's loud talking. Senate Minority Leader John F. Parker described Sisitsky as having "carried on in a frightful way" and went on to say "I think his wheels are coming off".

During a flight from Boston to Seattle, he was removed by airline security guards for erratic behavior.

On January 29, 1982, Sisitsky attempted to deliver a battered bouquet of roses to Governor Edward J. King. After an encounter with the Capitol Police, Sisitsky was taken by ambulance from the State House to McLean Hospital, a psychiatric hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts. He received no medical treatment and left the hospital after a few hours.

In February 1982, Sisitsky was described as being preoccupied with a conspiracy by legislative leaders to "get him", roaming the halls of the State House unshaven and in wrinkled or dirty clothes, and making short, bizarre statements to anyone who came within a few feet of him. He claimed that the conspiracy against him was fueled by anti-Semitism. He said that he had been beaten by police, called names, had swastikas painted on the door of his State House office, and received death threats from a number of people, including state officials and Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. None of his claims could be corroborated. He reportedly no longer had any staffers, which he said was because "their lives have been threatened".

During the first formal session of 1982, Sisitsky spent the session shouting "Mr. President, Mr. President" in a rapid-fire fashion in an attempt to be recognized. Bulger ignored Sisitsky. After the session, Bulger announced that he would appoint a special bipartisan committee to advise him on how to deal with Sisitsky's disruptive behavior and to examine Sisitsky's fitness to serve as a Senator. He described Sisitsky's disruptions as having no rational purpose and "bizarre".

On February 26, 1982, Sisitsky's brother, aide, and a third person, filed a petition for commitment in Dedham District Court. The next day, Sisitsky's family announced that he had been hospitalized for "physical and emotional fatigue". He was sent to Westwood Lodge Hospital, a psychiatric hospital in Westwood, Massachusetts.

Sisitsky returned to the Senate on June 2, 1982, three weeks after being released from the hospital. He did not seek reelection in 1982.

Post-legislative career
After leaving the Senate, Sisitsky practiced law in Springfield. In 1988 he was elected to Democratic State Committee in the 1st Hampden District. He was reelected in 1992.

Death
Sisitsky died on July 7, 2017, at the Jewish Nursing Home in Longmeadow, Massachusetts.

See also
 Massachusetts Senate's 2nd Hampden and Hampshire district

References

External links

1949 births
2017 deaths
Cornell University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American attorneys
Jewish American state legislators in Massachusetts
Massachusetts lawyers
Democratic Party Massachusetts state senators
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Politicians from Springfield, Massachusetts
Yale Law School alumni
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American Jews


title: William Parker (builder)

text:
William Parker (1800–1854) was a St. John's masonic builder, shipowner and shopkeeper who along with partner Nicholas Croke built the National Historic Cape Spear lighthouse starting in 1834 or 1835. The Cape Spear lighthouse is the oldest surviving lighthouse in Newfoundland and Labrador and the most easterly building in North America.

William Parker married Margaret Gleeson on December 1, 1831, in St. John's. He later owned a brig named Margaret Parker after his wife.

Members of the Parker family were prominent businessmen in St. John's, Newfoundland for nearly two centuries. William's son James Francis Parker founded Parker & Monroe, Ltd. in 1880 which was the largest shoe store on the island for many years. It had several retail outlets and manufactured 100,000 pairs of shoes per year in its plant on Alexander St. Most of the shoes were sold to Newfoundlanders.

References

Date of birth missing
1854 deaths
19th-century Canadian businesspeople
Businesspeople from St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Canadian carpenters
Lighthouse builders
1800 births
Canadian builders


title: Stepney, Kingston upon Hull

text:
Stepney is an area of Kingston upon Hull within the larger area of Sculcoates, north of the city centre on the (A1079) Beverley-Hull main road. Before the mid-19th century the place was a small hamlet outside the urban area of Kingston upon Hull.

Geography
Modern Stepney is absorbed into the urban sprawl of Hull. The (A1079) Hull to Beverley main road passes directly through the area, with Stepney centred on its junction with Stepney Lane. To the west is Pearson Park; approximate boundaries are formed by Queens Road/Sculcoates Lane to the north; the Beverley and Barmston Drain to the east, beyond which is Wincolmlee (Sculcoates); to the south is further urban development along Beverley Road, leading to the city centre.

Stepney is an urban area, mostly housing, with shopping and services along the main road, and some light industry. The original (pre 1850s) village street survives as a minor kink in Beverley Road, and is indicated by a narrowing of the street, and by a section of more modest two-storey houses.

The area falls within the Beverley Road and Sculcoates areas of Hull.

History
Following the foundation of Hull by Edward I in 1293 proceedings were undertaken to create permanent roads to the neighbouring towns, including one to Beverley; in 1302 a jury decided on the best routes for the roads. The road to Beverley became a turnpike under an act of 1744.

The Beverley and Barmston Drain was authorised by an act of 1798, and was the largest of local drains, running roughly north–south about a third of a mile east of Stepney. A bridge on Stepney Lane dating from around 1800 crosses the drain, and is still extant. A smaller drain ran north–south between Barmston Drain and Beverley Road, Cottingham Drain – it was culverted in the latter half of the 20th century and part it now forms a cycle or footpath, other parts built over.

The name "Stepney" is thought to derive from "Stepping Stone" or "Stepstone", from the presence of a mounting block near the place.

An estated house, Stepney Lodge was built in around the end of the 18th century, by 1817 housing had been built along Stepney Lane.

By the 1850s Stepney included houses along the south side of Stepney Lane; the Bull Inn and Rose Tavern at the junction of Stepney Lane and the Beverley Road; a paper mill, Stepney Mills; as well as houses "Stepney House" north along Beverley Road, and Stepney Lodge north of Stepney Lane. Zion Chapel (or Stepney chapel) was built in 1849 in a simple classical style with a stuccoed front for the New Connexion Methodists, James Rank (father of Joseph Rank) had a mill in Stepney in the mid 1800s. The mills were initially wind powered. In the 1850s and 60s the area was still extensively agricultural, there were vineries at Stepney Lodge, and a large plant nursery was cultivating exotic and other greenhouse plants.

From the 1850s onwards the area around and in Stepney developed substantially: the Victoria Dock Branch Line opened in 1853, on a circular route around Hull, passing through Stepney east-west approximately  south of Stepney Lane. A station, west of the Hull to Beverley road, Stepney station, designed by William Botterill opened at the same time; Pearson Park opened 1862; and in 1869 the 1849 Methodist chapel was replaced by a larger red and white brick gothic building to the design of W. Hill of Leeds, demolished . Some substantial buildings were built along Beverley Road and on the road leading to Pearson Park in the 1860s and 70s, including Dorchester House. By the 1890s the northern urban spread encompassed Stepney, and had gone further north to St John's Wood; the Hull and Barnsley Railway (1885) now passed on the east side along the Barmston Drain; most of the area was now built up with the exception of the grounds of Stepney Lodge north of Stepney Lane, and allotments to the south; there was a small goods yard at Stepney station, and sidings associated with Sculcoates Goods station to the east. Housing on streets off the main road was generally of a more modest scale than the large houses on the main road.

In 1886/7 the Hull School board (formed 1872) opened, at a cost of £11,470, a new school in Stepney to a Queen Anne revival design by William Botterill, built by J. Skinner of Hull. The building had a two main story block with attics and an octagonal bell turret/lantern providing ventilation, with boys accommodated on the ground floor and girls on the first;  infants were housed in a separate department. The new school provided places for 889 children, and replaced some earlier schools. In 1908 the school was extended with a separate block for infants.

The Hull Street Tramways opened a horse operated tram route on Beverley Road in 1875. In the 1890s the company was acquired by the Hull Corporation and the decision made to electrify the route. A depot was opened south of Stepney Lane in 1898.

South of the railway line on Beverley Road the Northern Library opened in 1895 in a gothic brick design. A branch of the Hull Savings Bank opened in 1901 across the Beverley Road from the railway station. The 'Bull Inn' was rebuilt  to a design by Freeman, Son & Gaskell, the Rose Tavern was also rebuilt at around the same time. Beverley Road Baths opened in 1905 adjacent north of the 1886 Stepney school in an Edwardian Baroque design with a copper dome octagonal cupola, and an Art Nouveau tiled entrance hall within. The baths underwent a £3.75 million refurbishment from June 2020 until reopening in August 2021. The baths are a Grade II Listed building. The land of Stepney lodge was built over from the 1890s to the 1920s.

At around the beginning of the 20th century a bottling factory was built on the north side of Park Lane (demolished in the late 20th century), over the site of James Rank's mill. The coal sidings and timber yard south of Stepney station became a saw mill by 1910, and by the 1920s had become a billiard hall and cinema, The Coliseum (opened 1912); whilst a saw mill, later a furniture factory developed further west, south of the Victoria Dock Branch Line.

Stepney station closed in 1964, and in 1969 the Victoria Dock Branch Line closed. The track bed at Stepney was later converted to a foot and cycle path. The former "Coliseum" cinema (later the Rialto; and after the Second World War The National) closed in 1961 and became a bowling alley, but burnt down in 1974. (See also Closed cinemas in Kingston upon Hull.) By the 1980s the site including the former sawmill was empty, and was used for parking. In 1966 the paper manufacturers A. Mayfield and Sons of Stepney Mills ceased trading.

In 1976 General Accident built office buildings on Beverley Road south of the former station. The "Coliseum" cinema site was redeveloped as an Aldi supermarket in the 1990s. A small industrial estate Temple Street Industrial Estate was developed in the late 1980s / early 1990s. A housing development for Chinese people was built on Park Lane opposite the Bull Inn . The former "Temple Street goods yard" and "corporation yard" site was developed as playing fields with a sports hall in the early 2000s (used by Endeavour High School). A combined medical centre and supermarket with car park and takeaway restaurant was developed on the site of the former "General Accident" building in 2002.

In popular culture
Poet Douglas Dunn's 1967 Terry Street takes its name from the street in Stepney where he lived in the late 1960s.

See also
List of areas in Kingston upon Hull

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Geographic histories of Kingston upon Hull
Wards and districts of Kingston upon Hull


Four-beat Rhythm: The Writings of Wilhelm Reich (2013) is a compilation album published by Kreiselwelle Music / Workshop on which the writings of Wilhelm Reich are adapted to music. The album is an awareness-raising endeavor for Wilhelm Reich and his works and a fund-raising endeavor for The Wilhelm Reich Infant Trust. This non-profit entity was established by Wilhelm Reich and charged with 1) operating Orgonon as the Wilhelm Reich Museum, 2) protecting, preserving and transmitting Wilhelm Reich's scientific legacy to future generations, 3) safeguarding Wilhelm Reich's Archives and 4) helping infants, children and adolescents.

Artwork
The album cover is an original collage painting by Antony Zito.  Zito is known for painting portraits on the streets of the Lower East Side, NYC.

Track listing
All tracks written by Wilhelm Reich.

 Untitled I: Love, Work and Knowledge... — Benoît Pioulard
 Song of Youth — Lines of Flight
 The Sucker — Tim Fite
 Lonesome — Brother JT
 Thoughts of Import — Essra Mohawk
 Once Upon a Time — Grace Sings Sludge
 Prayer — Lines of Flight
 Untitled II: Our Love-Life... — Salamander Wool
 Lied der Jugend — Tocotronic
 Untitled III: I Have Planted... — The Howling Hex

References

Wilhelm Reich
Concept albums
2013 compilation albums


title: A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay

text:
A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay is an oil-on-canvas painting by Irish artist William Orpen, completed in 1919.  It was one of the paintings commissioned from Orpen to commemorate the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The work is held by the Imperial War Museum in London.

Background
Orpen was one of the first people chosen as a war artist by the British Ministry of Information in 1917.  Orpen was also official painter at the peace conference, and was commissioned to paint three canvases to record the roles of the politicians, diplomats and military at the conference.

The work is a group portrait depicting preliminary discussions of the "Council of Ten", comprising two delegates each from Britain, France, the United States, Italy and Japan.  Conference delegates are depicted sitting and standing around a table in the Hall of Clocks at the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the Quai d'Orsay in Paris, where the conference was formally opened on 18 January 1919.  The politicians and diplomats are overshadowed by the decorated room, with chandeliers, lavish gilded cornice, and a statue of Victory above an ornate fireplace. It measures

Subjects
The people depicted are:

Seated, from left to right:
 Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, former Prime Minister of Italy
 Robert Lansing, US Secretary of State
 Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, holding papers
 Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France
 David Lloyd George, British Prime Minister
 Bonar Law, British Lord Privy Seal (and later Prime Minister)
 Arthur Balfour, British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and former British Prime Minister
Standing behind, from left to right:
 Paul Hymans, Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs
 Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece
 Emir Feisal, from Syria (later King of Syria and then King of Iraq)
 William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand
 General Jan Smuts, Prime Minister of South Africa
 Colonel Edward M. House behind Wilson
 General Louis Botha, former Prime Minister of South Africa
 Marquis Saionji Kinmochi, genrō and former Prime Minister of Japan
 Billy Hughes, Prime Minister of Australia
 Sir Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada
 George Nicoll Barnes, British Minister Without Portfolio representing Organised Labour
 Ignace Paderewski, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs

Other paintings
Orpen's other paintings of the conference depict the signing of the Versailles Peace Treaty in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, and another showing a coffin lying in state in a marble hall covered by a Union Flag.

External links
 A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay, Imperial War Museum
The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28th June 1919, Imperial War Museum
Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations, John Milton Cooper, Cambridge University Press, 2001, , p. 412
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919: A Primary Source Examination of the Treaty that Ended World War I, Corona Brezina, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2005, , p. 24

1919 paintings
War paintings
Treaty of Versailles
Paintings in the Imperial War Museum
Paintings by William Orpen
Group portraits
20th-century portraits
Portraits of men
Portraits of politicians
Cultural depictions of Woodrow Wilson
Cultural depictions of David Lloyd George
Bonar Law
Jan Smuts
Eleftherios Venizelos
Arthur Balfour


The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919 is an oil-on-canvas painting by Irish artist William Orpen, completed in 1919. It was one of the paintings commissioned from Orpen to commemorate the Peace Conference at Versailles in 1919.  The work is held by the Imperial War Museum in London.

Background
Orpen was one of the first people chosen as a war artist by the British Ministry of Information in 1917. Orpen was also the official painter at the peace conference and was commissioned to paint three canvases to record the proceedings. The work was the most expensive of the British public art commissions associated with the First World War: Orpen was paid £3,000; by comparison, John Singer Sargent received £300 for his much larger painting Gassed.

The painting depicts the signature of the Treaty of Versailles by representatives from Germany on 28 June 1919 that formally ended the First World War. The group portrait depicts soldiers, diplomats and politicians who attended the conference while the treaty was signed in the opulent surroundings of Louis XIV's Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. High up can be seen the words "Le Roy Gouverne par lui meme" (French: "The King governs alone"). It measures .

Orpen grew to dislike the politicians at the conference and considered them vain and greedy. In his painting, they are dwarfed by the scale of the palace.

Subjects
The people depicted are:

In the front row:
 Johannes Bell, German Centre Party politician, Reichskolonialminister (Minister of Colonial Affairs) and Reichsverkehrsminister (Minister of Transport), sitting in a chair, signing the treaty
 Hermann Müller, German SPD politician and Reichsaußenminister (Foreign Minister), stands beside him, leaning over

Seated in the middle row, from left to right:
 General Tasker H. Bliss, US Army officer and former Chief of Staff of the United States Army, in army uniform
 Edward M. House, US adviser to Woodrow Wilson
 Henry White, US diplomat and former US Ambassador to Italy and to France
 Robert Lansing, US Secretary of State
 Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, holding papers
 Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France
 David Lloyd George, British Prime Minister
 Bonar Law, British Lord Privy Seal (and later Prime Minister)
 Arthur Balfour, British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and former British Prime Minister
 Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner, British Secretary of State for the Colonies
 George Barnes, British Minister Without Portfolio representing Organised Labour
 Marquis Saionji Kinmochi, genrō and former Prime Minister of Japan

Standing in the back row, from left to right
 Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister of Greece
 Afonso Costa, former Prime Minister of Portugal
 Sir George Riddell, British journalist
 Sir George Foster, Canadian MP and delegate
 Nikola Pašić, former Prime Minister of Serbia and Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, with long white beard
 Stéphen Pichon, French Minister of Foreign Affairs, resting on a pillar
 Colonel Sir Maurice Hankey, British civil servant and first Cabinet Secretary, leaning over behind Clemenceau
 Edwin Montagu, British Secretary of State for India, behind the Maharajah of Bikaner
 Ganga Singh, Maharajah of Bikaner, from India, one of only two non-European members of the Imperial War Cabinet, leaning against a pillar
 Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, former Prime Minister of Italy
 Paul Hymans, Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs
 General Louis Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa
 Billy Hughes, Prime Minister of Australia

Orpen is depicted twice, as an indistinct figure visible in the distorting mirrors behind the main subjects.

Other paintings
Orpen's other paintings of the conference depict preliminary discussions of the "Council of Ten" in the Hall of Clocks at the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the Quai d'Orsay, and another showing a coffin lying in state in a marble hall covered by a Union Flag.

External links
The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28th June 1919, Imperial War Museum
 Art from Different Fronts of World War One, Roger Tolson, BBC History
 A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay, Imperial War Museum
Painting the Paris Peace Conference : William Orpen, 24 January 2009
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919: A Primary Source Examination of the Treaty that Ended World War I, Corona Brezina, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2005, , p. 31
Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations, John Milton Cooper, Cambridge University Press, 2001, , p. 412

1919 paintings
War paintings
Treaty of Versailles
Paintings in the Imperial War Museum
Paintings by William Orpen
Group portraits
Palace of Versailles
Portraits of politicians
Mirrors in art
Cultural depictions of Woodrow Wilson
Cultural depictions of David Lloyd George
Bonar Law
Eleftherios Venizelos
Arthur Balfour