title: Eye injuries during general anaesthesia

text:
Eye injuries during general anaesthesia are reasonably common if care is not taken to prevent them.

Incidence of eye injuries

The incidence of eye injuries during general anaesthesia has been studied, and different methods of eye protection have been compared.

When eyes are untaped during general anaesthesia, the incidence of ocular injury has been reported to be as high as 44%. If tape is used to hold the eyes closed, ocular injury occurs during 0.1-0.5% of general anaesthetics, and is usually corneal in nature.

Intraoperative eye injuries account for 2% of medico-legal claims against anaesthetists in Australia and United Kingdom, and 3% in the USA.

Effect of general anaesthesia on eyes

General anaesthesia reduces the tonic contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle, causing lagophthalmos i.e. the eyelids do not close fully in 59% of patients.

In addition, general anaesthesia reduces tear production and tear-film stability, resulting in corneal epithelial drying and reduced lysosomal protection. The protection afforded by Bell's phenomenon (in which the eyeball turns upwards during sleep, protecting the cornea) is also lost during general anaesthesia.

Mechanism of injury

Corneal abrasions are the most common injury; they are caused by direct trauma, exposure keratopathy/keratitis
or chemical injury.

An open eye increases the vulnerability of the cornea to direct trauma from objects such as face masks, laryngoscopes, identification badges, stethoscopes, surgical instruments, anaesthetic circuits, and drapes.

Exposure keratopathy/keratitis refers to the drying of the cornea with subsequent epithelial breakdown.
When the cornea dries out it may stick to the eyelid and cause an abrasion when the eye reopens.

Chemical injury can occur if cleaning solutions such as povidone-iodine (Betadine), chlorhexidine or alcohol are inadvertently spilt into the eye, for example when the face, neck or shoulder is being prepped for surgery.

Therefore, the anaesthetist ensures that the eyes are fully closed and remain closed throughout the procedure. Seemingly trivial contact can result in corneal abrasions and the risk of this occurring is markedly increased if exposure keratopathy is already present.
Corneal abrasions can be excruciatingly painful in the postoperative period, may hamper postoperative rehabilitation and may require ongoing ophthalmological review and after care. In extreme cases there may be partial or complete visual loss.

Iatrogenic injury of the eyelids is also common.  Bruising (frequently) and tearing (rarely) of the eyelid can occur when the adhesive dressing used to hold the eye closed is removed.  Removal of eyelashes can also occur.

Methods available for eye injury prevention

Methods to prevent intraoperative corneal injuries include
 simple manual closure of the eyelids
 holding the eyelids shut with tape or a general purpose adhesive dressing
 use of a specially designed eyelid occlusion dressing
 use of eye ointment (although this is controversial, see below)
 bio-occlusive dressings
 suture tarsorrhaphy
However, none of the protective strategies are completely effective; vigilance is always required i.e. the eyes need to be inspected regularly throughout surgery to check they are closed.

Discussion of methods

The most commonly employed method is to use tape or a general purpose adhesive dressing.  Unfortunately the adhesive used on the tape or dressing will generally be inappropriate for this use. The adhesive strength may change when reaching body temperature, or over time.
As the operation progresses this can cause the adhesive to stop working and become gooey, allowing the eyelids to move apart, and leaving behind a sticky residue. This leaves the cornea exposed to epithelial drying and/or abrasions, sometimes caused by the tape that was originally applied to protect the cornea.  Alternatively, the adhesive strength may increase, which upon removal can result in eyelid bruising, tears, or eyelash removal.

Rolls of tapes are often “laying around” the operating theatre or kept in health care workers' pockets.

Therefore, they can be a source of hospital-acquired infections (HAI's) such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) & Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), with a 2010 study showing that 50% of partially used tape rolls tested positive for MRSA, VRE or both.

Most tapes and dressings are non-transparent and so it is not possible to see if the patient’s eyes are opened or closed throughout the case. It is not uncommon for the eyelids to move open as the case progresses, even with adhesive tapes stuck onto them. In a practical sense, these medical tapes/dressings may be difficult to remove from a patient because their ends can become stuck flush with the skin. The possibility of tape removal causing trauma is also significantly increased in older people, people with sensitive skin, dermatitis, dehydration or side effects of medications.

As noted above, there have been several studies looking at the efficacy and safety of eye ointments/lubricants as adjuncts with tape or as a stand-alone management for intra-operative eye closure. Unfortunately many in common use have problems. Petroleum gel is flammable and is best avoided when electrocautery and open oxygen are to be used around the face. Preservative-free eye ointment is preferred, as preservative can cause corneal epithelial sloughing and conjunctival hyperemia.
They have been implicated in blurred vision in up to 75% of patients and they do not protect from direct trauma.

Specially made eyelid occlusion dressings are available commercially, such as EyeGard (manufactured in the USA by KMI Surgical and marketed by Sharn Anesthesia), EyePro (Innovgas Pty Ltd, Australia) and Anesthesia-Aid (Sperian Protection).  These dressings overcome most of the problems associated with tape or general purpose dressings.

Adverse outcomes associated with intra-operative eye injuries

Some of the adverse outcomes associated with intra-operative injuries include:
 Increased length of stay. This is due to ophthalmology consults required, associated infections and treatment.
 Increased costs. This is due to increased length of stay, cost of treating the complications.
 Pain and discomfort for the patient. Corneal abrasions are extremely painful for the patient and the treatment consists of drops and ointments applied in the eye which may cause further discomfort for the patient.

References

Anesthesia
Eye injury
Eye diseases


title: Gilad Hekselman

text:
Gilad Hekselman (; born February 3, 1983) is an Israeli-born jazz guitarist. He has performed with  Anat Cohen, Mark Turner, Dayna Stephens, Aaron Parks, Jeff Ballard, John Scofield, Ari Hoenig, Chris Potter and Joey Alexander.

Biography
Hekselman was born in Kfar Saba. He moved to New York City in 2004 to attend The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music on a scholarship. In July 2005 he won the Gibson–Montreux Jazz Festival Guitar Competition in Switzerland.

Hekselman's albums include Splitlife (2006), Words Unspoken (2008), Hearts Wide Open (2011), This Just In (2013), and Homes (2015). Hekselman was featured on the album Radio Music Society by Esperanza Spalding.

Hekselman's working quartet includes saxophonist Mark Turner, bassist Joe Martin, and drummer Marcus Gilmore; they performed on NPR on The Checkout: Live in May 2012.

Hekselman lives in New York with his wife and their children.

Discography

As leader
 Splitlife (Smalls, 2006)
 Words Unspoken (LateSet, 2008)
 Hearts Wide Open (Le Chant du Monde, 2011)
 This Just In (Jazz Village, 2013)
 Homes (Jazz Village, 2015)
 Ask for Chaos (Motéma, 2018)
 Further Chaos (Motéma, 2019)
 Zuperoctave: Eyes of the World (Newvelle, 2019)
 Trio Grande (Whirlwind), 2020)
 Far Star (Edition, 2022)

As sideman
 Anat Cohen, Notes from the Village (Anzic, 2008)
 Ari Hoenig, Bert's Playground (Dreyfus, 2008)
 Pat Bianchi, Back Home (Doodlin, 2010)
 Ari Hoenig, Lines of Oppression (self released, 2010)
 Esperanza Spalding, Radio Music Society (Heads Up, 2012)
 Petros Klampanis, Minor Dispute (Inner Circle Music, 2015)
 Anat Cohen, Luminosa (Anzic, 2015)
 Julian Shore, Which Way Now? (Tone Rogue, 2016)
 Petros Klampanis, Chroma (Motema, 2017)
 Christian Sands, Reach (Mack Avenue, 2017)
 Lorraine Feather, Math Camp (Relarion, 2018)
 Ari Hoenig, NY Standard (Fresh Sound, 2018)
 Ben Wendel, The Seasons (Motema, 2018)

References

1983 births
Living people
Israeli jazz musicians
Jazz guitarists
21st-century guitarists


title: Andretta, Himachal Pradesh

text:
Andretta is a village and an artists' colony in Himachal Pradesh. The artists' colony was established in the 1920s, when Irish theatre artiste and environmentalist, Norah Richards, shifted here from Lahore. Near Palampur in the Kangra District, with Dhauladhar range of the Himalayas as a backdrop, Andretta over the years has attracted many noted artists, theatre practitioners, painters and more recently potters. Two of the people who became associated with it early on were painters Sobha Singh and B. C. Sanyal.

History

Norah, an actress originally from Ireland, married Philip Richards, who was a professor at Government College, Lahore. She arrived in Lahore, an important cultural centre, in 1908. She later became vice-principal at Dayal Singh College, Lahore.

In the following years, she played a pivotal role in establishing modern Punjabi theatre, staging plays with Punjabi themes. After the death of her husband, she went back briefly, only to return in 1924, when she made Andretta, a village near Palampur, her home. She built a traditional Kangra-style mud house, known as ‘Chameli Niwas’, employing local style and material, using mud, slate and bamboo. She also built a makeshift proscenium and invited Punjabi theatre amateurs and professionals to perform plays.

In 1935, the District Commissioner of Kangra gave Richards 15 acres of land, and the Woodland Estate came into existence. She started a school of drama, and in time the village was known as "Mem-da-pind" (Village of Memsahib).

In its early days, travel to the village was not easy. It took a 12-hour train journey, followed by a bus ride, and the last nine miles from Banuri (the nearest village) were covered on foot. Even so, it started attracting artists from all over, especially Lahore.

This included painter B. C. Sanyal and professor Jai Dayal Singh, a pupil of Philip Richards from Lahore University, through the 1940s. Sanyal started organizing painting exhibitions to fund the Norah Centre for Arts and a resort. Noted painter, Sobha Singh, most known for making Sikh religious painting, moved in and stayed here till his death in 1986. Richards nurtured Punjabi theatre through the 1940s and 1960s, and came to be known as the "grandmother of Punjabi theatre."

Further on, Gurucharan Singh, a noted potter who started the Delhi Blue Pottery in the 1952, established base here. Active till the end, he died in 1995 at the age of 99. Freda Bedi, mother of actor Kabir Bedi, who converted to Buddhism, lived at the village for a while.

In 1983, Mansimran "Mini" Singh, son of noted potter Gurcharan Singh, and his wife Mary Singh moved here and started Andretta Pottery and Craft Society with a production studio which produces earthen slipware and a terracotta museum. They set up a Central Government Rural Marketing Centre with a grant of Rs 1,35,000 to provide assistance to potters. The society runs three-month-long residential courses for potters. Today, pottery from Andretta is sold at outlets across India.

Later in life, Richards was made a fellow by the Punjabi University in Patiala, while in turn she willed her house and land around it to the university. Today, the estate of Norah Richards has been renovated and maintained by the university. Each year on her birthday, 29 October, a Punjabi theatre festival is hosted by the students.

Tourism
Andretta has become a popular tourist attraction of the region. Nearby is Bir-Billing, a paragliding destination. There are some homestays catering to the tourists, otherwise regular accommodations are available at Palampur, a popular tourist destination.

Visitors' attractions

 Andretta Pottery and Craft Society
 Norah Richard's House
 Norah Richard's Centre for the Arts
 Sobha Singh Art Gallery

Transport
Andretta is situated 20-minute drive or 13 km away from Palampur on the road towards Mandi, Himachal Pradesh. Dharamshala is at a distance of 48 km from Andretta. Nearest railway station is Panchrukhi, 1.9 km and Pathankot Airport is 120 km away.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Andretta Pottery, website

Artist colonies
Villages in Kangra district
Indian art
Tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh
Indian pottery


title: Mount Barney, Queensland

text:
Mount Barney is a rural locality in the Scenic Rim Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Mount Barney had a population of 22 people.

The locality borders New South Wales.

Geography

The locality takes its name from the mountain of the same name which occupies most of the western side of the locality, is part of the Mount Barney National Park and is undeveloped bushland. Farm land lies in a valley of the Logan River in the eastern part of the locality which separates the mountain Mount Barney from Mount Gillies in the very east of the locality. There are crops and grazing in the valley.

History

The Thulumbah Provisional School opened in 1901 and became Thulumbah State School on 1 January 1909. In 1916 it was renamed Mount Barney State School. The school closed in 1962. It was located on a bend in the Mount Barney Road ().

In the , Mount Barney had a population of 22 people. The locality contains 23 households, in which 50.0% of the population are males and 50.0% of the population are females with a median age of 31, 7 years below the national average. The average weekly household income is $0, $1,438 below the national average.

References

External links

Scenic Rim Region
Localities in Queensland


title: Diboko Airport

text:
Diboko Airport  is an airstrip serving Diboko, a village in Kasaï Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

See also

 Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 List of airports in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

References

External links
 OpenStreetMap - Diboko Airport
 OurAirports - Diboko Airport
 FallingRain - Diboko Airport
 HERE Maps - Diboko Airport

Airports in Kasaï Province


title: Nazir Hussain filmography

text:
Filmography for the Indian actor Nazir Hussain, who has acted in more than 500 films. The list below is incomplete.

Filmography

References

External links

Indian filmographies
Male actor filmographies


title: The Afterlife: A Memoir

text:
The Afterlife is an American memoir written by Donald Antrim. The book became a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle award in 2007.

The memoir's primary theme is Antrim's torturous relationship with his alcoholic, manipulative, and mentally ill mother, Louanne Antrim (née Self).    Relationships with other members of the author's family are explored, but all of these relationships are presented as essentially subordinate to Antrim's relationship with his mother.

Early versions and original publications
Black Mountain, 1977
I Bought A Bed
A.K.A. Sam
Ad Nauseam
Church
The Kimono
A Man in the Kitchen

References

American memoirs


title: Moment of inertia factor

text:
In planetary sciences, the moment of inertia factor or normalized polar moment of inertia is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the radial distribution of mass inside a planet or satellite.  Since a moment of inertia has dimensions of mass times length squared, the moment of inertia factor is the coefficient that multiplies these.

Definition
For a planetary body with principal moments of inertia , the moment of inertia factor is defined as
,
where C is the first principal moment of inertia of the body, M is the mass of the body, and R is the mean radius of the body. For a sphere with uniform density, .  For a differentiated planet or satellite, where there is an increase of density with depth, .  The quantity is a useful indicator of the presence and extent of a planetary core, because a greater departure from the uniform-density value of 2/5 conveys a greater degree of concentration of dense materials towards the center.

Solar System values
The Sun has by far the lowest moment of inertia factor value among Solar System bodies; it has by far the highest central density (, compared to ~13 for Earth) and a relatively low average density (1.41 g/cm3 versus 5.5 for Earth). Saturn has the lowest value among the gas giants in part because it has the lowest bulk density (). Ganymede has the lowest moment of inertia factor among solid bodies in the Solar System because of its fully differentiated interior, a result in part of tidal heating due to the Laplace resonance, as well as its substantial component of low density water ice. Callisto is similar in size and bulk composition to Ganymede, but is not part of the orbital resonance and is less differentiated. The Moon is thought to have a small core, but its interior is otherwise relatively homogenous.

Measurement
The polar moment of inertia is traditionally determined by combining measurements of spin quantities (spin precession rate and/or obliquity) with gravity quantities (coefficients of a spherical harmonic representation of the gravity field). These geodetic data usually require an orbiting spacecraft to collect.

Approximation
For bodies in hydrostatic equilibrium, the Darwin–Radau relation can provide estimates of the moment of inertia factor on the basis of shape, spin, and gravity quantities.

Role in interior models
The moment of inertia factor provides an important constraint for models representing the interior structure of a planet or satellite.  At a minimum, acceptable models of the density profile must match the volumetric mass density and moment of inertia factor of the body.

Gallery of internal structure models

Notes

References

Astrophysics
Planetary science
Moment (physics)


title: Golpo Holeo Shotti

text:
Golpo Holeo Shotti (; English: A story, but true) is an Indian Bengali-language horror film directed by Birsa Dasgupta, produced by Shree Venkatesh Films, starring Soham Chakraborty and Mimi Chakraborty. It is a remake of the 2012 Tamil film Pizza. The film's music is by Indraadip Das Gupta.

Plot
Rudra is a pizza delivery boy who lives with his girlfriend Anu. She is an aspiring novelist and is researching for writing a horror story, whereas Rudra does not believe in supernatural powers, and fears anything supernatural. Anu, keeps telling him that he would soon realize the presence of supernatural beings. At first, Rudra is confused and scared, and his fears are confirmed when he discovers his boss, i.e., the Pizza restaurant owner Ratul's daughter is possessed by a spirit named Mrinalini. He is further scared when the possessed girl glares at Rudra when asked by a priest if she wants to take revenge on somebody. Meanwhile, Anu becomes pregnant, and after a brief altercation, Rudra and Anu secretly marry. One day, Rudra goes out to deliver a pizza to a customer and returns to the restaurant in a state of shock while covered in blood; he is apparently injured, keeps constantly muttering Anu's name, and seems to be worried about her. When his boss questions him, Rudra explains that went to deliver a pizza to a customer named Smitha in a bungalow and recounts the events that happened at the bungalow.

Smitha requests Rudra to wait downstairs while she goes upstairs to retrieve change. Almost immediately, there is a  power failure, which alarms Rudra. While waiting downstairs completely alone in the dark for a long time and not getting any reply after calling out, he goes upstairs to investigate and finds Smitha nailed to the wall and murdered suspiciously. After looking around with a torch, he notices one slice of the pizza he delivered is missing, suggesting that there may be somebody else in the house. Horrified, Rudra makes a dash for the door only to realize that it has been locked from inside. Further more when the murdered woman's husband Bobby arrives, he at first believes his wife is running an affair and calls her. Rudra receives the call and notices that her body is missing. Through Smitha's cellphone Rudra communicates with Bobby and explains his situation thoroughly instigating Bobby to aid him on how to get out of the house. After shuffling through various drawers, he finally finds the keys but to his dismay, he is unable to unlock the door. Moreover, Bobby suddenly disappears from the front entrance followed by a gunshot, and is found by Rudra inside the house mysteriously murdered in the same room as his wife, with two slices of the pizza now missing. Also, Rudra encounters the couple's child "Mrinalini", identical to the name of the spirit allegedly possessing Ratul's daughter and finds a scribbling "Mrinalini 5-D" in her room.

Rudra tries everything he can to get out of the house including trying to break down the sealed doors and glass windows leading outside, to using the house phone which happens to work even though the line is dead. Rudra manages to contact Anu using the phone and gets her to contact to the local police to come and rescue him. When a couple of policemen arrive at the bungalow, Rudra believes that Anu had requested them to help him, but they reveal that four people had been killed in that house - Smitha, Bobby, their young daughter and a girl named Anu in the front garden, implying that she is Rudra's girl friend, Anu. The police disclose that Rudra has been missing for four days and Anu died a week ago. Besides, they also wonder how Rudra managed to enter a sealed crime scene and also show them the exact area of the room where the murders have occurred with absolutely correct and minute details. Confused and in tears, Rudra does not believe the policemen and attempts to escape the clutches of these police men in order to go in search of Anu.

While trying to escape, he witnesses the police getting dragged into the house. At this juncture, Rudra, in a horrified state, runs back to the restaurant and on the way has a fight with his friends when they spot him running and try to calm him down. While Rudra can not come to terms with the reality that Anu is dead, his friends at the restaurant and Ratul start realizing that they never saw Anu; they also observe that Rudra's home does not have any evidence that he lived with Anu. Further, it is revealed that the haunted bungalow witnessed the untimely deaths of a married couple, their daughter, and two policeman, whose ghosts Rudra interacted with. Meanwhile, Rudra seems to continue his search for Anu, has constant health issues, and seems to be disturbed by ghosts and supernatural entities.

During a delivery, when Rudra stops and calls Anu, the true story of what had happened is disclosed. The restaurant owner asks Rudra to deliver a box of candies to his house. On the way, Rudra is involved in a bike accident and come in contact with the hidden diamonds. He and Anu decide that this stealing those diamonds would improve their life style and support their baby. So, they concoct a clever story in which Rudra convincingly "forgets" the Pizza bag at the "haunted" bungalow which Ratul would never enter into, thanks to his fear of supernatural powers. Meanwhile, Anu has moved to Singapore with the diamonds and her belongings, and has obtained fake documentation using which Rudra and Anu can settle abroad.

Rudra, after the phone call, goes to deliver a pizza to a house and he encounters a series of events similar to the story he narrated. Inside, he meets a little girl identical to the "Mrinalini" he had described in his story. He is locked inside the home with "Mrinalini" glaring at him. The light then goes off.

Cast
Soham Chakraborty as Rudra
Mimi Chakraborty as Anuradha aka Anu
Rajatava Dutta as Ratul Ghosh
Saayoni Ghosh as Smitha
Kaushik Chakraborty
Arpita Mukherjee
Neel Mukherjee as Lala
Bidipta Chakraborty
Debapratim Dasgupta as Posupoti

Soundtrack

See also
 Pizza in Tamil
 Whistle in Kannada
 Pizza in Hindi

References

External links

2014 films
Indian horror thriller films
Films directed by Birsa Dasgupta
Bengali remakes of Tamil films
Indian horror film remakes
Films scored by Indradeep Dasgupta
Indian supernatural thriller films
Indian mystery thriller films
Indian supernatural horror films
2014 horror thriller films
2010s supernatural horror films
2010s mystery thriller films
Bengali-language Indian films
2010s Bengali-language films


title: James Crabtree Correctional Center

text:
James Crabtree Correctional Center is an Oklahoma Department of Corrections state prison for men located in Helena, Alfalfa County, Oklahoma, with a capacity of 800 medium-security inmates and 200 minimum-security inmates.  The grounds were first established in 1904 before Oklahoma statehood, serving as the Cornell Agriculture College, an orphanage, and the Helena State School for Boys. The property was reassigned to the Department of Corrections on May 24, 1982.

The facility is home to a unique horse-training program under a partnership with the United States Bureau of Land Management.  Inmates working the Agri-Services Food Processing Center at JCCC raise significant quantities of onions, squash, radishes and okra. In 2012 the Center also produced 226,000 pounds of corndogs, supplying the entire state prison system.

References

Prisons in Oklahoma
Buildings and structures in Alfalfa County, Oklahoma
1982 establishments in Oklahoma


title: Andy R. Thomson

text:
Andy R. Thomson (born 1971) is a Canadian architect (M.Arch), environmentalist, tiny-home expert and an advocate for the small house movement.  He is known for his design of miniHome which is a "completely self-sufficient, mobile dwelling, featuring solar and wind energy and recycled and/or nontoxic materials."  MiniHome was developed from his master thesis An Experiment in Minimal Living in Downtown Toronto.  He founded Sustain Design Studio, Ltd in 2005 to market the miniHomes.  He has also worked for the R-2000 program.

Thomson completed his undergraduate degree in Architecture at the University of Stuttgart on a scholarship.  He completed his master's in architecture at University of British Columbia.

See also
 Sustainable architecture

References

External links
 earthstream.ca

Canadian architects
Canadian environmentalists


title: Twitch Plays Pokémon

text:
Twitch Plays Pokémon (TPP)  is a social experiment and channel on the video game live streaming website Twitch, consisting of a crowdsourced attempt to play Game Freak's and Nintendo's Pokémon video games by parsing commands sent by users through the channel's chat room. It holds the Guinness World Record for having "the most participants on a single-player online videogame" with 1,165,140 participants.

The concept was developed by an anonymous Australian programmer and launched on February 12th 2014, starting with the game Pokémon Red. The stream became unexpectedly popular, reaching an average concurrent viewership of over 80,000 viewers (with at least 10% participating). On March 1st 2014, the game was completed after more than 16 continuous days of gameplay; Twitch estimated that over 1.16 million people participated, with peak simultaneous participation at 121,000, and with a total of 55 million views during the experiment. On December 5th 2014, Twitch Plays Pokémon received a Game Award in the "Best Fan Creation" category.

The experiment was met with attention by media outlets and staff members of Twitch for its interactivity, its erratic and chaotic nature, the unique challenges faced by players due to the mechanics of its system, and the community and memes developed by participants. Twitch as a company used the experiment to explore how they could make streaming more interactive for viewers and expand their offerings. Following the completion of Red, the broadcaster continued the channel with many other games in the Pokémon series along with unofficial ROM hacks. The broadcaster has plans to continue with other Pokémon games as long as there remains interest in the channel. The success of the experiment led to a number of similar Twitch-based streams for other games, and led Twitch to promote more streams with similar interactivity with watchers.

Premise
Inspired by another Twitch-based interactive game, Salty Bet (a website where users could wager on the outcome of randomized M.U.G.E.N. matches) and described as a social experiment, the system used by the stream was coded by an anonymous Australian programmer, colloquially known as the "Streamer", consisting of an IRC bot written in Python and the Game Boy emulator VisualBoyAdvance. The script captures specific case-insensitive messages (directional commands, "B", "A", "select", and "start") sent into the stream's chat room by users, and sends them to the emulator as button input, thus controlling the game. An additional web app coded using JavaScript is used to display a live tally of moves that are shown within the stream. The Streamer chose Pokémon Red and Blue for the project, citing nostalgia for the early games, the fact that "Even when played very poorly it is difficult not to make progress in Pokémon", and because its current control structure "[wouldn't] work with any genre that isn't a JRPG", particularly targeting its "forgiving" turn-based structure and lack of reaction-based gameplay, compensating for the large amount of input lag between the game and the stream. The Streamer used an edited version of the game, which claims to make all the original 151 Pokémon accessible, in hopes of making completion of the Pokédex a possibility. However, the edited version used was unfinished and has no gameplay differences when compared to the original game.

The erratic nature of the control scheme has made the game longer and harder to play than under normal circumstances;  an Ars Technica writer commented that "(Red) gets stuck in corners. He walks in circles, compulsively checking his Pokédex and saving over and over again. Commands stream in from the chat channel faster than the game can possibly process them, making progress difficult-to-impossible even without the lag factor or the 'help' of gleeful trolls." Recurring difficulties have occurred with areas of the game involving mazes and ledges (areas with the latter taking as long as several hours to navigate due to users intentionally sending "down" commands to jump off the ledges), the accidental release of several Pokémon (including an incident referred to as "Bloody Sunday," where a total of twelve Pokémon were accidentally released whilst trying to obtain a Zapdos from the PC), and users repeatedly sending "start" commands to open the pause menu, often followed by opening the character's inventory to select random items. A system to throttle inputs on the Start button was added to mitigate this particular effect.

Despite the seemingly erratic process of playing the game, players have attempted to collaborate and strategize through various means, including infographics and a user script which hides command messages from the chat window to allow conversation. This was necessary for the players to progress as several areas of the game require coordinated actions to gain Pokémon with a specific skill needed to clear obstacles in Red's way, and earlier attempts without such coordination resulted in missing out on specific opportunities early on in the playthrough. In essence, the majority of players have attempted to counteract trolls trying to impede progress. A computer program was even created to automatically identify these trolls.

The Streamer has since collaborated with others to continue preparing tools for the games for the Twitch channel. This group had added live commentary on the games as they were played. As a result of intra-group hostility from some of the collaborators, the Streamer stepped down from his role as lead for Twitch Plays Pokémon on 22 November 2017, and gave control to another collaborator.

Progression and further games
On 18 February 2014, after encountering major difficulties with a puzzle in the Team Rocket hideout, a new mechanic was introduced in an effort to make the game easier to play, Democracy mode. Initially, all movements became subject to a vote: all inputs received over a period of time (usually 30 seconds) were tallied, and the winning command would be executed at the end of that time. Users could also append their movements with numbers to specify the length of the motion, such as "right3" to mean three consecutive "right" inputs. Many people were outraged over this new system and protest broke out in the Twitch chat, many of them using the command "start9" (which would open and close the pause menu nine times to slow down progress) to fight the system. This became known as "The start9 protests." The broadcaster later reworked the mechanic so that users could vote to switch between two modes: "Anarchy", the previous default, and this new mode "Democracy." However, a change to Democracy mode requires a supermajority vote, while a change to Anarchy mode requires only a majority vote, as indicated by an on-screen meter. This change was considered divisive by players, who believed that Democracy mode conflicted with the original concept of the stream and eliminated the potential for randomness which had helped to drive the elaborate narrative and mythology that had built up around the playthrough.

Following the completion of Pokémon Red, a new game began on 2 March 2014, this time with the second generation game Pokémon Crystal. The developer set a deadline for the completion of Crystal with the plan to start Pokémon Emerald on a fixed date, though the players were able to complete Crystal well before this point.  With the change to Crystal also came a change to the voting system; the Democracy mode was automatically activated at the top of each hour. By 14 March 2014, players had reached a major battle on Mt. Silver against Red, a trainer representing the player-character from Red and Blue; however, the game was also modified so that Red's team would consist of the same Pokémon that were used to beat the Elite Four in the Twitch Plays Pokémon playthrough of Pokémon Red earlier. The developer stated that he intentionally changed the game data of Crystal to behave in this way, as it was Game Freak's original intent when creating the game that the player would face Red in Crystal using the Pokémon they had finished Red with. Crystal was beaten on 15 March, with more than 13 days of playtime. The developer stated that even though fewer viewers watched Pokémon Crystal compared to Pokémon Red, he will continue the stream with other Pokémon games as long as there remains interest in the experiment.

Pokémon Emerald was started on 21 March 2014. With the shift to Emerald, the Democracy mode was initially disabled entirely.  Emerald was repeatedly restarted due to its soft reset ability, but was later fixed by the broadcaster.

The shift to Pokémon X—the 1st installment in the franchise for the Nintendo 3DS, brought changes to the stream's setup. As there was no PC-based emulator for the 3DS at the time, the stream was conducted on actual 3DS hardware using a hardware modification known as the 3DS Streaming Console with External Control Interface (3xtDS); developed by Reddit user dekuNukem, also known as Twitch_plays_3ds (who has also designed an automated rig for "chaining" and detecting "shiny" Pokémon), the mod allows direct control of inputs on the device via a USB-based interface, and added the video output required for capturing the screens' content. The change to native hardware also allowed the stream to use the Wi-Fi capabilities of the device; other players of Pokémon X and Y could directly interact with the stream's player via Nintendo Network and the game's internet-enabled features, such as online battles, trades, and O-Powers. Following its release, Pokémon Omega Ruby was also played in the stream.

In honour of the one-year anniversary of the original run, a new playing of Pokémon Red began in February 2015. The goal was to complete the game's main storyline and to catch all 151 Pokémon, the latter which they did in around 39 days.

To celebrate the project's fourth anniversary, the channel started a new playthrough of both Pokémon Red and Pokémon Blue simultaneously. Players in the Twitch channel can specify which game their command is for, but otherwise commands are issues alternating between the two games, and when the game's democratic mode is on, the command voted on is used in both games.

As the experiment moved into its fifth year, having exhausted all the official Pokémon games, the channel began using more fan-created mods of the Pokémon games.

In honor of running for six years straight, the stream ran a gauntlet of 6 games in a row.

Viewership
Launched on 12 February 2014 as a "proof of concept", the stream was relatively inactive for the first day and a half of playing. However, the stream quickly went viral after that, reaching a total viewership of around 175,000 by 14 February (when players managed to beat the first of eight Gym leaders). By 17 February, the channel had reached over 6.5 million total views. By 20 February, the channel had over 17 million total views, and was averaging concurrent viewership between 60 and 70 thousand viewers with at least 10% participating. By then, the players had managed to catch 12 different species of Pokémon, and made it past the fourth gym. On the completion of Red, the channel had reached 36 million total views, with a peak concurrent viewership of 120,000, and an estimated 658,000 had participated. The Red stream was eventually recognized by the Guinness World Records for having "the most participants on a single-player online videogame" with 1,165,140. The large amount of activity on the stream resulted in "enormous (and unforeseen) stress" on Twitch's chat system, requiring the site's engineers to move the stream's chat to a higher-capacity server normally used during major e-sports events, while working on improving the infrastructure's scalability. The developer himself said, "I didn't think it was going to be this popular, I thought it would gain only a small group of dedicated viewers and many others would check it out briefly before moving on to other things. It's overwhelming how popular it has become."

Community
An active community of players also emerged on communities and social networks such as Reddit, which have liveblogged the proceedings and developed memes and other works around occurrences in the game. One item in Red's inventory from the start of the game was the Helix Fossil, which was used later in the game to revive Omanyte, but is otherwise functionless. The Helix Fossil was selected so frequently that it became an inside joke among players, and at times humorously calling it a deity which the player-character was constantly consulting for advice, and it quickly became the players' "religion". Players went as far as treating the fossil as a symbol representing a sect which supports Anarchy mode, while treating its counterpart, the Dome Fossil (which revives Kabuto), as a deity to those who support Democracy mode. Fans published "bibles" for the Helix religion.

Certain Pokémon captured by Red during the gameplay have also gained fan followings. Two Pokémon that were obtained early in the game, and then later accidentally released were the Charmeleon and Rattata, "ABBBBBBK(" and "JLVWNNOOOO", further nicknamed "Abby" and "Jay Leno". The team's Pidgeot, one of the highest level Pokémon in the group and often successful in battles, was named "Bird Jesus" by the community; concurrently, the team's Zapdos was nicknamed "AA-j" but referred to as "Archangel of Justice" or "Anarchy Bird". Their Flareon was dubbed the "False Prophet", as players had accidentally obtained it instead of Vaporeon, which was needed so they could teach it the "Surf" move needed to travel on water, and it had later caused the release of the Charmeleon and Rattata. During the eleventh day of the event (23 February), which fell on a Sunday, the players inadvertently released a dozen of the captured Pokémon, effectively deleting the creatures from the game, an event that later became known as "Bloody Sunday". The practice of nicknames continued into Crystal, which included a new Pidgeot nicknamed "Brian", and a Feraligatr nicknamed "Lazorgator".

Reception
Media outlets have described the proceedings of the game as being "mesmerizing," "miraculous," and "beautiful chaos," with one viewer comparing it to "watching a car crash in slow motion." Ars Technica felt that it encapsulated "the best and worst qualities of our user-driven, novelty-hungry age," providing hours of arguable time-wasting entertainment through a word-of-mouth viral distribution. The stream has been compared to the infinite monkey theorem in that effectively random input to a game still ultimately comes out with forward progress in the game. Twitch vice president of marketing Matthew DiPietro praised the stream, considering it "one more example of how video games have become a platform for entertainment and creativity that extends WAY beyond the original intent of the game creator. By merging a video game, live video and a participatory experience, the broadcaster has created an entertainment hybrid custom made for the Twitch community. This is a wonderful proof of concept that we hope to see more of in the future."

Legacy
Twitch Plays Pokémon has also inspired imitators with other video games, such as Pokémon Blue, QWOP, Tetris (including one which used the actual command inputs from the original Twitch Plays Pokémon stream), Street Fighter II, Halo: Combat Evolved (itself made significantly difficult by its nature as a first-person shooter), Metal Gear: Ghost Babel,  Dark Souls, Fallout 3, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Teamfight Tactics, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild, Pokémon Go (which used location spoofing to simulate the movement of a real person in response to viewers' commands), and Microsoft Flight Simulator. Similar Twitch Plays have been used for taking care of a virtual pet Tamagotchi, and installing Arch Linux onto a virtual machine through text commands entered one letter at a time. Inspired by this last application, another experimental "Stock Stream" was started in May 2017 to allow Twitch viewers to vote every five minutes on the trading of stocks on the New York Stock Exchange from an initial $50,000 fund provided by the stream's developer, placing some rules to avoid triggering any financial regulations. A similar approach using Twitter, with the Twitter's user icon serving as the game's output and user commands taken from tweets sent to the account, was launched in January 2021 using Pokémon Red.

The term "crowdplay" has been ascribed to similar games where the actions of the crowd directly influence the gameplay. tinyBuild used the "Twitch Plays" model to release Punch Club, holding back release of the game until either a preset date or completion of the game running via a public "Twitch Plays" stream. Punch Club later added the ability for viewers to bet on in-game fights using virtual Twitch currency, following a similar betting model used by Oxeye Game Systems for Cobalt. Telltale Games premiered a new "crowd play" feature for its adventure games starting with its 2016 Batman game, allowing stream viewers to vote on selected decisions within the game. In January 2016, Twitch created a specialized directory for various "Twitch Plays" streams, with their VP of Developer Success Kathy Astromoff stating that the company has recognized the growth of similar experiments, and enabling such experiments to be easily found by its userbase. Further, in March 2016, Twitch announced a new "stream first" initiative to help developers create games that are aimed for integration of streaming and chat atop more traditional gameplay, basing the format on the prior success of Twitch Plays Pokemon streams. Amazon.com, which acquired Twitch in 2014, developed the Amazon Lumberyard game engine that includes direct support for Twitch streaming to allow viewers to influence games via the associated chat, taking cues from the popularity of "Twitch Plays".

Another homage, Fish Plays Pokémon, surfaced in August 2014 as part of a HackNY hackathon. The stream, which consists of a fishcam in which the position of a betta fish in a fish bowl is used to control Pokémon Red, peaked around 20,000 concurrent viewers.

A Helix Fossil emote with the shortcut "PraiseIt" was later made available as a Twitch chat emote in celebration of the original Pokémon Red run.

Game completion

From Platinum to Black 2, the stream showed a second game, Pokémon Stadium 2, alongside the main game. Unlike other games, inputs for Stadium 2 were chosen at random and were not controlled by the chat. Instead, players on the chat were given virtual currency that could be used to place bets on the outcome of Stadium 2 matches. After Pokémon X concluded on 1 August 2014, a similar system was implemented, with Pokémon Battle Revolution taking the place of Stadium 2, as it added more features such as better graphics. This time, instead of inputs being entirely random, players who bet on the current match could vote on which move would be used by their team each turn; the system would randomly choose one of the bettors' choices, but players who had placed higher bets had a higher chance of their move being chosen. The developer has created a modded version of Pokémon Battle Revolution known as Pokémon Battle Revolution 2.0. It is meant to fix glitches and add various improvements such as additional battle arenas. During the interim, the stream showed Harvest Moon GB, Pokkén Tournament, EarthBound, Robopon Sun, and save states of the first four runs in reverse order.

In addition, an extra game is showcased to the side of any game currently being played. This game is a romhack of Pokémon Pinball dubbed simply Pokémon Pinball Generations, which adds two new boards based on the second generation of Pokémon. As such, all Pokémon from Generation II are now obtainable in-game, and Pokémon badges are awarded randomly when a Pokémon is caught during a Pinball playthrough.

See also
Slow television

Further reading
 Marley-Vincent Lindsey, The Politics of Pokémon. Socialized Gaming, Religious Themes and the Construction of Communal Narratives, Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet (2015)
 James, Eric Andrew, Using Rhetorical Criticism to Track Twitch Plays Pokémon Fans' Attachment to Sacrifice, Transformative Works and Cultures, Vol. 28 (2018)
 Jenny Saucerman & Dennis Ramirez, Praise Helix! Christian Narrative in Twitch Plays: Pokémon, Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet (2016)
 Kyriakou, H., and Nickerson, J.V.. Twitch Plays Pokémon: An Exploratory Analysis of Mass Synchronous Crowd Collaboration, Collective Intelligence (2016)
 Laz Carter, Pokémon and a Fandom of Nostalgia, Reflexive Horizons, 24 March 2014.
 Milando, Chris, Community-Controlled Games and the Advent of the Fourth-Person Narrative, Level Up Literature Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2018.

References

External links
 Twitch Plays Pokémon on Twitch
 Twitch Plays Pokémon fan webpage
The Complete History of Twitch Plays Pokémon – Schwam Games, via YouTube

Pokémon
Viral videos
2014 web series debuts
Twitch (service)
Internet memes
The Game Awards winners
Livestreams


title: The Den (2013 film)

text:
The Den (released in some countries as Hacked) is a 2013 American slasher film by Zachary Donohue and his feature film directorial debut. The film is shot in screenlife and found footage style and was first released in Russia as смерть в сети, Death Online on December 23, 2013. It was given a simultaneous limited theatrical and VOD release on March 14, 2014 through IFC Midnight. It stars Melanie Papalia as a young woman who discovers a murder via webcam.

The film explores the themes of social media, computer hacking, voyeurism, the deep web, filmed deaths in the style of a snuff film, and kidnapping.

Plot

The film begins with Elizabeth logging into a webcam-based social media site known as The Den, which allows users to chat with random strangers across the world, similar to Chatroulette. For her graduate project in sociology, she proposes to chat with as many strangers as possible and calculate how many meaningful conversations she can accumulate. The graduate board reluctantly gives her a grant, with the help of Sally, one of her friends on the graduate board. Sally pushes for her approval. Elizabeth spends the next few months continuously chatting with strangers, much to the chagrin of her boyfriend, Damien, and friends Jenni and Max. Though most of her chats are quickly ended due to sexual content or scams, she accumulates plenty of data and is optimistic about the outcome of the project.

While in the company of Jenni and chatting with strangers, Elizabeth encounters a woman whose webcam appears to be broken. The stranger reacts aggressively to Jenni when Elizabeth is away from the webcam, and Jenni logs off. Afterwards, Elizabeth's account is hacked, and her webcam is repeatedly turned on without her permission. The stranger attempts to chat with Elizabeth again the next day while she is in a coffee shop, but logs off quickly when another customer approaches the webcam. That night, Damien surprises Elizabeth by showing up to her home in the middle of the night. Elizabeth's hacked webcam records the couple having sex, before the hacker sends the video to Elizabeth's graduate board.

Later, Elizabeth is prompted to chat with the stranger again; the stranger reveals that they witnessed Elizabeth having sex. Later still, their webcam turns on and reveals the account holder bound and gagged. She is murdered on-screen by a masked man. Elizabeth is shaken and immediately takes the video of the murder to the police. The police acknowledge that the video appears genuine, but advise her that such snuff films are usually faked. They also report that there is little they can do about it. Elizabeth later stumbles upon a disturbingly realistic depiction of a death during a game of Russian roulette, which turns out to be faked. Her friends, including the computer scientist Max, insist that the video is a hoax. Elizabeth remains unconvinced and is determined to solve the murder. However, both the police and other users of The Den turn out to be unhelpful. When she enlists Max to hack the account and to see where it originated, he finds that it has been routed through countless proxies. This makes the video untraceable.

Damien is abducted while chatting with Elizabeth. She has her back turned at the moment of his kidnapping, and does not realize that he is missing until later. She eventually receives a bizarre call from his computer, which depicts his house completely empty. Though Elizabeth implores the police to investigate, they tell her that there is nothing that they can do. Meanwhile, Jenni is lured to Elizabeth's house by the hacker, who pretends to be Elizabeth. The hacker abducts Jenni when she arrives.

While harried from trying to find a way to reach Damien, Elizabeth receives an angry call from Sally. Sally informs Elizabeth that the video of her and Damien having sex was sent to the entire graduate board. Sally does not believe Elizabeth, when the latter insists that she was hacked. Sally informs her that her grant is suspended until further notice. Later, while trying to reach Jenni, Elizabeth is lured to Jenni's house, where she finds the power cut. Seeing water flooding from the bathroom, Elizabeth enters to find Jenni in the bathtub, her wrists slashed in an apparent suicide attempt. Though Jenni is alive when Elizabeth finds her, she dies soon after. Elizabeth finds a suicide note emailed to her, ostensibly from the hacker posing as Jenni.

Elizabeth is further shaken when she receives a message showing the attackers stalking and entering a home owned by Lynn, Elizabeth's pregnant sister. Though Elizabeth notifies the police and calls Lynn to warn her, the message is garbled. The attackers bind Lynn and prepare to cut open her stomach. But then abruptly leave, hiding the camera as they do so. Later, when the house is surrounded by police, one of the attackers returns and picks up the camera. This reveals that they are either part of law enforcement or posing as a police officer. The attacker fixates on the father of Lynn's child, who she is separated from. The attacker leaves and gets into a car. He follows Elizabeth back to her home, where she is packing in preparation to keep her sister company. She receives a chat request from Max, which shows the lead detective entering Max's house, and being murdered on-screen while there. Elizabeth calls for help from the officer guarding her, but she finds him murdered as well. She is attacked by a hooded figure hidden in her closet, but she stabs him repeatedly and flees. She is then apprehended by another hooded attacker, who was waiting outside.

Elizabeth awakens in a room of a nightmarish, abandoned complex. She is chained to a wall, with a GoPro stapled to her forehead. A computer is in the room, forcing her to chat with the abducted Damien. He informs her that there are many other attackers. She is also shown a recorded video of Max being strangled with plastic wrap by the killers. Damien is then beaten and taken away to presumably be killed off-screen. Afterwards, another hooded man enters the room with Elizabeth, preparing to kill her. She overpowers him and strangles him with her chain. Unlocking her shackles with his keys, she attempts to escape the dark complex. She is only armed with a discarded hammer. She is chased by a number of killers, one of whom is a young man. She attacks this man, demanding to know where Damien is; he tells her that he is not there. She manages to escape to above ground, bludgeoning other attackers. She hijacks one of their cars, but crashes when blindsided by another member's car. She is removed from the wreck by the killers, and dragged back to the complex.

The film cuts to another woman, Brianne, on The Den who chatted with Elizabeth at the start of the project. Much like Elizabeth's first interaction with the killers, she is lured to chat when one of the attackers pretends Elizabeth's webcam is broken. Brianne then views a recording of Elizabeth being hanged almost to death and then shot in the head by the killers. It is then revealed that the video of Elizabeth's death is also being viewed by a man surfing a website. The website features snuff film "narratives" of victims lured by killers exploiting The Den. The man is preparing to pay for Brianne's "narrative", before being interrupted by his son.

Cast
 Melanie Papalia as Elizabeth "Liz" Benton
 David Schlachtenhaufen as Damien
 Adam Shapiro as Max
 Anna Margaret Hollyman as Lynn Benton
 Matt Riedy as Sgt. Tisbert
 Katija Pevec as Jenni
 Saidah Arrika Ekulona as Sally
 Anthony Jennings as Officer Dawson
 Victoria Hanlin as Brianne

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, The Den has a rating of 76% from 21 critics with an average of 6.28/10. Metacritic gives the film a weighted average of 48/100 based on 6 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Fearnet gave The Den a positive review, commenting that it "starts out a little rocky but if you're not completely fed up with 'found footage' filmmaking by now and you're willing to give a non-traditional visual presentation a fair shot, The Den has some pretty compelling things to say about the alleged safety of the internet." In contrast, Shock Till You Drop panned the movie as it felt that it "lacks true scares, awesome kills or even the routine flash of nudity to warrant any sort of viewing. It panders a silly and over exaggerated message of the dangers of the anonymity of the internet and the "nature" of people. It uses a silly plot to carry a ridiculous camera technique and delivers nothing but angst and irritation." Fangoria criticized the film for many of the same reasons, as it felt that the movie began on a strong note but became "inauthentic and irritating" after the film depicted "Almost everyone, online or not, responds to [the main character's troubles] with immediate hostility or disbelief."

See also
List of films featuring surveillance
Unfriended
Unfriended: Dark Web

References

External links

2013 films
2013 horror films
2010s slasher films
Films about computer hacking
Films about kidnapping
Films about snuff films
Films about social media
Films set in abandoned buildings and structures
Found footage films
2013 directorial debut films
IFC Films films
Techno-horror films
Screenlife films
2010s English-language films
American slasher films


title: Gravitational instability

text:
The key idea in explaining the way in which structures evolve in the universe is gravitational instability. If material is to be brought together to form structures,  then a long-range force is required, and gravity is the only known possibility. (Although electromagnetism is a long-range force, charge neutrality demands that its influence is unimportant on large scales.) The basic picture is as follows.

Suppose that at some initial time, say decoupling, there are small irregularities in the distribution of matter. Those regions with more matter will exert a greater gravitational force on their neighboring regions, and hence tend to draw in the surrounding material. This extra material makes them even more dense than before, increasing their gravitational attraction and further enhancing their pull on their neighbors. An irregular distribution of matter is therefore unstable under the influence of gravity, becoming more and more irregular as time goes by.

This instability is exactly what is needed to explain the observation that the Universe is much more irregular now than at decoupling, and gravitational instability is almost universally accepted to be the primary influence leading to the formation of structures in the Universe. It is an appealingly simple picture, rather spoiled in real life by the fact that while gravity may have the lead role, numerous other processes also have a part to play and things become quite complicated. For example, we know that radiation has pressure proportional to its density, and during structure formation the irregularities create pressure gradients which lead to forces opposing the gravitational collapse. We know that neutrinos move relativistically and do not interact with other material, and so they are able to escape from structures as they form. And once structure formation begins, the complex astrophysics of stars, especially supernovae, can inject energy back into the intergalactic regions and influence regions yet to complete their gravitational collapse.

References

Gravity
Cosmogony


title: James C. Twiss House

text:
The James C. Twiss House is a historic house located at 298 N. Page St. in Aviston, Illinois. The house was built in 1907 for James C. Twiss, a prominent Clinton County farmer. Architect George Franklin Barber, known nationally for his mail-order house designs, designed the plans for the house, which Twiss selected from a catalog. The Queen Anne house is two-and-one-half stories tall with wood siding and a limestone foundation. A hexagonal tower and a large gable with patterned woodwork mark the front facade of the house. The house's wraparound front porch is supported by Tuscan columns; a small gable, also with patterned woodwork, tops the porch at the entrance. A recessed balcony with Tuscan columns is located on the second floor above the entrance.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 17, 2010.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Queen Anne architecture in Illinois
Houses completed in 1907
Houses in Clinton County, Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Clinton County, Illinois
Kit houses


title: Johannes de Decker

text:
Johannes De Decker (1626 - Unknown) was a Dutch lawyer and colonial official. He was one of the six signers of the articles of capitulation of New Amsterdam to the English on September 6, 1664. De Decker was sent to work as a lawyer for Peter Stuyvesant in New Amsterdam by the Dutch West India Company (WIC) in 1654. He held various top political positions and in 1657 was appointed Comptroller. On September 10, Johannes sailed to Fort Orange to warn them an English expeditionary force was coming and to rally local forces. However, Fort Orange officially surrendered September 24, 1664.

De Decker was a lawyer, member of the council of the government that ruled New Amsterdam, and lead negotiator for the 1664 Articles of Surrender of New Netherland. He reported directly to Stuyvesant. Ten days after the English took over, De Decker was expelled from New York for organising opposition to English rule in Fort Orange. Six years later, in 1670, De Decker was allowed back into New York on condition that he stayed only on his 60-acre farm on Staten Island.

See also
Schout
Schepen

References

See also
 The Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York: history, Volume 2. 1916. Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York
 Old Families of Staten Island. 2009. J. J. Clute.
 Staten Island and its people: a history: 1609–1929. 1933. Charles William Leng, William Thompson Davis.
 The Gilder Lehrman Collection GLC00377 [www.gilderlehrman.org original document, articles of surrender 1664]

1626 births
People from Dordrecht
People from New Netherland
Year of death unknown


title: La Prensa (Mexico City)

text:
La Prensa is a Mexican newspaper, owned by Organizacion Editorial Mexicana, established in 1928. The newspaper had a circulation of 244,299, the highest circulation of any newspaper in Mexico, as of 2013. Their sister newspaper, ESTO once had the highest circulation of any Mexican newspaper with 400,000 copies.

La Prensa was widely criticized for publishing gory photos of the mutilated body of Ingrid Escamilla following her murder in February 2020. The paper has defended its policy of reporting on crime but said it will review its policies.

See also

List of newspapers in Mexico

References

External links

Newspapers established in 1928
Spanish-language newspapers
Newspapers published in Mexico City
Spanish-language websites


title: Leiomitra

text:
Leiomitra is a genus of liverworts in the family Trichocoleaceae.

Species from the genus can be found in Central America, southern America, parts of eastern Asia and Australasia.

Species
As accepted by GBIF;

 Leiomitra argentea
 Leiomitra breviseta
 Leiomitra capillata
 Leiomitra elegans (Lehm.) Hässel de Menéndez
 Leiomitra elliottii
 Leiomitra flaccida Spruce
 Leiomitra hirticaulis R.M. Schust.
 Leiomitra julacea Hatcher ex J.J. Engel
 Leiomitra lanata (Hook.) R.M. Schust.
 Leiomitra mastigophoroides R.M. Schust.
 Leiomitra merrillana
 Leiomitra paraphyllina Spruce
 Leiomitra paraphyllina
 Leiomitra robusta
 Leiomitra smaragdina Hässel de Menéndez
 Leiomitra sphagnoides Spruce
 Leiomitra tomentosa (Sw.) Lindb.

References

Jungermanniales
Jungermanniales genera


title: Xu Jingqian

text:
Xu Jingqian (徐景遷) (919-937), also known in some historical records as Li Jingqian (李景遷) (because his family would, after his death, change the surname to Li), posthumously honored as Prince Ding of Chu (楚定王), was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Wu, serving as junior regent under his father, the senior regent Xu Zhigao (later known as Li Bian), who would later found Wu's successor state Southern Tang.

Background
Xu Jingqian was born in 919, when his father Xu Zhigao was serving as Wu's junior regent, overseeing the government at the capital Guangling (廣陵, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), while his adoptive grandfather (Xu Zhigao's adoptive father) Xu Wen, the senior regent, was controlling the army at his headquarters at Sheng Prefecture (昇州, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu).  He was Xu Zhigao's second son.  Both he and his older brother Xu Jingtong were born of Xu Zhigao's second wife Lady Song Fujin, as would two younger brothers (Xu Jingsui and Xu Jingda).  He was said to be alert in his youth, with a good memory such that, after reading, he would not forget what he had read.

Service in the Wu government
It was said that after Xu Jingqian became older, he was elegant in his behavior and appearance, and he had a peaceful disposition.  He married the Wu emperor Yang Pu's daughter Princess Shangrao, and therefore was given the traditional title for a princess' husband, Fuma Duwei ().  Despite his high status, he was said to be frugal and not living luxuriously.

Xu Jingqian started his governmental service as the commander of the cavalry and infantry soldiers in his father Xu Zhigao's headquarters (at that time, Xu Zhigao had succeeded Xu Wen as regent, and also had his headquarters at Sheng), and later served as the military prefect (團練使, Tuanlianshi) of Hai Prefecture (海州, in modern Lianyungang, Jiangsu).  In 934, Xu Zhigao recalled his older brother Xu Jingtong, who had been serving as junior regent at Guangling, back to Jinling (i.e., Sheng) to serve as the deputy supreme commander of the circuits (whereas Xu Zhigao himself was the supreme commander), while commissioning Xu Jingqian as the commander of the left and right armies, Zuo Pushe (左僕射, one of the heads of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng)), and chancellor with the designation of Can Zhengshi (), leaving him at Guangling to take over as junior regent.

In 935, Xu Jingqian was given the greater chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ().  Xu Zhigao had the official Chen Jue, whose abilities he regarded highly, serve on Xu Jingqian's staff, to assist him.

In 936, by which time Xu Jingqian also carried the honorary title of Taibao (), he fell ill.  He was removed from his positions on account of his illness, and his younger brother Xu Jingsui replaced him as junior regent.  He died in 937, before his father Xu Zhigao seized the Wu throne and established his own state of Southern Tang.  His wife Princess Shangrao also died not long after.  Xu Zhigao (who changed his name to Li Bian after taking the throne) posthumously created him the Prince of Gaoping.  After Xu Jingtong (who had been renamed Li Jing by that point) became emperor, he further posthumously created Xu Jingqian the Prince of Chu.

Notes and references

 Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol. 19.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 279, 280, 281.

919 births
937 deaths
Generals from Jiangsu
Yang Wu generals
Political office-holders in Jiangsu
Yang Wu chancellors
Politicians from Yangzhou
Yang Wu regents


title: Anthony Gomez

text:
Anthony Gomez (born November 7, 1981) is an American professional boxer, mixed martial artist and kickboxer currently competing in the Heavyweight division. A professional MMA competitor since 2006, he has competed for Bellator MMA.

Background
Anthony met Miguel Torres in 2001 and started training under him full-time in 2006 under his Torres Martial Arts Academy camp in Indiana, before this Gomez wrestled at North Central College. Anthony has also competed in 2 North American Grappling Association tournaments in the 100+ kg division, losing both in the semi-finals.

Mixed martial arts career

Early career
Turning professional in 2006, Gomez compiled a record of 5–1 before making his debut for Bellator MMA. Most of his wins were by stoppage.

Bellator MMA
Gomez debuted for Bellator in March 2012 at Bellator 60, he faced Travis Wiuff. Gomez was defeated via unanimous decision.

In his next appearance for Bellator, Gomez faced Jose Medina at Bellator 75 on October 5, 2012. Gomez won the fight via rear-naked choke submission in the first round.

Gomez then faced Anton Talamantes at Bellator 84 on December 14, 2012. He won by submission in round one.

Gomez faced Jason Guida on March 14, 2014, at Bellator 112. Gomez won via three-round unanimous decision.

Mixed martial arts record

|-
|Loss
|align=center|10-3
|William Penn
|Decision (unanimous)
|HFC 24: Gomez vs. Penn
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Valparaiso, Indiana, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|10-2
|Miodrag Petkovic
|TKO (punches)
|UCL: Havoc in Hammond 2
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|1:11
|Hammond, Indiana, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|9–2
|Robert Morrow
|Submission (triangle choke)
|Hoosier Fight Club 23
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:23
|Valparaiso, Indiana, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|8–2
|Jason Guida
|Decision (unanimous)
|Bellator 112
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Hammond, Indiana, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|7–2
|Anton Talamantes
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|Bellator 84
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:30
|Hammond, Indiana, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|6–2
|Jose Medina
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Bellator 75
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:32
|Hammond, Indiana, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|5–2
|Travis Wiuff
|Decision (unanimous)
|Bellator 60
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Hammond, Indiana, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|5–1
|Lew Polley
|Decision (split)
|Hoosier FC 4: Showdown at the Steel Yard
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Gary, Indiana, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|4–1
|Will Hill
|Submission (armbar)
|Total Fight Challenge 16
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|3:00
|Hammond, Indiana, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|3–1
|Lee Defoose
|TKO (punches)
|Total Fight Challenge 15
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:17
|Hammond, Indiana, United States
|
|-
| Win
|align=center|2–1
|Dan Bolden
|TKO (punches)
|Total Fight Challenge 11
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:20
|Hammond, Indiana, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|1–1
|Derek Thornton
|Decision (unanimous)
|IMMAC 2: Attack
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Chicago, Illinois, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|0–1
|Krzysztof Kulak
|Decision (split)
|IMMAC 1: Attack
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Chicago, Illinois, United States
|
|-

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
American mixed martial artists of Mexican descent
American male mixed martial artists
Heavyweight mixed martial artists
Light heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing collegiate wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai
Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
American Muay Thai practitioners
American male kickboxers
American male sport wrestlers
Boxers from Chicago
North Central College alumni
Sportspeople from Chicago


title: Carsten Thunborg

text:
Carsten Walfrid Thunborg (2 June 1918, Tyssedal, Odda, Norway - 22 December 2000) was a Swedish politician.

Thunborg was the son of Anders Walfrid Thunborg and Karen Bruvik. He worked as a sailor 1933–1936, then as construction worker between 1936 and 1951, and again from 1953 to 1957. Between 1951 and 1953 he worked as a journalist at Norrskensflamman in Luleå. He was an organizer of the Swedish Construction Workers Union. Between 1957 and 1968 he was a member of the board of Section 36 of the union.

Thunborg was a cadre of the Communist Party of Sweden. He served as chairman of Harsprånget Communist Labour Commune 1948 to 1951. He was a board member of the Stockholm Communist Labour Commune 1955–1958, and a member of the national party board 1958–1967 (included in the party Executive Committee 1964–1967). Thunborg became a member of parliament in 1968, following the death of Axel Jansson.

Thunborg later became a member of the Workers Party - Communists (APK), being a politburo member of the party.

References

1918 births
Swedish trade unionists
Left Party (Sweden) politicians
2000 deaths
20th-century Swedish politicians


title: Toran Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana

text:
Toran Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana was the first police chief of Nepal Police after its establishment in the year 2007 B.S. (1951 A.D.) However, he only remained chief for a short duration of three days. He was succeeded by Nara Shumsher J.B.R. as the police chief.

He also served as the Royal Nepalese Army's Commander-in-Chief from 1956–1960.

He was later succeeded by Gen Nir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana who later on became field marshal.

Biography
Toran Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana was born in 1904 A.D. at the Hattisar Durbar, son of Commanding Colonel Indra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana and Grandson of the late H.H Bir Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, the 11th Prime Minister of Nepal.

References

Nepalese police officers
Chiefs of police
Inspectors General of Police (Nepal)
1904 births
Year of death unknown
Rana dynasty
20th-century Nepalese nobility


title: Elegiac Ode

text:
Elegiac Ode, Op. 21, is a musical composition by British composer Charles Villiers Stanford (1852–1924) written and first performed in 1884. It is a four-movement work scored for baritone and soprano soloists, chorus and orchestra, Stanford's composition is a setting of Walt Whitmans 1865 elegy, "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd", mourning the death of American president Abraham Lincoln. According to musicologist Jack Sullivan, Stanford's Elegiac Ode likely had reached a wider audience during Whitman's lifetime than his poems.

See also
List of compositions by Charles Villiers Stanford

References

1884 compositions
Compositions by Charles Villiers Stanford
Musical settings of poems by Walt Whitman


title: Răchițele

text:
Răchițele may refer to:

 Răchițele, a village in Mărgău commune in Cluj County, Romania
 Răchițele de Jos, a village in Cocu commune in Argeș County, Romania
 Răchițele de Sus, a village in Cocu commune in Argeș County, Romania
 Valea Răchițele, an alternative name for the upper course of the river Săcuieu in Cluj County, Romania

See also
 Răchita (disambiguation)
 Răchiți
 Răchitiș (disambiguation)
 Răchitova (disambiguation)
 Răchitoasa (disambiguation)