title: Tesla Model 3

text:
The Tesla Model 3 is a battery electric  mid-size sedan with a fastback body style built by Tesla, Inc. since 2017. The Model 3 was marketed as being more affordable to more people than previous models by Tesla. The Model 3 was the world's top selling plug-in electric car for three years, from 2018 to 2020, before being knocked from the top spot by the Tesla Model Y, a crossover SUV based on the Model 3 chassis. In June 2021, the Model 3 became the first electric car to pass global sales of 1 million. A refresh of the Tesla Model 3 was introduced in 2023, offering a revised exterior and interior.

History

In an interview for Wired Science recorded during 2006, Elon Musk presented the  as likely being affordable by most people able to purchase new cars. In 2008 the car was stated to be a family car. In 2017 Tesla added that the Standard Range version of the all-electric car would have an estimated EPA-rated range of , a five-passenger seating capacity, front and rear trunks, and promised sports-car levels of acceleration performance. Tesla said it would have a 5-Star safety rating and have a . This is lower than the Tesla Model S , which, in 2014, was the lowest among the production cars of the time.

Within a week of unveiling the Model 3 in 2016, Tesla revealed they had taken 325,000 reservations for the car. These reservations represented potential sales of over . By August 2017, there were 455,000 net reservations.

Industry experts were dubious when, in May 2016, Tesla announced its decision to advance its 500,000-total-unit build plan (combined for Model S, Model X, and Model 3) to 2018, two years earlier than previously planned, in order to accelerate its target for Model 3 output. As predicted, there were "production bottlenecks" and "production hell". In May 2016, Tesla issued  in new shares to the stock market to finance the plan.

The company plans for the Model 3 are part of Tesla's three-step strategy to start with a high-price vehicle and move progressively towards lower-cost vehicles, while the battery and electric drivetrain were improved and paid for through the sales of the Roadster, Model S, and Model X vehicles.

On April 18, 2018, Tesla updated its production target to 6,000 vehicles per week by the end of June 2018, an increase from its previous target of 5,000 vehicles per week which was previously promised at earlier dates. On July 1, 2018, Elon Musk announced that Tesla had met its production goal of 5,000 cars in a week.

On February 28, 2019, Tesla announced the availability of the highly anticipated Standard Range trim priced at . However, on April 12, 2019, Tesla announced that the Standard Range model would no longer be available for ordering online, but only over the phone or in stores. Autopilot, previously a $3,000 option, was included in all versions of the Model 3 except for the Standard Range, while each version's price only increased by $2,000. In February 2019, the Model 3 passed the Chevrolet Volt to become the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car in the U.S. Model 3 sales surpassed the Nissan Leaf in early 2020 to become the world's all-time top selling plug-in electric car.

Model naming
During an interview recorded in 2006 Musk referred to  (later Tesla Model S), and to . The Model 3 was codenamed Tesla "BlueStar" in the original business plan in 2007. An intended name of "" was not used owing to Ford's trademark for an electric vehicle expected to be released by Ford in early 2019. Model 3, originally stylized as "Model ☰", was announced on Musk's Twitter account on July 16, 2014. A 2015-presentation by JB Straubel used the name "".  Musk had wanted the three models to spell SEX, but settled for "S3X". In early 2017, after trademark opposition regarding Adidas's three stripes logo, the triplicate horizontal-bar stylization was abandoned and changed to a numeric "3".

Market
In September 2015, Tesla announced that the  would be unveiled in March 2016. In January 2016, Musk said that the first official pictures of the car will be revealed at the end of March 2016. Delivery would begin in late 2017 first on the U.S.'s west coast and then move eastwards. Potential customers were first able to reserve a car at Tesla stores or online on March 31 with a refundable deposit of US$1000. In February 2016, Tesla indicated that the unveiling would be on March 31, 2016. Employees of Tesla and SpaceX were given early access to Model 3 reservations, and about 10,000 signed up without discount, scheduled to receive the first batch of cars. Current owners of Tesla vehicles got priority sales after employees but before the general public, as a reward for helping pay for the development of the Model 3. (Employees and current owners were likely to be more tolerant of early production flaws: both the Model S and the Model X had several problems at the start of their production, and have since improved.)

On the morning of March 31, 2016, tens of thousands of people waited in lines to place the refundable deposit to reserve a Model 3 for 2017 delivery. During the Model 3 unveiling event, Tesla said that over 115,000 people had reserved the Model 3 in less than 24 hours prior; more cars than Tesla had sold by that time. Twenty-four hours after opening reservations, Tesla had advanced orders for over 180,000 cars. Two days later, Tesla said they had 232,000 reservations.

One week after the unveiling, Tesla said it had over 325,000 reservations, more than triple the number of Model S sedans sold by the end of 2015. Musk said that 5% of reservations correspond to the maximum of two vehicles allowed per customer, "suggesting low levels of speculation", and that 93% of Model 3 reservations are from new buyers who do not currently own a Tesla. The previous record for advance deposits on a car was the 1955 Citroën DS that had 80,000 deposits during the ten days of the Paris Auto Show, while the Model 3 had 232,000 reservations in two days.

According to Tesla's global vice-president Robin Ren, China is the second-largest market for the Model 3 after the US. Tesla said the number of net reservations totaled about 373,000 , after about 8,000 customer cancellations and about 4,200 reservations canceled by the automaker because these appeared to be duplicates from speculators. Upon its release in July 2017, there had been over 500,000 reservations for the Model 3, with Musk later clarifying there were a net of 455,000 reservations outstanding, and an average of 1,800 reservations were being added per day.

Changes

The Model 3 received exterior and interior styling changes starting in November 2020, many carried over from the then-new Model Y crossover SUV, which was based on the Model 3. The most noticeable cosmetic change was that the previously chrome finished door handles, side mirror trim, window trim, and camera covers were given a black finish. Other changes included the addition of a heat pump with a proprietary "octovalve" to improve climate control, a power-operated trunk, a redesigned center console with Qi wireless charging pads, and quieter double-pane glass.

Some features have also been removed over time. The adaptive cruise control radar sensor was eliminated in April 2021, the front passenger seat lumbar support was removed in May 2021, and the ultrasonic sensors used for park assist were eliminated in October 2022.

Refresh (2023)
Tesla announced a design refresh of the Model 3 on September 1, 2023, bringing a longer driving range, along with a restyled exterior and interior.

Tesla says the refreshed Model 3 will have about a 10% improvement in range, largely from a more aerodynamic front-end which led to a , an improvement from the prior design's . On the interior several new features were added including an  touchscreen for rear seat passengers, ventilated front seats, a 17-speaker sound system (up from 14), customizable interior accent lighting, a larger  rear trunk (up from ), and a new steering wheel without turn signal and gear selector stalks. The touchscreen for rear seat passengers and the steering wheel without stalks are changes that were previously implemented on the Model S and X during their "Palladium" refresh. There are also new standard wheels, according to the website, they will now be 18" Photon Wheels instead of the old Aero Wheels. There is another option for the premium Nova Wheels.

Gigafactory Shanghai was the first of Tesla's factories to begin making the refreshed Model 3, with the company offering the vehicle for sale only in China and markets to which Tesla exports from China including Europe, the Middle East, Australia and Japan.

During development, the refresh was codenamed "Project Highland," with the company reportedly also focused on cutting production costs. Reports of the coming redesign first appeared in late 2022.

The car is being released in 2 versions so far, the Rear Wheel Drive version, and the All-Wheel Drive Long Range version. The performance version is still yet to come. The RWD version has a range around 318 miles (513 km) and the Long Range version has a range of around 391 miles (629 km). Both cars top out at about 125 mph (201 km/h) which is significantly slower than the Teslas being sold now, as they can go up to speeds of 140mph (225 km/h). The standard version has a 0-100 km/h time of 6.1 seconds, while the Long Range has a faster time of 4.4 seconds. A new option for color has been added, called Stealth Gray, which costs extra. The base price of the standard version is currently €36,490 (38,528 USD) and the Long Range option costs €43,490 (45,919 USD).

Design
In 2013 design chief Franz von Holzhausen said that the Model 3 will "be an Audi A4, BMW 3 Series, Mercedes-Benz C-Class type of vehicle that will offer everything: range, affordability, and performance" that is targeted toward the mass market. While technology developed for Tesla's earlier Model S sedan was used in the Model 3, it is 20% smaller than the Model S and has its own unique design.

One of the most striking and noticeable design choices on the Model 3 was the lack of a front grille. Since electric cars have lower cooling needs than combustion cars, they do not need a front grille, yet many, including the Model S, have one to fit in with the design of other vehicles. All trim levels include an expansive glass roof developed by the Tesla Glass group, from the same glass used for the Tesla Solar Roof.The interior of the Model 3 has been described as minimalist or stark, with almost few physical controls, instead housing most controls in a single  center-mounted touchscreen. Critics praised the screen's interface, but pointed out that the decision require drivers navigate menus to accomplish what could otherwise be controlled by a button or knob. Tesla is also notable for being one of the few automakers offering no Apple CarPlay or Android Auto connectivity.

Production
, Model 3 is produced at the Tesla Fremont Factory in California and Gigafactory Shanghai in China. The Fremont Factory was significantly expanded for production of the Model 3 and Model Y and the models are made on three shared general assembly lines. Gigafactory Shanghai has been producing the Model 3 since December 2019 for both the local China market and for export to other areas except the United States.

Production stages
In a 2013 interview, Jerome Guillen discussed "BlueStar" (codename for the Model 3 project), stating that Tesla was expecting to eventually produce 400,000 cars per year.

In May 2016 Tesla told its suppliers that it intended to double earlier-announced Model 3 production targets to 100,000 in 2017 and 400,000 in 2018 due to demand, which suppliers and many experts viewed as unattainable. In the Tesla Factory, paint lines for 500,000 automobiles commenced in 2015, and some stamping equipment for the Model 3 was operational by August 2016. Tesla bought Grohmann Engineering, experienced in automated manufacturing, in January 2017. This acquisition launched Tesla Advanced Automation Germany, which Tesla said would develop manufacturing processes to be used initially in Model 3 production. According to Tesla in late 2016, the company expected to invest between  and  in capital expenditures ahead of the start of Model 3 production.

After the two Alpha prototypes were shown (silver and black; red was a shell) in April 2016, Tesla finished the design in late July 2016. Tesla ordered parts equivalent to 300 Beta prototypes in August 2016, preparing for development of the assembly line. As of August 2016, the company intended to make release candidates for testing prior to actual production. Tesla began building Model 3 prototypes in early February 2017 as part of the testing of the vehicle design and manufacturing processes. Tesla said in late 2016 that initial crash test results had been positive. Crash test results in mid-2019 were scored at 96% for protection of adults; 86% for protection of children and 74% for the way it handles "vulnerable road users" such as pedestrians. In addition, the Model 3's "safety assist" mode scored 94%.

In October 2016 Tesla said its production timeline was on schedule. Again in February 2017, Tesla said that vehicle development, supply chain and manufacturing are on track to support volume deliveries of the Model 3 in the second half of 2017. Limited vehicle production began in July 2017 and volume production was scheduled at that time to start by September 2017. As of February 2017, Tesla planned to ramp up production to exceed 5,000 vehicles per week in Q4 2017 and reach 10,000 vehicles per week in 2018. However, Tesla missed their Q4 production target by a wide amount, as only 2,425 vehicles were produced during the entire 3-month period.

Giga Nevada had been intended to produce battery packs for Model 3 and it was announced in January 2017 that Tesla would also manufacture drive units at Giga Nevada. In February 2017, Tesla said that installation of Model 3 manufacturing equipment was underway in the Fremont factory and at Giga Nevada, where in January, production of battery cells for energy-storage products began, which have the same form factor as the cells that will be used in Model 3.

Deliveries
In February 2016 Tesla expected the Model 3 to repeat the delivery schedule of the S and X models: selling at first the highest-optioned cars with higher margins, to help pay for production equipment. However, after the lessons learned from the complicated Model X production, Tesla changed its delivery schedule in early 2017 to produce relatively simpler cars initially, in order to reduce production risk. The first mass-produced Model 3 cars were rear-wheel drive with the long-range battery. Deliveries began in the second half of 2017 as predicted, but not in the numbers Tesla had hoped. As industry experts had predicted, Tesla did not meet the announced delivery targets. The first delivery was on July 7, 2017, to Musk himself and the first 30 production units were delivered on July 28, 2017.

2017
In early July 2017 Musk forecast at least six months of serious production difficulties. Tesla's announced goal at that time was to produce 1,500 units in the third quarter of 2017, increasing to 5,000 per week by end of December 2017, but only 260 vehicles were manufactured during the third quarter. The company blamed production bottlenecks, but said there were "no fundamental issues with the Model 3 production or supply chain" and expressed confidence about its ability to resolve the bottlenecks in the near future.

Tesla delivered just 1,542 Model 3 cars in the fourth quarter of 2017, about 2,900 fewer than Wall Street estimations, which were already halved previously after Tesla published the company's third quarter report. By early November 2017, Musk had postponed the target date for manufacturing 5,000 of the vehicles per week from December 2017 to March 2018. An analyst with Cowan and Company, an investment banking firm, said in November 2017 that "Elon Musk needs to stop over-promising and under-delivering". Customer deliveries totaled 1,764 units in 2017.

2018
Prior to a planned shutdown in mid-April 2018 to further increase production, Tesla produced more than 2,000 Model 3 vehicles for three straight weeks. Global deliveries passed 100,000 units as of October 2018. U.S. Model 3 sales hit 100,000 units in November 2018, reaching this milestone quicker than any previous plug-in electric model.

During the first half of 2018, the Model 3 was the top-selling alternative fuel vehicle in California with 12,674 units, followed by the Toyota Prius conventional hybrid (10,043). The Model 3 was the top-selling plug-in electric car in the U.S. for 12 months in a row through December 2018, ending 2018 as the bestselling plug-in with an estimated 139,782 units delivered, the first time a plug-in car sold more than 100,000 units in one year. Additionally, the Model 3 ranked as the bestselling luxury vehicle in the American market in 2018. The Model 3 topped plug-in electric car sales in California in 2018, with 51,293 units registered, and was the state's best-selling car in the near luxury category.

The Model 3 was the world's best-selling plug-in electric car in 2018. In 2018, Elon Musk predicted that eventual global demand would likely be between 500,000 and  Model 3 cars per year— ranking in between the BMW 3 Series and the Volkswagen Golf.

2019

Retail deliveries in Europe and China began in February 2019. Delivery of the first right-hand drive vehicles began in June 2019, starting with the UK and later in Australia and New Zealand. Similarly to how the first US-made Model 3s were delivered in July 2017, the first Chinese-made Model 3 cars were delivered to employees at the end of 2019.

In January 2019 the Model 3 overtook the Model S as the U.S. all-time best selling all-electric car, and, the next month, also passed the Chevrolet Volt to become the all-time top selling plug-in electric car in the U.S.

The Tesla Model 3 ended 2019 as the world's best-selling plug-in electric car for the second consecutive year, with just over 300,000 units delivered. The electric car also topped annual plug-in car sales in the U.S. (158,925) and California (59,514) markets for the second time in a row. And again listed as the California's best-selling car in the near luxury category in 2019.

The Model 3 also ranked as the best-selling plug-in car in Europe in 2019, with over 95,000 units delivered in its first year in that market, and outselling other key premium models. It also set records in Norway and the Netherlands, not only as the top selling plug-in car but also as the best-selling passenger car model overall. The sales volume achieved by the Model 3 in 2019 (15,683) is the third largest in Norwegian history, exceeded only by the Volkswagen Bobla (Beetle) in 1969 (16,706), and Volkswagen Golf in 2015 (16,388). The Model 3 set a new record in the Netherlands for the highest registrations in one month (22,137) for any single plug-in vehicle in Europe.

The Model 3 also was the top selling plug-in car in Canada, Spain, Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan and Mexico.

2020
Until 2019, the Nissan Leaf was the world's best-selling plug-in electric car, with global sales of 450,000 units by December 2019. The Tesla Model 3 surpassed Leaf sales in early 2020 to become the world's best-selling plug-in electric car ever. Global sales totaled about 814,000 units overall up to December 2020. The Model 3, with 365,240 global deliveries, was the world's best-selling plug-in passenger car in 2020 for the third consecutive year.

Gigafactory Shanghai began to ramp up production in 2020, producing vehicles for sale in China and for export.

In 2020, the Model 3 was the bestselling plug-in car in China (137,459) and the U.S. (95,135). The Model 3 also was the most popular plug-in electric car in California in 2020 (38,580), as well as the state's best-selling car in the near luxury category. The Model 3 has topped both California's and the U.S. national plug-in car sales for three years in-a-row, from 2018 to 2020.

2021
In 2021, the Model 3 became the all-time bestselling electric vehicle in the Netherlands with over 78,996 cars registered at the end of June 2021. The Model 3 became the first electric car to sell over 1 million units globally in June 2021.

It was also the bestselling electric vehicle of 2021 in the UK, with 34,783 registered, beating the second most popular electric car, the Kia e-Niro, by over 22,500 registrations. These figures also made the Model 3 the second bestseller in the UK new car market in 2021, only beaten by the Vauxhall Corsa, a cheaper B-segment vehicle. The 9,612 Model 3s sold in December were more than double the sales of any other car in that month.

In October 2021, Hertz car rental ordered 100,000 full-price  cars for its rental fleet.

Concerns
In May 2018 Consumer Reports found "big flaws, such as long stopping distances in our emergency braking test and difficult-to-use controls", finding the braking distance was worse than a Ford F-150 full-size truck, and branding the Model 3 "not recommended". Tesla responded to the claims with concern and, over the next weekend, released an OTA update for the anti-lock braking algorithm. Consumer Reports, impressed with the prompt OTA update, verified the improved braking performance and changed their rating to a recommended model.

In February 2019 Consumer Reports revoked the Model 3 recommendation because "many customers have reported problems with the [car], including loose body trim and glass defects." As with Model S and Model X, Model 3 production flaws were reduced over time. In November 2019 Consumer Reports reinstated the Model 3 recommendation, claiming it was the fifth-most reliable of twelve compact luxury cars.

During long-term testing of a Model 3 in December 2019, Car and Driver experienced a rear inverter short after  and 3 months of ownership. It was their first long-term vehicle to suffer such a major failure while parked.

In 2020, due to the Covid-19 outbreak, closure of the Shanghai factory at the end of January, and supply chain issues, Tesla used the 2.5 version processor instead of the 3.0 processor that Chinese users expected to find in their vehicles. This led to mass complaints. Tesla promised to upgrade the hardware free of charge once the supply chain is restored.

The 2021 Tesla Model 3 vehicles built on or after April 27, 2021, had modified Forward Collison Warning (FCW) and Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) safety features, resulting in lower Consumer Reports and Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) scores. The change was from using Radar to Camera technology called Tesla Vision. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has opened an investigation over phantom braking in these new vehicles.

In May 2022, a relay attack was discovered where an attacker could gain remote control of a Model 3 (or a Model Y) if they could get within range of a Bluetooth key of the owner.

Specifications

Battery
For the Model 3, Tesla initially decided to use 2170-type (21 mm diameter, 70 mm height) cylindrical cells. Compared the 18650-type batteries that the company had been using since its first generation Roadster, the 2170 batteries were optimized for electric cars, allowing for a higher capacity per cell and a lower number of cells per battery pack.

For vehicles built at the Tesla Fremont Factory, the company sources 2170-type batteries with a nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathode chemistry from Panasonic's production line at Gigafactory Nevada. In January 2021, Panasonic had the capacity to produce 39 GWh per year of battery cells there.

For vehicles made at Gigafactory Shanghai, batteries with a nickel-cobalt-manganese cathode chemistry are sourced from LG Energy Solution's factories in China.

As lower-cost models were introduced, Tesla started using prismatic (rectangular) cells with a lithium iron phosphate chemistry. These batteries are a less energy-dense type (which reduces range), but do not contain any nickel or cobalt, which makes it less expensive to produce. Tesla sources these batteries from CATL in China and are used in vehicles built in both Fremont and Shanghai.

Engineering and changes
When production began in 2017, the base Model 3 was announced to have a 50-kWh battery with a range of about  while the optional 75-kWh battery would have a range of about . Tesla did not produce base Model 3s in 2017 or 2018.

The 350-volt (nominal, 400v max) Model 3 battery packs are made of four longitudinal modules each containing the groups (bricks). The Standard Range version carries 2,976 cells arranged in 96 groups of 31. The Long Range version carries 4,416 cells arranged in 96 groups of 46, and weighs  in a 0.40 m³ volume; a density of . The car's onboard AC/DC converter is 11 kW. In Europe this requires three-phase electric power, otherwise single-phase power is 7.4 kW.

Tesla continues to improve the design of the 2170 battery cell and introduces incremental improvements into the manufacturing line periodically. Tesla began manufacture of the "lighter, better, cheaper" 2170 cell during 2018, with a company goal of reducing the cost of assembled battery packs to  by December 2018, and moving the new cell into volume production at Giga Nevada during the first quarter of 2019. Electrek reported in late 2018 that the improved battery cell design was needed to further reduce battery costs as Tesla was planning to begin to deliver the Model 3 Standard Range for the promised base price of  the following year.

The inverter for the Model 3 drive unit uses 24 pairs of silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET chips rated for 650 volts each.

In July 2018 media reported that a Model 3 prototype was seen in California and Nevada while towing a trailer in an apparent evaluation of a tow bar. In May 2019 Tesla started offering an optional tow bar rated for  available with Standard Range Plus and Long Range for the European Model 3. Towing a trailer may increase consumption by 40%. The towing capacity is now , but this is not available with the Performance model.

The Model 3 uses regenerative braking, which was tweaked and improved in October 2018 via a software update.

In October 2019 Tesla released a software update including a 5% power upgrade and peak power optimization to owners of the Model 3, via software version 2019.36.2.1, which showed noticeable improvements in acceleration and overall speed. In December 2019, Tesla offered Long Range dual-motor Model 3 owners who had software version 2019.40.2 the option to purchase a US$2000 "Acceleration Boost" software upgrade enabling a Sport driving mode, advertised to reduce 0- time from 4.4s to 3.9s. Road testing confirmed better-than-expected acceleration with drivers in Sport mode reaching 0- in 3.67s from standstill and 3.47s with a 1-foot rollout.

Structurally, the Model 3 is mostly steel, and most body panels are aluminum.

Due to its smaller size, the Model 3 is expected to consume less energy than the Model Y, and thus have longer range.

Traditional stability control is not made for dual-motor control or the faster response time in electric motors, and Tesla modified the control unit. The motors have magnets arranged in a Halbach array. The cooling system is integrated to reduce size and cost.

Sometime during August 2020, Tesla added heating hardware to the Model 3's charge port which was enabled by software update later in the year to prevent ice buildup.

Specifications table

Safety
Following crash testing in 2019, the Model 3 performed very well, receiving five stars in every category from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and a 94% Euro NCAP score in active safety.

Reception

 Car-design columnist and former car designer for GM Robert Cumberford said the Model 3 "is an excellent design" and praised the front fascia skin that he thinks is superior to the black plastic simulated grille of the pre-refresh Model S. Cumberford praised the Model 3's minimalist design, and "elegant simplicity" akin to Apple products. Although he criticized the car's spoiler, he said the Model 3 has a design that would age well, and "in 10 years it will still look contemporary and beautifully understated, not old and irrelevant."
 Motor Trend said the nose was controversial and polarizing, but probably intentionally so. Vanity Fair and others compared the Model 3 to the Ford Model T for its intended affordability as a volume-produced electric vehicle and for its limited set of options, namely range, wheels and exterior color of which all but white costs extra. Automotive journalist Doug DeMuro said the Model 3 was better, though $2,000 more expensive, than the BMW 340i and that it was the "coolest car of the year," later clarifying that this was based on the "long waiting lists, obsessive interest and news stories." Alex Roy said that DeMuro's review had concentrated on hardware details and missed out on the bigger picture.
 Automotive-industry analyst Toni Sacconaghi of AllianceBernstein said after driving one of the early Tesla vehicles in November 2017 that "Overall, we found the Model 3 to be a compelling offering, and believe it is likely to further galvanize the overall Electric Vehicle category." He was less impressed with build quality of the test samples. "Fit and finish on the two demo cars we saw—perhaps not surprisingly—was relatively poor." He said that there were quality issues at first with the Model X which led to some concern. "This is going to be a much, much higher-volume car, and if there are any quality issues, that could overwhelm the service centers and undermine the Tesla brand." Nonetheless, Sacconaghi was impressed with the ride quality, performance and interior space, and concluded that the 3 "risks cannibalizing the [much more expensive] Model S going forward."
 Road & Tracks Bob Sorokanich said the "Model 3 proves that Tesla is thinking far beyond the edges of the Model S and X. Stepping out of the 3, you realize that, as far as the S and X pushed the envelope, they were always meant as intermediaries, stepping stones designed to draw people away from comfortable convention and into the future of the automobile. ... The Model 3 is Tesla at its most unabashed. It's an automaker finally willing to abandon the skeuomorphism of a false radiator grille, the tradition of a driver-oriented gauge panel."
 In 2018, a Model 3 was driven 606.2 miles (975 km) on a single charge, setting a hypermiling driving record.
 In early 2019, Kelley Blue Book announced that the Tesla Model 3 was the winner of the "Best Resale Value Award" for all automobiles in the US market "with a projected 69.3% resale value after 36 months and 48.7% after 60 months."

Awards
 Popular Mechanics named the Tesla Model 3 as the magazine's 2018 Car of the Year. Model 3 was given the 2018 Design of the Year award by Automobile magazine.
 In the United Kingdom, the Model 3 was named 2019 Car of the Year by Auto Express magazine, and 2020 Car of the Year by Parkers magazine, where it was also named "Best Electric Car" and "Best Company Car", and won the "Best Safety" award for any vehicle on the market.
 The Model 3 won best mid-size car in the 2019 Das Goldene Lenkrad Golden Steering Wheel awards.
 The Model 3 was named the top-rated electric car of 2019 by Edmunds.com, as well as being named Edmunds' top-rated Luxury Electric Vehicle for 2020.
 In late 2019, the Model 3 was also named a Top Safety Pick+ by the IIHS. The Model 3 also won Car of the Year in Denmark, Car of the Year 2020 in Norway, and Swiss Car of the Year 2020.
 The Model 3 was named as UK Car of the Year 2020 by a panel of 29 motoring journalists. The director of the awards stated that the car's "technology, performance and range" were converting opinions in favor of electric vehicles.
 The car was chosen as one of the Top 10 Tech Cars by the IEEE in 2018.
 In January 2021, the Model 3 Standard Range Plus was named Large Electric Car of the Year by What Car? magazine. What Car? awarded the Model 3 five stars out of five in its review of the car.
 In May 2021, the Model 3 won Auto Trader UK's New Car Award for Best Car for Families. Auto Trader awarded the Model 3 four and a half stars out of five in its review of the car.

Recalls
 In December 2021, 356,309 Model 3 vehicles built between 2017 and 2020 were recalled because of the possibility of damage to the rear view camera wiring harness caused by trunk operation.
 In November 2022, certain vehicles including the Model 3 were recalled with regulators stating tail lamps on one or both sides of the vehicle could work intermittently due to a firmware problem and that this may make the vehicle less visible to others and could increase the risk of a crash.
 In February 2023, Tesla recalled all models equipped with the Full Self Driving Beta feature in the US and Canada. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) said the software allows a vehicle to "exceed speed limits or travel through intersections in an unlawful or unpredictable manner [which] increases the risk of a crash." Tesla opposed the federal request but ultimately complied. Elon Musk tweeted that the decision was, "anachronistic and just flat wrong!" U.S. senators Ed Markey and Richard Blumenthal said the recall was, "long overdue," adding, "Tesla must finally stop overstating the real capabilities of its vehicles."

See also
 Government incentives for electric vehicles have been established by authorities around the world
 List of electric cars currently available
 List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
 List of production battery electric vehicles
 List of Easter eggs in Tesla products
 Tesla Supercharger

References

External links

2020s cars
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 2016
Compact executive cars
Electric car models
Electric cars
Production electric cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sports sedans
ANCAP large family cars
Euro NCAP large family cars
Model 3


title: Meanings of minor planet names: 265001–266000

text:
265001–265100

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|-id=490
| 265490 Szabados || 2005 GW || László Szabados (born 1948), a Hungarian astronomer and Gaia researcher, who studies Cepheid variable stars ||
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265501–265600

|-id=594
| 265594 Keletiágnes ||  || Ágnes Keleti (born 1921), a Hungarian artistic gymnast and coach, the member of the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame. ||
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265601–265700

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|-id=924
| 265924 Franceclemente ||  || Francesco Clemente (born 1952), an Italian painter and designer ||
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References

265001-266000


title: Fivemile Rapids Site

text:
The Fivemile Rapids Site (Smithsonian trinomial: 35 WS 4), is an archaeological site near The Dalles, Oregon, United States. Yielding remains beginning soon after the end of the last glacial period, this and other nearby sites provide a nearly continuous record of human occupation from at least 9000 BCE to 1820 CE. It also provides some of the earliest available evidence of fishing in human economy.

The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Wasco County, Oregon

References

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Wasco County, Oregon


title: Words as Weapons (Seether song)

text:
"Words as Weapons" is a song by South African rock band Seether. It was released on 1 May 2014, as the lead single from their sixth studio album Isolate and Medicate.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

Seether songs
2014 singles
2014 songs
Songs written by Shaun Morgan
Songs written by Dale Stewart
Songs written by John Humphrey (drummer)
Song recordings produced by Brendan O'Brien (record producer)


title: Manitoba Provincial Road 331

text:
Manitoba Provincial Road 331 is an east-west provincial road in the south-central section of the Canadian province of Manitoba.

Route description

The route begins at PR 240 south of Portage la Prairie, and terminates at PTH 13 in Oakville.

PR 331 is mainly a straight east-west road, with one major winding section known as Hoop and Holler Bend. This stretch of road skirts the southern banks of the Assiniboine River at around the midway point of the route. Hoop and Holler Bend was used as a controlled breach in the midst of a major flood in the spring of 2011.

PR 331 is paved for its entire length.

History

In the early 1990s, the Manitoba government decommissioned a number of provincial secondary roads and returned the maintenance of these roads back to the rural municipalities. A portion of PR 331 was included in this decommissioning.

Prior to this, PR 331 extended past its current eastbound terminus with PTH 13 for another  before terminating at the Trans-Canada Highway near the unincorporated community of Fortier. The highway would make a very sharp turn to the left just before its original eastern terminus to allow a more uniform junction with the two highways, and thus reduce the number of collisions at that intersection.

The decommissioned section of PR 331 is now maintained by the Rural Municipality of Portage la Prairie. The original length of PR 331 was .

References

331


title: 119th Rifle Division

text:
The 119th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, formed three times.

It was originally raised at Krasnoyarsk in 1939 as a motor rifle division until the following year when it was reorganized as a standard Red Army rifle division, and served for the duration of the Great Patriotic War in that role. It saw very limited service in the Winter War against Finland. Following the German invasion in 1941 the first two formations of the division distinguished themselves on the battlefield, and were raised to the status of Guards Rifle divisions: the 17th Guards following the Battle of Moscow; and the 54th Guards for its successes in Operation Uranus. The division was formed for a third time in early 1943 and served for the duration of the war in the north-central sectors of the front, taking part in the offensive that drove the Nazi forces out of the Baltic States and winning a decoration for the liberation of Riga. The division was moved to the Odessa Military District soon after the end of the war, and was disbanded in the next few months.

1st Formation
The division was organized at Krasnoyarsk in the Siberian Military District in 1939 as a motor rifle division, as part of the pre-war expansion of the Red Army. It was moved to the Finnish front from January to March 1940, but only its artillery took part in the fighting. After returning to the Siberian Military District it was reorganized as a regular rifle division in April. As of June 22, 1941, it comprised:
 365th Rifle Regiment
 421st Rifle Regiment
 634th Rifle Regiment
 349th Light Artillery Regiment
 224th Sapper Battalion
 143rd Reconnaissance Company
Maj. Gen. Aleksandr Dmitrievich Berezin commanded the division through the existence of this formation. Following the onset of Barbarossa the division was rushed to the front, being assigned to 24th Army and then 31st Army in Reserve Front in August 1941. Unlike the newer divisions being formed at that time, the 119th had the pre-war organization and as of September 20 was actually over strength, with 1,142 officers, 14,804 NCOs and men, 13 tankettes, 4 armored cars, 166 heavy machine guns, 408 light machine guns, 54 45mm antitank guns, 85 artillery pieces, 109 mortars and 4 antiaircraft guns.

With the launch of the German Operation Typhoon, the division was involved in heavy fighting west of Rzhev in the first week of October. On October 6 the 365th Rifle Regiment was transferred to the 18th Rifle Division, which had escaped from encirclement with significant casualties. In exchange the 119th received the 920th Rifle Regiment from the 247th Rifle Division, a unit made up from a cadre of NKVD troops. At about this time the division was transferred to 29th Army, in Kalinin Front, and after the battle for Kalinin, back to 31st Army. By late November, even after this heavy fighting, the division still had a strength of 7,200 men, higher than average for Kalinin and Western Fronts at this time.

The men and women of the division fought well during the rest of the Battle of Moscow, and in the following counteroffensive. Beginning on January 8, 1942, 31st Army took part in the Sychevka-Vyasma Offensive Operation, which was planned "to encircle, and then capture or destroy the enemy's entire Mozhaisk - Gzhatsk - Vyasma grouping", that is, what later became known as the Rzhev salient. The 119th was one of the spearheads of this thrust behind the German lines, reaching the area near Bely by mid-January. The division was recognized for its achievements in this counteroffensive on March 17 when it became the 17th Guards Rifle Division.

2nd Formation
A new 119th Rifle Division was formed on April 21, 1942, in the Kalinin Oblast of the Moscow Military District, based on the 51st Rifle Brigade.

51st Rifle Brigade
This brigade began forming in October 1941, from military students and training units in the Volga Military District. It was moved west in December and was assigned to the reserves of Northwestern Front. It was then moved to the 4th Shock Army, and it was one of the second echelon units of that army when the Toropets-Kholm Offensive began on January 9, 1942. Through the rest of the winter the brigade fought in 4th Shock, deep in the Toropets salient behind the German-held Rzhev salient, until it was pulled out in April and sent back to Kalinin.

1942 Campaign
The new division's order of battle remained the same as that of the first formation, except the 349th was now a standard divisional artillery regiment. Col. Ivan Yakovlevich Kulagin was appointed to command on the day the division formed. The 51st Brigade was a well-experienced unit so the new division needed only about three months to form up and train. It remained in the Moscow defenses until July when it was moved south to join 3rd Tank Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. On August 30, still in reserve, it was reassigned to 5th Tank Army, fighting in Bryansk Front during the autumn.

During October, the 5th Tank Army was moved to Southwestern Front, under the command of Lt. Gen. N. F. Vatutin. At this time the 119th was noted as having 50 percent Russian personnel, with the remaining half being primarily Ukrainian and Asian. On November 19, the opening day of Operation Uranus, the division was deep within the Red Army's Serafimovich bridgehead across the Don River, at the village of Kalmykovskii, facing the Romanian 14th Infantry Division. At 0730 hrs., 3,500 guns, mortars and rocket launchers opened an 80-minute preparation along the penetration sectors of Southwestern and Don Fronts. Before this was completed, forward elements of the 119th, supported by sappers, pushed to within 200 - 300 metres of the forward edge of the Romanian defenses. Before the artillery was finished, the infantry assault began.

Operation Uranus
Together the four rifle divisions in the bridgehead were backed by 138 tanks. On the 119th's left the 50th Guards and its supporting armor tore a gaping hole in the defenses on the left flank of Romanian 5th Infantry Division by 1100 hrs.; this leveraged the 119th's thrust due south, with all three rifle regiments in the first echelon, smashing the enemy's first defensive positions and approaching the village of Blinovskii by the same hour. This was an advance of 2-3km, less than anticipated in the offensive plan. By noon the division had helped to crack open the lines held by Romanian II Army Corps sufficiently to create an opening for the armor of 5th Tank to exploit. 1st Tank Corps deployed its three tank brigades in a line and at 1400 hrs. began advancing through the 119th and the adjacent 154th Rifle Division, (which was re-designated as the 47th Guards Rifle Division the next day.) in an attack that obliterated the remaining defenses of the Romanian 14th Infantry; the surviving Romanian troops caught "tank fright" and were routed. Later in the afternoon, the 634th Rifle Regiment cooperated with roughly 45 vehicles of 26th Tank Corps' 157th Tank Brigade to destroy the Romanian 14th's remaining strongpoint at Klinovoi, after which the armor continued to advance up to 22km against light resistance. The remainder of the division made slower progress.

On November 20, Colonel Kulagin left command of the division; he would take command of the 35th Guards Rifle Division a few weeks later. He was replaced the following day by Col. Mikhail Matveevich Danilov, who had been the commander of the 437th Rifle Regiment of 154th Rifle Division, and would hold command for the duration of this formation. During the day most of the 119th continued to support the 157th Tank Brigade to overcome or bypass Romanian strongpoints and other obstacles, with the goal of reaching the towns of Zhirkovskii and Perelazovskii deep in the enemy rear, while the 365th Rifle Regiment, along with the 50th Guards and supporting armor, fought to contain Romanian forces being encircled east of the Tsaritsa River. The 365th seized Hill 208.0, then pushed on eastward with the tanks to the west bank of the river by midday, beginning the process of encircling the 1st Romanian Armored Division and other Romanian forces to the east. The Romanian tanks attempted to break out southwest to link up with German XXXXVIII Panzer Corps, but were unsuccessful, and lost 25 vehicles in the process.

The following day, Colonel Danilov "castled" his regiments southwards along the Tsaritsa, then attacked eastwards against the remnants of the Romanian armor, advancing up to 5km. The goal was to link up with the 277th Rifle Division of 21st Army and complete the encirclement of the remaining eastern forces of Romanian Third Army, now known as Group Lascar. At 2000 hrs. the leading elements of the two rifle divisions joined hands west of Verkhne-Cherenskii, completing the first major encirclement of Axis forces in Operation Uranus. Early on November 22 the division joined with the 50th Guards, 216th Tank Brigade, and one regiment of the 346th Rifle Division to attack Group Lascar's defenses along and east of the Tsaritsa. The division attacked eastward and northeastward, captured Korotkovskii, and then got into a fight to capture Zhirkovskii against strong resistance. At this point the 1st Romanian Armored made an attempt to break out of the pocket, with roughly 20 R-2 tanks and 220 trucks and other vehicles. This force pushed through the 119th's defenses, after which it fought a running battle with Soviet cavalry and tanks to the rear. The division's forces ignored the breakout as best they could, before lunging with the 50th Guards east towards the town of Golovskii, 10km to the east, which was the headquarters of Group Lascar. While the Romanian group made plans to break out, in defiance of orders from the German high command, the two Soviet divisions engaged the Romanian 6th Infantry Division in a running fight that lasted from 1600 to 2100 hrs., while Group Lascar was also being severely pressed by 21st Army. Golovskii fell to 50th Guards at 2100 hrs., completely disrupting the Romanian command.

November 23 saw the rifle forces of 5th Tank Army attempting to destroy the encircled Romanian group. The 119th captured the Romanian strongpoint at Zhirkovskii early in the morning, then dispatched one of its rifle regiments southward to intercept a Romanian column from escaping, while the remaining regiments drove eastwards into the center of the shrinking pocket. These captured Verkhne-Cherenskii at 1400 hrs. and linked up with the 333rd Rifle Division of 21st Army. At the same time, the left-flank regiment joined hands with that Army's 96th and 63rd Rifle Divisions, further sub-dividing the pocket. Overnight many Romanians were taken prisoner, including General Lascar. It fell to Brig. Gen. Trajan Stanescu, Lascar's deputy, to seek a formal surrender of Third Army, which went into effect at 0230 hrs. on November 24. The remaining Romanians surrendered over the next 12 hours, a total of 27,000 officers and men, including 5,000 from the escaping column intercepted by the regiment of the 119th and other Soviet forces. Following this, the division got a brief rest while it prepared to exploit to the Oblivskaya area on the Chir River.

Battle for Surovikino
On November 25 the 119th was tasked with the liberation of Surovikino, relieving 1st Tank Corps, and then with a drive across the lower Chir. This town proved a tough nut to crack, and the German defenders were still holding out in the evening of November 27, when the division was joined by the 333rd Rifle. 24 hours later Surovikino continued to hold out. On the morning of the 30th the division penetrated into the town's northern outskirts, where it entered into street fighting with the defenders of composite Group Schmidt, while the 333rd carved out a bridgehead over the Chir to the east. The fighting for Surovikino continued through the first three days of December, while 5th Tank Army prepared for a new offensive towards Tormosin, based from the 333rd's bridgehead. The goal of the offensive was to disrupt any German offensive from the lower Chir to relieve their forces surrounded at Stalingrad; the 119th's goal was to complete the liberation of Surovikino and then to attack across the river with two regiments, along with two regiments of the 321st Rifle Division. When the offensive began on December 9, the advance battalions of the two divisions encountered intense small arms and artillery fire from a very mixed group of Axis forces that forced them to go to ground. The full offensive was then postponed to the next day.

The sporadic fighting for Surovikino continued over the next several days. Finally, owing to the expansion of Soviet bridgeheads over the Chir to the east and west, despite the efforts of 11th Panzer Division to throw them back, the German position in the town became untenable, and it was evacuated overnight on December 14–15, with the 119th taking possession. As a result of this success and those earlier in the campaign, the division was one of the first of the Stalingrad divisions raised to Guards status, becoming the 54th Guards Rifle Division on December 16.

3rd Formation
The final 119th Rifle Division began forming at Aleksin in the Moscow Military District, based on the 161st Rifle Brigade, in March 1943.

161st Rifle Brigade
This rifle brigade was formed in February - March 1942 in the Moscow Military District. It was immediately assigned to the Moscow Defence Zone. In April it was moved to the 11th Army in Northwestern Front, on the north flank of the Soviet forces besieging the Demyansk Pocket. It was moved to 34th Army during this battle, and was there when the German forces evacuated in February 1943. Following this, the brigade became part of the 12th Guards Rifle Corps in the 27th Army in the area of Staraya Russa. In April the brigade was moved back to the Moscow Military District for rebuilding.

Into Belarus and the Baltic States
The division completed forming on April 19, when it was assigned to 3rd Reserve Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. The order of battle remained the same as that of the second formation. It was under the command of Col. Ivan Dmitrievich Panov, but he was replaced on July 27 by Maj. Gen. Iosif Ivanovich Khorun. The division was assigned to 21st Army in Western Front before the Smolensk Offensive Operation in August, and two months later reassigned to 60th Rifle Corps in Kalinin Front reserves. Shortly thereafter this Front was renamed 1st Baltic, and the division and its corps became part of 4th Shock Army.

4th Shock began a new offensive on November 2 in the directions of Polotsk and Vitebsk. 60th Corps, supported by the 143rd Tank Brigade, struck the defenses of the 87th Infantry Division and the much-depleted 2nd Luftwaffe Field Division on a 10km-wide front centered 16km south of Nevel. By November 6 the Corps had penetrated the enemy defenses to a depth of about 10km, at which point the 2nd Guards Rifle Corps was committed into the sector from the second echelon, with the mission "to widen the mouth to the south and destroy the defending enemy". Once a breakthrough was achieved, 4th Shock regrouped its forces to exploit; the 119th and the 357th Rifle Divisions were sent southwestwards towards Polotsk. Third Panzer Army's IX Army Corps scrambled to assemble several small combat groups to block the advance in this direction. By November 20 the division was on both sides of the Nevel - Polotsk railway in the area near Dretun, just 26km short of its objective, brought to a halt by an unexpected thaw and the resistance of German Group von Gottberg and the 211th Infantry Division. Due to the extended front held by 4th Shock, 60th Corps held these general positions into the new year.

In February 1944, the 119th was moved to 83rd Rifle Corps, where it remained for the duration of the war. Apart from a short reassignment to 1st Shock Army in March, the division was in 4th Shock Army until January 1945. At the start of the Soviet summer offensive the division was facing the German Panther Line defenses on the Drissa River, north of Polotsk. On July 18, following the breakthrough of these defenses and the exploitation to the west, General Khorun handed command of the division to Col. Ivan Mikhailovich Toropchin. By the beginning of August 4 Shock had reached the eastern outskirts of Daugavpils in Latvia. The advance continued until by mid-September it had arrived in the area of Biržai in northern Lithuania. The 119th's final change of command took place on October 18, when Colonel Toropchin was replaced by Col. Mikhail Lavrentevich Dudarenko. On October 22, the division was awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Class, for its services in the liberation of Riga. In the new year the division and its corps were shifted to 42nd Army in 2nd Baltic Front, then to 10th Guards Army on the coast of the Baltic in March, guarding the cut-off German forces in the Courland Pocket. In mid-April the 83rd Corps went into the Reserve of the Supreme High Command in the 22nd Army, ending the war out of the front lines.

It appears the entire 83rd Rifle Corps, including the 119th Rifle Division, was disbanded in the Odessa Military District in 1945-46.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
Aleksandr Dmitrievich Berezin
Ivan Yakovlevich Kulagin
Mikhail Matveevich Danilov
Iosif Ivanovich Khorun

119
Military units and formations established in 1939
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946


title: Sea of Voices

text:
"Sea of Voices" is a song recorded by American electronic music producer Porter Robinson. It was released on March 3, 2014 as the first single from his debut studio album Worlds (2014). The track revealed the tone of Worlds as emotional and nostalgic, as opposed to his older complextro dance music style. The song features uncredited vocals from Breanne Düren. The song was a hit on the American Dance/Electronic Songs chart.

Composition

Robinson has stated that "Sea of Voices" is one of his favorite tracks on the album in addition to "Divinity", "Goodbye to a World", "Sad Machine", "Fellow Feeling", and "Flicker". He has stated that "Sea of Voices" went through many versions, including a version where he used the Vocaloid voice, Avanna, to provide the vocal.

Release and promotion
"Sea of Voices" was the first single that was released from Worlds, in March 2014. Robinson stated that Astralwerks, the record label he is signed under, wanted to release the EDM-fueled "Shepherdess" as the first single, but Robinson declined.  He wanted to do the exact opposite, and release the track that reminded him the least of dance music. He decided to release "Sea of Voices" first, to inspire conversation among his fans about his change in style, and released "Shepherdess" as the bonus track on the vinyl version of his album.

The song peaked at number 28 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Songs chart in the United States on the issue week of March 22, 2014.

A remix by RAC was released on March 18, 2014. Another remix by Galimatias was released as a single off of Robinson's debut remix album Worlds Remixed on September 18, 2015. An official audio video for "Sea of Voices" premiered on August 14, 2014 on Robinson's YouTube channel.

Critical reception
"Sea of Voices" was very well received by critics. Elissa Stolman praised Robinson on the track by saying "This was the first track I heard from Worlds, and it blew me away. I've blabbed about it to my snob friends and gushed about how he's crafted the first ambient EDM track I've ever heard. A beat kicks in later, but the first few minutes pit slow-moving big room synths against ... nothing. No drums." In his mixed review of Worlds, Derek Staples of Consequence of Sound stated that "Sea of Voices" was "a few months too late for inclusion on the Divergent soundtrack." Allmusic journalist Andy Kellman said of "Sea of Voices" that, "For over three minutes, it's nothing but softly swelling strings, wind chimes, and Breanne Düren's distantly cooing voice, and then a trudging beat enters and disappears in time for Düren to sing, lullaby-like, something vague about the world falling apart."

Charts

Release history

References

2014 singles
2014 songs
Porter Robinson songs
Song recordings produced by Porter Robinson
Songs written by Porter Robinson


title: Sad Machine

text:
"Sad Machine" is a song recorded by American electronic music producer Porter Robinson. It was released on May 13, 2014 as the second single from his debut studio album Worlds (2014). Robinson wrote, produced, and performed the track. The song contains elements of late-1990s era video game music and the Vocaloid Singing Synthesis software. It has been described by Robinson as a "duet between a human and a robot".

An official lyric video for the single premiered on May 21, 2014, and features a computer-generated hand traveling through a valley of glitchy, colorful imagery. The song was well-received from critics, and was a hit on the American Dance/Electronic Songs chart.

Composition
Sad Machine was the last song Robinson wrote for his debut studio album, Worlds. Robinson described the tone of the song to be "Fragile and vulnerable ... but wistful and nostalgic." He has also stated that the song is one of his favorites on the album. The track is 88.5 beats per minute, half of 177, the latter of which Robinson wished to imply with the lead synth in the beginning of the song. He stated that he wished for the listener to anticipate a drum and bass beat and become caught off guard when the song revealed its actual tempo.

The track uses the Vocaloid software voice, Avanna, to provide the lead vocals for the song. The male vocals on the track are provided by Robinson himself. This track also marks the first of Robinson's own tracks that he uses his own vocals on. In the past, he had provided backing vocals for Zedd's single "Clarity". When asked about singing the song during his new live performance during his Worlds Tour, Robinson stated, "I'm only going to be alive so long, and I have a song where I'm singing, and I'm going to go perform that song live and why the hell should I not sing it? I'm going to do it. I want to sing. It just felt like the right call for the song, and hopefully the right call for the show, too."

Robinson stated that he used soundfonts, which are low-quality emulations of real-life instruments. In Sad Machine, he used these soundfonts to emulate the music from the 1998 video game The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time.

Charts

Certifications

Release history

References

External links

2014 singles
2014 songs
Porter Robinson songs
Song recordings produced by Porter Robinson
Songs written by Porter Robinson
Vocaloid songs


title: Lionhearted

text:
"Lionhearted" is a song recorded by American electronic music producer Porter Robinson. It was released on June 7, 2014 as the third single from his debut studio album Worlds (2014). Robinson wrote, produced, and performed the track. The song is different than the other songs on the record, less emotional and more pop-inspired. The song contains vocals from Swedish electronic rock group Urban Cone.

An official music video for the single premiered on June 17, 2014, and involves Robinson and several Japanese women walking around a city, wreaking havoc by turning the city into glitchy, retro imagery. The song was well-received from critics, and was a hit on the American Dance/Electronic Songs chart.

Composition
Robinson has stated that he could have released the track during the months prior to the announcement of Worlds and its lead singles, as he felt that it was more of an anthem as opposed to the more emotional and touching tracks of Worlds. He has stated that the song is not one of his favorites, those being "Divinity", "Flicker", "Sad Machine", "Sea of Voices", and "Goodbye to a World". Robinson worked on vocal ideas for the song with American electronic music group The M Machine, but it didn't end up working out. Robinson did, however, keep some of the ideas from these sessions and developed them further with Urban Cone. The M Machine are credited as co-writers of the song.

The track includes many progressive house elements, including a sidechained lead backed by a 120 bpm kick drum pattern. The track also includes 808 percussion in its fills.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

References

External links

2014 singles
2014 songs
Porter Robinson songs
Synth-pop songs
Song recordings produced by Porter Robinson
Songs written by Porter Robinson


title: Doon, Ontario

text:
Doon is a suburban community and former village which is now a part of the city of Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. Doon was settled around 1800 by German Mennonites from Pennsylvania, and after 1830 by Scottish immigrants. The area is located at the confluence of Schneider Creek and the Grand River. The post office was opened in 1845. A large flour mill, oatmeal mill, distillery and sawmill were built on the Doon River over the following years. The Perine brothers established extensive linen works and flax mills near the settlement. By 1870, there was a single church, Presbyterian, a variety of tradesmen and a population of 200.

Although never large, at one time it was a bustling community with sawmills, a rope factory and other businesses.

It is known as the lifetime home of landscape artist Homer Watson.
It is now a suburb of Kitchener, Ontario, home to the Doon Heritage Village and the main campus of Conestoga College.

History

Origins

Doon was established in a forested area around Schneider Creek where it enters the Grand River from the south.
Richard Beasley sold  of this land to John Biehn Sr. of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, in 1800.
Biehn's relatives bought portions of this land, and started to clear it for farming,
His son John Biehn Jr. built a sawmill in what became Doon, and Frederic Beck also ran a sawmill in the area.
Most of the early settlers were German Mennonite farmers from Pennsylvania.

Growth

In the 1830s the Ferrie family moved to the area, where they established several businesses in what is now Lower Doon including a distillery, tavern, general store, saw mill, cooperage, blacksmith shop and kiln. They also built workers' houses. Adam Ferrie Jr. gave Doon its name after Loch Doon and the River Doon in Ayrshire, Scotland.
From this time most of the settlers were  artisans, millers and brick makers of Scottish and English background.
Doon Mills, driven by water, was fully operational in 1839, grinding oatmeal, flour, and barley for the local population.
The population of Doon in 1855 was 200. A population of 200 was also listed in 1869.

The hamlets to the west, about a mile further up Schneider Creek, were originally called Oregon and Tow Town.
They later merged and were called Upper Doon. James Watson, grandfather of the painter Homer Watson, set up a sawmill, carding and fulling mill and a pail factory in Oregon.
John Tilt had a small sawmill and an enterprise for clay brick and tile manufacture, also in Oregon.

In Tow Town, Moses and Joseph Perine established a sawmill and a flax mill that made rope and twine, the first in Canada of this nature.
The Doon Twine and Cordage factory opened in 1856 making products from locally-grown flax and hemp.
Products included tying twines, plow lines, halter ropes, clothes lines and broom twine.
Farmers were later banned from growing hemp because of its cannabis content.
There was also a decline in local production of flax, so the factory had to import both of these raw materials.

New businesses served the growing population. By the early 1890s there was a post office, grocer and baker, two tailors, a cooper, blacksmith, shoemaker, wagon maker, bridge builder and scissors manufacturer.
By the end of the 19th century visitors could stay in the Red Lion Inn, Doon Hotel or the Bush Inn, all respectable establishments.

A non-denominational Sunday School was founded in 1848.
In 1854 the Doon Presbyterian Church was opened on land donated by Robert Ferrie and built with his financial assistance.
A Methodist church was built in 1868 on a site donated by William Allen.
The Bonnie Doon School was the first public school, opened in 1878 with one room, and extended to two rooms within ten years as the student population grew. The school burned down and was replaced in 1956.
The Christadelphians built a church on Old Mill Road, formerly Richmond Street, in 1880. In 1889 it was clad in red brick. The church was used until 1916. The building was closed until 1936, then used as a residence until 1971. It was torn down in 1981.

Railway history

Railways began being constructed in Waterloo County during the early 1850s. The Grand Trunk Railway's east–west mainline was constructed to the north of Doon through Berlin, which by then had become the county seat. The Great Western Railway, a major competitor of the Grand Trunk, built a set of branch lines managed by a complex set of subsidiary companies northward from a point on its own mainline at Harrisburg, in what has been described as both Canada's first railway junction and its first branch line. The Great Western opened to Galt in 1854, with extensions already planned to Guelph via Preston and Hespeler (the Galt and Guelph Railway) and Berlin via Preston.

The Preston and Berlin Railway (a de facto subsidiary of the Great Western), which opened in 1857, provided Doon's first railway service, but it was short-lived due to the collapse of its bridge over the Grand River. Cut off from the rest of the Great Western system, the section on the west bank of the river (which passed through Doon and German Mills on the way to its junction with the Grand Trunk mainline at Berlin) was more useful to the Grand Trunk than the Great Western, and came under Grand Trunk ownership in 1865, becoming the Grand Trunk's Doon Branch. After campaigning from Galt town boosters, the Doon Branch was extended to Galt once again in 1873, along a new route through Blair, which bypassed Preston.

The line through Doon saw a mix of freight and passenger traffic, and a particular train was known locally as the "Dutch Mail" for its mail car. In 1914, scheduled daily trains were two southbound trains to Galt and two northbound trains through Berlin to Elmira, which carried passengers, baggage, mail, and express parcels. Information on freight movement is less available, but the station at Doon had a stockyard and freight shed. Before its destruction by fire in 1915, the Doon twine and cordage mill was a major freight customer. Decades later, it was claimed that up to eight trains passed through the village per day. The Doon line and station became a part of the Canadian National Railways system in 1923 along with the rest of the former Grand Trunk system. In the 1930s, amidst the Great Depression, passenger service ended on the line and the Doon and Blair stations were closed. Freight service continued and was dieselized in the 1950s along with the rest of the Canadian National system.

One of the last uses for the line through Doon was the movement of construction materials for . For a short time during this period, there was a level crossing with the highway, which at the time had four lanes. Canadian National applied for abandonment of the line around 1956, and the rails were removed in stages: between Galt and the Doon Pioneer Village museum in 1961, then between the museum and Parkway (the former German Mills station) in 1964, the same year the museum received its former Canadian Pacific heritage steam locomotive. On the former Grand Trunk mainline, the Petersburg station was closed in 1967, and in 1968 it was transported to the Pioneer Village.

Transportation

Rail

Rail service arrived in Doon in 1857 in the form of the Preston and Berlin Railway, a branch line of the Great Western Railway. It later became a part of the Grand Trunk Railway and, finally, the Canadian National Railway (CN). With the decline of large, rail-served industries in the area, CN applied to abandon the railway around 1956.

Road

Doon is immediately adjacent to , which is to its east.  passes through Doon, where it is known as Homer Watson Boulevard until becoming Fountain Street South within Cambridge.

Public transit

Conestoga College's Doon Campus is a minor hub for Grand River Transit bus service. Buses use the internal campus roadway to reach stops on the campus, including a row of bus bays. With internal traffic congestion on the campus increasing, a dedicated on-campus bus station has been proposed, which would be directly accessible from Doon Valley Drive, a public roadway. In 2020, it was announced that the Ontario Ministry of Infrastructure, Infrastructure Canada, and the Region of Waterloo would be committing funds to the project, alongside nine other public transit and active transportation infrastructure projects in the region. The planned bus station would include heated shelters, bicycle parking, and space for additional bus stops.

Notable residents

Moses Springer (1824–1898) was born in Doon on 31 August 1824. In 1834 he and his ten siblings were orphaned when their parents died in a cholera epidemic. He was raised in Hespeler by the Mennonite Bishop Joseph Hagey and became a teacher and later a businessman in Waterloo. He was reeve of the village of Waterloo three times between 1857 and 1875, and represented the North Waterloo riding in the Ontario Legislature from 1867 to 1881.

Homer Watson (1855–1936) was a self-taught painter who devoted most of his life to painting landscapes of the country of Doon in a combination of romantic and realistic styles.
Oscar Wilde called Watson "the Canadian Constable".
A field stone house, built in 1835, that lies south of the village was Watson's house from 1881 until his death in 1936.
Homer's sister Phoebe Amelia Watson moved into Homer's house after his wife Roxanna died in 1918.
She became curator of the Homer Watson Art Gallery in Doon, and held this post until her death on 22 October 1947.

Hartman Krug (1853–1933) was born in New Dundee and followed his father's profession as a fine furniture maker.
He moved to Berlin and founded the H. Krug Furniture Company in the 1887.
In 1912 Krug became the majority shareholder in Doon Twine and Cordage Company, which was renamed Doon Twines Ltd.
The company began manufacturing cordage with jute, manila, hemp and sisal.
To accommodate growth and reduce transportation costs, in 1916 the operation was moved from Doon to a larger factory in Kitchener.

Beniah Bowman (1886–1941) was born in Waterloo county into a United Empire Loyalist family.
He was educated in the Doon and Hespeler public schools. In 1911 he became a farmer on Manitoulin Island.
Bowman was a member of the Ontario Legislature from 1918 to 1926, and was Ontario Minister of Lands and Forests from 1919 to 1923.

Hilda Ranscombe (1913–1998) was born in Doon, and became a star ice hockey player on the Preston Rivulettes.

Recent years

The population of Doon dropped sharply after the Doon Twines company relocated to Berlin, now Kitchener, during World War I.
There are now only a few small businesses in Doon, which has become a suburb for commuters to Kitchener and Cambridge.

After Phoebe Watson died the Watson house was home to the Doon School of Fine Arts from 1948 to 1966.
The house, a substantial building in Scottish Gothic Vertical style that was built in 1834 by Adam Ferrie, was purchased by the City of Kitchener in 1981 and opened to the public as a historic building and art gallery.
The Homer Watson Memorial Park lies next to the village.

Doon contains the Doon Heritage Village, which covers  and reconstructs a view of life in the region in 1914, on the eve of World War I.
There are period buildings, farm animals and interpreters dressed in period clothes.
The Waterloo Region Museum is at the entrance to the village.
The former house of Peter McArthur was transported to the village from its original location on land owned by the McArthur family near Appin, Ontario in Ekfrid Township.
Hugh C. Elliott (1899-1995), who had served in 1918–19 with the Canadian Engineers in Vladivostok, Siberia, was a charter director of the Doon Pioneer Village.

Conestoga College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning is a polytechnic established in 1967.
The original campus of Conestoga College, and the largest, is located in Doon by the Highway 401 / Homer Watson Blvd. interchange.  The campus holds the college's main administrative offices. There are residences for full-time students next to the campus.
A 3-storey  wing for the School of Health and Life Sciences opened in August 2011.

See also

 List of unincorporated communities in Ontario

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Kitchener, Ontario
Communities in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo


title: Emmett Hulcy Tidd

text:
Vice Admiral Emmett Hulcy Tidd (October 6, 1923 – March 20, 2018) was a flag officer of the United States Navy.

Early life and education
Tidd was born in Shreveport, Louisiana, on October 6, 1923. After graduating from Central High School in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, he attended the University of Oklahoma at Norman; his college time was cut short due to his early commissioning, and he completed his bachelor's degree in 1948.

Naval career
Tidd enlisted in the Navy Reserve as a seaman apprentice in 1942, and joined the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps while at Oklahoma University. Commissioned an ensign in 1945, he was assigned to the pre-commissioning crew attached to the destroyer , and became that ship's assistant first lieutenant and damage control officer upon its commissioning on July 2, 1945. He departed Gyatt in 1946, and left active duty to complete his degree, continuing in the Naval Reserve.

At the outbreak of the Korean War, Tidd volunteered for active duty, received promotion to Lieutenant junior grade, and was assigned to , which had been recommissioned for Korean War service. While aboard Evans, he participated in the Siege of Wonsan in 1951. He served in the Officer Procurement Office in the Bureau of Naval Personnel from March 1952 to April 1954, and was selected for transfer to the active duty force during this time. Upon completing his tour at BUPERS, he served as operations officer aboard , participating in the evacuation of the Tachen Islands off the coast of China. While aboard Radford, Tidd was assigned as antisubmarine warfare and gunnery officer on the staff of Escort Destroyer Squadron One. Tidd took command of  in November 1956, and participated in special operations in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; he also received promotion to lieutenant commander during this tour. After completing his command tour aboard Force, he attended the Naval War College Command and Staff Course from August 1958 to June 1959, and afterwards served in the Strategic Plans Division in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, the first of two tours in that division.

Promoted to commander, he assumed command of  in May 1961. While in command of Anderson, the ship participated in Operation Swordfish, standing duty as the standby firing ship and surface scientific camera party platform for the first-ever firing of an ASROC anti-submarine rocket equipped with a nuclear warhead. Anderson also deployed to the Eastern Pacific during the Cuban Missile Crisis. In April 1963, then-Commander Tidd assumed command of , relinquishing command the following June and beginning his second stint in the Strategic Plans Division. In June 1968, having been promoted to captain, Tidd assumed command of , followed by a tour as Chief of Staff and Aide to Vice Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, then serving as Commander, Naval Forces Vietnam. Following his Vietnam tour, Tidd was assigned to assume command of , but was redirected to Washington after being selected for promotion to rear admiral.

Tidd was promoted to rear admiral in 1970, and served, as a rear admiral designee, as Special Assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations (by then now-Admiral Elmo Zumwalt) and Vice Chief of Naval Operations for Decision Coordination (OP-09C), a position he held from June 1970 to August 1971. Upon leaving Washington, he assumed command of Cruiser Destroyer Flotilla Six, and embarked aboard  as Commander Task Group 56.2 and Commander Task Group 502.2. In April 1972, Tidd assumed command of Navy Recruiting Command, and was tasked with preparing for the transition to an all-volunteer force. He was promoted to vice admiral in 1974, and remained in his position as NRC commander. In June 1975, Todd assumed command of Naval Surface Force, Pacific Fleet; while serving in this position, the Navy completed efforts to combine all Pacific Fleet surface, amphibious, and SEAL forces under the SURFPAC umbrella.

Retirement
Vice Admiral Tidd retired in August 1976. After retiring, he served on the board of directors for Atlas Van Lines and the Armed Services YMCA, serving as the latter's chairman in 1981 and 1982. He died on March 20, 2018, at the age of 94.

Awards
Tidd's awards include:

 Distinguished Service Medal with two gold stars
 Legion of Merit
 Navy Commendation Medal with two gold stars and Combat V
 Navy Unit Commendation with star
 Naval Reserve Medal
 American Campaign Medal
 World War 2 Victory Medal
 China Service Medal
 National Defense Service Medal with bronze star
 Korean Service Medal with three stars
 United Nations Service Medal
 Vietnam Service Medal

Personal life
Tidd married his wife Margaret in 1945. His sons also became Navy flag officers; Kurt Tidd is a retired admiral (2018), and Mark Tidd retired in 2014 as a rear admiral and Chief of Navy Chaplains. A daughter in law also served in the Navy.

References

1923 births
2018 deaths
United States Navy personnel of the Korean War
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Military personnel from Shreveport, Louisiana
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
United States Navy admirals
University of Oklahoma alumni


title: 3rd Your World Awards

text:
2014 Your World Awards is the third annual award hosted by Telemundo, which awarded prizes to the beauty, sports, music, film and telenovela. It aired on August 21, 2014, at 8pm/7c. It was hosted by Gaby Espino and Aarón Díaz.

Winners and nominees

Novelas

Music

Variety

Special awards
Favorite of the Night - Kevin Ortiz

Performers

References

Telemundo original programming
2014 music awards
2014 television awards
2014 awards in the United States
Premios Tu Mundo


title: Minendra Rijal

text:
Minendra Rijal () is a Nepali politician and former Defence Minister of Nepal. He is also member of the House of Representatives.

Political career
He is a former member of Nepali Congress party Central Working Committee. He served as Minister of Information and Communications during the prime minister-ship of the Sushil Koirala.

Recently, Rijal resigned as Defence minister after he was unable to win internal election of party for general secretary.

He was elected to parliament from Morang-2 in the 2017 elections. Morang-2 is the constituency from where Late PM Girija Prasad Koirala used to contest the election.

He was also one of the architects of the mixed electoral system that ensured better social and gender diversity in the Constituent Assembly.

Electoral history

2017 legislative elections

References

Nepali Congress politicians from Koshi Province
Government ministers of Nepal
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1957 births
Nepali Congress (Democratic) politicians
Nepal MPs 2017–2022
People from Dharan
Members of the 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly


The 2003 Big South Conference men's basketball tournament took place March 4–8, 2003, at campus sites. The tournament was won by the UNC Asheville Bulldogs, their first tournament championship, as well as first under head coach Eddie Biedenbach.

Format
All eight teams participated in the tournament. Teams were seeded by conference winning percentage. For the quarterfinals, all games were hosted at campus sites, with home-field advantage going to the higher seed, while the semifinals and finals were played at the Vines Center in Lynchburg, Virginia, the home of Liberty University. This was the last year for Elon as a member of the Big South.

Bracket

* Asterisk indicates overtime game

All-Tournament Team
Andre Smith, UNC Asheville
Alex Kragel, UNC Asheville
Ryan McCullough, UNC Asheville
Ben McGonagil, UNC Asheville
Raymond Arrington, Radford

References

Tournament
Big South Conference men's basketball tournament
Big South Conference men's basketball tournament
Big South Conference men's basketball tournament