title: Equine gastric ulcer syndrome

text:
Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a common cause of colic and decreased performance in horses. Horses form ulcers in the mucosa of the stomach, leading to pain, decreased appetite, weight loss, and behavioral changes. Treatment generally involves reducing acid production of the stomach and dietary management. Unlike some animals, however, stomach rupture is rare, and the main goal of treating is to reduce pain and improve performance of animals used for showing or racing.

Pathophysiology

The digestive system of the horse evolved for its grazing lifestyle, where it would almost constantly eat small amounts of roughage throughout the day. Unlike carnivores, who produce stomach acid during meals, horses constantly secrete acid to help digest this source of grass, leading up to 9 gallons produced per day. Unchecked, the stomach acid can lower the pH to levels that will damage the gastric mucosa, leading to ulcers.

The stomach is divided into two main sections: a squamous region at the upper 1/3 of the stomach near the cardiac sphincter, and a lower glandular region. These two regions are separated by a band of tissue called the margo plicatus. The pH of the stomach contents varies by location. The most dorsal part of the stomach has the highest pH, usually close to 7, dropping to a pH of 3.0–6.0 near the margo plicatus, and reaching as low as 1.5–4.0 in the glandular regions. In foals, pH is uniform since all gastric contents are liquid, and pH rises for a around one hour after milk ingestion.

The esophagus and dorsal stomach is made of stratified squamous epithelium, which is only weakly protected from the effects of hydrochloric acid, and those cells deeper in the layer of tissue transport hydrogen ions intracellularly, leading to death. This region is therefore especially vulnerable, and accounts for 80% of all gastric ulcers. The glandular portion produces hydrochloric acid and enzymes such as pepsinogen, as well as bicarbonate and mucus that helps prevent self-digestion. Mucosal blood flow is also an important factor in glandular epithelium health, since it provides oxygen and nutrients to the cells and helps to remove excess hydrogen ions.

When a horse is on a diet high in roughage, the fibrous mat of chewed roughage provides a physical barrier and helps prevent splashing of acid up onto the squamous region of the stomach. Additionally, the horse's saliva is alkaline, and provides a chemical buffer that is produced during constant chewing and swallowing.

Both the esophagus and duodenum are also at risk for ulceration. Esophageal ulceration is partially prevented by the tone of the cardia sphincter to prevent reflux, as well as by saliva, which both washes the esophagus and contains mucins that can help protect its surface. The duodenum is protected by its motility which removes HCl, glands in its surface that produce mucins, and products from the pancreas, including bicarbonate, to help neutralize the acidity. Most duodenal ulcers occur in foals, and there appears to be an association between duodenal ulcers and enteritis in these animals. Duodenal ulcers may result in inflammation of the duodenum so profound it blocks gastric emptying, which can cause severe gastric ulcers and occasionally esophageal ulcers. Often this must be treated with a gastrojejunostomy, which is a risky procedure.

Risk factors
 Diets high in grain: results in increased serum gastrin secretions and production in volatile fatty acids, and limiting high-carbohydrate feed can help reduce gastric acidity.
 Diets low in roughage: produce less of a protective fibrous mat of material in the stomach, and requires less chewing and therefore results in less buffering saliva.
 Prolonged periods of fasting, due to meal-feeding or anorexia. Fasting has been shown to drop gastric pH to <2, and erosions are found within 48 hours and ulcers within 96 hours of feed deprivation.
 Stressful events: including travel, change in environment, and illness.
Confinement: Confinement can, in come cases, increase stress, as horses are prey animals, with a heavy flight-or-fight instinct. Horses moved from pasture to strict stall confinement may be at increased risk of ulceration of the squamous region of the stomach, even with free-choice hay available. Confinement can also result in the development of stereotypical behaviors.
 Workload: exercise increases gastric acid production and splashes the gastric contents onto the less-protected squamous portion of the stomach. It also decreases blood flow to the stomach and delays gastric emptying.
 Inappropriate use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): NSAIDs decrease the production of prostaglandins, which normally encourage the production of the protective mucus layer of the stomach and allow for normal mucosal blood flow. Inappropriate use of NSAIDs, including excessive doses, prolonged duration of use, or "stacking" (using multiple NSAIDs at once), greatly increases the risks of gastric ulceration in the horse.
 Blister beetle toxicity: Cantharidin is caustic to the mucosa of the stomach the chemical

Horses used for competitive activities, such as showing or racing are at greatest risk of gastric ulceration, with up to 60% of show horses, 60–70% of endurance horses, 75% of event horses, and 80–90% of race horses having ulcers. These horses have stressful lives compared to non-competitive animals, which includes travel, frequent change of environment, and high workload. Additionally, their diet often consists of a higher proportion of grain relative to roughage, to account for their increased caloric requirements.

Horses undergoing treatment for other medical problems, such as illness or lameness, are also at increased risk, due to the stress of the disease and because they are often confined and placed on long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Foals start secreting hydrochloric acid at two days of age. Nursing has been shown to increase pH, while gastric pH decreases in foals that are recumbent and not sucking regularly. Up to 50% of all foals and 90% of foals in the ICU have ulcers. This may be due to decreased feedings and recumbency. Ulcers in foals are often "silent", producing no clinical signs, and usually occur in the squamous portion of the stomach in animals four months old and younger. Glandular ulcers in foals are thought to be caused by stress, and are often seen in foals four months old and younger that are also sick or debilitated. Clinical ulcers in foals primarily occur in animals < 270 days old, and are usually found on the squamous epithelium of the stomach. Pyloric or duodenal ulcers are rare, and most often seen in animals three to five months of age. Ulcers in these regions are usually asymptomatic, but can cause stricture, leading to gastric outflow obstruction. Perforation secondary to ulcers, although rare, can occur both in the stomach and the duodenum, producing peritonitis. Rupture can not be predicted by ulcer severity as seen on endoscopic examination, and clinical signs are often not present until just prior to the event.

Unlike humans, Helicobacter infection has not been shown to be a definitive cause of gastric ulcers in horses. Although it has not been cultured, DNA from the organism has been found in the gastric mucosa using PCR. Additionally, ulcers have been shown to be colonized by bacteria which may prevent healing. Given that some horses do not respond to traditional therapy, it is sometimes recommended to add antibiotics to their treatment regimes.

Clinical signs
The process of gastric ulceration is similar to esophageal reflux in people (heartburn), where acid damages the epithelium of the esophagus. Therefore, behaviors associated to pain are the most common clinical signs of a horse with EGUS. This commonly includes chronic intermittent colic, especially after eating, decreased appetite or sudden cessation of eating in the middle of a meal, weight loss, decreased performance, changes in attitude, and "girthiness". Horses with ulcers may be difficult to keep in good condition, despite a high-quality diet. Additionally, horses may display bruxism, ptyalism, and dullness. Foals may additionally have diarrhea and display a potbelly and poor hair coat. Those foals with more serious ulceration are also seen to lay in dorsal recumbency and show pain when palpated just caudal to the xiphoid process.

Horses may not display any clinical signs, even with severe gastric ulcers. However, gastric ulcers are usually more severe in horses displaying clinical signs.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is often made based on history, clinical signs, and response to treatment, but the best diagnostic tool involves endoscopic visualization of the stomach in a process called gastroscopy. The horse is fasted for at least 6 hours prior to the procedure to help reduce the amount of feed material in the stomach. They are then sedated, and an endoscope is passed through one of the nostrils, into the esophagus, and down to the stomach. The endoscope must be at least 2 meters to visualize the non-glandular region of the stomach, and 2.5–3 meters to visualize the glandular region. This is a simple and minimally invasive procedure that allows for definitive diagnosis and can be used to track healing of lesions once treatment has begun.

Degree of ulceration is graded both on lesion number (grade 0–4, with a grade 4 for stomachs containing >10 lesions or diffuse ulceration) and lesion severity (0-5, with 5 being deep, active, hemorrhagic ulcers). The squamous and glandular regions are graded separately.

Treatment and prevention
The main goal of treatment of horses with gastric ulcers is to keep the pH of the stomach >4. Currently in the US, the only FDA approved method of treatment is through the use of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole, which has been shown to decrease the secretion of hydrochloric acid. Treatment is expensive and usually requires at least a month of daily administration of the drug. To reduce costs, compounded omeprazole is occasionally used; however, the efficacy of these products are likely poor. Omeprazole requires 3–5 days to reach steady-state levels in horses, so horses suffering from ulcers are often started on H2 antagonists at the same time. For this reason, some veterinarians recommend beginning prophylactic treatment several days before a stressful event. It is best to exercise a horse 2–8 hours after administration of omeprazole, and it may be taken up more quickly if the horse is given a grain meal at the same time, which should improve efficacy.

Prophylactic use of both omeprazole and H2 antagonists such as ranitidine, cimetidine, and famotidine can be used to help prevent gastric ulcer formation when the horse will be placed into a stressful situation, such as travel or showing. Ranitidine has been shown to reduce ulceration when given concurrently during feed deprivation trials. H2 antagonists are cheaper and will decrease stomach acid production but require more frequent administration compared to PPIs, usually every eight hours. There are no studies suggesting that H2 antagonists improve the healing of ulcers already present. H2 antagonists require doses much higher than other species to block acid production in the equine stomach, possibly because so little histamine is needed to produce maximal secretion of acid. This is also true for omeprazole doses, especially if given orally.

Antacids have a short duration of effectiveness, and therefore are not very practical for use in horses because the damaging acid is produced constantly rather than just at meals. Such medications would require prohibitively frequent dosing to treat ulcers in the horse if used independently of other drugs.

Sucralfate is often used as an adjunctive therapy. At a pH <4, it becomes thick in consistency and it binds to gastric ulcerations preferably over squamous epithelial cells. It is not recommended as the sole treatment of EGUS because it has not been shown to have great efficacy in treating ulcers of the squamous region, and has not been studied in cases of glandular ulcers. If it is used, it should not be given around the time of an H2 antagonist, because sucralfate binds best at a lower pH.

Dietary management is critical: increasing roughage provides a physical barrier to help protect the stomach as well as encourages salivation. Horses prone to gastric ulcers should have access to hay or grass as much as possible, ideally constantly, and meal feeding should be kept to a minimum. Specifically, feeding alfalfa hay has also been shown to decrease the severity of ulcers. Grain should be reduced to a level below 0.5 kg grain/220 kg body weight, and ideally as much as possible. Corn oil may be beneficial, especially for horses taking NSAIDs, as it contains 40% linoleic aid, a substance that is thought to increase prostaglandin E2 (one of the protective prostaglandins) and decrease acid production. Additional turnout and a reduction in training or traveling can also have positive effects. Stalled horses should be kept in as stress-free of an environment as possible, with access to hay and the ability to see other horses. NSAID use should be kept to a minimum, and use of COX-2 selective NSAIDs such as firocoxib may be preferable over other commonly used NSAIDs.

Recent studies
Although oral omeprazole treatment is the licensed treatment in the majority of countries, recent studies have shown long‐acting injectable omeprazole has been demonstrated to suppress acid production more markedly, more consistently and for longer than observed in previous investigations using oral omeprazole.

References

Syndromes in horses


title: Daniel Trust

text:
Daniel Ndamwizeye (born March 9, 1989), better known in the professional world as Daniel Trust, is an international speaker, social entrepreneur and youth advocate. He is best known for being President and CEO of Daniel Trust Foundation, a non-profit organization that invests in and supports low-income students and teachers who have made a big impact in the lives of their students.  Daniel is also well known for surviving the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and sharing his Coming Out story through his speaking career.  Daniel has been featured on media such as News 12 Connecticut's "Our Lives,"  WTNH's "Connecticut Style," WFSB's "Better Connecticut," as well as the New Haven Register, Hartford Courant, Scholastic Magazine, Connecticut Magazine and Fairfield County Business Journal's "40 under 40", and Southern Connecticut State University's Alumni magazine.

Early life and education
Daniel Trust was born in Gisenyi, Rwanda on 9 March 1989. Daniel's mother was Tutsi and his father was Hutu. At age 5, he witnessed his mother, father, and two sisters killed by Hutu extremists. Daniel was hidden by a neighbor during this massacre.

After experiencing abuse, harassment, and discomfort for the next several years, Daniel left as a refugee to Lusaka, Zambia. Daniel hoped to move to the United States one day. In 2005, with the support of a few refugee organizations, Daniel was able to successfully move to Bridgeport, Connecticut. Daniel was granted his American citizenship five years later.

In 2008, Daniel graduated from Bassick High School, in Bridgeport, Connecticut. From 2008 through 2013, Daniel attended and graduated from Southern Connecticut State University. He was a business major.

Career
Early in college, Daniel founded D-Trust Apparel clothing brand. From 2009 to 2014, Daniel worked in the corporate sector with TD Bank, N.A. To make time for his speaking career and non-profit organization, Daniel stepped away from D-Trust Apparel and resigned from TD Bank, N.A. Daniel had a store open for his business and attained the assistant manager position at TD Bank, N.A.

Daniel has spoken and lectured at colleges including University of Connecticut's "True Colors Conference," Duke University's "Genocide Remembrance event,"  Fairfield University, "Leadership Day" at the University of New Haven,. Daniel has also spoken at high school's including Sayville High School, West Haven High School, Warren Harding High School, and other schools.

References

External links
The Official Daniel Trust Website
The Daniel Trust Foundation, Inc Official Website
Connecticut Magazine's 40 Under 40: Class of 2014
Appearance with Scholars on WTNH's "Connecticut Style"
Appearance with Scholars on WFSB's "Better Connecticut
Appearance on Chanel 12 News Connecticut "Our Lives"

1989 births
Living people
People from Gisenyi
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Rwandan refugees
Southern Connecticut State University alumni
American motivational speakers
American people of Rwandan descent


title: Gaillard Formation

text:
The Gaillard Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Cretaceous Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Providence Sand

text:
The Providence Sand is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Cretaceous Georgia (U.S. state)
Cretaceous Alabama


title: Satilla Formation

text:
The Satilla Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia, United States. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Geologic formations of Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Endoxyla affinis

text:
Endoxyla affinis is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland and New South Wales.

References

Moths described in 1896
Endoxyla (moth)


title: List of tallest buildings in North Hudson

text:
North Hudson comprises the municipalities of Weehawken, Union City, West New York, Guttenberg and North Bergen in Hudson County, New Jersey. With an estimated population of about 206,000 as of 2022, the contiguous urban area, one of the most densely populated places in the nation, is largely situated atop the Palisades on the Hudson Waterfront along the west bank of the North River.

The area lies north of Hoboken and Jersey City, across the river from Midtown Manhattan and the Upper West Side in New York City, and east of the New Jersey Meadowlands. Its high elevation of about  affords North Hudson expansive views of the Manhattan skyline to the east and of the Meadowlands, as well as the Watchung Mountains beyond, to the west. Many of the tall buildings are part of a string of residential high-rises that continues north along the Boulevard East–Palisade Avenue–River Road corridors into the eastern Bergen County towns of Cliffside Park, Edgewater and Fort Lee. Many of the buildings went up during a boom in development in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In Weehawken, building heights are restricted if they would disturb the view of the Hudson River and New York skyline. There is proposed state legislation to restrict building heights that would rise above the cliffs or Palisade Avenue along the entire corridor from Jersey City to Fort Lee.

Buildings over

.

Notable towers

The White Brewery was built adjacent to Hudson Palisades, the site of today's Galaxy Towers in 1855. The eight-story building was destroyed in a fire in 1896.

The dome of Monastery and Church of Saint Michael the Archangel, built between 1866 and 1875, rises .

The Weehawken Water Tower, built in 1883, is  tall.

In 1890, the North Hudson County Railway built an elevator tower and viaduct to connect with trains at Weehawken Terminal with its street car lines on top of the Palisades. With the closure of the Gutenberg Racetrack, traffic diminished, and the service was discontinued. The  tall towers supporting the  long viaduct were dismantled in 1900.

The Hudson County Brewing Company headquarters and plant built circa 1901 in what was West Hoboken was demolished in the early 1930s and became the site of Roosevelt Stadium.

The WOR TV Tower was a  tall lattice tower used for FM- and TV-broadcasting at North Bergen built in 1949, which at that time made the tenth tallest man-made structure in the world. On November 8, 1956, the top of the tower was hit by a small aircraft, which knocked off the top and killed six people. It was later dismantled.

Sources
Emporis North Bergen
Emporis Guttenberg
Emporis West New York
Emporis Weehawken
Emporis Union City

References

Tallest
North Hudson
Architecture in New Jersey
North Hudson
Towers in New Jersey
Tallest
Tallest
Tallest
Tallest
Tallest


title: Hugh Blythe

text:
Hugh Blythe (also Hugo Blythe) B.D. (died 1610) was a Canon of Windsor from 1572 to 1610 and Archdeacon of Leicester from 1589 to 1591.

Career

He was educated at King's College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA in 1564, MA in 1567, BD.

He was appointed:
Headmaster of Eton College ca. 1559
Rector of Appleby, Leicestershire 1572
Archdeacon of Leicester 1589 - 1591

He was appointed to the sixth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1572 and held this until he died in 1610.

Notes

1610 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Head Masters of Eton College
Archdeacons of Leicester
Year of birth missing


title: Lourdes Formation

text:
The Lourdes Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia that contains fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Ordovician Georgia (U.S. state)
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Li Shizeng

text:
Li Shizeng (; 29 May 1881 – 30 September 1973), born Li Yuying, was an educator, promoter of anarchist doctrines, political activist, and member of the Chinese Nationalist Party in early Republican China.

After coming to Paris in 1902, Li took a graduate degree in chemistry and biology, and then along with Wu Zhihui and Zhang Renjie, cofounded the Chinese anarchist movement. He was a supporter of Sun Yat-sen. He organized cultural exchange between France and China, established the first factory in Europe to manufacture and sell beancurd, and created Diligent Work-Frugal Study programs which brought Chinese students to France for work in factories. In the 1920s, Li, Zhang, Wu, and Cai Yuanpei were known as the anti-communist "Four Elders" of the Chinese Nationalist Party.

Youth and early career
Though his family was from Gaoyang County, Zhili, Li was brought up in Beijing. His father was Li Hongzao. Li studied foreign languages. When Li Hongzao died in 1897, the government rewarded his sons with ranks which entitled them to hold middle-level office . The title for this ranking was known as Lung-Chang.

In 1900, the family fled the Boxer Uprising and invasion of the Allied Armies. After their return to Beijing, Li attended a banquet at the home of a neighboring high official who had been a friend of his father. There he met Zhang Renjie, the son of a prosperous Zhejiang silk merchant whose family had purchased him a degree and who had come to the capital to arrange a suitable office. The two quickly discovered that they shared same ideas for the reform of Chinese government and society, beginning a friendship which lasted the rest of their lives. When Li was chosen in 1903 as an "embassy student" to accompany China's new ambassador Sun Baoqi to Paris, Zhang had his family arrange for him to join the group as a commercial attache. Li and Zhang traveled together, stopping first in Shanghai to meet with Wu Zhihui, by then a famous radical critic of the Qing government, where they also met Wu's friend, Cai Yuanpei.

Anarchism and France

At the time, since France had the reputation of being the home of revolution, Chinese officials were reluctant to sponsor study there. Li and Zhang, however, were well connected, and arrived in France, December 1902, accompanied by their wives. Ambassador Sun was indulgent and allowed Li to spend his time in intense French language study, but Li soon resigned from the embassy to enroll in a graduate program in chemistry and biology at  in Montargis, a suburb south of Paris. In three years he earned his degree, then went to Paris for further study at the Sorbonne University and the Pasteur Institute. He  announced that he would break with family tradition and would not pursue an official career. Zhang, meanwhile, began to make his fortune by starting a Paris company to import Chinese decorative art and curios. Li and Zhang persuaded Wu Zhihui to come to Paris from Edinburgh, where he had been attending university lectures. Li, Zhang, and Wu did not forget their revolutionary goals. On route back to China for a visit, Zhang met the anti-Manchu revolutionary, Sun Yat-sen and promised him extensive financial support. On his return to Paris in 1907, Zhang led Li and Wu to join Sun's Tongmenghui (Chinese Revolutionary Alliance).

The Paris Anarchists

The three young radicals had come in search of ideas to explain their world and of ways to change it. They soon discovered the fashionable doctrines of anarchism, which they saw as a scientific and cosmopolitan set of ideas which would bring progress to China. The key point of difference with other revolutionaries was that for them political revolution was meaningless without cultural change. A group of Chinese anarchists in Tokyo, led by Liu Shipei, favored a return to the individualist Daoism of ancient China which found government irrelevant, but for the Paris anarchists, as the historian Peter Zarrow puts it, "science was truth and truth was science." In the following years they helped anarchism to become a pervasive, perhaps dominant, strand among radical young Chinese.

The Paris anarchists argued that China needed to abolish Confucian family structure, liberate women, promote moral personal behavior, and create equitable social organizations. Li wrote that "family revolution, revolution against the sages, revolution in the Three Bonds and the Five Constants would advance the cause of humanitarianism." Once these goals had been accomplished, they reasoned, the minds of the people would be clear and political improvement would follow. Authoritarian government would then be unnecessary.

Although these anarchists sought to overthrow Confucian orthodoxy, their assumptions resonated with the idealistic assumptions of Neo-Confucianism: that human nature is basically good; that humans do not need coercion or governments to force them to be decent to each other; and that moral self-cultivation would lead individuals to fulfill themselves within society, rather than by liberating themselves from it.  For these anarchists, as for late imperial Neo-Confucians, schools were a non-authoritarian instrument of personal transformation and their favored role was as teacher.

In 1906 Zhang, Li, and Wu founded the Chinese anarchist organization, the World Society (世界社 Shijie she), sometimes translated as New World Society. In later years, before moving to Taiwan in 1949, the Society became a powerful financial conglomerate, but in its early phase focused on programs of education and radical change.

In 1908, the World Society started a weekly journal, Xin Shiji 新世紀週報 (New Era or New Century; titled La Novaj Tempoj in Esperanto), to introduce Chinese students in France, Japan, and China to the history of European radicalism. Zhang's successful enterprise selling  Chinese art funded the journal, Wu edited it, and Li was the major contributor. Other contributors included Wang Jingwei, Zhang Ji, and  Chu Minyi, a student from Zhejiang who accompanied Zhang Renjie back from China and would be his assistant in the years to come.

Li eagerly read and translated essays by William Godwin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Élisée Reclus, and the anarchist classics of Peter Kropotkin, especially The Conquest of Bread and Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution. Li was struck by their arguments that cooperation and mutual aid were more powerful than the Social Darwinist forces of competition or heartless survival of the fittest. Li was also impressed by conversations with the Kropotkinist writer Jean Grave, who had spent two years in prison for publishing "Society on the Brink of Death" (1892) an anarchist pamphlet.

Progress was the legitimizing principle. Li wrote in 1907 that
Progress is advance without stopping, transformation without end. There is no affair or thing that does not progress. That is the nature of evolution. That which does not progress or is tardy owes it to sickness in human beings and injury in other things. That which does away with sickness and injury is none other than revolution. Revolution is nothing but cleansing away obstacles to progress.

The Paris group worked on the assumption that science and rationality would lead toward a world civilization in which China would participate on an equal basis. They espoused Esperanto, for instance, as a scientifically designed language which would lead toward a single global language superior to national ones. Their faith in moral self-cultivation led Li to adopt vegetarianism in 1908, a lifelong commitment. Yet he also believed that individuals could not liberate themselves simply by their own will, but needed strong moral examples of teachers.

Xin Shijie  even called for the reform of Chinese theater. Li regretted that reform had stopped at halfway measures such as introducing gas lights. He called for deeper reforms such as stage sets rather than bare stage and allowing men and women to act on the same stage. Li consulted several French friends before deciding to translate two contemporary French plays, L'Echelle, a one-act play by Edouard Norès (?-1904), which he translated as Ming bu ping, and Le Grand Soir by Leopold Kampf (1881-1913), which he translated as Ye wei yang.

By 1910, Zhang Renjie, who continued to travel back and forth to China to promote business and support revolution, could no longer finance both Sun Yat-sen and the journal, which ceased publication after 121 issues.

Soy factory and Work-Study program
The anarchists Li and Zhang Renjie also owned businesses to finance their political activities. As Zhang expanded his import business, Li realized that he could put his scientific training to use in manufacturing soy products. He felt that beancurd (doufu), would appeal to the French public as characteristically Chinese.

In 1908 Li opened a soy factory, the Usine de la Caséo-Sojaïne, which manufactured and sold doufu (beancurd).

The plant, housed in a brick building at 46–48 Rue Denis Papin in the suburb of La Garenne-Colombes a few miles to the north of Paris, produced a variety of soy products. There was little market for bean-curd jam, soy coffee and chocolate, eggs, or bean-curd cheese (in Gruyere, Roquefort or Camembert flavors), but soy flour and biscuits sold well. The company offered free meals to Chinese students, who gathered also to discuss and debate revolutionary strategy. Sun Yat-sen visited the factory in 1909, and wrote: "My friend Li Shizeng has conducted research on soybeans and advocates eating soybean foods instead of meat."

Li planned the Work-Study program as a way to bring young Chinese to France whose study would be financed by working in the beancurd factory and whose character would be uplifted by a regimen of moral instruction. This first Work-Study program eventually brought 120 workers to France. Li aimed to take these worker-students, who he called "ignorant" and "superstitious", and make them into knowledgeable and moral citizens who on their return would become models for a new China. The program instructed them in Chinese, French, and science and required them to abstain from tobacco, alcohol, and gambling.

Li returned to China in 1909 to raise further capital for the factory. Again using family connections, he secured an interview with the governor of Zhili, Yang Lianpu, a friend of his father's, and secured a contribution. His father-in-law, Yao Xueyuan (1843–1914), head of the salt merchants of Tianjin, solicited the national community of salt merchants for investment. . In six months Li raised some $400,000. He arrived back in France with five workers (all from Gaoyang, his home district), and a supply of soybeans and coagulant.

France
In 1905, while he was still a graduate student, Li presented his first paper on soy at the Second International Dairy Congress in Paris, and published it in the proceedings of the conference. In 1910 he published a short treatise in Chinese on the economic and health benefits of soy beans and soy products, especially doufu, which he maintained could alleviate diabetes and arthritic pain, and then in 1912 Le Soja in French. At the annual lunch of France's Society for Acclimatization (Société d’Acclimatation), in keeping with its tradition of introducing new foods from little-known plants, Li served a meal of vegetarian ham (jambon végétal), soy cheese (fromage de Soya), soy preserves (confitures de Soya, such as crème de marron), and soy bread (pain de Soya).

Together with his partner L. Grandvoinnet, in 1912 Li published a 150-page pamphlet containing their series of eight earlier articles: Le soja: sa culture, ses usages alimentaires, thérapeutiques, agricoles et industriels (Soya – Its Cultivation, Dietary, Therapeutic, Agricultural and Industrial Uses; Paris: A Challamel, 1912). The soy historians William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi call it "one of the earliest, most important, influential, creative, interesting, and carefully researched books ever written about soybeans and soyfoods. Its bibliography on soy is larger than any published prior to that time."

Li and the factory engineers developed and patented equipment for producing soymilk and beancurd, including the world's first soymilk patents. Shurtleff and Aoyagi comment that their 1912 patent was "packed with original ideas, including various French-style cheeses and the world's first industrial soy protein isolate, called Sojalithe, after its counterpart, Galalith, made from milk protein." Li claimed that Sojalithe could also be used as a substitute for ivory.

Xinhai revolution

On the eve of the Xinhai revolution, Li joined Zhang Renjie in Beijing (they may have taken part in a plot to assassinate Yuan Shikai, who had edged out Sun Yat-sen from the presidency of the new republic). Wu Zhihui borrowed money from Sun to join them and other of the Paris anarchists such as Zhang Ji. Wang Jingwei, who had been jailed for an assassination attempt on a Manchu governor in 1910, was freed by the new government. These anarchists took advantage of the new political openness to practice what one historian calls "applied anarchism".

Soon after their return, the group organized The Society to Advance Morality (進德會 Jinde hui), also known as the "Eight Nots", or "Eight Prohibitions Society" (八不會 Babu hui). True to its anarchist principles, the Society had no president, no officers, no regulations or means to enforce them, and no dues or fines. Each level of membership, however, had increasingly rigorous requirements. "Supporting members", the lowest level, agreed not to visit prostitutes and not to gamble. "General members" agreed in addition not to take concubines. The next higher level further agreed not to take government office—"Someone has to watch over officials"—not to become members of parliament, and not to smoke. The highest level promised in addition to abstain from alcohol and meat. These moral principles had a wide appeal among the new intelligentsia which was forming in cities and universities, but Li, in light of the Society's prohibition on holding office, turned down Sun Yat-sen's request that he join the new government, as did Wang Jingwei.

Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement

In April 1912, still excited by the prospect of the new-born Chinese Republic, Li, Zhang Renjie, Wu Zhihui, and Cai Yuanpei founded in Beijing the Association for Frugal Study in France (留法儉學會 Liufa jianxue hui), also known as the Society for Rational French Education (la Societé Rationelle des Etudiants Chinois en France). At that time, most students who went abroad went on government scholarships to Japan, though the Chinese Educational Mission of 1872-1881 and the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program sent students to the United States.  In contrast to his own experience on the 1902 program as an "embassy scholar", which involved only a handful of students from privileged families, Li hoped to welcome hundreds of working-class students into his program.  For Li, work-study continued to have a moral as well as an educational function. In addition to making workers more knowledgeable, work-study would eliminate their "decadent habits" and transform them into morally upright and hard-working citizens

Yuan Shikai's opposition closed the program down. In September 1913, after Yuan violently suppressed Sun's "second revolution", Li and Wang Jingwei took their families to France for safety. Wang lived with Li in Montargis and lectured to the Work-Study students. The bean-curd factory began to do better. Over the first five years, bean-curd sales averaged only 500 pieces (cakes) per month but increased to 10,000 a month in 1915, sometimes to more than 17,000 pieces a month. In 1916, however, wartime conditions forced the factory to close (it re-opened in 1919, when post-war milk shortages made soy milk more attractive).

The outbreak of war in Europe in 1914 led the French government to recruit Chinese workers for their factories. By the end of the war, the Chinese Labor Corps in France brought more than 130,000 workers, mostly from North China villages. In June 1915, Li and his friends in Paris took advantage of this opportunity to provide schooling and training for those working in French factories. They renewed the Work-Study program, though on a different basis, involving less educated workers rather than students. By March 1916 their Paris group, the Societe Franco-Chinoise d'Education (華法教育會 Hua-Fa jiaoyuhui) was directly involved in recruiting and training these workers. They pressed the French government to give the workers technical education as well as factory work, and Li wrote extensively in the Chinese Labor Journal (Huagong zazhi), which introduced Western science, the arts, fiction, and current events.

In 1921, after Li had returned to China, leaders of riots in Lyons against the leadership of the program were expelled from the country. The younger generation of students then became angry critics who dismissed anarchism and rejected older leaders. The Sino-French Institute did not become central to Sino-French relations.

Nationalist Party and anarchism in the 1920s
In 1919 Li returned to Beijing to accept Cai Yuanpei's offer to teach science at the forward-looking Peking University and to also become president of the Sino-French University just outside the city.

Although the basic slogan of the New Culture Movement was "Science and Democracy", Li was one of the few influential intellectuals to have professional training in a hard science. In keeping with anarchist opposition to religion, Li continued to use science to attack religion as superstition. When he became president of the Anti-Christian Movement of 1922 Li told the Beijing Atheists' League: "Religion is intrinsically old and corrupt: history has passed it by." He went on to make clear that as a cosmopolitan he did not oppose Christianity because it was foreign, but all religion as such:
Why are we of the twentieth century... even debating this nonsense from primitive ages? ... As Western scholars often say, "Science and religion advance and retreat in reverse proportion"... Morality is the natural power for goodness. Religious morality, on the other hand, really works by rewards and punishment; it is the opposite of true morality.... The basic nature of all living creatures, including the human race, not only nourishes self-interest but also unfolds as support of the group. This is the root of morality.

The former Paris Anarchists became a force in Sun Yat-sen's Nationalist Party as it rose to national power in the early 1920s. Zhang Renjie's Shanghai stock-market earnings made him a major financial supporter of the party and an early patron of Chiang Kai-shek. After Sun's death in 1925 and the initial success of Chiang's Northern Expedition, the Nationalists split into left and right factions. In 1927, Li Shizeng, Wu Zhihui, Cai Yuanpei, and Zhang Renjie became known as the party's Four Elders (yuan lao). As members of the Central Supervisory Committee in April 1927 they strongly supported Chiang Kai-shek over the leftist Wuhan government headed by their old colleague, Wang Jingwei, and they cheered the expulsion of all Communists and the bloody suppression of the communists and the left in Shanghai.

The Four Elders had never established an independent power base within the party but relied on their personal relations, first with Sun, then with Chiang Kai-shek, in their efforts to make the Nationalist Party the instrument for their anarchist ambitions. In 1927, Li and Wu Zhihui were appointed as Chairmen of the Party, Cai Yuanpei accepted a series of offices in the new government, and Zhang Renjie was one of the powers behind Chiang's takeover after Sun's death. They encouraged their young anarchist followers to join the party, organize labor, and work for revolution. Many of these young anarchists did so but others sharply pointed out that Li had originally made the renunciation of political office a key principle; the defining goal of anarchism was to overthrow the state not join it. One critic wrote that "the moment Li and Wu entered the Guomindang they as good as stopped being anarchists."

The Labor University, Palace Museum, and French university
Li indeed had on principle refused government office but he did accept cultural positions. In November 1924, Feng Yuxiang, the Nationalists' rival, captured Beijing and evicted the former emperor, Puyi, from the Forbidden City. When the Palace Museum was set up to oversee the vast art collections left by the emperors, Li was appointed Director General, and his protégé and distant relative Yi Peiji was made curator. Deciding the disposition and even the ownership of these former imperial treasures was a challenge since many had already been sold by the eunuchs or impoverished imperial household staff. By the mid-1920s, many intellectuals and nationalists had come to recognize and strongly oppose the depredation of China's artistic heritage and the export of art by Chinese and foreign dealers. Therefore, the handling of the imperial collections in the Forbidden City was both a cultural and a political problem. The Palace Museum was opened on October 10, 1925, the anniversary of the Republican revolution. Li was forced to flee in fear for his life in 1926 when he was accused of communist sympathies but returned when KMT troops took the city in June 1928. Li served as chair of the Board of Directors until 1932 and also became sponsor of the Academia Sinica.

In 1927, following bloody suppression of the communists and the left in April, Li gained preliminary support for a National Labor University (Laodong Daxue) in Shanghai. The National Labor University was to be the cornerstone of anarchism and the training ground for new leaders who would rise within the GMD. Drawing on the anarchist Work-Study experience in Europe, Li's aim was to produce a labor-intellectual who would embody the fusion in school slogan: "turn schools into fields and factories, fields and factories into schools.”

Yet the result was mixed. The GMD Central Political Council approved the proposal in May and the University opened in September. Two factories had been set up by the Shanghai municipal government several years earlier, one for juvenile delinquents and homeless youth and another to provide jobs for the urban poor, but they had been shut down when the Chiang's troops took the city, leaving six-hundred young workers with no work. The new university re-opened these factories and welcomed workers and peasants to attend classes free of charge. Li, Cai Yuanpei, Zhang Renjie, Chu Minyi and seven others were appointed to the Board, and Yi Peiji, who had fled Beijing with Li, became president.

The Charter for the university announced that its mission was to be the "educational organ of the laborers," and that it would be an "experiment in social-welfare and conduct surveys into working conditions." The Charter continued that students would be sent to factories and fields to "cultivate manual skills and to learn to respect hard work." That is, as one historian observes, the school was based on the assumption that "revolution should be contained in an evolutionary process"  and that the goal was "cultivating personal revolutionary virtues," not social or political revolution. Even if Li had intended the school to be a revolutionary training ground, in the anti-leftist atmosphere the actual practice of the university was limited and subdued. The university was closed down in 1932.

For many years Li had used his connections in France and China to build cultural relations. In 1917 Li had first urged France to return her portion of the Boxer Indemnity Fund to be used for cultural activities and educational exchange. In 1925, after long negotiations, the two governments signed an agreement. The money was funneled through Li, ensuring him a role of power for the next several decades. He may well have devoted a portion of it, together with money from his family, to support his own projects. Chief among these projects was the Sino-French University in Beijing, which Li had started in 1920 as a counterpart to the Sino-French University in Lyon, also started in 1920. The Sino-French University in Beijing at one point was so well-funded that it gave Peking University substantial help in repaying its debts.

In 1927 the new nationalist government appointed Cai Yuanpei head of a board of universities which would replace the ministry of education. Li and Cai had been impressed with the rational organization of the French system of higher education in which, instead of random groupings, the country was divided into regional districts which did not overlap or duplicate each other's missions. Peking University was renamed Beiping University and reorganized to absorb other local universities. In 1928, Cai made Li head of the district for Beiping, but there was general resistance to the new scheme and the two old friends had a falling out. The new system was abandoned.

By 1929 the anarchist attempt to prosper within the GMD reached a dead end. The Labor University, conclude historians Ming Chan and Arif Dirlik, added another dimension and constituency to the ideal of labor-learning which Li and the Paris anarchists had introduced into the revolutionary discourse, but they argue that by the 1920s the concept had been adopted by a wide range of revolutionaries, including their rivals, the Marxists. The Four Elders had relied on personal relations with Chiang Kai-shek but lost traction when Chiang shifted his support to other factions, as Chiang often did when one faction became too strong. Dirlik also suggests that activist Chinese now felt, fairly or not, that the anarchist  agenda was theoretical and long term, so could not compete with Communist or Nationalist programs of immediate and strong organization needed to save China. Li continued to work and write freely, but many of his activist followers were suppressed or put in jail.

Later years
Accusations about the handling of Palace Museum finances began to dog Li and his protégé, Yi Peiji. To pay for ambitious cataloging and publication projects Yi had sold off gold dust, silver, silk, and clothing without government approval. In October 1933, after several years of investigations which Li had fought, a procurator brought formal charges against both men, with another round of indictments a year later and further charges against Yi in 1937. Yi fled to the Japanese concession at Tientsin and Li could move about in Shanghai and other coastal concessions only in disguise.

In 1932, Li traveled to Geneva, Switzerland, to organize the Chinese delegation to the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations. While at Geneva he established the Sino-International Library.

During World War II, Li lived for most of the time in New York, with trips to Chongqing and Kunming. After the 1941 death of his first wife in Paris, he was reported to have a relation with a Jewish woman named "Ru Su" ("Mrs. Vegetarian"?), but they did not marry.  He served as a cochairman of the Emergency Committee to Save the Jewish People of Europe, an offshoot of the Bergson Group, which lobbied the US government and took out advertisements in newspapers urging American intervention to save European Jews. In 1943 and 1944 he was a featured speaker at the Committee's Emergency Conferences to Save the Jewish People of Europe.

Following the war, Li returned once again to China. As Rector of the National Peiping Research Academy Li was a delegate to the First Soya Congress in Paris, March 1947. The Congress was organized by the French Bureau of Soya (Bureau Français du Soya), the Laboratory of Soya Experiments (Laboratoire dEssais du Soya), and the France-China Association (lAssociation France-Chine). As communist armies approached Beijing in 1948, Li moved to Geneva, where he and his wife remained until 1950, when Switzerland extended recognition to the People's Republic. He then moved to Montevideo, Uruguay. After his wife died there in 1954, Li established a second home in KMT-controlled Taiwan and resumed his role as national policy advisor to Chiang Kai-shek and a member of the Central Appraisal Committee, which superseded the Central Supervisory Committee.

In 1958, one of Li's last public acts was to dedicate a middle-school in Tainan named in honor of Wu Zhihui.

Li died April 3, 1973, in Taipei, aged 92. He was given a large funeral ceremony and buried there.

Family and personal life
In 1897, at the age of 17, Li married Yao Tongyi, his older cousin, who died in Paris in 1941. They had two children. Li Zongwei, a son, born in 1899 in China, who married Ji Xiengzhan and had three children, Aline, Tayang and Eryang. He died in 1976. Their daughter, Li Yamei (called "Micheline"), was born in 1910 in Paris. She married Zhu Guangcai and had three children, Zhu Minyan, Zhu Minda, and Zhu Minxing.

In 1943, Li met a Mrs. "Ru Su", who is described as a Jewish woman who lived in New York. She became his partner but they did not marry. On February 14, 1946, Li married Lin Sushan in Shanghai. She died in Montevideo in 1954. Li married for the third time in 1957, to Tian Baotian in Taipei, when he was age 76-77 and she was 42.

Major works

 Biblioteca Sino-Internacional (Montevideo, Uruguay), 黄淵泉, 國立中央圖書館, 中國國際圖書館中文舊籍目錄, 國立中央圖書館, 1984
 Zhongguo wuzhengfu zhuyi he Zhongguo shehuidang [Chinese Anarchism and the Chinese Socialist Party]. Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe, 1981.

Notes

References and further reading

 , esp. Ch. 6, "The Work-Study Movement."
 "Li Shih-tseng", in .

  At The Anarchist Library (Free Download). The online version is unpaginated.

External links

 Li Shizeng (1881-1973) Estel negre Ateneu Libertari
 Daniel Cairns, "Li Shizeng", annaqi
 L'Institut Franco-Chinois
 Zheng Yuxiu with Li Shizhen Fu Binchang Collection Historical Photographs of China

1881 births
1973 deaths
Academic staff of Peking University
Chinese anarchists
Chinese anti-communists
Chinese atheists
Chinese Esperantists
Chinese expatriates in France
Chinese Nationalists
Educators from Hebei
Members of the Kuomintang
Presidents of Beijing Normal University
Soy researchers
Taiwanese people from Beijing
Tongmenghui members


title: DCMA Civilian Career Service Award

text:
The DCMA Civilian Career Service Award (CCSA) is one of four honorary medals presented to civilians in the United States by the Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA) for outstanding service.

References

Awards and decorations of the United States Department of Defense


title: McCullen v. Coakley

text:
McCullen v. Coakley, 573 U.S. 464 (2014), is a United States Supreme Court case involving a First Amendment challenge to the validity of a Massachusetts law establishing  fixed buffer zones around facilities where abortions were performed.

The law – part of the Reproductive Health Care Facilities Act – barred non-exempt individuals from entering or remaining "on a public way or sidewalk adjacent to a reproductive health care facility within a radius of 35 feet". The Court unanimously held that the law violated the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, as applied to Massachusetts through the Fourteenth Amendment.

Background
In 1994, the United States Congress passed the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, which, among other things, prohibited the use of physical force toward or physical obstruction of a person seeking to obtain or provide reproductive health services.

In 2000, Massachusetts passed the Reproductive Health Care Facilities Act, which was broadly modeled on laws upheld by the Supreme Court in Hill v. Colorado. Within an  radius around the entrances or driveways of reproductive health care facilities, the Act prohibited approaching within six feet of another person "for the purpose of passing a leaflet or handbill to, displaying a sign to, or engaging in oral protest, education, or counseling with such other person", unless this was done with the person's consent. The Act also contained a prohibition against obstructing a person who was entering or leaving such a facility.

In 2007, the Act was amended. The 18-foot no approach zone was replaced with a  buffer zone around reproductive health care facilities. The amended law prohibited non-exempt individuals from "knowingly enter[ing] or remain[ing] on a public way or sidewalk adjacent to a reproductive health care facility within a radius of 35 feet". Exempt individuals included: people leaving and entering the facility, employees and agents of the facility within the scope of their employment, law enforcement and other first responders, and persons using the "public sidewalk or street right-of-way adjacent to such facility solely for the purpose of reaching a destination other than the facility".

The amended Act was challenged by seven individuals who engaged in "sidewalk counseling" outside Planned Parenthood clinics in Boston, Worcester, and Springfield, Massachusetts under the First and Fourteenth Amendments.

Opinion of the Court
Chief Justice John Roberts delivered the opinion of the Court, writing that: "The buffer zones burden substantially more speech than necessary to achieve [Massachusetts'] asserted interests." He stated that there were alternatives available to Massachusetts that "appear capable of serving its interests, without excluding individuals from areas historically open for speech and debate". Further, he stated:

Roberts evaluated the law on the basis that it was content-neutral and did not discriminate based on viewpoint. The Court maintained the intermediate scrutiny standard, as laid out in Hill v. Colorado, for content- and viewpoint-neutral regulations.

Justice Antonin Scalia (with whom Justices Anthony Kennedy and Clarence Thomas agreed) concurred in the judgment but disagreed with the reasons of the Chief Justice. In Scalia's view, the law was content-based, the Court should have applied strict scrutiny, and the law failed that stricter standard.

Justice Samuel Alito also filed an opinion concurring in the judgment, but disagreed with Roberts' opinion that the law was viewpoint-neutral. Alito considered that the law "blatantly discriminates based on viewpoint": a "sidewalk counselor" would not be permitted to enter the zone in order to approach a woman and criticize the clinic, but an employee of the clinic could approach the same woman to encourage her to come inside.

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment

References

Further reading
 McCullen v. Coakley - Harvard Law Review

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
2014 in United States case law
United States reproductive rights case law
United States Free Speech Clause case law
History of Worcester, Massachusetts
Planned Parenthood litigation
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
Alliance Defending Freedom litigation


title: Black Lake (Central Frontenac)

text:
Black Lake is a lake in the municipality of Central Frontenac, Frontenac County in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin.

The primary outflow, at the west, is an unnamed creek that flows to Sharbot Lake, which in turn flows via the Fall River, the Mississippi River and the Ottawa River to the Saint Lawrence River.

Sharbot Lake Provincial Park envelops the northern, western and southern sides of the lake. Ontario Highway 7 runs along the north side of the lake.

See also
List of rivers of Ontario

References

Other map sources:

Lakes of Frontenac County


title: 2014–15 NK Osijek season

text:
The 2014–15 season is the 68th season in Osijek’s history and their twenty-fourth in the Prva HNL.

First-team squad

Competitions

Overall

Prva HNL

Classification

Results summary

Results by round

Matches

Legend

Prva HNL

Croatian Football Cup

Player seasonal records
Competitive matches only. Updated to games played 30 May 2015.

Top scorers

Source: Competitive matches

Transfers

In

Out

Loans in

Loans out

Sources: nogometni-magazin.com

References

2014-15
Croatian football clubs 2014–15 season


title: Endoxyla amphiplecta

text:
Endoxyla amphiplecta is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.

The wingspan of the males is about 50 mm. Females have reduced wings and are incapable of flight. The male forewings have a pattern of light and dark fawn.

The larvae have been recorded feeding on the roots of Pachycornia triandra and Bassia hyssopifolia.

References

Moths described in 1932
Endoxyla (moth)


title: The Fort Leavenworth Lamp

text:
The Fort Leavenworth Lamp is a weekly newspaper for the U.S. Army military community living in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. It is a civilian contract newspaper, printed by GateHouseMedia, Inc. It serves as a record for activities on Fort Leavenworth, including the history of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College and the U.S. Disciplinary Barracks located on the Army post.

The Fort Leavenworth Lamp newspaper targets military members, family members, Army civilian employees and military retirees as its audience. News coverage is limited to Fort Leavenworth events and activities. Rules and regulations of the Department of Defense, the Army and Installation Management Command limit what can be published.  For example, the Lamp rejects photographs that contain military uniform violations.

Advertising
Advertising of The Fort Leavenworth Lamp is handled through GateHouse Media, located at 422 Seneca Street in Leavenworth, Kansas. It is a member newspaper of the Kansas Press Association.

History
The Fort Leavenworth Lamp entered its 40th year of production on April 8, 2011. The paper was named by Lt. Col. Robert Simpson, a U.S. Army Command and General Staff College instructor, who named the newspaper after the Fort Leavenworth Lamp insignia chosen as the symbol of the Command and General Staff College in 1956.

In 1991, the Lamp was renamed "The Fort Leavenworth Lamp" to avoid trademark infringement with "The Lamp," a publication of the Exxon oil company.

References

External links
 Gatehousemedia.com

Newspapers published in Kansas
Military newspapers published in the United States
Newspapers established in 1971
Fort Leavenworth
1971 establishments in Kansas


title: Mark Marnell

text:
Mark Marnell (1926 - 9 July 1992) was an Irish hurler who played as a left corner-back for the Kilkenny senior team.

Born in Oldtown, Danesfort, County Kilkenny, Marnell first arrived on the inter-county scene when he first linked up with the Kilkenny senior team, making his debut in the 1947 championship. Marnell was a regular member of the team over the next few years. During that time he won one All-Ireland medal and three Leinster medals. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.

Marnell also represented the Leinster inter-provincial team, however, he never won a Railway Cup medal. At club level he won one championship medal with Tullaroan.

Honours

Team

Tullaroan
Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1948

Kilkenny
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1947
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (3): 1947, 1950, 1953

References

1926 births
1992 deaths
Danesfort hurlers
Tullaroan hurlers
Kilkenny inter-county hurlers
Leinster inter-provincial hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners


title: Hebetancylus moricandi

text:
Hebetancylus moricandi is a species of small, freshwater, air-breathing limpet, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails and their allies.

Geographic distribution
H. moricandi is native to South America, where it is widely distributed, from northern Venezuela in the north to Río Colorado, Argentina, in the south. It has not been recorded in Chile, Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana and Suriname, however this absence may merely reflect lack of collections.

The species' type locality is Corrientes, Argentina.

Description
H. moricandi has a low, compressed shell, reaching  in length. The apex is obtuse, somewhat prominent, smooth and located slightly to the right of the midline. The protoconch shows a shallow apical depression and appears smooth under optical microscopy, but exhibits faint radial lines under scanning electron microscopy; no punctuations are present. The teleoconch shows no radial lines.
The mantle is pigmented, with a band of increased pigmentation occurring between the area of the right anterior muscle insertion and the posterior pallial edge. The muscular impressions are almost of the same size, with the posterior one rounded and the anterior ones rounded or slightly almond-like.
The rachidian tooth has a high base, wider at the most basal portion, and robust but relatively short main cusps, with one to two accessory cusps to their side and, occasionally, an accessory cusp between them. The lateral teeth are tricuspid, the three main cusps being of similar size and having one small accessory cusp between them and one to three to the side of the ectocone. The marginal teeth are elongated and have 10 to 15 very fine cusps.
The ovotestis usually has more than 30 follicles. The prostate has 6 to 9 long and curved follicles.

See also
 List of non-marine molluscs of Venezuela
 List of non-marine molluscs of Brazil
 List of non-marine molluscs of Argentina
 List of non-marine molluscs of Uruguay

References

Planorbidae
Molluscs of South America
Molluscs of Argentina
Molluscs of Brazil
Molluscs of Uruguay
Molluscs of Venezuela
Taxa named by Alcide d'Orbigny
Gastropods described in 1837


title: Nuzvid railway station

text:
Nuzvid railway station (station code:NZD), is the railway station under the jurisdiction of Indian Railways. It serves Hanuman Junction and Nuzvid town situated in the Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. Nuzvid railway station falls under Vijayawada railway division of South Central Railway zone. It is situated on the Howrah–Chennai main line. It is one of the 27 rural stations in the state to have Wi-Fi.

Classification
In terms of earnings and outward passengers handled, Nuzvid is categorized as a Non-Suburban Grade-5 (NSG-5) railway station. Based on the re–categorization of Indian Railway stations for the period of 2017–18 and 2022–23, an NSG–5 category station earns between – crore and handles  passengers.

See also

Visakhapatnam–Vijayawada section

References

External links
 Indian Railways website

Railway stations in Krishna district
Vijayawada railway division


title: Slender frog (disambiguation)

text:
The slender frog is an Australian and New Guinean frog of the family Microhylidae.

"Slender frog" may also refer to one of several other frogs:

 Kajang slender litter frog, a frog in the family Megophryidae endemic to Malaysia
 Marbled slender frog, a frog in the family Ranidae found in Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam
 Slender tree frog, a frog in the family Hylidae native to southwestern Australia

Animal common name disambiguation pages


title: John Wickart

text:
John Wickart D.D. (d. 29 January 1722) was a Canon of Windsor from 1684 to 1722 and Dean of Winchester from 1693 to 1722.

Career
He was educated at Clare College, Cambridge, where he graduated MA in 1676, and DD in 1693.

He was appointed:
Chaplain-in-Ordinary to King James II 1684
Rector of Hartley, Westpall 1684
Dean of Winchester 1693 - 1722

He was appointed to the sixth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1684 and held this until he died in 1722.

He was buried in the chapel at Windsor on 3 February 1722.

Notes

1722 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Deans of Winchester
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Year of birth missing


title: Jamie McGuire (author)

text:
Jamie McGuire is an American romance novelist from Oklahoma. She writes primarily in the new adult fiction genre, and became popular with the release of her novel Beautiful Disaster. Several of her books have been self-published.

Biography
Jamie McGuire was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and raised in Blackwell, Oklahoma. McGuire is a 1997 graduate of Blackwell High School. She received further education at Northern Oklahoma College, the University of Central Oklahoma, and Autry Technology Center. She holds an Associate Degree of Applied Science in radiography from Northern Oklahoma College.
Prior to becoming a full-time author she worked for many years as a radiographer. She previously lived in Enid, Oklahoma, and currently resides in Jenks, Oklahoma.  McGuire has two daughters  and a son. In 2019 she went viral for her opposition to vaccinations.

In 2020 she attempted a run as a Republican for the Oklahoma House of Representatives in house district 69, but was disqualified due to residency requirements.

Self-publishing
McGuire self-published her first four novels, Providence, Requiem, Beautiful Disaster, and Eden. Due to the success of Beautiful Disaster as a New York Times best seller she was offered a publishing contract with Atria Books for the rights to Beautiful Disaster and its sequel, Walking Disaster. Atria Books also published Beautiful Oblivion, Red Hill, and A Beautiful Wedding. Many of her novels have ranked on the New York Times best seller list, including Walking Disaster which also ranked on the USA Today, and Wall Street Journal lists.

In 2014 McGuire returned to self-publishing for her next novel, Happenstance, because she realized she would make a higher profit by keeping her own digital rights. Since then, with the exception of From Here to You and All the Little Lights in 2018, most of her work has been self-published.

Bibliography

Providence

 Providence (2010, self-published; )
 Requiem (2011, self-published; )
 Eden (2012, self-published; )

 Sins of the Innocent: A Novella (2015, self-published; )
 Sins of the Immortal: A Novella (2021, self-published; )

Beautiful

 Beautiful Disaster (2011, self-published / 2012, Atria Books; )
 Walking Disaster (2013, Atria Books; )

 "Mrs. Maddox" (2012, self-published, short story)
 A Beautiful Wedding (2013, Atria Books; )
 Endlessly Beautiful (Ongoing, self-published, extended chapters)

Maddox Brothers
 Beautiful Oblivion (2014, Atria Books; )
 Beautiful Redemption (2015, self-published; )
 Beautiful Sacrifice (2015, self-published; )
 Beautiful Burn (2016, self-published; )
 A Beautiful Funeral (2016, self-published; )
 Something Beautiful: A Novella (2015, self-published; )

Red Hill
 Red Hill (2013, Atria Books; )
 Among Monsters: A Red Hill Novella (2014, self-published; )

Happenstance
 Happenstance (2014, self-published; )
 Happenstance 2 (2014, self-published; )
 Happenstance 3 (2015, self-published; )

Crash and Burn
 From Here To You (2018, Forever Romance; )
 The Edge of Us (2019, self-published; )

Stand alone work
 Apolonia (2014, self-published; )
 Sweet Nothing (2015, self-published, co-authored with Teresa Mummert; )
 All the Little Lights (2018, Montlake Romance; )

References

External links

Living people
21st-century American novelists
American romantic fiction writers
American women novelists
21st-century American women writers
Writers from Enid, Oklahoma
Novelists from Oklahoma
1978 births
Northern Oklahoma College alumni
University of Central Oklahoma alumni
Writers from Tulsa, Oklahoma
People from Blackwell, Oklahoma
Oklahoma Republicans


title: Nazran (disambiguation)

text:
Nazran is a town in the Republic of Ingushetia, Russia.

Nazran may also refer to:
Nazranians, an Ingush historical society, but also a demonym for the inhabitants of Nazran.
Nazran Urban Okrug, a municipal formation which the town of republic significance of Nazran in the Republic of Ingushetia, Russia is incorporated as
Nazran Airport, an airport in the Republic of Ingushetia, Russia
Govinder Nazran (1964–2008), English artist


title: Agnes Weinrich

text:
Agnes Weinrich (July 16, 1873 – April 17, 1946) was an American visual artist. In the early twentieth century, she played a critical role in introducing cubist theory to American artists, collectors, and the general public and became one of the first American abstractionists. A life-long proponent of modernist art, she was an active participant in the art communities of Provincetown and New York. Early in her career, she traveled widely in Europe and spent extended periods studying in Paris and Berlin. She also studied art in Chicago, Provincetown, and New York. During most of her career, she worked in a Provincetown studio during the warm months and a Manhattan studio during the cold ones. Weinrich's easel work included oil paintings, watercolors, and pastels. She also made block prints and etchings and drew using pencil and crayon. Her paintings, prints, and drawings appeared in solo and group exhibitions throughout her career and she received favorable critical attention both during her life and after her death.

Career in art

Early life and education

Agnes Weinrich was born on July 16, 1873, on a prosperous farm in southeast Iowa. Her father and mother were German immigrants and German was the language spoken at home. Following her mother's death in 1879, she was raised by her father, Christian Weinrich. After retiring in 1894, he moved his household, including Agnes and two siblings, to nearby Burlington, Iowa. There, Agnes attended the Burlington Collegiate Institute from which she graduated in 1897. In May 1898, Weinrich and her sister Helen, then called Lena, traveled to Germany with their aunt, a German-born music teacher named Rose Werthmueller. When Werthmueller returned home, they stayed on, living in Berlin with German relatives.

While in Germany, Helen took advanced classes in violin and piano and Agnes studied art. A year after their arrival, their father died leaving them an inheritance that proved to be sufficient to sustain them for the rest of their lives. In 1904, the sisters returned to the United States and settled for two years in Springfield, Illinois, where Helen taught piano in public schools and Agnes painted in a rented studio. In May 1905, Agnes won prizes in an exhibition held by the Illinois State Fair for the drawings and oil paintings she showed. Later that year, the two moved to Chicago where Agnes studied at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago under John Vanderpoel, Nellie Walker, Frederick W. Freer, and Ralph Clarkson.

In 1909, Agnes and Helen returned to Berlin and traveled from there to Munich, where Agnes studied painting under Julius Exter and took a short course in etching. They then traveled to Rome, Florence, and Venice before returning to Chicago in October 1910. In 1913, they traveled to Europe for the third, and last time. They spent a year in Paris, where they made friends with American artists and musicians in the local art scene. According to one writer, the work Agnes produced at this time was skillful but unoriginal—drawings, etching, and paintings in the dominant academic and impressionist styles.

Studio in Provincetown

On her return from Europe in 1914, Weinrich continued to study art. She and Helen split the year and Provincetown and  Manhattan. In Provincetown, she became a member of the Provincetown Printers art colony and attended classes at Charles Hawthorne's Cape Cod School of Art. In New York, she studied at the Art Students League. In 1914, Hawthorne and other artists established the Provincetown Art Association and held the first of many juried exhibitions the following year. Weinrich contributed nine pictures to this show, all of them said to be representational and somewhat conservative in style. In 1916, she showed what one reviewer called "an interesting collection of etchings" at a Provincetown Art Association exhibition. When she showed paintings at the MacDowell Club in 1917, an art critic for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle said they showed a "strong note of impressionism".

In 1916, Weinrich joined a group of printmakers that had begun using the white-line technique pioneered by Provincetown artist B.J.O. Nordfeldt.  At this time, she and the others in the group, including Blanche Lazzell, Ethel Mars, Ada Gilmore, and Edna Boies Hopkins, exchanged ideas and solved problems together. In August the following year, she showed two white-line prints at the annual exhibition of the Provincetown Art Association. A critic for the New York Times said the two prints had an "accomplished design" with "the look of woodblock printing, but with more variety of color and tone than usually is given by the block." In 1919, a magazine called The Touchstone reproduced an untitled Weinrich etching that showed parts of two houses amid trees and behind a fence.

Weinrich, her sister Helen, and Karl Knaths

By 1919 or 1920, while still spending the cold months in Manhattan and the warm ones in Provincetown, Weinrich and her sister came to consider the latter their formal place of residence. By that time, they had also met the painter, Karl Knaths. Like themselves a Midwesterner of German origin who had grown up in a household where German was spoken, he settled in Provincetown in 1919. One author says Weinrich led Knaths to adopt an abstract style of painting; another points out that Weinrich and Knaths shared artistic leanings and mutually influenced each other's increasing use of abstraction in their work. In 1922, Knaths married Helen and moved into the house that the sisters had rented. He was then 31, Helen 46, and Agnes 49 years old. When, two years later, the three decided to become year-round residents of Provincetown, Agnes and Helen used a part of their inheritance to buy land and materials for constructing a house and outbuildings for the three of them to share.

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Weinrich received critical notice for works she showed in exhibitions in Provincetown and New York. Her exhibitions in these two places included appearance in most of the annual shows held by the Provincetown Art Association and the New York Society of Women Artists as well as shows held by the Society of Independent Artists and two New York galleries, the Weyhe and Touchstone.  She also received attention from critics outside these two home bases. A critic called attention to the still life paintings in a 1932 exhibition at the J.B. Speed Memorial Museum in Louisville, Kentucky and a critic for the Washington Post wrote a review of a solo exhibition in Washington, D.C. in 1938. Her work also appeared and received critical notice from time to time in the Boston Globe and in 1939 that paper reviewed a solo exhibition at the Boston Conservatory of Music. Her appearances in Philadelphia included the block prints she showed in the first annual exhibition of that city's Print Club, noted in the Philadelphia Enquirer. Following her death, her work was exhibited and received critical notice in group shows at places such as Burlington, Iowa; Kansas City, Missouri; Atlanta, Georgia; Iowa City, Iowa; Neenah, Wisconsin; and Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In 1997, a gallery in Des Moines gave Weinrich a retrospective exhibition to which the Burlington Hawk-Eye gave a lengthy review.

In the latter stages of her career, Weinrich continued to live with her sister Helen and Karl Knaths, mostly in Provincetown and New York but also sometimes in Washington, D.C. when Knaths was teaching at the Phillips Gallery there. In 1925, she became a founding member of the New York Society of Women Artists, She participated in its exhibitions from then until her death in 1946 and sometimes held positions on its board of directors. In 1988, April Kingsley wrote an article for the Provincetown Arts magazine that called Weinrich a "trailblazing" printmaker who was one of the first American abstractionists and who played a critical role in introducing cubist theory to American artists, collectors, and the general public. Weinrich died in Provincetown on April 17, 1946, at the age of 73. Her obituary in the Burlington Hawk Eye gave heart ailment as the cause of death.

Art activism

Weinrich became a founding member of the New York Society of Women Artists in 1925. Other Provincetown members included Blanche Lazzell, Ellen Ravenscroft, Lucy L'Engle, and Marguerite Zorach. The group's membership was initially limited to thirty painters and sculptors all of whom had the right to participate in the group's exhibitions, each getting the same space. One commenter notes that the group provided a platform for its members to distinguish themselves from the "genteel" and traditionalist art that women artists were at that time expected to show. In 1926, Weinrich joined with Knaths and other local artists in a rebellion against the more conservative artists who had dominated the Provincetown Art Association. For the next decade, 1927 through 1937, the association mounted two separate annual exhibitions, the one conservative in orientation and the other experimental. Both Weinrich and Knaths participated on the jury that selected works for the first modernist exhibition. In 1930, Weinrich put together a group show for modernists at the G.R.D. Gallery in New York. The occasion was the first time a group of Provincetown artists exhibited together in New York. For it she selected works by Knaths, Charles Demuth, Oliver Chaffee, Margarite and William Zorach, Jack Tworkov, Janice Biala, and others.

Artistic style

In 1998, a Provincetown gallery owner told a reporter that Weinrich's career had three phases: one in which realism predominated; a second in which she employed a semi-abstract style; and a third that was purely abstract. The first two presented the viewer with identifiable subjects and the third was wholly non-representational. Weinrich's Drawing of an Old Woman of about 1915 is in a realist style. Her cubist paintings, such as "Woman with Flowers" of 1920, fall into the semi-abstract category, as do works, such as "Still Life" of 1920, that were neither cubist nor realist. Her cubist work called "Collage" of 1923 and her painting called "Night City" of about 1946 are purely abstract. It and her other pure abstracts are, as feminist collector, Louise Noun pointed out, "composed of hard-edge geometric forms" and, lacking a discernible subject, are nonobjective.

The three phases named by the gallery owner were not chronologically distinct in that Weinrich continued to make realist, semi-abstract, and purely abstract works throughout most of her career. In accord with her early training, Weinrich's first works had been in the realist tradition and, particularly in her drawings, she continued to make realist pictures thereafter. Regarding her last solo exhibition in 1946, a critic praised Weinrich's "exceptional pencil technique in her meticulous rendering" of two flower subjects. Weinrich had seen cubist and other avant-garde art while in Paris and met American artists who had begun to appreciate it. On her return to the United States, she discussed new theories and techniques with artists in New York and Provincetown, some of whom she had met in Paris. In Provincetown, one source says she and three other artists—Blanche Lazzell, Lucy L'Engle, and Ada Gilmore, "were at the center of the maelstrom that accompanied the rise of Modernism". The members of this loosely-knit group influenced one another as their personal styles evolved. In addition to these three women, the group included Maude Squire, William Zorach, Oliver Chaffee, and Ambrose Webster. One source says that most of these artists had read and discussed the influential cubist writings of Albert Gleizes and Gino Severini. Writing in 1921, a critic wrote, "Whether they intend it or not, these cubists and their fellow radicals are gradually proving by their work that their function is most legitimately concerned with revivifying applied design and with making it significant of the nervous individuality and independence of the times in which we live." This critic said the artists showed "vigor" and "eager, straining imagination". After 1920, some of Weinrich's paintings show a strong influence of the theoretical writings of Albert Gleizes and another cubist, Jean Metzinger. Her painting, "Woman With Flowers" of 1920 shows similarities to Metzinger's 1911 painting called "Le goûter (Tea Time)". "Le goûter" was discussed in books and journals of the time, including Gleizes's and Metzinger's influential book Du "Cubisme" (1912).

Weinrich's block prints were often in a cubist-influenced semi-abstract style. In 1996, Louise Noun discussed one of these, a white-line print of about 1917. Noun noted a similarity between an untitled print that is informally called "Trees and Houses" and Georges Braque's oil painting called "Big Trees at L'Estaque". Of "Trees and Houses", Noun wrote, "The rounded shapes of the foliage along with the curved trunks of the trees contrast with the angular houses in the center to make a pleasing composition. Although abstract, the artist has used local color: green for foliage and greens and browns for land patches, black for tree trunks, tans for house siding. It calls to mind Braque's 1908 landscape oil 'Big Trees at L'Estaque'." Other paintings, particularly her still-lifes and flower studies, were semi-abstract with less cubist influence. When the flower study called "Blue Pitcher" was shown in Provincetown in 1927, a critic for the New York Times wrote that like her other semi-abstract flower paintings it was "strong as a closed fist", adding, "It is complete, no fault in it. every inch thought out and interesting." In 2013, a writer described an oil called "Plants and Fruit" and another semi-abstract painting, both held by the Phillips Collection, as "worthy examples of her abstract, vigorous style." Regarding Weinrich's pure abstractions, a New York Times critic called attention to a painting of about 1930 called "Abstraction" that the critic said was "entirely free from the dictates of conservatism". Near the end of her career, a critic for the Christian Science Monitor wrote that Weinrich's pure abstractions contained "planes of color sensitively modulated."

For most of her career, Weinrich produced works in oil, watercolor or gouache, pencil or crayon, and prints. For her subjects, she continued to choose still lifes, flower settings, landscapes, figures, and geometric abstracts whose subjects were not readily discernible; her treatment continued to be both abstract and realist.

Critical reception

Critics gave favorable attention to Weinrich's work during the early years of her career. When she showed at New York's Water Color Club in 1917, a critic for the New York Times said her work was "accomplished in design". A year later, reviewing an exhibition at the Penguin Gallery in Boston, a Christian Science Monitor critic said she infused the cubist formula with "something like emotion". In 1919, American Art News called works shown at New York's Touchstone Gallery "clever and entertaining". This attention continued during the 1920s with notices in the metropolitan dailies and the art press. In 1921, a New York Times reviewer poked fun at a landscape that he or she likened to an earthquake. In 1927, another Times critic gave her flower paintings extravagant praise. In a balanced review of a two-person show held in 1929, a Times critic said her landscapes had "quiet charm" but said her cubist abstracts were "distressingly doctrinaire".

During the last fifteen years of her life, the art press continued its coverage of Weinrich's exhibitions and its critical appraisals of her work. In 1930, a reviewer said, "her delicacy and good taste are evident, but curiously the best details in her pictures are the least abstract." Eight years later, another said, "[Her] drawings some in black and white, some in colors shown at the Public Library are feminine ... There is a bit of Braque, a bit of Matisse, a bit of Knaths. all put into a frail, feminine melting pot". That year, a third wrote: "Miss Weinrich's prints and paintings ... serve as most excellent examples of the trend of art, away from tradition and toward the realization of new ideals."

In 1936, a critic for the Christian Science Monitor wrote that in her still-lifes she matched the "strength and brilliance" of Braque and Rouault" This critic saw in her watercolors, drawings, and pastels an "opulence of color" and "brisk, luminous, determined handling." The critic added,
She is definitely in harmony with the Parisian spirit, indifferent to imitation, and yet motivated by the outward qualities of the things she paints. To gain clarity, cohesion, [and] contrast, she permits the form to dissolve somewhat, to relax or tighten as the scheme demands; she may prefer to distort or to suppress a shape, or to heighten with thick outline. It is the design which conveys vitality by handling color, contrast, outline with independence and audacity.
Following her death, critics were more likely to describe Weinrich's style rather than to evaluate it. An exception was the 1977 review of a retrospective exhibition held in Des Moines, Iowa. In it, the author said her cubist paintings were derivative but, "When she doesn't adhere to the tenets of Cubism, her work explores and moves in an interesting direction." The author saw these non-cubist, semi-abstract paintings as more personal, "allowing her own predilections to emerge." Reviewing a retrospective exhibition held in 1998, a critic wrote, "Working in white-line woodcut, oil on canvas, and pencil, Weinrich developed a style of lively colors and forms which have the splashy feeling of modernism without losing a basic sense of structure."

In her 1996 article about Weinrich, Louise Noun emphasized the difficulties she and other women artists faced in an environment where men attracted more critical attention and sold more works of art. Reviewing a 1926 exhibition held by the New York Society of Women Artists, a critic for the New YorkEvening Post addressed this subject. She wrote, "Woman [as artist] has not had a very long period of unclipped wings in which to practice flying, but even so, she is making good progress in her flight to the stars, where, after all, many of her patronizing critics have not yet arrived either." Writing long after Weinrich's death, two writers, Noun and a critic for a Massachusetts paper, noted that Weinrich was privileged in at least one respect. Her inherited income made it unnecessary for her to earn a living and gave her the freedom to make whatever art she wished.

Exhibitions

Weinrich participated in many group exhibitions held by nonprofit organizations such as the Provincetown Art Association and the New York Society of Women Artists. She held three solo exhibitions during her life: in 1936 at the Harley Perkins Gallery in Boston, in 1938 at the public library in Washington D.C., and in 1946, at the Woljeska Gallery. In the 1917 Provincetown Artists Association exhibition, she showed a block print called "Broken Fence". Noun said the "simplified design and clear colors" of this print lent it "a fresh Modernist note". In 1919, she showed an etching called "Houses (House at the Hillside)" in an exhibition in New York's Touchstone gallery that also included works by Mary A. Kirkup, Blanche Lazzell, and Flora Schoenfeld. She showed an oil called "Still Life" at the 1920 Provincetown Art Association exhibition.

This is a selective list of group exhibitions in which she participated during her life. In addition to the article by Louise Noun, its sources are exhibition catalogs such as those of the Provincetown Art Association, as well as contemporary news accounts, including American Art News, The New York Times, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, the New York Evening Post, The Philadelphia Enquirer, and The Christian Science Monitor.

1915 onward: Provincetown Art Association
1917: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia
1917-23: Society of Independent Artists, New York
1919: Touchstone Gallery, New York
1919: Art Institute of Chicago
1920: Boston Arts Club
1926 onward: New York Society of Women Artists
1928: Grace Horn Gallery, Boston
1929: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia
1932: Boston Public Library
1938: Boston Society of Independent Artists
1939: Corcoran Gallery Biennial, Washington, D.C.
1939: Witherstine Gallery, Boston
1939: Institute of Modern Art, Boston
1945: Woljeska Gallery, Brooklyn, New York

References

Further reading

Agnes Weinrich, 1873-1946, by Louise R Noun and Deborah Leveton (a catalog accompanying an exhibition held at the Des Moines Art Center; Art Guild of Burlington; and Provincetown Art Association & Museum, 30 p., ill., ports., 26 cm. (Des Moines, Iowa, Des Moines Art Center, 1997).
"Agnes Weinrich," by Louise R. Noun, Woman's Art Journal, Autumn 1995-Winter 1996 (Rutgers University, Rutgers, N.J., 1996)
Art in Narrow Streets, by Ross Moffett, (Provincetown, Pilgrim Memorial Association, 1989).
Iowa artists of the first hundred years, by Zenobia Brumbaugh Ness and Louise Orwig (Des Moines, Iowa, Wallace-Homestead Co., 1939)

20th-century American painters
20th-century American printmakers
1873 births
1946 deaths
People from Des Moines County, Iowa
Artists from Iowa
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
Art Students League of New York alumni
20th-century American women artists
Abstract painters
American women painters
Women printmakers
American expatriates in France


title: Cherry Hinton (horse)

text:
Cherry Hinton (7 April 1975 – after 1991) was an American-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. Despite never competing above Group Three level, she was officially rated the best two-year-old filly in Britain, and was rated the best juvenile filly in Europe by Timeform. She ran well in defeat in her first two races before winning the Tadcaster Stakes at York Racecourse and then establishing her reputation with a wide-margin victory in the Argos Star Fillies' Mile. She was expected to play a leading role in the following season's classics but had a series of training problem and failed to win in three starts. She later had some success as a broodmare.

Background
Cherry Hinton was a "big, rangy and most attractive" bay mare with a small white star bred in Kentucky by her owner Ralph "Budgie" Moller. She was from the fourth crop of foals sired by Nijinsky, the Canadian-bred winner of the 1970 English Triple Crown, before going on to become an important breeding stallion, siring horses such as Ferdinand, Lammtarra, Caerleon, Sky Classic and Shahrastani. Cherry Hinton was the fourth foal, and third winner produced by her dam Popkins, a high-class racemare (rated 120 by Timeform) who won the Sun Chariot Stakes and the Prix de la Nonette in 1970. As a descendant of the broodmare Traffic Light, Popkins was related to several good winners including Sodium and Ambiguity. The filly was named after a village in Cambridgeshire.

Like most of the horses owned by Moller, Cherry Hinton was trained by Harry Wragg at his Abington Place stables in Newmarket, Suffolk.

Racing career

1977: two-year-old season
On her racecourse debut, Cherry Hinton contested a maiden race over six furlongs at Haydock Park Racecourse in early August in which she finished third behind the colt Bolak, who won the Solario Stakes a month later. The filly then started favourite in a field of twenty-one colts and fillies for the Convivial  Stakes over six furlongs at York Racecourse. The field split into two groups and although Cherry Hinton defeated the colt Formidable to finish in front of the group on the left side (from the jockey's viewpoint), she was beaten two and a half lengths by John de Coombe on the opposite side. The form was subsequently boosted as John de Coombe recorded an upset victory over some of the best juveniles in France (including Super Concorde) in the Prix de la Salamandre, whilst Formidable won both the Mill Reef Stakes and the Middle Park Stakes.

Cherry Hinton's next race was the Tadcaster Stakes over the same course and distance in September in which she carried five pounds less than the Lowther Stakes runner-up Be Sweet. Lester Piggott employed waiting tactics, restraining the filly at the back of the field before making a move forward inside the final furlong and catching favourite Be Sweet. According to Timeform, the neck victory "gave no indication of her superiority". Later that month, the filly was moved up in the class for the Argos Star Mile (then a Group Three race) at Ascot Racecourse and started 10/11 favourite carrying top weight of 127 pounds. Her opponents included Tartan Pimpernel, Fiordiligi and Watch Out, the first three finishers in the May Hill Stakes. Piggott settled the filly behind the leaders before moving up to take the lead a furlong and a half from the finish and drawing away to win by five lengths from Tartan Pimpernel.

1978: three-year-old season
Cherry Hinton started 1978 as the clear favourite for both the 1000 Guineas and the Oaks, but her size reportedly made her difficult to train and was slow to reach peak fitness. On her three-year-old debut, looking less than fully fit, she finished second, beaten two and a half lengths by the Paul Cole-trained Shapina in the Fred Darling Stakes at Newbury Racecourse. Cherry Hinton was still strongly fancied for the 1000 Guineas the 1000 Guineas at Newmarket, but appeared badly outpaced in the closing stages and finished fourth behind Enstone Spark, Fair Salinia and Seraphima.

Cherry Hinton bypassed the Oaks, reappearing in the Ribblesdale Stakes at Royal Ascot. She started favourite, despite sweating up badly before the start, but finished third behind Relfo and Be Sweet. The filly was sent to Ireland for the Irish Oaks but after enduring a bad journey to Ireland she was withdrawn shortly before the race. Her preparation for the Yorkshire Oaks in August was interrupted by back problems and she ran poorly, finishing unplaced behind Fair Salinia. Her retirement was announced two weeks later.

Assessment
There was no International Classification of European two-year-olds in 1976: the official handicappers of Britain, Ireland and France compiled separate rankings for horses which competed in those countries. In the British Free Handicap, Cherry Hinton was rated the best filly of the season, five pounds ahead of Cistus (Waterford Candelabra Stakes) and Sookera (Cheveley Park Stakes) and four pounds behind the leading colt Try My Best. The independent Timeform organisation rated Cherry Hinton the best two-year-old filly of the season with a rating of 125, and described her win at Ascot as "magnificent", comparing it favourably to that of Noblesse in the 1963 Timeform Gold Cup. In the following year she was rated 116 by Timeform, thirteen pounds behind their leading three-year-old filly Swiss Maid: she did not receive a rating in the International Classification.

Breeding record
Cherry Hinton was retired from racing to become a broodmare and produced at least four foals between 1982 and 1991:

Cherry Ridge (bay filly, foaled in 1982, sired by Riva Ridge), won three races including the Sceptre Stakes
Mycenae Cherry (chestnut filly, 1983, by Troy), won one race
Red Glow (bay colt, 1985, by Kalaglow), won the Dante Stakes, fourth when favourite for the Derby
Jagged Sword (colt 1991, by Kris)

Pedigree

References

1975 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Thoroughbred family 1-p


title: Endoxyla eluta

text:
Endoxyla eluta is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

References

Moths described in 1903
Endoxyla (moth)