title: Spartoo UK

text:
Spartoo.co.uk is an e-commerce website specialising in shoes and clothing created in 2009 as part of the company Spartoo.com, created in 2006 and based in Grenoble, France. The name of the company was inspired by the gladiator sandal or "spartiate" from the town of Sparte, a major power in ancient Greece. Spartoo was modelled after the American company Zappos, an online shoe retailer. Spartoo is now present in 30 European countries. They sell primarily footwear, but also carry ready-to-wear fashion for men and women.

Expansion in Europe
 2006 : Spartoo.com launches with 1.2 million euros in investments
 2007 : 4.3 million euros in investments gained for expansion
 2009 : Launch of Spartoo.co.uk, and Spartoo is named one of the fastest-growing companies in Europe by Media Momentum
 2010 : Spartoo.com raises 12.3 million euros in investments for expansion in Europe, acquires the retail website Sacby.com, creates the luxury retail website Le-Temple.com, and buys the retail website Shoes.fr.
 2010 : Launch of Spartoo.es and Spartoo.de
 2011 : Spartoo.com buys the English retail shoe website Rubbersole.co.uk, and launches Spartoo in 20 countries  including: Netherlands, Finland, Belgium, Poland, Sweden, Portugal, Greece, and Denmark
 2012 : Spartoo raises more investment funds, and is judged one of the fastest-growing companies in Europe at the Media Momentum awards
 2013 : Spartoo launches a clothing line, Spartoo.co.uk opens a warehouse in the UK, and launches a local television ad

Turnover
 2012 : 150 million euros
 2011 : 100 million euros
 2010 : 50 million euros
 2009 : 30 million euros
 2008 : 15 million euros
 2007 : 5 million euros

References

External links
Official Website
Online Womenswear

Online retailers of the United Kingdom


title: 1936 Birthday Honours

text:
The King's Birthday Honours 1936 were appointments in many of the Commonwealth realms of King Edward VIII to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries. The appointments were made to celebrate the official birthday of The King. They were published on 19 June 1936.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.

United Kingdom and Colonies

Viscount
 Bertrand Edward, Baron Dawson of Penn, .

Baron
 Sir Herbert Austin, , Chairman of Austin Motor Company Ltd. For public services.
 Sir Henry Strother Cautley, , Member of Parliament for East Grinstead since January 1910, and for East Leeds, 1900-06. For political and public services.
 Sir (William) Malcolm Hailey, , lately Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.
 John William Beaumont Pease, , Chairman of Lloyds Bank Ltd. and of the Bank of London and South America.

Privy Councillor
 Herbrand Edward Dundonald Brassey, Earl De La Warr, Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for War, 1929–30, Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, and Deputy Minister of Fisheries, 1930–33, Parliamentary Secretary, Board of Education since 1935.
 Lieutenant-Colonel David John Colville, , Member of Parliament for North Midlothian since 1929. Parliamentary Secretary to the Department of Overseas Trade, 1931-35. Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland since 1935.
 Captain David Euan Wallace, , Member of Parliament for Hornsey since 1924, and for Rugby, 1922-23. Parliamentary Secretary to the Department of Overseas Trade since November 1935; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, Home Office, 1935; Civil Lord of the Admiralty, 1931–35; Assistant Government Whip, 1928–29; Lord Commissioner of HM Treasury, 1929 and 1931.

Baronet
 William Francis Stratford Dugdale, . For public services in Warwickshire.
 Captain Sidney Herbert, , Member of Parliament for Scarborough and Whitby, 1922–31 and for the Abbey Division of Westminster since July 1932. For political and public services.
 Colonel Sidney Cornwallis Peel, , Chairman of the Advisory Committee, Export Credits Guarantee Department.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Kenyon Stephenson, . For political and public services in Sheffield.
 Colonel Sir Albert Edward Whitaker, . For political and public services in Nottinghamshire.

Knight Bachelor
 Irving James Albery, , Member of Parliament for Gravesend since 1924. For political and public services.
 William MacDonald Baird, . for political and public services in Scotland.
 Alderman John Bedford Burman, . For political and public services in Birmingham.
 Major George Frederick Davies, , Member of Parliament for the Yeovil division since October 1923. Vice-Chamberlain to HM Household since December, 1935. Assistant Government Whip, 1931–32, and a Lord Commissioner of HM Treasury, 1932-35.
 Edward Guy Dawber, , Architect. Vice-President and Chairman of the Council for the Preservation of Rural England.
 Hugh Garrard Tyrwhitt-Drake, . For political and public services in the County of Kent.
 Alfred Dyer, . for political and public services in Hastings.
 Ernest Julian Foley, , Under-Secretary, Board of Trade.
 George Henry Gater, , Clerk of the London County Council.
 Herbert Nigel Gresley, , Chief Mechanical Engineer, London and North Eastern Railway.
 Herbert John Clifford Grierson, , lately Regius Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature, Edinburgh University.
 Frederic Howard Hamilton. For political and public services in South-West England.
 Charles Malcolm Barclay-Harvey, , Member, of Parliament for Kincardine and Western Division, December 1923 to May 1929, and since October 1931. For political and public services.
 George Harvey, , Member of Parliament for the Kennington division of Lambeth, October 1924 to May 1929, and since October 1931. For political and public services.
 Colonel Alfred Edward Webb-Johnson, , Surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital.
 Judge Stanley Anthony Hill Kelly, County Court Judge.
 Councillor William Edwin Manchester, . For political and public services in Islington.
 Gilbert Thomas Morgan, , Director of Chemical Research, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
 James Morton, . For services to the dye and colour industries.
 William Newzam Prior Nicholson, Painter. Trustee of the Tate Gallery, Millbank.
 Charles Phibbs. For political and public services in Merionethshire.
 David Charles Roberts, . For public services in Wales.
 David Carter Rutherford, . for public services in Hertfordshire.
 Albert Charles Seward, , Professor of Botany, Cambridge University, and Master of Downing College.
 Alderman Harry Speakman, . For political and public services in Leigh, Lancashire.
 Alfred St. Valery Tebbitt. For services to the Hertford British Hospital in Paris.
 Lieutenant-Colonel William Thomlinson, . For political and public services in the County of Durham.
 Frederick Joseph West, , . For public services in Manchester.
 James Grey West, , Chief Architect, HM Office of Works and Public Buildings.

Dominions
 Francis Anderson, , Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Sydney. For educational and social welfare services in the State of New South Wales.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Bickerton Blackburn, , Australian Army Medical Corps Reserve, Member of the Council of the New South Wales Branch of the British Medical Association.
 James Sands Elliott, . For public services in the Dominion of New Zealand.
 Cedric Stanton Hicks, , Professor of Human Physiology and Pharmacology at the University of Adelaide in the State of South Australia. For services to medical education.
 Richard Linton, Agent General in London for the State of Victoria.
 Captain Hibbert Alan Stephen Newton, , Australian Army Medical Corps Reserve, Member of the Council, and Censor in Chief, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.
 John Ranken Reed, , Senior Judge of the Supreme Court, and Acting Chief Justice, Dominion of New Zealand.

India
 Ernest Handforth Goodman Roberts, Barrister-at-Law, Chief Justice of the High Court of Judicature at Rangoon, Burma.
 John Rolleston Lort-Williams, , Judge of the High Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal.
 Raja Raghunandan Prashad Singh, of Monghyr, Member of the Council of State, Zamindar and Banker, Monghyr, Bihar.
 Major-General Cuthbert Allan Sprawson, , Indian Medical Service, Director-General, Indian Medical Service.
 Robert Daniel Richmond, , Chairman, Madras Services Commission, Madras.
 Rajkumar Vijaya Ananda Gajapatiraj, of Vizianagram, Member of the Legislative Assembly.
 Major Nawab Ahmad Nawaz Khan, , Member of the Legislative Assembly, of Dera Ismail Khan, North-West Frontier Province.
 Charles Carter Chitham, , Indian Police, Inspector-General of Police, Central Provinces.
 Haji Khan Bahadur Nawab Muhammad Jamal Khan, Leghari, Member of the Punjab Legislative Council, Tumandar of the Leghari Tribe, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab.
 Henry Tristram Holland, , Church Missionary Society, Quetta, Baluchistan.
 Ishvardas Lakhmidas, , Merchant, Bombay.
 Vivian McCaw, Senior Partner of Messrs. Kettlewell, Bullen & Co., Calcutta, Bengal.
 Rahimtoola Chinoy, Director of Indian Radio and Cable Communications Company, Bombay.
 R. Srinivasa Sarma, , Editor, The Whip, Calcutta.
 Geoffrey Leonard Winterbotham, Partner, Messrs. Wallace & Co., Bombay.

Colonies, Protectorates, etc.
 John Bagnall. For public services in the Straits Settlements.
 Panayiotis Loizou Cacoyannis. For public services in Cyprus.
 Lieutenant-Colonel John Calderwood Strathearn, , Warden and Chief Surgeon of the St. John of Jerusalem Ophthalmic Hospital, Jerusalem, and Honorary Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Government of Palestine.
 Edmund Oswald Teale, , Mining Consultant to the Government of the Tanganyika Territory.
 Arthur Frederick Clarence Webber, Colonial Legal Service, Chief Justice, Sierra Leone.

Order of the Bath

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)
Military Division
 Admiral William Henry Dudley, Earl of Cork and Orrery, .
 General Sir Alexander Ernest Wardrop, , Colonel Commandant, Royal Horse Artillery, Colonel, 2nd Battalion (Mooltan Battalion) 9th Jat Regiment, Indian Army, Aide-de-Camp General to The King, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Northern Command.

Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)
Military Division
Royal Navy
 Vice-Admiral Wilfred Frankland French, .
 Surgeon Vice-Admiral Robert William Basil Hall, .
 Vice-Admiral Percy Lockhart Harnam Noble, .
 Vice-Admiral Frank Forrester Rose, .

Army
 Lieutenant-General Sir John Edward Spencer Brind,  (late Royal Artillery), Adjutant-General, Headquarters of the Army in India.
 Lieutenant-General Henry Cholmondeley Jackson, , Colonel, The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Command.

Civil Division
 Brigadier-General Walter Robert Ludlow, , Honorary Colonel, 8th Battalion, The Royal Warwickshire Regiment.
 Arthur Salusbury MacNalty, , Chief Medical Officer, Ministry of Health, and Board of Education.

Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
Military Division
Royal Navy
 Engineer Rear-Admiral Francis Edward Dean (Retired).
 Rear-Admiral John Augustine Edgell, .
 Rear-Admiral Geoffrey Layton, .
 Rear-Admiral Lachlan Donald Ian Mackinnon, .
 Engineer Rear-Admiral Percival Edwin McNeil, Royal Australian Navy.
 Colonel William Skeffington Poe, , Royal Marines (Retired).
 Rear-Admiral Bertram Home Ramsay, .
 Rear-Admiral Guy Charles Cecil Royle, .

Army
 Major-General John Blakiston-Houston,  (late 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) and 12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's)), Commandant, Equitation School, Weedon, and Inspector of Cavalry.
 Major-General Thomas Gerald Dalby,  (late The King's Royal Rifle Corps), Half Pay.
 Major-General Victor Morven Fortune,  (late The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) and the Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs, The Duke of Albany's)), Commander, 52nd (Lowland) Division, Scottish Command.
 Colonel (temporary Brigadier) Lord Douglas Malise Graham,  (late Royal Artillery), Commandant, School of Artillery, Larkhill.
 Major-General Robert Hadden Haining,  (late Royal Artillery), Commandant, Imperial Defence College.
 Colonel (temporary Brigadier) Edmund Henry Lancaster, Indian Army, Inspector, Royal Indian Army Service Corps Services (Southern Area), India.
 Major-General George Mackintosh Lindsay,  (late The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) and Royal Tank Corps), Commander, Presidency and Assam District, Eastern Command, India.
 Major-General James Handyside Marshall-Cornwall,  (late Royal Artillery), Half-Pay.
 Colonel (temporary Brigadier) Thomas Milne, , Indian Army, Commander, Wana Brigade, Northern Command, India.
 Colonel (temporary Brigadier) Edward Pellew Quinan, , Indian Army, Aide-de-Camp to The King, Commander, 9th (Jhansi) Infantry Brigade, Eastern Command, India.
 Major-General Dudley Sheridan Skelton,  (late Royal Army Medical Corps), Honorary Surgeon to The King, Deputy Director of Medical Services, Southern Command, India.
 Major-General Hugh Wharton Myddleton Watson,  (late The King's Royal Rifle Corps), Half-Pay.
 Colonel (temporary Brigadier) William Nicholas White,  (late Royal Army Service Corps), Inspector of the Royal Army Service Corps.

Royal Air Force
 Air Vice-Marshal Philip Bennet Joubert de la Ferté, .
 Air Vice-Marshal Alfred William Iredell, .

Civil Division
 Harold Idris Bell, , Keeper of the Department of Manuscripts, British Museum.
 Frederick Bryant, , Royal Corps of Naval Constructors.
 Colonel Gerald Trevor Bruce, , Chairman, Territorial Army Association of the County of Glamorgan.
 William John Gick, , Director of Stores, Admiralty.
 Patrick Ramsay Laird, Secretary, Department of Agriculture for Scotland.
 Honorary Colonel Thomas Edward John Lloyd, , Chairman, Territorial Army Association of the County of Anglesey.
 Colonel Henry Royds Pownall,  (late Royal Artillery), Deputy Secretary, Committee of Imperial Defence.
 Godfrey Rotter, , Director, Explosives Research Branch, Research Department, Royal Arsenal, Woolwich.
 James Molony Spaight, , Principal Assistant Secretary, Air Ministry.
 John Smale Sutton, Director of Establishments and Commissioner, Board of Customs and Excise.
 John William Todd, , Accountant General, Ministry of Labour.
 Colonel John Fisher Turner, , Director of Works and Building, Air Ministry.
 Lieutenant-Colonel John Dallas Waters, , Secretary of Commissions of the Peace, Lord Chancellor's Department.

Order of the Star of India

Knight Grand Commander (GCSI)
 Lieutenant-Colonel Raj Rajeshwar Maharajadhiraja Sir Umaid Singh Bahadur, , Maharaja of Jodhpur (Marwar), Rajputana.

Knight Commander (KCSI)
 Saramad-i-Rajaha-i-Bundelkhand Sawai Mahendra Maharaja Shri Vir Singh Deo Bahadur, Maharaja of Orchha, Central India.
 Rana Bhagat Chand, , Raja of Jubbal, Simla Hill States, Punjab.

Companion (CSI)
 George Townsend Boag, , Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of Madras in the Law and Education Department, Madras.
 Raymond Evelyn Gibson, , Indian Civil Service, lately Commissioner in Sind Karachi.
 Gilbert Pitcairn Hogg, , Indian Civil Service, Chief Secretary to the Government of Bengal, Bengal.
 John Nesbitt Gordon Johnson, , Indian Civil Service, Chief Commissioner of Delhi.
 John Carson Nixon, , Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of India in the Finance Department.
 Raja Hamendar Sen, Raja of Keonthal State, Simla Hill States, Punjab.
 Colonel (temporary Brigadier) Lionel Peter Collins, , Indian Army, Commandant, Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun.
 Bertie Munro Staig, Indian Civil Service, Financial Adviser, Military Finance, Government of India.

Order of Saint Michael and Saint George

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
 Sir William Hill Irvine, , lately Lieutenant Governor and Chief Justice of the State of Victoria.

Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)
 Reader William Bullard, , His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Designate to His Majesty the King of Saudi Arabia.
 Robert Leslie Craigie, , an Assistant Under-Secretary of State in the Foreign Office. For services in connection with the London Naval Conference.
 Sir Selwyn MacGregor Grier, , Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Windward Islands.
 Robert Archdale Parkhill, Minister for Defence, Commonwealth of Australia.

Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
 Eric St. John Bamford, Secretary, Imperial Communications Advisory Committee.
 Carl August Berendsen, , Permanent Head of the Prime Minister's Department and Secretary for External Affairs, Dominion of New Zealand.
 Daniel Vickery Bryant. For social welfare and philanthropic services in the Dominion of New Zealand.
 Thomas Joseph Hartigan, , Commissioner for Railways, State of New South Wales.
 John Alexander Norris, Auditor General, State of Victoria.
 Joshua Jennings Wignall, lately Lord Mayor of Hobart, State of Tasmania.
 David Henry Elias, , General Manager, Federated Malay States Railways.
 Harold Hignell, Colonial Administrative Service, Senior Provincial Commissioner, Tanganyika Territory.
 Harold James Huxham, Colonial Administrative Service, Financial Secretary, Ceylon.
 William Joseph Johnson, , Treasurer, Palestine.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Morice Challoner Lake, Political Secretary, Aden.
 George Ernest London, Colonial Administrative Service, Colonial Secretary, Gold Coast.
 Arthur Innes Mayhew, , Joint Secretary and Member of the Advisory Committee on Education in the Colonies.
 Henry Harold Scott, , Director of the Bureau of Hygiene and Tropical Diseases.
 Edwin Taylor, Treasurer, Hong Kong.
 Hugh Robert Everard Earle Welby, Colonial Administrative Service, Provincial Commissioner, First Grade, Kenya.
 Captain Victor Hilary Danckwerts, lately Assistant Director of Plans, Naval Staff, Admiralty. For services in connection with the London Naval Conference.
 John Wallace Ord Davidson, , one of His Majesty's Consuls in China.
 Spencer Stuart Dickson, His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Bogotá.
 Harold Edmund Eastwood, Head of the Communications Department of the Foreign Office.
 Clifford Edward Heathcote-Smith, , His Majesty's Consul-General at Alexandria.
 Adrian Holman, , a First Secretary in the Foreign Office. For services in connection with the London Naval Conference.
 Major Claude Scudamore Jarvis, , lately Governor of the Province of Sinai, Egypt.

Order of the Indian Empire

Knight Commander (KCIE)
 Maharaja Sir Prodyot Kumar Tagore Bahadu, Zamindar, lately President of the Calcutta Silver Jubilee Celebration Committee, Calcutta, Bengal.
 Geoffrey Thomas Hirst Bracken, , Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras.
 Joseph Miles Clay, , Indian Civil Service, Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of the United Provinces.
 Shrimant Madhavrao Harihar alias Baba Saheb Patwardha, Chief of Miraj (Junior), Deccan States Agency.
 Sir Alexander Robertson Murray, , lately Chairman of the Indian Textile Tariff Board.

Companion (CIE)
 William Scott Brown, Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of Madras in the Public Works and Labour Department, Madras.
 Colonel Richard Barry Butler, , Military Secretary to the Governor of Bengal.
 William Edward Dick Cooper, Member, Assam Legislative Council, Assam; Manager, Binnakandi Tea Estate, District Cachar, Assam.
 Edwin Samuel Crump, Indian Service of Engineers, Superintending Engineer, Public Works Department (Irrigation Branch), Punjab.
 Ratanji Dinshah Dalal, Member of the Legislative Assembly, lately of the Public Health Department, Bombay.
 George Kenneth Darling, Indian Civil Service, Commissioner, Lucknow Division, United Provinces.
 Ambroze Dundas Flux Dundas, of the Political Department, lately Deputy Commissioner, Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province.
 Donald Gladding, Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of Bengal in the Finance Department, Bengal.
 Lieutenant-Colonel (Honorary Colonel) Leonard Bishopp Grant, , Officer Commanding, The Simla Rifles, Auxiliary Force (India).
 Lieutenant-Colonel John Joseph Harper-Nelson, , Indian Medical Service, lately Principal and Professor of Medicine, King Edward Medical College, Lahore, Punjab.
 Arthur Neville John Harrison, Chief Auditor, Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway, Bombay.
 Motabhai Sundarrao Jayakar, Bombay Civil Service, Collector of Kaira, Bombay.
 Evan Meredith Jenkins, Indian Civil Service, Officiating Joint Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Industries and Labour.
 Nawab Khusru Jung, Major-General in the Kashmir State Force, Army Minister and Minister-in-Waiting on His Highness the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.
 Mir Ghulam Muhammad Khan, Jam of Las Bela State, Baluchistan.
 Lewis Hawker Kirkness, , Secretary, Railway Board, Railway Department, Government of India.
 Henry Foley Knight, Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of Bombay in the Home Department, Bombay.
 Machraj Bhawani Shanker Niyogi, Judge of the High Court of Judicature at Nagpur, Central Provinces.
 Brevet-Colonel William Stanhope Pender, , Military Farms Department, Director of Farm, Army Headquarters.
 Major Charles Geoffrey Prior, of the Political Department, Deputy Secretary to the Government of India in the Foreign and Political Department.
 Henry Carlos Prior, Indian Civil Service, Secretary to the Government of Bihar in the Finance Department.
 Thomas Quayle, , Secretary to the High Commissioner for India in the Education Department, London.
 Major Alister John Ransford, Royal Engineers, Mint Master, Bombay.
 Douglas Reynell, Indian Educational Service, Secretary, Public Service Commission.
 M. R. Ry. Diwan Bahadur Madura Balasundaram Nayudu Garu, Merchant, Madras.
 Frederick John Freshwater Shaw, , Indian Agricultural Service, Director, Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research, and Imperial Economic Botanist, India.
 Thakor Shri Prathisinhji Takhatsinhj, of Sudasna, Sabar Kantha Agency, Jurisdictional Chief, States of Western India.
 William Launcelot Crosbie Trench, Indian Service of Engineers, Chief Engineer in Sind, Bombay.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Cyril de Montfort Wellborne, , Indian Army, Indian Police, Inspector-General of Police, Burma.

Royal Victorian Order

Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)
 Queen Mary

Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)
 Charles Cheers, Viscount Wakefield, .
 Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Malcolm Donald Murray, .
 Sir Richard Robert Cruise, .
 Sir Bernard Edward Halsey Bircham, .

Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)
 Brigadier-General Archibald Fraser Home, .
 Colonel Frank Dormay Watney, .

Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)
 Admiral Philip Nelson-Ward, .
 Colonel Guy Elland Carne Rasch, , Grenadier Guards.
 Horace James Seymour, .
 William Jackson Bean, .

Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 4th class (MVO)
 Horace Benjamin Allum, .
 Roland Auriol Barker.
 Major Arnold de Lérisson Cazenove, Coldstream Guards.
 Lieutenant-Colonel William Augustus Fitzgerald Lane Fox-Pitt, , Welsh Guards.
 Major Eric Norman Goddard, , Indian Army.
 Flight Lieutenant Harry Manners Mellor, Royal Air Force (dated 31 March 1936.)
 Christopher Eden Steel.

Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 5th class (MVO)
 William Bishop.
 Captain Walter Reuben Lines
 Austin Clement Michils.

Order of the British Empire

Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)
Civil Division
 Regina Evans. For political and public services.
 Lady Susan Gilmour. For services in connection with the Queen's Institute of District Nursing in Scotland.

Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)
Civil Division
 Alexander Maxwell, , Deputy Under-Secretary of State, Home Office.
 Sydney Snow. For public and philanthropic services in the Commonwealth of Australia.

Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
 Captain Hartley Russell Gwennap Moore, . (Retired).
 Captain William Charles Tarrant, , Royal Naval Reserve.

Army
 Lieutenant-Colonel and Brevet Colonel Euston Edward Francis Baker, , Territorial Army Reserve of Officers, General List, late Officer Commanding 7th City of London Regiment, Territorial Army.
 Colonel (honorary Brigadier) James Archibald Dunboyne Langhorne, , retired pay, late Royal Artillery, late Inspector-General of the West Indian Local Forces, and Officer Commanding the Troops, Jamaica.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Percy John Parsons, , Officer Commanding Ceylon Garrison Artillery, Ceylon Defence Force.

Royal Air Force
 Group Captain Henry Ashbourne Treadgold, , Royal Air Force.

Civil Division
 Milgitha Lettice Alcock, , Secretary to the Private Secretary to His Majesty the King.
 Henry Jones-Davies, , until recently a Member of the Development Commission.
 Peter David Innes, , Chief Education Officer, City of Birmingham.
 Herbert Kay, Chairman of the Great Marlborough Street Juvenile Advisory Committee. Secretary of the London Employers' Association.
 William Thow Munro, Chairman of the British Textiles Exhibition Committee.
 Colonel Arthur Falkner Nicholson, . For political and public services in Staffordshire.
 Harold Ernest Perrin, Secretary of the Royal Aero Club of the United Kingdom.
 Muriel Ritson, Controller of Insurance and Pensions and Assistant Secretary, Department of Health for Scotland.
 Walter Vernon Rivers. For political and public services in Reading.
 Adela Constance Alexandrina Shaw, . For public services in the North Riding of Yorkshire.
 Percy Joseph Sillitoe, Chief Constable, City of Glasgow Police Force.
 Paymaster Commander Edward Wilfrid Harry Travis, Deputy Department Head, Foreign Office.
 Alfred George Tydeman, Controller, Post Office Stores Department.
 Gilbert Shaw Whitham, , Assistant Director of Ordnance Factories, War Office.

 Jean Gardner Batten, of the Dominion of New Zealand. For general services to aviation.
 Charles Dalrymple Belgrave, Financial Adviser to Bahrein State, Persian Gulf.
 Martin Charles Boniwell, , Assistant Secretary and Assistant Parliamentary Draughtsman, Attorney-General's Department, Commonwealth of Australia.
 George Preston Bradney, lately Auditor for the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States.
 Hugh Hutchison Cassells, , His Majesty's Consul-General at Valparaíso.
 Bertie Harry Michael Easter, , Director of Education, Jamaica.
 John Campbell Fisher, , Deputy Director of Colonial Audit.
 Robert Fraser, a British resident in Buenos Aires, Chairman of the Committee of the British Hospital in Buenos Aires.
 Sidney Howard Grantham, Deputy Inspector-General of Police, Nigeria.
 James Harnetty, Public Service Commissioner and Chairman of the Superannuation Board, State of Victoria.
 Lieutenant-Colonel (Honorary Colonel) Donald Reginald Cavendish Hartley, , Managing Director, The Cement Marketing Company of India Ltd., Bombay.
 Hugh Hamilton Newell, , Commissioner for Main Road, State of New South Wales.
 Philip Douglas Oakley, , Colonial Medical Service, Director of Medical and Sanitary Service, Sierra Leone.
 Evan David Reynolds. For public services in the Uganda Protectorate.
 Russel William Thornton, Agricultural Adviser to the High Commissioner for Basutoland, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and Swaziland, and Director of Agriculture, Basutoland.
 Harold James Vickers, Indian Police, Deputy Director, Intelligence, Peshawar, at present on deputation with the Government of India.
 Ernest Wright, a British resident in Addis Ababa, Sub-Governor of the Bank of Ethiopia.

Honorary Commanders
 Meir Dizengoff, . For public services in Palestine.
 Usumanu, Emir of Gwandu, Nigeria.

Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
 Captain Francis Charles Adelbert Henry, Earl of Kilmorey, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.
 Surgeon Captain Ernest MacEwan, .
 Commander George Francis Locke Marx.
 Commander Edward Penry Thomas.
 Instructor Commander William Isaac Saxton, .
 Major (Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel) Norman Kempe Jolley, Royal Marines.
 Commander Lancelot Arthur Wetherell Spooner, Royal Australian Navy.

Army
 Major Arthur Charles Barnard, , Officer Commanding 22nd (London) Armoured Car Company (Westminster Dragoons), Royal Tank Corps, Territorial Army.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Percy Howard Bartlett, , Officer Commanding Devonshire and Cornwall Fortress Engineers, Royal Engineers, Territorial Army.
 Major (local Lieutenant-Colonel) Charles Vere Bennett, , Royal Army Service Corps, Officer Commanding Somaliland Camel Corps, The King's African Rifles.
 Major Adolph Rudolf William Buttner, Australian Staff Corps, Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General (Mobilization and Reserves), and Staff Officer, Rifle Club, 1st District Base, Australian Military Forces.
 Major Eric Thomas Graham Carter, Royal Engineers.
 Chaplain to the Forces, 3rd Class, the Reverend Christopher Maude Chavasse, Royal Army Chaplains' Department, Territorial Army.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Norman Mello Fergusson, , Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army.
 Major Douglas Hamilton Gordon, , 4th Battalion, 11th Sikh Regiment, Indian Army, late Assistant Commandant Pachmarhi Wing, Small Arms School, India.
 Major (Quarter-Master) Charles Harding, , 8th Battalion, The Royal Warwickshire Regiment, Territorial Army.
 Chaplain to the Forces, 3rd Class, the Reverend Theophilus Wingfield Heale, , Royal Army Chaplains' Department.
 Captain (local Lieutenant-Colonel) David Arthur Hunt, Royal Artillery, attached Sudan Defence Force.
 Lieutenant-Colonel (Commissary) Saville Britain Jackson, , India Miscellaneous List, India Unattached List, Deputy Assistant Director, Personal Assistant to the Adjutant-General, Adjutant-General's Branch, Headquarters of the Army in India.
 Captain James Francis Scott McLaren, The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment), Adjutant, Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun, India.
 Lieutenant-Colonel and Brevet Colonel Christopher Harold Miskin, , Officer Commanding 5th Battalion, The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment, Territorial Army.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh Stainton Poyntz, , Army Educational Corps, Commandant, Duke of York's Royal Military School, Dover.
 Lieutenant-Colonel James Ronald Roberts, , Royal Engineers.
 Lieutenant-Colonel (Quarter-Master) William Sharp, , Extra Regimentally Employed List, Chief Clerk, Aldershot Command.
 Lieutenant-Colonel and Brevet Colonel Thomas Sturrock, , late Officer Commanding 78th (Lowland) Field Brigade, Royal Artillery, Territorial Army.
 Lieutenant-Colonel and Brevet Colonel Keith Sykes, , Officer Commanding 5th Battalion, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding), Territorial Army.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Douglas Greaves Townend, , Officer Commanding The London Divisional Royal Army Service Corps, Territorial Army.
 Captain William Tysoe, , The Northern Rhodesia Regiment.
 Lieutenant-Colonel and Brevet Colonel Innes Noel Ware, , late Officer Commanding 54th (Durham and West Riding) Medium Brigade, Royal Artillery, Territorial Army.
 Major George Wishart Will, , Royal Army Medical Corps, Mental Specialist, Southern Command, India.

Royal Air Force
 Wing Commander Thomas Fawdry, .
 Squadron Leader Ralph Squire Sorley, .
 Squadron Leader Henry Edward Forrow.
 Squadron Leader Cecil Arthur Bouchier, .
 Squadron Leader Charles Edward Neville Guest.

Civil Division
 Peter Harvey Allan, . For services to education in Edinburgh.
 Oswald William Arnold, Inspector of Audit (Edinburgh) National Insurance Audit Department.
 William George Askew, Secretary of St. Dunstan's. For services to War-blinded Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen.
 Anthony Leslie Ayton, Principal, Colonial Office.
 Florence Beakbane, . For political and public services in Liverpool.
 John Irvine Cook, Principal, Ministry of Finance, Northern Ireland.
 William De Prélaz Crousaz, Jurat of the Royal Court and Lieutenant Bailiff of Guernsey.
 Eileen Olive Gertrude Somerset Dawson. For political and public services in Wiltshire.
 Alderman Richard Edwards. For political and public services in North Wales.
 Robert Edwin Field, Principal, India Office.
 William Frowen, , Secretary of the General Federation of Colliery Firemen's, Examiners' and Deputies' Associations of Great Britain.
 George Albert Godwin, Honorary Treasurer, Stock Exchange War Wounded Entertainments Fund.
 Martha Kathleen Haslegrave. For political and public services in Yorkshire.
 Eric Henry Edwardes Havelock, Secretary, Development Commission, and Administrative Secretary, Agricultural Research Council.
 Claud Walker Heneage, lately Registrar, HM Land Registry.
 John Rutherford Hill, Resident Secretary in Scotland of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
 John Edward Horwell, , Chief Constable, Criminal Investigation Department, Metropolitan Police.
 Captain Alfred Hudson, , Chief Motor Transport Officer, Engineering Department, General Post Office.
 Lindsey Kathleen Huxley, Honorary Treasurer, National Federation of Women's Institutes.
 William Lionel Jenkins, Supervisory Engineer, County Borough of West Ham, and Consulting Engineer to the Lee Conservancy Board.
 Job Leadbetter. For public services in Worcestershire.
 John Leader, Assistant Controller, London Postal Service, General Post Office.
 Duncan Lee, Principal Clerk, Crown Office, Edinburgh.
 John Luxford, Accountant, House of Commons.
 Jabez Lyne. For political and public services in Walthamstow.
 Charles Stuart McFarlane. For political and public services in the West of Scotland.
 Albert Eric Maschwitz, Director of Variety, British Broadcasting Corporation.
 Charles Satchell Pantin, . For public services in the Isle of Man.
 Thomas Leggatt Paterson, Senior Staff Office, Ministry of Transport.
 Robert John Pearson, Chief Constable of Cambridge Borough Police.
 Ivor Powell, Principal, Ministry of Pensions.
 Thomas James Roberts. For political and public services in Glamorgan.
 Donald Gordon Robertson, Senior Investigating Officer, HM Treasury.
 William Hammond Robinson, Senior Inspector, Central Welsh Board for Intermediate Education.
 Henry Stevens, Deputy Divisional Controller, Ministry of Labour.
 Alice Whittingham Straker, . For public services in Hexham.
 George Francis Stringer, Clerk of the Metropolitan Water Board.
 Ethel Strudwick, , High Mistress of St Paul's Girls' School, Chairman of the London Headmistresses Employment Committee.
 James Waddington, JP, Chairman of the Accrington Local Employment Committee, Alderman of the Accrington Borough Council.
 Alice Helen Warrender, Founder of the Hawthornden Prize.
 John Paley Yorke, , Principal, London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation, Poplar.
 Edwin Arthur Chapman-Andrews, Acting British Consul at Harar.
 Gertrude Mary Carver, until recently a British resident in Alexandria. For services in connection with the Girl Guide Movement in Egypt.
 Kaimakam Thomas William Fitzpatrick Bey, , Assistant Commandant, Alexandria City Police.
 James Thomas Humberstone, a British resident in Chile.
 The Reverend William Thomson, lately Minister of the English Reformed Church, Amsterdam.
 Henry Francis Chester Walsh, Acting British Consul-General at Batavia.
 The Reverend Philip John Andrews, , Secretary, The Fellowship of the Maple Leaf. For social welfare services.
 Zara Baar Aronson. For philanthropic services in connection with the Red Cross Organisation and other charitable movements in the Commonwealth of Australia.
 Henry James Edward Dumbrell, Director of Education, Bechuanaland Protectorate.
 Rabbi David Isaac Freedman, . For public and social welfare services in the Commonwealth of Australia.
 Robert Woodward Hammond, , Principal of Plumtree School, Southern Rhodesia.
 John George Jearey, Clerk of the Legislative Assembly, Southern Rhodesia.
 Cyril William Kinsman, , Official Secretary to the Governor and Clerk of the Executive Council, State of Victoria.
 Walter Alexander Ramsay Sharp, . For social welfare services in the State of New South Wales.
 Harriet Adelaide Stirling, . For services in connection with child welfare in the State of South Australia.
 Alan Neil Yuille, , Government Medical Officer, Dubbo, State of New South Wales.
 Syed Amjad Ali, Landlord and Partner of Messrs. A. & M. Wazir Ali, Punjab.
 Captain Roger Noel Bacon, of the Political Department, Officer on Special Duty with the Mohmand Force, North-West Frontier Province.
 Khan Bahadur Hormasji Pestonji Chahewala, Assistant Government Pleader, Ahmedabad, Bombay.
 Marcel Dominic D'Cunha, Imperial Customs Service, Assistant Collector of Customs, Bombay.
 Ghulam Yazdani, Nazim of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Government, Hyderabad, Deccan.
 Jeffrey Arthur Benjamin Hawes, Royal Indian Navy, Naval Store Officer, His Majesty's Indian Naval Dockyard, Bombay.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Anath Nath Palit, Indian Medical Service, Civil Surgeon, Cuttack, and Superintendent, Orissa Medical School, Orissa.
 Captain Raj Kishore Kacker, , Medical Superintendent, King Edward VII Sanatorium, Bhowali, United Provinces.
 Frederick Graham Roberts, Partner, Graham Roberts & Co., Calcutta, Honorary Secretary of the Bengal Provincial Committee of Their Majesties' Silver Jubilee Fund, Bengal.
 Harold George Russell, Indian Police, Superintendent of Police, Punjab, Lahore.
 Major Frederick William Springett Watkins, Indian Army, The Scinde Horse, lately Private Secretary to Governor of Burma.
 Nana Ayirebi Acquah II, Omanhene of Winneba, Gold Coast.
 Eldred Curwen Braithwaite, , Colonial Medical Service Specialist, Nigeria.
 Geoffrey Fletcher Clay, , Colonial Agricultural Service, Deputy Director of Agriculture, Uganda Protectorate.
 Major John Cormack Craig, , Director of Public Works, British Guiana.
 Major Joseph Turner Dew, . For public services in the Leeward Islands.
 Major Hammett Holland Brassey Edwards, , Colonial Veterinary Service, Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry and Chief Veterinary Officer, Kenya.
 Wilfred Jerome Farrell, , Deputy Director of Education, Palestine.
 Professor Robert Victor Galea, Rector of Malta University.
 Professor John Lewis Gatt, Director of Public Works, Malta.
 Ernest Wilfred Head, lately General Manager of the Government Railway, Ceylon.
 John Rooke Johnston, Colonial Administrative Service, District Officer, Tanganyika Territory.
 Frank Harold Lowe. For public services in Northern Rhodesia.
 George Henry Masson, , Medical Officer of Health, Port of Spain, Trinidad.
 Horace Walter Raper. For public services in the Straits Settlements.
 William Johnson Thornhill, , lately Director of Public Works, Ceylon.
 Charles Gordon Timms, , Colonial Medical Service, Medical Officer, Somaliland Protectorate.
 Gilbert Cochrane Wainwright. For public services in Jamaica.
 Wilfrid Wise, , Director of Public Works, Fiji.

Honorary Officer
 Tewfik Bey Sinnu, President of the Court of Appeal, Trans-Jordan.

Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
 Commissioned Gunner Bertie Melbourne.
 Commissioned Engineer George Francis Pengelly.
 Commissioned Engineer William Henry Hodge Northcott.
 Commissioned Writer William Bracey Bolt.
 Chief Officer Gilbert Hall Glastonbury.
 Skipper Lieutenant James William Hubbard, , Royal Naval Reserve.
 Lieutenant John Frederick Tucker, Royal Australian Navy.

Army
 No.2605390 Warrant Officer, Class I, Regimental Sergeant-Major Arthur John Brand, Grenadier Guards.
 No.3701706 Warrant Officer, Class I, Sergeant Major-Instructor John Brisbane, Army Physical Training Staff.
 No.726521 Warrant Officer, Class II, Battery Sergeant-Major Ernest Brown, 57th (Wessex) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery, Territorial Army.
 No.3378319 Warrant Officer, Class II, Regimental Quartermaster-Sergeant Norman Carpenter, Indian Unattached List, Ahmednagar Wing, Small Arms School, India.
 No.1407461 Warrant Officer, Class I, Sergeant Major Assistant Instructor in Gunnery, Ernest John Cherry, Royal Artillery.
 No.1410647 Warrant Officer, Class I, Battery Sergeant-Major Arthur Robert Cole, Royal Artillery, attached Sudan Defence Force.
 No.2967328 Warrant Officer, Class I, Conductor Robert Collie, Indian Army Corps of Clerks, India Unattached List, Superintendent, General Staff Branch, Headquarters, Eastern Command, India.
 No.6549508 Warrant Officer, Class II, Regimental Quartermaster-Sergeant Henry William Edwards, 4th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment, Territorial Army.
 Conductor William Herbert Fowles, India Unattached List, Military Engineer Services and Public Works Department, Poona, India.
 No.2566380 Warrant Officer, Class I, Squadron Sergeant-Major Thomas Alfred Gamble, late 2nd Cavalry (Middlesex Yeomanry) Divisional Signals, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army.
 Lieutenant (Senior Assistant Surgeon) Albert Edward Gomez, Indian Medical Department, British Military Hospital, Jhansi, India.
 Lieutenant Douglas Foster Grierson, Perak Battalion, Federated Malay States Volunteer Force.
 Warrant Officer, Class I, Staff Sergeant Major, 1st Class, Harold Leopold Gyton, Australian Instructional Corps, Australian Military Forces.
 Warrant Officer, Class I, Staff Sergeant-Major, 1st Class, John Weir Hanlin, Australian Instructional Corps, Australian Military Forces.
 No.1859143 Warrant Officer, Class I, Engineer Draughtsman Quartermaster Sergeant Ralph Daniel Hatcher, Royal Engineers, Chief Engineer's Office, Malaya.
 Lieutenant (local Captain) Walter Robert Haymes, Regular Army Reserve of Officers, General List, Paymaster and Quartermaster, Somaliland Camel Corps, The King's African Rifles.
 Captain Stanley William Joslin, Royal Engineers, Staff Captain, The War Office.
 Captain John Henry Kemp, , retired pay, late Royal Army Service Corps, Assistant Officer-in-charge, Royal Army Service Corps Record and Pay Office.
 Captain Brian Bishop Kennett, Royal Corps of Signals, attached Egyptian Frontiers Administration.
 Captain John Alexander Lang, Royal Artillery, Singapore.
 Ida Blanche Leedam, Sister, Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service Reserve, Military Hospital, Catterick Camp.
 Captain (Quarter-Master) Umberto Rimes Lucarotti, The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles).
 Lieutenant (Assistant Commissary) Herbert William Ludlam, Indian Army Ordnance Corps, India Unattached List, Ordnance Inspection Section, Proof and Experimental Establishment, Balasore, India.
 No.386546 Warrant Officer, Class II, Squadron Sergeant-Major Jesson Gunn MacKay, The Lovat Scouts, Territorial Army.
 Captain and Adjutant Gerald Swinden Madden, 2nd Medium Brigade, Royal Artillery.
 Lieutenant Kenneth Ernest Frederick Millar, The Border Regiment.
 No. S/9544 Warrant Officer, Class II, Staff Quartermaster-Sergeant Charles Herbert Potter, Royal Army Service Corps, Malta.
 Warrant Officer, Class I, Conductor George Robinson, Indian Army Corps of Clerks, India Unattached List, Headquarters, Rawalpindi District, Northern Command, India.
 Captain Robert Alfred Rusbridge, Army Educational Corps, Instructor, Royal Military College, Sandhurst.
 Subadar (Sub-Assistant Surgeon) Sampuran Singh, Indian Medical Department, Indian Military Hospital, Quetta, India.
 Captain Leslie Raynar-Smith, The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.
 Warrant Officer, Class I, Regimental Sergeant-Major Alexander Smoker, late The Royal Scots Fusiliers, Chief Warden, Yeomen Warders of the Tower, The Tower of London.
 Lieutenant and Ordnance Executive Officer, 3rd Class, Norman Speller, Royal Army Ordnance Corps, Ordnance Depot, Didcot.
 Captain Thomas Henry Langdale Stebbing, , Army Educational Corps, late Commandant, King George's Royal Indian Military School, Jullundur, India.
 Assistant Surgeon, 4th Class (Sub-Conductor), Colin Thomas Symonds, Indian Medical Department, British Military Hospital, Belgaum, India.
 Captain Tan Seng Tee, Company Commander, Malacca Volunteer Corps, 4th Battalion, Straits Settlements Volunteer Force.
 Captain John Walter Turner, , The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment), late Embarkation Staff Office, Port Sudan.
 No. S/239, Warrant Officer, Class I, Staff Sergeant-Major Charles Ernest Walter, Royal Army Service Corps.
 No.1660762 Warrant Officer, Class II, Battery Sergeant-Major Herbert Featherstone Wenham, Thames and Medway Heavy Brigade, Royal Artillery, Territorial Army.
 Lieutenant David Arnot Williamson, , Tyne Electrical Engineers, Royal Engineers, Territorial Army.
 No.539193 Warrant Officer, Class II, Battery Sergeant-Major Frank James Wort, 55th (Wessex) Field Brigade, Royal Artillery, Territorial Army.

Royal Air Force
 Flight Lieutenant Albert Edward Groom, .
 Flight Lieutenant John Frederick Young, .
 Flying Officer (Honorary Flight Lieutenant) James Lawrence Jack, , Auxiliary Air Force.
 Warrant Officer Harry Vatcher.
 Warrant Officer Robert Michael Wildbore.
 Warrant Officer John Samuel Sallows.
 Warrant Officer Francis Richard Clay.

Civil Division
 Arthur Stanley Allen, Staff Officer, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
 Allan George Attride, Acting Senior Staff Officer, Air Ministry.
 George Ernest Bailey, Accountant, National Physical Laboratory, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
 Felix Wellesley Bensted, Staff Clerk, War Office.
 Maurice Alfred Bevan, Senior Staff Clerk, Ministry of Labour.
 Thomas Ernest Birtwisle, Sanitary Inspector of the Castleford Urban District Council.
 Ellen Blackmore. For political and public services in Somerset.
 Maud Bourchier, Headmistress, Haverstock Hill School for Physically Defective Children.
 Donald Brown, Assistant Postmaster, Glasgow.
 Harry Brown, Public Assistance Officer for the Burgh of Coatbridge, Lanarkshire.
 Thomas Brown, lately Headmaster, Boys' Department, Ducie Avenue Central School, Manchester.
 Ernest Edwin Callaway, Superintendent, Buckinghamshire Constabulary.
 Winifred Lucy Cox, Clerical Officer and Personal Assistant to the Secretary, Reforms Department, India Office.
 Major Arthur William Dawson, , Headmaster, Jarrow Central Council School.
 Phoebe Elliman. For political and public services.
 Alderman William James Fudge, . For political and public services in Shoreditch.
 Cecilia Margaret Gardner, Assistant County Director, British Red Cross Society, Dumbartonshire.
 Ejdward Augustus Gardner, Assistant Secretary of the Kent County Playing Fields Association.
 John Wilson Gordon, Chief Public Assistance Officer for the County of Banff.
 William Grant, Head Postmaster, Dumfries.
 James Arnold Hartley, Estate Surveyor, Grade I, HM Office of Works and Public Buildings.
 John Blanc Harvey, Higher Clerical Officer and Assistant to the Private Secretary to the Minister of Transport.
 Lionel Harvey, Engineer-in-Charge, Manchester Station, British Broadcasting Corporation.
 George Henry Haynes, . For political and public services in Staffordshire.
 Alderman Herbert Hiles, , Vice-Chairman of the Cardiff Local Employment Committee.
 Lucy Maria Hill, , Mayor of Harwich on several occasions.
 Walter George Ives, Assistant Accountant, Colonial and Dominions Offices.
 Horace Iceton James, Auditor of Accounts, County Courts Branch, Lord Chancellor's Department.
 Captain Fred Jones, Headmaster, Pinhoe (Church of England) School, Devon.
 Maurice Samuel Thompson Jones, Superintendent of the London County Council Remand Home, Stamford House, Goldhawk Road, London.
 Charles Land, Superintendent, Higher Grade, Central Telegraph Office, General Post Office.
 James Lloyd, lately Senior Clerk, Civil Service Commission.
 Percival George Lloyd, Chemist and Manager, Borough Sewage Works Department, Kingston upon Thames.
 Catherine Moir. For political and public services in Fife.
 Muriel Eirene Montgomery, Secretary of the Girl Guides Association.
 Frederick Henry Newington, , Assistant Analyst, Admiralty Chemist's Department, Portsmouth.
 Rosina Ada Newnham, Lady Superintendent of the Queen Mary Hostel, Grimsby, Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen.
 Ernest George Offord, Staff Clerk, Scottish Office.
 Charles Henry Parker, Inspector of Stamping, Board of Inland Revenue.
 Joseph Albert Phythian, Senior Staff Officer, Board of Customs and Excise.
 Florence Mary Potts, , Chairman of the Children's Sub-Committee of the Chester, Runcorn, Northwich and District War Pensions Committee.
 William Stewart Rainbow, Senior Staff Officer, Board of Trade.
 Alfred William Primmer Randall, Steward of the County of London Mental Hospital at Bexley.
 Dugard Robertson, lately Superintendent and Deputy Chief Constable, Leicester City Police.
 Charles Sherley Smith, Senior Staff Officer, Ministry of Health.
 William Hamilton Smyth, Superintending Officer, Ministry of Education, Northern Ireland.
 Alderman William Ernest Sowter, . For political and public services in Bedford.
 Percy Victor Sprules, Superintendent, Metropolitan Police.
 Jessie Armstrong Swanson, Senior Health Visitor, Edinburgh Corporation scheme of maternity service and child welfare.
 Ernest William Swanton, Curator of the Haslemere Educational Museum, Surrey.
 Annie Mary Norris Tamplin. For political and public services in East Rhondda.
 Percy Cooke Taylor, , Secretary to the Trustee Savings Banks Inspection Committee.
 George Sydney Warren, , Member of, and honorary organiser for, both the Hammersmith and the Kensington Local Savings Committees.
 Ethel Victoria Williams, Secretary of the White Heather Fund, Manchester.
 Jane Blackstock Wilson. For political and public services in Glasgow.
 Thomas James Walter Wilson, Establishment and Accounts Officer, Foreign Office.
 Elinor Garbutt Wilton, Clerical Officer and Personal Secretary to the Chairman and to the Secretary, National Savings Committee.

 Khan Bahadur Munshi Siddique Ahmad, Assistant Secretary, British Indian Association, Oud, United Provinces.
 Ahmed Alhadi, Master and Registrar, Supreme Court, Sierra Leone.
 M. R. Ry. Perungavur Varada Achariyar Avargal, , Executive Engineer, Electricity Department, Madras.
 Ruth Alice Bagot, Lady Superintendent of Nurses, Uganda Protectorate.
 Khan Bahadur Jan Muhammad Khan, Member of the Bombay Legislative Council, Zamindar, Bombay.
 Manser William Bartlett, Superintendent Engineer, Transport Department, Nyasaland Protectorate.
 Rai Bahadur Moti Lai Basu, Comptroller of the Household of the Maharani of Bettiah, Bihar.
 Henriette Baumann. For services to nursing in Kenya.
 Emma Melicent Prater Branch. For services to education in the Leeward Islands.
 Frank Henry Butcher, Madras Agricultural Service, lately Curator, Government Garden, Ootacamund, The Nilgiris, Madras.
 Ratan Mohan Chatterjee, Solicitor and Notary Public, Partner of the firm of Messrs. R. M. Chatterjee & Co., Calcutta, Bengal.
 Arthur Theodore Culwick, Colonial Administrative Service, Assistant District Officer, Tanganyika Territory.
 Eugenie Minne Gorrie Dugmore. For social welfare services in Southern Rhodesia.
 Henry Raymond Edmunds, Superintendent of Agriculture, Kalimpong, Bengal.
 Hilda Fowke, . For social services in Ceylon.
 Querino Bonifacio de Freitas, , Government Medical Officer, British Guiana.
 Jane Ingham Frith. For services to education in Bermuda.
 Joseph Francis Gantzer, Deputy Director of Surveys, Bihar.
 M. R. Ry. Sura Rajagopal Nayudu Garu, , Acting Chemical Examiner, Madras.
 Hirendra Nath Ghosh, of the Associated Press, Bengal.
 Eugene Gregoire, Chief Clerk, Customs Department, Mauritius.
 Robert Alfred Halfhide, Deputy Controller of Printing, Government of India.
 Ernest Charles Harvey, Chief Clerk, Department of Education, Palestine.
 Ernest Howard Hawes, Customs Preventive Service, Chief Inspector, Bombay Customs House, and Protector of Emigrants, Bombay.
 James Rowland Hilder, Warden of the Municipality of Burnie, State of Tasmania.
 Gertrude Louise Holloway, Chief Clerk, General Office, Royal Empire Society.
 Charles Edwin Holmes, lately Officiating District Controller of Stores, Eastern Bengal Railway, Bengal.
 Frederick York Humphreys, Archivist at His Majesty's Legation at Tehran.
 Dorothy Charles Hutson. For services in connection with the relief of ex-service men in Barbados.
 The Reverend Oliver Jackson. For social welfare services in Newfoundland.
 Robert Jones, Engineer to the Native Administration of the Oyo Province, Nigeria.
 Arthur James Keevill, . For public services in the Tanganyika Territory.
 Gerald Percival Keuneman. For public services in Ceylon.
 Khan Bahadur Kershaw Dinshaw Khambatta, , Health Office, Poona City Municipality, Bombay.
 William Lacey, , Indian Ordnance Department, Assistant Inspector of Guns, Cossipore, Bengal.
 Edward Walter Lamden, Station Superintendent, Burma Railways, Rangoon, Burma.
 Laura Hermione Longden. For social services in the Uganda Protectorate.
 Robert Key Masson, Customs Superintendent and Superintendent of the Belize Fire Brigade, British Honduras.
 Rao Bahadur Parshuram Gopal Masurekar, Barrister-at-Law, Legal Practitioner, States of Western India.
 Gilbert McGuire, , Indian Medical Department, Assistant Inspector-General of Civil Hospitals, Punjab.
 Elizabeth McMurtrie. For services to nursing in Kenya.
 David McMillan McNair, Inspector of Mines, Gold Coast.
 Lucy Spence Morice. For social welfare services in the State of South Australia.
 Arthur Podmore Oakes, , Deputy Commandant of Police, Somaliland Protectorate.
 Samuel Herbert Pearse. For public services in Nigeria.
 William George Peasley, Accounting and Statistical Officer, Department of Customs, Excise and Trade, Palestine.
 Alan Hubert Banbury Perkins, Acting British Vice-Consul at Buenos Aires.
 Hector Percival Ramos, Junior Superintendent, Home Department (Political) Special Branch, Government of Bombay.
 George Edward Sellé, British Vice Consul at Lima.
 Joseph Henry Small, Director of Telegraph Services, Department of Posts and Telegraphs, Newfoundland.
 Raja Narain Pratap Singh, of Malhajini, Special Magistrate and Honorary Assistant Collector, Etawah District, United Provinces.
 Ruby Storey, Honorary Secretary, Randwick Branch of the Red Cross Society, State of New South Wales.
 Kathleen Wanlass Storrier, Nursing Sister, Nigeria.
 Adeline Constance Stourton. For public and social welfare services in the Commonwealth of Australia.
 Ravi Varma Tampuran, retired Sub-Judge, Madras Provincial Civil Service.
 Roland Mervyn Taylor, Assistant Engineer (Telegraph Engineering and Wireless Service), in charge of Bombay Sub-Division.
 Frank Gordon Thorpe, Assistant Public Service Commissioner, Commonwealth of Australia.
 Frank Edward Toms, Office Superintendent, Education Department, Tanganyika Territory.
 William Joseph Toovey, Assistant Director of Stores, Sudan Government.
 John Frederick George Troughton, Colonial Administrative Service, District Officer, Kenya.
 Hylda Margaret Vorstermans (wife of Mr. H. G. P. Vorstermans, Cigar Manufacturer, Dindigul), lately Lady Superintendent, Bowring & Lady Curzon Hospitals, Bangalore.
 Thomas George Westall. For public services in the Windward Islands.
 Elizabeth Wilson, Matron, Maseru Hospital, Basutoland.
 Francis Clement Yardley, Editor of Oversea, the Monthly Journal of the Over-Seas League.

Honorary Members
 Hilmi Saleh Bey Husseini, District Officer, Palestine.
 Haj Nimr Effendi Sabia. For public services in Palestine.
 Avinoam Yellin, , Senior Inspector, Department of Education, Palestine.

Order of the Companions of Honour (CH)
 William George Stewart Adams, , Warden of All Souls College, Oxford. Chairman of the National Council of Social Services. Chairman of the National Federation of Young Farmers' Clubs.
 Joseph Aloysius Lyons, Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia.
 Hugh MacDowell Pollock, , Minister of Finance, Northern Ireland.
 Janet Penrose Trevelyan, Honorary Secretary of the Foundling Site Appeal Council. Chairman and Honorary Treasurer of the Children's Play Centres Committee.

Albert Medal
In Gold
 André John Mesnard Melly,  (Awarded posthumously).

Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO)
Home Civil Service
 George Henry Cooper, Head of General Branch, Registry of Friendly Societies.
 Arthur William Green, Chief Clerk, Royal Mint, Melbourne.
 Percy John Howard, Principal Clerk, Principal Probate Registry.
 David Goodwin Mackie, Chief Clerk, Exchequer, Edinburgh.
 John McLaren, Deputy Inspector-General of Waterguard, Board of Customs and Excise.
 James Milne Milne-Davidson, Maintenance Officer, HM Office of Works.
 Mark Philip Payne, Chief Constructor, Royal Corps of Naval Constructors, Superintendent of Admiralty Experiment Works, Haslar.
 Sydney Richard Pughe, , Staff Officer, Colonial Office.
 Samuel Rice, Staff Officer, Land Purchase Commission, Northern Ireland.
 Richard Francis Taylor, , Statistical Officer, Mines Department.
 Cecil Francis Wavish, Director, Investigation Branch, General Post Office.
 Frederick George Charles Young, Principal, Air Ministry.

Dominions
 Edgar Jesse Baldwin, Secretary, Police Department, State of New South Wales.
 Ezekiel Cohen, , Principal Clerk, Office of the High Commissioner for Basutoland, the Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland.
 Edward Tannoch McPhee, Commonwealth Statistician, Commonwealth of Australia.
 Alfred Edward Simpson, , Architect-in-Chief, State of South Australia.

Indian Civil Services
 Rao Saheb Balaram Mothabhai Rane, Assistant Secretary to the Government of Bombay in the Finance Department, Bombay.
 Rai Bahadur Amrita Lai Banerjee, Assistant Secretary to the Government of India in the Legislative Department.
 Thomas Bertram, OBE, Superintendent, Viceregal Estate, Simla, Delhi and Calcutta.
 Rai Bahadur Sarada Prasanna Ghosh, Bengal Civil Service, Officiating District Magistrate of Hooghly, Bengal.
 Khan Sahib Aspandiar Cooverjee Jassawalla, Personal Assistant to the Engineer-in-Chief, Officer Supervisor and Budget Officer, Engineer-in-Chief's Branch, Army Headquarters.
 M. R. Ry. Rao Sahib Pallavaram Sundara Lokanatha Mudaliyar Avargal, Manager, Office of the Presidency Port Officer and Principal Officer, Mercantile Marine Department, Madras.
 Frederic Augustus Samuels, Assistant Secretary to the Government of the United Provinces in the Public Works Department, Irrigation Branch.
 Nanak Prasad Srivastava, Postmaster General, United Provinces of Agra & Oudh

Colonies, Protectorates, etc.
 Frank Edward Balmer, lately Chief Accountant, Posts and Telegraphs Department, Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika.
 Evan Browne Bynoe, Provost Marshal and Sergeant at Arms, Barbados.
 Pedro St. Matthew Daniel, lately Senior Registrar, Judicial Department, Nigeria.
 Petros Stavrou Georgiades, lately Chief Clerk, Land Registration and Survey Department, Cyprus.
 Noor Mohamed Hashim bin Mohamed Dali, lately Assistant Economic and Education Officer, Cooperative Department, Federated Malay States.
 Beverley Burnley Littlepage, lately Postmaster-General, Trinidad.
 Melvin Warren Bunting Wright, lately Office Assistant, Public Works Department, Sierra Leone.

Imperial Service Medal
Indian Civil Services
 Shaikh Abdul Ghafoor, Jemadar of Peons, Viceregal Household.
 Ali Hussain, Jemadar of Peons, Viceregal Household.
 Makhan, Jamadar, Lahore Government Telegraph Office.
 Nungumbaukam Murgugesa Nayakar, Attender, Office of the Director of Public Instruction, Madras.

British Empire Medal (BEM)
Military Division
For Gallantry
 No.3768885 Private Richard Blackburn, 1st Battalion, The Cheshire Regiment.
 El Yuzbashi (Captain) El Amin Effendi Hemeida, Sudan Defence Force.
For Meritorious Service
 Stoker Petty Officer John Mark Saunders, OND/K22561.
 Sergeant Edgar Tom Lethbridge, Royal Marines, ON.Ply/16251.
 No.1023125 Bombardier (Artillery Clerk) James Christie, Royal Artillery, Anti-Gas Wing, Small Arms School, Winterbourne Gunner.
 No.7576720 Staff Sergeant (local Sub-Conductor) (now Warrant Officer, Class I, Staff Quartermaster-Sergeant) Victor Stanley Ebbage, Royal Army Ordnance Corps.
 No.3768749 Private John Lomax, 2nd Battalion, The King's Regiment (Liverpool).
 No.6132807 Sergeant (local Company Sergeant-Major) Leslie John Paine, East Surrey Regiment, Superintending Clerk, Adjutant-General's and Military Secretary's Department, Sudan Defence Force.
 No.7254432 Sergeant (Temporary Staff Sergeant) Frederick William Stevens, Royal Army Medical Corps, attached to The London Division, Royal Army Medical Corps (TA) School of Instruction.
 No.7682728 Sergeant Peter Stoddart, Corps of Military Police.
 354523 Flight Sergeant Eric Richard Bloomfield, Royal Air Force.
 207304 Flight Sergeant Arthur Ashley Lesster, Royal Air Force.
 348752 Sergeant Philip Cullen, Royal Air Force.
 506822 Corporal Lawrence Edmund Stack, Royal Air Force.

Civil Division
For Gallantry
 William Jamieson, European Shift Superintendent, Ariston Gold Mine, Prestea, Gold Coast.

For Meritorious Service
 Robert Barr, Postman, Belfast, General Post Office.
 Alice Maud Beckett, Sub-Postmistress, Dersingham, Norfolk.
 Robert Bowman, Officer, HM Borstal Institution, Portland.
 Charles Edward Eastman, Chief Officer (Class I), HM Prison Wandsworth.
 Ernest George Horwill, Sorting Clerk and Telegraphist, Plymouth, General Post Office.
 James Howard, Lately Head Messenger, Printed Paper Office, House of Lords.
 Jane Pett, Telegraphist, Central Telegraph Office, General Post Office.
 Joseph Arthur Swan, Assistant Superintendent, Derby, General Post Office.
 Jim Walls Warren, Postman, Newcastle, General Post Office.
 Corporal John Walter Bailey, St. Vincent Police Force, Windward Islands.
 No.183 Sergeant Hamish Ian McLeod, British Section, Palestine Police.
 No.1185 Constable Geoffrey Harold Ranoe, British Section, Palestine Police.
 Sher Mohamed, Sub-Inspector, Federated Malay States Police.
 No.47 Lance-Corporal Toni, British Solomon Islands Protectorate Constabulary.

Air Force Cross (AFC)
 Squadron Leader Albert Frank Lang, .
 Flight Lieutenant David Fowler McIntyre, Auxiliary Air Force.
 Flight Lieutenant Harold Francis Jenkins, Reserve of Air Force Officers.
 Flying Officer Jeffrey Kindersley Quill, Reserve of Air Force Officers.

Kaisar-i-Hind Medal
First Class
 Rajkumar Das, lately Principal, Bethune College, Calcutta, Bengal.
 Mary Davison, Lady Superintendent, Baroda State General Hospital, Baroda, Gujarat States Agency.
 Violet May Haig (wife of Sir Harry Haig, , Governor of the United Provinces).
 Elsie King (wife of Mr. C. King, , Deputy Commissioner, Rawalpindi District, Punjab).
 Harriette May, Lady Sifton (wife of Sir James Sifton, , Governor of Bihar).
 Ruth Young, MBE, Women's Medical Service, Principal, Lady Hardinge Medical College, Delhi.
 Rustomji Bomonji Billimoria, , Private Medical Practitioner, Bombay.
 Lala Ishar Das Tandan, of Quetta City, Baluchistan.
 Lieutenant-Colonel Sir James Reid Roberts, , Indian Medical Service (retired), Special Member of Council, Dewas State (Senior Branch), Central India.
 The Reverend John Roy Strock, Bursar, Andhra-Christian College, Guntur, Madras.

Appointments
Personal Aides-de-Camp to The King
 Admiral The Duke of York, .
 Commander The Duke of Kent, .
 Commander Lord Louis Mountbatten, .

References

Birthday Honours
1936 awards
1936 in the United Kingdom
June 1936 events
Edward VIII


title: Breitenbach (Speyerbach)

text:
Breitenbach is a river of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a left tributary of the Speyerbach.

The Breitenbach rises in the central Palatine Forest in the valley of Dreibrunnental ("Three Springs Valley") and flows towards the south, where it forms the parish boundary between Elmstein and Esthal almost throughout. On the way it passes the Goldbrunnen spring. After about 10 kilometres it empties into the Speyerbach at the hamlet of  (belongs to Esthal). The timber rafting station there is classed as a cultural monument; in the immediate vicinity of the confluence are the ruins of Breitenstein Castle.

Tributaries
Finster-Breitenbach (right), 1.3 km
Großer Schwabenbach (right), 1.7 km

References

Rivers of Rhineland-Palatinate
Palatinate Forest
Bad Dürkheim (district)
Rivers of Germany


title: Masdevallia goliath

text:
Masdevallia goliath is a species of epiphytic orchid native to northeastern Peru and southeastern Ecuador but is cultivated as an ornamental elsewhere. It grows in nature in cloud forests at elevations over 1500 m.

Masdevallia goliath is an epiphytic herb. Leaves are thick and leathery, narrow, up to 25 cm long. Inflorescence is a short raceme on a purple flowering stalk. Sepals are thick, dark reddish-purple, up to 30 mm long, tapering to a long narrow point. Lateral petals are up to 6 mm long, yellow with purple spots; lip up to 6 mm long, yellow-orange with red-purple spots.

References

goliath
Orchids of Ecuador
Orchids of Peru


title: Chandigarh Junction railway station

text:
Chandigarh Junction railway station (station code:- CDG), serves the union territory city of Chandigarh. The station is at an elevation of  and was assigned the code – CDG. Chandigarh is amongst the top hundred booking stations of the Indian Railway.

History
The Delhi–Panipat–Ambala–Kalka line was opened in 1891, and the Chandigarh–Sahnewal line (also referred to as Ludhiana–Chandigarh rail link) was inaugurated in 2013.

Ambala–Chandigarh sector was electrified in 1998–99 and Chandigarh–Kalka in 1999–2000.

Amenities
Chandigarh railway station has computerized reservation facilities, General Railway Police outpost, telephone booths, tourist reception centre, waiting room, retiring room, vegetarian and non-vegetarian refreshment room, and book stall. In 2014, Chandigarh railway station got escalators.

The railway station is 8 km from the city centre. The airport is 7 km. City buses, auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws are available at the station for local transportation.

References

External links

Railway stations in India opened in 1891
Railway stations in Chandigarh
Ambala railway division
Buildings and structures in Chandigarh
Indian Railway A1 Category Stations


title: Valdez, Colorado

text:
Valdez is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place (CDP) located in and governed by Las Animas County, Colorado, United States. From 1907 to 1960, Valdez served as a company town for Colorado Fuel & Iron and its Frederick coal mine, the company's most productive and second largest. The population of the Valdez CDP was 46 at the United States Census 2020. The Trinidad post office (ZIP Code 81082) serves the area.

Geography
Valdez is in western Las Animas County, in the valley of the Purgatoire River. It is bordered to the west by Segundo. Colorado State Highway 12 runs along the northern edge of the community, leading east (downriver)  to Trinidad, the county seat, and west (upriver)  to Stonewall Gap.

The Valdez CDP has an area of , all land.

History

Colorado Fuel & Iron, under the guidance of first John D. Rockefeller and then his son John D. Rockefeller Jr., greatly expanded in the southern Colorado coalfields in the decade following their 1903 investment in the company. Among these expansions was the construction of the Valdez mine in 1907. Soon after its creation, the mine was renamed to "Frederick" and rapidly expanded, producing bituminous coal sent to the coking ovens at Segundo. Frederick coal was also, from 1918 onwards, shipped towards the CF&I Minnequa steel mill along the Colorado and Wyoming Railway, part of the company's vertical integration strategy. During this early period, Apache Indians reportedly frequented the town and surrounding area.

In 1913-14, CF&I–supported by the Colorado National Guard and Baldwin–Felts detectives–fought the Colorado Coalfield War against striking United Mine Workers of America miners. While Valdez had been one of company towns not to see significant participation in the strike, the violence of the Ludlow Massacre and the succeeding days forced Rockefeller, Jr. to improve CF&Is image. He hired public relations specialist Ivy Lee and future Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King for this task and would visit Valdez in September 1915 as part of a general tour of the coal mining region. Out of these efforts, the "Rockefeller Plan" of company town improvement and company-led unionization was born.

By 1917, the mine was producing roughly 1,500 tons of coal a day with the work of 500 men and 28 mules. Trams replaced the mules in 1940 and total miners swelled to 750 men. The total production of the mine before its closure in 1960 was over 29.6 million tons.

Demographics
The United States Census Bureau initially defined the  for the

See also

Outline of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
State of Colorado
List of municipalities in Colorado
List of census-designated places in Colorado
List of counties in Colorado
Las Animas County, Colorado

References

External links

Las Animas County website

Census-designated places in Las Animas County, Colorado
Census-designated places in Colorado
Company towns in Colorado


title: Mangulam

text:
Mangulam or Mankulam is a village in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located  from Madurai. The inscriptions discovered in the region are the earliest Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions.

History
A hill in the region which is known as Mangulam hill or Kalugumalai (eagle hill) or Ovamalai, is where Tamil Jain monks lived in the caves during when their religion flourished in the ancient Tamil country. They converted the caves into their Palli (monastery) and lived here from 3 BCE to the 9th century CE.

Mangulam inscriptions
Mangulam inscriptions were discovered by Robert Sewell in the caves of the hill in 1882. This was the earliest finding of such kind of inscriptions. In 1906, Indian epigraphist V. Venkayya tried to read the inscriptions and found that it similar to the Brahmi script in Ashokan edicts, he thought that the inscriptions were in Pali language. In 1919, epigraphist H. Krishna Sastri identified few Tamil words in the inscriptions. In 1924, K. V. Subrahmanya Aiyar discovered that inscriptions are in Tamil with some Prakrit loan words in the Brahmi script and concluded that script is Tamil-Brahmi. In 1965, Iravatham Mahadevan recorded the inscriptions in the caves and dated it to the late 3rd century BCE.

There are five caves in the hill of which six inscriptions are found in four caves. These were inscribed during Sangam period, hence it is considered one of the important inscriptions in Tamil Nadu. Archeologists found sherds, sling stones and an ancient burial site during the excavation in the region. In 2007, Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department excavated the ruins of the Jain prayer halls of Sangam period. The inscriptions are among the protected monuments in Tamil Nadu by the Archaeological Survey of India.

Content
The inscriptions mentions that workers of Neṭuñceḻiyaṉ I, a Pandyan king of Sangam period, () made stone beds for Jain monks. It further details the name of worker for whom he made stone bed. For example, an inscription shows that Kaṭalaṉ Vaḻuti, a worker (- accountant; he was also related family) of Neṭuñceḻiyaṉ, made a stone bed for the Jain monk Nanta-siri Kuvaṉ.

References

External links

Villages in Madurai district
Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu
Jain rock-cut architecture
Tamil Brahmi script
Hills of Tamil Nadu
Caves of Tamil Nadu
2nd-century BC Jain temples


title: 1983 Italian general election in Veneto

text:
The Italian general election of 1983 took place on 26 June 1983.

In Veneto Christian Democracy was, as usual, the largest party with 42.5% of the vote. Liga Veneta won for the first time seats in the Italian Parliament.

Results

Chamber of Deputies
Source: Regional Council of Veneto

Provincial breakdown
Source: Regional Council of Veneto

Senate
Source: Regional Council of Veneto

Elections in Veneto
General, Veneto


The Orange and Alexandria Railroad Bridge Piers are the historical remains of a bridge that carried the Orange and Alexandria Railroad across Bull Run between Fairfax and Prince William Counties, Virginia. The railroad, and this bridge location in particular, were of strategic interest to both Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. The bridge was rebuilt at least seven times during the war years. The piers are located just south of a modern railroad bridge.

The piers were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

See also
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manassas, in Manassas Park, and in Prince William County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places listings in Fairfax County, Virginia

References

Railway buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Buildings and structures completed in 1861
Buildings and structures in Prince William County, Virginia
Buildings and structures in Fairfax County, Virginia
1861 establishments in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Fairfax County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Prince William County, Virginia


title: Igosave

text:
Otaghware Otas Onodjayeke, known by his stage name Igosave (born 20 May 1979) is a Nigerian comedian from Delta State, Nigeria. who had organized different shows, such as Igosave Unusual'.

 Early life and education
Otaghware Otas Onodjayeke was born in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria in 1979. He went to Aileru Primary School and Essi Secondary School. After secondary school, he attended the Polytechnic Auchi, where he studied painting and general art. He finished an NYSC degree at the University of Lagos.

 Comedy career
Igosave first performed comedy at the Nite of a 1000 Laughs show, organized by Opa Williams. During the show, he worked alongside other comedians, such as I Go Dye, bovi, Buchi (comedian), Basketmouth, Ali Baba, Teju Babyface, and others. His annual Igosave Unusual'' show has held all throughout Nigeria.

Awards

References

External links
 https://www.twitter.com/IGOSAVE

1979 births
Living people
Nigerian male comedians
University of Lagos people
Auchi Polytechnic alumni
African comedians


title: Bazaar of Pristina

text:
The Bazaar of Prishtina (; ), Kosovo, was the core merchandising center of the Old Prishtina since the 15th century, when it was built. It played a significant role in the physical, economic, and social development of Pristina. The Old Bazaar was destroyed during the 1950s and 1960s, following the modernization slogan of "Destroy the old, build the new". In its place, buildings of Kosovo Assembly, Municipality of Prishtina, PTT, and Brotherhood and Unity socialist square were built. Nowadays, instead of PTT building resides the Government of Kosovo building. Only few historical buildings, such as the Bazaar Mosque and ruins of the Bazaar Hammam have remained from the Bazaar complex. Since then, Prishtina has lost part of its identity, and its cultural heritage has been scattered.

History

Bazaars (English marketplace, Turkish pazar, Serbian базар, Albanian çarshia) were unique trading complexes developed in the towns of Kosovo and elsewhere in the Balkans, while the area came under the Ottoman Empire. They were built during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, reaching their final shape in the 19th century. These traditional complexes were developed in two types: the Covered Bazaar or Bezistan and the Open Bazaar. While the first was a closed complex of stores, the second was characterized by consecutive rows of crafts shops, where on Tuesdays merchants exposed their products. Before their construction, people used to expose their crafts on the mosque walls, at the time being practiced only in Albanian towns.

In the 13th century, Pristina was referred to as a “village”, and in 1525 as a town, but was officially recognized only in 1775. During the 14th and 15th centuries, it became an important mining and trading center. As a Medieval trading center, the first merchants' shops emerged in the 16th century. In 1660, Evliya Çelebi claims that Pristina had a market area (Bazaar), a hammam, 11 khans and about 300 different shops. Shops were located in the Old Bazaar, which in the 18th and 19th century, was the most important economic entity. According to Ammie Boue, in 1830, the Old Bazaar was the central core of Pristina. At this time (1840), Bazaar of Pristina had around 200 crafts shops.

At this time, Pristina was also known for the tradesmen and craftsmen organized fairs. The first and biggest fair was in 1879, where 1200-1500 people were present. Branislav Nušić, the vice-consul of Kingdom of Serbia, after visiting Pristina in 1893–96, claimed that it had the liveliest trade. According to Nušić, in 1902 Pristina had 500 shops, 12 khans, 12 mosques, 1 Clock tower, and some warehouses. Between two World Wars, Pristina had 240 shops, mostly focused in the Old Bazaar. In the verge of Second World War, there were 365 private crafts shops, practicing about 60 different crafts. After the war, economy was industrialized, and crafts started fading.

Urban and social context of the Bazaar

Urban context

The Old Bazaar of Pristina was located in the core center of Pristina, exactly at the intersection of the two main roads, which influenced its physical, economic, and social developments. These arteries were the east–west direction or Divan-Yoll (today UÇK Street), and the north–south road (Corso, today Mother Teresa boulevard). Divan-Yoll was distinguished for the development of public domain and social life of the inhabitants, while the other road was important for the economic development. Along the north–south artery, a convoy of caravans were passing through to the other important cities of the Balkans, which influenced the development of Pristina.

On the other hand, bazaars were preferable to be located close to rivers, therefore Bazaar of Pristina was located approximately in-between Vellusha and Prishtevka rivers. Nowadays, both these rivers are covered. It was surrounded by Bedri Pejani Street in the west, UÇK Street in the north, Agim Ramadani Street in the east, and Mother Theresa Boulevard in the south. The most crowded area with shops was at the nowadays Government area.

Bazaar was not preliminary planned, but spontaneously developed along the organic network of roads. The main streets intersected at a rhombic square with a Round Fountain in the middle. These narrow roads were paved with cobblestones or macadam, and were kept very clean. In the 1950s, law for cleaning the streets was approved, according to which citizens were supposed to clean their gardens, shops, and streets, and then pile the garbage, which was later taken away by a phaeton. The Bazaar's streets were composed of parallel rows of single-story jointed shops. The residential areas were located outside the Bazaar, in a radial direction.

Architectural context

The bazaar was structured accordingly with the practiced crafts; hence each craft had its own alley. This principle was inherited from the Eastern Roman Empire. Bazaar stores were made of three main materials: adobe, wood, and stone. Masonry was made of adobe and stone. The roof structure, frontal facade, windows and eventually floor and ceiling were made of wood. From both functional and architectural viewpoints, the most important element of the stores was its frontal facade. The bazaar shops’ street facades were characterized by long eaves, large wooden windows, and multifunctional window shutters. During the day, while the shops were open, these wooden shutters were used as exposition racks. Opening and closing of the frontal shutters beside the door indicated whether the store was open or not for customers.

In general, bazaar shops were architecturally designed as single-story constructions, where the ground floor area was used for crafts-working, exposition, and trading area. Shortly, the same space was used for storing the raw material, manufacturing the artisanal products, and later exposing them for sale. Sometimes, besides the ground floor they also had an upper floor, mostly used as depot. Only during the second half of the 19th century they had two stories above. Among the shops, there were also some small cafes serving coffee, tea, and occasionally rakia.

The residential areas were located outside the Bazaar, in a radial direction, in the organic mahallas of Pristina. Houses were built on ground and first floor levels, which were constructed of strong materials and covered with tiles. Despite the influences of European architecture, their architecture remained native. These houses had great gardens, surrounded by exterior walls for family protection and privacy.

Social context

Bazaar was the most important trade and crafts center. It was famous for its annual trade fairs and goat hide and hair articles. Most notable traders were Jews, who were relatively educated and besides their own language also spoke Turkish, Serbo-Croatian, and Albanian. Bazaar of Pristina was also visited by other traders, mostly by Ragusans (from nowadays Dubrovnik), who became a vast colony. Being in such crossroads, Bazaar served as a linkage of local and other foreign craftsmen.

Craftsmanship and commerce networks were organized in guilds. Guilds were an Ottoman model of the corporate economy organizations. They protected economic, social, political, military, religious, educational and other craftsmen interests. These guilds had a common voluntary fund, which was used to financially support poor and ill craftsmen, to educate young artisans, to establish schools and build some public buildings. On the other hand, they controlled the economic life, especially the tanners and bakers guilds, which controlled the prices.

Besides trading, Bazaar of Pristina was also the main place for public encounters. Its shops were also used for blood feud reconciling, selling and purchasing of property, affiancing procedures, setting of marriage dates, developing patriotic feelings, and cultivating trust or Besa. Closeness of shops made people get closer with each other. There was a lot of respect among them. People used to hang around and drink tea with each other in front of their shops. Whenever a new shop opened, people used to throw coins on the ground, believing that this superstitious act would bring fortune. Other signs of good luck were horseshoes, and garlic head or horn.

Important building landmarks

Bazaar Mosque
Bazaar or Çarshi Mosque was initially started in 1389 as a mark of Ottoman forces victory in Kosovo Was, and finished in the beginning of the 15th century, by Sultan Bayazid. It was the first mosque built in Kosovo. By that time, it used to overlook over the covered part of Bazaar. Since then, Bazaar Mosque has gone through significant changes, being initially repaired in 1820 and 1902 by Sulltan Abdylhamid II. As a result, its original look has been modified, but the stone-topped minaret, its distinguishing symbol, has been preserved for more than a half millennium, respectively 600 years. Carshı Mosque is also known as ‘Tas Mosque’, which literally means ‘Stone Mosque’. Bazaar It is one of 21 protected buildings in Pristina, listed since 1967.

Bazaar Hammam
Bazaar or Old Hammam is assumed to have been built in the 15th century, approximately at the same time as the Great Hammam of Pristina. As a public bath for cleaning and recreation, it was an important part of Bazaar. The Old Hammam was located just in front of the Bazaar Mosque. Following the destruction of the Baazar, Hammam was ruined too. Its stone foundations were found during the construction of today's Kosovo Assembly building, in 1959. Besides of their listing for state protection, they were covered and no further researches of the Hammam building and site have been made.

Khan
Khans or inns were specific buildings located in Pristina’s Bazaar that offered accommodation for traders and their animals, serving as a facilitation of trade. Khan consisted of two floors. Ground floor was a shelter for animals, whereas the upper one was a shelter for people. There were served coffee, tea, and food. In 1870-1880 Pristina possessed around 10 Khans. Before Second World War there were 3 khans located in Korzo Street in the Old Bazaar.

Bezistan
In 1830, Pristina had a Covered Bazaar known as Bezistan. Among the inhabitants it was also known as "Kapalı Çarshı", according to the Turkish language. This structure was a distinguished road with parallel consecutive shops, surrounded by walls and closed with huge arched doors at both sides of the road. It was covered with bricks for around 15–20 meters at its entrance. The high security enabled safety provisions while trading valuable goods. The covered complex had nearly 150-200 crafts shops. Interior of the Bezistan was attractive and interesting, thus resembling the bazaars of many oriental kasabas.
Covered Bazaar is supposed to have been located in the southern part of the Open Old Bazaar, in-between Carshı Mosque in the east and Korzo Street in the west; nowadays, approximately near the building of Assembly of Kosovo. In its western exit, between the crafts shops, complex was The Round Sadirvanc(“Shadërvani Rrethor”) with one fountain-head and concrete tub. Water from the fountain on the lower part of Bazaar, was used for maintaining the shops and other needs of inhabitants.

Synagogue
Synagogue, named "Havra-Sinagoga", was located in the southwestern part of the Bazaar, near the end of the Bezistan. It was used by Jews for their Saturday rituals. These Jews living in Pristina, were owners of many shops and their houses were lined along the Divan-Yol Street.

Bazaar Tekke
Bazaar Tekke was located near the western exit of the Covered Bazaar. It has also been destroyed.

Shops and crafts

Shops were decorated and filled with goods. There were shops of moccasin shoes, saddlers, curriers, Albanian fez makers, etc. Among which were from tanning to leather dyeing, belt making and silk weaving, and also military crafts as armorers, smiths, and saddle makers. In 1485 the artisans started producing gunpowder. There were also many cafés and tea shops, sweet-shops, and bakers. There were also other shops were oriental foods were served, kebab stores, butchers, pharmacies, libraries, barbers, watchmakers.

There were around 50 different handicrafts practiced in the Bazaar of Pristina. They were crafted by gifted silversmiths, goldsmiths, coppersmiths, tinsmiths, blacksmiths, gunsmiths, tub-makers, cutlers, potters, farriers, saddlers, boot makers, tailors, quilters, and curries. Especially Pristina was known as the center of coppersmiths and pottery crafting, which spread later in other Kosovo cities, such as Prizren, Gjakova, Peja, Gjilan. Copper pots were crafted for domestic and cult purposes. These pots were crafted from copper and brass by forging, smelting and savat techniques. On the other hand, clay pots were crafted for wheat and water preservation (water vessels and jugs). Decorations used in these crafts were wavy zigzag lines, circles, and semicircles.

Saddling was also developed in Pristina, besides Gjakova, Prizren, Gjilan, and Peja. Among the crafts were: horse and oxen gears, such as bridles, halters, tacks, collars, headgear, pads, saddles, stirrups, and cuirasses. These supplies were decorated with beads, charms, tufts, and mirrors.

Pristina was also identified with tailoring and silk processing. Tailors used to make national costumes mostly for wealthy class men and women. Among these items were waistcoats, coats, and robes.

Craftsmen of Pristina manufactured slippers as well. Slippers were made of soft leather (sahtian) fabric, embroidered with golden colored strings on the top. There were also shoe-crafts as leather shoes or moccasins, and clogs adorned with silver or pearly incrustation.

Crafts considered as touristic attractions containing folkloric elements, were supported with suitable shops and lower taxes. Also new crafts emerged as: radio-technicians, electro-technicians, hydro-installers, auto-mechanics, etc. Nowadays, most of handicrafts do not exist or have been transformed into new trades. Some of them are the handicraft of curriers, saddlers, tailors, silk processors, goat wool rug makers, and embroiders potters. On the other hand, even though in a small number, the old craft shops that still exist are blacksmiths and cutlers.

Destruction of the Bazaar

Early destruction

Bazaar and some other parts of Pristina were destroyed by two great fires in 1859 and 1863, just while Pristina was having its peak development.

In 1912, following the Serbian invasions, many feudal and intellectual Albanian and Turkish families were deported to Turkey. Among them were the main town's craftsmen. As a result, the shops were abandoned and Bazaar significance started fading.

Destroy the old, and build the new

The peak of communist politics was during the 1950s when the urban development was established under the motto “Destroy the old, build the new’. Pristina had eastern features till the end of the Second World War. After this period destruction of these characteristics and old parts of the city took place.
The Ottoman bazaar and large parts of the historic center (including mosques, churches, houses) were destroyed.

A significant part of old Pristina was destroyed to be replaced later with newer architecture. Old buildings were substituted with new ones, and streets were widened and paved with cobblestones. Few remaining old buildings, belonging to Ottoman period, were left without institutional care.

"Until the end of World War II, Pristina has been a typical oriental city. After liberation, Pristina experienced rapid development, becoming a modern city. Shops and unstable old structures started disappearing, making space for building high buildings of modern style”.

The so-called “Unstable old structures”, which covered one of the largest bazaars in the region were demolished after the war. This spiritual center of the city has lost its mosque, a catholic church and synagogues. Since the 1945, the story of Pristina is a gray, tragic story of its destruction and many misfortunes. During the communist era, the annihilation of the past was the outcome of non liberal politics.

In the aftermath of World War Two, Yugoslavia was governed by communist authorities who implemented various modernisation drives toward changing the architectural landscape and design of urban settlements. These measures were aimed at altering the panorama of a settlement that was deemed to have elements associated with an unwanted Ottoman past and features deemed as "backward". Starting from the late 1940s, architectural heritage in main urban centres of Kosovo began to be destroyed, mainly conducted by the local government as part of urban modernisation schemes. During the 1950s this process was undertaken by the Urban Planning Institute (Urbanistički zavod) of Yugoslavia with the most prominent example in Kosovo of the socialist modernisation drive being in Pristina. The Ottoman Prishtina bazaar contained 200 shops set in blocks devoted to a craft or guild owned by Albanians grouped around a mosque, located in the centre of Prishtinë. These buildings were expropriated in 1947 and demolished by labour brigades known as Popular Fronts (Albanian: Fronti populluer, Serbian: Narodnifront).

After the Second World War in 1953, Pristina had its first urban plan, made by Serbian architect Partonic, approved. Citizens, eager for modern city, volunteered in the new city order. This was the starting point of the Bazaar destruction where many crafts shops were ruined to make space for the new Municipality Assembly and Parliament of Kosovo. Everything ‘old’ and of Albanian and Turkish roots was destroyed;  only a few remained. At that time, some Russian architects insisted on preserving the Bazaar's architecture. Nevertheless, the system decided to destroy everything.

In 1954, a master plan was approved by Institute for the Protection and Study of Cultural Monuments. The main element of it was the placement of a complex of new municipal and provincial government buildings at its center, where the Ottoman-era bazaar of Pristina was located. In the second half of the 1950s, some of the new buildings intended in Pristina's master plan were constructed such as: a provincial assemblage building, a city hall, and a new main street with modernist mixed-use buildings. All these buildings were located on the site of Pristina's destroyed bazaar or next to other condemned Ottoman-era architecture. The destruction of Ottoman-era architecture signified the beginning of modernization.

The most radical transformations in Bazaar of Pristina happened from 1960 to 1970. At this time, its small shops, streets, religious and other public buildings were destroyed for the sake of the new. Thus Pristina lost an important feature of its historic and cultural heritage. On the other hand, the shops’ destruction affected the craftsmen's lives. Some of them never recovered their businesses or migrated abroad.

Pristina was turned into an administrative town, from town of gardens and artisans. In the Bazaar area, new administrative buildings were built. In 1965, there was a public debate held among local experts of architecture and other relevant fields, city officials and citizens, who criticized this Urban Plan, which the architect could not justify. Since then, local experts made corrections and undertook further urban developments of Pristina. In 1966, few roads were paved and new high-rise socialist apartment blocks were built.

Nowadays Bazaar area

Photo gallery

See also

Bazaar
Timeline of Kosovo history
Monuments of Kosovo
Islamic monuments in Kosovo
Cultural heritage of Kosovo
Archaeology of Kosovo
Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo
The Old Bazaar, Gjakova
Market (place)

References

External links
Municipality of Prishtina https://web.archive.org/web/20130106030233/http://kk.rks-gov.net/prishtina/City-guide/City-Map-(1)/Prishtina-e-vjeter.aspx
Prishtina Poetic Memories https://web.archive.org/web/20140306053337/http://prishtinapoeticmemories.com/indexsh.html

Bazaars
Bazaars in Kosovo
Buildings and structures in Pristina
Cultural heritage of Kosovo
Kosovo vilayet
Ottoman architecture in Kosovo


title: Pilauco Bajo

text:
Pilauco is a paleontological and archaeological site located in the city of Osorno in Southern Chile.
The site contains both human made lithic artifacts and megafauna remains–including gomphotheres. All the horizons containing megafauna and evidence of human activity date to the late Pleistocene. The calibrated radiocarbon dates indicate there was human activity in the site between 16,400 and -12,800 cal years B.P.

The site was claimed to contain evidence for the disputed Younger Dryas impact hypothesis.

Most of the stone artifacts found in Pilauco are made of volcanic rock such as dacite, rhyodacite and rhyolite from the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex immediately east in the Andes. Yet these rocks were imported by humans to the site as nearby rivers have not transported it.

Paleontology
In a 2007-2008 paleontological investigation 648 complete and fractured bones, 37 teeth, 11 coprolites, 348 wood pieces, 126 seeds, 28 skin and hair fragments were found. Further, 71 sediment samples were collected for analysis.

See also
List of archaeological sites in Chile
Monte Verde
Settlement of the Americas

References

Archaeological cultures of South America
Pre-Columbian cultures
Archaeological sites in Chile
Geography of Los Lagos Region
Former populated places in Chile
Pre-Clovis archaeological sites in the Americas
Pleistocene paleontological sites of South America
Paleontology in Chile
Younger Dryas impact hypothesis


title: The Tale of the Land of Green Ginger

text:
The Tale of the Land of Green Ginger is a 1937 book for children by Noel Langley. (Later editions shortened the title to The Land of Green Ginger.) The book was originally illustrated by the author.  In  1966, it was re-illustrated with Edward Ardizzone's now classic illustrations.  It tells the story of Abu Ali, the son of Aladdin (who is now emperor of China). Abu Ali's first words are "Button-nosed tortoise", which immediately mark him out as fated to perform an important task when he grows up. On reaching maturity, Abu Ali duly sets out on his quest (the hero's journey), has various adventures, and struggles to do good whilst foiling the schemes of the Wicked Princes, Rubdub Ben Thud and Tintac Ping Foo.

The book was adapted for television on Shirley Temple's Storybook.

The book is one of the first by a modern writer to tell the story of what happens in the world of a fairy tale after "they all lived happily ever after", and is particularly highly regarded for its amusing word-play.

The book was a big enough success that it encouraged MGM to hire Langley to adapt another children's book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, for the 1939 film.

The story was read by Kenneth Williams for the BBC's Jackanory in December 1968.

The story inspired a track by The Orb for their 2004 album Bicycles & Tricycles.

References

External links
The Land of Green Ginger – sample at Google Books

1937 British novels
1937 children's books
1937 fantasy novels
British children's novels
British fantasy novels
Children's fantasy novels
Novels set in China
Works by Noel Langley
Children's books set in China