The Department of Homeland Security Interoperable Communications Act () is a bill that would require the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), within 120 days of the bill's enactment, to devise a strategy to improve communications among DHS agencies. DHS would be required to submit regular reports to Congress on their progress and the decisions they make.

The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

The bill was substantially reintroduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress as  and signed by President Barack Obama on July 6, 2015 as .

Background
In this bill, interoperable communications are defined as "utilizing information technology systems and radio communications systems to exchange voice, data, and video in real time, as necessary, for acts of terrorism, daily operations, planned events, and emergencies."

Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

The Department of Homeland Security Interoperable Communications Act or the DHS Interoperable Communications Act would amend the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to make the Under Secretary for Management of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) responsible for policies and directives to achieve and maintain interoperable communications among DHS components.

The bill would require the Under Secretary to submit to the House and Senate homeland security committees a strategy for achieving and maintaining such communications, including for daily operations, planned events, and emergencies, that includes:

an assessment of interoperability gaps in radio communications among the DHS components;
information on DHS efforts and activities, since November 1, 2012, and planned, to achieve and maintain interoperable communications;
an assessment of obstacles and challenges to achieving and maintaining interoperable communications;
information on, and an assessment of, the adequacy of mechanisms available to the Under Secretary to enforce and compel compliance with interoperable communications policies and directives of DHS;
guidance provided to DHS components to implement such policies and directives;
the total amount of DHS expenditures, since November 1, 2012, and projected, to achieve interoperable communications; and
dates upon which DHS-wide interoperability is projected to be achieved for voice, data, and video communications, respectively, and interim milestones.

The bill would direct the Under Secretary to submit with such strategy information on any intra-agency effort or task force that has been delegated responsibilities relating to achieving and maintaining interoperable communications by such dates and on who, within each component, is responsible for implementing policies and directives to achieve and maintain interoperable communications.

The bill would direct the Under Secretary to submit biannual reports on the status of efforts to implement such strategy, including information on any additional resources or authorities needed.

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Homeland Security on June 11, 2014. This is a public domain source.

H.R. 4289 would require the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), within 120 days of the bill's enactment, to devise a strategy to improve communications among DHS agencies. Within 220 days of enactment and biannually thereafter, DHS would have to prepare a report on the implementation of that strategy. There are ongoing activities within the department to improve communications, so the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that implementing the bill would not significantly affect spending by DHS in any year. Enacting the legislation would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply.

H.R. 4289 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments.

Procedural history
The Department of Homeland Security Interoperable Communications Act was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on March 24, 2014 by Rep. Donald M. Payne Jr. (D, NJ-10). The bill was referred to the United States House Committee on Homeland Security and the United States House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Communications. On June 19, 2014, the bill was reported alongside House Report 113-484. On July 8, 2014, the House voted in Roll Call Vote 370 to pass the bill 393–0.

Debate and discussion
Rep. Payne, who introduced the bill, said that he "was shocked to learn how much money had been spent on interoperable communications since the September 11th terrorist attacks and still little to show for it." According to Payne's office, the federal government spent over $13 billion since 2001 trying to build interoperable communications, but the Inspector General of DHS reported that "department 'personnel do not have reliable interoperable communications for daily operations, planned events, and emergencies.'" Payne stated that his constituents who were police officers and firefighters "never leave my office without stressing the importance of interoperable communications."

The bill was written in reaction to a 2012 report by the DHS Inspector General that indicated DHS "lacks an effective governance structure to ensure interoperable communications across divisions.

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress

References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 4289
beta.congress.gov H.R. 4289
GovTrack.us H.R. 4289
OpenCongress.org H.R. 4289
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 4289
Congressional Budget Office's report on H.R. 4289
House Report 113-484 on H.R. 4289
2012 report by the DHS Inspector General on agency interoperable communications

Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress
Acts of the 114th United States Congress


title: Rochester Railway Company

text:
The Rochester Railway Company operated a streetcar transit system throughout the city of Rochester from 1890 until its acquisition by Rochester Transit Corp. in 1938. Formed by a group of Pittsburgh investors, the Rochester Railway Company purchased the Rochester City & Brighton Railroad in 1890, followed by a lease of the Rochester Electric Railway in 1894. The Rochester and Suburban Railway was leased in 1905, extending the system's reach to Irondequoit and Sea Breeze. Rochester Railways was acquired by the Mohawk Valley Company, a subsidiary of the New York Central Railroad set up to take control of electric railways in its territory. In 1909 the holdings of the Mohawk Valley Company were consolidated as the New York State Railways.

Early history (1862-1890)

The Rochester City and Brighton Rail Road was incorporated as a horse railway transit line on May 31, 1862. The first line constructed ran from the railroad's headquarters on State Street to Mount Hope and opened in July 1863. A second line from State Street up Lake Avenue opened the same year. By October 1863 routes had been established between Buffalo Street and West Avenue, Alexander Street and Monroe Avenue, and along Main Street. By the end of the year, 6.6 miles of track had been constructed, and the company operated 18 cars with a stable of 48 horses. Horse-drawn enclosed sleighs were substituted for the cars during the winter months, a move that proved unpopular with the public. Due to pressure from the investors, the company was reorganized a year later. By 1866 the fledgling system expanded to 9.5 miles of track served by 100 cars. Harsh weather continued to plague the company, forcing the suspension of service during the winters of 1865 and 1866 and leading to reduced revenues as a result. Rising costs contributed to the company's financial problems.

The property was purchased at foreclosure in 1868 by local businessman Chauncey B. Woodworth and was reorganized as the Rochester City and Brighton Railroad. At its peak in 1889, the railroad operated 183 cars over 40 miles of track, and stabled more than 800 horses at five barns around the city. That same year a ten-week strike by workers crippled the system, and when strike-breakers were brought in from New York to resume service, a riot broke out in the city. Service was again suspended during the winter of 1868. The railway resumed on March 25, 1869, with a concession granted allowing the railway to eliminate the conductor and operate lighter cars that only required one person to operate. Permission was granted in 1872 for the construction of a new line north along St. Paul Street, opening for service in 1873. The North Avenue line opened in 1878, running from Bay Street and connecting to the West Avenue line.

Expansion continued in 1880 with the opening of the Allen and Jay Street line. A new line was also built along Park Avenue from Alexander Street to Vick Park, as well as an extension along Monroe Avenue to Field Street in 1881. The railway's first foray into bus transportation was made in 1882 with horse-drawn omnibus that ran from Four Corners to the city limits on East Avenue. Additional lines were constructed along Lyell Avenue in 1883. Ridership on the Park Avenue line encouraged another extension from Vick Park east to Brighton (portions of which have since been annexed by the city of Rochester). One of the last lines constructed was built along Hudson Avenue between Central and Clifford avenues in 1885. A line was proposed for Plymouth Avenue, but strong opposition from the residents ended the project. Winter weather and labor unrest continued to restrict operations, however. Workers went on strike April 1, 1889. Replacement workers were brought in to maintain service, but riots broke out between the two factions on April 15. Police were brought in to put down the riots, but service did not resume until June 2.

Formation of Rochester Railway Company
On January 21, 1890, the Rochester City and Brighton Railroad petitioned the city's common council to convert its form of motive power from horses to electricity. That February, the railroad was sold to the new Rochester Railway Company. Meanwhile, the Rochester Electric Railway Company was formed in 1887 to construct a line from the company's power plant in Charlotte to Ridge Road. The first cars were tested on July 3, 1889, ushering in the era of electric trolleys in Rochester. Electrification of the former Rochester City and Brighton lines was completed in the spring of 1893. In 1894, the Rochester Electric Railway was leased to Rochester Railway Company. The properties and franchises of the Crosstown Railroad and the South Park Railroad Company (both incorporated in 1889) were also absorbed into Rochester Railway Company.

Growth continued as the new company was authorized by the city to double-track any existing single-track lines in 1890. A new line was also constructed along Pinnacle Avenue (today known as South Clinton Avenue) in 1892. During this time, the railway experimented with color coding their various routes and painting the trolleys to match. Unfortunately, it was impossible to keep trolleys in captive service to their assigned route, and the color system was soon abandoned. With all lines electrified by 1894, the last horse car operated in Rochester in 1895. Streetcar mail collection service (railway mail service) was inaugurated on October 5, 1896, using a fleet of two special all-white trolley cars. These cars picked up mail, and also cancelled and sorted letters en route.

The Rochester and Lake Ontario Railway (R&LO) was chartered in 1879 to construct a steam-powered railroad connecting the lakeside community of Sea Breeze with the Rochester Railway at Portland Avenue. In 1893 the RL&O was leased to the Rochester and Irondequoit Railroad, which constructed an electric railway along St. Paul Boulevard north of Ridge Road to the lake at Summerville. In 1900 the Rochester and Suburban Railway purchased the Rochester and Irondequoit Railroad from the receivers and acquired the R&LO and electrified it. In 1905 the Rochester and Suburban Railway was leased to Rochester Railway Company. In 1902, Rochester Railway acquired control of the Rochester and Sodus Bay Railway.

The Rochester Railway and Light Co. was incorporated on May 26, 1904, to consolidate the Rochester Gas and Electric Company (not to be confused with present-day Rochester Gas and Electric Corp.) and the Rochester Light and Power Company with a controlling interest in the Rochester Railway Company. The merger was intended to combine all of the electric utility and streetcar properties in the city of Rochester.

Control by New York State Railways

Through its Mohawk Valley Company subsidiary, the New York Central Railroad (NYC) purchased control of the Rochester Railway Company in 1905, and its parent company, the Rochester Railway and Light Co., along with the Rochester and Eastern Rapid Railway and the Rochester and Sodus Bay Railway lines. Together with the former Canandaigua Street Railroad operation, these four lines became the Rochester Lines of the New York State Railways in 1909. Control of the Rochester Railway Company was passed to New York State Railways, while ownership of the electric utility remained with the Mohawk Valley Company.

Collection of mail by trolley was discontinued on February 28, 1909, by order of the local postmaster general.

Rochester Railway Co. continued to extend its lines through the early 20th century to serve a growing city. The Main Street East line was extended to Blossom Road in 1906. The following year the Park Avenue line was extended along East Avenue to Winton Road. An extension of the Clinton South line was made in 1911. At the request of the city, an extension was built from the Sea Breeze line the new Durand Eastman Park between 1911 and 1912. Up until 1912, most lines originated and terminated in the downtown business district along Main Street, which resulted in congestion and delays. A system of through routing was initiated, creating continuous trolley routes from east side to west side lines. Operational headquarters was moved to Lake Avenue Station near Kodak Park in 1914. One of the last extensions constructed was an extension of the Clinton North line from Norton Street to Ridge Road in 1922. The final extension of service was constructed by the city of Rochester in the abandoned bed of the Erie Canal, and New York State Railways was selected to operate the Rochester Subway starting in 1927.

The Rochester Railways Coordinated Bus Lines was formed in the 1920s to operate bus transit lines separate from the railway. A brief experiment with trackless trolleys was made starting in 1923 on the Driving Park line. A total of 12 trackless trolleys were based out of the St. Paul Shops, but was never expanded. The last trackless trolley operated in Rochester on March 3, 1932. Bus operation was introduced in Rochester in the 1920s with the formation of the Rochester Railways Coordinated Bus Lines. New York State Railways also controlled the Darling Bus Line, the East Avenue Bus Co., and the Rochester Interubran Bus Co. (purchased in 1925).

Decline and cutbacks

In June 1928, the New York Central sold its holdings in the Mohawk Valley Company and the New York State Railways to E.L. Phillips, president of Empire Power Corp. and the Long Island Lighting Company. The utility company holdings were sold again in 1929, and New York State Railways entered receivership upon default of its bonds. The Rochester and Sodus Bay Railway interurban line to Sodus was closed in June 1929, and local streetcar service to Glen Haven ended in 1933. The Rochester and Eastern Rapid Railway line to Geneva ran its last car on July 31, 1930, the same day Canandaigua local service ended (which had been provided by a bus since sometime in the 1920s).

The first streetcar line cutbacks came with the closure of the Exchange, Plymouth, Emerson, and Driving Park lines on August 18, 1929. Declining ridership followed as a result of the Great Depression and the increased use of private automobiles and the construction of better roads. Eleven more lines were shut down on August 30, 1936, including Durand-Eastman Park, Allen, Jefferson, South Clinton, Webster, Clifford, Central Park, Goodman North, Sea Breeze, Hudson, and Joseph. The Park Avenue, West Avenue, and University Avenue lines would follow in 1937.

Succession by Rochester Transit Corp. (1938-1968)

With the parent company in receivership, a committee of bondholders and local supporters called for public control of the Rochester Lines. A reorganization plan was submitted to the courts in 1937, and in 1938 the new Rochester Transit Corporation (RTC) took over the operation of all former Rochester Railway Company bus and rail transit franchises. A year later, the Genesee, Lyell, South, St. Paul, Seneca Park, and Summerville lines were closed on May 23, 1939. Rochester Transit Corp. submitted a plan to the Public Service Commission in July 1940 to replace the remaining streetcar lines with buses. The proposal was approved and RTC began its plans for conversion. The Parsells and Thurston lines were closed on Christmas Eve in 1940, with the Monroe and North Clinton lines following on February 18, 1941. The Portland and Dewey lines closed on March 11, leaving only the Main East and Lake route as the last surface streetcar line in Rochester.

The last day for Main East and Lake service was March 31, 1941, with Car 1208 having the honors as the last car returning to the East Main carbarn in the early morning hours of April 1. In a show of ceremony to the assembled crowds, the general manager cut the overhead wires down as the last cars rolled down Main Street, with buses following closely behind.

The city of Rochester contracted with RTC for the continued operation of the Rochester Subway after 1941. In 1954 the city council voted to use a portion of the Subway route for construction of a new expressway, and that service would continue until December 31, 1955. However, delays in the design and engineering of the new expressway resulted in the city granting RTC a month-to-month contract for operation of the Subway. At the end of 1955, the city council voted to end service on June 30, 1956. When the last Subway car returned to the carbarn near the General Motors plant after midnight on July 1, the rail transit era in Rochester drew to a close.

In 1943, the board of directors gained enough support to buy out the remainder of Associated Gas and Electric Company's shares, returning full control of the company to Rochester interests. A series of strikes and labor unrest led the city of Rochester to take over and reorganize the system as Rochester Transit Service in 1968. The old Rochester Railway transit franchises operated by RTC were transferred to the Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority in 1969.

References

Streetcars in New York (state)
Transportation in Rochester, New York
Defunct New York (state) railroads
1890 establishments in New York (state)
Railway companies established in 1890
Railway companies disestablished in 1938
Standard gauge railways in the United States
American companies disestablished in 1938


title: Dimitrios Kattis

text:
Dimitrios Kattis (Δημήτριος Καττής) (born 7 February 1956) is a Greek athlete who specializes in the high jump.  He competed in the 1984 Olympics, clearing 2.15m but not advancing to the final round.  Earlier that year competing for Panathinaikos, Athina, he was also the Greek national champion in the event, clearing 2.24m that year.  He also competed in the 1982 European Athletics Indoor Championships and the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games.

He continued jumping.  In 1991, he jumped 2.17m, higher than his Olympic performance, at age 35.  His mark surpassed the 1974 mark of Soviet Viktor Bolshov to become the new Masters M35 World Record.

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
Greek male high jumpers
World record holders in masters athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Greece


title: Marconi (footballer)

text:
Marconi Ribeiro Souza (born 22 June 1988) is Brazilian footballer who currently plays for Floresta. His older brother Ademir is a footballer who also plays for Skënderbeu Korçë.

References

1988 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Kategoria Superiore players
Men's association football defenders
KF Skënderbeu Korçë players
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Expatriate men's footballers in Albania
Men's association football midfielders
People from Teixeira de Freitas


title: Alexander Russel

text:
Alexander Russel (or sometimes Russell) FRSE (1814–1876) was a Scottish newspaper editor, who spent nearly 30 years as the editor of The Scotsman.

Early life
Russel was born on 10 December 1814 in Edinburgh; his father, a solicitor and a liberal in politics, died when he was still very young, whilst his mother, a daughter of John Somerville, clerk in the jury court, survived until Alexander was 50. After attending the classical school kept by the Rev. Ross Kennedy in St. James Square, Edinburgh, he was apprenticed in 1828 to a printer. John Johnstone, later editor of the Inverness Courier, was one of his fellow-apprentices, and his wife Christian Isobel Johnstone, who had a major role in editing Tait's Magazine, gave Russel the opportunity of contributing to that magazine.

In 1839 Russel was appointed editor of the Berwick Advertiser. While at Berwick-on-Tweed he made the acquaintance of David Robertson of Ladykirk, and with him took part in Northumbrian political contests. In 1842 he left Berwick for Cupar in Fife, where he edited the Fife Herald. There he met some influential liberals, including Admiral Wemyss, Edward Ellice the elder and his son.

The Scotsman
After two years in Cupar, Russell became editor of a new journal in Kilmarnock. John Ritchie, one of the founders of the biweekly Edinburgh paper The Scotsman, was impressed with his articles, and invited him to become assistant to Charles Maclaren, the editor of The Scotsman which Russel joined in March 1845. In 1848 he became its editor.

Russel's journalism became identified with The Scotsman. His editorial line supported the Anti-Corn-law League, and drew attention to the destitution of the Highlands. The Scotsmans support contributed to Thomas Babington Macaulay's re-election for Edinburgh in 1852; but in the same year Duncan McLaren successfully sued the paper for libel. From June 1855 The Scotsman became a daily paper. The Reform Club elected Russel an honorary member in 1875, "for distinguished public services".

In 1860 he oversaw the relocation of the Scotsman offices from the Royal Mile to Cockbirn Street in a building designed by Peddie & Kinnear.

Later life
In 1865  he was living at 2 Ramsay Gardens at the top of the Royal Mile.

Russel attended and described the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. Serious illness in 1872 compelled him to winter in the south of France.

In 1870 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Archibald Campbell Swinton.

He lived his final years at 9 Chester Street in Edinburgh's fashionable West End.

He died suddenly, of angina pectoris, on 18 July 1876. Russel was noted as a conversationalist as well as a writer, but not as a public speaker, and he declined in 1872 an invitation to become a candidate for the lord-rectorship of Aberdeen.

His monument (a huge red granite obelisk by Stewart McGlashan) forms the centrepiece of the north section of Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. His wife, Jessie MacWilliam (1821-1870) lies with him, as does his son, Charles MacLaren Russel, who was drowned in the Ettrick Water on 23 September 1869, aged only nine.

Works
Angling was Russel's favourite recreation, and his articles on it in The Scotsman, the Quarterly Review, and Blackwood's Magazine were collected in The Salmon (1864). An article by him on "Agricultural Complaints", which appeared in the Edinburgh Review for April 1850, was praised by Francis Jeffrey. His son was the cricketer John Russel.

Family
Russel was twice married with children by both marriages. His first wife was Jessie McWilliam. His second wife was a widow, Mrs Helen Evans (née Carter), one of the Edinburgh Seven, with whom he had three children including feminist and writer Helen Archdale.  Another daughter married Francis Dalzell Finlay the younger, proprietor of the Belfast newspaper the Northern Whig. A son, Patrick, was a first-class cricketer.

Publications (as author)

Jumps in Jura (1856)

NotesAttribution'

1814 births
1876 deaths
Journalists from Edinburgh
Scottish newspaper editors
19th-century British journalists
British male journalists
19th-century British male writers


title: Gulf Group

text:
The Gulf Group is a geologic group in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Geologic groups of Missouri
Cretaceous System of North America


title: List of awards and nominations received by Drew Barrymore

text:
The following is a list of awards and nominations received by American actress, screenwriter, film director and producer, Drew Barrymore.

Awards and nominations

Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards

American Comedy Awards

Blockbuster Entertainment Awards

British Academy Film Awards

DVD Exclusive Awards

Dorian Awards

Elle Women in Hollywood Awards

Emmy Awards

GLAAD Media Awards

Golden Apple Awards

Golden Globe Awards

Golden Raspberry Awards

Gracie Awards

Guinness World Record

Hasty Pudding Theatricals Awards

Hollywood Film Festival Awards

Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards

Hollywood Walk of Fame Awards

Irish Film & Television Academy Awards

Kids' Choice Awards

MTV Movie Awards

MystFest Awards

National Association of Theatre Owners Awards

Online Film & Television Association Awards

People's Choice Awards

PRISM Awards

Satellite Awards

Saturn Awards

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Stockholm Film Festival Awards

Teen Choice Awards

Utah Film Critics Association Awards

Women's Image Network Awards

Young Artist Awards

Notes

References

External links

Barrymore, Drew
Awards


title: Callaway Limestone

text:
The Callaway Limestone is a geologic formation in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Devonian Missouri


title: Louisiana Limestone

text:
The Louisiana Limestone is a geologic formation in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Devonian Missouri


title: Mineola Limestone

text:
The Mineola Limestone is a geologic formation in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Devonian Missouri


title: Snyder Creek Shale

text:
The Snyder Creek Shale is a geologic formation in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Devonian Missouri


title: Sulphur Springs Group

text:
The Sulphur Springs Group is a geologic group in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Devonian Missouri


title: Wu Chao (skier)

text:
Wu Chao (born September 7, 1987 in Jilin) is a Chinese freestyle skier, specializing in aerials.

Wu competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for China. He placed 5th in the first qualifying round in the aerials, advancing to the final. In the first jump of the three-jump final, he finished 11th, not enough to advance further.

As of April 2014, his best showing at the World Championships is 8th, in the 2013 aerials.

Wu made his World Cup debut in December 2003. As of April 2014, he has three World Cup podium finishes, his best a silver at Beijing in 2013–14. His best World Cup overall finish in aerials is 7th, achieved three times.

World Cup Podiums

References

1987 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for China
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Chinese male freestyle skiers
Sportspeople from Jilin City
Universiade medalists in freestyle skiing
Universiade bronze medalists for China
Competitors at the 2009 Winter Universiade
Skiers from Jilin


title: Jefferson City Formation

text:
The Jefferson City Formation or Jefferson City Dolomite is a geologic formation in the Ozarks of Missouri and Arkansas. The Jefferson City is in part not differentiated from the Cotter Formation of northern Arkansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Ordovician Arkansas
Ordovician Missouri
Ordovician geology of Oklahoma
Ordovician System of North America
Geologic formations of Missouri
Geologic formations of Oklahoma
Landforms of the Ozarks
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Leemon Formation

text:
The Leemon Formation is a geologic formation in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Ordovician Missouri
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Noix Limestone

text:
The Noix Limestone is a geologic formation in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Ordovician Missouri
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Rich Fountain Formation

text:
The Rich Fountain Formation is a geologic formation in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

The Rich Fountain was proposed in 1944 as the equivalent of the lower part of the Jefferson City Formation in a new Jefferson City Group. The Theodosia Formation was proposed as the equivalent of the upper Jefferson City and the lower portion of the overlying Cotter Formation.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Ordovician Missouri
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Cape Limestone

text:
The Cape Limestone is a geologic formation in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Ordovician Missouri


title: Dutchtown Formation

text:
The Dutchtown Formation is a geologic formation in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Ordovician Missouri
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Gasconade Formation

text:
The Gasconade Formation is a geologic formation in the Ozarks of Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician Period.

Paleofauna

Monoplacophora
 Kirengella
 K. expansus
 Titanoplina
 T. meramecensis

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Geologic formations of Missouri
Ordovician System of North America
Ordovician Missouri
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits
Landforms of the Ozarks


title: Rochester Transit Corporation

text:
Rochester Transit Corporation (RTC) was a privately owned, for-profit transit company that operated streetcar, rail, and bus transit in the city of Rochester and surrounding suburban areas from 1938 until 1968. The city-owned Rochester Subway was operated by RTC on a contract basis from 1938 until 1957. John F. Uffert and William A. Lang served as presidents during the course of operation.

History
The majority of streetcar and bus transit lines in Rochester were operated by the Rochester Railway Company, which was acquired by the New York State Railways in 1905. When New York State Railways entered receivership in 1929, stockholders campaigned to maintain their investment and reorganize Rochester Railway Company. A committee of investors led by attorney Howard M. Woods proposed a reorganization that would return the company to local control. After several years of negotiation, the plan was approved by the Public Service Commission in 1937.

Rail to bus conversion
The new Rochester Transit Corporation assumed operation of the old Rochester Lines of the New York State Railways on August 2, 1938. The Genesee Street line was closed on March 28, 1939, with the Lyell Avenue route following on April 23. Four more lines closed on May 23, including South Avenue, St. Paul, Seneca Park, and Summerville. In an effort to eliminate the costly rail transit lines, the company quickly put together a plan to replace the remaining streetcars with bus operation.

Bus/Trolley routes
 1 Lake/Park
 2 Thurston/Parsells
 3 Lyell/Bay
 4 Genesee/University
 5 St.Paul/South
 6 Jefferson/Webster
 7 Monroe/N. Clinton
 8 E.Main/Chili
 9 Hudson/Mt. Read
 10 Dewey/Portland
 11 Joseph/S.Clinton
 12 Goodman/West
 13 Culver
 14 Ridge
 15 Norton/Britton
 16 Emerson
 17 East Avenue
 19 S. Plymouth/Clifford
 23 Titus
 25 Subway

Following approval by the Public Service Commission in 1940, RTC carried out its plan to replace all trolleys with buses. The Thurston and Parsells routes were closed on December 24, 1940. On February 18, 1941, the Monroe Avenue and North Clinton lines were shut down. The Portland and Dewey lines followed a month later on March 11. The last day for streetcar service in Rochester was March 31 when the Main East and Lake Avenue lines were closed. The only rail operation which remained was the Rochester Subway, which was operated by RTC on a contract basis with the city.

Postwar era
In 1943 the board of directors rallied support to buy out the remainder of shares to put RTC back in local control. General manager John F. Uffert was elected president and kept the system running through the difficult war years. Postwar prosperity would bring labor unrest, and transit workers walked out in May 1952 in a disagreement over wages. After 23 days, the matter was sent to arbitration and operations resumed. Unfortunately, this incident would set the tone for labor relations throughout the rest of the company's history.

Ridership on the Rochester Subway sharply declined through the end of the 1940s, and RTC requested additional subsidy to continue operation. A new contract signed in 1951 eliminated all subsidy from the city in exchange for all subway passenger and freight revenues going directly to RTC. Losses continued to mount, and in 1952 Sunday and holiday service was eliminated. The city council voted in 1954 to end all subway service at the end of 1955 so the Subway roadbed could be offered to the state as a route for a new expressway connecting to the New York State Thruway at Victor. The Subway was operated on a month-to-month contract through 1955. With New York State committed to building the Eastern Expressway, the city council set June 30, 1956, as the last day of passenger operation. Rochester Transit continued to operate freight trains in the Subway until that responsibility was passed on to the connecting railroads at the end of August 1957.

The acquisition of new buses, the opening of the Eastern Expressway, and the adoption of a one-way street plan for downtown to alleviate congestion helped grow ridership in the 1960s. While stockholders were pleased on the return on their investment, transit workers remained unhappy. A two-day strike in 1965 helped gain some modest increases for workers, but unrest continued. A dispute over job listings and seniority led to a sudden walkout in May 1967. An agreement was reached after only a week, however contract renewal negotiations were on the horizon. Both sides broke down and transit workers once again went on strike on November 30.

From private to public
When workers walked out on November 30, 1968, it set into motion a series of events that would bring about the end of the privately owned transit company. Due to the extreme bitterness and distrust on both sides, the strike dragged on through the holiday season. The city appealed to the union and to RTC for resolution with little effect. As a last resort, the city council drew up plans for the condemnation and purchase of the transit lines from RTC. The union agreed to the city's terms and the strike was broken on January 25, 1969. Above the objections of RTC president William Lang, the city of Rochester selected National City Management Company of Houston, Texas, to operate the transit system. The new Rochester Transit Service began operations on May 23. Later that year, the RTS bus operations were acquired by the new Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority.

Preserved equipment
The New York Museum of Transportation (NYMT) is home to several pieces of equipment once operated by Rochester Transit Corp. RTC L-2, a Plymouth ML8 locomotive used to switch non-electrified freight customers. Disassembled and awaiting future restoration. RTC "Casey Jones" Inspection Car, fully restored and operated on occasion for special events.
RTC 233, a General Motors model TDH 5304 diesel bus is also in the collection of NYMT.  The only surviving "Peter Witt" street car, RTC 1213, is currently residing at the Seashore Trolley Museum undergoing a multi-year restoration. Rochester Subway Car 60 (RTC 60) is currently partially disassembled at the Rochester and Genesee Valley Railroad Museum and is undergoing an active restoration.

References

Bus transportation in New York (state)
Streetcars in New York (state)
Transportation in Rochester, New York
Defunct public transport operators in the United States
Railway companies established in 1938
Standard gauge railways in the United States
American companies established in 1938


title: Pavel Krotov

text:
Pavel Vadimovich Krotov (; 24 April 1992 – 25 March 2023) was a Russian freestyle skier, specializing in aerials.

Career
Krotov competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Russia. He placed 9th in the first qualifying round in the aerials, failing to advance. He subsequently placed 3rd in the second qualification round, enough to progress to the final. In the first jump of the three-jump final, he finished 10th, not enough to advance further.

As of April 2014, his best showing at the World Championships was 18th, in the 2011 aerials.

Krotov made his World Cup debut in January 2011. As of April 2014, he had one World Cup victory, at Mont Gabriel in 2011–12. His best World Cup overall finish in aerials was 8th, in 2013–14.

Death
On March 25, 2023, he died in his sleep, at the age of 30, from a brain hemorrhage.

World Cup podiums

Individual podiums
 2 wins
 6 podiums

Team podiums
 1 win
 4 podiums

References

External links

1992 births
2023 deaths
Olympic freestyle skiers for Russia
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Yaroslavl
Russian male freestyle skiers


title: Ilya Burov

text:
Ilya Alekseyevich Burov (; born 13 November 1991), also spelled Ilia Burov, is a Russian freestyle skier, specializing in aerials.

Career
Burov competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Russia. He placed 10th in the first qualifying round in the aerials, failing to advance. He subsequently placed 10th in the second qualification round, again failing to advance. Burov completed at the 2018 Winter Olympics representing Olympic Athletes from Russia. He placed 8th in the first qualifying round in the aerials, failing to advance. He subsequently placed 1st in the second qualification round and advanced to finals. The next day he placed 6th in both final round 1 and Round 2 and placed 3rd in the final round 3, winning the bronze medal.

As of February 2018, his best showing at the World Championships is 5th, in the 2015 aerials.

Burov made his World Cup debut in January 2011. As of February 2018, his best World Cup finish is 2nd, at a World Cup stages held in Moscow in 2015 and 2018. His best World Cup overall finish in aerials is 4th in 2014–15.

He competed in the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and won his second bronze in Aerials with a score of 114.93.

Personal life
Ilya's younger brother, Maxim Burov (born 1998), is also a Russian freestyle skier and Olympian. Maxim Burov is a three-time World Champion and three-time World Cup holder.

World Cup podiums

Individual podiums
 0 wins
 8 podiums

Team podiums
 0 wins
 3 podiums

References

1991 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for Russia
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Yaroslavl
Russian male freestyle skiers
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the Russian Olympic Committee athletes
Olympic bronze medalists for Olympic Athletes from Russia
Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing


title: Bainbridge Group

text:
The Bainbridge Group is a geologic group in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Silurian System of North America
Geologic groups of Missouri


title: Moccasin Springs Formation

text:
The Moccasin Springs Formation is a geologic formation in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Silurian Missouri
Silurian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Bowling Green Dolomite

text:
The Bowling Green Dolomite is a geologic formation in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Silurian Missouri


title: Mischa Gasser

text:
Mischa Gasser (born  in Bern) is a Swiss freestyle skier, specializing in aerials.

Gasser competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Switzerland. He placed 14th in the first qualifying round in the aerials, failing to advance. He subsequently placed 12th in the second qualification round, again failing to advance.

As of April 2014, his best showing at the World Championships is 22nd, in the 2013 aerials.

Gasser made his World Cup debut in February 2012. As of April 2014, his best World Cup finish is 7th, at Lake Placid in 2013–14. His best World Cup overall finish in aerials is 22nd, in 2013–14.

References

1991 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for Switzerland
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
People from Rheinfelden District
Swiss male freestyle skiers
Sportspeople from Aargau
21st-century Swiss people


title: Bryant Knob Formation

text:
The Bryant Knob Formation is a geologic formation in Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 Paleontology in Missouri

References

Geologic formations of Missouri
Silurian System of North America
Silurian southern paleotropical deposits


title: Sergey Berestovskiy

text:
Sergei Berestovskiy (born January 1, 1986 in Pavlodar) is a Kazakhstani freestyle skier, specializing in aerials.

Berestovskiy competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Kazakhstan. He placed 16th in the first qualifying round in the aerials, not advancing to the final. He subsequently placed 11th in the second qualification round, again failing to advance.

As of April 2014, his best showing at the World Championships is 29th, in the 2009 aerials.

Berestovskiy made his World Cup debut in December 2008. As of April 2014, his best World Cup finish is 20th, at Sochi in 2012–13. His best World Cup overall finish in aerials is 29th, in 2012–13.

References

1986 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for Kazakhstan
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Pavlodar
Kazakhstani male freestyle skiers
Freestyle skiers at the 2011 Asian Winter Games


title: No Sinner

text:
No Sinner is a blues rock quartet based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The group is led by singer-songwriter Colleen Rennison.

History
Rennison worked in New York City but returned to her hometown of Vancouver to begin writing with former associate, Parker Bossley. She started a rotating back-up band to fill her weekly Thursday night performances at Guilt and Company, which was then a club in Vancouver's Gastown district. Among the musicians playing in the band were current bandmates Eric Campbell (guitar) and Ian Browne (drums). No Sinner recorded their six-track debut album Boo Hoo Hoo, which was released in 2012 on the Vancouver-based indie label, First Love Records.

No Sinner later signed with Provogue Records, with whom they released Boo Hoo Hoo throughout North America. Following the release of their debut album, No Sinner went on a North American tour, during which they performed at the South by Southwest (SXSW) festival and the WXPN "Triple-A Non-Comm Convention". Their "Non-Comm" performance briefly placed them amongst artists such as Coldplay, Phish, and Jack White under the category of "Annually Most Added" artists on non-commercial radio.

Interviews and press coverage of the band has appeared in VICE/Noisey, Indie Shuffle, Classic Rock Magazine, Exclaim!, and others. No Sinner has also played festivals worldwide, including the UK's Dot to Dot Festival.

The band's second album, Old Habits Die Hard, was released in May 2016.

Personnel
Colleen Rennison - vocals
Eric Campbell - guitar and backing vocals
Ian Browne - drums
Matt Camirand - bass

Discography
Boo Hoo Hoo (2014) (Provogue Records)
Old Habits Die Hard (2016)

References

External links
 Official No Sinner Website

Canadian blues rock musical groups
Musical groups from Vancouver
Provogue Records artists


title: Denis Osipau

text:
Denis Osipau (born 17 July 1983 in Gomel) is a Belarusian freestyle skier, specializing in aerials.

Osipau competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Belarus. He placed 17th in the first qualifying round in the aerials, failing to advance. He subsequently placed 5th in the second qualification round, enough to progress to the final. In the first jump of the three-jump final, he finished 9th, not enough to advance further.

As of April 2014, his best showing at the World Championships is 5th, in the 2011 aerials.

Osipau made his World Cup debut in February 2005. As of April 2014, he has three World Cup podium finishes, with his best performance a silver medal, at Moscow in 2011–12. His best World Cup overall finish in aerials is 8th, in 2012–13.

World Cup Podiums

References

1983 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for Belarus
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Gomel
Belarusian male freestyle skiers
Universiade medalists in freestyle skiing
Universiade silver medalists for Belarus
Competitors at the 2009 Winter Universiade


title: Baglan Inkarbek

text:
Baglan Inkarbek (born 22 October 1994, in Shymkent) is a Kazakhstani freestyle skier, specializing in aerials.

Inkarbek competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Kazakhstan. He placed 21st in the first qualifying round in the aerials, not advancing to the final. He subsequently placed 13th in the second qualification round, again failing to advance.

As of April 2014, his best showing at the World Championships is 27th, in the 2013 aerials.

Inkarbek made his World Cup debut in February 2012. As of April 2014, his best World Cup finish is 21st, at Deer Valley in 2012–13. His best World Cup overall finish in aerials is 31st, in 2012–13.

References

1994 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for Kazakhstan
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Shymkent
Kazakhstani male freestyle skiers
Universiade medalists in freestyle skiing
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan
Competitors at the 2017 Winter Universiade
21st-century Kazakhstani people


title: Shawnee Group

text:
The Shawnee Group is a geologic group in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Carboniferous Iowa
Geologic groups of Iowa
Carboniferous System of North America


title: Vlastimil Třešňák

text:
Vlastimil Třešňák (born 26 April 1950 in Prague) is a Czech singer-songwriter and writer. In 1970s, he was member of association Šafrán. He signed Charter 77 and after he was banned for public activities throughout Czechoslovakia. In 1982, he was forced to emigrate from Czechoslovakia by StB. He settled in Sweden and returned to Czechoslovakia after the Velvet Revolution. Since then, he released many solo albums; his most recent album Alter ego was released in 2013.

Discography
 Zeměměřič (1979)
 Koh-i-noor (1983)
 Koláž (1995)
 Inventura (2005)
 Skopolamin (2007)
 Němý suflér (2010)
 Alter ego (2013)

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
Czechoslovak male singers
Czech folk singers
Czech guitarists
Male guitarists
Folk guitarists
Czech male writers
20th-century Czech male singers
21st-century Czech male singers


title: Chapin Formation

text:
The Chapin Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Dewey Formation

text:
The Dewey Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa and Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Gilmore City Limestone

text:
The Gilmore City Limestone is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Hampton Formation

text:
The Hampton Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Maynes Creek Formation

text:
The Maynes Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Labette Formation

text:
The Labette Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa, United States. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Geologic formations of Iowa
Carboniferous System of North America
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Pella Formation

text:
The Pella Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Deer Creek Limestone

text:
The Deer Creek Limestone is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Geologic formations of Iowa
Carboniferous System of North America
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Kanwaka Formation

text:
The Kanwaka Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous geology of Nebraska
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Oread Limestone

text:
The Oread Limestone is a geologic unit of formation rank within the Shawnee Group throughout much of its extent. It is exposed in Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Iowa. The type locality is Mount Oread within Lawrence, Kansas. It preserves fossils of the Carboniferous period. Although it has significant shale members, its limestone members are resistant and form escarpments and ridges. Limestone from the unit is a historic building material in Kansas, particularly in the early buildings of the University of Kansas; standing examples include Spooner Hall and Dyche Hall.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Iowa
 Paleontology in Kansas
 Paleontology in Nebraska

References

Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous geology of Nebraska
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: St. Louis Formation

text:
The St. Louis Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Stanton Formation

text:
The Stanton Formation is a geologic formation of limestone in Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri and Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period. It is in the Upper Pennsylvanian series, forming the top of the Lansing Group.

Location
The Stanton Formation overlies and underlies the Vilas Shale and the Weston Shale Member of the Stranger Formation respectively. The Stanton Limestone outcrop is found between the Platte River Valley of eastern Nebraska to the Oklahoma border, traversing through Iowa, Missouri and eastern Kansas.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Iowa
 Paleontology in Kansas
 Paleontology in Missouri
 Paleontology in Nebraska

References

Further reading

 R. K. Pabian and W. J. Rushlau. 2002. Taphonomic Analysis and Systematic Descriptions of Some Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian Crinoids from Southeastern Nebraska, Eastern Kansas and Southwestern Iowa. Geological Survey Papers 20
 J. M. Malinky and P. H. Heckel. 1998. Paleoecology and taphonomy of faunal assemblages in gray "core" (offshore) shales in Midcontinent Pennsylvanian cyclothems. Palaios 13(4):311-334
 P. F. Holterhoff. 1997. Filtration models, guilds, and biofacies: crinoid paleoecology of the Stanton Formation (Upper Pennsylvanian), Midcontinent, North America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 130(1-4):177-208
 R. B. Winston. 1983. A Late Pennsylvanian upland flora in Kansas: Systematics and environmental implications. Rev. Palaeobotany. Palynol. 40:5-31
 R. K. Pabian and J. A. Fagerstrom. 1972. Late Paleozoic trilobites from southeastern Nebraska. Journal of Paleontology 46(6):789-816
 R. M. Jeffords. 1947. Pennsylvanian lophophyllidid corals. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Coelenterata 1:1-84
 B. Kellett. 1935. Ostracodes of the Upper Pennsylvanian and the Lower Permian strata of Kanss: III. Bairdiidae (concluded), Cytherellidae, Cypridinidae, Entomoconchidae, Cytheridae, and Cypridae. Journal of Paleontology 9(2):132-166
 N. D. Newell. 1935. Some Mid-Pennsylvanian invertebrates from Kansas and Oklahoma. II. Stromatoporoidea, Anthozoa, and Gastropoda. Journal of Paleontology 9(3):341-355

Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous Missouri
Carboniferous geology of Nebraska
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits
Limestone formations
Shale formations of the United States
Reef deposits
Shallow marine deposits
Open marine deposits
Paleontology in Iowa
Paleontology in Kansas
Paleontology in Nebraska


title: Wassonville Formation

text:
The Wassonville Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Lynette Spillman

text:
Lynette Patrice Spillman (born  1960) is a sociologist and professor of sociology at the University of Notre Dame, and a Faculty Fellow of the Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, as well as the Center for Cultural Sociology, Yale University. She is particularly known for the application of cultural sociology to the sub-fields of political sociology and economic sociology.

Career

Having completed a BA in sociology and philosophy at the Australian National University in 1982, Lynette Spillman received her MA in 1986 and PhD in 1991 from the University of California-Berkeley, both in sociology. Her doctoral dissertation at Berkeley was titled: Recognition, Integration and the Mobilization of National Identity: Centennials and Bicentennials in the United States and Australia. It later became her first book: Nation and commemoration: creating national identities in the United States and Australia. In 1983 she received a Fulbright award and in 2001 she was a recipient of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship.

In 2014, Spillman was a keynote speaker at Yale's Center for Cultural Sociology special conference on "Advancing Cultural Sociology".

Contributions to political sociology

Spillman's dissertation and first book published in 1997, Nation and commemoration, "examines meaning-making in politics. It traces the emergence of national identities in two similar “new nations” by comparing ritual and symbol in centennial and bicentennial commemorations." Prominent Berkeley cultural sociologist Ann Swidler describes the work as "pathbreaking" with how it convincingly describes how "two similar nations [Australia and the USA] end up with divergent images of national identity." The work was reviewed in several scholarly journals, including the American Journal of Sociology, Social Forces, International Affairs and the Journal of Intercultural Studies.

Contributions to economic sociology

Spillman's 2012 publication Solidarity in Strategy: Making Business Meaningful in American Trade Associations won both the Mary Douglas Prize for Best Book in Cultural Sociology and the Viviana Zelizer Award for Best Book in Economic Sociology for 2013. The selection committee for the Zelizer Award included Frank Dobbin (Chair), Stephanie Mudge and Frederick Wherry. The selection committee for the Douglas Award included Timothy Dowd (Chair), Claudio Benzecry, and Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi. Economic sociologist Nina Bandelj states that "This is a path-breaking study of American trade associations that significantly enriches our understanding of contemporary economic life." and Yale sociologist Frederick Wherry argues that "Solidarity in Strategy breaks new ground in the discussion of the cultures of capitalism" Prominent Cornell economic sociologist, Richard Swedberg, considers this work "important because it brings attention to a phenomenon in U.S. life...in a theoretically innovative way that suggests a new - and more sociological - way of looking at the way capitalism operates."

Personal life

Spillman is married to fellow sociologist Russell Faeges.

Selected bibliography

Solidarity in Strategy: Making Business Meaningful in American Trade Associations. (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2012)
Cultural Sociology (Editor) (Malden MA and London: Blackwell, 2002)
Nation and Commemoration: Creating National Identities in the United States and Australia (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

References

External links
Lynette Spillman's web page at University of Notre Dame

1960 births
Living people
American sociologists
American women sociologists
University of Notre Dame faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Australian National University alumni
21st-century American women


title: Graneros Shale

text:
The Graneros Shale is a geologic formation in the United States identified in the Great Plains as well as New Mexico that dates to the Cenomanian Age of the Cretaceous Period. It is defined as the finely sandy argillaceous or clayey near-shore/marginal-marine shale that lies above the older, non-marine Dakota sand and mud, but below the younger, chalky open-marine shale of the Greenhorn. This definition was made in Colorado by G. K. Gilbert and has been adopted in other states that use Gilbert's division of the Benton's shales into Carlile, Greenhorn, and Graneros. These states include Kansas, Texas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, and New Mexico as well as corners of Minnesota and Iowa. North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana have somewhat different usages — in particular, north and west of the Black Hills, the same rock and fossil layer is named Belle Fourche Shale.

Naming and Rank
F.B. Meek and F.V. Hayden originated the scientific names for the series of Cretaceous rocks in the central Great Plains of the North American Continent. They gave the name "Benton" to the great shale deposits between the sandstone bluffs at Dakota City, Nebraska, and the chalk bluffs at the junction of the Niobrara and Missouri rivers. At that time, the early 1860s, Meek and Hayden's "lower Cretaceous" series of the upper Missouri River, Dakota-Benton-Niobrara, was already widely observed from Canada to New Mexico over the Great Plains up to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains.

In southcentral Colorado, southeast of Pueblo, this series expresses topographical patterns that inspired subdivision of the Benton shales. Wind and rivers rapidly erode the shales, producing bluffs: massive blocks of Niobrara Chalk cap high slopes of non-chalky Benton shale leading down a flatter plain that stretches miles to another bluff of chalky shale with many thin limestones. Particularly, in places where rivers have cut deeply through this lower chalky shale, and furthermore have cut into the bases of the bluffs,  banks of non-chalky shale can be found. In 1896, G.K. Gilbert named this lower argillaceous shale Graneros (from R.C. Hills) for the exposures in Graneros Creek, a tributary of the Arkansas River near Pueblo. Thus, the Graneros records the opening transgression of the Greenhorn Marine Cycle of the Western Interior Seaway, and is therefore the complement of the similar Blue Hills Shale of the Carlile Formation that records the regression of the same Greenhorn Sea.

By 1938, the Graneros had been mapped into eastern Wyoming, southeastern Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and northeastern New Mexico. The same Benton topography is also found in the Smoky Hills of Northcentral Kansas, and the same Graneros Formation is found in the river banks there. In Iowa and Nebraska, the Graneros grades into middle-Cenomanian rock of the Woodbury Member the Dakota Formation. As discussed in the Description section, the Graneros exceptionally demonstrates Walther's Law of Facies. As the Greenhorn Cycle of the Western Interior Seaway advanced eastward, formation of the Graneros also shifted eastward, but also upward in elevation and time, to such an extent that the top of the Graneros at Pueblo is older than the lowest Graneros in Iowa.

North of Kansas, the application of the name has been somewhat different. In 1904, describing the geology of the Black Hills of South Dakota, N.H. Darton applied the name Graneros Group to descending members; marine Belle Fourche Shale and Mowry Shale, terrestrial Newcastle Sandstone (a tongue of Dakota Formation from the southeast of South Dakota), and marine Skull Creek Shale. This group definition was a wide departure from the preceding applications of the early-Cenomanian Graneros name by applying it to late-Albian units. Robert M. Grace (1952) explains the basis for this association; previous studies associated these units by their fossil species rather than their lithological sequence. The late-Albian Skull Creek Shale in the Black Hills is seen with "microfauna identical to" that of the Newcastle, which, in sequence, traces to the Dakota type in the east. By the 1960s, Darton's definition was recognized as problematic, but many geologists continued to use this classification. It is understood that the listed formations are widely known individually, most with little relationship to the original Graneros Formation definition; and, the same or equivalent units are classified in Wyoming and Colorado as Dakota Group. As a result, newer reports include the Belle Fourche (Graneros equivalent), Mowry, Newcastle, and Skull Creek within the Dakota Group of this region.

Description
The Graneros Shale is primarily dark gray sandy and silty shale with minor sandstone and limestone lenses, with visible crystalline minerals (pyrite, marcasite, selenite, calcite). It also features septarians and other concretions. It rests on the Dakota Group and is in turn overlain by the Greenhorn Limestone. The thickness varies from .

Because the Graneros Shale is nearly monolithologic, only one member and one bed have ever been named.

 Thatcher Limestone Member: Rather than calcite precipitates, the limestones of the Graneros (similar to the limestones of the Lincoln "Marble" just above the formation) are sorted skeletal remains of marine animals. These skeletal limestones indicate repeated disturbances of the bottom that washed away the silt, leaving mostly Inoceramidae shell fragments. Ostrea beloiti beds are particular index fossils for the formation. The middle limestones of the formation are sufficiently developed in southcentral Colorado and northcentral New Mexico to be named Thatcher Limestone Member. Ammonites from the Thatcher Limestone Member are indicative of Cenomanian age.

 X-bentonite: While the formation has several thin bentonite beds, one unique bed is sufficiently thick, widespread, and widely used as a marker bed to be informally named "X", the commonly applied quotation marks indicating the lack of formal classification of the bed. A feature of bentonite beds is that they mark specific instants in geological time; that is, all locations where a particular bentonite bed is found are therefore known to record the same date in Earth history. The X-bentonite is radiometrically dated to 96 or 95 million years ago and it identifiable throughout the Western Interior Seaway marine sediments. At the Graneros type location, which was generally the deepest part of the Western Interior Seaway, the X-bentonite is actually in the lowest beds of the overlying  Greenhorn Formation. However, progressing eastward from Peublo, the X-bentonite is found within the top of the Graneros, then lower into the unit, and by Iowa, the X-bentonite is found at the bottom of the Graneros. This pattern is evidence that the Graneros was deposited in different locations in time and space; as the sea levels of the Greenhorn Cycle rose, the Graneros environment moved eastward in space and upwards in geologic time. The same is observed West of Pueblo; the base of the Graneros equivalent in the Mancos Shale rise to meet the X-bentinite in Utah and Arizona.  In other words, before the X-bentonite ashfall, the Graneros shoreline environment is advancing east and west, leaving the central seaway; and by the time of the X-bentonite ashfall, was in the process of advancing into the regions of modern Iowa and Utah, respectively.

As discussed in the previous Naming and Rank section, the Graneros name was applied in South Dakota to a group of other units; however, this has no relation to the description of the Graneros Shale formation.

Hydrocarbon exploration
The Graneros/Belle Fouche Shale is an important hydrocarbon source rock in the High Plains production basins.

Fossils
The upper part of the formation contains abundant oyster fossils and the ammonoids Tarrantoceras sellardsi Adkins, Desmoceras, Anthoceras, and Borissiakoceras. The mollusks Inoceramus rutherfordi Warren, Ostrea beloiti Logan, and Turrilites acutus americanus are also present. Fossils become more scarce in Wyoming.

See also
 Belle Fourche, the unit's name in its northern range

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado
 Paleontology in Colorado

References

Shale formations of the United States
Cretaceous Colorado
Cretaceous Kansas
Cretaceous Iowa
Cretaceous Montana
Cretaceous formations of New Mexico
Cretaceous geology of Wyoming


title: Emmanuel N. Onwubiko

text:
Emmanuel Onwubiko (born Emmanuel Nnadozie De Santacruz Onwubiko, in the early 1970s) is a Nigerian journalist of eighteen years standing, he worked for seven years as a sole senior Court /judicial reporter in the nation's capital for The Guardian, the flagship of Nigeria print journalism, he has maintained consistent weekly column " Rightswatch" in Leadership, a national newspaper based in Abuja. He is a philosopher by professional training; he is a Nigerian Human rights activist, a blogger and a writer. He was a former Federal Commissioner of Nigeria's National Human Rights Commission, an appointment made by the then President Olusegun Obasanjo, and presently he heads the Human Rights Writers' Association of Nigeria (HURIWA). Onwubiko is a publisher, editor-in-chief of Icons of Human Rights monthly newsletter and executive director of ParadiseFound media company limited. Chairman of Epikaya Communications Limited. Board of trustees member of the US-funded NGO called Heartland Alliance Nigeria and board of trustees member of the Association of African Writers on Human and People's Rights. He is also a member of the National Think Tank of the Nigerian Catholic Secretariat in Abuja since 2012.

Onwubiko's undeniable adroitness in his activism made him to be appointed by the President of Nigeria, Goodluck Jonathan, as a member of the Presidential Committee on Dialogue and Peace in Northern Nigeria (PCCDR).

Background

Onwubiko was born in Kafanchan, Kaduna State. He attended the Teachers College. His tertiary education was at the Catholic Claretian Institute of Philosophy, Maryland, Nekede, Owerri (affiliated to Pontificia Università Urbaniana Rome), where he studied philosophy. He also attended Nigeria Institute of Journalism.

Onwubiko's brother and uncle were murdered by Islamists in Nigeria. He was also shot in 2006.  He now works as an activist against terrorism.

Career

Onwubiko has been speaking on varying national and international issues. He has authored a book titled Politics and Litigation in Contemporary Nigeria, volume one and complete volume, 2003–2005. And he has also authored another new book titled Who Cares About Human Rights?

Activism

After the Governor of Borno State, Alhaji Kashim Shettima, suggested that the armed Islamic insurgents would extend their terror attacks to the southern regions if they were not contained in the North-east, Onwubiko and his group called for the probing of the Governor. This triggered a harsh response by another Northern Civil Organisation group, who accused Onwubiko for giving the terror attack by Islamic Boko Haram a tribal connotation. Onwubiko and his group in their rebuttal insisted that though it has no empirical evidence to link the Borno State governor to the attempted terrorists incursions into the South-East even though it advised politicians to be typically clever and surreptitious with their public statements so as not to provide psychological motivation or instigation for would-be terrorists."

Onwubiko and his group HURIWA had also called on the nation's travellers to withhold their patronage of British Airways and other foreign airlines in view of recent revelations about the airlines' unethical practices, until such concerns are redressed. The group he heads, HURIWA, has more than six thousand media releases on varied thematic issues of human rights.

On Thursday, 28 April 2016 Onwubiko and the group he leads, Human Rights Writers Association of Nigeria, inaugurated their modest library project named PROFESSOR CHINUA ACHEBE’S HUMAN RIGHTS LIBRARY in Abuja.

Onwubiko's pro-democracy and non-governmental organisation (NGO), Human Rights Writers Association of Nigeria (HURIWA), on 11 May 2016 petitioned the European Union (EU), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and foreign embassies over invasion of its office by operatives of the Department of State Services (DSS) what was perceived as attempts by the government to intimidate him and his group over their outspoken stand against the government's suppression of free speech

References

1970s births
Living people
Nigerian newspaper journalists
Nigerian activists
Nigerian writers
Nigerian publishers (people)


title: Coralville Formation

text:
The Coralville Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Devonian Iowa
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Linwood Formation

text:
The Linwood Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Devonian Iowa
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Lithograph City Formation

text:
The Lithograph City Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa, part of the Cedar Valley Group. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.  The formation is composed of dolomite and limestone, with many fossils and vugs in the lower part, while the upper part contains few fossils.

The formation is named after exposures in the former company town of Lithograph City, where quarries were opened to exploit the high-quality lithographic limestone found in parts of this formation.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Devonian Iowa
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Shell Rock Formation

text:
The Shell Rock Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Devonian Iowa
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Lime Creek Formation

text:
The Lime Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Devonian Iowa
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Independence Shale

text:
The Independence Shale is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Devonian Iowa


title: Spillville Formation

text:
The Spillville Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Devonian Minnesota
Devonian Iowa
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Cedar Valley Formation

text:
The Cedar Valley Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.  No type locality has ever been designated for this formation, but it is best known for limestone and dolomite exposures in and around Johnson County, Iowa.  The formation is exposed in numerous road cuts, quarries and valley walls over much of north-east and north-central Iowa.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Devonian Iowa
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Sheffield Formation

text:
The Sheffield Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Devonian Iowa
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Wapsipinicon Formation

text:
The Wapsipinicon Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Devonian Iowa
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Marco Ladner

text:
Marco Ladner (born 22 April 1998 in Zams) is an Austrian freestyle skier, specializing in halfpipe.

Ladner competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Austria. He placed 19th in the qualifying round in the halfpipe, failing to advance.

Ladner made his World Cup debut in August 2012. As of April 2014, his best World Cup finish is 9th, at Calgary in 2013–14. His best World Cup overall finish in halfpipe is 24th, in 2013–14.

References

1998 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for Austria
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2022 Winter Olympics
People from Landeck District
Austrian male freestyle skiers
Freestyle skiers at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics
Skiers from Tyrol (state)


title: Andreas Gohl

text:
Andreas Gohl (born 29 January 1994 in Bludenz) is an Austrian freestyle skier, specializing in halfpipe.

Gohl competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Austria. He placed 20th in the qualifying round in the halfpipe, failing to advance.

Gohl made his World Cup debut in January 2013. As of April 2014, his best World Cup finish is 10th, at Calgary in 2013–14. His best World Cup overall finish in halfpipe is 29th, in 2013–14.

References

1994 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for Austria
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
People from Bludenz
Austrian male freestyle skiers
Skiers from Vorarlberg


title: North Hill Group

text:
The North Hill Group is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Geologic formations of Iowa
Devonian System of North America


title: Yellow Springs Group

text:
The Yellow Springs Group is a geologic group in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Geologic groups of Iowa
Devonian System of North America


title: Hackberry Group

text:
The Hackberry Group is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Devonian Iowa
Devonian System of North America
Geologic groups of Iowa


title: The International 2014

text:
The International 2014 (TI4) was the fourth edition of The International, an annual esports Dota 2 championship tournament, which took place at the KeyArena in Seattle. Hosted by Valve, the tournament began on July 8 with the Playoffs phase and closed on July 21 with the Grand Final. The 2014 edition of The International featured nineteen Dota 2 professional gaming teams that competed for a Grand Prize of over . Overall,  were awarded at the event, making it the largest esports event by prize money until it was topped by the next International.

The championship used a double-elimination tournament. The current format put teams against each other on a best-of-three basis, with winners and losers moving onto two brackets (Upper and Lower) for the knockout stage. The Grand Final was decided on a best-of-five match.

All previously winning teams were invited to the event. Defending champions Alliance were eliminated on Phase Two of the Playoffs, while 2011 and 2012 winners Natus Vincere and Invictus Gaming were eliminated during the Lower Bracket's Round One. The tournament was broadcast on streaming platform Twitch as well as ESPN3. ESPN2 broadcast a preview of the Grand Final, which was disputed between Chinese teams ViCi Gaming and NewBee. The latter won 3–1, becoming the second Chinese team to win the tournament after Invictus Gaming. It was the first Grand Final that was between two teams from Asia, as well as the first time Natus Vincere was not a participant.

History

The International 2014 was announced by Valve in March 2014 to be taking place in the new venue of KeyArena in Seattle. The 10,000 tickets went on sale soon after and sold out within an hour of going on sale. Eleven teams automatically qualified for the event, with four further places being played for in regional qualifiers and one place played for in playoffs made up of the regional runners-up.

Valve again revealed an interactive compendium book for the tournament. A quarter of its revenue went towards the tournament's overall prize pool. When certain prize pool milestones were met, rewards were unlocked, including a new Dota 2 game mode and visuals. Eleven days after the compendium went on sale the prize pool had been increased from Valve's $1.6 million to over $6 million, with all the rewards having been unlocked. By June the total prize pool reached over $10 million, the biggest electronic sports prize pool in history and a larger prize pool than both the Super Bowl and 2014 Masters Tournament.

In June, two of the invited Asian teams, CIS Game and Arrow Gaming, announced they had been denied entry visas to the United States to compete in the tournament but would be applying again. Arrow Gaming later received their visa and after 3 denied attempts CIS Game received theirs. The tournament was streamed on the Twitch streaming website with a number of different channels showing different languages, multiple games, and a stream aimed at new players.

Qualification
11 teams around the world were directly invited to participate in the tournament, while 41 teams were invited to the qualifiers. The qualifiers were split into four regions: Americas, China, Europe and South-East Asia. Four winners of their respective regional qualifiers joined the directly invited teams in Phase Two, while four runners-up of their respective regional qualifiers continued to Phase One to fight for the last spot in Phase Two.

Natus Vincere America edged out fellow Americans Team Liquid in the Americas qualifier to earn their spot, while Malaysian team Arrow Gaming came out victorious against Koreans MVP Phoenix for the South-East Asian spot. LGD Gaming defeated CIS Game to become the fifth Chinese representative as German team Mousesports turned around against Russian team Virtus Pro to claim the European spot.

Teams

A total nineteen professional teams from across the globe were invited to the event:

Results

Playoffs
Phase One of the playoffs for The International 2014 began on July 8, 2014, with teams Virtus.Pro, MVP, Liquid, and CIS Game competing for the last spot for the next phase. Phase Two of the playoffs was a round-robin group stage in which all 16 qualified teams played each other. The top two teams progressed straight to the main event's upper bracket, while the next eight teams entered a third playoff phase and the bottom six were eliminated. In Phase Three of the playoffs the eight teams who did not progress to the upper bracket and were not eliminated played to decide the six teams which would enter the upper and lower brackets, with two teams eliminated from the tournament.

Phase One
July 8, 2014

Phase Two

July 9–12, 2014

*NewBee, LGD Gaming and Mousesports ended on the same number of wins after the Round Robin, and hence required extra tiebreakers to be played. NewBee won both matches against LGD Gaming and Mousesports, hence taking 9th place. LGD Gaming took the victory against Mousesports, hence taking 10th place, while Mousesports takes the 11th place and was eliminated.

Phase Three
July 13, 2014Team DK advances to the Upper Bracket, Cloud9 and LGD Gaming advances to the Lower Bracket, Team Liquid is eliminated.July 14, 2014NewBee advances to the Upper Bracket, Invictus Gaming and Natus Vincere advances to the Lower Bracket, Titan is eliminated. Main event

 July 18: Upper Bracket (UB)
The Upper Bracket consisted of two rounds to decide one of the two teams to dispute the 2014 Grand Final. The first round comprised two matches between the top two teams of Phase Two against the two winners of Phase Three. Matches were decided on a best-of-three basis. The first match was held between Chinese teams ViCi and Newbee, with the latter winning 2–1. The second match was held between American team Evil Geniuses and Chinese team Team DK, with the former winning 2–0. The second round match for a place in the Grand Final was disputed by first round winners Newbee and Evil Geniuses; the match was won by the former with two straight victories.

 July 19–20: Lower Bracket (LB)
The Lower Bracket consisted of four rounds to decide the remaining team to challenge Newbee in the Grand Final. Matches were decided on a best-of-three basis. Round One comprised two matches between the four losers of matches B, C, E and F of Phase Three (Cloud9, Natus Vincere, Invictus and LGD). Round Two comprised two matches between the winners of the first round against the losers of Upper Bracket's Round One (ViCi and Team DK). Round Three comprised two matches between the winners of the second round, while Round Four put the winner of Round Three against the loser of Upper Bracket's Round Two (Evil Geniuses).

 July 21: Grand Final
The Grand Final of The International 2014 was between the Upper Bracket winner (Newbee) and the Lower Bracket winner (ViCi Gaming) for over 5 million dollars. NewBee reached the Grand Final by defeating Evil Geniuses in the Upper Bracket finals, while ViCi Gaming also defeated Evil Geniuses in the Lower Brackets en route to the Grand Final. The match was played on July 21, 2014, and was a best-of-five match. Unlike many other Dota 2 tournaments that feature a double-elimination bracket, there is no winners bracket advantage for the International 4: both teams require three game wins to take the championship.

Coming into the match Newbee and ViCi were tied in head-to-head results at 2-2 in this tournament, with ViCi winning the group-stage match 1–0, and Newbee winning the Upper Bracket match 2–1.

 Bracket

Viewership
Valve announced that over 20 million unique viewers streamed the tournament. At its peak, concurrent viewers were over 2 million, lagging only behind League of Legends 2013 season finals, which reached 8.5 million concurrent viewers at its peak. According to an ESPN source reported by The Daily Dot, the broadcaster was so pleased with the success of the season finals that ESPN was looking to expand its esports coverage. Xbox was the leading viewing platform of The International 2014, despite Dota 2 being a PC game.

Merchandise
During the four-day event visitors who managed to purchase a ticket for the event in the KeyArena got the chance to purchase unique merchandise at the Secret Shop. This merchandise was available on the upper level of the arena with long waiting lines curving around the hallways. The name of the merchandise shop, Secret Shop, is a reference to the in game store located in both the Radiant as well as the Dire jungle.

Every visitor received a goodie bag after picking up their entry badge for the KeyArena. This goodie bag was filled with Dota'' branded items such as a water bottle, secret shop booklet, hero pin and a booklet with information on the competing teams.

References

External links

2014
2014 in esports
2014 in sports in Washington (state)
July 2014 sports events in the United States
Sports competitions in Seattle
International esports competitions hosted by the United States


title: Antti-Jussi Kemppainen

text:
Antti-Jussi Kemppainen (born 21 July 1989) is a Finnish freestyle skier, specializing in halfpipe and slopestyle.

Kemppainen competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Finland. He placed 9th in the qualifying round in the halfpipe, advancing to the final. He finished 8th in the final, with a best run of 78.20 points.

As of April 2014, his best showing at the World Championships is 5th, in the 2013 halfpipe.

Kemppainen, who was born in Kuusamo, made his World Cup debut in January 2006. As of April 2014, he has one World Cup win, at Cardrona in 2013–14, and three other podium finishes. His best World Cup overall finish in halfpipe is 2nd, in 2006–07.

World Cup Podiums

References

1989 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for Finland
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
People from Kuusamo
Finnish male freestyle skiers
Skiers from North Ostrobothnia


title: Benoit Valentin

text:
Benoit Valentin (born 8 December 1992 in Écully) is a French freestyle skier, specializing in halfpipe.

Valentin competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for France. He placed 3rd in the qualifying round in the halfpipe, advancing to the final. He finished 10th in the final, with a best run of 61.00 points.

As of April 2014, his best showing at the World Championships is 8th, in the 2011 halfpipe.

Valentin made his World Cup debut in January 2008. As of April 2014, he has four World Cup podium finishes, with his best results a pair of silver medals in 2010–11. He won the World Cup Crystal Globe, finishing 1st in halfpipe in 2010–11.

World Cup Podiums

References

1992 births
Living people
People from Écully
Olympic freestyle skiers for France
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
French male freestyle skiers
X Games athletes
Sportspeople from Lyon Metropolis


title: Saturday Mountain Formation

text:
The Saturday Mountain Formation is a geologic formation in Idaho and Iowa.

It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Idaho
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa

References

Ordovician Idaho
Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician System of North America
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Stewartville Formation

text:
The Stewartville Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Ordovician Minnesota
Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Cummingsville Formation

text:
The Cummingsville Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa and Minnesota. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Blanding Formation

text:
The Blanding Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Silurian Iowa
Silurian southern paleotropical deposits


title: Hopkinton Dolomite

text:
The Hopkinton Dolomite is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Silurian Iowa


title: LaPorte City Formation

text:
The LaPorte City Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Silurian Iowa
Silurian southern paleotropical deposits


title: Racine Formation

text:
The Racine Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Silurian Iowa
Silurian geology of Wisconsin
Silurian southern paleotemperate deposits
Silurian southern paleotropical deposits


title: Scotch Grove Formation

text:
The Scotch Grove Formation is a geologic formation in Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 Paleontology in Iowa

References

Silurian Iowa
Silurian southern paleotropical deposits


title: Michelle Rojas

text:
Michelle  Rojas (née Pennington; born December 16, 1987) is an American voice actress from Dallas, Texas. Affiliated with Funimation and Bang Zoom! Entertainment, some of her major roles are Tohka Yatogami in Date A Live, Zuikaku in Azur Lane, Kanade Sakurada in Castle Town Dandelion, Mikoto Sakuragawa in Gonna be the Twin-Tail!!, Kō Yagami in New Game!, Nashiro Yasuhisa in Tokyo Ghoul, Maya Sato in Classroom of the Elite, Toka Yada in Assassination Classroom, Shion in That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime, Roxy Migurdia in Mushoku Tensei: Jobless Reincarnation, and Yamato in One Piece.

Personal life
Rojas married former Funimation social media manager Justin Rojas. Rojas is non-binary and uses she/her and they/them pronouns. Rojas has a son.

Filmography

Anime

Animation

Film

Video games

Notes

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Actresses from Dallas
American television actresses
American video game actresses
American voice actresses
American voice directors
American non-binary actors
LGBT people from Texas
Navarro College alumni
Non-binary voice actors
People from Denton, Texas
People from Navarro County, Texas
University of North Texas alumni
21st-century American actors


title: Kentaro Tsuda

text:
(born December 29, 1983 in Hakui District, Ishikawa) is a Japanese freestyle skier, specializing in halfpipe.

Tsuda competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Japan. He placed 22nd in the qualifying round in the halfpipe, failing to advance.

As of April 2014, his best showing at the World Championships is 19th, in the 2009 halfpipe.

Tsuda made his World Cup debut in February 2008. As of April 2014, his best World Cup finish is 7th, at Calgary in 2013–14. His best World Cup overall finish in halfpipe is 13th, in 2013–14.

References

1983 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for Japan
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Ishikawa Prefecture
Japanese male freestyle skiers


title: Pavel Nabokikh

text:
Pavel Nabokikh (born  in Moscow) is a Russian freestyle skier, specializing in halfpipe.

Nabokikh competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Russia. He placed 24th in the qualifying round in the halfpipe, failing to advance.

As of April 2014, his best showing at the World Championships is 22nd, in the 2013 halfpipe.

Nabokikh made his World Cup debut in January 2013. As of April 2014, his best World Cup finish is 17th, at Calgary in 2013–14. His best World Cup overall finish in halfpipe is 39th, in 2013–14.

References

1989 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for Russia
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Skiers from Moscow
Russian male freestyle skiers


title: Anton Sturm

text:
Anton Sturm (30 May 1690, Faggen - 25 October 1757, Füssen) was a Tyrolean sculptor who worked in the Baroque and Rococo styles. His works are primarily located in the Allgäu region and the adjacent parts of Upper Bavaria.

Life
According to local records, from 1705 to 1709 he was apprenticed to a peasant sculptor named Johann Paul Tschiderer in Donauwörth. There is no record of his journeyman years, although it appears certain that he did some work at St. Mang's Abbey. In 1721, he married Maria Fellner from Boos, bought a house and set up a workshop just nine days later. He frequently took apprentices (including his own son, Franz Joseph) and employed journeymen, most of whose names have not been recorded. He was held in high esteem and served in several honorary civic positions.

He died at the age of 67. His wife died one year later and his workshop was closed shortly thereafter. In 1994, the local school was named the Anton-Sturm-Volksschule in his honor. It became a Mittelschule in 2010.

His figures may often be distinguished by a distinctive bend in the hip, or beards that are styled in "rolls". Most of his works are done in wood, but look as if they were made of marble. He was equally at home in popular and formal presentations. Apparently, there were times when he had trouble obtaining (or keeping) commissions because he was considered to be too expensive.

Selected works
Many works have been attributed to Sturm on the basis of style and location. The following are known to be his. A longer list that includes the attributed works may be found in the corresponding article on German Wikipedia.
 1720/1721: Schwangau, Parish church of St. Maria und Florian; Altar and pulpit figures.
 1724/1727: Ottobeuren, Ottobeuren Abbey, Kaisersaal , 16 statues of German Emperors.
 1731/1733: Bernbeuren, Parish church of St. Nikolaus, Altar figures.
 1734/1735: Burggen, Pilgrimage church of St. Anna; Altar figures.
 1738: Ehingen, Parish church of St. Peter and Paul; Kerkerchristus (Christ in the Dungeon).
 1738/1739: Buxheim, former Carthusian monastery. Liebfrauenkapelle (Our Lady Chapel) and Annakapelle; Altar figures.
 1739/1741: Oberstdorf, Santa Maria di Loreto Chapel, Altar.
 1743/1748: Rottenbuch, former Augustinian Monastery; Grave monument for the Provost Patritius Oswald (in marble).
 1745/1748: Sonthofen, Parish church of St. Peter und Paul; Pulpit and side altar figures.
 1752: Bad Waldsee, the Count of Waldburg-Wolfegg-Waldsee’s castle; Monumental figure of  Maria Immaculata (in marble)

References

Further reading
 Anton Sturm. 1690-1757. Bildhauer und Bürger in Füssen. Exhibition catalog, Museum der Stadt Füssen, Füssen, 1990.
 Herbert Wittmann: Anthoni Sturmb, Burger Vnd Bildhawer in Fiessen (1690-1757). (sic) with a chronological directory of his works, in: Alt Füssen, Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins Alt Füssen 2007 (Yearbook of the Historical Society), Kempten 2008, ISSN 0939-2467, pgs.5–106.
 Detlev Schröder: Sturm, Anton, Bildhauer. In: Bosls bayerische Biographie. Pustet, Regensburg 1983, , S. 766 (Digitalized by the Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg)
 Anton Sturm (Bildhauer). In: Thieme-Becker: Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Vol.32, E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1938.

External links

 The Füssen Heritage Museum

1690 births
1757 deaths
German sculptors
German male sculptors
Religious artists