title: The Walk (2015 film)

text:
The Walk is a 2015 American 3D biographical drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by him and Christopher Browne. It is based on the story of 24-year-old French high-wire artist Philippe Petit's walk between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center on August 7, 1974. The film stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Petit, alongside Ben Kingsley, Charlotte Le Bon, James Badge Dale, Ben Schwartz, and Steve Valentine.

The film was released by TriStar Pictures on September 30, 2015 in the United States in IMAX 3D, and on October 9 in regular 2D and 3D. It received positive reviews from critics, with praise for Gordon-Levitt's performance, Zemeckis' direction and the visual effects, particularly during the wire walk scene, but underperformed at the box office. The film was dedicated to the victims of the September 11 attacks.

Plot

In 1968, Parisian street performer Philippe Petit bites a hard candy from the audience, damaging his tooth. In the dentist's waiting room, he sees a photo of the Twin Towers in a magazine. Analyzing it, he dreams of walking a tightrope between the towers. Meanwhile, he is evicted from his parents' house by his father, who disapproves of his job. Philippe returns to the circus that inspired him to wire walk as a child and practices in the big top after hours. He is caught by Papa Rudy, whom he impresses with his juggling skills. Philippe asks Papa Rudy for tips and advice on knot tying and rope rigging, which Papa Rudy agrees to for compensation.

While performing one day, Philippe meets Annie, a fellow street performer, and they begin a romantic relationship. Annie supports him on his dream and arranges for him to practice at her music school. Meeting Jean-Louis, a photographer, they become friends, and he, the official photographer and second accomplice in his dream. Jean-Louis introduces Jeff, another accomplice with fear of heights, to Philippe and Annie. He explains his idea to use a bow and an arrow tied to a fishing line to get the cable across the Towers. After failing his first real performance by falling into a lake due to anxiety, Philippe walks between Notre Dame Cathedral's towers in Paris to redeem himself. He succeeds with Jean-Louis' support and is arrested in the process, though he receives universal applause and international attention.

Philippe and Annie travel to America, setting a date for the walk as August 6, 1974. He disguises himself to spy and scout out the locations, impaling his foot on a nail in the process. At one point, he meets a fan of Philippe's, seeing him at Notre Dame: Barry Greenhouse, a life insurance salesman who works in the building and becomes another team member. They also meet French-bilingual electronics salesman J.P., amateur photographer Albert, and stoner David. The team goes over the plan several times, deciding Philippe must be on the wire before the construction crews arrive at 7:00 a.m.

On the eve of the event, the team encounters several challenges: being three hours behind schedule, guards on the premises, and nearly dropping the heavy cable off the roof. However, they successfully string up the ropes and set the wires. Philippe begins his walk, explaining that everything around him faded once he started, except the wire and himself, and that for the first time in his life, he felt genuinely thankful and at peace. He successfully crosses the gap between the towers while crowds below cheer him on. Once reaching the other building, Philippe has an urge to return, so he walks back again across the void. At one point, he kneels to his audience and even lies down. The police arrive and threaten to remove him by helicopter if he does not get off. But Philippe relentlessly continues to walk back and forth until he achieves the feat a total of six times in his 45-minute performance and feels confident enough to showboat on occasion before complying. He is arrested on site, with the police and construction workers commending him on his bravery.

Philippe and his accomplices are released, and he decides to stay in New York, but Annie chooses to follow her music dream in Paris. Philippe explains that the building manager gave him a free pass to the observation decks of the towers with the expiry date crossed out and replaced with "forever".

Cast
 Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Philippe Petit
 Ben Kingsley as Papa Rudy
 Charlotte Le Bon as Annie Allix
 James Badge Dale as Jean-Pierre
 Clément Sibony as Jean-Louis
 César Domboy as Jeff
 Benedict Samuel as David
 Ben Schwartz as Albert
 Steve Valentine as Barry Greenhouse

Production

On January 23, 2014, it was announced that Robert Zemeckis would direct a film based on the story of Philippe Petit's walk between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in 1974. It was also confirmed that Zemeckis wanted Joseph Gordon-Levitt to star in the film as Petit. Zemeckis first came across the story of Petit from the children's book The Man Who Walked Between the Towers. At first, Zemeckis questioned whether or not the story was true as he did not recall the event, saying he "somehow missed it." Zemeckis immediately recognized the potential for a movie, telling Deadline: "To me, it had everything that you want in a movie. It had an interesting character who’s driven, and obsessed, and passionate. It had all this caper stuff. He was an outlaw. There was suspense. And then he did this death-defying thing." By February 2014, Gordon-Levitt was confirmed to star in the film. In April 2014, Charlotte Le Bon, Ben Kingsley and James Badge Dale joined the cast of the film. On May 6, 2014, it was announced that the film would be released on October 2, 2015. In May 2014, Steve Valentine and Ben Schwartz joined the cast of the film. Principal photography began on May 26, 2014, in Montreal, and ended on August 6, 2014.

Gordon-Levitt, who had no formal high-wire experience, trained directly with Petit. By the end of the eighth day, he was able to walk on the wire by himself, and continued to practice while shooting. Along with a stunt double, the actor shot the climactic wire-walking scenes on a soundstage; it had reconstructions of the top two stories of the tower and a wire approximately  off the ground, which was connected out across a green abyss and was anchored on a pole. To learn more about what it was like, Gordon-Levitt also walked the distance between the World Trade Center memorial's two pools, which are located where the Twin Towers stood before the September 11 attacks. He visited the original observatory once before, in 2001, during his first summer in New York City. "It was touristy but I wanted to go do it. I remember it distinctly. It felt more like being in the sky than being on a tall building." Aside from wire-walking, Gordon-Levitt also learned to speak French fluently, perfecting a Parisian accent aided by Le Bon and other French actors on set.

Release
The film premiered at the New York Film Festival on September 26, 2015. It had an early release in IMAX on September 30, 2015, before a wide theatrical release on October 9, 2015.

Reception

Box office
The Walk grossed $10.1 million in North America and $51 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $61.2 million, against a budget of $35 million.

The film was released into IMAX theaters on Wednesday, September 30, 2015. In the opening weekend of its limited release, the film grossed $1.6 million, finishing 11th at the box office. During the first weekend of its wide release a week later, the film grossed $3.7 million, coming in seventh.

Critical response
The Walk received positive reviews from critics, with praise for Gordon-Levitt's performance, Zemeckis' direction and the visual effects, particularly during the wire walk scene. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 83%, based on 277 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Walk attempts a tricky balancing act between thrilling visuals and fact-based drama – and like its wire-walking protagonist, pulls it off with impressive élan." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 70 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, while 72% of PostTrak audiences said that the film was excellent or good.

John Lasser of IGN gave the film an 8.6 out of 10 'great' score, saying, "The Walk is an amazing film, and is so on multiple levels. Joseph Gordon-Levitt puts forth such an easy charm crossed with a fierce determination that it is impossible not to fall in love with Philippe Petit as he attempts what sounds utterly suicidal. The planning and set up of the caper are as fun as any heist movie. And, even though everyone watching knows exactly what the film is building towards, the climactic sequence delivers everything you want and more." Peter Debruge of Variety gave the film a positive review, saying "A filmmaker with a gift for overcoming the seemingly impossible puts audiences in the place of the man who walked between the Twin Towers in this gripping human-interest story." David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, saying "The film's payoff more than compensates for a lumbering setup, laden with cloying voiceover narration and strained whimsy." Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "The film gets better as it goes, and the last half-hour (especially in 3-D on an Imax screen) is nearly everything it should be: scary, visually momentous, meticulously realized." Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Zemeckis finally delivers the goods in abundance in the section that really counts: A vertigo-inducing digital re-creation of Petit's famous walk back and forth between the towers."

Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "The Walk satisfies as an absorbing yarn of authority-flouting adventure and as an example of stomach-flipping you-are-there-ness. The journey it offers viewers doesn't just span 140 feet, but also an ethereal, now-vanished, world." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Expect the worst from the first half- that's before Philippe Petit (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) strings up a wire between the World Trade Center towers. But then, oh, baby, does this movie fly." Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars, saying "The last 30 minutes or so are all about the walk. Dariusz Wolski's cinematography is beautiful... and Gordon-Levitt does some of his best acting when he's out on the wire and mostly silent, his face glowing from the sheer crazy joy he's feeling." James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three out of four stars, saying "It's two-thirds of a great film but the slow start and unremarkable first hour hold it back. Still, for those who buy into the precept that good things are worth waiting for, The Walk unquestionably delivers." Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "For those who want to feel like they're 110 stories up and living in the clouds, Hollywood does its job conjuring movie magic with a breathtaking Walk to remember."

Accolades

See also
 The Man Who Walked Between the Towers (2003 book), picture book depicting the crossing
 Man on Wire (2008 film), documentary biopic film about the crossing

References

External links

2015 films
2010s English-language films
2010s French-language films
2015 3D films
2015 biographical drama films
American biographical films
American biographical drama films
Drama films based on actual events
Films scored by Alan Silvestri
Films directed by Robert Zemeckis
Films set in 1974
Films set in New York City
Films set in Manhattan
Films set in Paris
Films shot in Montreal
IMAX films
Films using motion capture
Films with screenplays by Robert Zemeckis
World Trade Center
ImageMovers films
TriStar Pictures films
Tightrope walking
2015 drama films
2015 multilingual films
American multilingual films
Films produced by Robert Zemeckis
2010s American films


title: Obrium balteatum

text:
Obrium balteatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hovore and Chemsak in 1980.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1980


title: Obrium batesi

text:
Obrium batesi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hovore and Chemsak in 1980.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1980


title: Obrium beckeri

text:
Obrium beckeri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Knull in 1962.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1962


title: Illinois Department of Human Rights

text:
The Illinois Department of Human Rights (IDHR) is the code department of the Illinois state government that administers the Illinois Human Rights Act, which prohibits discrimination with respect to employment, financial credit, public accommodations and real estate transactions on the basis of race, color, religion, sex (including sexual harassment), national origin, ancestry, military status, age (40 and over), order of protection status, marital status, sexual orientation (which includes gender-related identity), unfavorable military discharge and physical and mental disability, and also prohibits sexual harassment in education, discrimination because of citizenship status and arrest record in employment, and discrimination based on familial status in real estate transactions. , Jim Bennett is the Director of Human Rights.

References

External links
 Official website

Human Rights


title: Obrium bifasciatum

text:
Obrium bifasciatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2004.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 2004


title: Obrium californicum

text:
Obrium californicum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Van Dyke in 1920.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1920


title: Obrium cicatricosum

text:
Obrium cicatricosum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1909.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1909


title: Obrium circunflexum

text:
Obrium circunflexum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2003.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 2003


title: Obrium clavijoi

text:
Obrium clavijoi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Joly in 2010.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 2010


title: Yrjö Kukkapuro

text:
Yrjö Kukkapuro (born 6 April 1933) is a Finnish interior architect and furniture designer.

Education and academic career
Kukkapuro studied design at the Institute of Industrial Arts in Helsinki in the late 1950s, qualifying as an interior architect in 1958.

In the 1970s he returned to the Institute, to work as a Professor and, for two years, as the Rector.

He holds Honorary Professorships at universities including Jiangnan (Wuxi) and Nanjing, as well as an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Art and Design Helsinki (now part of the Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture).

Design work

Kukkapuro's design philosophy is centred around ergonomics.

He is best known for his chairs, of which perhaps the most famous is an easy chair called Karuselli ('Carousel') from 1964, which is included in the permanent collection of major museums including the Museum of Modern Art in New York and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. It was nominated as the most comfortable chair in the world by The New York Times in 1974, and fellow designer Sir Terence Conran has called it his "favourite place to sit because it is so comfortable".

Kukkapuro has exhibited in dozens of solo and group exhibitions around the world.

As of 2020, Kukkapuro continues to work, even in his late 80s.

Personal life
Yrjö Kukkapuro is married to graphic artist Irmeli Kukkapuro née Salminen since 1954. The couple built a home studio in Kauniainen, designed by Yrjö Kukkapuro and his long-time collaborator, engineer Eero Paloheimo.

References

External links
 Personal website.
 Arjen designia -juttukeikalla Yrjö Kukkapuro. Yleisradio.

1933 births
Living people
Finnish designers
Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture alumni
Academic staff of the Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture


title: The New Cambridge History of India

text:
The New Cambridge History of India is a major multi-volume work of historical scholarship published by Cambridge University Press. It replaced The Cambridge History of India published between 1922 and 1937.

The new history is being published as a series of individual works by single authors and, unlike the original, does not form a connected narrative. Also unlike the original, it only covers the period since the fourteenth century. The whole has been planned over four parts:
Pt. I The Mughals and their Contemporaries.
Pt. II Indian States and the Transition to Colonialism.
Pt. III The Indian Empire and the beginnings of Modern Society.
Pt. IV The Evolution of Contemporary South Asia.

Titles

The Mughals and their Contemporaries

Indian States and the Transition to Colonialism

The Indian Empire and the Beginnings of Modern Society

 Second edition:

The Evolution of Contemporary South Asia

See also
Murty Classical Library of India
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians

References

History books about India
Historiography of the British Empire
Cambridge University Press books
Series of history books


title: Juozas Gabrys

text:
Juozas Gabrys or Juozas Gabrys-Paršaitis (February 22, 1880 – July 26, 1951) was a Lithuanian politician and diplomat, best remembered for his efforts to popularize the idea of Lithuania's independence in the West during World War I.

Early life
Juozas Gabrys was born on February 22, 1880, in the town of Garliava, near the city of Kaunas, Lithuania. He went to the Garliava primary school starting at the age of seven. He graduated with a law degree from the University of Odessa in 1907.

Biography
Gabrys was a secretary of the Great Seimas of Vilnius during the 1905 Russian Revolution. He went into exile in 1907 to Paris. There, in 1911, he founded the Lithuanian Information Bureau. In 1912, he founded the Union des Nationalités. These two organizations supplied European powers with information on Lithuania and other exploited European countries that crusaded for human rights and freedom. In 1915, Gabrys moved from Paris to Lausanne, Switzerland. He started a campaign of political activities and held the first Lithuanian conferences during World War I to obtain freedom for Lithuania. His campaigns were financed by Lithuanian immigrants of the United States and the German Foreign Ministry. He published articles in more than fifty European newspapers for his campaigns, sometimes bribing editors to get them through. His greatest success in organization was the Congress of Nationalities held in Switzerland in 1916 with 400 representatives from 23 nationalities.

According to Alfred E. Senn, "Gabrys was undoubtedly the best known Lithuanian political figure on the European scene before 1916." During the time period of World War I, Gabrys hoped to secure independence for Lithuania. He communicated the cruel treatment the Lithuanians were receiving from the German military when they were occupying Lithuania to the French authorities. He also called upon the Allies of World War I for assisting against German occupation. Gabrys involved the Vatican in a worldwide collection of millions of Swiss francs for Lithuanian victims of war, which ultimately ended up in his personal bank accounts. He labelled himself "Count of Garlawa" in his memoirs. When the new Lithuanian government started at the end of 1918, Gabrys was not a political participant because of his disagreements with the government officials. Because of his German government contacts during World War I, he ultimately "became virtually an unperson" in Lithuanian history despite his efforts to liberate the country.

Later life
In 1919, with the help of the French, Gabrys unsuccessfully attempted to get a Lithuanian government position. From that point on, he dabbled in Lithuanian politics until he retired.  In retirement, he became a gentleman-farmer in Switzerland. Gabrys died on 26 July 1951 at Corsier-sur-Vevey in Switzerland.

Works
Gabrys is the only leading Lithuanian liberation political advocate during World War I to write his memoirs in a Western language. His works include:

References

Bibliography

External links

1880 births
1951 deaths
Lithuanian politicians
Lithuanian expatriates in Switzerland
Odesa University alumni
People from Garliava
Lithuanian consuls


title: Bairia

text:
Bairia is a nagar panchayat in Bairia tehsil in Ballia District of Uttar Pradesh State, India. It belongs to Azamgarh Division. It is located 35 km to the east of the district headquarters Ballia. It is a block headquarters and tehsil headquarters.
Bairia is a nagar panchayat (he is divided in 16 ward)located in Bairia Tehsil of Ballia district, Uttar Pradesh with total 3904 families residing. The Bairia nagar panchayat has population of 28394 of which 14981 are males while 13413 are females as per Population Census 2011.

In Bairia nagar panchayat population of children with age 0-6 is 4641 which makes up 16.35% of total population of nagar panchayat. Average Sex Ratio of Bairia nagar panchayat is 895 which is lower than Uttar Pradesh state average of 912. Child Sex Ratio for the Bairia as per census is 867, lower than Uttar Pradesh average of 902.

Bairia nagar panchayat has higher literacy rate compared to Uttar Pradesh. In 2011, literacy rate of Bairia nagar panchayat was 70.39% compared to 67.68% of Uttar Pradesh. In Bairia Male literacy stands at 81.07% while female literacy rate was 58.54%.
Bairia's Pin code is 277201 and postal head office is Bairia (Ballia).

Geography

Bairia nagar panchayat are 16 ward.

Bairia is surrounded by Murlichhapra Block, Chakki Block and Shahpur Block to the south, and Reoti Block to the west. Reoti, Revelganj, Behea, Chhapra are the nearby cities to Bairia.

Bairia is on the border of the Ballia District and Buxar District Saran(Chhapra) District. Buxar District Chakki is south of this place and Saran district is east of this place. Bairia is also on the border of Bhojpur District and Saran district. It is near the Bihar State border.

Politics
 Bharatiya Janata Party
 Samajwadi Party

Polling stations/booths near Bairia:
 Junior High School Talibpur East
 P.P. Bhopalpur Purvi
 P.P. Chakia South
 P.P. Narharipuri West
 P.P. Shival

Transport

By rail

Suraimanpur is the nearest railway station to Bairia having road distance of 7 km with stoppage of majority trains connecting directly from New Delhi, Mumbai, Lucknow, Kanpur etc.

Ballia and Chhapra Junction are the closest major railway stations having rail distance to Suraimanpur Railway Station of 36 km & 25 km and road distance of 36 km & 30 km to Bairia. The road connectivity to Suraimanpur, Ballia and Chhapra is very good. Private transports ply between these places almost round the clock.

References

Cities and towns in Ballia district


title: Obrium constricticolle

text:
Obrium constricticolle is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Schaeffer in 1908.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1908


title: Obrium cordicolle

text:
Obrium cordicolle is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1870.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1870


title: Obrium costaricum

text:
Obrium costaricum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hovore and Chemsak in 1980.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1980


title: Obrium dimidiatum

text:
Obrium dimidiatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hovore and Chemsak in 1980.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1980


title: Obrium discoideum

text:
Obrium discoideum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1873.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1873
Taxa named by John Lawrence LeConte


title: Garcia Report

text:
The Garcia Report was an investigation produced by U.S. lawyer Michael J. Garcia into allegations of corruption in world football. On July 17, 2012, in the wake of announced anti-corruption reforms by Sepp Blatter, the president of the world association football governing body FIFA, the organization appointed Garcia as the chairman of the investigative chamber of FIFA Ethics Committee, while German judge Hans-Joachim Eckert was appointed as the chairman of the Ethics Committee's adjudication chamber.

In August 2012, Garcia declared his intention to investigate the bidding process and decision to respectively award the right to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup to Russia and Qatar by the FIFA Executive Committee. Garcia delivered his subsequent 350-page report in September 2014, and Eckert then announced that it would not be made public for legal reasons.

On November 13, 2014, Eckert released a 42-page summary of his findings after reviewing Garcia's report. The summary cleared both Russia and Qatar of any wrongdoing during the bidding for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups, leaving Russia and Qatar free to stage their respective World Cups.

FIFA welcomed "the fact that a degree of closure has been reached," while the Associated Press wrote that the Eckert summary "was denounced by critics as a whitewash." Hours after the Eckert summary was released, Garcia himself criticized it for being "materially incomplete" with "erroneous representations of the facts and conclusions," while declaring his intention to appeal to FIFA's Appeal Committee. On December 16, 2014, FIFA's Appeal Committee dismissed Garcia's appeal against the Eckert summary as "not admissible." FIFA also stated that Eckert's summary was "neither legally binding nor appealable." A day later, Garcia resigned from his role as FIFA ethics investigator in protest of FIFA's conduct, citing a "lack of leadership" and lost confidence in the independence of Eckert from FIFA.

In June 2015, Swiss authorities claimed the report was of "little value".

Appointment of Garcia and Eckert
On 17 July 2012, in the wake of announced anti-corruption reforms by the President of the FIFA, Sepp Blatter, the organisation appointed former United States Attorney Michael J. Garcia as chairman of the investigative branch of its Ethics Committee, while German judge Hans-Joachim Eckert was appointed as Chairman of the Ethics Committee's adjudication chamber. The reformed Ethics Committee was also given the power to retrospectively investigate old cases. As Garcia and Eckert fulfilled FIFA's statute of them or their families not having a paid connection to soccer in the previous four years, The Guardian wrote that "Garcia and Eckert are regarded as key independent figures from outside the so-called 'football family' who can help restore FIFA's credibility after bribery and vote-buying scandals."

Upon their appointment, Garcia and Eckert were immediately tasked to investigate alleged illegal payments made by FIFA marketing company International Sports and Leisure (ISL) to former FIFA President João Havelange and former Executive Committee member Ricardo Teixeira, as well as to evaluate the behaviour of FIFA President Sepp Blatter in the affair. ISL had specialized in buying and selling broadcast rights to FIFA events such as World Cups on contracts worth millions of dollars. The case was closed on 30 April 2014 after an investigation by Garcia, with Eckert ruling that bribes had been paid by ISL between 1992 and 2000 to Havelange, Teixeira and Nicolas Leoz, then-President of CONMEBOL. As Havelange (honorary President of FIFA) and Leoz had already resigned from their posts earlier in April 2014, no "superfluous" further action was taken. In contrast, Blatter was exonerated of "criminal or ethical misconduct", but was also described as "clumsy" and it was questioned whether he "knew or should have known over the years before the bankruptcy of ISL that ISL had made bribes to other FIFA officials".

Garcia investigation and remit
In August 2012, Garcia declared his intention to investigate the bidding process and decision to award the right to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup to Russia and Qatar respectively by the FIFA Executive Committee.

The decision of host venues had previously taken place in December 2010. In May 2011, while before a British parliamentary inquiry, the former chairman of England's failed 2018 bid, David Triesman, accused FIFA executive committee members Jack Warner, Worawi Makudi, Nicolas Leoz and Ricardo Teixeira of requesting bribes from the English team in exchange for support. The parliamentary inquiry also received evidence from The Sunday Times that FIFA executive committee members Issa Hayatou and Jacques Anouma were reportedly bribed with $1.5m by the Qatar team. The whistleblower who spoke to The Sunday Times, Phaedra Al Majid, retracted her allegations in July 2011. In December 2011, The Daily Telegraph reported that the Federal Bureau of Investigation were investigating alleged hacking into email accounts for England and the United States' World Cup bids.

FIFA forbids bid teams to offer incentives to members of its executive committee and their relatives. Garcia subsequently expanded his investigation into the entire bidding process for the 2018 World Cup. Garcia's investigation allowed him to demand interviews with football officials, with those refusing subject to disciplinary action. Garcia was not able to interview Mohammed bin Hammam, the former FIFA vice-president, as Hammam is banned for life from football activity. Garcia's investigation remit extended solely to individuals who might have violated FIFA's code of ethics. Garcia was expected to name individuals who refused to speak to him in his report. Garcia has no ability to subpoena people to speak to him or to ask internet service providers for documents.

Garcia was assisted in his production of the report by Cornel Borbély, the deputy chairman of the investigatory chamber of the FIFA ethics committee. Borbély produced the section of the report that investigated Russia, as Garcia was sanctioned from entering the country, and the United States, to prevent a potential conflict of interest as Garcia is American. Russia was the only bidding country which Garcia failed to travel to in the course of his investigations.

Blocked publication by Eckert
Garcia delivered his 350-page report in September 2014, and it was subsequently announced by Hans-Joachim Eckert, the head of the adjudicatory arm of FIFA's ethics committee, that it would not be made public for legal reasons. Eckert said that only his judgement on the report will be published, in the spring of 2015, and the report had only been seen by four people. Eckert later announced that his overview of the Garcia report with Garcia's main findings, summary, conclusions and recommendations will be published by the middle of November 2014. Eckert has said that "Many won't like what I am going to tell them" in reference to his forthcoming judgement on the report.

Eckert will only judge individuals, and will leave the decision on the hosting of the 2018 and 2022 world cups to FIFA. Garcia, along with some members of the FIFA Executive Committee, called for the Garcia report to be published in full, excepting names redacted to protect whistleblowers. Garcia has said of FIFA that its "... investigation and adjudication process operates in most parts unseen and unheard...That's a kind of system which might be appropriate for an intelligence agency but not for an ethics compliance process in an international sports institution that serves the public and is the subject of intense public scrutiny."

Summary released and Garcia resignation
On 13 November 2014, Hans-Joachim Eckert released a 42-page summary of his findings after reviewing Michael Garcia's report; the summary cleared both Russia and Qatar of any wrongdoing during the bidding for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups, leaving Russia and Qatar free to stage their respective World Cups. The summary noted that Russia provided "only a limited amount of documents available for review", as the computers leased to the Russian team had been destroyed, and several email accounts were unable to be accessed.

The Eckert summary was harsher on England and Australia, who had unsuccessful World Cup bids, finding "potentially problematic facts and circumstances" in their bids and stating that they had undermined the integrity of the bidding. England was described as behaving improperly when trying to win the support of then-CONCACAF head Jack Warner. Australia was criticized for the links between its bid and its funding of football development in African countries, and that two Australia consultants "violated the bidding and ethics rules". The bid teams for Japan and South Korea were also criticized for distributing "gifts" and giving the appearance of "a conflict or an offer of benefits" respectively.

The FIFA welcomed "the fact that a degree of closure has been reached", while the Associated Press wrote that the Eckert summary "was denounced by critics as a whitewash". Hours after the Eckert summary was released, Garcia himself criticized it for being "materially incomplete" with "erroneous representations of the facts and conclusions", while declaring his intention to appeal to the FIFA's Appeal Committee. There were several calls for the Garcia report to be released, including from FIFA Executive Committee members Jim Boyce, Jeffrey Webb and Sunil Gulati, as well as FIFA presidential candidate Jerome Champagne and English Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore. Eckert, who was "surprised" by Garcia's response, refused to accede to calls to release the Garcia report, citing the "rights of confidentiality for continental law". Less than a week later, Eckert was quoted as saying that the investigation was only at "an interim stage" and that Garcia "can now continue investigating towards the final report".

On 15 November 2014, German Football League president Reinhard Rauball warned that UEFA may quit FIFA if Garcia's report is not published in full, citing that "If this doesn't happen and the crisis is not resolved in a credible manner, you have to entertain the question of whether you are still in good hands with FIFA". On 18 November 2014, acting on the recommendation of Eckert, the FIFA lodged a criminal complaint with the Swiss judiciary relating to the "possible misconduct of individual persons in connection with the awarding of the hosting rights of the 2018 and 2022 World Cup", specifically regarding "international transfers of assets with connections to Switzerland".

On 16 December 2014, the FIFA's Appeal Committee dismissed Garcia's appeal against the Eckert summary as "not admissible". FIFA also stated that Eckert's summary was "neither legally binding nor appealable". A day later, Garcia resigned from his role as FIFA ethics investigator in protest of FIFA's conduct, citing a "lack of leadership" and lost confidence in the independence of Eckert from the FIFA.

Pending release of the redacted Garcia Report
On 19 November 2014, following a presentation by Domenico Scala, head of FIFA's audit and compliance committee and one of only six people to have seen the report at that time, FIFA's executive committee unanimously agreed to publish a "legally appropriate version" of the Garcia report, with parts redacted to preserve witness confidentiality. However, the Garcia Report will only be published after five ongoing ethics investigations started by Garcia into the following individuals are concluded; for Ángel María Villar, Michel D'Hooghe, Worawi Makudi, Franz Beckenbauer and Harold Mayne-Nicholls. Meanwhile, the decision not to revisit the 2018 and 2022 vote was reaffirmed by the FIFA after Scala said that two independent legal experts he consulted supported that decision.

Walter De Gregorio, in a press conference on 27 May 2015, stated that the Garcia report has been in the hands of the Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland since 19 November 2014. As part of the criminal proceedings the report may or may not be released. One day after Bild newspaper announced it had received a copy and intended to publish it, the FIFA released the full report on 27 June 2017.

References

External links
Report on the Inquiry into the 2018/2022 FIFA World Cup Bidding Process
Report on issues related to the U.S. Bid Team
Report on issues related to the Russian Bid Team
Hans-Joachim Eckert's summary, released on 13 November 2014

2014 controversies
2014 in association football
2018 FIFA World Cup
2022 FIFA World Cup
Association football controversies
Corruption
FIFA controversies
Sepp Blatter


title: Obrium dominicum

text:
Obrium dominicum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Linsley in 1957.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1957


title: Illinois Compiled Statutes

text:
The Illinois Compiled Statutes (ILCS) are the codified statutes of a general and permanent nature of Illinois. The compilation organizes the general Acts of Illinois into 67 chapters arranged within 9 major topic areas.  The ILCS took effect in 1993, replacing the previous numbering scheme generally known as the Illinois Revised Statutes (Ill. Rev. Stat.), the latest of which had been adopted in 1874 but appended by private publishers since.

Additions, deletions, and changes to the ILCS are done through the Illinois Legislative Reference Bureau (LRB), which files the changes as provided for by Public Act 87-1005.

The compilation is an official compilation by the state and is entirely in the public domain for purposes of federal copyright law; anyone may publish the statutes. There is no official version of the ILCS, but there are several unofficial versions: West's Illinois Compiled Statutes endorsed by the Illinois State Bar Association, West's Smith–Hurd Illinois Compiled Statutes Annotated, and LexisNexis's Illinois Compiled Statutes Annotated.

History
Illinois officially revised its laws in 1807, 1809–12, 1819, 1827–29, 1833, 1845, and 1874.

See also
 Laws of Illinois — the official publication of the acts passed into law, whether or not statutory
 Law of Illinois — in general
 United States Code — federal equivalent of the ILCS

References

External links
 Illinois Compiled Statutes from the Illinois Legislative Reference Bureau
 Illinois Legislative Reference Bureau — legislative institution responsible for organizing state legislation in Illinois
 Illinois Compiled Statutes from FindLaw

Illinois law
United States state legal codes


title: Obrium giesberti

text:
Obrium giesberti is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hovore and Chemsak in 1980.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1980


title: Francis Stewart Briggs

text:
Francis Stewart Briggs (18 September 1897 – 21 July 1966) was a pioneering Australian aviator. Frank Briggs learnt to fly with the Royal Flying Corps in the First World War. During the Peace Conference in 1919 he flew delegates between London and Paris and was the personal pilot of Australia's Prime Minister, Billy Hughes. On return to Australia, Briggs flew with C.J. De Garis and in 1922 joined "Jimmy" Larkin's "Australian Aerial Services" (AAS) company, headquartered at Hay, New South Wales. Frank Briggs married Miriam Carter in Hay on 3 August 1926. Later he joined the Shell oil company, taking charge of a new aviation department in Perth.

Early years
Francis Stewart Briggs was born in Fort William, India, on 18 September 1897. His parents (both widowed) had married in at St Andrew's Church in Calcutta on 30 April 1895. His father, George Howard Briggs, who worked as a (non-musical) Conductor with the British Indian Army in the Bengal Ordnance Department, died in Allahabad of fever on 5 June 1897, three months before Francis was born. After service as governess to the household of the Raja of Dhar (Raja Udaji Rao Puar), Eliza Briggs (née Eldridge) and her son moved in 1909 to Saint Helier, Jersey, in the Channel Islands then in 1912 to Adelaide. Before the war, Briggs was a telegraph operator at the Adelaide GPO.

(George Howard Briggs' first wife was Elizabeth Eleanor Sophia Ross, born 5 February 1857 in Umballa, India. They married on 13 September 1883 in Ferozepore, India. She died in Rawalpindi on 26 December 1888. Eliza Eldridge's first husband was Francis O'Hare, an army tailor. They married on 13 May 1883 in Battersea.  Francis O'Hare died on 21 March 1892 at Fort William, India.)

World War I

First Australian Imperial Force

Briggs enlisted on 23 August 1915 as a signaller with the Australian 3rd Light Horse Regiment of the 1st Light Horse Brigade and embarked from Adelaide on 11 January 1916. In Egypt he transferred to the 111th Howitzer Battery of the 4th Division Artillery when that division was formed after the evacuation of Gallipoli. By May 1916, he was in France (at Croix du Bac near Steenwerck) with the AIF as a Wireless Operator and Signalman.

On 2 June Briggs was attached to No.16 Squadron RFC at La Gorge aerodrome in France for six weeks. This attachment was to develop co-operation between the RFC and the artillery using air to ground wireless radio, then still in its infancy. Briggs was selected for the task because he had knowledge of the area which he had picked up during forward O.P. (observation post) duty. His first flight in a plane resulted in his first crash. On this flight he was to be observer for a young English pilot with about 18 hours solo flying experience. On take-off they flew into a hedge bordering the aerodrome and ended up hanging upside-down in their seats. Neither crew nor plane were seriously damaged; an ox was not so lucky. Briggs' job with No. 16 Squadron was to observe and range for the artillery. Before take-off in their BE2c the plane crew tested and warmed their guns. With cameras, ammunition and four Cooper bombs on board it often took twelve to fifteen minutes to reach 2,500 feet, with the plane travelling at 75 miles per hour. They conducted the shoots at 5,000 to 7,000 feet altitude and up to five miles behind the lines, depending on the type of gun and the target.

The aircraft normally carried out the shoot alone, but if it was an especially important operation then a flight of fighters were assigned to provide top cover. The fighters at this time were mostly Sopwith Pups, Bristol Scouts, DH1s, DH2s and the FE8. At this time the RFC did not have a synchronised gun. Briggs' first combat was a "no decision show". The pilot was Captain Brown (later Major Brown MC). They were conducting a shoot when attacked by an Albatros D.II scout. The Albatros had better speed, better climb and a synchronised gun. The BE2c had two guns. One was set at an angle to fire outside the propeller arc and was operated by the pilot. The observer, who sat directly behind the engine, had a gun mounted on the fuel tank which separated him from the pilot. He could fire in an arc between the wing tip and the tail plane. Then, unless he wanted to cut the pilot in half, he had to lift the gun up then drop it down on the other side. Captain Brown decided that discretion was the better part of valour, and they "scootered for home". Brown and Briggs gained three "probables" but none were confirmed. The only German aircraft types Briggs encountered at this time were the Albatros D.II, the Fokker Biplane and the Halberstadt.

No. 16 Squadron had four flights of seven aircraft, all BE2c's powered by the 90 h.p. RAF factory engine. These engines required constant replacement (Briggs reported). After six weeks, during which Briggs had learnt to love aircraft and flying, he returned to his unit. In October a circular was promulgated that sought volunteers from the AIF to be Royal Flying Corps pilots. Briggs and, as he put it, 99.99 recurring percent of the AIF, applied. On 7 November Briggs was among about 250 members of the Division invited to interviews with RFC "brass hats". The men soon realised that a good education and sporting prowess were regarded favourably, so the RFC officers must have thought that every Australian Olympic athlete and university student was in the AIF. On 13 November Briggs learnt he had been selected by the Royal Flying Corps. Two other men were selected from Briggs' division (4th Division) at this time – Charles Kingsford Smith and Edgar Johnston, all three survived the war.

Royal Flying Corps

Training

Initial training, starting November 1916, was at Denham, Buckinghamshire. This training continued at Oxford from January to March 1917. The cadets were quartered at various colleges. Briggs was at Exeter College, where his roommate was Edgar Johnston. In a lecture room on 2 February Briggs' eyes started to smart badly, and he felt very unwell. It turned out he had German measles and he spent a few days in hospital. Several other cadets joined him, including Percival Moody (who years later was an air-mail pilot for Qantas). On 10 March all the cadets succeeded in their examinations and passed out from Oxford. On 17 March Briggs was simultaneously honourably discharged from the AIF and admitted to the RFC as a second lieutenant.

On 24 March Briggs was in Thetford to start training (with No. 25 Training Squadron) on an aircraft, the Maurice Farman Shorthorn, known as a "Rumpty". His instructor was Captain Foggin. On 15 June, after twenty hours of flying solo, Briggs was amazed to receive orders to report to a training squadron (No. 52 Training Squadron) in Stirling as an instructor.

Scotland

On 30 July Briggs was introduced to his first six pupils. First in the air was a gentleman named Pitt-Pitts, believed by Briggs to be great-grandson of the famous British statesman Pitt. On 19 August Briggs crashed his Martinsyde Elephant aircraft. He and other members of the squadron had been in the habit of flying very low over the local golf course on their return, a practice the CO had banned. The procedure involved hopping across traffic on a road bordering the aerodrome, plus a wall separating the road and the aerodrome. On this occasion Briggs hurdled a car on the road, but then noticed that the car was the CO's and saw his enraged face staring out. Distracted for a split second he forgot about the wall, had to climb almost vertically, stalled and crashed on the aerodrome side of the wall. Briggs walked away without a scratch but with badly bruised feet. The CO was so relieved Briggs was OK that all he did was shake his head at him and he walked away speechless.

The squadron relocated from Stirling to Montrose, where a fighter squadron No. 80 Squadron of Sopwith Camels was being formed. On 2 October Briggs was flying a De Havilland IV bomber when he noticed a Sopwith Camel using him as a practice target. He responded in kind, engaging the Camel, flying the De H. IV as if it were a fighter. When he landed the CO of No. 80 Squadron (Major Graham, an Australian) offered Briggs a place in his squadron, an offer which delighted Briggs (who was keen to see active service).

Suffolk
Briggs' hopes were soon dashed. Major Graham had started the transfer process, but Briggs learnt on 10 October that higher authority had decided he be transferred instead to the RFC Test and Experimental Station at Orfordness. Briggs recorded that Orfordness was regarded by pilots as "a very hush-hush show where high priests perform aerial magic". Briggs was at Orfordness on 14 October. The CO, Major Norman, had invented a machine-gun sight that made firing reasonably accurate for the average pilot. In the mess Briggs was introduced to two Oxford dons and a Cambridge don (one of whom, Captain Fairbairn, he later taught to fly). On the base he was delighted to discover another Australian, Lieutenant Wackett (the very resourceful Lawrence Wackett, who later invented a very efficient anti-aircraft gun sight).

The reason he was posted to Orfordness was to conduct experiments in cloud flying (later known as blind flying) and aerial navigation. He was told that bad weather in France was restricting flying operations, if more pilots could get above the cloud on dirty weather days then more bombing could be carried out inside German territory. At this stage cloud flying was an unknown art, nobody could tell Briggs much about it. He depended on the standard rev. counter, airspeed indicator, inclinometer and compass. After two days at the station Briggs was joined by four more pilots who had been assigned to research cloud flying. These were Bell and Montmorency (Canadians) and Powell and Weller (Englishmen). They were soon able to fly through ten or twelve thousand feet of cloud in reasonable formation (Briggs recorded in his diary).

The squadron also acted as an unofficial Home Defence squadron. German raids on London passed over Orfordness on their way out and on their way back. Four months earlier a Zeppelin had been shot down by a station pilot. On the night of 19 October Briggs was part of a "reception committee" sent out to "welcome" some German visitors. Word was received that some Gotha bombers would soon pass overhead. Briggs took off in a B.E.12a and climbed to 15,000 feet, the height at which he thought the bombers would cross the North Sea. It was pitch black, and cold and miserable after cruising around for an hour or so, Briggs was starting to believe that the Gotha report was a "furphy". Then, for a fleeting second, he saw a flicker of flame, like a "will o' the wisp", then all was black again. After what seemed like an eternity he saw it again "obviously a tiny flame from an exhaust pipe .. about half a mile in front of me and slightly below". When he got closer he saw its (the flame's) twin and knew for certain he was behind a Gotha. Now, however, the tiny exhaust flames were becoming fainter. The Gotha was faster than Briggs' plane, he had only gained on it while diving from a higher altitude. Briggs fired a long burst, hoping the range was not as great as it looked, but the Gotha proceeded out of sight. The next morning the flight sergeant said "It certainly wasn't your fault that Hun got away!"  and showed Briggs the throttle lever that he had bent trying to get more revs out of the engine.

Another function of the Orfordness station was "proofing" every batch of bombs for delivery overseas. From every batch of 250 bombs, four were tested on a concrete target on the beach. If one failed to explode the whole batch was scrapped. On 5 November Briggs recorded an event involving Lawrence Wackett. Wackett had been up proofing some 112-pounders. He heard three detonations, but not the fourth, and assumed this was a dud. The fourth bomb was still partially attached to the bomb-carrying rack. It detached when the aircraft received a bump as Wackett was about to land. The machine went up on its nose, then over on its back. A startled Wackett climbed out of the wreckage. Two weeks later (on 18 November) Briggs had his own scare while proofing. He dropped a 360-pound bomb on the target from about 60 feet height. Two things then happened. The blast under the tail put the plane into an almost vertical dive position, and there was a loud "wham" from the aircraft. A piece of bomb casing had torn a fist-sized hole through the aircraft. As Briggs put it "six inches in the wrong direction and I would have had difficulty in sitting down for some long time". He resolved to drop bombs from a minimum height of 2,000 feet.

Wiltshire
The Air Ministry came up with a scheme to pass on the knowledge gained at Orfordness to other pilots. A squadron titled "No. 1 School of Aerial Navigation and Bomb Dropping" was to be set up at Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain. On 5 December Briggs, a corporal and six men were the first to arrive to set up the school. They were quartered for the time being at an infantry camp nearby. At this stage it was an aerodrome in name only, there were "no hangars, no nothing. At some time or other somebody has set up a bloody big heap of massive stones likely to prove obstructions on the edge of the drome". Four days later some Bessonneau hangars arrived for Briggs' team to erect. Another four days later (13 December) not one hangar was erected. Each morning they found the fierce winds of the plain had scattered the hangar they had erected the previous day across the aerodrome. On 17 December the remaining personnel for the school arrived and hangars started going up "like the price of wine". Briggs was delighted that George Powell, Sammy Weller and Dit Montmorency turned up to be fellow instructors.

Close to the aerodrome at Stonehenge there was an Observation balloon School. On 23 January 1918 Briggs sent out a student pilot, Turner, to fly a triangular compass course at a height of 4,000 feet. The Observation Balloon School had a balloon up at 7,000 feet. Turner was so intent on his compass that he did not notice the cable tethering the balloon. The cable cut deeply into his right hand wing. The impact was such that the aircraft turned "on to its back" and started to slide down the cable, spinning rapidly around the cable. This continued till the machine was only five or six hundred feet off the ground. At this point the spinning motion flung the machine off the cable, and the machine was at the same time thrown right side up. It went into a glide and landed with no further damage on a piece of cleared ground. When some nearby artillery men ran over they found Turner still in his seat, but unconscious. When he recovered he stated that he had blacked out after the first three spins.

The men from the balloon school spent much of their spare time at the aerodrome, scrounging joy rides. Briggs and company tried to "cure them by doing everything we knew in the air". This just increased the "balloonatics" appreciation, leading to invitations to visit their mess and to ascend in a balloon. One day (29 March), after repeated invitations, some forenoon drinking and a good lunch, George Powell and Briggs were persuaded to step into the basket of a balloon to get a "still air" view of the country. The balloon ascended to about 4,000 feet and Briggs found it novel to be at that height and not be deafened by the roar of an engine. Their enjoyment ended abruptly when their host said "What about a jump?". Before they could demur they each had a parachute harness buckled on and were receiving unheeded advice. On asking what would happen if something went wrong, Briggs was told he told he could take the parachute back to the Equipment Officer and get another one. To prevent the grin of his host from getting any wider Briggs closed his eyes and flopped off the basket. A sharp jerk caused him to open his eyes, and he was astonished to see the basket just 150 feet above him. After letting rip at his tormentor with some "pure bullocky Australian" language, Briggs found he was enjoying the most wonderful sensation he had ever known. He was so intrigued at the stillness that he held his watch to his ear, and heard it ticking away merrily. After a rather heavy landing Briggs vowed, with George Powell, not to go within miles of a kite balloon outfit for a very long time.

Royal Air Force

Wiltshire

Briggs was flying with his observer, Lieut. Peterkin, a Canadian, on 2 May when there was a bang. The rear cylinder head separated from the engine and the part with the spark plug went straight through the side of the petrol tank, igniting it. Fortunately Briggs, who was looking over the side of the "bus" at the time, saw the explosion out of the corner of his eye. He automatically switched off and put the aircraft into a vertical sideslip. The sideslip fanned the flames away from the fuselage and in less than a minute the flames were extinguished. After one more minute they landed safe, but badly scared, on an artillery parade ground.

Briggs made repeated attempts to get posted to a service squadron, but the result was always negative. On 18 July he planned to go before a medical board to complain that Britain's cold and wet weather was aggravating his malaria, and suggest that he be posted to a warm climate such as Palestine. On 3 August he went before a medical board, with which he was honest about his application. On 19 August he received orders to report to Cairo, Egypt, where he would receive instructions regarding which squadron on the Palestine front he was being posted to.

Egypt

Briggs spent his 21st birthday (on 18 September) at Helouan in Egypt. His instructions had been to report to General Borton commanding the R.A.F. in the Middle East. In this interview Briggs received a rude shock. The Air Ministry had advised the general to use Briggs' talents in a new school, No. 3 School of Aerial Navigation and Bomb Dropping at Helouan, similar to the one at Stonehenge, that had been set up just before Briggs' arrival in Egypt. All protests were cut short, but the general conceded that he would only keep Briggs at the school for six months. After that he would be posted to whatever service squadron he elected.

Helouan was a pleasant spot. Before the war it was a popular tourist resort, its main attraction being the sulphur baths. There was also a former hotel in which enemy aliens were interned. Briggs visited the building several times, playing games of bridge with cultured and charming Germans and Austrians. He pitied the way the internees of both sides were incarcerated, ruined and humiliated.

General Borton must have remembered Briggs because in November, immediately after the Armistice, Briggs was ordered to return to England, to the great envy of those left behind. He lost no time in obeying this order, but between Cairo and Alexandria he developed Spanish flu. In six hours he became delirious and unconscious, and was taken off the train and into hospital by stretcher. For four days he remained in that state. When he came to he had one thought, to join the ship he was due to sail in, which was to leave in two days' time. He was due to stay in hospital for another two weeks, followed by a week in a convalescent camp. On the day he managed to evade the hospital authorities and get aboard without interference. Back in England at the end of January 1919 Briggs conceded he had been foolish not to accept the medical advice, he was still unwell at that time, many weeks after leaving Egypt.

Hampshire (Andover)

On arrival in London Briggs reported to the Air Ministry who posted him to "No. 2 School of Aerial Navigation and Bomb Dropping", which was formed at Andover, Hampshire, just before Briggs left for Egypt. At Andover, regarding this posting, Briggs wrote on 30 January 1919 "I feel too ill and weak even to laugh". Because of the Armistice, Andover was effectively a school in name only, a place where people marked time and waited to see what would happen next. It was a perfect place for Briggs to continue his recuperation.

Middlesex

On 14 March Briggs wrote that he received instructions to report to the Demonstration Squadron at Hounslow. The squadron had just been formed "for what precise reason I don't think anybody quite knows". It was equipped with all sorts of machines imaginable. There was little organised flying. "If a couple of us feel like going up, say one in a Sopwith Snipe and the other in a Fokker D7, we just order the machines out and after taking to the air, scrap around the sky until fed up. We then land and adjourn for another gin and two."

On 3 April Briggs wrote "I was instructed to proceed to Hendon last Thursday afternoon in an Avro to give Mr. Winston Churchill a flying lesson. I duly arrived on time at that point and so did Winston Churchill. He took two looks at me, and one at a cloud overhead that started to sprinkle gentle spots of rain, then turned on his heel, re-entered his car, and drove off. I gather that he considered the weather unsuitable or that he didn't like my face."

Three weeks later, on 18 April, Briggs had one of the greatest thrills he had ever had. Major Barker V.C., who visited the squadron a couple of times, took Briggs on in mock combat. Though suffering the disability of a wound in one arm, he won Briggs' respect as a great pilot. Briggs got in a position to put in a very short burst, but believed this was because Barker let him.

Surrey

On 26 April Briggs was at Kenley. He had been ordered there to join the newly formed Communication Squadron (part of 86 Wing), who were to act as couriers between London and Paris, carrying delegates and dispatches to the Paris Peace Conference. On 2 May Briggs flew the King's Messenger Captain Blood to London with the final draft of the Peace Treaty for ratification by King George V, then flew Blood and the treaty back to Paris that evening. They flew by moonlight over a fog which extended from ten miles inland from the English coast to about twenty miles inland from the French coast.

On 12 May Briggs was proud to have Australia's Prime Minister, William Morris Hughes, as his passenger for the first time. They flew from Buc, Paris, for London with Hughes' private secretary Percy Deane and important dispatches. The weather was beautiful when they took off. About 50 miles from the French coast they ran into low clouds. They flew above them, but about 30 miles further on Briggs realised it was fog, not cloud. Briggs decided to descend through the fog to find an aerodrome where he could phone for a weather report before crossing the Channel. He expected about 200 feet clearance between the fog and the ground, but there was less than fifty feet. Briggs had to make a tight vertical turn to avoid some poplar trees, which they missed by inches. They landed in a field and two or three soldiers ran towards them. They were clearly Australians and Briggs asked them where exactly they were. "Beside No 11 Australian Hospital, Abbeville" came the reply. Quick as a flash Hughes said "I can see you recognise me, boys. Take me along to your C.O. I have come especially to visit the hospital". While Hughes toured the hospital, Briggs got on the phone and learned that the fog extended right across the Channel and over half of England. This put paid to any ideas of reaching London and Briggs decided to sneak along below the fog to an aerodrome near the coast. He collected Hughes and Deane and after half an hour of hedge-hopping and tree-dodging they landed at Maisoncelle aerodrome.

Maisoncelle was occupied by No. 110 Squadron RAF, equipped with DH9a's. They were running an air mail service from Maisoncelle to the Army of Occupation in Germany. A fresh weather report showed the fog had worsened and they decided to spend the night there. The CO (H.R. Nicholls) apologised to Hughes that the only bed he could offer was just a wooden frame with wire netting stretched across it to form a mattress. At breakfast next morning Hughes reported that, though he suffered from insomnia and had had no real sleep for weeks, he had slept like a top. He ascribed this to the flying, not the bed. Unfortunately the fog was denser than the day before. It was decided that Hughes and Deane would be motored to Boulogne from where they could get a steamer to cross the Channel. Briggs would attempt to fly to Marquise aerodrome near Boulogne. On arrival at Boulogne Hughes would phone Marquise to see if Briggs had arrived. If so Hughes would travel to Marquise, as Briggs was confident he could reach London if he could get through to Marquise.

The CO at Marquise, Sidney "Crasher" Smith, was astonished to see Briggs, as he did not think any aircraft could be flying that day. Hughes learnt that Briggs had arrived at Marquise, and promptly came to the aerodrome. Hughes and Briggs were both in for a shock as "Crasher" was adamant that he would not permit the flight. Eventually he persuaded Hughes to continue by boat. He omitted to notify London and Paris of this decision. As a result, there were fears that Hughes, Deane and Briggs had perished in the Channel. A steamer came across the wreckage of a plane in the Channel. A wheel removed from the wreck identified it as a DH4, the type of machine Briggs was flying. Briggs' flight was the only one likely to be crossing the Channel that day, so it was concluded the wrecked machine was Briggs'. After Hughes arrived in London the fears for his safety were dispelled, only to be replaced by conjecture as to the occupants of the mystery machine. After much enquiry it transpired that Jefferson, an RAF pilot, had been sent to the Netherlands to pick up Henrickson, the Dutch food controller, and fly him to London. They had crashed and drowned in the fog over the Channel.

At Buc on 27 May the RAF were guests at the French Flying Corps mess. Briggs wrote "They are excellent hosts, and one of the best was Georges Carpentier, the world's light and heavyweight boxing champion. I am one of the very few who can claim victory over this redoubtable one. I laid him low last night". A cockfighting contest was held in the mess. The RAF Wing Commander, Colonel Harold Primrose, with Briggs as jockey staggered to the finals to be matched against Carpentier who was mounted on the hefty adjutant of the French outfit. After a great and lengthy bout Carpentier's mount tripped on the mat and the RAF team were declared the winners.

On the afternoon of Saturday 28 June, Briggs and three companions from the Communication Squadron were flying above the Palace of Versailles waiting for "zero hour". As 3pm approached they got into "line ahead" formation and, precisely on the hour, dived down and flashed past the windows of the Hall of Mirrors. The roar of the engines, as the planes thundered past a few feet away, drowned out the first few sentences of Clemenceau's opening speech. That evening the Communication Squadron flew news copy and photos over to England for the London press.

On the morning of 14 September the weather in France was atrocious. The wind was hurricane force, clouds were almost down to ground level, visibility was about a hundred yards and there was heavy driving rain. Briggs was anticipating a day in Paris with his colleagues, and was just about to leave when he was called in to see the CO, Major McCrindle. Briggs was told that it was imperative that Major-General Seely reach London that day, "if humanly possible". Would Briggs "have a go at it"? From Paris to Boulogne they flew no higher than fifty feet and were thrown about like a leaf. When they reached the coast they found the clouds were right down to the water. Briggs was tempted to land at Marquise aerodrome but, knowing the urgency of his passenger's mission, decided to try climbing above the cloud which was unbroken for 8,000 feet. The Channel and the English coast were invisible. Near Redhill Briggs found a break in the clouds, and wriggled across the Hog's Back into Kenley. On arrival he was asked if he had flown through the railway tunnel that runs through the Hog's Back. Briggs wrote that "I may have for all I know, because I was practically flying blind half-in and half-out of the clouds with the undercarriage wheels scraping the trees and house tops".

Briggs was looking forward to partying in London when an orderly informed him that Colonel Primrose wished to see him. The Wing Commander told Briggs that there were urgent dispatches for Paris, and that, as Briggs had just done the reverse journey, he was the pilot most likely to get through. The return trip to Paris was worse, "a condition of affairs I didn't think possible". The average wind speed was over 70 m.p.h. gusting to more than 100 m.p.h. and there were vertical gusts. Neither coast nor the Channel were visible and the landing was in the dark by the aid of flares which the rain almost extinguished.

Hampshire (Winchester)

From October to December Briggs was at the RAF Repatriation Camp at Flowerdown, Winchester, which was commanded by Squadron Leader D.C.G. Sharp.

Inter-War years

On 26 February 1920 Briggs was back in Adelaide, considering his future. Billy Hughes had invited Briggs to return to Australia with a view to joining the Australian Flying Corps, but as Briggs wrote "everything concerning our Air Force is most unsettled". Commercial aviation seemed to Briggs the better option, but at this time commercial aviation was little more than a range of possibilities.

In March Briggs was in Melbourne. Two or three small companies and a few individuals there were offering joy-rides, but in Briggs' view the local outlook was not promising. While joy-riding kept the public "air-minded" it risked alienating the public because fares were very high even for short flights. "Something's got to be done to get civvy flying on its feet. But what is that something?... Wish I knew how !" Briggs wrote.

In May Briggs was back in Adelaide, still wondering and waiting. The position seemed very bleak to him.

On 26 June Briggs read in his newspaper about C. J. De Garis who was visiting Adelaide on business. The paper stated that he intended to use a plane to save time, as he had to travel between centres hundreds of miles apart. Briggs called on de Garis at the Grand Central Hotel. Within a few minutes of them meeting, de Garis told Briggs he was just the chap he was looking for. Mr de Garis promised to advise Briggs whether the job was his soon after he arrived in Melbourne. He left for Melbourne by train that afternoon. Two days later Briggs heard that the job was his, and was on the train to Melbourne the same day. Mr de Garis had already bought a machine, a Boulton and Paul 90 h.p. RAF V8, and Briggs felt his first task was to persuade Mr de Garis to replace this with a DH4. In test flights at Glenroy on 3 July Briggs viewed the Boulton and Paul as "a nice little machine with a fair turn of speed", but not rugged enough for the work ahead.

On 6 July Briggs made his first trip to Sydney, with de Garis as passenger. They flew from Mildura (de Garis' base) and reached Goulburn at dusk. Briggs had promised de Garis that he would be in Sydney that night so they pressed on for the aerodrome at Mascot, which would have flares out for a night landing. When they reached Picton Briggs saw what looked like a jewelled shawl ahead – Sydney. The relief of sighting Sydney was soon followed by the anxiety of not locating Mascot aerodrome. The staff at the aerodrome must have headed home for belated dinners, thinking that Briggs was not coming. Briggs had no knowledge of Sydney, they had half an hour's fuel left, it was dark and they were in a machine not fitted for night flying. Briggs had not seen an instrument for the last hour and a half, he was flying entirely by horizon, formed by lights on the ground. A plan started to develop in his mind to land in the water near one of the lighted jetties. Suddenly he spotted what appeared to be an open field with a pool of water in the middle of it. The water reflected the lights from an elevated railway station nearby. He throttled back and manoeuvred to land on one side. The reflection of the lights in the water helped reveal the ground level. Two or three blurred objects flitted past the undercarriage, then they were down, with a slight bump. A man with a lantern came running over. "Where are we?" de Garis asked. "Canterbury Racecourse" was the answer. The next day Briggs, with de Garis, flew the aircraft to Mascot.

Two days later Briggs and de Garis left Sydney for Melbourne, hoping to be the first to make this journey in one day. They succeeded, in a flying time of 6 hours 30 minutes, with one stop at Cootamundra to refuel. As they approached Glenroy one of the engine cylinders blew off and they had to land in a field about two miles from the aerodrome. A rock outcrop concealed by the long grass caught the centre of the axle and the aircraft gently turned over. There was only slight damage to the aircraft. Rather than be delayed by the necessary repairs, de Garis (on 12 July) bought a Sopwith Gnu (from the Larkin-Sopwith Aviation Company), so that they could continue flying on 17 July. The crashed plane was sold back (where it lay) to Aviation Ltd, from whom it had been bought.

On 9 August de Garis received a telegram from Admiral Halsey asking him if he would meet the train from Perth at Port Augusta with his aeroplane and pilot, and fly the mail for the Prince of Wales to Sydney. The Prince of Wales was to leave Australia on  from Sydney a couple of days before mail from England to Sydney was due to arrive. Briggs told de Garis that the limited time available made this too great a task for their "little bus" (the Sopwith Gnu) and suggested they ask the Prime Minister (Billy Hughes) for the loan of a DH9a machine from the Defence Department.

The Prime Minister was very receptive and passed Briggs on to Secretary Malcolm Shepherd. Shepherd passed Briggs on to Dicky Williams, the Commanding Officer of the Air Force. Briggs was told that his request was being granted, that the Commanding Officer would be Briggs' escort, and that another Air Force officer and machine would be sent to Mildura to act as a stand-by machine. The following day, when Briggs arrived at Point Cook, he was told his escort had left for Adelaide the previous day. Briggs asked for a mechanic to accompany him, but because Briggs was a civilian the request was refused. As mechanic Briggs took along a garage motor mechanic, Albert Smyth, whom he "recruited" at the last minute.

Published works

Joysticks and Fiddlesticks: (the Unofficial History of a Flying Kangaroo) Or, The Flying Kangaroo; Foreword by Edgar Johnston (1938)

Unpublished works
Albums of press clippings, letters and memorabilia; photocopies held by National Library of Australia
An Interview with Francis Stewart Briggs

Images
 Group portrait of instructors and part of the first group of 200 Australian cadets from the 1st AIF to attend a School of Aeronautics training course after they had volunteered to train as pilots for the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) (1917)
 Briggs in front of his DH4 (1921)
 First aircraft to land at Alice Springs (1921)
 First Commercial Air Flight into Sydney 25th Anniversary Dinner (1949)

Memorials
Alice Springs Airport's "Briggs Street"
Melbourne Airport's "Francis Briggs Road"

See also
Military history of Australia during World War I
No 1 School of Military Aeronautics – mentions No 2 School of Military Aeronautics
Oswald Watt Gold Medal
RAF Digby – mentions Sidney "Crasher" Smith

References

Notes

Further reading
 Brown, Warren (2012), "Francis Birtles", Hachette Australia.
 Bryson, Bill (2000), "Down Under", Doubleday.
 Hanson, Neil (2008), "First Blitz", Doubleday.
 Hernan, Brian Hugh (2007), "Forgotten flyer : the story of Charles William Snook and other pioneer aviators in Western Australia", Tangee.

External links
  airhistory.org.uk
  airhistory.org.uk RFC People Index
  Trove at National Library of Australia

Australian aviators
Australian military personnel of World War I
20th-century Australian non-fiction writers
Australian people of English descent
Australian World War I pilots
Aviation pioneers
Military personnel from Kolkata
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
Royal Flying Corps officers
1897 births
1966 deaths


title: Rwandan Second Division

text:
Championnat National de 2ème Division (or Rwandan Second Division) is the second division of Rwandan football (soccer), and it is organized by the Rwandese Association Football Federation.

Teams 2018
Pepiniere FC
Rwamagana City
Sorwathe FC
Unity SC
Etoile de l'est
Vision FC
Gasabo FC
Aspor FC
Esperance SK
Gitikinyoni
Akagera FC
Nyagatare FC
Intare FC
SEC Academy
Interforce FC
AS Muhanga
Vision JN
La Jeunesse
United Stars
UNR FC
Heroes FC
Hope FC
Rugende FC

References

External links

2
Second level football leagues in Africa


title: Obrium glabrum

text:
Obrium glabrum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Knull in 1937.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1937


title: Laws of Illinois

text:
The Laws of the State of Illinois are the official publication of the session laws of the Illinois General Assembly.

History
Originally, the Illinois General Assembly met every two years, although special sessions were sometimes held, and the laws passed during a session were printed within a year of each session. Early volumes of Illinois laws contained public and private laws, as well as the auditors and treasurer's report for that biennium. Later, especially during and after the Civil War, public and private laws were printed in separate volumes.

See also
 Illinois Compiled Statutes
 Law of Illinois
 United States Statutes at Large

References

External links
 Public Acts of the Illinois General Assembly
 Laws of Illinois from Western Illinois University

Illinois law


title: Obrium latecinctum

text:
Obrium latecinctum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Joly in 2010.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 2010


title: H. Shelton Smith

text:
H. Shelton Smith (1893–1987) was a scholar of Christianity and professor at Duke Divinity School in Durham, North Carolina.

Education and Career
H. Shelton Smith received his B.A. from Elon College (now Elon University), was ordained as a minister by the United Church of Christ, and served in 1918–1919 as first lieutenant and chaplain with the American Expeditionary Force in France.  He received his graduate training at Yale University and went on to serve as Associate Professor of Religious Education at Teachers College, Columbia University and Associate Professor of Religious Education at Yale University. Three years later, he was named Professor of Religious Education at Duke Divinity School, where he served from 1931 to 1963. In 1953 he was named James B. Duke Professor at Duke Divinity School.  Smith was known as a critic of liberal Christian trends that engaged in "a little deification of humanity."  He was also known for his advocacy for civil rights for African-Americans.

Smith was the founder of the North Carolina Council of Churches. Upon returning to the South in 1931, he initiated conversations with other religious leaders about   his vision of an "interdenominational agency to deal with problems of social justice, racial relations . . . or problems that confront the churches." In 1935 he convened about 40 religious leaders from 13 denominations for what became the founding meeting of the North Carolina Council of Churches. He served as its first president and unpaid executive secretary. But his main ongoing contribution was through supportive relationships with the Council's leaders. In 1953, he was one of the three initial recipients, along with Bishop Penick and Moravian Bishop J. Kenneth Pfohl, of the Council's Distinguished Service Award.

Publications

His published books include

 Smith, H. Shelton. (1941). Faith and Nurture. New York: Charles Scribner%27s Sons.
 Smith, H. Shelton. (1955). Changing conceptions of original sin: A study in American theology since 1750. New York: Charles Scribner%27s Sons.
 Smith, H. Shelton, Handy, Robert L., & Loetscher, Lefferts A. (Eds.). (1960–63).
 American Christianity (Vols. 1-6). New York: Charles Charles Scribner%27s Sons.
 Smith, H. Shelton. (1965). Horace Bushnell. New York: Oxford University Press.
 Smith, H. Shelton. (1972). In His image, but...racism in southern religion, 1780–1910. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.

Books and articles about H. Shelton Smith include

 Cully, Kendig Brubaker. (1959). Two decades of thinking concerning Christian nurture. Religious Education, 54, 481-489.
 Henry, Stuart C. (1963). A miscellany of American Christianity: Essays in honor of H. Shelton Smith. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
 Kinoshita, Carol Krichi. (1965). Two theologies of evangelism and nurture: A study of the function of the church in the thought of Horace Bushnell and H. Shelton Smith. Unpublished master's thesis, Golden Gate Baptist Theological School.
 Steward, David S. (1968). Patterns of conversion: An interpretation of the recent work of Christian education theorists. Religious Education, 63, 259-269.
 Miller, Randolph Crump. (1982). Religious education and theology. Birmingham, Ala.: Religious Education Press.
 Thistlethwaite, Susan Brooks. (1982). H. Shelton Smith: Critic of the theological perspective of progressive religious education, 1934–1950. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Duke Divinity School.
 Zikmund, Barbara Brown. (1990). H. Shelton Smith: Contagious Christian. Christian Century, 107F7-14, 151-152.

References

United Church of Christ
Elon University alumni
Yale University alumni
Duke Divinity School faculty
Presidents of the American Society of Church History
1893 births
1987 deaths


title: Obrium maculatum

text:
Obrium maculatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Olivier in 1795.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1795


title: Harriet Russell Hart

text:
Harriet Russell Hart (1878-1958) was an American politician who served on the Lynn, Massachusetts School Committee and the Massachusetts House of Representatives. She was the third woman elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives.

Early life
Hart was born on February 1, 1878, in Lynn to Robinson Y. and Frances A. (Rowell) Russell. He grandfather, Joseph Mason Rowell, was a member of Lynn's first city council. She attended Lynn public schools and graduated from Lynn Classical High School. When her father moved to Saugus, Massachusetts, she went with him. At the age of 20 she married Fred V. Hart.

Political career
In 1920, Hart was elected to the Lynn School Committee. In 1924 she was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives. She was the third woman elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 13th Essex District's first female representative, and Lynn's first female representative. During her tenure in the House, Hart's priorities were child welfare, public institutions, and education. She was defeated for reelection by C. F. Nelson Pratt. Hart was a delegate to the 1928 Republican National Convention. In 1934 she was an unsuccessful candidate in the 11th Essex District.

Personal life and death
Hart's husband was an executive with the United Shoe Machinery Corporation. They had three daughters and were members of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

Hart was involved with a number community organizations in Lynn and on the North Shore, including the North Shore Club, Woman's Republican Club, Presidents Club, and the local Red Cross chapter. She served as president of the Lynn Association for the Blind, the Women's Club of Lynn, and the Outlook Club of Lynn. Her hobbies included jelly making, music, and embroidery.

Hart died on October 15, 1958, at Saugus General Hospital. At the time of her death, Hart and her husband were residing in Marblehead, Massachusetts, where two of their daughters also lived.

See also
 1925–1926 Massachusetts legislature

Notes
1. The 13th Essex District sent three representatives to the Massachusetts House of Representatives during Hart's tenure. In 1925, Hart and Fred A. Hutchinson succeeded Vernon W. Evans and Ralph H. Burckes. The third member, Tony Garofano, was reelected.

References

1878 births
1958 deaths
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Politicians from Lynn, Massachusetts
People from Marblehead, Massachusetts
People from Saugus, Massachusetts
School board members in Massachusetts
Women state legislators in Massachusetts


title: Christian Hohmann

text:
Christian Hohmann (born March 6, 1974, in Walsrode) is an art dealer and art gallerist.

Early life and education

Hohmann was born in Walsrode, Germany. Two years after his birth, in 1976, his parents Werner and Ursula opened their first art gallery.

In 1993, Hohmann started studying art history at the University of Trier in Trier, Germany.

Career

In 1993, Hohmann opened his first fine art print publishing business, in Walsrode, Germany, which was centered around a print by European artist Rudolf Hausner called The Butterfly Woman. In November 1995, he opened his first gallery, Galerie Hohmann. Hohmann staged exhibition of Rudolf Hausner’s work upon the occasion of the first anniversary of his death in 1996. In 1996, he organized four shows, including a display of the work of Herwig Zens  and an Eberhard Eggers show called Curious About People. It also featured a show by artist Andora, a gentleman known for painting on money.<ref>Hab schon 150 000 Dollar bemalt, (Hamburg Kultur), September 12, 1996</ref> Lastly Hohmann displayed fine prints and sculptures by  Jörg Immendorff.

Hohmann presented a show of the work of Egyptian artist Mohamed Abla in 1997. That year's other shows included Straight Lines Are Ungodly: Gerarde Linien sind Gottlos;  a look at Richard Lindner’s brand of pop art; and Lois Wagner's The Color of Wood and the Power of Imagination.In 1998, Hohmann arranged a show centered around New Realism in the 1920s, including work by Christian Schad wherein objects on a silver plate were lit transferring an impression onto the paper below them. In 1998, together with  art dealer Thomas Levy, he  opened Galerie Levy Hohmann.Alte Augenlust im neuen Doppelpack, (Die Welt), October 31, 1998 Shows included the portraits of painter Heinz Rabbow in Cross Currents. In 1999 the Marc Chagall show Worry Not, Levitate was mounted at this gallery.Sorge dich, (Hamburger Morgenpost), February 9, 1999 That year, Hoffman also produced the Leather, Latex, Blooms and Staged Celebrities show and  participated in the Photo Triennale. The year ended with a Francis Bacon exhibition titled Love is the Devil.

In 2000, Hohmann was profiled in the Millennium Hamburg and was recognized for dealing with prominent 20th century artists, including Christian Schad, Francis Bacon and Jörg Immendorff. That year, he   staged a show called Joan Miró: When Worthless Things Turn Into Magic which featured paintings, fine prints and sculptures by the artist and the gallerist's first serious, published adjunctive catalog.Ratenkäufe und Pop-Art, (Hamburger Morgenpost), November 13, 2000
From 2001 to 2002 he opened a project space, the Kunstraum Linienstrasse in conjunction with Levy Hohmann in Berlin, Mitte. That period's show highlights were an Eberhardt Hückstädt exhibition called Erotic on Historic Ground as well as Intoxicated by Painting'' – featuring Rudolph Hauser's daughter Xenia Hausner’s work. In 2002, he closed both the Hamburg and Berlin galleries, and moved to the United States.

In 2002, Hohmann joined Eva Hart as director of her new gallery in Palm Desert, CA. and organized exhibitions from a number of artists, including Joan Miró, Chagall, and Gabriele Münter, as well ascontemporary artists Paul Wunderlich, Eberhard Hückstädt and Karin Voelker through 2009.

In 2009, with the retirement of Eva Hart and the closing of the Hart Gallery, Hohmann opened the gallery Christian Hohmann Fine Art nearby. In 2011 the gallery was expanded, incorporating the adjacent building.

In 2012, Hohmann presented a show of the work of Armin Mueller-Stahl. In 2012 he exhibited fine prints by Marc Chagall (catalog) and in 2014 fine print and originals by Joan Miró (catalog). He represents the estates of David Schneuer (1905-1988) and Robert Freimark (1922-2010).

According to the gallery web site, Hohmann has published more than 40 catalogs and participated in the following art fairs: Scope (2004), Los Angeles Art Show (2010,2011, 2012), Red Dot Miami (2013), Silicon Valley Art Fair (2015), Palm Springs Fine Art Fair (2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016).

In 2014 the  gallery logo and name was changed from “Christian Hohmann Fine Art” to “HOHMANN®”

References

German art dealers
People from Heidekreis


title: Obrium mozinnae

text:
Obrium mozinnae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Linell in 1897.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1897


title: Obrium multifarium

text:
Obrium multifarium is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Carlos Berg in 1889.

References

Obriini
Beetles described in 1889