title: Richard Dalton (librarian)

text:
Richard Dalton (c. 1715 - 1791) was an English draughtsman, engraver, and royal librarian. He later became an art dealer.

Life
Born about 1715, he was the younger son of the Rev. John Dalton of Whitehaven in Cumberland; John Dalton, D.D., the poet, was his elder brother. He trained as an artist, and went to Rome to pursue his studies.

In 1749 Dalton travelled with Roger Kynaston and John Frederick to Naples, South Italy, and Sicily, where they joined a party consisting of James Caulfeild, 1st Earl of Charlemont, Francis Pierpoint Burton, and others. Dalton then accompanied Charlemont on his tour to Constantinople, Greece, and Egypt.

Dalton managed to obtain the position of librarian to George III when the future king was Prince of Wales, and, after the king's accession, continued in his post through the favour of the Earl of Bute. He was subsequently appointed keeper of the pictures, and antiquarian to his majesty.

Dalton was sent abroad to purchase works of art for the king, such as Carracci's The Madonna and Sleeping Child with the Infant St John the Baptist, acquired in 1766. At Venice in 1763 he made the acquaintance of Francesco Bartolozzi the engraver, and obtained for him an introduction to England as a rival to Sir Robert Strange, a Jacobite (who accused Dalton of using undue influence with the king, in order to assist Bartolozzi). Dalton was one of the original committee who in 1755 drew up the first project for the establishment of a Royal Academy of Fine Arts in England. He was one of the original members of the Incorporated Society of Artists in 1765, and became their treasurer. He purchased a large house in Pall Mall, to be used as a print warehouse; but as this did not succeed he established there the first nucleus of an academy of arts, under the protection of the king, and induced the St. Martin's Lane Academy to transfer its students and equipment there. Dalton later disposed of the premises to James Christie, who set up as an auctioneer there.

Dalton continued to use his influence with the king for the creation of a Royal Academy of Arts, and, when the Royal Academy was really started, he was elected its antiquarian. Dalton died at his rooms in St. James's Palace on 7 February 1791. He was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1767.

Works

Dalton was the first Englishman to make drawings of the monuments of ancient art in these countries: some of these he etched and engraved himself. A Selection from the Antiquities of Athens was therefore the first publication of its kind, but it was surpassed by the publications of James Stuart and Nicholas Revett. Dalton published some further sets of engravings of Monuments, Manners, Customs in Turkey and Egypt. Dalton was also the first artist to engrave the series of portraits drawn by Hans Holbein, which had been discovered by Queen Caroline at Kensington Palace.

Family
Dalton married, on 25 June 1764, Esther, daughter of Abraham Deheulle, a silkweaver of Spitalfields, but left no legitimate issue.

Notes

Attribution

1715 births
1791 deaths
English librarians
English engravers
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London


title: Ekta Manch

text:
The Ekta Manch ('Unity Platform') is a political alliance in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The alliance was announced in April 2014, ahead of the 2014 Indian general election. At the time it consisted of the Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party, the Quami Ekta Dal, the Janvadi Party and the Jan Adhikar Manch. The SBSP leader Om Prakash Rajbhar serves as convenor of the alliance.

References

Political parties in Uttar Pradesh
2014 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Political parties established in 2014


title: Austmannali Tunnel

text:
The Austmannali Tunnel () is a road tunnel in Ullensvang Municipality in Vestland county, Norway.  The  long tunnel is part of the European route E134 highway as it goes up the Austmannlia mountain.  The tunnel is located just south of the lake Valldalsvatnet, about  northeast of the village of Røldal.  The tunnel was built in 1982 to replace a steep section of the highway that was built in 1880 which had a road grade of 8.3% and included five sharp hairpin turns.  The new tunnel is wider than the old road and it is one large horseshoe curve with a steady increase in elevation through the whole tunnel.

On 20 November 2009, there was a large rock slide and about  of rock crushed the lower entrance area of the tunnel, completely blocking it.  The concrete structure supporting the entrance was completely destroyed.

References

Ullensvang
Road tunnels in Vestland


title: Fluorine azide

text:
Fluorine azide or triazadienyl fluoride is a yellow green gas composed of nitrogen and fluorine with formula . Its properties resemble those of , , and . The bond between the fluorine atom and the nitrogen is very weak, leading to this substance being very unstable and prone to explosion. Calculations show the F–N–N angle to be around 102° with a straight line of 3 nitrogen atoms.

The gas boils at –30° and melts at –139 °C.

It was first made by John F. Haller in 1942.

Reactions
Fluorine azide can be made by reacting hydrazoic acid or sodium azide, with fluorine gas.

Fluorine azide decomposes without explosion at normal temperatures to make dinitrogen difluoride:

.

At higher temperatures such as 1000 °C fluorine azide breaks up into nitrogen monofluoride radical:

The FN itself dimerizes on cooling.

Solid or liquid  explodes, releasing much heat. A thin film burns at the rate of 1.6 km/s. Because the explosion hazard is great only very small quantities of this substance should be handled at a time. A 0.02 g limit is recommended for experiments.

 adducts can be formed with the Lewis acids boron trifluoride () and arsenic pentafluoride () at -196 °C. These molecules bond with the Nα atom.

Properties

Spectroscopy

Shape
Distances between atoms are F–N 0.1444 nm, FN=NN 0.1253 nm and FNN=N 0.1132 nm.

Physical
 has a density of 1.3 g/cm3.

 adsorbs on to solid surfaces of potassium fluoride, but not onto lithium fluoride or sodium fluoride. This property was being investigated so that  could boost the energy of solid propellants.

The ultraviolet photoelectric spectrum shows ionisation peaks at 11.01, 13,72, 15.6, 15.9, 16.67, 18.2, and 19.7 eV. Respectively these are assigned to the orbitals: π, nN or nF, nF, πF, nN or σ, π and σ.

References

External links

Fluorine compounds
Azido compounds
Gases with color
Explosive gases
Explosive chemicals
Pseudohalogens


title: Xi Sigma Pi

text:
Xi Sigma Pi () is an international honor society for Forestry and related sciences. It was founded on November 24, 1908, "to secure and maintain a high standard of scholarship in forestry education, to work for the improvement of the forestry profession, and to promote a fraternal spirit among those engaged in activities related to the forest."  The mission has been expanded in recent years to award students of similar achievement in the natural resources related to the forested environment.

History
After its foundation on 24 November 1908 at the University of Washington, Xi Sigma Pi remained a local chapter until 1915, when discussion and a new constitution led to an opening for national expansion. The Beta chapter was founded at Michigan State in 1916, followed by the University of Maine in 1917, thus spanning the nation. Over 40 chapters have now been established.

The Society of Xi Sigma Pi was admitted to membership in the Association of College Honor Societies in 1965, temporarily dropped membership in the late 1990s, but was reinstated at the 2017 ACHS convention.

Government is by convention, held biennially in conjunction with the annual meetings of the Society of American Foresters. Each biennium, a chapter is designated the National Chapter, from which national officers of that biennium are chosen.  The current governing chapter is the Zeta chapter at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon.

The 1991 edition of Baird's Manual noted the Society had 24,000 initiates, 42 active chapters, and 1 inactive chapter.

Chapters

The Society has established 46 chapters since 1908, 34 of which remain active.

Membership requirements
Undergraduates eligible for election as active members of a chapter must have completed a minimum of 74 semester hours of scholastic work (or 110 quarter-system hours), be ranked in the upper 25 percent of their class, and have attained a scholastic average equivalent to "B" or higher letter grade. The student must have completed 10 of his or her semester hours (15 quarter-system hours) in forestry resources management classes. An individual's personality and character are scrutinized no less closely than his or her scholastic rank. He or she must have shown a creditable interest and activity in his or her curriculum, and give promise of attaining high professional achievement. Election to membership is dependent upon a composite rating rather than upon scholastic ability alone. The following list of character and personality traits should be read by the presiding officer before voting upon the candidates (as part of a frank discussion of merit):
Honesty
Friendliness
Morality
Dependability
Industry
Leadership
Willingness to cooperate

Provisions are made for graduate students and faculty to join, with the intent that chapters encourage all levels of membership.

Chapters may adopt more stringent requirements than the national guidelines.

Scholarships and charitable programs
The Society seeks to encourage the long-term health of the profession by contributing to the endowment fund of the Society of American Foresters.

To support scholarship, the Society established a national technical paper contest, with regional scholarship awards that recognize excellence in forestry academic achievement. Up to five regional winners are selected by participating chapters.

Publications
Society proceedings and announcements are issued through the Society of American Foresters, and/or on individual chapter websites. See List of Xi Sigma Pi Chapters.

Traditions
The badge of the Society is an oval key or pin, at the option of the local chapter (or individual member not connected with a chapter), on which key or pin are engraved a fir tree surmounting an inverted crescent. Surrounding the tree are the capital Greek letters Xi Sigma Pi, and beneath it an oval containing the Greek letters Pi Alpha (ΠΑ). The colors of the society are  Green and  Gray (Note that until 1992 they had been Green and Navy).

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
Xi Sigma Pi (ΞΣΠ) website: XiSigmaPi.org.  See Alpha chapter, or individual chapter websites.
Website of the Society of American Foresters

Honor societies
Forestry organizations
Student organizations established in 1908
1908 establishments in Washington (state)
Association of College Honor Societies


title: Regiones

text:
Regiones (singular: regio) or provinciae,(singular: provincia), also referred to by historians as small shires or early folk territories, were early territorial divisions of Anglo-Saxon England, referred to in sources such as Anglo-Saxon charters and the writings of Bede. They are likely to have originated in the years before 600, and most evidence for them occurs in sources from or about the 7th century.

Regiones were self-sufficient units of mixed subsistence agriculture consisting of scattered settlements producing the range of foodstuffs and other forms of produce necessary to support their population. They formed the defined territories of tribes or similar social groupings and were the building-blocks around which the larger Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were governed.

Regiones gradually fragmented in the later Anglo-Saxon period as land was granted into private or ecclesiastical ownership by charter, and the smaller manors that emerged were gradually re-organised for military purposes into hundreds and the larger shires that later evolved into counties. The patterns of obligation that characterised regiones were often retained between successor manors, however, and their traces can be seen in many of the sokes, thanages, liberties, baronies and other administrative and ecclesiastic divisions that characterised later medieval society.

Some historians have identified regiones with the concept of the Anglo-Saxon multiple estate. Others have argued that, while similarly organised, multiple estates represent a later stage of territorial organisation, after the concept of folkland or tribal occupation and obligation began to be replaced by that of bookland or documented private ownership.

Naming and areas
Primary historical sources refer to these areas exclusively in Latin as regiones or provinciae and it is not known what the equivalent contemporary Old English term would have been. Several different terms were used when original Latin texts were later translated, including -ge, which meant "district" and survived as the second element of the names of several regiones including Eastry and Ely; and meagth, which meant "kindred", suggesting the areas had tribal origins.

In areas of Jutish settlement - such as the Kingdom of Kent and the area around the Solent - regiones often took the name of a topographical element with the Old English suffix "-wara" meaning "-dwellers". Examples include the Wihtwara of the Isle of Wight, the Meonwara of the area around the River Meon in south Hampshire, the Limenwara around the River Rother (formerly known as the Limen) in Kent.

Similar units with names ending in "-ingas" meaning "people of..." can be found in areas of Saxon settlement. Examples in Wessex include the areas of the Readingas, Sunningas and Basingas around Reading, Sonning and Basingstoke. In the Kingdom of Essex examples have been identified including the Berecingas around Barking, the Haeferingas of modern Havering, the Uppingas of Epping and the Hrothingas that occupied the area of the modern Rodings.

Examples in areas of Anglian settlement include the Blithingas around Blythburgh in the Kingdom of East Anglia. Many of the smaller areas mentioned in the Tribal Hidage are likely to have been regiones.

Within the area of the Kingdom of Northumbria regiones were often named after their central place with the Old English suffix "-scīr" – for example Hallamshire or Hexhamshire – which has led historians to refer to them as "small shires" to distinguish them from the later shires that evolved into the historic counties of England.

Origins
Various explanations exist for how these territorial units may have formed in the 5th and 6th centuries.  The first elements in names ending in -ingas have often been interpreted as personal names, and the territories have often been seen as the areas settled by families or tribes led by those named individuals, or perhaps with them as their earliest known common ancestor. This view sees regiones as the areas of previously autonomous tribal groupings, that retained their identity when absorbed into larger kingdoms in the later 6th and 7th centuries, coming to pay tribute to a king rather than an earlier tribal chieftain.

Alternatively regiones may have formed from earlier units based around centres such as hillforts in the aftermath of the end of Roman rule in Britain, subsequently transferred to Anglo-Saxon rulers. Some regiones carry evidence of continuity with earlier Roman or pre-Roman subdivisions, including that of the Brahhingas, which was based around Braughing in modern Hertfordshire, the site of both an earlier Iron Age oppidum and a large Roman town. This would suggest that regiones succeeded the Roman subdivisions of civitates known as pagi.

Many small shires have been identified in the area of the south east of modern Scotland that was under Northumbrian control during the early medieval period, but many with identical features have also been identified north of the River Forth in areas that were never under Anglo-Saxon or Roman rule, suggesting that the territories may have even earlier Celtic origins.

Structure and role
Regiones were characterised by well-defined areas, generally of the order of  and often made up of 12 vills. They generally conformed to local topography, occupying a geographically coherent area such as a defined stretch of a river valley. They constituted self-contained and organised economic units of subsistence agriculture including a diverse range of scattered settlements practising a mix of arable and pastoral farming and sharing common grazing land.

Regiones were typically centred upon a royal vill. Anglo-Saxon England lacked the high volume trade in essential foodstuffs necessary to sustain a large royal household in a single location. Royal vills therefore formed a network of  halls and accommodation across a kingdom through which a royal household would tour in an itinerary, where each regio would provide food renders to support the royal household and from where the regio and the wider kingdom would be administered.

Where they are recorded in charters or by Bede the rulers of regiones are referred to as principes (princes), reguli (kings) or subreguli (sub-kings).

Later territorial continuity
The regio as a basic territorial unit gradually fragmented during the later Anglo Saxon period as the concept of tribal ownership and organisation declined and was replaced with the concept of private land-holding. The smaller manors that characterise the Domesday Book emerged from within regiones through the endowment of churches with land, the rewarding of officials and the division of a family's land among inheritors.

In Kent the areas of the regiones survived as the lathes into which the later county was subdivided. The rapes of Sussex, which similarly each included several hundreds, may also reflect the regiones that made up the earlier Kingdom.

Away from those areas traces of earlier regiones can be found where later groups of hundreds contributed to a single royal manor. In 1066 the 19 hundreds of Oxfordshire were annexed in this manner to 7 royal manors that included Headington, Kirtlington and Bensington. In Berkshire and north Hampshire the regio centres of Reading, Sonning and Basingstoke remained centres of distinctive groupings of hundreds throughout the Middle Ages, with the "Six hundreds of Basingstoke" and the "Seven hundreds of Cookham and Bray" referred to in medieval records closely resembling the earlier territories of the Basingas and Sunningas. The Surrey hundreds of Chertsey and Woking correspond to the earlier territory of the Woccingas.

The defined territories of regiones also formed the basis for later ecclesiastic geography. Conversion to christianity was frequently followed by the establishment of a minster for the tribe, with the boundaries of the tribe's territory frequently defining the minster parishes which the minsters served.

References

Bibliography

Former subdivisions of England


title: Adriano Goldschmied

text:
Adriano Goldschmied is an Italian fashion designer who focuses on denim jeans. He is known as "the Godfather of denim" and is the originator of "premium denim". The founder of Diesel, he also created Replay, Gap 1969, Agolde, Goldsign, and AG Adriano Goldschmied. Goldschmied is currently the owner of House of Gold, a creative textile company with the purpose of bringing innovative fabrics to the market.

Biography
Goldschmied was born in 1944 in Trieste to an Ashkenazi Jewish family,
whose assets were appropriated in 1942. Later, some of these assets were reconveyed to his family.

With initial dreams of becoming a competitive skier, he opened up a store in Cortina d'Ampezzo in 1970. This was a springboard for beginning his own denim company.

Since 1996, he has lived principally in Los Angeles and Milan.
His daughter, Marta Goldschmied, has launched her own denim line, MADE GOLD Denim.

The Indigo Move collection has 24 women's styles and 13 men's styles designed by Goldschmied in collaboration with Mavi. Available in all indigo shades, including ink, smoke, and black, the assortment introduces new silhouettes and fits for Mavi.

References

Living people
Fashion designers from Milan
Businesspeople from Trieste
20th-century Italian Jews
Jewish fashion designers
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: The Trafalgar School at Downton

text:
The Trafalgar School at Downton is a Coeducational secondary school in Downton in the south of the English county of Wiltshire.

The school began as a secondary modern in 1964. Previously a foundation school administered by Wiltshire Council, in April 2017 The Trafalgar School converted to academy status and is now sponsored by the Magna Learning Partnership.

References

External links

Secondary schools in Wiltshire
Academies in Wiltshire
International Baccalaureate schools in England
1964 establishments in England
Educational institutions established in 1964


title: Bretelli

text:
Bretelli is a restaurant in Weert in the Netherlands. It is a quality restaurant that is awarded one Michelin star in 2007 and retained that rating until present. In the period 2002-2006 the restaurant held a Bib Gourmand.

In 2013, GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 16 out of 20 points.

From the beginning, Jan Marrees has been the head chef of Bretelli. Since 2010, he is also the owner of the restaurant.

Although the name of the restaurant suggest an Italian connection, the restaurant is named after a set of braces or suspenders (bretels in Dutch).

See also
List of Michelin starred restaurants in the Netherlands

References

Restaurants in the Netherlands
Michelin Guide starred restaurants in the Netherlands
Restaurants in Limburg (Netherlands)
Buildings and structures in Weert


title: Meiyuanxiaoqu station

text:
Meiyuanxiaoqu Station (), is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2013. It is located in Wuchang District.

Station layout

Gallery

References

Wuhan Metro stations
Line 4, Wuhan Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 2013


title: Austin Aces

text:
The Austin Aces were a World TeamTennis (WTT) team in Austin, Texas, USA. The team was known as the Newport Beach Breakers from 2003 until the 2011 season and as the Orange County Breakers during 2012 and 2013, before moving to Texas for the 2014 and 2015 seasons.

On December 14, 2015, the Aces' owner Lorne Abony announced that the team had been unable to find a suitable permanent venue and would move back to Orange County, California for the 2016 season and be renamed the Orange County Breakers. The Aces officially reported their average home attendance in 2014, as 2,155. However, general manager Allen Hardison said that the real figure may have been closer to 1,300. In 2015, the average attendance was approximately 950, even though the first 1,000 fans at the gates for the Western Conference Championship Match who had an online code were admitted for free. Hardison was complimentary of the staffs at both Cedar Park Center and Gregory Gymnasium, and he also noted that the fans who supported the Aces were "some of the best in the league." Hardison said that in order for a WTT franchise to survive, it has to have a venue that meets established criteria for location, venue type and availability, and that ideally offers an outdoor setting. Although the team's new home court was not immediately announced, officials with a desirable venue in Orange County had reportedly reached out to the Aces to lure them back.

2015 squad
 Rick Leach, Head Coach
 Nicole Gibbs
 Alla Kudryavtseva
 Jarmere Jenkins
 Andy Roddick
 Teymuraz Gabashvili

2014 Squad
 John Lloyd, Head Coach
 Marion Bartoli
 Eva Hrdinová
 Treat Conrad Huey
 Andy Roddick
 Vera Zvonareva

2014 season

July 7 – @ San Diego Aviators – 7:00 PM (SD – Daniela Hantuchová, AUS – Andy Roddick)
July 8 – host Springfield Lasers – 7:30 PM – (AUS – Andy Roddick, Marion Bartoli)
July 9 – host San Diego Aviators – 7:30 PM (SD – Daniela Hantuchová, AUS – Andy Roddick, Marion Bartoli)
July 11 – host Washington Kastles – 7:30 PM (WAS – Martina Hingis, AUS – Andy Roddick, Marion Bartoli)
July 12 – host Philadelphia Freedoms – 7:30 PM (AUS – Andy Roddick, Marion Bartoli)
July 13 – @ Springfield Lasers – 7:00 PM (SPR – James Blake, AUS – Andy Roddick)
July 14 – host Boston Lobsters – 7:30 PM (AUS – Andy Roddick, Marion Bartoli)
July 15 – @ Boston Lobsters – 7:00 PM
July 17 – @ Texas Wild – 7:30 PM
July 18 – host Texas Wild – 7:30 PM (AUS Andy Roddick, Marion Bartoli)
July 19 – host San Diego Aviators – 1:00 PM (SD – Daniela Hantuchová, AUS – Andy Roddick, Marion Bartoli)
July 20 – @ Texas Wild – 7:30 PM
July 21 – @ Philadelphia Freedoms – 7:00 PM (AUS – Andy Roddick)
July 23 – @ San Diego Aviators – 7:00 PM (SD – Bob Bryan, Mike Bryan, Daniela Hantuchová)

See also

World TeamTennis
Orange County Breakers

References

External links
Official Team Website

Sports in Austin, Texas
Defunct World TeamTennis teams
Sports clubs and teams established in 2013
2013 establishments in Texas
Tennis in Texas
2015 disestablishments in Texas
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 2015


title: Liu Bin (Southern Han)

text:
Liu Bin () (920 – 15 April 943), né Liu Hongdu (劉弘度), possibly nicknamed Shou (壽), also known by his posthumous name as the Emperor Shang of Southern Han (南漢殤帝), was the second emperor of the Chinese Southern Han dynasty. He reigned only briefly, from 942 to 943, from the time of the death of his father Liu Yan (Emperor Gaozu) to the time he was assassinated in a coup headed by his brother Liu Hongxi (later known as Liu Sheng, Emperor Zhongzong).

Background
Liu Hongdu was born in 920, as the third son of Liu Yan, who was then already the emperor of Southern Han (as Emperor Gaozu)— and therefore, was likely born at Southern Han's capital Xingwang (興王, in modern Guangzhou, Guangdong).  His mother was Liu Yan's concubine Consort Zhao, who would later receive the title of Zhaoyi (昭儀).  (The biographies for her and for Liu Hongdu in the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms conflictingly state that she was favored by Liu Yan and that she was not favored by Liu Yan.)

The first historical reference to Liu Hongdu was in 932, when Liu Yan created his sons imperial princes—with Liu Hongdu receiving the title of Prince of Bin, which was shortly later changed to Prince of Qin.  As his older brothers Liu Yaoshu (劉耀樞) and Liu Guitu (劉龜圖)—both of whom also received princely titles in 932 and therefore were likely still alive then—died early, Liu Hongdu became the expectant heir as the oldest surviving son of Liu Yan.  By 934, Liu Hongdu was the commander of the imperial guard corps, when Liu Yan had him recruiting 1,000 guard soldiers to be loyal to him.  Liu Hongdu ended up recruiting many young hoodlums and became close to them.  The chancellor Yang Dongqian found this inappropriate and tried to persuade Liu Yan to stop this, but Liu Yan paid no heed to Yang's words, leading to Yang's requesting retirement.  (As Yang, in his words to Liu Yan, referred to Liu Hongdu as the heir to the state, it was likely that by this point Liu Yaoshu and Liu Guitu were deceased.)

In 942, Liu Yan fell seriously ill.  As he had become concerned by this point that both Liu Hongdu and a younger son, Liu Hongxi the Prince of Jin, were arrogant and inappropriate in behavior, he considered sending them out of the capital Xingwang to defend Yong (邕州, in modern Nanning, Guangxi) and Rong (容州, in modern Yulin, Guangxi) Prefectures respectively, while diverting succession to a younger son, Liu Hongchang the Prince of Yue, whom he considered filially pious, careful, and intelligent.  When he consulted the official Xiao Yi (蕭益), however, Xiao argued that passing the throne to a younger son would create disturbances, and so Liu Yan stopped considering that.  He soon died, and Liu Hongdu succeeded him as emperor.

Reign
After Liu Hongdu took the throne, he changed his name to Liu Bin.  Liu Hongxi became the head of his administration.  He honored his mother Consort Zhao as consort dowager.

Shortly after Liu Bin took the throne, there was a major agrarian rebellion that rose at Xun Prefecture (循州, in modern Huizhou, Guangdong), under the leadership of the local official Zhang Yuxian, who was said to be appointed by an invisible god who spoke in voices.  Zhang's rebellion captured many cities, and when Liu Bin sent his brothers Liu Hongchang and Liu Honggao the Prince of Xun to attack Zhang's army, they were surrounded and nearly captured, only saved due to the efforts of the general Chen Daoxiang (陳道庠).  Much of the eastern part of the Southern Han state was captured by Zhang.

Despite this, it was said that Liu Bin was arrogant and inattentive to the matters of state.  Even though he was still within the mourning period for his father Liu Yan, he often drank and played music, and often took prostitutes on night out-of-palace excursions.  He also liked watch naked men and women.  As those who went against his will were often put to death, few dared to speak to him to correct his behavior, except for Liu Hongchang and the eunuch Wu Huai'en (吳懷恩).  It was also said that he was suspicious of his brothers, as well as other members of the clan and the officials, such that before they were to enter the palace to see him, they were first strip-searched before they could enter.  Liu Hongxi, who was ambitious and had designs on the throne, decided to encourage his frivolous behavior, and therefore offered much jewelry, decorations, and women to him.  As Liu Bin liked arm wrestling, Liu Hongxi also had Chen train a group of five strong men—Liu Sichao (劉思潮), Tan Lingyin (譚令禋), Lin Shaoqiang (林少強), Lin Shaoliang (林少良), and He Changting (何昌廷)—to be arm wrestlers, which Liu Bin was pleased about.

On April 15, 943, Liu Bin held a feast for the imperial princes at Changchun Palace, and there were arm wrestling matches that they watched there.  The feast ended when Liu Bin fell extremely drunk.  Liu Hongxi had Chen and the arm wrestlers that he trained carry Liu Bin back to his bedchambers, and had him pounded to death there.  His attendants were slaughtered.  The next morning, initially, the officials and the princes, realizing that something was wrong, did not dare to enter the palace.  Eventually, Liu Hongchang led the other brothers in a display of support for Liu Hongxi to take the throne, which Liu Hongxi did.

Notes

References
 Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol. 59.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 278, 279, 283.

920 births
943 deaths
10th-century murdered monarchs
People from Guangzhou
Generals from Guangdong
Southern Han emperors
Southern Han generals
Murdered Chinese emperors


title: Baraka Djoma SSG

text:
Baraka Djoma SSG is a football club from Conakry, Guinea. They play in the Guinean Second Division, which is the second league in Guinean football.

In 2009 the team has won the Guinée Coupe Nationale.

Stadium
Currently the team plays at the 1000 capacity Stade Municipal de Coléah.

Achievements

National titles
Guinée Coupe Nationale: 1
Winner: 2009

Performance in CAF competitions
CAF Confederation Cup: 1 appearance
2010 – Preliminary Round

References

External links

Football clubs in Guinea


title: Chuhe Hanjie station

text:
Chuhe Hanjie Station (), is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2013. It is located in Wuchang District. It is serving the shopping district under the same Chinese name, Chu River and Han Street.

Station layout

Gallery

References

Wuhan Metro stations
Line 4, Wuhan Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 2013


title: 1975 WCHA men's ice hockey tournament

text:
The 1975 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 16th conference playoff in league history. The tournament was played between March 3 and March 9, 1975. All games were played at home team campus sites, including each of the two regional final series. By winning the regional tournaments, both Michigan Tech and Minnesota were invited to participate in the 1975 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.

Though not official designations, Michigan Tech is considered as the East Regional Champion† and Minnesota as the West Regional Champion‡.

Format
The top eight teams in the WCHA, according to their final conference standings, were eligible for the tournament and were seeded No. 1 through No. 8. In the first round the first and eighth seeds, the second and seventh seeds, the third and sixth seeds and the fourth and fifth seeds were matched in two-game series where the school that scored the higher number of goals was declared the winner. After the first round the remaining teams were reseeded No. 1 through No. 4 according to their final conference standings and advanced to the second round. In the second round the first and fourth seeds and the second and third seeds competed in an additional two-game, total goal series with the winners of each being declared as co-conference champions.

Conference standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against

Bracket

Teams are reseeded after the first round

Note: * denotes overtime period(s)

First round

(1) Minnesota vs. (8) Minnesota-Duluth

(2) Michigan Tech vs. (7) Notre Dame

(3) Colorado College vs. (6) Michigan

(4) Wisconsin vs. (5) Michigan State

Second round

(1) Minnesota vs. (6) Michigan

(2) Michigan Tech vs. (5) Michigan State

Tournament awards
None

See also
Western Collegiate Hockey Association men's champions

References

External links
WCHA.com
1974–75 WCHA Standings
1974–75 NCAA Standings
2013–14 Colorado College Tigers Media Guide
2013–14 Michigan Wolverines Media Guide; Through the Years
2013–14 Michigan State Spartans Media Guide; Section 5
2013–14 Minnesota Golden Gophers Media Guide
2012–13 Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs Media Guide
2008–09 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Media Guide; History
2003–04 Wisconsin Badgers Media Guide

WCHA men's ice hockey tournament
Wcha Men's Ice Hockey Tournament


title: Sporosarcina ureae

text:
Sporosarcina ureae is a type of bacteria of the genus Sporosarcina, and is closely related to the genus Bacillus. S. ureae is an aerobic, motile, spore-forming, Gram-positive coccus, originally isolated in the early 20th century from soil.  S. ureae is distinguished by its ability to grow in relatively high concentrations of urea through production of at least one exourease, an enzyme that converts urea to ammonia. S. ureae has also been found to sporulate when environmental conditions become unfavorable, and can remain viable for up to a year .

History
In the early 20th century, famous Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck isolated a microorganism that he named Planosarcina ureae. In an effort to isolate bacteria from urea-containing soil enrichments, he repeatedly came across a motile coccus that clustered in packets and had the ability to form endospores. The isolated organism's nomenclature changed often as the result of the morphological and biochemical observations done by early researchers. In 1911, Lohnis proposed that the organism should be called Sarcina ureae because of the cluster packets the organism formed in culture. In the 1960s, researchers MacDonald and MacDonald along with Kocur and Martinec moved Sarcina ureae to the genus Sporosarcina (proposed by Orla-Jensen in 1909 and first used by Kluyver and van Neil in 1936). Later in 1973, Pregerson isolated over 50 different strains of S. ureae from numerous soil samples around the world, finding that the organism is most commonly present in soils that reflected high activities of dogs and humans.

Characteristics
The cells are coccoid. Cells are 1–2.5 μm. Cell division is carried out in two or three successive planes, such that tetrads or packets of eight or more cells are formed. S. ureae forms endospores (like all species of the genus). The endospores are 0.5–1.5 μm. The species can move using a flagellum.

Metabolism
S. ureae is heterotrophic, as it does not perform photosynthesis. Its metabolism is due to cellular respiration. The species is strictly aerobic, as it needs oxygen. The optimal pH for  growth is 7. The optimal temperature for growth is 25 °C. Growth under oxygen exclusion does not occur. The oxidase test is positive.

Ecology
S. ureae is one of the bacteria that can make use of urea with the enzyme urease. It is often found in soil, and forms the highest population densities in soils exposed to large amounts of urine, for example, cow pastures. Through plating serial dilutions of soil, both Gibson and Pregerson found that a gram of soil could contain up to 10,000 S. ureae organisms. S. ureae probably plays an important role in the degradation of urine. It is also found in manure and tolerates a pH of 9–10.

Isolation
Over the years, several methods have been developed to isolate and maintain cultures of S. ureae. In 1935, Gibson used standard nutrient agar supplemented with 3-5% urea to inhibit most other soil organisms that would otherwise outcompete S. ureae. Pregerson's (1973) isolation technique was similar, but she used tryptic soy yeast agar (27.5 g Difco tryptic soy broth, 5.0 g Difco yeast extract, 15.0 g Difco agar, 1 liter of water) supplemented with 1% urea and incubated serial dilutions of soil samples at a cooler 22 °C. Omitting the urea provides an effective maintenance medium.

Etymology
The genus name derives from the Greek word spora ("spore") and the Latin word sarcina ("package", "bundle") and refers to the fact that it forms endospores and the typical arrangement of the cells. The species name derives from the ability of this species to break down urea.

Genetics and phylogeny
Currently, only a draft genome of S. ureae exists. Automated annotation server RAST (rast.nmpdr.org) reveals specific genes involved in stress response, cell wall and capsule, and household genes, among others. Claus et al. (1983) determined the GC content of S.ureae to be 40.6-40.8%. S. ureae is closely related to other spore-forming organisms of the genus Bacillus, an observation first noted by Beijerinck in 1903. Fox et al. (1977) showed that S. ureae is most closely related to B. pasteurii.

Biotechnological applications
Recently interest in S. ureae has increased due to the potential biotechnological applications; however, research has nearly been exclusively focused on the unique outer cell surface layer (S-layer). S-layers are composed of single proteins that form a predictable lattice structure and have potential applications in nanoelectronics, medicine, and biosensors. An example of this research is the S-layer's promising role in enzyme immobilization. The process of artificially breaking down certain metabolites and poisons is often slowed by the proximity of the required enzymes needed to one another. However, if one were able to use the S. ureae S-layer, all the required enzymes needed to metabolize a specific poison could be bound together, thus dramatically increasing rate of the reactions. Furthermore, much of the research is looking into the self-assembly property of S-layers which, when bound to certain antibodies, has the ability to advance the vaccine development. Studies are also looking its role in certain pathogens, such as B. anthracis, where it is implicated in cellular attachment.

Other important areas of this research can be seen in some of the current work being done at the Ames Research Center (NASA), looking at organisms that convert urea to ammonium. A presentation by Lynn Rothschild (Horizon Lectures, Sept. 2012) indicated some of the first colonizers of Mars might use these organisms to convert human waste to ammonium and subsequently use the ammonium to lower the pH of the Mars soils to make calcium carbonate cement. This cement could then be used to make bricks and other building materials.

The ability for S.ureae to convert urea to ammonia has important potential applications in the production of biofuels and fertilizers. Ammonia is currently being actively researched as a carbon-alternative fuel source. The high octane rating (110-130) and its relative safety when compared to gasoline make it an ideal replacement for current gasoline. Traditional methods of generating ammonia for fertilizer rely heavily on the use of natural gas; in fact, to produce the ammonia needed for current fertilizer demands accounts for an estimated 2% of the entire world's energy consumption.

References

External links
Type strain of Sporosarcina ureae at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Bacillales
Bacteria described in 1936


title: Leslie Monod

text:
Leslie Monod (born  1976) is a Swiss former pair skater. With Cédric Monod, she is a three-time Swiss national champion (1992–94) and placed as high as sixth at the European Championships (1993).

Personal life
Born  1976, Leslie Monod is the younger sister of Cédric Monod. She married Christophe Mounoud, with whom she has two children, Taotim and Natoé. She is a pediatrician.

Skating career
Leslie Monod competed in pairs with her brother, Cédric. They represented Switzerland internationally and CP Lausanne in domestic events. Their coaches included Heidemarie Steiner and Jacques Mrozek.

The Monod siblings won the first of their three Swiss national titles in 1992. They finished 8th at the 1992 European Championships in Lausanne and 12th at the 1992 World Championships in Oakland, California. The following season, they placed sixth at the 1993 European Championships in Helsinki and 9th at the 1993 World Championships in Prague. Their Worlds result allowed Switzerland to send two pair teams to the 1994 Winter Olympics.

In the 1993–94 season, the Monod siblings won their third national title but finished just out of the top ten, in 11th place, at the 1994 European Championships in Copenhagen. Following the Copenhagen result, the Swiss Olympic Association elected not to send them to the Olympics. The pair announced their competitive retirement on 3 February 1994.

Programs
(with Cédric Monod)

Competitive highlights
(with Cédric Monod)

References

1970s births
Swiss female pair skaters
Living people
Sportspeople from Lausanne


The 2006 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer team represented the University of California, Santa Barbara during the 2006 NCAA Division I men's soccer season. It was the 41st season of the team fielding a varsity college soccer team, and their 24th season playing in the Big West Conference.

The season was highlighted by the Gauchos winning their first NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship, in which they won the final against UCLA Bruins in the final in St. Louis. It was the first season since 1989 that a team from a mid-major conference won the NCAA Championship, a feat that would not be accomplished until the University of Akron did so in 2010.

Background
Following a debut College Cup run in 2004, the Gauchos had a relative slump in 2005, finishing with a 13–5–3 overall record, and a 7–1–2 Big West record, good enough for second in the conference. The Gauchos finished the season ranked 23rd in the nation. Despite not winning the Big West championship, UCSB earned an at-large berth into the 2005 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship, there they advanced to the second round, before losing 3–2 to conference rival, Cal State Northridge.

Review
Prior to the start of preseason, UCSB defender and two-time All-American, Andy Iro was named to the Hermann Trophy watch list. Iro was also the reigning Big West Defensive Player of the Year. Additionally, the squad entered the season ranked 21st in the nation, and was composed of the 22nd strongest recruiting class. The recruiting class featured future MLS all-stars including Eric Avila and Chris Pontius. In the Big West preseason coaches poll, UCSB was picked to win the conference title.

Ahead of the 2006 regular season, the Gauchos played Westmont College for the 42nd Annual Bryant and Sons Cup, a pre-season friendly that pits the two Santa Barbara universities against each other in a soccer match. Played in front of 1,000 spectators at Harder Stadium, the Gauchos emerged victorious, with a 6–0 victory over the Warriors. Bongomin Otti netted a hat trick in the match while Bryan Byrne netted two goals. Nick Perera added a goal in the 90th minute to cap off the result.

The regular season began with a cross country flight to Virginia, where the Gauchos participated in the UVA Soccer Classic in Charlottesville, Virginia. Their opening game was against the seventh ranked Akron Zips, where they won in a convincing 5–0 victory. Otii and Avila both netted two goals for the Gauchos, along with a single goal from Tino Nuñez.

Roster
Final 2006 roster.

Schedule

|-
!colspan=6 style=""| Exhibition
|-

|-
!colspan=6 style=""| Regular season
|-

|-
!colspan=6 style=""| NCAA Tournament

|-
!colspan=6 style=""| NCAA College Cup

References

External links
 UCSB Soccer

UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer seasons
2006 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos
Ucsb
Ucsb
NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament-winning seasons
NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament College Cup seasons
UCSB


title: Qingyuzui station

text:
Qingyuzui Station (), is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2013. It is located in Wuchang District.

Station layout

References

Wuhan Metro stations
Line 4, Wuhan Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 2013


title: Mesotherm

text:
A mesotherm (from Greek μέσος mesos "intermediate" and thermē "heat") is a type of animal with a thermoregulatory strategy intermediate to cold-blooded ectotherms and warm-blooded endotherms.

Definition
Mesotherms have two basic characteristics:
 Elevation of body temperature via metabolic production of heat.
 Weak or absent metabolic control of a particular body temperature.

The first trait distinguishes mesotherms from ectotherms, the second from endotherms. For instance, endotherms, when cold, will generally resort to shivering or metabolizing brown fat to maintain a constant body temperature, leading to higher metabolic rates. A mesotherm, however, will experience lower body temperatures and lower metabolic rates as ambient temperature drops. In addition, mesotherm body temperatures tend to rise as body size increases (a phenomenon known as gigantothermy), unlike endotherms. This reflects the lower surface area to volume ratio in large animals, which reduces rates of heat loss.

While extant mesotherms are relatively rare, good examples include tuna, lamnid sharks (e.g., the great white shark), the leatherback sea turtle, some species of bee, naked mole rats, hyraxes, and echidnas.

Historically, the same word was used by de Candolle to describe plants that require a moderate degree of heat for successful growth. In his scheme, a mesotherm plant grew in regions where the warmest month had a mean temperature greater than  and the coldest month had a mean temperature of at least .

Dinosaur thermoregulation
The thermoregulatory status of dinosaurs has long been debated, and is still an active area of research. The term 'mesothermy' was originally coined to advocate for an intermediate status of non-avian dinosaur thermoregulation, between endotherms and ectotherms. A more technical definition was provided by Grady et al, who argued for dinosaur mesothermy on the basis of their intermediate growth rates, and the empirical relationship between growth, metabolism and thermoregulation in extant vertebrates.

This viewpoint was challenged by D'Emic, who argued that because growth rates are sensitive to seasonal variation in resources, dinosaur maximum growth rates were underestimated by Grady et al. Adjusting dinosaur rates upwards by a factor of two, D'Emic found dinosaurs to grow similarly to mammals, and thus were likely endothermic. However, sensitivity to seasonal variation in resources should be true for all vertebrates. If all vertebrate taxa were similarly adjusted, the relative differences in rates does not change. Dinosaurs remain intermediate growers and good candidates for mesothermy.

Nonetheless, the dinosaur mesothermy hypothesis requires further support to be confirmed. Fossil oxygen isotopes, which can reveal an organism's body temperature, should be particularly informative. Recently, a study of theropod and sauropod isotopes offered some support for dinosaur mesothermy. Feathered theropods are probably the best candidates for dinosaur endothermy, yet the examined theropods had relatively low body temperatures . Large sauropods had higher body temperatures , which may be reflective of mesothermic gigantothermy. Future isotopic analysis of small, juvenile dinosaurs will better resolve this question.

See also
Heterothermy
Gigantothermy
Poikilotherm

References

Thermoregulation


title: List of Cultural Properties of Japan - paintings (Saga)

text:
This list is of the Cultural Properties of Japan designated in the category of  for the Prefecture of Saga.

National Cultural Properties
As of 1 August 2019, two Important Cultural Properties have been designated, being of national significance.

Prefectural Cultural Properties
As of 1 August 2019, twenty-one properties have been designated at a prefectural level.

See also
 Cultural Properties of Japan
 List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings)
 Japanese painting
 List of Historic Sites of Japan (Saga)

References

External links
  Cultural Properties in Saga Prefecture

Cultural Properties,Saga
Cultural Properties,Paintings
Paintings,Saga


title: Donadea

text:
Donadea () is a civil parish in the barony of Ikeathy and Oughterany in the north of County Kildare, Ireland. There are seven townlands in the parish. There are no large centres of population in the parish. Donadea is noted for its public forest park which is one of the most popular outdoor venues in county Kildare. The nearest villages are Staplestown (4 km distant) and Prosperous (7 km distant). The parish name is derived from a church, traditionally said to have been founded by Saint Patrick. A small 17th-century church of the Church of Ireland, St Peter's, still exists within the Donadea demesne.

Townlands

The following are the townlands: Cooltrim North, Cooltrim South, Donadea, Donadea Demesne, Kilmurry, Kilnamoragh North, and Kilnamoragh South.

Demense

The Normans came to Donadea in the 12th century and established a manor. The manor house was built on or close to the present castle. This structure was the first of many castles on the site throughout the Middle Ages. In 1558 the Aylmer family acquired the manor. In 1581, Gerald Aylmer commenced a new tower in Donadea which was not completed until 1624. It is now the oldest part of the Castle. In 1626, he repaired the medieval church. Gerald was ennobled as the first Baronet of Donadea.

Ecclesiastical parish

The Book of Armagh records St Patrick’s visit to Dunmurraghill in 455, where he marked out the foundations for a religious settlement. The St. Peter’s site was laid out at the same time. The earliest churches were wooden in construction. The Danes destroyed Dunmurraghill in 832. The church at the St. Peter’s site was rebuilt by the Normans. In 1550 the Aylmer family of Lyons acquired the Manor of Donadea from the Earls of Ormond. In 1626 the first Aylmer baronet, Sir Gerald Aylmer, rebuilt the church. The Ecclesiastical Report of 1809 stated that: "the Church was in a tottering state but neat and clean.". It is now part of the Clane Union of Parishes.
In the Catholic Church, the territory is part of the parish of "Clane and Rathcoffey" in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin. The Church of St Patrick and St Brigidin is located in Clane while the Church of the Sacred Heart is located in Rathcoffey.

* Further information: William Pilsworth, vicar of the Church of Ireland.

Forest Park

Donadea Forest Park was opened in 1981 and is currently managed by Coillte. The Park comprises approximately  of mixed woodland. It was part of the old Aylmer family estate. The last of the Aylmers, Miss Caroline died in 1935 leaving the property to the Church of Ireland, who in turn sold it to the State. There are many historical features including the remains of the castle, walled gardens, church, tower, ice house, boat house and Lime Tree Avenue. There is also a  lake with ducks and other birds and a wonderful display of water-lilies in the summer. Walled streams form part of the drainage of the park.

There are many different walks through the forest, including the 5 km Aylmer loop, the lake walk (wheelchair accessible) and a nature trail with stops. A small café serves light refreshments and is open year round. The park is a designated National Heritage Area.

There is a "9/11" Memorial at Donadea. The memorial was inspired by the memory of Sean Tallon, a young fire fighter, whose family had emigrated from Donadea.

References

External links

  Donadea Running Club
  Sean Tallon Fallen Firefighters Roll of Honor

Civil parishes of County Kildare
Tourist attractions in County Kildare


title: Gallantry Cross, Gold

text:
The Gallantry Cross, Gold was instituted by the President of the Republic of Venda in 1985, for award to all ranks for extreme courage or supreme bravery or valour beyond the normal call of duty.

The Venda Defence Force
The 900 member Venda Defence Force (VDF) was established upon that country's independence on 13 September 1979. The Republic of Venda ceased to exist on 27 April 1994 and the Venda Defence Force was amalgamated with six other military forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

Institution
The Gallantry Cross, Gold was instituted by the President of Venda in 1985. It is the senior award of a set of two decorations for bravery, along with the Gallantry Cross, Silver.

Venda's military decorations and medals were modelled on those of the Republic of South Africa and these two decorations are the approximate equivalents of, respectively, the Louw Wepener Decoration and the Honoris Crux (1975).

Award criteria
The decoration could be awarded to all ranks for extreme courage or supreme bravery or valour beyond the normal call of duty.

Order of wear

Since the Gallantry Cross, Gold was authorised for wear by one of the statutory forces which came to be part of the South African National Defence Force on 27 April 1994, it was accorded a position in the official South African order of precedence on that date.

Venda Defence Force until 26 April 1994

Official VDF order of precedence:
 Succeeded by the Gallantry Cross, Silver (GCS).
Venda official national order of precedence:
 Preceded by the National Force Gallantry Cross, Gold (PCF).
 Succeeded by the Police Gallantry Cross, Gold (PCF).

South African National Defence Force from 27 April 1994

Official SANDF order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Distinguished Gallantry Cross of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
 Succeeded by the Honoris Crux (1952) (HC) of the Republic of South Africa.
Official national order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Decoration for Valour in the Prisons Service of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
 Succeeded by the Police Gallantry Cross, Gold (PCF) of the Republic of Venda.

The position of the Gallantry Cross, Gold in the official order of precedence was revised twice after 1994, to accommodate the inclusion or institution of new decorations and medals, but it remained unchanged on both occasions. These were in April 1996, when decorations and medals were belatedly instituted for the two former non-statutory forces, the Azanian People's Liberation Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe, and upon the institution of a new set of honours on 27 April 2003.

Description
Obverse
The Gallantry Cross, Gold is a silver-gilt cross pattee which fits in a circle 45 millimetres in diameter, with a gold hare's bobtail within a red circlet in the centre.

Reverse
The reverse displays the Coat of Arms of the Republic of Venda.

Ribbon
The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and dark brown, with 4 millimetres wide dark blue edges.

Discontinuation
Conferment of the Gallantry Cross, Gold was discontinued when the Republic of Venda ceased to exist on 27 April 1994.

References

Military decorations and medals of Venda
Awards established in 1985
Awards disestablished in 1994
1985 establishments in Africa
1994 disestablishments in Africa


title: Dongting station (Wuhan Metro)

text:
Dongting Station (), is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2013. It is located in Wuchang District.

Station layout

References

Wuhan Metro stations
Line 4, Wuhan Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 2013


title: Trafalgar School

text:
Trafalgar School may refer to:

Trafalgar School for Girls, a private anglophone secondary school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
The Trafalgar School at Downton, a coeducational secondary school in Downton, Wiltshire, England
Trafalgar School, Portsmouth, a coeducational secondary school in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England
Trafalgar Castle School, a private day and boarding school for girls in Whitby, Ontario, Canada
Trafalgar High School, a coeducational high school in Trafalgar, Victoria, Australia
Trafalgar Middle School (Nelson, British Columbia), a coeducational middle school in Nelson, British Columbia, Canada
Oakville Trafalgar High School, a coeducational secondary school in Oakville, Ontario, Canada
Trafalgar High School (Cape Town), a secondary school in Cape Town, South Africa

See also
Trafalgar (disambiguation)


title: Yuejiazui station

text:
Yuejiazui Station (), is a transfer station of Line 4 and Line 8 of the Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2013. It is located in Wuchang District.

Station layout

Gallery

References

Wuhan Metro stations
Line 4, Wuhan Metro
Line 8, Wuhan Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 2013


title: Tieji Road station

text:
Tieji Road Station (), is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2013. It is located in Hongshan District.

Station layout

Gallery

References

Wuhan Metro stations
Line 4, Wuhan Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 2013


title: List of wars involving Ukraine

text:
The following is a list of major conflicts fought by Ukraine, by Ukrainian people or by regular armies during periods when independent states existed on the modern territory of Ukraine, from the Kyivan Rus' times to the present day. It also includes wars fought outside Ukraine by Ukrainian military.

The Kyivan Rus' is considered as the first national Ukrainian state (together with Belarus and Russia), the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (Ruthenia) as its political successor, and after the period of domination by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth the Cossack states (the Cossack Hetmanate and the Zaporozhian Sich). The Ukrainian Cossacks were also related to the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate, having many conflicts with them. By the late 18th century, Ukraine didn't have independent states anymore, because it was ruled by the more powerful states of the time, namely the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire. There were several internal armed conflicts between various Ukrainian ideological factions (sometimes with foreign support) in the first half of the 20th century (especially during the 1917–1921 Ukrainian War of Independence and the 1939–1945 Second World War), but modern Ukrainian militaries (since 1917) have been mostly fighting with armies of neighbouring states, such as the Russian Provisional Government (Kiev Bolshevik Uprising November 1917), the Russian SFSR (Ukrainian War of Independence 1917–1921), the Second Polish Republic (Polish–Ukrainian War 1918–1919), Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (Second World War and post-War resistance), and since 2014, the Russian Federation (Russo-Ukrainian War).

Kievan Rus' (800s–1240)

Kingdom of Ruthenia and other Rus' principalities (1240–1500)
Following the end of Kievan Rus' in 1240, it split into many Rus' principalities. The Principality, later Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (Ruthenia) would control most of the territory of modern Ukraine for a century, after which the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Crown of the Kingdom of Poland would dominate the region.

Cossack Ukraine (1500–1764)
This section contains list of wars involving Zaporozhian Cossacks (including Danubian Sich) and Cossack Hetmanate (both of right-bank and left-bank).

Uprisings

Cossack naval campaigns

Other conflicts

Under Austrian and Russian empires

War of independence (1917–1921)

This section contains list of wars involving different Ukrainian states de facto existed between 1917 and 1922 (Ukrainian People's Republic, Ukrainian State, Western Ukrainian People's Republic, Hutsul Republic, Komancza Republic) and other Ukrainian anti-bolshevik state formations (Kuban People's Republic, Makhnovshchina, Ukrainian Republic of the Far East).

Interwar period (1922–1938)

In 1922, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was incorporated into the Soviet Union. No armed conflicts on Soviet Ukrainian territory would take place until 1939, although Ukrainian 'national units' would be used as national military formations of the Red Army until 1934, and as such fight in Soviet armed conflicts elsewhere in the world. The western areas of Ukraine (including most of the former West Ukrainian People's Republic's claimed territories) that were annexed by the Second Polish Republic similarly saw no fighting in the interwar period until 1939, although some small and brief armed conflicts did occur elsewhere in Poland in this period.

World War II (1939–1945)

This section contains only military activity of non-Soviet and non-Nazi Ukrainian organizations.

Cold War

21st century

Peacekeeping missions

Completed

Withdrawn

See also
 List of conflicts in Europe

 List of wars between Russia and Ukraine

Notes

References

Sources

 Крип'якевич І., Гнатевич Б. та ін. Історія українського війська., Львів, 1992., pp. 193–194.
 (third edition)

 (third edition)
 Сокульський А.Л. Флот Запорозької Січі в XVI-XVIII ст.: структурна організація, технологія та військове мистецтво. Дис. к.і.н., К., 1999. pp. 113–114.

Ukraine
Military history of Ukraine
Foreign relations of Ukraine
Wars
Wars


title: 1974 WCHA men's ice hockey tournament

text:
The 1974 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 15th conference playoff in league history. The tournament was played between March 5 and March 10, 1974. All games were played at home team campus sites, including each of the two regional final series. By winning the regional tournaments, both Michigan Tech and Minnesota were invited to participate in the 1974 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.

Though not official designations, Michigan Tech is considered as the East Regional Champion† and Minnesota as the West Regional Champion‡.

Format
The top eight teams in the WCHA, according to their final conference standings, were eligible for the tournament and were seeded No. 1 through No. 8. In the first round the first and eighth seeds, the second and seventh seeds, the third and sixth seeds and the fourth and fifth seeds were matched in two-game series where the school that scored the higher number of goals was declared the winner. After the first round the remaining teams were reseeded No. 1 through No. 4 according to their final conference standings and advanced to the second round. In the second round the first and fourth seeds and the second and third seeds competed in an additional two-game, total goal series with the winners of each being declared as co-conference champions.

Conference standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against

Bracket

Teams are reseeded after the first round

Note: * denotes overtime period(s)

First round

(1) Michigan Tech vs. (8) Notre Dame

(2) Minnesota vs. (7) Michigan

(3) Denver vs. (6) Minnesota-Duluth

(4) Michigan State vs. (5) Wisconsin

Second round

(1) Michigan Tech vs. (4) Michigan State

(2) Minnesota vs. (3) Denver

Tournament awards
None

See also
Western Collegiate Hockey Association men's champions

References

External links
WCHA.com
1973–74 WCHA Standings
1973–74 NCAA Standings
2013–14 Denver Pioneers Media Guide
2013–14 Michigan Wolverines Media Guide; Through the Years
2013–14 Michigan State Spartans Media Guide; Section 5
2013–14 Minnesota Golden Gophers Media Guide
2012–13 Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs Media Guide
2008–09 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Media Guide; History
2003–04 Wisconsin Badgers Media Guide

WCHA men's ice hockey tournament
Wcha Men's Ice Hockey Tournament


title: Luojiagang station

text:
Luojiagang Station (), is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2013. It is located in Hongshan District.

Station layout

Gallery

References

Wuhan Metro stations
Line 4, Wuhan Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 2013


title: Yuanlin Road station

text:
Yuanlin Road Station (), is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2013. It is located in Hongshan District.

Station layout

References

Wuhan Metro stations
Line 4, Wuhan Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 2013


title: The Wind and the Wave

text:
The Wind and the Wave (stylized as The Wind + the Wave) is an American band composed of Dwight A. Baker and Patricia Lynn.

Background
Dwight Baker and Patricia Lynn played their first show on July 4, 2013, in Austin, Texas, opening for Bob Schneider.

Previously, Lynn had been the lead singer of The Soldier Thread and Baker worked both in front of the microphone as well as in the recording studio for Alpha Rev, Brandi Carlile, Blue October, and Bob Schneider. In addition, Baker has also written music for Kelly Clarkson, and is the owner/operator of Matchbox Studios in Austin.

Signed to RCA Records in 2013, their debut album, From the Wreckage, was released on August 5, 2014.

The band's cover of "Chasing Cars" by Snow Patrol was featured on the episode, "She's Leaving Home", in season eleven of Grey's Anatomy. The placement propelled the cover song to the number one spot on Shazam's USA future hits chart.

The band has also had other limited success on television, having various songs featured on Nashville (season 4), Hart of Dixie, and The Vampire Diaries.

The band signed with Island Records in March 2016 and released their first single, "Grand Canyon", from their second album, Happiness is Not a Place on May 13, 2016. The band premiered their official music video for "Grand Canyon" on American Songwriter on June 24, 2016.

On October 28, 2016, the band released their first album under Island Records titled Happiness is Not a Place. The album was produced by Butch Walker and features a more raw, less polished sound than the band's freshman album.

The band's third album Human Beings Let You Down was released in October 2018, and the band supported the album with a national tour. On March 6, 2020, the band was the opening act for Stereophonics at London's O2 Arena.

Discography

Albums
 From the Wreckage (2014)
 Covers One (2015)
 Happiness Is Not a Place (2016)
 Happiness Is Not a Place (Acoustic) (2017)
 Human Beings Let You Down (2018)
 Live in the UK (2020)
 Racing Hearts (2022)
 Far from Saints (2023) – as the trio Far from Saints, with Kelly Jones

References

RCA Records artists
Musical groups from Austin, Texas
Musical duos from Texas
Male–female musical duos


title: John Bromfield Jr.

text:
John Bromfield Jr. (11 April 1779 – 9 December 1849) was a Boston merchant and benefactor of the Boston Athenæum.

Biography

John Bromfield Jr. was the second son and fourth child of John Bromfield Sr. and Ann Roberts. He was home schooled by his mother until the age of 12 when he entered Dummer Academy in Byfield, Massachusetts.

In August, 1782, the Bromfield family moved to Boston and rented the small house across the burying ground from King's Chapel. The house had previously been the home of Rev. Henry Caner, the minister of King's Chapel but at time it was owned by a family friend from Newburyport, Judge John Lowell. From 1809 to 1822 the house would be the home of the Boston Athenæum.

Chaim Rosenberg writes:
Francis Cabot Lowell took a keen interest in John Bromfield, born in 1799 in Newburyport. His family fell upon hard times and moved to Boston, where Mr. Bromfield “rented a house from his friend Judge Lowell.” The family could not afford to send young John to Harvard and instead apprenticed him to the store of Larkin & Hurd in Charlestown. Francis Cabot Lowell arranged for John to serve as supercargo on ships to Europe and the Orient. John began his career “without patronage and without prospects” but by wit, sweet-temper and hard work he advanced from a seafaring life to become a successful East India Merchant.

After two short trips to Europe, in 1809 Bromfield headed to Canton as supercargo aboard the ship Atahualpa. In the subsequent years he served as the foreign agent for William Sturgis, Henry Lee, Daniel Bacon, and Augustine Heard among other Boston merchants trading with China. By the time he was 34 he had accumulated his own fortune and he moved to Boston.

Bromfield never married. Quincy quotes him as saying “No woman who has a grain of discretion would consent to bind herself to such a nervous old bachelor as I am, and a woman without discretion would be --- not to my taste.”

When Bromfield died in 1849 the value of his estate exceeded $200,000 much of which his will directed to be distributed to public institutions in Boston as follows:

John Bromfield Jr. is buried in the Oak Hill Cemetery in his native town, Newburyport.

The Bromfield Fund

Bromfield was an erstwhile bibliophile throughout his life thus it is not surprising that when he moved to Boston in 1813 he became a member and subsequently a proprietor of the Boston Athenæum. In 1845 he donated $25,000 to this institution to establish what is today the institution's largest book fund.
Quincy writes:
Mr. Bromfield's repugnance to be known as the author of this gift to the Athenæum was with great difficulty surmounted. But, when it was urged that its origin could not long be concealed in an inquisitive community, that he might be subjected to inquiries, which his strict regard to veracity would render it impossible to evade, and also that it was as much a man's duty to be true to himself, as to be just to others, he finally acceded ; and reluctantly consented, that if the proposal of his gift and its terms were accepted by the Proprietors of the Athenæum, his name should not be withheld.

The two bookplates of the Bromfield Fund, Type I and Type II. reflect this modesty.

In the Preface to The Athenæum Centenary Boston Athenæum librarian Charles Knowles Bolton writes:
No portrait of John Bromfield has been discovered, and this must be a lasting cause for regret to every reader
who has seen Mr. Bromfield's name within the covers of Athenæum books.

It wasn't that an attempt hadn't been made to capture a likeness of Bromfield:
At [the January 1846] meeting of the Proprietors, a vote was passed, requesting Mr. Bromfield to sit for his portrait or bust (as he might prefer), to be preserved in the Athenæum. This vote was duly communicated to Mr. Bromfield by the President, who received a courteous answer, containing the following characteristic sentence: “Deeply impressed with the kindness of the motives of the gentlemen who have made this proposition, and fully appreciating the honor intended to be conferred upon me thereby (for which I beg you to tender them my most grateful and unfeigned thanks), I nevertheless beg leave, most decidedly and explicitly, to decline their very friendly and polite proposition.”

Three-fourths of the annual income of the Bromfield Fund is allocated to expanding Athenæum's book collection while the other one-fourth is added back into the principal. As of 2015 the balance of the Bromfield Book Fund stood at $6,497,488.

External links
 The John Bromfield Society in Newburyport. (N.B. The image on this page is of George Washington, not John Bromfield.)

Further reading
 Records of Boston Merchants Engaged in Foreign Trade, 1739-1887: A Finding Aid of the Baker Library.
 John Bromfield in Captains of Industry / Men of Business Who Did Something Besides Making Money by James Parton.

Daniel Denison Slade, The Bromfields. Reprinted from The New-England Historical and Genealogical Register, Boston: 1872.

References

People from Boston
1779 births
1849 deaths
American merchants
The Governor's Academy alumni


title: Sunny Skies (film)

text:
Sunny Skies is a 1930 American Pre-Code musical comedy film directed by Norman Taurog, starring Benny Rubin and Marceline Day and produced by Tiffany Pictures. It is notable for a same-sex romantic subplot, involving a young man's tragically unrequited love for his football hero roommate.

Cast
Benny Rubin as Benny Krantz
Marceline Day as Mary Norris
Rex Lease as Jim Grant
Marjorie Kane as Doris
Harry Lee as Papa Krantz
Wesley Barry as Stubble
Greta Granstedt as College Widow
Robert Livingston as Dave
James Wilcox as Smith
Eddy Chandler as Coach

Preservation status
The film is preserved at the Library of Congress, and is available from the Alpha Video label and can be viewed online at Internet Archive.

References

External links

AllMovie.com
Sunny Skies available for free download at Internet Archive

1930 films
Tiffany Pictures films
Films directed by Norman Taurog
1930 musical comedy films
American black-and-white films
American musical comedy films
1930s LGBT-related films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films


title: Renhe Road station

text:
Renhe Road Station (), is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2013. It is located in Hongshan District.

Station layout

Gallery

References

Wuhan Metro stations
Line 4, Wuhan Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 2013


title: Sulphide–Frisco Cabin

text:
The Sulphide Cabin, also known as the Frisco Cabin, is a log cabin located along Bridge Creek Trail in North Cascades National Park, in the U.S. state of Washington. Constructed sometime in the 1920s by A.H. Peterson and his nephew, the cabin was a warm season residence used while Peterson worked his mining claim. The cabin was constructed plainly of rounded hewn logs, half notched at the corners. The cabin has two rooms and is  with a door at each of the two shorter ends above which rises a gable roof which is wood shingled. Sulphide–Frisco Cabin was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 as it is the only remaining residence associated with mining in the Stehekin region of the park.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Houses completed in 1929
Buildings and structures in Chelan County, Washington
National Register of Historic Places in North Cascades National Park
Log cabins in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Chelan County, Washington
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)


title: Gongye 4th Road station

text:
Gongye 4th Road Station (), is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2013. It is located in Hongshan District.

Station layout

References

Wuhan Metro stations
Line 4, Wuhan Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 2013


title: Gerrit Willem Dijsselhof

text:
Gerrit Willem Dijsselhof (1866 – 1924), was a Dutch painter involved in the arts and crafts movement.

Biography
He was born in Zwollerkerspel and studied first at the art academy in The Hague, but moved to Amsterdam in 1884 to follow lessons at the arts and crafts school.
He was a member of Natura Artis Magistra and especially enjoyed watching their new aquarium which opened in 1882.  He spent many afternoons after his studies at the art academy there sketching and painting the fish in watercolours.  From 1897 he worked on furniture design for the firm E.J. van Wisselingh & Co., Amsterdam. He married the textile artist Willy Keuchenius.

He died in Overveen.

References

External links

Gerrit Willem Dijsselhof on Artnet

1866 births
1924 deaths
Artists from Zwolle
19th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
20th-century Dutch painters
19th-century Dutch male artists
20th-century Dutch male artists


title: Alexander Ivanov (singer)

text:
Alexander Ivanov (; , łacinka: Alaksandar Ivanoŭ, born 29 October 1994), also known as Ivan, is a Belarusian-Russian singer. He represented Belarus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 with the song "Help You Fly". Ivanov was also to represent Russia in the Intervision Song Contest 2015 but the contest never happened.

Eurovision 2016
It was reported in the Belarusian media that Ivanov intended to perform his entry naked with two wolves on stage. His producer tried to get permission to get wolves on stage, considering the "no live animals" policy of the competition. Organizers didn't allow either request, but the presentation included animated scenes of wolves appearing on screen. Ivanov performed his song "Help You Fly" on 12 May 2016 in Eurovision's second semi-final, but failed to qualify to the 14 May 2016 final.

Personal life
His great-grandmother was Moldovan.

Discography

Singles

References

External links

1994 births
21st-century Belarusian male singers
Living people
People from Gomel
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Belarus
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2016
Belarusian people of Moldovan descent
21st-century Russian male singers
Belarusian expatriates in Russia


title: Yangchunhu station

text:
Yangchunhu Station (), is a station of Line 4 of Wuhan Metro. It entered revenue service on December 28, 2013. It is located in Hongshan District.

Station layout

References

Wuhan Metro stations
Line 4, Wuhan Metro
Railway stations in China opened in 2013


title: Cédric Monod

text:
Cédric Monod (born 10 November 1974) is a Swiss former pair skater. With his sister, Leslie Monod, he is a three-time Swiss national champion (1992–94) and placed as high as sixth at the European Championships (1993).

Personal life
Born 10 November 1974 in Lausanne, Cédric Monod is the elder brother of Leslie Monod. He has three children – Ulysse, Louise, and Marcel.

A graduate of the University of Lausanne, Monod taught for six years at Collège Arnold Reymond de Pully before joining Gymnase Auguste Piccard in 2006. He is a geography and physical education teacher.

Skating career
After playing defense for an ice hockey team, Cédric Monod switched to figure skating, competing in singles on the junior level and then pairs with his sister. They represented Switzerland internationally and CP Lausanne in domestic events. Their coaches included Heidemarie Steiner and Jacques Mrozek.

The Monod siblings won the first of their three Swiss national titles in 1992. They finished 8th at the 1992 European Championships in Lausanne and 12th at the 1992 World Championships in Oakland, California. The following season, they placed sixth at the 1993 European Championships in Helsinki and 9th at the 1993 World Championships in Prague. Their Worlds result allowed Switzerland to send two pair teams to the 1994 Winter Olympics.

In the 1993–94 season, the Monod siblings won their third national title but finished just out of the top ten, in 11th place, at the 1994 European Championships in Copenhagen. Following the Copenhagen result, the Swiss Olympic Association elected not to send them to the Olympics. The pair announced their competitive retirement on 3 February 1994.

Cédric Monod has worked as a skating coach, coaching Stephane Lambiel from 2004 to 2005, and as a consultant for Radio Télévision Suisse.

Programs
(with Leslie Monod)

Competitive highlights
(with Leslie Monod)

References

1974 births
Swiss male pair skaters
Living people
Sportspeople from Lausanne
University of Lausanne alumni
Swiss figure skating coaches


title: Hardy Sauter

text:
Hardy Sauter (born February 25, 1971) is an American-born Canadian former professional ice hockey defenseman and coach.

Playing career
Sauter was born in Dayton, Ohio, but moved to Maryfield, Saskatchewan at a young age.

Sauter played junior hockey with the Brandon Wheat Kings and Spokane Chiefs of the Western Hockey League. He made his professional debut with the ECHL Tallahassee Tiger Sharks during the 1995–96 season. Sauter also played for the Houston Aeros in the International Hockey League.

As a player, Sauter was best known as a member of the Oklahoma City Blazers in the Central Hockey League. Sauter played in 590 games with the Blazers between 1996 and 2005, retiring as the CHL's all-time scoring leader among defensemen and in the league's all-time top 10 overall in assists and points. Sauter was elected to the CHL Hall of Fame in 2013.

Coaching career

Immediately after retiring from the Blazers in 2005 Sauter accepted the head coaching position with the Nipawin Hawks of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League. In 2007 Sauter was hired as an assistant coach by the Spokane Chiefs and promoted to head coach the following season, but was fired in 2010.

Later in 2010 Sauter became head coach of the ECHL Idaho Steelheads. Sauter compiled a 63-59-22 record in two seasons in Idaho, but failed to take the team past the second round in the ECHL playoffs. The Steelheads declined to renew his contract after the 2011–12 season.

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Denver Daredevils players
ECHL coaches
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Oklahoma City Blazers (1992–2009) players
Spokane Chiefs coaches
Tallahassee Tiger Sharks players
Sacramento River Rats players


title: Vittorio Hösle

text:
Vittorio Hösle (; born 25 June 1960) is an Italian-born German philosopher. He has authored works including Hegels System (1987), Moral und Politik (1997, trans. as Morals and Politics, 2004), and Der philosophische Dialog (2006) (The Philosophical Dialogue).

He has been in the United States since 1999, at the University of Notre Dame where he is the Paul Kimball Professor of Arts and Letters (with concurrent appointments in the Departments of German, Philosophy, and Political Science). Since 2008, he has also served as the founding Director of the Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study.

Academic career
In 1982 Hösle completed his doctorate in philosophy (with a thesis titled Wahrheit und Geschichte. Studien zur Struktur der Philosophiegeschichte unter paradigmatischer Analyse der Entwicklung von Parmenides bis Platon) at age of 21, and earned his habilitation in philosophy in 1986 (with a thesis titled Subjektivität und Intersubjektivität: Untersuchungen zu Hegels System) at the age of 25, both from the University of Tübingen. Because of his speed in accomplishing these feats, he was called a "Wunderkind" and "the Boris Becker of philosophy,".

As of July 2009, Hösle has written or edited 32 books (in at least 16 languages), and written over 125 articles. In Europe he has become "something of a celebrity, the subject of two documentaries shown on TV stations throughout Europe and even Korea." On 6 August 2013 Pope Francis appointed him ordinary member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences.

Hösle personally estimates that he, conservatively, can communicate in at least seventeen different languages, listing German, Italian, English, Spanish, Russian, Norwegian, and French; passive knowledge of Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Pali, Avestan, Portuguese, Catalan, Modern Greek, Swedish, and Danish."

Morals and Politics
Hösle's magnum opus is his approximately 1,000 page Morals and Politics (trans. 2004). In it, he claims to present "a comprehensive vision of all the knowledge needed to answer the difficult question of what constitutes moral policies in the various fields of politics such as foreign policy, domestic policy, economics, ecology and such." To do so it offers a normative foundation of the relation between ethics and politics, a descriptive theory of the objects of political philosophy (including anthropology, sociobiology, the virtues, the principles of power, and the theory of the states), from both of which premises he derives "a concrete political ethics" appropriate for the twenty-first century.

Morals and Politics attempts to overcome the complete decoupling of politics from ethics which begins with Machiavelli, and finds its most horrifying ultimate expression in Carl Schmitt. Hösle argues that only objective moral reason itself can criticize excess moralism in politics because "it is only a self-limitation of the moral that can be taken seriously, not a limitation of the moral by something external to it—for this something external would itself have to appear before the tribunal of moral judgment."

Hösle defends not just moral universalism, but maintains that the increase of universalist ethical consciousness in Christianity is an undeniable form of moral progress. Hösle states that his greatest concern is that "in the historical cataclysms that face us, we will abandon not the self-destructive aspects of modernity, but rather precisely its universalism." Hösle believes that Carl Schmitt, like Friedrich Nietzsche before him and the related movement of National Socialism, all illustrate the "artificial atavism" of those who attempt to repudiate universalist ideas after their historical discovery. Such repudiations result in raw power-positivism, rather than the naïve identification with traditional, pre-modern culture which is the surface intention of such "counter-enlightenment" theories.

Hösle defends ethical universalism and many recent achievements of the modern state, such as "the international codification of human rights." He also argues that the foundation of the worldview which supports human rights is "eroding with increasing speed," and therefore the political cataclysms of the twentieth century are by no means "merely superficial phenomena that ultimately belong to the past." Hösle challenges certain modern excesses, such as the loss of a transcendent horizon of consciousness. He argues that an excessive focus on economic growth and ever-expanding consumption has increased perceived needs more quickly than it can meet them, which leads to self-absorption and lovelessness, and a demand for more resources ecologically than can be sustained for future generations or universalized to all the people of the world. Hösle considers the modern state's (classical) liberal capitalism, as qualified by the late-modern welfare state, a significant moral achievement due to its highly efficient production and distribution of goods. Hösle argues these moral reasons to limit moralism in economics, that John Rawls's difference principle cannot be unconditionally valid in economics, and that the technical expertise of economists is a necessary component in determining the proper means of preventing excessively large social oppositions from arising.

Philosophical work

Hösle's own philosophy combines "objective idealism" with a theory of intersubjectivity. In this way he seeks to unite the traditional idealistic philosophy of Plato and Hegel with the transcendental pragmatics developed by Karl-Otto Apel. Hösle describes himself as attempting to revitalize "objective idealism": "The conviction that we can have synthetic a priori knowledge, and that this knowledge discovers something that is independent of our mind, is of particular importance for practical philosophy. It grounds the position called ‘moral realism’: Albeit the moral law is neither a physical nor a mental nor a social fact, it is nevertheless; it belongs to an ideal sphere of being that partly determines the structures of real (physical, mental, social) being."

Hösle believes that his approach runs counter to the dominant trends of Western philosophy following the rise of post-Hegelian philosophy in the 1830s, and especially amid "that ultra-critical thinking which…has swept over Europe like a great wave" beginning in the 1960s. A useful introduction to the many grounds on which Hösle criticizes the often-unchallenged relativistic assumptions of our time is provided in "Foundational Issues of Objective Idealism," the opening essay of Objective Idealism, Ethics and Politics (1998). He establishes his positive position largely through reflexive or transcendental reasoning—that is, reflections upon the necessary presuppositions of all reason and speech. While the theoretical alternative Hösle provides is largely Platonic and Hegelian, his practical philosophy could be described as a modified Kantianism, and is developed in the same volume's second essay: "The Greatness and Limits of Kant's Practical Philosophy." There Hösle argues that the autonomous, rationalist, and universalist positions of Kant, based on the synthetic a priori, remain unsurpassed and indispensable achievements. However, Hösle does grant that Kant was mistaken in neglecting the need to cultivate the emotions, as well as in his overly formalist approach, which neglects the need for concrete knowledge of circumstances and wrongly denies the possibility of morally compelling exceptions to objective moral rules.

Select publications
"Cicero's Plato." Wiener Studien 121 (2008): 145–170.
Darwinism and Philosophy (co-edited with Christian Illies). Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005.
"Did the Greeks Deliberately Use the Golden Ratio in an Artwork? A Hermeneutical Reflection." La Parola del Passato 362 (2009): 415–26.
"The Idea of a Rationalistic Philosophy of Religion and Its Challenges." Jahrbuch für Religionsphilosophie 6 (2007): 159–181
Hegels System: Der Idealismus der Subjektivität und das Problem der Intersubjektivität. [Hegel's System: The Idealism of Subjectivity and the Problem of Intersubjectivity.] 2 volumes. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag, 1987. 2nd edition, 1998.
"Interpreting Philosophical Dialogues." Antike und Abendland 48 (2002): 68–90.
"Is There Progress in the History of Philosophy?" In Hegel's History of Philosophy, ed. D. A. Duquette, 185–204. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2003.
"The Lost Prodigal Son's Corporal Works of Mercy and the Bridegroom's Wedding: The Religious Subtext of Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations." Anglia 126 (2008): 477–502.
"Moral und Politik: Grundlagen einer Politischen Ethik fuer das 21. Jahrhundert." Munich: Beck, 1997. "Morals and Politics," trans. Steven Rendall. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 2004.
Objective Idealism, Ethics and Politics. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1998.
Platon interpretieren. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2004.
Der philosophische Dialog: Eine Poetik und Hermeneutik. [The Philosophical Dialogue: A Poetic and Hermeneutical Theory.] München: C. H. Beck Verlag, 2006.
"Philosophy and its Languages: A Philosopher's Reflections on the Rise of English as Universal Academic Language." In The Contest of Languages, ed. M.Bloomer, 245–62. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005.
Philosophie der ökologischen Krise: Moskauer Vorträge. [Philosophy of the Ecological Crisis: Moscow Lectures.] München: C.H.Beck, 1991.
"Vico's Age of Heroes and the Age of Men in John Ford's Film The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" (co-authored with Mark Roche). Clio 23 (1994): 131–147.
"Vico und die Idee der Kulturwissenschaft" ["Vico and the Idea of Cultural Science."] Introduction to Giambattista Vico, Prinzipien einer neuen Wissenschaft über die gemeinsame Natur der Völker [Principles of a New Science concerning the Common Nature of Peoples.] Ed. and trans. Hösle and Ch. Jermann. 2 volumes. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag, 1990.
Woody Allen: An Essay on the Nature of the Comical. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007.

See also
 Plato's unwritten doctrines, for the Tübingen School of Plato interpretation

References

External links
 Hösle's professional website
 Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study
 Hösle's page at the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
 John Monczunski, "The Amazing World of Vittorio Hösle"

1960 births
20th-century German philosophers
21st-century German philosophers
Catholic philosophers
Hegelian philosophers
Living people
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
University of Notre Dame faculty
Carl Schmitt scholars
Academic staff of ETH Zurich


title: Acmispon rigidus

text:
Acmispon rigidus, synonyms Lotus rigidus and Ottleya rigida, is a flowering plant in the pea family (Fabaceae), native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is known as shrubby deervetch or desert rock-pea. It is found in the Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert.

Description
It is a perennial herbaceous plant growing to 0.5–1.5 m tall. The leaves are irregularly pinnate or palmate with three or five leaflets, 5–17 mm long. The flowers are yellow to cream, turning red or purple as they age.

Distribution and habitat
Acmispon rigidus is found in the southwestern United States (Arizona, California, Nevada and Utah) and in northwestern Mexico. It occurs in the Mojave Desert north to Inyo County, California, and in the Sonoran Desert south to the Baja California Peninsula. It is found on dry slopes and desert dry washes below 6,000 ft above sea level, in Joshua tree woodland, and in pinyon-juniper woodland plant communities.

References

External links
 USDA Plants Profile
 Photo gallery
 Jepson eFlora: Acmispon rigidus

Loteae
Flora of Arizona
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Flora of Utah
Flora of Northwestern Mexico
North American desert flora
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora without expected TNC conservation status
Plants described in 1849
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts


title: Swamp–Meadow Cabin (east)

text:
The Swamp–Meadow Cabin (east) is in North Cascades National Park, in the U.S. state of Washington. Constructed sometime in the early 1910s by the North Coast Mining and Milling Company, the cabin was a warm season residence used by company employees for storage and residence while working their mining claims on Thunder Creek. The cabin was constructed plainly of rounded hewn logs, square notched at the corners. The cabin is  with an offset door at the south end, above which it is sheltered by the large overhanging extension of a gable roof which is wood shingled. Swamp–Meadow Cabin (east) is near Swamp–Meadow Cabin (west), and both were placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Houses completed in 1912
Buildings and structures in Skagit County, Washington
National Register of Historic Places in North Cascades National Park
1912 establishments in Washington (state)
Log cabins in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Skagit County, Washington
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)