title: Gennaria

text:
Gennaria is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. For many years it contained only one species, Gennaria diphylla. A second species, Gennaria griffithii, was added in 2015. The genus name honours Patrizio Gennari, Italian botanist and patriot.

Species
, two species are accepted:
 Gennaria diphylla  – Macaronesia, north-west Africa, south-west Europe
 Gennaria griffithii  – Afghanistan to China

See also
 List of Orchidaceae genera

References

External links

Orchideae genera
Orchideae


title: Viking coinage

text:
Viking coinage was used during the Viking Age of northern Europe. Prior to the usage and minting of coins, the Viking economy was predominantly a bullion economy, where the weight and size of a particular metal is used as a method of evaluating value, as opposed to the value being determined by the specific type of coin. By the ninth century, the Viking raids brought them into contact with cultures well familiarised with the use of coins in economies of Europe, hence influencing the Vikings own production of coins.

Within Scandinavia itself, Vikings were aware of coins from various regions including the Arab areas of the day, bringing further influence. Before minting of their own coinage, a flow of international coins provided the basis for an early economy with which to develop.

Danish ruled kingdoms in the British Isles, known as the Danelaw, began to model their own coins on rulers in addition to various Christian imagery. Within Scandinavia, the adoption of particular coinages within each of the Danish, Swedish and Norwegian coinages became evident towards the late 990s. As with most coins of the period, including within the Danelaw, the majority of these were modelled on the rulers of these particular regions. Each kingdom had varying success with the introduction and consequent use of their own coinage.

The finds of multiple silver hoards within the United Kingdom and Scandinavia, provide evidence of the types and design of coins of the various Viking rulers and kings and the influence of outside cultures. Such hoards include the Cuerdale (consisting of some 7000 coins) and Silverdale hoards in the UK. The majority of the Cuerdale hoard can be found in the British Museum. In addition, hoards found in Denmark and Sweden show a large proportion of Arabic coins, as well as other forms of bullion such as bracelets and jewellery.

Background and Bullion Economy

The early Viking age saw a predominantly bullion economy within society. Some suggest Scandinavian coins developed in the town of Ribe towards the early eighth century with evidence of Danish sceattas, however no archaeological remains of a particular mint have been found. The development of a bullion economy within the Viking Age saw goods exchanged for precious metals based on their weight and size as opposed to use of a particular type of coin. Silver was the most used metal within the economy as a means of trading. The silver was often weighed using lead weights and in order to safeguard people's wealth, melted down to be shaped into various other forms (such as bracelets and other jewellery). Scales brought with traders allowed weights of such metals to be accurately accounted for, therefore allowing an easier system of exchange between parties within the Viking age prior to coinage. As well as these various precious metals being used as a means of exchange, precious metals became a symbol of power and wealth within society.

Towards the ninth century, raids took Vikings into contact with various towns and villages around the North and Irish Sea. Naturally, following raids of foreign nations, the Vikings became more accustomed to and more involved in local politics and economics. As a result, silver being used as a method of payment became more influential. The various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms already had their own coinage in use, which was often used to pay Vikings off in attempts to avoid raids, not necessarily always being successful. In addition to the influence of Anglo-Saxon coins, about 35% of coins entering Scandinavia were of Oriental descent, representing the wide-ranging influence of cultures outside the Viking kingdoms having important influences in the development of their own currencies and coinages.

Scandinavia

Denmark

The earliest known issued coins out of Viking age Denmark came under king Sweyn Forkbeard around the year 995. These coins had various inscriptions including the name of Sweyn, as well as the issuing authority of the coins (GODWINE M-AN DNER: Godwine moneyer among the Danes), and the coins were made of silver. In following centuries, many coins were based on silver and their value determined by weight. These have been found to be few and minted at an unidentified site. Sweyn, along with Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvasson, had previously commanded the Viking invading force into England, leading to the enforcement of Danegeld (the English king Æthelred II, was required to pay the Danish: known as Danegeld). The English coins used as payment became some of the early prototypes for these Danish coins. The main two developments common in Denmark became: pennies highly similar to those minted within England, but struck in Denmark with images of the English king and name; and also pennies modelled on those made in England but with images more directly linked to Denmark.

During the reign of Svend Estridsen, many Danish coins had a strong imitation of Byzantine types and towards the latter part of his reign, pennies had impressions of Danish runic characters. Later between 1074 and 1080, under the reign of Harald Hen, Denmark moved more to a nationalised currency and coinage.

The initial implementation of the Danish coinage began well, becoming further consolidated and established under the rule of Cnut, whereby the kingdoms of both Denmark and England were more united. Under Cnut in the 1020s came some of the first organised coinage, principally minted in Lund, but also found to be minted in multiple other cities such as Ribe, Hedeby and Aalborg.

Norway
As in other parts of Viking Scandinavia, imports of coinages and coins from various regions of the world, entered their way into present day Norway as a result of increased trade. Across the Viking lands about 150 finds of coins found approximately 400 Arabian, 3300 Norwegian and a similar number of English coins. Some of the earliest issued coins within Norway itself came from around the 990s and were designed with the image of Olaf Tryggvasson, the king of Norway from 995 to 1000. Locally issued coinage is likely to have continued within Norway, evidenced from the composition of multiple found coin hoards. Under the reign of King Harald Sigurdsson, after having gained knowledge and experience in currencies during his service with the Byzantine emperor, a national currency was established. Generally, the pennies were issued with an approximate weight of 0.89 grams. Initially, these coins contained a high amount of silver, but gradually silver was dropped in overall content with higher percentages of copper being used instead, (particularly under Olaf Haraldsson). Nidarnes is likely to have been the location of the main mint of Norwegian coins under the rule of Haraldsson.

Initially, the distributed coinage within Norway, had a delicate start, but under the rule of Harald Hardrada, became much more influential.

Sweden
The import of foreign coins into Sweden started around the year 800, continuing until approximately 1150 when the local minting of coins became more common. Predominantly, dirhams were imported into Sweden via Russia, with additional circulation coming from Germany, England and elsewhere. A high silver content was necessary providing weight standards for which to value the bullion.

Sweden’s native coinage began towards the 990s with the king Olof Skötkonung, issuing coins with his own image and title. The royal coinage was mainly produced around the town of Sigtuna and based on English coinage. Finds have linked these coins to Sigtuna based on die links as well as relationships between the imagery. King Anund Jacob continued the minting of coins in Sigtuna but was discontinued towards the end of his reign. The minting was likely resumed under the reign of King Canute I.

Generally, the coinage was primitive in comparison to others of the period, with varying weight and meaningless inscriptions. These coins could have been used as a means of payment for soldiers as opposed to having a sole use in trading, resulting in this primitive type of coinage. Christian imagery and resemblances were common in early Swedish coinage, modelling Anglo-Saxon coinage including inscriptions such as ‘IN NOMINE DOMINI’, meaning ‘In the name of the Lord’, as well as cross symbols. Coinage from Sigtuna came to a conclusion around 1030.

Danelaw

The Danelaw, a region located in present-day United Kingdom which came under the rule of the Danes from approximately the 9th century to the 11th century, began to use coins influenced by the Danish. The earliest phases of coinage, under Viking rule were predominantly imitative of nearby coinages. Few of these imitations modelled themselves on Viking rulers and kings, with many holding the name of King Alfred (king of the Anglo-Saxons) and being struck to a weight standard of approximately 1.6g. The minting of many of these coins, continued on from Anglo-Saxon production prior to invasion through to the 870s and 880s, but with some signs of Scandinavian rule.

The mid 890s saw a development in the introduction and development of national coinages within the two main kingdoms of the Danelaw. York saw the regal coinages with names of rulers Siefred and Cnut, while East Anglia replaced the coinage of King Alfred to St Edmund. The St Edmund coinage often displayed signs Christian imagery. The earliest known coins from Vikings in the kingdom of York came from Guthred. Evidence suggests it is of Anglo-Saxon type, bearing king's name, a cross and the moneyer's name. The coinages of Cnut and Siefred also rely on regal and Christian imagery as well as influences from the Byzantine coins.

Christian imagery was common in coins issued in the Danelaw kingdom. This includes inscriptions such as DOMINUS DEUS REX (Lord God and King) as well as Christian imagery such as the Christian cross. Scandinavian influences on the coinages are also evident in addition to the Christian imagery, such as the hammer of the Norse god Thor and other references. The inscriptions under King Olaf demonstrate Scandinavian influence. Many of the Viking coins that display images of Thor and Odin are accompanied with Christian symbols as well, while the use of Old Norse developed a distinctive line of coins apart from Anglo-Saxon kings. Olaf Guthfrithson demonstrated a heavier use of Norse symbols.

Hoards and Viking coins today
Many of the hoards found regarding Viking coins date between the 9th and 11th centuries come from the British Isles. The finds can often be found in museums such as the British Museum and consist mostly of silver goods.

Some of the silver hoards found within Denmark include 1751 coins from Terslev with 1708 of these coins being of Arabian descent. The latest issue of coins found within this hoard came from the year 944. Other hoards found within Denmark, consist of pendants, strap fittings, bracelets, silver beads and silver fragments. These include hoards from Duesminde and Vedsted which can be found at the National Museum of Denmark. There also existed some gold hoards such as finds in Hornelund which are also at the National Museum of Denmark.

In Sweden, two thirds of coin finds come from Gotland with finds of approximately 259 524 coins from the Viking Age across all of Sweden. In addition to those in Gotland, significant finds have been made on the island of Oland, off the Swedish coast. Eighth and ninth century coins found here are generally made up of Arabic coins mostly. By the eleventh century, hoards finds reduced, with a higher proportion of western European coins.

In the United Kingdom, dating to c.895, the Ashdon Hoard found in Ashdon include 71 silver pennies. The majority of coins show Alfred the Great, with others having the name of Guthrum, Guthfrith and other uncertain coins. Four of the coins found in the hoard are located within the British Museum with the rest in Fitzwilliam Museum, and two in the Saffron Walden Museum.

One of the largest Viking silver hoards found is the Cuerdale Hoard, consisting of approximately 8600 items including silver coins, and weighing around 40 kg. The composition of the coins likely suggest that it was buried between 905 and 910. Of the items found, there are approximately 7000 coins, mainly being of Anglo-Saxon and Danelaw issue. In addition to these coins, some international Frankish coins were present as well as early Scandinavian coins. The Byzantine and Scandinavian coins would likely have come from Scandinavia in transition to Britain. As well as the coins found in the hoard, over 36 kg was bullion, mainly consisting of silver jewellery and other smaller metals. The majority of the find, can presently be found in the British Museum.

The Silverdale Hoard found in Silverdale, Lancashire consists of around 27 coins, and in total 200 pieces of jewellery. In particular, some coins have the inscription DNS (Dominus) REX, reflecting the Christian ideals while also having inscriptions of AIRDECONUT, likely being the Scandinavian name of Harthacnut. It includes coins of Alfred the Great. The collection of coins contains Anglo-Viking, Anglo-Saxon, Arabic and Frankish coins as well as those from Northumbria representing the wide-ranging cultural contacts of the Vikings and the influences of their coinages. The other items of jewellery form a basis for trading within a bullion economy.

See also
 Rings in Germanic cultures - items commonly used in trading systems in the Viking age

References

Further reading
Blackburn, M. (2005). "Currency under the Vikings. Part I: Guthrum and the Earliest Danelaw Coinages", British Numismatic Journal 75 (2005), pp. 18–43.
Blackburn, M. (2006). "Currency under the Vikings. Part II: The Two Scandinavian Kingdoms of the Danelaw, c. 895-954", British Numismatic Journal 76 (2006), pp. 204–226.
Blackburn, M. (2007). "Currency under the Vikings. Part III: Ireland, Wales, Isle of Man and Scotland in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries", British Numismatic Journal 77 (2007), pp. 119–149.
Blackburn, M. (2011). Viking Coinage and Currency in the British Isles, [British Numismatic Society Special Publication 7], London, 2011.
Dolley, Michael (1965). Viking Coins of the Danelaw and of Ireland, London: British Museum, 1965.
Gooch, M.L. (2012). Money and Power in the Viking Kingdom of York, c. 895-954, University of Durham unpublished PhD thesis, 2012.

Norse culture


The 1994–95 St. John's Red Storm men's basketball team represented St. John's University during the 1994–95 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was coached by Brian Mahoney in his third year at the school. St. John's home games are played at Alumni Hall and Madison Square Garden and the team is a member of the Big East Conference.

Off season

Departures

Class of 1994 signees

Roster

Schedule and results

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;"| Regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;"| Big East tournament

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;"| NIT

References

St. John's Red Storm men's basketball seasons
St. John's
St. John's
St John
St John


title: Marquis of Soleminis

text:
Marquess of Soleminis is a title granted in 1651 by Philip IV, king of Spain and king of Sardinia, to the Sardinian nobleman Francisco Angel Vico Sonza (or Vico Zonza).  It has passed afterwards to the house Amat.

The grant
The eldest son of Don Sebastian Zonza and Doña Isabel Vico, Francisco Vico Zonza, was allowed to use the maternal surname in order not to let her family extinguish and to inherit the fief of Soleminis from the maternal grandfather Don Francisco Vico Artea; upon that fief, he was created the first Marquis of Soleminis.
The fief had been granted to Don Francisco Vico Artea (who had been using the maternal surname first himself) in 1637 as a partial payment of his salaries as a regente (member) in the Council of Aragon, the first Sardinian ever appointed to the post.  The village of Soleminis was created by them.

The inheritance
The fief passed over from father to son for three generations, until it passed over to Esperanza, the last Marquis's only surviving child, according to the Spanish and Sardinian succession rules at that time which allowed female succession in case of lack of sons.  Esperanza married secondly Don Joseph Amat, Baron of Sorso, issue of an ancient and distinguished Sardinian house of Catalan origin, and the title then passed to her issue.  Amat firstborn (the eldest male) has brought the title of Marquess of Soleminis since, among their other titles, and they were recognized as such in Italian official registers until the Italian Republic ceased to recognize nobility titles.

List of Marquesses of SoleminisIn order to describe the spouses' houses, main titles of those houses are indicated, in the modern Italian form «of the [title]»
 Francisco Angel Vico Sonza, 1st Marquess of Soleminis (born around 1615), 1651-1663; m. Doña Lucrezia Masones;
 Francisco Joseph, 2nd Marquess of Soleminis (b. 1653), son of the latter, 1663-1717; m. 1st Doña Teresa Sanjust Manca of the Counts of San Lorenzo and 2nd Maria Caterina (Spiga) Torrellas Ponti Baroness of Capoterra suo jure, dowager Baroness of Las Plassas;
 Domingo, 3rd Marquess of Soleminis (b. 1686), son of the latter by 1st marriage, 1717-1748; m. Doña Esperanza Amat Petreto of the Barons of Sorso;
 Pedro, 4th Marquess of Soleminis (b. 1712), son of the latter, 1748-1792; m. Doña Eusebia Zapata Sanjust of the Barons of Las Plassas;
 Esperanza (Speranza), 5th Marchioness of Soleminis suo jure, daughter of the latter, 1792-1812; m. 1st Don Gabriel Nin Masones of the Counts of the Castillo and 2nd Joseph Amat Baron of Sorso;
 Vincenzo (Vincenzo Anastasio) Amat Amat, 6th Marquess of Soleminis, Baron of Sorso, Marquess of Saint Philip, Marquess of Albis, etc.  (b. 1790), grandson of the latter by 2nd marriage and daughter Eusebia, 1812-1869; m. Donna Emanuela Amat Manca of the Marquesses of Villarios; during his rule fiefs were evicted, so was Soleminis;
 Giovanni Amat Amat, 7th Marquess of Soleminis, etc. (b. 1823), son of the latter, 1869-1879; m. Donna Matilde Quesada Amat of the Marquesses of Saint Sebastian;
 Vincenzo Amat Quesada, 8th Marquess of Soleminis, etc. (b. 1852), son of the latter, 1879-1912; m. 1st Donna Caterina Sanjust Amat of the Barons of Teulada and 2nd Donna Ottavia Sanjust Amat of the Barons of Teulada;
 Luigi Amat Sanjust, 9th Marquess of Soleminis, etc. (b. 1890), son of the latter by 1st marriage, 1912-1966; m. Donna Paola Amat Cartolari of the Marquesses of Saint Philip;
 Vincenzo Amat Amat, 10th Marquess of Soleminis, etc. (b. 1921), son of the latter, 1966-1987; m. Maria Gabriella Corridori.
Present holder is a nephew of the latter, also called Vincenzo, with his younger brother as heir presumptive.

References

Sources
 Francesco Floris, Feudi e feudatari in Sardegna (in Italian; meaning Fiefs and feudal lords in Sardinia), Cagliari, Della Torre, 1996, pp. 000–000. .
 Origen del Cavallerato y de la Nobleza de varias Familias del Reyno de Cerdeña manuscript Amat 1775-1790 (in Spanish; meaning Origin of the knighthood and nobility of various families from the kingdom of Sardinia), Associazione nobiliare araldica genealogica regionale della Sardegna, Cagliari, Libreria Cocco, 1977, article Vico.
 Francesco Floris and Sergio Serra, Storia della nobiltà in Sardegna. Genealogia e araldica delle famiglie nobili sarde (in Italian; meaning History of nobility in Sardinia. Genealogy and heraldry of Sardinian noble families), Cagliari, Della Torre, 1986, articles Vico and Zonza.

See also
List of Marquesses in Italy

Italian Noble titles
Margraves in Italy
Spanish noble titles


title: National Guard of Niger

text:
The Nigerien National Guard (), formerly known as the  (1997–2011) and  (1963–1997), is a paramilitary corps of the Armed Forces of Niger under the control of the Ministry of Interior, Public Safety and Decentralization. It is headed by the superior commander of the national guard.

History
The National Guard was first created in 1963 as the Republican Guard under the presidency of President Diori Hamani. Due to its loyalty to President Hamani, following the 1974 coup by President Seyni Kountche, it was restructured to ensure loyalty to Seyni Kountche. During those years, the guard was primarily tasked of protecting the president and was made up of elite soldiers trained by Moroccan officers. After the 1995 peace agreements between the government of Niger and the Touareg rebel groups, it was restructured and renamed to "Forces Nationales d'Interventions and Securite (FNIS)". Ex-rebel members were reinserted into this body as per the terms of the peace agreements. Previously under the authority of Ministry of Defense, the national guard was transferred under the authority of the Ministry of Interior in 2003. Faithful to their tradition, the National Guard remained loyal to President Mamadou Tandja in his attempt to prolong his presidency beyond the constitutional limits of his term. Later, during the 2010 military coup, the National Guard unsuccessfully defended President Tandja Mamadou. In 2010 and 2011, several government decrees and ordinances proceeded to its reorganization and renaming to the National Guard of Niger.

Mission

The mission of the national guard of Niger is defined by ordinance n°201-61 of October 7, 2010 and consists of:
 monitoring the national territory
 maintaining public safety and restoring public order
 protecting public buildings, people and their property
 participating in defense emergency preparedness
 carrying out judiciaries and administrative inquiries
 conducting policing duties in rural areas and pastorals
 providing honor services for the authorities
 providing protection to republican institutions
 participating in the operational territorial defense
 providing administration, management and monitoring of prisons
 participating in development activities in the country (i.e. humanitarian operations)
 participating in peacekeeping in international commitments made by the Niger,
 protecting the environment
 searching and detecting offenses under the criminal laws
 providing assistance to administrative authorities and the diplomatic and consular representations of Niger

References

Military of Niger


title: Kevin Kiernan (scholar)

text:
Kevin Kiernan is an American scholar of Anglo-Saxon literature. Kiernan is the editor of the Electronic Beowulf and an acknowledged expert on the Beowulf manuscript. Kiernan is the T. Marshall Hahn Sr. Professor of Arts and Sciences Emeritus at the University of Kentucky. He was inducted into the University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame in 2015.

Academic interests
Kiernan is active in the study of Beowulf and the Beowulf manuscript, and in the digital humanities, which combined in his Electronic Beowulf.

From early on in his academic career, Kiernan expressed doubt in received theory on the poem and the manuscript, and at this time, the early 1980s, the dating of the Beowulf manuscript was an important topic in Anglo-Saxon scholarship.<ref name="Trahern">{{cite journal|last=Trahern, Jr.|first=Joseph B.|year=1984|title=Rev. of Chase, The Dating of Beowulf, and Kiernan, Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript|journal=The Journal of English and Germanic Philology|volume=83|issue=1|pages=107–12|jstor=27709285}}</ref> In general, Kiernan argued in Beowulf and the Beowulf manuscript, a monograph which attracted much attention, scholars have emended the manuscript too easily and have thus place too little faith in its readings. Theories of lengthy oral transmission of the poem have caused scholars to emend individual readings, even filling up what they perceived as lacunae in the text if they deemed that the metrics or the contents were faulty. Kiernan argued that the poem (whose sole surviving manuscript is reliably dated to around 1000 CE) is most likely from the early 11th century, rather than the late 10th century, and may well have been contemporary. That is to say, its scribes, rather than slavish and sometimes sloppy copyists of an earlier text, could have been close to a contemporary poet who created or recreated the poem. Kiernan sees the conquest of the English by Danish prince Cnut the Great in 1016 as a reason for the overwhelming interest in the Danish throne displayed in the poem. In addition, he claimed that the language used in the poem was very much a contemporary language rather than the archaic language claimed by earlier editors and critics. The latter point was supported by a linguistic analysis done by Joseph Tuso, who compared the poem's diction with three important contemporary texts.

Kiernan's proposed 11th-century origin of the poem did not go unchallenged, but even critics such as Joseph Trahern who didn't accept this proposition praised Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript as "an impressive and valuable book that provides a wealth of paleographic and codicological information, [which] corrects a good deal of earlier scholarship, and clarifies a number of questions concerning the manuscript through a new and first-hand description of it". Reviewing Kiernan's monograph together with The Dating of Beowulf (a collection of essays including one by Kiernan, edited by Colin Chase, 1981), Trahern concluded that the two books narrowed the dating for Beowulf and pushed it closer to the actual production of the manuscript.

A further critique of accepted scholarship on the manuscript came with The Thorkelin Transcripts of Beowulf in 1986, which challenged the traditional account of the transcriptions made for and by Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin, an Icelandic-Danish scholar who was the first to transcribe the manuscript in the British Museum. The received history had been Kemp Malone's, who had criticized the first of these two transcriptions, made by a clerk of the museum in 1787; according to Malone, that clerk (James Matthews, identified by Kiernan) had made many errors. Kiernan, however, after extensive research in the Danish National Archives in Copenhagen, argued that Matthews's lack of knowledge of Old English in fact was a bonus: since he came to the manuscript without prejudice, he copied what he saw, and any errors he made were systematic misreadings. Thorkelin, however, had a knack of attempting to read (that is, interpret) what he saw, thereby silently amending what he considered to be faulty readings. Thorkelin A (as Matthews's version is now called) is therefore much more reliable than Thorkelin B, and in addition comparison between A and B indicates the ongoing deterioration of the manuscript, whose edges had been charred during the 1731 fire at the Cotton library, then in the Ashburnham House. Tom Shippey, in a review of Kiernan's book, called it "an essential tool, now, for the study of the poem".

Since his retirement, Kiernan has lived on St. Simons Island, Georgia. In addition to continuing his work on medieval topics he has published on the archaeology of the Georgia coast, in particular on WPA archaeologist Preston Holder.

Electronic BeowulfElectronic Beowulf is a digital facsimile edition of the poem, and the project was started by Kiernan and Paul Szarmach (of Western Michigan University) as part of the effort of the British Library, which holds the manuscript, of increasing access to its holdings. It uses fiber optics and an electronic camera; the goal of these technologies was to render visible the many letters and parts of letters obscured by the damage done to the manuscript in the 1731 fire. Ultra-violet light is used to verify erasures by scribes.

Kiernan edited the electronic edition, published by the British Library and available on CD-ROM since the second and third editions (2011); the first was published in 1999 as a free download. It contains high-definition images and a hypertext dictionary, as well as four early transcriptions and a modern one, plus an edition of the text; the early transcriptions are the two made for and by Thorkelin (late 1780s), John Josias Conybeare (1817), and Frederic Madden (1824). Comparison between the transcriptions shows the ongoing deterioration of the charred and brittle edges of the manuscript. A reviewer of the third edition for the Digital Medievalist noted that while "this new update offers Old English researchers and students a wealth of resources—and beautiful new high-resolution images", its interface, using HTML and JavaScript code and Java applets is "rather dated", a critique already offered for the second edition by William Kilbride of the University of York. Nonetheless, Kilbride noted, "the effort to achieve this has been phenomenal, but the result is truly staggering. Beowulf'' scholars and students of Old English now have unimaginable riches at their fingertips".

Education
Kiernan received his bachelor's in English from Fairfield University in 1967 and both his master's and doctorate in medieval studies from Case Western Reserve University in 1970.

References

External links
Electronic Beowulf

Living people
Linguists from the United States
Anglo-Saxon studies scholars
University of Kentucky faculty
Fairfield University alumni
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Runaround (typography)

text:
In typography, a runaround is where the ends of lines of text are adjusted to conform to a box or irregular shape, rather than a simple vertical column margin. This is done where an image or other content (known as an intrusion) occupies part of a column, with the text conforming to the shape of the object.

See also
Typographic alignment

Typography
Philatelic terminology


title: Walter DeVries

text:
Walter Dale de Vries (November 13, 1929 – November 27, 2019) was a political consultant, author, and founder of the North Carolina Institute of Political Leadership.

James M. Perry, the chief political correspondent for The Wall Street Journal, said this about his book The Ticket-Splitter (1972): "DeVries and Tarrance, scholars who have worked in the political hedge-rows, have brilliantly destroyed generations of conventional wisdom about how America votes and why they vote as they do. The Ticket-Splitter has opened new vistas in political research techniques and election strategies."

Writing in 1972, Andrew M. Greeley remarked that "Walter DeVries and Lance Tarrance Jr. have apparently pinpointed a change which exists in the real world apart from the 'Op-Ed' page of the New York Times.  If party identification has not changed much, 'ticket-splitting' has.  In 1944 there were 41 Congressional districts that voted for one party for the Presidency and another for the House of Representatives. In 1956 there were 130 such districts; in 1964, 145... From 1914 to 1962 there was only one year when there were more than six states which elected a Senator from one party and a Governor from another... Since 1962 the average number of 'incongruences' has been eleven per year..."

Significantly, "DeVries and Tarrance ... point out that the 'ticket-splitter' is not the 'independent' described by Angus Campbell and his colleagues from the Survey Research Center – a voter without conviction or commitment. Rather, the 'ticket-splitter' is both more concerned and better informed than the straight-party voter. He is more likely to be young, professional, college-educated, and to have an income of over $10,000.  He is part of America's post-World War II, college-educated, professional class."

Biography
Walt de Vries was born in Holland, Michigan, in 1929. He was the oldest of seven sons of Dutch immigrants.  He enlisted in the 2nd Armored Division of the U.S. Army (1948–49) and was recalled to active duty as an Intelligence NCO with the Army Security Agency in Korea (1950–51).

He later received a B.A. from Hope College in 1954.  He then went on to earn an M.A. and Ph.D. in political science and social psychology from Michigan State University in 1955 and in 1960, respectively.

De Vries became director of research & strategy in George Romney's  three successful campaigns for governor (1962, 1964 & 1966) and in his presidential campaign during 1967, but he resigned that position in November 1967. He also served as Romney's executive assistant in the administration of the Michigan state government from 1962 to 1967.

From 1969 to 1972 professor of political science at the University of Michigan.

From 1973 to 1979 he was an associate professor in the Institute of Policy Sciences and Public Affairs at Duke University.

In 1981 he was appointed an adjunct professor at the University of North Carolina Wilmington.

From 1969 through 1987 de Vries was the president of de Vries & Associates, Inc., a public relations, polling, media production, and campaign consulting firm.  His company conducted more than 350,000 in-the-home and telephone surveys with registered voters for political, commercial, governmental and media clients.  He has served as a campaign consultant to presidential, U.S. Senate, gubernatorial, congressional, state legislative and referendum campaigns in 35 states and several countries.  He served on the Wrightsville Beach Planning Board from 2011 to 2013.

De Vries wrote and produced for television from 1960 until his death. His business, de Vries and Associates, Inc., has written and produced full-length documentaries, mini-documentaries, special telecasts, PSA's and commercials for public television, commercial television, cable networks, and satellite systems.

Personal life

Walter de Vries met Lois Cook while still in high school.  They were married in September 1950, when de Vries was subsequently recalled for military duty in Korea.  They have four sons: Michael Dale (1952), Robert Cook (1953), Steven Richard (1957), and Walter Dann (1962).

De Vries, an avid sailor and also longing to be near the ocean, moved the family from Michigan to Marblehead, Massachusetts, and then ultimately south to the coastal town of Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina, in 1972.

Works

The Ticket-Splitter: A New Force in American Politics 1972  Foreword by: David S. Broder  Co-Author: V. Lance Tarrance Jr.
The Transformation of Southern Politics 1976  Co-Author: Jack Bass. David S. Broder of The Washington Post said the book was a "compelling story with insights on every page."  Tom Wicker of The New York Times called it "definitive".
Checked and Balanced: How Ticket-Splitters are Shaping the New Balance of Power in American Politics 1998 Co-Author:  V. Lance Tarrance. Everett. C. Ladd of the Roper Center for Public Opinion said that Tarrance and De Vries "continue their leading work in this major new book—essential reading for all who want to understand the evolution of American politics."

Founder/member
Delegate to Michigan Constitutional Convention to rewrite the Michigan Constitution. (1962)
Fellow of the Institute of Politics in the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. (1968–69)
Co-founder and member of the American Association of Political Consultants (1969).
From the AAPC website:

Founder – North Carolina Institute of Political Leadership (1987)
In January 1989, de Vries was appointed the executive director of the N.C.I.P.L.  The purpose of the program is to improve the quality of political leadership in North Carolina at the state and local levels.  Each year, two classes of twenty Fellows—with outstanding leadership potential—are selected by the Institute's Board, and they spend ten weekends in a training program designed to make them familiar with the state's political and policy processes and campaign techniques.  Over 1,500 Fellows have graduated from the Institute's hands-on program and serve in elective and appointive political and governmental positions.  Dr. de Vries retired as IOPL Director in July 2004.
Since 1991, the North Carolina Institute of Political Leadership has helped start similar programs in Massachusetts, Michigan, Virginia, Ecuador, and South Africa.

Awards

Young Man of the Year Award (Grand Rapids  Junior Chamber of Commerce) (1962)
Order of the Long Leaf Pine Award (1998) one of North Carolina's highest honors, by Governor James B. Hunt Jr.
Lifetime Achievement Award (2010) North Carolina Institute of Political Leadership.

References

American political consultants
1929 births
2019 deaths
Hope College alumni
University of Michigan faculty


title: Edward W. Hooper

text:
Captain Edward William Hooper (December 14, 1839 – June 25, 1901), known as E. W. Hooper and also colloquially as Ned, was aide-de-camp on the staff of Union Generals Rufus Saxton, Department of the South and John Adams Dix, Department of the East during the American Civil War from 1862 to 1865. Hooper also served as private secretary to General Saxton, during which time he was given the rank of captain. He was also post commander and military governor in the South Carolina Sea Islands. Subsequently, he became steward (from 1872 to 1874) and later treasurer (from 1876 to 1898) of Harvard College.

Life and family
Edward William Hooper was the son of Ellen Sturgis (1812–1848) and Robert W. Hooper (1810–1885) and the grandson of William Sturgis. His siblings were Marian "Clover" Hooper Adams (September 13, 1843 – December 6, 1885) an American socialite, active society hostess and arbiter of Washington, D.C., and accomplished amateur photographer and Ellen Sturgis "Nella" Hooper (1838–1887), who married professor Ephraim Whitman Gurney (1829–1886). The Hooper family was wealthy and prominent. Hooper's birthplace and childhood home in Boston was at 114 Beacon Street, Beacon Hill. When he was nine years old, his mother, a Transcendentalist poet, died. Hooper attended Harvard College and after graduating in the class of 1859, he entered Harvard Law School and receiving the degree of LL.B. in 1861. Hooper married Fanny Hudson Chapin (1844–1881) on July 6, 1864; their daughter Ellen Sturgis Hooper (born 1872) married John Briggs Potter in 1908.

Early in the American Civil War he enlisted in the army, serving on the staffs of Generals Saxton and Dix. He was sent to Port Royal, South Carolina in March 1862 as part of a contingent of teachers & school administrators from the New England Freedmen's Aid Society, of which his father was vice-president. He served on the staff of Gen. Saxton in the Department of the South as a Captain from March 13, 1865. He later served on Gen. Dix's staff in the Department of the East in New York and was given a promotion to Brevet Major on Jan 15, 1866. After the war, Hooper returned to Boston opened an office and lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the Hooper-Eliot House, a Stick style house built in 1872 for Hooper.

In 1872, he became steward of Harvard College, an office he held for two years. He was chosen as the treasurer of Harvard in 1876, and continued in that position until 1898. His administration of the financial affairs of the college was noted to be remarkable for its skill and success "...in spite of adverse conditions and troublous times." On his retirement from Harvard in 1899, he received the degree of LL.D. After his retirement, Hooper devoted his time to the care of large trust properties and was one of the original trustees of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. He was also one of the managers of the Suffolk Savings Bank in Boston. He died of pneumonia at McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, on June 25, 1901, after a short illness.

Documentation
His papers, dated from 1862 to 1866, relating to military service in South Carolina and New York during the Civil War are in the collection of the Houghton Library at Harvard University. They consist of 2 boxes (1 linear ft.) of documents and were a gift of Mrs. John B. Potter in 1962. The papers primarily consist of financial reports, invoices, receipts, and other documents relating to Hooper's term of service. Some letters are included in the collection; among them are three from Edward L. Pierce to Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, concerning the Port Royal Experiment. Captain Hooper was serving on the staff of General Saxton during the Port Royal Experiment. A letter, dated February 23, 1863, from Captain Edward W. Hooper to Henry W. Foote is in the collection of the Louis Round Wilson Special Collections Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

When he testified before the American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission, Hooper said:

References

External links

1839 births
1901 deaths
Union Army officers
Harvard Law School alumni
McLean Hospital patients
People from Beacon Hill, Boston
Military personnel from Massachusetts


The 1993–94 St. John's Redmen basketball team represented St. John's University during the 1993–94 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was coached by Brian Mahoney in his second year at the school. St. John's home games are played at Alumni Hall and Madison Square Garden and the team is a member of the Big East Conference.

Off season

Departures

Class of 1993 signees

Roster

Schedule and results

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!colspan=9 style="background:#FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;"| Regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;"| Big East tournament

Team players drafted into the NBA

References

St. John's Red Storm men's basketball seasons
St. John's
St John
St John


title: Amburla

text:
Amburla Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in Northern Territory, Australia. The property is situated approximately  north of Hermannsburg and  west of Alice Springs.

Amburla occupies an area of . The most productive area of the property are the Mitchell grass plains at the foot of Mount Hay and the relict alluvial plains of the floodout areas of Amburla, Charley and 16 mile Creeks. The sandy red earth of the floodouts support mulga woodlands. The northern part of the property is composed of sandplains supporting spinifex.

Gary Dann, father of television actor Troy Dann, owned the property in 1989. The Danns sold the property in 2007 to Sterling Buntine. Sterling Buntine sold the station in 2011 for 6 million, it was sold to local cattleman Tony Davies.

See also
List of ranches and stations

References

Stations in the Northern Territory


title: Rancho San Antonio Abad

text:
Rancho San Antonio Abad, a land grant in what is now the western part of Tijuana in the Tijuana Municipality of Baja California, Mexico.  The name of the rancho derives from Saint Anthony the Abbot.

History

Origin
The origin of this rancho is obscure, but was one of the earliest ranchos established around San Diego.  It is mentioned in a report in 1828, with the various ranchos of the San Diego region, Pennasquitos, de la Nación (then the rancho of the Presidio of San Diego), San Ysidro, El Rosario and Temescal.  Among them is also mentioned that of San Antonio Abad as a rancho with 300 cattle, 80 horses, 25 mules and some grain fields on it.  It may have been a second rancho belonging to or used by the Presido.

The property of the Rancho San Antonio Abad would have been bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, to the south by the 11 league Rancho El Rosario and from 1829 it would have been bounded on the east by the Rancho Tía Juana.  It would later in 1833, be bounded on the north by the Rancho Melijo or Rancho de La Punta of Santiago E. Arguello, that lay from the line of hills south of the Tijuana River valley on the coast north to the San Diego Bay.  San Antonio Abad's location would put it below the modern Mexican border along where El Camino Real ran north along the coast to San Diego.

Later in 1836-37, during the time of the Kumeyaay warfare against the ranchos, this rancho was being administered along with the Rancho Otay, by the same Santiago E. Arguello of Rancho Meilijo, son of Santiago Arguello owner of the Rancho Tía Juana (that had been abandoned at that time due to the raids), indicating it may not yet have been in private hands at that time.
 Its title was never before an the California Land Commission, further indicating its bounds were south of the borderline.

Post-Mexican American War
Following the Mexican American War, during the 1853-1854, invasion of Baja California by the filibuster William Walker his retreating force marching north along the El Camino Real to California, resting in ruined missions and abandoned ranchos along the way, finally encamped at the Rancho San Antonio Abad that lay just south of the border on the coast along the highway. There he negotiated his surrender to American officials in San Diego.

A map of the Rancho Melijo made by a county surveyor for its land commission case, indicates that the line of hills extending along the border south of the Tijuana River and down the coast into Mexico, were known as the San Antonio Hills, perhaps indicating the northern limit of the Abad rancho.

It would seem that sometime between Walker's occupation of the abandoned rancho in 1854 and 1856 Santiago Arguello had acquired the rancho. On January 2, 1856, Santiago Arguello signed a sworn statement about the legal validity of the Mexican title of the San Pascual Rancheria.  At the end of the document he signed it with a statement that indicated that he was the owner and resided at the rancho San Antonio Abad:

"Given in my rancho of San Antonio Abad a Ti Juan.  S. Arguello"

Rancho San Antonio Abad seems not to have been kept together under that name as it does not appear in a report of settlements and ranchos in Baja California Norte in 1906, although there are a number of ranchos named San Antonio in the area mentioned.

References

San Antonio Abad
San Antonio Abad
Rancho San Antonio Abad
Rancho San Antonio Abad
Tijuana Municipality
1828 in Alta California
1828 establishments in Mexico


Swimming at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics was held from 17 to 22 August at the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center in Nanjing, China.

Qualification
Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) can enter a maximum of eight athletes, four per each gender and two per each event. As hosts, China is given the maximum quota and 112 places, 56 per each gender will be decided by the Tripartite Commission. The remaining 280 places, 140 per each gender qualified by achieving the Qualifying Standard Time ("A standard" allows two athletes in an event while the "B standard" allows one athlete in an event) and being among the top 140 eligible athletes in the FINA Points Table. Also only the 16 nations with the most FINA points after the 2013 World Aquatics Championships will be allowed to qualify the maximum quota. All other nations can only qualify four athletes, and two per each gender.

To be eligible to participate at the Youth Olympics, athletes must have been born between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 1999.

Qualifying Standard Times

Athletes have from 1 April 2013 to 8 June 2014 to achieve the qualification standards. A nation reaching the "A standard" may send up to two athletes in the event and nations reaching the "B standard" may only send one provided that the athlete is in the top 140 in the FINA Points Table.

Schedule

The schedule was released by the Nanjing Youth Olympic Games Organizing Committee.  In the table below, M stands for morning (begins 10:00), and E stands for evening (begins 18:00).

All times are CST (UTC+8)

Medal summary

Medal table

Events

Boys' events

Girls' events

Mixed events

 Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.

Participating nations
145 nations participated in swimming.

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References

External links
Official Results Book – Swimming

2014 Summer Youth Olympics events
Youth Summer Olympics
Swimming competitions in China
2014


title: Condado de Maule

text:
Conde de Maule is a Spanish noble title emerged at the end of the colony in Chile, Carlos IV granted by the April 9, 1810 to Nicolás de la Cruz y Bahamonde, with prior vizcondado of Cruz house. The name of the title refers to the river, province or region of Maule, Chile.

Succession

The title was reinstated on July 9, 1959 by Jorge Correa Ugarte, a member of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, he has a relationship to the first owner of the title, that was Juan Albano Cruz.
Correa Ugarte what he had until of December 10, 1986, the time his death in 1992.
He was succeeded by his nephew, Juan Eduardo Correa Larraín,  son of Estanislao Correa Ugarte. In April 2007 the Court. º Madrid determined that Mr. Correa Larraín has usurped that title.

By having better law, April 2, 2007, the title passes to the Chilean Juan Carlos Cruz Lindemann, by Court Order 407/2007 of the Ministry of Justice of Spain

titles

 Nicolás de la Cruz y Bahamonde, I conde de Maule
 María Joaquina de la Cruz y Jiménez de Velasco, II condesa de Maule
 Joaquín de Aymerich y de la Cruz, III conde de Maule
 Jorge Correa Ugarte, IV conde de Maule (since 1959 to December 10, 1986)
 Juan Eduardo Correa Larraín, V conde de Maule (since May 18, 1992)
 Juan Carlos Cruz Lindemann, VI conde de Maule (since February 27, 2007)

See also
Juan de la Cruz y Bernardotte
Juan Albano Pereira Márquez

References

External links
 Libraries Cervantes - Talca
 History of Talca hospital
 Condes de Maule Genealogy
 Memory Talca Chile

1810 establishments in the Captaincy General of Chile
Cruz Family


title: Independence Medal (Bophuthatswana)

text:
The Independence Medal was instituted by the State President of the Republic of Bophuthatswana to commemorate that country's independence on 6 December 1977. It was awarded to all ranks on the active strength of the Bophuthatswana Defence Force upon independence.

The Bophuthatswana Defence Force
The Bophuthatswana Defence Force (BDF) was established upon that country's independence on 6 December 1977. The Republic of Bophuthatswana ceased to exist on 27 April 1994 and the Bophuthatswana Defence Force was amalgamated with six other military forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

Institution
The Independence Medal was instituted by the State President of Bophuthatswana to commemorate the independence of the Republic of Bophuthatswana on 6 December 1977.

Award criteria
The medal was awarded to all ranks who were on the active strength of the Bophuthatswana Defence Force upon independence, including members on detached duty from the South African Defence Force. While the medal is known to have been instituted and awarded, no warrant has yet been traced.

Order of wear

Since the Independence Medal was authorised for wear by one of the statutory forces which came to be part of the South African National Defence Force on 27 April 1994, it was accorded a position in the official South African order of precedence on that date.

Bophuthatswana Defence Force until 26 April 1994

Official BDF order of precedence:
 Preceded by the General Service Medal.
 Succeeded by the Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Gold.
Bophuthatswana official national order of precedence:
 Preceded by the General Service Medal.
 Succeeded by the Independence Police Medal.

South African National Defence Force from 27 April 1994

Official SANDF order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Independence Medal of the Republic of Transkei.
 Succeeded by the Independence Medal of the Republic of Venda.
Official national order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Independence Medal of the Republic of Transkei.
 Succeeded by the Independence Police Medal of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.

The position of the Independence Medal in the order of precedence remained unchanged, as it was on 27 April 1994, when decorations and medals were belatedly instituted in April 1996 for the two former non-statutory forces, the Azanian People's Liberation Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe, and again when a new series of military orders, decorations and medals was instituted in South Africa on 27 April 2003.

Description
Obverse
The Independence Medal is a gilt disk, 38 millimetres in diameter and 3 millimetres thick at the rim, displaying the Coat of Arms of the Republic of Bophuthatswana in colour on a white enameled background.

Reverse
The reverse shows the face of a leopard over the inscription "6-12-77", the date of Bophuthatswana's independence.

Ribbon
The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide, with a 3 millimetres wide red band, an 8 millimetres wide cobalt blue band, a 4 millimetres wide dark yellow (cadmium) band, repeated in reverse order and separated by a 2 millimetres wide green band. Cobalt blue and cadmium are the principal colours of the national flag of Bophuthatswana.

Discontinuation
Conferment of the Independence Medal was discontinued in 1977.

References

Military decorations and medals of Bophuthatswana
Awards established in 1977
Awards disestablished in 1994
1977 establishments in Africa
1994 disestablishments in Africa


title: Lloyd Tyrell-Kenyon, 5th Baron Kenyon

text:
Lloyd Tyrell-Kenyon, 5th Baron Kenyon,  (13 September 1917 - 16 May 1993), was a British hereditary peer, member of the House of Lords, and academic administrator. The only son of Lloyd Tyrell-Kenyon, 4th Baron Kenyon, he succeeded to the title of Baron Kenyon on his father's death in 1927.

Life
Lord Kenyon was educated at Eton and then Magdalene College, Cambridge. As a peer he was active across many fields of public life including education, museums and health.

Lord Kenyon was president of the University College of North Wales in Bangor (part of the University of Wales), from 1947 to 1982. Through the university he was behind the revival of the Gwasg Gregynog Press, which printed traditional hand-bound books from metal type and woodcut illustrations, and he was chairman of the press from 1978 to 1991.

He was president of the National Museum of Wales from 1952 to 1957, trustee of the National Portrait Gallery from 1953 to 1988 and member of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts from 1966 to 1993. He was credited with growing the NPG from a small specialist museum to "one of the great national galleries".

He was chairman of the Wrexham, Powys and Mawddach Hospital Management Committee from 1960 to 1974, and then chairman of the Clwyd Area Health Authority, 1974–1978.
As Flintshire county councillor he was appointed to their first records committee and was an active supporter of Flintshire Record Office (later Clwyd Record Office). He was also elected to the North Wales Police Authority.

He was a director of Lloyds Bank.

He was a Justice of the Peace in 1944. He was made a Deputy Lieutenant for Flintshire in 1948, an Officer of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem , and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1972. He was a provincial grandmaster for the Freemasons of North Wales.
He married Leila Cookson in 1946 and had three children - two sons, one of whom pre-deceased him and one daughter. He died in Gredington, Shropshire, on 16 May 1993, aged 75.

References

External links

 Kenyon records, Flintshire Record Office
 Portraits at the National Portrait Gallery

1917 births
1993 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Deputy Lieutenants of Flintshire
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Lloyd 5


title: Isaac Boro Park

text:
Isaac Boro Park is a public park and outdoor recreation area located along the Old GRA neighborhood of Rivers State capital, Port Harcourt. The park is named after Isaac Boro, who was one of the pioneers  of minority rights activism in Nigeria. The geographical  coordinates of the park are: 4°47'16"N (4.787960),  7°0'19"E (7.005517).

Situated just opposite the Mile One Flyover, Isaac Boro Park is home to baseball and softball in Port  Harcourt. On numerous occasions between 2006 and 2013, the park hosted the  annual international trade fair and continues to serve as venue for memorable events such as the Armed Forces Remembrance Day, the Workers' Day and the National Youth Service send-off parade  ceremonies.

Geography
Isaac Boro Park is bounded to the south by Bauchi Street, north by Ogbodo Street and Blue Street, west  by Ikwerre Road and to the east by Ohia Street.

References

External links

Boro
Boro
Boro
Isaac Boro
Landmarks in Port Harcourt
Old GRA, Port Harcourt


title: List of Oceanian countries by GDP (nominal)

text:
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year. Countries in Oceania are sorted by nominal GDP estimates based on 2017 data from The World Factbook by the Central Intelligence Agency.

The figures presented here do not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency. Such fluctuations may change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference to the standard of living of its population. Therefore, these figures should be used with caution.

Some countries/regions may have citizens which are on average wealthy. These countries/regions could appear in this list as having a small GDP. This would be because the country/region listed has a small population, and therefore small total economy; the GDP is calculated as the population times market value of the goods and services produced per person in the country.

Comparisons of national wealth are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries. PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem, but has its own drawbacks; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade, and it also requires more estimation than nominal GDP. On the whole, PPP per capita figures are more narrowly spread than nominal GDP per capita figures.

See also
List of countries by GDP (PPP)

Notes

References

GDP
O
GDP
Lists of countries in Oceania


title: Cory Jefferson

text:
Cory Allen Jefferson (born December 26, 1990) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Atléticos de San Germán of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional. He played college basketball for Baylor University and represented the United States at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia.

High school career
Jefferson attended Killeen High School in Killeen, Texas. As a sophomore in 2006–07, he averaged 13.5 points, 10.5 rebounds and 5.1 blocks per game, earning All-District 16-4A first team honors. As a senior in 2008–09, he averaged 19.5 points and 6.2 rebounds per game, leading Killeen to three straight 30-win seasons and four consecutive district championship.

Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Jefferson was listed as the No. 13 power forward and the No. 51 player in the nation in 2009.

College career

In his freshman season at Baylor, Jefferson played sparingly for the Bears. In 21 games, he averaged 1.3 points and 1.2 rebounds in 4.6 minutes per game.

After redshirting the 2010–11 season, Jefferson returned to the Bears for the 2011–12 season. In his sophomore season, he had 5 double-digit scoring and 12 multiple block games; his 42 blocks ranked 10th on Baylor's single-season list. In 34 games (one start), he averaged 3.6 points, 2.6 rebounds and 1.2 blocks in 10.5 minutes per game.

In his junior season, Jefferson was named to the NIT All-Tournament team after he helped Baylor win the NIT championship. He also earned Big 12 honorable mention honors at the end of the season. In 37 games (all starts), he averaged 13.3 points, 8.0 rebounds and 1.9 blocks in 27.9 minutes per game.

In his senior season, Jefferson was named to the 2014 All-Big 12 third team. He was also named the 2014 USBWA District VII Player of the Year. In 38 games (all starts), he averaged 13.7 points, 8.2 rebounds and 1.3 blocks in 29.0 minutes per game.

College statistics

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2009–10
| style="text-align:left;"| Baylor
| 21 || 0 || 4.6 || .391 || .000 || .692 || 1.2 || .0 || .1 || .2 || 1.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2011–12
| style="text-align:left;"| Baylor
| 34 || 1 || 10.5 || .522 || .000 || .600 || 2.6 || .1 || .2 || 1.2 || 3.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2012–13
| style="text-align:left;"| Baylor
| 37 || 37 || 27.9 || .610 || .333 || .704 || 8.0 || .3 || .5 || 1.9 || 13.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2013–14
| style="text-align:left;"| Baylor
| 38 || 38 || 29.0 || .500 || .368 || .640 || 8.2 || 1.0 || .4 || 1.3 || 13.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 130 || 76 || 19.9 || .543 || .340 || .660 || 5.6 || .4 || .3 || 1.3 || 8.9
|-

Professional career

Brooklyn Nets (2014–2015)
On June 26, 2014, Jefferson was selected with the final pick in the 2014 NBA draft by the San Antonio Spurs. He was later traded to the Brooklyn Nets on draft night. He later joined the Nets for the 2014 NBA Summer League, and signed with the team on July 23. Jefferson received his first and only start of the season on December 13 in a 114–87 win over the Charlotte Hornets. In 23 minutes of action, he recorded 11 points on 5-of-5 shooting and 5 rebounds. On January 1, 2015, using the flexible assignment rule, the Nets assigned Jefferson to the Maine Red Claws, the affiliate of the Boston Celtics. On January 8, he was recalled by the Nets. On March 6, Jefferson recorded his first career double-double with season-highs of 12 points and 13 rebounds in over 15 minutes of action in a 108–100 overtime loss to the Phoenix Suns.

On June 29, 2015, Jefferson was named in the Nets' team for the 2015 NBA Summer League. He managed three Summer League games for the Nets before being waived by the team on July 13.

Phoenix Suns (2015–2016)
On September 16, 2015, Jefferson signed a one-year, non-guaranteed contract with the Phoenix Suns. After impressing head coach Jeff Hornacek and general manager Ryan McDonough during preseason, Jefferson made the Suns' opening night roster for the 2015–16 season. He made his debut for the Suns on November 14, recording 2 points and 2 rebounds in a 105–81 win over the Denver Nuggets. On January 7, 2016, he was waived by the Suns after appearing in just six games.

On January 20, 2016, Jefferson was acquired by the Bakersfield Jam of the NBA Development League. The next day, he returned to the Suns, signing a 10-day contract with the team. After his 10-day contract expired, playing two more games with the team in the process, he was not retained by the Suns.

Bakersfield Jam (2016)
On February 1, 2016, Jefferson was reacquired by the Bakersfield Jam. The next day, he made his debut for the Jam in a 132–111 win over the Oklahoma City Blue, recording 18 points, 14 rebounds, 3 assists and 1 block in 34 minutes.

Austin Spurs (2016–2017)
In July 2016, Jefferson joined the Cleveland Cavaliers for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On September 26, 2016, he signed with the Cavaliers, but was later waived on October 20 after appearing in six preseason games. He ultimately joined the Austin Spurs of the NBA Development League on November 12, 2016. On February 6, 2017, he was named in the Western Conference All-Star team for the 2017 NBA D-League All-Star Game.

Philippines (2017)
In March 2017, he signed with the Alaska Aces as the team's import for the 2017 PBA Commissioner's Cup.

Olimpia Milano (2017–2018)
On July 16, 2017, Jefferson signed with the Olimpia Milano of the Italian Serie A and the EuroLeague. On February 2, 2018, he parted ways with Milano.

Texas Legends (2018)
On February 22, 2018, the Texas Legends had acquired Jefferson from Agua Caliente Clippers with Clipper's 2018 NBA G League draft 4th round pick and the returning player right to Cameron Ayers.

Darüşşafaka (2018)
On July 13, 2018, Jefferson signed with the Turkish team Darüşşafaka of the EuroLeague. However, on August 18, 2018, Darüşşafaka parted ways with Jefferson after he did not pass the physical test.

Delaware Blue Coats (2018–2019)
Jefferson was signed by the Philadelphia 76ers on October 12, 2018. He was waived the next day. Jefferson was added to the Delaware Blue Coats training camp roster.

Guangzhou Long-Lions (2019)
On January 16, 2019, Jefferson signed with Guangzhou Long-Lions. Jefferson made his debut for the Long-Lions on the same day, scoring 17 points with six rebounds and a block in a 133–92 win over the Beikong Fly Dragons. On February 11, 2019, Jefferson parted-way with the Long-Lions after his import player roster spot was replaced by Lorenzo Brown.

Gran Canaria (2019)
On February 22, 2019, Herbalife Gran Canaria of the Liga ACB announced the signing of Jefferson. He and Gran Canaria parted away just after six games, on April 9, 2019.

Atléticos de San Germán (2020)
On February 22, 2020, Jefferson signed with Atléticos de San Germán of the Puerto Rican league.

On May 27, 2021, Jefferson tried out for the Big3 tryouts in Dallas and made the final 5 for a finalist spot in Las Vegas.

NBA career statistics

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Brooklyn
| 50 || 1 || 10.6 || .449 || .133 || .574 || 2.9 || .3 || .2 || .4 || 3.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 8 || 0 || 6.3 || .409 || .000 || .667 || 2.0 || .0 || .0 || .1 || 2.8
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 58 || 1 || 10.0 || .453 || .125 || .554 || 2.8 || .3 || .2 || .4 || 3.5

Personal life
Jefferson is the son of Fancy Pace and the late Charles Jefferson. His mother served 21 years in the military.

References

External links

Baylor Bears bio

1990 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
Alaska Aces (PBA) players
American expatriate basketball people in China
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in the Philippines
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American men's basketball players
Austin Spurs players
Bakersfield Jam players
Basketball players from Texas
Basketball players from Tacoma, Washington
Baylor Bears men's basketball players
Brooklyn Nets players
CB Gran Canaria players
Delaware Blue Coats players
Guangzhou Loong Lions players
Liga ACB players
Maine Red Claws players
Olimpia Milano players
Sportspeople from Killeen, Texas
Philippine Basketball Association imports
Phoenix Suns players
Power forwards (basketball)
San Antonio Spurs draft picks
Texas Legends players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century American people
Big3 players
American men's 3x3 basketball players


title: Leverton Harris

text:
Frederick Leverton Harris (17 December 1864 – 14 November 1926) was a British businessman and Conservative Party politician. He sat in the House of Commons for three periods between 1900 and 1918.

His role in Parliament was largely insignificant until World War I, when he used his knowledge of shipping to play a crucial role in the United Kingdom's economic warfare against the German Empire, and joined the government in 1916 in a newly created post with specific responsibility for the blockade of Germany. As the war drew to a close, his political career looked set to flourish, but was destroyed by scandal.

Early life and family
Harris was the son of Frederick William Harris and his wife Elizabeth née Wylie, of London and Withyham, East Sussex.
His siblings included Sir Austin Edward Harris, who became a noted banker, Walter Burton Harris, a journalist, writer, traveller and socialite who achieved fame for his writings on Morocco, and pianist and composer Clement Harris, who was killed in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.
He was educated at Winchester College and then Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1884.
The following year he became a partner in coal-factoring and ship-owning business of Harris & Dixon in London, and he later became a director of the National Discount Company and the Metropolitan Electricity Supply Company.

In 1886, he married Gertrude Richardson, from Bessbrook, County Armagh. They had no children.

Political career

He was elected at the 1900 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) Member of Parliament for Tynemouth, and supported the tariff reform campaign of his friend Joseph Chamberlain. He was appointed to the Tariff Reform Commission. In October 1902 he was appointed Parliamentary private secretary (unpaid) to H. O. Arnold-Forster, Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty.

He was defeated at the 1906 election,
but in May 1907 he was selected as the Unionist candidate for a vacancy in the Stepney division of Tower Hamlets, in London, following the resignation of Sir William Evans-Gordon.

At the by-election on 10 May, he won the seat
in a two-way contest with a Liberal-Labour candidate, Ben Cooper, Secretary of the Cigar Makers' Union. In the same year he was elected as a Municipal Reform Party candidate to the London County Council for Stepney, and was returned to Parliament by Stepney in January 1910.

For health reasons, he did not defend his seat in December 1910,
but he returned to Parliament 4 years later.  After the death of his friend Joseph Chamberlain, his son Austen Chamberlain (whose first son was Harris's godson) resigned his East Worcestershire seat to contest his father's old seat of Birmingham West.  Harris contested and won the resulting East Worcestershire by-election on 16 July,
just weeks before the outbreak of World War I. He then became a commercial adviser to the trade division of the Admiralty, and in 1916 moved to the Foreign Office as Director of the Restriction of Enemy Supplies Department. He became a privy councillor in January,
and in December he joined the government as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Blockade.

The East Worcestershire constituency was to be abolished for the 1918 general election, and Harris had been selected as the Conservative candidate for the new Moseley division of Birmingham. However, he and his wife faced public criticism for their role in wartime.
During the war, she had visited Baron Leopold von Plessen, who was interned as an alien. Von Plessen was of British-Austrian dual nationality, and his mother was a friend of Mrs Harris.  She strongly denied allegations that she had ever carried him parcels or letters for him, and was supported by Austen Chamberlain, who also defended her husband against suggestions that his business had profited from his role in government.
However, Harris feared that the election would be fought on personal grounds, and on 16 October he withdrew his candidacy. When the war ended he withdrew from public life.

Retirement
Harris had lived at Camilla Lacey near Dorking in Surrey, but the house burned down in 1914. In about 1920 he took up painting, and in 1925 exhibited 50 oil paintings at the Goupil Gallery.

He died suddenly on 14 November 1926 at his home in Grosvenor Street, London, aged 61.

References

External links

1864 births
1926 deaths
People educated at Winchester College
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
British businesspeople in shipping
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of London County Council
Municipal Reform Party politicians


title: Minister for Internal Affairs of Abkhazia

text:
The Minister for Internal Affairs () holds a ministerial position in the government of the Republic of Abkhazia. The post existed in the Soviet period within the Council of Ministers of the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and since then has been occupied by 10 politicians, of whom three have occupied it twice. The current Minister is Aslan Kobakhia.

History

Government of President Ardzinba

On 2 June 1996, President Ardzinba dismissed Interior Minister Givi Agrba for unsatisfactory work and replaced him with the head of his own security office Almasbei Kchach. On 2 July 2001, Supreme Court Judge Zurab Agumava was appointed Minister of the Interior in the new Cabinet headed by Anri Jergenia. On 1 November, First Vice-Premier Raul Khajimba was released as Head of the State Security Service, a post which up until then he had still occupied. He was succeeded by Agumava, who in turn was again succeeded by Kchach. On 8 May 2003, Abesalom Beia succeeded Almasbei Kchach as Interior Minister in the new Cabinet headed by Raul Khajimba, while Kchach was (on 6 June) appointed Secretary of the Security Council.

Government of President Bagapsh

After the election of Sergei Bagapsh as President, he appointed Otar Khetsia as Interior Minister on 25 February 2005. He was again appointed after Bagapsh's 2009 re-election.

Khetsia was dismissed as Minister of the Interior on 12 August 2010 and appointed Secretary of the State Security Council on 18 August. He was temporarily succeeded by his First Deputy Minister Ramin Gablaia until First Deputy Minister of Taxes and Fees Leonid Dzapshba was appointed the new Minister of the Interior on 22 September.

Government of President Ankvab

After the election of Alexander Ankvab, he again appointed Otar Khetsia as Interior Minister on 20 October 2011.

Following the resignation of Alexander Ankvab as a result of the 2014 Abkhazian Revolution, Khetsia went on paid leave, and on 9 June Raul Lolua, Head of the State Security Service's Special Forces Centre, was appointed First Deputy Minister to carry out his duties. On 4 August, acting President Valeri Bganba dismissed Khetsia and appointed Lolua as Acting Minister.

Government of President Khajimba

After the election of Raul Khajimba, he permanently appointed Raul Lolua on 25 October 2014. Logua was re-appointed in April 2015, following the replacement of Beslan Butba as Prime Minister by Artur Mikvabia, but handed in his resignation the following month, after two confrontations between police officers and members of the State Security Service. On the evening of 14 May, President Khajimba accepted Logua's resignation and appointed former Prosecutor General of the Gagra District Beslan Khagba as his successor.

On 9 October, Khajimba dismissed Khagba and appointed Leonid Dzapshba, who had already held the post from 2010 to 2011 under President Sergei Bagapsh and who had scored a 3.4% fourth place in the 2014 Presidential election.

In the run-up to the 2016 presidential recall referendum, Dzapshba gave a speech to officials at the Ministry that angered opposition activists, who claimed Dzapshba had pressured the officials not to participate in the referendum. On 5 July, some activists stormed the Ministry and demanded i.a. Dzapshba's resignation. As a concession to the protestors, Khajimba suspended Dzapshba for the duration of an investigation into the matter by the Prosecutor General, and instructed first deputy Minister Boris Abitov to carry out his duties. On 26 July, Prime Minister Artur Mikvabia resigned. On 16 August, MP and former State Customs Committee Chairman under President Vladislav Ardzinba Aslan Kobakhia was appointed Interior Minister (and Vice Premier) instead of Dzapshba, who was appointed presidential advisor on law enforcement agencies.

List of ministers for internal affairs of Abkhazia

References

External links
 Ministry official site


title: George J. Pitman

text:
Sergeant George J. Pitman (1839 – April 30, 1884) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Pitman received his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor. Pitman's medal was won for his capturing of George M Patterson's Battery flag of the 11th Battalion, Georgia Artillery (Sumter's Artillery) at the conclusion of the Battle of Sailor's Creek on April 6, 1865. Pitman was one of three members of the 1st New York (Lincoln) Cavalry who rode to the flag bearers of a Georgia regiment and demanded their flags. He was honored with the award on May 3, 1865.

Pitman was born in Recklestown in New Jersey, and entered service in Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, where he was buried.

Medal of Honor citation

See also
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M–P

References

1839 births
1884 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from New Jersey
People of New Jersey in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients


title: Highway Song (James Taylor song)

text:
"Highway Song" is a song written by James Taylor.  It was first released by James Taylor's brother Alex Taylor on his 1971 album With Friends and Neighbors and as the lead single from the album.  It was also released by James Taylor later that year on his album Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon.

Lyrics and music
Taylor wrote "Highway Song" in 1970 and he began playing it in live concerts during 1970, well before the release on Mudslide Slim and the New Horizon.

Rolling Stone critic Ben Gerson contrasts "Highway Song" with another song on Mudslide Slim and the Blue Horizon, "Mud Slide Slim," by noting that "Highway Song" provides "a more philosophical, realistic analysis" by acknowledging that "a person chooses his circumstances as much as circumstances choose him."  The song describes a journey, in which the highway represents punishment but also, according to Gerson, "has an , sinister allure."  According to Taylor biographer Timothy White, the song was inspired by the difficult traveling Taylor had to do now since becoming a star musician with the release of his first two albums, as well his own confusion about being the center of attention in his family at the time his brothers and sister were also embarking on musical careers.  Los Angeles Times columnist Dan Neil links Taylor's "Highway Song" with Bruce Springsteen's "Born to Run" as songs of "wanderlust," in which the road is used as a metaphor for the replacement of adventure and faith for security and certainty.  Author Grace Lichtenstein described Gram Parson's "Grievous Angel" as being a "first cousin" to "Highway Song" in its "lament about purposelessness and need for love."

The lyrics begin with the lines "Father let us build a boat and sail away/There's nothing for you here/And brother let us throw our lot out upon the sea/It's been done before."  Gerson describes this as "a brief, Biblical introduction, as if Noah were preparing for the Deluge."  White regards this introduction as a continuation of a theme from Taylor's earlier song "Country Road," in which problems are resolved by going away.  Another line from the song is "Sweet misunderstanding won't you leave a poor boy alone."  This line referred to many misunderstandings that were accumulating around Taylor in his first exposure to fame, and particularly the misunderstanding by many listeners that the line "Won't you look down upon me Jesus" from his popular song "Fire and Rain" was meant in a fundamentalist Christian context.  Gerson points out that although the lyrics refer to traveling on the highway, the title "Highway Song" refers to a song he says he heard along the way, and not to the lyrics of the song itself, making this a metasong.

A simple, repeated figure (music) predominates the melody.  According to Gerson, this "contributes to the sense of Sisyphean doom."  Gerson also points out that the song's "swooping bass line," played by Leland Sklar on James Taylor's recording, also contributes to the song's sense of inescapable despair.

Billboard described "Highway Song" as one of James Taylor's best songs.  Critic Al Rudis described it as "great" song, while preferring Alex Taylor's version to James'.

Alex Taylor version
Alex Taylor released "Highway Song" on With Friends and Neighbors and as a single prior to the release of his brother James' version.  Billboard predicted that the single would perform well on the Billboard Hot 100 despite being Taylor's debut single.  It did get strong radio play on some stations, such as WNUR-FM.  Alex' version excludes the opening lines from James' version about the father and brother sailing out to sea.  Rolling Stone critic Timothy Crouse stated that Alex's singing of the "Sweet misunderstanding won't you leave a poor boy alone" line revealed his "blues streak."  Rudis preferred Alex's version to James' on the basis of its greater passion and what Rudis regarded as a "nicer ending."  Record World said that "Alex Taylor is actually talented and shines on this one penned by brother James" and called the single "quality listening." Tuscaloosa News editor Ben Windham compared Alex's version to Brook Benton's rendition of "Rainy Night in Georgia," citing the "deep soul singing, sparse instrumental backing" and its use of string instruments.  Fred Kirby of Billboard described it as having a "rustic blues feel.

References

1971 songs
James Taylor songs
Songs written by James Taylor
Song recordings produced by Peter Asher
1971 singles


title: Baden Henry Powell

text:
Baden Henry Powell, latterly (by the 1891 census if not before) known as Baden Henry Baden-Powell, CIE FRSE (born 23 August  1841 - died 2 January 1901), was an English civil servant in Bengal who served as a conservator of forests in Punjab and as a Chief Court Judge. He became an Additional Commissioner at Lahore and was made Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1883. He wrote on a variety of topics including land tenure, forest conservation and law.

Life

Baden Henry Powell was the second child and the eldest son of the Reverend Professor Baden Powell by his second wife, Charlotte Pope, who died on 14 October 1844.  His parents were married on 27 September 1837.

Powell was educated at St Paul's School, London from 1856. He joined the Indian Civil Service in 1860.  He was appointed Conservator of Forests, for the Punjab after the death of Dr John Lindsay Stewart in 1873.

In 1874, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers included William Jameson, Hugh Cleghorn, and John Hutton Balfour.

In 1886 he  became the Chief Court Judge for Lahore, serving until 1889. He became the vice-chancellor of the University of the Punjab.

Powell was artistic, like his half-brother, Frank Baden-Powell, and many others in the family. Several watercolours and a collection of drawings, titled An Album of Views of India including Ceylon, the Himalayas, Agra, Benares, Barrackpore, Calcutta and Chandranagore and a number of views of the Middle East with drawings from September 1861 to 26 October 1869, have been sold at auctions.

Books
Powell was a writer upon Indian law and land tenure and his works include:
 Administration of land revenue & tenure in British India
 Hand-book of the economic products of the Punjab, with a combined index and glossary of technical vernacular words ... Prepared under the orders of government.  1868
 Punjab. Forest Department [from old catalog] District and canal arboriculture, 1876-7.
 A Manual of the Land Revenue System and Land Tenures of British India, 1882
 A manual of jurisprudence for forest officers (1882)
 Land-systems of British India; being a manual of the land-tenures and of the systems of land-revenue administration prevalent in the several provinces. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1892. Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3
 Indian village community : examined with reference to the physical, ethnographic, and historical conditions of the provinces ...   1896
 Origin and growth of village communities in India. London, S. Sonnenschein; New York, Scribner, 1899 (first edition).

He was made a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in 1883, and retired in 1889.

Powell died on 2 January 1901 at age 59; he did not marry, nor have issue.  His remains lie in St Sepulchre's Cemetery, Oxford.

References

External links

Baden Henry
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
British India judges
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
People educated at St Paul's School, London
Vice-Chancellors of the University of the Punjab
1841 births
1901 deaths
Textile historians