title: Road curve

text:
Road curves are irregular bends in roads to bring a graduation change of direction. Similar curves are on railways and canals.

Curves provided in the horizontal plane are known as horizontal curves and are generally circular or parabolic. Curves provided in the vertical plane are known as vertical curve.

Five types of horizontal curves on roads and railways:
 Simple curve
 Compound curve
 Transition curve
 Reverse curve
 Deviation curve

Two types of vertical curves on roads:

 Valley curve
 Summit curve

Horizontal Curve

Simple curve

A simple curve has the same radius throughout and is a single arc of a circle, with two tangents meeting at the intersection (B in this diagram).

Compound curve

A compound curve has two or more simple curves with different radii that bend the same way and are on the same side of a common tangent. In this diagram, MN is the common tangent.

Reverse curve

Also called a serpentine curve, it is the reverse of a compound curve, and two simple curves bent in opposite directions are on opposite sides of the common tangent.

Deviation curve

A deviation curve is simply a combination of two reverse curves. It is used when it is necessary to deviate from a given straight path to avoid intervening obstructions such as a building, a body of water, or other significant site.

Transition curve

Is a curve with a gradual change in elevation on the outside of the curve to help drivers comfortably take turns at faster speeds

Vertical road

Valley curve
Also called a sag curve, this curve dips down and then rises back up. These are placed in the base of hills. The opposite of summit curve.

Summit curve
Also called the crest curve, this curve rises and then dips down. At the peak of hills. The opposite of valley curve.

See also

 Geometric design of roads
 Hairpin turn
 Ranging rods
 Survey camp
 Tape (surveying)
 Transition curve

References

Surveying
Civil engineering


title: Rose River (Victoria)

text:
The Rose River, a perennial river of the North-East Murray catchment of the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Alpine region of Victoria, Australia. It flows from the northern slopes of the Mount Buffalo National Park in the Australian Alps, joining with the Dandongadale River in remote national park territory.

Location and features
The Rose River rises below Mount Cobbler, west of the Cobbler Plateau and the Barry Mountains, at an elevation exceeding  above sea level. The river flows generally north by east, most of its course through the remote national park before reaching its confluence with the Dandongadale River within the Mount Buffalo National Park. The river descends  over its  course.

See also

References

North-East catchment
Rivers of Hume (region)
Victorian Alps


title: The Light Between Oceans

text:
The Light Between Oceans is a 2012 Australian historical fiction novel by M. L. Stedman, her debut novel, published by Random House Australia on 20 March 2012. A film adaptation of the same name starring Alicia Vikander and Michael Fassbender was released on 2 September 2016.

Summary
Thomas "Tom" Sherbourne returns home to Eastern Australia after fighting in the Western Front trenches of World War I with the First Australian Imperial Force. He left physically unscathed and with several decorations, but he suffers from nightmares and survivor guilt and seeks a quiet, remote job. Tom becomes the lighthouse keeper for Janus Rock, a small, isolated island southwest of Australia. He spends his last days on the mainland in Point Partageuse, during which he meets a young woman named Isabel Graysmark. He is struck by her innocence and cheeriness, in contrast to the general post-war gloom in the town. As Tom begins his shift on Janus Rock, he finds comfort in the regulated structure and simple life of a keeper. His only contact with the outside world is through Ralph and Bluey, who run the supply boat to Janus every three months. He begins to correspond with Isabel, and the two spend time together during Tom's leave periods on the mainland. They get married six months later, despite Tom's worries that she will struggle to adjust to life on Janus.

The couple are happy together on the island for some time; however, their efforts to have a child result in two miscarriages and a stillbirth, leaving them, especially Isabel, frustrated and on edge. Two weeks after the stillbirth, they are shocked when a dinghy washes up carrying a dead man and a living infant girl. Tom wants to report the incident, but Isabel convinces him that they should keep the child as a "gift from God" and act as though she were their own. They informally adopt her, and name her Lucy. Raising a child causes a transformation in Isabel, and she quickly becomes the caring mother she has long wanted to be. Lucy also uncovers a loving side of Tom that had been buried by the war and an abusive childhood.

When the Sherbourne family returns to Partageuse for the first time since Lucy's arrival, they introduce her to friends and family, and take her to be christened. Just before, they hear the story of Hannah Potts, a woman from a well-off local family, who married an Austrian, Frank Roennfeldt, which caused them to be ostracized by the town. On Anzac Day in 1926, a drunken mob harassed and chased them, causing Frank to flee on a boat with their infant daughter Grace, and they were never heard from again. Tom and Isabel realize that Lucy is Grace Roennfeldt, and Hannah is still grieving, thinking both Grace and Frank are dead. Isabel persuades Tom that they should still keep their secret in the interest of the child. Tom, however, secretly leaves Hannah an anonymous note saying that her daughter is alive and safe. Lucy continues to grow under the love of Isabel and Tom, although he still harbors reservations about the morality of what they have done.

Several years later, on another shore leave, he sends another anonymous package to Hannah, this one containing the rattle that Lucy had when she washed up. With this proof, Hannah's father increases the already-substantial reward he has offered for information about his granddaughter's whereabouts. Bluey recognizes the rattle from the lighthouse, and the reward money convinces him to report this to the police. Tom is taken into custody and Lucy is returned to Hannah, leaving Isabel stricken with grief. Tom vows to protect his wife by claiming that he was the one that insisted on keeping Lucy, because he believes he is responsible for her being taken away. Hannah had long fantasized about the loving reunion of mother and child, so she is devastated that her daughter—whom she continues to call Grace—completely rejects her and sees only Isabel as her mother. Isabel at first is furious at what she sees as Tom betraying her and refuses to cooperate with investigators, leading to some suspicion that he killed Frank and threatened Isabel into silence. She has a change of heart and realizes that Tom was acting in her best interests, and they tell the true story. Tom is released and Isabel receives a suspended sentence, and they settle together on a farm.

Lucy Grace, as she is now named, learns to love her biological family and does not cross paths with the Sherbournes until 1950. She visits after hearing that Isabel has been dying of cancer, but had already died one week earlier. Tom presents her with a box of girlhood memorabilia that his wife had saved. After she leaves, Tom finally feels content and at peace with his life.

Reception
The novel received positive reviews upon publication. Sue Arnold writing for The Guardian called it "an extraordinary book" comparing the plot to Thomas Hardy's works. The Denver Post criticized the book as "somewhat predictable" but was positive on the work overall. The Sydney Morning Herald noted that it "is a work of such quality, insight and intrigue, it prompted an international bidding war among publishers", and called it "A remarkable, very readable, debut." Kirkus Reviews and Publishers Weekly both gave it starred reviews.

The Light Between Oceans won the 2013 Indie Book Awards Book of the Year and Debut Fiction Awards, made the 2013 longlist for the Miles Franklin Award, and the 2014 longlist of the International Dublin Literary Award.

Film adaptation

The novel was developed into a feature film by DreamWorks, with David Heyman and Jeffrey Clifford producing. Derek Cianfrance directed the film, and Michael Fassbender, Alicia Vikander and Rachel Weisz starred in it. The film was released by Touchstone Pictures on 2 September 2016.

Lawsuits
Writer/director Joseph Nobile alleged that Margot Louise Watts, a/k/a M. L. Stedman, knowingly and willfully copied, plagiarized, pirated and misappropriated expressive content from his screenplay entitled The Rootcutter, subsequently re-titled A Tale of Two Humans, originally copyrighted in 2001. On January 26, 2017, Nobile filed suit against Watt's publishers, Simon & Schuster, Dreamworks et al. In spite of defendant's admission of having access and probative copying of plaintiff's screenplay, the US District Court in New York ruled against Nobile on October 16, 2017, and subsequently granted the defendants' motions for Attorney Fees "due to the objective unreasonableness of plaintiff’s claims, and to dissuade other would-be plaintiffs from filing similarly baseless suits...". Nobile appealed (oral argument link regarding access and probative copying by Watts starting at 15:00 min mark), and on September 21, 2018, the 2nd US Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the original decisions.

See also

List of films set or shot in Dunedin

References

2012 Australian novels
Australian novels adapted into films
Novels set in Western Australia
Novels set during World War I
2012 debut novels
Novels involved in plagiarism controversies
Vintage Books books


title: Thwaites's skink

text:
Thwaites's skink (Chalcidoseps thwaitesi), also known commonly as the fourtoe snakeskink, is a species of skink, a lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the island of Sri Lanka.

Etymology
The specific name, thwaitesi, is in honor of English botanist George Henry Kendrick Thwaites.

Taxonomy
C. thwaitesi is the only species in the monotypic genus Chalcidoseps.

Habitat and geographic range
A highly fossorial skink, C. theaitesi is known from the Knuckles Mountain Range, between .

Description
C. thwaitesi has small eyes with scaly lower eyelids. The midbody scales are smooth, in 24-26 rows. The body and tail are elongate, and the tail is as wide as the body. The limbs are short and rudimentary, each bearing four toes, the inner two toes being short. The dorsum is dark brown, with a blackish-brown central region.

Ecology
In many places, C. thwaitesi lives in sympatry with skinks of the genera Nessia and Lankascincus.

Diet
The diet of C. thwaitesi comprises insects.

Reproduction
C. thwaitesi is oviparous. In April an adult female may lay a clutch of two eggs, each egg  measuring 6–11 mm x 18 mm (.33 x .71 inch).

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20150220085810/http://www.srilankanreptiles.com/TetrapodReptiles/Scincidae.html
http://www.srisalike.com/Founa/Reptiles/Native/Chalcidoseps%20thwaitesii.aspx

Further reading
Boulenger GA (1887). Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume III. ... Scincidæ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 575 pp. + Plates I-XL. (Chalcidoseps, new genus, p. 423; "Chalcidoseps thwaitesii [sic]", new combination, pp. 423–424 + Plate XXXVIII, figures 1, 1a, 1b).
Boulenger GA (1890). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (Genus Chalcidoseps, p. 226; "Chalcidoseps thwaitesii [sic]", p. 226, Figure 62).
Günther A (1872). "Descriptions of some Ceylonese Reptiles and Batrachians". Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Fourth Series 9: 85-88. ("Nessia Thwaitesii [sic]", new species, p. 86).
Smith MA (1935). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. II.—Sauria. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 440 pp. + Plate I + 2 maps. (Genus Chalcidoseps, pp. 354–355; Chalcidoseps thwaitesi, pp. 355–356, Figure 83).
Taylor EH (1950). "Ceylonese Lizards of the Family Scincidae". University of Kansas Science Bulletin 33 (2): 481-518. (Genus Chalcidoseps, p. 507; Chalcidoseps thwaitesi, p. 508).

Reptiles of Sri Lanka
Skinks
Reptiles described in 1872
Taxa named by Albert Günther


title: Rabhasa (soundtrack)

text:
Rabhasa is the feature film soundtrack of the 2014 film of the same name directed by Santosh Srinivas starring N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Pranitha Subhash in the lead roles. The film's soundtrack consists of five songs all composed by S. Thaman while the lyrics were penned by Ramajogayya Sastry, Anantha Sreeram and Sri Mani. The film also marked N. T. Rama Rao Jr.'s return as a playback singer after a hiatus of four years. The film's soundtrack released on 4 August 2014 at Shilpakala Vedika in Hyderabad through Aditya Music label.

Development
Initially during the launch of the film, it was reported that Devi Sri Prasad was hired as the music director. However S. Thaman replaced him later. However reports emerged that Anoop Rubens would compose the music for the film. It was reported that Anoop replaced Thaman as Thaman's music for the recent projects were received with negative response. However, Santosh decided to keep Thaman as the music director of the film after participating in the music sittings with Anoop Rubens in September 2013. Anoop on this issue responded "It was purely Santosh’s decision. I was working on a song and it was not fully complete." Thus it made Thaman re enter the film as the Music Director since Santosh and Anoop failed to be on the same page. In December 2013, reports emerged that the song "Attamadugu Vaagulona Atta Kodako" from the 1981 blockbuster film Kondaveeti Simham starring N. T. Rama Rao and Sridevi was said to be remixed in this film and N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Samantha Ruth Prabhu would star in it. In mid-February 2014, reports emerged that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. would sing a song in this film thus turning a singer again after singing in his previous films Yamadonga, Kantri and Adhurs. On 11 July 2014 Thaman informed on his Twitter page that Karthik sang a song in this film whose lyrics were penned by Anantha Sreeram. Later in mid-July 2014, it was confirmed that the song performed by N. T. Rama Rao Jr. is titled Raakasi Raakasi and his voice was modulated accordingly by Thaman later.

Track listing

Release
In the fourth week of May 2014, it was reported that the film's audio would release in June 2014. In the second week of June 2014, it was confirmed that the makers would release the audio on 20 July 2014. But the Telangana State Government did not gave permission for the audio launch on 20 July because of security reasons as the state's biggest festival Bonalu is celebrated statewide on that day. Thus the date was postponed to 26 July 2014. Later the makers finalized 27 July 2014 at the date of soundtrack's release. The makers wanted to release the soundtrack on 27 July 2014 at Shilpakala Vedika in Hyderabad but because of non-availability of venue, the release date was shifted to 4 August 2014, which was confirmed by them on 20 July 2014. The same was confirmed officially by releasing a press note on 22 July 2014.

Marketing
The Incomplete Track list featuring six songs without any details of singers, lyricists and duration was released into the internet on 13 July 2014. It was reported later that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. would perform in the audio launch event held at Shilpakala Vedika. On 4 August 2014, the Audio release poster featuring a still of N. T. Rama Rao Jr. and Samantha Ruth Prabhu from a song in the film was released which confirmed that the film's soundtrack is marketed by Aditya Music. The event had a live streaming on MAA TV from 7:30 pm and in one of the Aditya Music's official YouTube channels named Aditya MusicNMovies. Apart from them, the event had a live telecast in MAA Movies from 7:30 pm. Aditya Music released the full tracks and official jukebox hours before the audio launch which proved the released track list wrong. The jukebox featured 5 songs contrary to the released track list and it contained varying genres.

Reception
The songs received viral response before the audio launch on 4 August 2014. The soundtrack also received positive reviews from critics. IndiaGlitz gave a review stating "When it is Thaman, expect a lot of exuberance in the air. As if to match the title's theme, he dishes out a rumbustious music. If that is a qualification, the rumbustiousness of Rabhasa is not in many colors. Thaman induces a deja vu feeling in two songs, while the others live up to his image." it added "The choice of lyricists ranges from the profound Ramajogayya Sastry and Ananth Sriram to the prolific Srimani. The singers give a good output, with Suchit Suresan's voice leading the pack. With NTR singing a number for this album, Rabhasa is surely going to be a special one for his fans.  The lyrics give an indication of the kind of story we may be in for." 123telugu.com gave a review stating "On the whole, Thaman plays it safe with Rabhasa, and gives a mixed bag of songs. Right from romance, fun and massy numbers, this album has it all. Rakasi Rakasi, Maar Salam and Hawa Hawa are sure shot hits and our picks. Finally, Rabhasa’s music album sounds decent and will definitely grow on you, once you watch them visually."

References

2014 soundtrack albums
Telugu film soundtracks
Thaman S albums
Aditya Music soundtracks


title: Knowledge-based recommender system

text:
Knowledge-based recommender systems (knowledge based recommenders)  are a specific type of recommender system that are based on explicit knowledge about the item assortment, user preferences, and recommendation criteria (i.e., which item should be recommended in which context). These systems are applied in scenarios where alternative approaches such as collaborative filtering and content-based filtering cannot be applied.

A major strength of knowledge-based recommender systems is the non-existence of cold start (ramp-up) problems. A corresponding drawback is a potential knowledge acquisition bottleneck triggered by the need to define recommendation knowledge in an explicit fashion.

Item domains

Knowledge-based recommender systems are well suited to complex domains where items are not purchased very often, such as apartments and cars. Further examples of item domains relevant for knowledge-based recommender systems are financial services, digital cameras, and tourist destinations. Rating-based systems often do not perform well in these domains due to the low number of available ratings.

Additionally, in complex item domains, customers want to specify their preferences explicitly (e.g., "the maximum price of the car is X") . In this context, the recommender system must take into account constraints: for instance, only those financial services that support the investment period specified by the customer should be recommended. Neither of these aspects are supported by approaches such as collaborative filtering and content-based filtering.

Conversational recommendation

Knowledge-based recommender systems are often conversational, i.e., user requirements and preferences are elicited within the scope of a feedback loop. A major reason for the conversational nature of knowledge-based recommender systems is the complexity of the item domain where it is often impossible to articulate all user preferences at once. Furthermore, user preferences are typically not known exactly at the beginning but are constructed within the scope of a recommendation session.

Search-based recommendation

In a search-based recommender, user feedback is given in terms of answers to questions which restrict the set of relevant items. An example of such a question is "Which type of lens system do you prefer: fixed or exchangeable lenses?". On the technical level, search-based recommendation scenarios can be implemented on the basis of constraint-based recommender systems. Constraint-based recommender systems are implemented on the basis of constraint search  or different types of conjunctive query-based approaches.

Navigation-based recommendation

In a navigation-based recommender, user feedback is typically provided in terms of "critiques"  which specify change requests regarding the item currently recommended to the user. Critiques are then used for the recommendation of the next "candidate" item. An example of a critique in the context of a digital camera recommendation scenario is "I would like to have a camera like this but with a lower price". This is an example of a "unit critique"  which represents a change request on a single item attribute. "Compound critiques"  allow the specification of more than one change request at a time. "Dynamic critiquing"  also takes into account preceding user critiques (the critiquing history). More recent approaches additionally exploit information stored in user interaction logs to further reduce the interaction effort in terms of the number of needed critiquing cycles.

See also
 Recommender system
 Collaborative filtering
 Cold start
 Case-based reasoning
 Constraint satisfaction
 Knowledge-based configuration
 Guided selling

References

External links
 Systems and datasets
 WeeVis Wiki-based Recommendation Environment
 VITA: Knowledge-based Recommender for Financial Services
MyProductAdvisor
 Entree Dataset

Artificial intelligence


title: 1967 Australian Championships – Women's doubles

text:
Carole Caldwell Graebner and Nancy Richey were the defending champions but only Nancy Richey did compete this year.

Seeds
Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated. The joint top and one team of joint fifth seeded teams received byes into the second round.

Draw

Final

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 1967 Australian Championships Women's Doubles Draw

1967 in Australian tennis
Women's Doubles


title: Lankascincus deignani

text:
Lankascincus deignani, commonly known as Deignan's tree skink and the Deignan tree skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the island of Sri Lanka.

Etymology and taxonomy
L. deignani is named after American ornithologist Herbert Girton Deignan, being originally named Sphenomorphus deignani by Kansas University's Edward H. Taylor, based on a specimen collected by Deignan from Gannoruwa Mountain on November 12, 1944. The synonym, L. greeri, was named in honour of Australian herpetologist Allen Eddy Greer.

Habitat and distribution
Deignan's Lanka skink is confined to the midhills, submontane and montane forests, at  of elevation.

Description
L. deignani is a rather large and robust Lanka skink. The midbody scale rows number 28. The lamellae under the fourth toe number 19–20.

The dorsum is olive brown. There is a thick dark lateral stripe, edged above by a brownish yellow stripe, and below by 3–4 gray stripes extending from edge of the orbit to the tail-tip. The venter is cream white or pale pink. There are black spots on the upper jaw.

Ecology and diet
L. deignani is found in moist leaf litter, under stones and logs in forests.

Its diet comprises insects.

Reproduction
L. deignani is oviparous. Typically two eggs are laid per one time.

References

Further reading
Batuwita S, Pethiyagoda R (2007). "Description of a new species of Sri Lankan litter skink (Squamata: Scincidae: Lankascincus)".  Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences) 36 (2): 80–87. (Lankascincus greeri, new species).
Greer AE (1991). "Lankascincus, a New Genus of Scincid Lizards from Sri Lanka, with Descriptions of Three New Species". Journal of Herpetology 25 (1): 59–64. (Lankascincus deignani, new combination).
Taylor EH (1950). "Ceylonese Lizards of the Family Scincidae". University of Kansas Science Bulletin 33 (13): 481-518. (Sphenomorphus deignani, new species, pp. 497–500, Figure 3).

Lankascincus
Reptiles of Sri Lanka
Endemic fauna of Sri Lanka
Reptiles described in 1950
Taxa named by Edward Harrison Taylor


title: Léon Escudier

text:
Jacques Victor Léon Escudier (17 September 1821 – 22 June 1881) was a prominent French journalist, music critic and music publisher.

Career
Escudier was born in Castelnaudary. In 1837, together with Marie Escudier, his brother, and Jules Maurel he founded the weekly La France musicale as well as a music publishing company. In December 1860, he founded the journal L'Art musical. From 1850 to 1858, he worked for Le Pays and Journal de l'Empire. Escudier was the French publisher of Giuseppe Verdi's works. All Verdi's works were apparently included in the Escudier catalogue. The Escudier brothers helped to establish Verdi's reputation across Europe as the leading composer of Italian opera. From 1876 to 1878, Léon Escudier directed the Ventadour Room at the Théâtre italien de Paris where he staged Verdi's operas.

He wrote, in collaboration with his brother, Études biographiques sur les chanteurs contemporains (1840), Dictionnaire de musique (1844), Vie et aventures des cantatrices célèbres (1856), and his autobiography, Mes souvenirs (1870).

After he died in Paris, his catalogue came up for auction and was bought by a range of French music publishers including E. & A. Girod, Louis Gregh, Léon Grus, Georges Hartmann, Henri Heugel, Auguste Le Bailly, Alphonse Leduc, Henry Lemoine, and Auguste O'Kelly.

References

External links
 Works published by Escudier on IMSLP

1821 births
1881 deaths
19th-century French businesspeople
19th-century French journalists
19th-century French male writers
French male journalists
French male writers
French music critics
French music publishers (people)
French writers about music
People from Castelnaudary


title: Mario J. Rossetti

text:
Mario J. Rossetti (October 23, 1935 – July 8, 2014) was an American jurist.

Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, Rosetti went to Grover Cleveland High School in Buffalo, New York. He received his bachelor's degree from University at Buffalo, The State University of New York and his law degree from University at Buffalo Law School. He practiced law. He served on the New York Supreme Court and then the New York Court of Claims retiring in 2006. He died at his home in Williamsville, New York.

References

1935 births
2014 deaths
Lawyers from Buffalo, New York
Lawyers from Worcester, Massachusetts
University at Buffalo alumni
University at Buffalo Law School alumni
New York Supreme Court Justices
People from Williamsville, New York
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers


title: Mogylna

text:
Mogylna, Ukraine, is the site of an ancient settlement belonging to the early Cucuteni–Trypillia culture dating to 5000–4600 BC. The settlement was very large for the time, covering an area of . This proto-city is just one of 2,440 Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. Some 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000–2700 BC and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range of 100 to 450 hectares.

See also
 Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
 Danubian culture

References

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
Prehistoric sites in Ukraine


title: Andromache Mourning Hector

text:
Andromache Mourning Hector is a 1783 oil-on-canvas painting by the French Neoclassical artist Jacques-Louis David. The painting depicts an image from Homer's Iliad, showing Andromache, comforted by her son, Astyanax, mourning over her husband Hector, who has been killed by Achilles. This painting, presented on 23 August 1783, brought David election to the Académie Royale in 1784.

See also
 List of paintings by Jacques-Louis David

References

Mythological paintings by Jacques-Louis David
1780s paintings
Paintings in the Louvre by French artists
Paintings depicting Greek myths
Cultural depictions of the Trojan War
Paintings about death
Paintings based on the Iliad


title: Stepanivka

text:
Stepanivka (), in Ukraine, is the site of an ancient settlement dating to 5000 - 4300 B.C. belonging to the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture. The settlement was for the time large, covering an area of 15 hectares. This proto-city are just one of 2440 Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000 - 2700 B.C. and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range 100 - 300 - 450 Hectares.

The site is near the (modern village) Stepanivka (Perevalskyi Raion) in Luhansk Oblast. On 28 July 2014, Ukrainian forces reportedly secured this village from pro-Russian separatists. Starting in mid-April 2014, pro-Russian separatists captured several towns in Luhansk Oblast. On 14 August 2014 the Ukrainian military lost control of Stepanivka to the Luhansk People's Republic. According to a soldier of the Ukrainian 8th Army Corps the Luhansk People's Republic were able to do this assisted by armored units of the Russian Armed Forces.

See also
 Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
 Danube Valley cultures

References

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture


title: Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act

text:
The Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act (CISA  113th Congress,  114th Congress) is a United States federal law designed to "improve cybersecurity in the United States through enhanced sharing of information about cybersecurity threats, and for other purposes". The law allows the sharing of Internet traffic information between the U.S. government and technology and manufacturing companies. The bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate on July 10, 2014, and passed in the Senate on October 27, 2015.  Opponents question CISA's value, believing it will move responsibility from private businesses to the government, thereby increasing vulnerability of personal private information, as well as dispersing personal private information across seven government agencies, including the NSA and local police.

The text of the bill was incorporated by amendment into a consolidated spending bill in the U.S. House on December 15, 2015, which was signed into law by President Barack Obama on December 18, 2015.

History
The Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act was introduced on July 10, 2014, during the 113th Congress, and passed the Senate Intelligence Committee by a vote of 12–3. The bill did not reach a full senate vote before the end of the congressional session.

The bill was reintroduced for the 114th Congress on March 12, 2015, and the bill passed the Senate Intelligence Committee by a vote of 14–1. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) attempted to attach the bill as an amendment to the annual National Defense Authorization Act, but was blocked 56–40, not reaching the necessary 60 votes to include the amendment. Mitch McConnell hoped to bring the bill to senate-wide vote during the week of August 3–7, but was unable to take up the bill before the summer recess. The Senate tentatively agreed to limit debate to 21 particular amendments and a manager's amendment, but did not set time limits on debate. In October 2015, the US Senate took the bill back up following legislation concerning sanctuary cities.

Provisions
The main provisions of the bill make it easier for companies to share personal information with the government, especially in cases of cyber security threats. Without requiring such information sharing, the bill creates a system for federal agencies to receive threat information from private companies.

With respect to privacy, the bill includes provisions for preventing the sharing of personal data that is irrelevant to cyber security. Any personal information that does not get removed during the sharing procedure can be used in a variety of ways. These shared cyber threat indicators can be used to prosecute cyber crimes, but may also be used as evidence for crimes involving physical force.

Positions

Indemnification
Sharing National Intelligence threat data among public and private partners is a hard problem, and one that many care about. The National Intelligence Threat Sharing (NITS) project is intended as an innovative solution to this hard problem. Altogether NITS is both innovative and useful. But first, to ensure that NITS is trustworthy, private partners must be indemnified. Indemnification takes an act of Congress, literally.

The underlying impediment to more fulsome cooperation among buyers, sellers, and peers within a supply chain is indemnification. Indemnification is needed to secure industry partners against legal responsibility for their actions. Unfortunately, congressional refusal to offer indemnification remains an impediment to real collaboration. At least qualified immunity should be accorded. This is immunity of individuals performing tasks as part of the government's actions.

Businesses and trade groups
The CISA has received some support from advocacy groups, including the United States Chamber of Commerce, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and the Financial Services Roundtable.

A number of business groups have also opposed the bill, including the Computer & Communications Industry Association, as well as individual companies such as Twitter, Yelp, Apple, and Reddit.

BSA (The Software Alliance) appeared initially supportive of CISA, sending a letter on July 21, 2015, urging the senate to bring the bill up for debate. On September 14, 2015, the BSA published a letter of support for amongst other things cyber threat information sharing legislation addressed to Congress, signed by board members Adobe, Apple Inc., Altium, Autodesk, CA Technologies, DataStax, IBM, Microsoft, Minitab, Oracle, Salesforce.com, Siemens, and Symantec. This prompted the digital rights advocacy group Fight for the Future to organize a protest against CISA. Following this opposition campaign, BSA stated that its letter expressed support for cyber threat sharing legislation in general, but did not endorse CISA, or any pending cyber threat sharing bill in particular. BSA later stated that it is opposed to CISA in its current form. The Computer & Communications Industry Association, another major trade group including members such as Google, Amazon.com, Cloudflare, Netflix, Facebook, Red Hat, and Yahoo!, also announced its opposition to the bill.

Government officials
Proponents of CISA include the bill's main cosponsors, senators Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) and Richard Burr (R-NC).

Some senators have announced opposition to CISA, including Ron Wyden (D-OR), Rand Paul (R-KY), and Bernie Sanders (I-VT).

Senator Ron Wyden (D-OR) has objected to the bill based on a classified legal opinion from the Justice Department written during the early George W Bush administration. The Obama administration states that it does not rely on the legal justification laid out in the memo. Wyden has made repeated requests to the US Attorney General to declassify the memo, dating at least as far back as when a 2010 Office of Inspector General report cited the memo as a legal justification for the FBI's warrantless wire-tapping program.

On August 4, 2015, White House spokesman Eric Schultz endorsed the legislation, calling for the senate to "take up this bill as soon as possible and pass it".

The United States Department of Homeland Security initially supported the bill, with Jeh Johnson, the secretary of the DHS, calling for the bill to move forward on September 15. However, in an August 3 letter to senator Al Franken (D-MN), the deputy secretary of the DHS, Alejandro Mayorkas, expressed a desire to have all connections be brokered by the DHS, given the department's charter to protect the executive branch networks. In the letter, the DHS found issue with the direct sharing of information with all government agencies, advocating instead that the DHS be the sole recipient of cyberthreat information, allowing it to scrub out private information. In addition, the Department of Homeland Security has published a Privacy Impact Assessment detailing its internal review of the proposed system for handling incoming indicators from Industry.

Civil liberties groups
Privacy advocates opposed a version of the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act, passed by the Senate in October 2015, that left intact portions of the law they said made it more amenable to surveillance than actual security while quietly stripping out several of its remaining privacy protections.
CISA has been criticized by advocates of Internet privacy and civil liberties, such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the American Civil Liberties Union. It has been compared to the criticized Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act proposals of 2012 and 2013, which passed the United States House of Representatives, but did not pass the Senate.

Similar laws in different countries
United Kingdom government policy: cyber security

The Scottish Government Information Sharing

See also

 Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
 Chinese intelligence operations in the United States
 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
 Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002
 Freedom of information laws by country
 Intellectual Property Attache Act
 National Security Agency
 Vulnerabilities Equities Process

References

External links
 S.2588 - Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act of 2014, Congress.gov, Library of Congress.
 "Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act will help protect us", Dianne Feinstein, San Jose Mercury News, July 21, 2014.
 Forbes: Controversial Cybersecurity Bill Known As CISA Advances Out Of Senate Committee,  Gregory S. McNeal, July 9, 2014.
 Center for Democracy and Technology: Analysis of Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act, Gregory T. Nojeim and Jake Laperruque, July 8, 2014.
- CISA Security Bill Passes Senate With Privacy Flaws Unfixed  ANDY GREENBERG AND YAEL GRAUER Oct 27, 2015
 2010 to 2015 government policy: cyber security

Computer security
Copyright enforcement
Internet law in the United States
Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress
Internet censorship


title: Chyzhivka

text:
Chyzhivka, Ukraine, is the site of an ancient mega-settlement dating to 4300 - 4000 B.C. belonging to the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture. The settlement was for the time very large, covering an area of 20 - 30 hectares. This proto-city are just one of 2440 Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000 - 2700 B.C. and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range 100 - 300 - 450 Hectares.

See also
 Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
 Danube Valley cultures

References

External links
[]

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture


title: Lankascincus fallax

text:
Lankascincus fallax,  also known commonly as the common supple skink and Peters's tree skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the island of Sri Lanka.

Description
Fronto-parietal is fused, unlike in all other Lanka skinks (where it is divided on others). Midbody scales rows 24-28. Lamellae under fourth toe are 13-18.
Males are distinguish with red-throat. Dorsum pale to dark brown each dorsal scale with a pale stripe joining to form longitudinal line on dorsum. A yellowish brown stripe running from posterior edge of the eye to beyond middle of the tail. Throat color varies from red, blue or cream, with white spots, presumably depending on the reproductive status. Venter unpatterned creamy. Ventral scales with a frosted pattern, forming longitudinal lines.
Iris yellow in female and bright red in males.

Reproduction
Lay 1 egg laid per clutch in loose soil.

References

Further reading
Peters W (1860). "Mittheilung über einige interessante Amphibien, welche von dem durch seine zoologischen Schriften rühmlichst bekannten österreichischen Naturforscher Professor Schmarda während seiner auf mehrere Weltheile ausgedehnten, besonders auf wirbellose Thiere gerichteten, naturwissenschaftlichen Reise, mit deren Veröffentlichung Hr. Schmarda gegenwärtig in Berlin beschäftigt ist, auf der Insel Ceylon gesammelt wurden ". Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1860: 182–186. (Lygosoma fallax, new species, pp. 184–185). (in German).

External links
 http://biodiversityofsrilanka.blogspot.com/2013/05/common-lanka-skink-lankascincus-fallax.html
 Two new species of Lanka Skink found from Adam's Peak, found by L.M Wickramasinghe et.al.
 Photos of Common Supple Skink

Reptiles of Sri Lanka
Lankascincus
Reptiles described in 1860
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters


title: 2010 Bury Metropolitan Borough Council election

text:
Elections to Bury Council took place on 6 May 2010. One third of the Council was up for election and the Conservative Party lost overall control of the Council.

17 seats were contested. The Labour Party won 11 seats, the Conservatives won 4 seats, and the Liberal Democrats won 2 seats

After the election, the total composition of the council was as follows:
Labour 20
Conservative 23
Liberal Democrats 8

Election result

Ward results

References

2010 English local elections
May 2010 events in the United Kingdom
2010
2010s in Greater Manchester


title: Onopryivka

text:
Onopryivka Ukraine, is the site of an ancient mega-settlement dating to 4300 4000 BC belonging to the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture. The settlement was very large for the time, covering an area of . This proto-city is just one of 2440 Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. Some 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000 and 2700 BC and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range 100–450 hectares.

See also
 Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
 Danube Valley cultures

References

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
Prehistoric sites in Ukraine


title: Gelenoptron

text:
Gelenoptron tentaculatum is an extinct, cnidarian-like organism represented by a single specimen and counterslab from the Burgess Shale. The holotype of G. tentaculatum was originally identified as a second specimen of the Animalia incertae sedis, Redoubtia, but established as a separate genus by Simon Conway Morris in 1993.  A reflective shield recalls the float of chondrophore hydrozoans.

References

Hydrozoa
Burgess Shale animals
Prehistoric cnidarian genera
Monotypic cnidarian genera
Cambrian genus extinctions


title: Pianeshkove

text:
Pianeshkove Ukraine, is the site of an ancient mega-settlement belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture dating to between 4300 and 4000 BC. The settlement was very large for the time, covering an area of . This proto-city is just one of 2,440 Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. Some 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000–2700 BC and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range 100–450 hectares.

See also
 Cucuteni–Trypillian culture
 Danubian culture

References

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture


title: Lankascincus gansi

text:
Lankascincus gansi, also commonly known as Gans's lankaskink and Gans's tree skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the island of Sri Lanka.

Etymology
The specific name, gansi, is in honor of German-born American herpetologist Carl Gans (1923–2009).

Habitat
L. gansi is found commonly in home gardens and forests from sea level to  in the wet climatic zones.

Geographic range
Localities in Sri Lanka from which L. gansi has been recorded include Gampola, Deniyaya, Akuressa, Ratnapura, Sinharaja, Kuruwita, and Pallegama.

Description
L. gansi has 23–28 scale rows at midbody. The lamellae under the fourth toe number 12–16. The dorsum is grayish brown, with brownish-black vertebral and flank stripes. The flanks are spotted with yellowish cream. The iris is yellowish brown in color. The venter is unpatterned grayish yellow. The throat of the male is dark.

Behavior
L. gansi hides under logs, stones, leaf litter, becoming active and coming out for foraging in morning and at dusk.

Diet
L. gansi preys on insects.

Reproduction
A sexually mature female of L. gansi may lay a clutch of one to two eggs in loose soil.

References

External links
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Lankascincus_gansi/classification/
Photos of Common Supple Skink

Further reading
Greer AE (1991). "Lankascincus, A New Genus of Scincid Lizards from Sri Lanka, with Descriptions of Three New Species". Journal of Herpetology 25 (1): 59–64. (Lankascincus gansi, new species).
Somaweera R, Somaweera N (2009). Lizards of Sri Lanka, A Colour Guide with Field Keys. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Edition Chimaira / Serpents Tale. 304 pp. .

Lankascincus
Reptiles of Sri Lanka
Endemic fauna of Sri Lanka
Reptiles described in 1991
Taxa named by Allen Eddy Greer


title: Vilʹkhovets

text:
Vilkhovets, Ukraine, is the site of an ancient mega-settlement belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture dating to 4300–4000 BC. The settlement was for the time very large, covering an area of . This proto-city is just one of 2,440 Cucuteni–Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. Some 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000 and 2700 BC and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range of 100 to 450 hectares.

See also
 Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
 Danubian culture

References

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture