title: Big Sky (song)

text:
"Big Sky" is a song by the English rock band the Kinks. Written and sung by Ray Davies, it was released in November 1968 on the album The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society. While Davies has typically avoided providing a direct answer on the song's meaning, commentators often interpret it as describing God as unsympathetic towards the problems of humans.

Davies composed the song in January 1968 in Cannes, France, after watching people walk beneath the sunrise from his hotel balcony. The Kinks recorded it in October 1968, making it among the last songs recorded for Village Green. Davies' lead vocal alternates between singing, speaking and harmonising with his brother, Dave, while his wife, Rasa, contributes a wordless falsetto harmony. Though Ray Davies later disparaged his vocals and the song's production, contemporary reviewers and retrospective commentators have described it in favourable terms, highlighting its songwriting, while disputing its level of thematic cohesion with the other songs on Village Green. It is one of only two songs from the album that the Kinks performed live, including it in their set list from its release through 1971. Yo La Tengo and Matthew Sweet have each covered the song.

Background and composition

Ray Davies composed "Big Sky" in January 1968 while visiting Cannes, France. At the request of his song publisher, Davies was attending the second annual MIDEM Music Publishers Festival, an international music industry convention, hoping it would help boost his position in the record industry. He later recalled watching the sunrise from his balcony at the Carlton Hotel: "I spent an evening with all these people doing deals. The next morning... I watched the sun come up and I looked at them all down there, all going out to do their deals. That's where I got the 'Big Sky looking down at all the people' line. It started from there." Davies later stated that watching the businessmen from his hotel made him imagine "a being somewhat bigger than all the hustlers around me," but that rather than dealing with his dissatisfaction of the music business, the resulting lyrics are instead "more about the struggle of ordinary human beings surviving in the modern world."

Commentators have often interpreted the lyrics of "Big Sky" as relating to God, though when asked directly, Davies has typically avoided providing a direct answer. In a 1968 interview with Melody Maker, he denied that the "Big Sky" of the lyrics was God and instead said it referred only to "a big sky". Author Johnny Rogan finds Davies' comment both "reductive and obtuse" and suggests he was hesitant to discuss any potential theological theme due to fears of being misinterpreted. In a 2015 interview, Davies suggested the song's central meaning related to the triviality of personal problems when compared with the issues of the world at large. Author Andy Miller suggests the term "Big Sky" may have been influenced by the 1952 Howard Hawks film, The Big Sky, while critic Paul Williams suggests Davies drew the lyrics thematically from the 1897 short story "The Open Boat" by Stephen Crane.

Most authors write that the song describes God as unsympathetic to the problems of humans and too preoccupied to interact with them, heard in the line, "People lift up their hands and they look up to the big sky / But big sky is too big to sympathise'." Author Thomas M. Kitts writes that the song's lyrics attempt to resolve humans' suffering and their relationship with God, and that its central theme relates to "the smallness of human action in the overall scheme of a vast universe and divine indifference". He writes that the singer takes consolation at Big Sky's indifference, as in the line, "When I think that the world is too much for me / I think of the Big Sky and nothing matters much to me." Miller similarly writes the song finds solace in the indifference of God, since compared to the Big Sky, humans' issues are small. Author Christian Matijas-Mecca describes "Big Sky" as an example of introspective rock music that began appearing post-psychedelia, writing that the singer's detachment from both society and himself is channelled into "a hoped-for state of being".

Recording and release

"Big Sky" was among the last tracks recorded for The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society. The Kinks recorded it in October 1968 during a series of sessions meant to increase the album from twelve to fifteen songs. Due to the nine-month gap between its writing and recording, Miller suggests that Davies may have initially intended to keep the song for a solo album, but that once plans for a possible solo project had dissolved, he instead opted to include it on Village Green.

The band recorded "Big Sky" in Pye Studio 2, one of two basement studios at Pye Records' London offices. Davies is credited as the song's producer, while Pye's in-house engineer Brian Humphries operated the four-track mixing console. It features Davies on lead vocal, alternating between singing and speaking; Davies interpreted the spoken section as being "like the voice of God", while his brother, Dave Davies, later suggested he was impersonating American actor Burt Lancaster. Other vocal contributions include a shared harmony vocal between the brothers, as well as a wordless falsetto harmony from Ray Davies' wife, Rasa Davies. For the instrumentation, Dave plays what Kitts describes as a "muscular, hard-pushing guitar riff", alongside the "forceful drumming" of Mick Avory.

Pye released Village Green in the United Kingdom on 22 November 1968, sequencing "Big Sky" on side one between "Last of the Steam-Powered Trains" and "Sitting by the Riverside". Reflecting in 1984, Ray Davies expressed that "Big Sky" was one of his favourite songs, though he was unsatisfied with the finished recording, finding his vocal performance and the production wanting.

Critical reception

Contemporary reviews

While Village Green generally went unnoticed by contemporary critics and listeners, the founder of Crawdaddy magazine, Paul Williams, published an influential guest-review in the 14 June 1969 issue of Rolling Stone magazine. In it, he declares Davies a genius, further writing that "[h]earing 'Big Sky' on this new album, I know we'll get along just fine." He singles out the line, "I think of the big sky and nothing matters much to me", describing it as an experience he has shared. In the April 1969 edition of The Village Voice, critic Robert Christgau characterises "Big Sky" as "an acrimonious anti-religious song which exemplifies fictional song technique", and that it achieves the difficult task of writing a song that says, God is horrible because he lets people suffer.

Retrospective assessment

In a retrospective assessment, critic Rick Clark of the All Music Guide (now AllMusic) describes "Big Sky" as one of Village Green highlights, and author Andy Miller praises the song in laudatory terms, designating it the creative peak of the album while comparing it to the best work of Lennon–McCartney and Bob Dylan. He disputes Davies' disparagement of the song's production, finding it instead, "perfectly balanced", "scintillating in design and execution" and "some of the most beautiful, thunderous music [the Kinks] ever recorded". He concludes it marks the end of Davies' creative peak, a period he determines began in 1966 with "Sunny Afternoon". Kitts finds Miller's assessment excessive, but suggests the song is among the best of those dealing in similar themes, such as John Lennon's 1971 song "Imagine". Author Nicholas Schaffner describes the song as "the closest [Davies] ever came to a theological statement", while Mendelssohn characterises it as "probably the most cogent expression of the precept that religion is the opiate of the people in rock history."

Author Olga Ruocco connects the song lyrically to Davies' 1967 song "Lazy Old Sun" – recorded for the band's previous album, Something Else – a connection Rogan also makes, suggesting that both songs employ a similar method of lyrical pondering. Critic Rob Sheffield compares "Big Sky" to another of Davies' 1967 songs, "Waterloo Sunset", writing that it transports the listener to "an equally unforgiving country locale" with a sense of resignation that is "almost mystical". Kitts further suggests that the resignation of the singer hints at a death wish, something he relates to other songs on Village Green, like "Johnny Thunder", "Phenomenal Cat" and "Sitting by the Riverside".

Author Clinton Heylin describes "Big Sky" as a "choice cut", being a major statement on Davies' part and an indication that he "could not suppress a more autobiographical view of the world." However, he criticises the song for departing from the album's concept, having more in common with the themes of the Kinks' next two albums and "[sending it] some place that was more Muswell Hill than village green". Miller likewise views the song as a departure from Village Green central themes of memory and desire, and Morgan Enos of Billboard magazine writes it deals in "heavenly" concerns where the rest of the album is largely "terrestrial". By contrast, Kitts finds that, though "Big Sky" and "Last of the Steam-Powered Trains" were not recorded until late in the album's production, both "now seem indispensable to the concept of Village Green." He writes that while "Big Sky" deals less in specific characters than in larger "statements and questions", it fits into the album through its themes of "contemplation" and "yearning for understanding". Jem Aswad of Variety magazine instead sees the song as another of the album's "vivid" character studies, with its central character being "the almighty", and author Mark Doyle writes that though several of the album's characters do not seem to directly interact with one another, "it is easy to imagine them all coming together under the benevolent (but non-interventionist) 'Big Sky.

Other versions

"Big Sky" is one of two tracks from Village Green that the Kinks added to their live set list, including it from 1968 through 1971. Miller describes a heavy rock performance of "Big Sky" at the Fillmore West in 1970 as resembling Jimi Hendrix's version of "Hey Joe", though he concludes the treatment is "horrible", with Ray Davies' "beautiful words" hidden under the guitar work of Dave. Kitts instead finds that the version demonstrates the band's tightness, highlighting the "inventiveness and precision" of Dave's guitar work.

On the suggestion of musician Clint Conley, American indie rock band Yo La Tengo covered "Big Sky" for their 1986 debut album, Ride the Tiger. The song was the first on which drummer Georgia Hubley contributed backing vocals. Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Mark Deming describes the cover favourably, writing that "any band that can cover the Kinks and Pete Seeger on the same album and make them both work must be doing something right." American musician Matthew Sweet recorded a cover of the song, released on the 2002 tribute album This Is Where I Belong: The Songs Of Ray Davies & The Kinks. In Tom Semioli's review of the album for AllMusic, he writes that the cover sounds "as fresh and vital as the day [it was] written", while Rob Mitchum of Pitchfork calls it "inessential", criticising it for being too similar to the original.

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Books

Journals, magazines and websites

Liner notes

External links

1968 songs
Songs written by Ray Davies
The Kinks songs
Song recordings produced by Ray Davies
English pop songs


title: Dionysius II of Antioch

text:
Dionysius II (, ) was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 896/897 until his death in 908/909.

Biography
Dionysius studied and became a monk at the monastery of Beth Batin, near Harran in Upper Mesopotamia. He was chosen to succeed Theodosius Romanus as patriarch of Antioch in an election by lot, and was consecrated on 23 April 896/897 (AG 1208) by archbishop Jacob of Emesa at the village of Ashit, near Sarug, according to the histories of Michael the Syrian and Bar Hebraeus.

Soon after his ascension to the patriarchal office, Dionysius convened a synod at the monastery of Saint Shila, at which he issued twenty-five canons and was attended by thirty-five bishops. He served as patriarch of Antioch until his death on 18 April 908/909 (AG 1220) at the monastery of Beth Batin, where he was buried. As patriarch, Dionysius ordained fifty bishops, as per Michael the Syrian's Chronicle, whereas Bar Hebraeus in his Ecclesiastical History credits Dionysius with the ordination of fifty-one bishops.

Episcopal succession
As patriarch, Dionysius ordained the following bishops:

 Theodosius, archbishop of Edessa
 Iwannis, archbishop of Samosata
 Timothy, archbishop of Damascus
 John, bishop of Tribus
 Jacob, bishop of Irenopolis
 Ignatius, bishop of Qinnasrin
 John, bishop of Zuptara
 John, bishop of Harran
 Daniel, archbishop of Samosata
 Cyriacus, bishop of Baalbek
 Gabriel, archbishop of Cyrrhus
 Isaac, archbishop of Herat
 Philoxenus, archbishop
 Dioscorus, archbishop of Edessa
 Habib, bishop of Irenopolis
 Samuel, archbishop of Maipherqat
 Abraham, archbishop of Aphrah
 Isaac, bishop of Nisibis
 John, bishop of Tur Abdin
 Job, bishop of Callisura
 Theodosius, bishop of Reshʿayna
 Cyril, archbishop of Tarsus
 Theophilus, bishop of Zuptara
 Daniel, bishop of Armenia
 Gregory, archbishop of Raqqa
 Jacob, bishop of Abadqawau
 Abraham, bishop of Doula
 Cosmas, bishop of Hadath
 Peter, archbishop of Resafa
 Jacob, bishop of Tiberias
 Moses, bishop of Amid
 George, bishop of Hadath
 John, bishop of Marde
 Timothy, bishop of Circesium
 Anastasius, bishop of Abadqawan
 Athanasius, archbishop of Damascus
 Athanasius, archbishop of Tarsus
 Theodoretus, archbishop of Maipherqat
 Gabriel, archbishop of Apamea
 Isaac, bishop of Armenia
 Jacob, bishop of Doliche
 Elias, bishop of Melitene
 Ignatius, bishop of Irenopolis
 Iwannis, archbishop of Dara
 Ignatius, archbishop of Amid
 Isaac, bishop of Zeugma
 Timothy, bishop of Samosata
 Basil, bishop of Bithynia
 Timothy, archbishop of Edessa
 Joseph, bishop of Sarug

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Syriac Patriarchs of Antioch from 512 to 1783
Year of birth unknown
9th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops
900s deaths
9th-century births
Upper Mesopotamia under the Abbasid Caliphate
9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
10th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
10th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops


title: 1999 in Portugal

text:
Events in the year 1999 in Portugal.

Incumbents
President: Jorge Sampaio
Prime Minister: António Guterres (Socialist)

Events

January to June
1 January – Portugal joins ten other European nations in officially adopting the euro currency. With euro banknotes and coins not set to be introduced until 2002, the escudo remains the sole physical currency nationwide at an exchange rate of one euro to 200.48 escudo.
28 February – The political party Left Bloc is formed from a merger of the People's Democratic Union, Politics XXI, and the Revolutionary Socialist Party.
6 May – An agreement between the Portuguese and Indonesian governments over the future of East Timor is signed by Foreign Minister Jaime Gama and his Indonesian counterpart Ali Alatas. The agreement allows East Timor, a former Portuguese colony occupied by Indonesia in 1975, to hold a referendum on whether to become an independent nation or remain an Indonesian province. Kofi Annan, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, hails the outcome as "a historic moment".
22 May – In association football, F.C. Porto secure the 1998-99 Primeira Divisão title ahead of rivals Boavista F.C. with one game of the season left to play, becoming the first club to win the Portuguese national championship five times in a row.
29 May – Portugal participates in the 1999 Eurovision Song Contest in Jerusalem with Rui Bandeira performing the song "Como tudo começou". Bandeira finishes the competition 21st of the 23 competing nations.
13 June – European Parliament election: The Socialist Party wins the highest number of votes and seats to maintain its position as the largest Portuguese party in the European Parliament. Turnout rises by almost 5% to 40.4%, with Portugal one of just four countries across the European Union to see increased participation compared to the last elections in 1994.
19 June – In association football, Beira-Mar defeat Campomaiorense to win the final of the Taça de Portugal held at the Estádio Nacional in Lisbon. It is the first time the club has won the competition.

July to December
18 July – A preliminary parliamentary report examining the death of Prime Minister Francisco Sa Carneiro in a 1980 plane crash is leaked, in which it is suggested that the incident, originally blamed on pilot error and technical issues, was the result of a bomb explosion co-ordinated by the right-wing group Commandos for the Defence of Western Civilisation.
9 October – The state funeral of singer Amália Rodrigues, known as "The Queen of Fado", takes place in Lisbon's Estrela Basilica three days after her death at the age of 79. Among those present at the ceremony are President Jorge Sampaio and Prime Minister António Guterres, with thousands of mourners attending the subsequent funeral procession from the Estrela Basilica to Prazeres Cemetery.
10 October – Legislative election: The governing Socialist Party led by Prime Minister António Guterres wins the highest number of seats in the Assembly, but fails to secure an overall majority after winning exactly half of the 230 seats available. With 44.4% of the vote, the Party achieves its highest vote share in an Assembly election since the Carnation Revolution. The centre-right Social Democratic Party led by José Manuel Barroso finishes as the largest opposition party with 81 seats and 32.6% of the vote. Turnout falls to 61.9%, the lowest recorded since Portugal's return to democracy in 1974.
12 October – Portugal is awarded the hosting rights of the UEFA Euro 2004 association football tournament. The event is set to be the largest competition of its kind to take place in the country since the 1991 FIFA World Youth Championship, and will feature matches in eight cities: Lisbon, Porto, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra, Guimarães, Leiria, and Faro-Loulé.
11 December – Thirty-five people are killed when a SATA Air Açores-operated plane crashes while en route between Ponta Delgada and Horta in the Azores. Pilot error is later blamed as the main factor for the incident in a report published in 2001.
20 December – Macau is peacefully handed over to the People's Republic of China as a Special Administrative Region, bringing to a close more than 400 years of Portuguese rule and marking the end of European colonial presence in Asia.

Sport
In association football, for the first-tier league seasons, see 1998–99 Primeira Divisão and 1999–2000 Primeira Liga; for the Taça de Portugal seasons, see 1998–99 Taça de Portugal and 1999–2000 Taça de Portugal.

Births
25 June – Messias Baptista, Olympic sprint canoeist (2020).
9 July – Maria Martins, cyclist.
10 November – João Félix, footballer.

Deaths
7 June – António Livramento, roller hockey player (born 1943).
3 August – Alexandre Maria Pinheiro Torres, writer and literary critic (born 1923).
10 August – Ernesto Melo Antunes, military official and politician (born 1933).
6 October – Amalia Rodrigues, fado singer (born 1920).

References

Years of the 20th century in Portugal
Portugal


title: Karina Stowers

text:
Karina Stowers (née Penetito; born 2 February 1986) is a New Zealand rugby union player. She played for   internationally and provincially for Auckland.

Rugby career
Stowers made her test debut for New Zealand aged 19, on 29 June 2005 against Scotland at Ottawa.

Stowers was part of the Black Ferns squad that won the 2010 Rugby World Cup. She toured England with the Black Ferns in 2012. She featured in the first test which they lost 13–16 at Esher.

In 2013, Stowers was named in the Black Ferns squad that faced England in three test matches. They clinched the series after beating the Red Roses 14–9 in the second test.

Personal life
In December 2011, she married New Zealand sevens representative and former Blues winger Sherwin Stowers.

References

External links
 Black Ferns Profile

1986 births
Living people
New Zealand women's international rugby union players
New Zealand female rugby union players


title: Kiliantoppen

text:
Kiliantoppen is a mountain in Haakon VII Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The mountain has a height of 1284 m.a.s.l. and is located east of the bay of Möllerfjorden, between the glaciers of Presidentbreen and Mayerbreen. It is named after French geologist Charles Wilfrid Kilian.

References

Mountains of Spitsbergen


title: Astroblepus pirrensis

text:
Astroblepus pirrensis is a species of catfish of the family Astroblepidae. It can be found on Central America.

References

Bibliography
Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, num. 1, vol. 1–3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, United States. 2905. .

Astroblepus
Fish of Central America
Fish described in 1913


title: Lithops coleorum

text:
Lithops coleorum is a small flowering succulent plant of the family Aizoaceae. It is native to the Northern Provinces of South Africa.

It is named for the botanical collectors Desmond Thorne Cole and his wife Naureen Adele Cole.

Appearance
Yellow flowers.

References

coleorum
Endemic flora of South Africa
Flora of the Northern Provinces
Plants described in 1994


title: Maria Slavona

text:
Maria Slavona, born Marie Dorette Caroline Schorer  (14 March 1865, Lübeck - 10 May 1931, Berlin) was a German impressionist painter.

Life

Her father, , was a pharmacist and politician who was known for his campaign to improve the quality of Lübeck's drinking water. Her oldest sister, Cornelia Schorer, became one of the first female doctors in Germany. At the age of seventeen, after some informal lessons in painting and drawing, she went to Berlin to study at a private art school before moving on to the teaching institute at the Museum of Decorative Arts, which she attended until 1886. The following year, she began studies at the Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen, an art school for women, where they were allowed to study anatomy and draw from live models. The official Prussian Academy of Art was still a male-only institution at that time.

In 1888, she moved to Munich, taking private lessons from the portrait painter Alois Erdtelt, then attending the  Women's Academy, where her most influential teacher was Ludwig von Herterich, who introduced her to impressionism. Later, on a holiday back home, she met some Scandinavian artists and travelled to Paris with them but, except for the Louvre, was rather disappointed.

First successes
One of her companions on the trip was the Danish painter Vilhelm Petersen and, as they became closer friends, they both decided to take assumed names for their artworks. He chose Willy Gretor and she became Maria Slavona. They also had an illegitimate daughter who later became an actress under the name , after the man her mother married in 1900, the Swiss art dealer Otto Ackermann (1871-1963). Slavona's first exhibit came in 1893 at the Salon de Champ-de-Mars of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, ironically under the male pseudonym "Carl-Maria Plavona". In 1901, she joined the Berlin Secession, returned to Lübeck in 1906 and came back to Berlin in 1909.

Near the end of the 1920s, her health began to deteriorate and, having failed to find a cure with traditional medicine, turned to anthroposophy and naturopathy. Her health never improved, however, and her last years were spent painting flowers and landscapes in the vicinity of her home near Münsing.

Her work was forgotten for many years, having been branded as "Entartete Kunst" (Degenerate Art) in 1933. During World War II, many of her paintings were destroyed, either intentionally or as a result of the war. It wasn't until 1981 that a significant retrospective was held by the Bröhan Museum in Berlin.

References

Further reading
 Margrit Bröhan: Maria Slavona 1865–1931. Eine deutsche Impressionistin. Exhibition Catalog, Sammlung Stiftung Bröhan, Berlin and Lübeck, 1981.
 Wulf Schadendorf: Museum Behnhaus. Das Haus und seine Räume. Malerei, Skulptur, Kunsthandwerk, revised and expanded edition. Museum für Kunst u. Kulturgeschichte d. Hansestadt, Lübeck 1976, pg.114
 Lübeckische Anzeigen; Lübeck, 18 March 1920, Article: Maria Slavona
 Ulrike Wolff-Thomsen: Die Pariser Boheme (1889 - 1895): Ein autobiographischer Bericht der Malerin Rosa Pfäffiger, (section of letters from Pfäffinger to Maria Slavona), Verlag Ludwig, Kiel 2007,

External links

 ArtNet: More works by Slavona
 Unser Lübeck (8 March 2010) "Maria Slavona: Lübecker Apothekertochter wird eine berühmte Malerin des deutschen Impressionismus", by Christel Busch

1865 births
1931 deaths
German women painters
Impressionism
19th-century German painters
20th-century German painters
19th-century German women artists
20th-century German women artists
People from the Free City of Lübeck


title: 2000 in Portugal

text:
The following lists events that happened during 2000 in Portugal.

Incumbents
President: Jorge Sampaio
Prime Minister: António Guterres (Socialist)

Events
19 March – In motor racing, Great Britain's Richard Burns wins the 2000 Rally de Portugal.
2 April – The 2000 Globos de Ouro media awards ceremony is held at the Coliseu dos Recreios in Lisbon. Jaime wins the prize for Best Film and Vítor Norte and Ana Bustorff are awarded Best Actor and Best Actress  respectively.
16 April:
Seven people are killed and 65 people are injured after a gas bomb detonates within a Lisbon nightclub, prompting a stampede to escape.
Portugal's Antonio Pinto wins the London Marathon in a time of 2 hours, 6 minutes, and 35 seconds, setting a new course and European record.
28 June – In association football, the Portuguese national team's participation in Euro 2000 ends after a 2–1 defeat to France in the semi-finals.
29 June – Serial killer Sid Ahmed Rezala, one of France's most sought-after criminals, kills himself by setting fire to his prison cell in Lisbon while awaiting extradition to France. Alberto Costa, the Justice Minister, announces an inquiry into Rezala's death.
3 September – In motor racing, Australia's Garry McCoy wins the inaugural Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix held at the Circuito do Estoril.
24 November – The first case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the Azores is confirmed following a positive case in a cow imported from Germany in 1998. Officials subsequently announce that more than 2,500 cows sourced from overseas will be slaughtered to calm consumer concerns about the spread of the disease, which has been observed in more than 450 cases across mainland Portugal since 1990.
27 December – Portugal Telecom announces that Siemens, Alcatel, and Sony Ericsson will develop and supply the infrastructure for the country's high-speed mobile phone network, which is set to be completed by the end of 2001.

Unknown date
The 2000 Festival da Canção competition concludes with  being announced as the winner with the song "Sonhos Mágicos".

Arts and entertainment

Films

No Quarto da Vanda (In Vanda's Room) by Pedro Costa.
Palavra e Utopia (Word and Utopia) by Manoel de Oliveira.

Deaths
5 July – Edgar Cardoso, civil engineer (born 1913).

References

Portugal
Years of the 20th century in Portugal
2000s in Portugal
Portugal


title: Astroblepus praeliorum

text:
Astroblepus praeliorum is a species of catfish of the family Astroblepidae. It can be found on the Marañón River in Peru.

References

Bibliography
Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, num. 1, vol. 1–3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, United States. 2905. .

Astroblepus
Freshwater fish of Peru
Fish described in 1942


title: Jauhar ul-Alam

text:
Sultan Jauhar ul-Alam Amauddin Syah (died 1726) was the twenty-first sultan of Aceh. He ruled very briefly in 1726. Some sources date his reign in 1723.

Under the name Panglima Maharaja he was originally the local maharaja of Kampong Pahang. He was also a counselor to his overlord, Sultan Jamal ul-Alam Badr ul-Munir. The latter was badly cornered by a rebellion by one of the sagis (regions) in 1726 and had to take refuge in a fortress. As the other sagis joined the uprising, Jamal ul-Alam fled to Pidië on the advice of Panglima Maharaja. After some political chaos Panglima Maharaja stepped forward and was enthroned, although he had previously sworn not to betray Jamal ul-Alam. He took the regnal title Sultan Jauhar ul-Alam Amauddin Syah but died after only seven (or twenty) days. In his place the chiefs chose Wandi Tebing alias Syamsul Alam as sultan.

References

Literature

 Djajadiningrat, Raden Hoesein (1911) 'Critische overzicht van de in Maleische werken vervatte gegevens over de geschiedenis van het soeltanaat van Atjeh', Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 65, pp. 135-265.
 Taniputera, Ivan (2013) Kerajaan-kerajaan Nusantara pascakeruntuhan Majapahit. Jakarta: Gloria Group.

Sultans of Aceh
1726 deaths
18th-century Indonesian people


title: Jacob Druyvesteyn

text:
Jacob Druyvesteyn (1612 – 1691) was a Dutch lawyer and mayor of Haarlem.

Biography
He was born in Haarlem as the son of Aart Jansz Druyvesteyn and became a lawyer. He was appointed magistrate in the city council from 1637 and in 1639 he was portrayed as a flag bearer in Frans Hals' schutterstuk The Officers of the St George Militia Company in 1639. Traditionally flag bearers were bachelors, but he was not a bachelor for long, because he married Wilhelmina Coymans, the wealthy daughter of Joseph Coymans in the same year. In 1647 he became mayor like his father before him. Among other offices, he served as head bailiff of Kennemerland and board member of the Dutch East India Company and in 1657 he was colonel of the schutterij.

He had nine children; his son Aarnoudt also became mayor. He died in Haarlem.

References

Collections of Paintings in Haarlem: 1572-1745, by Pieter Biesboer (editor Carol Togneri), Getty Trust Publications, Los Angeles, 2002

1612 births
1691 deaths
Mayors of Haarlem
Frans Hals
Frans Hals Museum


title: Astroblepus prenadillus

text:
Astroblepus prenadillus is a species of catfish of the family Astroblepidae. It can be found in Ecuador.

References

Bibliography
 Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, num. 1, vol. 1–3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, United States. 2905. .

Astroblepus
Fish described in 1840
Freshwater fish of Ecuador


title: Philippe Capdenat

text:
Philippe Capdenat (born 17 July 1934) is a French composer and academic teacher. First a mining engineer, he started composing avant-garde music, but turned to chamber music, music for the stage (opera, ballet, play music) and vocal music, using traditional instruments. He has been a teacher at several French universities and conservatories.

Career

Born in Bordeaux, Capdenat attended special courses in mathematics in addition to his schooling, took piano lessons  and conducted a youth choir. From 1954 to 1958 he studied mining engineering at the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines in Saint-Étienne, where he also took classes in piano and composition at the conservatory. He served in the military in Algeria for two years. From 1960 to 1967, he worked in Paris as an engineer, but also continued to study music, with Max Deutsch at the École Normale. He was the leader of the Chorale Jéricho and the chamber orchestra Orchestre de Chambre Philippe Capdenat.

In 1967 he toured Denmark, conducting the radio orchestra of Odense. In 1968–69 he collaborated with Maurice Béjart in Brussels on the ballet Je fus cet enfant-là. In 1971, he was awarded the Hervé Dugardin Prize of the Société des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musique (SACEM), and he decided to concentrate on music in 1978. He composed on commissions from Radio France, the French Ministry of Culture, the Orchestre nationale de Lille and Bordeaux, and the Grand Théâtre in Tours. He collaborated with ensembles including Ensemble Ars Nova, Domaine musical and Ensemble l'Itinéraire, with conductors such as Serge Baudo, Jean-Claude Casadesus, Patrick Fournillier and with Pascal Verrot, and with soloists including Jean-Paul Fouchécourt, Sylvio Gualda, Christian Ivaldi and Mady Mesplé.  From 1981 to 1991 he lectured at the Sorbonne, teaching analysis, composition, harmony and counterpoint, and also at Lyon University and Tours University (fr).

In 1992, Capdenat was appointed professor of musical analysis and composition at the École Nationale de Musique et de Danse in Montreuil. From 1995 to 2001 he was director of the department of contemporary music at the Conservatoire Nadia et Lili Boulanger in Paris. Among his students is Mansoor Hosseini. He then became president of the association for contemporary music Opus Open and continued in that post until 2010.

In 1990, he was awarded a prize for composers from SACEM, and in 1996 won a prize from the Académie des Beaux-Arts. In 2001, his opera Une Carmen, loosely based on Bizet's Carmen, re-imagined the topic in Arab-Andalusian style, with Carmen relocated to Morocco and instruments such as the oud, tablah, and quanun, played by Moroccan musicians. Directed by , the Opéra Éclaté performed it at the Les Excentrés festival in Gap and on a national tour. In 2011, Capdenat's Variations received the first prize in the competition of the  (ONHJ, National youth orchestra), which inviting European composers to write a piece for performance.

Work

Capdenat expressed his goal as "music open to the acquisitions of contemporary language yet retaining the desire to be clear and lyrical and avoiding both demagogy and neo-romanticism". He composed music in genres from chamber music to opera, including aleatoric music, electroacoustics,  repetitive music and serialism. After works which were then "avant-garde", he turned to more lyrical music. He composed Croce e delizia for Mady Mesplé, the opera Sébastien en martyr for the Tours Opera, his Requiem for the Festival d’art sacré at Dax, and Le condamné à mort and Une Carmen for the Opéra Éclaté.

Selected works

The Union Nationale des Compositeurs de Musique offers a list of his works including precise scoring and durations.

 Prélude & fugue for organ Op.0 (1956)
 Irradiations for nine strings Op.1 (1964)
 Batteries for prepared piano Op.2 (1967)
 Concerto italien for prepared piano. celesta, electronic organ, vocal ensemble and orchestra Op.3 (1970)
 Haute surveillance, music for a play, for tape (1970)
 Pentacle for harp, Psalterium and string trio Op.5 (1971)
 Note d'espace for electric cello and tape Op.6 (1972)
 Chrysos, ballet music for tape (1972)
 Wahazzin for solo percussion, three marimbas and a large orchestra Op.4 (1972)
 Croce e delizia for soprano, flute, clarinet, violin, cello and prepared piano Op.7 (1973)
 Symphonèmes for orchestra Op.8 (1973)
 Lysis, music for a play, for tape (1973)
 Stimuli for sounds and instruments Op.9 (1974)
 Rituale per Cenci for bass, organ-synthesizer, wind quintet and two percussionists Op.10 (1974)
 Tahar for twelve strings Op.11 (1975)
 Cérémonie secrète, music for a ballet, for tape (1975)
 Opéra solo for actor pantomime (1975)
 Le silence de l'oiseau de la paix for five winds and orchestra Op.12 (1975)
 Sonata di continuo for electronic cello, prepared piano and tape Op.14 (1978)
 Cassation for two chamber orchestras Op.15 (1979)
 Simple-Double-Triple for ondes martenot, piano, percussion and three orchestras Op.16 (1980)
 I Cenci, opera after Antonin Artaud Op.13 (1981)
 Sinfonia sui Cenci for orchestra Op.17 (1981)
 Palindrome I, Baroque suite for lute and oboe Op.18 (1980)
 Palindrome II for string quartet Op.19 (1981)
 Palindrome III, piano sonata Op.20 (1981)
 Palindrome en Chaconne I for organ Op.21 (1982)
 Palindrome en Chaconne II for orchestra Op.22 (1983)
 Palindrome en Chaconne III for string sextet Op.23 (1983)
 Nadira for soprano, speaker, choir and orchestra Op.24 (1983)
 Batteries II for two prepared pianos Op.25 (1984)
 Erta a tre for wind trio Op.26 (1984)
 Pantoum for mezzo-soprano and piano Op.27 (1983)
 Palindrome en Chaconne IV for piano quintet Op.28 (1988)
 Palindrome en Chaconne VI for twelve strings Op.29 (1986)
 Serenata for double bass and prepared piano Op.30 (1985)
 Six études en variations for two violins Op.31 (1986)
 Sébastien en martyr, chamber opera Op.32 (1986)
 Le Sébastien de Mantegna for baritone and piano Op.32b (1986)
 Flèche de tout bois for clarinet and piano Op.33 (1989)
 Sérénade for double bass quartet Op.34 (1986)
 Le assonanze, trio for ondes Martenot, piano and percussion Op.35 (1987)
 Sade, opera Op.36 (1989)
 Pyramis for piano and two string trios Op.37 (1991)
 Sur le nom de Sade for piano Op.38 (1991)
 Badinerie for harpsichord Op.39 (1991)
 Le chasseur égaré for choir Op.40 (1993)
 Requiem for soprano, baritone, small and large choir, choir organ, grand organ, piano and percussion Op.41 (1993)
 Le sirop d'Eros for soprano, clarinet and piano Op.42 (1993)
 Le sirop d'Eros for soprano, clarinet, horn and string quartet Op.42b (1998)
 Air dodécatonique for baritone, alto saxophone and piano Op.44 (1993)
 Va-t'en, go!, Tango for soprano, clarinet, piano, violin, viola and cello Op.45 (1996)
 Galatée, ekloge for string quartet Op.46 (1999)
 Après une lecture de Pétrarque, madrigal for mixed choir a cappella Op.47 (1999)
 Prose brisée for soprano, baritone and piano Op.47a (1998)
 Sonnet CCLXXIX de Pétrarque for voice and piano Op.48 (1999)
 Vocalise sur les onomatopées for voice and piano Op.48a (1999)
 Sarabande for cello solo Op.49 (1999)
 Palindrome en Chaconne V for wind and string quintet Op.43 (2001)
 Alerte for trumpet solo Op.50 (2000)
 Fanfare for wind quintet Op.51 (2000)
 Le condamné à mort, monodrama for baritone, akkordeon and instrumental ensemble Op.52 (2000)
 ...après une lecture de Pétrarque, madrigal for soprano, tenor and string sextet Op.54 (2003)
 Maris Stella for clarinet and winds Op. 55 (2003)
 Trois danses for alto saxophone and harp Op.56 (2004)
 2ème quatuor à cordes ("le condamné à mort") for string quartet Op.57 (2005)

References

External links

 L' oeuvre de Philippe Capdenat
 Opéra Éclaté

French male classical composers
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
French opera composers
Male opera composers
1934 births
Living people
Musicians from Bordeaux
Academic staff of the University of Lyon
Mines Paris - PSL alumni
20th-century French composers
21st-century French composers
20th-century French male musicians
21st-century French male musicians


title: Budge Cottage

text:
The Budge Cottage is a historic house located on Center Street in Paris, Idaho. The cottage was built in the late 1880s as a rental house for the locally prominent Budge family. The one-story cottage has a hall and parlor plan; while this design was quite common during the early settlement of Paris, it had been largely replaced by larger houses by the 1880s. The Budge Cottage is one of the more ornate hall and parlor cottages built in the city; its design features a gabled porch with turned posts and balusters and decorative moldings on the windows and under the eaves.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 18, 1982. It is one of four Paris houses associated with the Budge Family on the National Register; the other three are the Alfred Budge House, the Julia Budge House, and the Taft Budge Bungalow.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Idaho
Houses in Bear Lake County, Idaho
National Register of Historic Places in Bear Lake County, Idaho


title: Thomas Stangl (writer)

text:
Thomas Stangl (born 4 January 1966 in Vienna) is an Austrian writer.

Life
Thomas Stangl studied philosophy and Spanish at the University of Vienna and graduated in 1991 with a thesis on deconstructive literary theory. After graduation, he initially wrote essays, book reviews, and even smaller prose work for newspapers and literary journals.

Thomas Stangl lives in Vienna.

Honours
For his debut novel Der einzige Ort (The only place) the author received the Aspekte-Literaturpreis in 2004, the same year a Hermann-Lenz Scholarship, and the 2005 Literature Prize of the Austrian Federal Chancellery.
In June 2007, he received the Telekom Austria Prize at the Ingeborg Bachmann competition; in October 2007, the Literature Prize of the Cultural Committee of German Economy, 2009, a grant from the Heinrich-Heine-house of the city of Lüneburg, 2010 Literature Prize Alpha and the 2011 Erich Fried Prize. In 2020, he received the Johann-Friedrich-von-Cotta-Literatur- und Übersetzerpreis der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart.

Works
Der einzige Ort. Novel, Droschl, Graz 2004, .
Ihre Musik. Novel, Droschl, Graz 2006, .
Was kommt. Novel, Droschl, Graz 2009, .
Reisen und Gespenster. Essays, Droschl, Graz 2012, .
Regeln des Tanzes, Novel, Droschl, Graz 2013,

References

External links

Austrian male writers
1966 births
Living people
University of Vienna alumni


title: Agriculture in the State of Palestine

text:
Agriculture in the State of Palestine is a mainstay in the economy of the State of Palestine. The production of agricultural goods supports the population's sustenance needs and fuels Palestine's export economy.  According to the Council for European Palestinian Relations, the agricultural sector formally employs 13.4% of the population and informally employs 90% of the population. Over the past 10 years, unemployment rates in Palestine have increased and the agricultural sector became the most impoverished sector in Palestine. Unemployment rates peaked in 2008 when they reached 41% in Gaza.

According to World Bank Palestinian agriculture suffers  from widespread use of land for nature reserves as well as military and settler use. Because the root of the conflict is with land, the disputes between Israel and Palestine are well-manifested in the agriculture of Palestine.

History
After the Six Day War (1967), Israel's initial occupation of the West Bank led to an encouragement of agriculture. Moshe Dayan actively encouraged its expansion, and as a result agricultural productivity increased on an annual basis by 16%. Permission was extended to expand on land that had hitherto been neglected. A change in policy  occurred in 1976, and by 1979, when the new Likud government was in power, incentives for Palestinian agriculture stopped. The government considered local agriculture a hindrance to its aim of annexing uncultivated land. As a result, water quotas for Palestinian farmers were incrementally reduced, forcing cultivators to leave their lands and seek jobs as day labourers in Israel. The end effect of this decision was that by 1985, the land under Palestinian cultivation in the West Bank decreased by 40%.

The sell of goods from Palestine to Israel became subjected to licensing and further restricted on European markets starting in 1984. Israel was not a commercial producer of olive products so Palestine became a captive market on things Israel needed and restricted on everything else. Palestine had three other problems that restricted farm production. Most farmers were sharecroppers having to split up to 50% with the landlords, going through middlemen to retailers meant a fourteen-fold gain over the farmers poor prices, and there was a lack of marketing.

References

Economy of the State of Palestine


title: Presidentbreen

text:
Presidentbreen ("The President Glacier") is a glacier in Haakon VII Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The glacier is tributary to the Tinayrebreen, and is surrounded by the mountains of Presidenten, Monarken, Kiliantoppen, Snødomen and Fallièresfjella.

References

Glaciers of Spitsbergen


title: Belo Horizonte overpass collapse

text:
On 3 July 2014, an overpass collapsed in Belo Horizonte, Brazil onto a busy carriageway below. The overpass was under construction and not open to traffic at the time. The accident left two people dead and 22 others injured.

Background
The construction project was part of infrastructural improvements meant to prepare for the 2014 FIFA World Cup that was taking place at the time of the collapse. The bridge was to be part of the  Bus rapid transit system. The concrete and steel bridge was located 3 kilometers from the Mineirão, where many games at the World Cup were played. The construction began in 2010 and was scheduled to be completed in May 2014. The World Cup was already unpopular in the public due to the heavy costs to tax payers.

Accident
On 3 July 2014, the overpass collapsed onto the busy carriageway Avenida Pedro I below. A bus and several cars were crushed under the rubble. The bus driver and another person were killed, and 22 other people were injured. At least 12 of the injured were taken to hospital; five others were released following treatment at the accident site.

Investigation
The company that was building the overpass, Cowan Construction, immediately set up a forensic team to investigate the causes of the accident. Technical staff were sent out to the accident site on the day of the collapse.

Reaction
One witness criticised the involved authorities and businesses for "not making things properly" and blamed the accelerated construction schedules and their "incompetence" for the disaster. The bank worker also claimed that "Everyone is angry." President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff offered her condolences "to the victims' families" in a Twitter post. The City Hall of Belo Horizonte released a statement announcing that Marcio Lacerda, Mayor of Belo Horizonte, had officially declared three days of mourning in the city.

See also
List of bridge failures

References

2014 disasters in Brazil
2014 FIFA World Cup
Belo Horizonte
Bridge disasters in Brazil
Bridge disasters of unknown cause
History of Minas Gerais
2014 road incidents
Road incidents in Brazil
July 2014 events in South America


title: Baffle Creek, Queensland

text:
Baffle Creek is a rural locality in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. In the  Baffle Creek had a population of 156 people.

The neighbourhood of Wartburg is within the locality ().

History
The area on Baffle Creek was first settled in 1908 by Prussian and German immigrants who were recruited by Apostle. H. F. Niemeyer of the Apostolic Church of Queensland in Hatton Vale near Ipswich. The government land orders they had expected to receive were not available, so they had to wait for six months living on a hill that they called Wartburg meaning waiting place.

In 1911, a sugar mill was built by Albert Kleinschmidt (who had another sugar mill in Bundaberg). The mill produced brown sugar which was taken elsewhere for further refining. The mill was closed in 1919 as it was not a successful venture.

Wartburg State School opened on 11 August 1913.

In 1921, a shop storeroom off the Coast Road was remodelled to become St Paul's Lutheran Church. It was officially opened on Sunday 17 July 1921. It was  from Rosedale near the Baffle Creek. It is on the south-western corner of the Coast Road and Bayfield Road leading to the creek (). The church bell was installed in 1923. The church was enlarged and the bell tower was remodelled in 1947.

In the 2011 census, the population of Baffle Creek was too low to separately report and was aggregated with the neighbouring locality of Deepwater which had a reported population of 548 people.

On 26 November 2018, the Queensland Government ordered the evacuation of Baffle Creek, Deepwater and Rules Beach due to a "dangerous and unpredictable" bushfire  wide  and covering  with flames of  high during an extreme heatwave.

In the  Baffle Creek had a population of 156 people.

Geography
Baffle Creek (the watercourse) forms the southern and south-western boundaries.

Heritage listings
Baffle Creek has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 Coast Road: Baffle Creek Sugar Mill (remains)
 Coast Road: St Pauls's Lutheran Church

Education
Wartburg State School is a government co-educational primary (P-7) school at 585 Coast Road, Baffle Creek. In 2013, the school had 55 students and 4 teachers (3 full-time equivalent).

References

Further reading

Gladstone Region
Localities in Queensland


title: Charlotte Street Historic District

text:
The Charlotte Street Historic District encompasses a historic residential subdivision in Fordyce, Arkansas.  The district extends along Charlotte Street between Holmes and East 4th Streets, and includes a few properties on Broadway, as well as the remaining grounds of the estate of A. B. Banks, an insurance company owner who oversaw the area's development in the 1920s.  The area originally consisted of a large tract of land outside the city, which was annexed to it in 1906.  Charlotte Street was named for Banks' wife, and he had a handsome estate house built on this land which was designed by Charles L. Thompson, which burned in 1964.  Many features of the estate, located between Broadway and East 4th, have been retained, including an inground swimming pool that was supposedly the first private pool in the state.

Banks oversaw the gradual development of the area north of his estate, building a collection of modest Craftsman style houses lining Charlotte Street between about 1906 and 1930.  Many of them were built by the same contractor, C. H. Kollman, and the neighborhood presents the most unified appearance of any in the city.  At least one was designed by associates of Charles L. Thompson.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Dallas County, Arkansas

References

Geography of Dallas County, Arkansas
Fordyce, Arkansas
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Dallas County, Arkansas


title: Nurbank murder case

text:
The Nurbank bank, founded in Atyrau regional governor's office was taken over by Rakhat Aliyev in January 2007. Shortly after, two Nurbank managers, Zholdas Timraliyev and Aybar Khasenov, were kidnapped, tortured and eventually killed by Aliyev. In May 2007, the criminal proceedings against Aliyev in Almaty began and Kazakhstan sentenced him for forty years.

History
In 1992, the Nurbank bank opened for business and became the seventh largest bank in Kazakhstan. "According to its Website, it is owned by the largest oil, food, publishing and foreign trade firms operating in Kazakhstan, and also currently lends to oil, food, foreign trade, and publishing & information firms."

In January 2007, Rakhat Aliyev became the main owner and acquired about 75% of all Nurbank’s assets. His father owned 6.71% and his 22-year-old son Nurali Aliyev was a sitting board member.

First kidnapping
Around January 18, 2007, Zholdas Timraliyev (vice president) and Abilmazhen Gilimov (chairmen of Nurbank) entered into a car and were threatened by Rakhat Aliyev, according to Abilmazhen Gilimov.  Rakhat was looking to acquire possession of a prized financial building in Kazakhstan's commercial capital, Almaty by ensuring ownership passed to him. They escaped after 24 hours. During his kidnapping, Timraliyev was able to phone his wife and tell of his abduction. Timraliyev's wife (Armangul Kapasheva/Armangul Qapasheva) reported him missing. They escaped after being held for 24 hours. They both left their positions at Nurbank on January 19.

According to newspapers, the building Aliyev wanted them to sell, sold on January 22 for a very low price,  four days after the alleged first kidnapping.

Second kidnapping
On January 31, Timraliyev disappeared again after receiving summons to speak with the tax police. Him and  chairman of the board, Aibar Khasenov were reported missing. After a days of violent acts, both of the bodies were tucked into a metal drum, assailed with chalk and buried on a waste dump.

During his kidnapping, Timraliyev was able to phone his wife (Armangul Kapasheva) and tell of his abduction. She reported them missing and her strong public appearance about the disappearance of her husband and mounting pressure against Aliyev, the Kazakh authorities finally initiated criminal proceedings on May 10, 2007. The wives of the two missing Nurbank managers establish the TAGDYR association in order to find their husbands.

Lawsuits
See Also Tagdyr
As a result, Aliyev brought forth a lawsuit against the two wives, for “insulting his honor and dignity.”

Timraliyev’s wife was interviewed and several news outlets including,Svoboda Slova," "Tasjargan," "Vremya," and zonakz.net published her comments and now faced legal suit from Aliyev.

Criminal prosecution
Aliyev was quickly appointed the new Kazakh ambassador to Austria on February 9, 2007 as a polite way to get him out of the country. While in Austria, Aliyev announced his candidacy for the upcoming Kazakhstan elections and criticized the sitting Kazakh President, Nursultan Nazarbayev. A full domestic Kazakh investigation began in May 2007 into Aliyev’s activities. His diplomatic passport was cancelled, as was his diplomatic immunity. Kazakhstan filed its first extradition request at this time. The domestic Kazakh investigation concluded January 2008 and Kazakh courts sentenced Aliyev to 20 years of imprisonment in absentia.  His crimes were kidnapping, treason and plotting a coup d'état against his father-in-law  Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Their second request for extradition in 2011 was also rejected, as Austria feared Kazak political persecution of Aliyev. They did however open their own investigation into Aliyev's dealings.

January 2013, Aliyev claimed Kazakhstan was politically persecuting him because he rejected the political system. Viennese supreme court excluded political underpinnings as a reason for persecution, which helped to greatly legitimize legal action brought against him.

Other crimes
Rakhat Aliyev (Shoraz) is also suspected of the murder of opposition leader and former Kazak ambassador to Russia Mr Sarsenbayev in early 2006, a complex embezzlement scheme stretching from Germany to Malta and Nevis, torturing two Kazak bodyguards in 2001, and the death of his girlfriend Anastasiya Novikova in 2004.

References

Further reading
JusticeForNovikova.com
RakhatAliyev.com
Anastasiya Novikova's Story
en.tagdyr.net/

Kidnappings in Kazakhstan
Murder in Kazakhstan
Ambassadors of Kazakhstan to Austria
Kazakhstani expatriates in Austria
Torture
Extortion
2007 crimes in Kazakhstan
2000s murders in Kazakhstan
2007 murders in Asia


title: ELF1

text:
E74-like factor 1 (ets domain transcription factor) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ELF1 gene.

Function

This gene encodes an E26 transformation-specific related transcription factor. The encoded protein is primarily expressed in lymphoid cells and can act as both an enhancer and a repressor to regulate transcription of various genes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

References

Further reading

Gene expression
Transcription factors


title: A Beast at Bay

text:
A Beast at Bay is a 1912 silent short film directed by D. W. Griffith. It was produced and distributed by the Biograph Company. Preserved in paper print form at the Library of Congress.

This film is in the Public Domain

Plot
A young woman believes her boyfriend is cowardly after he backs down from an argument, but when the she is kidnapped, her boyfriend rescues her and she changes her mind.

Cast
Mary Pickford – The Young Woman
Edwin August – The Young Woman's Ideal
Alfred Paget – The Convict
Mae Marsh – The Young Woman's Friend

Rest of cast
Elmer Booth – unconfirmed
Christy Cabanne – Station Master
William A. Carroll – Guard
Francis J. Grandon – unconfirmed
Robert Harron – A Farmer
J. Jiquel Lanoe – At Station
Henry Lehrman – A Guard
Charles Hill Mailes – Guard
Marguerite Marsh – (*billed Marguerite Loveridge)
Lottie Pickford – unconfirmed
W. C. Robinson – Guard

References

External links

A Beast at Bay available for free download at Internet Archive

1912 films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by D. W. Griffith
Silent American drama films
1912 drama films
1912 short films
1910s American films
American drama short films


title: ZSZ

text:
ZSZ may refer to:

 Swakopmund railway station (IATA code), in Swakopmund, Namibia
 Zdob și Zdub, a Moldovan ska punk band


title: Snødomen

text:
Snødomen ("The Snow Dome") is a mountain in Haakon VII Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The mountain has a height of 1,215 m.a.s.l. and is located east of the bay of Möllerfjorden, between the glaciers of Mayerbreen and Tinayrebreen.

References

Mountains of Spitsbergen


title: Taxation in Bulgaria

text:
Taxes in Bulgaria are collected on both state and local levels. The most important taxes are collected on state level, these taxes include income tax, social security, corporate taxes and value added tax. On the local level, property taxes as well as various fees are collected. All income earned in Bulgaria is taxed on a flat rate of 10%. Employment income earned in Bulgaria is also subject to various social security insurance contributions. In total the employee pays 12.9% and the employer contributes what corresponds to 17.9%.  Corporate income tax is also a flat 10%. Value-Added Tax applies at a flat rate of 20% on virtually all goods and services. A lower rate of 9% applies on only hotel services.

Bulgarian state taxes are administered by the National Revenue Agency (NRA). The National Assembly has the power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts, and Excises. The municipal council shall determine the rate of local taxes.

History
Taxation in Bulgaria has shifted depending on which government was in control. During the First Bulgarian Empire taxes were paid in kind while during the Second Bulgarian Empire taxation was monetary. Under the Ottoman control of Bulgaria, Christian citizens were subject to a tax called the dhimmi, levied by the Ottoman authority. During the socialist period of planned economy, taxation was similar to that of the rest of the Soviet, often with a turnover tax and taxes on government run businesses. After the end of the Soviet era, large privatization took place and the turnover tax was replaced with an ordinary Value-Added Tax.

Tax law
The tax legislation in Bulgaria includes the principles of establishment and functioning of the tax system.
The Bulgarian tax system imposes taxes upon both legal entities and individuals, whereas three main groups of taxes can be discerned: direct taxes (corporate tax, income tax of 10%, indirect taxes (value-added tax) and local taxes and fees (succession tax).
The National Revenue Agency is the main governmental body in Bulgaria responsible for tax collection.
In Bulgaria, the material tax law is regulated by the laws of the different tax types and the procedural law - by the Tax-Insurance Procedure Code
(Bulg: Данъчно-осигурителен процесуален кодекс).

The value-added tax

VAT taxation under Bulgarian tax law is regulated by Value Added Tax Act (VATA) (Bulg: Закон за данък върху добавената стойност), the Regulation for the Application of VATA (RAVATA) and Directive 2006/112 -COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax.
This type of indirect tax is payable monthly for all supplies of goods or services for any intra-European Union acquisition whose place of performance is within the country, carried out by a registered person, as well as for importation of goods. VAT is a tax levied on newly created value during the implementation process of goods or services. The tax is levied on the consumption thereof and the group of turnover taxes. The VAT model under Bulgarian law follows the common VAT regime within the EU model, where personal expenses are taxable by applying the credit (invoice) method. According to this method, each stage of production of goods or services and the implementation thereof to end users is chargeable with VAT on the entire value of the supply, such that through the mechanism of tax credit the final price of the goods or services includes a single VAT charge in the amount of the respective tax rate.
A taxable person is any person who independently carries out an economic activity, whatever the purpose and results of that activity, as well as any person who performs accidental onerous intra-European Union supplies of new transport vehicles. „Independent economic activity” are the activities of producers, traders and persons supplying services, including mining and agriculture, as well as the practice of a liberal profession, including as private enforcement agents and notaries.

Registration under VATA
In order for a taxable person to be part of the taxation procedure under VATA, the same needs to be registered for VAT purposes. VAT registration and its termination are regulated in Arts. 94 - 111, as well as in Arts. 132-135. This registration forms part of the general tax registration under TIPC. Until registered, a taxable person has no rights and obligations under VATA.
VAT registration can be compulsory, voluntary and on the initiative of the revenue administration, such that the law outlines several situations where specific registration and deregistration apply. Special cases of compulsory registration are separately provided for.

Objects of VAT taxation: objects of taxation are supplies of goods and services; intra-European Union acquisitions; importation of goods.

1.	any onerous taxable supply of goods and services
2.	intra-European Union acquisition: acquiring ownership of goods and the actual receipt of goods which are dispatched or transported to the territory of the country from that of another MS, where the supplier is a taxable person who is registered for VAT purposes in another MS. Cases of non-intra-European Union acquisitions are listed in Art.13 (4).
3.	Imports: introduction of non-European Union goods - import of goods and placing goods in free circulation after outward processing. As import of goods is also considered any other event resulting in a customs duty.

Tax rate and tax amount

Art. 66 VATA provides for the following tax rates:
A standard 20% rate, which applicable to taxable supplies, except for those expressly specified as subject to a zero rate; the importation of goods into the territory of the country; the taxable intra-European Union acquisitions.
The tax applicable to accommodation provided at hotels and similar establishments, including the provision of vacation accommodation and letting out of places for camping sites or caravan sites, is 9%.
The tax amount is determined by multiplying the taxable amount by the rate of tax (Art. 67 VATA).

VAT return (Art. 125 VATA)

For every tax period, the registered person shall submit a VAT return, prepared on the basis of the ledger of purchases and ledger of sales.
This requirement does not apply to services performed electronically by persons who are not established within the European Union. A registered person, who has effected intra-European Union supplies, supplies as an intermediary in a triangular operation or supplies of services under Art. 21 (2) with the place of supply within the territory of another Member State for the tax period, must submit a VIES return on the said supplies for the relevant tax period together with the VAT return (Art. 125 (1) and (2) VATA).
Together with the VAT return the registered person must submit the ledger of purchases and ledger of sales for the relevant tax period. VAT returns must furthermore be submitted where there is no payable or refundable tax, as well as in the cases where the registered person has not effected or received any supplies or acquisitions or has effected any importation for the said tax period. The returns and the ledgers of accounts must be submitted on or before the 14th day of the month following the tax period to which the said returns and ledgers refer.

The corporate tax in Bulgaria

The tax obligations, tentative taxes, tax reliefs and the taxation regime of legal persons and their incomes are regulated by the rules of the Corporate Income Tax Act (Bulg: Закон за корпоративното подоходно облагане). According to Article 1, the profits of all resident and foreign legal entities whose activities’ focus is in Bulgaria are taxable in accordance with the Bulgarian legislation. The different types of taxpayers are enumerated in Article 2 of the Act - this includes all resident and foreign legal persons whose main activity is in Bulgaria or who derive their income from a source in Bulgaria. Furthermore, subject to taxation are the foreign organizationally and financially independent entities which are engaged in an independent business activity or investment control, provided that the owner of the income cannot be determined.

According to Article 20 of the Act the rate of the corporate income tax is 10%. It is a flat tax.

There are different rules governing the taxation of domestic and foreign legal persons. The domestic legal persons are taxable with respect to all gains from domestic and foreign sources, whereas foreign companies - only with respect to their operations in Bulgaria and the resulting gains and incomes from them. The annual taxable income is to be declared up to 31 March of the next year.
The corporate tax in Bulgaria is an annual. The law provides for payment of two types of advance contributions: monthly advance contributions and quarterly advance contributions. Exempt from advance contributions are the following classes of taxable persons:
1.	Taxable persons, whose net income of sales for the preceding year does not exceed BGN 300,000;
2.	Newly constituted taxable persons for the year of their constitution, except those newly constituted as a result of a transformation under the Commerce Act (CA)  (Bulg: Търговски закон). If the transformation is carried out by changing its legal form, the newly constituted entity under Art. 264 CA is subject to advance contributions under the general order.
These persons may nevertheless make quarterly advance contributions, such that in this case they would not owe interest if it appears that, in view of the profits realised, contributions would have had to be larger.

Statement of corporate tax

The corporate tax is declared by 31 March of the subsequent year of its occurrence. The tax return form is to be submitted at the territorial directorate of the National Revenue Agency for registration of taxable person.
To encourage the electronic submission of documents, the legislature has provided for a preference. Taxable persons that submit an annual tax statement and annual activity report by 31 March of the subsequent year electronically and pay their corporate tax within the same time limit, enjoy a relief of 1 per cent of the annual corporate tax due, however, this relief may not exceed BGN 1,000 (Art. 92 (5) of CITA).

Withholding tax in Bulgaria

The most widespread type of withholding taxes is colloquially referred to as "dividend tax". The withholding tax on dividends and liquidation proceeds which were distributed in favor of foreign or national legal persons from a local company are subject to taxation in Bulgaria. Foreign legal entities’ profits originating either from business activity performed through a certain location of business activity inside the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria or from disposal of the property of such a location of business activity are to be considered income from a source within the country - Article 12 of the Law on corporate income taxation. The withholding tax is final. The tax rate on dividends and liquidation proceeds is 5%. If the incomes have been received from other non-commercial revenues, such as rent, author rights, etc., the tax rate is 10%.

Statement of tax withheld at the source

The statement of tax withheld at the source is performed quarterly by the end of the month following the quarter.
Persons who are obliged to withhold and pay tax at the source under Art. 194 and Art. 195, need to declare the due tax for the quarter through a declaration according to a form. A new addition is that the declaration is submitted for the taxes due and not the withheld and paid taxes at the source. The statement is filed with the territorial directorate of the National Revenue Agency, either by registration of the payer of the income or by the place in which the payer of the income must have registered (where the payer of the income is not subject to registration, the tax return is to be filed with the territorial directorate of the National Revenue Agency - Sofia).
Subject to statement submission are also the taxes withheld at the source on income from dividends and liquidation shares accruing to the benefit of local legal persons who are not traders.
In cases where the payer of the income is a person who is not required to withhold and remit taxes, the tax return is submitted by the income recipient until the end of the month following the quarter.

Payment of tax withheld at the source

The period for payment of the tax is until the end of the month following the quarter in which the tax liability arose (Art. 202 (1) and (2) of CITA).
The tax due is paid in the respective territorial directorate of the National Revenue Agency by registration of the payer of the income or by the place in which the payer of the income must have registered. Where the payer of the income is not subject to registration, the tax is paid in the Territorial directorate of the National Revenue Agency - Sofia (Art. 202 (3) and (4) of CITA). Overpaid tax is recovered by the territorial directorate of the National Revenue Agency, in which the tax is payable. When the tax is not withheld and paid accordingly, it is due jointly by the taxable persons of such income.

Taxes on expenses

The tax on expenses is performed in accordance with Art. 217 (1) CITA by the taxpayer with an annual income tax return. The tax on expenses is accrued on the annual basis of taxation and is paid once until 31 March of the following year.
The main group of taxable persons are local legal entities and foreign legal entities by place of business within the country. Therein are also included sole proprietors in respect of taxes withheld at source on expenses, as well as in cases where they are subject to an alternative tax.
For the purposes of taxation under Bulgarian law the key term is "local legal entity". Art. 3 of CITA states that "local" are:
•	legal entities established under Bulgarian legislation (for the purposes of tax law, unincorporated associations and insurance funds under CSR are treated as legal entities, as well as NGOs – for profit realized within the country);
•	companies established under Regulation (EC) No. 2157/2001 of the Council, and cooperative societies established under Regulation (EC) No. 1435/2003 of the Council where they have their registered office within the country and are entered in a Bulgarian register
Local legal entities are taxed on their profit and income from all sources within Bulgaria and abroad. In terms of realized profits and taxes paid abroad, the provisions apply of the relevant treaties for the avoidance of double taxation (Double Taxation Treaties or DTT) apply or to recognize the right of deduction under CITA.

Income Taxes on Natural Persons Act in Bulgaria
The Income Taxes on Natural Persons Act (ITNPA) (Bulg: Закон за данъците върху доходите на физическите лица) in Bulgaria regulates the taxation of income of both local and foreign natural persons, including income originating from their business activity. With regard to the income of sole proprietors in Bulgaria, the ITNPA refers to the taxation regime under the Corporate Income Tax Act. Income received from patent activity is taxed in accordance with the Local Taxes and Fees Act.
The ITNPA entered into force on 01.01.2007, and on 01.01.2008 it introduced drastic changes to legislation –progressive tax was replaced by a flat tax system. As a general principle, taxable income is the whole income of the natural person, including that which originates from a source abroad (principle of worldwide income taxation), whereas foreign persons only owe tax on income originating from a source in Bulgaria (territorial principle). Citizenship is not a factor when differentiating between the local and foreign persons. Pursuant to Art. 4, regardless of their citizenship, a local natural person is a person:
	whose permanent place of residence is in Bulgaria, or
	who spends inside the territory of Bulgaria more than 183 days in each period of 12 consecutive months, or
	who resides abroad on assignment of the Bulgarian State, its authorities and/or its organizations, or Bulgarian establishments, and the members of their family shall also be local natural persons, or
	who has their centre of vital interests in Bulgaria. The centre of vital interests is in Bulgaria when the interests of the person are closely related to the country. In the course of determining those interests, different factors may be taken into consideration - family, property, the place in which the person carries out their employment, professional or business activity, etc.

Object of taxation is income originating from labour and non-labour relationships of natural persons, income from rent, management of real estate or the transfer of rights. The tax is annual.

This article examines the main provisions related to the "flat tax" in the Republic of Bulgaria.

The introduction of the flat tax offers the following advantages:
	reducing the tax burden on the rich, which should lead to an increase in consumption, savings and investment, and hence stimulate economic growth;
	increasing tax collection due to the onerous and simplified procedure for its implementation;
	combating the grey economy, because evasion of tax and insurance contributions could become more expensive than their due payment; attracting the interest of foreign investors due to the low size of the tax.

Tax reliefs

The Act provides for the following tax reliefs:
	Tax relief for persons with reduced working capacity (Art. 18 ITNPA).
	Tax relief for personal contributions for voluntary insurance (Art. 19 ITNPA).
	Tax relief for personal contributions for insurance length of service has been preserved (Art. 20).
	A sequence was introduced for the application of tax reliefs (Art. 21).
	Tax relief for donations;
	22а introduced a tax relief for young families.
	Tax relief for children;
	Tax relief for children with disabilities.

Local taxes in The Republic of Bulgaria

Local taxes are needed by local authorities to provide a more comprehensive and quality services and to align these services with the needs of the local population. The following local taxes are paid into the municipal budget: real estate tax; succession tax; donation tax; property acquisition tax; transport vehicle tax; patent tax; other local taxes stipulated by the law.

The amount of local taxes is determined by the municipal council in accordance with the Local Taxes and Fees Act (LTFA) (Bulg: Закон за местните данъци и такси) but within fixed limits set by law by the National Assembly. By the end of the preceding year, the municipal council determines by ordinance the exact taxable amounts of the year to follow. Making changes during the year is not permissible.

Local fees in the Republic of Bulgaria

The local fees collectable within the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria include:
	household waste disposal,
	retail markets, wholesale markets, fairs, sidewalks, squares, and street roadways use,
	crèches, child-food kitchens, kindergartens, specialized social services institutions, camps, dormitories, and other municipal social services usage;
	technical services,
	administrative services,
	purchase of graveyard plots,
	dog ownership;
	other local fees stipulated by the law;

Local taxes are paid in cash at the cash desks of the municipal administration, or to the relevant bank account. (Art. 2 LTFA).
Violation of the LTFA provisions could lead to the imposition of a range of penalties. Failure to submit a statement of acquisition of real estate or declaring incorrect data so as to reduce the tax to a lower rate, is punishable with a fine - from BGN 10 to BGN 400 for natural persons and from BGN 100 to BGN 1,000 for legal entities.

Taxes on transport vehicles

This tax is levied on legal and natural persons, who own motor vehicles registered for operation on the road network in the Republic of Bulgaria, ships registered in the Bulgarian ports, as well as aircraft recorded in the state register of civil aircraft of the Republic of Bulgaria.
If the owners of transport vehicles have no permanent address within the territory of the country, the declarations are to be submitted to the municipality where the transport vehicle is registered.

The amount of the transport vehicle tax is determined by the municipal council in compliance with the terms, conditions and limits set by the LTFA (according to Art. 1 (2) LTFA). For instance:
	For passenger automobiles the taxable amount is determined according to engine power adjusted by a coefficient depending on the year of manufacture;
	For buses the taxable amount is determined by the number of seats;
	For cargo trucks of up to 12 tons of permissible maximum weight the taxable amount is a fixed sum per each ton of load-carrying capacity;
	For motorcycles the taxable amount is the absolute amount depending on the cubic capacity of the engine.

The taxation regime of transport vehicles in Bulgaria is regulated in Art. 52-61 of the Local Taxes and Fees Act (LTFA).

Real estate tax in Bulgaria

In Bulgaria the real estate tax, also called "buildings tax" is levied on buildings and land located within the territory of the country and within the spatial planning areas of settlements, as well as the lands outside such areas, whose intended use, according to a detailed construction plan, falls within Art. 8, item 1 of the Spatial Planning Act and after change of the purpose of the land where that is required by special legislative statute (Art. 10 Local Taxes and Fees Act, or LTFA).

Under Art. 11 LTFA, tax is levied on:
	owners of taxable real estate;
	owners of buildings constructed on state or municipal land;
	person who was given a right of use - in rem (in deed);
	person who was given a right of use - concession (concessionaire);
	users of restituted property that has been restored to the owners, but cannot be used by them (for a period of 5 years)

No tax is levied on:
	sites occupied by streets, roads of the national and municipal road networks, and the railway network, up to the limiting construction lines;
	lands occupied by water basins which are state and municipal property
	agricultural land and forests, with the exception of land with buildings and only for the built area and the adjoining it land
	real estate with tax assessment of BGN 1680 inclusive.

The Bulgarian succession tax

According to the Bulgarian legislation regulating local taxes, succession tax is levied on estate succeeded by law or by will within Bulgaria or abroad by Bulgarian citizens as well as on the estate located within Bulgaria succeeded by foreign nationals. The succeeded estate includes the movable and immovable property owned by the decedent and the rights over such property, as well as their other property rights, receivables and liabilities at the time of opening of the succession, unless otherwise provided by legislative statute. The inherited estate is subject to deductions as to the obligations and tax reliefs laid down in Bulgarian law, or in those cases where it is inherited by the state.

Art. 38 lists the types of property that are tax free:
	property passed to the State or municipalities;
	ordinary household furnishings;
	pensions not received by the decedent;
	estate of Bulgarian citizens located abroad to which the succession tax of the respective state has applied.

Taxable persons are:
	heirs by law, such that as of 2004, succession tax in Bulgaria does not apply to the surviving spouse and the lineal heirs;
	testamentary heirs, beneficiaries and legatees;
	stateless persons are subject to the succession tax for inherited estate on the territory of Bulgaria, if the person in question has been permanently resident within the territory of Bulgaria (Art. 29 LTFA).

The heirs may waive the succession through a unilateral act and as a result, they are subject to the succession tax. The waiver needs to be express, written and recorded in a specific book at the District Court. In case there is more than one heir, the tax is due in accordance with their share, and the taxable amount depends on the degree of kinship and the size of the inherited share. The tax is determined and communicated to each co-heir - Art. 106 and Art. 107 TIPC.

Persons that have become heirs by law or will, legatees or their legal representatives are obliged to file a tax return in the municipality within six months, such that the period is calculated differently – starting from the moment of opening of the succession or of learning about the succession. Exempt from this six-month period is inherited property whose existence became known to the heirs or legatees after six months. In this case, the time limit is one month from learning about the succession and on the basis of a submitted declaration. Any declaration submitted in time by one heir benefits the other heirs as well. Failure to submit the declaration results in an administrative liability.

Literature

 Tax law and tax process – Ivan G. Stoyanov (Feneia, Sofia 2012)
 Taxation 2015 Commentory – Rosen Ivanov (Ciela, Sofia 2015)

References

External links
 Bulgarian National Revenue Agency website

Economy of Bulgaria
Law of Bulgaria
Bulgaria


title: Andrew Phillips (lawyer)

text:
Andrew Phillips is a deaf lawyer, and an advocate for equal access.

Early life
Andrew Phillips went to the California School for the Deaf (Fremont).

Career
Phillips served as a Congressional Intern of U.S. Senator Barbara Boxer.
After graduating Gallaudet Andrew did an internship with the Director of Policy / General Counsel at the National Council on Disability.

Career
Andrew Phillips serves as policy counsel for the National Association of the Deaf (NAD).

References

Living people
Deaf lawyers
American lawyers with disabilities
Year of birth missing (living people)
Gallaudet University alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of California College of the Law, San Francisco alumni
California lawyers
American deaf people


title: 2013 Atlanta mayoral election

text:
The 2013 mayoral election in Atlanta, Georgia, took place on November 5, 2013, alongside other Atlanta municipal races.  Incumbent Mayor Kasim Reed faced no serious opposition and was re-elected with 84% of the vote.  He was sworn in for his second term on January 6, 2014.

Candidates
 Al Bartell, Green Party Candidate
 Fraser Duke, financial planner
 Kasim Reed, incumbent Mayor first elected in 2009
 Glenn Wrightson, consultant and candidate for 2005

Results

References

2013 in Atlanta
2013 Georgia (U.S. state) elections
2013 United States mayoral elections
2013


title: List of compositions by Pierre Rode

text:
This is a list of compositions by Pierre Rode.

With opus number
 Six duos for two violins, Op. 1
 Violin Concerto No. 1 in D minor, Op. 3
 Violin Concerto No. 2 in E major, Op. 4
 Violin Concerto No. 3 in G minor, Op. 5
 Violin Concerto No. 4 in A major, Op. 6
 Violin Concerto No. 5 in D major, Op. 7
 Violin Concerto No. 6 in B-flat major, Op. 8
 Violin Concerto No. 7 in A minor, Op. 9
 Air Varié for violin solo and string trio, Op. 10
 String Quartet No. 1 in E-flat major, Op. 11
 Air varié in E major, Op. 12
 Violin Concerto No. 8 in E minor, Op. 13
 Andante varié, Op. 16
 Violin Concerto No. 9 in C major, Op. 17
 String Quartet No. 4 in G major, Op. 18
 Violin Concerto No. 10 in B minor, Op. 19
 Violin Concerto No. 11 in D major, Op. 23
 Air varié in D major, Op. 26
 Violin Concerto No. 12 in E major, Op. 27
 Violin Concerto No. 13 in F-sharp minor / A major, Op. posth.

Without opus number
 24 Caprices for Violin
 12 Etudes for Violin
 Exercises pour le Violon
 Thème Varié No. 4
 Polonaise for Guitar, Flute or Violin
 Variations on Nel cor più non mi sento from Paisiello's La molinara (for Violin and Orchestra)
 Introduction et variations brillantes, "Air tyrolien" (for Violin and Orchestra)

Notes

Rode


title: Come Over (Clean Bandit song)

text:
"Come Over" is a song by British electronic group Clean Bandit. It features British reggae artist Stylo G. Its first release was on 8 August 2014 in Ireland. The song features auto-tuned vocals from band member Grace Chatto.

Background
In an interview with the Official Charts Company, Clean Bandit violinist Neil Amin-Smith said that the group had the idea of working with a Jamaican vocalist since 2012, when they were in talks with other producers. "Come Over" itself came about after the instrumental had been created and the opportunity to do something with Stylo G came about, and it slotted into place. Cellist and vocalist Grace Chatto described Stylo G as "an incredible force of energy".

Critical reception
The Guardian said that the song "pitche[d] a cut-glass female voice against the dancehall vocals of Stylo G: it would be an interesting juxtaposition, were it not for the fact that they're both engaged in singing a song that seems to be going out of its way to drive you up the wall".

Music video
The music video that was shot for the single was directed and co-filmed by Clean Bandit bassist Jack Patterson, whom Amin-Smith referred to as "the brains behind... the video. He spent a year at film school. For most people that probably wouldn't have been enough to start making incredible music videos but he's a bit of a geek. Geek and/or genius! He's just kind of self-taught since then. Now the operation has become bigger, he's more of a director". For it, Stylo G took extra riding lessons especially for the video. The video was shot in Marrakech and Svalbard, the reason being - according to Chatto - "we wanted the contrast for the video of switching between the warm and cold climates". Filming the video was complicated as they had to fit it within a hectic few weeks, starting with getting off a UK festival and straight on to a flight. On the day they were supposed to travel to Svalbard, the temperature got to the aeroplane and they struggled to land. Two attempts were made before the pilot decided to turn back. The video has gained comparisons to Game of Thrones, though Amin-Smith has said this was not intended. Chatto wears furs in the Svalbard parts of the video and thus resembles the Game of Thrones character Daenerys Targaryen.

Track listing

Charts

Release history

References

2014 songs
Warner Music Group singles
2014 singles
Clean Bandit songs
Music videos shot in Norway
Songs written by Jack Patterson (Clean Bandit)
Songs written by Grace Chatto
Song recordings produced by Mark Ralph (record producer)


title: Walter Scott Davis

text:
Walter Scott Davis (1866–1943) was a Washington state senator, a professor of history and political science at the College of Puget Sound in Tacoma (later renamed the University of Puget Sound), as well as a member of the Washington State Historical Society.

Work as a senator
Davis was a Republican member of the Washington State Senate who represented Washington's 27th legislative district from 1912 to 1928, or the 13th legislative session through the 20th legislative session. In the session of 1916, Davis was appointed as the chairman of the Senate Committee on Education and Public Morals and introduced a bill to make courses in American government a requirement for graduation from high schools in Washington State.

Teaching career
Davis began teaching at the college in 1906, eventually becoming the head of the history department. For the college's 50th anniversary, in 1938, Davis researched and wrote a historical account of its development, including its consolidation with Portland University in the college's early years, its move back to Tacoma following the consolidation, and the development of the school of music at the college, as well as the college's acceptance by, and involvement with, the larger Tacoma community.

As a historian himself, Davis volunteered as a curator for the Washington State Historical Society for almost 29 years, beginning in 1915.

References

External links
Walter S. Davis Papers

American educators
1866 births
1943 deaths
Republican Party Washington (state) state senators


title: Thomas W. Bradshaw

text:
Thomas Wood Bradshaw, Jr. (born 1938) is a North Carolina businessman and public official. He was a member of the city council of Raleigh, and became the youngest mayor of Raleigh, serving for one term (1971-1973). Bradshaw later served as North Carolina Secretary of Transportation during the first term of Governor Jim Hunt (1977-1981). After his time in state government, he worked as managing director and co-head of the Transportation Group for Citigroup Global Markets.

Bradshaw was a candidate for a seat in the North Carolina Senate in 2014.

See also
 List of mayors of Raleigh, North Carolina

References
Former Raleigh mayor goes to work for DOT

External links
Tom Bradshaw for NC Senate

1938 births
Mayors of Raleigh, North Carolina
Raleigh City Council members
State cabinet secretaries of North Carolina
Living people


title: Iyad Khalil Zaki

text:
Ayad Khalil Zaki (Arabic: اياد خليل زكي) was an Iraqi Army General. A career Combat engineering officer, he later served as the Governor of Muthanna Province after retiring from military service.

Zaki was a Sunni Arab from Baghdad.

He served as the Iraqi field commander during the second Anfal Campaign. By 1990 Zaki was the Commander of the IV Corps of the Iraqi Army.

By 1991 Zaki had been promoted to the position of Armed Forces Assistant Chief of Staff for Supplies and Logistics. In early December 1994 Zaki was one of the Generals called on by Wafiq as-Samarra to revolt when Samarra defected.

Zaki served as Assistant Chief of Staff until being made the Governor of Muthanna Province.

Zaki left Iraq following the 2004 Invasion of Iraq and the overthrow of the Ba'athist government and traveled to Jordan  He died on the 22 August 2013.

Command and Staff positions held

 Second in Command, Sapper Platoon 1956-57
 Pioneers and Sappers Platoon Leader - 1957-1959
 Combat Engineering officers company leader and battalion staff officer course, Soviet Union - 1959-1960
 Second in Command, Sapper Company - 1960-1962
 Commanding Officer, B Sapper Company, 2nd Sapper Battalion, 5th Motorised Brigade - 1962-1964
 Combined Arms/All-Arms Operations Officers Course, Soviet Union - 1964-1965
 Adjutant, 1st Field Engineer Regiment, 1st Division - 1965-1967
 Instructor, Military Engineering College - 1967-1968
 Commanding Officer, 2nd Infantry Battalion, 12th Armoured Brigade, 3rd Armoured Division - 1968-1971
 Higher Command and Staff College Course (Frunze University), Soviet Union - 1971-1972
 GSO-I, 2nd Infantry Brigade, 1st Division - 1972-1976
 Executive Staff Officer, Personnel and Training Division, Army General Headquarters Baghdad - 1976-1979
 Commander, 14th Infantry Brigade, 4th Division - 1979-1982
 Commander, 2nd Combat Engineering Brigade, II Corps - 1982-1984
 General Officer Commanding, 5th Infantry Division, 1984-1987
 GSO-I and Chief of Operations, II Corps - 1987-1990
 General Officer Commanding, IV Corps - 1990-1994
 Assistant Minister of Defence, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army and Chief of Supplies and Logistics - 1994-1999

Ranks

 Second Lieutenant  - 1956-57
 Lieutenant  - 1957-1960
 Captain  - 1960-1965
 Major  - 1965-1968
 Lieutenant Colonel  - 1968-1972
 Colonel  - 1972-1979
 Brigadier  - 1979-1984
 Major General  - 1984-1989
 Lieutenant General  - 1989-1995
 Colonel General ( Full General )  - 1995-1999

References

Governors of Muthanna Governorate
Iraqi generals
Iraqi soldiers
2013 deaths
Year of birth missing


title: Mr. Songbird

text:
"Mr. Songbird" is a song by the English rock band the Kinks. Written and sung by Ray Davies, it is about a songbird whose call helps the singer's problems go away. Its recording features session musician Nicky Hopkins on Mellotron, duplicating a flute which mimics the call of a bird. Davies included the song on the original 12-track edition of The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society (1968), but removed it from the LP in a last-minute decision to expand the album's track listing. Because the original 12-track edition had already been sent to several European countries, the song's first release was in Sweden and Norway in October 1968. It was first issued in the US on the 1973 compilation The Great Lost Kinks Album and was not officially available in the UK until Village Green 1998 CD remaster.

Composition and recording

Author Johnny Rogan characterises "Mr. Songbird" as a light lilt, while author Christian Matijas-Mecca compares its bouncy sound to the music on Donovan's 1967 album Mellow Yellow. Composed by Ray Davies, the song's lyrics describe how a songbird's call helps the singer's problems go away. Author Nick Hasted suggests it is about "how songs can save you", while author Andy Miller sees it as reflective of Ray Davies' state of mind while enduring personal and professional hardship, furthering the theme of escapism common in his contemporary songwriting. Miller writes Davies employs his "one hard line" technique in the song, with its final lyric about keeping the devil at bay containing genuine fear.

Though the Kinks began recording most of The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society in March 1968, Davies recalled the band recording "Mr. Songbird" "a long time before" the rest of the album. Kinks researcher Doug Hinman places the song around November 1967 at Pye Studios in London. Miller writes its late 1967 recording puts it around the same time as several other Kinks recordings which make heavy use of a Mellotron – a tape-loop-based keyboard instrument – such as "Lavender Hill" (1973) and "Phenomenal Cat" (1968). Produced by Davies, the recording features soft contributions on bass, drums and Davies' double-tracked lead vocal. Session musician Nicky Hopkins duplicates the sound of a flute with the Mellotron, trilling during the choruses like a songbird. Compiler Andrew Sandoval compares the trills to Zal Yanovsky's guitar work on the Lovin' Spoonful's 1967 song "You're a Big Boy Now".

Release and reception

Davies included "Mr. Songbird" on the original 12-track edition of The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society, sequenced between "Village Green" and "Wicked Annabella". In his September 1968 review of the album for New Musical Express, Keith Altham describes the song as different from the band's typical sound, its simple format being "[a]s obvious as a cup of tea." Approximately two weeks before the album's planned UK release of 21 September, Davies opted to withhold the album for further work, deleting "Mr. Songbird" from the track listing in the process. Therefore, the song does not appear on the 15-track edition of the album as released in the UK and US. While Davies made the change before the album's release, the last-minute nature of his decision meant that production masters had already been sent to several other countries, including Sweden and Norway, where the 12-track edition with "Mr. Songbird" was released on 9 October 1968. Subsequent releases of that edition followed in France, Italy and New Zealand. Among retrospective commentators, Matijas-Mecca writes the song's removal helped give the album "a substantially different feel", but suggests it would have fit "perfectly" with the album's "loose narrative about a desire for a lost England." Miller questions why "Wonderboy" was released as a single in April 1968 in place of the "sublime" "Mr. Songbird", since the latter features both a "blithe melody and toe-tapping arrangement". Geoffrey Himes of Paste magazine likens the lyrics to a Disney film while suggesting its melody is comparable to the best written by musician Paul McCartney.

On 20 June 1968, the Kinks' US record label, Reprise Records, entered "Mr. Songbird" and 16 other new tracks into their tape vaults. The label planned to use the songs on an eventual September 1968 release, Four More Respected Gentlemen, though they postponed the album before eventually cancelling it in October 1968. On 2 July 1969, Davies' delivered another copy of "Mr. Songbird" to Reprise with 11 other "spare tracks", likely out of a contractual obligation. Many of those songs, including "Mr. Songbird", were first issued in the US on the compilation album The Great Lost Kinks Album, released on 25 January 1973. Critic Richie Unterberger of AllMusic counts the song as among the highlights of the compilation, writing that an earlier release of the song "would hardly have embarrassed the group". Rogan instead finds it "a light and delicate piece, hardly crucial but most attractive." "Mr. Songbird" went unreleased in the UK for over 30 years, being first issued in May 1998 on the CD remaster of Village Green.

References

Citations

Sources

External links

1968 songs
Songs written by Ray Davies
The Kinks songs
Song recordings produced by Ray Davies


title: Salagena denigrata

text:
Salagena denigrata is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in the Republic of Congo.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Metarbelinae
Moths described in 1929


title: Salagena discata

text:
Salagena discata is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Senegal.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Metarbelinae
Moths described in 1929


title: Salagena eustrigata

text:
Salagena eustrigata is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Kenya.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Endemic moths of Kenya
Metarbelinae
Moths described in 1916


title: Salagena fetlaworkae

text:
Salagena fetlaworkae is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Ethiopia.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Endemic fauna of Ethiopia
Metarbelinae
Moths described in 1977


title: Salagena fuscata

text:
Salagena fuscata is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Ghana and Ivory Coast.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Metarbelinae
Moths described in 1929


title: Salagena guichardi

text:
Salagena guichardi is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Oman and the United Arab Emirates.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Metarbelinae
Moths described in 1980


title: Salagena inversa

text:
Salagena inversa is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Senegal.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Metarbelinae
Moths described in 1929