title: Pesticide degradation

text:
Pesticide degradation is the process by which a pesticide is transformed into a benign substance that is environmentally compatible with the site to which it was applied. Globally, an estimated 1 to 2.5 million tons of active pesticide ingredients are used each year, mainly in agriculture. Forty percent are herbicides, followed by insecticides and fungicides. Since their initial development in the 1940s, multiple chemical pesticides with different uses and modes of action have been employed. Pesticides are applied over large areas in agriculture and urban settings. Pesticide use, therefore, represents an important source of diffuse chemical environmental inputs.

Persistence

In principle, pesticides are registered for use only after they are demonstrated not to persist in the environment considerably beyond their intended period of use. Typically, documented soil half-lives are in the range of days to weeks. However, pesticide residues are found ubiquitously in the environment in ng/liter to low μg/liter concentrations. For instance, surveys of groundwater and not-yet-treated potable water in industrialized countries typically detect 10 to 20 substances in recurrent findings above  the maximum accepted drinking water concentration for pesticides in many countries. About half of the detected substances are no longer in use and another 10 to 20% are stable transformation products.

Pesticide residues have been found in other realms. Transport from groundwater may lead to a low-level presence in surface waters. Pesticides have been detected in high-altitude regions, demonstrating sufficient persistence to survive transport across hundreds of kilometers in the atmosphere.

Degradation involves both biotic and abiotic transformation processes. Biotic transformation is mediated by microorganisms, while abiotic transformation involves processes such as chemical and photochemical reactions. The specific degradation processes for a given pesticide are determined by its structure and by the environmental conditions it experiences. Redox gradients in soils, sediments or aquifers often determine which transformations can occur. Similarly, photochemical transformations require sunlight, available only in the topmost meter(s) of lakes or rivers, plant surfaces or submillimeter soil layers. Atmospheric phototransformation is another potential remediating influence.

Information on pesticide degradation is available from the required test data. This includes laboratory tests on aqueous hydrolysis, photolysis in water and air, biodegradability in soils and water-sediment systems under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and fate in soil lysimeters. These studies provide little insight into how individual transformation processes contribute to observed degradation in situ. Therefore, they do not offer a rigorous understanding of how specific environmental conditions (e.g., the presence of certain reactants) affect degradation. Such studies further fail to cover unusual environmental conditions such as strongly sulfidic environments such as estuaries or prairie potholes, nor do they reveal transformations at low residual concentrations at which biodegradation may stop. Thus, although molecular structure generally predicts intrinsic reactivity, quantitative predictions are limited.

Biotic transformation

Biodegradation is generally recognized as the biggest contributor to degradation. Whereas plants, animals and fungi (Eukaryota) typically transform pesticides for detoxification through metabolism by broad-spectrum enzymes, bacteria (Prokaryota) more commonly metabolize them. This dichotomy is likely due to a wider range of sensitive targets in Eukaryota. For example, organophosphate esters that interfere with nerve signal transmission in insects do not affect microbial processes and offer nourishment for microorganisms whose enzymes can hydrolyze phosphotriesters. Bacteria are more likely to contain such enzymes because of their strong selection for new enzymes and metabolic pathways that supply essential nutrients. In addition, genes move horizontally within microbial populations, spreading newly evolved degradation pathways.

Some transformations, particularly substitutions, can proceed both biotically and abiotically, although enzyme-catalyzed reactions typically reach higher rates. For example, the hydrolytic dechlorination of atrazine to hydroxyatrazine in soil by atrazine-dechlorinating bacterial enzymes reached a second-order rate constant of 105/mole/second, likely dominating in the environment. In other cases, enzymes facilitate reactions with no abiotic counterpart, as with the herbicide glyphosate, which contains a C-P bond that is stable with respect to light, reflux in strong acid or base, and other abiotic conditions. Microbes that cleave the C-P bond are widespread in the environment, and some can metabolize glyphosate. The C-P lyase enzyme system is encoded by a complicated 14-gene operon.

Biodegradation transformation intermediates may accumulate when the enzymes that produce the intermediate operate more slowly than those that consume it. In atrazine metabolism, for example, a substantial steady-state level of hydroxyatrazine accumulates from such a process. In other situations (e.g., in agricultural wastewater treatment), microorganisms mostly grow on other, more readily assimilable carbon substrates, whereas pesticides present at trace concentrations are transformed through fortuitous metabolism, producing potentially recalcitrant intermediates.

Pesticides persist over decades in groundwater, although bacteria are in principle abundant and potentially able to degrade them for unknown reasons. This may be related to the observation that microbial degradation appears to stall at low pesticide concentrations in low-nutrient environments such as groundwater. As yet, very little is known about pesticide biodegradation under such conditions. Methods have been lacking to follow biodegradation in groundwater over the relevant long time scales and to isolate relevant degraders from such environments.

Abiotic Transformation

In surface waters, phototransformation can substantially contribute to degradation. In “direct” phototransformation, photons are absorbed by the contaminant, while in “indirect” phototransformation, reactive species are formed through photon absorption by other substances. Pesticide electronic absorption spectra typically show little overlap with sunlight, such that only a few (e.g., trifluralin) are affected by direct phototransformation. Various photochemically active light absorbers are present in surface waters, enhancing indirect phototransformation. The most prominent is dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is the precursor of excited triplet states, molecular oxygen, superoxide radical anions, and other radicals. Nitrate and nitrite ions produce hydroxyl radicals under irradiation. Indirect phototransformation is thus the result of parallel reactions with all available reactive species. The transformation rate depends on the concentrations of all relevant reactive species, together with their corresponding second-order rate constants for a given pesticide. These constants are known for hydroxyl radical and molecular oxygen. In the absence of such rate constants, quantitative structure–activity relationships(QSARs) may allow their estimation for a specific pesticide from its chemical structure.

The relevance of "dark" (aphotic) abiotic transformations varies by pesticide. The presence of functional groups supports textbook predictions for some compounds. For example, aqueous abiotic hydrolysis degrades organophosphates, carboxylic acid esters, carbamates, carbonates, some halides (methyl bromide, propargyl) and many more. Other pesticides are less amenable. Conditions such as high pH or low-redox environments combined with in situ catalyst formation including (poly)sulfides, surface-bound Fe(II) or . Microorganisms often mediate the latter, blurring the boundary between abiotic and biotic transformations. Chemical reactions may also prevail in compartments such as groundwater or lake hypolimnion, which have hydraulic retention times on the order of years and where biomass densities are lower due to the almost complete absence of assimilable organic carbon.

Prediction

Available strategies to identify in situ pesticide transformation include measuring remnant or transformation product concentrations and estimating of a given environment's theoretical transformation potential. Measurements are only usable on the micro- or mesocosm scale.

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) does not distinguish transformation from other processes such as dilution or sorption unless combined with stringent mass balance modelling. Carbon 14-labeled pesticides do enable mass balances, but investigations with radioactively tagged substrates cannot be conducted in the field.

Transformation product detection may calibrate degradation. Target analysis is straightforward when products and standards are understood, while suspect/nontarget analysis can be attempted otherwise. High-resolution mass spectrometry facilitated the development of multi-component analytical methods for 150 pesticide transformation products and for screening for suspected transformation products. In combination with transformation product structure models, screening allows a more comprehensive assessment of transformation products, independent of field degradation studies.

Isotopic analysis may complement product measurements because it can measure degradation in the absence of metabolites and has the potential to cover sufficiently long time scales to assess transformation in groundwater. Isotope ratios (e.g.,/, /) can reveal history in the absence of any label. Because kinetic isotope effects typically favor the transformation of light isotopes (e.g., ), heavy isotopes (13C) become enriched in residues. An increased / isotope ratio in a parent compound thus provides direct evidence of degradation. Repeated pesticide analyses, in groundwater over time, or direct measurements in combination with groundwater dating that show increasing / isotope ratios in a parent pesticide, provides direct evidence of degradation, even if the pesticide was released long before. Multiple transformation pathways were revealed for atrazine by measuring the isotope effects of multiple elements. In such a case, transformation mechanisms are identifiable from plots of / versus / parent compound data, reflecting different underlying carbon- and nitrogen-isotope effects. The approach requires a relatively high amount of substance for gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) or LC-IRMS analysis (100 ng to 1 μg), which, for instance, requires extraction of 10 liters of groundwater at pesticide concentrations of 100 ng/liter. For the special case of chiral pesticides, enantiomer analysis may substitute for isotopes in such analyses as a result of stereoselective reactions. Combining isotope and chirality measurement can increase prediction strength.

Geochemical analysis including pH, redox potential and dissolved ions is routinely applied to assess the potential for biotic and abiotic transformations, complicated by any lack of specificity in the targets. Selective probe compounds must be used to detect individual reactive species when a mixture of reactive species is present. Combining probe compounds and scavengers or quenchers increases accuracy. E.g., N, N-dimethylaniline, used as a probe for the carbonate radical reacts very quickly with DOM-excited triplet states and its oxidation is hampered by DOM.

13C-labeled parent pesticides were used in the nontarget analysis of degraders by stable isotope probing (SIP) to demonstrate biotransformation potential in soil and sediment samples. A complimentary, potentially more quantitative technique is to directly enumerate the biodegradative gene(s) via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), gene sequencing or functional gene microarrays. A prerequisite for genetic approaches, however, is that the involved genes can be clearly linked to a given transformation reaction. For instance, the atzD gene encoding cyanuric acid hydrolase correlates with atrazine biodegradation in agricultural soil surface layers, consistent with AtzD'''s cleavage of the s-triazine ring during bacterial atrazine metabolism. AtzD'' was unambiguously identifiable and hence quantifiable, as unusually, it belongs to a protein family that largely consists of biodegradative enzymes. Most proteins studied to date are members of very large protein superfamilies, with as many as 600,000 individual members, with diverse functions. Another factor confounding gene-based approaches is that biodegradative function can arise independently in evolution, such that multiple unrelated genes catalyze the same reaction. E.g., organophosphate esterases that differ markedly in their fold and mechanism can act on the same organophosphate pesticide.

Transformation products
Even though their undesirable effects are typically lowered, transformation products may remain problematic. Some transformations leave active moiety intact, such as oxidation of thioethers to sulfones and sulfoxides. Parent/transformation product mixtures may have additive effects. Second, some products are more potent than their parents. Phenolic degradates of such diverse chemical classes as pyrethroids and aryloxyphenoxypropionic herbicides may act on estrogen receptor. Such products should receive particular attention because they are often smaller and more polar than their parents. This increases their potential to reach drinking water resources such as groundwater and surface waters, where polar products are found at fairly constant concentrations. Products in drinking water resources may cause problems such as formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso-dimethylamine from dimethylsulfamide, a microbial product of the fungicides tolylfluanide and dichlofluanide, during water treatment with ozone.

The issue is specifically addressed in major regulatory frameworks. In Europe, for instance, “nonrelevant” metabolites are distinguished from metabolites that are “relevant for groundwater resources” or even “ecotoxicologically relevant”. The latter are those whose risk to soil or aquatic biota is comparable to or higher than the parent and must meet the same standards as their parent. Groundwater-relevant metabolites are those likely to reach groundwater in concentrations above 0.1 μg/liter and to display the same toxicity as the parent compound. In the past toxicology issues typically emerged only decades after market introduction. Examples are the detection of chloridazon products (first marketed in 1964) in surface and groundwater, or tolylfluanid (first marketed in 1971). That these substances were overlooked for so long may partially be attributable to prior limits on analytical capabilities. However, labeling some metabolites as nonrelevant may have resulted in directing attention away from them. The decision to tolerate up to 10 μg/liter of “nonrelevant” metabolites in groundwater and drinking water is politically highly contentious in Europe. Some consider the higher limit acceptable as no imminent health risk can be proven, whereas others regard it as a fundamental deviation from the precautionary principle.

References

Pesticides


title: Olinda Bozán

text:
Olinda Bozán (21 June 1894 – 8 February 1977) was an Argentine film actress and comedian of the Golden Age of Argentine Cinema (1940–1960). Born into a circus family, she acted on the vaudeville circuit, and performed in silent and sound movies. She was trained by the Podestá brothers, one of whom she married, who have one of the most prestigious Argentine acting awards named for them. Bozán' appeared in 75 films and was considered one of the best comic actors of Argentine cinema in the 20th century.

Biography
Olinda Bozán Acosta was born 21 June 1894 in Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina to Enrique Bozán (aka Bozánni) and Rosa Acosta.

She came from a theatrical family and from a very young age was involved in Circus Anselmi, owned by her parents, and trained in theatrical comedy with the Podestá brothers at the Teatro Apolo.

Her father was a clown, her mother did an act with trained pigeons, and all six of her siblings worked in the circus. Her father and an older sister, Angelita, died of yellow fever when she was a young child. She was the cousin of Haydée, Elena and Sofía Bozán; sister-in-law of José and María Esther Podestá, aunt to Blanca Podestá; and married Pablo Podestá at age 14. He was thirty-four and the marriage ended quickly. In some cases she said it lasted a week, some cases a month, and others, six months. Within the year, she was no longer married and no longer working with his acting company.

Early career
In 1910, Bozán joined a group formed by her mother, her sister Aída, Luis Vittone, and Pepe Podestá to perform at the Teatro Apolo. Her debut was in a play by Ezequiel Soria called En el fuego. Other members of the cast were Elsa Conti, Blanca Podestá, Segundo Pomar, Salvador Rosich, Humberto Scotti, and Lila Scotti. That was followed by a song and dance performance in Después de misa (1911) by Julio Sánchez Gardel, but the company disbanded and she joined Florencio Parravicini and accompanied him for the next four years.

On 27 December 1913, Bozán, José Brievaen, Rosa Catá, and Felisa Mary, premiered Una noche de Garufa at the Teatro Nacional Santa Fe.

Bozán made her film debut in the silent film, Bajo el sol de la pampa (1915) directed by Alberto Traversa, which was released in 1917. In all, she made six appearances in silent films, of which little is known. In 1923, she appeared in Sombras de Buenos Aires by Julio Irigoyen with María Esther Podestá and Totón Podestá.

In 1919, Bozán formed a company with Luis Vittone and Segundo Pomar which included María Esther Podestá, Marta Poli and José Muñiz, in comedy routines, tango and vaudeville at the Opera Theater. Many of the films and theater productions of this era were vehicles to promote tangos. Bozán premiered many, such as the first tango of Enrique Santos Discépolo, "Bizcochito", which Bozán performed in the short comedy La Porota in 1923 and "La patotera" by Manuel Jovés], Jorge Dowton, and Luis Rodríguez in El inglés de Santa Cruz at the Teatro Avenida in 1923 for the Compañía Vitone-Pomar. With this company in 1923, she traveled to Mexico and upon returning, she joined with Paco Bustos and formed her own company, under the direction of Pascual Carcavallo, (owner of the National Theater).

She hired Santiago Arrieta and Domingo Sapelli, among others, for her troupe. They staged Se casa el Negro Rancagua (1924) by Alberto Novión, La casa de barro (1924) by Antonio Saldías, El daño (1925) by Oscar Beltrán, Donde cantan los zorzales (1926) by Alberto Vacarezza, and El bandoneón (1926) by Saldías. She also hired a newcomer to Buenos Aires, Libertad Lamarque, whose debut was in a play called "La muchacha de Montmartre" by José A. Saldías. Lamarque sang as part of a trio with Bozán and Antonia Volpe, to the guitar accompaniment of Rafael Iriarte.

In 1926 Bozán formed a new company with her nephew, Paquito Bustos, the son of her late sister Angelita. She performed with him over several seasons. They debuted the tango "La Marianella la va, la va", by José Ceglie and Carlos De Paoli in La taba de la vida at the Teatro Nacional, in 1928 and the first performance of Discépolo's tango, "Yira... Yira...", in 1929 at a presentation in the Teatro Sarmiento.

Some of their most memorable productions included performances at the Teatro de la Comedia: Linyera (1929) by Ivo Pelay; Los caballeros del altillo (1929) by Florencio B. Chiarello; and Chirimoya (1930) by Enrique García Velloso and performances at the Teatro Apolo Triunvirato está de fiesta (1932) by Juan F. López; La muñeca de la gringa by Julio C. Traversa; La muchacha de circo by Alberto Novión; and Cremona (1934) by Armando Discépolo.

In 1931, Bozán had a small role in Luces de Buenos Aires, the first film the singer Carlos Gardel made for Paramount Studios, France, but her first significant film in the sound-age came with Ídolos de la radio (1934), directed by Eduardo Morera with Francisco Canaro, Ada Falcón, Tito Lusiardo, and Tita Merello.

With Morera again, in 1935, she made Por buen camino, and filmed El caballo del pueblo that same year at Lumiton with Irma Córdoba and Enrique Serrano. The following year, Bozán starred opposite Gloria Guzmán and Juan Carlos Thorry in Manuel Romero's  Radio Bar, and alongside Ada Cornaro, and Robert Tita in La canción de la Ribera, with director Julio Irigoyen. In 1937, in Así es el tango she was paired with Tito Lusiardo and Tita Merello in a film showcasing the music genre. Other memorable films made in the late 1930s included Las de Barranco (1938) with Homero Cárpena, Mi suegra es una fiera (1939), and Mi fortuna por un nieto (1940).

Middle years
Through the 1940s until 1955, Bozán continued to make films, perform in theater and make tango music. She traveled to Cuba in this time period and both recorded and performed.

In 1939, she appeared in a movie “Mi suegra es una fiera” directed by Luis Bayón Herrera and in 1940, staged the theatrical production with Julio Escobar. In 1942, she appeared in the film Ceniza al viento directed by Luis Saslavsky and starring Luis Arata, Santiago Arrieta, María Duval, Tita Merello, Alita Román and Berta Singerman, among others. Bozán was in the movie La danza de la fortuna in 1944 with Luis Sandrini, and had a successful run with Paquito Bustos in Maridos that same year.

In 1946, at the Teatro Nacional she led her company in a play, Los maridos quieren conga, y las mujeres también, and in 1947, in El marido de la panadera. She starred in two 1947 films, La caraba by Julio Saraceni with Francisco Avarez and Lucrecia Borgia directed by Luis Bayón Herrera with Héctor Quintanilla and Gogó Andreu.

For the 1948 season, she moved to the Teatro Buenos Aires and performed a play Hoy canta doña Rosina (pero cuida la concina) by Germán Ziclis and then moved to the Teatro Astral to do two plays: Los maridos engañan de 7 a 9 (1948), followed by the play by Tito Insausti and Arnado Malfatti ¡Adiós... plata mía!, which she performed with Diana Maggi and Francisco Alvarez.

In 1950, she performed at the Smart Theater Bodas de plata y soltera by Manuel Meaño, which had over 100 performances and El morocho de Venecia by Carlos A. Petit and Orestes Cosentino. The 1951 film Mujeres en sombra marked a turning point in her movie roles, as after that point, there were no offers for leading roles.

For 1952, she put on the play Soltera nací, soltera moriré and Doña vitaminas at the Teatro Buenos Aires with the Compañia de Totón Podestá and in 1953, she staged La coronación de la risa at the Teatro El Nacional with Diana Maggi, José Marrone and Juanita Martínez. In 1954, she appeared in the films Criaturas adorable. In 1955, she appeared in Las calles también cantan; Vida nocturna (directed by Leo Fleider, co-starring Elsa Daniel and Olga Zubarry) and El tango en París, which was released in 1956 and would be her last film for a decade.

Later career
In 1959, she was working in television and starring in El show de Pablo Palitos. That year, she won one of the inaugural awards from the Asociación de Periodistas de la Televisión y Radiofonía Argentina (APTURA) which had been formed earlier that year. The Martín Fierro Award, the highest award for Argentine radio and television, was given to Bozán for Best comic actress. She worked on the television programme Felipe which aired in 1960 with Luis Sandrini and was revived in 1966, written by Miguel Paz and directed by Edgardo Borda. She did a season of theater, performing both El conventillo de a Paoma and Juancito de la Ribera in 1960 with Alberto Vacarezza in the Alvear Theater.

For the 1961 theatrical season, she appeared with Alberto Anchart in ¡Aquí está la vieja ola...y esta vez no viene sola! under the direction of Antonio Prat. In 1964, at the Teatro Cómico, Bozán played in Yo Llevo El Tango En El Alma, also by Ziclis and under the direction of Prat. El proceso de Mary Duggan was her 1965 theatrical endeavor with Mirtha Legrand, Francisco Petrone, Diana Maggi and Mecha Ortiz.

Beginning in 1965, Bozán started working in films again, still comedic, but full of titillation and double entendres. Films made during this period include Hotel alojamiento (1965); La cigarra está que arde (1966); Las locas del conventillo with Analía Gadé, Alberto de Mendoza, and Mecha Ortiz; and La familia hippie (1969). In 1968 she played the lead in La decente with María Concepción César at the Teatro Blanca Podestá.

In 1970, Bozán portrayed the mother of Sandro (Roberto Sanchez) in the film  Muchacho, under the direction of Leo Fleider. Her last theatrical performance was in Los ángeles de Vía Veneto in 1972 at Teatro Cómico with Mabel Manzotti. She made a series of films under the direction of Enrique Carreras, scripted by Abel Santa Cruz, and starring Gaby, Fofó, Miliki and Fofito, including: Había una vez un circo (1972), and Los padrinos (1973).

The film Los chicos crecen, directed by Carreras and co-starring Luis Sandrini, Susana Campos and Olga Zubarry was filmed in 1974, but not released until 1976. In 1975 Bozán filmed No ser débil con la vida directed by Carreras and starring Palito Ortega, Claudia Lapacó and Javier Portales.

Death
She died suddenly at the age of 82 on February 8 of 1977 in Buenos Aires, after finishing filming the drama Las locas, which was released after her death and was dedicated to her memory.

Legacy
Shortly after Bozan's death, the Film Museum dedicated the 1977 television series Olinda y las risas, as a tribute to the actress. A play, entitled "Pablo y Olinda" was written about their lives, early marriage and its almost immediate end, and Podestá's descent into madness from syphilis. It was performed in Buenos Aires at the Teatro Andamio 90 in 2011.

Personal life
Around 1908, Bozán married Pablo Podestá, who was twenty years her senior. The marriage lasted less than 6 months. At the end of the 1920s, Bozán married José Següe, by whom she had a son, Enrique, who was named after her father. They remained married for a decade. She had a long-term relationship with actor Oscar Valicelli from 1941–55, although they never married.

Filmography

References

External links

1894 births
1977 deaths
Actresses from Rosario, Santa Fe
Argentine film actresses
Argentine stage actresses
Argentine television actresses
Argentine radio actresses


title: List of largest United States–based employers globally

text:
This is a list of United States–based companies having the most employees globally. Note that for some companies listed, the majority of total employees live and work in other countries.

Employees are mixed and composed of various Economic sectors such as the Business sector, Private sector, Public sector, and the Voluntary sector. Additional classifications include the Agricultural (or primary) sector, Industrial (or secondary) sector, Service (or tertiary) sector, Information (or quaternary) sector, and Human (or quinary) sector.

Employment by company

Employment by major industry sector
According to research from the Federal Reserve Economic Data (more specifically, provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics), health care has now surpassed both manufacturing and retail as the engine for employment growth in the coming decades. There were approximately 16 million people employed in the health care sector in 2017.

See also

 List of companies of the United States by state
 List of largest companies in the United States by revenue
 List of largest employers
 List of multinational corporations
 List of wealthiest religious organizations
 List of largest corporate profits and losses
 List of public corporations by market capitalization
 List of most valuable brands
 List of countries by GDP sector composition
 List of companies by research and development spending
 List of largest private non-governmental companies by revenue
 List of the largest software companies
 List of largest Internet companies
 List of largest companies by revenue
 List of largest technology companies by revenue
 List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue
 List of largest financial services companies by revenue
 List of largest oil and gas companies by revenue
 List of private-equity firms
 Lists of companies
 Lists of occupations
 List of types of tradesman
 Fortune Global 500
 Forbes Global 2000
 List of DJIA companies
 NASDAQ Financial-100
 List of S&P 500 companies
 List of S&P 400 companies
 Economy of the United States
 List of economic expansions in the United States
 List of recessions in the United States
 Unemployment in the United States
 Technological unemployment

References

Largest employers
Employers


title: Jessica Dominguez

text:
Jessica Dominguez is an immigration lawyer based in Studio City, California. She is a radio and television presenter. Between 2012 and 2013 she hosted the radio program Pregúntale a la Abogada (Ask the Attorney) on Univision Radio. Currently she hosts the weekly television immigration "Ángel de la Justicia" on Univision's ¡Despierta América! and also appears on Primer Impacto's immigration segments. She is an advocate for immigration reform and has given commentary on the topic for media outlets including The Los Angeles Times.

Early life and education

Dominguez was born in Iquitos, Peru and raised in the Peru capital of Lima. When she was 14 years old, Dominguez moved to live with her mother who had left for the United States. She worked various jobs in local factories and she knew little of the English language and made it a goal to learn one new word per day.

In Los Angeles, Dominguez dropped out of high school to work low paying jobs. While working at a McDonald's, a regular customer offered her a position at an insurance agency, answering phones for Spanish-speaking clients. Dominguez married Javier Dominguez, a  dental technician that she met through the insurance agency. She earned her GED while attending night school while she was a stay-at-home mom.

Dominguez completed her undergrad at Pierce College and Pepperdine University graduating in 1996. She went on to attend the University of La Verne College of Law where former Dean of the university, Robert Ackrich, hired her as a law clerk. She graduated with her J.D. in 2000.

Career

Dominguez started her career with a focus on family law but quickly moved to concentrating on immigration law. She became a volunteer for the Los Angeles County Bar Association Immigration Legal Assistance Project (ILAP). She began working for an immigration law firm where she represented Spanish-speaking clients. In 2002 she founded the Law Offices of Jessica Dominguez, which were then located in Canoga Park, California. In recent years she began using social media to educate members of the community about their rights under immigration law. She has become known for her use of social media in the field of law, using it as a medium that has traditionally not been used by attorneys.

One of the first notable cases handled by Dominguez was that of a Mexican woman who was sold as a sex slave when she was 16 years old. The woman witnessed a man's murder, which was carried out by a neighbor. The neighbor instructed her to hide the weapon and she was later accused of murder. After serving 22 years in prison, she was ordered deported. Dominguez organized a team of supporters – that included Marta Sahagún de Fox and Hilda Solis who was then a congresswoman – to fight for the release and oppose the deportation of the woman. The case drew international attention and the woman was quoted as saying "she is my angel," which ran in a story in La Opinión, leading to Dominguez being known as "el angel de la justicia" (The Angel of Justice).

Dominguez represented many families who were victims in the 2012 Miramonte Elementary School abuse scandal. The school had a high enrollment of poor Latino families, some of which were in the country without documents. The teacher at the school pleaded no contest to numerous sex crimes and was sentenced to 25 years in prison. Dominguez represented families of victims who were scared to come forward for fear of deportation. Dominguez requested assurance that families would not be deported after coming forward. She also represented 8 of the victimized families in a civil lawsuit against the school district.

Early in her career, Dominguez attended an immigration workshop in Los Angeles where a broadcast reporter was looking for someone to immigration explain immigration law in Spanish. Dominguez completed the task which led to more television appearances. She was eventually asked to be a presenter for her own weekly segment "Ángel de la Justicia" on Univision's ¡Despierta América!, the highest rated morning show among Latinos in the United States. She also has regular appearances in segments on Primer Impacto. Dominguez has provided commentary for The Huffington Post, where she is also a contributor.

References

External links
 Jessica Dominguez website (English)
 Jessica Dominguez website (Spanish)

Living people
Pepperdine University alumni
American lawyers
University of La Verne alumni
21st-century American women lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
People from Iquitos
People from Studio City, Los Angeles
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Rose and Time

text:
Rose and Time is a puzzle-platform game by British video game developer Sophie Houlden with music by Kevin MacLeod. The player navigates 3D levels while avoiding previous versions of themselves created by time travel. Rose and Time was released in April 2012 for iOS and Android after being created as part of the Indie Buskers Game Jam. It was also released on Ouya in July 2013. The game concept originated from a competition idea submitted by Scott Thomas Smith.

Gameplay
The player controls Rose, a young girl in pursuit of a time crystal which she believes will give her the ability to understand time travel, and rescue her parents who are trapped in a time loop. Each stage consists of a series of floating platforms and mechanisms she must navigate to reach the crystal. Upon reaching the crystal, you travel back in time to the start of the level, to find yourself and the crystal are in different positions, and you now have to avoid your past self (and her line of sight) to reach the crystal without causing a time paradox. Many later levels involve managing several versions of your past self, and using them to hold buttons activating doors and platforms.

Aside from moving, the only actions Rose can perform are covering her eyes (to create blind spots for her future selves to pass through) and rewinding time to an earlier point to correct mistakes.

Ouya controversy
In September 2013, Sophie voluntarily withdrew the game from the Ouya marketplace, citing problems with the mishandling of the Ouya "Free the Games Fund" controversy, and assorted missteps by the company. The story was widely circulated in the gaming press, and further fueled criticism of the fund.

A month later, Sophie revealed that she and several other developers had been in talks with Ouya boss Julie Uhrman, and that the terms of the free the games fund had been changed as a result. Satisfied the matter was resolved, she returned the game to the Ouya marketplace. Sophie also expressed regret for setting up the initial blog post to become "a story" and criticized game journalists for twisting the removal post to "fit [their] narrative."

References

External links

Ouya Listing

2012 video games
Indie games
IOS games
Puzzle video games
Android (operating system) games
Linux games
MacOS games
Ouya games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games featuring female protagonists
Windows games


title: Sparta Historic District (Sparta, Illinois)

text:
The Sparta Historic District is a residential historic district in Sparta, Illinois. The district consists of fourteen homes in a neighborhood of southern Sparta known as Bricktown. As indicated by the neighborhood's name, all but one of the houses are brick buildings; the remaining house is a wooden Victorian home with a decorative brick chimney. The houses were constructed between 1860 and 1879 and exhibit a variety of architectural styles, including Federal, Gothic Revival, Greek Revival, Italianate, and Victorian. Developer William Rosborough, who lived in the house at 303 West Third Street, planned the district to be an exclusive neighborhood. Rosborough's plans for the district made extensive use of the bricks produced by Sparta's brickmaking industry; in addition to the houses, the neighborhood's streets and sidewalks were originally paved with brick.

The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 3, 1982.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Federal architecture in Illinois
Greek Revival houses in Illinois
Victorian architecture in Illinois
Gothic Revival architecture in Illinois
Italianate architecture in Illinois
Houses in Randolph County, Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Randolph County, Illinois
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois


title: Patient navigators

text:
Patient navigators educate and assist United States citizens in enrolling into health benefit plans stipulated in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA).  Patient navigators are also called "insurance navigators" or "in-person assisters" who have defined roles under the ACA. Although their roles might overlap, patient navigators are not community health workers or health advocates. "Navigators" work in states with Federally-Facilitated Exchanges (FFEs) or State Partnership Exchanges.

Under the ACA, a health insurance marketplace, or exchange, is required to develop and fund a patient navigator program. The patient navigator's primary role, as defined in section 1311, is to educate the public on information about health care plans, to facilitate enrollment into health plans, and provide information for tax credits and cost-sharing reductions. The education and information provided by patient navigators must be culturally and linguistically appropriate and provided in a fair and impartial manner. Patient navigators are required to meet standards and core proficiencies established by the Secretary of Health and Human Services.

Standardization and Qualifications

Conflict-of-Interest Rules
Prior to certification and training, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) require that all navigator and non-navigator individuals or entities seeking to facilitate public enrollment in plans disclose information that may result in a conflict of interest to exchanges and consumers.
This information includes:
 Lines of insurance that a navigator intends to sell;
 Existing or former employment relationships within 5 years with an issuer of health or Stop loss policy (insurance);
 Existing employment relationship between an individual's spouse or domestic partner and any issuer of health or stop-loss insurance; and,
 Existing or anticipated financial, business or contractual relationships with any issuer of health or stop-loss insurance.

If a navigator or non-navigator does have a conflict of interest while serving in their respective roles, they are to provide a plan for mitigating these conflicts. Failure to submit a mitigation plan will result in the inability to serve as a navigator and promote ACA health plan benefits.

Certification and Training Requirements
The ACA requires that all navigator and non-navigator personnel and entities be certified by the Federally-Facilitated Exchange or State Partnership Exchange through which they are funded.  Certification is provided upon completion of a training program approved by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

Certification Requirements
Navigators and non-navigators must first register with their exchange prior to completing a training program and qualifying for certification. Certification entails:
 Completing up to 30 hours of training,
 Passing an HHS-approved certification test, and
 Having the ability to provide culturally and linguistically appropriate services (CLAS standards) to individual and small business exchanges.
Continuing education and refresher trainings are also required to ensure that navigators and non-navigators remain appropriately trained and comply with their recertification requirements on at least an annual basis.

Navigator and Non-navigator Training
Training programs for navigators and non-navigators must be approved by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).  The Medicare Learning Network is the primary source of HHS-approved training materials. Other approved programs include the:
 Harold P. Freeman Patient Navigator Institute,
 Patient Navigator Training Collaborative, and
 Sonoma State University Patient Navigator Certificate Program.

State Exchanges may develop their own training programs, but they must also be approved by HHS. Training standards outlined by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services include:
 Working with vulnerable and underserved populations
 Culturally and linguistically appropriate services (CLAS standards)
 Ensuring services are accessible to people with disabilities
 Insurance affordability programs such as Medicaid, CHIP and other public programs
 Eligibility and enrollment rules and process
 Qualified health plans
 Differences between health plans
 Privacy, security, and customer service standards
 Outreach and education methods and strategies

Table 1.  Summary of Training and Certification Required

New York State Health Home Model
The Affordable Care Act of 2010, Section 2703, created an optional Medicaid State Plan benefit for states to establish Health Homes to coordinate care for people with Medicaid who have chronic conditions by adding Section 1945 of the Social Security Act. CMS expects states health home providers to operate under a “whole-person” philosophy. Health Home providers will integrate and coordinate all primary, acute, behavioral health, and long-term services and supports to treat the whole person.

What is a “Health Home”?
A Health Home is a group of health and community agencies that have agreed to work together to help people with many health issues get what they need to keep them healthier and safer in the community. Each person who joins gets a “patient health navigator”. A patient health navigator will work closely with him/her to get the services he/she needs in his/her community. This service is being paid for through New York State Medicaid.

The Greater Buffalo United Accountable Healthcare Network (GBUAHN) was incorporated in 2009 by Raul Vazquez, M.D. as an Independent Physician Association (IPA) in Western New York. Many Medicaid beneficiaries suffer from multiple or severe chronic conditions and could potentially benefit from better coordination and management of the health and long-term services they receive, often in a costly disjointed and fragmented manner. The GBUAHN has adopted a strategy to achieve a more effective and efficient way to coordinate services to Medicaid participants. GBUAHN is a Lead Health Home with over 140 physician members located in Buffalo, Erie and other Western New York counties.

The GBUAHN is designed to be a person-centered system of care that facilitates access to and coordination of the full array of primary and acute physical health services, behavioral health care, and long-term community-based services and supports. Our Health Home model of service delivery expands on the traditional medical home models by building additional linkages and enhancing coordination and integration of medical and behavioral health care to meet the needs of people with multiple chronic illnesses. We emphasize comprehensive care in one setting, and we have the technology to diagnose a wide variety of medical conditions.

The goal of GBUAHN is to improve health care quality and clinical outcomes as well as the patient care experience, while also reducing per capita costs through more cost-effective care.

NCQA Accreditation
GBUAHN was the first health home in the nation to receive NCQA accreditation in Case Management. Case management programs must prove they identify people in need of services, develop personalized care plans, monitor care goals to make adjustments when needed and manage communication among providers as people move between care settings.

NCQA's mission is to improve health care for all Americans.

Funding Navigator or Non-navigator Programs
Section 1311(i) of the Affordable Care Act requires that each exchange develop a grant program to fund Navigators, organizations or individuals who facilitate education and enrollment in qualified health plans. Exchanges and their grant programs must meet a minimum set of standards. There are two primary sources of funding for in-person outreach, education, and assistance for enrolling in exchange health plans.

Navigator Funding for Federally-Facilitated Exchanges (FFEs) and State Partnership Exchanges
In April 2013, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) announced a cooperative agreement to support navigators in Federally-Facilitated Exchanges or State-Partnership Exchanges. Up to $54 million from Prevention and Public Health Funds (PPHF) were initially set aside for funding navigators in all 34 states. Apportionment of funds were calculated based on the number of uninsured and non-elderly legal residents living in each state (with an FFE or State Partnership Exchange) divided by the total number of uninsured, non-elderly residents in all states with FFEs/State Partnership Exchanges. A minimum of $600,000 was available to all FFEs or State Partnership Exchanges to support navigation programs.

Applicants eligible for this funding included entities, individuals, and consortia (any combination of two or more individuals, public organizations, or private organizations). Each applicant was eligible for one, non-renewable cooperative agreement award. Grant applications were reviewed based on the ranking of the application, scope of proposed activities, and total number and type of applications funded within each state. Each exchange must also have at least two different types of entities serve as navigators, "one of which must be a community and consumer-focused non-profit group." (Affordable Care Act Section 1311(i), 45 C.F.R. § 155.210)

Funded Navigator Programs
On August 15, 2013, HHS announced $67 million in grants to 105 groups that applied to provide navigation in Federally-Facilitated Exchanges and State Partnership Exchanges. An additional $13 million were transferred from the Prevention and Public Health Funds to boost the original $54 million dedicated to navigator funding earlier in the year. Navigator grantees included but were not limited to healthcare organizations and networks, non-profit organizations, universities, Indian tribes, faith-based institutions, and food banks.

Largest navigator grants:
 United Way of Metropolitan Tarrant County, Texas, $5,889,181
 University of South Florida, 64 of 67 counties in Florida, $4,213,696
 Structured Employment Economic Development Corporation (SEEDCO), Georgia, $2,159,360
 Ohio Association of Foodbanks, $2,014,750
 North Carolina Community Care Networks, $1,988,428
 Michigan Consumers for Healthcare, $1,319,345

A complete list of navigator grant recipients can be found here.

Non-Navigator Funding for State Exchanges
State Exchanges are prohibited from using section 1311(a) grant funds to fund navigator programs. However, State Exchanges and state partners in Consumer Partnership Exchanges can use section 1311(a) Exchange Establishment grants to fund non-navigator assistance programs such as in-person assistance programs. These non-navigator assistance programs "help ensure that the Exchange is providing outreach, education, and assistance to as broad a range of consumers as possible so that all consumers can receive help when accessing health insurance coverage through an Exchange."

Potential Funding Issues
A September 2013 Congressional Research Service report notes two key issues related to navigator and non-navigator funding.
 Some lawmakers question Health and Human Services' authority to transfer Prevention and Public Health Funds to provide navigator grants.
 State Exchanges' ability to use Exchange Establishment grants to provide non-navigator outreach and education potentially creates large disparities in funding assistance by state. For example, Covered California, California's exchange, awarded $37 million in grants for in-person assistance. In contrast, Texas' FFE received $10.8 million in grants from CMS.

Implementation of Navigator Programs
Many conservative states and members of Congress are demanding more oversight of patient navigator programs to protect consumers and their privacy. Others claim that passing laws to regulate navigators is an effort to hinder the implementation of the ACA. At least 16 states have enacted their own licensing and certification requirements in addition to federal requirements, which some suggest will reduce the availability of patient navigators. Some legislatures have also passed laws restricting the navigator's role, which can prevent navigators from performing some of their expected duties. States have passed various laws requiring navigator licenses, certifications, restrictions on offering advice, and burdensome financial requirements. As of September 2013, twelve states have required either a state license or certification, and eight states have restricted the type of advice navigators are able to offer to consumers.

In Texas, navigators are required to undergo a background check and fingerprinting, provide proof of identity, and 20 hours of state-specific training in addition to the 20 hours of online training required by federal rules. One navigator group estimated that the additional training could cost an additional $400 per navigator. Texas is among at least 17 Republican-controlled states that have restricted navigator groups awarded federal grants to assist consumers in obtaining insurance coverage in the Exchanges.
In Georgia, navigators must fulfill state licensure requirements and pass an insurance broker's test, despite clear distinctions between brokers and navigators under federal law. Unlike brokers and agents, navigators cannot receive compensation from insurance companies and are prohibited from promoting a specific insurance plan.

Ohio, Missouri, Georgia, and Tennessee have passed laws preventing navigators from offering information about the features of a specific health plan. These laws prevent navigators from clarifying distinctions between plans in order to help consumers make informed decisions on obtaining appropriate coverage.

Utah, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois require that navigators hold insurance or a surety bond against claims of wrongdoing or mistake. Federal regulations bar states from demanding navigators to maintain omissions or errors coverage.

On Jan 23, 2014, a federal judge ruled on a Missouri case saying that states that have Federally-Facilitated Exchanges cannot enact state regulations on top of the federal regulations.

References

Affordable Care Act
Healthcare in the United States


title: Aaron Belz

text:
Aaron Belz (born September 27, 1971) is an American writer and poet.

Early life and education
Belz grew up in Kirkwood, Missouri and attended schools including Westminster Christian Academy, the Stony Brook School and Framlingham College. He was awarded a Maclellan Foundation Scholarship to attend Covenant College in Georgia in 1990, and graduated with a double major in English and History in 1993. Belz was enrolled in the Creative Writing program at New York University's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. In 2007, he received a Ph.D. in English at Saint Louis University.

Career

In 2003 Belz founded Observable Readings, a poetry series and imprint in St. Louis.

Belz published his first book of poetry, The Bird Hoverer, in 2007. He then began teaching English and Creative Writing at Fontbonne University, and later at Saint Louis University, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, and Providence Christian College.

He published a second book, Lovely, Raspberry: Poems, in 2010. In 2013, he was in the news after many media outlets picked up a story about a Craigslist ad he placed to sell custom poems.

Belz's poetry often contains elements of humor; in 2013 he performed readings at The Comedy Club and a writers' conference.

In 2013, Belz opened up Hillsborough Bicycle, a bicycle repair shop, with his son Eli in Hillsborough, North Carolina.

In 2014 Belz was teaching English at Durham Technical Community College in Durham, North Carolina. That year he published his third book, Glitter Bomb: Poems.

Belz's poetry has appeared in Fence, Exquisite Corpse, The Atlantic and The Washington Post, and his essays and reviews have appeared in The Wall Street Journal, the San Francisco Chronicle and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

Bibliography

 The Bird Hoverer, BlazeVOX Books, 2007.
 Lovely, Raspberry: Poems, Persea, 2010.
 Glitter Bomb: Poems, Persea, 2014.
 Soft Launch: Poems, Persea, 2019.

References

External links

 Official website
 Poems
 YouTube channel
 "Coming Close: Forty Essays on Philip Levine". University of Iowa Press

1971 births
Living people
American male poets
Writers from St. Louis
The Stony Brook School alumni
Covenant College alumni
Saint Louis University alumni
21st-century American poets
21st-century American male writers
Poets from Missouri


title: Anton Vorobyev

text:
Anton Gennadyevich Vorobyev (; born 12 October 1990) is a Russian cyclist, who last rode for UCI Professional Continental team . In 2012, he became the World Under-23 time trial champion on a hilly course.

Major results

2008
 5th Overall Trofeo Karlsberg
 6th Time trial, UCI Juniors World Championships
2010
 Polska–Ukraina
1st Stages 3 & 4
 3rd Grand Prix of Moscow
 5th Duo Normand (with Vyacheslav Kuznetsov)
 7th Textielprijs
 8th Chrono Champenois
2011
 1st  Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships
 1st Memorial Davide Fardelli
 3rd Chrono Champenois
 4th Time trial, UCI Under-23 Road World Championships
2012
 1st  Time trial, UCI Under-23 Road World Championships
 National Under-23 Road Championships
1st  Time trial
1st  Road race
 3rd Memorial Davide Fardelli
 4th Time trial, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships
 4th Duo Normand (with Sergey Chernetskiy)
2013
 1st Stage 1b (TTT) Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali
2014
 1st  Time trial, National Road Championships
 8th Time trial, UCI Road World Championships
2015
 2nd Overall Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen
1st Prologue
 6th Time trial, European Games
 10th Overall Tour de l'Eurométropole
2016
 Circuit de la Sarthe
1st  Points classification
1st  Mountains classification
1st Stages 2b (ITT) & 3
 4th Time trial, National Road Championships
 10th Time trial, European Road Championships
2017
 3rd Time trial, National Road Championships
2018
 1st Prologue Five Rings of Moscow
 3rd Time trial, National Road Championships
2019
 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
 7th Time trial, European Games

Grand Tour general classification results timeline

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Russian male cyclists
People from Dmitrovsky District, Moscow Oblast
European Games competitors for Russia
Cyclists at the 2019 European Games
Sportspeople from Moscow Oblast


title: Dropwort

text:
Dropwort is a common name for several plants and may refer to:

Filipendula vulgaris, an herb in the family Rosaceae, growing in dry meadows in Europe and Asia
Oenanthe, a genus of plants in the family Apiaceae, growing in moist habitats, commonly referred to as water dropworts
Oenanthe crocata, hemlock water dropwort, a poisonous plant native to Europe
Oenanthe javanica, an edible plant native to Asia
Oxypolis, a genus of plants in the family Apiaceae, native to North America
Tiedemannia, a genus of plants in the family Apiaceae


title: Elsa del Campillo

text:
Elsa Masriera Campillo (August 16, 1912, Chile - December 28, 2009, Buenos Aires, Argentina), better known as Elsa del Campillo, was a Chilean actress who made her acting career in Argentina.

Filmography

External links

1912 births
2009 deaths
Chilean film actresses
Chilean stage actresses
Chilean television actresses
Chilean emigrants to Argentina


title: Health Beauty Life

text:
Health Beauty Life is a lifestyle media outlet that offers print, video, online, and emerging media with content about health, beauty, fashion, fitness, travel, and non-profit charity organizations, as well as other topics of interest. Founded by Publisher, Executive Producer, and Host Patrick Dockry, Health Beauty Life was established in 2010 in Oceanside, California.

Magazine
Health Beauty Life Magazine is a quarterly lifestyle magazine that's nationally distributed in print and available globally through HealthBeautyLife.com. The print magazine has a distribution of 80,000, with 50,000 certified direct mail, and 30,000 hand delivered nationwide. It is distributed to salons, spas and medical professional waiting rooms nationwide, and can be found on the newsstands of various national retailers such as Barnes & Noble and Books-a-Million. The print magazine features interactive QR coded articles that correspond with television episodes and video elements on HealthBeautyLife.com. The magazine's total reach is over 10 million readers. Past issues of the publication can be found online at ISSUU on the Health Beauty Life Magazine page.

Online
HealthBeautyLife.com is the companion site to Health Beauty Life Magazine, and network series, Health Beauty Life with Patrick Dockry.

Television
Health Beauty Life with Patrick Dockry is a television series featuring a mix of celebrity interviews, getaway travel, healthy cooking, fitness, beauty, fashion, and lifestyle segments, all hosted by Producer, Patrick Dockry. This 13-episode, ½-hour weekly series formerly aired on WE tv and Tuff TV, and can now be found on the Family Channel. Local listing can be found at TV Guide.

References

External links

Lifestyle magazines published in the United States
Online magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
American travel television series
Lifestyle websites
Magazines established in 2010
Magazines published in California


title: Myat Myat Ohn Khin

text:
Myat Myat Ohn Khin (, born 1948 in Rangoon, Burma) is the former Minister for Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement. She was sworn in on 7 September 2012, becoming the first Burmese woman in President Thein Sein's Cabinet. Myat Myat Ohn Khin was an Upper House representative and a former Deputy Minister for Health.

She was awarded the title "Agga Maha Thiri Thudhamma Theingi" in 2008. In April 2016, she was awarded the title "Thiri Pyanchi" by the President of Myanmar for her outstanding performances for the people of Myanmar.

References

Government ministers of Myanmar
Living people
1948 births
Politicians from Yangon
Social affairs ministers
Women government ministers of Myanmar


title: Metrosideros sclerocarpa

text:
Metrosideros sclerocarpa, commonly known as the mountain rose, is a flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae.

Description
It is a small tree, growing to 10 m in height. The leathery ovate to elliptic leaves are 30–65 mm long and 17–32 mm wide. The bright red brush-like flowers have filaments 15–20 mm long. The fruits are 6–7 mm long. The flowering season is from December to February.

Distribution and habitat
The plant is endemic to Australia's subtropical Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea. It occurs mainly near watercourses, below an elevation of about 300 m, in the southern mountains of the island.

See also
Metrosideros nervulosa – a similar and closely related plant also endemic to Lord Howe, also known as "mountain rose", differentiated by altitudinal range

References

sclerocarpa
Endemic flora of Lord Howe Island
Myrtales of Australia
Plants described in 1990
Taxa named by John Dawson (botanist)


title: Anna Willcox-Silfverberg

text:
Anna Willcox-Silfverberg (born 9 April 1992) is a New Zealand and Swedish freestyle skier and reporter for TV Show The Crowd Goes Wild.

Born in Takapuna, North Shore City, New Zealand, she competed for New Zealand at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. She finished 15th in qualification of the women's slopestyle event, missing the final by only two places.

Her father, Hamish Willcox, was a professional sailor who competed in the America's Cup and her brother, Daniel Willcox, represented New Zealand at the 2016 Summer Olympics in sailing.

References

1992 births
Living people
New Zealand female freestyle skiers
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Auckland
Olympic freestyle skiers for New Zealand
New Zealand people of Swedish descent
People from Takapuna


title: Magen Avot

text:
Magen Avot may refer to:

 The central paragraph of the Seven-Faceted Blessing, in Jewish liturgy
 Magen Avot (piyyut), inserted into that blessing
 The title of various books
 The responsa of Menahem Ha-me'iri
 The anti-Christian polemic by Simeon ben Zemah Duran
 Maghain Aboth Synagogue, in Singapore

See also
 Avot (disambiguation)


title: Aetobatus narutobiei

text:
Aetobatus narutobiei, the Naru eagle ray, is a species of cartilaginous fish of the eagle ray family, Myliobatidae. It is found in the northwest Pacific off south Japan, South Korea, China, Hong Kong and Vietnam. It occurs from shallow, coastal flats to a depth of , but always  in water warmer than .

Until 2013, this species was included in the longheaded eagle ray (Aetobatus flagellum), but the two differ in genetics, morphology, size and range (the smaller longhead eagle ray is from the Indian Ocean). The Naru eagle ray is up to  in width and its upperparts are uniformly greenish grey to brownish. Although little information exists for this species throughout most of its range, the life history and ecology has been reasonably well studied in Japanese waters. In the Ariake Bay region of Kyushu Island where it is numerous, it is considered a pest that preys on commercially valuable farmed bivalves and large numbers are culled every year.

References

Aetobatus
Marine fauna of East Asia
Fish described in 2013


title: The Palmdale Aerospace Academy

text:
The Palmdale Aerospace Academy (TPAA) is located in Palmdale, California. The charter school opened to 540 students from grades seventh through ninth on September 5, 2012 and is now open for grades K-12.

Partnerships
TPAA has partnered with aerospace industry employers, the City of Palmdale, the Palmdale School District and others for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education that involves collaborative learning for college preparation.

Clubs list (partial)
 Science Olympiad
 Soccer
 Key Club
 Game Engineers
 AERO Club (formerly known as Civil Air Patrol ACE Club)
 Astronomy Club
 Gardening Club
 GryffinGear 5012
 Venture Crew 180
 CSF
 Gardening Club
 Christian Club
 Co-Ed Volleyball Club
 Drama Club
 Comic Book Club

References

External links

Antelope Valley
2012 establishments in California
Education in Palmdale, California
Educational institutions established in 2012
Educational institutions in the United States
Palmdale, California


title: Win Shein

text:
Win Shein (; born 31 July 1957 in Mandalay) is a former military officer and the incumbent Minister for Finance.

Career
From May 2013 to May 2014, he also served as chairman of the Myanmar Investment Commission. Win Shein previously served as a Deputy Minister of Transportation from March 2011 to July 2012. He was Deputy Minister for Finance and Revenue from July to September 2012. He was an Myanmar Ambassador to Cambodia and was also nominated as Ambassador to France just before he was appointed as Deputy Minister. In the aftermath of the military-led 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, the Myanmar Armed Forces appointed Win Shein as the Minister for Finance effective 1 February 2021.

He also served as a Commodore, as part of the Myanmar Navy's Naval Training Headquarters.

Personal life
Win Shein's father, San Shein, was formerly a member of the Burma Socialist Programme Party's central executive committee.

References

Finance ministers of Myanmar
Government ministers of Myanmar
Ambassadors of Myanmar to Cambodia
Living people
Burmese military personnel
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
1957 births
Individuals related to Myanmar sanctions


title: André Poncet

text:
André Poncet (30 July 1755 – 23 July 1838) commanded a French infantry division during the French Revolutionary Wars. He joined the French Royal Army in a famous regiment and fought in the American Revolutionary War. Becoming a general officer in early 1794, he fought at Fleurus, Maastricht and other actions. He led a division in the Rhine Campaign of 1795 at Höchst and in the Rhine Campaign of 1796 at Limburg. Afterward, he held interior posts until his retirement from the military in 1811. He became mayor of his home town of Pesmes. When it was occupied by the Austrians in 1814, he was arrested and confined in the Palanok Castle in distant Transylvania for five months. He became a farmer and died in 1838 after returning to France. His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 6.

References

French generals
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
People from Haute-Saône
1755 births
1838 deaths
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe


title: InterContinental Nha Trang

text:
The InterContinental Nha Trang is a beachfront hotel in Nha Trang, located between the Sheraton Nha Trang and the Havana hotel Nha Trang. Originally designed as a Crowne Plaza, the hotel underwent re-branding in 2013 and is now upgraded to an InterContinental hotel. The hotel is opened on March 17, 2014.

Location
InterContinental Nha Trang is located in the center of beach front Tran Phu street. The hotel is part of The Costa residence complex, which belong to the same Vietnamese owner - TD Corporation.

Facilities
InterContinental Nha Trang was designed by the Singaporean architect Tan Hock Beng, who also worked on the W Retreat Koh Samui. Accommodation includes 279 guest rooms, 56 of which are suites.

Dining
The hotel has one restaurant, "Cookbook Cafe" which is an all day dining restaurant serving a buffet breakfast and a la carte lunch and dinner.

References

InterContinental hotels
Nha Trang
Hotels in Vietnam
Hotel buildings completed in 2014
Hotels established in 2014
2014 establishments in Vietnam


title: Egyptian Wafd Alliance

text:
The Egyptian Wafd Alliance was an alliance of political parties that would have run in the 2015 Egyptian parliamentary election. The Egyptian Social Democratic Party left the alliance and will run independently. The Tagammu Party left the Wafd Alliance and will run for individual seats. The Justice Party announced on 15 February 2015 that it will not participate in the election. The New Wafd Party, Conservative Party and Reform and Development Party joined the For the Love of Egypt alliance.

Formerly affiliated parties
 New Wafd Party
 Reform and Development Misruna Party
 Conservative Party
 Consciousness Party
 Arab Alliance Party
 Arab Party for Justice and Equality
 Reform and Renaissance Party
 National Partnership Current
 Justice Party

References

2014 establishments in Egypt
Defunct political party alliances in Egypt
Organizations established in 2014


title: Nanna magna

text:
Nanna magna is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Sven Jorgen R. Birket-Smith in 1965. It is found in Cameroon.

References

Endemic fauna of Cameroon
Lithosiini
Moths described in 1965


title: Nanna melanosticta

text:
Nanna melanosticta is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Thomas Bethune-Baker in 1911. It is found in Angola and Ghana.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1911


title: Narosodes fasciata

text:
Narosodes fasciata is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Rothschild in 1913. It is found in New Guinea.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Nudariina
Moths described in 1913


title: Narosodes hampsoni

text:
Narosodes hampsoni is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Max Wilhelm Karl Draudt in 1914. It is found on Borneo.

References

Nudariina
Moths described in 1914


title: Narosodes metatroga

text:
Narosodes metatroga is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1918. It is found on the Philippines.

References

Nudariina
Moths described in 1918


title: Narosodes punctana

text:
Narosodes punctana is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in Sri Lanka and India and on Borneo.

Description
Its wingspan is 16 mm. In the male, the head and thorax are ochreous. Forewings are reddish brown except for the margins. The margins are ochreous. A raised dark scale tuft can be found at end of cell. Few scales are scattered near vein 1. Some small black specks can be found at apex. Abdomen and hindwings are pale ochreous.

Ecology
The habitat consists of lowland dipterocarp forests, secondary and coastal forests, as well as dry heath forests.

References

Nudariina
Moths described in 1863


title: Narosodes rufocostalis

text:
Narosodes rufocostalis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1912. It is found in New Guinea.

References

Nudariina
Moths described in 1912


title: Neasura apicalis

text:
Neasura apicalis is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found in Singapore.

References

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1854


title: Neasura buruana

text:
Neasura buruana is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by van Eecke in 1929. It is found on Buru.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1929


title: 2007 Kennet District Council election

text:
Elections to Kennet District Council were held on 3 May 2007.  The whole council was up for election, and the Conservatives comfortably retained control, winning thirty-three of the forty-three seats available.

This was the last election of district councilors  to take place in Kennet. The following year, a government review of local government determined that the four district councils of Wiltshire were to be merged with Wiltshire County Council to form a new unitary authority with effect from 1 April 2009, when Kennet would be abolished and its councilors ' term of office would end two years early.

Elections to the new unitary authority, Wiltshire Council, took place in June 2009.

Election result

|}

Ward results

Aldbourne

All Cannings

Bedwyn

Bishops Cannings

Bromham & Rowde

Burbage

Cheverell

Collingbourne

Devizes East

Devizes North

Devizes South

Ludgershall

Marlborough East

Marlborough West

Milton Lilbourne

Netheravon

Ogbourne

Pewsey

Pewsey Vale

Potterne

Ramsbury

Roundway

Seend

Shalbourne

The Lavingtons

Tidworth, Perham Down and Ludgershall South

Upavon

Urchfont

West Selkley

See also
Kennet District Council elections

References

2007
2007 English local elections
2000s in Wiltshire


title: Neasura circumducta

text:
Neasura circumducta is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Pagenstecher in 1900. It is found in New Britain.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1900


title: Neasura gyochiana

text:
Neasura gyochiana is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Shōnen Matsumura in 1927. It is found in Taiwan.

References

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1927


title: Neasura hypophaeola

text:
Neasura hypophaeola is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found on the Sangihe Islands.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Further reading

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1900


title: Neasura nigroanalis

text:
Neasura nigroanalis is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Shōnen Matsumura in 1927. It is found in Taiwan.

References

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1927


title: Neasura pellucida

text:
Neasura pellucida is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Joseph de Joannis in 1928. It is found in Vietnam.

References

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1928


title: Neasura rufescens

text:
Neasura rufescens is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Rothschild in 1912. It is found in New Guinea.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1912


title: Miltochrista asakurai

text:
Miltochrista asakurai is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Shōnen Matsumura in 1927. It is found in Taiwan.

References

asakurai
Moths described in 1927
Moths of Asia


title: Tint Hsan

text:
Tint Hsan (, also spelt Tint San; born 14 September 1956) was the Minister for Sports from 2011 to 2016. He owns A.C.E. Group of Companies, a major Burmese construction company.

Career

MP
In 2010 general election, Tint Hsan was elected as MP for Pyithu Hluttaw from Myaung Mya Township of Ayeyarwady Region.

Union Minister
On 30 March 2011, he was appointed as Union Minister for Ministry of Sports and Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. He was in charge of two ministries. In August 2012, he only handled Sports. Minister for Hotels and Tourism was replaced by Htay Aung.

He took over the flag of SEAGF in the closing ceremony of 2011 SEA Games in Indonesia. His biggest achievement as the minister of Sports was hosting the SEA Games. He served as the chairman of the Organization Committee for the 27th SEA Games and the 7th ASEAN Para Games.

Personal life
On 15 October 2017, Phyo Ko Ko Tint San (b. 1976), Tint Hsan's son, who serves as the chairman of A.C.E. Group, was arrested for possession of narcotics (methamphetamines and crystal meth) and multiple firearms and ammunition at Nay Pyi Taw International Airport. Additional raids at the ACE Hotel in Naypyidaw, his homes in Naypyidaw and Yangon, and the Yangon ACE Group offices yielded additional ammunition and pistols. In 2017, Tint Hsan's younger son, San Ko Ko Tint San, co-founded 7th Sense Creation, a major film studio in Myanmar.

References

Government ministers of Myanmar
Living people
Burmese businesspeople
1956 births
Sports ministers
Union Solidarity and Development Party politicians


title: Miltochrista simplicior

text:
Miltochrista simplicior is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Shōnen Matsumura in 1927. It is found in Taiwan.

References

simplicior
Moths described in 1927
Moths of Asia


title: Arthur J. Hubbard Sr.

text:
Arthur J. Hubbard Sr. (January 23, 1912 – February 7, 2014) was an American state senator from Arizona, who served as a Navajo Code Talker instructor in World War II.

Life
Hubbard was born in 1912 on the Tohono O'odham Nation in Topawa, Arizona Territory, on January 23, 1912, about three weeks before Arizona became a state. He grew up in Ganado, Arizona, which is part of the Navajo Nation, and studied at the University of Arizona. He was the leader of a Navajo tribal band, as a trombone player and singer.

From 1939 to 1945 Hubbard voluntarily served in the U. S. Marine Corps. During World War II, he was a Navajo Code Talker instructor training over 200 men to transmit coded messages using the Navajo language. After his military duties, the then Governor Jack Williams appointed him Director of Indian Development District of Arizona. In 1972 he became state senator in Arizona, serving for 12 years until 1984. This made him the first Native American senator in the Arizona State Legislature. His other work includes serving as a water rights advisor to the Tohono O'odham Nation, and as a Navajo culture and language instructor at Arizona State University. He also played an important part in the establishment of Diné College (originally known as Navajo Community College), which was the first college established within the Navajo Nation.

Hubbard was inducted into the Arizona Veterans Hall of Fame and the Arizona Democratic Party Hall of Fame. He received the Navajo Code Talker Congressional Silver Medal in 2000. He died at age 102 on February 7, 2014, in Phoenix, Arizona. On his death, flags across the Navajo Nation were flown at half-staff in his honor.

References

1912 births
2014 deaths
People from Pima County, Arizona
Military personnel from Arizona
University of Arizona alumni
Arizona State University faculty
Navajo leaders
Democratic Party Arizona state senators
American centenarians
Men centenarians
Navajo code talkers
Tohono O'odham people
People from Ganado, Arizona
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans
Native American people from Arizona
Navajo military personnel


title: Nebrarctia wiltshirei

text:
Nebrarctia wiltshirei is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1962. It is found in Kashmir.

References

Spilosomina
Moths described in 1962


title: Kenya national youth football team

text:
Kenya national youth football team may refer to:
 Kenya national under-20 football team
 Kenya national under-17 football team

Kenya national football team


The 1956 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 6, 1956, as part of the 1956 United States presidential election, which was held throughout all contemporary 48 states. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

New Hampshire was won by the Republican nominees, incumbent President Dwight D. Eisenhower of Pennsylvania and his running mate incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon of California. Eisenhower and Nixon defeated the Democratic nominees, former Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois and his running mate Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee.

Eisenhower took 66.11% of the vote to Stevenson's 33.84%, a margin of 32.27%. Eisenhower, a war hero and moderate Republican who had pledged to maintain popular New Deal Democratic policies, had wide appeal beyond the boundaries of the traditional Republican coalition. New Hampshire had been narrowly carried by Democrat Franklin Roosevelt 3 out of 4 times, although the state narrowly reverted to the GOP in 1948. However Eisenhower's unique personal appeal brought the state decisively back into the Republican column in both 1952 and 1956,

Eisenhower in 1956 swept every county in New Hampshire, the first Republican to do so since Calvin Coolidge in 1924. Since Franklin Roosevelt won them in 1932, the counties of Hillsborough County, Strafford County, and Coos County had become reliable New Deal Democratic base counties, voting for Roosevelt all four times as well as for Harry S. Truman. Eisenhower had won back Strafford County and Coos County for the GOP in 1952, however, he had lost Hillsborough County, home to Manchester and Nashua, which had been a reliable Democratic bastion since voting for Democrat Al Smith in 1928. However, in 1956, Eisenhower won a majority even in Hillsborough County.

Carroll County had long been the most Republican county in New Hampshire, voting 60% against FDR all four times and over 70% for Thomas E. Dewey in 1948, and would give Eisenhower over 80% of vote in both 1952 and 1956. Eisenhower's 85.38% performance here in 1956 is the strongest performance ever by any candidate in any of New Hampshire's counties, and the only time any candidate has won over 85% in any New Hampshire county. As Eisenhower won a decisive re-election victory nationally, New Hampshire's results would make the state almost 17% more Republican than the national average, the third most Republican state in the nation behind its Upper New England neighbors Vermont and Maine, a substantial jump from being only the twelfth most Republican state in 1952. The popular incumbent had governed in a very moderate way that appealed to New England voters, and was able to gain dramatically among voters in states like New Hampshire compared to 1952.

Results

Results by county

See also
 Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower
 United States presidential elections in New Hampshire

References

1956
New Hamp
1956 New Hampshire elections


title: Călan steel works

text:
The Călan steel works, formerly the Victoria Steel Works Călan (), were a steel mill in the Transylvanian town of Călan, Romania. Begun around 1870, when the area was part of Austria-Hungary, the works underwent a powerful expansion following nationalization in 1948 by the nascent Communist regime, making a vital contribution to the growth of the town. Privatization in the late 1990s proved unsuccessful, and the works were largely abandoned within a decade, leading to economic hardship for Călan.

History

Beginnings in Austria-Hungary
In 1867, the administration of the Brașov Mining and Metallurgy Company (Kronstädter Bergbau- und Hüttenvereins-Komplexes), headed by Prince Maximilian Egon I of Fürstenberg, purchased land for a steel works. The land, covering some 104 ha including swamps, came from the wife of a Hungarian nobleman. In 1868, German engineer Otto Gmelin was hired to draw up plans for the new enterprise. The decision to build at Călan was closely related to the fact that a railway line was being laid between Simeria and Petroșani, and work intensified at Călan once this line was complete. The first furnace was built starting on May 25, 1869 by the Brașov company, which also held the Teliuc mine. Inaugurated in the winter of 1871, it had a capacity of 82 m3. The second furnace started being built in 1874 and went operational the following year. Josef Massenez, a Belgian, supervised the construction work. Ore and dolomite used in production came straight from Teliuc. A foundry was begun in 1876, with two cupola furnaces added the following year.

At first, employees lived in houses on partly swampy ground surrounding the works. Ten houses were built in 1870; the total had risen to 78 by 1918. An administrative building and laboratory were also erected in 1870, while the narrow gauge railway for carrying ore from Teliuc on horse-drawn carts began to be laid down. During the early years, a casting room was finished, as well as a mechanical shop featuring a steam engine that ran the machines. Before the furnace was finished, production was centered in the latter unit, with ore, molten iron and fuel brought in using steam pressure. The platform and elevator were made of wood; the latter ran on steam power as well.

A railway from Teliuc to Călan was built in 1875 because horses were unable to deliver enough raw materials to meet the factory's needs. The railway, a 16.5-km section of narrow gauge track, was used by steam locomotives. The foundry was begun in 1876 and incorporated parts brought from the Rușchița factory. In 1877, the room for moulding and casting was completed, as were the cleaning unit and warehouse for cast objects, and the cupola furnaces began running.

By 1881, the works were converting cast iron into steel in a division that included a puddling oven, a steam hammer and rolling mills able to produce 4000 tons of steel annually. In 1896, the original second furnace was replaced by a new structure that was 380 m3 in volume and could turn out 120 to 140 tons of cast iron daily. In 1897, the Călan Mines and Metallurgy Anonymous Society was set up as a joint-stock company; aside from the Călan works, this entity acquired the Teliuc mine and the factories at Rușchița and Oțelu Roșu from the Brașov company.

The water supply mechanism introduced in 1899 included a dam on the Strei River, two sluice gates, two settling basins, two infiltration basins, a 2450-m long concrete canal and a collecting pool. The two steam pumps provided water flow of up two 240 m3 per hour at a pressure of two atm. A unit for casting pieces for heavy machinery was built in 1908; this was extended in 1914 by adding a room for manufacturing commercial products. In 1911, the factory was bought by the Budapest-based Rimamurány–Salgótarján Iron Works, which remained the owner until 1924. In 1918, the furnaces stopped for a period of sixteen years, a main reason being a lack of coke and coal. In turn, these fuels were scarce because of difficulties in transporting along the railways from the coal-producing Jiu Valley. There were 1116 employees in 1916.

Interwar period
With the fuel shortage at hand, production was slow and inefficient between 1919 and 1921. In 1924, several years after the union of Transylvania with Romania, the works were involved in a restructuring that gave them a new owner in the process. A Bucharest-headquartered S.A. that owned the plants at Galaţi and at Nădrag took on Călan; the Chrissoveloni Bank and Max Auschnitt were also involved in the deal. The new concern that emerged from these moves, called the Titan SAR Metallurgical Plants, ended up owning the works at Călan, Oțelu Roșu, Galaţi and Nădrag, as well as the Teliuc mine. Once rolling mills started operating at Oțelu Roșu, the foundry there and the workers who ran it were sent to Călan in mid-1926.

Following the economic crisis of the Great Depression (1929-1933), several investments became feasible. The Strei River hydroelectric power station was completed in November 1934; the plant was modernized and the furnaces were brought back into action. There were forty engineers and foremen and 671 workers in 1927; by 1938, the total number of employees stood at 1117. During World War II, the works suffered a certain amount of damage.

Communist era
In 1948, the new Communist regime nationalized the works, and the existing factory was expanded into a steel-manufacturing complex. In 1953, two semi-coking batteries started to be built. These became operational in 1956 and 1957 respectively, but were soon shut down due to lack of productivity. 1957 saw the introduction of the first carburizing oven, used to manufacture semi-coke by fluidization. Both of the old furnaces were rebuilt: the second, with a capacity of  250 m3, entered production in 1952. The first, with a similar capacity, was ready in 1959. The furnaces relied on coke and methane gas for combustible material. In 1958, building started on a new foundry that was able to turn out 40,000 tons of ingots and parts annually. A new workshop was inaugurated in 1964, which allowed for on-site repair and production of replacement pieces. Its features included fifteen lathes, a machine repair unit, four lathes for straightening rolling mill cylinders, a carousel lathe, a planer and two all-purpose cutters.

Workers were housed on site in apartment blocks. The first of these, as well as an apprentices' school, appeared in 1949-1952. A new neighborhood of blocks for workers began to be built in 1959 on the sloping right bank of the Strei, in the vicinity of the Streisângeorgiu Church. In 1961, due to its economic importance, Călan commune was declared a town. In 1930, the population numbered 6801; this had risen to 14,738 by 1992. A prominent player in the Romanian steel industry, the works produced gray iron, coke, coal, tar and castings, including stoves and radiators. By the 1980s, the complex employed some 8000 individuals from the town and its surroundings. Rapid development under communism gave way after the 1989 Revolution to a slow disintegration.

Privatization and aftermath
In the wake of the Revolution, there were over 6000 employees at the works, which covered more than 200 ha at the time. Starting in 1995, several million dollars were invested into production of ductile iron tubes in the second furnace, an achievement mentioned by President Ion Iliescu during the following year's re-election campaign. However, the unit lay idle within a few years.

Privatization took place in 1998, when the works, by that time employing 1500, were broken up into twelve companies that began to go bankrupt one by one. The core business among these, called Sidermet, produced iron tubes. This company was sold by the state in 2003 and its new owners filed for bankruptcy in late 2005. By that point, Sidermet had 200 employees remaining, for the sole purposes of safeguarding and maintenance of the site. In 2010, there were two firms left standing, with under seventy employees. Much of the structure had been stolen for its scrap iron, and what was still functioning was under frequent threat from metal thieves. The scrap iron would be sorted and sold on land that was part of the works.

Effects of the closure on the town included elevated unemployment and pollution, although efforts were underway to clean up part of the site. In the works' heyday, the furnaces would emit dark exhaust that blackened the sky above Călan and the coke odor made the air difficult to breathe. In September 1982, the waters of the Strei changed color, with hundreds or perhaps thousands of dead fish floating in them. This was caused by excessive dumping of toxins from the works, and somewhat unusually given the censorship in Communist Romania, was mentioned later that year in Flacăra.

Four 1870s structures associated with the works are classified as historic monuments by Romania's Culture Ministry: the original works themselves, their archive, their guesthouse and the workers' club. Furthermore, the 1890s waterworks are also listed.

Notes

External links

Steel companies of Romania
Iron and steel mills
Călan
Buildings and structures in Hunedoara County
Companies of Hunedoara County
Historic monuments in Hunedoara County
1869 establishments in Austria-Hungary
Manufacturing companies established in 1869
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2005
Privatized companies in Romania


title: Elizabeth Cody Kimmel

text:
Elizabeth Cody Kimmel (born 23 October 1964) is an American children's book writer. She is the author of more than forty books ranging from picture books through middle grade and young adult. Both her fiction and non-fiction work often incorporates subjects of personal interest or study, such as history, Tibetan Buddhism, the supernatural, and polar exploration. Kimmel has also published under the names Elizabeth Kimmel Willard, E.C. Kimmel, and Elizabeth Cody.

Early life and education
Kimmel was born in New York City. She grew up in Westchester County, New York and Brussels, Belgium. While in New York, she attended Emma Willard School, graduating in 1982. She graduated from Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, in 1986.

Writing career
Kimmel's first published book was In the Stone Circle, a historical mystery set in Wales. This book won the Minnesota Youth Reading Award.

In 1999 she published the non-fiction Ice Story:Shackleton's Lost Expedition, about the doomed 1914 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators named it a Golden Kite Honor Book.

Over the next several years Kimmel published a factually based historical fiction series about the childhood of Buffalo Bill Cody, to whom she is related. In 2003, book 3 of that series, In the Eye of the Storm: The Adventures of Young Buffalo Bill won the Western Writers of America Spur Award.

In 2005 she wrote the first of three middle-grade novels in the perennially popular "Lily B." series.

In 2006 National Geographic Books published Kimmel's non-fiction book Ladies First: 40 Daring Women Who Were Second to None, which was listed on CBC's lists of Notable Trade Books in Social Studies, and chosen as a KidsPost Book of the Week by the Washington Post.

Her 2007 picture book The Top Job was reviewed on the American Library Association's website, Booklistonline, and Bank Street College included it their Best Children's Book of the Year list. It was also adapted into a musical by the Vital Music Company in New York City, and was included on Tennessee's Volunteer State Book Master List.

In 2008, Kimmel  wrote the first book in her  "Suddenly Supernatural" series.  The series has been translated into five languages.  School Spirit, the first book in the series, was a Scholastic Book Club title and was on the New York Public Library's 100 Titles for Reading and Sharing.  That year Kimmel was also a recipient of the Alice Curtis Desmond Award.

Kimmel's 2009 biography of the Dalai Lama, Boy on the Lion Throne was included on Bank Street's 2010 list of 100 Top Books. The book includes a preface written by the Dalai Lama especially for the book.

In 2012, she published the first book in her series "Forever Four", followed by "Legend of the Ghost Dog", which was a Scholastic Book Club and Bookfair main selection.  Kimmel also collaborated with Laika Studios to create novelizations of films, most recently The Boxtrolls in 2014.

Kimmel lives in upstate New York, and continues to write and edit books.  She is also an editorial advisor for the publishing company Walker Books, and is on the Board of Directors of Tibet Aid, has worked as a project editor and literary consult for Oxford University Press and Benchmark Education, and an editorial consultant and writer for One Hundred Robots, Inc. She is also a staff ghostwriter and editor at Kevin Anderson & Associates.

Books
In the Stone Circle (1998)
Ice Story: Shackleton’s Lost Expedition (1999)
Balto and the Great Race (1999)
Visiting Miss Caples (2000)
My Wagon Will Take Me Anywhere (2002)
To the Frontier: The Adventures of Young Buffalo Bill (2002)
One Sky Above Us: The Adventures of Young Buffalo Bill (2002)
In the Eye of the Storm: The Adventures of Young Buffalo Bill (2003)
West on the Wagon Train: The Adventures of Young Buffalo Bill (2003)
As Far as the Eye Can Reach: Lewis and Clark’s Westward Quest (2003)
What Do You Dream? (2003)
Lily B. on the Brink of Cool (2003)
Before Columbus: The Leif Eriksson Expedition (2004)
The Look-It-Up Book of Explorers (2004)
My Penguin Osbert (2004)
Lily B. on the Brink of Love (2005)
Ladies First: 40 Daring American Women Who Were Second to None (2006)
Lily B. on the Brink of Paris (2006)
Dinosaur Bone War: Cope and Marsh’s Fossil Feud (2006)
The Top Job (2007)
Mary Ingalls On Her Own (2008)
Spin the Bottle (2008)
Glamsters (2008)
Suddenly Supernatural Book 1: School Spirit (2008)
My Penguin Osbert in Love (2009)
Suddenly Supernatural Book 2: Scaredy Kat (2009)
Suddenly Supernatural Book 3: Unhappy Medium (2009)
Boy on the Lion Throne: The Childhood of the 14th Dalai Lama (2009)
Suddenly Supernatural Book 4: Crossing Over (2010)
The Reinvention of Moxie Roosevelt (2010)
Forever Four (Forever Four #1) (2012)
Leading Ladies (Forever Four #2) (2012)
Stories From New York (Forever Four #3) (2012)
Staying in Tune (Forever Four #4) (2012)
ParaNorman: A Novel (2012)
Legend of the Ghost Dog (2012)
The Secret of the Mountain Dog (2014)
A Taste of Freedom: Gandhi and the Great Salt March (2014)
The BoxTrolls (2014)
 The Jazzman's Trumpet (2015)

References

External links
 Elizabeth Cody Kimmel's Website

1964 births
Living people
American children's writers
Emma Willard School alumni
Kenyon College alumni


title: Crazy Town: The Rob Ford Story

text:
Crazy Town: The Rob Ford Story is a 2014 biography by Robyn Doolittle concerning Toronto mayor Rob Ford and his 2013 scandal of a leaked video of him using drugs.

Synopsis
The book describes the controversial political career of Rob Ford who was elected as a Toronto city councillor in 2000, then mayor in 2010. Doolittle was a Toronto Star reporter who with fellow reporter Kevin Donovan witnessed a video of Ford in which the mayor smoked crack. The chapters describe Ford's career as a city councillor for Etobicoke, his controversial statements and actions and his election as Toronto's mayor. The latter portions of the book describe the initial reports of the crack video and the subsequent consequences, concluding with Ford's November 2013 admission that he had smoked crack cocaine. Doolittle also describes how the Rob Ford stories developed at the Star, whose editors exercised considerable caution in these reports.

Publication
Doolittle researched and wrote Crazy Town in a time frame of three months. The book was released on 3 February 2014 by Viking Canada, an imprint of Penguin Press. The book was originally scheduled to be released in March 2014.

Doolittle's media appearances following the book's publication included interviews by Anderson Cooper on CNN, Jian Ghomeshi on Q and Jon Stewart on The Daily Show. She also discussed her book on Late Night with Seth Meyers.

Adaptation
A week after Crazy Town'''s release, Toronto company Blue Ice Pictures announced its purchase of the film adaptation rights to the book.

Reception
The review from Quill & Quire noted that the book did not "engage in a serious examination of the culture of celebrity that has allowed Rob Ford to survive and, to some extent, flourish" although the review noted the merits of the book's version of how the Rob Ford story was developed at the Toronto Star. The National Post review noted the book contained occasions of "wishy-washiness" and that the book seemed premature as "an attempt to pin down a man with plenty more skeletons left jiggling in his closet."

The book reached the top spot of Amazon.ca's best sellers chart within a week of its release. Crazy Town also topped the Globe and Mail hardcover non-fiction bestseller list and entered in fourth position on Maclean's non-fiction bestseller list.

On July 8, 2015, online retailer Kobo honoured Doolittle with its first annual non-fiction Kobo Emerging Writer Prize for Crazy Town''.

See also
Rob Ford conflict of interest trial
Timeline of Rob Ford video scandal
Run This Town, a film discussing the scandal

References

External links
 Crazy Town at Penguin

2014 non-fiction books
Canadian biographies
Biographies about politicians
Viking Press books
Works about Toronto
Rob Ford