title: Ebenezer Chapel, Trecynon

text:
Ebenezer, Trecynon was an Independent (Congregationalist) chapel in Ebenezer Street, Trecynon, Aberdare, Wales. It was one of the earliest Independent chapels in the Cynon Valley and remained an active place of worship until 2009.

Early history
The history of Ebenezer dates back to the late eighteenth century when a congregation including Independents and Calvinistic Methodists worshipped together in dwelling houses, and occasionally succeeded in getting an ordained minister to visit them. The two denominations separated towards the end of 1799. The Independent cause then continued at the home of one Timothy Davies, which became known as Ty'r Capel (Chapel House) In 1804 the small congregation adapted a small house on Penypound for use as a place of worship, and obtained a licence as a house of worship in the court of Llandaff on 16 October 1804. G. Hughes of Groeswen ministered to the congregation at this time, but in 1809, Methusalem Jones of Merthyr took over, as he was closer to the congregation that his predecessor. Joseph Harrison, the future minister of Ebenezer, joined the congregation around this time.

The first chapel
A chapel was built in 1811 and although land had been offered by Griffith Davies of Blaengwawr it was decided to build at Trecynon, then known as Heolyfelin, literally the 'Mill Road', a reference to the Aberdare Ironworks at Llwydcoed which were established in 1800. It was said that the congregation gathered stones for the original building from the common above Trecynon. The builders are recorded as Morgan Shon Morgan, John Richards of Penywaun and Thomas Philip Richards.

In 1813, the congregation resolved to call a minister and they chose David Jones, a member of the church at Mynyddbach, near Swansea. Jones was ordained at Ebenezer on 29 July 1813. However, within three years, the area was affected by a depression in trade and Ebenezer could not sustain the minister, Jones departed to be minister at Llanharan and Taihirion.

The pastorate of Joseph Harrison, 1817–35
Joseph Harrison, who had started preaching in 1812, became minister at Ebenezer in 1817 and presided over the church for the next twenty years. At the commencement of Harrison's ministry, there were only 26 members. However, its membership grew rapidly thereafter and it became the mother church of most Independent churches in the Cynon Valley. From 1828 until 1830 there was a period of revivalist fervor, and the increasing congregation meant that the original building was too small, and it was replaced in 1829 by a larger building that could accommodate around 600 people. The new building cost around £700 but the debt had been reduced to £240 by the time that Harrison's ministry came to an end in 1835.

Nebo, Hirwaun was established as a branch of Ebenezer in 1823. A split in 1835 saw Joseph Harrison leave with fifteen members and form Salem, Robertstown.

The pastorates of John Davies and Thomas Rees, 1836–42

In 1836, Ebenezer, together with Nebo, Hirwaun, invited John Davies of Llantrisant to be minister. Davies remained for four years, before moving to Mynyddbach. Following his departure the era of joint ministry with Nebo came to an end.

Thomas Rees, later of Swansea, became the minister of Ebenezer from 1840 until 1844. Rees had a short but successful ministry, and doubled the membership to around 300 within a year of his arrival. An increased membership resulted in an increased income for the church, but this led to a dispute between the minister and some of the senior members over whether the funds should be used to increase the minister's salary or to reduce the debt. Rees decided to leave Ebenezer in March 1842 having accepted a call from Siloa, Llanelli.

Ebenezer had no minister for the next two years and during this period, in 1843, a number of members left Ebenezer to establish Siloa, Aberdare. These included David Price, who became minister of the new church.

The pastorate of William Edwards 1844–84
Thomas Rees was succeeded by William Edwards, who remained until his death in 1884, during which time he played a part in founding most of the Independent churches of the Aberdare Valley. Edwards was a native of Ffestiniog, North Wales, who had worked for several years in the slate quarries before earning enough money to further his education and enter the ministry. His home at Trecynon was known as Meirion Cottage. Edwards studied at Brecon College and was invited to be minister at Ebenezer while still a student at that institution, and was inaugurated on 1 and 2 July 1844. Together with David Price of Siloa, Aberdare, he was responsible for establishing new causes at Cwmbach, Mountain Ash and Aberaman. In 1859, Horeb, Llwydcoed was established as a branch of Ebenezer. Despite the loss of members to these new churches, the membership of Ebenezer continued to grow, and was higher than at any time in its history by 1871.

Ebenezer was renovated in 1852 and an adjacent 'Ebenezer Hall' built which housed the Sunday School. By 1853, Ebenezer was recorded as having 340 members, with 224 in the Sunday School, In 1859, the chapel was built for a third time at a cost of at least £800. The chapel could accommodate 900 people,

In 1856, Edwards sought election to the Aberdare Local Board of Health, seeking to emulate Thomas Price of Calfaria, Aberdare who had set a precedent by being the first nonconformist minister to participate in local government in the locality.

During the 1868 General Election in the Merthyr Boroughs constituency,  a number of political meetings took place at Ebenezer, in support of both Henry Richard and Richard Fothergill. The meeting in support of Richard, in September 1868, was chaired by David Davis, Maesyffynnon. Fothergill's meeting, in October, was equally enthusiastic and presided over by the Baptist minister, William Harris of Heolyfelin.

Edwards became President of the Union of Welsh Independents towards the end of his life. During his time at Aberdare he had a celebrated argument with Thomas Price about Baptism but the rift was healed and Price participated at his funeral. At the end of his ministry he was elected president of the Union of Welsh Independents.

The pastorate of Grawys Jones, 1885–1925
The next minister was Grawys Jones, who was ordained as minister on 22 and 23 September 1885. Grawys Jones also served for forty years, until 1925.

An extensive refurbishment by Owen Morris Roberts & Son took place in 1902. Following the renovation, preaching services were held in an attempt to clear part of the debt of £1,000. Elfed was among the guest preachers.

1904–05 Religious Revival
Ebenezer was particularly affected by the 1904–05 Religious Revival, which had begun at Loughor near Swansea. The revival aroused alarm among ministers  for the revolutionary, even anarchistic, impact it had upon chapel congregations and denominational organization. In particular, it was seen as drawing attention away from pulpit preaching and the role of the minister. The local newspaper, the Aberdare Leader, regarded the revival with suspicion from the outset, objecting to the 'abnormal heat' which it engendered.

On Sunday 13 November, the revivalist Evan Roberts held meetings at Bryn Seion chapel in Trecynon. On the following evening, Monday 14 November, the revivalist meetings commenced at Ebenezer. Roberts addressed the meeting, reportedly repeating much of what he had said at Bryn Seion the previous day. After he spoke, one of his female companions (whose presence at the meetings was a notable feature of the revival) began to sing a hymn, and was soon joined by the entire congregation. Two more women addressed the meeting, while another woman read from the Scripture and prayed. Further meetings were held over the next two days, one of which lasted for several hours and another was addressed by Roberts's female followers from Loughor. Both the spontaneity of these meetings and the role played by women contrasted sharply with the conservative nature of nonconformist culture.

Within a week, the editor of the Aberdare Leader' was increasingly strident in his criticism of the revival, with the emotion being compared with the jingoism of the Boer War a few years previously. Ebenezer's minister, Grawys Jones, was also singled out for criticism for allowing such emotion to be displayed at a meeting where he presided. Revivalist meetings in the town of Aberdare itself were said to be far more disciplined and orderly than those at Trecynon.

The annual preaching meetings were turned into revival meetings which were said to have continued until a late hour on successive nights.

20th century
After four years without a minister, William Morse arrived at Ebenezer in 1929 and remained for thirty years. During this time, David Emlyn Thomas, MP for Aberdare from 1946 until 1954 was a deacon at Ebenezer. Membership fell to 365 by 1945 and to 330 by 1954.

Later history
Membership was 564 in 1907 and remained at 330 in 1954. Ebenezer's last minister was R.O. Thomas, who served from 1961 until 1986. The chapel remained active into the twenty first century and ceased to be a place of worship in April 2009. The congregation still meet today in single numbers in the Chapel School Room, renamed 'Ebenezer Newydd 2009'.

References

Sources

Books

Journals

External links

Chapels in Rhondda Cynon Taf
Aberdare
Grade II listed churches in Rhondda Cynon Taf


title: Gelfand–Raikov theorem

text:
The Gel'fand–Raikov (Гельфанд–Райков) theorem is a theorem in the theory of locally compact topological groups. It states that a locally compact group is completely determined by its  (possibly infinite dimensional) unitary representations. The theorem was first published in 1943.

A unitary representation  of a locally compact group  on a Hilbert space  defines for each pair of vectors  a continuous function on , the matrix coefficient, by
.
The set of all matrix coefficientsts for all unitary representations is closed under scalar multiplication (because we can replace ), addition
(because of direct sum representations), multiplication (because of tensor representations) and complex conjugation (because of the complex conjugate representations).

The Gel'fand–Raikov theorem now states that the points of   are separated  by its irreducible unitary representations, i.e. for any two group elements  there exist a Hilbert space  and an irreducible unitary representation  such that . The matrix elements thus separate points, and it then follows from the Stone–Weierstrass theorem that on every compact subset of the group, the matrix elements are dense in the space of continuous functions, which determine the group completely.

See also
 Gelfand–Naimark theorem
 Representation theory

References

Representation theory of groups


title: Tylomelania towutica

text:
Tylomelania towutica is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae.

The specific name towutica is after Lake Towuti where it lives.

Distribution
This species occurs in Lake Towuti and in the Tominanga River, in south Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its type locality is lake Towuti, Loeha Island.

Description

Ecology
Tylomelania towutica is a lacustrine species.

The females of Tylomelania towutica usually have 1-7 embryos in their brood pouch. Newly hatched snails of Tylomelania towutica have a shell height of 0.5-9.3 mm.

Human use
It is a part of ornamental pet trade for freshwater aquaria.

References

towutica
Gastropods described in 1913


title: Bulgar Mosque

text:
Bulgar Mosque (, ), is a mosque in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia.

The building is located in a new part of the Tatar capital, in the Novo-Savinovsk district. The mosque is constructed in order to commemorate the 1100th anniversary of the Islamisation of Volga-Bulgaria, and opened in 1993.  For most of the construction work is responsible the first imam, Farooq hazrat Fazanov. After him is named the madrasah of the mosque.

The construction of the Bulgar Mosque started in the beginning of the 1990s.  The piece of land that was meant for the building, was a desolate swampy place. That's why the first job of the construction workers was to clear the terrain.  The architects of the Bulgar Mosque are Valeriy Voginov, and Yevgeni Prokofiev.

The Muslim mosque has a very original composition. In it are combined different objects varying by height, that are cut into each other diagonally from southwest to northeast.  As is tradition, the mosque has separate entrances and rooms for men and women.  The main prayer hall is on the second floor, while the room for women is on the first.  The minaret is 35 meters high. The whole complex is constructed with white bricks, that seem to be in harmony with the apartment blocks that are around the mosque. Specialists describe the Bulgar Mosque as a modern Muslim mosque, with a rationalist design.

See also
Islam in Tatarstan
Islam in Russia
List of mosques in Russia
List of mosques in Europe

References

External links
 http://www.votpusk.ru/country/dostoprim_info.asp?ID=10447

Mosques in Kazan
Mosques completed in 1993
Mosques in Russia
Mosques in Europe


title: Creative industry in Brazil

text:
The creative industry in Brazil refers to various economic sectors of Brazil that depend on the talents and creativity to develop. In other words, these economic sectors generate wealth for the region through knowledge, culture and creativity, and contribute to sustainable development (environmental, economic and social). The term 'creative industries' was coined by the United Kingdom in 1990 and, in 2001, was augmented by two important additions: by researcher John Howkins, who applied an entrepreneurial vision when focusing on the transformation of creativity in product; and professor Richard Florida, whose research focused on the professionals involved in the creative processes of production, and addressed the social aspects and the "potential contribution to the development" of the "creative class".

The first international study emerged in 2008, conducted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). In the same year, another study by FIRJAN was published, this time concentrating on  the economic impact of creativity on Brazil. The creative economy in Latin America has since been referred to as the “Orange Economy” in a publication released by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). This 2013 study claimed that Brazil's Orange Economy could be valued at US$66.87 billion providing 5,280,000 jobs. At the time and to provide a comparative value, Venezuelan oil exports amounted to US$62 billion. Brazil's Orange Economy was responsible for US$9,414 million in exports, a figure that is higher than the US$8,016 million value of coffee exports over the same period.

A 2021 study on Intellectual Property Intensive Sectors in the Brazilian Economy was undertaken as part of the National Strategy on Intellectual Property 2021–2030 and the creation of the Intellectual Property website.

Creative professions

The Classificação Brasileira de Ocupações - CBO (read "Brazilian Classification of Occupations") from the Ministry of Labour and Employment lists of all professions in the country and has mapped the creative work market in Brazil. The study isolated fourteen creative professions in which knowledge is a transforming input of production:
 Architecture and Engineering
 Art
 Performing Arts
 Biotechnology
 Design
 Cultural expressions
 Film & Video
 Editorial Market
 Fashion
 Music
 Research and development
 Advertising
 Software, Computer & Telecom
 Television & Radio.

History

The first initiative to map the creative industries from any country was from the United Kingdom at the end of 1990. The goal was to prove that these sectors have an important role to the culture and the potential to generate jobs and wealth to the country. Then, these creative industries were mapped, and all others who maintained relations with them as well. Thus, it was built a view of the weight of the creative chains in the production process.

Three years after this pioneering work, specifically in 2001, two others arose from:

 Researcher John Howkins, who built his study according to a corporate vision (based on marketing concepts of intellectual property); and
 Teacher Richard Florida, who showed off the so-called "creative class" (professionals who work with creative processes).

It did not take long for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD, 2008) to launch another study on the subject, only this time with an international scope. According to the survey, the exports of the creative industries in the world exceeded 500 billion dollars.

Given the importance of the issue to the world and specifically to Brazil, the study A Cadeia da Indústria Criativa no Brasil (read "The Chain of Creative Industry in Brazil"), was undertaken. It was updated in 2011 and published in 2012. This tool to map the creative industry in the country is able to list information about each of these professions, such as the number of jobs and the amount of  wages and the education level required. Thus, it unites information from both the Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas (i.e. "National Classification of Economic Activities") and the "Brazilian Classification of Occupations".

In general, the creative industries encompass "economic activity directly related to the art world - especially the visual arts, performing arts, literature and publishing, photography, crafts, libraries, museums, galleries, archives, spots designated by the National Historic Landmark and festivals of arts (...) electronic media and other recent media (...) design-related activities.

The theme is sometimes confused with the term "cultural industry". However, "the scope of the creative economy is determined by the extent of the creative industries." In other words, cultural products and services would be part of a larger category of creative products and services.

Chain

For the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the chain of creative industry comprises the "cycles of creation, production and distribution of goods and services that use creativity and intellectual capital as primary inputs." Thus, it can be divided into three major areas:

 creative core (the creative economic activities)
 related activities (provide goods and services directly to the core), and
 support (provide goods and services indirectly to the core).

The United Kingdom's Department for Culture, Media and Sport considers as creative industries activities "that have their origin in creativity, skill and individual talent and which have a potential for creating wealth and jobs through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property."

Based on this concept, it can be said that Brazil is very important when it comes to creative industry. After all, it is one of the largest producers in the world of creativity. Analyzing the remuneration of the Brazilian people, it was found that the wages of those working in the creative industry in Brazil are almost three times higher than the national average wage (comparison value: R$4,693 and R$1,733, respectively). And among creative professionals, those from Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and the Federal District receive the best salaries. These are data from the "Creative Industries Mapping", which was based on information from 2011. The study addresses issues such as jobs, wages, average wage per state, number of employees by segment and even from the GDP creative country.

In 2015 the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) assisted in the preparation of over 50 national studies to measure the size of copyright industries around the world.

Federal Government and the Creative Industries

In May 2012, the Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff decreed the creation of the Secretaria da Economia Criativa ("Creative Economy Secretariat"). The goal of SEC is to create, implement and monitor public policy that have the culture as a strategic axis, "prioritizing support and encouragement to professionals and to the micro and small Brazilian creative endeavors."

According to a report from the United Nations, Brazil was not among the top twenty producers in the industry yet, but the initiative of creating the SEC indicated the government's desire to reposition the "culture as development axis of the Brazilian state." To the President of the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES), Luciano Coutinho, this is a recognition that creative activities are important for the country "in a long-term perspective, having as a goal a more inclusive and sustainable development.

Globally, the countries that have excelled in the industry are China, in the first place, followed by the United States and Germany. But Brazil has contributed greatly in the fields of architecture, fashion and design, revealing its creative potential worldwide.

In December, 2021, the National Intellectual Property Strategy was enacted through Decree 10.886/2021. Among the macro objectives of the national strategy is to map the Brazilian creative industry and the action to approximate innovation clusters of the creative industry to intellectual property.  Concomitantly, the Brazilian Federal Government also created the portal on intellectual property.

Brazilian x-ray

In 2014, the Creative Economy Secretary of the Ministry of Culture, Cláudia Leitão, claimed that the country was learning to grow in this area, to transform "Brazilian creativity into innovation and innovation into wealth." The creative industry in Brazil gathers, generally, "young, educated and well-paid professionals" that earn 42% above the average wage in the country.

It is difficult to know how much an idea or innovation costs, as they are intangible assets. One way of measuring their impact is to create metrics and to use qualitative and quantitative research. A first study in 2013 identified the general economic data related to the Creative Industry in Brazil, such as:

 Share of GDP: R$110 billion
 Enterprises: 243 thousand
 Professionals: 810 thousand, of which the most numerous are:
 Architects and engineers: 229 877 employees formal;
 Programmers information systems: 50,440;
 Business analysts: 45,324;
 Research and market analyst: 25,141;
 Marketing manager: 20,382;
 Advertising agents: 14,032;
 Graphic Designer: 17,806;
 Biologist: 15,182;
 Manager of research and development: 13,414;
 Designer of bespoke shoes: 13,068.
Wages: the best paid creative activities are:
 Geologists and geophysicals: R$11,385;
 Directors of TV shows: R$10,753;
 Actors: R$10,348;
 Biotechnologists: R$8,701;
 News room directors: R$7,774;
 Magazine editors: R$7,594;
 Architects and engineers: R$7,524;
 Electrical Engineers, electronics engineers and Computer engineers: R$7,431;
 Screenwriters: R$7,347;
 Researchers in general: R$7,102.
In 2019, the Federation of industries of Rio Janeiro (FIRJAN) updated its previous 2017 research and published a national study that mapped the Brazilian creative industries indicating that in 2017 there were 837,200  employees, a decrease of 3,9 in comparison to 2015. It also concluded that the overall remuneration in the creative industries was higher than the Brazilian average.

A 2021 study on Intellectual Property Intensive Sectors in the Brazilian Economy was undertaken as part of the National Strategy on Intellectual Property 2021–2030 and the creation of the Intellectual Property website. The main findings of the study were:

 out of 673 economic classes, 450 were classified as IP-intensive sectors,
 the IP-intensive sectors employed 19,3 million people, and
 the share of GDP between 2014 and 2016 amounted to R$2,1 trillion Reais or 44,2 % of GDP.

Notes

References

External links
 Creative Industry
 Department for culture, media & Sport
 Annual Report of Social Information (RAIS)
 "Creative Industries Mapping Documents"
 CBO listing (PDF 1,2 KB)

Industry in Brazil
Creativity
Economics of the arts and literature


title: Jennifer Rockwood

text:
Jennifer Rockwood (born September 20, 1966) is an American soccer coach, and the head coach for the BYU Cougars women's soccer team, a position she has held since 1989. She is the only coach the school recognizes since the club joined NCAA competition in 1995.

Early life
Rockwood was born to Jerry and Kae Rockwood as the oldest of five children, with her brothers being named Jon, Jason, Jared, and Jeffrey. Throughout junior high and high school Rockwood acted as a four-sport athlete, in soccer, basketball, softball, and track. Rockwood was offered a basketball scholarship at Ricks College, which she accepted in the fall of 1984, but her one true desire was soccer. After participating in basketball in the Fall-winter of 1984–85, Rockwood transferred and enrolled at Brigham Young University. Rockwood would play with the Cougars club team from 1985 to 1988, and as a senior Rockwood was placed in charge of scheduling and budgets for the club team.

Coaching
Rockwood coached high school soccer for the Waterford School girls' team and the Meridian School's boys' and girls' teams prior to graduating from BYU. After graduating, she became the club team's head coach in 1989 and led them to two Western National Collegiate Club soccer Association (NCCSA) Championships in 1993 and 1994. In 1995 BYU officially recognized women's soccer as an NCAA sport. Rockwood was retained and became the Cougars first NCAA women's soccer coach. Rockwood began to have immediate success. In her 27 years as head coach, Rockwood's Cougars have made the NCAA tournament 21 times. In the October 19, 2013 match vs. the San Francisco Dons, Rockwood would amass her 300th win. Twice Rockwood has led the Cougars to the NCAA's Elite 8: 2003 and 2012. In 2021 Rockwood led the Cougars to their first ever College Cup. Athletes playing for Rockwood have seen continual success over those 27 seasons. 46 of Rockwood's players have gone on to win All-American awards.

Head coaching record
Neither the WAC nor the WCC held a conference tournament, so the highest achievement BYU could attain during those regular seasons was the regular season title.

References

1966 births
Living people
BYU Cougars women's soccer coaches
American Latter Day Saints
American women's soccer coaches
American women's soccer players
Female association football managers
Women's association football players not categorized by position
High school soccer coaches in the United States


title: A Soldier's Friend

text:
A Soldier's Friend is a 2014 children's novel written by Megan Rix and published by Puffin Books.

Plot
The story follows the friendship of a dog, Sammy, and a cat, Mouser, during the First World War.

Reception
The novel was well received. "Lottie Longshanks", reviewing for The Guardian, stated that "the book is well written and easy to read" and that "it brings that time in history to life so vividly." Julia Eccleshare, writing for website 'Love Reading 4 Kids', called it an "exciting and touching story".

Penguin Schools, along with website TeachItPrimary, provide a pack of activities based on the book to use as a teaching resource in primary schools.

References

External links

British children's novels
2014 British novels
Novels set during World War I
Children's historical novels
2014 children's books
British children's books
Children's novels about cats
Children's novels about dogs
Puffin Books books
Children's books set during World War I


title: I ett fotoalbum

text:
I ett fotoalbum is a song written by Lars E. Carlsson and Hans Sidén. In 1977, three different versions were released by Bendix (titled: "Tänk så man såg ut"), by Dancemän on the album Djurgårdsfärjan as "I ett fotoalbum (där står tiden stilla)", and by Thorleifs the same year on the album Du, bara du as "I ett fotoalbum".

Börje Franzen recorded the song in 1981 on the album De' e någe visst me' de', under the title Tänk som man såg ut, the refrain closing words of the songs, and in 1983 the song was recorded by Tommy Bergs on the album Sköna mogenlåtar.

Song lyrics describe sitting and watching an old photographic album, remembering incidents in life, like cards from holiday trips missing the ferryboat and ending up last in the line of cars, as well as summertime memories, and children and deceased ones, and finally smiling when thinking of how you looked.

In 1998 Lasse Stefanz scored a cover hit with the song, staying at Svensktoppen for 13 weeks between 25 July-17 October 1998 The song also became title track for the band's studio album the same year. Lasse Stefanz also released the song as a 1998 single, with "Nu och för alltid" acting as B-side.

References

1977 songs
1998 singles
Lasse Stefanz songs
Swedish-language songs
Thorleifs songs


title: Real Kisumu F.C.

text:
Real Kisumu is an association football club based in Kisumu, Kenya. The team plays its home games at the Moi Stadium.

In 2012, the club was promoted to Kenyan Nationwide League, from the Kenyan Provincial League.

References

External links
Profile

Football clubs in Kenya
Kisumu


title: Talinhuippu

text:
Talinhuippu (‘The Tali hilltop’) is a former dumping ground known as the Iso-Huopalahti dumping ground and was one of the “big three” dumping grounds in Helsinki at the time it was in operation. The site is located at the boundary between Helsinki and Espoo and was in use from 1963 to 1979. It is located between Talinranta, the Tali Golf Course and the Vermo harness racing track, on the northern shore of the Laajalahti Bay, north of Tarvo Island and Finnish national road 1.

History
The Iso-Huopalahti dumping ground was one of the big three rubbish dumps in Helsinki. The other two were the Pasila dumping ground (1949–63, before 1949 the Finnish State Railways dumping ground) and the Vuosaari dumping ground (1966–1975 ja 1979–1988).

After the Pasila dumping ground was closed, the Iso-Huopalahti dumping ground became the main dumping ground of Helsinki. It was located near the Tali sewage treatment plant and the Tali Golf Course, between the brooks of Mätäjoki and Monikonpuro. It was earlier a shoreline meadow, but then the top soil was removed and the landfill with the dump was begun on top of clay land. At the end of the 1960s, the dumping ground was enlarged so that it ended up covering parts of the bay as well. Blasted stone was used to separate the rubbish from the seawater. Most of the rubbish accumulated during the 1970s. In the end much more accumulated than the clay base could bear, since there was no alternative at the time. Finally, the dumping ground sank so that the rubbish from the 1960s is now below the water line. The total amount of the waste is around .

In the 1960s and 1970s, those driving along the Finnish national road 1 toward Turku (then called the Tarvo Highway, from the nearby Tarvo Island), could see the nature of the place easily from a distance. Also noticeable were the great amounts of seagulls.

Talinhuippu today
Outwardly Talinhuippu Hill looks like any landfill site, and due to the growth of the trees, it can no longer be discerned from natural hills. The view to the Laajalahti Bay is beginning to grow when the gas emissions from the dumping ground ceased. Earlier these emissions prevented the growth of flora at the site.

The area has recreational paths and minor roads connected to the nearby Vermo harness racing track and a training ground owned by the city of Helsinki, and used e.g. by Helsingin Palveluskoiraharrastajat ry (‘The Helsinki Care Dog Society’) and other associations. In addition to this, the area has a frisbee golf course, which is  long with a par of 58. In the winter, the Tali Golf Course skiing tracks () extend to Talinhuippu and beyond.

References

External links
The Iso-Huopalahti dumping ground

Former landfills of Helsinki
Parks in Helsinki
Munkkiniemi
Pitäjänmäki
Leppävaara


title: Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Light flyweight

text:
The men's light flyweight boxing competitions at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland took place between 25 July and 2 August at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre. Light flyweights were limited to those boxers weighing less than 49 kilograms (108.02 lbs).

Like all Commonwealth boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals, so no boxers competed again after their first loss. Bouts consisted of three rounds of three minutes each, with one-minute breaks between rounds. Punches scored only if the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent. Tree scored each bout; The winner of the bout was the boxer who won the most rounds.

Schedule
All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1)

Medalists

Results

References

Boxing at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


The 2014–15 Missouri State Bears basketball team represented Missouri State University during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bears, led by fourth year head coach Paul Lusk, played their home games at JQH Arena and were members of the Missouri Valley Conference. They finished the season 11–20, 5–13 in MVC play to finish in eighth place. They lost in the first round of the Missouri Valley tournament to Southern Illinois.

Previous season
The Bears finished the season 20–13, 9–9 in Missouri Valley play to finish in a three way tie for fourth place. They advanced to the semifinals of the Missouri Valley tournament where they lost to Wichita State. They were invited to the CollegeInsider.com Tournament where they lost in the first round to Murray State.

Departures

Incoming Transfers

Incoming recruits

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;"| Exhibition

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;"| Regular season

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;"| Missouri Valley Conference regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#800000; color:#FFFFFF;"| Missouri Valley tournament

* December 7's game vs Missouri State was postponed due to a power outage.

References

Missouri State Bears basketball seasons
Missouri State


title: Shiftability theory

text:
In banking, shiftability is an approach to keep banks liquid by supporting the shifting of assets. When a bank is short of ready money, it is able to sell or repo its assets to a more liquid bank.

Commercial loan theory
Prior to the concept of shiftability, the orthodox theory of banking limited banks to making short-term commercial loans to help producers of goods during their business cycles. For example, apple farmers may require short-term financing until the crop is ready for sale. This theory postulates that by making short-term commercial transactions that will mature in a timely manner will keep banks in a ready state to meet the demands of their depositors.

Shiftability
Although banking at the time was not a new concept, what had changed was that deposits had become the primary liability of banks. In 1830 the capital of banks was about three times the deposits, but less than one hundred years later depositors had come to represent approximately 68 percent of the equity in banks. This increase in the proportion of deposits had many worried about the possibility of a run on the banks and the inability to get much needed cash.

It was shown that short-term commercial lending oftentimes did not mature or liquidate at maturity due to changing business cycles. Growing opposition began to showcase the need for an improved banking system that could avoid forced liquidation of this short-term paper that came about more or less periodically. It proposed that banks, rather than relying on the liquidity of these assets in a crisis, should be able to shift these earning assets to another institution with a better cash position thereby creating the reserves needed. This ability to shift assets provides liquidity to otherwise non-liquid assets.

The key piece of legislation that led to this reality was the Banking Act of 1935. One of its amendments provided that, a federal reserve bank may discount any commercial, agricultural or industrial paper for liquidity purposes. It also allowed necessary advances to its member banks secured by "any sound asset" that would otherwise be described as ineligible by the orthodox theory to provide bank reserves.

Although there was much resistance to this idea and many believed it would be better to return to pre-war practices, it was Marriner Stoddard Eccles, an author of the Banking Act of 1935, that continued to push that bank asset liquidity in times of stress was dependent on the ability of a Central bank to exchange  those assets for currency or credit.

During a crisis
One shortcoming of the Shiftability Theory, similar to one that led the banking system away from the orthodox theory, was that in times of stress or crisis, the effectiveness of these assets for liquidity purposes goes away as there is no market for them. If all banks are looking to liquidate assets, they are doing so at a cost because it would be difficult to find buyers, meaning lower prices for the assets and ultimately by doing so would not leave the banking system as a whole in a more liquid condition.

References

Business terms
Banking


title: Flemingites

text:
Flemingites is a genus of evolute ammonoids from the Lower Triassic with spiral ridges on the shell.

Diagnosis
The shell of Flemingites is evolute so that all whorls show externally.  Whorls are robust, slightly embracing, usually a little higher than wide and increasing very slowly. The venter (outside rim) is somewhat flattened and usually much narrower that the widest part of the whorl.
Strong, always single, lateral ribs are confined to the sides. Fine spiral ridges typically cover the shell, found even in casts. The suture is distinctly ceratitic with rounded entire saddles and deep serrated lobes.

Taxonomic position
Smith, J.P (1932) included Flemingites in the Xenodiscidae, which was included in the superfamily Prolecanitoidea (note spelling as of date given). Later it was reassigned to the Flemingitidae and Noritaceae as shown in part L of the American Treatise

Other classifications put Flemingites in the Meekocerataceae, or as recently renamed, Meekoceratoidea.

Distribution
Flemingites is found widespread throughout the northern hemisphere  and is thought to have been derived from Ophiceras.

References

Ceratitida genera
Ammonites of North America
Early Triassic ammonites


title: Xoco

text:
Xoco is a neighborhood of Mexico City in Benito Juárez borough. Xoco was originally a village dating to times before the Spanish conquest. Now it is an important commercial hot spot that lies just across the northern edge of Coyoacán, and is home to Centro Coyoacán and Patio Universidad shopping centers and the Torre Mitikah development, which will be Mexico City's biggest mixed used complex. Xoco is served by the Coyoacán station of the Mexico City metro which belongs to line 3. The national cinematheque, the Cineteca Nacional, also stands here and is home to a cemetery, the Panteón de Xoco, the IMER, the Instituto Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, and the Roberto Cantoral concert hall.

Education

Private schools:
 Instituto Simón Bolívar
 Colegio Buckingham
 Colegio Handel
Public schools:
 Secundaria Técnica Num. 72

References

Benito Juárez, Mexico City
Neighborhoods in Mexico City


title: 2014 President's Cup (tennis) – Men's doubles

text:
Riccardo Ghedin and Claudio Grassi are the holders, but chose not to compete.

Sergei Bubka and Marco Chiudinelli won the tournament, beating Chen Ti and Huang Liang-chi 6–3, 6–4

Seeds

Draw

Draw

References
 Main Draw

President's Cup (tennis)- Doubles
2014 Doubles


title: Peekskill Lighting and Railroad Company

text:
The Peekskill Lighting and Railroad Company was a streetcar transit line operating in northern Westchester County and southern Putnam County, New York. The earliest segment was constructed by the Peekskill Traction Company in 1899, running  from the New York Central Railroad train station at Peekskill to Lake Mohegan. The company was unable to meet payments for construction of the line, so the contractor operated the railroad until it was sold to the Peekskill Lighting and Railroad Company in 1900 (itself a consolidation of the Peekskill Gas Light Co., Peekskill Electric Light and Power Co., and the Peekskill Traction Co.). The associated Westchester and Putnam Traction Company built extensions beyond Lake Mohegan, though the two companies were operated as one. In 1902, an extension was constructed through Buchannan to Verplanck. Another extension was opened in 1907 to Cortlandville, and Varian's Mills (later Williams Corners) in 1908. The final extension to Oregon (Putnam Valley) opened in 1909. President of the company was F.A. Stratton, who was also president of the Hudson River and Eastern Traction company, operators of the Ossining Electric Railway.

Decline and Conversion to Bus Operation
The first cutbacks came in 1924.  The trolley system operated at a deficit for months, first reducing service to Oregon and Putnam Valley to Saturday-only in 1925, and ending service on the Oregon line on August 29, 1925. The remaining track around Peekskill was closed and trolley service ended on June 30, 1926. Peekskill Lighting and Railroad Co. created Peekskill Motor Bus Company as a new subsidiary to acquire and operate the transportation franchise in place of trolleys in 1926. Four routes were operated, using the Peekskill train station as a hub. At the time of its abandonment, the trolley lines of Peekskill Lighting and Railroad Co. was the last of the Consolidated Gas Company affiliated utilities to offer common-carrier rail transportation.  The bus routes were taken over by Westchester County Department of Transportation and operated as part of the Bee-Line Bus System in 1978.

References

Streetcar lines in Westchester County, New York
Streetcars in New York (state)
Defunct New York (state) railroads


title: Khlong Phutsa railway station

text:
Khlong Phutsa railway station (), is a railway station in Bang Krasan Subdistrict, Bang Pa-in District, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya. It is owned by the State Railway of Thailand and is served by the Northern Line and the Northeastern Line. It is located  from Bangkok railway station, and is a class 3 railway station.

Train services
 Ordinary No. 201/202 Bangkok- Phitsanulok- Bangkok
 Ordinary No. 207/208 Bangkok- Nakhon Sawan- Bangkok
 Ordinary No. 209/210 Bangkok- Ban Takhli- Bangkok
 Ordinary No. 211/212 Bangkok- Taphan Hin- Bangkok
 Ordinary No. 233/234 Bangkok- Surin- Bangkok
 Commuter No. 301/302 Bangkok- Lop Buri- Bangkok
 Commuter No. 303/304 Bangkok- Lop Buri- Bangkok
 Commuter No.  313/314 Bangkok- Ban Phachi Junction- Bangkok
 Commuter No.  317/318 Bangkok- Lop Buri- Bangkok
 Commuter No. 339/340  Bangkok- Kaeng Khoi Junction- Bangkok
 Commuter No. 341/342 Bangkok- Kaeng Khoi Junction- Bangkok

References

Railway stations in Thailand


title: Tai Kamiya

text:
Taichi "Tai" Kamiya, known as  in Japan, is a fictional character in the multimedia franchise Digimon. He first appeared in the Digimon Adventure V-Tamer 01 manga, where he is sent to the Digital World to meet his Digimon companion Zeromaru, in order to save it from multiple enemies. An alternate version of Tai appears in Toei Company's 1999 series as the main protagonist of Digimon Adventure, a supporting character in Digimon Adventure 02 and once again as the protagonist of the films Digimon Adventure tri. and Digimon Adventure: Last Evolution Kizuna. In this timeline, Tai is the leader of the first season DigiDestined. He is adventurous and a born leader, and is usually the first to spring into action. He is partnered with the dinosaur-like Agumon in the Digimon Adventure anime series.

Tai was created by manga author Tenya Yabuno from V-Tamer 01. Multiple voice actors have voiced him across the franchise. Critical reception to Tai has been positive by writers from manga and anime websites. While his role and personality in the first Digimon series has been positive, writers expressed mixed thoughts about Tai's characterization in Tri due to lacking his hotblooded personality.

Development

Tai's original character was designed by Tenya Yabuno, one of the authors of manga V-Tamer 01. He was based on Kentarou Kamon, the protagonist of the Digimon manga pilot, C'mon Digimon. While creating the Digimon Adventure short, director Mamoru Hosoda wanted to focus on Tai and Kari's relationship with Koromon, the Digimon that appeared in their house, but did not want to portray it as friendship, instead portraying Digimon as dangerous creatures.

Satoru Nishizono and the other staff members picked Tai's name using a name analysis software, where they chose kanji that related to "luck." While Tai was conceptualized as the main character, Toei wanted to focus on all the Digidestined children at the same time resulting in an ensemble cast. Nishizono stated that with the exception of Tai and Agumon, Toei was told to make in-depth young characters to fit the series' viewers. The staff considered Tai to remain as a protagonist for Digimon Adventure 02, but he ended up as a supporting character instead. For Digimon Adventure: Our War Game!, Hosoda wanted to focus on Tai's naivete through his nervousness on interacting with Sora despite needing her help. While finding Tai's actions out of character, Hosoda wanted Tai to try his best to apologize with Sora.

For tri., Keitaro Motonaga stated the staff at Toei devised multiple scenarios to compare how he aged with his previous appearances. The staff also focused on his rivalry with Matt Ishida, due to how differently the two matured. Motonaga also commented that Tai was in a stage where he thought he would not be a teenager, which changed his characterization. In the Digimon Adventure tri. series, Tai's teenage appearance was designed by Atsuya Uki.

In Japan, Tai's appearances were voiced by Toshiko Fujita. During auditions, the staff immediately chose her as they were fans of her work. Fujita liked Tai's character, due to how he cares for his sister and for his clumsy personality. She did not find difficulty in voicing Tai for the first series. She also liked the relationship between Tai and Agumon, believing it to be one of the best from the anime based on their similarities For tri, Fujita was replaced by Natsuki Hanae, who had been a fan of the series since he was a child and enjoyed Tai's character based on his bravery and sense of justice. He rewatched the first anime and the film before auditioning. at the same time pressured. When reading the script, Hanae noted Tai was different due to how he aged and felt this change was natural.

In the English dub, the character's name was shortened to "Tai" from "Taichi." Joshua Seth provides his voice. He did not find any impressions, during his audition for the character with comments on how he was close to the people in the cast. He felt Tai was similar to him so he "pitched up [his voice] little bit younger". Additionally, he stated he enjoyed voicing the character. However, by the time the film Revenge of Diaboromon was dubbed in English, he had retired from the voice acting industry in 2005, causing casting director Jeff Nimoy to cast Jason Spisak as his replacement, remarking how similar he sounded to Seth. Seth commented that his regular is very similar to the one from Tai in Tri was not difficult as he initially thought he had to "warm" up to the character.

Appearances

Manga
In the V-Tamer 01 story line, Tai is a V-Pet trainer whose Digimon partner is a Veedramon that is named Zeromaru. Ending up in the Digital World after being summoned by MagnaAngemon, Tai accepts to aid in saving the Digital World from Daemon. During his adventures, Tai encounters Davis after he ended up in his universe, Ryo Akiyama, and Takuya Kanbara. Nearly two decades after his manga series ended, a one shot cross over was released in which this Tai meets the 2020 Tai.

Anime
Tai first appears in the 1999 film Digimon Adventure before appearing in the television series of the same name. In the television series, he is transported to the Digital World with six other children, where they learn that they are "DigiDestined", children who were selected to save both worlds. He becomes the DigiDestined's leader. His aggressive and impulsive personality often puts him in danger, but he learns that empathy and compassion are the keys to being a successful leader. He is partnered with Agumon and holds the . In Tai's daily life, he is the star player on the school's soccer team.

In Digimon Adventure 02, Tai becomes a middle school student. He passes his goggles to Davis Motomiya, as he and the original group act as mentors and support to the new DigiDestined. In the series epilogue, set in 2027, Tai becomes a United Nations diplomat for the Digital World. In the Digimon Fusion series, 11-year old Tai appears in the final arc of the series when summoned from his universe in his eleven-year-old form to aid the Fusion Fighters.

In Digimon Adventure tri., Tai and his friends attend Tsukishima General High School. They learn from their teacher and agent, Daigo Nishijima, that a mysterious virus is infecting every Digimon, and causing distortions between the human world and the Digital World.

In Digimon Adventure Last Evolution - Kizuna, Tai attends college and is twenty-two.

In the 2020 reboot of Digimon Adventure, Tai plays a similar role to his original series counterpart. At the end of the series, he chooses to remain in the Digital World with Agumon.

In other media

Tai appears in several Digimon video games released by Namco Bandai.

In Japan, several image songs were released under Tai's name.  was performed by Toshiko Fujita and released on March 24, 2000 on the compilation CD album Digimon Adventure: Best Hit Parade. For Digimon Adventure 02, a character CD single was released on June 21, 2000 under Tai's name and contained his theme song,  and a duet with Agumon titled "Team", with Fujita providing Tai's voice once again. On August 1, 2009, a CD album titled  was released to celebrate the show's 10th anniversary, with Fujita returning to perform  under Tai's name. For Digimon Adventure Tri, Tai's theme song, , was performed by Natsuki Hanae and was released in the compilation album  on April 10, 2017, which peaked at #74 on the Oricon Weekly Charts.

Tai appears in the audio dramas, Digimon Adventure Original Story: 2½ Year Break and Digimon Adventure 02 Original Story: 2003 -Spring- (both released only in Japan).

Tai is portrayed by Gaku Matsumoto in the 2.5D musical stage play.

Angela Anaconda features Angela wearing a caricature of Tai's attire in the episode "Good Seats", which first appeared in Digimon: The Movie.

Critical reception
In a series of online polls conducted on Toei Animation's Digimon website, Tai was ranked 3rd by Japanese voters as their favorite DigiDestined. When the same question was asked three more times, his rank fell to 6th, rose to 4th, and finally landed at 5th. IGN listed him as 62nd best animated character, praising his ability to admit his mistakes and his relationship with his Digimon partner, Agumon, which made one of the most popular characters from the '90s. In a poll he was voted as the 5th "Which catcher/trainer would take home the gold?"

Multiple writers for manga and anime have commented on Tai's character. IGN listed how Tai forces Agumon to evolve into SkullGreymon as one of the best moments from the first Digimon anime. Additionally, Tai and Koromon's brief return to the real world as listed as another moment due to Tai's brief interactions with his younger sister, Kari. Crunchyroll agreed, finding this episode showed Tai's flaws for the first time in the anime and how it resulted in SkullGreymon's evolution. Anime News Network highly praised Tai's character in the first series due to how he matures as a kid due to how he takes care of his sister, most notably when she was sick and he got tired of seeing her inside the house while her parents were busy at work. Additionally, the site commented on Tai and Yamato's misrelationship due to their multiple differences that made them often clash. Retro Junk liked how he looks after his group and that despite his issues, his friends respect him. THEM Anime Reviews liked the rivalry between Tai and Yamato, citing that at the same time both are similar characters due to the two of them being big brothers who are often worried about their siblings. The same site also praised Joshua Seth for making Tai more appealing. Adam "OMEGA" Arnold from Animefringe praised the amount of focus given to Tai's character in the trilogy film Digimon: The Movie alongside other present characters. Shamus Kelley from Den of Geek also acclaimed Seth's acting in the movie due to the multiple emotions Tai shows across the trilogy as well as how the character tries to handle his relationship with Sora. In the book Anime Classics Zettai!: 100 Must-See Japanese Animation Masterpieces, Brian Camp stated that Tai's apparent relationship with Sora who is later revealed to be interested into Matt was well handled as due to the characters' ages in contrast to other Western series.

Tai's characterization in Tri. resulted in mixed comments by Jacob Hope Chapman from Anime News Network due his new hesitations which might not appeal to viewers of the series. While feeling it as part of Tai's character arc, Christian Chiok from Japanator found Tai's traits out of character contrasting previous Digimon main characters. However, there were positive comments by Shamus Kelley from Den of Geek, who approved of Tai's new character arc, noting that Tri focuses on personal responsibility and his potential for character growth. DVDTalk's writer Chris Zimmerman praised the still ongoing arguments between Tai and Yamato in Tri as fans from the first Digimon series would still find it memorable due to the history between these two characters. Otaku USA noted the arguments between these two characters as well and stated "Tai is actually the character who seems to be suffering from arrested development the most". Kelley complained about Tai and Yamato's still ongoing conflict in the next films, commenting there were already enough in the first film and the possibility that Tai did not have character development in such movie. For the next film, Kelley readdressed such issues that were more present in the movie. In a Coexistence review, Anime Now's Richard Eisenbeis believes Tai managed to fully mature during the climax of the film due to his decisions in regards to who is the enemy, contrasting the original series where it was more obvious where Tai, as a kid, could easily be the enemy.

See also
 List of Digimon Adventure characters

References

Child characters in anime and manga
Child characters in film
Male characters in anime and manga
Fictional Japanese people in anime and manga
Digimon
Comics characters introduced in 1998
Teenage characters in anime and manga
Teenage characters in film
Fictional elementary school students
Fictional middle school students
Fictional high school students


title: Robert Morrison Stults

text:
Robert Morrison Stults (1861–1933) was an American composer of popular music in the late 19th century and early 20th century.  He used aliases such as Norwood Dale and S. M. Roberts for some of his works.

Stults wrote the musical The Cross Patch Fairies.  His most popular work, "The Sweetest Story Ever Told", was published in 1892 and was still popular into the 20th century.

According to the Morrison family history, Stults was the son of Jacob Stults and Martha-Jane Morrison. The first of five children, he was born on June 1, 1861, in Hightstown, New Jersey.  He was married to Julia Vandermeer.

Prior to 1910, Stults mostly wrote popular music, but later wrote more sacred music and bigger works.  Stults wrote three ragtime tunes, "Smoky Sam" (1898), "Walkin' on de Rainbow Road" (1899), and "A Moonlight Meander]" (1900), under the name S. M. Roberts (a play on his name Robert M. Stults). "A Moonlight Meander", was copyrighted by his wife, J. V. Stults, who often copyrighted his music.

At his death on March 24, 1933, Stults was the co-publisher of the Long Branch Daily Record in Long Branch, New Jersey.

This is a list of works that are mostly songs and piano tunes, written prior to 1910:

This is a list of works that are sacred in nature or longer works. These were generally written after 1910:

See also
 List of ragtime composers

References

External links

1861 births
1933 deaths
American male composers
American composers
Composers for piano
Songwriters from New Jersey
People from Hightstown, New Jersey
American male songwriters


title: 1993–94 S.L. Benfica season

text:
The 1993–94 season was Sport Lisboa e Benfica's 90th season in existence and the club's 60th consecutive season in the top flight of Portuguese football. It involved Benfica competing in the Primeira Divisão and the Taça de Portugal. Benfica qualified for the European Cup Winners' Cup by winning previous Portuguese Cup. It covers the period between 1 July 1993 to 30 June 1994.

The season was marked by the events in his pre-season, as the club only made three signings. More importantly, however, the club lost regular starter Paulo Sousa and common substitute António Pacheco to Sporting CP due to unpaid salaries. Expectations around Benfica were not high, as Sporting and Porto were deemed the main contenders. After a poor start, however, a six-game winning streak granted them the top position in the league table. After going 15 league games unbeaten, a loss in April at Salgueiros and a draw at home against Estrela da Amadora made it necessary to win at the Estádio José Alvalade to retain their first-place position; a hat-trick from João Pinto in a 6–3 win put the title only six points away. On 25 May, a win over Gil Vicente ended the title race, with the club winning a record 30th league title.

Season summary
The season that celebrated its 90th anniversary was also one of the club most tumultuous periods in recent history. In the summer, Paulo Sousa, João Pinto and António Pacheco unilaterally terminated their contracts, claiming unpaid salaries. While Pinto was successfully resigned with a pay increase, both Sousa and Pacheco never went back on their decision, subsequently moving to Lisbon rivals Sporting CP.

Sousa had been a frequent starter for Benfica, playing 35 games in the previous season and having joined the club as a 16-year-old. Pacheco was utilized more as a substitute, but had still amassed over 160 league games for Benfica. The players' "betrayal" and the increase in tension between the old rivals was labelled "Hot Summer of 1993", a clever throwback to the troubled times of the PREC, the post revolution in 1975.

With almost no new signings, and having lost Sousa, Pacheco and Paulo Futre, the team led by Toni was not seen as favourite in the title race. The season opened with the 1993 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, and with a win for both sides, a third match would be necessary. In the league, Benfica started by sharing points with Porto in O Clássico, but then tied again against much easier opponents, like Estoril and Beira-Mar; both clubs that played a crucial role in the previous season's title race. On the late part of September, the first win in the Primeira Liga kick-started a series of consecutive wins that helped the club climb from eighth in the league to first. A big loss in Setúbal served as warning, with the Lisbon-side then adding more consecutive wins, opening a three-point gap by the New Year.

In the first month of 1994, the club lost points against Gil Vicente and was eliminated from the Taça de Portugal by Belenenses, though this was not enough to stop their momentum, continuing to defend their first place with consecutive wins. In early March, with successive draws in the league and a hard-fought 4–4 draw in the quarter-finals of the Cup Winners' Cup, the club look like would be surpass by Sporting on the title race, with the distance now reduced to just one point. A loss against Salgueiros in April put both clubs equal on points, while in the European stage, the club was defeated by Parma in the semi-finals.

Benfica entered the Derby de Lisboa on 14 May with just a one-point advantage in the league table, knowing that a loss would cost them first place. João Pinto had one of his best performances with Benfica, scoring a hat-trick that effectively ended the title race in his club's favour. Only a few days later, away against Braga, the club secured its 30th league title, celebrating with the fans at the sold out Estádio Primeiro de Maio.

Carlos Mozer, an undisputed starter during the season, narrated the events in the club almanac: "We won the title with great difficulty, because Sporting had a young but good team, while Porto had the experience. At Benfica, our squad was strong. There were veterans like William, Veloso and Isaías, that taught the younger ones, like Rui Costa or João Pinto; who still had the will and pace to run all game. The coach was Toni, who I knew back from 1989. Benfica did not start well, and amassed three straight draws. Then he started winning in a awful manner. We did not play well, but we were winning games, until the notorious game in Alvalade, the 6–3. Everybody said that Sporting was going to win, because they had a younger team, and we were older; so we would not endure the difficult terrain. When everything looked like to be on their favour; we, with great calm and experience, reversed the game with a great performance from João Pinto. In that season, I also remember the campaign in the Cup Winners' Cup. We reach the semi-finals, after that crazy 4–4 in Leverkusen. We were drawn against Parma, and the Italians were always difficult. We won in the Estádio da Luz, but there, in Italy; I was sent-off early, on the 20th minute, with a double yellow. The first was fair, the second was not. If with eleven players was already hard, with one less, it was even harder."

Competitions

Overall record

Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira

Primeira Divisão

League table

Results by round

Matches

Taça de Portugal

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup

First round

Second round

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Friendlies

Player statistics
The squad for the season consisted of the players listed in the tables below, as well as staff member Toni(manager)

|}

Transfers

In

Out

Out by loan

References

Bibliography

S.L. Benfica seasons
Benfica
Portuguese football championship-winning seasons


title: Oxyelophila callista

text:
Oxyelophila callista is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by William Trowbridge Merrifield Forbes in 1922. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Texas.

The wingspan is about 13 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in May and October.

The larvae are aquatic.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1922


title: Oxyelophila harpalis

text:
Oxyelophila harpalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Snellen in 1901. It is found in Costa Rica.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1901


title: Oxyelophila lanceolalis

text:
Oxyelophila lanceolalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1897. It is found in Brazil.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1897
Moths of South America


title: Oxyelophila melanograpta

text:
Oxyelophila melanograpta is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1917. It is found in Guyana.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1917


title: Oxyelophila micropalis

text:
Oxyelophila micropalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1906. It is found in Tabasco, Mexico.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1906


title: Oxyelophila necomalis

text:
Oxyelophila necomalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914. It is found in Panama.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1914


title: Oxyelophila puralis

text:
Oxyelophila puralis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Schaus in 1912. It is found in Costa Rica and Honduras.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1912


title: Annual Cyclopaedia

text:
The Annual Cyclopedia was an American yearbook covering the years 1861–1902 by the New York publisher D. Appleton & Company. It was a comprehensive yearbook of events, obituaries and statistics, worldwide, with many articles written by experts, some of them signed.

It was sold as an annual supplement to the New American Cyclopedia in 16 volumes, edited by George Ripley and Charles Anderson Dana, 1857–1863. When that encyclopedia was enlarged as American Cyclopedia (1873–1876), the Cyclopedia started a new series.

Sets are held in major libraries, and some volumes are online.

It appeared under several titles:
 The American annual cyclopedia and register of important events. Embracing political, civil, military, and social affairs: public documents; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry. (1862–75)
 Appletons' annual cyclopedia and register of important events embracing political military, and ecclesiastical affairs; public documents; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry : a general and analytical index to the American cyclopaedia.
 The Annual Cyclopedia
 Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia
 Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia
 American annual cyclopedia and register of important events (1876-1903)
 American Annual Cyclopedia

Appleton also published a six volume biographical compendium, many of whose articles are linked in Wikipedia:
James Grant Wilson, and John Fiske, eds. Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (D. Appleton and company, 1887) online vol 2

The editors included fake biographies to spot copyright violators, but no such accusation was made against the Annual Cyclopedia.

Online copies

Notes

External links
 Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events via HathiTrust, 1861-1902

Annual publications
Publications established in 1862
Publications disestablished in 1903
D. Appleton & Company books


title: Oxyelophila ticonalis

text:
Oxyelophila ticonalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914. It is found in Panama.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1914
Moths of Central America


title: Broad-banded frog

text:
Broad-banded frog may refer to:

 Broad-banded grass frog (Ptychadena mossambica), a frog in the family Ptychadenidae found in Africa
 Broad-banded grassland frog (Ptychadena bibroni), a frog in the family Ptychadenidae found in Africa


title: Amanda Yan

text:
Amanda Yan  (born May 22, 1988)  is a Canadian 3.0 point wheelchair basketball and wheelchair tennis player who won a gold medal at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Toronto. She was also a national champion in shot put in 2012.

Biography
Amanda Yan was born in Burnaby, British Columbia, on May 22, 1988. She attended Burnaby Central Secondary School, where as a teenager she was an active athlete who played basketball, volleyball and track and field athletics. She then became a student at Simon Fraser University.

On April 19, 2008, Yan was snowboarding at Whistler, British Columbia, when the edge of her snowboard became caught on a cat track, causing her to slide off the Crystal Road run — rated a beginner's run — and fall  off a cliff. She suffered horrific injuries, dislocating two vertebrae and fracturing three, as well as fracturing her right femur and right wrist, and suffering brain, lung and kidney damage. She was airlifted to hospital, where she was informed that there was little chance that she would ever walk again. Months of rehabilitation at the GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre in Vancouver followed.

During rehabilitation Yan was introduced to the sport of wheelchair basketball. Classified as a 3.0 point player, she began playing in her local competition in 2011. She was named the BC-CWBL Division 2's Most Improved Player for 2011–12. The following season saw her playing for the BC Breakers, who went on to win the 2012 national championship title. The BC Breakers came fourth in 2013, but Yan was named to the Championship's All-Star Five. She also began playing with the BC Royals in the men's league.

In March 2014, Yan was named the BC Wheelchair Basketball Society's Female Athlete of the Year. She also received a True Sport award, which is given annually to an elite athlete with a commitment to fair play and inclusion by Wheelchair Basketball Canada. The following month the BC Breakers again won the CWBL Women's National Championship before a home-town crowd in Richmond, British Columbia, with Yan again being named an All Star.

Yan became part of the national team in 2013, representing Canada at the Osaka Cup that year. In July 2014, she was part of the team that won a gold medal at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship in Toronto.

In addition to playing wheelchair basketball, Yan plays a number of other sports, including swimming, handcycling, wheelchair racing, wheelchair tennis, and track and field, in events such as shot put, javelin and discus. She received the 2012 Avchen (Harivel) Pinkard Rookie of the Year award for track and field. She was a national champion in shot put in 2012, and also came second in women's wheelchair tennis (singles and doubles) at the national championship that year.

Notes

External links

1988 births
Canadian women's wheelchair basketball players
Living people
Sportspeople from Burnaby
Simon Fraser University alumni
Canadian female shot putters
Wheelchair basketball players at the 2016 Summer Paralympics


title: Ossining Electric Railway

text:
The Ossining Electric Railway was a streetcar transit line that operated in northern Westchester County. Chartered in 1892 as the Ossining Street Railway, the first section of the line opened in 1893, starting at the New York Central Railroad station at Ossining, and terminating at the Methodist Meeting Grounds (later Camp Woods ) 1.8 miles away. There was also a short branch off Main Street to Sparta Hill. The town purchased the company in 1897 for unpaid taxes and continued operation until 1902 when the Westchester Traction Company took control. The new company announced an ambitious project to build a new line to White Plains as well as a route to Port Chester, but the only extension built was from Sparta Hill to Ossining Hospital. Westchester Traction Company took control of the Danbury and Harlem Traction Company project, which was only partially constructed between Danbury, Connecticut, and North Salem, New York, and never put into operation. The Industrial Contracting Company was hired to construct the Danbury and Harlem line as well as the extension of the Ossining Electric Railway. Considerable grading and some track construction took place on the Danbury line, but no evidence of construction on the Ossining line could be found.

In July 1906, the railroad suspended service while it made repairs to its powerhouse and other properties, but quickly determined by August that they could not afford to complete the work. The line was abandoned on October 20 and the rails were removed and scrapped by the town. The affiliated Danbury and Harlem Traction Co. had not seen any construction progress beyond roadbed grading from North Salem to Goldens Bridge. Its rails were removed sometime between 1910 and 1915.

Established in February 1906, the Hudson River and Eastern Traction Company began construction of a new line over the same route in 1907. The new railway included a branch on Spring Street. Permission was secured in 1911 to construct a 17-mile extension running through Briarcliff Manor, Pleasantville, Sherman Park, and White Plains, but construction never began. Revenues declined through the 1920s until the railway was purchased by the Westchester Coach Co. in 1926. All trolley service was converted to bus operation immediately after.

References

Streetcars in New York (state)
Streetcar lines in Westchester County, New York
Defunct New York (state) railroads


title: Paracymoriza albalis

text:
Paracymoriza albalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Yoshiyasu in 1987. It is found in Thailand.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1987


title: Paracymoriza albifascialis

text:
Paracymoriza albifascialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1891. It is found in the Nilgiris District in India.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1891


title: Paracymoriza albimaculata

text:
Paracymoriza albimaculata is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Fu-Qiang Chen, Shi-Mei Song and Chun-Sheng Wu in 2007. It is found in Guangxi, China.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 2007


title: Paracymoriza aurantialis

text:
Paracymoriza aurantialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Charles Swinhoe in 1895. It is found in India and the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1895


title: Paracymoriza bleszynskialis

text:
Paracymoriza bleszynskialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Rolf-Ulrich Roesler and Wolfgang Speidel in 1981. It is found in China (Sichuan, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou).

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1981


title: Tom Eccleston

text:
Thomas E. Eccleston Jr. (1910 – December 20, 2000) was an American ice hockey, football and baseball coach. Eccleston spent most of his career at Burrillville High School in some capacity but was also the head coach for Providence for eight seasons.

Career
Tom Eccleston graduated from Brown University in 1932, playing four years of soccer, and immediately moved into a teaching position at Burrillville High in Burrillville, Rhode Island. Initially a history teacher and football coach, Eccleston eventually added the coaching duties of baseball and ice hockey to his responsibilities, winning state championships in all three sports. For 23 years Eccleston declined all offers to coach at the collegiate level but finally accepted an offer from Providence in 1956 to alleviate issues that had arisen while coaching his sons.

Eccleston became the fifth head coach at Providence (the second since the program restarted after World War II) and immediately provided the school with its best record in 1956-57 at 11–7. Eccleston continued to keep the Friars in a strong position for the duration of his tenure, including its transition into ECAC Hockey in the early 1960s, recruiting players like Lou Lamoriello, Bob Bellemore and Larry Kish. In eight seasons behind the bench Eccleston had only one losing season and in 1963-64 gave Providence its first conference title and NCAA tournament appearance. The '64 season was the best in Providence's history to that point and very few have topped it. For the outstanding year Eccleston received the Spencer Penrose Award and then stepped down from his position to devote more attention to being the school superintendent in Burrillville.

In 1987, after 32 years away, Eccleston returned to Burrillville High to coach the ice hockey team when it was in jeopardy and revived the program. He was enshrined in the Rhode Island Hockey Hall of Fame in 2019.

Head coaching record

References

External links
Tom Eccleston career record at College Hockey News

Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame

1910 births
2000 deaths
American ice hockey coaches
High school baseball coaches in the United States
High school football coaches in Rhode Island
High school ice hockey coaches in the United States
Providence Friars men's ice hockey coaches


title: Swimming at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metre individual medley

text:
The men's 400 metre individual medley event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games as part of the swimming programme took place on 25 July at the Tollcross International Swimming Centre in Glasgow, Scotland.

The medals were presented by Bruce Robertson, Vice-President of the Commonwealth Games Federation and the quaichs were presented by Nicola Sturgeon, Deputy First Minister of Scotland.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Commonwealth Games records were as follows.

The following records were established during the competition:

Results

Heats

Final

References

External links

Men's 400 metre individual medley
Commonwealth Games


title: Khirbet Nisaf

text:
Khirbet Nisaf () is a Syrian hamlet in Awj Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Khirbet Nisaf had a population of 50 .

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Erika Hendsel

text:
Erika Hendsel (born 7 November 1997) is a retired Estonian tennis player.

On 7 October 2013, Hendsel reached her best singles ranking of World No. 1101.

Playing for Estonia at the Fed Cup, Hendsel has a win–loss record of 0–2.

References

External links

1997 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Tallinn
Estonian female tennis players


title: Qasraya

text:
Qasraya ()  is a Syrian village located in Awj Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Qasraya had a population of 982 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Taunah

text:
Taunah () is a Syrian village located in the Awj Subdistrict in Masyaf District.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Taunah had a population of 1,056 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District
Alawite communities in Syria


title: Zor Baarin

text:
Zor Barin () is a Syrian village located in Awj Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Zor Baarin had a population of 164 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Aq Duqar

text:
Aq Duqar () is a Syrian village located in Ayn Halaqim Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Aq Duqar had a population of 377 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (New York City)

text:
A statue of Mahatma Gandhi by Kantilal B. Patel stands in Union Square in Manhattan, New York, United States.

Description and history
The  high bronze statue, larger than life size, was donated by the Gandhi Memorial International Foundation with support from Mohan Murjani. It was dedicated on October 2, 1986, the 117th anniversary of Gandhi's birth; civil rights leader Bayard Rustin delivered a keynote speech at the ceremony. The statue was removed in 2001, conserved, and reinstalled in a landscaped garden area in 2002.

See also
 1986 in art
 List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi

References

External links

 Statue of Gandhi Nearing Reality for Union Square by Susan Heller Anderson and David W. Dunlap (July 15, 1986), The New York Times

1986 establishments in New York City
1986 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in Manhattan
Monuments and memorials in Manhattan
Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan
Relocated buildings and structures in New York City
Sculptures of men in New York City
Statues in New York City
New York
Union Square, Manhattan


title: Asheq Omar

text:
′Asheq Omar (, also spelled ′Ashiq Umar)  is a Syrian village located in Ayn Halaqim Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), ′Asheq Omar had a population of 473 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Baamrah

text:
Ba'amrah (, also spelled Ba'amra)  is a Syrian village located in the Ayn Halaqim Subdistrict of the Masyaf District in Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ba'amrah had a population of 508 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Alawites.

History
In the early 1930s, during French rule, the owner of Baamrah, Shaykh Sulayman al-Ali of the Alawite Matawirah confederation, went bankrupt and Baamrah was purchased by an Ismaili businessman from Masyaf named Muhammad Ibrahim. The inhabitants of Baamrah protested the sale of their village and evicted the area to deprive Ibrahim of revenues in 1935. In response, Ibrahim attempted to resettle the village by giving land in Baamrah to 30 Ismaili families from Salamiyah. Upon their arrival to the village, the Ismailis of Salamiyah were assaulted and forced out of the area by Baamrah's former inhabitants. One Ismaili was killed and four injured. The village was resettled by its former inhabitants, but tensions between local Alawite and Ismaili communities remained tense for several years following the incident.

References

Alawite communities in Syria
Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Barshin

text:
Barshin ()  is a Syrian village located in Ayn Halaqim Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Barshin had a population of 1,155 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Christians.

References

Bibliography

Populated places in Masyaf District
Christian communities in Syria


title: Bayt Natar

text:
Bayt Natar ()  is a Syrian village located in the Ayn Halaqim Subdistrict of the Masyaf District in Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bayt Natar had a population of 1,304 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Turkmens.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Al-Dulaybah

text:
Al-Dulaybah (, also spelled Dleibeh)  is a Syrian village located in Ayn Halaqim Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Dulaybah had a population of 1566 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Hull and Doncaster Branch

text:
The Hull and Doncaster Branch is a secondary main railway line in England, connecting Kingston upon Hull to South Yorkshire and beyond via a branch from the Selby Line near Gilberdyke to a connection to the Doncaster–Barnetby line at a junction near Thorne 8 miles north-east of Doncaster.

The line was sanctioned by parliament in 1864, and opened in 1869; much of the line is flat, with extensive straight sections; the crossing of the River Ouse required a major bridge, the Skelton Viaduct (or Goole swing bridge). There are two minor stations on the line  and ; the present Goole railway station was also created as part of the line, replacing an earlier terminus in the docks.

Description

The Hull and Doncaster Line is a railway running from Staddlethorpe junction (also known as Giberdyke junction) on the Hull and Selby Line south-west past to the River Ouse crossing by the Skelton Viaduct swing bridge near Skelton and then making an end on junction at Goole railway station.

At Goole the line diverges south-west passing over the westward running line of the former Wakefield, Pontefract and Goole Railway (WP&GR); Knottingley and Goole Canal (Aire and Calder); and the Dutch River, then passing Thorne and crossing the Stainforth and Keadby Canal section of the Sheffield and South Yorkshire Navigation, connecting with the Barnsley to Barnetby Line at Thorne junction. The line then ran to Doncaster over the Barnsley to Barnetby branch line to Doncaster.

As of 2014 Network Rail classes the line as a secondary route, part of the SRS H.08 set of route which include Goole-Knottingley and Moorthorpe-Knottingley-Church Fenton lines. The line is double tracked, with the exception of the junction at Thorne. The line code is TJG: TJG1 Thorne junction to Thorne is ; and TJG2, Gilberdyke junction to Thorne North, . Route availability is 8 or 9, with loading gauge W6 to W9, the linespeed mostly .

The line is used for both passenger and freight trains, with an average of two passenger trains per hour.

History

Background
Early proposals for a line connecting Hull to Doncaster included the Hull, Sheffield and Midland Direct Railway, promoted in 1845, which was for a line from the Hull and Selby Line near Gilberdyke, crossing the Ouse near Goole by a tunnel, then via Thorne and Kirk Sandall to Doncaster, then west to a junction with the North Midland Railway (Midland Railway) near Wath upon Dearne. This was abandoned by 1846. Another scheme, the Hull, Goole and Doncaster Railway was promoted in 1855 to connect South Yorkshire coalfields to Hull.

In 1860 another scheme, called the 'Hull and Doncaster Railway', was submitted to parliament. The line was to run from the Thorne branch of the South Yorkshire Railway (SYR) to a junction with the Hull and Selby Railway east of Staddlethorpe station. Both the SYR and Great Northern Railway (GNR) were to have running powers to Hull over the line. The North Eastern Railway (NER) persuaded the original promoters to withdraw the scheme on the understanding that the NER would promote and build a similar line.

The NER submitted a scheme for a railway connecting Doncaster (South Yorkshire) and Hull via a line from Staddlethorpe to Hull; the NER's line face three other rival schemes: the independently promoted Hull and West Riding Junction Railway; and lines from south Yorkshire towards Hull promoted by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR), and by the SYR, the 'Hull and West Riding Junction' scheme was withdrawn at an early stage, the remaining three schemes undertook and expensive three-way battle in parliament for an enabling act. The NER's scheme was passed by the House of Commons but defeated in the House of Lords.

In the next session of parliament (1862/3) the NER reached an agreement with the SYR and Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railways (MSLR, then lessor of the SYR from 1861) not to oppose the bill, in exchange for mutual running powers over the two companies' lines between Hull and Doncaster. The NER also reached an agreement with the L&YR, who had a rival bill in parliament, with both companies agreeing running powers on each other's routes to Normanton, and mutual running powes to Hull, and to Barnsley. The NER's scheme was submitted in 1862, and in the same session the SYR submitted a bill with clauses enabling it to modify a previously permitted line from Doncaster to Thorne (South Yorkshire Railway Act, 1862.) to add a junction and branch north to near the Selby-Bawtry turnpike, north-west of the town of Thorne.

The NER's act was enabled by parliament 23 July 1863, as the North Eastern Railway (Hull and Doncaster Branch) Act, 1863; and the SYR's deviations and branch were incorporated into the South Yorkshire Railway Act, 1863, both passed in the same session.

Construction

The line was to run from the NER's Hull and Selby Line west of Staddlethorpe station at Staddlethorpe junction; to a connection with the SYR southwest of Thorne, joining the main line at Thorne junction; with a chord making a connection to the WP&GR's (L&YR) existing railway at Goole from Potter's Grange junction. The act allowed £310,000 in shares, and £103,000 in loans to be raised specifically for the construction of the line.

Most of the route of the line was relatively flat ground, representing an easy route for construction of a railway. The main feature of the line was the wrought iron bridge crossing the River Ouse, the Skelton Viaduct; at the time of construction it was amongst the largest opening bridges in the world, with a  swing span, and total length including fixed spans of . The contractors for the bridge were Butler and Pitts of Stanningley (fixed spans), and Pease, Hutchingson and Company (Skerne Ironworks) for the swing span, with hydraulic machinery from William Armstrong (Newcastle upon Tyne).

Bridges were also required in close succession west of Goole: one over the L&YR line into the docks ; the Knottingley and Goole Canal, crossed by an iron trellis girder of around ; and the Dutch River, with two iron trellis girders of . On the southern part of the line, west of Thorne, bridges were required over the Stainforth and Keadby canal, and the Thorne-Selby road. Stations were built at Laxton (Saltmarshe station), a new through station at Goole, and a second station at Thorne (Thorne North station).

Construction of the Hull-Thorne section, and straightening of the Doncaster-Thorne Line had begun by 1864; work on the SYR's line was continued through 1865, with the line (Sandall to Maude's Bridge) opened 10 November 1866. Work on the Thorne-Doncaster section continued through 1866 and 1867, with the line nearly completed in 1868 and the Skelton Viaduct over the Ouse complete enough by February 1868 to allow officials of the NER to pass over it in a train.

The length of new line was , Brassey and Field were the main contractors for the line, represented by J. Stevenson; the main engineer was the NER's T. E. Harrison, with John Malt the resident engineer; Buttler and Pitt were contractors for the fixed bridges.

1869–present

The line opened 30 July 1869. The line replaced the former route into Hull from the south along the Normanton-York branch (former York and North Midland Railway) via Milford junction onto the Leeds and Selby Line. The original L&YR station in Goole became defunct with trains diverted into the new station.

The line was the main route for south Yorkshire coal to Hull, together with the Hull and Barnsley Railway (after 1885).

The Goole and Marshland Light Railway, later Axholme Joint Railway was established in 1898, with a junction at Marshland junction. It was bought by the North Eastern Railway for £27,500 on 1 October 1903, while still under construction, and opened on 2 January 1905. The line closed to passengers on 15 July 1933, while freight traffic ceased on 5 April 1965, but the track was not lifted, and was retained as a long siding. The Central Electricity Generating Board paid for its maintenance, as the railway bridge at Crowle was the only one strong enough to allow stators from Keadby Power Station to be taken away for maintenance. This practice continued until Lindsey County Council built a new bridge on the A161 road, crossing the Stainforth and Keadby Canal at Crowle, and the rails were finally lifted in 1972.

By the beginning of the 20th century there were also sidings to peat moss works on Thorne and Hatfield Moors. Creyke's Siding was originally a small trailing siding to the west of the line. Its construction was negotiated by Richard Boynton Creyke, and authorised by an agreement dated 7 May 1863. It was close to Moor Road, and there was a signal box to the east of the line at the crossing. The Peat Moss Litter Company built a works to the east of the line in 1886, and agreement was reached for a longer trailing siding to serve the works, on the opposite side of the main line to the original siding. The agreement was dated 11 February 1887. The siding agreement was assigned to William Smith & Co on 9 February 1894, who had taken over the works in 1889. The works was served by a network of  gauge horsedrawn tramways, extending onto the moors. Smiths also built a firelighter and disinfectant works near the northern end of the siding. Both products were peat based. The British Moss Litter Co Ltd took over the site in 1896, but failed to notify the North Eastern Railway, who noted the change in 1909. Lengthy correspondence followed, resulting in a new siding agreement being reached on 21 January 1910. The railway company also recorded that the siding was used by a farmer called Mr G Dougherty and by the Nego Firelighting Company in 1908. The peat works operated until 1950–51, and was largely demolished in 1970–71.

Moorend Works was situated a little further to the south. The works were established in the 1860s, although its exact purpose at the time is unclear, but Newman & Owston Moss Litter Co Ltd took over the site in 1888. They negotiated a short branch line with a passing look, in an agreement dated 24 April 1889. It ran eastwards from the main line, sweeping round to the south as it entered the works. The peat company merged with the Griendtsveen Moss Litter Co Ltd on 11 May 1893, and the siding agreement was assigned to them on 15 February 1894. In addition to  gauge tramways, they built around  of canals on the moors to serve the works. The British Moss Litter Co also took over this works, in 1896, and the siding agreement was assigned to them on 14 October 1898. The works were destroyed by a fire in 1922, after which no further peat was processed there, although the remaining buildings were used as a maintenance workshop until 1956. The standard gauge siding was not lifted immediately after production ceased, as it was still in evidence in the mid-1930s, and appears on the 1948 Ordnance Survey map, although not on the 1956 edition.

In 1910 a new route of the L&YR (Pontefract-Goole Line) into Goole was opened, avoiding the former path into the docks, joining the line just east of the original junction; also in 1910 the Goole and Selby Line began running into Goole station via the new L&YR line onto the Hull-Doncaster branch. In 1909 the NER also obtained an act to widen a short section of the line on the approach to Staddlethorpe junction.

Thorne Colliery (opened 1924, closed 1958) was connected to the railway line by sidings.

The Skelton Viaduct has been struck by boats on multiple occasions. Damage was sufficient to cause the temporary closure of the line in 1973 and 1988.

See also
Hatfield Colliery landslip, colliery landslip which blocked the route south of Thorne in 2013

Notes

References

Maps

Sources

External links

North Eastern Railway (UK)
Rail transport in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Rail transport in South Yorkshire


title: Qasr al-Ayan

text:
Elayan Castle ()  is a Syrian village located in Ayn Halaqim Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Elayan Castle had a population of 257 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Hermel, Syria

text:
Hermel (; also spelled Harmil) is a Syrian village located in the Ayn Halaqim Subdistrict of the Masyaf District in Hama Governorate. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Hermel had a population of 871 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Turkmens.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District
Turkmen settlements in Hama Governorate


title: Hikr Bayt Atiq

text:
Hikr Bayt Atiq () is a Syrian village located in Ayn Halaqim Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Hikr Bayt Atiq had a population of 336 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Kahf al-Habash

text:
Kahf al-Habash ()  is a Syrian village located in Ayn Halaqim Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Kahf al-Habash had a population of 508 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Absolutely No Decorum

text:
"Absolutely No Decorum" is a song written by Ola Salo and recorded on the Ark's album Prayer for the Weekend and only became available through digital download. The single peaked at 26th position at the Swedish singles chart.

During the 5th week the song entered Trackslistan where its list successes made it one of the greatest Trackslistan hits of 2007. The song was originally performed at "P3 Guld" in January 2007, and charted at Svensktoppen for eight weeks between 18 February-8 April 2007, before getting knocked out, peaking at 4th position.

Charts

References

2007 singles
2007 songs
The Ark (Swedish band) songs
English-language Swedish songs
Songs written by Ola Salo


title: Hazzour

text:
Hazzour (, also known as Hazzur or Khirbat-Hazzour) is a Syrian village located in the Ayn Halaqim Subdistrict in Masyaf District, located southwest of Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Hazzour had a population of 479 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Christians.

References

Bibliography

Populated places in Masyaf District
Eastern Orthodox Christian communities in Syria
Christian communities in Syria


title: Al-Majawi

text:
Al-Majawi ()  is a Syrian village located in Ayn Halaqim Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Majawi had a population of 1,517 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Al-Mashrafah, Hama Governorate

text:
Al-Mashrafah ()  is a Syrian village located in Ayn Halaqim Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Mashrafah had a population of 1,555 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Tin al-Sabil

text:
Tin al-Sabil ()  is a Syrian village located in Ayn Halaqim Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Tin al-Sabil had a population of 562 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Bayt Atiq

text:
Bayt Atiq ()  is a Syrian village located in the Ayn Halaqim Subdistrict in Masyaf District, located southwest of Hama. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bayt Atiq had a population of 488 in the 2004 census. In the 1960s, it was described as a small village.

References

Bibliography

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Ameriyeh, Hama

text:
Ameriyeh, Hama ()  is a Syrian village located in Wadi al-Uyun Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ameriyeh, Hama had a population of 402 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Bashawi

text:
Bashawi ()  is a Syrian village located in Wadi al-Uyun Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bashawi had a population of 253 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Masyaf District


title: Paracymoriza concava

text:
Paracymoriza concava is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Fu-Qiang Chen, Shi-Mei Song and Chun-Sheng Wu in 2007. It is found in Guangxi, China.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 2007


title: Bayt Raqtah

text:
Bayt Raqtah () is a Syrian village located in Wadi al-Uyun Nahiyah in Masyaf District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bayt Raqtah had a population of was around 400 in the 2020 census , Considering that more than 1,000 of them are outside the village.

Daniel Muhammed .

References

Populated places in Masyaf District