title: Ras ir-Raħeb

text:
Ras ir-Raħeb, known also as Ras il-Knejjes is a scenic limestone promontory in north western Malta, close to the hamlet of Baħrija. The headland is located in the administrative area of the council of Rabat. Ras ir-Raħeb lies in the north western corner of the Rabat-Dingli-Mdina plateau, just off Fomm ir-Riħ Bay. It rises to 45 metres above sea level. The peak allows views of the west coast of the island, as far as the cliffs of Ta' Ċenċ in Gozo.  A wide variety of vegetation grows on the headland, including large populations of esparto grass on the clay slopes in the area. The headland also serves as a navigational marker.

The headland incorporates the ruins of a megalithic temple, as well as Punic-Roman remains.  Scholars have been arguing about the function of these remains for decades. Interpretations differ from a domestic villa to a small religious shrine, as well as a major temple dedicated to Heracles. The headland is also a popular diving site, which also includes a cave. The Ras ir-Raħeb coastline forms part of the Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-Raħeb marine protected area, the first marine area to be protected in Malta, in 2005.

Toponymy and geography
The two Maltese toponyms, Hermit's Headland () and Churches' Headland () may indicate that the site had an established religious significance in the late Middle Ages. The coast between Rdum Majjiesa and Ras ir-Raħeb was earmarked and proposed for protection, in a number of local environmental heritage management documents, including The Structure Plan for the Maltese Islands and the UNEP/MAP Coastal Area Management Programme (CAMP) Report for Malta.

Due to their relative inaccessibility and the shelter they provide, the cliffs and the coastline at Ras ir-Raħeb provides refuge for several species of Maltese flora and fauna. The inaccessibility increases the ornithological importance of the coastal cliff habitat,  given urban development decreased those habitats formerly used for breeding, feeding and wintering purposes, activities now mainly restricted to cliffs on the western coasts of Malta and Gozo.

The area also hosts representatives of the main marine habitat types occurring in the Maltese islands with many species and ecosystems of conservation importance.  These include meadows of Posidonia seagrass, which support a large variety of organisms for conservation interest such as the noble pen clam.  The extensive sandbanks found in inlets along this coast and beyond the seagrass meadows support diverse aquatic animals that live on the seabed. This site is a Natura 2000 protected area.

Ras ir-Raħeb's status as a marine protected area and its geological structure, with caves and posidonia meadows, have made it a unique and popular diving site. An underwater trail for divers, marked with signs, is also present.

Archaeological excavations

The archaeological importance of Ras ir-Raħeb was known since the late sixteenth century, with attempts to identify these remains with the Fanum Iunonis temple mentioned by Cicero. Other Renaissance historians did not agree with this view, describing only the existence of "ruins and ancient factories."

In 1922, the remains were brought to the notice of the Maltese archaeologist Themistocles Żammit by the owner of the land. A large, square area paved with "very regularly laid" small, baked tiles, was discovered by the farmer who tilled the field. The archaeologist unearthed "a frame of stonework" as well as the remains of a door-sill. The amount of household pottery, betrayed "a numerous settlement." Żammit went on to state that "the site should be kept in mind as one that could be studied and excavated with profit."

The site was partly excavated by a team of Royal Navy officers under Capt. D. Scott and Sgn. Comdr. P. Pugh.  However, the exposed masonry as well as contemporary deposits had been almost completely eroded, making the interpretation of the archaeological remains very difficult. Work began in November 1961 and finished in May 1962, when a party of naval divers explored the seabed off the headland, reaching a depth of over 60 metres. A few scattered stone blocks lying in the sand were noted. The report of this excavation is brief, with the published plan of the site being inaccurate. The team was of the opinion that the place "was used as a sacred site from Neolithic times to about the 4th century AD."

The site itself suggests a building complex of importance, commanding extensive sea views. It was surrounded, on at least three sides, by an esplanade delimited by a semicircular wall which extended from east to west and can be followed for a length of about 62 metres. Today, only the foundation stones, cut in squared limestone blocks, survive but a plan of the cluster of rectangular rooms grouped round a central courtyard can still be made out. The pavement of small white marble cubes embedded in concrete, and a few diamond-shaped tiles survived in one of the rooms until 1977, but by 1988, these had disappeared. In the centre of the main room, there are two well dressed oblong stones, which were thought to form part of an altar.

In the north-eastern corner, there is a long and narrow rectangular cistern. It has a circular opening dug into a block of limestone, with an opening for rainwater at one end.  Although no water source feeds the cistern, the permanent spring of Għajn Bierda, which flows a hundred yards to the south-east, may have been deviated to lower ground, providing the buildings with a year-round supply of fresh water.

A main point of interest of the remains at Ras ir-Raħeb is the integration of two rough stone megaliths within the Punic-Roman structure. These are the remains of an earlier, prehistoric structure. The only other instance in Malta of the reuse of the remains of a prehistoric building is at Tas-Silġ where the rear-apse of a megalithic temple was included in building of a Punic-Roman sanctuary. These two sites share a number of similarities, such as the position of the courtyard with respect to the rest of the building – leading to the hypothesis that the Ras ir-Raħeb site may have also had a religious meaning. A reassessment of Ptolemy’s descriptions attempted to link this site with a temple to Heracles, but the arguments are not conclusive.

During the 1962 excavation, a coin of Constantius II was found, hinting at a long life of the building and its possible use in early Christian times. A "great quantity of pottery" found in the cistern included the whole range of the Roman occupation.  Four other coins found at the site were in an advanced stage of corrosion, with two of them being classified as Siculo-Punic.

Of greater interest is an ivory plaque, with a low relief of a crouching boar that is not of Classical Greek influence and may indicate the survival of Punic culture.  Two clay satyr masks on vessel legs were also found, and classified as Punic. The remains of a clay figurine of a nude male youth, broken from the waist upwards, however, is probably a late Hellenistic work.  Several other pieces of clay figurines, including another male nude and a draped female holding a small pyxes, a small grotesque head of a bald and bearded old man, and a fragment of a cloaked figure were collected from among the debris. Fragments of incense stands were also found. In addition to this site, a small quarry of unknown age lies south of these remains. It is possible that it provided the stone for the building of the complex.

Legal status and state of conservation

The beauty and relative inaccessibility of Ras ir-Raħeb have made it a popular stop for ramblers. However, this has not been without controversy,   as the legal ownership of the headland is unclear. A group of ramblers were evicted from the promontory by a local hunter in late 2004. The ramblers included a number of archaeologists who wrote to the Estate Management Department asking how such an important archaeological site was out of bounds to the public.

The department stated that "the land in question is in course of expropriation [...] which was expropriated by Government Notice 498 dated July 29, 1975. As such, legally land in question is still owned since deed of transfer is not finalised."  However, a ministerial declaration in 2006, by Tonio Borġ, who was then Minister of Justice and Home Affairs, concluded that "areas that have been taken over by Government through a President's proclamation prior to 1994, even though not paid for by the Government, such as Ras ir-Raħeb, can be legally accessed by the public and not even the owner can prohibit access." The Punic-Roman remains were officially scheduled in 1998.

A large wildfire burnt a significant swathe of the coastline in 2007, with various NGOs calling the general public to be vigilant and report abuse, in an area plagued by vandalism and illegal construction. Some of the ancient limestone remains found on site were vandalised in 2016. Holes were drilled into the blocks, with steel rods and hooks inserted into the remains to allow rock climbing along the nearby cliffs.

In 2016, five tumoli of land forming part of the Ras ir-Raħeb headland was placed for sale - including the ancient remains found on the site.  Heritage experts declared that while ownership of the land in questions appeared to be unclear, the recent introduction of a public domain law in Malta ought to exclude the purchase or sale of sites like Ras ir-Raħeb. In July 2016, Friends of the Earth, a local environmental committee, filed an application requesting that Ras ir-Raħeb along with six other sites be designated officially as public domain.

See also

Tas-Silġ
Geography of Malta
Outline of Malta
Endemic Maltese wildlife

Notes and references
Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
Ras ir-Raħeb – NATURA 2000 – STANDARD DATA FORM
 Natura 2000 data download – the European network of protected sites (European Environment Agency)
 Natura 2000 – the Natura Network Initiative – Natura 2000 at work
 Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-Raheb
 maltain360.com
 Ras-ir Raheb Roman Farm
 Megalithic Temple and Punico Roman Remains at Ras Ir-Raheb

Archaeology of Malta
Landforms of Malta
Promontories
Protected areas of Malta
Nature reserves in Malta
Natura 2000 in Malta
Rabat, Malta
Headlands of Europe
Marine reserves


title: Georg Wurth

text:
Georg Wurth (born 1972 in Remscheid) is a German lobbyist and activist. He is CEO and owner of the  (DHV), the largest organisation of the hemp rights movement in Germany.

See also
 2022 German cannabis legalization framework
 Cannabis in Germany

References

External links

hanfverband.de

German lobbyists
German cannabis activists
1972 births
Living people
People from Remscheid


title: Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao

text:
Jonnavithula Ramalingeswara Rao is an Indian film lyricist, politician and a poet known for his works in Telugu Cinema. He is also known for his parody songs. He won Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu for the film Sri Rama Rajyam (2011).

He wrote 56 poems about Telugu language in the name of Telugu Sankharavam.

Personal life
Jonnavithula was born on 7 July 1959 in Vijayawada to Subbarao and Lakshmi Narasamma in a Telugu family. His father a teacher in an elementary school. He was also active participant in the mythological dramas.

In June 2023, he established political party Jai Telugu Party.

Selected filmography

References

External links

Living people
Telugu-language lyricists
Indian lyricists
1959 births
People from Krishna district
Indian songwriters
People from Vijayawada
Telugu poets
Indian poets
Poets from Andhra Pradesh
Filmfare Awards South winners


title: Katbon

text:
Katbon () is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 23, in 5 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Luriyani

text:
Luriyani (, also Romanized as Lūrīyānī; also known as Dansar and Danddesar) is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 569, in 86 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Machguash

text:
Machguash (, also Romanized as Machgūāsh) is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 45, in 10 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Nabakhsh

text:
Nabakhsh () is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 47, in 8 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Qand

text:
Qand (; also known as Qāsagān, Qāsegān, and Qaşr-e Qand) is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 98, in 19 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Ragdaf

text:
Ragdaf (, also Romanized as Rag Daf) is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 110, in 19 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Ragsha

text:
Ragsha (, also Romanized as Ragshā; also known as Rakshā, Rekshā, Rokshā, and Rūkshah) is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 177, in 36 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Sarbak

text:
Sarbak (, also Romanized as Sārbak; also known as Sabū, Sar Bug, Sārbūg, and Sārbūk) is a city in, and the capital of, Sarbuk District of Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran.

At the 2006 census, its population was 2,184 in 428 households, when it was in the former Qasr-e Qand District of Nik Shahr County. The following census in 2011 counted 2,506 people in 587 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 2,448 people in 631 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county and became a part of the newly established Qasr-e Qand County. It was the largest village in Sarbuk Rural District.

After the census, the village of Sarbak was elevated to the status of a city.

References

Qasr-e Qand County

Cities in Sistan and Baluchestan Province

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Shah Kafer

text:
Shah Kafer (, also Romanized as Shah Kāfer) is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 78, in 13 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Si Tall

text:
Si Tall (, also Romanized as Sī Tall) is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 84, in 18 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Sartap, Sarbuk

text:
Sartap (, also Romanized as Sārtāp; also known as Sartāb) is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 94, in 16 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Rhisnes (suburb)

text:
Rhisnes is a suburb of the city of Namur, Wallonia, located in the province of Namur, Belgium.

The suburb is bounded on the north by the E42/A15 motorway (exit number 12 Namur-Ouest (Namur West)), to the east by the N904 road, and to the west by the N4 road. The dominant features in the suburb is the Namur-Nord-Rhisnes (Namur North Rhisnes) business park and the Ecolys park. The neighbouring old Suarlée Fort and park lands are just outside the suburb.
Geography of Namur (city)
Populated places in Namur (province)


title: We Are Still Married: Stories & Letters

text:
We Are Still Married: Stories & Letters is a collection of short stories and poems by Garrison Keillor, including several set in the fictitious heartland town of Lake Wobegon,  Minnesota. It was first published in hardcover by Viking Penguin, Inc. in 1989. An expanded edition was published in 1990.

Contents

1. Pieces.
"End of the trail"
"Three new twins join club in spring"
"Your book saved my life, Mister"
"Who we were and what we meant by it"
"The current crisis in remorse"
"The people vs Jim"
"The young Lutheran's guide to the orchestra"
"Maybe you can, too"
"A little help"
"A liberal reaches for her whip"
"Hollywood in the fifties"
"Lifestyle"
"He didn't go to Canada"
2. The lake.
"Letters from Jack"
"Three marriages"
"Mrs. Roy Tollerud to Mr. and Mrs. Floyd C. Olson"
"Mrs Ruth Luger to Mrs. Joanne Lienenkranz"
"Clarence Bunsen to his wife, Arlene"
"The babe"
"How I came to give the Memorial Day address at the Lake Wobegon Cemetery this year"
"Who do you think you are?"
3. Letters.
"How to write a letter"
"Estate"
"O the porch"
"Traveler"
"Sneezes"
"Pool table"
"Cold"
"Puck drop"
"Lutheran pie"
"Sexy"
"Regrets"
"The Pennsylvania Dept. of Agr."
"Family honeymoon"
"Home team"
"Basketball"
"Woodlawn"
"Episcopal"
"Nu er der jul igen"
"Glad bags"
"Hoppers"
"Mills "
"Atlanta Airport"
"The talk of the town squad"
"Subway"
"Gettysburg"
"Postcards"
"Nineteen"
"Patmos"
"Reagan"
"Laying on our backs looking up at the stars"
"The meaning of life"
"Stinson Beach"
4. House poems.
"O what a luxury"
"Lamour
"In memory of our cat, Ralph"
"The solo sock"
"Mrs. Sullivan"
"Guilt & shame"
"Obedience"
"Upon becoming a doctor"
"The old shower stall"
"Mother's poem"
"The Finn who would not take a sauna"
5. Stories.
"Meeting famous people"
"The lover of invention"
"Lonely boy"
"What did we do wrong?"
"Yon"
"The art of self-defense"
"End of an era"
"Glasnost"
"After a fall"
"My life in prison"
"We are still married"

Reception
Bill Henderson, reviewing the collection in The New York Times, wrote "[t]he worst I could probably say about the 11 poems and 61 prose pieces brought together in We Are Still Married ... is that I liked some pieces better than others, but - and this is more than one can say for most such collections - I liked them all.

Notes

1989 short story collections
Short story collections by Garrison Keillor
Viking Press books


title: Sarush

text:
Sarush (, also Romanized as Sarūsh) is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 51, in 12 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Satag

text:
Satag () is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 14, in 4 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Tahati

text:
Tahati (, also Romanized as Taḩatī) is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 39, in 9 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Tavakkol, Qasr-e Qand

text:
Tavakkol (, also Romanized as Tokal, Tūkal, and Tū Kol; also known as Tojdan, Tū Gol, Tūjān, and Tūjdān) is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,084, in 207 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Azizabad, Qasr-e Qand

text:
Azizabad (, also Romanized as ‘Azīzābād; also known as Deldap) is a village in Sarbuk Rural District, Sarbuk District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 382, composed of 71 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Tujan, Iran

text:
Tujan () in Iran may refer to:
 Tujan, Alborz (توجان - Tūjān)
 Tujan, Hormozgan (توجن - Tūjan)
 Tujan, Kerman (طوجان - Ţūjān)
 Tujan, Qasr-e Qand (توجان - Tūjān), Sistan and Baluchestan Province


title: Aside (disambiguation)

text:
An aside is a dramatic device in which a character speaks to the audience.

Aside may also refer to:

Aside (magazine), a defunct Indian newsmagazine
"Aside", a song by Shinee from Dream Girl – The Misconceptions of You
"Aside", a song by The Weakerthans from Left and Leaving
, an HTML5 element
Aside (album), by South Korean singer Yoon Jisung

See also
"A-Side", a 1965 song by Roger Webb
A-side and B-side
Asides Besides, a 1998 compilation album by Talk Talk


title: Fangoria Chainsaw Awards

text:
The Fangoria Chainsaw Awards is an award ceremony focused on horror and thriller films. Beginning in 1992, the awards were expanded and an annual ceremony was inaugurated to give out the awards. As of 2015, Fangoria also delivers awards to television series.

Categories

Film
 Best Wide Release Film
 Best Limited Release Film
 Best Streaming Premiere Film
 Best Foreign Language Film
 Best First Feature
 Best Director
 Best Actor
 Best Actress
 Best Lead Performance
 Best Supporting Performance
 Best Supporting Actor
 Best Supporting Actress
 Best Screenplay
 Best Score
 Best Makeup FX
 Best Creature FX
 Best Kill
 Worst Film

Television
 Best TV Series
 Best TV Actor
 Best TV Actress
 Best TV Supporting Actor
 Best TV Supporting Actress
 Best TV SFX

Special awards
 Fangoria Horror Hall of Fame
 Fangoria Lifetime Achievement Award
 The Editor's Eyeball Award

Ceremonies
 1992 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 1993 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 1994 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 1995 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 1996 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 1997 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 1998 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 1999 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 2001 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 2002 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 2017 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 2018 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 2019 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 2020 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 2021 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 2022 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards
 2023 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards

Winners and nominees

2023

 List of winners:
 List of nominees:
 Announced on: January 27, 2023
 Presented on: May 21, 2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2016

Best Wide-Release Film
It Follows – David Robert MitchellCrimson Peak – Guillermo del Toro
The Gift – Joel Edgerton
Krampus – Michael Dougherty
The Visit – M. Night ShyamalanBest Limited-Release/Direct-to-Video FilmWhat We Do in the Shadows – Jemaine Clement and Taika WaititiAnguish – Sonny Mallhi
The Final Girls – Todd Strauss-Schulson
Some Kind of Hate – Adam Egypt Mortimer
We Are Still Here – Ted GeogheganBest Foreign-Language FilmGoodnight Mommy – Veronika Franz and Severin VialaAlleluia – Fabrice Du Welz
Cub – Jonas Govaerts
 –
When Animals Dream – Jonas Alexander ArnbyBest ActorKurt Russell – Bone Tomahawk
Mark Duplass – Creep
Tom Hiddleston – Crimson Peak
Lou Taylor Pucci – Spring
Henry Rollins – He Never Died
Best Actress
Maika Monroe – It Follows
Abigail Breslin – Maggie
Barbara Crampton – We Are Still Here
Ryan Simpkins – Anguish
Susanne Wuest – Goodnight Mommy
Best Supporting Actor
 –
Joel Edgerton – The Gift
Larry Fessenden – We Are Still Here
Richard Jenkins – Bone Tomahawk
Rainn Wilson – The Boy
Best Supporting Actress
Jessica Chastain – Crimson Peak
Malin Åkerman – The Final Girls
Deanna Dunagan – The Visit
Kate Greenhouse – He Never Died
Krista Stadler – Krampus
Best Screenplay
What We Do in the Shadows – Jemaine Clement and Taika WaititiAnguish – Sonny Mallhi
The Final Girls – M.A. Fortin and Joshua John Miller
The Gift – Joel Edgerton
The Midnight Swim – Sarah Adina SmithBest ScoreIt Follows – Rich VreelandThe Boy – Volker Bertelmann
Crimson Peak – Fernando Velázquez
The Editor – Claudio Simonetti, Carpenter Brut, Brian Wiacek and Jeremy Gillespie
We Are Still Here – Wojciech GolczewskiBest Makeup/Creature FXKrampus – Weta WorkshopBone Tomahawk – Hugo Villasenor
Deathgasm – Roger Murray, Main Reactor
The Hallow – John Nolan
We Are Still Here – Marcus KochBest TV SeriesAsh vs Evil Dead
Hannibal
Penny Dreadful
Salem
The Walking Dead
Best TV Actor
Bruce Campbell – Ash vs Evil Dead
Hugh Dancy – Hannibal
Josh Hartnett – Penny Dreadful
Mads Mikkelsen – Hannibal
Matt Ryan – Constantine
Best TV Actress
Eva Green – Penny Dreadful
Caroline Dhavernas – Hannibal
Vera Farmiga – Bates Motel
Lady Gaga – American Horror Story: Hotel
Janet Montgomery – Salem
Best TV Supporting Actor
Richard Armitage – Hannibal
Seth Gabel – Salem
Lennie James – The Walking Dead
Rory Kinnear – Penny Dreadful
Evan Peters – American Horror Story: Hotel
Best TV Supporting Actress
Gillian Anderson – Hannibal
Jamie Lee Curtis – Scream Queens
Dana DeLorenzo – Ash vs Evil Dead
Lucy Lawless – Salem
Billie Piper – Penny Dreadful
Best TV Makeup/Creature FX
The Walking Dead – Greg Nicotero and Howard BergerAmerican Horror Story: Hotel – Eryn Krueger Mekash and David LeRoy Anderson
Hannibal – François Dagenais
Salem – Matthew Mungle and Clinton Wayne
The Strain – Steve Newburn, Sean Samson

 2015 Best Wide-Release FilmOculus – Mike FlanaganAs Above, So Below – John Erick Dowdle
Dracula Untold – Gary Shore
Godzilla – Gareth Edwards
The Quiet Ones – John PogueBest Limited-Release/Direct-to-Video FilmThe Babadook – Jennifer KentThe Battery – Jeremy Gardner
Housebound – Gerard Johnstone
The Sacrament – Ti West
Under the Skin – Jonathan GlazerBest Foreign-Language FilmBig Bad Wolves – Aharon Keshales and Navot PapushadoA Girl Walks Home Alone at Night – Ana Lily Amirpour
The House at the End of Time – Alejandro Hidalgo
The Strange Colour of Your Body's Tears – Hélène Cattet and Bruno Forzani
Witching & Bitching – Álex de la IglesiaBest ActorDaniel Radcliffe – Horns
Lior Ashkenazi – Big Bad Wolves
Nick Damici – Late Phases
Jake Gyllenhaal – Enemy
Jared Harris – The Quiet Ones
Best Actress
Essie Davis – The Babadook
Alexandra Essoe – Starry Eyes
Scarlett Johansson – Under the Skin
Marta Milans – Devoured
Tilda Swinton – Only Lovers Left Alive
Best Supporting Actor
Noah Wiseman – The Babadook
David Asavanond – Countdown
Tzahi Grad – Big Bad Wolves
Gene Jones – The Sacrament
Michael Parks – Tusk
Best Supporting Actress
Katee Sackhoff – Oculus
Olivia Cooke – The Quiet Ones
Anne Ramsay – The Taking of Deborah Logan
Rima Te Wiata – Housebound
Mia Wasikowska – Only Lovers Left Alive
Best Screenplay
The Babadook – Jennifer KentHousebound – Gerard Johnstone
Life After Beth – Jeff Baena
Oculus – Mike Flanagan and Jeff Howard
Proxy – Zack Parker and Kevin DonnerBest ScoreUnder the Skin – Mica LeviBig Bad Wolves – Frank Ilfman
Oculus – The Newton Brothers
Only Lovers Left Alive – Jozef van Wissem and SQÜRL
Starry Eyes – Jonathan SnipesBest Makeup/Creature FXHorns – Greg Nicotero and Howard BergerAfflicted – Tamar Ouziel
Dead Snow 2 – Steinaar Karstein and Mike Elizalde
Late Phases – Robert Kurtzman and Brian Spears
Starry Eyes – Hugo Villasenor, SOTA FXWorst FilmOuija – Stiles WhiteAnnabelle – John R. Leonetti
Leprechaun: Origins – Zach Lipovsky
Oculus – Mike Flanagan
Tusk – Kevin SmithBest TV SeriesThe Walking Dead
American Horror Story: Freak Show
Hannibal
Penny Dreadful
True Detective
Best TV Actor
Matthew McConaughey – True Detective
Hugh Dancy – Hannibal
Josh Hartnett – Penny Dreadful
Andrew Lincoln – The Walking Dead
Mads Mikkelsen – Hannibal
Best TV Actress
Sarah Paulson – American Horror Story: Freak Show
Nicole Beharie – Sleepy Hollow
Eva Green – Penny Dreadful
Janet Montgomery – Salem
Anna Paquin – True Blood
Best TV Supporting Actor
Norman Reedus – The Walking Dead
David Bradley – The Strain
Zane Holtz – From Dusk till Dawn: The Series
Rory Kinnear – Penny Dreadful
Finn Wittrock – American Horror Story: Freak Show
Best TV Supporting Actress
Gillian Anderson – Hannibal
Madeleine Martin – Hemlock Grove
Melissa McBride – The Walking Dead
Billie Piper – Penny Dreadful
Deborah Ann Woll – True Blood
Best TV Makeup/Creature FX
The Walking Dead – Greg Nicotero and Howard BergerHannibal – François Dagenais
Penny Dreadful – Nick Dudman
The Strain – Steve Newburn, Sean Samson
True Blood – Todd Masters and Dan Rebert

 2014 Best Wide-Release FilmEvil Dead – Fede ÁlvarezYou're Next – Adam Wingard
Mama – Andrés Muschietti
Insidious: Chapter 2 – James WanBest Limited-Release/Direct-to-Video FilmV/H/S/2 – Simon Barrett, Adam Wingard, Eduardo Sánchez, Gregg Hale, Gareth Huw Evans and Jason EisenerStoker – Park Chan-wook
We Are What We Are – Jim Mickle
Byzantium – Neil Jordan
Berberian Sound Studio – Peter StricklandBest Foreign-Language FilmHere Comes the Devil – Adrián García BoglianoThe Condemned – Roberto Busó-García
Tormented (2011 film) – Takashi Shimizu
Wither – Sonny Laguna and Tommy Wiklund
Horror Stories – Min Kyu-dong, Im Dae-woong, Jung Bum-sik, Hong Ji-young, Kim Gok, Kim SunBest ActorElijah Wood – Maniac
Patrick Wilson – Insidious: Chapter 2
Toby Jones – Berberian Sound Studio
Francisco Barreiro – Here Comes the Devil
Bill Sage – We Are What We Are
Best Actress
Katharine Isabelle – American Mary
Sharni Vinson – You're Next
Mia Wasikowska – Stoker
Saoirse Ronan – Byzantium
Juno Temple – Magic Magic
Best Supporting Actor
Matthew Goode – Stoker
Lou Taylor Pucci – Evil Dead
Joe Swanberg – You're Next
Michael Parks – We Are What We Are
Stephen McHattie – Haunter
Best Supporting Actress
Lili Taylor – The Conjuring
Tristan Risk – American Mary
Julianne Moore – Carrie
Julia Garner – We Are What We Are
Ambyr Childers – We Are What We Are
Best Screenplay
You're Next – Simon BarrettStoker – Wentworth Miller
We Are What We Are – Nick Damici and Jim Mickle
Grabbers – Kevin Lehane
Haunter – Brian KingBest ScoreManiac – RobYou're Next – Jasper Justice Lee, Kyle Mckinnon, Mads Heldtberg and Adam Wingard
Berberian Sound Studio – Broadcast
Byzantium – Javier Navarrete
We Are What We Are – Philip Mossman, Darren Morris and Jeff GraceBest Makeup/Creature FXEvil Dead – Roger Murray and Jane O’KaneFrankenstein's Army – Rogier Samuels
Bad Milo! – Justin Raleigh
Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters – Mike Elizalde, Tamar Aviv and Jörn Seifert
Grabbers – Paddy Eason and Shaune Harrison

2006

2002
The 11th Annual Fangoria Chainsaw Awards:Best Wide-Release Film Jeepers Creepers
 The Others
Best Limited-Release Film/Direct-to-Video Film
 Ginger Snaps
 The Convent
Best Actor
 Anthony Hopkins - Hannibal
 Johnny Depp - From Hell
Best Actress
 Nicole Kidman - The Others
 Emily Perkins - Ginger Snaps
Best Supporting Actor
 Jonathan Breck - Jeepers Creepers
 Ian Holm - From Hell
Best Supporting Actress
 Adrienne Barbeau - The Convent
 Mimi Rogers - Ginger Snaps

Best Screenplay
 Karen Walton - Ginger Snaps
 Steven Zaillian and David Mamet - Hannibal
Best Score
 Hans Zimmer - Hannibal
 Trevor Jones - From Hell
Best Makeup/Creature FX
 KNB EFX - Thirteen Ghosts
 Brian Penikas - Jeepers Creepers
Worst Film
 Valentine
 (tie) Hannibal, The Mummy Returns, Thirteen Ghosts
Fangoria Hall of Fame
 Mario Bava (inducted)
 Guillermo del Toro (inducted)

References

American film awards


title: Bozonnet

text:
Bozonnet is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Marcel Bozonnet (born 1944), French actor
Ulysse Bozonnet (1922–2014), French mountain infantry soldier and skier

French-language surnames


title: The Halal Guys

text:
The Halal Guys is a halal fast casual restaurant franchise that began as halal carts on the southeast and southwest corners of 53rd Street and Sixth Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. New locations, both food cart and storefront, are being added throughout New York (including a storefront on 14th Street and Second Avenue) and around the world.

The franchise is most recognized by its primary dish which is a platter of chicken or gyro meat with rice, though it also serves a chicken or gyro wrap sandwich.

History
The Halal Guys was founded in 1990 by Egyptian-Americans Mohamed Abouelenein, Ahmed Elsaka, and Abdelbaset Elsayed as a hot dog cart located at the southeast corner of 53rd Street and Sixth Avenue. Abouelenein, however, believed that a hot dog was not a satisfying meal, and switched to the current menu of chicken, gyro meat, rice, and pita in 1992. As a result, New York City's Muslim cab drivers flocked to the cart for its ability to provide a quick, relatively inexpensive halal meal. As word of mouth spread via these cab drivers, the operators created the signature dish, a platter of chicken and rice which was popularized within the Muslim community in the city.

The cart has caused a decline in the popularity of hot dog vendors in New York City and has influenced many food trucks.

A cart called "New York's Best Halal Food" is also located on the southwest corner of 53rd Street and Sixth Avenue. It is unknown which cart was located at the intersection first.

On October 28, 2006, a fight that started in line ended with 23-year-old Ziad Tayeh stabbing and killing 19-year-old Tyrone Gibbons. The fight began after one accused the other of cutting in line. Tayeh was later found not guilty, as the jury found that he acted in self-defense. The New York Times once reported that the owners had hired bouncers.

The Halal Guys donated $30,000 to LaGuardia Community College in 2016 with the money intended to fund scholarships for students experiencing financial hardships.

Food
The Halal Guys serves "American halal" platters and sandwiches, prepared using ingredients such as chicken, gyro meat, falafel, and rice. The taste has been described as entailing a complex melting pot of flavors originating from the Mediterranean and Middle East. The Halal Guys also serve a white sauce condiment which patrons cite as a favorite and has been described as "famous". A "distant cousin of tzatziki", the Halal Guys' white sauce has been the subject of multiple recreations based on ingredients on to-go packets, but to no avail. A similar condiment is found at all or most other halal carts in New York City, but the recipe likely often varies from cart to cart. The Halal Guys also prepares a red hot sauce.

Franchising

In June 2014, Halal Guys hired Fransmart, a franchise development company that had previously worked with Qdoba Mexican Grill and Five Guys and had sold 350 franchises as of March 2016. Within the first year of launching their franchise expansion campaign they closed deals for California; New Jersey; Connecticut; Virginia; Washington, D.C.; Houston and Austin, Texas; Chicago, Illinois, as well as international deals for Canada, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

Reception
In 2005, Chicken and Rice was one of four finalists for the "Vendy Award" presented by a New York City street vendor advocacy group known as the Street Vendor Project. Chicken and Rice eventually lost out to Rolf Babiel from Hallo Berlin, a sausage cart on 54th and 5th.

In addition, the popularity of the cart has been further aided by high-profile customers. Chef Christopher Lee, who was one of Food & Wines best new chefs of 2006, mentioned in an interview with the magazine that he "can't stay away from it" and once was there on Christmas Eve waiting two and a half hours in the cold.

The cart has since become a prominent cuisine throughout New York City and has been heard as far as Hawaii. It has caused an increase in competition among street meat carts in Midtown Manhattan. Lines commonly grow to over an hour's wait. There is also a student club at New York University dedicated to the food cart.

The Halal Guys was awarded the 2014 Multicultural Award by the American Muslim Consumer Consortium for their promotion of diversity and multiculturalism and their inclusivity to all minorities in America.

See also
 List of chicken restaurants
 List of restaurants in New York City

References

External links

1990 establishments in New York City
Arab-American culture in New York City
Egyptian-American culture in New York City
Food trucks
Halal restaurants
Midtown Manhattan
Restaurants in Manhattan
Street culture
Fast-food franchises
Street food
Restaurants established in 1990


title: Taishan metro station

text:
Taishan () is a station on the Taoyuan Airport MRT located on the border of Taishan and Xinzhuang, New Taipei, Taiwan. The station opened for commercial service on 2 March 2017.

Station overview
This elevated station has two side platforms. The station is  long and  wide. It opened for trial service on 2 February 2017, and for commercial service 2 March 2017.

History
 2 March 2017: The station opened for commercial service with the opening of the Taipei-Huanbei section of the Airport MRT.

Around the station
 Xinzhuang Culture and Arts Center
 Zhongping Junior High School
 Xinzhuang High School
 New Taipei City Xin Wu Tai Civil Sports Center

References

Taoyuan Airport MRT stations
Transportation in New Taipei
Buildings and structures in New Taipei
Railway stations in Taiwan opened in 2017


title: Roger Webb

text:
Roger Webb (7 April 1934 – 19 December 2002) was a British songwriter and jazz pianist best known for leading Roger Webb's Trio (1963-1965) for television series and club performances, and Roger Webb's Orchestra. The Roger Webb Trio appeared regularly (1963-1965) at Harrison and Gibson's Trojan Room restaurant in Bromley, Kent. A Spanish waiter, Manuel Linares Alvaro, was often invited by Roger to sing with the trio.

His songs were sung by Bette Davis, Rex Harrison, Johnny Mathis, Shirley Bassey, Danny Williams and others.

His film work included music for movies such as One Brief Summer (1970), Bartleby (1970), Burke & Hare (1971), Au Pair Girls (1972), Bedtime with Rosie (1974), The Amorous Milkman (1975), Intimate Games (1976), What's Up Nurse! (1977), The Godsend (1980), Death of a Centerfold: The Dorothy Stratten Story (1981), The Boy in Blue (1986), He's My Girl (1987), and Riders (1993). His TV work includes the opening themes of Strange Report, Hammer House of Horror, The Gentle Touch and Paradise Postponed, and the opening theme used from series 2 onwards of George and Mildred. With Geoff Love he provided orchestral arrangements for The Last Will and Testament of Jake Thackray. He also worked with Dee Shipman on the musical Emma.

Discography
"A-side", 1965 single produced by Mickie Most

References

External links

1934 births
2002 deaths


title: Taishan Station (Antarctica)

text:
Taishan Station () is the fourth of the four Chinese research stations in Antarctica.

Officially opened on February 8, 2014, it is the fourth Chinese research station in Antarctica following Great Wall, Zhongshan and Kunlun stations.

The site is located 2,621 m above sea level in Princess Elizabeth Land, 522 km and 600 km to Zhongshan and Kunlun stations respectively. One of its functions is to serve as a relay point between the two stations.

The construction started on December 26, 2013. The station's main building covers an area of 410 m2, together with the auxiliary building covering 590 m2, provide the living and researching area for 20 people during the Antarctic summer.

See also
 Antarctic Great Wall Station
 Antarctic Kunlun Station
 Antarctic Zhongshan Station
 Arctic Yellow River Station
 List of Antarctic field camps
 List of Antarctic research stations
 Polar Research Institute of China
 Xuě Lóng

References

China and the Antarctic
Outposts of Antarctica
Polar Research Institute of China
2014 establishments in Antarctica


title: Fouquieria shrevei

text:
Fouquieria shrevei is a plant species native to the States of Coahuila and Durango states of northeastern Mexico. It is simply referred to as an ocotillo. It is endemic to some scattered gypsum outcroppings in the Bolsón de Mapimí, where the low rainfall, hot climate and gypseous soil work to create a restrictive environment. It has flowers with short, white corollas that distinguish it from the nearby Fouquieria splendens.

Description

Fouquieria shrevei is a shrub up to  tall, branching repeatedly near the base but hardly at all above. Leaves are ovate to oblanceolate, up to  long and  wide, with scarious (thin, dry and brown) margins.

Flowers are white, born in short racemes in the axils of the leaves. The board leaves plus the axillary racemes of white flowers make this a distinctive and unusual member of the genus.

Etymology
Because this species occurs sympatric with Fouquieria splendens, the plant is not distinguished and is simply referred to as an "ocotillo" by the local people. The specific epithet is named after Forrest Shreve, a desert ecologist who accompanied I. M. Johnston when he discovered the species.

Distribution and habitat
It can be found in the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin in Coahuila, approximately 50 km (about 31 miles) west of Monclova, at an elevation of about . There are several natural springs in the region, allowing an estimated 150 species of endemic plants and animals to survive in this desert oasis. The species has also been reported from other sites in the same state plus one locale in the neighboring State of Durango.

References

photo of herbarium specimen, collected in Coahuila in 2005

shrevei
Endemic flora of Mexico
Flora of Coahuila
Flora of Durango
Cuatrociénegas Municipality


title: Robert M. Freeman

text:
Robert M. Freeman (born ~1943) is an American stock broker and convicted felon who was a Goldman, Sachs & Co. partner.  Freeman admitted to trading on inside information and pled guilty to mail fraud in 1989.

The head of arbitrage at Goldman Sachs & Co., he was identified as a possible target in an insider trading scandal in November 1986, and arrested on February 12, 1987.  The case was prosecuted by Rudolph Giuliani, then United States Attorney for the Southern District. According to the prosecutor, the case involved insider-trading information bought by Ivan Boesky from Martin A. Siegel, of Kidder, Peabody, who in turn got his information from Freeman.   Freeman eventually pleaded guilty to one count of mail fraud, served four months in Federal Prison Camp, Pensacola at Saufley Field, Florida. On June 7, 1993, he agreed with the SEC to a three-year suspension from the securities industry and to surrender $1.1 million, in connection with the 1986 leveraged buyout of Beatrice Companies Inc. by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.

In 2011, New York Times blogger William D. Cohan wrote that Freeman was an innocent victim of a prosecutorial "witch hunt," whose mail fraud conviction was unconnected to any insider trading.  In reply, Seeking Alpha author Jonathan Bernstein described Freeman as a "guilty bystander" in the search for evidence against Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken. According to Bernstein, Freeman's mail fraud conviction "was actually about insider trading".

References

1940s births
Living people
American financiers
American Jews
Criminals from New York (state)
20th-century American businesspeople
People convicted of insider trading
American fraudsters


title: Gretchen Sibley

text:
Gretchen Sibley (May 14, 1914 – November 30, 2013) was a longtime science educator, creator of the docent program at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, and first executive director of the California State Science Fair.

Early life and education

Gretchen Sibley was raised in Los Angeles.  She remembered visiting museums as a child with her parents, who were interested in art.  She trained as a teacher, and taught at a junior high school in Los Angeles for three years, while working on an advanced degree in zoology at the University of Southern California. She wrote a thesis, "A Comparative Study of the Histological Structure of Oral Glands on Certain Mammals," to earn her master's degree in 1946.

Career
As a teacher she had borrowed specimens from the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, and became familiar with the staff through that activity. Sibley started working for the Los Angeles County Museum of History in 1946 as a science instructor, the museum's first education specialist.  Her work involved organizing programs for school groups and schoolteachers, including weekend field trips, tours, and public lectures.

Sibley organized a science fair for Los Angeles students at the museum in 1941.  Building from that experience, and as treasurer of the California Science Teachers' Association, she was part of the founding of the California State Science Fair in 1952, as she chaired the first steering committee through incorporation, then served as the Executive Director for the Fair's first decade.

Sibley wrote several natural history books for young readers, including La Brea Story (1968), La Brea Fossils (1970).  As director of the museum's Natural Science Workshop, she worked directly with thousands of promising high school students over the years, preparing them for careers in science.

Sibley was active with the Southern California Academy of Sciences from the early 1960s, and often the only woman on their executive board; she prepared symposium proceedings for the Academy, and was managing editor of their Bulletin. In 1962, she was named an SCAS Fellow for her work with the gifted high school students.

An adventuresome traveler, she collected material specimens and took photographs in thirty countries and across the United States, for the museum and for educational films.

Later life

Sibley retired from her museum position as director of docent programs in 1973, but continued to be active at the museum as "museum education specialist emeritus" and honorary archivist.  In retirement, despite failing eyesight, she catalogued the museum archives as a volunteer, and was named Los Angeles County Volunteer of the Year in 1996 for her efforts.  At the museum's 75th anniversary celebration in 1988, Sibley presented a slideshow and lecture about the history of the museum.  In 2012, she was honored at the fiftieth anniversary of the museum's docent program.  She also wrote a history of the Southern California Academy of Sciences on the occasion of their centennial in 1991.

In her later years, Sibley lived at a senior care center in Lake Forest.  She hired a chauffeur and bought adaptive equipment to allow her to continue her museum projects once a week.  She also served as president of the Visually Impaired Club at Leisure World.

Gretchen Sibley died in 2013, age 99.

Legacy

Miss Sibley appears to be the namesake of a minor character in Thomas Heric's 2010 science fiction novel The Healers, in which a "Marjorie Sibley" works at a county museum in Southern California, as curator of marine life, and encourages the main character Wesley to enter the annual science fair.

Alumni from Sibley's era as director of the Natural Science Workshop included entomologist Charles L. Hogue and Tee Guidotti, retired professor of occupational and environmental medicine at George Washington University.

References

1914 births
2013 deaths
American zoologists
Museum people
American women scientists
21st-century American women


title: Breitman

text:
Breitman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alison Breitman, American singer-songwriter
Claude Breitman, later known as Jean-Claude Deret, (1921–2016), French screenwriter
George Breitman (1916–1986), American activist and newspaper editor
Georges Breitman (1920–2014), French track and field athlete
Michel Breitman (1926–2009), French writer
Sioma Breitman, Ukrainian-Brazilian Photographer
Isabelle (Zabou) Breitman (born 1959), French actress and film director
Richard Breitman (born 1947), American historian


title: Women in United States juries

text:
The representation of women on United States juries drastically increased during the last hundred years because of legislation and court rulings. Until the latter part of the twentieth century, women were routinely excluded from jury service. The push for women's jury rights sparked a debate similar to that surrounding the women's suffrage movement. At the time, it permeated the media with arguments for and against. Federal and state court case rulings increased women's participation on juries. Some states allowed women to serve on juries much earlier than others, while also differing on whether women's suffrage also implied women's jury service.

History

The jury of matrons was an early exception to the exclusion of women from juries. Stemming from English common law, matrons in the American colonies were occasionally called upon in cases involving pregnant women to offer expertise on pregnancy and childbirth. William Blackstone spearheaded the idea of women's exclusion as a result of "propter defectum sexus," meaning "based on the defect of sex", and his beliefs were integrated into the legal systems of the United States, including the ideals of coverture. Women's place on the jury would be challenged for decades with arguments including their supposed lack of intelligence, emotional stability, and need to tend to home life. Women would find themselves between two ends of a spectrum: having the full legal right to participate on a jury or barred from participation entirely.

Most arguments for exclusionary policies relied on the belief that women had other preceding duties in the home. The belief that women were too sensitive or incompetent to be jurors was also widespread. Some opponents of female jurors sought to shield women from the unpleasant content of many court cases. These arguments follow a wider trend of arguments used to challenge political participation by minority groups. At a time when women were beginning to assert their sameness with men, the movement for jury rights often required them to emphasize their differences, arguing that men and women were not interchangeable.

The movement to include women on juries largely coincided with the women's suffrage movement. However, when women gained the right to vote, it was not automatically clear that women also had the right to serve on juries. In fact, with federal women's suffrage came many questions about women's citizenship after marrying a foreigner, holding political office, or serving on a jury. The movement for women's jury rights has been described as “something very like a second suffrage campaign.”

As jury trial is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution by the phrase "a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury" and the Equal Protection Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment, gender representation in American juries has mainly been decided by Supreme Court rulings.

With current state legislation, all-female juries are possible—the jury of the State of Florida v. George Zimmerman got attention for its all-woman composition.

Growing acceptance after suffrage

When the Great Depression struck the nation in the 1930s, organizations like the Federal Grand Jury Association (FGJA), a voluntary association of present or former grand jurors in the Southern District, began to expand their requirements for those who could serve on juries to keep working men in their positions and have enough jurors serving in the court.

In the 1930s and 1940s, "middle-class women demanded to serve on juries as a right of equal citizenship." At this time, the League of Women Voters and the National Woman's Party demanded the right to be considered for jury duty. Although women had gained the right to vote in 1920, they were not given the same obligation to the state as men in serving on a jury. When they were allowed to participate on juries, the women who desired to serve had to do so through voluntary submission. This narrowed the female pool to middle-class women who were strong activists in the women's movement. In 1937, woman federal jurors won official approval and in some states, including California, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Minnesota, Michigan, Nebraska, New Jersey, Ohio and Pennsylvania, participation on a jury was compulsory.

Judge John C. Knox advocated for the expansion of the qualifications for jurors and even promoted women to serve on the jury. He argued for the expansion of the juries to be "truly representative of the community"; however, he believed that jurors had to be able to complete a series of tests that proved their literacy and intelligence. His hope was for the federal courts to create a system of "hand-picked juries" that would ultimately be limited to educated, middle-class men. The tests given to potential jurors created rules and regulations that barred the unemployed as well as those who had different clothing, speech patterns, or spelling than what was deemed acceptable to those who ran the screening process.

Portrayals of women as jurors
The media portrayed female jurors in both positive and negative ways as women throughout the country pushed to gain the right to serve on juries. Many of the same arguments both for and against women's suffrage were used in the case of women's jury service. For example, an argument against both women's suffrage and jury service was that both would be disruptive to women's responsibilities in the home. In addition to this, it was believed that jury duty might not be suitable for women and their perceived "delicate nature." Some media portrayals claimed that women would be swayed by handsome male criminals and allow guilty men to walk free. The opposite argument was that men were already being swayed by the beauty of some female criminals, and that women on juries would temper this occurrence.

Although some states allowed women to participate in juries as soon as they were out of the gate with their ballot, most women found themselves in states where they needed to fight for their right to participate on a jury. In the 1920s, elite white males were the favored samplings of the population to be included on juries. The Federal Grand Jury Association (FGJA) focused its energies on screening jurors, creating a jury pool of middle to upper class white males while excluding those whose race, class, intelligence, or gender seemed "unfit" for service on a jury. Although portrayed as a "mirror of society," juries were biased in their exclusion of minorities, including the female population. In the 1920s, common arguments revolved around the concept of sentiment, and women were stereotyped to be unhelpful on a jury. A 1927 article from the New York Times claims that courts would have to tend to "fainting fits and outbursts of tears" if women were to be included as potential jurors. Furthermore, research from the past shows that the women were typically attributed toward "the tendency to be emotional, submissive, envious and passive," thus creating biased juries.

In the late 1930s, the perspectives on women jurors transitioned from a place of sentiment to one of special competence. Women became "law abiding, attentive to detail, and less likely to be swayed by emotion than men". It was believed that they were better able to see through lies because they had been "sifting truth from falsehood due to their years of dealing with children who try to escape punishment by fibbing." Rather than being seen as overly sensitive and emotional, women began to gain the identity as more "civilized" than men and they were placed on a pedestal of "moral superiority."

Court cases
Court cases shaped the movement to include women in jury service. Key court cases took gradual steps towards full inclusion of women, first targeting opt-in policies, then opt-out policies, and later peremptory strikes based on gender. The debate often centered around whether jury service was a duty or a privilege of citizenship and whether or not it could be optional.

Strauder v. West Virginia (1879)
After an African-American man killed his wife and was tried by a jury of all white men, Strauder v. West Virginia was primarily concerned with the exclusion of African Americans from juries. However, while the Supreme Court ruled that excluding African-Americans from juries was unconstitutional, it allowed for the exclusion of women from juries, stating that a state “may confine the selection [of jurors] to males.” The decision in Strauder v. West Virginia was significant because it was one of the first times that the Supreme Court had applied the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to strike down a state law that discriminated against African Americans. Strauder v. West Virginia set a precedent that was followed years later in Hoyt v. Florida.

Glasser v. United States (1942)
Glasser v. United States was one of the first notable cases where the defendants argued that their jury was unconstitutional because women had been excluded from the jury pool. Ultimately, the Supreme Court decided that the all-male jury make-up was acceptable. The phrase “cross-section of the community,” commonly used throughout the rest of the women's jury movement, first appeared in this court case. It reads, “[Officials] must not allow the desire for competent jurors to lead them into selections which do not comport with the concept of the jury as a cross-section of the community.”

Hoyt v. Florida (1961)

In Hoyt v. Florida, the Supreme Court upheld Florida's “opt-in” policy for female jurors. Mrs. Gwendolyn Hoyt and her husband Clarence Hoyt spent years in a strained marriage. He was physically abusive to his wife, involved in affairs, and often gone on trips. One day in 1957, a tense conversation led Mrs. Hoyt to strike her husband over the head with a broken baseball bat; he died two days later. She was charged with second-degree murder and, after a 25-minute deliberation by an all-male jury, she was sentenced to thirty years in prison. At the time, women were allowed to serve on juries in Florida, but they had to opt-in to be on the jury list instead of automatically being registered like men. In Hoyt's county, only 220 women were registered for jury service, whereas 46,000 men were registered to vote. Hoyt argued that she did not receive a trial by an impartial jury due to this opt-in policy, but she lost the case. The logic behind the ruling relied on the assumption that jury service was a burden to women, rather than a responsibility or a privilege. The court allowed universal exemption of women from jury service so women could attend to their duties in the home.

Healy v. Edwards (1973)
Although not a Supreme Court case, Healy v. Edwards, fought in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, was among the first to oppose previous rulings of Strauder v. West Virginia and Hoyt v. Florida. Ruth Bader Ginsburg served as the attorney representing Marsha Healy in opposing Louisiana's optional jury service for women. In her statements, Ginsburg expanded the plaintiffs to include three groups: women like Healy whose citizenship was diminished by making citizenship duties optional, women defendants who were denied the right to a jury of their peers by not having women on their jury, and men who had to be called in more often for jury duty because women weren't required to. Ginsburg argued that “a flavor, a distinct quality is lost if either sex is excluded.”

Taylor v. Louisiana (1975)
Taylor v. Louisiana’s ruling was similar to Healy v. Edwards, but it was fought in the Supreme Court so it overturned Hoyt v. Florida. Billy Taylor kidnapped and robbed a woman, her daughter, and her grandson and raped the woman. Louisiana had an “opt-in” policy similar to Florida's. Taylor's jury was called from a pool of all men, which, like Hoyt, Taylor argued violated his right to an impartial jury. Opposing attorneys argued that Taylor didn't have a right to this argument because he wasn't a part of the excluded minority—he wasn't a woman. However, the judge rejected this argument and ruled in favor of Taylor, stating that every defendant deserved a jury from a fair cross section of his peers. Taylor v. Louisiana largely takes its argument from the 1946 Supreme Court case Ballard v. United States. Ballard ruled that excluding women from the jury pool didn't make for a fair cross section of the community, but it had little effect because only federal courts were subject to the ruling. In 1968, Duncan v. Louisiana made the Sixth Amendment, the right to an impartial jury, apply to states as well, which political scientist Eric Kasper suggests explains the difference between the rulings in Hoyt v. Florida and Taylor v. Louisiana.

Duren v. Missouri (1979)
By 1979, many states had “opt-out” jury service policies for women rather than “opt-in” policies, making women eligible for automatic exemption from jury service. Supreme Court case Duren v. Missouri challenged these policies. Ruth Bader Ginsburg served as the challenging attorney. The court produced a three-part test to identify discrimination in jury selection. In order to pass, the jury pool must regularly reflect an accurate proportion of members of a distinct group in the general population—in this case, women. The court ruled that opt-out policies did not meet these criteria and, thus, were unconstitutional.

JEB v. Alabama (1994)
The Supreme Court case JEB v. Alabama involved a woman who was trying to get child support after her child's father abandoned them. The attorneys used peremptory strikes to eliminate all the male jurors. Following the precedent of Batson v. Kentucky, which banned peremptory strikes based on race, the Supreme Court also banned peremptory strikes based on gender. While previous court decisions relied on the Sixth Amendment and the idea of a jury being a fair cross-section of the community, JEB v. Alabama cited the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Timeline
The push for women's jury rights was largely fought for on a state-by-state basis, with each state facing its own unique challenges.

Women's jury service today
Today, women frequently serve on juries. In many states, specific exemptions are available for people involved in child care. For example, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Mississippi, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Oregon allow exemptions to jury service for nursing mothers.

See also
 Jury selection in the United States
Racial discrimination in jury selection
Women's suffrage
Women in government
Juries in the United States
Citizenship of the United States

References

Juries in the United States
Juries
American women jurists


title: Myron Walwyn

text:
Myron Walwyn (born February 22, 1972) is the former Minister of Education and Culture and a Territorial At-Large Representative of the British Virgin Islands. He was elected as an "at-large" representative in the 2011 British Virgin Islands general election, garnering 4,605 votes, the 2nd highest number of votes in the election. He is a member of the National Democratic Party (British Virgin Islands). Prior to election, he was appointed the Chairman of the British Virgin Islands Tourist Board.

On 23 June 2018, after Premier Orlando Smith announced he was stepping down, Walwyn was elected as the new President of the National Democratic Party, although Orlando Smith remained Premier.  However he subsequently lost his seat in the 2019 general election.

Education

He received a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Wolverhampton. Post graduate work includes a Post Graduate Diploma from BPP Law School (London, England) and a Hospitality Executive Training Certificate from Cornell University.

Career

Walwyn is a founder and partner at Orion Law Barristers and Solicitors and owner of MVW International, a hospitality firm. Walwyn started his career as a bus boy in a local restaurant. After law school, he served as a trainee lawyer at Harney Westwood and Riegels LLP Barristers & Solicitors, London, England and as Crown Counsel in the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions Government of the Virgin Islands.

Myron was called to the Bar of England and Wales and to the Bar of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court in 2007.

Walwyn's previous experience in the hospitality industry landed him a job as a senior manager at Treasure Isle Hotel and Restaurant when he returned to the BVI in the 1990s.  At the age of 24 he went into partnership with local businessman, Al Henley and the two opened Big Banana Bar and Restaurant in Cane Garden Bay, Tortola.  A few years later, Myron formed his hospitality management company, MVW International.

For the last 12 years, his company has operated several established businesses in the BVI including the Moorings Mariner Hotel and Restaurant, Cafesito Restaurant, Calypso Cafe (formerly Nexus Café, Bar and Grill), Charlie’s Italian Restaurant and the newly opened Ginny’s Tapas Bar.

Controversy

In November 2022 Walwyn was arrested and charged with breach of trust by a public officer in relation the controversial High School perimeter wall project which had occurred whilst he was Minister of Education.  In a formal statement Walwyn acknowledged that there had been procedural issues, but asserted that he did "not believe that any of those procedural issues warranted or met the criteria of Breach of Trust to justify such a charge".

Personal

Walwyn was born in Road Town, Tortola and grew up at the family home in Freebottom. At age 14, Myron was relocated to his mother’s birthplace of Antigua to complete his secondary school education.

At 15 years old, Walwyn found employment at a well established hotel and restaurant in Antigua working after school to purchase his school supplies, necessary Caribbean Examinations Council exams and living needs.  Ever determined, he was able to work his way up the ranks and before his high school graduation from the Princess Margaret Secondary School in 1990, had a complement of staff under his supervision.  It was also during this time, that the exposure to the hospitality fueled his passion for the industry.

Electoral history

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101050/http://www.bvi.gov.vg/bio/hon-myron-v-walwyn-mha
http://bvinews.com/bvi/myron-walwyn-from-bus-boy-to-successful-businessman/

21st-century British Virgin Islands lawyers
National Democratic Party (British Virgin Islands) politicians
1972 births
Living people
Members of the House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands


title: Defunct Scout and Scout-like organizations in the United States

text:
Besides the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) and Girl Scouts USA, both of which still exist, there were other Scouting and Scout-like organizations that arose over the years in the United States. Many are now defunct, including these examples.

Bee-Hive Girls

Bee-Hive Girls was the Scout-like program for girls run by the Young Ladies’ Mutual Improvement Association (YLMIA) of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons).

Initial in 1913, the Ensign Stake YLMIA and Box Elder YLMIA used some portions of Camp Fire Girls' and Girl Guides' programs respectively. The Church indicated to Dr. Luther H. Gulick, the Camp Fire Girls founder, that it would not be officially involved with them, for a number of reasons related to the need of the Stake and General Boards to administrate all activities. Despite this, Dr. Gulick still met with a Bee-Hive committee representative with welcoming attitude. The Bee-Hive Girls was officially founded in 1915.

For its Silver Jubilee Year, a year's worth of activities were planned for 1940 under General Bee-Hive Committee led by chairman Ileen Ann Waspe. In May 1943, the Bee-Hive Girls was reported to have 20,000 members.

For the organization's war time efforts starting in June 1943, Bee-Hive War Emergency (BHWE) Swarms were formed of all three levels in each ward under one of the Bee Keepers so as to efficiently handle these efforts. Special honor badges were issued for each 12 hours of war time work. Earning three such honor badges, or 36 hours of war service, earn the girl a BHWE pin. 900 BHWE pins were issued by May 1, 1943.

Bee-Hive Girls were organized into Swarms for each level in a stake which were headed by a Bee Keepers. Busy Bee Girl Characters of the program included Commando Rosy-Bee-Ready.

Girl Scouts of America

Girl Scouts of America (GSA) was an early girl Scouting  organization that operated starting in 1910.

The Girl Scouts of America was established in Des Moines, Iowa by Clara A. Lisetor-Lane in 1910. In 1911, the GSA and the Girl Guides (Spokane, Washington) planned to merge with the Camp Fire Girls to form the Girl Pioneers of America, but relationships fractured and the merger failed. That year, Lisetor-Lane had published her group's manual based on the Girl Guides handbook.

Juliette Gordon Low attempted in 1913 to merge the Girl Scouts of the USA with the GSA. With the groups' similarities, Low thought this would be easy, but Lisetor-Lane felt Low copycatted her organization and threatened a lawsuit. With Low's group's growth, Lisetor-Lane thought that Low used underhanded tactics to lure troops away. The GSA never grew beyond a few troops as Lisetor-Lane had limited social connections and no financial resources to grow the organization on a national level. The GSA eventually died out.

Boy Scouts of the United States

Boy Scouts of the United States (BSUS) was a boys Scouting organization that operated in 1910. It was formed by the National Highway Protective Association on May 5, 1910, by Colonel E.S. Cornell, association secretary, and Colonel Peter S. Bomus, with Bomus heading up the program. Troops were to be operational by mid-summer 1910 on a small scale. Edward L. Rowan in "To Do My Best" indicated that Colonel E.S. Cornell had formed the National Highway Patrol Association Scouts. BSUS soon merged with the Boy Scouts of America with Bomus becoming a member of the National Council and National Scout Commissioner.

In addition to the Boy Scout program of Baden-Powell, the BSUS troops were to advocate for good roads, drilled in a military style and study the nation's topography.

LifeSaving Guards-Boys

The LifeSaving Guards-Boys, or the Life Saving Scouts of the World, was a Boy Scouting organization that operated starting in 1910.

Salvation Army founder William Booth met with Baden-Powell for discussion about a possible Salvationist Scouting program. The Salvation Army thus began its Life Saving Scouts of the World in 1913 for boys and in 1915 a parallel organisation, Life-Saving Guards, for girls. After the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the BSA's rights to the "Scouting" service mark, several Scouting organizations were forced to change their names. In 1918, the Life Saving Scouts changed its name to LifeSaving Guards-Boys which led to many Life Saving units transferring to the BSA. LifeSaving Guards-Boys leader began to press for affiliation with the BSA. In 1929, a special charter was granted to the Life Saving Guards-Boys from the BSA to join the two organizations together.

See also
American Boy Scouts, main competing organization to the Boy Scouts of America in the 1910s
Woodcraft Indians, a precursor organization to Boy Scouts
Sons of Daniel Boone, a precursor organization to Boy Scouts
Boy Rangers of America, a younger boys organization that merged with the BSA to become Cub Scouting
Lone Scouts of America
Medical Cadet Corps
Rhode Island Boy Scouts, state charter alternative to the BSA
New England Boy Scouts, a regional offshoot of the American Boy Scouts

References

Disbanded Scouting organizations
Non-aligned Scouting organizations in the United States


title: Robert Murić

text:
Robert Murić (born 12 March 1996) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays for Turkish club Konyaspor, as a right winger.

Club career
Murić played youth football in Croatia for Lepoglava, Schiedel Novi Golubovec, Ivančica Ivanec, Zagorec Krapina and Dinamo Zagreb.

In January 2014 he was linked with a transfer to English club Manchester United.

In June 2014 he signed a four-year contract with Dutch club Ajax, effective from 1 July 2014. Dinamo Zagreb claimed that the contract between Murić and Ajax was not valid, and that he remained their player. In July 2014 Murić was awarded squad number 18 by Ajax for the forthcoming season. He played for Jong Ajax in the Eerste Divisie for the 2014–15 and 2015–16 seasons.

He spent the 2016–17 season on loan at Italian club Pescara.

In August 2017 he signed a five-year contract with Portuguese club Braga.

In February 2019 he returned to Croatia and signed a two-and-a-half year contract with HNK Rijeka.

In June 2022 he signed for Turkish club Konyaspor.

International career
Murić has played for the Croatia under-17 team, for whom he played at the 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup, as well as the 2013 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship. He also played for the under-19 team. On 25 March 2019, Murić made his debut with Croatia U21 in the match against Italy U21. He took part with the U21 team in the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.

Career statistics
.

Honours
Dinamo Zagreb
1. HNL: 2013–14

Rijeka
 Croatian Cup: 2019, 2020

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
AFC Ajax players
Croatia men's under-21 international footballers
Croatia men's youth international footballers
Croatian expatriate men's footballers
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Croatian Football League players
Croatian men's footballers
Delfino Pescara 1936 players
Eerste Divisie players
Eredivisie players
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Footballers from Varaždin
HNK Rijeka players
Jong Ajax players
Konyaspor footballers
Liga Portugal 2 players
Men's association football wingers
S.C. Braga players
Serie A players
Süper Lig players


title: Desbarats

text:
Desbarats is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 George-Paschal Desbarats (1808–1864), Canadian printer, publisher, businessman, and landowner
 George-Édouard Desbarats (1838–1893), Canadian printer and inventor
 George Joseph Desbarats (1861–1944), Canadian engineer and civil servant
 Michelle Desbarats, Canadian poet
 Peter Desbarats (1933–2014), Canadian writer, playwright and journalist

Locations
Desbarats, Ontario, a community in Canada
Desbarats Strait, in the Arctic Archipelago in Canada
Desbarats River, a tributary of the Etchemin River in Canada


title: Shahid Chamran, Sistan and Baluchestan

text:
Shahid Chamran (, also Romanized as Shahīd Chamrān) is a village in Esmailabad Rural District, in the Central District of Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 71, in 20 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Universidad station (Medellín)

text:
Universidad is the seventh station on line A of the Medellín Metro. It is located in the eastern part of Medellín. The station is located in an area of great academic, cultural and scientific importance and a site of great confluence of routes to different parts of the city because its proximity to the University of Antioquia and metropolitan areas such the Botanical Garden of Medellín and Barefoot Park. The station was opened on 30 November 1995 as part of the inaugural section of line A, from Niquía to Poblado.

Description
The station has a pedestrian bridge leading to the eastern entrance of the University City Main Campus of the University of Antioquia, one of the most important centers of higher education in the country, with an influx of more than 45,000 students and teachers. Inside the campus is located among others, the University Museum, the Central Library, and a sports complex. It is for this reason that the station has been called "Universidad".

The station is also located near other important cultural attractions, including the Planetarium of Medellín and its astronomical park, a local attraction park and the Joaquin Antonio Uribe Botanical Garden of Medellin, and Parque Explora. Also it provides easy access to the House Museum Master Pedro Nel Gómez in the Aranjuez neighborhood through routes that lead to that neighborhood. The station communicates with the Carrera Carabobo and Railroad Avenue.

References

External links
 Official site of Medellín Metro

Medellín Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1995
1995 establishments in Colombia
Railway stations at university and college campuses


title: Denys Rolle (died 1797)

text:
Denys Rolle (1725 – 1797) of Hudscott, Beam, Stevenstone and Bicton in Devon and East Tytherley in Hampshire, was an independent Member of Parliament for Barnstaple, Devon, between 1761 and 1774.  He inherited a large number of estates and by the time of his death he was the largest landowner in Devon. He was a philanthropist and generous benefactor to charities and religious societies.

He spent much of his life in Florida attempting to establish an "ideal society", a Utopian colony of poor, homeless or criminal English persons named Rollestown or Charlotta. The project was a failure and Rolle recorded his colonial adventure in great detail in a lengthy official complaint made in 1765 to the British government entitled The Humble Petition of Denys Rolle, Esq., Setting Forth the Hardships, Inconveniences, and Grievances Which Have Attended Him in His Attempts to Make a Settlement in East Florida, Humbly Praying Such Relief as in their Lordships Wisdom Shall Seem Meet.
His colonists having failed to live up to his ambitious expectations and having largely deserted him, he turned to slave labour and following the loss of Florida as a British possession in 1783 he moved his colony to a smaller site on Exuma in the Bahama Islands.

Life and family

The Rolle family was one of the richest and most powerful in Devon and owned several dozen manors, their most ancient holding being Stevenstone near Great Torrington in the north of the county, whilst Bicton (inherited from the Denys family, after whom he was named) in the south-east was the centre of another large block of territory.

Early life
Denys Rolle was the youngest of four sons of John Rolle (1679–1730), of Bicton and Stevenstone, by his wife Isabella Charlotte Walter, daughter of Sir William Walter, 2nd Baronet of Sarsden, Oxfordshire. His eldest brother was Henry Rolle, 1st Baron Rolle (died 1759) of Stevenstone, whose heir was his next younger brother John Rolle Walter (c. 1714 – 1779), who was a Tory MP. Denys was baptised on 19 July 1725 in St Giles's Church, St Giles in the Wood, the parish church of Stevenstone. He matriculated at New College, Oxford on 19 January 1742, at the age of 16.

He was named after his cousin Denys Rolle (1614–1638), of Stevenstone, who had inherited Bicton and other lands from his mother Ann Denys, a co-heiress of the ancient Devon family of Denys of Holcombe Burnell.

Marriage and children
On 22 May 1750 in East Down, Devon, Denys Rolle married Anne Chichester (1721–1781), a daughter (by his second wife) of Arthur Chichester (1670-1737/8) of Hall, Bishop's Tawton, Devon, a junior line of the ancient and prominent Chichester family of Raleigh. By Anne he had the following children:

John Rolle, 1st Baron Rolle (1751–1842), eldest son and heir, baptised at Chittlehampton
Denys Bruce Rolle (born 1758), presumed died young, baptised at Chittlehampton
Samuel Rolle (born 1759), presumed died young, baptised at Chittlehampton
Isabella Henrietta Charlotte Rolle (1754–1770), eldest daughter, died aged 16, baptised at Chittlehampton
Anne Rolle (1755–1842), 2nd daughter, baptised at East Tytherley, died 16 June 1842 aged 87. In her old age she was allowed by her brother Lord Rolle to live with her sister Lucilla at Hudscott
Lucilla Rolle (1757–1851), baptised at East Tytherley, died 24 July 1851 aged 94. In her old age she was allowed by her brother Lord Rolle to live with her sister Anne at Hudscott but after the latter's death and the death of Lord Rolle both in 1842 she was declared a lunatic in 1846.
Christiana Philippa Maria Rolle (1759–1831), died 3 February 1831, Aged 72.
Florence Rolle (born 1762)

Character
A modest man, considered eccentric, his favourite pastime was to perform the work of a common farm-labourer. He was puritanical in morals, opposing ale-houses, cockfighting and bear-baiting, and was humane and tender towards animals claiming a special kinship with wildlife. He has also been described by Theresa Ann White  as stubborn, high-handed, irascible, litigious, and a megalomaniac, even stupid, and lacking diplomatic skills.

Parliamentary career
Rolle was elected MP for Barnstaple in 1761 but after 1764 most of his time was occupied by his colony in Florida rather than Barnstaple or national politics. He was re-elected in 1768. Although not attached to any party, Rolle voted with the Opposition when he was at Parliament but seems not to have spoken in the House. He lost his seat at the general election of 1774 being defeated by William Devaynes, a supporter of the government.

Property in England

Inheritances

As the fourth son Denys Rolle had been born with no expectation of inheriting the vast Rolle estates of his father. He had been provided for his residence with the Rolle manor of Beam near Great Torrington. However he received a three-fold inheritance which, together with his own land purchases around Otterton in South Devon, meant that on his death he was the largest land owner in the county of Devon, the second largest county in England, with a rent-roll of £40,000 per annum.

His eldest brother Henry Rolle, 1st Baron Rolle (died 1759) had inherited his paternal estates in 1730 but died childless in 1759. His younger brother John Rolle Walter (c. 1714–1779) was his heir. In 1731, at the age of 17, John inherited the Oxfordshire lands of his childless uncle Sir Robert Walter, 4th Baronet (1680–1731), of Sarsden in Oxfordshire and had changed his name to Walter, as required by the bequest. The third brother, William Rolle (1720 – c.1747) of Beam, died childless some time after 1747 which left Denys Rolle as the heir to the Rolle and Walter lands.

Denys also inherited the estate of Hudscott in the parish of Chittlehampton, Devon, from his distant childless cousin Samuel Rolle (1704–1747) son and heir of Samuel Rolle (1669–1735) of Hudscott, MP for Barnstaple. This inheritance included a moiety of the manor of Countisbury in North Devon. He also inherited the manors of East Tytherley in Somerset and Shapwick in Somerset, which had been acquired by his cousin Henry Rolle (1589–1656), Chief Justice of the King's Bench, descended from the most junior Rolle line. Thus at the age of about 21 Denys Rolle had inherited Hudscott, where he lived during most of his life and where several of his children were baptised.

In 1779, at the age 54, following the death of his brother John Rolle Walter, he inherited the paternal Rolle estates of Stevenstone and Bicton.

Otterton and East Budleigh
In 1786 he purchased for the huge sum of £72,000 the manors of Otterton and East Budleigh, situated adjacent to Bicton in south-east Devon from the heirs of the Duke family, descendants of Richard Duke (died 1572) who in 1540 had purchased the former lands of Otterton Priory following the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The properties acquired included:

Capital messuage, barton farm and demesne lands of Otterton and the manors and lordships of Otterton, Little Otterton, Budleigh Poleslow (otherwise Higher Budleigh), Budleigh Syon (otherwise Lower Budleigh), Collaton Rawleigh (otherwise the Lower Manor), Dukes-Collaton, (otherwise Collaton Abbott otherwise The Higher Manor), Dotton (otherwise Docton) and Hays (otherwise Powershays otherwise Dukes Hayes); 4 water grist mills in Otterton and the advowsons of the churches of Otterton, Budleigh and Harpford with the free chapels of Withecombe, Fen Ottery, Rectory and Sheaf of Otterton and a fee farm rent of £13. 10s., payable out of the sheaf of Sidmouth, etc.

Land sales
Rolle sold his Somerset estate of Shapwick in 1786/7 to George Templer (1755–1819), of the East India Company, 4th son of James I Templer (1722–1782) of Stover, Teigngrace.

North American plantations

Florida
In May 1764 Rolle obtained a grant from the crown of 20,000 acres of land for a plantation in St Mark's in East Florida, an area recently ceded by Spain to Great Britain following the Seven Years' War. One of the numerous conditions was that he should settle it with white Protestants. His vision was to establish an "ideal society", a Utopian colony for poor, homeless or criminal English persons.

He embarked for America on 10 June 1764 with 14 settlers and arrived at Charleston on 12 August 1764 and was in St Augustine, capital of East Florida, by September 1764. He soon discovered that this land was unsuitable and instead, with the permission of the Governor of East Florida James Grant (1720–1806), settled  on the east bank of the St Johns River, above today's East Palatka, which site he named Charlotta in honour of the Queen, later Charlotia, later Rollestown, thought to be on the site of today's San Mateo.

Having quarrelled with Governor Grant and been refused further grants of land, he returned to England in October 1765. There he addressed his long and detailed "Humble Petition" to the Board of Trade complaining of his treatment. He returned to Florida however in September 1766 with a further 50 settlers. He returned to England again in January 1768, and again complained to the Board of Trade. Rolle's settlers were in the opinion of observers deemed low quality, of poor morality, indisciplined and not capable of hard work. Soon due to Rolle's harsh management style and their own unsuitability his colonists rebelled and deserted to Georgia or South Carolina, whereupon Rolle gave up his Utopian ideals and used African slave labour. The plantation produced among other crops rice, corn and turpentine tar from pine trees for naval use. He acquired a further 20,000 acres from William Elliot and 20,000 from John Grayhurst, 10,000 from William Penrice and 3,000 from James Cusack, all on the eastern side of the St Johns River. He acquired a further 1,500 acres on the west side from Joseph Gray.

Rollestown was visited in December 1765 by the naturalists John Bartram and his son William Bartram, and again in 1778, the latter who recorded his observations in a journal which survives. Rolle's activities were also recorded in the diary, correspondence and official reports of the Governor of Florida James Grant, who became increasingly infuriated by Rolle's constant demands, complaints and disputes

Bahamas
Following the Treaty of Versailles in 1783, Florida was ceded by the British government to Spain and Rolle was thus forced to abandon his colony. He suffered great financial loss and claimed substantial compensation from the British government, which offered him instead a colony on the British island of Exuma in the Bahama Islands, about 500 miles to the south-east, to which he removed whatever livestock, equipment and slaves he was able to transport.

When the slaves (about 400 at this time) of his son and heir, Lord John Rolle, were officially declared free on 1 August 1838, many of them adopted the surname of Rolle. The slaves then took over the Rolle lands on Exuma and ran them communally although there was no formal deed of conveyance to them. Today, there are still five Lord John Rolle Commonage Estates on Exuma including the village of Rolle Town. These have been passed down to the descendants of the former slaves and cannot be sold.

Although the name Rolle died out in England on the death of Lord Rolle in 1842 (revived for a while in the person of his heir Mark Rolle), the surname Rolle is still a common name in the Bahamas. Rolles of Bahamian descent include the actress Esther Rolle, born in Pompano Beach, Florida of Bahamian parents, Myron Rolle, professional (American) football player and Rhodes Scholar; and Magnum Rolle, a professional basketball player born in Freeport, Bahamas in 1986.

Philanthropy
He was a philanthropist and generous benefactor to charities and religious societies. Rolle established several charity schools on different parishes and allocated to each a plot of land for the employment of the children. In 1790 he rebuilt part of St Giles's Church, the parish church of Stevenstone, which is commemorated by a stone heraldic escutcheon above the north transept door inscribed "DR 1790".

Death
Rolle died on 26 June 1797, aged 72, of angina during one of his habitual long walks between his manors of Hudscott and Stevenstone, and was buried in St Giles's Church on 1 July 1797 The vicar and historian of Chittlehampton, Rev. J.H.B. Andrews, wrote:

In St Giles Church, St Giles in the Wood, there is a mural monument to Rolle, erected by Anne, his second daughter.

References

Sources

Further reading

 The Memorial of Denys Rolle, East Florida, 1780,  T77/15/13, folios  210-3

1725 births
1797 deaths
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Denys
Florida pioneers
Explorers of Florida
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Barnstaple
British MPs 1761–1768
British MPs 1768–1774


title: Robert Atayan

text:
Robert Arshaki Atayan (; 7 (20) November 19154 March 1994) was an Armenian musicologist and composer.

He was born in Tehran, Iran and later moved to Soviet Armenia. He completed the Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory in 1941 and since 1944 taught there. He authored several important works on the Armenian system of musical notation called khaz. He spent almost thirty years researching Komitas's work and was the main editor of the Collected Works of Komitas in fourteen volumes (Yerevan, 1960-2006). He is recognized as the foremost authority of Komitas's art.

Atayan died in Los Angeles. He was buried in Yerevan.

References

Musicians from Tehran
Iranian emigrants to the Soviet Union
Iranian people of Armenian descent
Armenian musicologists
1915 births
1994 deaths
20th-century musicologists