title: Damien Miller

text:
Damien Patrick Miller is an Australian career diplomat and the first Indigenous Australian to head an Australian diplomatic mission.

Early life and education
Miller belongs to the Gangulu people from the area of Mount Morgan, near Rockhampton in Central Queensland. In an interview with ABC News Breakfast, Miller said that his grandmother was subjected to the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 and she and many family members moved from the outskirts into Rockhampton, or later moved to Brisbane. Miller was brought up in Brisbane and has strong ties to the traditional country of his people.

In 1993, Miller was recognised as Aboriginal Scholar of the Year by the national NAIDOC committee. He graduated from the University of New South Wales in 1998 with a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws. Miller also holds a Diploma in Foreign Affairs and Trade from Monash University.

Career
Whilst studying for his law degree at the University of New South Wales, Miller worked in a commercial law firm in Sydney. In 1995, he joined the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) as an Indigenous Cadet and worked part-time at the Department during the summer holidays.

After graduating from the University of New South Wales, in 1999 Miller joined DFAT full-time. As a career diplomat Miller was first posted to the High Commission of Australia to Malaysia, where he served from 2000–2003. Returning to Australia, Miller then served as a desk officer in DFAT's South-East Asia Division from 2003–2006, and then as Director of DFAT Corporate Planning from 2007–2009. In 2009, Miller was then moved to the position of Director in DFAT's Afghanistan Section. In 2010 Miller was appointed as Counsellor and Deputy Head of Mission at the Embassy of Australia to Germany, where he served under Peter Tesch.

On 1 April 2013 Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr appointed Miller as the new Ambassador of Australia to Denmark, with concurrent accreditation to Iceland and Norway, replacing James Choi. With this appointment, Miller became the first Indigenous Australian to become an Australian head of mission. Miller took up his appointment in May 2013 and presented his credentials to Queen Margrethe II on 14 June 2013. He later presented his credentials to Norwegian King Harald V on 17 October 2013 and to Icelandic President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson on 7 December 2013.

On his Ambassadorial appointment, Miller noted that the Department employs 49 Indigenous staff with 12 of those employees posted at various Australian diplomatic missions around the world, and that it is "great honour not only for me, but for my family and for Indigenous Australians."

Personal life
Miller is in a same-sex relationship with Neill Seeto.

References

External links

Profile

Ambassadors of Australia to Denmark
Ambassadors of Australia to Iceland
Ambassadors of Australia to Norway
Gay diplomats
Indigenous Australian people
Australian gay men
Living people
Monash University alumni
People from Brisbane
University of New South Wales alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Australian LGBT people


title: Totality principle

text:
The totality principle is a common law principle which applies when a court imposes multiple sentences of imprisonment. The principle was first formulated by David Thomas in his 1970 study of the sentencing decisions of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales:

Application

United Kingdom

Within the context of English and Welsh law, the totality principle is defined within the Criminal Justice Act 1991, that states that nothing in the Act "shall prevent the court ... in the case of an offender who is convicted of one or more other offences, from mitigating his sentence by applying any rule of law as to the totality of sentences". The principle was recognised in the Criminal Justice Act 2003 Section 166 (3)(b).

Sentencing guidelines are contained within the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, which states that the application of the principle are within the management of the Sentencing Council, applied along with the Offences Taken into Consideration (TICs). On 11 June 2012, the latest guidelines from the Sentencing Council came into force, which cover the three overarching aspects of sentencing: allocation; TICs; totality.

The principle of totality comprises two elements:

Resultantly, the suggestion for the application of concurrent or consecutive sentences is within the following gudielines:
Concurrent sentences: offences arise out of the same incident; there are a series of offences of the same or similar kind, specifically when committed against the same person.
Consecutive sentences: offences arise out of unrelated facts or incidents; offences that are of the same or similar kind but where the overall criminality will not sufficiently be reflected by concurrent sentences; one or more offence(s) qualifies for a statutory minimum sentence and concurrent sentences would improperly undermine that minimum.

Australia

The totality principle is "well established" in the common law of Australia. The High Court quoted Thomas's formulation of the principle in Mill v R (1988). It is also reflected in the .

As well as to prevent an excessive sentence, the principle is a product of two further principles "namely proportionality and mercy."
Further, the principle must be applied "without a suggestion that a discount is given for multiple offences."

Canada

Section 718.2 applies the totality principle by stating that: c) where consecutive sentences are imposed, the combined sentence should not be unduly long or harsh; This is so as to "avoid sentences that cumulatively are out of proportion to the gravity of the offences." In application it requires Canadian courts to craft a global sentence of all offences that is not excessive. If the total sentence is excessive the court must adjust the sentence so that the "total sentence is proper".
 A sentence may violate the totality principle where:
The global sentence considerably exceeds the "normal" level of the most serious of the individual offences.
The global sentence "exceeds what is appropriate given the offender's overall culpability.

Hong Kong

Hong Kong Basic Law is based on the principles of English common law, and hence include the totality principle, which are applied by the Department of Justice.

New Zealand

The totality principle applies within New Zealand law. Aware of public concerns re perceived sentence discounting by the judiciary for multiple offences, the courts state that this assumes that offenders are "rational and well-informed calculators of the cost/benefit of committing offences", and hence see the correct application of the totality principle as "recognising a need to balance totality with deterrence and adequate denunciation of the conduct involved."

References

External links
Totality principle and guidelines at the Sentencing Council UK
Sentencing multiple offender, including the Totality principle at the New Zealand Ministry of Justice

Sentencing (law)
Legal doctrines and principles
Law of Australia
Law of Canada
English law
Law of Hong Kong
Law of New Zealand


title: Harry Dawson

text:
Harry Dawson may refer to:
Harry Dawson (association footballer) (1886–?), English footballer
Harry Dawson (Gaelic footballer) (born 1992), Gaelic football player
Harry Dawson (priest), Dean of Niagara
Harry Dawson, cinematographer for the film Corwin

See also
Henry Dawson (disambiguation)
Harold Dawson (disambiguation)


title: Saviem SM8

text:
The Saviem SM8 (8-ton payload) was a range of medium-duty trucks manufactured by the French manufacturer Saviem between 1967 and 1975. The truck was part of the Saviem SM range.

Characteristics

Dimensions
The cabin was a tip cab (Type 812). The range had a rigid form and two tractor units (SM8 T, SM8 Y). The wheelbases were between 3m and 5.3m.

Engines
The engine used for the SM8 (and also the SM7) was the 597/797, an atmospheric with a power output of  at 2900 rpm (on its later evolutions) and a torque of  at 1700 rpm.

Transmission
A 5-speed (4 synchronised) 301-12 manual gearbox was mounted as standard.

Suspension
The SM8 had a suspension of leaf springs with dampers at the front and rear.

SM8 4x4
The SM8 4x4 was the four-wheel-drive version of the SM8. It was used as an off-roader and military vehicle.

It was a permanent 4x4 with locking centre differential in the transfer case. The SM8 4x4 also had a differential lock on the rear axle. The truck had a variable flexibility suspension with Evidgom shock absorbers. It had single or dual rear wheels and two tip cabs available (pressed steel and torpedo).

The vehicle was manufactured between 1977 and 1989 by Saviem and RVI. It adopted the name Renault SM8 4x4 in 1980 and Renault TRM4000 in 1986.

References and sources
 The entry incorporates text translated from the corresponding French entry.

Vehicles introduced in 1967
Saviem


title: Harold Dawson (disambiguation)

text:
Harold Dawson cricketer.

Harold Dawson may also refer to:

Harry Dawson (association footballer), Harold Dawson, footballer
Harold Dawson, see RAM press
Harold Dawson, fictional character in A Few Good Men

See also
Harry Dawson (disambiguation)


title: 2011 Country Music Association Awards

text:
The 2011 Country Music Association Awards, 45th Annual Ceremony, is a music award ceremony that was held on November 9, 2011, at the Bridgestone Arena in Nashville, Tennessee. The ceremony was co-hosted for the fourth consecutive year by Brad Paisley and Carrie Underwood.

The night's top prize, entertainer of the year, went to Taylor Swift, which was her only victory of the evening; She became only the second female artist to ever win the honor twice, after Barbara Mandrell won it in 1980 and 1981.

Winners and nominees

Winners are shown in bold.

Hall of Fame

Performers

References

Country Music Association
CMA
Country Music Association Awards
Country Music Association Awards
November 2011 events in the United States
2011 awards in the United States
21st century in Nashville, Tennessee
Events in Nashville, Tennessee


title: María Cristina Martínez Córdoba

text:
María Cristina Martínez Córdoba is an Argentine lawyer. She represents the General Defendant of the Nation in the jury against José María Campagnoli, the prosecutor that investigated The Route of the K-Money.

References

21st-century Argentine lawyers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Argentine women lawyers
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century women lawyers


title: Favilla Guitars

text:
Favilla Guitars, Inc. was a family-run musical instrument company which produced quality string instruments for approximately 96 years until 1986. Originally called "Favilla Bros.", the company built guitars, mandolins, banjos, ukuleles, and violins.

Company history
Brothers John (ca. 1871–1956) and Joseph Favilla, after having emigrated from Italy to New York City, formed Favilla Bros. (or Favilla Brothers, predecessor to Favilla Guitars, Inc.) either in 1890 or 1894. By the 1920s, the company had expanded to over 50 employees. The company produced instruments in various New York locations, but around 1930 settled into the West 16th Street location where it would remain until 1959. At that time, Hercules (“Herk”) Favilla, son of John Favilla and a former vaudeville performer, took over the business and renamed it Favilla Guitars, Inc. Herk's older brother Frank had been running administrative affairs for the company since the late 1940s. John Favilla died in 1956, and when his son Herk took over in 1959, the company was moved to a larger facility in Brooklyn.

In 1965 the company relocated again, this time to Long Island. Around this time, guitar production peaked at 3,000-3,500 per year. Herk's son Tom (b. 1942) worked for the company, and in 1970 began importing guitars from Japan under the Favilla name. (These instruments can be distinguished by their having the Favilla name in script on the guitar, instead of the full Favilla crest.)

Due to a shift in the guitar market from acoustic instruments to electric instruments, the Favilla company ceased production in 1973. However Herk and his son Tom continued building custom instruments until their retirements, in 1980 and 1986, respectively. They were often associated with the folk music revival of the 1960s. Artists like Bob Dylan and Pete Seeger, who were prominent figures in this movement, played Favilla guitars, contributing to the brand's popularity and association with folk music during that era.

Instruments

Over almost a century, the Favilla family produced a wide range of instruments in America. Some of these bore names such as “Favilla Bros.”, “Favilla”, and “Marca Aquila.”

 Guitars (including classical, archtop, dreadnought including the 12-string F-12, and tenor)
 Mandolins (including “bowl back” and “flat back” models)
 Banjos
 Ukuleles (including “Teardrop” models, soprano, concert, tenor, baritone)
 Violins
 Other
 Dulcet Guitarette
 Wimbrola
 Mandolin-banjo

Publications
In the 1950s and 1960s Herk Favilla was involved with music publication as well. In 1951 he authored and published a two-volume baritone ukulele method, one volume for self-taught beginners, the other for students and professionals. He also published a collection of arranged guitar music in 1965.

Footnotes

References

 Cagnetta, Andrew (2017) Favilla Familia: A History & Guidebook ASIN: B073ZNMT1K

External links
 Those Fabulous Favillas: A pictorial tribute to Favilla string instruments (and the family who built them)

Banjo manufacturing companies
Guitar manufacturing companies of the United States
Musical instrument manufacturing companies based in New York City


title: Lifestyle (Rich Gang song)

text:
"Lifestyle" is a song by American hip hop group Rich Gang, featuring rappers Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan. The song, produced by London on da Track, was released on June 5, 2014. It has been certified Platinum in the United States.

Background and composition
The song premiered in May 2014 as the lead single for the unreleased mixtape Rich Gang 2.

Critical reception
Pitchfork ranked the song at number 69 on their list of the top 100 songs of 2014. Complex named the song at number 2 on their list of the 50 best songs of 2014. Brooklyn Russell of Pretty Much Amazing described it as "a sort of Millennial version of Generation X’s 'Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang,'" calling it "an all-encompassing generational hip-hop party track." Russell also praised the song's production, adding "Thug comes through over a breezy instrumental and casually gives us the now iconic opening line: 'I did a lot of shit just to live this here lifestyle."''

Music video
A music video for "Lifestyle", directed by Be El Be, was released on June 29, 2014. The video features Birdman, Young Thug, Rich Homie Quan, and others partying with women on a plane and yacht. Mack Maine, Soulja Boy, and the song's producer London on da Track make cameo appearances.

Remixes
In August 2014, American rapper Lil Boosie released his remix of "Lifestyle". On September 29, shortly after being signed to Rich Gang/Cash Money Records, Atlanta-based singer Jacquees released a video to his remix of "Lifestyle". Another remix of the song by Atlanta-based rapper Waka Flocka Flame was released in October 2014.

Live performances
Young Thug and Rich Homie Quan performed the song at the 2014 BET Hip Hop Awards on October 14, 2014.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

External links

2014 singles
2014 songs
Rich Homie Quan songs
Young Thug songs
Cash Money Records singles
Republic Records singles
Songs written by Young Thug
Songs written by London on da Track
Song recordings produced by London on da Track


title: Central Rhön

text:
The Central Rhön () is a 5th level natural region which, together with the Southern High Rhön, forms the High Rhön. The region has several mountains over 900 metres high, including: the Wasserkuppe (950.0 m) and Heidelstein (926 m). Other summits over 900 metres are regarded as subpeaks due to their low isolation and prominence.

Boundaries

To the north and west are the Western and Eastern Kuppen Rhön, to the northeast is the Eastern Rhön Foreland.

In the southeast is the Eastern South Rhön, which as part of the South Rhön and the tertiary level major region of Odenwald, Spessart und Südrhön, is part of the South German Scarplands (a 2nd order natural region).

To the southwest is the Southern High Rhön. This is also subordinated to the High Rhön. Together with the Anterior and Kuppen Rhön, the High Rhön is part of the East Hesse Highlands.

Natura region

The Central Rhön is described as the "central bulge of the High Rhön, a highland region divided into ridges, high plateaus and, in the west, into individual domed summits, sometimes with wooded slopes and grassland on the heights." The Ulster valley divides it into two ridges, the  Wasserkuppen Rhön and Long Rhön.

References

Rhön Mountains
Mountains of Hesse
Rhön-Grabfeld
Schmalkalden-Meiningen
Fulda (district)
Natural regions of the East Hesse Highlands


title: Boss Key Productions

text:
Boss Key Productions, Inc. was an American video game developer based in Raleigh, North Carolina. Founded in April 2014 by Cliff Bleszinski and Arjan Brussee, formerly of Epic Games, the company developed LawBreakers (2017) and Radical Heights (2018), both of which were commercial failures, effectively leading to the closure of the development team in May 2018.

History

Boss Key Productions was founded by former Epic Games employees Cliff Bleszinski and Arjan Brussee, in Raleigh, North Carolina, on April 30, 2014. The studio's inception and name were officially revealed on July 4, 2014, with Bleszinski and Brussee helming the establishment as chief executive officer and chief operating officer, respectively. Boss Key Productions' first project was LawBreakers, a first-person shooter for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 4.

Although LawBreakers was received positively following its August 2017 release, it underperformed commercially, leading the team to move on to develop a battle royale game instead of supporting LawBreakers in the long term. Subsequently, Brussee left Boss Key Productions in December 2017, announcing that he had returned to Epic Games to work on an "exciting secret project". The battle royale game, titled Radical Heights, was released in April 2018 as a Steam Early Access title, officially dubbed "X-Treme Early Access". The game was received negatively by some critics, due to its very early state, and described as a mere "cash-in" in the light of the popularity of other battle royale games, such as PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds and Fortnite Battle Royale.

On May 14, 2018, following the overall under-performance of both LawBreakers and Radical Heights, Bleszinski announced via Twitter that Boss Key Productions had shut down. The studio previously had 65 employees as of September 2017. According to Bleszinski, he did not take a salary for two years in order to pay for his employees so they "could care for their families."

Following the success of the 2014 game Alien: Isolation, Boss Key had been in discussions with 20th Century Fox to make a first-person shooter game set in the Alien franchise, where the player would play as Newt, guided by Ripley, as she fought through xenomorphs in Earth-based labs where they were being studied by the Weyland-Yutani corporation, in a style similar to Half-Life series. However, the project had been shelved as a result of the merger of Fox into Disney.

References

External links

2014 establishments in North Carolina
2018 disestablishments in North Carolina
Companies based in Raleigh, North Carolina
Defunct companies based in North Carolina
Defunct video game companies of the United States
Video game companies disestablished in 2018
Video game companies established in 2014
Video game development companies


title: St Michael's Church, Bray

text:
St Michael's Church, Bray, is a Grade II* listed parish church in the Church of England in Bray, Berkshire.

History

The church dates from 1293, supposedly to replace a Saxon church at Water Oakley.

It was partly rebuilt ca. 1500 and extensively restored 1857–82 by Thomas Henry Wyatt.

It has a number of sculptures which may have come from the earlier church, including a damaged Sheela na Gig.

The ecclesiastical parish shares the wide parish boundaries so is named Bray St Michael with Braywoodside.

Monuments

The church contains several brasses from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, notably that of  1378 to Sir John Foxley, the Constable of Southampton Castle. Other monuments are:
William Goddard of Philibert, d.1609, founder of Jesus Hospital, and Joyce Maunsell his wife, d.1622.
Mary Hanger (d.1738) sculpted by Peter Scheemakers.

Vicars of Bray

See The Vicar of Bray for the satirical description, or The Vicar of Bray (song) for the English folk song.

Reinbald 1081
Roger 1288
Henry de Chilbalton 1301
Roger de Crossby 1327
William Scherreve 1368–75
John Dray 1382
Thomas Gernon 1382–96
William Dyer 1396–1440
Robert Manfelde 1440–43
Thomas Pashe 1443–44
Thomas Topclyf 1444
Thomas Luyde 1444–54
William Morris 1454–79
Thomas Phillippis 1479–97
John Perkwyn 1497
John Halle 1504
Richard Watts 1504–20
John Mogeryge 1521–23
Simon Symonds 1523–47
William Stafferton 1548–55
Alexander Barlo 1556
Simon Aleyn 1557–65
Henry Cranshawe 1565
David Tuke 1589–99
Edward Cranceshaw 1599
Edward Boughton 1621–40
Anthony Faringdon 1640–42
Hezekiah Woodward 1649–60
Edward Boughton 1660
Edward Fulham 1660–62
Francis Carswell 1665–1709
Thomas Brown 1709–59
George Berkeley 1759–69
Hon George Hamilton 1769–87
Edward Townshend 1787–1822
Walter Levett 1822–25
George Legge 1825–26
Walter Levett 1826–53
James Austen Leigh 1853–74
William Brassey Hole 1874–87
Charles Raymond 1887–1915
William Riddelsdell 1915–31
Arthur Jones 1931–45
Edward Lowman 1945–58
Sidney Doran 1958–77
Neil Howells 1977–84
George Repath 1985–2007
Richard Cowles 2008

References

Church of England church buildings in Berkshire
Grade II* listed churches in Berkshire
St Michael's Church


title: Raihan Hasan

text:
Raihan Hasan is a Bangladeshi professional footballer who plays as a defender for Chittagong Abahani in Bangladesh Premier League and the Bangladesh national team. He is known for releasing long throw-ins into the opponent's box.

Club career

Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club

Raihan started his top-flight career with Dhanmondi giant Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club. After finishing as runners up in the league in 2012, during his debut season, Raihan helped the club win both Bangladesh Premier League and Federation Cup titles in the following year. he won the double once again in 2014.

Chittagong Abahani Limited
In 2016, Raihan made a move to Chittagong Abahani after spending five years with the Dhanmondi club. His first goal in the league for his new club came on 14 August 2016, in a 6–1 victory against Uttar Baridhara Club.

Abahani Limited Dhaka
On 1 January 2017, Raihan Joined Bangladeshi giants Abahani Limited Dhaka. During his four year spell at the club Raihan won the Bangladesh Premier League title in his debut season, and also won the Federation Cup trophy on two occasions. He was also part of the Abahani team that reached the knockout phase of the 2019 AFC Cup. During his last season at the club, Raihan registered 6 assists, all through his long throw-ins.

Return to Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club
On 21 October 2021, Raihan returned to Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club, after spending the previous four seasons with Abahani. Upon returning to the club, coach Juan Manuel Martínez Sáez converted Raihan into a centre back.

International career

Youth
Raihan has represented Bangladesh by playing for the Bangladesh under-23 team. On 15th September 2014, he made his international debut for Bangladesh under-23 team in the match against Afghanistan in 2014 Asian Games. He scored his first goal for the under-23 side against Nepal during the 2016 South Asian Games.

Senior
On 7 March 2013, at the age of 18, Raihan made his international debut for Bangladesh during a friendly match against the Northern Mariana Islands. In the 85th minute of the match, he entered the field as a substitute for Mithun Chowdhury. Bangladesh won the match 4–0.

Career statistics

International

International goals

Olympic Team

Honours
Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club
Bangladesh Premier League: 2013–14, 2014–15
Federation Cup: 2013–14

Abahani Limited Dhaka
Bangladesh Premier League: 2017–18
Federation Cup: 2017, 2018

Chittagong Abahani Limited
Independence Cup: 2016

Bangladesh U23
 South Asian Games bronze medal: 2016

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Bangladeshi men's footballers
Bangladesh men's international footballers
Bangladesh men's youth international footballers
Bangladesh Premier League footballers
Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club players
Abahani Limited Dhaka players
Chittagong Abahani Limited players
Men's association football defenders
Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Bangladesh
South Asian Games bronze medalists for Bangladesh
South Asian Games medalists in football
People from Tangail District
Sportspeople from Dhaka Division


title: Richman Margeson Estate

text:
The Richman Margeson Estate was a historic summer estate in Newington, New Hampshire. Formerly located in the Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge but not open to the public, the house was demolished in 2016. The main house, built in 1894, was a rare example of a Colonial Revival estate house in the state and was the only summer estate house of its scale to survive in Newington into the 21st century. The estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

Description and history
The Margeson Estate was located in a rural setting in the southwestern part of Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge, atop the rise known as Hoyt Hill, overlooking the bay and Woodman Point. The estate buildings present until 2016 included the main house and a caretaker's cottage; it also originally included a barn, carriage barn and gazebo. The main house was a two-story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof and clapboarded exterior. The building corners were pilastered, and the roof faces were pierced by hip-roof dormers. The roof was truncated, with a balustraded "widow's walk" at the center. A porte-cochère extended from one side. The caretaker's cottage stood nearby, a smaller structure dating from the 1920s. Both buildings stood vacant for more than a decade, and were reported in 2014 to suffer from mold and other damage.

The house was built in 1894 by Richman Stanley Margeson, owner of the Portsmouth Furniture Company, on what had previously been farmland. The property was purchased in 1906 by the Hawkwing family, and taken by eminent domain in 1952 by the federal government. It was for many years part of Pease Air Force Base, which used it as a social club and quarters for visiting officers. The property was kept relatively unaltered by the Air Force, and was transferred to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service c. 1992. The estate house and a caretaker's house were the estate's only surviving structures at the time; the main house was reported in 2012 to be in relatively poor condition, with mold and other moisture-related issues.

In the winter of 2016 the estate and the caretaker's house were demolished after the completion of a Memorandum of Understanding between the FWS and the New Hampshire State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). "Both structures were in very poor condition, with extensive water damage and pervasive mold. They also contained asbestos and lead paint. These uninhabitable structures were frequently vandalized. The estimated cost for restoring the Margeson house alone was estimated at $750,000."

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Colonial Revival architecture in New Hampshire
Houses completed in 1894
Houses in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Newington, New Hampshire
Demolished buildings and structures in New Hampshire
Buildings and structures demolished in 2016


title: Gero Island

text:
Gero Island is a large island on Chesuncook Lake in Piscataquis County, Maine, United States. The island is  in area, with all but  regulated. It is known for exemplary natural communities of slender rush as well as white pine forest and lower elevation spruce-fir forest. Chesuncook Lake was created by damming the West Branch Penobscot River in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Most of the island's original trees were cut in the 1920s, while more were cut in the 1980s during a spruce budworm outbreak. There are four campsites along the shoreline. The island is part of the Maine Natural Areas Program and is considered publicly owned reserved land, open for camping and recreation year-round.

References

Islands of Piscataquis County, Maine
Islands of Maine


title: Albert Burns (motorcyclist)

text:
Albert William "Shrimp" Burns (August 12, 1898, Oakdale, California – August 14, 1921, Toledo, Ohio) was an American dirt and board track motorcycle racer in the early 20th century. Riding for Harley-Davidson and later Indian, he won multiple races in California and later the east coast and the midwest. He won the national championship in 1919, and was inducted in the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 1998.

Early life and start in racing
Albert Burns grew up in Oakland, California, and it was there that he first discovered motorcycles. The young Burns hung out at the local Pope motorcycle dealership, and was hired as a shop helper when he was 12. Later he was allowed to run messages for the shop and occasionally borrowed a machine to ride on his own time.

Burns's first professional motorcycle race was in Sacramento on May 4, 1913. He finished fourth. Burns improved his racing skills through the summer of 1913 on the tracks of Northern California. The other racers didn't like being upstaged by a 15-year-old riding inferior equipment, and for a time Burns was prevented from competing, but by the end of the season, Burns earned his first victory in San Jose.

On July 4, 1915, Burns won three events at Pleasanton, California, including a 100-mile race.

Burns was noted for his toughness. In a Marysville, California, race, Burns suffered a hard fall, but managed to put his machine back together in time for the next race and won the five-mile final. Later it was found that he had ridden with a fractured collarbone and broken shoulder.

After a temporary halt to his career due to World War I, early in 1919, Burns won one of the first major West Coast races after the war in Fresno, California. In June of that year, the 20-year-old Burns signed his first factory contract, with Harley-Davidson.

Career

1919
Now able to race outside his native California, Burns won a five-mile solo race as well as a sidecar event on July 4, 1919, in Baltimore, Maryland. Burns won many races throughout the Midwest that summer, and earned the 100-mile national championship by edging out Ralph Hepburn by inches in the final major race of the 1919 season on the board track at Sheepshead Bay, New York.

1920
Burns signed with Indian for the 1920 season, an unusual act due to the intense rivalry between the two manufacturers. Burns had felt overshadowed by the more established racers at Harley-Davidson, and Indian had promised him the best equipment. Burns also clashed with Otto Walker, the Harley-Davidson team captain.

Burns delivered for Indian immediately, winning the first national title of the 1920 season in the 25-mile national at Ascot Park in Los Angeles. Mechanical failures plagued Burns throughout the 1920 season, preventing him from expected victories in the national races at Dodge City, Kansas, and Marion, Indiana. Burns did win the five-mile solo championship race in Denver in September of that year.

1921
In his first race of the 1921 season, Burns achieved a remarkable win on the new 1.25-mile board track in Beverly Hills, California, after sustaining heavy injuries. Burns won the first race of the day, but crashed in the next race, severely injuring his hands and arms with large splinters from the wood track. Burns returned for the last race of the day, riding a borrowed machine and with his arms completely bandaged. Burns rode mid-pack through most of the race, but on the last lap he went high on the final turn and sped down the steep banking to win the race.

Death
Burns died in a racing accident on August 14, 1921, in Toledo, Ohio. Burns ran into the back of Ray Weishaar's bike while coming out of a turn and crashed into the railing. He later died of massive head injuries. Burns's fiancée, Genevieve Moritz, had come to Toledo to deliver a birthday gift and witnessed the fatal accident.

References

1898 births
1921 deaths
Sportspeople from Oakland, California
American motorcycle racers
Motorcycle racers who died while racing


title: Fácánkert

text:
Fácánkert is a village in Tolna county, Hungary.

The village of Facankert is located in the Hungarian county of Tolna. It hosts the estate of Count Festetich, which he lived in from 1904 to 1907, until a wealthy merchant family, the Kunffy's, purchased it and began to grow crops there.

References

Populated places in Tolna County


title: Bikini Frankenstein

text:
Bikini Frankenstein is a 2010 American made for cable erotic film directed by Fred Olen Ray (under the pseudonym name Nicholas Juan Medina). It is based on the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. Bikini Frankenstein depicts Dr. Frankenstein (Frankie Cullen) losing his job after sleeping with one of his science students Debbie Sloane (Alexis Texas). He travels back to his native Transylvania where he successfully revives the body of Eve (Jayden Cole), using electricity. After showing off his successful experiment to colleagues in America, Eve later explodes; leading Dr. Frankenstein to proclaim he will work further on his experiments.

The film was both written and directed by Ray, and produced by Retromedia Entertainment. It was shown on Cinemax before being distributed in DVD format. The New Annotated Frankenstein called it "soft porn", and Postnaturalism: Frankenstein, Film, and the Anthropotechnical Interface placed it within the genre of horror and sexploitation. The Oklahoma Gazette recommended its readers instead watch Weird Science. A review from JoBlo.com criticized the film's script, but said viewers "might get a chuckle" from watching it.

Plot
Bikini Frankenstein opens with credits stating, "Based on the classic novel by Mary Shelley". Dr. Victor Frankenstein (Frankie Cullen) is a professor of science working at an institution called State University. Professor Cullen is shown engaging in relations in his classroom with Debbie (Alexis Texas), one of his science students. They are discovered by Professor Cullen's rival, rival Clive (Billy Chappell), who reports them to the Dean of the university, Professor Van Sloane (Ted Newsom), and brings Van Sloane to the classroom. Debbie is Van Sloane's daughter, and Professor Van Sloane promptly removes Dr. Frankenstein from his role at the university.

Five years later, Dr. Frankenstein is shown having moved back home to Transylvania, home of the legendary Count Dracula, to continue working on his research with his assistant, Ingrid (Brandin Rackley). After sleeping with Ingrid, he succeeds in bringing the body of Eve (Jayden Cole), a deceased woman, back to life using energy from a lightning storm. After Eve is brought back to life, she kisses Ingrid and the two become physical with each other in Dr. Frankenstein's laboratory.

Dr. Frankenstein, Eve, and his assistant Ingrid all travel back to America, where Dr. Frankenstein impresses Van Sloane, Dr. Waldman (Ron Ford), Dr. Frankenstein's rival Clive, and Claudia, Clive's wife (Christine Nguyen). Dr. Frankenstein originally presents Eve as a sister of Ingrid, in order to for them to become familiar with Eve prior to revealing her true nature as a revived corpse. Dr. Frankenstein leaves for his hotel room to retrieve an object, leaving Eve and Ingrid at Clive's residence. Clive asks Claudia to follow Frankenstein and find out what he is up to, leaving Eve alone with Clive. Clive gives Eve a tour of his residence, and the two fornicate in his office. Claudia meets Dr. Frankenstein at his hotel room and they engage in relations in his room.

Once the group reconvenes their meeting with Eve at Clive's residence, Dr. Frankenstein is met initially with skepticism after revealing the true nature of Eve to the group of assembled onlookers. He provides the death certificate for Eve as a way to verify his scientific claims. Ingrid and Claudia escort Eve to a private room to prepare her for a physical examination. Following an erotic ceremony involving all three women, Eve explodes due to an overdose of excitation. Dr. Frankenstein is undeterred, and proclaims to the group that he will labor further on his experiment at a later date with another deceased body.

Cast
 Frankie Cullen as Dr. Victor Frankenstein
 Jayden Cole as Eve
 Brandin Rackley as Ingrid
 Christine Nguyen as Claudia
 Billy Chappell as Clive
 Ted Newsom as Professor Van Sloane
 Ron Ford as Dr. Waldman
 Alexis Texas as Debbie

Production
Bikini Frankenstein was directed by Fred Olen Ray. Ray wrote the screenplay as well. The film was produced by the production company Retromedia Entertainment. It was broadcast several times in Summer 2010 at fixed times and on demand on the premium channel Cinemax. It was released on DVD on January 19, 2010. The first indications of the movie Bikini Frankenstein were shown in the movie Bikini Airways. However, the film wasn't shown for a very long time, and the title was dismissed as a hoax. Later, due to the high demand of Cinemax, director Fred Olen Ray resurrected the title Bikini Frankenstein. The film was shot simultaneously with Twilight Vamps. It was released on DVD by BayView Entertainment on December 11, 2012. The film distribution company Full Moon Empire acquired the rights to broadcast and release to DVD Bikini Frankenstein, with their 2018 acquisition of New City Releasing's Torchlight Pictures.

Reception
Writing in The New Annotated Frankenstein, editor Leslie Klinger described the film as, "Soft porn, about an evil doctor who creates an undead sex kitten." Shane Denson wrote in the 2014 book Postnaturalism: Frankenstein, Film, and the Anthropotechnical Interface that he would place the film within the genre of either "horror/porn or horror/sexploitation". The book Nightmare Movies described it as "video 'product'" directed and produced by Fred Olen Ray. The Oklahoma Gazette wrote of the film's genre, "at least one can't fault Bikini Frankenstein for saying it's based on Mary Shelley's novel, because the core idea of "man creates monster" is indeed there." Dr. Gore's Movie Reviews reviewed Jayden Cole's performance, while Mitch Lovell of The Video Vacuum declared the film as weak, compared to the performances of Christine Nguyen and Brandin Rackley. Tarstarkas.net rated the film 8 out of 10. Obscure Horror wrote, "It's a fun, entertaining film, with plenty of gorgeous folks and countless soft-core sex scenes." HK and Cult Film News praised the film, given the allusions of earlier Frankenstein movies, the music and the cinematography. A review of Bikini Frankenstein on JoBlo.com called it "dumb as a box of hammers" but "not entirely useless" and told the reader, "You might get a chuckle ... out of it". The Oklahoma Gazette recommended readers instead watch Weird Science by John Hughes. Will Pfeifer wrote, "it wins the 'best title of the week award' hands down." Chace Thibodeaux praised the female actresses in the film, writing, "It’s saving grace is the female cast." Thibodeaux highlighted in particular the acting of Alexis Texas, Brandin Rackley, Jayden Cole, and Christine Nguyen.

References

External links

2010 television films
2010 films
American erotic films
American television films
Films directed by Fred Olen Ray
Frankenstein films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


title: Porta Nolana

text:
The Porta Nolana is the remnant of one of the medieval city gates in Naples, Italy. It is located in Piazza Nolana, near a local train station, Napoli Porta Nolana with the Circumvesuviana lines, and a bustling local pedestrian market, Mercato di Porta Nolano, known for seafood. It takes its name from the road that lead to Nola.

The gate was erected in the 15th century by the Spanish authorities using designs of Giuliano da Maiano, to encompass the growing city, and replace the interior gate of the district of Forcella, also known as del Cannavaro, which had been located near the Basilica dell'Annunziata. This gate, unlike it contemporary Porta San Gennaro, has lost its frescoes by Mattia Preti, but like Porta Capuana, it retains the flanking bastions (towers) made of Piperno rock: the Torre della Fede (Tower of Faith) to the south, and the Torre della Speranza (Tower of Hope) to the North. The external facade of the arch has a relief of Ferrante I on horseback.

References

Gates of Naples


title: George Rohr

text:
George Rohr is an American businessman and philanthropist.  He is the co-founder and President of NCH Capital Inc, a private equity firm.

Education and personal life

Rohr was born in 1954 in Bogota, Colombia to Sami Rohr and Charlotte Rohr.  He graduated from Harvard College and received his MBA from Harvard Business School. As an undergraduate he was President of the Harvard Lampoon during its 100th anniversary year in 1976. He and his wife Pamela L. Rohr live in New York City and Bal Harbour, Florida.  They have four children.

NCH Capital

Since 1993 the NCH group of funds has been investing across asset classes in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union on behalf of their institutional clients. Rohr began investing in the region shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and was among the earliest Western participants in the privatization opportunities offered by several of the region's markets. In addition to its investments in real-estate, private equity and public securities, NCH is among the largest agribusiness investors in the Black Sea region. In 2010 NCH extended its investment operations to Latin America.

Philanthropy

Rohr's principal philanthropic focus has been on Jewish education and literacy, particularly through initiatives such as the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute, the world's largest Jewish adult education network; the establishment of more than 150 Chabad Houses across college campuses in North America, and on the revival of Jewish communal life in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union in partnership with Chabad. He serves as chairman and principal benefactor of Chabad on Campus International Foundation, the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute (JLI),

In 2006, Rohr and his sisters established the Sami Rohr Prize for Jewish Literature to honor, on the occasion of his 80th birthday, their father's lifelong love of Jewish writing. The annual award recognizes the unique role of contemporary writers in the transmission and examination of the Jewish experience. The $100,000 prize is intended to encourage emerging writers whose work demonstrates a fresh vision and the promise of further growth.  In conjunction with this award, Rohr established the Sami Rohr Jewish Literary Institute, a forum devoted to the continuity of Jewish literature. In 2022 the Sami Rohr Prize entered into an operating collaboration agreement with the National Library of Israel. Additionally, Rohr is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Avi Chai Foundation.

References

1954 births
Living people
Harvard Business School alumni
The Harvard Lampoon alumni
American philanthropists
21st-century American Jews


title: Felsőnána

text:
Felsőnána is a village in Tolna county, Hungary.

Populated places in Tolna County


title: Privileged transit traffic

text:
Privileged transit traffic or corridor traffic is traffic of one country across the territory of another country without usual customs and passport checks. The corresponding line of communication (usually a railway) is called the (privileged) traffic corridor and a train used in this kind of transit is called a corridor train (, ). The reason for such arrangements is usually border changes or border creation which cut through an existing transport corridor.

Examples
Examples are listed with headlines for the country enjoying the transit privilege, not the country offering it.

Belgium
Vennbahn was a railway built 1885 at the time fully in Germany. In 1919 some areas were transferred to Belgium. The railway did as a result cross the new border several times. To handle this, the railway embankment with tracks were also made Belgian territory if inside Germany, without having border controls at the road-rail crossings. The railway was dismantled in 2008, although the embankment still belongs to Belgium.
As a result six German exclaves surrounded by Belgian territory were created as well as one counter-enclave. Five enclaves remain today. The sixth enclave and the sole counter-enclave no longer exist.

Estonia
The road from Värska to Ulitina in Estonia, the only road to the Ulitina area, goes through Russian territory for one kilometre (0.6 mi) of its length, an area called Saatse Boot. This road has no border control, but there is no connection to any other road in Russia. It is not permitted to stop or walk along the road. This area is a part of Russia but is also a de facto part of the Schengen area. This arrangement started in 1991 and remains to the present.

Finland
 Finland leases the -long Russian part of the Saimaa Canal from Russia and is granted extraterritoriality rights. Russian visas are not required just to pass through the canal, but a passport is needed, and it is checked at the border.

Norway
The small road between Sandvika and Tunnsjø senter in Trøndelag county in Norway goes through Sweden for 7 km. It is called road Z821 in Sweden and (nowadays) road 7012 in Norway on both sides of the border. It had the privilege of right-hand traffic also before 1967 when the rest of Sweden had left-hand traffic. Customs control are only occasional like many small roads over the border.

Poland
A 1931 agreement between Poland and Romania for railway traffic between parts of Poland across Romania, between Zaleszczyki and Jasienów Polny  (now Yaseniv-Pil'nyi).  Since 1945, both places have been in Ukraine.
During the years between the world wars German trains could travel to and from East Prussia across the Polish Corridor with legally sealed doors, thereby relieving the passengers of the need to obtain Polish visas.

Russia and Kazakhstan
In former Soviet Union, railways were built before the internal borders were made at present places, or not regarding them. Trains might go a stretch into another country and back. Some examples are:
Railway connection between mainland Russia and its Kaliningrad Oblast exclave across Belarus and Lithuania (through Vilnius railway station). This was not privileged between 2007 and 2020 since normal passport and visa rules apply (since Lithuania entered the Schengen area in 2007).

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the train has become privileged transit traffic again due to border closure by Lithuania, and now trains run non-stop through the territory of Lithuania. After the Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022, this traffic and any border crossing trains between Lithuania and Russia or Belarus are not going.
Near Taraz, Kazakhstan, the railway Aktobe–Almaty passes briefly into Kyrgyzstan.
Between Oral and Aktobe, Kazakhstan, the railway goes through Russia for over 100 km.
Between Saratov and Astrakhan, Russia, the railway goes briefly through Kazakhstan twice.
A branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway between Chelyabinsk and Omsk, Russia passes through the city Petropavl, Kazakhstan

Slovenia
The road to the Brda region of Slovenia, between Solkan and Podsabotin settlements, crosses Italian territory. That stretch is  long and surrounded by fence (). Cars are not allowed to stop there and taking photos is not allowed either. The road was built in 1975, as part of the Treaty of Osimo agreements between Italy and Yugoslavia. The road remains surrounded by fence, even though both countries are now part of the Schengen Area.
The railway from Grobelno through Rogatec (both in Slovenia) to Krapina and Zabok (both in Croatia) crosses the border to Croatia for short stretches which is trafficked like being inside Slovenia, until it passes the border to Croatia properly with border control (eliminated in 2023 when Croatia joined the Schengen Area). The railway goes along the Sutla river, whose old course forms the border. The river was straightened somewhat during the railway construction when this was internal land in Yugoslavia.

Germany

A historical case of privileged transit was the arrival of Vladimir Lenin in a "sealed train car" through Germany from Switzerland to Russia (through Sweden as a normal passenger) in April 1917, amidst World War I and Russian revolutionary activity.
Communication between East Prussia and mainland Germany across the Polish Corridor during the interwar period.
From 1948, it became possible to travel from Zittau to Görlitz through Poland via Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn. The train has a station in Poland, Krzewina Zgorzelecka, located 100 metres from the border of the German city of Ostritz. Passengers could walk between the train and East Germany without border control under surveillance by Polish guards. This route is still in operation , but since 2007 the inclusion of Poland in the Schengen area ended all passport checks at the German–Polish border.
 From 1949 to 1961, trains between East Berlin and parts of East Germany went through West Berlin because no other railways existed. It was easy to deboard the trains when they stopped in West Berlin. This was a major way of fleeing East Germany. Subsequently, the Berlin outer ring was built and when in operation from 1961 to 1990, West Berlin was sealed off and the Berlin Wall built.
In the Cold War era from 1961 to 1990, Berlin U-Bahn and Berlin S-Bahn trains passed along sealed tunnels through East Berlin, without any checks or stops. The sealed stations were called ghost stations.
Büsingen am Hochrhein is politically part of Germany but is surrounded by Switzerland and as such economically it forms part of the Swiss customs area, as does the independent principality of Liechtenstein. As such there have been no border controls between Switzerland and Büsingen am Hochrhein since 4 October 1967. Unofficially, the Italian village of Campione d'Italia was also part of the Swiss customs area until the end of 2019.

Austria
Trains between Salzburg and Kufstein operated (via Germany) as privileged transit until 1997 when the Schengen area removed passport checks at this border. Border checks were reintroduced for them in 2015-2016 because of the European migrant crisis. The route has been called Deutsches Eck (German corner).
 After World War II a 'corridor-train' service was established between Lienz and Innsbruck using the Puster Valley Railway (via Italy); this service lost importance after the Schengen Agreement was implemented and was discontinued after 2013.
From the end of the Second World War in 1945 to near the end of the Cold War in c. 1990, trains with locked doors (to prevent people from boarding or disembarking the train in then-Communist Hungary without permission) were allowed to go from Loipersbach-Schattendorf in northern Burgenland to Deutschkreutz in southern Burgenland via the Hungarian city of Sopron. The 44 minute train ride on a three-car diesel train crossed about 16 km of Hungarian territory up to five times a day traversing between Vienna and Deutschkreutz (previously Oberpullendorf). Nowadays, after the fall of Communism in Hungary and the accession of Hungary to the European Union, trains from Vienna call at Sopron before continuing on to Deutschkreutz. Austrian fares apply for the whole line.

Czech Republic
 After World War II, in 1945, a  section of the railway line Varnsdorf (CS) – Zittau (DE) – Liberec (CS) through Porajów became part of Poland, and international traffic was stopped. In 1951, the Czechoslovak Railways restored the Varnsdorf – Liberec connection based on an agreement with East Germany (GDR) and Poland; ČSD trains had no stop in Polish or German territory. In 1964, a new treatment was signed. From 1972, GDR and Czechoslovakia restored standard international transport on this line. After the expansion of the Schengen area, Varnsdorf – Liberec trains also stop in Germany, but traffic through the Polish section is still based on the transit agreement. The Polish side gets a charge from the Czech side but neglects the Polish section and refuses proposals of Czech or German participation in the maintenance.

Switzerland

 Basel tram Line 10 (BLT) operates from Switzerland to Switzerland, passing via Leymen in France.  Transit passengers are not subject to customs rules and checks, but those boarding or alighting in Leymen are subject to customs regulations.
The Eglisau–Neuhausen railway line is a cross-border railway line in Germany and Switzerland. The line links Eglisau in the Swiss canton of Zurich with the city of Schaffhausen in the Swiss canton of Schaffhausen, crossing some  of the German state of Baden-Württemberg in between. It thus crosses the Germany–Switzerland border twice. Trains which pass through German territory without stopping at any of the stations on the line in Germany, are not subject to any customs formalities or restrictions of either country, despite the train and its passengers technically leaving the Swiss Customs Area, entering the European Union customs area and entering Swiss customs territory again. An agreement in this respect was entered into by the two countries and became law in 1936.
 The Basel Badischer station is located in Switzerland, but operated by German Railways, and with border control done in the building. It was possible to travel from e.g. Freiburg on the Rhine Valley Railway to e.g. Rheinfelden on the High Rhine Railway or to Lörrach on the Wiese Valley Railway with a train change at Basel Badischer without border and customs control. After Swiss introduction into the Schengen Area, border controls are abolished but customs rules still apply.
 A 1.7 km customs road links Ferney-Voltaire with the French section of Geneva Airport, which is located entirely within Swiss territory.
 A 2.5 km customs road links Basel with the Swiss section of EuroAirport, which is located entirely within French territory.

The Netherlands
  is a Dutch main road that runs from Roermond to Brunssum, crossing in and out of Germany for about 7 km through the German municipality Selfkant. The road was built in a time when some German municipalities (including Selfkant) were under Dutch control after World War II. Until 2002 the German section was maintained by the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat, the road had no level intersections, and it was not possible to leave or join the road from German territory. On February 25, 2002, the corridor was handed over to Germany, giving it the name Landesstraße 410 (L410). The road was further integrated into the German network, making it possible to leave to and join from German territory. In contrast to other German roads, freight trucks are allowed to drive here on Sundays and national holidays, while in the rest of Germany this is prohibited.

Air traffic
Air traffic has in general a number of privileged transit traffic rights, making it suitable to reach enclaves or isolated countries, and for longer distance flights.
First freedom of the air: The right to fly over another country.
Second freedom of the air: The right to make technical stops (such as refuelling) in another country without customs and passport check.
Airside transit: The right for passengers to change aircraft at airports, without going through passport control.
Most but not all countries offer these privileges.

See also
Enclave and exclave#Unusual cross-border transport channels

References

Rail infrastructure
Road infrastructure
Transportation planning
Urban studies and planning terminology
International relations


title: Corridor train

text:
Corridor train may refer to:
Privileged transit traffic
Corridor (Via Rail), Quebec City-Windsor Corridor, Canada
Amtrak trains of the Northeast Corridor, USA
Amtrak's Capitol Corridor service in Northern California, USA
A train with corridor connection


title: Dream Build Play

text:
Dream Build Play (also known as Dream-Build-Play, Dream.Build.Play, and DreamBuildPlay) is an annual $75,000 Microsoft video game contest used to promote Microsoft XNA Game Studio and eventually Xbox LIVE Indie Games. It was announced in 2006, started in 2007, and ran until 2012. It was restarted in 2017 as the Dream.Build.Play 2017 Challenge. Notable winners include Dust: An Elysian Tail and The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai.

Concept

Dream-Build-Play, as it was first called, is a game development contest designed to promote and encourage experienced game developers and enthusiasts to create innovative and fun-to-play indie games for Windows and Xbox 360 using Microsoft XNA Game Studio. In 2017, the contest was relaunched to challenge indie game developers to create UWP games across four categories.

Notable entries

Many winners have gone on to be published on Xbox LIVE Arcade:

 A.R.E.S.: Extinction Agenda (Entered as A.R.E.S.)
 Blazing Birds
 Capsized
 Cloudberry Kingdom
 Dust: An Elysian Tail
 Kung Fu Strike (Entered as HurricaneX, HurricaneX2, and HurricaneX2 Evolution in three separate Dream Build Play contests.)
 The Adventures of Shuggy (Entered as Shuggy.)
 The Bridge
 The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai
 Yo Ho Kablammo!
 Zeit²

Dream Build Play Challenges

Here is a breakdown of all Dream Build Play Challenges, including lesser known Warm-Up Challenges:

2007 Warm-Up Challenge

Microsoft offered a Relatives of Spacewar Warm-Up Challenge precursor to the first Dream Build Play, awarding US$500 to the top five entries. The entries had to create a game based on the Spacewar Starter Kit.

Winners

Top 5:

 Earth vs. Mars (Minsk, Belarus)
 Udder Assault (Bellevue, WA USA)
 G, (Bologna, Italy)
 Viduce (Lyon, France)
 Cracklin Crackles (Chicago, IL USA)

2007 Challenge

Also known as Dream-Build-Play 1.0, this is the first Dream Build Play Challenge. In it, Microsoft offered an Xbox LIVE Arcade publishing contract to the top four entries out of 4,500 participants, with the top two "1st Place" winning $10,000 each and the next two "2nd Place" winning $5,000 each.

Winners

1st Place (tie):
 Blazing Birds (Burlington, Canada)
 The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai (Remix) (Marcy, NY, United States)
2nd Place:
 Gravitron Ultra (Stockholm, Sweden)
 Yo Ho Kablammo! (Huddersfield, United Kingdom)
3rd Place:
 Big Sky (Durban, South Africa)
 Burning Angels (Beijing, China)
 Chaos (San Diego, CA, United States)
 Gunstyle (Montgomery, AL, United States)
 Hasta la muerte (Angoulême, France)
 Hippocrate's Dilemma (Guilderland, NY, United States)
 HurricaneX (Shanghai, China)
 Little Gamers (Brussels, Belgium)
 Magic Crystals (Wyoming, MI, United States)
 Proximity HD (Warrenville, IL, United States)
 Ragu (Tyresö, Sweden)
 Rocketball (San Diego, CA, United States)
 Samurai Soul Hunters (latest) (Bothell, WA, United States)
 Shuggy (Ely, United Kingdom)
 Sprockets of Strife (College Station, TX, United States)
 Viduce (Lyon, France)

Blazing Birds, The Dishwasher: Dead Samurai, Yo Ho Kablammo!, HurricaneX, and Shuggy all eventually were published on Xbox LIVE Arcade. HurricaneX was eventually released as Kung Fu Strike and Shuggy as The Adventures of Shuggy.

2008 Warm-Up Challenge

Also known as the Silicon Minds Warm-Up Challenge, it was a precursor to the main 2008 Dream Build Play Challenge, announced in late 2007 this one centered on artificial intelligence and promised an opportunity to interview for at an internship with Microsoft Research, Rare, or Lionhead Studios.

Winners

Top 5:
 Conquerator (Nicholas Barratt & Gillian Allen, Dollar Short Games)
 Hive (Nancy McCourt)
 iSheep (Markus Jost & Remo Zehnder)
 Orblast (John Montemorano, What About Gameplay?)
 Specimen (Brent Strandy)

2008 Challenge

The 2008 Dream Build Play Challenge marks the first time the contest offered $75,000 worth of prizes. First place won $40,000, second place won $20,000, third place won $10,000, and fourth place won $5,000.

Winners

Top 4 Prize Winners:
 CarneyVale: Showtime
 Battle Tennis
 Weapon of Choice
 HurricaneX2

Top 20 (in alphabetic order):
 An Awesome Game (United States)
 Artoon (United Kingdom)
 AUTO (Denmark)
 Battle Tennis (Venezuela)
 Bennu (Portugal)
 Biology Battle (Thailand)
 Blow (Canada)
 Carney Vale:Showtime (Singapore)
 Galex-e-mail (United States)
 HurricaneX2 (China)
 Petank Party (France)
 Project X- Trino (United States)
 Pyramid Camel Boy (United Kingdom)
 Save Jack (South Africa)
 Smashell (Italy)
 Spacehack (South Africa)
 Streets of Fury (France)
 Tropos (South Korea)
 Weapon of Choice (United States)
 Zeit 2 (Germany)

HurricaneX2 and Zeit 2 were eventually released on Xbox LIVE Arcade.

Weapon of Choice made it into the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition. HurricaneX2 was eventually released as Kung Fu Strike.

2009 Challenge

Winners

Top 4:
 Dust: An Elysian Tail, Humble Hearts
 Max Blastronaut, Coin App
 Rotor'scope, Nolver Apps
 HurricaneX2 Evolution, YouYun Tech
Top 20 (alphabetic order):

 Avatar Golf, Barkers Crest Studio (United States)
 BAMBOONO, TAKENOKO (Japan)
 Band of Bears, Cellar Door Games (Canada)
 Cloudberry Kingdom, Zealous Studios (United States)
 Creed Arena, Reedake (Australia)
 Duality ZF, Xona Games (Canada)
 Dust: An Elysian Tail, Humble Hearts (United States)
 Echoes, binary zoo (Australia)
 Guru-Guru, Gasp! (Venezuela)
 HurricaneX2 Evolution, YouYun Tech (China)
 Kaleidoscope, Morsel (Canada)
 Magnetic Mind, laXarIS (Germany)
 Masters of Belial, Brain Seal (United Kingdom)
 Max Blastronaut, Coin App (United States)
 Mirror, Silver Dollar Games (Canada)
 Powa Volley, Kydos Studio (France)
 Rotorscope, Nolver Apps (Spain)
 Sol Survivor, Cadenza Interactive (United States)
 Square Off, Team Chaos (Australia)
 What The?!, Social Loner Studios (United States)

Cloudberry Kingdom, Dust: An Elysian Tail and HurricaneX2 Evolution were eventually released on Xbox LIVE Arcade. Score Rush Extended, a spiritual prequel to Duality ZF, was eventually released on PS4.

HurricaneX2 Evolution was eventually released as Kung Fu Strike.

2010 Challenge

This year, in addition to the $75,000 in prizes for the top 4 entries, there was an additional $60,000 Old Spice prize. This allowed a single team to potentially win $100,000 in prizes.

Standard Dream-Build-Play Challenge

The standard prize money split, labelled a bit differently: $40,000 grand prize, $20,000 first prize, $10,000 second prize, and $5,000 third prize.

Microsoft Old Spice Challenge

In 2010, Old Spice launched four scents inspired by Matterhorn, Fiji, Denali, and Cyprus. The contest asked indie game studios to use these same places as inspiration for a funny and entertaining Xbox 360 game, the winner to be used to produce the products.

Winners

Top 6

 Lumi, Nicolas D. (France)
 ARES, Extend Studio (Thailand)
 Prismatic Solid, YO1KOMORI (Japan)
 Beat Hazard, Cold Beam Games (United Kingdom)
 Duality ZF, Xona Games (Canada – excluding Quebec)
 JoyJoy, Radiangames (United States)

Top 20 (alphabetical order)

 ARES, Extend Studio (Thailand)
 Abaddon, Team Cornflake (United States)
 Abducted!, Photonic Games (United States)
 Alien Jelly, Collective Mass (Australia)
 Armor Valley, Protege Production (Singapore)
 Beat Hazard, Cold Beam Games (United Kingdom)
 Capsized, Alientrap (Canada, excluding Quebec)
 Creed Arena, reedake (Australia)
 Duality ZF, Xona Games (Canada – excluding Quebec)
 Dysnomia, Team Mango (United Kingdom)
 JoyJoy, Radiangames (United States)
 King Spray, electronicshed (Australia)
 Lumi, Nicolas D. (France)
 Mind Over Metal, Murudai (Australia)
 Ninja Garden, Kablammo Games (Ireland)
 Prismatic Solid, YO1KOMORI (Japan)
 Shape Shooter, Super Jai (United States)
 Shoot 1UP, Mommy's Best Games (United States)
 Soul, Kydos Studio (France)
 The Shadows in the Underworld, Polaris (Canada, excluding Quebec)

ARES and Capsized eventually were published on Xbox LIVE Arcade. Prismatic Solid was eventually published to PS4. Score Rush Extended, a spiritual prequel to Duality ZF, was eventually released on PS4.

2011 Challenge

Winners

Top 4:

 Blocks That Matter
 Solar 2
 TIC: Part 1
 Sequence

Honorable Mentions:

 Production Quality: Alien Jelly
 Innovation: The Bridge
 Fun Factor: Ninja Crash

The Bridge was published to Xbox LIVE Arcade.

2012 Challenge

Xbox 360 Winners

Top 4:

 One Finger Death Punch, Silver Dollar Games
 Dead Pixels, CantStrafeRight
 Ninja Crash, Team Devil
 Gateways, Smudged Cat Games

Windows Phone Winners

Top 4:

 Smirkers, Kenneth Bugeja
 Pixel Blocked!, Daniel Truong
 Alter Ego, Denis Grachev
 Cradle to the Grave, COLTRAN Studios

2017 Challenge

PC/Windows 10 Category
Finalists:
 The Forbidden Arts

 Goscurry
 Imperatum - WINNER - US$50,000

Cloud/Azure Category
Finalists:
 Stellar Conquest - Winner - US$100,000
 Clash of Camelot
 The Hadron Effect

Console/Xbox One Category
Finalists:
 Fighties - WINNER - US$25,000
 King's Guard TD
 Train Bandit

Windows Mixed Reality/HoloLens Category
Finalists:
 Racket: Nx
 Windlands
 Prison Boss VR - WINNER - US$50,000

References

Video game development competitions
Video game development
Microsoft


title: Felsőnyék

text:
Felsőnyék is a village in Tolna county, Hungary.

Populated places in Tolna County


title: Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts

text:
Nadezhda Nikolaevna Ladygina-Kohts (Надежда Николаевна Ладыгина-Котс;  – ) was a Russian zoopsychologist and comparative psychologist best known for her work comparing human and chimpanzee behavior, emotion, and cognition. She is the author of several books on ape and monkey behavior and served as the co-director of the first natural history museum in Russia.

Early life and education
Ladygina was born in Penza, Russia on May 18, 1889. Her father was a music teacher and her mother did not have any formal education. After attending gymnasium, she was a student at the Moscow Higher Women's Courses/Moscow Advanced Courses for Women from 1913 until 1916. It was here that she met and married Alexander F. Kohts who taught biology. During her studies she founded the Psychological Laboratory of the Darwin Museum. She finished and received her degree in the biological sciences, with a concentration in comparative psychology, at Moscow University in 1917.

Career
Koht's primarily studied animal behavior and how it compared to that of humans. She served as the co-director of the Darwin Museum in Moscow and studied a variety of animals such as parrots, dogs, monkeys, and apes throughout her career.

Moscow's State Darwin Museum
The Darwin Museum, founded by A.F. Kohts with assistance from Nadia Kohts, was the first and only museum of natural history in Russia. It was derived from A.F. Kohts' teaching museum which was begun in 1907 at the Women's Higher Courses Institute of Moscow University. A.F. Kohts was trained as a taxidermist, and had collected specimens from several expeditions including to southern Siberia, and was greatly inspired by Charles Darwin's works. Therefore, the museum served as the foundation of his private collection of zoological taxidermy and scientific literature. The museum was arranged in an artistic manner, so as to display the works in a creative and informative way, but without too much textual information. The displays included staged taxidermy, paintings and drawings of plants, animals, and their habitats, reconstructive illustrations and sculpture representing prehistoric flora and fauna, and depictions of the lives of evolutionary theorists such as Charles Darwin himself.  A.F. Kohts believed that this museum should depict natural history as an "exciting visual experience" for visitors in order to spark and stimulate visitors' imaginations while he also offered guided lecture tours to the public. A.F. Kohts taught courses for women at the Moscow University, lecturing on Darwin's work and supplementing them with visual aids from his collection.

Nadia Kohts primarily worked at and served as the co-director of the Darwin Museum in Moscow. She began as a student at the Moscow Higher Women's Courses and founded the Psychological Laboratory at the Darwin Museum. Kohts and her husband were both greatly interested in and based their work on Darwin's theory evolution. So, while her husband managed the museum, Kohts carried on psychological and comparative experiments, exploring the similarities and differences between human and animal behavior and intelligence. Her experiments are still regarded today as important and informative in the field of comparative and evolutionary psychology.

Because of the political climate in Russia, the Kohts' had to take certain precautions to protect themselves and their work. Russian geneticist Trofim Lysenko, who was a strong proponent of the inheritance of acquired traits and opponent to Mendelian genetics, had earned support of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Under Lysenko, Soviet scientists who refused to renounce Mendelian genetics had been dismissed, sent to labor camps, or even sentenced to death. Consequently, Nadia and her husband hid their literature and research documents among the taxidermy collection in the museum basement and strategically placed a large statue of Jean Baptiste Lamarck at the museum entrance.

Academic colleagues
Nadia Kohts' spent years corresponding with prominent psychologists of the time. One such colleague was Robert Yerkes, a comparative psychologist and ape researcher from Pennsylvania. Yerkes and his daughter visited and stayed with Kohts in Moscow in 1929 to discuss her ongoing project comparing chimpanzee and human toddler behavior. Yerkes and Kohts carried on correspondence and advised each other on their respective work until 1942, In 1930, Kohts had a bust of Yerkes made to place in the Darwin Museum, along with a copy she sent to Yerkes back in the US. Yerkes dedicated pages of his published works to Kohts and her research achievements.

In January 1960, Kohts received a letter from notable American psychologist Harry F. Harlow. This letter, in which Harlow describes his admiration and following of Kohts' work, sparked a correspondence that lasted two years. Harlow and Kohts exchanged reprints of their works during this time, and he had an employee at his lab translate her documents from Russian to English. After reading her published and ongoing research, Harlow admitted to Kohts that he had not given her enough credit for her work before, and that the field owed a great debt to her scientific accomplishments.

Institute of Philosophy of the Soviet Academy of the Sciences
In 1945 Kohts became a senior research assistant at the Institute of Philosophy of the Soviet Academy of the Sciences. Here she continued her research and advised students of psychology and animal behavior. Her students studied topics ranging from the behavior of beavers, the influence of man on animal behavior, and the preparation of animals for space flight.8

Contributions

Infant Chimpanzee and Human Child: A Comparative Study
Koht's major contribution to the field of psychology is her 1935 publication Infant Chimpanzee and Human Child. The book is a point by point comparison of chimpanzee and human emotion and intelligence. Kohts describes in unprecedented detail the expressions, emotions, and behaviors of a young chimpanzee named Joni and her own son, Roody.

Kohts began the study when she acquired a young chimpanzee, Joni, from Moscow animal traders in 1913. Estimates of Joni's age ranged from 3 to 7 years old, but he was likely even younger. After about 2.5 years of study with Kohts, Joni died from pneumonia and was aged at about 4 years old. Kohts documented Joni's emotions and the behaviors, facial movements, body postures, gestures, and vocalizations that accompanied each one. Among the emotions she documents are: general excitability (related to worry, sorry, or anger), joy (laughter, smiling, and playfulness), sadness (crying), and playing behaviors (running, jumping, play with animals and people, pulling objects, climbing, watching objects, familiarization with objects, etc.).

Nine years after the death of Joni, Kohts gave birth to her son, Roody in 1925. She then documented the similarities and differences between the two species for each emotion and/or behavior. The final product was first published in 1935. It was not until 2002 that it was translated into English. The research within it is often described as being far ahead of its time and a classic that belongs on the bookshelf of any student of primate behavior and cognition.

Match-to-Sample Paradigm
Nadia Kohts is often credited as being the inventor of the popular Match-to-Sample behavioral testing paradigm. Kohts would often hold up a colored brick and ask Joni to identify the same colored brick from a series of colors in front of him. However, her most interesting and novel approach to this testing paradigm was a match-to-sample that required a transfer from one sense to another. In this test, Kohts would hold up an object for Joni to see, and then place it in a sack with other objects that were obscured from Joni's vision. Then, Joni would reach inside to feel for the object that matched the one Kohts had held up. In this test, Joni had to transfer a visual stimulus into a tactile stimulus.

Other notable work
Kohts studied behaviors such as tool use and modification in chimpanzees – behaviors that were not well documented until decades past her time. During a five-year study of an adult chimpanzee named "Paris," Kohts details events in which Paris built sleeping nests from branches and leaves, used tools to acquire rewards, and modified/extended tools to acquire rewards.

Honors and awards
Nadia Kohts was named an Honored Scientist of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic in 1960. She also was awarded the Order of Lenin, among others.

Personal life
Kohts had one son, Rudolf Alfred Kohts, in 1925 named after Rudolf Steiner who the couple admired.  She died at the age of 74 on September 3, 1963, likely due to a heart condition she had had for several years.

Publications

 Ladygina-Kots, N.N. (1965). Predposylki chelovecheskogo myshleniia; podrazhatel'noe konstruirovanie obez'ianoĭ i det'mi. Moskva, Nauka
 Dembowski, J., Ladygina-Kots, N.N. (1963). Psikhologii︠a︡ obezʹi︠a︡n. Moskva : Izd-vo inostrannoĭ lit-ry.
 Ladygina-Kots, N.N. (1959). Konstruktivnai︠a︡ i orudiĭnai︠a︡ dei︠a︡telʹnostʹ vysshikh obezʹi︠a︡n. (The constructive and instrumental activity of the higher monkeys.)
 Ladygina-Kots, N.N. (1958). Razvitie psikhiki v protsesse evoliutsii organizmov. (Development of the psyche in the evolution of organisms).
 Ladygina-Kots (1935). Diti︠a︡ shimpanze i diti︠a︡ cheloveka : v ikh instinktakh, ėmot︠s︡ii︠a︡kh, igrakh, privychkakh i vyrazitelʹhykh dvizhenii︠a︡kh. Moskva : Izdanie Gosudarstvennogo Darvinovskogo muzei︠a︡.
 Ladygina-Kots, N.N. (1928). Prisposobitelʹnye motornye navyki makaka v uslovi︠a︡kh ėksperimenta: k voprosu o "trudovykh prot︠s︡essakh" nizshikh obezʹi︠a︡n. (Adaptive motor habits of the Macacus Rhesus under experimental conditions: a contribution to the problem of "labour processes" of monkeys. Moskva: Izandie Gosudarstvennogo Darvinovskogo muzeia.
 Ladygina-Kots, N.N. (1923). Untersuchungen über die erkenntnisfähigkeiten des schimpansen aus dem Zoopsychologischen laboratorium des Museum Darwinianum in Moskau. (Investigations on the cognitive abilities of the chimpanzee from the Zoopsychological Laboratory of the Museum Darwinianum in Moscow). Moskva-Petrograd, Gosudarstvennoe izdatelʹstvo.
 Ladygina-Kots, N.N. (1923). Issledovanie poznavatel'nych sposobnostej šimpanze. Moskva [u.a.] Gosud. Izdat.

Bibliography

People from Penza
1889 births
1963 deaths
Soviet zoologists
Russian women psychologists
Imperial Moscow University alumni
Soviet psychologists
20th-century psychologists


title: Arum hygrophilum

text:
Arum hygrophilum is a species of flowering plant in the family Araceae. It has a disjunct distribution, found in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus and Morocco.

It is threatened by agricultural development and urbanization. The species has a white inner spathe, which has purple accents. The small spadix is a dark purple color.

References

hygrophilum
Near threatened plants
Flora of Morocco
Flora of Western Asia
Plants described in 1854
Flora of Lebanon
Taxa named by Pierre Edmond Boissier


title: Tour de Yorkshire

text:
The Tour de Yorkshire is a road cycling race in the historic county of Yorkshire, England which first took place in May 2015. It is promoted by the Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO) and is rated as a 2.HC event as part of the UCI Europe Tour.

The idea for the race arose as a legacy event following the success of the visit of the 2014 Tour de France to the county. The first two stages of the 2014 Tour, also organised by ASO, from Leeds to Harrogate, and York to Sheffield, were nicknamed Le Tour de Yorkshire. From 2015 to 2017 it was a three-day race but in 2018 it expanded to four days. The race took place in the days before the May Day bank holiday which, in Britain, is on the first Monday in May. The race was to become part of the new UCI ProSeries in 2020 but that was cancelled due to COVID-19. The 2021, 2022 and 2023 tours were also cancelled.

History

2015

Taking place from 1–3 May, the route was Bridlington–Scarborough, Selby–York, and Wakefield–Leeds. The overall winner was Lars Petter Nordhaug of Team Sky. Samuel Sánchez () was second and Thomas Voeckler () was third. Nordhaug also won the points classification and Team Sky won the teams classification. The mountains classification was won by Nicolas Edet ().

2016

This took place from 29 April – 1 May (British Cycling had rejected an application by the organisers Welcome to Yorkshire and ASO to increase the race to four days for 2016), and the route was Beverley–Settle, Otley–Doncaster, and Middlesbrough–Scarborough.

2017

The 2017 Tour was on 28–30 April, with starting or finishing places of Bradford, Bridlington, Harrogate, Scarborough, Sheffield and Tadcaster. It was later announced the route would be
Bridlington–Scarborough, Tadcaster–Harrogate and Bradford–Sheffield with the women's race on the Tadcaster–Harrogate section.

2018

The tour was extended to four days running from Thursday 3 May to Sunday 6 May. On 28 September 2017, the start and finish points of the stages were announced as Barnsley, Beverley, Doncaster, Halifax, Ilkley, Leeds, Richmond, and Scarborough. It was later announced that the stages would be Beverley–Doncaster, Barnsley–Ilkley, Richmond–Scarborough and Halifax–Leeds, the women's race would be on part of the first two stages. It is estimated that this year's event bought in £98 million to the Yorkshire economy.

2019

In October 2018, it was announced that Barnsley, Bedale, Bridlington, Doncaster, Halifax, Leeds, Scarborough and Selby would all be either start or finish points for the stages in the tour of 2019. At the same time, it was revealed that Redcar would be a host town in 2020.

In the same month, the world governing body for the sport (UCI), announced that the tour had been upgraded to HC status, the highest status for a multi-stage race which is not part of the world tour. Sir Gary Verity, the race organiser and chair of Welcome to Yorkshire said

In December 2018, the stages were announced as running from Thursday 2 May to Sunday 5 May 2019; Doncaster–Selby (stage one; The Heritage Stage), Barnsley–Bedale (stage two; The World Stage), Bridlington–Scarborough (stage three; The Yorkshire Coast) and Halifax–Leeds (stage four; The Yorkshire Classic). The women's stages would be Barnsley–Bedale (stage one) and Bridlington–Scarborough (stage two).

2020 to 2022
The 2020 tour was scheduled to run from 30 April to 3 May with stages from Beverley to Redcar, Skipton to Leyburn, Barnsley to Huddersfield and Halifax to Leeds. The 2020 tour was cancelled in March 2020,  due to the coronavirus outbreak in the United Kingdom. The 2021 Tour was cancelled in November 2020 and the 2022 Tour was cancelled in August 2021.

Future

After Welcome to Yorkshire went into administration, the future of the event was put into question. The rights to the race were bought at auction, as part of a package of assets, by  the company Silicon Dales. The Managing Director of Silicon Dales said it was hoped to get the race running again for the 10th anniversary of the 2014 Yorkshire Grand Depart in 2024. Subsequent negotiations between the new owners of Welcome to Yorkshire and ASO to revive the Tour de Yorkshire for 2024 failed, but there are still hopes for a similar event to continue the race's legacy in 2024.

Impact
The Tour de Yorkshire has had a significant benefit to Yorkshire in terms of monetary gain and exposure to the world. In 2015 it generated £50 million for the Yorkshire economy, £60 million in 2016, £64 million in 2017, £98 million in 2018, and £60 million in 2019. It was estimated that the broadcast coverage of the event in 2017 was viewed by 9.7 million people across the world with over 2 million spectators lining the route.

The 2018 Tour attracted crowds of about 2.6 million people, which The Times newspaper estimated to be the largest spectator event in the United Kingdom. The spectators who lined the route spent 54% more on hospitality than on the previous TdY from 2017. Welcome to Yorkshire was reported to be in talks with the organisers of the Vuelta, in the hope to bring that road cycling event to Yorkshire in the future. During its 80-year history, the event has only held a stage outside of Spain three times before.

Winners

See also
 Welcome to Yorkshire
 2019 UCI Road World Championships

References

External links

UCI Europe Tour races
Cycling in Yorkshire
Cycle races in England
Recurring sporting events established in 2015
2015 establishments in England


title: Arytropteris

text:
Arytropteris is a genus of shield-backed katydids, containing the following species:

 Arytropteris basalis (Walker, 1869) – flat-necked shieldback
 Arytropteris granulithorax Péringuey, 1916 – east coast flat-necked shieldback
 Arytropteris pondo (Rentz, 1988) – Pondo flat-necked shieldback

See also
 Thoracistus

References

Tettigoniinae
Tettigoniidae genera


title: Forest Festival

text:
The Forest Festival or Festival of the Forests () is a music festival created by Bruno Ory-Lavollée in 1992 held every year in June and July in Compiegne, northern France.

The Forest Festival offers classical music in the natural scenery of the  and the Forest of Compiègne.

Four world premieres have been presented at the Festival e.g. Winter's Night by Nicolas Bacri, who was composer in residence at the  Forest Festival 2010–2012.

In 2014, South Korean businessman Yoo Byung-eun had committed to a  (~) sponsorship of the gala concert at Théâtre Impérial de Compiègne on 4 July 2014, where his photographs were to be projected during the world premiere in its entirety of Nicolas Bacri's Les Quatre Saisons opus 80. Following an open letter on 12 June from Korean expatriates in France to, among others, French Minister of Culture Aurélie Filippetti and the president of the Forest Festival, and subsequent talks between the festival and the Ministry of Culture, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius on 30 June gave written notice to the festival suggesting the projection should be renounced "out of sensitivity and respect for the Korean people mourning [following the sinking of Sewol], in particular the families of the young victims, and in the interest of the Festival and of France"; the projection and the sponsorship was cancelled on 2 July.

References

External links

Music festivals in France
Music festivals established in 1992
Classical music festivals in France


title: Luis Villar Borda

text:
Luis Villar Borda (1929–2008) was a Colombian politician, diplomat, and lawyer.

Personal life
He was born in New York City to Colombian parents who returned to Colombia during the Great Depression. In Colombia he studied political science at the National University of Colombia, before doing a doctorate at the University of Berlin. He was in Bogota at the murder of Jorge Gaitán in 1948, and witnessed the Bogotazo. When Rojas Pinilla took power he went into exile in East Germany. When he came back he was a founding member of the Movimiento Revolucionario Liberal (MRL) alongside Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Alfonso Lopez Michelsen, and others. It was at this time he was elected a congressman. Under Carlos Lleras Restrepo he worked on Constitutional Reform Committee. From 1970 to 1973 he was Ambassador of Colombia to Sweden, before returning to Colombia to become a congressman again, where he rose to be Speaker of the House in Colombia. After that he became a member of the Colombian delegation to the United Nations; to do this he renounced his American citizenship. From 1983 until 1988 he was Colombian Ambassador to China, and from 1988 to 1991 he was the last Colombian Ambassador to East Berlin. He later wrote a memoir called El Ultimo Embajador. He was also the uncle of the actor and comedian Mo Rocca. He died July 23, 2008.

Colombian politicians
Colombian diplomats
20th-century Colombian lawyers
Ambassadors of Colombia to Sweden
Ambassadors of Colombia to China
1929 births
2008 deaths
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
National University of Colombia alumni
Former United States citizens
Colombian Liberal Party politicians


title: Francisco García Larios

text:
Francisco García Larios was the Governor of Texas colony from 1744 to 1748.

Career

García Larios was appointed governor ad interim of Texas in 1744, after the death of Justo Boneo y Morales. During his term, the San Antonio Missions were still being carried out, as was reported by the inspector of the Queretaran missions Fr. Francisco Javier Ortiz. He planned to explore the Gulf Coast, "as far south as the Rios Grande". He considered the possibilities of establishing settlements and to search for French traders trading there (trade in Spanish America of not Spanish people was prohibited). Instead, he ordered a subordinate, Joaquín Prudencio de Orobio y Basterra, to do so, beginning in January 1747.

In addition, accepting orders from the viceroy, García ordered the Franciscans to found the San Xavier missions in the modern Milam County, Texas, despite their initial refusal to establish them there, because the location chosen was not the most appropriate to carry out a mission.

Also in 1747, the Spanish government sent José de Escandón to investigate the Spanish colonies in North America. Escandón appointed to Presidio La Bahia's captain, Joaquín de Orobio y Basterra, to evaluate South Texas. Following Orobio's report, Escandon said that La Bahia should be taken from Guadalupe River to the banks of the San Antonio River to help the settlements along the Rio Grande. Both the presidio and the mission likely were moved in October 1749.  He also said that the migration of native families from other parts of New Spain (from areas now belonging to Mexico) to the presidio should be encouraged to create a colony there. However, no Mexicans who would want to settle in the presidio  could be found.
García Larios left Governorship of Texas in 1748.

References

Governors of Spanish Texas
1740s in Texas


title: Halla Church, Gotland

text:
Halla Church () is a medieval church in Halla on the Swedish island Gotland.  It is part of the Diocese of Visby.

History and architecture

The oldest part of Halla Church is the Romanesque nave, dating from circa 1200. The tower is slightly later, while the disproportionately large choir is from the middle of the 14th century, in Gothic style and replacing an older on the same spot. Scholars have concluded that there were plans to replace the whole church with a Gothic edifice, but the builders probably ran out of funds after constructing the choir.

The exterior of the church is thus a mix of Romanesque and Gothic. A few sculpted stones decorate the Romanesque nave. They were possibly made by the sculptor known as Sigraf. Two fragmentary runestones are immured in the choir, one containing the phrase "...men from Lübeck killed...". The choir portal is decorated with sculptured capitals.

Inside, the nave is dominated by a large painted ceiling, dating from 1697. In the middle of the painting is a depiction of the Final Judgement, and in circles in the corners Saint Peter and Saint Paul. The choir walls are furthermore decorated with murals, quite worn. They depict apostles and a number of saints, including Saint Martin and Saint George and the Dragon. The murals date from the 15th and 16th centuries, and some of them have been attributed to the Master of the Passion of Christ.

The church contains two medieval items of interest. It has a triumphal cross from the middle of the 15th century, probably made outside Gotland. The church also has a baptismal font made by the sculptor Hegvald. It has been described as one of the most interesting baptismal fonts on Gotland. Its reliefs depict the childhood of Christ but also other subjects.

Halla Church was renovated in 1965.

References

Further reading

External links

Romanesque architecture in Sweden
Gothic architecture in Sweden
Churches in Gotland County
Churches in the Diocese of Visby
Church frescos in Sweden
Churches converted from the Roman Catholic Church to the Church of Sweden


title: Charles Yukl

text:
Charles William "Charlie" Yukl (February 14, 1935 – August 22, 1982) was a ragtime pianist and murderer from New York City.

Early life
Charles William Yukl was born in Baltimore in 1935 to Czech parents, pianist and conductor Dorothea Freitag (Yukl) and trumpeter Charles W. Yukl; his brother Tex Yukl was born in 1938 in Falls Church, Virginia. Yukl could play piano and sight-read music by age 4, and studied at the Peabody Conservatory. His parents divorced when he was 7, and the boys and their father moved to Los Angeles. The New York Daily News reported that Yukl set eight fires at age 9, and the Los Angeles Times that Yukl later attributed beatings and random cruelties to his "perfectionist, demanding" parents. Yukl dropped out of North Hollywood High School, joined the U.S. Navy for two years, and returned to his mother in New York City. "Apparently urged" by his mother, Yukl became a professional ragtime pianist in Manhattan, in Union City, New Jersey, and in the Catskills, often using the name Yogi Freitag. He was also a volunteer auxiliary policeman, a musical director, a typist, an apartment manager, an accompanist, and a voice and piano teacher. He married fellow photography student Enken in 1961.

Victims

Suzanne Reynolds
At 9:45 p.m. on Monday, October 24, 1966, Yukl called the police to report the finding of the nude body of 25-year-old Suzanne Reynolds, his $5-per-hour student and a native Floridian, in a vacant apartment in his building. He told Patrolman Charles McMillen of the 13th Precinct that after her regular voice lesson he had "returned from walking his dog, noticed the apartment door open, entered, found the body, and promptly notified the police," according to assistant district attorney Robert K. Tanenbaum. After hours of questioning, backup detectives, noticing unusual stains on Yukl's shoes, asked him to accompany them to the precinct house on East 21st Street, to which he consented. Not having direct evidence, police continued the questioning, with coffee and cigarette breaks, until 6:45 a.m., when "one of the detectives suddenly noticed stains on Yukl's trousers", leading immediately to a reading of Yukl's rights to remain silent, as defined by the U.S. Supreme Court only four months earlier.

At 10 a.m. on the 25th, facing continuous questioning, Yukl admitted having argued with Reynolds, and having sodomized the body upon discovery. After consulting his wife Enken with police permission, he stated that he wanted to provide more information, and met district attorney Frank Hogan's assistant John F. Keenan at 12:40 p.m. When Keenan requested the truth, Yukl proceeded to confess to the murder in detail: he had strangled her with a black necktie, paused to drink some Rheingold Beer, and dragged her stripped body upstairs and mutilated it with a knife, leaving a blood trail on the steps and skin traces in the carpet tacks and staples. By 1:45 p.m., Yukl had identified the tie retrieved by officers as the murder weapon. He was booked by Sergeant Francis McCluskey, appeared before Judge Francis O'Brien, and charged with murder by 3 p.m. the same day. His attorney had not arrived at the jail.

Yukl was indicted by a grand jury November 3, 1966, but did not stand trial, and was released on bail in July 1967. Because attorney George P. Monaghan held that the confession was invalid on the grounds that Yukl was not advised of his rights before interrogation began, Keenan (now prosecutor) and Monaghan plea-bargained in February 1968 to agree to a charge of manslaughter; Keenan later cited "grave fears" at the office about appeal and overturn and doubt about proving premeditation in a first-degree murder trial. Judge George Postel sentenced Yukl to seven and a half to fifteen years including time served. In a memo at sentencing, Keenan recommended against parole for "severity of crime and leniency of sentence".

A "model inmate", Yukl served five years and four months total (at state prisons; at Sing Sing from August 1969 to August 1970, called "two years" by the Daily News; and the remainder at the medium-security Wallkill Correctional Facility). He was paroled June 19, 1973, and moved into his wife's apartment in Greenwich Village. Wallkill superintendent Harold N. Butler, parole board spokesman Jerry Houlihan, and state psychiatrist Emanuel Feuer defended Yukl for parole as trustworthy and rehabilitated; Keenan's memo was the only negative indicator reported by parole board chair Paul J. Regan.

Karin Schlegel
Police stated Yukl then advertised in theatrical publications for actresses and photographer's models; he presented himself as a first-time film director. On August 20 or 21, 1974, the body of 23-year-old Karin Schlegel (sometimes spelled "Karen") was found on the roof of a Greenwich Village apartment after being strangled, stripped, and mutilated.

Parole officer Benjamin Lichtenstein saw the TV report, recognized the address as Yukl's, and informed the 13th Precinct; also, "a veteran detective, Baezler, tipped Assistant D.A. Tanenbaum to the news, who carried it to Keenan." After an investigation, Yukl was arrested August 24 for the murder of the 19th, and indicted on September 6. Tanenbaum stated that the district attorney and chief of detectives rushed the arrest rather than set a trap to obtain a free confession, and reported "aghast" that Keenan "goaded a confession" even after Yukl asked for a lawyer. Lawrence Feitell was eventually appointed by the court as his lawyer, and Yukl struck another bargain on June 3, 1976, to plead guilty and accept a sentence of fifteen years to life.

Death
On August 21, 1982, Yukl barricaded himself in his Clinton Correctional Facility cell, but was "talked out" by a psychologist and released to an observation cell in the infirmary. The next day he was found hanged with a strip of cloth torn from his mattress cover, with his death ruled a suicide.

Legacy

The Piano Teacher

Assistant district attorney Robert K. Tanenbaum, who went on to an extended career as novelist and mayor of Beverly Hills, wrote the nonfiction The Piano Teacher: The True Story of a Psychotic Killer as his third book in 1987, collaborating with journalist and producer Peter S. Greenberg to depict Yukl's story in detail.

Reviewers said, "Stinging drama, moral momentum, and intelligent speculation about the flaws of the criminal justice system make this an unusually provocative and satisfying true-crime chronicle," "strangely sympathetic: He was a kind of monster, of course, but also a man who knew he was trapped." Other reviewers cited "disjointed and redundant maunderings", "careless oversights in the connective material", and "not much satisfaction in the way of pedagogy."

The Final Act

In "The Final Act", an episode of Investigation Discovery's documentary Fatal Encounters, which dramatizes real cases of killer-victim relationships, Yukl was portrayed by music director Kevin B. Winebold, who specializes in portraying serial killers and has had several such true crime reenactment roles. The episode was based on The Piano Teacher, according to Winebold; it was filmed in Manhattan in May and June 2013, and was broadcast in January 2014.

Recidivism

The Los Angeles Times echoed Tanenbaum's outrage at the insanity defense in the case of "a psychotic murderer able to masquerade as a meek music coach," with Kirkus Reviews calling him "blind to incriminating evidence" and People a "psychotic killer". Noting three other books of the same title, reviewer and music teaching association member Jennifer Lacy reported that "outrageous" piano teachers "make provocative fiction or bestselling pulp", describing Yukl as "a madman who was set on fulfilling his own sadistic and homicidal dreams."

Immediately upon the second murder, Yukl was regarded as a "textbook example" of the problems of rehabilitation and parole. Lawyer Feitell said, "All this cross-fire among different agencies to affix blame for his parole and early release is going to make it difficult to get a fair trial."

The L.A. Times said in relation to Yukl, "the revolving door of the criminal justice system has become a broken centrifuge, no longer capable of separating the reformed embezzler from the vicious murderer." It held that Schlegel's murder was "entirely attributable to the killer's premature release from prison. In Yukl's case as in thousands of others, the antiquated machinery of the law was completely overwhelmed by the job it was devised to perform." He became regarded as "a killer whose accomplice is the ineptness of the legal system."

References

1935 births
1982 suicides
1982 deaths
American murderers
American people of Czech descent
Musicians from Baltimore
Musicians from New York City
Ragtime pianists
20th-century American pianists
American male pianists
20th-century American male musicians
North Hollywood High School alumni
Murderers who died by suicide in prison custody
Suicides by hanging in New York (state)
American arsonists