title: Yalecrest

text:
Yalecrest is an affluent residential neighborhood located on the East Bench of Salt Lake City and is known for the architectural variety and rare collection of turn-of-the-century homes – all within a six block radius bordered by the South Side of Sunnyside Avenue, North Side of 1300 South, East Side of 1300 East and West Side of 1900 East.  Yalecrest is commonly referred to as the "Harvard-Yale area" and several streets are named after Ivy League universities.  It is a remarkably visually cohesive area with uniform setbacks, historic houses of the same era with comparable massing and landscaping, as well as streets lined with mature shade trees, and a surprising level of contributing structures that retain their historic integrity.  Yalecrest contains 1,487 homes that were built in the early 20th century starting as early as 1912 with the vast majority (74%) built during the period of 1920–1940.  The remaining homes in the easternmost part of the neighborhood were built during the post war boom.  Yalecrest has the largest concentration of period revival English Cottages, English Tudors, French Norman and Spanish Colonial homes anywhere in Utah.  These houses exhibit a variety of period revival styles with the largest portion being English Tudor and English Cottage.  According to the Salt Lake City Planning Department, the architectural variety and concentration of period cottages found in Yalecrest are "unrivalled in the state." Examples from Yalecrest are used to illustrate period revival cottages styles in the only statewide architectural style manual.  There are 22 subdivisions which were platted and built by the prominent architects and developers of the day responsible for early 20th Century east side Salt Lake City development. .  Yalecrest has been on the National Register of Historic Places since November 8, 2007. One home in the neighborhood, the George Albert Smith home at 1302 Yale Avenue, is listed on the National Register since 1993.

The first home built in Yalecrest was at 882 South 1400 East in 1912.  In those days, Yalecrest was an unsettled area perched against a beautiful rolling hillside that gradually rose in elevation to 4,000 feet above sea level.  To the East are panoramic views of the towering Wasatch Mountains, to the West are sweeping vistas that encompass Salt Lake's broad Valley, Utah's West Desert and the Oquirrh Mountains as well as downtown Salt Lake City.  A tributary of Red Butte Creek meanders gently through the northwest quadrant creating a shaded gully that has since become a popular park with two mini-amphitheaters.  The area also encompasses three churches belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), three commercial buildings, one school and two parks.   In its early years and in subsequent periods, Yalecrest has been a haven for the well-to-do along with prominent professionals, business executives, church leaders, writers and those in the arts and sciences

Early history
The property that is now Yalecrest was distributed by the LDS church authorities by lot for use in raising crops and farming. Dividing the plots for land speculation was discouraged.  The earliest identified residents in the Yalecrest area begin to appear in the 1870s.  A ten-acre plot belonging to Gutliffe Beck was located near Yalecrest between 1700 and 1800 East.  His early 1870s adobe farmstead was located near the intersection of Yalecrest Avenue and 1700 East.  The property was later used as a dairy farm.  Paul Schettler's farm, situated near the intersection of 1900 East and Herbert Avenue had crops that included silk worms and mulberry orchards.  David Lawrence had twenty acres of alfalfa located to the south of the Schettlers.  On Sunnyside between 1800 and 1900 East, Jim Carrigan built a house c. 1876 and farmed forty-five acres.  A one-legged man named Wheeler lived at what is now 1372 Harvard and got his culinary water from Red Butte Creek.  No remnants of these early homes are known to remain.

A number of factors contributed to the Yalecrest area development in the early twentieth century.  The population of Salt Lake City increased rapidly at the turn of the century, almost doubling from 1900 to 1910.  Air pollution from coal-burning furnaces as well as early industry in the valley added to the smoke-filled air of Salt Lake City, particularly in the winter.  Properties on the east bench above the steep grade that flattens at 1300 East above the smoky air of the city began to look attractive for residential development.  Land developers from Utah and out-of-state sensed economic opportunity in the potential urban growth, began to purchase land on the east bench and early subdivision advertising touted the clean air of the bench, above the smoke of the valley. Transportation options made the Yalecrest area easily accessible to the downtown area. The primary means of transportation in the early part of this era was the streetcar and the line along 1500 East serviced Yalecrest commuters to downtown Salt Lake City. The streetcars serving the Yalecrest area traveled from downtown to 1300 East in front of East High, south along 900 South to 1500 East, then south to Sugar House and the prison.

Notable residents
 Charles R. Mabey - Utah House of Representatives 1913 - 1915, 5th Governor of Utah 1921-1925
 William C. Ray - Democratic Candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives 1912, U.S. District Attorney
 Gaskell Romney - Builder/Contractor, Regarded as the Father of The Romney U.S. Political Family, Mitt Romney's Grandfather
 Wallace F. Bennett - U.S. Senator from Utah 1950 - 1974
 George Albert Smith - LDS General Authority - 8th Church President May, 1945
 Ezra Taft Benson - U.S. Secretary of Agriculture during Dwight D. Eisenhower Administration, LDS General Authority, and 13th       Church President 1985
 Spencer W. Kimball - LDS General Authority - 12th Church President 1974
 Hugh B. Brown - LDS General Authority Apostle of the Quorum of the Twelve 1970 - 1975
 Russell M. Nelson - LDS General Authority Apostle of the Quorum of the Twelve 1984 - Current
 Joseph B. Wirthlin - LDS General Authority Apostle of the Quorum of the Twelve 1986 - 2008
 Dallin H. Oaks - Professor at the University of Chicago Law School, President of Brigham Young University, Utah Supreme Court Justice, LDS General Authority Apostle of the Quorum of the Twelve 1984 - Current
 Michael O. Leavitt (Mike Leavitt) - 14th Governor of Utah,  Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency 2003 - 2005, Secretary of Health and Human Services 2005 - 2009
 Ty Burrell -  Emmy Award Winning Actor Modern Family  ABC Network

Prominent architects
 J.C. Craig – House at 1327 E. Michigan Avenue
 Lorenzo Snow Young – Bonneville LDS Ward, House at 1608 E. Michigan
 Glen A. Finlayson – Unusual Art Deco House at 973 Diestel Road
 Slack Winburn – House at 979 South 1300 East – He studied architecture in Toulouse France at The Ecole des Beaux Arts et des Sciences Industrielles
 Fred J. Swaner – House at 871 South 1400 East
 Dan Weggeland – Normandie Heights - 1300 East (E)- 1500 East (W) includes the streets of Harvard, Princeton, Laird, Normandie Circle, Laird Circle and Uintah Circle
 Raymond Ashton – George Albert Smith House at 1302 Yale, Sprague Library
 Walter E. Ware – House at 1607 E. Yalecrest for Charles and Minnie Miller
 Taylor Woolley – Frank Lloyd Wright trained architect and protégé– 1402 Yale Avenue

Churches
 Yale Ward - Colonial Revival chapel designed by Taylor Woolley (a Frank Lloyd Wright trained architect) at Evans and Woolley and built by Gaskell Romney in 1925.  Both Woolley and Romney were nearby residents.
 Yalecrest Ward - Art Deco and Moorish Revival chapel at 1035 South 1800 East, completed in 1936.
 Garden Park Ward - Famed early Modern chapel with elements of Tudor Revival and surrounding Moorish gardens. Completed in 1939.
 Bonneville Ward - Postwar Colonial Revival style chapel designed by Lorenzo Snow Young and constructed by the Jacobsen Construction Company in 1949. Built on land previously incorporated into the park, the road now standing between them was originally a private drive owned by the LDS Church.

Parks
 Miller Park - Miller Park follows the course of Red Butte Creek on both sides of its ravine and was originally a 9-acre ravine that extended from 900 South to 1500 East but now stops at Bonneview Drive as a land swap in 1945 gave the southern section of Miller Park to the LDS Church in exchange for property that became Laird Park, located on 1800 East between Laird and Princeton.  Miller Park is named for Lee Charles and Minnie Viele Miller that lived at 1607 Yalecrest.  After Lee Charles death in 1930 Minnie Miller donated 2 acres of property in his memory along both sides of Red Butte Creek to the city and along with city property and property acquired from the Herrick Construction Company and became known as the Lee Charles Miller Park.
 Laird Park - Laird Park is located on 1800 East between Laird and Princeton Avenue was created in 1945.

Notable building
 Duffin's Grocery Store - Duffin's Grocery Store was built in 1925 at 1604 Princeton and was run by Clarence Duffin in conjunction with William Wood & Sons meat market.  Duffin's was the only market within Yalecrest and designed to have the same setback and blend in with the surrounding houses. Duffin's Grocery was renamed Princeton Market before being turned into a hair salon "Princeton Hair Fashions". This property has now been turned into a personal residence but retains its historic charm.

Schools
 Uintah Elementary School was constructed in 1915 to support the growing elementary school age population of the East Bench.  It was built encircled by vacant land but was soon filled to capacity with the rapid growth of the surrounding residential sections. The school was enlarged in 1927 and in 1995 the original school was torn down and a new one built in its place.

Preservation
There is no current zoning protection in place for the Yalecrest Neighborhood.  National Register status does not prohibit demolitions or out of character remodels.  According to the 2007 National Register of Historic Places designation (based on a 2005 survey), 91% of the neighborhood's 1,487 structures have been identified as significantly contributing to the historic district.  However, the neighborhood is experiencing a teardown rate of up to 6 houses per year.  Starting in 2010 the neighborhood is experiencing escalated rates of teardowns primarily from developers wanting to capitalize on the location and beauty of the district.   The teardowns and overscaled rebuilds and additions discourage neighbors and create animosity on the block.  According to the Utah Heritage Foundation, Yalecrest has the largest number of demolitions of any area in the State of Utah since the early 2000s. The creation of a Local Historic District would provide zoning that would curb demolitions and out of scale remodels, however there is no current protection in place. In 2013, a non-profit group called Yalecrest (Keep Educating and Encouraging Preservation) was formed to work with residents in addressing the demolitions and out of character remodels that are destroying the historic nature of Yalecrest.

References

External links

 Yalecrest Historic District

Neighborhoods in Salt Lake City
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
National Register of Historic Places in Salt Lake City


title: Redondo Junction, California

text:
Redondo Junction, California is the site of an Amtrak maintenance facility. It is located  south of Los Angeles Union Station, southwest of Boyle Heights near Washington Boulevard and the Los Angeles River.

Redondo Junction services Amtrak's long distance trains: Southwest Chief, Coast Starlight, Sunset Limited and Texas Eagle, and the regional train the Pacific Surfliner.

History

The California Central Railway built and ran a 13-mile line from Port Ballona (what is now Playa del Rey, Los Angeles) to Redondo Junction. The line opened in September 1887. Redondo Junction became a major train maintenance facility. The California Central Railway ran a line from Redondo Junction to Los Angeles-La Grande Station.

The Redondo Beach Railway also connected to Redondo Junction. The Redondo Beach Railway was incorporated in April 1888, Henry E. Huntington controlled and owned much of the Redondo Beach Railway. The Redondo Beach Railway line started operations on September 1, 1888. The California Central Railway operated on, but did not own the Railway. This line ran  from Redondo Beach to Inglewood, California.

In 1890, the Hotel Redondo opened. The rail line helped make Redondo "the place" for tourists. The first train ran on April 16, 1888, from Inglewood to downtown Los Angeles on California Central Railway tracks through Redondo Junction.

The California Central Railway completed a line started by the San Bernardino and San Diego Railway. The line ran from Redondo Junction to Orange and continued to Anaheim, San Juan Capistrano and then to Oceanside and San Diego. The Pacific Surfliner still runs on this line from San Diego to Santa Ana.

On November 7, 1889, California Central Railway was consolidated into the Southern California Railway Company. On June 30, 1888, it started operations as a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. In 1914 Santa Fe built a 25-track roundhouse there to service trains. The railway turntable was a  through plate girder design.

The Redondo Junction train wreck came on January 22, 1956. It was a deadly wreck involving the Santa Fe RDCs. It was the first major disaster in the Los Angeles area covered on live television, and the worst train wreck in the city's history. The train comprised two RDCs (Budd Rail Diesel Cars) which ran two return trips daily on the San Diegan (train numbers 80-83) between the more conventional streamliners. The RDCs overturned on a sharp curve near the tower, killing 30 and injuring 117.

Redondo Junction was sold to Amtrak in January 1977. In May 1999, Amtrak built new facilities just north of the 1914 roundhouse. The 1914 roundhouse was demolished in August 2000 to make space for a future servicing area. The railway turntable is still on the site.

Redondo Junction project

In 2002 the Redondo Junction project was completed. The project separates passenger rail from freight rail by elevating Amtrak and Metrolink railroad lines over the Alameda Corridor in Los Angeles at Redondo Junction.

See also
Junction (rail)
List of California railroads
History of rail transportation in California
Southern Transcon
Pacific Electric's Red Cars that connected with the rail lines.
 Venice–Inglewood Line
Santa Fe 3751
David B. Jones Special
Beach Cities Greenway on old Redondo Branch

References

Sources
ICC Report No.3675
Santa Fe Budd RDC-1 DC-191 preserved
 Railroads of San Bernardino County, California
California Southern Railway History

Rail yards in California
South Los Angeles
Transportation in Los Angeles
Amtrak facilities
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
Rail junctions in the United States


title: John Snell (priest)

text:
John Snell (fl. 1430) was a Canon of Windsor from 1425 to 1431 and Archdeacon of London from 1422 to 1431.

Career
He was appointed:
Rector of St John the Baptist upon Walbrook 1416–1422
King's Almoner 1421
Prebendary of Wildland in St Paul's Cathedral 1426–1431

He was appointed to the fifth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1426, a position he held until 1431.

Notes

Canons of Windsor
Archdeacons of London


title: Duployan (Unicode block)

text:
Duployan is a Unicode block containing characters for various Duployan shorthands, including French Duployéan, Chinook Writing, Romanian shorthand, and the English Sloan-Duployan, Pernin, and Perrault shorthands. It is the first block of shorthand characters included in the Unicode Standard.

Block

History
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Duployan block:

See also
 Shorthand Format Controls

References

Unicode blocks


title: Boy Rist

text:
Boy Roald Rist (1 January 1912 – 16 November 1972) was a member of the Norwegian resistance movement during the German occupation of Norway in World War II. He was an naval officer, and a member Norwegian Independent Company 1 a part of Special Operations Executive (SOE). He was awarded the War Cross with sword, Norway's highest award.

Background
Rist hailed from Vestvågøy in the Lofoten Islands. After primary school, he completed (in 1929) the seaman's course on Statsraad Lehmkuhl and started serving on vessels in international trade. In 1935 he took the exams for the coastal skipper certificate, and from 1936 to 1939 he worked as a fishmonger and a farmer.

From October 1939 Rist served on , which had been mobilised to safeguard Norwegian neutrality.

Second World War
When the Germans attacked Norway on 9 April 1940, Rist was still in service on Heimdal. He took part in the fighting in northern Norway. Left Tromsø 6 June, escape to England via Shetland - Scotland, Rosyth Naval Station, Edinburgh before he came over to the UK.  During World War II served Rist in the Navy, where he sailed in convoy and served on Corvette and Motor Torpedo Boat (MTB).
In June 1940 Rist underwent a Gunner course in Helenslee. Then he was a gunner on the merchant ship SS Marita, which went in convoy  traffic between Canada and the United Kingdom. 3 trips UK - Canada - UK, convoy escort each end out to 300nmil of the coast, then unprotected except his own gun. The convoys had 50% loss on these trips. In December 1940, Rist went with SS Marita to Freetown in Sierra Leone. Attacked by German raider off the Canary Islands. Mutiny on board, and the steam engine lost power. Got the help of British Merchant raider. "Clear ship" was declared mutiny hit down. Went alone round trip to England. On the return trip to England he became ill with malaria and was hospitalized in London. This was during the time London was very heavily bombed in the battle of Britain.  After he recovered, he was ordered to serve on the corvette , which was transferred to the Royal Norwegian Navy and was outfitted in Belfast before the ship was put into escort service in the Atlantic convoys.

In 1942 Rist also took courses and received training as a commando. In May 1943 he moved to MTB Flotilla in Shetland. Rist was on four trips to occupied Norway, before he later in 1943 was back again in service on Eglantine. From February 1944 Rist was in preparation for Operation Overlord, and in June 1944 he participated in the Normandy landings.

Under the alias "Otto Borgen" Rist was in December 1944 appointed Secretary at the Norwegian legation in Stockholm. From Sweden Rist participated in the Polar Bear expeditions, a series of operations aimed to secure Norwegian ports during an invasion or German withdrawal. Early in 1945 Rist served as Head of Polar Bear 1, where the goal was to protect the port of Narvik. The Unit operated from a Sepalis base in Sweden.

During a mission across the border to Norway Rist and other participants were discovered by a German patrol on 13 April 1945 and engaged in a fire-fight. The fight went in Norwegians favour and three Germans were killed. After the fire-fight Rist and his companion made their way back across the border to Sweden. On the basis of this effort Rist was on 20 September 1946 awarded the War Cross "for outstanding efforts during the execution of special mission."

Postwar
Rist was working for the establishment of naval force of the Home Guard (Norway). In 1951 Rist led the nation's first Naval Home Guard courses in Reine, Lofoten. He was since then often called the Naval Home Guard father. He was head of the Naval Coast Guard in northern Norway. In March August 1966 he was promoted to Lieutenant Commander for special service in the Navy and in March the following year came the appointment to lieutenant commander. On 19 December 1969 was Rist promoted to Commander.

Honours and awards

In addition to the *War Cross with sword  – received Rist several other Norwegian and British awards.
Rist was awarded the Norwegian War Medal, the Medal for Heroic Deeds in silver, the Defence Medal 1940–1945 with Rosette, and the Haakon VII 70th Anniversary Medal from Norway as well as the 1939-1945 Star, the Atlantic Star with clasp, and the Defence Medal from Britain. He was also "Mentioned in Dispatches for bravery" by Dwight Eisenhower in conjunction with effort on D-Day and the liberation of Europe.

References

1912 births
1972 deaths
Norwegian sailors
Royal Norwegian Navy personnel of World War II
Norwegian Special Operations Executive personnel
Recipients of the War Cross with Sword (Norway)
People from Vestvågøy


title: Gatcombe (disambiguation)

text:
Gatcombe is a village on the Isle of Wight, England.

Gatcombe may also refer to:

Australia

 Gatcombe, Queensland, a town on Facing Island in the Gladstone Harbour in the Gladstone Region

United Kingdom

 Gatcombe, Gloucestershire a hamlet in Awre, Gloucestershire, England
 Gatcombe, Somerset, England, a house in Somerset known for its Roman ruins
 Chillerton and Gatcombe, a civil parish on the Isle of Wight, formerly called just "Gatcombe"
 Gatcombe Park a house in Gloucestershire, best known as the home of Princess Anne, England


title: 7th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment

text:
The 7th (City of London) Battalion of the London Regiment was a volunteer unit of the British Army from 1860 until 1961. Recruited from London working men, it sent volunteers to the Second Boer War, saw extensive service on the Western Front during World War I, and defended the United Kingdom as a searchlight regiment during World War II.

Origins

An invasion scare in 1859 led to the creation of the Volunteer Movement in Britain. One of the movement's leaders was the journalist, playwright and poet Alfred Bate Richards, who convened a meeting at St Martin's Hall, Long Acre, London, on 16 April 1859 that led the War Office to authorise the recruitment of Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs). Richards himself enlisted 1000 men to form the 'Workmen's Volunteer Brigade'. Although the unit began holding parades at the City of London's Guildhall in the autumn of 1860, the first officers' commissions were not issued until 26 April 1861, when the unit was formally adopted as the 3rd City of London RVC. The men were generally less well-off than some other London RVCs recruited from the professions and middle classes, but the unit received some financial support from the City of London and the Livery Companies. It adopted a scarlet uniform with buff facings and brass buttons, at first with a bearskin and red plume, later with a kepi, together with the motto LABOR OMNIA VINCIT (Work conquers everything) derived from Virgil.

Under the Childers Reforms the RVCs became Volunteer Battalions of Regular Army regiments on 1 July 1881. The 3rd London RVC was designated as the 11th Volunteer Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (KRRC) but continued to use its former title and did not adopt the Rifle green uniform and black buttons of the KRRC.

The battalion did not have its own drill hall, and drill parades were held at Regent's Park, the Ditch of the Tower of London and at Gray's Inn Square. Prize-givings and inspections were held in the Guildhall, and the annual inspection was carried out at Horse Guards Parade. Church parades were held at St Bride's Church, Fleet Street. The headquarters was first at 26 Great Tower Street, then 38 New Broad Street, both in the city, and afterwards at 76 Farringdon Road in Clerkenwell, but in 1903 the battalion raised enough money to obtain larger premises at 24 Sun Street, Finsbury Square.

During the Second Boer War the 3rd City of Londons provided a contingent of the City Imperial Volunteers raised at the Guildhall after the events of Black Week, and volunteers from the battalion also served with the KRRC. For this the unit received its first Battle Honour: South Africa 1900–02.

Territorial Force
Under the Haldane Reforms that created the Territorial Force in 1908, the battalion was included in the new all-Territorial London Regiment, taking its place as the 7th (City of London) Battalion. It was assigned to 2nd London Brigade in the 1st London Division.  Unlike many battalions of the London Regiment the 7th Battalion had no traditional name, but was nicknamed the 'Shiny Seventh' because it wore brass buttons in a brigade whose other battalions all wore black Rifle buttons.

World War I

Mobilisation
The battalion had just arrived in camp at Eastbourne for annual training on Sunday 2 August 1914 when news reached them of the mobilisation of the Continental Powers. The battalion immediately entrained for London and the men returned to their homes. Mobilisation came on 5 August. The men were accommodated in Curtain Road and Scrutton Street schools, the transport in Broad Street Goods Yard, and the officers at the Armfields Hotel. A week later, the Commanding Officer, Viscount Hood, asked if the men would volunteer for foreign service, and practically the whole battalion did so, making it eligible to be sent overseas. The men who did not so volunteer, or were unfit, were constituted as a second battalion to which the new recruits were directed. This was named the 2/7th Londons, the service battalion becoming the 1/7th Londons under the command of Col Edward Faux, a long-serving officer of the regiment. In April 1915 a reserve battalion, named 3/7th Londons, was organised to train and supply drafts to the other battalions serving overseas.

1/7th Battalion
In the weeks following the outbreak of war the 1/7th was marched to training camps at Bisley, Surrey,  Crowborough, Sussex, and finally Watford, Hertfordshire, where it joined the 4th London Brigade in 2nd London Division. 1st London Division had been temporarily broken up as a number of individual London TF battalions had already been sent overseas, and the 2nd London Division was being brought back up to full strength in order to proceed to France as a formation. The 1/7th spent the winter of 1914–15 at Watford and then entrained for Southampton, disembarking at Le Havre on 18 March 1915.

Festubert

The 2nd London Division, soon afterwards numbered 47th (1/2nd London) Division, went into the line near Béthune to be instructed in trench warfare by Regular troops, the 1/7th carrying out working parties and suffering its first casualties. After holding a section of the line near Festubert in early May, the battalion became the first in the 47th Division to go into action. As the left hand unit of the division it was temporarily attached to the neighbouring 22nd Brigade of 7th Division, which attacked on 16 May during the Battle of Festubert. Elements of the battalion advanced as far as the German support line, but found themselves ahead of their flanking troops and returned to hold the captured German front line. Their casualties that day were 23 killed and 128 wounded.

Loos

After spending the summer holding the  line near Loos, the battalion was withdrawn for intensive training for the forthcoming Battle of Loos. This was a carefully rehearsed attack that began on 25 September 1915 following four days of bombardment and the release of a gas cloud. The battalion's first objective in this attack was a mining Spoil tip known as the Double Crassier, then it was to move on to take the German second line about 400 yards further on.  The battalion followed the gas and smoke cloud and successfully captured its objectives. It then consolidated the position and beat off a counter-attack. Casualties for the day were heavy, totalling 14 officers and 250 other ranks.

Vimy

During the winter of 1915–16 the 1/7th Londons carried out regular tours of duty in the Loos sector. losing a steady stream of casualties to artillery and mine attacks. In March 1916 the 47th Division took over part of the Vimy sector on the west side of the Vimy Ridge. On 21 May 140 Bde (temporarily under the command of Col Faux of the 1/7th) was subjected to a heavy bombardment, and the Germans attacked in the evening. The weight of the attack fell on 1/7th and 1/8th Londons, who were forced back from their front and support lines halfway down the slope. 1/7th made a local counter-attack, but it was too weak to succeed. After a night and day of confusion, the 1/6th and 1/7th Bns pushed forward 250 yards to reoccupy an old French trench which they consolidated and thereby prevented any further enemy advance. They were relieved in the evening of 22 May, having suffered heavy casualties.

High Wood

In late July 1916 the 1/7th marched south to begin training to enter the ongoing Somme offensive. The battalion practised on positions marked out by flags, and adopted identification stripes on their arms: A Company blue, B Co green, C Co red and D Co yellow. On 15 September, 47th Division attacked High Wood to cover the left flank of the tank-led attack of the adjacent divisions on Flers. The first objective for 140 Bde was a line clear of High Wood (the Switch Line), the second was the Starfish Line on the forward slope, and then the strong Flers Line.  The 1/7th and 1/15th were to open the attack, after which the 1/8th would pass through to capture the Starfish Line and finally the 1/6th would pass through and continue to the Flers Line. The 1/7th advanced rapidly behind a creeping barrage and took over 100 prisoners, but suffered severe casualties in taking the Switch Line and consolidating just in front of it. The battalion was relieved on the evening of 17 September and moved forward to relieve the 1/8th in the Starfish Line, where they were counter-attacked and bombarded for two days. By the time they left the line on 20 September the 'Shiny Seventh' were caked in mud and had suffered over 300 casualties. The regiment was awarded the battle honour Flers-Courcelette.

Butte de Warlencourt

In rest camp the battalion was reinforced by a draft of nearly 200 troops from the East Surrey Regiment and returning wounded men of the 7th. It then returned to the High Wood sector on 5 October for another general attack, this time with little preparation. Thebattalion was to attack through the 1/8th Londons (Post Office Rifles) and seize the objective, a mound known as the Butte de Warlencourt. At first casualties were light, but after some 300 yards the leading waves reached the skyline and were virtually wiped out by machine-gun fire. The survivors dug in as darkness fell, with the nearest supports some 600 yards away. After a day under shellfire the battalion was withdrawn the following night. Casualties had been another 300 officers and men. This action won the regiment the battle honour Le Transloy.

Ypres

The 47th Division transferred to the Ypres Salient, at that time a quiet sector, and the 1/7th received a draft from the 25th (County of London) Cyclist Battalion, who had spent the whole war so far in England and were unusually well trained. For several months the battalion did tours of duty in the line in the area of Hill 60 and 'The Spoilbank'. This was part of the line being prepared for the Battle of Messines, and the troops were carefully trained for this set-piece attack. After the explosion of huge British mines on 7 June, the task of 1/7th was to attack from the Spoilbank, take the German front lines and then swing round to capture the 'White Chateau'. The attack broke through with little opposition, but was held up at the White Chateau. The 1/6th Londons then passed through and the two battalions enveloped and captured the position. The captured area was consolidated and held despite shelling and German counter-attacks. Over three days the battalion suffered 64 officers and men killed, 275 wounded and 13 missing.

On 15 September a 60-man party of the battalion, after special training, made an afternoon attack on a troublesome German strongpoint in front of the 'Clapham Junction' position. This had held up several previous attacks but the 1/7th Londons took it, naming it 'Cryer Farm' after 2/Lt B.N. Cryer who was killed leading the attack. The position was reinforced during the night and held off three counter-attacks before the battalion handed over the sector to Australian troops on 16 September and left the Salient.

Bourlon Wood

On 29 November 1917 the 47th Division took over defence of Bourlon Ridge, captured during the recent Battle of Cambrai. The defences were rudimentary, and the Germans attacked the following day, accompanied by a heavy bombardment and ground attack aircraft. 1/7th had been occupying Kangaroo Trench, a support line; that night they moved up through a sunken road into the front line, and attacked the following morning: 'the opposition was not very severe and the attack resulted in fifty-two prisoners and eighteen machine-guns being captured and the line advanced between three and four hundred yards'. However, casualties had once again been heavy, and the line was later abandoned as the division pulled back to a more defensible position.

In February 1918 a number of British infantry battalions were disbanded because of a manpower crisis. 1/7th Londons was among these. Battalion HQ and 200 men selected from pre-war Territorials and those who had served longest with the battalion were drafted to the 2/7th Battalion (see below). A large draft (14 officers and 375 men from A, B and D Companies) went to reinforce the 1/19th Londons in 141 Bde of 47th Division, and five officers and 140 men of C Company went to the 1/7th Middlesex Regiment in 56th (1st London) Division. The remaining men of the 1/7th were sent to join remnants of nine other battalions to form 6th Entrenching Battalion.

2/7th Battalion
The 2/7th Londons formed on 31 August 1914 was rapidly recruited, and marched to Burgess Hill in Sussex on 19 November 1914 to begin training. Uniforms were issued soon afterwards, but rifles remained scarce for some time. Later, Japanese .256-inch rifles were issued, and these remained in use for training until 1916. The battalion made three moves during 1915: first to Crowborough, then to Norwich in April, and finally to Ipswich on 19 June. The 2/7th Bn had been assigned to the 2/2nd London Brigade of 2/1st London Division (later renumbered 174th Bde and 58th Division respectively) and the division concentrated around Ipswich in Spring 1915, forming part of First Army, Central Force (Home Defence). In Spring 1916 it took over coastal defence duties in the area.

The 2/7th Bn remained at Ipswich for 13 months, and during that time sent over 800 NCOs and men to reinforce the 1/7th Bn in France, while training new recruits to replace them. Later the practice stopped, as 58th Division was prepared for overseas service, and 3/7th Bn took over training duties. In July 1916, 58th Division left its coastal defence role and concentrated at Sutton Veny for final training on Salisbury Plain. On 26 January 1917, the battalion entrained at Warminster for Southampton Docks, where it embarked for France, landing at Le Havre the following day.

Bullecourt

On 8 February the battalion went into the line for the first time, at Monchy-au-Bois and Ransart, south of Arras. This was considered a quiet sector, and the 2/7th were introduced to trench warfare by the 1/5th and 1/6th Bns South Staffordshire Regiment of 46th (North Midland) Division. On 5 May the battalion began training for a forthcoming attack, the Second Battle of Bullecourt. On the night of 18 May the 2/7th moved up into the second line behind the 2/6th Londons, who were to attack on the 21st. The attack was unsuccessful, and the 2/7th relieved the 2/6th the following night. 'A' Company was sent forward to clear a German trench, but were heavily shelled and subjected to German counter-attacks until 'B' Company advanced across the open to reinforce them. This successful action cost the battalion 120 killed and wounded.

Ypres

After a period of trench holding near Arras, the 58th Division moved to the Ypres Salient in late August 1917. In the attack of 20 September (the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge), the 2/7th was the reserve battalion of 174 Bde. After the leading battalions had taken Hubner Trench, the 2/7th followed through to Genoa Farm, where they suffered badly from German shellfire. After dark the 2/7th moved on to reinforce the line captured by the 2/6th, where the shelling was less intense. The following day the men had an unusual opportunity to cause heavy casualties with rifle and Lewis gun fire to Germans attempting to cross in the open to relieve their remaining positions, and then watch as a British barrage fell on German troops massing for counter-attack. Later in September the weather broke, and during the spells spent holding the front line of flooded craters in the Poelcappelle area the battalion suffered the full horrors of the Battle of Passchendaele.

When the 1/7th Bn was disbanded in February 1918 (see above), its Battalion HQ and a draft of 200 long-service men were transferred to the 2/7th, which thereafter became simply the 7th Battalion. Surplus men of the 2/7th went to the 17th Entrenching Bn.

Villers Bretonneux

When the German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918, 58th Division was positioned across the River Oise. Although 173 Bde was heavily attacked and forced back by the end of the day, 174 Bde south of the river was not attacked and remained in position until 26 March, when it was withdrawn, By 4 April, 7th Bn was in reserve positions at Bois L'Abbe, just in front of Villers-Bretonneux, the latest German objective. The battalion was not directly involved in the First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux, but on 18 April it was subject to an intense bombardment with Mustard gas shells and suffered heavy casualties, particularly to HQ,  and had to be relieved. Again, the 7th Londons were not directly engaged in the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux but lost more men to shellfire and gas during the action, in which they witnessed the first tank versus tank action in history.

Amiens

For the opening attack of the Battle of Amiens on 8 August 1918, 174 Bde was given the initial objective of capturing Malard Wood. 6th and 7th Londons led the assault, with 8th Bn in support. The attack proceeded well, but all three battalions became mixed up. After reorganization on the first objective, the four companies of 7th Bn went forward and captured the ravine behind, and supplies were brought up by supply tank and dropped by aircraft. 173 Brigade had been unable to take their objective of Chipilly Eidge, so they took over the Malard Wood line to launch a second attack. On 9 August the 7th then made a hastily organised attack with tanks and American troops, which successfully cleared Chipilly Ridge and Gressaire Wood. Casualties had been heavy – over two days the 7th lost 300 men – but the results were excellent. After the Battle of Amiens, the battalion was reinforced with men from the Staffords and the Lincolns and began to train intensively for mobile warfare.

The 7th Londons went back into action on 26 August, attacking towards Maricourt. The attack was a huge success, but the battalion again suffered heavy casualties from machine-gun and artillery rearguards. The 7th had advanced about 1,000 yards and held 'D' Copse, which enabled the neighbouring Australians to sweep up the valley. The following day the battalion attacked behind a barrage to take Maricourt.

The Londons attacked at Épehy on 8 September, finding the opposition stronger than expected and receiving many casualties. After a rest, the battalion attacked again in the same area on 18 September, still meeting strong resistance.

After that, it was withdrawn for rest and reorganisation, returning to the line in early October in the Lens sector. Here the enemy had begun to retreat, attacks on 2 and 3 October went well, and thereafter the campaign became a pursuit across the Escaut River. When the Armistice came into effect on 11 November, the battalion was at Beloil in Belgium. The 7th Londons were then billeted at Péruwelz until demobilisation was completed in June 1919.

3/7th Battalion
The 3/7th Battalion was formed at Orpington in April 1915 under the command of Lt-Col Sir Pieter C. van B. Stewart-Bam, a South African soldier and politician who had been in charge of the London Recruiting District for the TF. The role of the 3/7th was to train and despatch drafts to replace casualties in the 1/7th and 2/7th (and later other units) serving overseas. Stewart-Bam used his connections to arrange with the Dominion High Commissioners in London for the battalion to act as a training unit for officer cadets from the Dominions and Colonies. During the war there were often 70 officers training with the Reserve Bn, at one time 37 were from South Africa alone. The battalion sent some drafts to the King's African Rifles serving in the East African Campaign.

The 3/7th began training at Sun Street, then from September 1915 at a brewery at Orpington. In January 1916 the battalion moved to Fovant, where there was a large purpose-built camp on the edge of the Salisbury Plain training area. While quartered here, the men of the sister battalion the 3/6th Londons started a fashion by cutting their regimental badge into the turf of Fovant Down to reveal the white chalk beneath, making it visible from a long distance. A number of other battalions in the camp did likewise, including the 3/7th who cut theirs on nearby Sutton Down. The Fovant badges are now a Scheduled monument, but those on Sutton Down have not yet been restored.

The 3/7th Bn was redesignated 7th Reserve Bn London Regiment on 8 April 1916, and was assigned to the 1st London Reserve Group (later Brigade). It left Fovant in January 1917 and moved to Dartmouth, Devon, and finally to Blackdown in April 1917, where it remained for the rest of the war training replacements and convalescents for service on the Western Front. It was disbanded on 22 August 1919.

In total, 8631 men of all ranks passed through the three battalions of the 7th Londons, of whom 88 officers and 1430 other ranks died.

29th Battalion
In June 1915 the 'Home Service-only' and unfit men of the TF were formed into Provisional units for home defence. The men of the 7th Londons joined those from the 1st, 2nd and 4th Londons to form 100th Provisional Battalion. When the Military Service Act 1916 swept away the Home/Overseas Service distinction, all TF soldiers became liable for drafting overseas if medically fit, and the provisional battalions became numbered battalions of their parent regiments on 1 January 1917. 100th Provisional Battalion became 29th (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment.

Interwar
During the war the London Regiment had been disbanded and its battalions affiliated to Regular regiments. This was usually to their pre-1908 regiment, but the 7th was instead assigned to the Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's own) (this corrected the anomaly of a brass-buttoned unit being attached to a rifle regiment). However, the battalions retained their titles as London regiments. When the renamed Territorial Army was reformed in 1920–22, the 8th Londons (Post Office Rifles) were not reconstituted but merged into the 7th, which became the 7th London Regiment (Post Office Rifles). Unlike some London units, which suffered slow recruitment in the postwar years, such as the 6th (City of London Rifles), or the 13th (Kensingtons), recruitment was brisk in the combined 7th, which was the strongest battalion in the reformed 56th (1st London) Infantry Division.

In 1935 the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence, particularly for London, was addressed by converting 47th (2nd London) Infantry Division into 1st Anti-Aircraft Division and reorganising a number of London Territorial infantry battalions into searchlight battalions of the Royal Engineers (RE). The 7th Londons became 32nd (7th City of London) Anti-Aircraft Battalion RE (TA) on 15 December 1935 and the Post Office Rifles name was discontinued. From now on private soldiers were referred to as Sappers. Despite transfer to the Royal Engineers, they continued to wear their 7th Londons cap badge. The battalion was assigned to 28th (Thames and Medway) AA Group with the following organisation, the company locations reflecting a broader recruiting area and the doubling of the size of the unit:

 HQ at Sun Street, Finsbury Square, later at Napier House, Grove Park, Lewisham
 328th Anti-Aircraft Company at Finsbury Square
 329th Anti-Aircraft Company at Grove Park
 330th Anti-Aircraft Company at Grove Park
 331st Anti-Aircraft Company at Bexleyheath – new company formed 1935

As the number of Territorial AA units and formations increased, they were grouped into Anti-Aircraft Command. In April 1939, 331 Company transferred to help form the new 73rd (Kent Fortress) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, RE.

World War II

Mobilisation

The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The battalion was embodied and proceeded to its war stations on the north bank of the River Thames from Shoeburyness to Canvey Island with HQ at Purfleet. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October. In June 1939, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of AA Command was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun and searchlight positions. 32 Searchlight Bn began moving in June 1939, with 330 Company, followed by 328 in July and 329 in August, completing a deployment to Laindon, Southend-on-Sea, and adjoining parts of Essex. However, this scheme was altered in August and the equipment placed in readiness at Hadleigh. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations.

32 Searchlight Bn was deployed with HQ and 329 Company at Framlingham, 328 Company at Bildeston and 330 Company at Saxmundham. The battalion mobilised as part of 29 (East Anglian) AA Brigade, but by the end of September it had come under the command of 41 (London) AA Brigade in 2 AA Division The equipment was modern 90-centimetre searchlights with early pattern sound locators.

Battle of Britain
The first months of the war were quiet, but on the night of 7/8 June 1940 the battalion was the first searchlight unit to bring down an enemy aircraft, the crew of a Heinkel He 115 coastal reconnaissance aircraft being dazzled by a detachment at Rendelsham and crashing nearby.

On the night of 18/19 June a strong night air raid crossed the coast at Harwich and flew through the battalion area. Many of the aircraft were illuminated and seven were shot down by Spitfires,  one flown by Sqn-Ldr Adolph Malan, even though the day fighters had no other detection equipment.

In July 1940, the battalion was transferred from 41 AA Bde to 6 AA Brigade, which had originally  been created to command the AA units in the Norwegian Campaign. After the evacuation of British forces from Norway it reformed in 2 AA Division as a light AA brigade in southern East Anglia, commanding widely spaced S/L sites and LAA guns scattered at VPs, mainly Royal Air Force airfields in Essex; the brigade soon afterwards came under 6 AA Division. The battalion's companies were controlled by the Operations Room at RAF Debden.

On 1 August 1940 all the RE searchlight units were transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA), and the battalion became 32nd (7th City of London) Searchlight Regiment, RA (TA) in August 1940; Sappers were retitled Gunners, and Companies became Batteries.

The Blitz
In September 1940 the main night-bombing campaign against London and the cities of the United Kingdom (The Blitz) began, and cooperation between searchlights and RAF night-fighters as well as AA guns became increasingly important. Anti-Aircraft Command was rapidly increased in size. Existing regiments provided cadres to help train new units: 32 S/L Regiment sent three such cadres to establish new batteries, and between September and November 1940 ran a Regimental Training Centre at Brandeston Hall to provide initial training for 400 new recruits. 32 S/L Regiment sent a cadre of experienced officers and men to 231st S/L Training Rgt at Blandford Camp, where they formed a new 562 S/L Bty from 1914 recruits on 17 April 1941. 562 S/L Battery joined the regiment on 15 July 1941. The new battery completed its training at Brettenham Hall.

The S/L layouts had been based on a spacing of 3500 yards, but due to equipment shortages this had been extended to 6000 yards by September 1940. In November this was changed to clusters of three lights to improve illumination, but this meant that the clusters had to be spaced 10,400 yards apart. The cluster system was an attempt to improve the chances of picking up enemy bombers and keeping them illuminated for engagement by AA guns or Night fighters. Eventually, one light in each cluster was to be equipped with searchlight control (SLC) radar and act as 'master light', but the radar equipment was still in short supply.

Mid-War

By October 1941 the availability of SLC radar was sufficient to allow AA Command's S/Ls to be 'declustered' into single-light sites spaced at 10,400-yard intervals in 'Indicator Belts' along the coast and 'Killer Belts' at 6000-yard spacing inland to cooperate with the RAF's night fighters.

In late 1941 the battalion began to receive SLC-equipped 90-cm searchlight projectors to  replace sound locators. These required relocation of some sites to obtain best results. Early in 1942 the regiment shifted some of its sites southwards, including parts of Essex, with 328 Battery based at Felixstowe, 330 Battery at Manningtree, from where it covered Shotley Royal Naval Training Establishment (HMS Ganges) and the Harwich Naval Base, and 562 Battery covering Colchester and Chelmsford. These three batteries came under the control of RAF North Weald Operations Room. Regimental HQ also moved to Manningtree. Part of 328 Battery's  duties was to provide 'Canopy' for RAF Martlesham Heath, where a cone of searchlights over the airfield assisted homing aircraft. This duty ended when the US Eighth Air Force took over Martlesham Heath. The regiment also provided 'Canopy' for RAF Wattisham in the spring of 1941.

By May 1942, the regiment was still under the command of 6 AA Bde, but 328 and 330 Btys were attached to 27 (Home Counties) AA Bde defending London. In June these two batteries switched to 56th Light AA Bde in 6 AA Division. By October, the whole regiment was under the command of 56 LAA Bde, though 329 Bty was still attached to 6 AA Bde.

Later War
The radar equipment, and larger 150-centimetre searchlights, gave increasingly successful results with Heavy AA guns and in cooperation with the new generation of RAF night fighters. 32 S/L Regiment usually cooperated with 85 Squadron flying Havocs and later Mosquitos from RAF Hunsdon and 29 Sqn and  the New Zealand 488 Sqn flying Mosquitos from RAF Bradwell Bay. Low-flying attacks by German fighter-bombers were often engaged by Light AA guns and by the searchlight detachments themselves with twin Vickers machine guns.

As the air defence battle was being won, men began to be withdrawn from AA Command to provide manpower for 21st Army Group in the Invasion of Normandy. Many roles such as plotters, drivers and telegraphists in 32 S/L Regiment were taken over by women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS), freeing able-bodied men for other duties, while 562 Battery was wholly disbanded in early 1944.

From July to August 1944 the regiment was actively engaged in assisting operations against V-1 flying bombs (Operation Diver), many of those crossing the East Anglian coast having been launched from aircraft over the Dutch Coast.

After VE Day, 32 S/L Regiment staffed release centres at Oxford and Reading, Berkshire to administer the demobilisation process. Regimental HQ, which had been reduced to a cadre at Derby as a holding unit, was placed in suspended animation in 1946.

Postwar
When the Territorial Army was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the regiment reformed as 567 Searchlight Regiment RA (7th City of London) (TA), with its HQ at Shoreditch, forming part of 75 AA Bde. In March 1949 it was redesignated 567 (Mixed) Light Anti-Aircraft/Searchlight Regiment, RA (TA) ('Mixed' indicating that some of the personnel were drawn from the Women's Royal Army Corps). When AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955, the regiment was merged into 265 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, RA, becoming 'P' (7th City of London) Battery.

Successor units still occupy Grove Park and Bexleyheath drill-halls, as 265 (Home Counties) Air Assault Battery, Royal Artillery in 106th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery, and 265 (Kent and County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)) Support Squadron in 71 (City of London) Yeomanry Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals. Both units strive to continue and maintain the traditions and history of their predecessor Regiments.

The Regimental and Association standards are displayed along with a Regimental memorial plaques within The Army Reserve Centre, Baring Road, Grove Park, London SE12 0BH. Also Regimental silver for both the 7th and 8th (City of London) Battalions, other items of Regimental Property including the standards for the Temple Bar and St Paul's Association, the Third Regiment of Loyal London Volunteers and a painting of the Duke of Clarence and Avondale presented by King George V. These can be viewed by prior appointment.

Old comrades still parade at Grove Park for their remembrance service every year.

Battle honours
The regiment was awarded the following Battle honours (those in bold indicate the honours chosen to appear on the Regimental Colours):

South Africa, 1900–1902

Aubers; Festubert, 1915; Loos; Somme 1916 '18; Flers-Courcellette; Le Transloy; Bullecourt; Messines, 1917; Ypres, 1917; Menin Road; Passchendaele; Cambrai, 1917; Avre; Villers Bretonneux; Amiens; Albert, 1918; Bapaume, 1918; Hindenburg Line; Epehy;  Pursuit to Mons; France and Flanders 1915–18.

After the 1922 merger with the Post Office Rifles, that unit's honour Egypt 1882 was added.

The RA and RE do not receive battle honours, so none were awarded to the regiment for its service during World War II.

Honorary Colonels
In 1860, Alfred Bate Richards invited Maj-Gen William Ferguson Beatson of the Bengal Army to be the 3rd London RVC's honorary colonel. Beatson was in London in connection with a court case and had been supported by Richards and the Radicals in a series of high-profile disagreements with the War Office. Beatson took the salute at a parade in the Guildhall on 22 September 1860, but was under orders to return to India and was unable to accept the role permanently.

The following served as official Honorary Colonels of the regiment:
 Sir William de Bathe, Bt (1861–68) – first CO of 3rd London RVC'''
 Field Marshal Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala, GCB, GCSI (1868–90)
 Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, KG, KP, ADC (1890–92)
 Colonel R.P. Laurie, CB, VD, MP, JP (1892–1904) – former CO of 3rd London RVCPlanck, p. 5.
 Colonel C.E. Stevenson, VD (1904–21) – former CO of 3rd London RVC Colonel E. Faux, CMG, VD (1921–23) – former CO of 1/7th Londons Brigadier-General Sir Arthur Maxwell, KCB, CMG, DSO & Bar, TD (1923–35) – former CO of 1/8th Londons and GOC 174 Bde.Who Was Who, 1929–1940.
 Colonel J. Trevor (1935–?) – formerly of 5th Londons (London Rifle Brigade)Prominent Members
 Lt-Col Viscount Hood, a former major in the Grenadier Guards who commanded the 7th Battalion from 1912 until the outbreak of war in 1914, when he relinquished command on medical grounds.Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage.
 Sir Bill Jordan, New Zealand High Commissioner to London 1936–51, who had been a sergeant in the 3rd London RVC before emigrating in 1904.
 Maj Richard Long, later 3rd Viscount Long, a former officer in the Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry, who commanded 329 Battery in 1941–42.Planck, Appendix H.
 Maj Sir Kenneth Peppiatt, KBE, MC and Bar, Chief Cashier of the Bank of England 1934–49, served with the 1/7th and later 2/7th Bns during World War I and was second-in-command of the battalion in 1920.Planck, passim.
 Lt-Col Sir Pieter Carizius van Beorhmestein Stewart-Bam, OBE, South African soldier and politician, commanded 3/7th Londons in World War I.Obituary, Straits Times 23 January 1929.
 Major-General Sir Percy Robert Laurie KCVO CBE DSO - Commissioned Second Lieutenant in the 3rd London Volunteer Rifle Corps in August 1901

Memorials

The regiment is one of those whose titles are inscribed on the City and County of London Troops Memorial in front of the Royal Exchange, London, with architectural design by Sir Aston Webb and sculpture by Alfred Drury. The right-hand (southern) bronze figure flanking this memorial depicts an infantryman representative of the various London infantry units.

The regimental memorial plaque for the First World War is held at the Army Reserve Centre on Deansbrook Road, Edgware, HA8 9BA, whilst that for the Second World War is at another Army Reserve Centre on Baring Road, Grove Park, London SE12 0BH.

Traditions
The regiment claimed descent from the Yellow Regiment, London Trained Bands, the  Temple Bar and St Paul's Association (1798–1802) and the Third Regiment of Loyal London Volunteers' (1803), but these units had been disbanded long before. In 1914–18 the regiment adopted the former slow march of the London Trained Bands, My Lady Greensleeves, as its quick march, replacing Austria (by military composer Johann Nowotny), which had been used until then - as well as on the occasion of Officers' Dinner Nights by the King's Dragoon Guards). The Regimental Colour presented in 1909 repeated the device of the Temple Bar & St Paul's Association (a depiction of the West Front of St Paul's Cathedral).

After conversion to Royal Artillery, the regiment in 1941 adopted a shoulder flash in the 7th Londons' colours of  scarlet and buff on a black background, superimposed with the gold grenade bearing the number 7 of the regimental badge.

Notes

References

 Anon, Regimental Badges and Service Caps, London: George Philip & Sons, 1941.
 Army Council Instructions Issued During January 1916, London: HM Stationery Office, 1916.
 Army Council Instructions Issued During December 1916, London: HM Stationery Office, 1916.
 Sgt O.F. Bailey and Sgt H.M. Hollier,  "The Kensingtons" 13th London Regiment, London: Regimental Old Comrades' Association, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2002, .
 Maj R. Money Barnes, The Soldiers of London, London: Seeley Service, 1963.
 Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .
 Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .
 Ian F.W. Beckett, Riflemen Form: A study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908, Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982, .
 Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, various editions.
 Nigel Cave, Battleground Europe: Arras: Vimy Ridge, Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 1996, .
 Niall Cherry, Most Unfavourable Ground: The Battle of Loos 1915, Solihull: Helion, 2005, .
 Eugene Ehrlich, Nil Desperandum: A Dictionary of Latin Tags and Phrases, London: Robert Hale, 1985/Guild Publishing, 1986.
 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, .
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, .
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, .
 Capt E.G. Godfrey, The "Cast Iron Sixth": A History of the Sixth Battalion London Regiment (The City of London Rifles), London: Old Comrades' Association, 1935//Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2002, .
 Brig E.A. James, British Regiments 1914–18, Samson Books 1978/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, .
 Lt-Col H.R. Martin, Historical Record of the London Regiment, 2nd Edn (nd)
 Alan H. Maude (ed.), The History of the 47th (London) Division 1914–1919, London: Amalgamated Press, 1922/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2002, .
 C. Digby Planck, The Shiny Seventh: History of the 7th (City of London) Battalion London Regiment, London: Old Comrades' Association, 1946/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2002, .
 Brig N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994,
 Ray Westlake, Tracing the Rifle Volunteers, Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010, .
 Who Was Who'', various editions.
 The Regimental History of the 32nd Searchlight Regiment Royal Artillery (7th City of London TA) - Whittington Press (1943)

Online sources
 British Army units from 1945 on
 British Military History
 Great War Forum
 The Long, Long Trail
 Orders of Battle at Patriot Files
 Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth (Regiments.org)
 The Regimental Warpath 1914–1918
 The Royal Artillery 1939–45
 7th London Regiment
 Graham Watson, The Territorial Army 1947

Military units and formations established in 1860
Military units and formations disestablished in 1955
7
Military units and formations in London


title: Richard Bowyer (priest)

text:
Richard Bowyer (died 12 May 1471) was a Canon of Windsor from 1459–1471

Career
He was appointed:
Rector of Chingford, Essex
Prebendary of Morehall in the collegiate church of Gnosall 1452–1461
Rector of St Mildred Poultry 1455–1471
Chaplain within the Household.

He was appointed to the fifth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1459, a position he held until 1471.

Notes

1471 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Year of birth missing


title: NCAA Division I football win–loss records in the 1930s

text:
The following list shows NCAA Division I football programs by winning percentage during the 1930–1939 football seasons. During this time the NCAA did not have any formal divisions. The following list reflects the records according to the NCAA. This list takes into account results modified later due to NCAA action, such as vacated victories and forfeits.

Chart notes

See also
 NCAA Division I FBS football win–loss records
 NCAA Division I football win–loss records in the 1920s
 NCAA Division I football win–loss records in the 1940s

References

Lists of college football team records


title: William Justice Ford

text:
William Justice Ford (7 November 1853 – 3 April 1904) was an English schoolmaster, known as a cricketer and sports writer.

Life
The eldest of seven sons of William Augustus Ford, of Lincoln's Inn Fields, by his wife Katherine Mary Justice, he was born in London on 7 November 1853; of his brothers, Augustus Frank Justice (b. 1858) and Francis Gilbertson Justice (b. 1866) distinguished themselves in Repton, Cambridge University, and Middlesex cricket, while a third, Lionel George Bridges Justice (b. 1865), became headmaster of Harrow School in 1910. Educated at Eagle House, Wimbledon, and at Repton School, where he played in the cricket eleven (1870–2), William entered St. John's College, Cambridge, as minor scholar in 1872, having first entered Trinity College earlier that year. He became foundation scholar in 1874, and graduated B.A. with second-class classical honours in 1876, proceeding M.A. in 1878.

Ford was a master at Marlborough College from 1877 to 1886, and from that year until 1889 was headmaster of Nelson College, New Zealand. On his return to England he became in April 1890 headmaster of Leamington College, from which he retired in 1893.

Ford died of pneumonia at Abingdon Mansions on 3 April 1904, and was buried at Kensal Green.

Cricketer
Ford was a cricket blue at Cambridge, and played for Middlesex. He was 6 ft. 3 in. in height and weighed in 1886 over 17 stone. He was reputed as one of the hardest-hitting cricketers, surpassed only by Charles Inglis Thornton. His longest authenticated hit was 144 yards; in August 1885 at Maidstone he scored 44 runs in 17 minutes in the first innings, and 75 runs in 45 minutes in the second innings for Middlesex v. Kent. He was a slow round arm bowler and a good field at point.

Works
After retiring from teaching, Ford wrote on cricket, publishing A Cricketer on Cricket (1900); Middlesex County Cricket Club 1864–1899 (1900); and A History of the Cambridge University Cricket Club 1820–1901 (1902). He compiled the articles on "Public School Cricket" for Wisden's Cricketers' Almanack from 1896 to 1904 and in Prince Ranjitsinhji's Jubilee Book of Cricket (1897). He also contributed articles to the Cyclopaedia of Sport and to the Encyclopædia Britannica, and the chapter on "Pyramids and Pool" to the Badminton Library volume Billiards.

Family
Ford married Katherine Macey Browning at All Saints' Church, Nelson, on 22 December 1887.

Notes

Attribution

1853 births
1904 deaths
English cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Nelson cricketers
Non-international England cricketers
Gentlemen of the South cricketers
Heads of schools in England
English sportswriters
Nelson College faculty
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Heads of schools in New Zealand
English expatriates in New Zealand
Cricket historians and writers
Deaths from pneumonia in England
Cricketers from Paddington


title: Roden Brothers

text:
Roden Brothers was a Canadian tableware design and manufacturing company. It was founded on June 1, 1891 in Toronto by Thomas and Frank Roden. In the 1910s the firm became known as Roden Bros. Ltd. and were later taken over by Henry Birks and Sons in 1953. Roden Bros Ltd.'s silver was supplied by the province of British Columbia and with it they produced a wide range of silver holloware and flatware in traditional English styles. The company offered a variety of flatware patterns that included Stratford, Queens, and Louis XV. Goldsmiths Stock Company were their exclusive selling agents from 1900 to 1922. Roden Bros Ltd.'s mark included the word Sterling, followed by 925, an R and a lion passant. In addition to silver hollowware and flatware, Roden Bros. Ltd. produced cut crystal and medals. In 1974 Roden Bros. Ltd. published the book, Rich Cut Glass with Clock House Publications in Peterborough, Ontario, which was a reprint of the 1917 edition published by Roden Bros., Toronto.

A few unique items that Roden Bros. Ltd. produced were a gold rose bowl with the royal route across Canada engraved on it for King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1939, a tea service for Princess Elizabeth's wedding in 1947, and they were attributed to helping with the production of the Stanley and Grey Cup.

References

Canadian silversmiths
Design companies established in 1891
Manufacturing companies based in Toronto
Manufacturing companies established in 1891
1891 establishments in Ontario
Design companies disestablished in 1953
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1953
1953 disestablishments in Ontario
Cutlery brands


title: Sally Ledger

text:
Sally Ledger (14 December 1961 – 21 January 2009) was a Professor of Victorian literature who made major contributions to the fields of nineteenth-century women’s writing, literary feminism, and the study of Charles Dickens.

Ledger took her undergraduate studies at Queen Mary University of London, where she won the George Smith Prize for the best English First in the University of London in 1985. She completed her graduate studies at the University of Oxford, where she worked on the novels of Mark Rutherford under the supervision of Terry Eagleton at Wadham College. While at Oxford she was involved with the student pressure group Oxford English Limited, and wrote for its journal News from Nowhere: Journal of the Oxford English Faculty Opposition; she also contributed to the journal Literature Teaching Politics, where her first published article appeared in 1987. After her doctorate, Ledger had lectureships at Royal Holloway University of London, the University of Exeter and the University of the West of England before moving to Birkbeck University of London in 1995 as a Lecturer in English. She was promoted to Reader in 2001 and Professor in 2006. Ledger moved to Royal Holloway University of London in 2008 to take up the Hildred Carlile Chair of English.

Professor Ledger’s major publications are The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the Fin de Siècle (Manchester University Press, 1997) and Dickens and the Popular Radical Imagination (Cambridge University Press, 2007). She also wrote a study of Henrik Ibsen for Northcote House's 'Writers and Their Work' series (1999), and co-edited a series of volumes: Political Gender: Texts and Contexts (Routledge, 1994), Cultural Politics at the Fin de Siècle (Cambridge University Press, 1995), The Fin de Siècle: A Reader in Cultural History (Oxford University Press, 2000) and the posthumously published Charles Dickens in Context (Cambridge University Press, 2013). She also edited George Egerton’s Keynotes and Discords (Bloomsbury Academic, 2000). From 2005-2009 she was an integral part of the Dickens Project conference at the University of California, Santa Cruz and was planning a book on the origins of Victorian sentimentality at the time of her death. The British Association of Victorian Studies inaugurated the Sally Ledger Memorial Bursary fund for postgraduate students in her honour.

Obituaries
Tom Healy, The Guardian, 28 January 2009

Matthew Reisz, Times Higher Education, 5 February 2009

Roger Luckhurst, The Independent, 7 February 2009

References

1961 births
2009 deaths
Academics of Royal Holloway, University of London
British women academics


title: Maria Santos

text:
Maria Santos may refer to:

María Santos, Argentine actress of the 1940s
Maria Santos (swimmer) (born 1978), Portuguese swimmer
Maria Amélia Santos (born 1952), Portuguese politician
María Santos Corrales (1797–1881), Peruvian woman
María Santos Gorrostieta Salazar (1976–2012), Mexican physician and politician
Maria Antónia Almeida Santos, Portuguese politician
María Isabel Pérez Santos, Mexican politician
Maria Santos (All My Children), a fictional character from the ABC soap opera All My Children


title: John King (priest)

text:
John King DD (d. 2 January 1638) was a Canon of Windsor from 1625 to 1638 and a Canon of Westminster from 1613 to 1638.

Family
He was the second son of John King (Bishop of London).

Career
He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford graduating BA in 1611 and MA in 1614 and DD in 1625.

He was appointed:
Prebendary of Kentish Town in St Paul's Cathedral 1616 - 1639
Public Orator of Oxford 1624
Prebendary of Christ Church, Oxford 1624
Rector of Remenham, Berkshire

He was appointed to the twelfth stall in Westminster Abbey in 1613, a position he held until 1638.

He was appointed to the fifth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1625, a position he held until 1638.

Notes

1638 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Canons of Westminster
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Year of birth missing


title: Goldfish Syndrome

text:
Goldfish Syndrome are an Irish indie rock group from Cork. They released their first EP, Timewarp, in 2009, and started a regular collaboration with German producer Larry Fricke. The follow-up EP, Moving On was released in 2010 and had positive reviews and airplay in Ireland. The group then released a single, "Alleyways" in early 2013.

Their first album, A Drug Called Tradition, was released in May 2014, accompanied by a single, "Misty Morning". The single reached number 57 in the Irish charts and number 32 on the iTunes chart, including number one on the specialist rock chart. The release was accompanied by a tour of Ireland.

Discography
 Timewarp (EP) (2009)
 Moving On (EP) (2010)
 A Drug Called Tradition (2014)

References

External links
YouTube channel

Irish indie rock groups
Musical groups from Cork (city)


title: John Penros

text:
John Penros  or Penrose (died 1411) was a Cornish  lawyer and judge who held high office as Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, and subsequently served as a High Court judge in England and Wales. Despite his professional eminence, he was guilty of "an extraordinary career of crime" which stretched over nearly thirty years. When the charges against him were eventually proven, he was removed from the Bench.

He belonged to a landowning family based at Escalls near Land's End in Cornwall. He was a qualified advocate, and apparently a good one, as his name appears frequently in the Law Reports in the early 1380s. However he quickly
became notorious as a law-breaker. Along with his associates John Trevarthian senior  (died 1395), and his son  Sir John Trevarthian junior (died 1405) he was for many years one of the principal disturbers of the peace in Cornwall. He had at least one brother Joss, who also seems to have been a malefactor, though in a much smaller way.

What was later described as his "remarkable career of crime" began about 1370. In 1383 he was indicted in Surrey for his role in the murder of Richard Eyre, a fellow Cornishman whose family had a long-standing feud with the Trevarthians. The following year an arrest warrant on the charge of murder was issued for his apprehension but was later withdrawn, apparently on the ground that he was not the principal actor in the murder. The list of serious crimes of which the Trevarthians were accused, and to which Penrose, his brother Joss and his cousin Michael Trereise were accessories, grew to a remarkable length: it included their private war with the Eyre family, which had resulted in the murder of Richard Eyre in 1383, as well as piracy, burglary and treason. In time, however, the Trevarthian family became wealthy and respectable: at the time of his death in 1405 Sir John Trevarthian junior was Under Sheriff of Cornwall.

Despite his appalling criminal record, Penrose was sent to Ireland as Lord Chief Justice in 1385. He landed at Dalkey, near Dublin, in late September, and was still in office in March 1386, when the Close Rolls refer to a payment of £20 to him as his half years salary. While he was in Ireland his conduct as a judge was subject to serious criticism. He returned without permission to England later in 1386 and as a result, was accused of misconduct. Again he seems to have escaped serious censure, despite his reputation as "a notorious criminal". In 1391 he was appointed a justice of the King's Bench and became Justiciar of South Wales in 1393. He was a trier of petitions in the House of Commons in 1394, but was eventually removed from the Bench on the ground of his record as a notorious criminal (meanwhile the career of his accomplice Sir John Trevarthian junior was flourishing).

Penros married firstly Joan, daughter of Richard Carnver, who died about 1391, and secondly, in about 1395, Constance, of whom little is known. With Joan he had at least two sons, William and John; John is said to have been an "imbecile from birth". Penros died in 1411.

References

Medieval Cornish people
1411 deaths
Year of birth missing
People acquitted of murder
Lords chief justice of Ireland
Medieval English criminals
Medieval thieves
15th-century criminals


title: Maracanã Village

text:
Maracanã Village, also known as the Old Indian Museum, is an urban Indian village in the old building of the Indian Museum in the Maracanã neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro. The building is near the Estadio Mario Filho, which is at risk of demolition by the state government of Rio de Janeiro state government. The controversy surrounding maintenance of the village fed popular political movements in the city, and the village is considered symbolic of opposition to the government of Sérgio Cabral Filho. Maracanã Stadium was the main stadium for the 2016 Summer Olympics, and Maracanã was the name of one of the four zones of the Olympic Village.

Background
The building was constructed in 1862 by Dom Luís Augusto. In 1910 it was donated to the Fundação Nacional do Índio, a state agency which sought to preserve Brazil's indigenous culture. The agency, founded that year, was led by Cândido Rondon.

The building was the federal agency's original headquarters. From 1953 to 1977, Darcy Ribeiro converted it into the Indian Museum. The museum was then transferred to Botafogo, and the building was abandoned. In 2006 the site was occupied by a group of about 20 indigenous settlers, who called the area the Maracana Village. The site was purchased by the Rio de Janeiro government in August 2012. To ease exiting Stadium Maracanã for the 2014 World Cup, the Old Indian Museum, the Municipal School Athletic Stadium Friendenreich and Celio de Barros would be demolished.

The proposed demolitions were controversial. According to the government, the museum demolition was required by FIFA and the property had no historical value. In response, in 2013, three councilors proposed a bill to register the building. Its proposed demolition was criticized,  and it was speculated that its purpose was for the construction of a large parking facility.

Minister of Culture Marta Suplicy asked Rio de Janeiro governor Luiz Fernando Pezão for permission to maintain the building, and in January 2013 the municipal council for the protection of cultural heritage gave its unanimous support. That month, after the Indians obtained an injunction preventing the demolition, the state government agreed not to demolish the building until the local Indians left; the building would be renovated and kept intact. There was no timetable or decision about the building's ultimate fate, and the proposed settlement was rejected by village leaders.

On March 22, 2013, the Maracana Village was occupied by the police and the Indians withdrew. Protests by a number of social and political groups followed, and state representative Marcelo Freixo (who was tear gassed) criticized the police action. A Femen activist was arrested when she exposed her breasts in protest.

References

Buildings and structures in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Indigenous people of Eastern Brazil
Politics of Rio de Janeiro (city)


title: Moore Abbey

text:
Moore Abbey () is a monastic house on the east bank of the River Barrow at Monasterevin in County Kildare, Ireland.

History

Moore Abbey was designed by the English engineer Christopher Myers in the Gothic style and was built in the late 1760s for the 6th Earl of Drogheda (who later became Field Marshal the 1st Marquess of Drogheda). The 10th Earl of Drogheda abandoned the house after the First World War and it was leased to John Count McCormack, the tenor, from 1925 to 1937. The 10th Earl then put the abbey up for sale shortly after Count McCormack moved out and in 1938 it became the Irish headquarters of the Sisters of Charity of Jesus and Mary, now known as the Muiríosa Foundation.

References

Country houses in Ireland
1767 establishments in the British Empire
Buildings and structures in County Kildare


title: Agidel (disambiguation)

text:
Agidel is a town in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia.

Agidel may also refer to:
Agidel Urban Okrug, a municipal formation which the town of republic significance of Agidel in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia is incorporated as
Agidel River, alternative name of the Belaya, a river in the Republic Bashkortostan, Russia
FC Agidel Ufa, name of FC Neftyanik Ufa, an association football club based in Ufa, Russia, in 1995–1996
HC Agidel Ufa, ice hockey team in the Zhenskaya Hockey League (ZhHL)


title: Shirley Gorelick

text:
Shirley Gorelick (24 January 1924 – 19 October 2000) was an American figurative painter, printmaker, and sculptor. She "rejected both the extremes of nonobjectivity and photographic exactitude," choosing instead to use a range of sources that included photographs, live models, and her own sculpted life studies.

Early life and education
Born Shirley Fishman in Brooklyn, New York, she attended Abraham Lincoln High School. Her teacher, Leon Friend, arranged for guest lectures by commercial and fine artists. Shirley Fishman had the opportunity to study with three of them: Chaim Gross, Moses Soyer, and Raphael Soyer. Gross influenced her early sculptural work, which features squat figures with thick limbs. While attending Brooklyn College, where she earned her B.A. in 1944, she met Leonard Gorelick (1922–2011), a fellow student. They married in 1944 and shared an enthusiasm for art and culture. Leonard Gorelick was an orthodontist and later a collector of cylinder seals. He combined his interests by investigating the authenticity of cylinder seals through the use of dental technology, especially electronmicroscopy. Shirley Gorelick earned an M.A. at Teachers College, Columbia University in 1947. That year, she studied for several weeks with Hans Hofmann in Provincetown. For a short time in the late 1950s, she was a student of the painter Betty Holliday and, in the early 1960s, learned printmaking in the Long Island studio of Ruth Leaf.

Early work (1945–1965)
By the mid-1960s, Shirley Gorelick had worked in various media, including painting in oils and acrylics, intaglio printmaking, drawing in silverpoint, and sculpting in terracotta, stone, and wood. She initially explored a variety of artistic styles and was influenced by Cubism, Surrealism, Expressionism, and Abstract Expressionism, but became uncomfortable with the modernist distortion of the human figure and began a return to realism. In 1959, her focus turned to expressively rendered female nudes, often seated or reclining, which were painted with loose, fluid brushstrokes that allowed her to liken the body to a landscape. Responding to her first solo exhibition, at the Angeleski Gallery on Madison Avenue in 1961, Stuart Preston commented on the "impressive warmth" of Gorelick's nudes while noting that "form is abstracted and played around with such lavish complexity as almost to defeat its own ends as figure depiction." By 1965, she was reimagining canonical works of art, including Pablo Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) and Giorgione's Concert Champêtre by recasting the figures as more lifelike studio models. Her Homage to Picasso I (1965), for example, uses nude models with real volume instead of rendering them in Cubist facets.

Realist work (1965–1995)
Between 1967 and 1969, Gorelick created a series on the theme of the Three Graces but represented ordinary, mature, and finally African-American women in place of the traditional, idealized European nudes. This led her to focus on a Black model named Libby Dickerson (1921-1995), who appears alone, doubled, and with her interracial family in a series of paintings and etchings that were completed between 1970 and 1974. Dickerson and her family are portrayed informally and illuminated with by strong light source. When the works were exhibited at SOHO 20 Gallery in 1975, the art critic John Perreault enthusiastically remarked, "There is a classical humanism going on here. For her subjects live. They puncture the 'picture plane' with their eyes and their lives. She has invented the palette for black skin, sorely needed." Gorelick's Willy, Billy Joe, and Leroy (1973), a portrayal of three African-American men standing in the artist's studio with The Family II (1973) as a backdrop, was also praised by art critics. As inspiration, Gorelick continued to draw upon earlier artists, including Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, and Johannes Vermeer, but her realist works synthesized her sources and modern subjects more completely.

As the feminist art movement gained momentum, Gorelick was a founding member of Central Hall Artists Gallery (est. 1973), an all-women, artist-run gallery in Port Washington, New York. She also joined SOHO 20 (est. 1973), a women-only and specifically feminist cooperative gallery in New York. Though not one of the founding artist-members of SOHO 20, her tenure with the gallery began in 1974, at the start of the second season. Between 1975 and 1986, Gorelick had six solo exhibitions at SOHO 20 and participated in numerous group shows.

Gorelick's next series, Three Sisters (1974–77), depicts a trio of sibling models who range from seventeen to twenty-one years of age, robed and nude, in a leaf-patterned garden. They are far more individualized than the figures in her works of the early 1960s. Described by one reviewer as a group of "flabby teenagers who are ... the products of leisurely, suburban living," Gorelick's unidealized figures were meant to reveal psychological states, with varying degrees of pain, questioning, anger, and confusion communicated by nuances of position, gesture, or facial expression. As described by Lawrence Alloway in 1977, Gorelick's work had taken on "a new lyrical undercurrent. This comes through most fully in a large painting of 'Three Sisters', each one of whom appears twice, once nude, once loosely robed. Thus three become a crowd, but the echoes of paired likeness and familial resemblance imply a pattern of kinship. The girls, all posed toward the spectator, stand in a garden, ankle deep in leaves, against an overgrown wall."

In 1976, Gorelick painted a nine-foot portrait of Frida Kahlo for The Sister Chapel, a feminist collaboration by thirteen artists which celebrated female role models. Gorelick appropriated a number of elements from Kahlo's own paintings, as well as photographs that were taken of the Mexican painter. By this time, Gorelick's work was recognized for her use of "all sources of information," including photos, models, and xeroxes, "to get as close to the core of her subjects as possible."

In 1977, Gorelick turned to representations of middle-aged couples, either together or individually, as in Gunny and Lee I (1977), The Barnetts (1979–80), and Dr. Joseph Barnett I (1981). The earlier series depicts Lee Benson (1922-2012), an academic and historian who wrote The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy (published in 1961), and his wife Eugenia, known as Gunny. Gorelick's portraits of the Bensons, including Gunny and Lee II (1979), were described in The New York Times as "dynamic visual experiences, made dynamic through well-crafted and provocative compositions. Miss Gorelick especially likes to group two people together, something she does with flair, demonstrating a strong psychological nexus between the two sitters." Her slightly later series on the theme of middle-aged couples, begun in 1980, features Dr. Joseph Barnett (1926-1988) and Dr. Tess Forrest (1922-2009), both psychoanalysts. Gorelick's imperious Tess in a Blue Dress (Dr. Tess Forrest) (1980) shows the sitter in her office with a backdrop of books, "catching us with a gaze both shrewd and confident," as one reviewer noted. In the portraits of the Bensons and Barnetts, the figures are over life-size, close to the viewer, and cropped.

Gorelick's final series, begun in 1982, is a group of landscape paintings representing the Gorges du Verdon, which she was inspired to paint after a trip to the area. The paintings feature fragmentary glimpses of the vast landscape and "juxtapose cool hard granite, lush greenery and calm sky."

Works in public collections
 Night Flowers (c. 1963-64), Housatonic Museum of Art, Bridgeport, CT
 Three Graces I (1967), National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, DC
 Self-Portrait in a Fur Hat (1968), Housatonic Museum of Art, Bridgeport, CT
 Seated Figure (1973), Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY
 Three Sisters III (1974), Hillwood Art Museum, Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus, Brookville, NY
 Beth (1976), Rowan University Art Gallery, Glassboro, NJ
 Frida Kahlo (1976), Rowan University Art Gallery, Glassboro, NJ
 Harold N. Proshansky (1992–93), Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY

References

External links
Official website
CLARA Database of Women Artists

1924 births
2000 deaths
American realist painters
Feminist artists
20th-century American painters
20th-century American women artists
Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn) alumni
Brooklyn College alumni


The Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center (SNFCC) ( (ΚΠΙΣΝ)) is a complex in the bay of Faliro in Athens which includes new facilities for the National Library of Greece (NLG) and the Greek National Opera (GNO), as well as the  Stavros Niarchos Park. The center was designed by architect Renzo Piano and its construction was funded by the Stavros Niarchos Foundation. The $861 million project was completed in 2016, and was donated to the Greek state in 2017.

The project
Plans for a big scale donation by the Stavros Niarchos Foundation started in 1998. Initially the foundation planned to make separate donations to the National Library and the National Opera. In 2006 it was decided to build one complex for both organizations and after discussions with the Greek state the area of the former horse racing (Hippodrome) track was chosen. In 2008 the foundation chose Italian architect Renzo Piano to design the complex and in 2012 construction works started.

The building

Renzo Piano envisaged the SNFCC rising out of the ground like a dislodged piece of the Earth's crust. As a result, an artificial hill is constructed and the roof of both the library and the opera house is emerging from it maintaining the slope. The library is lower and the ‘hill’ concludes with the opera house. The roof of the library will be covered with ground material  and planted with indigenous Greek plants. On top of the opera house there will be a canopy supported on thin steel columns. According to Piano, "the canopy represents a cloud hovering over the highest point of the hill". The roof of the building is covered with a 100x100 meter photovoltaic field, generating around 3 GWh per year. The roof is suspended with dampers to increase its resilience during hurricanes.

The design for the National Opera includes a 1,400-seat opera auditorium and a 400-seat black box theatre.

The SNFCC was nominated for the international prize for architecture, RIBA International Prize 2018, awarded by the Royal Institute of British Architects. It is the only Greek nominee among 62 buildings in 30 countries.

Other information
During his visit to Athens, Greece (November 15–16, 2016), the former US President Barack Obama gave a speech at the Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center (SNFCC), covering the impact of democracy.

Plans for the Athens Metro to reach Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center (SNFCC) were announced in 2021.

References

Leonidas Kourmadas (7 February 2014). "Athens building its modern-day Acropolis". gbtimes.com. Retrieved 17 June 2014
 Γιώργος Λάλιος (10 June 2014). "Στο μεγαλύτερο έργο της Αθήνας". Καθημερινή. Retrieved 17 June 2014

External links

Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center official website

Buildings and structures in Athens
Culture in Athens
Opera houses in Greece
National Library of Greece
Buildings and structures completed in 2016
Modernist architecture in Greece
2016 establishments in Greece


title: Colt Model 1839 Carbine

text:
The Colt Model 1839 Carbine is an early percussion revolving smoothbore carbine manufactured by the Patent Arms Manufacturing Company between 1838 and 1841. Produced alongside the Colt Second Model Ring Lever rifle (preceded by the First Model Ring Lever rifle, Samuel Colt's first manufactured firearm), the Model 1839 was the most popular longarm of the Patent Arms period. The Model 1839 Carbine is differentiated from Colt's Ring Lever rifles by the lack of a cocking ring lever and the presence of an external hammer, which, when manually cocked, would rotate the six-shot cylinder to the next position. Approximately 950 Model 1839 Carbines were manufactured, and an additional shotgun variant, the Model 1839 Shotgun, was produced from 1839 to 1841 with approximately 225 manufactured. Though the United States Navy and Texas Navy purchased a number of Model 1839 Carbines, sales suffered due to the gun's high price and quality control issues.

Overview

The Model 1839 Carbine features a standard  round barrel with a browned finish. The other metal parts are blued.  Although the 24-inch barrel length is most common,  and  lengths were produced. The overall length of the 24-inch carbine is  and the weight of the firearm is . Unlike Colt Ring Lever rifles, the Model 1839 Carbine features a smoothbore barrel that is chambered in .525 caliber. The  six-shot cylinder features an elaborate roll scene including depictions of a naval battle, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and a hunter with lion. The front and rear edges of the cylinder were originally square, though by late production, the rear cylinder edge was rounded. Loading levers affixed to the right side of the frame were not present on early models, becoming standard during mid-production in August 1840. The stock is varnished walnut and the buttplate features a rounded heel.

The trigger guard on the Model 1839 Carbine is an oval in shape and features a "rearward spur" that continues along the bottom of the stock a short distance before curling back forming a small open circle. The Model 1839 is distinguished from the larger Ring Lever rifles by the lack of a ring lever in front of the trigger guard and the presence of an external hammer. Cocking the external hammer back rotates the cylinder to the next position.

Model 1839 Shotgun
The Model 1839 Shotgun is similar in appearance and operation to the Model 1839 Carbine. The shotgun features a  or  Damascus barrel. The six-shot cylinder is  long and features a roll scene which includes depictions of "the American eagle, a deer-hunting sequence, and an Indian with bird hunters." The shotgun is chambered in 16 gauge, (.62 caliber) and lacks an attached loading lever.

Refurbished models
These models, which were original Model 1839 Carbines reacquired and refurbished by Colt in 1848, feature unadorned polished cylinders and case hardened furniture. In other aspects, these refurbished models are similarly finished to the original production run Model 1839 Carbine. Forty carbines were refurbished by Colt in this way.

Production
In 1838, production of the Model 1839 Carbine began in the Patent Arms Manufacturing Company's factory in Paterson, New Jersey. Production lasted until 1841, with a total of about 950 firearms produced (serial numbers 1–950). Model 1839 Shotguns were manufactured from 1839 to 1841, with between 225 and 262 guns produced (serial numbers 1–225 or 262). Approximately twenty-five variants of the Model 1839 Carbine were manufactured at some point during Patent Arms' tenure that featured an elongated  cylinder. These models were produced to accommodate a larger musket-sized charge of powder.

Reception and use
Numerous Model 1839 Carbines were sold to several military organizations, though they were never adopted in any widespread manner. The Texas military was a major customer for Colt's new repeating weapons, purchasing several orders of the Model 1839 Carbines. The Texas Army purchased fifty carbines on August 3, 1839 for $55 each and an additional thirty carbines on October 5, 1839. Each order included accessories to the guns, such as ball molds and loading levers. Also in 1839, the Texas Navy ordered 180 of Colt's Model 1839 Carbines. The United States Navy purchased 360 carbines between 1840 and 1841 via four separate orders. These firearms were marked "WAT" by military inspector Captain William Anderson Thornton. Tests conducted by the Navy demonstrated the delicacy of the carbine after only 160 carbines had been delivered by mid-1841.

In 1841, Captain Edwin Vose Sumner conducted field trials with the Colt Model 1839 Carbine and the Jenks Carbine at Carlisle Barracks in Pennsylvania. Sumner's early tests of the two carbines led him to favor the Jenks, which he found to be "twelve rounds quicker than the Colt's carbines". Ultimately, Sumner found the Colt Model 1839 Carbine to be inadequate for military service. Over time, it was found that the cylinders of the Colt Carbine began to corrode due in part to material issues. This caused small holes to develop between the chambers that enabled chain fires to occur. Despite the Model 1839's improvements in operation over Colt's Ring Lever rifles and high regard by Samuel Colt, the carbine failed to fulfill Colt's expectations. In addition to some of the aforementioned quality control problems, the carbine's high price proved undesirable for many consumers leading to fewer sales than expected.

The Model 1839 Carbine most likely saw action with the United States Marine Corps during the Mexican–American War. The carbines saw action during Winfield Scott's Mexico City campaign beginning with the landings at Veracruz and continuing inland towards Mexico City.

References

Colt rifles
Guns of the American West
Rifles of the United States
American Civil War weapons


title: The Chronicles of Faerie

text:
The Chronicles of Faerie is a young adult fantasy series by O.R. Melling. It consists of four books, the first being The Hunter's Moon (1993), the second being The Summer King (1990), the third being The Light-Bearer's Daughter (2001), and the fourth and final being The Book of Dreams (2003).

References

Fantasy books by series


title: Swimming at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships – Women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

text:
The Women's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay event at the 10th FINA World Aquatics Championships swam 24 July 2003 in Barcelona, Spain. Preliminary heats swam in the morning session, with the top-8 finishers advancing to swim again in the Final that evening.

At the start of the event, the World (WR) and Championship (CR) records were:
WR: 7:55.47 swum by East Germany on August 18, 1987 in Strasbourg, France.
CR: 7:57.96 swum by China on September 5, 1994 in Rome, Italy

Results

Final

Preliminaries

References

Swimming at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships
2003 in women's swimming


title: Gabriellas sång

text:
"Gabriellas sång" is a ballad song with music by Stefan Nilsson and lyrics by Py Bäckman. Recorded by Helen Sjöholm and Stefan Nilsson, the song charted at Svensktoppen for 68 weeks from 24 October 2004 to 5 February 2006, peaking at second position before leaving the chart. The song also became famous with the 2004 film As It Is in Heaven.

An instrumental recording by Swedish dansband Ingmar Nordströms appeared on the band's 2007 reunion compilation album Saxpartyfavoriter. Py Bäckman recorded the song on the 2008 album Sånger från jorden till himmelen.

In 2007 Molly Sandén performed the song during the Diggiloo tour. She also recorded the song as final track for the 2009 album Samma himmel.
In 2009 Hanna Hedlund performed the song with her choir at Körslaget. Elisabeth Andreassen recorded the song for her 2009 album Spelleman.

References

External links
 Information at Svensk mediedatabas

2004 songs
2004 singles
Elisabeth Andreassen songs
Ingmar Nordströms songs
Swedish pop songs
Swedish-language songs
Songs written by Py Bäckman