title: List of defunct restaurants of the United States

text:
Below is a list of notable defunct restaurants of the United States.

Defunct restaurants in the United States

 Arthur Treacher's fish and chips, one location remains
 Aunt Jemima's Kitchen
 Big Daddy's Restaurants
 Bikinis Sports Bar & Grill
 Bill Knapp's
 Blue Boar Cafeterias
 Boston Sea Party
 Bresler's Ice Cream
 Briazz
 Brigham's a Boston-area ice cream parlor and restaurant chain that closed in 2013
 Britling Cafeterias
 Bugaboo Creek Steakhouse
 Burger Chef
 Carrols Restaurant Group
 Cheeseburger in Paradise
 Chi-Chi's
 Childs Restaurants
 China Coast
 Clifton's Cafeteria
 Clock
 Coon Chicken Inn
 Cuppy's Coffee
 Deco Refreshments, Inc.
 Dee's Drive-In
 Don Pablo's closed in 2019
 Druther's
 Dubrow's Cafeteria
 Earl Abel's
 Farrell's Ice Cream Parlour
 Forum Cafeterias
 Fresh Choice
 Geri's Hamburgers
 Gino's Hamburgers
 Henry's Hamburgers
 Holly Tree Inn
 Horn & Hardart
 Horne's
 Hot Shoppes, Inc.
 Howard Johnson's a restaurant chain that featured an iconic orange rooftop, reasonably priced, consistent-quality menu items; founded in 1929 by Howard Deering Johnson in Quincy, Massachusetts; at its cultural peak, it served more meals outside of the family home than any entity except for the US Army; in 1979 it had 1,040 locations, but only one franchise remained open in Lake George, New York until its owner was arrested in October 2017.
 Huyler's
 Isaly's
 JB's Restaurants
 Kahiki Supper Club
 Kenny Rogers Roasters
 La Petite Boulangerie
 Laughner's Cafeteria
 Little Tavern
 Lone Star Steakhouse parent company for other restaurants
 Lum's
 Lyon's
 Manning's Cafeterias
 Mighty Casey's
 Minnie Pearl's Fried Chicken
 Montana's Cookhouse
 Morrison's Cafeteria
 Mr. Fables
 Mr. Steak
 Nedick's
 Nickerson Farms
 Official All Star Café
 Pioneer Chicken
 Po' Folk's once owned by actor Burt Reynolds
 Pok Pok – Portland, Oregon and New York City
 Red Barn
 Rio Bravo Cantina
 Roadhouse Grill
 The Royal Canadian Pancake Houses
 Rustler Steak House
 S&W Cafeteria
 Sambo's
 Sandy's
 Schrafft's
 Sholl's Colonial Cafeteria
 ShopHouse Southeast Asian Kitchen
 ShowBiz Pizza Place
 Signatures Restaurant
 Sisters Chicken & Biscuits founded in 1979, this was Wendy's first attempt to expand beyond burgers
 Sokolowski's University Inn, Cleveland, Ohio
 Soul Daddy
 Specialty Restaurant Group
 Steak and Ale
 Steve's Ice Cream
 Sweet Tomatoes Founded in San Diego in 1978 and operated as Souplantation in California. Closed all locations temporarily in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but announced in May 2020 that the closure was permanent.
 Tasty Made
 Texas Land and Cattle peaked at 20 locations, only 1 remains in Austin
 Two Pesos
 Valle's Steak House
 Velvet Turtle
 Victoria Station one restaurant remained open in Salem, Massachusetts until it was abruptly closed in December 2017
 VIP's Oregon-based restaurant chain
 Wag's
 Weenie Beenie
 Wetson's
 Whiskey Soda Lounge – Portland, Oregon and New York City
 White Tower Hamburgers
 Wimpy Grills founded in Bloomington, Indiana, in 1934; eventually grew to 25 locations within the United States and 1,500 outside of the U.S.; its international locations were eventually sold to J. Lyons and Co. in the United Kingdom, which remains open while all of the American locations eventually closed by 1978
 Yankee Doodle Dandy
 York Steak House one restaurant remains open in Columbus, Ohio
 Zantigo a revival of the Zantigo menu and format has seven restaurants in Minneapolis, Minnesota

California

 Al's Place
 Anthology
 Atomic Cafe
 Bahooka
 Bastide
 Battle of the Dance
 Ben Frank's
 La Botte, Santa Monica
 Brown Derby
 C.C. Brown's
 Café Montmartre
 Chasen's
 Dive!
 The Fat Cow
 Florentine Gardens
 La Folie, San Francisco
 Cafe Frankenstein
 Googies Coffee Shop
 Hamburger Hamlet
 Imperial Dynasty
 Johnie's Broiler
 Johnie's Coffee Shop
 The Linkery
 Little Joe's
 Ma Maison
 Maud's
 Maum, Palo Alto
 Moore's Delicatessen
 Naugles
 Nicky Blair's
 Noriega Hotel
 Nova Express Café
 Original Spanish Kitchen
 Pasta Bravo
 Perino's
 Phenakite, Los Angeles
 Pup 'N' Taco
 Scrivner's Drive-In
 Ships Coffee Shop
 Swensen's
 Taco María, Costa Mesa
 Tiny Naylor's
 Van de Kamp's Holland Dutch Bakeries
 Wich Stand
 Zombie Hut

Illinois
 42 Grams, Chicago
 Acadia, Chicago
 Avenues, Chicago
 Band of Bohemia, Chicago
 Blackbird, Chicago
 Blackhawk, Chicago
 Brasserie Jo, Chicago
 Chez Paul, Chicago
 Courtright's, Chicago
 Crofton on Wells, Chicago
 Elizabeth, Chicago
 Entente, Chicago
 Everest, Chicago
 Fat Rice, Chicago
 Grace
 The Great Gritzbe's Flying Food Show
 GreenRiver
 L2O
 Mexique, Chicago
 Michael Jordan's Restaurant
 Moto
 The Pump Room
 RIA
 Senza
 Sixteen
 Tru

Maryland

 Anchor Inn
 Chicken George
 Martick's Restaurant Francais
 Maryland Food Collective
 Punk's Backyard Grill
 White Coffee Pot

Massachusetts

 Anthony's Pier 4
 Biba
 Brigham's Ice Cream
 Doyle's Cafe
 Durgin-Park
 East Coast Grill
 L'Espalier
 Hilltop Steak House
 Jacob Wirth Restaurant
 Locke-Ober
 Tasty Sandwich Shop
 Upstairs On the Square

New York

 A Voce Columbus, New York City
 Agern, New York City
 Aldea, New York City
 Alto, New York City
 Anthos, New York City
 Asti
 Bar Uchū, New York City
 Beefsteak Charlie's
 Benno, New York City
 Bridge Cafe
 Browne's Chop House
 Brushstroke, New York City
 Café des Artistes
 Café Gray, New York City
 Cafe Rouge
 La Caravelle
 Carnegie Deli
 The Cattleman
 Cafe Chambord
 Chelsea Place
 Cloud Club
 The Coffee Shop
 The Colony
 Convivio
 Corton
 La Côte Basque
 Da Silvano
 Del Pezzo Restaurant
 Devi
 Dovetail, New York City
 Elaine's
 Fashion Cafe
 Fiamma Osteria, New York City
 Fleur de Sel, New York City
 Florent
 FOOD
 The Gaslight Cafe
 Heartbreak, New York City
 Jekyll & Hyde Club
 Jewel Bako, New York City
 Jimmy Ryan's
 Jimmy Weston's
 Juni, New York City
 Kajitsu, New York City
 Kiev Restaurant
 Kyo Ya, New York City
 Lafayette
 Lespinasse
 Lindy's
 Lo Scalco, New York City
 Lobster Palace
 Lüchow's
 Lundy's Restaurant
 Lutèce
 Manganaro's
 Mars 2112
 Maxwell's Plum
 Mo Gridder's
 Moondance Diner
 Moon's Lake House
 Mori
 Munson Diner
 Nix
 Café Nicholson
 Oak Room
 Okuda, New York City
 Onyx Club
 Le Pavillon
 Penny Cafeteria
 Piora, New York City
 Pith
 The Quilted Giraffe
 Quo Vadis
 Ratner's
 Rebelle, New York City
 Red Apple Rest
 Reisenweber's Cafe
 Reuben's Restaurant
 Rosanjin, New York City
 Saul, New York City
 Semilla, New York City
 Shanley's Restaurants
 Sherry's
 Soto, New York City
 The Spotted Pig
 Stage Deli
 Stock Exchange Luncheon Club
 Stork Club
 Take Root, New York City
 Telepan, New York City
 Toots Shor's Restaurant
 Tulsi, New York City
 Ukiyo, New York City
 Veritas, New York City
 Windows on the World
 The World

Oregon

 Acadia: A New Orleans Bistro, Portland
 Alexis Restaurant, Portland
 Altabira City Tavern, Portland
 Analog Café and Theater, Portland
 Arleta Library Bakery & Cafe, Portland
 Ataula, Portland
 Aviary, Portland
 Baby Blue Pizza, Portland
 Bailey's Taproom, Portland
 Batterfish
 Beast, Portland
 Berbati's Pan, Portland
 Berlin Inn, Portland
 Bistro Agnes, Portland
 Biwa, Portland
 Bluehour, Portland
 Blueplate Lunch Counter and Soda Fountain, Portland
 Bombay Cricket Club, Portland
 Brasserie Montmartre, Portland
 Bridges Cafe, Portland
 British Overseas Restaurant Corporation, Portland
 Byways Cafe, Portland
 Cafe Azul
 Candlelight Cafe & Bar, Portland
 Carriage Room, Portland
 Chez Machin, Portland
 Clyde Common, Portland
 Country Bill's, Portland
 Cup & Saucer Cafe, Portland
 Davis Street Tavern, Portland
 Der Rheinlander, Portland
 Dick's Kitchen, Portland
 Dig a Pony, Portland
 Dime Store, Portland
 Dóttir (restaurant), Portland
 El Gallo Taqueria, Portland
 Esparza's, Portland
 Everybody Eats PDX, Portland
 Fenouil, Portland
 Fish Grotto, Portland
 Fong Chong, Portland
 Genoa, Portland
 Greek Cusina
 Grüner, Portland
 Gypsy Restaurant and Velvet Lounge, Portland
 Handsome Pizza, Portland
 Henry Thiele Restaurant, Portland
 Hobo's, Portland
 Holy Trinity Barbecue, Portland
 House of Louie, Portland
 Hunan Restaurant, Portland
 Hung Far Low, Portland
 Irving Street Kitchen, Portland
 Isabel Pearl, Portland
 JaCiva's Bakery and Chocolatier, Portland
 Kornblatt's Delicatessen, Portland
 La Carreta Mexican Restaurant, Portland
 Lazy Susan, Portland
 Le Bistro Montage, Portland
 Lincoln Restaurant, Portland
 The Liquor Store, Portland
 Little Bird Bistro, Portland
 Lonesome's Pizza, Portland
 Lovely Hula Hands, Portland
 Masia, Portland
 Mi Mero Mole, Portland
 Ned Ludd, Portland
 Nel Centro, Portland
 New Copper Penny, Portland
 Nick's Italian Cafe, McMinnville
 NOLA Doughnuts
 Ocean City Seafood Restaurant, Portland
 Organ Grinder Restaurant, Portland
 Original Taco House
 Overlook Restaurant, Portland
 The Pagoda, Portland
 The Parish, Portland
 Pazzo Ristorante, Portland
 Pearl Tavern, Portland
 Pied Cow Coffeehouse, Portland
 Ping, Portland
 Pink Feather, Portland
 Portland Penny Diner, Portland
 Portobello Vegan Trattoria, Portland
 Radar, Portland
 Red and Black Cafe, Portland
 Revelry, Portland
 RingSide Fish House, Portland
 Roman Candle, Portland
 The Roxy, Portland
 Saucebox, Portland
 Seastar Bakery, Portland
 Shift Drinks, Portland
 Shine Distillery and Grill, Portland
 Shizuku by Chef Naoko, Portland
 Shut Up and Eat, Portland
 Southeast Grind, Portland
 Stanich's, Portland
 Starky's, Portland
 Sunshine Tavern, Portland
 Tails & Trotters, Portland
 Tapalaya, Portland
 Tasty n Alder, Portland
 Tasty n Daughters, Portland
 Tasty n Sons, Portland
 Three Sisters Tavern, Portland
 Tilt, Portland
 Toro Bravo, Portland
 Touché Restaurant & Bar, Portland
 Vault Cocktail Lounge, Portland
 Veritable Quandary, Portland
 Victory Bar, Portland
 Wildwood, Portland
 Wong's King, Portland
 The Woodsman Tavern, Portland
 Xico, Portland
 Yonder, Portland

Pennsylvania

 Le Bec-Fin
 Horn & Hardart
 Old Original Bookbinder's
 Palumbo's
 Tun Tavern

Texas

 Benjy's, Houston
 Dolce Vita, Houston
 Inversion Coffee House, Houston
 Shady Grove, Austin
 Yia Yia Mary's, Houston

Washington

 Andy's Diner, Seattle
 Country Dough, Seattle
 Dacha Diner, Seattle
 Dahlia Lounge, Seattle
 Eastern Cafe, Seattle
 Iron Horse, Seattle
 Last Exit on Brooklyn, Seattle
 The London Plane, Seattle
 Loulay, Seattle
 Marmite, Seattle
 Pizzeria Credo, Seattle
 Poppy, Seattle
 Salare, Seattle
 Sitka and Spruce, Seattle
 SkyCity, Seattle

See also

Lists of companies
List of defunct fast-food restaurant chains
List of defunct retailers of the United States

References

Restaurants
Defunct


title: Holbein Gate

text:
The Holbein Gate was a monumental gateway across Whitehall in Westminster, constructed in 1531–32 in the English Gothic style.  The Holbein Gate and a second less ornate gate, Westminster Gate, were constructed by Henry VIII to connect parts of the Tudor Palace of Whitehall to the east and west of the road.  It was one of two substantial parts of the Palace of Whitehall to survive a catastrophic fire in January 1698, the other being Inigo Jones's classical Banqueting House.  The Holbein Gate was described by Thomas Pennant as "the most beautiful gate at Whitehall".  It was demolished in August 1759 to allow better movement of traffic and was possibly going to be re-erected in Windsor Great Park, but it's materials were dispersed instead.

Description
The name of Holbein Gate reflects a tradition that it was designed by Hans Holbein, although any connection with Holbein seems unlikely.  It was also known as the King's Gate or the Cockpit Gate, being close to the Royal Cockpit.  The Westminster Gate or Kings Street Gate further south was built in a simpler more classical style with circular corner towers and domed turrets, and was demolished in 1723.  The Holbein Gate is shown in drawings and engravings, including an engraving made by George Vertue in 1725 and published in 1747 in Vol. I of Vetusta Monumenta.

The gate was a rectangular building of three floors, with the principal rooms on the upper two floors.  Projecting square bases on each corner supporting octagonal towers and turrets.  A passageway between the towers approximately  wide allowed traffic to pass beneath a flat archway, with one footway to the east and possibly a second footway to the west through the towers (although the west footway may have been blocked and then cleared).  Above the arch was an oriel window with two row of six lights (one to either side and four in the centre) on the first floor, and a window of four lights in a double row on the first floor.  The top of the tower was surmounted by a parapet with battlements.  Each face of the octagonal towers had two-light windows in double rows.  Both sides of the gate were faced with chequerboard patterns of flint and stone, and also decorative carved panels, including a royal coat of arms above the arch, gryphons holding shields, and other royal emblems, such as the portcullis, fleur-de-lys and Tudor rose.  Roundels to either side of the large central windows held with busts, possibly by Giovanni da Maiano. (Three terracotta busts by Pietro Torrigiano owned by the Wright family in Hatfield Peverel until the 1920s were thought to come from the Gate, but later scholarship doubts any connection.)  The arch was later filled in down to the springing, flattening its profile.  A gallery to the west overlooked the Royal Tiltyard (now Horse Guards Parade) leading eventually to St James's Park.  Another gallery led to the Cockpit.

The upper storey was used as the Paper Office, from perhaps 1672 until 1756.  The lower storey was used as lodgings.   Residents included Duke of Lennox in around 1620, later General Lambert until 1657 and then Viscount Fauconberg.  It was occupied by Lady Castlemaine from around 1664 to around 1670 and then by her daughter, the Countess of Sussex.  William Van Huls, Clerk of the Queen's Robes and Wardrobes, was the occupant in 1712.

Demolition
Like the gate at Temple Bar on Fleet Street, the Holbein Gate obstructed the movement of traffic along the road below.  Proposals for its demolition were put forward in the early part of the 18th century, but were successfully opposed by John Vanbrugh and others. The gate was left in place when the King Street Gate was demolished in 1723, but the filled-in segment of the arch was cleared to increase headroom for traffic passing below.

The adjacent red brick Van Huls house (depicted by Canaletto in a painting of 1747 at Goodwood House) was acquired in March 1759, and the arch and the house were  demolished in August 1759.  There were plans for the Duke of Cumberland to rebuild the gate in Windsor Great Park, but in the end it seems that the materials were incorporated in repairs to other buildings.

Gallery

References

 'The Holbein Gate and the Tiltyard Gallery', Survey of London: volume 14: St Margaret, Westminster, part III: Whitehall II (1931), pp. 10–22.
 'Appendix A: Busts said to be from the Holbein Gate', Survey of London: volume 14: St Margaret, Westminster, part III: Whitehall II (1931), pp. 165–168.
 London: Whitehall and the Privy Garden from Richmond House, Canaletto
 Travels of Cosmo III: Whitehall

1532 establishments in England
1759 disestablishments in England
Former buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Infrastructure completed in 1532
Royal buildings in London
Buildings and structures demolished in 1759
Henry VIII
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
Demolished buildings and structures in London


title: Felipe Ochagavía

text:
Felipe Ochagavía Eguiguren, (born 9 September 1993) is a Chilean former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Career

Youth career

Ochagavía started his career at Primera División de Chile club O'Higgins. He progressed from the under categories club all the way to the senior team.

O'Higgins
Ochagavía won the Apertura 2013-14 with O'Higgins. In the tournament, he didn't play in any game.

In 2014, he won the Supercopa de Chile against Deportes Iquique. In that match, he was in the bench as the second goalkeeper.

He participated with the club in the 2014 Copa Libertadores where they faced Deportivo Cali, Cerro Porteño and Lanús, being third and being eliminated in the group stage.

Celta Vigo B (loan)
In 2015, he had a stint with Celta Vigo B in the Segunda División B.

Magallanes (loan)
From 2016 to 2017, he played for Magallanes in the Primera B de Chile.

Sydney CBD FC
In 2023, he joined Sydney CBD FC and was instrumental in the clubs first-ever league title, keeping 6 clean sheets in his 8 appearances. It is still unknown what his agreed clean sheet bonus was, but rumour has it that payment is still outstanding.

Personal life
Following his retirement, he started his studies at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and got a degree in Business Management.

At university level, he played for the Catholic University team.

Honours

Club
O'Higgins
Primera División: Apertura 2013-14
Supercopa de Chile: 2014

Sydney CBD FC
Eastern Suburbs Football Association AA5's: 2023

Individual

O'Higgins
Medalla Santa Cruz de Triana: 2014

Other
Grifter Pool Champion: 2023

References

External links
 Ochagavía at Football Lineups

 Felipe Ochagavía at playmakerstats.com (English version of ceroacero.es)

1993 births
Living people
Footballers from Rancagua
Chilean people of Basque descent
Chilean men's footballers
Chilean expatriate men's footballers
O'Higgins F.C. footballers
RC Celta Fortuna players
Deportes Magallanes footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Segunda División B players
Primera B de Chile players
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Men's association football goalkeepers


title: Sully Beds

text:
The Sully Beds is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Triassic System of Europe
Triassic Wales

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Oligostigma juncealis

text:
Oligostigma juncealis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Achille Guenée in 1854. It is found in French Guiana.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1854


title: Oligostigma metazonalis

text:
Oligostigma metazonalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1906. It is found in São Paulo, Brazil.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1906


title: Woolhope Limestone

text:
The Woolhope Limestone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Silurian System of Europe
Silurian Wales
Limestone formations
Silurian southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Trefawr Formation

text:
The Trefawr Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Silurian System of Europe
Silurian Wales
Silurian southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Oligostigma odrianale

text:
Oligostigma odrianale is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Schaus in 1924. It is found in Brazil (São Paulo).

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1924


title: Ty Formation

text:
The Ty Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Silurian System of Europe
Silurian Wales


title: Milford Haven Formation

text:
The Milford Haven Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Silurian System of Europe
Silurian Wales

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Bronydd Formation

text:
The Bronydd Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Silurian System of Europe
Silurian Wales
Silurian southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Crychan Formation

text:
The Crychan Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Silurian System of Europe
Silurian Wales
Silurian southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Haverford Mudstone

text:
The Haverford Mudstone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Silurian System of Europe
Silurian Wales
Mudstone formations

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Hughley Shale

text:
The Hughley Shale is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Silurian System of Europe
Silurian Wales
Shale formations

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: May Hill Sandstone

text:
The May Hill Sandstone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Silurian System of Europe
Silurian Wales
Sandstone formations
Silurian southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Oligostigma phoedralis

text:
Oligostigma phoedralis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found in Brazil.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1859


title: Oligostigma semimarginale

text:
Oligostigma semimarginale is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914. It is found in Panama.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1914


title: Oligostigmoides cryptalis

text:
Oligostigmoides cryptalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1896. It is found in Mexico (Xalapa, Orizaba), Costa Rica and Panama.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1896


title: Oligostigmoides cuernavacale

text:
Oligostigmoides cuernavacale is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by William Harry Lange in 1956. It is found in Mexico.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1956


title: List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies

text:
As with the 2014 Winter Olympics, the choice of Russia as host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup had been challenged. Controversial issues have included the level of racism in Russian football and the discrimination against LGBT people in wider Russian society. Russia's involvement in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine also caused calls for the tournament to be moved, particularly following the annexation of Crimea and support of separatists in War in Donbas. The then FIFA President Sepp Blatter declined requests for the tournament to be moved.

The 2015 allegations and criminal investigations of corruption, including a Swiss inquiry into the bidding process for the 2018 World Cup, intensified the public discussion of the appropriateness of Russia as the World Cup venue. In late May 2015, Russia's president Vladimir Putin said that he viewed the corruption investigations as an attempt by the U.S. to oust Sepp Blatter from his post as punishment for his support of Russia as host for the 2018 World Cup.

Allegations of corruption

The English FA, which competed against Russia to host the tournament, was not satisfied by the 42 page summary released by FIFA, in November 2014, of the 350 page Garcia Report, which cleared both Russia and Qatar of corruption in the bidding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups. FA Chairman Greg Dyke called for a re-investigation of the claims, while his predecessor David Bernstein called on all UEFA nations to boycott the two tournaments.

Reinhard Rauball, President of the Deutsche Fußball Liga (DFL), called on UEFA to secede from FIFA unless the corruption investigation was released in full.

Anatoly Vorobyov said "We have enough disciplinary measures which are laid out in our regulations. On the other hand, perhaps they need to be used more strictly".

In an interview published on 7 June 2015, Domenico Scala, the head of FIFA's Audit And Compliance Committee, stated that "should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes, then the awards could be cancelled".

Military conflict in Ukraine

Crimea

The annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014 led to several British and American politicians calling on FIFA to overturn its decision of hosting the 2018 World Cup in Russia — British Shadow Secretary of State for Health Andy Burnham said that football's governing body should reconsider, while two American Republican senators, Dan Coats and Mark Kirk, wrote a joint letter to FIFA president Sepp Blatter saying Russia should not only be prevented from hosting a World Cup but also be banned from participating in it, bringing up the precedent of Yugoslavia being banned from Euro '92 and the 1994 World Cup as course of action to be followed in this case and proclaiming equivalence between Russia hosting the Cup with the appeasement of the Nazis and Adolf Hitler in the 1930s before World War II. In March 2014 Blatter declined their request and responded by saying: "The World Cup has been given and voted to Russia and we are going forward with our work".

Deployment of troops in Eastern Ukraine

Following several reports of direct military involvement of Russian troops in Eastern Ukraine, European diplomats revealed on 29 August 2014 that British Prime Minister David Cameron was working for Russia to be stripped of its hosting of the World Cup, as part of an extended sanctions package. Some days later it was revealed that this was on the list of proposals for extended EU sanctions against Russia. However, no immediate action was taken due to the fact that the proposal was made nearly four years before the tournament.

Malaysia Airlines Flight 17

In July 2014, after Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down, Western leaders blamed Russia and there were again calls for the tournament to be moved. Michael Fuchs, a parliamentarian in the German government, stated his belief that moving the tournament would have more impact than sanctions on Russia. The German FA (DFB) did not comment on the issue, although its Dutch counterpart (KNVB), representing the country with the most victims in the disaster, declared that such discussion should wait until the investigation of the accident.

Nick Clegg, the then–Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, also stated his belief that due to the crash Russia should be stripped of the World Cup. The Prime Minister, David Cameron, did not share this idea, but appreciated the concern.  Sepp Blatter said that the tournament should be a "force for good".

Events after Russia winning to host the World Cup

Racism

After it was announced that Russia would host the 2018 World Cup, Dr Rafał Pankowski, a head of UEFA FARE Monitoring Centre, accused the Russian Football Union of downplaying racist chants in stadiums. In October 2013, after allegedly being racially abused by fans of the Russian club CSKA Moscow, Ivorian footballer Yaya Touré stated that black players might boycott the 2018 World Cup unless Russia tackles racism in football.

On 13 July 2014, when the next World Cup was handed to Russia, Russian President Vladimir Putin said: "President Blatter puts a lot of personal effort into addressing social issues, and we hope that the preparations for the World Cup in Russia will also contribute to tasks, such as fighting drugs, racism and other challenges we face today".

In March 2015, Anatoly Vorobyov, the general secretary of the Russian Football Union, said that "not everything is going smoothly" in the campaign to eliminate the "virus" of racism from Russian football before the tournament. Later that month, Vyacheslav Koloskov, a member of the Russian bid team and former Vice President of FIFA, said that too much is made of racism in Russia, and that monkey chanting is not racist.

LGBT activism

In response to discrimination against LGBT people in the country, a number of petitions have been circulated calling for FIFA to strip Russia of hosting rights. Thousands signed these petitions, including United States senators Mark Kirk and Dan Coats and gay rights activists Greg Louganis, Stephen Fry and George Takei.

On 14 June 2018 UK-based activist Peter Tatchell was detained in Moscow by local police while staging a protest against the treatment of Russian LGBTs.

Ban on negative news reporting
Russia's interior ministry ordered police not to provide negative news to the media during the World Cup and instead report only of solved crime cases to project a more positive image of the country. Russian police was instructed not to publish information about conducted raids or results of investigations into the crimes such as robberies and murders.

UK response, reception and the British media
UK news media had repeatedly warned English football fans travelling to Russia of potential hooligan violence, anti-British hostility and racist intimidation. English fans who have travelled have said they received a warm welcome after arriving in Russia. The Independent reported that "Most of the English fans blamed the low attendance for a 2-1 win on what they described as alarmist press stories." Also Polish media reported on the friendly reception of Polish fans in Moscow and fears of repeated violence between Polish and Russian fans in Warsaw 2012 have not been met.

England's failed attempt to stage the 2018 World Cup
The Daily Telegraph reported in June 2017 that the former Prime Minister David Cameron and Prince William, Duke of Cambridge "were at a meeting during which a vote-swapping deal between England and South Korea was discussed, according to an official report ... At one point officials discussed the possibility of arranging a meeting with the Queen for one FIFA representative whose vote could have helped England."

Skripal poisoning and aftermath

On 14 March 2018, following the poisoning of former spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter in Salisbury in the United Kingdom, the British government announced that all official visits to the World Cup were suspended. No ministers or members of the Royal Family will attend matches or other ceremonies. The participation of the England team would not be affected.  On 21 March, British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson accused the Russian government of planning to use its hosting of the World Cup for propaganda, comparing it to Nazi Germany's use of the 1936 Olympics in Berlin for such purposes.  Contrarily, however, he added that it would be unfair to ban the British football teams from competing.  Russia denied the accusations and denounced Johnson's statements as "unacceptable and totally irresponsible" and "poisoned with venom of hate, unprofessionalism and boorishness".

United States sanctions against Iran

American company Nike stopped supplying Iran's FIFA World Cup squad members with football boots just days before their opening match in the World Cup due to the new United States sanctions against Iran. Iran team's head coach Carlos Queiroz criticized the decision.

Use of Cossacks against protesters
"The new Cossacks are part of a broader movement of armed Russian nationalism," said Nikolay Mitrokhin, a senior research fellow at the University of Eastern Finland. "Most of them fought in the Donbas, and many of them took part in the occupation of Crimea. It would appear that the Kremlin is now thinking about using them in Moscow in the same way."

Don Cossacks, the volunteer paramilitary soldiers from Southern Russia who fought in Donbas, during the Ukrainian conflict were redeployed this time by the Kremlin to counter protesters and will be used to counter protesters of the World Cup.

"The new Cossacks were figures of fun, with their strange paraphernalia and dubious claims of historical lineage. But in Vladimir Putin's third term, as the Kremlin looked to create a nationalist, conservative ideology, they became influential. They began to receive significant state funding and political support."

During the World Cup

Mexican homophobic chanting

During the Germany versus Mexico group stage match, Mexican fans chanted "puto" at German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer; "puto" is a homophobic slang for a male sex worker that Mexicans and other Latin American countries have frequently used to taunt opposing teams.  The origins of the insults against Neuer have been attributed to an incorrect Spanish translation of his statement "it would be good if a professional football player came out because it would help others to do the same".

The FIFA disciplinary committee fined the Mexican Football Federation 10,000 Swiss francs ($10,400) for the homophobic chants.  The Mexican Football Federation was earlier sanctioned 12 times including 10 fines for anti-gay slurs during its World Cup qualifying campaign. Mexico striker Javier Hernández posted on Instagram, "To all Mexican fans in the stadiums, don't shout 'pu--'. Let's not risk another sanction."

Swiss celebrations against Serbia
In Switzerland's 2–1 win over Serbia, Swiss goalscorers Xherdan Shaqiri and Granit Xhaka both celebrated their goals with the double-headed eagle gesture with their hands. The gesture can be interpreted as a symbol of Albanian nationalism and sometimes as symbol of the Greater Albania irredentist concept, and both Shaqiri and Xhaka are of Kosovar Albanian heritage. Kosovo, the former Serbian province that unilaterally declared independence in 2008, is a partially recognized country claimed by Serbia. Both Kosovar President Hashim Thaçi and Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama shared their support for the celebration on social media, while it was called "a disgrace" by several Serbian newspapers. FIFA subsequently opened an investigation into the incident on 23 June. While some Serbian supporters booed the players, their general anger after the match was more directed at some debatable referee decisions rather than the goal celebrations.

During the match some Serbian fans wore shirts with pictures of war criminal Ratko Mladić, while some fans reportedly chanted anti-Albanian slogans.

On 26 June 2018 Shaqiri and Xhaka were each fined 10,000 Swiss francs by FIFA for the celebrations, although a crowd funding start-up in Albania had already raised enough money to cover the fines. Reactions to the fines imposed were mixed, some Albanian and Kosovar fans said the fine would discourage players celebrating their identity, while some Serbian fans thought that the players in question should have been banned from playing.

Croatian celebrations against Russia

Croatian goalscorer Domagoj Vida and Croatian team's coaching staff assistant Ognjen Vukojević celebrated Croatia's World Cup victory over Russia by shouting "Glory to Ukraine!", a slogan adopted by Ukrainian nationalists. FIFA's disciplinary code prohibits political, nationalist and racist slogans in any form. Vida, celebrating the victory with former Croatian international and current assistant coach, Ivica Olić, was also recorded saying "Belgrade is on fire!" in Croatian.  However, Serbian media reported "Belgrade" refers to the name of a pub in Kyiv that Vida had frequented, not the capital of Serbia, and that the phrase was used to encourage the pub to have a party. Aleksandar Holiga, editor of Croatian website Telesport, has largely downplayed the incident saying "I don't think Vida understood the full meaning and context of what he was saying. Both of them were just doing it because they are close to Dynamo Kiev. It's something that fans would chant" and that "politically, Croatia doesn't have a perfect relationship with Russia, but then who does in the rest of Europe?"  BBC reported that "Ukrainians accused FIFA of siding with Russia and flooded the football body's Facebook page with declarations of "Glory to Ukraine"." After victory over England on July 11 in an interview to Russia 24 Vida said, speaking Russian, that "he was mistaken" and "apologized to Russian people". Domagoj Vida received an official warning by FIFA and Ognjen Vukojević has been fined 15,000 Swiss francs and expelled from Croatian team's coaching staff by the Croatian Football Federation.

Group H fair play controversy
Japan and Senegal finished Group H with the same number of points, the same goal difference, the same number of goals scored and a 2–2 draw as their head-to-head record. Japan beat Senegal into second place based on their fair play record, as they had fewer yellow cards (four against six).

The last two matches were played simultaneously. When Colombia scored against Senegal to go 1–0 ahead in the 74th minute, Japan went into second ahead of Senegal on the fair play rule. During their last game against Poland, the Japanese team were made aware of their advantageous position with ten minutes left and decided to play a very conservative game. They passed to one another and kept the ball in their own box, seeking to avoid any bookings. They did not attempt to score, despite being one goal behind. Poland, for their part were happy to let them do this as they were already winning but had no chance of advancing into the next round. Some fans at the match booed the players.

After the match the Japanese manager, Akira Nishino, said in an interview "I am not too happy about this, but I forced my players to do what I said. It's the World Cup, and sometimes these things can't be avoided."

However, there was widespread criticism from football figures throughout the world. Comparisons were made to the 1982 'Disgrace of Gijón'. Japanese social media users also criticised their own team. However, others defended the Japanese team and FIFA said it had no plans to drop the fair play rule, despite calls for it to do so.

VAR controversies
FIFA officially approved the use of a Video assistant referee (VAR) for the 2018 FIFA World Cup during the FIFA Council meeting on 16 March 2018 in Bogotá. This tournament became the first competition to use VAR in full (at all matches and in all venues).

After the introduction of VAR in the 2018 World Cup, FIFA deemed it a success. Nevertheless, the use (or lack of use) of VAR has been criticised. Independent assessments note that while most decisions were made correctly as a result of VAR, some were wrong despite VAR review and some decisions which were called incorrectly were not even reviewed. The Guardian concludes that VAR has been most effective for factual decisions such as offsides and mistaken identities, while subjective decisions such as penalties or the disciplining of players have fared much worse. Lack of clarity and consistency are two main areas of weakness.

A problem in consistency at the World Cup 2018 was for example the different rulings in similar game situations, which could be explained by unclear interpretation of VAR rules. For instance, in the game between Portugal and Iran in the group stage, Iran got a penalty kick after a handball by Cedric Soares, while in the game between Nigeria and Argentina, Nigeria did not get this chance after Marcos Rojo headed the ball onto his own arm, even after the referee checked the VAR.

Another line of criticism has been targeted at the effectiveness of the system in achieving its goal. In the opinion of Scott Stinson from the National Post, VAR, like any other replay system, fails to correct human error and instead only adds to the controversies because human judgment is still necessary. Lack of transparency is another contentious point, as teams have no way to know which incidents were reviewed by the VAR team. At a press conference held after the group stage, FIFA referees committee chairman Pierluigi Collina showed footage of the decision-making process accompanied with audio of the conversations between VAR officials and the referees. Asked if this audio could be made publicly available, as it is in rugby and cricket, Collina answered enthusiastically but cautioned that it might still be too early.

Others have pointed to the game-changing nature of VAR. Initial fears that using the system would lengthen the game considerably have not been confirmed, with every VAR review taking up an average of only 80 seconds. The dramatic increase in the number of penalties awarded at the 2018 World Cup has been attributed to VAR catching fouls which would otherwise have remained unpunished. Of the 169 goals scored in the tournament, 22 were from the spot (with 29 being awarded in total), beating the previous record of 17 set in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Jonathan Liew of The Independent compares the situation to the introduction of the Decision Review System in cricket and notes the changes it had on that sport, and suggests that it might lead to changes of a similar nature in football.

Some have also pointed out that only red cards, goals, offsides and mistaken identities can be checked by VAR, while other judgements that might potentially lead to a goal cannot be checked. For example, in the 2018 FIFA World Cup final, Antoine Griezmann fell to the ground after a challenge by Marcelo Brozović. The referee awarded a free kick to France despite Croatia players protesting that Griezmann had dived. The free kick led to an own goal by Mario Mandžukić, accidentally diverting the ball into his own net. Later replays showed that Griezmann was already falling before Brozović made contact with him. Some users on social media called for the use of VAR, but VAR cannot check the incident due to the guidelines set for VAR.

Many football fans also accuse VAR of favouring "big teams". During a 2–2 draw between Spain and Morocco, a challenge from Gerard Piqué did not result in a red card for the Spanish defender, nor did the referee check VAR on multiple possible penalty calls. Fans also claim that the corner kick that led to Iago Aspas's late equaliser was played on the wrong side. There was an uproar on social media after the Group B games, with many fans claiming that Iran and Morocco have been "robbed". Moroccan midfielder Younès Belhanda criticized VAR for only helping "big teams" as well. Goalkeeper Munir Mohand Mohamedi said Morocco also felt that Cristiano Ronaldo's winning goal in the second fixture should not be allowed as Pepe appeared to foul a defender. As he left the pitch, Morocco winger Nordin Amrabat also appeared to say that the VAR system was "bullshit." Nigeria players were also furious at Rojo's "clear handball" not being called, despite the referee checking VAR. "I don't understand how that was not a penalty," Mikel said. "It was a clear handball. If you look at this game yesterday against Portugal, this was even worse. He [Rojo] had the ball and it hit his hand and it was open. Maybe the referee didn't want to give a second penalty," Mikel said. "For us, we've seen the replay, it was a clear handball. He looked at the VAR, the ball hit the hand. I asked him for explanation, did the ball hit the hand? He said `Yes.' Why is it not a penalty? He did not know."

During the World Cup final, Croatia winger Ivan Perišić's arm appeared to make contact with the ball. Some experts claimed that Perišić's arm deliberately moved towards the ball, as shown in slow-motion. However, some argue that it was a natural movement, and Perišić did not have enough time to react after Blaise Matuidi failed to head the ball. Some fans and experts argue that due to the fact that VAR is in slow-motion, it made Perišić's handball look bad.

Russian pension reform
On the opening day of the World Cup (14 June) the authorities of Russia announced the extremely unpopular pension reform presuming a substantial increase of the retirement age. Ordinary Russian citizens accused their government and president of trying to hide such information amid the euphoria of the tournament, i.e. to use the event as a cover. Alexei Navalny interpreted this reform as a “robbery of tens of millions of people”.

Sexism
Late in the tournament FIFA requested that television and photographic coverage of fans at matches should give less emphasis to attractive young women. One Russian fan shown several times in the telecast of the opening match turned out to be a glamour model. Getty Images apologised for publishing a gallery of "the hottest fans at the World Cup". There were reports of Russian women and female media personnel being harassed by male fans. A Brazilian reporter was commended for upbraiding a man who attempted to kiss her during a live broadcast. Patrice Evra was accused of patronising fellow player-turned-pundit Eni Aluko after applauding a point made by her during ITV's coverage.

Burger King social media campaign
Burger King issued an apology for an insensitive advertisement that was launched on the Russian social media outlet VK, promising a payment of $47,000 plus a lifetime supply of Whoppers, for any Russian woman if they were to become pregnant with a child fathered by a World Cup player. The ad claimed the women should get "the best football genes" and "ensure the success of the Russian team for generations to come", following the trend of playing on sexist stereotypes that are seen often in Russian ads.

Riots in France
Violence and riots erupted in Paris, Lyon, Marseille and across the country after the French World Cup victory. Two French football supporters died while celebrating.

See also
Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

2018 FIFA World Cup
2018
Foreign relations of Russia
2014 controversies
2015 controversies
2016 controversies
2017 controversies
2018 controversies
Doping in Russia
Criticism of sports


title: Treiorwerth Formation

text:
The Treiorwerth Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Oligostigmoides mediocinctalis

text:
Oligostigmoides mediocinctalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1897. It is found in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1897


title: Oligostigmoides peruviensis

text:
Oligostigmoides peruviensis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Peru.

References

Moths described in 1917
Acentropinae


title: Wenallt Formation

text:
The Wenallt Formation is a geologic formation near Garth in Powys, Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Redhill Mudstone

text:
The Redhill Mudstone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Mudstone formations


title: Oligostigmoides profusalis

text:
Oligostigmoides profusalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Schaus in 1912. It is found in Costa Rica.

References

Acentropinae
Moths described in 1912


title: Nant Ffrancon Formation

text:
The Nant Ffrancon Fermation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Nant Hir Formation

text:
The Nant Hir Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Derfel Limestone

text:
The Derfel Limestone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Limestone formations

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Onny Shale

text:
The Onny Shale is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Shale formations

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Plas Uchaf Formation

text:
The Plas Uchaf Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Sholeshook Limestone

text:
The Sholeshook Limestone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Limestone formations

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Haverford Formation

text:
The Haverford Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Hirnantian
Rhuddanian
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Slade Mudstone

text:
The Slade Mudstone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Mudstone formations


title: Llanfawr Mudstones

text:
The Llanfawr Mudstones is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales
 Llanfawr Quarries

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Dol Formation

text:
The Dol Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales


title: Glyn Gower Formation

text:
The Glyn Gower Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Thangakkili

text:
Thangakkili () is a 1993 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Rajavarman and produced by A. G. Subramaniam. The film stars Murali, Shaali , Vijayakumar and Janagaraj in lead roles. It was released on 4 June 1993.

Cast
Murali as Raju
Shaali as Swathi
Vijayakumar
Janagaraj
Senthil
Srividya
Charle
Vasu Vikram
Kovai Sarala
Sabitha Anand
Idichapuli Selvaraj
LIC Narasimhan
Kullamani
Master Haja Sheriff
King Kong
R. K. as Raju's friend (uncredited)

Soundtrack
Soundtrack was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.

Reception
Malini Mannath wrote for The Indian Express, "An oft-repeated storyline, clichéd situations, insipid narration and lacklustre performances make Thanga Kili [...] a film to be recommended to one's enemies."

References

External links

1993 films
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
1990s Tamil-language films


title: Graig Formation

text:
The Graig Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales


title: Dolhir Formation

text:
The Dolhir Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Gelli Formation

text:
The Gelli Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales


title: Builth Volcanic

text:
The Builth Volcanic is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Camnant Mudstone

text:
The Camnant Mudstone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Mudstone formations

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Carnedd Iago Formation

text:
The Carnedd Iago Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Ordovician south paleopolar deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Cwm Felin Boeth Formation

text:
The Cwm Felin Boeth Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Cymerig Limestone

text:
The Cymerig Limestone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales
 List of types of limestone

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Limestone formations

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Cyrn Formation

text:
The Cyrn Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales


title: Aber Mawr Formation

text:
The Aber Mawr Formation is a geological formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Arenig Series of the Ordovician period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

External links

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Floian
Tremadocian
Mudstone formations
Tuff formations

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Afon Ffinnant Formation

text:
The Afon Ffinnant Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Ordovician south paleopolar deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Allt Ddu Formation

text:
The Allt Ddu Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Rhiwlas Formation

text:
The Rhiwlas Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Llyn y Gafr Formation

text:
The Llyn y Gafr Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Blaencediw Formation

text:
The Blaencediw Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Ordovician south paleopolar deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Bod Deiniol Formation

text:
The Bod Deiniol Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Bodeidda Mudstone

text:
The Bodeidda Mudstone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Mudstone formations

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Bryn Siltstone

text:
The Bryn Siltstone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales
Siltstone formations

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Senni Beds

text:
The Senni Beds is the former name of the Senni Formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Devonian System of Europe
Devonian Wales

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: St. Maughan's Formation

text:
The St. Maughan's Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geologic formations of Wales
Devonian System of Europe
Devonian Wales

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Ffestiniog Flags

text:
The Ffestiniog Flags is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Cambrian System of Europe
Cambrian Wales

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Colt Model 1910

text:
The Colt Model 1910 was a prototype .45 ACP caliber automatic pistol developed by John Browning as an improvement of the earlier Colt Model 1909, which was rejected by the United States Department of War due to the Cavalry's belief that the design was too complicated for use by enlisted men, and because it lacked a safety mechanism.
The M1910 was a drastic modification on Browning's part, modifying and adding many features that the M1909 was not equipped with.

History
On February 9, 1910, Browning demonstrated the new Model 1910 design to Colonel John T. Thompson of the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps, as he had with the M1909 the previous year. While firing, the pistol developed ejecting problems, and Browning attempted to repair the malfunction by removing the ejector and filing it down. When this failed to resolve the issue, Browning was left with no choice but to send it back to Colt's Manufacturing Company for repairs.

Design
The Model 1910 differed in many ways from the previous M1909 design, that had been rejected by the War Department. The grip was changed from an 84 degree angle to 74 degree angle, which created a more natural grip when being fired from an outstretched hand. The M1910 was not manufactured with a mechanical safety mechanism by Colt, which was one problem the War Department saw in the design. Browning developed a type of relatively simple safety that could be retrofitted on the outside of the pistol, that would keep the slide locked in the forward position, and could be easily disengaged with a movement of the thumb. Another improvement was that the extractor mechanism was redesigned to fit on the inside of the slide, unlike the exterior extractor from the M1909 and other early Browning automatics.

Trials Performance
At Springfield Armory in November 1910, the Colt Model 1910 was tested against the Savage Model 1907, a competing .45 caliber pistol design from the Savage Arms Company of Utica, New York. A .45 caliber Colt M1909 revolver was used as a control. The M1910 had 12 malfunctions overall, while the Savage M1907 had 43. 6000 rounds were fired through each of the pistols, the Colt, although having a number of issues, performed far superior to the Savage, which had to have many various parts replaced during the duration of the trials. The board of officers present at the trials recommended that Browning's Model 1910 be adopted for use by the War Department. The Commanding Officer of the Springfield Armory, the Chief of Ordnance and the General Staff concurred, and by March 29, 1911, the Secretary of War Jacob M. Dickinson approved Browning's design as the new issued sidearm for the United States Army and, in 1913, the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps.

References

External links
Colt Automatic Pistols
Colt's Manufacturing Company—manufacturer's website

.45 ACP semi-automatic pistols
Colt semi-automatic pistols
[[Category:Semi-automatic pistols of the United States]


title: Hells Mouth Grits

text:
The Hells Mouth Grits, formally defined and renamed the Hells Mouth Formation by Young et al. (1994, p. 337), is a geological formation composed of Cambrian Greywackes in the south west part of St. Tudwal's Peninsula (which protrudes from the southern coast of the main Llŷn Peninsula, North West Wales). Equivalent to the Rhinog Formation in the Harlech Dome, the grit beds exposed at St Tudwal's are very uniform in lithology and thickness when traced along the outcrops, with a gradual thinning southwards. They exhibit the characteristic textures and structures of greywackes but differ from the normal type in being relatively well sorted and commonly laminated. Intercalated mudstones are more variable both in thickness and in lithology and contain laminated mudstones rich in sponge remains. The sandstones have sharply defined bases, often bearing sole structures and occasionally loaded. Sandstone dykes cut down from the bases of some beds and extend through up to 0.6 m of underlying siltstones. The sandstones may form sheets up to 4 m thick, although a bed thickness of up to 1m is more usual, and  have been interpreted as turbidites deposited by currents from the northeast (Bassett & Walton, 1960).

Type Section of the Hell's Mouth Formation is at Trwyn y Ffosle, 1 km north of Trwyn Careg-y-tir, where a relatively complete succession can be traced from sea-level () to the manganese trials marking the line of outcrop of the overlying Trwyn y Fulfran Formation. The upper part of this section is not well exposed, so the section above Trwyn Carreg-y-tir () has been used to define the base of the Trwyn y Fulfran Formation (Young et al., 1994, p. 337).

The Hells Mouth Formation has yielded fossils dating back to the Lower Cambrian period, including the trilobites Hamatolenus (Myopsolenus) douglasi Bassett et al. (1976, p. 627, pl.1, figs 1 - 8; pl. 2, figs. 1 - 4). Leptochilodiscus succinctus (described originally as Kerberodiscus succinctus gen. et sp. nov., Bassett et al., op. cit. p. 631, pl.2, figs. 6 - 14; pl. 3 figs. 1 - 4), and Serrodiscus ctenoa? Rushton, 1966, collected from 16.5 m below the base of the overlying Trwyn y Fulfran Formation at Trwyn Carreg-y-tir (). The fauna is of late lower Cambrian age and falls within the upper part of the protolenid-strenuellid Zone  of the Comley Series of British nomenclature. East of Trwyn y Fossle acritarchs from the upper part of the Hell's Mouth Formation are often numerous but, at best, moderately well preserved (Young, et al., 1994, p. 338.).

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Cambrian System of Europe
Cambrian Wales
Cambrian south paleopolar deposits
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Llanelly Formation

text:
The Llanelly Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Wales
Limestone formations
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Barry Voight

text:
Barry Voight (; born 1937) is an American geologist, volcanologist, author, and engineer. After earning his Ph.D. at Columbia University, Voight worked as a professor of geology at several universities, including Pennsylvania State University, where he taught from 1964 until his retirement in 2005. He remains an emeritus professor there and still conducts research, focusing on rock mechanics, plate tectonics, disaster prevention, and geotechnical engineering.

In April 1980, Voight's publications on landslides, avalanches, and other mass movements attracted the attention of Rocky Crandell of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), who asked him to look at a growing bulge on the Mount St. Helens volcano in the state of Washington. Voight foresaw the collapse of the mountain's north flank as well as a powerful eruption. His predictions came true when St. Helens erupted in May 1980; Voight was then hired by the USGS to investigate the debris avalanche that initiated the eruption. After his work at Mount St. Helens brought him international recognition, Voight continued researching and guiding monitoring efforts at several active volcanoes throughout his career, including Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia, Mount Merapi in Indonesia, and Soufrière Hills, a volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat. For his research, publications, and disaster prevention work as a volcanologist and engineer, Voight has been honored with numerous awards, appointments, and medals.

Personal life and education
Born in 1937, Voight grew up in Yonkers, New York. His brothers are actor Jon Voight and songwriter Chip Taylor, actress Angelina Jolie is his niece, and musician James Haven is his nephew. Barry and his wife Mary Anne (née Verdisco) have two daughters, Lisa and Barbara. Voight's father was professional golf player Elmer "Elmo" Voight (1909–1973), a leader in the effort to break the color barrier in golf, and his mother Barbara (1910–1995) was a teacher and swim instructor. Voight and his brothers grew up playing golf, and Barry also developed an interest in swimming.

Voight graduated from Archbishop Stepinac High School in 1955. After high school, Voight pursued a 5-year intensive dual-degree program at the University of Notre Dame, studying landslips along Lake Michigan and receiving undergraduate degrees in geology in 1959 and in civil engineering in 1960. He earned his master's degree in civil engineering from Notre Dame in 1961. Voight attributes his interest in science to his mentors at Notre Dame, professors Ray Gutschick and Erhard Winkler. After spending one year studying at Cornell University, Voight transferred to Columbia University, where he graduated with a Ph.D. in geology in 1965, studying rock mechanics and structural geology under Fred Donath. While at Columbia, Voight was named a President's Fellow, and taught a lecture course called "Geology for Engineers".

Teaching career
Voight began teaching in 1961, serving as a teaching assistant at the University of Notre Dame while pursuing his master's degree in civil engineering. From 1961 to 1963, he served as a teaching assistant at Cornell and Columbia. In 1964, he joined the faculty at Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) as an assistant professor of geology, becoming a full professor of geology and geotechnical engineering in 1978. Voight taught at Penn State for more than four decades, retiring from teaching in June 2005 but continuing his research.

While at Penn State, Voight had a joint affiliation with the school's Department of Mineral Engineering and taught courses in physical geology, mechanics of geological materials, and volcanology. During his career, he also lectured as a guest professor at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands in 1972, working under Jacques Dozy, and served as a visiting professor at the University of Toronto in 1973 and at the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 1981. Still an emeritus professor at Penn State, he initiated an endowment under his name to contribute to the education of volcanic hazard specialists from developing countries.

Volcanological work and research

Early assignments

Voight performed work in 1971–1973 for the United States Bureau of Mines. In 1978, he published the first volume of a treatise on avalanches, titled Rockslides and Avalanches. After the second volume was released in 1980, the work became a benchmark in studying avalanches and other forms of mass movement.

A month prior to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Voight was contacted by Rocky Crandell, a United States Geological Survey (USGS) employee working in the Vancouver office near the mountain. Crandell sought Voight's expertise in landslides, hoping Voight would opine on a growing bulge,  long, which had emerged on the mountain's north face. In his reporting to Crandell and his associates, Voight said that the bulge could fail and collapse the volcano's entire north sector. He suggested they begin monitoring the rate of movement of the bulge, worried that the collapse could trigger an eruption. He also advised hiring a local surveyor to take measurements, offending several of the geologists. Shortly after, Voight left the mountain and returned to teaching classes at Penn State. Before the eruption, he had sent his full report to the USGS, summarizing his predictions, depicting the failure of the bulge and the collapse of the mountain's north side followed by a violent eruption. After a magnitude 5.1 earthquake centered directly below the north slope caused that part of the volcano to slide, Mount St. Helens erupted, causing $1.1 billion in damage and killing 57 people.

After the eruption, Voight accepted a position as a consultant for the USGS. He led the investigation into the volcano debris avalanche which had occurred during the eruption, guiding other volcanologists including Harry Glicken, who built upon Voight's preliminary research to create his report "Rockslide-Debris Avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington" (1996). Voight's work won him international renown, and he later cited his experiences there as "career-changing". Although Voight already had a burgeoning interest in volcanology, the eruption at Mount St. Helens propelled him to dedicate himself to the field. His work helped reinvigorate widespread interest in landslides and other phenomena at volcanoes that potentially pose a threat to life. After completing his research at Mount St. Helens, Voight began analyzing the volcanic hazards from several other active volcanoes.

In 1985, Voight blamed human error for the Armero tragedy in Colombia, where more than 23,000 died from an eruption from the Nevado del Ruiz volcano. He stated that while categorically accurate predictions of volcanic eruptions were impossible, unpreparedness for the disaster exacerbated the death toll. In January 1986, Voight visited Nevado del Ruiz responding to concerns from the Colombian government that the northeastern section of the volcano might cave in, causing another eruption. He established a monitoring network of reflectors and used laser ranging to track how the distances to these reflectors changed over time.

When one reflector indicated significant movement, and large cracks became visible from the air, Voight contemplated initiating an evacuation, but waited. By March 1986, he realized the widening cracks were caused by the creep, or gradual shifting, of one of the volcano's glaciers, rather than rock movement. After leaving Colombia, Voight compiled the 14-page report "Countdown to Catastrophe" (1988), which analyzed how volcanic hazard management had failed at Armero.

Later studies
When Voight began research at Mount Merapi in Java, Indonesia, in 1988, it was largely unknown to volcanologists. It had been omitted in the Smithsonian Institution's 1981 publication Volcanoes of the World, despite being densely populated, having close to a million people on its slopes as of 1996. Voight set up meters to record movement within the volcano, and educated local scientists on volcanic monitoring. In July 1989, he obtained a $250,000 grant from the National Science Foundation's Division of Natural and Manmade Hazard Mitigation for his proposal to predict eruptions at Merapi.

After his funding ran out, he temporarily abandoned his research. An eruption from the volcano in 1994 produced pyroclastic flows that killed 63 people, including guests at a wedding ceremony. Returning to Merapi the following year, Voight compared data from the dead and survivors, including the extent of their burn areas, clothing worn, and lung damage. He concluded that protective, long-sleeved clothing and masks enhance chances of survival when exposed to eruptive activity.

In April 1989, Voight returned to Colombia to the volcano Galeras after being contacted by the United Nations Disaster Relief Organization. People in Pasto, located at the foot of the volcano, had become alarmed by noises and shaking from Galeras. While Galeras proved far easier to climb than Nevado del Ruiz, land mines planted to hinder guerrilla forces dotted the slopes of the mountain. With USGS geologist Dick Janda, Voight drew a hazard map that included several populated areas within the danger zone. Before Voight left Galeras, the volcano underwent an unexpected phreatic eruption, which Voight and his team failed to predict.

Although Pasto was unaffected, six scientists attending a United Nations workshop for natural disaster relief were killed. After reviewing deformation data from the day before the eruption, Voight discovered that no acceleration in the deformation process had occurred. He surmised that phreatic eruptions do not exhibit an acceleration in deformation before taking place and left after confirming that the volcano's monitoring system functioned properly.

In the early 1990s, Voight performed volcanic hazard assessments at Cotopaxi in Ecuador and at Nevado del Huila in Colombia, where his research was impeded by guerrilla factions and drug cartel operations. He also assisted with assessment activity at Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, Mount Redoubt in the United States, Mount Bandai, Mount Unzen, and Mount Ontake in Japan, and Bezymianny and Shiveluch in the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia.

Voight's successful prediction that an avalanche at St. Helens could provoke a lateral eruption, an eruption from the volcano's flank rather than its summit, attracted the attention of the government of Montserrat in March 1996. Worried about an expanding lava dome at the Soufrière Hills volcano, the island's government asked Voight to assess its potential for an avalanche that could generate an eruption. Voight thought it was unlikely that the crater would collapse, but expressed concern over a possible pyroclastic flow that could reach the city of Plymouth in approximately three minutes. The city and a village on the mountain were evacuated, and within three years, pyroclastic flows overtook the abandoned sites.

Following these eruptions, Voight served as a member of the Risk Assessment Panel that advised Montserrat's government, and he co-established the Caribbean Andesite Lava Island Precision Seismo-geodetic Observatory (CALIPSO) with a team of international scientists. He continued research at the island with Steven Sparks, a geoscientist at the University of Bristol, establishing the SEA-CALIPSO system to analyze Soufrière Hills by using seismic waves and explosions in the ocean. Among other findings, this effort detected a major fault trending north-to-west under Montserrat's western side. Voight still oversees hazard assessments at the volcano, providing his input during eruptive periods in 2006 and 2010.

With his students, Voight has analyzed pyroclastic flows, volcanically induced seismicity, volcanic debris avalanches, and volcanic eruption prediction. Voight has also served as a consultant geotechnical engineer for dams, tunnels, and nuclear power plants, helping plan engineering projects in France, India, Ireland, Somalia, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and Turkey, as well as in the United States. Voight's research interests in lava dome collapses, stratovolcanoes, monitoring of active volcanoes, and pyroclastic flows have brought him to Iceland, Indonesia, the West Indies, Italy, and Chile.

Combining his knowledge of engineering and geological concepts, Voight developed the widely used anelastic strain recovery (ASR) method for measuring stress on deep rock. With a team of geologists, he also derived the material failure forecast method (FFM), which predicts eruption times for volcanoes based on changes in the mountain's surrounding seismic and deformation data. He currently serves as a member of the United States Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Response Team, and has responded to potentially eruptive volcanoes in Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Chile.

Recognition and legacy
Throughout his career, Voight has received multiple accolades and citations for his research as a professor and for his professional work as a geologist and volcanologist. In 1984, the Institution of Civil Engineers awarded him the George Stephenson Medal, recognizing one of his articles as among "the best work published in [their] journals".

The same year, Voight earned an award for "significant original contribution to research in rock mechanics" from the United States National Committee on Rock Mechanics. For his help monitoring the Mayon Volcano in the Philippines in 1985, he was granted a key to Legazpi, Albay, which had been threatened by Mayon's impending eruption. 1989 saw another major year of honors for Voight, as he was named a MacQuarie Research Scholar and again garnered an award from the United States National Committee on Rock Mechanics for his original findings. Voight has appeared as a distinguished lecturer several times, including at the University of Utah's College of Mining Engineering (1990), the University of California, Santa Barbara (1992), and the Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists (1992).

For his service as a professor at Penn State, Voight has been given two awards, specifically for his research. In 1990, he received the Wilson Research Award from the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences for excellence in research. In 1991, he gained a Faculty Scholar Medal for "Outstanding Achievement in the Physical Sciences and Engineering". In 2008, Voight was appointed a Union Fellow of the American Geophysical Union for "fundamental contributions to the understanding of volcano deformation, assessment of volcano hazards, and forecasting", and the following year, he was awarded the Schuster Medal by the Canadian Geotechnical Society for "outstanding achievements in research on geologic hazards in North America". For "his research, teaching and consulting work", the Engineering Geology Division of the Geological Society of America presented him with their 2010 Distinguished Practice Award.

Voight received the Thorarinsson Medal of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior in 2013, granted to a "scientist of outstanding distinction who has made fundamental contributions to research in volcanology", and in 2017 he was elected as a Member of the National Academy of Engineering for "contributions to the understanding, management, and mitigation of geologic hazards."

Recalling a conference where Voight appeared, Bill McGuire, Emeritus Professor of Geophysical & Climate Hazards at University College London, described him as "an illustrious expert on volcano instability and landslides".

Citing Voight for his Distinguished Practice Award, colleague Richard Gray named him among his "profession's brightest and productive members". When Voight published his failure forecast prediction mechanism, USGS geologist Robert I. Tilling praised it as "a significant refinement in the interpretation of monitoring data".

Publications
According to Voight's curriculum vitae from Pennsylvania State University, he has published more than 400 papers or abstracts and edited 15 books. According to his Google Scholar profile, he continues to publish articles, and his works have been cited more than 13,000 times. In addition to journal articles, Voight has written or helped write at least 21 books and monographs since 1965; his co-authors include R.S.J. Sparks, A. Neri, D. Elsworth, A. Belousov, and G. Mattioli. His most recent book, The Eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat from 2000 to 2010, was published in 2014.

References

Sources

1937 births
Living people
Engineers from New York (state)
Archbishop Stepinac High School alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Pennsylvania State University faculty
University of Notre Dame alumni
Cornell University alumni
Barry
American volcanologists
Scientists from Yonkers, New York
Fellows of the American Geophysical Union
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Thorarinsson Medalists
American people of German descent
American people of Slovak descent


title: Llwyn Formation

text:
The Llwyn Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Wales
Limestone formations

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Moel Hiraddug Limestone

text:
The Moel Hiraddug Limestone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Wales
Limestone formations
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Spring Quarry Limestone

text:
The Spring Quarry Limestone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Wales
Rock formations of Wales
Limestone formations of the United Kingdom
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Leete Limestone

text:
The Leete Limestone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Wales
Rock formations of Wales
Limestone formations of the United Kingdom
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Llanarmon Limestone

text:
The Llanarmon Limestone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Wales
Limestone formations
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Fernando Elizari

text:
Fernando Gastón Elizari (born 5 April 1991) is an Argentine footballer who plays for Defensor Sporting as a midfielder.

Honours
San Lorenzo
Argentine Primera División: 2013 Inicial
Copa Libertadores: 2014

Johor Darul Takzim F.C.
Malaysia Super League : 2018

External links
 Elizari at Football Lineups

1991 births
Living people
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Club Atlético Independiente footballers
Quilmes Atlético Club footballers
San Lorenzo de Almagro footballers
O'Higgins F.C. footballers
Defensa y Justicia footballers
Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C. players
Dorados de Sinaloa footballers
Unión de Santa Fe footballers
C.A. Cerro players
Defensor Sporting players
Argentine Primera División players
Chilean Primera División players
Malaysia Super League players
Ascenso MX players
Men's association football midfielders
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Chile
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Uruguay
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile
Expatriate men's footballers in Malaysia
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Uruguay


title: Llandudno Pier Dolomite

text:
The Llandudno Pier Dolomite is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Wales


title: Dyserth Quarry Limestone

text:
The Dyserth Quarry Limestone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Wales
Limestone formations
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Foel Formation

text:
The Foel Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Wales
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Gronant Formation

text:
The Gronant Formation is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Wales

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: High Tor Limestone

text:
The High Tor Limestone is a geologic formation in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Wales
Limestone formations
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Hunts Bay Oolite

text:
Hunts Bay Oolite is an oolitic Carboniferous limestone geological formation found in the south Wales region. It is named after Hunts Bay on the Gower peninsula, south-south west of Bishopston, where a significant amount of the limestone forms the cliffs there.

Hunts Bay Oolite is a sub-group of the Pembroke Limestone Group which itself is part of the Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup.

Oolite means 'egg stone': very small grains (up to 2mm) form by accumulating precipitated minerals, usually calcium carbonate. These ooids, created in a warm, tropical environment, are the precursors to the limestone.

The Hunts Bay Oolite extends from Pembroke in the West to Monmouth and Chepstow in the East and northwards into the Dowlais Limestone Formation around Merthyr Tydfil. Fossils, such as brachiopods and crinoids associated with a shallow sea environment, can be found in the rock. East of the South Wales Coalfield and in the south east the rock is increasingly dolomitised (where some calcium is replaced by magnesium).

This subgroup was deposited in equatorial seas largely during the Holkerian (British regional) substage of the Viséan stage of the Carboniferous, from 337 to 333.5 million years ago.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Wales


title: Alan Borg

text:
Alan Charles Nelson Borg  (born 21 January 1942) is a British historian. He is a former director of the Victoria and Albert Museum and librarian of the Order of St John.

Early life
Borg was born to Charles John Nelson Borg and Frances Mary Olive Hughes.

He was educated at Westminster School, where he remains an active director and trustee of the Westminster School Society. From Westminster he went up to  Brasenose College, University of Oxford, where he was awarded  MA.  Postgraduate studies took him to the Courtauld Institute of Art. His doctorate thesis was 'Architectural Decoration of the Romanesque Period in Provence', for which he was awarded a PhD in 1970. A book based on it was published in 1972.

Career
After academic work in various higher educational institutions in France and the USA Borg returned to London. Curatorship became central to his work, when in 1970, on his return from the United States, he took up the post of Assistant Keeper at the Tower of London's Royal Armouries, a post he held until 1978. His next appointment was that of Keeper at the Sainsbury Centre for the Visual Arts at the University of East Anglia. Borg's move into museum management came in 1982 when he was appointed Director-General of the Imperial War Museum, London. In 1995 Borg was appointed Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum, serving in this post until 2001. In 2010 he became a Visiting Professor at the University of Reading.

Photography
Photographs attributed to Borg are held in the Conway Library at the Courtauld Institute of Art. The collection contains glass and film negatives as well as prints principally of architecture and sculpture.

Membership of boards and committees
Borg was a member of a number of committees and  boards throughout his career, including:

 Board of Management, The Courtauld Institute of Art, 1998-2002
 Trustee, Foundling Museum, 1998-2010
 Governor, Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, 1995-2005
 Order of St John Librarian and a Vice-President of the Foundling Museum.

Awards
Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries London

Knight of the Order of St. John

Appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1991 Birthday Honours

Selected written works

 Borg, Alan (1972) Architectural Sculptures in Romanesque Provence, Clarendon Press, Oxford ISBN 9780198171928

Borg, Alan (1979) Arms and Armour in Britain, HMSO, London ISBN 9780116705761
Borg, Alan (1991) War Memorials: From Antiquity to the Present, Leo Cooper London ISBN 9780850523638
Coke, David and Borg, Alan (2011) Vauxhaul Gardens: A History, Yale University Press, London ISBN 9780300173826
Borg, Alan (2005) The History of the Worshipful Company of Painters, Otherwise Painter-stainers, Jeremy Mills, Huddersfield ISBN 9781905217052

Personal life
In 1964, Borg married Anne Blackmore in Totnes, Devon. The couple were later divorced and in 1976 he married Caroline Sylvia Hill In Chelsea, London.

References

External links
 Debrett's People of Today

1942 births
Living people
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
Alumni of the Courtauld Institute of Art
People associated with the University of East Anglia
Directors of the Victoria and Albert Museum
Directors of the Imperial War Museum
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London


title: Carmarthen Group

text:
The Carmarthen Group is a geologic group in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geological groups of the United Kingdom
Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Nant Hir Group

text:
The Nant Hir Group is a geologic group in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

Geological groups of the United Kingdom
Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Aran Volcanic Group

text:
The Aran Volcanic Group is a geologic group in Wales. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales

References

 https://data.bgs.ac.uk/id/Lexicon/NamedRockUnit/AVG.html

Geologic formations of Wales
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Wales

Fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wales


title: Patrick Jennings (writer)

text:
Patrick Jennings  (born February 25, 1962) is an American writer of children's books including picture books, middle-grade fiction, young adult fiction, and short stories. Animals, including pets, often figure in his stories. He is perhaps best known for his series, Guinea Dog, about Fido, a guinea pig that acts like a dog. He has also written humor pieces for Horn Book magazine's Cadenza column, including "Excerpt from the Chocolate Game", which mashes Suzanne Collins's The Hunger Games with Roald Dahl's Charlie & the Chocolate Factory.

Jennings was born in Indiana and moved as a teenager to Arizona, where he attended Arizona State University. He taught preschool in the United States and Mexico, and also worked for Arizona's oldest public library. He has lived and worked in Port Townsend, WA, since 2001.

Books
Naughty Claudine (Random House, 2017)
Hissy Fitz (Egmont USA, 2015)
Guinea Dog 3 (Egmont USA, 2014)
Odd, Weird, & Little (Egmont USA, 2014)
Guinea Dog 2 (Egmont USA, September 2013)
My Homework Ate My Homework (Egmont USA, 2013)
Invasion of the Dognappers (Egmont USA, 2012); retitled Dognap for paperback edition, 2013
Bat & Rat (Abrams, 2012)
Lucky Cap (Egmont USA, 2011)
Guinea Dog (Egmont USA, 2010)
We Can’t All Be Rattlesnakes (HarperCollins, 2009)
Barb & Dingbat's Crybaby Hotline (Holiday House, 2007)
Wish Riders (Hyperion, 2006)
Out Standing in My Field (Scholastic Press, 2005)
The Wolving Time (Scholastic Press, 2003)
The Ears of Corn: an Ike and Mem Story (Holiday House, 2003)
The Lightning Bugs: an Ike and Mem Story (Holiday House, 2003)
Weeping Willow: an Ike and Mem Story (Holiday House, 2002)
The Tornado Watches: an Ike and Mem Story (Holiday House, 2001)
The Bird Shadow: an Ike and Mem Story (Holiday House, 2001)
The Beastly Arms (Scholastic Press, 2001)
Putnam & Pennyroyal (Scholastic Press, 1999)
Faith and the Rocket Cat (Scholastic Press, 1998)
Faith and the Electric Dogs (Scholastic Press, 1996)

References

External links

1962 births
American children's writers
American fantasy writers
American science fiction writers
Living people
American male novelists