title: 2016 Sukma Games

text:
The 2016 Sukma Games, officially known as the 18th Sukma Games was a Malaysian multi-sport event held in Sarawak. This was Sarawak's second time to host the Sukma Games, and its first time since 1990.

The games was held from 23 to 31 July 2016, although several events had commenced from 19 July 2016. Around 5670 athletes from 13 states, Federal Territory and Brunei participated at the games which featured 382 events in 24 sports. The games was opened by Abdul Taib Mahmud, the governor of Sarawak at the Sarawak Stadium.

The final medal tally was led by Selangor, followed by host Sarawak and Terengganu. 6 national and 67 games records were broken during the games. Malaccan sprinter Khairul Hafiz Jantan and Terengganuan archer Nur Aqilah Yusof were announced as best sportsman and best sportswoman of the games respectively.

Host city

Sarawak was chosen to host the games in 2013 during a Ministry of youth and sports meeting chaired by Khairy Jamaluddin. It had previously hosted the 1990 Sukma Games where it emerged as overall champion.

Development and preparation
The Sarawak Sukma Games Organising Committee was formed to oversee the staging of the event.

Venues

The 2016 Sukma Games used a mix of new and existing venues. Most venues were existing public-sporting facilities, while others were newly constructed venues. Some retrofitting work were done in venues which are more than a decade old. They were reverted to public use after the games. Some had been used to host multi-disciplinary events such as the 1990 Sukma Games.

At the centrepiece of the activities was the upgraded Petra Jaya Sports Complex. Incorporating the 40,000-seat Sarawak Stadium, it hosts most of the events. A games village was not built, instead athletes and officials were housed in universities across Sarawak such as Universiti Malaysia Sarawak which was chosen to be the official games village. Besides being physically near to the competition venues, it was hoped that it will add vibe to the host cities and reduce post-games costs in converting a dedicated games village to other uses.

The 18th Sukma Games had 24 venues for the games: 17 in Kuching, 3 in Samarahan, 2 each in Miri and Sibu respectively.

Volunteers
The organisers estimated that about 4,000 volunteers between the age of 18 and 60 are needed to successfully host the games.

Countdown
The countdown to the games began on 22 July 2015 at the Baitul Makmur in Petra Jaya, Kuching during the press conference of the games to mark the one year countdown to the games. A launch party was held on 20 October 2015 at the Meritz Hotel in Miri in conjunction with the 2013 and 2014 Sarawak state sports awards where the logo, theme and mascots were introduced. Begin December 2015, Pre-Games tournaments were held across Sarawak for Sukma Games sports events.

Baton relay
A baton relay was held statewide, began with the town of Lawas on 13 February 2016 at 9 am (MST), passed through several cities in Sarawak and ends in Kuching on 23 April 2016.

Public transport
Shuttle bus services, Rapid KL Buses were provided throughout the games and were used to ferry athletes and officials to and from the airport, games venues and games village.

Marketing

Motto

The motto of the 2016 Sukma Games is "Unity in diversity". It was chosen to represent the unity of the athletes from the 14 states of Malaysia and Brunei, technical officers, assisting staffs and volunteers of the games of different races and backgrounds.

Logo

The logo of the 2016 Sukma Games is an image of a hornbill, the state bird of Sarawak. The hornbill on the logo and colours of the flag of Sarawak, red, yellow and black, represents Sarawak as host of the Sukma Games while the element of the sun of the logo represents the participating athlete's speed and agility.

Mascot
The official mascots of the 2016 Sukma Games is a pair of hornbills named Satria (male) and Satrina (female) respectively, which were designed by Amir Hassan Mohd Shah. It is said that Sarawak is known by many as "Bumi Kenyalang" or the "Land of the Hornbills" with the hornbills regarded as the symbol of the state. The adoption of Hornbills as the games' mascot is to represent the state of Sarawak as the games' host state.

Songs
The theme song of the games is "Berpadu Menyahut Cabaran" (United In Facing Challenges).

The games

Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony was held on Saturday, 23 July 2016, beginning at 20:30 MST (UTC+8) at the Sarawak Stadium. The ceremony began with Yang di-Pertua Negeri Abdul Taib Mahmud and his wife, Toh Puan Raghad Kurdi Taib entered the stadium in a buggy car and the playing of the national anthem of Malaysia and the state anthem of Sarawak. This was followed by a countdown performance, an opener performance combining light dance, laser projection technology and firework display with the theme beautiful Sarawak and Sarawak Sukma Games. Later, a parade of athletes led by the games volunteers was held, began with the invitational contingent, Brunei, followed by all the states of Malaysia with host Sarawak enters the stadium last. After sports minister Khairy Jamaluddin and the then Chief Minister Adenan Satem gave their respective speech, a baton relay by Sarawak famous athletes was held began with Ramli Ahmad of Pencak silat, Wong Tee Kui of athletics, Sapok Biki of boxing, Edmund Yeo of weightlifting, Mohamad Azlan Iskandar of squash, Daniel Bego of swimming, Bryan Nickson Lomas of diving, Assri Azri Marzuki of tennis, Watson Nyambek of athletics and Tania Bugo of swimming. After Abdul Taib Mahmud declared the games opened, Watson and Tania placed the baton on the pedestal to lit up the cauldron. After the cauldron was lit, the games flag was raised by Royal Malaysian navy personnel, followed by Bon Yusuf performing the games' theme song, Berpadu Menyahut Cabaran accompanied by violinist, Nisa Addina Mohd Taufik. This was followed by pledge recitation and dance performance by Kuching students with the theme "Unity in Diversity". The ceremony ended with a musical firework performance for 7 minutes.

Closing ceremony
The closing ceremony was held on Sunday, 31 July 2016, beginning at 20:30 MST (UTC+8) at the Sarawak Stadium. The ceremony begins with volunteers leading the athletes enter the stadium began with the invitational contingent, Brunei, followed by all the states of Malaysia with host Sarawak enters the stadium last. This was followed by the arrival of guests including Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, Khairy Jamaluddin and Adenan Satem, the playing of the national anthem of Malaysia and the state anthem of Sarawak. After a series of performance and Khairy gave his speech, Ahmad Zahid Hamidi gave his speech and declared the games closed. Later, Khairul Hafiz Jantan of athletics from Malacca and Nur Aqilah of archery from Terengganu were announced as best sportsman and best sportswoman respectively. Selangor was also announced as the overall champion of the games, beating host Sarawak. After the games flag lowered by Royal Malaysian Navy personnel and the cauldron extinguished, the Sukma Games responsibility was handed over to Perak, host of the 2018 Sukma Games where Zambry Abdul Kadir received the games flag as its symbolisation. A Perak segment performance was later performed by Perak dancers. The ceremony concludes with a series of cultural dances and firework performance.

Participating states
An estimated total of 5670 athletes from 13 states, Federal Territory and Brunei competed at the 2016 Sukma Games.

  (408 athletes)
  (358)
  (220)
  (307)
  (330)
  (412)
  (380)
  (498)
  (253)
  (431)
  (544)
  (507)
  (485)
  (478)
  (59)

Sports
The Sarawak Sukma Games Organising Committee had confirmed a total of 24 sports for the 2016 Sukma Games. The announcement took place after the sports were endorsed at the games countdown in Baitul Makmur, Petra Jaya.

 Aquatics

  Hockey

  Petanque

Calendar

Medal table
A total of 1238 medals comprising 385 gold medals, 380 silver medals and 473 bronze medals were awarded to athletes. The host Sarawak's performance was their best ever yet and were placed second only to Selangor as overall champion.

Broadcasting
Radio Televisyen Malaysia was responsible for live streaming of several events, opening and closing ceremony of the games.

Malaysian Paralympiad

6 to 10 August 2016.

References

External links

 Sukma XVIII Sarawak 2016 - Tag Archive - Sports247.My

Sukma Games
2016 in Malaysian sport
2016 in multi-sport events
Sport in Malaysia


title: Halsbury (disambiguation)

text:
Halsbury may refer to:

 Halsbury, an historic estate in Devon
 Halsbury's Laws of England
 Halsbury's Laws of Australia
 Halsbury's Statutes
 Halsbury's Statutory Instruments
 Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury
 Halsbury, Alberta, a locality in Canada


title: 2014 Aegon Classic – Doubles

text:
Ashleigh Barty and Casey Dellacqua were the defending champions, but lost in the final to Raquel Kops-Jones and Abigail Spears, 6–7(1–7), 1–6.

Seeds

Draw

Draw

References
 Main Draw

Aegon Classicandnbsp;- Doubles
Doubles


title: Brenner, Kansas

text:
Brenner is an unincorporated community in Wayne Township, Doniphan County, Kansas, United States.

History
Brenner was established in 1872 when the Atchison & Nebraska Railroad was extended to that point.

The first post office at Brenner opened in 1871, closed temporarily in April, 1912, reopened in June, 1912, and reclosed permanently in 1917.

References

Further reading

External links
 Doniphan County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Doniphan County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas
1872 establishments in Kansas
Populated places established in 1872


title: Mingyi Swa

text:
Mingyi Swa (,  or ; 27 November 1558 – ) was heir apparent of Burma from 1581 to 1593. The eldest son of King Nanda of the Toungoo Dynasty led three out of the five Burmese invasions of Siam between 1584 and 1593, all of which ended in complete failure. He died in action during the fifth invasion in 1593. In prevailing Thai history, he was killed in single combat by King Naresuan. However no other accounts, including the earliest Siamese records and European accounts, mention a formal elephant duel between the two. The Burmese chronicles say Swa was felled by a Siamese mortar round.

Early life
Mingyi Swa was born to Crown Prince Nanda and his chief consort Hanthawaddy Mibaya on 27 November 1558 in Pegu (Bago). He was the third child and the first son of the couple, and had six other full siblings.

The prince grew up in Pegu during a period in which his grandfather King Bayinnaung founded the largest empire in Southeast Asia. Bayinnaung died on 10 October 1581, and Nanda succeeded the throne. Nanda made Swa his heir-apparent on 15 October 1581. The prince, who was not yet 23, was now the heir-apparent of an "absurdly overextended" empire.

Military campaigns

The empire had been largely held together by Bayinnaung's personal relationships with his vassal rulers, who were loyal to Bayinnaung and not the kingdom of Toungoo.  As it turned out, King Nanda never gained the full allegiance of his vassals. Within the first three years, both Ava (Inwa) and Siam revolted. Nanda put down the Ava rebellion but Siam proved a far more difficult project. Nanda came to rely heavily on his eldest son to reconquer Siam. Between 1584 and 1593, Mingyi Swa would lead four out of five campaigns that all ended in failure for the invaders, and ultimately claimed his life.

First invasion of Siam (1584)
The Siamese revolt took place right under Mingyi Swa's watch. In April 1584, Nanda and his armies were in Upper Burma for the campaign against Ava. Mingyi Swa had stayed behind at the capital Pegu (Bago) with an army to guard the rear. The Siamese army led by Crown Prince Naresuan, instead of marching to  Ava to join Nanda's armies, hovered around Pegu, and openly disobeyed Swa's orders to march to Ava. Naresuan withdrew to Martaban (Mottama), and formally declared Ayutthaya's independence from Pegu on . Still in Upper Burma, Nanda in haste sent two armies (11,000 men, 900 horses, 90 elephants) to chase the Siamese troops to their country. Swa was the deputy commander-in-chief behind his father. An 11,000-man invasion force could have never conquered Siam, let alone in the rainy season. Indeed, the troops were caught unprepared by the flooded countryside by the Chao Phraya, and were nearly wiped out by Siamese on their war canoes.

Second invasion (1586)
In March 1586, Swa again led another expedition force (12,000 troops, 1200 horses, 100 elephants) from Lan Na into northern Siam. The goal was to seize northern Siam in preparation for a larger campaign planned for the following dry season. But the army could not get past a heavily fortified Lampang, and had to withdraw in June as the rainy season came.

Third invasion (1586–1587)
Despite the failure to conquer northern Siam, Nanda proceeded with his planned invasion of Siam in October 1586, targeting the Siamese capital itself. Swa was left to guard Pegu. Nanda's invasion too failed. He laid siege to Ayutthaya for over four months (December 1586 to April 1587) but could not break through. Only a small portion of the original 25,000 men made it back to Pegu.

Fourth invasion (1590–1591)
Nanda had not given up. In 1590, the king again ordered Swa to lead another invasion of northern Siam. Nanda had planned a full-scale invasion but had to scale back his plans to northern Siam because northern Shan states of Mohnyin and Mogaung had also revolted. On , Swa again invaded northern Siam from Lan Na. It was essentially a repeat of the 1586 invasion except in the severity of defeat. Like in 1586, his army could not again get past the Lampang fort led by Naresuan. But unlike in 1586, it was no mere retreat. The 24-regiment, 20,000-man army was thoroughly defeated outside Lampang in March 1591. The remaining regiments arrived back in such disarray that Nanda verbally disparaged Mingyi Swa and executed some of the top generals.

Fifth and final campaign (1592–1593)
The momentum of the war was swinging to Siam's favor. In the following dry season of 1591–1592, Naresuan raided the upper Tenasserim coast. In response, Nanda and the court agreed to another invasion of Siam. Nanda again appointed Swa commander-in-chief but also appointed his vassal rulers of Prome, Toungoo and Lan Na as deputies. On , two armies (24,000 men, 2000 horses, 150 elephants) tried again. The invasion ended in failure, and in Mingyi Swa's death in a battle near Ayutthaya. Both Burmese and Siamese chronicles say he died in battle but they give different accounts of how exactly he died, and when he died.

Burmese chronicle account
According to the Burmese chronicles, Swa's forces penetrated all the way to the outskirts of Ayutthaya. There, the army was met by Naresuan's army. On , a battle ensued. Both Burmese and Siamese commanders fought on war elephants. During the course of the battle, a Burmese war elephant named Pauk-Kyaw Zeya () ridden by the governor of Zapayo (), went on musth, and initially charged Siamese vanguard lines toward Naresuan. But the elephant was pushed back. It returned to the Burmese lines, and went after Swa's elephant.

Swa and his two mahouts unsuccessfully tried to fight off the enraged elephant but their elephant was pushed out of position into the open view of the enemy. Both elephants immediately came under Siamese fire, and Swa and the front mahout were felled by a mortar round. The lone survivor, the middle mahout named Tuyin Bala (), tried to hide Swa's death by having the crown prince's body lean over his back while he managed to drive his elephant to the back of the lines. No one in Burmese or Siamese command knew of the death, and the battle went on. The battle ended with the Siamese army retreating to Ayutthaya. After the battle, the Burmese command now led by Thado Dhamma Yaza III of Prome realized the death, and they collectively decided to retreat, rather than to attack the city.

Siamese accounts

There are four different Siamese accounts about the battle. The prevailing Thai history follows the account given in the Ayutthaya chronicle. The prevailing account says that the Burmese army led by Swa had penetrated deep into Siam to a place called Nong Sarai (in present-day Suphan Buri Province.) There, the invaders were met by the Siamese army, led by Naresuan (now king) and his younger brother Crown Prince Ekathotsarot. The two armies fought on , (ten days later than the Burmese chronicle date).

The Burmese army is said to have won the initial skirmishes, and pressed down on the Siamese vanguard army. Naresuan, Ekathotsarot and their few bodyguards stood their ground and fought on. But because other Siamese vanguard forces fell back, the king and the crown prince came to be surrounded by the Burmese forces. Facing certain death, Naresuan issued a challenge to Mingyi Swa to fight him in single combat on their war elephants. Although his troops had the two top Siamese royals surrounded, Swa, for some reason, accepted the challenge. (The Siamese historian Prince Damrong Rajanubhab's conjecture is that the Burmese crown prince accepted the challenge because of his "kingly pride consistent with his royal birth," and because he was "ashamed not to accept it".) At any rate, the two men and their crews then fought on war elephants. Swa is said to have landed his sword on the helmet of Naresuan. But Naresuan recovered and cut down Swa on the right shoulder, killing Swa on the spot. In the meantime, Ekathotsarot on his elephant also fought with the governor of "Muang Chachro", and killed the governor as well.

The Burmese forces then started shooting, killing Naresuan's front mahout and Ekathotsarot's middle mahout. A bullet even hit the king's hand. But Siamese forces came forward soon enough, and rescued the Siamese king and the crown prince to safety.

However, no other Siamese accounts, including the two earliest Siamese accounts about the battle written in 1647 and 1690, report a formal duel between Naresuan and Swa.

Analysis
According to BJ Terwiel, there are ten different accounts of the battle by indigenous, European and Persian authors: (four Siamese, one Burmese, four late 16th and early 17th century European accounts and late 17th century one Persian account). Only the Siamese royal chronicle account says there was a formal elephant duel between Naresuan and Swa. Per Terwiel's analysis of the ten accounts, Swa and Naresuan both fought on their war elephant in the battle but no formal duel probably ever took place. According to Terwiel, it is highly unlikely that Swa would have agreed to a formal duel since agreeing to do so would have "jeopardized the costly invasion that had thus far progressed without a hitch." During the battle, Naresuan's elephant got surrounded by the Burmese forces. During that crucial moment, a Burmese war elephant went musth, and attacked Swa's elephant. Seeing that Swa was in difficulty, Naresuan "closed in, and he (or one of the warriors riding with him, maybe a Portuguese) fired a gun which mortally wounded the crown prince" Swa. Naresuan was "lucky to escape from a very dangerous situation" but also quick to take advantage of it. According to Terwiel, the "Burmese and European accounts stayed closer to what actually may have happened", and "Naresuan's much repeated challenge to hold a duel, even though it looms large in many Thai history books, should be relegated to a legendary tale."

Aftermath
In spite of all the differences, all Burmese and Siamese accounts agree that the two armies fought a battle near Ayutthaya in which Swa fell in action, and that the Burmese forces retreated afterwards. It was the last of Pegu's campaigns in Siam. Siam's independence was now secured. For the next dozen years, it was Burma that would be on the defensive, "the tables of war turning for the first time in 30 years."

Mingyi Swa's body was brought back to Pegu in February 1593. King Nanda is said to have been completely saddened, and gave his eldest son a royal cremation ceremony with highest honors in front of the Kanbawzathadi Palace. The fallen prince was 34. A shaken Nanda waited over nine months before appointing Minye Kyawswa II as the new heir apparent on .

Personal life
His first wife was Natshin Medaw, his double cousin and the only child of Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava and Inwa Mibaya. She was by his side when he became the crown prince in 1581. According to the chronicles, he spent much of his time pursuing another woman—Princess Yaza Datu Kalaya, who was his half-aunt. (She was a year younger than him, however.) In 1583, Natshin Medaw bitterly complained to her parents, which contributed to a major fallout between her parents and Nanda. The fallout led to the 1584 Ava rebellion.

Swa continued to pursue Yaza Datu Kalaya, and the princess continue to spurn his advances in the following years. The princess was protected by her half-brother Nanda. But in October 1586, Nanda left Pegu with the army for his regime's third invasion of Siam. With his father gone, Swa forcibly raised the princess to be his wife, and formally divorced Natshin Medaw in the process. Nanda arrived back to Pegu in June 1587 from a failed campaign, and the king was extremely unhappy to learn of the news what had happened while he was away. Nanda nonetheless did not break up the marriage. Kalaya remained Swa's chief wife to his death.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Heirs apparent of Toungoo dynasty
1558 births
1593 deaths
Deaths by projectile weapons
Heirs apparent who never acceded


title: Jermaine Woozencroft

text:
Jermaine Woozencroft (born 19 August 1992) is a Jamaican international footballer who plays for Montego Bay United, as a midfielder.

Career
Woozencroft has played club football for Montego Bay United. Woozencraft won the RSPL in 2013-2014 with Montego Bay United.

He made his international debut for Jamaica in 2013.

Honours
Jamaica National Premier League: 1
2014

References

1992 births
Living people
Jamaican men's footballers
Jamaica men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Montego Bay United F.C. players
National Premier League players


title: Kampong Ubi Constituency

text:
Kampong Ubi Single Member Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It existed from 1968 to 1988 and was merged in 1988 to Aljunied Group Representation Constituency. It carved out of Geylang Serai Constituency.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in 1960s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions


title: 2014–15 Essex Senior Football League

text:
The 2014–15 season was the 44th in the history of Essex Senior Football League, a football competition in England.

The league featured 19 clubs which competed in the league last season, along with one new club:
Waltham Forest relegated from the Isthmian League
Also, London APSA changed name to Newham.

Haringey Borough were champions, winning their first Essex Senior League title and were promoted to the Isthmian League two seasons after their transfer from the Spartan South Midlands League.

League table

References

External links
 Essex Senior League official site

Essex Senior Football League seasons
9


title: Refugees in Cameroon

text:
As of 31 August 2020, Cameroon hosted a total refugee population of approximately 421,700. Of these, 280,500 were from the Central African Republic, driven by war and insecurity. In the Far North Region, Cameroon hosts 114,300 Nigerian refugees, with the population sharing their already scarce resources with the refugees.

In comparison, in 2017, Cameroon hosted a total population of refugees and asylum seekers of approximately 97,400. Of these, 49,300 were from the Central African Republic , 41,600 from Chad, and 2,900 from Nigeria. Kidnappings of Cameroonian citizens by Central African bandits have increased since 2005. The increase is explained by the worsening situation in both neighbouring countries that result in further displacement.

Between 2004 and 2013, 92,000 refugees from the Central African Republic fled to Cameroon "to escape rebel groups and bandits in the north of their country."

In 2014, Cameroon had an estimated 44,000 refugees from Nigeria. Internal Cameroonian refugees also began to leave areas bordering Nigeria to escape Boko Haram violence, especially following the December 2014 Cameroon clashes.

Cameroonian internally displaced persons
In January 2015, many schools in the Far North Region did not re-open immediately after the Christmas vacation following the December 2014 Cameroon clashes, and it was reported that "thousands of teachers, students and pupils have fled schools located along the border due to bloody confrontations between the Cameroon military and suspected Boko Haram militants." The Cameroonian military has deployed forces to ensure safety for students attending schools.

Nigerian refugees in Cameroon
As of 30 October 2013, IRIN reports:
"There are 8,128 Nigerian refugees in Cameroon's Far North Region, but only 5,289 are registered by UNHCR ...

Many of the Nigerians who have fled into Cameroon prefer to stay with friends and family near the border areas.

The refugee population fleeing from Boko Haram are scattered in very inaccessible localities in the north of Cameroon, and many who refuse to be registered and stay in camps are still at the mercy of the [Boko Haram] sect, and are seen as threat to local security," said UNHCR's Hamon.

Authorities fear the lack of registration could ease Boko Haram infiltration into the country.
Between May and July 2014, over 8,000 Nigerians from Adamawa, Yobe and Borno States fled to Cameroon. "Food and shelter for those in need have been provided by local communities. However, their food stocks are running low." Malnutrition was estimated at 25 percent, and the UN World Food Programme (WFP) has begun distributing food, despite a "volatile" security situation near the Nigerian border.

As of 11 November 2014, it was reported that "some 13,000 Nigerian refugees crossed from Adamawa state after insurgents attacked and captured the town of Mubi in late October. The refugees fled to the towns of Guider and Gashiga in the North region of Cameroon and to Bourha, Mogode and Boukoula in the Far North." However, the "vast majority" of these refugees returned to Nigeria, principally to the city of Yola.

As of March,2017 the number of Nigerian refugees in Cameroon has grown to 85,000.

Cameroonian Government forced return Nigerian Refugees
As of 21 March 2017 UNHCR reported the forceful return of Nigerian Refugees in Cameroon .. In 2016, over 26,000 Nigerian refugees were forcefully returned by the Cameroonian government at different events. The action taking by the governments is in contrary to the obligations under international and regional refugee protection instruments

Refugees from the Central African Republic
As of 2012, refugees from the CAR were already living in the cities of Yaounde and Douala.

2014 Cameroon Emergency
In the first months of 2014, thousands of refugees fleeing the violence in the Central African Republic arrived in Cameroon. A report summarizing the refugee crisis in Cameroon by the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa was published in March 2014 (in French).

As of 6 June 2014, funding available for refugee assistance has been described as "meagre".
The UN Refugees Agency (UNHCR) says that only US$ 4.2 million of the $ 22.6 million it needs to assist those escaping violence in the Central African Republic (CAR) has been received, and just 12 percent of the $ 247 million requested by 15 aid groups to respond to the influx from CAR has been funded ...

"If we don't tackle this in a very urgent and coordinated way, I am afraid the crisis will be much bigger,  especially when we all know that unfortunately the CAR crisis is not going to be fixed that soon," said Najat Rochdi, the UN resident coordinator for Cameroon.

On June 4, 2014, AlertNet reported:
Almost 90,000 people have fled to neighbouring Cameroon since December [2013] and up to 2,000 a week, mostly women and children, are still crossing the border, the United Nations said.

"Women and children are arriving in Cameroon in a shocking state, after weeks, sometimes months, on the road, foraging for food," said Ertharin Cousin, executive director of the World Food Programme (WFP).

As of 26 May 2014, UNHCR stated the number of new refugees was approximately
85,000, including 52,000 at borders.

On 1 July 2014, the World Food Programme announced that "a series of unexpected, temporary ration reductions has affected camps in several countries since early 2013 and into 2014", including Cameroon.

An assessment released 4 July 2014 indicated that "in Cameroon, up to 1 out of 3 refugee children from Central African Republic suffer from malnutrition ... The risk of severe acute malnutrition, which can be deadly if left untreated, is particularly high. In the inpatient center of Batouri close to the border, the mortality rate in May exceeded 24 per cent."

List of refugee centers

A unit has been opened for treating malnutrition at Batouri Hospital in Batouri. As of May 23, 2014, 100 refugee children were being treated for severe malnutrition in Batouri Hospital's nutrition centre. The hospital also treats people arriving with machete wounds.

By 2014, refugee centers had opened in more rural areas:
(as of 26 May 2014)
Borgop – 7,500 people, capacity of 10,000
Gado Badzere – 9,103 people, capacity of 10,000
Lolo – 10,040 people, capacity of 10,000
Mbilé – 4,150 people, capacity of 10,000
Timangolo – 0 people, capacity of 5,000
Yokadouma – 227 people, capacity of 2,000

List of entry points
(as of 26 May 2014)
Adamoua Region (12 entry points) – 8,960 people
Garoua-Boulaï – 4,390 people
Gbiti – 21,451 people
Kentzou – 11,971 people
East Region (10 other entry points) – 8,759 people
In April 2014, a spokesperson for UNHCR stated:
With the main entry points at Garoua Boulai and Kentzou no longer accessible due to anti-Balaka activities, people are using alternative routes. "This has caused the number of entry points into Cameroon to grow from 12 to 27 over last three weeks, making it more challenging for our colleagues to monitor the border."

References

External links

Cameroon: Refugee sites and entry points for new refugees from the Central African Republic, May 28, 2014

Social history of Cameroon
Cameroon–Central African Republic border
Cameroon–Central African Republic relations
Cameroon–Nigeria border
Cameroon–Nigeria relations
Forced migration
Cameroon


title: Katong Constituency

text:
Katong Constituency was a constituency in Singapore from 1951 until 1959 and from 1968 until 1984.

In 1991, the constituency was carved out from Municipal North–East Constituency and was represented in the Legislative Council from 1951 until 1955. In 1955, parts of the constituency was carved out to form Geylang and Paya Lebar constituencies but it remained represented in the Legislative Assembly of Singapore from 1955 until 1959 where it was abolished. The constituency was split into Joo Chiat, Mountbatten and Siglap constituencies. In 1968, the constituency was reformed by carving out from Mountbatten Constituency and lasted till 1984 where it was once again abolished and split into Joo Chiat and Mountbatten constituencies.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1980s

Elections in the 1970s

Elections in the 1960s

Elections in the 1950s

Historical maps

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Marine Parade


title: William Harrison Sapp House

text:
William Harrison Sapp House is a historic home located near Tradesville, Lancaster County, South Carolina. It was built about 1897, and extensively remodeled in 1912. It is a two-story Colonial Revival style frame residence with a one-story rear projection.  It features a one-story hipped-roof wraparound porch, supported by Tuscan order columns. A small one-story gable-front frame drug store/office built in 1912, is located on the property.  Dr. William Harrison Sapp (1866-1946), was a prominent local physician and farmer.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1912
Colonial Revival architecture in South Carolina
Houses in Lancaster County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Lancaster County, South Carolina
1912 establishments in South Carolina


title: Bukit Ho Swee Constituency

text:
Bukit Ho Swee Constituency (SMC) was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1968 to 1984. It was carved out from Delta SMC.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1960s

Elections in the 1970s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Tiong Bahru


title: Clementi Constituency

text:
Clementi Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1980 to 1988, where it merged into Pasir Panjang Group Representation Constituency in 1988. It was carved out from Bukit Timah constituency in 1980.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in 1980s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Clementi
Constituencies established in 1980
Constituencies disestablished in 1988


title: Lake Arkona

text:
Lake Arkona was a stage of the lake waters in the Huron-Erie-Ontario basin following the end of the Lake Maumee levels and before the  Lake Whittlesey stages, named for Arkona, Ontario, about  east of Sarnia.

Beaches
The ice sheet had withdrawn north of the "thumb" of Michigan, then advanced southward, raising water levels to the east of the "thumb", but not those to the west.  This created four distinct areas around Lake Arkona:
 In the Saginaw basin, where the Arkona beaches were neither submerged nor modified;
 The area on the "thumb", where the beaches were overridden by the ice and destroyed;
 The Black River valley, where the beaches were submerged but protected from modification; and
 The area, which would be Lake Whittlesey, where the beaches were submerged and modified by storm waves.

Modified beaches

From Spring Hill and Zion to the Ohio state line in southeastern Lenawee County, the three Arkona beaches are faint and hard to trace.  The same character continues throughout Ohio and Pennsylvania and western New York.
Between Spring Hill and the Ohio state line the Arkona beaches do not show the characteristics normal to those in the Saginaw and Black River valleys. The beaches appear as ill-defined gravel or gravelly soil.  In the first belt is the faintest, the second is slightly stronger, and the third is the strongest.

Texture
The most peculiar characteristic of the gravel belts is their stiff clay. The soil of these gravel belts is very stiff and forms clods. They are continuous for miles, maintaining a constant level, and then merge into a single set of ridges in the Black River valley.  Unlike most beaches of sand, the remains of the Arkona beaches are only the base structure, which are heavily impregnated with clay.  Except for their consistent elevation, they would not have been identified as beach remnants.
The Arkona beaches have been heavily modified by wave actions and the emergence of Lake Whittlesey.  Initially, Lake Whittlesey's waves began the process of washing the top portion of the Arkona beaches away.  Then, the depth of the lake grew and water currents along the bottom of the lake moved the larger gravels up slope to become part of the Lake Whittlesey beaches. Then a period of deep quiet water allowed fine clays to leave suspension and be deposited among the remaining gravel.

Distribution
As far south as Lenox the three Arkona gravel belts are distinct. Beyond, there are a few intervals in which only two are discernible. Still farther southwest the first and second ridges draw closer together and the vertical interval between them diminishes until it is often difficult to distinguish the two. The three ridges are distinguishable some distance beyond Britton, where the upper two are of very nearly the same height.
The same occurrence of three beaches was noted in the Saginaw basin between Flushing and Cass City, but west of Flushing only two beaches appear. In the Saginaw basin the Arkona beaches were not submerged, but they were uplifted. The full strength of the Arkona beach ridges near Cass City and Croswell makes it clear that the ice barrier stood at least 25 miles north, enough distance to allow a heavy on shore surf.

Correlatives
Lake Chicago was nearing its maximum at the time of Lake Arkona.  In the Superior basin the ice sheet still covered the entire area. In New York the Finger Lakes had united with Lake Arkona with the exception of possibly the most easterly lakes.
The Lake Arkona water levels were close to the level of the First Lake Saginaw, and when the ice sheet retreated north from Lake Maumee, the merger of Maumee with Saginaw gave rise to Lake Arkona.
Later the Laurentian ice sheet expanded southward to the Port Huron morainic system. The lake waters to the east and south began to rise by  above the Arkona beaches, becoming Lake Whittlesey and the western area once again became Later Lake Saginaw.. This rise in the lake waters caused the obliteration of most of the Arkona beaches as described above. In some places the Arkona beaches stand by the outer border of the Port Huron morainic system.

See also
Proglacial lakes of the Lake Erie Basin

 Lake Maumee
 Lake Arkona
 Lake Wayne
 Lake Warren
 Lake Whittlesey

 Lake Grasmere
 Early Lake Algonquin
 Lake Lundy and Dana
 Early Lake Erie
 Lake Erie

General background
 Proglacial lakes
 List of prehistoric lakes
 Great Lakes

References

Former lakes of North America
Geology of Indiana
Geology of Ohio
Geology of Michigan
Geology of New York (state)
Geology of Pennsylvania
Geological history of the Great Lakes
Proglacial lakes
Lake Erie
Glacial lakes of the United States
Glacial lakes of Canada


title: Zvornik Fortress

text:
Zvornik Castle (Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Zvornička tvrđava / Зворничка тврђава), also known as the Old Town of Zvornik (Stari grad Zvornik / Стари град Зворник) and Kula Grad (Кула Град, English: Tower City), is a medieval castle located in Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the mountain Mlađevac overlooking Drina Valley. Zvornik fortress is  above sea level.

History
The medieval town of Zvornik called "Đurđevgrad" or "Kula Grad" was first mentioned as a property of Bosnian medieval feudal family Zlatonosović in 1410 when Hungarian King Sigismund was in the area. It was probably built in the 12th or 13th century and is one of the largest medieval fortresses in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Austria-Hungary
Part of the structure was destroyed in 1878 during the Austro-Hungarian invasion of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

World War II
Ustasha troops of the fascist Independent State of Croatia occupied the fortress along with the rest of Zvornik and most of Bosnia, in April 1941. The fortress was liberated in July 1943 by the 1st Proletarian Brigade during the Battle of Zvornik.

Bosnian War
Beginning on 8 April 1992, about 300 soldiers of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina defended the fortress from Serb soldiers of the Yugoslav People's Army during the first stages of the Bosnian War. Following the Bosnian War, Zvornik became a part of Republika Srpska and the new Serb government had a church built on the grounds of the fortress and relocated a church bell from the village of Divič to the new church to mark their victory over Bosniaks.

In May 2013, the remains of several war victims from the 1990s conflict were uncovered in Kula grad.

Gallery

See also
List of fortifications in Bosnia and Herzegovina

References

Zvornik
History of Zvornik
Castles in Bosnia and Herzegovina
14th century in Bosnia
National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Buildings and structures in Republika Srpska
Medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina architecture


title: Crawford Constituency

text:
Crawford Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1959 to 1976, broke off from Rochore Constituency.

Member of Parliament
Kenneth Michael Byrne (1959 - 1963)
 S.T. Bani (1963 - 1966)
 Sellappa Ramaswamy (1966 - 1968)
Low Yong Nguan (1968 - 1972)
Ang Kok Peng (1972 - 1976)

Elections

Elections in 1950s

Elections in 1960s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions


title: Delta Constituency

text:
Delta Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1959 to 1988. It was originally part of Havelock Constituency.

Elections

References
1984 Parliamentary General Election result
1980 Parliamentary General Election result
1976 Parliamentary General Election result
1972 Parliamentary General Election result
1968 Parliamentary General Election result
1963 Legislative Assembly General Election result
1959 Legislative Assembly General Election result

Singaporean electoral divisions


title: Brickworks Constituency

text:
Brickworks Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1976 to 1988. It merged part of Leng Kee and Pasir Panjang.

Member of Parliament

Elections

References

Singaporean electoral divisions


title: Mingyi Swa (disambiguation)

text:
Mingyi Swa was a Burmese royal title, and may mean:

 Swa Saw Ke, King of Ava (r. 1367–1400)
 Mingyi Swa of Prome, Viceroy of Prome (r. 1446–82)
 Mingyi Swa, Heir-apparent of Burma (r. 1581–93)

Burmese royal titles


title: Eunos Constituency

text:
Eunos  Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1984 to 1988, where it merged parts of Kaki Bukit and Tampines constituencies. It was absorbed into the namesake Eunos Group Representation Constituency.

Members of Parliament

Elections

Elections in 1980s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions


title: Farrer Park Constituency

text:
Farrer Park Constituency is a former constituency in Singapore. It existed from 1955 to 1980.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Historical maps

References

External links
1976 Parliamentary General Election result
1972 Parliamentary General Election result
1968 Parliamentary General Election result
1963 Legislative Assembly General Election result
1959 Legislative Assembly General Election result
1955 Legislative Assembly General Election result

Singaporean electoral divisions


title: Geylang East Constituency

text:
Geylang East Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1959 to 1980.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in 1950s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Geylang


title: Adam Ivy House

text:
Adam Ivy House is a historic home located near Van Wyck, Lancaster County, South Carolina. It was built about 1849–1850, and is a two-story, vernacular Greek Revival style frame dwelling. It has a full-width, one-story front porch. Additions and renovations took place around 1920. Also on the property are two contributing outbuildings; large and small barns located near the house.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1850
Greek Revival houses in South Carolina
Houses in Lancaster County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Lancaster County, South Carolina


title: Geylang West Single Member Constituency

text:
Geylang West Single Member Constituency was an electoral constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1959 to 1988 where it was absorbed into Jalan Besar GRC.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1950s

Elections in the 1960s

Elections in the 1970s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Kallang
Geylang


title: Havelock Constituency

text:
Havelock Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1955 to 1980.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in 1950s

Elections in 1960s

Historical maps

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Geylang


title: Henderson Constituency

text:
Henderson Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1972 to 1988, and it was merged into Tiong Bahru Group Representation Constituency. It carved out of Tiong Bahru Constituency.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1970s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Tiong Bahru


title: Kampong Kapor Constituency

text:
Kampong Kapor Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1955 to 1976.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in 1950s

Elections in 1960s

Historical maps

References

Singaporean electoral divisions


title: Kolam Ayer Constituency

text:
Kolam Ayer Constituency (SMC) was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1976 to 1988, where Sidek bin Saniff was Member of Parliament. It merged with another 2 SMCs in 1988 to form the Eunos Group Representation Constituency.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1970s

Elections in the 1980s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Kallang


title: Brian Brown (Jamaican footballer)

text:
Brian Brown (born 29 December 1992) is a Jamaican footballer who plays for the Jamaica national team as a forward. He has played professionally for clubs in Jamaica, the United States, and Albania, as well as for the Jamaica national football team.

Club career

Montego Bay United
Brown began his professional career at Montego Bay United of the National Premier League.

Harbour View
Brown moved to fellow Jamaican club Harbour View during the 2012–13 season. In his first full season, he won the 2013–14 RSPL Golden Boot, after scoring 18 goals in 30 league appearances. Brown did not appear for the club during the 2014–15 season, going on loan to clubs in the United States. Brown appeared for the club 9 times during the 2015–16 season, between the end of his loan to Indy Eleven and his loan to Charlotte Independence.

Loan to Philadelphia Union
At the conclusion of the 2013–14 season, Brown was loaned to Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer. He would make 9 appearances for the American club, scoring 2 goals in Major League Soccer.

Loan to Indy Eleven
Brown went on loan to Indy Eleven for the 2015 season. He appeared in 24 of 30 regular season matches, scoring 5 goals as the club failed to qualify for the 2015 NISA playoffs.

Loan to Charlotte Independence
His final loan from Montego Bay United was to Charlotte Independence of the USL. He appeared in 27 games during the 2016 USL regular season, scoring 9 goals and helping the team to reach the first round of the USL playoffs. Brown played the full 90 minutes as Charlotte Independence lost to Rochester Rhinos.

Reno 1868
Brown returned to the USL in 2017, signing for Reno 1868 in their inaugural season, after leaving Montego Bay United. In the 2018 season Brown became one of the club's main players, appearing in 32 of 34 league matches and scoring 16 goals. He scored the only goal in Reno's playoff win over Real Monarchs. His total of 17 goals made him the division's sixth-highest scorer, and fourth-highest in the Western Conference. He left the club during the 2019 season, transferring to Albanian club FK Partizani Tirana. With 28 goals in competitive matches, he is Reno's all-time top goal scorer.

FK Partizani Tirana
Brown joined Albanian club Partizani Tirana in July 2019. He made his debut on 10 July 2019 in the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League first qualifying round against Qarabağ, coming on as a substitute for Emmanuel Mensah in the 58th minute. He made another substitute appearance in the second leg as Partizani lost 2–0.

He made his first domestic appearance for the club on 18 August 2019 in the Albanian Supercup, for which Partizani had qualified as champions of the 2018–19 Kategoria Superiore. Brown came on as a substitute in the 57th minute, and scored in the 88th minute to tie the game 2–2, and force extra time. In extra time, he scored in the 94th and 99th minute to win the Supercup.

He went on to make 29 appearances in the Kategoria Superiore, scoring 2 goals as Partizani finished in 6th place.

New Mexico United
In February 2021, Brown signed for New Mexico United. He debuted on 1 May 2021, coming on as a 72nd minute substitute against Rio Grande Valley FC Toros in the USL Championship. He scored his first goal for the club on 15 May 2021 against Austin Bold FC.

In August 2021 he moved on loan to Oakland Roots.

FC Tulsa
On 25 January 2022, Brown was traded to FC Tulsa in a move that saw Jerome Kiesewetter join New Mexico United. He was released by Tulsa following the 2022 season.

International career
He made his international debut for Jamaica on 15 November 2013 in a friendly match against Trinidad and Tobago. His next international appearance would not come until 26 March 2019 in a friendly match against Costa Rica. Brown was selected in Jamaica's squad for the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup. He made 3 appearances in the tournament, featuring in group stage matches against Honduras and El Salvador, and again in the semifinal against the United States. He scored his first international goal on 6 September 2019 against Antigua and Barbuda in the CONCACAF Nations League.

Career statistics

International

Honours

Harbour View
RSPL Golden Boot – 2014
RSPL leading goal scorer for rounds 1 & 3 – 2014

External links

References

1992 births
Living people
Jamaican men's footballers
Jamaican expatriate men's footballers
Jamaica men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Montego Bay United F.C. players
Harbour View F.C. players
Philadelphia Union players
Indy Eleven players
Charlotte Independence players
Reno 1868 FC players
FK Partizani Tirana players
New Mexico United players
Oakland Roots SC players
FC Tulsa players
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Major League Soccer players
North American Soccer League (2011–2017) players
USL Championship players
National Premier League players
2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Jamaican expatriates in the United States
Jamaican expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Expatriate men's footballers in Albania


title: Pasir Panjang Constituency

text:
Pasir Panjang Single Member Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1955 to 1988.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1960s

Elections in 1970s

Elections in 1980s

Historical maps

References

Singaporean electoral divisions


title: Paya Lebar Single Member Constituency

text:
Paya Lebar Single Member Constituency was a constituency in Singapore.

It used to exist from 1955 to 1988 as Paya Lebar Constituency and was renamed as Paya Lebar Single Member Constituency (SMC) as part of Singapore's political reforms. The SMC was merged into Aljunied Group Representation Constituency in 1997.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1950s

Elections in the 1960s

Elections in the 1970s

Elections in the 1980s

Historical maps

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Hougang


title: River Valley Constituency

text:
River Valley Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It used to exist from 1959 to 1988. The 1959 election in River Valley remains the record for the closest winning margin in any election in Singapore history.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1950s

Elections in the 1960s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
River Valley, Singapore


title: Seletar Constituency

text:
Seletar Constituency was a single-member constituency of the Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly of Singapore between 1951 and 1959. It covered the Seletar area in North-East Region.

In 1951, the constituency was formed from Rural East and Rural West constituencies. The 1952 Seletar by-election remains the only occasion on which a candidate not from the People's Action Party won unopposed.

In 1955, parts of the constituency were separated to form Bukit Panjang, Sembawang and Serangoon constituencies.

In 1959, the constituency was abolished and split into Jalan Kayu, Nee Soon, Serangoon Gardens and Thomson constituencies.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1950s

Historical maps

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Seletar


title: Hunter Abbott

text:
Hunter Abbott (born 4 December 1980 in Windsor, Berkshire)) is a British racing driver and businessman. He has raced sportscars, GT cars and Touring Cars. He was 2017 Blancpain GT Series Asia Champion  and won the RAC Trophy after victory in the 2021 Silverstone 500 race.

He is founder, owner and managing director of AlcoSense Laboratories, which designs, develops and manufactures alcohol breathalysers under the AlcoSense brand name.

In 2017, Abbott was awarded a "Gold Star" on the Wall of Champions at the Mercedes-AMG factory in Affalterbach, Germany, as a result of winning the 2017 Blancpain GT Series Asia championship while driving a Mercedes-AMG GT GT3 race car for GruppeM Motorsport, an AMG Performance racing team.

In 2018, Abbott was enrolled as a member of the BRDC as a result of his motor racing successes in the UK and abroad.

Racing career

Early years
Abbott began his racing career in 1995, in karting, winning the HKC Junior TKM Championship during his first year racing. He moved to Senior TKM competing in the 1996 Super 1 National Kart Championships finishing 15th overall on his debut year. For 1998 Abbott moved to Formula 100C Super 1 National Kart Championships where he finished the season 4th overall and ran as high as 2nd in the European Intercontinental A Championships. In 1999 Abbott moved to Formula A and competed in the Super 1 National Kart Championships.

Abbott did not race between 2000 and March 2003 due to lack of funding. In 2003, Abbott competed in a handful of Radical Enduro championship races driving a Radical Prosport and had several podium finishes.

For 2004, Abbott raced in the Radical Enduro championship with Martin Donnelly Racing partnering Nigel Redwood. He missed the first two rounds of the championship but took eight victories and 11 pole positions in the remainder of the season, the most races any driver has ever won in one season of Radical Enduro.

Oval Racing
In 2005, Abbott moved into the UK Oval Racing, joining the SCSA racing series in the RyanAir sponsored car run by Torquespeed Racing. SCSA was a UK based championship, similar to the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series which raced on the Rockingham Motor Speedway oval circuit. He had a successful debut season, winning the Rookie Championship. This led to him being awarded 'One to Watch' by Autosport Magazine and "Driver of the Year" by NASCAR team Roush Racing.

Abbott didn't compete in the 2006 season, instead competing in British GT, but returned in 2007 and finished runner-up to series champion Colin White.

24 Hour Racing
After a last minute call up from CWS Racing, Abbott competed in the 2016 Dubai 24 Hour, finishing 2nd in the SP3 class driving a Ginetta G55 GT4. The team had led the race until three hours from the end when a belt failure forced the car into the pits for an additional pit-stop.

GT racing

2006 saw a move into GT racing for Abbott. He entered the 2006 British GT season, driving in the GTC class with a Porsche 996 GT3 racing for RPM Motorsport. The highlight of the year was finishing 2nd in the Pau Grand Prix. After the Snetterton round of the championship Hunter left RPM and joined Paul Mace's Specialist Direct team also driving a Porsche 996 GT3.

After a brief hiatus in 2007, when he returned to Oval racing, he once again joined the British GT grid, beginning a long racing partnership with Rob Austin Racing. Partnering Rob Austin in the teams Ginetta G50, the pair managed to finish second in the GT4 class of the 2008 season, taking three class wins. At the Oulton Park round of the championship, Abbott had a spectacular 100mph crash in his Ginetta, flipping several time before coming to rest on its roof where it burst into flames. Abbott was trapped in the car for 18 seconds while on fire. The driver's door was jammed shut and he escaped from the car by crawling through the roll cage and out of the passenger side of the car. Quick thinking by Abbott and efficient work by the race marshals meant that he escaped with only minor burns and injuries. After 2 weeks Abbott returned to the series and took a double victory at Knockhill.

The partnership with Rob Austin Racing continued into 2009. Abbott contested the first half of the 2009 season, with Abbott taking 4 class wins and several podium finishes along with new partner Gary Simms before stopping before the Knockhill event. Abbott had a one-off outing after a late call from Stark Racing for the Snetterton round of the championship where he scored two-second places in the GT4 class. He finished 4th in the GT4 championship after missing the second half of the season. However, Abbott, with Rob Austin Racing and driver partner Henry Fletcher contested a full season in the GT4 European Series. Abbott and Fletcher finish sixth in the 2009 championship, with three third-place finishes. Abbott continued into the 2010 GT4 European Cup, entering the first three rounds and scoring one 2nd place and finishing fifth in the overall drivers standings.

In 2016 Abbott made a one-off appearance in the Spa-Francorchamps round of the British GT Championship. He drove for Grasser Racing driving a Lamborghini Huracan GT3 car, qualifying 2nd and leading the race until retirement due to technical reasons on the final lap.

For 2017 Abbott returned to GT racing in three series. He won the overall GT3 title and Pro-AM GT3 title in the Blancpain GT Series Asia driving for GruppeM Racing sponsored by Pagani Cars China and GruppeM in a Mercedes-AMG GT GT3. He also raced in selected VLN races in a BMW 235 Cup Car for Walkenhorst Motorsport taking a best place of 3rd. Abbott drove for HTP Motorsport at the 2017 Silverstone round of the Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup, standing in for injured Michael Avenatti, finishing 4th in class and at the Barcelona event of the same championship for Barwell Motorsport driving a Lamborghini Huracan GT3 where he won his class partnering Patrick Kujala and Martin Kodrić, standing in for injured Adrian Amstutz.

In 2018 Abbott joined Walkenhorst Motorsport driving a PlayStation sponsored BMW M6 GT3 in VLN, partnered with Jonathan Hirschi, Christian Krognes and Jordan Tressonn. Their best finish was 3rd overall at VLN 7.

In 2019 Abbott raced again for Walkenhorst Motorsport driving the sister BMW M6 GT3 car sponsored by Total in VLN, partnered with a range of drivers including Henry Walkenhorst, Andreas Ziegler, Rudi Adams and Jordan Tresson

In 2020 Abbott competed in the opening round of the European Le Mans Series at Circuit Paul Ricard with JMW Motorsport driving a Ferrari 488 GTE, finishing 4th. Abbott did not race for the remainder of the season citing concerns around travelling during the COVID-19 pandemic.

As COVID-19 restrictions eased Abbott joined 2 Seas Motorsport for the 10th edition of the Silverstone 500 in 2021, driving an AMG GT GT3 Evo with Martin Kodric. Abbott qualified on pole position, as did Kodric, and took a lights to flag victory, lifting the 1932 RAC Trophy in the process.

One-Make Racing
In 2008, Abbott made a one-off appearance in the Ginetta G50 Cup at the Brands Hatch GP after one of the Rob Austin Racing drivers was delayed after returning from a US trip. Having never driven the car before, Abbott went straight into qualifying and claimed two pole positions for race 1 and race 2. Abbott did not finish race 1 after contact with Tom Dunstone but won race 2 from Frank Wrathall and Christian Dick.

Abbott entered the 2012 Ginetta GT Supercup, driving a Ginetta G55 for Century Motorsport sponsored by Armour Electronics and Outback BBQs. Abbott finished sixth overall, with two 3rd places his best results.

For 2013, he moved back into Europe, entering the Porsche GT3 Cup Challenge Benelux, driving a Porsche 997 GT3 Cup Gen 2 sponsored by Petronas Oil, Armour Electronics and Outback's BBQs. He finished the season in second place behind former Midland F1 test driver Jeffrey van Hooydonk and ahead of factory Audi driver Christiaan Frankenhout.

Touring Car Racing

Abbott announced that he was making the switch to touring car racing, entering the British Touring Car Championship with his previous GT team Rob Austin Racing. He entered the 2014 British Touring Car Championship season with Rob Austin Racing, driving a NGTC Audi A4. Abbott scored points on his debut, securing a single point by finishing 15th during race 3 at Brands Hatch. He featured in the top 10 at several races and was top Rookie in the Jack Sears Trophy with 96 overtakes, awarded to the driver who overtook the most cars during the season.

In 2015, Abbott stayed with Rob Austin Racing in the British Touring Car Championship under the Exocet Racing banner with title sponsorship from Exocet Fuel Additives. Abbott again featured in the top 10 in many races but after missing the Knockhill round of the championship to be there for the birth of his son, Hunter finished the year 21st in the Drivers Championship.

For 2016, Abbott switched to the front wheel drive Chevrolet Cruze of Power Maxed Racing in the British Touring Car Championship with title sponsorship from Power Maxed, a company making car polishes and accessories. Despite top 5 qualifying results and a fastest lap at Snetterton, Abbott's best result was 10th at Silverstone, Abbott finished 19th overall in the championship standings.

Lap Records
Abbott holds or has held lap records at the following circuits:

2000 - Brands Hatch Indy Circuit in Formula First

2008 - Zolder in GT4

2008 - Donington Park in GT4

2009 - Spa Francorchamps in GT4

Famous crashes

On Saturday 22 March 2008, Abbott had a spectacular 100+mph crash in the Rob Austin Racing Ginetta G50 in the opening round of the 2008 British GT Championship at Oulton Park. After being tagged by Peter Snowdon's Aston Martin Abbott struck the barriers on the outside of the circuit between Old Hall and Cascades corners at unabated speed. The car flipped several times end over end, clearing the safety barriers, before coming to rest upside down where it burst into flames. The fire was caused by the roof skin being ripped off in the force of the accident, in the process this also ripped off the fuel filler pipes from the fuel tank. As it was near the beginning of the race the fuel tank was near full, when the car came to rest upside down the fuel load leaked quickly into the car.

Abbott was trapped in the car for 18 seconds while on fire. The driver's door was jammed shut and he escaped from the car by crawling through the roll cage and out of the passenger side of the car. Quick thinking by Abbott and efficient work by the race marshals meant that he escaped with only minor burns and injuries. After 2 weeks, Abbott returned to the series and took a double victory at Knockhill.

There was significant mainstream media coverage of the crash through newspapers and magazines and can be viewed on YouTube.

On Sunday 31 July 2016, Abbott was involved in a crash while racing for Power Maxed Racing in the Snetterton round of the British Touring Car Championship. A multi-car start-line crash occurred, triggered by contact between Team BKR-run Volkswagen CC driven by Mark Howard and Team Parker Racing Ford Focus of Alex Martin. Abbott was clipped by Mark Howard's spinning car and rolled several times, knocking over a TV tower and coming to rest on top of the barriers. Abbott suffered concussion and no one else was injured. Mark Howard and Alex Martin were penalised for causing the multi-car crash.

Racing record

Complete British GT Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position in class) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap in class)

† As Abbott was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.

Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position – 1 point awarded in first race) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap – 1 point awarded all races) (* signifies that driver lead race for at least one lap – 1 point awarded all races)

Complete European Le Mans Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links
Hunter Abbott Official Website
British GT Drive Biography

Living people
English racing drivers
Sportspeople from Windsor, Berkshire
1980 births
British Touring Car Championship drivers
ASCAR drivers
British GT Championship drivers
Ginetta GT4 Supercup drivers
24H Series drivers
GT4 European Series drivers


title: Massey-Doby-Nisbet House

text:
Massey-Doby-Nisbet House is a historic home located near Van Wyck, Lancaster County, South Carolina. It was built about 1790, and was originally two stories with one room on each floor (an I-house type).  The house was enlarged and remodeled about 1830, which doubled the size and added Federal detailing. The house was remodeled again about 1935.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1790
Federal architecture in South Carolina
Houses in Lancaster County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Lancaster County, South Carolina


title: Victory Park Historic District

text:
The Victory Park Historic District of Manchester, New Hampshire, encompasses Victory Park, a city park laid out in 1838, and four buildings that face it across adjacent streets. Originally called Concord Square, Victory Park was laid out by the proprietors of the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company who founded Manchester, and was first used as a common area, used by abutters for gardening and grazing. The park was sold by the proprietors to the city for $1 in 1848, conditioned on making alterations that would transform it into a park. The city did not immediately act on the required conditions, but it had by the 1870s become more parklike, with a fountain and thickly-planted trees. The park was renamed after the First World War; its most prominent feature is the Winged Victory Monument to the city's soldiers in that war, designed by Lucien Hippolyte Gosselin and erected in 1929. The park underwent a major rehabilitation in 1988.

The district includes four buildings that face the park. The Manchester City Library (Carpenter Memorial Library), at 405 Pine Street, is a Beaux Arts structure built in 1914 and donated by Frank Carpenter in memory of his wife; it was designed by Edward Lippincott Tilton. At 148 Concord Street stands the 1916 Manchester Institute of Arts and Science building, designed by Boston architect William G. Rantoul and built as a gift of Emma Blood French, Frank Carpenter's sister-in-law. To the south of the park, at 129 Amherst Street, is the Classical Revival Manchester Historical Association building, also designed by Tilton. Finally, at 111 Amherst Street stands the Tilton-designed former post office building, built in 1932.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire

References

Neoclassical architecture in New Hampshire
Buildings and structures completed in 1914
Buildings and structures in Manchester, New Hampshire
Parks in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Manchester, New Hampshire


Telok Blangah Single Member Constituency was a single member constituency (SMC) in Singapore. The constituency was formed in 1959 and was abolished in 1991.

History
In 1959, the Telok Blangah Constituency was formed. In 1988, it was renamed as Telok Blangah Single Member Constituency as part of Singapore's political reforms. In 1991, it was abolished and merged into West Coast Group Representation Constituency.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1950s

Elections in 1960s

Elections in 1970s

Elections in 1980s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Telok Blangah


title: Khesanio Hall

text:
Khesanio Hall (born 10 October 1994) is a Jamaican footballer.

Early and personal life
Hall was born on 10 October 1994 in Jamaica; he has two siblings.

Career

Youth and college
Hall played for St. Elizabeth Technical High School in Jamaica, graduating in 2013.  He was named MVP and leading goal scorer of the DaCosta Cup of the Jamaican Schoolboy Football League. He started his college career the United States at Oklahoma Wesleyan University in 2014, transferred to Northeastern University in 2015, graduating in 2018.  He returned to Oklahoma Wesleyan University in 2019 for his final year of eligibility, earning Player of the Week three times, KCAC Offensive Player of the Year, KCAC First Team, and NAIA First Team All American.

Senior
While also still attending college he played in the Premier Development League for the Ocean City Nor'easters, scoring 9 goals in 13 appearances in the 2015 season and was named Nor'easters' Offensive Player of the Year and to the PDL Eastern Conference Team.  Between graduating Northeastern University and starting graduate school back at Oklahoma Wesleyan University, he played in the USL League Two for GPS Portland Phoenix, where he was a goal leader for the 2018 season.

In April 2021, Hall joined National Independent Soccer Association side Stumptown AC ahead of the spring 2021 season. He went on to make four appearances with the team, including two in the Legend's Cup, before departing in July following the conclusion of the season.

International
Hall made his senior international debut for Jamaica in 2013.

References

1994 births
Living people
Jamaican men's footballers
Jamaica men's international footballers
Ocean City Nor'easters players
USL League Two players
Men's association football forwards
Jamaican expatriate men's footballers
Jamaican expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Seacoast United Phantoms players
GPS Portland Phoenix players
College men's soccer coaches in the United States
Oklahoma Wesleyan Eagles soccer players
Northeastern Huskies men's soccer players
Sportspeople from Saint Elizabeth Parish
Stumptown AC players
National Independent Soccer Association players


title: Upper Serangoon Constituency

text:
Upper Serangoon Constituency was a constituency in Upper Serangoon, Singapore from 1959 to 1980. In 1959, the constituency is formed by absorbing part of Serangoon and Paya Lebar constituencies.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1950s

Elections in the 1960s

Elections in 1970s

References
 https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/maps_building_plans/record-details/31abae25-014f-11e6-b6f6-0050568939ad

Singaporean electoral divisions
Serangoon
1959 establishments in Singapore


title: West Coast Constituency

text:
West Coast Constituency was a constituency that existed from 1980 to 1988 in Singapore. It was formed in 1980 by carving out from Bukit Timah Constituency. In 1988, it was merged into Pasir Panjang Group Representation Constituency.

Member of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1980s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Clementi


title: Toa Payoh Constituency

text:
Toa Payoh Single Member Constituency was a constituency that holds the Toa Payoh area, in the Central Region of Singapore, from 1959 to 1988. The constituency broke away into Boon Teck, Kim Keat and Kuo Chuan in 1972 general elections, and Khe Bong in 1976 general elections.

Member of Parliament

Candidates and results

Elections in 1950s

Elections in 1960s

Elections in 1970s

Elections in 1980s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Toa Payoh


title: Tiong Bahru Single Member Constituency

text:
Tiong Bahru Single Member Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. The constituency was formed in 1955 and was abolished in 1991.

History
In 1955, the Tiong Bahru Constituency was formed. In 1988, it was renamed as Tiong Bahru Single Member Constituency as part of Singapore's political reforms. In 1991, it was abolished.

Members of Parliament

Elections

Elections in 1950s

Historical maps

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Tiong Bahru


Thomson Group Representation Constituency (GRC) was a defunct four-member constituency that compromises of Bishan East, Serangoon Gardens, Bishan North and Thomson from 1991 to 1997. It merged parts of Thomson and Serangoon Gardens itself. Thomson GRC was led by Leong Horn Kee and Wong Kan Seng.

History
The ward only exist for one term until 1997. Bishan and Thomson, along with Toa Payoh GRC, was merged to create Bishan–Toa Payoh GRC, while Serangoon Gardens was absorbed into three constituencies, namely Aljunied GRC, Ang Mo Kio GRC and Marine Parade GRC.

Members of Parliament

Candidates and results

Elections in the 1990s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Bishan, Singapore


title: Tiong Bahru Group Representation Constituency

text:
Tiong Bahru GRC was a defunct three-member group representation constituency that from 1988 to 1991, comprised Henderson, Radin Mas, and Tiong Bahru, in Singapore. Once it is dissolved, it was quickly replaced by Tanjong Pagar GRC.Tiong Bahru GRC was led by Ch'ng Jit Koon and Co-led by S.Vasoo.

Members of Parliament

Candidates and results

Elections in the 1980s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Tiong Bahru


Toa Payoh Group Representation Constituency (GRC) was a group representation constituency that from 1988 to 1997 comprised Kuo Chuan, Boon Teck and Toa Payoh, in the Central Region of Singapore. The MPs are Davinder Singh,
Ho Tat Kin and S. Dhanabalan.

Kim Keat Single Member Constituency was absorbed in the 1991 elections. In 1997, the ward was merged along with Thomson GRC to form Bishan–Toa Payoh GRC.

Ong would resign in 1993 to contest in the Presidential Election and later become the 5th President of Singapore.

Members of Parliament

Ong Teng Cheong resigned his post in July 1993  in order to contest in the 1993 Presidential Elections. However, no by-election was called on the ground since it was a Group Representation Constituency, and the workload for the ward was distributed among the rest of the team.

Candidates and results

Elections in the 1980s

Elections in the 1990s

References

Singaporean electoral divisions
Toa Payoh


title: The Englishman of the Bones (film)

text:
The Englishman of the Bones (Spanish:El inglés de los güesos) is a 1940 Argentine drama film based on a novel of the same name.

Production

The 79-minute black and white drama was directed for Lumiton by Carlos Hugo Christensen.
Christiansen (1914–1999) was a poet, short story writer, journalist and playwright who became an assistant film director in 1939.
This was one of the first films where he was credited as director.
The script was written by Christensen based on the novel of the same name written by Benito Lynch.
Music was by George Andreani and cinematography by José María Beltrán.
It was released in Argentina on 4 September 1940.
The film El inglés de los güesos starred Arturo García Buhr, Anita Jordán and Pedro Maratea.

Synopsis

El inglés de los güesos tells of a hopeless love between an English anthropologist and a gaucho girl.
The Englishman, who has come to study fossils, must return to his homeland.
The film treats the novel with respect, and provides a true interpretation.

Reception

La Nación said of the film that the simple plot had been well handled. The adaptation retained the extraordinary sense of scenery and drama.
Manrupe and Portela said that despite the very slow action and the poor book, the film maintains interest because of good performances.
Some elements of the framing and montage foreshadow the director's later style.

Cast
The cast includes:

 Arturo García Buhr
 Anita Jordán
 Pedro Maratea
 Elisardo Santalla
 Raimundo Pastore
 Tito Alonso
 Aurelia Ferrer
 Herminia Mancini
 Alfredo Jordan

References

Citations

Sources

1940 films
1940s Spanish-language films
Argentine black-and-white films
Argentine drama films
1940 drama films


title: Perry-McIlwain-McDow House

text:
Perry-McIlwain-McDow House, also known as Fairview Farm, is a historic home located near Lancaster, Lancaster County, South Carolina. It was built about 1840, and is a -story, Greek Revival raised cottage.  It has a temple-front classical portico containing a recessed porch with balustrade.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1840
Greek Revival houses in South Carolina
Houses in Lancaster County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Lancaster County, South Carolina


title: Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary

text:
Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary is a prose translation of the early medieval epic poem Beowulf from Old English to modern English. Translated by J. R. R. Tolkien from 1920 to 1926, it was edited by Tolkien's son Christopher and published posthumously in May 2014 by HarperCollins.

In the poem, Beowulf, a hero of the Geats in Scandinavia, comes to the aid of Hroðgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall Heorot has been under attack by a monster known as Grendel.  After Beowulf kills him, Grendel's mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated. Victorious, Beowulf goes home to Geatland in Sweden and later becomes king of the Geats. After fifty years have passed, Beowulf defeats a dragon, but is fatally wounded in the battle. After his death, his attendants bury him in a tumulus, a burial mound, in Geatland. The translation is followed by a commentary on the poem that became the base for Tolkien's acclaimed 1936 lecture "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics". Furthermore, the book includes Tolkien's previously unpublished "Sellic Spell" and two versions of "The Lay of Beowulf". The translation was welcomed by scholars and critics, who however doubted that it would find much favour with the public or fans of Tolkien's fiction. Michael J. Alexander described it as close to the original in both meaning and clause-ordering, and like the original was intentionally archaic. Michael Drout, who had begun the task of editing Tolkien's Beowulf, was disappointed by the absence of Tolkien's alliterative verse translation of part of the poem. Others noted that the translation makes clear the indebtedness of The Lord of the Rings to Beowulf.

Background

J. R. R. Tolkien specialized in English philology at university and in 1915 graduated with Old Norse as his special subject. In 1920, he became Reader in English Language at the University of Leeds, where he claimed credit for raising the number of students of linguistics from five to twenty. He gave courses in Old English heroic verse, history of English, various Old English and Middle English texts, Old and Middle English philology, introductory Germanic philology, Gothic, Old Icelandic, and Medieval Welsh. Having read Beowulf earlier, he began a translation of the poem which he finished in 1926 but never published. Acocella writes that Tolkien may not have had the time to pursue a publication when he moved to Oxford and began to write his novel The Hobbit. Tolkien's biographer Humphrey Carpenter argues that Tolkien was too much of a perfectionist to publish his translation.

Ten years later, however, Tolkien drew upon this work when he gave his famous lecture "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics". According to this lecture, the true theme of Beowulf, death and defeat, was being neglected in favour of archaeological and philological disputes on how much of the poem was fictive or true.

Plot

Beowulf, a prince of the Geats, and his followers set out to help King Hroðgar of the Danes in his fight against the monster Grendel. Because Grendel hates music and noise, he frequently attacks Hroðgar's mead hall, Heorot, killing the king's men in their sleep. While Beowulf cannot kill Grendel directly in their first encounter, he still wounds him fatally. Afterwards he has to face Grendel's mother, who has come to avenge her son. Beowulf follows her to a cavern beneath a lake where he slays her with a magical sword. There he finds the dying Grendel and decapitates him.

Beowulf returns home to become king of the Geats. After some 50 years, a dragon whose treasure had been stolen from his hoard in a burial mound begins to terrorize Geatland. Beowulf, now in his eighties, tries to fight the dragon but cannot succeed. He follows the dragon to his lair where Beowulf's young relative Wiglaf joins him in the fight. Eventually, Beowulf slays the dragon but is mortally wounded. In the end, his followers bury their king in a mound by the sea.

Contents

The book begins with a preface and an introduction by Christopher Tolkien. The edited translation follows, with J. R. R. Tolkien's line numbers; these do not correspond to the line numbers of the poem as normally printed. The translation is accurate, rhythmic, and often alliterative, but is in prose and does not attempt to preserve the poem's ordering of words or clauses:

Christopher Tolkien provides detailed notes on the places in the translation where the interpretation of the Old English text was in doubt; he then introduces his father's commentary on the translation.
The commentary, occupying over 200 pages, provides a detailed picture of how he saw Beowulf, sometimes taking several pages for a short passage of the poem, and giving his interpretation of difficult words or allusions by the poet. The commentary formed the basis of Tolkien's acclaimed 1936 lecture "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics".

There follows Tolkien's story "Sellic Spell", with a short introduction and notes by Christopher Tolkien. It represents Tolkien's attempt to reconstruct the folktale underlying the narrative of the first half of Beowulf. The book ends with two versions of Tolkien's "The Lay of Beowulf".
The former, subtitled "Beowulf and Grendel", is a poem or song of seven eight-line stanzas about Beowulf's victory over Grendel.
The latter is a poem of fifteen eight-line stanzas on the same theme; several of the stanzas, including the first and the last, are almost identical with the first version.
There are no illustrations, other than on the dust jacket.

Publication history

The book was first published in 2014 by HarperCollins in London, England and Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in Boston, Massachusetts. HarperCollins reprinted it in 2015 and 2016. Mariner Books of New York published an edition in 2015.

Reception

Accuracy over "poetic majesty"

Tolkien's translation of Beowulf has been compared to Seamus Heaney's translation from 2000. Joan Acocella writes that since Tolkien was not a professional poet like Heaney, he had to make compromises in translating the original Old English epic. According to Acocella, Heaney's focus on rhyme and alliteration makes him occasionally lose details from the original that remain in Tolkien's prose version. Tolkien's version stays closer to the details and rhythm of the original and extremely close to the original sense of the poem, which has been attributed to Tolkien's scholarly knowledge of Old English, whereas Heaney, on the other hand, succeeded in producing a translation better suited for the modern reader.

The publication caused some controversy among scholars. Beowulf expert and University of Kentucky professor Kevin Kiernan, called it a "travesty", and criticism was also offered by Harvard professor Daniel Donoghue. Writing for Business Insider, Kiernan notes that Tolkien disliked his own translation. According to Kiernan, any prose translation of Beowulf inevitably neglects the "poetic majesty" of the original. University of Birmingham lecturer Philippa Semper instead called the translation "captivating" and "a great gift to anyone interested in Beowulf or Tolkien."

"Arthurian grandeur"

Katy Waldman, reviewing the work for Slate, sets the translation in context, summarizing the poem and mentioning Tolkien's powerful argument for it as a work of art, his 1936 "Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics". She writes that it is less immediately pleasurable than Seamus Heaney's verse translation. She states that she understands how some may prefer Tolkien's version, with its "Arthurian grandeur". She notes that Tolkien can "do immediacy", praising his dragon: "Now it came blazing, gliding in looped curves, hastening to its fate", reminding her of Smaug in The Hobbit. All the same, in her view, Tolkien's undoubted fidelity to the original sometimes clouds the action, losing the thread of the tale "in a kind of reverent hairsplitting". On the other hand, Waldman finds the commentary admirable, providing context and support: "Tolkien-as-guide is delightful, an irresistibly chatty schoolmaster in the Chaucerian mold", able to complain in precise academic detail about what he considered mistranslations, such as the popular kenning "whale-road" – he renders it "the sea where the whale rides", to avoid, among other traps, the echo of "railroad". She admires Tolkien's passion for Scyld Scefing, who became King Sheave in Tolkien's The Lost Road. Like the sole Beowulf manuscript, Tolkien's handwritten draft of the translation had badly deteriorated and faded, was almost lost. Waldman ends by "not begrudg[ing] Tolkien his pedantry in the face of the void. ... Hwæt!"

Prose, not verse

The Tolkien scholar Michael D. C. Drout had begun the project of editing Tolkien's Beowulf, in both prose and poetry, for publication in two volumes, around 2000, but the project was cancelled by the Tolkien Estate, and eventually Christopher Tolkien brought out the present book instead. Drout wrote in his review in Tolkien Studies that "The exclusion of [Tolkien's] alliterative poetic translation from the edition is more puzzling. [That] translation is a well-done piece of poetry, truer to the original in both form and content than any other poetic translation of Beowulf. ...general readers would very likely enjoy the poetic translation more than they will the prose."

Ethan Gilsdorf comments in The New York Times that Tolkien had been skeptical about putting Beowulf into modern English, and had written in his 1940 essay On Translating Beowulf that turning the poem "into 'plain prose' could be an 'abuse'." Gilsdorf continues, "But he did it anyway"; Tolkien remarked that the result "was 'hardly to my liking'." Jeremy Noel Tod, writing for The Daily Telegraph, noted that all the same, the translation illustrates how indebted The Lord of the Rings is to the Old English poem.

Christians might prefer ancient paganism to modern life

Jerry Salyer, reviewing the book for The Catholic World Report, commented that "Tolkien believed northern paganism to be in certain respects more compatible with Christianity than is the Mediterranean variety, insofar as northern myths allude to a grand conflict whereby gods and men fight together against inhuman monsters", and that "At the least, we can say that there is more reality to Old English folklore than in the perverse fantasies by which Americans now live." Salyer positions the monster Grendel as "a representative of Cain, that first [biblical] killer", specially enraged by the Christian singing in the Hrothgar's hall, Heorot. In Salyer's view, the modern West may be "twisted and bleak", but if Tolkien is still publishing books long after his death, it cannot be all bad, and the "forgotten pagan legacy" remains important for Christianity.

Faithful, rhythmic, but not easy

Michael J. Alexander, author of a verse translation of Beowulf, reviewed Tolkien's version for The Guardian. He notes that The Lord of the Rings derives its orcs and its Riders of Rohan "directly from the poem", though the One Ring has a different source. He writes that he does not know what Tolkien's "fiction fans" will make of the book, as "some [parts of it] are drier than others". Since Alexander had, many years earlier, been shown a part of Tolkien's verse translation of about one fifth of Beowulf by Christopher Tolkien, he had expected the rendering to be in verse; he notes that both the Tolkien verse fragment, and Alexander's own version, imitated the form of the original, "stimulated by the example of Ezra Pound's version of [the Old English poem] 'The Seafarer'". In contrast, Tolkien's prose version "sticks as closely as possible to the meaning and clause-order of the original". In Alexander's view, it "has great accuracy and a sense of rhythm", casting its own spell despite its archaism and "striking inversions of word-order"; he notes that the original, too, was intentionally archaic. Alexander writes that only readers familiar with the original will see the "felicities" of Tolkien's rendering, and the commentary, too, may work best on knowledgeable readers.

See also

 List of adaptations of Beowulf
 List of translations of Beowulf

Notes

References

2014 books
Beowulf
Poetry by J. R. R. Tolkien
Translations into English
Books published posthumously
HarperCollins books


title: Pi Guangye

text:
Pi Guangye (; 877 – March 16, 943), courtesy name Wentong (), was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Wuyue, serving as a chancellor during the reign of its second king Qian Yuanguan.

Background
Pi Guangye was born in 877, during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang.  His family was said to have been at Xiangyang for generations.  His father Pi Rixiu was a prominent late-Tang poet.  At one point, Pi Rixiu served as the assistant to the prefect of Su Prefecture (蘇州, in modern Suzhou, Jiangsu) in military matters, and he settled his family there.  Pi Guangye was born at Su Prefecture.  It was said that when he was nine, he was already capable of writing.

Service under Qian Liu
After Pi Guangye was grown, he went to see Qian Liu, who then ruled the modern Zhejiang region.  Qian made Pi a member of his staff, along with Shen Song and Lin Ding.  Pi was eventually given the title of assistant to Qian in Qian's role as military governor (Jiedushi) of Zhenhai Circuit (鎮海, headquartered in modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang).

In 916 — by which time Tang had fallen and Qian's domain was known as the state of Wuyue as a vassal of Tang's main successor state Later Liang — Qian wanted to offer tribute to then-Later Liang emperor Zhu Zhen, but the path to the Later Liang capital Daliang was blocked by the territory of the rival state Wu, and initially could not think of an appropriate emissary.  He decided to commission Pi to do so, and Pi went through a circumlocutious route, through the territory of several fellow Later Liang vassals — Jian (建州, in modern Nanping, Fujian) and Ting (汀州, in modern Longyan, Fujian) Prefectures (under Min's prince Wang Shenzhi); Qian Prefecture (虔州, in modern Ganzhou, Jiangxi) (under Tan Quanbo); Chen (郴州, in modern Chenzhou, Hunan), Tan (潭州, in modern Changsha, Hunan), and Yue (岳州, in modern Yueyang, Hunan) Prefectures (under Chu's prince Ma Yin); and Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei) (under Gao Jichang) — finally reaching Later Liang proper.  Zhu was touched by the difficulty journey, and bestowed on Qian the title of generalissimo of all circuits.  He also gave Pi the honorary title of Mishu Lang (), and also gave him the designation Jinshi Jidi () — i.e., someone who had passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi class, even though Pi did not appear to have ever submitted himself for such examinations.

Not long after this mission, there were peace missions from Wu, and Qian sent Pi on a diplomatic mission to Wu in return.  When Pi arrived at Wu, he was given an award of money, but was forbidden by the Wu government of actually carrying the money back to Wuyue and was told that he could spend the money to buy goods to take back to Wuyue.  Pi responded, "I am a diplomat.  I am not a merchant."  He thus left the money at the diplomatic station and left, and the Wu officials had to chase him down.  Upon return, he was soon given the title of governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Zhexi (i.e., Zhenhai) and Zhedong (浙東, i.e., Wuyue's other main circuit Zhendong (鎮東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang)).

Service under Qian Yuanguan and Qian Hongzuo
Qian Liu died in 932 and was succeeded as the ruler of Wuyue by his son Qian Chuanguan (who then changed his name to Qian Yuanguan), who, at that time, did not assume the title of king that Qian Liu had used.  Qian Yuanguan put Pi Guangye in charge of Zhendong Circuit.  In 937, when Qian Yuanguan reclaimed the title of king, he commissioned Pi, as well as Cao Zhongda and Shen Song, chancellors.  Pi became responsible for drafting much of the law and the ceremonial regulations of the state.

As chancellor, Pi was said to have paid much attention to his appearance and was capable of speaking, such that those who spoke to him considered him god-like in speech and disposition.  He was a tea aficionado, and often wrote poems, referring to tea as "the bitter-mouthed teacher."  Many in the state followed his example.

Pi appeared to continue to serve as chancellor after Qian Yuanguan died in 941 and was succeeded by his son Qian Hongzuo, for there was no indication that he was removed from office.  He died in 943 and was given the posthumous name Zhenjing (貞敬, "honest and alert").  He left a 13-volume work about the sights that he had seen.

Notes and references

 Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol. 86.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 269, 281.

877 births
943 deaths
Politicians from Suzhou
Writers from Suzhou
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms diplomats
Wuyue chancellors
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) government officials
Wuyue poets
Chinese travel writers
Later Tang people
Later Jin (Five Dynasties) people
Poets from Jiangsu


title: Urim (disambiguation)

text:
"Urim and Thummim" (Hebrew: ) is a phrase found in the Hebrew Bible.

Urim may also refer to:
 Ur, an ancient Sumerian city-state
 Urim, Iran
 Urim, Israel
 Urim and Thummim (Latter Day Saints)
 Urim language, spoken in Papua New Guinea
 Urim Publications, an Israeli Jewish publisher
 Urim SIGINT Base, an Israeli intelligence-gathering installation
 Rabbi Jonathan Eybeschutz, author of the Urim ve-Tummim, a legal commentary on the Jewish Code of Law (Shulchan Aruch)


North Carolina-South Carolina Cornerstone is a historic boundary marker located near Lancaster, Lancaster County, South Carolina. It was erected in 1813, and is located on the boundary between Lancaster County, South Carolina and Union County, North Carolina. The cornerstone was erected by commissioners appointed by the two states to survey the boundary between the western termination of the boundary line which had been run in 1764 and to the southeast corner of Catawba lands. The cornerstone is an uneven, rectangular, upright metamorphosed igneous stone marker approximately two feet high. The top part of the cornerstone, which contains the engraved notations, "N.C." and "S.C." was broken off when a car hit the marker in 1977. On the portion of the stone remaining at the original site can be seen "A.D. 1818."

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

References

Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Buildings and structures completed in 1813
Buildings and structures in Lancaster County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Lancaster County, South Carolina


title: 2005 Moscow City Duma election

text:
The Moscow legislative election of 2005 was held on 4 December of that year to the fourth convocation of the Moscow City Duma. On party lists via proportional representation were elected 18 of the 35 deputies, while 17 deputies were in single-member constituencies. To get into the City Duma via a party list, parties need to overcome the 10% threshold. The term of office of the new City Duma was four years.

Results
First place in the voting by party lists was United Russia, which received 47.25% of the vote (13 seats). The 10-percent barrier was overcome by two other parties, the Communist Party (16.75%, 4 seats) and United Democrats who participated in the elections under the banner of Yabloko (11.11%, 3 mandates).

Parties which did not pass 10% threshold:

LDPR,  8%
Russian Party of Life, 4.77%
Green Party, 2.64%
Free Russia, 2.2%
Social Justice Party, 1.22%
Narodnaya Volya, 0.6%.

United Russia also won all 15 single-member districts. Thus, the party won 28 seats out of 35 total. The list of United Russia party was headed by the mayor of Moscow, Yuri Luzhkov, who helped them to improve the results in Moscow compared to the 2003 Duma elections (in December 2003 United Russia received 34.43% of the vote).

References

Legislative elections in Moscow
2005 elections in Russia
2005 in Moscow


title: Buford's Massacre Site

text:
Buford's Massacre Site, also known as Buford's Battleground, is a historic site and national historic district located near Lancaster, South Carolina.  Two monuments at the site mark the battleground where the Battle of Waxhaws (also known as Buford's massacre) took place. A white monument ten feet tall, erected on June 2, 1860, marked the gravesite of American soldiers who died during the battle. This marker was gradually damaged over time by souvenir hunters who chipped off pieces, which led local authorities to erect a new monument on May 1, 1955, bearing the same inscription. The Battle of Waxhaws was a minor engagement during the American Revolutionary War between the Continental Army and Loyalist forces led by British colonel Banastre Tarleton, who became known as "Bloody Tarleton" as a result of accusations that his men massacred wounded American soldiers during the battle.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

References

American Revolutionary War monuments and memorials
Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Buildings and structures completed in 1860
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title: Live in a World Full of Hate

text:
Live in a World Full of Hate is a live album by Sick of It All. Confusion exists around when it was recorded and released, with some sources stating it was released in 1993. However, it was released in 1995 and recorded in 1994, live at a show in Berlin, Germany. The cover wrongly states that it was "Recorded live at The City Garden - New Jersey. Sep 26th 1993.", but the vocalist shouts "Let's go Berlin" during one song.

Track listing

 Injustice System  – 2:33
 It's Clobberin' Time  – 0:47
 Violent Generation  – 1:45
 Alone  – 1:57
 The Pain Strikes  – 3:11
 Shut Me Out  – 2:25
 Pushed Too Far  – 0:55
 Friends Like You  – 1:20
 Locomotive  – 2:50
 World Full Of Hate  – 2:25
 Just Look Around  – 2:48
 What's Going On  – 2:07
 Give Respect  – 1:24
 Disillusion  – 2:08
 No Labels  – 0:55
 Pete's Sake  – 0:49
 G.I. Joe Head Stomp  – 1:22
 We Want The Truth  – 2:32
 The Blood & The Sweat  – 1:42
 The Shield  – 2:44
 We Stand Alone  – 2:40
 Indust  – 2:36
 My Life  – 0:49
 Betray  – 2:52

References

1994 live albums
East West Records live albums
Albums produced by Billy Anderson (producer)
Sick of It All albums