title: Zen and the Art of Consciousness

text:
Zen and the Art of Consciousness (2011), originally titled Ten Zen Questions (2009), is a book by Susan Blackmore. It describes her thoughts during zazen retreats and other self-directed meditative exercises, and how those thoughts relate to the neuroscience of consciousness. Most chapters in the book center around a Zen question and describe Blackmore's inner monologue contemplating the question's implications for subjective experience. The final chapter features a response by Blackmore's Zen teacher.

Summary

Blackmore regards her book as an "attempt to see whether looking directly into one's own mind can contribute to a science of consciousness."

Blackmore practices Zen, although she is not a Buddhist herself. Rather, "I am someone with a questioning mind who has stumbled upon Zen and found it immensely helpful." Some of Blackmore's questions are not strictly Zen but rather come from Mahamudra traditions, though she got them from a Zen instructor, John Crook.

Blackmore's discussion revolves around ten questions, discussed in the following sections.

1. Am I conscious now?

Blackmore asks herself, "Am I conscious now?" and answers "Of course I am. Yes, I am conscious now." But she feels as though by asking the question, she has in a sense "awakened" herself, which leads her to wonder if she was conscious just before asking. She repeatedly asks herself the question, each time saying "yes". As she continues asking it over the years, the "waking up" experience becomes more gradual. Likewise, asking the question all the time becomes easier, and eventually, "The words aren't really necessary any more. Rather, there just seems to be a questioning attitude, an openness of mind."

2. What was I conscious of a moment ago?

Blackmore tries to figure out what she was conscious of just beforehand. When she asks, she can remember many sensations—for instance, the wood floor and the cat's purr. It seems as though she had been aware of them for a while back in time, yet she only seemed to "notice" them when she thought about the question. Likewise, Blackmore thinks about her breath, which "is always there", but she's not sure if she was watching it prior to asking the question.

Blackmore is skeptical of current efforts to find neural correlates of consciousness because "if I don't know which sights and sounds I was conscious of, and which I was not, then this whole line of scientific research must be entirely misguided."

3. Who is asking the question?

Blackmore probes who "she" is. One approach is to find "a boundary, or edge, or divide" between what she's looking at and the person doing the looking. For instance, noticing a twist of her hair, she asks, "Am I this side of the hair and the experiences the other? No. That’s silly." She tries to trace a path from the external world through to herself, but she can never find herself. "Look for the viewing self and find only the view. I am, it seems, the world I see."

4. Where is this?

Blackmore observes flowers and asks where resides the experience of them—e.g., their yellowness. Clearly it's not in the flowers themselves because, for instance, what looks yellow to Blackmore would look different to a bee with a very different visual system. Another option is that the color is represented by a pattern of neural firing in her visual cortex, but it's not clear why that neural activity is "yellow itself".

5. How does thought arise?

Blackmore reflects on the nature of "abiding in tranquillity and moving in thought." She notices that her thoughts can seem to take on "parallel threads". Some thoughts "happen right here, in the midst of tranquillity" while others are more active. The latter "drag part of the mind away" and split it in two. Blackmore envisions this "as a theory about what is happening in the brain, with groups of neurons organising themselves in different places, their patterns arising and falling away, though with no experiencing self."

6. There is no time. What is memory?

Blackmore asks whether time exists. She thinks about the present, past, future, and imaginary things. She realizes that "Although I can label them differently, and they vary in vividness and how much confidence I have in their details, they all seemed to be made of the same kind of stuff."

7. When are you?

Blackmore recounts experiences during mindfulness when she felt as though she could "leap off into nothingness" and briefly not exist. She feels as though events in the world arise from nothingness, "springing up out of no-place and no-time".

8. Are you here now?

Blackmore considers the metaphor of "life as a string of beads" and rejects it because her mind seems to contain "many streams" of experience that "arise and fall away, their observers coming and going with them." Her reflection leads her to agree with Daniel Dennett's critique of the Cartesian theater. Instead her experience is closer to Dennett's multiple-drafts model. She also feels how to be her own thoughts, reminiscent of William James's view that "thought is itself the thinker, and psychology need not look beyond".

9. What am I doing?

Blackmore explores the absence of free will in a causally closed universe. After having pondered the problem for a long time, Blackmore's sense of free will faded:

Still, Blackmore learned during a Zen retreat that she could take responsibility. Once a decision was made, "That's what happened, these are the consequences. Things just are the way they are."

10. What next?

Blackmore explores questions of reincarnation, self-continuity, and "the timeless, emptiness, or void, or whatever it is, out of which phenomena appear."

Reactions

Steven Poole said Blackmore writes "in a style that is deliberately fragmentary, a succession of false starts or paths petering out into nothingness (which may also be the point)." He compared some parts to "a surreal existential horror novel".

Jenny Doe noted that Blackmore's prose "is not always up to the job of capturing the profundity and mystery of the Zen experience, and occasionally ends up reminiscent of the ramblings of a stoned student." That said, Doe feels the book is a great starting point for laypeople to explore philosophy of mind.

Anthony Freeman welcomed Blackmore's investigation of conscious experience. He recommended reading the book "slowly and reflectively" because of its dense meditative tone. "The reading becomes a reliving of the experience."

Peter Fenwick noted how Blackmore's views on the self as a construction make sense of her previous work arguing that near-death experiences are also a construction of the mind. He feels the book "should be compulsory reading for anyone in consciousness studies and certainly on every psychology course" and that if more scientists introspected as Blackmore does, "consciousness research would follow an entirely different and more progressive path."

Bodhipaksa calls Blackmore's "an extraordinary book: a sometimes heady but deeply rewarding read." He notes how Blackmore's discussion parallels some classic ideas from Buddhism, including the distinction between awareness and awareness of awareness. Bodhipaksa criticizes Blackmore's inference from becoming aware of sounds that happened in the past to assuming that her consciousness of them is "an attribution made later" because he points out that sounds can persist in echoic memory for 4 seconds: "A lot of Blackmore's descriptions of mindfulness seem to have involved paying attention to what’s in echoic memory rather than what she was currently listening to." Finally, Bodhipaksa notes that some of Blackmore's use of terminology was loose and may reflect "a 'feeling' of significance that hasn't been fully thought out or articulated."

Aaron Sloman found Blackmore's book to be "an excellent read if you have the right kind of interest and the right kind of patience." He found the book valuable as an account of what it feels like to be puzzled "about consciousness, freedom, self, the relationships between mind and brain," but he said it fails to consider the standpoint of designing a thinking system and therefore misses out on useful insights. He feels "the attempt to understand consciousness simply by gazing inwardly at it can have limited success." It might be "like trying to make the trace-printing portion of a debugging package trace itself." Sloman also feels that Blackmore's rejection of "contents of consciousness", "the self", and "free will" are based too much on confused notions of what those things mean, and "she has not considered the right sorts of explanations" for those concepts. Nevertheless, Sloman thinks Zen and the Art of Consciousness "may become a classic because of the unique combination of qualities the author brings to it."

See also
 Hard problem of consciousness
 Ego death
 Consciousness Explained by Daniel Dennett
 Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion by Sam Harris
 Why Buddhism is True by Robert Wright
 Altered Traits: Science Reveals How Meditation Changes Your Mind, Brain, and Body by Daniel Goleman and Richard Davidson

Notes

External links
 Zen and the Art of Consciousness section on Blackmore's home page
 Ten Zen Blog by Blackmore

2011 non-fiction books
Books about consciousness
English-language books
Philosophy of mind literature
Oneworld Publications books


title: Nick Southwood

text:
Nick Southwood is a British songwriter, musician and producer best known for his contribution to "Lost Stars", which is featured in the 2014 film Begin Again soundtrack. He is also known for his songwriting and production work with The Overtones.

Lost Stars
"Lost Stars" is an original song performed by Maroon 5 singer-songwriter Adam Levine for the musical romantic comedy-drama film Begin Again. It was released on 30 June 2014 through ALXNDR (a rising musical group), 222 Records, Polydor, and Interscope in the United States. "Lost Stars" was written by Gregg Alexander,  Danielle Brisebois, Nick Lashley and Nick Southwood. The song was recorded at the Electric Lady Studios in New York City during the summer of 2012. The Adam Levine main version is produced by Gregg Alexander, Nick Lashley and Nick Southwood with vocals produced and arranged by Danielle Brisebois.

The Overtones
Southwood arranged and produced The Overtones' first album Good Ol' Fashioned Love. He co-wrote the single "Gambling Man" with the band. Southwood also has production and engineering credits on The Overtone's third album Saturday Night at the Movies.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British record producers
British male songwriters


title: Softball at the 1990 Asian Games

text:
Softball was contested by five teams in a round robin competition at the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing, China from September 23 to September 28, 1990.

China won the gold medal in a round robin competition.

Medalists

Results

Final standing

References
 Results

External links
 Olympic council of Asia

1990 Asian Games events
1990
Asian Games


title: B for Boy

text:
B for Boy is a 2013 Nigerian drama film directed by Chika Anadu and starring Uche Nwadili, Ngozi Nwaneto & Nonso Odogwu. It had its world premiere at the 2013 London Film Festival. It won the Best Film in an African Language award at the 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards. A debut film for Anadu, the film explores feminism and social issues facing Nigerian women.

Plot
Amaka (Uche Nwadili) seems to be living a perfect life as an independent, modern Nigerian woman. She has a successful job, is in a happy marriage, has a loving daughter, and is pregnant. All seems well until her mother-in-law (Ngozi Nwaneto) tells Amaka that unless she has a boy, she will find a second wife for son. While Amaka's husband (Nonso Odogwu) is away on a business trip, Amaka suffers a miscarriage but tells no one.  With her due date fast approaching, Amaka goes to great lengths to illegally purchase a baby boy from another woman, Joy (Frances Okeke).

Themes
There are two main themes explored in the film. One is the increasing struggle between traditional values and modern culture in Nigeria. The second is the injustices women face that is often perpetuated by other women.

Reception
B for Boy has garnered critical and popular success internationally. In 2013 it premiered at the BFI London Film Festival in First Feature Competition, where it got a jury commendation and only lost out to Ilo Ilo, the film that had just won the Camera D'Or at the Cannes Film Festival that year. The film also won the Breakthrough Audience Award at the AFI (American Film Institute) film festival. At the Africa Movie Academy Awards, it won Best Film in an African Language

See also
 List of Nigerian films of 2013

References

External links
 B for Boy at the Internet Movie Database

2013 films
Nigerian drama films
Films shot in Nigeria
Films set in Nigeria
Best Film in an African Language Africa Movie Academy Award winners


title: Manuel Pardo (governor)

text:
Manuel Pardo (1774–?) was a Spanish soldier who was the Interim Governor of the Province of Texas in 1817 and of Coahuila between 1819 and 1820. He participated in the Texas Revolution as the assistant to the Centralist Troops led by Martín Perfecto de Cos on the Mexican side.

Career

Manuel Pardo was born in 1774, in Santander (Cantabria, Spain). He joined the Spanish Army in his youth and fought in the  military campaigns of France (in 1795), Portugal (1801), Aranjuez and Madrid (both in 1802 in the Community of Madrid). Pardo later traveled to New Spain where he joined the army. He was promoted to colonel.

On March 20, 1817, Pardo was appointed Interim Governor of the Province of Texas and held the position until may of that year. Pardo's successor, Antonio María Martínez, claimed the interim Governor had impoverished Texas and depleted military defenses.

In 1819, Pardo was appointed Governor of Coahuila, replacing José Franco. He governed Coahuila until November 25, 1820.

In 1822, Pardo became political chief of Monclova, Coahuila, and, in 1835, in the Texas Revolution, he was assistant of the troops of Martín Perfecto de Cos in Monclova.

References

Governors of Spanish Texas
Governors of Coahuila
People of Mexican side in the Texas Revolution
1774 births
Year of death missing
People from Santander, Spain
1810s in Texas
1810s in Mexico


title: Leiopyrga cingulata

text:
Leiopyrga cingulata is a small species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

Description
The narrowly perforate, thin shell has a pyramidal-turbinate shape. It is shining, purplish, the base whitish, with a series of rufous spots. The four whorls are marked with distant elevated cinguli (3 on the body whorl). The base of the shell is concentrically deeply lirate. The umbilical region is surrounded by an elevated ridge.

The whorls are encircled with three transverse ridges, and there is a conspicuous ridge around the region of the umbilicus.

Distribution
This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off New South Wales and Queensland

References

 Adams, A. 1864. Description of a new genus and twelve new species of Mollusca. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 1863: 506-509
 Hedley, C. 1913. Studies of Australian Mollusca. Part XI. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 38: 258-339
 Wilson, B. 1993. Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Kallaroo, Western Australia : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 1 408 pp.

External links

cingulata
Gastropods of Australia
Gastropods described in 1864


title: Ben Prunty

text:
Ben Prunty is an American composer, best known for his work on the 2012 video game, FTL: Faster Than Light.

Personal life
Prunty grew up in Scarborough, Maine, but now lives in the San Francisco Bay Area. He played in his high school band, and was always interested in composing music using computers, but lacked musical expertise until preparing to compose the FTL soundtrack. He also grew up playing video games and recalls thinking making music for them would be the "coolest job ever". He attended the New England School of Communications for audio engineering and picked up some skills he would put to use later.

He later moved to California in hopes of getting into the video game industry, but found work at Google as a datacenter technician until receiving the opportunity to make the FTL soundtrack.

Works
Prunty's first notable work was the soundtrack for the 2012 real-time strategy indie game FTL: Faster Than Light. He has also provided music for the following projects:
 Gravity Ghost
 StarCrawlers
 Scale
 FranknJohn
 The Darkside Detective (season one)
 All Walls Must Fall (one track: "Synaesthetic")
 Into the Breach
 Celeste
 Photographs
 Subnautica: Below Zero

References

External links
 Official website

20th-century births
21st-century American composers
21st-century American male musicians
American electronic musicians
American male composers
Living people
Musicians from Maine
People from Scarborough, Maine
Video game composers
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Leontia Kallenou

text:
Leontia Kallenou (, ; born October 5, 1994) is a Cypriot track and field athlete competing in the high jump. She is the current holder of the Cypriot national record in both outdoor (1.93 m) and indoor (1.93 m).

The Cypriot high jumper, who competes for the Georgia Bulldogs, while studying at the University of Georgia, is the reigning American collegiate champion in women's high jump, in both outdoor and indoor.

Early life
Kallenou was born on October 5, 1994, in Dali, Cyprus to a sporting family. Her father George played football while her mother Anna is a physical education teacher and played basketball. Due to sports being a main part of her early life, she initially tried volleyball, swimming and cycling.

She took over track and field when a delegation from the GSP club visited her primary school to recruit talented youngsters. Kallenou went through a try out at GSP stadium and eventually chose high jump, after the coaches noticed that she cleared the bar despite using a wrong technique. Coach Loukas Kalogirou was Kallenou's first coach.

Kallenou graduated in June 2012 from the Private Hellenic School Forum in Nisou and a few months later moved to USA to study at the University of Georgia and compete for the Georgia Bulldogs.

Cypriot international
Kallenou started competing in national track and field events in 2007. In 2008 Kallenou won third place in the age of just 13 at the Pancyprian Athletics Games. Kallenou's first international appearance came in 2009.

2009
The Cypriot high jumper began representing Cyprus in international events in December 2009, at the age of 15. She participated at the World Gymnasiade in Qatar and took fifth position with a jump of 1.78 m.

2010
In May Kallenou took another fifth place, this time in the European Youth Olympic Trials in Moscow. Her first international medal came a month later when she finished 3rd in the European Team Championships in Malta with a jump of 1.80m.
Following a 19th position at the World Junior Championship in Moncton, Canada in July, Kallenou had a strong appearance in the inaugural 2010 Youth Olympic Games in Singapore by finishing just shy of the medals in fourth position. With a clearance of 1.79 m, Kallenou recorded the same clearance with the bronze medalist but was ranked fourth on countback due to her failed attempts.

2011
The season was a highly successful year for Kallenou. In June she won silver medal in the Games for Small States of Europe in Liechtenstein and a few days later bronze at the European Team Championships in Iceland. A 15th position in Lille, France at the IAAF World Youth Championships was succeeded by two podium finishes; Silver medal in the European Youth Olympic Festival in Trabzonspor in July and gold medal at the Isle of Man Commonwealth Youth Games in September.

2012
Kallenou didn't participate in many international events in 2012 since she chose to focus on her studies for her last year of high school. The high jumper competed at the World Junior Championship in Barcelona with a 19th position.

2013
Like the previous season, Kallenou once again chose to compete in just a small select of events. In Mersin, Turkey during the Mediterranean Games, Kallenou took 4th position with a then personal best of 1.87m. A month later in Rieti, Italy she finished 5th in the European Athletics Juniors Championships.

2014
Following an exhausting NCAA season, Kallenou chose to compete internationally only in the Glasgow Commonwealth Games. Despite recovering from a fatigue fracture in her foot going into the Games, Kallenou managed to take 4th position with a jump of 1.89m. Although securing qualification to the European Championships at Zurich in August, Kallenou chose not to compete but instead returned to the United States to prepare for the 2015 season.

University of Georgia
In the fall of 2012 Kallenou moved to Athens, Georgia, USA and the University of Georgia on an athletic scholarship, where she is studying business management and marketing. Along with her academic studies, the Cypriot also competes for the Georgia Bulldogs in NCAA Track & Field competition.

2013
For the 2013 indoor season, Kallenou was redshirted for the Lady Bulldogs. She made her first appearance during the outdoor season. Her biggest success came at the NCAA Championships in Eugene, Oregon, where the Cypriot took fourth place with a jump of 1.86 m., at the time an Under-23 national record, earning her a First Team All-American honor.

Kallenou's tenth position in the SEC Championships with a 1.75 m. jump also gave her a spot in the 2013 All-SEC Freshman Team. During the year, Kallenou also won first place at the Georgia Relays UGA Alumni, second place at the Georgia Tech Yellow Jacket Invitational and third spot at the Auburn War Eagle Invitational.

2014
The indoor and outdoor season of 2014 was Kallenou's breakthrough year in the NCAA. Starting with indoor, Kallenou was crowned NCAA Champion at New Mexico when she went over the bar at 1.87m., in an event where she only recorded first attempt clearances.

A few days earlier at the SEC Championships in Texas, Kallenou won first position setting an indoor National Record of 1.90m.
The above success granted her various honours. The Cypriot was named in the 2014 First Team All-America, the 2014 All-SEC Freshman Team and the All-SEC First Team. During the indoor season, she also won second position (and top collegiate finisher) with a jump of 1.88m at the Auburn Invitational at Alabama.

After being crowned NCAA champion in indoor, Kallenou set her sights at the outdoor season and sure enough, won top spot at the NCAA Championships in Eugene with a clearance of 1.89m., locking down her seventh consecutive top collegiate finish. She also recorded two consecutive top-five finishes and two First Team All-America certificates at outdoor Nationals.

Earlier in the outdoor season, Kallenou won gold at the SEC Championships by clearing 1.92 m. at Lexington, Kentucky, a jump that is also a Cypriot National Record. In the event, she cleared all five of her attempts on the first try to win her first outdoor high jump title. A week earlier, on May 10, Kallenou cruised to victory at the Georgia Invitational by setting a then-national record (her first) of 1.91 m. Following her very successful outdoor 2014 season (NCAA and SEC champion), she was named in the First Team All-America and the All-SEC First Team.

2015
Following a string of injury problems (what injuries?) at the end of the 2014 season, Kallenou worked intensively during the off-season to be ready for the 2015 Pre-Olympic season. The Cypriot athlete returned strong in competition, by winning gold at the 2015 Indoor SEC Championships in Lexington, Kentucky, with a jump of 1.90m., equaling her indoor PB in the process. Two weeks later, at the NCAA Nationals in Fayetteville, Arkansas, Leontia secured her third consecutive All-American title, by winning gold for the Georgia Bulldogs, improving her own indoor NR by three centimeters.

High jump progression
Outdoor
At the age of 15, in 2009, Kallenou cleared the bar at 1.78 m. in Doha, while a year later she managed to overcome 1.80 m. for the first time. Her breakthrough year came in 2013 when at the Mediterranean Games in Turkey, Kallenou took fourth position with 1.87 m, breaking the Cypriot U23 record. In 2014 Kallenou finally managed to break the Cyprus National Record. On May 10, 2014, she set a national record of 1.91 m., passing the 1.90 m. mark for the first time, while a week later, on May 17, she again set a new national record, by clearing 1.92 m at the SEC Championships in Lexington, Kentucky.

Indoor
In 2010, she overcame the bar at 1.75 m in Athens, Greece, while two years later she passed the 1.82 m. mark again in the Greek capital. Kallenou became the Cypriot National Record holder in indoor high jump when she passed 1.90 m. on March 1, 2014, at Texas. A year later she improved her PB by three centimeters, passing the bar at 1.93m. in the 2015 NCAA Nationals.

National records
Kallenou is currently the holder of eight Cypriot national records at women's high jump, both in outdoor and indoor track and field. In December 2009, Kallenou broke her first national record in high jump, setting an Under-15 national record by passing the 1.78 m in Doha, Qatar.

Outdoor:
U15 - 1.78 m set on December 9, 2009, at Doha, Qatar
U20 - 1.87 m set on June 29, 2013, in Mersin, Turkey
U23 - 1.93 m set on May 15, 2015, at Starkville, Mississippi, US
Women's - 1.93 m set on May 15, 2015, at Starkville, Mississippi, US

Indoor:
U18 - 1.75 m set on February 6, 2010, and February 12, 2011, both at Piraeus, Greece
U20 - 1.82 m set on February 22, 2012, at Piraeus, Greece
U23 - 1.93 m set on March 13, 2015, in Arkansas, US
Women's - 1.93 m set on March 13, 2015, in Arkansas, US

Personal life
Kallenou was born and raised in Dali, a suburb town at the south of the capital Nicosia to parents George and Anna. She is the youngest of three siblings, Panayiotis and Irene her older brother and sister respectively.

Kallenou is currently studying at the University of Georgia in the United States, where she is majoring business administration and marketing. Her goal is to become a professional track and field athlete after the completion of her studies.

See also

 Gymnastic Association Pancypria
 Cypriot records in athletics
 Georgia Bulldogs

References

1994 births
Living people
Cypriot female high jumpers
People from Nicosia District
Georgia Bulldogs women's track and field athletes
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Cyprus
Athletes (track and field) at the 2013 Mediterranean Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Cyprus
Mediterranean Games competitors for Cyprus


title: Cemitério da Consolação

text:
The Cemitério da Consolação is a cemetery in São Paulo, Brazil. Located along the north side of the Rua da Consolação in the district of Consolação, it was founded on 15 August 1858, with the name of Cemitério Municipal, being the city's first public graveyard.

The cemetery is known by its pieces of funerary art, with graves, statues and mausoleums built and sculpted by artists such as Victor Brecheret, Ramos de Azevedo, Luigi Brizzolara and Galileo Emendabili.

Notable burials

The cemetery houses the tombs of notable figures of São Paulo and Brazilian history. Some of them are:
 Tarsila do Amaral, artist
 Mario de Andrade, writer
 Oswald de Andrade, writer
 Ademar de Barros, politician
 Maria Bueno, tennis player
 Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos, noblewoman and royal mistress
 José da Costa Carvalho, Marquis of Monte Alegre, Prime Minister of Brazil
 Alexandre Levy, pianist, composer and conductor
 Monteiro Lobato, writer
 Washington Luis, 13th President of Brazil
 Antonio de Alcântara Machado, journalist, politician and writer
 Count Francesco Matarazzo, Italian Brazilian businessman
 Olívia Guedes Penteado, art patron and philanthropist
 Campos Sales, 4th President of Brazil

References

External links

1858 establishments in Brazil
Cemeteries in São Paulo


title: Grand Noir du Berry

text:
The Grand Noir du Berry, , is a breed of domestic donkey from the historic region of Berry, in central France. It is particularly associated with the town of Lignières and neighbouring areas of the départements of Cher and Indre. It is found mostly in those départements and in those of Nièvre and Allier, but is distributed through much of central and northern France. It was in the past used both for in agricultural work, particularly in vineyards, and for barge haulage on the canals of the area. The breed was recognised by the Ministère de l'Agriculture, the French ministry of agriculture, in 1994. The stud book is kept by the breeders' association, the Association Française de l'Âne Grand Noir du Berry.

History

The origins of the Grand Noir du Berry are unknown. It has been variously suggested that it was influenced by imports of donkeys from Algeria in the 1850s, or that it descends from Catalan donkeys brought to the area by itinerant Romani people. From the early twentieth century onwards there is ample documentation in photographs of its use in agriculture, in harness and for barge haulage. A breeders' association, the Association Française de l'Âne Grand Noir du Berry, was formed in 1993 and in January 1994 the breed was officially recognised by the agriculture ministry and the Haras Nationaux. The association maintains the stud book for the breed.

In 1994 there were 100 animals registered in the stud book; the current population is about 1300.

Characteristics

Grand Noir du Berry jacks measure , and jennies a minimum of  The coat is black, with or without pangaré markings. There is no dorsal stripe, shoulder-stripe or zebra-striping of the legs. The lower part of the muzzle is pale grey, as is the belly.

Use

The Grand Noir du Berry was in the past used in agricultural work, particularly in vineyards, and for light agricultural draught work; from about 1850 it was also used to draw barges on the Canal de Berry and other canals of the region, work that had previously been done by men. Today it may be used as a pack animal for hiking or trekking, or for recreational driving; jacks may be used to sire mules.

References

Donkey breeds
Donkey breeds originating in France
History of Centre-Val de Loire


title: Bush Hill Rangers F.C.

text:
Bush Hill Rangers FC are a football club from Enfield, who currently play in the Herts Senior County League - Premier Division.

History
Goffs Oak F.C. were founded in 2007 and started competing in the Premier Division of the Hertford and District Football League, finishing second in the 2007-08 season. In 2010, they won promotion to the Herts Senior County League, winning Division One at their first attempt. Promotion to the Premier Division saw them move to Goldsdown Road in Brimsdown.

Bush Hill Rangers F.C. were founded as an under-12s team by Soner Mustafa in 2003. The club grew to incorporate youth teams for a number of age groups. By 2011, the club's under-18s side were looking to progress onto adult football, and came to an agreement with Goffs Oak to become their reserve side, winning the Herts Senior Reserve League in their first season.

In June 2012, Goffs Oak and Bush Hill Rangers merged into one club, with the club taking the latter's name and remaining in the Herts Senior County League. In their first season, they competed in the FA Vase for the first time, losing to Cranfield United after a replay.

In 2014, an application to join the Spartan South Midlands League was successful. The club competed in Division One, the 10th tier of English football, in the 2014-15 season.

Due to various reasons, in 2015, the club merged with Woodford Town Junior Football Club and was renamed Woodford Town F.C. The new club wanted to be considered a continuation of Woodford Town F.C. (1937), who existed between 1937 and 2003. They continued playing in the SSML Division One, but issues with the pitch at Goldsdown Road forced the club to sit out the 2016-17 season and consequently leave the SSML. Another iteration of Woodford Town emerged in 2017, as the former Haringey & Waltham changed their name.

Soner Mustafa wanted to reform Bush Hill Rangers FC and was successful as they joined the Herts Senior County League in 2018 winning Division One in their first season. They now play in the Premier Division with the aspirations of regaining their place in the SSML.

Honours
Hertfordshire Senior County League Division One:
 Winners (2): 2010–11, 2018–19
Hertford and District Football League Premier Division:
 Runners-up (1): 2007–08
Hertford and District Football League Premier Division Cup:
 Runners-up (1): 2007–08
Middlesex County Football Association Intermediate Cup
 Runners-up (1): 2011–12
Middlesex County Football Association Senior Premier Cup'''
 Winners (1): 2014-2015

Records

Highest League Position: 11th in Spartan South Midlands League Division One 2014–15
FA Vase best performance: First qualifying round 2012–13

References

External links
Official site

Football clubs in England
Spartan South Midlands Football League
Association football clubs established in 2007
2007 establishments in England
Football clubs in Hertfordshire
Football clubs in London


title: George Martine (historian)

text:
George Martine, the elder (1635–1712) was a Scottish historian of St. Andrews.

Life
Born 5 August 1635, he was eldest son of James Martine (1615–1684), a minister of the Church of Scotland in Fifeshire;  his mother—his father's first wife—was Janet Robinson, who died 13 September 1644, and his grandfather was Dr. George Martine, principal of St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews. Martine became commissary clerk of St. Andrews in August 1666, and held the office until August 1690. Then he was deprived as a Jacobite non-juror, refusing to pledge himself to William III and Mary II.

Martine was secretary and companion to Archbishop James Sharp, who died in 1679. He succeeded his father in land at St. Andrews, in 1696, and died 26 August 1712. He was called "Martine of Clermont", after land he acquired in 1668 (also Cleremont, Claremont).

Works
Martine is known for the diocesan history Reliquiæ divi Andreæ, or the State of the Venerable See of St. Andrews (St. Andrews, 1797). This work, written in 1683, was printed from a manuscript copy in the possession of a descendant. The antiquarian John Paul Jameson had early access to the work, which was edited and published by John Rotheram.

Selections from a memorandum-book of household and travelling expenses with Sharp were printed by the Maitland Club (Miscellany, ii. 497).

Family
In June 1668 Martine married Catherine, eldest daughter of James Winchester of Kinglassie, Fifeshire, by whom he had several children including  the physician George Martine, the younger.

Notes

Attribution

1635 births
1712 deaths
17th-century Scottish historians
Writers from St Andrews
Scottish Jacobites


title: Vinduja Menon

text:
Vinduja Menon is an Indian actress known for her work in Malayalam cinema. Her most popular role is the one from the 1994 film  Pavithram. She played  as Mohanlal's sister in that movie. She took formal classical dance lessons from her mother and at present made her career as a dance teacher.

Background
Vinduja made her movie debut as a child in the movie, Onnanam Kunnil Oradi Kunnil, released in 1985. She is a former Kalathilakam from Kerala School Kalolsavam in 1991, and the first artiste from Thiruvananthapuram to receive this honor. She studied at NSS College for Women in Karamana and did masters in Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram. She is conferred doctorate from Madurai Kamaraj University. She started her career as a drama artist.

Personal life
Her father is K.P. Vishwanathan Menon, a Government officer, and her mother is Kalamandalam Vimala Menon, founder of Kerala Natya Academy, a prestigious dance institution. She has a brother, Vinod Kumar. She is married to Rajesh Kumar and has a daughter, Neha. She lives in Malaysia with her family and teaches dance under Kerala Natya Academy and occasionally acts in serials. She has also been a judge on the reality show "Dance Party" on Kairali TV.

Filmography

Playback singing
 Kaavum Kovilakavum ...	Aabharanachaarthu	2002
 Kamalappoovu Neeyalle ...	Raajamudra (dubbed film)   2008

Television
All programs are serials, unless otherwise noted.

References

External links

 Vinduja Menon at MSI
 http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=7452

Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Indian film actresses
Living people
Actresses from Thiruvananthapuram
Indian television actresses
Actresses in Malayalam television
Indian women playback singers
Singers from Thiruvananthapuram
Malayalam playback singers
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
Child actresses in Malayalam cinema
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: 2010 in Thailand

text:
The year 2010 was the 229th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 64th year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2553 in the Buddhist Era. The year saw large anti-government protests which led to a violent military crackdown in May.

Incumbents
King: Bhumibol Adulyadej
Crown Prince: Vajiralongkorn
Prime Minister: Abhisit Vejjajiva
Supreme Patriarch: Nyanasamvara Suvaddhana

Births

January

February

March
Miss Thailand Universe 2010 was held in Bangkok on March 20.Fonthip Watcharatrakul was the winner.

April

May
2010 Thai military crackdown ended on May 19. There were 87 reported deaths and at least 2,000 injuries, 51 missing civilians as of 8 June.

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Births

Deaths

See also
 2010 Thai Premier League
 2010 Thai Division 1 League
 2010 floods in Thailand and north Malaysia
 2010 in Thai football
 Thailand at the 2010 Asian Games
 2010 in Thai television
 List of Thai films of 2010

References

External links
Year 2010 Calendar - Thailand

Years of the 21st century in Thailand
Thailand


title: Rhagio tringarius

text:
Rhagio tringarius, common name marsh snipefly, is a species of fly from the family Rhagionidae.

Description
Rhagio tringarius can reach a length of . The abdomen and the long slender legs are yellow-orange. The patterning on the abdomen is quite variable, but usually it shows black well spaced dorsal triangles. Also the last abdomen tergites are black. Wings are clear, as this fly lacks the dark wing stigma common in the genus Rhagio.

Ecology
The larvae of this snipefly dwell in the ground, on litter and detritus.  They are predatory hunters, feeding on small beetles and earthworms. Adults occur from May to September, usually resting on leaves.

Distribution and habitat
This species is present in most of European countries. It can be found in wet meadows, hedgerows woods and areas with a rich vegetation.

References

External links

 BugGuide
 Commanster

Rhagionidae
Brachyceran flies of Europe
Flies described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


title: Freedom Song

text:
A freedom song is a song sung by participants in the United States civil rights movement.

Freedom Song may refer to:

Books
Freedom Song: The Story of Henry "Box" Brown, by Sally M. Walker and illustrated by Sean Qualls
Freedom Song: A Personal Story of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement, by Mary King, 1987
Freedom Song: Three Novels, by Amit Chaudhuri, 2000

Film and TV
Freedom Song (film), a 2000 film about the Civil Rights Movement

Music
Freedom Song, an event at the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds Ewert and The Two Dragons

Albums
Freedom Song (Oscar Peterson album)
Freedom Song by James Horner, the soundtrack to the 2000 film

Songs
"Freedom Song", a 1971 version of the traditional protest song by Roberta Flack
"Freedom Song", a 1975 rock song by the band Thin Lizzy
"Freedom Song", a song by Wino (band) from Everlast (2002)
"Freedom Song", a 2005 song by Luc and the Lovingtons
"The Freedom Song", a 2013 cover version of the Luc and the Lovingtons song by Jason Mraz
"The Freedom Song (They'll Never Take Us Down)", a 2013 song by Neil Diamond
'Think' by Aretha Franklin (from the film Blues Brothers) contains the refrain Freedom! Freedom! Freedom!

See also
Song of Freedom, a 1936 British film starring Paul Robeson.


title: Museum de Fundatie

text:
Museum de Fundatie () is a museum for the visual arts in Zwolle, Netherlands. Museum de Fundatie forms part of the Hannema-de Stuers Foundation, to which Kasteel het Nijenhuis in Heino also belongs. Museum de Fundatie possesses a collection of visual arts, with works ranging from the end of the Middle Ages until the present day, collected by Dirk Hannema, former director of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen. As well as the permanent collection, Museum de Fundatie organises new, wide-ranging exhibitions every three months. Museum de Fundatie recorded a record number of 310,000 visitors in 2015.

History

Museum de Fundatie was founded in 1958. Its original location was Kasteel Het Nijenhuis, a 17th-century castle near the villages of Heino and Wijhe, which was the residence of museum founder Dirk Hannema.

From 1991 until 2005, the Bergkerk, a former church in the city of Deventer, was the secondary location of the museum used for temporary exhibitions. Since 2005, the Paleis aan de Blijmarkt, a former court building in the city of Zwolle, served as the second location of the museum. The location in Zwolle was closed for renovation on 8 January 2012 and reopened on 31 May 2013.

Locations

The museum's collection is divided over two locations:

Museum de Fundatie, Zwolle

Designed by Eduard Louis de Coninck of The Hague, this former Palace of Justice was built in the neo-classicist style between 1838 and 1841. The court building was completely revamped by architect Arne Mastenbroek during the 1980s to serve as the new office for the national planning service's information department (RPD). Mastenbroek's second renovation in 1994 saw the palace become a fully fledged museum. Between 1994 and 2001, the building accommodated the Museum for Naïve and Outsider Art. In 2004–2005, the former court house was renovated by architect Gunnar Daan to offer space for Museum de Fundatie. The museum was expanded in 2012–2013 with the addition of new exhibition space on the roof of the existing building. This egg-shaped extension was designed by Bierman Henket architects.

Kasteel het Nijenhuis, Heino

Built in the 14th century, Het Nijenhuis manor is situated near the village of Heino. Officially however, it lies within the municipality of Olst-Wijhe. The building belongs to the Province of Overijssel and Dirk Hannema lived here from 1958 until his death in 1984. Art collector Hannema was, among other things, the director of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen. He left his collection to the Hannema-de Stuers Foundation and therefore to Museum De Fundatie. Het Nijenhuis was opened to the public after restoration in 2004. The sculpture garden surrounding the manor is one of the Netherlands' larger ones. The garden displays more than ninety 20th and 21st century sculptures, featuring both nationally and internationally renowned artists.

Collection
The museum collection is originally based on the eclectic art collection of Dirk Hannema, former museum director of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam. Since 1993, the collection of the Province of Overijssel is also managed by the museum.

The collection contains over , drawings, prints, sculptures, and other objects. Among these works are paintings of Marc Chagall, Piet Mondrian, Isaac Israëls, Vincent van Gogh, Lucebert, Paul Citroen, Karel Appel, and Carel Willink, and sculptures by Antonio Canova and Gian Lorenzo Bernini.

In 2010, the Van Gogh painting The blute-fin mill (1886) was authenticated by the Van Gogh Museum.

Administration

In 2013, the museum had  ( or fte). Ralph Keuning has been the museum director since 2007. He resigned in 2022.

The entrance fee for either location of the museum is , the reduced price for students is , and children under  have free admission.

In 2013, the museum had , of which 175,160 were in Zwolle and 51,234 in Heino/Wijhe. In 2014 and 2015, the museum had record numbers of 261,500 and .

The museum has agreed, in 2021, to pay a compensation for the claimants representing Mr. Richard Semmel, a German Jewish industrialist from Berlin, who fled Nazi Germany in 1933, for the 1635 painting, Bernardo Strozzi’s Christ and the Samaritan Woman at the Well. In 2013, the Dutch Restitutions Committee had previously denied the right of the claimants " on the grounds that the works are more important to the museums which house them now than they are to the heirs." causing an outcry. Finally, following a critical review of the Restitutions Committee’s work that called for more “humanity, transparency and goodwill", the Museum de Fondatie decided to negotiate a compensation with Mr. Semmel's representatives.

Museum de Fundatie is a member of the Museumvereniging (Museum Association).

References

Further reading
 Museum de Fundatie's favourites (2005) / ed. Margriet Werkman. Waanders/Museum de Fundatie, Zwolle/Heino etc. 160 p. . Publication commemorating the opening of the Paleis a/d Blijmarkt in Zwolle on 25 June 2005 and featuring highlights from the collection

External links

 Museum de Fundatie, official website

1958 establishments in the Netherlands
Art museums and galleries in the Netherlands
Art museums established in 1958
Buildings and structures in Zwolle
Museums in Overijssel
20th-century architecture in the Netherlands
Neoclassical architecture in the Netherlands


title: Boss (Fifth Harmony song)

text:
"Boss" (stylized as "BO$$") is a song recorded by American girl group Fifth Harmony, released as the lead single from the group's debut studio album, Reflection (2015). Serviced to contemporary hit radio on August 19, the song was written by Eric Frederic, Joe Spargur, Daniel Kyriakides, Gamal Lewis, Jacob Kasher and Taylor Parks, and was produced by Frederic, Spargur and Daylight. Musically, "Boss" is a dance-pop song with additional instrumentation including trumpets, handclaps, horns and heavy bass that create a rhythmic militaristic sound. Lyrically, the song focuses on themes of feminism, female empowerment, confidence and reversed gender roles. Critics drew comparisons to the works of previous girl groups such as Destiny's Child.

"Boss" was well received by contemporary music critics, who praised the song's lyrical themes and production. "Boss" debuted and peaked at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100, staying in the charts for a total of fifteen weeks, outperforming "Miss Movin' On", their first single after forming as a quintet on The X Factor. Among national airplay charts, the track peaked at number 37 on the Mainstream Top 40, even though "Boss" was censored from mainstream radios after many felt the song was sending a political message to listeners, according to Frederic, one of the producers of the track. Outside of the United States, the song peaked at number 75 on the Canadian Hot 100 and reached the top 40 in countries such as Spain and the United Kingdom. The song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

An accompanying music video for the song, choreographed and directed by Fatima Robinson, was released on the band's Vevo page that showed the group performing with chairs and interacting at a photo shoot and an arm wrestling contest. The group performed the single for the first time at the Toyota Concert Series on Today followed by a pre-show red-carpet performance at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. The track was subsequently included in both the Reflection Tour and the 7/27 Tour.

Background and release
Initially, the track was teased through Fifth Harmony's social media accounts, in a short clip on July 4 but a snippet was played near the end of their performance at the Kiss 108 FM Concert in Boston on May 30, 2014. It was officially released exclusively through MTV shortly after being teased. Speaking to MTV, the group stated that the whole idea behind the track was for girls who share the same age as the group to "turn" the song on and "feel confident and empowered" because insecurity is a "common occurrence" in this age. When you turn the song on, you "feel sexy" and "good about yourself."

After performing the single live for the first time in its entirety on the Today Show, the group said that they felt "so many people are competitive with one another" and they want to "bring everyone together" and in turn, "have people encourage one another." "Boss" received promotion through a self-esteem campaign partnership with Do Something titled #ImABoss. The purpose of this was to encourage young people to make signs for their friends that included a compliment or a unique trait about them. It started two days after the single's release and lasted for two months on September 9.

Composition

"Boss" is a dance-pop, hip hop and R&B song. It features trumpets, handclaps and heavy bass, creating a rhythmic militaristic sound. The lyrics features several cultural references. For example, the first verse refers to the hip hop dance move called the Nae Nae: "Everyday is payday, swipe my card, then I do the nae nae." While the second line clearly cites the rappers Kanye West and Ray J: "You're talking to a lady, I want a Kanye and not a Ray J." During the chorus, the group also praised female icons Michelle Obama and Oprah Winfrey, The song received comparisons to Destiny's Child's "Independent Women"; Christina Garibaldi from MTV commented that the group "proudly sing about the fact they don't need a man as they "pledge allegiance to my independent girls in here." In an interview with Garibaldi, the group stated that "the whole point of this song is for girls who are our age to turn it on and feel confident and empowered because at this age being insecure is such a common occurrence. So we think when you turn that song on, you feel sexy and feel good about yourself."

Reception

Critical responses

"Boss" has received positive reviews from critics. In a track-by-track review of the group's debut studio album, Reflection, Jason Lipshutz of Billboard describing the song as "brimming with female assertiveness." He adds that while the pop culture references "don't stand the test of time", the group's brand of "confidence", surely will. Gerrick D. Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times called "Boss" a stand out track from Reflection. Praising the group's new mature image, James Dinh of SheKnows said that "Fifth Harmony ready to show off their grown and sexy side" or their record company is at least attempting to demonstrate that. She continues by saying that similar to the "many girl groups" that came before them, the "product of 2012's The X Factor" is back a new single with an "image that is just a bit more feisty" than last year's extended play, Better Together.

Carolyn Menyes of Music Times gave a positive review saying while being "filled with urban music influences, 'Boss' shows a "mature" to the group, as "tribal beats" swoop underneath the track's "female-powered flare". She notes the "keen pop culture references which mentions celebrities and products such as Kanye West, Kim Kardashian and Beats by Dre. In a downside, Menyes said "Boss" could very "well become dated in future years" but at the moment, it is the kind of "ballsy bossy music pop needs". In a positive review, Christina Lee of Idolator, stated that "Boss" proved to be a "working girl anthem" like its predecessors of "Bills, Bills, Bills," Kelis' "Bossy" and TLC's "No Scrubs," though for an age of filming #NaeNae Vines at the White House. Lee commended the group's mentor Simon Cowell, saying he "was onto something" adding that tracks like the "savvy 'Boss'", means that "girl groups were bound to come back in style".

Commercial performance
For the marked date of July 17, 2014, "Boss" debuted at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart with first-week sales of 75,000, becoming the group's best week sales as well as highest-charting song at that time. The song charted for fifteen weeks and earned the group their first top 40 entry at the time on the Mainstream Top 40 peaking at number 37. "Boss" was certified Platinum in the United States for selling combined sales and track-equivalent streams units of one million.

Elsewhere, the song charted at number 12 in Scotland, while peaking right outside the top 20 in the United Kingdom at number 21. The song made appearances in the top 40 in countries such as Czech Republic, Spain and Slovakia.

The producer of the song, Ricky Reed, stated "Boss" was censored from some radios around the country due to references to First Lady Michelle Obama.

Music video

Background and reception
The official music video was streamed online on MTV's website on July 7, 2014 and it was released on Fifth Harmony's official Vevo channel on July 8, 2014. Scenes in the video include chair choreography, a catwalk-strutting photo shoot and an arm wrestling contest. The music video was directed and choreographed by Fatima Robinson. A behind-the-scenes video was released on July 11, 2014. The video earned the group their second Vevo certification, for reaching over 100 million views on October 7, 2015.

Critics were positively receptive to the video with several critics noting the group's mature image from their previous videos. One of them was Jason Lipshutz of Billboard who noted the mature tone in the video and said the group "prove that they mean business." He also called the choreography "on point" and said that the name checks "appear (sic) to be reaching a new level as a collective." Christina Lee of Idolator compared the director's work to that of the Backstreet Boys' "As Long As You Love Me", which features "flirting, flashing lights" and a "chair routine."

Synopsis

The video begins with the members of Fifth Harmony snapping their fingers to the rhythm of the song. Moments later, phrases such as "Think like a boss" and "Dreams don't work unless you do" as well as "Find Yourself. And be that." flash momentarily in the video. The group are now dressed in all black-colored outfits, sporting a more revealing persona. The word 'Boss' appears abruptly, in Hollywood-inspired lights. The members then perform several choreographed dances, before the words Boss, with the 's' stylized with a dollar symbol, appear. The scene switches to a model runway, where the girls are now wearing different outfits, with photographers taking pictures as each girl poses for their picture. They refer themselves to a "Boss", showing their self-confidence and feminist values.

The setting switches to the scene in the beginning in the video, except all the girls are now sitting in metallic chairs, dancing as the word "common sense" appears on the screen. This is reference to the lyric, "That's me, I'm confident Don't want yo compliments Use common sense". The girls then unanimously tell their beloved to keep quiet and listen to them. The girls perform more choreographed dance routines, including moving their feet and tilting their heads backwards at the same time. Then, as the girls tell their lover to give them respect, they all kick their chairs back in frustration.

The girls are now challenging some men to an arm-wrestling challenge. Normani beats one of her male opponents effortlessly. In a different scene, the girls are seen placing their hand next to their heart, pledging allegiance to a white flag with the words "Bo$$ Fifth Harmony" written in gold letters. They all salute the flag, before the scene shifts to Lauren using a Sony camera to take a picture at what is unknown to the viewer. Then, each girl approaches the end of the runway, where lights flash, as each girl is shown. The girls then move their feet in synchronized motion, where the words "Let me" "hear you" "say" appear chronologically in three different times.

As the girls repeatedly say the words "yeah", the scene moves back to the arm-wrestling challenge, except Dinah is now facing a male opponent. She distracts him by removing his cap and placing it on her head and while he is distracted, manages to beat him. Ally then faces her male opponent, who removes his shirt and shows off his physical fitness. The setting shifts to one where all the girls are wearing long old-fashioned dresses, all sitting in a vintage sofa, exuding confidence. Lights flash constantly before the scene changes back to the arm-wrestling challenge, where Ally beats her opponent. Camila and Lauren also challenge a male opponent, and win as well. The girls are now feeling optimistic and empowered, with each girl holding letters that spell out the word "Confident". The scene ends with each girl back in the earlier setting, united and embracing their self-beauty. As of July 14, 2020, the video was nearing 250 million views, having 249.4 million views at the time.

Live performances
Fifth Harmony performed the song for the first time on The Today Show in New York City on the Rockefeller Plaza. followed by a performance at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards on the red carpet and at the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards's pre-show on November 9, 2014. The group also performed at the Radio Row press event, before the American Music Awards, singing "Boss" along with "Miss Movin' On" and "Sledgehammer". The group performed "Boss" on BET's 106 and Park. It was performed again on The X Factor 11th season on December 7, 2014. The girls performed it on Pitbull's New Year's Revolution that aired on Fox on December 31, 2014.

"Boss" is on the setlist for Fifth Harmony's performances at the 2015 New York, New York; Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; and Sunrise, Florida Jingle Ball concerts. They also performed the song during the 2016 Jingle Ball Tour concerts. It also part of the setlist used for The Reflection Tour.

Track listing
Digital download
"Boss" – 2:51

UK Digital single
"Boss" – 2:51
"Sledgehammer"  – 3:52

 Promo CD
"Boss"  (Radio Disney Edit) - 2:51
"Boss"  (Album Version) - 2:51
"Boss"  (Instrumental) - 2:51

Credits and personnel
Recorded at The Venice Studio (Venice, Los Angeles) and The Record Plant (Los Angeles)
Mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios (North Hollywood)

Fifth Harmony – vocals
Eric Frederic – songwriter, production, programming, recording
Joe Spargur – songwriter, production, programming, recording
Gamal Lewis – songwriter
Daniel Kyriakides – songwriter, production, programming, horns, recording
Jacob Kasher – songwriter
Taylor Parks – songwriter, vocal production
Jaycen Joshua – mixing
Ryan Kaul – mixing assistant
Maddox Chhim – mixing assistant

Credits adapted from the liner notes of Reflection.

Charts and certifications

Charts

Certifications

Release history

Notes

References

External links

Fifth Harmony songs
2014 songs
2014 singles
Epic Records singles
Music videos directed by Fatima Robinson
Syco Music singles
Songs with feminist themes
Songs written by Jacob Kasher
Songs written by Ricky Reed
Songs written by Joe London
Songs written by LunchMoney Lewis
Songs written by Tayla Parx
American dance-pop songs
American hip hop songs
American contemporary R&B songs


title: Unity Movement for Equality in Rights

text:
The Unity Movement for Equality in Rights (, MUE) was a political party in Moldova.

History
The party was formed in July 1989 as Interfront, part of a left-wing pan-Soviet Union movement. Its founders were members of ethnic minorities including Andrey Safonov, Piotr Șornikov and Vladimir Solonari, whose aim was to counteract the Popular Front of Moldova. In 1991 Interfront MPs refused to sign the Moldovan Declaration of Independence, instead pushing for a federation within the Soviet Union split into Gagauz, Moldovan and Russian entities.

In December 1991 the party was renamed Unity Movement for Equality in Rights. It formed an alliance with the Socialist Party to contest the 1994 elections. The alliance was also supported by the then-unregistered Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova, and won 28 seats in the election, making it the second-largest faction in Parliament after the Democratic Agrarian Party of Moldova, which had won 56 of the 104 seats.

Prior to the 1998 elections the MUE joined the Socialist Unity alliance alongside the Socialist Party, the Union of Communists of Moldova and the Vatan Popular Party. However, the alliance failed to win a seat. The Socialist Party later joined the Braghiș Alliance, whilst the other parties, including MUE, did not re-register.

References

Defunct political parties in Moldova
Political parties established in 1989
Russophilic parties in Moldova
Socialist parties in Moldova
Socialist parties in the Soviet Union


title: Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998

text:
Portugal participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 in Birmingham. Alma Lusa represented Portugal with the song "Se eu te pudesse abracar".

Before Eurovision

Festival da Canção 1998
Festival da Canção 1998 was the 35th edition of the festival, and was used to select the 34th Portuguese entry at the Eurovision Song Contest.

Final
The final was held at the Teatro São Luiz in Lisbon on 7 March 1998, hosted by Lucia Moniz and Carlos Ribeiro. Eight songs competed in the contest, with the winner selected by the votes of an "expert" jury. The winner was Alma Lusa with "Se eu te pudesse abracar". Alma Lusa were a short-lived Portuguese musical group, set up specifically to participate in Portugal's Eurovision Song Contest selection (Festival da Canção) in 1998. The group consisted of vocalist Inês Santos and musicians José Cid, Carlos Jesus, Henrique Lopes, Carlos Ferreirinha and Pedro Soares.

At Eurovision
Heading into the final of the contest, BBC reported that bookmakers ranked the entry joint 12th out of the 25 entries. In Birmingham, Portugal scored 36 points placing 12th.

Voting

References

1998
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998
Eurovision


title: Ronan Maher (hurler)

text:
Ronan Maher (born 9 October 1995)  is an Irish hurler who plays for Tipperary Senior Championship club Thurles Sarsfields and at inter-county level alongside his brother Pádraic with the Tipperary senior hurling team. He usually lines out as a left wing-back.

Playing career

Thurles CBS

Maher first came to prominence as a hurler with Thurles CBS. He played in every grade before eventually joining the college's senior team and lined out in several Harty Cup campaigns.

Mary Immaculate College

During his studies at Mary Immaculate College, Maher was selected for the college's senior hurling team during his second year. On 27 February 2016, he lined out at right wing-back when Mary Immaculate College faced the University of Limerick in the Fitzgibbon Cup final. Maher ended the game with a winners' medal following the 1-30 to 3-22 victory.

On 25 February 2017, Maher again lined out at centre-back when Mary Immaculate College qualified for a second successive Fitzgibbon Cup final. He scored four points, including three from frees, and claimed a second successive winners' medal after a 3-24 to 1-19 defeat of the Carlow Institute of Technology.

Thurles Sarsfields

Maher joined the Thurles Sarsfields club at a young age and played in all grades at juvenile and underage levels. He won four Tipperary Under-21 Championship medals with the club between 2012 and 2016. Maher was added to the Thurles Sarsfields senior team for the 2012 Tipperary Senior Championship.

On 14 October 2012, Maher was a non-playing substitute when Thurles Sarsfields faced Drom-Inch in the final. He remained on the bench for the entire game but ended with a winners' medal following a 1-21 to 2-15 victory. On 25 November 2012, Maher won a Munster Championship medal when he came on as an injury-time substitute in the 1-21 to 1-16 defeat of De La Salle.

After surrendering their titles in 2013, Maher lined out in a second final on 2 November 2014. He claimed a second winners' medal, his first on the field of play, when he lined out at right wing-back following Thurles Sarsfields 2-22 to 3-11 defeat of reigning champions Loughmore-Castleiney.

On 25 October 2015, Maher was at left wing-back when Thurles Sarsfields faced Nenagh Éire Óg in the Tipperary Senior Championship final. He ended the game with a third winners' medal following the 1-18 to 3-11 victory.

Maher lined out at left wing-back when Thurles Sarsfields faced Kiladangan in the Tipperary Senior Championship final. He ended the game as man of the match in the 0-27 to 1-15 victory.

On 8 October 2017, Maher lined out at right wing-back in a fourth successive final. He scored a point from play and ended the game with a fifth winners' medal following the 1-24 to 0-11 defeat of Borris-Ileigh.

In July 2022, in the first round of the 2022 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship against Borris-Ileigh, Maher broke a bone in his leg and was ruled out for the rest of the championship.

Tipperary

Minor and under-21

Maher was just 16-years-old when he was selected for the Tipperary minor hurling team in advance of the 2012 Munster Championship. He made his first appearance for the team on 2 May 2012 when he lined out at right wing-back in a 6-21 to 0-11 defeat of Kerry. On 15 July 2012, Ronan won a Munster Championship medal when he lined out at left corner-back in a 1-16 to 1-12 defeat of Clare in the final. He was switched to right corner-back when Tipperary drew 2-13 to 1-16 with Dublin in the All-Ireland final. Maher was again at right corner-forward for the replay on 30 September 2012. He ended the game with an All-Ireland medal following the 2-18 to 1-11 victory.

Maher was switched to centre-back for the 2013 Munster Championship. He played his last game on the grade on 26 June 2013 in a 1-17 to 0-17 defeat by Limerick on 26 June 2013.

Maher joined the Tipperary under-21 hurling panel in advance of the 2014 Munster Championship. He made his first appearance for the team on 16 July 2014 when he lined out at right wing-back in a 5-19 to 1-25 defeat by Clare.

After a disappointing 2015 Munster Championship, Maher was selected for the under-21 team for a third successive season in 2016. On 27 July, he lined out at right wing-back in a 2-19 to 0-15 defeat by Waterford in the Munster final.

Senior

On 12 January 2014, Maher made his competitive debut for the Tipperary senior team in a 3-20 to 0-05 defeat of the Limerick Institute of Technology in the Waterford Crystal Cup. He claimed a winners' medal in that competition on 7 February 2014,as Tipperary defeated Clare by 4-22 to 3-11 in the decider. Maher made his National League debut on 15 February 2014 when he came on as a 59th-minute substitute for James Woodlock in a 2-13 to 0-16 defeat of Waterford. On 4 May 2014, he was an unused substitute when Tipperary suffered a 2-25 to 1-27 defeat by Kilkenny in the National League final.

On 12 July 2015, Maher was selected at left wing-back when Tipperary faced Waterford in the Munster final. He ended the game with a winners' medal following the 0-21 to 0-16 victory.

Maher claimed a second successive Munster Championship medal on 10 July 2016 after lining out at centre-back in a 5-19 to 0-13 defeat of Waterford in the final. On 5 September 2016, he again lined out at centre-back for Tipperary's All-Ireland final meeting with Kilkenny. Maher ended the game with an All-Ireland medal following a 2-29 to 2-20 victory. He ended the season by winning an All-Star award.

On 23 April 2017, Maher lined out at centre-back in his first National League final. He ended the game on the losing side after scoring two points in the 3-21 to 0-14 defeat by Galway.

Maher played in a second consecutive National League final on 8 April 2018. Lining out at centre-back, he ended the game on the losing side following a 2-23 to 2-17 defeat by Kilkenny.

On 30 June 2019, Maher lined out at left wing-back and scored two points from play when Tipperary suffered a 2-26 to 2-14 defeat by Limerick in the Munster final. On 18 August 2019, he was selected at full-back when Tipperary faced Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final. Maher ended the game with a second All-Ireland winners' medal following the 3-25 to 0-20 victory. He ended the season by being named in the full-back position on the All-Star team.

In February 2022, Maher was named as the new captain of the Tipperary team.

Career statistics

Honours

Mary Immaculate College
Fitzgibbon Cup (2): 2016, 2017

Thurles Sarsfields
Munster Senior Club Hurling Championship (1): 2012
Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship (5): 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
Tipperary Under-21 Hurling Championship (4): 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016

Tipperary
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (2): 2016, 2019
Munster Senior Hurling Championship (2): 2015, 2016
Waterford Crystal Cup (1): 2014
All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship (1): 2012
Munster Minor Hurling Championship (1): 2012

Individual
All Star Award (2): 2016, 2019
The Sunday Game Team of the Year (2): 2016, 2019

References

1995 births
Living people
Thurles Sarsfields hurlers
Tipperary inter-county hurlers
Hurling backs
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Alumni of Mary Immaculate College, Limerick


title: Henrietta Hutton

text:
Henrietta Hutton (née Cooke) (1939–1963) was a British ornithologist and a founding member of the Oxford University Women's Exploration Club. The Henrietta Hutton Research Grant was established in Henrietta's name in 1964 with a financial endowment of about £5,000, which has been administered by the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) from 1964 to present. The grants are used to fund geographical fieldwork by undergraduate and postgraduate students. Originally awarded to female geographers from the University of Oxford, the awards are now open to male and female applicants from any UK Higher Education Institution. To date, over 130 students have received a Henrietta Hutton Research Grant to support overseas geographical fieldwork.

On 15 May 2014, an event was held at the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), to celebrate 50 years of the Henrietta Hutton Research Grant and the contribution the awards have made to support female geographers. The grants were featured on BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour, broadcast 16 May 2014.

References

1939 births
1963 deaths
British ornithologists
Women ornithologists
20th-century British zoologists


title: Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997

text:
Portugal participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997 in Dublin. Célia Lawson represented Portugal with the song "Antes do adeus".

Before Eurovision

Festival da Canção 1997
Festival da Canção 1997 was the 34th edition of the festival, and was used to select the 33rd Portuguese entry at the Eurovision Song Contest.

Final
Before the final there were 5 semi-finals, which televoting selected one song from each semi-final to qualify for the final. The final was held at the Coliseu dos Recreios in Lisbon on 7 March 1997, hosted by António Sala and Cristina Caras Lindas. Eight songs competed in the final, with the winner selected by 20 regional juries and a 21st jury made up of televoting results, which was won by Os Meninos da Sacristia. The winner was Célia Lawson with "Antes do adeus".

At Eurovision
Heading into the final of the contest, RTÉ reported that bookmakers ranked the entry 15th out of the 25 entries. In Dublin, Portugal scored 0 points placing last 24th (with Norway).

Voting
Portugal did not receive any points at the 1997 Eurovision Song Contest.

References

1997
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997
Eurovision


title: Joseba Azkarraga

text:
Joseba M. Azkarraga Rodero (born 15 November 1950) is an activist, spokesperson of the movement Sare and former Justice minister of the Basque Autonomous Community. He has been also Secretary General of Eusko Alkartasuna, from 1987 to 1993 and again from 1998 to 2009. He was formerly member of the Basque Nationalist Party. He has served as MP in the first, third and fourth periods of the Congress of Deputies in Spain.

References

1950 births
Basque Nationalist Party politicians
Eusko Alkartasuna Party politicians
Living people
Members of the 1st Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 3rd Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 4th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
People from Álava
Members of the 2nd Senate of Spain


title: Aquarius (Tinashe album)

text:
Aquarius is the debut studio album by American singer Tinashe, released on October 3, 2014, by RCA Records. In 2011, after the disbandment of the girl group The Stunners, Tinashe announced that she would begin pursuing a solo career. The following year she released her debut mixtape In Case We Die. After raising her profile with the mixtape, Tinashe met with RCA Records where she subsequently signed a recording contract. Following her signing a record deal, Tinashe immediately began working on the album. During the recording process for the debut album, she released two other mixtapes, Reverie (2012) and Black Water (2013).

Aquarius was titled after Tinashe's zodiac sign. The album incorporates several genres including R&B, alternative R&B, and pop. The album's production was characterized as being synthetic, with atmospherics and minimalist beats and electronics. The album's composition drew comparisons to a variety of artists including The Weeknd and Aaliyah. Most of the songs were written by Tinashe herself, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Mike Nazzaro.

Upon its release, Aquarius received generally positive reviews from music critics, who commended its production, lyrics, and themes, with reviewers comparing it to the work of Janet Jackson. The album debuted at number 17 on the US Billboard 200, selling 18,821 copies in its first week. It also charted in Australia, France and the United Kingdom. The album was promoted with the release of three singles—"2 On", "Pretend", and "All Hands on Deck"—with the first reaching number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Background
In 2011, following the disbandment of the girl group The Stunners, Tinashe began pursuing her music career as a solo artist. In February 2012, it saw the release of her debut mixtape, In Case We Die. The mixtape was supported by singles, the first being as a promotional song "Chainless" which was released to iTunes on December 19, 2011. The mixtape also included the song "Boss", which was released as a free download on August 20, 2012, immediately after it was featured in an episode of the VH1 series Single Ladies.
In July 2012, Tinashe signed a deal with RCA Records. She subsequently released her second mixtape, Reverie, on September 6, 2012 through her official website.
Tinashe sought to reintroduce herself creatively and artistically. She claimed that the album was an attempt to show fans who she is as an artist and additionally stated the album represents "a new season of music and art".

Recording

In 2013, Tinashe began work on her debut studio album. Recording sessions took place in Los Angeles, London, Atlanta, New York, and Toronto. Tinashe worked with several producers including Clams Casino, Ryan Hemsworth, Stuart Matthewman, Mike Will Made It, DJ Mustard, T-Minus, Boi-1da, Fisticuffs, Best Kept Secret, Ritz Reynolds and many more.
During an interview, Tinashe revealed that she had been recording and producing the album for two years, compared her mixtapes which she had created in a month, Tinashe compared the process with her album as being different due to working with other producers, during her mixtapes Tinashe made all the "decisions", but when recording the album she was working with other "creative people" and had to become "comfortable".
During the album recording Tinashe, recorded and produced at her home studio in her bedroom, where she produced some of the interludes included on the album, which she described as being "tighter" than her previous production.

During the album's recording, Tinashe avoided listening to music, so she was not heavily influenced by the work of other artists, stating she wanted the music to come from a "genuine place of inspiration." The guest verses provided by Schoolboy Q and ASAP Rocky were recorded separately and sent to Tinashe via email, however her collaboration with Future was recorded in the studio with him in Atlanta. Speaking about working with Future, Tinashe said, "I went to Atlanta and worked together on the song, and we wrote at the same time."
In December 2013, Tinashe revealed she had almost completed the recording of the album with nearly 100 songs being recorded at that point, she also revealed that she was at the final stages of the album's production, in which she was picking and choosing the album's final track listing as well as choosing "key songs" to fill the gaps. During the recording process of the album Tinashe recorded more than 100 songs.

Composition
Aquarius explores a variety of genres including R&B, alternative R&B, and pop. Dean Van Nguyen of NME described the album's music as a mix of The Weeknd's "decadent alt-R&B" and Aaliyah's "seductive cyber-pop". August Brown of the Los Angeles Times called the album's music "weird, wonderful world of experimental beat" which he compared to other PBR&B singers including FKA twigs and Kelela, continuing to say the album has rhythm and swing "yet cut through with melancholy." Andy Kellman of AllMusic described the album's musical style as being mostly "low-lit, slinking in tempo, and stitched together with several interludes", which Kellman described as being influenced by The Velvet Rope by Janet Jackson.
Dean Van Nguyen of NME noted the album's production for being "synthetic" and containing "[l]urid, crawling atmospherics led by beats and keys" along with "minimalism, thumping beats and electronics." Andy Kellman from AllMusic described the production as being "laced with small details, subtle twists, and gradual intensification." Sally-Anne Hurley from theMusic.com.au said the album "falls somewhere between mainstream, radio-friendly R&B and the electro, new-age alternative that's transformed the urban genre in a big way recently".

Songs
The album opens with the intro "Aquarius", which features a "spacey" production with a whispery soul aesthetic, followed by "Bet" which features Dev Hynes. "Bet" is a "mystical" with "ride-or-die" lyrics, that brushed off "haters". The song closes with Devonté Hynes performing a guitar outro.
"Cold Sweat" is a dynamic song that sees Tinashe observing fake friends and overall sycophancy that comes with stardom. The song's production "begins at a crawl before evolving into a pendulum of synths", followed by the album's first interlude titled "Nightfall".
"2 On" is an electronic R&B song, marking a slight departure from the murky alternative R&B from her mixtapes. The song features "effervescent keys", "synth-string accents", finger snaps, trap hi-hats, electro beats and distant chilly sighs. The song features a sample of Sean Paul's 2005 single "We Be Burnin'", with the line "Just give me the trees and we can smoke it ya/Just give me the drink and we can pour it ya" featured in the middle eight. Lyrically, the song is a carpe-diem anthem about being "super hyped up, super extra out on whatever emotion that it is."

"All Hands on Deck" is a crunk&B song. It comprises a thick bassline and a pan flute breakdown. Noted to be a shift from more sweet and coy-sounding tracks on Aquarius, Tinashe solicits a snarling technique in her vocal delivery, The song's lyrical content was noted to combine a dance instructional with the subject of caustic post-break-up stunting, namely in the lyric, "Kiss the old me goodbye / She's dead and gone". It portrays a scenario of a woman retaining her confidence and embracing her love life after a break-up.

Release and promotion
Promoting the album, Tinashe began performing the lead single "2 On". She first performed the song at SXSW Festival 2014. She also performed it at the Power 106 LA concert, Capital Xtra, Rinse FM, V100.7/Milwaukee's Family Affair, The Vipor Room and Hot 97's Who's Next. Drake also invited her onstage to perform the remix to the song in Houston.
Tinashe performed the song on The Wendy Williams Show on July 21, 2014. In October she performed it on Jimmy Kimmel Live. She also appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and performed the single "All Hands on Deck" on Late Night with Conan O'Brien in April 2015.

In March 2015, Tinashe was announced as one of the opening acts for the North American leg of Nicki Minaj's The Pinkprint Tour, along with Meek Mill, Rae Sremmurd, and Dej Loaf. In September and October 2015, Tinashe toured South America with Katy Perry on The Prismatic World Tour. Tinashe's debut concert tour, the Aquarius Tour, visited North America, Europe, Oceania, and Asia.

Singles
"2 On", which features American rapper Schoolboy Q, was released on January 21, 2014 as the lead single from Aquarius. It impacted US rhythmic contemporary and urban contemporary radio on March 18, 2014. The song peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 53 on the UK Singles Chart and spent four weeks atop the Billboard Rhythmic chart. On November 24, 2014, "2 On" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of one million units.

The album's second single, "Pretend" featuring ASAP Rocky, was released on August 22, 2014. "All Hands on Deck" was sent to US urban contemporary radio on February 24, 2015, as the third and final single from the album.

Critical reception

Aquarius received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 80, based on 14 reviews. August Brown of the Los Angeles Times commented that the album "heralds an essential new voice, one that coheres 100 current ideas about women, sex, sadness and musical restlessness in one excellent album." John Kennedy of Billboard described the album as "a lustful listen that often centers on either coming together or breaking apart." Meaghan Garvey of Pitchfork wrote, "As [Tinashe has] shed the trappings of distinctly 2010s R&B for something less easily time-stamped, she's revealed a new and very telling set of inspirations, unmistakably the product of coming of age in the Y2K era of R&B, where Janet Jackson and Aaliyah gracefully countered choreography-happy, big-budget smashes with flashes of something darker and deeply personal." Andy Kellman of AllMusic remarked that "Tinashe's voice is almost always quiet and soft, yet her ability is considerable, and she packs a wide variety of approaches. Another indicator of potential here is that she is listed first as the co-writer of all but one of the songs."

At Rolling Stone, Julianne Escobedo Shepherd praised the album as "savvy" and "self-assured", stating, "Throughout, Tinashe's sweet soprano sets up a hazy mood that's easy to get lost in." Jabbari Weekes of Exclaim! called the album "solid" and concluded, "Although Aquarius may not rock the boat with innovation, it's more than confident in its stride, delivering an entertaining effort from the sultry singer." Steve Yates of Q noted that "Aquarius has its generic aspects—the creamy vocals, drifting tempos and woozy electronics—but Tinashe's voice is pure and malleable, her lyrics suggestive and assertive." Dean Van Nguyen of NME opined, "At 18 tracks, Aquarius may be overstuffed (the ambient interludes offer little) but it's an impressive statement that should elevate Tinashe far beyond the hype that has surrounded her mixtape releases so far." Despite criticizing Tinashe's "tendency to over-stuff her songs with lyrics that veer cringe-inducingly between being both super literal and super opaque", Aimee Cliff of Fact expressed that "Aquarius is quite a complicated and accomplished album in that it's amplified the potential of the mixtapes, making Tinashe into an unquestionable contender for real popstar status, without sacrificing the weirdo introspective soul that made them so special." In a mixed review, Slant Magazines Sal Cinquemani found Aquarius to be "remarkably consistent despite its myriad producers", but felt that "[t]oo much of the album [...] fails to live up to that standard", adding that Mike Will Made It's and Stargate's contributions "sound utterly generic when sandwiching more forward-minded tracks like 'Far Side of the Moon'".

Accolades

Commercial performance
Aquarius debuted at number 17 on the Billboard 200, selling 18,821 copies in its opening week. In its second week of sales, the album dropped to number 64 on the chart with 4,950 copies sold. The album also reached number two on the Top R&B Albums chart and number three on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. As of December 2015, Aquarius had sold 70,000 copies in the United States.

Track listing

Notes
  Despite not being credited as a songwriter of "Pretend" in the album's liner notes, Floyd Bentley is listed as a songwriter by BMI.
  signifies an additional producer
  signifies an executive producer
  signifies a co-producer
  "Vulnerable" was originally included on the 2013 mixtape Black Water

Sample credits
 "2 On" contains a sample from "We Be Burnin'" performed by Sean Paul.
 "How Many Times" contains a sample from "Funny How Time Flies (When You're Having Fun)" performed by Janet Jackson.
 "Pretend" contains a sample from "Action" performed by Orange Krush.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Aquarius.

Musicians

 Tinashe – vocals
 Julie Slick – additional instrumentation
 Dominic Angelella – additional instrumentation
 DJ Dahi – programming, keyboards
 Blood Diamonds – programming, keyboards
 Devonté Hynes – guitar
 Schoolboy Q – vocals
 Future – vocals
 Sean Knotty – additional drums
 ASAP Rocky – vocals
 Mikkel S. Eriksen – all instruments, programming
 Tor Erik Hermansen – all instruments, programming
 Cashmere Cat – all instruments, programming
 Roscoe Dash – background vocals
 Mike Taylor – background vocals
 Donna Missal – background vocals

Technical

 Ritz Reynolds – production ; recording ; mixing
 Tinashe – recording ; production ; album production, executive production
 Erik Madrid – mixing
 Vincent Vu – mixing assistance
 DJ Dahi – production
 Blood Diamonds – production
 Boi-1da – production
 SykSense – production
 Sango – additional production
 Jaycen Joshua – mixing
 Ryan Kaul – mixing assistance
 Maddox Chimm – mixing assistance
 Dijon "DJ Mustard" McFarlane – production
 Redwine – production
 DJ Marley Waters – production
 Legacy – production
 Detail – production
 The Order – production
 Hector Delgado – mixing, recording (ASAP Rocky's vocals)
 Gee Bizzy – mixing assistance, recording assistance (ASAP Rocky's vocals)
 Stargate – production
 Cashmere Cat – production
 Mikkel S. Eriksen – recording
 Miles Walker – recording
 Phil Tan – mixing
 Daniela Rivera – additional engineering for mix
 Tim Blacksmith – executive production
 Danny D. – executive production
 Evian Christ – production
 Jaime Velez – recording, engineering
 Kevin "KD" Davis – mixing
 Jeff Halsey – mixing assistance
 Mike Will Made It – production
 A+ – co-production
 Stephen Hybicki – recording
 Michel – production, engineering
 Trevor Jerideau – album production
 Mike Nazzaro – album production, executive production
 Dave Kutch – mastering

Artwork
 Erwin Gorostiza – creative direction
 Maria Paula Marulanda – art direction, design
 Michael Schwartz – photography

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

Notes

References

2014 debut albums
Albums produced by Boi-1da
Albums produced by Cashmere Cat
Albums produced by DJ Mustard
Albums produced by Mike Will Made It
Albums produced by Detail (record producer)
Albums produced by Stargate
Albums produced by Vinylz
RCA Records albums
Tinashe albums


title: Kko Kko Tours Single Single

text:
Kko Kko Tours Single Single ()  is a South Korean celebrity dating reality-variety show that aired on KBS2 from September 21 to November 23, 2008 as a segment in Happy Sunday. It was hosted by former Country Kko Kko members, Tak Jae-hoon and Shin Jung-hwan.

Format
The show features male and female celebrities who will be paired up and go on dates to get to know each other. The celebrities invite someone on the show to go with them during the trip. In the beginning of the season, each person will reveal who they invited and in the last episode, they will decide who they want to spend a vacation with.

Season 1
The first episode was aired on September 21, 2008 and was filmed in Saipan. In the first episode, the show introduced the celebrities who will be participating in the show. Girls' Generation's Tiffany, Park Jung-ah, Amy, Jung Shi-ah and Hong In-young were the female guests, while the male guests were Shinhwa's Lee Min-woo, Shin Dong-wook, Tim, Gil, and volleyball player Moon Sung-min.

During a segment in the second episode, each person revealed the person they invited through a heart-shaped picture on a shirt they're wearing. The person reads a letter they wrote and removes the heart sticker on their shirts to reveal a photo of the person they wanted to go on a vacation with.

Female guests
Shi-ah - Dong-wook
In-young - Tim
Amy - Min-woo
Tiffany - Min-woo
Jung-ah - Sung-min

Male guests
Tim - Jung-ah
Sung-min - Tiffany
Min-woo - In-young
Dong-wook - Jung-ah
Gil - Amy and Shi-ah

In the last episode, each male guest will approach the female guest they want to spend the rest of the vacation with and the female guest will decide whether or not to accept him. If a guest ends up without a partner after the selection, he or she will leave by themselves.

Final couples
Lee Min-woo and Amy
Moon Sung-min and Hong In-young
Tim and Tiffany

Season 2
The second season premiered on November 2, 2008 with the same hosts. Jung Shi-ah, Amy, Lee Min-woo, Shin Dong-wook and Gil returned for the second season. New guests were also introduced in the first episode. Girls' Generation's Yuri, jazz pianist Jin Bora and Kim Shi-hyang for the female guests, 2PM's Chansung and actor Jo Dong-hyuk for the male guests. The second season was filmed in Jeju Island.

Similar to the first season, on the first episode of the show, the guests reveal the person they want to go on a vacation with, but instead of shirts, the photos are on heart-shaped fans.

Female guests
Shi-hyang - Min-woo
Bora - Shin Jung-hwan
Yuri - Gil

Male guests
Chansung - Shi-ah
Dong-hyuk - Yuri

Like the previous season, the guests pair up for the final selection, but instead of the male guests, the female guests will approach the men and the men will choose whether or not to accept.

Final couples
Shin Dong-wook and Jin Bora
Chansung and Jung Shi-ah
Lee Min-woo and Amy
Jo Dong-hyuk and Yuri

Cancellation
The show was cancelled due to its high production costs and low ratings. It was replaced by a new season of Immortal Music Classics.

References

External links
Happy Sunday official KBS website

2008 South Korean television series debuts
2008 South Korean television series endings
Korean Broadcasting System original programming
South Korean reality television series


title: Alt-J discography

text:
British indie rock band called alt-J have released four studio albums, one live album, three extended plays, fourteen singles, and thirteen music videos.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Remix albums

Extended plays

Singles

Other charted songs

Other appearances

Music videos

Notes

References

External links
 Official website

Discography
Discographies of British artists
Alternative rock discographies
Rock music group discographies


title: 22nd Yokohama Film Festival

text:
The  was held on 4 February 2001 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.

Awards
 Best Film: Face
 Best Actor: Tadanobu Asano – Gojoe, Jirai o Fundara Sayōnara
 Best Actress: Naomi Fujiyama – Face
 Best Supporting Actor:
Teruyuki Kagawa – Dokuritsu Shōnen Gasshōdan, Suri
Jun Murakami – Nabbie's Love, Futei no Kisetsu, New Battles Without Honor and Humanity
 Best Supporting Actress: Naomi Nishida – Nabbie's Love
 Best Director: Junji Sakamoto – Face
 Best New Director: Akira Ogata – Dokuritsu Shōnen Gasshōdan
 Best Screenplay: Junji Sakamoto and Isamu Uno – Face
 Best Cinematography: Masami Inomoto – Dokuritsu Shōnen Gasshōdan
 Best New Talent:
Sora Tōma – Dokuritsu Shōnen Gasshōdan
Ryuhei Matsuda – Taboo
Kirina Mano – Suri, Bullet Ballet
 Special Jury Prize: Yukiko Shii – Face
 Special Prize: Masaru Konuma – Nagisa – For directing film as well as for his work

Best 10
 Face
 Nabbie's Love
 First Love
 Gohatto
 Dokuritsu Shōnen Gasshōdan
 The City of Lost Souls
 Suri
 Charisma
 Nagisa
 A Class to Remember IV
runner-up. After the Rain

References

Yokohama Film Festival
Y
Y
2001 in Japanese cinema
February 2001 events in Japan


title: Bloc of Peasants and Intellectuals

text:
The Bloc of Peasants and Intellectuals (, BȚI) was a political alliance in Moldova led by Simion Certan.

History
The bloc was formed to contest the February 1994 elections, and consisted of the Alliance of Free Peasants (AȚL), the Congress of the Intellectuals (CI), the Democratic Christian League of the Women of Moldova (LDCFM), the Christian Democratic Party of Moldova (PDCM) and the National Liberal Party (PNL). It received 9% of the vote, winning 11 of the 104 seats and becoming the third-largest faction in Parliament.

In June 1994 PDCM and the seatless Democratic Party merged into the Congress of the Intellectuals, which was renamed "United Democratic Congress", before becoming the Party of Democratic Forces (PFD) in October 1995. The 1998 elections saw the PFD contest the elections alone, whilst the LDCFM joined the Democratic Convention of Moldova and the PNL joined the Alliance of Democratic Forces. ATL ceased to exist.

References

Defunct political party alliances in Moldova


title: Gonzalo Payo Subiza

text:
Gonzalo Payo Subiza (10 January 1931 – 13 August 2002) was a Spanish politician from the Union of the Democratic Centre. He was elected deputy for Toledo to the first Congress of Deputies. He served as the second President of Castilla–La Mancha in 1982 before it gained autonomy.

References

1931 births
2002 deaths
People from Toledo, Spain
University of Zaragoza alumni
Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain) politicians
Members of the 1st Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 4th Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha
Members of the 5th Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha
Members of the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha from Toledo


title: Gravie

text:
Gravie is a health insurance marketplace headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Gravie provides individually-tailored recommendations to individuals who are in the process of purchasing health insurance.

Gravie offers health plans both on the federal and state health exchanges and off-exchange in the private, individual market, and is an alternative to group health coverage for businesses.

History

Abir Sen, CEO, launched Gravie on November 15, 2013 with co-founders Jill Prevost and Marek Ciolko and $2.6 million in initial investor funding from FirstMark Capital. On March 17, 2014, the company announced $10.5 million in additional investor funding led by Aberdare Ventures. FirstMark Capital also participated in the second round of funding.

After a further round of funding in 2015, in 2016 the firm laid off 21 employees.

In 2016 Securian Financial Group invested in Gravie and began selling its life insurance products through Gravie's website.

References

Financial services companies established in 2013
Health insurance marketplaces