title: Sex differences in intelligence

text:
Sex differences in human intelligence have long been a topic of debate among researchers and scholars. It is now recognized that there are no significant sex differences in general intelligence, though particular subtypes of intelligence vary somewhat between sexes.

While some test batteries show slightly greater intelligence in males, others show slightly greater intelligence in females. In particular, studies have shown female subjects performing better on tasks related to verbal ability, and males performing better on tasks related to rotation of objects in space, often categorized as spatial ability.

Some research indicates that male advantages on some cognitive tests are minimized when controlling for socioeconomic factors. It has also been hypothesized that there is slightly higher variability in male scores in certain areas compared to female scores, leading to males' being over-represented at the top and bottom extremes of the distribution, though the evidence for this hypothesis is inconclusive.

IQ research

Background

There is no statistically significant difference between the average IQ scores of men and women. Average differences have been reported, however, on some tests of mathematics and verbal ability in certain contexts. Some studies have suggested that there may be more variability in cognitive ability among males than among females, but others have contradicted this, or presented evidence that differential variability is culturally rather than biologically determined. According to psychologist Diane Halpern, "there are both differences and similarities in the cognitive abilities of women and men, but there is no data-based rationale to support the idea that either is the smarter or superior sex."

Findings

Although most tests show no sex difference, there are some that do. For example, it has been found that female subjects tend to perform better on tests of verbal abilities and processing speed while males tend to perform better on tests of visual-spatial ability and crystallized intelligence. For verbal fluency, females have been specifically found to perform slightly better, on average, in vocabulary and reading comprehension and significantly higher in speech production and essay writing. Males have been specifically found to perform better, on average, in spatial visualization, spatial perception, and mental rotation. None of these findings, however, suggest an advantage for either sex in general intelligence, nor in fluid intelligence.

Some research has suggested that there is a very small IQ advantage for males in some countries, ranging from two to three points in the United States and Canada up to around four points in China and Japan. On the other hand, other research suggests that there is an IQ advantage in favor of females.

Most studies find either a very small difference or no sex difference with regard to general intelligence. In 2000, researchers Roberto Colom and Francisco J. Abad conducted a large study of 10,475 adults on five IQ tests taken from the Primary Mental Abilities and found negligible or no significant sex differences. The tests conducted were on vocabulary, spatial rotation, verbal fluency and inductive reasoning.

The literature on sex differences in intelligence has produced inconsistent results due to the type of testing used, and this has resulted in debate among researchers. Garcia (2002) argues that there might be a small insignificant sex difference in intelligence in general (IQ) but this may not necessarily reflect a sex difference in general intelligence or g factor. Although most researchers distinguish between g and IQ, those that argued for greater male intelligence asserted that IQ and g are synonymous (Lynn & Irwing 2004) and so the real division comes from defining IQ in relation to g factor. In 2008, Lynn and Irwing proposed that since working memory ability correlates highest with g factor, researchers would have no choice but to accept greater male intelligence if differences on working memory tasks are found. As a result, a neuroimaging study published by Schmidt (2009) conducted an investigation into this proposal by measuring sex differences on an n-back working memory task. The results found no sex difference in working memory capacity, thus contradicting the position put forward by Lynn and Irwing (2008) and more in line with those arguing for no sex differences in intelligence.

A 2012 review by researchers Richard E. Nisbett, Joshua Aronson, Clancy Blair, William Dickens, James Flynn, Diane F. Halpern and Eric Turkheimer discussed Arthur Jensen's 1998 studies on sex differences in intelligence. Jensen's tests were significantly g-loaded but were not set up to get rid of any sex differences (read differential item functioning). They summarized his conclusions finding "No evidence was found for sex differences in the mean level of g or in the variability of g. Males, on average, excel on some factors; females on others." Jensen's conclusion that no overall sex differences existed for g has been reinforced by researchers who analyzed this issue with a battery of 42 mental ability tests and found no overall sex difference.

A 2022 meta-analysis found that even small sex-based differences in general intelligence were an artifact of older tests, with current test batteries showing no statistically significant difference between the sexes, but that differences in intelligence sub-types such as processing speed (favoring females) and visual-spacial reasoning (favoring males) remained even when controlling for test age.

Variability

Some studies have identified the degree of IQ variance as a difference between males and females. Some researchers have argued that males tend to show greater variability on many traits, a view which is termed the variability hypothesis; for example, having both highest and lowest scores on tests of cognitive abilities. Other research has been published which contradicts this hypothesis, however, showing either equal variability between the sexes in some cultural contexts or else greater representation of females at the upper extreme of some measures of cognitive ability.

Feingold (1992) and Hedges and Nowell (1995) reported that, despite average sex differences being small and relatively stable over time, test score variances of males were generally larger than those of females. Feingold "found that males were more variable than females on tests of quantitative reasoning, spatial visualisation, spelling, and general knowledge. ... Hedges and Nowell go one step further and demonstrate that, with the exception of performance on tests of reading comprehension, perceptual speed, and associative memory, more males than females were observed among high-scoring individuals."

In regards to variability in mathematics performance, a meta-analysis by Lindberg et al. (2010) found male-to-female variance ratios ranged from 0.88 to 1.34 across studies with an average of 1.07, indicating nearly equivalent male and female variances. The authors note that greater male variability is not ubiquitous, and ratios less than 1.0 have been reported in some national and international data sets. A review by Hyde et al. (2009) also evaluated the topic of greater male variability in mathematics performance. The review found that the gender gap among the highest performers has narrowed over time in the U.S., is not found among some ethnic groups and in some nations, and correlates with several measures of gender inequality. The authors conclude that greater male variability in math performance is largely an artifact of cultural factors as opposed to innate biological sex differences.

Brain and intelligence

Differences in brain physiology between sexes do not necessarily relate to differences in intellect. Although men have larger brains, men and women have equal IQs. For men, the gray matter volume in the frontal and parietal lobes correlates with IQ; for women, the gray matter volume in the frontal lobe and Broca's area (which is used in language processing) correlates with IQ. Women have greater cortical thickness, cortical complexity and cortical surface area (controlling for body size) which compensates for smaller brain size. Meta-analysis and studies have found that brain size explains 6–12% of variance among individual intelligence and cortical thickness explains 5%.

Although a meta-analysis of 148 samples from over 8000 participants reported a weak correlation between brain size and IQ, no difference in IQ was observed comparing women to men, and the researchers concluded that "it is not warranted to interpret brain size as an isomorphic proxy of human intelligence differences." Brain volume contributes little to IQ test performance. Outside of comparing intelligence levels of the sexes, brain size is only one of numerous factors that influence intelligence, alongside white matter integrity, overall developmental stability, parieto-frontal neuronal networks, neuronal efficiency, and cortical gyrification. Brain structural integrity seems to be more important as a biological basis.

Mathematics performance

Across countries, males have performed better on mathematics tests than females, but there is the possibility male-female difference in math scores is related to gender inequality in social roles. Some psychologists believe that many historical and current sex differences in mathematics performance may be related to boys' higher likelihood of receiving math encouragement than girls. Parents were, and sometimes still are, more likely to consider a son's mathematical achievement as being a natural skill while a daughter's mathematical achievement is more likely to be seen as something she studied hard for. This difference in attitude may discourage girls and women from further involvement in mathematics-related subjects and careers.

In a 2008 study paid for by the National Science Foundation in the United States, researchers found that girls perform as well as boys on standardized math tests. They attributed this to girls now taking as many advanced math courses as boys, unlike in the past.

There is also evidence that boys are over-represented among the very best and very worst performers on measures of mathematical ability and standardized measures of IQ. Some research suggests that differences in mathematics course performance measures favor females. A small performance difference in mathematics on the SAT persists in favor of males, though the gap has shrunk from 40 points (5.0%) in 1975 to 18 points (2.3%) in 2020. However, the SAT is not a representative sample, given that it tests only college-bound students, and more women than men have attended college since the 1990s. Conversely, the international PISA exam provides representative samples. On the 2018 math PISA, there was no statistically significant difference between the performances of girls and boys in 39.5% of the 76 countries that participated. Meanwhile, boys outperformed girls in 32 countries (42.1%), while girls outperformed boys in 14 (18.4%). On average, boys performed 5 points (1%) higher than girls. However, overall, the gender gap in math and science for boys and girls from similar socio-economic backgrounds was not significant.

A 2008 meta-analysis published in Science using data from over 7 million students found no statistically significant differences between the mathematical capabilities of males and females. A 2011 meta-analysis with 242 studies from 1990 to 2007 involving 1,286,350 people found no overall sex difference of performance in mathematics. The meta-analysis also found that although there were no overall differences, a small sex difference that favored males in complex problem solving was still present in high school. However, the authors note that boys continue to take more physics courses than girls, which train complex solving abilities and may provide stronger training than pure mathematics.

One line of inquiry has focused on the role that stereotype threat might play in mathematics performance differences between male and female test-takers. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses suggest that stereotype threat is implicated in performance differences on some mathematics tests, though the effect appears to vary considerable in different social contexts and for different test conditions.

Reading and verbal skills
Studies have shown a female advantage in reading and verbal skills. On the international PISA reading exam, girls consistently outperform boys across all countries, and all differences are statistically significant. In the most recent PISA exam (2018), girls outperformed boys by almost 30 points. On average in OECD countries, 28% of boys did not obtain a reading proficiency level of 2.

Studies have shown that girls spend more time reading than boys and read more for fun, likely contributing to the gap. Some psychologists believe that many historical and current sex differences in mathematics performance may be related to girls' higher likelihood of receiving reading encouragement than boys. Parents were, and sometimes still are, more likely to consider a daughter's reading achievement as being a natural skill while a son's reading achievement is more likely to be seen as something he studied hard for.

Spatial ability

Meta-studies show a male advantage in mental rotation, assessing horizontality and verticality, and a male advantage for most aspects of spatial memory. Women have an advantage for certain components of spatial memory. Whereas men show a selective advantage for fine-grained metric positional reconstruction, where absolute spatial coordinates are emphasized, women show an advantage in spatial location memory, which is the ability to accurately remember relative object positions (where objects are); however, the advantage in spatial location memory is small and inconsistent across studies.

A proposed evolutionary hypothesis is that men and women evolved different mental abilities to adapt to their different roles, including labor-based roles, in society. For example, "ancestral women more often foraged for fruits, vegetables, and roots over large geographic regions." The labor-based role explanation suggests that men may have evolved greater spatial abilities as a result of behaviors such as navigating during a hunt.

Results from studies conducted in the physical environment are not conclusive about sex differences. Various studies on the same task show no differences. There are studies that show no difference in finding one's way between two places.

Performance in mental rotation and similar spatial tasks is affected by gender expectations. For example, studies show that being told before the test that men typically perform better, or that the task is linked with jobs like aviation engineering typically associated with men versus jobs like fashion design typically associated with women, will negatively affect female performance on spatial rotation and positively influence it when subjects are told the opposite.

Playing computer or video games increases mental rotation ability, especially for females. Playing action video games in particular benefits spatial abilities in females more than in males, up to a point where sex differences in spatial attention are eliminated. Gender generally has an influence on preference of game genre. Action video games such as first-person shooters, adventure games, and sports games are generally preferred by male players, while female players tend to prefer games such as puzzle, card, and platform games.

The possibility of testosterone and other androgens as a cause of sex differences in psychology has been a subject of study, but results have been mixed. A meta-analysis of women who were exposed to unusually high levels of androgens in the womb due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia concluded that there is no evidence of enhanced spatial ability among these individuals. The meta-analysis speculates that average sex differences in some spatial tasks could be partially explained by androgen exposure at a different time of the life span, such as during mini-puberty, or by the different socialization males and females experience. In addition, a meta-analysis showed that, although female-to-male transgender individuals who received testosterone therapy did improve their spatial abilities, male-to-female transgender individuals who took androgen-suppressants also showed an improvement or no deterioration of spatial skills.

Sex differences in academics

A 2014 meta-analysis of sex differences in scholastic achievement published in the journal of Psychological Bulletin found females outperformed males in teacher-assigned school marks throughout elementary, junior/middle, high school and at both undergraduate and graduate university level. The meta-analysis done by researchers Daniel Voyer and Susan D. Voyer was from the University of New Brunswick drew from 97 years of 502 effect sizes and 369 samples stemming from the year 1914 to 2011, and found that the magnitude of higher female performance was not affected by year of publication, thereby contradicting recent claims of "boy crisis" in school achievement.

A 2015 study by researchers Gijsbert Stoet and David C. Geary from the journal of Intelligence reported that girl's overall education achievement is better in 70 percent of all the 47–75 countries that participated in PISA. The study consisting of 1.5 million 15-year-olds found higher overall female achievement across reading, mathematics, and science literacy and better performance across 70% of participating countries, including many with considerable gaps in economic and political equality, and they fell behind in only 4% of countries. Stoet et al. said sex differences in educational achievement are not reliably linked to gender equality.

Historical perspectives

Prior to the 20th century, it was a commonly held view that men were intellectually superior to women. Early brain studies comparing mass and volumes between the sexes suggested that women were intellectually inferior because they have smaller and lighter brains. Writer Helen H. Gardener publicly disputed this idea with William A. Hammond, former Surgeon General of the United States Army.

In the 19th century, whether men and women had equal intelligence was seen by many as a prerequisite for the granting of suffrage. Leta Hollingworth argued that women were not permitted to realize their full potential, as they were confined to the roles of child-rearing and housekeeping.

During the early 20th century, the scientific consensus shifted to the view that sex plays no role in intelligence.

In his 1916 study of children's IQs, psychologist Lewis Terman concluded that "the intelligence of girls, at least up to 14 years, does not differ materially from that of boys". He did, however, find "rather marked" differences on a minority of tests. For example, he found boys were "decidedly better" in arithmetical reasoning, while girls were "superior" at answering comprehension questions. He also proposed that discrimination, lack of opportunity, women's responsibilities in motherhood, or emotional factors may have accounted for the fact that few women had careers in intellectual fields.

See also
 Empathy
 Sex differences in emotional intelligence
 Sex differences in humans
 Emotional intelligence
 Sex differences in psychology
 Heritability of IQ

References

Intelligence
Intelligence


title: Pier Francesco Pingitore

text:
Pier Francesco Pingitore (born 27 September 1934) is an Italian director, screenwriter, playwright and author.

Biography
Born in Catanzaro, Pingitore started his career as a journalist, then he was with Mario Castellacci, Luciano Cirri and Piero Palumbo the founder in 1965 of the "Bagaglino" Theatre (originally named "Bragaglino" as a tribute to Anton Giulio Bragaglia) in Rome. A year later, he published the song "Avanti ragazzi di Buda". After a local success, from 1973 the stage company got a large success on television with the RAI variety show Dove sta Zazà? and with its numerous successor shows. In 1968, Pingitore made his film debut directing a documentary about the protests of the European youth, then, from 1975 to 1983 and again in 1992 he wrote and directed a series of satirical comedies starred by Pippo Franco and by several components of the "Bagaglino" company,  targeting various aspects of Italian society including political scandals, football, school, and the music industry. In 2020, it was announced that Pingitore would be awarded the  for writing "Avanti ragazzi di Buda".

References

External links

Living people
1934 births
Italian film directors
Italian screenwriters
Italian male screenwriters
Italian dramatists and playwrights
Italian male dramatists and playwrights
People from Calabria
People from Catanzaro


title: Curucu, Beast of the Amazon

text:
Curucu, Beast of the Amazon is a 1956 American adventure/monster film, directed and written by Curt Siodmak and starring John Bromfield, Beverly Garland and Tom Payne. The title creature is pronounced "Koo-Ruh-SOO" (). The film was distributed in the United States as a double feature with The Mole People.

Plot
Plantation owner Rock Dean (Bromfield) travels up the Amazon River to investigate why the workers have left in panic. Dean's guide, Tupanico (Payne) warns him of Curucu, a birdlike monster who is said to live up the river where no white man has ever been. Accompanying him is Dr. Andrea Romar (Garland), in search of a drug which (in this story) the natives use to shrink heads. She hopes this drug will be effective in reducing cancerous tissue.

Tupanico guides the couple through the jungle, where they see a strange shimmering form in the river which drives the bearers away. After Rock shoots an animal, Tupanico offers to clean his rifle for him. Rock reluctantly agrees.

Later, Curucu attacks. Rock shoots at it, with no effect. The monster is revealed to be Tupanico, who is trying to drive "his" people away from the plantations, where he can lead them in the old ways, before white men brought civilization and disease. Tupanico used the excuse of cleaning Rock's rifle to load it with blanks.

Before they can be killed, Rock and Andrea are rescued by natives friendly to the local missionary. After wandering lost in the jungle in the commotion, Andrea wakens to find herself and Rock at the mission. A grateful native, whom she treated earlier, gives her some gifts: the shrinking drug she was searching for, and the shrunken head of Tupanico.

Cast
 John Bromfield as Rock Dean
 Beverly Garland as Dr. Andrea Romar
 Tom Payne as Tupanico
 Harvey Chalk as Father Flaviano
 Larri Thomas as Vivian, the Dancer
 Sergio de Oliveria as Captain of Police
 Wilson Viana as Tico
 Andrea Bayard
 Luz Del Fuego

Production

Curucu, Beast of the Amazon was shot in Eastmancolor, on location at the Amazon River in rural Brazil, with an estimated budget of $155,000.

Rudolph Icey handled cinematography, Raoul Kraushaar composed the score and Terry Morse served as editor.

After filming, Siodmak had 10,000 feet of color film left over that he could not export. Love Slaves of the Amazons was the result, and used some of the same cast members.

Reynold Brown, painter of numerous iconic Hollywood film posters, designed a poster for the film depicting a giant claw and a creature's glowering eye.

Release
Curucu, Beast of the Amazon was released to theaters by Universal Studios in December 1956, with The Mole People.

The film is now extremely rare, since it has never been officially released on either VHS or DVD.

On January 6, 2023, film restoration and distribution company Vinegar Syndrome announced they would be releasing a limited edition blu-ray of the film.

Reception
Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film 1.5 out of 4 stars, calling it "one of the most infamous disappointments for monster-loving kids of the 1950s".
On his website Fantastic Movie Musings and Ramblings, Dave Sindelar gave the film a negative review, criticizing the film for using too much talking and exploring scenes just to fill its running time. Sindelar also noted that the only thing the film had going for it was Garland's "tough girl" character, but also wrote, "Unfortunately, the movie decides to punish her for her toughness; the last 30 minutes of the movie seems designed solely to frighten this woman into realizing that it'’s arrogant of her to think of herself as being as tough as a man".
TV Guide awarded the film 1 out of 5 stars, calling it "a moderately amusing jungle adventure".

See also
 List of American films of 1956

References

External links

1956 films
American adventure films
Jungle adventure films
Films set in Brazil
Films shot in Belém
Films shot in Brazil
Films shot in Argentina
1956 adventure films
Films directed by Curt Siodmak
Universal Pictures films
Films scored by Raoul Kraushaar
1950s English-language films
1950s American films
English-language adventure films
American monster movies
1950s monster movies


title: 3rd Yokohama Film Festival

text:
The  was held on 7 February 1982 in Yokohama Citizens Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.

Awards
 Best Film: Something Like It
 Best New Actor: Bang-ho Cho – Gaki Teikoku, Gaki Teikoku Akutare Sensō
 Best Actor: Toshiyuki Nagashima – Enrai
 Best Actress: Maiko Kazama – Woman Who Exposes Herself
 Best New Actress:
Yuki Ninagawa – Kurutta kajitsu
Yoshiko Oshimi – Yarareta Onna
 Best Supporting Actor: Renji Ishibashi – Kemono-tachi no Atsui Nemuri
 Best Supporting Actress: Yūko Tanaka – Eijanaika, Edo Porn
 Best Director: Enrai- Kichitaro Negishi, Kurutta kajitsu
 Best New Director: Yoshimitsu Morita – Something Like It
 Best Screenplay: Haruhiko Arai – Enrai
 Best Cinematography: Shohei Ando – Enrai, Muddy River
 Best Independent Film: Afternoon Breezes
 Special Prize: Ken Takakura (Career)

Best 10
 Something Like It
 Crazy Fruit
 Enrai
 Gaki Teikoku
 Kagero-za
 Muddy River
 Kofuku
 Station
 Honoo no Gotoku
 Kazetachi no Gogo
runner-up: Woman Who Exposes Herself

References

Yokohama Film Festival
Yokohama Film Festival
Yokohama Film Festival
Yokohama Film Festival


title: No Trampolim da Vida

text:
No Trampolim da Vida is a 1946 Brazilian drama film directed by Franz Eichhorn for Filmes Artísticos Nacionais. The film starred Jararaca e Ratinho, Cléa Barros and Helmuth Schneider.
Ballerina Luz del Fuego also had a minor role in the film.

References

External links

1946 films
Brazilian drama films
1946 drama films
Brazilian black-and-white films


title: Samir Benchenaf

text:
Samir Benchenaf (; born March 7, 1980) is a retired amateur Algerian Greco-Roman wrestler, who competed in the men's featherweight category. He qualified as a lone wrestler for the Algerian squad in the men's 55 kg class at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, by receiving a wildcard entry from the International Federation of Associated Wrestling (FILA). He lost two straight matches each to Cuba's Lázaro Rivas (0–11) and Iran's Hassan Rangraz (0–10) due to the ten-point superiority limit, leaving him on the bottom of the pool and finishing twentieth overall in the final standings.

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Algerian male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for Algeria
Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
21st-century Algerian people
20th-century Algerian people


title: Royal vill

text:
A royal vill, royal tun or villa regalis () was the central settlement of a rural territory in Anglo Saxon England, which would be visited by the King and members of the royal household on regular circuits of their kingdoms. The royal vill was the centre for the administration of a subdivision of a kingdom, and the location where the subdivision would support the royal household through the provision of food rent. Royal vills have been identified as the centres of the regiones of the early Anglo-Saxon period, and of the smaller multiple estates into which regiones were gradually divided by the 8th century.

The British Isles during the early Middle Ages lacked the sophisticated long-distance trade in essential foodstuffs required to support agriculturally unproductive households in a single location. Kings and their entourages could therefore only support themselves by constantly moving between territories with an obligation to support them, and they maintained networks of halls and accommodation distributed throughout their kingdoms for this purpose. These royal vills also provided points of contact between royal households and local populations.

Substantial Anglo-Saxon royal vills have been excavated at sites including Yeavering in Northumbria and at Cowdery's Down in Basingstoke, revealing settlements with large timber halls for feasting purposes and other social venues.

References

Bibliography

Anglo-Saxon society
Anglo-Saxon royal vills


title: Stokes River

text:
The Stokes River, a perennial river of the Glenelg Hopkins catchment, is located in the Western District of Victoria, Australia.

Course and features
The Stokes River rises northeast of , and flows generally west by south, joined by six minor tributaries, before reaching its confluence with the Glenelg River north of . The river descends  over its  course.

See also

References

Glenelg Hopkins catchment
Rivers of Barwon South West (region)
Western District (Victoria)


title: Bartonella washoensis

text:
Bartonella washoensis is a bacterium from the genus Bartonella which was first isolated from a dog with mitral valve endocarditis. Bartonella washoensis can infect squirrels but also can cause meningitis in humans.

References

Bartonellaceae


title: Não Me Digas Adeus

text:
Não Me Digas Adeus () is a 1947 Argentine-Brazilian romantic musical film directed by Luis Moglia Barth. The film was shot in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro (state).

Cast
Linda Batista
Lourdinha Bittencourt
Luiz Bonfá
Moraes Cardoso
Darcy Cazarré
Older Cazarré
Hugo Chemin
Manuel Collado
Pablo Cumo
Regina Célia
Nelly Darén
Luz del Fuego
Anselmo Duarte
Josefina Díaz
Oswaldo de Moraes Eboli

References

External links

1947 films
Films directed by Luis Moglia Barth
1940s romantic musical films
Argentine romantic musical films
Films shot in Rio de Janeiro (state)
Brazilian black-and-white films
Argentine black-and-white films
1940s Argentine films


The 2014 ATP Challenger China International – Nanchang was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the first edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Nanchang, China between 23 and 29 June 2014.

Singles main-draw entrants

Seeds

 1 Rankings are as of June 16, 2014.

Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
  Bai Yan
  Liu Siyu
  Ning Yuqing
  Te Rigele

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
  Kento Takeuchi
  Mikhail Ledovskikh
  Ryan Agar
  Wang Chuhan

Doubles main-draw entrants

Seeds

1 Rankings as of June 16, 2014.

Other entrants
The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
  Hua Runhao /  Liu Siyu
  Chen Long /  Wu Hao
  Ning Yuqing /  Wang Aoran

Champions

Singles

  Go Soeda def.  Blaž Kavčič, 6–3, 2–6, 7–6(7–3)

Doubles

 Chen Ti /  Peng Hsien-yin def.  Jordan Kerr /  Fabrice Martin, 6–2, 3–6, [12–10]

External links
[ Official Website]

ATP Challenger China International - Nanchang
ATP Challenger China International - Nanchang
ATP Challenger China International – Nanchang


title: Bang Wa station

text:
Bang Wa station (, ) is a rapid transit station on the BTS Silom Line and MRT Blue Line in Pak Khlong Phasi Charoen Subdistrict, Phasi Charoen District, Bangkok, Thailand. The station is on the Phet Kasem Interchange where Ratchaphruek cuts with Phet Kasem Roads. The station serves as an interchange station for BTS Silom Line and MRT Blue Line, providing direct interchange, but with separate fare and ticket systems for the two lines. Out of the interchanges between the MRT and Skytrain, Bang Wa was the only station where both systems share the same name for the station, as the other interchange stations on the BTS Skytrain (Asok, Sala Daeng, Mo Chit, and  Ha Yaek Lat Phrao) all have separate names with their MRT counterparts (Sukhumvit, Si Lom, Chatuchak Park, and Phahon Yothin stations). This is no longer true after the opening of the MRT Yellow Line's station at Samrong.

History
Bang Wa station opened on 5 December 2013, the same day as the opening of Wutthakat station. Initially,  it was only served by Silom Line, and is the terminal station for the Silom Line.

In March 2018, a skywalk was completed connecting the station to Bang Wa Pier of the Khlong Phasi Charoen boat service.

The MRT section of the station opened on 24 August 2019 as part of the Blue Line extension.

Station layout

Gallery

BTS Station

MRT Station

References

See also

Bangkok Skytrain
MRT (Bangkok)

BTS Skytrain stations
Railway stations opened in 2013
Railway stations in Thailand opened in the 2010s


title: A Reporter's Life

text:
A Reporter's Life by Walter Cronkite was published by Ballantine Books on October 28, 1997. The 384-page memoir chronicles Cronkite's decades of reporting, focusing on his experiences with D-Day, the Civil Rights Movement, the John Kennedy assassination, NASA's first crewed Moon landing and Moon walk, freedom movements in South Africa and much more. It includes personal accounts of his interactions with presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Richard Nixon.

Media coverage of the book
As the New York Times book review said, "It's the story of a modest man who succeeded extravagantly by remaining mostly himself -- succeeded in a demanding new medium, itself part of an exploding technology that made the world more complex by enabling peoples to know more about one another. And not unlike journalism itself, his memoir is a short course on the flow of events in the second half of this century -- events the world knows more about because of Walter Cronkite's work, and some of which might not have happened without it."

Publishers Weekly said that "Written with wry, self-deprecating humor, Cronkite's memoir gives us the veteran TV newscaster at his most relaxed and ingratiating as he recounts dozens of his scoops."

The LA Times recounts, "Cronkite is entitled to boast--especially in a book that is less surprising for its hubris than for the bitterness with which it ends. After almost 400 pages of great stories, unforgettable characters and impressive journalistic achievements at CBS, Cronkite complains that ultimately he was 'driven from the temple where for 19 years . . . I had worshiped the great god News'."

Ashbel Green was the editor.

References

External links

Walter Cronkite in the Encyclopædia Britannica
Booknotes interview with Cronkite on A Reporter's Life, June 29, 1997, C-SPAN

1997 non-fiction books
American memoirs
Works about journalists


title: Vamos a Alabar

text:
Vamos a Alabar, sometimes also known as Levantate, is a Spanish language Christian song that has been recorded by many Christian artists across Latin America, including Wanda Batista, the United Methodist Church's "Ebenezer" band in Puerto Rico and others. The song is sung both in Protestant and Catholic churches.

External references

Year of song missing
Christian songs
Spanish songs
Songwriter unknown


title: Naomi Schiff

text:
Naomi Schiff (born 18 May 1994) is a Rwandan and Belgian racing driver and television presenter. She was born in Belgium, to a Belgian father and Rwandan mother, grew up in South Africa, and now lives in Paris, France.

In 2020, Schiff was appointed as the diversity and inclusion ambassador for the W Series, and in 2022 she became a presenter for Sky Sports.

Career
Schiff began her career in single-seater racing cars at age 16 in 2010 in the Southern African Formula Volkswagen. She finished that season in 17th place with seven points. In 2011, she took part in four races in the Bridgestone Special Open trophy. She drove for the CK Racing team but was not classified.

After a year's break from racing, Schiff appeared in the team RC Formula during a round on the track Ciudad del Motor de Aragón European Cup Formula Renault 2.0. Similarly, she appeared at the start of Supercar Challenge Superlights - SR3 in GH Motorsport team.

Schiff won the 2014 Clio Cup China Series with 135 points. That same year she also competed in the 24 Hours of Zolder. In 2017, she raced the KTM X-Bow GT4 in several rounds of the GT4 European Series Northern Cup, with a best result of 6th in class (12th overall) in the second race of round 4 at the Slovakia Ring.

In 2018, she competed in the 24 Hours of Nürburgring, finishing 2nd in class (39th overall).

In February 2022, she presented the Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 Team car launch for the Mercedes W13 alongside Natalie Pinkham. The following month, she was announced as co-presenter on a new Sky Sports F1 show Any Driven Monday and is part of the 2022 Sky Sports F1 team.
Since the Hungarian Grand Prix 2023, she is a co-presenter on Canal + F1 team.

Racing record

Career summary

† Guest driver ineligible to score points

Complete W Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

1994 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Antwerp
Belgian racing drivers
Belgian people of Rwandan descent
W Series drivers
Asian Formula Renault Challenge drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
Nürburgring 24 Hours drivers
Rwandan sportswomen
RC Formula drivers
24H Series drivers
GT4 European Series drivers
Belgian female racing drivers
Rwandan expatriate sportspeople in South Africa
Rwandan expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in South Africa
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom


title: Freda Newcombe

text:
Freda Gladys Newcombe (1925–2001) was a British clinical neuropsychologist who played a pivotal role in the development of the discipline of cognitive neuropsychology. She was a fellow of Linacre College, Oxford, from 1968 to 1992, and then Honorary Fellow from 1992. She served as President of the International Neuropsychological Society in 1985 and was made an Honorary Fellow of the British Psychological Society in 1994. She was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Essex in 1995.

Education
Newcombe took a Bachelor of Arts degree with Distinction in Psychology at the University of Manchester in 1946, before going on to post-graduate training in Clinical Psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry, London. She then moved to Greece, where she worked with the International Welfare Organization in Athens, before returning to the UK in 1961. In 1963 she was recruited by Professor William Ritchie Russell at the University of Oxford to study the effects of brain injuries caused by shrapnel wounds in British servicemen during World War II. This study formed the basis of her Doctor of Philosophy thesis, which was awarded in 1966, on "Selective Intellectual Deficit in Relation to Focal Cerebral Lesions."

Research
Newcombe's doctoral studies on ex-servicemen were the basis for her 1969 book Missile Wounds of the Brain: a study of psychological deficits, in which she detailed relationships between cognitive deficits and lesion location. She retained a life-long interest in the group of ex-servicemen whom she studied, extending her studies to consider the impact of brain injury on cognitive aging. Her research was characterized by an interest not just in group data but also in detailed investigation of single cases. One of these, known in the literature as GR, had a surprising problem with reading words, in that he made semantic errors; for instance, when presented with the word 'canary' he would say 'parrot' - a word related in meaning but quite different in pronunciation. This cognitive profile, known as deep dyslexia was to provide a fertile source of data for theories of reading, and led to a long-lasting collaboration with John C. Marshall.

Newcombe's research was funded by the Medical Research Council until her retirement in 1990, when she set up the Russell-Cairns Head Injury Unit with the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, using funds from her medico-legal work. A list of her scientific papers is available on Google Scholar.

Personal life

In 1971 Newcombe married David Ellis, who died in 1981. In 1994 she married Sir Bryan Cartledge, then Principal of Linacre College. She took formal retirement in 1996. Obituaries can be found in Neuropsychologia and The Psychologist.

References

1925 births
2001 deaths
British neuroscientists
British women neuroscientists
Alumni of Manchester Metropolitan University
Fellows of Linacre College, Oxford
20th-century British psychologists


title: John Conley

text:
John Conley may refer to:

John Conley (American football) (born 1950), former football player
John Conley (Wisconsin politician) (born 1828), member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
John D. Conley (1843–1926), professor in geology and physics at the University of Wyoming; see John D. Conley House
John D. Conley House, on the National Register of Historic Places
John Conley, bassist in the Australian jazz band Galapagos Duck
John Conley, musician in the American Indie pop band Holiday Flyer
John Conley, corporal in UPR, killed in The Troubles in Garvagh

See also
John Conlee, American country music singer
Jack Conley (disambiguation)


title: Walter McKinnon

text:
Major General Walter Sneddon McKinnon,  (8 July 1910 – 20 May 1998) was an officer in the New Zealand Army. He joined the military in 1935 and served in the Second World War with various artillery units of the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force. After the war he held a series of senior positions in the army, culminating with a term as Chief of the General Staff from 1965 to 1967. In his retirement, he was Chairman of the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation.

Early life
McKinnon was born in Invercargill.  He earned a degree in science from the University of Otago before joining the New Zealand Military Forces in 1935. He married Anna Plimmer in 1937, and the couple went on to have five children, four sons and one daughter.

Second World War
When the Second World War broke out, McKinnon was in England on an artillery training course. He joined the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force and served with the 3rd New Zealand Division during the campaign in the Solomon Islands. He was initially commander of the 28th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment but when his unit was disbanded in July 1942 he took over 29th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment. With his regiment, he landed on the Treasury and Green Islands. When the division was demobilised in 1944, he returned to England to attend the Staff College at Camberley. After completing his staff course, he joined the 2nd New Zealand Division, at the time fighting in Italy with the Eighth Army, along with other artillery officers who had served in the Pacific. Arriving in Italy in February 1945, he was second-in-command of firstly 4th Field Regiment and then 6th Field Regiment.

Postwar career
After the war, McKinnon remained in Italy with a brigade group which was intended to serve in Japan with J Force, the New Zealand contribution to the occupation of Japan. J Force shipped out to Japan in November 1945, where he was the group's Chief Administrative Office. In the 1947 King's Birthday Honours he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. He attended the Joint Staff College in the United Kingdom in 1948 and then commanded the Southern and Northern Military Districts.  After a three-year period in Washington, D.C., as head of New Zealand's Joint Services Staff, he was appointed adjutant-general of the New Zealand Army in 1958.  Three years later, in the 1961 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. The following year, he was made quartermaster-general and then in 1965, he was appointed Chief of the General Staff. In this role he persuaded the government to send an artillery battery to serve in the Vietnam War. He retired from the army in 1967 having been made a Companion of the Order of the Bath the previous year.

Later life
In his retirement, McKinnon served as Chairman of the New Zealand Broadcasting Commission. He died in Wellington on 20 May 1998, and was survived by his four sons, all of whom had notable careers in their own right. Don was a politician who was served as Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations from 2000 until 2008; John is a career diplomat and public servant; Malcolm is an historian; while Ian was deputy mayor of Wellington.

Notes

References

1910 births
1998 deaths
People from Invercargill
New Zealand Companions of the Order of the Bath
New Zealand Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Chiefs of Defence Force (New Zealand)
New Zealand generals
New Zealand military personnel of World War II
University of Otago alumni
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley


title: The Dream of Garuda

text:
is a 1994 Japanese erotic film directed by Takahisa Zeze and starring Takeshi Itō, Saki Kurihara and Shirō Shimomoto.

Cast
Takeshi Itō
Saki Kurihara
Shirō Shimomoto
Hotaru Hazuki

Reception
It was selected for the main programme of the 1996 International Film Festival Rotterdam, where it had its international premiere. It was chosen as the 9th best film at 7th Pink Grand Prix and as the 10th best film at the 4th Japanese Professional Movie Awards.

References

External links

1990s erotic films
Films directed by Takahisa Zeze
Pink films
Shintōhō Eiga films
1990s Japanese films


title: Cash Levy

text:
Cassius "Cash" Levy is an American stand-up comedian, author, actor and podcaster.

Early life

Cash was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and grew up in Palo Alto, California. He currently resides in Los Angeles, California with his wife and two children.

Professional career

Cash works primarily as a stand up comedian. Cash created the improvised comedy podcast, "Cashing in with T.J. Miller" which he hosts with fellow comedian T.J. Miller. Cash was a contributing writer for the 2015 and 2016 Critics Choice Awards where he wrote jokes and sketches for the broadcast. Cash is known for his eponymous "Cash Phrases", a growing list of comical sayings he's coined on his podcast.

Television credits

 @Midnight
 The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson
 Comedy Central's Premium Blend
 Comics Unleashed with Byron Allen

Comedy recordings
In 2012, he performed a one-hour stand-up special, "Cash Levy: Crowd Control" that aired on AXS TV. He'd previously released a comedy album entitled "Extemporaneous", which is an hour of completely improvised material.

References

External links
Cashing in with T.J. Miller podcasts
Cash Phrases

American stand-up comedians
Living people
Male actors from St. Louis
Year of birth missing (living people)
American podcasters
Comedians from Missouri


title: Damalie Nagitta-Musoke

text:
Esther Damalie Nagitta-Musoke (Esther Damalie Naggita-Musoke) is a Ugandan academic, and served as the dean and acting principal of the school of law at Makerere University, in Uganda, for close to five years, from 2012 until 2017. She was preceded by Professor Ben Twinomugisha and succeeded by Dr. Christopher Mbaziira. She is also an Advocate of the Courts of Judicature in Uganda and partner in the Law Chambers of Mubiru-Musoke, Musisi & Co. Advocates.

Education
Naggita-Musoke received her Bachelor of Laws from Makerere University with honours and her Master of Laws from the University of Nottingham. She received her PhD from the University of Wisconsin Law School where she did her dissertation on the legal rights of persons with disabilities in rural Uganda. She also has a Certificate in the Human Rights of Women from the European University Center for Peace Studies in Stadtschlaining, Austria, and a Postgraduate Diploma in Legal Practice from the Law Development Centre in Kampala.

Academic career
In 1993 Nagitta-Musoke joined the School of Law of Makerere University in the Department of Law and Jurisprudence. She teaches and has research interests which include International Humanitarian Law, International Commercial law (especially Finance and Security) and Law of Evidence and Agency. Her writings have mainly been in the area of human rights, specifically women's rights in conflict areas and the plight of the disabled. Naggitta-Musoke has been a visiting professor at the Global Legal Studies Center of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Since 2012, she has been the dean of the School of Law at Makerere University. She is currently the Law & Jurisprudence member on the editorial committee for the East African Journal of Peace and Human Rights.

See also
 Sylvia Tamale
 Zahara Nampewo

Selected publications

References

External links
 18 MUK Students face expulsion over exam cheating As of 28 February 2017.

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of Makerere University
Ugandan women lawyers
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Makerere University alumni
Law Development Centre alumni
Ugandan academic administrators
Ganda people
Ugandan human rights activists
University of Wisconsin Law School alumni
Ugandan women academics
Women academic administrators


title: Qillwaqucha Urqu

text:
Qillwaqucha Urqu (Quechua qillwa, qiwlla, qiwiña gull, qucha lake, urqu mountain, "gull lake mountain", Hispanicized spellings Quellhua Cocha Orcco, Quellhuacochaorjo) is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about  high. It is situated in the Puno Region, Carabaya Province, on the border of the districts Ollachea and San Gaban. Qillwaqucha Urqu lies north of the river Khichumayu (Quechua for "thread river", Hispanicized Quichomayo) whose waters flow to the Inambari River.

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Puno Region


title: Plicatol A

text:
Plicatol A is one of the three phenanthrenes that can be isolated from the stems of the orchid Dendrobium plicatile.

See also
 Plicatol B
 Plicatol C

References

External links
 Plicatol A at kanaya.naist.jp/knapsack_jsp

Phenanthrenoids


title: Lubos Cikel

text:
Ľuboš Čikel (born 4 December 1975 in Trenčín, Czechoslovakia) is a retired amateur Austrian freestyle wrestler, who competed in the men's lightweight category. He finished ninth in the 60-kg division at the 2003 World Wrestling Championships in New York City, New York, United States, and later represented his nation Austria at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Throughout his sporting career, Cikel trained full-time for AC Wals Wrestling Club in Wals-Siezenheim, under his personal coach Max Aussenleitner. Being born in the former Czechoslovakia, Cikel also holds a dual citizenship with Slovakia to compete in numerous wrestling tournaments.

Cikel qualified for his naturalized Austrian squad in the men's 60 kg class at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens by receiving a berth and placing ninth from the World Championships. He lost his opening match to South Korea's Jung Young-Ho in a tough, 4–5 sudden-death decision, but dismantled Uzbek wrestler, three-time Olympian, and 1999 world bronze medalist Damir Zakhartdinov into the ring with an astonishing 6–5 victory. Facing off against Japan's Kenji Inoue on his final bout, Cikel could not easily attack his opponent inside the mat, and lost the match with only nineteen seconds ahead of time because of the ten-point superiority limit. Finishing third in the prelim pool and eighth overall, Cikel's performance fell short to put him further into the quarterfinals.

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Austrian male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for Austria
Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Austrian people of Slovak descent
Sportspeople from Trenčín


title: Valery Panyushkin

text:
Valery Panyushkin (; born June 26, 1969) is a Russian journalist and writer.

Works
 Узник тишины: История про то, как человеку в России стать свободным и что ему за это будет, 2006
 Незаметная вещь, 2006
 Газпром. Новое русское оружие, 2008
 12 несогласных - 12 Who Don't Agree, 2009
 Михаил Ходорковский. Узник тишины 2, 2009
 Код Горыныча: Что можно узнать о русском народе из сказок, 2009
 Восстание потребителей, 2012
 Код Кощея: Русские сказки глазами юриста, 2012
 Рублевка: Player’s handbook, 2013
 Все мои уже там. - Эксмо, 2013
 Русские налоговые сказки, 2014

External links
 Valery Panyushkin

1969 births
Living people
Writers from Saint Petersburg
Russian male journalists


title: Augustin van den Berghe

text:
Augustin van den Berghe (1756 – 1836), was an 18th-century Belgian painter from the Southern Netherlands.

Biography
Van den Berghe was born in Bruges and became the pupil of Joseph-Benoît Suvée in Paris in 1780. He was the father of Augustin the Younger and is known for historical allegories. Van den Berghe died in Beauvais.

References

Augustin van den Berghe on Artnet

1756 births
1836 deaths
18th-century Flemish painters
Artists from Bruges
Artists from the Austrian Netherlands


title: 12 Who Don't Agree

text:
12 Who Don't Agree () is a 2009 non-fiction book by the Russian writer Valery Panyushkin. The book is based on the life of Russian opposition activists.

12 Who Don't Agree was published in 2009 in Zakharov Books (Russia). This book was also published in English translation in 2011 in Europa Editions.

Characters
 Marina Litvinovich
 Vissarion Aseev
 Anatoliy Ermolin
 Maria Gaidar
 Ilya Yashin
 Sergei Udaltsov
 Maxim Gromov
 Natalia Morar
 Victor Shenderovich
 Andrey Illarionov
 Garry Kasparov
 Valery Panyushkin – author of the book

Overview

 Published in Russia in 2009, journalist Valery Panyushkin's semi-autobiographical novel Twelve Who Don't Agree depicts twelve very different Russians from across the country's social, political and economic spectrum: chess champion and the chairman of the United Civil Front, Garry Kasparov. A columnist for the liberal Russian paper New Times, Viktor Shenderovich. The young center-left independent politician; Maria Gaidar. The passionate leader of the RPR-PARNAS party; Ilya Yashin. The unofficial leader of the radical communist group, the Vanguard of Red Youth; Sergei Udaltsov. The Bolshevik opposition-party leader; Maxim Gromov. The former adviser to President Vladimir Putin; Andrei Illarionov. The editor-in-chief of the popular dissident website Pravda Beslan; Marina Litvinovich. The former police officer and politician for 'Putin's Party,' United Russia; Anatoly Yermolin. The Moldovan investigative journalist for the Russian magazine New Times; Natalya Morar, and human rights activist Vissarion Aseev.

Events

 Taking place a year before the presidential election scheduled on March 2, 2008, the St. Petersburg march also came a week ahead of the local elections of the Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly. The protest was organized by The Other Russia, a broad umbrella group including both left and right-wing opposition leaders; including the far-left Vanguard of Red Youth and its leader Sergei Udaltsov, with the National Bolshevik Party and its leader Eduard Limonov; as well as center-right 'liberals' such as former world chess champion and United Civil Front leader Garry Kasparov, and former Prime Minister of Russia and People Democratic Union leader Mikhail Kasyanov. Those of the Twelve not already listed were among the masses of journalists and unaffiliated civilians taking part in the assembly. Despite widespread support, the large numbers garnered by the protestors, and the initial 'success' of the first march; when more marches were planned for 14 April, in Moscow, and 15 April, in St. Petersburg, local and state police were prepared for the protestors, quickly overwhelming and arresting the resistance.

Analysis

 Despite distinctly different backgrounds, all twelve individuals became allies during their participation in the historic Dissidents March 2007. The March was purposefully and peacefully in violation of increasingly restrictive laws forbidding political demonstrations. Although each of the Twelve had their own personal reasons for taking part in the march, they also shared in the conviction that under Vladimir Putin the Russian government was (and is) becoming increasingly totalitarian, autocratic, and repressive. As a book published less than a decade ago, Panyushkin provides critical and essential insight for students of Russian history into the deteriorating democracy of post-Soviet Russia. If there is an underlying theme or message in 12 that Don't Agree, it is one of knitting together a tattered tapestry made up of the disjointed and oftentimes contradictory patchwork of different people and ideas, to unite them all under the common cause of democracy, and the sacred duty of tyrannicide for the preservation of liberty.

See also
 Dissenters' March
 2009 in literature
 Russian literature

References

External links
 Europa Editions - 12 Who Don't Agree

Russian non-fiction books
2009 non-fiction books
Zakharov Books books


title: Gladstone Central

text:
Gladstone Central is a coastal suburb of Gladstone in the Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. It is the historic centre and central business district of the city of Gladstone and the seat of the Gladstone Regional Council. In the , Gladstone Central had a population of 1,550 people.

Geography

Gladstone Central is bounded by Auckland Inlet on the north, Auckland Creek and Side Street on the west, the railway line on the east and a combination of Scenery Street and Tank Street on the south.

Auckland Point is the northernmost part of the suburb ().

The main business and shopping street is Goondoon Street which runs over a hill, its apex being at the intersection with Roseberry Street.

History
The Gladstone Post Office opened on 1 July 1854.

Gladstone State School opened on 1 April 1861 and is one of the oldest state primary schools in Queensland. On 14 November 1968, its name was changed to be Gladstone Central State School.

Star of the Sea Catholic Primary School opened on 19 January 1902.

Gladstone City Library opened in 2003.

In the , Gladstone Central had a population of 1,529 people.

In the , Gladstone Central had a population of 1,547 people.

In the , Gladstone Central had a population of 1,550 people.

Amenities

The Gladstone City Library is at 39 Goondoon Street; it is operated by the Gladstone Regional Council.

The Gladstone Entertainment Convention Centre is at 58 Goondoon Street; it is operated by the Gladstone Regional Council. It features an auditorium seating 674 people, a flat floor space which can accommodate 1,500 people standing, an outdoor  marquee on a hard stand, and a number of meeting rooms.

There is a Gladstone Regional Council administration centre at 101 Goondoon Street.

The Gladstone branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the QCWA Hall at 88 Oaka Lane.

Churches

St Andrew's Presbyterian Church

St Andrew's Presbyterian Church is located at 149 Goondoon Street on the corner of Bramston Street. This is the second church built on this site.

A Presbyterian minister, Alexander Proudfoot, arrived in Gladstone in September 1865; he was the first religious leader in Gladstone. However, for two years, there were not sufficient funds to build a church until a generous donation of £200 was received from a local settler. The church was designed by Mr Ramsay, the town surveyor in Maryborough. The foundation stone of the first church was laid on 30 October 1867 by Mrs Proudfoot, wife of Rev. Proudfoot. The brick Gothic church to accommodate 250 worshippers were built by local contractors, Smith, Hay and Day, at a cost of £457; it could accommodate 250 worshippers. In April 1870, W. S. Robertson donated a marble font which he designed and executed using marble from his own quarry on the Calliope River. This was the first church to be built in Gladstone.

Still the only religious leader in Gladstone, Alexander Proudfoot died on 11 April 1873 aged 42 years in Rockhampton (where he had been taken for medical treatment as Gladstone had no doctor). His widow established a ladies' school in Rockhampton 4 months later. The Rev. A. A. Laing took charge of the parish from 8 February 1874. Rev. Laing was replaced by Rev. J. Blaine in June 1875.

The church was destroyed by a cyclone on 2 March 1949. On 11 September 1955, the Governor of Queensland, Sir John Lavarack laid the foundation stone for the new St Andrew's church. The original foundation stone, font and pulpit were recovered from the demolished church and were incorporated into the new church.

Our Lady Star of the Sea Catholic Church

Our Lady Star of the Sea Catholic church is located at 181-185 Goondoon street (south-west corner with Herbert Street). It has an adjoining school. It is the third Catholic church to be built in Gladstone.

The first Catholic church in Gladstone was St Mary's Church in Auckland Street. It was opened on 1 March 1874 by the Rev. Dean Murlay, but did not have a resident priest until 1885. However, in 1902, the land was resumed to build a new railway line between Gladstone and Rockhampton.

A site of  bounded by Goondoon Street, Herbert Street and Glenlyon Road was purchased with a plan to build a precinct to eventually comprise a church, a school, a convent and a monastery. The monastery would serve as both a presbytery and a sanitorium for missionaries working in the Pacific islands. The architects for the new church and school were Eaton and Bates; the builders were Robinson & Freeman. The new church was opened on 19 January 1902 by the Bishop of Rockhampton, Joseph Higgins.

A larger church was required to meet the growing parish, leaving to the current church being built in 1924 at a cost of £2700. The foundation stone was laid on 13 April 1924 by the Bishop of Rockhampton, Rev. Joseph Sheil. It was officially opened on 16 November 1924. The second church continued to be used as part of the school.

In the cyclone of 2 March 1949, the convent and school were destroyed but the church survived.

Education
Gladstone Central State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 74 Auckland Street ().  In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 342 students with 24 teachers (22 full-time equivalent) and 16 non-teaching staff (12 full-time equivalent). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 356 students with 25 teachers (23 full-time equivalent) and 16 non-teaching staff (11 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

Star of the Sea Catholic Primary School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 181 Goondoon Street (). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 261 students with 24 teachers (17 full-time equivalent) and 17 non-teaching staff (9 full-time equivalent).

References

Further reading

Suburbs of Gladstone
Gladstone Region
Central business districts in Queensland


title: Madhav Prasad Tripathi

text:
Madhav Prasad Tripathi  (12 September 1917 – 1985)  was a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party from Uttar Pradesh. He was an Indian philosopher, sociologist, historian and political scientist. He was one of the most important leaders of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh and played key role in establishing the party, the forerunner of the present day Bharatiya Janata Party.

Early life and education
He was born in 1912 in the village Tiwaripur, Bansi near the district Basti(Presently in Siddharthanagar). His father was a well known learned person and was active in Indian freedom movement. He was a quick learner from his early childhood and showed signs of working for the society at very young age.

While he was a student at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi in 1937, he came into contact with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). He met the founder of the RSS, K. B. Hedgewar, who engaged with him in an intellectual discussion at one of the shakhas. He dedicated himself to full-time work in the RSS from 1942. He had attended the 40-day summer vacation RSS camp at Nagpur where he underwent training in Sangh Education. After completing second-year training in the RSS Education Wing, Shri Madahav Tripathi became a lifelong pracharak of the RSS. He worked as the pracharak for the Lakhimpur district and, from 1955, as the joint prant pracharak (regional organiser) for Uttar Pradesh. He was regarded as an ideal swayamsevak of the RSS essentially because ‘his discourse reflected the pure thought-current of the Sangh’.

In 1951, when Syama Prasad Mookerjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Deendayal was seconded to the party by the RSS, tasked with moulding it into a genuine member of the Sangh Parivar.

He was a member of Lok Sabha elected from Domariaganj in 1977. He was born in 1917 in Bansi, Basti district and studied law. He was a member of  Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council during 1958–62 and a member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly during 1962–66 and 1969–77 periods elected as a candidate of Jan Sangh. He served as leader of opposition in Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly and also as cabinet minister in the Government of Uttar Pradesh too. He was first ever state president of Bhartiya Janta Party Uttar Praddesh.

He was mentor to present day many senior leaders of BJP who hailed from eastern Uttar Pradesh, some of the prominent names include Shri Rajnath Singh, Shri Kalraj Mishra, Dr. Mahendra Nath Pandey, Late Shri Harish Srivastav. He was a close aide of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee and was his trusted person for Uttar Pradesh. Although Madha Babu was a BJP politician he enjoyed great respect from other party leaders including Late Shri Chaudhary Charan Singh, Mulayam Singh Yadav . There is a famous incident that once Madhav Babu lost legislative elections of Uttar Pradesh to Freedom Fighter Prabhudayal Vidyarthi, then Chaudhary Charan Singh got him elected to legislative assembly as a MLC by asking his party MLAs to vote for his favor.

In 1980s Madahv Babu was on peak of his political career and his down to earth approach and humility made him a people leader. Even when he was leader of opposition the ruling party MLA's and leaders always looked for his advice.

Similar to the controversial death of Deen Dayal Upadhyay he died due to heart attack in 1985 at Lucknow Railway station while traveling. His grandson Siddharth Tripathi is now carrying forward the legacy of his grandfather, he is member of BJP and active social worker bansi basti Lucknow

References

1912 births
Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians
People from Basti district
Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh
India MPs 1977–1979
Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1967–1969
State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh
1985 deaths
Leaders of the Opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly


title: 2004–05 Ross County F.C. season

text:
The 2004–05 season saw Ross County compete in the Scottish First Division where they finished in 6th position with 47 points. Ross County reached the 2004 Scottish Challenge Cup Final where they lost 2–1 to Falkirk.

Final league table

Results
Ross County's score comes first

Legend

Scottish First Division

Scottish Cup

Scottish League Cup

Scottish Challenge Cup

Squad statistics

References

External links
 Ross County 2004–05 at Soccerbase.com (select relevant season from dropdown list)

Ross County F.C. seasons
Ross County


title: Gomdhar Konwar

text:
In 1828, Gomdhar Konwar (Assamese: গোমধৰ কোঁৱৰ), a prince of the Ahom royal family, his colleague Dhanjay Borgohain and their followers rose in revolt against the British occupation of Assam.

By end of 1828 the process extension of British dominion into Assam was completed. With the assumption of the political power by the officers of the East India Company, the ruling Ahom monarchy lost not only their political authority but social privileges too. The feudal structure of the society began to crumble as new measures were adopted by the colonial rulers to strip the nobility of their rights and privileges. Their enthusiasm for their new friend, who aided them in driving out the Burmese from Assam, soon disappeared and supporters of monarchy began to organize themselves to restore the old Ahom monarchy and oust the British.

Gomdhar was formally enthroned near Jorhat according to Ahom rites, and arms and ammunitions were collected. But before he could make much headway a counter offensive was made by the British led by Lieutenant Rutherford.  The rebels lost and Gomdhar fled to the Naga Hills. But, soon he and his associates were arrested by the British. Gomdhar was found guilty of “illegally assuming the Insignia of Royalty” and sentenced to death. This sentence was subsequently commuted to seven years of imprisonment in banishment and was deported to an unknown location to die in ignominy.

References

Further reading
 Baruah S.L., A Comprehensive History of Assam, p. 465>Baruah S.L., A Comprehensive History of Assam, p. 465
 Tamuli, L. Bharotor Swadhinata Sangramat Asomar Abadan. pp 14–15

People of the Ahom kingdom
19th-century Indian royalty
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Ahom kingdom


title: 2014 Moldovan Super Cup

text:
The 2014 Moldovan Super Cup was the eighth Moldovan Super Cup (), an annual Moldovan football match played by the winner of the national football league (the National Division) and the winner of the national Cup. The match was played between Zimbru Chișinău, winners of the 2013–14 Moldovan Cup, and Sheriff Tiraspol, champions of the 2013–14 National Division. It was  held at the Sheriff Stadium on 27 June 2014.Zimbru won 4–3 on penalties, after the match finished 1–1 after 90 minutes.

Match

References

2014–15 in Moldovan football
FC Zimbru Chișinău matches
FC Sheriff Tiraspol matches
Moldovan Super Cup
Association football penalty shoot-outs


title: Corey Cott

text:
Corey Michael Cott (born March 30, 1990) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for playing Jack Kelly in the Broadway musical Newsies, replacing Jeremy Jordan, and for originating the role of Donny Novitski in the Broadway musical Bandstand.

Early life and education
Cott was born in Columbus, Mississippi, the oldest of three children of Rick, an investment manager and former Air Force fighter pilot, and Lori Cott. The older brother of actor Casey Cott, he grew up in Spring Arbor, Michigan and Chagrin Falls, Ohio, where he attended Chagrin Falls High School. After high school, he graduated from the Carnegie Mellon School of Drama in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Career
Cott began his professional acting career while attending Carnegie Mellon, booking shows with Pittsburgh's professional theater company Pittsburgh CLO. He had roles in their productions of Miss Saigon, Jekyll and Hyde, and Jesus Christ Superstar.

Soon after graduating from Carnegie Mellon University, Cott moved to New York City. Shortly thereafter, he booked the role of the Jack Kelly alternate in the Broadway musical Newsies. He took over that role permanently on September 5, 2012.

Cott appeared in the musical Bandstand, which opened on Broadway on April 26, 2017, as WWII veteran Donny Novitski. He had also starred in the musical's premiere at the Paper Mill Playhouse in October 2015.

On February 25, 2019, Cott was announced as part of the cast of the Fox drama Filthy Rich, playing Eric Monreaux. Filthy Rich premiered on September 21, 2020.

Personal life
Cott married Meghan Woollard in January 2013. They met while singing in church in Pittsburgh. Their first child, a son, Elliott Michael, was born on May 1, 2017. In August 2019, they welcomed their second son, Nolan. On October 31, 2021, the couple welcomed their third son, Asher.

Cott grew up with Ben Fankhauser, a fellow Newsies co-star. They performed together in several local youth theatre productions.

Stage credits

Filmography

References

External links

  (archive)

1990 births
Living people
21st-century American male actors
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male musical theatre actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni
Male actors from Cleveland
People from Columbus, Mississippi
People from Jackson County, Michigan
People from Chagrin Falls, Ohio


title: Enrico Simonetti

text:
Enrico Simonetti (29 January 1924 – 28 May 1978) was an Italian pianist, composer,  conductor, and television and radio presenter.

Life and career
Born in Alassio, a Province of Savona, Simonetti studied piano at the Santa Cecilia Conservatory in Rome. A lover of jazz, in the early 1950s he founded a jazz band with Piero Piccioni and Bruno Martino, with whom he performed in the most important nightclubs of the time. In 1953 he moved, with his family, to Brazil, where he found immediate success as musician, composer and entertainer, hosting a long running television program, Simonetti Show, which lasted for 147 episodes; thanks to his popularity he was made an honorary citizen of Brazil and was introduced into the "Candido Randon da Silva" order. In 1964 he came back to Italy, where he joined RAI television, making his debut in the show Chitarra, amore mio. He was active as a television and radio host (often paired with Isabella Biagini), as a film composer, and even an occasional actor. Simonetti died at age 54 from complications following a major surgical operation to remove a tumor in his throat.

His film scores include Macumba Love (1960), Special Killers (1973), Il magnate (1973) and Per amore di Cesarina (1976).

He was the father of composer and musician Claudio Simonetti.

Selected filmography
 Lights Out (1953)
 A Flea on the Scales (1953)
 Leonora of the Seven Seas (1955)
 Macumba Love (1960)
I Kiss the Hand (1973)
Special Killers (1973)
Il magnate (1973)
Lover Boy (1975)
Per amore di Cesarina (1976)
Scandalo in famiglia (1976)

References

External links

 Enrico Simonetti at Discogs

1924 births
1978 deaths
Italian film score composers
Italian male film score composers
People from the Province of Savona
Italian male conductors (music)
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni
Italian television personalities
Italian radio presenters
20th-century Italian conductors (music)
20th-century pianists
20th-century Italian composers
Italian male pianists
20th-century Italian male musicians


The 1988 World Junior Figure Skating Championships were held on 8–12 December 1987 in Brisbane, Australia. The event was sanctioned by the International Skating Union and open to ISU member nations. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

Results

Men

Ladies

Pairs

Ice dancing

References

World Junior Figure Skating Championships
1987 in figure skating
1988 in figure skating
International figure skating competitions hosted by Australia
Sports competitions in Brisbane


title: 4th Yokohama Film Festival

text:
The  was held on 4 February 1983 in Yokohama Citizens Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.

Awards
 Best Film: Tenkōsei
 Best Actor: Ryudo Uzaki (宇崎竜童) – Tattoo Ari
 Best Actress: Ayumi Ishida – Yaju-deka
 Best New Actress:
Reiko Nakamura – Mizu no Nai Pool
Satomi Kobayashi – Tenkōsei
 Best Supporting Actor: Mitsuru Hirata – Fall Guy
 Best Supporting Actress: Masako Natsume – Dai Nippon Teikoku
 Best Director: Banmei Takahashi - Tattoo Ari
 Best New Director: Shun Nakahara – Okasare Shigan
 Best Screenplay: Wataru Kenmochi – Tenkōsei
 Best Cinematography: Masaki Tamura – Farewell to the Land, Nippon-koku Furuyashiki-mura
 Best Independent Film: Yami Utsu Shinzō
 Special Prize:
Keiko Matsuzaka (Career)
Nobuo Nakagawa (Career)

Best 10
 Tenkōsei
 Fall Guy
 Tattoo Ari
 Farewell to the Land
 Weekend Shuffle
 Mizu no Nai Pool
 To Trap a Kidnapper
 Highteen Boogie
 Cabaret Diary
 Sailor Suit and Machine Gun
runner-up: Yaju-deka

References

Yokohama Film Festival
Yokohama Film Festival
Yokohama Film Festival
Yokohama Film Festival


title: Radovan Valach

text:
Radovan Valach (born March 21, 1976 in Trenčín, Czechoslovakia) is a retired amateur Austrian freestyle wrestler, who competed in the men's heavyweight category. He finished ninth in the 96-kg division at the 2003 World Wrestling Championships in New York City, New York, United States, and later represented his nation Austria at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Throughout his sporting career, Valach trained full-time for AC Wals Wrestling Club in Wals-Siezenheim, under his personal coach Georg Neumaier. Being born in the former Czechoslovakia, Valach also holds a dual citizenship with Slovakia to compete in numerous wrestling tournaments.

Valach qualified for his naturalized Austrian squad in the men's 96 kg class at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens by receiving a berth and placing ninth from the World Championships. Valach was easily overwhelmed by U.S. wrestler Daniel Cormier on his opening match 0–9, and could not recover his form to wrestle Poland's Bartłomiej Bartnicki at 1–4, leaving him on the bottom of the prelim pool and finishing nineteenth overall in the final standings.

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Austrian male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for Austria
Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Austrian people of Slovak descent
Sportspeople from Trenčín


title: 2014 Prime League

text:
The 2014 Prime League was the 17th season since the establishment of the Prime League, the reserve league of the top-tier S.League.

The league is also known as the Great Eastern YEO'S Prime League due to sponsorship reasons.

The season started on 1 March, and finished on 26 October.

Balestier Khalsa were the defending champions.

League table

Results

First and second round

Third round

Season statistics

Goalscorers

References

2014 domestic association football leagues
1


title: Cuartel de Santo Domingo

text:
Cuartel de Santo Domingo, also known as Fort Sto. Domingo and Intramuros of Sta. Rosa, is an old two-storey Spanish barracks building in Santa Rosa, Laguna in the Philippines. It is currently used as the headquarters of the Special Action Force of the Philippine National Police.

Profile
The bastion is strategically located in Barangay Santo Domingo, Santa Rosa, Laguna near the municipality of Silang. It is named after Saint Dominic, a Dominican saint and founder of the Dominican order which owns the lands around Santa Rosa, Biñan and Calamba.

The whole cuartel is built across an  stretch of land. Its walls are made up of adobe stones. Some of the interior walls inside were part of the ruins of the old fort. Watchtowers are not presently used since the building is covered with huge trees.

History
The fort was built in 1877 as headquarters of the guardia civil against tulisanes or bandits. Standing close to Silang, its adobe walls were built to protect the town, particularly the Dominican haciendas of Santa Rosa and Biñan, from tulisanes coming from Cavite. During the revolution, it served as headquarters of the Spaniards led by Gen. Jose Lachambre against the army of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo from Cavite in 1897. The fort also served as a refuge for women from Cabuyao and Calamba to protect them from being abused by the Imperial Japanese Army and transformed as a center of commerce during the Japanese occupation. It was used by the Philippine Army from 1957 to 1990 and has been used by the Philippine National Police since 1992.

The Fort today
The fort was declared a National Historical Landmark by the National Historic Institute (now National Historical Commission of the Philippines) under NHI Resolution No. 3, series 2005 on July 21, 2005. A marker was unveiled on September 20, 2005

Currently, the fort serves as the headquarters and training camp of the Philippine National Police's Special Action Force and as a detention center for many big-time political detainees such as former President Joseph Estrada, Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) chair Nur Misuari, former Senator Gregorio Honasan and PDAF scam mastermind Janet Lim-Napoles. Since it now served as prisoners of high-profile detainees, the cuartel is off-limits to the public. The use of the fort as a detention facility was strongly opposed by Laguna's 1st District Representative Dan Fernandez.

The southwestern part of the fort was realigned to make way for the construction of the Santa Rosa City Exit of Cavite–Laguna Expressway.

Management
Since 2000, the people of Santa Rosa through an organization called Kilusan Cuartel de Santo Domingo have "wanted to return the fort to the Local Government Unit of Santa Rosa from the ownership of the military and the police". Laguna 1st District Representative Dan Fernandez also appealed to Congress that the government unit owns it and not the military nor the police.''

References

Marked Historical Structures of the Philippines
Spanish Colonial architecture in the Philippines
Forts in the Philippines
Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines
Buildings and structures completed in 1877
Buildings and structures in Santa Rosa, Laguna
National Historical Landmarks of the Philippines
1877 establishments in the Spanish Empire
19th-century architecture in the Philippines


title: Babubhai Patel ministry

text:
Babubhai J. Patel became Chief Minister of Gujarat twice. In 1974 Chimanbhai Patel resigned from the post of Chief Minister due to Nav Nirman movement and the assembly  was dissolved. On subsequent election to the assembly Babubhai Patel became the Chief Minister of the first non-Congress government of Gujarat on 18 June 1975. He led the coalition of parties known as Janata Morcha. After a week, emergency was imposed by Indira Gandhi and he had to resign in March 1976. He again became Chief Minister in 1977 as a leader of Janata Party and remained until 1980 when his government was dismissed. Here is the list of ministers of his second  ministry (1977-80)

Cabinet ministers

Babubhai J. Patel as Chief minister
Keshubhai Patel
Shankarsinh Vaghela
Harisinh Chavda
Bhanjibhai Patel
Bhimabhai Rathod
Maneklal Gandhi
Bhailalbhai Contractor
Rasikchandra Acharya
Navin Chandra Barot as labour minister
Poptalal Vyas
Hemaben Acharya
Chandubhai Deshmukh
Lallubhai Sheth
Motibhai Chaudhary
Navalbhai Shah
Makrandbhai Desai
Dineshbhai Shah

Ministers of State

Kokilaben Vyas
Mohmed Surti
Bhavsinh Jhala
Dr Devjibhai Vanvi
Harihar Khambholja
Maganbhai Solanki

Deputy ministers

Kiratsinh Gohil
Balvantrai Manvar
Purushottam Makwana
Khimji Jesang
Lalit Patel

References

Patel B
1977 establishments in Gujarat
Janata Party state ministries
1980 disestablishments in India
Cabinets established in 1977
Cabinets disestablished in 1980


title: Elan Carr

text:
Elan Sherod Carr (born November 25, 1968) is the incoming CEO of the Israeli American Council. Previously, he was an American attorney and politician who served as the Special Envoy for Monitoring and Combating anti-Semitism under President Donald Trump from 2019 to 2021.

Before that appointment, Carr was a deputy district attorney in the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office. In 2014, he was the Republican candidate for the US House of Representatives, losing the general election to Ted Lieu. Carr is also an officer in the Judge Advocate General's Corps in the U.S. Army Reserve and an Iraq War veteran.

Political candidacies
In 2014, Carr ran as a Republican to succeed retiring Congressman Henry Waxman, representing California's 33rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. In the heavily Democratic district, his message centered on bipartisan solutions to the country's problems and he spoke about the support he was receiving from Democrats.

In the June nonpartisan blanket primary, he placed first, receiving approximately 21% of the votes cast, defeating all Democratic candidates, who split the Democratic vote in the district.

In the November general election, Carr faced Democratic state senator Ted Lieu.  Lieu defeated Carr, securing 59.2% of the vote to Carr's 40.8%.

In 2016, Carr was a candidate to represent the 5th Supervisorial District on the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. Republican donor Sheldon Adelson contributed $100,000 to an independent expenditure political action committee in support of Carr's candidacy. Carr failed to advance in the June primary.

Personal

Carr is of mixed Iraqi Jewish and Ashkenazi Jewish heritage. His grandfather, a descendant of Baghdad religious leader Abdallah Somekh, was prosecuted during Iraqi show trials against Jewish community leaders during the time of the founding of the state of Israel.

During Carr's Iraq War service, he led U.S soldiers in lighting a Hanukkah menorah in Saddam Hussein's presidential palace.

Carr's mother and stepfather are immigrants to the United States.  His mother fled from Iraq to Israel, while his stepfather fled from Nazi-occupied Bulgaria to pre-independence Israel. Both later immigrated to the United States.  His biological father is second generation Irish and Italian descent.

Carr earned his bachelor's degree in philosophy and political science at the University of California, Berkeley and his J.D. degree at Northwestern University. He previously served as international president of the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity.

He and his wife Dahlia, a physician, met when they were introduced by a mutual friend hosting a Jewish singles event.

|-

References

External links
Official biography at United States Department of State

1968 births
Living people
21st-century American lawyers
United States Army officers
American people of Iraqi-Jewish descent
American people of Israeli descent
Politicians from Manhattan
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
Stuyvesant High School alumni
California Republicans
Jewish American people in California politics
21st-century American politicians
California lawyers
Jewish American military personnel
Combating antisemitism envoys


title: Fauj-i-Ain

text:
The Fauj-i-Ain (Punjabi: ਫੌਜ -ਏ-ਐਨ, Persian: فوج عین) was a branch of the Sikh Khalsa Army and was the regular army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab. It contained infantry, cavalry and artillery units. The Fauj-i-Ain had two divisions, the Kampu-i-mu'alla (State Troops), and the Fauj-i-Khas (Special Force).

Background
Before the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh the armies in Punjab, were purely cavalry. After Ranjit Singh became the Sardar of the Sukerchakia Misl, he unified the Misls through diplomacy, strategic marital alliances and conquest. Punjab under Maharaja Ranjit Singh stretched from Kashmir to the Khyber Pass. The Afghans posed a threat to the western frontier of his kingdom, the East India Company to the eastern frontier and the Gurkhas to the northeast. In 1805, he started recruiting deserters from the East India Company as officers or soldiers and commenced training a section of his army in military drill. Trained cannoneers from Pierre Cuillier-Perron's and Begum Samru's service also joined the Khalsaji.

The British where alarmed with the rapid expansion of Ranjit Singh's kingdom and sent two diplomatic missions to negotiate treaties. In 1808, a Muslim regiment accompanied Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe was sent to the Sikh Empire for talks with the Maharaja. The British envoy was in Amritsar, when his soldiers took out a procession of tazias in observance of Muharram. The noise that accompanied the ritual angered the Nihangs who stood guard outside the Golden Temple. They inquired from the Company's soldiers about the disturbance they were causing during prayer. The fracas resulted in the discomfiture of the Nihangs, which impressed upon Ranjit Singh the need for training his soldiers in western tactics.

Formation
Maharaja Ranjit Singh hired European officers to train and command parts of his army.[citation needed] It started in 1805 and continued to grow until 1839.[citation needed]

Infantry
Ranjit Singh was fully aware of the importance of infantry. The task of recruitment in this army had started after 1805, which continued throughout his reign. In the beginning, the number of Sikhs in this army was nominal. The reason being that the Sikhs looked down upon infantry. Therefore, in the beginning, Ranjit Singh recruited some Pathans and Gurkhas in this section of his army. Afterwards, owing to Ranjit Singh's efforts, Sikhs too began to join it. In 1822, he employed General Jean-Baptiste Ventura to train the infantry in western pattern. Under his guidance, the infantry became the most disciplined army of within a few years.

By 1838-1839 the strength of the infantry had risen to 45,000. It was divided into battalions, companies and sections. Each battalion consisted of 800 soldiers. It was put under a Commandant. Each battalion was divided into eight companies. Each company was put under a Subedar. Each company was divided into 4 sections. Each section consisted of 25 soldiers. It was put under a Jamadar. The Fauj-i-Khas, was also part of the Fauj-i-Ain. It consisted of the elite soldiers of the Sikh Khalsa Army. It had a separate emblem and harsh training.

Cavalry

The second most important part of the army was cavalry. In order to organize it on western lines, Ranjit Singh appointed General Jean-Francois Allard. Under his command, the cavalry became very strong. In 1838–39, the overall strength of the cavalry was 10,000. The cavalry was divided into regiments. Each regiment consisted of 250 to 600 cavaliers. The regiments were further divided into risalas (corps). Each Risala consisted of 150 to 250 cavaliers. The officers and other non-combatants of cavalry were similar to those of infantry. The pay of the cavalry was, however, higher than that of the infantry.

Artillery
Ranjit Singh I was fully aware of the importance of artillery in the modern warfare. Therefore, he paid a special attention to the development of artillery in 1810. In 1812 he employed General Claude Auguste Court and Colonel Alexander Gardner in 1832 and organized Topkhana-i-Khas. Under their able guidance the artillery made matchless progress in a few years. Maharaja Ranjit Singh  divided his artillery into four categories:

 Topkhana-i-Fili: Heavy cannons pulled by elephants
 Topkhana-i-Shutri consisted of those guns which were pulled by camels.
 Topkhana-i-Aspi consisted of light guns pulled by horses
 Topkhana-i-Gavi consisted of medium cannons pulled by oxen

The artillery was divided into batteries or deras. Each battery consisted of 10 guns and 250 gunners. Each battery was under a commandant. The batteries were further divided into sections. Each section compromised 2 guns and 8 to 10 gunners. Each section was under a Jamadar. The entire artillery was under a General. In 1838-39, the strength of the Sikh artillery was 182 heavy cannons, 20 Howitzers, and 60 light cannons. It had at least 5,000 gunners.

Napoleon transformed the army by introducing the corps and division system, a highly mobile and independent miniature army. Following his example, Maharaja Ranjit Singh made a new disposition of his regular army, forming separate brigades, some three and some four battalions strong of infantry with a small section of cavalry and artillery attached to each.

References

Sikh Empire
Military units and formations established in 1805
Military units and formations disestablished in 1849


title: Regensburg (electoral district)

text:
Regensburg is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 233. It is located in southeastern Bavaria, comprising the city of Regensburg and the district of Landkreis Regensburg.

Regensburg was created for the inaugural 1949 federal election. Since 2017, it has been represented by Peter Aumer of the Christian Social Union (CSU).

Geography
Regensburg is located in southeastern Bavaria. As of the 2021 federal election, it comprises the independent city of Regensburg and the entirety of the Landkreis Regensburg district excluding the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft of Wörth a.d.Donau.

History
Regensburg was created in 1949. In the 1949 election, it was Bavaria constituency 22 in the numbering system. In the 1953 through 1961 elections, it was number 217. In the 1965 through 1972 elections, it was number 220. In the 1976 through 1998 elections, it was number 219. In the 2002 and 2005 elections, it was number 234. Since the 2009 election, it has been number 233.

Originally, the constituency comprised the independent city of Regensburg and the Landkreis Regensburg district. It acquired its current borders in the 2021 election.

Members
The constituency has been held continuously by the Christian Social Union (CSU) since its creation. It was first represented by Max Solleder from 1949 to 1953, followed by Hermann Höcherl from 1953 to 1976. Albert Schedl then served from 1976 to 1980. Maria Eichhorn was representative from 2002 to 2009. Peter Aumer was elected in 2009 for one term, followed by Philipp Lerchenfeld. Aumer was elected again in 2017 and re-elected in 2021.

Election results

2021 election

2017 election

2013 election

2009 election

References

Federal electoral districts in Bavaria
1949 establishments in West Germany
Constituencies established in 1949
Regensburg
Regensburg (district)


title: Si Euli

text:
Si Euli is a traditional dagger or knife that originates from Nias (mostly North Nias), an island off the west coast of North Sumatra, Indonesia. There are versions of this knife worn by men or for daily use.

Description
A dagger with a narrow, straight blade carried diagonally in the centre of the belt. The hilt is separated from the blade by a cylindrical brass ring and is curved at the end or makes a slight curve at about halfway. In the latter case the top of the hilt is flattened. The scabbard is straight and has a cross-piece at the mouth protruding towards the blade's edge or towards both sides. To the rear it may have a small protrusion, but also a prominent protrusion the point of which curves somewhat upwards. The scabbard may be wound with a brass wire and may have a small angled foot. Sometimes it has small chains with bells.

See also

Keris
Gari
Balato

References

Further reading

Weapons of Indonesia


title: Food render

text:
Food render or food rent (Old English: foster) was a form of tax in kind (Old English: feorm) levied in Anglo-Saxon England, consisting of essential foodstuffs provided by territories such as regiones, multiple estates or hundreds to kings and other members of royal households at a territory's royal vill.

The early medieval British Isles lacked the sophisticated trade in essential foodstuffs that had supported the urban economies of Roman Britain, and which would be necessary to support large agriculturally unproductive households remaining static in a single location. Kings and their entourages therefore constantly toured the subdivisions of their kingdoms, staying at networks of royal properties where they could expect to be supported by the territory's inhabitants. In the words of historian Thomas Charles-Edwards: "it made much more sense to take a royal household to the food than the food to the royal household".

Food renders were distinct from the tribute that Kings extracted from other subjugated kingdoms. Food renders consisted of the varied range of foodstuffs that constituted a balanced diet and were consumed within the donor's territory. If the King or members of his household did not visit, the donor was freed from his obligations for the year. Kings did not routinely travel through subjugated kingdoms, however, and tribute extracted from such areas often took the form of livestock that could easily be transported to the dominant kingdom.

The late 7th century laws of Ine of Wessex list the food render expected of an estate of ten hides as "10 vats of honey, 300 loaves, 12 ambers of Welsh ale, 30 ambers of clear ale, 2 full-grown cows or 10 wethers, 10 geese, 20 hens, 10 cheeses, a full amber of butter, 5 salmon, 20 pounds in weight of fodder, and 100 eels." Grazing would also have been made available for visitors' mounts.

Customary food renders in England declined through the twelfth and thirteenth centuries as currency became more readily available. Eel-rents, however, were collected in large numbers at least through the fourteenth century, and in smaller numbers throughout the later Middle Ages. The last active eel rents appear in records from the seventeenth century.

References

Bibliography

History of taxation in the United Kingdom
Anglo-Saxon society