title: Eclogue 4

text:
Eclogue 4, also known as the Fourth Eclogue, is a Latin poem by the Roman poet Virgil. The poem is dated to 40 BC by its mention of the consulship of Virgil's patron Gaius Asinius Pollio.

The work predicts the birth of a boy, a supposed savior, who—once he is of age—will become divine and eventually rule over the world. The exact meaning of the poem is still debated. Earlier interpretations argued that the child was the hoped-for offspring of Mark Antony and Octavia the Younger. Some commentators shy away from imagining the child as a specific person. Edwin Floyd, for example, argued that the child could be seen metaphorically as Virgil's poetry. Another possibility, argued by Francis Cairns, is that the child is the expected offspring of Virgil's patron Gaius Asinius Pollio, to whom the poem is dedicated.

In late antiquity and the Middle Ages, the poem was reinterpreted by Christians to be about the birth of Jesus Christ.  Medieval scholars thus claimed that Virgil had predicted Christ prior to his birth, and therefore must have been a pre-Christian prophet. Notable individuals such as Constantine the Great, St. Augustine, Dante Alighieri, and Alexander Pope believed in this interpretation of the eclogue. Modern scholars by and large shy away from this interpretation, although Floyd does note that the poem contains elements of religious and mythological themes, and R. G. M. Nisbet concluded that it is likely that Virgil was indirectly inspired by the Hebrew Scriptures via Eastern oracles.

Overview

Background

The biographical tradition asserts that Virgil began the hexameter Eclogues (or Bucolics) in 42 BC and it is thought that the collection was published around 39–38 BC, although this is controversial. The Eclogues (from the Greek word for "selections") are a group of ten poems roughly modeled on the bucolic hexameters ("pastoral poetry") of the Hellenistic poet Theocritus. The fourth of these Eclogues can be dated to around 41 to 40 BC, during a time "when the clouds of civil war seemed to be lifting".

Synopsis

The 63-line poem (the shortest of the Eclogues) begins with an address to the Muses. The first few lines have been referred to as the "apology" of the poem; the work, much like Eclogue 6, is not so much concerned with pastoral themes, as it is with cosmological concepts, and lines 1–3 defend this change of pace. In line 4, the speaker references the Cumaean Sibyl, claiming it as a source for his unfolding prophecy concerning the magnus ordo saeclorum, or "great order of the ages". The following lines (ll. 5–10) reference a myriad grouping of ideas: Hesiod's Ages of Man; the concept of a magnus annus, or the "Great Year" that begins a great "golden" age; the Italian idea of saecula; Plato's idea that there is a periodic rule of Saturn; and finally "eastern messianic" views similar to those found in the Sibylline Oracles, a collection of supposed oracular utterances written in Greek hexameters ascribed to the prophetesses who uttered divine revelations in a frenzied state.

Line 10 concludes with a reference to the god Apollo, a deity who would be elevated to a special place in the Roman pantheon during the rule of Augustus: tuus iam regnat Apollo ("Your Apollo now is ruling"). John Miller cautions, however, that this mention of Apollo—while the god's first "saecular  appearance" in Latin literature—should not be read unequivocally as a reference of Octavian, because  40 BC, both Octavian and Mark Antony were associated with the god, and that the former did not, at the time, enjoy "a monopoly on Apolline symbolism." R. G. M. Nisbet argued that the rule of Apollo (regnat Apollo) mentioned in line 10 should not be seen as contradicting the rule of Saturn (Saturnia regna) referenced in line 6; they are merely expressing the same general idea using two different cosmological outlooks. The former is adhering to a newer, non-Hesiodic model, whereas the latter is referring to the older, Hesiodic version.

Both lines 11 and 13–14 reference Gaius Asinius Pollio's leadership, but line 11 refers to his consulship at the time of the poem's writing, whereas lines 13–14 seem to reference a time when Pollio will "still be alive and prominent in the State when the child is well-grown" and when the Golden Age will have arrived. Lines 15–17 reveal that the child will become divine and eventually rule over the world. Lines 18–45 provide coverage of the boy's growth. At first, the child, in the cradle, will be allowed to enjoy munuscula, or little gifts. Importantly, the boy will grow skilled in reading, learning of the deeds of both heroes and his father. At this point in his life, the Golden Age will not have arrived in full; there will still be both sailing and walled towns, and thus, still war. Jenny Strauss Clay noted that the poem implies that the whole Heroic Age will have to be replayed; a new band of Argonauts will travel the seas, and a new Trojan War will occur. Given time, the need for sailing will dissipate. Then, the ground will grow more fertile: grapes will grow from brambles, oak trees will produce honey, corn will emerge from the ground by itself, poisonous plants and animals will disappear, and useful animals will be improved. Only when the need for agriculture ends will the Golden Age begin.

Lines 53–57 feature the image of a singing poet, which is reminiscent of how the eclogue began. The poet himself will compete in a rustic environment against Orpheus and Linus, and Pan will be the judge. Virgil's reference to Linus in this section symbolizes "the symbiosis of Hesiodic song culture and erudite, 'bookish' poetics of the so-called Alexandrian poets", resulting in a "uniquely Virgilian pastoral aesthetic." Once the Golden Age will have arrived, the need for arms and soldiers will be obviated, and the competitive drive that—in the past—had fueled war will now fuel "harmless [poetic] competition for rustic prizes." In lines 60–63 Virgil addresses the child directly, urging him to smile at his mother, who has endured a long pregnancy. The final lines have proven throughout the ages to be a "fascinating problem", and there is no clear consensus as to what exactly they mean. Nisbet claims that the final line ("neither a god is worthy of his table, nor a goddess of his bed") is most likely a reference to a story about Hercules, who dined with Jupiter and took Juventas as his wife, although he noted it could also be a reference to a general Roman nursery saying.

Interpretation

Meaning

Grammarian and ancient Virgilian commentator, Maurus Servius Honoratus was one of the first to publish an interpretation of the poem, arguing that the entire work is a political allegory referring to the rule of the Princeps, although Miller points out that this is unlikely since the poem was written in 40 BC, prior to Octavian becoming Augustus.

For many years, a popular method in interpreting the poem was to see it as a cypher: many scholars attempted to deduce who exactly the child and his parents were. Some have proposed that the boy was supposed to be one of the sons of Pollio. A politician and patron of Virgil, Pollio was the father of two boys around the time of the Fourth Eclogue. The former died while in infancy, whereas the latter, Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus, died under the rule of Tiberius. Other scholars, however, felt that the child was more likely intended to be the male offspring of Mark Antony and Octavia the Younger. Wendell Clausen, for instance, posited that the word pacatum in line 17 is a reference to Hercules, a deity from whom Mark Antony claimed descent; this word, therefore, was used by Clausen as evidence that the poem was talking about a child of Antonian (and therefore, Herculean) descent. Interpreting the poem in this manner, however, has largely started to fall out of favor with modern scholars because, according to Bruce Arnold, "such interpretations usually rely either on broad considerations of genre or an analysis of small bits".

The poem has also been interpreted in more metaphorical ways. Some modern scholars believe that the poem celebrates the Treaty of Brundisium, which gave rise to the Second Triumvirate of Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Floyd, on the other hand, proposed that the puer mentioned throughout the poem is not an actual child, but rather Virgilian poetry itself. He noted that the word puer is elsewhere used by Virgil in the Eclogues to refer to shepherds, individuals who are closely associated with the art of poetry. Furthermore, he points out that the verb incipere, which is used three times in Eclogue 4, is itself associated with "poetic performances" in other Virgilian poems, like in Eclogue 3.58. Finally, Floyd—who subscribes to the theory that cui non risere parentes is what Virgil wrote—proposed that line 62 refers to a boy whose parents will smile, only "after due consideration", meaning that the child must earn its parents' smiles. Floyd goes on to argue that it makes sense for the parents to either be Virgil or the Muses, individuals whose smiles must be earned; the Muses are critical of those whom they inspire, whereas Virgil—as a meticulous artist—was critical of himself.

Line 22, which mentions that "the cattle will not fear huge lions", has been compared to both Isaiah 11:6 from the Hebrew Bible, which states that, "The calf and the young lion will grow up together and a little child will lead them", as well as a passage from the Sibylline Oracles 3.791-3, which reads: "The lion, devourer of flesh, will eat husks in the stall like an ox, and tiny children will lead them in chains." Rose proposed that, because Virgil was highly educated and had "a great taste for philosophic and quasi-philosophic studies", it is possible that he combined dozens of mystical and religious ideas in the poem, "joining Sibylline formulae to age-old beliefs about divine kings, taking hints from many doctrines of original sin … with astrological speculations of recent date, and coloring the whole with the theanthropic, or Messianic, expectations." Due to this synthesis of ideas, Rose points out that it is possible that Virgil used the Hebrew Scriptures for part of the poem's inspiration. Cyrus H. Gordon later noted that the Eclogues, along with the Aeneid "reflect Egyptian, Semitic, and Anatolian, as well as Greek, antecedents".

Nisbet pointed out that the poem can be analyzed according to two different schools of thought: the "Easterners" (promoted notably by Eduard Norden) argue that the eclogue had to have been influenced by religions of the East, most notably Jewish messianism, whereas the "Westerners" (furthered by the work of Günther Jachmann) argue that the work was influenced largely by concepts familiar to the Greco-Roman West. Nisbet outlined reasons why certain sections, most notably the seemingly Isaian section in and around line 22, are best explained through the Easterners' method of interpretation. Other sections, however, such as lines 26–36—which Nisbet argued were written in a style akin to Greco-Roman prophecies (and whose wording suggests "the ideals of Virgil's own society")—should be viewed through the Westerners' lens. Ultimately, Nisbet concluded that Virgil was not interested in Jewish eschatology "for its own sake"; however, he probably appropriated elements from Jewish prophecy via Eastern oracles, and adapted them towards Western (which is to say, Roman) modes of thought.

Textual criticism

Clausen argued that the poem, were one to remove lines 1–3 and 58–9, would read much like an epithalamium, or a poem written specifically for a bride on the way to her marital chamber. However, the addition of the aforementioned lines changes the sense of the poem, making it pastoral. Thus, Clausen claims that Virgil himself added these new lines to tweak the poem and make it suitable for inclusion in the Eclogues.

In certain versions of the manuscript, the latter part of line 62 reads cui non risere parentes, meaning "[the child] at whom parents have not smiled". Some Virgilian scholars argue that the text should read, qui non risere parenti, meaning "[those who] have not smiled at their parent". This is largely because Roman rhetorician Quintilian noted in his writings that Virgil's text did in fact alternate between plural and singular forms, although he did not elaborate on which word was plural, and which was singular; some Virgilian scholars suggest that the emended word qui and parentes are the plural forms Quintilian was referring to, whereas the word hunc in line 63 is the singular form. However, Quintilian's text is the same as the supposedly "corrupt" Virgilian version, containing both cui and parentes. Certain scholars argue that Quintilian's original text was at one point changed to rectify it with Virgil's text, which had at that time also become corrupt. Edwin Floyd, however, rejects this hypothesis, reasoning that the argument is far too convoluted to be reasonable. He posits that the qui non risere parenti emendation strains the syntax and feebly renders the sense of the poem, as it merely speaks of a baby that is not smiling. The cui non risere parentes variation, according to Floyd, is to be preferred because it questions "what sort of 'unnatural' parents these might be who would not smile on their child." Other commentators disagree with Floyd. Nisbet, for instance, writes, "It is clear from the structure and sense of the passage that the baby is doing the laughing and not the parents (that is to say, the cui of Virgil's manuscripts is impossible against the qui implied by Quintilian 9.3.8)." He instead contends that the baby not laughing at his parents is a hint to the reader that "the infant is out of the ordinary."

Later Christian interpretation

By the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries AD, Virgil had gained a reputation as a virtuous pagan, a term referring to pagans who were never evangelized and consequently during their lifetime had no opportunity to recognize Christ, but nevertheless led virtuous lives, so that it seemed objectionable to consider them damned. Eventually, some Christians sought to reconcile Virgil's works, especially the Eclogues, with the supposed Christianity present in them. For instance, during the Late Antiquity and beyond, many assumed that the puer referenced in the Fourth Eclogue was actually Jesus Christ. Many noted individuals, such as Constantine the Great, St. Augustine, Dante Alighieri and Alexander Pope believed in this interpretation of the eclogue.

References

Bibliography

 Cairns, F. (2008). C. Asinius Pollio and the Eclogues". The Cambridge Classical Journal, Vol. 54 (2008), pp. 49–79.

External links

Full Latin text of Eclogue 4, courtesy of the Perseus Project.

1st-century BC literature
Poetry by Virgil
Mark Antony
Octavia the Younger


title: Hednota crypsichroa

text:
Hednota crypsichroa is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1893. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Victoria.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1893


title: Hednota cyclosema

text:
Hednota cyclosema is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1896. It is found in Australia.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1896


title: Zach Ness

text:
Zach Ness (born April 11, 1988) is a third-generation American motorcycle designer and entrepreneur. He is the grandson of motorcycle customizer Arlen Ness, and son of Cory Ness. In 2013 Zach teamed up with National Geographic Channel for the television series Let It Ride. The series followed Zach as he and the Ness crew built custom bikes for clients.

Notes

References

1988 births
Living people
Motorcycle builders
Motorcycle designers
American television personalities
Male television personalities


title: Mammitinae

text:
Mammitinae comprises a subfamily within the Acanthoceratidae (Ammonoidea) characterized by moderately to very evolute shells with rectangular to squarish whorl sections along with blunt umbilical and prominent inner and outer ventrolateral tubercles on sparse ribs that may be round and strong, sharp and narrow, or absent. The suture is somewhat simpler than that of the Acanthoceratinae. Range is restricted to the lower Turonian stage of the Upper Cretaceous.

Genera include:
Buccinammonites
Buchiceras
Cryptometoicoceras
Dunverganoceras Warren & Stelck, 1940
Mammites Laube & Bruden, 1886
Metasigaloceras Hyatt, 1903
Metoicoceras Hyatt, 1903
Mitonia
Nannometoicoceras
Parabuchiceras
Paracompsoceras
Plesiacanthoceras
Praemetoicoceras
Pseudoaspidoceras Hyatt, 1903
Rhamphidoceras
Spathites
Texacanthoceras

References

 W.J. Arkell, et al., Mesozoic Ammonoidea, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, Mollusca 4. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

Acanthoceratidae
Turonian first appearances
Turonian extinctions


title: 2017 Rugby League World Cup qualification

text:
The 2017 Rugby League World Cup qualifying process began on 9 May 2015 with the 2015 European Championship C. In August 2014, it was announced that seven of the eight quarter-finalists at the 2013 tournament would receive automatic qualification. Fourteen teams took part in the qualifying process to fill the remaining seven spots.

Background
Eight teams automatically qualified for the World Cup. Seven of the teams which reached the quarter-finals of the 2013 World Cup were granted automatic qualification, along with co-hosts Papua New Guinea. The eighth quarter-finalist, the United States, were denied automatic qualification due to an internal governance dispute and instead forced to enter the qualification process.

Qualified teams

Americas

One team qualified from this region. A three-team round robin tournament was held in Florida in December 2015 to determine the qualifier.

Asia-Pacific

Two additional qualifying places were initially allocated to this region. Papua New Guinea were granted automatic qualification in 2015 after being confirmed as co-hosts, leaving one additional team to qualify from this region. A single play-off between Tonga and Cook Islands determined the final qualifier.

Europe
Three additional teams qualified from this region. A two-group, round-robin tournament took place in October 2016 to determine the qualifying nations - this was contested by the winners of the 2015 European Championship C tournament, the top three teams from the 2014–15 European Championship B tournament, and seeded nations Wales and Ireland.

First round

First round (cont.)

Second round

The tournament featured two groups of three teams playing in a single round-robin format. The winners of each group qualified for the World Cup, while the runners-up faced each other in a play-off match on 5 November 2016 to determine the final spot. A seeded draw took place to determine the groups on 5 November 2015.

Group A

Group B

Playoff

Middle East-Africa

One team qualified from this region. A two match series was held between South Africa and Lebanon to determine the qualifier.

References

Qualifying, 2017 Rugby League World Cup
2015 in rugby league
2016 in rugby league


title: Teya

text:
Teya may refer to:
Teya, Burma, in Taungtha Township of Myingyan District in Mandalay Region of Burma
 Teya people, an extinct Native American tribe from Texas
Teya Municipality, a municipality in Yucatán, Mexico
Teya, Mexico, the seat of that municipality
Teya, Russia, a rural locality (a settlement) in Severo-Yeniseysky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia
Hacienda San Ildefonso Teya, a former henequen plantation in Yucatán, Mexico.
Teya, an Austrian singer and songwriter.


title: Typhoon Amy (1962)

text:
Typhoon Amy was a super typhoon formed in August and September 1962. Amy made landfall in Taiwan as a category 4 equivalent super typhoon, then in China as a typhoon, moved out into the South China Sea, and finally made landfall in South Korea as a tropical storm.

Meteorological history

The precursor to Typhoon Amy formed on August 27 northwest of Truk as a surge from the westerlies. The system rapidly gained strength in the open waters of the Pacific Ocean, gaining enough winds to be declared a tropical depression on the morning of August 29. The depression rapidly intensified, becoming a tropical storm within six hours. Now named Amy, the cyclone bent northeast around Saipan with winds of . After passing Saipan, Amy strengthened into a typhoon during the afternoon of August 30. Continuing to rapidly strengthen over water, Amy reached its peak wind speed of  on the evening of September 1, far to the northeast of the Philippines. After peaking with a pressure of 935 millibars, the typhoon weakened back to  and soon , which it sustained for several days. Crossing to the northeast of Luzon, Amy maintained strength, rapidly approaching the island of Taiwan on September 4. The storm slowly weakened to a  typhoon off the coast of Taiwan, making landfall on September 5 near the city of Yilan City. Amy weakened over land slightly before making landfall near Fuzhou later that day. Amy crossed over mainland China for several days, slowly weakening into a minimal tropical storm before crossing back into the waters of the East China Sea near Yancheng. Amy strengthened back to winds of  before weakening into a tropical depression off the coast of South Korea. The depression made landfall near Incheon on September 7, weakening over land. After crossing out into open waters, the remains of Amy became extratropical on September 8, affected by the cold air. The extratropical remains of Amy continued northeast along the North Korean mainland, crossing the island of Sakhalin on September 9. The remains of Amy were lost off the eastern coast of Sakhalin on September 10, west of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Impact

Amy's flooding killed 24 people, with millions of dollars in damage, power, communication lines and buildings.

See also

 Typhoon Opal (1962) - took a similar track a month earlier

References

External links
 Typhoon 'amy' Hits Formosa (1962) – YouTube
 1962 Typhoon Amy Hits Taiwan – YouTube
 Digital Typhoon : Typhoon 196217 (AMY) – National Institute of Informatics

1962 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoons in Taiwan


title: St Mary's Church, Bentworth

text:
St Mary's Church is an Anglican church situated in the centre of the village of Bentworth, within the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. The church lies immediately east of Bentworth's primary school and north-east of the Star Inn on the main road through the village.

Parts of the church date from the 11th century and it is a Grade II* listed building.

History

There is evidence to suggest that a Saxon church was located here and was rebuilt. The present church has a chancel (the space around the altar for the clergy and choir) that is  by , with a north vestry  by . The nave roof and chancel arch probably date from the late 12th century and the chancel itself was built in about 1260 together with the lower part of the tower. However, in 1608 the church suffered a "fire happening by lightning from heaven" and some of the earlier structure was damaged.

The present church has flint walls with stone dressings and stepped buttresses, a plinth, and corbelled tracer lights in the nave. The west tower was rebuilt in 1890 and has diagonal buttresses with an elaborate arrangement of steps (some with gabled ornamentation), and at the top is a timber turret, surmounted by a broach spire. A small mural monument at the south-east of the chancel is to Nicholas Holdip, "pastor of the parish" 1606. In the north aisle wall is another mural tablet to "Robert Hunt of Hall Place in this Parish", 1671, with the arms, Azure a bend between two water bougets or with three leopards' heads gules on the bend. The crest is a talbot sitting chained to a halberd. There are four bells; the treble and second by Joseph Carter, 1601, the third by Henry Knight, 1615, and the tenor by Joseph Carter, 1607. The church became a Grade: II* listed building on 31 July 1963.

Memorials

In Elizabethan times, the poet and writer George Wither (1588–1667) was born in Bentworth and baptised in St. Mary's church.

In Victorian times, the author and gay rights campaigner George Cecil Ives lived at the post-1832 Bentworth Hall with his mother Emma Gordon-Ives. A memorial to the Ives family is in the churchyard close to the school and has a stone slab for George Ives that reads "George Cecil Ives MA, Author, 1867–1950, Late of Bentworth Hall." There is also a plaque for members of the Ives family inside the church on the north wall.

The Hankin Family Tomb in the churchyard, was Grade II listed in 2005.  It was made in 1816 of Portland stone and is a "rectangular chest tomb on a moulded base, with a two-part cover consisting of a low hipped top slab and lower moulded cornice." The panels at the sides contain various inscriptions including the one on the south panel which reads: "Sacred to the memory of John Hankin who departed this life January 12th 1816, aged 55 years", and the one on the north side which reads: "Sacred to the memory of Elizabeth, widow of John Hankin, who departed this life September 13th 1831, aged 67 years."

The churchyard contains two registered Commonwealth war graves, a soldier of the East Surrey Regiment of World War I, and a Royal Navy officer of World War II.

References

Bentworth
Bentworth


title: Typhoon Sally (1964)

text:
Typhoon Sally, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Aring,  was a powerful tropical cyclone that brought widespread impacts during its week-long trek across the western Pacific in September 1964. The strongest tropical cyclone of the 1964 Pacific typhoon season and one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record, and among the strongest typhoons ever recorded, with one-minute maximum sustained winds of  as estimated by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Sally first became a tropical cyclone near the Marshall Islands on September 3, organizing into a tropical depression and then a tropical storm later that day. On September 4, Sally intensified into a typhoon and struck southern Guam the next day. Widespread agricultural damage occurred in the island's southern regions, with the banana crop suffering the costliest losses; the damage toll from crops and property exceeded $115,000. Sally continued to intensify on its west-northwestward trek, and reached its peak strength on September 7 over the Philippine Sea.

Sally's winds lessened thereafter as it brushed the northern Philippines, buffeting areas north of Manila with strong winds and heavy rain and causing serious damage. A person drowned from the typhoon's onslaught, while the naval station at San Vicente and the adjoining village sustained an estimated $500,000 in damage. After crossing the South China Sea, Sally made landfall on the South China coast east of Hong Kong on September 10. Due to fears of a repeat of Typhoon Ruby, which struck the region less than a week prior, 10,000 people were evacuated ahead of the storm. Sally produced wind gusts as strong as  and dropped torrential rain that damaged homes and crops and induced one landslide that killed nine people. However, the overall impacts in Hong Kong were less than forecast. Sally weakened as it moved into inland China and dissipated on September 11. The remnants of Sally moved northeast and contributed to severe flooding around Seoul, South Korea, leaving 211 people dead or missing and 317 people injured, though 206 people remain unaccounted for. Over 36,000 people were left homeless as over 9,000 homes were either destroyed or flooded, resulting in $750,000 in property damage. The floods were the region's most significant in two decades.

Meteorological history

The origins of Sally can be traced to the interaction of a trough of low pressure with a westward-propagating tropical wave. This led to the development of a vortex over the Marshall Islands on September 2. The next day, observations from ships in the region indicated that the system organized into a tropical depression approximately  southwest of Eniwetok Atoll. Aircraft reconnaissance investigating the nascent cyclone later that day determined that Sally reached tropical storm strength while located roughly  northeast of Chuuk State. During this time, Sally took a west-northwest course that would continue for the remainder of its duration. The storm intensified into a typhoon early on September 4. The next day, the center of Sally moved across southern Guam with a forward speed of ; one-minute maximum sustained winds near the center were estimated by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) to have reached  during its passage of Guam.

Sally strengthened further as it traversed the Philippine Sea, and at 06:00 UTC on September 7, the JTWC analyzed Sally's one-minute sustained winds to have reached ; surface winds as fast as  were estimated by aircraft reconnaissance probing the typhoon. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) estimated that Sally's central barometric pressure decreased to 895 hPa (mbar; 26.43 inHg). This made Sally the strongest typhoon of the 1964 Pacific typhoon season as measured by both wind speed (tied with Opal) and central pressure. These winds were also among the fastest ever analyzed for a tropical cyclone globally. The center of Sally then moved near the northern Philippines, passing  north of Aparri on September 9. The JTWC estimated that Sally's one-minute sustained winds decreased during this period, and continued to diminish further as the typhoon tracked across the South China Sea. At 15:00 UTC on September 10, Sally made landfall on the People's Republic of China east of Hong Kong with one-minute sustained winds of . After moving inland, the system rapidly weakened, degenerating into a tropical storm later on September 10 and losing its identity as a tropical cyclone the following day over South China. The remnants of Sally continued towards South Korea and Japan before they were last noted on September 16 over southern Kamchatka.

Preparations and impact

Guam and the Philippines
On September 4, Sally was forecast by the JTWC to bring heavy surf and sustained winds of  to Guam, accompanied by higher gusts. Sally was ultimately stronger and closer to Guam than forecast, crossing over southern Guam as a developing typhoon on September 5 and producing damaging winds. While the highest observed wind gust reached  at Andersen Air Force Base, higher gusts up to  were estimated to have buffeted Guam. Gale-force winds lasted for eight hours. A maximum 24-hour rainfall total of  accompanied the storm. Over 1,000 people sought refuge at the College of Guam, and others took shelter in other sturdy buildings. Numerous trees were downed and homes were unroofed by the typhoon. Downed trees and other debris blocked roads, rendering them impassable. The island's southern districts sustained the heaviest impacts from Sally; 18 structures in those areas were damaged, with the impacts most evident to their roofs. The majority of the monetary losses caused by Sally on the island was sustained by crops: agricultural damage was estimated at $105,440, with $92,398 sustained by the banana crop. Damage to residential and commercial buildings was estimated at $9,680, resulting in a total damage toll of about $115,000, mostly were to farm crops. Storm surge along Talofofo Bay led to coastal inundation; eight homes suffered roof damage there. Damage was also documented in Agat, Inarajan, Merizo, and Umatac. Power outages occurred in those villages in addition to Talofofo and Santa Rita. Sally's impacts in Guam were negligible outside of the southern regions of the island, and in total there were no casualties.

Sally was one of the strongest to approach the Philippines on record. The west-northwestward trajectory of Sally threatened the northern Philippines, leading to the issuance of warnings for the region by the Philippine Weather Bureau on September 7. Typhoon signal no. 2, signifying winds up to  within 24 hours, was issued for the Batanes Islands. The storm brought strong winds and heavy rains to areas north of Manila, resulting in substantial crop and property damage. The United States Agency for International Development described Sally as having done "considerable damage" in northern Luzon, but could not assess the total number of casualties. The naval station at San Vicente and the adjoining village sustained an estimated $500,000 in damage; one person drowned and two thousand others were left in need of food and clothing.

Hong Kong and Taiwan
The outer reaches of Sally brought high winds to southern Taiwan but were inconsequential. Following Typhoon Ruby's impacts in Hong Kong earlier in September, 3,400 workers were enlisted to clear the colony's drainage systems in preparation for Sally. While the center of the storm was forecast to miss Hong Kong, Sally's peripheral winds were expected to be comparable to Ruby's. A spokesperson for the Royal Observatory in Hong Kong called Sally "the biggest [typhoon] in living memory" while the storm was centered  to the southeast. The Hong Kong government noted that cranes, fences, scaffolding, and signboards loosened in Ruby's passage became hazardous with Sally's potential impacts. Ships were brought to protected moorings at the harbor in Hong Kong after the issuance of the first tropical cyclone signals for Sally's approach, leaving the harbor devoid of any vessels; two ships evacuated to open sea to ride out the storm there. Businesses closed and bus and ferry service saw suspensions. Some airlines also canceled their fights. Over 10,000 people were evacuated out of vulnerable areas. Radio broadcasts called upon residents to head home and remain home while Sally passed. Riot police were deployed for crowd control as people began to flee Hong Kong's islands for the mainland en masse. The Hong Kong Red Cross started a blood donation drive in downtown Hong Kong, offering free beer and cigarettes to donors. Sixteen first aid centers were also established throughout Hong Kong.

Sally was the fourth typhoon to impact the Hong Kong area in 1964, though its effects were less severe than initially feared. Thirty people were injured in Hong Kong. The outer extents of Sally began affecting the territory before the storm's closest approach, with the outer winds triggering landslides and depositing trees, glass, and other debris on streets. One person sustained a fractured skull after being struck by a falling iron rod. During its closest approach, the center of Sally was  northeast of Hong Kong. The Royal Observatory escalated their warnings up to tropical cyclone signal no. 7 and recorded a peak gust of  at their headquarters. The strongest gust measured in Hong Kong reached  as registered at Tate's Cairn. Gusts reached  at Kai Tak Airport. Sally produced up to  of rain in Hong Kong with over  falling in 12 hours; landslides triggered by these rains killed 9 people and injured 24, in addition to causing the collapse of houses. Other landslides marooned people in their homes and blocked streets. Severe flooding occurred throughout Hong Kong. Cattle and crop industries were impacted by the storm, though the overall damage was minimized by Typhoon Ruby's agricultural impacts less than week prior. A few hundred chickens were killed by Sally. At Tai Po, the storm caused tides to rise  above astronomical tide. Eight boats were damaged at Ko Lau Wan and Sha Tau Kok; additional locales in Hong Kong also reported damage to fishing craft, leading to the colonial government granting HK$10,031 in repairs.

South Korea
The remnants of Sally produced the heaviest rainfall in the Seoul area in 22 years, with  of rain falling in the area in two hours on the morning of September 13. At least 211 people were killed and 317 people were injured according to local police; another 206 people were unaccounted for. The high death toll was compounded by the storm's passage at night when most people were asleep. The combination of flash floods and landslides in central South Korea destroyed and flooded 9,152 homes, displacing 36,665 people. Bridges, highways, railroads, and rice paddies were seriously damaged. Total property damage amounted to $750,000. Hardest-hit was Gyeonggi Province, where 72 people died and 115 people went missing. There were 26 confirmed fatalities in Gangwon Province. In Seoul, there were at least 70 fatalities. Almost 2,800 houses were destroyed or inundated around the city. Seoul's power and telephone services were also hampered by the storm. Railways between Seoul and eastern South Korea were cut off by landslides and washouts. A village north of Seoul was completely flooded after a river overflowed its banks; all 96 inhabitants of the village were declared missing, though 10 bodies were later recovered. Fifty homes were buried by a landslide  northeast of Seoul, killing 21 people. The State Council of South Korea convened in an emergency session on September 14 in response to the floods. Park Chung-hee, the President of South Korea, initiated "emergency relief measures" for those affected by the storms. Food and bedding were provisioned by the Korean government through an assistance program for affected areas. Chung-hee also ordered soldiers deployed in Seoul to handle rescue operations; they were also joined by soldiers from the United States Army. Helicopters from the U.S. Army evacuated at least 50 flood-stricken people from the suburbs of Seoul.

See also

 Typhoon Mangkhut (2018)
 Typhoon Viola (1969)
 Typhoon Rita (1953)
 Typhoon Kent (1995)
 Typhoon Sally (1996) – a typhoon with the same name that had an identical track and intensity 32 years later.

References

1964 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoons in Hong Kong
Typhoons in the Philippines
Typhoons in China
Typhoons in South Korea
Typhoons


title: Bolloré (surname)

text:
Bolloré is a surname derived from bod which means bush and lore which means laurel in Breton.

Notable people with the surname include:

 Gwenn-Aël Bolloré (1925–2001), French soldier, businessman, author, and publisher
 Thierry Bolloré (born 1963), French executive
 Vincent Bolloré (born 1952), French industrialist, corporate raider and businessman
 Yannick Bolloré (born 1980), French businessman, son of Vincent Bolloré

Breton-language surnames


title: Polish United Party

text:
The Polish United Party (, PZL) was a political party in Poland.

History
The party was established in Congress Poland in 1917 as the "United Party", but was renamed PZL in 1918 after several members defected to the Polish People's Party "Piast". The party contested the January 1919 elections to elect the first Sejm of the Second Polish Republic. It received 3.8% of the vote, winning 35 seats.

However, it split in August 1919, with some members joining Narodowe Zjednoczenie Ludowe and others joining Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie".

References

Defunct political parties in Poland
Political parties established in 1917
Political parties disestablished in 1919
Agrarian parties in Poland


title: List of WTO dispute settlement cases

text:
This is a chronological list of World Trade Organization dispute settlement cases. , there have been 507 such cases.

List

References

Lists of lawsuits


title: Typhoon Kai-tak (2000)

text:
Typhoon Kai-tak, also known in the Philippines as Typhoon Edeng, was a typhoon that formed in July 2000 and brought severe impacts to the Philippines and Taiwan.

Meteorological history

On July 2, a low pressure area formed north west of the Philippines and became a tropical depression on July 3 and started to drift northward, becoming a storm on the 5th and a typhoon on the 6th. Kai-tak continued northward, hitting Taiwan on the 9th. Kai-tak changed to an extratropical cyclone in the Yellow Sea on the 11th. This extratropical cyclone landed near the Dandong city of the Liaodong Peninsula and changed course to the east, and disappeared on the 12th.

Name
This typhoon was named after Hong Kong's old international airport, Kai Tak Airport. PAGASA gave the storm the name Edeng.

Impact

The combined effects of Kai-tak and Tropical Depression Gloring led to the collapse of the Payatas dumpsite, a large garbage pile, devastating a scavenger community with 300 shanty homes near Manila. At least 218 people died in the avalanche — some of whom were decapitated by machinery — and at least 73 others were injured. 160 people were killed and 150 were missing on Luzon due to heavy rain and landslides. In Taiwan, a wind of 80 knots or more when landing caused a power outage of more than 3,000 units, killing one person. The China Meteorological Administration allegedly suffered an economic loss of $82 million in Zhejiang and elsewhere.

See also

Other tropical cyclones named Kai-tak

References

2000 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoons in China
2000 in China
2000 in the Philippines
Typhoons in the Philippines
Typhoons in Taiwan
2000 in Taiwan


title: 2014–15 Foolad F.C. season

text:
The 2014–15 season  are Foolad's 13th season in the Persian Gulf Pro League. They competed in the Hazfi Cup which they were eliminated by Parseh Tehran in Round 5. They also will competing at AFC Champions League. Foolad is captained by Bakhtiar Rahmani.

Players
Last updated on 21 April 2015

Transfers

In

Out

Pre-season and friendlies

Competition record

Overall

Iran Pro League

Standings

Results by round

Matches

Hazfi Cup

AFC Champions League

Group stage

Statistics

Top scorers

References

External links
Iran Premier League Statistics
Persian League

Foolad F.C. seasons
Foolad F.C.


title: The Promise Ring (album)

text:
The Promise Ring (subtitled "Songs of New Eireland") is the eleventh solo album by Yes lead singer Jon Anderson, released in June 1997 on the OM Town label.

Overview
The Promise Ring is a collection of songs of Celtic music composed by Jon Anderson and the Froggin' Peach Orchestra, a Celtic music local band based at the San Luis Obispo's Frog 'n Peach Pub.

In the inner booklet, Jon Anderson reveals that he "always wanted to sing about the Celtic knowledge" and that "one night, [he] dreamed about these lyrics and the songs of Eireland, as if [he] was in the year 2002 and Eire was once again One Country", hence the lyrics "2002" in the chorus of the title song "The Promise Ring".

Artwork

Track listing
All songs written by Jon Anderson and the Froggin' Peach Orchestra.

"Born To Dance" (3:57)
"Flowers of the Morning" (4:17)
"Timing of the Known" (5:31)
"True Life Song" (4:18)
"Are You?" (3:46)
"My Sweet Jane" (3:35)
"True Hands of Fate" (5:20)
"The Promise Ring" (5:30)
"O'er" (3:02)

Jon Anderson dedicated the album "to [his] mum and dad for giving [him] this love of life".

Personnel
Jon Anderson - vocals, lyrics and melodies
Jane Luttenberger Anderson - duet vocals
The Froggin' Peach Orchestra:
Brooks Hill - guitars, orchestra leader
Paul Beeler - guitar
Paul Welch - guitar
Karen Peterson - guitar, flute, orchestration
Christine Dewees - guitar
Julie Cooper - fiddle
Marlene Beeles - fiddle
Gary Atkinson - fiddle
Mary McCluskey - fiddle, dulcimer on "O'er"
Chris Scott - flute
Mikey Green - flute
Dreima Barker - pennywhistle
Dave Dewees - pennywhistle, mandolin
Inga Swearingen - spoons
Adam Hunter - bodhrán
Charlie Perryess - upright bass
Bruce Powers - dulcimer
Laura Cooper - keyboards
Marty Lau - drums
Tim Costa - percussion
Dave Lewicki - mandolin
Miles Clark - mandolin
Jonas Richardson - mandolin
Peter Richardson - mandolin
Peter Morin - mandolin
Cathy Harvey - keyboards
Alan Dick - violin
Dan the Mystic - storyteller
John Bartelt - guitar on "My Sweet Jane"

Production
Produced by Jon Anderson
Executive producers: Matt Marshall & Dan Selene
Sonic Solutions Engineer: Kevin Dickey
Engineer: Matt May
Sound Coordinator: Greg Notley
Recorded (live) at the Frog 'n Peach Pub (during "those wonderful evenings") & at Opio Studio - San Luis Obispo, CA
Digitally Reassembled & Edited by William Aura at Auravision Studios
Mastered by William Aura at Quad Teck Digital - L.A., CA
Art Direction & Design: Benjamin Cziller
Production Assistance & Calligraphy: Nancy Forrest
Production Director: Maria Ehrenreich
Sr. VP, Sales & Marketing: Scott Bergstein
Manager, Artist Development & Promotion: Jo Ann Klass-Gerstein

References

External links

1997 albums
Concept albums
Jon Anderson albums
Celtic music


title: Oman at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics

text:
Oman competed at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics, in Nanjing, China from 16 August to 28 August 2014.

Athletics

Oman qualified one athlete.

Qualification Legend: Q=Final A (medal); qB=Final B (non-medal); qC=Final C (non-medal); qD=Final D (non-medal); qE=Final E (non-medal)

Girls
Track & road events

Beach Volleyball

Oman was given a team to compete from the tripartite committee.

References

2014 in Omani sport
Nations at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
Oman at the Youth Olympics


title: Peter Godfrey

text:
Peter Godfrey may refer to:

Peter Godfrey (MP) (1665–1724), British merchant and politician
Peter Godfrey (director) (1899–1970), English-American actor and theatre/film/television director
Peter Godfrey (choral conductor) (1922–2017), New Zealand choral conductor
Peter Godfrey (footballer, born 1938), English football outside right
Peter Godfrey (footballer, born 1957), Scottish football central defender

See also

Godfrey (name)


title: Tuvalu at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics

text:
Tuvalu competed at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics, in Nanjing, China from 16 August to 28 August 2014.

Athletics

Tuvalu qualified one athlete.

Qualification Legend: Q=Final A (medal); qB=Final B (non-medal); qC=Final C (non-medal); qD=Final D (non-medal); qE=Final E (non-medal)

Boys
Field Events

Beach Volleyball

Tuvalu was given a team to compete from the tripartite committee.

See also
Tuvalu at the 2014 Commonwealth Games

References

Olympics
Nations at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
2014


title: Typhoon Kim (1980)

text:
Typhoon Kim, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Osang, was the second typhoon in a week to directly affect the Philippines during July 1980. Like Typhoon Joe, Kim formed from the near equatorial monsoon trough in the northwestern Pacific Ocean on July 19. The disturbance tracked quickly westward-northwest underneath a subtropical ridge, reaching tropical storm strength on the July 21 and typhoon strength on July 23. After developing an eye, Kim began to rapidly intensify, and during the afternoon of July 24, peaked in intensity as a super typhoon. Several hours later, Kim made landfall over the Philippines, but the storm had weakened considerably by this time. Throughout the Philippines, 40 people were killed, 2 via drownings, and 19,000 others were directly affected. A total of 12,000 homes were destroyed and 5,000 villages were flooded. Less than a week earlier, the same areas were affected by Joe; however, Kim was considered the more damaging of the two typhoons. Land interaction took its toll on Kim, and upon entering the South China Sea, the storm was down below typhoon intensity. Kim continued northwestward but its disrupted circulation prevented re-intensification, and it remained a tropical storm until hitting southern China July 27 to the northeast of Hong Kong, where only slight damage was reported. Later that day, Kim dissipated.

Meteorological history

An area of disturbed weather developed in association with the monsoon trough that was situated near the equator on July 19. At 20:04 UTC, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the system, primarily because the disturbance was over warm water and low wind shear. Four hours later, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression. Following reports from a Hurricane hunter plane of a well-defined surface circulation and winds of , the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Depression 11 midday on July 20. At the time, the depression was located over  southeast of Guam.

The depression tracked west-northwest, passing south of Guam and very near Ulithi around noon on July 21. Based on surface observations of  on the island and data from Hurricane hunters, both the JTWC and JMA upgraded the depression into a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC. Post-storm analysis from the JTWC indicated that Kim attained tropical storm status six hours earlier, despite aircraft data suggesting that the storm was not well stacked vertically. Further intensification was slow to occur as Kim tracked west-northwest, following Typhoon Joe across the Philippine Sea. At 06:00 UTC on July 23, a Hurricane hunter aircraft indicated falling pressures and the beginning of an eyewall. Based on this, both the JTWC and JMA announced that Kim obtained typhoon intensity. Around this time, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also began to monitor the storm and assigned it with the local name Osang. Continuing to track west-northwest beneath a large subtropical ridge, Kim began to clear out an eye on the evening of July 23; subsequently, Kim, as forecast by the JTWC, entered a period of rapid deepening. At 06:00 UTC July 24, the JTWC increased the intensity of Kim to , equal to a Category 3 hurricane on the United States-based Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS), while the JMA raised the winds to . Ten hours later, a Hurricane hunter aircraft measured a pressure of . This data justified the JTWC declaring Kim a super typhoon and increasing the wind speed to . At 18:00 on July 24, the JMA estimated that Kim reached its peak intensity to  and assigned a pressure of .

Almost immediately thereafter, reports from the same Hurricane Hunter aircraft indicated that the pressure of the typhoon rose sharply, likely in response to decreased inflow caused by Kim's close proximity to land. The JTWC estimated that Kim made landfall along the coast of Luzon at an intensity of , while the JMA reported that Kim moved ashore with winds of . Continuing to weaken due to land interaction, Kim fell below typhoon intensity once it emerged into the South China Sea, according to both the JTWC and JMA. The JTWC expected Kim to revive over water in manner similar to Typhoon Joe, but this did not occur. The storm's inner core was disrupted by land, with Hurricane hunters constantly finding a poorly organized tropical cyclone. Kim began to move northwest in response to a weakness created in the subtropical ridge created by Joe. At 06:00 UTC on July 27, Kim crossed the coastline of China around  northeast of Hong Kong. At the time of its second landfall, both the JTWC and JMA estimated winds of . Twelve hours later, both the JTWC and JMA ceased tracking Kim.

Preparations and impact

Typhoon Kim caused widespread flooding across Luzon. In Manila, where floodwaters rose to more than  in some suburbs, government offices and schools were closed. There, both Philippine Airlines and Philippine National Railways canceled all trips to the rest of the country. The coast guard suspended sailing permits to ships throughout the country. The Isabela province was the hardest hit by Typhoon Kim. Almost 15 people were killed in the Cagayan province. Across the Philippines, 40 people were killed, 2 via drownings, and 19,000 others were affected. A total of 12,000 homes were destroyed and 5,000 villages were flooded. Less than a week earlier, the same areas were affected by Typhoon Joe; Kim was considered the more damaging of the two systems.

The typhoon brought showers to much of southern China, extending as far north as Pratas Island, Taiwan (ROC). Wind gusts of  were measured in the town of Shantou. In Hong Kong, a No 1. hurricane signal was issued on July 25. The next day, the signal was increased to a No 3. hurricane signal. All signals were dropped late on July 22, after Kim moved inland. A minimum pressure of  was recorded at the Hong Kong Royal Observatory (HKO) on July 27, around the time Kim made its closest approach to the city. On Waglan Island, a peak wind speed of  was reported while a peak wind gust of  occurred at Star Ferry. HKO observed  of rain over a 72-hour period. Within the vicinity of Hong Kong, minor damage was reported and there were no injuries. Power was knocked out in the urban city of Kowloon. Some villages were flooded and two landslides occurred.

See also

Other typhoons named Kim
Similar early season Philippine typhoons
Typhoon Koryn (1993)
Typhoon Percy (1990)
Typhoon Peggy (1986)
Typhoon Vera (1983)

Notes

References

External links

1980 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoons in Hong Kong
Typhoons in China
1980 in China
1980 in Hong Kong
1980 disasters in the Philippines
Typhoons in the Philippines
Kim


title: Abyss Odyssey

text:
Abyss Odyssey is a platform action-adventure game developed by ACE Team and published by Atlus. It was released in July 2014 for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Microsoft Windows, and for the PlayStation 4 in July 2015.

The game's plot follows a set of heroes who fight to reach a warlock whose dreams are infecting reality in late 19th century Santiago, Chile. Abyss Odyssey combines elements from multiple video game genres, has a unique art style based on the Art Nouveau movement and has characters based on Chilean mythology. It received mostly positive reviews from critics who praised its atmosphere but criticized some aspects of gameplay.

Gameplay

The gameplay has a fusion of elements from a number of gaming genres. The player controls an avatar who battles enemies and advances through dungeons to reach the conclusion of the stage. The game's levels are procedurally generated, providing a new experience on each. The player only has one life but may be revived. If the player character dies, the player is put in control of a much weaker human who tries to avenge their death and can revive the player at specific altars.

The game's fighting system combines elements of the Super Smash Bros. and Street Fighter franchises, and rewards players for timing their blocks and attacks at the right moment. Players can capture the souls of enemies they encounter—once collected, a player can then assume the form and abilities of the enemy in-game. Abyss Odyssey uses a community-based unlock system; upon its launch, only the first "phase" of the game was available. After a certain number of players defeat the game's final boss, the Warlock, the next phase of the game is unlocked for all players.

Development

Developer ACE Team revealed Abyss Odyssey on their blog on 4 March 2014. The developers were inspired by the Art Nouveau movement and they used Harry Clarke as a direct reference for much of the game's art and atmosphere. The developers intended the game to be extremely replayable and designed the combat mechanics to be simple to understand, after initially considering a more complicated fighting layout.

An Enhanced Edition titled Abyss Odyssey: Extended Dream Edition introduced competitive multiplayer as well as new types of enemies and bosses to the game and was released for the PlayStation 4 in July 2015. A "nightmare" difficulty mode is included in the Enhanced Edition.

Reception

The game received "mixed or average reviews" on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Critics praised the game's art style and atmosphere, but were disappointed by some of its game mechanics and its repetitive nature.

Eurogamers Dan Whitehead praised the PC version's visuals and new ideas in a positive review, but felt that there was a "... sense that in straddling so many genres, the game has spread itself a little thin." IGNs Richard Cobbett compared the same PC version's roguelike elements unfavorably to The Binding of Isaac and Spelunky, but noted that "the soundtrack is fantastic, and the art is even better." Hardcore Gamers James Cunningham likened the art style to "playing a Grateful Dead album cover" and called it "a quirky little gaming gem."

Reception to the combat system was mixed. Destructoids Alasdair Duncan felt that the combat system was "enjoyable and deep" and provided one of the main reasons to play the game, while PC Gamers Emanuel Maiberg derided what he felt to be the game's sluggish control input and compared the game negatively to the Super Smash Bros. series that its fighting system is based on.

References

External links

2014 video games
ACE Team games
Action-adventure games
Atlus games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Network games
Roguelike video games
Sega video games
Unreal Engine games
Video games developed in Chile
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in Chile
Video games using procedural generation
Windows games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games


title: Wave (CNBLUE album)

text:
Wave (stylized WAVE) is the third major-label Japanese studio album (fifth overall) by South Korean pop-rock idol band CNBLUE. It was released on  September 17, 2014, by Warner Music Japan. A rock album, the band infuses electronic dance music into the record. The singles "Truth" and "Go Your Way" preceded the album; "Radio" was released as the promotional single and made available as a digital download one week prior to the album's release.

Wave was released in four editions: Regular Edition, Limited Editions A and B, and a fan club-only Boice Limited Edition. It went on to debut at number three on the weekly Oricon Albums Chart. The band embarked on the CNBLUE 2014 Arena Tour "Wave" from October to November in Aichi, Tokyo, Osaka, Miyagi and Fukuoka.

Background and development
Wave was announced as CNBLUE's third studio album on August 5, 2014, with a release date of September 17. Describing a wave as having various shapes of "top, middle, and bottom", the title is meant to represent varying songs included on the album. Frontman Jung Yong-hwa explained that the band wanted "people who hear our songs to feel our music like they ride a wave", while also desiring "our music to spread" on a global scale.

Due to the band's constant travels, the members wrote songs while on the road. Guitarist Lee Jong-hyun wrote "How Awesome" on a mobile app during an airplane flight, while "Control" was conceived by Jung in a hotel in Japan. While staying at a hotel during the band's Arena Tour 2013: One More Time in Japan, the bassist Lee Jung-shin wanted to write a song. Jung assigned him and the drummer Kang Min-hyuk to do it together; after listening to the melody of "Control", they conceived the idea of writing a love song, which Jung rejected. After discussing it between themselves, Kang and Lee agreed to write a song with the notion that "no one can control me". Initially written in Korean, the two faced difficulties in translating the song into English. With Jung's assistance, the translations and lyrics were completed; Kang and Lee were left uncredited. The song was originally intended to be included on the band's mini-album Can't Stop (2014) released in South Korea, but was ultimately excluded. Jung cited the limited space on the release, as well as the "different atmosphere" the song had in comparison to the other songs for its omission. He decided to add it onto the band's single "Go Your Way".

Music structure
A rock album, CNBLUE incorporates electronic dance music into the record. In addition to noting that the latter was a trend at the time, Jung expressed the view that the two genres were similar in terms of their rhythm and different in instrumentation. In utilizing both genres, he felt that the two "fit to each other". He described the album as "clear, fresh, and refreshing".

The opening track is an introduction, which the band omitted on its previous album What Turns You On? (2013). The bassist Lee felt that it was needed in order to "understand the atmosphere of the album". The track begins with a guitar riff before a melody is introduced. This is followed by "Radio", a "danceable" rock track where the band integrates "strong electro sounds" into the song. Recorded with various instruments, clapping, and chanting, "Foxy" is a song that deals with the "admiration of a sexy woman". "Truth", "Lonely Night", and "Still" were identified as the few songs which dealt with the subject of love. Guitarist Lee described "How Awesome" as an expression of "the relationship of our fans and us".

Release and promotion
The first single to precede Wave was "Truth", which was released on April 23, 2014. In addition to the title track, a music video for the coupling song "Still" was also made available. This was followed by the release of "Go Your Way" on August 20. The music video for "Radio" was uploaded on Warner Music Japan's YouTube channel on August 27. The track was used as the opening theme song for the music show Music Launcher, and as the closing theme song for Music BB and Rokemitsu Friday. The single was released as a digital download on September 10.

Wave was released on September 17, 2014, in four editions: Regular Edition; Limited Edition A with bonus DVD content that includes the music video for "Radio", a special feature, and individual filming scenes for each member; Limited Edition B with bonus DVD content that includes performance footage of "Coffee Shop", "I'm Sorry", and "Lady" from the second half of the band's set at the 2013 Summer Sonic Festival and a special feature; and Boice Limited Edition with bonus DVD content that includes live and digest performance footage of "Truth", "I'm Sorry", and "Lady"  from the second half of the band's set at the Official Fanmeeting 2014.

The band embarked on the CNBLUE 2014 Arena Tour "Wave" from October 9 to November 26. The concerts took place at the Nippon Gaishi Hall in Aichi, the Nippon Budokan in Tokyo, the Osaka-jō Hall in Osaka, the Sekisui Heim Super Arena in Miyagi, and the Marine Messe Fukuoka in Fukuoka. Performing 21 songs at each concert, the tour drew in 100,000 attendees in total. The Osaka-jō Hall concert was recorded and broadcast in February 2015 on Tokyo Broadcasting System Television. It later spawned a DVD and Blu-ray, which was released on March 11.

Commercial performance
Wave shifted 26,051 copies on its first day of release. On the chart dated September 29, 2014, the album debuted at number three on Japan's national Oricon Albums Chart, selling 34,849 copies. It also entered the Billboard Japan Hot Albums chart at number three. By the end of its chart run, Wave sold 42,080 copies in the country.

Track listing

Charts

References

2014 albums
CNBLUE albums
Electronic dance music albums by South Korean artists
Japanese-language albums
Rock albums by South Korean artists
Warner Music Japan albums


title: Jan Wølner

text:
Jan Wølner (18 October 1909 – 7 July 1991) was a Norwegian classical pianist.

He was born in Kristiania. He made his concert debut in 1930, and became known as a performing pianist and composer.

References

1909 births
1991 deaths
Musicians from Oslo
Norwegian classical pianists
20th-century classical pianists


title: List of Darlington F.C. players

text:
Darlington Football Club, an English association football club based in Darlington, County Durham, was founded in 1883. They entered the FA Cup for the first time in 1885–86, were founder members of the Northern League in 1889, turned professional in 1908 and joined the North Eastern League, which they won in 1913 and 1921. The latter win preceded election to the Football League as members of its newly formed Third Division North. Runners-up in their first season, Darlington were Northern Section champions three years later, thus winning promotion to the Second Division. Their 15th-place finish in 1926 remains their best League performance, and they were relegated back to the Third Division the following year. After 68 years of continuous membership, they were relegated from the Football League in 1988–89. Having made an immediate return as Conference champions, they remained in the League until 2010, when they again dropped into the Conference. After Darlington failed to exit administration in a manner acceptable to the Football Association, that body treated it as a new club, required it to change its name (to Darlington 1883), and placed its team in the Northern League, the ninth tier of English football, for the 2012–13 season. Five years later, the FA approved the club's request to resume its traditional name.

The club's first team have competed in numerous nationally organised competitions, and all players who have played in 100 or more such matches, either as a member of the starting eleven or as a substitute, are listed below. Each player's details include the duration of his Darlington career, his typical playing position while with the club, and the number of games played and goals scored in domestic league matches and in all senior competitive matches. Where applicable, the list also includes the national team for which the player was selected, and the number of senior international caps he won.

Introduction

Of the more than 150 men who made 100 or more appearances in nationally organised league competition for Darlington, Alan Walsh and Jerry Best are first and second in the club's all-time scorers list. Davie Brown scored a club record 39 league goals in a single season, from 40 matches in 1924–25 as Darlington were promoted to the Second Division for the only time in their history. Frank Gray, Ken Hale and Billy Horner went on to manage the club, while Craig Liddle and Neil Maddison had several spells as caretaker manager.

Other players took part in significant matches in the history of the club. On the opening day of the 1921–22 season, Tommy Winship crossed for Bill Hooper to score Darlington's first Football League goal, against Halifax Town; the goal came so quickly that the Northern Echo reported how Hooper could "in all probability, lay claim to the honour of being the first player to score a goal in the Northern Section of the Third Division". Hughie Dickson scored the second with a penalty kick to make the score 2–0, and George Malcolm, the club's first Football League captain, and Tommy Greaves also played in the match. Dan Cassidy scored the last-seconds winner to defeat Stockport County in the inaugural Northern Section Cup final in 1934. Dave Carr and Keith Morton scored two of the goals that earned Darlington a draw with Chelsea, League champions only three seasons earlier, in the fourth round of the 1958–59 FA Cup, and Carr scored again as Darlington won the replay 4–1 to progress to the last 16 of the competition for only the second time in their history. Ray Yeoman captained the team to promotion from the Fourth Division in 1965–66, and Ian Miller was captain and Paul Arnison, Liam Hatch and Sam Russell also played as Darlington won the 2011 FA Trophy Final.

Ten men listed heregoalkeeper Mark Prudhoe, defenders Ron Greener, Liddle, Kevan Smith and John Peverell, midfielders Andy Toman, Alan Sproates and David McLean, and forwards Walsh and Colin Sinclairwere voted by supporters into a "Dream Team" as part of the 2003 Farewell to Feethams celebrations, when the club left its long-time home. The eleventh man, Marco Gabbiadini, played only 98 times for Darlington. Ron Ferguson's goal that eliminated Sheffield Wednesday from the 1976–77 FA Cup was chosen best goal ever scored at the ground.

Key

The list is ordered first by number of appearances in total, then by number of League appearances, and then if necessary by date of debut.
Appearances as a substitute are included.
Statistics are correct up to 3 July 2023. Where a player left the club permanently after this date, his statistics are updated to his date of leaving.

Players with 100 or more appearances

Players with fewer appearances

Notes

Player statistics include games played while on loan from:

References
Appearances and goals

Specific

Sources

Players

Darlington
Players
Association football player non-biographical articles


title: Bahman Kamel

text:
Bahman Kamel (); is an Iranian football defender who plays for Oxin in the Azadegan League.

Club career

Machine Sazi
He joined Machine Sazi in the summer of 2008 and spent four seasons with Tabrizi side in Division 1 and Division 2.

Naft Tehran
He joined Naft Tehran in the summer of 2012. He spent two seasons in Naft Tehran and made 35 appearances without scoring.

Foolad
After two seasons at Naft, he signed a one-year contract with Iranian League title holder, Foolad at the deadline of the summer transfer window. He made his debut for Foolad in the second fixture of the 2014–15 Iran Pro League against Persepolis as a substitute for Yousef Vakia.

Club career statistics

References

External links
 Bahman Kamel at PersianLeague.com
 Bahman Kamel at IranLeague.ir

Living people
Iranian men's footballers
Machine Sazi F.C. players
Naft Tehran F.C. players
Foolad F.C. players
1986 births
Footballers from Tabriz
Men's association football defenders


title: Typhoon Koppu (2009)

text:
Typhoon Koppu, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Nando was a typhoon which struck China in September 2009.

Meteorological history

On September 9, an area of convectional cloudiness associated with the monsoon trough formed  to the northwest of Palau. Satellite imagery showed that a consolidating Low Level Circulation Centre (LLCC) with convection had started to develop and was wrapping toward the center. On September 11, the LLCC started to show improvement and was under moderate vertical shear with good westward outflow, but the JMA still upgraded the system to a minor tropical depression. Early of September 12, PAGASA upgraded the system in their responsibility and assigned its local name, Nando. At 1500 UTC, PAGASA reported that the depression made its landfall over northern Palanan, Isabela of the Philippines. However both JMA and JTWC reported that the depression did not make landfall but only crossed the Luzon strait. Early of the next day, JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical depression. Early of September 13, both JMA and JTWC upgraded the system as a tropical storm and assigned its international name, Koppu. Koppu is a Japanese name, and it means Crater (コップ座) . In the afternoon, JMA reported that Koppu intensified into a severe tropical storm. On the 14th, the JMA reported that Koppu had intensified to a minimal typhoon, but the JTWC still kept Koppu as a tropical storm for the next few hours but later acknowledging the intensification and upgraded Koppu to a minimal typhoon. But the JTWC issued their final advisory early on September 15, as Koppu was moving over land, and was expected to dissipate quickly.

Impact

In Luzon, a 48-hour rainfall was experienced. In Visayas and Mindanao, a 24-hour rainfall was also experienced due to Nando's enhancing southwest monsoon. About 10 provinces were raised in signal warning no.1 from September 12 – September 13. Nando had triggered landslides resulting road closures and evacuations of some residents in Kalinga province. The storm then caused major flood in Luoding, People's Republic of China.

References

External links

2009 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoons in China
2009 in China


title: Xenurobrycon polyancistrus

text:
Xenurobrycon polyancistrus is a species of characid fish of the subfamily Glandulocaudinae. A freshwater fish, it is the smallest species of characin in its family and order. Adults can grow up to 1.4 cm long.

Distribution

Found in the gallery forest pools adjacent to rivers in savannah areas of the Rio Mamore and Rio Isiboro drainages in Bolivia.

It is also found in the Río Madre de Dios basin in Peru.

Discovery

It was found among a collection of fishes from Bolivia sent by Gerard Loubens of the Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Laboratoire d'Ichthyologie de l'Universite de Trinidad, Estado Beni, Bolivia.

References

Xenurobryconini
Fish of Bolivia
Freshwater fish of Peru
Fish of the Amazon basin
Taxa named by Stanley Howard Weitzman
Fish described in 1987


title: Finding Vivian Maier

text:
Finding Vivian Maier is a 2013 American documentary film about the photographer Vivian Maier, written, directed, and produced by John Maloof and Charlie Siskel, and executive produced by Jeff Garlin.

Maier was a French-American woman who worked most of her life as a nanny and housekeeper to a multitude of Chicago families. She carried a camera everywhere she went, but Maier's photographic legacy was largely unknown during her lifetime. She died in 2009.

The film documents how Maloof discovered her work and, after her death, uncovered her life through interviews with people who knew her. Maloof had purchased a box of photo negatives at a 2007 Chicago auction, then scanned the images and put them on the Internet.  News articles began to come out about Maier and a Kickstarter campaign for the documentary was soon underway.

The film had its world premiere at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2013. It was shown in cinemas, and was released on DVD in November 2014. Upon release, the film received critical acclaim, and won various awards, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 87th Academy Awards.

Selected cast
 John Maloof
 Phil Donahue
 Mary Ellen Mark
 Joel Meyerowitz
 Tim Roth

Reception

Critical response
Finding Vivian Maier has an approval rating of 95% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 100 reviews, and an average rating of 7.50/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Narratively gripping, visually striking, and ultimately thought-provoking, Finding Vivian Maier shines an overdue spotlight on its subject's long-hidden brilliance". It also has a score of 75 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 27 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Accolades
 2014: Best Documentary Feature, Alaska Airlines Audience Award, Portland International Film Festival.
 2014: Best New Director Award, Alaska Airlines Audience Award, Portland International Film Festival.
 2014: Founders Prize for Best Documentary, Traverse City Film Festival.
 2014: Won (tied with The Overnighters by Jesse Moss) Grand Jury Prize, Knight Documentary Competition, Miami International Film Festival.
 2014: John Schlesinger Award for Outstanding First Feature, Palm Springs International Film Festival.
 2014:  Nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 87th Academy Awards.
 2014:  Nominated for Best Documentary Screenplay from the Writers Guild of America.

References

External links

 Maloof and Siskel interviewed by David Poland about Finding Vivian Maier (36 minute video)

2013 films
2010s biographical films
2013 documentary films
American biographical films
American documentary films
Documentary films about photographers
Documentary films about women
Films set in Chicago
Films shot in Chicago
Kickstarter-funded documentaries
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


title: Hednota demissalis

text:
Hednota demissalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1863


title: Hednota diacentra

text:
Hednota diacentra is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1897. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Victoria.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1897


title: Hednota diargyra

text:
Hednota diargyra is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Turner in 1925. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1925


title: Hednota dichospila

text:
Hednota dichospila is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Turner in 1937. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1937


title: Matazō Kayama

text:
Matazō Kayama ( , Kayama Matazō) was a Japanese Nihonga painter of the 20th century, born in Kyoto in 1927.

Biography
Kayama Matazo was a painter who employed a mixed technique. In 1949, he graduated from the Tokyo University of the Arts with a degree in painting. Around 1960 he traveled, gave exhibitions, and held conferences abroad. Starting in 1950, he participated in expositions of The Association of Young Artists (Shinseisaku gakai), wherein he was awarded four times. From 1958 on, he participated in international expositions of modern Japanese artists. In 1967, he also participated in the exhibition Masterpieces of Modern Japanese Painting at the State Hermitage Museum of Saint Petersburg and at the Pushkin Museum in Moscow. In 1957, he was granted the Young Painters Prize in the Asahi News. In 1973 he was granted the prize for Japanese Art and, in 1980, he received the Prize of the Ministry of Culture.  He became a professor at the Tokyo University of the Arts in 1988.

Technique

His works give the impression of a cross between a painting and a photograph.  In 1950, he began to incorporate discrete elements of cubism, as well as elements of Italian futurism in his series of paintings focused on birds and other animals. In 1964, he conceived a ceramic mural for the Taiseki-ji Temple of Fujinomiya. He also conceived a stone Pagoda for the Jindai-ji Temple in 1974, in homage to his late friend Yokoyama Misao (1920). Towards the end of the 1970s, several state organizations commissioned him to make mural decorations, including the Japanese Embassy in the United States.

Bibliography

References

External links

  Kayama's Cat Paintings

Nihonga painters
1927 births
2004 deaths
Buddhist artists
20th-century Japanese painters


title: Hednota empheres

text:
Hednota empheres is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by L. E. Koch in 1966. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.

References

External links
Original description:

Crambinae
Moths described in 1966


title: Attius Tullius

text:
Attius Tullius was a well-respected and influential political and military leader of the Volsci in the early fifth century BC: according to Plutarch, who calls him Tullus Aufidius, his home town was Antium. Tullius sheltered the exiled Roman hero Gaius Marcius Coriolanus, then incited a war with Rome, in which he and Coriolanus led the Volscian forces.  He appears in William Shakespeare's tragedy Coriolanus under the name of Tullus Aufidius.

Background
The alliance between Tullius and Coriolanus had its roots in the first great confrontation between Rome's patrician and plebeian classes.  In 494 BC, under the weight of crushing debt, the entire body of the plebeians seceded from Rome and took to the Mons Sacer.  The patrician envoys negotiated a settlement to the dispute, first by agreeing to debt relief, and then by creating the new and sacrosanct office of the Tribune of the Plebs, in order to protect the interests of the plebeians.

The following year, Gaius Marcius, a young officer in the army of the consul Postumus Cominius, rescued the Roman forces attacking the Volscian town of Corioli from a desperate situation, in which they were simultaneously attacked by a Volscian relief force and a sortie from the town.  Marcius led a company of soldiers through the gates of Corioli before they could be closed, and set fire to a number of buildings, effecting the capture of the undefended populace, and winning resounding fame, as well as the surname of Coriolanus.

Soon afterward, Rome was beset by famine, and a large quantity of grain was imported from Sicily.  When the plebeians objected to the high price being charged, Coriolanus took a leading role in the patrician opposition to a reduction in price, demanding that if the people wished to have last year's price, they should agree to surrender their hard-won privileges and give up the tribunate.  Notwithstanding his fame and heroic deeds, Coriolanus soon found himself the object of the people's scorn.  Believing his life in danger, he fled into exile amongst the Volsci, the very people whom he had helped to defeat, where he was sheltered by the Volscian leader, Attius Tullius.
Plutarch says that Coriolanus took refuge from Tullius in Antium.

War with Rome

Sensing weakness on the part of the Romans, and an opportunity for revenge, Tullius pretended reconciliation, and in 491 led a delegation of Volsci to Rome in order to participate in the celebration of the Great Games, which were being celebrated on a grand scale.  In order to stir up Volscian resentment, he obtained a private audience with the consuls, and convinced them that he feared some discord might erupt between the Volscian youth and the Romans.  The consuls put the matter before the senate, and the senate decided to expel the Volsci from Rome.  The panicked Volsci gathered their belongings and hurriedly left the city.  As surprise and fear turned to anger, Tullius met them at a grove sacred to the goddess Ferentina, further inflaming their passions, and inducing the Volsci to declare war on Rome.

Command of the Volscian forces was jointly entrusted to Tullius and Coriolanus, who led their army against Roman towns, colonies and allies.  Roman colonists were expelled from Circeii.  They then retook the formerly Volscian towns of Satricum, Longula, Pollusca and Corioli.  Then the Volscian army took Lavinium, then Corbio, Vitellia, Trebia, Lavici and Pedum.  At last, the Volsci were ready to besiege Rome itself.  For this endeavour, the supreme command was entrusted to Coriolanus, rather than Tullius.  He set up camp on the Cluilian trench, five miles outside Rome, and ravaged the countryside.

The Roman senate twice dispatched delegations to negotiate with the Volscian army, but Coriolanus refused to receive them.  A delegation of priests in their ceremonial garments was likewise refused.  At last a party of women appeared before the Volscian camp to plead for their city.  Coriolanus was still of mind to refuse them, until one of his friends informed him that among the women were his mother, Veturia, his wife,  Volumnia, and his two young sons.  Moved by their pleas, Coriolanus agreed to withdraw his army and end the siege.  According to Fabius Pictor, he endured a bitter exile for many years.

According to Plutarch, consequently, having Coriolanus committed acts of disloyalty to the Volsci, Tullius raised support to have the Roman first put on trial by the Volsci, and then assassinated before the trial had ended.

Afterward
On a subsequent occasion, Tullius arranged for an alliance between the Volsci and the Aequi, intending to renew hostilities upon Rome with a combined army.  However, the Aequi refused to have Tullius in command of their forces, and a fierce battle between the would-be allies ensued, in which both armies were severely weakened, ending the threat against Rome.  This is the last occasion on which Tullius is mentioned, although Rome was frequently engaged in various skirmishes with both the Aequi and Volsci over the next several decades.

References

Bibliography
 Titus Livius (Livy), History of Rome.
 Thomas Arnold, The History of Rome, D. Appleton & Company, New York (1846).
 Mrs. Hamilton Gray, History of Rome for Young Persons, T. Hatchard, London (1858).
 Henry G. Liddell, The Student's Rome: A History of Rome from the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire, John Murray, London (1871).
 Wilhelm Ihne, The History of Rome, Longmans, Green, and Co., London (1895). s. v. "Attius Tullius" (1871); Early Rome: From the Foundation of the City to Its Destruction by the Gauls, Longmans, Green (1895).
 W.W. How, H.D. Leigh, A History of Rome to the Death of Cæsar, Longmans, Green, & Co., London (1898).

5th-century BC people
Aufidii
Tullii
Attii


title: Youma Diakite

text:
Youma Diakite (born  1 May 1971), also known simply as Youma, is a Malian model, actress, television personality and showgirl, mainly active in Italy. She is internationally known also as "the other Naomi" because she is very similar to Naomi Campbell.

Born in Mali and raised in Paris, Diakite became worldwide known at 18 years old when she was chosen by Benetton Group as spokesmodel for an advertising campaign. Moved to Italy in 1998, Diakite was a runway model for notable stylists including  Armani, Versace and Dolce & Gabbana. Diakite appeared in several television variety shows. She was also a contestant in the reality-talent show Ballando con le Stelle (Italian version of Dancing with the Stars) aired by Rai Uno and also in the reality-game show L'isola dei famosi (Italian version of Celebrity Survivor) aired by Canale 5. Diakite also appeared in John Wick: Chapter 2, an action film directed by Chad Stahelski in 2017. Diakite is also an international political activist against racism.

Filmography

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
21st-century Malian actresses
Malian emigrants to France
Malian models
Participants in Italian reality television series
Malian activists
Malian women activists
Anti-racism activists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Malian film actresses


title: Mor Pouye

text:
Mor Pouye (born 21 November 1994) is a Senegalese former footballer who played as a midfielder.

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Footballers from Dakar
Senegalese men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Liga I players
ACF Gloria Bistrița players
Louletano D.C. players
S.C. Olhanense players
Senegalese expatriate men's footballers
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Portugal


title: Hednota enchias

text:
Hednota enchias is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1897. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Tasmania.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1897


title: Media in Fairbanks, Alaska

text:
Fairbanks is a center of media in central Alaska. The following is a list of media outlets based in the city.

Print

Newspapers
The Fairbanks Daily News-Miner is the city's primary newspaper, published daily. In addition, the University of Alaska Fairbanks publishes a weekly student newspaper, The Sun Star.

Radio
The following is a list of radio stations licensed to and/or broadcasting from Fairbanks.

AM

FM

Television
The Fairbanks television market includes all of Fairbanks North Star Borough, the western half of Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, and a portion of southern Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area. In its Fall 2013 ranking of television markets by population, Arbitron ranked the Fairbanks market 202nd in the United States.

The following is a list of television stations that broadcast from and/or are licensed to Fairbanks.

References

Fairbanks
 Fairbanks


title: Samuel Wooster James

text:
Samuel James is an American scientist, a researcher specializing in evolutionary biology, focusing on earthworm taxonomy. James, with fellow researchers, has discovered numerous species of annelids, including Diplocardia californiana, Diplocardia woodi, Diplocardia montana, and a new species related to the Giant Palouse earthworm.

Since January 2011, James has been working on phylogenomic investigation of the evolutionary history of Annelida, as part of the WormNet II: Assembling the Tree of Life for Annelida project, along with researchers Christer Erseus and Bronwyn W. Williams. He is currently part of the University of Iowa's Department of Biology, where he is an Associate Adjunct Professor. Prior to the University of Iowa, James was a research associate at the University of Kansas, Biodiversity Institute, from 2003 until 2009.

List of new species observed

List of publications

1980-1984
James, S.W. 1982. Effects of fire and soil type on earthworm populations in a tallgrass prairie. Pedobiologia 24:37-40.
Boucher, D., S.W. James and K.E. Keeler. 1982. The ecology of mutualism. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13:315-347.

1985-1989

Seastedt, T.R., S.W. James and T.C. Todd. 1989 Interactions among soil invertebrates, microbes and plant growth in the tallgrass prairie. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 24:219-228.

1990-1994

James, S.W. 1990. Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae and other earthworms from southern and midwestern North America. In D. Dindal (ed.) Soil Biology Guide. pp. 379–386. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Wood, H.B. and S.W. James. 1993. Native and introduced earthworms from selected chaparral, woodland, and riparian zones in southern California. Gen.Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-142. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, USDA; 20 p.

1995-1999
Fragoso, C., S.W. James and S. Borges. 1995. Native earthworms of the north Neotropical region: current status and controversies. in P. Hendrix (ed.). Earthworm Ecology and Biogeography in North America, pp. 67–115. CRC Press, Inc, Boca Raton, Florida.
James, S.W. 1995. Systematics, biogeography and ecology of earthworms from eastern, central, southern and southwestern USA. in P. Hendrix (ed.) Earthworm Ecology and Biogeography in North America, pp. 29–51. CRC Press, Inc, Boca Raton, Florida.
James, S.W. 1996. Nine new species of Dichogaster from Guadeloupe, French West Indies (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) Zoologica Scripta 25:21-24.
James, S.W. 1996. Earthworms. In G. Hall (ed.) Methods for the examination of organismal diversity in soils and sediments. IUBS Methodology Series. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK.
Goodman, S.M., P. Parillo, S.W. James and P. Sierwald. 1996. Elevational variation in soil macroinvertebrates on the eastern slopes of the Reserve Naturelle Integrale d'Andingitra, Madagascar. Fieldiana (Zoology) NS. 85:144-151

James, S.W. 1998. Earthworms and earth history. pp. 3–14 in: C.A. Edwards, ed. Earthworm Ecology. Proc 5th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology. St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton.

2000-2004
James, S.W. 2000. Earthworms of the eastern Columbia River Basin. USDA- Forest Service General Technical Report, Pacific NW Region.

James, S.W. 2004. Earthworms from the eastern mountains of Jamaica: fourteen new species of Dichogaster (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). (in press, Organisms, Diversity and Evolution)
James, S.W. 2004. New species of Amynthas, Pheretima, and Pleionogaster (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) of the Mt. Kitanglad Range, Mindanao Island, Philippines. (in press, Raffles Bulletin of Zoology).
James S.W. 2004. The earthworm genus Pleionogaster in southern Luzon, Philippines. (in prep).
James, S.W., Y. Hong and T.H. Kim. 2004. New species of Pheretima and Pithemera (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mt. Arayat, Luzon Island, Philippines. (in press, Revue Suisse de Zoologie)
Hong, Y. and S.W. James 2004. New species of Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 from the Philippines (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). (in press, Revue Suisse de Zoologie)
James, S.W. 2004. New genera and new species of earthworms (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from southern Luzon, Philippines. (in press, Systematics and Biodiversity)
James, S.W. 2004. New species of Archipheretima (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Luzon, Philippines, with a revision of the genus. (in prep.)
James, S.W., H.-T. Shih and H.-W. Chang. 2004. Seven new species of Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) and new earthworm records from Taiwan. Journal of Natural History. (in press).
James, S.W. 2004. Planetary processes and their interactions with earthworm and distributions and ecology. in: C.A. Edwards, ed. Earthworm Ecology. 2nd edition. St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton. (in press)
James, S.W. and P.W. Hendrix. 2004. Invasion of Exotic Earthworms into North America. in: C.A. Edwards, ed. Earthworm Ecology. 2nd edition. St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton. (in press)

2005-2009

 Samuel James, Hsi-Te Shih, Hsueh-Wen Chang. 2005. Seven new species of Amynthas Clitellata: Megascolecidae and new earthworm records from Taiwan Journal of Natural History, Vol. 39, No. 14., 1007, doi:10.1080/00222930400001434
James, S. W. and G. G. Brown. 2006. Earthworm ecology and diversity in Brazil. p. 56–116. In: Moreira, F. M. S., J. O. Siqueira, and L. Brussaard. (eds.). Soil biodiversity in Amazonian and other Brazilian ecosystems. CAB International, Wallingford.

2010-2014
Lang, S. A., Garcia, M. V., James, S. W., Sayers, C. W., & Shain, D. H. (2012). Phylogeny and clitellar morphology of the giant Amazonian Earthworm, Rhinodrilus priollii (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae). The American Midland Naturalist, 167(2), 384–395.

Notes

References

American taxonomists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Iowa faculty
University of Kansas faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Hednota eremenopa

text:
Hednota eremenopa is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1903. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Victoria.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1903


title: Hednota grammellus

text:
Hednota grammellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Zeller in 1863. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales and Victoria.

The forewings are white with a pattern of brown lines.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1863


title: Hednota hagnodes

text:
Hednota hagnodes is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Turner in 1942. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1942


title: Hednota haplotypa

text:
Hednota haplotypa is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Turner in 1904. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1904


title: Tropical Storm Lekima (2007)

text:
Severe Tropical Storm Lekima, known in the Philippines as Tropical Depression Hanna was a deadly tropical storm that affected both Philippines and Vietnam. The fourteenth named storm of the 2007 Pacific typhoon season, Lekima formed from a quick-moving tropical depression on the Philippine Sea in late September. After crossing Luzon and leaving Philippine Area of Responsibility, the tropical depression organized into a tropical storm. The storm quickly strengthened into a severe tropical storm and reached a peak intensity of , while slowly tracking west-northwest on September 30. Lekima would stay at peak intensity for the remainder of its life until the cyclone made a final landfall over Central Vietnam on October 3. The remnants dissipated over land later that day.

In the Philippines, Hanna brought heavy torrential rains to Luzon that caused landslides which killed eight people in the province of Ifugao, as well as flooding, infrastructure damage, agricultural damage and disruption of transportation service in other parts of the Philippines. In China, over 100,000 people were evacuated, six flights were cancelled and more than 20,000 fishing boats were recalled back to the harbors. Greatest impacts were reported in Vietnam, as the associated rains caused hundreds of homes to be destroyed. More than 6,000 houses were washed away by the storm and 52,000 others were damaged in Vietnam. Extensive regions were affected causing heavy damage to the local agriculture. Ultimately, 86 people were killed (of which 15 people were from the Thanh Hóa Province), and total damages were estimated to be at $131 million (2007 USD).

Meteorological history

A tropical disturbance wave near the Philippines were detected to be developing and PAGASA quickly upgraded it to Tropical Depression Hanna on September 27. PAGASA upgraded it into a tropical storm the next day. It made landfall in central Luzon early on September 29, and at the same time JMA upgraded the developing system into a tropical depression, while JTWC started a TCFA shortly thereafter at 09:00 UTC on the same day. JMA declared the system Tropical Storm Lekima on the next day. It continued to strengthen and Lekima was upgraded into a severe tropical storm on September 30 by JMA and would remain as such until landfall. Meanwhile, JTWC upgraded Lekima into a typhoon in October 2 and it would also remain as such until landfall. Lekima was the largest newborn tropical system on record by diameter at 1700 km at the time before being beaten by Tropical Storm Kompasu 14 years later by 200 km.

Lekima made landfall on Quảng Trạch District, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam at 12:00 UTC in October 3 as a severe tropical storm. JTWC published the last Tropical Cyclone Warning later that day at 18:00 UTC while downgrading Lekima into a tropical storm, and JMA followed the suit at the same time. On the next day, Lekima weakened into a tropical depression over Laos by JMA, but JTWC did not follow suit. Lekima dissipated over land on October 5.

Preparations and impact

Philippines
Hanna brought heavy rains to Luzon causing a landslide that killed eight people, including three children, in Ifugao province, while another person was found dead in Quezon City. Torrential rains also caused landslides, flooding, infrastructure damage, and disruption of transportation service in other parts of the country. A Office of Civil Defense administrator said that several people had to leave their homes, mainly in the north of the country, and that heavy rains damaged roads and bridges, as well as damaging the local agriculture.

China
Over 100,000 people were evacuated in southern China as the storm approached, six flights were cancelled and more than 20,000 fishing boats were recalled back to the harbors.

Vietnam
Over 400,000 people were reported to have been evacuated in Vietnam as the storm approached. Upon arrival, associated rains caused heavy damage as about hundreds of houses were destroyed, more than 6,000 houses were washed away by the storm and 52,000 others were damaged. Many regions were affected by the storm, causing heavy damage to the local agriculture. More than 10 million people were affected by the storm. In total, 86 people were killed, 15 of which were located in Thanh Hóa Province. Total damages were estimated to be at $131 million (2007 USD).

See also

Other tropical cyclones named Lekima
Other tropical cyclones named Hanna
Tropical Storm Mirinae (2016)

Notes

References

External links

 JMA General Information of Severe Tropical Storm Lekima (0714) from Digital Typhoon
 JMA Best Track Data of Severe Tropical Storm Lekima (0714)
 JMA Best Track Data (Graphics) of Severe Tropical Storm Lekima (0714)
 JMA Best Track Data (Text)
 16W.LEKIMA from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

2007 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoons in Vietnam
Typhoons in the Philippines
Western Pacific severe tropical storms
Tropical Storm Lekima
2007 disasters in the Philippines
Lekima


title: Hednota hoplitellus

text:
Hednota hoplitellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1879. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1879


title: Hednota icelomorpha

text:
Hednota icelomorpha is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Turner in 1906. It is found in Australia.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1906


title: Hednota impletellus

text:
Hednota impletellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Tasmania.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1863