title: Jeffrey E. Harris

text:
Jeffrey E. Harris, is an economist and physician who has been on the faculty of the Economics Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology since 1977. He received an AB (summa cum laude, 1969) from Harvard University, as well as an MD (1974) and a PhD in Economics (1975) from the University of Pennsylvania. Having trained in internal medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital (1974-1977), he maintained a medical practice at that institution until 2006. Since then, he has continued to practice as an internist at federally sponsored community health centers in Rhode Island, where the majority of his patients have poverty-level incomes and are not fluent in English.

Research
Harris has published widely on smoking and health, the economics of smoking and public policy toward the tobacco industry, HIV/AIDS, health economics, as well as economics and statistics generally. He is author of Deadly Choices: Coping with Health Risks in Everyday Life.

Research publications

Williamson-Wachter-Harris (1975)
As a graduate student, Harris collaborated with his doctoral thesis adviser, Oliver E. Williamson (Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, 2008), in an article entitled Understanding the Employment Relation: The Analysis of Idiosyncratic Exchange. This article (294 Web of Science (WoS) citations, 928 Google Scholar (GS) citations) was subsequently reproduced in several collections, including Williamson's Markets and Hierarchies (1975). The article has been described as "the first explicit application of the new institutional economics to internal labor markets."

The Internal Organization of Hospitals (1977)
Based upon Harris' training in the economics of organization and his experiences as a medical resident, this article (149 WoS citations, 411 GS citations) has been listed as one of the top articles in the last four decades of scholarship in health economics. Reproduced in several collections, the article was cited in the first generation of health economics textbooks as the Harris Model: "The hospital, under Harris' account, is the scene of continual conflict within an organization inherently split into two parts, what Harris describes as a noncooperative oligopoly game."

DuMouchel-Harris (1983)
Based upon his participation in the Diesel Impacts Study Committee of the National Academy of Sciences, Harris collaborated with William H. DuMouchel in an article entitled Bayes Methods for Combining the Results of Cancer Studies in Humans and Other Species (181 WoS citations, 228 GS citations). As recounted by Sharon Bertsch McGrayne in The Theory That Would Not Die, "Several civilian researchers tackling hitherto intractable problems concerning public health, sociology, epidemiology, and image restoration did experiment during the 1980s with computers for Bayes. A major controversy about the effect of diesel engine emissions on air quality and cancer inspired the first attempt. By the 1980s cancer specialists had solid data about the effects of cigarette smoke on people, laboratory animals, and cells but little accurate information about diesel fumes. William H. DuMouchel from MIT’s mathematics department and Jeffrey E. Harris from its economics department and Massachusetts General Hospital teamed up in 1983 to ask, 'Could you borrow and extrapolate and take advantage of information from non-human species for humans?' ... Thanks to mice and hamster studies, DuMouchel and Harris were able to conclude that even if light-duty diesel vehicles captured a 25% market share over 20 years, the risk of lung cancer would be negligible for the typical urban resident compared to the typical pack-a-day cigarette smoker. ... Today, Bayesian meta-analyses are statistically old hat, but DuMouchel and Harris made Bayesians salivate for more big-data methods—and for the computing power to deal with them."

Cigarette smoking among successive birth cohorts (1983)
Motivated by his contributions to the 1979 and 1980 Surgeon General’s Reports, Harris developed a method to reconstruct the smoking rates of successive birth cohorts of men and women throughout the 20th century, based upon individual smoking histories reported in large-scale cross-section surveys. The resulting article, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute in 1983 (148 Wos citations, 210 GS citations), spawned a series of studies tracking the birth cohort-specific relationships between smoking rates and disease incidence.

Improved short-term survival from AIDS (1990)
In an article entitled Improved Short-Term Survival of AIDS Patients Initially Diagnosed with Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia, 1984 through 1987 (101 WoS citations, 131 GS citations), Harris was one of the first investigators to report a significant gain in life expectancy for AIDS patients, which he attributed to the introduction in 1986 of zidovudine, the first antiretroviral agent.

Risk of lung cancer from low tar cigarettes (2004)
Harris collaborated with Dr. Michael Thun and his colleagues at the American Cancer Society to study the relationship between cigarette tar yield and the risk of cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) cohort (57 WoS citations, 136 GS citations, 36,000 downloads from British Medical Journal website). This prospective cohort study of over 900,000 men and women remains the standard citation for the conclusion that, while cigarette smoking increases the risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers, there is no difference in lung cancer risk between those who smoke medium tar cigarettes, low tar cigarettes and very low tar cigarettes.

Public service
Harris has served as Consulting Scientific Editor, Contributor, and Senior Reviewer to U.S. Surgeon General's Reports on Smoking and Health (1979–1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1996). He has served as a member of several committees of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine, including the Diesel Impacts Study Committee, the Committee to Study the Prevention of Low Birth Weight, the Committee on National Strategies toward Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, the Committee on Risk Characterization, and the Committee on Reducing Tobacco Use. Harris has served as consultant to governmental agencies, including the U.S. National Cancer Institute, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Federal Trade Commission, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Internal Revenue Service, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Minnesota Attorney General, New York City Department of Health, New Hampshire Association of Counties, the Attorney General of Canada, and the Australian Competition and Consumer Safety Commission. He has consulted for nonprofit public interest organizations, including the American Cancer Society. He has also served as a physician member of the Massachusetts Board of Registration in Medicine (1978-1980).

Expert testimony
Harris has given invited testimony before the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives; the Committee of the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives; the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee; the U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture; the U.S. Senate Democratic Task Force; and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. In 2003, he gave expert testimony in Price v. Philip Morris, a class-action lawsuit alleging fraud in the marketing and sale concerning light cigarettes, in which the trial court entered a $10.1 billion judgment against the defendant. In 2004, he gave expert testimony in United States v. Philip Morris et al., in which the trial court found that tobacco manufacturers had violated the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act. Harris has offered expert testimony in other cases involving the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries.

Cipollone v. Liggett (1988)
Harris’ role as an expert witness at trial in Cipollone v. Liggett, the first lawsuit in which a jury held the tobacco industry responsible for an individual smoker's death, has been subject to reviews. As recounted by Richard Kluger in his Pulitzer Prize-winning Ashes to Ashes: "Harris tellingly contrasted the tobacco companies' conduct with that of the canning industry, which had adopted new sterilizing methods when botulism was traced to its careless procedures, and the pharmaceutical industry, which had put a skull-and-crossbones warning on preparations found to be toxic when ingested. Such measures were in marked contrast to the conduct of Philip Morris, Harris said, which in the 'Thirties had introduced the humectant diethylene glycol-- a compound later found to be harmful to the kidneys-- based on a minimum of testing..." Harris' unpublished Expert Report on the State of the Art, which was submitted in the Cipollone litigation, itself spawned an inquiry into the role of historians as experts in tobacco-related litigation. As recounted by Robert Proctor in Golden Holocaust, "In a memo titled 'Witness Development,' Arnold & Porter's Janet L. Johnson emphasized to STIC's State-of-the-Art Subcomittee their need to develop a 'storyteller' to tell 'our version' of the history of the recognition of tobacco hazards. Jeffrey Harris's expert report for Cipollone had presented a detailed chronicle of the discovery of lung cancer hazard, identifying evidence from the 1930s and the strong case for proof by 1957. The industry wanted to counter the testimony without having to address when a link had actually been established. 'Instead of trying to defend the issue of whether and when a link between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was established, we should consider focusing our testimony on defending 1954, attacking Harris' 1957 date on which a link was 'proven,' and demonstrate that it was not proven in 1957 with post-57 statements by medical experts about the existence of a controversy'."

Hispanic collaborations
Since he spent the summer of 2005 in a community health center in Guatemala, Harris has developed connections with researchers and policy makers throughout the Spanish-speaking world. He has served as visiting faculty and has given lectures, principally in Spanish, in Guatemala (Universidad Francisco Marroquin), Mexico (Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública), the Dominican Republic (Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago), Spain (University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, University of La Laguna, University of Salamanca, Pompeu Fabra University),  Costa Rica (Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud, University of Costa Rica), Uruguay (Fondo Nacional de Recursos, University of the Republic) and Chile (University of Chile, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile). In 2008, Harris was named Huésped Distinguido (Distinguished Guest and Honorary Citizen), City of Salamanca, Spain. In 2011, he received a Fulbright Specialist Award from the U.S. Department of State to establish collaborative connections with academic colleagues in Uruguay.
His recent collaborative research work includes studies of physician specialty choice in Spain and the evaluation of Uruguay's tobacco control campaign. Since 2013, he has embarked on a series of collaborative projects in Chile sponsored by the MIT Sloan Latin America Office and the MIT MISTI/Chile Program.

References

American public health doctors
Tobacco researchers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Physicians of Massachusetts General Hospital
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty
Harvard University alumni
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Scientists from Massachusetts
Smoking in the United States
Tobacco in Mexico
20th-century American physicians
21st-century American physicians
20th-century American economists
21st-century American economists


title: Aventuras de Huck

text:
Aventuras de Huck, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast

Luis Lara
Fernando Pacheco
Manolo Hernandez
Guillermo Orea

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1969 telenovelas
1969 Mexican television series debuts
1969 Mexican television series endings


title: Bamboo (album)

text:
Bamboo is the debut album by French composer Pierre Estève and was released in 1996 by Shooting Star. It is the first album in Esteve's MADe IN series, based on matters and materials from Chinese instrument classification, followed by Metal in 2001.

Track listing

Personnel
Musicians
Pierre Estève

Release history

References

1996 debut albums
Pierre Estève albums


title: David L. Goldfein

text:
David Lee Goldfein (born December 21, 1959) is a retired United States Air Force four-star general who last served as the 21st chief of staff of the Air Force. He previously served as the vice chief of staff of the Air Force and, prior to that, he served as the director of the Joint Staff, a position within the Joint Chiefs of Staff who assists the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Goldfein retired from the Air Force on October 1, 2020, after over 37 years of service.

Early life and education
Born at Laon-Couvron Air Base in France, Goldfein is the son of William Michael "Goldie" Goldfein (November 26, 1931 – June 19, 2019) and Mary Vanni. His paternal grandfather, Boatswain's mate second class Joseph William Goldfein (June 25, 1896 – June 19, 1974), served in World War I with the United States Navy, and his father was a colonel in the Air Force from 1949 to 1982 and fought in the Vietnam War. After his retirement, Goldfein's father worked for the Combined Federal Campaign in Las Vegas for 5 years and then the Link Aviation Devices in Binghamton, New York for 5 years. His elder brother, Stephen M. Goldfein also served in the Air Force from 1978 to 2008, retiring as a major general; Stephen Goldfein also served as Director of the Joint Staff, a position his brother David would later hold. David Goldfein received his commission from the United States Air Force Academy, where he received a B.S. degree in philosophy in 1983. He is also a graduate of the U.S. Air Force Weapons School at Nellis AFB. He is a Distinguished Eagle Scout and former ranger at the Philmont Scout Ranch.

Military career

Goldfein is a Command Pilot with more than 4,200 flying hours with the T-37, T-38, F-16C/D, F-117A, MC-12W, and MQ-9.

Goldfein commanded United States Air Forces Central, Shaw AFB, SC and Al Udeid AB, Qatar; 49th Fighter Wing, Holloman AFB, NM; 52d Fighter Wing, Spangdahlem AB, Germany; 366th Operations Group, Mountain Home AFB, ID; and the 555th Fighter Squadron, Aviano AB, Italy.

Goldfein flew combat missions during the Gulf War, and later deployed to the Vicenza Combined Air Operations Center for Operation Deliberate Force. As commander of the 555th Fighter Squadron, he led his squadron flying an F-16 fighter in Operation Allied Force. During the operation, on 2 May 1999, Goldfein's F-16 was shot down over western Serbia by a S-125 surface-to-air missile fired by the 3rd Battery of the 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade of the Yugoslav Air Force. Goldfein successfully ejected, and was subsequently rescued by NATO helicopters.

Chief of Staff of the Air Force

On April 26, 2016, Defense Secretary Ash Carter announced that President Obama had nominated Goldfein to succeed General Mark Welsh as the 21st Chief of Staff of the Air Force. Goldfein's experience as a consensus builder, as well as his role in formulating the Air Force's contributions to the Defense Department's third offset strategy were cited by Carter and Secretary of the Air Force Deborah Lee James as reasons for his selection. His confirmation hearing took place on June 16, and he succeeded Welsh on July 1, two days after his confirmation.

As CSAF, Goldfein spearheaded the Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) and Advanced Battle Management (ABMS) systems, designed to connect service-level networks, platforms and sensors into a network for communicating battle information across the joint force. The aim of rapidly connecting all aircraft data and sensors to each other, as well as, to other military assets was a special focus of the subject as he led the service. He prioritized restoring the squadron as the principal warfighting unit of the Air Force, giving squadron commanders greater autonomy over their units, standardizing squadron command responsibilities and delegating more financial resources to squadron-level activities. Goldfein also led a proposal to increase from 312 to 386 operational squadrons. In September 2016, Goldfein personally selected the name "Raider" from more than 2000 naming submissions for the prototype B-21 bomber, in honor of the Doolittle Raiders.

Goldfein initially opposed the creation of an independent space force, concerned that the creation of a new service branch would, through competition for a larger share of the Defense budget, compromise joint warfighting capability in the space domain. He remarked that establishing the Space Force would create a "balancing act" of building a service branch based on joint warfighting capability while simultaneously developing its own service culture. He eventually became supportive of the plan upon engagement with field commanders at Maxwell Air Force Base, many of whom supported the need for a separate service branch. Goldfein said in an interview with National Defense that "a service chief singularly focused on space, space operations and space integration" could expedite military profitability in the space domain more efficiently than under the umbrella of the Air Force.

In August 2017, Goldfein joined other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in condemning racism in the wake of the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, which was organized by an ex-Marine. In June 2020, Goldfein publicly denounced the murder of George Floyd in a memo, calling it a "national tragedy" and adding that Americans "should be outraged" at the brutality shown during the incident. He supported his senior enlisted advisor, Chief Kaleth O. Wright, who responded to Floyd's murder on social media. Alongside Air Force secretary Barbara Barrett, Goldfein subsequently directed an inspector general investigation into racial inequality and advancement opportunities for African-Americans in the Air Force.

Goldfein's term as Air Force chief of staff ended on August 6, 2020, and he was succeeded by General Charles Q. Brown Jr., who was confirmed in June. He retired in October of the same year.

Candidate for Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Goldfein was a candidate to replace General Joseph Dunford as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2019. He was favored for the appointment by both Dunford and Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis. President Donald Trump, who was feuding with Mattis, nominated General Mark Milley instead. Goldfein did not express any rancor over not being selected, stating that the president had "the absolute right and responsibility to pick the principal military adviser that he wants."

Post-retirement
Three and a half months after retiring, Goldfein joined the investment firm Blackstone. He also began serving as a Senior Fellow at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in March 2021. In March 2023, Goldfein joined Shield Capital's National Security Advisory Board, alongside H. R. McMaster, Letitia Long, James G. Stavridis and Sean Stackley.

Assignments

October 1983 – October 1984, student, undergraduate pilot training, Sheppard AFB, Texas
October 1984 – February 1988, T-38 instructor pilot, 90th Flying Training Squadron, Sheppard AFB, Texas
February 1988 – January 1992, F-16 instructor pilot and flight commander, 17th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Shaw AFB, S.C.
January 1992 – June 1992, student, USAF Fighter Weapons Instructor Course, Nellis AFB, Nev.
June 1992 – July 1994, squadron weapons officer and Chief, Wing Weapons and Tactics, 366th Composite Wing, Mountain Home AFB, Idaho
July 1994 – June 1995, student, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Ala.
June 1995 – May 1996, special assistant to the Commander, Allied Air Forces Southern Europe and Sixteenth Air Force, Naples, Italy
May 1996 – August 1997, executive officer to the Commander, U.S. Air Forces in Europe, Ramstein Air Base, Germany
August 1997 – June 1998, operations officer, 555th Fighter Squadron, Aviano AB, Italy
June 1998 – July 2000, Commander, 555th Fighter Squadron, Aviano AB, Italy
July 2000 – June 2001, student, National Defense Fellow, State Department Senior Seminar, Arlington, Va.
July 2001 – July 2002, Deputy Division Chief, Combat Forces, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
August 2002 – July 2004, Commander, 366th Operations Group, Mountain Home AFB, Idaho
July 2004 – June 2006, Commander, 52d Fighter Wing, Spangdahlem AB, Germany
June 2006 – January 2008, Commander, 49th Fighter Wing, Holloman AFB, N.M.
January 2008 – August 2009, Deputy Director of Programs, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Strategic Plans and Programs, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington D.C.
August 2009 – August 2011, Director of Operations, Air Combat Command, Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Va.
August 2011 – July 2013, Commander, U.S. Air Forces Central Command, Southwest Asia
August 2013 – August 2015, Director, Joint Staff, the Pentagon, Washington, D.C.
August 2015 – July 2016, Vice Chief of Staff of the U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
July 2016 – August 2020, Chief of Staff of the U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.

Awards and decorations

Effective dates of promotion

References

External links

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1959 births
21st-century American Jews
Air War College alumni
Jewish American military personnel
Chiefs of Staff of the United States Air Force
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
Living people
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Humanitarian Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Shot-down aviators
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force generals
Vice Chiefs of Staff of the United States Air Force


title: Dormeuil

text:
Dormeuil is a French textile company  founded in 1842  by 22-year-old Jules Dormeuil.
Dormeuil is a French family business founded in 1842, specializing in the manufacture of high-end clothing fabrics and owning its own brand of men's ready-to-wear since 2002. The Dormeuil family has run the business since its inception, and it is currently Dominic Dormeuil who is at the head of the group.
The head office is located in France in the town of Wissous in the Île-de-France region. The "Minova" production unit is located in the United Kingdom, in Dewsbury in the county of Yorkshire. The company is also represented by subsidiaries in seven countries.

History
Dormeuil began with importing English fabrics to France. By 1862 its headquarters were established at 4 rue Vivienne in Paris. The first shop outside France was located at 10 New Burlington Street  in London.

Created in 1842

In 1842, Jules Dormeuil, great-grandson of a cloth merchant, was employed in a cloth trading business, the company “Dumont Frères”, where he became a partner after just one year thanks to the ingenious idea to import sheets from England to resell them in France. His two brothers, Alfred and Auguste, joined him in 1858. The company was renamed “A. Dumont & J. Dormeuil”, then “A. Dumont et Dormeuil frères” by acquiring new premises at 4 rue Vivienne in Paris.
The Dormeuil company was moved to England because of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.
This situation, which repeated itself several times during the 20th century, deeply anchored the brand in a dual Franco-British heritage.

1900-1939: Development

At the end of the 19th century, the Dormeuil company opened its first office in New York. Then, at the beginning of the century, the Dormeuil family began to forge important ties with Japan. The House of Dormeuil was built in 1926 in London, on Warwick Street near the famous tailors' district of Savile Row. The company is also expanding in the United States, Africa and Asia. In addition, the house is launching its new fabric worldwide, “Sportex5,6”, the first innovation in a long line and the first fabric to bear a name.

1945-1999: Internationalization

The 1950s marked the opening of the brand's first two subsidiaries in Milan and Düsseldorf.
In 1974, the company moved to Palaiseau, near Orly, where it built its own premises. In 1992, the company celebrated its 150th anniversary7, and for the occasion, the lights of the Eiffel Tower went out. In 1999, Dominic Dormeuil3 took over the management of the company. The strategy of this new CEO is to find new fibers and new innovative weaving techniques.

Year 2000's : Innovation at the heart of the strategy

In 2008, a new subsidiary was opened in New Delhi, then in Shanghai in 2010 on the anniversary of 120 years of Dormeuil's presence in China.
In 2011, the Dormeuil head office was moved: it left Palaiseau for Wissous.
The group is currently made up of :
• Dormeuil Frères SAS, which handles the  marketing of fabrics with its distribution subsidiaries;
• Dormeuil Mode, which offers ready-to-wear and made-to-measure in its Parisian showroom.
Dormeuil has eight offices around the world: London, Paris, Milan, New Delhi, Shanghai, Tokyo, Melbourne and New York.

See also
Loro Piana
Holland & Sherry
Ermenegildo Zegna
Vitale Barberis Canonico
Scabal

References

Textile companies of France
Manufacturing companies established in 1842
French companies established in 1842


title: Cadenas de angustia

text:
Aventuras de Huck, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast

Magda Guzmán
Carlos Cámara
Teresa Selma
Luis Aragón

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1969 telenovelas
1969 Mexican television series debuts
1969 Mexican television series endings


title: Davidia involucrata

text:
Davidia involucrata, the dove-tree, handkerchief tree, pocket handkerchief tree, or ghost tree, is a medium-sized deciduous tree in the family Nyssaceae.  It is the only living species in the genus Davidia. It was previously included with tupelos in the dogwood family, Cornaceae. Fossil species are known extending into the Upper Cretaceous.

Taxonomy
Davidia involucrata is the only member of its genus, but there are two varieties differing slightly in their leaves, D. involucrata var. involucrata, which has the leaves thinly pubescent (short-haired) on the underside, and D. involucrata var. vilmoriniana, with glabrous (hairless) leaves. Some botanists treat them as distinct species, with good reason, as the two taxa have differing chromosome numbers so are unable to produce fertile hybrid offspring.

Description
It is a moderately fast-growing tree, growing to  in height, with toothed, alternate, ovate-cordate leaves resembling those of a linden, except that they are symmetrical, and lack the lop-sided base typical of linden leaves; the leaves are mostly 10–20 cm long and 7–15 cm wide.

Davidia involucrata is best known for its inflorescence that features large, white bracts surrounding a purplish-red flower head. The Latin specific epithet involucrata means "with a ring of bracts surrounding several flowers". The true flowers form a tight head about 1–2 cm across, each flower head with a pair of large (12–25 cm), pure white bracts at the base, performing the function of petals in attracting pollinators. The inflorescences hang in long rows beneath the horizontal branches, and appear prolifically in late spring. On a breezy day, the bracts flutter in the wind like white doves or pinched handkerchiefs; hence the English names for this tree.

The fruit is a very hard nut about 3 cm long surrounded by a green husk about 4 cm long by 3 cm wide, hanging on a 10 cm stalk. The nut contains 3–6 seeds.

Distribution and habitat
Davidia involucrata is native to South Central and Southeast China. It grows in montane mixed forests.

History
The genus Davidia is named for Father Armand David (1826–1900; "Père David"), a French Vincentian missionary and keen naturalist who lived in China. David first described the tree in 1869 as a single tree found at over  altitude, and sent dried specimens to Paris; in 1871, Henri Baillon described it as a new genus and species.

British plant hunter Augustine Henry again found a single tree, this time in the Yangtse Ichang gorges and sent the first specimen to Kew Gardens. Plant collector Ernest Henry Wilson was employed by Sir Harry Veitch to find Henry's tree but arrived to find that it had been felled for building purposes; however, he later found a grove of the trees overhanging a sheer drop. Returning to Britain, Wilson’s boat was wrecked, but he managed to save his Davidia specimens, one of which survives today in the Arnold Arboretum.

Gallery

Fossil record
The oldest probable fossils of Davidia are permineralized fruits from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park near Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Those fruits are smaller than those of D. involucrata and have fewer locules, but are otherwise similar in morphology to the extant genus.

In 2009, B. I. Pavlyutkin described Miocene fossils in Primorsky Krai and assigned them to a new species in the genus Davidia.

Cultivation
The species was introduced from China to Europe and North America in 1904, and is a popular ornamental tree in parks and larger gardens. Most trees in cultivation are var. vilmoriniana, which has proved much better able to adapt to the climatic conditions in the west.

This tree and the cultivated variety D. involucrata var. vilmoriniana  have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

References

External links

Schulhof, Richard. "The Dove Tree: A Long journey West." Arnoldia 63 (4) (2005).
Sun, Ji-Fan and Shuang-Quan Huang. "White Bracts of the Dove Tree (Davidia involucrate): Umbrella and Pollinator Lure?" 'Arnoldia' 68 (3) (2011).

Nyssaceae
Endemic flora of China
Trees of China
Taxa named by Henri Ernest Baillon


title: Union County Jail (Union, South Carolina)

text:
Union County Jail is a historic jail building located at Union, Union County, South Carolina. It is attributed to Robert Mills and built in 1823.  It is a two-story, Palladian style granite ashlar structure. The structure has had two additions since 1900 and the interior has undergone extensive alteration.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

References

Robert Mills buildings
Jails on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Palladian Revival architecture in the United States
Government buildings completed in 1823
Buildings and structures in Union County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, South Carolina
Jails in South Carolina


title: From the Village to the City

text:
From the Village to the City () is a 1974 Turkish comedy film directed by Ertem Eğilmez. It tells the misadventurous story of four brothers who following their discovery of buried treasure head towards the city Ankara and hilariously unlucky events befall them. The movie functions as a sequel to a previous movie named Salak Milyoner starred by the same cast of "brothers".

Plot
One day working on the field in some village of Kayseri, one of the brothers(Saffet) who rides ploughing tool through the soil cannot push it anymore, so calls for aid other brothers and after some try it is revealed that some old pot had been the cause for the obstruction which they threw aside recklessly till it shatters on tree trunk exposing all the gold in it.

Thus, judging themselves as wealthy, they are overjoyed and the only real problem for now is how to get all these treasure exchanged for a real currency. At last, they figure out Ali Rıza who is their fellow townsman as to be trusted the safest way to get this job implemented who owns a jewelry shop in Ankara.

Brothers become distrustful of one another fearing one of them might run away with the treasure and leave others nothing. Even when one brother needed to visit a restroom with the gold sack on his back, other brothers enter as well.

They set out to Ankara, but unbeknownst to them, on the day all four arrive in Ankara everybody seems to be celebrating some holiday. For that, Ali Rıza's shop is closed and is to be opened when the holiday ends. Disappointed by the news, all four temporarily begs and do hard road digging job to earn some little amount of money to not starve during the days Ali Rıza is absent. Now when finally Ali Rıza confronts them in his shop, they firstly present him only a few coins of gold to get exchanged for money. Ali Rıza seeing coins, realizes they are the Byzantine coins and suspects that they should have more of these gold if they have acquired it from some hidden treasure.

In the meantime, Ali Rıza (who is also after the treasure) by slyly using polite talk and providing accommodation for them will try to seek to obtain about the coins' whereabouts. On the other hand, brothers display some overprotective measures on the sack, such as, carrying it wherever they go and even when they eat their meals, thus causing Ali Rıza's suspicions gain more assurance that the sack might contain the rest of the coins. Brothers lastly try to bury the treasure to elude Ali Rıza, yet he gets to know where it is through his overhearing to the talk where Gayret divulges the secret and everybody is on the fight over to get their hands on the gold, resulting in all the coins being  dispersed down the construction building leaving brothers poor again and they now have to toil on the same field as they used to do.

Cast
 Kemal Sunal - Saffet
 Zeki Alasya - Himmet
 Metin Akpınar - Hayret
 Halit Akçatepe - Gayret
 Mine Mutlu  - Brother-in-law of Ali Rıza Emmi
 Perran Kutman - Gülsüm
 Tekin Akmansoy - Ali Rıza Emmi(owner of the jewelry shop)
 Meral Zeren - Emine
 Leman Çıdamlı - Wife of Ali Rıza Emmi
 Mete İnselel - Receptionist
 Oya Alasya - Wife of Himmet

References

External links

1974 comedy films
1974 films
Turkish comedy films
Films set in Ankara
Films shot in Ankara
1970s Turkish-language films
Buried treasure
Films about brothers


title: André Gruchet

text:
André Gruchet (17 April 1933 – 3 May 2015) was a French track cyclist who won a bronze medal in the sprint at the 1959 World Championships. He also competed in the tandem event at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the sprint event at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1933 births
2015 deaths
French male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for France
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Épinay-sur-Seine
Cyclists from Île-de-France


title: Ghughurpatti

text:
Ghughurpatti is a village in Ambedkar Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and is a sub post office of Rajesultanpur.

Demographics
As of 2011 Indian Census, Ghughurpatti had a total population of 193, of which 95 were males and 98 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 28. The total number of literates in Ghughurpatti was 131, which constituted 67.9% of the population with male literacy of 80.0% and female literacy of 56.1%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Ghughurpatti was 79.4%, of which male literacy rate was 93.8% and female literacy rate was 65.5%. Ghughurpatti had 30 households in 2011.
Ghughurpatti' Village population is 210657.

Nearest city
 Rajesultanpur 2 km
 Maharajganj 2 km
 Tanda 52 km
 Azamgarh 28 km
 Gorakhpur 60 km
 Faizabad 122 km

References

Villages in Ambedkar Nagar district


title: El ciego

text:
El ciego, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Julio Alemán as El Ciego
Belem Diaz
Rafael Cabrera
Fina Alvaner

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1969 telenovelas
1969 Mexican television series debuts
1969 Mexican television series endings


title: Dumfries, Minnesota

text:
Dumfries is an unincorporated community in Glasgow Township, Wabasha County, Minnesota, United States.

Geography
The community is located between Wabasha and Zumbro Falls along State Highway 60 (MN 60). Wabasha County Roads 20, 30, and 86 are also in the immediate area. Trout Brook and the Zumbro River meet near Dumfries. Other nearby places include Wabasha, West Albany, Theilman, Kellogg, and Zumbro Falls.

History
A post office called Dumfries was established in 1894, and remained in operation until 1912. The community was named after Dumfries in Scotland.

References

Unincorporated communities in Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Wabasha County, Minnesota
Rochester metropolitan area, Minnesota


title: Pascal Reinhardt

text:
Pascal Reinhardt (born 11 September 1992) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker. He is currently the manager of SG Sonnenhof Großaspach.

Playing career

Youth
Reinhardt played as a youth for SSV Reutlingen and Stuttgarter Kickers. He scored 20 goals in the A Junior League for Stuttgarter in 2010–11.

Bayern Munich II
Despite interest from Stuttgarter in signing him to a professional contract, he decided to join Bayern Munich II in 2011. He made his debut for the team on the opening day of the 2011–12 season, as a substitute for Max Dombrowka in a 2–2 draw with 1. FC Nürnberg II, and would make a further ten appearances during the season as Bayern II finished in a disappointing 14th place in the Regionalliga Bayern. He suffered a couple of injuries in his first season — a pneumothorax injury that kept him out for four months, followed by a hernia. In 2012, he played for the first team in a friendly against SC Fürstenfeldbruck, where he scored two goals in a 7–0 victory. For the 2012–13 season, Mehmet Scholl became the new coach of Bayern II and Reinhardt's playing time diminished.

FC Homburg
Having been out of the Bayern II team during the first half of the 2012–13 season, he went on trial with SC Paderborn 07 before eventually joining FC 08 Homburg of the Regionalliga Südwest in 2013, where he scored his first senior goal on his debut, scoring the third in a 3–0 win over SC Idar-Oberstein, just a minute after coming on as a substitute for Dennis Gerlinger, which was his only goal of the season. Soon after, he injured his shoulder and was out for the next three months. The following year was a successful one for him - he finished as Homburg's top scorer with 11 goals, as they finished in 11th place in the league, while also winning the 2014 Saarland Cup.

Mainz 05 II
In July 2014, Reinhardt signed for FSV Mainz 05 II, who had just been promoted to the 3. Liga. He made his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2014–15 season, as a substitute for Marc Wachs in a 2–1 defeat at home to Arminia Bielefeld. After suffering an ankle injury that kept him out for a year, his contract was not extended.

SSV Ulm
In January 2016, after being out of contract since his injury at Mainz, he joined SSV Ulm 1846, where he played for two seasons. In his first season, they won the fifth-tier 2015–16 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg, gaining promotion to the fourth-tier Regionalliga for the following season.

Waitakere United
In the January transfer window of 2017, Reinhardt signed for Waitakere United of the New Zealand Football Championship, the top domestic division of football in New Zealand on a four-month contract. On 8 January 2017, he made his debut appearance as a substitute against Hawke's Bay United the day after he arrived in New Zealand from Germany and scored his first goal in a 2–1 victory over Hamilton Wanderers AFC, on 15 January. In the semi-final match of the league playoffs, Reinhardt scored a hat-trick, as well as a penalty kick in the shootout, in a 6–6 (3–2 PKs) loss to eventual champions Team Wellington.

VfL Nagold
Afterwards, he returned to Germany, joining VfL Nagold in 2017, in the Landesliga Württemberg, the seventh-tier of the German football league system. He had been in contact with various clubs from the 3rd division to the regional league, including FC Holzhausen, TSG Balingen and SSV Reutlingen and had trialed at FC Saarbrücken, before joining Nagold. Through the club, Reinhardt found a training position and founded his own football school in cooperation with the Nagold online sports shop “Sport-1a.de” which helped facilitate his move to the club. In a match against SV Wittendorf, Reinhardt scored the opening goal of the match just 9.23 seconds into the game.  Nagold won the division in his debut season, earning promotion to the sixth-tier Verbandsliga Württemberg.

Following the season, he had an offer to join a club in the fifth-tier Oberliga, but he chose to remain with Nagold instead. He suffered an injury early in the 2018–19 season, tearing a cruciate ligament in his knee. After eight months, he returned against FC Wangen as a second half substitute, but reinjured the knee within five minutes, forcing him out for the entire next season.

Beginning in the 2019–20 season, following his injury, he became an assistant coach at VfL Nagold and also serves as part of their Mentoring Program for youth. He re-joined Nagold's playing roster for the 2020–21 season, while also continuing to serve as an assistant coach. Reinhardt would continue to wear the number 10 jersey, which had been given to new 2020 signing Nils Schuon, saying “Nobody gets the 10. Even if Messi comes, the 10 is mine.” On 22 September 2020, after re-tearing the cruciate ligament in his right knee for the third time, he was forced to end his comeback bid and retire and end his playing career, but he would remain with the club as an assistant coach. After announcing his retirement, he made a final symbolic appearance on 26 September 2020, coming on as a last minute substitute against SG Empfingen.

Coaching career
Beginning in the 2019–20 season, following his injury, he became an assistant coach at VfL Nagold On 3 August 2019, he served as the head coach for a cup match against SV 03 Tübingen II, as head coach Armin Redzepagic was unavailable. For the 2020–21 season, he was expected to serve in a player-coach role. However, after another injury forced him to retire early in season, he remained with Nagold solely in his assistant coach role. He has his B Coaching license certification.

In 2021, he became the co-manager of Verbandsliga Württemberg side FC Holzhausen.

Ahead of the 2023-24 season, he joined SG Sonnenhof Großaspach as manager.

Personal life
Reinhardt started his own soccer school in March 2020.

Career statistics

References

External links

Pascal Reinhardt at Fupa

1992 births
Living people
German men's footballers
FC Bayern Munich II players
FC 08 Homburg players
1. FSV Mainz 05 II players
VfL Nagold players
3. Liga players
Regionalliga players
Oberliga (football) players
Men's association football forwards


title: National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases

text:
The National Institute for Implementation Research in Non Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur came into existence on 07th December 2019. The institute is located in Jodhpur and it replaces the erstwhile Desert Medicine Research Centre. The institute conducts basic laboratory based research in its microbiology, biochemistry and vector biology as well as Implementation research for improving health services and health systems.

The institute has a set of 10 scientists, nine technical experts and is supported by 28 administrative and support staff. The areas of research are Cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, environmental health, nutritional disorders, cancers, injury & trauma, mental illnesses including substance abuse, genetic diseases and other non-communicable diseases of public health significance in India.

References

External links
Official website

Medical research in India
Indian Council of Medical Research


title: Concierto de almas (TV series)

text:
Concierto de almas, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Marga López
Germán Robles
Juan Ferrara
Erna Martha Bauman

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1969 telenovelas
1969 Mexican television series debuts
1969 Mexican television series endings


title: 1825 State of the Union Address

text:
The 1825 State of the Union Address was given by John Quincy Adams, the sixth president of the United States.  It was given to the 19th United States Congress, on Tuesday, December 6, 1825.  He said, "In taking a general survey of the concerns of our beloved country, with reference to subjects interesting to the common welfare, the first sentiment which impresses itself upon the mind is of gratitude to the Omnipotent Disposer of All Good for the continuance of the signal blessings of His providence, and especially for that health which to an unusual extent has prevailed within our borders, and for that abundance which in the vicissitudes of the seasons has been scattered with profusion over our land."   He ended with, "And may He who searches the hearts of the children of men prosper your exertions to secure the blessings of peace and promote the highest welfare of your country."

References

1825 documents
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
December 1825 events
State of the Union
State of the Union addresses
Presidency of John Quincy Adams
Works by John Quincy Adams
19th United States Congress


title: Peter Brotherton

text:
Peter Brotherton (born 4 February 1931) in Boston, Lincolnshire, is a former British racing cyclist. He competed in UK cycling time trials, road races and track cycling events. Following success, Brotherton was selected to represent Great Britain at the Commonwealth Games, World Championships & Olympic Games.

After competing at the  1956 Olympic Games held in Melbourne, Australia, along with his wife, they both decided to emigrate, and settled in Melbourne. He continued to compete, in track cycling carnival events, and in 1957, he won the Bendigo Golden Mile wheelrace, beating Russell Mockridge into second place. The following season (1958) he teamed up with Sid Patterson to win the Sydney  6 Day track cycling event. A change of partner (Don Burgess) and the Melbourne Milk  6 Day ended in a 3rd place finish. After retiring from cycle racing, Brotherton began building road and track cycle frames, using the brand name "Petrus".

Cycling results

References

1931 births
Living people
British male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Great Britain
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Boston, Lincolnshire
Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Cyclists at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
20th-century British people
Medallists at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games


title: Pinckneyville (Union, South Carolina)

text:
Pinckneyville is a historic frontier settlement site located near Union, Union County, South Carolina.  Pinckneyville was established on February 19, 1791,  by the General Assembly of South Carolina Act #1491 along with the Washington district, and is one of the earliest settlements in the South Carolina backcountry.  Pinckneyville was named for Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Pinckneyville was chosen because it was central to Union County, but Union was the seat of power.

The property includes the original site of Pinckneyville and contains the ruins of the brick structure mistakenly referred to as the jail and one other brick building, usually referred to as the old store.

Pinckneyville lasted until 1850.  By 1850 Pinckneyville was replaced by Union on the South Carolina census.  It was a combination of the railroad and population growth in the surrounding areas that killed it.  Population in the sense that the surrounding areas got their own courts after the General Assembly restructured the court system in 1799.  And the railroad because it redirected traffic which starved out the town after the court left.  Pinckneyville is currently in Union County and Union(back then Unionville) is the town the railroad went through.  Previously stagecoach routes directed people to towns and stagecoach routes in the area traveled through the towns with the courts.  The stagecoach then ran from Charleston, SC to Philadelphia, PA.  The Spartanburg and Union Railroad was planned in 1847 and finished in 1859 by then Union was the place businesses were moving to.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.

References

External links
Historic Courthouse at Pinckneyville - Union County, S.C.

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
1790 establishments in South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Union County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, South Carolina


title: Felix Knauth

text:
Felix Whitman Knauth (1895–1993) was a writer and business executive. Knauth served as the executive director of the Latin American Economic Institute in Boston, Massachusetts, and as an accounting manager in the dry goods industry. He also served on the editorial staff of The New York Evening Post.

Early life and education

Knauth was born to Percival Knauth and Mary Iles Whitman in New York City on June 10, 1895. He graduated from Morristown School (now Morristown-Beard School) in Morristown, New Jersey in 1914. Knauth then began his college studies at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts as a member of the class of 1918. During his time at the school, Knauth served on the editorial board of the Harvard Lampoon, a humor magazine. He completed his master's degree in education at Harvard in 1940.

Military service and career

In 1917, Knauth enlisted with the U.S. Army in 1917 to serve in the European Theatre of World War I. Knauth served with the 101st Field Artillery Regiment of the New England Division of the American Expeditionary Forces. He participated in the battles of Chemin des Dames, Battle of Saint-Mihiel, Pont-à-Mousson, and Château Thierry.

After receiving a severe injury in fighting during the Battle of Chateau Thierry on specifically, July 20, 1918, Knauth returned to the United States. He worked as a control counselor at R. H. Macy's and then joined the Latin American Institute as its execute director.

Boy Scouts of America

Knauth served as a scout master with the Boy Scouts of America in Massachusetts. He led the scout troop whose scouts included former Governor Michael Dukakis, the Democratic nominee for President in 1988. Knauth also volunteered at the Boy Scouts' Philmont Scout Ranch near Cimarron, New Mexico.

Family

Knauth married Harriot Kunhardt on June 16, 1923. They had a daughter together, Hildegard Kunhardt Knauth, who attended Beaver Country Day School and Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri. She worked in New York City, with jobs including work as the assistant to Blanche Gaines, whose clients included Rod Serling, Frank Gilroy, and Hildy's future husband, Frederic Fortescue Manley. Felix Knauth and wife Harriot also had a son together, Felix Kunhardt Knauth. Felix Kunhardt Knauth served with the Peace Corps in India and helped found Oxfam America, the United States branch of  Oxfam International.

References

American accountants
American businesspeople in retailing
The Harvard Lampoon alumni
Businesspeople from New York City
1895 births
1993 deaths
Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni
Morristown-Beard School alumni
20th-century American businesspeople


title: El ruiseñor mexicano

text:
El ruiseñor mexicano, (English: The Mexican mockingbird) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
 Ernestina Garfias as Ángela Peralta
 Enrique Rambal as Agustín Balderas "Ruiseñor mexicano"
 Antonio Passy as Don Manuel Peralta
 Carmen Molina as Josefa
 Oscar Pulido as Don Sebastián
 Enrique Aguilar as Eugenio Castera
 Enrique Becker as Manuel Peralta hijo
 María Douglas as Emperatriz Carlota Amalia
 Guillermo Zarur as Marqués de Colin
 Dina de Marco as Amalia
 Ana Margarita as Claudia Cardán

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1969 telenovelas
1969 Mexican television series debuts
1969 Mexican television series endings


title: Paul Harris (American football)

text:
Paul Christopher Harris (born December 19, 1954) is a former American football linebacker who played two seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Minnesota Vikings. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the sixth round of the 1977 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Alabama and attended Toulminville High School in Mobile, Alabama.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats

Living people
1954 births
American football linebackers
African-American players of American football
Alabama Crimson Tide football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Minnesota Vikings players
Players of American football from Mobile, Alabama
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople


title: My Dear Brother

text:
My Dear Brother () is a 1973 Turkish drama film directed by Ertem Eğilmez.

Plot
Kahraman leads a poor but cheerful life with his brother Murat and his loyal friend Halit. Later in the night, after a fire at home, their father was poisoned by smoke and died. The hero remains to his brother Murat. Murat's friend Halit is fired and settles with Murat. Kahraman's only dream is to buy a television at home. Kahraman's remaining teacher calls his brother and tells him to take care of his brother's cleanliness. Then Hero becomes sluggish. Her brother and friend take her to the doctor and the doctor tells her that her brother has cancer. Murat and his friend are very surprised and upset when they get the news of Kahraman who has cancer. The doctor tells her brother to fulfill every request. Later, they meet with Kahraman's teacher and he gives permission until the disease is cleared. Murat and Halit try to fulfill every request of Kahraman.

Despite their bad situation, they eat in restaurants, take them to the amusement park and fulfill every wish. They can't just buy the TV that Kahraman wants so much. They do everything they can to get the TV, but they can't take it. One night, as they return home, they steal the television they see in a store window and bring it home. Murat and Halit procure television, which is Kahraman's greatest desire, by playing on the last day of their promised date. They exhibit a rebellion against helplessness, and this time they become practitioners of violence against the system. Because there is a system violence that has been committed since the beginning of the film. They sit at home after they play the television and laugh, this is a moment of happiness without recipe for them and the audience. The system was defeated and imposed. But the Kahraman dies before he can see his TV.

Cast
 Tarık Akan - Murat
 Kahraman Kıral - Kahraman
 Halit Akçatepe - Halit
 Metin Akpinar - Mehmet
 Adile Naşit - Teacher
 Kemal Sunal - Abroad Passenger
 Sıtkı Akçatepe - Musta

Soundtrack
Movie's soundtrack was composed by Cahit Oben. He received an award for The Best Soundtrack at The Golden Boll film Festival that year.

Social Impact
The movie was shot during the Turkish industrialization. At that time, urbanization also accelerated in Turkey. Rural to urban migration rate was higher than industrialization and employment rates. As a consequence, people began to construct slums in areas without occupancy permit. In 1970's, most of the citizens were living in slums in the big cities of Turkey. The characters of the movie who faced financial and health problems, also lived in slums. The movie clearly reveals the difficulties that people faced at that time.

References

External links

1973 drama films
1973 films
Films shot in Istanbul
Films set in Istanbul
Turkish drama films
Films about cancer
Films about poverty
Films set in İzmir
Films shot in İzmir
1970s Turkish-language films


title: Hkonmaing I of Onbaung–Hsipaw

text:
Hkonmaing ( , Shan: ၶုၼ်မိူင်း; also Hkonmaing Gyi, Hkun Möng Gyi) or Hso Tamla was saopha of the Shan principality of Onbaung–Hsipaw in what is now Myanmar. He was the only main ally of King Narapati II of Ava in the latter's 25-year struggle against the Mohnyin-led Confederation of Shan States, Prome and Toungoo. After Ava's fall, he became a member of the Confederation. He died during or shortly after his participation in the Confederation's 1542 campaign against Toungoo Dynasty. His son, also named Hkonmaing, and grandson Narapati III became kings of Ava.

Background
What is known about Hkonmaing is solely from the Burmese chronicles. The Chinese annals (Ming Shilu) on the Tai-Shan frontier (present-day southern Yunnan, Kachin State and Shan State) stopped at Hsenwi, and make no mention of Hsipaw. The Burmese chronicles mention Hkonmaing as a supporting figure—albeit an important one—in King Narapati II's reign. According to the chronicles, Hkonmaing (also called Hkonmaing Gyi, lit. "Hkonmaing the elder") was the ruler of the Shan state of Onbaung–Hsipaw, certainly by 1505. Since his eldest son Hkonmaing the younger was born in 1497, he was likely born c. 1480.

At the time, Onbaung–Hsipaw was a major Shan state, which controlled (or claimed to control) the entire stretch of eastern Shan Hills west of the Salween river: Bhamo, Yawnghwe (Nyaungshwe), Mong Nai (Mone) and Mong Pai (Mobye). Moreover, Onbaung–Hsipaw's relationship with Ava in the early 16th century was closer to an alliance than a patron-client arrangement. Chronicles mention Hkonmaing and Narapati II as thwethauk brothers—men who have ritually entered into "a sacramental brotherhood" by drinking each other's blood. Ava had been disintegrating since the 1480s, and its rulers had been fighting losing wars on several fronts against its former vassal states. Narapati II, who came to power in 1501 amidst major rebellions, desperately tried to retain the loyalty of remaining "vassal" rulers like Hkonmaing of Onbaung and Mingyi Nyo of Toungoo.

Ally of Ava
In the end, Hkonmaing was the only steadfast ally of Narapati II. In late 1505, he sent an army (4,000 men, 300 horses, 60 elephants) led by his younger brother to assist Narapati defend the town of Sale from the forces of Prome and Toungoo. Hkonmaing likely stayed in the alliance because he and Narapati were fighting against a common enemy: Sawlon the ambitious expansionist leader of Mohnyin. Sawlon had been raiding Ava's northern territory since 1502. In 1511, Hkonmaing lost Bhamo, its northernmost possession, to Sawlon whose army simply seized the border town between the two Shan states. Hkonmaing asked Narapati for help. Narapati sent a sizable army (12,000 men, 600 horses, 150 elephants). But the Ava army was ambushed en route at Myedu by a smaller Mohnyin force (4,000 men, 200 horses, 100 elephants), and was driven back with heavy losses.

Hkonmaing remained in the alliance even as Mohnyin grew more powerful in the following years. When Sawlon and his allies attacked Ava itself in 1524, Hkonmaing personally led an army (8,000 men, 600 horses, 100 elephants) and defended Ava. But the combined Mohnyin and Prome forces drove out Narapati II and Hkonaming on 22 March 1525. The two thwethauk brothers still had sizable armies—the defeated Ava army still had 8,000 men, 400 horses, 250 elephants while the Onbaung army counted 7,000 men, 500 horses, 80 elephants. As the two armies moved south and entered Toungoo's territory, they were met by the Toungoo army (4,000 men, 400 horses, 100 elephants) at Yamethin. They defeated the Toungoo army, and followed up to Toungoo itself. They could not take it and had to retreat to Ava. (Mohnyin and Prome forces had looted and left the city.) According to the chronicles, Narapati was truly grateful that Hkonmaing remained loyal till the end, and is said to give the saopha many jewels. But Hkonmaing is said to have refused the presents.

But their troubles were not yet over. Sawlon returned in the dry season of 1526–27 with a 15,000-strong army. Hkonmaing again came to the aid of Narapati II, and defended Ava. Like in 1525, Sawlon's forces overwhelmed Ava's defenses. On 25 March 1527, Narapati II died in action, and Ava was taken. Sawlon appointed his eldest son Thohanbwa king of Ava.

Later years
After the defeat at Ava, Hkonmaing retreated to Hsipaw. He later either agreed to a truce with, or submitted to Sawlon since Sawlon did not attack Hsipaw after Ava's fall. After Sawlon was assassinated in 1533, Hkonmaing like other leaders of the Confederation probably did not acknowledge Thohanbwa as the first among equals. However, he did stay in the Confederation. He actively participated in the Confederation's 1541–42 campaign to retake Prome (Pyay).

The campaign was a failure. The Confederation forces were defeated in April 1542 by Toungoo forces led by Gen. Bayinnaung. Hkonmaing died during the campaign or shortly after since by May 1542, he was already dead.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Ava dynasty
1480s births
1542 deaths


title: List of ghost towns in Rhode Island

text:
This is an incomplete list of ghost towns in Rhode Island.

 Hanton City
 Napatree Point
 Ramtail

References

Rhode Island
Ghost towns


title: 9th Rifle Division

text:
9th Rifle Division can refer to:

 9th Guards Rifle Division
 9th Siberian Rifle Division
 131st Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, formerly 9th Rifle Division
 9th Don Rifle Division, renumbered 38th Rifle Division in 1936


title: Buffalo Mill Historic District

text:
Buffalo Mill Historic District is a national historic district located at Buffalo, Union County, South Carolina.  The district encompasses 190 contributing buildings and 2 contributing structures associated with the Buffalo Mill textile mill complex and mill village.  The mill complex includes the main mill, mill office, power house, ice factory, mill warehouse, company store, and company bank/drug store. The main mill building features applied stylized Romanesque Revival detailing. The mill village housing varies from large, free-classic, Queen Anne style supervisor's houses, to shingle-style bungalows, to simple, one-story, workers residences. The village also includes a school and a baseball field/park.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

References

External links
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under SC Route 215, Buffalo, Union County, SC:

Historic American Engineering Record in South Carolina
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Queen Anne architecture in South Carolina
Romanesque Revival architecture in South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Union County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, South Carolina


title: Tony Leadley

text:
David Antony Terence Leadley, known as Tony Leadley (born 1928), is a British rower.

Leadley was born in 1928 in Bedford, England. He was educated at Bedford Modern School, and the University of Cambridge. In 1953 Leadley was part of the winning Cambridge crew for the 1953 University Boat Race in the No. 5 position. The crew won by eight lengths in a time of 19 minutes and 54 seconds. After the 1953 Boat Race Leadley was elected President of Cambridge University Boat Club but, after failing a university examination, he had to resign and could no longer race for the University. He was later a member of the Leander Club.

At the 1957 European Rowing Championships held at Duisburg in Germany, Leadley partnered with Christopher Davidge and won the coxless pair event by 0.4 seconds.

There is a photographic portrait of him at the National Portrait Gallery.

See also
 List of Cambridge University Boat Race crews

References

People educated at Bedford Modern School
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
1928 births
Members of Leander Club
English male rowers
Cambridge University Boat Club rowers
Sportspeople from Bedford
Living people
European Rowing Championships medalists


title: François Musin

text:
François-Etienne Musin (4 October 1820 in Ostend – 24 October 1888 in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode) was a Belgian painter who specialized in seascapes and scenes of coastal landscapes, rivers and harbours.

Life
Musin's father was an innkeeper, shipbuilder and oyster farmer who had spent some time in a penal regiment for desertion during the Napoleonic Wars. As a child, he paid more attention to the sea than his studies. His artistic talent was discovered when he was locked in the attic as punishment and used a piece of charcoal to draw a view of the Ostend docks on the wall.

In 1831, he received his first lessons from Michel Van Cuyck and François-Antoine Bossuet, who would later become famous for his vedute, but was still working for the Port of Ostend at that time. He later attended the local Beaux Arts Academy and graduated after winning a gold medal in 1835. By this time he had already gained some dangerous experience with ships and sailing while tending to his father's oyster beds.

He continued his studies at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts of Brussels, where he studied under François-Joseph Navez. While there, he made drawings of surgical procedures in the operating room of Doctor Louis-Joseph Seutin, with the intention of publishing them in a textbook. In 1839, he was drafted in the Army, but his father paid for a replacement (a common practice at the time). In 1840, he began to exhibit and moved to Brussels permanently in 1842, completing his studies the following year. His career was substantially advanced when King Leopold I bought two of his paintings in 1845.

Business affairs

Because of the interest for his art that existed in England, Musin spent some time there, also travelling to Spain and Portugal. He returned home in 1848 when his father fell ill. In 1849, he married the painter Marie-Célestine Gosselin (1826-1853). After his wife's early death, he gave his share of the family business to his brother Auguste, in return for studio and exhibition space in the family's restaurant. He had also acquired some public land where he built the "Pavilion des Dunes", the first structure on the beach, which he rented out and also occasionally used as a studio. In 1863, Leopold I built his Royal Pavilions nearby, which inspired a real-estate boom and, in 1865, Musin converted the Pavilion into a hotel. It was sold in 1877, demolished in 1879 and replaced by the "Splendid Hotel" which was destroyed in World War II.

During these years, Musin travelled extensively, visiting Portugal, the Alps, France, North America and Norway, where he may have participated in a whaling expedition. All of these travels produced reams of sketches that were elaborated on in his studio. In 1869, he finally settled in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode where he built a huge garden studio, collected maritime antiques and gave his son Auguste his first art lessons. His sister-in-law lived with them as housekeeper until her death in 1877.

Patrons and whales
Ever since Kaiser Wilhelm I ordered eight seascapes in 1853, royal customers had been a major source of his income. In 1865, two paintings were bought by the royal family of Württemberg and, in 1873, two were acquired by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. In 1869, the Museo del Prado bought his painting "The Cannon Shot - Signal for the Revolt of  Cadíz", and he was awarded the Order of Charles III. Curiously though, the Belgian government did not buy any of his works until 1880.

In 1885, a whale carcass washed ashore at Ostend and became quite a sensation. Musin painted a pochade (coloured sketch) of the scene, which was also captured by Willy Finch and James Ensor.

Musin died of a stroke. His friends and family recalled him as a hedonist who was always in a good mood and ready to recount his many adventures. His paintings were unusually popular with forgers, leading his son to contrive various means of identifying the originals, including certificates of authenticity and wax stamps.

References

Further reading
 L. Aubanel, "La Salle Musin", in: L’Écho d’Ostende, nrs. 1435, 1437 and 1438 (1878)
 R. Beaucourt de Noortvelde, "François-Etienne Musin", in: Biographie Ostendaise, Oostende (1900), pgs.214-219
 Norbert Hostyn, "Een korte kennismaking met François Musin", in: De Plate, vol.5, #6 (1976), pgs.4-5
 Norbert Hostyn, "De zee en de kunst; François Musin", in: Neptunus, Info-marine, 26,175 (1978-1979), #3
 Norbert Hostyn, "Twee marineschilders van bij ons: François en Auguste Musin", in: Het Visserijblad, 30 Sept. 1981
 J. Verhaeghe, De Oostendse kunstschilders François Musin (1820-1888) en Auguste Musin (1852-1923), een familiekroniek, (Oostendse Historische Publicaties, N°4), Ostend (1999)
 Edward H. H. Archibald, Dictionary of Sea-Painters of Europe and America. Woodbridge, Antique Collectors' Club (2000)
 P.& V. Berko "Seascapes of Belgian Painters born between 1750 & 1875",  Knokke 1984, p. 114-123.

External links

1820 births
1888 deaths
Artists from Ostend
Belgian marine painters
19th-century Belgian painters
Belgian male painters
19th-century Belgian male artists
Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts alumni


title: Chris Denson

text:
Christopher Tyler Denson II (born September 17, 1991) is an American retired basketball player. He played college basketball for Auburn. He also played one season of professional basketball with Den Bosch in the Netherlands.

High school career
Denson averaged 24.3 points, 4.7 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 2.5 steals as a senior at Columbus Shaw High School under coach Terry White in 2009–10. He was a McDonald's All-American nominee. He also was a first-team All-State selection as a senior. Denson averaged 13.9 points as a junior, and scored a game-high 38 points versus Liberty County in the Class AAA state tournament in 2010. He helped Shaw advance to the State Playoffs all four years, including an Elite Eight appearance as a freshman, Sweet 16 as a sophomore and then losing a first round heartbreaker as a junior in 2009 when Shaw finished 23–8.

College career
Denson played four seasons collegiately for the Auburn Tigers. He was voted 2014 Associated Press All-SEC Honorable Mention, named All-SEC second team by the league coaches, and an All-District player by the NABC and the USBWA. He averaged 19.1 points his senior season. During his senior year, Denson scored 25 or more points in four straight conference games (February 5–15) and was the first AU player to do that since Keenan Carpenter did it in five straight in 1988–89. He also made 176 out of 268 free throws. His free throw attempts are a single-season Auburn record, breaking John Mengelt's record of 256 from 1970–71.

Professional career
On July 24, 2014, Denson signed a one-year deal with SPM Shoeters Den Bosch of the Dutch Basketball League. He helped Den Bosch win the 2014–15 DBL championship with a 4–1 Finals defeat of Donar Groningen. In 37 league games for Den Bosch, he averaged 14.4 points, 4.3 rebounds and 2.4 assists per game.

On October 31, 2015, Denson was selected by the Delaware 87ers in the third round of the 2015 NBA Development League Draft. However, he was waived on November 11 before the start of the regular season.

References

1991 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in the Netherlands
Auburn Tigers men's basketball players
Basketball players from Columbus, Georgia
Dutch Basketball League players
Shooting guards
Heroes Den Bosch players
American men's basketball players


title: History of corporate law in the United States

text:
The history of corporate law in the United States concerns the development of the corporation, primarily as a business organization, under the different United States corporate law, including federal regulation.

Common law
The United Kingdom required a legislative charter for incorporation until passage of the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844.
Case of Sutton's Hospital (1612) 77 Eng Rep 960
Keech v Sandford [1726] EWHC Ch J76
Attorney General v. Davy (1741) 2 Atk 212
The Charitable Corporation v Sutton (1742) 26 ER 642
Whelpdale v Cookson (1747) 27 ER 856
R v Richardson (1758) 97 ER 426

Colonial corporations

Virginia Company (London Company and Plymouth Company est 1606-1624) and Plymouth Council for New England
Massachusetts Bay Company est. 1628
Hudson's Bay Company est. 1670
Bank of England est. 1694
South Sea Company and South Sea Bubble
Russian-American Company

Post-independence
Prior to the late 19th century, most companies were incorporated by a special bill adopted by legislature. By the end of the 18th century, there were about 300 incorporated companies in the United States, most of them providing public services, and only eight manufacturing companies. The formation of a corporation usually required an act of legislature. State enactment of corporation laws, which was becoming more common by the 1830s, allowed companies to incorporate without securing the adoption of a special legislative bill. However, given the restrictive nature of state corporation laws, many companies preferred to seek a special legislative act for incorporation to attain privileges or monopolies, even until the late nineteenth century. In 1819, the U.S. Supreme Court granted corporations rights they had not previously recognized in Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward. The Supreme Court declared that a corporation is not transformed into civil institution just because the government commissioned its corporate charter; and, accordingly, it deemed corporate charters "inviolable" and not subject to arbitrary amendment or abolition by state governments.

New York was the first state to enact a corporate statute in 1811. The Act Relative to Incorporations for Manufacturing Purposes of 1811, allowed for free incorporation with limited liability, but only for manufacturing businesses. New Jersey followed New York's lead in 1816, when it enacted its first corporate law. In 1837, Connecticut adopted a general corporation statute that allowed for the incorporation of any corporation engaged in any lawful business. Delaware did not enact its first corporation law until 1883.

Bank of the United States v. Deveaux, 9 U.S. 61 (1809) corporations have capacity to sue.
Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 US 1 (1824) the right of Congress to regulate interstate trade under the commerce clause.

General incorporation laws
A general incorporation law allows corporations to be formed without a charter from the legislature. It also refers to a law enabling a certain type of corporation, such as a railroad, to exercise eminent domain and other special rights without a charter from the legislature.

Early state corporation laws were all restrictive in design, often with the intention of preventing corporations for gaining too much wealth and power. Investors generally had to be given an equal say in corporate governance, and corporations were required to comply with the purposes expressed in their charters. Therefore, some large-scale businesses used other forms of association; for example, Andrew Carnegie formed his steel operation as a limited partnership and John D. Rockefeller set up Standard Oil as a corporate trust.

In the late 19th century, state governments started to adopt more permissive corporate laws. In 1896, New Jersey was the first state to adopt an "enabling" corporate law, with the goal of attracting more business to the state. As a result of its early enabling corporate statute, New Jersey was the first leading corporate state. In 1899, Delaware followed New Jersey's lead with the enactment of an enabling corporate statute, but Delaware only became the leading corporate state after the enabling provisions of the 1896 New Jersey corporate law were repealed in 1913. Despite the fact that New Jersey changed its corporate law again in 1917 to reenact an enabling corporate statute similar to the repealed 1899 enabling statute, corporations had relocated to Delaware for good; Delaware has been the leading corporate state since the 1920s.

List of early general incorporation laws
 North Carolina, 1795
 Massachusetts, 1799
 Connecticut in 1837.
Ohio: May 1, 1852
New Jersey: April 2, 1873 (breaking the Camden and Amboy Rail Road's monopoly and allowing for the National Railway project)

Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 118 U.S. 394 (1886)
M Dodd, 'American Business Association Law a Hundred Years Ago and Today', in 3 Law: A Century of Progress: 1835-1935 (Reppy 1937) 254, 289

Antitrust and mergers

In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, which criminalised cartels that acted in restraint of trade. While the case law developed, which eventually began cracking down on the normal practices of businesses who cooperated or colluded with one another, corporations could not acquire stock in one another's businesses. However, in 1898, New Jersey, at the time the leading corporate state, changed its law to allow this. Delaware mirrored New Jersey's enactment in an 1899 statute that stated that shares held in other corporations did not confer voting rights and acquisition of shares in other companies required explicit authorisation. Any corporation created under the Delaware General Corporation Law (DGCL) could purchase, hold, sell, or assign shares of other corporations. Accordingly, Delaware corporations could acquire stock in other corporations registered in Delaware and exercise all rights. This helped make Delaware increasingly an attractive places for businesses to incorporate holding companies, through which they could retain control over large operations without sanction under the Sherman Act. As antitrust law continued to tighten, companies integrated through mergers fully.

Clayton Act of 1914
William Peters Hepburn proposed a Hepburn Bill of 1908 which would have required federal incorporation. This was attacked from various groups who wished to maintain the state system of incorporation. MI Urofsky, ‘Proposed Federal Incorporation in the Progressive Era’ (1982) 26 American Journal of Legislative History 160.

Great Depression and New Deal

Limited liability was a matter of state law, and in Delaware up until 1967, it was left to the certificate of incorporation to stipulate “whether the private property of the stockholders... shall be subject to the payment of corporate debts, and if so, to what extent.” In California, limited liability was recognised as late as 1931.

AA Berle and GC Means, The Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932)
Securities Act of 1933 and Securities and Exchange Act of 1934

See also
United States corporate law
History of company law in the United Kingdom
 Sherman Antitrust Act
 S Corporation
 C Corporation
 Limited Liability Corporation
 Sole Proprietorship
 Partnership
 Outline of organizational theory

Notes

References
PI Blumberg, The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law (1993)

History of corporate law
Legal history of the United States


title: Angolan Army

text:
The Angolan Army () is the land component of the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA).

History
On August 1, 1974, a few months after a military coup d'état had overthrown the Lisbon regime and proclaimed its intention of granting independence to Angola, the MPLA announced the formation of FAPLA, which replaced the EPLA. By 1976 FAPLA had been transformed from lightly armed guerrilla units into a national army capable of sustained field operations.

In 1990–91, the Army had ten military regions and an estimated 73+ 'brigades', each with a mean strength of 1,000 and comprising inf, tank, APC, artillery, and AA units as required. The Library of Congress said in 1990 that '[t]he regular army's 91,500 troops were organized into more than seventy brigades ranging from 750 to 1,200 men each and deployed throughout the ten military regions. Most regions were commanded by lieutenant colonels, with majors as deputy commanders, but some regions were commanded by majors. Each region consisted of one to four provinces, with one or more infantry brigades assigned to it. The brigades were generally dispersed in battalion or smaller unit formations to protect strategic terrain, urban centers, settlements, and critical infrastructure such as bridges and factories. Counterintelligence agents were assigned to all field units to thwart UNITA infiltration. The army's diverse combat capabilities were indicated by its many regular and motorised infantry brigades with organic or attached armor, artillery, and air defense units; two militia infantry brigades; four antiaircraft artillery brigades; ten tank battalions; and six artillery battalions. These forces were concentrated most heavily in places of strategic importance and recurring conflict: the oil-producing Cabinda Province, the area around the capital, and the southern provinces where UNITA and South African forces operated.

In 2014 Luzia Inglês Van-Dúnem became the first Angolan woman to be promoted to the post of General Officer of the Angolan Armed Forces; the promotion was decreed by President José Eduardo dos Santos.

Structure
It was reported on May 3, 2007, that the Special Forces Brigade of the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) located at Cabo Ledo region, northern Bengo Province, would host a 29th anniversary celebration for the entire armed forces. The brigade was reportedly formed on May 5, 1978, and under the command at the time of Colonel Paulo Falcao.

As of 2011, the IISS reported the ground forces had 42 armoured/infantry regiments ('detachments/groups - strength varies') and 16 infantry 'brigades'. These probably comprised infantry, tanks, APC, artillery, and AA units as required. Major equipment included over 140 main battle tanks, 600 reconnaissance vehicles, over 920 AFVs, infantry fighting vehicles, 298 howitzers.

In 2013, the International Institute for Strategic Studies reported that the FAA had six divisions, the 1st, 5th, and 6th with two or three infantry brigades, and the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th with five to six infantry brigades. The 4th Division included a tank regiment. A separate tank brigade and special forces brigade were also reported.

Equipment

The Army operates a large amount of Russian, Soviet and ex-Warsaw pact hardware. A large amount of its equipment was acquired in the 1980s and 1990s most likely because of hostilities with neighbouring countries and its civil war which lasted from November 1975 until 2002. There is an interest from the Angolan Army for the Brazilian ASTROS II multiple rocket launcher.

Infantry weapons
Many of Angola's weapons are of Portuguese colonial and Warsaw Pact origin. Jane's Information Group lists the following as in service:

 Rifles in service with Army include the AK-47, AKM, FN FAL, G3 Assault Rifle, SKS and IMI Tavor.
 Pistols include the Makarov pistol, Stechkin automatic pistol and the Tokarev TT pistol.
 Submachine guns include the Škorpion vz. 61, Star Z-45, Uzi and the FBP submachine gun.
 Machine guns include the RP-46, RPD machine gun, Vz. 52 machine gun and the DShK Heavy machine gun.
 Grenade launchers include the AGS-17 automatic grenade launcher.
 Mortars include the 120-PM-43 mortar (500 in service) and the 82-PM-41 (250 in service).
 Anti-Tank weapons include the RPG-7, 9K111 Fagot (650 ordered in 1987), 9K11 Malyutka, B-10 recoilless rifle and the B-11 recoilless rifle.

Main battle tanks

 Between 116 and 267 T-55AM-2 Medium tanks. 281 T-55's were ordered between 1975 and 1999. 267 T-55AM-2's were delivered from Bulgaria and Slovakia in 1999.
 50 T-72M1 main battle tanks. Delivered from Belarus in 1999.
 50 T-62 Main battle tanks. 364 were ordered in the 1980s and 1990s.
 12 PT-76 Amphibious Light tanks. 68 ordered in 1975 from the Soviet Union.

Armoured vehicles

 150 BMP-1 infantry fighting vehicles.
 100 BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles.
 10 BMD-3 infantry fighting vehicles.
 195 BRDM-2 and 120 BRDM-1 Amphibious Armoured Scout Cars.
 62 BTR-60 and 50 OT-62 TOPAS armored personnel carriers
 45  Casspir NG 2000B Infantry mobility vehicles
 24 EE-11 Urutu armored personnel carriers

Artillery

 12 2S1 Gvozdika 122 mm Self-propelled guns (Acquired in 2000 from the Czech Republic).
 4 2S3 Akatsiya 152 mm Self-propelled guns (Acquired in 1999 from the Bulgaria).
 12 2S7 Pion 203 mm Self-propelled guns (Acquired in 2000 from the Czech Republic).
 Unknown amounts of M1942 ZiS-3 Anti-tank field guns
 ~280 D-30 122 mm Howitzers (28 from Kazakhstan in 1998, 12 from Belarus, 240 from the Soviet Union in the 1980s)
 4 D-20 Howitzers.
 Unknown amounts of 85 mm divisional gun D-44 Field Guns.
 48 M-46 130 mm field guns
 75 BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launchers
 40 RM-70 multiple rocket launchers

Anti-aircraft weaponry

 20 ZSU-23-4 Shilka Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns.
 40 ZSU-57-2 Self-propelled anti-aircraft guns
 Unknown amounts of ZU-23-2, 57 mm AZP S-60, M-1939, ZPU-4 and Zastava M55 anti-aircraft guns.
 40 SA-2 Guideline high-altitude air defense systems.
 12 SA-3 Goa
 25 SA-6
 Unknown amounts of SA-7 Grail
 15 SA-8
 20 SA-9 Gaskin
 10 SA-13
 Unknown amounts of SA-14 Gremlin and SA-16 Gimlet.

Other vehicles

 Ural-4320 trucks
 Star 266
 KrAZ-6322

References

Armies by country
Military of Angola


title: Baseline Study

text:
Project Baseline is a broad effort to map human health led by Verily Life Sciences (formerly Google Life Sciences), Alphabet, Inc.'s health sciences division, and was announced in the Wall Street Journal on July 24, 2014. It begins with the Project Baseline Study, which will collect phenotypic health data from approximately 10,000 participants over the course of at least four years. The project employs experts from widely varying fields including science, medicine, user experience and design, engineering and patient advocacy. The project is not the first one to aim to collect data on many individuals for medical purposes, but it aims to collect a much larger amount of data covering a broader array of topics than its predecessors. De-identified Project Baseline study data will be available to qualified researchers for exploratory analysis in the future. Qualified external researchers may apply through applications reviewed by the Proposal Review and Publications Committee and Scientific Executive Committee.

Purpose
The Project Baseline study is the first initiative of Project Baseline, a broader effort designed to develop a well-defined reference, or "baseline," of good health as well as a rich data platform that may be used to better understand the transition from health to disease and identify additional risk factors for disease. The study will collect comprehensive health information both within and outside the four walls of a clinic. Within the clinic, a broad group of participants - including those who are exceptionally healthy, at-risk of disease, and with overt disease - will be providing deep data on a diverse set of measurements with repeat sampling over the course of four years. To bridge these encounters, Verily has developed tools such as the investigational Study Watch to allow participants to provide insights throughout their everyday lives.

That means the Project Baseline study dataset will include clinical, molecular, imaging, self-reported, behavioral, environmental, sensor and other health-related measurements. To organize this information, Verily is developing infrastructure that can process multi-dimensional health data - much of which have never been combined for an individual.

The project also hopes to enable doctors to predict the onset of diseases such as cancer and heart disease far earlier than is currently possible. Organizers hope this will move medicine toward an era centered on prevention rather than treatment. In addition, the study aims to identify biomarkers that make certain people more or less susceptible to various diseases.

Methodology
The project began in the summer of 2014, when Google began recruiting volunteers to collect bodily fluids such as urine, blood, saliva and tears for a pilot study. The public facing launch was in April 2017, and since then participants have begun enrolling. Sites include Duke University School of Medicine and Stanford Medicine, whose institutional review boards will also monitor the study and make sure the data from it is not misused, according to Verily. Verily also stated that all the data in the study would be anonymized before researchers would have access to it.

Ethical concerns
Specialist online reporting service STAT News reported in 2016 that the contract for testing of the 200 patients for the study's pilot phase had been awarded without competitive bidding to the California Health & Longevity Institute, a luxury health clinic largely owned by Conrad that offers medical and cosmetic para-medical services and alternative medicine in a spa-like setting.   The report said that Conrad had stated that the clinic had the advantage of having all the testing equipment needed for the study in one location, but neither he nor officials from the clinic would disclose what relevant experience the clinic had in conducting the complex research required for the project. Conrad further stated that the contract had been vetted by Google X's compliance and ethics officers when Verily was still part of that division, and a spokesperson stated that Conrad had recused himself from the decision-making project, but a former Verily employee claimed that Google X's vetting of the deal was perfunctory.

In April 2017, a Verily spokeswoman confirmed that Andy Conrad had divested from the California Health & Longevity Institute.

See also
 Precision Medicine Initiative
 All of Us (initiative)

References

External links

 registration data at ClinicalTrials.gov

Alphabet Inc.
American medical research


title: Brandon Watts

text:
Brandon Watts (born January 21, 1991) is a former American football linebacker. He played college football at Georgia Tech. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the seventh round, 223rd overall, of the 2014 NFL Draft.

Early years
Watts attended Washington County High School in Sandersville, Georgia, where he earned four varsity letters in football, playing quarterback and safety, and served two years as a team captain. As a senior in 2008, he recorded 86 tackles (nine for loss) and three interceptions on defense, as well as three rushing touchdowns as a quarterback, despite only playing in eight games because of a torn labrum in the shoulder. He was an honorable mention All-State (GHSA), was named to the Augusta Chronicle All-Georgia Team, was named Region 3AAA Defensive Player of the Year and was a first-team All-Middle Georgia. He also ran track & field all four years as a sprinter and played basketball for two seasons.

Regarded as a three-star recruit by Rivals.com, Watts was listed as the 68th best player in the state of Georgia. He committed to Georgia Tech on March 19, 2008. He also had scholarship offers from Auburn and Georgia

College career
Watts attended Georgia Institute of Technology, where he played for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team from 2009 to 2013. He was productive in his two years as a starter, collecting 143 total tackles in 26 games.

In 2012, Watts played a majority of the snaps on defense and recorded 77 tackles.

Watts finished his senior season after coming back from an injury with 66 total tackles (42 solo), and 3.5 tackles for loss. He added an interception, a pass break-up, a forced fumble and 2.5 sacks.

Professional career

Pre-draft

At his Pro Day, Watts stood out with a 4.41 40-yard dash, 37.5 inch (0.95m) vertical jump, and 10'3" (3.14m) broad jump, which would have all been near the top at this position at the combine. He also posted a 6.89-second three-cone drill.

Minnesota Vikings
Watts was selected with the 223rd pick in the 2014 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings.  He signed a 4-year, $2,282,448 contract, including a $62,448 signing bonus guaranteed, and an average annual salary of $570,612. On September 3, 2016, he was released by the Vikings as part of final roster cuts.

Miami Dolphins
Watts was signed to the Dolphins practice squad on September 6, 2016. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Dolphins on January 10, 2017. He was waived on September 2, 2017.

Atlanta Legends
On August 17, 2018, Watts signed with Atlanta Legends of the Alliance of American Football for the 2019 season. The league ceased operations in April 2019.

References

External links
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets bio

1991 births
Living people
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football players
Players of American football from Washington County, Georgia
People from Sandersville, Georgia
People from Tennille, Georgia
American football linebackers
Minnesota Vikings players
Miami Dolphins players
Atlanta Legends players


title: Bengaluru Bulls

text:
Bengaluru Bulls (BGB) is a professional kabaddi team based in Bengaluru that plays in the Pro Kabaddi League. The team were champions in Season 6 and are led by Mahender Singh and coached by Randhir Singh. The team is owned by Kosmik Global Media. Bulls play their home matches at the Kanteerava Indoor Stadium. Bulls are one of the most successful teams in PKL history after winning the trophy for the first time by defeating the Gujarat FortuneGiants in the 2018–19 season. The team was also the runner-up to U Mumba in 2015 and reached the semifinals in the inaugural 2014 season.

Current squad

Seasons

Season I

Bulls secured fourth place in the first season.

Season II

Bengaluru Bulls finished second in the second season.

Season III

Season IV

Season V

Season VI

Season VII

Season VIII

Season IX

Season X

Records

Overall results Pro Kabbaddi season

By opposition
''Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.

Sponsors

References

Pro Kabaddi League teams
Sport in Bangalore
2014 establishments in Karnataka
Kabaddi clubs established in 2014


The Guantanamo Bay Museum of Art and History is a fictional museum created by the American artist Ian Alan Paul. The museum exists virtually as a website and is also installed in real-world galleries in a series of satellite exhibitions. The museum claims to be based in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba at the site of the former Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp which according to the museum's history has been closed since 2012 when the museum was built to replace it.

The museum hosts artists works in its collection which reflect on and critique the Guantanamo Bay Detention Facility, contains a center for critical studies which collects texts about Guantanamo Bay including essays from Judith Butler and Derek Gregory, and runs an artist in residency program that produces new works for exhibitions. The museum is also listed as a real place on Google Maps just north of the detention facility.

History

When the fictional museum was first made public it was covered by a variety of international publications including by the Agence France-Presse, Studio Magazine, and the Atlantic. The Atlantic described the museum in this way after its opening:

After the project's launch, Ian Alan Paul has given lectures and talks at universities, museums, and conferences as the head curator and creator of the museum, and the artworks from the museum are shown in galleries as an extension and elaboration of the project's fiction.

References

Fictional museums
Virtual art museums and galleries
Guantanamo Bay
Alternate history websites
Museums established in 2012


title: Nabin Nanda

text:
Nabin Nanda is political leader of Dhenkanal District, Odisha. He was born to a lower middle class lower Brahmin family in the year 1959. He  started his political career as Sarpanch of his home Gram Panchayat Deogan and now he is well known as a political stalwart of Joranda as well as in Gondia. He fought four assembly elections and won two times to state assembly as MLA from Gondia and Dhenkanal.

As usual, during his tenure as MLA, he tried to raise such issues as the widening of Dhenkanal to Bhapur Road, establishment of cold storage, 100 bedded medical at Dhenkanal town, Cremation Centre at Sriramchandrapur CHC, 33/11 kV electrical grid at Tolarposi Chaak, Pingua, establishment of the fire station at Sarakapatana of Chhadesh area of Dhenkanal Sadar Block, construction of Bisnupur Adibandha at Bhapur Grampanchayat, Baji Rout Setu (Bridge) over the river Bramhani at Mandar, second bypass road from Shyamacharanpur to Bhagabanpur etc. Some of these works were completed during his tenure as MLA.

References

https://web.archive.org/web/20090619072646/http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/profilepage.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20130906091904/http://dhenkanal.nic.in/nabin.htm
http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article537287.ece
http://myneta.info/orissa2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=1222

Odisha MLAs 2009–2014
1959 births
Living people
Biju Janata Dal politicians
Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Odisha


title: Niklas Sandberg (Norwegian footballer)

text:
Niklas Sandberg (born 18 May 1995) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Eliteserien side Sarpsborg 08.

Career
He started his youth career in Lura, but later joined the city's major team Sandnes Ulf. He made his senior debut in 2014. After not being able to establish himself in the first team, he moved to Ull/Kisa in January 2017. He finished the 2017 First Division season with 11 goals and 10 assists. In April 2018, he joined Eliteserien club Start. He made his Eliteserien debut on 9 April 2018 against Lillestrøm. In January 2019, he signed a four-year contract with Haugesund. In January 2021, Viking tried to sign Sandberg, but Haugesund did not want to sell him. One year later, in January 2022, Viking succeeded in their attempt to sign Sandberg. He signed a four-year contract with the club. On 12 March 2022, he made his debut for Viking in a 2–0 cup win against Kongsvinger. One week later, Viking won 5–0 against KFUM Oslo and Sandberg scored two of the goals.

Personal life
He hails from Sandnes, and is the son of former athletes Richard Sandberg Hansen and Anne Brit Skjæveland; his mother was even an Olympian. His twin brother Joachim is an athlete.

Career statistics

References

1995 births
Living people
People from Sandnes
Norwegian twins
Norwegian men's footballers
Sandnes Ulf players
Sola FK players
Nest-Sotra Fotball players
Ullensaker/Kisa IL players
IK Start players
FK Haugesund players
Viking FK players
Eliteserien players
Norwegian First Division players
Norwegian Second Division players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Rogaland


title: Loverboy discography

text:
This is the discography for Canadian rock band Loverboy.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Singles

Soundtrack appearances

Videography

Video albums

Music videos

References

Discographies of Canadian artists
Rock music discographies