title: History of Cadbury

text:
Cadbury is a British multinational confectionery company owned by Mondelēz International. It is the second largest confectionery brand in the world after  Mars. Cadbury is headquartered in Uxbridge, London, and operates in more than fifty countries worldwide. Its best known products include Dairy Milk chocolate.

In 1824, John Cadbury began to sell tea, coffee and drinking chocolate from his premises in Birmingham. Cadbury developed the business with his brother Benjamin, and later his sons Richard and George. George developed the Bournville estate, a model village designed to improve the living conditions of company employees. Dairy Milk chocolate, introduced in 1905, used a higher proportion of milk within the recipe compared with rival products. By 1914, the chocolate was the company's best-selling product.

Cadbury merged with J. S. Fry & Sons in 1919, and Schweppes in 1969. Cadbury was a constant constituent of the FTSE 100 from the index's 1984 inception until the company was bought by Kraft Foods in 2010.

1824–1900: Early history

In 1824, John Cadbury began selling tea, coffee, and drinking chocolate in Bull Street in Birmingham, England. From 1831 he moved into the production of a variety of cocoa and drinking chocolates, made in a factory in Bridge Street and sold mainly to the wealthy because of the high cost of production. In 1847 John Cadbury became a partner with his brother Benjamin and the company became known as "Cadbury Brothers".

The brothers opened an office, in London and in 1854 they received the Royal Warrant as manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to Queen Victoria. The company went into decline in the late 1850s.

John Cadbury's sons Richard and George took over the business in 1861. At the time of the takeover, the business was in rapid decline: the number of employees had reduced from 20 to 11, and the company was losing money. By 1864 Cadbury was profitable again. The brothers had turned around the business by moving the focus from tea and coffee to chocolate, and by increasing the quality of their products.

The firm's first major breakthrough occurred in 1866 when Richard and George introduced an improved cocoa into Britain. A new cocoa press developed in the Netherlands removed some of the unpalatable cocoa butter from the cocoa bean. The firm began exporting its products in the 1870s. In the 1880s the firm began to produce chocolate confectioneries.

In 1878 the brothers decided to build new premises in countryside four miles from Birmingham. The move to the countryside was unprecedented in business. Better transport access for milk that was inward shipped by canal, and cocoa that was brought in by rail from London, Southampton and Liverpool docks was taken into consideration. With the development of the Birmingham West Suburban Railway along the path of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, they acquired the Bournbrook estate, comprising  of countryside  south of the outskirts of Birmingham. Located next Stirchley Street railway station, which itself was opposite the canal, they renamed the estate Bournville and opened the Bournville factory the, following year.

In 1893, George Cadbury bought  of land close to the works and planned, at his own expense, a model village which would 'alleviate the evils of modern more cramped living conditions'. By 1900 the estate included 314 cottages and houses set on  of land. As the Cadbury family were Quakers there were no pubs in the estate.

In 1897, following the lead of Swiss companies, Cadbury introduced its own line of milk chocolate bars.

In 1899 Cadbury became a private limited company.

1900–1969

In 1905, Cadbury launched its Dairy Milk bar, a production of exceptional quality with a higher proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars. Developed by George Cadbury Jr, it was the first time a British company had been able to mass-produce milk chocolate. From the beginning, it had the distinctive purple wrapper. It was a great sales success, and became the company's best selling product by 1914. The stronger Bournville Cocoa line was introduced in 1906. Cadbury Dairy Milk and Bournville Cocoa were to provide the basis for the company's rapid pre-war expansion. In 1910, Cadbury sales overtook those of Fry for the first time. By 1914, exports accounted for 40 percent of Cadbury's sales.

Cadbury's Milk Tray was first produced in 1915 and continued in production throughout the remainder of the First World War. More than 2,000 of Cadbury's male employees joined the Armed Forces and to support the war effort, Cadbury provided clothing, books and chocolate to soldiers. After the war, the Bournville factory was redeveloped and mass production began in earnest.

In 1919 Cadbury merged with J. S. Fry & Sons, another leading British chocolate manufacturer, resulting in the integration of well-known brands such as Fry's Chocolate Cream and Fry's Turkish Delight. In 1921, the many small Fry's factories around Bristol were closed down, and production was consolidated at a new factory in Somerdale, outside Bristol.

In 1921, Cadbury established Cadbury's Claremont, their first overseas factory in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.

Inter-war Britain saw cocoa replaced by chocolate (especially milk chocolate bars) as Britain's preferred product.

Fruit and Nut was introduced as part of the Dairy Milk line in 1928, soon followed by Whole Nut in 1933. By this point, Cadbury was the brand leader in the United Kingdom. These were accompanied by several other products: Flake (1920), Cream-filled eggs (1923), Crunchie (1929) (Crunchie was originally launched under the Fry's name but later adopted by Cadbury's) and Roses (1938).

By 1930 Cadbury had become the 24th largest British manufacturing company as measured by estimated market value of capital. Cadbury took direct control of the under-performing Fry in 1935. By 1936, Dairy Milk accounted for 60 percent of the UK milk chocolate market.

Chocolate ceased to be a luxury product and became affordable to the working classes for the first time. By the mid-1930s, Cadbury estimated that 90 percent of the British population could afford to buy chocolate.

During World War II, parts of the Bournville factory were turned over to war work, producing milling machines and seats for fighter aircraft. Workers ploughed football fields to plant crops. As chocolate was regarded as an essential food, it was placed under government supervision for the entire war. The wartime rationing of chocolate ended in 1950, and normal production resumed. Cadbury subsequently invested in new factories and had an increasing demand for their products.

In 1952 the Moreton factory was built. In 1956, Cadbury began manufacturing in Bombay.

In 1967 Cadbury acquired an Australian confectioner, MacRobertson's, beating a rival bid from Mars. As a result of the takeover, Cadbury built a 60 percent market share in the Australian market. The acquisition brought such brands as Freddo and Snack to the Cadbury roster.

Schweppes merger and demerger (1969–2007)

Cadbury merged with drinks company Schweppes to form Cadbury Schweppes in 1969. Head of Schweppes, Lord Watkinson, became chairman, and Adrian Cadbury became deputy chairman and managing director. The benefits of the merger were to prove elusive.

The merger put an end to Cadbury's close links to its Quaker founding family and its perceived social ethos by instilling a capitalist venture philosophy in management.

The 1970s saw the development and launch of a number of chocolate bars: the Curly Wurly, the Double Decker and Caramel. After a landmark advertising campaign, the sales of Flake quadrupled. However the launch of the Rowntree Yorkie chocolate bar in the UK in 1976 seriously dented the sales of Dairy Milk, and Cadbury's UK market share declined to 20 percent. In order to counter a declining market share, Cadbury reduced its number of lines from 78 to 33, and installed state-of-the-art technology at the Bourneville plant.

In 1978 the company acquired Peter Paul, the third largest chocolate manufacturer in the United States for $58 million, which gave it a 10 percent share of the world's largest confectionery market. The highly successful Wispa chocolate bar was launched in the North East of England in 1981, and nationwide in 1984. In 1982, trading profits were greater outside of Britain than in the UK for the first time.

In 1986, Cadbury Schweppes sold its Beverages and Foods division to a management buyout known as Premier Brands for £97 million. This saw the company divest itself of such brands as Typhoo Tea, Kenco, Smash and Hartley Chivers jam. The deal also saw Premier take the license for production of Cadbury brand biscuits and drinking chocolate. In 1988, Cadbury US was sold to Hershey for $300 million.

In 1986, Schweppes switched its alliance in the UK from Pepsi to Coca-Cola, taking a 51 percent stake in the joint venture Coca-Cola Schweppes. In 1986, the company acquired Canada Dry and Sunkist from RJR Nabisco for $230 million, and took a 30 percent stake in Dr Pepper. As a result of these acquisitions, Cadbury Schweppes became the third largest soft drinks manufacturer in the world.

In 1987, General Cinema took an 18 percent stake in the company. General Cinema divested itself of the stake in 1990.

Snapple, Mistic and Stewart's were sold by Triarc to Cadbury Schweppes in 2000 for $1.45  billion. In October of that same year, Cadbury Schweppes purchased Royal Crown from Triarc.

In 2002, the Danish manufacturer of chewing gum, DANDY, sold their brand to Cadbury together with the brands DIROL, STIMOROL, and V6. The remaining activities were renamed Gumlink.

In 2003, Cadbury dropped the 's' from its name and renamed the brand to Cadbury. The reason behind this change was because the company found that it was a much more suited, rounded name than the previous "Cadbury's". This change was officially announced on 19 December 2002.

In March 2007, it was revealed that Cadbury Schweppes was planning to split its business into two separate entities: one focusing on its main chocolate and confectionery market; the other on its US drinks business. The demerger took effect on 2 May 2008, with the drinks business becoming Dr Pepper Snapple Group. In December 2008 it was announced that Cadbury was to sell its Australian beverage unit to Asahi Breweries.

2007–2010
In October 2007, Cadbury announced the closure of the Somerdale Factory, Keynsham, formerly part of Fry's. Between 500 and 700 jobs were affected by this change. Production transferred to other plants in England and Poland.

In 2008 Monkhill Confectionery, the Own Label trading division of Cadbury Trebor Bassett was sold to Tangerine Confectionery for £58 million cash. This sale included factories at Pontefract, Cleckheaton and York and a distribution centre near Chesterfield, and the transfer of around 800 employees.

In mid-2009 Cadbury replaced some of the cocoa butter in their non-UK chocolate products with palm oil. Despite stating this was a response to consumer demand to improve taste and texture, there was no "new improved recipe" claim placed on New Zealand labels. Consumer backlash was significant from environmentalists and chocolate lovers. By August 2009, the company announced that it was reverting to the use of cocoa butter in New Zealand. In addition, they would source cocoa beans through Fair Trade channels. In January 2010 prospective buyer Kraft pledged to honour Cadbury's commitment.

Acquisition by Kraft Foods

On 7 September 2009 Kraft Foods made a £10.2 billion (US$16.2 billion) indicative takeover bid for Cadbury. The offer was rejected, with Cadbury stating that it undervalued the company. Kraft launched a formal, hostile bid for Cadbury valuing the firm at £9.8 billion on 9 November 2009. Business Secretary Peter Mandelson warned Kraft not to try to "make a quick buck" from the acquisition of Cadbury.

On 19 January 2010, it was announced that Cadbury and Kraft Foods had reached a deal and that Kraft would purchase Cadbury for £8.40 per share, valuing Cadbury at £11.5bn (US$18.9bn). Kraft, which issued a statement stating that the deal will create a "global confectionery leader", had to borrow £7 billion (US$11.5bn) in order to finance the takeover.

The Hershey Company, based in Pennsylvania, manufactures and distributes Cadbury-branded chocolate (but not its other confectionery) in the United States and has been reported to share Cadbury's "ethos". Hershey had expressed an interest in buying Cadbury because it would broaden its access to faster-growing international markets. But on 22 January 2010, Hershey announced that it would not counter Kraft's final offer.

The acquisition of Cadbury faced widespread disapproval from the British public, as well as groups and organisations including trade union Unite, who estimated that a takeover by Kraft could put 30,000 jobs "at risk". Controversially, RBS, a bank 84% owned by the United Kingdom Government, funded the Kraft takeover.

On 2 February 2010, Kraft secured over 71% of Cadbury's shares thus finalising the deal. Kraft had needed to reach 75% of the shares in order to be able to delist Cadbury from the stock market and fully integrate it as part of Kraft. This was achieved on 5 February 2010, and the company announced that Cadbury shares would be de-listed on 8 March 2010.

On 3 February 2010, the chairman Roger Carr, chief executive Todd Stitzer and chief financial officer Andrew Bonfield all announced their resignations. Stitzer had worked at the company for 27 years.

On 9 February 2010, Kraft announced that they were planning to close the Somerdale Factory, Keynsham, with the loss of 400 jobs. The management explained that existing plans to move production to Poland were too advanced to be realistically reversed, though assurances had been given regarding sustaining the plant. Staff at Keynsham criticised this move, suggesting that they felt betrayed and as if they have been "sacked twice".

In June 2010 the Polish division, Cadbury-Wedel, was sold to Lotte of Korea. The European Commission made the sale a condition of the Kraft takeover. As part of the deal Kraft will keep the Cadbury, Hall's and other brands along with two plants in Skarbimierz. Lotte will take over the plant in Warsaw along with the E Wedel brand.

On 4 August 2011, Kraft Foods announced they would be splitting into two companies beginning on 1 October 2012. The confectionery business of Kraft became Mondelēz International, of which Cadbury is a subsidiary.

See also
 Cadbury's Claremont
 Cadbury Ireland
 Cadbury World

References

Cadbury
Cadbury
History of chocolate


title: Huw Jenkins (Welsh businessman)

text:
Huw Morgan Jenkins   (born 9 March 1963) is a Welsh businessman.

Early life
Jenkins was born and grew up in Jersey Marine, Wales.
He was a youth goalkeeper for Afan Nedd Schools, Llandarcy and Afan Lido at the Welsh League level. He played in the youth systems of Bristol Rovers and Swansea and earned one Boys Club of Wales cap playing against Scotland, at 14.

Swansea City

Jenkins was chairman, shareholder and chief executive of Swansea City A.F.C. Being part of a consortium that "ousted" then-owner Tony Petty and with the backing of the Swansea City's Supporters Trust, he was appointed chairman in January 2002, a position that he took, as he states, because, "I was the dullest one."

During his chairmanship, the club's finances turned to profitable and the club progressed on through to the Premier League. In 2013, Swansea City won the League Cup. It was the first time the League Cup had been won by a non-English club.

During the 2013–14 season, Jenkins sacked manager Michael Laudrup in February 2014 and replaced him with former player Garry Monk, stating, "we had to remove the constant uncertainty surrounding the club and Michael's long-term future with us." Laudrup, in his first season with the club, had led Swansea to 9th place in the Premier League and to "League Cup glory, their first ever major trophy," while taking them to next season's Europa League campaign, a campaign crowned with a 3–0 away win over Spanish top-flight side Valencia in September 2013.
After his sacking, the club and Laudrup  reached an out-of-court settlement whose details were not disclosed.

In April 2016, a "controlling" portion of the club's shares were sold to American investors. At the end of the 2017–18 season, the club was relegated to the second tier.

On 2 February 2019, Jenkins resigned as chairman amid increasing criticism over the club's sale to the American consortium in 2016 and the club's subsequent relegation from the Premier League. He stated, "...the current atmosphere within the football club on and off the football field saddens me very much and I find it very difficult to fight on in a football club I love but can no longer control."

Charlton Athletic
Towards the end of May 2020, it was reported that Jenkins was an interested party in buying Charlton Athletic F.C. after the club spent a turbulent few months under the ownership of East Street Investments however this fell through and did not come to fruition.

Newport County
In October 2023 Newport County Supporters Trust members voted in favour of selling a controlling interest 52% of shares in EFL League Two club Newport County A.F.C. to Huw Jenkins, subject to EFL approval.

Awards
In 2012, Jenkins was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree (LLD) by Swansea University, "in recognition of his lifelong contribution to football and for his role in taking the Swans through to the Premier League."

In the 2015 Birthday Honours, Jenkins was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) "for services to Sport in Wales."

In November 2015, Huw won 'FC Business Football CEO of the Year' at the 4th annual  Football Business Awards by the writers and editors of the FB Business magazine.

Notes

1963 births
Swansea City A.F.C.
People from Neath Port Talbot
Welsh football chairmen and investors
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People associated with Swansea University


title: Institute of Nanoscopy

text:
The Institute of Nanoscopy is a research institute of Maastricht University established in 2014 that investigates cell structures at a macromolecular level. The institute was founded by Peter J. Peters, distinguished professor of nanobiology at Maastricht University, who is also the institute's current director.

To understand the working mechanisms of protein complexes within cells, three-dimensional imaging of normal and disease-causing protein complexes is essential. The Institute also develops methods to capture the cell in close to native state and image whole cells and tissue slices down to 1 nanometer resolution. This way maps of individual macromolecular complexes can be created by visualizing nanomachines in a close-to-physiological, cellular context.

The institute's key objective is to gain greater insight into the 3D form of cell proteins, thus paving the way for the development of more effective treatments for diseases such as cancer and tuberculosis. A better understanding of how protein complexes manage healthy, but also diseased, cells will allow drugs and vaccines to target problems more effectively. These developments will lead to scientific breakthroughs in the field of tuberculosis and cancer.

References

Research institutes established in 2014
Research institutes in the Netherlands
Maastricht University
2014 establishments in the Netherlands


title: McLaren 650S

text:
The McLaren 650S is a British sports car designed and manufactured by British automobile manufacturer McLaren Automotive. It was announced in February 2014 as a new model, but based on the existing MP4-12C with 25% new parts, and was formally unveiled at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show.

The 650S shares the MP4-12C's carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer chassis, and is powered by the same 3.8-litre twin-turbocharged McLaren M838T V8 engine, but is now rated at  and  of torque. Power is transmitted to the wheels through a seven-speed dual-clutch Seamless-Shift gearbox (SSG) provided by Graziano Trasmissioni.

Specifications and performance

The 650S is an evolution of the preceding 12C and uses the findings gained from the P1 in order to make the car more responsive and focused. It was initially designed to be offered alongside the 12C but the declining sales of the 12C prompted McLaren to market the 650S as its replacement. The 650 in the car's name refers to the engine's power output in Pferdestärke, the European standard for horsepower while the S stands for Sport. Most of the components are carried over from the 12C which includes the carbon-fibre monocoque chassis which has aluminium subframes front and aft. The monocoque weighs  and is manufactured by Carbo Tech, an aerospace contractor based in Austria. With an aim of building 4,000 cars per year, McLaren deemed the traditional pre-impregnation method used to mould parts too labour-intensive and instead used an alternative method which involves a resin transfer moulding process.

The process involves a mould whose tooling involves internal, removable mandrels for the hollow sections which allows the tub to be built in one piece. The pre-cut sheets of carbon fibre are placed in the tooling of the mould and aluminium components are also positioned to be bolted onto the monocoque later. To avoid the galvanic corrosion between aluminium and carbon, the aluminium components of the chassis are primed before assembly. The wide and deep hollow box sections on each side of the carbon fibre tub are designed for easy entry and exit from the car.

The powertrain of the 650S is largely carried over from the 12C but involves new pistons, better-flowing cylinder heads, new exhaust valves, and recalibrated camshaft timing. A new exhaust system also reduces weight while being more responsive. The red-line of the engine was increased to 8,500 rpm.

The engine is mated to the same 7-speed dual clutch transmission as in the 12C but it has been recalibrated for faster shift times. The 650S comes with new aluminium forged wheels wrapped in Pirelli P Zero Corsa tyres having wider contact patch than the previous versions for improved grip. In order to improve ride quality, McLaren used ProActive Chassis Control (PCC) which is a derivative of McLaren's F1 active suspension system. The system consists of dampers on either sides of the car which are hydraulically linked which allows the car to resist roll. The dampers have been divided into sections for rebound and compression. The front damper's compression is linked to the rear damper's rebound. The pressure is gathered in an accumulator which is controlled using gas pressure, by adjusting the pressure in each accumulator, the stiffness of the suspension is adjusted for different driving conditions.

A new front splitter and redesigned wing blades increase downforce by 24% over the 12C while the new tyres contribute to improved handling. The new rear diffuser is based on the bumper/diffuser concept and is carried over from the 12C GT3 race car. The air brake which is carried over from the 12C is now controlled by an onboard computer which uses the data gathered from accelerometers in the car in order to counteract lift. The 650S also makes use of a Drag Reduction System (DRS) for reducing drag and to improve the car's aerodynamics. Like the 12C, the 650S comes standard with a carbon ceramic braking system manufactured by Akebono but the problems related to braking response in the 12C were addressed and improvements were made.

The 650S featured a revised front end, resembling the flagship P1 in order to update the styling of the car and to give it a more aggressive appearance than its predecessor. The design language defined the design ethos of future McLaren sports cars.

The interior includes Alcantara as the standard upholstery material and the infotainment system is based on the same unit used in the P1. Optional carbon fibre sports seats reduce the weight of the car by 15 kg. The interior focus on a symmetrical design language which McLaren claims reduces the shift time required by the owner to learn about the car's functions. The portrait infotainment screen is improved over the 12C and the sat nav system is now easily accessible.

The 650S has a claimed top speed of , and can accelerate from  in 3.0 seconds and from  in 8.4 seconds.

Variants

650S Spider (2014–2016)

First announced in February 2014, the 650S Spider is a convertible version of the 650S. It weighs  more than the coupe, but it offers nearly identical performance. The Spider has the same structural stiffness as the coupé primarily because the carbon monocell chassis was designed without a roof. the Spider features a three-piece retractable hard-top carbon fibre roof which takes 17 seconds for operation.

It can accelerate from 0 to  in 3 seconds and has a top speed of . Up to 25 per cent of the parts are new compared to the 12C Spider.

MSO 650S (2014–2017)
An MSO (McLaren Special Operations) version of the 650S is offered in a limited production run of 50 vehicles. Introduced in 2014, the car was offered in three matte carbon, exclusive MSO colours, Papaya Spark, Agrigan Black and Sarigan Quartz. It features unique and lightweight alloy wheels. These are  lighter than the standard alloys, helped by the fact that titanium wheel bolts are used. The interior is upholstered in Alcantara and contains a specialised plaque which has the car's designer Frank Stephenson's branded sketch and an MSO branded leather holdall.

625C (2015–2016)
In September 2014, McLaren launched an additional model to the range, the 625C, available in both coupé and roadster bodystyles and aimed at specific markets in the South Asia Pacific region. As with the 650S, the 625 in the model's name refers to the engine's power output in PS while the C refers to Club which hints at the less extreme nature of the car.

Powered by the same 3.8-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine, but with a reduced power output of . The 625C is fitted with new dampers and a revised suspension setup, including softer spring rates. Braking is by cast-iron discs instead of the carbon fibre-ceramic units fitted to the 650S. Top speed remains the same as the 650S but acceleration from  is slightly slower at 3.1 seconds (when equipped with optional Pirelli P Zero Corsa tyres).

650S Le Mans (2015–2016)
The McLaren 650S Le Mans was revealed in early 2015 to commemorate McLaren's inaugural win at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1995. This edition marks McLaren's 20th anniversary since this important win - it was also their first entry ever at Le Mans where five McLaren F1 GTRs finished 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 13th.

Developed by McLaren Special Operations, the McLaren 650S Le Mans is limited to 50 units all in coupé variants. It is inspired by the No.59 McLaren F1 GTR that won the 1995 Le Mans. Hence the 650S Le Mans is finished in a metallic Sarthe Grey exterior colour and fitted with ‘Le Mans Edition’ lightweight wheels. Other distinct features from the entry 650S model include a functional roof-mounted engine induction ‘snorkel’ and subtle louvres on the front wings.

650S Can-Am (2015–2016)
The Can-Am is a limited edition of the 650S Spider developed by McLaren Special Operations and features cosmetic upgrades over the standard model. It was introduced as a celebration of the 50 years of the first Can-Am race. Differences from the standard 650S Spider include a carbon-fibre hood, roof, airbrake, door blades and front splitter. The car comes with forged alloy wheels with titanium wheel nuts in the style of the Can-Am race cars of the 1960s wrapped in Pirelli P Zero Corsa tyres. The car featured a slightly designed rear end featuring quad exhaust tips while the front has additional brake cooling gills on the front fenders. The launch car was finished in Mars Red harking back to Bruce McLaren's M1B race car. Other colours included racing orange and onyx black and were available in customisable race liveries. Production was limited to 50 units only.

675LT

The McLaren 675LT is a lightweight, track-focused evolution of the McLaren 650S. It was announced in February 2015 and introduced at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show. McLaren only made 500 675LT Coupe (without counting the special editions such as the MSO HS).

Chassis
As with the 650S, the 675LT makes use of single-piece carbon fibre monocell weighing , and carbon fibre use in the vehicle is increased in order to further minimise weight and increase rigidity.
The 675LT is supplied with new carbon ceramic brake discs to increase braking performance over the 650S. Disc sizes are 394 mm at the front and 380 mm at the rear. Six-piston calipers grip the front discs with four-piston caliper used for the rears. Braking performance is also aided by the air brake ability of the new rear wing.

The 675LT makes use of a new 10-spoke wheel design, each weighing 800 g less than the alloy wheels on the McLaren P1, supplied in a 19-inch front and 20-inch rear fitment.

The new wheels are shod in Pirelli P-Zero Trofeo R track-focused, street-legal tyres which increase grip by up to 6% over the P-Zero Corsa sold with the 650S.

Body and cabin

The length of the 675LT is  more than the 650S. The 675LT utilises a new rear wing/air brake assembly 50% larger than that used in the 650S, along with a new carbon fibre diffuser and an 80% larger front splitter with sizeable endplates that together increase total downforce by 40%.

New carbon fibre pieces include both the front and rear bumpers as well as front undertray, rear fenders, side intakes and decklid that contribute to the significant weight savings over the 650S. Alcantara is used throughout the interior where carpeting is removed and removal of the air conditioning unit and new carbon fibre race seats together save  although an adjustable passenger seat and air-conditioning are included as no-cost options. Other differences from the 650S' interior include the integration of climate controls into the centre console mounted touch screen. 1 millimetre thinner window glass further reduces weight by . New 10-spoke forged aluminium wheels with titanium wheel nuts reduce weight by . This extreme focus in weight saving results in a dry weight of ,  less than the 650S.

Drivetrain

The car is powered by a variation of the M838T  twin-turbocharged V8 engine rated at  at 7,100 rpm and  at 5,500 rpm. This is achieved through the addition of new lightweight connecting rods, a bespoke camshaft, an electronic recirculation valve and a lightweight titanium exhaust featuring dual circular outlets. Also used in the engine are revised turbocharger compressor wheels and an optimised fuel pump.

The 675LT uses the 7-speed automatic dual-clutch gearbox used in the 650S, with improved software reducing the shift time.

Performance

The 675LT can accelerate from 0– in 2.9 seconds, 0.1 seconds faster than the 650S. 0– in 7.9 seconds, 0– in 25.9 seconds, 0– in 31.2 seconds, and do the  sprint in 10.3 seconds at , continuing on to a claimed top speed of .

Nomenclature
The 675 in the 675LT model name refers to the power output of , following the naming scheme started by the 650S. The LT in the model name is a reference to the "Long Tail" 1997 McLaren F1 GT which was the final incarnation of the F1 road car built to comply with FIA homologation regulations for the 1997 F1 GTR. The F1 GT featured extended front and rear overhangs that produced similar downforce to the previous homologation special, the F1 LM, without the use of a drag-inducing fixed rear wing.

675LT Spider (2016–2017)

A convertible variant of the 675LT was revealed online in December 2015. It shares the same , 3.8-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine as the coupé, but has a folding hardtop roof as seen on the 650S Spider taking 16 seconds for operation. The 675LT Spider can accelerate from  in 2.9 seconds and  in 8.1 seconds. The top speed is reduced slightly, to . McLaren only built 500 675LT Spider (without counting special editions such as the Carbon Series).

675LT Spider Carbon Series
In June 2016, McLaren publicly released the 675LT Spider Carbon Series. The cars are based on the 675LT Spider and have the same engine and performance. An extra 40 per cent of the body panels are carbon fiber such as the retractable roof and tonneau, A-pillars, bonnet and rear deck, side blades, complete front and rear wings, and even fuel filler flap. Only 25 Carbon Series have been built bringing the total number of 675LTs Spider to 525.

MSO HS (2016–2017)
The McLaren MSO HS is a limited version of the outgoing 650S model and is based on the 675LT variant, inspired by the McLaren P1 GTR. It was introduced online in late 2015 and publicly in August 2016. The car is lighter and more powerful than the 675LT, the upgraded engine now rated at  and  of torque at 7,000 rpm. The car is approximately  lighter than the 675LT thanks to the use of Alcantara interior upholstery and carbon fibre racing seats with racing harnesses similar to those found in the P1 GTR, although, a Nappa leather interior upholstery is optional. Exterior changes include a new bumper with front splitters, roof mounted air scoop, full length side skirts and an adjustable fixed rear wing, inspired by the P1 GTR. The wing can be adjusted electronically via the settings programmed in the car's computer. Overall exterior modifications of the car help generate  of downforce at . Only 25 were made with each car fully customisable by the customer, bringing the total number of 675LTs to 525. Performance figures of the car remain unknown but the car is likely to have improvements in acceleration, handling and top speed.

MSO R

In October 2017, McLaren announced the one-offs MSO R Coupe and MSO R Spider both ordered by the same customer. The cars use the same engine as the MSO HS. One way to differentiate the MSO HS from the MSO R is with the rear wing which has 2 levels on the MSO R. Both cars are silver but the coupe has a matte finish. The cars have been seen wearing German license plates with the coupe's reading "M RR 688" and the spider's reading "M SR 688".

Motorsports

GT3

In June 2014, McLaren announced that they would produce a GT3 version of the 650S, either as a new car or as an upgrade for the existing 12C GT3 – which will contest GT3 championships from 2015 onwards.

Changes to the car from the road car includes a new 6-speed sequential motorsport gearbox; 380 mm ventilated brake discs with six-piston calipers at the front and four-piston units at the rear; a 52 mm wider track; revised suspension geometry and upgraded components. It is distinguished from the road car by larger air intakes and front splitter, and carbon fibre air intakes and a new rear wing.

The 3.8-litre McLaren twin-turbocharged V8 engine, also used in the 12C-GT3, produces , and includes a new ECU to improve turbo boost and gearshifts. The power output is lower than the road going 650S's due to homologation.

Andrew Kirkaldy, whose CRS Racing team developed the GT3 version of the MP4-12C, said that they were aiming to develop a version that conforms to the LM GTE regulations at the 2016 24 Hours of Le Mans, but the plan never worked and didn't appear at the endurance race event.

The 650S achieved its biggest success when it won the 2016 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour race in Australia at the hands of Álvaro Parente, Shane van Gisbergen and Jonathon Webb. Van Gisbergen set a new outright lap record with a time of 2:01.567  on 7 February 2016.

References

External links

 McLaren Automotive official website

Cars introduced in 2014
Coupés
Hardtop convertibles
650S
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sports cars


title: Olga Kuzyukova

text:
Olga Kuzyukova (born September 27, 1985) is a Russian cross-country skier.  She competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in skiathlon and women's classical.

Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

Olympic Games

World Championships

World Cup

Season standings

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic cross-country skiers for Russia
Russian female cross-country skiers
Tour de Ski skiers
People from Rubtsovsk
Sportspeople from Altai Krai


title: Huw Jenkins (disambiguation)

text:
Huw Jenkins is managing partner at BTG Pactual investment bank.

Huw Jenkins may also refer to:

Huw Jenkins (Welsh businessman) (born 1963), chairman of Swansea City A.F.C.
Huw Jenkins (cricketer) (1944–2013), Welsh cricketer

See also
Jenkins (surname)


title: Smooth muscle tumour

text:
Smooth muscle tumours show a smooth muscle differentiation. There are two main types of smooth muscle tumour: the benign leiomyoma and the malignant leiomyosarcoma.

References

Oncology
Medical signs


title: Jack Green (karateka)

text:
Jack Green was one of the first three men in the UK to be graded to black belt in Shotokan karate, was an original member of the KUGB, and was their first national kumite champion.

Biography
Jack Green trained at the Red Triangle karate club in Liverpool, and studied under Hirokazu Kanazawa and Keinosuke Enoeda. In 1966, Green became the third person to pass a grading in the UK for a black belt in Shotokan karate, following Red Triangle clubmates Andy Sherry and Joseph Chialton. Green, alongside Sherry and Eddie Whitcher, was also one of the first to be graded to 2nd Dan in the UK, attaining the rank in 1967 at Crystal Palace.

In 1967, Green won the inaugural KUGB kumite championships.

In 1969, he founded the Blackpool School of Karate affiliated to the British Karate Federation. After Green left the club, Ian Smith took over at Revoe Gymnasium. The club then joined Shotokan Karate International under Asano Shiro, and later Kanazawa's 'Kodokai' under Kato Sadashige. Kato later affiliated with the International Japan Karate Association, under Tetsuhiko Asai.

See also
Shotokan
Karate Union of Great Britain

References

Shotokan practitioners
British male karateka
Living people
Sportspeople from Blackpool
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Barney Miller (season 3)

text:
This is a list of episodes from the third season of Barney Miller. This was the final season to feature a live studio audience.

Broadcast history
The season originally aired Thursdays at 8:30-9:00 pm (EST) and 9:00-9:30 pm (EST).

Episodes

References

Barney Miller seasons
1976 American television seasons
1977 American television seasons


title: Arne Eggen

text:
Arne Eggen (28 August 1881 in Trondheim, Norway – 26 October 1955 in Bærum, Norway) was a Norwegian composer and organist, married in 1916 to Engel Johanne Othilie Sparre Gulbranson (1878–1918), the brother of musicologist and composer  (1877–1957), and brother-in-law to the opera singer Ellen Gulbranson (1863–1947).

Biography
Eggen studied at the Conservatory of Music in Oslo with Catharinus Elling (1858–1942), Peter Brynie Lindeman (1858–1930), and graduated as organist in 1905. He also studied at the Leipzig Conservatory (1906–1907) with Stephan Krehl and Karl Straube (1873–1950). He worked as organist in Bragernes Church (1908–1924), Drammen Church (1908–1924), Bryn Church (1924–1955) and Tanum Church, Bærum. He was chairman of the Norwegian Society of Composers (1927–1945), Honorary Chairman 1945 in TONO 1928–1930. Of his compositions include Oratorio King Olav (1930), the operas Olav Liljekrans (lyrics by Ibsen, 1931–1940) and Cymbelin (lyrics by Shakespeare, 1943–1950), premiered in 1951, with Aase Nordmo Løvberg in the role of Imogen, the choral Mjøsen (mixed choir with piano, 1922), the melodrama Liti Kersti, Cantata to Drammens 100th anniversary (soli, choir and orchestra), music to Liti Kjersti (1915), Symphony in G minor (1920), 2 violin sonatas, cello sonatas, organ works (Ciaconna) and a numerous romances. Stylistically Eggen continued Grieg and Svendsen's national romantic line, and he has been particularly known for his great ability to create beautiful melodies.

He died at Bærum Hospital.

Works
 Cymbelin, opera after Shakespeare, 1943–1948

Recordings
The orchestral work Bjørgulv spelemann (Liti Kersti-suite) ("Bjorgulv the Fiddler") was recorded by the Oslo Philharmonic under conductor Odd Grüner-Hegge in 1951, and again by the Iceland Symphony Orchestra. The psalm-hymn "Ære det evige forår i livet" ("Praise the eternal spring of life") to a text by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, was recorded by Kirsten Flagstad with the London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Øivin Fjeldstad.

References

1881 births
1955 deaths
Musicians from Trondheim
Musicians from Bærum
20th-century Norwegian composers
20th-century classical composers
Norwegian organists
Male organists
20th-century organists
20th-century Norwegian male musicians


title: Margarita Stāraste-Bordevīka

text:
Margarita Stāraste-Bordevīka (née Barvika; 2 February 1914 – 18 February 2014) was a Latvian children's books writer, born in Vladimir, Tsarist Russia.

Stāraste-Bordevīka's most popular books are Balti tīri sniega vīri (1942), Ziemassvētku pasakas (1943), Zīļuks (1961), Pasaku ābece (1969) and Lācīša Rūcīša raibā diena (1977). Her first book was published in 1942. She co-authored a collection of folksongs in the Livonian language Urū! Rurū! (1994), later published in Latvian as well.

On 7 April 1999, Stāraste-Bordevīka was awarded the title as Commander of the Order of the Three Stars.   Stāraste-Bordevīka died on 18 February 2014, 16 days after her 100th birthday.

See also
 List of centenarians (authors, poets and journalists)

References

1914 births
2014 deaths
Latvian women writers
Latvian centenarians
Place of death missing
Women centenarians


title: Nick Yates

text:
Nick Yates is an Australian vending entrepreneur and businessman who is currently living and doing business in the United States.

Business history
On February 8, 2010, Yates formed a vending machine franchise called Fresh Healthy Vending in San Diego. Fresh Healthy Vending has been active in providing healthy vending products to schools, as encouraged by the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, which placed a prohibition on high-calorie junk food in school vending machines. In 2010 Fresh Healthy Vending became a publicly traded company trading under the stock symbol VEND. Fresh Healthy Vending was nominated by both Entrepreneur and Inc magazine.

Fresh Healthy Vending failed to disclose Yates' litigation and bankruptcy history in its franchise disclosure documents. As a result, the California Department of Business Oversight revoked Fresh Healthy Vending's ability to sell franchises in California and then ordered the company to offer rescissions to franchisees in that state.

Yates was the chairman of Generation NEXT Franchise Brands, a San Diego-based franchisor whose franchises include Reis & Irvy's, 19 Degrees Frozen Yogurt and Generation NEXT Vending Robots Inc. Nick Yates' Reis & Irvy's frozen yogurt vending machines accept cryptocurrency. Yates resigned from Generation Next in October 2019

In September 2022 Nick Yates launched 99 Innovations a new robotic soft-serve vending kiosk company. The multi-tiered model allows established vending industry operators, food service companies, and business owners access to robotic soft-serve equipment.

References

External links
 Profile

Living people
Australian mining entrepreneurs
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: List of mills in Huddersfield

text:
This is a list of the wool, cotton and other textile mills in Huddersfield, Kirklees, West Yorkshire

Golcar (Colne Valley; Huddersfield)

Huddersfield

Lockwood (Huddersfield)

Longwood (Colne Valley;Huddersfield)

See also
Heavy Woollen District
Textile processing

References

Footnotes

The National Monument Record is a legacy numbering system maintained
by English Heritage.

Notes

Bibliography

Huddersfield
Buildings and structures in Huddersfield
Huddersfield
Huddersfield
Huddersfield
History of the textile industry
Industrial Revolution in England


title: Old Hannibal

text:
Old Hannibal (c. 1800 - May 7, 1865) was a famous 19th century Asiatic elephant that was part of Isaac A. Van Amburgh's menagerie.

History

Hannibal was brought to the United States as early as 1824 according to early sources, but at least by 1831. He was first called "Timour the Tartar" and renamed by Raymond, Weeks & Co. in 1833 as "War Elephant Hannibal".

He was known for having "fits of fury", and reportedly killed several people.  Around 1839, he engaged in a fight with Columbus, another huge elephant, in Algiers, New Orleans; Columbus also killed two men that day.  In June 1854, he escaped his keeper near Pawtucket, Rhode Island and ran many miles before being captured.  And in November 1859, he caused a scene when he briefly escaped from captivity in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, injuring one man and freeing other animals from their cages on his way.  In October 1862, he killed a "partially deranged" man who irritated him in Caldwell, Ohio, whereupon Van Amburgh had his tusks sawn off.

One winter, Hannibal was wintered next to "Queen Anne", a female elephant from a different traveling circus unit, and it was said to be "a case of love at first sight," with mutual affection displayed between the elephants all winter.  Hannibal became very depressed when they were parted in the spring, refusing to eat for eleven days (drinking only water and whiskey), and on the next day briefly escaping his fastenings in a rage.

Death

Hannibal died, perhaps from eating poison laurel, in Centerville, Bedford County, Pennsylvania (located in Cumberland Valley Township), on May 7, 1865.  He had lost his appetite and had become weak in the days prior to his death.  Originally his skeleton was offered to New York City to be displayed, which was declined.  Hannibal was buried near where he died, but his bones were reportedly exhumed under the direction of H.V. Boyd to be sent to the Chicago Medical College in 1871, though it is unclear if the bones made it there.

According to a report on Hannibal's death in the Bedford Inquirer (May 17, 1865):

Hannibal was the largest animal ever exhibited on this continent.  His height was eleven feet eight inches, and weight was ascertained to be 15,000 pounds, or seven and one-half tons.  He consumed three hundred pounds of hay, three bushels of oats, and forty-six gallons of water per day.  He was supposed to be in his sixty-fifth year at the time of his death.  For thirty-six years he traversed this continent, at an average of 3,000 miles per year, the greatest curiosity ever exhibited to the wondering millions.

See also
 List of individual elephants

References

Individual elephants
1865 animal deaths


title: Tibor Perecsi

text:
Tibor Perecsi (18 October 1941 – 17 February 2014) was a Hungarian footballer, who was part of the Ferencváros team that won the 1964–65 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup.

During his club career, Perecsi played as a midfielder for Diósgyőri VTK in 1962, Budapest Honvéd from 1962 until 1963, Ferencváros from 1963 until 1967, Egyetértés in 1968 and Sátoraljaújhely from 1969 until 1970.

Perecsi, aged 72, died in February 2014.

References

External links

1941 births
2014 deaths
Hungarian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Diósgyőri VTK players
Budapest Honvéd FC players
Ferencvárosi TC footballers


title: 1905 Hampstead by-election

text:
The Hampstead by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 26 October 1905. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

Vacancy
Thomas Milvain had been Conservative MP for the seat of Hampstead since the 1902 Hampstead by-election. Milvain resigned the seat when he was appointed Judge Advocate General.

Electoral history
The seat had been Conservative since it was created in 1885. They easily held the seat at the last election;

Candidates
The local Conservative Association selected 63-year-old John Fletcher as their candidate to defend the seat. Fletcher had good local connections. He was a member of the Hampstead Board of Guardians from 1876 to 1898. He was an elected member of the London County Council representing Hampstead for the Conservative backed Municipal Reform Party from 1889 to 1904. He served as one of the Council's deputy chairmen from 1900 to 1904.

The local Liberal Association selected George Frederic Rowe as their candidate to gain the seat. Rowe had been the Liberal candidate in the 1902 by-election.

Campaign
Rowe launched his campaign on 11 October with a public meeting at Hampstead Town Hall, sharing a platform with the London Liberal MP, Thomas Macnamara. On 13 October he held his second public meeting at Brondesbury Hall. Fletcher's campaign, slower off the mark, sought to build upon his strong local links. He supported the Unionist government in its policy positions. He advocated the reduction in Irish representation in the UK parliament. The Hampstead Temperance Council had invited both candidates to address their meeting, but Fletcher chose not to attend. The HTC gave its support to Rowe and Fletcher responded by seeking the support of local licensed victuallers. Rowe's third public meeting at West Hampstead Town Hall featured Leo Chiozza Money the Liberal candidate for neighbouring Paddington. Fletcher's first public meeting in Haverstock Hill, had him sharing a platform with Nottingham MP, Edward Bond and Keighley candidate William Mitchell Acworth.
Polling Day was fixed for the 26 October 1905.
As Fletcher was a supporter of protectionism, Rowe received the endorsement of the Hampstead Free Trade League. On 23 October Winston Churchill who had left the Conservatives and joined the Liberals primarily because of the free trade v protectionism issue, addressed a public meeting organised by the Hampstead Free Trade League.

Result
The Liberals massively reduced the majority of the Conservatives, thanks to a swing of 11.9%:

The result should have been a good indicator to Unionist Prime Minister Arthur Balfour that the mood in the country was swinging behind the Liberals. He soon chose to resign as Prime Minister.

Aftermath
At the following General Election the result was similar:

References

Hampstead by-election
Hampstead by-election
Hampstead,1905
Hampstead,1905


title: Gidi Kanyuk

text:
Gidi Kanyuk (; born 11 February 1993) is an Israeli professional footballer who plays as a attacking midfielder for Liga Leumit club Hapoel Ramat Gan.

Early life
Kanyuk was born in Ramat Gan, Israel, to an Ashkenazi Jewish family.

References

1993 births
Living people
Israeli Ashkenazi Jews
Israeli men's footballers
Footballers from Ramat Gan
Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. players
Pakhtakor Tashkent FK players
Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. players
Hapoel Haifa F.C. players
Hapoel Ramat Gan Givatayim F.C. players
Gidi Kanyuk
Gidi Kanyuk
Gidi Kanyuk
Gidi Kanyuk
Israeli Premier League players
Liga Leumit players
Israeli people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Israeli expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Uzbekistan
Expatriate men's footballers in Thailand
Israeli expatriate sportspeople in Thailand
Israeli expatriate sportspeople in Uzbekistan
Men's association football midfielders


title: Reginald Servaes

text:
Vice Admiral Reginald Maxwell Servaes  (25 July 1893 – 18 November 1978) was Flag Officer commanding the Reserve Fleet.

Early life
Servaes was son of Julius Max(imus) Servaes (1863-1947) and Constance Violet, daughter of Joseph Coltart, a Liverpool shipowner. Julius Servaes, like his father, also Julius (died 1902), was a cotton merchant; the senior Julius had been a partner in the firm of J. H. Schroder & Co., involved in the Liverpool cotton trade, before establishing his own general agency and commission business and becoming prominent in the local community.

Life and career
Servaes joined the Royal Navy in 1906 and saw service in World War I. He became commanding officer of the repair ship  in 1937 and Director of Local Defence at the Admiralty in 1938. He served in World War II as commanding officer of the cruiser  from 1940 and saw action with the arctic convoys before becoming Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff in 1943.

After the War he became Rear Admiral commanding 2nd Cruiser Squadron in the British Pacific Fleet in 1945 and Flag Officer commanding the Reserve Fleet in 1947 before retiring in 1948.

Personal life
Servaes was married firstly, in 1919, to Hilda Edith Anna Johnson, and secondly, in 1959, to Marian Frances Mansel Glasbrook, widow of stockbroker Humphrey Vivian Bond. A notable descendant is the actor Tom Hiddleston.

References

1893 births
1978 deaths
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Royal Navy admirals of World War II


title: No. 17 Group RAF

text:
No. 17 Group RAF was a group of the Royal Air Force which was operational in the last year of the First World War, and throughout the Second World War.

History

First World War

During the First World War, No. 17 Group was formed at the start of April 1918, within No. 4 Area. It was transferred to North-Eastern Area on 8 May, 1918, with Training being added to the name on 8 August 1918. On 1 October 1919, No. 20 Group was absorbed into No. 17 Group,but just over two weeks later the group was disbanded, on 18 October 1919.

Second World War

It reformed on 1 December 1936 as No 17 (Training) Group within RAF Coastal Command, at Wykeham Hall, Lee-on-Solent. The group was responsible for all the training units allocated to RAF Coastal Command.   The HQ remained at Wykeham Hall for one year before moving to RAF Lee-on-Solent on 1 December 1937. Just over twelve months later the HQ moved again, and on 24 February 1939 it relocated to Fort Grange, one of the Palmerston Forts, in Gosport. Then on 5 February 1942 HQ moved north to Scotland, relocating to the Mackenzie Hotel, in Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. Following the end of the Second World War it disbanded on 1 September 1945, and all No. 17 Group RAF units were transferred over to No. 18 Group RAF.

Structure and units

The following training units served as part of No. 17 Group for some time during the Second World War. RAF Coastal Command - Listed as Order of Battle on specific dates during the Second World War:

The Seaplane Training Squadron had formed on 1 October 1931 at RAF Calshot by redesignating the Seaplane Training Flight, and the Torpedo Training Unit had formed out of 'A' Torpedo Training Flight during February 1936 at RAF Gosport. During February 1937, No. 2 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit was formed by the merging of No. 1 Gunnery Co-operation Flight and 'A' Flight School of Naval Co-operation. The School of General Reconnaissance was formed during April 1938 at RAF Thorney Island. In June 1939 the Torpedo Development Unit was formed at RAF Gosport by redesignating the Torpedo Development Unit of the Torpedo Development Section with RAF Gosport.

Around the beginning of the Second World War, No. 17 Group was made up of a handful of units across a small number of bases.

Structure in Autumn 1939
 No. 17 Group RAF (T), Air Officer Commanding: Air Commodore T.E.B. Howe, CBE, AFC
 Group Headquarters: Fort Grange located in Gosport
 RAF Gosport
 Torpedo Training Unit RAF operated with various aircraft.
 Torpedo Development Unit RAF operated with various aircraft.
 No. 2 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF operated with various aircraft.
 RAF Calshot
 Seaplane Training Squadron RAF operated with various aircraft.
 RAF Silloth
 School of General Reconnaissance RAF operated with Avro Anson multi-role aircraft.
 Coastal Command Landplane Pilots School RAF operated with various aircraft.

On 1 June 1937 No. 1 Coast Artillery Co-operation Unit had formed at RAF Gosport by redesignating the Coast Artillery Co-operation Flight. Initially in No. 16 Group, by May 1941 the unit had been transferred into No. 17 Group.

The School of General Reconnaissance was redesignated No. 1 School of General Reconnaissance from 19 June 1940 at RAF Hooton Park, but around six months later the school was disbanded on 30 September at RAF Squires Gate. However, in December 1940, No. 3 School of General Reconnaissance formed at RAF Squires Gate, by redesignating an element of the existing No. 2 School of General Reconnaissance. Its primary aircraft operated was the Blackburn Botha, a British four-seat reconnaissance and torpedo bomber.

Between April 1940 and March 1941, No. 17 Group had four Operational Training Units formed, each with (Coastal) in their title, to provide aircrew training, with each unit having a specific focus such as landplane aircraft, twin engine types, flying boat, or for a specific aircraft type. Formed on 1 April 1940, at RAF Silloth, by redesignating the Coastal Command Landplane Pilots School, No. 1 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit initially specifically trained aircrews for RAF Coastal Command landplanes. This was followed by No. 2 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit, which was formed on 1 October 1940 at RAF Catfoss. Its role was training strike and twin-engined fighter aircrew and for this it was initially equipped with Bristol Blenheim, a British light bomber aircraft and Avro Anson a British twin-engine, multi-role aircraft. Almost two months afterwards No. 3 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit was formed at RAF Chivenor on 27 November 1940. It was initially tasked with training aircrew for Avro Anson, from No. 1 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit. The Flying Boat Training Squadron was formed on 2 January 1939 at RAF Calshot. It operated Supermarine Stranraer I, a British biplane flying boat, Supermarine Scapa I,  a British general reconnaissance flying boat, and Short Singapore III, a British multi-engined biplane flying boat. It was disbanded and then merged with the Seaplane Training Squadron to become No. 4 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit, on 16 March 1941. Its role was to train flying boat aircrew for RAF Coastal Command.

Around eighteen months of Britain into the Second World War and No. 17 Group had expanded to around ten units across nine Royal Air Force stations.

Structure in Spring 1941
 No. 17 Group RAF (T), Air Officer Commanding: Air Commodore T.E.B. Howe, CBE, AFC
 Group Headquarters Fort Grange located in Gosport
 RAF Abbotsinch
 Torpedo Training Unit RAF operated with Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber
 RAF Catfoss
 No. 2 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF aircrew training for Bristol Blenheim light bomber and used Avro Anson multi-role aircraft
 RAF Chivenor
 No. 3 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF aircrew training for twin engine aircraft with various aircraft
 RAF Detling
 No. 1 Coast Artillery Co-operation Unit RAF operated with Bristol Blenheim light bomber
 RAF Gosport
 Torpedo Development Unit RAF operated with various aircraft
 No. 2 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF operated with various aircraft
 RAF Greenock
 Maintenance Unit for Flying Boats
 RAF Silloth
 No. 1 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with various aircraft
 RAF Squires Gate
 No. 3 School of General Reconnaissance RAF operated with Blackburn Botha reconnaissance and torpedo bomber
 RAF Stranraer
 No. 4 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with various aircraft

During 1941 Air Commodore A.W. Mylne took command of No. 17 Group, with Air Commodore T.E.B. Howe retiring. Then on 17 November 1941, Air Commodore H. G. Smart, CBE, DFC, AFC, was appointed Air Officer Commanding of No. 17 Group. Air Commodore Mylne moved to HQ Balloon Command.

No. 6 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit reformed, in No 17 Group, during July 1941 but was now located at RAF Thornaby.  Initially equipped with Lockheed Hudson, an American light bomber and coastal reconnaissance aircraft, the units task was to provide aircrew training in general reconnaissance. Then on 29 July 1941, the aircrew training provided by No. 3 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit for Armstrong Whitworth Whitley, a British medium bomber aircraft, and Vickers Wellington, a British twin-engined, long-range medium bomber aircraft, moved to RAF Cranwell, as a lodger unit there. No. 5 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit reformed at RAF Chivenor on 1 August 1941, also within No. 17 Group, taking over the Bristol Beaufort aircrew training section from No. 3 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit.  Along with Bristol Beaufort, the unit also operated with Avro Anson and Airspeed Oxford, a British twin-engine monoplane trainer aircraft. January 1942 saw the formation of No. 1441 (Combined Operations Development) Flight at RAF Abbotsinch, under No. 17 Group, equipped with various aircraft types.

On 5 February 1942 No. 17 Group HQ moved north to Scotland, relocating from Gosport to Edinburgh, it was situated at the Mackenzie Hotel, and by late spring in 1942, the group used nine Royal Air Force stations and operated with eleven units.

Structure in Spring 1942
 No. 17 Group RAF (T), Air Officer Commanding: Air Commodore H. G. Smart, CBE, DFC, AFC,
 Group Headquarters Mackenzie Hotel located in Edinburgh
 RAF Abbotsinch
 Torpedo Training Unit RAF operated with Bristol Beaufighter multi-role aircraft
 No. 1441 (Combined Operations Development) Flight RAF operated with Westland Lysander army co-operation and liaison aircraft and Avro Anson multi-role aircraft
 RAF Catfoss
 No. 2 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF aircrew training for Bristol Blenheim light bomber and Bristol Beaufighter multi-role aircraft
 RAF Chivenor
 No. 5 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF aircrew training for Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber, operated with various aircraft
 RAF Cranwell
 No. 3 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF aircrew training for twin engine aircraft with Armstrong Whitworth Whitley medium bomber and Vickers Wellington long-range medium bomber
 RAF Gosport
 Torpedo Development Unit RAF operated with various aircraft.
 No. 2 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF operated with various aircraft
 RAF Invergordon
 No. 4 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with various flying boat and amphibious aircraft.
 RAF Silloth
 No. 1 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF RAF Coastal Command landplane aircrew training with various aircraft
 RAF Squires Gate
 No. 3 School of General Reconnaissance RAF operated with Blackburn Botha reconnaissance and torpedo bomber
 RAF Thornaby
 No. 6 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Lockheed Hudson light bomber and coastal reconnaissance aircraft

The Torpedo Training Unit remained at RAF Abbotsinch until November 1942, when it then moved to RAF Turnberry, and was shortly afterwards redesignated as No. 1 Torpedo Training Unit, from 1 January 1943. A second training unit for the use of torpedo bomber aircraft was established when No. 2 Torpedo Training Unit was formed within No. 17 Group, on 19 December 1942 at RAF Castle Kennedy.

Consolidated pilot training in photographic reconnaissance was needed within RAF Coastal Command and No 8 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit was formed at RAF Fraserburgh on 18 May 1942, within No 17 Group, by merging 'K' (Photographic Reconnaissance Advanced Training) Flight of No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit RAF and the Photographic Reconnaissance Conversion Flight of No. 3 School of General Reconnaissance, it was tasked with training Supermarine Spitfire pilots in Photographic Reconnaissance. The unit then moved to RAF Dyce in early 1943, relocating from RAF Fraserburgh, and as well as Supermarine Spitfire aircraft, it also operated de Havilland Mosquito, a British twin-engined,  multirole combat aircraft, and various other aircraft types, in photographic reconnaissance instruction. No. 9 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF was formed in June 1942 at RAF Aldergrove, and its role was to train up long range fighter aircrew. It was initially equipped with Bristol Beaufighter, a British multi-role aircraft, Bristol Beaufort, a British twin-engined torpedo bomber, and Airspeed Oxford, a twin-engine monoplane trainer aircraft. The training unit relocated to RAF Crosby-on-Eden in September 1942.

There was a need for a further training unit for flying boat and amphibious aircraft and No. 131 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF was formed in July 1942 at RAF Killadeas. The unit was tasked with training aircrew to use Consolidated Catalina. When formed it started out in No. 15 Group RAF, but in December 1942 the unit transferred to No. 17 Group RAF. No. 132 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit formed on 24 November 1942 at RAF East Fortune by redesignating No. 60 Operational Training Unit RAF. It was initially equipped with Bristol Blenheim and Bristol Beaufighter aircraft. The unit was tasked with pilot training for long range fighter and strike aircraft.

No. 302 Ferry Training Unit formed on 30 September 1942 at RAF Loch Erne, primarily operating with Consolidated Catalina amphibious aircraft and then moved to RAF Stranraer roughly three months later, in December 1942. No. 304 Ferry Training Unit was formed at RAF Port Ellen and No. 306 Ferry Training Unit was formed at RAF Templeton, both on 31 December 1942. The former was equipped with Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle twin-engine transport aircraft, Bristol Blenheim and de Havilland Mosquito, and the latter was equipped with Bristol Beaufort I & IIA, and Bristol Beaufighter X aircraft. In January 1943 it began the training and preparation of aircrew for long distance ferry flights. On 23 March 1943 No. 1 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit moved to RAF Thornaby and the unit also took on training aircrew for Consolidated Liberator, an American heavy bomber, Boeing Fortress an American four-engined heavy bomber, and Handley Page Halifax a British four-engined heavy bomber.

By mid spring of 1943, No. 17 Group had operations from seventeen Royal Air Force stations and provided various training for aircrew across eighteen units.

Structure in Spring 1943
 No. 17 Group RAF (T), Air Officer Commanding: Air Vice-Marshal H. G. Smart, CBE, DFC, AFC,
 Group Headquarters Mackenzie Hotel located in Edinburgh
 RAF Alness
 No. 4 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Short Sunderland flying boat patrol bomber and Consolidated Catalina flying boat and amphibious aircraft
 RAF Castle Kennedy
 No. 2 Torpedo Training Unit RAF operated with Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber and Bristol Beaufighter multi-role aircraft
 RAF Catfoss
 No. 2 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF aircrew training for Bristol Blenheim light bomber and Bristol Beaufighter multi-role aircraft
 RAF Cranwell
 No. 3 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF aircrew training for twin engine aircraft with Armstrong Whitworth Whitley medium bomber and Vickers Wellington long-range medium bomber
 RAF Crosby-on-Eden
 No. 9 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF aircrew training for Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber, Airspeed Oxford training aircraft and Bristol Beaufighter multi-role aircraft
 RAF Dyce
 No. 8 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF aircrew training for photo reconnaissance with de Havilland Mosquito multi-role combat aircraft
 No. 1509 (Beam Approach Training) Flight RAF operated with Airspeed Oxford training aircraft
 RAF East Fortune
 No. 132 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Bristol Beaufighter multi-role aircraft
 RAF Killadeas
 No. 131 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Consolidated Catalina flying boat and amphibious aircraft
 RAF Limavady
  No. 7 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Vickers Wellington long-range medium bomber
 RAF Long Kesh
 No. 5 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF aircrew training, operated with Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber and Handley Page Hampden medium bomber
 RAF Port Ellen
 No. 304 Ferry Training Unit RAF operated with Bristol Beaufighter multi-role aircraft
 RAF Silloth
 No. 6 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Lockheed Hudson light bomber and coastal reconnaissance aircraft
 RAF Squires Gate
 No. 3 School of General Reconnaissance RAF operated with Blackburn Botha reconnaissance and torpedo bomber
 RAF Stranraer
 No. 302 Ferry Training Unit RAF operated with Consolidated Catalina flying boat and amphibious aircraft
 RAF Templeton
 No. 306 Ferry Training Unit RAF operated with Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber
 RAF Thornaby
 No. 1 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Lockheed Hudson light bomber and coastal reconnaissance aircraft, Avro Anson multi-role aircraft and Airspeed Oxford training aircraft
 RAF Turnberry
 No. 1 Torpedo Training Unit RAF operated with Vickers Wellington long-range medium bomber and Handley Page Hampden medium bomber

It was during August 1943 when No. 17 Group's output reached its highest level. 1,007 aircraft were utilised to train 238 aircrew within that period. During the entirety of 1943, No.17 Group saw 255,800 training hours completed, resulting in 11,482 men, of 1,863 aircrew, trained up across 14 different aircraft types, for the year. However, needs were changing and with the reduction of aircrew required for the Lockheed Hudson, on 19 October No. 1 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit was disbanded at RAF Thornaby, and the heavy bomber courses for Handley Page Halifax and Boeing Fortress were taken over by No. 1674 Heavy Conversion Unit RAF at RAF Aldergrove, which had not long formed, on 10 October 1943.

1944 saw a change of requirements, and along with the formation of some specialist training units, meant some older existing units ended. No. 3 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit was disbanded on 4 January 1944 at RAF Haverfordwest and absorbed by No. 6 Operational Training Unit, No. 2 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit disbanded on 15 February 1944 at RAF Catfoss, the demand for Bristol Beaufighter aircrew training had reduced, and No. 7 (C) OTU was disbanded on 16 May 1944 at RAF Haverfordwest and was immediately redisignated No. 4 Refresher Flying Unit RAF.

With the aircrew training becoming more specialised the syllabuses increased to 38 in 1944, from 26 during 1943. The length of each course and the flying hours required also increased. Both Anti-submarine warfare training and General Reconnaissance training were split into two parts, conversion to type and then operation.

By the summer of 1944 the group conducted operations from ten Royal Air Force stations with thirteen units.

Structure in Summer 1944
 No. 17 Group RAF (T), Air Officer Commanding: Air Vice-Marshal H. G. Smart, CBE, DFC, AFC,
 Group Headquarters Mackenzie Hotel located in Edinburgh
 RAF Aldergrove
 No. 4 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Short Sunderland flying boat patrol bomber
 No. 1674 Heavy Conversion Unit RAF operated with Consolidated Liberator heavy bomber
 RAF Crosby-on-Eden
 No. 9 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF aircrew training for Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber and Bristol Beaufighter multi-role aircraft
 No. 1674 Heavy Conversion Unit RAF (det) operated with Handley Page Halifax heavy bomber
 RAF East Fortune
 No. 132 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Bristol Beaufighter multi-role aircraft, Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber and de Havilland Mosquito multi-role combat aircraft
 RAF Haverfordwest
 No. 4 Refresher Flying Unit RAF operated with Vickers Wellington long-range medium bomber
 RAF Killadeas
 No. 131 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Consolidated Catalina flying boat and amphibious aircraft
 No. 12 Flying Instructors School RAF operated with Vickers Wellington long-range medium bomber, Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber and de Havilland Mosquito multi-role combat aircraft
 RAF Oban
 No. 302 Ferry Training Unit RAF operated with Consolidated Catalina flying boat and amphibious aircraft and Short Sunderland flying boat patrol bomber
 RAF Silloth
 No. 6 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Vickers Wellington long-range medium bomber
 RAF Squires Gate
 No. 3 School of General Reconnaissance RAF operated with Avro Anson multi-role aircraft
 RAF Turnberry
 No. 5 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Vickers Warwick maritime reconnaissance, air-sea rescue and transport aircraft, Lockheed Ventura maritime patrol aircraft, Bristol Beaufighter multi-role aircraft and Lockheed Hudson light bomber and coastal reconnaissance aircraft
 RAF Turnhouse
 No. 17 Group Communication Flight RAF operated with various aircraft

During the Autumn and Winter of 1944 through to Spring 1945, more unit reductions took place. No. 9 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit disbanded on 11 August 1944 at RAF Crosby-on-Eden, and was absorbed by No. 109 (Transport) Operational Training Unit RAF, with its aircrew training for its overseas obligation moving to No. 79 Operational Training Unit RAF. No. 1674 Heavy Conversion Unit disbanded its Boeing Fortress training during September 1944, and No. 4 Refresher Flying Unit disbanded at RAF Mullaghmore on 5 October 1944. No 131 (C) OTUs Short Sunderland flying boat were transferred to No 4 (C) OTU on 13 February 1945, and with the Consolidated Catalina being withdrawn from RAF service, the unit was disbanded on 28 June 1945. By mid summer 1945, No. 17 Group was down to operating from seven Royal Air Force stations with nine units.

Structure in Summer 1945
 No. 17 Group RAF (T), Air Officer Commanding: Air Vice-Marshal H. G. Smart, CBE, DFC, AFC,
 Group Headquarters Mackenzie Hotel located in Edinburgh
 RAF Aldergrove
 No. 1674 Heavy Conversion Unit RAF operated with Consolidated Liberator heavy bomber and Handley Page Halifax heavy bomber
 RAF Alness
 No. 4 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Short Sunderland flying boat patrol bomber
 No. 302 Ferry Training Unit RAF operated with Consolidated Catalina flying boat and amphibious aircraft, and Short Sunderland flying boat patrol bomber
 RAF East Fortune
 No. 132 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Bristol Beaufighter multi-role aircraft, Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber and de Havilland Mosquito multi-role combat aircraft
 RAF Silloth
 No. 6 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Vickers Wellington long-range medium bomber
 RAF Squires Gate
 No. 3 School of General Reconnaissance RAF operated with Avro Anson multi-role aircraft
 No. 1510 (BABS) Flight RAF operated with Avro Anson multi-role aircraft
 RAF Turnberry
 No. 5 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF operated with Vickers Warwick maritime reconnaissance, air-sea rescue and transport aircraft, Bristol Beaufighter multi-role aircraft, and Lockheed Hudson light bomber and coastal reconnaissance aircraft
 RAF Turnhouse
 No. 17 Group Communication Flight RAF operated with various aircraft

17 Group Communications Flight

No. 17 Group Communications Flight RAF formed at RAF Gosport during August 1938. It operated various types and marks of aircraft:
Avro Tutor a two-seat British biplane basic trainer
Miles Magister a two-seat monoplane basic trainer
Miles Mentor a British single-engined three-seat monoplane training and communications aircraft
Airspeed Envoy a twin-engined light transport aircraft
Parnall Heck a British four-seat cabin monoplane
Percival Proctor III a British radio trainer and communications aircraft
Avro Anson I a British twin-engine, multi-role aircraft

The flight disbanded at RAF Turnhouse on 18 September 1945.

Disbandment

No. 17 Group disbanded on 1 September 1945. The requirements for needing the group no longer existed. The active units were moved into No. 18 Group RAF as a temporary measure, until their futures were resolved.

Air Officer Commanding

Note: The ranks shown are the ranks held at the time of holding the appointment of Air Officer Commanding, No. 17 Group Royal Air Force.

See also

 List of Royal Air Force groups
 RAF Coastal Command
 RAF Coastal Command during World War II
 RAF Coastal Command order of battle during World War II

References

Citations

Bibliography

017
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945


title: Ivan Joller

text:
Ivan Joller (born 24 April 1983) is a former Swiss biathlete. He competed at the Biathlon World Championships 2012 in Ruhpolding and at the Biathlon World Championships 2013 in Nove Mesto na Morave. He competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in the individual contest.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Swiss male biathletes
Olympic biathletes for Switzerland


title: Haitao

text:
Haitao () is a given name of Chinese origin that is principally used as a masculine name. It may refer to:

Du Haitao (born 1987), Chinese television presenter
Fu Haitao (born 1993), Chinese triple jumper
Hao Haitao (born 1968), Chinese soccer coach
Liu Haitao (born 1983), Chinese sprint canoer
Qiu Haitao (born 1973), Chinese female softball player
Zhang Haitao (born 1970), Chinese soccer coach

Chinese masculine given names
Masculine given names


title: List of mills in Dewsbury

text:
This is a list of the wool, cotton and other textile mills in Dewsbury, Kirklees, West Yorkshire

Dewsbury

Soothill

Thornhill (Dewsbury)

Warehouses

See also
Heavy Woollen District
Textile processing

References

Footnotes

The National Monument Record is a legacy numbering system maintained by English Heritage. Further details on each mill may be obtained from this url. http://yorkshire.u08.eu/

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Dew
Dewsbury
Dewsbury
Dewsbury
History of the textile industry
Industrial Revolution in England
Buildings and structures in Dewsbury


title: Hagay Goldenberg

text:
Hagay Goldenberg (; born 15 September 1990) is an Israeli footballer who plays for Hapoel Nof HaGalil.

Notes

1990 births
Living people
Israeli men's footballers
Maccabi Petah Tikva F.C. players
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Hapoel Ironi Kiryat Shmona F.C. players
Hapoel Hadera F.C. players
Bnei Sakhnin F.C. players
Hapoel Nof HaGalil F.C. players
Beitar Jerusalem F.C. players
Israeli Premier League players
Liga Leumit players
People from Oranit
Israeli settlers
Men's association football fullbacks


title: Outwood Academy Bishopsgarth

text:
Outwood Academy Bishopsgarth (formerly Bishopsgarth School) is a comprehensive secondary school with academy status in the Bishopsgarth area of Stockton on Tees, England. It has a mixed intake of both boys and girls, ages 11–16, and had 537 pupils on roll in January 2017.

The school is operated by Outwood Grange Academies Trust, and the current principal is Sheriden Hutchinson-Jones. Ralph Pickles is the current chair of governors.

History
Bishopsgarth School was a community school operated by the local education authority.

Following an inspection in January 2016, Ofsted rated Bishopsgarth School as "requires improvement" in all areas. In June, the school began working with support from Outwood Grange Academies Trust to tackle low-level disruptive behaviour. On the first day of new "no-nonsense" rules coming into force, 15 pupils received fixed-term exclusions for various misdemeanours.

In November 2016 the school converted to academy status, joining Outwood Grange Academies Trust, and changed its name to Outwood Academy Bishopsgarth.

In January 2019, Ofsted published its first inspection report of the academy since its conversion to Outwood Academy Bishopsgarth.

Academics
This an 11-16 academy rated good by Ofsted;
a  medium-sized school with that says it big plans for the future. Ofsted noted in the report that it is ‘being rapidly transformed through the highly effective actions of leaders and the trust.’
it is experimenting with a vertical curriculum centering on a two-year Key Stage 3 and a three-year Key Stage 4, that personalises learning. It supports fast-tracking and
workshops to provide accelerated routes for the most ambitious students, while giving all the time they need to  succeed through the extended Key Stage 4.

Years 7, 8
During Years 7 and 8, students study a 'broad and balanced curriculum' which includes English, maths and science as core subjects, with a range of expressive arts subjects, geography, history,  a PSRE programme that include religious education, computer science, technology, a modern foreign language and physical education. This fulfills the National Curriculum requirement.

Years 9, 10, and 11
Students will start studying GCSE or equivalent courses in Year 9. These will include English (including English Literature), mathematics and science (which includes physics, chemistry and biology). Students will also study physical education and the Life  PSRE programme. In addition, after much discussion students embark on their individualised Guided Pathway. They will be directed into various suitable options.  These courses each lead to qualifications a student will need for their future career choices.

From the three option columns they must choose one subject from this list: History (GCSE), Geography (GCSE), German (GCSE). Then two from : WJEC Hospitality and Catering (GCSE), OCR Child Development (Cambridge National), BTEC Tech Award in Business and Enterprise, BTEC Tech Award in Sport, Activity and Fitness.

Controversies
Outwood Academy Bishopsgarth excluded 34% of its pupils on fixed-term exclusions in 2017–2018, the second highest figure in the country, only to be beaten by Outwood Academy Ormesby who excluded 41%.

In 2019 former teachers at the school reported a practice of intimidating 'flattening the grass assemblies', which the trust denied.

Schoolsweek described what happened at a flattening the grass assembly  at Outwood Academy City Fields. They quoted a teacher.
“I’ve never seen anything like it. They were shouting in the faces of any children that were slouching.
“Those first assemblies were very, very harsh… The atmosphere was poisonous… The people that were in there were just downright nasty towards the pupils.”
 Again the trust denied the accusation.

After being threatened with a court action, the Trust is reviewing its use of consequence rooms and isolation booths in its 31 schools. Here pupils were required to sit in silence in isolation for six hours a day while receiving no teacher input. The Trust had issued 31,000 of these punishment orders to pupils across 14 schools in the trust in the 2017–18 academic year. 1,400 went to children receiving free school meals and 90 to children with education health and care (EHC) plans.

Notes

References

External links

Secondary schools in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees
Bishopsgarth


title: China's Got Talent (series 5)

text:
The fifth series of China's Got Talent, sponsored by Škoda Auto, premiered on DragonTV on December 8, 2013. Judges were Zhao Wei, Alec Su, Liu Ye and Wang Wei-chung.

References
 Official site

2013 Chinese television seasons
China's Got Talent


title: Claudio Böckli

text:
Claudio Böckli (born 20 June 1984) is a retired Swiss biathlete. He competed at the Biathlon World Championships 2012 in Ruhpolding and at the Biathlon World Championships 2013 in Nove Mesto na Morave. He competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in the individual contest.

References

1984 births
Living people
Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Swiss male biathletes
Olympic biathletes for Switzerland


title: Supervivientes: Perdidos en Honduras (2014)

text:
Supervivientes 2014: Perdidos en Honduras, is the ninth season of the show Supervivientes and the thirteenth season of Survivor to air in Spain and it will be broadcast on Telecinco from March 17, 2014 to May 27, 2014 approximately. For this year the show returned to Honduras for the fifth time. For this season, Jorge Javier Vázquez acted as the main host at the central studio in Madrid, with Raquel Sánchez Silva co-hosting from the island, and Álvaro de la Lama hosting a side debate of the program.
With this season the tribes were initially divided into two tribes, Cayo Paloma and Isla Bonita. Contestants from Isla Bonita were exempt from main nominations which happened in Cayo Paloma. This season has the record of the Spanish franchise of most evacuations and exits due to medical reasons or family issues, (4 forced ejections and 2 voluntary exits). There was an important twist this season which consists eliminated contestants from Cayo Paloma were not real eliminated and moved to Isla Bonita. Every week each moved Cayo Paloma contestant had to face elimination with the weekly recent eliminated and the one who survives would still remain at Isla Bonita. Following the fifth elimination, the tribes merged into only one tribe and at this point the new eliminated would move to El Palafito, a 12-square metre platform where they would live alone every week. Rafa was the first one to go to El Palafito and he lived there for 5 weeks. When this twist was over, Rafa who win the last vote of El Palafito against Carolina joined the last 3 contestants. Ultimately, it was Abraham García, who won this season over Rafa Lomana and won the €200,000 grand prize and a car.

Finishing order

Nominations

External links
http://www.telecinco.es/supervivientes/

Survivor Spain seasons


title: Hugo Blotius

text:
Hugo Blotius or Hugo de Bloote (1533, Delft – 29 January 1608, Vienna) was a Dutch scholar and librarian. He first became interested in librarianship while studying for a law degree in Orléans between 1566 and 1567. In 1575, Emperor Maximilian II appointed him the first head librarian of the Imperial Library.

References

1533 births
1608 deaths
Dutch librarians
Dutch academics
Dutch expatriates in Austria
People from Delft


title: Dore Hoyer

text:
Dore Hoyer (12 December 1911 – 31 December 1967) was a German expressionist dancer and choreographer. She is credited as "one of the most important solo dancers of the Ausdruckstanz tradition." Inspired by Mary Wigman, she developed her own solo programmes and toured widely before and after the Second World War. Wigman called Hoyer "Europe's last great modern dancer."

Biography

Dore Hoyer was born in Dresden to a working-class family on 12 December 1911. As a young girl, she learned rhythmics and gymnastics.  She trained in the style of Hellerau-Laxenburg in 1927–1928, before studying expressionist dance or Ausdruckstanz for a year with Gret Palucca in 1929–1930. In 1931, she was engaged as a soloist in Plauen, and in 1933 she became a ballet mistress in Oldenburg. In 1932 Hoyer met and fell in love with an 18-year-old musician, Peter Cieslak. Cieslak composed a number of solo dance pieces which Hoyer choreographed and performed. He died on 5 April 1935, possibly a suicide.

In 1935–36, with the dance group led by Mary Wigman, Hoyer toured Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden. She and other dancers were photographed by artist Edmund Kesting. In 1937 Hoyer was portrayed by the Dresden expressionist painter Hans Grundig on a desolate country road at twilight, utterly alone in the gathering darkness.

In 1940-1941 Hoyer joined Hans Niedecken Gebhard's short-lived Deutsche Tanzbühne in Berlin. During World War II, she performed in various locations including Graz in 1943. After the war, she took over what had been the Mary Wigman-Schule in Dresden as the renamed D.-Hoyer-Studio. This school had been lost by Mary Wigman for political reasons. Under Hoyer's direction, the school created Dances for Käthe Kollwitz. The elderly German artist Käthe Kollwitz was a kindred spirit as she shared Hoyer's dislike for violence and elitism while experiencing empathy with the underprivileged.  By 1948 the D.-Hoyer-Studio closed, as German currency reform made it difficult for groups without state funding to survive.

In 1949, Hoyer became director of ballet at the Hamburg State Opera where she was given complete artistic freedom. She left in 1951 after her ambitious plans failed to succeed. She went on to pursue her own career as a soloist and choreographer.

Hoyer spent seasons in Mannheim (1952), Ulm (1954), Athens (1956), Berlin (1957), Salzburg (1963) and Frankfurt (1965). By 1963, she had made five tours to South America and from 1962 she lectured at the Hamburg Academy of Art.

Her choreographic cycle "Affectos Humanos" (1962) was composed by her long-time collaborator, Dimitri Wiatowitsch.  It consists of five dances, each focused on one of the 48 types of human affect identified in Spinoza's philosophical writings: "Eitelkeit" (vanity), "Begierde" (lust), "Angst" (fear), "Hass" (hatred), and "Liebe" (love). A highly technical and abstract movement composition, it prefigured post-modern dance styles. It has been studied and reconstructed as recently as 2010.

Hoyer last performed on 18 December 1967 at the Theater des Westens in Berlin.  She bore all the costs of the performance, which was poorly attended. In debt and facing the possibility that she would no longer be able to dance because of a knee injury, she committed suicide in Berlin on 31 December 1967. In one of the last letters she wrote before her death, she lamented: "Only in dance could I communicate."

After her death, Hoyer's papers and archives were held by Waltraud Luley, executor of her estate, who has since donated them to the Deutsches Tanzarchiv Köln.

See also
List of dancers
Women in dance

References

Literature

1911 births
German female dancers
Expressionist choreographers
Expressionist dancers
Dancers from Berlin
People from Dresden
German women choreographers
German choreographers
1967 deaths
Dancers from Saxony
1967 suicides
Suicides by poison
Female suicides
Suicides in West Germany


title: Dai River (Hebei)

text:
The Dai River () is a river in Hebei, China that empties into the northwest Bohai Gulf near Qinghuangdao.  The coast north of the mouth is generally rocky, while the coast to the south is sandy.  A shipyard and a jetty are located on the east bank of the mouth. Damming and the creation of reservoirs on the rivers emptying into the Qinghuangdao coast has led to severe erosion along that stretch of coastline, especially around river mouths. The erosion around the river has been exacerbated by the presence of the jetty and heavy tourist use of the area, including a pier to the northeast of the river.

References

Rivers of Hebei


title: Siola d'oro

text:
The Siola d'oro ("Golden Swallow") is a biennial opera prize awarded in Gatteo since 1983, in memory of Lina Pagliughi.

The award has been given to: Luciana Serra, June Anderson, Mariella Devia, Denia Mazzola, Enedina Lloris, Sumi Jo, Valeria Esposito, Patrizia Ciofi (1997), Jessica Pratt (soprano), Elizabeth Vidal, Stefania Bonfadelli, Annick Massis, Elena Mosuc, Pretty Yende.

References

External links
 Association of the Siola d'Oro

Classical music awards
European music awards


title: Hiraka

text:
Hiraka () is a word of Japanese origin that may refer to:

Hiraka, Akita, a town in Japan
Hiraka, Aomori, a city in Japan
Hiraka Station, principal railway station of the city
Hiraka District, Akita, a former Japanese rural district
Yurina Hiraka (born 1991), Japanese long jumper

Japanese-language surnames


title: Sindal railway station

text:
Sindal railway station is a railway station serving the railway town of Sindal in Vendsyssel, Denmark.

The station is located on the Vendsyssel Line from Aalborg to Frederikshavn, between Hjørring station and Tolne station. It opened in 1871. The train services are currently operated by the railway company Nordjyske Jernbaner which runs frequent regional train services from the station to Aalborg and Frederikshavn.

History
The station opened in 1871 as the branch from Nørresundby to Frederikshavn of the new Nørresundby-Frederikshavn railway line opened on 16 August 1871.

On 7 January 1879, at the opening of the Limfjord Railway Bridge, the Vendsyssel line was connected with Aalborg station, the Randers-Aalborg railway line and the rest of the Danish rail network.

Today, the station is closed but continues as a halt.

In 2017, operation of the regional rail services on the Vendsyssel Line to Aalborg and Frederikshavn were transferred from DSB to the local railway company Nordjyske Jernbaner.

Architecture
The station building from 1871 was designed by the Danish architect N.P.C. Holsøe.

Train services
The train services are currently operated by the railway company Nordjyske Jernbaner which runs frequent regional train services from the station to Aalborg and Frederikshavn.

See also
 List of railway stations in Denmark

References

Bibliography

External links

 Banedanmark – government agency responsible for maintenance and traffic control of most of the Danish railway network
 Nordjyske Jernbaner – Danish railway company operating in North Jutland Region
 Danske Jernbaner – website with information on railway history in Denmark
 Nordjyllands Jernbaner – website with information on railway history in North Jutland

Railway stations in the North Jutland Region
Railway stations opened in 1871
Niels Peder Christian Holsøe railway stations
Railway stations in Denmark opened in the 1870s