title: Ulf Langheinrich

text:
Ulf Langheinrich (born 1960 Wolfen, Germany) is a visual artist and composer.
His work is mainly concerned with non-narrative environments and performances focusing on a specific approach to time, space and body. Since 2016 he is the Artistic Director of the International Festival for computer based art CynetArt in Dresden, Germany.

1980–1991

After studying industrial design he conducted audio-experiments using pipe organs, harmoniums and multiple tape machine environments as well as engaging mainly in drawing. He left East Germany in 1984 for West Germany, where he started to develop the basics of his language in painting, photography and electronic music.

In 1988 he moved to Vienna pursuing his activities in his studio in the WUK (Werkstätten und Kulturhaus) which resulted to an exhibition and the publication of a catalogue of his artworks.

1991–2003: Granular-Synthesis

In 1991 in Vienna, he co-founded with Austrian artist Kurt Hentschläger the duo GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS.
Their name refers to the technique of "granular synthesis", they apply to both sound and image, creating a new audiovisual language

In more than a decade they created monumental multimedia installations and performances such as AREAL (1997–2004), FELD (2000), MODELL 5  (1994–2007), NOISEGATE (1998) or the latest POL (1998–2008). Figurative or abstract, immersive and monumental, sometimes interactive, their works were conceived in a theatrical approach and marked a new step in the aesthetic of perception.

They toured worldwide in the most prestigious spaces and festivals.

Several compilations of GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS works have been released on DVDs and they received the first prize of the International Biennial in Nagoya in 1995 as well as stipendiums in Austria and the USA.

Since 2003: Solo projects

Ulf Langheinrich has been producing a new series of large scale solo projects, among others PERM -an interactive abstract film created for the EVE Interactive Cinema system designed by Pr Jeffrey Shaw (2005), HEMISPHERE (2006), designed for a hemispheric screen (2006) or LAND, a stereoscopic installation commissioned by Liverpool Biennial 2008.
His works were shown at various festivals and museums in Europe, Asia, North America and Australia.

Featured artist of the Ars Electronica Festival  in 2005, he received a stipendium from Siemens for the creation of his installation WAVEFORM B.

The same year, he directed his first full-length film DRIFT in full HD, commissioned by the Australian Centre for the Moving Image

His longstanding interest in combining classical music with electronic music and HD images, led him to compose the score of SINKEN in 1998 -with GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS- for symphonic orchestra and electronic in Dangerous Visions, commissioned and performed by Orchestre National de Lille and New Music French group Art Zoyd. Since this first live experiment, other similar creations followed including MINUS (still with GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS, 2002), and later under his own name, SYNTONY for the Festival d'Art Lyrique of Aix-en-Provence (2005), DRIFT LIVE (2006) again for Wien Modern and KU for TONLAGEN Festival for contemporary music in Dresden in 2010.

Many of his works were also created in collaboration with various artists, mostly as models, using a part of their body, as American singer/performer Diamanda Galas was for GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS' work POL (1998), performer Michael Ashcroft for the duo's pieces WE WANT GOD NOW (1995), AREAL (1997) and FORM (2000).

Japanese dancer Akemi Takeya -her face- was also the model of GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS masterpiece MODELL 5 (1995) and short piece SWEETHEARTS (1996). Ulf Langheinrich collaborated again with her later, when she asked him to design the audiovisual environment on her two body performances CE_1 and Weathering in 2005–2006.

Other collaborations include the series of performances and installations MOVEMENT A (2008), MOVEMENT B (for the opening of the Hong Kong City University School of Creative Media in 2011), MOVEMENT X and MOVEMENT Y (2010) with Japanese dancer Toshiko Oiwa, MOVEMENT C (2012) and MOVEMENT Z (2014) with Chinese dancer Luo Yuebing and VORTEX, a dance performance for four dancers with stereoscopic, in collaboration with Italian choreographer Maria Chiara de' Nobili (2020).

He also worked on the music and sound design of the performance "N" for French choreographer Angelin Preljocaj in 2004 and co-directed the short film SPINTEX with British artist Gina Czarnecki in Ghana in 2008.

In 2015 he created the images and collaborated to the lighting design of the opera  SOLARIS by Dai Fujikura and Saburo Teshigawara, after Stanislas Lem's novel, premiered at Théâtre des Champs-Élysées and toured at Lille Opera and Lausanne Opera.

As composer, he released the CD DEGREES OF AMNESIA (Asphodel Records).

In 2013 was published the DVD Visionaries 21: The Aesthetic Of Sensory, featuring his solo works from 2002–2010.

Over the last years, besides his artistic activities, Ulf Langheinrich has been appointed to teach in the most prestigious high schools in Europe (HGB University for Graphics and Book Design, Leipzig, FH Salzburg and Le Fresnoy, Studio national des arts contemporains in Tourcoing), as well as in Australia (RMIT in Melbourne) and China (Hong Kong City University School of Creative Media and China University of Art in Hangzhou).

From 2016 to 2020 he was Artistic Director of the festival CynetArt, based in Dresden.

Works

Installations and videos
 B (1991)
 PERM, special creation for Jeffrey Shaw's EVE dome (2003)
 SOIL (2003-2011)
 WAVEFORM B (2005)
 LIGHT (2005)
 WAVEFORM A (2005)
 DRIFT" (2005)
 OSC (2005-2014)
 DUSK (2007)
 DE NATURA SONORIS TEMA (2007)
 DE NATURA SONORIS Red (2007)
 DE NATURA SONORIS Woman Walking (2007)
 SPINTEX (2009) with Gina Czarnecki
 LAND (2008–2010)
 XXX (2010)
 ALLUVIUM (2010), special creation for Jeffrey Shaw's immersive 3D 360° AVIE
 MOVEMENT X, 3D (2010)
 MOVEMENT Y (2010)
 IMZK (2013)
 MUSIC I, 3D (2005-2013)
 NO LAND II, 3D (2005-2014)
 NO LAND III, 3D (2005-2014)
 NO LAND I, 3D (2008-2014)
 NO LAND IV (2009-2014)
 MUSIC III LAG, 3D (2011-2014)
 MUSIC II, 3D (2013-2014), for the AVIE by Jeffrey Shaw
 MOVEMENT Z, 3D (2014), for the AVIE by Jeffrey Shaw, with Luo Yuebing
 HEMISPHERE, creation for suspended hemispheric dome or planetarium (2006-2016)
 I MISS YOU (2016)
 GHOST, special creation for the 3D WATER MATRIX (2017-2018)
 LOST, creation for suspended hemispheric dome or planetarium (2017)
 OSC-L, outdoor site-specific project in London (2018)
 NIL (2018)
 QSL (2018)
 NOLANDX, 3D (2019)
 WAVEFORM X, 3D (2019)
 OSC-K, outdoor site-specific project in Karslruhe (2020)
 WAVEFORM Z (2022)
 OSC-B, outdoor site-specific project in Barcelona (2022)
 WAVEFORM L, commissioned by Stiftung für Kunst und Kultur e.V., for Dimensions — Digital Art since 1859 exhibition in Leipzig (2023)
 MOVEMENT L, commissioned by Stiftung für Kunst und Kultur e.V., for Dimensions — Digital Art since 1859 exhibition in Leipzig (2023)

With GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS:
 SWEET HEART (1996)
 NOISEGATE (1998)
 FORM (2000)
 FELD (2000)
 RESET (2001)
 LUX (2003)

Dance performances & cinematic live shows
 WEATHERING (2004) with Akemi Takeya
 "N" (2004) with the Ballet Preljocaj and Kurt Hentschläger
 CE_I (2005) with Akemi Takeya
 MOVEMENT A (2007) with Toshiko Oiwa
 MOVEMENT B (2011)
 DRIFT_LINE_BLUE (2011)
 MOVEMENT C (2012) with Luo Yuebing
 FULL ZERO (2016) with Luo Yuebing
 VORTEX (2020) with Maria Chiara de'Nobili

With GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS:
 MODELL5 (1994–2007)
 AREAL (1997–2004)
 POL (1998–2008)
 SINKEN (for Dangerous Visions, with Art Zoyd and the Lille National Orchestra) (1999)
 FORMEN (Zulu Time, by Robert Lepage / Ex Machina) (1999)
 <360> (2002–2003)
 MINUS (2002)

Visual concerts
 SYNTONY (2005)
 KU, for pipe organ (2010)
 SINKEN II for 44 musicians (1999-2015)
 RE-TIME, for string orchestra (2015)

Awards
With GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS:
 Austrian Furtherance Prize for new media art (1993)
 GRAND PRIX Open Competition ARTEC (1995)
 Austrian Federal State Grant for Fine Art (1999)
 PS1 Residency New York City (1999)

Bibliography

Books

 Enfoldment and Infinity: An Islamic Genealogy of New Media Art (Leonardo Book Series), Laura U. Marks (2010). The MIT Press. ,
 Art contemporain nouveaux médias, Dominique Moulon (2011). Nouvelles Éditions Scala, coll. "sentiers d'art". ,
 Multimedia Performance, Rosemary Klich and Edward Scheer (2011). Palgrave Macmillan ,

With GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS:

 The Diana "Lichtwerk", Georg Schöllhammer (1990), Redesign Diana, Vienna
 Interview with Hentschläger/Langheinrich, Ursula Hentschläger (1993). Medien. Kunst. Passagen, Vienna
 Motion Control - Ein elektronischer Bildersturm?, Birgit Richard (1996). Norbert Bolz (Hg), Riskante Bilder, Munich
 GRANULAR SYNTHESIS, Mike Stubbs (1998). Gerfried Stocker und Christine Schöpf (Hg), INFOWAR, Vienna
 Cinematic Folds:  the furling and unfurling of images, Firoza Elavia (2008), Toronto. Pleasure Dome,
 Art and Electronic Media, Edward A. Shanken (2009), London. Phaidon,
 See this sound: Versprechungen von Bild und Ton = Promises in sound and vision, Rainer Cosima, Stella Rollig, Dieter Daniels, Manuela Ammer (2009). Lentos Kunstmuseum, Linz. Cologne. König,
 We Are the Real Time Experiment: 20 Years of FACT, Mike Stubbs, Karen Newman, Lewis Biggs (2010). FACT, Foundation for Art and Creative Technology,
 Hybridkultur, Yvonne Spielmann (2010). Berlin: Suhrkamp,
 Entangled: Technology and the transformation of performance, Chris Salter (2010). Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press,
 Form +code in design, art, and architecture, Casey Reas (2010). New York. Princeton Architectural Press,

Catalogues of exhibitions

 Incheon International Digital Art Festival 2010. Curator	Dooeun Choi, Yukiko Shikata (2010).
 Cinemas of the Future. Curator Richard Castelli (2004). Lille2004 European Capital of Culture, Lille.
 Hybrid Living in Paradox. Ars Electronica, Linz (2005)
 From Flash to Pixel, Zendai MoMA, Shanghai (2006). Curator Richard Castelli (Epidemic)
 Vom Funken zum Pixel, Berliner Festspiele - Martin-Gropius-Bau Berlin (2007). Curator Richard Castelli (Epidemic). Nicolai Verlag
 Body Media. Curator Richard Castelli (Epidemic) & Gong Yan (O Art Centre). Body Media-International Interactive Art Exhibition, Shanghai (2007).
 eLANDSCAPES - Shanghai eARTS Festival. Curator Richard Castelli (2008)
 Space inventions, Der künstliche Raum. Curator Gottfried Hattinger (2010). Peter Bogner, Künstlerhaus, Vienna   / SCHLEBRÜGGE.EDITOR
 Panorama 12 - Soft Machines (2010). Le Fresnoy, Studio national des arts contemporains, Tourcoing.
 Madde-Işık (Matter-Light), Istanbul (2010). Curator Richard Castelli (Epidemic)
 Matière-Lumière, Béthune (2011) Curator Richard Castelli (Epidemic)
 The [Secret] Return of Noever. Published in conjunction with an exhibition about Peter Noever, former director of the Österreichisches Museum für Angewandte Kunst, curated and hosted by SCI-Arc at the Ace Museum, Los Angeles (2011)
 DIMENSIONS - Digital Art since 1859. Organised by Stiftung für Kunst und Kultur e.V. Bonn in Leipzig. Curator Richard Castelli, co-curators Dan Xu, Clara Blume (2023).

With GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS:

 Zeitschnitte 92: Aktuelle Kunst aus Österreich Differenzen, Affinitäten und Brüche, Museumsquartier, Vienna (1992)
 The 4th International Biennale in Nagoya - ARTEC '95, Nagoya (1995)
 Frankensteintechnodrug. Andreas Spiegl (1995). Gerbel, Karl und Weibel, Peter (Hg), Mythos Information.  Welcome To The Wired World, catalogue Ars Electronica, Vienna-New York
 DEAF '95, Rotterdam (1995)
 Elektra 96. Elektra manual. Montreal (1996)
 Granular-Synthesis, mädchen.apparate.kunst. medien, apparate, kunst Projektionsräume (1996). Beispiele apparativer Kunst in Österreich, MAK, Vienna
 Sweet Heart. Media Art Biennale WRO97, Wroclaw (1997)
 Granular-Synthesis: NOISEGATE M6, Peter Noever, Vienna (1998).  /
 Face to face to cyberspace. Curator Markus Brüderlin. Fondation Beyeler, Basel (1999). Beyeler, Ernst (Hg.). Hatje Cantz.
 Musiques en Scène, l'exposition, Musée d'art contemporain de Lyon (2000)
 ... der körpererfüllte Raum fort und fort. Curator Elisabeth Schweeger (2000). OK Centrum für Gegenwartskunst, Linz.
 GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS - Austrian Pavilion. Venice Biennial, Curator Elisabeth Schweeger (2001), Vienna.
 FELD, Granular-Synthesis. Curator Lawrence Rinder and Jungoo Bahk (2002). 2002 Media Art: Special Effects. Lee Joongki, Park ILHo, Daejeon
 Cinemas of the Future. Curator Richard Castelli (2004). Lille2004 European Capital of Culture, Lille.
 SWEET HEART, Granular-Synthesis. Text by Rudolf Frieling (2006). 40yearsvideoart.de - Part 1, Digital Heritage: Video Art in Germany from 1963 until the Present.  /
 Sculpture Art Space. Curator Richard Castelli (Epidemic) & Gong Yan (O Art Centre). Body Media-International Interactive Art Exhibition, Shanghai (2007)
 eARTS / eLANDSCAPES, Shanghai (2008). Curator Richard Castelli (Epidemic)
 Sounds & visions : Artists' films and videos from Europe: the last decade (2009). Curator Gioè, Angelo and Maria Rosa Sossai. Cinisello Balsamo, Milano: Silvana Editoriale
 Madde-Işık (Matter-Light), Istanbul (2010). Curator Richard Castelli (Epidemic)
 DIMENSIONS - Digital Art since 1859. Organised by Stiftung für Kunst und Kultur e.V. Bonn in Leipzig. Curator Richard Castelli, co-curators Dan Xu, Clara Blume (2023).

Art Press

 Ulf Langheinrich, The Useless And Fascinated Look, Alessio Galbiati (May 2008). Digimag n°34. Digicult  – Digital Art, Design & Culture
 Ulf Langheinrich - Temporalités multiples. Dominique Moulon. MCD #59, Paris (1 July 2010)

With GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS:

 Welcome to MediaMOO**** Type. Birgit Flos. DU, Zürich (January 1995)
 Festival Manca. Denis Fortier. Le Monde, Paris (December 1995)
 Granular Synthesis, Paolo Cecchetto. Juliet Art Magazine, #76, Trieste (1996)
 Global Ear. Erik Davis. Wire, San Francisco (January 1997)
 Binäre Tänze, Arnd Wesemann. Ballett international. tanz aktuell, Seelze (May 1997)
 Ganzkörpermassage, Thomas Wolkinger. Die Presse, Vienna (25 October 1997)
 Pixel gegen Bio-Einheiten, Christian Schachinger. Der Standard, Vienna (25 October 1997)
 Körper-Experimente im psychotischen Triebwerk: Granular=Synthesis im Steirischen Herbst. Salzburger Nachrichten (27 October 1997)
 Robin Rimbaud crosses the NoiseGate with Granular Synthesis, Robin Rimbaud. The Wire #174, London (August 1998)
 POL, fascisme musical ou génie précurseur ?, Annick Rivoire. Libération, Paris (18 September 1998)
 GRANULAR SYNTHESIS,  Interview with Kurt Hentschläger, Claudia Hart. ARTBYTE Vol. 1, no. 5 (Dec. 1998 - Jan 1999)
 Maximales Lärmen, Johanna Hofleitner. Die Presse, Vienna (20 January 1999)
 Maschinenmenschen im dunklen, Raum, Brigitte. Borchhardt-Birbaumer. Wiener Zeitung, Vienne (28 January 1999)
 Höllentore und Ausbruch statt Input, Sabine Buchwald. Süddeutsche Zeitung, Munich (19 February 1999)
 Between Spell and Irritation: NOISEGATE, GRANULAR SYNTHESIS, Bernard Lamarche. Le Devoir, Montreal (17 April 1999)
 Machine Dreams, Christopher Phillips. Art in America (November 1999)
 Attachez vos tuques !!!, François Toussignant. Le Devoir, Montreal (15 November 1999)
 Sensory assault on audience in Bradford, Michael Bracewell. The Independent, London (6 August 2000)
 FIELD OF BEAMS: GRANULAR SYNTHESIS explores the landscape of digital culture, Graham Shearing. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (3 November 2000)
 Flash-Portions, Birgit Richard. Kunstforum Vol. 151 (July - September 2001)
 Ihr macht sehr elitäre Kunst,  Dieter Buchhart. Documentation of the Venice Biennial, Kunstforum Vol. 156 (August - October 2001)
 Grandeur de l'art qui s'accomplit, François Toussignant. Le Devoir (15 November 2003)
 GRANULAR SYNTHESIS. Art World China (January 2004)
 Kill Bill Vol.3, Arnd Wesemann. ballettanz, Berlin: Friedrich Berlin Verlag (July 2004)
 GRANULAR SYNTHESIS. Art World China (May 2009)

Essays

 Hybrid Living in Paradox - Emptiness, Hissing and Control On Ulf Langheinrich's Oeuvre, Marc Ries, Ars Electronica catalogue (2005)

With GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS:

 Modell 3.1: A multi-media live environment by Kurt Hentschläger and Ulf Langheinrich, Thomas Feuerstein. Text of the catalogue TRANSIT 92
 Pyramedia / Granular-Synthesis Modell 3.02, Thomas Feuerstein. Grundmann, Heidi (Hg), Transit #1, Innsbruck (1993)
 Eikon # 10–11, Nina Edge (1994)
 Motion Control -  Shared Pain: Man and Machine. Birgit Flos. MOTION CONTROL. MODELL 5 by GRANULAR SYNTHESIS at the Kunstverein, Hanover (1995)
 Granular-Synthesis. Tom Sherman (1998)
 Hearing the Noise: Revolution. Leoudak, Zoe. International Symposium on Electronic Art (ISEA98). Sculpture Magazine, Vol.18 No. 4, Liverpool (May 1999)
 GRANULAR SYNTHESIS - NOISEGATE, Rob Dyer. National Museum of Photography, Film & Television, Bradford. (2000) http://www.dso.co.uk/gig39.htm
 Noisegate, Robert Clark. National Museum of Photography, Film & Television,  Bradford (2000)
 Long Hard Looks / Het verlangen van het luisteren, Over de esthetiek van verstoring in de installatiekunst van Granular Synthesis.  Pieter Verstraete. NY, (19 March 2010)

Discography

 DEGREES OF AMNESIA (CD, 1998)
 Vol1 (Vinyl, 2012)

Videography

 Is This Art? - Volume 3: Digital Dreams and Old World Photography (2007). DVD featuring an interview Ulf Langheinrich. Artfilms Ltd. Australia
 Visionaries 21: The aesthetic of sensory overload, The work of Ulf Langheinrich - Vol. 3 (2013). Contemporary Art Media, Artfilms Ltd., Australia.

With GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS:

 GRANULAR-SYNTHESIS - IMMERSIVE WORKS (2004)
A DVD compilation containing extracts and documentation of Granular Synthesis' work over ten years. ZKM Karlsruhe / Cantz.

 INDEX 003 / GRANULAR SYNTHESIS - REMIXES FOR SINGLE SCREEN
Remixes for Single Screen RESET, 2001, 25 min, and "MODELL 5", 1994–1996, 30 min, ARGE INDEX (Medienwerkstatt Wien & sixpackfilm)

 40yearsvideoart.de - Part 1 (2006)
Digital Heritage: Video Art in Germany from 1963 to the Present. DVD-Rom featuring an excerpt of SWEET HEART (7'30, 1997). Rudolf Frieling & Wulf Herzogenrath / Hatje Cantz Verlag, Germany

 VIDEORAMA : ARTCLIPS FROM AUSTRIA (2009)
DVD featuring an excerpt of LUX (4', 2002). Vienna: Kunsthalle / Bern: Benteli

Links
 http://ulflangheinrich.com/
 https://soundcloud.com/ulf-langheinrich
 https://granularsynthesis.info
 http://www.epidemic.net/en/art/langheinrich/index.html

References

German male artists
1960 births
Living people
German contemporary artists
New media artists
People from Bitterfeld-Wolfen
Artists from Saxony-Anhalt
People from Bezirk Halle
East German artists
20th-century German male artists
21st-century German male artists
East German emigrants to West Germany
German expatriates in Austria


title: Operation Dominic

text:
Operation Dominic was a series of 31 nuclear test explosions with a  total yield conducted in 1962 by the United States in the Pacific. This test series was scheduled quickly, in order to respond in kind to the Soviet resumption of testing after the tacit 1958–1961 test moratorium. Most of these shots were conducted with free fall bombs dropped from B-52 bomber aircraft. Twenty of these shots were to test new weapons designs; six to test weapons effects; and several shots to confirm the reliability of existing weapons. The Thor missile was also used to lift warheads into near-space to conduct high-altitude nuclear explosion tests; these shots were collectively called Operation Fishbowl.

Operation Dominic occurred during a period of high Cold War tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, since the Cuban Bay of Pigs Invasion had occurred not long before. Nikita Khrushchev announced the end of a three-year moratorium on nuclear testing on 30 August 1961, and Soviet tests recommenced on 1 September, initiating a series of tests that included the detonation of Tsar Bomba. President John F. Kennedy responded by authorizing Operation Dominic. It was the largest nuclear weapons testing program ever conducted by the United States and the last atmospheric test series conducted by the U.S., as the Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed in Moscow the following year.

The operation was undertaken by Joint Task Force 8.

Shots

Sunset

The shot report lists the yield as  ±20% measured from a Bhangmeter and  ±10% from fireball analysis. Other sources give the yield as .

Full list of shots

Gallery

See also

 List of United States nuclear weapons tests

References

External links

 Joint Task Force 8 video report on Operation Dominic
 Operation Dominic at Carey Sublette's NuclearWeaponArchive.org
 More info on U.S. testing

 Operation Dominic at RECA UK (Radiation Exposure Compensation Act)

Explosions in 1962
Dominic
Exoatmospheric nuclear weapons testing
Johnston Atoll American nuclear explosive tests
Kiritimati
1962 in military history
1962 in Oceania
1962 in the environment
Dominic
Military projects of the United States


title: Oleg Boyko

text:
Oleg Viktorovich Boyko (; born 28 September 1964) an international investor and resides in Switzerland, Chairman of Finstar Financial Group.

Education
Oleg Boyko was born in Moscow in 1964 and educated at the Moscow Aviation Institution beginning in 1981, where he specialised in radio electronics. Boyko subsequently gained a Master of Business Administration from the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. He worked at the Lomonosov Moscow State University between 1982 and 1986.

Career
Oleg Boyko has a diverse portfolio having successfully invested in multiple industries including financial services, banks, IT, retail, real estate, entertainment and steel.
From a young age, Boyko was interested in the financial sector and he began his career in the IT and finance sectors whilst he was a student. He is credited for introducing the first stores with credit card readers into Moscow in the 1990s.
In 1988, he began selling used United States computers and computer accessories in the Soviet Union.
In 1990, he established National Credit Bank () and served as its director until Boris Fedorov (), took over the bank in autumn 1995 and was in charge of it until May 1996 before the collapse of the bank in September to November 1996.
In 1995, Boyko was worth $1.5 billion.
In 1996, Boyko and a team of professional executives formed Finstar Financial Group as an investment vehicle and management company in order to identify, invest in, and actively manage businesses on behalf of Boyko and other private investors.
As Finstar's Chairman, international investor Oleg Boyko has now directed Finstar to focus mainly on digital financial services and fintech industries. Among its non-core businesses, Finstar maintains a presence in real estate, entertainment and FMCG retail.
In 1999, Boyko was a joint investor in EvrazHolding alongside Alexander Abramov, combining three steel mills and thereby creating one of the world's largest vertically-integrated steel producers as a result. In 2004, Boyko sold his 25% stake in EvrazHolding for approximately $600 to $700 million prior to its listing on the London Stock Exchange.
In 2002, Boyko founded Ritzio Entertainment Group, investing in casinos and gaming, a business that expanded across Russia before going internationally. The company became the largest in Eastern Europe. The Russian business halted abruptly when Vladimir Putin banned gambling in 2009. In 2010, Boyko became an investor in lottery businesses in Russia and Ukraine, including the national lottery to support the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic Games. He has subsequently disposed of all his lottery interests.
In 2003, Finstar purchased a controlling stake in a Latvian commercial bank, Baltic Trust Bank. By 2006, Baltic Trust Bank was ranked 13th amongst Latvia's 24 banks in terms of assets and had one of the largest branch networks, with 74 branches across Latvia. In 2006, Finstar sold its 79% stake to GE Capital, the banking and finance arm of General Electric.
In 2006 Boyko entered the real estate market through a new holding company, Finstroy.
Also in 2006, under Boyko, Finstar acquired 75% of Rive Gauche. At the time it was a local business, with stores mainly in Saint Petersburg; but under Boyko, Rive Gauche grew to become Russia's second largest cosmetics and perfumery chain. In 2012, Boyko sold 51% of his stake to a consortium of investors but continues to hold 24% of the business.
In 2011, he invested the Riga, Latvia based 4Finance, a structure through which he has relationships with both the Fort Belknap and Chippewa (Lac du Flambeau) native Americans located in Montana and Wisconsin respectively. In 2015 Boyko family trust reduced its stake in 4Finance from 75% to 49% and in 2022 has completed its divestment.
Boyko was involved in film production and served as a co-producer on Frank Miller’s Sin City: A Dame to Kill For in 2014, and is a co-producer in Scarlett Johansson’s forthcoming directorial debut for the film Summer Crossing, which is based on a Truman Capote novel.

Business interests
Oleg Boyko’s current focus is on the digital financial services, fintech and financial technology sectors, strengthened by his extensive banking experience.
According to Boyko, the fintech industry is "the biggest blue ocean" in the business world, with products and services designed for individuals who do not have access to traditional financial services and those who are underserved by mainstream banks.
Boyko, therefore, continues to expand and strengthen his activities in technology-based, data-driven transformational financial services platforms and business alternatives to the conventional banking sector. Boyko is determined to take advantage of changes in global consumer behaviour, advances in technology and data science, and harness the growing power and availability of mobile devices, in order to offer an alternative banking option to those consumers who do not have access to traditional financial services and banks.

Finstar's investment portfolio included, among others, Vivus Mexico, 4Finance, Spotcap, an online lending platform for SMEs, Prestamos Prima, an online consumer financial services provider, and Viventor, a peer-to-peer lending platform.
In 2017 Oleg Boyko announced his intention to invest $150 million into fintech businesses and in-house R&D within portfolio companies. The first phase of a global fintech investment plan is under way with a commitment to invest up to $50 million in Asia-Pacific`s consumer lending.

Other
According to a Gordonua.com article, Otari Arshba () allegedly recruited Boyko into the KGB and, while Boyko was at the computer center of Moscow State University from 1982 to 1986, Boyko excelled as an KGB agent and was subsequently sent on business trips to Great Britain and the United States.

Boyko founded the Parasport foundation in 2006, during the Paralympic Winter Games in Turin. The Foundation offers funding for Paralympic athletes to train and attend competitions and obtain physical and mental health care, and promotes equality for people with disabilities. Recently the Foundation became the official partner of the Russian Paralympic Committee, and has established a presence in Asia. In 2016, Boyko co-hosted its 10th anniversary celebration with an event in Moscow, attended by Paralympic Committee representatives from 25 countries. Since 2006 Boyko has also been the Head of the Paralympic Movement Development Committee of the Russian Paralympic Committee. He was appointed to the International Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS) Development Committee as a member in October 2015 following the successful funding by Parasport of the 2015 IWAS Games in Sochi.
In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Oleg Boyko, through his Parasport Foundation, delivered targeted assistance to over 2,000 para-athletes representing 28 different sports across 35 regions of Russia. Same year, Oleg Boyko was among the invited attendees of the annual 2020 Forbes 400 Summit on Philanthropy.

In December 2021, Oleg Boyko pursued through the Moscow court an order for Google to remove the search results for a site that, he claims, contains misleading information.

Later Google filed an appeal against this decision. However, in August 2022, after reviewing the complaint, the Moscow City Court ruled that Google LLC should remove the links to sites previously found by the court to be untrustworthy from the search results for the plaintiff's surname and name.

His father Boyko Viktor Denisovich (), CEO of NGO Vzlyot (). Mother - Dochar Vera Pavlovna (), senior researcher at the Institute of Medicinal Plants of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

References

Businesspeople from Moscow
Living people
Russian billionaires
1964 births


title: Olav Thon Eiendomsselskap

text:
Olav Thon Eiendomsselskap is a Norwegian real estate company that owns Shopping malls and
other commercial properties in Norway and Sweden.
The company is headquartered in Oslo, Norway.

The company was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange in 1983.

In June 2014, Olav Thon Eiendomsselskap bought their first Swedish shopping malls when they bought five malls from
Steen & Strøm Sweden.

Properties
As of January 1, 2014.

Shopping centres

Other commercial properties

References

Companies based in Oslo
Real estate companies established in 1982
Real estate companies of Norway
Companies listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange
1982 establishments in Norway


title: Sancerrois

text:
Sancerrois () is a French natural region around Sancerre, Centre-Val de Loire.

The region is identified by its hills, vignoble and the crottin de Chavignol.

Geography
It is considered to lie between the Pays-Fort natural region and la Loire ; it peaks at 431 m at the signal d'Humbligny on la Motte d'Humbigny.

Patrimoine
 the château de Boucard at Le Noyer

Geography of Cher (department)


title: 1927 in Portugal

text:
Events in the year 1927 in Portugal.

Incumbents
President: Óscar Carmona
Prime Minister: Óscar Carmona

Events
April - Establishment of the Order of Public Instruction

Sport
22 January - Establishment of the Portuguese Chess Federation
20 March - Establishment of S.L. Benfica (basketball)
12 June - Campeonato de Portugal Final
17 August - Establishment of the Federação Portuguesa de Basquetebol
Establishment of the Federação Portuguesa de Vela
Establishment of F.C. Marco
Establishment of the Volta a Portugal
Establishment of the Falperra International Hill Climb

Births
24 February - David Mourão-Ferreira, writer, poet (died 1996)
1 March - Ruy de Carvalho, actor
10 March - Raúl Figueiredo, footballer
9 April - Francisco Rocha, footballer
30 June - António Jonet, modern pentathlete (died 2007)
26 July - Matateu, footballer (died 2000)
27 July - Adelaide João, actress (died 2021)
27 August - António Reis,  film director, screenwriter, producer, poet, sculptor, ethnographer (died 1991)
29 August - Bentes, footballer (d. 2003)
3 September - João Baptista Martins, footballer (died 1993)
8 December - José Manuel de Mello, businessman (died 2009)
Carlos Montez Melancia, Governor of Macau (d. 2022)
Francisco Martins Rodrigues, anti-Fascist resistant (died 2008)
Lima de Freitas, painter, illustrator, ceramicist, writer (died 1998)
Luísa Dacosta, writer (d. 2015)
Manuel Cargaleiro, artist

Deaths
15 June - Manuel António Lino, medic, politician, poet, dramatist (born 1865)
21 September - José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa, soldier, politician, diplomat (born 1858)
11 October - Miguel, Duke of Braganza, Miguelist claimant to the throne of Portugal (born 1853)
15 October - Lucrécia de Arriaga, First Lady of Portugal (born 1844)
João Marques de Oliveira, painter (born 1853)

References

Years of the 20th century in Portugal


title: Hapoel Beit Shemesh F.C.

text:
Hapoel Beit Shemesh Football Club (Hebrew: מועדון כדורגל הפועל בית שמש) was an Israeli football club based at Beit Shemesh. In its prime the club played in the second tier of the Israeli football league system. The club was dissolved in 1994 due to financial difficulties. A successor club, Ironi Beit Shemesh, plays in Liga Bet.

History
The club was founded in 1958 and started its way in Liga Gimel, then the fourth tier of the league system. The club was disbanded briefly in 1960, but was re-established shortly afterwards and played the next season in Liga Gimel.

At the end of the 1964–65 season the club was promoted to Liga Bet after reaching second place in the promotion play-offs, where it played for the next five years. At the end of the 1969–70 season the club was ranked third in the South B division of Liga Bet, but was promoted after first and second ranked clubs, Hapoel Ramla and Hapoel Ashdod were disqualified from promotion due to suspicions of bribery and match fixing.

In 1976–77 the club topped the South division of Liga Alef and was promoted to second tier Liga Artzit. The club suffered immediate relegation the following season, but bounced back and promoted from Liga Alef after once again topping the division.

The club remained in Liga Artzit, with its best final position being the 10th, until relegating at the end of the 1983–84 season. The club bounced back to Liga Artizt once more, but ended in the relegation zone after only one season. The club relegated even further to Liga Bet and played in the lower divisions until it had to fold due to financial difficulties in 1994.

Honours

League

References
100 Years of Football 1906–2006, Elisha Shohat (Israel), 2006

Association football clubs established in 1958
1958 establishments in Israel
Association football clubs disestablished in 1994
Beit Shemesh
Beit Shemesh
1994 disestablishments in Israel


title: Marmaton Group

text:
The Marmaton Group is a geologic group located in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Geologic groups of Illinois


title: List of awards and nominations received by CeeLo Green

text:
CeeLo Green (born 1975) is an American recording artist. He has received a multitude of awards and accolades in recognition of his success in the music industry. This includes five Grammy Awards, one BET Award, one Billboard Music Award, and one Brit Award.

BET Awards

|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || "Crazy" || Video of the Year ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | Gnarls Barkley || Best New Artist ||
|-
| Best Group ||
|-
| 2008 || Gnarls Barkley || Best Group ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || rowspan="2" | CeeLo Green || Best Male R&B Artist ||
|-
| Centric Award ||

Billboard Music Awards

|-
| 2006 || "Crazy" || Digital Song of the Year ||
|-
| 2011 || CeeLo Green || Viral Innovator of the Year ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || CeeLo Green || R&B Artist of the Year ||
|-
| "Fuck You" || R&B Song of the Year ||

Brit Awards

|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || St. Elsewhere || International Album ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | Gnarls Barkley || International Breakthrough Act ||
|-
| International Group ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || The Lady Killer || International Album ||
|-
| CeeLo Green || International Male Solo Artist ||

Grammy Awards

|-
| 2003 || "Gettin' Grown" || Best Urban/Alternative Performance ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007 || rowspan="2" |"Crazy" || Record of the Year ||
|-
| Best Urban/Alternative Performance ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | St. Elsewhere || Album of the Year ||
|-
| Best Alternative Music Album ||
|-
| 2008 || "Gone Daddy Gone" || Best Music Video ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || "Going On" || Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals ||
|-
| "Who's Gonna Save My Soul" || Best Music Video ||
|-
| The Odd Couple || Best Alternative Music Album ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011 || rowspan="4" | "Fuck You" || Record of the Year ||
|-
| Song of the Year ||
|-
| Best Urban/Alternative Performance ||
|-
| Best Music Video ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 || rowspan="2" | "Fool for You"  || Best Traditional R&B Performance ||
|-
| Best R&B Song ||
|-
| The Lady Killer || Best Pop Vocal Album ||
|-
| Doo-Wops & Hooligans  || Album of the Year ||
|-
| 2014 || Cee Lo's Magic Moment || Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album ||

MOBO Awards

|-
| 2015 || CeeLo Green || Outstanding Achievement Award ||

MTV Europe Music Awards

|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || Gnarls Barkley || Best New Act ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | "Crazy" || Best Song ||
|-
| Best Video ||

MTV Video Music Awards

|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || rowspan="3" | "Crazy" || Best Group Video ||
|-
| Best Direction ||
|-
| Best Editing ||
|-
| 2007 || "Smiley Face" || Best Editing ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || rowspan="2" | "Run (I'm a Natural Disaster)" || Best Choreography ||
|-
| Best Art Direction ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || rowspan="3" | "Who's Gonna Save My Soul" || Breakthrough Video ||
|-
| Best Visual Effects ||
|-
| Best Art Direction ||
|-
| 2011 || "F ck You" || Best Male Video ||

MTVU Woodie Awards

|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || Gnarls Barkley || Left Field Woodie ||
|-
| "Crazy" || Best Video Woodie – Animated ||
|-
| 2008 || "Who's Gonna Save My Soul" || Best Video Woodie ||

NAACP Image Awards

|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || Gnarls Barkley || Outstanding Duo or Group ||
|-
| "Crazy" || Outstanding Song ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || CeeLo Green || Outstanding Male Artist ||
|-
| "Fuck You" || Outstanding Song ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || CeeLo Green || Outstanding Male Artist ||
|-
| CeeLo Green & Melanie Fiona || Outstanding Duo or Group ||
|-
| "Fool for You"  || Outstanding Song ||
|-
| 2013 || "This Christmas" || Outstanding Music Video ||

NME Awards

|-
| 2011 || "Fuck You" || Best Track ||

Q Awards

|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || "Crazy" || Best Track ||
|-
| "Smiley Face" || Best Video ||
|-
| 2011 || CeeLo Green || Best Male Artist ||

Slammy Awards

|-
| 2011 || CeeLo Green & Beyonce || WWE A-lister of the Year ||

Soul Train Music Awards

|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || St. Elsewhere || Best R&B/Soul Album – Group, Band or Duo ||
|-
| "Crazy" || Best R&B/Soul Single – Group, Band or Duo ||
|-
| 2011 || CeeLo Green || Best R&B/Soul Male Artist ||

Teen Choice Awards

|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || Gnarls Barkley || Choice Music: Male Breakout Artist ||
|-
| "Crazy" || Choice Music: Summer Song ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || CeeLo Green || Choice Music: Male Artist ||
|-
| "Fuck You" || Choice Music: Break-Up Song ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012 || rowspan="2" | CeeLo Green || Choice TV: Male Personality ||
|-
| Choice Fashion Icon: Male ||

References
CeeLo Green albums
Lists of award winners


title: Golconda Group

text:
The Golconda Group is a geologic group in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois


title: Blue River Group

text:
The Blue River Group is a geologic group in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Geologic groups of Illinois


title: Conotalopia hilarula

text:
Conotalopia hilarula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

Description

Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Sea of Japan.

References

 Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y. (1999). Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan. Osaka. : Elle Scientific Publications. 749 pp.

External links
 World Register of Marine Species

hilarula
Gastropods described in 1926


title: Cedar Valley Group

text:
The Cedar Valley Group is a geologic group in Iowa and Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Geologic groups of Iowa
Geologic groups of Illinois


title: Black River Group

text:
The Black River Group is a geologic group that covers three sedimentary basins in the Eastern and Midwestern United States. These include the Appalachian Basin, Illinois Basin and the Michigan Basin. It dates back to the Late Ordovician period. It is roughly equivalent to the Platteville Group in Illinois. In Kentucky and Tennessee it is also known as the High Bridge Group. In areas where this Geologic Unit thins it is also called the Black River Formation (undifferentiated). One example of this is over the Cincinnati Arch & Findley Arch. Large parts of the Black River have been dolomized  (where the parent limestone CaCO3 has been turned into dolomite CaMg(CO3)2.) This happed when there was interaction of hot saline brine and the limestone. This created hydrothermal dolomites that in some areas serve as petroleum reservoirs.

Description
The Black River Group is characterized by Carbonates, primarily Limestone. Some Dolostones can be found in localized areas. Due to fracturing and porosity naturally occurring with in the formation it servers as a gas reservoir throughout its reach. It also serves as an oil reservoir in Michigan and North West Ohio.

Stratigraphy
The Black River Group is predominantly composed of carbonates. In addition clay minerals maybe found in differing amounts. Locally sand and silt maybe found in thin horizons especially in the eastern reaches of the unit. In addition there are K-Bentonite beds. These were formed as a result of volcanic eruptions depositing layers of volcanic ash The Black River Group was deposited during a time when large parts of North America were a passive cratonic margin. North America at the time was near the equator and was a tropical environment. Large parts of what is now North America were covered by the Iapetus Ocean. The Black River Group was formed during a time of transition time where Laurentia was subject to the beginnings of the Taconic Orogeny. During the Cambrian the Iapetus began to slowly close. As Laurentia moved towards an Island Arch that it would eventually collide with the crust folded downward. As this happened the carbonate deposition of the continental shelf gradually gave way to clastic deposits of a deep marine environment.  As a result there are more siliceous deposits to the east.  The Taconic Orogeny occurred to the east and this formed a basin but further west the crust buckled up into an arch. The result was the Cincinnati Arch. This arch was eroded back to late Ordovician aged rock. This split the basin that the Iapetus Ocean into three separate basins.

Energy Production
The Black River Group acts as a reservoir for natural gas and petroleum. The reservoirs are associated with dolostones and. Gas and oil fields can be found in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, and Tennessee.

References

Ordovician Indiana
Ordovician Michigan
Ordovician Ohio
Ordovician West Virginia


title: Conotalopia musiva

text:
Conotalopia musiva is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

Description
The size of the conical shell attains 10 mm. The six whorls are  covered with brown checkered spirals. The whorls are bicarinate but the body whorl is tricarinate. The base of the shell is polished and slightly convex. The large umbilicus is conical. The aperture is circular. The columella is barely reflected and ends at the keel of the umbilicus. The horny operculum shows granulate lines of growth.

Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Red Sea and off the Philippines and off Hong Kong.

References

 Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y. (1999). Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan. Osaka. : Elle Scientific Publications. 749 pp.

External links
 World Register of Marine Species

musiva
Gastropods described in 1861


title: 2014 Bangladesh Championship League

text:
The 2014 Premier Bank Bangladesh Championship League started on 26 February 2014 where 7 clubs competed with each other.

Teams and locations

The following 7 clubs competed in the Bangladesh Championship League during the 2014 season.

 Agrani Bank SC, Dhaka
 Arambagh Krira Sangha, Dhaka
 Badda Jagarani Sangsad, Dhaka
 Farashganj SC, Dhaka
 Rahmatganj MFS, Dhaka
 Victoria SC, Dhaka
 Wari Club, Dhaka

The venues for this season were-
 Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
 Bir Sherestha Shaheed Shipahi Mostafa Kamal Stadium, Dhaka

Standings

References

2012
2
Bangladesh
Bangladesh


title: 1998 Safari Rally

text:
The 1998 Safari Rally (formally the 46th Safari Rally Kenya) was held between 28 February and 2 March 1998. It was the first World Rally Championship victory for Richard Burns and his co-driver Robert Reid after his teammate Tommi Mäkinen and fellow Briton Colin McRae both retired.

Report

WRC
A total of 49 cars gathered in Nairobi for the Safari Rally of 1998. The young Briton, 27-year-old Richard Burns, won stage 1. But his more experienced teammate, Tommi Mäkinen, snatched the lead in stage 2. He was determined to win for the second time, as 1996's winner. But his hopes were dashed after his timing belt broke, causing him to retire. Burns retained the lead as a result, held it to the end, and won his first WRC rally in his career. It was the Ford Escorts of the Finns Juha Kankkunen and Ari Vatanen, both previous Safari Rally winners, who completed the podium in second and third respectively.

PWRC
Luis Climent, in a Mitsubishi Lancer Evo III, had his first victory of the year. Manfred Stohl finished behind him in second, and the Kenyan Paul Bailey completed the podium.

Results

Source: Independent WRC archive

References

External links
 Official website of the World Rally Championship
 1998 Safari Rally  at Rallye-info

Safari Rally
Safari
1998 in Kenyan sport


title: Acosma

text:
Acosma is a monotypic moth genus in the family Cossidae described by Roman V. Yakovlev in 2011. It contains only one species, Acosma gurkoi, described in the same article, which is found in South Sudan.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Zeuzerinae
Monotypic moth genera
Cossidae genera


title: 42 (school)

text:
42 is a private institution of higher education in computer science founded by Xavier Niel, Nicolas Sadirac (former executive director at Epitech), Kwame Yamgnane, and Florian Bucher (former executives at Epitech). The school opened in Paris in 2013. The school does not have any professors and is open 24/7. Students are trained through peer-to-peer pedagogy, and project-based learning.

42's name is a reference to the book The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy written by British author Douglas Adams: in the book, 42 is the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything.

In addition to the official campus in Paris, France, the school model was adopted in Lyon, Reims, and Mulhouse, France, as well as in Spain, Romania, South Africa, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Moldova, Belgium, Russia, Morocco, the Netherlands, Indonesia, Finland, Germany, Adelaide, Australia, Armenia, the United Arab Emirates, London, Quebec, Canada, Bangkok, Florence, Rome, Lausanne Switzerland and Turkey.

History

Announced on March 26, 2013, 42 was opened in Paris on July 15, 2013, for the selection phase called La Piscine (the swimming-pool).

On May 17, 2016, 42 announced plans to open a second campus in Fremont, California. The Fremont campus was closed in 2020.

As of 2023, 47 campuses have been opened in 26 countries.

Endorsements

42 already had big supporters in tech like Snapchat CEO Evan Spiegel, Twitter and Square CEO Jack Dorsey, and Slack CEO Stewart Butterfield. Spiegel called it a school from the future, and Dorsey gave a glowing endorsement, saying "We are always looking for great engineers from any background and any education like 42."

Paul Graham founder of Y combinator stated on Twitter "My God is 42 impressive. This is not another programming bootcamp. It's another MIT."

Operation
The mode of operation of 42 was notably inspired by that of Epitech: selection using "swimming pool" sessions and teaching according to the project mode. 42 Network attempts to establish 24/7 technology support communities in major cities worldwide through the participation of collaborative entities, achieving integration of education, industry, and technology exchange.

Admission and registration
The candidate must be at least 18 years old or hold a baccalaureate (it is possible to start an application for candidates in the year of their baccalaureate). No diploma is required for applicants over 18 years of age. In 2015, an experiment took place with Pôle Emploi to train a group of around thirty unemployed seniors in programming for ten months. This training has since been renewed each year.

The first selection is made using a series of logic and memory tests on the institution's website intended to assess the students' abilities to learn computer science. The second selection is called the “pool”. It is an intensive four-week selection process during which the applicant must carry out practical work in the C Language language as well as community service, sometimes considered by students as a degrading punishment. Under the eye of the educational team who scrutinizes all their actions from the jar (office of the educational team) using big data.

Registration for training is free and concerns each year about 850 students in Paris.

Particularities of the training
There are no lectures or practical work supervised by professors. Students are free to organize their days to carry out the projects proposed by the teaching team. The establishment is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

The training provided is intended to be inspired by the changes brought about by the Internet with a pedagogy qualified as "peer to peer". Depending on the course chosen by the student, it delivers an RNCP title of level 6 or level 7 or a certificate recognized by the French State: https://42.fr/en/42-in-paris/computer-science-degree/it-solutions-designer-developer/.

Program

The first projects are mainly focused on development in C language in a UNIX platform environment . Depending on their level, the student can enroll in two-week educational “pools” to discover new programming paradigms: web in PHP , object-oriented in C++ , functional in OCaml and Unity . Other projects introduce students to computer security , mobile development and the network [ref. necessary] .

Business model
The investment was made by Xavier Niel: 70 million euros, including 20 million for the creation of the Parisian establishment and 50 million to cover its operating costs for 10 years. The objective when creating 42 is to allow the creation of 150 companies each year, including five Internet giants, in the hope that these young shoots pay their apprenticeship tax to the establishment. At the start of 2015, Nicolas Sadirac said "If we are not able to generate five big successes per year, it is because we will have failed. Then there will be no more reason to finance us."

42 Network
42 Network is a network of partner institutions funded by institutions, companies and investors around the world. In 2020, Sophie Vigier announced that 33 establishments are open on 5 continents and in 22 countries. The educational curriculum of these establishments is based on a common core, but the campuses can adapt their projects to the labor pools in which they are located.

On December 6, 2017, Xavier Niel announces the creation of a 42 school in Algiers, during Emmanuel Macron's visit to Algeria. This announcement has not yet been followed by an opening.

In 2018 Corinne Vigreux announced to open Codam coding college as part of 42 in Amsterdam.

In June 2019, 42 announced the opening of eleven new campuses by 2020, including 42 Rio, 42 São Paulo, 42 Jakarta, 42 Yerevan, 42 Tokyo, 42 Bogota, 42 Angoulême, 42 Madrid, and 42 Quebec.

In December 2022, 42 Berlin commenced operations.

References

External links

Universities and colleges in France
Educational institutions established in 2013
Education in Paris
2013 establishments in France
Education in the Netherlands
Coding schools
International schools
International college and university associations and consortia


title: Irish Political Review

text:
The Irish Political Review is a monthly Irish magazine dedicated to Irish politics and history. It is known for its criticisms of historians associated with the "revisionist" view of Irish history, especially Peter Hart  and Roy Foster.

Background
The magazine was first published in 1986, by Athol Books, a publisher linked with the British and Irish Communist Organisation (B&ICO). The Irish Political Review was the successor to the B&ICO  magazine, The Irish Communist.

Views on Irish history and politics
Originally, the Irish Political Review was inimical towards Irish Republicans and supported the use of the Diplock Court system and Section 31 against Republicans. However, it moved away from this position and currently expresses support for Irish Republican parties.

In the late 1990s the Irish Political Review came to public notice when it began running articles strongly critical towards the work of Peter Hart, especially Hart's account of the Dunmanway killings. The Irish Political Review also ran a series of articles by Brendan Clifford and Jack Lane about the wartime intelligence work of writer Elizabeth Bowen,  claiming this meant that the Anglo-Irish Bowen was thus not an Irish writer. These
articles were later published as the Athol Books publication Notes on Eire: Espionage Reports to Winston Churchill, 1940–2 (1999). The magazine also published an article by Joe Keenan strongly hostile towards former Irish Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald, claiming that Fitzgerald's reputation for intelligence and integrity was unjustified.

The magazine has also defended the Irish government's decision in September 2008 to guarantee the Irish banks, as well as stating that Brian Cowen should have remained leader of Fianna Fail during the
2011 Irish election.

Desmond Fennell has written several pieces for the Irish Political Review.

Views on foreign affairs
The Irish Political Review supported Robert Mugabe in what it called "the Zimbabwe Land War" (by analogy with the Irish Land War of the 1880s); it argues that Mugabe's opponents are manipulated by white commercial farmers (whom it compares to nineteenth-century Irish landlords) and other neo-colonial interests.

The Irish Political Review has also defended the Chinese occupation of Tibet
It also backed Russia during the 2008 South Ossetia War.

The Irish Political Review published an essay defending General Toshio Tamogami's controversial article on WWII, claiming Japan ran a "very moderate" regime in Korea and Manchuria and was tricked into war by the Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration.

Malachi Lawless, the chair of the Irish Political Review group, and
Eileen Courtney, the magazine's editor, were among those signing an
Irish petition protesting against the Israeli government's handling of
the Gaza War (2008–09).

At one point in time, the Irish Political Review's editorials proclaimed support for
Declan Ganley's campaign against a second Lisbon Treaty and Libertas' plan to run for European Parliament elections.

However, in 2012 IPR contributor Jack Lane argued that Ireland needed to vote in favour of the European Fiscal Compact, stating that a "Yes" vote would help the EU to function without British involvement.

The Irish Political Review expressed support for Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election, arguing that Trump's business background would make him a good administrator, and that his criticisms of NATO would encourage European autonomy. The magazine also criticised British politician Angela Rayner for taking issue with Trump's comments about women in the Access Hollywood recording.

References

Communism in Ireland
Political magazines published in Ireland
Magazines established in 1986
Communist magazines
Monthly magazines published in Ireland
History magazines
Mass media in Belfast


title: Skudde

text:
The Skudde (also, East Prussian Skudde, German: Ostpreußische Skudde) is a breed of domesticated sheep from Estonia, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, and Switzerland.

Characteristics
Adult rams weigh between  and .  Adult ewes weigh  to .  The wool is white, brown, black and gray.  It has fine wool fibers, dispersed with short and course fiber.  Lambs typically will have dark red or rust colored markings on their nape of their neck and legs.

References

Sheep breeds
Sheep breeds originating in Estonia
Sheep breeds originating in Germany
Sheep breeds originating in Lithuania
Sheep breeds originating in Switzerland
Animal breeds on the GEH Red List


title: Pseudocossinae

text:
The Pseudocossinae are a subfamily of the family Cossidae (carpenter or goat moths).

Genera
 Pseudocossus  Kenrick, [1914]

References

External links
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Cossidae
Moth subfamilies


title: Naigamesha

text:
Naigamesha (, ), also known as Harinegameshi, is a goat-headed or deer-headed deity, associated with children. He also appears in Jain as well as Hindu traditions, associated with the war-god Kartikeya and childbirth.

Associations
Naigamesha is known by a variety of names: Negamesha, Nemesha, Naigameshin, Negamesi, Harinegameshi. The last is translated as "Negamesi, the general of Hari (Indra)". Another interpretation says that it is derived from harina (deer) and mesha (ram).

Naigamesha is the benefactor and protector of children in Jainism. While the Greek satyr Pan is depicted with the lower body of a goat, Naigamesha has a goat head; in both cultures, the goat denotes fertility. He is worshipped to beget children.

Literature

Jainism

According to the Kalpa Sutra, Naigamesha, on the orders of the king of the gods Indra, transferred the embryo of the Tirthankara Mahavira from the womb of the Brahmin (priest class) woman Devananda to the Kshatriya (ruling caste) Trishala, who finally delivers Mahavira. According to the Shvetambara text Neminanathacharita, which recalls the life of the Tirthankara Neminatha, Krishna – a cousin of Neminatha and generally venerated as Hindu deity – worships Naigamesha to beget a son from his second wife Satyabhama; a son who equals his first-born Pradyumna, from his first wife Rukmini. Other texts portray Satyabhama praying to the deity.

Hinduism
In Hinduism, Naigamesha is associated with Kartikeya, the god of war and is frequently mentioned as Naigameya. Naigamesha is an epithet and a form of Kartikeya, where he is generally depicted goat-headed. In other instances, Naigamesha is described as the son or brother of the war god. Hindu texts like the Brahmanas, the Grihya sutras and medicinal texts mention a similar deity with a ram's head. As a fearsome follower of Kartikeya, Naigamesha was feared and worshipped to ward off evil. Later, he evolved into the patron of childbirth.

Iconography
Depictions of Naigamesha are rare and are generally confined to North India and the pre-third century era. They are many depictions of the deity found in the region around Mathura, dating from the 1st–3rd century.
Terracotta figurines of Naigamesha from 2nd century BCE to 4th century CE are also been discovered.

In a 1st–3rd century depiction from Kankali Tila near Mathura (currently in Mathura Museum), Naigamesha is depicted with a goat's head and short, backward turning horns, a long beard (goatee) and "drooping" ears. Another sculpture from the 10th–13th century depicts him in the company of Hindu deities. The group of seven Hindu mother-goddesses, the Saptamatrika – who are associated with children – are surrounded by their usual companions Shiva and Ganesha as well as Naigamesha. The goat-features mirror the earlier depiction. In addition, Naigamesha is depicted with three children; one held in his left arm, another seated near his left foot and a third standing near the right leg, which conveys his association with children.

Besides his goat-head, Naigamesha may also be shown having a deer head and may be depicted transferring the embryo of Mahavira in narrative panels. He is also depicted as seated on a throne, flanked by children on his lap or shoulders. Female attendants or a goat-headed woman sometimes accompany the god.

Notes

References

External links

Hindu gods
Childhood gods
Horned gods
Animal gods
Animals in Hinduism
Heavenly attendants in Jainism
Mythological caprids
Mythological deer
Kartikeya


title: Chester Formation

text:
The Chester Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois


title: Hardinsburg Formation

text:
The Hardinsburg Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Clore Formation

text:
The Clore Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Chouteau Limestone

text:
The Chouteau Limestone is a geologic formation in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous Missouri
Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Degonia Formation

text:
The Degonia Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Des Moines Formation

text:
The Des Moines Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois


title: Drurey Shale

text:
The Drurey Shale is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: English River Formation

text:
The English River Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous Illinois
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Fort Scott Limestone

text:
The Fort Scott Limestone or Fort Scott Subgroup is a geologic formation in Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous Missouri
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Fraileys Formation

text:
The Fraileys Formation or Fraileys Shale is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kentucky

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Glen Park Formation

text:
The Glen Park Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous Missouri
Carboniferous southern paleotemperate deposits
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Haney Formation

text:
The Haney Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Iola Formation

text:
The Iola Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois and Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous Missouri
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Kansas City Formation

text:
The Kansas City Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois


title: Keokuk Limestone

text:
The Keokuk Limestone is a geologic formation in Illinois, Iowa and Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Mississippian sub-period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous Missouri
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Kinkaid Formation

text:
The Kinkaid Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: McCraney Limestone

text:
The McCraney Limestone is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves low quality fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotemperate deposits
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Bond Formation

text:
The Bond Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois, Kentucky and Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Patoka Formation

text:
The Patoka Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Geologic formations of Illinois
Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: McLeansbough Formation

text:
The McLeansbough Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois


title: Glen Dean Formation

text:
Duplicates Glen Dean Limestone; merger required?

The Glen Dean Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois and Kentucky. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Paint Creek Formation

text:
The Paint Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Pawnee Formation

text:
The Pawnee Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois and Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous Missouri
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Purington Shale

text:
The Purington Shale is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois
 Purington

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Ridenhower Formation

text:
The Ridenhower Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Verdigris Formation

text:
The Verdigris Formation is a geologic formation that outcrops in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.
It is a limestone that was deposited after the Skinner Sandstone in central Oklahoma.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous Missouri
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Waltersburg Formation

text:
The Waltersburg Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Warsaw Formation

text:
The Warsaw Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois, Iowa and Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Mississippian subperiod.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous Iowa
Mississippian Missouri
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: 2000 Safari Rally

text:
The 2000 Safari Rally (formally the 48th Sameer Safari Rally Kenya) was the third round of the 2000 World Rally Championship. The race was held over three days between 25 February and 27 February 2000, and was won by Subaru's Richard Burns, his 6th win in the World Rally Championship. Juha Kankkunen made it 1-2 for Subaru and Didier Auriol took SEAT's first (and only) podium of the season being third

Background

Entry list

Itinerary
All dates and times are EAT (UTC+3).

Results

Overall

World Rally Cars

Classification

Special stages

Championship standings

FIA Cup for Production Rally Drivers

Classification

Special stages

Championship standings

References

External links
 Official website of the World Rally Championship

Kenya
2000


title: Altamont Formation

text:
The Altamont Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous Iowa
Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous Missouri
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Mattoon Formation

text:
The Mattoon Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Geologic formations of Illinois
Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Little Cedar Formation

text:
The Little Cedar Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Devonian Iowa
Devonian Illinois
Devonian Missouri
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Grand Tower Limestone

text:
The Grand Tower Limestone is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Devonian Illinois


title: St. Laurent Formation

text:
The St. Laurent Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Devonian Illinois
Devonian Missouri
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Galena Dolomite

text:
The Galena Dolomite is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin


title: Dubuque Formation

text:
The Dubuque Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Minnesota
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wisconsin

References

Ordovician Minnesota
Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Dunleith Formation

text:
The Dunleith Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician Missouri
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Guttenberg Formation

text:
The Guttenberg Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Minnesota
Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Ion Formation

text:
The Ion Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician Minnesota
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Wise Lake Formation

text:
The Wise Lake Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin


title: Glenwood Formation

text:
The Glenwood Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Minnesota
Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Grand Detour Formation

text:
The Grand Detour Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Kimmswick Limestone

text:
The Kimmswick Limestone is an Ordovician geologic formation in Arkansas, Illinois and Missouri. Fossils occurring in the Kimmswick include corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, conodonts, trilobites, crinoids and mollusks.

Fossil content
The following fossils have been reported from the formation:

Conodonts

 Acodus
 A. unicostatus
 Acontiodus
 A. alveolaris
 Ambalodus
 A. elegans
 A. pulcher
 A. triangularis
 Aphelognathus
 A. abrupta
 A. polita
 Belodina
 B. compressa
 Cordylodus
 C. delicatus
 C. flexuosus
 Dichognathus
 D. brevis
 D. scotti
 D. typica
 Distacodus
 D. falcatus
 Drepanodus
 D. homocurvatus
 D. suberectus
 Eoligonodina
 E. delicata
 Icriodella
 I. superba
 Keislognathus
 K. gracilis
 Oistodus
 O. abundans
 O. inclinatus
 O. parallelus
 Ozarkodina
 O. concinna
 Panderodus
 P. compressus
 P. ellisoni
 P. fornicalis
 P. gracilis
 P. simplex
 Phragmodus
 P. undatus
 Prioniodina
 P. furcata
 Rhynchognathodus
 R. divaricatus
 R. typicus
 Sagittodontus
 S. robustus
 Scolopodus
 S. insculptus
 Tetraprioniodus
 T. superbus
 Trichonodella
 T. exacta
 Zygognathus
 Z. curvata
 Z. mira

Trilobites
 Eobronteus
 E. slocomi

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arkansas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri

References

Ordovician Arkansas
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician Missouri
Katian
Sandbian
Limestone formations of the United States
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Paleontology in Illinois
Paleontology in Missouri


title: Maquoketa Formation

text:
The Maquoketa Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois, Indiana. Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin. It preserves mollusk, coral, brachiopod and graptolite fossils dating back to the Darriwilian to Hirnantian stages (Edenian to Richmondian in the regional stratigraphy) of the Ordovician period.

References

Further reading
 T. J. Frest, C. E. Brett, and B. J. Witzke. 1999. Caradocian-Gedinnian echinoderm associations of Central and Eastern North America. Paleocommunities--a case study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian 638-783
 R. J. Elias and D. Lee. 1993. Microborings and growth in Late Ordovician halysitids and other corals. Journal of Paleontology 67(6):922-934
 J. A. Catalani. 1987. Biostratigraphy of the Middle and Late Ordovician cephalopods of the Upper Mississippi Valley area. In R. E. Sloan (ed.), Middle and Late Ordovician lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Upper Mississippi Valley: Minnesota Geological Survey Report of Investigations 35 187-189
 J. Pojeta, Jr. 1987. Ordovician pelecypods from the Upper Mississippi Valley. In R. E. Sloan (ed.), Middle and Late Ordovician lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Upper Mississippi Valley: Minnesota Geological Survey Report of Investigations 35 182-182
 R. E. Sloan and G. F. Webers. 1987. Stratigraphic ranges of Middle and Late Ordovician Gastropoda and Monoplacophora of Minnesota. In R. E. Sloan (ed.), Middle and Late Ordovician lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Upper Mississippi Valley: Minnesota Geological Survey Report of Investigations 35 183-186
 F. M. Swain. 1987. Middle and Upper Ordovician Ostracoda of Minnesota and Iowa. In R. E. Sloan (ed.), Minnesota Geological Survey Report of Investigations 35:99-101
 W. C. Parker. 1983. Fossil ecological successions in Paleozoic level bottom brachiopod-bryozoan communities. 1-217
 J. K. Rigby and T. N. Bayer. 1971. Sponges of the Ordovician Maquoketa Formation in Minnesota and Iowa. Journal of Paleontology 45(4):608-627
 A. K. Miller, W. Youngquist, and C. Collinson. 1954. Ordovician cephalopod fauna of Baffin Island. Geological Society of America Memoir 62:1-234
 Y. Wang. 1949. Maquoketa Brachiopoda of Iowa. Geological Society of America Memoir 42:1-55
 A. F. Foerste. 1924. Upper Ordovician faunas of Ontario and Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 138(121):1-99

Geologic formations of Illinois
Geologic formations of Iowa
Geologic formations of Kansas
Geologic formations of Minnesota
Geologic formations of Missouri
Geologic formations of Wisconsin
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Dolomite formations
Limestone formations
Phosphorite formations
Shale formations
Deep marine deposits
Open marine deposits
Shallow marine deposits
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Paleontology in Illinois
Paleontology in Iowa
Paleontology in Minnesota


title: Brainard Shale

text:
The Brainard Shale is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois


title: Fort Atkinson Limestone

text:
The Fort Atkinson Limestone is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Neda Formation

text:
The Neda Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Scales Shale

text:
The Scales Shale is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois


title: Mifflin Formation

text:
The Mifflin Formation is a fossil bearing geologic formation in Illinois dating to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Nachusa Formation

text:
The Nachusa Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Orchard Creek Shale

text:
The Orchard Creek Shale is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Illinois


title: Pecatonica Formation

text:
The Pecatonica Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Indiana
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: McGregor Formation

text:
The McGregor Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Prosser Limestone

text:
The Prosser Limestone is a geologic formation in Illinois, USA. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Minnesota
Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Quimbys Mill Formation

text:
The Quimbys Mill Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Shakopee Dolomite

text:
The Shakopee Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period. It is named after the town of Shakopee, Minnesota, where the formation can be seen in bluffs along the Minnesota River

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Minnesota

References

Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician Minnesota
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Spechts Ferry Formation

text:
The Spechts Ferry Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Minnesota
Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician geology of Wisconsin
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Brainard Formation

text:
The Brainard Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Ordovician Iowa
Ordovician Illinois
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Clayton Formation

text:
The Clayton Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Paleogene Illinois
Paleogene Georgia (U.S. state)
Paleogene Mississippi
Paleogene geology of Tennessee


title: Gower Formation

text:
The Gower Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois and Iowa. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Iowa

References

Silurian Illinois
Silurian Iowa
Silurian southern paleotemperate deposits
Silurian southern paleotropical deposits


title: Mosalem Formation

text:
The Mosalem Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Silurian Iowa
Silurian Illinois
Silurian southern paleotropical deposits


title: Racine Dolomite

text:
The Racine Dolomite is a geologic formation in Illinois and Wisconsin. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 Schoonmaker Reef, an exposed portion of the layer
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Silurian Illinois
Silurian geology of Wisconsin


title: Sugar Run Dolomite

text:
The Sugar Run Dolomite is a geologic formation in Illinois. It is a finely-bedded dolomite, preserving fossils dating back to the Silurian period. This formation is named for the Sugar Run stream in Joliet, along which it is well exposed. The dolomite is off-white/grey on freshly cut surfaces, but over time oxidizes to a distinctive cream yellow color, due to trace presence of iron. It is a member of the Niagran series.

Use in architecture
This formation has been quarried for building material since the mid-19th century, sometimes sold under the misleading trade name of "Athens marble". It is also known as Joliet or Lemont limestone. It was used widely in the construction of many Chicago homes and buildings from the 1850s-1880s, including the famous Chicago Water Tower. By the 1890s, it fell out of fashion as a building material in favor of more durable Indiana limestone.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois
 Lannon stone

References

Silurian Illinois


title: Wilhelmi Formation

text:
The Wilhelmi Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Silurian Illinois
Silurian southern paleotropical deposits


title: Frear Park

text:
Frear Park is an urban park in the city of Troy, New York. It was initially opened in 1917, on land donated by the Frear Family, later expanding to its current size of . The park contains nature trails, as well as tennis courts, a golf course, and an ice rink.

History
The original donators of the park, the Frear Family, initially lived in France where their name was 'Frere'. When they moved to England to escape turmoil in France due to World War I, the family name was changed to 'Frear'. The park's fountain was created in 1924, and the maintenance facility the year after. The golf course, initially a 9-hole course, was finished in Spring 1931, with the expansion to a full 18 holes coming in 1964. A $1.2 million irrigation system was later added in 2014. Over 46,000 rounds of golf are played at the course each year. The on-site Irish pub / restaurant was established in 1935, and the ice rink in 1980.
In the early 1890s, the city of Troy decided that it wanted to build a public parkland. A parks commission was initiated to identify potential areas to build a public park. New York State approved the city’s plan to build the park in 1892. The project started to pick up in 1917 when a man decided to donate land to the park. The donor was William H. Frear, the grandson of Joseph Frear, who brought the Frears to the United States. William Frear donated 22 acres of land to Frear Park in June 1917. When the Frears donated the land, they had four requirements. The first was to have the park be public property, the second was to have Frear Avenue be named what it is, the third was to allow the Frears to build the gate that serves as the entrance to the park, and the fourth was that the fountain be preserved. The park's fountain was finished in 1924, and the maintenance facility the year after.
The Frear family had donated 22 acres back in 1917, but they were not done giving to the city of Troy. In 1922, Jennie Vanderhayden, a member of the Frear family, donated 20 more acres. This brought the total land area to 190 acres, about 60 acres shy of the 247 acres that it boasts today. Along with the additional land came the construction of the Arcadia building, which is now used in Frear Park as a maintenance building. The building was described at the time of the opening as “a beautiful structure made from brick and the dance hall will accommodate 300 dancers. At each end is a stone fireplace. There is a bubbling drinking fountain for the people to use. The floor is highly polished.” Now, the park is mainly used for recreation, golf, and its ice rink.

Attractions
The park features a 6,903-yard, 18-hole golf course with a par of 71 strokes. The course was rated as best golf course in the Upper Valley by Hudson Valley Magazine in 2003. The Rensselaer County Men's Golf Tournament and Mayor's Cup are held at the course annually. The park also includes an ice rink that houses both public skating as well as adult and youth ice hockey programs through the Troy Albany Youth Hockey Association. The park's restaurant, Park Pub Catering & Restaurant, after being constructed in 1935, was added onto in the 1980s. The pub serves mainly casual American cuisine such as chicken wings, pizza, and club sandwiches. Also located in the park are tennis courts, softball fields, picnic areas, a playground, a pagoda, and two lakes (Wright and Bradley).

See also
 Prospect Park

References

1917 establishments in New York (state)
Urban public parks
Troy, New York
Parks in Rensselaer County, New York


title: Sturgis Formation

text:
The Sturgis Formation is a geologic formation in Illinois. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Illinois

References

Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


The Traumatic Brain Injury Reauthorization Act of 2013 () is a bill that would reauthorize appropriations for Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) projects to reduce the incidence of traumatic brain injury and projects related to track and monitor traumatic brain injuries.

The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

Background

Traumatic brain injury is defined as damage to the brain resulting from external mechanical force, such as rapid acceleration or deceleration, impact, blast waves, or penetration by a projectile. Brain function is temporarily or permanently impaired and structural damage may or may not be detectable with current technology.

The most common causes of TBI in the U.S. include violence, transportation accidents, construction, and sports. Motor bikes are major causes, increasing in significance in developing countries as other causes reduce. The estimates that between 1.6 and 3.8 million traumatic brain injuries each year are a result of sports and recreation activities in the US. In children aged two to four, falls are the most common cause of TBI, while in older children traffic accidents compete with falls for this position. TBI is the third most common injury to result from child abuse. Abuse causes 19% of cases of pediatric brain trauma, and the death rate is higher among these cases. Domestic violence is another cause of TBI, as are work-related and industrial accidents. Firearms and blast injuries from explosions are other causes of TBI, which is the leading cause of death and disability in war zones. According to Representative Bill Pascrell (Democrat, NJ), TBI is "the signature injury of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan."

Legislation regarding funding for tracking traumatic brain injuries was first passed in 1996 and then reauthorized in both 2000 and 2008.

Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

The Traumatic Brain Injury Reauthorization Act of 2013 would amend the Public Health Service Act to reauthorize appropriations for FY2014-FY2018 for: (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) projects to reduce the incidence of traumatic brain injury, and (2) traumatic brain injury surveillance systems or registries.

The bill would reauthorize through FY2018 programs of grants to: (1) states and American Indian consortia for projects to improve access to rehabilitation and other services regarding traumatic brain injury, and (2) protection and advocacy systems for the purpose of enabling such systems to provide services to individuals with traumatic brain injury. The bill would remove the Administrator of the Health Resources and Services Administration as agent for the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) in administering these programs. The bill would vest responsibility for administering the programs solely in the Secretary.

The bill would reauthorize through FY2018 the comprehensive program of research on trauma carried out by the Secretary, acting through the Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce on December 11, 2013. This is a public domain source.

H.R. 1098 would amend provisions of the Public Health Service Act that authorize the United States Department of Health and Human Services to conduct activities related to traumatic brain injury. Those activities, including the study and surveillance of traumatic brain injury and the awarding of grants that support access to services, are carried out by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA).

The bill would authorize the appropriation of about $16 million annually for fiscal years 2014 through 2018 for activities related to traumatic brain injury. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that implementing the bill would cost about $74 million over the 2014-2019 period, assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts. Pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply to this legislation because it would not affect direct spending or revenues.

The bill contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.

Procedural history
The Traumatic Brain Injury Reauthorization Act of 2013 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on March 12, 2013 by Rep. Bill Pascrell Jr. (D, NJ-9). The bill was referred to the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce and the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health. The committee agreed in a voice vote to approve the bill. The bill was reported (amended) by the committee on May 20, 2014 alongside House Report 113-456.

Debate and discussion
The National Association of State Head Injury Administrators (NASHIA) supported the bill, calling the programs supported by the bill "critical in helping states to address" the unique needs of individuals with traumatic brain injuries. NASHIA supported the bill for allowing states their own flexibility to address needs in their own states and applauded the CDC's work in public education, trying to prevent bad falls by the elderly, and trying to stop sports related traumatic brain injuries.

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress

References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 1098
beta.congress.gov H.R. 1098
GovTrack.us H.R. 1098
OpenCongress.org H.R. 1098
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 1098
Congressional Budget Office's report on H.R. 1098

Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress


title: Hope for Paws

text:
Hope for Paws is a 501(c)(3) non-profit animal rescue group based in Los Angeles, California. Founded by Eldad and Audrey Hagar in 2008, Hope for Paws rescues animals facing death or danger through abuse or abandonment. They pay for veterinary costs, working with other animal-welfare organizations to find permanent placements for the animals they rescue.

The organization raises awareness and funding by filming rescue missions and publicizing recoveries of sick animals in their care. With 1.5 billion views on YouTube, and 5 million subscribers, as of 2021 it is estimated that they earn $880,000 per year through videos, in addition to what they receive via donations.

References

External links

 Hope For Paws Facebook
 Hope For Paws - Official Rescue Channel on YouTube
 Anderson & Kristin Chenoweth Meet Fiona the Rescue Dog on YouTube

Non-profit organizations based in Los Angeles
Charities based in California
Animal charities based in the United States
Organizations established in 2008
2008 establishments in California


title: Eoin Kelly (London hurler)

text:
Eoin Kelly an Irish hurler who plays as a midfielder at senior level for the London county team.

Born in Lusmagh, County Offaly, Kelly first arrived on the inter-county scene when he linked up with the Offaly senior team, making his debut in the 2010 National Hurling League. He later joined the London senior team.

At club level Kelly is one-time championship medallist with St Gabriel's. He began his club career with Lusmagh.

Honours
Lusmagh
Offaly Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 2012

St Gabriel's
London Senior Hurling Championship (1): 2013

References

1988 births
Living people
Irish expatriate sportspeople in England
London inter-county hurlers
Lusmagh hurlers
Offaly inter-county hurlers
St Gabriel's hurlers