title: Interamerican Society of Cardiology

text:
The Interamerican Society of Cardiology (SIAC for its Spanish acronym) is a nongovernmental association formed by the National Societies of Cardiology of the American Continent.
The Interamerican Society of Cardiology, together with the European Society of Cardiology, founded in 1950, the Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology, founded in 1956, and the African Society of Cardiology founded in 1981 are the four Intercontinental Professional Societies of Cardiology of the World Heart Federation (WHF for its acronym in English).

History
The Interamerican Society of Cardiology (SIAC) was founded in Mexico on 18 April 1944, at the initiative of Doctor Ignacio Chávez. That year, the occasion being the inauguration of the National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City its founder and director, Dr. Ignacio Chávez, invited distinguished cardiologists from North, Central and South America and the Caribbean to the ceremony.

After a fruitful exchange of ideas at this meeting, it was concluded that, in fact, the event had actually constituted an Interamerican Congress and the suggestion was to acknowledge it as such. Those attending did so and decided to form the Interamerican Society of Cardiology and to recognize the event as the first Interamerican Congress of Cardiology. It was also decided to delegate upon Dr. Chavez the task of drawing up the articles of incorporation and bylaws of the Society, and he was requested to convene another Interamerican Congress of Cardiology in Mexico City when World War II ended. Dr. Ignacio Chavez was unanimously elected as President of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology.

Mission
The main purpose of the Society is to group together the Societies of Cardiology of all the countries of the Americas for the advancement of cardiology, to promote research, teaching and the association of physicians, surgeons, and researchers specialized in this field. It also strives to promote optimal cardiovascular health in the population of the Americas through the education and ongoing professional development of its members.

Vision
To unite the Cardiovascular Societies representing all the countries of the Americas in order to facilitate the advancement of cardiovascular science, by:
 Promoting research and exchange.
 Supporting graduate level education and ongoing professional development.
 Granting value to being a member of the "Society - SIAC".

General Assembly

At present there are 26 national professional societies of cardiology members of SIAC forming the General Assembly to bring together more than 40,000 cardiologists.
 Argentina: Argentine Society of Cardiology / Argentine Federation of Cardiology / Argentine Council of Residents of Cardiology
 Bolivia: Bolivian Society of Cardiology
 Brazil: Brazilian Society of Cardiology
 Canada: Canadian Cardiovascular Society
 Caribbean: Caribbean Cardiac Society
 Colombia: Colombian Society of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery
 Costa Rica: Costa Rican Association of Cardiology
 Cuba: Cuban Society of Cardiology
 Chile: Chilean Society of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery
 Dominican Republic: Dominican Society of Cardiology
 Ecuador: Ecuadorian Society of Cardiology
 USA: American Heart Association / American College of Cardiology
 Guatemala: Guatemalan Heart Association
 Honduras: Honduran Society of Cardiology
 Mexico: Mexican Society of Cardiology / National Association of Cardiologists of Mexico
 Nicaragua: Nicaraguan Association of Cardiologists
 Panama: Panamanian Society of Cardiology
 Paraguay: Paraguayan Society of Cardiology
 Peru: Peruvian Society of Cardiology
 Puerto Rico: Puerto Rican Society of Cardiology
 El Salvador: Salvadoran Association of Cardiology
 Uruguay: Uruguayan Society of Cardiology
 Venezuela: Venezuelan Society of Cardiology

Administrative office

Since the founding of the SIAC and according to the bylaws in force, the Secretary-Treasurer is permanently based at the National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City.

Interamerican Congress
The Interamerican Congress of Cardiology is held every two years in a country of the American continent. The XXIV Interamerican Congress of Cardiology held from the 18th to 20 October 2013 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, had 9946 attendees, including cardiologists, teachers and students, of which 781 were foreigners from 22 different countries.

The XXV Interamerican Congress of Cardiology will take place from the 4th to 7 December 2015 in Santiago de Chile. At the last General Assembly the city of São Paulo, Brazil was approved as host of the XXVI Interamerican Congress of Cardiology to be held in 2017.

Councils
The Interamerican Society of Cardiology currently has the following associations and scientific Councils:
 Association of Echocardiography of the SIAC (EcoSIAC)
 Council of Cardiomyopathies and Chagas Disease
 Council of Electrocardiography and Electrophysiology
 Alliance Against Sudden Cardiac Death
 Council of Epidemiology
 Council of Rheumatic Fever

References
www.siacardio.com
 Bylaws 2008, Buenos Aires Argentina, review 2008.

External links

Heart disease organizations


title: Apple Watch

text:
The Apple Watch is a line of smartwatches produced by Apple Inc. It incorporates fitness tracking, health-oriented capabilities, and wireless telecommunication, and integrates with iOS and other Apple products and services. The Apple Watch was released in April 2015, and quickly became the best-selling wearable device: 4.2 million were sold in the second quarter of fiscal 2015, and more than 115 million people were estimated to use an Apple Watch as of December 2022. Apple has introduced a new generation of the Apple Watch with improved internal components each September—each labeled by Apple as a 'Series', with certain exceptions.

Each Series has been initially sold in multiple variants defined by the watch casing's material, color, and size (except for the budget watches Series 1 and SE, available only in aluminum, and the Ultra, available only in 49 mm uncolored titanium), and beginning with Series 3, by the option in the aluminum variants for LTE cellular connectivity, which comes standard with the other materials. The band included with the watch can be selected from multiple options from Apple, and watch variants in aluminum co-branded with Nike and in stainless steel co-branded with Hermès are also offered, which include exclusive bands, colors, and digital watch faces carrying those companies' branding.

The Apple Watch operates in conjunction with the user's iPhone for functions such as configuring the watch and syncing data with iPhone apps, but can separately connect to a Wi-Fi network for data-reliant purposes, including communications, app use, and audio streaming. LTE-equipped models can also perform these functions over a mobile network, and can make and receive phone calls independently when the paired iPhone is not nearby or is powered-off, substantially reducing the need for an iPhone after initial setup. The oldest iPhone model that is compatible with any given Apple Watch depends on the version of the operating system installed on each device. , new Apple Watches come with watchOS 9 preinstalled and require an iPhone running iOS 16, which is available for the iPhone 8 and later.

Development
Apple design chief Jony Ive became interested in building a watch shortly after Steve Jobs's death in October 2011. That December, The New York Times reported that Apple was exploring various ideas, including a "curved-glass iPod that would wrap around the wrist", which users would interact with through the Siri voice assistant, and which "could relay information back to the iPhone". In February 2013, the NYT and The Wall Street Journal again confirmed that Apple was working on a smartwatch with a curved display, and Bloomberg News said the team had grown to about 100 designers.

In March 2013, Apple hired ex-Adobe chief technology officer Kevin Lynch, reporting to Bob Mansfeld, to lead the watch project, which would become the company's first major new product without input from late co-founder Steve Jobs.

In July 2013, Financial Times reported that Apple had begun hiring more employees to work on the smartwatch, and that it was targeting a retail release in late 2014.

The software evolved more quickly than the hardware. To test it, the team created its first prototype, an iPhone strapped to the wrist with velcro, which showed the watch software in its true size and an onscreen watch crown for input. The crown was later turned into a physical dongle plugged into the headphone jack. Early on, the user interface and bundled apps were inspired by the iPhone, but they were too complex and underwent three rounds of redesigns, to avoid awkwardly long interactions that would annoy users. The team worked on notification vibrations and sounds for more than a year, attempting to make them reflect the nature of different notifications. They also added a way to show a contextual menu by pressing the display more deeply, called Force Touch. In contrast with Apple's usually narrow design options, the team thought a watch would need to appeal to users' diverse tastes in fashion, so they opted to give a choice of bands, models (like the gold-plated Apple Watch Edition) and watch faces.

Debate over purpose

Apple started the project without specific use cases in mind, not knowing what problems the watch would solve, but felt that "technology was going to move onto the body", according to Alan Dye, who was in charge of its user interface. According to Kevin Lynch, the team felt people spent too much time on their phone, nagged by notifications, and a watch would provide "that level of engagement [...] in a way that's a little more human, a little more at the moment when you're with somebody".

Unveiling and release

In April 2014, Apple CEO Tim Cook told The Wall Street Journal that the company was planning to launch new products that year, but revealed no specifics.

In June 2014, Reuters reported that production of a smartwatch product was expected to begin in July for an October release.

During a September 2014 press event where the iPhone 6 was also presented, the new watch product was introduced by Tim Cook's "one more thing" section. After a video focusing on the design process, Cook reappeared on stage wearing an Apple Watch.

In comparison to other Apple products and competing smartwatches, marketing of the Apple Watch promoted the device as a fashion accessory. Apple later focused on its health and fitness-oriented features, in an effort to compete with dedicated activity trackers. The watchOS 3 added fitness tracking for wheelchair users, social sharing in the Activity app, and a Breathe app to facilitate mindfulness.

The device was not branded as "iWatch", which would have put it in line with its product lines such as iPod, iPhone, and iPad. In the United States, the "iWatch" trademark is owned by OMG Electronics – who was crowdfunding a device under the same name; it is owned in the European Union by Irish firm Probendi. In July 2015, Probendi sued Apple Inc. for trademark infringement, arguing that through keyword advertising on the Google search engine, it caused advertising for the Apple Watch to appear on search results pages when users searched for the trademarked term "iWatch".

Release
Pre-orders for the Apple Watch began on April 10, 2015, with the official release on April 24. Initially, it was not available at the Apple Store; customers could make appointments for demonstrations and fitting, but the device was not in-stock for walk-in purchases and had to be reserved and ordered online. CNET felt that this distribution model was designed to prevent Apple Store locations from having long line-ups due to the high demand. The first ever retail store to display the Apple Watch to the public was Colette in Paris. Later on, selected models were available in limited quantities at luxury boutiques and authorized resellers.

On June 4, 2015, Apple announced that it planned to stock Apple Watch models at its retail locations.

On August 24, 2015, Best Buy announced that it would begin stocking Apple Watch at its retail stores by the end of September. Both T-Mobile US and Sprint also announced plans to offer Apple Watch through their retail stores.

In September 2015, Apple launched a new subset of Apple Watch, with a stainless steel body and leather band, in collaboration with Hermès. The following year, Apple launched another subset of Apple Watches in collaboration with Nike dubbed "Apple Watch Nike+". Both subsets featured cosmetic customization, but otherwise functioned like standard Apple Watches.

Apple Watch went on sale in India in November 2015. The device also launched in Chile, the Philippines, Indonesia, and South Africa.

Hardware

Design and materials

Each series of Apple Watch is offered in multiple variants, distinguished by the casing's material, color, and size, with special bands and digital watch faces available for certain variants co-branded with Nike and Hermès, which are also sometimes accompanied by other unique extras, like stainless steel charging pucks, premium packaging, and exclusive color basic bands.

Originally at launch, the Apple Watch was marketed as one of three "collections", designating the case material. In order of increasing cost, the collections were:
 Apple Watch Sport (Aluminium case)
 Apple Watch (Stainless steel case)
 Apple Watch Edition (Originally released as an 18kt gold casing with newer materials in later models)
Starting with Series 1/Series 2, Apple dropped the "Sport" moniker from the branding (apart from the sport bands), and the Apple Watch was available with either an aluminum (lowest cost) or stainless steel case. "Apple Watch Edition" branding still exists, but now refers to watch casings made from ceramic or titanium.

Apple did not explicitly market the first-generation Apple Watch as being waterproof, stating that it can withstand splashes of water (such as rain and hand washing), but does not recommend submersion (IPX7). Apple introduced a higher level of water resistance with the release of the Apple Watch Series 2, and the device was explicitly advertised as being suitable for swimming and surfing. The Series 7 also includes an IP6X certification for dust resistance.

Size
Since the introduction of the Apple Watch, it has been available in two sizes, primarily affecting screen resolution and area. The smaller size at launch was , referring to the approximate height of the watch case; the larger size was . Starting with Series 4, the two nominal sizes changed to  and . The nominal sizes changed again with the introduction of Series 7:  and .

The overall shape and width of the watch has not changed significantly since its release, so customizable bands and accessories are typically compatible with any Apple Watch of the same size class. Bands that fit the smaller size class (, , and  watches) and larger size class (, , and  watches) are generally interchangeable within the class. The casing of the watch includes a mechanism to allow the user to change the straps without special tools.

Input and sensors

For input, the Watch features a "digital crown" on one side which can be turned to scroll or zoom content on screen, and pressed to return to the home screen or display recently used apps. Next to the crown (on the same side of the watch) is the Side Button, which can be used to access Control Center and the contactless payment service Apple Pay. The Watch also prominently features a touchscreen; prior to Series 6/SE, the screen included Force Touch technology, which enabled the display to become pressure-sensitive and therefore capable of distinguishing between a tap and a press for displaying contextual menus. Force Touch has since been physically removed in Watch Series 6 and Watch SE, and has been disabled via software on Watch Series 5 and earlier on models supporting watchOS 7.

Additional sensors integrated into the Watch include an accelerometer, gyroscope, and barometer, which are used to determine device orientation, user movement, and altitude. The back of all Apple Watches are equipped with a Heart Rate Monitor, which projects infrared and green light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) onto the user's skin and photodiodes measure the varying amount of light reflected. Because blood absorbs green light and reflects red light, the amounts of each type of reflected light are compared to determine heart rate. The Watch adjusts the sampling rate and LED brightness as needed. Starting with the Series 4, Apple added electrical sensors to the Digital Crown and back, allowing the Watch to take electrocardiogram (ECG) readings; the device won FDA clearance in October 2018, becoming the first consumer device capable of taking an ECG. A blood oxygen monitor was added with the Series 6 in 2020, albeit as a "wellness" device not capable of diagnosing a medical condition. The blood oxygen monitor added red LEDs to the back, allowing the watch to determine oxygen levels by measuring blood color. The Watch SE reverted to the capabilities of the Series 3, dropping the electrical sensors and blood oxygen monitor.

Battery
Apple rates the device's battery for 18 hours of mixed usage. Apple Watch is charged by means of inductive charging. If the watch's battery depletes to less than 10 percent, the user is alerted and offered to enable Low Power Mode, which allows the user to continually use the watch while some features are disabled. The watch then reverts to its original mode when the battery is sufficiently charged.

Bands
Apple Watch comes with an included band (strap) to attach it to the user's wrist. The proprietary band attachment mechanism allows swapping models by holding down the connectors on the bottom of the watch and sliding the band pieces out. Apple produces bands in a variety of materials and colors; however, third-party bands are still compatible when using Apple's design guidelines. Bands designed for the original Series 1-3 38 mm and 42 mm case sizes are compatible with the Series 4-6 40 mm and 44 mm cases, as well as the Series 7 41 mm and 45 mm cases, respectively.

Starting with Apple Watch Series 5, Apple introduced the online Apple Watch Studio which allows customers to mix and match bands on purchase, eliminating the need to purchase a specific combination of case and band design, and allows for a simplification of packaging (since Apple Watch Series 4 in 2018).

Models

Apple Watch models have been divided into five "collections": Apple Watch (1st generation-present), Apple Watch Sport (1st generation), Apple Watch Nike+ (Series 2-present), Apple Watch Hermès (1st generation-Series 5, Series 6-present), and Apple Watch Edition (1st generation-Series 3, Series 5, Series 6-present). They are differentiated by combinations of cases, bands, and exclusive watch faces; Apple Watch comes with either aluminum or stainless steel cases, and various watch bands (only stainless steel was offered for Apple Watch 1st generation); Apple Watch Sport came with aluminum cases and sport bands or woven nylon bands; Apple Watch Nike+ comes with aluminum cases and Nike sport bands or sport loops; Apple Watch Hermès uses stainless steel cases and Hermès leather watch bands (also included is an exclusive Hermès orange sport band); and Apple Watch Edition came with ceramic cases and various bands (the 1st generation Apple Watch Edition used 18 karat yellow or rose gold). With the Series 5, the Edition tier was expanded with a new titanium case.

Apple Watch Series 1 models were previously only available with aluminum cases and sport bands.

As of Series 3, each Apple Watch model in aluminum, the least expensive casing, is available either with or without LTE cellular connectivity, while the models with the other casing materials available (stainless steel and sometimes ceramic and titanium) always include it.

Each model through Series 3 comes in a 38- or 42-millimeter body, with the larger size having a slightly larger screen and battery. The Series 4 was updated to 40- and 44-millimeter models, respectively. The Series 7 has been updated to 41- and 45-millimeter models. Each model has various color and band options. Featured Apple-made bands include colored sport bands, sport loop, woven nylon band, classic buckle, modern buckle, leather loop, Milanese loop, and a link bracelet.

First generation

The 1st generation Apple Watch (colloquially referred to as Series 0) uses the single-core S1 system-on-chip. It does not have a built-in GPS chip, instead relying on a paired iPhone for location services. It features a new linear actuator hardware from Apple called the "Taptic Engine", providing realistic haptic feedback when an alert or a notification is received, and is used for other purposes by certain apps. The watch is equipped with a built-in heart rate sensor, which uses both infrared and visible-light LEDs and photodiodes.

All versions of the first-generation Apple Watch have 8 GB of storage; the operating system allows the user to store up to 2 GB of music and 75 MB of photos. When the Apple Watch is paired with an iPhone, all music on that iPhone is also available to be controlled and accessed from the Apple Watch. Software support for the first Apple Watch ended with watchOS 4.3.2.

Second generation (Series 1 and 2)

The second generation Apple Watch has two models; the Apple Watch Series 1 and Apple Watch Series 2.

The Series 1 has a variant of the dual-core Apple S2 processor with GPS removed, known as the Apple S1P. It has a lower starting price than first generation. The Series 1 was sold only in Aluminium casings.

The Series 2 has the dual-core Apple S2 processor, water resistance to 50 meters, a display twice as bright, at 1000 nits, and a GPS receiver. The Series 2 was sold in casings of anodized Aluminium, Stainless Steel and Ceramic.

The Apple Watch Edition Series 2 is the first Apple Watch model to add the new White ceramic case color option. Both Yellow Gold and Rose Gold 18K gold case color options have been removed.

The Apple Watch Nike+ Series 2 is the first Apple Watch model available as the Nike, Inc. collaborate special option.

The Apple Watch Series 1 and Apple Watch Series 2 are the final Apple Watch models available with Yellow Gold and Rose Gold aluminum case color options.They have an advertised 18 hours of battery life.

The software support for both Apple Watch Series 1 and Apple Watch Series 2 ended with watchOS 6.3.

Third generation (Series 3)

The Apple Watch Series 3 features a faster processor, the dual-core S3, Bluetooth 4.2 (compared to 4.0 on older models), a built-in altimeter for measuring flights of stairs climbed, increased RAM size, and is available in a variant with LTE cellular connectivity. Siri is able to speak through the onboard speaker on Apple Watch Series 3 due to the increased processing speed of the Watch.

Series 3 features LTE cellular connectivity for the first time in an Apple Watch, enabling users to make phone calls, iMessage and stream Apple Music and Podcasts directly on the watch, independent of an iPhone. The LTE model contains an eSIM and shares the same mobile number as the user's iPhone.

The Apple Watch Series 3 is the first Apple Watch model to add the new Gold aluminum case color option to match the color introduced with the iPhone 8 in 2017. Both Yellow Gold and Rose Gold aluminum case color options have been removed. It is now available in Space Gray, Silver and Gold aluminum case color options, available in Space Black and Silver stainless steel case color options.

The Apple Watch Edition Series 3 is the first and only Apple Watch model to add the new Gray ceramic case color option. It is available in White and Gray ceramic case color.

The software support for the Apple Watch Series 3 ended with watchOS 8.8.1.

Fourth generation (Series 4)

The Apple Watch Series 4 is the first predominant redesign of the Apple Watch, featuring larger displays with thinner bezels and rounded corners, and a slightly rounder, thinner chassis with a redesigned ceramic back. Internally there is a new S4 64-bit dual-core processor, capable of up to double the S3's performance, upgraded 16 GB storage, and a new electrical heart sensor. The microphone was moved to the opposite side between the side button and the digital crown to improve call quality. Other changes include the digital crown incorporating haptic feedback with the Apple Haptic Engine and includes the new Apple-designed W3 wireless chip.

The ECG system has received clearance from the United States Food and Drug Administration, a first ever for a consumer device, and is supported by the American Heart Association. The Series 4 can also detect falls, and can automatically contact emergency services unless the user cancels the outgoing call.

The watch received mostly positive reviews from critics. TechRadar gave it a score of 4.5/5, calling it one of the top smartwatches, while criticizing the short battery life. Digital Trends gave it a score of 5/5, calling it Apple's best product and praising the design, build quality, and software, among others, while criticizing the battery life. CNET gave it a score of 8.2/10, calling it the "best overall smartwatch around", while criticizing the battery life and lack of watch face options. T3 gave it a score of 5/5, calling it a "truly next-gen smartwatch" due to its thinner body and bigger screen compared to the Series 3, and health features.

The Apple Series 4 is the first Apple Watch model to add the new Gold stainless steel color option to match the color introduced with the iPhone XS in 2018. It is now available in Space Gray, Silver and Gold aluminum case color options, available in Space Black, Silver and Gold stainless steel case color options. All the ceramic case color options have been removed until the launch of the Apple Watch Edition Series 5 in 2019.

Fifth generation (Series 5 & SE (1st gen))

The Apple Watch Series 5 was announced on September 10, 2019. Its principal improvements over its predecessor were the addition of a compass and an always-on display with a low-power display driver capable of refresh rates as low as once per second. Additional new features include International Emergency Calling, enabling emergency calls in over 150 countries, a more energy-efficient S5 processor, improved ambient light sensor, and storage doubled to 32 GB. The release of the Series 5 also brought back the "Edition" model, with a ceramic model absent from the previous generation. A new titanium model was also included in two colors: natural and Space Black.

At its September 2020 product introduction event, Apple also announced the Apple Watch SE, a lower-cost model, similar to the iPhone SE. The SE incorporates the same always-on altimeter as the Series 6, but uses the previous-generation S5 processor and previous- (i.e. second) generation optical heart rate sensor; does not include ECG and blood oximeter sensors or an always-on display; and does not include ultra-wideband (UWB) or 5 GHz Wi-Fi communication capabilities.

The Series 5 and above (including the SE model introduced in 2020) also incorporate enhanced hardware- and software-based battery and performance management functionality.

Critics generally gave it a positive review. CNET gave it a score of 4/5, concluding, "The Apple Watch continues to be one of the best smartwatches, but it remains limited by being an iPhone accessory for now." Digital Trends gave it a score of 4.5/5. The Verge gave it a score of 9/10.

The Apple Watch Series 5 is now available in Space Gray, Silver and Gold aluminum case color options, available in Space Black, Silver and Gold stainless steel case color options.

The Apple Watch Edition Series 5 is the final Apple Watch model available with White ceramic case color option. It is the first Apple Watch model to add the new Natural and Space Black titanium case color options. It is now available in White ceramic case color option, available in Natural and Space Black titanium case color options.

The 1st-generation Apple Watch SE is the final Apple Watch model available with Space Gray and Gold (introduced with iPhone 8 in 2017) case color options. It is now available with Space Gray, Silver and Gold case color options.

The 1st-generation Apple Watch SE is no longer sold on Apple's official website as of the release of the Apple Watch SE 2nd-generation in 2022, which comes at the same price as the first one, but with some minor changes and more recent components.

Sixth generation (Series 6)

The Apple Watch Series 6 was announced on September 15, 2020, during an Apple Special Event and began shipping on September 18. Its principal improvement over its predecessor is the inclusion of a sensor to monitor blood oxygen saturation.

Additional features include a new S6 processor that is up to 20% faster than the S4 and S5, a 2.5× brighter always-on display, and an always-on altimeter. The S6 incorporates an updated, third generation optical heart rate sensor and also enhanced telecommunication technology, including support for ultra-wideband (UWB) via Apple's U1 chip, and the ability to connect to 5 GHz Wi-Fi networks. The Series 6 watch was updated with faster charging hardware such that it completes charging in ~1.5 hours. Force Touch hardware was removed, consistent with the removal of all Force Touch functionality from watchOS 7.

The Apple Watch Series 6 is the final Apple Watch model available with Space Gray and Gold (introduced with the iPhone 8 in 2017) aluminum case color options. It is the first time adding the Product Red and Blue aluminum case color options. It is available in Space Gray, Silver, Gold, Blue and Product Red aluminum case color options, available in Graphite, Silver and Gold stainless steel case color options. The Gold stainless steel case color option is now in classic yellow gold and the Graphite stainless steel case color option is the new color replacing Space Black color before the introduction with the iPhone 12 Pro in 2020.

The Apple Watch Edition Series 6 is now available in Natural and Space Black titanium case color options. The ceramic case option was removed.

Seventh generation (Series 7)

The Apple Watch Series 7 was announced on September 14, 2021, during an Apple Special Event. Pre-orders opened on October 8, with earliest shipping dates starting on October 15.

Enhancements relative to the prior-generation Series 6 watch include a more rounded design with a case 1 mm larger than the Series 6; a display that is 70% brighter indoors and approximately 20% larger; improved durability via a crack-resistant front crystal; IP6X certification for resistance to dust; 33% faster charging via improved internal electronics and an enhanced, USB-C based fast-charging cable; support for BeiDou (China's satellite navigation system); and the availability of an on-screen keyboard that can be tapped or swiped. The Series 7 is also equipped with new hardware that enables ultra-rapid, short-range wireless data transfer at 60.5 GHz, though Apple has not fully explained this new functionality.

The Apple Watch Edition Series 7 is the final Apple Watch model to be available in Natural and Space Black titanium case color options.

The Apple Watch Series 7 is now available in Midnight, Starlight, Blue, Green and Product Red aluminum case color option, available in Graphite, Silver and Gold (introduced with the Apple Watch Series 6 and the iPhone 12 Pro in 2020) stainless steel case color option. Both Space Gray and Gold (introduced with iPhone 8 in 2017) aluminum case color options have been removed. The Silver aluminum case color option was unavailable until the launch of the Apple Watch Series 8 in 2022.

Eighth generation (Series 8, SE (2nd gen), & Ultra)

The Apple Watch Series 8, the second-generation Apple Watch SE, and the Apple Watch Ultra were announced on September 7, 2022, during an Apple Special Event. Pre-orders opened on the same day, with the Series 8 and 2nd gen SE shipping on September 16, while the Ultra shipped on September 23.

Enhancements in the Series 8, relative to the prior-generation Series 7 watch, include a new temperature sensor and more precise accelerometers and gyroscopes capable of detecting the occurrence of a car crash.

Aluminum case models are available in Midnight, Silver, Starlight and Product Red, and the stainless steel models are available in Silver, Graphite and Gold. The Blue and Green case colors are discontinued, and the Series 8 is not available with a titanium case.

The Apple Watch Ultra is the first Apple Watch model to feature a new tough and rugged titanium casing in natural finish, a larger 49 mm case size, a flat sapphire front crystal, and an additional orange Action button located on the opposite side of the Digital Crown and Side Button. It is designed for extreme activities like endurance sports, elite athletics, trailblazing, adventure, ocean, and water sports.

The 2nd-generation Apple Watch SE is available in Midnight, Silver and Starlight case color options. The Space Gray and Gold case color options have been discontinued.

Ninth generation (Series 9 & Ultra 2)
The Apple Watch Series 9 and the Apple Watch Ultra 2 were announced on September 12, 2023, during an Apple Special Event. Pre-orders opened that same day, with earliest shipping dates starting on September 22.

Aluminum case models of the Series 9 are available in Midnight, Silver, Starlight, Product Red as well as Pink, a new color for the line.

Stainless steel models are available in Silver, Graphite and Gold like the previous Series 8.

Both the Series 9 & Ultra 2 pack the new S9 chip which enables new functionalities like on-device offline processing for Siri, new ultra-wideband chip to help you find a missing iPhone and Double Tap which recognizes when the user double taps their index finger and thumb together. Depending on the screen, this can act as the primary button or scroll like the digital crown.

The screens on both devices has also been upgraded to boosts the maximum brightness:

 Up to 2,000 nits for the Series 9, double of the Series 8
 Up to 3,000 nits for the Ultra 2, from 2,000 nits of the first generation Ultra

Carbon neutrality claims
Apple markets the Series 9 and Ultra 2 as its first-ever carbon-neutral products (depending on the selected case material and band) due to a combination of cutting the carbon dioxide emissions per watch manufactured and sold (Apple claims a reduction of 78% for the Series 9 and 81% for the Ultra 2) and the company's purchases of forestry and nature-based carbon offsets and credits—which has been criticized as misleading due to reliability issues in carbon accounting for forestry carbon offsets.

Most of Apple's claimed emissions reductions were driven by renewable energy requirements imposed on suppliers; other factors include increased use of recycled materials, and a lower reliance on shipping products by plane, which is highly carbon-intensive.  Apple says the watches' manufacturing relies on "100 per cent clean electricity", though this partly relies on Apple investing in clean-energy projects to offset suppliers' use of electricity produced from fossil fuels. NewClimate Institute, a non-profit, said Apple's "100 per cent clean energy" claim was "highly contentious, since Apple’s major suppliers continue to have very low renewable electricity shares".

The carbon offsets used by Apple follow standards set by Verra, the Climate, Community & Biodiversity Alliance, and the Forest Stewardship Council. However, investigative reporting found that 94% of Verra's rainforest carbon offsets were "worthless" and that the standard may worsen global warming. Niklas Kaskeala, chair of the non-profit Compensate Foundation, said Apple's tree-planting offsets had "systemic flaws"; the Financial Times found that in one Apple conservation scheme, newly-planted trees were chopped down within a decade, releasing absorbed carbon back into the atmosphere, that most of the planted trees were eucalyptus, posing monoculture concerns, and that only 1% of the land was dedicated to regrowing native tree species.

On September 20, the European Union announced that it would ban most uses of the term "carbon neutral" in advertising by 2026, including claims that are based on carbon offsets, to address greenwashing and misleading advertising. This decision was praised by Monique Goyens, director-general of EU consumer group BEUC, who also called Apple's claims "bogus" and scientifically inaccurate. Gilles Dufrasne, policy officer at non-profit Carbon Market Watch, said it was "misleading to consumers" for Apple to give "the impression that buying the Watch has no impact on the climate at all", based on what he described as "accounting tricks". Other environmental groups criticized Apple's emphasis on carbon emissions without accounting for e-waste, due to the difficulty of repairing these products. Berkeley Carbon Trading Project director Barbara Haya praised the products' ~80% emissions reduction, but also criticized Apple's use of the term "carbon neutral" in advertising.

Software
Apple Watch runs watchOS, whose interface is based around a home screen with circular app icons, which can be changed to a list view in the devices settings. The OS can be navigated using the touchscreen or the crown on the side of the watch. During its debut, the first generation Apple Watch needed to be paired with an iPhone 5 or later running iOS 8.2 or later; this version of iOS introduced the Apple Watch app, which is used to pair the watch with an iPhone, customize settings and loaded apps, and highlight compatible apps from the App Store.

The Apple Watch is capable of receiving notifications, messages, and phone calls via a paired iPhone. "Glances" allowed users to swipe between pages containing widget-like displays of information; however, this feature was replaced by a new Control Center. watchOS also supports Handoff to send content from Apple Watch to an iOS or macOS device, and act as a viewfinder for an iPhone camera, Siri is also available for voice commands, and is capable of responding with voice prompts on the Series 3 watches. Apple Watch also supports Apple Pay, and enables its use with older iPhone models that do not contain near-field communication (NFC) support.

Apple Watch's default apps are designed to interact with their iOS counterparts, such as Mail, Phone, Calendar, Messages, Maps, Music, Photos, Reminders, Remote (which can control iTunes and Apple TV), Stocks, and Wallet. Using the Activity and Workout apps, a user can track their physical activity and send data back to the iPhone for use in its Health app and other HealthKit-enabled software. With watchOS 3, Reminders, Home, Find My Friends, Heart Rate, and Breathe were added to the stock apps.

Version history

At WWDC 2015, Tim Cook announced watchOS 2.0; described by CNET as a "significant revamp", it included a new software development kit that allows more direct access to the device's hardware, new watch faces, the ability to reply to an e-mail, and other features. WatchOS 2.0 was released in September 2015. Following the software update, some users experienced issues with lag.

watchOS 3.0 was announced at WWDC 2016, with a priority on performance. Users are able to keep apps running in memory as well as receive background updates and refreshed information. Other updates include a new Dock invoked with the side button to replace the performance-laden Glances, an updated Control Center, and new reply options on Messages. Several new watch faces have also been added, including Minnie Mouse, along with the ability to switch watch faces from the lock screen simply by swiping. A new feature called SOS allows users to hold the dock button to make a call to the local emergency line and pull up the user's Medical ID. Another feature is Activity Sharing, which allows sharing of workouts with friends and even sending their heartbeats to one another. A new app called Breathe guides users through breathing exercises throughout the day, with visuals and haptic feedback. It was made available to the public in September 2016.

watchOS 3.1 was released to the public in October 2016, and watchOS 3.2 was released in March 2017. Both updates added minor improvements and bug fixes.

WatchOS 4.0 was announced at WWDC 2017 and released to the public in September 2017. WatchOS 4 features a proactive Siri watch face, personalized activity coaching, and an entirely redesigned music app. It also introduces Apple GymKit, a technology platform to connect workouts with cardio equipment.

WatchOS 4.3 was released in March 2018. It introduced support for Nightstand mode in portrait orientation. It brought back the ability for music playing on the iPhone to be controlled using the Music app on the Apple Watch and also enabled control of playback and volume on Apple's HomePod. Other new features included a new charging animation and a new app loading animation. Activity data was added to the Siri watch face, and the battery complication more accurately reports battery life.

watchOS 5.0 was first shown to the public at the San Jose WWDC developer conference held by Apple. It introduced an instant watch-to-watch walkie-talkie mode, all-new Podcasts app, raise-wrist-to-speak Siri, customizable Control Center, and the ability to access the notification center and control center from apps. Other features included support for WebKit to view web pages, six new watch faces, and new workout running features. It was released to the public in September 2018. On the newest release of watchOS beta the sleep feature was shown on screen, this would eliminate the need to use third-party apps.

watchOS 6.0 was released to the public in September 2019. It introduced more native iOS apps such as voice memos, calculator, and a native watchOS app store. watchOS 6.0 also introduced new features such as the noise app that allows you to measure the sound around you in decibels, menstrual tracking, and new watch faces. Other features include Siri being able to tell users what music they are listening to, activity trends, and a new UI framework for developers.

watchOS 7.0 was announced on June 22, 2020, at the WWDC, and released on September 16, 2020; new functionalities include sleep tracking, additional watch faces, handwashing detection and new workouts such as dancing.

watchOS 8.0 was announced on June 7, 2021, at the WWDC, and released on September 20, 2021. It replaces the Breathe app with a new Mindfulness app, and adds a Focus mode as well as a Portrait Watch Face, updates to the Messages and Home apps, Contacts and Find My apps, and a redesigned Photos app.

watchOS 9.0 was released to public on September 13, 2022. It enhances the Workout display with new views of metrics like Activity rings, Heart Rate Zones, Power, and Elevation. It also supports better sleep tracking and additional watch faces.

watchOS 10.0 was announced on June 5th, 2023, at WWDC, and will be released in the fall of 2023. It includes a major redesign of all stock watchOS apps, more detailed metrics available for cycling workouts, and new "Smart Stacks", stacks of widgets available from the clock.

Third-party apps
In watchOS 1, third-party WatchKit applications run in the background on the iPhone as an application extension while a set of native user interface resources are installed on Apple Watch. Thus, watchOS apps must be bundled within their respective iOS app, and are synced to the watch either manually, or automatically upon installation of the phone app.

With the release of watchOS 2, Apple made it mandatory for new watch apps to be developed with the watchOS 2 SDK from June 1, 2016, onwards; no third-party languages or SDKs can be used to develop apps. This allowed for developers to create native apps that are run on the watch itself, thus improving the responsiveness of third-party apps.

In watchOS 5 and earlier, all watchOS apps are dependent apps – the watchOS app relies on an iOS companion app in order to function properly. In watchOS 6 or later, developers are able to create completely independent watchOS apps, and no longer require an app to be installed on the paired iPhone. This was assisted by the introduction of a separate App Store on the Apple Watch itself.

Reception

Following the announcement, initial impressions from technology and watch industry observers were varied; the watch was praised by some for its "design, potential capabilities and eventual usefulness", while others offered criticism of these same aspects. Venture capitalist Marc Andreessen said he "can't wait" to try it, and Steve Jobs' biographer Walter Isaacson described it as "extremely cool" and an example of future technology that is "much more embedded into our lives". Evan Dashevsky of PC Magazine said it offered nothing new in terms of functionality compared to the Moto 360, except the customizable vibration notifications. In November 2014, Apple Watch was listed by Time as one of the 25 Best Inventions of 2014.

Initial reviews for the device have been generally positive with some caveats. Reviewers praised the watch's potential ability to integrate into everyday life and the overall design of the product, but noted issues of speed and price. Many reviewers described the watch as functional and convenient, while also noting failure to offer as much potential functionality as preceding smartphones. Farhad Manjoo of The New York Times mentioned the device's steep learning curve, stating it took him "three long, often confusing and frustrating days" to become accustomed to watchOS 1, but loved it thereafter. Some reviewers also compared it to competing products, such as Android Wear devices, and claimed "The Smartwatch Finally Makes Sense". Reviewers had mixed opinions on battery life though, with Geoffrey Fowler of The Wall Street Journal saying "the battery lives up to its all-day billing, but sometimes just barely," and others compared it to the Samsung Gear 2, which "strolls through three days of moderate usage." Tim Bradshaw of the Financial Times used several applications over a period of days. He concluded that there is no "killer application" so far besides telling the time, which is the basic function of a wristwatch anyhow.

When using the Apple Watch, some users have reported issues using the heart monitoring feature due to permanent skin conditions, including tattoos. The Watch uses photoplethysmography technology (PPG) that utilizes the green LED lights to measure heart rates. To gauge a user's heart rate, the watch flashes green light from the LEDs at the skin and records the amount of this light that is absorbed by the red pigment of the blood. Under certain circumstances, the skin may not allow for the light absorption to be read properly and thus provide inaccurate results.

Some users have complained that the logo and text on the back of the Apple Watch Sport model, primarily the space gray version, can be easily worn off.

Sales

Financial analysts offered early sales estimates from a few million to as many as 5 million in the first year. Times Tim Bajarin summarized the breadth of reactions, writing that "there is not enough information yet to determine how this product will fare when it finally reaches the market next year".

Owing to the inadequacy of materials, the Apple Watch's delivery was delayed from its initial pre-order release date of April 10, 2015. As a result, only 22 percent of the pre-ordered Apple Watches were dispatched in the United States during the weekend after the release date. It is estimated Apple received almost one million Apple Watch pre-orders in the United States during the initial six hours of the pre-order period on April 10, 2015, after which it sold out and further orders would start delivering in June. A report later on by an analyst stated that Apple Watch was already a $10 billion business during its first year.

Apple has not disclosed any sales figures for the Apple Watch. An estimate by IDC states Apple shipped over 12 million units in 2015. In late 2016, a veteran of the Swiss watch industry said Apple sold about 20 million watches and had a market share of about 50 percent. Analysts estimate Apple sold 18 million watches in 2017, 31 million in 2019, and 34 million in 2020. In 2021, analysts estimated there were 100 million units in use.

In 2020, Apple sold more watches than the entire Swiss watch industry– which includes Swatch and TAG Heuer among others.

Controversies
In December 2019, Joseph Wiesel, a New York University cardiologist, sued Apple over allegations that the Apple Watch violates a patented method for detecting atrial fibrillation. Wiesel stated he had shared details of the patent with Apple in September 2017; the company refused to negotiate.

Following Apple's announcement of the Series 7, an independent software development company filed a lawsuit against Apple alleging inappropriate copying of the software keyboard functionality from an app that Apple had previously rejected from its App Store.

Operating system support

Technical specifications

Physical Specifications

Collections and materials

 1st generation only: Apple Watch was sold as "Apple Watch Sport" (Aluminum body) and "Apple Watch" (Stainless steel body). Later generations sold both body materials as "Apple Watch".

See also
 List of iPhone models
 List of iPad models

Notes

References

External links

  – official site

Apple Watch
Wearable devices
Computer-related introductions in 2015
Wearable computers
Smartwatches


title: Lake Kuyucuk

text:
Lake Kuyucuk (), is a small shallow lake located in Arpaçay district of Kars Province in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. It has an area of  and a maximum depth at . The lake area is an internationally recognized Ramsar site, important for its ornithofauna, and a tourist wildlife reserve.

Geology
The Kalkankale Formation, consisting of old sandstone, mudstone and claystone dating back to early Pliocene period, underlies wide areas at Lake Kuyucuk and the surrounding landscape, and forms the flat and low-sloped terrain of the region. Elevations north of the lake are formed by agglomerate, tuff and andesite of early   Pliocene old Kura volcanic rocks while the southwestern elevations are formed by tuff, andesite, pearlite, pumice and obsidian of Dumanlıdağ pyroclastic rocks.

Topography
Büyükalamet Heights , Küçükalamet Heights , Kızılgüney Heights  and Uzungüney Heights  in the north, Alaca Heights  in the west and Cadalı Heights , Yumru Heights  and Mevzili Heights  in the southwest are the elevations around the lake making up the landscape's topography.

Flora
At an elevation of , the lake region has two ecosystems, steppe and wetland. The wetland flora are free-floating aquatic plants from the duckweed family (Lemna), common reed (Phragmites australis) and rushes (Juncus) while the steppe flora are shrubs and herbs (Astragalus, Onobrychis), vetches (Vicia), daisy (Artemisia), common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum).

The globally threatened plant species grass (Elymus sosnowskyi), which is endemic to Turkey, grows here.

Fauna
Lake Kuyucuk is a wetland site for at least 233 bird species, and is a Ramsar site designated as of international importance in 2009, stretching over an area of . It is Turkey's thirteenth Ramsar site, and the first one in eastern Turkey. The lake has great ornithological importance, being on the African-Eurasian flyway of migratory birds. It has been recognized by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area in 2004. In the fall, up to 45,000 birds stop over at the lake. An artificial islet on the lake was formed in 2009 to provide a safe breeding place for bird species and to help protect them from predators.

The Ramsar site harbors bird species such as ruddy shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea), the globally endangered white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala), vulnerable red-breasted goose (Branta ruficollis), vulnerable velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca), western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus), common crane (Grus grus), black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus), Eurasian coot (Fulica atra), black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis), common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and greylag goose (Anser anser).

KuzeyDoğa, a Turkish non-governmental organization for ecological research and community-based nature conservation, has operated a station at the lake to carry out birdwatching, bird ringing and bird counting. Lake Kuyucuk hosted Kars' first bird ringing station, where over 22,500 birds of 170 species were ringed until January 2010. Bird ringing starts in April. In 2011, a birdwatching tower was built at the lake. In September 2004, over 20,000 ruddy shelduck, which makes out almost 12% of the world population, were observed on the lake in just one day.

Other notable fauna found around the lake are the mammal species red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Nehring's blind mole rat (Spalax nehringi), southern vole (Microtus levis) and marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna), the amphibians European green toad (Bufo viridis) and marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus) as well as the reptile species sand lizard (Lacerta agilis).

The highly acidic water of the lake does not support fish species.

Climate
The Lake Kuyucuk and its surroundings are situated in the coldest zone of Eastern Anatolia characterized with harsh continental climate. Winters are long and very cold, summers are moderate, even coolish. Maximum precipitation is observed in May while in January precipitation is at minimum.

Wildlife endangered
By January 2014, it was reported by KuzeyDoğa that the wildlife at the lake is endangered due to dropping water levels. The lake's water level decreased down to . That resulted in connecting of the artificial breeding islet with the lake shore at some places, which brings the birds in danger by predators. Moreover, the vegetation on the islet was destroyed as it was used by the local herdsmen as fodder for their livestock. The negative change of the ecosystem was caused mostly by water levels dropping due to insufficient water inflow and excessive extraction of groundwater from local wells drilled by the villagers. In addition, the creek feeding the lake is used as watering trough for livestock by blocking their flow.

KuzeyDoğa proposed to set up a planning for water supply in the basin and to immediately reform the islet by digging a ditch around.

Tourism
The European Destinations of Excellence (EDEN) of the European Commission has listed Lake Kuyucuk as a notable tourist wildlife reserve since 2009. In 2012, a tourism center was built in Kuyucuk Village near the lake to serve for ecotourism. Since 2011, an annual two-day birdwatching festival is held in mid June.

The nearest populated place is Kuyucuk village,  west of the lake. Until 1920, the village was inhabited by Molokans, members of a Christian sect. Later, Karapapaks, a Turkic-speaking sub-ethnic group of Azerbaijanis, settled in the village. A village school building, built by Molokans in 1907, is still intact. From the 1909-built three-story Russian orthodox church, only the first floor has survived. Other buildings, preserved from the Molokan times, are the village chambers.

Nature tourists and birdwatchers come to Lake Kuyucuk between the beginning of spring and the end of fall. The site is also visited by students of local schools and colleges on special days like World Biodiversity Day, World Environment Day, International Migratory Bird Day and Birdwatching Day.

The ruined medieval Armenian city-site Ani and the ruins of an 11th-century Shaddadids mosque, the Manucehr mosque (Menucehr camii) within the site of Ani, are notable tourist attractions in the vicinity.

Lake Çıldır is another tourist destination in the region.

Access
Lake Kuyucuk is accessible through the state road D.060, which crosses over the northern part of the lake. It is about  northeast of Kars and  west of Akyaka, Kars. The road through Kuyucuk village is used to get to the lake.

References

Kuyucuk
Landforms of Kars Province
Ramsar sites in Turkey
Tourism in Kars Province
Ecotourism
Bird observatories
Important Bird Areas of Turkey


title: Crab jujube

text:
Crab jujube or hoi jo (; Peng'im: hoi6 jo2; , , ) is a Chinese dish from Chaozhou which contains a set of small deep-fried, jujube fruit-shaped, crab cakes. Its main ingredients are crab meat, pork fat (or ground pork belly), chopped water chestnuts, eggs, vegetables, and herbs, which are wrapped into a sheet of fresh tofu skin, forming long rolls, cut into bite-sized pieces, and deep-fried. Crab jujube is a popular dish among Thai Chinese people in Thailand where it is known as .

References

External links
 crab jujube recipe - in Thai

Teochew cuisine
Thai cuisine


title: Ankit Gupta

text:
Ankit Gupta (born 6 November 1988) is an Indian actor and model who is known for working in Hindi television. He is best known for his role as Parth Kashyap in Sadda Haq, Fateh Singh Virk in Colors TV's Udaariyaan and as Jahaan Mehta in Junooniyatt. In 2022, he appeared in Bigg Boss 16 as a contestant.

Early life
Gupta was born on 6 November 1988 in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. He completed his education at IPEC Engineering College.

Career
He started his career by doing a job at a call center and later moved to Mumbai, where he did many commercials and music videos before he started acting.

Gupta made his acting debut in 2012, as Dr. Abhishek Kumar in Colors TV series Balika Vadhu. The same year, he was seen as Nalender Yadav in the Hindi film Tutiya Dil. In 2014, he rose to fame playing Parth Kashyap in Channel V India's show Sadda Haq.

Gupta was seen playing recurring roles in Begusarai as Garv Thakur, Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi as Jatin Roy, Mayavi Maling as Chegu and, Kundali Bhagya as Pawan Malhotra. He has also been part of the web series Illegal - Justice, Out of Order, Bekaboo 2, and Main Hero Boll Raha Hu.
From 2021 to 2022, Gupta was seen playing the male lead, Fateh Singh Virk, in Colors TV's popular drama Udaariyaan. In 2022, he was seen participating in the Colors TV's reality show Bigg Boss 16, and got evicted on day 84.

Since February 2023, Gupta is seen playing Jahaan Mehta, a musician, in Colors TV's romantic musical drama Junooniyatt.

Filmography

Films

Television

Special appearances

Web series

Music videos

Awards and nominations

See also
 List of Indian actors
 List of Indian television actors

References

External links

Living people
Indian television actors
Indian male television actors
Indian male soap opera actors
21st-century Indian male actors
Male actors in Hindi television
1988 births
Indian male models
Male actors from Uttar Pradesh
Actors from Meerut
Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) contestants


title: Russ Hunt (cyclist)

text:
Russ Hunt (21 March 1911 – 30 September 1992) was a Canadian cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit event at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1911 births
1992 deaths
Canadian male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Canada
Cyclists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Toronto
20th-century Canadian people


title: Rex Burns

text:
Rex Burns (born 1935 in San Diego, California), born Raoul Stephen Sehler, is an American author of crime fiction. He has published numerous books, stories, articles, and reviews.

Personal life
Burns graduated from Stanford University with a degree in English and Creative Writing. He went on to pursue a PhD in American Studies at the University of Minnesota, but his studies were temporarily interrupted by a term in the US Marine Corps, where he rose to the rank of Captain. Until 2000, when he retired, Burns was a professor of American literature at the University of Colorado Denver.

Career
At the age of 40, Burns began writing novels. His first, The Alvarez Journal, won the Edgar Award for best first novel. The book introduced Gabriel Wager, a hard-drinking Mexican-American detective with the Denver police force. The Wager series lasted for ten more books, one of which (The Avenging Angel) was adapted into the 1988 film Messenger of Death, starring Charles Bronson.

Bibliography
To date, Burns has written sixteen novels in three different series (plus another novel under the pseudonym "Tom Sehler").

Gabriel Wager Series
 The Alvarez Journal (1975)
 The Farnsworth Score (1977)
 Speak for the Dead (1978)
 Angle of Attack (1979)
 The Avenging Angel (1983)
 Strip Search (1984)
 Ground Money (1986)
 The Killing Zone (1988)
 Endangered Species (1993)
 Blood Line (1995)
 The Leaning Land (1997)

Devlin Kirk Series
 Suicide Season (1987)
 Parts Unknown (1990)
 Body Guard (1991)

Touchstone Agency Mysteries
 Body Slam (2014)
 Crude Carrier (2014)

As "Tom Sehler"
 When Reason Sleeps (1991)

Fables
 The Frogs of Sawhill Ponds, Vol. 1
 The Frogs of Sawhill Ponds, Vol. 2

Non-fiction
 Success in America: The Yeoman Dream and the Industrial Revolution (1976)
 Crime Classics: The Mystery Story from Poe to the Present (1990)

References

1935 births
American crime fiction writers
Living people
American male novelists
Writers from San Diego
Stanford University alumni
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
University of Colorado faculty
United States Marine Corps officers
Edgar Award winners
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Colorado


title: Ilya Sorokin

text:
Ilya Igorevich Sorokin (; born 4 August 1995) is a Russian professional ice hockey goaltender for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). Sorokin was selected by the Islanders in the third round (78th overall) of the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

Playing career

KHL (2012–2020)
Sorokin played as a youth with local club, Vympel Mezhdurechensk, before joining KHL club Metallurg Novokuznetsk as a 17-year old in 2012. He made his professional and KHL debut with Novokuznetsk during the following 2012–13 season, appearing in relief during a 8–6 defeat to Barys Astana on 7 January 2013. Following two promising seasons, Sorokin was selected by the New York Islanders, 78th overall, in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

During his third year within Metallurg Novokuznetsk in the 2014–15 season, Sorokin appeared in 22 games before he was traded to perennial powerhouse club, HC CSKA Moscow, in exchange for financial compensation on 24 December 2014.

Sorokin continued his KHL career with CSKA Moscow by signing a three-year contract extension on 10 June 2017. In 2019, Sorokin won the Gagarin Cup with CSKA Moscow, also earning the honor of Gagarin Cup Playoffs MVP.

New York Islanders (2020–present)
On 13 July 2020, Sorokin was signed to a one-year, entry-level contract with draft club the New York Islanders for the remainder of the 2019–20 season. However, unsigned prospects from other leagues, such as Sorokin in the KHL, were ruled ineligible to feature in the Return to Play phase following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The contract completed Sorokin's entry-level status to become a restricted free agent, and Sorokin was signed by the Islanders to a one-year, $2 million contract extension for the 2020–21 season the day after his entry-level contract was essentially nullified.

Sorokin made his NHL and Islanders debut on 16 January 2021, against the New York Rangers. Sorokin was originally slated to be the backup for the game when the intended starter, Semyon Varlamov, was injured during warmups. The Islanders lost the game 5–0, while Sorokin allowed five goals on 31 shots. Sorokin's first NHL win, and first NHL shutout, came on 16 February, in the Islanders' 3–0 win over the Buffalo Sabres. He made 20 saves in the win. Sorokin made his NHL Playoff debut against the Pittsburgh Penguins in Game 1, winning 4–3 in overtime. while Varlamov recovered from injury. Varlamov took the starting role back in Games 2 & 3 but struggled while playing through his injuries, losing both games. Sorokin took back the starting job in Game 4 and won Games 4–6, helping the Islanders win the series. Sorokin lost Game 1 against the Boston Bruins in the second round, and Varlamov became the starting goaltender for the remainder of the playoffs.

On 1 September 2021, Sorokin was re-signed to a three-year, $12 million contract by the Islanders.

Sorokin's first NHL point came on 9 March 2023, when he received an assist after poke-checking a puck which led to a breakaway for Brock Nelson and the game winning goal in overtime against the Penguins. In the course of the 2022–23 season, Sorokin recorded a 31–22–7 with a .924 save percentage and a league-leading six shutouts. In recognition of his achievements, he was named a finalist for the Vezina Trophy, awarded to the league's best goaltender. Sorokin was widely credited as the main reason the Islanders qualified for the 2023 Stanley Cup playoffs. They were ultimately ousted by the Carolina Hurricanes in the first round.

On July 1, 2023, Sorokin signed an eight-year, $66 million contract extension with the Islanders.

International play

Sorokin was a member of the Olympic Athletes from Russia team at the 2018 Winter Olympics that won the gold medal.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honors

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
HC CSKA Moscow players
Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Kuznetskie Medvedi players
Metallurg Novokuznetsk players
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
New York Islanders draft picks
New York Islanders players
Olympic gold medalists for Olympic Athletes from Russia
Olympic ice hockey players for Russia
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
People from Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo Oblast
Russian ice hockey goaltenders
Zvezda Chekhov players
Sportspeople from Kemerovo Oblast


Fairfield Institute of Management and Technology and School of Law is a semi-private college, affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU).

History
Fairfield Institute of Management and Technology (FIMT) was established by the Fairfield Group of Institutions in the year 2008.

Affiliation
The institute is affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University for all the offered programmes and is Govt. of NCT Delhi approved as well as it is accredited by Department of Higher Education (DHE) and ISO 14001:2004 and 9001:2008 certified.

Programmes
 Bachelor of Arts (English)
 Bachelor of Business Administration integrated with LL.B.
 Bachelor of Arts integrated with LL.B.
 Bachelor of Computer Application
 Bachelor of Journalism
 Bachelor of Business Administration
 Bachelor of Commerce
 Bachelor of Arts (Economics)
 Bachelor of Education
 Master of Laws

References

Colleges of the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
2008 establishments in Delhi


title: Hafun Fishing Company

text:
The Hafun Fishing Company (HFC) is a fishing and real estate firm headquartered in Bosaso, the commercial capital of the autonomous Puntland regional state in northeastern Somalia.

Holdings

Fishing
The Hafun Fishing Company was established in July 1992 in Bosaso. It was named after the northeastern port town of Hafun, where HFC also has an office.

The firm exports a wide range of fish products to international markets. Among these are lobsters, frozen fish, dried shark meat and fin, which it mainly sends to Yemen, the United Arab Emirates and Oman in the Persian Gulf, as well as some products to Kenya in the African Great Lakes region. The company is also exploring additional global markets for its fish goods.

Real estate
Besides the fishing industry, HFC maintains business activities in Puntland's housing market. These commercial interests are represented by the firm's growing local real estate sales and development division.

Management
The Hafun Fishing Company is chaired by its founder, Mohamed Abshir Abdi. Said Farah Mohamoud serves as the firm's Managing Director at its main Bosaso office.

Additionally, Omar K. Yusuf is the Chief Integrity Controller of HFC's London branch.

See also
Bosaso Tannery
List of companies of Somalia

Notes

External links
Hafun Fishing Company

Real estate companies established in 1992
Companies of Somalia
1992 establishments in Somalia


title: Jami Rafati

text:
Jami Rafati (born 26 April 1994) is an Italian footballer who plays as a central midfielder.

Club career
Rafati's professional career started after he signed a contract in 2011 with West Ham United. In the summer of 2013, he moved to Genoa being valued at €100,000. Jami Rafati made his debut in Serie A on 3 May 2014 playing from the start for Genoa against Sassuolo, and the match ended 0–0.

Rafati signed a contract on 7 July 2014 with newly relegated Serie B team Livorno until 2016.

On 12 November 2018, he was released from his contract with Pistoiese by mutual consent.

International career
Because he was born in Italy but has an Iranian father, Jami Rafati is eligible to play for the national team of Italy or Iran. However, he has not yet been called up by either team and remains uncapped.

References

External links

1994 births
Footballers from Florence
Living people
Italian people of Iranian descent
Italian men's footballers
US Livorno 1915 players
ACR Messina players
US Pistoiese 1921 players
Serie B players
Sportspeople of Iranian descent
Men's association football midfielders


title: 2014–15 SPFL Development League

text:
The 2014–15 SPFL Development League was the 17th season of the highest youth Scottish football league and the first season under the new "Development League" format. It began in August 2014 and ended in May 2015, with Aberdeen winning the league championship.

Changes
The league was again expanded, this time from 16 teams to 17 teams. It retained all 16 of the sides from the previous season, with newly promoted Scottish Premiership club Dundee admitted to the league. Eligible players were those born in 1995 or later, but five players of any age were permitted in the matchday squad of 18.

League table

Matches
Teams played each other twice, once at home, once away.

Top scorers

References

External links
SPFL

Development
Development
SPFL Development League


title: The Bex Eagle

text:
The Bex Eagle is a bronze sculpture located in Pershing Park, Washington, D.C.

It was dedicated on May 3, 1982.

See also
 King at Rest
 List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 6

References

External links

1980s establishments in Washington, D.C.
1982 sculptures
Sculptures of birds in Washington, D.C.
Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Granite sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Statues in Washington, D.C.
Federal Triangle
Sculptures of eagles


title: Nikita Lozhkin

text:
Nikita Lozhkin (born October 13, 1991) is a Russian professional ice hockey goaltender. He is currently playing with Molot-Prikamie Perm of the Higher Hockey League (VHL).

Lozhkin made his Kontinental Hockey League debut playing with Metallurg Novokuznetsk during the 2013–14 KHL season.

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Metallurg Novokuznetsk players
Russian ice hockey goaltenders
Sportspeople from Perm, Russia


title: Ian Olds

text:
Ian Olds is an American film director. His directing credits include the documentary Occupation: Dreamland, which follows the 1/505 company of the 82nd Airborne Division in Fallujah, Iraq in early 2004 during the Iraq War.  Olds also created the documentary Fixer: The Taking of Ajmal Naqshbandi, which depicts the working relationship between American journalist Christian Parenti and his Afghan colleague Ajmal Naqshbandi during the War in Afghanistan.

Occupation: Dreamland won a 2006 Independent Spirit Award. Fixer: The Taking of Ajmal Naqshbandi earned Olds the Best New Documentary Filmmaker award at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival and won Best Feature-Length Documentary at the 2009 Madrid International Documentary Film Festival. The film was nominated for a 2009 Emmy for Outstanding Investigative Journalism. HBO Documentaries acquired rights to the film.

In 2012 Olds and actor James Franco co-directed the film Francophrenia: (or: Don't Kill Me, I Know Where the Baby Is), which repurposes footage taken of Franco on the set of the American soap opera General Hospital.

Olds has also directed several short narrative films that were screened at the Sundance Film Festival, the Los Angeles Film Festival, the Rotterdam International Film Festival, and the Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival.

Olds edited Franco’s split-screen feature adaptation of William Faulkner’s novel As I Lay Dying, which premiered at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.

Olds was awarded a 2013 Guggenheim Fellowship, a 2011 San Francisco Film Society/Hearst Screenwriting Grant, and a 2006 Media Arts Fellowship sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation.

Olds received his MFA from Columbia University’s Film Division in 2006. He was named one of the 25 New Faces of Independent Film by Filmmaker Magazine in 2009 and was a 2011 Fellow at the Sundance Institute Screenwriters Lab.

Filmography
 Zeroville (2019)
 The Fixer (2016)
 Francophrenia (or: Don't Kill Me, I Know Where the Baby Is) (2012)
 Fixer: The Taking of Ajmal Naqshbandi (2009)
 Bomb (2007)
 Occupation: Dreamland (2005)
 Two Men (2005)

References

American film directors
Living people
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Foxia

text:
The genus Foxia is a group of cleptoparasitic bembicine wasps that occur in xeric habitats in the New World. There are 10 described species, ranging from Chile and Argentina to the United States.

Species
These 10 species belong to the genus Foxia:
 Foxia cuna Pate, 1938 i c g
 Foxia deserticola Fritz, 1959 i c g
 Foxia divergens (Ducke, 1903) i c g
 Foxia garciai Fritz, 1972 i c g
 Foxia martinezi Fritz, 1972 i c g
 Foxia navajo Pate, 1938 i c g b
 Foxia pacifica Ashmead, 1898 i c g
 Foxia pirita Fritz, 1972 i c g
 Foxia secunda (Rohwer, 1921) i c g
 Foxia tercera Fritz, 1972 i c g
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net

References

Crabronidae
Hymenoptera of North America
Hymenoptera of South America
Apoidea genera
Brood parasites


title: Hall of Fame OTO Award

text:
Hall of Fame OTO Award

Currently held by  Božidara Turzonovová

First awarded  | Last awarded 2000 | Present

Hall of Fame OTO Award has been annually presented at the OTO Awards ceremony for lifetime achievements. Since 2000, the honor is given by the Academy of Personalities of Culture and Social Life in Slovakia.

Honorees

2000s

2010s

 Notes
Ψ Denotes also a winner in one of the main categories.

References

External links
 OTO Awards  (Official website)
 OTO Awards - Winners and nominees  (From 2000 onwards)
 OTO Awards - Winners and nominees (From 2000 to 2009)
 Hall of Fame OTO - Winners at Nový čas

OTO Awards
Awards established in 2000
Halls of fame in Slovakia
Entertainment halls of fame


title: CommCore Consulting Group

text:
CommCore Consulting Group is a specialty public relations firm concentrating on media training, messaging, crisis planning and response. CommCore has offices in Washington DC, New York, Dallas, and Los Angeles.

Corporate history
CommCore Consulting was founded in New York in 1985 by Andrew Gilman. The firm subsequently opened offices in Washington, DC in 1991, Los Angeles in 1998, and Dallas in 2012.

Notable work
During the Johnson & Johnson's Tylenol 1 crisis in 1982, CommCore founder Andrew Gilman counseled the company on messages and interview preparation. Gilman specifically worked with Chairman James Burke to prepare for the critical 60 Minutes interview as part of the product comeback.

CommCore provided counsel to Lockheed Martin executives after the Space Shuttle Challenger and Columbia crashes in 1986 and 2003. CommCore's consultants prepared executives for interviews and Congressional testimony.

CommCore has prepared CEOs and other executives for interviews on all major media outlets including 60 Minutes, the Today Show, editorial boards at The New York Times and The Washington Post.

In 2017, The New York Times ran a story on CommCore's crisis simulation, PressureTest.

References

Public relations companies of the United States


title: Elizabeth McGillivray Knowles

text:
Elizabeth Annie McGillivray Knowles (January 8, 1866October 4, 1928) was a Canadian landscape painter, known for her paintings of domestic animals, especially fowl.

Canada
Elizabeth Annie Beach was born in Ottawa on January 8, 1866. She was a niece of the well-known Canadian painter Frederic Marlett Bell-Smith.
She was a student of  Farquhar McGillivray Knowles, whom she married in 1895 after his first wife had died.
Her husband had been born in Syracuse, New York, in 1859 of English parents who moved to Canada when he was an infant.
After the marriage the couple made an extended study trip to Europe, then returned to Canada where they found a studio.
Their studio in Toronto became a meeting place for artists.
In 1908 Elizabeth Knowles was elected an Associate of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. She was a member of the Ontario Society of Artists. She also became an executive member of the Heliconian Club in Toronto.

United States
Elizabeth and her husband moved to New York in 1915.
They spent 1916 living on their yacht in New York Harbor, then moved to an apartment in Washington Heights, Manhattan.
In 1919 Elizabeth was elected a member of the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors based in New York.
She and her husband continued to exhibit in Canada.
She often exhibited at the Royal Canadian Academy shows, at the Spring Exhibitions of the Art Association of Montreal, and in galleries across the US. She often held exhibitions in the Johnson Art Galleries on St. Catherine Street W. in Montreal, sometimes with her husband.

Elizabeth Knowles became a member of the Pennsylvania Society of Miniature Painters, the Brooklyn Society of Miniature Painters, the Washington Watercolor Club, the American Watercolor Society and the League of American Pen Women.
After 1927 Farquhar had a studio in Riverton, New Hampshire.
Elizabeth Beach McGillivray Knowles died on October 4, 1928, in Lancaster, New Hampshire.

Work
Elizabeth McGillivray Knowles received much acclaim during her lifetime for her miniatures and garden scenes.
She favoured rural scenes, and was known for her studies of chickens.
The National Gallery of Canada holds her Nocturne and the Art Gallery of Ontario, miniatures and an oil.
The Agnes Etherington Gallery in Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario also holds her work.

References
Citations

Sources

1866 births
1928 deaths
Artists from Ottawa
19th-century Canadian painters
20th-century Canadian painters
19th-century Canadian women artists
20th-century Canadian women artists
Canadian women painters
Members of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
Canadian emigrants to the United States


title: Domingo Zaldúa

text:
Domingo Zaldúa Anabitarte (10 July 1903 – 17 June 1986) was a Spanish international footballer who played as a defender.

Born in San Sebastián, he spent his entire career from 1923 to 1930 with his hometown club, Real Sociedad. He played in all three editions of the 1928 Copa del Rey Final against FC Barcelona, and scored in the second replay on 29 June, although Sociedad lost 3–1.

He made his international debut on 22 May 1927 in a friendly away to France, scoring two penalties in a 5–1 victory. He was selected for the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam, and opened the scoring in their quarter-final 1–1 draw with Italy. The 7–1 defeat in the replay was his last appearance for Spain.

International goals
Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first.

Honours
Real Sociedad
Copa del Rey: Runner-up 1928

References
General

Specific

External links

1903 births
1986 deaths
Footballers from San Sebastián
Real Sociedad footballers
La Liga players
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Spain men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Spain
Footballers at the 1928 Summer Olympics


title: William Cookson (priest)

text:
William Cookson (died February 1820) was a Canon of Windsor from 1792 to 1820.

Career
He was educated at St John’s College, Cambridge.

He was appointed:
Rector of Forcett St Peter and St Mary, Norfolk
Rector of West Ilsley 1808
Rector of Binfield

He was appointed to the eighth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1792 and held the canonry until 1820.

Notes

1820 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Year of birth unknown


title: Ceta Ramkhalawansingh

text:
Ceta Ramkhalawansingh is a Canadian civil servant and former politician, who was appointed on July 7, 2014 to represent Ward 20 (Trinity—Spadina) on Toronto City Council, following the resignation of Adam Vaughan.

Background
Originally from Trinidad and Tobago, Ramkhalawansingh emigrated to Canada in 1967, and studied political science and economics at the University of Toronto. While still an undergraduate student at the University of Toronto, she was actively involved in establishing the women's studies program in 1971. Ramkhalawansingh also undertook graduate studies at the Institute for Child Study and at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) where she completed an MA degree and coursework towards a doctoral degree. She worked for the Toronto District School Board before joining the municipal staff at Toronto City Hall. Her final position with the city was as director of diversity management and civic engagement within the city staff, a position from which she retired in 2010.

As an activist in the downtown Toronto Grange neighbourhood, Ramkhalawansingh was involved with protecting rental housing, saving heritage buildings from demolition, campaigning for responsible and appropriate development, including restrictions upon institutional expansion.

Her work on women's issues was recognized by Toronto City Council in 2012 with the Constance E. Hamilton Award, whose recipients are selected by the women members of council.

Council term

Ramkhalawansingh was appointed after a council vote that split along ideological lines, with mayor Rob Ford and most conservative councillors favouring former Peel Region police chief Robert Lunney. Ramkhalawansingh was elected by council on the second ballot with 22 votes to Lunney's 18. Her term ended on November 30, 2014; she did not stand as a candidate in the 2014 municipal election.

In August 2014, Ramkhalawansingh put forward a motion that Toronto City Council adopt a resolution to request that the federal government change the wording of "O Canada", specifically the line "all thy sons command", to be more gender-inclusive.

One of the important projects which she undertook while on council was the establishment of the Toronto Book Garden at Harbourfront Centre. The Toronto Book Garden highlights the literary hub established at Harbourfront Centre with the Toronto International Festival of Authors and The Word on the Street.

Post-council work
In December 2015, she co-founded the Campaign for Gender Equality in the Senate, which urged the Prime Minister to fill all 22 vacant positions with women, which would have the effect of achieving equality.

In 2022, she announced that she was donating many of her career records to the University of Toronto Archives, as well as donating many books to the New College library.

References

Toronto city councillors
Living people
Women municipal councillors in Canada
Women in Ontario politics
Trinidad and Tobago emigrants to Canada
Canadian people of Indian descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)


title: JAM TFO

text:
JAM is a Canadian television show that has aired on TFO since 2012 and is produced by Groupe Fair-Play. The series focuses on French Canadian comedian Patrick Groulx and seven French speaking singer-songwriters from Ontario between the ages of 15 and 24 years old.

Description

Over the series, the aim is to bring the seven young emerging Franco-Ontarian musicians to the Francofolies de Montréal, where they will perform on the biggest francophone stage in North America. The programme has aired three series on TFO since September 2012.

It is presented in the format of 10 episodes, each episode focuses on one of the musicians and their prospective music careers. The last three episodes are filmed behind the scenes while the young musicians prepare for their live performance at the Francofolies. The live show features an original song by each of the seven musicians and ends with a group song. According to fairplay, the official producers, the show is described as such: "JAM features a group of young artists from the next generation of Franco-Ontarian singer-songwriters. Hosted by Patrick Groulx, JAM is part road trip, part musical bootcamp and mentorship program for up-and-coming musicians as they work and play their way to their first big onstage gig at Montreal’s FrancoFolies."

The series is filled with comedy as host Patrick Groulx sets challenges for the young musicians such as writing a song in five minutes whilst putting up with ridiculous distractions, singing an original song in a bizarre location, or showing up to a radio studio without notifying the host. At the end of the series, the seven musicians have three days to put together a live performance under the artistic direction of Edgar Bori and the participation of already successful house-band Pat Groulx et les Bas Blancs.

The program will return for a consecutive third season with young emerging musicians Anika-France Forget, Céleste Lévis, Jade Bernier, Mariam Mishriki, Max Nolet, Erika Lamon and Patrick Godin.

List of musicians

Series 1
 Gabrielle Goulet, Bourget
 Stéphanie Aubertin, Sturgeon Falls
 Anne Berniquez, Saint-Isidore
 Sarah Cruzoë, Orléans
 William Lamoureux, Gatineau-Ottawa
 Akeem Ouellet, Mattawa
 Philippe St-Arnaud, Cornwall

Series 2
 James Zhao, Toronto
 Vanessa Thibodeau, Dubreuilville
 Raymond Piette, Hearst
 Venessa Lachance, Hearst
 Victoria Powell, Ottawa
 Yaovi Hoyi (YAO), Ottawa
 Philippe Brown et Michel Campeau, Ottawa

Series 3
 Céleste Lévis, Timmins
 Erika Lamon, Elizabethtown-Kitley
 Jade Bernier, Angus
 Mariam Mishriki, Toronto
 Patrick Godin, Sudbury
 Maxime Nolet, Ottawa
 Anika-France Forget, Ottawa

References

5.http://www.fairplayweb.com/en/productions/jam/

External links
 Official Site

TFO original programming
2010s Canadian reality television series
2010s Canadian music television series
2012 Canadian television series debuts
2014 Canadian television series endings


title: Brian Kennedy (hurler)

text:
Brian Kennedy (born 30 January 1992) is an Irish hurler who plays as a left corner-back for the Kilkenny senior team.

Born in Freshford, County Kilkenny, Kennedy first played competitive hurling whilst at school at Kilkenny CBS. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Kilkenny minor team before later joining the under-21 side. Kennedy made his senior debut during the 2014 National Hurling League and quickly became a regular member of the team. Since then he has won one National Hurling League medal, one Leinster Senior Hurling Championship and one All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship medal as a non-playing substitute.

At club level Kennedy is a one-time All-Ireland medallist in the intermediate grade with St Lachtain's.  In addition to this he has also won one Leinster medal and one championship medal.

Honours

Player
St Lachtain's
All-Ireland Intermediate Club Hurling Championship (1): 2010
Leinster Intermediate Club Hurling Championship (1): 2009
Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 2009

Kilkenny
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1): 2014 (sub)
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (1): 2014 (sub)
National Hurling League (1): 2014
Leinster Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 2012
Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship (1): 2012
All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship (1): 2010
Leinster Minor Hurling Championship (1): 2010

References

1992 births
Living people
Kilkenny inter-county hurlers
St Lachtain's hurlers


title: Michela Montevecchi

text:
Michela Antonia Montevecchi (born April 21, 1971) is an Italian politician.

She was elected to the Senate in the seventeenth Legislature with the 5 Star Movement in 2013, as the leading candidate of the district of Emilia Romagna.

She was re-elected to the Senate in the eighteenth Legislature with the 5 Star Movement in 2018.

On March 28, 2018, she was elected Secretary to the President of the Senate.

On June 21, 2018, she was elected Vice President of the Public Education and Cultural Heritage Commission.

Works
A sociolinguistic investigation into the meaning of peace: An investigation into the meaning of Peace in South African and Italian teenagers, Edizioni Accademiche Italiane, February 23, 2014,

References

External links

La pagliuzza e la trave, HuffingtonPost Italia

Living people
1971 births
Members of the Italian Senate from Lombardy
Senators of Legislature XVII of Italy
Senators of Legislature XVIII of Italy


title: Jonathan Davies (English priest)

text:
Jonathan Davies  ( – 1809) was an English schoolmaster and Anglican priest, a Canon of Windsor from 1782 to 1791.

Career

He was educated at King's College, Cambridge, receiving an MA in 1736.

He was appointed:
Headmaster of Eton College, Berkshire 1773–1792
Rector of Scaldwell, Northamptonshire, 1774
Provost of Eton College, 1791–1809

He was appointed to the eighth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1782 and held the canonry until 1791. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1789.

He died in 1809 and was buried at Eton College chapel.

References

1809 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Head Masters of Eton College
Year of birth unknown
Fellows of the Royal Society
Provosts of Eton College


title: Bartholomew Ball

text:
Bartholomew Ball (died 1573) was Mayor of Dublin in 1553–54.

He was the son of Thomas Ball and Margaret Birmingham. The Ball family owned lands in Dublin at Ballygall near Glasnevin and operated the bridge over the River Dodder after which Ballsbridge, Dublin, is named.

A merchant, Bartholomew Ball served as high sheriff of Dublin City for 1541–42 before becoming mayor for 1553–54.

He married Margaret Bermingham in 1530 (now the Blessed Margaret Ball) and lived in Ballygall, County Dublin. They had ten children, of whom only five survived. Their sons Walter Ball and Nicholas Ball both served as Mayor of Dublin. On becoming mayor, Walter arrested his aged mother for her Roman Catholic sympathies and incarcerated her in Dublin Castle until her death.

Bartholomew Ball died in 1573, and is buried in St. Audoen's Church, Dublin.

References

Lord Mayors of Dublin
1573 deaths
Year of birth missing


title: RCGC

text:
RCGC may refer to:

 Rowan College at Gloucester County, located in Sewell, New Jersey, United States
 Royal Calcutta Golf Club, the oldest golf club in India and the first outside Great Britain
 Royal Canberra Golf Club, a golf club in Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory


title: Crime Doctor (radio program)

text:
Crime Doctor is a radio crime drama in the United States. Sponsored by Philip Morris cigarettes, it was broadcast on CBS August 4, 1940 – October 19, 1947.

Premise
Crime Doctor featured two premises that were unusual—if not unique—in radio crime drama. The first was that the central figure, Dr. Benjamin Ordway, had survived amnesia. Radio historian John Dunning described the situation as follows:Originally a criminal himself, he got zapped on the head and lost his memory. With the help of a kind doctor, he began to build a new life and identity, studying medicine and eventually going into psychiatry. ... He decided to specialize in criminal psychiatry because of his intense interest in, and understanding of, the criminal mind.

A photographic story about the program in a 1946 issue of Radio Mirror magazine contained the following comment: "Dr. Ordway ... has become such a favorite with the Police Department of his city that he is constantly being called upon for his shrewd and eager opinions in baffling murder cases. Invariably, his keen medical mind fastens upon the one clue in a case which might otherwise be lost."

The second unusual premise was that, as a 1943 advertisement for a radio station noted, stories dealt with the rehabilitation of criminals. The background for this aspect of the program was that before suffering amnesia, Ordway had been a criminal mastermind. Thus, he went from heading a criminal gang to helping to rehabilitate criminals.

In 1943, Crime Doctor was reported to be one of three then-current programs "credited with being based on actual case histories of criminals and trials." The others were Famous Jury Trials and Gang Busters.

Format
The program underwent a change in format in 1942. Although Ordway remained the central character, the stories were presented differently. Crime Doctor initially had Ordway as a member of the parole board. When a convict came before the board, Ordway heard the presentation and then asked a "jury" selected from the studio audience to decide the prisoner's fate. Each jury contained an equal number of men and women.

After the 1942 revision, Ordway worked from home, no longer officially affiliated with government entities, "working with ex-convicts and helping them keep out of trouble, while at the same time aiding the local police in the unending fight against crime." In this phase of the program, listeners knew the culprit's identity from the beginning of the episode; the mystery was how he would be caught. Near the end of each episode, the announcer said, "Ladies and gentlemen, in exactly 57 seconds, Dr. Ordway will be back to tell you the piece of evidence overlooked by the suspect."

Creator's criminal connections

Max Marcin created Crime Doctor for radio. He also produced the program  and wrote its scripts—260 of them as of December 1945. Marcin had been a police reporter for the New York World newspaper. A contemporary newspaper story reported, "In those days he knew practically every underworld character in New York, some of them intimately." Thus, Marcin had much information from which he could draw for plots. The article noted that Marcin's characters "seem so true to life because they are from life," adding that he maintained his underworld contacts. At one point, in 1945, Marcin even had his name featured in the program's title, when it was changed to Max Marcin's Crime Doctor.

Characters and Cast

Sources: On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio, The Big Broadcast: 1920-1950

In 1942, McIntire left the program. Ed Jerome replaced him in the cast, portraying a new lead, Dr. Leroy Hart.

Announcers were Ken Roberts, Charles O'Connor Nelson Case and Carl Frank. Ray Bloch led the orchestra.

Adaptation
In 1943, Columbia Pictures began making movies based on the Crime Doctor program, producing a total of 10 films about the character.

See also
Crime Doctor (character)—the character on which the radio program and movies were based;
Crime Doctor (film)—the first of the movies based on the Crime Doctor radio program

References

External links
 Four episodes of "Crime Doctor" are available online from the Internet Archive.
 Four-page photographic story about "Crime Doctor" is available online in the November 1945 issue of Radio Mirror magazine.

CBS Radio programs
1940s American radio programs
American radio dramas
Detective radio shows
1940 radio programme debuts
1947 radio programme endings


title: List of Alan Cumming performances

text:
This is the filmography list for the Scottish-American actor, voice actor, director, producer, writer and activist Alan Cumming.

Film

Television

Theatre

Video games

Podcasts

References

External links

Male actor filmographies
British filmographies
Scottish filmographies
American filmographies