title: New Port Richey Public Library

text:
The New Port Richey Public Library is a public library in New Port Richey, Florida. The library is the only public library in Pasco County that is not a member of the Pasco County Library Cooperative

History
The library was founded by Elroy M. Avery as the Avery Library and Historical Society. The charters and papers of incorporation were created on December 22, 1919; the Avery Library and Historical Society formally opened within the Snell building with a collection of approximately 2,000 volumes on April 10, 1920. The Scofield Bible (a personal copy of Avery's) was the first book cataloged in the library. In 1924, Avery also published a local history text, "The Genesis of New Port Richey," to be included in the library's collection. Originally, the library charged patrons $1 a year for borrowing privileges. In the 1960s, the library was renamed to reflect the change of ownership to New Port Richey and the usage fee was dropped.

The first Chasco Fiesta held on March 2–4, 1922, was an early source of funding and was provided by the Friends of the Library, previously The Library Associates. It was then in 1924 that the library moved to the Sims building "for increased protection from fire..." followed by a move the next year to the Morey-Bowman building. In 1963, with a new library construction being built on Main and Jefferson, the library was voted to be named the New Port Richey Public Library. Finally, in 1987 an expansion for City Hall and the library were approved with the grand opening of its current location occurring in early 1991. During this phase of expansion, the old library building at Jefferson and Main was turned into City Hall, while the library moved into the lot next door, which was previously a school.

In May 2013, the library opened a short lived second location, dubbed the Avery branch, in the newly renovated Elfers CARES Center. NJROTC students from Gulf High School assisted in the set up. This branch is no longer in operation.

In October 2020, the library commemorated its hundred-year anniversary with a 1920s themed gala and a special edition library card with a black-and-white image of the library printed on the front of each card. Following the centennial, the library undertook a more than $2 million renovation as a part of the facility improvements included in the library's 2017–2022 Long Range Plan. This renovation was a complete remodeling of the building's interior, improving both floors of the library with the inclusion of private study rooms, programming and conference rooms, and a more open floor plan for the children's department on the second floor. Solar panels were also installed on the libraries roof during the renovation, funded by EBSCO Industries with New Port Richey Public library being one of three recipients of the company's 2019 Solar Grant. It took roughly nine months to complete the renovation, from March 2021 to January 2022, during which time the library pledged to stay open to patrons as much as possible, and was only closed for five days. The rededication ceremony for the library's upgraded facilities took place in June 2022, featuring the dedication of a time capsule set to be opened in 2050, and a ceremonial ribbon cutting.

Current services and programming
In addition to lending of its materials holdings, the New Port Richey Public Library offers many programs and services for the community. The library works with several local organizations and groups in the community, including the West Pasco Historical Society, which was founded in the 1970s with the support of then-director, Janet Lewis. The New Port Richey Public Library is fine free.

Adult programs and services
Due to the Covid-19 pandemic and the library's renovation in 2021, some of the library's regular programming was put on hiatus. Former programming included several language groups, a writer's group, technology classes, and chair yoga.  Notably, the library previously hosted a weekly French language conversation group during which French speakers would gather for casual conversation and to improve their use of the language. As of 2022, former programs were beginning to return, including Guten Tag German Language class and Qigong guided meditation, along with new programs. The library has also hosted musical events; in 2013, guitarist Ana Vidovic played at the library, and in May 2022, the library hosted musician Sofia Talvik. In addition, in 2022, New Port Richey Public library received funding from the Florida Humanities Council for two sessions of a ten week English For Families course. In 2022, New Port Richey Public Library was also a participant in the Career Online High School program administered by the State of Florida. To encourage reading and library usage, the library hosts several reading challenges throughout the year for children, teens and adults.

For over eight years, the library celebrated its Reel Pride LGBT Film Series. In addition to Reel Pride, the New Port Richey Public Library has also held film festivals emphasizing human rights. In 2005, the library participated in the Human Rights Video Project, an ALA-sponsored film series made up of 13 documentaries focusing on human rights. In 2019, the library hosted Drag Queen StoryTimes.

The library has increased the variety of its holdings through the addition of an adult graphic novel collection. The library also offers a circulating art collection, called Art on the Move.

New Port Richey Public Library has hosted a variety of food related programming, including a 2019 Urban Food Sovereignty Mini Summit, and cooking classes featuring Chef Warren, who returned to the library for events in 2022 following Covid-19 and the renovation.

Tasty Tuesdays and Community Garden
A weekly organic farmers' market, known as Tasty Tuesdays, has been held in the library courtyard since 2012. Local growers come to lay out their harvest as a part of the urban gardening movement that has spread throughout the country. The library also hosts Master Gardener events in conjunction with Tasty Tuesday, administered through the University of Florida's IFAS extension, including Earth Day events and a lecture series.

In conjunction with this effort, the library created a seed library in August 2013, through which patrons can check out seeds like they would books. This trend caught on in neighboring libraries, with Dunedin Public Library launching its own seed library within a couple of months.

Teen and children's programming
The library has made many efforts to engage its youth patrons. In an effort to keep up with digital trends, the library celebrated International TableTop Day with board games and video games geared toward teenage patrons. The library has offered chocolate-making classes for both children and teens as well. The library formerly had a teen advisory board known as YOLO (Youth Offering Library Opinions), which participated in the 2013 Cotee River Cleanup. The teens continued their work during the Cotee River Clean Up by beautifying the Gene Sarazen Overlook Tower as a community works project. In addition to community service projects, YOLO members volunteered to help out at library events like Pi Day.

The library offers weekly story times and children's yoga classes, as well as various other programs and events, including an annual reptile show, a visit from the SPCA Suncoast animal shelter, and other education and entertaining presenters. In addition, the library has a permanent StoryWalk at the James E. Grey Preserve for children and families to explore a book in the outdoors; the book and its accompanying activities that the StoryWalk centers on is changed quarterly.

The library also takes part in the annual Reading with the Rays summer reading program.

Awards
New Port Richey Public Library is one of the founding members of the Florida Library Association. In 2006, the library was honored as the first recipient of the FLA's "Library of the Year" award. The library was is also one of the original members of the Tampa Bay Library Consortium, which it is still participates in to build connections between and with other area libraries.

Library Journal gave the New Port Richey Public Library a rating of 4 out of 5 stars in 2013. It was the only library in the state to earn a rating from Library Journal that year. In 2016, it made the Library Journal Index again with a 5-star rating, the highest-ranked in the state and one of only three Florida libraries to make the list.

In 2014, the Florida Library Association awarded library director Susan Dillinger with the Librarian of the Year Award. In 2017 the Florida Library Association awarded Library Director Susan Dillinger with the Lifetime Achievement Award.  In 2012, Dillinger was appointed as the interim city manager for New Port Richey. In honor of her service in this role for almost two years, an art exhibition wall in City Hall was named the Susan Dillinger Art Gallery.

References

External links
 City of New Port Richey
 Pasco County Library Cooperative
 New Port Richey Public Library Friends of the Library

Public libraries in Florida
New Port Richey, Florida
1920 establishments in Florida
Libraries established in 1920


title: 2014 in fish paleontology

text:
This list of fossil fishes described in 2014 is a list of new taxa of placoderms, fossil cartilaginous fishes and bony fishess of every kind that have been described during the year 2014, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of fishes that occurred in the year 2014. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

Research
 An overview of adaptations for locomotion in water in fossil fishes is published by Fletcher et al. (2014).
 New fossil material of the Cambrian chordate Metaspriggina walcotti is described by Conway Morris and Caron (2014), who reinterpret M. walcotti as a primitive fish.
 A study of relationships and character distributions of early gnathostomes, including placoderms and acanthodians, is published by Brazeau and Friedman (2014).
 Cranial anatomy of the placoderm Romundina stellina is described by Dupret et al. (2014).
 A specimen of the ischnacanthiform acanthodian Nerepisacanthus denisoni is described from the Late Silurian Bertie Formation of southern Ontario, Canada by Burrow and Rudkin (2014).
 A specimen of the acanthodian Acanthodes bridgei with preserved tissues of its eye, which provides the first record of mineralized rods and cones in a fossil, is described from the Late Carboniferous Hamilton Formation in Kansas, USA by Tanaka et al. (2014).
 An analysis of the fossil record of Carcharocles megalodon, intending to establish its date of extinction, is published by Pimiento and Clements (2014).
 A study of the phylogenetic relationships of the Triassic halecomorph Archaeosemionotus connectens is published by López-Arbarello, Stockar and Bürgin (2014).
 Triassic scanilepiform neopterygian species Fukangichthys longidorsalis is revised by Xu, Gao and Finarelli (2014).
 A study of the phylogenetic interrelationships of lampridiform teleosts and of their Late Cretaceous relatives, is published by Davesne et al. (2014).
 A virtual cranial endocast of the lungfish Rhinodipterus kimberleyensis from the Late Devonian Gogo Formation of Australia is presented by Clement and Ahlberg (2014).
 A study on the histology of the humerus of Eusthenopteron is published by Sanchez, Tafforeau & Ahlberg (2014).

New taxa

Newly named jawless vertebrates

Newly named placoderms

Newly named acanthodians

Newly named cartilaginous fishes

Newly named bony fishes

References

2010s in paleontology
Fish


title: Tyler Robinson

text:
Tyler Robinson may refer to:
Tyler Robinson, co-founder of The Tyler Robinson Foundation
Tyler Robinson (singer), contestant on The Voice (US series 1)
Tyler Robinson (American football), member of the 2011 Kentucky Wildcats football team
Tyler Robinson (Canadian football), participated in the 1986 CFL Draft
Tyler Robinson (production designer), won the ADG Excellence in Production Design Award for the Portlandia episode Missionaries
Tyler Robinson (businessman), owner of Main Event Wrestling


title: Nakamura Satoru (general)

text:
Baron  was a career soldier in the early Imperial Japanese Army, serving during the Russo-Japanese War, and was an aide-de-camp to Emperor Taishō.

Biography
Nakamura was born as the second son of a samurai of Hikone Domain (present-day Shiga Prefecture). Joining the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army in July 1871, he was promoted to corporal in November 1873. After attending the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army Academy, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in November 1874. He fought as an officer in the IJA 2nd Brigade during the Satsuma Rebellion of 1877.   He was assigned to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office from March 1879. After his promotion to major in May 1886, he became a battalion commander with the IJA 10th Infantry Regiment. He became a member of the staff of the IJA 1st Division in May 1888. He served as an instructor at the Army Staff College from December 1889. In April 1891, he served on the staff of the IJA 5th Division.

Nakamura was appointed aide-de-camp to the Crown Prince (the future Emperor Taishō in December 1891, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in September 1892. During the First Sino-Japanese War, he served as Aide-de-camp to the Emperor of Japan from the end of October 1894 and was promoted to colonel in December of the same year. In April 1897, he was given command of the IJA 46th Infantry Regiment, which served as a garrison force in Taiwan. He was promoted to major general in September 1899. From April 1900, he was chief-of-staff of the military bureau of the Governor-General of Taiwan.

In March 1902, Nakamura was assigned command of the IJA 2nd Brigade, which deployed to Manchuria in March 1904 as part of the Japanese Third Army at the start of the Russo-Japanese War. The unit served with distinction during the Battle of Nanshan. During the Siege of Port Arthur Nakamura led a forlorn hope force named the , after their distinctive white chest bands, three times against the Russian fortifications, taking great casualties. Nakamura was himself wounded during the assault on the night of 26 November 1904, during which most of his 4,500 man unit was annihilated with no significant result.

In January 1907, Nakamura became commander of the IJA 15th Division. In September 1907, he was made a baron (danshaku) in the kazoku peerage system. At the end of December 1908, he was once again Aide-de-camp to the Emperor of Japan. In September 1914, he served as resident-general of the Kwantung Leased Territory. In January 1915, he was promoted to full general. During World War I he was appointed to sit the Supreme War Council in 1917. He entered the reserves in February 1919. On his death, he was posthumously awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays.

References

Notes

1854 births
1925 deaths
People from Shiga Prefecture
Japanese generals
Japanese military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Kazoku


title: Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Paralympics

text:
Democratic Republic of the Congo first competed at the Paralympic Games in 2012, at the Summer Games in London, sending two wheelchair athletes to compete in track and field events.

The D.R. Congo has never taken part in the Winter Paralympic Games, and no athlete from this country has ever won a Paralympic medal.

Full results for the DRC at the Paralympics

See also
 DR Congo at the Olympics

References


title: Hampartzoum Berberian

text:
Hampartzoum Berberian (; Adana, May 25, 1905 – Watertown, Massachusetts, March 13, 1999) was an Armenian composer, conductor and political activist.

Background

Born in the Adana province of the Ottoman Empire, Hampartzoum was the youngest of 13 children. During the 1915 Armenian genocide, he ended up in Aleppo, Syria, where he found refuge in the local American orphanage. There his musical gifts became evident.

Career

Through Smyrna, in time, he ended up in Greece, where he decided to become a musician. Berberian enrolled in the Athens Conservatory, studying conducting with Dimitri Mitropoulos. He graduated in 1929. In addition to the indisputable gifts as a composer, Berberian was talented as a violinist, conductor and teacher. In 1931, he was appointed Associate Dean to the Hellenic Conservatory in Cyprus, where he built a reputation as a successful composer and conductor.

In 1945, Catholicos Karekin I of Cilicia invited him to Lebanon to serve as music teacher at the Antelias Theological Seminary, as well as in the schools of the Armenian General Benevolent Union. During this time, Berberian composed many works and conducted numerous concerts. He traveled to various cities in the Middle East, Europe, North and South America, disseminating Armenian music generally and his own work particularly. From then on, he also became the musical operative of the Armenian Democratic Liberal Party.

He moved to the United States in 1962 and became a naturalized citizen in 1968. He lived in Watertown, MA, and was the director of music ministry at the Holy Trinity Armenian Apostolic Church in Cambridge, MA. He was honored by many religious leaders and secular organizations for his contributions in music, culture and education.

Hampartzoum Berberian passed away in Watertown, MA on March 13, 1999.

Selected compositions

Stage works
 Թիթեռ ("Butterfly" - children's opera, 1934)
 Շողիկ ("Shoghig" - opera, 1939)
 Արեգնազան ("Areknazan" - opera, 1940)
 Թամար ("Tamar" - opera, 1995)

Orchestral works

 "Armenian Maidens," Dance Fantasy No. 2
 Violin Concerto
 Cello Concerto

Choral works with instrumental accompaniment
 Ուրախ լեր մայր լուսոյ ("Rejoice Mother of Light" - Magnificat Hymn)
 Սարտարապատ  ("Sardarapat" - Choral Oration / Paruyr Sevak)
 Խորհուրդ Վարդանանց ("Sacrament of Vartanantz" - Cantata / text by Vahan Tekeyan)
 Ղարաբաղ  ("Gharabagh" - Choral Ode / text by Hovhannes Shiraz)
 "Requiem Aeternam" (Text by Yeghishe Charents)
 Սայաթ Նովա ("Sayat Nova" - Choral Ode / text by Yeghishe Charents)
  Եկեղեցին հայկական ("The Armenian Church" - Oratorio / text by Vahan Tekeyan)
 "Lincoln at Gettysburg" - Choral Oration
 Աղօթք վաղուան սեմին առջեւ ("Prayer on the Threshold of Tomorrow - Cantata / text by Vahan Tekeyan)
 "Resurrection" - Cantata Sacra
 4 Նայիրեան խմբերգներ - Հայաստանի գովքը, Գութաներգ, Խօսք իմ որդուն, Հայոց համբարձումը ("Four Ballades from Nayiri": "Ode to Armenia" / text Yeghishe Charents, "Harvest Song" / text by Chituni, "A Word to My Son" / text by Silva Kaputikyan, "Ascension of Armenians" / text by Fr. Sarhadian)

Choral works

 Սարերի աղջիկ ("The Mountain Girl" / text by Fr. Sarhadian)
 Գիւղացի գեղեցկուհին ("Beauty of Villages" / text by Fr. Sarhadian)
 Խաչը ("The Cross" - Motet / text by Yeghishe Tourian)

Songs with piano
 Սէր մը գաղտնի ("The Secret Love" / text by Vahan Tekeyan)
 Կ՚անձրևէ տղաս ("It's Raining My Son" / text by Vahan Tekeyan)
 Ոսկի երազ ("The Golden Dream" - duet / text by Mihran Damadian)
 Սիրտս ("My Heart" / text by Hmayeak Arekents)
 Աչքերդ ("Your Eyes" / text by Sibil)
 Սէր ("Love" / text by Zareh Melkonian)
 Սիրերգ ("Love Song")
 Հասուն արտ ("Ripe Harvest" / text by Daniel Varoujan)
 Շէկլիկ աղջիկ ("The Blonde Maiden" / text traditional)
 Անոր ("To Her" / text by Tlgadintsi)
 Երգ Հայաստանի ("Ode to Armenia" / text by Azad Vshduni)
 8 Աշուղական խաղեր, Սայաթ Նովայի խօսքերով ("8 Art Songs in Troubadour Style" / text by Sayat Nova)
 5 Նայիրեան երգեր - 1. Գիւղ հայրենի, 2. Զմրուխտ սարից հովեր կու գան, 3. Վարուժնակիս,  4. Գողթան երգը, 5. Լուսաւորչի կանթեղը ("5 Art Songs from Nayiri": 1. "Native Village" / text by Yeghivart; 2. "Winds from Emerald Hills" / text by Hovhannes Shiraz; 3. "To My Little Varoujan" / text by Daniel Varoujan;   4. "Bardic Song from Goght" / text by K. Ipekian; 5. "The Lamp of the Illuminator" / text by Hovhannes Toumanian)

Organ

 Ուրախ լեր ("Rejoice O Holy Church" based on Medieval chant by Catholicos Sahak III of Dzorapor)
 Խորհուրդ խորին ("O Mystery Deep" based on Medieval chant by Khachatur of Taron)

References

1905 births
1999 deaths
Armenian activists
Armenian composers
Armenian conductors (music)
Armenian musicians
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century composers
People from Adana
People from Watertown, Massachusetts
Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
American people of Armenian descent
Syrian emigrants to the United States
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire


title: EMCO Wheaton

text:
EMCO Wheaton is a multinational manufacturing company headquartered in the United Kingdom and Germany. It makes fuelling systems, as well as fluid loading and unloading products for oil and gas, chemical, fuel, and food and beverages. The company is one of four strategic brands that form part of parent company Ingersoll Rand Transport Solutions. It works across a wide range of different sectors, including road, rail, marine and aviation. It is the largest loading and unloading arms manufacturer in the world and has representation in more than 110 countries.

History
EMCO Wheaton’s roots stretch back more than 130 years, with the creation of two separate companies. The first was Wheaton Petroleum Valves, founded in Newark, New Jersey in 1892; the second was The Empire Manufacturing Company, established in London, Canada in 1903. Upon incorporation in 1906, The Empire Manufacturing Company changed its name to EMCO Brass and in 1927 entered into an exclusive licensee arrangement with Wheaton Petroleum Valves, creating ‘EMCO Wheaton’ for the first time.

In 1949, EMCO Brass Limited was set up in Croydon, in what is now a part of Greater London. This plant manufactured Wheaton petroleum valves under licence and was the first subsidiary to be established outside of North America. The Croydon plant soon proved too small and the company was relocated to Margate, Kent in 1952, where the company can be found today.

In 1965, EMCO Wheaton acquired Buckeye Iron and Brass Works based in Dayton, Ohio. The company manufactured nozzles, dry-break couplings and underwing aircraft refuelling couplers. Finally, in 1967 all outstanding Wheaton shares were purchased by EMCO Limited, bringing all three major brands – EMCO, Wheaton and Buckeye – under single ownership.

In September 1995, EMCO Wheaton’s distribution, transportation and marine business was sold to Syltone – a UK-based company. Syltone introduced a manufacturing consolidation programme, which ceased production of loading arms at Margate. EMCO Wheaton UK became the hub company for tank truck equipment, while EMCO Wheaton GmbH, in Kirchhain, Germany became the hub company for marine loading arms.

In January 2004, Illinois-based Gardner Denver acquired Syltone and the EMCO Wheaton businesses were consolidated. Gardner Denver positioned the brands within its energy and infrastructure group, where they can still be found to this day. Later on in 2006, TODO was added to the EMCO Wheaton portfolio, strengthening the company’s offering with the addition of premium couplings and adapters.

In 2013, global investment firm KKR purchased Gardner Denver. The company continues to support EMCO Wheaton and its ambition to provide the best fuel and loading systems for customers across the world.

In early 2020, Gardner Denver merged with Ingersoll Rand. In 2021, Ingersoll Rand Transport Solutions was established as the parent organisation for four strategic brands: EMCO Wheaton, TODO, GHH Rand Transport and Gardner Denver Transport. These businesses work collaboratively to provide a complete suite of solutions for customers working across logistics and transport.

Products

Fuelling Systems

EMCO Wheaton manufactures road tanker loading and unloading systems, dry-break and API Couplers, adapters and a variety of aviation and industrial nozzles for refuelling systems, including:

• Automatic hot refuelling nozzles

• Over-wing fuelling nozzles

• POSILOCK 105 fuelling system

• POSI/LOCK-BLUE UREA dispensing system

• Off-road automatic fuelling system

The company also produces tank truck systems and components, including fuel metering for domestic deliveries.

Loading Systems

Specialising in loading arms for a range of applications, EMCO Wheaton manufactures systems for the loading and unloading of product for ships, ISO containers, rail cars and tank trucks. Products in this range include:

• Marines loading arms

• Top and bottom loading arms

• Speciality arms

• Access equipment and swivel joints

Locations

EMCO Wheaton has a global presence with manufacturing facilities and regional sales offices around the world. These include:

•	Asia-Pacific: China, Hong Kong, India, South Korea, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand

•	Middle East: Bahrain, UAE

•	Europe: Germany, Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Finland, France, Netherlands, UK, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland

•	Americas: USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina

•	Africa: South Africa

See also
Gardner Denver Inc.
Ingersoll Rand

References

Manufacturing companies established in 1906
Companies based in London, Ontario
1906 establishments in Ontario
Canadian companies established in 1906


title: Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene, Warsaw

text:
The Metropolitan Cathedral of the Holy and Equal-to-the-Apostles Mary Magdalene (; ) is a Polish Orthodox cathedral, located at al. Solidarności 52 in Warsaw.

It opened in 1869, serving the needs of a growing community of Russians settling in the area of present-day Praga Północ. During the Second Republic, the cathedral became one of two free-standing Orthodox churches in Warsaw, which were not destroyed or adapted for other purposes.

It is the main Polish Orthodox Church. The cathedral is also the cathedral for the Diocese of Warsaw-Bielsk.

It was entered into the register of monuments on July 1, 1965 with No. 741.

History

Background of the need to build the cathedral

Serious development of Praga, which took place in the second half of the 19th century, combined with the general development of Warsaw, meant thousands of people settled in the area. The incoming settlers were dominated by Russians and citizens of the eastern area of the Russian occupation, professing Orthodoxy. This was also the professed religion of the soldiers of the two Russian garrisons, which were located in Praga. In total, across the whole of Praga, Orthodoxy constituted ten percent of all residents. This population was forced to use a church located on the other side of the Vistula river, and there were repeated calls for the bishop of Warsaw and Ioannicius (Ioann Semyonovich Gorski - Archbishop of the Russian church) to undertake the construction of a new church. In November 1865, the governor of the Polish Kingdom Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg granted consent for the formation of a committee to oversee the construction of the church. Two years later, the bishop announced the launch of preparatory work.

The church Building Committee was founded by Prince Vladimir Cherkassky and General Yevgenii Rozhnov, for which the construction of the church at Praga was also an answer to the real needs of the population and an opportunity to build it in a strategic part of the city (opposite the Vilnius train station) to provide a long lasting sign that Warsaw belonged to the Russian Empire. In the words of Rozhnov, the church was another way to consolidate Russian rule. After its completion, General Rozhnov and the director of the works, Colonel Palitsyn, received state awards.

The strategic nature of the construction led to the architect of the Holy Synod, Nikolai Sychev, submitting a blueprint and cost estimate in 1867. It was assumed the building would have one dome and be without a bell tower, which had a total cost of close to 122 thousand rubles. After opinions on the request from St. Petersburg, the Building Committee introduced significant modifications to the church making the church conform with the temples of Kiev, which was to emphasize the relationship of the Orthodox Church in Polish lands with the Kiev metropolis and to deny allegations of its foreign origins, and artificial introduction. They were also instructed to erect a bell tower, increasing the total cost to 140 thousand rubles. The Building Committee, wanting to obtain public funding for the investments, accepted the amendment and ordered construction of the church on a plan of a Greek cross with five domes. After the project changes, the building had an area of 776 square meters and a capacity for 800-1000 people in a service.

Construction

The foundation stone of the church was laid June 14, 1867, but prior to this phase of construction stabilization of the soil was needed. Despite these initial delays, the facility was ready in the raw state as early as the end of 1868, and work on the design was completed within the next six months. The building work was managed by the engineer Colonel Palitsyn. The first fully independent Orthodox church architecture in Warsaw was created - others, such as the church of the Holy Trinity in Warsaw were Orthodox churches with no distinct features; homemade eastern religious architecture; housed in buildings that were Roman Catholic (such as the church of Our Lady of Vladimir Icon in Wola); or were part of the larger architectural complexes, which was a natural limit to their creators (such as the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in the Warsaw Citadel). During the construction of the church, they worked exclusively with Russian artists.

The consecration of the church was combined with a solemn procession of Warsaw Orthodox clergy, which went to the sound of bells at nine o'clock in the morning from the council of the Holy Trinity at Długa Street in Warsaw. The procession welcomed Archbishop Ioannicius, who began the ceremony and then celebrated the Holy Liturgy and the service of thanksgiving.

The functioning of the church prior to the First World War

St. Mary Magdalene, until the end of World War I, served parish church functions only. Nevertheless, with its construction and maintenance, the Russian authorities thought it extremely prestigious, due to its location. Kholmsko-Varshavskii Eparkhial'nyi Vestnik, the official organ of the Eparchy of Chełm and Warsaw, wrote in 1895:

Because of this connection, and because of the special importance of the church by 1895, a general overhaul was requested by Archbishop Flavian (Gorodetskii) in a letter to the Holy Synod's, Konstantin Pobedonostsev. He claimed that the church was in a poor condition and could cause an adverse impression compared to nearby Roman Catholic Church of St. Michael and St. Florian, which was still under construction. The archbishop also pointed to the fact that the church often aroused the keen interest of foreign visitors to Warsaw. The renovation was led by Vladimir Pokrovskii, acting as the principal architect for the eparchy. The building was re-consecrated after the work was completed on 8 September 1895.

The interwar period and World War II

In 1921, the Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene was renamed the Metropolitan Council, becoming the Polish Orthodox Church's most important church. The council announced the decision along with the recognition of the Polish Orthodox Church as an autocephalous Orthodox Church, contained under the patriarch of Constantinople. This took place on Sept. 17, 1925. With the decision to knock down the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Piłsudski Square, saving the Mary Magdalene was connected with progress in reclaiming other Orthodox churches (by the Polish state and the Roman Catholic Church) in the Polish capital, leaving only two Orthodox churches (the other being St. John Climacus's Church). Others were transferred to other religions or demolished.

Plans for demolition were with the city council, but the local authority finally abandoned these in 1926. To celebrate this decision, an icon to the Black Madonna of Częstochowa, an image especially revered by Polish Catholics, was placed in the cathedral. In 1928, a second temple, the chapel of Christ's Passion, was created in the basement of the church, which stored part of the salvaged equipment from the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral. Earlier, in 1925, a major renovation began. Due to lack of money, this had to be interrupted after only the outside of the building had been worked on. Only in 1930 was it possible to undertake renovation work of the interior, in particular the cleaning of the frescoes. The Repair Commission, headed by Bishop Sawa (Jerzy Sowietow), also ordered the restoration of the iconostasis of St. Job of Pochayiv and the repair of electrical installations.

During World War II, the church did not suffer major losses. In 1939, an aerial bomb blast in the vicinity caused minor damage to the roof of one aisle. In autumn 1944, after shootings in Praga by the Nazis, one of the bullets hit the largest of the domes, causing the collapse of its roof. Losses arising in this way were fixed temporarily in 1945. An extensive fire almost resulted in the destruction of the church in 1944, but the spontaneous reaction of the population of Praga saved it. In 1944, Germany confiscated the church bells for the purpose of making missiles. The bells were broken before removal, and then abandoned. It turned out that they were not suitable for melting down. The destroyed bells were welded together and placed near the entrance to the building. The new bell was purchased for the church in 1947, from the contributions of the faithful. Repeated requests from the pastor, Fr. Jan Kowalenko to the Ministry of Public Administration added five more bells.

During the People's Republic of Poland

Immediately after the war, the clergy council planned to make repairs. Lack of funds and a decrease in the number of parishioners, which did not give an opportunity to effectively fundraise, prevented this from happening. Only from 1955 to 1957, with 90% of the funding provided by the Municipal Conservation, Social Fund for the Reconstruction of Warsaw and the Church Fund, were new stairs, new council paving and a new gate added. No attempt was made - because of the lack of funds - to restore the frescoes, which had been damaged by moisture.

The Metropolitan of Warsaw, Stefan (Stepan Rudyk), initiated subsequent repair work. Selected in 1966, by the Repair Committee, Fr. Semeniuk returned the following year for public funds. The communist authorities granted a million złotys for this purpose, but against the enormity of losses inside the building in the absence of regular maintenance, the Committee also looked for other sources of support, including from abroad. The poor state of the frescoes made the Arts and Theological Commission, cooperating with the Committee, consider completely new decorative painting. This did not occur.

There is a fresco of the Last Supper in the altar room. Next to it is an image of Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane, and the fresco above of Oranta. On the side walls, the council planned the painting of the Three Holy Hierarchs images, St. Stefan and patrons of the Metropolitan of Warsaw: St. George, St. Dionysius, St. Timothy and St. Macarius. Above the entrance was planned a composition showing the birth of Christ, with an iconostasis of Christ the Savior. The project did not represent the entire surface of the walls but included selected images of saints and scenes depicting 12 great feasts of the Orthodox Church.

It was also proposed to place information boards with the history of the church in the atrium. The Renovation Committee organized a competition for the project, but this initiative was blocked by the Conservation Authority, ordering instead the exact reproduction of the frescoes from the first years of the council. The work was led by Tadeusz Romanowski and Ryszard Bielecki, and the representative of the Church overseeing the work was Hegumen Sawa (Hrycuniak). This stage of the repair was combined with the installation of electrical and sound equipment. In 1965 the cathedral was added to the Register of Monuments. Services did not take place during the building work. The faithful instead prayed in the lower chapel or in the private Archangel Michael Chapel of the Orthodox Metropolitan House.

As part of the finer work inside a cathedral, Adam Stalony-Dobrzański made a new stained glass window showing the meeting of Christ with Mary Magdalene.

The Third Republic of Poland

In 1996, the new parish priest, Fr. Jan Sezonow, took part in a thorough renovation of the lower chapel.

New renovations were initiated, in turn, by Metropolitan Sawa of Warsaw (Hrycuniak). After 1998, the floor of the cathedral was changed, windows and electrical systems were replaced, and entrance stairs were built. In 1999, new safeguards were established against the accumulation of groundwater. At the beginning of the 21st century, another restoration of the frescoes was made, which revealed that they were in worse condition than had been expected. Therefore, some elements - such as the Lord's Prayer written in the main dome - had to be repainted. Gilding on the crosses and domes was also fixed.

Architecture

The building was built on a Greek cross, covered with a hipped roof. The church has five onion-domes with Orthodox crosses, located on octagonal drums. Side drums at the same time have a bell tower with ten bells cast in Westphalia. All the windows in the building are semicircular decoratively framed motifs and columns. Drums, below the roof, are decorated with rows of arcs. Originally on the west wall of the church, in Tondo form, Vinogradov was a composition depicting Christ surrounded by Saints Cyril and Methodius. On the eastern wall, the same artist painted Anthony and Theodosius Pechersky in Tondo form. On the northern wall is the image of the Mother of God based on the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, Holy Martyrs characters, Catherine and St. Alexandra, and on the south - Saints Helen and Olga. All these images have been degrading gradually and don't survive now.

The main entrance to the church was located on the west with a closed semicircular portico with double half-columns situated on pedestals. Over the portico is a forged window with a decorative border, below which are three empty Tondo. The entire west facade repeats the shape of the portico. The entrance to the lower church, located below the main church, is on the south side. From the east, the church has an apse with a row of semi-circular windows. In a bay is an image of the patron saint of the church.

Interior

Frescos

Until the late 19th century, work continued on decoration inside the temple. A group of 27 murals were painted by Sergei Vinogradov: he made firmament images of the Mother of God, Moses, Elijah, David, Isaac, evangelists, and ornate text format prayer to Our Father. On the side walls of the church the same creator painted figures of Constantine the Great and St. Vladimir, and the apostles James, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Simon and Jude Thaddaeus and Saints Basil the Great, John Chrysostom, Nicholas, Gregory the New Theologian, Sergius of Radonezh and the "Moscow miracle-workers" Saints Alexis, Jonah and Peter. In the room he also made an altar fresco of The Last Supper and the figure of God the Father. Over the entrance door is a fresco with the image of Our Lady, and over the windows are frescos of St. Vladimir and St. Constantine the Great.

Distribution of images of saints have cast their importance in the history of salvation. Characters of Old Testament prophets, according to the Byzantine tradition, are found on the inner side of the main drum, which was indicative of their mediation between earth and celestial sphere. In contrast, figures of saints connected with the history of Russia would remind you of the status of the Orthodox Church as the state religion in that country.

Icons

The focal point of the lowest order are openwork tsarist gates, which were icons of the Annunciation and the Evangelists. On both sides of the gate were traditionally arranged figures of Christ and the Virgin Mary. On the left side of the tsarist gates are icons of the prophet Elisha, and St. Vladimir, on the right, St. Stephen and Mary Magdalene. The second row forms (left to right) an icon of the Mother of God, the Nativity with the Mother of God, the Last Supper, the Baptism of the Lord and the Birth of Christ. The top row is an icon of the Holy Trinity, the Resurrection and the Ascension of the Lord.

In 1892, an icon of Saint Job of Pochayiv was added beside the altar. It is double-sided and contains images of Christ, the Virgin, the Archangel Gabriel and Saint Job in the bottom row, and the icon of the Last Supper in the upper row. The tsarist gates contain the same icons as the main gates of the iconostasis. At the end of the 19th century, an iconostasis that was originally in the church of Tatiany Rzymianki was added.

In 1926 an icon of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa was placed at the second of the altars. This is a votive altar of thanksgiving for the survival of the Orthodox church's sacred objects.

Other items of equipment

The church had two stoves for heating. The original plan was to install modern and unprecedented gas lighting in the church, against which the Archbishop Ioannikii demanded the use of traditional wax candles. As the archbishop argued, wax softens the fire, which reminds man that his heart was becoming softer in the light of the teachings of Christ.

In addition to the icons located in icon cases, the church also had images of the saints set separately. These icons were funded in 1869 by the Warsaw district military command, as a gift of gratitude for saving the life of Tsar Alexander II from another coup.

In 1890, to the right of the iconostasis, was a copy of the Icon of the Mother of God, Pochayiv. It was given to the church by the Archimandrite Macarius, a monk at Mount Athos, and in 1915, during the exodus of Russians after World War I, it was taken to Russia. The current image is a copy made at a later date by Archimandrite Paisius, a monk of the Pochayiv Lavra. The Council has a total of 15 images of saints placed in a gilded icon cases. There are icons of St. Andrew, St. Alexandra, St. Sergius of Radonezh, Christ blessing the children, Ascension, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. Nicholas, St. Seraphim of Sarov, Pochayiv Icon of Our Lady, St. Panteleimon, and St. Theodosius of Chernihiv.

Under the pillars of the council are icons of St. Stephen the Archdeacon, St. Anthony Pecherskii, St. Elizabeth, and St. Mitrofan. In the 19th century, also in Pochayiv Lavra, there also appeared two church banners portraying the Resurrection of the Lord and the patron of the church and St. Job of Pochayiv.

Lower chapel

The chapel of the Passion of Christ was organized in the basement of the church in 1928. It looked different than from now and included some very modest iconostasis, the aisles were narrow, and the walls were decorated with frescoes. In September 1939 the chapel served local residents as a raid shelter.

The current appearance of the chapel came about in the second half of the 20th century. During this period, Lidia and Sotiris Pantopulos did, among other art, frescoes on the ceiling. The side walls were dug closer to the foundations, increasing the area of the chapel and giving it the form of a cross. In the right aisle, mosaic fragments by Viktor Vasnetsov of the Communion of the Apostles from the St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (which was demolished in 1926), which the parish received from the National Museum in 1985. In the mosaic, which is the lower part of the apse altar triptych, only the head of Christ and the 12 apostles is preserved. After cleaning, it was mounted in a special frame, forming a semi-circular gallery.

At the back of the chapel is located symbolic Golgotha. Work was also carried out on the iconostasis, including a gilded frame icon and placed between the elements cut from the malachite columns of the cathedral in Saxon Square (where the St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was located), passed along by the National Museum along with the mosaics.

The main icon in the lower chapel is a copy of the Icon of the Iverska Mother of God, which was donated in 1904 by the monks of Athos. It was moved here from the top of the church and set in a decorative case at the left front of the iconostasis. Across from the icon is placed the patron saint of the lower temple - St. Dionysius the Areopagite - a gift in 1933 from the Metropolitan Dionizy (Waledyński) from the diocese of Volhynia.

Saint Joseph's Oratory. Michael the Archangel

Near the cathedral, the Orthodox Metropolitan House (al. Solidarności 52) has a chapel for Archangel Michael, opened in 1999. The chapel is under the direct management of the Metropolitan (superior) of the Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church.

Bibliography

 Łuczyńska J., Paterek J., Sitarek N., Metropolitalna Cerkiew Polskiego Autokefalicznego Kościoła Prawosławnego pw. św. Marii Magdaleny, al. Solidarności 52 (pol.), [accessed 2009-08-10].
 Paszkiewicz P., Pod berłem Romanowów. Sztuka rosyjska w Warszawie 1815-1915, Warsaw 1991.
 Pilich M., Warszawska Praga. Przewodnik, Fundacja "Centrum Europy", Warsaw 2008, .
 Ks. Sawicki D., Historia Katedry Metropolitalnej w Warszawie in Wiara i poznanie. Księga pamiątkowa dedykowana Jego Eminencji Profesorowi Sawie (Hrycuniakowi) prawosławnemu metropolicie warszawskiemu i całej Polski, University of Bialystok, Bialystok 2008, .
 Sienkiewicz H., Cerkwie w krainie kościołów, TRIO, Warsaw 2006, .
 Sokoł K., Sosna A., Kopuły nad Wisłą. Prawosławne cerkwie w centralnej Polsce w latach 1815-1915, Moscow, MID "Synergia", .

External links
 History of the Cathedral on the parish website - in Polish

Cathedrals in Poland
Eastern Orthodox churches in Poland
Churches in Warsaw
Polish Orthodox cathedrals
Church buildings with domes
Churches completed in 1869
19th-century churches in Poland
19th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
Mary Magdalene


title: Apostolus Christinopolitanus

text:
The Apostolus Christinopolitanus is a Cyrillic manuscript of the Acts and Epistles with commentary, written in Church Slavonic of the East Slavonic recension in the middle of the twelfth century.  It takes its name from the town of Krystynopol (now Chervonohrad), where it was kept until 1908.  The greater part of the manuscript (291 leaves), is now in the Historical Museum in Ľviv (MS 37); a further 8 leaves are in the National Library of the Ukraine in Kyiv (MS VIII.3).

The manuscript in its present condition is incomplete, lacking Acts i 1 – ix 27 and xiii 6–19, I Peter ii 11-25, I Timothy iv 8 – vi 21, and all of II Timothy, Titus and Philemon.  Unusually, the Epistle to the Hebrews is placed between II Thessalonians and I Timothy.  The epistles are accompanied by the prefaces and chapter-lists of the Euthalian Apparatus and by extensive commentary.  The manuscript is very unusual in having the scriptural text occupying the central area of the page and the commentary in smaller writing in the wide margins surrounding it, an arrangement common in Greek manuscripts but almost unknown in the Slavonic tradition, where the text and commentary usually occupy the same central area.

The Apostolus Christinopolitanus was published in 1896 by Emil Kałużniacki, who however printed only the scriptural text (supplying the missing parts with text from other manuscripts) and omitted the commentary.  After a thorough restoration of the manuscript, carried out in 2007 and 2008, a digital facsimile was made available by the National Library.

The text of the Apostolus Christinopolitanus, in Kałużniacki′s edition, was used as a source for Slavonic variants to the Greek New Testament in the United Bible Societies′ edition, somewhat unfortunately, as the editors failed to notice that some of the variants actually come from the other manuscripts used by Kałużniacki, and because, despite the antiquity of the manuscript, the text is not a good witness to the earliest Slavonic version: in common with other manuscripts that include commentary, it ″bears the marks of revision and subsequent influence from Greek manuscripts".  The manuscript nevertheless has considerable linguistic and text-critical importance for the Slavonic version, particularly when the commentary is taken into account.

References

Church Slavonic biblical manuscripts
Slavic manuscripts


title: Vladislav Krasnov

text:
Vladislav Krasnov (, Vladislav Georgievich Krasnov; born  February 24, 1937) is a Russian and American scholar and writer. While his scholarly works were published with his name spelled as Vladislav Krasnov, his social and political commentary appears under the name W. George Krasnow.

Biography
Vladislav Krasnov was born in Perm in 1937. In 1960 he graduated from Moscow State University with a degree in history and anthropology, and obtained a position with the Swedish service of Radio Moscow. On October 26, 1962, while on a trip to Sweden, he requested political asylum from the Swedish authorities, thus becoming, in the eyes of Soviet authorities, a defector.
For several years he studied and lectured in Swedish universities, and in 1966 moved to the United States.

During his US academic career, Vladislav Krasnov obtained a Master's degree in Slavic languages and a Ph.D. in Russian literature from University of Washington (1974). He taught and conducted research at University of Texas, Austin,  Southern Methodist University, Monterey Institute of International Studies, and Hoover Institution at Stanford University. He also was a visiting researcher at Sapporo University in Japan.

The defector study
In 1985, Vladislav Krasnov published a book which, according to Peter Reddaway, became the first scholarly study of the phenomenon of "defection" from the Soviet Union.  The work summarized several years of research he conducted at Hoover institution using a variety of sources. The most important source for his work was the document he nicknamed "The KGB Wanted List": an  internal KGB publication containing a list of some 600 defectors then at large, summarizing the information the Soviet authorities had on each person‘s background, circumstances of their defection, their then-current whereabouts and activities,  as well as the information about any in absentia sentences they may have received. The publication had been leaked to the émigré magazine Posev, an organ of the National Alliance of Russian Solidarists. The leaked KGB files were supplemented by a number of other sources, such as records of interviews with a number of defectors conducted by US officials in the 1950s, and materials gleaned from the media.

The collected materials allowed Krasnov to conduct a detailed statistical analysis of the phenomenon of defection throughout the four post-World War II decades.

In his work Vladislav Krasnov also analyzed the attitudes of the American authorities (or the authorities of US allies) toward defectors, or potential defectors. He decried the not too uncommon actions of the US authorities choosing to discourage, or sometimes forcibly expel Soviet sailors, deserters, diplomats, etc. who wanted to "choose freedom". While the cause célèbre of the 1970s was the Simonas Kudirka affair, Krasnov publicized a number of other violations of the non-refoulement principle; as he noted, the authorities too often were guided by the motives of diplomatic expedience or immediate benefits to the US intelligence rather than by humanitarian principles or ideals of freedom. As an example,  he contrasted the star treatment of Lt. Viktor Belenko, who flew a valuable MiG-25 fighter to Japan with that of First Lt. Valentin Zosimov, who flew to Iran in an An-2 "crop duster", and was promptly deported back to the USSR and a long prison sentence.

Notes

References

1937 births
Moscow State University alumni
Living people
Russian political writers
Russian political activists
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Russian anti-communists

ru:Краснов, Владислав Георгиевич


title: Antonia Santiago Amador

text:
Antonia Santiago Amador (born 24 December 1946, better known as La Chana) is a Catalan gypsy dancer.

Born in Barcelona in 1946, Amador Santiago is best known as a flamenco dancer with the stage name of La Chana, inherited from her uncle, the guitarist El Chano.  She had two significant periods in her professional career, between 1966 and 1979 and again between 1985 and 1991. She married Felix Comas.

References

External links

Dancing with Closed Eyes

1946 births
Living people
People from Barcelona
Spanish female dancers
Flamenco dancers


title: Itä-Häme

text:
Itä-Häme () is the eastern part of the historical province Tavastia in Finland. It is in Päijänne Tavastia, Southern Savonia and Central Finland.

Leivonmäki National Park is in Itä-Häme.

Itä-Häme is also known by manufacturing of sahti.

Municipalities
 Hartola
 Heinola (town)
 Joutsa
 Luhanka
 Pertunmaa
 Sysmä

Disestablished
 Heinolan maalaiskunta (merged into Heinola in 1997)
 Leivonmäki (merged into Joutsa in 2008)

Dialects
Despite being a part of Tavastia, only the dialect of Heinola is a Tavastian dialect. The dialects of the other municipalities are Savonian dialects of the Päijänne subgroup, a group of Savonian dialects with Tavastian influence; for example, they lack the type of consonant gemination found in most other Savonian dialects (e.g. the partitive form of kala "fish" is kaloa, not kalloa/kalloo).

Most of the area may have adopted a Savonian dialect due to the Cudgel War, in which many of the original Tavastian inhabitants of the area were killed, allowing Savonians to settle in the area. Despite this, the people of the area still see themselves as Tavastians.

References

Geography of Finland
Regions of Finland


title: Liu Yanhao

text:
Liu Yanhao () (died 937) was an official and general of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Tang, serving briefly as the chief of staff (Shumishi) for its last emperor and his brother-in-law Li Congke.

Background
It is not known when Liu Yanhao was born, but it is known that he was from Ying Prefecture (應州, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi).  His grandfather Liu Jianli () and father Liu Maocheng () both had accomplishments as army officers.  (The biography of his older sister Lady Liu, who married Li Congke at some point, in the New History of the Five Dynasties, gave their father's name as Liu Maowei ().)  When Li Congke was commissioned the military governor (Jiedushi) of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) by his adoptive father, then-emperor Li Siyuan, in 932, he had Liu Yanhao made an officer at Fengxiang.  Liu Yanhao, while serving under Li Congke at Fengxiang, developed a reputation for being kind and tolerant.

During Li Congke's reign
In 934, Li Congke overthrew then-emperor Li Conghou (his adoptive brother and Li Siyuan's biological son) and became emperor.  He created Liu Yanhao's sister Lady Liu empress.  Because of his status as the empress' brother, as well as his reputation for being kind and tolerant, Li Congke initially commissioned Liu Yanhao as the director of palace grounds (宮苑使, Gongyuanshi), and then the more important office of director of palace affairs (宣徽使, Xuanhuishi).  In 935, he commissioned Liu as the minister of justice (刑部尚書, Xingbu Shangshu) and chief of staff.  Shortly after, he commissioned Liu as the military governor of Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei).

It was said that, after Liu took over the Tianxiong command, his disposition changed.  He seized many people's properties and spent much time in feasts.  He also did not regularly provide salaries to his soldiers, leading to much resentment from them.  In summer 936, by which time Li Congke's brother-in-law Shi Jingtang (the husband of Li Siyuan's daughter Princess of Jin) the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) had rebelled against Li Congke, Liu's officer Zhang Lingzhao (), seeing the soldiers' resentment, led a mutiny against him, intending to seize Tianxiong and join the Hedong rebellion.  Liu fled to the capital Luoyang.  Li Congke, in anger, wanted to exile him.  However, with Empress Liu interceding for him, Li Congke only removed him from his posts and ordered him back to his mansion.  (Zhang's mutiny was later suppressed by Fan Yanguang.)  However, he did not appear to completely fall out of favor with Li Congke, as later in the year, after the general Zhang Jingda, whom Li Congke had initially sent against Shi, was defeated by the joint forces of Shi and his backer, Emperor Taizong of Later Tang's northern rival Khitan Empire, Liu, along with Zhang Yanlang and Liu Yanlang (), were said to be proponents of Li Congke personally leading an army against Shi.

Death
However, after another general Li Congke had sent, Zhao Dejun, was also defeated by the joint Khitan/Hedong forces, the morale in Li Congke's own army collapsed.  Li Congke, finding the situation hopeless, returned to Luoyang, and committed suicide by fire with his family, including Liu Yanhao's sister Empress Liu.  Liu Yanhao initially hid.  However, after Shi (who had declared himself emperor of a new state of Later Jin) entered Luoyang, Shi issued an edict that largely pardoned Li Congke's subjects, but condemning Zhang Yanlang, Liu Yanlang, and Liu Yanhao.  Liu Yanhao, apparently finding it impossible to continue his hiding, committed suicide by hanging several days later.

Notes and references

 Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 69.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 279, 280.

937 deaths
Politicians from Shuozhou
Generals from Shanxi
Later Tang shumishi
Later Tang jiedushi
Weibo jiedushi
Later Jin (Five Dynasties) people
Suicides by hanging in China
Year of birth unknown
Suicides in Later Jin (Five Dynasties)
Suicides in Later Tang


title: Mems

text:
Mems or MEMS may refer to:

 Microelectromechanical systems, the technology of microscopic devices, particularly those with moving parts
 Modular Engine Management System, an electronic control system used on engines in passenger cars built by Rover Group
 Mem (computing), a measurement unit for the number of memory accesses

See also
 Mem (disambiguation)


title: María Herazo González

text:
María Fernanda Herazo González (; born 22 March 1997) is a Colombian professional tennis player.

In her career, Herazo González has won ten singles and 16 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 24 September 2018, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 317. On 28 August 2023, she peaked at No. 205 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Playing for Colombia Fed Cup team, Herazo González has a win–loss record of 12–14 (as of September 2023).

She has won a total of ten medals in events of the Olympic cycle, of which seven are gold, two silver and one bronze, being the Colombian with the highest number of gold medals in these events for her country.

She has also won several tournaments on the ITF Circuit and has reached the semifinals of WTA Tour tournaments.

Performance timelines

Singles

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 17 (12 titles, 5 runner-ups)

Doubles: 41 (20 titles, 21 runner-ups)

References

External links

1997 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Barranquilla
Colombian female tennis players
Tennis players at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
Tennis players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Tennis players at the 2019 Pan American Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in tennis
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Colombia
Pan American Games competitors for Colombia
21st-century Colombian women
21st-century Colombian people


title: Petru Leucă

text:
Petru Leucă (born 19 July 1990) is a Moldovan professional footballer who plays as a forward for Zimbru Chișinău.

Career

One of Moldova's top young prospects, Leuca was a leading figure in the Moldovan top-flight, the Divizia Nationala, for the first six years of his career, before being signed overseas. He ventured abroad playing in various countries including Lithuania, Greece and India, however, his stay at these clubs were short-lived due to the coronavirus pandemic, which cut short their league campaigns.

A notable marquee signing in both Kuwait and Oman, Leuca subsequently attracted interest from Asian clubs including Chonburi and Persebaya, before starring for Nagaworld in Cambodia, scoring eight times.

International career
After featuring for Moldova at all age-group levels, he made his debut for the Moldova senior national team on 14 February 2015 in a friendly vs Romania in Aksu, Kazakhstan. He has been called up to the senior side a total of 12 times against opposition including Kazakhstan, Montenegro, Azerbaijan and Albania, however, his debut against Romania remains his only appearance.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Chișinău
Moldovan men's footballers
Moldova men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Moldovan expatriate men's footballers
FC Academia Chișinău players
FC Milsami Orhei players
FC Iskra-Stal players
FC Dacia Chișinău players
FC Ungheni players
FC Petrocub Hîncești players
FC Oleksandriya players
FK Jonava players
Khaitan SC players
P.A.E. G.S. Diagoras players
Sohar SC players
Moldovan Super Liga players
A Lyga players
Serie D players
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Expatriate men's footballers in Lithuania
Expatriate men's footballers in Kuwait
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Oman
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Lithuania
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Cambodia
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait
Moldova men's youth international footballers
Moldova men's under-21 international footballers
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Oman
Expatriate men's footballers in Thailand
Expatriate men's footballers in India


title: Graham Everest

text:
Graham Robert Everest (14 December 1957 in Southwick, West Sussex – 30 July 2010) was a British mathematician working on arithmetic dynamics and recursive equations in number theory.

Life
Everest studied at Bedford College (now Royal Holloway College) of the University of London where he completed a Ph.D. in 1983 under the supervision of Colin J. Bushnell of King's College London (The distribution of normal integral generators in tame extensions of Q.)  He joined the faculty of the University of East Anglia in 1983 as a lecturer and spent his academic career there.

He was ordained a priest in the Church of England in 2006. He died of prostate cancer on 30 July 2010, leaving behind his wife and three children.

Awards
In 1983 he became a member of the London Mathematical Society. In 2012 he was awarded the Lester Randolph Ford Award jointly with Thomas Ward for their work in diophantine equations.

Writing
 With Thomas Ward: Introduction to Number Theory, Springer-Verlag  2005.
 With Alf van der Poorten, Thomas Ward, and Igor Shparlinski: Recurrence sequences, American Mathematical Society 2003.
 With Thomas Ward: Heights of polynomials and entropy in algebraic dynamics, Springer Verlag 1999.

References

1957 births
2010 deaths
Alumni of King's College London
Academics of the University of East Anglia
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
21st-century English Anglican priests


title: Starke R. Hathaway

text:
Starke R. Hathaway (August 22, 1903 – July 4, 1984) was an American psychologist who co-authored the psychological assessment known as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). He was a longtime faculty member of the Department of Psychology at the University of Minnesota.

Early life
Hathaway was born in Central Lake, Michigan, on August 22, 1903, moved to Kansas at the age of 7, and grew up in Marysville, Ohio. As a child, Starke showed great interest in mechanical, electrical, chemical, and quantitative processes. By the time he was 8 years old, Hathaway was allowed to build his own workshop outside the family home.

Education
Following his electrical interests and drive, Hathaway entered the school of engineering at Ohio University in the early 1920s. However, he was disappointed in the lack of opportunities and outlets that his talent required, and he felt that he was not being challenged. As such, Hathaway began to seek out more challenging material. He was immediately attracted to psychology and switched majors, although his approach did not waver and focused on mechanistic and quantitative methods. By 1927, he had graduated from Ohio University with his bachelor's degree in psychology, with a minor in mathematics, and stayed to continue his education. He studied under James P. Porter as a graduate student, whom he considered to be an important influence in his development as a psychologist. A year later, in 1928, he obtained his master's degree in psychology.

After graduation, Hathaway served as a research assistant in engineering with Harry Johnson at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Here, he developed an automatic camera that enabled researchers to record participants' movements while they slept. This invention is one of the contributions acknowledged by the American Psychological Associations in awarding him the APA Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications of Psychology in 1977.

In 1932, Hathaway took a position as a lecturer while also pursuing his PhD in psychology from the University of Minnesota under the mentorship of Richard M. Elliott. During his time there, he was also influenced by outstanding psychologists via stimulating debates about psychological matters and approaches, such as Karl Lashley, B. F. Skinner, Edna Heidbreder, and Donald G. Paterson. He received his PhD in psychology, with a concentration in physiology, and his dissertation was titled, "An Action Potential Study of Neuromuscular Relations during the Simple Reaction".

Academic career
Hathaway stayed as an associate professor in psychology at the UMN Hospital, with a joint appointment in the department of anatomy. His chief responsibility during this appointment was to establish a division of clinical psychology in the department of psychiatry at the UMN Medical School. The concurrent training of psychologists and psychiatrists was with little conflict as Hathaway's approach incorporated rigorous quantification to mental health based on empirical principles. He believed that psychological qualities could be engineered and influenced in the same was physical matter could be. Further, Hathaway adamantly argued that biological processes underlie psychological phenomena and that anatomical and physiological education is essential to their understanding. His childhood interests continued into the development of his notable career, as much of what he had initially accomplished during these early years was engineering and mechanically focused. Hathaway was credited with designing an ideal psychiatric facility and building amplification equipment to measure neuromuscular potentials for research conducted at the hospital, the psychogalvanometer.

Hathaway was avidly interested in other languages and international collaboration. He had a working knowledge of French and German, and facile in Spanish. He often lectured or led discussions in Spanish at the National Autonomous University during his annual trips to Mexico. Although he did not view himself as a promoter of the MMPI and did not accept invitations to conduct workshops or hold lectures, he was much more interested in extending the use of the instrument to other cultures and making it available in other languages. He collaborated with and provided consultation on the translation of the MMPI into Spanish, published in Mexico in 1967, and used in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Mexico.

In 1937, Hathaway was awarded tenure as a member of the faculty of the medical school, working closely with the medical staff. Through this appointment, Hathaway began working closely with J. C. McKinley, with whom he later created the MMPI. He collaborated often with E. D. Monachesi and Whit Longstaff. Further, throughout his time at UMN, Hathaway trained several influential graduate students, including Paul E. Meehl, Harrison G. Gough, W. Grant Dahlstrom, and Howard Hunt.

In 1963, he was granted the APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award in 1959 and served as the APA President in 1963. In 1977, Hathaway received the APA Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications of Psychology.

Professional contributions

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
In the 1930s, the time when Hathaway and McKinley first began constructing their novel personality inventory, psychiatry and neurology had become established clinical specialties in the United States, yet there was little unity between both clinical fields and with psychology. Following WWI, numerous personality assessments were published, including the MMPI. However, many of these assessments that claimed to detect clinical problems or serve as aids in psychiatric diagnoses had not been validated against external criteria. Conversely, the MMPI remedied those deficits and provided the practitioner with a means of clinical diagnosis that could be used by the general medical professional within a variety of settings, as well as nonmedical professionals. The MMPI was developed specifically with an empirical criterion approach to operationalize clinical phenomena derived by selecting items known to be endorsed by patients with certain pathologies. The difference between this approach and other test development strategies used around that time was that it was in many ways atheoretical (not based on any particular theory) and thus the initial test was not aligned with the prevailing psychodynamic theories. This measure was successful in capturing aspects of human psychopathology that were recognizable and meaningful despite changes in clinical theories.

Acceptance of the test grew steadily (Dahlstrom, 1992) until by the late 1950s, the MMPI had become the most widely used objective measure of personality and psychopathology, and the subject of both basic and applied research. In addition to extensive use in clinics and hospitals, the test was being administered to patients in general medical settings, to inmates in correctional facilities, to military personnel, and to candidates for positions involving high stress and responsibility for public safety. Furthermore, the test was being translated into foreign languages—by 1976 over 50 translations were available.

However, the MMPI had flaws of validity that were soon apparent and could not be overlooked indefinitely. The control group for its original testing consisted of a very small number of individuals, mostly young, white, and married people from rural Midwestern geographic areas. The MMPI also faced problems with a number of the items were deemed outdated or offensive because of sexual or religious content, its terminology not being relevant to the population it was supposed to measure, and it became necessary for the MMPI to measure a more diverse number of potential mental health problems, such as "suicidal tendencies, drug abuse, and treatment-related behaviors."

With graduate student Paul Meehl, Hathaway developed three validity scales embedded within the MMPI: the L, or lie, scale indicates when a client is "faking good"; the F, or infrequency, scale indicates when a client is "faking bad"; the K, defensiveness scale identifies individuals in denial about their behaviors and symptoms. The initial scales included: hypochondriasis (Hp), depression (D), hysteria (Hy), psychopathic deviate (Pd), paranoia (Pa), psychasthenia (Ps), schizophrenia (Sc), mania (Ma).
Shortly after the MMPI was published, research began to be conducted on its use with adolescents, and in the mid-50s Hathaway and Monachesi, intending to expand use of the test by employing it to predict delinquency among adolescents, conducted a series of longitudinal studies and reported their findings in a book, organizing coded profiles for juveniles based on adult atlas of profiles

Instrumentation
Consistent with his life-long interests and background, Hathaway's early work focused on developing mechanical and electrical devices to measure psychological processes. His first publication as a graduate student in 1929, "A Comparative Study of Psychogalvanic and Association Time Measures: A New Psychogalvanic Apparatus", demonstrated his ability to conceptualize psychological and mental processes and to use biological and engineering methods to quantify them. This apparatus was used to measure galvanic skin response in a reliable manner, both at rest and during emotionally salient conditions. He patented this device as a "lie detector" and built and sold 30 devices to other psychology departments. He was henceforth noted nationwide as the inventor of a lie-detector machine and it was used to solve a murder case in Athens, Ohio.

Physiological psychology

In the early 1940s, Starke Hathaway authored two textbooks, An Outline of Neuropsychiatry (1940), which served as an indexed resource for diagnosis of nervous and mental diseases, and Physiological Psychology (1942), which summarized the central nervous system and functional subsystems and psychological and behavioral consequences of injury and disease.

As a clinician
Later in his career, Hathaway moved beyond his original interest in psychophysiology and diagnosis and became interested in psychotherapy. He avoided theories and orientations that dictated universal treatment strategies and instead favored models that were designed to fit particular cases and clients. Took an empirical approach to cognitive/medical psychology regarding therapy, rather than imposing his own biases or preconceptions on data, let the data speak for themselves. He referred to his methods as pragmatical or "redirective psychotherapy" and described them as resembling Albert Elis rational emotive behavior therapy. He was a master clinician, with great sensitivity to the problems of others and skill at helping others see their problems clearly. His pragmatic orientation well-suited him to helping patients with psychological disorders, particularly those with chronic, long-term problems who were often referred to him by other clinicians. He was also well known for founding an experimental inpatient treatment unit at the UMN Hospital in the 1960s.

Personal qualities
Hathaway was often described as pragmatic, a trait that was central to the approach he took to every area he pursued, breaking down larger problems into its component parts. He described himself as a "nuts and bolts" empiricist in everything he undertook. He applied rigorous quantification and empiricism to human and psychological problems. He strongly believed human problems could be "engineered" in much the same way as physical matter could be influenced by electrical and mechanical forces. This was an idea he shared with B. F. Skinner with whom he often engaged in intense discussions and debates.

Along with his mechanical proclivities, Hathaway was an avid fisherman and he spent a great deal of time at his cabin in northern Minnesota, fishing for walleyes. However, he was never far from a workshop to continue working on mechanical and electrical projects, up until the year of his death. He died in Minneapolis in 1984 after an extended illness.

Roland Peek (the former chief of Psychological Services for the Department of Public Welfare of Minnesota) contributed to the collection of letters presented to Hathaway at a ceremony honoring his contributions in psychology in 1969. In it, he wrote:

Lasting contributions to psychology
With the collaboration of J. C. McKinley, Hathaway brought a desperately needed personality assessment that provided and objective portrayal of clinical symptoms and problems. Through their method of "blind empiricism", the MMPI has upheld the test of time and application. One of the more distinguishing features of Hathaway and McKinley's questionnaire was the use of a large "normal" population to serve as a reference group against which clinical samples could be compared to develop scales that would empirically differentiate clinical groups. Hathaway was an avid believer in test norms and standard units of measurement for assessing clinical dimensions. He insisted that one should not develop norms to be used for a specific population and believed that the MMPI norms should be the same for the varying groups that take it, from the elderly, adolescent, or international and cross-cultural population. Although Hathaway was not the first psychologist to address the impact of response bias on the quality of data obtained, his work with Paul Meehl on the development of the L, F, and K scales represented a major contribution to the science of personality assessment.

On the occasion honoring Hathaway's contribution in 1969, Harry Harlow wrote:

Not only did Hathaway provide this rigorous empiricism to his development of psychological and physiological instruments, but also to the conceptualization of clinical cases. Rather than imposing his own biases or preconceptions on the data, Hathaway chose to let the data speak for themselves. Specifically, he let patterns, or profile types, of the MMPI that differed from the general population serve as identifiers of traits and clinical symptoms as well as predictors of behavior. Stemming from this empirical orientation, Hathaway and colleagues cataloged cases in reference guides known as "atlases" to guide practitioners in determining the meaning of particular scale elevations or profile patterns.

Hathaway's empirical orientation and his desire to apply rigorous objective methods to the science of psychology (from personality to physiology) and clinical, applied work advanced the field substantially. Although Hathaway was credited with many contributions and a lasting mark on the field, he discouraged accepting anything as "standard" (even the MMPI). Regarding the movement to revise the MMPI, he noted about what he saw as a "mystery of missing progress".

Hathaway had expressed disappointment with what he saw as a lack of progress in the field, and openly challenged researchers and academics to strive for innovation and to improve personality assessment through empirical iterative processes. Hathaway ended his professional career with the same down-to-earth, questioning, pragmatic approach he used when he began it.

See also
Psychological testing

References

20th-century American psychologists
Psychometricians
1984 deaths
1903 births
People from Marysville, Ohio
University of Minnesota people
Personality psychologists


title: VA-215 (U.S. Navy)

text:
VA-215, nicknamed the Barn Owls, was an Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy. It was established 22 June 1955, and disestablished on 31 August 1967.

A second VA-215 was established on 1 March 1968 and disestablished on 30 September 1977.

Operational history
August–November 1958: VA-215, operating from , conducted flight operations in the Formosa Straits due to the tension surrounding the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis.
24 March 1959: The squadron’s commanding officer, Commander P. Rippa, was killed on a training flight in Yosemite Valley.
March 1961: Lexington, with VA-215 embarked, operated off the coast of Thailand as a result of the deteriorating position of Laotian government forces against the Pathet Lao. Units of Lexington’s air group flew reconnaissance missions over Laos.
15 April 1962: Embarked on , the squadron operated off the coast of South Vietnam during the arrival of the first U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) advisory unit in South Vietnam.
May 1962: VA-215 and other CVG-21 squadrons from Hancock were prepared to support a U.S. Marine Corps unit that landed in Bangkok and moved by air to Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base. The Marine landing was at the request of the Thai government because of its concerns surrounding the success of Pathet Lao forces along the Thai-Laotian border.
September 1963: VA-215, embarked on Hancock, operated off the coast of Taiwan due to increased tensions between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of China.
November 1963: VA-215, embarked on Hancock, operated off the coast of South Vietnam following the coup that overthrew President Diem.
December 1964: Squadron aircraft participated in its first Operation Barrel Roll, armed reconnaissance and strike missions along infiltration routes in Laos.
February 1965: Skyraiders from the squadron participated in Operation Flaming Dart, reprisal attacks against military targets in North Vietnam.
March–May 1965: The squadron’s Skyraiders participated in special operations in Southeast Asia, including Operation Rolling Thunder, strikes against designated military targets in North Vietnam.
5 March 1966: The squadron’s commanding officer, Commander R. C. Hessom, was killed in action during a mission over North Vietnam.
March 1966: Squadron aircraft participated in Operation Jackstay, providing close air support for amphibious operations that cleared the Rung Sat Special Zone, the river channels, southeast of Saigon.

Home port assignments
The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown:
 NAS Moffett Field – Jun 1955
 NAS Alameda –Dec 1963
 NAS Lemoore  Dec 1964 - 1967

Aircraft assignment
The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown:
 AD-6/A-1H Skyraider – August 1955
 AD-7/A-1J Skyraider – June 1961

See also
List of squadrons in the Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons
Attack aircraft
List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons
History of the United States Navy

References

Attack squadrons of the United States Navy
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons


title: Himalayan Expressway

text:
The Himalayan Expressway is a 27.5 km stretch of highway in India that runs through the Shivaliks at the trijunction of Haryana, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh. It is part of the Chandigarh–Shimla Expressway which connects Zirakpur in Punjab to Parwanoo in Himachal Pradesh. It forms part of National Highway 5. The stretch runs through 2 km in Zirakpur, Punjab, 21 km in Panchkula, Haryana, and 4.5 km in Parwanoo, Himachal Pradesh. It was constructed by Jaypee Group.

Although the road cuts short the distance between Zirakpur and Parwanoo by only 3 km, but it helps save fuel and cuts time of travel between Delhi and Shimla by 1 hour to 7 hours, by helping commuters bypass the congested towns of Pinjore and Kalka.

In August 2023, several sections of the expressway were damaged by landslides and floods during the 2023 North India floods. Geologists argued that the cutting of the mountains for highway construction had destabilized the slopes.

Salient Features
 The stretch has 32 structures including a rail overbridge, two flyovers and 11 bridges.
 Total Project cost Rs.412 Crore.
 The 14-lane toll plaza at Chandimandir, is the first plaza in India to be fitted with radio frequency identification (RFID) technology.
 For better monitoring of mishaps, it is fitted with video incident detection system (VIDS).

See also

 Expressways & highways in Haryana
 Expressways in Punjab
 Expressways in India

References

Expressways in Haryana
Expressways in Punjab, India
Expressways in Himachal Pradesh


title: Peter B. Gilkey

text:
Peter Belden Gilkey (born February 27, 1946 in Utica, New York) is an American mathematician, working in differential geometry and  global analysis.

Gilkey graduated from Yale University with a master 's degree in 1967 and received a doctoral degree in 1972 from the Harvard University under the supervision of Louis Nirenberg (Curvature and the Eigenvalues of the Laplacian for Geometrical Elliptic Complexes). From 1971 to 1972 he was an instructor in computer science at the New York University and from 1972 to 1974 was a lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley. From 1974 to 1980 he was assistant professor at Princeton University, he spent one year at U.S.C., and in 1981 he became associate professor and in 1985 professor at the University of Oregon.

He wrote a textbook on the Atiyah–Singer index theorem. In 1975 he was Sloan Fellow. He is a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

Gilkey retired from the University of Oregon in June 2021 and is now a Professor Emeritus.

Writings
  Online

 With Tohru Eguchi, Andrew J. Hanson Gravitation, Gauge Theories and Differential Geometry, Physics Reports, Volume 66, 1980, pp. 213–393

Notes

External links
 Homepage

20th-century American mathematicians
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
1946 births
Living people
New York University faculty
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
University of Oregon faculty
Yale University alumni
Harvard University alumni
21st-century American mathematicians


title: Perry Nove

text:
Perry Richard Nove  is a retired British senior police officer who served as Commissioner of the City of London Police from 1998 to 2002.

Police career
Nove was awarded the Queen's Police Medal (QPM) in the 1997 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of his service as assistant commissioner for the City of London Police. He was appointed Officer (Brother) of the Order of St John (OStJ) in 1999, and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2003 New Year Honours for services to the police.

References

Commissioners of the City of London Police
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English recipients of the Queen's Police Medal


title: San Pietro, Modena

text:
The Monastery and Church of San Pietro (St Peter) is a building complex located on Via San Pietro in central Modena, Italy. The site still hosts an active Benedictine monastery, and the building now serves as a parish church.

History
The Benedictine Abbey was founded in the year 983 by Bishop Hildebrandus. As early as the tenth century the monastery was equipped with an apothecaur to serve the abbey infirmary.

In 1434 the monastery was aggregated to the Congregation of Santa Giustina, which later became the Cassinese Congregation. The church was rebuilt during 1476 to 1518. The work has been attributed to Pietro Barabani of Carpi. The church was consecrated in 1518.

In front of the church, the column called Saint Peter’s Cross dates from before the 11th century.

The external frieze of the church peculiarly depicts secular images of hippocamps and winged satyrs completed by the brothers Bisogni. The bell tower dates from 1629.

The interior was decorated during the early Renaissance by local artists, including six terracotta sculptures by Antonio Begarelli. The interior has altarpieces by Francesco Bianchi Ferrari, Ercole dell'Abate, Giacomo Cavedone,  J. van Ghelde, Giovanni Battista Ingoni, Ludovico Lana, Pellegrino Munari, Girolamo Romanino, Carlo Ricci, Ercole Setti, Giovanni Taraschi, Francesco da Verona, and others.

The sixth chapel on the right contains an altarpiece by Giovanni Gherardo Dalle Catene depicting the Madonna, St Luke, and John the Evangelist.

The wooden choir was carved by Gian Francesco Testi. The 16th century organ was made by Giovanni Battista Facchetti. The sacristy has frescoes attributed to Girolamo da Vignola and engraved choir benches (1548) by Gianfrancesco da Cremona.

The monastery was suppressed during the French invasion of 1796, but re-opened with the restoration of the Duke of Modena. The monastery was again closed in 1866, although benedictines have remained parish priests.

References

External links
 Parish website

Roman Catholic churches completed in 1518
Christian monasteries established in the 10th century
Benedictine monasteries in Italy
Monasteries in Emilia-Romagna
Roman Catholic churches in Modena
Renaissance architecture in Emilia-Romagna
10th-century establishments in Italy
Religious buildings and structures completed in 918


title: List of awards and nominations received by Penn & Teller: Bullshit!

text:
Penn & Teller: Bullshit! is an American documentary television series that aired for eight seasons from 2003 to 2010 on the premium cable channel Showtime. Penn & Teller: Bullshit! was hosted by professional magicians and skeptics Penn & Teller. Its format consists of debating political topics, often from a naturalist libertarian capitalist point of view (the political philosophy espoused by both Penn and Teller) or aiming to debunk pseudoscientific ideas, paranormal beliefs, popular fads and misconceptions. The hosts examine topics within the analytical structure of science.

The television program has been nominated for 21 awards, winning two. The Writers Guild of America bestowed an award upon the program in 2004 recognizing excellence in its writing quality. It received an award from the Independent Investigations Group in 2008, recognizing the show's contribution to public understanding of scientific skepticism and rational thinking. In addition, over the course of its run Penn & Teller: Bullshit! garnered a Directors Guild of America Award nomination, 13 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, and five Writers Guild of America Award nominations.

Directors Guild of America Awards
The Directors Guild of America Awards are issued annually by the Directors Guild of America. Known as the DGA Awards, the recognition ceremony began in 1948.

Independent Investigations Group Awards
The Independent Investigations Group is an organization dedicated to skepticism, and researching those who argue for the presence of extraordinary phenomena including  UFOs, paranormal assertions, ghosts, and psychics. A branch of the Center for Inquiry, the organization began in 2000 and is based in Los Angeles, California.

Primetime Emmy Awards
The Primetime Emmy Award is an American accolade bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences in recognition of excellence in American primetime television programming.

Writers Guild of America Awards
The Writers Guild of America Awards for outstanding achievements in film, television, and radio have been presented annually by the Writers Guild of America, East and Writers Guild of America, West since 1949.

See also

 List of books about skepticism
 List of fallacies
 List of Penn & Teller: Bullshit! episodes
 List of skeptics and skeptical organizations
 The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience

References

External links

Lists of awards by television series
Scientific skepticism mass media
Libertarian television and radio shows


title: List of mayors of Naters

text:
This is a list of mayors of Naters, Switzerland. The executive of Naters is the Gemeinderat. It is chaired by the Gemeindepräsident.

Naters

Lists of mayors (complete 1900-2013)


title: Maxim Antoniuc

text:
Maxim Antoniuc (born 15 January 1991) is a Moldovan footballer who plays for Moldovan National Division club Milsami Orhei. He previously played for Zimbru Chișinău and Iskra-Stal Rîbniţa, among others.

He is the brother of Moldova international footballer Alexandru Antoniuc

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Moldovan men's footballers
Moldova men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Moldovan Super Liga players
Uzbekistan Super League players
FC Zimbru Chișinău players
FC Iskra-Stal players
FC Veris Chișinău players
FC Sheriff Tiraspol players
FC Academia Chișinău players
PFK Nurafshon players
FC Petrocub Hîncești players
FC Milsami Orhei players
Moldovan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Uzbekistan
Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Uzbekistan
Moldova men's under-21 international footballers
Moldova men's youth international footballers