title: 2014 Tsunami March

text:
The 2014 Tsunami March (), also called the Azadi movement, was a protest march in Pakistan from 14 August to 17 December 2014. The march was organised by the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party, opposing Prime Minister Mian Nawaz Sharif over claims of systematic election-rigging by the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) in the 2013 general election that was later order for reelection and PTI won one out of three seats from the four claimed seats. Party leader Imran Khan had announced plans for an August march from Lahore to Islamabad with a group of protesters in a PTI jalsa (demonstration) in Bahawalpur on 27 June 2014. On 17 December, a day after the 2014 Peshawar school massacre, Khan called off the protest.

Background

Following allegations of massive vote-rigging in the 2013 general election, cricketer-turned-politician Imran Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) tentatively accepted the election results and demanded a probe of election fraud in four constituencies as a litmus test for the rest of the election. Government inaction led the PTI to organize several jalsas throughout Punjab, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's political stronghold.

In August 2014, Khan said that for 14 months the PTI had tried to bring those responsible for the fraud to justice by legal means. Although the party produced a 2,100-page white paper with evidence of vote-rigging, no action was taken by the government. According to Khan, in any democracy its supreme court would have nullified the results and called for a new election. After former Election Commission of Pakistan additional secretary Afzal Khan also alleged fraud, the Supreme Court also took no action. The court required evidence to nullify the election and, without proof beyond Afzal Khan's allegations (which were eventually ruled incorrect), the petition was dismissed.

During the jalsas, Khan expressed disappointment at the lack of initiative by the country's judicial system and the treatment by the election commission of his charges. On 22 April 2014, the PTI announced the start of their anti-corruption movement.

Organization
Khan had initially named his planned protest march the "Tsunami march", but he later changed its name to "Azadi march" (or "Freedom march") because its start date—14 August—coincided with Pakistan's 67th Independence Day. The PTI chairman called the march the final phase and defining moment of his party's protest of electoral rigging of the 2013 elections. He announced his plan to march with a million other protesters to the nation's capital in Islamabad to protest prime minister Nawaz Sharif's illegitimate government, prompting analysts to call the protest the "Million March". Khan assured the government that the march, culminating in a sit-in, would be peaceful.

After Khan announced his plans, Islamic cleric Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri's Pakistan Awami Tehreek (PAT) party also announced a similar march. The PAT named their march "Inqilab march" to avoid confusion with the PTI protest, and it was speculated that the marches might merge. Although Qadri initially refused to join Khan's protest and considered changing the date and venue of his march, he later announced that his march would proceed on the same day. The announcement of the informal alliance and parallel marches increased pressure on the PML-N government to restrict the parties.

The protest caravan, numbering thousands, marched towards Islamabad along the Grand Trunk Road. Although Khan had warned the federal and Punjab governments to ensure the safety of the cavalcade, when PML-N workers threw stones at the caravan in Gujranwala and guns were allegedly fired PTI leaders expressed concern that PML-N workers were aided by the Punjab police.

The march began at Zaman Park in Lahore on 14 August 2014, reaching Aabpara Chowk and D-Chowk in Islamabad. The protests quickly turned violent quickly, and Khan and Tahir-ul-Qadri marched towards Parliament House and local news-channel offices late on 30 August. Geo alleged that the prostesters attacked their media outlet. It became apparent that the government used excessive force against the media, especially ARY News, Samaa TV, Express News, and Dunya News (known to be sympathetic to the opposition). Clashes led to violence by law-enforcement authorities. Violent clashes erupted in other cities, with as many as 13 protesters dead at the hands of police and several police officers injured.

The army issued a statement calling for restraint by the police. Four senior police officers (three men and one woman) resigned from the Islamabad and Punjab police, alleging police brutality. The protesters neared the prime minister's residence, and pressure mounted on Sharif when the police (especially in Islamabad) seemed to openly defy the government order.

On 17 December, Khan announced the cancellation of the protest in response to the Peshawar school attack: "Due to the situation in the country right now, we have decided to end our protests, decision had been made in light of the terrorist attack on a school in Peshawar ... the country need[s] national unity".

Rallies
On 11 May 2014, a Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf protest rally was planned in D-Chowk. In Faisalabad, Khan questioned Sharif's victory speech and announced a jalsa in Sialkot. In Sialkot, Khan criticised the judiciary's role in the election. On 27 June, a rally was held at Bahawalpur Stadium. Khan announced plans for the Azadi march, calling it the final phase of his protest against electoral fraud in the 2013 general election. He gave government a one-month dispensation (because of Ramadan) before opening an investigation of four constituencies, marked by his four jalsas.

PTI–PAT coalition
As expected, Khan and Qadri neither merged their protest marches nor disavowed each other. On 10 August, Qadri announced that the Inqilab March (his party's separate march) would proceed in parallel with the PTI's Azadi march. Although the marches were organised on different routes, mirroring each other, it became apparent that the parties had similar objectives but different strategies.

The announcement of parallel marches by opposition parties gave rise to speculation about a possible PTI-PAT coalition. The party never clearly stipulated a formal coalition, but an informal agreement to support each other was reached. On 11 August, Qadri and Khan told the media that there would be two informally-allied marches supporting the dismissal of the Sharif government.

Demands
Khan and the PTI had consistently asked the government to appoint tribunals and committees to investigate electoral fraud in four constituencies after the 2013 election. In making the demand, he reluctantly accepted the election results despite consistent ridicule by the PML-N government and its ministers.

A year later, the government had made no headway and remained "hesitant in investigating the alleged rigging". On the other hand, Khan had consistently presented proof of electoral fraud in a number of constituencies. The PTI chairman accused caretaker Punjab chief minister Najam Sethi and former chief justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry of facilitating fraud on behalf of the PML-N in the election.

Because of the government's lack of initiative in investigating allegations of electoral fraud, Khan gave it one month to meet his demand; according to the chairman, he had "knocked [on] every door to find justice" in vain. At the PTI's Bahawalpur jalsa, Khan warned that if the government was inactive a million of his followers would march on Parliament. His primary four demands included investigation of how Sharif declared victory prior to the official results; the role of former Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhary in the election; the roles played by the caretaker government particularly Najam Sethi; and electoral fraud in 90 constituencies.

Over the next month, Khan's demand became more generalised and included the following: a transparent investigation into allegations of electoral fraud in the 2013 elections; judicial inquiries into the roles of persons named in electoral fraud, and reformation of the electoral process (for example, the introduction of electronic voting machines) and the Election Commission. After Khan presented his demands, the government further ridiculed him. This forced him to present the following ultimate demands:
the resignation of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and his brother, Punjab chief minister Shahbaz Sharif; the replacement of the Sharif government by a caretaker government, and a call for snap elections after the establishment of a caretaker government.

March
Although the Azadi march was due to begin at Khan's residence at Zaman Park in Lahore at  on 14  August, it was delayed until  when the PTI chairman addressed the crowds outside his house. Moments later, the rally began marching towards Islamabad. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Chief Minister Pervez Khattak left with a convoy of supporters from Peshawar for Islamabad. At  Khattak's convoy joined PTI cavalcades from Charsadda, Swabi and Nowshera on the motorway to Islamabad, reaching the provincial interchange at Attock at  and reaching Islamabad at .

Khan's rally inched its way through the city of Lahore at a snail's pace via the Mall Road, Faisal Chowk, Data Darbar, Bhatti Chowk, Azadi Chowk and Minar-e-Pakistan, Niazi Chowk, Ravi Bridge and Shahdrah, reaching the Grand Trunk Road leading to Islamabad. The delay resulted after the milestone destinations of Data Darbar, Bhatti Chowk, Azadi Chowk and Niazi Chowk were included in the rally route at a later time, after the march had begun.

The rally reached its destination in Lahore at Shahdaran at about  on 15 August, where the PTI chief addressed supporters at about . The procession took more than half a day to leave Lahore, and the PAT's parallel protest march had reached Gujranwala by then. At , the Inqilab march headed to Wazirabad and reached Kharian in Gujrat District at ; the PTI rally reached Gujranwala at . At about , PTI activists were pelted with stones by PML-N workers as they passed an area with a PML-N party office. The PTI convoy was on its way out of Gujranwala at the Sheranwala Bridge, and at least 4 PTI activists were injured. The ensuing riot was controlled by local police, and no PML-N worker was injured or arrested. The opposition Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and the Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan (JI) condemned the PML-N workers identified in footage of the clash, and PML-Q leaders Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain and Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi held Prime Minister Sharif and Punjab chief minister Shahbaz Sharif responsible for the attack on the PTI cavalcade. The PTI convoy was again pelted with stones by PML-N workers at the Pindi bypass outside Gujranwala. The party posted pictures on Twitter of PML-N workers standing on a police van and throwing stones, alleging that the Gujranwala police were aware of the government workers' malicious intent. PML-N workers were prepared at the Rahwali Cantonment to intercept and pelt the PTI convoy, while PPP leader Qamar Zaman Kaira expressed concern that PML-N workers might attack the convoy if it proceeded through Ghakhar Mandi. About 2 kilometers outside Ghakhar Mandi, at , police with Khan's convoy asked him to leave his "Azadi bus" and ride in a faster, bullet-proof Toyota Land Cruiser. PAT chief Qadri also advised Khan to avoid known PML-N strongholds.

At  on 16 August, the march reached its destination at the Zero Point in Islamabad. At about  the PTI leadership began their Islamabad dharna (sit-in), where Shaikh Rasheed Ahmad addressed protesters. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Chief Minister Pervez Khattak took the stage at  to confirm the support of the "Pakhtoon nation" for Khan's march. Khattak's speech was followed by former foreign minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi's speech at  and the Javed Hashmi at , who called for the resignation of Nawaz and Shahbaz Sharif from the federal and Punjab government. Khan took to the stage in heavy rain at , reiterating Hashmi's demands for the prime minister to resign. Khan said that his party's protests would continue until "Nawaz Sharif [resigns] and announces [new] elections". He ended his speech by promising to speak again at . Khan left for his Bani Gala residence after the speech reportedly for ill health; many PTI protesters took Khan's departure negatively. Soon afterwards, many PTI followers went home and the number of protesters fell sharply during the night. The PML-N government alleged that Khan lacked concern for his workers, "[toiling] on streets faced by torrential rains all throughout the night". The PML-N told Khan that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa chief minister Pervez Khattak should not have abandoned his province, where 18 people died from heavy rain in Peshawar. At , PTI protesters waited for Khan to make his scheduled speech; he addressed the media from his home at , demanding the immediate resignation of Shahbaz Sharif as chief minister of Punjab. In his absence, Shah Mehmood Qureshi addressed the crowd at the rally venue and Pervez Khattak left for his province. Khan arrived at the venue at , addressing the protesters at  and promising that he would spend the night with them.

At  on 17 August, federal interior minister Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan held a press conference and said that the "government is willing to listen to each and every constitutional demand of PTI and PAT". He added that he was amazed at Khan's demand for civil disobedience. At a meeting of PML-N leadership called by Sharif at the prime minister's residence, the party decided to reject Khan's demands as "illegal [and] unconstitutional". Ali Khan said at a press conference that the government "has decided as a goodwill gesture" to constitute two committees to negotiate with the PTI and the PAT. PPP leader Qamar Zaman Kaira called the committees "a good step", but expressed concern that "it has been done late". At , Khan announced that he would deliver "the defining speech of his [political] career" and took the stage at . Khan asked his followers to "kick off a civil disobedience campaign" and not pay taxes or utility bills, and gave the government two days to meet his demands. Minister of State for Water and Power Abid Sher Ali immediately tweeted that "the law is clear"; if people did not pay their utility bills, they would not receive electricity.

At  on 18 August, the Lahore High Court Bar Association submitted a petition to the Supreme Court against the marches and Khan's PTI-led civil-disobedience movement. The other opposition parties distanced themselves from Khan's civil-disobedience movement, and former president Asif Ali Zardari said that Khan was using "unconstitutional means to pursue his goals [to] threaten democracy". At  PTI vice-president Shah Mehmood Qureshi addressed the media after a meeting of the PTI core committee, saying that all PTI lawmakers had decided to resign from the National Assembly and the party decided to withdraw its representatives from the Punjab and Sindh assemblies. However, Qureshi stressed that PTI lawmakers in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa assembly would only resign after talks with the party's coalition members in the provincial assembly. At , Khan addressed the rally at the Kashmir Highway. About , he announced that "he himself [would] lead the march towards [the] 'Red Zone'" at  the following day. The Red Zone in Islamabad houses the diplomatic enclave and embassies, Parliament, government offices and the presidential and prime ministerial palaces, which had been protected by police and blocked with shipping containers. The protesters numbered several hundred thousand.

At  on 19 August, PTI leader Shah Mehmood Qureshi announced that he had received the resignation of all PTI members of the National Assembly. Muttahida Qaumi Movement chief Altaf Hussain asked Khan to reconsider his decision to enter the Red Zone, fearing that his party's march towards Parliament might lead to "confrontation" and "bloodshed". At , during the morning session of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) assembly, opposition members made a no-confidence motion against the PTI leader and KP chief minister Pervez Khattak. The motion was made after opposition members feared the dissolution of the KP assembly, although Khattak had earlier ruled out such a dissolution. However, the motion was signed by 46 MPAs and submitted to the speaker of the KP assembly. The PML-N leadership allowed PTI and PAT workers to protest "on express conditions that the Red Zone will not be breached". However, federal railways minister and PML-N member Khawaja Saad Rafique remained dismissive of the PTI's assurance that the march would be peaceful. Opposition leader and PPP member Khursheed Shah said that all parties were united for democracy and supported dialogue with PTI and PAT leaders. According to Shah, he had unsuccessfully tried to meet the leaders until  the previous night. After a PTI core committee meeting, the party leadership decided "not to partake in any dialogue and to continue marching to the Red Zone". PPP chief and former president Asif Ali Zardari consultated other opposition parties, calling the PTI decision a bad omen. Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan addressed the nation at , announcing that the government was ready to recount votes in 20 constituencies. This negated his earlier statement that the PTI demands were beyond government control: "from four to 10 [constituencies] and then a complete audit of elections". He said that the PTI was unable to live up to its promise to gather a million people, and Khan did not stand by his word to "not [move] into the Red Zone". Nisar described the three tiers of security in the Red Zone: police, Ranger paramilitary forces and the armed forces. The first army contingent reached the Red Zone at  and took over security for the prime minister's house at . The Islamabad police took up positions at the entrance to the barricaded zone.

At about , both rallies began moving toward the Red Zone. PTI workers drove cranes towards the shipping containers placed at the edge of the barricaded zone, and a state of emergency was declared at the PIMS and Polyclinic Hospital. As party workers removed blockades, the PML-N government advised security forces not to engage with the protesters. Federal information minister Pervez Rashid said, "We will not use force. They have brought innocent children with them."

Responding to Khan's allegations that an army chief received a BMW automobile from Nawaz Sharif, ISPR director-general Asim Saleem Bajwa called the claims "baseless and unfounded" on 20 August. Bajwa said in an ISPR statement that the "building in the Red Zone are symbol[s] of state and being protected by [the] army therefore [their] sanctity must be respected", adding that the "situation requires patience, wisdom and sagacity from all stakeholders to resolve prevailing impasse through meaningful dialogue in larger national and public interest". At , the Parliament House lights were turned off and the Ministry of Law control room was taken over by the Pakistan Army. PTI protesters reached Parliament House about . Khan addressed the crowd, saying that "[he] will wait for [the prime minister's] resignation outside the parliament till the evening, after [which he] will march to Prime Minister House". The chairman announced that the sit-in would resume at .
At , Sharif arrived in Islamabad to attend the National Assembly session in Parliament House as Qadri told his supporters to block the building's exits until Sharif resigned. No PTI, PML-Q or AML lawmakers attended the assembly session. Although the prime minister did not address the house, representatives of the opposition parties rallied their support for the Sharif government. With protesters outside the Supreme Court building, judges were reportedly trapped in the building.

PTI protesters continued their sit-in on 24 August, while the second round of talks between the government and the party failed on the issue of Sharif's resignation. However, both parties agreed on another round of talks. The formation of a forward bloc in the PTI was rumoured, as differences on the calls for resignations reached the media. In an ARY News interview, former Election Commission additional secretary Muhammad Afzal Khan alleged that the 2013 general elections were rigged and the "peoples' mandate was stolen". According to Afzal Khan, Sharif "did not win the elections in a free and fair manner" chief election commissioner Fakhruddin G Ebrahim "had shut his eyes on [issues of] rigging". He added that "judges were involved in fixing the vote", deliberately delaying the hearing of voter-fraud cases. Amongst the judges who facilitated rigging, Afzal Khan named former chief justices Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry and Tassaduq Hussain Jillani.

The sit-in continued on 25 August, and the Supreme Court ordered the PAT and PTI to clear Constitution Avenue within 24 hours. Khan submitted a six-page reply to former Chief Justice of Pakistan Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry's defamation notice. In his reply Khan noted that the former chief justice had opposed dictatorial general Pervez Musharraf before his 2009 restoration, and admitted that Khan may have chosen his words poorly. Election-commission member Riaz Kayani rebutted Khan's allegations of vote-rigging, adding that the chairman levelled false allegations for personal reasons.

On 26 August, MQM leader Altaf Hussain warned about possible nationwide violence and a coup d'état. Khan announced that the protest would continue until Sharif's resignation. One day remained on Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri's 48-hour ultimatum to the government.

The following day, Khan directed his counsel to withdraw the letter written in response to Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry's defamation notice. On 28 August, Nawaz Sharif's government asked COAS General Raheel Sharif to "facilitate" an end to the crisis. General Sharif invited Khan and Tahirul Qadri for talks; they met him at Army Headquarters Rawalpindi and presented their demands. The Pakistani constitution has no provision for military facilitation in a political crisis.

Clashes broke out on 30 August, as protesters tried to march toward the prime minister's house. Although Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri said that the protest would remain peaceful, protesters tried to force their way in. Police stepped back initially, but eventually began using tear gas. More than 500 people, including women, children, police officers and journalists, were injured. Protesters broke through the Parliament House fence, but the army prevented the building from being breached. Khan and Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi blamed police use of chemical weapons for the Parliament House incident. Clashes were also reported in Lahore between PTI supporters and Punjab Police, and the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) announced a day of mourning in Karachi. MQM chief Altaf Hussain asked Sharif to resign.

Clashes continued between protesters and police on 1 September. Protesters entered the Pakistan Secretariat and damaged vehicles. They broke through the gates, entered the Pakistan Television Corporation headquarters and ransacked it. PTV briefly went off air, and the PTI denied involvement. The Supreme Court offered to mediate after a fifth round of talks failed, and Nawaz Sharif met Pakistan Army chief Raheel Sharif. A meeting of army chiefs was held in Rawalpindi to discuss the situation.

On 12 September, dozens of PTI and PAT workers were arrested in connection with the PTV and Parliament attacks. The following day, over 4,100 PTI and PAT workers were jailed on 14 days' judicial remand; 3,187 were PTI workers.

Other protests

When Khan's party celebrated one month of the Azadi dharna (sit-in), he announced the extension of protests to other cities. Karachi was the first destination, followed by Lahore and Multan. This extension was successful to pressure the government, which the PTI wanted.

On 21 September, near Mazar-e-Quaid in Karachi, a large crowd gathered to protest the Nawaz government. According to independent sources, the crowd exceeded 200,000 people (a high for the PTI and a failure for the Karachi-based MQM party). The demonstration illustrated PTI support across nationwide. The Express Tribune called the crowd a record, and reported Khan's announcement of a move to Lahore.

On 28 September, the PTI held a demonstration at Minar-e-Pakistan in Lahore. Demonstrators numbered about 250,000. The crowd threatened PML-N ambitions in Lahore, and was a victory for Khan's party. Addressing the protesters, Khan told them to prepare for elections and announced a visit to Multan. The jalsa blocked the Azadi interchange for several hours, and the Cabinet offered to begin talks with the PTI.

On 2 October, the PTI moved to Mianwali (Khan's hometown) for a large demonstration. At this jalsa, women participated in substantial numbers for the first time.

After Eid al-Adha, the PTI's next stop was Multan. More than 150,000 people were estimated to have gathered for Khan's speech. Due to mismanagement, seven people were killed in a stampede after the speech; the management had deliberately closed the stadium gates, preventing the crowd from dispersing.

On 17 October, the PTI visited Sargodha after the victory of a PTI-backed candidate in the Multan by-election. Like the previous rallies, a large number of people were present. Rally organisers learned from the Multan stampede, and only 25 passes were issued in Sargodha for the main stage.

A week later, the PTI organized a rally at Zahoor Elahi Stadium in Gujrat. It was the last PTI jalsa before Muharram, and Khan announced two jalsas the week after Muharram.

On 9 November, the PTI resumed its rallies in Rahim Yar Khan. Khan presented a solution to the political crisis, withdrawing his demand that the prime minister resign and suggesting the formation of a commission under the Supreme Court to investigate the alleged electoral fraud. The chairman suggested the inclusion of Inter-Services Intelligence and military intelligence members on the commission. According to Khan, the Islamabad sit-in would continue until an investigation is completed and he threatened to gather a million people in Islamabad on 30 November if a commission is not formed by then.

The PTI organized three rallies in one week in Punjab cities: on 12 November in Nankana Sahib, on 15 November in Sahiwal and the following day in Jhelum. All three rallies drew large crowds, and Khan summoned all of Pakistan to Islamabad on 30 November because the time for change had come. At the Jhelum rally, unknown assailants fired on the PTI convoy on its way to a rally and at least eight PTI workers were injured. Khan visited the hospital to meet the injured workers.

The PTI protests targeted the Pakistan Peoples Party stronghold of Larkana with a 21 November rally outside the city. According to rally organizers, the large number of demonstrators indicated that the people of Larkana wanted change. Khan announced that the PTI would not allow Sindh to be divided, and the Kalabagh Dam would not be built without the consent of the people of the province.

The party held its last rally before 30 November at Jinnah Stadium in Gujranwala, and a large crowd gathered. It was an upset for the PML-N, which had swept the PTI in the 2013 elections. Khan announced that he would present the evidence of vote-rigging at a press conference the following week. The chairman announced the end of the protest on security grounds after the Peshawar school attack.

Government response
After Khan's announcement of a protest march, the government called the PTI chief's demand "undemocratic" and a ploy to "derail democracy". Awami National Party (ANP) provincial general secretary and former provincial minister Mian Iftikhar Hussain expressed concern that Khan's long march could endanger Pakistan's democracy; if the system were undermined, the PTI chairman would be responsible. After making many statements opposing the march, Arsalan Iftikhar (son of former chief justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry) accused Khan of violating articles 62 and 63 of Pakistan's constitution by not disclosing the existence of his love child, Tyrian.

Talks with opposition parties
Amidst concerns about the country's political system, the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) sided primarily with the PML-N government to preserve Pakistan's democratic tradition. When the PPP and the PML-N appeared to form a coalition to thwart Khan's march on Islamabad, PPP chief and former president Asif Ali Zardari asked Nawaz Sharif to act like "an elected prime minister [and] not as a 'king.

On the other hand, government coalition parties such as the Awami National Party (ANP), Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) (JUI-F) and Balochistan National Party (BNP) vowed to side with the PML-N on issues raised by Khan in his Bahawalpur speech. Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), Khan's political ally in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, also remained neutral and expressed a desire to "defuse tensions" between the PML-N and PTI. Altaf Hussain and his Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) sent a delegation to meet with the prime minister.

JUI-F chief Fazlur Rehman said that Khan's march was an effort to hide his party's failure to perform in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government, and JI leader Siraj-ul-Haq (the PTI's ally in the provincial government) offered to facilitate talks between the PTI and the PML-N government. The PML-N developed a strong alliance with other parties in Parliament against the PTI protest march, comparable to the 1977 Pakistan National Alliance against Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

Planned Independence Day celebrations
The Sharif government organized a midnight event in Islamabad. Pervez Rashid, remembering the pre-1999 era when the government organised Independence Day celebrations in the nation's capital, revived the tradition to avoid a showdown with the PTI.

After Khan announced his plans for the Azadi march, the government responded by announcing their plans for an Independence Day celebration in D-Chowk, Islamabad. Citing security concerns, the government increased their efforts to curtail the protest movement. By announcing Independence Day celebrations (initially scheduled to last for two weeks) on the day of the protest march, the government had hoped to prevent further conflict by forcing the PTI to change the date of the protest. However, Khan remained adamant in scheduling his march on 14 August. According to the PTI leadership, the government plans were a delaying strategy to deadlock the two parties; this could lead to unnecessary aggression on the day of the protest.

Operation Zarb-e-Azb and security concerns
PML-N leader and federal minister for planning and development Ahsan Iqbal called the Azadi march anarchy in disguise, criticising Khan for launching an unnecessary protest movement when the country was at war with North Waziristan terrorists in Operation Zarb-e-Azb. According to Iqbal, the PML-N had "no connection with Arsalan Iftikhar" and his case against the PTI chairman. Analysts criticised the Sharif government for delaying and discouraging the democratic right of a political party to protest. Pakistan's news media were divided on the march. Geo News called it Khan's wishful plan to become the country's next prime minister, but Khan and the PTI had begun a boycott of the channel several months earlier.

Khan's promise to gather a million protesters in Islamabad threatened the security apparatus of the nation's capital in the eyes of the government. The PML-N feared that such a huge crowd in Islamabad could lead to severe conflict and terrorist attacks. The government ordered the Capital Territory Police to stop any protesters from entering the city while the Independence Day celebrations were underway, thwarting any effort to reconcile with the PTI. Khan expressed concern about the government's plans, calling his party's protest march the final phase of the larger PTI anti-corruption struggle and a do-or-die situation for his party.

Police crackdown

On 3 August 2014, the PTI's Islamabad wing alleged that law-enforcement agencies threatened several party workers before the Azadi march. The Islamabad police denied the allegations, saying that they only collected contact numbers as part of their standard operating procedure. After the alleged threats, Khan coordinated a press conference and warned that he would shut down the entire country if attempts were made to put him under house arrest. As the day of the march drew near, Punjab police "seized numerous motorcycles around the Minhajul Quran secretariat, which PAT workers were supposed to use on the day of the protest".

Arrests of PAT and PTI workers

On 17 August, the newspaper Dawn published official statistics that as many as 2,520 PAT and PTI office-holders and activists were detained in 27 Punjab jails under the Maintenance of Public Order Ordinance, 1960 (section 3; 3-MPO). Under the law, a district coordination officer (DCO) has the power to detain a person they deem a threat to public order for a maximum of 30 days. In a 24 September interview, Federal Minister of Information and Broadcasting Pervaiz Rasheed said that the government had decided not to use force against protesters sitting outside Parliament.

International reaction
As the PAT and PTI chiefs announced their intention to walk into the Pakistani Parliament building, British Foreign Secretary Philip Hammond said in a statement that the British government "strongly [supported] a democratic Pakistan and the use of democratic institutions to resolve political disputes". Hammond added that "[he] hope[s] that all parties in Pakistan can work together under the Constitution to peacefully resolve current political differences". According to a 31 August 2014 Financial Times article, demonstrators armed with wooden clubs and wire-cutters tried to storm Nawaz Sharif's official residence. At least three people were reported killed and hundreds injured by the police when they fired tear gas and rubber bullets and wielded batons.

United States Department of State deputy spokesperson Marie Harf said that the U.S. government "[was] carefully monitoring the demonstrations in Islamabad". Harf added that the U.S. "urge[s] all sides to refrain from violence, exercise restraint, and respect the rule of law" with "all parties [working] together to resolve their differences through peaceful dialogue in a way that strengthens Pakistan’s democracy". In a later press briefing, she said: "Nawaz Sharif was elected and is prime minister. There is a government that was elected in place. So while we’ve called on all sides to refrain from violence, we are monitoring the situation, but we will continue working with the Pakistanis". Harf reiterated, "There’s a path forward ... that’s peaceful. We know there’s a lot of space for political dialogue, but it has to remain peaceful". When Sharif used Harf's statement as a U.S. endorsement of his premiership, Khan sent a message to the Obama administration to "mind its own politics as they had no right to meddle in Pakistan's domestic affairs", asking U.S. authorities how they could call Sharif a democratic prime minister when he came to power through a fraudulent electoral process.

Al Jazeera English reported on 31 Aug 2014 that police fired rubber bullets and tear gas at the protesters; some fought back with wooden batons, and others threw stones and firebombs. According to the Qatari channel, the protesters had used vehicles to break down the boundary fence around the National Assembly and were occupying the building's grounds.

Criticism

Internal criticism
Criticism of the march emerged within the PTI when three national parliamentarians and a majority of K–P Assembly members refused to resign. On 31 August 2014, PTI central president Javed Hashmi distanced himself from Khan and warned that the party would have to explain its decisions for decades to come if martial law was imposed in the country. According to Hashmi, Khan told him that he was compelled to march towards the prime minister's house.

Economic losses
By 31 August, the government claimed economic losses directly resulting from the sit-in of between Rs 500 million and Rs 800 million. On 26 September, an adviser to the prime minister said that the losses had reached $6 billion (Rs 610 billion).

School closings
Although educational institutions in Islamabad were due to open after the summer holidays on 11 August 2014, they were scheduled to remain closed until 24 August 2014. The opening date was later changed to 31 August 2014 to accommodate the ongoing protests, leading to losses in the education sector. Most government schools remained closed; 30,000 AJK and Punjab police were housed in public schools amidst fears that they would be used for a crackdown on sit-in participants.

Istehkam-e-Pakistan rallies
In August 2014, PML-N organized Istehkam-e-Pakistan rallies in several cities of Punjab. In Lahore, thousands attended the rally held at Chairing Cross on 26 August. Hamza Shahbaz addressed the gathering, where he rebuked the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf's Azadi March. A similar rally was also held in Sialkot. More rallies were held the next day in Gujranwala, Sahiwal, and Sargodha, where PML-N workers carried national and party flags, and portraits of Nawaz and Shehbaz Sharif, and chanted slogans in support of their leaders.

Dancing women
A few unsupported accusations of harassment of women were reported, and dancing at a PTI jalsa was criticised on social media. A petition was presented in Islamabad High Court with accusations of vulgarity against Azadi marchers. Justice Athar Minullah will hear the case.

Go Nawaz Go
The march popularized the slogan "Go Nawaz Go", which was chanted by protesters.

See also

 List of protests in the 21st century

References

External links

 Azadi march speeches

2014 in Pakistan
Pakistan
Civil disobedience
Pakistan Awami Tehrik
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
Nawaz Sharif administration
Politics of Pakistan
Protest marches
Protests against results of elections
Protests in Pakistan
2014 in Pakistani politics


title: Don't Want to Miss a Thing

text:
Don’t Want to Miss a Thing  is the 24th novel by British author Jill Mansell.

Background
Jill Mansell first had the idea for becoming a novelist after reading an article in a magazine about women who had changed their lives by becoming best-selling authors. Eventually she decided to write the kind of book "I would love to read". The end result was her first novel, Fast Friends.

Plot summary
This romantic comedy from author Jill Mansell explores the impact of grief and unexpected parenthood.

Characters in Don't Want to Miss a Thing
 Dexter Yates
 Molly Hayes

Release details
 2013, UK, Headline Review (), pub date 31 January 2013, hardback
 2013, UK, Headline Review (), pub date 20 June 2013, paperback
 2013, UK, Headline Review (), pub date 31 January 2013, E-book

References

2013 British novels
Romantic comedy novels
British romance novels
Contemporary romance novels
Headline Publishing Group books


title: Proto-Algic language

text:
Proto-Algic (sometimes abbreviated PAc) is the proto-language from which the Algic languages (Wiyot language, Yurok language, and Proto-Algonquian) are descended. It is estimated to have been spoken about 7,000 years ago somewhere in the American Northwest, possibly around the Columbia Plateau. It is an example of a second-level proto-language (a proto-language whose reconstruction depends on data from another proto-language, namely its descendant language Proto-Algonquian) which is widely agreed to have existed. Its main researcher was Paul Proulx.

Vowels

Proto-Algic had four basic vowels, which could be either long or short:
long: *i·, *e·, *a·, *o·
short: *i, *e, *a, *o

Consonants

Proto-Algic had the following consonants:

1 The identity of this consonant is not entirely certain; in Proto-Algonquian, it is sometimes alternatively reconstructed as *θ /θ/.

It is unknown if *č /tʃ/ was an independent phoneme or only an allophone of *c and/or *t in Proto-Algic (as in Proto-Algonquian). In 1992, Paul Proulx theorized that Proto-Algic also possessed a phoneme *gʷ, which became *w in Proto-Algonquian and g in Wiyot and Yurok.

All stops and affricates in the above chart have aspirated counterparts, and all consonants, except fricatives, have glottalized ones. Proto-Algonquian significantly reduced this system by eliminating all glottalized and aspirated phonemes.

See also
 Algic languages
 Algonquian languages
 Proto-Algonquian language

References

 Baldi, Philip, Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology (, 1990)

Algic languages
Algic


title: 2005–06 Liga Alef

text:
The 2005–06 Liga Alef season saw Hapoel Bnei Tamra (champions of the North Division) and Sektzia Nes Tziona (champions of the South Division) winning the title and promotion to 2006–07.

At the bottom, Hapoel Beit She'an, Maccabi Shefa-'Amr (from North division), F.C. Kafr Qasim and Beitar Giv'at Ze'ev (from South division) were all automatically relegated to Liga Bet, while 12th placed teams from each division, Maccabi Tamra and Maccabi Sha'arayim entered a promotion/relegation play-offs, at the end of which both clubs were relegated as well.

North Division

South Division

Relegation play-offs

North play-off
The 12th placed club in Liga Alef North, Maccabi Tamra, faced Liga Bet North A and North B runners-up, Beitar Haifa and Ironi Sayid Umm al-Fahm. The teams played each other in a round-robin tournament, with all matches held at a neutral venue, Kiryat Eliezer Stadium.

Beitar Haifa won the play-offs and was promoted to Liga Alef.

South play-off
The 12th placed club in Liga Alef South, Maccabi Sha'arayim, faced Liga Bet South A and Liga Bet South B runners-up, Hapoel Azor and Ironi Ramla. The teams played each other in a round-robin tournament, with all matches held at a neutral venue, Bat Yam Municipal Stadium.

Ironi Ramla won the play-offs and was promoted to Liga Alef.

References
Liga Alef 2005/06, walla.co.il
Play-off Liga Alef/Liga Bet  One

Liga Alef seasons
4
Israel


title: Paranisopodus araguaensis

text:
Paranisopodus araguaensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monne and Monne in 2007.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 2007


title: Unmissable

text:
"Unmissable"  is a song by English electronic music production duo Gorgon City. It features the vocals from Zak Abel. It was released on 28 August 2014 as a single from their debut studio album Sirens. The song was written by Kye Gibbon, Matthew Robson-Scott, Jonny Coffer, James Napier and produced by Gorgon City and Jonny Coffer. It peaked at No. 19 on the UK Singles Chart.

Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Unmissable" was first released onto YouTube on 28 August 2014 at a total length of three minutes and thirty-seven seconds.

Charts

Release history

References

2014 singles
2014 songs
Gorgon City songs
Songs written by Jimmy Napes
Songs written by Jonny Coffer
Songs written by Kye Gibbon
Songs written by Matt Robson-Scott
Songs written by Zak Abel
Virgin EMI Records singles
Zak Abel songs


title: Paranisopodus genieri

text:
Paranisopodus genieri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monne and Monne in 2007.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 2007


title: Paranisopodus granulosus

text:
Paranisopodus granulosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monne and Monne in 2007.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 2007


title: Ijtihadi family

text:
The Ijtihadi family (or Khandān-e-Ijtihād) is sub-branch of the Naqvis of Darul Ijtihad Jais and Nasirabad. The family uses last name "Naqvi" to denote that they are descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through the lineage of the Imam Ali al-Naqi.

Roots
The Oudh family of Sayyids of Jais settled in Rae Bareli during the eleventh century. Naqvi Sadat migrated from Subzwar (Iran) and arrived in Jais around 410 Hijri (around 1027 AD). During the reign of Sher Shah Suri, adjacent Patakpur was also inhabited by Momineens and renamed Nasirabad, after Syed Nasirudin Jaisi. Ayattollah Al Uzma Sayyid Dildar Ali Naqvi 'Gufraanmaab Naseerabadi ', his family came to be called Khandan e Ijtihad due to prominence of high-ranking scholars in its midst. Notable religious scholars from this lineage include Syedul Ulema Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi 'Naqqan',zubdat-ul-ulma Molana Syed Agha Mehdi Lakhnavi (Karachi), Raes-ul-Ullema Ayatollah Maulana Syed Kazim Naqvi, Mumtaz ul Ulema Ayatullah ul Uzma Sayyid Murtaza Naqvi, Sadr-Ul-Ulema Ayatullah ul Uzma Sayyid Baqir Naqvi,Maulana Abdul Hasan Naqvi Jannat Ma'ab Ayatullah Syed Mohammad Naqvi, Deputy Syed Ali Akbar Naqvi, Ayatullah Syed Ali Anwar Naqvi (Ali Munawwar), Ayatullah Aqa Hasan Sb, Ayatullah Syed Kalbe Hussain Naqvi, Hujjatul Islam Syed Kalbe Abid Naqvi, Malaz-ul-Ulama Syed Hasan Naqvi, Hujjatul Islam Syed Kalbe Jawwad Naqvi, Hujjatul Islam Syed Hasan Zafar Naqvi (based in Karachi), Allama Nasir Ijtehadi, Allama Dr Mohsin Naqvi, Allama Syed Siraj Ul Hasan Ijtehadi‚ Maulana Syed Sibte Hasan Naqvi, Maulana Dr Syed Mohammad Waris Hasan Naqvi, Dr Kalbe Sadiq, Hujjatul Islam Professor Syed Ali Mohammad Naqvi, Najmul Ulema Syed Ali Naqvi, Scholar/Writer Syed Mustafa Hussain Naqvi(Aseef Jaisi), Syed Saeedul Hasan Naqvi(Parshadepuri).

Branches
Two main braches of Ijtehadi family are:
 Jaisi Sadaat, i.e. Syeds of Jais
 Nasirabadi Sadaat, i.e. Syeds of Nasirabad

Prominent Ijtehadis
 Syed Dildar Ali Naqvi Gufraanmaab
 Sultanul Ulama Sayyed Mohammad
 Ayatullah Sayyed Ali
 Ayatullah Sayyed Hasan
 Sayyedul Ulama Sayyed Hussain
 Mumtazul Ulama Sayyed Mohammad Taqi
 Ayatullah Sayyed Mohammad Ibrahim
Taajul Ulama Sayyed Ali Mohammed
 Bahrul Uloom Sayyed Mohammad Hussain
Ayatullah Sayyed Abul Hasan Naqvi
 Syed Kalbe Hussain
 Syed Naseer ul Hussain Ijtehadi
 Maulana  Syed Ali Naqi Naqvi
Maulana Syed Murtuza Naqvi
 Maulana Syed Kazim Naqvi
 Maulana Syed Baqir Naqvi
Maulana Abdul Hasan Naqvi
 Syed Kalbe Abid Naqvi
 Syed Hasan Naqvi
 Syed Mohammad Waris Hasan Naqvi
 Syed Kalbe Sadiq
 Syed Kalbe Jawad Naqvi
 Syed Saif Abbas Naqvi

See also
Abaqati family (or Khandan-e-Abaqat)

References

Further reading
 Tariqh Amadul Saadat published 1884 by Naval Kishor
 Tariq Awadh, Guzashta Lucknow page 102, by abdul haleem Sharar (1926)
 Intesarul Islam by Tariqul Ulema
 Aina Haq-nama' foil. 30, by Syed Ijaz Husain Kanturi
 Swaneh Hayat, third edition by Agba Mehdi and other, Pakistan
 Tazkarutul Muthaqeen, Persian. Pub. Meerut 1931
 Rooh Adab Part-III, By Ghansi Ram M.A.
 Swaneh Hayat Ghufraan-Maab, Third addition by Agha Mehdi, Pakistan
 Ainahe-haqnama, foll. 30a-b Syed Ijaz Husain Kanturi and others
 Ainaye Haq. Swaneh Hayat G-Maaf, third edition by Agha Mehdi, member Khusoosi Musanafeen Pakistan March, 1982

External links
Official website of a section of Ijtihadi family
Nasirabad Ghufraanmaab Foundation, Raebareli

People from Lucknow


title: Paranisopodus hovorei

text:
Paranisopodus hovorei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monne and Monne in 2007.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 2007


title: Paranisopodus peruanus

text:
Paranisopodus peruanus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monne and Monne in 2007.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 2007


title: Sirens (Gorgon City album)

text:
Sirens is the debut studio album by English electronic music production duo Gorgon City. It was released on 6 October 2014. The album features vocals from Katy B and Jennifer Hudson among others, and writing credits from Kiesza and Emeli Sandé among others. The album debuted at number 10 on the UK Albums Chart.

Singles
 "Real" was released as the album's lead single on 17 February 2013; it was also the title track to the EP Real, accompanied by three non-album songs. The song features vocals by Yasmin, and peaked at number 44 on the UK Singles Chart.
 "Ready for Your Love" was released on 26 January 2014 as the album's second single. It features vocals by MNEK and entered the UK Singles Chart at number four.
 "Here for You" was released as the album's third single on 15 June 2014. It features vocals by Laura Welsh. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number seven.
 "Unmissable" was released as the album's fourth single on 28 September 2014. It features vocals by Zak Abel. The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number nineteen.
 "Go All Night" was released as the album's fifth single on 14 December 2014. It features vocals by American recording artist Jennifer Hudson. The single peaked at number fourteen on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Hudson's first top 20 single in Britain since 2008's "Spotlight".
 "Imagination" was released in the form of a Beatport-exclusive remix package on 17 March 2015.

Promotional singles
 "Lover Like You" was released as iTunes UK's "Single of the Week" for free download on 13 October 2014. It features vocals by Katy B.

Track listing

Notes
 "Doing It Wrong" is a cover of the song by Drake featuring Stevie Wonder.

Charts

Certifications

Release history

References

2014 debut albums
Albums produced by Gorgon City
Gorgon City albums
Virgin EMI Records albums
Black Butter Records albums


title: Paranisopodus heterotarsus

text:
Paranisopodus heterotarsus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monne and Martins in 1976.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1976


title: Paranisopodus paradoxus

text:
Paranisopodus paradoxus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monne and Martins in 1976.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1976


title: Aphaenogaster longaeva

text:
Aphaenogaster longaeva is an extinct species of ant in formicid subfamily Myrmicinae known from a solitary Eocene or Oligocene fossil found in North America.  A. longaeva was one of five insect species described by the paleoentomologist Samuel Hubbard Scudder in an 1877 paper.

History and classification
Aphaenogaster longaeva is known from a single insect which is a compression-impression fossil preserved in fine shale of the Quesnel beds, possibly Fraser Formation, near Quesnel, British Columbia.  During the initial surveys of the area by George Mercer Dawson, clay silt and sand outcrops were identified along the banks of the Fraser River, and a small sampling was performed by Dawson.  The fossils were mostly of plants such as beech, walnut, and poplar.  Scudder in 1890 notes that the fossil insects collected represented twenty-five species, dominated by Hymenoptera and Diptera specimens, with a single Coleopteran fossil found.  Dawson tentatively assigned the Quesnel fossils a Miocene age based on the floral similarity to fossil sites of Alaska.  The age of the site has been changed at least twice since the original description, with the fossils being listed as Eocene in age in a 1978 paper by Laurie Burnham.  More recently the site was suggested to be of Oligocene age by Archibald and Mathewes (2000) based on the fossils of nearby Quilchena, British Columbia.  Archibald et al (2018) considered the fossil site itself to be lost, but most likely to belong to the Eocene Okanagan Highlands, a series of Ypresian age lakebeds arcing from Driftwood Canyon north of Quesnel, to the Klondike Mountain Formation sites around Republic, Washington to the south.

At the time of description the species was known from a single fragmentary fossil and its less detailed counterpart.  The part side of the holotype was deposited in collections of the Canadian Geological Survey while the counterpart was placed in the Museum of Comparative Zoology paleontology collections at Harvard University.  Along with a number of other insect type specimens, the A. longaeva holotype counterpart is part of the Samuel Hubbard Scudder insect collection donated to Harvard in 1902.  The fossil was first studied by paleoentomologist Scudder with his 1877 type description of the new species being published in an addendum to Dawson's Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Canada, 1875–76.  The etymology for the specific epithet longaeva was not given with the type description.  A. longaeva was one of five Formicidae species which Scudder described in the paper.  Placement of the species into Aphaenogaster was based on the very similar vein structure and shape of the discoidal cell between A. longaeva and "Aphaenogaster" berendti, described from Baltic amber.  However the latter species was subsequently moved to the genus Stenamma as Stenamma berendti.  Due to the incomplete nature of the type specimens used in Scudder's descriptions, four of the five species from Quesnel were considered to be of uncertain genus  by Frank M. Carpenter in his review of North American ant fossils, with A. longaeva listed as "(Myrmicinae) longaeva".  Archibald et al (2018) noted the species is in need of reexamination and possible revision.

Description
The Aphaenogaster longaeva fossil is a jumble of parts that obscure the total length of the adult, though the preserved wings and body segments possibly indicate it to be a male.  Scudder in 1890 indicates the fossil to contain portions of the head, antennae, thorax, legs and wings.  The wing overall would have had an approximate length, if complete, of , and is  wide. It shows a darkened coloration from the pterostigma to the wing tip, with the pterostigma itself being the darkest portion of the wing.  The wing also shows a scattered covering of small hairs that Scudder described as "excessively delicate".

References

Prehistoric insects of North America
Fossil ant taxa
Fossil taxa described in 1877
longaeva
Oligocene insects
Taxa named by Samuel Hubbard Scudder


title: 2002 Armenian Cup

text:
The 2002 Armenian Cup was the 11th edition of the Armenian Cup, a football competition. In 2002, the tournament had 16 participants, out of which 2 were reserve teams.

Results

First round

The first legs were played on 30 and 31 March 2002. The second legs were played on 3 and 6 April 2002.

|}

Quarter-finals

The first legs were played on 19 and 20 April 2002. The second legs were played on 27 and 28 April 2002.

|}

Semi-finals

The first legs were played on 14 and 15 May 2002. The second legs were played on 20 and 21 May 2002.

|}

Final

See also
 2002 Armenian Premier League

External links
 2002 Armenian Cup at rsssf.com

Armenian Cup seasons
Armenia
Armenian Cup, 2002


title: Un paso al abismo

text:
Un paso al abismo, was one of the first Mexican soap operas in 1958 being directed and produced by Rafael Banquells. This telenovela occupy the hours of 6:30 pm on Canal 4, Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Silvia Derbez
Luis Beristain
Enrique Del Castillo
Lorenzo de Rodas
María Gentil Arcos
Bárbara Gil
Queta Lavat
Mario Requena

External links
Un paso al abismo in Alma-latina.net

Televisa telenovelas
Television shows set in Mexico
1958 telenovelas
1958 Mexican television series debuts
1959 Mexican television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas


title: Paroecus celebensis

text:
Paroecus celebensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomson in 1857.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1857


title: Paroecus charpentierae

text:
Paroecus charpentierae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Villiers in 1971.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1971


title: Paroecus rigidus

text:
Paroecus rigidus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1863.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1863


title: Lyell Canyon

text:
Lyell Canyon is a sub-alpine meadow in Yosemite National Park south of Tuolumne Meadows. For 13 kilometers (8 statute miles) most of the canyon has an approximate elevation of  , and then rapidly climbs to  to Donohue Pass, below Donohue Peak – which marks the eastern boundary of Yosemite. The valley at the base is relatively flat and wide, following the Lyell Fork of the Tuolumne River through an open meadow and wooded areas. The Lyell Fork eventually meets with Tuolumne River.

The canyon as well as Mount Lyell to the west is named after Charles Lyell, a well-known 19th century geologist and friend of Charles Darwin.

The canyon is an easy hike from Tuolumne Meadows campground. The John Muir Trail and the Pacific Crest Trail both route through the canyon. The trail is popular for hikers as an easy way to view surrounding mountains, a waterfall and Sierra wildflowers.

External links
 Yosemite Hikes

See also

 Lyell Meadow
 Mount Lyell

References

Landforms of Yosemite National Park
Landforms of Tuolumne County, California
Canyons and gorges of the United States


title: Pattalinus mirificus

text:
Pattalinus mirificus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gilmour in 1961.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1961


title: Pattalinus charis

text:
Pattalinus charis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1881.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1881


title: Buck Creek Gap

text:
Buck Creek Gap (el. ) is a mountain pass along the Blue Ridge Mountains.  NC 80 connects with the Blue Ridge Parkway at the gap, where it travelers can go either towards Burnsville, Marion, Mount Mitchell or Little Switzerland.  A scenic overlook is located at the gap, along NC 80; which is sometimes also used as a staging area for motorcycle enthusiasts.  The gap is also along the Eastern Continental Divide and the McDowell–Yancey county line.

References

Landforms of McDowell County, North Carolina
Landforms of Yancey County, North Carolina
Mountain passes of North Carolina
Transportation in McDowell County, North Carolina
Transportation in Yancey County, North Carolina
Blue Ridge Parkway


title: Pattalinus cultus

text:
Pattalinus cultus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1881.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1881


title: Pattalinus griseolus

text:
Pattalinus griseolus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné in 1988.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1988


title: Pattalinus lineatus

text:
Pattalinus lineatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné and Martins in 1976.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1976


title: Pattalinus strigosus

text:
Pattalinus strigosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné in 1988.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1988


title: Pattalinus vittulatus

text:
Pattalinus vittulatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gilmour in 1961.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1961


title: Pentheochaetes apicalis

text:
Pentheochaetes apicalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1934.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1934


title: Pentheochaetes argentinus

text:
Pentheochaetes argentinus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Mendes in 1937.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1937


title: 2015 Big 12 men's basketball tournament

text:
The 2015 Big 12 men's basketball tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big 12 Conference. It was played from March 11 to 14 in Kansas City, Missouri at the Sprint Center. Iowa State won the tournament for the 3rd time and received the conference's automatic bid to the 2015 NCAA tournament.

Seeding
The Tournament consisted of a 10 team single-elimination tournament with the top 6 seeds receiving a bye.

Schedule

Bracket

* denotes overtime period

All-Tournament Team
Most Outstanding Player – Georges Niang, Iowa State

See also
2015 Big 12 Conference women's basketball tournament
2015 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament
2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings

References

External links
Official 2015 Big 12 Men's Basketball Tournament Bracket

Tournament
Big 12 men's basketball tournament
Big 12 men's basketball tournament
Big 12 men's basketball tournament
College sports tournaments in Missouri


title: Pentheochaetes mysticus

text:
Pentheochaetes mysticus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1932.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1932


title: Pentheochaetes trinidadensis

text:
Pentheochaetes trinidadensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gilmour in 1963.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1963


title: Pentheochaetes turbidus

text:
Pentheochaetes turbidus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1934.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1934


title: Pterolepis

text:
Pterolepis may refer to:
 Pterolepis (bush cricket), a genus of bush crickets in the tribe Platycleidini
 Pterolepis, a fossil genus of jawless fishes in the family Pterygolepididae; synonym of Pterygolepis
Pterolepis (plant), a genus of flowering plants in the family Melastomataceae


title: Pterygolepis

text:
Pterygolepis is an extinct genus of jawless fish belonging to the order Birkeniiformes.

References

External links

Birkeniiformes genera
Fossil taxa described in 1920


title: Piezochaerus bondari

text:
Piezochaerus bondari is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1932.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1932


title: Piezochaerus marcelae

text:
Piezochaerus marcelae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Mermudes in 2008.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 2008


title: Piezochaerus melzeri

text:
Piezochaerus melzeri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Mermudes in 2008.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 2008


title: Piezochaerus monnei

text:
Piezochaerus monnei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Mermudes in 2008.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 2008


title: WordRake

text:
WordRake is a Seattle-based company that produces editing software of the same name. Gary Kinder — lawyer, New York Times best-selling author, and legal-writing expert — created the WordRake program in 2012. Gary has taught over 1000 writing programs to firms like Jones Day, WilmerHale, Latham & Watkins, Microsoft, KPMG, and NOAA.

WordRake software is intended to improve the brevity and clarity of writing. It quickly edits business reports, emails, correspondence, briefs, and memoranda to help make them clear and concise.  WordRake is used in over 7000 law firms (its initial market), and in businesses, government agencies, and academia. In January 2013, the City of Seattle announced that it had installed WordRake for use in several municipal departments.

Reviews of WordRake have been generally positive while acknowledging the software’s limitations. The program works as an extension to Microsoft Word, with another version for Outlook, and, like automated spelling and grammar checking, WordRake can be prone to false positives.

The second version, WordRake 2, was released in summer 2014. WordRake for Outlook was released in September 2014.

In 2017, Micah Knapp Produced and Directed a corporate video for WordRake, written by and Exec Produced by Gary Kinder.

References

Software add-ons
Legal software companies
Legal writing
Editing software


title: Probatiomimus eximius

text:
Probatiomimus eximius is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1934.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1934


title: Oliver Twist (Vaughn De Leath song)

text:
Oliver Twist is a 1921 song written by singer Vaughn De Leath (born Leonore von der Liethi), and performed by her as the first song sung by confirmed trans-Atlantic commercial radio broadcast. In 1922 the song was one of the early major tie ups between silent pictures and music publishers, with De Leath's song being sung, and played instrumentally, during showings of the 1922 silent film Oliver Twist starring the child actor Jackie Coogan.

The Wireless Age (1923) presented an interview with "Vaughn De Leath, The Original Radio Girl", which recounted the 12:30AM December 9, 1922 WJZ radio broadcast from New York to London.

This was the first confirmed trans-Atlantic reception of a U.S. broadcasting station.

An article "Oliver Twist" song in Spotlight's Glare in The Music Trades (November 11, 1922) described the link with the Coogan film as "One of the biggest tie ups ever undertaken in connection with a picture feature song".

References

1921 songs
Works based on Oliver Twist


title: Herlyn Espinal

text:
Herlyn Iván Espinal Martínez (14 September 1982  20 July 2014) was a Honduran journalist and television reporter who worked as chief correspondent in San Pedro Sula, the second largest city in Honduras, for Televicentro's daily newscast Hoy Mismo.

Espinal was abducted in the vicinity of Santa Rita, in the department of Yoro, early on the morning of 20 July 2014. He was found dead, a victim of multiple gunshot wounds, in a nearby location on the morning of 21 July. He was the forty-third journalist killed in Honduras since 2013.

Early life and education
Espinal was born and raised in the Santa Rita district of Yoro. In a 2009 interview he said that from an early age he had aspirations of becoming a journalist. In his youth, Espinal was active in the La Fragua theater company in El Progreso, Yoro.

Career
His first job as a journalist was with a local television channel in Agua Blanca Sur, Yoro, as a reporter and a presenter. He did both his own field work and presented it later on camera. He told an interviewer that journalists should always be "objective, impartial, and honest", and that journalists who take bribes will ultimately be exposed, adding, "Truth is mighty and will prevail".

He also worked as a correspondent for Radio Progreso. Both the La Frague theater company and Radio Progreso were founded by the Jesuit order in El Progreso, Yoro.

As chief correspondent for Hoy Mismo, which aired in San Pedro Sula, Cortés, Honduras's second largest city, he coordinated all news reports from northern Honduras.

On multiple occasions he ran as a Liberal Party candidate for city council, and at the time of his death was planning to run yet again. He said in 2009 that his "greatest personal ambition" was to pursue investigative journalism and to become mayor of Santa Rita and create new work opportunities for the town. The two people he admired most, he stated, were his grandmother, "a worthy example of perseverance and triumph", and his mother.

At the time of his murder, he was living in an apartment in San Pedro Sula.

Murder
Espinal was found dead on 21 July 2014. He was 31 at the time of his murder. In the aftermath of his murder, contradictory information circulated regarding the last hours of his life and the circumstances of his death. Some sources claimed he was shot two times, others that he had been shot up to five times. One report of his death stated that the city in which he worked, San Pedro Sula, is "considered the most violent city in the most violent country on the planet".

Espinal's mother stated that he had been at her home in Santa Rita watching television around 9 p.m. on July 19 when an unidentified man phoned and arranged a meeting, which Espinal agree to. Later that evening, according to multiple accounts, Espinal met with friends at a restaurant in Santa Rita, and also left with friends very early on the morning of July 20, 2014. He reportedly arrived back at his mother's home around 3 a.m., parked his car in front of the house, and then voluntarily entered a white panel truck in which three other persons were seated.

Some sources added further details, some of which appeared to conflict with others for timeline reasons. It was stated, for example, that Espinal, after leaving Las Tejas at around 2 a.m., had soon after joined up with friends with whom he proceeded to socialize at various other places in Santa Rita. Another detail that was mentioned in some reports but not others had Espinal arriving that same night at the Paradise Motel shortly after 3:00 a.m. and leaving it shortly before 4:00 a.m. At least one source stated that he had entered the Paradise Motel with "a man of fair complexion, height about  tall and burly", and had left the motel with that man, Espinal being at that point "semi-naked".

Also at around 4 a.m., a source reported Espinal heading alone toward a bridge in Santa Rita, looking "distressed". At the same hour, residents of the neighbourhood of Echeverry were said to have "heard several explosions" near another bridge in Llano Campo in Santa Cruz de Yojoa. In addition, a guard interviewed by police reported that he had heard blasts of gunfire around 4:00 am.

Authorities stated that Espinal had been murdered at 4:05 a.m. According to one source, his family was informed of his disappearance several hours later that morning and reported him missing soon after, with some reports placing this action shortly after noon that day.

Discovery
Espinal's body was reportedly discovered along a road between the towns of El Olivar and La Danta in an area called El Batey, in the department of Yoro. He was allegedly found face down and shirtless, his body already partially decomposed and his face disfigured by gunfire. Several reports variously described his body as having been found in a vacant lot, in bushes in a pasture, and in a ditch. One report indicated that according to forensics reports, he had been shot five times, sustaining wounds to his arm, torso, neck, and a fatal shot to the back of the head, and had been killed about 24 hours before his body was found, which was inconsistent with known facts. His body was reportedly identified at the scene by his stepfather, José Santos Ramírez, and another relative, José Jiménez.

On the same day that Espinal's body was found, a pool of blood and shell casings were purportedly found on a bridge over the Humuya River on the road between Santa Rita and La Barca.

Reactions
In a piece published on July 26, a local commentator summarized the multiple inconsistencies among the various accounts of Espinal's last hours and murder. The commentator further maintained that the investigation of Espinal's death was marred by corruption and incompetence, and accused the prosecution, which had claimed the case was solved, of being determined to convict innocent persons and protect the real murderers. In addition, the commentator opined that it was highly suspicious, given the confusion surrounding the basic facts of the case, and given the long investigations that had followed similar murders in Honduras, for authorities to claim that they had solved the crime within five days of its commission.

Two major Honduran civil-society groups, La Asociación para una Ciudadanía Participativa (ACI PARTICIPA) and El Centro de Prevención, Tratamiento y Rehabilitación de Victimas de la Tortura y sus Familiares (CPTRT), expressed deep concern over the disappearance and murder of Espinal. Juan Mairena, head of the Honduran journalists' association, called his murder "a heavy blow for journalism".

After the Honduran Minister of Security, Arturo Corrales, suggested that the killing may have been a crime of passion or the result of an inheritance dispute, rather than an act of retribution motivated by his work as a reporter, PEN, the international organization for writers, expressed concern that investigators had ruled out Espinal's activity as a journalist as a possible motive within 24 hours of his body being found.

Investigation and arrests
Just as there were inconsistencies in reports of Espinal's last hours and death, there were also apparent inconsistencies in reports about the subsequent investigation and arrests. On 23 July, Rigoberto Zambrano, who was purportedly in possession of the T-shirt Espinal had worn on the night of his disappearance and the gun used to shoot him, was taken into custody. Zambrano professed his innocence. It was reported that by 25 July, as a result of raids in Santa Rita, a total of four people had been arrested in connection with the murder. Corrales asserted that three people had been involved in the crime, and that the individual who had actually committed the murder was now outside the country.  In mid-August Corrales said, "We know who did it, the reasons, and there is plenty of evidence".

José Rafael Bueso Oseguera, alias Lito Lito Kasasa, who was said to be the last known person to be with Espinal, was arrested on 29 August, and reports stated that he was the second person to be arrested in connection with the murder. Like Zambrano, Bueso declared his innocence, although he admitted that on the night of Espinal's disappearance he, Bueso, had also been at Las Tejas, where both he and Espinal had attended a party. It was reported that Bueso, after his arrest, had spoken with police for six hours and that he maintained that authorities had singled him out only because he owned a white vehicle similar to the one that Espinal had last been seen entering.

Authorities stated with "great fanfare" on 29 August that Bueso was "instrumental" in the case, but the next day they released him, citing lack of evidence of his involvement. On 31 August, the public prosecutor claimed that Bueso had never been detained, but had simply been interviewed as a witness because he was one of the last people to see Espinal alive.

A local commentator, who criticized authorities on 31 August for their supposed sloppiness in the matter of Bueso, also charged them with failing to follow up leads properly and refusing to make information about the investigation publicly available. This same commentator also made sweeping accusations of official corruption and incompetence in the handling of the case, and noted that suspicion had now fallen upon a person named Juan Carlos Acosta Manzanares, although a similarity in names and appearance had caused someone named Juan Carlos Acostas Meléndez to be dragged into the case.

On 1 September, Espinal's mother issued a statement urging authorities to solve the crime. Hugo Maldonado, vice president of the
Comité de Derechos Humanos (Codeh), said that it was lamentable that there was so much impunity in Honduras and that authorities might not want to make public the name of Espinal's real assassin.

A September 22 report indicated that Espinal's family had issued another such statement, calling directly on the president of Honduras for action in solving Espinal's murder and bringing his killers to justice. It was noted that as of September 22, one individual had been detained in connection with the murder, but that person was not considered a perpetrator, and that there was also an arrest order out for another person in connection with the murder.

In mid-September 2014, Hector Hernandez, coordinator of forensic medicine in San Pedro Sula, who had already been subjected to a 15-day suspension, was removed from his position because he had made public statements about the murder of Espinal. He had said that Espinal had died of multiple gunshot wounds, even though evidence had not yet been collected at the scene. While Hernandez would continue to operate as a forensic doctor on call, he would no longer be coordinator of the city morgue.

References

1982 births
2014 deaths
People from Yoro Department
Assassinated Honduran journalists
Male journalists
Deaths by firearm in Honduras


title: Probatiomimus melzeri

text:
Probatiomimus melzeri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Schwarzer in 1931.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1931


title: Ownership of California Chrome

text:
The ownership of California Chrome during his racing career was held by two entities.  The first was DAP Racing, a horse racing partnership between Perry Martin, at the time from Yuba City, California, and Steve Coburn of Topaz Lake, Nevada, along with their spouses, Denise Martin and Carolyn Coburn. DAP stands for "Dumb Ass Partners"—a tongue-in-cheek response to a passerby who questioned their wisdom in purchasing the partnership's first racehorse, the mare Love the Chase, who became the  dam of 2014 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner California Chrome, her first foal.  Coburn owned a 30% interest in the horse and in July 2015 sold his share to Taylor Made Farm. Following the sale,  Martins and Taylor Made each sold "a few" shares in the stallion to "select breeders who would support the horse," forming the ownership syndicate California Chrome, LLC.   The DAP partnership had jointly owned other horses, including California Chrome's full siblings and his dam, Love the Chase. These horses were distributed between the former partners. In 2019, the horse was sold to JS Company of Japan and stands at stud there.

DAP Racing
Perry Martin was the majority owner of California Chrome and Steve Coburn held a 30% interest. The Martins and the Coburns had in common a fondness for California Chrome, but otherwise very different personalities and backgrounds. As Carolyn Coburn explained, "We couldn't be more different. We met at the racetrack because of a horse. That's what's so great about this game. It brings people together." The Martins seldom talked to the press, but Melissa Hoppert of The New York Times described them as the "quiet thinkers," noting that Perry Martin planned the mating of Lucky Pulpit with Love the Chase, mapped out a "Road to the Derby" racing plan for the horse, and promoted use of a nasal strip for California Chrome's races. Hoppert characterized the outgoing Coburns as the "public relations arm" of the partnership.

The Martins are originally from Chicago. They met over a mutual interest in the novel Foundation by Isaac Asimov, and went to the harness races on their first date; Perry Martin had been going to horse races at Arlington Park since he was a teenager. They owned and operate Martin Testing Laboratories (MTL), a division of Materials Technology Laboratories, Inc. until selling the company in 2020. It was located within McClellan Business Park at the former McClellan Air Force Base. MTL tested items such as automobile airbags and medical equipment. The company provideed product assurance and reliability testing of new technologies and materials.

Perry Martin has an MBA, a degree in applied physics from Michigan Technological University, and an advanced degree in solid state physics from the University of Illinois-Chicago. Denise Martin had a degree from California State University, was MTL's CEO and senior chemist, managing the company's fatigue testing and thermal analytics.  They married in 1986 and celebrated their 28th anniversary on the weekend of the Preakness, thus missing seeing the race live.  They moved to California in 1987, where Perry Martin was employed as a metallurgist by the Air Force and Denise briefly job shadowed a racehorse trainer in the Sacramento area.  Perry Martin worked at the McClellan Air Force Base prior to its 2001 closure, performing testing and analysis work, briefing both Congress and the Air Force Chief of Staff on his work with Air Force weapons systems.  He wrote the Electronic Failure Analysis Handbook, published by McGraw-Hill in 1999. Denise Martin managed communications and business matters for California Chrome and other horses in their stable while Perry Martin was the public face of the pair.

Steve Coburn, characterized by the media as the more "loquacious" of the two men, describes himself and his wife as "just everyday people". He grew up in central California and was familiar with horses. He worked herding cattle at a feedlot, participated in rodeos, and worked at some ranching jobs. He now works as a press operator for a company that makes magnetic strips. Carolyn Coburn retired in March 2014 from a career working in payroll in the health care industry.  Carolyn introduced Steve to horse racing, and when he was looking for a tax write-off, she encouraged him to buy into a racing syndicate instead of purchasing a small airplane.

Love the Chase
Love the Chase was purchased for $30,000 as a two-year-old by an agent for a horse ownership group called the Blinkers On Racing Stable. Perry Martin had been a member of the racing syndicate since 2007. Steve Coburn joined the group when he bought a share of the filly in 2008. Originally, the two couples each owned a five percent share in Love the Chase through their membership in Blinkers On Racing Stable.

As a two- and three-year-old filly, Love the Chase had been very nervous and often panicked in the saddling paddock, in effect losing races before she ever got to the starting gate.  She ran six times and won on her fourth try in a maiden claiming race at Golden Gate Fields.   When Blinkers On Racing Stable decided to dissolve the Love the Chase syndicate, both the Coburns and the Martins wanted to buy the filly. Instead, they decided to go into partnership; Perry Martin with a 70% share and as managing owner. After Love the Chase won her only race in February 2009, Coburn and Martin became her official owners.  A casual observer, knowing Love the Chase's modest race record, remarked that only a "dumb ass" would buy her, so Coburn and Martin, on a handshake, named their racing operation DAP Racing— "Dumb Ass Partners". They created a caricature of a buck-toothed donkey to adorn the back of their racing silks, chose purple and green, the favorite colors of Carolyn Coburn and Denise Martin, for their stable colors, and put the initials "DAP" on California Chrome's blinker hood and the left front of the jockey's silks.

Martin and Coburn paid $8,000, then raced Love the Chase two more times and retired her in 2009.  Wives Denise Martin and Carolyn Coburn became closely involved with the partnership, though they did not appear as owners on official records kept by Equibase. Martin and Coburn hoped Love the Chase would become a good broodmare, as she had a promising pedigree. When she retired, they discovered that she had raced with a breathing problem—an entrapped epiglottis that restricted her air intake, but was corrected with surgery. Martin researched pedigrees to determine the best stallion to match with Love the Chase.  The mare failed to conceive in 2009 when bred to a stallion named Redattore, and did not go back to him for rebreeding because he had been sent to Brazil. For that reason, she was bred to Lucky Pulpit in 2010. CNN reported that the stud fee for the breeding was $2000. Prior to the beginning of the 2014 breeding season, Lucky Pulpit had a published stud fee of $2,500.

After California Chrome became a Kentucky Derby contender, Martin and Coburn turned down an offer of $2.1 million for Love the Chase. Between 2013 and 2016, Love the Chase gave birth to four foals, all full siblings to California Chrome.  In 2016, Love the Chase was sent to Kentucky to be bred to Tapit, a son of Pulpit who was standing at stud for $300,000, the highest stud fee in North America. In August 2016, Martin announced that Love the Chase, confirmed in foal to Tapit, would be sold at the November Fasig-Tipton sale, as he wished to buy mares who could be bred to California Chrome.  She sold to an unidentified buyer for $1.95 million.

California Chrome

California Chrome, sired by Lucky Pulpit and out of Love the Chase, was foaled on February 18, 2011, at Harris Farms near Coalinga, California, the horse breeding division of the Harris Ranch. Steve Coburn said he had a dream not long before California Chrome's birth that the foal would be a colt with four white feet and a blaze. California Chrome was relatively large for a newborn foal, weighing , and active, described by Martin as "running circles around Momma" within two hours of birth. As a foal, he was given the nickname "Junior" by the Martins, because of his resemblance to his sire, Lucky Pulpit.

The Martins and Coburns chose California Chrome's official name in 2013 at Brewsters Bar & Grill in Galt, California, a town halfway between their two homes. Each of the four wrote a potential name on pieces of paper and asked a waitress to draw them out of Coburn's cowboy hat. They submitted the names to The Jockey Club ranked in the order drawn. California Chrome, Coburn's choice, was first drawn, and the registry accepted the name. The word "chrome" in his name comes from slang for a horse with flashy white markings.

California Chrome begin race training as a two-year-old colt with Art Sherman and Alan Sherman of Sherman Training Stables. After his first six races, he was paired with jockey Victor Espinoza and the team went on to a six-race winning streak that included the 2014 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes. Prior to the Santa Anita Derby on April 8, 2014, DAP Racing turned down a $6 million offer for a 51% controlling interest in California Chrome that would have mandated putting the horse with a different trainer. Coburn later explained why: "This isn't about the money, this is about the dream."

Immediately following the Belmont Stakes, Coburn generated controversy when he described the current Triple Crown system as allowing "the coward's way out" because horses who had not run in the Kentucky Derby or Preakness Stakes could challenge horses who had contested all three legs without a break.  Trainer Art Sherman commented, "[Coburn] was at the heat of the moment...Sometimes the emotions get in front of you." By the following Monday morning, Coburn had apologized, saying he wanted to congratulate the owners of winner Tonalist and adding, "I wanted so much for [California Chrome] to win the Triple Crown for the people of America, and I was pretty emotional, very emotional."

The 2015 season was a disappointment. California Chrome placed second in his first two races and then was sidelined by injuries.  The relationship between Martin and Coburn also appeared to break down following Martin's decision to send the horse to England for training and a possible start at Royal Ascot. Both Coburn and Sherman had publicly opposed the move. Sherman expressed passing disappointment, but Coburn stopped talking to the press altogether, and Martin commented, "Steve is my compass, whatever he suggests, that means I go 180 degrees the other way." When the horse returned to America in July 2015, Coburn sold his minority interest in the horse to Taylor Made Farms, a stud farm in Kentucky. The horse returned to train with Sherman following a rest period at Taylor Made Farms.

Related horses
When the DAP partnership dissolved in 2016, Cobern formed Silver State Racing, a partnership that owned one of the full sisters to 'Chrome, R Sunday Surprise.  The Martins formed Martin Racing and kept Chrome's full siblings Hope's Love and Faversham.

California Chrome's full sister, Hope's Love, foaled in 2013, had placed second in her racing debut at Golden Gate Fields in June, 2015, trained by Art Sherman's son, Steve. In July 2015, she was sidelined for the year due to a hairline fracture in her shoulderblade. She returned to racing in 2016 at Golden Gate Fields and ran in four more races, placed 5th twice, 6th once, and finishing last in her final race.  Her ownership transferred from DAP racing to Martin as sole owner by her final two races.  A second full sister foaled in 2014, R Sunday Surprise, began racing under Silver State Racing in 2016, trained by Doug O'Neill.  She hit the board twice with third-place finishes in five starts. A full brother foaled in 2015, Faversham, entered race training in 2017.

Taylor Made Farm and California Chrome, LLC

Taylor Made Farms, headed by Duncan Taylor, the president and CEO of the family-owned farm. His brother, Ben Taylor, is the vice president of the company's Taylor Made Stallions division. The brothers of the Taylor family have been the sole owners of the corporation since 1986. They were raised in the horse business, learning from their father and grandfather. They formed Taylor Made Sales Agency in 1976, when Duncan was 19, offering boarding for mares shipped into Kentucky. They expanded to sales consignments and then built their own facility on 120 acres owned by their father in Nicholasville, Kentucky. The farm is now 1,600 acres. By early 2016, the horse's ownership was officially listed as "California Chrome, LLC". Perry and Denise Martin remained the "majority owners" by the Daily Racing Form, and Frank Taylor of Taylor Made said that both the Martins and Taylor Made had each sold "a few" shares in the stallion to "select breeders who would support the horse."  Martin stated to the press in August 2016 that he ultimately would keep a 10% interest in the stallion and invest in mares suitable for crossing with California Chrome.

JS Company
In 2019, California Chrome, LLC reached an agreement to sell the horse to Japan's JS Company, with protections in place for the horse to return to America at the conclusion of his breeding career. The company placed California Chrome at stud in Japan at the Arrow Stud in Hokkaido. The Martins retained a syndicate share in the horse.

Notes

References

Sources

External links

"Growing Up California Chrome", video of young horse

American racehorse owners and breeders
Racehorse owners and breeders


title: Probatiomimus schwarzeri

text:
Probatiomimus schwarzeri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1926.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1926


title: Probatiomimus signiferus

text:
Probatiomimus signiferus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomson in 1865.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1865


title: Probatiomimus zellibori

text:
Probatiomimus zellibori is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné in 1990.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1990


title: Pseudastylopsis nebulosus

text:
Pseudastylopsis nebulosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Horn in 1880.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1880


title: Pseudastylopsis nelsoni

text:
Pseudastylopsis nelsoni is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Linsley and Chemsak in 1995.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1995


title: Pseudastylopsis pini

text:
Pseudastylopsis pini is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Schaeffer in 1905.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1905


title: Pseudastylopsis squamosus

text:
Pseudastylopsis squamosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Linsley in 1986.

References

Acanthocinini
Beetles described in 1986


title: P'tit Con

text:
P'tit con is a French comedy film directed by Gérard Lauzier in 1984.

Plot
Stuck at his parents' home, Michel, a teenager, is looking for ways to become a man. The society around him is corrupted, there isn't much to look forward to, the revolution has faded, and he feels that nobody loves him. Not even Salima, the young Algerian that he met on a jaunt in the Parisian night. Only his cool Hippie friend René offers him solace.

Cast
 Guy Marchand as Bob Choupon
 Caroline Cellier as Annie Choupon
 Bernard Brieux as Michel Choupon
 Souad Amidou as Salima
 Josiane Balasko as Rolande
 Gérard Darrieu as the Legionnaire
 Philippe Khorsand as Eric
 Claudine Delvaux as Maryse
 Leila Fréchet as Claudine
 Pierre Fayet as René
 Daniel Auteuil as Jeannot
 Patricia Millardet as Aurore
 Robert Dalban as the Concierge
 Tanya Lopert as the Psychiatrist

References

External links

1984 films
Films based on French comics
French coming-of-age films
1980s French-language films
French satirical films
Live-action films based on comics
Films scored by Vladimir Cosma
1980s coming-of-age films
1980s satirical films
Films directed by Gérard Lauzier
1980s French films