title: Sports in Madhya Pradesh

text:
Madhya Pradesh is a state in India that is very valuable in the field of sports and personality development of youth through various sporting games.

Cricket
National and International matches are hosted in Madhya Pradesh. In 2010 ODI cricket was hosted in Captain Roop Singh Stadium. Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association of Indore is responsible for the development and organizing games.

Football
Madhya Pradesh is a home ground of hosting National Football games. In 2013 National Football League was hosted in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

Stadium
 Nehru Stadium is located in Indore, Madhya Pradesh. India have capacity of 25,000 and host about all types of sports including One Day International cricket matches.

References

Sport in Madhya Pradesh


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's heptathlon

text:
The Women's heptathlon at the 2014 Commonwealth Games as part of the athletics programme was held at Hampden Park on 29 and 30 July 2014.

Results

References

Women's heptathlon
2014
2014 in women's athletics


title: 2014 Stadium Super Trucks Series

text:
The 2014 Stadium Super Trucks Series was the second season of the Stadium Super Trucks and the first under the Speed Energy Formula Off-Road presented by Traxxas name.

As he did in 2013, series founder Robby Gordon was the winner of the series championship, taking six victories en route to the title. Gordon won the championship by 75 points ahead of Sheldon Creed, who won a trio of races during the year, including a clean sweep at the IndyCar Series-supporting event in Toronto. Third place in the championship went to Apdaly Lopez, who won two races during the season, at the X Games and at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. E. J. Viso won the most races with the exception of Gordon, which included winning all three races at the Detroit Grand Prix, as part of a part-time season; Viso ultimately finished fifth in the championship. Keegan Kincaid (OC Fair) and P. J. Jones (St. Petersburg) were the only other winners during the 2014 season.

Drivers

Schedule

Season summary

The 2014 Speed Energy Formula Off-Road season began in March with the Stadium Super Trucks' inaugural trip to the Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg. The first race was marred by a rain storm as Robby Gordon took the win, while P. J. Jones beat out Gordon in the second. Gordon won again at the following month's Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach when he passed the battling Sheldon Creed and E. J. Viso for the victory. Viso, an IndyCar Series driver making his series debut, finished second after leading the most laps.

In May, the trucks raced at Indianapolis Motor Speedway as part of the Indianapolis 500's Carb Day. Known as the Menards at the Brickyard, the track layout featured part of the oval's frontstretch and the infield road course. Prior to the racing, Charles Dorrance's truck rolled through the grass after a poor ramp entry, leading to rib injuries. Gordon and Apdaly Lopez won the two races; Lopez, who finished second in the first round, claimed the overall weekend victory. The following week, SST joined the Chevrolet Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix slate for the first time. Viso went on to sweep the weekend's three races as he off Arie Luyendyk Jr. in the first round, led the final three laps of the second, and survived a collision with Burt Jenner to hold the lead in the third.

Formula Off-Road's next stop was X Games Austin 2014 at Circuit of the Americas, a date that was scheduled in December 2013. A series-record 20 drivers entered the event. The field was split into two heats of ten drivers apiece, with the top eight advancing to the final; Justin Lofton and Gordon won the heats, while Dorrance, Nick Vanis, Greg Adler, and Jay Reichert failed to qualify. In the final, Bobby Runyan Jr. hit a jump with two wheels on lap four, sending his truck into a roll and triggering a red flag. At the restart, Lopez took the lead and maintained it to win the gold medal, with Creed and Gordon taking silver and bronze, respectively; Lopez became the first male Mexican X Games gold medalist. The X Games helped the trucks catch the attention of sports marketing firm The Elevation Group, whose president Denny Young decided to purchase a 40 percent stake in the series in September.

At Honda Indy Toronto, Creed swept the weekend. The first race saw a wet course due to rain, during which Creed moved through the field from the back as Scotty Steele led. The two eventually battled until Creed passed him. The second race, this time in dry conditions, featured a duel between Creed and Gordon that the former won.

From September 19–21, the series ran a weekend tripleheader in Southern California with dates at the OC Fair & Event Center and Naval Station North Island. The OC Fair races were part of the Sand Sports Super Show; SST was joined by support classes including off-road class 1440 trucks, motocross, trophy karts, and UTVs. Two heats for each final were held, with Viso and Gordon winning the first round's and Gordon and Lopez splitting the following day's. In the first final, pole sitter BJ Baldwin led the first half before he collided with Viso and fell off the pace, enabling Gordon to take the lead and win. Keegan Kincaid won the second final after catching up to Gordon when the latter began experiencing issues with his truck; Kincaid raced with Creed's No. 74 number plate, meaning the points scored by Kincaid went to Creed in the standings. On Sunday, the trucks joined the Coronado Speed Festival at NAS North Island, an event held to celebrate Fleet Week and also featured vintage racing; a vintage race was held between the Formula Off-Road heat race and final. Viso won the heat, while Gordon took advantage of the Joker Lap on a green flag restart to pull ahead and score the victory in the final.

The 2014 season finale took place at the MGM Resorts Village in Las Vegas, held in conjunction with SEMA. Viso led the first race of the weekend with Kincaid and Gordon in tow, but Viso retired after hitting a K rail. Gordon passed Kincaid after Viso's incident to take the lead and the eventual round victory; Burt Jenner finished third for his first career podium. In the final round, Creed and Gordon fought for the lead until the former cleared the latter late in the race. Although Creed won the race, he finished 75 points behind Gordon in the championship; Gordon ended the 2014 season with his second series title as he recorded six wins and 14 podiums.

Results and standings

Race results

Drivers' championship

Driver replacements

Notes

References

External links

Stadium Super Trucks
Stadium Super Trucks


The 96th Battalion (Canadian Highlanders), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 96th Battalion was authorized on 28 November 1915 and embarked for Britain on 27 September 1916, where its personnel were absorbed by the 92nd Battalion (48th Highlanders), CEF to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 8 October 1916.

The 96th Battalion recruited in Saskatoon and district was mobilized at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

The 96th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. J. Glenn from 6 October 1916 to 8 October 1916.

The 96th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916.

The 96th Battalion (Canadian Highlanders), CEF, is perpetuated by The North Saskatchewan Regiment.

References

Sources
Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962

096
Military units and formations of Saskatchewan
North Saskatchewan Regiment


title: Henry's Demons

text:
Henry’s Demons: Living with Schizophrenia, A Father and Son’s Story is a 2011 book by Patrick Cockburn in collaboration with his son Henry Cockburn, published by Simon & Schuster in the UK and by Scribner in the US.

Content
Patrick Cockburn's son Henry was diagnosed with schizophrenia at the age of 20 whilst studying art at Brighton University.
His first psychotic breakdown had occurred in 2002, after he nearly drowned whilst trying to swim the estuary at Newhaven. He was sectioned at the beginning of 2003 and then spent the majority of the next seven years held in mental hospitals (during that period he escaped from his custody on approximately thirty different occasions). Since that period he has now left mental hospitals and at the time that the book was written was moving into more independent living quarters in Herne Bay.

Cockburn explores the subjective experience of being diagnosed with schizophrenia and the effect that it has on family and friends. He also examines the wider questions that are raised by a case such as Henry's, with a discussion of the vexed issues that accompany particular mental health diagnoses and classifications, the state of the contemporary law in relation to such cases and the history of disorders themselves and the treatments that are applied to them. Patrick Cockburn's wife Jan's diary extracts from the period are also included in the book.

Henry's perspective is also discussed; he is able to remember the real life situations he was in as well as the hallucinatory visions that accompanied them, and sees the whole experience of schizophrenia as being a matter of 'awakening' as much as an illness or disorder, and has been resistant to the use of anti-psychotic medication because he did not want to take drugs that affected his consciousness (though it is also pointed out that he had used cannabis from a young age, raising wider questions about the link between use of the drug and the disorder).

One wider social concern that emerges from the analysis in the book is that we have not yet collectively created the kind of community-based mechanisms and environments for mental health recovery and renaissance that might be paralleled with the original development of the mental hospitals in the nineteenth century.

Henry's case is broadly positive given the signs of rehabilitation, though there are many questions over the long-term situation in a case such as his which are raised by the book as a whole.

References

2011 non-fiction books
Simon & Schuster books
Charles Scribner's Sons books


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 110 metres hurdles

text:
The Men's 110 metres hurdles at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held at Hampden Park on 29 July 2014.

Round 1
First 3 in each heat (Q) and 2 best performers (q) advance to the Final.

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Final

References

Men's 110 metres hurdles
2014


title: 43rd Martín Fierro Awards

text:
The 43rd Annual Martín Fierro Awards, presented by APTRA, was held on August 5, 2013. During the ceremony, APTRA gave the Martín Fierro Awards for 2012 works.

Awards

Television
Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.

2012 in Argentine television
2013 in Argentina
2013 television awards
Argentina culture-related lists


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metres hurdles

text:
The Women's 100 metres hurdles at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place at Hampden Park on 31 July and 1 August 2014. Sally Pearson of Australia won the gold medal.

Records

Heats

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Final

References

Women's 100 metres hurdles
2014
2014 in women's athletics


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metres hurdles

text:
The Men's 400 metres hurdles at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place at Hampden Park between 29 and 31 July 2014.

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Final

References

Men's 400 metres hurdles
2014


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 400 metres hurdles

text:
The Women's 400 metres hurdles at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place at Hampden Park between 29 and 31 July 2014.

Results

Preliminaries

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Final

References

Women's 400 metres hurdles
2014
2014 in women's athletics


title: 97th Battalion (American Legion), CEF

text:
The 97th Battalion (American Legion), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 97th Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain in May 1916 but were halted in Aldershot, Nova Scotia when the American government protested the title of American Legion as they were officially a neutral state. The delay caused a number of officers to resign and a number of men deserted when it became clear they would not enter the front lines. Finally the designation ‘American Legion’ was dropped and the unit could proceed overseas. 31 officers and 798 other ranks boaded the RMS Olympic on 19 September 1916. The next month 270 men were absorbed by the Depots of The Royal Canadian Regiment, CEF and the rest, 428 soldiers joined the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, also, to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field.

Timeline
The 97th Battalion recruited in, and was mobilized at, Toronto, Ontario.

The 97th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. A.B. Clarke and then Lt.-Col. W.L. Jolly from 18 September 1916 to 24 December 1916.

The 97th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916.

The 97th Battalion (American Legion), CEF is not perpetuated by any Canadian Army unit.

See also
211th Battalion (American Legion), CEF
212th Battalion (American Legion), CEF
237th Battalion (American Legion), CEF

Bibliography
Notes

References

 - Total pages: 188

Sources
Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962

097
Military units and formations of Ontario


title: Frederick Ballard Williams

text:
Frederick Ballard Williams (1871- 1956) was an American landscape and figure painter.  He is best known for his decorative and idyllic scenes of the New England landscape. As a member of the National Academy, Salmagundi Club president, and founder of the American Artists Professional League, Williams was an influential figure in the promotion of 20th-century art in America.

Early life and education
The son of an artist, Frederick B. Williams was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1871. He was educated in the public schools of Bloomfield and Montclair, New Jersey, attending art classes at night at Cooper Union and at the New York Institute of Artists and Artisans. He also studied privately with artist John Ward Stimson, whose work likely influenced Williams’ celebrated fête galante paintings. Williams traveled briefly in England and France, supporting himself by teaching in private schools, before settling in Glen Ridge, New Jersey.

Later life and work
In 1901, Williams had his first exhibition at the National Academy and won a bronze medal at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. His work was composed almost entirely of landscape paintings and of outdoor scenes peopled with idealized, elegantly-clad women. In 1910, he took a trip with painters Thomas Moran, Elliott Daingerfield, Douglas Parshall and Edward Henry Potthast to the Grand Canyon and other western sites. The result was an expansion of Williams' subject matter and a series of Californian landscapes. Williams carried out field studies of the landscapes that were the subjects of his work, but painted in his studio. He believed in the separation between art and its subject, and that an artist’s idealistic vision could serve and augment his subject matter.

William’s work is included in the permanent collections of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the Hickory Museum of Art, and the Milwaukee Art Museum. In 1944, William’s Burke Mountain, Vermont was purchased for the Hickory Museum of Art, becoming the first painting in the museum’s collection. He was the recipient of numerous awards and honors throughout his career, including the Isidor Gold Medal of the National Academy of Design in 1909.

References

External links
National Academy profile and biography of Frederick Ballard Williams
The Trio at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art
The Echo at the Milwaukee Museum of Art
 Three exhibition catalogs, available from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries.

1871 births
1956 deaths
American landscape painters
Painters from Brooklyn
20th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American male artists


title: Calefax

text:
Calefax is a Dutch reed quintet. The ensemble consists of five different reed instruments played by the musicians Oliver Boekhoorn (oboe), Ivar Berix (clarinet), Raaf Hekkema (saxophone), Jelte Althuis (bass clarinet) and Alban Wesly (bassoon).

Music
The group is described as a "classical ensemble with a pop mentality". They often perform standing up, regularly playing music from memory without sheet music. Calefax has commissioned over two hundred pieces for reed quintet, which it performs alongside arrangements of preexisting works. Their repertoire spans the entire history of music, including Renaissance music, Baroque music, Impressionism in music and Jazz.

Activities
Calefax gives dozens of concerts each season, travelling throughout the world. The group has worked alongside such acts as the Orlando Consort, Mad Cows Sing, pianist Ivo Janssen, alto Helena Rasker, mezzo-soprano Cora Burggraaf, jazz singers Denise Jannah and Astrid Seriese, the Tony Overwater Trio and choreographer Sanne van der Put. Calefax also gives masterclasses and workshops for amateur musicians and conservatoire students.

CD recordings
Calefax CDs have appeared on the German label MDG and Jazz in Motion. The group has so far published 17 CDs.

Awards and honours
Calefax received the Philip Morris Art Prize in 1997, the Kersjes van de Groenekan Prize in 2001 and the VSCD Classical Music Prize in 2005.

References

Chamber music groups
Dutch classical music groups
Dutch musical quintets


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase

text:
The Men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place at Hampden Park on 1 August 2014.

Results

References

Men's 3000 metres steeplechase
2014


title: The Key (short story)

text:
The Key is a science fiction mystery novelette by American writer Isaac Asimov.  It is one of the stories featuring the reclusive scientist Wendell Urth. It first appeared in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction in October 1966, and was reprinted in the anthologies Asimov's Mysteries (1968) and The Best Mysteries of Isaac Asimov (1986).

Plot summary
In this short story, somewhere on the Moon is hidden an extraterrestrial artifact. Two explorers, Jennings and Strauss, discovered it, but Jennings is dead and Strauss is insane. The artifact seems to be able to amplify and transmit thoughts, even to the extent of allowing one person to damage the mind of another. The only clues are a piece of paper with cryptic symbols, numbers, and letters written on it, and the babblings of the remaining member of the expedition, Strauss. Strauss is a member of the Ultras, a eugenicist society dedicated to eliminating "non-essential" people, reducing the human population to a few million who think like themselves. It is feared that the device could enable the Ultras to carry out their plan. The original paper has already disappeared, presumably stolen by an Ultra, and the investigators have only a copy to work with. The clues on the piece of paper seem to point to different locations on the Moon, but one stands out: a vertical arrow pointing upwards to the astrological symbol for Earth. One of the investigators realizes that the message means "go to Earth", or more exactly, "go to Urth". Jennings was a former student of the extraterrologist Wendell Urth. He died of a stab wound from Strauss, but not before rendering Strauss insane using the power of the artifact, and then going to some unknown place to hide it. The mysterious paper was found inside a spacesuit gauntlet.

When the investigators contact Wendell Urth, he recalls Jennings was a man who liked bad puns. Urth professes to enjoy a good pun, but found Jennings' efforts irritating.  Reading the paper clue and listening to the audio log, he concludes that the symbols are mostly red herrings. They are too ambiguous and contradictory to be useful.  Instead he tells the investigators the story of the astronomer Christof Klau, a German Jesuit mathematician and astronomer who modified the proposal of the modern Gregorian calendar. His audience is puzzled until he tells them that in the recordings of Strauss's ravings there are frequent mentions of the artifact as "the key" to the future of the world. He tells them that, with his brain activity heightened by the artifact, Jennings achieved his greatest pun by linking the words "clue" and "key". "Clue" sounds similar to "Klau"; the Latinized form of Klau was Clavius, which is similar to the Latin word "clavis", which means "key"; so the "clue" and the "key" to the mystery were the same thing, linked by the bilingual pun. Urth directs the investigators to look in the lunar crater Clavius, at the point where Earth would be directly overhead (indicated by the arrow pointing to Earth). He also tells them that their fears about the Ultras using the device are groundless. Strauss was unable to use the artifact himself. Urth also knew Strauss as a student, and was aware of his cold, calculating nature. He believes that the one human characteristic that the artifact operates on is empathy, a quality the Ultras do not possess.

External links

 "The Key" on the Internet Archive

1966 short stories
Short stories by Isaac Asimov
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
Science fiction short stories
Short stories set on the Moon
Demography books
Fiction about mind control
Novels about murder
Archaeology in popular culture
Detective novels


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase

text:
The Women's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held at Hampden Park on 30 July 2014.

Results

References

Women's 3000 metres steeplechase
2014
2014 in women's athletics


title: Hallå du gamle indian

text:
"" is a song written by Lasse Dahlquist, scoring a 1941 success with Thore Ehrlings orkester. A recording by Swedish dansband Jigs dated 1972 reached number four in 1973 at Svensktoppen. Jigs also recorded the song in 1973 with lyrics in English, as "Hello You Red Old Indian".

The song was also recorded by Schytts in 1972, but became no major hit.

Larz-Kristerz recorded the song on their 2007 album Stuffparty 3, and Scotts on their 2008 album På vårt sätt.

The song has also been recorded by Flintstens med Stanley.

The song lyrics depict an America where the Native Americans play a more modest role.

References

1941 songs
Jigs (band) songs
Larz-Kristerz songs
Swedish songs
Swedish-language songs
Schytts songs
Songs written by Lasse Dahlquist
Scotts (band) songs


title: Ryan Waters

text:
Ryan Waters is an American mountaineer, mountaineering guide, and polar skiing guide.

He runs the guide service Mountain Professionals based in Colorado, USA. In 2014, he became the first American to complete the Adventures Grand Slam, by climbing the Seven Summits and skiing coast to pole, unsupported / unassisted trips to the North and South Poles. To date he has guided clients more than 50 times to the Seven Summits.

In January 2010, Ryan and Cecilie Skog completed a "nice long ski tour" in Antarctica. The team skied 1,117 miles/1,800 kilometers over 70 days from Berkner Island in the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf to the South Pole, then continued to the Ross Sea completing the first ski traverse of Antarctica to the Ross Ice Shelf without resupplies or the use of kites.

He and fellow explorer Eric Larsen reached the North Pole on May 4, 2014 after skiing unsupported for 53 days from Cape Discovery, Canada. This expedition was made into a 2-hour documentary titled Melting: Last Race to the Pole, for Animal Planet television network.}

In September, 2015, he and Larsen also made the first ascent of 6,166m Jabou Ri in the Rolwaling area of Nepal.

In 2016, Ryan guided 3 clients on an unsupported full length ski trip to the South Pole via the Messner/Fuches route over a 44-day expedition. This is thought to be only the second time that a full-length unsupported expedition has been guided taking clients to the South Pole. And again in 2019, he guided two clients on a full-length unsupported South Pole ski trip from the Hercules Inlet start on Antarctica.

Ryan is the author of the 2022 autobiographical book An American's Grand Slam: A True Adventurer's Unlikely Journey, which he wrote with coauthor Hudson Lindenberger.

See also
List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit
Explorers Grand Slam

References

External links
 Ryanwaters.net
 Adventureblog.nationalgeographic.com

American mountain climbers
American summiters of Mount Everest
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Woonsocket station

text:
Woonsocket station is a former railroad station located at Depot Square in downtown Woonsocket, Rhode Island. It was built by the Providence and Worcester Railroad in 1882 to replace a previous station built in 1847.

History

Hachiko

Depot Square was the central filming location for Hachi: A Dog's Tale in 2009. A statue of the dog, Hachikō, was installed in front of the station in May 2012.

Renovation and proposed return of rail service
The building was renovated by William (Bill) Dogan and was the headquarters for Develco a (now defunct) real estate development company during the 1970s who was responsible for building Lincoln Mall and the Marquette building in Woonsocket, R.I.

The building served as the headquarters for the Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor.  The Blackstone Valley Tourism Council organizes a Polar Express excursion each year which operates from Woonsocket Depot.

In February 2016, the Rhode Island Department of Transportation leased the depot to the Boston Surface Railroad (BSRC) to be used by the company for commuter service between Providence, Rhode Island and Worcester, Massachusetts. Later, the depot was designated as the headquarters for the BSRC. The BSRC planned to build a high-level platform on the western side of the station for accessible level boarding. The Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor office was relocated from the depot to a mill in Whitinsville, Massachusetts.

RIDOT filed for eviction of the BSRC in April 2019 over unpaid rent. After a legal battle and settlement, the company agreed in December 2020 to vacate the building in January 2021. The BSRC also planned to build a station in nearby Lincoln or Blackstone instead.

References

External links

Woonsocket railroad history

Buildings and structures in Woonsocket, Rhode Island
Dog monuments
Railway stations in Rhode Island
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1847
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1882
Railway stations closed in 1941
Transportation buildings and structures in Providence County, Rhode Island
1847 establishments in Rhode Island
Former New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad stations
Railway stations in the United States closed in the 1940s


title: Marc Séguin (painter)

text:
Marc Séguin (born March 20, 1970) is a French Canadian painter and novelist whose work is held in several important collections.

Life
Marc Séguin was born in Ottawa, Ontario on March 20, 1970. He studied at Concordia University, where he obtained a bachelor's degree in Fine Arts. He writes, paints and makes prints.
Recurrent themes in his writings and visual works include destruction, terrorism, the papacy, dictatorship and serial killers. One of his more macabre concepts has been to make paintings using human ashes. He is the father of four children, and divides his time between his organic farm in Hemmingford, Quebec, and his studio in Brooklyn, New York. A documentary film has been made of his life in Hemmingford.

Exhibitions and collections
Séguin's first solo exhibition in 1996 was well received.
In 1997 the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal invited him to participate in the group exhibit De fougue et de passion, and in 2000 invited him to hold a personal exhibition of large paintings based on medieval rose windows. In the summer of 2001 this exhibition was shown at the Canadian Cultural Center in Paris.
It toured Canada in 2003-04.
Séguin has exhibited at the Musée d'art contemporain de Baie-Saint-Paul twice, in 2001 and 2013.
The Musée d’art contemporain de Montréal, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts and the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec have all acquired his works, as have many corporate and individual collectors. Séguin has participated in many group exhibitions in North America and Europe.

Novels
 La Foi du braconnier, éditions Leméac, 2009
 Hollywood, éditions Leméac, 2012 (Finalist in the 2013 Governor General's Awards)
 Nord Alice, éditions Leméac, 2015

Film
 Stealing Alice, 2016

References

Sources

1970 births
Living people
Canadian painters
Canadian male novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
Writers from Ottawa
Artists from Ottawa
Franco-Ontarian people
Canadian novelists in French
21st-century Canadian male writers


title: Otzberg Castle

text:
Otzberg Castle () in the German state of Hesse is a medieval castle on the summit of the Otzberg in the Odenwald forest at a height of 367 m above NN. On its northern slopes is the village of Hering, which grew out of the lower ward or castellan's settlement. The history of castle and village is therefore closely interwoven.

History
The region around the Otzberg probably belonged to the territory that King Pippin gifted in 766 A.D. to Fulda Abbey, together with Groß-Umstadt.

Otzberg Castle was probably built in the late 12th/early 13th century.
At this time, Abbot Marquard I of Fulda secured the abbey estates and built castles that were visible from a long way as a sign of his influence.

 ...Here is a site for a castle…

He transferred the castle to Conrad of Hohenstaufen, brother of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, as vogt. Conrad was Count Palatine of the Rhine.

The castrum Othesberg was first mentioned in the records in 1231. In this document the Archbishop of Mainz, Siegfried III, also the overseer of Fulda Abbey, guaranteed to Count Palatine Otto II the arrangement agreed in the previous year, the details of which are unknown.

In 1244 the castellanos de odesbrech are mentioned for the first time: the castellans or Burgmannen of Otzberg Castle. The fortifications must have been sufficiently developed that five castellans and their servants were able to occupy it. The castellans built houses in the village of Hering, so-called "castellan's houses" or Burgmannenhäuser. Of these only parts of the house owned by Gans of Otzberg have survived.

In the early 14th century, the resources of Fulda Abbey ran out so, in 1332, Prince-Abbot Henry VI of Hohenberg enfeoffed Otzberg Castle and the Fulda part of Umstadt for 4,600 pounds of Heller to Werner of Anevelt and Engelhard of Franckenstein, who carried out building work at Otzberg to the tune of 200 pounds.

In 1374 Fulda redeemed the estate again, but enfeoffed in the same year Otsperg die burg ("Otzberg the castle"), Heringes die stat darundir ("Hering the town below it") and half of Umstadt for 23,875 guilders to Ulrich of Hanau, who also carried out work on the castle, for 400 guilders.

In 1390 the abbey sold Otzberg and Hering and the half of Umstadt with the Hanau fief, which had meanwhile increased in value to 33,000 guilders, to Count Palatine Rupert II.

In 1504 the Bavarian Feud partly involved Otzberg. In the dispute over the Landshut succession, Emperor Maximilian imposed the imperial ban on Count Palatine Philip for a breach of the Landfrieden. Landgrave William II of Hesse seized Otzberg by force. After the Reichstag of Constance in 1507, Electoral Palatinate received the Amt of Otzberg back again and did not enfeoff it again. But weapon technology had changed so that the castle could no longer simply be held by castellans. In 1511, a Zwinger was built, the inner wall was strengthened and a new gatehouse built.

In the mid-16th century a stone town wall was built around the lower ward (the village of Hering).

In 1621, during the Thirty Years' War, a Bavarian corps of 2,000 men and imperial and Spanish troops camped in the area of Otzberg-Umstadt and besieged Otzberg Castle. A year later, in 1622, the garrison surrendered the castle. The castle and amt of Otzberg as well as half of Umstadt went back to Hesse in 1623 as compensation for war damage suffered.

In 1647 the French took the castle. They based themselves at the castle and helped themselves to the food and provisions. As a result of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Otzberg was returned to the Palatinate.

Although the whole of the Palatinate was in French hands during the Napoleonic Wars, the two Ämter of Otzberg and Umstadt remained Electoral Palatine. At that time the Palatine Archives were stored at Otzberg Castle, in which one can read the property claims for a new era.

With the stabilisation of the political situation, Otzberg Castle lost its military importance for the Palatinate. From 1711 active service soldiers were gradually replaced by disabled veterans, so that from 1720 the castle became purely an invalids' garrison that guarded the prisoners incarcerated there.

In 1802 the Electoral Palatine Oberamt of Otzberg went to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, which used it from 1803 as a state prison.

In 1818 Otzberg Castle was abandoned as a military location.

On 25 July 1826 the Finance Ministry in Darmstadt issued a decree that the tower of the castle, the commandant's house with its small stables, the doctor's house, the stable near the Marketenderei, the well house and the new barracks (Bandhaus) should be preserved. All other buildings should be sold for demolition.

In 1921 the Bandhaus was converted into a youth hostel.

In the 1950s a forestry office and a restaurant were housed in the commandant's house. This arrangement continued until the mid-60s when the place was rented to various tenants to run the restaurant.

In 1985, a museum the Collection of Folk Art in Hesse (Sammlung zur Volkskunde in Hessen) moved into the Bandhaus. In 1996 the Korporalshaus was rebuilt. It has since been used as a museum building and location for the Standesamt of the municipality of Otzberg.

Military
The occupants from the outset were soldiers; in the 14th century, six men lived there; around 1471 there were 14 people. Specialised paid soldiers first appeared in the 16th century when the place was converted into a defensible fortification.

Description

The appearance of the fortress is dominated by its double concentric walls built in the 16th century and oval in shape, and the bergfried which is of Romanesque origin. Its character is still that of a fortress from the time after the introduction of artillery, typical castle features, like towers are entirely missing.

Bergfried
The bergfried, also known locally as the Weiße Rübe ("White Beet", also the name for the wild turnip), is the oldest building in the castle. On clear days the visitor can see the whole of the county of Darmstadt-Dieburg and as far as the city of Frankfurt am Main and the Taunus hills from the top of the 17-metre-high keep.

Well
The castle well dates to about 1320 and is one of the deepest wells in Hesse. After recent excavations the depth of the well has now been estimated as about 50 metres. Next to it is a 1788 treadwheel that made it considerably easier to raise water.

Commandant's house
The commandant's house (Kommandantenhaus), in which the castle pub is housed today, was built in 1574 together with several other new buildings.

Palas
The palas houses the Otzberg Museum – Documenting the history of Veste Otzberg.

Barracks/cabinet room
The old cabinet room was later used as a barrack. Due to the Hessian demolition decree (hessischen Abrissverfügung) of 1806 it was one of the few buildings that was destroyed at Otzberg Castle. Today, only the wall foundations remain.

Corporal's house
The "corporal's house" (Korporalshaus), rebuilt in 1996 is used as a registry by the municipality of Otzberg.

Literature
 Wolfram Becher: Name und Ursprung der Burg Otzberg. In: Der Odenwald. Zeitschrift des Breuberg-Bundes 26/1, 1979, pp. 3–26.
 Thomas Biller: Burgen und Schlösser im Odenwald. Ein Führer zu Geschichte und Architektur. Schnell und Steiner, Regensburg, 2005, , pp. 189–192.
 Thomas Steinmetz: Zur Frühgeschichte der Burg Otzberg. In: Der Odenwald. Zeitschrift des Breuberg-Bundes. 51st annual issue (2004), Heft 2, , pp. 43−57.
 Axel W. Gleue: Otzberg Burg-Festung-Kaserne. Otzberg, 2003.
 Rudolf Knappe: Mittelalterliche Burgen in Hessen: 800 Burgen, Burgruinen und Burgstätten. 3rd edn. Wartberg-Verlag. Gudensberg-Gleichen, 2000. , pp. 540−542.
 Schlösser, Burgen, alte Mauern. Herausgegeben vom Hessendienst der Staatskanzlei, Wiesbaden, 1990, , pp. 287–289.

External links

 Otzberg Castle at burgenwelt.de
 Otzberg Museum
 DFG project Renaissance Palaces in Hesse

References

Hill castles
Castles in Hesse
Museums in Hesse
Odenwald
Electoral Palatinate


title: Fairfield Plantation (Gloucester County, Virginia)

text:
Fairfield plantation was a historic tobacco plantation from 17th century Colony of Virginia, owned by the Burwell family of Virginia from 1642 to 1787. The house was destroyed in 1897 due to fire. It is now an archaeological site that also includes slave quarters, a large formal garden, and the Burwell family cemetery. Archaeological research has been led by the Fairfield Foundation archaeologists David Brown And Thane Harpole.

Built in 1694, the brick manor at Fairfield was described as what was once "the most sophisticated sophisticated classical house built in British North America to that date" by Cary Carson, retired Colonial Williamsburg research chief. It was built to emulate the houses of the gentry in London.

The house had Flemish-bond brick walls and a 62-foot veranda on the front of the structure that overlooked the large formal garden. It had extra-large rectangular sash windows, and the first known use of a hipped roof with dormers in the colony. At the time the house was built, most of the other buildings were built on posts sunk in the earth. Fairfield Plantation became a National Register of Historic Places listing on July 16, 1973. It is also a Virginia Historic Landmark as of February 20, 1973.

Burwell family

Fairfield was first patented by Lewis Burwell (1621–1653) on June 12, 1648. Lewis Burwell and his family moved to Gloucester (from nearby York County) some time before 1651.

The size of the plantation and the slave population grew in tandem at the end of the seventeenth century as Lewis Burwell (1652-c.1710) inherited land, political connections, and slaves from relatives and business associates. Lewis II took sole control of the property after his mother's death in 1677. As a tobacco plantation and focal point for trade along Carter's Creek, Fairfield was profitable and perfectly situated in a fast-growing county just over a half day's travel from the new capital of Williamsburg. Fairfield reached its apex as a prominent Virginia home and plantation during the first half of the eighteenth century. The land was managed by five different people over that time, but all were focused on maintaining the agricultural profitability of the plantation while experimenting with crop diversification and introducing large scale cattle and animal husbandry. By the end of the century, though, the Burwell family was overwhelmed by debt. The plantation's enslaved population adapted to their new roles in the fields and around the manor house, but many were sold to plantations in the west and south. As surrounding tracts were sold to pay creditors, Fairfield shrank, consolidating the remaining labor force on a much smaller parcel surrounding the manor house. Little is known about the fate of Fairfield's slaves when the plantation was sold in 1787, although some were purchased by neighbors and may have remained in the area.

References

Further reading

External links
 Fairfield Foundation

Slave cabins and quarters in the United States
Historic house museums in Virginia
Plantations in Virginia
Plantation houses in Virginia
Houses in Gloucester County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Gloucester County, Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
1642 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies


title: Älskade ängel

text:
"Älskade ängel" is a song, written by Per Johan Widestrand and recorded by Lill-Babs. The single was released under the name Lill-Babs & Heman Hunters and in 1994 the song was used as signature melody for the SVT TV series Bert , where the refrain can be heard. In the TV series, Bert is seen dancing at the mirror when the song was played, while appearing words showed the episode title.

In 2004 the song was on Lill-Babs compilation album Lill-Babs i lyxförpackning.

The song became a Svensktoppen hit for nine weeks, during the period 10 December 1994-14 January 1995, peaking at second position.

The Playtones also performed the song at Dansbandskampen 2009, when Lill-Babs was tonight's theme in the second round. The song was also recorded on their 2010 album Rock'n'Roll Dance Party.

Black Jack recorded the song on the 2012 album Casino.

References

1994 singles
Lill-Babs songs
Swedish-language songs
1994 songs


title: Assafarge e Antanhol

text:
Assafarge e Antanhol is a civil parish in the municipality of Coimbra, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Assafarge and Antanhol. The population in 2011 was 5,302, in an area of 19.51 km².

References

Freguesias of Coimbra


title: Alonzo K. Vickers

text:
Alonzo Knox Vickers (September 25, 1853 – January 21, 1915) was an American politician and jurist from Illinois. Vickers received a basic public education and assisted on the family farm as a youth. He later taught in schools and studied law in Metropolis, Illinois. Upon admission to the bar, Vickers practiced in and around Vienna, Illinois, also serving as that city's attorney. He served one term in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1886 to 1888. In 1891, he was elected to the 1st Illinois circuit court, practicing there for eleven years until elevation to the Illinois Appellate Court. In 1906, Vickers was elected to the Supreme Court of Illinois. He died before completing his nine-year term.

Biography
Vickers was born on September 25, 1853, in Massac County, Illinois. He was raised on the family farm and attended public school. He later attended a school in Metropolis, Illinois, then taught in county schools. While teaching, Vickers studied law under R. W. McCartney and was admitted to the bar in 1882. He established a practice in small Vienna, Illinois, and edited a paper there. After a brief junior partnership with a Judge Spann, Vickers founded a practice with George B. Gillespie. Vickers & Gillespie practiced until 1890.

Vickers served as city attorney of Vienna. In 1886, he was elected as a Republican to the Illinois House of Representatives, serving one two-year term. In 1891, Vickers was elected to the 1st Illinois circuit court. He would hold this position for the next eleven years, succeeding in two re-election bids. In 1903, the Supreme Court of Illinois named Vickers to the 2nd district of the Illinois Appellate Court. In 1906, Vickers was elected to the Supreme Court, replacing Carroll C. Boggs. He served as chief justice in 1910. Vickers died on January 21, 1915, before his nine-year term was complete.

Vickers married and had a son and two daughters. Vickers was a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Knights of Pythias, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and was a Freemason. He was buried in Vienna Fraternal Cemetery in Vienna.

References

1853 births
1915 deaths
Chief Justices of the Illinois Supreme Court
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
People from Metropolis, Illinois
People from Vienna, Illinois
Justices of the Illinois Supreme Court
19th-century American judges


Coimbra (Sé Nova, Santa Cruz, Almedina e São Bartolomeu) is a civil parish in the municipality of Coimbra, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Sé Nova, Santa Cruz, Almedina and São Bartolomeu. The population in 2011 was 13,971, in an area of 8.33 km2. It covers the city centre of Coimbra.

References

Freguesias of Coimbra


title: Liquid droplet radiator

text:
The liquid droplet radiator (LDR) or previously termed liquid droplet stream radiator is a proposed lightweight radiator for the dissipation of waste heat generated by power plants, propulsion or spacecraft systems in space.

Background
An advanced or future space mission must have a power source or propulsion that will require the rejection of waste heat.
Disposing large quantities of waste heat must be considered in order to realize a large-space structure (LSS) that handle high power such as a nuclear reactor or a space solar power satellite (SPS).

Such space systems require advanced high-temperature thermal control systems.
Liquid metal heat pipes with conventional radiators are considered ideally suited for such applications.
However, the required radiator surface area is huge, hence, the system mass is very large. The liquid droplet radiator (LDR) has an advantage in terms of the rejected heat power-weight ratio. The results of the studies indicate that for rejection temperatures below approximately 700 K, the LDR system is significantly lighter in weight than the other advanced radiator concepts. A LDR can be seven times lighter than conventional heat pipe radiators of similar size.
The LDR is more resistant to meteorite impacts due to less critical surface or windage, and requires less storage volume.
Therefore, the LDR has attracted attention as an advanced radiator for high-power space systems.

In 1978, John M. Hedgepeth proposed, in "Ultralightweight Structures for Space Power," in Radiation Energy Conversion in Space, Vol. 61 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, K. W. Billman, ed. (AIAA, New York, 1978), p. 126,
the use of a dust radiator to reduce the radiator weight of solar power satellites. Practical problems of this dust system led to the LDR concept in 1979.

Numerous studies have been made by companies, organizations and universities around the world.

Practical experiments were carried out for example with STS-77 and at drop shafts in Japan: Japan Microgravity Center (JAMIC) and Microgravity Laboratory of Japan.

Concept

The liquid droplet radiator (LDR) system consists of a droplet generator, a collector, a heat exchanger, a recirculating pump, and a bellows-type pressure regulator (accumulator).
While undergoing a reduction in pressure the saturated liquid is sprayed into space as coherent streams of tiny, discrete droplets.
The droplet stream can be a column or a sheet of liquid droplets moving through space from the droplet generator to the collector.
The droplets carry the waste heat generated by a space power system and radiate this waste heat directly to space during their flight by transient radiative heat transfer.
The liquid droplets are collected at a lower temperature, reheated, and pumped to the droplet generator and reused to continue to remove waste heat from the thermodynamic power cycle.

The pressure at which liquid droplets are formed can vary widely in different applications, but it was found that once the droplet flow has been established, substantially lower pressures are needed to maintain the flow of droplet streams.

Heat transfer
Spacecraft waste heat is ultimately rejected to space by radiator surfaces. Radiators can be of different forms, such as spacecraft structural panels, flat-plate radiators mounted to the side of the spacecraft, panels deployed after the spacecraft is on orbit, and droplets.
All radiators reject heat by infrared (IR) radiation from their surfaces. The radiating power depends on the surface's emittance and temperature.
The radiator must reject both the spacecraft waste heat plus any radiant-heat loads from the environment or other spacecraft surfaces.
Most radiators are therefore given surface finishes with high IR emittance ( > 0.8) to maximize heat rejection and low solar absorption ( < 0.2) to limit heat loads from the sun.
High-temperature radiators are preferred for better efficiency and size reduction considerations, however, fluid property and droplet cloud property are additional factors.
Droplet size formation and droplet density govern emission and reabsorption.
A smaller droplet is essential for obtaining effective radiation in the liquid droplet radiator. A droplet with a diameter of 1 μm has been calculated to cool from 500 K to 252 K in two seconds. A dense cloud of the droplet sheet will retard the cooling rate of the droplets because of the reabsorption of the emitted light.

A single droplet radiates heat as it travels through space and at any time this heat loss is given by:

where  is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant,
 is the droplet heat loss rate to space (joules/second),
 is the droplet radius (meters),
 is the average gray body view factor for droplet at stream center (less than one), and
 is the absolute droplet temperature at any time (kelvin).

This equation models the droplet as a gray body with
constant average emissivity. The instantaneous radiation
rate is equal to the rate of energy loss resulting in this
equation:

where  is the specific heat capacity,
 is the density of droplet (kg/m3),
 is the droplet transit time (seconds).

Limitations, challenges and solutions
The operating environment is not simply black space, but one with solar radiation and diffuse radiation reflected and emitted from the sun (stars), earth, other objects, and or the spacecraft's own propulsion. It is possible to "orient" the droplet sheet edge towards an external heat source but the sheet area would still be subject to radiation from other sources. Most of the presented solutions of the equation of radiative transfer are practical simplifications by introducing assumptions.

In order to achieve high collection efficiency splashing of the droplet on the collector surface has to be minimized. It was determined that droplet collector with an incidence angle of 35 degrees can prevent a uniform droplet stream with droplet diameter 250 µm and a velocity of 16 m/s from splashing under microgravity condition.
Another solution is to have a liquid film formed on the inner surface of the collector. When the droplet streams are absorbed in this liquid film, no splashes should be formed. A miscapture rate of incoming droplets was required to be less than 10−6. The droplet diameter was determined to be less than 300 µm and the droplet speed less than 20 m/s.
If a ferrofluid is used a magnetic focusing means can effectively suppress splashing.

As the droplet sheet is in free fall a spacecraft performing a maneuver or angular acceleration would lose coolant. Even a magnetically focused LDR has a very limited tolerance of less than 10−3 g.

A droplet generator has approximately 105 – 106 holes (orifices) per system with diameters of 50–20 µm.
These orifices are more susceptible to damage than a conventional solid radiator or heat pipe which may affect droplet formation and droplet stream flow direction, potentially causing fluid loss.

Liquids
Liquids with low vapor pressures are preferred for the working fluids to minimize evaporation loss due to flash evaporation.
Liquids have been found that in the range of 300 to 900 K have a vapor pressure so low that the evaporation loss during the normal lifetime of a space system
(possibly as long as 30 years) will be only a small fraction of the total mass of the radiator.

Operating life of the fluid in the LDR environment is affected by thermal stability, oxidative stability, and resistance to radiation.

If a liquid metal is used as the coolant, the pumping of the liquid may use an electromagnetic device. The device induces eddy currents in the metal that generate a Lorentz force with their associated magnetic fields. The effect is the pumping of the liquid metal resulting in a simplified design with no moving parts. This is known as MHD pumping.
For example, a simple mixture of mineral oil and iron filings was found to approximate a suitable ferrofluid for several seconds, before separation of the iron filings and oil was observed in the presence of a magnetic field. At droplet sizes of approximately 200 µm, surface tension will hold the two components at accelerations up to about 1 g.

If an ionic fluid is used as the coolant, the fluid can be used for momentum transfer between spacecraft traveling at different speeds. It may be possible to synthesize the fluid in-situ. For example, BMIM-BF4 ( [C8H15N2]+BF4−) is 42.5% carbon by mass. Lunar regolith typically contains several compounds with carbon and about 5% of asteroids are carbonaceous chondrites which are rich in carbon as well as metals and water.
It may be possible to mine the moon for carbon and combine it with other elements to produce ionic fluid. Another good source of carbon is Mars' largest moon, Phobos, which is a captured asteroid believed to be rich in carbon.

LDR design configurations

There are two different droplet collection schemes: the centrifugal approach and the linear collection scheme. The linear collector is considered to be simpler, more reliable and lighter.

Several different LDR configurations have been proposed and evaluated.

The spiral LDR employs a generator and collector which rotate at the same angular velocity. This concept was considered more complex due to unnecessary rotation of the collector.
The enclosed disc LDR contains a droplet generator at the center for creating a disc of droplets. Only the collector rotates. The entire radiator is enclosed by a transparent shroud, which minimizes spacecraft contamination resulting from any errant droplets. This concept was considered more complex due to unnecessary rotation of the collector.
The annular LDR utilizes a rotating collector to capture an annular sheet of droplets from an annular generator. The annular LDR has an inefficient radiative performance – the sheet radiates to itself more than the droplet sheets of alternate configurations.
Several proposed variations of the LDR utilize electric fields to control droplet trajectories as in the ink jet printer. The Electrostatic THermal (Energy) Radiator (ETHER) is essentially a proposed variation of the LDR. The droplets are charged and in conjunction with a charge on the spacecraft that is opposite the droplet charge, the droplets will execute a slightly elliptical orbit. This closed trajectory would reduce overall system size. This concept calls for concerns about droplet-plasma interactions. Further, in low Earth orbit the spacecraft will acquire its own potential.

Rectangular and triangular versions of the LDR have been investigated the most.

The rectangular LDR employs a linear collector which is as wide as the droplet generator. The collector can be two sided, where two droplet sheets traveling in opposite directions impact a single collector. An alternate variation would utilize a one sided collector, with only one generator and droplet sheet. In a rectangular LDR, there is no focusing of the droplet sheet, and the droplet number density remains constant along the flight path. It is the simplest LDR design with the largest radiating area.
The triangular LDR concept employs a droplet generator to form a converging stream array (sheet) of droplets. The collector, located at the convergence point of the droplet sheet, employs a centrifugal force to capture the droplets. The triangular LDR is inherently less massive, because of the smaller collector. System studies have indicated that a triangular LDR can be 40 percent less massive than a rectangular LDR.  However, for any comparable size the triangular LDR has half the area of a rectangular sheet and therefore rejects less heat. Currently, the use of pitot tube pickups has replaced the initial complex rotating seals. Collisions in a focused droplet sheet result in coalescence of the impacting droplets. The triangular LDR is now being developed more extensively.
The magnetically focused LDR employs a magnetic field to focus streams of droplets directed from the generator toward the collector, thereby assuring that essentially all of the droplets captured, even though some of the streams may be misdirected as they leave the generator. The magnetic focusing means is also effective to suppress splashing of liquid when the droplets impinge on the collector. The magnetically focused LDR was investigated and patented by the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) under a grant by the Department of Energy (Contract DE-AC02-76CH00016). The magnetic means can be achieved with a toroidal shaped electro-magnet or permanent magnets. As only one side of the droplet sheet would be focused by a single permanent magnet, an even number has to be placed across each other adjacent to the collector. A permanent dipole magnet has limited field strength, hence limits radiator size. Electromagnets or (cryogenic cooled) superconducting magnets offer higher field strengths, but may have mass tradeoff. A major conclusion drawn from calculations is that a spacecraft can be maneuvered at accelerations less than 10−3 g. Higher accelerations require numerous smaller LDRs which will be more massive in the sum, but would to be more likely to survive.

Further research
The LDR is being studied as a byproduct of a concept using a fluid stream for momentum transfer between an approaching spacecraft and another spacecraft, station or Moon base. This method could reduce spacecraft mass while increasing space flight efficiency.

A Liquid Sheet Radiator (LRS), adapted for planetary surfaces, is essentially a fountain enclosed in a transparent envelope. The liquid flows down on the inside of this envelope. The liquid sheet radiator concept is exceptionally stable and does not require special machining of the orifice to achieve its performance.

See also
 Evaporative cooler
 Project Valkyrie

References

Notes

Cooling technology
Space technology
Spacecraft design
Spacecraft components
Spacecraft propulsion
Nuclear power in space
Temperature control
Heat transfer
Thermodynamics
Engineering thermodynamics
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic radiation
Radiation
Infrared
Infrared spectroscopy
Fluid dynamics
Fluid mechanics
Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)
Magnetohydrodynamics


title: E. Herman Magnuson

text:
Earnest Herman Magnuson (October 9, 1894 – July 15, 1955) was an American politician from New York.

Life
He was born on October 9, 1894, in Halmstad, Sweden. The family emigrated to the United States in 1901, and settled in Wilcox, Pennsylvania. In 1907, they removed to Jamestown, Chautauqua County, New York. He engaged in the insurance business and entered politics as a Republican.

Magnuson was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1941 until his death in 1955, sitting in the 163rd, 164th, 165th, 166th, 167th, 168th, 169th and 170th New York State Legislatures.

He died suddenly on July 15, 1955, while on vacation in Visby, Gotland, Sweden; and was buried at the Lake View Cemetery in Jamestown.

Sources

1894 births
1955 deaths
Politicians from Jamestown, New York
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
Politicians from Halmstad
Swedish emigrants to the United States
20th-century American politicians


title: Lack's principle

text:
Lack's principle, proposed by the British ornithologist David Lack in 1954, states that "the clutch size of each species of bird has been adapted by natural selection to correspond with the largest number of young for which the parents can, on average, provide enough food". As a biological rule, the principle can be formalised and generalised to apply to reproducing organisms in general, including animals and plants. Work based on Lack's principle by George C. Williams and others has led to an improved mathematical understanding of population biology.

Principle

Lack's principle implies that birds that happen to lay more eggs than the optimum will most likely have fewer fledglings (young that successfully fly from the nest) because the parent birds will be unable to collect enough food for them all. Evolutionary biologist George C. Williams notes that the argument applies also to organisms other than birds, both animals and plants, giving the example of the production of ovules by seed plants as an equivalent case. Williams formalised the argument to create a mathematical theory of evolutionary decision-making, based on the framework outlined in 1930 by R. A. Fisher, namely that the effort spent on reproduction must be worth the cost, compared to the long-term reproductive fitness of the individual. Williams noted that this would contribute to the discussion on whether (as Lack argued) an organism's reproductive processes are tuned to serve its own reproductive interest (natural selection), or as V.C. Wynne-Edwards proposed, to increase the chances of survival of the species to which the individual belonged (group selection). The zoologist J.L. Cloudsley-Thompson argued that a large bird would be able to produce more young than a small bird. Williams replied that this would be a bad reproductive strategy, as large birds have lower mortality and therefore a higher residual reproductive value over their whole lives (so taking a large short-term risk is unjustified). Williams' reply "is one of the most cited papers in life history evolution because it ... made it conceptually possible to find the optimal life history strategies in age-structured populations".

See also

 Evolution
 Survival of the fittest

References

Biological rules
Evolution of birds
Evolutionary biology


title: Saint Tudno

text:
Saint Tudno () is the patron saint of Llandudno (whose name is derived from his), and founder of the original parish church, located on the Great Orme peninsula.

Origins
Saint Tudno is said to have been one of the seven sons of King Seithenyn, whose legendary kingdom Cantref y Gwaelod in Cardigan Bay was submerged by tidal activity. According to the theory, Tudno studied at St Dunawd's college in the monastery of Bangor Iscoed, in order to make recompense for the drunken incompetence of his father, which had led to the loss of the kingdom under the waves.

Llandudno
Seeking a place to live out the religious life, Tudno went to the great ancient limestone outcrop of the Great Orme (Cyngreawdr), jutting from the Creuddyn Peninsula, to bring the message of Christianity to its people. He lived initially as a hermit in a small coastal cave with difficult access known as Ogof Llech, which provided protection from the elements, and a source of fresh water from a spring well Fynnon Llech. From this base he constructed a church. Nothing remains of this 6th century church building, although the present 12th century church, dedicated to St Tudno, stands on the same site, and has a continuous history.

The church is still open for worship, and the patronal festival is still celebrated on 5 June annually; local records record the importance of this local holiday historically. The churchyard is now closed for burials, however the adjoining Great Orme Cemetery, opened in 1903  remains in use and has been extended several times.

In the early 20th century coffins (and mourners) were transported for burial via the Great Orme Tramway, for which purpose three special tramcars (numbered 1, 2, and 3) were available. Currently tram #4 is named St Tudno.

References

6th-century Christian saints
Medieval Welsh saints


title: Pollyn

text:
Pollyn is an electronic music group from Los Angeles, California, formed in 1998. The band consists of Adam Weissman (production, samples, percussion, synth), Genevieve Artadi (lead vocals, bass, keyboard), and Anthony Cava (guitar).

Pollyn's debut EP Songs for Sale was released in 2003. Their first full-length album This Little Night was self-released in 2009. This Little Night produced subsequent remix records that included French dubstep producer Débruit, local Low End Theorist Nosaj Thing, grimy hip-hop producer Sid Roams, and Stones Throw-signed funkster James Pants. Pollyn's sophomore album Living in Patterns was released in 2011. The album garnered attention from local radio and news outlets such as KCRW and the Los Angeles Times for its strong afro-beat influences as well as drawing comparisons to groups such as Portishead, Blonde Redhead, and Gorillaz. The group has cited Talking Heads as a major influence.

History
Pollyn was founded by Adam Weissman in 1998 alongside Genevieve Artadi and Anthony Cava in Los Angeles, California.

Remixes
During the course of producing their debut album, Pollyn began making remixes for groups such as Gorillaz, Liquid Liquid, Buffalo Daughter, and Death from Above. Pollyn has since then remixed tracks for HEALTH and Belleruch. Pollyn's own material has also been the subject of extensive remixes by artists such as Moodymann, DJ Harvey, Larry Gus, Nosaj Thing, Sid Roams, Them Jeans, Alchemist, Matthew Herbert, Peter Visti, and Exile.

Collaborators
Pollyn has collaborated in the past with artists such as Roc Marciano and Freddie Gibbs.

Discography
 Songs for Sale (2003)
 This Little Night (2009)
 Living in Patterns (2011)
 Distress Signals (2016)

References

American electronic music groups
Electronic music groups from California


title: All About That Bass

text:
"All About That Bass" is the debut single of American singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor, released on June 30, 2014, through Epic Records. The song was included on Trainor's debut extended play (EP), Title (2014), and her debut studio album of the same name (2015). Written with Trainor and producer Kevin Kadish, "All About That Bass" is a bubblegum pop, doo-wop and hip hop track. Trainor, who as a teenager struggled with her negative body image, was inspired to write the song to promote self-acceptance.

Some music critics praised "All About That Bass" production and memorable message, while others called it a novelty song and criticized the failure of its lyrics to empower every body type. The song was nominated for awards, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards. It was the best-selling song by a female artist during the 2010s in the United States, and was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It also reached number one in 58 countries and received multi-platinum certifications in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Italy, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Spain, and the United Kingdom, becoming the fourth best-selling song of 2014 with 11 million copies sold worldwide.

Fatima Robinson directed the song's music video, which features 1950s-inspired aesthetics and a pink pastel backdrop. The video was released on June 10, 2014, and played an important role in the song's rise to prominence. "All About That Bass" inspired parodies and cover versions. Trainor performed the song on television shows such as The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Country Music Association Awards, and The X Factor UK, and included it on the set lists of her concert tours That Bass Tour and MTrain Tour (2015), and The Untouchable Tour (2016).

Background

After independently releasing three albums herself between 2009 and 2010, Meghan Trainor decided to write songs for other singers because she considered herself "one of the chubby girls who would never be an artist". In 2012, she signed a publishing deal with Big Yellow Dog Music, a Nashville, Tennessee-based music publishing firm, and moved to Nashville the following November. American songwriter Kevin Kadish met Trainor in June 2013 at the request of Carla Wallace, a co-owner of Big Yellow Dog. Kadish liked Trainor's voice and booked a writing session with her the following month. He said it was "like a blind date" because they had a strong song-writing affinity and a mutual love of pop music from the 1950s and 1960s.

Kadish read a list of potential song titles to Trainor, of which "All Bass, No Treble" was her favorite. Trainor was inspired by her teenage problems with self-acceptance and body image, and suggested these as a basis for the lyrics. She told Rolling Stone Kadish had experienced similar problems during his childhood and could relate to these themes. She suggested a booty theme with "it's about the bass, not the treble". Trainor was also inspired by Bruno Mars's "Just the Way You Are" (2010), and criticized the use of electronically edited images in beauty magazines. Kadish played a drum beat while Trainor sang the hook, "I'm all about that bass, 'bout the bass, no treble". Kadish and Trainor wanted to incorporate influences of 1950s doo-wop, a genre Trainor found catchy, into the song, which they wrote within 40 minutes. According to Kadish, he and Trainor equally contributed to the lyrics and melody, and Kadish finished the demo of "All About That Bass" two to three days later.

Although both were satisfied with the song, they doubted its commercial prospects. They pitched it to several record labels, who said it would not be successful because of its retro-styled composition and wanted to rerecord it using synthesizers, which Kadish and Trainor refused. Trainor sang "All About That Bass" for Paul Pontius, who was the A&R manager for Epic Records chairman L.A. Reid. She performed the song the following week using a ukulele for Reid, who signed her with the record label 20 minutes later. Reid decided that the demo, with additional mastering, should be the song's final cut. Speaking in 2015, he said he considered it "lightning in a bottle" and realized at their first meeting Trainor "was going to explode".

Composition and lyrical interpretation

"All About That Bass" is three minutes and eight seconds long. The song was produced, engineered, programmed, sound designed, and mixed by Kadish—who also played drums, electric guitar, and bass guitar—at the Carriage House studio in Nolensville, Tennessee. David Baron played the piano, baritone saxophone, and Hammond organ. Trainor provided the track's clapping and percussion, and Dave Kutch mastered the recording at the Mastering Palace in New York City.

"All About That Bass" is a bubblegum pop, doo-wop and hip hop song. Kelsey McKinney of Vox characterized it as retro-R&B pop, while Slates Chris Molanphy described its style as "vintage white-girl, Italo-Latin soul". The track has a 1950s-inspired throwback soul beat, and influences from 1960s genres—soul-pop, groove, Motown bounce and girl group pop. "All About That Bass" includes syncopated handclaps and bass instrumentation. In the song's outro, Trainor alternates between wordless vocal ad-libs and a pitched-down echo of "bass, bass, bass" at the end of the chorus mark. She raps some of the lyrics. According to Molanphy, it has "a scatting tempo and shimmying melody", which has been compared with South Korean group Koyote's song "Happy Mode" (2006) and American band Phish's song "Contact" (1989).

The lyrics of "All About That Bass" are a call to embrace inner beauty, and to promote positive body image and self-acceptance. The line "I'm bringing booty back" references Justin Timberlake's "SexyBack" (2006). In her song, Trainor criticizes the fashion industry for creating unreachable beauty standards. She affirms the listeners their bodies are flawless, and asks them to "move along" if they are only attracted to thin women. Kevin O'Keeffe of The Atlantic compared its lyrical message to those of Kesha's "We R Who We R" (2010), Pink's "Fuckin' Perfect" (2010), and Sara Bareilles' "Brave" (2013), among others. The Guardians Caroline Sullivan called "All About That Bass" a 2014 version of Christina Aguilera's "Beautiful" (2002).

Release
"All About That Bass" was released as the lead single from Trainor's debut extended play (EP) Title in 2014 and her studio album of the same name the following year. Epic Records released the song for digital download in several countries on June 30, 2014, as Trainor's debut single, and serviced it to radio stations in the United States on the following day. In the United Kingdom, it became available to stream on August 14, and for download on September 28. Sony Music sent the track to radio stations in Italy on September 5 and the United Kingdom's BBC Radio 1 added it to its playlist three days later. An EP titled "All About That Bass" was released in Austria, Germany and Switzerland on October 3; it also included the tracks "Title", "Dear Future Husband", and "Close Your Eyes". On the same day, "All About That Bass" was released as a CD single in Germany with only "Title" as its b-side.

As "All About That Bass" began rising in popularity, Radio Disney's vice president of programming Phil Guerini asked Epic to send it a family-friendly version of the song with lyrics suitable for all audiences. The record label agreed to this because it wanted to maximize airplay and reach as many radio formats as possible. In the bowdlerized version, the line "But I can shake it, shake it, like I'm supposed to do" was replaced with "But Imma make it, make it, like I'm supposed to do"; and the line "Boys like a little more booty to hold at night" became "Boys like the girls for the beauty they hold inside"; it was also used on adult contemporary radio stations. Trainor and Kadish refused to make this version available for digital download because they believed it would "water down" the original.

Critical reception
Some music critics viewed "All About That Bass" as a novelty song. MTV News named it the sixth-best track of 2014, while Time named it the sixth-worst of that year. Jon Caramanica of The New York Times called it a "shimmery" and "cheeky [...] hit" but criticized Trainor's unenthusiastic and drawn-out delivery, and accused her of imitating black music. Molanphy described the lyrics as "effortlessly memorable" and complimented the production, but worried the misuse of the word "treble" in its lyrics might ruin the word's meaning for a whole generation.

The lyrics of "All About That Bass" caused controversy; some critics called the song anti-feminist and accused Trainor of shaming thin women. Kris Ex of Complex said Trainor imitated body standards often used to stereotype black women and appropriated colloquialisms that are associated with African-American Vernacular English. Alexa Camp of Slant Magazine called the song "faux empowerment" and criticized Trainor for encouraging women to rely on men's opinions for validation. McKinney said some of its lyrics promote a body-positive attitude and high self-worth while others contradict those values by denigrating other women. The Independent writer Yomi Adegoke argued the track's substitution of conventional beauty standards with new ones is a poor representation of body positivity, and was insulted by its statement men find only curvy women attractive. In response, Trainor said; "I didn't work this hard to hate on skinny people, I wrote the song to help my body confidence—and to help others". Writing for The Guardian, Sullivan and Beejoli Shah defended "All About That Bass"; Shah suggested critics were reading too much into its lyrics and that "this isn't an academic polemic on modern womanhood: it's a pop song". Ashley White of Florida Today thought the song did not shame thin women, instead interpreting its lyrical message as "no one—skinny, fat or in between—should have to feel uncomfortable or imperfect in their skin".

Entertainment Weeklys Melissa Maerz named "All About That Bass" one of the two best tracks on Title, describing it as a "boomin' booty ode". Shah praised its lyrics and bassline but felt it did not signal a long career for Trainor. Writing for Spin, Dan Weiss called the song a "fluke hit" but noted it was historic and would uplift more listeners than it offended. Sullivan stated that while the track's palatable nature and retro-inspired "cuteness" contributed to its success, the unwavering body-positive message of its lyrics was its biggest appeal. Stereogums Chris DeVille considered criticisms of the lyrics valid but praised the "pleasant swagger" in Trainor's expressionless delivery and its joyful nature, finding it a clever update on its retro influences. Yahoo! writer Paul Grein called "All About That Bass" one of the greatest and most successful contemporaneous "message songs". Evan Sawdey of PopMatters called the song optimistic, lively, and "absolutely delightful", and concluded that it was one of the most enjoyable songs of 2014.

Accolades
"All About That Bass" reached number 23 on The Village Voices annual year-end Pazz & Jop critics' poll of 2014. The song was nominated for Best Song with a Social Message at the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards and for Favorite Song at the 41st People's Choice Awards. At the 2015 Billboard Music Awards, it received three nominations, winning Top Hot 100 Song and Top Digital Song. At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in 2015, "All About That Bass" was nominated in the categories Record of the Year and Song of the Year. The song was also nominated for the Dorian Awards, iHeartRadio Music Awards, LOS40 Music Awards, Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, Radio Disney Music Awards, and the Teen Choice Awards.

Chart performance
"All About That Bass" was a sleeper hit; it debuted at number 84 on the US Billboard Hot 100 issued for July 26, 2014, and reached number one on September 20, making Trainor the 21st female artist in Billboard Hot 100 chart history to do so with her debut single. "All About That Bass" spent eight consecutive weeks at number one, the longest run for a female artist in 2014, and any Epic Records artist in the chart's history. During the first six weeks at number one, the song led an all-female top five, breaking the record for the longest time women occupied the top five. It was also the first debut single to spend at least 15 weeks in the top two and the 10th song to spend 25 weeks in the top 10. "All About That Bass" was the best-selling song by a female artist in the 2010s, selling 5.8 million digital downloads in the United States. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the song Diamond, which denotes 10 million units based on sales and track-equivalent on-demand streams. On the Canadian Hot 100, "All About That Bass" peaked at number one, sold 408,000 copies in the country, and was certified 8× Platinum by Music Canada.

In the United Kingdom, "All About That Bass" accumulated 1.17 million local streams and reached number 33 on the singles chart, becoming the first song in the chart's history to reach the top 40 based on streams alone. Following its release for digital download, the song peaked at number one and sold 884,000 copies; the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) certified it 2× Platinum. It also reached number one in Australia and New Zealand, attaining 9× Platinum and 3× Platinum certifications respectively, and peaked at number one in 58 other countries, including 12 in Europe. The song also peaked at number two in Belgium (Wallonia), Czech Republic, Israel, Norway, and South Africa; number three in the Netherlands and Sweden; number five in Belgium (Flanders) and Italy; number six in Romania; number eight in Finland and France; and number 10 in Japan.

The song received a 4× Platinum certification in Mexico, 3× Platinum in Norway, Sweden, 2× Platinum in Denmark, Italy, Spain, and Platinum in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), "All About That Bass" was the fourth best-selling song of 2014 with 11 million copies sold worldwide.

Music video

Background and concept
Fatima Robinson directed the music video for "All About That Bass". Trainor described Robinson as "the best of the best" and that Robinson made her "a rock star in two days". Trainor wanted to make the video enjoyable to reflect the fun nature of the song. To that end, Robinson suggested using subdued pastel colors, which would popularize the video during summer, and depicting Trainor as an ingénue doing "booty-bumping dance moves and just shaking it up". Trainor told The Boston Globe she considered the caricature "a cartoon" that she only ever intended to portray in the video. She felt pressured to retain the look after the video became popular. The first time Trainor watched the video, she cried because she felt insecure about her appearance in it. As a result, Trainor "edited the crap out of it", changing the scenes in which she thought her face looked awkward, and said the final version made her "look like a pop star". Music website Idolator premiered it on June 10, 2014. Social media played an important role in the video's creation and marketing. Robinson cast Sione Kelepi as a dancer after discovering his popular dance videos on social media platform Vine. Kelepi shared the music video with his followers, which led to initial public interest in the video and it being recommended to more YouTube users.

Synopsis
The music video has a 1950s visual theme. Trainor is dressed in a pink sweater and long, white socks; she sings and dances in front of a pink backdrop. In following scenes, she dances with female dancers and exaggerates her facial expressions. Kelepi appears throughout the video; in one scene he pirouettes and performs a full split. Two girls are shown playing with dolls in a dollhouse, dancing in a bedroom, and riding bicycles. During a repetition of the line "I won't be no stick-figure, silicone Barbie doll", Trainor throws away a doll. Writing for Out, Stacy Lambe stated the video delivers a "retro pop world" that "makes you want to dance in your seat".

Reception

Jim Farber of the New York Daily News said the discourse about Trainor's weight in the video's YouTube comment section "had taken on a life of its own". YouTube was instrumental in the success of "All About That Bass"; the video was Vevo's second-most streamed music video of 2014 while YouTube ranked it as the ninth-most popular upload of the year based on "views, shares, comments, likes", and other factors. Entertainment Weeklys Miles Raymer wrote the video's dance sequence and colorful sets were perfectly designed to attain online popularity. Grein suggested the video was most likely to win Best Video with a Social Message at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards. Sawdey called the video "fun and buoyant" but said the song's lyrics were responsible for its popularity. Caramanica felt the video complemented the song.

USA Today writer Brian Mansfield described the clip's theme as a fusion of Sir Mix-a-Lot's "Baby Got Back" (1992) and "Beauty School Dropout" from the 1971 musical Grease. DeVille said despite its flaws, the visuals are endearing and effective. Billboard writer Andrew Hampp interpreted the video as "slyly satirical". Julie Zeilinger of the same magazine criticized it for drawing inspiration from the thin women Trainor criticizes in the song's lyrics, and noted that Trainor failed to acknowledge body diversity as a spectrum and instead depicted only its extremities. Emma Garland of Vice found the video enjoyable, cautious, and easily digestible but she criticized its choreography. Diana Cook of Cracked.com felt it displayed a double standard, saying there would be much more of a backlash if Taylor Swift created a song about men preferring smaller bodies and mocked an overweight woman eating a cupcake in its video.

Robin James and Kat George of Vice found cultural appropriation in the scene where Trainor is surrounded by black women twerking; according to James, Trainor appropriates "respectable chubbiness" to improve her own body image. The Faders Larry Fitzmaurice shared a similar opinion and placed the video third in his list of "Music's 8 Most Cringe-Worthy Acts Of Cultural Appropriation In 2014".

Live performances

Trainor performed an acoustic rendition of "All About That Bass" at an Emily West concert in Nashville on July 16, 2014, after West saw Trainor in the audience and insisted she perform. Trainor reprised the song on Live! with Kelly and Michael on August 7. She sang an acoustic ukulele version of the song on Entertainment Tonight that was posted to their website the following month. Two days later, Trainor performed "All About That Bass" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, with Fallon and the Roots, who used classroom instruments. Rolling Stone writer Ryan Reed commented the unlikely arrangement maintained the quality of the original version with its "sparse percussion and intimate doo-wop harmonies" supporting her impassioned delivery. On September 11, Trainor reprised the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show. On September 15, she sang it on The X Factor Australia. Trainor performed a mashup of "All About That Bass" and Taylor Swift's "Shake It Off" (2014) for Australian radio station 2Day FM; Billboard published this performance on September 18. A journalist from the magazine, Erin Strecker, wrote it was unsurprising a mashup of "two super-catchy tracks" was also catchy.

Trainor reprised "All About That Bass" as a duet with American singer Miranda Lambert at the Country Music Association Awards on November 5; the two singers wore little dresses and Trainor wore a Nasty Gal jacket over hers. Lambert praised the song's message in an interview and recalled playing it before every performance on her Platinum Tour (2014–2016). On November 26, Trainor sang a medley of "All About That Bass" and "Lips Are Movin" (2014) on the finale of the nineteenth season of American television series Dancing with the Stars. She included the former song in her set list for the Jingle Ball Tour 2014.

On the final episode of The X Factor UKs eleventh series, Trainor performed the song with finalists Andrea Faustini, Fleur East and Ben Haenow. She included "All About That Bass" on the setlists of her 2015 That Bass and MTrain concert tours, as well as her 2016 The Untouchable Tour. Trainor reprised the song on November 22, 2018, while wearing "a glittery jersey and sparkly blue pants" at a Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins game, which launched The Salvation Army's 128th annual Red Kettle Campaign. She also performed it while headlining the Philadelphia Welcome America Festival as part of the 2019 Fourth of July celebrations. On January 8, 2020, Trainor sang the lyrics of "All About That Bass" over the "creeping, insidious beat" of Billie Eilish's "Bad Guy" (2019) for BBC Radio 1's game "Your Lyrics Different Song", which Billboards Glenn Rowley considered an impressive and successful rendition.

Cultural impact
Josh Duboff of Vanity Fair stated "All About That Bass" achieved "pop-cultural touchstone-status" while The New York Timess Joe Coscarelli called it "a cultural phenomenon". Vogue cited the song's impact and said in a 2014 article; "We're Officially in the Era of the Big Booty". Steven J. Horowitz of Billboard wrote "All About That Bass", along with Jennifer Lopez's "Booty" (2014), helped "booty records" make a commercial return to the mainstream. The song's stay at number one in the United Kingdom coincided with the number-three debut of Nicki Minaj's "Anaconda", which The Guardian and The Independent dubbed "the battle of the booty songs". Rolling Stones Steve Knopper wrote; "if we assume the latest sing-about-your-butt trend in pop music has finally reached its, uh, conclusion, the unquestionable winner is Meghan Trainor's 'All About That Bass'". According to Sullivan, the three songs reflect a change in pop culture, in which female artists frequently endured criticism from society for their weight, while Adegoke wrote the songs helped curves reach culture's forefront. In November, American company Booty Pop reported a 47% increase in demand; New York doctor Matthew Schulman told Billboard demand for Brazilian buttock augmentation surgery had risen by 25% at his practice in 2014, and Boston entrepreneur and gym instructor Kelly Brabants stated she experienced a waiting list for her Booty by Brabants class because "it's not about being stick-thin anymore, every girl now wants a booty"; Billboard attributed this to the three songs.

According to Sullivan, "All About That Bass" resulted in Trainor being viewed as "the poster girl for the larger woman" and "pop's emblem of self-acceptance". Billboard wrote the song's success made Trainor a "breakthrough star virtually overnight" and one of the "biggest breakout stars" of 2014. In a press release, Trainor recalled meeting female fans who told her: "I've hated myself. I hated life. I didn't want to go to school. I get bullied. And then I heard your song and I cried". The song's success led Sony/ATV Music Publishing to sign Kadish in October; the publishing company's CEO Martin Bandier stated the track is "clearly one of the biggest songs of the year and we know there is a lot more to come from him".

Parodies
The success of "All About That Bass" spawned viral parody music videos. In November, a Thanksgiving-themed parody of the song called "All About That Baste" accumulated over four million views in its first month of release by The Holderness Family. The lyric "no treble" was replaced with "more butter", which Fox News interpreted as a reference to the original song's message about body positivity. On December 1, 2014, the cast of Canadian television comedy series This Hour Has 22 Minutes made a parody version titled "Just a Pretty Face", which was released as a Conservative Party political advertisement that criticized the Federal Liberal Party leader Justin Trudeau. On December 7, 2014, Nerdist Industries released a parody titled "All About That Base: No Rebels", which was performed by Team Unicorn. The video, which has a Star Wars theme, depicts men dressed as stormtroopers dancing with cheerleaders whose costumes were inspired by the Star Wars character Darth Vader. Mitchell Peters of Billboard said it is memorable and humorous. On December 12, 2014, a parody music video by NASA entitled "All About That Space" went viral. The video, which depicts NASA interns dancing and includes images of the Johnson Space Center, accrued over one million views within four days and was dubbed "wonderfully a-dork-able" by Lee Moran of the New York Daily News.

The many parodies and homages led to Time publishing an article titled "No More 'All About That Bass' Parodies, Please" on December 15, 2014. In it, Daniel D'Addario attributed the song's popularity among parodists to its hook's emphasis on the words "bass" and "treble", which are easy to rhyme, and Trainor's impassioned delivery on it. In early 2016, on The Late Late Show with James Corden, Trainor and Corden performed a parody of "All About That Bass" about failed New Year's resolutions.

Cover versions
The Roots covered "All About That Bass" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on August 20, 2014; Chris Payne of Billboard called the performance "angelic". Maejor's remix of the song featured Justin Bieber, and it was released on October 15. In September, Kate Davis released a 1940s-jazz-style version of the song, on which she played double bass with pianist Scott Bradlee; within three months, it had received 8 million views on Bradlee's Postmodern Jukebox YouTube channel. On October 24, Avi Kaplan, a member of the American group Pentatonix, released his cover version of "All About That Bass"; James Grebey of Spin gave the cover a positive review and said the song "sounds very different a few octaves lower" and that Kaplan's rendition "might just be an improvement". Jamaican-American singer Anita Antoinette covered the song on the seventh season of the American talent television series The Voice, receiving praise by the show's judges Pharrell Williams and Adam Levine. Ashley Lee of Billboard wrote Antoinette provided the song with "a reggae twist". Cover versions of the song recorded by Power Music Workout and Meghan Tonjes reached number 13 and number 70 on the UK Singles Chart, respectively.

Formats and track listings
 Digital download
 "All About That Bass"3:08
 CD single
 "All About That Bass"3:08
 "Title"2:54
 Digital EP
 "All About That Bass"3:09
 "Title"2:54
 "Dear Future Husband"3:04
 "Close Your Eyes"3:40

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Title.
Locations
 Recorded and engineered at The Carriage House, Nolensville, Tennessee
 Mastered at The Mastering Palace (New York City)
 Published by Year Of The Dog Music (ASCAP), a division of Big Yellow Dog, LLC / Over-Thought Under-Appreciated Songs (ASCAP)

Personnel
 Meghan Trainor – songwriter, vocals, clapping, percussion
 Kevin Kadish – songwriter, producer, drum programming, electric guitar, bass, sound design, mixing, recording, engineering
 David Baron – piano, baritone saxophone, Hammond organ
 Dave Kutch – mastering

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications

Radio and release history

See also

 List of best-selling singles
 List of Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles of 2014
 List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2014
 List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of 2014
 List of highest-certified singles in Australia
 List of number-one hits of 2014 (Austria)
 List of number-one hits of 2014 (Denmark)
 List of number-one hits of 2014 (Germany)
 List of number-one hits of 2014 (Scotland)
 List of number-one hits of 2014 (Switzerland)
 List of number-one singles from the 2010s (New Zealand)
 List of number-one singles of 2014 (Australia)
 List of number-one singles of 2014 (Ireland)
 List of number-one singles of 2014 (Poland)
 List of number-one singles of 2014 (Spain)
 List of number-one songs of 2014 (Mexico)
 List of top 10 singles in 2014 (France)
 List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s

Footnotes

References

2014 songs
2014 debut singles
American hip hop songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Body image in popular culture
Bubblegum pop songs
Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles
Doo-wop songs
Epic Records singles
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Meghan Trainor songs
Music controversies
Music videos directed by Fatima Robinson
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in Austria
Number-one singles in Denmark
Number-one singles in Germany
Number-one singles in Hungary
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Number-one singles in Poland
Number-one singles in Scotland
Number-one singles in Spain
Number-one singles in Switzerland
Songs written by Kevin Kadish
Songs written by Meghan Trainor
UK Singles Chart number-one singles