title: Gerald A. Miller

text:
Gerald Arey Miller (born 1943) is an American agronomist, professor, and associate dean emeritus at Iowa State University, former director of its Agriculture and Natural Resources Extension, and former Project Director for the Heartland Regional Water Coordination Initiative in Iowa. He held the rank of Major General in the United States Army.

Academic and professional timeline (1969-present)

He received his Bachelor of Science degree in Agronomy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 1965, followed by a Master of Science in Soil Science at Iowa State University in 1971.  He went on to receive his Ph.D. in Soil Science at Iowa State University in 1974.  He served as a graduate research assistant (1969–1971) and as a research associate (1971–1974) while working on his M.S. (1971) and Ph.D. (1974). On December 1, 1974, he was appointed as an assistant professor and Iowa State University Extension Agronomist (1974–1977).  After receiving tenure, Dr. Miller became an associate professor and maintained the title of Extension Agronomist from 1977 through 1983. Again in 1983, after receiving a promotion to professor, Dr. Miller continued to be the university's Extension Agronomist until 1998.  In 1998, Dr. Miller became the Associate Dean of Extension Programs and Outreach at the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences until 2010.  From 2004-2010, he maintained the position of Iowa State University Director of Agriculture and Natural Resources Extension.  In June 2010, he was appointed interim Vice President for Extension and Outreach at Iowa State University until 2011. He continued research as a professor of agronomy until June 2011. He became both Professor and Associate Dean Emeritus at Iowa State University in July 2011 where he continues to work.

Program and appointment duties

From 1974 to 2011 Dr. Miller represented Iowa State University Extension as a member of the Iowa Cooperative Soil Survey Program. Program activities included soil and land use interpretations, delivery of soil survey education, and supplying information to clients and leadership for the Iowa Soil Properties and Interpretation Database (ISPAID) and the Iowa Soil and Land Use website: http://www.extension.iastate.edu/soils/.  Under the appointment in Iowa State University Extension, Dr. Miller focused on providing direction and guidance for extension-related projects concerning water quality using applied studies and implementation.  Through Iowa State University's Extension Program, Dr. Miller coordinated extension plans of work programs and outreach as well as served as the College of Agriculture's liaison for natural resource programs with state and federal agencies. Dr. Miller's colleagues, affiliates, and associations in agri-business and economic development organizations also helped to coordinate extension programs.  In addition to his appointment in Extension, Dr. Miller was also a highly honored Professor in Agronomy and Associate Dean at Iowa State University.

Professional activities and interests

From his start in graduate school and throughout his career in academia and research, Dr. Miller has been affiliated with several professional organizations and societies.  He cherished university teaching, public speaking, and grant writing on various topics about water quality laws, policy, environmental science, and sustainability of the environment.  Honor organizations he belonged to are as follows: Gamma Sigma Delta, Sigma Xi, and Alpha Zeta.  Other organizations he was a member of include: the American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, International Society of Soil Science, Geological Society of America, American Quaternary Association, Soil and Water Conservation Society, Professional Soil Classifiers of Iowa, and the Iowa Academy of Science.

Professional involvements and certifications

From 2002 to 2010, Dr. Gerald Miller served as the Project Director for the Heartland Regional Water Coordination Initiative in the state of Iowa through Iowa State University Extension.  The Heartland Initiative consisted of mostly professionals (water quality coordinators, extension and research faculty) from multiple land grant universities such as Iowa State University, Kansas State University, the University of Missouri, and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.  A representative for the United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 7 Watershed Planning and Implementation Branch was also a part of this coalition.  Professionals from all focuses of the environment were present in this organization (departments consisting of agronomy, forestry, agricultural engineering, economics, and sociology).  The purpose of the Heartland Regional Water Coordination Initiative was to “build institutional partnerships and increase the capacity of citizens, landowners, agencies, and community leaders to better address water quality concerns.”  Areas of interest include animal manure management, pesticide and nutrient management, and watershed management.  As Project Director, Dr. Miller encouraged Extension faculty and staff to participate in issue teams and working groups for multiple responsibilities involving planning, managing and implementing Heartland-sponsored roundtables and workshops and being authors of regional publications and newsletters.
He is a certified Professional Soil Scientist (CPSS) via the certification program of the Soil Science Society of America .  Work of a soil scientist involves meeting with landowners and the general public and holding private consultation services for the classification, evaluation, and interpretation of soils and soil landscapes.

Military service

He spent 33 years in uniform serving on active duty and in the Army National Guard. He was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant of the United States Army in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) after receiving his bachelor's degree in 1965 at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.  He served on active duty for 32 months from 1965 through 1968, commanded the Army National Guard units at company, battalion and brigade level during the 1970s and 1980s, served as Deputy Commanding General (Reserve Components) for the First United States Army from 1993 to 1995 and commanded the 34th Infantry Division from 1995 to 1998.  He was promoted to the rank Major General, United States Army, in November 1993 and held this rank until his retirement in 1998. He was awarded the Army's Distinguished Service Medal in 1998.

Academic achievements

A national water resource team award has been renamed the Gerald A. Miller Outreach Team Award. The award recognizes Dr. Miller's contributions to the protection and enhancement of water resources in the United States.  Miller, who has been appointed Interim Head of Iowa State University Extension, was recognized at an awards ceremony during the 2010 National Water Conference in South Carolina. The award was renamed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute for Food and Agriculture and the Committee for Shared Leadership in Water Resources.  Dr. Miller was Project Director of the Heartland Regional Water Coordination Initiative in the state of Iowa through Iowa State University Extension from 2002 through 2010.

He author or co-author of more than 130 publications and products including ten refereed journal articles, 36 conference proceedings and technical reports, 81 extension publications, one textbook, two book chapters, four audiovisuals, numerous newsletter articles and provides leadership for the Iowa Soil and Land Use website: http://www.extension.iastate.edu/soils/  Recent publications include:

Burras, C.L., G.A. Miller, T.E. Fenton, and A.M. Sassman. 2015. Corn Suitability Rating 2 (CSR2) and Component Values. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach Soil and Land Use website    April 2015. 4 pages.

Al-Kaisi, Mahdi M., Roger W. Elmore, Gerald A. Miller, and David Kwaw-Mensah. 2015. Extension Agriculture and Natural Resources in the U.S. Midwest: A Review and Analysis of Challenges and Future Opportunities. Natural Sciences Education 44:26-33. doi:10.4195/nse2014.10.0022  (Open Access).

Miller, Gerald. 2015. Corn Suitability Ratings: An Update. pp. 30–31. In Brent Pringnitz (ed.).  Crop Advantage Series Proceedings. AEP 0200. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, Ames, Iowa. 35 pages.

Miller, Gerald A. 2013. Soil Judging in Iowa. PM 1106. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach  Ames, Iowa. 24 pages
Soil judging consists of evaluating certain properties of a soil and translating these evaluations into recommendations for land use. This booklet is a guide for making these evaluations and interpretations. The manual is written for high school students and others interested in evaluating and interpreting the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil profiles.

Miller, Gerald (2013). What are Soils Made of and How Soils Develop. pp. 15–17, In Samuel Bernard (ed.) Getting Into Soil and Water. Iowa Water Center, Ames, Iowa.
An overview article that discusses physical, chemical and biological components of soils, soil forming factors and the range of age of soils that occur on Iowa landscapes.

Morton,  Lois Wright, and Gerald A. Miller. 2010. Heartland: Where Water Matters.  Accomplishments of the Heartland Regional Water Coordination Initiative.  Department of Sociology, Iowa State   University.  19 pages.
A summary report of the initiatives and accomplishments of the four state (IA, KS, MO, NE) Heartland Regional Water Coordination Initiative, a project funded by USDA, National Institute for Food and Agriculture, for the period 2002 through 2010.

Rodecap, John, Chad Ingels, Susan Brown, Lois Wright Morton, and Gerald A. Miller, 2008: Performance Incentives Enable Stewardship Ethic and Systems Approach to Environmental Protection. In Proceedings of 2008 USDA-CSREES National Water Quality Conference.  “Research, Extension and Education for Water Quality and Quantity”.  February 3–6, 2008.  Sparks, NV. Abstract and presentation

Rodecap, John, Chad Ingels, Susan Brown and Gerald A. Miller, 2007: Watershed Resident Determination of Performance-based Environmental Management Incentives. In Proceedings of 2007 USDA-CSREES National Water Quality Conference.  “Research, Extension and Education for Water Quality and Quantity”.  January 28-February 1, 2007. Savannah, GA.  Abstract and presentation

Morton, Lois Wright, John Rodecap, Susan Brown and Gerald A. Miller, 2006:  Performance-based Environmental Management:  The Hewitt Creek Model. Pm 2013.  University Extension, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 4 pp.

Ingels, Chad, John Rodecap, and Gerald Miller, 2005: Manure, Phosphorus and Nitrogen Management Strategies for Iowa Crop and Livestock Farms.  In Proceedings of 2005 Agriculture and the Environment Conference. University Extension, Iowa State University, Ames. Manuscript and PowerPoint presentation

References

Iowa State University alumni
1943 births
Living people


title: VA-55 (U.S. Navy)

text:
VA-55 was an Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy. It was established as Torpedo Squadron VT-5 on 15 February 1943, redesignated VA-6A on 15 November 1946, and finally designated VA-55 on 16 August 1948. The squadron was disestablished on 12 December 1975. It was the first squadron to be designated VA-55, the second VA-55 was established on 7 October 1983 and disestablished on 1 January 1991.

The squadron's nickname was the Torpcats from 1943-1955, and the Warhorses from 1955 onward. Its insignia changed several times over its lifetime, ending up as a winged seahorse. They were established in 1943.

When VA-55 was stood up again in 1983, it was flying the Grumman A6E Intruder medium-attack jet aircraft.

Operational history

World War II
 15 February 1943: VGS-30 was disestablished and personnel from the squadron were used to form VT-5 and VF-1.
 6–24 July 1943: The squadron departed Norfolk, Virginia embarked on  en route to the Hawaiian Islands via the Panama Canal.
 31 August 1943: Embarked on Yorktown, the squadron participated in a raid on Marcus Island.
 5–6 October 1943: The squadron participated in a raid on Wake Island.
 November–December 1943: The squadron supported the Battle of Makin and the Battle of Tarawa, and flew strikes against Kwajalein in the Marshall Islands.
 January–February 1944: The squadron provided air support for the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign.
 16–17 February 1944: Squadron aircraft flew strikes against the Japanese stronghold of Truk.
 22 February 1944: The squadron participated in a raid on the Marianas, striking targets on Saipan.
 30 March–1 April 1944: Squadron aircraft struck ships and facilities at Palau in the Caroline Islands. The strike on 30 March was the first time the squadron's TBFs were armed with torpedoes in combat. On 30 March, two VT-5 aircraft mistook the U.S. Navy submarine  for a Japanese destroyer and dropped two  bombs, one of which landed  from Tunny. Tunny suffered minor damage.
 21–23 April 1944: Strikes were flown against targets on Wake Island and Hollandia in New Guinea. These operations were in support of the landings at Hollandia by General Douglas MacArthur’s forces.
 29–30 April 1944: The squadron participated in another strike operation against Truk.
 30 April 1944: The squadron's commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Dick Upson, failed to return from a search and rescue mission to locate a downed pilot.
 14 May 1944: Following a ten-month combat tour beginning in August 1943, Air Group 5 was relieved aboard Yorktown by Air Group 1 and returned to CONUS to reform on 25 June 1944.
 7 February 1945: Embarked on , the squadron departed NAS Alameda for Hawaii, arriving there on 13 February. This was the beginning of the squadron's second major combat tour in the Pacific.
 19 March 1945: VT-5 was preparing to launch its aircraft for an attack against the harbor of Kobe, Japan, when Franklin was hit by two enemy bombs from a Japanese aircraft. Fires were ignited on the second and third decks from the first bomb and the second triggered munitions on the carrier. All VT-5's aircraft on the flight and hangar deck were destroyed by the ensuing explosions and fire. The damage was one of the most extensive experienced by an  during World War II. A total of 724 men were killed and 265 wounded. VT-5's commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Allan C. Edmands, was lost in the action. All surviving VT-5 personnel were transferred from Franklin and returned to CONUS.

Korean War
 3 July 1950: Participated in the first combat strikes by carrier aircraft against the North Koreans. The squadron flew its AD-4 Skyraiders on strikes against airfields, supply lines and transportation facilities in and around Pyongyang, North Korea. This was also the first use of the AD Skyraider in combat.
 12 September 1950: Pre-invasion strikes against targets in and around Inchon and Seoul, Korea, began in preparation for the Battle of Inchon.
 15 September 1950: Strikes were flown to support the landings at Inchon.
 16 May 1951: All VA-55 personnel, except 16 officers and 5 enlisted men, embarked on  en route to Japan for duty with Air Group 19 aboard . The remainder of the personnel were airlifted to Japan on 17 May.
 29 May 1951: VA-55 embarked on Princeton, replaced VA-195 in Air Group 19, and proceeded to Korea for combat operations.

1950s
 March 1954: The squadron was deployed to the Western Pacific aboard  when the carrier was ordered to operate off the coast of Vietnam during the Viet Minh’s assault against the French at Dien Bien Phu.
 July–September 1957: Operated intermittently off the coast of Taiwan due to the build-up of Chinese Communist forces and the threat of a possible invasion of Taiwan or its off-shore islands.
 September 1958: Operated in the Formosa Straits during the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis.

Vietnam War
 30–31 October 1962: Participated in cross deck operations on  in the South China Sea.
 April 1963: USS Ticonderoga, with VA-55 embarked, deployed to the South China Sea following several defeats of neutralist forces by the Communists in Laos. After a ceasefire agreement was arranged, the ship resumed normal Seventh Fleet operations on 5 May.

 July–September 1964: Participated in special Yankee Team operations involving missions over Laos and South Vietnam.
 2 and 4 August 1964: The squadron flew air support for  and  while the destroyers were on Desoto Patrol missions (intelligence collection missions begun in 1962) off the coast of North Vietnam.
 5 August 1964: VA-55's A-4s participated in Operation Pierce Arrow, retaliatory strikes against the North Vietnamese. Along with other aircraft from CVG-5, they were part of the mission that struck the Vinh oil storage facility. Ninety percent of the complex was destroyed.
 October–November 1964: The squadron continued to operate from Ticonderoga off the coast of South Vietnam and participated in special Yankee Team operations, flying missions over South Vietnam.
 3 June 1966: The squadron's commanding officer, Commander M. J. Chewning, while on a mission over North Vietnam, lost the use of his left arm due to a shrapnel hit. He continued his mission, striking a road target, and then returned to the carrier, making a onehanded carrier landing. For his exploits he was awarded the Silver Star and the Purple Heart.
 15 June 1966: Lieutenant Commander Theodore F. Kopfman was awarded the Silver Star, in absentia, for his actions on a mission over North Vietnam. During the sortie his aircraft was shot down and he was taken prisoner. He was released by North Vietnam and returned to the United States in 1973.
 April 1972: The squadron participated in Operation Freedom Train, tactical air sorties against military and logistic targets in the southern part of North Vietnam. It also provided close air support for forces in South Vietnam following a massive invasion by North Vietnam.
 May 1972: Participated in the early phase of Operation Linebacker, heavy air strikes against targets in North Vietnam.
 June 1973: Missions were flown in support of Operation End Sweep, the clearing of mines in the territorial waters of North Vietnam.
 Oct 1973: With the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War, the , with VA-55 embarked, was directed to leave Yankee Station and operate in the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Aden.

Home port assignments
The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown:
 NAS Norfolk (NAAF Pungo) – 15 February 1943
 Hawaii – July 1943*
 NAS Alameda – May 1944
 NAAS Monterey – August 1944†
 NAAS Santa Rosa – October 1944†
 Hawaii – February 1945‡
 NAS Seattle – April 1945§
 NAS Klamath Falls – 8 May 1945
 NAS Pasco – 2 September 1945
 NAAS Brown Field, Chula Vista – 4 December 1945
 NAS Barbers Point – 25 March 1946
 NAS San Diego – 21 May 1946
 NAS Miramar – 20 March 1952
 NAS Lemoore – January 1962

Aircraft assignment
The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown:
 TBF-1 Avenger – 1 March 1943
 TBF-1C Avenger – October 1943
 TBM-3 Avenger – September 1944
 TBM-3E Avenger – June 1945
 TBM-3Q Avenger – October 1946
 TBM-3J Avenger – March 1947
 AD-1 Skyraider – 18 June 1949
 AD-4 Skyraider – 3 October 1949
 AD-6 Skyraider – July 1954
 AD-7 Skyraider – December 1956
 FJ-4B Fury – November 1957
 A4D-2 Skyhawk – March 1959
 A4D-2N/A-4C Skyhawk – January 1962
 A-4E Skyhawk – July 1963
 A-4C Skyhawk – 12 September 1966
 A-4F Skyhawk – 29 December 1967

See also
 Attack aircraft
 History of the United States Navy
 List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons

References

Citations

References
 Hinman, Charles R., and Douglas E. Campbell. The Submarine Has No Friends: Friendly Fire Incidents Involving U.S. Submarines During World War II. Syneca Research Group, Inc., 2019. .

Attack squadrons of the United States Navy
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons
Friendly fire incidents of World War II
Maritime incidents in March 1944


title: Myopsyche miserabilis

text:
Myopsyche miserabilis is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by William Jacob Holland in 1893. It is found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo and Gabon.

References

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1893


title: Pediacus

text:
Pediacus is the largest genus in the family Cucujidae of flat bark beetles. It contains 31 currently recognized species. Pediacus adults are relatively small (2.7-7.0mm), flattened brownish beetles with no or very small temples, and short antennae with a distinct club. Male genitalia are inverted and possess a short flagellum.

The genus is Holarctic in distribution, but extends south as far as Guatemala in the Western Hemisphere, generally at high altitudes, and into Australia in the Eastern Hemisphere. Adults and larvae are found under dead bark;  frequently that of conifers in North America. They are thought to be predaceous. Most of the world fauna of Pediacus has been revised recently and the genus is relatively well-known taxonomically. Included species are:

In addition to the extant species, a single fossil species, Pediacus periclitans Scudder, has been described from the Eocene deposits at Florissant, Colorado. Its assignment to Pediacus has been questioned.

References

Cucujidae
Cucujoidea genera


title: Myopsyche nervalis

text:
Myopsyche nervalis is a moth of the  subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Strand in 1912. It is found in Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1912


title: Tommy Joe Martins

text:
Thomas Joseph Martins (born December 7, 1986) is an American professional stock car racing driver and owner. He currently competes part-time in Asphalt Super Late Model competition, driving the No. 44 Chevrolet Camaro for Alpha Prime Racing.

Racing career

Martins began his racing career at the age of five in karting in his native Mississippi. After financial issues caused him to have to quit racing at 16, he attended the University of Mississippi seeking a degree in journalism. During his sophomore year, he resumed competition, driving in Sports Car Club of America-sanctioned events.

Choosing to pursue a racing career, Martins joined Nashville-based Baker Curb Racing, then moved to family-owned Martins Motorsports to compete in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, running five races between 2009 and 2011. He had one truck and an old engine from Roush Racing. After moving to the ARCA Racing Series on a limited basis, Martins returned to NASCAR in 2014, and planned to run the full Nationwide Series schedule. However, the plans fell apart, and Martins did not race in 2015. In 2016, Martins purchased the owners points of Billy Boat Motorsports' No. 15 truck with plans to run the full 2016 Truck schedule.

Martins ran his own No. 44 truck for the duration of the 2016 season. He ran 20 races, failed to qualify at Homestead-Miami Speedway and recorded a best finish of 15th at Michigan International Speedway; however, he missed the Alpha Energy Solutions 200 at Martinsville Speedway after wrecking his truck in qualifying and his spot on the grid was taken by Austin Wayne Self. He also maintained a blog throughout the 2016 season chronicling his journey that gained notoriety within the NASCAR community. His largest blog post was about how the financial situation in NASCAR needed to change.

For 2017, Martins paired up with another family team, Brandonbilt Motorsports, to split the 2017 schedule in the 44 truck. At Daytona International Speedway, Martins was hired to drive the No. 99 Chevrolet for MDM Motorsports, where an early crash relegated him to last in the 32-truck field. Martins would be in the No. 44 truck next week, finishing 23rd at Atlanta. On April 14, 2017, it was announced that Martins would return to the Xfinity Series, bringing his family team to compete for nine races in the No. 45 Chevy. Despite initially planning to begin his schedule at Bristol Motor Speedway, the team withdrew from the weekend due to concern about rain canceling qualifying and preventing the team from attempting to make the race. Martins stepped away from the Truck team to focus on Xfinity and later moved to B. J. McLeod Motorsports to run a partial Xfinity schedule.

After running Martins Motorsports in collaboration with AM Racing and Faith Motorsports in 2017, Martins closed his Truck team and announced another partial Xfinity schedule with McLeod in 2018. He ran over half the schedule with McLeod in 2018, continuing to bring awareness to the performance divide that underfunded teams face; he compared the Xfinity Series to a sports car race with different classes of cars, with Cup-affiliated teams as prototypes and small teams like BJMM in the Grand Touring division.

With Vinnie Miller joining B. J. McLeod Motorsports for 2019 full-time, Martins said he will likely run fewer races than he did in 2018 for the team. At New Hampshire Motor Speedway in July, Martins announced that he would leave BJMM for MBM Motorsports after the New Hampshire race for a partial slate in the back half of the 2019 Xfinity Series season. He estimated his MBM schedule at about six races, including all four road course races, Bristol Motor Speedway, and Texas Motor Speedway. Citing more opportunities in the Xfinity Series and a chance to run in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series with MBM, Martins implied that he held no ill feelings toward McLeod and instead thanked the team for the opportunities throughout his tenure with the team. He ran his first race for MBM at Watkins Glen International, driving the No. 66. On December 8, Martins announced he parted ways with MBM Motorsports. Later in the month on December 24, Martins revealed Martins Motorsports' return for the 2020 Xfinity season as he intended to commit to a full-time schedule.

After a slew of issues in the first half of the 2021 season, Martins claimed his first career Xfinity Series top-ten at Texas Motor Speedway in October. On August 30, Martins confirmed a partnership with Caesar Bacarella to co-own Alpha Prime Racing, with Martins switching to a part-time schedule in 2022 to split the No. 44 with multiple drivers.

Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

Xfinity Series

Camping World Truck Series

ARCA Racing Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

 Season still in progress
 Ineligible for series points
 Martins started the 2017 season running for Truck Series points, but switched to the Xfinity Series starting at Richmond in April.

References

External links

Living people
1986 births
People from Como, Mississippi
Racing drivers from Mississippi
NASCAR drivers
University of Mississippi alumni
ARCA Menards Series drivers


title: Myopsyche notoplagia

text:
Myopsyche notoplagia is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found in Ghana and Sierra Leone.

References

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1898


title: Myopsyche ochsenheimeri

text:
Myopsyche ochsenheimeri is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1829. It is found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo and Nigeria.

References

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1829


title: Myopsyche pallidicincta

text:
Myopsyche pallidicincta is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Sergius G. Kiriakoff in 1954. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

References

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1954
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo


title: Myopsyche puncticincta

text:
Myopsyche puncticincta is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by William Jacob Holland in 1893. It is found in the Republic of the Congo and Gabon.

References

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1893


title: Myopsyche sankuruica

text:
Myopsyche sankuruica is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Sergius G. Kiriakoff in 1954. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

References

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1954
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo


title: Myopsyche victorina

text:
Myopsyche victorina is a moth of the  subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Plötz in 1880. It is found in Cameroon.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Endemic fauna of Cameroon
Arctiinae
Moths described in 1880


title: Boots (nickname)

text:
Boots, as a nickname, may refer to:

 Boots Adams (1899–1975), American business executive
 Boots Anson-Roa (born 1945), Filipino actress, columnist, editor and lecturer
 Frederick C. Blesse (1921–2012), American Air Force major general and flying ace
 Boots Day (born 1947), retired Major League Baseball player
 Boots Donnelly (born 1942), American former college football coach
 Boots Hansen, co-founder of Boots & Coots, a well control company
 Boots Mallory (1913–1958), American actress, dancer and model
 Boots Mussulli (1915–1967), Italian-American jazz saxophonist
 Boots Poffenberger (1915–1999), Major League Baseball pitcher
 Boots Randolph (1927–2007), American saxophonist
 Boots Riley (born 1971), American vocalist
 Ernest Ivy Thomas, Jr. (1924–1945), US Marine Corps sergeant

See also

 Boots (surname)
 Caligula, Roman emperor whose childhood nickname meant "Little Boots"
 "The Boot", nickname of New Zealand rugby union player Don Clarke (1933–2002)

Nicknames


title: Myopsyche xanthopleura

text:
Myopsyche xanthopleura is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by William Jacob Holland in 1898. It is found in Cameroon.

References

Endemic fauna of Cameroon
Arctiinae
Moths described in 1898


title: Myopsyche xanthosoma

text:
Myopsyche xanthosoma is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1907. It is found in Uganda.

References

Endemic fauna of Uganda
Arctiinae
Moths described in 1907


title: T-13 tank destroyer

text:
The T-13 was a tank destroyer in use with the Belgian armed forces before World War II and during the Battle of Belgium. It was designed by Vickers-Armstrong, and produced by Vickers, Miesse and  and outfitted with  armament from Fonderie Royale de Canons Herstal. The earlier T-13s were based on imported Vickers tracked vehicles that were outfitted with armament and armor in Belgium by the Miesse company; later versions, from the B3 version on, were fully license-produced in Belgium by the Familleheureux factory. Total production numbers are unclear and have been underestimated for political reasons, both before and after World War II, but are generally estimated at 300 vehicles, although not all were available or fully outfitted on 10 May 1940, the start of the Battle of Belgium. Nazi Germany used the vehicles after the occupation of Belgium, but to what extent remains unclear.

History
In general - keeping a close watch on German political and military developments - the need for armored tracked vehicles or tanks was widely accepted by the Belgian military establishment. The political view on the matter however was slightly more complex. Bearing in mind how the country had been a battlefield and occupied by Germany during the First World War, the Belgian government  tried to keep Belgium a neutral country from 1936 onwards and therefore out of any European conflict. Politicians from the right wing political parties wanted Belgium to abstain from buying offensive weapons such as tanks and bombers, so as not to provoke Germany into starting a new war; politicians from left wing parties rejected such armament on an ideological basis.

From this point of view the T-13 tank destroyer could be described as the result of Belgium's neutrality doctrine: the vehicle had to be light, and therefore lightly armored, and was built without a fully enclosed fighting compartment, much like the German Panzerjäger designs, thus resulting in a tank destroyer class vehicle, rather than a true tank. Also, as with the T-15 light tank units, the descriptive words "tank" or "armored/mechanized unit" were never to be used in official unit designations, with the euphemisms "armored/tracked motorcar" and the historical "cavalry" being favored.

Vickers Carden Loyd 1934 artillery tractor

Since the Belgian armed forces realized the need for further mechanization of the army in the 1930s, a number of foreign platforms were looked at. In 1934, the Belgian Army signed a contract for 21 or 23 Vickers Carden Loyd 1934 artillery tractors with the British firm Vickers. These were meant as artillery tractors for the Chasseurs Ardennais mountain troops, to tow the recently acquired Bofors 75 mm Model 1934 mountain gun. Impressed with the vehicle's performance on both hilly and flat terrain, the Belgian Armed Forces decided to take the concept a little further and experimentally outfitted the tractor with the F.R.C. built 47 mm anti-tank gun, much along the lines of the earlier but ultimately unsuccessful SA F.R.C. 47mm experiment. Not much is known about the basic model Vickers 1934 artillery tractor, apart from the fact that the Belgian Army seems to have been the sole user of the type. In its basic configuration, the Vickers 1934 artillery tractor was unarmored and could generally be described as an open, tracked light truck. It was outfitted with a 51 hp 5 cylinder Meadows gasoline engine with an internal volume of 3300 cc, and had an empty weight of 2 tons. Apart from the Bofors 75 mm equipped Chasseurs Ardennais, no other Belgian armed units were outfitted with the type, the Belgian armed forces instead preferring the smaller and far less expensive Vickers/Familleureux utility tractor as their main tracked transporter later on. However, given its successful use with the Chasseurs Ardennais mountain troops, the Belgian Armed Forces decided to order another 32 vehicles, which became the basis for the T-13 B1.

T-13 B1/B2 design

Pleased with the performance of the Vickers 1934 artillery truck, the Belgian Army started to equip the newly ordered 32 vehicles with the FRC Herstal built 47 mm Model 1931 anti-tank gun. Since this was a fairly heavy piece of equipment, and because of the general lay-out of the Vickers artillery tractor, the decision was taken to simply install the gun and its turret backwards on the vehicle, so as to keep enough space for crew and ammunition.

The general layout of the vehicle mimicked that of the Vickers vehicle it was based on. The suspension was Horstmann suspensions resting on bogies with two rubber-lined wheel sets per bogie. This design, exclusively used on lightweight vehicles, was also used on the Light Tank Mk VI of the British Army and was invented by Sidney Horstmann. Apart from being relatively easy to build, compact and lightweight, it had the advantage of having a long travel, and of being easy to replace when damaged in the field. The drive sprocket was in the front, but there were no idlers or return rollers. Motor power came in the form of a Meadows 5 cylinder gasoline engine, producing 51 hp, coupled with a five speed preselector gearbox. Steering was a combination of declutching the drive to one track and braking to increase the turn. The traverse of the turret was man powered by the three man crew. The T-13s were not equipped with a radio.

Armor protection was limited, but still better than that of the under armored T-15 light tank. Frontal armor was 12 mm of hardened steel, both on the frontal bulkhead and on the turret. Side armor on the vehicle basis and turret was restricted to 6 mm of steel, to minimize the weight, costs and political impact of the vehicle. This meant that the T-13 crew was only fully protected against indirect blast and splinter damage, adequately  protected against small arms fire from the frontal aspect but not from the sides, and most importantly was not protected at all against most light anti-tank rounds, such as the .50 BMG, the Boys anti-tank rifle .55 Boys or the German 13.2 mm TuF. Also, the side armor shields had to be folded down to permit the full 360° traverse of the turret, further exposing the crew to enemy rifle fire. If the (lightly) armored side shields were left upwards, traverse of the turret was limited to 120° to the front.

Armament was fairly heavy for this lightweight vehicle, giving the T-13 tank destroyer a good anti-tank capability. Main armament was the 47 mm Model 1931 anti-tank gun, which fired 1.52 kg armor-piercing shells and could penetrate 47 mm of armor plating from a distance of 300 m, for its time an impressive performance. The maximum firing range of the gun was 2000 m, and, as both armor-piercing and high-explosive rounds were available, the gun had a useful anti-infantry capability as well. The secondary armament consisted of a single turret-mounted, light FN-built M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, in essence a Belgian license-built Browning BAR machine gun in  7.65x53mm "Belgian Mauser" calibre instead of the American .30. The machine gun could fire 500–650 rounds per minute.

Production
After the prototype T-13 B1 passed all the tests of the Belgian Army, production was authorized to proceed in 1935: the Miesse company near Buizingen (close to Brussels) delivered 32 T-13 B1s, all based on imported British built Vickers 1934 artillery tractors. The T-13 B2 model was a further development of the B1, but differs only slightly from the B1 model: most importantly the turret was redesigned to give the vehicle a somewhat lower frontal silhouette. All 21 (23 according to some sources) T-13 B2s were apparently converted from the earlier Vickers artillery tractors of the Chasseurs Ardennais mountain troops, tracked transport of the M34 75mm Bofors mountain gun now passed on to the smaller but more economical Vickers/Familleureux utility tractor. T-13 B2 assembly ended by 1937.

T-13 B3 design

Although the Belgian armed forces were generally very pleased with the capabilities of the existing T-13 B1 and B2s, there were obvious issues with both models of the tank destroyer. Since the original Vickers artillery tractor was not designed to carry a gun, it was faced with a common vehicle design problem called 'weight creep', which in essence is the gradual accumulation of weight every time a new feature or capability is added to the design. This led to the first model T-13s being underpowered, somewhat unstable as a gunnery platform, and prone to mechanical malfunctions because of overloading and wear and tear. Full weight was 4,5 tons for a 51 hp gasoline engine. Much more important however was the vulnerability of the three man crew. Exporting fully assembled designs was too expensive a solution to field a tank destroyer in adequate numbers, especially with the Belgian economy performing rather poorly because of the worldwide great depression and the resulting drop in foreign demand for industrial products.

In 1936 a new vehicle was imported from Vickers; an export version of the Vickers-Carden-Loyd Light Dragon Mk. IIB artillery tractor, equipped with an 88 hp Meadows 6 cylinder gasoline engine and a "crash" type gearbox. The general design of the vehicle was almost identical to the T-15 Light tank already in service with the Belgian armed forces, which was also designed and produced by the Vickers company. The suspension was made out of Horstmann suspension resting on bogies with two rubber-lined wheel sets per bogie. The drive sprocket was in the front, the idlers were placed in the rear, with three return rollers. Steering was again a combination of declutching the drive to one track and braking to increase the turn.

The bigger track area, the inclusion of return rollers and the bigger and more powerful engine convinced the Belgian armed forces that this platform would be superior in the tank destroyer role. Also, since the Familleheureux factory, a vehicle and tractor company, was already producing the license built Vickers utility tractor, the decision was taken to buy a license for production at this company instead of directly acquiring all vehicles from the UK. This would allow for a larger and more economical production run compared to the T-13 B1/B2 version.

The definitive T-13 B3 was structurally very different from the earlier B1 and B2 versions, with the B3 suffix obviously chosen to play down the fact that a new tank destroyer was being produced rather than a variant of the older systems. The chassis of the T-13 B3 was bigger, with, apart from the redesigned turret, a box-on-box like appearance. The gun was no longer pointed rearwards as in the first two versions. Armor was only slightly upgraded to 13 mm armored steel on the frontal surfaces and 7 mm steel on the sides, still insufficient to cope with anything but small arms fire and blast and shrapnel damage. However, the chassis was big enough to accommodate the four man crew without the need for the side armor panels, which also allowed the gun to traverse 360° without lowering the (still very low) level of armor protection for the crew in the process of gun laying. The rear remained open, since the vehicle was still meant to be a light tank destroyer.

The most important and obvious difference was the bigger and more powerful engine, which allowed for greatly reduced wear and tear and a rather more stable gun laying platform, and above all for better manoeuvrability in the field. Top speed for the T-13 B3 was increased to 56 km per hour or even 65-70 km per hour, a speed reached by commander A. Modera in 1940. The armament, apart from lay out and sighting systems, was left untouched, although more ammunition could be carried. Range was increased: from 240 km for the B1-B2 versions to 400 km for the B3 version. Total weight became 5.08 tons.

Production

Given the need for the Familleheureux company to set up production after acquiring a Vickers licence in 1936, delivery of the first production T 13 B3s did not commence until 1938. After the Second World War broke out in September 1939, production was stepped up so as to equip as many army units as possible. Since acquiring its first T-13 B3s, the Belgian army was finally satisfied with the resultant tank destroyer and kept on ordering. Production of the B3 ended at the start of the Battle of Belgium, after a total of 250 to 255 units were produced at Familleheureux. Together with the earlier  B1 and B2 production, this made, in theory, a total of 303 to 311 T-13 vehicles. However, a few dozen of these T-13s were still at the factory in the process of being outfitted when war broke out. About two dozen others were on their way to being delivered to new units, but since there was no more time for driver, gunner or maintenance crew training they ended up being used as reserve vehicles for units already equipped with the T-13 or as spare part hulks. In total, it seems that only about 220 T-13 B1/B2/B3s were actually fielded with operational units. This made the T-13 the most numerous armored tracked vehicle in the Belgian armed forces inventory.

Deployment and operational history

A total of 16-18 T-13 companies with 12 vehicles each were fielded, together with a number of single vehicles and squads. These T-13 companies were mostly added to some of the existing infantry divisions: the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 18th infantry division all had a single T-13 company on 10 May 1940. Only the  'Chasseurs Ardennais' 1st mountain division and the two cavalry divisions had two or three companies each. Together with the 42  T-15 light tanks both Belgian cavalry divisions had about 50 armored tracked vehicles each, with the infantry mostly transported on motorcycles, and heavy weapons on trucks and a number of lightly armored wheeled vehicles. Operationally, the Belgian armed forces, apart from the cavalry units, followed the rather ineffective World War I "penny packet" doctrine, also used in the French army at the time. Instead of using the armored units independently to profit maximally from their speed and mobility, the units were diluted and used to "stiffen" the infantry units: this led to an adaptation of  an inflexible and linear way of defense, greatly reducing their speed, mobility and overall, their effectiveness. This also led to a psychological command problem, since infantry commanders were not keen on risking the few armored units they had at hand.

At war, the T-13 was still prone to malfunctions and breakdowns, especially the elderly and underpowered B1 and B2 versions, although the hastily delivered T-13 B3 equipped units - which in some cases had been training on their new equipment for only a few days - had problems as well. For example, the 8th company of the 2nd regiment 'Grenswielrijders/Cyclistes-Frontière already had a broken down T-13 on the very first day of the Battle of Belgium, and had only four out of 12 left after eight days of fighting: although some of these were knocked out in battle, at least half of them were lost due to mechanical breakdowns or to Luftwaffe bombing raids. The open topped T-13s were very vulnerable targets in an air attack, and the overwhelming air superiority of the Luftwaffe during the war in western Europe led to high losses. The vehicle was almost as vulnerable to artillery or even light mortar fire.

The lack of a radio was another very important issue that often led to immobilized units, waiting for a single motorcyclist to act as a liaison. Very often armored units were only a few kilometers away from the fighting but were not aware of this fact or not allowed to proceed without orders. However, this was true for most western armored units during the battle for western Europe: indeed only the German Panzer groups were adequately equipped and had a good enough understanding of how important wireless communications were to be in a mobile battle.  Most importantly however, the T-13s, very similar to British Light Tank Mk VI and French Renault R35 and Renault FT light tanks, proved to be underarmored. Therefore, in spite of the big gun, they lacked the capability to act as a true mobile counter-armor weapon. Very often, when T-13s, T-15s and even the heavier Renault AMC 35s of the Belgian army tried to counterattack, the German 37 mm Pak anti-tank guns and similarly equipped armored units inflicted heavy casualties  - neither the T-13 nor the T-15 had been designed for this mission.

On the other hand, the 47 mm gun proved to be very valuable, and was effective against both light and heavy armored enemy units. On 10 May 1940, after it had crossed the small country of Luxembourg at night without encountering much resistance, the reconnaissance group of the German 1st Panzer division got pinned down by a single T-13 of the 4th company of the first mountain division 'Chasseurs Ardennais' at the border town of Martelange, a couple of armored vehicles getting knocked out in the process. On a different occasion, in the afternoon of 12 May 1940 the 3rd regiment Lansiers/Lanciers' of the Cavalry knocked out a German reconnaissance group that was advancing on the road between the towns of Zoutleeuw and Drieslinter, and succeeded in wiping it out completely, finishing off the remaining infantry with machine gun fire. On one occasion, a single 47 mm hit pierced the hull of a Panzer IV on both sides of the vehicle, continuing its trajectory afterwards.

Also, with four crew members assigned to each T-13 B3 (B1 and B2 versions had a crew of three), workload was well divided and when adequately trained, most T-13 equipped units were able to make good use of their tank destroyer. Confronted with soft targets, the T-13s fared well: T-13s participated in the successful counterattack at Kwatrecht near Gent on 20 May 1940, which succeeded in throwing back the German Army's 192nd and 234th infantry regiments, until British troops to the south of Oudenaarde received the order to retreat to Dunkirk on 22 May 1940 and broke contact with the Belgian front one day later.

German use

After the Battle of Belgium ended in German occupation on 28 May 1940, the Wehrmacht took over all usable T-13 vehicles that had not been sabotaged by their crews. They were hastily marked with Balken crosses to distinguish them from enemy units. Apparently, some of these participated in the war with the remaining French army, although it is unclear how many of the T-13s got used in this way. The German designation for this vehicle was "Panzerjäger VA 802(b)". Most of these vehicles however had very likely never left Belgium, apart from being used for scrap metal later in the war. They were mostly assigned to driver training and target practice, light support duties, airfield security, counter insurgency and possibly as part of the Atlantikwall coastal defenses. However, apart from some photographic evidence, very little is known about the German use of the T-13.

Survivors
A single known surviving T-13 B2 exists at the Brussels Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History.

See also
Belgian combat vehicles of World War II

Notes

References

Interwar tanks of the United Kingdom
World War II tank destroyers
World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Belgium
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s


title: Myrmecopsis hyalozona

text:
Myrmecopsis hyalozona is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Felder in 1874. It is found in Colombia.

References

Euchromiina
Moths described in 1874


title: Corallorhiza odontorhiza

text:
Corallorhiza odontorhiza, common name fall coral-root or small-flowered coral-root, is a species of orchid widespread across eastern and central United States, and reported also from Mexico, Central America, Quebec and Ontario. In North America, it occurs in forested areas up to an elevation of 2800 m (9300 feet).

Corallorhiza odontorhiza is a non-photosynthetic species, with no chlorophyll. Hence it relies on fungi in the soil to supply it with nutrients. Stems are yellow to brown, bulbous at the base. There are no leaves. Flowers are typically reddish-purple with a white lip, the lip with small purple spots, though some plants are cleistogamous with non-opening flowers. The plant flowers from August through October in the eastern US.

Infraspecific taxa
Three infraspecific taxa are recognized as of May 2014:

Corallorhiza odontorhiza var. odontorhiza - Quebec, Ontario, eastern and central United States
Corallorhiza odontorhiza var. pringlei (Greenm.) Freudenst. - Mexico, Central America, Ontario, eastern United States
Corallorhiza odontorhiza var. pringlei f. radia Freudenst. - southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador

Corallorhiza odontorhiza var. odontorhiza

The flowers of var. odontorhiza are cleistogamous and either closed or only slightly open. Often one or two flowers in a raceme will be open slightly more than the others and a narrow lip (2.6-3.8mm long, 1.7-2.2mm wide) may be visible. Because flowers self-pollinate and no external pollinators are required first, the ovaries of this variation will start swelling soon after flowering.

Corallorhiza odontorhiza var. pringlei f. pringlei
Flowers of var. pringlei are chasmogamous and will open up. Their upper two petals and upper sepal form a hood, with the two side sepals bending outwards. The lip is visible and wider than with var. odonthoriza - it is used by pollinators to land on.

Corallorhiza odontorhiza var. pringlei f. radia

This form of var. pringlei is only known from southern Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador. It is completely cleistogamous and peloric - that is unlike with var. odontorhiza the bottom-most petal does not form a lip but looks just like the other 5 petals/sepals. Since it is assumed that a peloric form of the orchid could develop anywhere as a spontaneous mutation it is only recognized as a form and not a full variation.

References

Orchids of the United States
Orchids of Canada
Orchids of Mexico
Orchids of Central America
odontorhiza
Plants described in 1805
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


title: Myrmecopsis polistes

text:
Myrmecopsis polistes is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Jacob Hübner in 1818. It is found in Mexico, Guatemala and Brazil (Amazonas, Tefé, Pará).

References

Euchromiina
Moths described in 1818


title: Myrmecopsis strigosa

text:
Myrmecopsis strigosa is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1884. It is found in Mexico and Guatemala. The wingspan is about 25 mm.

It is thought to be a Müllerian mimic of the wasp Parachartergus apicalis, with predators paying a high penalty for mistaking M. strigosa for the wasp and there is a small reward from correctly identifying it since M. strigosa is bitter tasting and covered in scales.

References

Euchromiina
Moths described in 1884
Moths of Central America


title: Mystrocneme albicorpus

text:
Mystrocneme albicorpus is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by William James Kaye in 1911. It is found in Guyana.

References

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1911


title: Mystrocneme atavia

text:
Mystrocneme atavia is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found in the upper Amazon region.

References

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1898


title: Martin Ney

text:
Martin Ney (born 12 December 1970) is a German serial killer. He wore a mask while killing three and sexually assaulting at least 40 children in school camps. He also did some of his activities in camps, private homes and other places. Ney, who committed his first act in 1992, was also known as the "Masked Man" and the "Black Man". After his arrest on 15 April 2011, the 40-year-old educator confessed to three murders, but is suspected of two others. Ney was sentenced on 27 February 2012 by the Stade district court, among other things, for three murders to life imprisonment. The court also noted the particular severity of the guilt.

Crimes
In 1992, a series of abuse began on boys, mainly in northern Germany. Ney, who was described as tall and strong, always attacked at night, masked in school homes, camps and youth homes. From 1994, he began to break into single-family homes.

Ney also committed three murders in northern Germany, in addition to about 45 attempted or completed abuse offenses. In the case of two more homicides in western France and the Netherlands, he is considered a suspect. The three year rhythm (1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004) of the alleged murder series is particularly striking.

School Home Attacks

Children's home in Hepstedt
On 3 March 1992, a student discovered a masked man in an empty dormitory of a children's home in Hepstedt, who fled shortly thereafter through a patio door. A few days later, the man tried to abuse an 11-year-old boy, but fled when he began to scream. Between April and June 1992, the masked man was seen twice by students before one night in August, when he woke up several children and touched them inappropriately. In September, the stranger approached a boy's bed and asked him to undress. On an October night, the masked man spoke to five children in a row, of which he then abused three. After these incidents, a motion detector was installed in the school camp and the door locking system was renewed.

Schullandheim Badenstadt
Also in March 1992, a series of similar incidents began in Schullandheim Badenstadt in Zeven, when a stranger tried to abuse a 13-year-old at night. In August of the same year, the probably-same perpetrator snuck into a toilet with a 10-year-old boy. In September 1992, he touched a 9-year-old inappropriately, after he had carried him from his bed into an adjoining room. In May 1994, the alleged serial offender abused an 11-year-old and almost exactly a year later, he repeated the crime on a 10-year-old boy. In October 1995, he tried to touch a 13-year-old, but fled when he sat down close to his classmates. In June 1998, he struck in Badenstadt for the last time, when he tried to touch two boys, who resisted his advances.

Schullandheim Wulsbüttel – Murder of Dennis Klein (2001)
In June 1995, the perpetrator abused a 10-year-old exchange student in Wulsbüttel and fled through a room window. In July 1999, the man awoke an 8-year-old boy, took him to the house's basement and abused him. On 5 September 2001, 9-year-old Dennis Klein disappeared from his room at night. Fourteen days later the boy was found murdered, by a mushroom picker in a dense shrubbery on a forest road between Kirchtimke and Hepstedt.

Other crimes in school homes – Murders of Stefan Jahr (1992) and Jonathan Coulom (2004)
In March 1992, a teacher in the hallway of the Schullandheim Cluvenhagen saw a man carrying a drowsy boy who did not resist. When the offender noticed the teacher, he fled. In the early morning of 31 March 1992, 13-year-old Stefan Jahr disappeared from a boarding school in Scheeßel. Five weeks later, his body was found buried with his hands tied behind his back in the Verden dunes. On 7 April 2004, 11-year-old Jonathan Coulom disappeared from a school home in Saint-Brevin-les-Pins in western France. In May, his undressed, handcuffed body weighted with a concrete block was found in a pond about 30 kilometres away. Ney is said to have been close to the scene of the crime in May 2004.

Tent camp attacks – Murder of Dennis Rostel (1995)
This crime spree began in August 1992, when a masked offender sexually abused a 9-year-old and another child in a camp near Selker Noor. In July 1994, the perpetrator entered two tents, one after another, in a camp in Otterndorf and awoke seven boys aged between 8 and 9, which he touched inappropriately. At the end of August 1994, a 13-year-old boy woke up in the Selker Noor camp when the offender began touching him. After about ten minutes, the masked man disappeared. Two days later, the man again touched another 13-year-old in Selker Noor. During the night of 24 July 1995, 8-year-old Dennis Rostel disappeared from the camp. Two weeks later, German tourists found his body buried in a sand dune near Vinderup in Denmark.

Family house attacks
In April 1994, a masked offender broke into several single-family houses in the Bremen area, especially in the Horn-Lehe district, and abused three boys. The actions differed in detail and approach from the usual attacks, however, according to the investigators it was the same masked offender. The police, despite the insistence of parents, issued no public warning.

Chronological overview of the acts
The list includes the crimes that were attributed to the masked man even before Ney's arrest. The investigation after the arrest and also the process gave indications of further cases of abuse. Some acts, including the murder of Jonathan Coulom, were denied by Ney and so far could not be proven.

Investigations
In connection to the murder of Dennis Klein, a special commission was formed by the Verden an der Aller police (SoKo "Dennis"). In the context of the investigation, the murders and, sometimes unknown to the investigating authorities, cases of abuse could be put into narrower context and assigned them to an alleged perpetrator based on testimonies and almost identical facts. The Bavarian Landeskriminalamt supported SoKo "Dennis" by creating offender profiling.

Offender description
According to a case analysis by Alexander Horn, the offender was said to be a strikingly tall, stocky man with a deep voice speaking German, between the ages of 30 and 50. He was supposedly well versed in Northern Germany, especially in the area around Bremen, and possibly lived there. He should have had a reference to the area around the towns of Hepstedt and Badenstedt in the early 1990s.

In his actions, the man wore dark clothes, a mask and gloves, succeeding in intimidating children. Initially described as athletic, the perpetrator put on weight over the years. He was mostly travelling by car and seemed to have experience with children. It was assumed that he lived alone and was socially integrated, but had pedophilic tendencies towards boys, a fact possibly noticed by family and close friends.

Also striking was the certain risk-taking of the offender, who exposed himself to many crime scenes where there was a possibility of discovery. In addition, he had transported the three German murder victims over long distances by car, and in the case of Dennis Rostel, even more than 250 kilometres over the guarded border in Denmark. Nevertheless, he had always managed to leave hardly any traces. The investigators, therefore, theorized that he was a smart offender who probably carried out his actions in a familiar environment and previously planned accordingly.

According to criminologist Stephan Harbort, the perpetrator was classified as extremely dangerous: '"This is a person with high levels of planning ability. He is able to gain the trust of children. Those who have the discipline to do so for twelve years have reached a stage where there is no longer any inhibition to kill. Such a person no longer kills just children. As a banal quarrel with any ordinary person can be enough to commit murder."

Search
Despite checking all relatives and acquaintances of the victims and a mass DNA testing of hundreds of men from northern Germany, Ney was initially undetected. Special commissions from Germany, France and the Netherlands worked closely together in the case.

The perpetrator and his crimes were also made public several times on television, including special broadcasts from , Spiegel TV, Ungeklärte Morde and Galileo. In addition, reports of the crimes were broadcast three times on Aktenzeichen XY… ungelöst, but without receiving any crucial information from the spectators.

The police went after about 7,800 clues, without any breakthrough. In August 2010, a witness who had seen an old documentary on the internet about the murders contacted police. He claimed to have seen the culprit along with the victim Dennis Klein in the car on a forest path in the early morning while he was running track near the abduction site. A "situation sketch" was prepared and published on 10 February 2011.

Arrest
On 15 April 2011, police announced the arrest of a suspect. The crucial clue had come from an earlier victim who had been abused by a masked offender in his childhood home in 1995 and who had recalled in the February 2011 sketch that it was the same man who abused him. The then 40-year-old Martin Ney, who had lived in Bremen until September 2000, made a confession after the first interrogations. He admitted to killing Jahr, Rostel and Klein and abusing about 40 other children. He was also suspected of murdering Coulom and Dutch boy Nicky Verstappen, but he denied this. In 2020, a Dutch man was convicted of kidnapping and sexual abuse leading to Verstappen's death in 1998.

Investigation
During his interrogation, Ney stated that he had committed the three murders in order to cover up the sexual abuse and not be identified as a culprit. According to him, he strangled Jahr because he had taken him in his car and feared that the boy might have noted his license plate number. He also claimed to have spent a few days on holiday with Dennis Rostel in a holiday home near Holstebro in Denmark, before he strangled him. Ney also smothered Klein because he defended himself against the abuse loudly.

Even before his arrest, Ney was suspected by police for several reasons. After he had threatened two parents from Bremen with kidnapping and killing their children at the age of 17.  In 1989, he was convicted for the extortion of 150,000 Deutsche Mark under juvenile criminal law for performing charitable work.

When his criminal record was wiped from the educational register at the age of 24, Ney applied for a foster son in 1995 at the Social Services Office in Bremen. The young, single student who at this time lived in a Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetz studio making 870 Deutsche Mark (approx. US$1,1500 in 2022). Though regarded as an unusual candidate for such a role, the youth welfare office accepted him as a foster father due to the small number of available foster parents.

A guardianship judge of the district court of Bremen-Blumenthal, in front of whom Ney had previously appeared as a teenager because of the attempted extortion, spoke twice to the child killer in 1996, granting him custody of the 12-year-old boy. The boy lived with Ney until he was old enough to leave, but was never sexually abused by him.

After completing his teaching studies, Ney broke off the subsequent legal clerkship before the second state examination and applied in 2000 with falsified university certificates as a social education teacher in a daycare position at a Hamburg foundation, which he held until early 2008. Already in the years before, Ney had worked as a youth worker in addition to his studies and had thus become familiar with some of his victims and locations.

In 2005, he was charged with sexual abuse in two minor cases, but the case closed against payment of 1,800 euros. In 2006, Ney threatened to report a social worker from Berlin for possession of child pornography, and demanded 20,000 euros for his silence. Then he was sentenced in the same year for attempted extortion and sentenced to ten months probation.

As part of this investigation, the police searched  Ney's apartment and secured his computer, which, among other things, contained about 30,000 photos with child pornographic representations. Since it could not be clarified when the images were stored and when the last access was made, the prosecutor stopped the proceedings because of presumed statute of limitations ending in 2007. It was not recognized that some of the photos taken in the exhibit of the Hamburg police were former victims.

In December 2007, Ney was first interviewed by SoKo "Dennis", since he was found to match the offender's profile. He denied any sexual references to children. The request for a saliva sample, which he did not comply for in 2008, could not be enforced legally due to lack of sufficient suspicion.

After his arrest, Ney's computer was confiscated again, with his new tenant having discovered in November 2011 several storage media, which were hidden under a hood in his former apartment. Investigators were unable to find the password and view the data they had saved. Ney refused to provide his password, pointing to the protection of his friends and family. The likelihood of being able to decrypt complex access codes without his help was considered low, despite the state-of-the-art technology. At the end of 2016, Ney voluntarily named the passwords to the authorities. As of May 2017, the evaluation of the now-usable data carries was not yet completed.

In January 2021, Ney was extradited to Nantes, France after he was charged with the murder of Coulom.

Sentencing
On 15 July 2011, the prosecution filed charges against Ney for threefold murder and sexual abuse in 20 cases. Around 20 more cases of abuse were already barred. On 10 October, the trial began before the district court of Stade, where the defendant showed constant. Psychological evaluations diagnosed him a pedophilic disorder, but also noted that he was not insane and was a continuing danger with a risk of relapse. During the trial, there were indications of further acts of abuse in the 2000s and thus, an increased probability of recidivism.

On 27 February 2012, Ney was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of the three boys and 20 abuse cases, with subsequent preventative detention condemned. In addition, the court noted the particular severity of the guilt. However, Ney's defenders appealed the verdict regarding the preventative detention.

On 10 January 2013, the Federal Court of Justice (BGH) took place and canceled the preventative detention. This was justified by the statement that according to the current legal situation, the preventative detention can only be ordered to an indispensable protection of the general public. Since the BGH has confirmed the particular severity of the guilt, the minimum term of imprisonment of 15 years, which is usual for life imprisonment, will be extended. In addition, a discharge can only be carried out as a result of the demonstrable harmlessness of the convicted person. However, such proof would also suspend the execution of the preventative detention. Otherwise, it can be assumed that Ney will remain in custody, possibly until the end of his life.

Media representation
 In the episode "Scream of the geese" on the Radio-Retort program on Radio Bremen this case was partially covered.
 ZDF filmed the story under the title In the Name of My Son, directed by Damir Lukacevic with Tobias Moretti and Inka Friedrich in the lead roles. Shooting began on 20 March 2015, and the broadcast took place on 2 May 2016.

External links
 Official site of the police of Lower Saxony to SoKo "Dennis" (archived from 1 July 2011 on the Internet Archive)
 Confession of the child murderer in: Spiegel TV magazine of 14 August 2011 (15 minutes)
 Child murderer Martin N.: What became of the "Masked Man"? in: Spiegel Online on 14 April 2016, accessed on 16 April 2016

See also
 List of German serial killers

References

1970 births
German murderers of children
German people convicted of murder
German prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
German rapists
German serial killers
Living people
People convicted of murder by Germany
People from Bremen (city)
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Germany
Violence against men in Europe


title: Mystrocneme sectum

text:
Mystrocneme sectum is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by William James Kaye in 1911. It is found in Guyana.

References

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1911


The 1960 United States presidential election in New Hampshire took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election, which was held throughout all 50 states. Voters chose four representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

New Hampshire was won by the Republican nominees, incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon of California, and his running mate  Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. of Massachusetts. Nixon and Lodge defeated the Democratic nominees, Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts and his running mate Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas.

Nixon took 53.42% of the vote to Kennedy's 46.58%, a margin of 6.84%. Kennedy swept the entire Northeastern United States, with the exception of the three Upper New England states, although Kennedy was much stronger in New Hampshire and the result was much closer than in neighboring Vermont and Maine. Although the statewide result was close, Nixon won seven of the state's counties while Kennedy won three.

Since Franklin Roosevelt won them in 1932, the counties of Hillsborough County, Strafford County, and Coos County had become reliable New Deal Democratic base counties, voting for Roosevelt all four times as well as for Harry S. Truman. The counties had been won back by the GOP when Dwight Eisenhower swept the state in his nationwide landslide of 1956. However, they reverted to the Democratic Party in 1960, allowing Kennedy to take nearly 47% statewide compared to the 34% Adlai Stevenson had received in the state in 1956.

Kennedy's most substantial victory was in heavily populated Hillsborough County, home to Manchester and Nashua, which went to Kennedy by a decisive 58–42 margin. Carroll County had long been the most Republican county in New Hampshire, voting over eighty percent Republican in 1952 and 1956, and in 1960 it would remain Nixon's strongest county in the region, with Nixon taking over 79% of the vote. As Kennedy narrowly edged out Nixon to win the 1960 election nationally, New Hampshire's results would make the state 7% more Republican than the national average. Nixon would later win New Hampshire again in both 1968 and 1972.

Primaries

Both the Republican and Democratic parties held primaries on March 8.

Democratic primary

Kennedy had flirted with the New Hampshire primary once before. In 1956 he had briefly considered running as a New England favorite son, with the aim of unifying the state's delegation behind Adlai Stevenson II.

At the start of 1957, Kennedy staffer Ted Sorensen reached out to Bernard L. Boutin (mayor of Laconia, and New Hampshire's representative to the Democratic National Committee) and arranged a meeting between him and Kennedy. Kennedy informed Boutin that he was very seriously exploring a presidential campaign for 1960 and managed to secure his support.

In the following years, money from the Kennedy campaign flowed into the state and Kennedy and his allies continued to visit the state. New Hampshire had a reputation as a state which rewarded campaigning efforts. This meant that Kennedy's status as a native of a neighboring state would not, alone, give him much of an advantage.

In 1958, Kennedy and several members of his family conducted visits to the state. His mother Rose spoke at several colleges and even attended a Concord Bar Mitzvah. His brother Ted gave a speech in rudimentary French to a French-speaking crowd in Suncook. His sisters Eunice, Jean, and Patricia also appeared in the state.

Other potential candidates, such as Lyndon B. Johnson, Stuart Symington, and Hubert Humphrey also made exploratory visits to the state. However, Boutin had established a comprehensive support network for Kennedy in the state which proved strong enough to ward off these candidates.

3 fringe candidates stepped forth to run in the primary. These were Lawrence Daly and country music singer Elton Britt, and ballpoint pen manufacturer Paul Fischer. Boutin managed to successfully challenge the validity of signatures on Daly and Britt's candidature petitions, quickly quashing their candidacies. Paul C. Fisher, who was running on radical tax reform, remained Kennedy's only challenger on the ballot.

Ahead of the primary local Republicans attacked Kennedy, including Governor Wesley Powell, and the New Hampshire Union Leader ran fiercely negative coverage. Nevertheless, Kennedy won handily.

Republican primary

Nixon faced no opponents on the ballot, but several individuals did receive write-in votes.

Results

Results by county

See also
 Presidency of John F. Kennedy
 Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson
 United States presidential elections in New Hampshire

References

1960
New Hamp
1960 New Hampshire elections


title: Mystrocneme varipes

text:
Mystrocneme varipes is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found in Pará, Brazil.

References

Arctiinae
Moths described in 1854


title: Pattern Recognition in Physics

text:
Pattern Recognition in Physics was an open-access journal originally published by Copernicus Publications which was established in March 2013 and terminated in January 2014. The editors-in-chief were Sid-Ali Ouadfeul (Algerian Petroleum Institute) and Nils-Axel Mörner. Copernicus ceased its publication due to concerns over the publication's method of peer review, which it calls "nepotistic reviewing and malpractice" facilitating views contradicting the scientific consensus on climate change.

History
Copernicus  agreed to publish the journal because the editors claimed that its aim would be "to publish articles about patterns recognized in the full spectrum of physical disciplines rather than to focus on climate-research-related topics." Concerns regarding the journal's peer-review process were first raised in July 2013 by Jeffrey Beall, an American librarian and  critic of predatory open access publishing. Beall wrote on his blog that Mörner did not appear to be a specialist in pattern recognition and that Ouadfeul's research had "only been cited a couple times." He also noted that two of the journal's first five articles were authored by Ouadfeul himself, and concluded that "This is not a good start for a journal, and the publisher ought to be concerned and take action."

After a special issue of the journal was published in December 2013, which contained a paper in which the authors said they "doubt the continued, even accelerated, warming as claimed by the IPCC project," Copernicus managing director Martin Rasmussen expressed concern regarding this journal. He also said that "the editors selected the referees on a nepotistic basis, which we regard as malpractice in scientific publishing." On January 17, 2014, Copernicus Publications announced that they were terminating the journal, citing both the statement that questioned the IPCC's prediction of continued global warming and the "nepotistic" appointing of similarly-minded scientists to the journal's editorial board.

References

Academic journals established in 2013
Publications disestablished in 2014
Physics journals
Open access journals
Climate change denial
English-language journals
Copernicus Publications academic journals
Defunct journals
Pattern recognition


title: Hilda Sour

text:
Hilda Sour (1915 – June 6, 2003) was a Chilean actress and singer, who had an extensive career in Argentina and Mexico.

Biography
Born in Chile, Sour began to work professionally at age seven. She made a career on screen and in the theater, mainly portraying antagonists. during the Argentine film golden decade. Sour worked with Pedro Laxalt, María Félix, Carlos Gardel, Olinda Bozán, Ben Ami, Imperio Argentina, Maricarmen, Mauritz Walsh, Luis Arata, Elsa del Campillo, Agustín Lara, Niní Marshall, Alicia Barrié, Pepita Serrador, María Duval, Elisa Labardén, Blanquita Orgaz, Roberto García Ramos, Eva Duarte, Marga López, and Silvana Roth.. She worked in the first Chilean film with sound, Norte y sur, directed by Jorge Delano, and alongside Alejandro Flores and Guillermo Yánquez. On stage, she worked with Olga Fariña, Rebequita Gallardo, and Jorge Princesses. Sour died in Chile in 2003.

Filmography

References

External links

1915 births
2003 deaths
Chilean film actresses
Chilean stage actresses
Tango singers
20th-century Chilean actresses
20th-century Chilean women singers
Chilean expatriates in Argentina
Chilean expatriates in Mexico


title: Nanna ceratopygia

text:
Nanna ceratopygia is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Sven Jorgen R. Birket-Smith in 1965. It is found in Cameroon and Nigeria.

References

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1965


title: Nanna eningae

text:
Nanna eningae is a moth of the  subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Plötz in 1880. It is found in Cameroon, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Somalia, Togo and Uganda.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1880


title: Nanna diplisticta

text:
Nanna diplisticta is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Thomas Bethune-Baker in 1911. It is found in Angola, Cameroon and Nigeria.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Lithosiini
Moths described in 1911


title: Contagion (video game)

text:
Contagion is a survival horror first-person shooter video game, developed and published for PC by American independent studio Monochrome. It is the spiritual successor to Zombie Panic! Source. The game was mostly self-funded of its development, but with the support of others via a successful Kickstarter campaign, it was able to be released on Steam as an Early Access title. Contagion released on October 25, 2013 as a Steam Early Access title and was published as full release on April 11, 2014.

Gameplay
Contagion is a multiplayer focused game with three different game modes; Hunted, Escape, and Extraction. There is also a beta game mode called Flatline.

Hunted, which supports up to 16 players, is a free-for-all "deathmatch" game mode in which players fight each other, while A.I.-controlled zombies wander the level and serve as an environmental hazard. When a player is killed, they respawn as a zombie and can participate alongside the A.I.-controlled zombies in attacking the surviving players. The goal of the game is to be the last living player.

Escape is a cooperative game mode in which a team of up to 8 players is tasked with progressing through a level, fighting through zombies while completing various mission objectives in a linear order with the ultimate goal of escaping the map.

Extraction is another cooperative game mode in which the goal is to explore a location and rescue a number of A.I.-controlled non-player character survivors. When reaching an area with survivors to save, the players will have to fend off a horde with the resources found in that area; and after a few minutes, you can extract those survivors at the border of the location, where the survivors will drop the weapons and ammo they're carrying on themselves. If all the survivors of the current area die, the players will fail.

In both game modes, when a player is killed they respawn as a zombie and are tasked with helping the A.I.-controlled zombies hunt down the remaining human players; you can also turn into a zombie if a zombie attack infects the player (Though this and player zombie respawn can be turned off) . Player-controlled zombies are faster and more maneuverable than A.I.-controlled zombie enemies and therefore present a greater threat to human players. Both Escape and Extraction can be played off-line by a single player, although they are geared towards multi-player gameplay.

Flatline is a multiplayer-geared wave based survival mode. The player starts in a singular location, where new parts of the map open every few waves. At the end of a wave, players who died the previous round are resurrected and all players have the option to visit a shop/safehouse and get better weapons/equipment.

Panic Objective and Panic Classic emulate the previous game of the "franchise", Zombie Panic Source.

Contagion is distinguished from other similar games in the genre in that it features "Romero Zombies" (zombies akin to those seen in the Night of the Living Dead series of films by director George Romero). Resources such as weapons and ammunition are scarce, encouraging more precise and methodical gameplay. Unlike other games in the genre, Contagion does not feature zombies with special abilities, with the exception of a rare riot cop zombie wearing body armor that can survive significantly more damage than a regular zombie.

Reception

See also
 List of zombie video games

References

External links

2013 video games
2014 video games
First-person shooters
First-person shooter multiplayer online games
2010s horror video games
Multiplayer online games
Multiplayer video games
Source (game engine) mods
Indie games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Video games about zombies
Video games with Steam Workshop support
Steam Greenlight games


title: Nanna loloana

text:
Nanna loloana is a moth of the  subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Strand in 1912. It is found in Cameroon.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Endemic fauna of Cameroon
Lithosiini
Moths described in 1912


title: Meet Me at Bebarfalds

text:
Meet Me at Bebarfalds is an Australian television series which aired 1958 to 1959 on Sydney station TCN-9. Hosted by Chuck Faulkner, the series was broadcast from now-defunct retail store Bebarfalds. It aired at 2:00PM. An article in the Sydney Morning Herald, while not mentioning the series by name, described the format as including shoppers being asked topical questions, along with game show segments and a celebrity guest. Like most early Australian series, it aired in a single city only.

References

External links

Nine Network original programming
1950s Australian game shows
Australian television talk shows
Australian live television series
1958 Australian television series debuts
1959 Australian television series endings
Australian non-fiction television series
Black-and-white Australian television shows
English-language television shows