title: New Heritage Theatre Group

text:
New Heritage Theatre Group (NHTG) is the oldest Black nonprofit theater company in New York City, established in 1964. Through its multiple divisions: IMPACT Repertory Theatre, The Roger Furman Reading Series, and New Heritage Films, New Heritage gives training, exposure, and experience to new and emerging artists, playwrights, directors and technicians of color. New Heritage was founded by the late Roger Furman and is currently headed by Executive Producer Voza Rivers and Executive Artistic Director Jamal Joseph. NHTG presentations capture the historical, social, and political experiences of Black and Latino descendants in America and abroad.

Since its founding in 1964, the New Heritage Theatre Group has produced and co-presented thousands of theatrical, film, concert, and music productions including The Harlem Shakespeare Festival, presented in collaboration with Take Wing And Soar Productions, to showcase classically trained actors of color;  Tony-nominated Asinamali!; the Tony and GRAMMY-nominated Broadway musical Sarafina!; the Obie award-winning Woza Albert!; The Huey P. Newton Story and Township Fever.

Early history
NHTG was established in 1964 as the New Heritage Repertory Theatre (NHRT) by the late Roger Furman, a playwright, director, actor, and lecturer. Furman's career in Harlem began at the American Negro Theater in the 1940s. He began New Heritage Repertory Theater (NHRT) in 1964 as a street theater while employed with HARYOU-ACT, a federally financed anti-poverty program in Harlem. New Heritage Repertory Theatre, under Furman's leadership, produced over 35 plays including Strivers Row written by Abram Hill, co-founder of the American Negro Theatre. Furman also directed the Three Penny Opera featuring famed actress Geraldine Fitzgerald.

Roger Furman was born on March 22, 1924, in New Jersey and studied theatre arts at the Dramatic Workshop of the New School for Social Research under Erwin Piscator. Furman worked as an apprentice under Rafael Ríos Rey at the National Theatre of Puerto Rico and was a former student at the American Negro Theatre (ANT) with Sidney Potier,  Clarice Taylor, Harry Belafonte, Ruby Dee and, Gertrude Jeannette. Furman was the youngest person at the American Negro Theatre commissioned to design a set for Tin Top Valley, starring Fred O'Neil, produced by American Negro Theatre.  Furman's trademark was imaginative headgear and he believed in Harlem as a fertile theatrical seedbed. In addition to his acting and directing chores, Furman taught courses on the History of Black Drama at New York University, Rutgers, and Hartford University and was a co-founder of the Black Theater Alliance, an organization of performance groups.

His directing chores include Bertolt Brecht's Three Penny Opera, Wine In The Wilderness (1969) and, Mojo: A Black Love Story (1970) by Alice Childress. Furman wrote and directed the critically acclaimed play The Long Black Block (1972) with music by Jackie McClean and co-authored and directed Fat Tuesday with Dee Robinson. Roger Furman edited the 35th-anniversary edition of the New York Times Bestseller The Black Book, an encyclopedic look at the black experience in America from 1619 through the 1940s. Furman's work as a set designer and the founder of New Heritage Theatre Group is cited in Warren Hoffman's The Great White Way: Race and the Broadway Musical.

Additional directing work by Furman includes the award-winning Montezuma's Revenge, Harlem's classic On Strivers Row (1949), A Day of Absent, Hip, Black and Angry (1967), The Gimmick (1968), To Kill a Devil, Man In The Family, Harlem Heyday, Another Shade of Harlem, No Snakes In The Grass, Monseigneur Baptiste The Con Man and Fun in Games.

New Heritage Repertory Theatre was awarded a training program grant from Columbia University School of Theatre to teach young Black and Puerto Ricans the technical aspects of theatre. In 1973, Roger Furman was a recipient of the AUDELCO Board of Directors Awards and was nominated for best director in 1975 for Fat Tuesday. His New Heritage Repertory Theatre was honored by Fibonacci Inc. for its contribution to the rich cultural life of the Harlem community.

New Leadership

In 1983 upon Furman's death, Voza Rivers, a co-founding member of NHTG (1964) and award-winning music and theatre producer, took over the company and reorganized under the name New Heritage Theatre Group (NHTG).  Rivers is an accomplished theatre, music, film and, events producer and is recognized as one of the country's leading African American theatre producers. Since 1983, under the leadership of Voza Rivers, NHTG presents entertaining, informative theatrical productions, staged readings and, documentary shorts and films, the mission was expanded to provide training, experience, and international exposure to veteran and emerging artists.

Divisions

IMPACT Repertory Theatre, the youth division of New Heritage Theatre Group, was established in 1997 by Jamal Joseph, a U.S. writer, director, producer, poet, activist, and educator to ensure that the legacy of the company lives on. Since its founding, IMPACT has featured over 1000 youth between the ages of 12 and 19 with original staged performances in front of live audiences totaling over 100,000.

IMPACT uses the performing arts and the dynamics of leadership training to inspire and empower youth through workshops, leadership programs, and performance opportunities rooted in creative self-expression, anchored by a commitment to safe space, outstanding effort, and service to the community. IMPACT’S ongoing performance program, creative labs, and twelve-week intensive artist and activist training programs are tuition-free. Several hundred IMPACT alumnae have attended or are currently enrolled in college and graduate schools that include top-tier historically black colleges and universities and IVEY league institutions across the United States.

IMPACT was OSCAR and GRAMMY-nominated for their song Raise It Up from the movie August Rush starring Robin Williams.  In December 2014, IMPACT performed a 20-minute piece in front of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge alongside youth performers from youth empowerment organizations The Door and the CityKids Foundation.

IMPACT has also appeared in the films Disappearing Acts and Hughes' Dreams Harlem (2002). Live performances include People Magazines Next Great Artists Showcase, the Apollo, Lincoln Center, the Public Theater, The United Nations, Major League Soccer's Tribute to Pele. IMPACT has been featured in several television programs including ABC, CBS, NBC.

The Roger Furman Reading Series works with emerging and established playwrights on early drafts of their scripts to produce their work in front of a live audience. The series also provides a vehicle for celebrity artists associated with the company to return and perform in Harlem. Highlights of the Roger Furman Reading Series include producing plays for award-winning actors, playwright and author Daniel Beaty and, playwright and radio host Esther Armah.

In 2015 Voza Rivers and New Heritage Theatre Group partnered with MIST Harlem to present the staged reading series Bold New Voices, Past, Present and Future. The Bold New Voices series presented and created stories about people of color. Programs encompassed African American, Asian, Hispanic and, the African Diaspora cultural communities featuring music, film, drama, talk-backs, symposiums, play-writing, poetry, fiction workshops and more

New Heritage Films & Harlemwood Film Festival explores issues of the African diaspora through film. Annually, New Heritage Films features documentaries and films in the Harlem community from emerging and established filmmakers through the Harlemwood Film Festival. Productions include Hughes' Dream Harlem (2002), Savoy King (2012), A-Alike (2003) and Chapter and Verse (2015).

A partial listing of films produced by New Heritage Films includes the award-winning Hughes' Dream Harlem (2002),  Sonia Sanchez: Shake Loose Memories (2011) Percy Sutton: A Man for All Seasons, Da Zone, Drive By: A Love Story (1997), The Black New Yorkers, Burning Sands, The 95th Anniversary of the National Urban League, the 110th Anniversary of The Greater Harlem Chamber of Commerce, Harlem is...Music, Harlem is...Theater, and Harlem is... Gospel documentaries.

International Programming

NHTG seeks to bring attention to works by international writers, directors, and artists who lack exposure in the United States.

NHTG and Japan Connection

New Heritage Theatre Group has a long-standing historical relationship with Japan. Collaborations have resulted in then-Japanese Crown Prince Akihito's 1987 visit to Harlem and dozens of concerts in Japan and New York featuring Japanese and African American entertainers. New Heritage and its collaborating partners produce benefit concerts, theatrical productions, and exhibitions in partnership with the Japan Chamber of Commerce, The Japan Society, and The Consulate General of Japan in support of breaking down barriers of cultural misunderstanding. In 2012 New Heritage Theatre Group produced the 100th anniversary of the Sakura Cherry Blossom Festival in Harlem.

NHTG and South African Connection
New Heritage Theatre Groups connection to South African theatre began in 1984 when Rivers and his production team Andre Robinson, Phyllis Yvonne Stickney, and his South African producing team Duma Ndlovu and Mbongeni Ngema transferred South African play Woza Albert!, a play that opened at Johannesburg's Market Theater and toured in Europe and America as the most successful play to come out of South Africa to Harlem's New Heritage Theatre. The successful impact of Striver's Row inspired Rivers to look beyond the African American experience and reach across the world to introduce Harlem to the works of Black South African playwrights and actors, creating an opportunity to bring lessons from the South African Apartheid to the Harlem community. NHTG produced a series of plays in the 1980s — including Woza Albert(1985)!, Asinamli! (1986) and Sarafina! (1987) that educated Harlemites about the apartheid struggle. Asinimali, a play about the celebration of resistance, opened in 1986 at Roger Furman's New Heritage Repertory Theatre (now known as New Heritage Theatre Group) just two weeks after an attack by an armed mob, killing the shows local promoter as a reaction to the plays political stance.

In 2014 New Heritage Theatre Group was represented on a panel at the Apollo Theatre along with former Mayor David Dinkins, actor and activist Harry Belafonte, Black Star News publisher Milton Allimadi, National Black Theatre CEO Sade Lythcott, South African Consul General George Monyemangene that was part of a four-day festival that highlighted Harlem's longstanding relationship with South Africa, also celebrating the 20th anniversary of Nelson Mandela's historic inauguration as South Africa's first black president.

NHTG and Cuba Connection

In 2015, Executive Producer and Founding Member of New Heritage Theatre Group Voza Rivers joined U.S. representatives on a state trade mission to Cuba. The delegation met with senior officials of the Cuban government on trade, business, and tourism to continue the process of normalization and cultural exchange between Harlem, the US, and Havana, Cuba.

The first annual Harlem/Havana Music and Cultural Festival was launched in the summer of 2016, during the 42nd anniversary of the HARLEMWEEK Festival at The Cathedral Church of St.John Divine. The annual Harlem/Havana Music and Cultural Festival celebrates the ongoing harmonious relationship between the two countries with a lineup of Afro-Cuban jazz, dance performances, workshops, photography installations, Cuban cuisine, and art exhibitions.

New Heritage Theatre Group has also presented productions featuring Oyu Oro Afro-Cuban Dance company. Oyo Oro is committed to the preservation of Afro-Cuban folklore, as well as the encouragement of cross-cultural understanding of dance and music.

Collaborations

New Heritage Theatre Group and Harlem Arts Alliance

New Heritage Theatre Group partners and collaborates with many arts and culture organizations including Harlem Arts Alliance, a not-for-profit membership-based arts advocacy organization, founded in 2001. Harlem Arts Alliance is committed to its mission of nurturing the artistic growth of artists and the organizational development of arts organizations based in Harlem and surrounding communities. Harlem Arts Alliance (HAA) bridges gaps between artists and major arts institutions, amplifying the unique voices of its member artists and expanding the conversations surrounding their work through workshops, showcases, and presentation programs featuring the work of its members. New Heritage Theatre Group co-produces a variety of programming in partnership with Harlem Arts Alliance including the Kwanzaa Artisan Marketplace in partnership with the American Museum of Natural History, The 4 Pillar Summer Arts Program, and Deconstructing Harlem's Black Theaters which is a town hall discussion in partnership with Coalitions of Theaters of Color and Harlem Hospital.

Harlem Arts Alliance provides a critical set of programs and services to its members which also includes performance and exhibition opportunities, professional and creative development workshops, Harlem Arts Advocacy Week, grants to artists and art organizations, and monthly meetings designed for information exchange and networking.

New Heritage Theatre Group and Shades of Truth Theatre

Since 2003, Shades of Truth Theatre in collaboration with Voza Rivers and New Heritage Theatre Group has produced various plays regarding the Black experience including Celeste Bedford Walker's Black Wall Street and Camp Logan. Together they have also presented Jeff Stetson's The Meeting at venues throughout the Tri-State area and across the United States. A partial listing of additional co-productions include The Day Harlem Saved Dr. King and Black Wall Street: Ten Stories High, a series of short plays that chronicle the rise and fall of successful Black Towns that were established during and post-reconstruction.

New Heritage Theatre Group and Take Wing and Soar Productions, Inc.

Take Wing And Soar Productions, Inc. is a women-led 501©3 theatre company dedicated to supporting women, youth, and classically trained actors of color, founded by Debra Ann Byrd.
Take Wing And Soar Productions, in partnership with New Heritage Theatre Group, have presented multiple collaborations including a main-stage production of Oscar Wilde's The Important of Being Earnest  (2013), directed by Kevin Connell.

In the summer of 2013, the  Harlem Shakespeare Festival was launched by Take Wing and Soar Productions and New Heritage Theatre Group. The annual Festival's mission is to foster understanding and unity in the arts by producing special events and plays with diverse casts and to create center stage opportunities for classically trained actors of color. Productions include the all-female, multi-racial mainstage production of Othello: The Moor of Venice  (2019).

Community partners

• City College Aaron Davis Hall
• Apollo Theatre Foundation
• Columbia University Arts Initiative
• Columbia University School of the Arts
• Community Works
• El Museo Del Barrio
• Frank Silvera's Writers Workshop
• Greater Harlem Chamber of Commerce
• Harbor Conservatory for the Performing Arts
• Harlem Arts Alliance
• Harlem Jazz and Music Festival
• Harlem Week
• Museum of the City of New York
• National Black Sports and Entertainment Hall of Fame
• New Federal Theatre
• The National Museum of Catholic Arts
• Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
• Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for The Arts

Production Highlights (partial listing)
This list is a partial listing of productions New Heritage Theatre Group has produced or co-produced in conjunction with one or more of its collaborating partners.

Theatrical Productions
Three Shades of Harlem (1964)
Ruby Dee (1964)
Three Shades of Harlem (1964)
Hip, Black and Angry (1967)
Another Shade of Harlem (1968)
To Kill a Devil (1968)
Wine in the Wilderness (1971)
Madame Odum (1972)
The Long Black Block (1972, 1975, 1995)
Geraldine Fitzgerald's Three Penny Opera (1972)
Mama Odun (1973)
On Strivers Row (1974, 1984)
Fat Tuesday (1975)
Kingdom and the Ceremony (1977)
Four O'Clock on a Rainy Afternoon (1978)
The Legend of Deadwood Dick (1979)
Roshamon (1979)
Monsieur Baptiste the Con Man (1981)
Clinton: An Urban Fairytale (1984)
Casualties and Lesson Plans (1984)
Zora (1984)
Janin (1984)
Woza Albert! (1984)
When Chickens Come Home to Roost (1984)
The Gimmick (1986)
Asinimali! (1986)
Sarafina! (1987)
Township Fever! (1990)
The Third Rhythm (1990)
An Aftertaste of Sherry (1993)
Madame CJ Walker (1995)
The Long Black Block (1995)
Goddess City (1996)
Spiritual Journey (1997)Five Stops on a Merry Go Round (2001)Woza Albert! (2004)Tierno Bokar (2005)Winterkill (2005)Camp Logan (2006)Esther Armah: Can I Be Me? (2007)Martin, Malcolm and, Medgar (2008)Formerly Known as Sarah (2008)The Session (2008)Daniel Beaty: Resurrection (2008)Camp Logan (2008)Esther Armah: Forgive Me (2008)The Session (2008)The Meeting (2009)Daniel Beaty: Tearing Down the Walls (2011)When Chickens Come Home to Roost (2011)Lorey Hayes: Haiti's Children of God (2011)Massinissa (2011)Esther Armah: Savior (2011)The Savoy King (2012)Daniel Beaty:  Mr. Joy (2012)The Fannie Lou Hamer Story (2012)Circumstances (2012)Daniel Beaty: Through the Night (2012)Love to All Lorraine (2012)Daniel Beaty: Emergency (2012)Coriolanus: An African WarriorAdam (2012, 2013)The Importance of Being Earnest (2013)Harlem Shakespeare Festival (2013)Benefits (2013)The Firefighters (2014)IMPACT: Peace Warriors (2014)Sable Series (2014)Lissabon (2014)Whistle in Mississippi (2014)The People vs. Clarendon County (2014)The Kitchen (2014)Inamori Project:  Prayer, Love and Peace (2012, 2014)Annual Harlem Shakespeare Festival (2013, 2014)			Black Wall Street (2014)The Dawn of the Rooster (2015)A Double Encore Production (2015)Anne and Emmett (2015)Othello: The Moor of Venice (2015)Gravity of Love* (2017)Holding On (2012-2019)Urge to Purge (2018)March On (2018)Unheard Noted (2018)Barbra Jordan (2018)Father's Day (2018)Sable Series (2018)Mable Madness(2018)Harlem Saved a King" (2018)
Tales of Women (2018)
Black Turns Gold (2018
The Meeting (2012-2018)
Truebone(2016-2019)
The Fannie Lou Hammer Story: Sick and Tired of Being Sick and Tired (2018-2019)
Reading of FOUNDATION (2019)
One Last Night Before Sempiternity (2019)
Fifi Dalla The African Pearl (2019)
Holding On (2019)
My Harlem 'Tis of Thee (2019)
It Can't Happen Here (2020)
Turning 15 On The Road To Freedom(2020)
Casting the Vote (2020)
The Fannie Lou Hammer Story Live on Facebook and Instagram (2020)
The Importance of Being Earnest (2020)
It is Africa (2020)

Roger Furman Reading Series
Living Doll (1990)
Crimen Injuria (1990)
Friends (1991)
The Race to Olduvai
Fathers and Mothers (1991)
Union (1991)
Bailey's Café (1991-1996)
Les Femme Noires (1994)
A Way out of No Way (1995)
Sarah's Jukebox (1996)
On My Birthday (1996)
Eldridge Cleaver Memorial
Frankie Cracker Memorial (2000)
Five Stops on a Merry Go Round (2001)
Nothin' But the Truth (2003)
Habit Forms (2003)
Punching at the Sun (2004)
Nobody Knew Who They Was (2004)
Pass Perfect (2004)
A Song for You... (2006)
Are You Dead Yet? (2006)
Weekend Pass (2006)
Deliver the Dance (2006)
Paradise Lost (2006)
Malcolm, Martin, Medgar (2006)
Your God's Not Coming (2007)
Long Black Block (2007)
Almost September (2008)
The Diva and the Rapper (2008)
The Diva and the Rapper II (2009)
A Paradise Lost (2009)
Strama Baby (2009)
Esther Armah: Entitled? (2009)
The Haitians (2010)
Power Play (2011, 2012, 2013)
Portrait of an Earl (2011)
Esther Armah: Savior (2011)
Vito Marcantonio (2011)
A Few Brave Men (2012)
Bill Harris: BLUES & JAZZ Plays, Poems (2012)
Othello: The Moore of Venice (2013)
Short Eyes (2013)
Freedom Summer (2014)
Julius Caesar (2015)
The Chosen Few (2015)
The Park Plays (2015)
The Sable Series: The History of Black Shakespearean Actors (2015)

Concert Productions
Let The Music Say Amen (1993)
Roger Furman's 30th Anniversary Celebration (1994)
3 Guys Named Joe (1997)
TriHarLenium Continues (2000)
Higher Ground:  Expression In Dance and Song (2001)
IMPACT:  6th Anniversary (2002)
Ken Hicks:  Sings Avanti (2005)
 Jazz for Peace (2005)
Harlem Ladies in Music (2006)
Write On Rosie (2006)
Ebony Stages A Celebration of Contemporary Black Theater, American Museum of Natural History (2006)
Lee Olive Tucker, Museum of the City of New York (2006)
Craig Harris' God's Trombones (2006)
Kwanzaa Spirit,American Museum of Natural History (2006)
Kwanzaa Celebration, American Museum of Natural History (2007)
Late Great Ladies of Blues and Jazz (2007)
IMPACT 10th Anniversary Gala and Screening of August Rush (2007)
Voices for Peace (2007)
Unheard Notes (2007)
It's Always You, Lainie Cooke (2007)
Kwanzaa, American Museum of Natural History (2008)
Do Enka (2008)
Berta's Jam (2008)
Do Wop Love (2008)
Pass the Torch Blues Tap and Swing (2008)
All of Me, Lainie Cooke (2009)
Artspeak with Tsidii (2009)
Jazz for Peace (2009)
IMPACT nominated for Academy Award for the song "Raise it Up", on the August Rush Soundtrack (2008)
IMPACT: Raise it Up"  at 2008 Oscar Award Ceremony (2008)
IMPACT: Raise it Up at the Apollo Theater (2008)
Wild Women Don't Have the Blues (2009)
IMPACT Vibe: Concert (2009)
IMPACT:  Raise It Up (2009)
IMPACT: I Live (2010)
It's Always You featuring Lainie Cooke (2010)
The Sakura Cherry Blossom Festival (2010)
Harlem 4 Japan Benefit Concert (2010)
Message Behind the Music with Obediah Wright (2010)
Do Enka Concert (2010)
Kwanzaa 2010:  The Legacy Continues with McCollough Invaders, and Kochegena (2010)
Nothin' But the Blues (2010)
The Sakura Cherry Blossom Festival (2010)
Berta's Jam II (2011)
IMPACT:  Dream Keepers (2011)
Saluting our Jazz Elders with Joey Morant and New Amsterdam Music Association and Randy Weston (2011)
Speaking in Rhythm featuring IMPACT (2011)
Removing the Bars (2012)
Voices from Japan (2012)
Do Enka II (2012)
In the Spirit What's Your Groove (2012)
IMPACT Repertory Theatre 15th Anniversary Celebration (2012)
R&B & Blues:  IMPACT Legacy, Kwame & The Uptown Shakedown (2012)
First Fruits of the Harvest Kwanzaa Celebration featuring B Smith Restoration Theatre (2012)
African American Musical Mosaic: First Corinthian Baptist Church Choir, Sandra Reeves Phillips, IMPACT with Darryl "DMC" McDaniels
Stories We Tell:  A Tribute to Storytellers (2012)
Global Weekends: 35th Anniversary Celebration Kwanzaa at the American Museum of Natural History (2013)
Focus on Peace: Art Exhibition and Taiko Japanese Drummers (2014)
International Jazz Festival (2015)
Tribute to Ben E King (December 2015)
Lainie Cooke in Concert (2018)
Musical Tribute to Hugh Masakela (2019)
Biko Rising (2019)
More or Less I am (2019)
Harlem Celebrates Cuba and its Music (2019)
It is Africa (2020)

Film Productions and Events
Hughes' Dreams Harlem (Film) (2002)
International Black Panther Film Festival (2003)
It's Always You: Lainie Cooke (2007, 2010)
A Celebration of the Life and work of Lorraine Hansberry (2010)
Harlem is… Gospel, Documentary (2011)
Harlem is… Music, Documentary (2011)
Harlem is… Theater, Documentary (2011)
Black Panther Film Festival (2011)
R&B & Blues: IMPACT Legacy, Kwame & The Uptown Shakedown (2012)
"Tilai" : Harlemwood Film Festival (2012)
Savoy King (2012)
Screening, Premiere or ESPN 30 for 20 Series One Night in Vegas (2012)
Elza, Screening (2012)
We Remember Sassy with Mzuri Moyo (2013)
Focus on Peace: Art Exhibition and Taiko Japanese Drummers (2013)
"Anom Du Christ"	Harlemwood Film Festival (2013)
Yuri Kochiyama Memorial (2014)
Finding Fela, Screening (2014)
Twenty Feet From Stardom, Screening (2014)
Chapter & Verse (2015)
SummerStage Harlem (2019)
True See (2019)

Workshops
Del Caribe Soy (2018-2019)

References

1964 establishments in New York City
Theatre companies in New York City
Harlem


title: Michael Federmann

text:
Michael Ilan Yoel "Mikey" Federmann (; born 9 September 1943) is an Israeli drone manufacturer and billionaire. He is in charge of Elbit Systems and the Dan Hotels group. Under his leadership Elbit Systems multiplied its size many times and became a major player in the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle market globally as well as in other areas of military defence technology.

Early life and education
Federmann was born in Haifa to Bella and Yekutiel "Ksil" Federmann, brother of Irit Federmann-Landau. He received a bachelor's degree in economics and state studies and then a master's degree in business administration from the Hebrew University. He served in the Israel Defense Forces' elite unit Sayeret Matkal where he was a member of Ehud Barak's unit.

Business
Since 2002, Federmann has been the owner of Israeli conglomerate Federmann Enterprises Ltd which was started by his late father and uncle. His cousin Ami Federmann also holds a stake. Federmann chairs the boards of its two biggest publicly traded holdings: defense electronics maker Elbit Systems and luxury hotel operator Dan Hotels Corp.

Elbit

Federmann joined Elbit when his El-Op company merged with it in 1998. That doubled it in size.
Elbit was naturally going to benefit from the global growth of the UAV market however, the 700% growth of Elbit over the following decade was also largely due to Federmann and CEO David Ackerman's leadership of Elbit Systems. They embarked on an ambitious global buyout strategy for the sake of growth. The strategy has made Elbit into a multibillion-dollar multinational.

Dan Hotels
Under the aegis of Federmann the hotel group has continued to grow, thanks to growing tourism and business in the country as well as ongoing expansion of the chain. Dan Hotels began as a boarding house on the Tel Aviv seafront that was purchased by his father and uncle in 1947. Over the following decades it grew to be a national chain. It has expanded its horizon to India. Their first hotel in India is in the Silicon City, Bengaluru. The Den Bengaluru is located in Whitefield.
Part of the chain is the iconic King David Hotel in Jerusalem, which since its founding in 1932 until this day hosts heads of state and diplomats on behalf of the Israeli government on their visits to Israel.

Wealth
He was ranked 7th wealthiest in the Maariv newspaper's top 100 in Israel in 2010 with an estimated wealth of 6.5 billion Shekel (approximately $1.4 billion).
In that year he was ranked No. 721 in Forbes''' List of billionaires. In 2011 he was ranked No. 879 and in 2012 he dropped off the ranking of the top 1000. As of November 2020, Forbes'' estimates Federmann's net worth to be $2.1 billion.

Honours
 In 1996 the Hebrew University of Jerusalem awarded him an honorary doctorate.
 In 2005 he received the Israeli industry prize for electronics.
 In June 2014 he received an honorary CBE in Queen Elisabeth II's Birthday Honours list 2014 - For services to UK/Israel business cooperation and UK prosperity.

Senior positions
 Chairman of the Board of Elbit Systems.
 Chairman of the Board of Dan Hotels.
 Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
 Board member of the Weizmann Institute of Science.

Personal life
Federmann and his wife Leora have 3 children, David, Gidi, and Daniel who is married to Sharona Pick, daughter of Svika Pick and sister-in-law of Quentin Tarantino.

References

1943 births
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Social Sciences alumni
Israeli Jews
Living people
Israeli billionaires
Israeli chief executives
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Free State of Saxony
Israeli soldiers
Jewish military personnel
Businesspeople from Haifa
Jerusalem School of Business Administration alumni


title: PRR35

text:
Proline rich 35 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRR35 gene.

References

Further reading

Genes
Human proteins


title: Jules David

text:
Jean-Baptiste David (called Jules David; 1808–1892) was a French painter and lithographer.
His illustrations appeared in many books and magazines.
He was particularly known for his illustrations of contemporary Parisian fashions.

Early years

Jean-Baptiste David was born in 1808. He was a pupil of Pierre Duval Le Camus, who painted moralistic subjects.
Duval was in turn a pupil of the famous painter Jacques-Louis David.
Jean-Baptiste David began work in 1824, using his power of observation and facility of drawing to produce a variety of landscapes and interiors in Gothic style for publishers.

During the July Monarchy (1830–1848) David also published caricatures.
He belonged to the mouvement party, and wanted to implement the ideals of liberty and the French republic.
He derided the juste milieu of King Louis Philippe as a trick to prevent these ideals being achieved.
A caricature by David appeared in La Caricature of 31 May 1831. The king is depicted as an illusionist who uses the juste milieu and some poudre de non-intervention to make liberty and revolution vanish.
David's lithographs often attacked political tyranny, and religious hypocrisy.

David exhibited in the Paris Salon of 1834.
He was working for the editor Jeannin in 1836 when he won a 2,000 franc prize from Delessert, president of the Savings Bank of Paris, for a work about the triumph of Virtue.
His album Vice and Virtue illustrated in twelve lithographs a good or bad action in each stage of life.
Six plates were dedicated to vice and six to virtue.
The one series showed the criminals arrested, taken to prison and on the scaffold. The other series showed scenes of work, study and so on.
The work was praised for the quality of the drawings but criticized for its tendentious moralization.

In 1839 the Histoire de France by Théodose Burette was published with 500 drawings by David, engraved by V. Chevin.
L'Artiste announced the book, saying the illustrations would make the book "doubly popular". The next year L'Artiste gave a six-page review of the book, with reproductions of twelve of the illustrations, saying it was one of the most remarkable publications to have appeared for a long time.

Six plates published by Jeannin in 1844 titled Le Moyen-Age. Moeurs et Coutumes (The Middle Ages, Customs and Costumes) depicted nobles absorbed in religion and beggars living on charity.
David's compositions were lively and often humorous, in the style of Victor Adam and François Grenier.
They were published until around 1855 in the Musée de l'amateur, the Revue des peintres and L'Artiste.
His best known works are the series of The Wandering Jew and The Mysteries of Paris, and the illustrations of Morality in Action and the History of Napoleon.
He also made lithographs for many romance titles.

Fashion illustrations

Achille Devéria introduced David to the Journal des demoiselles and the Journal des jeunes personnes, for which he produced lithographs from 1839 to 1842.
David's albums were often published as a supplement to women's magazines.
He drew all the plates for the Le Moniteur de la Mode for fifty years.
About 2,600 of David's fashion plates were first published in the Moniteur de la Mode, and then republished in other magazines in France, Germany, Britain, Spain and America.
He was a pioneer in introducing contemporary backgrounds in his plates.
In 1860 Samuel Orchart Beeton, husband of Mrs Beeton and publisher of the Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, began to include hand-colored fashion plates by David.
These let his readers see the latest styles and colors from Paris, the world fashion center at the time.
Beeton included paper patterns, which let owners of the newly introduced domestic sewing machines make their own dresses.

Jean-Baptiste David died in 1892.
In 1987 his sketchbooks were shown in an exhibition called Fashion drawings of Jules David (1808–1892) and his time at the Salon du Vieux-Colombier, town hall of the sixth arrondissement, Paris.
During his long career, the fashionable figure was transformed.
The delicate Dresden figurine of 1870, dressed in a modest, elaborate and very feminine style, was displaced by the "seven foot beauty with the ten inch waist" of 1893. The modern woman of 1893 was much more self-confident and her dress much more revealing and sophisticated than would have been suitable twenty years earlier.

Selected work
David illustrated the following works, among many others:

Histoire populaire, anecdotique et pittoresque de Napoléon et de la grande armée, 1 vol. (650 p.) 1843 Paris G. Kugelmann
Léonie, valse brillante 3 p.: cover illustration; 35 cm Edition : [1848] Paris Veuve Launer
Oeuvres complètes de Molière 1 vol. (384 p.) Edition: [1870] Paris Librairie du "Petit journal" by Molière (1622-1673)
Histoire de Don Quichotte 1 vol. (100 p.) DL 1887 Paris Garnier frères by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616), translated by Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian (1755-1794)
Départ des paysans fantaisie pour piano 4 p.: illustration; [1897] Paris Veuve E. Benoît

Some of his lithographs include:

Le Comte de Paris 1 est.: 18,8 x 15,2 cm
Eugénie Impératrice des Français. 30 Janvier 1853 1 est. monochrome 29,5 x 21,7 cm
Mgr l'Archevêque de Paris, blessé mortellement au Fg Saint-Antoine (25 Juin) Que mon sang soit le dernier versé !.. 1 est. 24,5 x 36,3 cm
Le Peuple au Palais des Tuileries. 24 Février 1 est. monochrome; 28,6 x 42,1 cm
Philippe 1er 1 est. 39 x 25,6 cm

References
Citations

Sources

1808 births
1892 deaths
French editorial cartoonists
French illustrators
French lithographers
19th-century French painters
French male painters


title: Aboukir almonds

text:
Aboukir almond is a variety of candy or sweet made of almond-filled and sugar-coated marzipan. These almonds are produced in the region of Aboukir in Egypt. The sweet is made with whole almonds that are blanched, then roasted and set aside. More almonds are then made into a paste and coloured green or pink. It is pressed into a ball or an oval. It is kirsch flavored and shaped in the form of a green almond and stuffed with a blanched roasted almond. The product is then dipped in hot sugar syrup and placed on parchment paper to dry.

See also

 Jordan almond
 List of almond dishes

References

Egyptian cuisine
Almond dishes
Vegetarian cuisine
Confectionery


title: Paisa Yaar N Panga

text:
Paisa Yaar N Panga (पैसा यार और पंगा, ਪੈਸਾ ਯਾਰ ਪੰਗਾ) is a Punjabi comedy film directed by Virender Singh and produced by Bharat Arora, Arvinder Singh, Gurprit Singh Gujral, Starring Gavie Chahal, Mukul Dev, Khushboo Grewal, Flora Saini, Karan Sekhon (Debut), Veer Vashisht. Movie is produced under banner Blockbuster Motion Pictures. The film revolving around 3 best buddies, but the thriller comes when Mukul Dev enters in their lives. Paisa Yaar N Panga was released on 1 August 2014.

Cast
 Gavie Chahal as Fateh
 Mukul Dev as Ranveer Walia
 Veer Vashisht as Karan
 Khushboo Grewal as Vaani
 Flora Saini as Meera
 Karan Sekhon as Bunty
 Rishita Monga as Reet
 Ranjeev Verma as SSP
 Richa as Dolly

Release
The film was initially scheduled to release on 11 July 2014.

References

External links

2014 films
Punjabi-language Indian films
2010s Punjabi-language films
Films scored by Jassi Katyal
Films scored by Gurmeet Singh


title: Cristian Ramirez

text:
Cristian Ramirez may refer to:

 Cristian Ramírez (Argentine footballer), Argentine footballer
 Cristian Ramírez (Ecuadorian footballer), Ecuadorian footballer
 Cristian Ramírez (Paraguayan footballer), Paraguayan footballer
 Cristián Moll Ramírez, Chilean handball player

See also
 Christian Ramirez (disambiguation)


title: Marathon Pharmaceuticals

text:
Marathon Pharmaceuticals LLC was a privately held biopharmaceuticals company focused on drugs for people with rare diseases. The Illinois-based company developed and manufactured therapeutics and brought them to market. It employed 100 people in four global locations. In 2017, PTC Therapeutics acquired rights to Marathon Pharmaceuticals' drug Emflaza (deflazacort) for $140 million after criticism about their plan to sell the drug at a list price of $89,000 per year to sufferers despite the fact that the same drug was available in Canada and the UK for around $1,000 per year.

Business model
Marathon produced medicines for high-need, small patient populations, including patients with rare diseases as outlined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Orphan Drug Act. The Act defines rare diseases as impacting fewer than 200,000 patients in the U.S.

Marathon developed late-stage drugs, earned regulatory approvals, and then manufactured and commercialized medicines with input from patient advocacy groups. Marathon’s regulatory efforts centered on gaining FDA approval of New Drug Applications (NDA) or Biologic License Applications (BLA).

The company provided assistance for eligible patients with financial hardship and helped patients secure other assistance through the National Organization of Rare Disorders (NORD) and similar patient support groups.

The company was criticized for their business model which uses regulatory loopholes and FDA incentives to cheaply acquire drugs to treat rare diseases and multiplying the list price to make a profit.

Marathon distributed its products in North America.

Treatment pipeline
Marathon developed medications that targeted neurological, muscular, gastrointestinal and blood disorders, including deflazacort, a new medication to slow the progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in patients.
In January 2015, Marathon was granted fast track status from FDA for deflazacort as a potential treatment for DMD. Exondys 51 and deflazacort are, as of 2/12/2017, the only FDA-approved drugs that treat DMD. Most patients die by age 25, although recently some people have lived into their 30s and 40s with assistive devices and support.

Deflazacort
On February 13, 2017, the CEO of Marathon, Jeff Aronin, announced that after four years of development and over 17 trials, the company was granted FDA approval for deflazacort (Emflaza) to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a rare disease that affects approximately 15,000 young boys in the U.S. Prior to the FDA approval, less than 10% of Duchenne patients in the U.S. had access to Emflaza. Post FDA approval, all Duchenne patients have access to an FDA approved and U.S. made drug that is being covered by over 170 payers and over 45 state Medicaid programs.

Amid controversy over the proposed $89,000 wholesale price to payers, Marathon sold Emflaza and related assets to PTC Therapeutics, a firm with a 20-year history in Duchenne drug development. In Canada, the same drug, although never approved for treating Duchenne, could be purchased for around $1 per tablet and used off-label to treat the disease. According to The Wall Street Journal, the price Marathon was proposing was "roughly 70 times" more than deflazacort would cost overseas, such as in Europe where it was approved to treat 23 indications for a patient base of 83 million. In a 2015 Chicago Tribune article, parents had expressed concerns that if deflazacort were approved in the United States, FDA guidelines seemed to suggest that parents would not "be able to order it from another country." They feared a "U.S. drug could be vastly more expensive than current international rates, leaving a question about insurance coverage." Senator Bernie Sanders and Rep. Elijah Cummings are investigating the price of the drug as part of a larger investigation about the cost of pharmaceuticals.

References

External links
Company site

Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Chicago
Health care companies based in Illinois


title: Lynn, Colorado

text:
Lynn is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place (CDP) located in and governed by Las Animas County, Colorado, United States. The population of the Lynn CDP was 11 at the United States Census 2020. The Aguilar post office (Zip Code 81020) serves the area.

Geography
Lynn is in northwestern Las Animas County,  north of Trinidad, the county seat. Interstate 25 passes through the community, with access from Exit 34 (County Road 60). The town of Aguilar is  to the southwest, and Walsenburg is  to the north on I-25.

The Lynn CDP has an area of , all land.

Demographics
The United States Census Bureau initially defined the  for the

See also

Outline of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
State of Colorado
Colorado cities and towns
Colorado census designated places
Colorado counties
Las Animas County, Colorado

References

External links

Las Animas County website

Census-designated places in Las Animas County, Colorado
Census-designated places in Colorado


title: Francisc Rainer

text:
Francisc Iosif Rainer (December 28, 1874 – August 4, 1944) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian pathologist, physiologist and anthropologist. From an immigrant family, he earned early recognition for his experimental work in anatomy, and helped reform Romanian medical science. He spent much of his youth training himself in anatomical pathology and the various areas of natural science, gaining direct experience as a microbiologist, surgeon, and military physician. With teaching positions at the University of Iași and the University of Bucharest, where he established specialized sections, Rainer became a noted promoter of science and an innovator in his field. He notably favored and introduced the anatomical study of "functional structures", and was in particular preoccupied with issues pertaining to ontogenesis and kinesiology. An intellectual influence on several generations of doctors, his wife was Marta Trancu-Rainer, Romania's first female surgeon.

In addition to his experimental approach, Rainer is remembered as a talented pedagogue and public speaker, who took public stances in defense of his social and cultural ideals. Vilified by the far-right for his left-wing stances, he blended progressivism with genetic determinism, and, although an adept of eugenics, condemned scientific racism. He was notably involved with Dimitrie Gusti's project of rural sociology, contributing an anthropological record of several isolated villages on the Carpathian slopes. During his lifetime, Rainer also set up a large collection of craniums and skeletons, which became the centerpiece of his Bucharest anthropology department.

Biography

Early life
Francisc Rainer was a native of Rohozna town, near Czernowitz, in Austrian-ruled Bukovina. His parents were Lutheran, but baptized their son Roman Catholic. His father, Gustav Adolf Ignatz Rainer, emigrated to the Romanian Old Kingdom as an employee of the Strousberg Company that built the Bucharest-Giurgiu railway, the country's first. Remaining there, he obtained a post in the administration of the national railroad company. His mother Maria (or Ana) came from a clerical family, and was a housewife. The boy received his primary education at home from his parents, later attending Saint Sava High School in Bucharest. Among the teachers who were particularly helpful was Sabba Ștefănescu in natural sciences. Rainer read extensively, teaching himself Latin and Ancient Greek, and becoming passionate about the literary works of Goethe and the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer. He slowly discarded the latter's influence when he discovered Heraclitus, Ernst Haeckel, and classical materialistic thought. Such works diverted him from his original goal of becoming a Catholic missionary.

In 1892, he enrolled in the medical faculty of the University of Bucharest. While still a student, Rainer was given important tasks by a professor in his histological laboratory. In 1896, he was named a junior teaching assistant in the medical clinic at ; he remained there for nearly two decades. During this time, troubled by "the great issues of the Cosmos", he imposed on himself a rigorous program of study and exercise (including cycling, mountaineering, and fencing). Although struggling to make ends meet, Rainer deepened his anatomical research, closely studying human morphology, and experimented with examination techniques during autopsies, founding a Romanian Anatomical Society for the purpose of sharing results. He also attended Anghel Saligny's lectures in chemistry at the School of Bridges, worked as a chemist in Constantin Istrati's lab, then as a pathologist at the Veterinary School. He moved between Colțea, , and the school of assistant surgeons, taking part in the campaign against tuberculosis. In the summers of 1900 and 1901, he took part in an anti-cholera campaign in the Danube Delta, which also allowed him to study the native flora and fauna.

He completed his doctorate in 1903, the topic being a particular form of cirrhosis. Having performed numerous autopsies at the hospital, he made an original discovery himself; at the end of the thesis committee's debate, two of its members, Dr. Stoicescu from Colțea and Victor Babeș, extended their collegial greetings to Rainer. Aside from this pair, his professors included , , , Gheorghe Marinescu, Ioan Cantacuzino, and Mina Minovici. Also in 1903, Rainer, recently naturalized Romanian, married Marta Trancu, an Armenian Romanian doctor who had worked with him at Colțea. They had corresponded intensely on scientific and cultural subjects, before becoming romantically involved. After completing her studies, Marta became Romania's first female surgeon. Their only child, daughter Sofia, was born on in May 1904.

During that period, Rainer made two visits to Germany. The first, in 1906, involved work at Berlin's Frederick William University in the laboratories of Fedor Krause and Oscar Hertwig, as well as a study of embryology and comparative anatomy. His animal experiments there were primarily focused on the ossification process. At the anatomical institute led by Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer, he analyzed the brains of individuals belonging to different races. The second visit, in 1911, involved a stop at the German Hygiene Museum in Dresden, at the anatomy institute of the University of Jena and at Leipzig. Near the trip's conclusion, while in Weimar, he visited Goethe's House.

Iași career and World War I
Upon his return in 1912, Rainer became assistant professor at Bucharest. The following year, with referrals from Constantin Ion Parhon, he became chairman of the anatomy department at the University of Iași medical faculty. Soon after his appointment, with the outbreak of the Second Balkan War, he was mobilized in the Romanian Land Forces medical service. He barely escaped with his life when his automobile fell off the pontoon bridge at Nikopol. Upon his return, he busied himself with organizing his Iași department, supplying the microscopes, microtomes, thermostats, magazine collections and a projector for the faculty. Meanwhile, during this period, he was involved in scientific publication, sitting on the editorial board of Spitalul, writing for Romania Medicală and, in 1911, helping found the Paris-based Annales de Biologie.

According to Marta Rainer's own account, her husband's move to Iași at age forty marked the end of a "prolonged adolescence", settling Rainer on the path to professional success. As Rainer himself noted, teaching was a major responsibility: "I have always held the belief that there is no feeling so great, no thought so vast and deep, that they may not reach out to young minds and hearts." He set for himself the goal of answering to some of "the great issues of mankind", with "a prolonged action to strengthen my spirit." In his university lectures, Rainer taught that the purpose of medical science was human progress, "that we may always reach for something that is set higher". He also held that "each of us owes more to society than society owes us."

While in Iași, Rainer joined the left-wing literary circle formed around Viața Românească magazine, for which he contributed notes on medical science. He befriended the group's doyen, Garabet Ibrăileanu, whom he treated for his lung problems. Rainer persuaded Ibrăileanu, who was Marta's cousin, to hold courses in Romanian language and literature two evenings a week for medical students. His intention was to develop cultured doctors, and the students heard lectures by Mihail Sadoveanu, George Topîrceanu and Titu Maiorescu. He also took them for nature excursions so they could observe biological phenomena outside the laboratory. Rainer himself traveled extensively after 1914: among his earliest trips was a working visit to Odón de Buen's oceanographic institute in Palma de Mallorca.

In 1916, following Romania's entry into World War I, Rainer returned to Bucharest and rejoined Marta, being called up for medical service as a colonel. During the 1916 counteroffensive, the Rainers set up surgery wards in the hospitals that had become full to overflowing with wounded from the Battle of Turtucaia and the zeppelin attack on Bucharest. Later, during Bucharest's occupation by the Central Powers, Francisc Rainer established temporary hospitals in schools. He continued teaching under the German administration, so that his students would not miss a year, but was also obliged to teach separate courses for German students. He managed to prevent the occupying authorities from requisitioning the faculty's possessions. Viewed as political suspects, the Rainers were singled out for internment in Bulgaria, but spared by Minovici's intervention on his behalf. Marta Rainer, who managed war hospitals, organized teams of surgeons to help deal with the humanitarian crisis, and operated non-stop during the extremely cold winter of 1917–1918.

Following Romania's withdrawal from the war, Rainer resumed his contacts with Romanian physicians stranded on unoccupied territory. His wartime work in experimental surgery attracted young men and women, including some of his former students at Iași. They included Grigore T. Popa, who was selected for Rainer's permanent team during 1918. Other early members were Florica Cernătescu (Popa's fiancée) and Ilie Th. Riga. By late 1918, Rainer was conceiving of an education reform, aiming to compress theoretical aspects and "routine" work while providing students with as much laboratory experience as possible. His ideas were received with skepticism by the physiologist Ioan Athanasiu, who stood for the classical approach.

For a while in 1919, Rainer made a return to teaching in Iași, where he also resumed his activity in the fight against tuberculosis. After the Armistice of November signaled a worldwide return to peace, Rainer had to fend off allegations and angry students demonstrations, with allegations that he had been a turncoat and a collaborator of the Germans. During 1919, a commission of inquiry cleared his name, noting that he had displayed "absolute loyalty" to the legitimate Romanian government. He himself vouched for his colleague Ecaterina Arbore, arrested for her revolutionary socialist militancy. After the general strike of 1920 was broken up by the authorities, Rainer was part of the investigative commission which determined that the labor organizer Herșcu Aroneanu had been beaten to death.

Bucharest school of anatomy creation

In 1920, Rainer was employed by the new anatomy and embryology department set up at Bucharest University. Affected by deafness, attributed to his long-term exposure to formaldehyde, he continued to work at the same pace, but was noticeably withdrawn from public life. The anatomy section existed only in name when Rainer took over. Rainer took personal charge of furnishing it, in the end setting up a large collection of craniums and full skeletons that earned the respect of Western colleagues such as Eugène Pittard, Carleton S. Coon, Henri Victor Vallois, and Kurt Warnekros. He was seconded by his devoted disciple and godson, the endocrinologist Ștefan Milcu (he eventually left Rainer's team in 1932, after developing an allergy to formaldehyde). Other important presences among Rainer's students and collaborators were George Emil Palade and Vintilă Ciocâlteu, distinguished for their work in the United States. At various intervals, the team also included surgeon Ion Țurai, pharmacologist Alfred Teitel, embryologist Benedict M. Menkeș, and anatomist Zalman Iagnov.

After his move, Rainer began expanding the scope of his contribution, and passed on to his students a particular view of science, decisively materialistic, rationalist, and anti-metaphysical. In particular, Rainer rejected the intuitionism of Henri Bergson, which had enjoyed a surge in popularity. His intellectual heroes and models of researchers included Claude Bernard, Rudolf Virchow, and especially Goethe. The physician and left-wing political figure Ion Vitner writes that Rainer's understanding of the human body, heavily influenced by the work of Wilhelm Roux, centered on "life", "movement", "function", and ultimately "ontogenesis", rather than on the "static catalog" of 19th-century anatomy.

This worldview seeped into Rainer's research, which assumed the existence of a "precise genetic program" in man's somatic development. He centered his attention on correlating the activities of various organs and their understanding as "functional structures". This helped him and his students make groundbreaking discoveries in area such as the dura mater, cranial nerves, the lateral aortic lymph nodes, and the hypophyseal portal system. In his study of spondylopathy, Rainer personally documented the existence of arthritis in the atlas.

Physician I. Spielmann describes Rainer admiringly as a "polyhistor" with "a passionate image of what truth is". According to a student, the historian of medicine Gheorghe Brătescu, Rainer was an outstanding pedagogue and public speaker, whose anatomy lessons were highly inspirational, but whose neglect for his public appearance could alienate young people. As he writes: "After showing us that medical science is one of observation, but that in practice it involves continuous experimentation, and why it is more of a craft that demands medical instinct, Rainer provided us with the one effective measure to sustain it: uninterrupted self-examination". Vitner also noted Rainer's preference for orality, attributing it to an "extraordinary fear of the written word". Meanwhile, other specialists rejected Rainer's ideas and approach. According to anatomist Victor Papilian (whom Rainer had denounced as a plagiarist), Rainer's was "a sterile and envious school" of self-proclaimed "geniuses". According to Papilian, Rainer moved freely between subjects outside of his competence, including the paleontology of Leonardo da Vinci and the latest discoveries in astronomy.

Despite his progressive withdrawal from public life, Rainer was slowly being discovered as a public intellectual. In addition to his work at the university, he was again involved with Viața Românească, and, from 1920, was one of the magazine's trustees. He taught kinesiology at the Physical Education Institute, and artistic anatomy at the School of Fine Arts. His lectures in anthropology, hosted by the Physical Education Institute from 1923, are believed to be the oldest form of anthropological education in Romania. Also that year, Rainer made a noted contribution to biological anthropology, publishing his finds on the medieval princely remains dug up in Curtea de Argeș. He pursued other such investigations into the Romanian past, including the craniometry of Michael the Brave and the description of ancient tombs dug up at Turnu Severin.

Pursuing her own career in Bucharest hospitals, Marta was later a personal physician of Helen of Greece, wife of King Carol II of Romania. In their personal life, the Rainers experienced disappointment: having received her education in Romania, Sofia Rainer left for England, to attend the University of Bristol; she grew estranged from the family after her marriage to an Englishman, Archibald Philip Laing Gordon.

Biological anthropology

Rainer's views eventually placed him at odds with the emerging far-right and antisemitic movement of the 1920s. At a time when the Iași-based National-Christian Defense League (LANC), seeking to purge Jews from Romanian universities, was gaining momentum in Bucharest, a student identified Rainer as a Jew, and issued claims denying merit to his scholarship. According to Vitner, Rainer was the diametrical opposite of a Iași rival, the racist and LANC affiliate Nicolae Paulescu, who stood for "dark and backward scientism". Vitner also recalls that Rainer was even shot at by far-right affiliates, so that he would no longer popularize his "democratic convictions". For a while, Rainer was under the permanent protection of a Gendarme guard.

Nevertheless, Rainer was himself an active proponent of "hereditary determinism" and eugenics, which he understood as the cornerstone of social welfare policy. As he put it: "In the colorful mass of genes that carry those characteristics we inherit from our forerunners, one may find embedded [...] even our very destinies as men." A committed physiognomist, he believed that "only the phenotype may be influenced, to a certain extent, by our environment and our education." In June 1929, the newspaper Adevărul published one of Rainer's critical essays on the 1923 land reform. In it, Rainer claimed that the system of land reallocation had proved ignorant of eugenic and biopolitical principles. Nevertheless, as readers of his work suggests, Rainer helped preserve a balance in anthropology by also looking into environmental factors, thus questioning the ideological supremacy of scientific racism.

During the 1920s and early '30s, Rainer was often depressed, believing that his contribution to medical science was largely insignificant. He was also upset that various of his disciples, including Daniel Danielopolu, no longer acknowledged him in their own tracts about the "science of life", which seemed to him a case of plagiarism. He was dividing his time between Bucharest and the resort of Cheia, where he owned a small piece of property.

Subsequently, Rainer mainly focused on anthropological work and the popularization of anthropological science. Alongside sociologists such as Dimitrie Gusti, Henri H. Stahl, Sabin Manuilă, Mircea Vulcănescu, and Xenia Costa-Foru, he was present on the teaching staff of Veturia Manuilă's private school, where he gave lectures in anatomy to all-female classes preparing for a career in social services. Between 1928 and 1932, Rainer was also involved in Gusti's rural sociology project in the Carpathians. Joining the Gusti team as an anthropometrist, he earned kudos from the scientific community of his day with Enquêtes anthropologiques dans trois villages roumains des Carpathes ("Anthropological Queries in Three Romanian Villages of the Carpathians"). Published in 1937, it remains one of just four testimonials written by members of Gusti's team.

While on location in Nereju, Drăguș and Fundu Moldovei, he expanded the canon of anthropometry, and began recording blood type, investigated the presence and spread of syphilis, and provided free medical consultations to the peasants. Rainer and his specialist unit, including social hygienists, documented the squalid conditions of rural life. At Fundu Moldovei, where some of the villages were entirely cut off from the outside world, Rainer found that up to 50% of his samples showed contamination with syphilis, forcing him to distribute reserves of neosalvarsan. Stahl, who befriended Rainer in Fundu Moldovei, recalls that the stated purpose of Rainer's visit was an attempt to bridge physiology and sociology: "he did not yet see what that connection might be, but any research should be carried out rigorously, so that, who knows, another generation, more skilled than we are, might come along and use it."

Rainer's anthropometric work, which used for a permanent record peasant photographs, in large part taken by Milcu, remains a problematic aspect of Gustian sociology. As noted by cultural historian Z. Ornea (based on Stahl's recollections), Rainer "carried out unperturbed his anthropometric research, although he was not an adept of racial science and had no idea of what this anthropometry and blood chemistry [...] were going to be used for. And yet, the great professor of histology would return annually to the villages that were studied by the monographic teams and to carry out this research with no purpose and no finality." Anthropologist Vintilă Mihăilescu also notes that the combination of Gusti's sociology and Rainer's physical anthropology was a "domestic ethnology", "self-referential" and "biased", but nevertheless an "important tool" for later cultural anthropology.

Rainer also made frequent trips to Western Europe and the Balkans. He was in Sweden during 1930, attending the Physiological Congress as a Physical Education Institute delegate, and paying a visit to the Racial Biology Institute. In 1931 and again in 1933, he was in Greece together with sculptor Mac Constantinescu, gathering material about artistic depictions of humans in the Mycenaean period. In 1935, he lectured at the Romanian Atheneum on the links between Platonism and modern science, being introduced there by zoologist Constantin Kirițescu (one of several popularization conferences Rainer held at the Atheneum, Dalles Hall, and in various provincial cities). He kept his depression under control by taking trips to Turkey, and again to Greece, where he dedicated himself to the study of customs and classical art. Upon his return, Rainer opened his bone collection for the public, as a permanent museum, during the Bucharest International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistorical Archeology, 1937. It comprised some 6,000 bone relics and casts.

Final years

With his activity in academia, Rainer reacted against cronyism, taking a public stand against arbitrary appointments in teaching, and ruining his relationship with the establishment. At a time when the Romanian school of anthropology was being divided between centrists and supporters of the fascist Iron Guard, he was again confronted by the far-right. Rainer was opposed to the fascist youth, whose members instigated in favor of academic censorship in his university curriculum. At one such incident in early 1938, Rainer stood unmoved at his desk as some of his fascist students, including the son of painter Nicolae Tonitza, lit firecrackers and threw eggs in his direction. However, he refused to ask for sanctions against them, and eventually received their letter of apology.

After 1939, although Romania was formally aligned with Nazi Germany, Rainer spoke out against Nazi racial science. In his public lectures, he dismissed the Nazi claim that cephalic indexes were good predictors of intelligence. His publicized texts, deemed "courageous" by historian Adrian Majuru, accepted the idea of race, but denied the concept of a "pure race", rejected the scientific claims of Aryanism, and argued that European civilization owed its existence to Semitic peoples. According to Rainer, races were rather phenotypical isolates of only one species, the homo sapiens recens, of the same genetic age; there existed no racial hierarchy.

In 1940, at the height of World War II, Rainer helped establish an anthropological research center of which he was honorary director until his death. That year, he and his institution were admitted into the French Prehistoric Society. In 1941, following Romania's entry, alongside Germany, in the war against the Soviet Union, Rainer obtained that his team of doctors be spared conscription.

Later that year, Rainer retired from teaching, having reached the age limit. The students demanded and obtained that he be allowed to hold additional lectures in general and human biology, despite Rainer's problematic deafness. Meanwhile, G. T. Popa, who had continued Rainer's anatomical work in Iași between 1928 and 1942, took over his chair in Bucharest. Tensions between Popa and his mentor were already showing in public, with Popa fending off accusations that he had taken credit for Rainer's work on the hypophyseal portal system.

In May 1943, Rainer was made an honorary member of the Romanian Academy. He continued to publish anthropological contributions, including a 1942 description (with Ion Th. Simionescu as the co-author) of the Cioclovina Skull, the first such paleolithic discovery on Romanian soil. He also contributed a chapter on "the living substance" to Victor Vâlcovici's 1943 synthesis, Materia și viața ("Matter and Life"). He was still an outspoken adversary of the Nazi regime. Maintaining a philosophical correspondence with the medievalist Alphonse Dupront, who was stranded in occupied France, he described the Nazi age as an "empire of suffering", reaffirming his conviction in "the future of mankind". He was among the signers of a letter of protest, addressed to dictator Ion Antonescu, which questioned Romania's participation in the anti-Soviet war.

During the same months, Rainer diagnosed himself with lung cancer, which was another probable effect of his long exposure to formaldehyde fumes. He tried to hide this from his wife and his friends, claiming his problem was a mere case of paresis. His house was narrowly missed by the April 1944 bombardment, and he had to move into the house of a former assistant, Ion Țurai. He was later moved to Hospital No. 303, where he developed metastasis in the brain.

Rainer asked to be relocated to his townhouse, where he died on the morning of August 4, 1944. He had predicted the exact time of his death, and written precise instructions for his body's embalming. This occurred just nineteen days before the Palace Coup that ended Romania's alliance with the Axis Powers. With the onset of Soviet occupation, Rainer's left-wing stances were highlighted in his official commemoration. Brătescu, who was also a Communist Youth militant, published such homages in the newspaper Tribuna Poporului, and spoke about Rainer at the Students' Society. In the latter address, he emphasized that Rainer had been an antifascist and a reader of political works by Joseph Stalin.

Legacy
Rainer was generally well regarded by the communist regime, which existed in Romania until the 1989 Revolution. His texts on science and society were collected and preserved, against Rainer's final wish that they should all be burned.  Some were carried in the first issues of Contemporanul review, from September 1946. In 1948, the corpus was published by the academy as four volumes, together with critical essays and memoirs edited by Marta Rainer and Mihail Sevastos. However, his anthropological museum, assigned to Popa and later to Milcu, was poorly staffed by the communist supervisors and faced closure. Communist supervisors such as Mihail Roller suspected that Rainer had created the anthropology research center to promote racism, but Milcu was able to convince them otherwise, and even obtained funds for an anthropological study of Romanian ethnogenesis. Despite other political obstacles and the communist rejection of anthropology as an "abstract intellectual game", cultural anthropologist Vasile Caramelea was able to obtain approval for further research, and expanded the institute's contribution to social science.

A biography of Rainer was published by Ilie Th. Riga, in 1966, at Editura Științifică. It revealed to the public glimpses of Rainer's diaries, which had been preserved by Marta Rainer. Another encomium, signed by Th. Enăchescu, saw print in the academic journal Studii și Cercetări Antropologice in 1970. In 1979, at Editura Eminescu, Brătescu and Mihai Neagu Basarab published Rainer's diaries and letters, which were received with great interest by the intellectual community, including Geo Bogza, Constantin Noica, and Nicolae Steinhardt, but less enthusiastically by the general public. As later noted by Brătescu, regular readers found Rainer's thoughts on "the coherence of the Cosmos" to be "pretentious banalities".

Rainer continued to be held in high regard after the Revolution, when light was shed on various other aspects of his work. A 2001 exhibit of his skulls collection at Galeria Catacomba made a point of reintroducing his work to the cultural circles of the day. The anthropological center that Rainer helped established was renamed in his honor in 2007. A street in the Cotroceni neighborhood of Bucharest is also named after him.

Notes

References
Constantin Bălăceanu-Stolnici, "Ștefan Milcu, un model", in Andrei Kozma, Cristiana Glavce, Constantin Bălăceanu-Stolnici (eds.), Antropologie și interdisciplinaritate. Editura Niculescu, Bucharest, 2014, p. 7 ff.,
Gheorghe Brătescu, Ce-a fost să fie. Notații autobiografice. Humanitas, Bucharest, 2003,
Maria Bucur, Eugenie și modernizare în România interbelică. Polirom, Iași, 2005,
M. Hînganu, "Francisc Iosef Rainer", in Eugen Târcoveanu, Constantin Romanescu, Mihai Lițu (eds.), 125 de ani de învăţământ medical superior la Iași. Ed. Gr. T. Popa, Iași, 2004,
Adrian Majuru, "Rainer. Biografia unei personalități universale", in Revista Medicală Română, n.4/2013, p. 281 ff.
Vintilă Mihăilescu, "The Legacies of a 'Nation-Building Ethnology': Romania", in Dorle Dracklé, Iain R. Edgar, Thomas K. Schippers (eds.), Educational Histories of European Social Anthropology. Berghahn Books, New York City & Oxford, 2003, p. 208 ff.,
Grigore T. Popa, "Note. Asupra descoperirii sistemului portal hipofizar", in Revista Fundațiilor Regale, n.1/1945, p. 229 ff.
Ilie Th. Riga, Gheorghe Călin, Dr. Fr. I. Rainer. Editura Științifică, Bucharest, 1966
Henri H. Stahl, Amintiri și gînduri din vechea școală a monografiilor sociologice. Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1981
Florentina Țone, "Exercițiu de recuperare: Portretul sanitar al comunei Fundul Moldovei în vara anului 1928", in Transilvania, n.11–12/2012, p. 64 ff.
Ion Vitner, "Filosofia științifică a Prof. Francisc J. Rainer", in Studii. Revistă de Științe-Filosofie-Arte, I, n.1/1948, p. 100 ff.
Ion Zamfirescu, "Fr. J. Reiner (1874–1944)", in Revista Română de Sociologie, IX, n.1–2/1998, p. 155 ff.

1874 births
1944 deaths
Romanian anatomists
Romanian anthropologists
Romanian microbiologists
Romanian pathologists
Romanian physiologists
Romanian eugenicists
Physical anthropologists
Physiognomists
Determinists
Materialists
Rationalists
Romanian educational theorists
Adevărul writers
Romanian diarists
Romanian essayists
Romanian science writers
Romanian travel writers
Romanian writers in French
Saint Sava National College alumni
University of Bucharest alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
Academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
People from Chernivtsi
Romanian Roman Catholics
Romanian atheists
Romanian people of Austrian descent
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Romania
Naturalised citizens of Romania
Romanian military doctors
Romanian Land Forces officers
Romanian military personnel of the Second Balkan War
Romanian military personnel of World War I
Romanian people of World War II
Romanian socialists
Anti-fascists
Romanian deaf people
Deaf writers
Deaths from lung cancer in Romania
Deaths from cancer in Romania
Scientists with disabilities
Eugenicists with disabilities


title: Joseph F. Leeson Jr.

text:
Joseph Francis Leeson Jr. (born April 15, 1955) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

Early life and education

Leeson was born April 15, 1955, in Allentown, Pennsylvania and received a Bachelor of Arts degree, cum laude, in 1977 from DeSales University in Center Valley, Pennsylvania. He received a Juris Doctor in 1980 from the Catholic University of America Columbus School of Law.

Career

Upon graduation from law school, he became a founding partner of the law firm of Leeson, Leeson & Leeson in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The firm conducted a general civil practice with an emphasis on litigation. Leeson earned certification as a civil trial advocate from the National Board of Trial Advocacy and also served as an arbitrator for the American Arbitration Association. During his career, he served as a solicitor for several municipalities in Pennsylvania. In 2017 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Law degree by DeSales University.

Leeson previously held elected public office as a member of the city council in Bethlehem, where he served as vice president and chair of the finance committee. He also was elected as a member of the Northampton County Government Study Commission where he co-authored the Home Rule Charter for Northampton County.

He has served as chair of the boards of the Lehigh Valley Public Telecommunications Corporation, PBS 39, the Lehigh Valley Community Foundation, the Lehigh–Northampton Airport Authority, and the Janet Johnston Housenick and William D. Housenick Memorial Foundation. He formerly served as a member of the board of commissioners of the Pennsylvania Public Television Network.

Federal judicial service

On June 16, 2014, President Barack Obama nominated Leeson to serve as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania to the seat vacated by Judge Eduardo C. Robreno, who assumed senior status on August 31, 2013. On July 24, 2014, a hearing before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary was held on his nomination. On September 18, 2014, his nomination was reported out of committee by a voice vote. On December 3, 2014, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid filed a cloture motion on his nomination. On December 4, 2014, the United States Senate invoked cloture on Leeson’s nomination by a 66–26 vote. Later that day, Leeson was confirmed by a 76–16 vote. He received his judicial commission on December 5, 2014.

References

External links

1955 births
Living people
21st-century American judges
Columbus School of Law alumni
DeSales University alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania lawyers
People from Allentown, Pennsylvania
United States district court judges appointed by Barack Obama


title: Monument to Majit Gafuri

text:
The Monument to Majit Gafuri is a monument in Ufa.
He located at Bashkir Academic Drama Theater Mazhit Gafuri. Opened in 1978.

References

Monuments and memorials in Ufa
Statues in Russia
1978 establishments in Russia
Sculptures in the Soviet Union
Outdoor sculptures in Russia
Sculptures of men in Russia


title: Awaiting

text:
Awaiting (; lit. "The Day Min-woo Arrives") is a 2014 South Korean short film written and directed by Kang Je-gyu, starring Moon Chae-won and Go Soo.

It is one of four short films comprising Beautiful 2014, the third annual omnibus project commissioned by Chinese online platform Youku Tudou and the Hong Kong International Film Festival. The other short films were The Dream directed by Shu Kei, HK 2014 - Education for All directed by Christopher Doyle, and Boss I Love You directed by Zhang Yuan. Beautiful 2014 premiered at the 38th Hong Kong International Film Festival on March 27, 2014. Awaiting received a theatrical release in South Korea on December 18, 2014.

Plot
A young woman named Yeon-hee is traveling to Pyongyang with a coach full of elderly people. As she flips through old photographs, she remembers telling her husband Min-woo that she wouldn't allow him to "cross over" to North Korea given the political situation of the day. But Min-woo left anyway and never returned home, and their marriage was torn apart by the Korean War. Now, sixty years after the division of Korea, she looks forward to reuniting with her beloved Min-woo again.

Cast
Moon Chae-won as Yeon-hee (past)
Go Soo as Min-woo
Son Sook as Yeon-hee (present)
Yoo Ho-jeong as Sa-ra
Choi Kyu-hwan
Yoon Da-hoon as truck driver
Kim Su-ro
Lee Dong-jin as officer

References

External links

2014 films
2010s Korean-language films
South Korean short films
South Korean drama films
2014 drama films
2014 short films
Films directed by Kang Je-gyu
2010s South Korean films


title: Cuando nos volvamos a encontrar

text:
"Cuando nos volvamos a encontrar" () is a song by Colombian singer-songwriter Carlos Vives featuring the American singer Marc Anthony, for his fourteenth studio album Más + Corazón Profundo (2014). The song was released by Sony Music Latin as the second single from the record.

The song served as the main theme for the Chilean telenovela, Pituca Sin Lucas. Even, Vives travelled to Chile in August 2014 to film the music video for the telenovela. "Cuando Nos Volvamos a Encontrar" won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Tropical Song. "Cuando Nos Volvamos a Encontrar" was nominated for Tropical Collaboration of the Year and the music video for Video of the Year at the Lo Nuestro Awards of 2015.

Track listing
Digital download
 "Cuando Nos Volvamos a Encontrar" -

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

See also
List of Billboard number-one Latin songs of 2014

References

2014 songs
2014 singles
Carlos Vives songs
Marc Anthony songs
Spanish-language songs
Sony Music Latin singles
Male vocal duets
Songs written by Carlos Vives
Songs written by Andrés Castro
Number-one singles in Colombia
Record Report Top 100 number-one singles
Record Report Top Latino number-one singles
Latin Grammy Award for Best Tropical Song


title: Midnight Hair

text:
Midnight Hair () is a 2014 Chinese horror thriller film directed by Liu Ning. It was released in China on 13 June 2014.

Plot
A Mu moves with his wife, Le Xiaomei, who is two months pregnant, to a mountainside villa owned by his friend, A Ming. The villa is decorated with paintings of two boys playing string game and there is also a locked room A Mu claimed belonging to A Ming. Supernatural occurrences begin to haunt the couple, including a red doll that stalks Xiaomei, a music tape that plays a string game song, and most importantly, a ghostly woman with long hair and white dress. The doll is disposed of by A Mu at Xiaomei's request, while the paintings always resurface back whenever Xiaomei tries to remove it. A Mu also sees a woman in black robe who seems to watch him while going to work every day.

One day, the two visit the orphanage that A Mu grew up in to become fundraisers. Xiaomei learns about a loner orphan in A Mu's generation named Xiaoshan who died when he was 10 years old. After a series of boxes containing increasingly threatening messages are left at his doorstep, A Mu installs security cameras around the house. That night, Xiaomei watches the footage to find a cloaked figure leaving the house. She decides to break into A Ming's room, finding more paintings of the boys and the disposed red doll. Spooked by the woman, Xiaomei runs away, pulling some of the woman's hair in the process, and falls off the stairs, causing her baby's miscarriage.

Arriving back at home from the hospital, Xiaomei forces A Mu to reveal the truth about Qingqing, his fellow orphan and childhood friend together with A Ming. A Mu and Qingqing maintain their relationship well to adulthood, but Qingqing apparently left him for a rich man when he struggled on money. She was subsequently killed by A Ming, who justified his actions due to her unfaithfulness. A Ming buried her body and showed it to A Mu the previous night, despite Xiaomei's claims about the hair. Another box is soon delivered to the couple, warning about not combing the hair during midnight, a trait of Qingqing. Xiaomei does just that and summons the woman in white, who tells her that A Ming does not exist.

From A Mu's orphanage, Xiaomei learns that "A Ming" is a nickname given to Xiaoshan, the son of two imprisoned thieves whose only friend in the orphanage was A Mu. One day, the two escaped from a locked room they were imprisoned in for robbery but slipped through the roofs. The dean chose to save A Mu over A Ming, as A Mu is her grandson born out of wedlock. She promptly gave offerings for A Ming, but suffered a heart attack and died with her face burnt. Xiaomei is visited by the woman in white, revealed to be Qingqing's younger half-sister, Yu Xiaohan. Xiaohan apologizes for the miscarriage and states that she wants Mu Kainan, A Mu's real name, to confess in his murder of Qingqing, the latter having supported Xiaohan's leukemia treatment and being the only family who supported her. She does this by haunting him, as "people would tell the truth if they are scared". A Mu arrives, exhibiting his dissociative identity disorder by constantly switching between his A Mu and A Ming's persona. In his A Ming's persona, he knocks out Xiaomei and bounds her, confirming his deeds including the murder of his grandmother. However, he is unable to kill her due to A Mu's memories of their relationship resurfacing. A Mu decides to commit suicide to prevent himself from harming Xiaomei even further.

Xiaomei visits Xiaohan at the hospital to inform her that A Mu left some money for her and Qingqing so she could pay her bills, wishing her recovery and saying that she is not alone anymore. Next she visits A Mu's orphanage and is horrified when she meets a new girl, Yangyang, carrying the red doll. Yangyang sings the string game song and a hand grabs the doll before the movie cuts off.

Cast
Daniella Wang
Lee Wei
Xuan Lu
Yang Zitong
Dai Xiangyu
Sun Guitian
Ermayina

Reception
The film has grossed ¥5.16 million in China.

References

2014 horror thriller films
2014 horror films
Chinese horror thriller films
2014 films
Chinese supernatural horror films


title: Grey-headed swamphen

text:
The grey-headed swamphen (Porphyrio poliocephalus) is a species of swamphen occurring from the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent to southern China and northern Thailand. It used to be considered a subspecies of the purple swamphen, but was elevated to full species status in 2015; today the purple swamphen is considered a superspecies and each of its six subspecies groups are designated full species.

The male has an elaborate courtship display, holding water weeds in his bill and bowing to the female with loud chuckles.

The grey-headed swamphen was introduced to North America in the late 1990s due to avicultural escapes in the Pembroke Pines, Florida area. State wildlife biologists attempted to eradicate the birds, but they have multiplied and can now be found in many areas of southern Florida. Ornithological authorities consider it likely that the swamphen will become an established part of Florida's avifauna. It was added to the American Birding Association checklist in February 2013.

Taxonomy and systematics
The grey-headed swamphen is one of 15 species in the genus Porphyrio. It was classified as a subspecies of P. porphyrio until 2015, when the purple swamphen species complex was split into 6 species.

Subspecies

 P. p. poliocephalus- Latham, 1801: The nominate subspecies. Found from India (including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands) and Sri Lanka to southern China and northern Thailand.
 P. p. seistanicus- Zarudny and Härms, 1911: Found from Iraq and southern Iran to Pakistan, Afghanistan, and northwestern India. There is also an introduced population in Florida.
 P. p. caspius- Hartert, 1917 : Found near the Caspian Sea, northwestern Iran, and Turkey.

References

External links

grey-headed swamphen
Birds of West Asia
Birds of South Asia
grey-headed swamphen
grey-headed swamphen


title: Images and Shadows

text:
Images and Shadows: Part of a Life is a book by Iris Origo, the Irish-American writer who spent most of her life in Italy. She owned and lived in the Tuscan estate of La Foce. It was first published by John Murray in 1970.

The autobiography encompasses Origo's affluent New York/Long Island background, her childhood in Villa Medici in Fiesole and her progression to the Anglo-American artistic coterie in Florence; it then goes on to her marriage to an Italian (Antonio Origo) and, after the war, her life as an established author.

References

1970 non-fiction books
Literary autobiographies
NYRB Classics


title: Gail Brodholt

text:
Gail Brodholt is an English artist known primarily for her oil paintings and linocut prints. She lives in Beckenham and works in Woolwich, both in South East London.

Background
Brodholt studied at the School of Fine Art at Kensington University. She was elected an associate of the Royal Society of Painter Printmakers (RE) in 2006 and a Fellow in 2009 and was appointed Honorary Curator in 2013.

Work
Brodholt's work is concerned with London and in particular its trains and Underground. Her work is titled after poetry and prose meaningful to her. She uses vivid colours and strong shapes which give a graphical quality to her work. She has exhibited widely in London and across the UK. Her technique has been described in detail in the book Printmakers' Secrets and the book Still Life.

Brodholt's work is also displayed at the London Transport Museum, and was part of an art installation at Blackfriars Station in 2009.

Awards
Brodholt was awarded the 2018 Printfest Printmaker of the Year title.

References

External links
 Official website

English artists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of Kingston University


title: Romanian National Opera

text:
Romanian National Opera may refer to a number of national opera and ballet companies in Romania:

Romanian National Opera, Bucharest
Romanian National Opera, Cluj-Napoca
Romanian National Opera, Iași
Romanian National Opera, Timișoara