title: Tehran XI

text:
Tehran XI was an Iranian football club founded in 1926 from Tehran that was seen as the predecessor of the Iran's national football team. The players were chosen from Tehran Club, Toofan Club and Armenian Sports Club.

History

In 1926 Tehran XI (selected players from Tehran Club, Toofan Club and Armenian Sports Club)
traveled across the border to Baku, USSR, this was the first away football match for an Iranian team. This Tehran Select team is the predecessor of Iran's national football team.

In 1929 it was time for a return visit, and so a team from Baku was invited to play in Tehran in late November. To impress the visitors, grass had been planted on the state-owned football field. The last of the three games, all of which were won by the visitors, was attended by Abdolhossein Teymourtash, the powerful minister of court. The humiliating defeats, suffered on home ground, caused great consternation, so much so that some young men gave up football altogether. In subsequent years the interest in football waned, and newspapers hardly reported on those matches that did take place. However, all this changed with the return of crown prince Mohammad Reza Pahlavi from Switzerland in 1936 and the arrival of Thomas R. Gibson in the 1930s to promote the game.

Squad
Head Coach:  Mir Mehdi Varzandeh

Squad

Results
The results were as follow:

References

Defunct football clubs in Iran


title: ETRR-1

text:
ETRR-1 or ET-RR-1 (Experimental Training Research Reactor Number one, and sometimes called Egypt Test and Research Reactor Number one), is the first nuclear reactor in Egypt supplied by the USSR in 1958. The reactor is owned and operated by Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) at the Nuclear Research Center in Inshas,  northeast of Cairo.

ETRR-1 is the second oldest research reactor in the Middle East, after the Israeli IRR-1 reactor.

Overview
The reactor is a Light Water tank type WWR 2 MW research reactor with an initial fuel load of  10% enriched uranium U235 (EK-10) imported from Russia, since then the reactor had never been refueled.

In the 1980s, ETRR-1 reactor was shut down to modernize and extend the reactor's operability by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Unreported nuclear experiments

In March 2001 and July 2002, the IAEA was investigating on the environmental samples which was taken from the ETRR-1's hot cells that revealed traces of actinides and fission products, which was explained by Egypt in July 2003, that the presence of the particles was attributed by a damaged nuclear fuel cladding resulted in contamination of the
reactor water that penetrated the hot cells from irradiated sample cans.

In 2004–2005, an investigation by IAEA discovered that between 1999 and 2003, Egypt conducted about 12 unreported experiments, performed using a total of 1.15g of natural uranium compounds and 9 thorium samples had been irradiated and conducted at the ETRR-1 to test the production of fission product isotopes for medical purposes. The irradiated compounds had been dissolved in three laboratories, located in the Nuclear Chemistry Building with no plutonium or U-233 being separated during these experiments.

Egypt justified its reporting failures, as the government and the IAEA had “differing interpretations” of Egypt's safeguards obligations and emphasizing that the country's “nuclear activities are strictly for peaceful purposes” Accordingly, Egypt maintained full cooperation during the 2004–2005 investigation, and had taken corrective actions by submitting inventory change reports (ICRs) and providing a modified design information for the ETRR-1 reactor.

In 2009, The IAEA's Safeguards Implementation Report (SIR) for 2008, concludes that earlier issues of undeclared nuclear activities and material reported to the Board of Governors in February 2005, are no longer outstanding, as the IAEA found no discrepancies between what have been declared during the investigation, and IAEA's findings and no evidences of extraction of plutonium or enrichment of uranium.

Accidents
In April 2010, one of the cooling pumps of the ETRR-1's reactor broke, according to Mohamed Al-Qolali, the Director of the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, the accident was immediately fixed without any radioactive water leakage, as this incident happened due to operating the reactor without receiving safe operation permission from the Nuclear Safety Authority. According to Al-Qolali, the reactor director and the operating manager were responsible for the accident and there were two visits by IAEA, one on July and another one on August, to ensure that the security measures had been taken, and they recommend for urgent renovation of the aging reactor, in order to restoring operations.
On 25 May 2011, another incident of water leakage happened again for the second time, due to explosion in the reactor's pump, which released  of radioactive water, according to a source at the Atomic Energy Authority said to a Rose El Youssef newspaper, that the disaster is considered to be a third degree, according to the IAEA's International Nuclear Event Scale. The government and officials denied any radiation leaks, and attributed the accident to a leakage of water from a pump that has nothing to do with the normal fuel cycle. Finally, The Atomic Energy Authority admitted of a leak of radioactive water from ETRR-1, with a zero risk to the reactor and the neighboring area, as the leaking fluid was immediately contained, according to Naguib Ashoub, Director of the Department of Reactors "the first reactor is 50 years old and hasn't been operated for a year and a half," and he explained that, "the leak took place during the maintenance of the pump," confirming that the safety measures had been taken without any leaks outside the chamber and that IAEA's inspectors visited the reactor, the day after the leak, without detecting any radiation. A contradicting statement by Samir Mekheimar, a former Director at the Nuclear Research Center said, "the fact that the reactor was by mere chance not operated the next day saved the area from environmental disaster." Also, he added, that the leak was due to an operator error and the AEA ordered its staff not to publicize the leak or face dismissal. In addition, according to Hani Amer, which was an Egyptian Nuclear Safety Agency's inspector who visited the site, attributed the accident due to a valve failure coolant from the primary reactor was not able to flow through the correct channels to the waste tanks, and no workers had been exposed to radioactivity and that,"the radiation level was in the range of 1 microsievert per hour, which is four times the normal background level of 0.25 microsievert per hour."

Reactor specifications
Data from

General data
 Safeguards: IAEA
 Total Staff: 18
 No of Operators: 7

Technical data
 Reactor Type: Tank WWR
 Thermal Power, Steady (kW): 2,000.00
 Max Flux SS, Thermal (n/cm2-s): 1.5E13
 Max Flux SS, Fast (n/cm2-s): 3.6E13
 Thermal Power, Pulsed (MW): 0.00
 Moderator: Light water
 Coolant: Light water
 Forced Cooling:
 Coolant Velocity in Core:
 Reflector:
 Control Rods Material: BC, SS
 Control Rods number: 9

Experimental facilities
 Horizontal Channels: 9
 Horizontal Max Flux (n/cm2-s): 5.0E8
 Horizontal Use: Neutron physics, solid state, and shielding
 Vertical Channels: 8
 Vertical Max Flux (n/cm2-s): 0.8E13
 Vertical Use: Production of radioisotopes
 Core Irradiation Facilities: 1
 Core Max Flux (n/cm2-s): 0.8E13
 Loops Max Flux: 1.0E13

Fuel data
 Origin of Fissile Material: Russia
 Enrichment Supplier: Russia
 Equilibrium Core Size: 44
 Rods per Element: 16
 Dimensions of Rods:  diameter,
 Cladding Material: Aluminum alloy
 Cladding Thickness:
 Fuel Thickness:
 Burnup on Discharge, max %: 25
 Burnup Average, %: 20
 Fuel Fabricator: Russia

Utilization
 Hours per Day: 3
 Days per Week: 3
 Weeks per Year: 20
 MW Days per Year: 96
 Materials/fuel test experiments: No
 Neutron Scattering: No
 Neutron Radiography: No
 Neutron capture therapy: No
 Activation Analysis: No
 Transmutation: No
 Geochronology: No
 Other Uses: Solid state, nuclear, and reactor physics, chemical research, isotope production, and biological irradiation

See also
 ETRR-2
 Nuclear program of Egypt
 Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority
 List of nuclear reactors
 Fuel Manufacturing Pilot Plant

References

Nuclear research reactors
Nuclear technology in Egypt
Research institutes in Egypt
Light water reactors
Nuclear program of Egypt
1961 establishments in Egypt
Egypt–Soviet Union relations
Neutron facilities


title: Alfred Rexroth

text:
Alfred Rexroth (1899 - 1978) was a German engineer, entrepreneur and anthroposophist. He was the director of several business enterprises including the companies Neuguss, Rhinow and his family concern Rexroth, today Alfred Rexroth. Through the donation of his fortune the GLS Bank was able to begin much of its work.

Life
He was born at Lohr am Main, Bavaria, on 27 March 1899. The oldest son of a family of manufacturers that had owned and run a steelworks in Spessart for four generations, he studied Engineering in Nürnberg. During this time he came in touch with Anthroposophy and heard his first lecture of Rudolf Steiner in 1921. After his internship with the company M.A.N. he travelled to Stuttgart where he worked in the office of the anthroposophical enterprise „Der Kommende Tag“ until entering the family business in 1923. He became a member of the Anthroposophical Society in 1925. In 1930 he married Friederike Schultz, né Fienemann and adopted her daughter from her first marriage.

Within the scope of the Gestapo clampdown on the Anthroposophists and anthroposophical institutions on 9 June 1941, Alfred Rexroth was interrogated, his house searched and his library with many anthroposophical books seized. He denied being a member of the Anthroposophical Society, explained the books as having belonged to the deceased first husband of his wife, and Friederike Rexroth in turn explained the presence of a further box of books in the attic as being stored there for want of space elsewhere. This appears in the report on the case of the Gendarmemerie post Lohr/Main of 12 July 1941. His ironworks, however, were soon thereafter seconded into the war effort, where his “passive resistance” caught the attention of the Gestapo and which they attributed to his anthroposophical convictions. The regional police in Würzburg directed a query to the Gestapo in Nürnberg regarding what should be undertaken against the brothers Alfred and Ludwig Rexroth in rescinding their managerial capacity. During the action against occult teachings, the connection of the couple Alfred Rexroth to Anthroposophy and to the Christian Community had been established.

“The lack of interest of the brothers Rexroth for efficient completion of products essential to the war effort in their company and the indifference in their company management were no doubt the result of their pacifist attitude.” This was noted in the report of the Gestapo headquarters, Nürnberg 6 November 1942. What action was taken in this regard has not been recorded.

Together with his brother and their administrative director, he led and built up the firm into a large international enterprise. Through improvements in the manufacture of hydraulic machinery the business was able to develop a homogeneous cast iron that could sustain high pressures.

Alfred Rexroth died at Schloss Elmau near Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Bavaria in January 1978.

Business initiatives and innovation
Alfred Rexroth attempted, together with his brother Ludwig, to introduce corporate constitutions based on a principle of partnership. In the so-called "Heidenheimer Circle" he found other similarly thinking entrepreneurs that concerned themselves in their own way with the care and development of Rudolf Steiner’s ideas on Social threefolding. His chance of actually putting these into practice came somewhat later in the 1960s with the circle of people around Wilhelm Ernst Barkhoff. They were looking for legal frameworks and methods of financing on an anthroposophical basis. Here he saw an opportunity to take up once again the impulse of the „Kommende Tag“ and found new kinds of banking institutions. His engagement and active support contributed greatly towards broadening the scope of the legal and financial systems that we have today in the GLS Bank and the „Gemeinnützige Treuhandstelle“ (Charitable Trusteeship) – today the GLS Treuhand.

The different initiatives founded by Alfred Rexroth within the context of his business affairs most clearly demonstrate the impulses and ideals from which he worked.

Internships for scholars
At his foundry in Lohr he offered practical school goer’s internships to Waldorf schools from 1965 onwards. Hundreds of Waldorf students from the different high schools were able to experience a 3 – 4 week practical, the aim of which was to connect institutions of the cultural and spiritual spheres of society with that of a commercial enterprise and unfold in the young person social imagination through practical experience in the work place.

Foundation for Work Research
In 1974 he created a foundation for practical work research (Stiftung für Arbeitsforschung) with the aim of supporting research projects into how people and groups of people actively engaged in working life could initiate and test models of education, further education, training and work. In cooperation with the GLS Treuhand of the GLS Bank in Bochum and the Anthroposophical Society in Germany, many further education and training initiatives were supported, which worked with this aim in mind.

He therefore transferred his industrial shares to a Capital Administration Company of Trustees, who were bound also after his death, to ensure that the entrepreneurs involved in the business, and their descendants, could not gain private power over the capital of the enterprise. He stipulated that a portion of the profits from the industry would be given to the GLS Treuhand in Bochum and in this way support spiritual and cultural initiatives to this day.

Donation of his fortune
The company Rexroth in Lohr had grown to a leading concern in the hydraulics branch and stood before big investment decisions that exceeded the capacities of the enterprise. An investor with sufficient capital needed to be found and so the large corporation Mannesmann became involved. A limited partnership of the brothers Rexroth was transferred to Mannesmann. With the cooperation and help of his wife Friederike, Alfred Rexroth then transferred the proceeds of the sale against the payment of an annuity to the GLS Treuhand in Bochum. Many initiatives in Biodynamic agriculture, in education, special needs education and in further education and research were in the future financed from this large industrial fortune.

Associative Partnership
Finally, it was the intention of Rexroth to build up cooperative-associative collaboration in the place of anonymous market forces. As a basis for this, he set up a new company legal system in which all co-workers were given the status of equal partners in order to eliminate the polarity between Capital and Labour as well as between employer and employee. In this context we have the examples of the partnership contracts within the company Bosch Rexroth in Lohr and the part he played in the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Partnerschaft in der Wirtschaft” (AGP) (Association for Partnership in the Economy), of which he was one of the founding members. He wrote many articles and commentaries and held lectures and seminars in order to present the principle of solidarity or brotherliness in the economy.

References

External links
Rhinow homepage
Homepage Alfred Rexroth GmbH & Co.

Anthroposophists
German businesspeople in metals
Engineers from Bavaria
1899 births
1978 deaths
Ethical banking
20th-century German engineers
20th-century German businesspeople
People from Lohr am Main


title: St. Francis Xavier's Girls' High School

text:
St. Francis Xavier's Girls' School & College is a Bengali-medium Catholic secondary school in the Old Dhaka area of Dhaka, Bangladesh.  It is operated by the Sisters of Our Lady of the Missions, a Roman Catholic religious order.

See also

 Catholic Church in Bangladesh
 Education in Bangladesh
 List of schools in Bangladesh

References

Old Dhaka
1912 establishments in India
Christianity in Dhaka
Educational institutions established in 1912
High schools in Bangladesh
Girls' schools in Bangladesh
Catholic secondary schools in Bangladesh
Schools in Dhaka District


title: Castellers de Barcelona

text:
Castellers de Barcelona () is a team of castellers from Barcelona founded in 1969.

It is the first team to be founded outside the traditional area of human towers and the 5th team ever founded. Their first public display was 8 June 1969 in Vendrell. Their shirt is red, and their most important appointment is the closest Sunday to Dia de la Mercè (24 September), in Plaça Sant Jaume. In 2000, the group received the Medal of Honor of Barcelona and two years later (December 3, 2002), for its castellera and civic trajectory, the Castellers of Barcelona were distinguished with the Cross of St. George Award by the Generalitat of Catalonia.

They have crowned almost all the human towers on the range of eight stories and the basic ones of nine. The best human towers crowned by the team are: 5 of 8, 4 of 8 with the needle, 3 of 9 with extra base, 4 of 9 with extra base, 7 of 8 and the pillar of 7 with extra base.

They have received the following awards: the Creu de Sant Jordi of Generalitat de Catalunya, the Medal of Honor of Barcelona and the Sant Martí award from the Sant Martí (district) of Barcelona.

Founder Josep Sala Mañé died in April 2020 from coronavirus.

External links

 Castellers de Barcelona website

References

Castellers
Catalan folklore
1969 establishments in Spain
Barcelona
Organizations established in 1969


title: Dorsey Road Warehouse

text:
The Dorsey Road Warehouse is a U.S. National Security Agency warehouse located at 1472 Dorsey Road in Hanover, Maryland. Built between 1995 and 1996 at a cost of $10 million, the warehouse is a storage facility for sophisticated signals intelligence and communications security equipment, including spy satellites, as well as office equipment and supplies. The warehouse covers  and is  tall.

References

National Security Agency facilities
Buildings and structures in Anne Arundel County, Maryland


title: Forest tree frog (disambiguation)

text:
Forest tree frog is a common name for Leptopelis, a genus of frogs found throughout Africa.

Forest tree frog may also refer to:

 Cloud forest tree frog (Megastomatohyla nubicola), a frog in the family Hylidae endemic to Mexico
 Forest green tree frog (Rhacophorus arboreus), a frog in the family Rhacophoridae endemic to Japan

Animal common name disambiguation pages


title: W Serpentis

text:
W Serpentis is an eclipsing binary star in the constellation Serpens. It is always too faint to be seen with the naked eye, varying between apparent magnitudes 8.42 and 10.2 with a period of just over 14 days.  This is mainly due to eclipses; however, variations in its period indicate there are some innate changes in luminosity of one or both component stars as they interact with each other, and it has been difficult to disentangle the light to determine their nature. The period is increasing by 14 seconds a year, indicating that a massive amount of material is being transferred from the larger fainter star to the smaller brighter one.

The system has been found to contain an accretion disk, and was one of the first discovered W Serpentids, which are eclipsing binaries containing exceptionally strong far-ultraviolet spectral lines. These systems have a high rate of mass transfer between one star and the other, and are thought to evolve first into double periodic variables and then classical Algol variables.  In the late stages of mass transfer, such systems can develop an optically thick disc and are segregated as a separate class of W Serpentis stars.  The classes may also represent different types of system altogether, with the W Serpentis type being younger and more massive.

The spectral types of the component stars are not known; the hotter brighter component appears spectrally similar to an F-type giant. However, the central star appears to be completely obscured by material and may be a B-type main sequence star. The spectrum of the cooler fainter star has not been identified. Examining the polarised light shows that a jet of material is probably coming from the primary star as well.  The properties of the two components are highly uncertain. Their orbital separation has been calculated to be  or .  The orbit is generally assumed to be circular, although the 9th catalogue of spectroscopic binary orbits gives an eccentric orbit from a very old source.  The accretion disc has been calculated at  across,  The sizes of the two stars are disputed: different sources give masses of  and  or  and  for the hot and cool components respectively, and radii of  and  or  and  for the hot and cool components respectively.

References

Further reading
https://www.eso.org/sci/publications/messenger/archive/no.39-mar85/messenger-no39-40-42.pdf

Serpens
F-type supergiants
Algol variables
Serpentis, W
Durchmusterung objects
166126
088994
A-type main-sequence stars


title: Wizard Wars

text:
Wizard Wars is a reality competition show in which teams of magicians create and perform original magic routines before a live studio audience. Their acts are judged on creativity, deception, and showmanship. Vegas headliners Penn & Teller head up the judging panel, alongside magic critic Christen Gerhart and World Champion of Magic Jason Latimer. Wizard Wars also features four "home team" magicians—the "Wizards"—who return every week to take on new teams of "challengers." Wizards include street magician Justin Flom, stage illusionist David Shimshi, mentalist Angela Funovits, and con man Gregory Wilson. The series premiered August 19, 2014

Wizard Wars was created in 2012 by Vegas-based magic consultant Rick Lax and street magician Justin Flom. Flom filmed the original Wizard Wars pilot in Lax's apartment, on a $15 budget. The competing magicians created routines with placemats, beach balls, colored erasers and fake oranges. Flom's YouTube video, featured on Wired.com and BoingBoing.com, caught the eye of production company A. Smith & Co., who worked with Lax and Flom to sell the show to the Syfy network. Flom now stars in the show as a "Wizard"; Lax works behind the scene as a producer and magic consultant.

Notable magicians appearing on Wizard Wars include Kyle Marlett, Las Vegas headliners, Murray SawChuck, Tommy Wind, Nathan Burton, Greg Dow and John Stessel, America's Got Talents Leon Etienne, and Naathan Phan.

Over a million people watched the Wizard Wars series premiere. The episode highlighted Canadian illusionists Chris Funk and Ekaterina, who ended up losing the "Wizard War" to "Wizards" Gregory Wilson and Justin Flom.

Speaking on behalf of Flom and himself, Lax said this of the Internet-to-series premier journey: “The most unlikely part of the YouTube-video-to-Syfy-show transition was that the original Wizard Wars vision stayed in shape...Everyone told me, ‘Hollywood is going to tear your idea apart,’ but that didn't happen. Only thing that happened was the magic got bigger and better.”

Wizard Wars maintained "very solid ratings" and was renewed for another six episodes. In these six episodes ("Season 1.5") former Challenger Billy Kidd joins the cast as a full-fledged Wizard.

Behind-The-Scenes

In August 2014 Wired (website) offered viewers a behind-the-scenes look at Season 1 of Wizard Wars.

Episode list

Season 1 (2014)

References

External links
 Syfy channel Wizard Wars page

2010s American reality television series
American television magic shows
2014 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
Syfy original programming


title: Alexander Djiku

text:
Alexander Kwabena Baidoo Djiku (born 9 August 1994) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre back or a right back for Süper Lig club Fenerbahçe. Born in France, he plays for the Ghana national team.

Club career

Bastia
Djiku spent his youth career at Bastia. He played for the reserve team until 2014.  He made his debut in a Coupe de la Ligue match against Évian on 18 December 2013. On 3 December 2014, he made his Ligue 1 debut with the team against Évian.

Caen
On 11 July 2017, Djiku joined Ligue 1 side Caen on a four-year contract, Caen paid 2M€ for buy-out. On 5 August 2017, he made his debut with the team against Montpellier in Ligue 1.

Strasbourg
In July 2019, he was acquired by fellow Ligue 1 club Strasbourg for 4,5M€, signing a four-year contract. He made his continental debut in a 3-1 UEFA Europa League win over Maccabi Haifa on 25 July 2017.

Fenerbahçe
On 10 July 2023, Djiku signed a three-year contract with Süper Lig side Fenerbahçe for a free transfer. In his first year, he became one of the key players who took more responsibility on the field.

He scored his first goal for Fenerbahçe on 28 September 2023 against Başakşehir, netting the first goal in a 4-0 victory.

International career
Djiku is of Ghanaian Ewe and French descent. He debuted with the senior Ghana national team in a 3–0 friendly loss to Mali on 9 October 2020. He played his second match for Ghana against Qatar on 12 October 2020 in which he impressed. Djiku's third match came when he was given the opportunity by the Black Stars new head coach to start against Zimbabwe in a World Cup qualifier where Ghana won 3–1.

He was part of Ghana's team at the 2021 African Cup of Nations in Cameroon and scored his first goal against Comoros on 18 January 2022.

Personal life
Djiku is married to Heley Djiku. The couple have two children, Wesley and Elyana.

Career statistics

Club

International

International goal
Scores and results list Ghana's goal tally first.

Honours
Bastia

 Coupe de la Ligue runner-up: 2014–15

Individual
 Ghana Football Awards Footballer of the Year: 2022
 Ghana Football Awards Foreign-based Footballer of the Year: 2022

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Footballers from Montpellier
Men's association football defenders
Citizens of Ghana through descent
Ghanaian men's footballers
Ghana men's international footballers
French men's footballers
Ghanaian people of French descent
French sportspeople of Ghanaian descent
Ligue 1 players
Championnat National 3 players
Süper Lig players
SC Bastia players
Stade Malherbe Caen players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
Fenerbahçe S.K. footballers
2021 Africa Cup of Nations players
2022 FIFA World Cup players
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey


title: Walace (footballer, born 1995)

text:
Walace Souza Silva (born 4 April 1995), or simply Walace (), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for and captains  club Udinese.

Club career

Grêmio
Born in Salvador, Bahia, Walace started his youth career with the academy of amateur Simões Filho Futebol Clube. While playing in a cup, he caught the eye of a scout of Avaí Futebol Clube and subsequently joined the club in the next year. However, he was soon loaned to the under-23 team of Esporte Clube Bahia in the same year. In 2013, Walace joined the under-18 team of Grêmio.

Walace was promoted to the senior squad of the club in 2014 by manager Enderson Moreira. On 27 April, he made his first team debut against Atlético Mineiro. In August, he made his first start for the club in a 2–0 defeat against Sport Club Internacional, where he was assigned to mark Andrés D'Alessandro. At the end of the season, media reports suggested that Italian club SSC Napoli, Portuguese clubs FC Porto and S.L. Benfica expressed their interest to sign him.

After the appointment of Roger Machado as the club's manager in 2015, Walace became an undisputed starter for the club. In June, Grêmio rejected an offer from Swiss club FC Basel to secure his services. On 5 October, his contract was extended till 2018. In July 2016, he scored his first league goal in a 2–1 victory over Figueirense Futebol Clube.

Hamburger SV
On 31 January 2017, Walace moved to German club Hamburger SV, signing a contract until 2021. Eleven days later, he scored his first goal in a 3–0 victory against RB Leipzig.

Hannover 96
In June 2018, Walace joined league rivals Hannover 96 on a four-year contract until 2022. The transfer fee paid to Hamburger SV was estimated at €6 million with 10% of the fee going to former club Grêmio.

International career
In June 2016, Walace was called by Dunga to the senior international squad for the 2016 Copa America as a replacement for Luiz Gustavo (who left the squad citing personal reasons). He featured once in the tournament, in a 7–1 victory against Haiti.

In the next month, Walace was called to the Brazil under-23 squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics to be held at the month of August. He came as a replacement for Fred, whose club FC Shakhtar Donetsk refused to release him for the tournament. He featured four times in the tournament, with his side emerging as the winner.

Career statistics

Honours

Club
Grêmio
Copa do Brasil: 2016

International
Brazil
Olympic Gold Medal: 2016

References

External links
Walace profile. Portal Oficial do Grêmio.

1995 births
Living people
Footballers from Salvador, Bahia
Men's association football midfielders
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazil men's youth international footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Bundesliga players
Serie A players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Hamburger SV players
Hannover 96 players
Udinese Calcio players
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Copa América Centenario players
Olympic footballers for Brazil
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Brazil
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in football


title: David Lichtstein

text:
David Lichtstein is a full professor of physiology at the Faculty of Medicine at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the incumbent of the Walter & Greta Stiel Chair in Heart Studies. He is the former Chairman of the Institute For Medical Research, Israel-Canada (IMRIC) (2008-2012) and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2013-2017).

Life and career
Lichtstein was born in Łódź, Poland in 1949. He immigrated to Israel with his family in 1957. He was awarded a B.Sc. in Physiology and Zoology in 1970, followed by an M.Sc. in physiology in 1972 and a Ph.D. in physiology in 1977 all from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Lichtstein chose medical sciences as a career because of the opportunity to combine science and contribute to human welfare. His Ph.D. research, under the supervision of Prof. J. Dobkin and Prof. J. Magnes, concentrated on metabolic changes in the brain under normal and pathological conditions. He did his postdoctoral research (1977–1980) on opioid peptides at the Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, New Jersey.

In 1980, when he returned to Israel, Lichtstein joined the Department of Physiology of the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School as a lecturer; he was promoted to associate professor in 1988 and to full professor in 1994. He was a visiting scientist at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1985–1986) and the Eye Institute (1997–1998) at the National Institutes of Health in Maryland, and a visiting professor at the Toledo School of Medicine in Ohio (2007).

Lichtstein served as the President of the Israel Society for Physiology and Pharmacology from 1996 to 1999. In addition, Lichtstein has held many roles at The Hebrew University and its Faculty of Medicine, including Chairman of the Neurobiology Teaching Division (1983–1986), Chairman of the Department of Physiology (1992–1996), Chairman of the Institute for Medical Sciences (1999–2002), Chairman of the Institute For Medical Research, Israel-Canada (2008–2012) and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the Hebrew University (2013-2017). The period of his deanship was characterized by the recruitment of many new faculty members, as well as the establishment of new teaching programs and research centers. In the final  year of his deanship (2017) he also served as the Head of the Forum of Medical Faculty Deans in Israel.

Lichtstein is married to Esther and they have three children, Ehud, Tamar and Gidon.

Research
Lichtstein's research focuses on understanding the regulation of ion transport across the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Specifically, Lichtstein examines the main transport system for sodium and potassium, the sodium-potassium-ATPase, and its regulation by steroids.  His work led to the discovery of specific steroids, termed cardiac steroids, which are released from the adrenal gland, and have crucial roles in the regulation of cell viability, heart contractility, blood pressure and brain function. In recent years Lichtstein and his research group have shown that these steroids have a major role in establishing human behavior and that changes in their activity in the brain are associated with depressive disorders. Lichtstein's work raised the possibility that the sodium-potassium-ATPase and the endogenous cardiac steroids that regulate its activity may serve as a target for drug development for the treatment of bipolar disorders and other psychiatric diseases.

Lichtstein has published more than 150 scientific papers in scholarly journals and books.  In addition, Lichtstein serves as an acting reviewer for many journals. More than 30 graduate students from his laboratory are engaged today in research and teaching in various institutions in Israel and abroad.

References

External links
 Prof. Lichtstein in the web page of the Faculty of Medicine of the Hebrew University
 Interview held for the Canadian television on the role of the Institute for Medical Research
 Professor David Lichtstein Elected Dean of Hebrew University's Faculty of Medicine

Living people
1949 births
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Members of the Israel Society for Physiology and Pharmacology
Israeli physiologists
Israeli educators


title: List of Bartender episodes

text:
The anime television series Bartender is based on the manga series of the same name written and illustrated by Araki Joh. The series was directed by Masaki Watanabe, written by Yasuhiro Imagawa, and produced by Palm Studio. It originally aired between October 15, 2006, and December 31, 2006, on Fuji Television. The episodes were later combined into five DVDs, released by Pony Canyon from December 20, 2006, to April 18, 2007. The anime opening theme "Bartender" is sung by Natural High featuring Junpei Shiina while the ending theme is  by Natural High.

In November 2010, through the 24th issue of Super Jump, it was announced the production of a Japanese television drama series starring Masaki Aiba. Directed by Osamu Katayama and written by Natsuko Takahashi, it aired on TV Asahi "Friday Night Drama" time slot from February 4, 2011, to April 1, 2011. On August 5, 2011, TC Entertainment released all episodes in a Blu-ray Disc box set.

Episode list

Anime

Drama

References

Bartender (manga)
Bartender


title: Toungoo–Ava War

text:
The Toungoo–Ava War (1538–1545) () was a military conflict that took place in present-day Lower and Central Burma (Myanmar) between the Toungoo Dynasty, and the Ava-led Confederation of Shan States, Hanthawaddy Pegu, and Arakan (Mrauk-U). Toungoo's decisive victory gave the upstart kingdom control of all of central Burma, and cemented its emergence as the largest polity in Burma since the fall of Pagan Empire in 1287.

The war began in 1538 when Ava, through its vassal Prome, threw its support behind Pegu in the four-year-old war between Toungoo and Pegu. After its troops broke the siege of Prome in 1539, Ava got its Confederation allies agreed to prepare for war, and formed an alliance with Arakan. But the loose alliance crucially failed to open a second front during the seven dry-season months of 1540–41 when Toungoo was struggling to conquer Martaban (Mottama).

The allies were initially unprepared when Toungoo forces renewed the war against Prome in November 1541. Due to poor coordination, the armies of the Ava-led Confederation and Arakan were driven back by better organized Toungoo forces in April 1542, after which the Arakanese navy, which had already taken two key Irrawaddy delta ports, retreated. Prome surrendered a month later. The war then entered an 18-month hiatus during which Arakan left the alliance, and Ava underwent a contentious leadership change. In December 1543, the largest army and naval forces of Ava and the Confederation came down to retake Prome. But Toungoo forces, which had now enlisted foreign mercenaries and firearms, not only drove back the numerically superior invasion force but also took over all of Central Burma up to Pagan (Bagan) by April 1544. In the following dry season, a small Ava army raided down to Salin but was destroyed by larger Toungoo forces.

The successive defeats brought the long simmering disagreements between Ava and Mohnyin of the Confederation to the forefront. Faced with a serious Mohnyin-backed rebellion, Ava in 1545 sought and agreed to a peace treaty with Toungoo in which Ava formally ceded all of Central Burma between Pagan and Prome. Ava would be beset by the rebellion for the next six years while an emboldened Toungoo would turn its attention to conquering Arakan in 1545–47, and Siam in 1547–49.

Background

Early 16th century Upper Burma

In the early 16th century, the present-day Myanmar (Burma) comprised several small kingdoms. The Ava Kingdom, the principal power in Upper Burma in the 14th and 15th centuries, had been fighting a long losing war against an alliance of its former vassal states: the Confederation of Shan States and Prome (Pyay). Another former vassal state Toungoo (Taungoo), hemmed in by the Bago Yoma range in the west and the Shan Hills in the east, stayed out of the internecine warfare raging in Upper Burma. As the only peaceful state in Upper Burma, Toungoo had received a steady stream of refugees.

Then, in 1527, the Confederation finally defeated Ava, and in 1532, its erstwhile ally Prome. Its paramount leader Sawlon I of Mohnyin had now reunited most of Upper Burma and cis-Salween Shan states for the first time since 1480. Toungoo, the only remaining holdout, was his "obvious next target." Fortunately for Toungoo, Sawlon I was assassinated in 1533 on his return trip from Prome, and his son and successor Thohanbwa, based out of Ava, was not accepted as the first among equals by other saophas (chiefs) of the Confederation. Without a strong leader, the Confederation suddenly ceased to be a unified force capable of combined action.

Toungoo's gambit

The Toungoo leadership nonetheless concluded that their kingdom "had to act quickly if it wished to avoid being swallowed up" by the Confederation. In 1534, Toungoo began raiding Pegu's territory to the south in a gambit to break out of its increasingly narrow realm. Although a united polity of Toungoo and Pegu could in theory challenge their possessions in western central Burma (the Prome to Pagan corridor along the Irrawaddy), the Confederation's fractured leadership took no action. They apparently did not believe that the tiny Toungoo could defeat the larger, wealthier Pegu; or that Pegu's weak leader Takayutpi, who was also facing an internal rebellion by Martaban (Mottama), could conquer either Toungoo or Martaban, much less pose a threat to Prome.

At first, their nonchalance proved justified: Toungoo's annual dry-season raids of Lower Burma (1534–37) all failed while Pegu could not organize a counterattack against either Toungoo or Martaban. Closer to the battleground, however, King Narapati of Prome was increasingly concerned by Toungoo's deeper and longer raids with each successive campaign, and raised the alarm with Ava. In 1538, Prome, presumably with Ava's permission, entered into an alliance with Takayutpi. Though he had now taken sides, Thohanbwa still did not see a compelling reason to commit his troops, or ask his Confederation allies for additional troops. Indeed, no Ava or Confederation troops were in Prome at the start of the 1538–39 dry season when Toungoo would change the course of history.

First Toungoo siege of Prome (1538–39)

In late 1538, Toungoo again opened its annual dry season campaign. It would have been like any previous one except that in a series of improbable events, Toungoo went on to conquer Lower Burma (except Martaban) in a blitz. By using a stratagem, Toungoo armies took Pegu without firing a shot. A few weeks later, Hanthawaddy's larger but poorly-led forces were decisively defeated at the Battle of Naungyo by light forces of Gen. Kyawhtin Nawrahta (Bayinnaung). Only a weakened Hanthawaddy force made it to Prome.

The rapid turn of events caught everyone by surprise. Narapati immediately asked Ava for help. While a flatfooted Thohanbwa scrambled to round up the troops, about 7000 Toungoo land and naval forces converged on Prome, the gateway to central Burma. But the city's fortified defenses held out long enough. Finally, 5000 Ava troops arrived in 300 war boats to break up the siege, and chased Toungoo forces back to the delta. The Confederation's advance was halted at Inbyaw Island () where six Confederation commanders, including Gen. Nawrahta of Kanni, were captured in a naval battle.

It turned out to be the last battle of the season. Despite Takayutpi's repeated urges to push on, his allies decided not to proceed any further. A deeply frustrated Takayutpi died soon after while trying to catch wild elephants for his army. Narapati too died shortly after from dysentery.

First interlude (1539–41)

An uneasy stalemate ensued. In order to consolidate his gains in Lower Burma, Tabinshwehti moved his capital to Pegu in 1539; reappointed former Hanthawaddy lords to their posts; and appointed many of them to the highest positions of his government. By successfully gaining the loyalty of Hanthawaddy officials, the king now controlled much of Lower Burma's manpower and trade wealth, and for the first time gained access to Portuguese mercenaries and their firearms. This fortuitous combination of Toungoo's "more martial culture", and Lower Burma's manpower, access to foreign firearms, and maritime wealth to pay for them would enable the men from a "small frontier outpost" to further wage war on their neighbors in the following decades.

Other polities in the region were now forced to act. The chiefs of the dormant Confederation finally agreed to prepare for war. The western kingdom of Arakan (Mrauk-U) agreed to an alliance with Ava to defend Prome. At Martaban, the only remaining independent Hanthawaddy province, its ruler Saw Binnya had completely fortified his wealthy port, and enlisted Portuguese mercenaries and warships in his service.

The Toungoo command decided to pick off Martaban first. In November 1540, three Toungoo armies (13,000 troops, 2,100 horses, 130 elephants), laid siege to Martaban. Seven months later, Toungoo forces brutally sacked the city, completing Toungoo's conquest of all three Hanthawaddy provinces. Although the siege presented the Confederation and Arakan with several opportunities to attack Toungoo's lightly defended northern perimeter and southern delta, they took no action. Even after Martaban's fall, they still did not raise armies to reinforce Prome. They appeared to have calculated that Tabinshwehti would take a break in the upcoming dry season (as he took a break in 1539–40 after his 1538–39 campaign). By the start of the next dry season in November 1541, neither Ava nor Mrauk-U had raised any sizable standing armies that could be dispatched to Prome.

Second Toungoo siege of Prome (1541–42)

The allies' indecision and lack of preparation would come back to haunt them. It turned out that Tabinshwehti had decided to attack Prome right after the rainy season when no one expected him to. He secretly prepared for war throughout the rainy season (June to October) of 1541. Only King Minkhaung of Prome reinforced his city's defensive fortifications, and stockpiled supplies and provisions.

Siege of Prome
By November, Tabinshwehti had assembled a 17,000-strong naval and land invasion force, his largest mobilization to date. His 13 naval squadrons (9000 troops, nearly 1400 war boats and transport boats) were commanded by ethnic Mon lords of Lower Burma while his army (8000 troops, 2500 horses, 300 elephants) were led by himself and Bayinnaung. As in Martaban, his troops now included much prized Portuguese mercenaries and their firearms. Their plan was to take Prome quickly before Ava and Mrauk-U had time to come to its aid. In case of a long siege, they would take positions around the city would prevent Ava and Arakan forces from linking up, and they would drive the enemy separately. They however did not plan for a large Arakanese seaborne invasion; the delta was largely undefended. They believed their war boats intended for Prome, if necessary, could sail down to meet the Arakanese navy in the delta. Only the capital Pegu was defended with a rearguard army.

Right after the Buddhist Lent, on 19 November 1541, Toungoo naval and land forces invaded. As expected, Confederation and Arakanese forces had not arrived. Taken by surprise, Prome's allies frantically raised their armies and navies. Their armies were to break the siege while the well-regarded Arakanese navy, equipped with Portuguese weaponry and mercenaries, was to invade the delta from the south.

Meanwhile, Toungoo forces launched attacks to take the city but could not break through the fortified city's musket and artillery fire. They were forced to set up a perimeter around the city.

Battle of northern Prome
The stalemate lasted for nearly five months. It was only in April 1542 that the Confederation armies (16,000 troops, 1,000 horses, 80 elephants), led by Thohanbwa and Hkonmaing I of Onbaung–Hsipaw, the chief of Onbaung, approached the northern perimeter. The armies consisted of troops from Upper Burma, as well as from four members of the Confederation (Mohnyin, Mogaung, Hsipaw, Momeik).

To meet the enemy, Tabinshwehti fielded three armies, each of which consisted of 3000 men, 700 horses, and 50 elephants. The overall commander Bayinnaung led one of the armies while Thiri Zeya Kyawhtin and Saw Lagun Ein respectively commanded armies to his left and right. One day's march north of Prome by the Irrawaddy, they waited with their artillery and muskets ready. Cavalry from both sides engaged first. Toungoo cavalry retreated, drawing Confederation cavalry and vanguard battalions into the firing zone, who were subsequently wiped out. The Ava command sent two more waves but both were driven back with heavy losses. Then, all three Toungoo armies counterattacked, with their elephant and cavalry corps leading the way. After a long battle, the Confederation armies were driven back. Over two thousand troops, including two of their commanders, over 300 horses, and 60 elephants were captured.

Though both sides suffered heavy casualties, it proved to be a strategically important victory for Toungoo since it took the Confederation out of the equation for the time being. (Soon after, Thohanbwa was assassinated by his chief minister, throwing the Confederation into another bout of leadership turmoil. The Confederation left the task of relieving its vassal Prome to Arakan alone.)

Preparations for Arakanese offensive
For Toungoo, there was no time to waste. Right after the battle, the Toungoo command received intelligence that the Arakanese army led by Min Aung Hla, Viceroy of Sandoway (Thandwe), was crossing the Arakan Yoma range at the Padaung Pass, and that a sizable Arakanese navy led by Crown Prince Min Dikkha was sailing past Cape Negrais. They had expected a land invasion but the size of the Arakanese naval force caught them by surprise. It was late April 1542.

To refill his depleted forces, Tabinshwehti immediately ordered his vassals to raise more men, and send more provisions. But there was not enough time. The Toungoo command was split as to what to do next. One faction led by Gen. Nanda Thingyan recommended lifting the siege, reasoning that it was more important to defend the delta. But others including Bayinnaung disliked an outright lifting of the siege because Prome's forces, they feared, could join in on an attack from the north. In the end, they settled on the proposal by Thiri Zeya Kyawhtin: (1) continue the appearance of a siege with a minimal force, (2) meet the enemy on both fronts, (3) if either front fails, lift the siege and defend the homeland, and (4) resume the siege if the Arakanese were defeated.

To defend the delta, they rushed four army and naval troops led by Smim Payu, Smim Bya Thamaik (later Minister-General Binnya Law), Smim Than-Kye, and Thiri Zeya Nawrahta. The four commanders were to defend four key delta towns (Myaungmya, Bassein, Khebaung, Dala). Smim Payu was the admiral of the southern Toungoo navy, which had the unenviable task of facing the highly experienced Arakanese navy. Nanda Yawda was appointed commander of the remaining Toungoo war boats at Prome. To meet the Arakanese army, Bayinnaung formed three armies, each consisted of 2000 troops, 800 horses, and 50 elephants. He personally commanded the center army while Thiri Zeya Kyawhtin and Nanda Thingyan led the armies to his left and right respectively. They quietly left their positions since they did not want the Prome command to know that only a skeleton crew was in charge of the "siege".

Battle of Padaung Pass
Meanwhile, the Arakanese army (5000 troops, 200 horses, 100 elephants) had just come out of the Padaung pass. Its commander Min Aung Hla had set up camp about five marches away from Prome in order to gather intelligence. Unsure of the Arakanese strength, Bayinnaung plotted to lure the Arakanese to a place where he could ambush them. He sent five men pretending to be messengers from Prome, who informed the Arakanese command that Toungoo armies were still fighting Confederation forces north of the city, and that the Arakanese should attack the Toungoo armies from the rear. Armed with the misinformation, the unsuspecting Arakanese troops marched right into the trap, and were thoroughly routed by Toungoo muskets and artillery. Over 2000 were captured. Min Aung Hla and a few of his men barely escaped.

The victory came at a crucial time. The Arakanese navy had already taken Bassein and Myaungmya, two of the four key delta ports. But after hearing the news of their army's defeat, they decided to retreat. It was the best outcome the Toungoo command could have hoped for. Tabinshwehti was so pleased with Bayinnaung's victory that he appointed his childhood friend heir-apparent of his kingdom.

Prome's surrender
Prome was now totally on its own. Still in late April, Tabinshwehti renewed his ultimatum that Prome submit, or receive the fate of Martaban. Minkhaung still refused, hoping that Toungoo would retreat once the rainy season began in a month. But Tabinshwehti made it clear through his emissaries that he no longer had to worry about Ava or Arakan, and that he would continue the siege even during the rainy season. Finally, on 19 May 1542, Minkhaung accepted the offer of amnesty, and surrendered. Minkhaung and his chief queen Thiri Hpone-Htut were sent to Toungoo. Tabinshwehti appointed one of his fathers-in-law Shin Nita viceroy of Prome.

Second interlude (1542–43)
Toungoo's foothold in central Burma had come at a great cost. After two consecutive exhaustive dry-season campaigns, not only was Toungoo in no position to proceed any further but it was also concerned with a possible invasion by the Confederation.

Toungoo was to get a much needed breather, however. For much of the rainy season of 1542, the Confederation chiefs were still coming to terms with their new leader Hkonmaing (son of Hkonmaing I of Onbaung), and had no time to plan for an invasion. Initially, the leadership of Mohnyin was deeply unsatisfied with Hkonmaing, who was put on the throne by the Ava court, not only because the heirs of Sawlon felt the throne of Ava was theirs but also because Hkonmaing's father was someone they bitterly fought against in the 1520s. In the end, in August/September 1542, the chiefs reluctantly decided to back Hkonmaing, and form a united front against a rising Toungoo. They agreed to invade Lower Burma in the dry season of 1543–44.

Resumption of war (1543–45)

Preparations
The invasion would have to be by the Confederation itself. The chiefs apparently were not able to persuade King Min Bin of Arakan to stay in the alliance; Mrauk-U did not contribute any troops. By December 1543, the seven chiefs of the Confederation had assembled a large army (16,000 army troops, 1000 horses, 120 elephants) and a large navy (12,000 troops, 300 large war boats, 300 fast war boats, 500 cargo boats). They planned to take Prome with their massive naval and land forces; fortify Prome; launch an attack on Toungoo; and launch a joint attack on Pegu.

At Pegu, Tabinshwehti was ready. His land forces consisted of 12 regiments and 4 cavalry battalions (12,000 men, 800 horses, 80 elephants), and his navy consisted of 12 squadrons (9000 men, 800 large war boats, 300 fast war boats, 500 cargo boats). More importantly, his troops included foreign mercenaries who manned his much prized musket and artillery corps.

Battle of Prome
On 7 December 1543, the Confederation land and naval forces left Ava to start the invasion. The invaders easily overran Toungoo defenses en route to Prome, gaining complete control around Prome by late December. They launched several attacks on the city but could not take the city.

By then, the Toungoo command had determined that Ava would probably not open a second front. They moved most of their troops from the Toungoo theater, and massed all their land and naval forces at Tharrawaddy (Thayawadi), about 160 km south of Prome. In response, Hkonmaing lifted the siege, moved his army and navy to 3.2 km north of the city, and fortified their positions.

The Toungoo navy led the counterattack. The larger and better equipped Toungoo war boats defeated smaller, less equipped Ava war boats. The surviving Ava war boats fled upriver, and were not heard from again. The Toungoo navy then sent 4000 troops who bypassed Prome and went on to occupy Thayet and Myede, about 60 km north of Prome, and successfully cut off from the Ava supply lines. Ava armies in the north tried to regain the strategic towns but were driven back each time. About a month later, c. late January/earlyFebruary 1544, the Confederation command decided to retreat.

The retreating Confederation forces had to fight off the Toungoo armies led by Bayinnaung. They split into four smaller armies, and made their way to Salin, about 200 km north of Myede.

Battle of Salin (1544)
Toungoo forces followed up on the retreating forces. Tabinshwehti himself led the navy while Bayinnaung commanded the army. The Confederation command, who had not expected a counteroffensive this deep into their own territory, were greatly concerned. They hastily planned to make a stand at Salin long enough for them to prepare their defenses farther (90 km) north in Pagan (Bagan). They left Mingyi Yan Taing, son of Governor Sithu Kyawhtin of Salin, in charge of the fortified city. But the plan did not work. Salin fell in just three days (after a section of the walls was mined and brought down). Tabinshwehti appointed Shin Thiha, one of his servants since his birth, governor of Salin with the title of Sithu Kyawhtin II.

Conquest of central Burma
The quick fall of Salin forced the Confederation armies to evacuate Pagan, and retreat farther north yet again. Toungoo forces now marched up to and took Pagan. Though Ava was now just another 160 km away, Tabinshwehti was unwilling to overstretch, and stopped the advance. At the ancient capital, he was crowned in the full ritual and ceremony of the great kings of Pagan. In order to consolidate his rule, he received oaths of allegiance by the hereditary chiefs and governors from the region, and appointed his loyalists to rule key towns. He set up sentinel garrisons at the new border with Ava. The king and the main army returned south in July/August 1544.

Battle of Salin (1544–45)
At Ava, the Confederation appeared unsure how to respond. On one hand, they were unwilling to launch another full-scale invasion lest they be exposed to another counterattack. On the other hand, they were not yet ready to cede all of central Burma uncontested. When the dry season of 1544 arrived, they saw no Toungoo armies on the horizon, and ultimately decided on a limited attack across the new ill-defined border. In late 1544, they sent a small army (3000 troops, 300 horses) led by Sithu Kyawhtin I down the Irrawaddy. The Confederation army overran the Toungoo frontier garrisons at the border. At Salin, a senior official loyal to Sithu Kyawhtin I revolted, driving out Sithu Kyawhtin II (Shin Thiha). Sithu Kyawhtin I entered Salin unopposed.

To be sure, this fortuitous takeover of Salin was backed by no additional Ava troops, and could not last. Sithu Kyawhtin II returned with a 7000-strong army (2000 horses, 15 elephants). Though his army was outnumbered more than two-to-one, Sithu Kyawhtin I chose to make a stand. But Salin's defenses were breached on the second day. Inside the city, Sithu Kyawhtin I fought atop his war elephant, and even engaged Sithu Kyawhtin II, who was also on his war elephant. In the end, Toungoo troops won the battle. Sithu Kyawhtin barely escaped, fleeing to the Chin Hills.

Aftermath

Salin turned out to be the last battle of the war. After the successive battlefield defeats, the bickering between the Confederation's two main powers broke out in full force. Sawlon II of Mohnyin, who had only grudgingly agreed to Hkonmaing's takeover of the Ava throne, blamed Hkonmaing for the defeats, and now planned to put Sithu Kyawhtin I of Salin on the Ava throne. In April/May 1545, Sawlon II sent Sithu Kyawhtin with an army (5000 men, 800 horses, 60 elephants), which went on to occupy Sagaing, the city directly across the Irrawaddy from Ava. During the rainy season, c. September 1545, Hkonmaing died, and was succeeded by his son Narapati III. The new king promptly sent a mission to Pegu to secure friendly relations in exchange for his recognition of the new de facto border between the two kingdoms. Tabinshwehti accepted the offer.

Toungoo's decisive victory gave the upstart kingdom control of all of central Burma, and cemented its emergence as the largest polity in Burma since the fall of Pagan Empire in 1287. Indeed, "there was once more a king in Burma". In the following years, Ava and Mohnyin-backed Sagaing would be locked in a war until 1551, while an emboldened Toungoo would turn its attention to conquering Arakan in 1545–47, and Siam in 1547–49.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Wars involving Myanmar
1530s in Asia
1540s in Asia
1530s conflicts
1540s conflicts
First Toungoo Empire


title: List of women on death row in the United States

text:
This is a list of women on death row in the United States. The number of death row inmates fluctuates daily with new convictions, appellate decisions overturning conviction or sentence alone, commutations, or deaths (through execution or otherwise). Due to this fluctuation as well as lag and inconsistencies in inmate reporting procedures across jurisdictions, the information in this article may be out of date. The time on death row counter starts on the day they were first placed on death row. It does not count time incarcerated prior to sentencing nor does it discount time spent in prison off death row in cases where death sentences were overturned before being reinstated.

Alabama

Arizona

California

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Kentucky

Louisiana

Mississippi

North Carolina

Ohio

Oklahoma

Pennsylvania

Tennessee

Texas

See also
 List of death row inmates in the United States
 List of women executed in the United States since 1976
 Sex differences in crime

References

External links
 List of death row inmates by state and country
 FindLaw documentation of Nathan Dunlap's appeal to the Supreme Court of Colorado

Capital punishment in the United States
American prisoners sentenced to death
Lists of women


title: Fountain of Monteoliveto, Naples

text:
The Fountain of Monteoliveto (Fontana di Monteoliveto) is a late-Baroque monumental fountain in central Naples, Italy. It is also called the Fountain of Charles II or of the Small King (del Re Piccolo).

History

Many architects and stonemasons had worked on the initial waterworks, which was flowing by the 1660s. The central statuary complex was commissioned by the viceroy Pedro Antonio de Aragón and completed in 1699 based on designs by the architect Cosimo Fanzago. Atop stands a bronze statue of Charles II of Spain. The fountain is located in Piazza Monteoliveto,  also called piazzetta Trinità Maggiore, unto which faces the church of Sant'Anna dei Lombardi (which was attached to the Olivetan Monastery of Monte Oliveto. Across the street is the Renaissance palace of  Orsini di Gravina. From the street side of the fountain, looking northwest, one can see the sculptural Guglia dell’Immacolata (Spire of the Immaculate Conception) in the Piazza of the Gesù Nuovo and the Convent of Santa Chiara. Another contemporary fountain in Naples would the Fountain of Neptune () presently located a few blocks south in Via Medina, in Naples, Italy.

References

Monteoliveto, Naples


title: Astra Linux

text:
Astra Linux is a Russian Linux-based computer operating system (OS) that is being widely deployed in the Russian Federation in order to replace Microsoft Windows. Initially it was created and developed to meet the needs of the Russian army, other armed forces and intelligence agencies.

In the course of 2010s, as Russian authorities and industry were trying to lower dependence on Western products ("import substitution industrialization"), Astra Linux became widely used by Russian civilians as a universal operating system for personal computers. Aside from army and police, it is now being supplied to educational, healthcare and other state institutions, as well as in industry giants such as RZD, Gazprom, Rosatom and others. Server versions of Astra Linux are certified to work with Huawei equipment.

Specifications
The creator of the OS is the Scientific/Manufacturing Enterprise Rusbitech which is applying solutions according to Russian Government decree No.2299-р of 17/10/2010 that orders federal authorities and budget institutions to implement Free Software use.

There are two available editions of the OS: the main one is called "Special Edition" and the other one is called "Common Edition".
The main differences between the two are the fact that the former is paid, while the latter is free; the former is available for x86-64 architecture, ARM architecture and Elbrus architecture, while the latter is only available for x86-64 architecture; the former has a security certification and provides 3 levels of OS security (which are named after Russian cities and which from the lowest to the highest are: Oryol, Voronezh and Smolensk), while the latter doesn't have the security certification and only provides the lowest level of OS security (Oryol).

Rusbitech also manufactures a "soft/hardware trusted boot control module" MAKSIM-M1 ("М643М1") with PCI bus. It prevents unauthorized access and offers some other raised digital security features. The module, besides Astra Linux, also supports OSes with Linux kernel 2.6.x up to 5.x.x, as well as several Microsoft Windows OSes.

It is declared the Astra Linux licenses correspond with Russian and international laws and "don't contradict with the spirit and demands of GPL license". The system uses .deb packages.

Astra Linux is a recognized Debian derivative. Rusbitech has partnership relations with The Linux Foundation. It was part of the advisory board of The Document Foundation, but was suspended on 26 February 2022 because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Use
The Special Edition version (paid) is used in many Russian state-related organizations. Particularly, it is used in the Russian National Center for Defence Control.

There are talks to deploy mass use of Astra Linux in many state institutions of the Republic of Crimea – legitimate use of other popular OSes is questionable because of international sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Also there were plans on cooperation of Rusbitech and Huawei.

In January 2018, it was announced that Astra Linux was going to be deployed to all Russian Army computers, and Microsoft Windows will be dropped.

In February 2018, Rusbitech announced it has ported Astra Linux to Russian-made Elbrus microprocessors.

In February 2019, Astra Linux was announced to be implemented at Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant in China.

Since 2019 "super-protected" tablet computers branded MIG are available with Astra Linux, smartphones are expected.

In 2019 Gazprom national gas/oil holding announced Astra Linux implementation, in 2020 nuclear corporation Rosatom, in early 2021 Russian Railways was reported to do so.

In 2020, Astra Linux sold more than a million copies in licenses and generated 2 billion rubles in sales.

In 2021, several Russian nuclear power plants and subsidiaries of Rosatom are planned to switch to Astra Linux, with a total of 15000 users.

In 2022, subsequent departure of Microsoft from the Russian market, Astra Linux announced that it was planning to be publicly listed on the Moscow Exchange, although it has not yet given a planned timeline.

Version history

See also
 Unity Operating System, a Linux distribution planned to be used on Chinese government computers
 List of Debian-based Linux distributions
 Debian GNU/Linux
 Ubuntu Kylin
 Linux adoption
 Red Flag Linux
 Canaima (operating system) – a similar project by the Venezuelan computer manufacturer VIT, C.A. and Chinese information technology company Inspur
 GendBuntu – a similar project used by Gendarmerie in France
 LiMux – a similar project of the city council of Munich
 Nova (operating system) – a similar project by the Cuban government
 Red Star OS – a similar project by the North Korean government

References

X86-64 Linux distributions
Debian-based distributions
Linux distributions
Russian-language Linux distributions
State-sponsored Linux distributions


title: Rafael Thyere

text:
Rafael Thyere de Albuquerque Marques (born 27 March 1993), known as Rafael Thyere, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a central defender for Sport Recife.

Career
In August 2014, with the goal of reducing the cast and giving experience to young prospects, Rafael Thyere was loaned from Grêmio to Boa Esporte until the end of the season. Just a month later, in September 2014, Thyere broke his loan contract with Boa Esporte without having played any competitive matches, and signed a new loan agreement until the end of the year, this time with Atlético Goianiense, in search of more opportunities to play.

Career statistics

Honours
Grêmio
Copa do Brasil: 2016
Copa Libertadores: 2017

Sport
Campeonato Pernambucano: 2019, 2023

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Sportspeople from João Pessoa, Paraíba
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Boa Esporte Clube players
Atlético Clube Goianiense players
Associação Chapecoense de Futebol players
Sport Club do Recife players
Footballers from Paraíba
Copa Libertadores-winning players


title: Common (film)

text:
Common is a 2014 BBC One 90-minute made-for-television drama, written by Jimmy McGovern, directed by David Blair and starring Nico Mirallegro, Michelle Fairley and Michael Gambon. It seeks to question some of the issues and challenges raised by England and Wales's common purpose legal doctrine.

Background
The drama focuses on England and Wales's controversial joint enterprise doctrine. It is set in North West England, and was filmed in Liverpool (although the city is never mentioned).

First shown on 6 July 2014, the drama examines the issues surrounding a case in which the defendants were charged with murder involving joint enterprise or common purpose. McGovern was inspired by the real life case of 16-year-old Jordan Cunliffe, sentenced under this law for a minimum term of 12 years for the murder of Garry Newlove, despite Cunliffe not actively taking part in the attack.

Plot
Johnjo O'Shea is an ordinary 17-year-old except that he is a haemophiliac. He is asked to give a few friends of his older brother a lift in his brother's car so that they can visit a pizza takeaway.
Johnjo is unaware that one of his passengers has been tipped off by a friend who runs that shift at the pizza place that an adversary is about to enter and that the real reason for wanting a lift is to get there quickly to confront him. One of the other boys starts an argument with a bystander (Tommy Ward) and stabs him fatally.  The drama then follows the police and legal procedures as well as the conflicts between family members, the boys involved and the community. Although he and his family consider him to be an innocent bystander, he ends up in court charged as an accessory to murder, under the doctrine of common purpose (the "common" of the film's title), which may also make reference to the view that segments of society might take of the working-class youths involved.

The end shows Johnjo's mother and Margaret Ward, the mother of the murdered boy, talking in the street. The latter shows the former a letter that she received from Johnjo that apologises for what happened and accepts a degree of culpability because even though he had not taken part, the fact that he was born allowed it to happen. Both mothers see the truth in Johnjo's innocence, the flawed decency in his view on culpability and the tragedy that both will be deprived of innocent sons although only one permanently. They embrace before Margaret Ward turns and walks away.

Critical reception
The Daily Telegraph gave it 4/5 stars, calling it "profoundly engaging", with Nico Mirallegro, "giving a fine performance of coiled vulnerability". According to The Guardian, "When Jimmy McGovern gets off his soapbox this is a brutal and devastating drama", "bleak, powerful drama thick with political intent, which occasionally robs it of its quality", and "the knockout performance belongs to Susan Lynch, who plays the victim's mother".

The Daily Mirror noted that "Common was unrelentingly depressing. It's about real tragedy, where no character you invest in wins". And "McGovern's a genius wordsmith, an engaging social commentator who deftly avoids being throat-ramming with his message, but he also understands people – as sure as he can paint the most evil potential of mankind, he equally draws out the good."

Cast
 Nico Mirallegro as Johnjo O’Shea
 Philip Hill-Pearson as Tony, his cousin
 Ben Smith as Patrick, his brother
 Jodhi May as Coleen O'Shea, his mother
 Andrew Tiernan as Pete O'Shea, his father
 Finn Atkins as Karen O'Shea, his sister
 Andrew Ellis as Kieran Gillespie
 Jack McMullen as Colin McCabe
 Susan Lynch as Margaret Ward, the victim's mother
 Daniel Mays as Tommy Ward, the victim's father
 Harry McMullen as Thomas Ward, the victim
 Robert Pugh as DI Hastings
 Michelle Fairley as Tony’s mother, Shelagh
 Dean Smith as Hugo Davies
 Michael Gambon as the Judge

References

External links

2014 television films
2014 films
British television films
Films directed by David Blair (director)
2010s English-language films


title: François Kamano

text:
François Kamano (born 2 May 1996) is a Guinean professional footballer who plays as a striker or left winger for Saudi Pro League club Abha and the Guinea national team.

Club career

Bastia
Kamano made his professional debut with Bastia on 9 August 2014 in a 3–3 home draw against Marseille, replacing Christopher Maboulou for the last 8 minutes. His first goal came on 20 December, putting Bastia ahead in an eventual 1–1 draw at Caen. He finished his first season with four goals in 24 games, and was sent off on 9 May 2015, in the first half of a 1–0 win at Rennes.

At the start of the following season, Kamano received two straight red cards in losses at Saint-Étienne and Lyon. He scored three goals, all in home and away 2–1 wins over Rennes; his brace at Roazhon Park in the final game on 14 May 2016, he ensured the 10th place for the Corsicans.

Bordeaux
In July 2016, Kamano signed a four-year contract with Bordeaux, after previous trials with AIK, Villarreal, and Rennes and interest from Guingamp. The reported transfer was €2.5 million plus bonuses. On 26 October 2016, he made his Bordeaux debut in a 2–0 Coupe de la Ligue win against Championnat National side Châteauroux, also scoring his debut goal in the same game. On 30 October 2016, he made his league debut in a 0–0 away draw against Olympique Marseille. On 6 November 2016, he scored his first league goal for Bordeaux in a 2–1 home win against Lorient. Later that month, on 27 November 2016, he scored his first brace for Bordeaux in a 3–2 home win against Dijon, his first, a header in the 88th minute from a corner from Jaroslav Plašil and his second, a tap-in in the third minute of added time from a deflection off Jérémy Ménez's shot. In his debut season, Kamano got 17 starts in 30 games selected, providing four assists and netting in six goals. Playing largely on the left-hand side, he helped Bordeaux finish 6th in the league and qualify for next season's UEFA Europa League.

Kamano made his Europa League debut on 27 July 2017, playing full 90 minutes in both the legs of the third qualifying round match against Videoton. Bordeaux won the first leg 2–1 but bowed out of the tournament in the second leg after losing on away goals. At the end of the 2017–18 Ligue 1 season, he helped Bordeaux to another 6th-place finish, scoring 8 goals in the process, and thus qualifying for another Europa League season. On 2 August 2018, he scored his debut goal in the Europa League in the 2nd leg of the second qualifying round match against Ventspils. On 20 September 2018, he made his Europa League group stage debut in a 1–0 away loss against Slavia Prague. On 8 November 2018, he scored his first goal in the Europa League group stage in a 1–1 home draw against Zenit Saint Petersburg. Bordeaux was not able to advance to the next round after finishing third in the group stage.

Lokomotiv Moscow
On 17 August 2020, Kamano moved to Russian club Lokomotiv Moscow for a reported transfer fee of €5.5 million and signed a long-term contract. In his first season, he helped Lokomotiv to win the 2020–21 Russian Cup, he scored a goal in each of the four rounds the club played in, including the opening goal in a 3–1 final victory over Krylia Sovetov Samara on 12 May 2021. He also became a joint-top scorer of the cup with teammate Fyodor Smolov.

Kamano left Lokomotiv in June 2023.

Abha
On 3 August 2023, Kamano joined Saudi Pro League club Abha on a two-year deal.

International career
On 6 July 2013, Kamano made his national team debut in a 3–1 2014 CHAN qualification defeat against Mali. On 30 December 2014, he was named in coach Michel Dussuyer's 23-man squad for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations in Equatorial Guinea. He made two late substitute appearances for the quarter-finalists. On 12 June 2015, he scored his first ever senior international goal in a 2–1 defeat against Swaziland in the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers.

On 13 June 2019, he was named in Guinea's 23-man squad for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations in Egypt. On 22 June 2019, he scored in his sides 2–2 opening match draw against Madagascar. Kamano scored from the spot, after Ibrahima Traoré was fouled inside the box, he was later subbed out in the 78th minute for Fodé Koita.

Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
As of match played 24 March 2023. Guinea score listed first, score column indicates score after each Kamano goal.

Honours

Club
Lokomotiv Moscow
Russian Cup: 2020–21

Individual
Russian Cup Top goalscorer: 2020–21

References

External links

 Lokomotiv Moscow profile

1996 births
Footballers from Conakry
Living people
Guinean men's footballers
Guinea men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
SC Bastia players
FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
Abha Club players
Ligue 1 players
Championnat National 3 players
Russian Premier League players
Saudi Pro League players
2015 Africa Cup of Nations players
2019 Africa Cup of Nations players
Guinean expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Guinean expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Guinean expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Guinean expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia


title: Astroblepus simonsii

text:
Astroblepus simonsii is a species of catfish of the family Astroblepidae. It can be found in Peru.

Named in honor of the American natural history collector in South America, Perry O. Simons (1869-1901), who collected the type specimen. Later his guide murdered him while crossing the Andes of Argentina, presumably for his money and gear.

References

Bibliography
Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, num. 1, vol. 1–3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, United States. 2905. .

Astroblepus
Taxa named by Charles Tate Regan
Fish described in 1904
Freshwater fish of Peru
Catfish of South America


The York, Hull and East and West Yorkshire Junction Railway was a proposed railway line, promoted in the mid 1840s, intended to connect York to the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

The line was not built, instead an alternative proposal, the  York and North Midland Railway's York to Beverley Line gained parliamentary approval in 1846, and was opened in two sections in 1847 and 1865.

History
The railway line, proposed during the Railway Mania, planned to connect to the proposed Leeds and York Railway at York, and serve destinations in the eastern Vale of York and East Riding of Yorkshire. From York the line was to run east to Pocklington, Market Weighton, and Beverley, then by the east side of the River Hull via Weel and Stoneferry south to the new East Docks (Victoria Dock) in Kingston upon Hull. Branches from the line were planned to Selby via Holme upon Spalding Moor from Market Weighton; to Driffield from Holme upon Spalding Moor via a crossing of the Yorkshire Wolds in the vicinity of Nunburnholme and Warter; and a branch to Hornsea running eastwards from a junction off the main line near Weel.

The York, Hull and East and West Yorkshire Junction Railway Company was provisionally registered in 1845, and the line, together with the Leeds and York Railway was supported by the Manchester and Leeds Railway.

The route invaded an area which at that time was exclusively served by the York and North Midland Railway (Y&NMR), and passed through an area which had already been surveyed for a railway by the Y&NMR. In an attempt to preserve its monopoly, in 1845, the Y&NMR began proceedings for bills before parliament for equivalent lines between York, Market Weighton and Beverley; Market Weighton and Selby; Market Weighton and Driffield (as a line from junctions at Goodmanham and Cranswick); and to Hornsea from a junction at Leconfield; The York and Hull company also initiated its bill in 1845, with the line from York to Hull, and its branches to Hornsea, Driffield and Selby.

The Manchester and Leeds company were persuaded to withdraw their support from the rival scheme in exchange for an agreement to make them joint lessors of the Hull and Selby Railway. The Y&NMR's parliamentary proposals were successful, resulting in the ''York and North Midland Rly. (East Riding Branches) [No.1] Act of 1846, which enabled the construction of line from York to Beverley, opened to Market Weighton in 1847, the remainder being completed in 1865. A second act in 1846 enabled the construction of the Selby to Market Weighton Line.

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Abandoned rail transport projects in the United Kingdom
Rail transport in the East Riding of Yorkshire


title: Desert Research Center (Egypt)

text:
The Desert Research Center is almost the oldest scientific research center in Egypt. It was officially opened on December 30, 1950, under the name of the institute of Foad I for desert research (IFDR) and after the revolution in 1952 it became under the name of Desert Research Institute (DRI). Then, the presidential Decree No. 90 of 1990 was issued to establish the Desert Research Center and it has an independent status belonging to the minister of Land Reclamation.

Mission statement
Conducting research to explore the natural resources in the Egyptian deserts to be utilized at sustainable manner in Agriculture and improving livelihood of local communities' . The broad mandate is encompassing fields of research such as water resources, soil management, plant production, animal husbandry, ecology, and socioeconomic studies. Monitoring and assessing desertification causes. Field of operations is also broad-based, stretching from the Sinai to the New Valley to the fringes of the High Dam Lake.

Major objectives
 Investigating desert potential for agriculture development.
 Carrying out studies on behalf of the government institutions, societies & small landholders.
 Preparing postgraduate research assistants & scholars for higher degree in the field of scientific research.
 Providing proper help and advice to target groups, whether local Bedouins or investors, to best utilize the available natural resources.
 Managing desert & newly reclaimed lands for agriculture use and developments.
 Studying means to ameliorate and combat drought, desertification and sand dunes movements.
 Monitoring & assessing desertification causes. Field operations are also broad-based, stretching from Sinai to the New Valley to the fringes of the high dam lakes.
 Excavation and developing desert natural resources including water, soil, plant & non-conventional energies.
 Monitoring land resources (Water & soils) in the desert & newly reclaimed areas.
 Surveying and evaluating surface & ground water in coastal and inland regions.
 Introducing non-conventional crops to be cultivated under drought and salinity stresses.
 Increasing productivity of livestock and poultry under desert conditions.
 Monitoring and combating desertification phenomenon, including sand encroachment control.
 Concluding socio-economic studies in desert regions.
 Cooperating with scientific local & international societies to organize workshops & symposiums dealing with the development aspects of the desert.
 Publishing and exchanging relevant scientific researches with different local, regional and international scientific institutions.
 Providing extension and training programs for personnel and investors involved in desert development activities.

Structure
The Centers' community consists 55 Research Professors, 59 Assistant research professors, 56 Researchers, 75 Research assistant, 32 Assistant researchers, and 1000 Administrators, technicians and laborers (at the DRC headquarters and stations). The center consists of a number of administrative offices, in addition to the 8 Stations, and 5 Associated Units (Tissue Culture Lab, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Satellite Receiving Station, Private Service Unit (PSU), and Library). The center constitute of 32 Laboratories and 4 Major Divisions, 14 Departments.
 Water Resources and Desert Soils Division
 Exploring & evaluating groundwater resources; their aquifers depth, thickness and extension and locating the optimum sites for water well drilling.
 Drilling and testing of production and test wells.
 Surveying, Classifying, mapping and evaluating desert soils using aerial photos, satellite photos and geographical information system (GIS)

References

Research institutes in Egypt


title: Astroblepus stuebeli

text:
Astroblepus stuebeli is a species of catfish of the family Astroblepidae. It can be found on Lake Titicaca basin in Bolivia and Peru.

References

Bibliography
Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, num. 1, vol. 1–3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, United States. 2905. .

Astroblepus
Fish described in 1916
Freshwater fish of Peru
Fish of Bolivia


title: Fiona King

text:
Fiona King (née Barclay, born 1 February 1972 ) is a former female rugby union player. She represented  internationally and provincially for Otago and North Harbour. She was a member of the 1998 and 2002 winning squads.

She has spoken at TEDxWellington.

References

1972 births
Living people
New Zealand women's international rugby union players
New Zealand female rugby union players


Photography and the Archive Research Centre (PARC) is a defunct organisation in London that commissions new research into photography and culture, curates and produces exhibitions and publications, organises seminars, study days, symposia and conferences, and supervises PhD students. It is a part of University of the Arts London (UAL), is based at UAL's London College of Communication at Elephant & Castle and was designated by UAL in 2003. PARC was shut down after twenty years of operating in 2023.

According to PARC's website its activities span the history and culture of photography, particularly post-war British photography, the documentation of war and conflict, the photography of fashion and style, the visualization of the counterculture and photographers as filmmakers.

Details
Val Williams is its director and Brigitte Lardinois its deputy director. The Centre has a core group of members including Tom Hunter, Alistair O'Neill, Patrick Sutherland, Wiebke Leister, Jennifer Good (née Pollard), David Moore, Paul Lowe, Corinne Silva, Paul Tebbs, Mark Ingham, Martina Caruso, Peter Cattrell, Monica Biaglioli, Anne Williams, Jananne Al-Ani, Sophy Rickett, Joanna Love and Sara Davidmann. Current staff are Corinne Silva (Research Fellow), Robin Christian (Projects Manager) and Melanie King (Research Administrator).

Many of PARC's activities are conducted in conjunction with other arts organisations and universities including University of Sunderland, National Media Museum in Bradford, Library of Birmingham, Canterbury Christ Church University, Street Level Photoworks in Glasgow, Wolverhampton Art Gallery, Ffotogallery in Cardiff, Imperial War Museum in London, Photoworks in Brighton, University of Western Ontario in Canada, Expressions of Humankind and Max Ström publishers in Stockholm, Sune Jonsson Archive in Umea, Tate Modern and University of Wales, Newport.

Two of PARC's divisions are War and Conflict Research Hub and Photography and the Contemporary Imaginary Research Hub.

PARC publishes Fieldstudy twice yearly, both in print and online, covering projects from PARC's staff, members and students.

PARC and Bloomsbury co-host the journal Photography & Culture, co-edited by Kathy Kubicki, Thy Phu and Val Williams, published three times a year by Berg.

PARC leads the Directory of Photographic Collections in the UK, a portal to UK institutions holding publicly accessible photographic collections.

Collections held within the Photography and the Archive Research Centre

PARC currently houses three collections within its archive, ‘Camerawork’, ‘Photography Exhibition Posters’ and ‘The John Wall archive of the Directory of British Photographic Collections in the UK’. 'Photography Exhibition Posters' is a collection of over 300 posters dating back to the 1970s that features examples of partnerships between designers and galleries. The ‘Camerawork’ collection includes papers and objects from the Half Moon Photography Workshop and Camerawork’s early years, publication and touring exhibition programme. ‘The John Wall archive of the Directory of British Photographic Collections in the UK’ includes correspondence, research papers and file cards of this 1970s project.

Selected exhibitions organised by PARC
2002-2005: Retrospective, Martin Parr Photoworks 1971–2000, Barbican Arts Centre, London, 2002. National Museum of Photography, Film, and Television, Bradford, 2002. Kunsthal, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2003. Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, 2003. National Museum of Photography, Copenhagen, 2003. Deichtorhallen, Hamburg, 2004. Works 1971–2001, Maison Européenne de la Photographie, Paris, 2005. Curated by Val Williams and organized by Brigitte Lardinois. Photographs from the 1970s to 2001 from his series Butlins by the Sea, June Street, Home Sweet Home, The Last Resort, The Cost of Living, Small World and Autoportraits.
2006: Magnum Ireland. Research into the Magnum Photos archive by Val Williams with Brigitte Lardinois resulting in an exhibition at the Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin.
2013: A Day In The World" curated by Val Williams, Brigitte Lardinois and Marcus Eriksson for the EOH Foundation at Kulturhuset Stockholm.
2014: Life on the Road with photography from Tom Hunter and Dave Fawcett, films by Andrew Gaston and curated by Val Williams at London College of Communication, London."This Guy Spent the Mid-90s Living in a Travelling Rave Van", Vice (magazine). Accessed 6 July 2014.
2014: Daniel Meadows: Early Photographic Works. A Retrospective exhibition curated by Val Williams at the Library of Birmingham and touring to National Media Museum, Bradford; Ffotogallery, Cardiff.

Exhibitions at PARCSpace
2014: Camerawork: Posters and Objects from the Archive.2014: Ken To Be Destroyed by Sara Davidmann."The artist who brought her uncle back to life as a woman", The Guardian. Accessed 05 August 2014.
2014: Paper Topographies by Patrick Sutherland.
2014: Single Saudi Women. Photographs by Wasma Mansour.

Publications originating at PARCDerek Ridgers: When We Were Young: Club and Street Portraits 1978–1987. Brighton: Photoworks, 2005. . Photographs by Derek Ridgers, text by Val Williams. About the emergence of new style cultures in London in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
  Anna Fox Photographs 1983–2007. Brighton: Photoworks, 2005. . Edited by Val Williams. With texts by David Chandler, Val Williams, Jason Evans and Mieke Bal.Magnum Ireland. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005. . Edited by Val Williams with Brigitte Lardinois.Glyndebourne, a Visual History. London: Quercus, 2009. . Edited by Val Williams and Brigitte Lardinois. Includes an essay by George Christie.The New Gypsies. Frankfurt, Germany: Prestel. By Ian McKell. Essay by Val Williams.
Hardback, 2010. .
Paperback, 2014.Daniel Meadows: Edited Photographs from the 70s and 80s. Brighton: Photoworks, 2011. . Authored by Val Williams. Edited by Val Williams and Gordon MacDonald.I belong Jarrow. Amsterdam: Schilt, 2012. . Photographs by Chris Harrison. Essay by Val Williams.Marjolaine Ryley: Growing up in the New Age. Hillsborough, NC: Daylight Press, 2013. . Essays by Malcolm Dickson (StreetLevel Photoworks), Brigitte Ryley, Peter Ryley, Val Williams. Additional photographs by Dave Walking. Martin Parr, Phaidon, 2014. . Authored by Val Williams.Sune Jonsson: Life and Work. MaxStrom, Stockholm. Text by Val Williams

FieldstudyFieldstudy 1 London: Stories.Fieldstudy 2.Fieldstudy 3: Charged Atmospheres. London: PARC. By Alison Merchant.Fieldstudy 4: Unfolding the Tissue: The Fashion and the Archive Study Day. London: PARC.Fieldstudy 5: Archives from the New British Photography London: PARC.Fieldstudy 6: Private Museum. London: PARC. Researched by Val Williams and Lorna Crabbe, photographed by Laura Thomas.Fieldstudy 7: Marjolaine Ryley: Résidence Astral: 1993-2005. London: PARC. Photographs taken over a twelve-year period in her grandmother's apartment in Brussels.Fieldstudy 8: MAP Reading. London: PARC. Catalogue of work from LCC's MA in Photography, 2006Fieldstudy 10: Visible London: PARC. Fieldstudy 11: Lovers, Liars & Laughter. London: PARC by Wiebke Leister.Fieldstudy 12: Fashion & Food London: PARC.Fieldstudy 14: Daniel Meadows, Butlin's by the Sea, 1972. London: PARC.Fieldstudy 15: Growing Up in the New Age. London: PARC, 2011. By Val Williams, Marjolaine Ryley (University of Sunderland) and Dave Walking. Features photographs by Dave Walking and essays by Val Williams, Marjolaine Ryley, Zoe Lippett and Malcolm Dickson.Fieldstudy 16: From a Distance. London: PARC. Photographs by Paul Reas.Fieldstudy 19: Ken. To be Destroyed.'' London: PARC, 2013.

Notes

References

External links
Directory of Photographic Collections in the UK, which is led by PARC
PARC's page at University of the Arts London

British photography organisations
Arts organisations based in the United Kingdom
2004 establishments in England
Arts organizations established in 2004
Culture in London
Photo archives in the United Kingdom


title: Christine Kirch

text:
Christine Kirch (1696 in Guben, Germany – 6 May 1782), was a German astronomer.

Life
She was the daughter of the astronomers Gottfried Kirch and Maria Margarethe Kirch and the sister of Christfried Kirch. She and her sister Margaretha Kirch were educated in astronomy from the age of ten. As a child Kirch assisted her parents in their astronomical observations. Reportedly the young Kirch was responsible for taking time of observations by using a pendulum. As she became older Kirch was instructed in calculating calendars. She assisted first her mother and later her brother in calculating various calendars.

Until 1740 Kirch did not receive a salary for her contributions, but benefitted from small donations to her from the Berlin Academy of Sciences. Following the death of her brother Christfried the academy relied on her for assistance in calculating calendars. She took responsibility for calculating the calendar for Silesia, a province Prussia conquered in the early 1740s. The academy had a monopoly on calendars and the Silesia calendar generated significant income for the academy. Thus in 1776 Kirch received a respectable salary of 400 Thaler from the academy.

Kirch continued her calendar work for the academy up to her old age and was held in great esteem. At the age of 77 the academy elevated her to the status of emeritus, and she continued to receive a salary from the academy without being obliged to work. She introduced the astronomer Johann Bode to calendar making. She died in 1782 as a respected astronomer.

References

1696 births
1782 deaths
People from Guben
18th-century German astronomers
Women astronomers
German women scientists
18th-century German women scientists


title: Astroblepus supramollis

text:
Astroblepus supramollis is a species of catfish of the family Astroblepidae. It can be found on the Marañón River in Peru.

References

Bibliography
Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, num. 1, vol. 1–3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, United States. 2905. .

Astroblepus
Fish described in 1937
Freshwater fish of Peru


title: Fort Lytle

text:
Fort Lytle is an American Civil War fort located on what is now the campus of Western Kentucky University in Bowling Green, Kentucky.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

The fort was built in 1861 by Confederate army troops under General Simon Bolivar Buckner at the peak of Vinegar Hill and was named Fort Vinegar.  It was renamed for William Haines Lytle after his 1863 death leading a cavalry charge in the Battle of Chickamauga.  The hill was later called College Hill.

It was later improved by the Union army under Colonel Benjamin Harrison.

References

Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Military installations established in 1861
National Register of Historic Places in Bowling Green, Kentucky
American Civil War forts
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places
Western Kentucky University


title: Conrad Gauthier

text:
Conrad Gauthier (8 August 1885 - 14 February 1964) was a Canadian singer, songwriter, actor, and folklorist from Quebec.  He helped popularize French Canadian folk music in Canada.

Life
Gauthier was born in Montreal on 8 August 1885.

After some commercial training, Gauthier worked in theatre, founding in 1902 the Cercle du Drapeau and later the Cercle Lapierre. He was a member of the Association dramatique de Montréal and the Anciens du Gesù company. In turn printer, editor, cartoonist, director of silent movies, journalist, accountant, and municipal officer, Gauthier made his name in Canada and the United States as an actor and amateur singer. He played Gaspard in Robert Planquette's comic opera Les cloches de Corneville (The Chimes of Normandy), with the Société Canadienne d'Opérette.

In the early 1920s, Gauthier was a pioneer in radio and in the recording of Quebec folk music, making 78 speed phonograph records for Victor Talking Machine Company and Columbia Records.  He recorded more than 100 songs and monologues, often with Elzéar Hamel.

Gauthier created the Veillées du bon vieux temps concert presentations, which he produced from 1921 until 1941 at the Monument-National theatre in Montreal.

Gauthier's 40 Chansons d'autrefois (Thérien Frères 1930, 1932) and 40 Autres Chansons d'autrefois (Archambault 1947) were combined in the collection Dans tous les cantons (Archambault 1963). In the preface to 40 Chansons d'autrefois Gauthier was described by Gustave Comte as a 'keen re-creator of our old customs' and an 'irresistible dispenser of good old-fashioned happiness'.

Conrad Gauthier died in Montreal on 14 February 1964.

Songs
 Les pieds de ma soeur
 Vieillir c'est souffrir
 Mon chapeau de paille
 Le bedeau de St David

References

1885 births
1964 deaths
Musicians from Montreal
20th-century Canadian male singers
Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery


title: Amity, Indiana

text:
Amity is an unincorporated community in Johnson County, Indiana, in the United States.

History
A post office was established at Amity in 1849, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1906. Amity was platted in 1855. Amity is derived from a French word meaning "friendship".

References

Unincorporated communities in Johnson County, Indiana
Unincorporated communities in Indiana