title: James Rutka

text:
James Rutka (born January 14, 1956) is a Canadian neurosurgeon from Toronto, Canada. Rutka served as RS McLaughlin Professor and Chair of the Department of Surgery in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto from 2011 – 2022. He subspecializes in pediatric neurosurgery at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), and is a Senior Scientist in the Research Institute at SickKids. His main clinical interests include the neurosurgical treatment of children with brain tumours and epilepsy. His research interests lie in the molecular biology of human brain tumours – specifically in the determination of the mechanisms by which brain tumours grow and invade. He is the Director of the Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre at SickKids, and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurosurgery.

He was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2015.

Education and training

Rutka was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He studied Chemical Engineering at Princeton University before obtaining his Doctor of Medicine from Queen's University in 1981. Following an internship at McGill University's Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal, Quebec, Rutka embarked on his neurosurgery residency training at the University of Toronto beginning in 1982. From 1984 to 1987, he undertook graduate studies at the University of California, San Francisco and worked in the Brain Tumour Research Centre. There, he received his PhD in Experimental Pathology from the School of Graduate Studies in 1987. Upon completion of his residency training in 1990 and receipt of certification in neurosurgery as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (FRCSC), Rutka completed a clinical fellowship in microvascular neurosurgery with Kenichiro Sugita at Nagoya University followed by a post-doctoral research fellowship in molecular immunology under the supervision of Ko Okumura at Juntendo University in Tokyo in 1990.

Professional life
Rutka joined the Department of Surgery in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto in 1990. He was appointed to Sick Kids Hospital, where he contributed to a variety of techniques to treat children with neurosurgical conditions. He also established the first brain tumour research laboratory at Sick Kids focusing on the molecular biology and genetics of paediatric and adult brain tumours. In 1997, and in collaboration with his colleagues in Toronto, Rutka was influential in establishing the Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre at Sick Kids, now one of the largest centres of its kind in the world. In 1999, Rutka was appointed Professor in Neurosurgery in the Department of Surgery, and the Dan Family Professor and Chair of the Division of Neurosurgery, a position he held until 2010. Currently, Rutka is the RS McLaughlin Chair of the Department of Surgery at the University of Toronto.

Research and clinical interests

Rutka was a leader in his application of neurosurgical techniques to pediatric neurosurgical patients with a variety of neurosurgical disorders including craniofacial anomalies, brain tumours, congenital malformations, and epilepsy.
With his colleagues, he helped introduce digital camera technology to assist with mapping of intra-operative seizure foci. He was among the first to utilize frameless stereotactic neuronavigation techniques to resect cerebral and skull base lesions in children; and he has amassed a large neurosurgical experience in treating children with epilepsy arising from lesions within highly eloquent and critical regions of the brain.

In addition, Rutka and colleagues have used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to identify regions of epileptogenesis amenable to neurosurgical resection.

Over the course of his research career, Rutka has made several contributions to the understanding of the molecular biology of human brain tumours. He has established several novel human brain tumour cell lines and models to study glioma invasion; he was among the first to characterize the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the brain, and its degradation by proteolytic enzymes secreted by glioma cells; he has analyzed the importance of the Rho-GTPase pathway in glioma migration and invasion; and he has studied methods of delivering therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier to treat experimental brain tumours.

Publications and editorships

Rutka has published over 500 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters on pediatric neurosurgery, the molecular biology of brain tumours, epilepsy surgery, and surgical education. In 2014, he was appointed as the 7th Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurosurgery, and the first Canadian neurosurgeon to hold this position. He has co-edited several neurosurgical textbooks including Neuro-Oncology of CNS Tumors (2006).

Sports

Rutka played numerous sports in high school and University. He set the Canadian midget triple jump record in 1972. In high school, he was drafted by the Peterborough Petes OHA Jr A hockey team, but chose instead to attend Princeton University to study chemical engineering. At Princeton, Rutka played varsity football and ran track and field. In medical school at Queen's University, Rutka was quarterback of the varsity football team that won the Vanier Cup in 1978 against the University of British Columbia.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0IUgmTD-rI

Recognition
In 2004, Rutka received the Grass Award for sustained contributions in neurosurgical research from the Society of Neurological Surgeons. In 2006, he was inducted as a Knight of the Order of Smile, by Kawaler Orderu Usmiechu. In 2009, he was the Honored Guest Laureate for the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Rutka delivered the Penfield Lecture at the 45th Annual Congress of the Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation in 2010. That same year, he was appointed as President of the American American Association of Neurological Surgeons. In 2011, he was inducted as a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 2012, Rutka was appointed as President of the American Academy of Neurological Surgery. In 2014, Rutka was made a Member of the Order of Ontario, and he received an honorary PhD, Honoris Causa, from Bahcesehir University in Istanbul for longstanding contributions to brain tumour research. In 2015, Rutka received the Robert L. Noble Prize from the Canadian Cancer Society, the Margolese National Brain Disorders Prize from the University of British Columbia, and he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2019, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) awarded Dr. Rutka with the Cushing Medal: the most prestigious award an AANS member can receive. The Cushing Medal is awarded to a member who has shown great technical innovation in the development of new procedures that have changed the way diseases or trauma are treated. In 2022, Rutka received the AANS Distinguished Service Award, the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies Medal of Honor,  and the Golden Neuron Award from the World Academy of Neurological Surgery.

Selected publications

 Rutka JT. Editorial: Leading transition while maintaining tradition. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2013 Jun 4

References

Living people
Canadian neurosurgeons
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Members of the Order of Ontario
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Princeton University alumni
Physicians from Toronto
Officers of the Order of Canada
1956 births
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Recipients of the Cross of Ivan Mazepa


title: Palencia (disambiguation)

text:
Palencia is a city in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain.

Palencia may also refer to:
Province of Palencia, a province in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain
Palencia de Negrilla, a municipality of the province of Salamanca in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain
CF Palencia was a Spanish football team based in Palencia, Castile and León
Palencia CF (I), founded in 1960 and dissolved in 1986, was a Spanish football club based in Palencia, Castile and León
Palencia CF, founded in 2013 as CDR Atlético Palencia 1929, is a Spanish football club based in Palencia, Castile and León
Palencia Baloncesto, a professional Basketball team based in Palencia, Castile and León
University of Palencia was the first university of Spain
Palencia Cathedral, a cathedral in Palencia, Castile and León
Roman Catholic Diocese of Palencia, a diocese located in the city of Palencia in the Ecclesiastical province of Burgos, Spain
Palencia (Spanish Congress Electoral District)
Palencia, Guatemala, a municipality in the Guatemala department of Guatemala

People
Alfonso de Palencia (1423-1492), a Castilian pre-Renaissance historiographer, lexicographer and humanist
Benjamín Palencia (1894-1980), a Spanish surrealist and painter
Francisco Palencia (1973-), a former Mexican football striker
Brina Palencia (1984-), an American actress, voice actress, ADR director and singer
Daniel Palencia (2000-), a Venezuelan professional baseball pitcher


title: Amata marina

text:
Amata marina is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1876. It lives in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

References

 Arctiidae genus list at Butterflies and Moths of the World of the Natural History Museum

marina
Moths described in 1876
Moths of Africa


title: Amata marinoides

text:
Amata marinoides is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Sergius G. Kiriakoff in 1954. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya.

References

marinoides
Moths described in 1954
Moths of Africa


title: Amata miozona

text:
Amata miozona is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1910. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

References

miozona
Moths described in 1910
Moths of Africa


title: Amata monothyris

text:
Amata monothyris is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1914. It is found in Uganda.

References

Endemic fauna of Uganda
monothyris
Moths described in 1914
Moths of Africa


title: 2014 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election

text:
In 2014, the British Columbia New Democratic Party scheduled a leadership election to select a new leader. The contest was called following Adrian Dix's resignation announcement on September 18, 2013, several months after the party's unexpected defeat in the 2013 election after pre-campaign polls had shown the NDP ahead by as much as 20 points. The election was to be held from September 24 to 27, with the results announced on September 28; however, as John Horgan was the only candidate to be officially nominated by the deadline of May 1, 2014, at 5pm, he was acclaimed leader.

The party set the entrance fee for candidates at $25,000 and a spending maximum of $350,000.

The leadership vote was to be conducted by preferential ballot cast via internet and telephone, with all party members being eligible to vote. The voting was to occur from September 24 to 27, with the results announced on September 28. Unlike the previous leadership election, which was also conducted on a "one member, one vote" basis, members would not have had the option of voting at the convention itself or on a live ballot-by-ballot basis but could only cast a preferential ballot and do so by internet or phone.

The deadline for candidates to be nominated was May 1, 2014. The deadline to join the NDP and be eligible to vote was to be June 26, 2014.

Timeline
May 14, 2013 – NDP fails to win provincial election, dropping by two seats, despite having led the Liberals in polling prior to the election campaign.
September 18, 2013 – Adrian Dix announces his decision to resign as leader once his successor is chosen.
January 18–19, 2014 – NDP executive decides on rules and timeline for leadership election to be held September 28, 2014.
March 2, 2014 – NDP Finance Critic Mike Farnworth announces his candidacy.
March 17, 2014 – NDP Education Critic John Horgan declares his candidacy.
April 8, 2014 – Farnsworth withdraws, endorses Horgan.
May 1, 2014 – Deadline for candidates to be nominated; Horgan acclaimed NDP leader.
May 4, 2014 – Horgan officially inaugurated as NDP leader.

Candidates

John Horgan

MLA for Juan de Fuca since 2005, Horgan had been Opposition Critic for Education and, until his candidacy was announced, he was Opposition Energy Critic (2006–2014) and Opposition House Leader (2011–2014). Horgan ran in the 2011 leadership election, placing third.
Support from caucus members: Carole James, Harry Bains, Mable Elmore, David Eby, Michelle Mungall, Selina Robinson, Sue Hammell, Maurine Karagianis, Bill Routley, Raj Chouhan Robin Austin, Judy Darcy, Kathy Corrigan, Scott Fraser, Jane Shin, Claire Trevena
Support from federal caucus members: Fin Donnelly
Support from former caucus members: Dawn Black, Joe Trasolini
Date candidacy declared: March 17, 2014
Policies:

Withdrawn candidates

Mike Farnworth
Farnworth was MLA for Port Coquitlam (1991–2001, 2005–present), Opposition Finance Critic, former Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing (1997–98), Minister of Employment and Investment and Minister Responsible for Housing (1998–2000), Minister of Health and Minister Responsible for Seniors (2000), and Minister Social Development and Economic Security (2000–01). He placed second in the 2011 leadership election.
Support from caucus members: Lana Popham, Doug Donaldson, Norm Macdonald
Support from federal caucus members:
Support from former caucus members:
Date candidacy declared: March 2, 2014
Date withdrawn: April 8, 2014
Reason: Farnworth withdrew, conceding that he could not beat Horgan, who had amassed the support of over half the NDP's 34-member caucus. He had not officially registered his candidacy prior to deciding not to run.

Potential candidates who declined to run
MLAs Rob Fleming, David Eby, Judy Darcy and George Heyman, federal MPs Kennedy Stewart, Nathan Cullen, Fin Donnelly and Peter Julian, mayors Derek Corrigan and Gregor Robertson and Vancouver School Board chairperson Patti Bacchus all announced that they will not be candidates for the party leadership.

Notes

References

British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership elections
British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election
New Democratic Party leadership election
British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election
British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election


title: Amata nigricilia

text:
Amata nigricilia is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Strand in 1912. It is found in Tanzania.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Endemic fauna of Tanzania
nigricilia
Moths described in 1912
Moths of Africa


title: Amata nigrobasalis

text:
Amata nigrobasalis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Rothschild in 1910. It is found in Ghana and Uganda.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

nigrobasalis
Moths described in 1910
Moths of Africa


title: Amata ntebi

text:
Amata ntebi is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Thomas Bethune-Baker in 1911. It is found in Uganda.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Endemic fauna of Uganda
ntebi
Moths described in 1911
Moths of Africa


title: List of coffee dishes

text:
This is a list of coffee dishes, which includes foods that use coffee as a primary ingredient, and for which coffee is an essential ingredient. Coffee beverages are omitted from this list.

Coffee dishes

 Café liégeois – a cold dessert made from lightly sweetened coffee, coffee flavored ice cream and chantilly cream.
 Chocolate-covered coffee bean – eaten alone and used as a garnish on dishes and foods
 Coffee jelly
 Coffee sauce
 Espresso rub
 Espresso pork ribs
 Roti Kopi / Roti papa / Roti mama
 Red-eye gravy
 Tiramisu – prepared using coffee liqueur
Opera cake - an almond sponge cake flavored by dipping in coffee syrup, layered with ganache and coffee-flavored french buttercream, and covered in a chocolate glaze.

See also
 List of coffee beverages

References

Coffee


title: Amata obraztsovi

text:
Amata obraztsovi is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Sergius G. Kiriakoff in 1954. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

References

obraztsovi
Moths described in 1954
Moths of Africa
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo


title: Zepherin Ferrez

text:
Zéphyrin Ferrez (or Zepherin Ferrez; 31 July 1797 – 22 July 1851) was a French sculptor and engraver who spent much of his career in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Early years
Zepherin Ferrez was born in Saint-Laurent, France in 1797.
In 1810 he began his training in printmaking and sculpture in Paris with Philippe-Laurent Roland (1746–1816) and Pierre-Nicolas Beauvallet (1750–1818).

Career

Zéphyrin Ferrez was a member of the Missão Artística Francesa  (French Artistic Mission) organized by Joachim Lebreton which brought a group of artists to Brazil, arriving on 25 March 1816. These included his brother, the sculptor Marc Ferrez (1788–1850), the painter Jean-Baptiste Debret (1768–1848), the sculptor Auguste Marie Taunay and his brother the painter Nicolas Antoine Taunay (1755–1830), the engraver Charles-Simon Pradier (1786–1847) and the architect Auguste-Henri-Victor Grandjean de Montigny (1776–1850). They were to form the nucleus of a royal art academy in Brazil.

The arrival of the French group caused some controversy among the local Portuguese intelligentsia, who were concerned at the excessive influence being given to the French in developing the cultural life of Brazil. In turn, the French were unhappy with political appointments such as the appointment of Henrique José da Silva as head of the school in place of Lebreton. This was the reason why Tauney's brother, Nicholas Antoine Taunay, returned to France.

In 1817 Zéphyrin Ferrez worked with Auguste Marie Taunay, Debret and Grandjean de Montigny on decorating Rio de Janeiro for the festivities surrounding the arrival of the Princess Maria Leopoldina of Austria (1797–1826).
Zéphyrin and Marc Ferrez sculpted and decorated the bassinet offered to Pedro I of Brazil (1798–1834) on the occasion of the birth of his first daughter, Princess Maria da Glória.
Based on this work he was admitted to the artistic circle of the Imperial Academy of Beaux Arts.
In 1820 he engraved the Senatus Fluminense medal in honor of the acclamation of  King John VI of Portugal, who had been enthroned in 1818.
That year he obtained a permanent position as professor on medal engraving at the Academy.
In 1826 the brothers Ferrez made a set of bas-reliefs and clay sculptures for the facade of the Academy building.

Zéphyrin Ferrez died in Rio de Janeiro in 1851.
His son, Marc Ferrez (1843–1923), became a well-known photographer.

Work
Zéphyrin Ferrez undertook various works with his brother Marc Ferrez, including decorating the facade of the Academy building.
This included the bas-reliefs of Phébé on her chair of light and the Genius of Art.
He sculpted the scrolls and Ionic capitals of the entrance to the Academy, now in the Botanical Garden.
Ferroz was one of the first medal engravers in Brazil, and made various medals commemorating events in the country.
As a sculptor he made two bronze busts of Pedro II, and a bronze statue of Pedro I.
His students included Manuel de Lima, Chaves Pinheiro (1822–1884) and José da Silva Santos.

References
Citations

Sources

1797 births
1851 deaths
19th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
French engravers
19th-century French male artists


title: Amata pembertoni

text:
Amata pembertoni is a moth of the  family Erebidae. It was described by Rothschild in 1910. It is found in Angola.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Endemic fauna of Angola
pembertoni
Moths described in 1910
Moths of Africa


title: Amata phaeobasis

text:
Amata phaeobasis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1907. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda.

References

phaeobasis
Moths described in 1907
Moths of Africa


title: Amata phaeozona

text:
Amata phaeozona is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Zerny in 1912. It is found in Tanzania.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Endemic fauna of Tanzania
phaeozona
Moths described in 1912
Moths of Africa


title: Amata phoenicia

text:
Amata phoenicia is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found in Kenya and Tanzania.

References

phoenicia
Moths described in 1898
Moths of Africa


title: Eslamabad, Irandegan

text:
Eslamabad (, also Romanized as Eslāmābād) is a village in Irandegan Rural District, Irandegan District, Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 91, in 20 families.

References

Populated places in Khash County


title: Kazue Akita

text:
is a Japanese singer. She graduated from SDN48 as a 1st generation member.

Songs

Album songs
1 Gallon no Ase (Next Encore)

SDN single (Senbatsu member)
GAGAGA (1st single)
Kudokinagara Azabujuuban Duet With Mino Monta (4th single)
Makeoshimi Congratulation (5th single)

SDN B-side (as undergirl)
Kodoku na Runner (GAGAGA)
Tengoku no Door wa 3kaime no Bell de Aku (ai, Chuseyo)
Onedari Champagne (MIN.MIN.MIN)
Owaranai Encore (Makeoshimi Congratulation) (Graduation Song)

Units

Team Z
Koi no Owara

Stage units

SDN1 "Yuuwaku no Garter"
Saturday Night Party (1#)
Never! (2#)
Black Boy (3#)
 (UNIT) Yuuwaku no Garter (4#)
Ganbariina (8#)
Futsuu no Anata (9#)
Best By... (10#)
Aisareru Tame ni (11#)
Kodoku na Runner (Encore 1)
Touhikou (Encore 2)
Vampire Keikaku (Encore 3)

Solo songs
Haruiro no Tsubasa

Minogashita Kimitachi e ~AKB48 Group Zenkouen

Unit songs
Saturday Night Party, Never, Black Boy, Tengoku no Door wa 3kaime no Bell de Aku, Ganbariina, Futsuu no Anata, Best By..., Kodoku na Runner, Touhikou, Vampire Keikaku, GAGAGA.

With all the group
Aisareru Tame ni.

"NEXT ENCORE"

Unit songs
Saturday Night Party, Never, Tengoku no Door wa 3kaime no Bell de Aku, Kudokinagara Azabujuuban, Haruiro no Tsubasa, Yuuwaku no Garter, Onedari Champagne, GAGAGA.

Shuffle songs
Futsuu no Anata, Ganbariina.

With all the 39 members
Sado e Wataru, Black Boy, Awajishima no Tamanegi, 1 Gallon no Ase, Aisareru Tame Ni, Touhikou, Vampire Keikaku, Kodoku na Runner, Makeoshimi Congratulation, Owaranai Encore, Kodoku na Runner (Replace)

Minogashita Kimitachi e 2 ~AKB48 Group Zenkouen

Unit songs
Saturday Night Party, Never, Black Boy, Touhikou, Vampire Keikaku, GAGAGA.

With all the Group
Aisareru Tame ni, Kodoku na Runner, Min. Min. Min., Makeoshimi Congratulation.

References

SDN48 members
Japanese women singers
People from Ikeda, Osaka
Singers from Osaka Prefecture
1985 births
Living people


title: Amata ploetzi

text:
Amata ploetzi is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Strand in 1912. It is found in Equatorial Guinea.

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

ploetzi
Moths described in 1912
Moths of Africa


title: Amata polidamon

text:
Amata polidamon is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Pieter Cramer in 1779. It is found in South Africa.

References

Endemic moths of South Africa
polidamon
Moths described in 1779
Moths of Africa


title: Amata polyxo

text:
Amata polyxo is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by James Farish Malcolm Fawcett in 1918. It is found in Kenya.

References

Polyxo
Moths of Africa
Moths described in 1918


title: Amata pseudosimplex

text:
Amata pseudosimplex is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Josef J. de Freina in 2013. It is found in South Africa.

The larvae are polyphagous and have been reared on Taraxacum, Carduus and Plantago species.

References

Pseudosimp
Moths of Africa
Moths described in 2013


title: Amata rendalli

text:
Amata rendalli is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Lucas Distant in 1897. It is found in South Africa.

References

Endemic moths of South Africa
rendalli
Moths described in 1897
Moths of Africa


title: Amata romeii

text:
Amata romeii is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Emilio Berio in 1941 and is found in Somalia.

References

 Arctiidae genus list at Butterflies and Moths of the World of the Natural History Museum

Endemic fauna of Somalia
romeii
Moths described in 1941
Moths of Africa


title: Angelica Cob-Baehler

text:
Angelica Cob-Baehler (November 9, 1971 – November 21, 2018) was a Costa Rican American music industry executive and television producer. The head of music operations at The Firm, and the chief marketing officer for the basketball league Big 3, she previously held senior positions at Columbia Records, EMI and Epic.

Early life
Cob-Baehler was born in San José, Costa Rica, in 1971 and moved with her family to Burbank, California, in 1981. She attended UCLA and graduated with a degree in political science in 1993.

Career
Cob-Baehler interned at Elektra Records during her senior year in college, and was hired as an assistant in the publicity department at Atlantic Records in 1993. She was promoted shortly thereafter, and as a publicist for the label she worked with artists including Kid Rock, Sugar Ray, P.O.D., Jewel, and Stone Temple Pilots. In 1997, she was promoted to national director of media relations, and transferred from Atlantic's Los Angeles office to their New York headquarters. She left the company in 2001 to accept a job at Columbia Records.

At Columbia, Cob-Baehler supervised the label's West Coast press department while working with John Mayer, System of a Down, The Offspring, Coheed and Cambria, and the Raveonettes, among others. She was named Vice President of Publicity in 2002 and soon met then 17-year-old Katy Perry, who had yet to release an album on the label, and became one of her earliest supporters.

In 2005, Cob-Baehler was named senior vice president of publicity at Virgin Records. At Virgin, she was responsible for press campaigns for artists including Thirty Seconds to Mars, Joss Stone, KT Tunstall, and Iggy Pop and the Stooges. When the Virgin label was merged with Capitol/EMI, she was appointed to the position of senior vice president of media and creative services for EMI Music's associated labels: Angel, Astralwerks, Blue Note, Capitol, Capitol Latin, Manhattan, and Virgin.

With Perry's album unreleased by Columbia, Cob-Baehler began a campaign to bring her to Capitol Music Group in 2005 (by grabbing the files from Columbia). She gained the support of Jason Flom, then the CEO of the label, and Perry was signed to Capitol/Virgin in 2006. Cob-Baehler was credited for creative direction and A&R on Perry's album One of the Boys, which went on to sell more than 5,000,000 albums worldwide. She also served as the creative director for Perry's Teenage Dream. Cob-Baehler continued to work closely with Perry until Cob-Baehler left EMI in 2011 to become executive vice president of marketing at Epic Records.

In addition to heading marketing at Epic, Cob-Baehler served in an a&r capacity. Among other artists, she signed the controversial hip hop band Death Grips, who were named Spin magazine's "Artist of the Year" in 2012.

In February 2013, Cob-Baehler joined The Firm/The Online Network as the head of marketing and associate producer. Then known as Prospect Park Productions, she led the marketing campaign for the soap operas All My Children and One Life to Live about which The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "Not only are they (TOLN) the first company to revive a long-running daytime drama (thus changing the game for the genre entirely) they are taking two brands with a combined age of over 80 years and basically making them cool again.” Production was halted in 2013 due to a dispute with ABC, and both series were ultimately cancelled. Following the cancellation, Cob-Baehler transitioned to a position as an artist manager. She was promoted to head the Firm's music operations in June 2016,.  She also served as the chief marketing officer for Big 3, a basketball league founded by Jeff Kwatinetz and Ice Cube.

Cob-Baehler appeared on Billboard's 2011 list of prominent women in music. She co-produced the 2017 20-episode season of Hip Hop Squares. She served on the board of directors for Generosity Water, the Thirst Project and MusiCares.

Personal life
Cob-Baehler lived in Los Angeles with her husband, photographer Chapman Baehler, with whom she had two daughters. Cob-Baehler died in Los Angeles from cancer on November 21, 2018, at the age of 47.

References

1971 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesswomen
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesswomen
American music industry executives
American women business executives
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Costa Rican expatriates in the United States
Deaths from cancer in California
People from San José, Costa Rica
University of California, Los Angeles alumni


title: What Digital Camera

text:
What Digital Camera was a monthly magazine and website about digital cameras published by TI Media. Its editor was Nigel Atherton.

History
The magazine was launched fully after a few one-off editions on 14 August 2003 and describes itself as "world's oldest digital photography magazine". Its last issue was published in December 2016.

References

External links

Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 2003
Magazines disestablished in 2016
English-language magazines
Digital photography
Digital cameras
Photography magazines
Photography in the United Kingdom
Visual arts magazines published in the United Kingdom


title: Lily Thapa

text:
Lily Thapa is social worker, lecturer, writer and founder of Women for Human Rights which brings Nepalese widows together.

Early life and education
Lily Thapa was born on in Kathmandu, Nepal. A daughter of the Army chief, Lily showed high aptitude and academic promise from very young age, passing her high school at just the age of 14, from Padma Kanya College, Nepal. She also went on to attain a bachelor's degree in (Major: psychology and home science) from the same institute at 17 years of age. Following a gap of some years after this, Lily secured a master's degree in Sociology and Anthropology, from Tribhuwan University, Nepal. She spent subsequent years in Sweden where she completed another Post Graduation in Women-in-management from the Luleo University, Sweden. In 2012, Lily returned to her alma mater seeking her PhD in the subject: Sociological Aspects on Impacts of conflict in Nepal, one that she is currently pursuing.

The story of Lily Thapa
Lily was only 29 years old when her husband, an Army doctor died in the Gulf War in 1994, leaving her in a state of sadness, wrought on due to the loss of her husband, as well as because of her ‘new status’ as a widow. Overnight, Lily went from being an educated and accomplished woman running a Primary School, to having almost no status or sense of personal identity, as dictated by Nepalese society. It was during this period that Lily first came into contact with the grim reality of widowhood in Nepalese society, as well as the reprehensible treatment and practices forced upon women, making them virtually disappear. That was when lily Thapa resolved to become what she is today, a selfless and dedicated woman who inspires those around her with the extraordinary strength and confidence that she carries. Today Lily, at the helm of WHR (Women for Human Rights), has given a new horizon of hope to over 500,000 women, constantly working to uplift and empower them and inspire many more like them.

Career
As indicated by her academic incline and qualifications, Lily specialises in the fields of social work, teaching, counselling and other like activities. She is the founded the RoseBud School in 1990, where she stayed on as Principal, until she sold it in 1996, so as to focus all of her energy and attention on her women's rights organisation/NGO.

The WHR story
One day a Jesuit priest from Lily's children's boarding school approached her, asking her help in speaking with another young woman who was suffering from the throes of widowhood, in an effort to help her find solace. And so Lily, herself being 45-days widowed, went to the home of the mother-in-law of the young woman. The young woman, Laxmi, told Lily a horrific tale of an unhappy marriage, and sexual abuse at the hands of her brother-in-law, moving Lily a great deal and spurring her into resolute action. Thus began in 1992, a 2-year long stint of monthly informal discussion-based sharing sessions/meetings for widows (single women), presided over by Lily as well as occasional talks from experts. These sessions proved quite fruitful as they provided an opportunity for widows (single women) to share their problems and stories with one another, thus helping them achieve relief through the solace of togetherness. Then 2 years later in 1994, WHR (Women for Human Rights) was registered as a formal organisation, with lily at the helm as Founder and Chairperson. Today, over 20 years later, Lily has grown WHR into one of Nepal's largest NGO's, encompassing almost the entire length and breadth of the nation, with over 1500 VDC's (Village Development Committees) and a total of over 100,000 single women under its wing.

Current Affiliations
Over the years Lily has built up and garnered professional affiliations with various organisations that are involved in social works, teaching, counselling, rehabilitation and other such fields. She is currently involved with her old intermediate high school, Padma Kanya College, as a lecturer/visiting faculty. She is the President of the Sankalp foundation that is involved in the co-ordination of a large network of women organisations, with the aim of implementing the National Action Plan on UNSCR1325 and 1820. Lily is also the General-Secretary of SANWED (South Asian Network of Widows’ Empowerment and Development), an organisation that attempts to mainstream the issues of South Asian women into major policy, through extensive lobbying. She also serves as an Advisor for the Nispakchya foundation, which is a network of conflict affected women (CAW). Liliy is a key member of the think tank of the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare, of the Govt of Nepal.

Published works
Over the years Lily Thapa has developed and published various pieces of literature on gender security, women's rights and empowerment, as well as multiple training manuals. Here are some of her most notable publications:

Published book on Role of Women for Peace-building in Nepal–2008
Published book on An Understanding on Gender–2008
Published handbook on Transitional Justice in Nepal-2010
Published book on Status of Single Women in Nepal–2010
Published Handbook on Women, Peace and Security-2011
Developed training manual and handbook on UNSCR1325 for the security forces-2014
Developed curriculum on women, peace and security for class 9 and 10- 2017

Awards
Throughout her career as a social worker and educator, Lily Thapa has received various awards and accolades recognizing her dedicated service to the cause of gender equality in Nepal, and toward the community as a whole:

Prabal Gorkha Award-by the President of Nepal- 2013: for her contribution towards women empowerment
Best Social Entrepreneur Award-by the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare-2008
Woman Manager of the Year (2007)-by Management Association of Nepal (MAN)
Ashoka Fellow Award-by Ashoka International USA-2003
Synergos Fellowship-2012
Social Worker of the Year-2008

References

Nepalese activists
Nepalese women activists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ashoka Fellows


title: John de León

text:
John de Leon (born February 14, 1962 in Miami, Florida) is a retired Cuban-American attorney known for his work on immigration and civil rights issues. His cases were the subject of reports in The New York Times and ABC News and he was a frequent guest on Spanish-language news and opinion programs and local media
discussing immigration and other human-rights topics. He also appeared as a legal commentator on CNN.

De Leon was managing partner of the Miami law offices of Chavez & de Leon, P.A, which he co-founded with Fernando Chavez, son of the labor rights activist Cesar Chavez, in 2003. De Leon was cited as a top 100 trial lawyer by the National Trial Lawyers (NTL) organization.

Called a "Civic-Minded Lawyer [Who] Fights for the Rights of Immigrants" by Hispanic Executive magazine, de Leon was once named "Best Promoter of Social Diversity" by Miami New Times and one of  "Forty to Watch in the New Century" by The Miami Herald. He often lectureď  on the subject of immigration, and has authored several op-ed pieces on the theme of civil liberties.

He is also a past recipient of the Stanley Milledge Award for lifetime achievements from the Greater Miami chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), of which he was twice president. Of de Leon's first tenure as head of that organization, writer Jacob Bernstein noted in a 2001 article in The Miami New Times that, "His tireless advocacy raised both the profile of his organization, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the importance of the Bill of Rights to heretofore unknown levels of recognition in South Florida." In an article that appeared around the same time in The Miami Herald, Meg Laughlin wrote, "What de Leon is credited with doing in Miami is bringing a very divided community together under the umbrella of individual rights for everyone - whether to the political right or left." In 2019, de Leon was honored with the C. Clyde Atkins Civil Liberties Award by the Greater Miami chapter of the ACLU of Florida, in recognition of his work in the South Florida community.

The youngest child of exiled Cuban parents who came to the U.S. in 1959, de Leon began his law career with the Miami-Dade Public Defender's Office, where he tried cases as an assistant public defender from 1987-2001. Prior to forming Chavez & de Leon, he worked in Bogotá, Colombia as an administration-of-justice specialist on a USAID-funded project that assisted the Colombian government on issues relating to criminal defense and trial concerns.

He attended Archbishop Curley, which later became Archbishop Curley-Notre Dame High School, in Miami, and received a cum laude A.B. degree from the University of Miami in 1983, his J.D. from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1986, as well as a Master's in International Affairs from Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs in 1992.

De Leon was a board member of the ACLU of Greater Miami, and previously, the Americans for Immigrant Justice (formerly the Florida Immigrant Advocacy Center). He also served on the executive committee of the National Latino Trial Lawyers Association (NLTLA) and the Community Advisory Board for Florida International University College of Law.

References

Living people
American people of Cuban descent
American Civil Liberties Union people
Florida lawyers
Lawyers from Miami
1962 births
University of Miami alumni
School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni
Georgetown University Law Center alumni


title: Zgërdhesh

text:
Zgërdhesh is an archeological site in Albania. It is located south of the road from Fushë-Kruja to Kruja. Zgërdhesh is somewhat of a mystery because it is unmentioned in ancient sources. Some scholars believe, however, that it may be the site of ancient Albanopolis, referred to by Pliny the Elder. The Illyrian settlement here seems to have been founded in the 7th or 6th century BC and flourished in the 4th and 3rd centuries, before being abandoned in the 2nd century BC, when the inhabitants moved to Durrës and Lezha.

Name
The toponym Zgërdhesh first occurs in 1431, in a Turkish document as Ozgurtaè, and subsequently, in 1641, in the Italian chronicle of Marco Scura as Sgurdessi. The etymology is probably a combination of zgër- and dhe with the toponymical suffix -esh, from Latin -ensis

History

It is thought that the original city had an overall area of 20 hectares. Construction originates from several periods, the first of which belongs to typical construction of the 6th century BC (blocks of stones with minimal carvings), and is typical of the construction at the top of the hill, where the first settlement must have been centered. A second construction period (5th century BC) is characterized by the use of cubical blocks, and includes the construction of most of the city walls, the towers, and the acropolis, as well as the most important buildings. Archaeological artifacts (roof tiles seals with stamps on them) are witness of at least 5 ceramic manufacturing sites, which furnished the city with roofing materials. Other manufacturing sites produced amphoras, terracottas, and different dishes found onsite. An Illyrian helmet has also been found and it is thought that they were all local products.

Commerce of the city is shown by artefacts of ceramics that were typical of Dyrrachium and Lissus, as well as coins, principally of Dyrrachium, all of which belong to the late 4th century BC through the 2nd century BC. In addition a statue of Artemis has been found, as well as various ornamental terracottas, which show the presence of a cultural life in the city. It is thought that the Illyrian Wars weakened the city and then the eventual Roman invasion caused the abandoning of the city, which has remained uninhabited since.

Among the remains at Zgërdhesh are 1,350 meters of fortification walls and heavily decayed terraces and towers spread over a hillside of 8.2 hectares. The original city was built on the acropolis but there is little to see in the way of visible remains except a section of the eastern defensive wall, with a tower on the northeast corner. Just inside the entrance are the foundations of an early Christian chapel, a very small building indicating the continued occupation of the site in later antiquity, but also its greatly diminished importance.

See also
Albanopolis
List of ancient cities in Illyria
List of ancient tribes in Illyria

References

Illyrian Albania
Former populated places in the Balkans
Cities in ancient Illyria
Archaeology of Illyria
Archaeological sites in Albania


title: Mackinac Financial Corporation

text:
Mackinac Financial Corporation was a Manistique, Michigan-based bank holding company for Michigan bank mBank. It provided commercial and retail banking products and services and was incorporated on December 16, 1974. The company's common stock was traded on the NASDAQ stock market under the symbol of "MFNC" until the company was acquired by Nicolet National Bank in September 2021.

Operations
The company, through the operation of its subsidiary mBank, offered loan and deposit products, customary retail services, and commercial banking services including time deposits, interest-bearing transaction accounts, health saving accounts, treasury management, online banking service, real estate mortgage lending and so on. Apart from the bank, the company also operated non-bank subsidiaries: First Manistique Agency, First Rural Relending Company, and North Country Capital Trust to offer financial services.

Acquisitions
The company completed the acquisition of UP Financial, Inc in 1997.
The company completed the acquisition of South Range State Bank in 1996.
The company completed the acquisition of Bank of Stephenson in 1993.
The company announced a stock buyback program at its 2013 February meeting, which authorized the repurchase of $600,000 of the company's outstanding common stock over two years.
The company announced the acquisition of the First National Bank of Eagle River, making it the largest bank headquartered in the Upper Peninsula with $900 million in assets.
The company completed its acquisition of First Federal of Northern Michigan Bancorp Inc. for  $41.6 million in 2018.

References

External links
Bankmbank.com

Banks based in Michigan
American companies established in 1974
Banks established in 1974
Financial services companies of the United States
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
1974 establishments in Michigan
2021 mergers and acquisitions
Banks disestablished in 2021
2021 disestablishments in Michigan


Count Karl Bonaventura Finck von Finckenstein (Jäskendorf 13 May 1794 - Jäskendorf 19 January 1865 was a Prussian Chamberlain, Member of the Prussian House of Lords ("Preußisches Herrenhaus") and Master of Schönberg

References

1794 births
1865 deaths
Members of the Prussian House of Lords


title: Statue of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (Washington, D.C.)

text:
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk is an outdoor sculpture depicting Tomáš Masaryk, the founding President of Czechoslovakia. It was offered to the United States by the Czech Republic and was inaugurated on Embassy Row on 19 September 2002 in the presence of Czech President Václav Havel, former Slovak President Michal Kováč, and Prague-born former US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright.

The plaster for the statue was sculpted from life by Vincenc Makovský, shortly before Masaryk's death in 1937. Long housed in the National Gallery in Prague, it was only cast into bronze in 1968 during the Prague Spring but was not erected at the time.

The small public park in which the statue stands, a triangle surrounded by Q Street NW, 22nd Street NW, and Massachusetts Avenue, was designed by landscape architect Roger G. Courtenay.

The memorial includes quotes from the Czechoslovak declaration of independence, drafted under Masaryk's direction in Washington and proclaimed by him on October 18, 1918 on the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia; and from a speech delivered by George H. W. Bush at Wenceslas Square in Prague in November 1990. Coincidentally, the monument is geographically close to the equestrian statue of Philip Sheridan, also on Embassy Row, sculpted by Gutzon Borglum who assisted Masaryk in drafting the Declaration of Czechoslovakia in 1918.

See also
 Statue of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Prague
 List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

References

Czech-American culture in Washington, D.C.
Masaryk
Tomas Garrigue Masaryk
Tomas Garrigue Masaryk
Slovak-American history
Tomas Garrigue Masaryk


title: Andrew Whittington (tennis)

text:
Andrew Whittington (born 11 August 1993) is a former Australian professional tennis player.
He made the world's top 200 in August 2016 following a semifinal run at the 2016 Kentucky Bank Tennis Championships.
His best performance came by reaching the quarterfinals of the 2014 Australian Open with Alex Bolt.  In May 2014, Whittington and Bolt won the China International Challenger, which was both players' first Challenger doubles title. He made his singles grand slam debut at the 2017 Australian Open after being given a wildcard.

Whittington turned to coaching his former doubles partner and current professional Australian tennis player Alex Bolt for the 2022 summer.

Career

2010–2012: Career beginnings
Whittington made his first singles appearance in April 2010 at the Australian F3 where he lost in round 1 to Brendan Moore. Throughout 2010/11, Whittington played mostly on the ITF circuits across Australia and the USA where he reached two quarter finals in singles. In 2011, Whittington began partnering Luke Saville in doubles. The pair won back-to-back ITF doubles titles in November. The pair were given a wild card into the 2012 Australian Open Men's doubles. They lost in round 1. In March 2012, Whittington began partnering Alex Bolt; the pair won three ITF doubles titles before June.

Whittington made his first appearance in the singles main draw of an ATP Challenger Tour at Caloundra in February 2012, losing narrowly in round 1. The remainder of 2012 was spent on the ITF Circuit across Australia and Europe and he reached two semi-finals.

2013–2014: Doubles success
In January 2013, Whittington was given a wild card into the Burnie Challenger where he reached the quarter-finals, before playing ITF tour across USA and Europe. In April, Whittington reached his first final in Greece. He lost to Dimitar Kuzmanov in straight sets. He returned to Australia in September 2013 and lost in the final of the Australia F6 to Adam Feeney, before winning his first single title the following week at the F7 against Alex Bolt. Following the win, he told Tennis Australia “I’ve never felt like that before, I still feel like I’m out there playing.”  In November 2013, he won his second ITF title in Cambodia against Gavin van Peperzeel.

In doubles, Whittington played with a number of partners throughout 2013 but re-joined Alex Bolt in September and commenced a successful doubles run. The pair won three consecutive ITF doubles titles in Australia and in October, the pair reached their first Challenger final at the Melbourne Challenger, losing to Thanasi Kokkinakis and Benjamin Mitchell.

In January 2014,  Whittington lost in the first round of qualifying for the 2014 Brisbane International and 2014 Australian Open.

Whittington and Bolt were given wild cards into the Men's doubles. The pair defeated the number 3 seeds David Marrero and Fernando Verdasco in round two, ultimately losing at the quarter-final stage to number 8 seed Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić. The match was played on Rod Laver Arena; the pair's first appearance on centre court. The pair then made a series of semi-finals across Australia circuit before winning their first Challenger title in Anning in May. This increased Whittington's double ranking to within the world's top 100.

In June, Whittington and Bolt qualified for the 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles, this was the pair's first appearance at Wimbledon. They lost in round 1 to Feliciano López and Jürgen Melzer.  In August, Whittington lost in the final of the Chinese Taipei F1 before returning to Australia playing in ITF and Challenger circuit. By November 2014, Whittington had reached his twentieth doubles final. Whittington ended 2014 with a singles ranking of 525 and doubles ranking of 109.

2015–2016: Focus on singles and ATP World Tour debut
In January 2015, Whittington and Bolt made the final of the Onkaparinga Challenger, before reaching the third round of the Men's doubles. Throughout the rest of 2015, Whittington began focussing on singles matches on the ATP Challenger tour, with limited success.

Whittington commenced 2016 at the Happy Valley Challenger, qualifying for and reaching the semi-final. This was his best singles performance to date at this level. Whittington then played the Canberra and Launceston challenger events before winning his third and fourth ITF singles title in Mornington in March. He played in Nanjing, Anning  and Bangkok challenger events before winning his fifth ITF title in Guam in May. In June, Whittington won three ITF titles in three weeks in Hong Kong. In July, Whittington was seeded for the first time in a Challenger Event at Gimcheon and reached his first final against Max Purcell. This was followed up by a semi final result at Lexington Challenger and quarter final result at Granby. Whittington increased his singles ranking inside the top 200 for the first time. In September, Whittington contended the US Open for the first time, losing in round 1 of qualifying to João Souza. Whittington then qualified for the main draw of an ATP World Tour for the first time in Shenzhen. In his ATP debut, he saved four match points against Luca Vanni, eventually winning 2–6, 7–6, 6–2 in two hours and 20 minutes. He lost in round 2 to Richard Gasquet. Whittington ended the year playing challenger events in Vietnam and China. Whittington ended 2016 with a career high singles ranking of 170 and a doubles ranking of 312.

2017: First Grand Slam appearance
On 2 January 2017, Tennis Australia awarded Whittington a wild card into the 2017 Australian Open. This was Whittington's first singles appearance in a grand slam. He defeated Adam Pavlásek in 4 sets in round 1, before losing to Ivo Karlovic in round 2. Whittington partnered Marc Polmans in the 2017 Australian Open – Men's doubles, where they reached the semi-finals. Whittington played on the challenger tour before heading to USA in March, where he lost in qualifying for both Indian Wells and Miami Masters. At the French Open Whittington lost in round 1 of qualifying. In June, Whittington entered the qualifying for Wimbledon. In the first round of qualifying, he recovered from a 1–4 deficit in the final set, saving break points in the sixth game against Stephane Robert of France, to prevail 3–6, 7–5, 6–4. In R2 of Qualifying he won from a set down again, winning 6–7, 6–4, 6–4 against Tim Smyczek before qualifying for Wimbledon for the first time 4–6, 2–6, 7–6(7), 7–6(3), 6–0. Whittington saved two match points in the third set tie-break at 4–6 after coming from 2–5 down in that same tie-break against Denis Kudla. Whittington gallantly went down to Thiago Monteiro in R1, saving match points against his serve at 4–5 in the fourth set before losing that set and the match in a tie-break.

Personal life
Whittington supports the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League.
He also supports Orlando Magic in National Basketball Association.
He recently proposed to Amelia Perkins at the Seagulls Hotel in Newport which she obligingly said yes, their wedding is TBC. He has asked his father, coach mentor and best friend Alan to be his best man.

Tour finals

Singles: 14 (8–6)

Doubles: 33 (23–10)

Doubles performance timeline

''Current through 2018 Australian Open.

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Australian male tennis players
Tennis players from Melbourne
21st-century Australian people
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)
People from Williamstown, Victoria


title: Ramil Khayrulin

text:
Khayrulin, Ramil Ratmirovich (; born January 23, 1985) is a Russian film producer, filmmaker and screenwriter.

Biography

In 2007 he graduated from the Russian National Research Medical University, medical-biological faculty, specialty physician biophysicist.

From 2005 to 2006 he worked in "All PROkat+" the managing editor and reporter.

In 2009, the youth engaged in politics in North-Eastern Administrative Okrug, Moscow, Russia, was an assistant to a member of the Public Council of the City of Moscow "The Commission on transnational migration policy" and has worked in the youth newspaper "Northern Lights" editor.

In 2009 opened the NGO "Independent Humanitarian Projects". The main activities are the key concerns of the employment and training of young people with disabilities. In April 2009 took part in the forum of people with disabilities within the framework of the Film Festival SyrFilmFest'09, Syracuse, New York, USA, where they held a run movies Edward Topol "At the edge of the stand" and Sergei Govorukhin "No one but us ..." about people past the hot spots.

Since 2010 - General Producer "TVOROG Media Group".

In 2011 he made his debut with the film project "Dolls", directed by Artem Arakelyan as a producer. In the same year joined the jury for the contest final directorial project Film Festival "Artkino".

In 2012 he became a producer on "Arena", directed by Edward Bordukova, who became member of the program ShortFilmCorner the 66th Cannes Film Festival. One of the main roles in the film played a famous young actor Azamat Nigmanov (Best Actor at the 23rd festival "Kinotavr" for the movie "Convoy", filmmaker Aleksei Mizgiryov).

From 2012 to 2013, executive producer of the film documentary project "Muslims are proud of Russia". The project is aimed at real-world examples to show that there is no conflict between the terms "Muslim" and "Russian patriot".

In 2013, the executive producer of the film "And we love life" about the life of the blockade of Gaza, Palestina made «ART FILM» and «TVOROG Media Group» with the participation of Prime Minister of the Gaza Ismail Haniyeh, directed by Abdulla Issa. This unusual pattern is somewhere between fiction and documentary films: within invented scenario shows the real heroes and stories, filmed real-life situations and emotions of the people who survived the terrible tragedy.

Filmography

Participation and awards
 2012 Member of-competition program International Festival of Cinematography VGIK - film «The crisis»
 2012 Member of the documentary program at the Moscow festival of short films «Film Debut» - film «The crisis»
 2012 Prize «Golden frets» Film Festival «Meeting of Vyatka» -  film «There, where there are star»
 2013 Member of the competitive program VII Moscow Short Film Festival «Debut film», Moscow, Russia - film «Arena»
 2013 Member of the competitive program 5th Ljubljana International Short Film Festival in Slovenia - film «Arena»
 2013 Member of the competition program of the 14th KAN Film Festival in Poland - film «Arena»
 2013 Diploma at the 36th Film Festival Grenzland-Filmtage in Germany - film «Arena»
 2013 Member of the festival competition program 8th Monaco Charity Film Festival, Monaco - film «Arena»
 2013 66th Cannes Film Festival, program Short Film Corner, France - film «Arena»
 2013 Member of the «Short and Sweet» VII International Film Festival Andrei Tarkovsky's «The Mirror» in Ivanovo, Russia - film «Arena»
 2013 Member of the «NO ANESTHESIA» 9th International short and animation film festival OPEN CINEMA in Saint Petersburg, Russia - film «Arena»
 2013 Member of -competition program «Curiosities» 1st International Short Film Festival «SHORT» in Kaliningrad, Russia - film «Arena»
 2013 Special Prize «Granat» from partners «KONIK Film Festival» GBUK «Moscow Cinema» on «KONIK» Film-Festival in Moscow, Russia - film «Arena»

References

External links
 Фильм "Арена" on cinemaze.ru

1985 births
Living people
Russian film producers


title: Women for Human Rights

text:
Women for Human Rights (WHR) is an organisation which works to secure the political, social, cultural and economic rights of single women in Nepal. It was founded by Lily Thapa. It works in 73 districts and 1550 village development committees, with over 100,000 single women members.

Background
Gender discrimination is the stark and shameful reality of a country facing Nepal, a country that marches on the path of progress and aims to achieve modernity. Violence against women is pervasive and to this day, remains marked with acute poverty, inequality and marginalisation, especially in cases of single women. Research clearly indicates the horrific situation of the women in Nepal, caused by age-old norms of a male-dominated society. According to the 2011 Nepal Demographic Health Survey, one in every five women between the ages of 15–49 experience domestic violence at least once in their life. Despite the legal age for marriage being 20, 41% of women are married before they turn 18. The 2015 Constitution of Nepal has established equal right to property for spouses, thereby prohibiting gender discrimination. The Civil Code of Nepal however, limits the rights of inheritance of unmarried daughters, as it is automatically assumed that once married, they will have access to property through their husband.

About
Women in Nepal are subject to heavy discrimination in various aspects of everyday life. Be it cultural or local traditions, or even certain laws and policies; women must face all manner of stigma-driven roadblocks. The situation of widows (single women) is far worse, as they are unjustly persecuted and marginalized by the pervasive outlook of society. There also exist, in prevalence, certain religious and traditional practices in Nepal which are detrimentally harmful for the physical and mental health of the women upon whom they are inflicted.
WHR was founded with the basic objective of encouraging single women to step out of the confines of their homes and share their sorrows, woes, fears and frustrations with counselors, as well as other women with similar problems. Initially, said sharing opportunities were provided at monthly forums, where experts from various developmental fields were invited to share their respective knowledge and experiences with the group. These sessions proved quite fruitful, as single women found solace and relief by sharing their problems with others, thus realizing a wonderfully conducive group atmosphere. After two years of such informal group meetings, WHR was finally registered as a formal organization in 1994. WHR defines widows as 'single women', a change in terminology that has been put into force since the word widow is viewed with much disdain in Nepali society, thus inflicting a lot of humiliation and agony upon the women. Ever since its inception, WHR has strives to create an active, interconnected and dedicated network of single women, at both national as well as international level. Today, over 20 years later, WHR works in 74 districts and 1550 VDCs (village development committees). WHR has over 100,000 single woman members as well as 2000 single-women offshoot groups.

Objectives
The WHR work model functions within the framework of certain basic objectives. These are specifically designed to encompass broadly, all the major and minor endeavors of the organisation. The objectives are:
To raise the socio-cultural, legal, political and economic status of Nepalese women as well as their families.
To mainstream the rights of single women in development, humanitarian and peace-building initiatives.
To lobby and advocate for meaningful participation of single women at decision-making levels in the social, economic and political spheres.
To enhance the capabilities and confidence of single women, and to enable them in their journey toward becoming agents of change and progress themselves.

WHR work model
WHR works primarily with single women; inclusive of widows, wives of missing husbands, divorcees, unmarried women of 35 years age and above, as well as women separated yet not divorced from their husbands. WHR has developed various unique methods to give a strong voice to single women, so as to bring together widows of all categories from all sides of the conflict, to a level platform that is free from the shadows of caste, ethnicity or political background. WHR employs a well-structured strategic approach in order to ensure maximum effectiveness with which objectives are achieved.

The basic strategic work model of WHR envisages changing of traditional stereotypes and mind-sets that bar widows from participating and accessing resources. In addition to this, WHR also aims to change policies that are discriminatory against widows and provide them with their basic rights. The basic end to this is to bring about a widespread societal realization that widows make for valuable social capital. WHR's strategic plan focusses on five framework pillars:
Pillar 1 (socio-cultural empowerment and movement)
The key intention of this pillar is to help build a more tolerant society as a whole. It focusses mainly on socio-cultural aspects of single women and creates awareness, both amongst victims of cultural torture and perpetrators of such torture.

Pillar 2 (economic empowerment and mobilization)
The major goal of this movement is the empowerment of single women, so that they form groups and networks, thus becoming actively engaged in income generation and the subsequent enhancement of their respective livelihood capacities.

Pillar 3 (justice, human rights and peace)
This program involves using a strong advocacy campaign (and lobbying) for appropriate regulatory framework to address human rights issues, enhance the capacity of single women groups and networks in peace building and transitional justice systems.

Pillar 4 (local governance)
Through its de-centralizing approach, WHR enables single women groups and networks to articulate demands, improve their situation, secure rights from local bodies and service providers; the end goal being the transformation of said groups into self-governing institutions.

The Nepal earthquake of 2015 and relief effort by WHR
On April 25, 2015, Nepal was struck by a 7.6 magnitude earthquake, with an equally powerful subsequent aftershock on May 12. The pre-existing gender inequality in Nepal was only further accelerated by this calamity, and it comes as no surprise that women in particular suffered the most in its aftermath. Over 87,000 people died, half of whom were women. Furthermore, 23,500 people were injured with over eight million people being affected across 31 districts, 53% being women. Over 850,000 houses were either destroyed or damaged, 26% of which belonged to women heads-of-households. Also, health facilities covering 1.4 million women (including girls of reproductive age) were drastically affected, 93,000 among whom were pregnant. The earthquake destroyed scores of houses, which left 92% of the women and their families under tents and tarpaulins. Research also suggests that 24.4% women in Kathmandu had lost their property papers, with as many as 49% women losing their citizenship certificates; with the replacement of such crucial documents being slow and scattered. Drinking water facilities also took a sizeable hit from the earthquake, making the situation even direr for the women, many of whom had to travel half an hour or more and queue up for hours on end, for just a few litres of water. The bad water situation was superseded only by the damage to sanitation facilities, with 43% women reporting much damage to their toilets. Hygiene was a matter of high concern, with only 23% women having received appropriate hygiene kits, leaving 60% women in dearth.

Relief effort
WHR conducted a rapid assessment survey of the earthquake-affected areas in order to identify the immediate community needs, status of environmental sanitation and other vital factors pertaining to subsequent relief effort. In collaboration with CARE Nepal, WHR initiated and implemented the Nepal Earthquake Response at Gorkha; the aim of which was to sensitize and enhance the responsive capabilities of earthquake affected communities. The collaboration, which began on May 1, 2015, also incorporated the active assistance five working VDCs of Gorkha, namely Mirkot, Khoplang, Dhuwakot, Saurpani and Chhoprak. The youth wing of WHR was also actively involved in the relief work, taking control of the volatile situation, playing a major part in the various relief and aid teams. The extensive work done by the seven teams (Procurement, Assembling, Packing, Fund raising, Photography, Social media and Distribution) in the regions of Gorkha, Dhading, Nuwakot, Sindhupalchowk, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur, was paramount in creating an efficient line of assistance for the victims.

Major initiatives and programs

Opportunity Fund
The Opportunity Fund has been created as a solution to the problems faced by single women and their children, by providing them with scholarships for education through formal as well as non-formal channels. This scholarship program is purposed at the upliftment of the children of single women who are at the risk of discrimination and violence. So far, the Opportunity Fund has successfully provided scholarships for over 1000 children, as well as to many women willing to pursue their higher studies. The fund also helps remedy the socio-economic situation of many girl-children, by assisting them with their formal and informal education. The fund has also supported the formation of Sachetana Youth Club, whose primary goal is raising public awareness regarding issues of single women in Nepal.

Aadhar – credit saving program
, which means 'support' in Nepali, is basically a collateral-free micro-credit program that provides loans with low interest to single women. Aadhar is a crucial aspect of single women empowerment, as initiated by WHR, and it encourages more of single women entrepreneurs by serving as a backbone for small businesses. Aadhar caters to all women who are registered members (fitting criteria) of WHR, the priority however, being given to single women. The Aadhar program has been instrumental in changing the lives of numerous single women, who have been able to shed the coils of insufficiency and successfully started small-scale businesses, thus attaining economic independence. Overall, the program has greatly raised the self-confidence and level of independence of single women; as many of them are now involved in self-sustaining activities like livestock-farming, agro-farming, mushroom growing, catering, grocery and tailoring shops, cart shops, among many others.

Single Women Entrepreneurs Group (SWEG)
The SWEG program is a vital organ of the Aadhar credit program, since its key goal is to provide single women with skill development training for various income-generating activities. The mode of operation employed by SWEG involves harnessing the skills and experiences of single women who are excluded from the mainstream job market, and developing those skills in innovative ways, thus creating employment opportunity in a conducive work environment. What began initially as a small business known as Single Women Corner has now expanded its horizons in aiding hundreds of single women to become empowered. All of the skills and services taught in SWEG training have been mentioned in the above (Aadhar). A simultaneous accomplishment is the production and promotion of Nepalese handicrafts, the craft of which is taught as one of the courses under SWEG. Women from rural areas also produce indigenous handicrafts using the limited resources available that are made to order. Other like items include household, individual officially purposed items; as well as catering to hospitals and various other religious/cultural ceremonies. Apart from these, SWEG also conducts a full-scale catering service.

Chhahari – safe spaces
The meaning of  in Nepalese is literally 'safe space', and the initiative provides a shade of solidarity to the single women. Chhahari spaces are created for vulnerable single women affected by conflict and disaster, and administers various skill development courses as well as counselling, all with the objective of raising the self-confidence and independence of single women, thus enabling them to reintegrate with dignity in a society that they were once ostracized by. WHR regards women as vital elements of change, both in the process of societal as well as infrastructural development. Due to a lack of proper provision for the protection or service opportunity for single women, thousands of women are displaced and forced to work in the informal sector. Such circumstances have prompted WHR to develop Chhahari 'safe spaces', where women from all backgrounds and societal classes have a level ground upon which to nurture their skills and become self-sufficient. Chhahari also provides shelter for single women with small children and in need of temporary shelter. Each Chhahari shelter is equipped with four basic sections, namely: Healing Centre, Resource/Administrative Sector, Community Learning Centre and Economic Opportunity Centre. The purpose of this to ensure proper counselling and a skill-developmental, child-friendly environment that maintains an up-to-date database on all those seeking its assistance. WHR has built Chhahari spaces in five developmental regions of Nepal, including shelters in the cities of Kathmandu, Kavre, Surkhet, Dhankuta, Ropla, Gorkha and others.

Raahat
, meaning 'relief', is purposed at the empowerment and rehabilitation of CAW (conflict-affected women) and their children, from traumatic experiences; all of which is done by provision of various services such as psycho-social counselling, legal aid, scholarships, skill development and micro-credit loan schemes. For its legal provision, Raahat has developed a lucid legal booklet, containing vital legal information on provisions for conflict-affected individuals. For its most important function, Raahat maintains effective communication between the concerned Ministries of Nepal Government and CAW, regarding important matters like compensation, pension etc. Other bodies that Raahat is in constant network with are: Gender and Transitional Justice in Nepal organized by OHCHR, ICTJ as well as the Advocacy Forum. Other local NGOs are also kept in the loop of activities, so as to facilitate exchange of information on justice for CAW during the transitional phase in the development of Nepal.
Legal toolkit
Raahat has developed a lucid and detailed legal toolkit containing useful information regarding CAW, government initiatives for them, as well as vital data on transitional justice. The document also includes a list of international organisations that provide support and counselling for women, especially CAW. The self-help aspect of the toolkit includes measures to be taken in case of violence, national and international mechanisms regarding justice in such situations.
Nispakchya
The decade-long conflict that pervaded Nepal led to numerous violations of different rights as well as laws. Many said violations took place in the case of women, and Nispakchya was established as a result in 2014 in order to safeguard the integrity of and provide justice for CAW. Being a common platform for women who had been victimized during the armed conflict, the initiative deals with the issues of these women and circulates information to the concerned stakeholders. The network of Nispakchya is spread over ten districts in Nepal, with the end objective of encompassing the entire country.

RED Color Movement
The color red symbolizes womanhood and is the color presented to every young girl when she comes of age. But these very colors are torn away from her when a woman becomes a widow. Her ornaments are broken, her 'sindhood' is wiped away and she is forced to wear white for the remainder of her days. After the death of the husband a woman is labeled and marked as an outcast, because of which the white saree that is forced upon her also serves as an apt metaphor for the dry and hard lives single women lead. The philosophy of the red color movement was this: single women in the country should not be distinguishable from the rest just because of the color they wear. Several women stood in solidarity with this movement as a sign that it was time to do away with these social malpractices and to bring equality to all single women. The movement was the very personification of the WHR motto: No discrimination on the basis of marital status. 250 young single women and six elderly single women broke the social stigma and rallied for the Red Movement in Rupendehi. The Red Movement had been initiated by WHR since 2002 in Dhading. The program was initiated with a rally which was later followed by felicitating single women with red colored bangles and vermilion. A major tool employed by this ground-breaking movement was the Red Tika Challenge.

Red Tika Challenge
The red tika challenge was an online campaign aimed to raise awareness on gender inequality and the plight of widows in the country. The challenge asked people to post a picture with the color red and share it on social media and then further challenge more people to stand in solidarity with single woman by posting pictures of their own. The movement gained a lot of momentum and went viral on Facebook with more than 60,000 youths taking up the challenge as well as several public figures.

"The colour red symbolizes passion and life so our culture prohibits widows from wearing anything red. Women are forced to wear only white attire, which I believe takes a toll on their beauty. So, the main aim of this campaign is to change that mentality," says Lily Thapa, founder of WHR Nepal, who herself kickstarted the challenge with #.
The campaign wants to drive home the message that the marital status of a woman should not decide which color she can or cannot wear, emphasizes Lily. The movement aimed to break age-old notions and successfully managed to reach and involve the younger generation. "Colour is purely a woman's choice. Society shouldn't dictate it," said Lilly.

Major changes made in legislation
Despite legislative ratification at various levels, single women are constantly denied their basic social, political and economic rights. Their crucial roles in society as agents of change, peace-builders and sole supporters of their respective families, are hardly given adequate recognition. For a number of years now, WHR has constantly been lobbying and raising awareness regarding the dire situation of widows (single women) in the country, and as a result, has been successful in changing six major discriminatory laws against single women in Nepal:

Work done for  (child/underage widows)
The condition of  in Nepal are said to be even worse than that of the adult widows, with customs, practices and codes of conduct being far more stringent and suffocating. The child widows are the unfortunate recipients of heavy contempt and are ostracized as outcasts. They are labeled as 'cursed' and are blamed for the death of their husband. WHR, along with Pro Public, filed a petition for the rights of  in 2009. After three years of heavy demonstration and lobbying, the Supreme Court officially declared these traditions ill-practices in 2012. The Supreme Court also directed the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare to establish a working committee, purposed specifically at the permanent elimination of any such practice.

Achievements
At international level
Received Special Consultative Status in ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council), UN.
Organized the International Conference on Capacity Building of Single Women (Widows), in 2005. This conference declared the Kathmandu Widows Charter on the basis of human rights instruments such as the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (CSW), United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, and Beijing Platform of Action.
Works as the Secretariat for South Asian Network for Widows' Empowerment in Development (SANWED), which is a new initiative in the South Asian region to uphold widows' basic human rights in all aspects of their lives.
Organized international conference on widowhood: "Widow voices – Empowered" 2010; in effect to which the Kathmandu Declaration was developed which demanded to have a special Rapporteur for Widows.
WHR, in co-ordination with SANWED, successfully mainstreamed the issue of widowhood into the Colombo Declaration in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Summit.
At national level
Lobbied the government to collect data on widows, making Nepal the second nation in the South Asian region after India to have data on widowhood at the national level.
Helped promote the issues of single women at national and international levels by incorporating issues of single women in the 10th and 11th five-year plans of Nepal.
Formed the National Network of Single Women which includes the Ministry of Women and other national and international organisations.
Thousands of women trained and mobilized as agents of change, resulting in overall reduction of violence at the local level.
WHR included in the drafting, preparation and enforcement of the first ever Emergency Trust Fund solely for single women, set up by the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare (MoWCSW). This assignment also included the development of a National Action Plan for Widows in Nepal.
The Nepalese government allocated a special budget for Social Security allowance (widows' allowances) for all the single women, regardless of age, in the 2011–2012 National Policy Program.
The Nepalese government has also decided to increase allowances of single women in the annual budget for the fiscal year 2016–2017.

References

Feminist organisations in Nepal
1994 establishments in Nepal


title: Michel Abboud

text:
Michel Abboud is an architect and artist based in New York. He is the founding principal of SOMA Architects, an architectural firm established in 2004 in New York City. For his sculptures, paintings, and other art, he is represented by Opera Gallery.

Abboud has won the AIA Gold Medal and the James Beard award in 2015, and is a two-time winner of the Architizer A+ award.

In 2010, he was awarded the Park51 Islamic Cultural Center project, infamously dubbed the “Ground Zero Mosque”, with one journalist calling him ‘the most controversial architect the US has known'. The project was ultimately shelved in favor of 45 Park Place, a 665-foot condominium tower also designed by Abboud.

Projects

45 Park Place
Located in Tribeca, New York City, the  tower’s design is characterized by an "inside-out" process which changes the neighborhood's traditional loft into a vertical modern glass structure, and re-uses the full-floor units, including lofted  ceilings, and an in-unit elevator. It has full-height glass windows which provide unobstructed, 360-degree views of the city.

CALYPSO
CALYPSO is situated entirely in the sea along the coast of Jounieh Bay in North Lebanon. With only a lateral connection to land, the residential structure is able to withstand continuous wave impacts with heights of up to  without incurring breakage. The structure's unique glass envelope is the first ever to be designed as wave-proof. The design received a World Architecture Design Award in 2019.

Unilux
Hailed as a “marvel of both contemporary design and ingenious problem solving", the Beirut-based showroom project was commissioned by Unilux Group. Given the challenge of working with a  space that was mostly underground. Abboud used the showroom's basement space to showcase lighting fixtures housed in individual niche-like wall displays from floor to ceiling. On the upper floor, Abboud used digital modeling software and a parametric design script to create an array of 1000 cubes, positioning them to create the impression of a rippling dynamic floor, walls and ceiling. The continuous, non-linear surfaces allow the ground floor space to appear larger than its originally shallow confines, while the interaction of light on the reflective cubes metaphorically reinforces the showroom's function as a provider of light.

WAVE
Due to its location on the corner of Beirut's Ashrafieh Mar Mitr quarter, the WAVE residential site faced a series of challenges due to sun exposure, solar overheating and privacy concerns. To mitigate these problems, Abboud and his team created a type of “second skin” for the structure, which acts as a screening mechanism by utilizing a horizontal louvered system. The structure's interactive parametric design allows the depth of the louvers to be controlled by an interior program based on the level of shading and privacy required. The louver becomes thinner with the need for less privacy or more sunlight, or deeper when more privacy or shading is desired. The effect of these dynamic, parametrically generated mechanisms gives the building exterior the appearance of having organic waves. The design for WAVE, also nicknamed “The W Residences” won Abboud an Architizer A+ award in 2017.

One at Palm Jumeirah
Abboud broke records in the Middle East for his design of the most expensive structure ever to be built in Dubai.

Other selected projects

Awards and recognition

References

Living people
Architects from New York City
Lebanese architects
1977 births
Lebanese emigrants to the United States


title: Geranium vulcanicola

text:
Geranium vulcanicola is a plant species native to central Mexico. Type locale is on the slopes of Ixtaccíhuatl (also spelled Iztaccíhuatl) Volcano east of Mexico City, on the boundary of the State of México and the State of Puebla.

Geranium vulcanicola is a perennial herb. Stems are spreading or decumbent, up to 40 cm (16 inches) long. Leaves are palmately 3-5-lobed, kidney-shaped to pentagonal in general outline, up to 4 cm (1.6 inches) across. Sepals are green, up to 7 mm (0.3 inches) long, tipped with awns. Petals are white, slightly long than the sepals.

References

vulcanicola
Endemic flora of Mexico
Flora of Puebla
Flora of the State of Mexico
Taxa named by John Kunkel Small


title: Marc Ferrez

text:
Marc Ferrez may refer to:
 Marc Ferrez (photographer) (1843–1923), son of Zéphyrin Ferrez
 Marc Ferrez (sculptor) (1788–1850), sculptor, brother of Zéphyrin Ferrez


The Women's Caucus for Art Lifetime Achievement Award was established under the presidency of Lee Ann Miller (1978–80). Joan Mondale, artist and wife of vice-president Walter Mondale, helped to secure approval for a national award honoring women's achievements in the arts, and Jimmy Carter presided over the first Women's Caucus for Art award ceremony in the Oval Office in 1980.  The WCA Honor Awards Ceremony has occurred annually most years since then.

See also

 List of media awards honoring women

References

Visual arts awards
Feminist art organizations in the United States
Awards established in 1979
1979 establishments in the United States
Mass media awards honoring women
Lifetime achievement awards


title: Satkaryavada

text:
The Samkhya school of philosophy, which follows Prakṛti Parinama-vada (doctrine of the transformation of objective nature), describes the origination and evolution of universe through its theory of Satkāryavāda () which is the theory of causation. According to this theory, the manifested effect is pre-existent in the cause; and the original material cause of everything that is perceived is Prakriti. When Prakriti is not in proximity with immutable Purusha, the conscious ability (chiti-shakti), the three modes (gunas-sattva, rajas and tamas) of prakriti are in equipoise and prakriti is an unmanifest potential. When the conscious ability and the objective ability interact the three modes of the objective nature become disturbed and enter a state of flux giving rise to diverse manifest appearance.

Overview

Satkāryavāda  is the Samkhya theory of the pre-existent effect, which states that the effect Karya already exists in its material cause, which is Sat, and therefore nothing new is brought into existence.

This theory uses two basic concepts.
 Sat(सत्) – existence
 Karya(कार्य)- the manifested effect

This theory asserts that something that exists (Sat), cannot originate from non-existence (Asat).

This theory, also associated with the Yoga school of Patanjali, is the systematic unfolding of Uddalaka Aruni’s 'substantialism' and 'eternalism' (Sassatavada).  Ishvarakrishna in his Samkhyakarika Sl.9 gives five reasons why the effect has to pre-exist in its material cause –

असदकरणादुपादानग्रहणात् सर्वसम्भवाभावात् ।

शक्तस्य शक्यकरणात् कारणभावाच्च सत्कार्यम् ॥ ९ ॥

 what is not cannot be produced,
 the effect requires a material cause,
 not everything arises from everything,
 the cause produces only what corresponds to its potential
 the effect has the nature of the cause.

Vedic roots

During Vedic times, in seeking to determine the rta or order underlying all phenomena, a postulation was made that change can be understood in terms of a potency inherent in these phenomena, that is, in the cause to produce the effect, this potency was termed svadha (own power). But later on, the reality of change itself came into question. However, the Upanishads and Samkhya, though differing on whether phenomenal change was an illusion or real, accepted satkaryavada. Svadha and satkaryavada go beyond efficient causation to partake of nature of formal and material cause. Pratītyasamutpāda of the Buddhists implies a non-linear kind of causality; the word paccaya of paccaya-namarupa literally means support, and this presents causation not in terms of unilateral power but in terms of relationship. The Buddhists consider all modes of relation to have casual significance.

Vedanta explanation

From Chandogya Upanishad III.19 and Taittiriya Upanishad II.7, it appears that being emerged from the pregnant and undifferentiated chaos known as asat ('non-being') but the Brahmanas describe creation as the transformation of sat referred to as the impersonal abstract reality (Taittiriya Upanishad II.i ) or as the personal creator (Prasna Upanishad I.4); satkaryavada envisages creation as parinama::vikara ('modification') of Brahman (Brahma Sutras II.i.7) which orthodox view is not accepted by the followers of Advaita Vedanta who place their belief in Vivartavada, the theory of superimposition.

Gaudapada, advocating ajativada, states that mithya ('false', 'unreal') effect has a mithya origination; it is not a real origination. Therefore, Totakacharya, a disciple of Shankara,  in Srutisarasamuddharanam Sloka 151 states – even if one thinks that the world, beginning with the mind, does somehow originate according to either the prior existence or the non-existence (of the effect), even then it is not real; for the sruti has declared that it is unreal.

According to Vedanta, Brahman, the ever-existing non-dual entity sat but who is the eternal subject and not an object to be known, is the sole source of joy (rasah), a non-entity cannot be a source of happiness. Brahman is the cause of creation. As Saguna Brahman or Ishvara, with his power of the beginningless maya, he brings forth this creation which is also beginningless, controls and rules it as the Lord within. Maya is Prakrti (avayakrta) composed of three Gunas. Sankara extends satkaryavada to state that creation is but manifestation of names and forms only; by transforming into Becoming the indeterminate becomes determinate in association with maya, otherwise the world is unreal – the acosmic approach shows creation to be a superimposition on Brahman whereas according to the subjective approach the phenomenal world of diversity is unreal, a mere dream.

Sankara defends satkaryavada against asatkaryavada but in the light of vivartavada as distinguished from parinamavada, he posits the infinite and eternal as the goal of human aspirations, distinguishing paramartha and vyavahara and agreeing that the former is timeless and the latter, fundamentally impermanent and insubstantial, differing though in their analysis of empirical things and causality. He states that the sruti speaks of prarabdha from an empirical point of view; prarabdha is accepted for origination (or birth) to account for differences of beings etc., which difference cannot be otherwise produced. In the same context but opposing Sankara’s view-point, Ramanuja, the proponent of Vishishtadvaita, in his Vedarthasamgraha defines creation thus – Brahman whose body is formed by animate and inanimate beings, who in his gross form is divided by distinctions of names and forms, is presented in the effect; this disunited and gross state of Brahman is called creation.

Samkhya delineation

Satkaryavada is the Samkhya theory of the pre-existent effect, that the effect () already exists in its material cause and therefore, nothing new is brought into existence or produced in the process of creation. This theory, also associated with the Yoga school, is the systematic unfolding of Udalaka Aruni’s  (Chandogya Upanishad VI.i.4-5) 'substantialism' and 'eternalism'.  Ishvarakrishna in his Samkhyakarika (Sloka 9):

असदकर्णाद् उपादान ग्रहणात् सर्वसम्भवाभावात् |
शक्तस्य शक्यकर्णात् कारणभावाच्च सत्कार्यम् ||

gives five reasons why the effect has to pre-exist in its material cause – a)  - what is not cannot be produced, b)  - the effect requires a material cause, c)  - not everything arises from everything, d)  - the cause produces only what corresponds to its potential and e)  - the effect has the nature of the cause.

The followers of the Samkhya school hold that  ('effect') is  ('existent') even before  ('causal operation') renders  ('manifest') from  ('unmanifest condition'). The Samkhyas uphold Parinama-vada, that the cause is continuously transforming itself into effect. They advocate two eternal realities, Prakrti and Purusha; the five-fold reasoning for the inference of Purusha are (Samkhyakarika Sl.10)–

हेतुमद् अनित्यमव्यापि सक्रियमनेकमाश्रितं लिङ्गम् |
सावयवं परतन्त्रं व्यक्तं विपरीतमव्यक्तम् ||

Prakrti and its evolutes all serve the purpose of the self which is Consciousness, b) the self whose purpose is served by Prakrti must be different from everything composed of the three gunas, c) experiences suggest a transcendental synthetic unity of pure consciousness to co-ordinate all experiences for knowledge pre-supposes the existence of the self, d) the physical universe needs a sentient purusha to experience it and e) there is the desire to escape from prakrti (Samkhyakarika Sl.10).

Opposition

Asatkaryavada also called the arambhavada or new beginning. Against the asatkaryavada  view of causality accepted by the Nyaya and the Vaisheshikas, the Samkhyas aver that if the effect were something totally new, without prior existence in any form, then one would have to admit the production of existence from non-existence, which is not possible. But Sankara questions the Samkhya contention, he asks – if the effect actually pre-exists how can there be genuine change?

References

Hindu philosophical concepts
Buddhist philosophical concepts
Samkhya
Sanskrit words and phrases
Vedanta
Causality


title: Richard Seminack

text:
Richard Stephen Seminack (March 3, 1942 – August 16, 2016) was an American bishop of the Catholic Church.  He served as the fourth eparch (bishop) of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Nicholas of Chicago since 2003.

Biography
Richard Seminack was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Raymond and Anna (Cwiek) Seminack.  He was the oldest of seven children.  He was educated at St. Martin of Tours Elementary School and Father Judge High School in Philadelphia. After attending seminary he was ordained a priest for the Archeparchy of Philadelphia on May 25, 1967 by Archbishop Ambrozij Andrew Senyshyn, O.S.B.M.

Pope John Paul II named Seminack as the eparch of St. Nicholas of Chicago on March 25, 2003. He was ordained a bishop by Cardinal Lubomyr Husar, M.S.U., the Major Archbishop of Lviv on June 4, 2003.  The principal co-consecrators were Archbishop Stephen Soroka of Philadelphia and Bishop Robert Mikhail Moskal of Parma.

He died from cancer in Hoffman Estates, Illinois on August 16, 2016.

References

1942 births
2016 deaths
Clergy from Philadelphia
Bishops of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
American Eastern Catholic bishops