title: 50 Carnaby Street

text:
50 Carnaby Street in London's Soho district was the site of several important music clubs in the 20th century. These clubs were often run for and by the black community, with jazz and calypso music predominating in the earlier years. From 1936, it was the Florence Mills Social Parlour. In the 1940s it was the Blue Lagoon Club. In 1950, it was briefly Club Eleven, and from the early 1950s it was the Sunset Club. From 1961, it was occupied by the Roaring Twenties nightclub. In the 1970s it was Columbo's. It is now a Ben Sherman shop.

Florence Mills Social Parlour
From 1936 it was the location of the Florence Mills Social Parlour, named after the black actress Florence Mills and run by Amy Ashwood, first wife of Marcus Garvey.

Garvey started the venture with Sam Manning, a pioneering black recording artist and calypso singer from Trinidad, and it was part restaurant, part social centre and part jazz club, and a location where black intellectuals and anyone interested in Pan-Africanism could meet. Visitors included the historian C.L.R. James, the Trinidadian journalist George Padmore, the future president of Kenya Jomo Kenyatta, the Guyanese Pan-Africanist T. Ras Makonnen and the Ghanaian politician J.B. Danquah.

Blue Lagoon Club
In the 1940s it was the Blue Lagoon Club, supposedly a front for prostitution. In November 1946, Margaret Cook was shot dead outside the club and it was said that guns had to be handed in at the door with coats. The police investigation into the murder of blonde Mrs Cook was hampered by the discovery that she had several different names. Also in 1946, Mrs Violet Boofty was found gassed in her flat the night after her birthday party at the Blue Lagoon. The Inquest found that there was no evidence that she had been assaulted by a man at the club as had been reported.

Club Eleven
Club Eleven were resident for six months in 1950 until they were closed by a police raid. It then became the calypso Sunset Club.

Club Eleven had been founded at 44 Great Windmill Street in 1948 as a co-operative to promote bebop jazz. It was named after the eleven founders who included Ronnie Scott, Hank Shaw, Leon Calvert, Johnny Rogers, Bernie Fenton, Tommy Pollard, Lennie Bush, Joe Muddel, Tony Crombie, Laurie Morgan and manager Harry Morris. Ronnie Scott and Johnny Dankworth were group leaders.

Tony Hall writing in 1960 said, "I can never recall such a sense of evil excitement in a club. The atmosphere was so vivid that the red glow from the stand and the savage beat made me think of hell on earth!" The club was raided by the Drugs Squad on the evening of 15 April 1950. Denis Rose was arrested by the Royal Military Police for desertion from the Army. Six of the musicians were arrested and appeared in court on drugs charges. The club closed soon after.

Sunset Club
From the early 1950s it was the Sunset Club, a racially mixed club where jazz was played until seven in the morning. American GIs were regular customers, as they were in many London clubs in the 1940s and 50s. Caribbean music became more important in the club and the Russ Henderson Steel Band, the first steel band in Britain, formed late 1952, played their first gig there. The influential Trinidadian musician Rupert Nurse was a bandleader at the club from 1954. According to Duke Vin (Vincent Forbes), by 1959 the Sunset Club was one of the five main Caribbean music clubs in London, the others being the Contemporanean in Mayfair, club 59, Flamingo and Club 77. The proprietor of the club, Gustavus Alexander Leslie, filed for bankruptcy in December 1959.

Roaring Twenties

The Roaring Twenties opened on 4 July 1962, Count Suckle (Wilbert Augustus Campbell) was the first DJ at the club and also the bouncer. Suckle claimed in 1974 that "the club wasn't opened for black people, it was owned by Jewish people and it only catered for Jewish kids. I was the only black guy there because I was the leading DJ at the time and they wanted a popular 'front' figure to pull in the crowds so I was hired". Suckle complained: "There weren't any black owned clubs then. The places in the West End where black kids used to go were white owned. Some of them used black staff as a 'front' like the Colombo does now". After his followers began to demand admittance, however, the management was forced to change its "whites only" admittance policy and soon it was a mainly black club.

Drug use was common in the club. Count Suckle recalled, "I left the Twenties because it was rough ... it was just a dump. It was a drugs scene, dope pushing, young kids smoking dope, people fighting, the police raiding the club, hundreds of young black kids taken to jail y`know! I just couldn`t stand it." One former Mod remembers a less oppressive atmosphere with a few white Ska-lovers being admitted who saw perfunctory police raids during which small amounts of drugs were dropped on the floor then picked up again when the police had gone with nobody being searched or arrested.

Initially the music was a combination of R & B, soul, and bluebeat/ska. Later, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Georgie Fame played there. Other early 1960s visitors included British R&B pioneers Cyril Davies All Stars, the Who and the Animals. Later in the 1960s, Lloyd Coxsone the sound system operator performed. Every Sunday was fashion night when everyone was expected to wear a suit and tie. The doorman was Charles (Charlie) Brown, the boxer and Jamaican landlord of murderer John Christie at 10 Rillington Place. Malcolm McLaren thought the name was a reference to the U.S. television show The Roaring '20s which was popular in Britain at the time.

Columbo's
In the late 1970s the name changed to Columbo's.  Lloyd Coxsone continued and was joined by Denzil Exodus. Bob Marley played in 1975 and the club featured an autographed picture of Peter Falk as the TV detective "Columbo" on its walls. The club was mentioned in the NME Guide to Rock & Roll London in 1978 and is thought to have closed in the early 1980s.

Today
 it is a Ben Sherman shop.

See also
Carnaby Street

References

External links

Music in London
Nightclubs in London


title: Edward Quin (pastoralist)

text:
Edward Quin (ca.1843 – 22 November 1922) was a noted pastoralist in the north-west of New South Wales, Australia, who represented Wentworth in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly

History
Quin set up in business in Wilcannia, New South Wales, when that town was in its infancy. In 1872, he took over Tarella Estate, a station of 685,000 acres 50 miles from Wilcannia, and spent £70,000 on improvements on the property, which eventually was carrying 120,000 sheep, 1,000 Shorthorn cattle, and around 180 pure bred horses, plus draught horses and Arabs. He formed a business, Quin, Currie and Co., to operate the business.

In 1881, with Alfred Kirkpatrick of Wilcannia,, he purchased Merweh station, in the Warrego River in Queensland. They bought Buckanbe station near Tilpa later the same year.

He was elected a member for Wentworth in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in a by-election 1882 (an early opponent was E. B. L. Dickens, son of Charles Dickens) and was returned in December that year and again, unopposed, in 1885. He declined to stand in 1887. He was later appointed to the committee which was concerned with the rabbit pest.

He later purchased the Leasowes property, of 505 acres, near Fern Tree Gully.

He retired to live in "Warwillah" in Wangaratta, where he died aged 79 after a prolonged illness.

Family
Quin married Edith Dollman, daughter of an Adelaide chemist, on 15 June 1871 at Wilcannia. They had two sons and six daughters.

Their eldest son, Edward Parmeter Quin (14 April 1872 – 20 February 1942), dubbed "Quin of Tarella", moved to Aruma on the Monaro in 1902, then Narromine, then Cobar, where he established for himself a reputation as a drover, being involved in many long-distance droving trips to Queensland. He retired to Sydney around 1937 but soon moved to a small property called "Kismet" at Kemps Creek, and it was there that he died. His wife, Edith Alice Quin (ca.1868 – 3 March 1944), died in West Hoxton Park, leaving four children: Keith, Eileen and Doreen (Mrs J. Parker).

A daughter, Tarella Ruth Quin, (1877–22 October 1945), was a children's writer who married the pastoralist Thomas S. Daskein (died 3 December 1937).

A sister, Mary Theresa Quin (July 1849 – 8 July 1941), married Quin's business partner Alfred Kirkpatrick (ca.1840 – 13 April 1919) in 1869. Their son Hedley John Kirkpatrick D.S.O. was an officer with the 6th Dragoon Guards then lieutenant colonel in command of the 2nd South African Scottish Regiment. then commanded the 9th South African Infantry in the German East Africa campaign of 1916–1917. He was appointed Commissioner of Police in South West Africa before retiring to the Seychelle Islands in 1934.

References

Australian pastoralists
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
1840s births
1922 deaths


title: 2013–14 Liga Bet

text:
The 2013–14 Liga Bet season saw Ihud Bnei Majd al-Krum (champions of the North A division), Ironi Nesher (champions of the North B division), Hapoel Morasha Ramat HaSharon (champions of the South A division) and F.C. Shikun HaMizrach (champions of the South B division) win the title and promotion to Liga Alef.

The clubs ranked 2nd to 5th in each division entered a promotion play-off, at the end of which, in the North section Maccabi Sektzia Ma'alot-Tarshiha and Hapoel Hod HaSharon won against their Liga Alef opponents and were promoted to Liga Alef as well.

At the bottom, F.C. Bnei Arraba (from North A division), F.C. Bu'eine (from North B division), Shimshon Bnei Tayibe (from South A division), and Hapoel Abirei Bat Yam (from South B division) were all automatically relegated to Liga Gimel.

The clubs ranked 12th to 15th in each division entered a relegation play-off, at the end of which Maccabi Tamra (from North A division), Hapoel Isfiya (from North B division), Maccabi HaSharon Netanya (from South A division) and Maccabi Sderot (from South B division) dropped to Liga Gimel as well.

North A Division

North B Division

F.C. Bu'eine was dismissed from the league, demoted to Liga Gimel and its results were nullified.

South A Division

South B Division

Promotion play-offs

Northern Divisions

Maccabi Sektzia Ma'alot-Tarshiha qualified to the promotion play-off match against 14th ranked club in Liga Alef North division, Hapoel Daliyat al-Karmel.

Promotion play-off Match

Maccabi Sektzia Ma'alot-Tarshiha Promoted to Liga Alef; Hapoel Daliyat al-Karmel relegated to Liga Bet.

Southern Divisions

Hapoel Hod HaSharon qualified to the promotion play-off match against 14th ranked club in Liga Alef South division, Maccabi Be'er Sheva.

Promotion play-off Match

Relegation/promotion match

Hapoel Hod HaSharon Promoted to Liga Alef; Maccabi Be'er Sheva relegated to Liga Bet. However, they were eventually reprieved from relegation, after Ironi Bat Yam, which have finished 12th in Liga Alef South, folded during the summer.

Relegation play-offs

Northern divisions

North A division

Maccabi Tamra relegated to Liga Gimel

North B division

Hapoel Isfiya relegated to Liga Gimel

Southern divisions

South A division

HaSharon Netanya relegated to Liga Gimel

South B division

Maccabi Sderot relegated to Liga Gimel

References
 The Israel Football Association
 The Israel Football Association
 The Israel Football Association
 The Israel Football Association

Liga Bet seasons
4
Israel


title: Vélez-Málaga Tram

text:
The Vélez-Málaga Tram () was operating between October 2006 and June 2012 connecting the Spanish town Vélez-Málaga with the coastal town Torre del Mar. It is the first modern low-floor tramway system service that has been taken out of service.

History
Construction began in 2003, with the service opening on 11 October 2006.

The tram line was not connected through to the city center of Vélez-Málaga – passengers had to switch in the outskirts to a bus line. At the same time, the direct bus service from Torre del Mar to the city center of Vélez-Málaga was kept. As a consequence, the ridership fell from 890,000 passengers in 2007 to 676,000 in 2011.

Construction on an extension of  (from the northern terminus, Parque Jurado Lorca station, to Esplanada de la Estaciónto in the Vélez-Málaga city center) began during 2008, but upon its completion the tram operator took its chance to ask for a higher support from the city treasury for the operational costs of the system. The city officials declined, and so the extension was never put into service – and with the elections in 2011 the Partido Popular came into power which chose to decline paying for the costs of the tramway system.

Closure of the system was achieved on 4 June 2012 with an initially temporary shutdown of the tram line. The line has not operated since June 2012.

There are plans and a €2m budget to reactivate the line, plans to extend the service west along the coast to Rincón de la Victoria where it would connect to the future Line 3 of the Málaga Metro and will follow the route of the old N-340 road.

Rolling stock
Services on the line were operated by three CAF Urbos 2 trams. These were leased for use on the Inner West Light Rail line in Sydney, Australia entering service in March 2014. Following the introduction of new CAF Urbos 3s, they were withdrawn from service in July 2015 and returned to Spain.

For the reopening of the line in 2017 the Vélez-Málaga town hall considered buying smaller models.

References

Tram transport in Spain
Railway services introduced in 2006
Railway services discontinued in 2012
Vélez-Málaga
Cancelled projects in Spain
2006 establishments in Spain
2012 disestablishments in Spain


title: PF-05089771

text:
PF-05089771 is a selective, small-molecule Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 voltage-gated sodium channel blocker under development by Pfizer as a novel analgesic. As of June 2014, it has completed phase II clinical trials for wisdom tooth removal and primary erythromelalgia.

See also
 List of investigational analgesics

References

External links

Analgesics
Sodium channel blockers
Fluoroarenes
Chlorobenzenes
Thiadiazoles
Pyrazoles
Sulfonamides
Pfizer brands


title: T Ceti

text:
T Ceti is a semiregular variable star located in the equatorial constellation of Cetus. It varies between magnitudes 5.0 and 6.9 over 159.3 days. The stellar parallax shift measured by Hipparcos is , which yields a distance estimate of roughly 900 light years. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +29 km/s.

This is an MS-type star on the asymptotic giant branch with a spectral type of M5-6Se.  It is often classified simply as an M-type star, for example with the spectral type of . (The 'e' notation indicates the presence of emission lines in the spectrum.) It is a long period Mira variable with changing cycle lengths, showing a variation in its spectral features over the course of each cycle. Pulsation periods of 388, 398, and 382 days have been reported, as well as variations in the amplitude, which may indicate dual pulsation cycles that are interfering with each other. The star is losing mass at the rate of , and it is surrounded by a circumstellar dust shell consisting of crystallized, mostly iron-rich silicates.

T Ceti has an estimated three times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 275 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 8,128 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,396 K.

References

M-type giants
S-type stars
Emission-line stars
Asymptotic-giant-branch stars
Semiregular variable stars
Cetus
Durchmusterung objects
001760
001728
0085
Ceti, T


The Big Picture: Who Killed Hollywood? and Other Essays is a collection of writings by William Goldman on the film industry. Many of the pieces had previously been published in magazines such as Premiere. It was published by Applause Books in 2000.

Michael Sragow, reviewing The Big Picture: Who Killed Hollywood? and Other Essays, writes, "Much of his gruff humor and charm derives from emphatic statements of the obvious.  In writing about movies, seeing the obvious is an undeniable gift—and pounding it home conveys how difficult it can be for common sense to penetrate hype. Goldman also applies a fine-honed sledgehammer to Good Will Hunting, a movie on which he consulted for one day and insists he likes.  He observes that Robin Williams, playing (he chortles) 'the shrink with only one patient,' finds an awesomely simple solution to curing the mental torment of the young genius Matt Damon: he tells the boy,  'It's not your fault,' 10 times. Goldman, like a gleeful prosecutor, repeats the phrase for us 10 times, in italics.

References

External links
Opening chapter at New York Times

Cinema of the United States
Film production
2000 non-fiction books
Books about film
Books by William Goldman
Show business memoirs


title: Black Bermudians

text:
Black Bermudians, African Bermudians, Afro-Bermudians or Bermudians of African descent, are Bermudians with any appreciable Black African ancestry. The population descends from Africans who arrived in Bermuda during the 17th century as indentured servants and slaves, mostly via Spanish, or former Spanish, territories or Spanish and other ships wrecked at Bermuda or captured by Bermuda-based privateers.

History
The first influx of blacks in any numbers came in the mid-17th century, when free blacks, most presumably Spanish-speaking Catholics, chose to immigrate to the Bermuda from former Spanish West Indian colonies that were captured by England and incorporated into its growing empire. As with most of the white settlers, few could afford the cost of their transport and so arrived as indentured servants. The continued reliance upon indentured servitude until the dissolution of the Somers Isles Company in 1684 meant that Bermuda's economy did not come to rely on slavery during the 17th century. Black and Native American slaves continued to trickle in Bermuda, however, due to privateers using the colony as a base of operations (Bermuda's utility as a base for his privateers having attracted Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, to become one of the major shareholders of the Somers Isles Company and the namesake of Warwick Parish). Black and Native American slaves captured aboard enemy ships were considered property, and returned to Bermuda for sale along with ships and cargoes. Bermuda was also used as a dumping ground for peoples ethnically-cleansed from their homelands by the expanse of the English Empire. This included particularly Algonquian peoples from New England, such as Pequots and Wampanoags, and native Irish Gaels, following the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. All of these peoples were shipped to Bermuda and sold into bondage. Whites (excluding the Irish) remained the majority in Bermuda at the end of the 17th century. Although fears of blacks and Irish especially led to the discouragement of black immigration, the prohibition of the importation of Irish, and continual efforts to encourage slave-owners to export their slaves and free non-whites to emigrate or risk enslavement, the blacks, Irish, Native Americans, and some part of the white Anglos merged into a single demographic during the course of the 18th century which was known as coloured (anyone who was not entirely white).

Intermarriage and extramarital relationships between the coloured and white populations continued to shift the ratio of coloured to white Bermudians as a child of a coloured and a white parent was generally considered coloured. By the 19th century the coloured population surpassed the white population and became Bermuda's largest ethnic group. As in the United States and Britain, the term "coloured" came to be seen as offensive in Bermuda by the mid-20th century and fell out of official use. It has been replaced by the terms "Black" and sometimes "African-Bermudian". The small numbers of Asians and other non-African minorities in Bermuda had always been included in the "coloured" demographic, but are now listed separately. Portuguese immigration since the 1840s has contributed to 10% of the current population (although Portuguese have historically been defined as a separate racial demographic group from both white and coloured Bermudians), but with only those of entirely-European extraction being considered white and anyone with any black ancestry considered black, and with considerable black immigration from the West Indies during the course of the 20th century, blacks have remained in the majority since the 19th century.

Currently, Bermuda's largest demographic group is black, accounting for 54% of the territory's population.

Source populations and genetic research

The founder population that settled in Bermuda between 1609 and the 1630s was almost entirely English. Typical Bermudian surnames that date to the Seventeenth Century indicate that the primary area of England from which settlers were sourced during that period was East Anglia and neighbouring regions. Examples include Ingham, from Ingham, Lincolnshire, and Trimingham, from the village of Trimingham in Norfolk. This ancestry is shared today by both white and black Bermudians (the latter demographic group, as noted above, being made up of individuals of a blend of mostly African, with smaller amounts of European and Native American ancestry to various degrees). A continuous inward flow of immigrants from other parts of the British Isles, other British (or formerly British) territories, and foreign countries has added to the population over the centuries, including sustained immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands from the 1840s, and numerous Royal Navy and British Army personnel who were discharged and remained in Bermuda to contribute to the permanent population (white and multi-racial). Since the Second World War, Bermuda's rapid development as a centre of international business has attracted many immigrants, primarily whites from Britain and North America, while many whites from Europe and elsewhere have also been attracted by work in hotels, restaurants and other areas. Most recently, immigration from the Indian sub-continent and Asia (or of persons of such descent) have been a growing segment of the population. The white population (that is, those Bermudians presumed to be entirely of European ancestry) has consequently grown more diverse. As many of these immigrants have intermarried with black Bermudians, also, they have also contributed to the diversity of black Bermudians. Although black immigration was long discouraged, immigration by blacks from the British West Indies has been sustained since the start of the 20th Century. Despite the high level of immigration sustained over the last century, the largest part of Bermuda's ancestry dates to the 17th Century founder population. No genetic study has as yet been conducted either of or including the white population of Bermuda. Although European ancestry is the largest component of Bermuda's ancestry, and those entirely of European ancestry are by far the largest mono-racial group (based on actual ancestry, rather than self-identification), whites (and the European ancestry of blacks) are often excluded when Bermuda's source populations are discussed. By example, National Geographic's Genographic Project Reference Population (Geno 2.0 Next Generation) for "Bermudian" (as of 28 June 2020) was described on its website (which was taken offline after 30 June 2020) as "based on samples collected from mixed populations living in Bermuda" (this was not based on a survey of even the mixed, or other-than-entirely-European population, of Bermuda, as no such survey of all of Bermuda has been carried out).

In the British West Indian islands (and also in the southern continental colonies that were to become states of the United States of America), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). By contrast, very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came (directly or indirectly) from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks who came in the mid-seventeenth century from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were enslaved Latin American blacks and recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish by Bermudian privateers or survivors of shipwrecks. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centered in Zanzibar).

This history has been well understood from the written record, and was confirmed in 2009 by the only genetic survey of Bermuda, which looked exclusively at the black population of St. David's Island (as the purpose of the study was to seek Native American haplogroups, which could be assumed to be absent from the white population) consequently showed that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the British West Indies and the United States.

68% of the mtDNA (maternal) lineages of the black islanders were found to be African, with the two most common being L0a and L3e, which are sourced from populations spread from Central-West to South-East Africa. These lineages represent less than 5% of the mtDNA lineages of blacks in the United States and the English-speaking West Indies. They are, however, common in Brazil and the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America. L3e, by example, is typical of !Kung-speaking populations of the Kalahari, as well as of parts of Mozambique and Nigeria. The modern nation where it represents the highest percentage of the population is actually Brazil, where it represents 21% of mtDNA lineages. 31% of the mtDNA lineages of blacks in Bermuda are West Eurasian (European), with J1c being the most common. 1% were Native American.

For NRY (paternal) haplogroups among black Bermudians, the study found about a third were made up of three African ones (of which E1b1a, the most common NRY haplogroup in West and Central African populations, "accounted for the vast majority of the African NRY samples (83%)" ), with the remainder (about 64.79%) being West Eurasian excepting one individual (1.88%) with a Native American NRY haplogroup Q1a3a. Of the individuals with European NRY haplogroups, more than half had R1b1b2, which is common in Europe and is found at frequencies over 75% in England and Wales. None of these percentages can be taken as equivalent to the percentage of ancestry in the black population from the specific regions as genetic drift tends to erase minority haplogroups over generations. This explains the near absence of Native American haplogroups despite the hundreds of Native Americans known to have been involuntarily brought to Bermuda in the seventeenth century.

References & Footnotes


title: Thomas Bere (1652–1725)

text:
Thomas Bere (1652 – 22 June 1725) of Huntsham, near Tiverton, in Devon, was an English landowner and Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons in two periods between 1690 and 1725.

Early life
Bere was the eldest son of Thomas Bere, lord of the manor of Huntsham, Devon, by his first wife Margaret Davie, daughter of Sir John Davie, 1st Baronet.  He matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford on 4 March 1670. He succeeded to Huntsham on the death of his father in 1680. In about 1686, he married  Mary Stedman, widow of George Stedman of Midsomer Norton, Somerset and daughter of Robert Lang of Stanton Prior, Dorset.

Political career
Bere  was elected unopposed as Whig Member of Parliament  for Tiverton,  at the 1690 English general election. He presented  a petition to Parliament   from Tiverton on 8 January 1692 complaining about Irish woollen manufacture, which was taking away many Devon workers. He was returned unopposed again for Tiverton at the 1695 English general election and signed the Association in February 1696  and voted tofix the price of guineas at 22 shillings in March.  He was returned unopposed at the 1698 English general election, at the two general elections of 1701 and at the 1702 English general election, being involved mainly in small private bills. At the 1705 English general election, he was again returned unopposed as a Whig and voted for the Court candidate for speaker on 25 October 1705. After supporting the Court over the ‘place clause’ of the regency bill, he was appointed Commissioner for victualling the navy in 1706, holding the post for the rest of his life. He was returned unopposed as a Whig at the 1708 British general election and voted for the naturalization of the Palatines in 1709 and   for the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell in 1710. At the 1710 British general election he was caught up in a triple return for Tiverton, and after the poll was declared void, he lost the seat at a by-election.

Bere was returned unopposed as MP for Tiverton at the general elections of 1715 and 1722, and retained the seat until his death.

Death and legacy
Bere died on 22 June 1725 leaving two sons.

References

1652 births
1725 deaths
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
People from Mid Devon District
Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies
English MPs 1690–1695
English MPs 1695–1698
English MPs 1698–1700
English MPs 1701
English MPs 1701–1702
English MPs 1702–1705
English MPs 1705–1707
British MPs 1707–1708
British MPs 1708–1710
British MPs 1715–1722
British MPs 1722–1727
Whig members of the pre-1707 English Parliament


title: X Cancri

text:
X Cancri is a variable star in the northern constellation of Cancer. It has a red hue and is visible to the naked eye at its brightest. The distance to this object is approximately 1,860 light years based on parallax measurements, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −5 km/s. It lies very close to the ecliptic and so is subject to lunar occultations.

This object is a carbon staran aging red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch that has a higher abundance of carbon than oxygen in its atmosphereand is one of the brightest carbon stars in the sky. It has a carbon star spectral classification of C-N4.5 C25.5 MS3.  The first C indicates that it is a carbon star, and the N5 that it is a fairly cool strongly red AGB star. The C2 index indicates the strength of the Swan bands on a scale of one to eight, which shows the relative abundance of carbon vs oxygen.  The MS index, not to be confused with an MS spectral class, indicates the strength of the SiC2 bands on a scale of one to seven.  These bands are thought to be very sensitive to temperature.

This is a semiregular variable star of subtype SRb that ranges in brightness from visual magnitude 5.52 down to 7.50 with a period of 193 days.  Fourier analysis has shown that the star also pulsates with periods of 350 and 1,870 days.

The angular diameter of X Cancri has been measured using both lunar occultations and very long baseline interferometry, both methods giving a diameter around .

References

Carbon stars
Asymptotic-giant-branch stars
Semiregular variable stars

Cancer (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
076221
043811
3541
Cancri, X


The National Centre for Knowledge on Men's Violence against Women (, abbreviated NCK) is a Swedish knowledge and resource centre at Uppsala University, founded in 2006. NCK is working on behalf of the Government of Sweden to raise awareness at the national level of men's violence against women, and develops new methods for the treatment of abused women. NCK has a mandate to research, educate, compile and spread information. In 2008, its operations expanded to include violence and oppression in the name of honour, and violence in same-sex relationships.

Organisation
The centre is part of Uppsala University, organised directly under the rector, and managed by Professor Gun Heimer.

Telephone counseling
Since 2007, the centre have been operating a Government funded national helpline for women who have been subjected to threats and violence (). The telephone counseling is open 24-hour, toll-free, and the call does not appear on the telephone bill. Staff at the helpline provide support, practical advice, information about the healthcare system and how to report crimes. The staff consist of social workers, midwives and nurses with at least five years of professional experience; receiving on average 60 calls a day.

See also
 Violence against women
 Rape in Sweden

References

External links
National Centre for Knowledge on Men's Violence against Women - Official Site (Swedish)

Crime in Sweden
Crimes against women
Crisis hotlines
Domestic violence-related organizations
Gender and education
Gender-related violence
Honor killing in Sweden
Violence against women in Sweden


title: Ormeniș River

text:
Ormeniș River may refer to:
Ormeniș, a tributary to Mureș in Romania
Ormeniș, a tributary to Olt in Romania


title: Khalil al-Hayya

text:
Khalil al-Hayya (Arabic: خليل الحية) is a senior Hamas official who was elected to the Palestinian Legislative Council on 25 January 2006 as a representative of Gaza City. He resides in the neighborhood of Shuja'iyya.

Seven or eight of his relatives, including two of his brothers, were killed by Israeli strikes on his home in 2007. One of his sons was killed by an Israeli airstrike in 2008 while leading a rocket brigade. Another son, daughter-in-law, and grandson were killed by an airstrike on his home in July 2014 during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.

al-Hayya has called on the United Nations to recognize Palestine within its pre-1948 borders.

See also
 Ahmad Bahar

References

External links

Hamas members
Members of the 2006 Palestinian Legislative Council
People from Gaza City
Islamic University of Gaza alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Marine Isotope Stage 5

text:
Marine Isotope Stage 5 or MIS 5 is a marine isotope stage in the geologic temperature record, between 130,000 and 80,000 years ago. Sub-stage MIS 5e, called the Eemian or Ipswichian, covers the last major interglacial period before the Holocene, which extends to the present day. Interglacial periods which occurred during the Pleistocene are investigated to better understand present and future climate variability. Thus, the present interglacial, the Holocene, is compared with MIS 5 or the interglacials of Marine Isotope Stage 11.

Substages
MIS 5, is divided into substages, divided alphabetically or with a numeric system for referring to "horizons" (events rather than periods), with MIS 5.5 representing the peak point of MIS 5e, and 5.51, 5.52 etc. representing the peaks and troughs of the record at a still more detailed level.

Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e

Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e, called the Eemian (Ipswichian in Britain) around 124,000–119,000 years ago, was the last interglacial period before the present (Holocene), and compared global mean surface temperatures were at least 2 °C warmer. Mean sea level was 4–6 m higher than at present, following reductions of the Greenland ice sheet. Fossil reef proxies indicate sea level fluctuations of up to 10 m around the mean. Based on the data obtained from stable oxygen isotopes of planktonic foraminifera and age constraints from corals, estimates suggest average rates of sea-level rise of 1.6 m per century. The findings are important to understand current climate change, because global mean temperatures during MIS-5e were similar to the projected climate change today.

A 2015 study by sea level rise experts concluded that based on MIS 5e data, sea level rise could accelerate in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years. The study abstract explains:

A 2018 study based on cave formations in the Mediterranean Sea found sea level rise of up to 6 meters, noting "The results suggest that if the pre-industrial temperature will be surpassed by 1.5 to 2°C, sea level will respond and rise 2 to 6 meters (7 to 20 feet) above present sea level." Evidence from Bahamas and Bermuda suggest powerful storm activity at the time, strong enough for wave-transported megaboulders, lowland chevron storm ridges, and wave runup deposits.

Other sub-stages
The Eemian was followed by a sharp decline in temperature around 116,000 years ago and the warmer MIS 5c,from around 100,000 years ago,  probably the period known as the Chelford Interstadial in Britain. Cooling from around 90,000 years ago was followed by the warmer MIS 5a, around 80,000 years ago, called in Britain the Brimpton Interstadial.

See also
 Meltwater pulse 1A
 Paleothermometer
 Proxy (climate)
 Timeline of glaciation

References

 MIS 05
Glaciology
Paleoclimatology
Paleogeography
Paleoceanography
Interglacials


title: Hemiaspis signata

text:
Hemiaspis signata (common names: black-bellied swamp snake and marsh snake) is a species of venomous elapid snake endemic to Australia, where it is found along the east coast.

Recognisable by two distinctive narrow white lines on the face, the colour can range from pale olive to black top with a dark grey to black belly.  Adults can grow to 70 cm in length, but most specimens are smaller than this.  Their diet consists mainly of skinks and frogs.

It was first described in 1859 by Giorgio Jan as Alecto signata.

References

Further reading
Boulenger GA. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Denisonia signata, pp. 338–339).
Jan G, Sordelli F. 1873. Iconographie générale des Ophidiens, Quarante-troisième livraison. Paris: Baillière. Index + Plates I-VI. (Alecto signata, Plate VI, figure 5). (in French).

Reptiles described in 1859
signata
Snakes of Australia
Reptiles of New South Wales
Reptiles of Queensland
Taxa named by Giorgio Jan


title: T Centauri

text:
T Centauri is a variable star located in the far southern constellation Centaurus. It varies between magnitudes 5.56 and 8.44 over 181.4 days, making it intermittently visible to the naked eye. Pulsating between spectral classes K0:e and M4II:e, it has been classed as a semiregular variable, though Sebastian Otero of the American Association of Variable Star Observers has noted its curve more aligned with RV Tauri variable stars and has classified it as one.

References

Centaurus
Semiregular variable stars
Centauri, T
Durchmusterung objects
119090
066825
K-type giants
5147
M-type bright giants
Asymptotic-giant-branch stars
RV Tauri variables


title: Gary Rolph

text:
Gary Leslie Rolph (born 24 February 1960) is an English retired footballer who played in the Football League for Brentford as a forward.

Career
A graduate of the Brentford youth team, Rolph made 12 appearances and scored one goal for Brentford between 1976 and 1979. His only goal for the Bees came in a 3–2 FA Cup second round defeat to Colchester United on 20 December 1976, a strike that still holds the club record for youngest goalscorer in the FA Cup. Rolph was released at the end of the 1978–79 season and joined Isthmian League Premier Division club Woking. He later played for Billericay Town and Leytonstone/Ilford and top-scored for the former club during the 1981–82 season.

Career statistics

References

1960 births
Living people
Footballers from Stepney
English men's footballers
Brentford F.C. players
English Football League players
Isthmian League players
Woking F.C. players
Billericay Town F.C. players
Redbridge Forest F.C. players
Men's association football forwards


title: Arturo (polar bear)

text:
Arturo (1985  July 3, 2016) was a polar bear living in Mendoza Zoological Park in Mendoza, Argentina, the only polar bear living in the country. He was born in the United States and transferred to Argentina in 1993. His companion, a female named Pelusa, died of cancer in 2012. The living conditions of the cage Arturo resided in were controversial, as temperatures reach up to  in Argentina, and the pool in Arturo's cage was only  deep. Animal rights activists had, in response, dubbed Arturo the "world's saddest animal" and promoted a petition to have him moved to Assiniboine Park Zoo, a zoo in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The petition was created by Laura Morales of Hamilton, Ontario. It gained considerable attention after the hashtag #Freearturo began trending on Twitter. Supporters of the petition also noted that a polar bear died in Buenos Aires in December 2012 due to excessive heat, and argued that Arturo exhibited symptoms of depression and other mental health problems.

As of July 19, 2014, the petition had over 400,000 signatures, and had been endorsed by Newt Gingrich and Cher. Assiniboine Park Zoo responded that while they would have gladly accepted Arturo there, they did not have the authority to do so unless Argentina agreed to transfer him there, and that the Mendoza zoo could not supply the necessary medical records to make such a trip possible.

On July 24, 2014, the director of the Mendoza Zoo, Gustavo Pronotto, told the Associated Press that Arturo was too old to be moved to Canada. In social media, people also advocated for Arturo to be moved to Canada. and Twitter hashtag #FreeArturo.

Arturo died on July 3, 2016, aged 30–31, despite polar bears rarely living beyond 25.

See also
 List of individual bears

References

2016 animal deaths
Individual polar bears
2014 in Argentina
Individual animals in Argentina


title: Seconds (comics)

text:
Seconds is a graphic novel by Bryan Lee O'Malley. Published on July 15, 2014, by Ballantine Books, the novel tells the story of Katie Clay, head chef at a prospering restaurant named Seconds, who obtains the ability to fix her past mistakes by writing them down in a notebook, eating a mushroom, and falling asleep. Abusing the power to make her life perfect, Katie ends up creating more problems for herself.

Plot summary

Katie is the founding owner of a popular restaurant named Seconds. Katie inhabits a room in Seconds and is woken up one night by a mysterious, white-haired girl named Lis, who gives Katie a notepad, a single mushroom, and instructions for her to follow to cast a "do-over" spell in order to fix her past mistakes. Katie finds more mushrooms under the floorboard in the restaurant and uses them to fix problems arising with the construction of a brand new restaurant, her relationship with her ex-boyfriend, and to prevent the injury of a waitress named Hazel. Despite Lis' rule of one mushroom per person, Katie ignores Lis' concerns and seeks to use the mushrooms to make her life perfect, but unintentionally creates more problems as a result and disrupts the balance of time and space.

Characters
Katie is the main character and founder of the restaurant, Seconds.  She wants to open up a new restaurant with her business partner, Arthur. However, she gets into quite the predicament when she gains the ability to rewrite the past.

Lis is the house spirit that haunts Seconds. She is the owner of the mushrooms that can rewrite the past and also the one who introduced Katie to these mushrooms; even though she only gave Katie one. Lis wears the outfits and eats the food that Hazel leaves at Seconds to keep her happy.

Arthur is Katie's new business partner who wants to open up a new restaurant, called Katie's, with her.

Max is Katie's ex-boyfriend that broke up with her when she didn't tell him about the new restaurant she wanted. They met when Max was working in the kitchen of Seconds. He eventually gets back together with her unknowingly due to Katie and the mushrooms.

Hazel is a shy waitress that becomes close with Katie after she has an accident in which she burns her arms. However, Katie makes the accident not happen with the mushrooms. She lives with her grandmother and shops at thrift stores. It is revealed that Hazel leaves gifts for the house spirit, Lis, in order to keep her happy.

Chef Andrew is the guy who replaced Katie as head chef at seconds. He is also the guy Katie cheated on Max with in the story.

Reception
Seconds received positive reviews. IGN awarded it an 8.8/10, with reviewer Jesse Schedeen calling it a "a great way to follow-up the mega-popular Scott Pilgrim series." The Telegraph's Ben Travis also gave the graphic novel a warm review. "As a standalone novel," Travis writes, "Seconds may not have the scope of the Scott Pilgrim series, but it’s a perfectly formed piece. While some pop culture-laden works of art quickly lose relevance, the honesty and humanity in Seconds will keep readers returning again and again."

Film adaptation
In April 2022, it was announced that Blake Lively would direct a film adaptation of Seconds for Searchlight Pictures, with Edgar Wright (who directed and co-wrote the feature film adaptation of O'Malley's Scott Pilgrim series) writing the screenplay and producing the film alongside Marc Platt.

References

External links

 Seconds at Random House, parent of Ballantine Book's, official page.

2014 graphic novels
Ballantine Books books
Fantasy graphic novels
Restaurants in fiction
Canadian graphic novels


title: 86th Expeditionary Signal Battalion

text:
The 86th Signal Battalion ("Tigers") of the United States Army is an element of 11th Signal Brigade. It is based at Fort Bliss, Texas. The unit mascot is the Tiger.

Mission
The 86th Expeditionary Signal Battalion enables mission command for supported units, without Signal assets.  The Battalion engineers, installs, operates, maintains, and defends network communications in support of Combatant Commanders and Joint Force Land Component Commanders. The Battalion currently provides support to the Brigade Modernization Command and 1st Armored Division during the Network Integration Evaluation (NIE) held bi-annually in the Spring and Fall at Fort Bliss, TX and  White Sands Missile Range, NM.

History
The 86th Signal Battalion was first constituted on 23 March 1966 in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 86th Signal Battalion.  The Battalion was officially activated on 1 June 1966 at  Fort Bragg, NC.  The battalion deployed to Vietnam from 1967 through 1971.  On 30 April 1971 the Battalion was officially deactivated in Vietnam.

The Battalion was re-activated on 1 July 1977 at  Fort Huachuca, AZ as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 86th Signal Battalion.

In April 2011 the Battalion returned from a deployment from Afghanistan.  Shortly after the deployment the Battalion completed a BRAC move to  Fort Bliss, TX.

Subordinate units
The 86th Signal Battalion is an Expeditionary Signal Battalion or "ESB". It comprises the following units:
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)
A Company (Expeditionary Signal Company)
B Company (Expeditionary Signal Company)
C Company (Area Signal Company)

Capabilities
In the Spring of 2014 the Battalion was fielded with Warfighter Information Network - Tactical Increment 1b (WIN-T Inc 1b).  The Battalion was the first ESB to be fielded with WIN-T Inc 1b.  WIN-T Inc 1b, introduced the Network Centric Waveform into the tactical network which optimizes bandwidth and removed the military's reliance on costly civilian satellite services.  It also introduced the colorless network.  The colorless network enables the encryption of unclassified data when transmitted it over satellite and line of sight.

Honors

Unit decorations

Campaign streamers

References

External links
86th ESB Lineage and Honors

Military units and formations in Texas


title: The Lost World of British Communism

text:
The Lost World of British Communism is a book by Raphael Samuel first published, posthumously, in 2006 by Verso Books.

Content
The book is composed of a series of essays that were collected together to mark the ten year anniversary of Samuel's death in 1996. They describe the development of the Communist Party of Great Britain in the 1940s and the experience of being a member of it from the vantage point of the 1980s. All of the three essays in the work were published by the New Left Review between 1984 and 1987.

The book engages with a number of different aspects of Communism in Britain, for example the way in which the party was organised on a top-down basis that was founded upon direction by the Comintern and that had elements of the Leninist idea of a 'vanguard party' centred on a small group of professional revolutionaries.

The book also examines the state of left-wing politics in the UK in the challenging environment of the Thatcherite 1980s and, in the case of the British Communist party of the time, the way in which it was divided between an 'old guard' faction and the younger forces aligned around Marxism Today at the time. Samuel himself had left the organisation thirty years earlier. One of his overall assessments of the movement was that it embodied a "doomed, flawed but noble faith".

References

2006 non-fiction books
Communist Party of Great Britain
Essay collections
2006 in British politics
Books about communism
Books about politics of the United Kingdom
Verso Books books


title: DSP-2230

text:
DSP-2230 is a selective small-molecule Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 voltage-gated sodium channel blocker which is under development by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma for the treatment of neuropathic pain. As of June 2014, it is in phase I/phase II clinical trials.

See also
 List of investigational analgesics

References

External links

Amines
Analgesics
Cyclobutyl compounds
Ethers
Fluoroarenes
Imidazopyridines
Sodium channel blockers


title: Green malkoha

text:
The green malkoha or whistling yellowbill (Ceuthmochares australis) is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae. This species and the blue malkoha were previously considered conspecific and together known as the yellowbill.

It has a green tail, wings and back.

It has a widespread distribution down the coast of Eastern Africa from Kenya to South Africa. It ranges from dense forest to riverine forest and forest edges. In the forest it typically lives in the subcanopy at between 8–30 m.

The green malkoha feeds primarily on insects, particularly caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers and crickets; it will also take frogs, slugs, fruit, seeds and leaves. It moves through the tangled vegetation with a series of small hops, snatching prey as it travels. It will accompany other birds and squirrels, taking the insects flushed by them.

Unlike some other cuckoos the green malkoha is not a brood parasite, instead it cares for its own young. Breeding behaviour has been observed. The male and female face each other, first wagging their tails from side to side, then spreading them. The male also engages in gift giving, presenting the female with prey, then mounting her and feeding her while mounted. Two white and creamy eggs are laid in a nest that is a rough mass of sticks suspended around 2–5 m above the ground. Both parents care for the young.

The green malkoha is an uncommon species and rarely observed due to its secretive behaviour. However it is not considered threatened, and is listed as least concern by the IUCN.

References

 Payne, R.B (2005) The Cuckoos. Oxford University Press: Oxford

External links
 Yellowbill - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.

Cuculidae
Birds of East Africa
Birds described in 1873


title: Battle of Shuja'iyya

text:
The Battle of Shuja'iyya occurred between the Israel Defense Forces and the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades on 20 July 2014 during 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict in the Shuja'iyya neighborhood of Gaza City, in the Gaza Strip. Shuja'iyya, with 92,000 people in 6 sq-kilometres, is one of the most densely populated areas of the Gaza Strip. According to the IDF, it had become a "terrorist fortress", that between 8 and 20 July had fired over 140 rockets into Israel after the outbreak of hostilities. Casualty figures are not known with precision, partly because bodies were recovered long after the fighting, and people had also died of injuries afterwards. The UN Protection Cluster states that between the 19-20th, 55 civilians, including 19 children and 14 women, were killed as a result of the IDF's actions. At the time, estimates varied from 66 to about 120 Palestinians killed, with a third of them women and children, and at least 288 wounded. The UN figures of Palestinian casualties are preliminary and subject to revision. 16 Israeli soldiers were killed.

On 16 July, Israeli forces told residents of Shuja'iyya to leave and relocate to central Gaza City until further notice by means of leaflets, loudspeaker announcements, telephone calls, text messages, and radio messages. Residents interviewed afterwards by The Independent claimed lack of safe refuges and the difficulty of fleeing as reasons for staying put. By 19 July, OCHA reported that while the majority ignored the warnings and had not left their homes, up to half had gone as bombardments intensified. Israel condemned Hamas for using "human shields". According to Amnesty International, the UNRWA shelter facilities were overflowing and many of the residents had nowhere to go. Residents interviewed later also cited confusion due of lack of electricity and communications. The official Israeli view was that Hamas had compelled residents of Shujai'iya to stay behind in the face of IDF warnings to evacuate prior to the IDF assault, holding civilians as "hostages".

The assault on Shuja'iyya, involving a combination of F-16, tank and mortar fire, began at 11 pm on 19 July. Initially the attack led by the Golani Brigade encountered little resistance, until late on Saturday Hamas units emerged from tunnels to engage and put up stiff resistance, surprising the Israelis with their tenacity and effectiveness in taking on armoured units. According to Israeli military and intelligence sources, Israel then made use of heavy aerial bombardment and artillery fire, in what was described as a "risky and unusual step to save Israeli soldiers' lives" and "a battle against the hub of Hamas' terror infrastructure, primarily the so-called 'terror tunnels'". Palestinians attempting to flee the area described the scene as a "massacre", as did Mahmoud Abbas, Richard Falk, Norwegian physician Dr. Mads Gilbert and journalist Sharif Abdel Kouddous in The Nation.

The conclusion of U.S. military experts interviewed by Mark Perry was that the IDF did not target Hamas sites specifically or try solely to destroy Hamas tunnels, but rather laid down a "walking barrage" to "crater the neighbourhood". This bombardment was carried out instead of using suppressive fire to protect IDF forward troops, a strategy they deemed "indefensible". The operation was condemned internationally, with UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon calling it an "atrocious action" and the European Union stating that it "is particularly appalled by the human cost of the Israeli military operation in Shuja'iyya", while also criticising Hamas calls for using "human shields".

Build up
On Wednesday 16 July, Israeli forces dropped leaflets and delivered warnings by phone and text that residents in the Zeitoun and Shujai'iya areas of Gaza City should evacuate ahead of planned strikes. Hamas had told the civilians to stay put, which were prompted by fears of psychological warfare and perhaps a desire to avoid panic. On Thursday Israel began what it thought of as a limited operation, involving the Nahal, Paratrooper and Givati Brigades, in the Shuja'iyya area's sparsely populated eastern periphery, intent on uncovering Hamas's tunnel system. In the face of stiff resistance over the following two days, the probing advance developed into a full-scale battle in Shuja'iyya and the surrounding areas, as the IDF suffered upwards of 56 casualties.

In Ben White's reconstruction of the background, the day after flyers were dropped, Yedioth Ahronoth's military analyst, Alex Fishman noted that an order had been given to the tank units advancing the assault "to open fire at anything that moved," and a military spokesman declared that Israel was "taking off the gloves" in Shuja'iyya. On Saturday night, the Golani Brigade was sent in with armoured battalions into the densely populated heart of Shuja'iyya, and suffered heavy casualties. and only then did Israel decide to increase the intensity of its firepower, resulting in the steep rise in Palestinian civilian casualties, as commanders envisaged a repeat of Dahiya tactics used in Dahieh in Beirut, Lebanon, were resistance to continue. A local Gazan woman, returning to the ruins of her home in the neighbourhood, made the same comparison. As a result of the onslaught 670 buildings in Shuja'iyya were completely destroyed, 608 were severely damaged, 576 moderately damaged, and over 1800 buildings were affected.

Battle
Shuja'iyya is a densely populated area of the city with 92,000 residents according to Amnesty International. The UNRWA shelter facilities were overflowing and many of the residents had nowhere to go. According to Israeli sources the area had been designed by Hamas, houses had tunnels to hide weapons and combatants and that 10% of rocket attacks had been done from within Shuja'iyya. The assault on Shuja'iyya, involving a combination of F-16, tank and mortar fire, began at 11 pm on 19 July. According to the IDF, 15 Hamas fighters were killed in the preemptive bombardment. After midnight, on Sunday, 20 July, Israeli forces entered the neighbourhood, stating that over 140 rockets had been fired at Israel from the neighborhood since 8 July. Flyers had been dropped over the neighbourhood, urging residents to flee.

Some families, such as that of Khalil Atash, spoke of being alerted in Arabic by the IDF to evacuate, but dismissed the message as a prank. Fleeing, as did his son, Tamar and his family and neighbours, was difficult since Israel had destroyed all the electricity towers and the area was shrouded in darkness which had to be traversed under withering fire by the use of cellphone flashlights.

Initially the attack, led by the Golani Brigade, encountered little resistance, until late on Saturday when forward elements of the Israeli force met Hamas units, and fierce fighting broke out as Hamas fighters emerged from tunnels and bunkers to engage the Israelis, employing sniper fire and dozens of anti-tank missiles, surprising the Israelis with their capacity to take on armored units. Fierce fighting that lasted into Sunday morning ensued as IDF forces battled Hamas squads, sniper units and teams carrying anti-tank rockets, rocket-propelled grenades, and automatic weapons. Some Israeli formations were pinned down in heavy fighting in the neighborhood's streets and alleys.

On 20 July, beginning in the early morning hours, the IDF suffered 13 fatalities, beginning with an attack on an IDF M113 armored personnel carrier in Shuja'iyya. The APC had stalled while driving through one of the neighborhood's narrow streets. A soldier and officer then exited the vehicle to fix the problem. Shortly after 1 AM, Hamas fighters fired an RPG-29 anti-tank rocket at the APC, causing it to explode and burst into flames. All 7 soldiers inside the vehicle, who were from the Golani Brigade, were killed while the soldier and officer who had exited it survived the attack. Following the attack, an Israeli drone recorded infrared images of five people near the armored vehicle. Golani Brigade commanders then ordered other soldiers in the field to converge on the APC and recover the remains of soldiers inside the vehicle. However, the soldiers were wary of approaching the APC, fearing that weaponry inside could set off a secondary explosion. Soldiers reported hearing shouting in Arabic in the vicinity of the APC. The IDF concluded that Hamas fighters had already reached the vehicle and taken the remains of Sergeant Oron Shaul, one of the seven soldiers in the armored vehicle, by this time. Shaul's body was not found, and the IDF later officially changed his status from missing in action to killed in action, although his body had not yet been recovered. Hamas said it captured an IDF soldier it identified as Aron Shaul. Around twenty minutes after the attack on the APC, another Israeli soldier was killed in a firefight. By dawn, with the APC still ablaze, IDF commanders ordered engineers to tow the stricken vehicle back into Israel. During the operation, Hamas fighters targeted the rescue vehicles and engaged in battles with IDF troops as the convoy pulled back. As the APC was being towed, human remains fell out of the vehicle and the engineers, under constant threat of fire, inadvertently drove over and buried some of the remains. Hamas fighters targeted the rescue force with prepared ambushes and emerged from tunnels to attack soldiers. Two Israeli soldiers were killed in an exchange of fire at around 6 AM, after which the IDF brought in D9 armored bulldozers to destroy Hamas positions. In one instance, some Hamas operatives were killed when an IDF D9 bulldozer destroyed the tunnel they were in. Three more Israeli soldiers were killed when an anti-tank missile hit a building where the IDF was establishing a command post, setting it on fire.

Later, when Hamas scouts spotted a large part of the Israeli force, particularly heavy fire was laid down by Hamas fighters. Israeli commanders then gave the order to "take the gloves off" and "fire at anything that moves." The Israeli infantry were ordered to go into protected Namer armored personnel carriers, and given half an hour to do so, after which Hamas positions were targeted by a fierce artillery barrage and airstrikes. Artillery fire landed within 100 meters of IDF positions, closer than the 250 meters normally considered safe. Around 600 shells were fired in a half-hour period. An IDF officer told Haaretz that troops "were taking fire from all sides and they couldn't neutralize the threat with all the firepower we gave them", leading the IDF to use its artillery in close proximity to IDF troops, a decision Haaretz described as "extremely risky" and "unusual". As Israeli artillery intensively shelled the neighborhood, Israeli Air Force planes bombed from above. Following the barrage, all Hamas firing stopped. According to the IDF, 37 Hamas fighters were killed, including several field commanders, eight squad commanders, and a company commander.

An unnamed American military officer told Al Jazeera that, according to Pentagon reports of the IDF's actions, a total of 11 Israeli artillery battalions deployed 258 artillery pieces which fired around 7,000 high explosive shells into Shuja'iyya, including 4,800 shells in a 7-hour period. The IDF sources reported that the tactics used prevented significant additional Israeli casualties and that the battle resulted in the IDF changing the rules of engagement to allow the use of artillery in urban areas. A paramedic at a local call centre said there were more than 200 calls for help in the period, one from virtually every house in a-Nazaz Street, a-Sha'ath Street, and al-Beltaji Street, with children's screams audible in the background. Commenting on the intensity of the firepower, perhaps due to the loss of Israeli soldiers, Tamer Atash later recalled:
"The F-16s were no longer up in the sky bombing us, they were flying just above the houses. It felt like an atomic bomb with four F-16s coming one way and another four from the opposite direction, weaving between the houses. At this point, we realized we were not surviving. We said our last prayers, and that was it. Because we know that when the Israelis lose one of their soldiers they become lunatics. We just knew they had suffered something, we could sense it."

Witnesses interviewed by Max Blumenthal testified observing people jumping from fourth-floor stories as flames engulfed their houses and of men stripping off clothes to cover near-naked women fleeing the scene. Several residential blocks were extensively shelled destroying dozens of houses. Palestinians attempting to flee the area described the scene as a "massacre", as did the Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas, Richard Falk, Norwegian doctor Mads Gilbert and journalist Sharif Abdel Kouddous in The Nation. Hundreds of civilians were injured during the unpredictable combination of artillery shelling and airstrikes overnight and only began to leave the area at dawn, many to seek refuge at the Al-Shifa Hospital. Two paramedics were killed during attempts to enter the area and assist the wounded, and Médecins Sans Frontières complained that its post-operative clinic in Gaza City was running at 10 to 30 percent of capacity due to the intensity of the bombing, which hindered patients from reaching the center.<ref name="MSF">"Gaza Strip: Israel must stop bombing trapped civilians", Médecins Sans Frontières, 21 July 2014.</ref>

The following day, the IAF dropped at least 100 one-ton bombs about 250 meters away from IDF ground troops in a broad aerial attack. Makor Rishon'' reported that a total of 120 one-ton bombs were used. On July 23, the IDF completed its takeover of the neighborhood. Although the IDF took control of the neighborhood, clashes continued. On July 26, Golani Brigade soldiers found the tunnel from which the Hamas squad that had destroyed the Israeli APC had operated from, and Israeli combat engineers subsequently blew it up. In an attempt to further recover the remains of soldiers, the IDF sent in military tractors to sweep away a large amount of sand which could have contained remains.

Incidents
Al Helo family. At 3 a.m. 2 missiles struck the 3rd floor of 3 story home of Talal Mahmoud Hamed Al Helo in Nasas Street. The family was on the 2nd floor. His brother Jihad Mahmoud Al Helo, next door, phoned to ask after them. Shortly afterwards, Johad's house was struck by two missiles and all his Al Helo family members, 11 people including 4 children (including 2 six-month old twins and 4 women), were killed. The three-story house was totally destroyed. The surviving brother said no warning had been received, unless the rocket hitting his house was a roof knocking missile. If so, he claimed, the warning was not sufficient to allow them to flee in safety.
Ayyad family. At 6.30 a.m., artillery shelling killed 11 members of the Ayyad family and relatives they were hosting, as they were leaving their home on Al Mansura Street, Shuja'iyya, as they left their home to escape the shelling. The area where their house was located had been subjected to shelling since 1 a.m., leaving  the family in a state of total panic. As they made their way, some 70 metres down the road, a shell hit the house's entrance, and two follow up rounds struck the group of 11 people, which included 4 children and 5 women, one  pregnant. A further 7 persons were wounded  including 3 children and one woman. Ambulances could not reach them because of the continual IAF aerial bombing. One survivor said no warnings had been given: had they been messaged to that effect, the women would have been evacuated, he said. The munitions were probably  155 mm high explosive artillery shells, exploding just above ground level, the UN Commission concluded.
Al Jamal and Al Sheikh Khalil families. Israeli forces launched an attack in Baltaji Street. The Al Sheikh Khalil family stayed inside their home on the street: one witness said at 6 a.m, explosions rang outside, and mortars had struck the roof. The family relocated to the stairwell, and called the red Cross for help. When ambulances arrived, they too were hit by mortars, and the family could not exit. 6 members were killed, 2 children and 4 women, and another two children seriously wounded. Four died while waiting 6 hours for another ambulance to arrive.  At 7 a.m., 47 members of the Al Jamal family fled their home in Tawfiq Street. During the assault, 4 members of the Al Jamal, 3 aged between 10 and 12 , were killed, and another 7, including 2 children and 4 women, were wounded while attempting to flee Shuja'iyya.

Ceasefire
Some time after dawn, a one-hour ceasefire was brokered but the International Committee of the Red Cross proved unable to evacuate those trapped in the area. According to a witness interviewed by the UNHRC, there was a 2-hour ceasefire, but the family still had to wait for 6 hours
before ambulances arrived at the scene. About 7 a.m. a military medical aid ambulance was directly struck twice while trying to succor casualties. Of the 4 persons occupants - a driver, a photographer and two paramedics -two were killed, and two wounded. Two of them were killed and two injured. Israel's Golani Brigade positioned itself on the outskirts, in home east of the main Shuja'iyya mosque.

According to Max Blumenthal, maps discovered later indicated the broad swathe of land where apartments were flattened beyond these houses was defined as a "Soccer Field". According to one survivor, Mohammed Fathi Al Areer, bullet casings found near the bodies of four of his brothers, one mentally disabled, who were killed in houses east of the "Soccer Field", suggested they were executed. His neighbours, the Shamaly family, stayed behind to protect their valuable retail clothing stock, and, according to a son, Hesham Naser Shamaly, his father was shot as he tried to speak to approaching soldiers in Hebrew, as was his uncle and aunt, and two cousins. His father survived, but a cousin, Salem Shamaly (22), a grocer at the local market who attempted to find missing family by returning to the neighbourhood during the two-hour ceasefire at 3:30pm that day, was shot three times, while calling out the names of family members, after crossing the imaginary red line Israeli soldiers are reported to have drawn to kill anyone coming close to their positions. He was injured by the first shot and fell to the ground, and killed when a further two shots were fired into him. The New York Times reported however that the 'gunman's' identity is unknown. The incident was caught on film by members of the International Solidarity Movement accompanying him, and posted on YouTube.

According to a former IDF sergeant turned activist, Eran Efrati, who has stated he took testimony from three Israeli soldiers present at the scene, a sniper asked his commandant three times if it was ok to shoot Shamaly, and was given permission when the latter stepped beyond the line. The soldiers felt guilty, Efrati added, about the death of a man who had posed no threat to their lives. Channel 4 stated it "has been unable to independently verify the video or Mr Efrati's claims".

One instance of soldiers looting a house in Shuja'iyya, including $605 for partying after the war, led to an indictment in Israel.

Casualties
At least 65 Palestinians, including at least 17 children, 14 women and 4 elderly were killed and 288 Palestinians were wounded according to Shifa hospital's director, Naser Tattar. The United Nations' Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People put the estimate at over 70 Palestinian dead. Other reports at the time claimed 120 Palestinians had been killed, a third women and children. According to the spokesman for the Palestinian Ministry of Health, Ashraf al-Qidra, rescue teams retrieved more than 80 dead bodies from houses destroyed in Shuja'iyya, 17 of which were children, 14 women and 4 elderly people.

Hamas said  it captured an Israeli soldier.

The IDF confirmed that 13 soldiers were killed and 56 wounded in the battle. Two of the soldiers who were killed were American-born and one who was French-born. Seven of the IDF soldiers were killed when their armored vehicle was hit by an anti-tank rocket, three were killed in clashes with militants, and three were killed by an anti-tank missile fired at a building where IDF soldiers were setting up a makeshift command center. In the following 24 hours, three additional IDF soldiers were killed in Shuja'iyya. Among the wounded was Colonel Ghassan Alian, the commander of the Golani Brigade.

Shortly after the battle, Hamas is reported to have shot twenty civilians from Shuja'iyya for protesting against Hamas for the massive destruction inflicted on their neighborhood by the IDF. Hamas said it had executed spies in the area.

Unexploded Israeli ordnance left over from the bombing exploded in late September killing a further two young men, Ayman Ziad Abu Jibba (23) and Abdullah Jibril Abu Aser (23) and wounding three in Shuja'iyya.

Military assessments
When U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry was overheard sarcastically remarking on Fox News on July 20 that the operations in Shuja'iyya were "a hell of a pinpoint operation,” according to Mark Perry, his comments reflected U.S. military assessments of a battle in which Israel's use of 11 artillery battalions was equivalent to what the U.S. deployed for 2 divisions, or even a full corps. The only explanation for adopting the massive firepower unleashed by a mix of Soltam M-71 and Paladin M109 guns was, according to one U.S. military expert, "to kill a lot of people in as short a period of time as possible,” adding that, “It’s not mowing the lawn. It’s removing the topsoil.” 'Mowing the lawn' is an Israeli idiom referring to periodic operations conducted by the IDF in the Gaza Strip. Lieutenant General Robert G. Gard, Jr. noted that technically, even if 10% of the shells fired on Shuja'iyya hit close to their targets, at a minimum in the range of 700 lethal shells would have landed amidst the civilian population overnight 20–21 July. 155-mm howitzer shells have a kill radius of 164 feet.

The conclusion of U.S. military experts interviewed by Perry is that the IDF did not target Hamas sites specifically, simply to collapse Hamas tunnels, but rather laid down a 'walking barrage' to 'crater the neighbourhood' instead of using suppressive fire to protect their forward troops, a strategy they deemed 'indefensible'. Accounting for the high civilian casualties as a result of a Hamas strategy of using civilians as 'human shields' was dismissed by one officers as a refusal by the IDF to assume responsibility for the consequences of the strategy adopted.

According to a report by Action on Armed Violence (AOAV), after Israeli soldiers came under heavy fire in Shuja'iyya on 20 July 2014, where 13 soldiers were killed, Israel was thought to have fired 600 artillery shells were fired into the densely populated neighbourhood and dropped 100 one-ton bombs. Up to 65 Palestinians were reportedly killed that day, of whom 10 were women and 13 children, and more bodies were later found under the rubble. The author of the report, Robert Perkins, said "Errors occur with this type of shell, it is fundamental to the way it works, but there is no margin for error in Gaza because you will hit markets, houses, and civilians, and that is what happened".

Analysis of the UN Commission of Inquiry 2015
As a result of its investigation into the battle, part of a general inquiry into the Gaza war, the UN Commission concluded that,
there are strong indications that the IDF’s Shuja’iya operation on 19 and 20 July was conducted in violation of the prohibition of indiscriminate attacks and may amount to a war crime

A deputy company commander in the Golani Brigade responded by saying "The claim that the IDF acted immorally is an untrue statement, and our situation in Shujaiyeh is the best example of this. Hamas operatives were waiting for us there, and we were sent into a carefully laid trap because of our considerations in harming the Palestinian population."

Official reactions
Involved parties
: Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu defended the military actions that resulted in the deaths, maintaining that Hamas was using the area to launch attacks against Israel. He blamed the Palestinians, stating, "We asked in every way for the civilian population to leave, Hamas told them not to so they could be used as human shields".

: The Palestinian Authority condemned the attack as a "massacre" and declared three days of mourning. The newly inaugurated Palestinian government described the attack as a "war crime" which required immediate international intervention. "The Palestinian consensus government condemned in the strongest terms the heinous massacre committed by the Israeli occupation forces against innocent Palestinian civilians in the neighbourhood of Shuja'iyya," it said.

International
: "The Iranian government and nation, as in the past, will stand by the proud Palestinian people and their brave resistance and will not be silent in the face of the brutal crimes by the Zionists," Iran's Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Marzieh Afkham said on Sunday. She added that Muslim and freedom-seeking nations in the world would undoubtedly give an "unforgettable lesson" to the Israeli government on Friday's International Quds Day in support of the Palestinian resistance against Israel.

: Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird told reporters: "We mourn the death of every single innocent civilian. I think you can just conclude that there’s one group that is fully and entirely responsible for this tragedy. And it is Hamas. They are responsible and they can stop this at any moment."

Supranational
: Secretary-General Nabil Elaraby called for an immediate cessation to the Israeli "barbarous ground incursion" in Gaza in addition to the ongoing bombardment across Gaza. He called to provide the necessary protection to the Palestinian civilians, holding Israel fully responsible for what he described as a "hideous crime."

: Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called the attack on Shejaiya "an atrocious action","Israel must exercise maximum restraint and do far more to protect civilians.”.

: The European Union said it "is particularly appalled by the human cost of the Israeli military operation in Shuja'iyya".

References

External links
Shujayea: Massacre at Dawn, programme for Al Jazeera by Amjad Almalki and Ahmad Ashour

2014 in the Gaza Strip
Shuja'iyya
Shuja'iyya
Articles containing video clips
July 2014 events in Asia
History of Gaza City
Battles involving Israel
Shuja'iyya
Shuja'iyya


title: Belgian Basketball Cup MVP

text:
The Belgian Basketball Cup Most Valuable Player (MVP) is an annual award that is given to the most valuable player of the Belgian Basketball Cup, which is the top-tier national domestic men's basketball cup competition in the country of Belgium.

Winners

Awards won by nationality

Awards won by club

References

Basketball most valuable player awards

European basketball awards


title: Raymond–Céstan syndrome

text:
Raymond–Céstan syndrome is caused by blockage of the long circumferential branches of the basilar artery. It was described by Fulgence Raymond and Étienne Jacques Marie Raymond Céstan. Along with other related syndromes such as Millard–Gubler syndrome, Foville's syndrome, and Weber's syndrome, the description was instrumental in establishing important principles in brain-stem localization.

Presentation
 Ipsilateral ataxia and coarse intention tremor (damage to superior and middle cerebellar peduncle)
 Ipsilateral paralysis of muscles of mastication and sensory loss in face (damage to sensory and motor nuclei and tracts of CN V)
 Contralateral loss of sensory modalities in the body (damage to spinothalamic tract and medial lemniscus)
 Contralateral hemiparesis of face and body (damage to corticospinal tract) may occur with ventral extension of lesion
 Horizontal gaze palsy may occur (as in lower dorsal pontine syndrome)

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Further reading

Stroke
Syndromes
Neurological disorders
Central nervous system disorders


title: Socialism in one country

text:
Socialism in one country was a Soviet state policy to strengthen socialism within the country rather than socialism globally. Given the defeats of the 1917–1923 European communist revolutions, Joseph Stalin encouraged the theory of the possibility of constructing socialism in the Soviet Union. The theory was eventually adopted as Soviet state policy.

As a political theory, its exponents argue that it contradicts neither world revolution nor world communism. The theory opposes Leon Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution and the communist left's theory of world revolution.

Initially, all leading Soviet figures including Stalin agreed that the success of world socialism was a precondition for the survival of the Soviet Union. Stalin expressed this view in his pamphlet, "Foundations of Leninism." However, he would later change this position in December 1924 during the succession struggle against Trotsky and the Left Opposition.

The theory was harshly criticized by Trotsky and Grigory Zinoviev as antithetical to Marxist principles whilst the theoretical framework was supported by Nikolai Bukharin.

Background

The defeat of several proletarian revolutions in countries like Germany and Hungary ended Bolsheviks' hopes for an imminent world revolution and began promotion of socialism in one country by Joseph Stalin. In the first edition of The Foundations of Leninism (1924), Stalin was still a follower of the orthodox Marxist idea that revolution in one country is insufficient. Vladimir Lenin died in January 1924 and by the end of that year in the second edition of the book Stalin's position started to turn around as he claimed that "the proletariat can and must build the socialist society in one country".

In April 1925, Nikolai Bukharin elaborated the issue in his brochure Can We Build Socialism in One Country in the Absence of the Victory of the West-European Proletariat? and the Soviet Union adopted socialism in one country as state policy after Stalin's January 1926 article On the Issues of Leninism. 1925–1926 signaled a shift in the immediate activity of the Communist International from world revolution towards a defense of the Soviet state. This period was known up to 1928 as the Second Period, mirroring the shift in the Soviet Union from war communism to the New Economic Policy.

In his 1915 article On the Slogan for a United States of Europe, Lenin had written: Uneven economic and political development is an absolute law of capitalism. Hence, the victory of socialism is possible first in several or even in one capitalist country alone. After expropriating the capitalists and organising their own socialist production, the victorious proletariat of that country will arise against the rest of the world.

In January 1918, Lenin wrote: I know that there are, of course, sages who think they are very clever and even call themselves Socialists, who assert that power should not have been seized until the revolution had broken out in all countries. They do not suspect that by speaking in this way they are deserting the revolution and going over to the side of the bourgeoisie. To wait until the toiling classes bring about a revolution on an international scale means that everybody should stand stock-still in expectation. That is nonsense.

After Lenin's death, Stalin used this quote, and others, to argue that Lenin shared his view of socialism in one country. Grigory Zinoviev and Leon Trotsky vigorously criticized the theory of socialism in one country. In particular, Trotskyists often claimed and still claim that socialism in one country opposes both the basic tenets of Marxism and Lenin's particular beliefs that the final success of socialism in one country depends upon the revolution's degree of success in proletarian revolutions in the more advanced countries of Western Europe. At the Seventh Congress in March 1918, Lenin explained: Regarded from the world-historical point of view, there would doubtlessly be no hope of the ultimate victory of our revolution if it were to remain alone, if there were no revolutionary movements in other countries. [...] I repeat, our salvation from all these difficulties is an all Europe revolution. [...] At all events, under all conceivable circumstances, if the German revolution does not come, we are doomed.

The exponents of socialism in one country contend that Stalin's theory was firmly in line with the basic tenets of Leninism in that the victory of socialism is possible in one or separate countries while other countries may continue to remain bourgeois for some time. To support this assertion, they quote Lenin, who said: [S]ocialism cannot achieve victory simultaneously in all countries. It will achieve victory first in one or several countries, while the others will for some time remain bourgeois or pre-bourgeois.

The defeat of all the 1917–1923 revolutions in Europe, except Russia, ended the Bolsheviks and especially Lenin's hopes for an imminent world revolution. In his 1918 Letter to American Workers, Lenin wrote: We are banking on the inevitability of the world revolution, but this does not mean that we are such fools as to bank on the revolution inevitably coming on a definite and early date.

In his report to the Extraordinary Seventh Congress of the R.C.P.(B.) which met on 6 March 1918, Lenin said: Yes, we shall see the world revolution, but for the time being it is a very good fairy-tale, a very beautiful fairy-tale—I quite understand children liking beautiful fairy-tales. But I ask, is it proper for a serious revolutionary to believe in fairy-tales? There is an element of reality in every fairy-tale. If you told children fairy-tales in which the cock and the cat did not converse in human language they would not be interested. In the same way, if you tell the people that civil war will break out in Germany and also guarantee that instead of a clash with imperialism we shall have a field revolution on a world-wide scale, the people will say you are deceiving them. In doing this you will be overcoming the difficulties with which history has confronted us only in your own minds, by your own wishes. It will be a good thing if the German proletariat is able to take action. But have you measured it, have you discovered an instrument that will show that the German revolution will break out on such-and-such a day? [...] If the revolution breaks out, everything is saved. Of course! But if it does not turn out as we desire, if it does not achieve victory tomorrow—what then? Then the masses will say to you, you acted like gamblers—you staked everything on a fortunate turn of events that did not take place, you proved to be unequal to the situation that actually arose instead of the world revolution, which will inevitably come, but which has not yet reached maturity.

With the proletarian revolutions in other countries having been either crushed or altogether failed to materialize, the nascent Soviet Union found itself encircled by capitalist or pre-capitalist states. According to the interpretation of Lenin's writings by the exponents of socialism in one country, Lenin laid down a long-term future course of action for the nascent Soviet state and its vanguard the R.C.P.(B.), prioritizing strengthening the nascent Soviet state internally so as to ensure its survival. The plan was based on, firstly, building a close class alliance between the proletariat and the vast masses of the small peasantry (with assured proletarian leadership of the peasantry), and secondly, constructing a complete socialist society in Russia whilst patiently awaiting and aiding the worldwide class struggle to mature into a world revolution in order to hasten the final victory of socialism.

In his pamphlet, The Impending Catastrophe and How to Combat It, Lenin wrote:The revolution has resulted in Russia catching up with the advanced countries in a few months, as far as her political system is concerned. But that is not enough. The war is inexorable; it puts the alternative with ruthless severity: either perish or overtake and outstrip the advanced countries economically as well. [...] Perish or forge full steam ahead. That is the alternative put by history. In his speech delivered at the Plenum of the C.P.S.U.(B.), Stalin observed that the aforementioned was written by Lenin as early as in September 1917, on the eve of October Revolution, during the imperialist war. Earlier in the same work, Lenin wrote: It is impossible to stand still in history in general, and in war-time in particular. We must either advance or retreat. It is impossible in twentieth-century Russia, which has won a republic and democracy in a revolutionary way, to go forward without advancing towards socialism, without taking steps towards it (steps conditioned and determined   by the level of technology and culture: large-scale machine production cannot be “introduced” in peasant agriculture nor abolished in the sugar industry).

Furthermore, in his 1923 article titled Our Revolution, Lenin wrote: You say that civilization is necessary for the building of socialism. Very good. But why could we not first create such prerequisites of civilization in our country by the expulsion of the landowners and the Russian capitalists, and then start moving toward socialism? Where, in what books, have you read that such [...] sequence of events are impermissible or impossible?

Another quote by Lenin further expounded on his ideas in his article titled On Cooperation, where he wrote: Indeed, the power of the state over all large-scale means of production, political power in the hands of the proletariat, the alliance of this proletariat with the many millions of small and very small peasants, the assured proletarian leadership of the peasantry, etc. — is this not all that is necessary to build a complete socialist society out of cooperatives, out of cooperatives alone, which we formerly ridiculed as huckstering and which from a certain aspect we have the right to treat as such now, under NEP? Is this not all that is necessary to build a complete socialist society? It is still not the building of socialist society, but it is all that is necessary and sufficient for it.Opponents of this interpretation, notably Leon Trotsky, have contended that the Lenin quotes adduced in support of socialism on one country are taken out of context. They argue that in the 1915 article On the Slogan for a United States of Europe the expression "triumph of socialism [...] possible in [...] a single capitalist country" in context refers only to the initial establishment of a proletarian political and economic regime and not to the eventual construction of a complete socialist society which would take generations. As for the quote from the 1923 article On Cooperation, Trotsky maintains that the passage speaking of "necessary and sufficient" prerequisites for the transition to socialism is concerned only with the "socio-organisational" and political prerequisites, but not with the "material-productive" and cultural ones which Russia still lacked.

Joseph Stalin

Stalin presented the theory of socialism in one country as a further development of Leninism based on Lenin's aforementioned quotations. In his 14 February 1938 article titled Response to Comrade Ivanov, formulated as an answer to a question of a "comrade Ivanov" mailed to Pravda newspaper, Stalin splits the question in two parts. The first side of the question is in terms of the internal relations within the Soviet Union, whether it is possible to construct the socialist society by defeating the local bourgeoisie and fostering the union of workers and peasants.

Stalin quotes Lenin that "we have all that is necessary for the building of a complete socialist society" and claims that the socialist society has for the most part been indeed constructed. The second side of the question is in terms of external relations and whether the victory of the socialism is "final", i.e. whether capitalism cannot possibly be restored. Here, Stalin cites Lenin that the final victory is possible only on the international scale and only with the help of the workers of other countries.

Marxist historian Isaac Deutscher traces Stalin's socialism in one country policy to the publication of The Foundations of Leninism which emphasized the policy of isolationism and economic development in opposition to Trotsky's policy of permanent revolution.

In a 1936 interview with journalist Roy W. Howard, Stalin articulated his rejection of exporting the revolution and stated that “We never had such plans and intentions” and that “The export of revolution is nonsense”.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Opponents of socialism in one country point out that on the question of socialist construction in a single country, Friedrich Engels wrote that:

Per contra, exponents of socialism in one country point out that Marx and Engels in 1848 in their Communist Manifesto wrote that:

Furthermore, they also point out that in 1882, Marx and Engels wrote that:

In popular culture
The slogan was parodied in the novel Moscow 2042, where communism in one city was built.

See also
 Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation
 Marxism–Leninism
 Stalinism

References

Further reading

Primary sources

External links

Left-wing nationalism
Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin
Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism


title: Solaikuyil

text:
Solaikuyil is a 1989 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by Rajan, starring Karthik and Ragini Karthik. The film was released on 3 June 1989.

Plot

Maruthu enters the town of Mulimalai introducing himself as the grandson of the respected Mookaiya Devar, who left for Singapore years ago. While the others accept his claim, the village guardsman, Maayandi, is suspicious. Maruthu is drawn to the withdrawn Ponnuthaye. Her brother Kaali was convicted of raping and killing Valli, her friend. Kaali was sentenced to death but has escaped and is on the run. Ponnuthayee has no one other family expect Maayandi, who was Kaali's friend and sees her as a sister.

Maruthu and Ponnuthaayee fall in love and a suspicious Maayandi makes his disapproval clear. Maruthu investigates and learns that Valli's intended accidentally killed her when he attempted to rape her and placed the blame on Kaali. Now exonerated, Kaali is still missing. The villagers are grateful for Maruthu's help and arrange for his wedding to Ponnuthayee. Maayandi, while also grateful for Maruthu's help, is still suspicious of him and makes it clear he does not believe Kaali will ever return. When it is confirmed that Kaali has been murdered the town is, once again, thrown into confusion and must resolve the mystery of his murder as well as Maruthu's true origins.

Cast
Karthik as Maruthu
Ragini Karthik as Ponnuthaayee
Radha Ravi as Maayandi (Thalaiadi)
Pandian as Kaali
S. S. Chandran
Gandhimathi as Angamma
Kovai Sarala as Punitha
Kuyili as Valli
Raghavi
Thiyagu as Valli's intended
Ponvannan

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by M. S. Murari.

Reception
P. S. S. of Kalki wrote those responsible for putting a tragic romantic coating on top of the detective mystery and the thrilling plot till the end, with meaningful dialogues can be appreciated.

References

External links

1989 films
1980s Tamil-language films
1989 action thriller films
Indian action thriller films