title: Operation Goodwood (naval)

text:
Operation Goodwood was a series of British carrier air raids conducted against the German battleship Tirpitz at her anchorage in Kaafjord in occupied Norway during late August 1944. It was the last of several attacks made by the Home Fleet during 1944 which sought to damage or sink Tirpitz and thereby eliminate the threat it posed to Allied shipping. Previous raids on Kaafjord conducted by Fleet Air Arm aircraft had involved only one air attack; in Operation Goodwood several attacks were made in a single week. The Royal Navy hoped that these raids would wear down the formidable German defences.

The British fleet departed its base on 18 August and launched the first raid against Kaafjord on the morning of 22 August. The attack failed, and a small raid that evening inflicted little damage. Attacks were conducted on 24 and 29 August and were also failures. Tirpitz had been hit by two bombs during the raid on 24 August, but neither caused significant damage. British losses during Operation Goodwood were 17 aircraft to all causes, a frigate sunk by a submarine, and an escort carrier badly damaged. German forces suffered the loss of 12 aircraft and damage to 7 ships.

In late August 1944, responsibility for attacking Tirpitz was transferred to the Royal Air Force. In three heavy bomber raids conducted during September and October 1944, the battleship was first crippled and then sunk. Historians regard Operation Goodwood as a significant failure for the Fleet Air Arm and attribute its results to the shortcomings of the force's aircraft and their armament.

Background
From early 1942, Tirpitz posed a significant threat to the Allied convoys transporting supplies through the Norwegian Sea to the Soviet Union. Stationed in fjords on the Norwegian coast, the battleship was capable of overwhelming the close-escort forces assigned to the Arctic convoys or breaking out into the North Atlantic. To counter this threat, the Allies needed to keep a powerful force of warships with the British Home Fleet, and capital ships accompanied most convoys part of the way to the Soviet Union.

Several air and naval attacks were launched against Tirpitz in 1942 and 1943. On 6 March 1942, torpedo bombers flying from the aircraft carrier  attacked the battleship while she was attempting to intercept Convoy PQ 12 but did not achieve any hits. Bombers from the Royal Air Force and Soviet Air Forces also attempted to strike Tirpitz in her anchorages several times in 1942 and 1943 but failed to inflict any damage. On 23 September 1943, two British X-class midget submarines penetrated the defences around the battleship's main anchorage at Kaafjord in northern Norway during Operation Source, and placed explosive charges in the water beneath her. This attack caused extensive damage to Tirpitz, putting her out of service for six months.

Following Operation Source, the task of attacking Tirpitz was assigned to the Home Fleet's aircraft carriers. Following months of preparations, a successful attack (Operation Tungsten) involving two strike forces of 20 Fairey Barracuda dive bombers escorted by 40 fighters was conducted on 3 April 1944. While Tirpitzs crew suffered heavy casualties during this operation, the battleship was not badly damaged. Nevertheless, she was placed out of action for several additional months while repairs were completed.

The Home Fleet initiated a further four raids against Tirpitz between April and July 1944, though the battleship was only attacked during the last of these operations. These attacks were hindered by the transfer of many of the Home Fleet's airmen to other units following Operation Tungsten, as the replacement aircrew were less experienced. The first raid (Operation Planet) began on 21 April, but it was cancelled three days later when agents stationed near Kaafjord reported bad weather over the target area. The Home Fleet put to sea to attack Tirpitz again in mid-May in what was designated Operation Brawn. A strike force of 27 Barracudas escorted by Vought F4U Corsair and Supermarine Seafire fighters took off from the carriers  and Victorious on 15 May, but returned to the ships without attacking after they encountered heavy clouds over Kaafjord. The next raid, Operation Tiger Claw, was initiated in late May but cancelled due to bad weather on the 28th of the month. The subsequent attack (Operation Mascot) was timed for mid-July, before the resumption of the Arctic convoys, which had been suspended since April 1944 in order to free ships for the Normandy landings. The strike force of 44 Barracudas and 40 fighters dispatched on 17 July reached the target area, but found Tirpitz cloaked in a protective smokescreen and the attack failed to inflict any damage on the battleship.

Preparations

In the weeks after Operation Mascot, Tirpitz continued to prepare for potential combat operations. Following trials in the sheltered waters of Altafjord, she put to sea on 31 July and 1 August to train with her protective destroyers. Additional smoke generators were also installed around Kaafjord to improve the area's already strong defences. These activities were reported by spies, and the British Admiralty interpreted them to mean that Tirpitz was being readied for a raid against Allied shipping. To defend against this threat, it was decided to conduct further attacks against the battleship at her anchorage in Kaafjord at the time of the next series of Arctic convoys. In reality, the German Navy was not planning to use Tirpitz offensively as she would be very vulnerable to the superior Allied naval and air forces if she put to sea. Instead, the battleship was being maintained in active service to tie down Allied warships and aircraft.

The failure of Operation Mascot convinced the commander of the Home Fleet, Admiral Sir Henry Moore, that the Fleet Air Arm's main strike aircraft, the Fairey Barracuda dive bomber, was not suited to operations against Kaafjord. As the dive bombers' slow speed gave the defenders of Kaafjord enough time to cover Tirpitz in a smoke screen between the time incoming raids were detected and their arrival over the target area, Moore concluded that further attacks using these aircraft would be futile. However, the Admiralty judged that repeatedly striking Kaafjord with Barracudas over a 48-hour period might wear down the German defences and exhaust the supply of fuel for Tirpitzs protective smoke generators. Consideration was also given to flying fast and long-ranged de Havilland Mosquito bombers off the carriers in an attempt to achieve surprise, but none of these land-based aircraft could be spared from supporting the Allied bombing of Germany. Despite his misgivings, Moore agreed to make another attempt to strike Tirpitz.

As proposed by the Admiralty, Moore's plans for the new attack on Kaafjord involved the Home Fleet's aircraft attacking the region over several days. While the fighter aircraft involved in the previous raids had used only their machine guns to strafe German defences in order to reduce the threat they posed to the Barracudas, it was decided to use some of these aircraft as dive bombers during Operation Goodwood. In preparation, the two squadrons of Corsairs and a single squadron of Grumman F6F Hellcats selected to participate in the attack received training in dive-bombing tactics during the period between Operations Mascot and Goodwood. Another new element of the plans was a decision to use Fleet Air Arm aircraft to drop mines near Tirpitz and the entrance to Kaafjord. The mines dropped near the battleship were to be fitted with time-delay fuses, and it was hoped that the explosions of these devices would cause Tirpitzs captain to try to move the warship into safer waters and pass through the minefield at the fjord's entrance. During the period before Operation Goodwood, the Home Fleet's flying squadrons conducted training exercises using a target range at Loch Eriboll in northern Scotland; the terrain in this area is comparable to that around Kaafjord, and the loch had also been used for this purpose as part of the preparations for Operation Tungsten.

Opposing forces
The Operation Goodwood attack fleet was divided into three groups. Admiral Moore embarked on board the battleship , which sailed with the fleet aircraft carriers  (the flagship of Rear Admiral Rhoderick McGrigor, commander of the 1st Cruiser Squadron),  and Furious, as well as two cruisers and fourteen destroyers. The second force comprised the escort carriers  and , cruiser  and a group of frigates. A pair of fleet oilers escorted by four corvettes sailed separately to support the two attack groups.

The aircraft carriers embarked the largest group of Fleet Air Arm aircraft assembled up to that point in the war. Their main striking element was the 35 Barracudas assigned to 820, 826, 827, and 828 Naval Air Squadrons which operated from the three fleet carriers. The two units of 6 Naval Fighter Wing, 1841 and 1842 Squadrons, flew 30 Corsairs from Formidable. A total of 48 Seafires were assigned to 801, 880, 887 and 894 Squadrons on board Indefatigable and Furious. In addition, 1770 and 1840 Squadrons operated 12 Fairey Firefly and 12 Hellcat fighters respectively from Indefatigable. The two escort carriers embarked a total of 20 Grumman TBF Avengers (which had responsibility for the mine-dropping element of Operation Goodwood) and 8 Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters; these aircraft were split between 846 Squadron on board Trumpeter and 852 Squadron on Nabob.

Tirpitzs anchorage at Kaafjord was heavily defended. Prior to Operation Tungsten, eleven batteries of anti-aircraft guns, several anti-aircraft warships and a system of smoke generators capable of hiding Tirpitz from aircraft were located around the fjord. After the attack, additional radar stations, and observation posts were established and the number of smoke generators was increased. Tirpitzs air defences were strengthened by fitting her with additional  cannons, modifying the  guns so they could be used to attack aircraft, and supplying anti-aircraft shells for her  main guns. The German Air Force (Luftwaffe) had few fighters stationed at airfields near Kaafjord, and their operations were constrained by a lack of fuel.

Attacks

22 August

The Operation Goodwood attack force sailed on 18 August. The timing of the operation was set to allow the Home Fleet to also protect Convoy JW 59, which had departed from Scotland on 15 August bound for the Soviet Union. After an uneventful journey north, the attack forces arrived off Norway on 20 August. While the first attack against Kaafjord had been planned to take place on 21 August, weather conditions that day were unsuitable for flying operations, and Moore decided upon a 24-hour postponement. The Germans were first alerted to the presence of the British fleet on 21 August when radio messages from the carriers were detected.

The first strike against Kaafjord was launched on 22 August. While flying conditions were poor due to low cloud, Moore decided to attack that day as some of his ships were starting to run low on fuel and would soon need to move away from Norway to refuel. At 11:00 am a force comprising 32 Barracudas, 24 Corsairs, 11 Fireflies, 9 Hellcats and 8 Seafires was launched from the three fleet carriers. No Avengers were dispatched as the cloudy conditions were unsuitable for the execution of their task. Because few mines were available and the Avengers could not safely land while still carrying these weapons, the mine-dropping element of the plan would fail if the aircraft were unable to locate Tirpitz and had to dump their loads into the sea.

As the strike force neared the coast, heavy cloud was sighted covering the hills near Kaafjord. Because the clouds prevented accurate bombing, the Barracudas and Corsairs returned to the carriers without attacking. The Hellcat and Firefly fighters continued on, and approached the fjord below the cloud base. These aircraft achieved surprise, and Tirpitz was not obscured by smoke when they arrived over Kaafjord. The Fireflies initiated the attack at 12:49 pm by strafing German anti-aircraft guns on and around Tirpitz. Two minutes later nine Hellcats attacked the battleship with  bombs but did not achieve any hits. As the strike force returned to the carriers it destroyed two of Tirpitzs seaplanes in Bukta harbour and badly damaged the submarine U-965 at Hammerfest. At Ingøy, north of Hammerfest, three Hellcats strafed a German radio station. The attack set the station's buildings ablaze and damaged the aerials. The eight Seafires made diversionary attacks on the Banak area and a nearby seaplane base, destroying five German seaplanes. Three British aircraft were lost during the attack on the morning of 22 August; one Hellcat and a Seafire were shot down, and one of the Barracudas was forced to ditch into the sea during its return flight.

After the strike force was recovered, much of the Home Fleet sailed away from the Norwegian coast to refuel. A group comprising Formidable, Furious, two cruisers and several destroyers set a course for the two fleet oilers, and the escort carrier group withdrew so that the carriers could refuel their escorts. At 5:25 pm, Nabob was struck by a torpedo fired from U-354. The carrier suffered serious damage and 21 fatalities but was able to continue limited flight operations. Shortly afterwards U-354 torpedoed the frigate  as the latter searched for Nabobs attacker. Nabob was forced to return to the Home Fleet's base at Scapa Flow that evening, escorted by Trumpeter, a cruiser and several destroyers. Formidable and Furious covered their withdrawal; during this period Furious also refuelled from the Home Fleet's tankers. The departure of both escort carriers meant that the mine-dropping component of Operation Goodwood had to be cancelled. Bickertons stern was wrecked by the torpedo, and she could have potentially been salvaged. However, the force's commander did not want to have to protect two crippled ships, and the frigate was scuttled at around 8:30 pm on 22 August. Shortly after the attacks on Nabob and Bickerton, Seafires from 894 Naval Air Squadron shot down two German Blohm & Voss BV 138 reconnaissance aircraft.

During the evening of 22 August, a force of eight Fireflies and six bomb-armed Hellcats from Indefatigable raided Kaafjord again. This was the first in what was intended to be a series of small harassing attacks conducted to wear down the German defences. German forces did not detect the aircraft before they arrived over Kaafjord at 7:10 pm, and the Fireflies' strafing attacks on German gun positions killed one member of Tirpitzs crew and wounded ten. However, the Hellcats' bombs failed to inflict any damage on the battleship. The British fighters also attacked German ships and radar stations on their return flight, damaging two tankers, a supply ship, and a patrol boat. No British aircraft were lost during this raid.

24 August
Fog caused the cancellation of Indefatigables flying operations on 23 August, including a planned diversionary attack against German shipping in Langfjord. The other two carriers and their escorts rejoined Moore and Indefatigable off Norway during the morning of 24 August. While conditions that day were initially foggy, the weather cleared enough in the afternoon to permit a strike against Kaafjord. The attacking force comprised 33 Barracudas carrying  armour-piecing bombs, 24 Corsairs (including 5 armed with a 1,000-pound [450 kg] bomb), 10 Hellcats, 10 Fireflies and 8 Seafires. In an attempt to achieve surprise, the aircraft flew off from the carriers from a point further to the south of those used in previous raids. The strike aircraft then flew parallel to the coast, before making landfall and approaching Kaafjord from the south. A German radar station detected the force at 3:41 pm, and immediately alerted Tirpitz.

The British attack began at 4:00 pm. It was initiated with attacks on German gun positions by the Hellcats and Fireflies, which were flying five minutes ahead of the Barracudas and Corsairs. Tirpitzs protective smokescreen was not fully in place at the start of the raid, but by the time the Barracudas and Corsairs arrived she was completely covered by smoke. As a result, these aircraft had to blind bomb the ship, releasing their weapons from altitudes between . Only two bombs hit Tirpitz. The first was a  weapon dropped by a Hellcat that exploded on the roof of her "Bruno" main gun turret. The explosion destroyed the quadruple  anti-aircraft gun mount located on top of the turret, but did not cause any significant damage to the turret itself. The second bomb to strike the ship was a  armour-piercing weapon which penetrated through five decks, killed a sailor in a radio room and lodged near an electrical switch room. This bomb failed to explode, and German bomb disposal experts later determined that it had been only partially filled with explosives. The German report on the attack judged that if the bomb had gone off it would have caused "immeasurable" damage. British fighters also attacked other German ships and facilities in the Kaafjord area, damaging two patrol boats, a minesweeper and a radar station, as well as destroying an ammunition dump and three guns of an anti-aircraft battery. Tirpitzs last remaining Arado Ar 196 seaplane was attacked in Bukta harbour and damaged beyond repair. Four Corsairs and two Hellcats were shot down during the raid, and the battleship's crew suffered 8 fatalities and 18 men wounded. Casualties among the anti-aircraft units stationed around Kaafjord were heavy.

At 7:30 pm on 24 August, a pair of Fireflies conducted a photo-reconnaissance sortie over Kaafjord to gather intelligence on the results of the attack; their presence caused the Germans to generate a smoke screen over the fjord and fire an intensive anti-aircraft barrage. In a separate action that day, U-354 was sunk off Bear Island by Fairey Swordfish operating from the escort carrier  which was escorting Convoy JW 59.

The German command at Kaafjord judged that the attacks on 24 August had been "undoubtedly the heaviest and most determined so far", and requested that fighter units be transferred from northern Finland to bolster the area's defences. Due to the other demands on Germany's fighter force at this time, the request was turned down on 26 August by the Luftwaffes headquarters.

Gales and fog prevented the British from conducting further attacks between 25 and 28 August. On 25 August Indefatigable, Formidable, two cruisers and seven destroyers refuelled from the oilers. Both of the cruisers later detached from the force and returned to Scapa Flow. Duke of York, Furious, a cruiser and five destroyers also sailed to the Faroe Islands to load supplies. Before leaving the fleet, Furious transferred two Barracudas and a pair of Hellcats to Indefatigable. As the elderly Furious was judged to be no longer capable of combat operations, she proceeded from the Faroe Islands to Scapa Flow with the cruiser and several destroyers. On 29 August Duke of York and the remaining destroyers rejoined the main body of the Home Fleet off north Norway. During this period, the flying squadrons' maintenance personnel worked to repair aircraft which had been damaged during the 24 August attacks.

Convoy JW 59 completed its journey on 25 August, with most of its ships docking at Kola in northern Russia. The convoy had been repeatedly attacked by U-boats from 20 to 24 August, and its escorting warships and aircraft sank two submarines. All of the merchant vessels arrived safely, with the only Allied loss being the sloop  which was torpedoed and sunk by U-344 on 21 August.

29 August

The final attack of Operation Goodwood was made on 29 August. The strike force comprised 26 Barracudas, 17 Corsairs (of which two were armed with 1,000-pound [450 kg] bombs), 10 Fireflies and seven Hellcats. Seven Seafires also conducted a diversionary raid on Hammerfest. In an attempt to give the bombers accurate aiming points once the artificial smokescreen was generated around Tirpitz, four of the Hellcats were armed with target indicator bombs. The aircraft began launching at 3:30 pm.

The British aircraft failed to achieve surprise. German radar stations had been tracking the Home Fleet's routine anti-submarine and fighter patrols, and the Seafires were detected at 4:40 pm when they were  from Kaafjord. In response to this report, the smoke generators around Kaafjord were activated and the fjord's defenders went to their battle positions. The arrival of the main body of British aircraft over Kaafjord was delayed by stronger than expected winds and a navigational error, and they did not reach the target area until 5:25 pm. By this time Tirpitz was covered in a very thick smokescreen, and none of the British airmen sighted the ship. The Barracudas and Corsairs were forced to blind-bomb Kaafjord, and while no hits were achieved on the battleship, six members of her crew were wounded by bomb fragments from near misses. German ships and gun positions were once again strafed by the fighters, but no significant damage was inflicted. Heavy anti-aircraft gunfire from Tirpitz, which was directed by a party of observers stationed on a mountain near Kaafjord, shot down a Corsair and a Firefly.

Following the raid on 29 August, the Home Fleet sailed west to cover Convoy RA 59A which had sailed from northern Russia on 28 August bound for the UK. Due to fuel shortages, Indefatigable and three destroyers detached later that day to return to Scapa Flow and Formidable with two destroyers followed 24 hours later. Duke of York and six destroyers remained on station in the Arctic Sea until 11:00 am on 1 September when the convoy was judged to be safe from attack.

Overall, Fleet Air Arm casualties during Operation Goodwood were 40 airmen killed and 17 aircraft destroyed. Nabob was also judged to be beyond economical repair, and was withdrawn from service. On the German side, Tirpitz suffered only superficial damage.

Aftermath

Following the 29 August raid, the British learned from Ultra signals intelligence that Tirpitz had not sustained any significant damage during Operation Goodwood. In public statements the Royal Navy claimed to have damaged or sunk 19 German warships during the attacks on Kaafjord, but did not report damage to Tirpitz.

During the final days of Operation Goodwood, Royal Navy planners decided not to order further Fleet Air Arm operations against Kaafjord. The planners accepted that the Germans were now able to cover Tirpitz in smoke before Barracudas could reach the battleship, and these aircraft could not carry bombs large enough to inflict heavy damage. Further consideration was given to attacking Kaafjord using Mosquitos launched from aircraft carriers, but the light bombers continued to be in short supply and it was judged that they were not well suited to the task. Moreover, there was a growing need to transfer the carriers to the Pacific to strengthen Britain's contribution to the war against Japan.

As Tirpitz was still considered a threat to shipping, the British Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, decided in late August to conduct further attacks against her using Royal Air Force heavy bombers. On 15 September, a force of Avro Lancasters attacked Kaafjord after refuelling at bases in northern Russia and inflicted irreparable damage on the battleship. Following this raid she sailed to an anchorage near Tromsø to be used as an immobile coastal defence battery. Another heavy bomber attack on 29 October caused only minor damage. In a third raid mounted on 12 November Tirpitz was struck by several Tallboy bombs and capsized, sinking with heavy loss of life.

Historians have judged Operation Goodwood to have been a failure. Writing in 1961, the British official historian Stephen Roskill stated that the attacks marked the end of a "series of operations whose results can only be classed as intensely disappointing", and concluded that the possibility of sinking Tirpitz had been "remote" due to the shortcomings of the Barracudas and their armament. Similarly, Norman Polmar argued in 1969 that Operation Goodwood was "perhaps the most striking failure of the F.A.A. (Fleet Air Arm) during World War II and can be directly attributed to the lack of effective aircraft – the Barracudas were too slow and could not carry large enough bombs to make effective attacks". More recently, Mark Llewellyn Evans judged the results of Operation Goodwood to have been "pathetic", and Mark Bishop concluded that "the Fleet Air Arm's greatest operation of the war ... ended in failure".

References

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

World War II aerial operations and battles of the Western European Theatre
Naval aviation operations and battles
Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom
Naval battles of World War II involving Canada
Military operations of World War II involving Germany
Alta, Norway
1944 in Norway
August 1944 events
Conflicts in 1944


title: Simmons-Harth House

text:
Simmons-Harth House, also known as the Simmons-Harth-Gantt House, is a historic home located at Lexington, Lexington County, South Carolina. It was built about 1830, and is a two-story, rectangular, later Federal style frame dwelling.  It has a gable roof and is sheathed in weatherboard. The front façade features a double-tiered, pedimented portico with slender wooden columns.  It is one of nine surviving antebellum houses in Lexington.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1830
Houses in Lexington County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Lexington County, South Carolina
1830 establishments in South Carolina


title: 1908 in China

text:
Events from the year 1908 in China.

Incumbents
Emperor: Guangxu Emperor

Viceroys
 Viceroy of Zhili — Yang Shixiang
 Viceroy of Min-Zhe — Songshou
 Viceroy of Huguang — Chen Kuilong then Ruicheng
 Viceroy of Shaan-Gan — Shengyun then Changgeng
 Viceroy of Liangguang — Zhang Renjun then Yang Shuxun then Zengqi
 Viceroy of Yun-Gui — Xiliang then Li Jingxi
 Viceroy of Sichuan — Zhao Erxun then Duanfang
 Viceroy of Liangjiang — Duanfang then Fan Zengxiang then Zhang Renjun

Events
March 4 – One of earlier financial service founded in this nation, China Bank of Communications was founded.
July 22 — The Qing government issues the Outline of Imperial Constitution, based on the Meiji Constitution of Japan, which establishes a framework for local and national legislative elections to be held.
December 2 — Aisin Gioro Puyi ascended the throne at the age of three as the Xuantong Emperor, the twelfth and final ruler of the Qing dynasty.

Births
 Yin Linping
 Zhao Shangzhi
 Zhou Yang

Deaths
November 14 - Guangxu Emperor (b. 1871)
November 15 - Empress Dowager Cixi (b. 1835)

References

1900s in China
Years of the 20th century in China


title: 1906 in China

text:
Events from the year 1906 in China.

Incumbents
Guangxu Emperor (32nd year)

Viceroys
 Viceroy of Zhili — Yuan Shikai
 Viceroy of Min-Zhe — Duanfang then Zhou Fu then Ding Zhenduo
 Viceroy of Huguang — Zhang Zhidong
 Viceroy of Shaan-Gan — Shengyun
 Viceroy of Liangguang — Cen Chunxuan then Zhou Fu
 Viceroy of Yun-Gui — Ding Zhenduo then Cen Chunxuan
 Viceroy of Sichuan — Xiliang
 Viceroy of Liangjiang — Duanfang

Events
 April 27 - Chinese representative Tang Shaoyi and the British Ambassador to China, Ernest Mason Satow, formally signed the Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet. Britain agreed not to occupy Tibet and not to interfere in Tibetan politics.

Births
 Fei Mu -  October 10, 1906
 Aisin Gioro Puyi

References

1900s in China
Years of the 20th century in China


title: Vastine Wessinger House

text:
Vastine Wessinger House is a historic home located near Lexington, Lexington County, South Carolina. It was built about 1891, and is a two-story, rectangular, frame farmhouse.  It is sheathed in weatherboard and has a truncated hip roof. The front façade features a projecting Victorian influenced, ornamented double-tiered porch.  Also on the property is a contributing small, frame building used as a garage, but originally operated as a store by in the 1890s and from 1910 to 1935 as a farm commissary.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1891
Houses in Lexington County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Lexington County, South Carolina


title: Maj. Henry A. Meetze House

text:
Maj. Henry A. Meetze House is a historic home located near Lexington, Lexington County, South Carolina. It was built about 1855, and consists of a two-story, rectangular main block, with one-story side wings and a rear ell. The vernacular Italianate dwelling features a hipped roof with bracketed eaves, one and two-story porticoes with cast iron decoration, and bay windows. Also on the property is the original wellhouse and several sheds. Henry Meetze (1820-1904) was a prominent attorney, businessman and civic leader in the Lexington area.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Italianate architecture in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1855
Houses in Lexington County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Lexington County, South Carolina


title: Montargil Airfield

text:
Montargil Airfield  is a recreational aerodrome serving Montargil and Mora, Portugal. It is sometimes called Morargil, which is a portmanteau of the names of the nearest localities, Mora and Montargil.

Runway length includes approximately  displaced thresholds at each end. The Montargil VOR-DME is  northwest of the airport.

See also
Transport in Portugal
List of airports in Portugal

References

External links
OurAirports - Montargil
SkyVector Aeronautical Charts
OpenStreetMap - Mora Municipal Airport

Airports in Portugal


title: 2015 Masters Tournament

text:
The 2015 Masters Tournament was the 79th Masters Tournament, and the first of golf's four major championships, held April 9–12 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Jordan Spieth led wire-to-wire and shot a record-tying 270 (−18) to win his first major at the age of 21, four strokes ahead of runners-up Phil Mickelson and Justin Rose, both major champions.

This was the final Masters appearance for two-time champion Ben Crenshaw.

Course

Field
The Masters has the smallest field of the four major championships. Officially, the Masters remains an invitation event, but there is a set of qualifying criteria that determines who is included in the field. Each player is classified according to the first category by which he qualified, with other categories in which he qualified shown in parentheses. Golfers who qualify based solely on their performance in amateur tournaments (categories 6–11) must remain amateurs on the starting day of the tournament to be eligible to play.

Robert Streb was the only professional in the field who was appearing in his first major.  Twelve other professionals were appearing in their first Masters: Erik Compton, James Hahn, Brian Harman, Morgan Hoffmann, Brooks Koepka, Anirban Lahiri, Shane Lowry, Noh Seung-yul, Brendon Todd, Cameron Tringale, Bernd Wiesberger and Danny Willett. Mikko Ilonen and Ben Martin were appearing in their first Masters as professionals. Each of the amateurs was appearing in his first major, apart from Bradley Neil who had played in the 2014 Open Championship.

Craig Stadler was absent for the first time since 1978.  The 1982 champion, he had appeared in 38 Masters, including 36 consecutively.

Two-time champion Ben Crenshaw played in his 44th and final Masters.

1. Past Masters champions

Ángel Cabrera (16)
Fred Couples
Ben Crenshaw
Trevor Immelman
Zach Johnson (17,18,19)
Bernhard Langer (12)
Sandy Lyle
Phil Mickelson (3,15,18,19)
Larry Mize
José María Olazábal
Mark O'Meara
Charl Schwartzel (18,19)
Adam Scott (16,17,18,19)
Vijay Singh
Bubba Watson (12,16,17,18,19)
Tom Watson
Mike Weir
Tiger Woods (5,18)
Ian Woosnam

The following past champions did not play: Tommy Aaron, Jack Burke Jr., Charles Coody, Nick Faldo, Raymond Floyd, Doug Ford, Bob Goalby, Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer, Gary Player, Craig Stadler, Fuzzy Zoeller.  Nicklaus, Palmer, and Player served as "honorary starters" and teed off on the first day at the first hole to kick off the tournament.

2. Last five U.S. Open champions

Martin Kaymer (4,5,13,16,17,18,19)
Graeme McDowell (18,19)
Rory McIlroy (3,4,12,14,15,16,17,18,19)
Justin Rose (16,17,18,19)
Webb Simpson (17,18,19)

3. Last five Open Championship champions

Darren Clarke
Ernie Els
Louis Oosthuizen (18,19)

4. Last five PGA Championship champions

Keegan Bradley (13,18,19)
Jason Dufner (18)

5. Last three winners of The Players Championship
Matt Kuchar (12,16,17,18,19)

6. Top two finishers in the 2014 U.S. Amateur

Corey Conners (a)
Gunn Yang (a)

7. Winner of the 2014 Amateur Championship
Bradley Neil (a)

8. Winner of the 2014 Asia-Pacific Amateur Championship
Antonio Murdaca (a)

9. Winner of the 2015 Latin America Amateur Championship
Matías Domínguez (a)

10. Winner of the 2014 U.S. Amateur Public Links
Byron Meth (a)

11. Winner of the 2014 U.S. Mid-Amateur
Scott Harvey (a)

12. The top 12 finishers and ties in the 2014 Masters Tournament

Thomas Bjørn (18)
Jonas Blixt
Rickie Fowler (13,14,15,17,18,19)
Miguel Ángel Jiménez (18)
John Senden (17,18)
Jordan Spieth (16,17,18,19)
Kevin Stadler
Jimmy Walker (16,17,18,19)
Lee Westwood (18,19)

13. Top 4 finishers and ties in the 2014 U.S. Open

Erik Compton
Jason Day (16,17,18,19)
Dustin Johnson (16,17,18,19)
Brooks Koepka (16,18,19)
Henrik Stenson (15,18,19)

14. Top 4 finishers and ties in the 2014 Open Championship

Jim Furyk (17,18,19)
Sergio García (17,18,19)

15. Top 4 finishers and ties in the 2014 PGA Championship

16. Winners of PGA Tour events that award a full-point allocation for the FedEx Cup, between the 2014 Masters Tournament and the 2015 Masters Tournament

Bae Sang-moon
Ben Crane
Matt Every (19)
Bill Haas (17,18,19)
James Hahn
Brian Harman
Pádraig Harrington
Charley Hoffman
J. B. Holmes (19)
Billy Horschel (17,18,19)
Chris Kirk (17,18,19)
Hunter Mahan (17,18,19)
Ben Martin
Hideki Matsuyama (17,18,19)
Ryan Moore (18,19)
Noh Seung-yul
Patrick Reed (17,18,19)
Brandt Snedeker (19)
Robert Streb
Kevin Streelman
Brendon Todd (17,19)
Camilo Villegas

Tim Clark did not play due to elbow injury.

17. All players qualifying for the 2014 edition of The Tour Championship

Russell Henley
Morgan Hoffmann
Kevin Na (18,19)
Geoff Ogilvy
Ryan Palmer (18,19)
Cameron Tringale
Gary Woodland (18,19)

18. Top 50 on the final 2014 Official World Golf Ranking list

Luke Donald (19)
Jamie Donaldson (19)
Victor Dubuisson (19)
Stephen Gallacher (19)
Mikko Ilonen
Thongchai Jaidee (19)
Shane Lowry (19)
Joost Luiten (19)
Ian Poulter (19)
Steve Stricker
Danny Willett (19)

Marc Leishman withdrew for personal reasons.

19. Top 50 on the Official World Golf Ranking list on March 30, 2015

Paul Casey
Branden Grace
Anirban Lahiri
Bernd Wiesberger

20. International invitees
None

Par 3 contest
Wednesday, April 8, 2015
Kevin Streelman won the par 3 contest on Wednesday in a playoff over Camilo Villegas, after both finished at 5-under par. Five holes-in-one were recorded, tying the record for most in one day first set in 2002. Villegas made two, while Jack Nicklaus hit his first ever hole-in-one at Augusta National. The others were recorded by Trevor Immelman and Matías Domínguez. Opting out in the previous ten years, Tiger Woods played in his first par 3 contest at the Masters since 2004.

Round summaries

First round
Thursday, April 9, 2015

Jordan Spieth recorded nine birdies on his way to a round of 64 (−8), one off the course record, and a three-shot lead. Spieth is the fourth player to open the Masters with a round of 64 or better, and the first since Greg Norman shot 63 in 1996. Rory McIlroy, looking for his third consecutive win in a major and the career grand slam, opened with a round of 71 (−1), as did defending champion Bubba Watson. Four-time champion Tiger Woods, playing in his first tournament since February, shot 73 (+1).

Second round
Friday, April 10, 2015

Jordan Spieth increased his lead to 5 shots after 36 holes with a bogey-free round of 66 (−6). His total of 130 established a new tournament record and tied the major championship record, while his 5-shot lead matched the Masters record for largest lead after two rounds. Dustin Johnson became the first player in Masters history to record three eagles in a round and moved into a tie for third place.

Amateurs: Conners (+5), Meth (+6), Murdaca (+7), Domínguez (+8), Harvey (+13), Neil (+13), Yang (+15)

Third round
Saturday, April 11, 2015

Jordan Spieth established a new Masters record for lowest 54-hole score after a round of 70 (−2) gave him a four-shot lead after the third round. His total of 200 broke by one stroke the record previously held by Raymond Floyd in 1976 and Tiger Woods in 1997. Spieth got as low as 18-under during the round, tying Woods for lowest score in relation to par in tournament history, before a double bogey at the 17th. Justin Rose birdied five holes on the back nine, including four in a row, to equal the best round of the day with a 67 (−5) and move into second place.  Phil Mickelson also shot 67 and moved into third place.

Final round
Sunday, April 12, 2015

Summary
Jordan Spieth equaled the tournament scoring record after a round of 70 (−2) gave him a four-stroke victory over Phil Mickelson and Justin Rose and his first major championship. Beginning the round four and five shots behind, respectively, Rose and Mickelson were only able to get within three shots at any point in the round. Spieth's total of 270 tied Tiger Woods in 1997 for lowest score in Masters history, and he became the first wire-to-wire Masters champion since Raymond Floyd in 1976. He got as low as 19-under after a birdie at the 15th, the first in Masters history to do so, before missing an 8-foot par putt at the 18th that would have broken the record. For the week, he recorded 28 birdies, three more than the previous tournament record set by Mickelson in 2001.

Final leaderboard

Scorecard

References

External links

Coverage on the PGA Tour's official site
Coverage from the PGA of America

2015
2015 in golf
2015 in American sports
2015 in sports in Georgia (U.S. state)
April 2015 sports events in the United States


title: We Are Only What We Feel

text:
We Are Only What We Feel is the debut studio album by Swedish trio NONONO, released on 13 March 2014 through Warner Music. The album has peaked at number 41 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits for We Are Only What We Feel adapted from AllMusic

NONONO
 Stina Wäppling – vocals
 Tobias "Astma" Jimson – engineering, production
 Michel "Rocwell" Flygare – engineering, production

Additional musicians
 Pelle Hansen – strings
 Pär Lindqvist – strings
 Fredrik Syberg – strings
 The West Los Angeles Children's Choir – vocals

Additional personnel
 Sören Von Maimborg – mastering, mixing
 Barbara Klaskin Silberg – direction
 Amir Chamdin – photography
 Johan Reinhold – artwork

Charts

Release history

References

2014 debut albums
NoNoNo (band) albums


title: S. N. MacEachern

text:
Stephen Neil MacEachern (February 9, 1894 – December 26, 1974) was a politician in Saskatchewan, Canada. He served as mayor of Saskatoon from 1941 to 1943.

The son of Archibald A. McEachern and Kate Gillis, he was born in Grand Mira, Nova Scotia and studied law at Dalhousie University. In 1921, he moved to Saskatoon. MacEachern taught at Nutana Collegiate from 1921 to 1940. He served on Saskatoon city council from 1934 to 1940. In 1938, he ran unsuccessfully for the Saskatoon City seat in the provincial assembly. MacEachern resigned as mayor in 1943 to become Saskatoon Board of Trade commissioner. In 1946, he became manager for the Saskatoon Exhibition. He resigned from the Board of Trade in 1959 to concentrate on the Saskatoon Exhibition. He also served on the board of governors for the University of Saskatchewan and on the Saskatoon Separate School Board. MacEachern died at the age of 80.

MacEachern Avenue in Saskatoon was named in his honour and the administration building for the Saskatoon Exhibition was renamed the Steve MacEachern Building in 1975.

References

1894 births
1974 deaths
Mayors of Saskatoon


title: The Divergent Series: Allegiant

text:
The Divergent Series: Allegiant (simply known as Allegiant) is a 2016 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Robert Schwentke with a screenplay by Bill Collage, Adam Cooper, and Noah Oppenheim, and the third and final film in The Divergent Series. It was set to be the first of two cinematic parts based on the final novel of the Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth (the second cinematic part was to be named Ascendant).

The film stars Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Jeff Daniels, Miles Teller, Ansel Elgort, Zoë Kravitz, Maggie Q, Ray Stevenson, Bill Skarsgård, Octavia Spencer, and Naomi Watts. Set in a post-apocalyptic and dystopian Chicago, the story follows Tris Prior, her boyfriend Four, and their small group of friends escaping over the wall that enclosed the city. Once outside, however, they discover new truths that will shift their alliances and introduce new threats.

Principal photography primarily took place in Atlanta, Georgia, from May 2015 until August that same year. The film was initially titled The Divergent Series: Allegiant – Part 1, however, in September 2015, Part 1 was renamed Allegiant and Part 2 as Ascendant. Allegiant was released on March 18, 2016, in theaters and IMAX and received generally negative reviews from critics, who criticized the lack of originality, character development, and the decision to split the film into two parts. The film was a box-office bomb, grossing just $179.2 million worldwide against its estimated budget of $110–142 million, becoming the lowest-grossing film in The Divergent Series. Following budget cuts, a theatrical release for Ascendant was dropped in favor of reconfiguring the project as a television film for Starz that would be followed by a spinoff series. Both projects were later canceled, effectively ending the franchise.

Plot
Evelyn re-closes Chicago's wall, and puts Jeanine's coup supporters on trial for their lives. Johanna turns her back on this, and is followed by many newly christened Allegiants. Tris and Four free Caleb and escape over the wall with Tori, Christina, and Peter. Edgar leads Factionless guards to catch them, killing Tori. Edgar catches them in the wastelands, but unknown soldiers with advanced technology rescue the group.

The group is taken to the Bureau of Genetic Welfare, a city of advanced technology hidden behind a cloaking shield. Society's problems were caused by some people tampering with their offspring's genes to give them advantages, but this led to the Purity Wars that destroyed most of the planet. The genetically "pure" (as compared to those with gene modifications, the "damaged") created the Bureau and its series of experiments, located in isolated ruined cities, in an attempt to trigger a naturally pure genome; Tris is the first to show the desired outcome.

Caleb and Peter are assigned to surveillance teams that remotely monitor Chicago, while Christina and Four are assigned to train under Nita in the military. Matthew brings Tris to David, the leader of the Bureau, who gives Tris a device that allows her to view her mother's memories. She sees that her mother was rescued from the wastelands as a child, then volunteered to join the Chicago experiment. Caleb warns Four and Tris of the conflict in Chicago between Allegiants and Factionless. Tris agrees to help David to continue the experiment if he asks the council to intervene in the fighting.

During a military rescue mission to a wasteland village, Four realizes that the Bureau is kidnapping children and wiping their memories. He attempts to warn Tris of the Bureau's intentions, but David interrupts them. Four urges Tris to return with him to end the bloodshed, but she decides to go with David, who agrees to return Four to Chicago with Matthew and some Bureau soldiers. En route, Matthew quietly warns Four that David has ordered his death. Four kills the soldiers, but the transport crashes. Matthew gives Four a device to allow passage through the cloaking shield. Matthew returns to the Bureau — and warns Tris.

Tris disagrees with the council's actions, saying that pure versus damaged is no better than the Chicago Factions, and chastises their refusal to stop the violence in Chicago. The council reveals that David, not them, has full authority over Chicago. David tells her that he intends to reinforce the Factions.

Tris ends her partnership with David and gathers Caleb and Christina in David's hovercar to return to Chicago. Nita helps them escape, revealing that David's rule is not popular with the Bureau. The Factionless capture Four, who confronts Evelyn about ending the violence. Tris, Caleb, and Christina arrive to find the city tearing itself apart at the opening stage of a full assault by the Allegiant. At the Bureau, David makes a deal with Peter in exchange for Peter's promotion and insertion into Chicago to convince Evelyn to deploy a hidden Bureau stockpile of amnesia gas, creating peace by wiping all factions' memories. She agrees, so Peter takes her to a hidden vault.

Four, Tris and Christina fight through the Factionless and arrive at the vault. Four convinces Evelyn to stop the gas attack, as he would not remember her. She capitulates, but a frustrated Peter shoots her in the leg, gloating until the same gas starts flooding the vault itself. Realizing David has betrayed him, Peter opens the vault so that Tris and Four can stop the gas. Peter flees back towards the Bureau, though Four vows to find and kill him.

Caleb arrives and aids Tris in destroying the gas dispersion hub. The group gathers atop the Erudite building as it watches David's hovercar, which autopilots back towards the Bureau. Tris transmits a message to the world, revealing the existence of Bureau and that Chicago was an experiment in genetic purity. Her message tells the Bureau that Chicago is no longer their experiment. Caleb then detonates the explosives they loaded in the hovercar, disrupting the cloak shield and revealing the Bureau to the world.

Cast

 Shailene Woodley as Tris, a Divergent and former Dauntless member
 Theo James as Four, a former Dauntless instructor and Tris' boyfriend
 Jeff Daniels as David, head of the Bureau of Genetic Welfare, an advanced city formed outside of Chicago
 Miles Teller as Peter
 Ansel Elgort as Caleb, Tris' brother
 Zoë Kravitz as Christina, Tris' best friend
 Maggie Q as Tori, former Dauntless
 Ray Stevenson as Marcus
 Mekhi Phifer as Max, former Dauntless Leader
 Daniel Dae Kim as Jack Kang
 Bill Skarsgård as Matthew, a member of the Bureau of Genetic Welfare who later sides with Tris and Four
 Octavia Spencer as Johanna, former Amity Leader
 Naomi Watts as Evelyn, Four's mother and the leader of Factionless
 Rebecca Pidgeon as Sarah
 Xander Berkeley as Phillip
 Keiynan Lonsdale as Uriah
 Jonny Weston as Edgar, Evelyn's Factionless second in command
 Nadia Hilker as Nita
 Andy Bean as Romit
 Zeeko Zaki as Factionless Squad Leader
 Danielle Lyn as Natalie's Friend

Production
Initially intended as a single film based on Allegiant, the producers of The Divergent Series later decided to adapt the novel into two films, similar to what has been done with other young adult novel series adapted into films. The two proposed films were originally titled Allegiant — Part One and Allegiant — Part Two; this was later dropped in favor of assigning the films unique names (Allegiant and Ascendant, respectively).

By March 2015, all of the series cast members had confirmed their involvement, with newcomers Jeff Daniels and Bill Skarsgård added to the cast that April and May, respectively.

Filming
Filming began on May 18, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia, and concluded on August 23, 2015. From June 11 to June 23, filming took place at the Lindale Mill in Lindale, Georgia, where the set was being built in late May.

Music
In December 2015, it was confirmed that Joseph Trapanese would  return to compose the score for the film. The first track for the Allegiant soundtrack, "Scars", written by Tove Lo, Jakob Jerlström, Ludvig Söderberg, and performed by Tove Lo, was released as a single on February 19, 2016.

Promotion
A teaser trailer was released on September 15, 2015, followed by a full-length trailer two months later, on November 12, 2015. Another full-length trailer was released on January 22, 2016.

Reception

Box office
Allegiant grossed $66.2 million in North America and $113.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $179.2 million.

In the United States and Canada, the film was projected to gross around $28–30 million in its opening weekend from 3,740 theaters, which would make it the lowest opening among the franchise. It earned the lowest previews among the series, with $2.35 million from 2,800 theaters. On its opening day, it made $11.9 million (including previews), down 43.6% from Insurgent, becoming the first film in the series to fail to open with over $20 million. Scott Mendelson of Forbes compared the decline in opening day to the third installment of The Chronicles of Narnia film series, Voyage of the Dawn Treader, which had a similar amount of drop. In comparison, the third Hunger Games film, Mockingjay – Part 1 fell only 21% from its previous film. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $29 million from 3,740 theaters, finishing second at the box office behind Zootopia. It was the first film of the franchise not to finish in first at the box office, and its opening was 46% below Divergents and 44% behind Insurgents. Lionsgate president of domestic distribution Richard Fay labeled the opening "pretty solid". As a result of the poor opening, Lionsgate's stock fell the next day, on Monday. Due to Allegiant'''s poor box-office resulting in Lionsgate's stock declining 3.3% by 72 cents to $21.13 in trading, Moody's Investors Service lowered Lionsgate's Speculative Grade Liquidity rating from SGL-2 to SGL-3.The Divergent Series: Allegiant also struggled internationally where Lionsgate does not have operations in most countries and sells distribution rights to partners. It opened in 45 international markets a week ahead of its US debut, from March 9, and will receive a scattered release worldwide. Unlike its predecessor Insurgent, Lionsgate decided not to have a day and date release for Allegiant, instead intending to take advantage of various school holidays in international markets, and at the same time avoid competition with Walt Disney's animated Zootopia. Allegiant took the top spot in its opening day in France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden. In its opening weekend, it earned $25.2 million from over 7,000 screens in 45 countries. It added 32 markets in its second weekend, earning a total of $22 million from 77 countries, which is down 13%. The top openings were in France ($5 million), Brazil ($2.7 million), the United Kingdom and Ireland ($2.6 million), Mexico ($2.5 million). In the United Kingdom, it posted the lowest opening in the series, opening at No. 2 behind Kung Fu Panda 3 including previews, which is 37% behind the opening of Insurgent. It had a very unsuccessful opening in South Korea with $523,000 from 392 screens. In China, it opened in third place behind The Angry Birds Movie and Captain America: Civil War with $10.8 million. As a result, it helped the film cross the $100 million mark internationally and immediately became the film's second biggest market behind Italy only. In terms of total earnings, its largest markets are China ($18.7 million), France ($15.1 million), followed by Brazil ($6.9 million), the U.K. ($6.5 million), Russia ($6 million) and Spain ($5.1 million).

Due to its underperformance, The Hollywood Reporter called it "the second big-budget miss for Lionsgate this year after Gods of Egypt". Many critics have blamed the underperformance of the film on Lionsgate's decision to split the last novel into two pictures. Due to the box office struggles of Allegiant, Lionsgate had planned to wrap up the film series with a television movie with a prospective television series spinoff. Made on a total budget of $183.6 million, including net production budget, advertising and promotion costs, and domestic home entertainment costs, Deadline Hollywood projected the film to make a mere profit of $3.5 million should it earn a net total of $187.1 million from various platforms (including theatrical revenues, TV rights and DVD sales). By comparison, Divergent made a net profit of $71.8 million and Insurgent $30.6 million. By contrast, The Hollywood Reporter estimated the film lost the studio around $50 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues.

Critical responseThe Divergent Series: Allegiant was met with negative responses by critics, who criticized the lack of originality, character advancements, visual effects, and the decision to split the film into two parts. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 11%, based on 199 reviews, with an average rating of 4.10/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Allegiant improves on previous entries in The Divergent Series on a few superficial levels, but they aren't enough to counteract a sense of growing boredom with a franchise that's gone on too long." Metacritic gives the film a score of 33 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

Writing for IGN, Max Nicholson, awarded Allegiant a 4/10, stating that "Allegiant is a prime example of everything that's wrong with modern YA sequels. Instead of embracing or building upon its core themes and constructs, it tears them all down with a wrecking ball of CGI and nonsensical storytelling". Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a 1/4 stars, stating that "The Divergent Series: Allegiant is another one of those cynical Hollywood cash grabs that takes the third book in bestselling juvie-lit trilogy (see Twilight and The Hunger Games) and stretches that last book into two movies so audiences are tricked into paying twice for egregiously padded piffle".

Cast and crew response
Shailene Woodley expressed disappointment with the quality of Allegiant, claiming that she almost quit acting following the decline of the franchise; co-star Zoë Kravitz voiced similar concerns about the direction of Allegiant and the direction of the series as a whole, saying, "I think as we went on, the story really kinda got lost and nobody really knew what we were doing anymore".

Producer Neil Burger (who directed the first film in the franchise) criticized Lionsgate's decision to split the film into two parts.

Accolades

Expanded franchise
Cancelled fourth film
A theatrical sequel titled The Divergent Series: Ascendant, based on the latter half of the Allegiant book, was originally meant to wrap up the series and was originally set to be released on March 24, 2017, before being pushed back to June 9, 2017, with Lee Toland Krieger directing after Robert Schwentke backed out. The plans for a film were later changed to a television series following the disappointing box office return.

Cancelled television series
In July 2016, after Allegiant underperformed at the box office, it was announced that Lionsgate would instead release Ascendant as a television film that would serve as a lead-in for a television spinoff series, in which both projects would add new characters to the story, moving beyond the books.

In September 2016, Shailene Woodley stated on Today'' that the film versus television decision was not finalized, and that it was "a limbo waiting game". In the same interview Woodley spoke despairingly of the chances of her returning to the project in a television format, although noting that she would be open to returning to it as a theatrical film. In February 2017, when it was announced that the fourth film will be a television project, it was announced Woodley had backed out of her starring role. In August 2017, Starz and Lionsgate Television announced that they were beginning to develop the TV series with director Lee Toland Krieger and writer Adam Cozad remaining attached from the original project. In December 2018, Starz announced they were no longer seeking to develop a television series, citing the lack of interest from the cast and network executives.

References

External links

2010s English-language films
2010s American films
2016 films
2010s action adventure films
2016 science fiction action films
American action adventure films
American science fiction action films
American sequel films
The Divergent Series
Drone films
American dystopian films
Films scored by Joseph Trapanese
Films about security and surveillance
Films based on American novels
Films based on science fiction novels
Films produced by Lucy Fisher
Films produced by Douglas Wick
Films directed by Robert Schwentke
Films shot in Atlanta
Films about genetic engineering
IMAX films
Lionsgate films
Mandeville Films films
Fiction about memory erasure and alteration
American post-apocalyptic films
American science fiction adventure films
Summit Entertainment films


title: Kimberly Chia

text:
Kimberly Chia Jing Yi (born 7 August 1995) is a Singaporean actress.

Early life and education
Chia graduated from Compassvale Secondary School in 2011. Whilst she had wanted to study at LASALLE College of the Arts upon graduating, having received lower than expected grades for her GCE 'O' Levels, with the ELR2B2 score 2 points higher than expected, Chia then studied at Singapore Institute of Management for a diploma in Management Studies.

Career
Chia started as a model at age 3. She was a print ad model for various companies, as well as a runway model in fashion shows. She picked up dancing, singing and acting afterwards, and participated in several MediaCorp dramas at the age of 9. Her first major role came with Fighting Spiders in 2009. Chia then rose to fame after starring in drama On the Fringe 2011, and was subsequently given a role in Singaporean movie Timeless Love, directed by Lim Koong Hwee and Dasmond Koh.

Chia became the spokesperson for Norton 360 Multi-Device together with Xu Bin and Aloysius Pang in March 2013, and Osim's uSlender product in May 2013.

In December 2015, Chia announced that she would be going for acting course for two years and would not be participating in any drama for the next two years.

On 1 January 2016, Chia released her first single, Love Radio ( Radio), where she made her singing debut.

Between 2016 and 2018, Chia was an air stewardess with Singapore Airlines.

In 2018, Chia returned to acting and acted in a Toggle drama series, Love at Cavenagh Bridge, where she acted as lovers with Aloysius Pang. She also acted in a Channel 8 drama called Say Cheese where she played lovers with Zong Zijie.

Chia would be involved as another supporting role in another Channel 8 Production drama called Heart To Heart.

Personal life
Chia was married in 2021, to a businessman 8 years older than her. At the same time, she announced that she was expecting her first child. On 4 May 2022, Chia announced that she had given birth to a boy.

Filmography

Film

Television series

Discography

Singles

Awards and nominations

References

External links
 Kimberly Chia profile on NoonTalk Media

1995 births
Living people
Singaporean people of Chinese descent
Singaporean television actresses
Singaporean female models
21st-century Singaporean women singers
Singaporean Mandopop singers
21st-century Singaporean actresses
Singaporean film actresses


title: 2014 Tour of Slovenia

text:
The 2014 Tour of Slovenia (Slovene: Dirka po Sloveniji) was the 21st edition of the Tour of Slovenia, categorized as 2.1 stage race (UCI Europe Tour) held between 19 and 22 June 2014.

Points classification wich changed many colors over the years, introduced the red jersey.

The race consisted of 4 stages with 514.5 km (319.7 mi) in total.

Teams
Total 139 riders (126 finished it) from 18 teams started the race.

UCI ProTeams

UCI Professional Continental

UCI Continental

National
 Slovenia

Route and stages

Stage 1
19 June 2014 — Ljubljana, , individual time trial (ITT)

Stage 2
20 June 2014 — Ribnica to Kočevje,

Stage 3
21 June 2014 — Rogaška Slatina to Trije kralji,

Stage 4
22 June 2014 — Škofja Loka to Novo mesto,

Classification leadership

Final classification standings

General classification

Points classification

Mountains classification

Young rider classification

Team classification

References

External links

 wvcycling.com
 procyclingstats.com
 cyclingarchives.com
 Official results (all)

Tour of Slovenia
Tour of Slovenia
Tour of Slovenia


title: Bridge of Spies (film)

text:
Bridge of Spies is a 2015 American historical drama film directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg, written by Matt Charman and the Coen brothers, and starring Tom Hanks in the lead role, Mark Rylance, Amy Ryan, and Alan Alda. Set during the Cold War, the film tells the story of lawyer James B. Donovan, who is entrusted with negotiating the release of Francis Gary Powers—a convicted Central Intelligence Agency pilot whose U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union in 1960—in exchange for Rudolf Abel, a convicted Soviet KGB spy held by the United States, whom Donovan represented at trial. The name of the film refers to the Glienicke Bridge, which connects Potsdam with Berlin, where the prisoner exchange took place. The film was an international co-production of the United States and Germany.

Bridge of Spies was shot under the working title of St. James Place. Principal photography began on September 8, 2014, in Brooklyn, New York City, and the production proceeded at Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam. The film was released by Touchstone Pictures on October 16, 2015, in the United States and Canada and distributed by 20th Century Fox in other countries. It received critical acclaim for its screenplay, the performances of Hanks and Rylance, Spielberg's direction, Thomas Newman's musical score, and the production values. The film was a box office success, grossing $165 million worldwide on a $40 million budget, and received six Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay, and won Best Supporting Actor for Rylance.

Plot
In 1957 New York City, Rudolf Abel is arrested and charged with spying for the Soviet Union, and insurance lawyer James B. Donovan is appointed to be Abel's legal counsel. Committed to the principle that the accused deserves a vigorous defense, he mounts the best defense of Abel he can, declining along the way to cooperate in the CIA's attempts to induce him to violate the confidentiality of his communications with his client.

Abel is convicted, but Donovan convinces the judge to spare Abel the death penalty because Abel had been serving his country honorably, and he might prove useful for a future prisoner exchange; Abel is sentenced to 30 years. Donovan appeals the conviction to the Supreme Court based on the lack of a search warrant for the seizure of Abel's ciphers and photography equipment. For his principled stand, Donovan and his family are harassed, including shots being fired at their home. The conviction is upheld in a very close margin.

In 1960, Gary Powers, a pilot in the CIA's top-secret U-2 spy plane program, is shot down over the USSR. He is captured and sentenced to ten years' confinement, including three years in prison.

Donovan receives a letter from East Germany, purportedly sent by Abel's wife, thanking him and urging him to get in contact with their lawyer, whose name is Vogel. The CIA thinks this is a back-channel message hinting that the USSR is willing to swap Powers for Abel. They unofficially ask Donovan to go to Berlin to negotiate the exchange; he arrives just as the Berlin Wall is going up. Crossing into East Berlin, he meets with a KGB officer in the Soviet Embassy and is then directed to Vogel, who represents the Attorney General of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The Attorney General seeks to swap Abel for an American graduate student named Frederic Pryor, who had been arrested in East Germany; in the process, the GDR hopes to gain official recognition by the United States.

The CIA wants Donovan to disregard Pryor but he insists that both Pryor and Powers be swapped for Abel. In a message to the Attorney General, he bluffs that they will either release Pryor with Powers or there will be no deal. The exchange of Powers and Abel is to take place at the Glienicke Bridge, with Pryor to be released simultaneously at Checkpoint Charlie. Tension builds as Pryor fails to arrive. The CIA, still primarily concerned with Powers, tell Abel he can go, but he refuses to move. It is confirmed that Pryor has been released, and the exchange takes place.

The next day, back in the United States, the government publicly acknowledges Donovan for negotiating the deal, rehabilitating his public image.

Cast

Production

Development
Bridge of Spies is an American-German co-production based on a script written by Matt Charman and the Coen brothers. Studio Babelsberg co-produced and oversaw production services for the film. James Donovan wrote an account of the incident in 1964 under the title Strangers on a Bridge: The Case of Colonel Abel and Francis Gary Powers. The historical background to the U-2 incident and the story of former West Berlin CIA chief William King Harvey and Operation Gold was published in Rory MacLean's Berlin: Portrait of a City Through the Centuries (2014). Soviet intelligence officer Rudolf Abel, who lived and operated in Brooklyn Heights, did dead drops of stolen documents in Prospect Park. His arrest and history were discussed by Truman Capote, another Heights resident at the time, in his book A House on the Heights.

Charman became interested in Donovan's story after reading a footnote about him in An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963. After meeting with Donovan's son in New York City, Charman pitched the story to several studios and DreamWorks bought it. Studio co-founder Steven Spielberg became interested in the film and decided to direct. Marc Platt and Kristie Macosko Krieger attached themselves as producers along with Spielberg. Joel and Ethan Coen revised Charman's original script. According to Charman, the brothers "were able to really punch up the negotiations on the back end of the movie, then they handed the baton back to me to do a pass after they did their pass, to make the movie just sit in a place we all wanted it to. The flavor they brought is so fun and enjoyable. It needed to be entertaining but truthful."

In May 2014, it was announced that Tom Hanks would star as James Donovan, with Mark Rylance co-starring as Abel; Rylance had previously been offered a role in Spielberg's 1987 war film Empire of the Sun, but he declined. Rylance considered the Coen brothers' revisions to the screenplay to have substantially improved his part, stating that  at the two versions, it was like looking at the first and second quartos of Hamlet." Amy Ryan, Alan Alda, Billy Magnussen, and Eve Hewson were reported to star in the film as well. Participant Media co-produced the film. Francis Gary Powers Jr., founder of The Cold War Museum and the pilot's son, was brought on as a technical consultant and has a cameo in the film.

In June 2014, Fox 2000 Pictures agreed to co-finance the film with DreamWorks and Participant Media, with the film's distribution rights being divided between Disney and Fox. During a March 3, 2015, interview with The Daily Pennsylvanian, Platt revealed the title to be Bridge of Spies; it was shot under the working title of St. James Place. The film also received funds of €3.7 million, from the German Federal Film Fund (DFFF).

Filming
Principal photography began on September 8, 2014, in Brooklyn, New York City. On September 14, filming took place in Dumbo, a Brooklyn neighborhood, where crews transformed Anchorage Street to appear as it did in the 1960s. On September 15, filming took place in Astoria, between Astoria Park and Ditmars Boulevard. Filming was done on 18 Street and 26 Avenue in Astoria, where Spielberg was spotted transforming the 5 Corners Deli into a 1950s grocery store. On September 26, filming took place on 44th Street in Manhattan, as evidenced by crews stationed on 44th Street, between Madison and 6th Avenues. On September 27, Hanks was spotted filming scenes on Wall Street among extras wearing 1960s costumes. On September 28, filming of some day and night scenes took place on the corner of Henry Street and Love Lane in the Brooklyn Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, where the block was set with vintage cars, street signs, rain machines, and spotlights. On September 29, filming took place on Hicks Street and Pineapple Street, where a shop, Perfect Paws, was transformed into a 1960s dress shop named Brooklyn Pearl, and at the NYS Appellate Division courthouse on Monroe Place and Pierrepont Street. On October 6, Hanks and the crew were spotted on the same location on Hicks Street. The scene in the court hallway in which Donovan, to Watters' consternation, announces his intention to appeal the guilty verdict, was filmed on the first floor on the Queens County Supreme Courthouse at 88–11 Sutphin Blvd., Jamaica, New York.

In early October, after filming wrapped in New York City, further production began at Babelsberg Studios in Berlin and Potsdam, Germany, and would continue there through the end of November. Filming in Berlin began with shooting at the former Tempelhof Airport in October, for scenes that actually took place there, such as Donovan's descending from a historic C-54 Skymaster. The prisoner exchange scene was filmed on the Glienicke Bridge (the so-called "Bridge of Spies"), where the historical exchange actually took place in 1962. The bridge spans the Havel narrows between Berlin and Potsdam, and was closed to traffic for filming over the last weekend of November. German Chancellor Angela Merkel and former president Bill Clinton visited the set to watch the filming of these scenes. Other filming locations included Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial and Marquardt Palace. Principal photography officially ended on December 4, at Berlin Tempelhof. Shooting also took place in Wrocław, Poland, in the second half of November. During mid-December, filming took place at Beale Air Force Base, located near Marysville, California. The film was shot on 35mm motion picture film, including Kodak Vision3 250D color negative film 5207 and Vision3 500T color negative film 5219.

Music

Frequent Spielberg collaborator John Williams was originally announced to compose the film's score. However, Williams had to drop out of production due to a health issue. Thomas Newman was then contacted by Spielberg to replace him, marking Spielberg's first film without Williams' music since 1985's The Color Purple, which was scored by Quincy Jones. Hollywood Records released the film's soundtrack on October 16, 2015.

Release
The theatrical poster for the film was released on June 4, 2015, with the first trailer appearing online the following day. It was distributed in the United States and Canada by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, through the Touchstone Pictures banner. Disney held the film's world premiere on October 4, 2015 at the 53rd annual New York Film Festival. The film went into general theatrical release in the United States on October 16, 2015. 20th Century Fox distributed the film in the remaining international territories.

Box office
Bridge of Spies grossed $72.3 million in North America and $93.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $165.6 million, against a budget of $40 million.

In the United States and Canada, pre-release tracking predicted Bridge of Spies to open to around $15–20 million from 2,811 theaters. The film opened alongside Goosebumps, Crimson Peak, and Woodlawn on October 16, 2015, facing particular competition from the former, and also from The Martian, which was entering its third week. The film made $500,000 from its early Thursday night showings and $5.3 million on its first day. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $15.4 million, finishing third at the box office behind Goosebumps ($23.5 million) and The Martian ($21.5 million). Its biggest international markets have been Italy ($12.1 million) and United Kingdom ($11.0 million).

Home media
The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, DVD, and digital download in North America on January 12, 2016, and by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment in other territories.

Critical reception
Bridge of Spies received critical acclaim. Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars and praised Spielberg's direction, saying: "Spielberg has taken an important but largely forgotten, and hardly action-packed slice of the Cold War, and turned it into a gripping character study, and thriller that feels a bit like a John Le Carre adaptation if Frank Capra were at the controls". Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune called the film "a confident, slightly square, highly satisfying example of old-school Hollywood craftsmanship, starring a major movie star brandishing a briefcase, and a handkerchief, rather than a pistol". The A.V. Club Ignatiy Vishnevetsky described it as "one of the most handsome movies of Spielberg's latter-day phase, and possibly the most eloquent [...] Bridge of Spies turns a secret prisoner exchange between the CIA and the KGB into a tense and often disarmingly funny cat-and-mouse game". Thomas Sotinel of the French newspaper Le Monde praised the film for harkening back to "classic American cinema", noting Spielberg's virtuosic illustration of the mechanisms of Cold War politics.

On the other hand, Mike Scott of the New Orleans Times-Picayune, had a more mixed reaction, saying: "Bridge of Spies, with its stop-and-go momentum, is also more merely interesting than it is full-on riveting. It's still quite good stuff, but despite its impressive pedigree ... it doesn't feel as if it's quite the sum of all of its parts". Preston Jones of Fort Worth Star-Telegram gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of five. Jones wrote that "For all Spielberg, his star-packed cast, led by Tom Hanks, and his on-screen and off-screen team (Joel and Ethan Coen co-wrote the screenplay) bring to the table, Bridge of Spies is remarkable only for how stuffy and surprisingly inert the film becomes".

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 91%, based on 316 reviews, with an average rating of 7.70/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Bridge of Spies finds new life in Hollywood's classic Cold War espionage thriller formula, thanks to reliably outstanding work from Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Accolades

Historical accuracy
Commentators have noted that the shortening of timespans in the film at times gives a misleading impression. A certain licence is taken in the depiction of the Berlin Wall; Donovan did not see Berlin Wall escapees being shot; the one most similar to the ones depicted was the killing of Peter Fechter, the summer after the Powers/Abel exchange on the Glienicke Bridge. The circumstances of Frederic Pryor's detention were not accurately portrayed—he could not have crossed a partially built wall and was convicted of obtaining "confidential" material.

Apart from the depiction of the wall, Donovan did not suffer the violence depicted: he was not shot at in his home and he did not have his overcoat stolen. The film also changed the location of Donovan's suggestion to the judge to spare Abel for the sake of a possible exchange, which was made in court. Donovan is presented in the film as a private practice attorney with no mention of any prior association with the United States' intelligence services. However, during WWII Donovan served as the general counsel of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), shortly before it was re-organized as the CIA.

There was some controversy over Rylance's decision to portray Abel with a Scottish accent, despite Abel having been born and educated entirely within the Tyneside region of north east England where the Geordie accent is prevalent.

Frederic Pryor stated in an interview that various details of the plot related to his involvement were incorrect. He did not cross the Berlin wall during its construction, as he was on vacation in Denmark at the time. He was detained after his return, when he crossed into East Berlin to visit a friend's sister, without knowing that she had fled to West Berlin using "some sort of passport manipulation", and that her apartment was under surveillance to catch anyone attempting to retrieve its contents. Pryor also stated that the film's depiction of Wolfgang Vogel was unfair. Pryor said that Vogel was a nice, quiet, well-spoken man with whom he later became friends and frequently visited. The film depicts Powers' U2 plane being hit by a volley of three SAMs but more than 14 were launched. A MiG-19 fighter that was scrambled to intercept the plane was also shot down by friendly fire during this salvo, killing the pilot Sergei Safronov.

When interviewed by the Harvard Gazette in 2016, Donovan's granddaughter Beth Amorosi described as "artistic license" the movie's portrayal of his rather antagonistic relationship with his CIA handler ("an amalgam" of several CIA people), whereas he "actually had a very good relationship with the CIA agent he worked with, M.C. Miskovsky". After the spy swap in February 1962, the two again worked successfully together to free 1200 prisoners from Cuba in December 1962.

See also
Bridge of Spies, a 2010 historical book of the same name that focuses more on the prisoner exchanges
Hollow Nickel Case

Notes

References

External links

2015 films
2010s historical drama films
2010s spy films
2010s political drama films
2015 drama films
2015 thriller films
20th Century Fox films
American historical drama films
American political drama films
American political thriller films
American spies against the Soviet Union
American spy films
Amblin Entertainment films
BAFTA winners (films)
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Films about the Central Intelligence Agency
Films about the KGB
Cold War aviation films
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English-language German films
Films about aviation accidents or incidents
Films about the Berlin Wall
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Films about the United States Air Force
Films directed by Steven Spielberg
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Films produced by Marc E. Platt
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title: Eustace Balfour

text:
Colonel Eustace James Anthony Balfour (8 June 1854 – 14 February 1911) was a London-based Scottish architect.  The brother of one British Prime Minister and nephew of another, his career was built on family connections. His mother was the daughter of a Marquess, and his wife Frances, a noted suffragist, was the daughter of a Duke. Frances's sister in-law was Princess Louise, daughter of the reigning Queen Victoria.

Balfour's initial work was on English and Scottish country houses, but he won only one major commission in this field. However, his appointment as surveyor of the Grosvenor Estate in London gave him architectural control over much of Mayfair and Belgravia in the 1890s and 1900s, and the opportunity to design many buildings himself.

Balfour was a senior officer of the Volunteer Force in London.  His outspokenness on military matters was a factor in his appointment as an aide-de-camp to King Edward VII.

A fastidious and somewhat withdrawn individual, Balfour succumbed to alcoholism in his fifties. This brought about his early death.

Early life
Balfour was born at Whittingehame House in East Lothian,
the youngest of five sons of James Maitland Balfour and his wife Lady Blanche Mary Harriet Gascoyne-Cecil, daughter of James Gascoyne-Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Salisbury.
His paternal grandfather James Balfour was a nabob who had made the family's fortune as a contractor supplying the Royal Navy in India and became a Tory Member of Parliament (MP),
while his mother's father was a Conservative cabinet minister in the 1850s.  Her brother, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Lord Salisbury,
was three times Prime Minister before being succeeded in 1902 by Eustace's elder brother Arthur Balfour.

Eustace Balfour was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1873.
He then studied architecture under Basil Champneys, the designer of Newnham College, Cambridge, before setting up his own practice in 1879,
with an office in Addison Road, North Kensington which was also his home until his death.

On 12 May 1879 he wed Lady Frances Campbell, the fifth daughter and tenth of twelve children of George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll.
The couple had met at a ball given in London by Lord and Lady Goschen, and married soon afterwards in St John's Presbyterian Church in London. Frances's father was shocked at their haste.
Out of respect for Balfour's mother, who had died in 1878, the wedding was modest, with no formal meal and no honeymoon.

Architecture

Balfour's first years of architectural practice consisted of small projects for family and friends.  These included the restoration of Inveraray Castle for his father-in-law the Duke of Argyll, an extension to his brother Arthur's hunting lodge Strathconan House in Ross-shire,
and the church of St Mary Magdalene in the hamlet of Hatfield Hyde. The church, which is now in Welwyn Garden City, was originally known as Hyde Chapel. Built as a chapel of ease within the parish of Hatfield for Balfour's uncle the Marquis of Salisbury, it became the parish church of Hatfield Hyde in 1928.

In 1885, Balfour began a professional partnership with Hugh Thackeray Turner,
which lasted until Balfour's death.
Balfour had been a member of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings since his undergraduate days in Cambridge,
and Turner was the Society's secretary.
Together the two men were engaged to rebuild Ampton Hall in Suffolk, which had been destroyed by fire
Their design, in a restrained Jacobean style, was Balfour's only major country house commission.

Work was scarce after Ampton's completion in 1889, and in 1890 Balfour applied for the post of surveyor for the 1st Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor Estate, to succeed Thomas Cundy.  He seemed unlikely to be selected, but Frances made a direct approach to the Duke (who was also her uncle), and he got the job.
Balfour's social standing appears to have been a significant factor in his appointment.
He was the son-in-law of a Duke, nephew of a Marquess, and his wife was the sister-in-law of Queen Victoria's 4th daughter Princess Louise (who had married her oldest brother John in 1871).
Balfour had a strong sense of social class, and Frances Balfour later described the 1st Duke of Westminster as having run the estate "not as today on commercial lines, but more as a Principality".
Even so, his brother Gerald's wife Lady Elizabeth Balfour noted that when the surveyor called on the Duke in his professional role he was "never offered a chair and never expected one".

The post involved a lot of design work for Balfour, who seems to have been able to take whatever commissions he wanted, often delegating them to Turner.
In the 1890s, Balfour and Turner appear to have been the most prolific designers of private houses on the estate,
and in 1892 Balfour was made a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects.
Their own work included most of the wholly redeveloped Balfour Place in Mayfair, formerly known as Portugal Street and renamed for the architect.

Balfour also supervised projects which were contracted to other designers.
The Duke favoured the domestic revival style of architecture, and particularly insisted on red brick for dwelling houses.
Balfour, who deplored the previously fashionable Gothic revivalism,
laid down strict architectural guidelines,
sometimes even redesigning the work of others.

Balfour and Turner also designed Aldford House on Park Lane,
an "ornate but stunted" free-standing stone mansion for the diamond magnate Alfred Beit
which was replaced in 1932 by a modernist apartment block designed by Val Myer.
Their other most notable work was St Anselm's Church in Davies Street, believed to have been mostly Turner's work, which was regarded as eccentric. Using an arts and crafts-style blending of influences, it had a plain frontage with a basilican interior, and some gothic tracery. When its demolition was planned in 1938, it was dismissed by H. S. Goodhart-Rendel as "a purely personal record of Thackeray Turner's particular tastes".
However, the building was not in fact demolished. Instead, it was dismantled and reconstructed in altered form at Uppingham Avenue in the north-west London suburb of Belmont as the church of St Anslelm Belmont.
The parish describes it as "a genuinely recycled building".

Balfour held the surveyor's post until 1910, when he was succeeded by Edmund Wimperis. His second decade in the role was less significant than the first, because the death in 1899 of the 1st Duke brought the estate a bill for £600,000 in death duties
(equivalent to £ in ).
The resulting financial pressure meant that little rebuilding occurred until 1906, and when it resumed Balfour's influence was diminished. He had little affinity with the hedonistic young Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke (grandson of the 1st), who Edwin Lutyens and others had persuaded to adopt a less rigid architectural policy.

Volunteer

In 1882, Balfour joined the Volunteer Force in 1882,
becoming a Lieutenant in 1883,
and Lieutenant-Colonel in command of the London Scottish Regiment of Volunteers from 1894 to 1902.

He began to take a wider interest in defence issues, writing extensively on the subject,
such as The Conditions and Requirements of the Volunteer Force (1886).
In July 1899, as the Second Boer War loomed, Balfour offered to raise a thousand men to go and fight, but it was considered too early to begin that effort.
His offer to the minister George Wyndham was ignored by the War Office,
and Balfour reacted angrily, complaining that volunteers were "expected to be fit for service while we are vigorously debarred from seeing any".

Eventually 20,000 volunteers were called up and fought in the war.
However, Balfour's need to liaise with the 2nd Duke of Westminster, who had just inherited the Grosvenor Estate, prevented him from joining his force when they travelled to South Africa at the end of 1899. He remained in command of the London Scottish until late 1902, when he resigned in protest at financial controls that prevented payments to volunteers if there was an insufficient number of raised troops. On his resignation he was granted the honorary rank of colonel on 1 November 1902, with permission to wear the uniform of the corps in retirement.

At the end of December 1902, Balfour was awarded the Volunteer Officers' Decoration.
Despite his differences with government, or possibly because of them,
King Edward VII appointed Balfour in January 1903 as a military aide-de-camp for Volunteer Forces, with the substantive rank of colonel.

Personal life and family

Eustace and Frances Balfour had five children:
 Blanche Elizabeth Campbell Dugdale (1880–1948), a biographer of her uncle the Prime Minister Arthur Balfour, and later a noted Zionist
 Francis Cecil Campbell Balfour (1884–1965), who became a colonial Governor in Sudan in the 1920s
 Oswald Herbert Campbell Balfour (1894–1953), Military Secretary to the Governor-General of Canada, 1921–23
 Joan Eleanor Campbell Balfour (died 1939)
 Alison Catherine Campbell Balfour (died 3 September 1955)

Accounts of their marriage diverge widely. Frances's congenital hip dislocation left her in constant pain, and often irritable. The couple's temperament and interests were opposites, Frances's enthusiasm for politics and intellectual company contrasting with her husband's lifelong passion for shooting and his later interest in the military.

Hartley writes that theirs was "not a particularly happy marriage".
Knox confirms this view, noting that neither Blanche Dugdale's memoirs nor Frances Balfour's autobiography write much about their relationship with Eustace, and that Frances wrote at length about his brother Arthur whom she "far preferred to Eustace".

Author Joan B. Huffman is more cautious, noting that crucial sources are unavailable since Frances destroyed all Eustace's letters to her. However, Huffman records that she did support her husband when his sister Alice repeatedly challenged him over his drinking.

Death
Balfour's drinking problem became serious around 1906, and in 1909 his health began to deteriorate seriously.
In December 1910 he returned to Whittingehame, where he died aged 56 at 6 am on 14 February 1911, surrounded by his family. Eustace was the third of the five Balfour brothers to die relatively young, Cecil and Francis having both been killed in accidents in the early 1880s.

Balfour was buried at Whittingehame, with his parents and grandparents. Frances survived him by 20 years (until 1931), and was buried alongside him.

Rudyard Kipling, a member like Balfour of the Savile Club in London, described him as "a large, loveable man, and one of the best of talkers".

References

External links

1854 births
1911 deaths
Architects from London
People from Haddington, East Lothian
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Alcohol-related deaths in Scotland
Volunteer Force officers
People from Kensington
Eustace Balfour
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
London Scottish officers
Scottish military personnel


title: Aquila Shoes

text:
Aquila Shoes is an Australian shoe manufacturing company founded in 1958 by Antonio Longo. He was born in San Marco in Lamis, Italy on 18 October 1920 before he immigrated to Australia in 1949.

History
Aquila Shoes began producing Italian men's footwear in a small Melbourne workshop in 1958.

On 1 December 1964, Aquila opened a new factory and manufacturing plant in the inner Melbourne suburb of North Fitzroy. The factory manufactured 100,000 pairs of shoes per year at full capacity. In 1969 the company announced plans to join the Melbourne Stock Exchange via a backdoor listing.

The company opened its first retail store in 1975 in Melbourne's central business district. Later in 1975, a second store was opened in Sydney. Over the next few decades, the company expanded its retail operations across Australia and New Zealand. The founder, Tony Longo, died in 1989 at the age of 68 or 69. The business was continued by his sons.

In 2012, Aquila expanded into menswear and fashion accessories.

In 2016, Aquila significantly grew in size, doubling their amount of physical locations via an expansion strategy that included a partnership for in-store concessions with department store chain Myer. In the same year, Blue Sky Alternative Investments acquired a 70 percent stake in the company for A$25.2 million.

As of 2022, Aquila operated 55 retail stores in Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, and Perth. In November of 2022, Aquila's ownership began to explore selling the company.

References

External links

Shoe companies of Australia
Companies based in Melbourne
Australian companies established in 1958
Clothing companies established in 1958


title: Aimi Yoshikawa

text:
(born 20 March 1994) is a Japanese gravure idol, actress, and retired AV idol. Active between 2012 and 2018, she starred in over 200 adult films during her career and was known for her short height and large breasts.

Life and career
Born in Kanagawa Prefecture, in 1994, Yoshikawa debuted as a model in August 2012 with the gravure video Aimi Yoshikawa Rising Star Debut (新星 Debut 吉川あいみ). In December 2012, her switch from mainstream modeling to adult videos (AV) was announced. She made her AV debut in January 2013 in Aimi Yoshikawa AV DEBUT. In December 2013, she was awarded best actress at SOD Awards.

In 2013, Yoshikawa made her acting debut in a mainstream film in Goddotan Kiss Patience Championship - The Movie, a comedy based on the popular variety show Goddotan. In 2014, she played the main role of "Hazuki Luna" in Ai LOVE Movies! Hen, a 2014 live-action adaptation of the manga series Ikenai! Luna-sensei (“Watch-out! Luna teacher").

A prolific actress, Yoshikawa made appearances in over 280 videos during her AV career in a large variety of roles, including S&M and lesbian roles as well. On November 8, 2018, Yoshikawa announced on Instagram that she would retire from the industry on December 31, 2018, but continue her career as a hostess.

References

External links

1994 births
Japanese gravure idols
Japanese female adult models
Japanese pornographic film actresses
Living people
People from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japanese film actresses


title: The Novel of the Future

text:
The Novel of the Future is a non-fiction book by Anaïs Nin, published in 1968. In it she explores the nature of the creative process in relation to novel-writing, including concepts such as defamiliarization.

References

External links
 The Novel of the Future at the Internet Archive

1968 non-fiction books
Books about writing
Books by Anaïs Nin
Macmillan Publishers books


title: Uwe Steingroß

text:
Uwe Steingroß (born 19 April 1951) is a German sailor who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics and 1980 Summer Olympics.

References

1951 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Berlin
German male sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for East Germany
Sailors at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman
Sailors at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Tornado
Soling class sailors