title: 1951 Miami Airlines C-46 crash

text:
On December 16, 1951, a Miami Airlines Curtiss C-46 Commando airliner crashed in the city of Elizabeth, New Jersey, shortly after taking off from nearby Newark Airport. All 58 people on board were killed.  At the time, it was the second-deadliest aviation accident on US soil, behind Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 2501.

Aircraft and occupants
The aircraft involved in the accident, registered N1678M, was a Curtiss C-46F-1-CU Commando military aircraft that had been converted into a commercial airliner.  It had first flown in 1945 and had logged a total of 4,138 flight hours during its career.  It was powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-2800-51 Double Wasp engines.  The aircraft's occupants on the accident flight consisted of 52 passengers and six crew, including the captain, C. A. Lyons of Miami, and Doris Ruby, a nightclub entertainer from New York City.

Accident
The Miami Airlines C-46 was preparing for a non-scheduled non-stop passenger flight from Newark to Tampa. Of the aircraft's two engines, the right engine took longer to start up; people nearby saw smoke continuously coming from that engine. At around 3:00 PM EST, the flight taxied out to runway 28, and was cleared for takeoff at 3:03. Just after takeoff, however, Newark ATC personnel saw a trail of white smoke coming from the right side of the aircraft. The tower controller, concerned about the danger of there being a fire, pressed the airport crash alarm button. A Miami Airlines captain observing the takeoff from the ground also saw the smoke, which he believed was due to an overheated right brake. He telephoned the control tower and warned for the aircraft to keep its landing gear down or, if it had already been raised, to extend it. The tower relayed his warning to the flight crew of the C-46, who acknowledged and started the process of lowering the landing gear.

The aircraft continued ahead in the direction it took off in for a distance of about , slowly gaining an altitude of approximately . All throughout, the smoke progressively worsened; by the time the aircraft had reached the four-mile point, black smoke and actual flames could be seen trailing from the underside of the right engine nacelle. Shortly after the landing gear was lowered, a large burst of flames erupted from underneath the right nacelle. The aircraft banked left to an angle of about 10 degrees and continued onwards in this position for another , gradually losing altitude as it went.

While flying over the nearby city of Elizabeth, the aircraft, at an estimated altitude of just , suddenly lurched into a 90-degree left bank from which no recovery was possible. Although Captain Lyons managed to keep the aircraft from hitting the streets, apartment buildings, and a railroad depot below, the aircraft's left wingtip eventually struck the gabled roof of a vacant house near its ridge. The now-out-of-control aircraft then crashed nose-first into a one-story brick storage building owned by Elizabeth Water Company before finally coming to rest on the banks of the Elizabeth River. The aircraft's load of fuel ignited immediately upon impact, engulfing both remains of the aircraft and the wrecked storage building in a raging inferno. Nearby firefighters quickly arrived on the scene and extinguished the fire after about 17 minutes.

The aircraft's wreckage came to rest in a generally inverted position and partially submerged in shallow water. All 52 passengers and six crew aboard the aircraft died, while another person on the ground was seriously injured.

Aftermath
According to the accident report, the hold-down studs of the right engine's number 10 cylinder failed, setting off the fire that ultimately brought down the Miami Airlines C-46.

The accident was the first of three in Elizabeth, N.J. during the winter of 1951–52. Just over a month later, an American Airlines Convair 240 crashed while on final approach into Newark, killing all 23 people on board and seven on the ground. Less than a month later, a National Airlines DC-6 crashed into an apartment building, killing 29 of the 59 people on board and 4 people on the ground. Newark Airport was closed following the latter accident, and remained so until November 15, 1952.

The three crashes later provided the inspiration to writer and Elizabeth resident Judy Blume for her 2015 novel In the Unlikely Event.

References

External links
 Report - Civil Aeronautics Board - PDF

1951 in New Jersey
Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 1951
Aviation accidents and incidents in New Jersey
Aviation accidents and incidents caused by in-flight fires
Accidents and incidents involving the Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando
History of Elizabeth, New Jersey
December 1951 events in the United States
Newark Liberty International Airport
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by engine failure


title: Premios 40 Principales for Best Spanish Song

text:
The Premio 40 Principales for Best Spanish Song is an honor presented annually at Los Premios 40 Principales.

References

Best Spanish Song
2006 establishments in Spain
Awards established in 2006


title: Legislative Assembly of Madeira

text:
The Legislative Assembly of Madeira () is the legislature of the Portuguese autonomous region of Madeira. The last regional election was held on 22 September 2019 and the party with the most votes was the Social Democratic Party with 56,448 votes (39,42% share), which stand-alone holds an absolute majority in the assembly.

Powers and duties of the Assembly
The Political and Administrative Statute of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, clearly states that the Legislative Assembly has the following powers:

Political powers

 Approve the Regional Government Program;
 Approve the Regional Economic and Social Development Plan;
 Approve the Regional Budget, including those of the autonomous regional funds and the investment programs of each regional secretariat;
 Authorize the Regional Government to make internal and external loans and other medium and long-term credit operations in accordance with the Statute and the law;
 Establish the maximum limit of guarantees to be granted by the Regional Government in each year;
 Vote motions of confidence and censure to the Regional Government;
 Submit proposals for a regional referendum on issues of relevant regional specific interest, pursuant to these Statutes and the law;
 Define the major guidelines for intervention by the Region in the process of European construction and to monitor and appreciate the activity carried out in this field by the Regional Government, namely through the approval of motions for guidance and instruments for framing economic and social development;
 Issue opinions, on its own initiative or in consultation with the sovereign bodies, on matters within the competence of those that respect the Region;
 Participate in the definition of the positions of the Portuguese State in the context of the process of European construction, in matters of specific interest to the Region;
 Participate in the process of European construction in accordance with the Constitution and Article 96 of the Statute, i.e. when matters of specific interest to the Region are at stake.;
 Establish cooperation with other foreign regional entities and participate in organizations that aim to foster interregional dialogue and cooperation, in accordance with the guidelines defined by the sovereign bodies with competence in matters of foreign policy;
 Elect personalities for any position that, by law, it is incumbent upon him to designate;
 Participate through their representatives in the meetings of the commissions of the Assembly of the Republic where legislative proposals emanating from the Legislative Assembly are discussed.

Legislative powers

 Exercise, in its own exclusive right, the power to elaborate, modify and withdraw projects or proposals for the amendment of the Political and Administrative Statute of the Region, as well as to issue opinions on the respective rejection or introduction of changes by the Assembly of the Republic;
 Exercise legislative initiative through the presentation of proposals for law or amendments to the Assembly of the Republic, as well as requiring the declaration of urgency of the respective processing;
 Legislate, with respect for the fundamental principles of general laws of the Republic, in matters of specific interest to the Region that are not reserved to the sovereign bodies;
 Legislate, under authorization of the Assembly of the Republic, on matters of specific interest to the Region that are not reserved to the competence of the organs;
 Develop, depending on the specific interest of the Region, the basic laws in matters not reserved to the competence of the Assembly of the Republic;
 Exercise its own tax powers and to adapt the national tax system to the Region under the terms set on Political and Administrative Statute and the law;
 Create and extinguish local authorities, as well as to modify the respective area, under the terms of the law;
 Elevate settlements;
 Create public services, institutions, public funds and public companies that carry out their exclusive or predominant activity in the Region;
 Define unlawful acts of mere social order and respective sanctions, without prejudice to paragraph 1), item 165 of article 165 of the Constitution.

Jurisdiction
As set on the Political and Administrative Statute of the Autonomous Region of Madeira, the Assembly has jurisdiction over the following matters:

 Demographic, emigration and resident status policy;
 Guardianship over local authorities and their territorial demarcation;
 Guidance, direction, coordination and inspection of public services and institutes and nationalized or public companies that exercise their activity exclusively or predominantly in the Region and in other cases where the regional interest justifies it;
 Infrastructure and maritime and air transport, including stopovers and tariffs. Administration of ports and airports, including port and airport taxes and fees between islands and from abroad to islands;
 Fisheries, aquaculture, agriculture, forestry, livestock.
 Legal regime and land exploitation, including rural leasing;
 Soil policy, spatial planning, ecological balance and environment protection. Including protection of nature and natural resources, as well as public, animal and plant health;
 Water, mineral and thermal resources;
 Energy from local production;
 Health and social security;
 Work, employment, professional training, pre-school education, basic, secondary, higher and special education;
 Classification, protection and enhancement of cultural heritage;
 Museums, libraries and archives;
 Public shows and entertainment;
 Sports;
 Tourism and hospitality;
 Crafts and folklore;
 Expropriation, for public benefit, of assets located in the Region, as well as civil requisition;
 Public works and social equipment;
 Housing and urbanism;
 Media;
 Internal, external trade and supply;
 Foreign direct investment and technology transfer;
 Mobilization of savings formed in the Region with a view to financing investments made in it;
 Industrial development;
 Adaptation of the tax system to the regional economic reality and concession of tax benefits;
 Articulation of the Regional Civil Protection Service with the competent national entities;
 Regional statistics;
 Forests, parks and nature reserves;
 Circulation, transit and land transport routes;
 Sea shore;
 Valorization of human resources and quality of life;
 Organization of the regional administration and the services included therein, including the central administration;
 Maintenance of public order;
 Interregional cooperation and dialogue under the terms of paragraph u) of paragraph 1 of article 227 of the Constitution;
 Construction, installation or use of military bases, as well as infrastructures and related equipment;
 Construction, installation or use of infrastructures for the purpose of observation, study and scientific research;
 Other matters that exclusively concern the Region or that assume a particular configuration there.

Supervisory powers

 Ensure compliance with the Constitution, the Statute and the laws and assess the actions of the Government and the regional administration;
 Approve the Region's accounts for each economic year and review the reports on the implementation of the Regional Plan for Economic and Social Development;
 Request the Constitutional Court to declare unconstitutionality and illegality of rules issued by the sovereign bodies for violation of the rights of the Region, namely the rights provided for in the present Statute;
 To supervise the application of structural funds in the Region and other community programs of regional or national scope affecting the Region.

Regulatory powers

 It is incumbent upon the Legislative Assembly, in the exercise of regulatory functions, to regulate the general laws issued by the sovereign bodies that do not reserve the respective regulatory power for them.

Structure and election
The Legislative Assembly of Madeira is composed of deputies, elected by universal, direct and secret suffrage, by constituencies. According to the Electoral Law, the regional parliament has 47 deputies elected in a single regional constituency. Voters are Portuguese citizens registered in the voter registration of any municipality in the Madeiran archipelago.

Committees
Following the Portuguese parliamentary system in the Legislative Assembly there are Permanent Specialized Committees, with specific competences, and there may be Occasional Committees, with their own competences, the latter are created for a limited time and aim to fulfil a certain function that culminates with the presentation of a report describing the work carried out, containing the respective conclusions, including Inquiry Committees.

Architecture
In 1976, the beginning of the I Legislature and until December 4, 1987, the date of the inauguration of the current facilities, the Assembly's services were based in the building of the former Junta Geral, on Avenida Zarco.

The new headquarters was installed in the Old Customs of Funchal building, classified as a National Monument. The building's restoration project, then vacant, was carried out by the architect Raul Chorão Ramalho.

Leaning against the old Manueline staircase to the east of the building, is the Chapel of Santo António da Mouraria, founded in 1714.

Regional elections
 1976
 1980
 1984
 1988
 1992
 1996
 2000
 2004
 2007
 2011
 2015
 2019
 2023

Elected Composition of the Legislative Assembly of Madeira since 1976

See also
 List of presidents of the Legislative Assembly of the Autonomous Region of Madeira
 Legislative Assembly of the Azores

References

Politics of Madeira
Legislatures of country subdivisions


title: Dennis Roch

text:
Dennis J. Roch (born November 6, 1973 at Fort Dix, New Jersey) is an American politician who served as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives from January 2009 to January 2019, representing District 67.

Education
Roch earned his BA in English from Eastern New Mexico University and his MA in English from George Mason University.

Elections
2012 Roch was unopposed for both the June 5, 2012 Republican Primary, winning with 2,061 votes and the November 6, 2012 General election, winning with 8,492 votes.
2008 When District 67 Representative Brian Moore left the Legislature, Roch was unopposed for the June 8, 2008 Republican Primary, winning with 1,465 votes and won the November 4, 2008 General election with 5,496 votes (55.2%) against Democratic nominee Craig Cosner.
2010 Roch was unopposed for both the June 1, 2010 Republican Primary, winning with 1,769 votes and the November 2, 2010 General election, winning with 5,862 votes.

References

External links
Official page at the New Mexico Legislature
Campaign site

Dennis Roch at Ballotpedia
Dennis J. Roch at the National Institute on Money in State Politics

1973 births
Living people
Eastern New Mexico University alumni
George Mason University alumni
Republican Party members of the New Mexico House of Representatives
People from Fort Dix
People from Quay County, New Mexico
21st-century American politicians


title: Mand, Iran

text:
Mand () in Iran may refer to:
 Mand-e Bala
 Mand-e Sofla


title: Premios 40 Principales for Best Spanish Video

text:
The Premio 40 Principales for Best Spanish Video is an honor presented annually at Los Premios 40 Principales.

References

Los Premios 40 Principales


title: Gatipotuzumab

text:
Gatipotuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody recognizing the tumor-specific epitope of mucin-1 (TA-MUC1), enabling it to differentiate between tumor MUC1 and non-tumor MUC1 epitopes. Gatipotuzumab is being developed by Glycotope GMBH  and is undergoing a phase II clinical trial for ovarian cancer.

References

External links

Monoclonal antibodies
Experimental drugs


title: Premios 40 Principales for Best Spanish Album

text:
The Premio 40 Principales for Best Spanish Album is an honor presented annually at Los Premios 40 Principales.

References

Best Spanish Album
2006 establishments in Spain
Awards established in 2006


title: Vadim Khlopotov

text:
Vadim Anatolevich Khlopotov (; born April 22, 1994) is a Russian professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing with Saryarka Karaganda of the Supreme Hockey League (VHL).

In season 2011–12, he was trying himself in Ontario Hockey League where he played for Saginaw Spirit. Vadim Khlopotov played 52 games of the season in which he scored 2 goals and 6 assists, had 24 penalty minutes and -20, according to the +/- system. His Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) debut was playing with Lokomotiv Yaroslavl during the 2013–14 KHL season.

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Atlant Moscow Oblast players
HC CSKA Moscow players
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl players
Russian ice hockey left wingers
Sportspeople from Nizhny Tagil
Saginaw Spirit players
HC Sibir Novosibirsk players
HC Sochi players


title: Socius

text:
Socius may refer to:

 Socii,  of the Roman Republic in classical times
 a Latin noun meaning "comrade, friend, ally" (adjectival form: socialis) and used to describe a bond or interaction between parties that are friendly, or at least civil; it has given rise to the word "society"
 Socius (insect anatomy), a part of the Lepidoptera genitalia
 Socius (journal), an academic journal published by the American Sociological Association
 Socius (philosophy), a philosophical concept developed by Gilles Deleuze

Science disambiguation pages


title: Vladislav Kartayev

text:
Vladislav Dimitrievich Kartaev (Картаев, Владислав Дмитриевич ; born February 10, 1992) is a Russian ice hockey player. He is currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played with Salavat Yulaev Ufa of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

Kartaev made his Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) debut playing with Salavat Yulaev during the 2010–11 KHL season.

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Dizel Penza players
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl players
Metallurg Novokuznetsk players
Ice hockey people from Chelyabinsk
Russian ice hockey forwards
Salavat Yulaev Ufa players


title: John William Cameron

text:
John William Cameron (2 October 1841 – 28 December 1896) was an English brewer who owned Camerons Brewery of Hartlepool, County Durham.

Life
Cameron was born in Kirkby Stephen, Westmorland, on 2 October 1841, the son of Ewen and Hannah (née Tomlin) Cameron. He was of Scottish Highlands ancestry. He attended Kirkby Stephen Grammar School. He served a six-year brewing apprenticeship at the Bank Brewery in Barnard Castle.

In 1865 he joined the Lion Brewery in West Hartlepool as manager. Upon the death of the owner, William Waldon Jr, in 1872, Cameron secured a 21-year lease on the brewery and 16 public houses. In 1881 he married Emma Victoria, the daughter of Edgar Chapman of Adelaide at Tunbridge Wells. When Cameron's lease expired in 1893, he purchased the brewery outright from the Waldon family for £34,442 (£3.8 million in 2012), and he appointed his brother Watson as managing director.

Cameron served as the chief magistrate of Hartlepool from 1889 to 1890. He died on 28 December 1896 and was buried in Marske, near Richmond, Yorkshire. His personal estate was valued at £336,265. In 1905 the Cameron Hospital was opened in Hartlepool, built by the Cameron family in his memory.

References

1841 births
1896 deaths
English people of Scottish descent
Deaths from liver disease
People from Kirkby Stephen
English brewers
Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England
19th-century English businesspeople


title: César García

text:
César García may refer to:

 César García (footballer, born 1993), Dominican footballer
 César García (footballer, born 1999), Spanish footballer
 César García (cyclist) (born 1974), Spanish former cyclist

See also
 Cesar Garcia, former director-general of the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency of the Philippines
 Cesar Garcia (curator) (born 1985), Mexican-born American scholar, writer, curator
 Cesar Garcia (soccer) (born 2002), American professional soccer player


title: How Sex Works

text:
How Sex Works: Why We Look, Smell, Taste, Feel, and Act the Way We Do is a 2009 book by evolutionary biologist and New York Times bestselling author Sharon Moalem, published by HarperCollins. The book examines the scientific reasons people are attracted to one another including the evolutionary underpinnings of sexual attraction, monogamy, and sexual orientation.

Overview
How Sex Works uses evolutionary biology to explore human sexuality, and how sexuality can influence society in terms of human relations and belief systems. The author examines the physiological purpose behind how sensory data is interpreted by the human body and its effect on human sexuality. Moalem arguest that menstruation, fertility, penis size, orgasm, ejaculation and contraception all have traces back to the "survival of the fittest" and the human desire to find a healthy partner for reproduction. The book covers other evolutionary factors influencing sexual attraction include pheremones, genetic makeup, immune system compatibility and ovulation.

The book uses various examples to illustrate the author's central point, including:
 Body scents are linked to strength of immune systems, signaling potential mates on the viability of producing healthy offspring
 Brazilian waxes have become more desirable as our subconscious attempts to eradicate pubic lice
 Men watching pornography with other men in the shot (along with a female) can lead to increased sperm production due to the perceived competition
 Women are more likely to fantasize about men who are not their partners during ovulation, more likely to lead to fraternal twins
 Men are attracted to women with low waist-to-hip ratio (hourglass shape) because fatty acids stored in hip fat aid brain development in fetuses and lead to smarter children

Criticism
Kirkus Reviews called the book "provocative and entertaining" describing it as "a volume stuffed with information that avoids getting bogged down in difficult medical terms or complex biological concepts."

References

2009 non-fiction books
History of human sexuality
Sexual orientation and science
HarperCollins books


title: Archaeology in Oceania

text:
Archaeology in Oceania  is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering prehistoric and historic archaeology, especially concerning Australia, the islands of the Pacific Ocean, and the western Pacific Rim. The journal is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of Oceania Publications. It was originally published by the University of Sydney. The editor-in-chief is J. Peter White. It is indexed in Anthropological Literature, Scopus, Arts and Humanities Citation Index, and Social Sciences Citation Index.

The journal is associated with Oceania, published by the same publisher and covering ethnographic research in the area.

External links

Archaeology journals
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
Triannual journals
Academic journals established in 1966
English-language journals


title: Andronikos Doukas Palaiologos

text:
Andronikos Doukas Palaiologos (;  – ) was a Byzantine aristocrat and governor of Thessalonica early in the 12th century.

Life
Born in , Andronikos was a son of the sebastos George Palaiologos and his wife Anna Doukaina. His father was the son of the first known member of the Palaiologos line, became a distinguished general and was among the most important supporters of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (), while his mother was the sister of Alexios' empress-consort, Irene Doukaina. Andronikos himself was named after his maternal grandfather Andronikos Doukas, which according to Byzantine custom probably suggests that he was the second-born son (his older brother Nikephoros bearing the paternal grandfather's name); Andronikos seems also to have preferred his mother's surname of Doukas, by which he is referred to in the sources.

Like his father, he held the court dignity of sebastos, but his early life is obscure. P. Gautier suggested that he is to be identified with the logothetes ton sekreton Andronikos Doukas, active under Alexios I, possibly after 1109. The only definitive information about his career is that he served as governor of Thessalonica. The Timarion, a satirical dialogue placed in the city, alludes to him without naming him, while an act preserved in the Docheiariou monastery records the "pansebastos sebastos Andronikos Doukas" serving as "doux and praetor" of Thessalonica in January/February 1112.

Andronikos died young of heart failure, predeceasing his parents. His death is placed . According to Demetrios Polemis, he was survived by his wife—Polemis surmises that this was a daughter of the porphyrogennete princess Zoe Doukaina, youngest daughter of Constantine X Doukas and wife of Adrianos Komnenos—and was possibly the father of the megas hetaireiarches George Palaiologos (who may alternatively have been his brother), but Jean-Claude Cheynet and Jean-François Vannier believe that he had no offspring. The court poet Nicholas Kallikles wrote an epitaph and four other poems in his honour,  and his parents were later buried in the same tomb following their death.

References

Sources

1180s births
1110s deaths
12th-century Byzantine people
Byzantine governors of Thessalonica
Andronikos
Officials of Alexios I Komnenos


title: 2008 Azorean regional election

text:
The 2008 Azorean regional election () was an election held on 19 October 2008 for the legislative assembly and government of the Portuguese autonomous region of the Azores. in which the Socialist Party, under the leadership of Carlos César won a third mandate with 46.7% of the turnout, while their rivals, under the Social Democratic Party leader Carlos Costa Neves, received 30.27% of the vote: the result would result Neves' resignation in the following days.

The official electoral race occurred from 5 October to 17 October 2008, marked by a 53.34% abstention rate of the 192,943 registered voters (102,735 did not cast a vote); only 90,030 people voted in this election.

Electoral system
The Azores regional parliament elects 57 members through a proportional system in which the 9 islands elect a number of MPs proportional to the number of registered voters. MPs are allocated by using the d'Hondt method. For the first time, 5 members were also elected from a Compensation constituency.

Background
Following their absence from the regional assembly between 2004 and 2008, the Communist Party (PCP), under their leader Aníbal C. Pires returned to campaign in a new coalition, with the Ecologist Party "The Greens". Emboldened by minor successes in the Autonomous Region of Madeira during the 2007 election, the coalition was seen as new way of reviving the party. In his speech to the national PCP assembly in 2007 he pushed for an intense campaign to support maritime natural resources exploitation and workers' rights, especially in the "disequal social and economic" centre of São Miguel.

Issues
The leader of the PSD, Carlos Costa Neves, promised to "move the attitude" in the party, with the objective of recuperating Azorean confidence in the party, after their defeat in the 2000 elections. Following his election to the party, Neves had defended a reorganization of the party, the mobilization and dialogue with militants, in addition to the development of innovative proposals, and noted his direct election as an affirmation of the new party politics. He warned that politics was in danger of permanent stagnation, where the discourse "in the Azores was created within the pink walls of the Palace of Santana", that the PSD was needed "a combative opposition and alternative politics".

During the campaign Aníbal Pires continued to drive a rift between national politics and the Azorean electorate, noting the divergent policies and rhetoric of Prime Minister Jóse Socrates as it dealt with the Azores: "The PS has two discourses: one on the continent and another in the Azores". The communist candidate recorded that the Prime Minister, during his election support of PS leader Carlos César, especially on milk quotes and expansion of the Azorean portion EEZ was mute. Meanwhile, the CDS, with their new slogan "Sempre ao favor dos Açorianos" (Always at the favour of Azoreans) tried to promote a more issues-oriented campaign that presented their initiatives and successes in the lead-up to the election; these included a comparative listing of the initiatives in committee, bills presented for review/debate, inter-parliamentary interventions in the assembly, projects brought to resolution through their influence and political statements.

On 21 March 2008, the CDU candidate defended a new plan to subsidize the football teams of the region, after a visit to Terceira and Graciosa, suggesting that many of the supports reach the teams late, requiring them to request loans to support inter-island travel. At the same time, Pires questioned the financing of the new hospital in Angra do Heroísmo, which he considered "obscure and unnecessary because the public sector is losing money to the private sector". He indicated that European Union financing could pay 85% of the cost, and that present accounts had enough funds to support its construction, citing the 30 year concession of lands, installations and maintenance responsibilities to the construction firm.

Aníbal Pires attacked Carlos César's "silence" on the Labour Accord for Portuguese civilians working at the Lajes Base, using it as a justification for sending CDU candidates to Horta: he alleged that the Communists were a "different voice", that placed issues of regional cohesion and worker's rights in the forefront. Cesar shrugged off the commentary, noting his defense that the new African Command (AFRICOM) should remain at Lakes, and requesting a quick response from the national government supporting the suggestion.

Political parties
The political parties presented candidates lists for the campaign, where 225,211 electors could elect 57 deputies to the Legislative Assembly.
Os partidos e coligações que concorreram às eleições para a Assembleia legislativa da Região Autónoma dos Açores em 2008 foram os seguintes, listados por ordem alfabética:

 Earth Party (MPT), leader Manuel Moniz.
 Democratic Party of the Atlantic (PDA), leader José Ventura. The party ran a campaign that included the support for a mandatory local history program in the regions curriculum; visiting a school in Ribeira Grande, the party leader provided a proposal to extend local history to regional schools, and improve the student evaluations. As Ventura noted: "...the student who is diligent and disciplined...at the end of the school year must have learned something", referring to problems in local schooling, that permitted some students advancing without a comprehensive understanding;
 Left Bloc (BE), leader Zuraida Soares.
 People's Monarchist Party (PPM), leader Paulo Estêvâo
 People's Party (CDS–PP), leader Artur Lima. The party promoted itself as the alternative to the natural opposition (PSD), with initiatives targeted to improve the acquisition of pharmaceutical medicines by seniors (COMPAMID), increased promotional inter-island fares (including increased flights between Terceira and combat against termite infestations, in addition to public works to the Azorean Centre of Oncology and initiatives for renewable energy on the island of Terceira.
 Socialist Party (PS), leader Carlos César.
 Social Democratic Party (PSD), leader Carlos Costa Neves.
 Unitary Democratic Coalition (PCP-PEV), in 2008 a permanent coalition between the Communist Party of Portugal (PCP) and "The Greens" was reached that allowed the integration of candidates at the regional elections. The chairman of the Azorean CDU coalition was the regional chairman for the PCP, Aníbal C. Pires, who presented his candidature, with a promise for a new policy on maritime and aviation for the region;

Opinion polls

Results
The Regional Assembly fractured during this election, with a multi-political representation replacing the three traditional parties in parliament: the traditional parties (PS, PSD and CDS-PP) were replaced by six parties (PS, PSD, CDS-PP, BE, CDU and PPM) in the regional assembly. Part of these changes were due to the constituency compensation () where several of the smallest parties were able to obtain representation: the BE elected two parliamentarians through this method, while each of the remaining parties obtained one (the exception being the PPM, which was seen as a reactionary vote for the politics that isolated the small island).

The Socialist Party under the direction of Carlos César obtained a plurality of the votes (49.96%), a reduced mandate since the 2004 elections, when his team won 57% of the total. Although the Socialists won seats in all the islands of the archipelago, they declined in the number of votes and mandates elected to the Regional Legislative Assembly: in 2004, the Socialists had 60140 votes and 31 mandates (of 52 possible) while in the most recent run they obtained 45,070 votes and 30 of 75 seats. The abstention rate continued to rise in the last elections, reaching 53.24% during these elections. Of the over 193000 registered voters, less than 90000 exercised their electoral right.

The Social Democratic Party obtained the second largest support during the elections, but obtained 20% less than the Socialists during the election (30.27% of the popular vote and electing 18 deputies). This poor result resulted in the election of 18 deputies, even when in the last round of elections, the party along with the coalition partner (the Democratic Social Centre) elected 21 parliamentarians. This result forced the PSD leader, Carlos Costa Neves, to resign his leadership of the party.

The remaining parties each obtained just over 10% of the popular vote. Constituent compensation was introduced in the new electoral law in 2006, in order to improve the proportionality of the electoral system, allowing representation for those votes cast that did not elect any deputy in the assembly.

The Democratic Social Centre (CDS-PP) under Artur Lima elected five representatives to the regional Parliament, with 8.7% of the total votes, an increase in relation to the 2004 election (when they elected two deputies, one of which later almost ran as an independent in the middle of his mandate). Speaking on election night the centrist leader, exhorted his members: "We are a Party renovated; a new CDS with representation in all the groups of islands and making one unique promise: much work as has happened until now." Thanking his candidates and militants in the party he indicated his belief that a "clean campaign and without critics" was promoted by his party, "It was a campaign of ideas, with young people, which indicates a renovation of the Party that was likely to present new ideas and proposals for the positive, that will convince the electorate that the best opposition is us."

The Left Bloc also rose in the elections, becoming the fourth political force in the Azores, with 3.3% of the votes. In comparison to the 2004 elections, when the Bloc obtained only 0.97% the vote, this election was seen as the Bloc's premiere in the Azorean Parliament, with two elected deputies.

The coalition CDU (Communists and "Greens") returned to the assembly with one deputy and 3.14% of the popular vote, an increase in the last four years (2.97%). Following the results, Aníbel Pires congratulated his forces by noting their increase in six electoral circles, and success in returning to Parliament, through the constituency compensation formula. Their results (one seat) were less than their rivals the BE, which he noted was "not relevant at the moment", but that the "voice of the Azorean people, the workers and the questions of cohesion" had returned to Parliament. Reaffirming that the "compromise that [they] made with the Azorean people will finally be completed", he added that the Socialists were unable to obtain an absolute majority, that they should "come off their pedestal and retake the capacity to hear the Azorean people".

For the first time, the PPM Partido Popular Monárquico (Popular Monarchist Party) was able to obtain representation in parliament, with its lone seat for Corvo.

Meanwhile, the PDA, the only locally based and autonomy-oriented party, fell below its expectations with only 619 votes (roughly equivalent to 0.69%) of the popular vote. These results would fracture the party leadership.

Ultimately, as Eduardo Correia indicated, the true victor in the Azores elections was the growth in the abstention rate, which achieved its highest level in the 2008 elections since the Carnation Revolution instituted free democratic elections. With 53.24% abstaining, little more than 90000 resident exercised their democratic rights, of the 193.000 registered voters.

Summary of votes and seats

|-
| colspan="11"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Parties
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|±pp swing
! colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="center"|MPs
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |MPs %/votes %
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"|2004
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"|2008
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|±
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|±
|-
|
|44,940||49.92||7.1||31||30||1||52.63||7.0||1.05
|-
|
|27,254||30.27||||19||18||1||31.58||4.9||1.04
|-
|
|7,857||8.73||||2||5||3||8.77||4.9||1.00
|-
|
|2,972||3.30||2.3||0||2||2||3.51||3.5||1.06
|-
|
|2,829||3.14||0.4||0||1||1||1.75||1.7|||0.56
|-
|
|674||0.75||0.4||0||0||0||0.00||0.0||0.0
|-
|style="width: 10px" bgcolor=blue align="center" |
|align=left|Democratic Party of the Atlantic
|627||0.70||0.5||0||0||0||0.00||0.0||0.0
|-
|
|423||0.47||0.2||0||1||1||1.75||1.7||3.72
|-
|colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total valid
|width="50" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|87,575
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|97.27
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|1.2
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|52
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|57
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|5
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|0.0
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|—
|-
|colspan=2|Blank ballots
|1,685||1.87||1.0||colspan=6 rowspan=4|
|-
|colspan=2|Invalid ballots
|770||0.86||0.1
|-
|colspan=2 align=left style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
|width="50" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|90 030
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00
|width="40" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
|colspan=2|Registered voters/turnout
||192,943||46.66||8.6
|-
| colspan=11 align=left | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
|}

Distribution by constituency

|- class="unsortable"
!rowspan=2|Constituency!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S
!rowspan=2|TotalS
|- class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2 | PS
!colspan=2 | PSD
!colspan=2 | CDS-PP
!colspan=2 | BE
!colspan=2 | CDU
!colspan=2 | PPM
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Corvo
| style="background:; color:white;"|31.6
| 1
| 13.0
| -
| 24.6
| -
| 0.4
| -
| 1.1
| -
| 26.3
| 1
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Faial
| style="background:; color:white;"|41.4
| 2
| 35.8
| 2
| 4.6
| -
| 2.8
| -
| 10.4
| -
| 0.4
| -
| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Flores
| style="background:; color:white;"|31.8
| 1
| 30.6
| 1
| 25.8
| 1
| 0.6
| -
| 7.5
| -
| 0.8
| -
| 3
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Graciosa
| style="background:; color:white;"|50.4
| 2
| 39.1
| 1
| 4.6
| -
| 1.6
| -
| 1.2
| -
| 0.3
| -
| 3
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Pico
| style="background:; color:white;"|47.2
| 2
| 37.9
| 2
| 7.6
| -
| 1.4
| -
| 2.0
| -
| 0.4
| -
| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Santa Maria
| style="background:; color:white;"|51.6
| 2
| 30.5
| 1
| 5.3
| -
| 2.7
| -
| 4.0
| -
| 0.4
| -
| 3
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | São Jorge
| style="background:; color:white;"|43.2
| 2
| 32.0
| 1
| 20.6
| 1
| 0.9
| -
| 1.3
| -
| 0.2
| -
| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | São Miguel
| style="background:; color:white;"|54.5
| 12
| 27.9
| 6
| 5.0
| 1
| 4.3
| -
| 3.0
| -
| 0.4
| -
| 19
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Terceira
| style="background:; color:white;"|46.9
| 6
| 30.3
| 3
| 13.9
| 1
| 3.1
| -
| 2.0
| -
| 0.3
| -
| 10
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Compensation
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| -
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| 1
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| 1
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| 2
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| 1
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| -
| 5
|- class="unsortable" style="background:#E9E9E9"
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| style="background:; color:white;"|49.9
| 30
| 30.3
| 18
| 8.7
| 5
| 3.3
| 2
| 3.1
| 1
| 0.5
| 1
| 57
|-
| colspan=14 style="text-align:left;" | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
|}

Notes

References

Sources

External links
 National Commission for Elections

2008 elections in Portugal
Azores 2008


title: Iris sanguinea

text:
Iris sanguinea is a rhizomatous flowering plant in the genus Iris and in the series Sibiricae. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is one of the species considered a Japanese iris. It is from Asia, found between Russia, Mongolia, China,  Japan  and Korea. It has grey green leaves, an unbranched flowering stem and flowers in reddish-purple shades, from blue to blue-purple, red-violet, with a rare white variant.

A 2020 taxonomic revision suggests that previously distinguished taxa of Iris sanguinea and Iris sibirica bear no phylogenetic nor morphological distinction. As such, name I. sanguinea was synonymized with I. siberica.

Description
It has a thick creeping rhizome.

It has grey-green leaves that are more or less the same height as the flowering stems, but as the leaves droop, they appear shorter. The linear, narrow leaves grow between 20 and 60 cm long and 5–13 mm wide.

It has a hollow unbranched flowering stem, that grows up to between  long.
The stems bear two to three flowers, at the terminal ends in early summer, between May and July.

It has three green spathes (leaves of the flower bud), that are reddish at the base, measuring 5–7 cm long and 1 cm wide. It then has a brown papery tip.

The flowers come in a range of reddish-purple shades, from blue to blue-purple, red-violet, with a rare white variants. The flowers are 6–8 cm in diameter.

It has two pairs of petals, three large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and three inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'). The large obovate (shaped like an egg), drooping 'falls' have reddish-purple veins on a white or yellowish signal.
The smaller, erect obovate standards are 4–5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide.

It has perianth tube of 8–10 mm long, 3 cm long white filaments, yellow anthers, a cylindric ovary 1.5–2 cm long by 3–4 mm wide, and a reddish-purple style branches 3.5 cm long by 5 mm wide.

In July and September (after the iris has flowered), it produces a seed capsule, which is ellipsoid or cylindric in form and measures 3.5–5 cm long by 1.2–1.5 cm wide.

Biochemistry
In 2012, a genetic study was carried out on Iris laevigata and several of its closely related iris species, including Iris ensata, Iris setosa, Iris halophila, Iris scariosa, Iris potaninii, Iris tenuifolia, Iris bloudowii, and Iris sanguinea.

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.
It has been count various times; 2n=28, Simonet, 1928; 2n=26,28 Lee, 1970; 2n=28, Starodubtsev & Mironova, 1990; 2n=28, Huang, S.-f. & Zhao, 1995.
2n=28 is the most common listed count.
This means it is similar to Iris sibirica and Iris typhifolia.

Specimens from Primorskii Krai in Russia, were found to have a chromosome count of 2n=28.

Taxonomy

Iris sanguinea is pronounced as EYE-ris san-GWIN-ee-a.

It is written as 溪荪 in Chinese script and known as xi sun in China. In Japanese it is known as ayame and written as アヤメ, 菖蒲, 文目 in Japanese script.

It has the common names of blood-red iris and blood iris.

It was originally published as Iris orientalis by Thunberg in Transactions of the Linnean Society Vol. 2 page 328 in 1794, but the name had already been used for an iris within the series Spuriae Iris.

It was first published as Iris sanguinea, described by Jens Wilken Hornemann in Hortus Regius Botanicus Hafniensis (In Usum Tyronum et Botanophilorum. Hauniae) (Copenhagen) issue 58 in 1813. But this was based on an earlier description by James Donn in 'Hortus Cantabrigensis.' Vol. 6, 17 in 1811.

In 1981, in his book The Iris, Brian Mathew uses the name Iris sanguinea Donn. This was then used by other authors.(See Other Sources section)

The Latin specific epithet sanguinea refers to the Latin word for blood, referring to the red-purple colour of the spathe valves of the iris.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 15 March 2002.

In 2020, a taxonomic revision of Iris ser. Sibiricae showed no phylogenetic separation between Iris sibirica, Iris sanguinea, and Iris typhifolia. Moreover, no morphological character was found to define clear boundaries between taxa. As such, I. sanguinea and I. typhifolia were synonymized with I. sibirica.

Distribution and habitat
Iris sanguinea is native to the temperate regions of eastern Asia.

Range
It is found between Russia (East of Lake Baikal in Siberia, Buryatia, Chita, Irkutsk, Amur, Khabarovsk, Magadan and Primorye), Mongolia, China (provinces of Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning and Nei Monggol), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu and Shikoku) and Korea.

Habitat
It grows in damp meadows, along the edges of rivers and lakes, on the edges of forests,  beside streams and on hillsides, at altitudes of around 500 metres above sea level.

Cultivation
Iris sanguinea is thought to be easy to grow. It is sometimes described as "prolific", meaning it can be invasive when the conditions are optimal.

It will tolerate temperatures of  down to . It is hardy to USDA Zone 4–9, and Zone H2 (which means hardy to ), in Europe. It is hardy in the UK, but will not survive wet winters in cooler parts of the world.

The iris should be grown in well-drained, neutral to slightly acidic soils (the pH level should be more than 5.6) with plenty of organic matter, or loam.

It prefers positions in full sun, but can tolerate partial shade (with some hours of sunlight).

The plant needs moisture during the growing season (in spring and early summer) to create the best blooms. But it does not grow in the water, although it will tolerate occasional flooding.

Propagation
They are best propagated by division. The divisions must be not be allowed to dry out and can be temporarily stored in bucket of water, while the new planting position is prepared. The best time to divide plants is between August and September.

To grow from seed, allow the mature pods to dry on the plant. Then break open to collect seeds and the direct sow outdoors in fall or autumn. The seed should germinate within three months, if they have been pre-chilled for four weeks or placed outdoors over winter. Once germinated they should be brought indoors (or place in a cold frame) to avoid temperature shock and then transplant outside, when the plant has four leaves. The climatic conditions of the garden, controls planting (or transplanting) times. In the north, they are best planted in the spring (avoiding frost damage to tender roots). In the south, they are best planted in the autumn (or fall), which avoids the hot dry period.

They can be used in gardens, at waterside locations beside pools, ponds or streams.

It is naturally propagated by pollinating insects such as bees which will feed on its nectar.

Hybrids and cultivars
Iris sanguinea has been hybridized with Iris sibirica, to extend the blue colour range.

Iris sanguinea crosses:
 Iris sanguinea × Iris sibirica; 'Abitibi'; 'Chaudiere'; 'Gatineau'; 'Kootenay'; 'Madawaska'; 'Matane'; 'Ottawa'; 'Pembina'; 'Pickaninny'; 'Pickanock'; 'Richelieu'; 'Soothsayer'; 'Rideau'; 'Rimouski'
 Iris sanguinea × Iris chrysographes: 'Aegea';
 Iris sanguinea × Iris hookeri; 'Humble Path';
 Iris sanguinea × Iris setosa; 'Orientosa';
 Iris sanguinea ×  Series Californiae (Cal-Sibes); 'Crimson Accent';
 Iris sanguinea × Iris ensata; 'Adrenaline Rush';
 Iris sanguinea × Iris versicolor; 'Lillabelle';
A known variant in Japan is Iris sanguniea var. violacea. (Makino), which has deep violet flowers with larger than normal standards.

It also has the following known cultivars;
'Annick'; 'Baby Sister'; 'Blue King'; 'Coreana'; 'Dreams'; 'Emperor'; 'Fairy Fingers'; 'Flossie Bobbsy'; 'Grace Ashley'; 'Haematophylla'; 'Kamayama';'Kobana'; 'La Blanchefleur'; 'Nana'; 'Nana Alba' (white flowers usually with some purple veins);  'Nertchinskia'; 'Orientalis Alba'.; Orientalis Alba Stellata'; 'Sanguinea 1615'; 'Sanguinea 1616'; 'Snowcrest'; 'Snow Queen'; 'Sorak Blue'; 'Tetrapetala'; 'Trigonocarpa'; 'Yankee Trader'; 'Yixingensis';

Toxicity
As in many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous or toxic (rhizome and leaves); if mistakenly ingested, it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.

References

Sources
 Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR). [lists as I. sanguinea Donn].
 Erhardt, W. et al. 2000. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 16. Auflage. [lists as I. sanguinea Hornem. ex Donn].
 Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. [lists as I. sanguinea Hornem. ex Donn].
 Krasnoborov, I. M., ed. 2000–. Flora of Siberia (English translation).
 Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. [lists as I. sanguinea Hornem. ex Donn].
 Ohwi, J. 1965. Flora of Japan (Engl. ed.).
 Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
 Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–. European garden flora. [lists as I. sanguinea Donn].
 Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition). [lists as I. sanguinea Donn ex Hornem.].

sanguinea
Plants described in 1813
Flora of Russia
Flora of Mongolia
Flora of China
Flora of Korea
Flora of Japan


title: Fabrizio Bertot

text:
Fabrizio Bertot (born 23 February 1967, Torino) is an Italian politician, member of the European Parliament from 12 April 2013 to 30 June 2014 for the Berlusconi's party PDL (later FI). Ukraine, on 2 May 2018, has forbidden Bertot entry for three years with blocking of the right to dispose of assets and the property belonging. From 2003 to 2012 he was the Major of Rivarolo Canavese for the centre-right coalition.

References

Living people
1967 births
MEPs for Italy 2009–2014
21st-century Italian politicians
European People's Party MEPs
Rivarolo Canavese


title: LGBT history in Romania

text:
Homosexual acts in Romania were decriminalized on September 6, 2001.

Middle Ages
Middle Ages are characterized by social regression in the Romanian space, and the Christianization by Saint Andrew in Dobruja and the positioning on the border of religions (anti-Muslim shield) amplify bigotry. There is evidence of harsh punishment of homosexual acts although only for the poor, nobility enjoying all sexual privileges. However, examples of homosexual acts or relationships in that period can be retrieved in Dan Horia Mazilu's book, Voievodul, dincolo de sala tronului:
 Radu was raped at Adrianople (present-day Edirne), at the court of sultan Murad II.
 The sobriquet of Radu, Vlad the Impaler's brother (the Handsome, the Beautiful), results from effeminate traits and behavior of the prince.
 Iliaș Rareș would have converted to Islam to get sexual favors. His bisexual behavior is also mentioned by historian Dan Horia Matei, having as source the chronicle of Grigore Ureche.
 Mihnea Turcitul is the alleged lover of Koca Sinan Pasha.
 Alexandru Iliaș would have resorted to prostitutes, the best known being a Greek homosexual, Batiste Veveli, fact also mentioned by Miron Costin in his chronicle.

Modern era
 1864 – The Penal Code promulgated by Alexandru Ioan Cuza, inspired by the French model, does not stipulate any punishment for homosexual acts. At the end of the 19th century, the Penal Code in Transylvania, in force since 1878, punished only the homosexual rape, stipulated in Article 242.
 1929 – Pamfil Șeicaru names writer Panait Istrati "poor poet of deflowered arses". Istrati is the first Romanian author to write a novel – Chira Chiralina – in which a character is homosexual.
 1933 – Writer Geo Bogza is imprisoned for a short time in Văcărești penitentiary for indecent behavior. Bogza just published the volume of poetry Poemul invectivă. One of his creations is about a pederast. Nicolae Ceaușescu was also imprisoned in Doftana, in the 1930s, for communist agitation. After the Revolution, there were allusive discussions about homosexual relationships that young Ceaușescu had maintained at Doftana with his colleagues of detention.
 1936 – The Penal Code of Carol II passes in unlawfulness the consented homosexual relationship. Article 431 provides imprisonment for "acts of sexual inversion" when provoking public scandal. Thus, any act of sexual inversion brought to public knowledge could be punished with imprisonment from six months to two years.

Under communist regime

 1947 – The penalty for sexual inversion increases once with the installation of the communist regime. Thus, the mildest sentence was imprisonment for two years.
 1957 – The Penal Code is amended again, pederasts being liable to imprisonment from three to ten years.
 1968 – Homosexuality emerges as a linguistic term in the new Penal Code. Ideologically, homosexuality was unproductive for the Communists, who needed heroine mothers and an ascending demographic trend. The Grand National Assembly elaborates a completely revised version of the Penal Code, and sexual acts between persons of the same sex are considered crimes against the person and punished by Article 200: "sexual relations between persons of the same sex shall be punished with imprisonment from one to five years".
 1977 – Ion Negoițescu, open homosexual, writes to anti-communist dissident Paul Goma, in sign of solidarity. Securitate prefers to rake in Negoițescu's intimate past than to arrest him for assault on national security, which would have blamed Romania internationally. Young writer Petru Romoșanu, wherewith Negoițescu would have homosexual relationships, is forced by Securitate to denounce as homosexual Negoițescu and other writers. Negoițescu has a suicide attempt with a dose of medication. Negoițescu and other gay writers escaped condemnation by the intervention of writer Ștefan Augustin Doinaș, deconspired after 1990s as Securitate collaborator.
 1981–85 – "Morals" department of Bucharest Militia conducted an extensive investigation in this period. 54 gay Bucharesters should have been tried and convicted. But the case was stopped by Suzana Gâdea, Minister of Culture in those years, whereas among defendants appeared many artists and even officials of the Central Committee.

Present-day evolutions

 1993
 Ciprian Cucu (17) and Marian Mutașcu (22), two open homosexuals from Timișoara, were referred to the Police by Cucu's older sister. The two were arrested in January 1993. According to Cucu, "I was the first one to be interrogated. The investigators called me a 'whore' repeatedly...". On 9 June, both were convicted; Mutașcu received two years imprisonment, and Cucu one year. Largely due to intensive pressure from the international community, these sentences were suspended. In May 1995, Mutașcu committed suicide, due to public jesting.
 1995 – Mariana Cetiner (b. 1957) was arrested for allegedly trying to persuade another woman (Adina Vana) to have sexual intercourse with her. She spent three years in prison until was pardoned by President Emil Constantinescu at the insistence of Amnesty International. She was the last Romanian citizen to be imprisoned under Article 200.
 25 October 1996 – The ACCEPT organization, is founded - the first body in Romania which campaigned for LGBT rights.
 2001 – The government adopts an emergency ordinance which repeals Article 200 of the Penal Code, in order to eliminate any discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation. The abrogation of the article was one of the conditions of EU accession.
 2004 – ACCEPT organizes the first gay festival in Romania, under the title "Festival of Diversity", event that included a gay film festival, an exhibition of posters and photographs, book launches and public debates.
 2005 – During the GayFest Bucharest takes place the first Romanian gay pride parade, historic event for the LGBT movement in Romania.

References

Romania
Social history of Romania
LGBT in Romania


title: Planet Arts Records

text:
Planet Arts Records is a Grammy and ASCAP award-winning record label and arts organization. Started by Tom Bellino, they are a not-for-profit 501(c) 3 company dedicated to working with artists, educators, and cultural organizations on the development, production and documentation of culturally important projects related to jazz and art music. Most notably they have produced CDs from the Vanguard Jazz Orchestra which have been nominated for Grammys and won for Best Large Ensemble Album in 2009.

Initiatives and recordings
The Planet Arts DoAM (Documentation of American Music) initiative focuses on large ensemble projects, documenting important American music compositions of established, mid-career and emerging composers. While independent and large-scale projects are often overlooked by major and independent record labels, Planet Arts Recordings mission has provided an outlet for artists to document their work. Numerous projects have been recorded under this initiative to include several albums by the Vanguard Jazz Orchestra. Two new American music releases deal with the music of Bob Brookmeyer and also large jazz orchestra adaptations of Charles Ives music on the CD Mists: Charles Ives for Jazz Orchestra.

Recognition
The list of jazz artists for Planet Arts Records includes Jimmy Heath, Slide Hampton, Luis Bonilla, Jim McNeely, Jack Cooper, the Vanguard Jazz Orchestra, and many more.

Numerous releases on the label have been nominated for Grammy awards, including Turn Up The Heath, Past Present & Future, Can I Persuade You?, The Music of Jim McNeely, and Over Time: Music of Bob Brookmeyer.

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links

Jazz record labels
Catskill, New York


title: Henry Ciuci

text:
Henry Ciuci (April 25, 1903 – January 1986) was an American professional golfer. He won six official PGA Tour events in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and was one of the Tour's most successful performers between 1928 and 1931.

His best finish in a major championship was a tie for fifth place in the 1924 PGA Championship. His best effort in the U.S. Open was a sixth place tie in 1928. He finished T25 in the 1934 Masters Tournament.

Golf career
Ciuci won two Tour events in 1928, and scored two second-place finishes. He had 11 finishes in the top-10 and 15 in the top-25 that season. In 1929, he won one Tour event, finished third three times, had eight finishes in the top-10 and 17 in the top-25. He had his best season in 1931, winning three times, one of which was the inaugural Connecticut Open. Also in 1931, he finished third twice, had eight finishes in the top-10 and 10 in the top-25. For his career, in addition to the six wins, Ciuci is credited with 53 top-10 finishes and 85 finishes in the top-25.

PGA Tour wins (6)
1928 (2) Florida Open, one other win
1929 (1) one win
1931 (3) Fort Lauderdale Open, Coral Gables Open (tie with Walter Hagen), Connecticut Open

Source:

Results in major championships

Note: Ciuci never played in The Open Championship.

NYF = Tournament not yet founded
WD = Withdrew
CUT = missed the half-way cut
R64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in PGA Championship match play
"T" indicates a tie for a place

References

American male golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Golfers from New York (state)
1903 births
1986 deaths


title: Bangladesh–Serbia relations

text:
Bangladesh–Serbia relations refer to the bilateral relations between Bangladesh and Serbia. Relations between Yugoslavia and Bangladesh were officially established in 1971, immediately after the independence of Bangladesh. This has continued to present with Serbia being the successor state to Yugoslavia. Serbia does not have a resident ambassador in Bangladesh, only an honorary consul. Bangladesh has a non resident embassy in Rome.

Economic cooperation
Bangladesh and Serbia have shown their mutual interest to expand the bilateral economic activities between the two countries and have been taking necessary steps in this regard. Serbia has expressed its interest to form joint ventures with Bangladeshi firms for increasing bilateral trade and investments. Bangladeshi pharmaceutical products, textile items, ready made garments and leather goods have been identified as products with good potential in the Serbian market.

See also
 Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement

References

Serbia
Bilateral relations of Serbia


title: Eliseo Alcon

text:
Eliseo Lee Alcon is an American politician serving as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives from the 6th district. Elected in 2008, he assumed office in January 2009.

Elections
2012 Alcon was challenged in the June 5, 2012 Democratic Primary, winning with 1,584 votes (55.2%) and was unopposed for the November 6, 2012 General election, winning with 4,838 votes.
2008 When District 6 Democratic Representative George Hanosh retired and left the seat open, Alcon ran in the three-way June 8, 2008 Democratic Primary, winning with 1,226 votes (42.5%) and won the November 4, 2008 General election with 5,494 votes (62%) against Republican nominee R. Grant Clawson, who had run for the seat in 2006.
2010 Alcon was unopposed for both the June 1, 2010 Democratic Primary, winning with 1,926 votes and the November 2, 2010 General election, winning with 4,838 votes.

References

External links
Official page at the New Mexico Legislature

Eliseo Alcon at Ballotpedia
Eliseo Lee Alcon at the National Institute on Money in State Politics

Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American politicians with disabilities
Democratic Party members of the New Mexico House of Representatives
People from Cibola County, New Mexico
21st-century American politicians


title: LGBT history in Serbia

text:
Homosexuality in Serbia was first criminalised from 1860 through various regimes, until it was decriminalised first in Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in 1977. When Vojvodina was reintroduced fully into the Republic of Serbia legal system during the breakout of Yugoslavia, it was recriminalised again, until 1994, when it was decriminalised in the entire Serbia.

Medieval Serbia
While medieval Serb laws prohibited what was called 'unnatural sex', including incest and sexual relationships between monks and nuns, anti-sodomy and anti-homosexuality laws were relatively mild, especially in comparison with much harsher regulations in neighbouring Roman Catholic societies. Dušan's Code didn't mention homosexuality as a punishable sin. Local Orthodox Church considered certain activities as sinful but was more concerned with men behaving in a feminine way. Same-sex relationships that did not include anal sex were considered less sinful with kissing between men leading to 40 days of fasting and praying while mutual masturbation would lead to ban on communion for up to two years. 'Passive' male partner was considered to be more sinful than the 'active' one while lesbian sex was not perceived as a great sin. Crossdressing was forbidden to clergy as it was associated with the old Slavic religion.

Revolutionary Serbia (1804–1813)
Although religious laws existed prohibiting same-sex love and relationships, expressions were common in both Orthodox Christian and Islamic society. The primary expression of same-sex love for Orthodox Christians were brotherhood unions known as "Pobratimstvo" (Adelphopoiesis). The early nineteenth century saw a time of relative turmoil for Serbia, with sporadic periods of stability. In 1804, Serbia gained its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire following two uprisings. Karađorđe's Criminal Code (Карађорђев криминални законик) was subsequently promulgated by the Serbian Jurisprudential Council (Praviteljstvujušči sovjet serbski) sometime in late spring or early summer 1807, and remained in force until 7 October 1813, when the Ottoman Empire re-gained control of Serbia. The Code penalised certain issues related to marital life and sexuality (such as forced marriage, rape, separation/divorce without the approval of a clerical court, and infanticide). It did not, however, mention same-sex sexual activity; and so homosexuality became effectively legal for a period of six years.

Principality of Serbia (1815–1882)
In 1858, the Ottoman Empire, of which Serbia was nominally a vassal, legalized same-sex sexual intercourse.

However, the progressive reforms introduced by Prince Alexander Karađorđević and Prince Mihailo were overturned when Miloš Obrenović returned to power. In the first post-Medieval Criminal Code of the Principality of Serbia, named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males became punishable by 6 months to 4 years imprisonment. Like in many other countries' legal documents of the time, lesbian sexuality was ignored and not mentioned.

Yugoslavia

Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)
In 1937 Belgrade based daily newspaper Politika published news about young man from Central Serbia who arrived in Belgrade with his brothers to change his sex.

National Liberation War 1941–1945
There are sources about homosexual Yugoslav Partisans during World War II in Yugoslavia. Milovan Đilas in his war memoirs tells the story from Sandžak where one Muslim soldier was exposed as homosexual by other soldiers and Regional Secretary. Regional Secretary in doubt ask Đilas if he should "execute this freak", while Đilas remains in doubt admitting that at the time he did not know Communist Party of Yugoslavia practice nor anything was said about such matters by Marx and Lenin. At the end under common sense he concluded that "from such vices suffer proletarians, and not only bourgeois decadent" but that he can not have functions or be party member. Đilas says that he only later learned "that that homosexual, who in appearance was sheer manhood, was very brave and courageously fell in battle".

SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1992)
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia later restricted the offence in 1959 to only apply to homosexual anal intercourse; but with the maximum sentence reduced from 2 to 1 year imprisonment.

In 1990 in Hotel Moskva in Belgrade, which was a popular gay gathering place in the 1970s, one gay and lesbian group began to organise meetings and in January 1991 they founded the Arkadija organisation.

21st century
The first pride walk took place in 2001. As the walk progressed in Belgrade, it was stopped when protesters and police clashed with one another. In the years, 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013, the LGBT community of Serbia scheduled a gay pride walk that received the treatment of getting banned each year by the authorities in the country.

In 2008, the Serbian Medical Society determined that being LGBT was not a disease, being a member of the " World Health Organization", deferring from its opinions.

In 2009, GayEcho declared Jelena Karleuša to be gay icon in Serbia.

In 2010, the pride march was attempted again. Similar results to the first march, this march was visited by thousands of individuals such as football fans and members of "right-wing" organizations. These individuals caused destruction, such as throwing missiles, stones, and setting cars on fire. The mayhem destroyed the walk, and also injured police officers. This march was overshadowed by 6,500 protesters. The  pride walk was banned in 2011 which led the members of the gay community to believe that this act was a sign that supported violence towards gay people. Those in the Serbian LGBT community feared for their lives, due to severe cruelty by people with homophobic mindsets. Risks of violence continued to be high in Serbia against the LGBT community.  Fourteen percent of respondents who took a survey, felt as if acts of violence was a proper way to respond to homosexuality.

Boris Melicevic was an openly gay leader for Serbia who became a part of a political party in December 2010.  In 2010, Serbia passed the "anti-discrimination law", which protected LGBT Serbians from being treated unequal.  More than half of Serbians say that they are against violence and discrimination against homosexuals, however roughly two-thirds of the country believed that identifying as a homosexual was a disease.

In May 2014, Amnesty International identified Serbia as one of a number of countries where there is a marked lack of will to tackle homophobia and transphobia, noting that public authorities had repeatedly banned pride marches on the basis of violent threats from homophobic groups. A pride parade successfully took place in September 2014 in Belgrade.

In 2016, the association ILGA-Europe ranked Serbia 28th in terms of LGBT rights out of 49 observed European countries.

In June 2017, Ana Brnabić became the Prime Minister of Serbia, as the first woman and first openly gay person to hold the office, and the second female LGBT head of government overall (after Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir of Iceland). She was also the first Serbian Prime Minister to attend a pride parade.

See also
LGBT history in Yugoslavia
LGBT rights in Serbia

References

Serbia
Social history of Serbia
LGBT in Serbia


title: Premios 40 Principales for Best International Song

text:
The Premio 40 Principales for Best International Song is an honor presented annually at Los Premios 40 Principales.

References

Best International Song
2006 establishments in Spain
Awards established in 2006


title: Lahti Town Hall

text:
Lahti Town Hall was designed in 1911 by Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen. The building was completed in 1912.

Material used for building, dark bricks, were brought from Sweden.

References

Lahti
Buildings designed by Eliel Saarinen
City and town halls in Finland
Buildings and structures in Päijät-Häme
Art Nouveau architecture in Finland
Art Nouveau government buildings


title: Benjamin (automobile)

text:
Benjamin was a French manufacturer of cyclecars between 1921 and 1927 and based on the north-west edge of Paris.   1927 was a year of changes which included a name change, and between 1927 and 1929 the company operated under a new name, Benova.

The firm was established by Maurice Jeanson in Asnières at 139 Boulevard Voltaire.

The cars
The business started out with a range of cycle cars, identified as the Benjamin "Type A", Benjamin "Type B" and Benjamin "Type C", a two-seater coupé.   The "Type A" was powered by a 4-cylinder unit of 751cc: it weighed less than 350 kg and therefore enjoyed the favourable tax treatment available to cyclecars.  The "Type B" used a 2-cylinder 547cc engine, while the "Type C" was a sporty version of the "Type A", the volume of its 4-cylinder engine increased to 817cc.

In 1924 the smaller engined Benjamin was replaced by the "Type AR".   It sat on a  wheelbase and was powered by a rear-mounted 2-stroke twin cylinder 450cc or 525cc engine.

Thanks to the success of the early models the manufacturer broadened the range with a "Type P2" and a "Type P3", but these were less successful.   The "Type P2" was built on a  wheelbase and used a 2-stroke twin cylinder engine, of 550cc, and was produced from 1924.   The "Type P3" had a 2-stroke triple cylinder engine.   The cylinders were the same size as on the "Type P2", but there were three of them and the engine capacity was given as 817cc.   (Other sources quote engine sizes respectively of 750cc and 1125cc for the 2 and 3 cylinder "Type P2" and "Type P3" in 1924.)   In October 1924, at the 19th Paris Motor Show the manufacturer's listed prices started at 5,500 francs for a 2-seater "Type AR" cyclecar, while a  Torpedo bodied 2-seater "Type P2" was listed at 8,900 francs.

Restructuring and renaming
Following the construction of a second factory at 39 Rue de Paris in Gennevilliers the company launched a new range, powered by engines bought in from Chapuis-Dornier.   The company was now restructured and renamed as Benova.  With a rapid rise in consumer incomes during the mid-1920s the cyclecar era was coming to an end, and the manufacturer moved into production of standard-sized motor cars, including even one powered by an 8-cylinder engine - albeit a small one.

At the 22nd Paris Motor Show in October 1928  Benova were exhibiting three models:
 The "Benova Type B3" used a Chapuis-Dornier 4-cylinder side-valve engine of 0.95-litres and sat on a  wheelbase.  Standard bodies included a 2-seater Torpedo, a 4-seater Torpedo and a 2-seater coupé.
 The "Benova Type E2" used a Chapuis-Dornier 4-cylinder overhead-valve engine of 1.1-litres and sat on a  wheelbase.  Standard bodies included a "Torpedo de luxe" and a 4-door "conduite interieure souple" (sedan/saloon).
Both B3 and E2 were also listed in "commercial" versions with a drop down opening hatch at the back and, according to one picture, a removable back seat.
 The "Benova Type G" used a S.C.A.P. 8-cylinder side-valve engine of 1402 cc (later, if briefly, increased to 1996cc) and sat on a  wheelbase.  Standard bodies listed included a "Torpedo grand luxe", a 4-door "conduite interieure souple" (sedan/saloon) and a cabriolet.

Reading list
 Harald Linz, Halwart Schrader: Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklopädie. United Soft Media Verlag, München 2008, . (German)
 George Nick Georgano (Chefredakteur): The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Volume 1: A–F. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, . (English)
 George Nick Georgano: Autos. Encyclopédie complète. 1885 à nos jours. Courtille, Paris 1975. (French)

External links

 GTÜ Gesellschaft für Technische Überwachung mbH zu Benjamin (retrieved 23 March 2013)
 GTÜ Gesellschaft für Technische Überwachung mbH zu Benova (retrieved 23 March 2013)

Sources and notes

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Cyclecars
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1921
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1929
French companies established in 1921
1929 disestablishments in France


title: House of Switzerland

text:
The House of Switzerland is a Swiss hospitality centre, meeting point, and social hub. The new house ("Swiss Mobile House") was developed by Presence Switzerland in 2013, for the 2014 Winter Olympics; on 15 February 2014, Vladimir Putin visited it and ate a raclette there.

The prefabricated house is designed to be mobile and was re-used in other occasions, such as Expo 2015.

Notes and references

External links

2013 establishments in Switzerland
Foreign relations of Switzerland
Federal Department of Foreign Affairs