title: List of California State University, Northridge people

text:
This page lists notable alumni and former students, faculty, and administrators of California State University, Northridge.

Administrators
 Dick Enberg - sportscaster and college administrator
 S. K. Ramesh - electrical engineer and university administrator
 Ruth Simmons - former President of Prairie View A&M University, Brown University, and Smith College
 Thor Steingraber - opera and theater director, and arts administrator

Alumni

Academia
 Eric V. Anslyn – Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at the University of Texas at Austin
 Judy Baca – Professor of Chicana/o Studies and Professor of World Arts and Cultures at UCLA
 Betty Beaumont – conceptual artist who has served on the faculty of the University of California at Berkeley, The School of the Art Institute of Chicago, SUNY, Purchase, Hunter College, New York University, and Columbia University
 Michael Ferejohn – Professor of Philosophy at Duke University
 Lori Cox Han – Professor of Political Science at Chapman University
 Jack C. Hayya (1929-2018) – Professor of Management Science at the Pennsylvania State University
 Judith H. Hibbard – Senior Researcher and Professor at the University of Oregon
 Michael Klonsky - activist, Professor of Education at Loyola University Chicago
 David C. Lane – author, Professor of Philosophy and Sociology
 Ralph Larkin – sociologist, Assistant Professor of Sociology at Rutgers University, Newark and Adjunct Professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice
 Minnette Gersh Lenier – teacher who used magic to improve students’ learning skills
 Kathleen Lowe Melde – Professor of Electrical Engineering and Associate Dean at the University of Arizona
 Peter W. Schramm – Professor of Political Science at Ashland University
 Alex Sevanian – Professor of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology at University of Southern California
 Chauntelle Tibbals – sociologist specialized in gender and sexualities
 Barbara Tilley – Professor of Biostatistics at Case Western Reserve University, the Medical University of South Carolina, and the UTHealth School of Public Health
 Robert H. Todd – Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Brigham Young University
 C. Richard Tracy – ecologist and Professor of Biology at University of Nevada, Reno
 Ann E. Watkins – Professor of Mathematics at California State University, Northridge
 Mark Watson – Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at Princeton University, previously at Harvard University and Northwestern University

Business

 Andrew Anagnost – President and CEO of Autodesk
 Vincent Barabba – market researcher and former head of the United States Census Bureau
 Gene Baur – President and co-founder of Farm Sanctuary
 Jim Berk – CEO of Participant Media (An Inconvenient Truth, Bridge of Spies, Green Book, Spotlight)
 Stephen Bollenbach (1960) – Co-Chairman and CEO of Hilton Hotels
 Wendi Deng Murdoch – media executive, wife of News Corp Chairman Rupert Murdoch
 Doug Emhoff – entertainment lawyer, Second Gentleman of the United States, husband of Vice President Kamala Harris
 Christine Essel – Senior Vice President, Paramount Pictures
 Jon V. Ferrara - entrepreneur and founder of Nimble
 Dirk Gates – founder and CEO of Xircom and Xirrus
 Gene Haas – NASCAR team owner; Haas F1 Solo owner; Haas Automation president
 Jerry Jordan – former member of President Ronald Reagan's Council of Economic Advisers and former president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
 Rao Machiraju – Executive in Residence and Co-Director of Center for Human Applied Reasoning and the Internet of Things (Chariot) at the University of Southern California, former CEO of ReQall.
 David Nazarian – businessman and philanthropist, founder and CEO of Nîmes Capital
 Charles Noski – CFO of AT&T,  Northrop Grumman Corporation, and Bank of America
 Nick Patsaouras – businessman, engineer, and public official
 Steve Pavlina – self-development professional
 Dan Pena – businessman
 Vicki Roberts – attorney, on-air legal commentator, television and film personality
 Stan Polovets – led the $15bn merge and $55bn sale of TNK-BP, Lead Director on the Board of L1 Energy and Chairman at Edelman
 Ravi Sawhney – industrial designer, founder and CEO of RKS Design
 Amanda Simpson – vice president for Research and Technology at Airbus Americas
 Lee Soo-Man – founder and Chairman of SM Entertainment
 Kathleen Utgoff – economist and Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics
 Michelle Vicary – executive vice president of programming and network publicity for Crown Media
 Frank K. Wheaton – attorney, sports agent and personal manager
 Alex Yemenidjian – Chairman and CEO of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.

Film and television

 Paula Abdul (attended) – entertainer; singer, dancer, judge for television series American Idol and The X Factor. Winner of multiple MTV Video Music Awards, Grammy Awards, and Emmy Awards
 Ariane Andrew (2005) – wrestler
 David Michael Barrett (1992) – screenwriter and film producer
 Deanne Bray (1989) – actress
 Kimberly J. Brown - actress
 Anna Behlmer - Academy Award nominated sound engineer
Dave Caplan  – television writer and producer
 Charmian Carr - actress
 Joan Chen, BA 1979 – actress, filmmaker
 Morris Chestnut (1987) – film and television actor
 Karin Anna Cheung (1992) – actress
 Kristen Cloke - actress
 Kevin Corcoran (1967) – actor, entertainment producer-director
 Mike Darnell - television executive
 Matt Deitsch – film director and freelance photographer (dropped out)
 Bobby Diamond - actor and attorney
 Richard Dreyfuss (1965) – actor, winner of an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, and a BAFTA
 Jenna Elfman – film and television actress known for Dharma and Greg, Golden Globe winner
 Robert Englund – actor best known for his role as Freddy Krueger
 Shannon Fill – actor, Star Trek: The Next Generation film
 Diane Franklin — film and television actress
 Teri Garr (attended) – film actress, comedian, Academy Award nominee
 Alexandra Grey (2013) – film and television actress, singer
 Don Hahn, BA 1975 – film producer, film director; film producer of Beauty and the Beast, The Lion King, The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Golden Globe winner
 Alyson Hannigan (1992) – actress
 Phil Hartman (1966) – film and television actor, comedian, producer
 Linda Kaye Henning — film and television actress
 Helen Hunt (1981) – film and television actress
 Paul Hunter - film director, screenwriter, and music video director
 David Knoller – television producer, director and writer
 Dale Launer - screenwriter
 Lillian Lehman – film and television actor
 Nicole Linkletter – Cycle 5 America's Next Top Model winner
 Eva Longoria – actress
 Cheech Marin – actor, comedian, co-star of Cheech and Chong film and television team
 Austin Matelson (aka Luchasaurus), BA 2008, MA 2010 – professional wrestler
 Eva Mendes - actress
 Charles Martin Smith – actor and director
 Al Mayer Jr.-- 2x Academy Award and Emmy Award winning camera designer
 Jillian Michaels – personal trainer and Biggest Loser coach
 Brian A. Miller - Senior Vice President and General Manager of Cartoon Network Studios. Emmy Award-winning television producer
 David Mullich – game designer and producer
 Arsi Nami – Swedish-Persian actor, singer, songwriter, music therapist and philanthropist
 Robert Newman – actor, Guiding Light
 Harry Northup – actor, Taxi Driver and The Silence of the Lambs; poet, "Red Snow Fence"
 Cubby O'Brien (1955–59) – musician; drummer, original member ("Mouseketeer") of The Mickey Mouse Club
 Utt Panichkul - actor and model
 Donald Petrie - actor and film director
 Chuck Pfarrer – screenwriter, author, former SEAL Team commander
 Eve Plumb (1976) – actress, "Jan" on The Brady Bunch
 Lauren Ridloff — actress, Tony Award nominee
 Robbie Rist – actor and musician, "Cousin Oliver" on The Brady Bunch
 Mark Saul – actor, All That, Grey's Anatomy, The Social Network
 Deborah Lynn Scott – costume designer and set designer
 Jean Bruce Scott – actress
 Scott Shaw (1976) – author, actor, filmmaker
 Lloyd Sherr – voice actor
 Jenny Shimizu - actress and model
 Phil Snyder – voice actor; voice of Disney character Jiminy Cricket; Professor, University of Houston
 James Stanfield – professor and film producer, won the Academy Award for Technical Achievement
 Jeri Taylor – co-creator of Star Trek: Voyager
 Brian J. Terwilliger (1994) – producer/director of One Six Right
 Jennifer Tisdale - actress
 Tim Toyama – playwright, producer
 DJ Trevi – actor, DJ, reality personality, director
 Minoti Vaishnav – singer, screenwriter and producer
 Larry Wilcox – actor
 Debra Winger – film and stage actress

Government and politics

 Richard Alarcon (1971) – former California State Senator and Los Angeles City Council member
 Nicole Avant – 13th United States Ambassador to the Bahamas
 Judy Baca (1964) – artist, civil rights activist, Guggenheim Fellow
 Peter Berlin (lawyer) – criminal defense lawyer
 Christopher Bogdan – retired United States Air Force General
 Katie Eyre Brewer – member of the Oregon House of Representatives from the 29th district
 Kansen Chu – member of the San Jose City Council from the 4th District, member of the California State Assembly from 25th Assembly District
 Lance Clow – member of the Idaho House of Representatives from the 24th District
 Mike Curb (1962) – musician, record company executive, 42nd Lieutenant Governor of California
 Mike Davis (politician)- President Pro Tem, Los Angeles Board of Public Works and former member of the California State Assembly
 Jamshid "Jimmy" Delshad (1958) – Mayor of Beverly Hills
 Tara Flanagan – judge of the Superior Court of the State of California in the County of Alameda
 Katie Hill – former Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, Representative of California's 25th congressional district
 George J. Hochbrueckner – member of the New York State Assembly, member of the United States House of Representatives for New York's 1st congressional district
 Brent A. Jones (born 1963) – Republican member of the Nevada Assembly.
 Jeanne Kohl-Welles – member of the Washington State Senate and Washington House of Representatives from the 36th legislative district
 Charlotte Laws – author, politician and animal rights advocate
 Ralph Lazo – only known non-spouse, non-Japanese American who voluntarily relocated to a World War II Japanese American internment camp
John Lee – member of the Los Angeles City Council representing the 12th district
 Marc Levine – member of the California State Assembly from the 10th District
 Linda Lingle – former Governor of Hawaii
 Bob Marshall – member of the Virginia House of Delegates from the 13th District
 Nury Martinez – former president of the Los Angeles City Council representing the 6th district
 Esha Momeni – Iranian-American women's rights activist
 Kevin Murray – former California State Assemblyman and Senator
 S. James Otero – U.S. District Court judge
 Imelda Padilla — member of the Los Angeles City Council
 William Paparian – lawyer and former mayor of Pasadena, California
 Fran Pavley – first Mayor of Agoura Hills, member of the California State Assembly for the 41st District, and member of the California State Senate from the 27th District and 23rd District
 Rick Rollens – former Secretary, California State Senate; autism health and research activist
 Peter W. Schramm – Director of the Center for International Education in the United States Department of Education during the Reagan Administration
 Amanda Simpson – test pilot, former Executive Director of the U.S. Army Office of Energy Initiatives (OEI) and Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Operational Energy (became the first openly transgender female presidential appointee)
 Scott Svonkin – politician
 Bob Thorpe – member of the Arizona House of Representatives from the 6th District
 Kathleen Utgoff – economist and Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics
 Suzette Martinez Valladares - politician elected to the California Assembly
 Racquel Vasquez - mayor of Lemon Grove, California
 Alex Villanueva – the 33rd Sheriff of Los Angeles County, California
 Lorie Zapf – member of the San Diego City Council for the Sixth District and Second District

Journalism
 Marc Cooper – Journalist and academic
 Jonathan Elias – Primary News Anchor / Reporter WJLA Washington D.C. / Instructor U.S. Army War College (Winner of 3 Peabody's, A DuPont, National Emmy, 30 Regional Emmy Awards)
 Barbara Fairchild - Food journalist and editor-in-chief of Bon Appétit
 Tod Goldberg – author and journalist
 Bill Griffeth (BA 1980) – anchor (Closing Bell) and financial journalist on CNBC
 Bill Handel – KFI morning talk show host, attorney
 Sue Herera (BA 1980) – anchor (Power Lunch) and financial journalist on CNBC
 Robert Hilburn (BA 1961) –  music critic for the Los Angeles Times
 Ron Insana – analyst on CNBC
 Ana Kasparian (2004) – Internet personality, co-host of The Young Turks, professor of journalism
 Ken Lubas – photographer, photojournalist, winner of two Pulitzer Prizes
 Rory Markas – play-by-play announcer for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
 A Martinez – journalist and radio host
 Frank del Olmo – editor, columnist and reporter for the Los Angeles Times, winner of an Emmy Award and Pulitzer Prize for Public Service
 Paul Pringle – winner of a George Polk Award, Worth Bingham Prize, Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, and Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Journalism
 Rip Rense – writer and journalist at the Los Angeles Times
 D. Scott Rogo – writer and journalist
 Anita Sarkeesian (2002) – blogger, media critic
 Barbara Starr - television news journalist
 James Taranto – columnist for the Wall Street Journal

Literature
 Kenneth G. Eade (1977) – author of legal thrillers and spy fiction
 Donald Freed – playwright, novelist, and screenwriter
 David Gerrold – science fiction author and screenwriter
 Andy Luckey – television producer, children's book author and illustrator
 Dale McGowan – author, educator, and philanthropist
 Lawrence M. Schoen (1983) – science fiction author
 Rene Colato Lainez (1989)- Children's book author

Music

 Cristian Amigo – composer, guitarist, and ethnomusicologist
 Mark Balderas (1982) – musician, keyboardist and songwriter with the rock band Human Drama
 Richard Campbell – bass guitarist and vocalist
 Tony Clements - musician and tubist
 Mike Curb (1962) – musician, record company executive
 John Densmore (1962) – musician, former drummer of The Doors
 Daryl Dragon (1960) – "The Captain" of the Grammy Award-winning Captain & Tennille
 Michelle DeYoung – classical vocalist and opera singer
 John Doan — musician
 Mike Elizondo – Grammy Award-winning record producer (Eminem, Alanis Morissette, Pink, Natasha Bedingfield, Twenty One Pilots)
 James Fortune (1996) – musician, gospel singer
 Grant Geissman (1974) – guitarist, session guitarist, composer, recording artist
 Gordon Goodwin – big band composer, arranger, and saxophonist
 Scheila Gonzalez - saxophonist
 Andy Grammer (2007) – singer
 Kalani – musician, percussionist
 Fred Katz – jazz cellist
 Kariné Poghosyan – pianist
 Jeannie G. Pool – music producer and composer
 Jim Pons (1961) – musician, bass guitarist and singer for The Leaves, The Turtles, and The Mothers of Invention
 Louis Posen - punk rock music producer and record label founder
 Kentaro Sato – musician, composer
 Maia Sharp – singer, songwriter
 Toshiyuki Shimada (1977) – music director, conductor and professor, Yale Symphony Orchestra, Eastern Connecticut Symphony Orchestra, Yale School of Music
 Sebu Simonian – singer, songwriter, keyboardist, producer, half of the Los Angeles-based indie pop duo Capital Cities
 Leland Sklar – musician, session bassist
 Andy Summers – musician, guitarist with The Police
 Serj Tankian – musician, System of A Down
 Pinar Toprak - composer for film and television
 Carol Vaness – opera singer
 Diane Warren – musician,  music publisher, winner of a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, and a Golden Globe Award
 Tim Weisberg (1960s) – jazz/rock fusion flautist, composer, producer, vocalist
 Bill Worrell - musician

Radio
 Marc Cohen – radio personality
 Barry Smolin – KPFK radio DJ, musician, teacher

Science

 Jeannine Davis-Kimball (1929–2017), archaeologist
 Scott Horowitz – Space Shuttle astronaut
 Adriana Ocampo - NASA scientist
 Simon Ourian - physician and businessman
 Olympia LePoint – author, professional public speaker and award-winning rocket scientist
 Ann E. Watkins - mathematician
 Luis Falcon - physician, computer scientist and human rights activist

Sports

 Beth Allen – professional golfer
 Jodi Anderson – Olympic track and field athlete
 Judy Blumberg – three-time bronze medalist at the World Figure Skating Championships
 Jeanette Bolden – Olympic track and field athlete
 Sherdrick Bonner (1986) – quarterback for the Arizona Rattlers of the Arena Football League
 Lyman Bostock (1968) – star outfielder for the Minnesota Twins and California Angels
 Marcus Brady (1997) – quarterback for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League
 Valerie Brisco-Hooks – Olympic track and field champion
 Alice Brown – Olympic track and field athlete
 Julie Brown – Olympic track and field athlete
 Rex Caldwell – professional golfer
 Markus Carr – professional basketball player
 Lamine Diane - basketball player
 Paul Edmondson – pitcher for the Chicago White Sox
 Michael Efevberha – Nigerian-American professional basketball player
 Robert Fick – catcher and first baseman for the Washington Nationals
 Sean Franklin – professional soccer player; defender for Los Angeles Galaxy
 Florence Griffith Joyner – Olympic track and field champion
 D.J. Hackett – wide receiver for the Carolina Panthers
 Jacqueline Hansen – long distance runner and champion marathoner
 Adam Kennedy – second baseman for the Los Angeles Dodgers
 Bob Kersee – track coach
 Joey Kirk – professional soccer player
 Kathy Kohner-Zuckerman - surfer
 Thor Lee – professional soccer player
 Bruce Lemmerman – professional football player
 Kameron Loe (1999) – pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers
 Austin Matelson – professional wrestler, currently performing for All Elite Wrestling under the ring name Luchasaurus
 Paul McCracken – NBA and Maccabi Tel Aviv basketball player
 Sandra Myers – Olympic track and field athlete
 Daniel Paladini – professional soccer player
 Mary Perry – Olympic volleyball player and coach
 James Richards – offensive guard for the Las Vegas Posse of the Canadian Football League
Kenny Rosenberg (born 1995) - baseball pitcher for the Los Angeles Angels
 Joe Ryan - professional baseball pitcher and Olympic medalist
 Bob Samuelson – Olympic and professional volleyball player
 Willie Sims – professional soccer player; former forward for New England Revolution
 Pam Spencer – Olympic track and field athlete
 Mia St. John – professional boxer
 Dave Stephens – Olympic track and field athlete
 Michael Takahashi – 7 time All-Star player in the Japan Basketball League
 Jason Thompson – first baseman for the Detroit Tigers, California Angels, Pittsburgh Pirates and Montreal Expos
 Bryan Wagner – NFL football punter
 Kathy Weston – Olympic track and field athlete
 Vic Wilk – professional golfer

Visual arts
 Betty Beaumont – conceptual installation artist, sculptor, and photographer
 Karl Dempwolf – contemporary painter
 John Divola – artist
 Greg Evans – cartoonist, artist
 Scott Grieger – artist and academic
 Mike Mandel – a conceptual artist and photographer, attended San Fernando Valley State College
 Michael C. McMillen - sculptor and installation artist
 Judith Simonian – contemporary painter, public and installation artist
 John Sonsini – artist

Crime
 Stephen Paddock (1977) - perpetrator of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that killed 60 and injured over 500

Baseball coaches
 Mike Batesole
 Eddie Cornejo
 Matt Curtis
 Bill Kernen
 Greg Moore
 Dave Serrano

Basketball coaches
 Bobby Braswell
 Pete Cassidy
 Mark Gottfried
 Jim Harrick
 Trent Johnson
 Andy Newman
 Reggie Theus

Football coaches
 Dave Baldwin
 Jack Elway
 Rod Humenuik
 Tom Keele
 Leon McLaughlin
 Sam Winningham

Softball coaches
 Tairia Flowers
 Charlotte Morgan

Faculty
 Beatriz Cortez - Artist and Professor of Central American Studies
 James Lawson – Visiting scholar in civil discourse and social change
 Bob McChesney - Jazz trombonist and professor of music
 Aglaia Mortcheva – Animator, voice actress, and professor of art
 Martin Pousson – Novelist, poet, and professor of English
 Donna Sheng – Professor of Physics
 Steven Thachuk – Classical guitarist and professor of music
 Ann E. Watkins – Professor of Mathematics
 Maria Elena Zavala – Professor of Biology
 Jeremy Yoder – Professor of Biology

Retired and former faculty

 Kim Victoria Abeles – Guggenheim Fellow and Professor in Drawing, Public Art, and Sculpturing
 Rodolfo Acuna – Chicano studies scholar
 Anthony Arthur - author and educator
 Lucille Ball – American actress and comedian known for I Love Lucy, Assistant Professor in 1979
 Vern Bullough – historian and sexologist
 Hans Burkhardt – Swiss-American artist
 Edmund Snow Carpenter – Associate Professor of Anthropology
 Yreina Cervantez – Professor of Chicano Studies
 Annette Charles - actress and speech professor
 Barbara J. Collins – ecologist
 Lorence G. Collins – geologist
 Todd Compton – historian
 John Daversa – Grammy Award-winning jazz musician and Professor
 James Dickey – visiting lecturer, poet and novelist appointed as the 18th United States Poet Laureate and awarded with a Guggenheim Fellowship and National Book Award for Poetry
 Fritz Faiss – German-American artist
 Lorraine Foster – mathematician, first woman to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics from California Institute of Technology
 Adele Eskeles Gottfried – Professor of Educational Psychology and Director of Research Enhancement of the Michael D. Eisner College of Education
 John Curtis Gowan – Professor of Psychology
 Beverly Grigsby – musicologist and composer
 Sheldon H. Harris – historian
 Bess Lomax Hawes – Associate Professor of Anthropology and head of the Anthropology Department
 Harold Hellenbrand – administrator and scholar
 George Heussenstamm – composer
 Amir Hussain – Associate Professor of Religious Studies
 William Karush – mathematician
 Fred Katz – jazz cellist and composer, and Anthropology Professor
 William M. Kramer – rabbi and Professor of Religious Studies
 Alexis Krasilovsky – Filmmaker and professor of cinema
 Art Kunkin – journalist and founder of the Los Angeles Free Press
 Dorothy D. Lee - Professor of Anthropology
 Joe Lewis – Chair at the Department of Art
 Magnhild Lien - mathematician
 Robert Oscar Lopez – Professor of Humanities
 Prakash Chandra Lohani – Professor of Finance and Minister of Finance, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Agricultural and Livestock Development, and Minister of Labour & Transportation in Nepal
 Gloria Ricci Lothrop – historian
 Sabina Magliocco – Guggenheim and Fulbright Fellow, Professor of Anthropology and Religion
 Elena Marchisotto – mathematician
 Khaled Mattawa – poet
 Leemon McHenry – bioethicist
 Beatrice Medicine – anthropologist
 Mohammed Morsi – engineer and 5th President of Egypt
 Raoul Naroll – Professor of Anthropology
 Julian Nava – diplomat and educator
 Roy Peel - Director of the U.S. Census Bureau
 Peter Plagens – artist and art critic
 Ron Purcell - professor of music
 Mohammad Qayoumi – Professor of Engineering Management and Minister of Finance and Chief Adviser on Infrastructure and Technology to the President of Afghanistan
 Daniel Raymer – aerospace design engineer
 Carol Rosenberger - classical pianist
 Velva E. Rudd – Research Fellow in the Department of Biology
 Raul Ruiz – journalist, activist, and professor of Chicano Studies
 Benjamin Saltman – poet and Professor of Literature
 Barry Sautman – Adjunct Assistant Professor
 Saba Soomekh – Professor of Religious Studies
 Ann Stanford – poet and professor of creative writing
 Nayereh Tohidi – Professor and former Chair at the Department of Gender & Women Studies
 Aurelio de la Vega – Composer-in-residence, educator, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, poet
 Gerald Wilson – jazz composer and educator
 Lewis Yablonsky – sociologist, criminologist, and psychotherapist

Presidents

 Erika D. Beck
 James W. Cleary
 Dianne F. Harrison
 Jolene Koester
 Howard S. McDonald
 Ralph Prator
 Blenda Wilson

References

Northridge people


title: Hidetaka Miyazaki

text:
is a Japanese creative director, designer, writer, and president of the video game company FromSoftware. He joined the company in 2004 and was a designer for the Armored Core series before receiving wider recognition for creating the Dark Souls series. Miyazaki was promoted to company president in 2014 and also serves as its representative director. Other games he has directed include Demon's Souls, Bloodborne, Sekiro, and Elden Ring, which have all received critical acclaim.

Miyazaki's influences range across the works of various novelists, manga artists, and game designers such as Fumito Ueda and Yuji Horii. His games often invoke the use of high difficulty and narratives presented largely through flavor text and environmental cues as opposed to dialogue. Regarded as an auteur of video games, his work is cited as influential and has led to the creation of the Soulslike subgenre of games.

Career
Miyazaki was born on September 19, 1974, and grew up in Shizuoka, Japan. He later attended Keio University and graduated with a degree in social science, later getting a job as an account manager for the US-based Oracle Corporation to pay for his sister's college tuition fees. Upon a friend's recommendation, Miyazaki played the 2001 video game Ico, which caused him to want a career change as a game designer. Miyazaki found that few game companies would employ him at age 29 with no experience working in the industry, with one of the few being FromSoftware. He began working there as a planner on Armored Core: Last Raven in 2004, joining the game's development midway through. He later directed Armored Core 4 and its direct sequel, Armored Core: For Answer.

Upon learning about what later became Demon's Souls, Miyazaki became excited at the prospect of a fantasy action role-playing game and offered to help. The project, up until he was assigned to it, was considered a failure by the company. He believed the company's outlook on the game allowed him to take full control of the project as any further failed ideas would not hurt it. Although the game was received negatively at the 2009 Tokyo Game Show and sold far under expectations upon release, it began to pick up after a few months and soon found publishers willing to release the game outside of Japan. After the success of the game's spiritual successor Dark Souls, released in 2011, Miyazaki was promoted to the position of company president in May 2014. It was considered unprecedented for a person to change careers in Japan and become company president within 10 years.

In 2012, Sony Computer Entertainment approached FromSoftware concerning cooperative development on a new game. Miyazaki asked about the possibility of developing a game for eighth-generation consoles, and the concept of Bloodborne developed from there. Even though there were no story or setting connections to FromSoftware's previous games, Miyazaki said that it carried the "DNA" of Demon's Souls and its specific level design. Development ran parallel to that of Dark Souls II, which Miyazaki supervised only as he was unable to direct both games simultaneously.

After the release of Bloodborne in March 2015, Miyazaki returned to the Dark Souls series as the lead director on Dark Souls III, which released early the following year. After its release, he announced his intentions to personally stop development on the Dark Souls series. Miyazaki has a son who was born in the late 2010s. His next two projects were the 2018 virtual reality game Déraciné and the 2019 action-adventure game Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice, with the latter winning several awards. It was also around this time that he had his first child. Miyazaki also directed Elden Ring, written in collaboration with American author George R. R. Martin. The game sold more than  copies in a year and won several Game of the Year awards. Miyazaki served as the initial director of Armored Core VI: Fires of Rubicon (2023) before Masaru Yamamura assumed the role later in development.

Influences and design philosophy

Miyazaki was an avid reader as a child despite his parents being unable to afford him many books. He frequently borrowed from his local library, including English language fantasy and science fiction that he did not fully understand, allowing his imagination to fill in the blanks by using the accompanying illustrations. He would later cite that as a major influence on his design philosophy. Miyazaki also played gamebooks and tabletop games such as Steve Jackson's Sorcery!, Dungeons & Dragons, and RuneQuest as his parents restricted him from playing video games until he was old enough to attend university.

Once exposed to video games, Miyazaki became a fan of Ico, the early Dragon Quest games, and The Legend of Zelda and King's Field video game series, all of which he later cited were direct influences on his games. He was also a fan of manga such as Berserk, Saint Seiya, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, and Devilman, as well as the literature of H. P. Lovecraft, Bram Stoker, and George R. R. Martin. Miyazaki is also inspired by architecture, especially of European origin, and often uses it in his games as a way of environmental storytelling. Psychology, anthropology, and sociology have also influenced his design choices.

As the lead creative director on a project, Miyazaki usually writes the majority of the story, dialogue, and text, while having the final say on character, monster, and level designs. The multiplayer mechanics of the Souls series were inspired by his own personal experience of driving up a snowy road as cars ahead began slipping back and were pushed uphill by other people in the area. As Miyazaki was unable to give his thanks before they left the area, he wondered whether the last person in the line had made it to their destination as he was unlikely to ever meet them again. This gave birth to the series' multiplayer systems, with it attempting to emulate that same sense of silent cooperation.

Miyazaki stated that the difficulty of his games have no intention of being that way compared to others. Rather, the difficulty was a part of the process that gives players a sense of accomplishment by "overcoming tremendous odds", while also incentivizing players to experiment more with character builds and weapons. He stated that death in his games is used as a trial and error learning tool, adding that the idea became accepted by the public following the success of Demon's Souls. Miyazaki stated that he does not dislike direct storytelling but prefers players to interpret it for themselves, as they get more value from it when they find out hints of plot from items or side-characters. Many journalists and critics have cited him an auteur of video games, noting his influential work in Dark Souls and its related games.

Works

Accolades
Miyazaki was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2018 Golden Joystick Awards. The award was presented to him by Ian Livingstone and Steve Jackson, two of his inspirations. In 2022, he was the recipient of the Special Award at the CEDEC Awards and the Minister of Economy, Trade, and Industry Award at the Japan Game Awards. In 2023, Time listed Miyazaki as one of the 100 Most Influential People of the year; Naughty Dog co-president Neil Druckmann called Elden Ring "a great ambassador for video games".

References

External links

1974 births
Dark Souls
Japanese chief executives
Japanese video game businesspeople
Japanese video game designers
Japanese video game directors
Keio University alumni
Living people
Nebula Award winners
People from Shizuoka (city)
Video game writers


title: Butterfly Effect (Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku song)

text:
is the 6th major single by the Japanese girl idol group Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku. It was released in Japan on June 4, 2014, on the label Defstar Records. The song was used as the opening theme for the 2014 anime series Nanana's Buried Treasure.

Release details
The single was released in three versions: the Limited Anime Edition, the Limited Yodel Edition, and the Regular Edition. The Limited Anime Edition includes a DVD with the music video for the title track, while the other two editions are CD-only.

Track listing

Limited Anime Edition

Limited Yodel Edition

Regular Edition

Charts

References

External links
 Discography - Shiritsu Ebisu Shugaku official site

2014 singles
2014 songs
Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku songs
Anime songs
Japanese-language songs
Defstar Records singles


title: Planeta TV

text:
Planeta TV is a Bulgarian music television channel, which launched on 13 November 2001. It is owned by the company "Payner Media" Ltd., which also owns the sister channels Planeta Folk and Planeta HD. The channel is the highest rating among music channels in Bulgaria, according to studies from 2012. Planeta HD is an option for the viewer to watch the channel in high definition. Planeta musical artists have performed around the world and Planeta TV use the highest video production facilities. Planeta Folk consists of traditional Bulgarian folk music.

Television in Bulgaria
Music television channels in Bulgaria
Television channels and stations established in 2001
Television channels in North Macedonia


title: Magicka 2

text:
Magicka 2 is an action-adventure video game, the sequel to Magicka, for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and PlayStation 4. It was released on May 26, 2015 and was announced at Sony's E3 2014 media briefing with a trailer. Instead of being developed by Arrowhead Game Studios, the title was developed by Pieces Interactive alongside the publisher Paradox Interactive.

Plot

Opening
The opening of Magicka 2 starts with a backstory, how 1 through 4 wizards from the Order of Magick saved Midgård from certain doom multiple times (the story of Magicka). Due to this success, the Order of Magick decided to expand by founding multiple wizard schools all over Midgård. However, conflict between the schools grew, eventually sparking the Wizard Wars. The aftermath of the wars resulted in many wizards decimated, and those who survived tread the shadows of their former glory. Without wizards destroying the human's way of life, the Golden Age of Man has begun. During this period of calmness, a seer named Nostrir the Soothslayer has prophesied that a child, infused with magick from the magickal residue caused by the Wizard Wars, was born somewhere in Midgård. This very child, once of age, will lead Midgård into a better place, free of suffering. However, the prophecy also told that an opposing force would seek to prevent the child from realizing her power. Vlad, back from his multi-decade vacation, returns to Aldrheim only to find the castle in ruins. Hearing Nostrir's prophecy, Vlad decides to guide 1 through 4 wizards from the ruins of Aldrheim to save the prophesied child.

Main Story

After being treated to a brief tutorial the 1-4 players are instructed by Vlad to find the seer Nostrir and set out towards Crystal Bay, where Nostrir resides. On the way, the player passes through a group of humans celebrating a festival called “Interdependence Day”. The festival grounds are attacked by goblins which the player defeats.

After arriving in Crystal Bay, Vlad informs the players of Nostrirs last known residence. The wizards make their way towards Nostrirs house while fighting of hordes of Goblins and vicious, man-eating crabs. When the wizards arrive at Nostrirs house it is discovered that a group of goblins and orcs are also searching for him but that he no longer resides in his house. After defeating the leaders of the orc and goblin raid, Vlad appears and instructs the wizards to search the caves beneath Crystal Bay for Nostrir.

Venturing through the caves the players discover an underground fortress where Nostrir now resides. After defeating a giant horde of enemy crabs the wizards are allowed entrance and meets Nostrir. Vlad teleports in and asks him where the prophesied child may be found, Nostrir reveals that the child was born in the Vanir higherlands in the clan of chieftess Frida. Before Nostrir can fully reveal who the child is, however, a giant claw appears from a nearby underground lake and pulls him in. Vlad tells the players to venture north into the Vanir Higerlands anyway and find the child.

Continuing to venture through the caves the wizards encounter the Beastkin, a group of aggressive, vegan half human- half animal creatures, and has to fight through them to reach the Higherlands. After exiting through a passageway that leads to the Higherlands the wizards discover a massive army of orcs and goblins presumably heading north to stop the child from realising its power. The wizards make haste having to fight through beastkin, orcs and goblins alike. The wizards then reach a bridge leading into the Vanir’s territory, a group of beastkin demand entry into the land as their lands are being destroyed by elves and humans. The Vanir deny them entry and in the ensuing fight the wizards emerge victorious. After finding the chieftess Frida Vlad mediates between the Vanir, who wants to kill the wizards for killing their bridge keepers in the aforementioned fight, and the wizards who wish to find the child.
Frida realises that the prophesied child may be her own daughter, Lok.

The wizards continue to head north towards the Vanir village where Lok resides, arriving at the same time as the orcs, under the leadership of the warlady Khan IV the first, and the goblins under the leadership of the shaman Metexas. The wizards manage to defeat warlady Khan with their magic causing the orcs to scatter. After the battle Lok’s mentor, Elin, wants to kill the wizards, citing the fact wizards can never be trusted and cause more harm than good. Lok refuses and instead traps the wizards inside a magical crystal ball, also trapping the nearby Metexas in the process.

After being trapped inside the crystal ball Metexas berates the wizards for trusting in Vlad and Nostrir and presents an alternative version of the prophecy where it is the child who endangers the world with her powers. This prophecy is the reason for the orcs and goblins unifying, as they wished to stop the child before it causes to much damage.

One year after being imprisoned the wizards and Metexas are freed by Vlad, who briefs them on what has happened during their year of imprisonment where it appears Metexas’ predictions are coming true as the Vanir have since pushed southwards under Lok’s leadership and have united humans, elves and dwarves in an alliance under the Vanir. A disgruntled Metexas teleports away and Vlad tasks the wizards with stopping Lok before it’s too late.

The wizards then head through the forest towards castle Vanirhall, Lok’s base of operations built atop the ruins of Aldrheim. After encountering a group of elves Vlad teleports in front of the wizards to give them another briefing, accidentally blowing their cover and leading to the wizards having to fight their way to Vanirhall.

After arriving to Vanirhall the wizards defeat most of the castles guards before encountering Elin, whom they defeat. The wizards confront Lok, who is initially excited to see them thinking they are still mostly harmless. After sensing that the wizards have killed Elin, she attacks them using a golem she has constructed with her magic. The wizards managed to incapacitate the golem by destroying its magical power reserves and Vlad then appears and uses his magic to trap Lok. After looking around the castle Vlad states that it would make a good new magic school and then teleports away after declaring himself the headmaster. The wizards celebrate their victory before the golem initiates a self-destruct sequence, the screen promptly cuts to black.

Reception

Magicka 2 received mixed reviews from critics upon release. On Metacritic, the game holds score of 69/100 for the PC version based on 37 reviews, and 72/100 based on 18 reviews for the PlayStation 4 version.

IGN awarded the game a score of 7.7 out of 10, saying "Though it may occasionally test your patience, Magicka 2's charm and depth make it a really fun co-op experience". PCGamesN awarded it 6 out of 10, saying " At the moment it’s functional, sometimes fun, but only something that should really be considered if you’ve got three chums who are guaranteed to play with you.". GameSpot awarded it 7 out of 10, saying "Put Magicka 2 next to its 2011 predecessor and you’ve got a before-and-after comparison straight out of a weight-loss advertising campaign." WGRank 6.2 out of 10 based on Good points: Skill based magic - co-operative - good combat system and Bad points: Some bug need to solve - difficult to point when doing solo.

References

2015 video games
Cthulhu Mythos video games
Fantasy video games
Linux games
MacOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Orcs in popular culture
Paradox Interactive games
Pieces Interactive games
PlayStation 4 games
Video games based on Norse mythology
Video games with isometric graphics
Windows games
Video games developed in Sweden
Video game sequels
Video games set in castles


The 2014–15 Bradley Braves men's basketball team represented Bradley University during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Braves were led by fourth year head coach Geno Ford, and played their home games at Carver Arena, with one home game at Renaissance Coliseum in Peoria, Illinois. They were members of the Missouri Valley Conference. They finished the season 9–24, 3–15 in MVC play to finish in last place. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the Missouri Valley tournament where they lost to Northern Iowa.

On March 22, head coach Geno Ford was fired. He finished with a four-year record of 46–86.

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style=|  Exhibition

|-
!colspan=9 style=|Non-conference regular season

|-
!colspan=12 style=| Missouri Valley Conference regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style=|  Missouri Valley tournament

References

Bradley Braves men's basketball seasons
Bradley
Bradley Braves men's basketball
Bradley Braves men's basketball


title: Jinpen Dam

text:
The Jinpen Dam is a rock-fill embankment dam on the Heihe River, a tributary of the Weihe River which flows into the Yellow River, in Zhouzhi County of Shaanxi Province, China. It serves as a multi-purpose dam; providing water for irrigation and municipal uses while also affording flood control and hydroelectric power generation. Water from the reservoir is used to irrigate crops in the Weihe River valley just below the dam. Along with the Shitouhe Dam to the west, the dam supplies the nearby city of Xi'an with municipal water. The power station at the dam has an installed capacity of 25 MW. Construction on the dam began in 1998 and the river was diverted in 1998. Filling of the reservoir began in 2000 and was complete in 2001. The power station was commissioned by 2002.

See also

List of dams and reservoirs in China
List of tallest dams in China

References

Dams in China
Hydroelectric power stations in Shaanxi
Dams completed in 2000
Rock-filled dams
Energy infrastructure completed in 2002
2000 establishments in China


title: 2013 NBA Development League draft

text:
The 2013 NBA Development League Draft was the 13th draft of the National Basketball Association Development League (NBDL). The draft was held on November 1, 2013, just before the 2013–14 season.

Key

Draft

First round

Second round

Third round

Fourth round

Fifth round

Sixth round

Seventh round

Eighth round

References

Draft
NBA G League draft
National Basketball Association lists
NBA Development League draft


title: Tinus Linee

text:
Marthinus "Tinus" Linee (23 August 1969 – 3 November 2014) was a South African rugby player. Linee played predominantly at centre. He played all his provincial rugby for Western Province. He represented Western Province and the Stormers in Super Rugby. He played nine tour games for the Springboks between 1993 and 1994, but never played in a test for South Africa.

Youth
Linee attended Nederburg Primary School along with his future wife, Diana. Both former Springbok player Chester Williams and former Springbok coach Peter de Villiers attended Nederburg Primary.

Playing career

Provincial
Linee made his debut for Western Province in 1992 and played 112 games for the province until his retirement in 2001. Renowned as a hard-hitting centre, he was a regular starter in the midfield for Western Province. In 2001, future Springbok captain Jean de Villiers made his Western Province debut alongside Tinus Linee.

On 14 October 1995 Linee played in his first Currie Cup final, against the  at Kings Park Stadium in Durban. Linee played alongside Springbok and Western Province legends such as Pieter Rossouw, Chester Williams, Justin Swart, Joel Stransky and Tiaan Strauss as well as French legend Laurent Cabannes. The Sharks won the game 25–17. Linee was also part of the Western Province squad when they won Currie Cup titles in 1997, 2000 and 2001.

Super Rugby
In 1996 Tinus Linee was part of the Western Province team that competed in the Super 12. Western Province failed to qualify for the 1997 Super 12 season and Linee was not part of the squad when the Stormers played in the 1998 Super 12 season. In 1999, he returned to the Cape Town based Super Rugby team's squad, but failed to make the Stormers' Super Rugby squads in 2000 and 2001.

South Africa
In 1993 Linee was picked for the Springboks on their tour to Australia. He made his debut for the Springboks in a tour match against the Victoria national rugby union team in Melbourne on 21 July 1993. At the time, Heinrich Füls and Pieter Muller were the preferred centres for the test matches, so Linee played only in tour games and failed to make the team for the test matches.

In 1994 Linee again made the Springbok squad for both the Argentinean tour to South Africa as well as the Springbok tour to ,  and . He again did not feature in any of the test matches and on 22 November 1994, he played his last tour match for the Springboks against Pontypridd in Pontypridd, Wales.

Coaching career
In 2008 Linee formed part of Western Province's Vodacom Cup team management. In 2012 he was assistant coach at RCM Universitatea Timişoara in Romania alongside head coach and former Springbok teammate, Chester Williams. While being the assistant coach in 2012, RCM Universitatea Timişoara won the SuperLiga CEC Bank, Romania's main domestic rugby competition.

Honours

Playing career
Western Province
Currie Cup: 1997, 2000, 2001

Coaching career
RCM Universitatea Timişoara
SuperLiga CEC Bank: 2012

Health and death
In April 2013, Linee was diagnosed with motor neurone disease.

His deteriorating health resulted in him having financial difficulties in an attempt to cover his medical costs. This resulted in him auctioning off his Springbok and Western Province blazers to raise money. South African fans organised and contributed to several fundraisers to assist him and his family financially. The introduction of a ventilator in April 2014, meant that his condition remained stable without deteriorating. His hands, however, remained virtually paralysed. Linee died on 3 November 2014, aged 45 in his family home in Paarl.

He was survived by his wife Diana, her two sons, and a daughter from his first marriage.

See also
List of South Africa national rugby union players – Springbok no. 591

References

External links

1969 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Neurological disease deaths in South Africa
Rugby union players from Paarl
South African rugby union coaches
South African rugby union players
South Africa international rugby union players
Rugby union centres
Western Province (rugby union) players


title: Jack Londrigan

text:
John William Londrigan (3 February 1890 – 22 August 1937) was an Australian rules football player from South Australia.

Sturt (1907–1910)
Initially Londrigan played for the Sturt Football Club but after strong rumours that University would soon be admitted to the SAFL, thereby eliminating the bye, he left the club.

Adelaide University (1911)
However, after it became apparent that University would not be admitted to the SAFL he left to join the Port Adelaide Football Club in 1912.

Port Adelaide (1912–1914)

Impressing in his first year he was appointed captain in 1912. Subsequently, he was captain of the 1913 and 1914 Port Adelaide Football Club side who were one of the sports greatest ever teams. He is the only player to twice captain victorious Champions of Australia teams. His career ended with the onset of World War I.

References

Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
Sturt Football Club players
1890 births
1937 deaths
Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) coaches


title: Titan Souls

text:
Titan Souls is a 2015 action-adventure game developed by Acid Nerve and published by Devolver Digital. It was released for Windows, OS X, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Android. Titan Souls received generally positive reviews and has been cited as an early example of a Soulslike, a game genre directly inspired by the Dark Souls series.

Plot
Between Earth and the real world beyond lie the Titan Souls, the spiritual source and sum of all living things. Now scattered amongst the ruins and guarded by the idle titans charged with their care, a solitary hero armed with but a single arrow is once again assembling shards of the Titan Soul in a quest for truth and power.

Gameplay
Titan Souls is a strategic, open world, 2D, top-down action-adventure, where the player has only one arrow and can only take one hit. The goal is to defeat the twenty giant monsters (twenty-one on hard mode)  called the Titans, which can, just like the player, only take one hit but only have one way to be defeated. During the fight, the player has to figure out how the respective boss behaves and by that find a way to defeat that boss. The difficulty is that the single arrow has to be charged to be shot and afterwards has to be retrieved to be reused, each action only able to be done while the player is standing still, making them an easy target for the bosses.

Development
Titan Souls draws inspiration from influences such as Dark Souls, Shadow of the Colossus and The Legend of Zelda. The game was originally created for the Ludum Dare Game Jam #28 as TITAN SOULS, uploaded under the username Claw. The game placed first in the categories "Overall (Jam)", "Audio (Jam)" and "Mood (Jam)". Over the course of six months, the game was ported from Adobe Flash to its new engine, enhancing graphics and improving performance, adding a new soundtrack and expanding the game from three to sixteen titans. In June 2014, Titan Souls was shown at E3 2014, revealing that the game will be published by Devolver Digital. After E3, the game was expanded further with three additional titans and a story. On 25 March 2015, Devolver Digital revealed that Titan Souls will be released on 14 April 2015. On 2 April 2015, the Game Jam prototype was remade in the new engine, adding better graphics, an improved soundtrack and new bosses, and a demo was made available before the full game release. The game was ported to PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita by Abstraction Games. The game was released on 14 April 2015. Abstraction Games later announced that an Android port was also underway, which released 30 June 2015.

Reception

Titan Souls received generally positive reviews. It received a score of 74/100 on Metacritic.

Tim Turi from Game Informer gave the game an 8.5/10, praising the simple control, as well as the huge variety of bosses featured, high replay value, as well as the attractive and captivating atmosphere and environmental-design and the extra challenges for extending the longevity of the game. The inspiring boss-design is also praised. He also praised the music featured in the game, calling it "a clever contrast to the pulse-pounding boss tunes" However, he noted that patience is needed in enjoying the game because the player will die very often in a playthrough. He summarized the review by calling a top down game with "Zelda-style battles against a large gallery of tough bosses in the vein of Shadow of the Colossus."

Tom Orry from VideoGamer.com gave the game an 8/10, praising the game's artistic visuals, challenging and quality boss battles, rewarding gameplay, as well as the game's emphasis on skill. However, he noted that the game can be frustrating to play and that the limited world and exploration and the lack of an instant respawn option has dragged the game down. He summarized the review by calling the game "a unique and memorable experience" and stated that the game is one of the most interesting titles he has played in 2015.

Brandin Tyrrel from IGN gave the game an 8/10, while praising the game's checkpoint system, which saves the game from being tedious, as well as the endearing 16-bit art-style, responsive control and creative boss battles, he criticized the game for having generic and boring environmental design and for lacking randomization, which lowers the replay value. Arthur Gies from Polygon is much more negative about the game, calling the boss-fights anticlimactic, as well as criticizing the game's empty world, "gibberish" boss description, basic puzzles and the control for being overly-simplistic. He also criticized the game boss battles for encouraging a repetitive pattern in defeating bosses.

The game was review bombed in April 2015 by supporters of the game critic TotalBiscuit after the game's artist Andrew Gleeson mocked a statement that he made saying the game was not for him. TotalBiscuit, in a following podcast, stated that the developer had it out for him, leading several of his followers to review bomb the game, though Bain later expressed that he did not endorse such behavior.

References

External links
 Titan Souls at Devolver Digital
 TITAN SOULS on Ludum Dare

2015 video games
Action-adventure games
Android (operating system) games
Devolver Digital games
Open-world video games
MacOS games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation Vita games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Single-player video games
Soulslike video games


title: List of accolades received by Departures (2008 film)

text:
is a Japanese drama film written by Kundō Koyama and directed by Yōjirō Takita that was released in 2008. Based on the book Coffinman by Aoki Shinmon, it follows a young man, Daigo Kobayashi (Masahiro Motoki), who loses his job as a cellist and moves back to his hometown. Despite objections from his wife Mika (Ryōko Hirosue), he finds fulfilment in performing traditional encoffinment ceremonies with his boss, Sasaki (Tsutomu Yamazaki), and his coworker, Kamimura (Kimiko Yo).

The film was premiered by Shochiku in Japan on 13 September, with a North American release on 29 May 2009 and a British one on 4 December. Owing to traditional Japanese taboos about death, Takita did not expect the film to be a success. However, Departures was the highest-grossing domestic film of 2008 in Japan, earning ¥3.05 billion in box office revenue, and a total of $69,932,387 worldwide. The film was also well received by critics, with an approval rating of 81% on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes; reviewer Roger Ebert described it as "excellent at achieving the universal ends of narrative".

International awards for Departures began to accrue before its domestic release, when the film was granted the Grand Prix des Ameriques at the Montreal World Film Festival. Over the next several months it received multiple awards, including four from Kinema Junpo, and in September 2008 it was selected as Japan's submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. In February 2009, Departures dominated the Japan Academy Prizes, receiving thirteen nominations and winning ten. During the 81st Academy Awards held later that week, Departures became the first Japanese submission to win the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film, over the critical favourite Waltz with Bashir (Ari Folman). Into 2010 Departures picked up several further awards, including Best Asian Film at the Hong Kong Film Awards.

This international success led to the development of a tourism industry based around the film, with some sites receiving thousands of visitors, and stimulated both a theatrical re-release and a reprint of Coffinman. A hearse based on Kobayashi and Sasaki's vehicle in the film was likewise put into production.

Accolades

Explanatory notes

References

External links

Lists of accolades by film


title: Toluenediamine

text:
Toluenediamine may refer to these isomeric organic compounds with the formula C6H3(NH2)2(CH3):

2,4-Diaminotoluene, precursor to toluene diisocyanate and azo dye.
2,6-Diaminotoluene, a common impurity in 2,4-diaminotoluene
2,5-Diaminotoluene, precursor to hair dyes.

Alkyl-substituted benzenes


title: Little Buffalo Creek

text:
Little Buffalo Creek is a tributary of Buffalo Creek in Union County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately  long and flows through White Deer Township and Kelly Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of . The creek is impacted by nutrients, sediment, E. coli, and thermal radiation. Rock formations containing sandstone, shale, and limestone occur in the watershed.

Most of the watershed of Little Buffalo Creek is on forested land or agricultural land, but there are other land uses as well. A number of bridges have been constructed over the creek. In 2014, a $329,851 grant from the Growing Greener program was issued to the Union County Conservation District for agricultural best management practices in its watershed. The creek's drainage basin is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery and wild trout naturally reproduce in a reach of it. American eels have also been released into the creek.

Course

Little Buffalo Creek begins at the base of a mountain in White Deer Township. It flows south for a short distance before turning east-northeast and then east-southeast. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, the creek turns east-northeast for a few miles before turning south-southeast and entering a valley. After several tenths of a mile, it turns south and enters Kelly Township. The creek continues flowing south for some distance before meandering east for several tenths of a mile. It then turns south again for a few tenths of a mile before turning southwest. The creek then turns south-southeast, then east-northeast, before finally turning southwest. Several tenths of a mile further downstream, it reaches its confluence with Buffalo Creek.

Little Buffalo Creek joins Buffalo Creek  upstream of its mouth.

Hydrology
Little Buffalo Creek is impacted by nutrients, sediment, E. coli, and thermal radiation.

In 2000, the sediment load in Little Buffalo Creek was , while in 2008, it was . This equates to a unit area load of around . However, in the future, the sediment load could be reduced by 66.94 percent to  per year. The largest contributors of sediment to the creek in 2000 were streambank erosion () and row crops (). Hay and pastures contributed  and low-density urban land contributed .  came from other sources.

In 2000, the nitrogen load of Little Buffalo Creek was  and in 2008, it was . This equates to a unit area load of just under . However, in the future, the annual load could be reduced by 39.11 percent to .

The phosphorus load of Little Buffalo Creek was  in 2000, while in 2008, it was . This equates to a unit area load of less than . However, in the future, the phosphorus load could be reduced by 66.94 percent to  per year.

Geography and geology
The elevation near the mouth of Little Buffalo Creek is  above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between  above sea level.

There are  of fencing and  of stabilization along streams in the watershed of Little Buffalo Creek. There are also significant flood-prone areas along the creek, which, during a flood, could make access to emergency services in western Kelly Township difficult. There are some floodplain areas along the creek and its tributaries.

Little Buffalo Creek cuts through the Buffalo Mountain Anticlinal. Additionally, the Milton Anticlinal is located near the creek.

Outcroppings of the Ore sandstone are visible at the Buffalo Mountain Anticlinal on Little Buffalo Creek. Shales of the Bloomsburg Formation also occur in the watershed of the creek. Additionally, limestone of the Lower Helderberg Formation occurs near the creek.

Watershed
The watershed of Little Buffalo Creek has an area of . The mouth of the creek is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Lewisburg. However, the source is in the quadrangle of Williamsport SE. The creek also flows through the quadrangle of Allenwood. It is one of the major tributaries of Buffalo Creek. The watershed makes up 14 percent of the Buffalo Creek drainage basin and is in the northeastern corner of that watershed.

There are  of streams in the watershed of Little Buffalo Creek. Of these,  are in agricultural land. Forested land is more common in the watershed's upper reaches, while agricultural land is more common in the lower reaches. The creek does not flow through any protected areas, but its headwaters are not far from state forest lands. There are no major highways in the watershed, but Interstate 80 passes close to its northeastern edge.

A total of 54 percent of the watershed of Little Buffalo Creek is on forested land. Another 37 percent is on agricultural land. Only 3 percent of the watershed is impervious, but this could rise to 26 percent in the future. The watershed contains  of row crops and  of hay and pastures. A total of  of agricultural land in the watershed is on slopes of more than 3 percent. There are patches of commercial and residential land in the creek's watershed.

There are no unpaved roads in the watershed of Little Buffalo Creek.

History
Little Buffalo Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1179489.

A gristmill and a sawmill were built on Little Buffalo Creek during the winter of 1774 to 1775. The Hubbler Bridge, which is also known as the Lewisburg Penitentiary Bridge, is located on Little Buffalo Creek  west of Lewisburg. It is on private property. A bridge built over the creek in 1850 was used as a route for transporting grain to Campbell's Mill.

A bridge carrying T-404 over Little Buffalo Creek was built before 1977. It is  west of New Columbia and is  long. A bridge carrying State Route 1003 was built over the creek  north of Kelly Cross Roads in 1934. This bridge is  long and was repaired in 1983. Another bridge carrying that road was built over the creek  north of Kelly Cross Roads in 1936 and is  long. A two-span bridge was built across the creek  south of Kelly Cross Roads in 1949, was repaired in 2002, and is  long. In 1950, a bridge carrying State Route 1004 was constructed over the creek in Kelly Cross Roads and is  long. In 1951, a bridge carrying State Route 1006 was built over Little Buffalo Creek in  northeast of Kelly Cross Roads and is  long.

A bridge with a length of  was built across Little Buffalo Creek in 1985 and carries State Route 1003  west of Kelly Point. A bridge with a length of  was built over the creek in 1991 and carries T-391  east of Kelly Point.

In the 2008 report, the watershed of Little Buffalo Creek was ranked fourth amongst several sub-watersheds in the Buffalo Creek drainage basin for restoration priority. In 2014, the a $329,851 grant from the Growing Greener program was issued to the Union County Conservation District for agricultural best management practices in the creek's watershed.

Biology
The drainage basin of Little Buffalo Creek is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. Wild trout naturally reproduce on a reach of the creek from the T442 bridge downstream to the second State Route 1006 bridge. This reach is  long. A group of spawning white suckers were observed in the creek in the 1920s.

A population of American eels was released into Little Buffalo Creek in 2013. The eels also carried with them the larvae of freshwater mussels. The aim of the project was to restore American eels and freshwater mussels to the ecosystem of the Susquehanna River.

In a 2008 study, Little Buffalo Creek was found to be less biologically impaired than expected given the amount of agricultural activity and livestock in its watershed. Additionally, some wetlands have been created along the creek by landowners to serve as waterfowl habitats and the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program of the United States Department of Agriculture has installed riparian buffers on the creek in some formerly agricultural land.

The pathogen load of Little Buffalo Creek is 6.646 × 1015 organisms per month. 5.684 × 1015 of those organisms come from urban areas, while 9.564 × 1014 come from farm animals and 3.214 × 1012 come from septic systems. The remaining 2.182 × 1012 come from wild animals.

See also
Spruce Run (Buffalo Creek), next tributary of Buffalo Creek going upstream
List of rivers of Pennsylvania

References

Rivers of Union County, Pennsylvania
Tributaries of Buffalo Creek (West Branch Susquehanna River)
Rivers of Pennsylvania


title: 1984 WCHA men's ice hockey tournament

text:
The 1984 WCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 25th conference playoff in league history and 32nd season where a WCHA champion was crowned. The tournament was played between February 25 and March 11, 1984. First round and semifinal games were played at home team campus sites while the championship match was held at the Williams Arena in Minneapolis, Minnesota. By winning the tournament, Minnesota-Duluth received the WCHA's automatic bid to the 1984 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.

Format
All member teams were eligible for the tournament and were seeded No. 1 through No. 6 according to their final conference standing, with a tiebreaker system used to seed teams with an identical number of points accumulated. Unlike previous years the Broadmoor Trophy recipient's (Minnesota-Duluth) home venue was not used for the tournament championship round. Instead the Williams Arena, the home of the Minnesota Golden Gophers, served as the site for the Championship game. Each series were two-game matchups with the team that scored the most goals advancing to the succeeding round. The top two seeded teams received byes into the semifinal round while the third seed and sixth seed and the fourth seed and fifth seed met in the first round. The teams that advanced to the semifinal were re-seeded according to the final regular season conference standings, with the first seed matched against lowest remaining seed in one semifinal game and the second seed meeting with the other advancing team with the winners meeting in the championship round. The Tournament Champion received an automatic bid to the 1984 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.

Conference standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against

Bracket

Teams are reseeded after the first round

Note: * denotes overtime period(s)

First round

(3) Minnesota vs. (6) Colorado College

(4) Wisconsin vs. (5) Denver

Semifinals

(1) Minnesota-Duluth vs. (4) Wisconsin

(2) North Dakota vs. (3) Minnesota

Championship

(1) Minnesota-Duluth vs. (2) North Dakota

Tournament awards
None

See also
Western Collegiate Hockey Association men's champions

References

External links
WCHA.com
1983–84 WCHA Standings
1983–84 NCAA Standings
2013–14 Colorado College Tigers Media Guide
2013–14 Denver Pioneers Media Guide
2013–14 Minnesota Golden Gophers Media Guide
2012–13 Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs Media Guide
2013–14 North Dakota Hockey Media Guide
2003–04 Wisconsin Badgers Media Guide

WCHA men's ice hockey tournament
Wcha Men's Ice Hockey Tournament


title: Abzû

text:
Abzû is an adventure video game developed by Giant Squid and published by 505 Games for PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, and Amazon Luna. Initially released as a digital title in August 2016, a retail version for consoles was released in January 2017. Following the journey of a diver exploring the ocean and restoring life using sonar calls, the gameplay allows the player to freely navigate underwater environments ranging from open water and natural caverns to ancient ruins.

Development lasted three years, involving a team of thirteen people. Several members, including director Matt Nava and composer Austin Wintory, had previously worked on the 2012 video game Journey—the ocean setting of Abzû was both a reaction to the desert setting of Journey and inspired by Nava's love of scuba diving. The setting and story drew from Sumerian mythology and the cosmic ocean myth. Reaching high positions in sales charts, Abzû was praised by journalists: the majority of praise went to its art style, with some critics comparing it to Journey.

Gameplay

In Abzû, the player takes on the role of a diver in a vast ocean—after waking up floating on the ocean's surface, the diver begins exploring the surrounding underwater environments filled with plant and animal life, in addition to uncovering ancient technology and submerged ruins. In a few areas, the diver is also able to explore land-based environments above the water. As the game progresses, the diver unlocks new areas and pursues the secrets behind the forces harming the local environment. The diver's course through the game follows a linear path through interconnected areas filled with marine life. The player directs the diver through the environments using full analogue control, able to interact with the environment to solve switch or item-based puzzles, and the ability to meditate which grants the character the ability to sit on the shark-shaped pedestals within each area to observe the surrounding sea life. The diver can accelerate, and interact with marine life using sonar chimes. The diver can grab onto the bodies of larger marine animals and ride on them. Each area sports hidden collectables for the diver to find.

Synopsis
The narrative of Abzû is told wordlessly through gameplay and using cutscenes, taking place in a vast ocean. The player character, referred to as a male diver, awakens floating in the ocean and begins exploring the surrounding sea: ruins and ancient murals show that an ancient civilization which shared a symbiotic connection with the ocean. As he explores, he is led by a mako shark to wells, that—when activated using an energy from within him—restore life to the local seas. That energy is being forcefully harvested by  robot pyramid-like devices, the development of which disrupted the ocean's balance and brought about the civilization's downfall. Upon reaching the original pyramid, the diver sees the great white shark attacking it, and the pyramid's counterattack damages the diver—revealing him to be a mechanical robot, confirming his existence as a being connected to the pyramid and capable of restoring life to the ocean—and mortally wounds the great white shark, which dies as the diver comforts it. After activating the final well, the great white shark manifests and guides the repaired diver back to the original pyramid which the diver destroys, returning life to the ocean. During the credits, the diver and great white shark swim together through the revitalized ocean. It is unclear whether the diver survived, or if the cutscene shows the diver in the afterlife with the spirit of the great white shark, referring to the circle of death and life renewal that the ocean reflects.

Development
The origins of Abzû lay in the development of Journey, an independent video game developed by Thatgamecompany and released in 2012. Abzûs creator, director and art director Matt Nava had previously worked as art director for Journey during its three-year development. Having worked in a game featuring a desert setting, Nava wanted to change to a more vibrant and populated setting for his next title. Nava began creating the pitch for Abzû before leaving Thatgamecompany and founding the game's developer Giant Squid Studios. One of the main elements Nava incorporated was his love for ancient cultures and their artwork, particularly relating to the myths surrounding the concept of Abzu. Nava's love of the ocean, which he explored through his hobby of scuba diving, also figured heavily in the design of Abzû. The team at Giant Squid Studios grew to ten developers from across the industry, mainly programmers who specialized in multiple aspects of game design from gameplay to graphics, in addition to a graphical and technical artist who helped create and animate the character models.

The game was first announced at the 2014 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). It was later previewed at E3 2016. The game's initial digital release was on PlayStation 4 via PlayStation Network and Windows through Steam on August 2, 2016. Later it was also released digitally on Xbox One through Xbox Live on December 6, 2016.  The game also received a physical release for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on January 31, 2017. A Nintendo Switch was released through the Nintendo eShop on November 29, 2018. It was released in Japan on February 27, 2020. It was also included in the early access release of the cloud gaming platform Amazon Luna on October 20, 2020. All versions were published by 505 Games.

Design
The game's title stems from Sumerian mythology, particularly the myth of the ocean goddess Tiamat and the fresh water god Abzu uniting to form all life: a reason this was chosen was that myths surrounding land-based life and their supposed origins in a cosmic ocean were a recurring theme in multiple world mythologies. The title is made up of the Sumerian words "ab" (water) and "zu" (to know), translated by the developers as "Ocean of Wisdom". The word provided difficulties early on, as the Sumerian spelling "Abzu" differed from the Akkadian spelling "Apsû". As a compromise, the team merged the two spellings into the game's title. The circumflex over the letter "u" caused problems for the team as hardly anyone knew how to type it and the computer programs had trouble handling it as part of the coding. The use of the word played into the game's focus on the ocean due to its mythic connections. The Middle Eastern influences extended to the game's architecture, and incorporated Nava's wish for structures to have meaning beyond being simple scenery or tools for player progression.

The aim from an early stage was not to simulate diving, but instead to capture the dream-like feeling of ocean exploration. As part of his research, Nava experimented with other ocean simulation games and found they were not "fun". By removing any time limit or air gauge, the team sought to promote a relaxing sense of exploration. The meditation mechanic was added during later development from 2015 to 2016 as a means of allowing players a view of the surrounding marine life and environment. When choosing their game engine, Matt Nava was still the only staff member and so they needed an easy-to-use platform with tools and technology to create the game. Unreal Engine 4 was still quite new at this time, but it was chosen after the team had vetted other developer software available at the time. The team were able to use both Unreal Engine 4's advanced developer tools and expand the engine's functionality to incorporate unique elements such as fish shoal behavior, vegetation animation, and underwater lighting. Using Unreal Engine 4 allowed engineer Derek Cornish to construct unique systems for underwater lighting effects.

The artistic style was meant to portray a vibrant underwater world, but the team also needed to prevent activity on-screen from overwhelming the player, so a stylized look was chosen to both maintain the game's artistic style and reduce the amount of "visual noise". Environmental editing was a big issue for the team, with much of their early development dedicated to creating editing tools that could do small-scale edits to environments after they had been locked down. When creating the environments, Nava drew on his experience developing Flower for Thatgamecompany, creating sporadically scattered interaction points that triggered with player exploration and triggered new life or new elements within each environment. Since there was no dedicated animator, the team needed to use multiple techniques for animating the diver, fish and flexible vegetation: the diver used a skeletal animation run through a complex state machine, vegetation such as seaweed used rope physics, while fish mainly used mathematical motion in combination with morph target posing to remove the need of individual skeletal structures.

The types of fish seen in Abzû were based on real-life creatures from the oceans of Earth, and to fit them into the game each species was distilled down to its most distinctive traits. The team had "tens of thousands" of fish within the game. Their swimming styles were directly modeled on the behavior and physics of real fish movements. The number of fish presented problems with running the game, but the programming staff developed a method of simplifying each fish's animation without compromising the game's visuals, which "multiplied the number of fish possible on screens by 10". Each fish species had its own unique artificial intelligence that had cascading levels of awareness and interaction with other species and objects in the environment. The team started with getting the fish to swim without clipping through walls, then built upon that with further expansion on fish behavior and interaction. Their most challenging task was creating realistic bait balling effects for shoals of small fish, which was only achieved and finalized near the end of development. The developers did take liberties by grouping together types of fish from different parts of the globe which would normally not be able to interact, though this fell in line with the game's overall theme and the myths it referenced. Despite this, the developers emulated the zones that each fish would be found in, whether it be a coral reef or the deep ocean where sunlight does not reach. The amount of work and the team's dedication to creating a realistic and vibrant experience meant they were creating fish until development finished.

Music
The soundtrack for Abzû was composed, conducted, and produced by Austin Wintory, who had previously worked on Journey and The Banner Saga. Wintory was first shown concept art for the project by Nava before Giant Squid Studios was founded and development began. When the studio was founded, Wintory was invited on board the project. The music was written from the start to be interactive and dynamic rather than based on specific cues. To achieve this, Wintory had to play the game extensively and repeatedly to get a sense for what players would experience and what would best match the mood. Similar to Wintory's work on Journey, the first track written was the main theme "To Know, Water" and further tracks were created over the game's three year development based on that theme. The track titles from the second piece onwards were taken either from an English translation of the Enūma Eliš, or were named after marine creatures featured in levels where the tracks featured. The credits theme was purely choral, with the lyrics sung at normal speed.

The score's instrumental element began with using a harp as its base, with a choir being used later. The choir sections, performed by the London Voices Choir were used to represent the spiritual elements of the story. The lyrics were the first ten lines of the Enūma Eliš used for each track with drawn-out syllables to sound alien. More instrumentation was needed, with a full orchestra eventually being incorporated. As with his work on Journey and Assassin's Creed Syndicate, he used a soloist alongside an ensemble orchestra: in this case, the solo instrument was an oboe. The oboe solos were performed by Kristin Naigus, whom Wintory had heard performing a cover of a track from Journey on YouTube. The music for early levels went through extensive redrafts with an estimated fifty minutes of music being discarded for five minutes left in-game, though pieces of later sections came together quickly and remained generally unchanged. The Diver's theme formed a recurring leitmotif throughout the score. Wintory worked closely with Abzûs sound designer Steve Green and created a music-based story that flowed alongside and worked with the visual narrative of Abzû.

The official soundtrack was released as a digital album through Bandcamp and iTunes on August 2, 2016. A physical edition was released on October 22 through Varèse Sarabande. The album included a long piece of music in the track "Balaenoptera Musculus" that was not used in-game, but was included by Wintory as he liked the piece. Music reviewers were generally positive about the soundtrack album. The soundtrack later won the 2017 Game Audio Network Guild's "Best Original Soundtrack Album" award. The soundtrack was also nominated at the 2017 BAFTA Games Awards in the "Music" category, but lost to Virginia. For his work on Abzû, Wintory won the 2016 International Film Music Critics Association award for "Best Original Score for a Video Game or Interactive Media", making his second win in a row. The score was also nominated at the Hollywood Music in Media Awards in the "Original Score – Video Game" category. Reviewers of the game also gave unanimous praise to the soundtrack, positively comparing it to that of Journey.

Track list

Reception

In its debut week on Steam, the game reached #9 in platform sales charts. Abzû was at #18 among the best-selling titles on PlayStation Store's PS4 charts for August, being the third best-selling new title that month behind Batman: The Telltale Series (#7) and No Man's Sky (#1). The PS4 and PC versions received scores of 78 and 83 on aggregate site Metacritic based on 19 and 72 reviews respectively, each denoting "generally favorable" reception. Abzû was nominated at The Game Awards 2016 in the "Best Art Direction" category; at the Golden Joystick Awards in the "Best Original Game", "Best Visual Design" and "PlayStation Game of the Year" categories; and at the 2017 BAFTA Games Awards in the "Artistic Achievement" category.

Martin Gaston of Eurogamer called it "a mechanically simple game, but a pleasurable one"—while finding early sections barren and the camera awkward at times, he enjoyed the gameplay's simplicity. Scott Butterworth of GameSpot found the gameplay lacking in variety, but otherwise praised the game's immersive qualities. Justin McElroy of Polygon felt that the gameplay, while generally enjoyable, was undermined by a lack of player interaction. Zack Furniss of Destructoid found swimming easy and enjoyable despite simplistic controls, and found that the experience benefited from its short length. Matthew Kato of Game Informer found the lack of interaction was balanced out by the sheer spectacle of environments and swimming with marine life. Jose Otero of IGN enjoyed the continued rewards of exploration despite its minimal amount of gameplay mechanics, while James Davenport of PC Gamer enjoyed both the exploration and the ability to meditate and observe the environment. Tom Orry of VideoGamer.com enjoyed the gameplay but disliked its lack of seamless environments, and David Roberts of GamesRadar+ felt that the game's biggest strength was its simplicity when compared to other titles on the market at the time.

The visuals and environments were generally praised for their artistic style and beauty, with many citing the graphics as one of the game's main strengths; Butterworth positively compared the graphics to the cel-shaded style of The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, Otero called the game's art direction "fantastic" and praised the consistent framerate, while Orry praised the art style and graphics despite the simplistic models making Abzû appear "basic looking". Reactions to the story were generally positive, with many critics calling it an emotive experience, with many noting its narrative as being mostly open to interpretation: Kato compared the game's themes to 2001: A Space Odyssey. Some reviewers were less positive: Furniss felt that Abzûs story was not as grand as its developers touted, while Davenport found it overly familiar to the point of being cliche. Multiple reviewers favorably compared the artistic style and gameplay experience to Journey and the previous work of Thatgamecompany. Roberts in particular noted that some players might find it too similar to the likes of Journey.

Notes

References

External links

2016 video games
505 Games games
Adventure games
Art games
Mythology in video games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games
Scuba diving video games
Single-player video games
Unreal Engine games
Video games about robots
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Austin Wintory
Video games with cel-shaded animation
Windows games
Xbox One games
Video games set underwater


title: Musical Mutual Protective Union

text:
The Musical Mutual Protective Union (MMPU) was a New York union of musicians, formed in 1863, with a focus on payment made to musicians in theaters and at balls.

In 1885, the union was open to "all instrumental performers, who have been residents of the United States for the period of six months previous to application." Foreign musicians were not allowed to play in orchestras unless they were in a union.

The union become Local 301 of the American Federation of Musicians in 1902.  In 1904, it had 5,000 members, who were almost entirely German. In 1910, approximately 300 black musicians were members in the roughly 8,000-member union.

It was located at 209 East 85th Street in Manhattan, New York City, between Second Avenue and Third Avenue, in a building constructed in 1919. The building was later a theater and hall, a casino, and a waiters' union.  The basement of the building now houses the Amsterdam Billiard Club.  The original facade on 85th Street is still extant.

The union lost its charter in 1921.  In 1929 the union planned a mass march against joblessness, claiming 35,000 unemployed, but was unable to secure a parade permit from the police.

References

External links
 Constitution and By-laws of the Musical Mutual Protective Union: Local 310, A. F. of M. Founded April 23, 1863; Organized and Adopted June 26, 1864. Amended and Revised, Musical Mutual Protective Union, Machauer & Schmetterling (1905)

American Federation of Musicians
Music organizations based in the United States
Trade unions established in 1863