title: Corruption in Thailand

text:
Corruption in Thailand is a national issue. Thai law provides criminal penalties for conviction of official corruption. Thailand's 2014 military junta, the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), stated that fighting corruption would be one of its main focus points, a common practice for military dictatorships following Thailand's frequent military coups. Despite the promises, officials engaged in corrupt practices with impunity, and the NCPO engaged in corrupt practices itself.

Transparency International's 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index, which scored 180 countries on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"), gave Thailand a score of 36. When ranked by score, Thailand ranked 101st among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the worst score was 12 (ranked 180), and the average score was 43. For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among Asia Pacific countries  was 87, the lowest score was 17 and the average score was 45.

"Even though Thailand has the legal framework and a range of institutions to effectively counter corruption, all levels of Thai society continue to suffer from endemic corruption."

In the 2022 edition of its Best Countries rankings, U.S. News & World Report evaluated global perceptions of 85 developed countries based on 73 country attributes. On the country attribute "Not Corrupt", countries were scored on a scale from 1 to 100 and then ranked by score. Thailand, with a Not Corrupt score of 64.3,
 was ranked #35 in the list of least corrupt countries, where the #1 country (Sweden, with a score of 100) was perceived to be the least corrupt of all. Among the 16 Asian countries evaluated, Thailand was ranked #4., where the Asian country with the best Not Corrupt score, Japan, received a 99.9.

Dynamics
The intersection of business and government has resulted in a widespread use of bribes in most sectors across the country. Bribery and conflict of interests are common within Thailand's private and public sectors. Money politics in Thailand, the "flow of money within the political scene", stems from the high number of interconnects between the business and political sectors. Despite anti-corruption laws, the government bureaucracy is ineffective in enforcing them.

In a survey conducted by the University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce among businessmen who deal with bureaucrats who determine contract awards, 25 percent plus is the average for under-the-table fees paid in order to secure a contract from government agencies. The survey showed that 78 percent of the businessmen polled admitted that they had to pay "fees", which they said appeared to have been increasing in recent years. Some businessmen claimed that the rate charged by the greedier gatekeepers for contracts run as high as 40 percent.

Police corruption is widespread. There were numerous cases in 2016 of police charged with abduction, sexual harassment, theft, and malfeasance. Authorities arrested police officers and convicted them of corruption, drug trafficking, smuggling, and intellectual property rights violations.

So ubiquitous is corruption in Thailand that in 2015 the Thai group, Anti-Corruption Organization of Thailand (ACT), created a "Museum of Thai Corruption" at the Bangkok Art and Culture Centre. According to Mr Mana Nimitmongkol of ACT, "Thailand is a country with a culture of patronage...many generations have seen corruption and got used to it,...We wanted to create the museum in order to tell the cheaters that the things they have done are evil—they will be recorded in the history of Thailand, and Thai people will never forget, nor forgive them." Some critics charge that the museum does not go far enough. The 10 featured "...notorious acts of graft involve government. None touch the military or business."

Global Corruption Barometer 2020 reported that 24% of the respondents paid a bribe for public services, 27% used personal connections for public services, and 28% were offered bribe for their votes in the past 12 months.

Cost to society
Sungsidh Piriyarangsan, Dean of the College of Social Innovation at Rangsit University, known for his corruption research, calculates that corruption will rob Thai society of between 50–100 billion baht in 2018. His estimate—described by him as "cautious"— draws from 14 corruption studies funded by the Public Sector Anti-Corruption Commission (PACC). In September 2019, a representative of the United Nations Development Programme observed that the Thai state could have lost 100 billion baht to corruption related to public procurement.

2014 military junta's war on corruption
On 2 June 2014, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha declared "war on corruption" after seizing power in the 2014 coup d'état and setting up a military junta, the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) to govern Thailand. Prayut has made the issue one of the focus areas of his premiership. The first time he spoke on his weekly TV program "Returning Happiness to the People" in August 2014, he described corruption as "deeply-rooted in Thai society,..." and made promises to fight it.

However, the NCPO has engaged in high-profile corruption practices itself, including a nepotism scandal involving Prayut's brother and a questionable submarine deal with China that was widely criticized. Many critics argued that the junta's vague "tough on corruption" stance was abused to get rid of those seen as a threat to the ruling junta.

Thai anti-corruption agencies
Thailand has no lack of governmental agencies charged with combating corruption. It has seven: the Election Commission; the Office of the Auditor-General of Thailand; the Public Sector Anti-Corruption Commission; the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC); the Royal Thai Police (RTP); the Department of Special Investigation; and the Office of the Attorney-General. Prayut has said he would like to see more integration and cooperation among the agencies.

The junta has often spoken of the need to clean up corruption, not only among the nation's politicians, but society at large. While there have been a handful of high-profile arrests of those accused of corruption or human trafficking, officials have focused largely on small-scale public-order issues, such as banning sunbed rentals on public beaches or clearing vendors from some Bangkok sidewalks.

The Office of the Public Sector's Anti-Corruption Commission (PACC) announced plans in November 2015 to publish a handbook on corruption investigation procedures in a bid to shorten the investigation process. Director of PACC Sector 4 Police Lieutenant Colonel Wannop Somjintanakul, announced that Mahidol University, Rangsit University and other anti-corruption agencies are co-authoring the handbook. Mr. Sanyapong Limprasert, a law professor from Rangsit University, said the handbook is expected to set the same standards for all corruption cases and reduce the time involved in investigations. It is also intended to serve as a guideline for the authorities whenever they consider taking legal action against any individual suspected of corruption. The handbook was scheduled to be published in May 2016.

2016 crackdown on corruption
In December 2015 the Thai government announced a crackdown on  "...corrupt 'people of influence'". At the behest of Prime Minister Prayut, the police, intelligence agencies, and the Interior Ministry have compiled a list of persons to be targeted. Deputy Prime Minister Prawit Wongsuwan says the names will be "verified" and in February–March 2016 the crackdown will commence.

Criticism of the junta
Prayut has taken credit for stamping out corruption and blames the poor economy on his handling of corruption in Thailand: "Today the economy is slowing down because previously everybody had money to spend," Prayut said on 5 June 2015 in a nationally televised speech. "But now we have a problem,... It's because some people spend money from illegal businesses and money from fraud. Now the government has come to set things right, causing that money to disappear."

Many critics asserted that the junta's rhetoric on corruption was little more than an excuse to hold on to power. "What the army has done...is ramp up on anti-corruption rhetoric, and part of that is to explain away why the economy has been performing below potential....There is little evidence on the policy front that the army government has made much progress in making state enterprises or the civil service more accountable to the public." said Ambika Ahuja, a London-based analyst at Eurasia Group, a political-risk adviser. Blaming corruption is standard practice for Thailand's military takeovers, Ambika said. "Every army government uses it as one of the reasons, if not the main reason, for launching a coup. It justifies a takeover." Ahuja's views were borne out in November 2015, when a media storm erupted over alleged corruption in the Rajabhakti Park project in Hua Hin.

Critics also argued that the junta's stance on corruption was used to get rid of political dissent. The most notable case was an alleged corruption charge for the mishandling of a rice subsidy policy brought up against former Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, whose democratically elected government was overthrown by the Junta in 2014. Other members of Yingluck's government were also charged with corruption for the rice policy, with two of Yingluck's ministers receiving a staggering 42 and 36-year prison sentence for the corruption charges respectively. The legitimacy of the charges has been questioned since their inception, critics pointed to the unusually severe sentences as an indication they were politically motivated.

In January 2017, Thailand's University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce's (UTCC) "Corruption Situation Index" (CSI) claimed that national corruption was on the decline, reaching the lowest level in six years. The UTCC claimed that corruption began to ease in the latter half of 2014 after the military seized power and set up a junta-controlled government. Since then, the UTCC stated that annual losses attributed to corruption have averaged 120 billion baht, down from about 300–400 billion baht in previous years.

However, the international corruption index from Transparency International showed no change in their corruption index for Thailand between 2014 and 2015, and that corruption actually worsened from 2015 to 2016. Other corruption agencies also noted a decline in transparency since the 2014 coup d'état, especially in the judicial system and in civil society where the media is restricted and influenced by the military government and criticism of the current regime is heavily suppressed.

At a more grassroots level, citizens disgruntled with seemingly entrenched nature of Thai corruption have pursued other means of expressing their displeasure with the corrupt status quo, including the use of graffiti.

Notable cases

Rolls-Royce and Thai Airways
In January 2017 a four-year investigation by the UK's Serious Fraud Office (SFO) came to light. It determined that aircraft engine-maker Rolls-Royce had paid bribes to "...agents of the Thai state and employees of Thai Airways..." in order to secure orders for the Rolls-Royce T800 engine for its Boeing 777-200s. Rolls-Royce admitted to the charge and agreed to pay penalties. The illicit payments of US$36.38 million took place between 1991 and 2005. Bribes were paid in three tranches:
 1 June 1991 – 30 June 1992: Rolls-Royce paid 660 million baht (US$18.8 million)
 1 March 1992 – 31 March 1997: Rolls-Royce paid US$10.38 million
 1 April 2004 – 28 February 2005: Rolls-Royce paid US$7.2 million

The government rejected calls for Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha to use his Section 44 powers to cut through red tape in the investigation of the Rolls-Royce bribery scandal. Response from the Thai government's National Anti-Corruption Commission to information provided by the SFO, is said to be "tepid" and "...could be more embarrassing than the scandal itself." Auditor-General Pisit Leelavachiropas said his agency suspected that between 20 and 30 people were involved. "It's likely they accepted bribes," he said.

In an action by the US Department of Justice (DOJ) against aircraft engine-maker Rolls-Royce, the DOJ claimed that Rolls-Royce had paid more than US$11 million in commissions to win a deal with Thai Airways, aware that some of the funds would be used to bribe officials at PTT and its subsidiary, PTT Exploration and Production (PTTEP). The payments were made from 2003-2013 and related to contracts for equipment and after-market products and services. PTT vowed to investigate. Admitting its guilt, Rolls-Royce paid US$170 million to settle the case. Subsequently, PTT Chairman and CEO Tevin Vongvanich said that the company was unable to find anyone who "allegedly took bribes".

Vorayudh Yoovidhya, Red Bull heir

In 2012, Vorayudh Yoovidhya, a grandson of Red Bull co-founder Chaleo Yoovidhya, was driving a Ferrari in the early morning of 3 September when he hit and killed Police Senior Sgt Maj Wichean Glanprasert, the patrol unit chief of the police station in the Thong Lo area of Bangkok. Vorayudh's car hit the officer and dragged his body some distance. Vorayudh fled the scene, returning home. He subsequently attempted to have an employee at his home take the blame for the crime. Vorayudh was charged with reckless driving causing death, failing to help a crash victim, and speeding. Vorayudh then disappeared. Police failed to indict him for speeding and its statute of limitations expired in 2013. The reckless driving charge expired in September 2017. Vorayudh has been repeatedly summoned to meet authorities. He has avoided each meeting, his lawyer claiming that he was sick or out of the country on business. Police have failed to capture him and claim to have no clue as to his whereabouts. Bangkok's press maintains that the cases of "Bangkok's deadly rich kids" are handled differently from most deadly car crashes, in which common Thais are arrested, prosecuted, and jailed. Vorayudh failed to show for his latest, 30 March 2017, summons. A spokesman for the Office of the Attorney-General said the defendant is in Britain on personal business and had asked for another postponement. The spokesman declared that Vorayudh's five-year refusal to appear is acceptable because he had filed a complaint of unfair treatment. He went on to say that the fact that Vorayuth was from one of Thailand's richest families was not a factor in his excused absence.

Sanit Mahathavorn, Bangkok police chief
When the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) revealed the asset declarations of new NLA members, it was disclosed that Bangkok police chief Police Lieutenant General Sanit Mahathavorn had received monthly payments of 50,000 baht since 2015 from alcohol conglomerate Thai Beverage PLC as an adviser to the firm. Sanit also serves as a member of the city's alcohol control committee, raising conflict of interest issues. Calls for him to step down from his police post were immediate. In January 2017 a Royal Thai Police investigation confirmed that Sanit is not violating police rules by holding an advisory role with a major alcohol conglomerate. On 1 March 2017, more than two months after the original allegations were made, both Sanit and ThaiBev denied that he was ever employed by ThaiBev and that the report was due to clerical error. Just two weeks after Sanit's denial that he was on ThaiBev's payroll, Thailand's Office of the Ombudsman said that it had obtained his original financial disclosure document and found it certified with his signature. It now appears that there were two versions of Sanit's financial disclosure form, one listing ThaiBev payments and one with no mention of ThaiBev. Unexplained is how the ThaiBev salary did not appear on the version of Sanit's financial disclosure statement posted online by the NACC. In mid-March the Office of the Ombudsman, which had accepted a petition to investigate the case, announced that there is not enough evidence for it to consider and the matter is closed.

Theft of funds for the poor
 A 2017 governmental initiative to distribute funds to poor people, low-income earners, and HIV/AIDS patients in Thailand's 76 provinces was looted by officials in 49 provinces. , 104 million baht allocated to help the poor in those provinces had been misappropriated, amounting to 85 percent of the amount distributed. An investigator from the Public Sector Anti-Corruption Commission stated that fraud came in various forms: there were aid applications with fake documents, applications accompanied by both genuine and fake documents, and aid applications from unqualified applicants. The destitute purported to be recipients either received no money or only partial payment. In some cases, culpable officials told the destitute recipients to lie to investigators, claiming that they had received the full amount due them. The crimes came to light in January. They were exposed by a group of Maha Sarakham University students, one of whom was later castigated by a professor for whistleblowing. They were told to complete forms and forge signatures on receipts for 2,000 villagers involving nearly seven million baht while they were working as interns at the Khon Kaen Protection for the Destitute Centre last year. They were ordered to do so by the departmental chief and some senior officials.
 An illiterate 66-year-old grandmother who cares for her 15-year-old granddaughter with cerebral palsy is entitled to a caregiver's allowance of 9,125 baht per month under the Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities Act 2007. As she was unaware of this, she never collected her allowance. She was invited to join the Network of Parents Club of Children with Disabilities in Kalasin Province. She was to take her granddaughter to the club three times per week in exchange for 1,000 baht per week. The club retained her ATM card and bank books. The president of the club induced her to sign an agreement to receive the 4,000 baht monthly stipend. The club allegedly collected the government disbursement of 9,125 baht, paid the stipend, and pocketed the 5,125 baht monthly difference. Thanida Anu-an, a whistleblower who uncovered the scheme, also helped to uncover several other similar cases.

Ghost students
Thai schools receive government subsidies for each enrolled student. Those in grades seven to nine are subsidized at 4,800 baht each per year. Students in grades 10 to 12 are worth 6,250 baht each to their schools. This has allegedly led to schools inflating their enrollments with "ghost" students. One school was reported to have 196 ghost students. It is unclear in this case where the ghost student subsidies of 940,000 to 1,225,000 baht ended up. Directors may be motivated by the possibility of transfer to a bigger school: when a school is in the range of 500-1,499 students, the school director is permitted to transfer to a larger school, albeit at no increase in salary. Police suspect that postings to larger schools are attractive as they widen the scope for "tea money" kickbacks to directors from parents seeking to place their children in the school.

Temple renovation scam
A former head of the National Office of Buddhism (NOB), Panom Sornsilp, was sentenced to 20 years in prison on 27 December 2019 after being found guilty by the Criminal Court of corruption in connection with temple funds. Sentenced with him, on similar charges, was Wasawat Kittithirasith, the former director of the Office of Temple Renovation and Development and Religious Welfare. Two others, who served as brokers, approached temples and offered to help them secure funding from the Office of Buddhism for temple renovation in return for a 75% under-the-table commission. They were sentenced to six years and eight months and one year and eight months. The temple fund scam dates from 2017, when the abbot of Wat Takaela in Phetchaburi Province filed a complaint with the Anti-Corruption Police Command seeking an investigation. His temple was allocated 10 million baht by the NOB for renovation, but he was told to return the bulk of the money to the officials who helped to secure the funding. The scam worked by having unofficial brokers, with connections to NOB officials, tell the abbots that they could arrange funding for renovations, but only on the condition that they return three-quarters of the money to the officials and use what remained for renovation. Several temple abbots joined in the scam and pocketed temple funds without spending any on temple renovation.

Futsal fields inaction
In August 2019, the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) voted 9–0 to indict three Palang Pracharath Party (PPRP) MPs and 21 accomplices to divert 4.4bn baht from a project to construct futsal fields at schools in 19 northeast provinces. The alleged graft took place in 2012. The NACC was required to forward the case to the Office of the Attorney-General (OAG) within 30 days. The OAG then had 180 days determine whether to bring the case before the Supreme Court's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Positions.  no action has been taken. In the Thai legal system, one organisation investigates, another prosecutes. The failings of such an arrangement have been pointed out, but not rectified.

Human trafficking
Manas Kongpan was a Thai convicted human trafficker and military commander. From 2008 to 2015, he led the Thai army's policies towards Rohingya refugees, before being arrested on multiple charges, including ordering refugees to be marooned at sea without any means of survival and extorting ransoms from families of refugees.

See also
 Corruption in the Suvarnabhumi Airport project
 Crime in Thailand
 Network monarchy
 Rajabhakti Park

Notes

References

External links
 Thailand Corruption Profile from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal
 Anti-Corruption Organization of Thailand (ACT)
 Insider trading: Thailand's old normal
 Office of the National Anti-Corruption Commission

Crime in Thailand by type
Politics of Thailand
Thailand


title: Michael Frass

text:
Michael Frass (born 1954) is an Austrian medicine specialist for internal medicine and professor at the Medical University of Vienna (MUW). He is known for his work on homeopathy and his inventions in the field of airway management.

Biography
He is First Chairman of the Scientific Society for Homeopathy (WissHom), founded in 2010, president of the Umbrella organization of Austrian Doctors for Holistic Medicine, since 2002 and since 1994 Vicepresident of the Doctors Association for Classical Homeopathy. Frass is the inventor of the Combitube, an emergency airway allowing blind insertion used in the pre-hospital and emergency setting. Frass holds several patents and registered designs.

Homoeopathic research
A major interest of Frass is homeopathy according to Hahnemann. He has published several papers on this subject, in addition, he has edited a text book Homeopathy in Intensive- Care and Emergency Medicine together with Martin Bündner.

Article in the Oncologist
In 2020 Frass published an article in the scientific journal The Oncologist. The results of the article were discussed outside of academic circles for example in the Wiener Zeitung. After criticism (for example from the Informationsnetzwerk Homöopathie), the Austrian Agency for Scientific Integrity (Österreichische Agentur für wissenschaftliche Integrität) concluded that the article contains data manipulation and forgery.

Airway
He has also published several papers investigating the influence of controlled mechanical ventilation on the release of atrial natriuretic peptide. Furthermore, Frass has investigated devices designed for securing the airway under emergency conditions. He has performed studies on a broad range of different alternate airways.

Inventions
Rapid assessment and management of respiratory structure and function are imperative in emergency intubation. Endotracheal intubation remains the gold standard in airway maintenance. However, endotracheal intubation may be impossible due to difficult circumstances with respect to space and illumination or anatomy even for skilled physicians. Therefore, the need arises for a simple and efficient alternative. The Combitube was designed with this goal in mind.

Frass is the inventor of the Combitube, a twin lumen device designed for use in emergency situations and difficult airways. He has published several papers on this topic.

References

External links

 Website of Frass (German)

Austrian internists
Austrian homeopaths
1954 births
Living people


title: Violated (1996 film)

text:
Violated is a 1996 Nigerian romantic drama film directed by Amaka Igwe and starring Richard Mofe Damijo and Ego Boyo. The film and its sequel, Violated 2 (or part 2), were released in the home video format in June 1996.

Premise
The film tells the story of a young man, Tega (Richard Mofe Damijo), from a wealthy background  who falls in love and marries Peggy (Ego Boyo) who came from a different background. However, their marriage is put to the test when  hidden secrets unfolds, Tega's ex-wife re-appears in his life and he also learnt about his ex-boss relationship with his wife when she was young.

Cast
Richard Mofe Damijo as Tega
Ego Boyo as Peggy
Kunle Bamtefa as Lois
Joke Silva as Myra
Mildred Iweka as Toms
Taiwo Obileye as "Pinky" Farrell
Wale Macaulay as J.C.
Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi

Reception
Violated was one of the highest selling home video productions in 1996. At the time of the film's production, Nigeria videos were distributed with the production of a large number of tapes at once and which are then distributed to various marketers. While average sales for films during the period was about 30,000-50,000, Violated sold about 150,000 copies. Information Nigeria listed the film among the best 20 films of Nollywood that will never be forgotten.

References

1996 films
English-language Nigerian films
1990s English-language films
Nigerian romantic drama films
1996 romantic drama films
English-language romantic drama films


title: Cahiers intempestifs

text:
Cahiers intempestifs is a French publishing house of books on the visual arts, including contemporary art and graphic arts.

History
It was founded in 1993 by Rémi Guichard and Véronique Gay-Rosier. Since the beginning Véronique Gay-Rosier has been editor and art director.
The publishing director was Jacques Claude from 2006 to 2015 and has been Jean-Christophe Aussel since 2015.

Collections
Its main publications are :

• A bi-annual contemporary art magazine, called Cahiers intempestifs.

• A collection of graphic art books.

• A collection of design objects.

Cahiers intempestifs is also well known for its experimentation with multimedia, augmented reality, social networking…

Authors and Artists published
Txomin Badiola, Jean-Christophe Bailly, Miquel Barceló, Jacquie Barral, Lionel Bayol-Thémines, Jean-Pierre Bertrand, Jean-Sylvain Bieth, Jean-Noël Blanc, Stéphane Bouquet, Lionel Bourg, Yves Bresson, Pierre Buraglio, Michel Butor, Sophie Calle, Georges-Olivier Châteaureynaud, Noëlle Châtelet, Éric Chevillard, Robert Combas, Patrick Corillon, Marie Denis, Erik Dietman, Jimmie Durham, CharlElie, Tessa Farmer, Philippe Favier, Federico Ferrari, Ian Hamilton Finlay, Paul Fournel, Christian Garcin, Ludger Gerdes, Jochen Gerz, Paul-Armand Gette, Peter Greenaway, Raphaëlle de Groot, Marie-Ange Guilleminot, Susan Hiller, Éric Holder, Fabrice Hybert, Wang Jiuliang, Jacques Jouet, Isaac Julien, Sharon Kivland, Anne Lacaton, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Jean Le Gac, Sol LeWitt, Tomás Maia, François Martin, Jean-François Manier, Keiichi Matsuda, Julian Maynard Smith & Station House Opera, Abdelwahab Meddeb, Charles Melman, Daniel Mesguich, Christian Milovanoff, Mihael Milunovic, Robert Morris, Jean-Luc Nancy, Roman Opalka, Jean-Michel Othoniel, Patrick Othoniel, Bernard Pagès, Riccardo Panattoni, Claudio Parmiggiani, Anne et Patrick Poirier, Richard Price, Wu Qi, Bernard Rancillac, Sophie Ristelhueber, Jacques Roubaud, Sonia Rykiel, Sarkis, Saschienne, Gianluca Solla, Ettore Spalletti, Swoon, Agnès Thurnauer, David Tremlett, Nils-Udo, Claude Viallat, Bernar Venet, Dai Xiang.

References
- Distinguished by Stratégies for the bOx of Life : Grand Prix Stratégies de la Production Publicitaire 2016.

- Selected to participate in the exhibition "Design map, designers créateurs de valeurs pour l’entreprise", June 2014 - January 2015.

- Distinguished by Cities Of DEsign/UNESCO, November 2013.

- Light #10, "Nuit blanche", Paris, October 2013, CNEAI.

- Caractère, April 2013, # 696, "Bonnes feuilles : Des hommes de caractères, éditions des Cahiers intempestifs".

- Tank, April 2013, "l'art du papier : la Paper Toy Box et le Gunnies'project, éditions des Cahiers intempestifs".

- The Paris Book Fair.

- Les points sous les i, "Hermitage selon Chave, les Cahiers intempestifs", January 2013.

- "Caractères, fontes et casses", Le monde diplomatique # 705 December 2012.

- "Les (très beaux) Cahiers Intempestifs", The Glam Attitude, November 2012.

- L’Art de la pause, "Lieux de pause du livre : Cahiers intempestifs", Jacquie Barral, Publication de l'université de Saint-Étienne, November 2012.

- Des maisons d'éditions en Rhône-Alpes, ARALD.

- "Les Cahiers intempestifs # 25, So british", Livre et lire, # 255, October 2010.

- "Cahiers intempestifs", Le monde diplomatique, June 2010.

- Le dessin et le livre, "L’échappée belle des Cahiers intempestifs", Valentine Oncins; "Un jeu de mots proposés par Valentine Oncins à Véronique Gay-Rosier", Publication de l'université de Saint-Étienne, November 2009.

- "Le papier prépare ses stratégies de défense", France graphique, September 2009.

- 363 000 signes, Cahiers Intempestifs, reward Nuit du Livre.

- "Les 100 qui font bouger Saint-Étienne : littérature édition, Véronique Gay-Rosier et les Cahiers intempestifs", L'express # 2598, April 2001.

- "Éditions des Cahiers intempestifs, à contretemps", Livre et lire, # 164, mai 2001.

- "Cahiers intempestifs", Beaux arts magazine, October 1997.

- "Cahiers intempestifs", Livres de France # 180, December 1995.

- "Cahiers intempestifs : la voix politique", Libération.

- "10 ans de Cahiers Intempestifs", Plumart.

- "Cahiers intempestifs 4", Art Press, November 1995.

External links
 Official website
 Le Monde diplomatique
 Le Monde diplomatique
 Libération

Book publishing companies of France
Visual arts publishing companies


title: Ernest Mathijs

text:
Ernest Mathijs (born 1968 or 1969) is a professor at the University of British Columbia, where he teaches film.  He has published several books on cult films.

Career
According to CTV News, his "specialties include movie audiences, the reception of alternative cinema and cult film."  Mathijs is primarily known for his books on cult films, such as The Cult Film Reader and 100 Cult Films, which he co-edited and co-wrote, respectively, with Xavier Mendik; Cult Cinema, which he co-wrote with Jamie Sexton; The Cinema of David Cronenberg: From Baron of Blood to Cultural Hero and John Fawcett's Ginger Snaps.  With Sexton, he is the co-editor of the Cultographies series, which examines individual cult films in the form of short books.

Personal life
Mathijs is married to Canadian actress Emily Perkins.  He was born in Belgium.

Bibliography

References

External links
 Ernest Mathijs at the University of British Columbia

Living people
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Year of birth uncertain
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Paru Wife of Devadas

text:
Paaru Wife of Devadas is a 2014 Kannada romantic comedy film starring Srinagar Kitty and Soundarya Jayamala in the lead role. The film is directed by Kiran Govi and produced by Krishna Deva Gowda and Mukhtar. The music for the film is composed by Arjun Janya. The film is slated for release on 27 June 2014.

The film, although takes the character names from the Sharat Chandra's Bengali novel, is depicted in an entirely different manner according to the director. The filming started early February 2013 at the Kanteerava Studios in Bangalore with a song sequence.

Cast
 Srinagar Kitty as Devdas
 Soundarya Jayamala as Paru
 Neha Patil
 Layendra
 V. Manohar
 Mohan Juneja

Soundtrack
The audio of the film was launched in March 2014 at hotel Citadel in Bangalore. Ace playback singer Manjula Gururaj and her husband musician Gururaj were present as the chief guest. It was revealed that the director had roped in local talents who were winners of talent shows for singing the soundtrack of the film. The music is composed by Arjun Janya, consisting of six tracks. While the five songs are written by Nagendra Prasad, one single is written by Jayanth Kaikini.

Reception
A critic from Deccan Chronicle wrote that "However, there is very little to be thrilled about the movie as it moves on a snail pace embroiled with past events told through the lead female character".

References

External links
 OneIndia information
 Songs list
 Times of India

2014 films
2010s Kannada-language films
Indian romantic comedy films
Films scored by Arjun Janya
2014 romantic comedy films


title: NASICON

text:
NASICON is an acronym for sodium  (Na) Super Ionic CONductor, which usually refers to a family of solids with the chemical formula Na1+xZr2SixP3−xO12, 0 < x < 3. In a broader sense, it is also used for similar compounds where Na, Zr and/or Si are replaced by isovalent elements. NASICON compounds have high ionic conductivities, on the order of 10−3 S/cm, which rival those of liquid electrolytes. They are caused by hopping of Na ions among interstitial sites of the NASICON crystal lattice.

Properties
The crystal structure of NASICON compounds was characterized in 1968. It is a covalent network consisting of ZrO6 octahedra and PO4/SiO4 tetrahedra that share common corners. Sodium ions are located at two types of interstitial positions. They move among those sites through bottlenecks, whose size, and thus the NASICON electrical conductivity, depends on the NASICON composition, on the site occupancy, and on the oxygen content in the surrounding atmosphere. The conductivity decreases for x < 2 or when all Si is substituted for P in the crystal lattice (and vice versa); it can be increased by adding a rare-earth compound to NASICON, such as yttria.

NASICON materials can be prepared as single crystals, polycrystalline ceramic compacts, thin films or as a bulk glass called NASIGLAS. Most of them, except NASIGLAS and phosphorus-free Na4Zr2Si3O12, react with molten sodium at 300 °C, and therefore are unsuitable for electric batteries that use sodium as an electrode. However, a NASICON membrane is being considered for a sodium-sulfur battery where the sodium stays solid.

Development & potential applications
The main application envisaged for NASICON materials is as the solid electrolyte in a sodium-ion battery. Some NASICONs exhibit a low thermal expansion coefficient (< 10−6 K−1), which is useful for precision instruments and household ovenware. NASICONs can be doped with rare-earth elements, such as Eu, and used as phosphors. Their electrical conductivity is sensitive to molecules in the ambient atmosphere, a phenomenon that can be used to detect CO2, SO2, NO, NO2, NH3 and H2S gases. Other NASICON applications include catalysis, immobilization of radioactive waste, and sodium removal from water.

The development of sodium-ion batteries is important since it makes use of an earth-abundant material and can serve as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries which are experiencing ever-increasing demand despite the limited availability of lithium. Developing high-performance sodium-ion batteries is a challenge because it is necessary to develop electrodes that meet the requirements of high-energy density and high cycling stability while also being cost-efficient. NaSICON-based electrode materials are known for their wide range of electrochemical potentials, high ionic conductivity, and most importantly their structural and thermal stabilities. NaSICON-type cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries have a mechanically robust three-dimensional (3D) framework with open channels that endow it with the capability for fast ionic diffusion. A strong and lasting structural framework allows for repeated Na+ ion de-/insertions with relatively high operating potentials. Its high safety, high potential, and low volume change make NaSICON a promising candidate for sodium-ion battery cathodes.

NaSICON cathodes typically suffer from poor electrical conductivity and low specific capacity which severely limits their practical applications. Efforts to enhance the movement of electrons, or electrical conductivity, include particle downsizing  and carbon-coating  which have both been reported to improve the electrochemical performance.

It is important to consider the relationship between lattice parameters and activation energy as the change in lattice size has a direct influence on the size of the pathway for Na+ conduction as well as the hopping distance of the Na+ ions to the next vacancy. A large hopping distance requires a high activation energy.

NaSICON-phosphate Na3V2(PO4)3 compounds are considered promising cathodes with a theoretical specific energy of 400 W h kg^-1. Vanadium-based compounds exhibit satisfactory high energy densities that are comparable to those of lithium-ion batteries as they operate through multi-electron redox reactions (V3+/V4+ and V4+/V5+) and a high operating voltage. The use of vanadium is toxic and expensive which introduces a critical issue in real applications. This concern holds true for other electrodes based on costly 3d transition metal elements such as Ni- or Co-based electrodes. The most abundant and non-toxic 3d element, iron, is the favored choice as the redox center in the polyanionic or mixed-polyanion system.

Lithium analogues
Some lithium phosphates also possess the NASICON structure and can be considered as the direct analogues of the sodium-based NASICONs. The general formula of such compounds is , where M identifies an element like titanium, germanium, zirconium, hafnium, or tin. Similarly to sodium-based NASICONs, lithium-based NASICONs consist of a network of MO6 octahedra connected by PO4 tetrahedra, with lithium ions occupying the interstitial sites among them. Ionic conduction is ensured by lithium hopping among adjacent interstitial sites.

Lithium NASICONs are promising materials to be used as solid electrolytes in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.

Relevant examples
The most investigated lithium-based NASICON materials are , , and .

Lithium zirconium phosphate
Lithium zirconium phosphate, identified by the formula  (LZP), has been extensively studied because of its polymorphism and interesting conduction properties. At room temperature, LZP has a triclinic crystal structure (C1) and undergoes a phase transition to rhombohedral crystal structure (R3c) between 25 and 60 °C. The rhombohedral phase is characterized by higher values of ionic conductivity (8×10−6 S/cm at 150 °C) compared to the triclinic phase (≈ 8×10−9 S/cm at room temperature): such difference may be ascribed to the peculiar distorted tetrahedral coordination of lithium ions in the rhombohedral phase, along with the large number of available empty sites.

The ionic conductivity of LZP can be enhanced by elemental doping, for example replacing some of the zirconium cations with lanthanum, titanium, or aluminium atoms. In case of lanthanum doping, the room-temperature ionic conductivity of the material approaches 7.2×10−5 S/cm.

Lithium titanium phosphate
Lithium titanium phosphate, with general formula  (LTP or LTPO), is another lithium-containing NASICON material in which TiO6 octahedra and PO4 tetrahedra are arranged in a rhombohedral unit cell. The LTP crystal structure is stable down to 100 K and is characterized by a small coefficient of thermal expansion. LTP shows low ionic conductivity at room temperature, around 10−6 S/cm; however, it can be effectively increased by elemental substitution with isovalent or aliovalent elements (Al, Cr, Ga, Fe, Sc, In, Lu, Y, La). The most common derivative of LTP is lithium aluminium titanium phosphate (LATP), whose general formula is . Ionic conductivity values as high as 1.9×10−3 S/cm can be achieved when the microstructure and the aluminium content (x = 0.3 - 0.5) are optimized. The increase of conductivity is attributed to the larger number of mobile lithium ions necessary to balance the extra electrical charge after Ti replacement by Al, together with a contraction of the c axis of the LATP unit cell.

In spite of attractive conduction properties, LATP is highly unstable in contact with lithium metal, with formation of a lithium-rich phase at the interface and with reduction of Ti to Ti. Reduction of tetravalent titanium ions proceeds along a single-electron transfer reaction:

LiTi2(PO4)3 + Li -> Li2Ti2(PO4)3

Both phenomena are responsible for a significant increase of the electronic conductivity of the LATP material (from 3×10−9 S/cm to 2.9×10−6 S/cm), leading to the degradation of the material and to the ultimate cell failure if LATP is used as a solid electrolyte in a lithium-ion battery with metallic lithium as the anode.

Lithium germanium phosphate

Lithium germanium phosphate,  (LGP), is closely similar to LTP, except for the presence of GeO6 octahedra instead of TiO6 octahedra in the rhombohedral unit cell. Similarly to LTP, the ionic conductivity of pure LGP is low and can be improved by doping the material with aliovalent elements like aluminium, resulting in lithium aluminium germanium phosphate (LAGP), . Contrary to LGP, the room-temperature ionic conductivity of LAGP spans from 10−5 S/cm up to 10−3 S/cm, depending on the microstructure and on the aluminium content, with an optimal composition for x ≈ 0.5. In both LATP and LAGP, non-conductive secondary phases are expected for larger aluminium content (x > 0.5 - 0.6).

LAGP is more stable than LATP against lithium metal anode, since the reduction reaction of Ge cations is a 4-electron reaction and has a high kinetic barrier:

2LiGe2(PO4)3 + 4Li -> 3GeO2 + 6LiPO3 + Ge

However, the stability of the lithium anode-LAGP interface is still not fully clarified and the formation of detrimental interlayers with subsequent battery failure has been reported.

Application in lithium-ion batteries
Phosphate-based materials with a NASICON crystal structure, especially LATP and LAGP, are good candidates as solid-state electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries, even if their average ionic conductivity (≈10−5 - 10−4 S/cm) is lower compared to other classes of solid electrolytes like garnets and sulfides. However, the use of LATP and LAGP provides some advantages:

 Excellent stability in humid air and against CO2, with no release of harmful gases or formation of Li2CO3 passivating layer;
 High stability against water;
 Wide electrochemical stability window and high voltage stability, up to 6 V in the case of LAGP, enabling the use of high-voltage cathodes;
 Low toxicity compared to sulfide-based solid electrolytes;
 Low cost and easy preparation.

A high-capacity lithium metal anode could not be coupled with a LATP solid electrolyte, because of Ti reduction and fast electrolyte decomposition; on the other hand, the reactivity of LAGP in contact with lithium at very negative potentials is still debated, but protective interlayers could be added to improve the interfacial stability.

Considering LZP, it is predicted to be electrochemically stable in contact with metallic lithium; the main limitation arises from the low ionic conductivity of the room-temperature triclinic phase. Proper elemental doping is an effective route to both stabilize the rhombohedral phase below 50 °C and improve the ionic conductivity.

See also

 Lithium aluminium germanium phosphate
 LISICON
 Solid-state electrolyte
 Sodium-ion battery
 Lithium-ion battery

References

Electrolytes
Sodium compounds
Lithium compounds
Phosphates


title: Zico (rapper)

text:
Woo Ji-ho (; born September 14, 1992), known professionally as Zico (), is a South Korean rapper, record producer, singer and songwriter. He debuted as the leader of the boy band Block B in 2011 and made his first solo release in 2014.

Zico is notable for his crossover skills within the Korean hip hop scene, maintaining an underground reputation along with mainstream appeal as a Korean idol. He is a record producer of both K-pop and Korean hip hop music. He is also part of the crew Fanxy Child, which he formed in 2016. In 2019, he released his first full-length solo album, Thinking.

Early life and career beginnings
Zico was born in Dohwa, Seoul on September 14, 1992. He was a Vocal Performance major at Seoul Music High School. In the lyrics of his song "Release", he mentions that he spent a year studying abroad in both Canada and China, as well as three years in Japan. Meanwhile, he had referred to his time in Japan within his song "Osaka" with fellow Korean musician ELO.

He began his musical career as an underground rapper, going by the name "Nacseo" (Hangul: 낙서), meaning 'doodle' or 'scribble' in Korean. He promoted as Nacseo in the Japanese underground hip hop scene alongside the crews "Dope Squad" and "Undisputed". He auditioned for SM Entertainment as a teenager.

In 2009, he officially debuted in a duo with Park Kyung named 'Harmonics' in Korea with the digital single "The Letter". He joined Stardom Entertainment in 2009. He featured in IU's song "Marshmallow" as well as Cho PD's "Expectations for K-Hip Hop" and Jung Seul-gi's "Outsiders".

In 2010, he released his first mixtape, Zico on the Block. The mixtape was well received by the Korean hip hop scene.

Career

2011–2012: Block B and solo appearances

Zico debuted as the leader of Block B on April 15, 2011 with their first promotional single "Freeze".  Zico had produced their debut mini-album Welcome to the Block. The Korean Ministry of Gender Equality and Family and public broadcast channel KBS banned the songs "LOL" and "Did You or Did You Not" from minors. When asked about the banning, he said:
That year he featured in Hyuna's debut mini-album Bubble Pop! on the track "Just Follow". He promoted with her on Korean music shows from July to August. He attended the 2011 MTV EMAs in Belfast, Northern Ireland as part of Block B and on November 27 began hosting the SBS-MTV interactive radio show "Studio C!" with rap duo Mighty Mouth. Zico made an appearance at Swings' It's My Year II concert, performing "I'm Still Fly" and "Cocks".

In 2012, he appeared on stage featuring in girl group Wink's song "Stay in Shanghai" on Inkigayo on February 19. He also performed at the All Force One hip hop festival on July 21, alongside Dok2 and Beenzino. On October 24, he began co-hosting SBS-MTV's The Show with Block B member P.O. At the 2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards he participated in a hip hop collaboration called "Beats Rocks The World" with artists including Loco, Double K, Davichi, and Dynamic Duo. In October, he produced and released a second mixtape, Zico on the Block 1.5. In December, he co-produced D-Unit's third mini-album. That year, he also entered Dong-ah Institute of Media and Arts as a Drama major.

2013–2014: Solo debut and producing career

Zico performed at Phantom's concert on May 17 and at the ONE Hiphop Festival on September 7. In August, Zico was dissed in Deepflow(딥플로우)'s response to Swings' "King Swings", a diss track over the instrumental from "Control". In it, Deepflow accused Zico and Jay Park of only being in hip hop for the money. Later, rapper Aphelia created a diss track called "Zicontrol", specifically speaking of his frustration with Zico's guaranteed popularity as an idol compared to the difficulty of being a hip hop artist alone. Dead'P(데드피), in the track "Rap Game Control", also expressed frustration over idols portraying themselves as "hip hop" and the integration of mainstream K-pop culture into the underground hiphop scene. On October 18, Zico and fellow Block B member P.O walked during Seoul Fashion Week for the brand Dominic's Way by designer Song Hye-myung (송혜명). In November, Zico was featured in IZE magazine, and publicly tweeted about how the intrusion of sasaeng fans into his life forced him to constantly change his phone number to avoid their communications. He performed at the SBS Gayo Daejeon 2013 as part of a collaborative hip-hop stage featuring MFBTY, B.A.P.'s Bang Yongguk, and Eun Jiwon.

In late May 2014, following the Sewol Ferry Disaster, Zico attended the funeral of a fan who had died in the incident and dedicated a rap to her at Block B's 2014 Blockbuster Concert. In June, T-ara's Hyomin released the Brave Brothers-produced mini-album Make Up, which allegedly plagiarized lyrics from Zico's various mixtapes and previous releases. She denied the allegations, saying that the lyrics in question were in homage and that she had permission from Zico to use them. However, she did not credit him as a songwriter on the release. In July, Zico appeared as an host on the music program Show! Music Core. He also appeared in the second season of the television show Fashion King Korea, along with fellow Block B member P.O. He was a headliner at the 2014 Freestyle Day concert held on August 2 at Uniqlo Ax. He also participated on a special stage with Dynamic Duo for the M! Countdown 10th Anniversary Special, performing the song "Friday Night". On September 9, he produced the music for Go Tae Yong's S/S15 show at New York Fashion Week and further collaborated with him for Seoul Fashion Week. Zico headlined The Hiphop Festa with Dok2, The Quiett, and Simon D on October 4. He also performed at the Hiphopplaya Show Weekend, a Korean hip hop festival at the Itaewon Blue Square on October 31. Zico presented the 2014 Asia Song Festival along with Super Junior's Leeteuk and Girl's Day's Minah. He also performed a collaborative stage at that festival with Beast's Hyunseung.

On November 7, Zico released his official solo debut single entitled "Tough Cookie" featuring the rapper Don Mills. He was criticized for wearing a jacket emblazoned with an American Confederate flag in the single's accompanying music video and the use of a homophobic slur in the song's lyrics. Zico's label officially addressed the issue saying the homophobic implication of the term had been unintended and that Zico held no prejudice towards sexual minorities. He performed a collaborative stage with Seo Taiji for the 2014 Mnet Asian Music Awards, performing the Seo Taiji and Boys' song "Come Back Home".

2015–2016: Gallery and various singles

On February 13, 2015, Zico released "Well Done", his second single, featuring Ja Mezz. In March, he provided the soundtrack for Beyond Closet's 2015 S/S runway at New York Fashion Week. He also graduated from the Dong-Ah Institute of Media and Arts with a bachelor's degree. February 2015 also saw Zico join the cast of the female rap competition show Unpretty Rapstar for the second episode, as a producer. He produced the song "Up All Night" for contestant Yuk Ji-dam; the song's chorus then became a part of the "Say It! Yes or No" skit on the Korean sketch-comedy show Gag Concert. In May 2015, it was announced that Zico would be appear for the entire season of Show Me the Money 4 as a producer with Paloalto of Hi-Lite Records. After a car Zico was riding in crashed July 8 because the manager driving it was drunk, Show Me the Money said it was considering removing him as producer. Zico was cleared of responsibility for the crash by police, however, and the show kept him on. He produced the song "Turtle Ship" for the show, and it was followed by "Moneyflow", which was released on August 7, and "Fear", which was released on August 21.

In October, Zico released his own version of "Up All Night" titled "Say Yes or No", featuring the rappers Penomeco and The Quiett. He also featured on "Traveler", the seventh track of f(x)'s fourth album 4 Walls. His single "Boys and Girls" was released on November 3, and was the number one song on the Gaon Digital Chart for all of November. In November, he released his first solo EP, Gallery, with title track "Eureka". On January 25, 2016, Zico released two songs, "It Was Love", featuring Luna from f(x), and "I Am You, You Are Me". In mid-November 2016, Jellyfish Entertainment announced that Gugudan's Kim Se-jeong would release a song produced by Zico. The song, "Flower Road", was created by Zico during an episode of the variety show Talents for Sale. The song topped numerous Korean real-time digital charts when it was released on November 23, 2016, and it was nominated for a 2017 Melon Music Awards Hot Trend Award. Later that month, it was announced that Zico, Crush, and Dean would collaborate on a single called "Bermuda Triangle", released November 28. The song also hit number one on various Korean real-time digital charts upon its release. In addition, Zico, Crush, and Dean performed at the 2016 Mnet Asian Music Awards on December 2, where Zico won Best Male Artist.

2017–2018: Television and departure from Seven Seasons

In January 2017, Zico performed in London as part of a collaboration with the fashion label MISBHV for London's Fashion Week. Zico released the digital single "She's a Baby" on April 13; the song topped seven of Korea's real-time music charts on the day of its release. On May 10, Psy released one of two title tracks, "I Luv It", which Zico co-wrote, from his album 4X2=8. Zico released an album of his own, Television, on July 12, 2017. The album contains two title tracks, "Artist" and "Anti"; "Artist" topped several of the real-time charts on its release. On April 4, it was announced that Zico would join Dean as one of the producing teams for the sixth season of Show Me the Money. The show began airing on June 30; songs produced by Zico and Dean include "Yozm Gang", "Where U At", and "Red Sun". The team's final contestant, Hangzoo from Rhythm Power, won the season, narrowly edging out the rapper Nucksal. Zico's participation in a song on Taeyang's solo album, White Night, was announced August 14. In the spring of 2018, Zico served as a music producer for the MNET show Wanna One Go Season 3: X-CON, creating the song "Kangaroo" for the Wanna One subunit Triple Position.

It was announced on July 3, 2018, that Zico would be releasing a single album at the end of the month that would contain a song featuring the singer IU. Two days later Zico's first solo concert was announced, with two shows, August 11 and 12, at the SK Olympic Handball Gymnasium in Seoul, and an international tour planned for September and October. The Seoul shows sold out almost immediately after tickets went on sale to the public July 16. Two days later, two shows in Tokyo, Japan, were announced for September 1 and 2, 2018. On August 13, concert promoter My Music Taste announced that Zico would be touring Europe from September 26 to October 2, visiting Madrid, London, Berlin, Warsaw, Amsterdam, and Moscow. On August 28 it was announced that Zico would also tour Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, and New York City in the United States in late October. In September 2018, it was announced that Zico would attend the September 2018 inter-Korean summit in Pyongyang, North Korea, as a cultural representative of South Korea. On November 23, 2018, Seven Seasons announced that Zico had not renewed his contract with the label, while the other six members of Block B had. In a statement, Seven Seasons said that it was discussing future group activities with all seven Block B members.

2019–present: KOZ Entertainment, "Any Song" and conscription
In January 2019, it was announced that Zico had established his own label, KOZ Entertainment, which he planned to use to develop other artists as well as his own career. On March 2, 2019, it was announced that the mayor of Seoul, Park Won-soon, would appoint Zico as a goodwill representative for the city. In August, the hip-hop crew Fanxy Child, consisting of Zico, Dean, Crush, Penomeco, Millic and Staytuned, held two sold-out concerts in Seoul, coinciding with the release of the crew's single, "Y."

On September 30, 2019, the digital EP Thinking Part.1 was released as the first half of the two-part studio album, titled Thinking.  The second half of the studio album Thinking Part.2 was released on November 8, 2019. On January 13, 2020, Zico released his hit single  "Any Song". The song initially gained popularity on the video sharing app TikTok with the hashtag "Any Song Challenge"; the challenge has been credited with restoring TikTok's popularity in Korea. "Any Song" was a commercial success in South Korea, debuting at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart, where it spent a total of seven non-consecutive weeks, breaking the record for the most weeks at number one in the Gaon Chart's history. It was certified platinum by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA) and listed as the most-streamed song in South Korea for the first half of 2020 by the Gaon Chart.

On July 1, Zico released his third EP Random Box, with its title track "Summer Hate" featuring Rain. It was announced on July 21 that Zico would begin the conscription required of South Korean men on July 30, serving as a public service worker. On November 18, 2020, it was announced that HYBE Corporation, formerly Big Hit Entertainment, would acquire Zico's production company KOZ Entertainment, which launched in January 2019. Since April 2021, after the rebranding of KOZ's parent company, HYBE Corporation, the company became part of HYBE Labels, Hybe's entertainment and music production division. KOZ Entertainment, as well as its sister companies, work independently from HYBE while receiving creative support.

In May 2022, a few weeks after completing his public service, Zico announced his return to the SUMMER SONIC 2022 festival in Japan, six years after he last performed there.

In July 2022, it was announced that  Zico would be attending the Hip-Hop Playa Festival 2022 taking place September 17-18. On July 27, 2022, Zico released his fourth EP Grown Ass Kid, with its title track "Freak". In November 2022, Zico was named one of GQ Koreas Men of the Year.

On May 30, 2023, the boy group BoyNextDoor debuted under Zico's label KOZ Entertainment.

Personal life
Zico is a devout Roman Catholic with his baptismal name "John the Apostle" tattooed on his chest, along with a portrait of his mother and below it the phrase "God save Paulus".
He also has an older brother, Woo Tae-woon, who was a former member of idol group Speed. Zico studied at the Dong-Ah Institute of Media and Arts University (a technical college specializing in media design, production, and communications) between 2013 – February 13, 2015.

Zico began his mandatory military service on July 30, 2020.  He was discharged on April 29, 2022.

Discography

 Thinking (2019)

Filmography

Television  show

Web shows

Radio show

Awards and nominations

References

External links

South Korean male idols
Rappers from Seoul
South Korean male rappers
South Korean pop singers
South Korean singer-songwriters
Living people
1992 births
South Korean Roman Catholics
Dong-ah Institute of Media and Arts alumni
Block B members
KQ Entertainment artists
MAMA Award winners
Melon Music Award winners
Danyang Woo clan
South Korean male singer-songwriters
South Korean hip hop record producers
Hybe Corporation artists


title: Dyspessa elbursensis

text:
Dyspessa elbursensis is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Iran.

Subspecies
Dyspessa elbursensis elbursensis (northern Iran)
Dyspessa elbursensis derbenti Daniel, 1964 (Iran)

References

Moths described in 1964
Dyspessa
Moths of Asia


title: Nicholas I of Saint-Omer

text:
Nicholas I of Saint Omer was a French knight who in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade became a lord in the Frankish Duchy of Athens.

Nicholas was a younger son of William IV of Saint Omer, castellan of Saint-Omer then in Flanders, and Ida of Avesnes. Ida's brother James of Avesnes took part in the Fourth Crusade (1203–04) and accompanied Boniface of Montferrat in the conquest and partition of Greece in its aftermath. He was rewarded with possessions in Euboea, but was dead by August 1205. Nicholas remained in his native region until ca. 1208, after which he and his brother James came to Greece, where they received a fief at Erimokastro, the site of ancient Thespiae, west of Thebes. According to F. Van Tricht, the fief may have formed part of the Templar possessions that were confiscated ca. 1209 by the Latin Emperor Henry of Flanders. In 1210, he was among the signatories of the concordat with the Latin Church at the Second Parliament of Ravennika.

Nicholas later married Margaret of Hungary, the widow of Boniface of Montferrat, who died in 1207. It is unclear when the marriage took place: F. Van Tricht dates the marriage to after 1217, Longnon "not before 1223" since at this date she is still mentioned as a widow. According to Longnon, medieval sources may have confused Margaret with another Hungarian noblewoman, since she would have been quite old at the date of the purported marriage.

He had two sons, Bela and William. Bela would marry Bonne de La Roche, the sister of Guy I, the Duke of Athens, become lord of one half of Thebes, and lay the foundations for the rise of the Saint Omer family to a prominent position in Frankish Greece.

Nicholas died probably ca. 1235, as he is mentioned in a document dated March 1236-37 suggesting a recent death.

References

Sources

 Jean Longnon, « Problèmes de l'histoire de la principauté de Morée (Deuxième et dernier article) : § V. Les Saint-Omer de Grèce », Journal des savants, juillet-décembre 1946

12th-century births
13th-century deaths
People from the Duchy of Athens
Year of birth unknown
Medieval Boeotia
Nicholas 01
People from Pas-de-Calais


title: List of members of the House of Commons at Westminster 1705–1708

text:
This is a list of members of the House of Commons who met at the Palace of Westminster between 14 June 1705 and 15 April 1708, initially as the House of Commons of England, then after the Acts of Union 1707 as the House of Commons of Great Britain.

Background
At the start of the eighteenth century the House of Commons of the Parliament of England had 513 members: 489 representing 245 constituencies in England and 24 representing 24 constituencies in Wales. In England there were 40 counties, returning two members each; 196 boroughs returning two members each, two boroughs (London and Weymouth and Melcombe Regis) returning four members each; five boroughs (Abingdon, Banbury, Bewdley, Higham Ferrers and Monmouth) returning one member each; and the two universities of Oxford and Cambridge returning two members each. In Wales there were twelve counties returning one member each, and twelve boroughs returning one member each.

The Commons of the second English Parliament of Queen Anne had been elected in May and June 1705. By proclamation of 29 April 1707 this parliament was declared to be the first Parliament of Great Britain. In February 1707 the shire commissioners and burgh commissioners of the last Parliament of Scotland in Edinburgh had elected 45 of their number (30 for the shires and 15 for the burghs) to represent Scotland in the House of Commons of Great Britain, and these new members took their seats at Westminster in November 1707. This brought the total number of Members of Parliament to 558, representing 314 constituencies. The Parliament was dissolved on 15 April 1708, triggering the first general election to the Parliament of Great Britain.

List of Members of Parliament

See also
1705 English general election

Sources
. 1879.
. 1988.
D. Hayton, E. Cruickshanks, and S. Handley eds, The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1690-1715. 2002.

References

1705-08
Lists of members of the Parliament of Great Britain


title: Dyspessa fantolii

text:
Dyspessa fantolii is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Libya.

References

Moths described in 1934
Dyspessa
Moths of Africa


title: History of the Jews in Southern Africa

text:
For the history of the Jews in Southern Africa see:

 History of the Jews in Angola
 History of the Jews in Botswana
 History of the Jews in Eswatini (Swaziland)
 History of the Jews in Lesotho
 History of the Jews in Malawi
 History of the Jews in Mozambique
 History of the Jews in Namibia
 History of the Jews in South Africa
 History of the Jews in Zambia
 History of the Jews in Zimbabwe

See also
Many of the following articles relate to Jewish history in Southern Africa:

 History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 History of the Jews in Madagascar
 History of the Jews in Mauritius
 History of the Jews in Seychelles
 History of the Jews in Tanzania


title: Dyspessa fuscula

text:
Dyspessa fuscula is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Algeria and Tunisia.

References

Moths described in 1892
Dyspessa
Moths of Africa


title: Dyspessa hethitica

text:
Dyspessa hethitica is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Turkey.

References

Moths described in 1932
Dyspessa
Moths of Asia


title: Gabriel's Lament

text:
Gabriel's Lament by Paul Bailey is a novel focusing on familial relationships in flux.

Synopsis
Narrated by Gabriel Harvey, the novel is about the life of a boy whose life changes dramatically when his father inherits a large amount of money and his mother (who happens to be 35 years his father's junior), suddenly disappears.  Gabriel at first thinks that his mother's leaving is temporary, but he comes to realize that indeed it is.  In the book we see how Gabriel gradually comes to terms with the fact that her disappearance is a complete separation from his life.

Awards
 Number 181 on the Man Booker Shortlist for 2014.
 Booker Prize for Fiction, Shortlist for 1986

Background
According to an article written by Jasper Rees, "mined some of [Bailey's] early experiences."  He added, "You don't need to be Sigmund Freud to work out that Gabriel's Lament...find[s] Bailey still working through a sense of bereavement."

Reception
Kirkus Reviews calls Gabriel's Lament "a handsome if tortured effort" and sees that  "Bailey has a true, well-nigh Dickensian gift for characterization and an ability to write roundly entertaining comic monologues." while  Publishers Weekly describes it as "an exotic blend of elements that, like strong English tea, leaves a powerful aftertaste."

References

1986 novels
Penguin Books books


title: The Bunker Diary

text:
The Bunker Diary is a 2013 young adult novel by Kevin Brooks. The Bunker Diary features the story of Linus Weems, a teenager who is captured and imprisoned in a mysterious bunker.

The novel won the 2014 Carnegie Medal for children's literature. After the Carnegie Prize win, the book was the focus of controversy due to its depictions of violence and its purported nihilism.

Summary
The back cover reads:
I can't believe I fell for it.

It was still dark when I woke up this morning.

As soon as my eyes opened I knew where I was.

A low-ceilinged rectangular building made entirely of whitewashed concrete.

There are six little rooms along the main corridor.

There are no windows. No doors. The elevator is the only way in or out.

What's he going to do to me?

What am I going to do?

People are really quite simple, and they have simple needs. Food, water, light, space, privacy. Maybe a small measure of dignity. A bit of freedom. What happens when someone simply takes all that away?Six people, all from different backgrounds mysteriously find themselves in an underground bunker where there are no windows and no way to escape but the elevator that brought them there. The book is the diary that the main character, Linus Weems, keeps in his time trapped in the bunker. In his diary, we witness the arrival of the other "inmates", their struggles and their fight to figure out where they are and most importantly- to escape. At the end of the story, Linus dies.

Plot

Teenager Linus Weems wakes up in an underground bunker, having been drugged with chloroform and kidnapped by a stranger. Although Linus is from a wealthy family, since the death of his mother and subsequent arguments with his father, he had run away from school and been living on the streets. A stranger was able to kidnap Linus by posing as a blind man needing assistance. As Linus adjusts to his new surroundings, he finds that the bunker has a kitchen, bathroom and six small bedrooms, but there are also cameras and microphones so that 'the man upstairs' (as Linus calls the kidnapper) can watch his every move.

Soon after Linus's arrival, other kidnap victims start being brought down through a lift – the lift being the means by which the kidnapper communicates. The first to arrive is nine-year-old Jenny, who forms a close bond with Linus. Jenny successfully convinces the kidnapper to send down food by presenting a polite, handwritten note to 'Him' via a message in the lift. Other kidnap victims arrive: Anja is a woman in her twenties; Bird is an older businessman; Fred is an addict; Russell is an elderly man with a brain tumor. The group quickly learn that any attempt at escape results in 'punishments' from the kidnapper, such as deafening noise being played, being knocked out with gas and food deliveries stopping or being poisoned. At one point, the kidnapper sends down vodka and drugs, presumably to stop the group from trying to work together effectively. Linus tries to convince everyone to continue co-operating, but his efforts are merely met with hostility and complaints from some of the group.

Desperate for escape, Linus attempts to lure 'the man upstairs' into the bunker, but the kidnapper sends down a vicious Doberman pinscher in the lift instead. The dog attacks Bird, but it is killed by Fred. Due to this latest escape attempt, the food stops, and Linus resorts to eating insects. Soon after this, the group receives some meat in the lift, and a note saying that whoever kills another will be freed, causing a descent into chaos.

The terminally-ill Russell tries to persuade Linus to gain his freedom by killing him or Bird (who is dying of his injuries from the dog-attack), but Linus refuses. Anja is strangled to death by one of the group – the killer is never identified but is strongly presumed to be Bird, whose injuries are causing him to act strangely. The kidnapper continues to play games by sending a note, falsely implying that Linus committed the murder to create suspicion. Fred accidentally kills Bird in a fight while trying to protect Jenny. Russell commits suicide.

The days continue to pass, and the remaining three are left hungry and cold. Eventually, the lift descends with its doors closed and does not go back up. The three realise that 'the man upstairs' has gone, though they do not know whether he has been killed or has simply abandoned them. The power shuts off, leaving them in darkness and without water. Now weakened and delirious, Fred is killed when he drinks some bleach, after becoming desperate and ill. Linus and Jenny are left alone.

Shortly after, Jenny dies in Linus's arms. He reports that she simply 'goes to sleep and doesn't wake up'. Linus '[skins] dry' and eats Jenny's body, rationalising that it's all just meat. It is then implied that Linus also dies, as he writes that 'it doesn't hurt anymore'. The diary abruptly finishes mid-sentence.

Adaptations

Theatre

In May 2023, the Edinburgh University Theatre Company performed an original adaptation of the novel in Bedlam Theatre.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews gave a starred rating, writing "Not for everyone, this heady novel is worthy of study alongside existentialist works of the 20th century."

References

2013 British novels
2013 children's books
British young adult novels
Carnegie Medal in Literature winning works
Penguin Books books


title: Yuyu (High Priest of Osiris)

text:
Yuyu (sometimes written Iuiu) was an ancient Egyptian High Priest of Osiris at Abydos, during the reign of pharaohs Ramesses II and possibly Merenptah of the 19th Dynasty.

Biography

Yuyu came from a long line of High Priests of Osiris, He was the sixth holder of the High Priesthood in his family.
He was in the past thought to be  the son of the High Priest of Osiris Hori, and grandson of the High Priest of Osiris Wenennefer. On the stela now in the Louvre, Yuya is however identified as the son of the High Priest Wennenefer and the Chantress of Osiris Tiy. This would make him a brother of the aforementioned Hori. In more recent publications Hori and Yuyu are both recognized as sons of Wenennefer.

Yuyu is depicted on a double statue of his father Wenennefer and his grandfather the High Priest of Osiris Mery. The statue (Cairo JdE 35257) shows the family of the High priest Wenennefer on the dorsal surface. Yuyu is depicted after his brother Ramose, who was a Stablemaster. Yuyu is listed as a Prophet of Isis. Yuyu is followed by his brothers the Second Prophet of Osiris Siese, the Prophet of Hor(us) Hor, and the Priest and Lector of Osiris Mery. In another row are the sisters of Yuyu: Wiay, Istnofret, Mutnofret and Buia.

Among Yuyu's monuments, there is a granite statue depicting him while holding a naos with the god Osiris, now exhibited in the Louvre (A 69). On the statue Yuyu has the titles of High Priest of Osiris, Chamberlain of the Chief of the West  and  Hesek-priest of the Lord of Abydos.

Yuyu's son and successor was Siese.

References

High Priests of Osiris
People of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
13th-century BC clergy
Ramesses II


Several historical evidences shed light on a significant Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relationship that spanned centuries. While an ecclesiastical relationship existed between the Saint Thomas Christians of India and the Church in Sassanid Empire (Church of the East) in the earlier centuries, closer ecclesiastical ties developed as early as seventh century, when India became an ecclesiastical province of the Church of the East, albeit restricted to matters of purely ecclesiastical nature such as ordination of priests, and not involved in matters of temporal administration. This relationship endured until the Portuguese protectorate of Cochin of Malabar came to be in 16th century, and the Portuguese discovery of a sea route to India. The Christians who came under the two ancient yet distinct lineages of Malankara and Persia had one factor in common: their Saint Thomas heritage. The Church of the East shared communion with the Great Church (Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy) until the Council of Ephesus in the 5th century, separating primarily over differences in Christology.

The Saint Thomas Christians of India came in contact with Portuguese Latin Catholic missionaries only in the 16th century. Later, after the Oath of Koonan Cross (meaning "leaning cross") in 1653, the Saint Thomas Christians came in touch with the Syriac Orthodox Church.

Though claims have been made that the Saint Thomas Christians of Malankara had close interactions with the Roman Catholic Church and Syriac Orthodox Church before the 16th century, these assertions lack proof.

Early references

The celebrated Church historian Eusebius has mentioned in his work that the Alexandrian scholar Pantenus had seen Christians during his visit to India between 180 A. D. and 190 A. D. This account of Eusebius has later been quoted by several historians. According to Eusebius, Pantenus saw people reading the Gospel according to Mathew in Hebrew. Based on this reference by Eusebius, Jerome has recorded the existence of Christians in India during the early centuries of Christian Era. In addition to this, Jerome mentions that Pantenus held debates with Brahmins and philosophers in India.

The evangelization of India is mentioned in a number of ancient works, including the book Acts of Judas Thomas written in Edessa around 180 A. D. in Syriac language, and Didascalia (meaning teachings of the Apostles) written around 250 A. D. Historians have often remarked that the Persians might have received this tradition about the Church in India from India itself.

The Chronicle of Seert is a historical document compiled in the Middle Ages. In this Chronicle, the Church in India is mentioned along with the history of Persian Church and the Patriarchs (Catholicoi) of Babylon. It also states that during the reigns of Shahlufa and Papa bar Aggai as the heads of Persian Church, the Persian bishop David of Basra preached the Gospel in India. Some historians' records regarding the participation of Bishop John representing Persia and India as the Bishop of all of Persia and Greater India in the first Ecumenical Council of Nicaea in 325 A. D. remains a matter of contention among historians.

Ishodad was a famous Bible scholar who lived in Persia in the 5th century. In his commentary on the Epistle to Romans, a note is scribbled in the margin that may be translated as: This article is translated by Mar Komai with the help of Daniel, an Indian priest, from Greek to Syriac. This statement reveals the connection between the Indian priest Daniel and the Persian bishop Mar Komai.

Persian Immigration
The two instances of immigration from Persia to Malankara (India) substantiate the Malankara-Persia connection. The first of these, which occurred in the 4th century, was led by a merchant named Thoma (fondly referred to as Knai Thoma or Knai Thomman by the Christians of Malankara, meaning Thomas of Cana), while the second immigration was led by two Persian bishops, Prod and Sappor in the 9th century.

There exists the strong traditional belief that Thomas of Cana, accompanied by a Persian bishop and seventy two families, reached the ancient port of Kodungallur in India. The history of Knanaya in Malankara is inseparably related to this immigration.

In 825 A. D., a group of Persians under the leadership of two Persian bishops Prod (or Proth, also known as Aphroth) and Sappor (also known as Sabrisho)reached Kerala and resided in Quilon. They received great honors from the native ruler known as Sthanu Ravi Varma who bestowed 72 titles and special rights and concessions on them. The king believed that the immigrants who were merchants by profession would boost the economy. Their Church in Quilon was known as Thareesa Pally and the titles were engraved on metal plates known as Thareesa Pally Chepped.

Indian Church records
The oldest known Syriac manuscript copied in India in 1301 AD at Cranganore (1612 AG) at the Church dedicated to Mar Quriaqos and currently kept at the Vatican Library (MS Vatican Syriac 22) was written in Estrangela script by a very young deacon named Zakharya bar Joseph bar Zakharya, who was just 14 at the time of writing. In that lectionary, it is stated that it was compiled during the time of Church of the East Patriarch Yahballaha III and Mar Yakob, the Metropolitan on the throne of St. Thomas in India at Kodungallur. The Church fathers Nestorius, Theodore and Deodore, who are venerated in the Church of the East, are also mentioned in this lectionary. Johannes P. M. van der Ploeg comments that the author refers to Yahballaha III as 'the fifth'.

Persian Bishops in Malankara
While some Persian Bishops who traveled to Malankara belonged to different groups of immigrants fleeing persecution, others visited Malankara to provide spiritual administration to the Malankara Nasranis. Niranam Grandhavari gives a list (incomplete) of Persian bishops and the year of their visits to Malankara.
 Mar Joseph of Uraha (Edessa) (345 A. D.)
 Mar Sabor and Mar Proth (825 A. D.)
 Mar Yohannan (988 A.D.)
 Mar Joseph (1056 A.D.)
 Mar Yacob (1122 A. D.)
 Mar Joseph (1221 A.D.)
 Mar David (1285 A.D.)
 Mar Yabaloha (1407 A.D.)
 Mar Thoma and Mar Yohannan (1490 A.D.)
 Mar Yahballaha, Mar Dinkha and Mar Yacob (1504 A.D.)
 Mar Abraham (1565 A. D.)
It is worth noting that the Chaldean Catholic Church was originated only in 1552 AD following a schism in the Church of the East. This invalidates recent claims that the Persian Bishops were sent by the Chaldean Catholic Patriarch, which is impossible considering that almost all of them visited Malankara before the origin of Chaldean Catholic Church.

Persian Church Records
Several evidences are available from the historical records of Persian Church and letters of Persian bishops which corroborate the Malankara-Persian relation.

In the 5th century, Mar Mana, the Persian bishop of Rev Ardashir recorded that while sending his theological works and the works and translations of other Persian bishops to various places, they were sent to India as well.

In the 6th century during the reign of Persian emperor Khosrau II, bishop Marutha reached Persia as the delegate of the Roman Emperor and visited the Persian Patriarch Sabrisho I (594–604). It is recorded that during this visit, the Patriarch presented bishop Marutho with fragrant spices and other special gifts which he had received from India.

Two letters from Persian Patriarch Ishoyahb III to the Metropolitan bishop of Fars between 650 and 660 A. D. show that the Indian Christians were under the jurisdiction of the Persian Patriarchate. In the 7th century, Fars was an eparchy (ecclesiastical province) in the Persian Church with Rev Ardashir as its capital. At that time, Metropolitan bishop Simon of Rev Ardashir was in charge of the affairs of the Church of India. However, a situation arose in which the bishop became hostile to the Patriarch, resulting in excommunication. In his letter, the Patriarch reprimands the bishop and complains that because of the opposition of the bishop, it was impossible to tend to the spiritual needs of the faithful in India. The Patriarch adds that the Indians were cut off from the Patriarchate and the annual offertory given to the Patriarch by the Indians was no longer given. Following this, Patriarch Ishoyahb III issued an encyclical releasing the Church of India from the jurisdiction of Fars eparchy and appointed a Metropolitan Bishop for India. According to the canons of Persian Church in the medieval centuries, the bishop of India came tenth in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, followed by the bishop of China. The title of the Metropolitan bishop of India was the Metropolitan and Gate of all India.

During the reign of Patriarch Timothy the Great (780–823) also, the Patriarch released the Church of India from the authority of the bishop of Fars, placing it under his direct jurisdiction. Historians refer to two letters written by Patriarch Timothy with regard to the Church of India. The first letter contains guidelines for the election of Metropolitans. The letter demands that the acknowledgement of the Patriarch must be obtained after the people selected bishops based on the guidelines set by the Patriarch, before requesting the acknowledgement of the Emperor. In the second letter addressed to the Archdeacon of Malankara, the Patriarch mentions some violations of canon in the Church of India. The Patriarch also demands that bishops should abstain from entering wedlock and consuming meat.

While writing about the journeys of Nestorian missionaries during his reign, Timothy I himself says (in Letter 13) that a number of monks go across the sea to India with nothing but a staff and a beggar's bag.

In the Persian Church, the bishops were supposed to report to the Patriarch every year. However, Patriarch Theodosius (853–858) suggested that the bishops of distant places like India and China need to report only once every six years, owing to the great distance.

In 1129, in response to the request of the Church of India, the Persian Patriarch Eliya II sent bishop Mar Yohannan to Malabar (Kerala, India). Mar Yohannan reached Kodungallur and gave the Church spiritual leadership from there. In 1490, a three-member delegation of the Christians of Malankara left for Baghdad with a petition to the Patriarch requesting him to appoint a Metropolitan Bishop for them. One of them perished on the way. The remaining two, named George and Joseph, were ordained to priesthood by Patriarch Shemʿon IV Basidi. The Patriarch selected two monks from the monastery of Mar Augen and consecrated them as bishops Mar Thoma and Mar John. These bishops accompanied the two priests on their return to India. Bishop Mar John died shortly after. Later, Mar Thoma and the priest Joseph returned to Baghdad.

Patriarch Eliya V, who ascended the throne in 1502, sent three bishops, namely Mar Yabalaha, Mar Yakob and Mar Denaha to Malankara. By the time they reached Malankara, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama had already set foot in Kerala. The three bishops were detained by the Portuguese. Few years later, Patriarch Abdisho IV Maron sent bishop Abraham to Malankara. Mar Abraham was also imprisoned by the Portuguese. As a result of the injuries suffered at the hands of the Portuguese, Mar Abraham died in 1597. Thus, the authority of Persian bishops in Malankara reached its termination.

Testimonials of Travelers
The 6th century Gallo-Roman historian Gregory of Tours has recorded the trips of Theodore, a Persian monk, to India on several occasions where the latter visited the tomb of Apostle St. Thomas and an adjoining monastery.

Near the end of the 6th century, the Persian scholar Bodha has recorded his visit to India where he held discussions with Indian religious scholars in Sanskrit language.

Cosmas Indicopleustes, the Alexandrian traveler visited India during 520–525. Later, he wrote a book titled Christian Topography in which he mentions the Churches of Persia, India, Ceylon etc. Cosmas states the existence of Christians in Malabar, where pepper grows. Cosmas also records that there were Christians at Kalyana (Kalyan in Mumbai, India) with a bishop appointed from Persia. The traveler tries to emphasize the spread of Christianity in all these places.

Marco Polo, who visited Kerala in 1295 has recorded that he saw Nestorian Christians there.

A lectionary compiled in 1301 in Syriac language at Kodungallur in Kerala is kept in the collection of Syriac manuscripts in the Vatican Library. In that lectionary, it is stated that it was compiled during the time of Church of the East Patriarch Yahballaha III and Mar Yakob, the Metropolitan on the throne of St. Thomas in India at Kodungallur. The Church fathers Nestorius, Theodore and Deodore, who are venerated in the Church of the East, are also mentioned in this lectionary.

In an Arabic document written near the end of 14th century titled Churches and Monasteries in Egypt and its surroundings, it is mentioned that pilgrims visit the tomb of Apostle St. Thomas in Mylapore, India. In the same document, it is stated that a Church in the name of the Mother of God exists in Kullam (modern day Kollam in Kerala) and that the Christians there are pro-Nestorians.

Persian Stone Crosses in Malankara
The Persian stone crosses in Malankara are eternal witnesses to Malankara-Persia connection. At present, five such Persian crosses exist, two at Kottayam (Knanite) Knanaya Jacobite Valiya pally (meaning greater church), one each at Mylapore St. Thomas Mount, Kadamattom St. George Orthodox Church and Muttuchira Catholic Church. These crosses are chiseled on stone and embedded in the walls of these churches. Some writings in ancient Persian language are also engraved near these crosses. The central panel, which contains the figure of the cross with its symbolic ornaments, is enclosed by an arch that has an inscription in the Pahlavi script of Sassanian Persia.

Decisions of the Synod of Diamper
The infamous Synod of Diamper was a calculated move towards separating the Malankara Church from Persian connection and bringing it under the Pope of Rome. This was the aim of Portuguese missionaries since the beginning of their missionary works in India. Their efforts culminated in the Synod of Diamper in 1599. Aleixo de Menezes, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Goa, who visited the churches of Malankara prior to convening the synod, had expressed his indignation over the prayer for the Patriarch of Persia amid the Divine Liturgy in those churches. He strictly admonished that the pope was the general primate (Catholicos) of the Church and in his stead, no one else should be prayed for. Several canons of the synod, including canons 12, 17, 19 etc. were solely aimed at obstructing and obliterating Malankara-Persian relation and establishing a relationship with Rome instead.

In spite of almost sixteen centuries of Persian connection, a majority of the Christians of Malankara became associated with the Roman Catholic Church and Western Syriac Church of Antioch (Syriac Orthodox). At present, only a very small minority of Christians in Malankara (numbering around 50,000) are in direct connection with the Assyrian Church of the East.

Liturgical Language
During the early centuries of Christian Era, the population to the east of Tigris–Euphrates river system was under Persian rule, while the population to its west was under Roman rule. The Syrian people spread over the two empires used the Syriac language independently by developing distinct transformations from basic Esṭrangēlā. The form of Syriac which was developed in Persia resembled Esṭrangēlā more closely, and is referred to as Eastern Syriac, Chaldean Syriac or Nestorian Syriac. Until the 17th century, the Church of India used this dialect. Following the Synod of Diamper in 1599 and the Oath of Coonan Cross in 1653, they came in direct contact with the West Syriac tradition and hence with the West Syriac dialect of the language. Until then, the Liturgy of Nestorius, who is considered a saint by the Chaldean Church and anathematized by the Western Syriac tradition, was popular in Malankara. Gregorios Abdal Jaleel, who was the first West Syrian bishop to visit Malankara, faced severe opposition from the people of Malankara for following West Syrian liturgy, and was asked to follow the East Syrian liturgy, which the people referred to as old liturgy.

Since the 17th century, efforts were made by the visiting bishops of West Syriac tradition to establish the use of western dialect in liturgy in Malankara. Written in a more roundly form, this dialect is known as Western Syriac, Maronite Syriac or Jacobite Syriac. As both these forms are indistinguishable in terms of grammar and meaning, they differ only in the shape of letters and pronunciation. Even though the Western Syriac was introduced in the Malankara Church in the 17th century, its use was still greatly eclipsed by the use of Eastern Syriac until the 19th century, as shown by the pronunciations in the Eastern Syriac way which have transcended into the daily usage and liturgical translations of the Christians of Malankara. This is exemplified by the pronunciation of words like Sleeba, Kablana, Qurbana, Kasa, Thablaitha etc. (instead of Sleebo, Kablono, Qurbono, Kaso, Thablaitho as in the Western dialect) which has remained unchanged through the centuries. Even the letters written by the primate of Malankara Church, Malankara Metropolitan Mar Dionysius, the Great (+1808) were in Eastern Syriac. As the attempts by Western Syriac visiting bishops to get Western Syriac liturgy adopted by the Malankara Church continued to face opposition from Malankara, a middle ground was reached in 1789 by the Malankara Palliyogam (assembly of parish representatives) held at Mavelikkara Puthiyakavu church and presided by Mar Dionysius, the Great. The decision was documented in the historical document Puthiyacavu Padiyola which stated that the prayers of canonical hours, ordinations and Holy Qurbana must be done in the new liturgical rite (Western Syriac), while weddings and baptisms must continue following the old liturgical rite (Eastern Syriac). Two decades later, the transition to Western Syriac Liturgy was fully implemented by the Malankara Palliyogam of 1809 through the declaration Kandanad Padiyola which stated that all prayers and sacraments must follow the Western Syriac liturgical rites.

See also
India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)
Church of the East in India
Assyrian Church of the East in India

References

Bibliography

Saint Thomas Christians
Christianity in Kerala
History of Oriental Orthodoxy
Church of the East
Assyrian Church of the East


title: Eberhard Kummer

text:
Eberhard Kummer (2 August 1940 – 12 July 2019) was an Austrian concert singer, lawyer and an expert of medieval music from Vienna.

Kummer was born in Krems an der Donau.  He played the hurdy-gurdy, the harp and the guitar, and made important contribution to the restoration of medieval and the Austrian folksong. He received training as a classical bass-baritone. After an initial career as classical singer, he gradually specialized in restoring traditional Austrian folksongs and original medieval music from Europe, such as the German epic Nibelungenlied or medieval Minnelieder.

Discography

Solo Recordings
 1978, 1981: Alt-Wiener Volkslieder. Preiser Records, EMI-Electrola, Cologne (LPs und CDs)
 1978: Der Mönch von Salzburg / Cesar Bresgen, Help Austria Records HAS 174.
 1984: Das Nibelungenlied. Pan-Verlag, Wien (LP)
 1984: Der Mord auf der Mölkerbastei. Pan-Verlag, Wien (LP)
 1986: "Lieder und Reigen des Mittelalters - Neidhart von Reuental" . Pan-Verlag, Wien.(LP Nr. 117 001)
 1987: Ballade von Wolf Dietrich und andere Balladen. Lyraphon, Salzburg (MC Nr. unbekannt)
 1990: Max und Moritz von Wilhelm Busch. Extempore Records, Linz (MC LC 8075)
 1993: Sentimentale Volkslieder vom Tod, von Räubern und Mördern gem. with Elisabeth Orth. Preiser Records, Vienna (CD)
 1995: Das Buch von den Wienern – aufgeschrieben von Michel Beheim. Preiser Records, Wien (CD 90206)
 1997: Alt-Wiener Volkslieder I + II. ORF und Preiser Records, Wien (CD 90038, 90131)
 1998: Das Nibelungenlied, Walther von der Vogelweide, Kürenberger. Extraplatte, Wien (nicht identisch mit der LP von 1984, sondern Neuaufnahme: CD, Stereo 93415)
 1998: Es fuegt sich. Lieder des Oswald von Wolkenstein. Preiser Records, Wien (CD, Stereo 91051)
 2004: Laurin – Epos und Schwank im mittelalterlichen Tirol. ORF, Wien (u.a. Ausschnitte aus dem Laurin-Epos, den Dietrich-Epen von der Virginal sowie dem Riesen Ecke, dem Willehalm Wolframs von Eschenbach, dem Iwein Hartmanns von Aue sowie zwei Schwankmären: Edition Alte Musik CD 363)
 2004: Lieder zur Leier & Wissenswertes von Weihnachten. Gem. mit Helga Maria Wolf. Extraplatte, Wien (CD LC 8202)
 2006: Nibelungenlied, Complete Recording. The Chaucer Studio, Provo, Utah/ États-Unis (zwei MP3-CDs )
 2007: Die Lieder des Hugo von Montfort. ORF, Wien (Edition Alte Musik Zwei CDs + DVD, CD 3011)

Productions where he participated
 1980: Lieder und Duette der Romantik. Interpret/innen: Guy-Kummer, Elisabeth (Alt). Kummer, Eberhard (Bass). Ortner, Roman (Klavier). LP, Wien : Preiser
 1983: In adventu Domini : vorweihnachtl. Musik von 1200 bis 1600. Wien : Mirror Music
 1986: Scholi singt. Lieder & Balladen des ausgejagten Studenten LP Lyraphon 580441, Seekirchen/Salzburg: Tonstudio "Die Mühle".
 1990: Mozart, Tänze und Menuette. Wiener Akademie Martin Haselböck auf Originalinstrumenten. Novalis, Schweiz ??? (CD 150 059-1)
 1993: Es ist ein schön Ding umb ein Rosen. Live-Mitschnitt der Uraufführung im Rahmen des Carinthischen Sommers in Villach. Carinthischer Sommer (CD 1111)
 1994: Hans Sachs und seine Zeit. Clemencic Consort. Stradivarius dischi, Milano (Neuauflage 2010)
 1997: Meilensteine der Volksmusik. Volkskultur Niederösterreich, Atzenbrugg. CD-Serie. Advent und Weihnachten in den Bergen. Verlag ??? München
 1998: Der Staat ist in Gefahr! Lieder zur Wiener Revolution 1848. Wiener Volksliedwerk und Extraplatte, Wien (CD LC 8202)
 1999: Das Narrenschiff - Mitschnitt der Aufführung des gleichnamigen Theaterstückes bei den Sommerspielen im Stift Altenburg. CD, Wien: Preiser: 1999
 2000: Zu ebener Erde und erster Stock. Wiener Lieder und Tänze 1760-1860. "Die Eipeldauer". Extraplatte, Wien (CD EX 443-2)
 2002: Mittelalterliche Lieder und Tänze. Paul Hofhaimer Consort Salzburg.Verlag der Bibliothek der Provinz, Weitra / Weinberg Records, Kefermarkt (CD SW 010173)
 2004: Die geistliche Nachtigall. Weihnachts- und Hirtenmusik aus dem Alten Österreich. Clemencic-Consort Arte Nova Classics, München. (CDLC 3480)
 2005: Hadamar von Laber - Jagd nach Liebe. CD, München: Oehms Classics, München. Clemencic-Consort (CD OC 519)
 2009: Wir zogen gegen Napoleon. Musik der napoleonischen Epoche. (CD LC 16167)

External links
 (German) Eberhard Kummer's entry on the Austria Forum

1940 births
2019 deaths
Austrian guitarists
Austrian harpists
Austrian jurists
20th-century Austrian male singers
Bass-baritones
21st-century Austrian male singers


title: Dyspessa maroccana

text:
Dyspessa maroccana is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Morocco.

References

Moths described in 1917
Dyspessa
Moths of Africa


title: Dyspessa nigritula

text:
Dyspessa nigritula is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Afghanistan and Kirghizistan.

References

Moths described in 1912
Dyspessa
Moths of Asia


title: Radio Lekhnath

text:
Radio Lekhnath is a radio station in Lekhnath, Nepal. It transmits on 106.6 MHz. Radio Lekhnath produces various programmes related to current affairs, news, education, social, cultural and environmental awareness.

External links
 Radio Lekhnath Online

References
Radio Lekhnath website
Radio Lekhnath Online

Radio stations in Nepal


The 1999 Women's World Floorball Championships was the second world championship in women's floorball. The games were played in Borlänge, Sweden 9–15 May 1999. Finland won the tournament defeating Switzerland, 5-1, in the final-game and it was their first title. This also was the first time that the world championships were divided into two separate divisions, although all games were played at the same dates in Borlänge. Sweden won the bronze medals defeating Norway, 5-1, in the bronze medal game.

Australia, Denmark & Singapore made their first appearances in the women's floorball world championships.

Division A

Results
Originally there were planned to be two groups consisting of four teams each, but because of a withdrawal from Russia group A dropped to three teams. The two best placed teams in each group advance to play semifinals while the third best teams went to play the game for 5th place. Because of Russia's withdrawal, they were automatically ranked last place and were relegated to the B-division for the next championship.

Group A

Group B

Final stage

Statistics

Top scorers

All-star team
The inclusion of Laura Tomatis and Regula Kindhauser made them the first non-Nordic players to be included in the world championship history.

Goalkeeper:
Defender:
Defender:
Centre:
Forward:
Forward:

MVP:

Division B

Results

Statistics

Top scorers

Final rankings

Division  A

*Because of their withdrawal, Russia were relegated to division B for 2001.

Division  B

*Austria is promoted to division A for 2001.

See also
IFF  Tournament Site

1999 Womens
Floorball, World Championships
Women's World Championships
Women's World Championships,1999
Sport in Borlänge
Sports competitions in Dalarna County
May 1999 sports events in Europe