title: People's Pledge (United States)

text:
The People's Pledge is a formal campaign finance agreement between all candidates and their campaigns in a given election. It aims to reduce non-party group spending in an election by limiting expenditures to candidates’ campaigns and party committees. The Pledge requires candidates to pay a penalty if outside spending groups spend on behalf of their campaign. Outside spending is defined as any independent expenditure by a non-party group to benefit a candidate.

The People's Pledge was developed by Sen. Elizabeth Warren and Sen. Scott Brown during the 2012 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts.  The candidates publicly called on outside groups to stop spending in support of either candidate. They then agreed to pay a penalty equal to half the amount of any outside expenditure from their campaign account to a charity of the opponent's choice.

In the 2012 U.S Senate election in Massachusetts, the Pledge significantly reduced outside spending.  People's Pledges have been implemented in 2014 primary elections and proposed in numerous federal races. Common Cause, Public Citizen Common Cause, Public Campaign Action Fund, and the Public Interest Research Group launched a campaign to promote the People's Pledge in the 2014 election cycle.

In addition to the 2012 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, a People's Pledge was implemented in the democratic primary for the 2013 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts  and the democratic primary for the 2014 gubernatorial election in Rhode Island. The Pledge has been proposed by at least one candidate in the 2012 U.S. Senate election in Maine,  the 2013 mayoral election in Los Angeles and the 2014 U.S. Senate elections in Kentucky,  New Hampshire,  and Alaska.

References

Election campaigns
Campaign finance in the United States
Campaign finance reform in the United States


title: Sungei Pari Towers

text:
Sungei Pari Towers, alternately Sungai Pari Towers (Chinese: 雙溪巴裏組屋, colloquially 十五樓 - literally 15 storeys) is a dilapidated public housing project in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia which was built in 1963. It is located in the Buntong ward in the western part of Ipoh, along Jalan Gurdwara by the Pari River and west of Ipoh Railway Station.

Features
The central tower has 15 storeys with 120 units, and surrounded by 12 four-storey low-rise units with 288 units. The scheme and layout of this public housing project was prepared by Mr David A. Aitken and Mr E. B. Carlos.

It shares many features in common with the Unité d’habitation by Le Corbusier. It has a lively roof landscape that includes a giant asymmetrical overhanging dish that provides shade. Individual residential units are open to both the north and south sides and therefore benefit from cross breezes. Even the wayfinding system utilizes the Charette font that Le Corbusier favored.

Present state
The flats are managed and rented out to low-income groups by the Ipoh City Council (Majlis Bandaraya Ipoh, MBI). The flats are mostly vacant since almost a decade ago. In 2012 it was reported that only the ground floor of the 15-storey block was occupied, by three tenants. However, there already are plans to redevelop the flats since 2013.

References

Residential buildings completed in 1962
Buildings and structures in Ipoh
Public housing in Malaysia
20th-century architecture in Malaysia


title: Taylor Hill (baseball)

text:
David Taylor Hill (born March 12, 1989) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Nationals. In 2020, Hill joined the Toronto Blue Jays organization as a coach.

Playing career

Amateur
A native of Nashville, Tennessee, Hill attended Mount Juliet High School and played college baseball at Vanderbilt University. In 2009, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Chatham Anglers of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the 30th round of the 2010 MLB Draft, but did not sign and returned to Vanderbilt for his senior season. He was then drafted by the Washington Nationals in the sixth round of the 2011 MLB Draft.

Washington Nationals
Hill was called up to the majors for the first time on June 25, 2014. He elected free agency on November 6, 2017. On January 13, 2018, Hill resigned a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals.  He was released on March 28, 2018.

San Francisco Giants
On May 27, 2018, Hill signed a minor league deal with the San Francisco Giants and was assigned to AA. He became a free agent after the season.

Sioux Falls Canaries
On March 6, 2019, Hill signed with the Sioux Falls Canaries of the American Association.

Generales de Durango
On July 27, 2019, Hill's contract was purchased by the Generales de Durango of the Mexican League. Hill was released by the Generales on January 30, 2020.

Coaching
In January 2020, Hill joined the Toronto Blue Jays organization as the development coach for the Advanced-A Dunedin Blue Jays.

References

External links

Vanderbilt Commodores bio

1989 births
Living people
Washington Nationals players
Vanderbilt Commodores baseball players
Chatham Anglers players
Auburn Doubledays players
Hagerstown Suns players
Potomac Nationals players
Harrisburg Senators players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Richmond Flying Squirrels players
Sacramento River Cats players
Sioux Falls Canaries players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Generales de Durango players
Baseball players from Nashville, Tennessee
Major League Baseball pitchers
People from Old Hickory, Tennessee
Sportspeople from the Nashville metropolitan area


title: Manlot

text:
Manlot (historically Labno Islet) is an island-barangay in northeastern Iloilo, Philippines. It is one of fourteen islands politically administered by the municipality of Carles.

Location and geography

Manlot is a small wooded island northeast of the Panay Island coast in the Visayan Sea. It is  southeast of Himamylan Island and directly west of Calagnaan Island. The body of water between Calagnaan and nearby Binuluangan Island is known as the Nilidlaran Pass, which is divided into two narrow channels by Manlot. Although a part of Carles, Manlot is a quick 15 minute pumpboat ride from Estancia.

While the island belongs to the Manlot barangay, which is politically administered by Carles, Manlot island is privately owned by the Matta family.

Natural disasters

Typhoon Haiyan

Typhoon Haiyan (locally known as Yolanda) passed over Manlot, along with the rest of Panay, on November 8, 2013. The typhoon beached a ship on the island.

See also

 List of islands in the Philippines
 List of islands
 Desert island

References

External links
 Manlot Island on YouTube

Islands of Iloilo
Barangays of Iloilo
Uninhabited islands of the Philippines
Private islands of the Philippines


title: Abraham Schöpfer

text:
Abraham Schöpfer (fl. 16th century) was a German Northern Renaissance painter.

His best known work is probably Mucius Scaevola before King Porsena, from 1533, a scene based on Roman legend from the time of the birth of Rome (around 509 BC).

References

German painters
German male painters
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing


title: American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.

text:
American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc, 573 U.S. 431 (2014), was a United States Supreme Court case. The Court ruled that the service provided by Aereo, which allowed subscribers to view live and time-shifted streams of over-the-air television on Internet-connected devices, violated copyright laws.

Background
Cable companies are required by the 1992 Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act to negotiate for retransmission consent, usually paying broadcasters for the right to carry their signals. Broadcasters argued that Aereo was a threat both to their business model by undermining the cable retransmission fees and the size of their audience. Because the fees that cable companies paid for broadcast content could comprise up to 10% of a broadcaster's revenue, broadcasters objected to Aereo's re-distribution of this content without paying any fees. Broadcasters have also identified Aereo as part of the cord-cutting trend among television audiences that poses a threat to broadcasters' advertising revenue.

In somewhat similar cases, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California granted an injunction against Aereo's rival FilmOn, a similar service. However, the district court's injunction was legally binding only in its jurisdiction (including the West Coast of the continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii) and is currently being appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Other competitors were blocked from providing service in Los Angeles and Seattle by similar injunctions.

Federal court
On March 1, 2012, two weeks before Aereo's initial launch in New York City, Aereo was sued for copyright infringement by a consortium of major broadcasters, including CBS Corporation's CBS, Comcast's NBC, Disney's ABC and 21st Century Fox's Fox. The broadcasters argued that Aereo infringed their copyrighted material because Aereo's streams constituted public performances. They sought a preliminary injunction against the company. On July 11, Federal Judge Alison Nathan denied this injunction, citing as precedent the 2008 Cablevision case, which established the legality of cloud-based streaming and DVR services. In response to the decision, the Aereo founder and CEO, Chet Kanojia, said, "Today's decision shows that when you are on the right side of the law, you can stand up, fight the Goliath and win." In a subsequent interview with CNET, Kanojia asserted, "With one step, we changed the entire TV industry. The television industry and its evolution are now starting towards the Internet and that was stopped until Aereo came along.... And I think as consumers start migrating to the Internet, new programming and new content are going to come in."

Second Circuit appeal
The plaintiffs appealed the decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Several other players in the industry, such as cable provider Cablevision, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and the Consumer Electronics Association, filed amicus briefs. On April 1, 2013, the federal appeals court upheld the lower court's ruling by finding that Aereo's streams to subscribers were not "public performances" and thus did not constitute copyright infringement. The appeals court also affirmed the earlier district court decision that denied the broadcasters a preliminary injunction against Aereo. In response, News Corporation Chief Operating Officer Chase Carey stated that the company is contemplating taking Fox off the air and converting it to a cable-only channel: "We need to be able to be fairly compensated for our content... we can't sit idly by and let an entity steal our signal. We will move to a subscription model if that's our only recourse." Univision and CBS have also stated that they may also follow and convert to cable-only.

Supreme Court
In October 2013, the broadcasters filed a petition to the United States Supreme Court to take up the issue. On January 10, 2014, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. In February 2014, in advance of the case being taken up by the Supreme Court, a judge in the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals granted a preliminary injunction against Aereo, blocking the service within the 10th District, which includes Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, Wyoming, and Yellowstone National Park. On November 17, 2013, the National Football League and Major League Baseball filed a joint amicus brief to the Supreme Court that warned that sports programming would likely migrate from broadcast to cable television and that Aereo may put the US in violation of several international treaties, which prohibit the retransmission of broadcast signals over the Internet without their copyright holders' consent. The United States Department of Justice and United States Copyright Office also filed a joint brief in March 2014 that stated that Aereo's "system is clearly infringing." The Supreme Court heard oral arguments on April 22, 2014.

Decision
The Court decided in favor of the broadcasters on June 25 in a 6–3 decision and remanded the case. The Court's decision describes Aereo as not being "simply an equipment provider" with an "overwhelming likeness to cable companies" that "performs petitioners' works 'publicly.'" Further, the Court adds that its decision should not discourage the emergence or use of different kinds of technologies.

Justices Scalia, Thomas and Alito dissented. Writing for the dissenting minority, Scalia quoted from Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. and noted that the broadcasters had made similar predictions regarding the VCR. Like the final paragraph in that previous ruling, he stated that the Court should be in no position to make judgements on novel technologies and that Congress indeed has the task of determining if copyright laws should be modified to address those issues.

The dissent continues and criticizes the majority's opinion calling it poorly reasoned because it relies on a "guilt by resemblance" standard, which states Aereo is performing because it "looks-like-cable-TV:"

Subsequent developments
Even though the United States Supreme Court held Aereo was "performing" the broadcasters copyrighted material because Aereo "looks-like-cable-TV" and was similar to community antenna television (CATV) systems, Aereo could not continue its service under a compulsory license as a cable provider would, it was later held.

On November 21, 2014, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. It was later purchased by the DVR company TiVo for $1 million in March 2015.

See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 573

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
2014 in United States case law
2014 in American television


title: Type 30

text:
Type 30 may refer to:
 Peugeot Type 30, motor vehicle by the French auto-maker Peugeot
 Type 30 bayonet, bayonet designed for the Imperial Japanese Army
 Type 30 rifle, standard infantry rifle of the Imperial Japanese Army


title: 1705 in Spain

text:
Events in the year 1705 in Spain.

Incumbents
Monarch: Philip V

Events
March 21 - Battle of Cabrita Point
September 13–17 - Battle of Montjuïc
September 14 – October 19 - Siege of Barcelona

Births

Deaths

1700s in Spain


title: Rutgers School of Social Work

text:
The Rutgers School of Social Work (SSW) is one of the twenty-nine schools that makes up Rutgers University. U.S. News & World Report has routinely ranked it among the top schools for social work in the United States.

Background & Programs
Established in 1954, the school today has more than 50 full-time faculty members and 150 part-time lecturers, and approximately 1,000 enrolled students. Classes are held at three Rutgers University campuses: Newark, New Brunswick and Camden.

In 2008, Verizon Wireless started a $100,000 scholarship fund to the Center on Violence Against Women and Children at the School of Social Work. It was to be awarded annually to three graduate students specializing at the center.

The school includes several research centers, including the Center for Gambling Studies, the Center for International Social Work, the Center for Nonprofit Management and Governance, the Center on Violence Against Women and Children and the Institute for Families.

Certificates
The school also offers a variety of certificates that can be earned by attending day-long workshops. Certificates take at least one year and up to three years to complete.

Accreditation
The School is fully accredited by the Council on Social Work Education and is authorized to award master's and baccalaureate degrees in Social Work.

References

External links

Rutgers University colleges and schools
Schools of social work in the United States
1954 establishments in New Jersey
Universities and colleges established in 1954


title: Thees Uhlmann (album)

text:
Thees Uhlmann is the eponymous debut record for former Tomte frontman Thees Uhlmann released through Uhlmann's own Grand Hotel van Cleef label on August 26, 2011. The record was commercially well-received, charting within the Top 5 in Germany and the Top 20 in Austria. The album did not chart in Switzerland. The album consists mostly of sentimental narratives composed on an acoustic guitar. The music was influenced by American rock-singer Bruce Springsteen. German rapper Casper features on & Jay-Z singt uns ein Lied and received credit for writing his own verse. Otherwise, all lyrics, which were written by Uhlmann, describe a search for stability and a place to call home. After the album's release, Uhlmann, a native of Hemmoor, left Berlin and moved back to a more rural environment. This frustration is highlighted throughout the record.

Track listing

Formats
 Standard Edition on CD and vinyl
 Special Edition
 Fan Edition

Chart history

References

2011 debut albums
Thees Uhlmann albums


title: Lorraine Group

text:
The Lorraine Group is a geologic group in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.

It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician Period.

The group is host to pyritized trilobites and other fossils in New York including the Beecher's Trilobite Bed.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kentucky
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New York
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ohio
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ontario
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Quebec
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee

References

Ordovician System of North America
Geologic groups of Indiana
Geologic groups of Kentucky
Geologic groups of New York (state)
Geologic groups of Ohio
Geologic groups of Tennessee
Ordovician Indiana
Ordovician Kentucky
Ordovician geology of New York (state)
Ordovician Ohio
Ordovician Ontario
Ordovician Quebec
Ordovician geology of Tennessee
Geologic groups of Ontario
Geologic groups of Quebec


title: Material Design

text:
Material Design (codenamed Quantum Paper) is a design language developed by Google in 2014. Expanding on the "cards" that debuted in Google Now, Material Design uses more grid-based layouts, responsive animations and transitions, padding, and depth effects such as lighting and shadows. Google announced Material Design on June 25, 2014, at the 2014 Google I/O conference.

The main purpose of Material Design is the creation of a new visual language that combines principles of good design with technical and scientific innovation. Designer Matías Duarte explained that, "unlike real paper, our digital material can expand and reform intelligently. Material has physical surfaces and edges. Seams and shadows provide meaning about what you can touch." Google states that their new design language is based on paper and ink but implementation takes place in an advanced manner.

In 2018, Google detailed a revamp of the language, with a focus on providing more flexibility for designers to create custom "themes" with varying geometry, colors, and typography. In 2021, a further evolution of the design language, titled Material You, was unveiled.

Implementation
Material Design was to be gradually extended throughout Google's array of web and mobile products, providing a consistent experience across all platforms and applications. Google has also released application programming interfaces (APIs) for third-party developers to incorporate the design language into their applications.

The canonical open source implementation of Material Design for web application user interfaces is called Material web.

Updates

Material Design 2 (Google Material Theme)
After the 2018 revamp, Google began redesigning most of their apps into a customized and adapted version of Material Design called the Google Material Theme, also dubbed "Material Design 2", which heavily emphasizes white space, rounded corners, colorful icons, bottom navigation bars, and utilizes a special size-optimized version of Google's proprietary Product Sans font called Google Sans.

Material Design 3 (Material You)
At Google I/O in May 2021, Google announced a new concept on Android 12 known as "Material You" (also known as "Material Design 3"), emphasizing increased animation, larger buttons, and the ability for custom UI themes to be generated from the user's wallpaper. Material You was gradually rolled out to various Google apps on older Android versions in the following months, and acted as a major focus on the Pixel 6 and Pixel 6 Pro smartphone series.

See also
 Carbon Design System by IBM
 Flat design
 Fluent Design System
 Human interface guidelines
 Metro (design language)

References

External links

 Material Design 1
 Material Design 2
 Material Design 3

Computer-related introductions in 2014
Design language
Google
Graphical user interfaces
Touch user interfaces


title: Stones River Group

text:
The Stones River Group is a geologic group in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Geologic groups of Tennessee


title: Tyrus Morgan

text:
Tyrus Morgan is a contemporary Christian singer, songwriter, worship leader, and producer based in Nashville, Tennessee. Tyrus is best known for his songwriting collaborations with artists such as country music band Sawyer Brown and contemporary Christian groups Newsong (HHM/Integrity) and Unspoken (Centricity Records). Tyrus also has released two solo projects, "Sycamore" in 2010 and "Straight Line" in 2012. He has now released a new album called "When We Love"

Current chart success

"Good Fight," written by Morgan and recorded by Unspoken in 2014, has reached the current chart positions as of the May 23, 2015, national airplay charts (Nielsen BDS):

Christian National AC Airplay: #11 (current peak position, 18 weeks on chart)

Christian AC Indicator Chart: #5 (current peak position, 17 weeks on chart)

Commercial performance

Morgan’s most recent chart successes are best noted on two cuts recorded by Christian music veterans Newsong. "Who Loved You First" peaked at #12 on Billboard, spanning 14 weeks on the charts in 2014. "The Same God" peaked at #25 on the Christian AC chart in 2012. "The Same God" was the biggest single on Newsong's One True God album (released 2011) which rose all the way to the #1 spot on the Billboard US Christian chart in 2012. The single "The Same God" was voted the #45 overall song of 2012 by TopChristianHits.org, a yearly chart based on total airplay and sales.
In 2007, Morgan co-wrote "Covered In Love" with Sawyer Brown front man Mark Miller and songwriter Dean Chance, which was subsequently released on Katie Chance's debut album.

Morgan co-wrote "Walking Into The Waves" with indie film co-star Haley Butler (recorded by Butler for the film) for the documentary film "Somewhere Between" by Linda Goldstein Knowlton.  The documentary highlights four children adopted from China that are now living in the United States, a near and dear subject with the Morgan family as they have also adopted a daughter, Mahelet ("Mahi"), from Ethiopia. The adoption was featured in a November 2012 issue of CCM Magazine.

Straight Line

Morgan signed a record deal with independent label Curb Records, which led to the radio single release of "Song To The Savior", a duet with Nicol Sponberg, which enjoyed chart presence by garnering Billboard Soft AC most-added for two weeks in both November and December 2013.

Other highlights from Straight Line:
"Everyday" was featured in the UP TV original movie "The Perfect Summer"

Critical reception

Regarding his 2012 sophomore release “Straight Line,” Crosswalk.com stated, “What’s particularly stunning about 'Straight Line,' too, is that Morgan is a true original, a rarity in our sound-a-like Top-40 culture. His rich voice not only doesn’t sound like anyone else’s on the radio, but the poppy arrangements even have their own decidedly homespun flair, too. Truth be told, it’s an album that makes you feel good, the perfect soundtrack for a sunny day.”
Worship Leader Magazine wrote, “The immediate appeal of Straight Line causes the listener to hit the repeat button on the stereo and enjoy again and again the beautiful blend of songwriting and musicality.”

Current projects

Morgan was featured on the album from Unspoken on the Centricity Music label with songs titled "Good Fight" and "Real Thing" (released April 2014). He also wrote and composed "Soldier" on the 2016 album Follow Through from Unspoken.

Morgan was a featured act on the "You Amaze Us" tour (Fall 2014) sponsored by Compassion International with Christian music mainstays Selah and Mark Schultz.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people


title: Maryville Limestone

text:
The Maryville Limestone is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Cambrian geology of Tennessee
Cambrian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Château du Fayel

text:
The Château du Fayel is located near Le Fayel, in the French Oise department.

Built between 1650 and 1655 for Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt, Marshall of France and Viceroy of Catalonia, it was designed by Jacques Sparrow, an elder half-brother of Libéral Bruant, designer of Les Invalides.

The Château was inhabited by members of the de la Mothe Houdancourt family, like Charles (between 1693 and 1728) and Louis Claude (between 1728 and 1755),
until it passed by marriage to the Rouault-Gamaches, Héricy and Cossé-Brissac families. The Château was never sold and is today still inhabited by Édouard de Cossé-Brissac.

The interior was renovated in the 18th century, and the park no longer exists, but the exterior remains largely unchanged. It was first registered as an historic monument on 13 January 1947.

References

External links

Châteaux in Oise


title: Android Lollipop

text:
Android Lollipop (codenamed Android L during development) is the fifth major version of the Android mobile operating system developed by Google and the 12th version of Android, spanning versions between 5.0 and 5.1.1. Unveiled on June 25, 2014 at the Google I/O 2014 conference, it became available through official over-the-air (OTA) updates on November 12, 2014, for select devices that run distributions of Android serviced by Google (such as Nexus and Google Play edition devices). Its source code was made available on November 3, 2014. The first phone with Android Lollipop was the Nexus 6.

One of the most prominent changes in the Lollipop release is a redesigned user interface built around a design language known as Material Design, which was made to retain a paper-like feel to the interface. Other changes include improvements to the notifications, which can be accessed from the lockscreen and displayed within applications as top-of-the-screen banners. Google also made internal changes to the platform, with the Android Runtime (ART) officially replacing Dalvik for improved application performance, and with changes intended to improve and optimize battery usage.

, 0.41% of Android devices run Lollipop 5.0 (API 21) and 2.79% run Lollipop 5.1 (API 22) combined. However, this figure is misleading, as on tablets Android 5.1 is much more popular than it is on phones, being ranked 3rd of all Android versions at 8.98% when counting Android 7.0 and 7.1 Nougat separately. When market shares for versions 7.0 and 7.1 are combined, Nougat is more popular than Lollipop, at 11.04% on tablets, making Lollipop the fourth most popular version.
As of September 2023 Lollipop is the oldest version of Android still supported by Google Play Services.

Development
The release was internally codenamed "Lemon Meringue Pie". Android 5.0 was first unveiled under the codename "Android L" on June 25, 2014 during a keynote presentation at the Google I/O developers' conference. Alongside Lollipop, the presentation focused on a number of new Android-oriented platforms and technologies, including Android TV, in-car platform Android Auto, wearable computing platform Android Wear, and health tracking platform Google Fit.

Part of the presentation was dedicated to a new cross-platform design language referred to as "material design". Expanding upon the "card" motifs first seen in Google Now, it is a design with increased use of grid-based layouts, responsive animations and transitions, padding, and depth effects such as lighting and shadows. Designer Matías Duarte explained that "unlike real paper, our digital material can expand and reform intelligently. Material has physical surfaces and edges. Seams and shadows provide meaning about what you can touch." The material design language would not only be used on Android, but across Google's suite of web software as well, providing a consistent experience across all platforms.

Features

Android 5.0 introduces a refreshed notification system. Individual notifications are now displayed on cards to adhere to the material design language, and batches of notifications can be grouped by the app that produced them. Notifications are now displayed on the lock screen as cards, and "heads up" notifications can also be displayed as large banners across the top of the screen, along with their respective action buttons. A do-not-disturb feature is also added for notifications. The recent apps menu was redesigned to use a three-dimensional stack of cards to represent open apps. Individual apps can also display multiple cards in the recents menu, such as for a web browser's open tabs. Upon the release of this version, for most Android devices, the navigation buttons were completely changed from a left arrow, a house, and two squares, to a left triangle, a circle and a square.

Lollipop also contains major new platform features for developers, with over 5,000 new APIs added for use by applications. For example, there is the possibility to save photos in a raw image format. Additionally, the Dalvik virtual machine was officially replaced by Android Runtime (ART), which is a new runtime environment that was introduced as a technology preview in KitKat. ART is a cross-platform runtime which supports the x86, ARM, and MIPS architectures in both 32-bit and 64-bit environments. Unlike Dalvik, which uses just-in-time compilation (JIT), ART compiles apps upon installation, which are then run exclusively from the compiled version from then on. This technique removes the processing overhead associated with the JIT process, improving system performance.

Lollipop also aimed to improve battery consumption through a series of optimizations known as "Project Volta". Among its changes are a new battery saver mode, job-scheduling APIs which can restrict certain tasks to only occur over Wi-Fi, and batching of tasks to reduce the overall amount of time that internal radios are active on. The new developer tool called "Battery Historian" can be used for tracking battery consumption by apps while in use. The Android Extension Pack APIs also provide graphics functions such as new shaders, aiming to provide PC-level graphics for 3D games on Android devices.

A number of system-level, enterprise-oriented features were also introduced under the banner "Android for Work". The Samsung Knox security framework was initially planned to be used as a foundation for "Android for Work", but instead Google opted to use its own technology for segregating personal and work-oriented data on a device, along with the accompanying APIs for managing the environment. With the "Smart Lock" feature, devices can also be configured so users do not have to perform device unlocking with a PIN or pattern when being on a trusted location, or in proximity of a designated Bluetooth device or NFC tag. Lollipop was, additionally, to have device encryption enabled by default on all capable devices; however, due to performance issues, this change was held over to its successor, Android Marshmallow.

Release
A developer preview of Android L, build LPV79, was released for the Nexus 5 and 2013 Nexus 7 on June 26, 2014 in the form of flashable images. Source code for GPL-licensed components of the developer preview was released via Android Open Source Project (AOSP) in July 2014. A second developer preview build, LPV81C, was released on August 7, 2014, alongside the beta version of the Google Fit platform and SDK. As with the previous build, the second developer preview build is available only for the Nexus 5 and 2013 Nexus 7.

On October 15, 2014, Google officially announced that Android L would be known as Android 5.0 "Lollipop". The company also unveiled launch devices for Android5.0including Motorola's Nexus 6 and HTC's Nexus 9for release on November 3, 2014. Google stated that Nexus (including the Nexus 4, 5, 7, and 10) and Google Play edition devices would receive updates to Lollipop "in the coming weeks"; one more developer preview build for Nexus devices and the new SDK revision for application developers would be released on October 17, 2014. Update schedules for third-party Android devices may vary by manufacturer.

The full source code of Android5.0 was pushed to AOSP on November 3, 2014, allowing developers and OEMs to begin producing their own builds of the operating system. On December 2, 2014, factory images for Nexus smartphones and tablets were updated to the 5.0.1 version, which introduces a few bug fixes, and a serious bug that affected Nexus 4 devices and prevented the audio from working during phone calls. A device-specific Lollipop 5.0.2 (LRX22G) version was released for the first-generation Nexus 7 on December 19, 2014.

Android5.1, an updated version of Lollipop, was unveiled in February 2015 as part of the Indonesian launch of Android One, and is preloaded on Android One devices sold in Indonesia and the Philippines. Google officially announced 5.1 by releasing updates for existing devices on March 9, 2015.

In 2015, Amazon.com forked Lollipop to produce Fire OS 5 "Bellini" for Amazon's Fire HD-series devices.

See also
 Android version history
 iOS 8
 Material Design
 OS X Yosemite
 Windows 8.1
 Windows Phone 8.1

References

External links

Android (operating system)
2014 software


The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held during the period 14–25 February 1956. It is known especially for First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev's "Secret Speech", which denounced the personality cult and dictatorship of Joseph Stalin.

Delegates at this Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union were given no warning of what to expect. Indeed, proceedings were opened by First Secretary Khruschev's call for all to stand in memory of the Communist leaders who had died since the previous Congress, in which he mentioned Stalin in the same breath as Klement Gottwald. Hints of a new direction only came out gradually over the next ten days, which had the effect of leaving those present highly perplexed. The Polish communist leader Bolesław Bierut died in Moscow shortly after attending the 20th Congress.

The congress elected the 20th Central Committee.

Secret speech

On 25 February, the last day of the Congress, it was announced that an unscheduled session had been called for the Soviet delegates. First Secretary Khrushchev's morning speech began with vague references to the harmful consequences of elevating a single individual so high that he took on the "supernatural characteristics akin to those of a god." Khrushchev went on to say that such a mistake had been made about Stalin. He himself had been guilty of what was, in essence, a distortion of the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism.

The attention of the audience was then drawn to Lenin's Testament, copies of which had been distributed, criticising Stalin's "rudeness". Further accusations, and hints of accusations, followed, including the suggestion that the murder of Sergei Kirov in 1934, the event that sparked the Great Terror, could be included in the list of Stalin's crimes. While denouncing Stalin, Khrushchev carefully praised the Communist Party, which had the strength to withstand all the negative effects of imaginary crimes and false accusations. The Party, in other words, had been a victim of Stalin, not an accessory to his crimes. He finished by calling on the Party to eradicate the cult of personality and return to "the revolutionary fight for the transformation of society."

The speech shocked delegates to the Congress, as it flew in the face of years of Soviet propaganda, which had claimed that Stalin was a wise, peaceful, and fair leader. After long deliberations, in a month the speech was reported to the general public, but the full text was published only in 1989. Not everyone was ready to accept Khrushchev's new line. Communist Albanian leader Enver Hoxha, for instance, strongly condemned Khrushchev as "revisionist" and severed diplomatic relations. The speech was also seen as a catalyst for the anti-Soviet uprisings in Poland and Hungary of 1956, and was seen as a "major stimulus" to the Sino–Soviet split.

See also
Khrushchev's Thaw

References

Further reading
 Smith, Kathleen E. Moscow 1956: The Silenced Spring. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.

External links
Report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to the 20th Party Congress by Nikita Khrushchev
 Resolutions of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (February 1956)
Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970–1979).

20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1956 in the Soviet Union


title: Rome Formation

text:
The Rome Formation is a geologic formation in Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Cambrian geology of Tennessee
Cambrian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Anti-revisionism (Marxism–Leninism)

text:
Anti-revisionism is a position within Marxism–Leninism which emerged in the 1950s in opposition to the reforms of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. When Khrushchev pursued an interpretation that differed from his predecessor, Joseph Stalin, anti-revisionists within the international communist movement remained dedicated to Stalin's ideological legacy and criticized the Soviet Union under Khrushchev and his successors as state capitalist and social imperialist. During the Sino-Soviet split, the Communist Party of China, led by Mao Zedong, the Party of Labour of Albania, led by Enver Hoxha, and some other communist parties and organizations around the world denounced the Khrushchev line as revisionist.

Mao Zedong first denounced the Soviet Union as revisionist at a meeting in January 1962. In early 1963 Mao returned to Beijing after a prolonged visit to Wuhan and Hangzhou, and issued a call to combat domestic revisionism in China. A 'central anti-revisionist drafting group' was formally constituted, led by Kang Sheng, which drafted anti-revisionist polemics, which were later personally reviewed by Mao before publication. The 'Nine Articles' emerged as the centre-piece of anti-Soviet polemics. Anti-revisionism would emerge as a key theme in Chinese foreign and domestic policies, reaching a peak during the 1966 Cultural Revolution. China friendship associations turned into anti-revisionist organizations, and Western Europe anti-revisionist splinter groups began to emerge (such as the , the  and the Lenin Centre in Switzerland). In Beijing, the street where the Soviet embassy was located was symbolically renamed as 'Anti-Revisionism Street'. In the wake of the 1964 split in the Communist Party of India, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) would reject Soviet positions as revisionist but without the party fully adopting a pro-Chinese line.

During the Deng Xiaoping's reign in the late 1970s anti-revisionist themes began to be downplayed in official Chinese discourse. The Chinese Academy of Sciences stated that the 'Nine Articles' had been wrong in focusing on the revisionism of the Soviet Union, rather than the threats of Soviet hegemonism and expansionism.

See also
 Anti-Stalinist left
 Hoxhaism
 Maoism
 Stalinism

References

External links
 Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line by the Marxists Internet Archive
 Lies Concerning the History of the Soviet Union by the Stalin Society
 List of Anti-Revisionist Parties/Groups by the International Organizations and Conferences of Leftist Parties
 Stand for Socialism Against Modern Revisionism by the Philippine Revolution

Hoxhaism
Maoism
Marxism
Marxism–Leninism
Stalinism


title: Grainger Formation

text:
The Grainger Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia. It preserves fossils dating back to the early Mississippian subperiod of the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kentucky
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Virginia
 Paleontology in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Kentucky
 Paleontology in Virginia

References

Carboniferous geology of Tennessee
Carboniferous Kentucky
Carboniferous geology of Virginia


title: Newman Formation

text:
The Newman Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Carboniferous geology of Tennessee
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Pewee Coal

text:
The Pewee Coal is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Carboniferous geology of Tennessee


title: Warsaw Limestone

text:
The Warsaw Limestone is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Carboniferous geology of Tennessee
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: When Did You See Her Last?

text:
When Did You See Her Last? is the second book in the All the Wrong Questions series by Lemony Snicket (also known as Daniel Handler), a series set before the events of A Series of Unfortunate Events.
A dark humour story, Snicket returns to continue the tale of his time in Stain'd-by-the-Sea, accompanied by his chaperone, S. Theodora Markson.

Plot
S. Theodora Markson and Lemony Snicket are called to the Knight household: housemaids Zada and Zora are worried about the disappearance of Cleo Knight. Cleo's parents are permanently dazed and confused, which Lemony realizes is because their doctor, Dr. Flammarion, is injecting them with laudanum. In Cleo's room, Lemony finds a failed attempt at making invisible ink.

On the journey back to the Lost Arms, Lemony orders Theodora to stop the car, spotting a Dilemma (the car Cleo Knight owned). It had a flat tire with a hypodermic needle stuck into it. Lemony begins to investigate witnesses. Polly Partial claims she saw Cleo yesterday, purchasing her favorite breakfast, and then leaving in the Bellerophon taxi to run away to join the circus. Jake Hix says that Cleo had visited Hungry's and left in her Dilemma at the same time. However, Lemony proves Partial's testimony is unreliable due to her bad eyesight.

Moxie and Lemony walk to the library to investigate the case; they research invisible ink and Colonel Colophon, a war hero of Stain'd by the Sea who had a clinic built for him in the town. Lemony has to abandon Moxie when he sees a woman returning library books that were in Hangfire's possession. Following the woman, he ends up finding Ellington Feint in an abandoned aquarium; she has been posing as Cleo Knight and pretending to work on invisible ink for Hangfire. Lemony causes a distraction and they both escape, although Ellington is arrested.

Lemony and his friends travel to Colophon Clinic. Lemony meets a man claiming to be Colonel Colophon; when Lemony realizes it is Hangfire, the man jumps out of the window and escapes. Lemony and Jake find Cleo Knight in a basement; Dr. Flammarion is arrested by the Mitchums, along with the woman who Lemony followed earlier. Lemony soon learns that Moxie had been stabbed with a knife by the woman, Cleo starts mixing medicine for her wound. Moxie eventually recovers.

In the final chapter, Lemony talks to a young Captain Widdershins and learns that Young Kit had been arrested (Widdershins appeared in The Grim Grotto as an adult).

References

External links
 Official Site for Lemony Snicket's series All the Wrong Questions

See also

All the Wrong Questions
Lemony Snicket
V.F.D.

American children's novels
Works by Lemony Snicket
Little, Brown and Company books
2013 American novels
2013 children's books


title: Birdsong Shale

text:
The Birdsong Shale is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Devonian geology of Tennessee


title: Linden Formation

text:
The Linden Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Devonian geology of Tennessee


title: Gonzalo Gutiérrez Reinel

text:
Gonzalo Alfonso Gutiérrez Reinel (born 10 May 1955 in Lima) is a Peruvian diplomat. From  to  he was Minister of Foreign Affairs under President Ollanta Humala. In 2009 he was appointed Peruvian ambassador to the United Nations, in New York. From 2011 to 2014 he was the ambassador of Peru to the People's Republic of China and non-resident ambassador to Mongolia, Pakistan and North Korea. From 2017 to 2022 he was the appointed ambassador to Belgium, Luxembourg and the European Union. As of May 1st 2023 he was appointed Director of the Diplomatic Academy of Peru.
In September 1, 2023 he takes the post of Secretary General of the Andean Community.

Early life
Gonzalo Gutiérrez Reinel studied at the Champagnat School and the Catholic University, in Lima, Peru. He entered the Diplomatic Service of Peru on January 1, 1978. On January 11, 2011, Gonzalo Gutiérrez was elected by acclamation Vice president of the United Nations Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC, on behalf of the group of Latin American and Caribbean countries. On May 20, 2011, Peru was elected, with the support of 136 countries, a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council for the period 2011–2014 in recognition of Peru's democratic foreign policy and promotion of human rights either nationally and abroad through diplomatic missions, particularly representations in New York and Geneva. At the end of June 2011, Gonzalo Gutiérrez, together with Ecuadorian, Diego Morejón, as permanent representatives of their respective governments to the UN, registered the maritime boundary agreement signed between Peru and Ecuador on May 2, 2011. Gutierrez was part of the negotiating team of the Peru-United States Free Trade Agreement. In the Diplomatic Academy of Peru he was Professor of International Economic Organizations and International Politics. He has been Professor of International Politics in the San Martin de Porres University and the UPC University in Lima, Peru.

Studies
Career Diplomat, Diplomatic Academy of Peru.
Bachelor in International Relations, Diplomatic Academy of Peru.
Master in International Politics obtained at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University in Washington D.C.
Postgraduate courses at the London School of Economics and Political Science in London and JFK School of Government, Harvard University.

Diplomatic career
Among the many positions held, he has been Under Secretary of Economic Affairs, Executive Director of the Office of Economic Promotion, Under Secretary in charge of America and Director for South America.

From the beginning of the second government of Alan García, on July 28, 2006, Ambassador Gutierrez was the Deputy Minister and General Secretary of Foreign Affairs, a position he held until April 20, 2009. He was replaced in the aforementioned function by  Ambassador Néstor Popolizio Bardales.

In early 2007, the Peruvian government gave him the delicate mission of traveling to Gaza to free Jaime Rázuri, a kidnapped Peruvian photographer. Once he achieved the goal that the government had set in human rights and with the active collaboration of friendly governments, Gonzalo Gutiérrez Reinel returned to Peru accompanied by the aforementioned photographer. This was the first time in Peruvian history that the government entrusts a task of this nature to an official of such a high level, since by law, the position then held by Gonzalo Gutierrez as Deputy Minister and General Secretary of Foreign Affairs was that of the country's first public official.

During 2008 he served as Chairman of the Meeting of Senior Officials (SOM) of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC)

As a diplomatic official, Gonzalo Gutiérrez has served in the Representation of Peru to the United Nations in New York, in the Embassy of Peru to the United States of America, in the Permanent Representation to International Organizations based in Geneva and in the Embassy of the Peru in Chile.

On March 16, 2009, Supreme Resolution 102-2009-RE is published in the Official Gazette El Peruano, appointing Gonzalo Gutiérrez Reinel as Permanent Representative of Peru to the United Nations Organization based in New York. He took the position in May of that year.

On October 12, 2011, Supreme Resolution 382-2011-RE was published, whereby he was appointed Peruvian ambassador to the People's Republic of China. On November 1, 2011, he took the position as ambassador of Peru in the People's Republic of China,  non-resident ambassador in Mongolia, Pakistan and North Korea.

Since January 1, 2017 he has been ambassador of Peru in Belgium, Luxembourg and the European Union.

As of May 1st 2023 he was appointed Director of the Diplomatic Academy of Peru.

On September 1st 2023 he is unanimously elected Secretary General of the Andean Community.

PUBLISHED WORKS

 “Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization: the case of Peru against France and the European Community by the commercial designation of mollusks” (1996)
 "The Institutional Evolution of the Andean Integration Process" (1996)
 “The Prehistory of the WTO: the creation of the GATT and the entry of Peru” (1999)
 “El Pisco: notes for the international defense of the denomination of Peruvian origin” (2003).
 "Geoffrey  Household, The War, the Literature and Pisco" (2010).
 "The Development of the Appellation of Origin Pisco" (2011).
 "The Chinese Empire and the News on Pisco" (2011).
  "Pisco was not born in Chile" (2016).
 "Potato, Peru and Belgium" (2018).
 "Peru and the Free Trade" (2017).
 "Pisco Elqui, the misleading name" (2019).
 "Pisco: the first reference to its name"(2020).
 "Pisco, its name its history" (2020).

References

External links

http://www.rree.gob.pe/elministerio/Documents/GONZALO%20GUTIERREZ%20REINEL_ingles.CV.pdf

Foreign ministers of Peru
Peruvian diplomats
Ambassadors of Peru to China
Ambassadors of Peru to Pakistan
Living people
1955 births


title: Criticism of Amnesty International

text:
Criticism of Amnesty International includes claims of selection bias, as well as ideology and foreign policy bias against either non-Western countries or Western-supported countries. Various governments criticized by  Amnesty International have in turn criticized the organization, complaining about what they assert constituted one-sided reporting.

Separate to its human rights reporting, Amnesty has been criticized for the high salaries of some of its staff, as well as its workplace environment, including the issue of institutional racism within the organization.

Criticism by country

Allegations of pro-Western bias
This includes non-Western governments claiming Amnesty is ideologically biased against them, such as those of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the People's Republic of China, Vietnam, and Russia who have criticized Amnesty International for what they assert constituted one-sided reporting or a failure to treat threats to security as a mitigating factor. The actions of these governments—and of other governments critical of Amnesty International—have been the subject of human rights concerns voiced by Amnesty.

Allegations of anti-Western bias

United States
In 2005, Amnesty International claimed that the United States was a human rights offender. The White House rejected these allegations, stating that they were unsupported by facts.

Russian dissident Pavel Litvinov has said of AI's criticism of the US: "[B]y using hyperbole and muddling the difference between repressive regimes and the imperfections of democracy, Amnesty's spokesmen put its authority at risk. U.S. human rights violations seem almost trifling in comparison with those committed by Cuba, North Korea, Pakistan or Saudi Arabia."

Guantánamo Bay comments

In the foreword to Amnesty International's Report 2005, the Secretary General, Irene Khan, referred to the Guantánamo Bay prison as "the gulag of our times, entrenching the practice of arbitrary and indefinite detention in violation of international law. Trials by military commissions have made a mockery of justice and due process." In the subsequent press conference, she added "If Guantanamo evokes images of Soviet repression, 'ghost detainees' – or the incommunicado detention of unregistered detainees – bring back the practice of 'disappearances' so popular with Latin American dictators in the past. According to US official sources there could be over 100 ghost detainees held by the US. In 2004, thousands of people were held by the US in Iraq, hundreds in Afghanistan, and undisclosed numbers in undisclosed locations. AI is calling on the US Administration to close Guantanamo and disclose the rest".

Former U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld believed the comments were "reprehensible", Vice President Dick Cheney said he was "offended", and President Bush said he believed the report was "absurd". The Washington Post editorialized that "lately the organization has tended to save its most vitriolic condemnations not for the world's dictators but for the United States." The human rights organization Human Rights Watch also criticized the Bush administration over the camp in its 2003 world report, stating: "Washington has ignored human rights standards in its own treatment of terrorism suspects."

Edmund McWilliams, a retired senior US Foreign Service Officer who monitored Soviet and Vietnamese abuse of prisoners in their "gulags", defended Amnesty International's comparison. "I note that abuses that I reported on in those inhumane systems parallel abuses reported in Guantanamo, at the Bagram air base in Afghanistan and at the Abu Ghraib prison: prisoners suspended from the ceiling and beaten to death; widespread 'waterboarding'; prisoners 'disappeared' to preclude monitoring by the International Committee of the Red Cross — and all with almost no senior-level accountability."

Pavel Litvinov, a human rights activist and former Soviet-era "gulag" prisoner, criticized the analogy saying, "By any standard, Guantanamo and similar American-run prisons elsewhere do not resemble, in their conditions of detention or their scale, the concentration camp system that was at the core of a totalitarian communist system."

John Podhoretz, writing in the New York Post on the difference between Guantanamo and a Soviet gulag, said, "Maybe the people who work at Amnesty International really do think that the imprisonment of 600 certain or suspected terrorists is tantamount to the imprisonment of 25 million slaves. The case of Amnesty International proves that well-meaning people can make morality their life's work and still be little more than moral idiots."

William F. Schulz, executive director of Amnesty International USA, defended the statement, saying, "What is 'absurd' is President Bush's attempt to deny the deliberate policies of his administration." and "What is 'absurd' and indeed outrageous is the Bush administration's failure to undertake a full independent investigation." Secretary General Irene Khan also responded saying, "The administration's response has been that our report is absurd, that our allegations have no basis, and our answer is very simple: if that is so, open up these detention centres, allow us and others to visit them."

Since the U.S. administration originally claimed that these prisoners were not entitled to the protections of the Geneva Conventions, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against this interpretation in 2006. Following this, on 7 July 2006, the Department of Defense issued an internal memo stating that prisoners will in the future be entitled to protection under the Geneva Conventions.

In 2010, Gita Sahgal, an Amnesty senior official, publicly condemned the organization for its collaboration with former Guantanamo detainee Moazzam Begg of Cageprisoners. In a letter to Amnesty's leadership, she wrote: "To be appearing on platforms with Britain's most famous supporter of the Taliban, whom we treat as a human rights defender, is a gross error of judgment." She warned that it "constitutes a threat to human rights". Begg has toured Europe with Amnesty officials. In 2010, Claudio Cordone asserted that Begg's views on holding talks with the Taliban or the role of jihad in self-defence were not antithetical to human rights, even though he may disagree with them. Cordone's assertion was criticized by Amrita Chhachhi, Sara Hossain, and Sunila Abeysekera who said that "defensive jihad" or "defence of religion" is often used as an excuse to violate human rights by Muslim, Christian and Hindu extremists.

Amnesty International's abortion policies
In April 2007, Amnesty International changed its neutral stance on abortion to supporting access to abortion in cases of rape and incest, and when the life or the health of the mother might be threatened. Amnesty's official policy is that they "do not promote abortion as a universal right" but "support the decriminalisation of abortion". According to deputy secretary general Kate Gilmore, the debate over the change was difficult, but eventually the overwhelming majority of national Amnesty chapters supported the change. The change was opposed by several organizations, notably by senior figures in the Catholic Church, traditionally a strong supporter of Amnesty International, and a group of US legislators. Amnesty spokeswoman Suzanne Trimel estimated that a "handful, probably less than 200" of over 400,000 members had quit over the issue.

The Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace in June 2007 issued a statement urging Catholics not to donate to Amnesty because of its abortion stance. Cardinal Renato Martino said that abortion was murder, as was "to justify it selectively, in the event of rape, that is to define an innocent child in the belly of its mother as an enemy, as 'something one can destroy'". In an interview with the National Catholic Register, the Cardinal said he believed that "if in fact Amnesty International persists in this course of action, individuals and Catholic organizations must withdraw their support, because, in deciding to promote abortion rights, AI has betrayed its mission." The Church withdrew funding globally for Amnesty, and churches in various locations took other steps to sever their ties with the group.

Decriminalisation of sex work
In June 2013, confusion arose when a local chapter of Amnesty UK called Paisley Branch endorsed a Scottish bill that sought to criminalise sex work. Amnesty UK had its name removed from the list of supporters of the bill, stating that it ran contrary to its international policy not to criminalise 'the sex worker herself or himself' nor 'consensual sex between adults', and 'no conflating trafficking and sex work'. The issue forced Amnesty International to clarify its position on the legal status of sex work.

When a draft copy of the policy appeared in early 2014, several abolitionist feminists and former sex workers condemned the proposal.

On 7 July 2015 an updated draft was released to Amnesty International members. The New York Times reported that, although 'some complain[ed] that it was conceived at Amnesty's headquarters in London', 'various versions have been reviewed by the organization's national chapters, and a consensus emerged supporting decriminalization for just the prostitutes, according to minutes of organizational meetings.' The July 2015 draft policy was the result of two years of research and consultations with its members, and proposed to decriminalise both sellers and buyers of sex; it was scheduled to be put to a vote by about 500 Amnesty delegates from more than 80 countries at an Amnesty International conference in Dublin in August 2015. The proposal was criticised by abolitionist feminist organisations, including The Coalition Against Trafficking of Women (CATW), who published an open letter signed by over 400 advocates and organisations, condemning "Amnesty's proposal to adopt a policy that calls for the decriminalization of pimps, brothel owners and buyers of sex – the pillars of a $99 billion global sex industry". Contrary to claims that decriminalisation would make prostituted people safer, CATW pointed to research which alleged that deregulation of the sex industry had produced catastrophic results in several countries: "the German government, for example, which deregulated the industry of prostitution in 2002, has found that the sex industry was not made safer for women after the enactment of its law. Instead, the explosive growth of legal brothels in Germany has triggered an increase in sex trafficking." CATW instead asked Amnesty to support the so-called Nordic model, in which sex buyers and pimps are criminalized, while prostituted people are decriminalized.

In early August, a large number of NGOs published an open letter in support of the decriminalization proposal. The organizations supporting Amnesty International's position included the Global Network of Sex Work Projects (NSWP), the Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe (ICRSE), Sex Workers' Rights Advocacy Network in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (SWAN), Human Rights Watch, and the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women. On 11 August 2015, the International Council Meeting (ICM) voted in favour of a resolution which authorised the International Board to develop and adopt the decriminalisation policy. The New York Times described it as the result of 'days of emotional debates and intense lobbying', reporting that the abolitionist camp's lobbying was particularly 'aggressive', but a majority voted for the decriminalisation proposal as 'the best way to reduce risks for prostitutes' against 'arbitrary arrest and detention, extortion and harassment, and physical and sexual violence'. After the vote, a French abolitionist group announced it would no longer work with Amnesty in the future. In May 2016, Amnesty published its policy calling on governments around the world to decriminalise consensual sex work as the best way to improve the human rights of sex workers, and rejecting the 'Nordic model'; some abolitionist groups criticised the move.

Israel

The Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs criticised the May 2012 report on administrative detention saying it was "one sided", and "not particularly serious", and "that it seemed little more than a public relations gimmick". The Israeli embassy in London called Amnesty "ridiculous". Amnesty said that this report "is not intended to address violations of detainees' rights by the Palestinian Authority, or the Hamas de facto administration. These violations have been and will continue to be addressed separately by the organisation".

Some people have criticized Amnesty for promoting an unbalanced and excessive focus on Israel. The American Jewish Congress asserts that Amnesty's criticism of Israel distorts the law of war by "read[ing] the law of war as if it was a law banning war", and misinterprets the Geneva Conventions with regard to the issue of proportionality in war.

In 2010 Frank Johansson, the chairman of Amnesty International-Finland called Israel a nilkkimaa, a derogatory term variously translated as "scum state", "creep state" or "punk state". Johansson stood by his statement, saying that it was based on Israel's "repeated flouting of international law", and his own personal experiences with Israelis. When asked by a journalist if any other country on earth that could be described in these terms, he said that he could not think of any, although some individual "Russian officials" could be so described. According to Israeli professor Gerald M. Steinberg of NGO Monitor, a pro Israel campaign group: "Amnesty International has promoted an intense anti-Israel ideology, resulting in statements like these."

In November 2012, Amnesty UK began a disciplinary process against staffer Kristyan Benedict, Amnesty UK campaigns manager, because of a posting on his Twitter account, said to be anti-semitic, regarding three Jewish members of parliament and Operation Pillar of Defense where he wrote: "Louise Ellman, Robert Halfon and Luciana Berger walk into a bar ... each orders a round of B52s ... #Gaza". Amnesty International UK said "the matter has been referred to our internal and confidential processes." Amnesty's campaigns director Tim Hancock said, "We do not believe that humour is appropriate in the current circumstances, particularly from our own members of staff." An Amnesty International UK spokesperson later said the charity had decided that "the tweet in question was ill-advised and had the potential to be offensive and inflammatory but was not racist or antisemitic."

In the April 2015 annual Amnesty International UK AGM, delegates voted (468 votes to 461) against a motion proposing a campaign against antisemitism in the UK. The debate on the motion formed a consensus that Amnesty should fight "discrimination against all ethnic and religious groups", but were divided over the issue of an anti-racism campaign with a "single focus". The Jewish Chronicle noted that Amnesty International had previously published a report on discrimination against Muslims in Europe. NGO monitor released a statement saying the decision "highlights the hypocrisy and moral bankruptcy of what was once a leader in human rights advocacy."

In November 2016, Amnesty International conducted a second internal investigation of Benedict for comparing Israel to the Islamic state.

In April 2021, Amnesty International distanced itself from a tweet written in 2013 by its new Secretary General, Agnes Callamard, which read: ""NYT Interview of Shimon Perres [sic] where he admits that Yasser Arafat was murdered"; Amnesty responded by saying: "The tweet was written in haste and is incorrect. It does not reflect the position of Amnesty International or Agnès Callamard." Callamard herself has not deleted the tweet.

On March 11, 2022, Paul O'Brien, the Amnesty International USA Director stated at a private event: "We are opposed to the idea — and this, I think, is an existential part of the debate — that Israel should be preserved as a state for the Jewish people", while adding "Amnesty takes no political views on any question, including the right of the State of Israel to survive." He also rejected a poll that found 8 in 10 American Jews were pro-Israel, saying: ""I believe my gut tells me that what Jewish people in this country want is to know that there's a sanctuary that is a safe and sustainable place that the Jews, the Jewish people can call home." On March 14, 2022, all 25 Jewish Democrats in the House of Representatives issued a rare joint statement rebuking O'Brien, saying that he "has added his name to the list of those who, across centuries, have tried to deny and usurp the Jewish people's independent agency" and "condemning this and any antisemitic attempt to deny the Jewish people control of their own destiny." On March 25, 2022, O'Brien wrote to the Jewish congressmen: "I regret representing the views of the Jewish people."

Alleged ties to Muslim Brotherhood and Islamists
In August 2015, The Times reported that Yasmin Hussein, then Amnesty's director of faith and human rights and previously its head of international advocacy and a prominent representative at the United Nations, had "undeclared private links to men alleged to be key players in a secretive network of global Islamists", including the Muslim Brotherhood and Hamas. Ms. Hussein's husband, Wael Musabbeh and a Bradford community trust, of which both Mr Musabbeh and Ms Hussein were directors, were alleged by the United Arab Emirates to be part of a financial and ideological network linking the Muslim Brotherhood to its affiliate in the UAE, which the UAE government in 2013 accused of trying to overthrow the government. Amnesty said it knew in 2013 of the alleged links between the Muslim Brotherhood, Mr Musabbeh, and the Bradford trust, but did not realize there was any connection to Ms Hussein, Musabbeh's wife of 20 years; it also challenged the fairness of the trial. Mr Musabbeh said he had no connection to the Muslim Brotherhood and was not an Islamist.

The Times also detailed instances where Hussein was alleged to have had inappropriately close relationships with the al-Qazzaz family, members of which were high-ranking government ministers in the administration of Mohammed Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood leaders at the time. In 2012, Amnesty staff alerted authorities in the organization after Ms Hussein held a private, unofficial meeting in Egypt with Adly al-Qazzaz, a ministerial education adviser blamed by a teachers' union for undertaking the "Brotherhoodisation" of Egypt's education system; shared an evening meal with his family; and stayed overnight in their home. Amnesty International's policies strictly forbid it from siding with any government or political party, and Amnesty staff are asked to declare  links that may produce a real or perceived conflict of interest with its independence and impartiality. Amnesty International said that conducted an internal inquiry and told Ms Hussein that her overnight stay with the al-Qazzaz family was inappropriate. Ms Hussein apologized and denied supporting the Muslim Brotherhood, saying that "any connections are purely circumstantial".

Iranian government's protest of Amnesty's claims about the death toll in the 2019 fuel protests in Iran
On 19 November 2019, Amnesty International reported that at least 106 civilians had been "unlawfully killed" by Iranian security forces during the 2019 Iranian protests which were triggered by outrage over a sudden increase in gasoline prices. Amnesty later revised the figure upwards to 304, claiming that unarmed protesters had been deliberately massacred by the authorities who had "green lighted" a brutal crackdown to suppress dissent. The Iranian authorities, whilst acknowledging that some armed rioters had been shot by police, rejected Amnesty's figure as "sheer lies" and part of a "disinformation campaign waged against Iran from outside the country".

Judiciary spokesman, Gholamhussein Esmayeeli, countered that it was armed rioters who had actually killed many people, but that Amnesty and other organizations had nonetheless, "named people who have died in other incidents that are different from the recent riots and many of those people claimed to be killed are alive". Secretary of Supreme National Security Council (SNSC), Rear Admiral Ali Shamkhani, also denied that civilian deaths were caused mostly by security forces and instead asserted that, "more than 85 percent of victims of the recent unrest in cities of Tehran province had not taken part in any of the protests.". In a thinly veiled rebuttal to Amnesty, Prosecutor-General Mohammad Montazeri retorted that, "people, who are outside the country, have no access to exact information and accurate figures. They provide different figures which are invalid." In its 16 December press release, Amnesty's research director for MENA, Philip Luther, moreover, did not acknowledge the widespread arson, vandalism and looting apparent during the protests/riots, that led to the forceful response, or the reported killing of security officers either. He also appeared to misquote supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, as stating that all those protesting in the streets were "villains". The Iranian leader had, in fact, distinguished between those peacefully objecting to the govermmemt policy and those who destroyed property: "Some people are no doubt worried by this decision (to raise the price of gasoline) ... but sabotage and arson is done by villains, not our people." Ayatollah Khamenei further elaborated that those killed in any crossfire between the security forces and armed rioters/saboteurs were to be regarded as "martyrs".

On 20 May 2020, Amnesty published a final report on the protests where, for the first time, it named 232 out of the 304 alleged victims. Amnesty also acknowledged that many of those killed were bystanders who were not even protesting at the time of their death. The report was itself heavily criticized by two independent analysts who accused Amnesty of distorting many facts, making unsupported claims and ignoring key evidence. On 1 June 2020, an Iranian lawmaker, Mojtaba Zolnour, made it known that 230 persons had been killed, including 6 security officers and 40 from the Baseej volunteer force. More than a quarter were bystanders who he alleged were killed by rioters.

2019 report on workplace bullying within Amnesty International
In February 2019, Amnesty International's management team offered to resign. The offer came after an independent report by Konterra group found what it called a "toxic culture" of workplace bullying, as well as numerous evidences of bullying, harassment, sexism and racism. The report was commissioned by Amnesty after the investigation of the suicides of 30-year Amnesty veteran Gaëtan Mootoo in Paris in May 2018 (who left a note citing work pressures), and 28-year-old intern Rosalind McGregor in Geneva in July 2018. The Konterra report found that: "39 per cent of Amnesty International staff reported that they developed mental or physical health issues as the direct result of working at Amnesty". The report concluded, "organisational culture and management failures are the root cause of most staff wellbeing issues.".

The report said that efforts by Amnesty to address its problems had been "ad hoc, reactive, and inconsistent," and that staff described the senior leadership team as out-of-touch, incompetent and callous. Those signing a letter offering to resign were the senior directors of research, the Secretary General's office, global fundraising, global operations, people and services, law and policy and campaigns and communications. However, Amnesty International's Secretary General Kumi Naidoo did not accept resignations and instead offered generous redundancies to managers concerned, including to Mootoo's senior director Anna Neistat directly implicated in the report on Mootoo's death. Naidoo stated that his priority was "to rebuild trust at a dangerous time when Amnesty was needed more than ever".

After none of the managers were held accountable, a group of workers petitioned for Amnesty's chief to resign. On 5 December 2019 Naidoo resigned from his post of Amnesty's Secretary General, citing ill health. Julie Verhaar was appointed as interim Secretary General the same day.

2019 budgetary crisis controversy

In 2019 Amnesty International's Secretary General Kumi Naidoo admitted to a hole in the organization's budget of up to £17m in donor money to the end of 2020. In order to deal with the budgetary crisis Naidoo announced to staff that the organization's headquarters would have cut almost 100 jobs as a part of urgent restructuring. Unite the Union, the UK's biggest trade union, said the redundancies were a direct result of "overspending by the organisation's senior leadership team" and have occurred "despite an increase in income". Unite, which represents Amnesty's staff, feared that cuts would fall heaviest on lower income staff. It said that in the previous year the top 23 highest earners at Amnesty International were paid a total of £2.6m – an average of £113,000 per year. Unite demanded a review of whether it is necessary to have so many managers in the organisation.

2020 secret payout controversy

In September 2020 The Times reported that Amnesty International paid £800,000 in compensation over the workplace suicide of Gaëtan Mootoo and demanded his family keep the deal secret. The pre-trial agreement between London-based Amnesty's International Secretariat and Motoo's wife was reached on the condition that she keeps the deal secret by signing NDA. This was done particularly to prevent discussing the settlement with the press or on social media. The arrangement led to criticism on social media, with people asking why an organisation such as Amnesty would condone the use of non-disclosure agreements. Shaista Aziz, co-founder of the feminist advocacy group NGO Safe Space, questioned on Twitter why the "world's leading human rights organisation" was employing such contracts. The source of the money was unknown. Amnesty stated that the payout to Motoo's family "will not be made from donations or membership fees".

India
On 29 September 2020, the Indian offshoot of Amnesty International released a statement announcing suspension of its operations in the country after the Enforcement Directorate, which investigates financial crimes and irregularities in India, ordered the freezing of its bank accounts. In a statement, the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs said that Amnesty had contravened Indian laws by receiving funds from abroad. Amnesty, which said it had been harassed by the Indian government for its actions on human rights, particularly for its call for accountability in the Indian state of Kashmir, denied the charges and stated that it would appeal in Indian courts.

Earlier, in 2009, Amnesty's Indian offshoot suspended its India operations as the UPA government rejected its application for receiving foreign funding.

Alexei Navalny
On February 24, 2021, Amnesty announced that it would strip Alexei Navalny of his status as a prisoner of conscience on account of comments he had made about migrants in 2007 and 2008. Amnesty said that the statements by Navalny, who had been poisoned by Novichok in 2020 and imprisoned by Russia in February 2021, could amount to incitement to discrimination, violence or hostility, met the level of "hate speech", and were thus incompatible with the label "prisoner of conscience".

Amnesty's decision was met by sharp criticism from supporters, British parliamentarians, and other opposition figures in Russia. Critics noted that many of the original complaints that led Amnesty to rescind its designation had cited material that originated with a Twitter account that appeared to be linked to the Russian state, and Amnesty's Russia media manager asserted that there appeared to be a coordinated campaign by pro-Kremlin forces to discredit Navalny; in celebrating the decision, the head of Russia's state-funded TV network RT, Margarita Simonyan, referred to the source of the original allegations against Navalny as "our columnist." The decision appeared to have been made by Amnesty's London Headquarters without the consultation of its Moscow branch; on February 27, 2021, Julie Vahaar, Amnesty's secretary-general, announced an internal inquiry into the process by which Amnesty had redesginated Navalny, saying that Amnesty had been targeted by a "Russian government smear campaign." In a private Zoom call with pro-Russian pranksters posing as Navalny's associates, members of Amnesty's leadership, including Vahaar, admitted that the move had "done a lot of damage."

On May 7, 2021, Amnesty redesignated Navalny as a Prisoner of Conscience and apologized, saying they had "made a wrong decision" and apologizing personally to Navalny "and the activists in Russia and around the world who tirelessly campaign for his freedom" for the negative impacts their decision had had; Amnesty also observed that their actions had been used to "further violate Navalny's rights." They also clarified that in redesignating Navalny a POC, Amnesty was not implying any endorsement of his past comments, which it found "reprehensible." Leonid Volkov, Navalny's chief of staff, responded on Twitter that "the ability to recognize mistakes and move on is the most important thing that distinguishes normal people from Putins [sic]". Amnesty also stated that it would reconsider the process by which it designated individuals as Prisoners of Conscience.

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Dissolution by the Russian government
In early March 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Roskomnadzor blocked the Russian-language website of Amnesty International. In early April 2022, the Russian Ministry of Justice announced that it would forcibly shut down the Russian branch of Amnesty International, saying that the organisation had committed "violations of the current legislation of the Russian Federation."

Report on placement of Ukrainian forces in civilian areas
On 4 August 2022, Amnesty International published a report saying that it had found evidence that the Armed Forces of Ukraine had based forces and weapons in residential areas on several occasions when there were viable alternatives nearby. Amnesty further stated that while these cases did not justify Russian attacks on civilians, and that in a number of cases they had investigated  Ukrainian forces had not acted similarly, these tactics risked endangering civilians. The Amnesty report followed a report from the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in June that had warned that both Russian and Ukrainian forces had established themselves "either in residential areas or near civilian objects, from where they launched military operations without taking measures for the protection of civilians present, as required under international humanitarian law" and a report from Human Rights Watch in July that said it had found evidence of three cases where "Ukrainian forces based forces among homes where people were living but took no apparent action to move residents to safer areas" and four cases of Russian forces doing the same.

The Amnesty report sparked significant outrage in Ukraine. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy accused Amnesty of trying to "amnesty the terrorist state and shift the responsibility from the aggressor to the victim", while Ukrainian Minister of Foreign Affairs Dmytro Kuleba stated that the report creates "a false balance between the oppressor and the victim, between the country that is destroying hundreds and thousands of civilians, cities, territories and [a] country that is desperately defending itself". The Kyiv Independent editorial team strongly criticized the report, pointing out flaws in reasoning and stating that "Amnesty [International] could not properly articulate who the main perpetrator of violence in Ukraine was".

The report also generated significant controversy within other Western countries. An editorial published by British newspaper The Times described Amnesty International as "Putin's propagandists", noting that the organization already has a "previous form in abasing itself before the Kremlin" by refusing to recognize Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny as a prisoner of conscience, and stating that "Amnesty evidently learnt nothing from that fiasco". British conservative journalist Stephen Pollard wrote on The Daily Telegraph that Amnesty was "utterly morally bankrupt" and that it was driven by an "anti-Western obsession".

Amnesty's report was criticized by military and legal experts such as John Spencer, a specialist in urban warfare studies, who stated that advising Ukrainian forces not to be in urban areas did not make sense, as the circumstances of the war necessitated that. United Nations war crime investigator Marc Garlasco stated that the Amnesty report got the law wrong, and also that Ukraine was making efforts to protect civilians, including helping them to relocate. Further criticism came from French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy and by Italian journalist Lorenzo Cremonesi.

The report, however, was praised by several Russian and pro-Russian figures, including the Russian embassy in London, causing further criticism against the organization.

Following the publication of the report, Oksana Pokalchuk, head of Amnesty International in Ukraine, resigned from her post, left the organization and published an explanation in The Washington Post on 13 August. Amnesty International Sweden cofounder Per Wästberg also terminated his relationship with the organization in protest to the report. Amnesty's Canadian branch issued a statement expressing regret for among other things the "insufficient context and legal analysis". On 12 August, Amnesty's German branch issued a statement apologizing for aspects of the report's release and its effect, saying that it would be examined through a process initiated at the international level to determine what went wrong, and condemning its instrumentalization by Russian authorities.

In mid-October 2022, the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine released a report which included a section with findings similar to the findings of Amnesty's report. The report stated that the Commission "documented that in areas controlled by Ukrainian armed forces, particularly during the first phase of the hostilities, on some occasions, there was also a lack of separation between armed forces and civilians, which placed civilians at risk."

Amnesty commissioned an independent review into the report, that was leaked to The New York Times in mid-April 2023 and was published publicly by Amnesty in mid-May 2023. The review found that the "principal factual finding" of the report was "reasonably substantiated by the evidence presented," but that the report had a number of shortcomings, including overstating the legal interpretation that Ukrainian forces has violated humanitarian law, using "ambiguous, imprecise and in some respects legally questionable" language in the press release, and that there was a "failure to proactively seek Amnesty Ukraine’s viewpoint and contextual understanding."

Artificial images
A report about the repression in the Colombian protests of 2021 was illustrated with pseudo-realistic images generated by artificial intelligence.
Although they were labelled as such, AI was criticised for undermining its credibility.
The organisation explained the change from earlier use of photographs as an attempt to protect protesters.
In response to criticism, it removed the images from its social media postings.

See also
 Criticism of Human Rights Watch

References

Further reading
 American Gulag at National Review Online, (27 May 2005).
 Jonathan V. Last, Calling It Like They See It, The Weekly Standard, 3 April 2003.
 Nabeel Abraham, Torture, Anyone?, Lies of Our Times, May 1992, pp. 2–4. Claims AI and other groups are reticent in describing alleged torture on the part of Israel.

Amnesty International
Amnesty International


title: Bigby Formation

text:
The Bigby Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee


title: Blackford Formation

text:
The Blackford Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Carters Limestone

text:
The Carters Limestone is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period. The Carters contains abundant invertebrate fossils, including corals, stromatoporoids, brachiopods and bryozoans, mollusk (gastropods, bivalves and orthoconic cephalopods) and trilobites. Trace fossils also occur. The unit has several volcanic ash (bentonite) beds and is known to have isolated reef development.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Catheys Formation

text:
The Catheys Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Fernvale Limestone

text:
The Fernvale Limestone is a geologic formation in Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri,
Oklahoma, and Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

Paleontology

Brachiopods
Lepidocyclus
L. cooperi
L. oblongus

Conodonts

 Acodus
 A. unicostatus
 Acontiodus
 A. alveolaris
 Ambalodus
 A. triangularis
 Amorphognatus
 A. ordovicica
 Aphelognathus
 A. polita
 Belodina
 B. compressa
 B. inclinata
 B. ornata
 B. penna
 B. profunda
 Cordylodus
 C. delicatus
 C. flexuosus

 Dichognathus
 D. brevis
 D. scotti
 D. typica
 Distacodus
 D. falcatus
 Drepanodus
 D. homocurvatus
 D. suberectus
 Eoligonodina
 E. delicata
 Icriodella
 I. superba
 Keislognathus
 K. gracilis
 Oistodus
 O. abundans
 O. inclinatus
 O. parallelus
 O. venustus

 Ozarkodina
 O. inclinata
 O. tenuis
 Paltodus
 P. trigonius
 Panderodus
 P. compressus
 P. ellisoni
 P. fornicalis
 P. gracilis
 P. homosimilaris
 P. panderi
 P. simplex
 P. sulcatus
 Phragmodus
 P. undatus
 Prioniodina
 P. furcata

 Rhynchognathodus
 R. divaricatus
 R. typicus
 Sagittodontus
 S. robustus
 Scolopodus
 S. insculptus
 Trichonodella
 T. exacta
 T. diminuta
 T. tenuis
 Zygognathus
 Z. curvata
 Z. mira

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arkansas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Arkansas
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician Arkansas
Ordovician geology of Tennessee
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Hendersonville Shale

text:
The Hendersonville Shale is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee


title: Hermitage Formation

text:
The Hermitage Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Inman Formation

text:
The Inman Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Lebanon Limestone

text:
The Lebanon Limestone is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee


title: Leipers Formation

text:
The Leipers Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Lenoir Formation

text:
The Lenoir Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Mannie Formation

text:
The Mannie Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Murfreesboro Limestone

text:
The Murfreesboro Limestone is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee


title: Pierce Limestone

text:
The Pierce Limestone is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee


title: Ridley Limestone

text:
The Ridley Limestone is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee


title: Rockdell Formation

text:
The Rockdell Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Sequatchie Formation

text:
The Sequatchie Formation is a geologic formation in Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Whitesburg Formation

text:
The Whitesburg Formation is a dark limestone with interbedded shales geologic formation in Tennessee and Virginia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

History
The Whitesburg Formation was formally proposed in 1930, though E.O. Ulrich had used the name prior to the formal proposal. The Whitesburg formation was later downgraded to the Whitesburg limestone, and was considered a basal member of the Blockhouse Shale. The Whitesburg Formation was then elevated back to formation status with the Fetzer member assigned as the basal member. The Fetzer is not considered to be a continuous body of rock, and exists in the Whitesburg formation as lenses.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Virginia
 Paleontology in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Virginia

References

Ordovician geology of Tennessee
Ordovician geology of Virginia
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Wilcox Formation

text:
The Wilcox Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

The first hydrocarbon discover in the formation occurred in 1928, onshore Texas.  Subsequent field discoveries included the Seven Sisters Field, the Fandando Field , and in 1940 the Sheridan Field in Colorado County, Texas.  Notable offshore discoveries within the formation include BAHA No. 2, and in 2004, the giant Jack Field.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee
 Jack 2
 Wilcox Group

References

Paleogene Louisiana
Paleogene geology of Tennessee


title: Natranaerobiales

text:
The Natranaerobiales are an order of bacteria placed within the class Clostridia. This order contains the thermophilic bacterial species Natranaerobius thermophilus and the related species Natranaerobaculum magadiense.

See also
 List of bacterial orders
 List of bacteria genera

References


title: Decatur Limestone

text:
The Decatur Limestone is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Silurian geology of Tennessee
Silurian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Wayne Formation

text:
The Wayne Formation is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Silurian geology of Tennessee
Silurian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Brownsport Group

text:
The Brownsport Group is a geologic group in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Silurian geology of Tennessee


title: Coffee Sand

text:
The Coffee Sand is a geologic formation in Tennessee. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period. It preserved indeterminate hadrosauroids including a possible adult Eotrachodon.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Cretaceous geology of Tennessee
Cretaceous Mississippi


title: Owl Creek Formation

text:
The Owl Creek Formation is a geologic formation ranging from Tennessee to Mississippi. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period. Ornithomimids and ceratopsid remains are known from the formation. The ceratopsid tooth could represent a chasmosaurine.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Tennessee
 Paleontology in Tennessee

References

Cretaceous geology of Tennessee
Cretaceous Mississippi
Cretaceous Missouri