title: Sandro Trotti

text:
Sandro Trotti (born 1934) is a contemporary Italian painter. In 1972 Trotti became professor of Painting at the Accademia di Belle Arti in Rome, where he taught until 2000. He holds teaching posts in Peking and in Canton, in the People's Republic of China.

Early life

Trotti was born at Monte Urano, in the Marche region of central Italy, in 1934. He moved to Rome, where he became friend with other Italian important Masters as Luigi Montanarini, Domenico Purificato, Pericle Fazzini, Sante Monachesi and Corrado Cagli.

Career
His first personal exhibition has been held in 1954 in Porto San Giorgio.

During the '60s Trotti's pictorial research is directed towards abstractionism and experimentations on glass and plastic materials: Cellophane, Cartesian Axes, Rice Beans, Televisions and Crates.

In the '70s Trotti develops a more figurative painting, which does not leave out the geometric shapes and realizes the famous series of "White Nudes" and portraits of the Japanese Yoko.

Since 1970 he has traveled abroad and in 1973 he exhibited in Syria, at the Urnina Gallery in Damascus.

He has traveled to Thailand and India, Egypt and the Middle East, thus enriching his pictorial research with new subjects and new suggestions (Buddhas and portraits of oriental women, a theme that returns throughout his career).

The portraits, the nudes of women, the landscapes of Rome and the Marche hills are pictorial themes constantly present in the art of Trotti.

Reputed among the greatest European figurative painters, his works have been shown in several exhibitions in Italy and abroad: in 1977, personal exhibition at the Galleria Vittoria in Rome on the theme of geraniums, with a presentation by Costanzo Costantini and Ferruccio Ulivi; in 1982, an anthological exhibition at the Palazzo Bosdari in Ancona, presented by Franco Solmi; in 1985, a major anthological exhibition at the Palazzo dei Diamanti in Ferrara, curated by Franco Farina and Carmine Benincasa and a group exhibition at the Museum of Philadelphia, together with other important Italian masters.

In 1986 the Museum of Sao Paulo (Brazil) hosts an exhibition on Trotti's abstract works.

In 1992 an exhibition in St. Petersburg, where he meets many artists and writers including the writer Vladimir Asimov, who will write an essay on his painting.

In the same year, a successful anthological exhibition in the Monumental Complex of San Michele a Ripa in Rome with a presentation by Carmine Benincasa.

Parallel to the pictorial activity Trotti also carries on the graphic design by making many etchings.

In 1998 an anthological exhibition in Ascoli Piceno and Monte Urano, with the presentation of Claudio Strinati.

In 1999 Trotti was invited to China, and exhibited in Canton, Peking and Shanghai. In 2007 he had another large exhibition in Shanghai, and was appointed professor of history of art at the China Central Academy of Fine Arts in Peking and at the Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts in Canton.

In 2008 an important exhibition has been held at the Goza Gallery in Bratislava.

A retrospective exhibition of his work has been held at Civitanova Marche in the province of Macerata in the winter of 2010–2011.

In 2010 he was between few living painters to participate in "Romaccademia - a century of art from Sartorio to Scialoja", an exhibition held at the Vittoriano complex in Rome in honor of the great masters of the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome.

From 1984 his self-portrait figures permanently in the Vasari corridor of the Uffizi in Florence.

Over one hundred works by Sandro Trotti, donated by the artist to the Town of Fermo (Marche, Italy), will constitute a museum fund at the "Palazzo dei Priori".

References

Further reading

1949 births
Living people
20th-century Italian painters
20th-century Italian male artists
Italian male painters
21st-century Italian painters
Academic staff of the Central Academy of Fine Arts
21st-century Italian male artists


title: Blumensaat's line

text:
Blumensaat's line is a line which corresponds to the roof of the intercondylar fossa of femur as seen on a lateral radiograph of the knee joint. The angle at which this line appears on the radiograph can be used to determine the position of the patella or diagnose an ACL injury.

Clinical Use

On a normal radiograph, the line intersects the inferior pole of the patella, and so can be useful in diagnosing a broken femur as well as a patellar tendon rupture.

It also helps to define "Schottle point" intra-operatively for reconstruction of MPFL(Medial patello-femoral ligament.)

It may also be used to describe the course of an ACL graft.

References

Musculoskeletal radiographic signs


title: Keith Harrison (cyclist)

text:
Keith J Harrison (born 28 March 1933) is a former British cyclist.

Career
He competed in the sprint event at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

He represented England and won a silver medal and a bronze medal in the 10 mile scratch and 1km time trial respectively at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Vancouver, Canada. He also represented England in three more events at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff, Wales.

References

External links

1933 births
Living people
British male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Great Britain
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Birmingham, West Midlands
Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England
Cyclists at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games


title: List of Országos Bajnokság I (men's water polo) clubs

text:
The following is a list of clubs who have played in the OB I water polo league at any time since its formation in 1904. OB I teams playing in the 2014-15 season are highlighted in green.

See also
 Országos Bajnokság I
 The bolded teams are currently playing in the 2014-15 season of the Hungarian League.
 R = Relegated from the OB I
 D = Dissolved
 List of Nemzeti Bajnokság I clubs (football)
 List of Nemzeti Bajnokság I (men's handball) clubs

References

External links
 Hungarian Water Polo Federaration

Clubs


title: Stevens Memorial Hall

text:
Stevens Memorial Hall is the historic town hall of Chester, New Hampshire. The building, a large wood-frame structure completed in 1910, is located in the center of Chester at the junction of New Hampshire Routes 121 and 102. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. It served as the center of the town's civic business until 2000, when town offices were relocated to a former school.

Description and history
Stevens Memorial Hall occupies a prominent site at the southwest corner of New Hampshire Routes 121 and 102. It is a large two-story wood-frame structure that is basically Colonial Revival in style, with some Queen Anne touches. It is covered by a hip roof, with a square belfry at the northwest corner, covered by a bellcast roof. The main facade is divided into three sections, with an asymmetrical arrangement of windows, and a center entrance sheltered by a porch supported by slender round columns mounted on square bases. The inside ground floor historically housed town offices. The basement level, originally unfinished, was adapted for use as a police station in the 1970s. The upper floor consists of a large auditorium space used for civic and social functions, with a stage, dressing room, and balcony.

The hall was designed by Lawrence, Massachusetts, architect George G. Adams, and was built over a three-year period. It was formally dedicated in 1910, and was retired from town functions in 2000. It is the only purpose-built town hall in the town, with its civic functions now located in a former elementary school at the western end of the Chester Center village. From 1930 to 1981, this building also housed the Chester Free Library. The auditorium space, in addition to being used for town meetings until 2000, was used for local community group meetings, theatrical productions, and other civic events.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

City and town halls on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Event venues on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Queen Anne architecture in New Hampshire
Buildings and structures completed in 1910
Buildings and structures in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Chester, New Hampshire
1908 establishments in New Hampshire


title: Robert Harper (conveyancer)

text:
Robert Harper (c. 1700 - 1772) was an English conveyancer and drafter of parliamentary bills.

Biography
He was born the eldest son of Samuel Harper of Farnley, Yorkshire. He was admitted to Lincoln's Inn on 14 March 1717 and was called to the bar on 5 February 1735. He was a regular attender of meetings of the Council of the Bench, being appointed Master of the Walks in 1752, Keeper of the Black Book in 1753, Dean of Chapel in 1755, Treasurer in 1760 and Master of the Library in 1761.

Harper was also something of an antiquarian, possessing a manuscript of John Hooker's translation of the ‘Modus tenendi parliamentum’ and of Hooker's ‘The Order and Usage how to keep a Parliament in England’. He subscribed to the 1732 edition of Bulstrode Whitelocke's Memorials of English affairs. These works demonstrate a parliamentary bias in his interests.

Harper drafted a considerable number of parliamentary bills. During his most active years, 1732-1762, 458 out of 1,238 Private Acts of Parliament were drafted by Harper (37% of the total). Harper's library was sold in 1802 and the British Museum acquired ‘Private Acts of Parliament of George I, II and III. 62 vols’, which was Harper's law office library.

He died in 1772 and was buried at Lincoln's Inn. He had two sons: Robert (16 February 1729 - 1793) and Samuel (28 December 1732 - 1803). The Leeds Intelligencer remarked on his death that Harper was "deservedly supposed to have been one of the most able conveyancers in England for more than half this present century. He was deeply versed in the laws of his own country, and well acquainted with the history of the modern and ancient nations. His knowledge was great; but his humanity and good temper were above all the modes of expression".

Notes

References

Sheila Lambert, Bills and Acts. Legislative Procedure in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971).

Further reading
David Jervis, Richard Cheffins, Arthur Cunningham, ‘Parliamentary papers in the British Library’, in Dermot Englefield (ed.), Workings of Westminster (Dartmouth Publishing, 1991), pp. 163–180.
D. L. Rydz, The Parliamentary Agents: A History (Royal Historical Society, 1979).

External links
Harper Collection of Private Bills

1700s births
1772 deaths
English lawyers


title: León Mejía

text:
León Mejía (born 1934) is a former Colombian cyclist. He competed in the sprint event at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

References

1934 births
Living people
Colombian male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Colombia
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)


title: Rory Shaw

text:
Professor Rory James Swanton Shaw FRCP (born 1954) is a senior British physician.

Biography

Born on 5 January 1954, Professor Rory Shaw was educated at Bedford School and at the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital. He was Senior Lecturer and Consultant Physician in Respiratory Medicine at St Mary's Hospital Medical School between 1989 and 1997, and has been Professor of Respiratory Medicine at Imperial College School of Medicine since 1997.

Professor Shaw was medical director of the Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust between 1998 and 2006, medical director of the Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust between 2007 and 2009, and has been medical director of the North West London Hospitals NHS Trust since 2009.

In 2001, Professor Shaw was appointed as head of the National Patient Safety Agency for England and Wales, charged by the government with revolutionising patient safety in the National Health Service. In November 2013, the government appointed Professor Shaw to lead the newly established National Health Service International Development Team.

References

1954 births
Living people
People educated at Bedford School
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
20th-century English medical doctors
21st-century English medical doctors


title: Stone School (Newmarket, New Hampshire)

text:
The Stone School is a historic school building at 1 Granite Street in Newmarket, New Hampshire.  Built in 1841-42, it served the town as a school until 1966, and is a distinctive example of the town's stone architecture.  It is now the Stone School Museum, a local history museum.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

Description and history
The Stone School stands in a residential area on a steep hill above the commercial downtown of Newmarket, a small mill town on the Lamprey River in southeastern New Hampshire.  It is a mainly granite structure, three stories on one side and two on the other, as it is built into the side of a hill.  It measures about , with walls of rubble construction, with some shale mixed in with the granite.  The stone was quarried at Durham Point.  A water table of granite extends around the main floor, its slabs serving as lintels for the partially exposed basement level openings.  The building corners have granite quoin blocks, and the main roof line features a two-stage cornice with returns at the gable ends.  The interior has wooden floors and plastered walls.

The school was built in 1841-42, its stonework executed by William and Robert Channel, local farmers and stonemasons. Along with the local "Stone Church" and mills, it is a high-quality example of stone architecture in the town. The building was used continuously as a school until 1966, when it was given to the Newmarket Historical Society, which now operates it as a local history museum.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

External links
 Newmarket Historical Society

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
School buildings completed in 1841
Buildings and structures in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Museums in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
History museums in New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Newmarket, New Hampshire


title: Pauwel's angle

text:
Pauwel's angle is the angle between the line of a fracture of the neck of the femur and the horizontal as seen on an anterio-posterior radiograph. Pauwel's angle is named after the German orthopedist Friedrich Pauwels.     Introduced in 1935, this system was the first biomechanical classification for femoral neck fractures, and is still in use.

Clinical Use

An increasing angle leads to a more unstable fracture and an increase in the shear stress at the fracture site. This shear leads to higher rates of nonunion.

Pauwel's Classification

References

Musculoskeletal radiographic signs


title: Boris Romanov

text:
Boris Nikolayevich Romanov (; 27 February 1937 – 10 February 2014) was a Soviet cyclist. He competed in the sprint event at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

References

1937 births
2014 deaths
Sportspeople from Tula, Russia
Soviet male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for the Soviet Union
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing


title: Meng House

text:
Meng House, also known as The Hill House and Clough-Wallace House, is a historic home located at Union in Union County, South Carolina, United States.  It was built about 1832, and is a two-story, Greek Revival style frame dwelling.  It features two two-story Doric order porticos supported by four stucco-over-brick columns.  It has a two-story wing that houses the kitchen with bathrooms above.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Greek Revival houses in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1832
Houses in Union County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, South Carolina


title: Town Center Historic District

text:
The Town Center Historic District encompasses the historic village center of South Hampton, New Hampshire. Centered around the Barnard Green, the town common, on New Hampshire Route 107A, it includes architectural reminders of the town's growth and change over time. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

Description and history
South Hampton's town common, Barnard Green, is located near the geographic center of the town. It is a long rectangular open area on the southwest side of New Hampshire Route 107A (Main Avenue), a historic main road between Kingston, New Hampshire, and Newburyport, Massachusetts. The historic district extends along Main Avenue south to the Massachusetts state line and north to the Nettle Hiller House, and westerly along Hilldale Avenue. It includes a cluster of civic buildings that are predominantly Greek Revival in character, including the town hall, Baptist church, and Barnard School, all of which were built during the 1830s. The residential character of the area is significantly early 20th-century in character, due to a 1912 fire that destroyed a number of houses facing the common, but there are a number of 18th and early 19th-century houses.

The district is anchored at the southern end by the Kiely House, a Georgian brick house that stands on Main Avenue just north of the Massachusetts line. Not far to its north is the c. 1720 Ordway House, the only surviving Georgian saltbox in the town. Before reaching the green, the road passes a c. 1820 Federal house that once functioned as a tavern serving stagecoach customers. The civic buildings are clustered around the eastern end of the common; the c. 1832 Greek Revival Baptist church is oriented facing east toward Jewell Street. Directly north of this area is the "Hilltop Fire" area, in which nine older structures were demolished in 1912; this area is now populated by Colonial Revival and other 20th-century houses that are similar in scale to other residential architecture in the district.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

Historic districts in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
South Hampton, New Hampshire


title: Jack Disney

text:
Jack Disney (born June 15, 1930) is a former American cyclist. He competed at the 1956, 1964 and the 1968 Summer Olympics.

References

1930 births
Living people
American male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for the United States
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Topeka, Kansas
Pan American Games medalists in cycling
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Competitors at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games
20th-century American people


title: Merridun

text:
Merridun is a historic home located at Union, Union County, South Carolina.  It was built about 1855, and is a two-story, Georgian style frame dwelling.  It features a massive two-storied Neoclassical portico with Corinthian order columns. It shelters a one-story verandah that extends partially around both sides of the house.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Georgian architecture in South Carolina
Neoclassical architecture in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1855
Houses in Union County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, South Carolina


title: IndieWeb

text:
IndieWeb is a community of people building software to enable
personal, independently hosted websites to independently maintain
their social data on their own web domains rather than on large,
centralized social networking services. First developed at a
series of conferences known as IndieWebCamp by Tantek Çelik,
Amber Case, Aaron Parecki, Crystal Beasley<ref
name="website"/> and Kevin Marks,<ref
name="finley"/> it uses a suite of tools
including Webmention and microformats in order to decentralize
social communication and distribution of content.

The IndieWeb is based on 10 core principles:

 Own your data.
 Use & publish visible data for humans first, machines second.
 Make what you need.
 Use what you make.
 Document your stuff.
 Open source your stuff.
 UX and design is more important than protocols, formats, data models, schema etc.
 Modularity.
 Longevity.
 Plurality.

and an informal eleventh: "Above all, Have fun."

See also
 Solid (web decentralization project)
 Distributed social network
 Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking

References

External links

 Official website

Blog software
Communications protocols


title: David Hanrahan

text:
David Hanrahan (born 19 September 1992) is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for the Cork senior team.

Born in Douglas, Cork, Hanrahan first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Cork minor team, before later joining the under-21 and junior sides. He made his senior debut during the 2014 National Football League. Since then Hanrahan has become a regular member of the panel.

At club level Hanrahan plays with Douglas.

Honours

Team

Cork
All-Ireland Junior Football Championship (1): 2013
Munster Junior Football Championship (1): 2013
Munster Under-21 Football Championship (1): 2013
Munster Minor Football Championship (1): 2010

References

1992 births
Living people
Douglas Gaelic footballers
Cork inter-county Gaelic footballers
Gaelic football goalkeepers


title: Ad Wammes

text:
Ad Wammes (born 1953, Vreeswijk) is a Dutch composer. His notable compositions include pieces "Miroir" ("Mirror", 1989) for organ, and "Different Colours", two books which contain 12 pieces each for piano.

References

External links
 Ad Wammes website

1953 births
Living people
Dutch male classical composers
Dutch classical composers
People from Nieuwegein
Date of birth missing (living people)


title: Lionel Hale

text:
Lionel Ramsay Hale (26 October 1909 – 1 January 1977) was an English critic, broadcaster and playwright.

Life
Hale was born in Beckenham, Kent.

In the 1940s, Hale presented the radio quiz Transatlantic Quiz and an early television quiz show called Quiz with Hale. He made regular appearances on Panorama between 1953 and 1955 as a theatre critic, and was featured as a castaway on the BBC Radio programme Desert Island Discs on 3 January 1958.  One of Hale's plays, These Two, ran for a short time (eight days) on Broadway in May, 1934.  These Two was a three-act drama set in a flat in London.  He was also a frequent contributor to Punch, the British humour magazine.

His wife, Betty Taylor, died in 1952. Their son was the publisher and literary agent James Hale (1946-2003). Lionel subsequently married Crystal Pudney, the daughter of A. P. Herbert.

Bibliography

Fiction
 A Fleece of Lambs. London: Jonathan Cape, 1961 (novel)

Plays
 She Passed Through Lorraine: A comedy in three acts (1932)
These Two: A play in three acts
 The Mocking Bird: An extravagance in three acts (1933)
 Festival Time: A comedy in three acts (1938)
 Gilt and Gingerbread: A comedy in three acts (1960)

Nonfiction
 The Old Vic 1949-50 (1950)
 Evans Plays: Evans catalogue of acting editions: With synopses (editor)(1956)

References

External links

1909 births
1977 deaths
20th-century British dramatists and playwrights
British theatre critics
Game show announcers
People from Beckenham
Writers from London
Place of death missing


title: Holderness Drain

text:
Holderness Drain is the main feature of a Land Drainage scheme for the area of Holderness to the east of the River Hull in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Construction began in 1764, and several notable civil engineers were involved with the scheme over the years. Despite the high costs of the initial scheme, it was not particularly successful, because of the refusal of the ship owners of Hull to allow an outlet at Marfleet. They insisted that the water be discharged into the River Hull to keep the channel free of silt. Following a period of agricultural depression and the building of new docks in the early 1800s, an outlet at Marfleet was finally authorised in 1832. A high level system still fed upland water to the Hull, but the low level system discharged into the Humber, where levels were considerably lower. Following the success of steam pumping on the Beverley and Barmston Drain, the trustees looked at such a possibility for the Holderness Drain, but the development of the Alexandra Dock in the 1880s and then the King George V Dock in 1913 provided a solution, as the docks were topped up with water pumped from the drain, to lessen the ingress of silt-laden water.

Responsibility for the scheme rested with the Trustees of Holderness Drainage from its inception in 1764 until 1930, when a major overhaul of land drainage legislation took place. Since then it has been managed by a catchment board, a river board, a river authority, a water authority, the National Rivers Authority and the Environment Agency. Since 1930, the smaller drainage ditches that feed into the Holderness Drain have been the responsibility of an internal drainage board. In order to improve the efficiency of the system, pumping stations were built at Tickton, Great Culvert and East Hull in 1972. However, attitudes to land drainage have changed and the Tickton station is now deemed to be uneconomic, and will be closed down unless alternative sources of income to fund its operation can be found.

History
The valley of the River Hull was regularly inundated with fresh water in the north, and salt water in the south in the early medieval period. Hamlets along the edges of the Humber and the Hull built banks to prevent the inundation by sea water in the early fourteenth century, as King Edward II appointed commissioners in 1311 and 1313, with responsibilities to inspect and repair the banks. However, the commissioners were only appointed when the walls were breached, and once repairs had been made, they were disbanded. There was no regular inspection of the banks. As well as preventing the ingress of sea water, the banks also prevented fresh water from the land reaching the Humber, and so a network of channels were cut, to channel water to the Hull and the Humber. Primitive sluices were built where the channels passed through the banks, to ensure that water only passed in one direction.

The carrs to the north remained flooded, although a number of channels were cut through them by the monks from Meaux Abbey. These ran in an east-west direction and were primarily to aid transport by boat, rather than for drainage, although their large size tended to have some effect on the land. A move towards a more comprehensive system of control occurred in 1532, with the passing of the Stature of Sewers. This created Commissioners of Sewers in the main areas of England and Wales which had significant areas of marshland. They had considerable powers, which were exercised through Courts of Sewers. Two such Courts were created in the Hull valley. One was based at Beverley, with separate juries for North, Middle and South Holderness and three other areas, while the second was based at Hull. They were initially only concerned with existing banks and drains, but in 1580 they organised the construction of a new drain to link Monkdike to Forthdike, providing a more southerly outlet for the water, where the level of the Hull was lower at low tide. An extensive survey of all the drains and banks was made between 1660 and 1662, with the details recorded in a book of pains, now held by the East Riding Record Office. Pains was the term used for records of the size of such structures, the intervals at which they had to be repaired or scoured, and the penalties for failing to carry out the repairs.

The idea of taking the waters from the carrs in the north to a new outlet near Marfleet on the Humber was suggested by Mr Snow in 1671. He was a Commissioner of Sewers, and proposed a new drain from Forthdike to Marfleet, passing to the east of Sutton, whose inhabitants had resisted previous attempts at a solution. Snow offered to cut the drain in return for use of the drained land for a period of 21 years, but he failed to obtain the consent of the landowners or an Act of Parliament to authorise it. Sir Joseph Ashe made some improvements to his Wawne estate, which included cutting the Engine Drain, at the end of which he built two windmills to raise the water into the Hull. Others followed suit, and there were around a dozen drainage windmills in the area by the early eighteenth century.

First phase
In 1763, landowners decided that the carrs to the east of the River Hull could be turned into profitable land, and obtained an Act of Parliament to exclude this area from the jurisdiction of the Court of Sewers. It created Holderness Drainage, a legal entity with powers to construct new banks and drains. Plans for the drainage of Holderness were then put together. John Grundy, Jr. was approached to produce plans for the drainage of some  of low-lying land to the east of the River Hull. He worked with John Smeaton on the initial assessment, and the two men visited the area in November. There was significant opposition to his plans for the main outlet to be at Marfleet, since the shipping owners felt that the scouring action of the fresh water on the mud banks near the lower end of the Hull was vital to maintain the Old Harbour, as this part of the river was known. With limited financial resources, Holderness Drainage were unable to resist the pressure, and the plans were altered to have an outlet at Stoneferry on the Hull, and reduced dimensions for the drains. Grundy wrote the final report, completing it on 30 December. Smeaton then reviewed it, and suggested only minor modifications, as he was happy with all the major points. The land surveyor Charles Tate produced an engraved plan, and Grundy went to London to steer the bill for the scheme through Parliament. The bill became an Act of Parliament on 5 April 1764.

Grundy's life was marked by tragedy shortly afterwards, when his wife of 21 years died, and remarkably personal letters between the two engineers have survived. Although busy with the Calder Navigation by then, Smeaton made the time to visit the area with Grundy on 4 July, in response to a request from the Trustees of the scheme to view the low grounds and carrs. Grundy produced a report on 14 July, and then designed the outfall sluice, which had two  arches with sluices. Smeaton again reviewed the plans in September, suggesting improvements to the foundations, and this was his last involvement with the scheme. Grundy submitted his report on the sluice in December 1764, which included a detailed bill of quantities, with an estimated cost of £1,800.

It appears that Grundy had been acting as Chief Engineer since July 1764. In addition to the main drain, the scheme involved the construction of  of barrier bank, on the east bank of the River Hull, to prevent inundation of the low-lying land from that source. Construction of the bank had begun in July 1764, with John Hoggard acting as Superintendent of the works. In March 1765, work on the main sluice began, and bricklayers, carpenters and masons were employed. The resident engineer or 'Surveyor' for this part of the work and for the construction of the main drain was Joseph Page, who was paid £80 per year. Throughout the contract, Charles Tate, who had produced the original engraved plan, worked as the land surveyor. Grundy in his capacity as Chief Engineer, visited the sites on four occasions in 1765, and continued to do so until October 1767, when the main drains and sluice were finished. Both he and Page then moved on, but work on the banks and drains continued under the supervision of Hoggard. By the time this first phase was completed in 1772, the cost had been around £24,000.

Some work continued until 1775, consisting largely of raising river banks, making drains deeper, and extending the drains that had been created. However, the system was inadequate, as there were large areas that remained under water near Leven, in the north of the area, and at Weel, to the east of Beverley. Flooding during the winter months was still a regular problem, because the drains could not cope with rain from the low-lying carrs, when they were full with water from higher ground to the north of Holderness. The engineer William Jessop spent a month investigating the problems, studying some , and presented a report in July 1786. Further survey work was then carried out by George Plummer, and formed the basis for Jessop's detailed plan, which was agreed in 1787. He produced specifications for drains, embankments, dams and tunnels, with the overriding principle that the water from the uplands to the north should be kept entirely separate from the internal drains of the area. Once the project got under way, Jessop visited from time to time to check on progress. He made a total of seven visits between 1789 and 1792, when his involvement and that of George Plummer, who had acted as resident engineer, ceased. Anthony Bower then took over as resident engineer, overseeing the work until 1795. This phase of the scheme was finally completed in 1805, at a cost of £16,000.

Second phase

Despite the large amounts of money spent on the schemes, they were not particularly effective, because of the failure to provide an outfall at Marfleet. Ship owners continued to oppose such a plan until at least 1810, and there was an agricultural depression from 1815 to 1830. During this period, the port of Hull developed, with the opening of Humber Dock in 1809 and Junction Dock (later Princes Dock) in 1829. By the time the agricultural industry began to recover, the carrs were in a bad state, but so was the Old Harbour at Hull. Holderness Drainage acted quickly, obtaining an Act of Parliament in 1832, which authorised the construction of a drain to Marfleet, where the outlet sluice (known locally as a clow) could be built at a lower level than previous outlets, thus providing a better gradient for the flow of the water. The old Main Drain was embanked where it crossed the carrs, and was used to carry runoff from the streams of Holderness to the Hull. The new lowland drain carried water from the carrs to Marfleet, passing under the upland drain in the Great Culvert. Where possible, old drains were made straighter, wider and deeper, and the meres in the Leven and Tickton area soon disappeared. By 1854, around one sixth of the land was still subject to occasional winter flooding, but most of the carrs were by then used for crops, rather than for pasture.

Flooding in the Holderness Level increased between 1840 and 1880, as farmers used tile drains to keep their land free of standing water. These carried the water away more quickly to the main drains, increasing the peak flow. Where this drained into the upland drain, this was not a problem, but where it entered the lowland drain, it caused difficulties, particularly when Marfleet was tide locked. Following the successful introduction of steam pumping on the Beverley and Barmston drain, to the west of the River Hull, the Trustees looked at the possibility of installing pumps as Marfleet. However, help came from another source.

The Alexandra Dock was built to the west of the final section of the drain in the early 1880s. Research on the original Hull Dock had shown that around 1.25 million tons of mud were deposited in the dock each year, as a result of the muddy water of the Humber entering the dock for 2 to 3 hours at each high tide. In order to mitigate the high cost of dredging to remove this material, the water levels in the  dock were maintained by pumping fresh water from the Holderness Drain. Pumps capable of pumping 14.5 million cubic feet (410 Ml) per day were installed, resulting in significant savings in the cost of operating the dock. Pumping from the drain increased again in 1913, when the newly constructed King George V Dock opened, and again required clean water. For Holderness Drainage, this provided the benefits of pumping without the cost.

Administration
Holderness Drainage were responsible for the management of the system until 1930, when the Land Drainage Act 1930 became law. This organised the low-lying areas of England and Wales into catchment areas, each with its own catchment board. These boards were responsible for the main rivers within a catchment basin.  For the Holderness region, responsibility for the River Hull and the Holderness main drain passed to the Hull Catchment Board. Holderness Drainage then became an internal drainage board (IDB), with responsibility for the smaller drains. Responsibility changed again with the passing of the River Boards Act 1948, which created the Hull and East Yorkshire River Board. The next change occurred as a result of the Water Resources Act 1963, when the Hull River Board was joined to the Yorkshire Ouse River Board to become the Yorkshire Ouse and Hull River Authority. Further amalgamation and reorganisation took place following the passing of the Water Act 1973, when the river authority became part of the much larger Yorkshire Water Authority. Yorkshire Water Authority was privatised as a result of the Water Act 1989, and responsibility for main rivers including the Holderness Drain passed to the National Rivers Authority, which subsequently became part of the Environment Agency in 1995.

Similarly, the internal drainage boards have gradually amalgamated into larger units. The Holderness IDB first merged with the Beverley IDB, and subsequently with the Beverley and Barmstom IDB, to become the Beverley and North Holderness IDB in 1981. They are responsible for an area of  in which they maintain  of drains, including those that feed into the Holderness Drain. Some 70 per cent of the area is dependent upon pumping stations to prevent flooding.

Development
Holderness Drain has three pumping stations along its length, which manage changes in level. The first is at Tickton, which was built in 1972 as part of the Holderness Drain scheme. The second is the Great Culvert pumping station, which was built at the same time. This is located close to the point of the original Great Culvert, which carried the high level drain to the River Hull over the low level drain to the Humber. Water from Monkdike and the Foredyke Stream was diverted into the low level drain, with the pumping station raising water from the remainder of the low level drain to the north. The rest of the Foredyke Stream, which carried the high level waters through the city to the River Hull at Stoneferry was abandoned. The East Hull pumping station, near the outlet of the Holderness Drain, has a capacity of , and is jointly managed by Yorkshire Water and the Environment Agency. It was originally constructed in 1949, so that the outflow from the drain could be pumped into the Humber when the level of the tides prevented gravity discharge. A major upgrade by Kingston upon Hull Corporation took place in May 1972, when it was extended to pump sewage flows into the Humber as well.

In 2010, the Environment Agency looked at the costs and effectiveness of the pumping stations, and concluded that only East Hull significantly reduced the risk of flooding to properties. Costs to run Tickton pumping station were about £20,000 per year, and it was decided to continue operating it for a further five years, while working with local communities to find other sources of funding for it. Although deemed uneconomic, Great Culvert pumping station would continue to be used, as removing it would result in water from the high level system flowing back up the Holderness Drain, increasing the risk of flooding. At the time, a £900,000 refurbishment scheme was being carried out at East Hull pumping station, and ways to increase its capacity were under investigation. Of the four pumps, the two  ones were refurbished first, followed by the two  ones. All of the pumps have been available for pumping water from the drain since 2006, when pumping of sewage was discontinued following the commissioning of Saltend Waste Water Treatment Works, and the  deep level sewer that connects it to Hull's sewerage system.

As part of a £28.5 million flood alleviation scheme for Hull, the Environment Agency decided that the East Hull pumping station had reached the end of its life, and that constructing a new pumping station would be more economical than refurbishing it. Following a planning decision in April 2020, work started on the new structure in May, which is located to the south of the existing station, nearer to the Humber. It will be capable of pumping  in conditions where water levels in the drain are high and the tide in the Humber is also high. The Holderness Drain Flood Alleviation Scheme is a multi-agency project, jointly funded by the Environment Agency, Hull City Council, East Riding of Yorkshire Council, the Humber Local Enterprise Partnership and Highways England. Phase 2 of the project, to create a flood relief area to the east of Bransholme and Sutton near the Castle Monument, is expected to begin later in 2020.

Navigation
When the commissioners approached Jessop in 1786 they had asked him
"... to take a view of the works of the Drainage, and of the River Hull, and to report what measures (in his opinion) ought to be pursued to give the best effect to the undertaking; what will be the probable expence of those measures, whether a navigation be compatible with the drainage, and if it be, what additional expence would be required to effect a navigation (as well as a drainage) from the outfall to Monk bridge."

His report of 1786 had stated that a navigation might be an advantage to the drainage. He estimated that it would cost an additional £5,136 to make the main drain suitable for craft drawing . The cost included a number of passing places, and the provision of two locks. However, the trustees did not take the plan any further. An independent group proposed a canal running parallel to the drain in September 1791, which would be navigable from near the Holderness outfall to Monk bridge, or to Leven, about  further to the north. The drainage trustees were anxious to ensure that such a plan would not damage the drainage, and asked John Hudson of Louth to assess it in February 1792. The promoters then petitioned Parliament in March, but the plan foundered.

In 1799, Mrs Bethel asked Jessop to produce a plan for a canal running westwards from Leven to the River Hull. Jessop did so,  and reported that the canal would not harm the drainage. However, the trustees were nervous, and asked Mrs Bethel to pay for a second opinion. She employed James Creassy, who agreed with Jessop, and with the blessing of the trustees, she obtained an Act of Parliament in 1801. The Act stipulated that Jessop and Creassy must agree that any work carried out would not harm the drainage, and if they could not agree, then they were to consult the engineer John Rennie. As a further measure, Mrs Bethel provided an indemnity against the canal damaging the drainage. The canal crossed the main Holderness Drain on an aqueduct.

Bibliography

References

Water bodies in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Drainage canals in England
Holderness


title: Herndon Terrace

text:
Herndon Terrace, also known as W.E. Thomson House, is a historic home located at Union, Union County, South Carolina.  It was built about 1845–1848, and is a two-story, Greek Revival style frame dwelling.  It features massive columned porticos on three sides, with solid brick columns covered with stucco. Also on the property are a once separate kitchen, that now adjoins the house, and an old slave cabin and cistern.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Greek Revival houses in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1848
Houses in Union County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, South Carolina
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States


title: Dick Ploog

text:
Richard Francis Ploog (27 November 1936 – 14 July 2002) was an Australian cyclist. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics, winning a bronze medal in the sprint event.

References

External links

1936 births
2002 deaths
Australian male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Australia
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Ballarat
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in cycling
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Cyclists at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Cyclists at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)


title: Regional School District 3

text:
Regional School District 3 contains Old Killingly High School, Pomfret Community School, Putnam School District  and Thompson Schools. Regional School District 3 was designed for the Agriculture Wing at Old Killingly High School so they could make it easier to get all the people together.

School districts in Connecticut


title: Becky Essex

text:
Rebecca Anne Essex (born 16 November 1982) is an English female rugby union player and headteacher. She represented  at the 2010 Women's Rugby World Cup. She was played in the squad to the 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup.

Essex earned her 50th cap in the 2014 Women's Six Nations match against .

In 2017, Essex had retired from the England team but still played for Richmond. She works as the head of an ASD center at Strand on the Green school in Chiswick.

References

External links
Player Profile

1982 births
Living people
England women's international rugby union players
English female rugby union players


title: Yarouba Cissako

text:
Yarouba Cissako (born 8 January 1995) is a French professional footballer who plays as a right-back.

Club career
Cissako is a product of AS Monaco's academy. During the 2014–15 season, he played on loan for Belgian side Zulte Waregem in the Belgian Pro League. He made his first team debut on 17 July 2014 in the UEFA Europa League qualifying round against Zawisza Bydgoszcz. He made 25 league appearances and scored one goal.

International career
Cissako was born in France and holds French nationality. He is of Malian descent. He is a youth international for France.

Notes

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
French men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
France men's youth international footballers
French sportspeople of Malian descent
Cergy Pontoise FC players
AS Monaco FC players
S.V. Zulte Waregem players
Belgian Pro League players
French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Sportspeople from Pontoise
Footballers from Val-d'Oise


title: Marcel Lanquetuit

text:
Marcel Louis Robert Lanquetuit (8 June 189421 May 1985) was a French composer, organist, conductor, improviser and teacher of music.

Life

Marcel Lanquetuit was born in 1894 in Rouen, Normandy, France. His father, Charles (18601932), was a church musician at the church of St-Godard de Rouen. Lanquetuit began his musical studies in his hometown under Albert Dupré, and then began learning the organ and music theory (harmony, counterpoint, fugue) privately with Albert's son Marcel Dupré. From 1910 to 1914, he played the organ at St-Godard de Rouen. Meanwhile, he continued his studies. In 1913, he studied at the Paris Conservatory of Music under Eugène Gigout, and in 1914 won the Conservatory's 1st prize for organ. He served in the armed forces from 19141919, and in 1918 he married Marcelle Lacombe. They had one son, Pierre, an architect.

He became principal organist at St-Godard de Rouen in 1920.

In 1926, he made a recital tour of the United States, visiting New York City, Princeton and Philadelphia (where he played the famous Wanamaker Organ, by some measures the largest pipe organ in the world, in Wanamaker's department store).

In 1938, he was appointed principal organist at Rouen Cathedral, and retained this position until 1978.  He also filled in from time to time at the church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris when Marcel Dupré was on tour.

He taught privately, and was the substitute for Marcel Dupré at the Paris Conservatory before the Second World War. He was then professor of organ at the Rouen Conservatory for 15 years, where his students included Pierre Labric, Bernard Havel, Jean-Claude Touche, Odile Pierre, René Alix and Marie-Thérèse Duthoit (his successor in Rouen).

He died in 1985 at the hospital in Bois-Guillaume, Normandy.

Work
Only a few of Lanquetuit's works have been preserved. He preferred to improvise, and a large part of his work was destroyed by a fire in his house in 1940. His reputation as a composer is based primarily on a Toccata in D major, published in 1927 by Éditions Alphonse Leduc. He also wrote a short Intermezzo for organ in G major.

Awards
 1934: He was received into the Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Rouen on 9 March 1934 with a speech on the musical improvisation style of Marcel Dupré.
 1958: Knight of the Legion of Honour (Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur)
 1961: Knight of the Order of St Gregory the Great (Chevalier de l’Ordre de Saint-Grégoire-le-Grand)

See also
 :fr:Église Saint-Godard de Rouen, article in French Wikipedia about the church

References

1894 births
1985 deaths
Musicians from Rouen
French male composers
French classical organists
French male organists
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Knights of St. Gregory the Great
20th-century French composers
20th-century French male musicians
Male classical organists


title: O'Reilly House (Placentia)

text:
O'Reilly House (also known as the O'Reilly House Museum) is a museum located in Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It was built for Magistrate William O'Reilly who served as Magistrate of Placentia from 1897-1923. He was the son of Thomas O'Reilly who had been the magistrate of Placentia from 1877-97. In 1902, Magistrate O’Reilly employed the architect W.J. Ellis to build a Balustrade Queen Anne Victorian house that would serve as his family home.

Description

Consisting of two storeys, the exterior of this Victorian bracketed house is defined by narrow wooden clapboard. Alongside this feature, the house contains several design elements that reflect the typical style of Victorian houses. Accordingly, an entablature was placed above the front door and in the entrance-way, the architect added decorative stained glass windows which were placed alongside the interior door of the foyer. Double-bay windows with pediment also highlight the front of the house.

Inside the house, the rooms on the ground floor are typical of Victorian decorative arts with a parlour and dining room near the front of the house and a kitchen and pantry in the rear. Leading out of the kitchen is a narrow and modest stairway that led to a room that would have been reserved for the maid who worked in the house.

The parlour also contains several attributes including "very large double bay windows, dentil mouldings, pocket doors, roundels, stained glass windows, four fireplaces, large handcrafted mouldings throughout and a handcrafted staircase."

The main stairway is defined by unique details. Close to the top floor, one of the wooden railings is inverted. Whether this detail was intentional or unintentional is unknown. However, it remains one of the original elements of the house. The various rooms in the house were warmed by fireplaces. On the ground floor, there is a fireplace in the parlour, as well as another in the dining room. Two of the rooms on the second floor each possess a fireplace.

House of the Magistrate
Magistrate William O'Reilly stepped down in 1923 and was followed by Michael Sinnott. At the time, the O'Reilly family continued to live in the O'Reilly House until the death of William O’Reilly in 1928. Afterwards, beginning around 1934-1935, the O'Reilly House was rented to the Cahill family for a short period of time for parents Cyril and Mary. Their son Tom Cahill grew up to become a playwright and writer for CBC Television. He wrote many plays about Newfoundland winning an ACTRA award for The Undaunted: Sir Humphrey Gilbert about explorer Humphrey Gilbert, and a CBC President’s Award for his work. Artifacts belonging to him and his various awards were donated by his family to the historical society, and are now on display in the museum.

When William Linegar became the Magistrate in 1939, after Michael Sinnott stepped down, he privately leased the O'Reilly House as accommodation for himself and his family. It was several years later in 1943, when the Government of Newfoundland (Department of Justice) purchased the house in order for it to be used as the official residence for the magistrates.

William Linegar remained as Magistrate until 1972 and was followed by Magistrate Terrence Corbett who did not reside in the house. Although William Linegar was no longer the magistrate, he continued to occupy the O'Reilly House until his death in 1984.

Renovations
In 1985, the O’Reilly House became vacant and the Placentia Area Historical Society was able to purchase it for a dollar from the Newfoundland and Labrador Housing Corporation. For the most part, the house was used as the magistrate's house. Amongst the older houses in Placentia, Newfoundland, "it is one of the few that have not been 'modernized.'" Many of the features of the original house remained intact. However, after successfully obtaining a number of grants to fund the renovations, the PAHS began its work.

The renovations were substantial and involved tasks such as removing paint that had been in place for several decades. Some of the elements of the house had to be replaced such as the ceiling in the dining room, as well as the fireplace. Despite these renovations, the goal was to maintain the original design features of the house.

The Placentia Area Historical Society received the Southcott Award in 1989 from the Newfoundland Historic Trust in recognition of the preservation of the house. It was also designated as a Registered Heritage Structure of Newfoundland and Labrador in 2000, and was the third structure to receive this status in Placentia, the other two being the Rosedale Manor and St. Luke's Cultural Heritage Centre.

Additional repairs were completed in 1999. This work was focused on the roof, chimneys, siding, and doors. On 24 April of that year, the building was designated a Registered Heritage Structure by the Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador.

The O’Reilly House was designated a Municipal Heritage Building on 19 August 2006 by the Town of Placentia.

Museum
Following the renovations, the Placentia Area Historical Society officially opened the house as the O’Reilly House Museum on 1 June 1989.  Since this time, the O’Reilly House Museum has become a noted tourist attraction for visitors to the Placentia area in Newfoundland and Labrador. In 2020, the historical society acquired the recently deconsecrated and historic St. Luke's Anglican Church located next-door, and have renovated it into St. Luke's Cultural Heritage Centre, now used for lectures, workshops, performances, and even an escape room inside the building.

In 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the museum opted to help create a virtual tour of the museum using 360° photos of each space. Visitors of the website can view each of the interior rooms, and learn more about each artifact and picture inside the museum.

See also
 St. Luke's Cultural Heritage Centre
 Castle Hill, Newfoundland and Labrador

References

External links
Placentia History website
O'Reilly House museum virtual tour
Facebook page
Instagram page

Sources
Anonymous 1988 "Preserving a piece of Placentia" Decks Awash 17(3), pp. 27-28
Canada’s Historic Places 2014 "O'Reilly House Municipal Heritage Building", historicplaces.ca; accessed 21 January 2018.
Barnable, G. 2002 Under the Clock — A Legal History of the Ancient Capital (St. John’s, NL: The Law Society of Newfoundland and Labrador); accessed 21 January 2018.
Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site 2014 "O'Reilly House", heritage.nf.ca; accessed 21 January 2018.
"O'Reilly House Museum", Virtual Museums in Canada 2013; accessed 21 January 2018.

Museums in Newfoundland and Labrador
Buildings and structures in Newfoundland and Labrador
History museums in Canada
Houses completed in 1902
1900s in Newfoundland
1902 in North America
1902 in the British Empire
National Historic Sites in Newfoundland and Labrador


title: Palestinians in Syria

text:
Palestinians in Syria () are people of Palestinian origin, most of whom have been residing in Syria after they were displaced from their homeland during the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight. Palestinians hold most of the same rights as the Syrian population, but cannot become Syrian nationals except in rare cases. In 2011, there were 526,744 registered Palestinian refugees in Syria. Due to harsh conditions, the number of registered refugees has since dropped to about 450,000 due to many Palestinians fleeing to Lebanon, Jordan or elsewhere in the region to escaping to Europe as refugees, especially to Germany and Sweden.

History
Most Palestinian refugees fled to Syria in 1948 and came from northern Palestine districts, Safad, Haifa, Jaffa, Acre, Tiberias, and Nazareth. Some refugees arrived in Syria via Lebanon, some came from Galilee and the Hula Valley onto the Golan Heights, and others came directly from Palestine to Jordan to Syria. By the summer of 1948, there were about 70,000 Palestinian refugees in Syria, the majority concentrated along the border area with Israel. The refugees were initially housed in deserted military barracks in As-Suwayda, Aleppo, Homs, and Hama. In 1949, Law no. 450 established the Palestine Arab Refugee Institution (PARI), which later was replaced by the General Authority for Palestine Arab Refugees (GAPAR), to manage the Palestinian refugee affairs. GAPAR's responsibilities were refugee registration, relief assistance, finding employment opportunities for the refugees, and managing funds and contributions intended for them. GAPAR, with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), jointly administer the camps. UNRWA is an agency that works for Palestine refugee and is mostly funded by voluntary contributions. They also receive their funding from the Regular budget of the United Nations. UNRWA was established by the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 302 IV of 8 December 1949 to carry out relief programs for Palestinian Refugees.

According to GAPAR data, 85,000 Palestinian refugees settled in Syria by the end of 1948. According to author Laurie Brand, the full initial influx of Palestinians was substantial (90,000–100,000), and the government, through a series of laws, gradually paved the way for their integration into the Syrian socioeconomic structure while preserving their separate Palestinian identity.

By 1960, GAPAR reported the Palestinian refugee population was 126,662. In 1967, Palestinian refugees fled the Quneitra Governorate in the Golan Heights, and around 4,200 of them were housed in Daraa Emergency Camp. In 1970, as a result of Black September, some Palestinian refugees fled from Jordan to Syria. In 1982, in the wake of 1982 Lebanon War, a few thousand Palestinian refugees left Lebanon and found shelter in Syria. In 1989, the refugee population had risen to 296,508. By the end of 1998, the number was 366,493.

Around 526,000 Palestine refugees are now registered with UNRWA. There are nine official and three unofficial camps for refugees, with 111,208 refugees living in camps in 2002.

Current trends

Due to the civil war in Syria that commenced in 2011, many Palestinians in Syria have been displaced, either within Syria itself or they have fled the country. Their propensity to fleeing includes having been under siege in refugee camps, while many have opted to make the dangerous journey to Europe as conditions remain hostile to Palestinians in neighboring Middle Eastern states.

According to UNRWA, more than half a million Palestinians resided in refugee camps in Syria before the war started. As of 2019, the UN estimate that at least 120,000 Palestinians have been displaced from Syria since 2011. According to the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor, Palestinians who lived in refugee camps in Syria have faced additional obstacles, since they have been made "refugees for the second time". The Geneva-based organization reported that more than 160,000 Palestinian Syrian refugees had left their camps in Syria, migrating to neighboring or countries of the European Union. These include nearly 80,000 refugees who fled to Europe, 57,276 others who fled to neighboring countries, such as Lebanon, Jordan, and Turkey, and another 7,000 Palestinian Syrian refugees who fled to Egypt and the Gaza Strip.

As of 2017, the UN estimated that 450,000 Palestinian refugees remain in Syria, of whom up to 280,000 are internally displaced, and an estimated 43,000 are trapped in hard-to-reach locations. Some continue to be displaced multiple times as a result of armed violence.

3,642 Palestinians died during the first seven years of war, 1,651 Palestinians had been detained and more than 300 Palestinians were unaccounted for. Residents of Palestinian camps have suffered from air raids, shelling, siege, and malnutrition, in particular in Yarmouk Camp in the Damascus area, besieged by the government until 2018, leading to the displacement of over 100,000 and many deaths from starvation. By 2019, 3,987 Palestinians, including 467 women and 200 children, had been killed in the conflict.

According to an UNRWA spokesperson, "Palestinians are among those worst affected by the Syrian conflict." He explained that 95 percent of the 438,000 Palestinians are in "critical need of sustained humanitarian assistance", with many dependent on the clinics, emergency assistance and teaching staff that UNRWA provides. UNRWA educates 45,000 students a day. 54 percent of UNRWA funds go to education, 17 percent goes to health, 16 percent goes to support services, 9 percent goes to relief and social services and 4 percent goes to infrastructure and camp improvement.

The president of the United States, Donald J. Trump pulled back funding for the United Nations agency for Palestinian refugees in 2018. Salim Salamah, the director of the Palestinian League of Human Rights – Syria, argues that "Palestinian refugees in Syria and those who have been doubly displaced to neighboring countries will suffer as a result of the decision. The impact is going to be really massive and tragic, for Palestinians of Syria, its life-saving aid, especially in the context that many Palestinians lack access to many basic services, even [ those who fled] in Lebanon or Jordan."

Rights
The Arab League's 1965 Casablanca Protocol provides the framework for the treatment of Palestinians living in the Arab States. It consisted of the following regulations: (1) Whilst retaining their Palestinian nationality, Palestinians  have the right of employment on par with its citizens. (2) Palestinians have the right to leave and return to their state of residence. (3) Palestinians residing in other Arab states have the right to enter and depart from other Arab states, but their right of entry only gives them the right to stay for the permitted period and for the purpose they entered for, so long as the authorities do not agree to the contrary. (4) Palestinians are given, upon request, valid travel documents; authorities must issue these documents or renew them without delay. (5) Bearers of these travel documents residing in Arab League states receive the same treatment as all other LAS state citizens, regarding visa and residency applications.

Children born in Syria to fathers who are Palestinian nationals, even if they themselves were born in Syria, are considered Palestinian not Syrian nationals. "Only in very limited circumstances, such as the absence or statelessness of a father, could the mother grant her child Syrian citizenship." Instead of a passport, Palestinians are given specific travel documents.

Palestinians in Syria have the right to own more than one business or commercial enterprise as well as the right to lease properties, to join unions, to travel with Syria and to establish residence in Syrian villages and cities. They are also eligible for drafting into the Syrian Armed Forces.

There is, however, a prominent gap between Palestinians' and nationals' right in home and land ownership laws: unlike Syrian nationals, Palestinians may not own more than one home or purchase arable land. And in terms of political rights, Palestinian refugees do not have the right to vote or stand as candidates for the People's Assembly of Syria (the Syrian parliament of representatives) or Presidency.

See also
 Palestinian refugee
 Palestinians in Jordan
 Palestinians in Lebanon
 Palestinians in Iraq
 Palestinians in Egypt

References

Sources
Who We Are UNRWA. (n.d.). Retrieved March 2018, from https://www.unrwa.org/who-we-are
Nashashibi, S. (2016, 15 October). Morality and hypocrisy over Palestine and Syria. Retrieved March 2018, from https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/10/morality-hypocrisy-palestine-syria-161010115744453.html
United Nations. (n.d.). Protocol for the Treatment of Palestinians in Arab States ("Casablanca Protocol"). Retrieved March 2018, from http://www.refworld.org/docid/460a2b252.html
Shafiq, R. (2015). (In)justice and the experience of civilian survivors of armed conflict: case studies from Palestine (Gaza), Iraq and Syria.

Arabs in Syria
Ethnic groups in Syria
Syria
Middle Eastern diaspora in Syria


title: Joanna McGilchrist

text:
Joanna Gabrielle McGilchrist (born 27 August 1983) is an English rugby union player. She represented  at the 2010 Women's Rugby World Cup. She was also named in the squad to the 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup.

McGilchrist is a physiotherapist.

References

External links
Player Profile

1983 births
Living people
England women's international rugby union players
English female rugby union players


title: 1999 Atlantic 10 Conference baseball tournament

text:
The 1999 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Championship was held at Bear Stadium in Boyertown, Pennsylvania from May 20 through 22. It was the 12th time was held in Boyertown, where it was previously held from 1987 to 1997. It featured the top two regular-season finishers of each of the conference's six-team divisions. West Division top seed Virginia Tech defeated La Salle in the title game to win the tournament for the second time, earning the Atlantic 10's automatic bid to the 1999 NCAA tournament.

Seeding and format
Each division's top teams, based on winning percentage in the 21-game regular season schedule, qualified for the field. In the four-team double-elimination format, the East Division champion played the West Division runner-up, and vice versa. In the West Division, conference tiebreaking rules gave La Salle received the second seed in the four-way tie for second place.

Bracket

All-Tournament Team
The following players were named to the All-Tournament Team. Virginia Tech's Larry Bowles, one of six Hokies selected, was named Most Outstanding Player.

Virginia Tech's Barry Gauch was named for the third time. He was the Most Outstanding Player in 1997 and also named in 1998. The Hokies' Matt Griswold was named for the second time, after also being selected in 1997.

References

Tournament
Atlantic 10 Conference baseball tournament
Atlantic 10 Conference baseball tournament
Atlantic 10 Conference baseball tournament
Baseball in Pennsylvania
College sports in Pennsylvania
History of Berks County, Pennsylvania
Sports competitions in Pennsylvania
Sports in the Delaware Valley
Tourist attractions in Berks County, Pennsylvania


title: 2014 ANZ Championship season

text:
The 2014 ANZ Championship season was the seventh season of the ANZ Championship. The 2014 season began on 1 March and concluded on 22 June. With a team coached by Simone McKinnis, captained by Bianca Chatfield and also featuring Tegan Caldwell, Geva Mentor, Madison Robinson and Catherine Cox, Melbourne Vixens won both the minor premiership and the overall championship.  Vixens defeated Queensland Firebirds in both the major semi-final and the grand final as they won their second premiership. They won their first in 2009.

Transfers

Notes
  Sarah Wall previously played for Melbourne Vixens and Queensland Firebirds.
  Elizabeth Manu previously played for  and  Central Pulse.

Head coaches and captains

Regular season

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

Round 5

Round 6

Round 7

Round 8

Round 9

Round 10

Round 11

Round 12

Round 13

Round 14

Final standings

Finals

Minor semi-final

Major semi-final

Preliminary final

Grand final

Award winners

ANZ Championship awards

Notes
  Kimberlee Green and Joanne Harten shared the MVP award.

All Star Team

Australian Netball Awards

Golden Bib Award
In 2014 the ANZ Championship introduced the Golden Bib Award which recognised the top attacker, top midcourter and top defender from each round. The award is determined on statistics and players earned two points for a goal assist and a point for centre pass receive.

Media coverage
All 69 matches were broadcast live on Fox Sports (Australia) and Sky Sport (New Zealand). SBS 2 also broadcast a live match every Sunday and showed weekly highlights of all the matches every Wednesday. In New Zealand, Māori Television also agreed a deal with Sky which saw Te Reo screen delayed coverage of one game from each round, plus the finals, on Tuesday nights. In Australia, National Indigenous Television broadcast  one match per week throughout the season.

References

2014
2014 in New Zealand netball
2014 in Australian netball


title: Greiner–Murray ministry (1988–1991)

text:
The Greiner–Murray ministry (1988–1991) or First Greiner–Murray ministry or First Greiner ministry was the 80th ministry of the New South Wales Government, and was led by the 37th Premier of New South Wales, Nick Greiner, representing the Liberal Party in coalition with the National Party, led by Wal Murray.

The ministry covers the period from 21 March 1988 when the coalition defeated the sitting Unsworth Labor government at the 1988 state election until 6 June 1991, when Greiner reconfigured his ministry following victory at the 1991 state election.

Composition of ministry
The ministry was rearranged on four occasions.
The first rearrangement was due to the sudden death of Ray Aston in May 1988.
The second rearrangement in January 1989 was caused by the resignation of Matt Singleton from the ministry.
The third rearrangement was in September 1989.
The fourth rearrangement in July 1990 was caused by the resignation of Terry Metherell from the ministry.

Ministers are members of the Legislative Assembly unless otherwise noted.

See also

 Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1988–1991
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council, 1988–1991

Notes

References

New South Wales ministries
1988 establishments in Australia
1991 disestablishments in Australia


title: Louis Bostyn

text:
Louis Bostyn (born 4 October 1993) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays for S.V. Zulte Waregem in the Belgian Pro League as a goalkeeper.

Career

Bostyn played two seasons in the Belgian Second Division with K.S.V. Roeselare. In July 2014 he joined S.V. Zulte Waregem in the Belgian Pro League. He made his first team debut at 17 July 2014 in the UEFA Europa League qualifying round against Zawisza Bydgoszcz.

References

1993 births
Living people
Belgian men's footballers
Belgian Pro League players
Challenger Pro League players
K.S.V. Roeselare players
S.V. Zulte Waregem players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Roeselare
Footballers from West Flanders


title: Little Yellow Duck Project

text:
The Little Yellow Duck Project is a UK-based international project started in 2014 to raise consciousness of the need for organ, stem cell and blood donors and to encourage small random acts of kindness. Participants are invited to knit, crochet or otherwise create small yellow ducks and then leave them in public places to be found by strangers. Each duck has a tag introducing the project, often naming the duck, and encouraging the finder to log on to the project website. There they can record the finding of the duck and learn more about the need for organ, stem cell and blood donors and how to become one.

The project was started by British woman Emma Harris in memory of her friend Clare Cruickshank, who died from cystic fibrosis aged 26 on 15 April 2013 while waiting for a double lung transplant. Cruickshank had collected rubber ducks during her life, and this inspired the project. It has received international media coverage including crafting blogs and websites, knitting magazines, and an Australian radio show.

The project was launched on 15 April 2014, the first anniversary of Cruickshank's death, and as of 24 April 2023 14,042 ducks had been recorded in 96 countries. Earlier records had shown up to 107 countries, but  the system was revised in March 2022 to include only sovereign countries, excluding, for example, the Isle of Man.

References

External links

Knitting organizations
Stuffed toys
Ducks
Cystic fibrosis
Organ donation
Blood donation


title: Central Graded School

text:
Central Graded School, also known as Central School, is a historic school building located at Union, Union County, South Carolina.  It was built in 1891, and is a two-story, "T"-shaped Richardsonian Romanesque style brick building with the square bell tower.  Rear additions were built in 1899, 1904, and about 1930.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is currently used by the University of South Carolina Union.

References

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Romanesque Revival architecture in South Carolina
School buildings completed in 1891
Buildings and structures in Union County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, South Carolina


title: Vanitrochus semiustus

text:
Vanitrochus semiustus is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

Description
The height of the shell attains 2½ mm, its diameter 2 mm. The very small shell is profoundly umbilicated, and has a conoidal shape. The 5 to 6 whorls are separated by impressed sutures. They are rather convex, planulate at the sutures and subgradate. The color pattern of the first whorl is white the remainder brownish-red, streaked with white, ornamented with a zone of chestnut interrupted with white above. They are spirally lirate, and elegantly clathrate with lamellose radiating striae. There are four spiral cinguli on the penultimate whorl. The convex body whorl is elongated, with a zone of white and chestnut spots at the periphery, convex beneath, whitish or maculate with chestnut, clathrate, with about 4 concentric lirae. The aperture is subrhomboidal. The lip is subduplicate within. The columella is a little arcuate. The umbilical area is funnel-shaped, spirally plicate, and carinated at its edge.

Distribution
This marine shell occurs off New Caledonia and Australia (Queensland).

References

 Fischer, P. 1879. Diagnoses Trochorum novorum. Journal de Conchyliologie 27: 22-25
 Iredale, T. 1929. Queensland molluscan notes, No. 1. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 9(3): 261–297, pls 30-31

semiustus
Gastropods described in 1879


title: Main Street Grammar School

text:
Main Street Grammar School, also known as Union High School, is a historic school building located at Union, Union County, South Carolina.  It was built in 1909 and is a two-story, brick Neo-Classical building. It features a brick parapet, central projecting bay and large pedimented portico. In 1965, the Union Campus of the University of South Carolina acquired the building and rehabilitated it to serve as its main campus building.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.  It is located in the East Main Street-Douglass Heights Historic District.

References

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Neoclassical architecture in South Carolina
School buildings completed in 1909
Buildings and structures in Union County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, South Carolina
Historic district contributing properties in South Carolina
1909 establishments in South Carolina


title: List of Alpha Epsilon Pi members

text:
This is a list of notable alumni of the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity.

Ross Friedman (born 1992), Major League Soccer player

Italics indicate a deceased member. Deceased AEPis are said to enter the "Chapter Eternal."

References

Alpha Epsilon Pi
brothers