title: Industrial and production engineering

text:
Industrial and production engineering (IPE) is an interdisciplinary engineering discipline that includes manufacturing technology, engineering sciences, management science, and optimization of complex processes, systems, or organizations. It is concerned with the understanding and application of engineering procedures in manufacturing processes and production methods. Industrial engineering dates back all the way to the industrial revolution, initiated in 1700s by Sir Adam Smith, Henry Ford, Eli Whitney, Frank Gilbreth and Lilian Gilbreth, Henry Gantt, F.W. Taylor, etc. After the 1970s, industrial and production engineering developed worldwide and started to widely use automation and robotics. Industrial and production engineering includes three areas: Mechanical engineering (where the production engineering comes from), industrial engineering, and management science.

The objective is to improve efficiency, drive up effectiveness of manufacturing, quality control, and to reduce cost while making their products more attractive and marketable. Industrial engineering is concerned with the development, improvement, and implementation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials, as well as analysis and synthesis. The principles of IPE include mathematical, physical and social sciences and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be obtained from the systems or processes currently in place or being developed. The target of production engineering is to complete the production process in the smoothest, most-judicious and most-economic way. Production engineering also overlaps substantially with manufacturing engineering and industrial engineering. The concept of production engineering is interchangeable with manufacturing engineering.

As for education, undergraduates normally start off by taking courses such as physics, mathematics (calculus, linear analysis, differential equations), computer science, and chemistry. Undergraduates will take more major specific courses like production and inventory scheduling, process management, CAD/CAM manufacturing, ergonomics, etc., towards the later years of their undergraduate careers. In some parts of the world, universities will offer Bachelor's in Industrial and Production Engineering. However, most universities in the U.S. will offer them separately. Various career paths that may follow for industrial and production engineers include: Plant Engineers, Manufacturing Engineers, Quality Engineers, Process Engineers and industrial managers, project management, manufacturing, production and distribution, From the various career paths people can take as an industrial and production engineer, most average a starting salary of at least $50,000.

History

Industrial Revolution
The roots of the Industrial Engineering Profession date back to the Industrial Revolution.  The technologies that helped mechanize traditional manual operations in the textile industry including the Flying shuttle, the Spinning jenny, and perhaps most importantly the Steam engine generated Economies of scale that made Mass production in centralized locations attractive for the first time.  The concept of the production system had its genesis in the factories created by these innovations.

Specialization of labor
Adam Smith's concepts of Division of Labour and the "Invisible Hand" of capitalism introduced in his treatise "The Wealth of Nations" motivated many of the technological innovators of the Industrial revolution to establish and implement factory systems.  The efforts of James Watt and Matthew Boulton led to the first integrated machine manufacturing facility in the world, including the implementation of concepts such as cost control systems to reduce waste and increase productivity and the institution of skills training for craftsmen.

Charles Babbage became associated with Industrial engineering because of the concepts he introduced in his book "On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacturers" which he wrote as a result of his visits to factories in England and the United States in the early 1800s.  The book includes subjects such as the time required to perform a specific task, the effects of subdividing tasks into smaller and less detailed elements, and the advantages to be gained from repetitive tasks.

Interchangeable parts
Eli Whitney and Simeon North proved the feasibility of the notion of Interchangeable parts in the manufacture of muskets and pistols for the US Government.  Under this system, individual parts were mass-produced to tolerances to enable their use in any finished product.  The result was a significant reduction in the need for skill from specialized workers, which eventually led to the industrial environment to be studied later.

Modern development

Industrial engineering
In 1960 to 1975, with the development of decision support systems in supply such as the Material requirements planning (MRP), people can emphasize the timing issue (inventory, production, compounding, transportation, etc.) of industrial organization. Israeli scientist Dr. Jacob Rubinovitz installed the CMMS program developed in IAI and Control-Data (Israel) in 1976 in South Africa and worldwide.

In the seventies, with the penetration of Japanese management theories such as Kaizen and Kanban, Japan realized very high levels of quality and productivity. These theories improved issues of quality, delivery time, and flexibility. Companies in the west realized the great impact of Kaizen and started implementing their own Continuous improvement programs.

In the nineties, following the global industry globalization process, the emphasis was on supply chain management, and customer-oriented business process design. Theory of constraints developed by an Israeli scientist Eliyahu M. Goldratt (1985) is also a significant milestone in the field.

Manufacturing (production) engineering
Modern manufacturing engineering studies include all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components.Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term "fabrication" for these processes.

Automation is used in different processes of manufacturing such as machining and welding. Automated manufacturing refers to the application of automation to produce goods in a factory. The main advantages of automated manufacturing for the manufacturing process are realized with effective implementation of automation and include: higher consistency and quality, reduction of lead times, simplification of production, reduced handling, improved work flow, and improved worker morale.

Robotics is the application of mechatronics and automation to create robots, which are often used in manufacturing to perform tasks that are dangerous, unpleasant, or repetitive. These robots may be of any shape and size, but all are preprogrammed and interact physically with the world. To create a robot, an engineer typically employs kinematics (to determine the robot's range of motion) and mechanics (to determine the stresses within the robot). Robots are used extensively in manufacturing engineering.

Robots allow businesses to save money on labor, perform tasks that are either too dangerous or too precise for humans to perform economically, and to ensure better quality. Many companies employ assembly lines of robots, and some factories are so robotized that they can run by themselves. Outside the factory, robots have been employed in bomb disposal, space exploration, and many other fields. Robots are also sold for various residential applications.

Overview

Industrial engineering

Industrial engineering is the branch of engineering that involves figuring out how to make or do things better. Industrial engineers are concerned with reducing production costs, increasing efficiency, improving the quality of products and services, ensuring worker health and safety, protecting the environment and complying with government regulations.

The various fields and topics that industrial engineers are involved with include:
 Manufacturing Engineering
 Engineering management
 Process engineering: design, operation, control, and optimization of chemical, physical, and biological processes.
 Systems engineering: an interdisciplinary field of engineering that focuses on how to design and manage complex engineering systems over their life cycles.
 Software engineering: an interdisciplinary field of engineering that focusing on design, development, maintenance, testing, and evaluation of the software that make computers or other devices containing software work
 Safety engineering: an engineering discipline which assures that engineered systems provide acceptable levels of safety.
 Data science: the science of exploring, manipulating, analyzing, and visualizing data to derive useful insights and conclusions
 Machine learning: the automation of learning from data using models and algorithms
 Analytics and Data Mining: the discovery, interpretation, and extraction of patterns and insights from large quantities of data
 Cost engineering: practice devoted to the management of project cost, involving such activities as cost- and control- estimating, which is cost control and cost forecasting, investment appraisal, and risk analysis.
 Value engineering: a systematic method to improve the "value" of goods or products and services by using an examination of function.
 Predetermined motion time system: a technique to quantify time required for repetitive tasks.
 Quality engineering: a way of preventing mistakes or defects in manufactured products and avoiding problems when delivering solutions or services to customers.
 Project management: is the process and activity of planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific goals in scientific or daily problems.
 Supply chain management: the management of the flow of goods. It includes the movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption.
 Ergonomics: the practice of designing products, systems or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people that use them.
 Operations research, also known as management science: discipline that deals with the application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions
 Operations management: an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services.
 Job design: the specification of contents, methods and relationship of jobs in order to satisfy technological and organizational requirements as well as the social and personal requirements of the job holder.
 Financial engineering: the application of technical methods, especially from mathematical finance and computational finance, in the practice of finance
 Industrial plant configuration: sizing of necessary infrastructure used in support and maintenance of a given facility.
 Facility management: an interdisciplinary field devoted to the coordination of space, infrastructure, people and organization
 Engineering design process: formulation of a plan to help an engineer build a product with a specified performance goal.
 Logistics: the management of the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet some requirements, of customers or corporations.
 Accounting: the measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities
 Capital projects: the management of activities in capital projects involves the flow of resources, or inputs, as they are transformed into outputs. Many of the tools and principles of industrial engineering can be applied to the configuration of work activities within a project. The application of industrial engineering and operations management concepts and techniques to the execution of projects has been thus referred to as Project Production Management. Traditionally, a major aspect of industrial engineering was planning the layouts of factories and designing assembly lines and other manufacturing paradigms. And now, in lean manufacturing systems, industrial engineers work to eliminate wastes of time, money, materials, energy, and other resources.

Examples of where industrial engineering might be used include flow process charting, process mapping, designing an assembly workstation, strategizing for various operational logistics, consulting as an efficiency expert, developing a new financial algorithm or loan system for a bank, streamlining operation and emergency room location or usage in a hospital, planning complex distribution schemes for materials or products (referred to as supply-chain management), and shortening lines (or queues) at a bank, hospital, or a theme park.

Modern industrial engineers typically use predetermined motion time system, computer simulation (especially discrete event simulation), along with extensive mathematical tools for modeling, such as mathematical optimization and queueing theory, and computational methods for system analysis, evaluation, and optimization. Industrial engineers also use the tools of data science and machine learning in their work owing to the strong relatedness of these disciplines with the field and the similar technical background required of industrial engineers (including a strong foundation in probability theory, linear algebra, and statistics, as well as having coding skills).

Manufacturing (production) engineering
Manufacturing Engineering is based on core industrial engineering and mechanical engineering skills, adding important elements from mechatronics, commerce, economics and business management. This field also deals with the integration of different facilities and systems for producing quality products (with optimal expenditure) by applying the principles of physics and the results of manufacturing systems studies, such as the following:

 Craft or Guild
 Putting-out system
 British factory system
 American system of manufacturing
 Soviet collectivism in manufacturing
 Mass production
 Computer integrated manufacturing
 Computer-aided technologies in manufacturing
 Just in time manufacturing
 Lean manufacturing
 Flexible manufacturing
 Mass customization
 Agile manufacturing
 Rapid manufacturing
 Prefabrication
 Ownership
 Fabrication
 Publication
Manufacturing engineers develop and create physical artifacts, production processes, and technology. It is a very broad area which includes the design and development of products. Manufacturing engineering is considered to be a sub-discipline of industrial engineering/systems engineering and has very strong overlaps with mechanical engineering. Manufacturing engineers' success or failure directly impacts the advancement of technology and the spread of innovation. This field of manufacturing engineering emerged from tool and die discipline in the early 20th century. It expanded greatly from the 1960s when industrialized countries introduced factories with:

1. Numerical control machine tools and automated systems of production.

2. Advanced statistical methods of quality control: These factories were pioneered by the American electrical engineer William Edwards Deming, who was initially ignored by his home country. The same methods of quality control later turned Japanese factories into world leaders in cost-effectiveness and production quality.

3. Industrial robots on the factory floor, introduced in the late 1970s: These computer-controlled welding arms and grippers could perform simple tasks such as attaching a car door quickly and flawlessly 24 hours a day. This cut costs and improved production speed.

Education

Industrial engineering

Undergraduate curriculum
In the United States the undergraduate degree earned is the Bachelor of Science (B.S.) or Bachelor of Science and Engineering (B.S.E.) in Industrial Engineering (IE).  Variations of the title include Industrial & Operations Engineering (IOE), and Industrial & Systems Engineering (ISE).  The typical curriculum includes a broad math and science foundation spanning chemistry, physics, mechanics (i.e., statics, kinematics, and dynamics), materials science, computer science, electronics/circuits, engineering design, and the standard range of engineering mathematics (i.e. calculus, linear algebra, differential equations, statistics). For any engineering undergraduate program to be accredited, regardless of concentration, it must cover a largely similar span of such foundational work – which also overlaps heavily with the content tested on one or more engineering licensure exams in most jurisdictions.

The coursework specific to IE entails specialized courses in aeas such as optimization, applied probability, stochastic modeling, design of experiments, statistical process control, simulation, manufacturing engineering, ergonomics/safety engineering, and engineering economics. Industrial engineering elective courses typically cover more specialized topics in areas such as manufacturing, supply chains and logistics, analytics and machine learning, production systems, human factors and industrial design, and service systems.

Certain business schools may offer programs with some overlapping relevance to IE, but the engineering programs are distinguished by a much more intensely quantitative focus, required engineering science electives, and the core math and science courses required of all engineering programs.

Graduate curriculum
The usual graduate degree earned is the Master of Science (MS) or Master of Science and Engineering (MSE) in Industrial Engineering or various alternative related concentration titles. Typical MS curricula may cover:

 Operations research and optimization techniques
 Engineering economics
 Supply chain management and logistics
 Systems simulation and stochastic processes
 Analytics and machine learning
 Manufacturing systems/manufacturing engineering
 Human factors engineering and ergonomics (safety engineering)
 Production planning and control
 System analysis and techniques
 Management sciences
 Computer-aided manufacturing
 Lean Six Sigma
 Financial engineering
 Facilities design and work-space design
 Quality engineering
 Reliability engineering and life testing
 Statistical process control or quality control
 Time and motion study
 Predetermined motion time system and computer use for IE
 Operations management
 Project management
 Productivity improvement
 Materials management
 Robotics
 Product Development
 System dynamics and policy planning

Manufacturing (production) engineering

Degree certification programs
Manufacturing engineers possess an associate's or bachelor's degree in engineering with a major in manufacturing engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually two to five years followed by five more years of professional practice to qualify as a professional engineer. Working as a manufacturing engineering technologist involves a more applications-oriented qualification path.

Academic degrees for manufacturing engineers are usually the Associate or Bachelor of Engineering, [BE] or [BEng], and the Associate or Bachelor of Science, [BS] or [BSc]. For manufacturing technologists the required degrees are Associate or Bachelor of Technology [B.TECH] or Associate or Bachelor of Applied Science [BASc] in Manufacturing, depending upon the university. Master's degrees in engineering manufacturing include Master of Engineering [ME] or [MEng] in Manufacturing, Master of Science [M.Sc] in Manufacturing Management, Master of Science [M.Sc] in Industrial and Production Management, and Master of Science [M.Sc] as well as Master of Engineering [ME] in Design, which is a subdiscipline of manufacturing. Doctoral [PhD] or [DEng] level courses in manufacturing are also available depending on the university.

The undergraduate degree curriculum generally includes courses in physics, mathematics, computer science, project management, and specific topics in mechanical and manufacturing engineering. Initially such topics cover most, if not all, of the subdisciplines of manufacturing engineering. Students then choose to specialize in one or more sub disciplines towards the end of their degree work.

Specific to Industrial Engineers, people will see courses covering ergonomics, scheduling, inventory management, forecasting, product development, and in general courses that focus on optimization. Most colleges breakdown the large sections of industrial engineering into Healthcare, Ergonomics, Product Development, or Consulting sectors. This allows for the student to get a good grasp on each of the varying sub-sectors so they know what area they are most interested about pursuing a career in.

Undergraduate curriculum
The Foundational Curriculum for a bachelor's degree of Manufacturing Engineering or Production Engineering includes below mentioned Syllabus. This Syllabus is closely related to Industrial Engineering and Mechanical Engineering. But it Differs by Placing more Emphasis on Manufacturing Science or Production Science. It includes following:

 Mathematics (Calculus, Differential Equations, Statistics and Linear Algebra)
 Mechanics (Statics & Dynamics)
 Solid Mechanics
 Fluid Mechanics
 Materials Science
 Strength of Materials
 Fluid Dynamics
 Hydraulics
 Pneumatics
 HVAC (Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning)
 Heat Transfer
 Applied Thermodynamics
 Energy conversion
 Instrumentation and Measurement
 Engineering Drawing (Drafting) & Engineering Design
 Engineering Graphics
 Mechanism Design including Kinematics and Dynamics
 Manufacturing Processes
 Mechatronics
 Circuit analysis
 Lean manufacturing
 Automation
 Reverse Engineering
 Quality Control
 CAD (Computer aided Design which includes Solid Modelling) and CAM (Computer aided Manufacturing)

A degree in Manufacturing Engineering versus Mechanical Engineering will typically differ only by a few specialized classes. Mechanical Engineering degree focuses more on the Product Design Process and on Complex Products which requires more Mathematics Expertise.

Manufacturing engineering certification

Professional engineering license
A Professional Engineer, PE,  is a licensed engineer who is permitted to offer professional services to the public. Professional Engineers may prepare, sign, seal, and submit engineering plans to the public. Before a candidate can become a professional engineer, they will need to receive a bachelor's degree from an ABET recognized university in the US, take and pass the Fundamentals of Engineering exam to become an "engineer-in-training", and work four years under the supervision of a professional engineer. After those tasks are complete the candidate will be able to take the PE exam. Upon receiving a passing score on the test, the candidate will receive their PE License .

Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME) certifications (USA)
The SME (society) administers qualifications specifically for the manufacturing industry. These are not degree level qualifications and are not recognized at the professional engineering level. The SME offers two certifications for Manufacturing engineers: Certified Manufacturing Technologist Certificate (CMfgT) and Certified Manufacturing Engineer (CMfgE).

Certified manufacturing technologist
Qualified candidates for the Certified Manufacturing Technologist Certificate (CMfgT) must pass a three-hour, 130-question multiple-choice exam. The exam covers math, manufacturing processes, manufacturing management, automation, and related subjects. A score of 60% or higher must be achieved to pass the exam. Additionally, a candidate must have at least four years of combined education and manufacturing-related work experience. The CMfgT certification must be renewed every three years in order to stay certified.

Certified manufacturing engineer
Certified Manufacturing Engineer (CMfgE) is an engineering qualification administered by the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, Michigan, USA. Candidates qualifying for a Certified Manufacturing Engineer credential must pass a four-hour, 180 question multiple-choice exam which covers more in-depth topics than does the CMfgT exam. A score of 60% or higher must be achieved to pass the exam. CMfgE candidates must also have eight years of combined education and manufacturing-related work experience, with a minimum of four years of work experience. The CMfgT certification must be renewed every three years in order to stay certified.

Research

Industrial engineering

Human factors
The human factors area specializes in exploring how systems fit the people who must operate them, determining the roles of people with the systems, and selecting those people who can best fit particular roles within these systems. Students who focus on Human Factors will be able to work with a multidisciplinary team of faculty with strengths in understanding cognitive behavior as it relates to automation, air and ground transportation, medical studies, and space exploration.

Production systems
The production systems area develops new solutions in areas such as engineering design, supply chain management (e.g. supply chain system design, error recovery, large scale systems), manufacturing (e.g. system design, planning and scheduling), and medicine (e.g. disease diagnosis, discovery of medical knowledge). Students who focus on production systems will be able to work on topics related to computational intelligence theories for applications in industry, healthcare, and service organizations.

Reliability systems
The objective of the reliability systems area is to provide students with advanced data analysis and decision making techniques that will improve quality and reliability of complex systems. Students who focus on system reliability and uncertainty will be able to work on areas related to contemporary reliability systems including integration of quality and reliability, simultaneous life cycle design for manufacturing systems, decision theory in quality and reliability engineering, condition-based maintenance and degradation modeling, discrete event simulation and decision analysis.

Wind power management
The Wind Power Management Program aims at meeting the emerging needs for graduating professionals involved in design, operations, and management of wind farms deployed in massive numbers all over the country. The graduates will be able to fully understand the system and management issues of wind farms and their interactions with alternative and conventional power generation systems.

Production (manufacturing) engineering

Flexible manufacturing systems
A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a manufacturing system in which there is some amount of flexibility that allows the system to react to changes, whether predicted or unpredicted. This flexibility is generally considered to fall into two categories, both of which have numerous subcategories. The first category, machine flexibility, covers the system's ability to be changed to produce new product types and the ability to change the order of operations executed on a part. The second category, called routing flexibility, consists of the ability to use multiple machines to perform the same operation on a part, as well as the system's ability to absorb large-scale changes, such as in volume, capacity, or capability.

Most FMS systems comprise three main systems. The work machines, which are often automated CNC machines, are connected by a material handling system to optimize parts flow, and to a central control computer, which controls material movements and machine flow. The main advantages of an FMS is its high flexibility in managing manufacturing resources like time and effort in order to manufacture a new product. The best application of an FMS is found in the production of small sets of products from a mass production.

Computer integrated manufacturing

Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) in engineering is a method of manufacturing in which the entire production process is controlled by computer. Traditionally separated process methods are joined through a computer by CIM. This integration allows the processes to exchange information and to initiate actions. Through this integration, manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone, although the main advantage is the ability to create automated manufacturing processes. Typically CIM relies on closed-loop control processes based on real-time input from sensors. It is also known as flexible design and manufacturing.

Friction stir welding
Friction stir welding was discovered in 1991 by The Welding Institute (TWI). This innovative steady state (non-fusion) welding technique joins previously un-weldable materials, including several aluminum alloys. It may play an important role in the future construction of airplanes, potentially replacing rivets. Current uses of this technology to date include: welding the seams of the aluminum main space shuttle external tank, the Orion Crew Vehicle test article, Boeing Delta II and Delta IV Expendable Launch Vehicles and the SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket; armor plating for amphibious assault ships; and welding the wings and fuselage panels of the new Eclipse 500 aircraft from Eclipse Aviation, among an increasingly growing range of uses.

Employment

Industrial engineering
The total number of engineers employed in the US in 2015 was roughly 1.6 million. Of these, 272,470 were industrial engineers (16.92%), the third most popular engineering specialty. The median salaries by experience level are $62,000 with 0–5 years experience, $75,000 with 5–10 years experience, and $81,000 with 10–20 years experience. The average starting salaries were $55,067 with a bachelor's degree, $77,364 with a master's degree, and $100,759 with a doctorate degree. This places industrial engineering at 7th of 15 among engineering bachelor's degrees, 3rd of 10 among master's degrees, and 2nd of 7 among doctorate degrees in average annual salary.  The median annual income of industrial engineers in the U.S. workforce is $83,470.

Production (manufacturing) engineering
Manufacturing engineering is just one facet of the engineering industry. Manufacturing engineers enjoy improving the production process from start to finish. They have the ability to keep the whole production process in mind as they focus on a particular portion of the process. Successful students in manufacturing engineering degree programs are inspired by the notion of starting with a natural resource, such as a block of wood, and ending with a usable, valuable product, such as a desk, produced efficiently and economically.

Manufacturing engineers are closely connected with engineering and industrial design efforts. Examples of major companies that employ manufacturing engineers in the United States include General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Chrysler, Boeing, Gates Corporation and Pfizer. Examples in Europe include Airbus, Daimler, BMW, Fiat, Navistar International, and Michelin Tyre.

Related industries
Industries where industrial and production engineers are generally employed include:

 Aerospace industry
 Automotive industry
 Chemical industry
 Computer industry
 Electronics industry
 Food processing industry
 Garment industry
 Pharmaceutical industry
 Plastic packaging
 Pulp and paper industry
 Toy industry

Modern tools

Many manufacturing companies, especially those in industrialized nations, have begun to incorporate computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs, such as SolidWorks and AutoCAD, into their existing design and analysis processes, including 2D and 3D solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD). This method has many benefits, including easier and more exhaustive visualization of products, the ability to create virtual assemblies of parts, and ease of use in designing mating interfaces and tolerances.

SolidWorks

SolidWorks is an example of a CAD modeling computer program developed by Dassault Systèmes. SolidWorks is an industry standard for drafting designs and specifications for physical objects and has been used by more than 165,000 companies as of 2013.

AutoCAD

AutoCAD is an example of a CAD modeling computer program developed by Autodesk. AutoCad is also widely used for CAD modeling and CAE.

Other CAE programs commonly used by product manufacturers include product life cycle management (PLM) tools and analysis tools used to perform complex simulations. Analysis tools may be used to predict product response to expected loads, including fatigue life and manufacturability. These tools include finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). Using CAE programs, a mechanical design team can quickly and cheaply iterate the design process to develop a product that better meets cost, performance, and other constraints. There is no need to create a physical prototype until the design nears completion, allowing hundreds or thousands of designs to be evaluated, instead of relatively few. In addition, CAE analysis programs can model complicated physical phenomena which cannot be solved by hand, such as viscoelasticity, complex contact between mating parts, or non-Newtonian flows.

Just as manufacturing engineering is linked with other disciplines, such as mechatronics, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is also being used with other CAE programs to automate and improve the iterative design process. MDO tools wrap around existing CAE processes by automating the process of trial and error method used by classical engineers. MDO uses a computer based algorithm that will iteratively seek better alternatives from an initial guess within given constants. MDO uses this procedure to determine the best design outcome and lists various options as well.

Sub-disciplines

Mechanics

Classical Mechanics, attempts to use Newtons basic laws of motion to describe how a body will react when that body undergoes a force.  However modern mechanics includes the rather recent quantum theory. Sub disciplines of mechanics include:

Classical Mechanics:
 Statics, the study of non-moving bodies at equilibrium.
Kinematics, is the study of the motion of bodies (objects) and systems (groups of objects), while ignoring the forces that cause the motion.
 Dynamics (or kinetics), the study of how forces affect moving bodies.
 Mechanics of materials, the study of how different materials deform under various types of stress.
 Fluid mechanics, the study of how the principles of classical mechanics are observed with liquids and gases.
 Continuum mechanics, a method of applying mechanics that assumes that objects are continuous (rather than discrete)

Quantum:
Quantum mechanics, the study of atoms, molecules, electrons, protons, and neutrons on a sub atomic scale. This type of mechanics attempts to explain their motion and physical properties within an atom.

If the engineering project were to design a vehicle, statics might be employed to design the frame of the vehicle in order to evaluate where the stresses will be most intense. Dynamics might be used when designing the car's engine to evaluate the forces in the pistons and cams as the engine cycles. Mechanics of materials might be used to choose appropriate materials for the manufacture of the frame and engine. Fluid mechanics might be used to design a ventilation system for the vehicle or to design the intake system for the engine.

Drafting

Drafting or technical drawing is the means by which manufacturers create instructions for manufacturing parts. A technical drawing can be a computer model or hand-drawn schematic showing all the dimensions necessary to manufacture a part, as well as assembly notes, a list of required materials, and other pertinent information. A skilled worker who creates technical drawings may be referred to as a drafter or draftsman. Drafting has historically been a two-dimensional process, but computer-aided design (CAD) programs now allow the designer to create in three dimensions. Instructions for manufacturing a part must be fed to the necessary machinery, either manually, through programmed instructions, or through the use of a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) or combined CAD/CAM program. Programs such as SolidWorks and AutoCAD  are examples of programs used to draft new parts and products under development.

Optionally, an engineer may also manually manufacture a part using the technical drawings, but this is becoming an increasing rarity with the advent of computer numerically controlled (CNC) manufacturing. Engineers primarily manufacture parts manually in the areas of applied spray coatings, finishes, and other processes that cannot economically or practically be done by a machine.

Drafting is used in nearly every sub discipline of mechanical and manufacturing engineering, and by many other branches of engineering and architecture. Three-dimensional models created using CAD software are also commonly used in finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

Metal fabrication and machine tools
Metal fabrication is the building of metal structures by cutting, bending, and assembling processes. Technologies such as electron beam melting, laser engineered net shape, and direct metal laser sintering has allowed for the production of metal structures to become much less difficult when compared to other conventional metal fabrication methods. These help to alleviate various issues when the idealized CAD structures do not align with the actual fabricated structure.

Machine tools employ many types of tools that do the cutting or shaping of materials. Machine tools usually include many components consisting of motors, levers, arms, pulleys, and other basic simple systems to create a complex system that can build various things. All of these components must work correctly in order to stay on schedule and remain on task. Machine tools aim to efficiently and effectively produce good parts at a quick pace with a small amount of error.

Computer integrated manufacturing
Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing approach of using computers to control the entire production process.  Computer-integrated manufacturing is used in automotive, aviation, space, and ship building industries. Computer-integrated manufacturing allows for data, through various sensing mechanisms to be observed during manufacturing. This type of manufacturing has computers controlling and observing every part of the process. This gives CIM a unique advantage over other manufacturing processes.

Mechatronics

Mechatronics is an engineering discipline that deals with the convergence of electrical, mechanical and manufacturing systems. Examples include automated manufacturing systems, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems, and various aircraft and automobile subsystems. A mechatronic system typically includes a mechanical skeleton, motors, controllers, sensors, actuators, and digital hardware. Mechatronics is greatly used in various applications of industrial processes and in automation.
The term mechatronics is typically used to refer to macroscopic systems, but futurists have predicted the emergence of very small electromechanical devices. Already such small devices, known as Microelectromechanical systems  (MEMS), are used in automobiles to initiate the deployment of airbags, in digital projectors to create sharper images, and in inkjet printers to create nozzles for high-definition printing. In future it is hoped that such devices will be used in tiny implantable medical devices and to improve optical communication.

Textile engineering
Textile engineering courses deal with the application of scientific and engineering principles to the design and control of all aspects of fiber, textile, and apparel processes, products, and machinery. These include natural and man-made materials, interaction of materials with machines, safety and health, energy conservation, and waste and pollution control. Additionally, students are given experience in plant design and layout, machine and wet process design and improvement, and designing and creating textile products. Throughout the textile engineering curriculum, students take classes from other engineering and disciplines including: mechanical, chemical, materials and industrial engineering.

Advanced composite materials
Advanced composite materials (engineering) (ACMs) are also known as advanced polymer matrix composites. These are generally characterized or determined by unusually high strength fibres with unusually high stiffness, or modulus of elasticity characteristics, compared to other materials, while bound together by weaker matrices. Advanced composite materials have broad, proven applications, in the aircraft, aerospace, and sports equipment sectors. Even more specifically ACMs are very attractive for aircraft and aerospace structural parts.  Manufacturing ACMs is a multibillion-dollar industry worldwide. Composite products range from skateboards to components of the space shuttle. The industry can be generally divided into two basic segments, industrial composites and advanced composites.

See also

 Washington Accord
Automotive engineering
Computer-aided design
Computer numerically controlled
Engineering
Industrial revolution
Kinematics
Manufacturing
Manufacturing engineering education
Mechatronics
Mechanical engineering
Mechanics
Occupational health and safety
Package engineering
Robotics
Surface-mount technology
Technical drawing

Associations
 American Society for Engineering Education
 American Society for Quality
 European Students of Industrial Engineering and Management (ESTIEM)
 Indian Institution of Industrial Engineering
 Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)
 Institute of Industrial Engineers
 Institution of Electrical Engineers
 Society of Manufacturing Engineers

References

Engineering disciplines
Manufacturing
Management science


title: Leo García

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Leo García may refer to:

 Leo García (singer) (born 1970), Argentine singer
 Leo García (baseball) (born 1962), Dominican-born Major League Baseball player


title: Osas Ighodaro

text:
Osas Ighodaro (Osariemen Martha Elizabeth Ighodaro); born October 26th is a Nigerian American actress, producer, host and humanitarian. She won the Miss Black USA Pageant in 2010, and founded the Joyful Joy Foundation, a non-profit organization that raises funds to fight malaria. Osas emerged as the highest-grossing Nollywood actress of 2018, and was awarded Best Actress in a Drama consecutively at the 2022 and 2023 AMVCA for her roles in Rattlesnake: The Ahanna Story and Man of God,
 respectively.

Early life and background
Osas Ighodaro was born and raised in Bronx, New York, United States, to Nigerian parents from Edo State. She obtained her first degree in Broadcast Journalism with dual minor degrees in Entrepreneurship and Theater from Pennsylvania State University. She further obtained a master's degree in Fine Arts from the Actors Studio Drama School at Pace University. She is a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. She is the founder of the Joyful Joy Foundation a non-profit organization which raises awareness and funds to fight Malaria. She is also the founder of Imuetinyan Productions - a film/TV production company whose mission is to produce & develop inspiring, thought-provoking, and entertaining projects for a global audience.

Career
Osas Ighodaro began her professional acting career in New York City after graduating college. She performed in numerous theatre plays and indie films. She moved to Nigeria in 2012 with the intention of returning to the United States after six months, but secured various acting roles including Adanna in Tinsel and has remained in the country ever since.

Some of her film credits include Cadillac Records, The Smart Money Woman and Gbomo Gbomo Express. Her performance in both Rattlesnake: The Ahanna Story and Man of God earned her the 'Best Actress in a Drama' awards at the 2022 & 2023 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards, respectively.

She co-hosted the The Headies 2023, The Headies 2022, 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards and the family show 'Maltina Dance All'. She was listed as a top female celebrity of 2020.

She is managed by longtime manager Chimdinma R. Maduforo  .

Personal life
She married Gbenro Ajibade in June 2015. They had their first child in 2016. They divorced shortly after.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Awards and nominations

See also

 List of Nigerian actresses

References

External links
 Official website

 Osas Ighodaro Ajibade biography with Huffington Post
 Osas Ighodaro interview with Toke Makinwa

Pace University alumni
Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications alumni
American people of Nigerian descent
Nigerian television actresses
Nigerian television personalities
Living people
Actresses from the Bronx
Edo people
Miss Black USA delegates
Nigerian beauty pageant contestants
Nigerian film actresses
21st-century Nigerian actresses
American beauty pageant winners
American film actresses
21st-century American actresses
Nigerian humanitarians
American emigrants to Nigeria
1983 births
American television hosts
Nigerian television producers
Pennsylvania State University alumni
American television producers
Actresses from Edo State
American beauty pageant contestants
Nigerian television presenters


title: Peter Mentz Jebsen

text:
Peter Mentz Jebsen (21 June 1930 – 10 July 2014) was a Norwegian businessperson, athlete and politician.

He hailed from Kristiansand, and finished Kristiansand Cathedral School in 1950. As a young man he was an athlete specializing in 400 metres and 800 metres. He won the silver medal in this event at the 1952 Norwegian Championships, representing the club Kristiansands IF.

He took his business education in the United States, and worked in the textile industry there before taking over the family company Høie Fabrikker in 1965. He retired in 1990 as the company was bought. He was also chairman of Bergen Bank and Hotel Caledonien. He was also elected to Kristiansand city council in 1995, representing the Conservative Party. He died in 2014.

References

1930 births
2014 deaths
People from Kristiansand
People educated at Kristiansand Cathedral School
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
Norwegian businesspeople
Businesspeople in textiles
Norwegian male sprinters
Politicians from Kristiansand
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Norwegian sportsperson-politicians


title: Rear Mirror

text:
Rear Mirror (Traditional Chinese: 載得有情人; literally "Have a Transportation Lover") was a 2014 Hong Kong modern romance serial drama produced by TVB which starred Wayne Lai, Louisa So, Tony Hung and Natalie Tong as the main leads. The series aired from Monday to Friday and started on August 11, 2014 on TVB's Jade channel during its 8:30 - 9:30 p.m. timeslot ending September 5, 2014 after 20 episodes total.

Rear Mirror is Wayne Lai and Louisa So's first collaboration in over 10 years.

Synopsis
A single father who works as a mini bus driver that struggles to raise his young son with a severe food allergy problem alone, meets a female CEO of a huge corporation who seems to have it all on the outside but has struggles of her own due to her father's illness and family members fighting with each other for the CEO position.

Storylines
Rear Mirror focuses on Anson Yiu Ngai Yan, appointed acting CEO of Yiu Gong after her father (Yiu Siu Bong) was taken ill, consolidating her position as CEO and winning over her family. Her increasingly perilous driving soon forces her to search for a driver, and Sunday Kei Yat Sing is soon appointed as her driver, being headhunted by Anson, with a promise of a place at a good school for his son, Kei Mong, who has numerous allergies and whom Sunday as raised alone for six years after his wife, Miu Man Yee, left him due to the difficulty of raising Mong. Anson soon restructures the company, but is at loggerheads with her fiancé, Bevis Fong Tin Hang, who wants her to leave Hong Kong and start a new life with him in New Zealand. She initially postpones the wedding for six months, but after that, Bevis gives her an ultimatum- it's work or him. Anson realises that she has no choice but to leave Bevis. Just weeks later, she bumps into Bevis and his new girlfriend, causing much stress. She becomes much more attached both to Sunday, her driver, and her pet dog MoMo, who Elaine Fong Yi Lin, her step-mother, uses to challenge Anson. Anson soon realises her step-brother, Jason Yiu Ngai Chung's potential and sends him off on projects across the country, which Elaine mistakenly believes to be a sign that Anson is trying to get rid of him, as he was one of the other contenders to be CEO. However, when Elaine decides to finally challenge Anson at a board meeting, she is soon shocked as that very meeting, Anson soon declares her stepbrother Jason as full of potential and sends him off on Yiu Gong's biggest project, much to Gu Suk Yin, her other step-mother's annoyance as she wanted her son, Ryan Yiu Ngai Suan, the playboy of the company to take that project. Sunday and Anson soon bond and they decide to make a picture book together, with all profits going to a charity supporting those with allergies, taking into use Sunday's photography hobby and Anson's memory of bedtime stories she was told of as a young child. Within Yiu Gong, however, Yiu Siu Wing, Bong's brother repeatedly challenges Bong's investment in the Clean Water Project, calling it a scam, but Anson continues the investment, as it is what Bong wanted her to do. This eventually leads up to Yiu Siu Wing refusing to allow any more investment in the project through his financial department. This makes Bong leave the hospital just to force a vote which results in Yiu Siu Wing leaving the company.

Later, Miu Man Yee, Sunday's ex-wife returns and takes Kei Mong, wins custody in a court battle, but Kei Mong has to be forced to go leaving Miu Man Yee guilty over her actions. She reveals where Ben Shum Bok Man is heading to Anson, who speaks to Ben and Sunday wins back custody of Kei Mong. Ben asks Anson in return to lend him 5% of her shares in Yiu Gong as his company Bitin is undergoing some troubles.

Soon after, Ben buys shares from the other members of the Yiu family, until he has enough, along with the borrowed shares from Anson, to stage a hostile takeover of Yiu Gong. Anson tries to stop this, but it is too late, and Ben becomes the CEO of Yiu Gong. He asks Anson to streamline the company, which in the process will leave many employees jobless, resulting in Sunday punching him. Sunday and Anson meet at a cafe and Sunday resigns, leaving for England, as they have a possible new treatment for Kei Mong's many allergies (but not before a remark from Anson that they are no longer employer and employee and so can date), and Ben goes and taunts Bong as he is released from hospital. Then, the Clean Water Project, which Yiu Gong has invested heavily in, is revealed to be a scam, making Yiu Gong, a heavy investor and Bitin's (the now parent company of Yiu Gong) stock to rapidly nosedive, shocking the whole family. An immediate board meeting is called, in which Anson advocates a cash injection, but Ben, having spent most of his cash on his hostile takeover of Yiu Gong calls for streamlining. Suddenly, Bong walks in, and tells Ben to get out of the CEO's seat in the middle of the meeting, shocking everyone. Ben laughs, calling him a delusional old man, but Bong explains that he knew that Ben was planning to takeover Yiu Gong, and that he knew that the Clean Water Project was a scam, and so he let Ben takeover Yiu Gong, knowing that he did not have enough money to do so, and would have to sell large amounts of his stock in Bitin. Bong then remained in hospital long after he recovered to let the Clean Water Project explode, and then immediately bought all the cheap Bitin stock on the market meaning that he staged a hostile takeover of Bitin, Yiu Gong's parent company so in the end, he had taken over both Bitin and Yiu Gong again, shocking his entire family and most of all Ben.

Anson leaves Hong Kong, after the shock of how her father masterminded such a cruel plan (as it resulted in many innocent investors in both the Clean Water Project and Yiu Gong and Bitin losing their money, and Yiu Siu Wing, her uncle being innocently kicked out by his fellow family members), but as she leaves realises that her father is showing the first signs of dementia. Ivan Yiu Chi Hau romantically asks Mui Man Kwan out, after dating throughout the series, gaining the confidence to do so from Anson's reign as CEO.

Three years later, she returns to Hong Kong after going around the world photographing butterflies, and after visiting her father, whose dementia has got to the point that he can only remember the past, goes to one of her favourite cafés that she used to visit with Sunday when she was the CEO of Yiu Gong. She discovers that it has come under new ownership and has turned into a photography themed café, and that the new owner is none other than Sunday himself, who had started a photography themed café whilst he was in England and is now expanding his business worldwide, in Beijing and Hong Kong. Having improved her driving skills, she drives Sunday off into the sunset.

Cast

Main cast

Wayne Lai as Sunday Kei Yat Sing 祈逸昇
A single father who works as a mini bus driver. He lives with his grandmother and struggles to raise a young son with a severe food allergy problem. He strikes up a friendship with Anson the female CEO of a huge construction corporations after many encounters with each other. He is eventually asked by Anson to become her personal driver. When not working he enjoys his hobby in photography. His grandmother Pauline, hoping he can find a significant other to help him raise his son constantly sets him up on blind dates.
Louisa So as Anson Yiu Ngai Yan 饒毅昕
Eldest and only daughter of the CEO of Yiu Gong Corp. - Yiu Siu Bong. She originally worked in the company's legal department but is forced to take on as acting CEO when her father is terminally ill while her uncle tries to take the company from her father. Due to her family issues she constantly delays her wedding with her longtime fiancee Bevis. Her step-mothers and younger half-brothers scheme against her when she is chosen as acting CEO of the family corporation.
Tony Hung as Ivan Yiu Chi Hau 饒至孝
Anson's younger cousin and Yiu Siu Wing's son. He works in Yiu Gong's IT department. He has an obsessive compulsive disorder and a social phobia. He also has self-esteem and confidence issues because his father has never praised him. He is the only one in the Yiu family that supports Anson when she becomes the acting CEO. He meets Mui Man Kwan when his cousin Ryan brings him to a nightclub party as a joke to be made fun of.
Natalie Tong as Mui Man Kwan 梅敏君
Sunday's ex-wife's younger sister. She has commitment issues and always runs back to live at Sunday's home when she breaks up with a boyfriend. She works all kinds of odd jobs such as bar girl, pseudo model and electronic store retailer before landing a job at Yiu Gong's IT department. She meets drunk Ivan at a party dress as a computer game character while trying to escape from a playboy who is harassing her.

Supporting cast

Yiu family

 Chung King-fai as Yiu Siu Bong 饒兆邦
Anson, Jason and Ryan's father who is also the CEO of Yiu Gong Corp. Due to his terminal illness he is in need of a bone marrow transplant which his younger brother Siu Wing is the only match. Knowing his younger brother wants to take over his company he names his daughter Anson who is the least ambitious in his family as acting CEO.
 Lau Kong as Yiu Siu Wing 饒兆榮
Yiu Siu Bong's younger brother and Ivan's father. Once he finds out he is the only one in the family that is a bone marrow match for his older brother he makes an offer that he will only donate his bone marrow in exchange for Yiu Gong Corp.'s CEO position and be the majority share holder of the company.
 Susan Tse as Gu Suk Yin 顧淑賢
Second wife of Yiu Siu Bong, Anson's and Jason's step mother and Ryan's mother. Even though she helped raise Anson when she was younger she does not love her like she was her own. She does not feel like she has any real authority in the Yiu family due to her son being the youngest and is known for his hard partying lifestyle. Her selfishness in wanting to be Yiu Siu Bong's wife resulted to Anson's mother's death.
 Mary Hon as Elaine Fong Yi Ling 方綺鈴
Third wife of Yiu Siu Bong, Anson's and Ryan's step mother, Jason's mother and Bevis's aunt. She truly believes her son Jason will become the new CEO of Yiu Gong Corp because he is the oldest son in the family and she tries to get in good relations with her brother in-law hoping he will help her son become the next CEO. She starts to respect Anson once she understands Anson's fairness in dealing with business.
 Benjamin Yuen as Jason Yiu Ngai Chung 饒毅忠
Yiu Siu Bong's oldest son with his third wife Elaine. He is not happy when his older half sister Anson is chosen as acting CEO of Yiu Gong Corp when their father was ill since he feels being the eldest son of the family and a productive worker at Yiu Corp like him should be the acting CEO. He starts to respect Anson when she sees potential in him and she starts to give him important projects at Yiu Gong.
 Stanley Cheung as Ryan Yiu Ngai Suan 饒毅信
Yiu Siu Bong's youngest son with his second wife Suk Yin. He is known for his hard partying lifestyle but pretends to be a productive worker at Yiu Corp when his father becomes ill hoping he will be chosen as the new CEO. His laziness and disrespect for others is shown at work. When Anson starts to give major projects to Jason he becomes jealous and later sides with his uncle Yiu Siu Wing to try to oust Anson as the acting CEO of Yiu Gong.

Kei family
 Lily Leung as Pauline Tse Hau Lin 謝巧蓮
Sunday's grandmother who he lives with together with his son. As she was hoping for Sunday to find a significant other to help him raise Mong, she constantly sets him up on blind dates.
 Elaine Yiu as Miu Man Yi 梅敏儀,
Sunday's ex-wife and Mong's mother. She ran out on Sunday and Mong because she wanted to be free of any burden and see what else is out in the world to offer her. After many years she comes back to re-claim Mong in order to exchange him for a large sum of money with his biological father.
 Yiub Cheng as Kei Mong 祈望
Sunday and Man Yee's young son. Ben Shum Bok Man's biological son. He has a severe dairy allergy that prevents him from eating a lot of foods.

Hung family
 Amy Fan as Hung Lai Sa 洪麗莎
Sunday's next door neighbor who has a crush on him. She is in the midst of divorcing her current husband but dreams of becoming Sunday's wife one day. Marries Po Yung Jun.
 Ronald Law as Hung Tsz Long 洪子朗
Lai Sa's younger brother and Sunday's friend. Mui Man Kwan's ex-boyfriend. He is a police officer.

Yiu Gong Building Materials Corp.
 Ram Chiang as Yue Dai Chi 余大智
A former driver for Yiu Siu Bong who later became his trusted personal assistant. He helps Anson become the CEO of Yiu Gong Corp. He is overly protective of Anson and hires a private investigator to investigate Sunday's background.
 Li Shing-cheong as Po Yung Jun 蒲勇進
Sunday's friend and fellow driver at Yiu Gong Corp.
 KK Cheung as Ben Shum Bok Man 沈博文
Owner of Bitin, his company. A share holder at Yiu Gong Corp. With his help, Anson becomes the CEO of Yiu Gong Corp. Had a one night stand with Miu Man Yee which resulted in a son. Mong's biological father. He later stages a hostile takeover of Yiu Gong, selling some of his stocks in Bitin to do so, which are in turn bought by Bong and so gets his own company taken over by Bong, who gets Yiu Gong back in the process.
 Man Yeung as Fai 輝
A fellow driver at Yiu Gong Corp who works for the third madam Elaine. He is blackmailed by Elaine into installing secret hearing devices in Sunday's vehicle in order to know Anson's every movement.
 Jennifer Shum as Cindy
 Kibby Lau as JoJo
Works in the IT department at Yiu Gong Corp.
 Ali Lee as Yuen Ka Bo 阮嘉寶. Ivan's ex-girlfriend.
 Brian Chu as Andy
 Kyle Tse as Derek
 Leo Lee as CK
 Dolby Kwan as Leo
 Eddie Ho as George
 Calvin Chan as France
 Burmie Wong as Joyce
 Ip Ting Chi as Dora
 Albert Lo as Lawyer Yip 葉律師

Other cast
 Geoffrey Wong as Bevis Fong Tin Hang 方天恒
Anson's longtime fiancee and Elaine's nephew. He is a veterinarian. Anson's breaks off their engagement in order to remain as CEO of Yiu Gong because of her bickering family.
 Steve Lee Ka Ding as Ha San Fu 夏山虎
A small time triad boss that runs a mechanic garage. Sunday's saves his life from a kidnapper during a traffic accident.
 Bing Man Tam as Bing Suk 炳叔
Gu Suk Yin's cousin. He owns the trucking company that Yiu Gong uses to deliver their goods. He decides to butt heads with Anson when his cousin Suk Yin gossips to him about Anson being a bad step daughter which resulted in Yiu Gong no longer working with them. He spills to Anson how her mother truly died when Suk Yin refuses to give him money.
 Andy Sui as Wai 維
 Nicole Wan as Bertha
 So Lai Ming as Ada
 Louis Szeto as Lun 倫
 Kelvin Lee as Fei Ying 飛鷹
A small time triad member who works for Ha San Fu. He bullies Kei Mong at the local park when Mong accidentally causes him embarrassment.
 Raymond Tsang as Brother Leong 良哥
 Kedar Wong as Kwok Ga Hei 郭家禧
A private detective that Yue Dai Chi hires to investigate Sunday's background.
 Hinson Chou as Ah Dong 阿東
Mui Man Kwan's Taiwanese boyfriend that she broke up with. He follows her all the way to Hong Kong to look for her.

Development
The drama previously went by the production title of "Time for Marriage (男大當婚)".
The costume fitting ceremony was held on September 12, 2013 12:30 p.m. at Tseung Kwan O TVB City Studio One.
The blessing ceremony was held on November 26, 2013 3:30 p.m. at Tseung Kwan O TVB City.
Filming took place from September - December 2013.
The drama was featured in TVB's 2014 Sales Presentation.
The drama was originally scheduled to be broadcast on April 21, 2014 at 8:30 p.m. but TVB decided to air TVS's  mainland series Journey to the West 2011 instead to boast ratings, this caused controversy as Hong Kong audiences complained of the poor production quality of the "Journey to the West" series and didn't appreciate watching a mainland produced drama with poor voice dubbing instead of a locally produced Cantonese drama. Rear Mirror was then pushed back to be aired in August 2014 during TVB's Amazing Summer promotions.

Viewership Ratings

References

TVB dramas
Hong Kong television series
2014 Hong Kong television series debuts
2014 Hong Kong television series endings
2010s Hong Kong television series


title: Poker with Pistols

text:
Poker with Pistols () is a 1967 Italian Spaghetti Western film directed by Giuseppe Vari.

Cast

 George Hilton as Ponson
 George Eastman as Lucas
 Annabella Incontrera as Lola
 Mimmo Palmara as Master
 José Torres as Lazar

References

External links

1967 films
Films directed by Giuseppe Vari
Spaghetti Western films
1967 Western (genre) films
Films scored by Lallo Gori
1960s Italian films


title: Panti Usu

text:
Panti Usu (Aymara panti a type of flower, usu illness, Hispanicized spelling Pantiuso) is a mountain in the Andes of southern Peru, about  high. It lies on a high ridge southeast of Lake Wisk'acha and southwest of the lake Lurisquta. Panti Usu is situated in the Puno Region, El Collao Province, Santa Rosa District, and in the Tacna Region, Candarave Province, Candarave District.

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Puno Region
Mountains of Tacna Region


title: 2014 Enugu State Broadcasting Service attack

text:
The 2014 Enugu State Broadcasting Service Attack took place on June 5, 2014, when about 13 members of the Biafra Zionist Federation militant group attacked the Enugu State Broadcasting Service (ESBS) in an attempt to make a public announcement on radio and television declaring the sovereign state of Biafra.

Background
Since the fall of Biafra at the end of Nigerian Civil War, there have been occasional unrest in the South-East region of Nigeria. The Biafra Zionist Federation (BZF) and the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) have been the most popular pro-biafran groups in the region.

Reaction
The Nigeria Police Force (NPF) were quickly alerted by some members of ESBS at the arrival of the gunmen. NPF quickly responded
by killing a member of the group and arresting the remaining in a shootout that lasted for several hours. The leader of the Nigerian military team was greatly wounded during the incident.

See also
 2014 Enugu Government House attack

References

2014 murders in Nigeria
Biafra
Separatism in Nigeria


title: The Trap (1949 film)

text:
The Trap (Spanish: La trampa) is a 1949 Argentine thriller film directed by Carlos Hugo Christensen and starring Zully Moreno, George Rigaud, and Juana Sujo. A woman marries a man without understanding the darker depths of his personality.

Cast
  Zully Moreno as Paulina Figueroa
  George Rigaud as Hugo Morán / Paul Deval
  Juana Sujo as Agatha Valle
  Carlos Thompson as Mario Casares
  Juan Corona as Dr. Vargas
  María Santos as Srta. Martín
  María Esther Buschiazzo as Josefina
  Arnoldo Chamot as Relator
  Raquel Notar as Presidenta de la Liga
  André Dumont as Extorsionador
  Mario Caraballo
  Gloria Ferrandiz as Sra. Salcedo

References

Bibliography
 Rist, Peter H. Historical Dictionary of South American Cinema. Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

External links

1949 films
Argentine thriller films
1940s thriller films
1940s Spanish-language films
Films directed by Carlos Hugo Christensen
Films based on British novels
Argentine black-and-white films
1940s Argentine films
Spanish-language thriller films


title: Checkered Past Records

text:
Checkered Past Records is an American indie music record label established in May 1997 in Chicago.

History
The label was founded in May 1997 by Bloodshot Records co-founder Eric Babcock, Yvonne Jones, and Larry Lipson. Babcock met Jones through their shared love of the Texas-based band Killbilly, and ran Checkered Past out of Jones' and her husband's house in Irving Park. Babcock's stated motivation for starting the label stemmed in part from his desire to release "more traditional and rootsy-sounding" music by relatively little-known artists. It was also influenced by Bloodshot's refusal to release "The Neighborhood is Changing", the debut album by Tom House. He has also recalled that while he was working at Bloodshot, he was looking through dozens of albums by such artists, and was surprised that they hadn't been released locally yet. So he decided to start his own label to do so himself, starting with Tom House's album The Neighborhood Is Changing. In 1999, Babcock founded the Nashville-based Catamount Records, and, as of 2004, had since left Checkered Past to run it.

Artists
Artists which have released albums on Checkered Past include, but are not limited to:
Ass Ponys
The Great Crusades
Johnny Dowd
Lonesome Bob
Paul Burch
Red Star Belgrade
The Silos
Souled American
Spanic Boys
Tom House
Tommy Womack

References

American independent record labels
Record labels established in 1997
1997 establishments in Illinois
American country music record labels


title: Exmouth Exodus

text:
The Exmouth Exodus is an annual semi-organised, through-the-night bicycle ride from Bath to Exmouth seafront on the weekend of the full moon in August. The ride is about 100 miles (161 km). The ride started as an alternative to the Dunwich Dynamo for people in the South West due to the distance and time to travel home from Dunwich.

Until 2013 the ride started from Channings pub in Bristol, however due to the increasing size of the ride and the opening of the Two Tunnels Greenway, the starting location had been changed to a more appropriate location for the large numbers.

See also
Challenge riding

Dunwich Dynamo

References

Cycling in England
Cycling events in the United Kingdom
Sport in Devon
Sport in Somerset


title: Checkered Past

text:
Checkered Past may refer to:
Checkered Past (album), a 2021 album by L.A. Guns
Checkered Past (EP), an EP by Save Ferris
Checkered Past (TV programming block), a TV programming block on Adult Swim
Checkered Past Records, a record label
Checkered Past, a 1995 album from The Bob & Tom Show


title: Mark of Zorro (1975 film)

text:
Mark of Zorro (, also known as Who's Afraid of Zorro and They Call Him Zorro... Is He?) is a 1975 Italian adventure comedy film directed by Franco Lo Cascio.

Plot

Cast

 George Hilton: Felipe Mackintosh / Zorro
 Lionel Stander: Father Donato
 Charo López: Rosita Florenda
 Rodolfo Licari: Don Manuel La Paz
 Antonio Pica: Major De Colignac
 Gino Pagnani: Betrunkener

See also
 List of Italian films of 1975

References

External links

1975 films
1970s adventure comedy films
1970s Western (genre) comedy films
Italian adventure comedy films
Zorro films
Spaghetti Western films
1975 comedy films
Films based on works by Johnston McCulley
1970s American films
1970s Italian films


title: Oxford University W.A.F.C.

text:
Oxford University Women’s Association Football Club is an English football club representing the University of Oxford.
The club consists of two squads, the Blues (1st XI) and the Furies (2nd XI). Both teams compete in the BUCS League against other British universities. The Blues won BUCS Midlands Division 2A in the 2013/2014 season, gaining them promotion into Midlands Division 1A. The Blues have retained their place in this league for the 2016/17 season. The Furies won the Midlands 3A league in 2015/16, gaining promotion to the 2A division.

History
The club was founded in the 1980s and merged with Oxford University A.F.C., the respective men's club, in 1998.

BUCS
The Blues and Furies compete in BUCS Midlands Division 1A and 2A respectively. The fixtures run from October through March.

Varsity match

The climax of the season for both teams is the varsity match against Cambridge University. Those women selected to compete in the Blues varsity match receive an Oxford Half-Blue in recognition of their footballing success, with the Full Blue status being achieved if Oxford win the match, or the squad have a "successful" season in BUCS with regards to the Blues status conditions. In 2016, Oxford won the 31st varsity match 1-0.

The first women's varsity match was played in 1986, in which Oxford clinched the victory, beating the Light Blue side 4-3. As of 2016, out of the 29 Blues varsity matches to date, only 2 ended in draws, with the Dark Blues winning just 8 of the games. However, considering just the last 10 years up to 2016, the dark blues have won on 4 accounts.

Blues status

The women who compete in the Blues varsity match are awarded with an Oxford Blue under the following criteria:

Half Blue: 14 awards maximum to all those who play in the varsity match; subs must have played for at least 5 minutes.

Full Blue: 14 awards maximum. Awarded to women who play in the varsity match AND fulfil any of the following criteria:

Win the varsity match
OR The team reaches the semi-final of the Midlands Conference Cup (any player reaching this must have been selected for at least 50% of the cup matches)
OR The team gets promoted that season

Current squads
As of 7 February 2016, the Blues varsity squad is as follows:

The alumni squad playing the Blues in the hotly anticipated annual Alumni match, was as follows for the 19/20 season:

The match, played on 22 February 2020 at the Oxford City football stadium, ended in a 6-0 win for the alumni squad.

College football

24 women's college teams are registered to the Women’s College League, of which there are four divisions. Eight of these are joint teams made up of two or three colleges. The college teams also compete in the Cuppers competition, which was won by Worcester College in the season 2013/2014, with a 1-0 victory over Keble/Hertford.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni include Ananya Birla (singer and entrepreneur), Rachel Riley (TV presenter) and Jen O'Neill (editor of She Kicks women's football magazine).

References

External links

Association football clubs established in 1986
Football
Women's football clubs in England

University and college football clubs in England
1986 establishments in England


title: Bayud

text:
Bayud ()  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah in Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Bayud had a population of 737 in the 2004 census. During Syria civil war, Bayud was captured by ISIS, then SAA liberated this town from ISIS on 5 February 2018.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Dali, Syria

text:
Dali ()  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah in Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Dalleh had a population of 535 in the 2004 census. During Syria civil war, Dalleh was captured by ISIS, then SAA captured this town on 6 February 2018.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Duma, Hama

text:
Duma ()  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah in Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Duma had a population of 499 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: 2014 Enugu Government House attack

text:
The 2014 Enugu Government House Attack was carried out on 8 March 2014, when members of the militant group Biafra Zionist Federation took control of the state house for about 4 hours and erected the flag of Biafra at the entrance of the house.  The leader of the group Barrister Benjamin Onwuka gave Nigerians living in Biafran territory an ultimatum to vacate their land before 31 March 2014 or face the bloodbath that will come afterward.

It was initially reported that another pro-Biafran militant group MASSOB was responsible for the attack, but this information was later discarded after BZF claimed responsibility for the attack. Benjamin Onwuka was arrested by the Nigeria Police Force after attempting to carryout a similar attack on Enugu State Broadcasting Service.

See also
 2014 Enugu State Broadcasting Service attack

References

Biafra
Military coups in Nigeria
Military history of Nigeria
Political history of Nigeria
Enugu Government House attack
Enugu Government House attack
Enugu Government House attack, 2014
Attacks on buildings and structures in Nigeria
Enugu Government House attack


title: Fayda

text:
Fayda ()  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah in Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Fayda had a population of 240 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Haymaniyah

text:
Haymaniyah ()  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah in Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Haymaniyeh had a population of 138 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Al-Hazim

text:
Al-Hazim ()  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah, in the Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), al-Hazim had a population of 1,557 at the time of the 2004 Census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Athletics at the 1998 Commonwealth Games – Women's marathon

text:
The women's marathon event at the 1998 Commonwealth Games was held on 20 September in Kuala Lumpur.

Results

References

Marathon
1998
1998 in women's athletics
Comm
1998 Commonwealth Games
Women in Kuala Lumpur


title: Janat al-Sawarnah

text:
Janat Elsawarneh ()  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah in Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Janat Elsawarneh had a population of 1318 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Rajan Batra

text:
Rajan Batra is a film producer and distributor, predominantly working in Punjabi films. He began his career as a film producer.

Career
Rajan started his business as a lawyer in 2003. He moved on to various other businesses like share broking distribution of films along with pursuing his dream of making films. He established his business and entered into film production in 2009 and produced his first Punjabi film Mel karde Rabba film  in collaboration with Tips Industries. He also went on to produce Jihne Mera Dil Luteya, a first Punjabi blockbuster  (2010),  Yaar Annmulle (2012), Pure Punjabi (2012), Pinky Moge Wali (2013),  Viyah 70 km (2013), Mere Yaar Kaminey (2014), under banner of Batra Showbiz.

Batra Showbiz

Rajan batra formed a production and distribution company named Batra Showbiz, which associated with Kapil Batra Production, Topaz Films and now Beatrix Entertainment to form the following distribution and production companies..few Hindi movies were released by his distribution company.

 Virudh
 Heroine
 Carry on Jatta
 Pata Nahi Rabb Kehdeyan Rangan Ch Raazi
 Power Cut
 Saadi Gali Aaya Karo
 Punjab bolda
.  The best seller
.  Chudail story
.   Khel toh ab shuru hoga
.   Love key funday
.   Coffee with D
.   Yeh toh to much ho gaya
.   Bramaad nayak SAI baba
.   Ram Rattan
.   pinki Mogewali 2

Filmography
 Mel Karade Rabba (Producer)
 Jihne Mera Dil Luteya  (Producer)
 Yaar Annmulle (Producer)
 Pure Punjabi (Producer)
 Pinky Moge Wali (Producer)
 Viyah 70 km (Producer)
 Mere Yaar Kaminey (Producer)
.  Yaar Anmulle 2 ( producer)
.  Kache Dhagey ( producer)
.  Titoo MBA.    (Producer)
.  Jugni yaaran di ( producer)
.  Jagga jagrava joga ( producer)
.  Yaar Anmulle returns (producer)
. Mavaan Thandian Chavan (producer) punjabi serial for zee punjabi
. Kutte fail ( producer)
. Tedda Medha sada veda ( zee punjabi)

Awards
 Best Film Award of PIFFA ( Punjabi International Film Festival Awards Toronto Canada )  for Jihne Mera Dil Luteya
 Best Music Award For Yaar Annmulle.

References

1976 births
Living people
Film directors from Punjab, India


title: Jubb al-Uthman

text:
Jubb al-Uthman ()  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah in Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Jeb Elothman had a population of 2033 in the 2004 census. During Syria Civil War, Jubb al-Uthman was captured by ISIS, then captured by SAA on 6 February 2018.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Jubb al-Safa, Hama

text:
Jeb Elsafa ()  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah in Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Jeb Elsafa had a population of 1305 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: The Naked Angel

text:
The Naked Angel (Spanish:El ángel desnudo) is a 1946 Argentine drama film directed by Carlos Hugo Christensen and starring Olga Zubarry, Guillermo Battaglia and Carlos Cores. The film is based on the novella Fräulein Else by Arthur Schnitzler. The director, Christensen, had gained a reputation for exploring more sexual themes in his films than was traditional in Argentine cinema at the time.

In a survey of the 100 greatest films of Argentine cinema carried out by the Museo del Cine Pablo Ducrós Hicken in 2000, the film reached the 35th position.

Synopsis

A sculptor agrees to lend a bankrupt man money provided his beautiful daughter pose nude for his latest work of art.

Cast
 Olga Zubarry as Elsa Las Heras
 Guillermo Battaglia as Guillermo Lagos Renard
 Carlos Cores as Mario
 Eduardo Cuitiño as Gaspar Las Heras
 Ángel Orrequia as Vargas
 Fedel Despres as Diana
 Cirilo Etulain as Morales
 José de Ángelis as Prefecto
 Orestes Soriani as Presidente Sociedad Críticos de Arte
 Cecilio de Vega as ubois
 José De Ángelis

References

Bibliography
 Rist, Peter H. Historical Dictionary of South American Cinema. Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.

External links

1946 films
Argentine drama films
1946 drama films
1940s Spanish-language films
Films directed by Carlos Hugo Christensen
Films based on short fiction
Argentine black-and-white films
1940s Argentine films


title: Jadduah Shamaliyah

text:
Jadduah Shamalia ()  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah in Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Jadduah Shamalia had a population of 737 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Maaloula, Hama

text:
Mlolah (IPA: Mlōlaḥ) ()  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah in Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Mlolah had a population of 377 in the 2004 census. During Syria civil war, Mlolah was captured by ISIS, then on 6 February 2018, SAA captured this town.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Chloraka Municipal Stadium

text:
Koinotiko Chlorakas is the central stadium located in Chlorakas, Paphos in Cyprus. The first stadium had a capacity of 500 seats but after the renovation of 1983 the stadium increased its capacity to 3500. It is the home base of local team Akritas Chlorakas, a team consisting of Cypriot players mostly with the longest history in the city of Paphos.

Football venues in Cyprus
Buildings and structures in Paphos District
Sport in Paphos


title: Butler Family Cemetery

text:
Butler Family Cemetery is a historic family cemetery located near Saluda, Saluda County, South Carolina. It is located behind the Butler Methodist Church. It was established about 1802, and includes the graves of members of one of South Carolina's leading families.  Notable burials include: William Butler (1759–1821), Pierce Mason Butler (1798–1847) and Andrew Pickens Butler (1796–1857).

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

References

External links

Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
1802 establishments in South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Saluda County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Saluda County, South Carolina


title: Muwaylah al-Sirwana

text:
Mweileh Elsirwana ()  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah in Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Mweileh Elsirwana had a population of 700 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: Ursulina de Jesus

text:
Ursulina de Jesus (died 1754), was an alleged Brazilian witch.

She was married to Sebastiano de Jesus in São Paulo. Her husband had a position of some importance in the city. She was accused of witchcraft by her husband, who claimed that she had prevented him from having children by making him sterile with the use of magic. At the time, he was having an affair, and his mistress, Cesaria, also confirmed his testimony in court.

Ursulina de Jesus was sentenced guilty of heresy by having used witchcraft. She was executed by burning in public.

References
 Luiz Henrique Lima. Professor Roxanne Rimstead. ANG 553 – Women Writers. 2 April 2009. Lima 1. The Witches in Brazil

People executed for witchcraft
People executed by Portugal by burning
People executed by Colonial Brazil
1754 deaths
Year of birth unknown
18th-century Brazilian people
18th-century Brazilian women
18th-century executions by Portugal


title: Maar Shamali

text:
Maar Shamali ()  is a Syrian village located in Al-Hamraa Nahiyah in Hama District, Hama.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Maar Shamali had a population of 744 in the 2004 census.

References

Populated places in Hama District


title: La Course by Le Tour de France

text:
La Course by Le Tour de France was an elite women's professional road bicycle race held in France. First held in 2014 as a one-day race on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, it has been part of the UCI Women's WorldTour since 2016 as a one or two day race. The race was organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), the organisers of the Tour de France. It was replaced in 2022 by Tour de France Femmes, a multi day stage race organised by ASO.

History
In 2013, professional cyclists Kathryn Bertine, Marianne Vos and Emma Pooley and professional triathlete Chrissie Wellington formed an activist group called Le Tour Entier (“the whole tour”), to petition ASO to launch a women's Tour de France.

Following substantial media coverage, and a petition signed by over 100,000 people, ASO launched La Course by Tour de France in 2014. The race would be held in conjunction with the Tour de France, with the first edition taking place as a one-day race on the Champs-Élysées in advance of the final stage of the men's race. The race was welcomed by the professional peloton and the media, with Vos stating that the race would be a "fantastic showcase after last year's [World Championships] and the 2012 Olympics".

In subsequent years, the race took place in a variety of locations such as Pau, Col de la Colombière and Col d'Izoard in conjunction with the men's race, as the ASO argued that this was the "best way to shine a light on female cycling". The race was initially praised for the exposure gained by 'sharing the stage' with the Tour de France, with sponsors welcoming the visibility of the Champs-Élysées, and live TV coverage in conjunction with the Tour de France.

Criticism
However, the races were criticised by riders, teams and the media. Some felt that the race was an 'after thought' and were overshadowed by the men's race. ASO were criticised for not doing enough to promote the race. The 2017 edition was specifically criticised for a lack of facilities for riders and teams, no support to get from the Col d'Izoard to Marseille, as well as issues regarding the pursuit time trial format in Marseille. Riders noted that the stages weren't hard enough for the professional peloton, with former cyclist & commentator Joanna Rowsell stating that "We need mountain climbs, flat stages, time trials and a Champs-Elysees finish".

The race was also criticised for not being a "full Tour de France", with campaigner Kathryn Bertine stating her disappointment that the race had not evolved into a multi day stage race. Pushing back on criticism, ASO stated that logistical issues mean that a men's and women's Tour de France would not be able to be staged simultaneously, and that any race must be financially sustainable.

Replacement by Tour de France Femmes
In June 2021, ASO announced that the Tour de France Femmes - a multi day stage race - will take place for the first time in 2022. This new 8 day race took place following the Tour de France, replacing La Course.

Locations

Winners

A total of six of the eight editions were won by cyclists from the Netherlands.

Notes

References

External links

UCI Women's World Tour races


title: Karna Bahadur Thapa

text:
Karna Bahadur Thapa (), a member of Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), assumed the post of the Minister of Industry of Nepal on 25 February 2014 under Sushil Koirala-led government.

He is a member of 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly. He won Bajura–1 seat in the CA assembly in 2013. He is the chairman of Nepal Communist Party Sudurpaschim Pradesh Committee.

References

Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) politicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Government ministers of Nepal
Members of the 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly


title: Saluda Theatre

text:
Saluda Theatre is a historic movie theater located at Saluda, Saluda County, South Carolina. It was built in 1936, and is a two-story, stuccoed masonry building in the Art Deco style. The theater closed in 1981. It was restored after 1987, and is home to the Saluda Players.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

References

External links
Cinema Treasures

Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Art Deco architecture in South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Saluda County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Saluda County, South Carolina
Theatres completed in 1936


title: The Boat Race 1995

text:
The 141st Boat Race took place on 1 April 1995. Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames.  Marko Banovic became the first rower from Croatia to participate in the event.  Cambridge won by four lengths.

In the reserve race, Cambridge's Goldie defeated Oxford's Isis, while Cambridge won the Women's Boat Race.

Background
The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues"). First held in 1829, the race takes place on the  Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London. The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide. Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having won the 1994 race by  lengths, with Cambridge leading overall with 71 victories to Oxford's 68 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877). The race was sponsored by Beefeater Gin for the ninth consecutive year.

The first Women's Boat Race took place in 1927, but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s. Until 2014, the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races, but as of the 2015 race, it is held on the River Thames, on the same day as the men's main and reserve races. The reserve race, contested between Oxford's Isis boat and Cambridge's Goldie boat has been held since 1965.  It usually takes place on the Tideway, prior to the main Boat Race.

Oxford saw former coach and Blue Dan Topolski return as director of coaching following his departure after the 1992 race. Topolski, who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1967 race, had coached Oxford to ten consecutive victories from 1976 to 1985. He noted: "We know we are underdogs.  We started with only one man from a previous Blues race and no internationals.  Nothing but big hearts and lungs".  Cambridge's boat club president Richard Phelps was upbeat: "We're buoyant, tails up, the boat's been going fast."  Cambridge were coached by Robin Williams who was reserved in his assessment, noting his crew needed to be "comfortable with the situation of rowing side-by-side."

Crews
The official weigh-in took place at The Hurlingham Club five days before the race.  The Oxford crew weighed on average  more than their opponents. Cambridge saw the return of four former Blues while Oxford's crew featured two. The Oxford crew contained two native British rowers to Cambridge's five. Cambridge's crew also featured the first rower from Croatia in the Boat Race, in Marko Banovic. Oxford's cox, 19-year-old Abbie Chapman, became the ninth female cox in the history of the contest, and as a result of her diminutive stature, standing  tall, her seat was raised to afford her the visibility required to steer.

Race

Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station. In a stiff headwind, Oxford took an early lead but as Cambridge's rhythm improved, they closed the gap and took the lead.  Aggressive steering from Oxford's Chapman resulted in warnings from the umpire, yet by Craven Cottage, Cambridge held a lead of two-thirds of a length, and were a second ahead at the Mile Post. A length ahead by Harrods Furniture Depository, a push at Hammersmith Bridge increased the lead to a length-and-a-half and allowed Cambridge a clear water advantage by Chiswick Eyot. Although rating considerably lower than Oxford, Cambridge held their lead and passed the finishing post four lengths ahead, in a time of 18 minutes 4 seconds.

In the reserve race, Cambridge's Goldie won by fourteen lengths over Isis, the largest margin of victory since the 1971 race, and Cambridge's eighth victory in nine years. Cambridge won the 50th Women's Boat Race by  lengths in a time of 6 minutes and 2 seconds, their sixth victory in seven years.

Reaction
Cambridge's Croatian international Banovic said "Matching them over the first two minutes and delaying our effort to Hammersmith was part of our plan." His president, Phelps, confirmed "We knew they had four or five minutes in them ... we waited for them to crack." Topolski reflected: "We had a great first seven minutes ... Cambridge are on a roll that has taken years to build up."  He continued: "You cannot expect our system to bear fruit in just a year".  The race was watched by around seven million viewers in the United Kingdom, the fifth most-viewed sports event of the year.

References

External links
 Official website

The Boat Race
1995 in English sport
1995 in rowing
1995 sports events in London
April 1995 sports events in the United Kingdom


title: Fräulein Else

text:
Fräulein Else may refer to:

 Fräulein Else (novella), a short work by the Austrian writer Arthur Schnitzler
 Fräulein Else (1929 film), a German silent film directed by Paul Czinner
 Fräulein Else (2014 film), directed by Anna Martinetz


title: Forepark

text:
Forepark is a business park in The Hague, Netherlands, east of the Prins Clausplein highway interchange (A4 and A12). It was developed in the 1990s, together with the nearby residential neighbourhood Leidschenveen. Originally part of the municipality of Leidschendam, it was annexed by The Hague in 2002 and now falls under the district of Leidschenveen-Ypenburg. Since 2007, Forepark is home to Cars Jeans Stadion, the home stadium of ADO Den Haag. Since the construction of the RandstadRail network, the business park is connected to the metro line between Rotterdam and the city centre of The Hague via Forepark Station.

Forepark has 160 inhabitants (as of 1 January 2014), and is divided into two sub-neighbourhoods, Westvliet (132 inhabitants) and De Rivieren (28 inhabitants).

References

External links
  (in Dutch)

Business parks
Geography of The Hague


title: Hugo Mattheusz Steyn

text:
Hugo Matheusz. Steyn (1577 – 1632), was a Dutch Golden Age notary and member of the Haarlem schutterij.

Biography
He was born in Haarlem as the son of the mayor and church warden Mattheus Steyn and Dirkje van der Graft-Gael. He was the brother of the Spaarndam toll collector Tyman Matheusz. Steyn. Hugo became the city secretary and was a member of the Catholic St. James guild (St. Jacobsgilde) and married Cornelia van der Meyde in 1606. He became lieutenant of the St. George militia in Haarlem from 1612-1615 and was captain 1618-1621. He was portrayed by Frans Hals along with his son in The Banquet of the Officers of the St George Militia Company in 1616.

He died in Haarlem.

References

Hugo Matheusz. Steyn in De Haarlemse Schuttersstukken, by Jhr. Mr. C.C. van Valkenburg, pp. 67, Haerlem : jaarboek 1958, ISSN 0927-0728, on the website of the North Holland Archives

1577 births
1632 deaths
Frans Hals
People from Haarlem


title: Ruthless Records discography

text:
Ruthless Records is an American record label founded by Eazy-E in 1987, specializing in hip hop music. The discography includes all albums, compilations, EPs and singles released.

Studio releases and extended plays

Compilation albums

Singles

Hip hop discographies
Discographies of American record labels


title: Marcello Alencar

text:
Marcello Nunes de Alencar (August 23, 1925 – June 10, 2014) was a Brazilian politician and lawyer. Alencar served as the Governor of the state of Rio de Janeiro from 1995 until 1999, as well as two tenures as Mayor of Rio de Janeiro from 1983 to 1986 and 1989 to 1993.

Biography
Alencar, a lawyer, was a native of Rio de Janeiro. He defended political prisoners during the country's military dictatorship era.

Mayor of Rio de Janeiro
He became the chairman of the Banco do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, an influential position which led to his segue into politics. Alencar joined the Democratic Labour Party, or PDT, which was led by Leonel Brizola at the time. Brizola became the Governor of Rio de Janeiro state in 1983. That same year, Governor Brizola appointed Alencar, a political ally, as the Mayor of Rio de Janeiro (The office of mayor was an appointed position during the military era, rather than an elected office). He served until January 1986, when he was succeeded by Saturnino Braga, the first elected mayor following the end of the dictatorship.  Alencar ran as a candidate for the Federal Senate in 1986, but was defeated in the election.

The position of Mayor of Rio de Janeiro once again became an elected office following the end of the dictatorship in 1985. In 1988, Alencar was elected to his second term as Mayor, a position he held until 1993.

Alencar faced a number of challenges during his second term. In the interim period between 1986 and 1988, the city of Rio de Janeiro had filed for bankruptcy. Alencar oversaw a series of economic reforms and public works improvements to the city's infrastructure aimed at reviving the economy during his second term. He was a proponent of the Rio Orlo project, which saw the construction of bike paths along the Atlantic coast, as well renovated and remodeled the city's sidewalks. Alencar also instituted a series of projects which renovated hospitals, schools, streets and other public spaces. He left office in 1993.

Governor of Rio de Janeiro state
In 1993, Alencar left the PDT following a series of disputes with his former ally, Leonel Brizola. He also joined the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) in 1993.

Marcello Alencar declared his candidacy for Governor of Rio de Janeiro state in 1994 as a member of the PSDB. He was elected Governor in the 1994 gubernatorial election and took office on January 1, 1995. He served for one term, ending in 1999. As Governor, Alencar led the privatization of several state agencies, including the gas company, electric company, and the Banco do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. He expanded several Rio de Janeiro Metro lines to lessen the time spent commuting to work.

Alencar initiated the construction of Via Light, a new highway extending from the Pavuna neighborhood of Rio to the nearby city of Nova Iguaçu. The new Via Light was intended to ease chronic traffic congestion on an existing, older highway, Rodovia Presidente Dutra. Governor Alencar left office in 1999.

Later life
Alencar suffered a stroke in 2002. He served as the President of the Rio de Janeiro state chapter of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) from 1993 to 1995 and again from 2001 until 2005.

Marcello Alencar died at his home in São Conrado, Rio de Janeiro, on June 10, 2014, at the age of 88. His funeral was held at the Palácio da Cidade in Botafogo. He was buried in Cemitério do Caju.

References

1925 births
2014 deaths
Governors of Rio de Janeiro (state)
Mayors of Rio de Janeiro (city)
20th-century Brazilian lawyers
Brazilian Social Democracy Party politicians
Brazilian Labour Party (current) politicians
Politicians from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Lawyers from Rio de Janeiro (city)