title: MBTA kickback schemes

text:
Between 1980 and 1981, Massachusetts Secretary of Transportation and Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) Chairman Barry Locke and the Assistant Director of the MBTA's Real Estate Department Frank J. Walters, Jr. ran a number of kickback schemes at the MBTA. The kickbacks were discovered when newly appointed MBTA General Manager James O'Leary accidentally opened an envelope meant for Locke that contained the proceeds from one of the schemes. A total of seventeen people and one corporation were indicted for their roles in kickback schemes at the MBTA. Locke was convicted of five counts of bribery and sentenced to 7 to 10 years in prison. Locke is the only Massachusetts cabinet secretary to be convicted of a felony while in office since the state's adoption of the cabinet system in 1970.

Background
In 1979, Barry M. Locke was appointed Massachusetts Secretary of Transportation by the state's new Governor, Edward J. King. In 1980, Locke took on a second role as acting chairman of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. After taking control of the MBTA, Locke hired his friend Frank J. Walters, Jr. to serve as Assistant Director of the MBTA's Real Estate Department. In 1981, a reorganization of the MBTA forced Locke to turn over the day-to-day operation of the MBTA to a general manager. After a three-month search, James O'Leary was chosen to take over management of the MBTA.

Exposure
On April 30, 1981, Walters was unable to meet with Locke to deliver a kickback payment from a company that had been granted an advertising contract. Locke suggested that they use O'Leary as a go-between. Walters placed a large envelope with the words "To Jim O'Leary For B.M.L." written on it on O'Leary's desk and expected that O'Leary would deliver it to Locke. O'Leary found the envelope and, thinking that it read "To Jim O'Leary From B.M.L.", opened it. Inside were four progressively smaller envelopes, with the smallest containing ten $100 bills and a note instructing Locke to use a lower price when determining how much a Belmont man would have to pay for abandoned MBTA land. That evening, O'Leary went to the home of Massachusetts Attorney General Francis X. Bellotti and turned over the money and the envelopes to him.

The next morning, the serial numbers on the bills were noted and placed back in the series of envelopes. O'Leary met with Locke that afternoon. After Locke asked about the envelope, O'Leary handed it over to him. During the meeting, Locke left the conference table where he and O'Leary were seated to take a call at his desk. While there, he opened the envelopes and pocketed the money. Locke told O'Leary that the money was repayment of a loan he had made to Walters eight years ago. When O'Leary left, assistant attorney general Stephen R. Delinsky and two state troopers entered through another door and requested permission to search the office. Locke gave them permission. They seized the envelopes and the money. That same day, Locke was placed on an unpaid leave of absence from his posts after King learned that Locke was under investigation.

Meanwhile, Walters was called to a meeting in O'Leary's office. When Walters arrived at the office, he was met by two state troopers, who placed him under arrest. Walters confessed that the money was Locke's proceeds from one of many kickback schemes the two ran at the MBTA. He provided prosecutors with a detailed, 96-page long statement describing wrongdoing at the MBTA. Walters' statement led to the Attorney General's office questioning dozens of people, including MBTA employees and business executives. Walters agreed to cooperate with the Attorney General's office because he did not want to jeopardize the finalization of his and his wife's adoption of a baby boy. He and his lawyer negotiated an agreement in which he was promised that the Attorney General would not recommend incarceration in his case, the Attorney General's office would help him obtain employment, the Massachusetts State Police would provide him with protection during the investigation, and, if he so desired, he would be provided with a new identity and relocated to another part of the country.

Indictments
On July 17, 1981, Locke and eight others, including his brother Alan, were indicted in connection with the Attorney General's investigation into kickbacks at the MBTA. A total of seventeen people and one corporation were indicted for their roles in kickback schemes at the MBTA. They were:

Schemes

Walters' testimony
During Barry Locke's trial, Delinsky accused Locke of being the "mastermind" of twelve kickback schemes that netted about $60,000 between October 1980 and May 1981. Walters testified that

William R. Buckley, Suzanne T. Harwood, and Thomas P. Snelders, who were secret partners in a drugstore, agreed to pay Locke and Walters $15,000 in exchange for a drugstore concession at South Station.
Alan Locke received a $1000 kickback from the demolition of MBTA property in Roslindale and a $500 kickback from the demolition of MBTA property in Holbrook. Locke then split this money with Walters and "a third party".
Locke told him to advise a group looking to purchase a parcel of MBTA land in Canton to hire Robert Tatel. Locke, Tatel, and Walters then split the $3,000 legal fee.
He and Tatel brought Locke in on a scheme in which Tatel would receive $8,000 from Amasoy, Inc., a company that ran seven MBTA parking lots, in exchange for favorable changes to its agreements with the MBTA.
Locke dissuaded Governor King from granting an MBTA advertising contract to a political supporter, citing a potential negative media reaction. Locke then convinced the president of New York Subway, Inc. the company that held the contract, to hire Tatel. The three arranged to rig the bid specifications so that New York Subway would be in a favorable position to win the contract. Tatel agreed to split his $25,000 legal fee with Walters and Locke.
He solicited a $2,000 bribe from Joseph Damore and Richard J. Ray in exchange for a car rental concession at South Station. He split the bribe with Locke.
One of his assistants, Walter Henneberry, solicited a $2,000 illegal campaign contribution to the Committee to Elect Edward J. King from APCOA (through its regional general manager John Becka). Henneberry took $1,000 of the contribution and donated it in his name. He gave the other $1,000 to Walters and instructed him to do the same. Instead, he kept $500 for himself and gave the other $500 to Locke.
After receiving complaints about the condition of the parking lot at the Route 128 station, Locke told him "Maybe there's something in it for us." Locke instructed Walters to contact his brother, Alan. Alan Locke found a contractor, T.J. Bloom and Sons, that would do the job for $2,100 and added $2,000 to the price, which was split between the Lockes and Walters.

Other testimonies
James L. Champigny testified that he paid Walters $5,000 to secure a position as an alcoholism counselor with the MBTA. Dennis January testified that he received $125 from Walters for approving a demolition project in Roslindale that Walters was trying to secure for a contractor. Gail and Gary Lockberg testified that they entered into an agreement with Buckley, Harwood, and Snelders in which the five of them would be partners in a pharmacy at South Station and that Walters had sought $15,000 in exchange for the concession. Henneberry corroborated Walters' testimony that he received $2,000 from APCOA, but said that it was Walters' idea to deposit the money and write out checks in their own names, not his. Ralph Miller, a carpet installer who did work for the MBTA, testified that he and Walters agreed to increase the price on an MBTA carpet cleaning contract by $1,500 and that he, Walters, and Locke would split the $1,500 three-ways. Locke's assistant Jackie Hunt testified that Locke ordered her to hold all paperwork until the carpet cleaning bill was paid.

Locke's defense
When Locke took the stand, he depicted himself as a busy chief executive who delegated tasks to his subordinates. He relied on underlings such as Walters to make decisions and routinely signed contracts without knowing what they concerned. He stated that the only money he had ever received from Walters was the $1,000 repayment of a loan that O'Leary delivered to him.

Locke conviction and sentencing
On February 2, 1982, Locke was convicted on five counts of conspiracy to commit bribery and larceny. He became the first and only Massachusetts Cabinet Secretary to be convicted of a felony while in office since the state's adoption of the cabinet system in 1970. The remaining charges against him were dropped in exchange for Locke not appealing his conviction.

The prosecution requested a 4 to 5-year sentence. At the sentencing hearing, Judge Rudolph Pierce described Locke as having an "insatiable appetite" for payoffs and stated that for him "greed was seemingly the all-consuming virtue". Therefore, he believed that the prosecution's sentence request was insufficient because it could allow Locke to be out on parole within 16 months. He sentenced Locke to 7 to 10 years in Walpole State Prison. Pierce, however, had miscalculated the date when Locke would have been eligible for parole and on September 29, 1983 reduced his sentence to 6 to 10 years.

Other cases
James Champigny offered to plead guilty, however, Judge Pierce instead continued his case for six months because he did not want to see Champigny, a cooperating witness, get a criminal record. If Champigny stayed out of trouble for those six months, the charges would be dismissed. Pierce also continued the cases of Dennis January, Richard J. Ray, Joseph Damore, and David M. Smith.

Tatel pleaded guilty to three counts of bribery and was sentenced to one year in prison, with four months to be served and eight to be suspended. Tatel also received two years probation and was ordered to complete 500 hours of community service. Alan Locke pleaded guilty to bribery and received a suspended sentence. Thomas J. Blume pleaded guilty to bribery and received one year's probation.

Buckley, Harwood, and Snelders pleaded no contest to conflict of interest charges and each received a six-month suspended sentence.

References

1980 crimes in the United States
1981 crimes in the United States
1981 in American politics
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
Political corruption investigations in the United States
Political scandals in Massachusetts
1980 in Massachusetts
1981 in Massachusetts


title: Francesco de' Franceschi

text:
Francesco de' Franceschi (fl. 1443 – 1468) was an Italian Renaissance painter. His exact dates of birth and death are not known.

Not much is known about Francesco de' Franceschi's except through his works. He primarily painted religious-themed works for church commissions. His style shows influence from Michele Giambono, and it is possible that he collaborated with Antonio Vivarini in Venice. An altarpiece which was most likely from a church in Padua or Venice and now is in the Museo Civico, Padua (1447) has been attributed to him. Two panels St. Mary Magdalen and St Catherine of Alexandria are located in the Ashmolean Museum.

References

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
15th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
1443 births


title: Iago Santos

text:
Iago Azevedo dos Santos (born 22 May 1992), best known as Iago Santos, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Al-Shabab as a defender.

Career
Born in Itaboraí, Brazil, Santos joined Académica in the Primeira Liga on 14 July 2014, arriving from Duque de Caxias. He made his professional debut at 16 August 2014, in a one-all draw against Sporting.

In June 2017, after spending a year in the UAE Division One with Dibba Al-Hisn, Iago returns to Portugal signing a 3-year deal with Moreirense. On 5 July 2020 Iago signing a 2-year deal with Al-Taawoun. On 30 January 2022, Iago joined Al-Shabab on a two-and-a-half year contract.

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Primeira Liga players
UAE First Division League players
Saudi Pro League players
Duque de Caxias Futebol Clube players
Académica de Coimbra (football) players
Dibba Al-Hisn Sports Club players
Moreirense F.C. players
Al Taawoun FC players
Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro (state)
People from Itaboraí


The Biological Journal of the Linnean Society is a direct descendant of the oldest biological journal in the world, the Transactions of the Linnean Society. It succeeded the earlier title in 1969. The journal specializes in evolution, and encompasses work across all taxonomic groups in all five kingdoms of living organisms. It includes all methods, whole-organism or molecular, practical or theoretical.

The journal is published by the Linnean Society of London.

References

External links

Linnean Society of London
Biology journals
English-language journals
Publications with year of establishment missing


title: Lodomer

text:
Lodomer (; died 2 January 1298) was a prelate in the Kingdom of Hungary in the second half of the 13th century. He was Archbishop of Esztergom between 1279 and 1298, and Bishop of Várad (now Oradea in Romania) from 1268 till 1279. He was an opponent of Ladislaus IV of Hungary whom he excommunicated for failing to force the Cumans to adopt the Christian way of life. After Ladislaus' death, Lodomer and his suffragans were dedicated supporters of Andrew III of Hungary, who aimed to restore strong royal power against the rebellious lords and oligarchs.

Theories of origin
Lodomer or Ladomer was presumably born in the 1230s, not long before the First Mongol invasion of Hungary. He had an unnamed sister, the mother of Thomas, also an Archbishop of Esztergom, who studied in the University of Padua, courtesy of Lodomer. His ancestry, parentage and kinship relations have long been disputed among historians. Based on alleged "old manuscripts", 18th-century historian Miklós Schmitth claimed Lodomer originated from the territory of the Kievan Rus', and was a relative of Rostislav Mikhailovich and the Rurikids. (Lodomer can be interpreted as a Latinized form of the Slavic name Vladimir.) It is presumable that, in fact, Schmitth deduced that conclusion only from the prelate's forename and its similarity to Ruthenian principality Lodomeria. Referring to a papal letter allegedly from the end of the 13th century, historian János Török also argued in favour of the Ruthenian ancestry in 1853. He argued Lodomer's real name was John and called himself "Lodomericus" ("a man from Lodomeria") after arriving to Hungary. However contemporary scholar Nándor Knauz proved that papal letter was written 100 years later, at the end of the 14th century, and it referred to then archbishop John Kanizsai.

Himself Knauz also dealt with the issue in his large-scale monography Monumenta ecclesiae Strigoniensis. He claimed Lodomer originated from the gens (clan) Monoszló and has put forward three arguments; Archbishop Lodomer called a certain Maurice of Mencshely and Gregory, son of Saul from Monoszló as his blood relatives ("consanguineorum nostrorum") in 1292, when he donated his land of Henye in Zala County to them. When Gregory bought Sásdi (near to Monoszló) in 1297, the cathedral chapter of Veszprém referred to him as Lodomer's nephew ("nepos"). In 1317, Charles I of Hungary mentioned his loyal servant Egidius, son of Gregory, who died without male heir, as a member of the Monoszló clan. Thus Knauz identified Gregory, Lodomer's nephew with Gregory II Monoszló, the father of Egidius. A 1296 charter also mentioned that Gregory related to Bánd and Csaba, members of the gens Atyusz. Lodomer's biographer (2003), theologian Margit Beke supported Knauz's claim, arguing Lodomer issued his last surviving charter in late 1297 in Monoszló, two months before his death. However genealogist János Karácsonyi refused Knauz's theory, as Gregory Monoszló's father was Thomas, as he already outlined the clan's family tree at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

For the first time, Karácsonyi's contemporary Mór Wertner identified Lodomer as a member of the Vázsony kindred, as he considered Bánd and Csaba belonged to that clan too. Later he revised his position and claimed the archbishop was the son of a certain Lawrence, a local landowner in Henye, mentioned by a royal charter in 1237. Historian Attila Zsoldos refused Wertner's argument, as the fact that Lodomer was granted landholding in Henye is not necessarily link to his hypothetical ancestry. Instead, Zsoldos clearly identified Maurice of Mencshely with Maurice Vázsony, the bailiff of Archbishop Lodomer's episcopal court in Esztergom. Zsoldos assumed Lodomer was the brother of Gregory's father, Saul, himself also a son of certain Mika. After philological and canon law considerations regarding the phrase "consanguineus" used by the well-educated Lodomer in 1292, historian Tamás Körmendi argued that Maurice and Gregory were the archbishop's patrilineal relatives – thus Lodomer himself was indeed a member of the Vázsony clan and the son of Mika. Historian Péter Kis considered that there were two Monoszló clans at the end of the era of Árpáds: the first, which originated from today's Podravska Moslavina (; in Croatia) and provided influential barons; and the second one, a significantly poorer and minor clan, Lodomer allegedly belonged to this, which came from Monoszló in Veszprém County, near to Vázsony and Mencshely.

Early career and studies
Lodomer is first mentioned by contemporary records between 1257 and 1261, when he functioned as the cantor in the cathedral chapter of Veszprém. Beside his duty to proclaim the Scripture readings used in the Liturgy of the Word, Lodomer was responsible for management of the cathedral school of Veszprém and teaching the clerics and the poor scholars, in accordance with the Canon 18 of the Third Council of the Lateran (1179). Additionally, he led the local place of authentication in this capacity. For this reason, 19th-century scholar Vince Bunyitay considered Lodomer attended the clerical school in Veszprém. This biographical data is largely an assumption, nevertheless Lodomer was already referred to as a magister at the end of the 1250s, reflecting the acquisition of some basics of canonical studies by then. After 1260, Lodomer disappears from the sources for the next three years. As Margit Beke argued he studied canon law and Roman law at the University of Bologna during that period.

Körmendi noted that Lodomer's letters (missilis), which reflect his deepened legal and philological knowledge, prove that he was one of the most educated Hungarian prelates of the 13th century, thus he certainly attended an Italian universitas, but the exact location and date are uncertain. Considering a standard three-year study leave among the canons, which was secured and encouraged by the Roman Curia, Körmendi agreed that Lodomer studied abroad (most likely in Italy) between 1261 and 1264. Based on the researches of literary historian Rabán Gerézdi (1941), Hungarian historiography claimed that a certain Lodomer, son of comes Denis, who was a student of the University of Bologna on 26 October 1268 according to a register, is identical with the namesake prelate. However, at the latest, Lodomer was already styled as elected and confirmed Bishop of Várad on 9 November, according to a royal charter of Béla IV of Hungary. Nevertheless, Körmendi added if Lodomer is identical with that student, his relationship to the Atyusz kindred becomes more established, as there were two clan members named Denis during his time.

Returning home, Lodomer served as vice-chancellor in the royal court of junior king Stephen from 1264 to 1266, replacing Benedict, who defected to the partisans of Béla IV. Duke Stephen's relationship with his father Béla IV deteriorated by the early 1260s. Lodomer remained loyal to Stephen in the emerging 1260s civil war between the king and the duke, but took on a role of a mediator and conciliator in order to prevent the escalation of their conflict. The motivation of Lodomer's loyalty to Duke Stephen remained hidden. Historian Jenő Szűcs outlined three social groups according to their motivations to join the ducal court. In this sense, Lodomer belonged to that youth with illustrious Transdanubian aristocratic origin, who remained without office due to the influence of older generations in the royal court of Béla IV.

Bishop of Várad
Lodomer was elected Bishop of Várad (today Oradea, Romania) at the latest on 9 November 1268. By then his confirmation was made by Pope Clement IV (died weeks later). Lodomer's last known predecessor Zosimus was last appeared as bishop in contemporary documents on 17 October 1265, when King Béla countersigned his last will and testament. Thus it is possible that Lodomer was already installed as his successor in 1266, after leaving the office of vice chancellery. The Diocese of Várad laid in the territory of Stephen's realm during his election. Lodomer was granted the land of Henye for his advice and mediation role by Béla IV still in that year. When Stephen V ascended the Hungarian throne in May 1270, he granted tax exemption for those serfs and hospes who were subjects of the Diocese of Várad, in addition to free use of mines for the bishopric. The king also permitted that the lands of the extinct local noble families have been transferred to the diocese. Lodomer founded monasteries, clerical schools and provided priests to numerous villages; these all were part of a restoration attempt in the territory of the diocese, which suffered heavy damages during the Mongol invasion decades earlier. According to a charter, Lodomer summoned an assembly, where subjects of the Diocese of Várad took an oath of allegiance before the reliquary of St. Ladislaus. Lodomer was a member of the royal council during the short reign of Stephen V.

When Stephen V fell ill and died on 6 August 1272, it marked the beginning of the era of feudal anarchy, when two rival baronial groups struggled for power during the minority of Ladislaus IV  under his mother, Elizabeth's regency. Initially, Lodomer was a staunch supporter of the young king, who represented the continuation of the desired strong royal power. Following his coronation sometime after September 1272, Ladislaus IV and his escort resided in Várad, when he donated the village of Szőlős in Komárom County to Lodomer. The bishop distanced himself from the conflict between the baronial groups. Nevertheless, Lodomer and his strong ally, Peter Monoszló, who held the dignity of Bishop of Transylvania since 1270, opposed the ambition of the Geregye kindred, which had aspirations to establish dominion independently from the royal power in Bihar County, where the vast majority of the Diocese of Várad located. Consequently, Lodomer apparently became a partisan of the rival Csák–Monoszló league. In May 1277, Lodomer participated in that general assembly of the prelates, barons, noblemen, and Cumans in Rákos (near Pest), which declared the minor Ladislaus IV to be of age and authorized the 15-year-old monarch to restore internal peace with all possible means. In the next month, Ladislaus entrusted Lodomer to lead a six-member diplomatic mission to Vienna to enter into an alliance with Rudolf I of Germany against Ottokar II of Bohemia. They ratified their covenant on 12 July 1277. After the royal army captured the rebellious Nicholas Geregye's fortress at Adorján (now Adrian in Romania), Ladislaus IV held a "general assembly" for seven counties along the River Tisza near Cenad (today Cenad, Romania) in early summer of 1278. Lodomer and other prelates were involved in the meeting, where the rebellious Geregyes were executed and the Gutkeled clan swore loyalty to the monarch. Lodomer and the clergy supported Ladislaus' efforts to restore royal power against the oligarchs, but the assembly at Csanád proved to be a short-lived consolidation.

The influence of Lodomer in the Roman Curia has increased by the second half of the 1270s. Pope Innocent V appointed him to preside that church committee, which investigated and supervised the beatification process of the late princess Margaret, daughter of Béla IV. The committee resumed its work in 1276 after a four-year forced break since the death of Philip Türje, Archbishop of Esztergom (1272). The necessary investigations were taken up between 1271 and 1276, 74 miracles were ascribed to her intercession, most of them referring to curing illnesses, even someone coming back from the dead. Among those giving testimony were 27 people for whom miracles had been wrought. Margaret was beatified still in that year, but canonization process was not successful, it took place only centuries later.

The episcopal see of Esztergom was virtually vacant since 1272. After the death of Stephen Báncsa, Archbishop of Kalocsa in 1278, Lodomer became the most illustrious prelate in the Hungarian clergy, thanks to his political and church relationships in Rome and his outstanding literacy. Two representants of the rival baronial groups, Nicholas Kán and Peter Kőszegi fought for the position of archbishop of Esztergom. Pope Nicholas III summoned them to Rome in June 1278. Nicholas refused to confirm either nomination, instead, he decided to appoint the archbishop himself in accordance with the canon law. Meanwhile, Nicholas sent Philip, Bishop of Fermo, to Hungary to help Ladislaus restore royal power and to fill the position of Archbishop of Esztergom. The papal legate arrived in Hungary in early 1279. The clergy, including Lodomer became Philip's strongest ally, which also meant that they turned against Ladislaus in the long term. With the mediation of the papal legate, Pope Nicholas III appointed Lodomer as the new Archbishop of Esztergom on 13 June 1279. The Roman Curia sent his pallium on 7 May 1280, confirming the appointment.

Archbishop of Esztergom

Ladislaus' opponent

The arrival of papal legate Philip deepened the turmoil in Hungary. Initially, with the legate's mediation, Ladislaus IV concluded a peace treaty with the Kőszegis. Bishop Philip soon realized, however, that most Cumans were still pagans in Hungary. He extracted a ceremonious promise from the Cuman chieftains of giving up their pagan customs, and persuaded the young King Ladislaus to swear an oath to enforce the keeping of the Cuman chieftains' promise. An assembly held at Tétény passed laws which, in accordance with the legate's demand, prescribed that the Cumans should leave their tents and live "in houses attached to the ground". Following that the papal legate convened a synod in Buda on 14 September 1279, where Archbishop Lodomer, his closest ally Archbishop John Hont-Pázmány and the other bishops attended. The Cumans did not obey the laws, however, and Ladislaus, himself a half-Cuman, failed to force them. In retaliation, Philip excommunicated him and placed Hungary under interdict in October. Ladislaus joined the Cumans and appealed to the Holy See, but Pope Nicholas III refused to absolve him. Under such circumstances, Lodomer's primacy was overshadowed by the papal legate, who had no regard for local political conditions, forcing the Hungarian prelates to decide between the Hungarian monarch and the Roman Curia. Following Ladislaus' step, when the Cumans seized and imprisoned Philip of Fermo in early January 1280 on his demand, Lodomer and the bishops, who expressed "the liberty of the Church", turned against the royal power, and became his relentless opponents. Soon, Ladislaus was also captured. In less than two months, both the legate and the king were set free following mediation negotiations by Lodomer, and Ladislaus took a new oath to enforce the Cuman laws.

When Bishop Philip of Fermo left Hungary in the autumn of 1281, Lodomer attempted to restore political consolidation, which existed for a short time in 1277–78, before the violent intervention of the Roman Curia. He offered the support of the Hungarian Church to Ladislaus and interceded to Pope Martin IV in order to invalidate some of the radical measures and decisions of papal legate Philip. Lodomer also recognized the king's right of patronage over Hungarian church properties and dignities. Lodomer's hope to retake the king to the Christian affiliation has become real, when a Cuman army invaded the southern parts of Hungary in autumn 1282, and Ladislaus vanquished the invaders's army in the Battle of Lake Hód. According to Pope Martin's letters with optimistic tone throughout in 1282 and 1283, Lodomer "carefully, wisely and relentlessly contributed" in the reconciliation efforts between the monarch and the Holy See. For instance, Ladislaus and Lodomer jointly convened a general congregatio near Szeged in October 1282. However Lodomer's efforts failed by the end of 1283, when Ladislaus was unable to defeat the Kőszegi family. As historian Jenő Szűcs noted, the young king adopted an "anachronistic autocratic" system, omitting the royal council, nobility and church. Ladislaus abandoned his wife, Isabella, and settled among the Cumans by the end of the year. The contemporary public mood is well characterized by that fact when the Second Mongol invasion occurred during the winter of 1285–86, many of his subjects accused Ladislaus of inciting the Mongols to invade Hungary. In fact, Ladislaus employed Mongol prisoners of war, known as nyögérs, when he subjugated a rebellion in the Szepesség in September 1285.

Lodomer persuaded Ladislaus to convene a general assembly in the early summer of 1286 in order to reconciliation between the king and the powerful Kőszegi family, who plundered villages and regions in Transdanubia in recent years. There Ladislaus provided one-year grace period to the Kőszegis and their familiares. In September 1286, the king managed a self-coup, expelling members of the Kőszegi–Borsa baronial group from the royal council. Neglecting the Kőszegis' rival, the Aba clan, Ladislaus IV appointed his own loyal soldiers and lesser nobles to the high positions. As regards Lodomer, he finally finished the intent of reconciliation, when Ladislaus imprisoned his wife and granted all her revenues to his Cuman mistress, Aydua. At the command of Pope Honorius IV, Lodomer intended to declare a crusade against the Hungarian king and his Cuman subjects, but the pope's death in April 1287 prevented this goal. When Ladislaus left Buda to prepare a military campaign against the Kőszegi–Borsa league, Lodomer liberated Queen Isabella from her captivity at Rabbits' Island in September 1287. After that the queen moved to Esztergom and established her own court there under the protection of Lodomer and his troops. Then the archbishop summoned the prelates, the barons, and the noblemen to an assembly in Buda in November 1287 and excommunicated Ladislaus. Lodomer here also entrusted Peter Monoszló to recover the arbitrarily confiscated queenly estates surrounding Beszterce (present-day Bistrița, Romania) from the town's magistrate. In response, the infuriated king stated that "beginning with the archbishop of Esztergom and his suffragans, I shall exterminate the whole lot right up to Rome with the aid of Tartar swords", according to Lodomer's highly dubious report. The barons captured Ladislaus in the Szepesség in January 1288. Although his partisans soon liberated him, he, similarly to the "legendary Proteus", as Lodomer described him in his letter, acquiesced in concluding an agreement with the archbishop in March 1288. Lodomer absolved Ladislaus on condition that the king would live in accordance with Christian morals. However, Ladislaus broke his promise in the next month, when imprisoned opponent lords in Buda. He also abducted his sister, Elizabeth, prioress of the Dominican Monastery of the Blessed Virgin on Rabbits' Island, and gave her in marriage to a Czech aristocrat, Zavis of Falkenstein. According to Archbishop Lodomer, Ladislaus even stated, "If I had 15 or more sisters in as many cloistered communities as you like, I would snatch them from there to marry them off licitly or illicitly; in order to procure through them a kin-group who will support me by all their power in the fulfillment of my will".

On 8 May 1288, Lodomer described the above mentioned events in his letter to Pope Nicholas IV. He listed the king's violations, scandals and his complaints regarding the chaotic situation in the kingdom. Two of his 1288 documents were discovered by French historian Charles-Victor Langlois. He sent the two letters to János Karácsonyi in 1908, who translated and first published in 1910. Two other letters were found in the collection of Pietro della Vigna. All of them are primary sources for the political history of Hungary in the Age of Late Árpáds, in addition their literary value. Historian Kornél Szovák argued the individual style, the usage of terminology, and literary motifs prove that Lodomer personally wrote the letters. Szovák analyzed that Lodomer (or his chancellor) used his legal and theological knowledge as an argumentative weapon against Ladislaus. For instance, when quoted Ladislaus IV, who allegedly replied to Lodomer with the sentence "For me, I am the law and I do not tolerate that the laws of such priests constrain me", in response to criticisms, is a reference to the Bible, which described the pagans' way of life with the same phrases, and Pope Innocent III's decretals, which determined "the liberty of the Church" from secular powers. According to the archbishop, Ladislaus copulated with his favorite concubine, Aydua, whom the archbishop described as a "poisonous viper", in public. Lodomer cited antique works (the tale of Proteus, poems of Horace, Ovid and Livy's Ab Urbe Condita Libri), in addition to such recent Christian texts, like Bernard of Clairvaux's De consideratione, regarding the theory of "two swords". Consequently, Lodomer's accounts about the events in the 1280s are quite questionable.

The two archbishops, Lodomer and John Hont-Pázmány compromised with the most powerful oligarchs, who divided the royal positions among them, while Ladislaus spent the last years of his life wandering from place to place, having lost all of his influence and support. To counterbalance the royal court's recent ideological basis, the Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum and to emphasize the role of the Christian king, Lodomer commissioned an unidentified Augustinian friar to write the rhythmic story of Stephen I of Hungary, the founder of the Christian kingdom. Lodomer participated in the assembly of Föveny in June 1289, which ended without results. Following that the archbishop urged Pope Nicholas IV to proclaim a crusade against Ladislaus and the Cumans. With the consent of Lodomer, the Kőszegis offered the crown to the king's distant relative Andrew the Venetian, who arrived to Hungary in early 1290. However Andrew was captured and surrendered him to Duke Albert. In response, Ladislaus prepared a war to Transdanubia, however he, who had always been partial towards his Cuman subjects, was assassinated by three Cumans at the castle of Körösszeg (now Cheresig in Romania) on 10 July 1290. It is plausible that Lodomer was not involved in organizing the murder.

Andrew's ally
Following the assassination, Lodomer subsequently dispatched two Williamite monks to Vienna to inform Andrew of the king's death. With the monks' assistance, Andrew left his prison in disguise and hastened to Hungary. Upon his arrival, Archbishop Lodomer crowned Andrew III king in Székesfehérvár on 23 July 1290. The lords and prelates swore loyalty to Andrew only after he issued a charter promising the restoration of internal peace and respect for the privileges of the nobility and the clergymen. The document was formulated by Lodomer himself. Andrew convened a national assembly to Óbuda in the first days of September 1290, where he promised to preserve the rights and privileges of the nobility. Although, the Kőszegis and Lodomer jointly invited Andrew III to the Hungarian throne, their motivation was different: the oligarchs wanted a new controllable and weak-handed ruler to lead the kingdom instead of the unpredictable Ladislaus, while Lodomer and his suffragans were aimed to strengthen the royal power to put an end to the political anarchy. Lodomer and John Hont-Pázmány welcomed the arriving Queen Fenenna in Upper Hungary; she became the first wife of Andrew III before the end of 1290.

Under Lodomer, the prelates became the strongest supporters of Andrew's reign, which decade was described as the "era of the early estates of the realm in Hungary" by historian József Gerics. Andrew and Lodomer were looking for an alliance with the lower nobility against the most powerful oligarchs to prevent the disintegration of the unified state. They also kept it in mind that they wished to keep the power aspirations of the Holy See and the Holy Roman Empire outside. The 34 articles of the Diet of Óbuda reflect all these efforts. Lodomer and his suffragans acted royal advisers beside Andrew, excluding the barons of the realm. Lodomer, who was considered the advocate of the Roman Curia's interventions during the reign of Ladislaus IV in the 1280s, confronted with the Holy See after Andrew's coronation. Lodomer and his colleagues became the strongest pillars of the royal power, to protect the national sovereignty of the kingdom even against the pope's aspirations. On 31 January 1291, Pope Nicholas IV sent a letter to Lodomer, in which he expressed disappointment that the archbishop abandoned his previous "good habit" of continuous correspondence to inform the Holy See about the domestic conditions in Hungary. The pope noted "you've become almost a different person, who, to be addicted to a preventable indolence, did not inform the Holy See neither about the king's death, nor the situation of the country, nor the huge turmoil and nor the pretenders to the throne".

In 1291, Andrew III invaded Austria, forcing Albert to withdraw his garrisons from the towns and fortresses that he had captured years before. Following that Lodomer and John Hont-Pázmány negotiated with Albert's envoys Bernhard of Prambach, Bishop of Passau and Leopold, Bishop of Seckau about the conditions for peace. The Peace of Hainburg, which concluded the war, was signed on 26 August, and three days later Andrew and Albert of Austria confirmed it at their meeting in Köpcsény (now Kopčany in Slovakia). In accordance with Lodomer's goal, the peace treaty prescribed the destruction of the fortresses that Albert of Austria had seized from the Kőszegis earlier. Lodomer and the three other prelates used the terminology of the Roman and canon laws in the arenga of the document. The text describes the model of the perfect Christian ruler in Lodomer's eyes: "[...] for the powerful monarchs of the countries, who are not restricted by law, the greatest glory is [...] if they voluntarily obey the laws, and they embrace the right-inspiring, blessed compulsion in accordance with the voice of the Holy Writ".

The Peace of Hainburg resulted that Kőszegis rose up in open rebellion against Andrew in spring 1292, acknowledging Charles Martel, as King of Hungary, whose claim was also supported by the Holy See. In response, Lodomer excommunicated Ivan Kőszegi, expressing his opposition to the Roman Curia and its protege, the Angevins. Thirteen years earlier, he still subjected himself to Philip of Fermo and the pope's interests despite his better conviction, which caused the failure of the consolidation attempt. The royal troops subdued the rebellion by July, but the Kőszegis captured and imprisoned Andrew during his journey to Slavonia in August. Andrew was liberated within four months, after his supporters sent their relatives as hostages to the Kőszegis. Despite Lodomer's theoretical activity, Hungary was in a state of constant anarchy during Andrew's reign. The Kőszegis, the Csáks, the Borsas and other powerful families autonomously governed their domains, rising up nearly every year in open rebellion against Andrew in the second half of the 1290s. Andrew III again declared war against the Kőszegi brothers in August 1296, and Archbishop Lodomer excommunicated them. The archbishop personally participated in the military campaign with his banderium, but Andrew and his occasional ally, Albert could not subdue them.

In his last months, Lodomer resided in Monoszló, then Budafelhévíz (today a borough in the 2nd district of Budapest). He held a synod on 14 December 1297. He sent his last letter on 28 December. According to Pauline historian Gergely Gyöngyösi's Vitae fratrum Eremitarum Ordinis Sancti Pauli Primi Eremitae (1496), Lodomer died on 2 January 1298. John Hont-Pázmány became the leading figure of the royal council. The subsequent 1298 laws, which circumscribed the feudal institutions, reflected Lodomer's political will, but the delicate balance was broken between Andrew III and the prelates after his death, despite Archbishop John's efforts. With the election of the pro-Angevin Gregory Bicskei as Lodomer's successor, the consistency between the clergy also eliminated.

His ecclesiastical lordship
Lodomer held at least four provincial synods (1286, 1292, 1294 and 1297) during his 19-year episcopate. He permitted the burghers of Szepes Castle (today Spiš in Slovakia) in 1280 to secede from the affiliation of the St. Ladislaus parish and build a church for themselves, maintaining the suzerainty of the Archdiocese of Esztergom. Alongside Andrew III and other prelates, he was present at the consecration of the Franciscans' Virgin Mary Church in Pressburg (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia) on 26 March 1297, celebrated by vicar James. Pope Clement IV subordinated the Augustine monastery of Titel to Esztergom in 1294. Lodomer donated the Saint Vitus Basilica of Esztergom to the Williamite friars to defend themselves during the second Mongol invasion. Lodomer approved the regulation of the Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit around 1297.

During Lodomer's episcopate, Ladislaus IV donated the land of Örmény (a former borough of Esztergom) to the Order of Saint Augustine in 1281, where they established a monastery and conducted theological and artistic studies. The land donation was confirmed by Andrew III in his letter of coronation oath. In 1283, Ladislaus permitted that those nobles who died without legitimate heirs, could leave their fortune to the Esztergom Basilica. Additionally, the king granted the privilege of the exemption from mining income to the archdiocese and its chapter. In 1288, Ladislaus obliged the traders, who arrived from Regensburg and Vienna, to pay custom to the chapter of Esztergom, when passing through the city. However there were several reports, that the traders avoided Esztergom and took their goods directly into Buda. As a result, Lodomer excomunnicated some merchants in the next year. He had also conflicts with those butchers, who relocated their slaughterhouses from Esztergom in order to avoid paying the duty.

There is no record that Lodomer ever bought a landholding during his episcopate, unlike his predecessors, but exchanged estates ten times, according to the contemporary records. Historian Péter Kis considers Lodomer's unusually more active role in the secular domestic politics caused significant additional expenditure to the archbishopric. After his coronation, Andrew III donated several landholdings to his ally, including Rozsnyóbánya (present-day Rožňava in Slovakia) in 1291. He was also granted the village of Mocsa by Queen Fenenna in the same year. As a compensation for previous damages, he acquired the castle of Visk (today Vyshkovo, Ukraine) from the sons of James Cseszneki. In a similar procedure, Lodomer was granted the land of Kéménd (today Kamenín, Slovakia) from the gens Hont-Pázmány. The acquisition and sale of landholdings were consciously organized: Lodomer expanded his influence over the territories in Esztergom, Komárom and Nyitra (Nitra) counties that surrounded his seat in Esztergom in order to defend the archbishopric's interests against the neighboring powerful lords during the era of anarchy.

Adapting to the new situation, Lodomer was the first archbishop, who established an ecclesiastical familia, through which he could exercise his military and political influence. There are some data about the Nobles of the Church, the personnel of his court in Esztergom; his first identified bailiff was Pasca of Cseke (mentioned in 1280), who soon was replaced by Maurice Vázsony, Lodomer's relative around 1284. A certain Andrew Ajka was referred to as the archiepiscopal court's palatine in 1291, while Michael of Mencshely was styled as "master of the bakers" (). A third member, Stephen, son of Fulkus was a castle warrior in Komárom Castle, who joined Lodomer's court "with his estates and privileges" in 1284 in order to protect his wealth against the oligarchs. He was granted the "conditional noble" status. The lands of his servants and soldiers laid in Bars and Hont counties along the estates of the archdiocese to perform their defense function against the eastward attacks from the powerful Transdanubian oligarchs, primarily Matthew Csák and the Kőszegi brothers, while the familial lands with looser structure in Komárom and Pozsony counties existed with the aim to support potential westward royal campaigns against the provincial lords.

References

Sources

1230s births
1298 deaths
Archbishops of Esztergom
Bishops of Várad
13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Hungary
13th-century Hungarian people


title: Ephedra antisyphilitica

text:
Ephedra antisyphilitica is a plant species native to the southern Great Plains of the United States (Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas), and also to northeastern Mexico (Nuevo León, Coahuila, San Luis Potosí).

This species should not be confused with the 1871 name Ephedra antisyphilitica S.Wats., native to farther west in the Southwestern US and in Baja California. Meyer's use of the name dates from 1846, so it has priority over Watson's later application of the same name to a different plant. Watson's plant is now called Ephedra nevadensis.

Genome size

The 1C genome size of Ephedra antisyphilitica has been estimated at 38.34pg, which is the largest genome reported for any gymnosperm, although as the species is octoploid the monoploid (1Cx) genome is only 9.58pg.

References

antisyphilitica
Flora of the Southern United States
Flora of Northeastern Mexico
Plants described in 1846


An Oral/Visual History by the Red Hot Chili Peppers is a book written by the Red Hot Chili Peppers along with Brendan Mullen, who died during the writing of the book. This is the only officially released book dedicated to the rock band.

Background
Many books have been released throughout the band's career, which started in 1983; however, this is the first and only official book to be authorized by the band themselves. It contains interviews with many of the then present and past band members, friends, family and others discussing the band's legacy. The book contains hundreds of photographs and images, some never seen by the band's fans before. It was one of the final projects the band worked on with guitarist John Frusciante before he quit the band in 2009 and concludes with a write-up by lead singer Anthony Kiedis on the guitarist, his departure and the band's future. Brendan Mullen, a Los Angeles club promoter and the man who gave the band their start, died during the writing of the book, leaving others to complete the project.

References

External links

2010 non-fiction books
Music autobiographies


title: Maheswaran

text:
Maheswaran () is a Tamil male given name. Due to the Tamil tradition of using patronymic surnames it may also be a surname for males and females. The female variant of Maheswaran is Maheswari.

Etymology
The name stands for "Grand Lord", see Mahesh.

Notable people

Murugesapillai Maheswaran (born 1939), mathematician, astrophysicist and educator
Panagoda Maheswaran (born 1955), Sri Lankan Tamil militant
T. Maheswaran (1966–2008), assassinated Sri Lankan Tamil MP
Vijayakala Maheswaran (born 1972), Sri Lankan MP; wife of T. Maheswaran
Uma Maheswaran (1945–1989), Sri Lankan Tamil militant

Fictional characters
Connie Maheswaran, a character in the TV series Steven Universe

See also

Tamil masculine given names
Masculine given names


title: Louis de La Vergne-Montenard de Tressan

text:
Louis de La Vergne-Montenard de Tressan or Louis III de La Vergne de Tressan ( - ) was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church, Archbishop of Rouen (France) from  to .

Biography

He was born in Tressan (France) in . He was the second son of Jérémie de Tressan; from what is considered a very old Languedoc family.

His father, Maréchal de camp of Louis XIV, married Marguerite de Béon (House of Béon-Luxembourg) on . His brother was François de La Vergne, Marquess of Tressan.

Louis de La Vergne de Tressan received a licence in theology from the University of Paris.

He was Count of Lyon and Canon of the Saint John the Baptist Lyon Cathedral, then First Almoner of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans. In this capacity he advocated renewed persecution of Huguenots, which became law under Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon.

He was selected Bishop of Nantes (France) on , confirmed on  and ordained on . He stayed in Nantes from  to .

He was selected Metropolitan Archbishop of Rouen on  and confirmed on .

He died on  in Rouen and was replaced by Nicolas de Saulx de Tavannes (it), Bishop of Châlons-en-Champagne.

His appointed surgeon in Rouen was Claude-Nicolas Le Cat.

References

1670 births
1733 deaths
Archbishops of Rouen
18th-century French Roman Catholic bishops
Bishops of Nantes


title: Seth Casteel

text:
Seth Casteel is an American photographer, known primarily for his photographs of underwater dogs.

Early life

Casteel is from Decatur, Illinois, but lives in New York City and Venice Beach, California. Casteel is a self-taught professional photographer.

Career

In 2007, Casteel began volunteering to photograph homeless pets to help them find adoptive families. In 2011, Casteel was struggling financially when he spent several thousand dollars on an underwater camera apparatus and started taking pictures of dogs swimming underwater.

On February 9, 2012, Casteel's photos of underwater dogs were posted to Reddit and Google+. His photographs went viral and were viewed by millions.  Traffic on his own website increased from 200 per day to 100,000 per day. He subsequently published a book of his photographs, Underwater Dogs, which became a New York Times Bestseller, in fact its best selling photography book of 2012.

Since then, Casteel has worked primarily as a pet photographer, accepting commissions and commercial assignments, and exhibiting his artwork in galleries around the world. His work has been published in National Geographic Magazine, The New York Times, The Telegraph, Huffington Post and in numerous other websites and publications. Casteel has also appeared on Good Morning America, EXTRA, Jeopardy!, The Insider and Inside Edition.

Later activities

Casteel founded a non-profit organization, One Picture Saves a Life, to improve the image of animal rescue and adoption initiatives through photography.

Some of Casteel's pictures of infant swimming were published in the New York Times magazine in June 2014.

References

External links

Underwater Dogs: photographs of dogs underwater by Seth Casteel

Living people
People from Decatur, Illinois
Photographers from New York City
People from Venice, Los Angeles
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Aderlan

text:
Aderlan de Lima Silva (born 18 August 1990), simply known as Aderlan, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right back for Bragantino.

Career
Born in Campina Grande, Paraíba, Aderlan finished his formation with hometown club Campinense. He made his first team debut on 8 May 2009, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 2–1 Série B home loss against Duque de Caxias.

Aderlan scored his first senior goal on 20 September 2009, netting the game's only through a penalty in an away success over Sociedade Esportiva Queimadense, for the year's Copa Paraíba. In March 2011, after being sparingly used, he moved to Joinville, but never played a single match for the club.

In late 2011, Aderlan returned to his native state and joined Treze for the Copa Paraíba. The following January, he was loaned to Itapipoca, but returned to his parent club for the 2012 Série C, and was sold to an unnamed group of investors in October 2012.

On 10 January 2013, Aderlan agreed to a contract with Corinthians Alagoano. A regular starter, he was loaned to CSA for the 2013 Série D, but only featured in one match before having his federative rights assigned to Santa Rita, after the club merged with Corinthians in 2014.

Aderlan moved abroad for the first time in his career on 4 June 2014, after agreeing to a two-year loan deal with Portuguese Primeira Liga side Académica de Coimbra. He made his debut abroad on 14 September, starting in a 1–0 away loss against Boavista FC, and scored his first goal on 2 November in a 1–1 home draw against SC Braga.

On 14 December 2016, Aderlan was announced at Luverdense in the second division. Initially a backup, he became a regular starter during the year's Série B, contributing with one goal in 32 appearances.

On 10 January 2018, Aderlan signed for América Mineiro, still owned by Santa Rita. He made his top tier debut on 14 May, starting in a 2–2 away draw against Ceará, and finished the season as a first-choice as his team suffered relegation.

On 11 January 2019, Aderlan joined Red Bull Brasil, and also moved to Bragantino when both sides merged in April.

Career statistics

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Campina Grande
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série D players
Campinense Clube players
Joinville Esporte Clube players
Treze Futebol Clube players
Sport Club Corinthians Alagoano players
Centro Sportivo Alagoano players
Luverdense Esporte Clube players
América Futebol Clube (MG) players
Red Bull Bragantino II players
Clube Atlético Bragantino players
Primeira Liga players
Académica de Coimbra (football) players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Footballers from Paraíba


title: Marcus Butler

text:
Marcus Lloyd Butler (born 18 December 1991) is an English model and former YouTuber, whose channels have reached over 4.1 million subscribers. In 2015, he released an autobiographical book, titled Hello Life!. Butler co-hosted a radio show with fellow YouTuber Alfie Deyes on BBC Radio 1.

Career
Butler was educated at the independent Shoreham College. Butler began his career on YouTube creating music and video mixes and edited sports footage while in college.

In 2010, he created his YouTube channel, Marcus Butler TV, at viewer request. Butler has been involved in a number of collaborations with other YouTubers, including: Jim Chapman, Alfie Deyes, Caspar Lee, Tyler Oakley, Joe Sugg, Zoe Sugg, Connor Franta, Lilly Singh, Troye Sivan, Joey Graceffa, Louise Pentland, Conor Maynard and many others.

Butler's book, Hello Life, which is part autobiography and part self-help book, was published on 28 July 2015 in the UK and in the US on 10 November 2015.

As of February 2019, Butler's main YouTube channel has over 4.3 million subscribers and over 209 million video views. His second channel "Just Marcus" has 1.9 million subscribers and over 180 million video views.

Butler was mentioned by The Telegraph as one of "Britain's most influential Tweeters" in 2013. As of February 2019, Butler has over 3.3 million followers on Twitter and over 3.4 million on Instagram.

Television
Alongside fellow YouTubers Joe Sugg and Alfie Deyes, Butler starred in an episode of the British television show Release the Hounds. Their episode aired on 2 March 2017. He also starred in many episodes of Saturday Night Takeaway alongside Deyes. Also in 2016, Butler was a contestant on Celebrity MasterChef, but got eliminated in the quarterfinals. In 2017, Butler appeared on Good Morning Britain alongside fellow YouTuber Louise Pentland, giving tips on how to become a successful YouTuber.

Other ventures
In 2022, Butler signed up to content subscription service OnlyFans.
On 28 November, 2022 in an OnlyFans Q&A Butler revealed that he has had sexual relations with men and considers himself straight but "10% Bisexual".

Music
Butler was part of a "YouTube Boyband", a group involving Jim Chapman, Alfie Deyes, Joe Sugg, and Caspar Lee that raised money and awareness for Comic Relief. On 22 January 2016, Butler released a song with Conor Maynard called "I'm Famous". It entered the UK Singles Chart on 29 January 2016 at number 85.

Singles

References

External links

1991 births
British Internet celebrities
Living people
English YouTubers
People from Shoreham-by-Sea
English video bloggers


title: Melville W. Brown

text:
Melville W. Brown (March 10, 1887 – January 31, 1938) was an American film director, screenwriter and occasional actor.  He began his career on the local stage in Oregon, in stock companies and vaudeville, before moving to California and working in the silent film industry in 1916, at the suggestion of Charlie Chaplin.  His career was cut short when he died of a heart attack in January 1938.

Early life
Brown was born on March 10, 1887, to John and Fannie Brown of Portland, Oregon. He began his career in show business in local vaudeville productions and stock companies, such as the Baker Stock Company in Spokane, Washington.  In 1916, at the suggestion of Charlie Chaplin, he moved to Hollywood to start a film career.

Career
His first known credit is as a screenwriter, on the 1919 silent film, The Pest, produced by Goldwyn Pictures, and directed by Christy Cabanne. Over the next several years he would continue to write screenplays, including the critically acclaimed The Goose Woman, which he adapted from a story by Rex Beach, and directed by Clarence Brown (no relation). He would move into the directing field in 1926, with the film, Her Big Night, which he also wrote the screenplay for.  In 1935, he left Hollywood and went to England, where he directed several films over the next two years, the last of which, Mad About Money, was released after his death. Over the course of his career, he would write or direct over 30 films in Hollywood and the United Kingdom.

He returned from England in late 1937, and was working on a screenplay when he was stricken by a heart attack and died on January 31, 1938, at the age of 50.

Filmography

References

External links

Silent film directors
American male screenwriters
1887 births
1938 deaths
Writers from Portland, Oregon
Film directors from Oregon
Male actors from Portland, Oregon
Screenwriters from Oregon
Silent film screenwriters
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters


title: List of oyster bars

text:
This is a list of notable oyster bars. An oyster bar is a restaurant specializing in serving oysters, or a section of a restaurant which serves oysters buffet-style. In France, the oyster bar is known as bar à huîtres. Oysters have been consumed since ancient times and were common tavern food in Europe, but the oyster bar as a distinct restaurant began making an appearance in the 1700s.

United Kingdom
 Loch Fyne Restaurants – a chain of 25 seafood restaurants in the United Kingdom

England
 Bentley's Oyster Bar and Grill
 Sinclair's Oyster Bar – Cathedral Gates, Millennium Quarter, Shambles Square, Manchester city centre, Manchester, England

United States

California
 72 Market Street Oyster Bar and Grill – a former oyster bar and restaurant in Venice, California
 Swan Oyster Depot – in San Francisco, California

District of Columbia

 Hank's Oyster Bar – multiple locations in Washington, D.C., and Alexandria, Virginia
 Old Ebbitt Grill – a historic bar and restaurant located in Washington, D.C.; holds an annual oyster eating event called Oyster Riot every November

Florida
 Flora-Bama – located on Perdido Key in Pensacola, Florida; a world-famous honky-tonk, oyster bar, beach bar, and Gulf Coast cultural landmark
 Shuckum's Oyster Bar – a former restaurant located on Young Circle in downtown Hollywood, Florida

Louisiana
 Arnaud's – the largest restaurant in New Orleans

Massachusetts
 Union Oyster House, in Boston, Massachusetts, one of the oldest restaurants in America.

New York

 Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant, a seafood restaurant located on the lower level of Grand Central Terminal at 42nd Street and Vanderbilt Avenue in Manhattan in New York City
 John Dory Oyster Bar – Manhattan, New York City
 Mermaid Oyster Bar –  in Greenwich Village, New York City opened by Zach Braff

North Carolina
 Sunny Side Inn – a historic oyster bar located at Williamston, Martin County, North Carolina

Oregon
 Dan and Louis Oyster Bar – a seafood restaurant in Portland, Oregon described by Fodor's as a "Portland landmark"
 Eat: An Oyster Bar
 Flying Fish Company
 McCormick & Schmick's – an American seafood restaurant chain, based in Portland, Oregon

Pennsylvania
 Old Original Bookbinder's and Bookbinder's 15th Street - old, iconic Philadelphia seafood restaurants (Original dates to 1893), now both closed.

Virginia
 Old Original Bookbinder's – Richmond, Virginia- expansion from Philadelphia.

Washington
 Coastal Kitchen, Seattle
 Emmett Watson's Oyster Bar – located in Seattle, Washington's Pike Place Market
 The Walrus and the Carpenter, Seattle

Gallery

See also

 List of seafood restaurants
 Lists of restaurants
 Raw bar

References

Bibliography
 Williams, Nicola. France. London: Lonely Planet, 2009.

Further reading

Lists of restaurants


title: Edele

text:
Edele is both a surname and a female given name. People with the name include:

Surname:
Mark Edele, Australian historian
Given name:
Edele Jernskjæg (died 1512), Danish noble
Edele Kruchow (1915–1989), Danish headmistress and politician
Edele Lynch (1979), Irish singer, songwriter, and television personality


title: Hong Khaou

text:
Hong Khaou (born 22 October 1975) is a Cambodian-British film director and screenwriter. He is best known for his debut feature film Lilting and the short films Summer and Spring.

Early life

Khaou was born in Cambodia to Chinese-Cambodian parents. He was a few months old when he and his family fled to Vietnam after the Fall of Phnom Penh to the Khmer Rouge. When he was 8 years old, his family migrated to the United Kingdom in the 1980s as political refugees.

Education

Khaou studied BA (Hons) Film Production at the University for the Creative Arts (UCA) in Farnham, formerly the Surrey Institute of Art & Design, graduating in 1997.

Career

Khaou's short film Spring played at both the Sundance Film Festival, and the Berlin International Film Festival in 2011, with his previous short Summer also having premiered at Berlin in 2006.

His debut feature film Lilting was produced under the Film London micro-budget scheme Microwave, and was released on 8 August 2014 in the United Kingdom by distributors Artificial Eye.

He is the recipient of the 2014 Sundance Institute/Mahindra Global Filmmaking Award for his upcoming feature film Monsoon.

For BBC television, in 2021 Khaou directed four episodes of season 2 of Baptiste. In 2023 he will direct Mr Loverman also for BBC television. It is an adaptation of Bernadine Evaristo's novel Girl, Woman, Other starring Lennie James.

Filmography

Short films
 2005 : Waiting for Movement
 2006 : Summer
 2011 : Spring

Feature film
 2014 : Lilting
 2019: Monsoon

Television
 2021: Baptiste
 2024: Mr Loverman

References

External links

1975 births
Alumni of the University for the Creative Arts
British film directors
British people of Chinese descent
British people of Cambodian descent
Cambodian film directors
Cambodian people of Chinese descent
Cambodian refugees
Living people
Refugees in the United Kingdom
Sundance Film Festival award winners
British LGBT film directors


title: Distribution Transformer Monitor

text:
A Distribution Transformer Monitor (DTM) is a specialized hardware device that collects and measures information relative to electricity passing into and through a distribution transformer.  The DTM is typically retrofitted onto pole top and pad mount transformers. A pole top (above ground) or pad mount (below ground) transformer commonly powers anywhere from 5-8 homes in the US and is the last voltage transition in stepping down voltage before it gets to the home or business. The conventional placement of Distributed Temperature Monitoring (DTM) devices is typically observed at the terminals of transformers. However, there are instances where these devices are directly affixed to the secondary power lines. DTM apparatus commonly comprises precision-centric sensors, either of the non-piercing or piercing variety, in addition to communication modules integrated onboard for seamless data transmission. Adequate provisions for power supply are also incorporated within the DTM setup. The captured data from the DTM unit is relayed to a central data collection engine and/or the established Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) / Meter Data Management (MDM) system, where pertinent information pertaining to the transformer is stored and made accessible to users. Often, analytical platforms come into play to decipher the data gleaned and reported by the DTM, thereby enhancing the comprehension of the acquired information.

Overview
Given its unique location within the interior of the distribution grid, the DTM – commonly referred to as an intra-grid sensor – may present real-time and/or historical information about the transformer upon which it is hosted, in addition to creating a vital ongoing information access point within the grid architecture.  A series of DTM devices deployed within a distribution grid provides multiple information points that can serve merely as bellwether measurement sources for the electric utility operator, or, when deployed with increased density, will provide the operator with a more robust view of intra-grid conditions and performance.

DTM deployments may be surgical in nature (i.e., strategically and sparingly positioned within the grid), or comprehensively positioned to reveal critical data for extended grid areas such as line segments, specific circuit feeders, and/or entire substations.  DTM placement and deployment density is driven by the targeted needs of the respective utility.

Remote Over-The-Air (OTA) updates/upgrades are supported by certain DTM device offerings. This OTA capability, when supported, allows the operator to perform remote configuration and/or executable code (i.e., Firmware) updates of the DTM device(s) without the need for costly truck rolls or unit replacement. By supporting OTA Firmware updates/upgrades, providers can progressively broaden and deepen the suite of data points captured by the DTM device, making it reasonably future-proof, thus escalating value and relevance to the utility operator throughout the lifespan of the DTM device(s).

Applications
DTM sensors transmit timely, accurate intra-grid readings for Voltage, Energy, Current, and Temperature, thus empowering a long list of derived performance and power quality understandings for operations personnel. These fundamental data points provide direct relevance to electric utility operators.  Additionally, these data points can be extrapolated to reveal enhanced grid performance and asset health information.  Given the physical location of the DTM within the heart of the distribution grid, in addition to the DTM reporting frequency capability, the versatility of this intra-grid sensor is expansive.

Utilities across the U.S. are beginning to turn to transformer technologies to improve distribution reliability and efficiency, as well as customer service and operating costs.

Examples of applications derived from direct and/or indirect information presented by the DTM include:
 Asset management and Condition monitoring (AMCM)
 Preventive Grid Asset Maintenance recognition
 Power Theft identification
 Demand response assistance
 Voltage optimization
 Outage notification/Restoration enhancement
 Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Monitoring (i.e., bi-directional energy monitoring, voltage impacts, current impacts, etc)
 Transformer under-sizing/over-loading recognition (e.g., electric vehicle charging station impacts, hydroponic marijuana grow houses, etc.)
 Transformer under-sizing (i.e., unnecessary added energy loss, accelerated premature failure, etc)
 Abnormal transformer voltage characteristics
 Transformer-related temperature monitoring
 Transformer life expectancy estimation
 Phase Imbalance recognition
 Populate Artificial Intelligence Platforms (foresee/forecast emerging intra-grid problems that human recognition cannot identify)
 Facilitate Strategic Battery Storage Location Efforts (i.e., leverage DER-induced Reverse Energy monitoring to locate present and future battery placements)
 Identify Geographic Information System (GIS) Mapping errors

Health Concerns
Given the physical deployment position of the DTM (i.e., on the distribution transformer), there are no known health concerns related to this family of intra-grid sensors.  DTM devices are created with user/installer safety in mind and otherwise bear no known measurable environmental impact.

Business case justification
Utility spending on asset management and grid monitoring technology is to hit almost $50 billion by 2023, according to a new study from Navigant Research. Given the pioneering stage of the DTM technology, significant business case information is limited in availability for public review.  Arguments against DTM deployment commonly assert that the secondary transformer value of $1000.00 to $2000.00 US (average) does not justify applying a retrofit DTM to monitor the transformer assets’ performance.   However, the DTM value is based upon a combination of features/benefits that include not only the transformer condition monitoring importance, but also a series of data visibility and reconciliation features from within the heart of the distribution grid that is otherwise unavailable to the electric operator (see Applications).  In essence, while the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) or smart meter providers supply a series of data points to utilities, the DTM offers another dimension of real-time and historical data access for the grid operator and is capable of detecting information that AMI assets cannot capture and/or report with the necessary frequency to the operator. Each utility must evaluate, among other things, their unique grid management needs, their levels of unidentifiable losses that can be remediated/mitigated by DTM deployment, their Demand Response savings potential through Volt/VAR and conservation voltage reduction (CVR) related practices supported by DTM devices, and their need for real-time and/or historic data from within the heart of the distribution grid when formulating their business case justification. Investment decisions relating to DTM deployments involve a collection of monetary benefits that include savings for the utility through decreased operations costs, reduced power outages, lessened power outage durations, reduced peak demand costs, and recoverable power theft losses;  and indirect financial benefits associated with improved power delivery and quality to rate payers, reduced truck rolls which lessen service costs in addition to yielding decreased environmental impacts, improvement of the utility's Key Performance Indicators (e.g., SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, etc.), and improved stakeholder/shareholder value through enhanced bottom line fiscal performance by the utility.

Relevance to the smart grid:
Distribution Transformer Monitor (DTM) devices provide a solution to the smart grid revolution. GTM Research (a division of Greentech Media) expects strong growth from the U.S. market for transformer monitoring hardware, increasing its current valuation of $112 million annually to $755 million by 2020. To date, smart grid providers have presented electric utility operators with significant management and control tools for substations, and have introduced Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI, or smart meters) to improve data access at the beginning and endpoints within the distribution grid. However, the expansive, and arguably most vulnerable segment of the grid remains the section between substations and endpoint meters—comprising over 6 million line miles (US grid), and 40+ million distribution transformers (US grid) -- which is now collectively coined the "heart of the grid".  Presently, the “heart of the grid” area is somewhat devoid of a sufficient density of versatile, cost-effective sensors, thereby leaving operators with limited visibility into this critical area.  To further evolve from a traditional reactionary management and problem resolution state within the “heart of the grid” space, to a more proactive posture that is congruent with the purpose and value of a ‘smart grid’, the emergence of the DTM is timely.  While efforts have been made to leverage substation and endpoint meter data, along with supporting algorithms to speculate and postulate occurrences and needs within the “heart of the grid”, it is evident that grid operators require precision-accurate, timely information from within this expansive segment of the grid in order to proactively and efficiently manage its performance.  The need to effectively combine all three critical points of measure (i.e., substations, endpoint meters, and DTM data from within the “heart of the grid”) may be collectively required to advance a comprehensive smart grid experience.

Why Distribution Transformer Monitors are fundamental for creating Grid Modernization—Achieving valuable results that Advanced Meter Infrastructure cannot reliably address:

 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Automated Meter Reading (AMR), and/or Manual Meter reads accurately and reliably represent endpoint data only. If any power is tapped before the endpoint meter (i.e., pre-meter tapping), accurate detection of this power diversion is difficult or nearly impossible without the use of a reconciliation point upstream—preferably at the distribution transformer. By accurately capturing unique data at the distribution transformer, DTM devices provide necessary reconciliation points between the substation and endpoint meters, thus enabling utility operators to effectively detect power diversion occurring in front of the endpoint meter. Without a reliable reconciliation point at the distribution transformer, the utility operator's power theft detection system remains porous, inefficient, and unreliable.
 If AMI alone was a complete solution for diversion detection/identification, then AMI-installed utilities would seldom experience more than 1-3% loss from otherwise unavoidable technical losses. According to the United States Energy Information Administration (US EIA) most power distribution utilities report annual energy losses of nearly 5% or more. DTM devices and associated Data Analytics have the functionality to allow the utility operators to quickly identify intra-grid anomalies.  AMI is a component in the diversion detection and solution process, but without a reliable reconciliation point at the distribution transformer, the detection system remains porous and inefficient. Many utilities, even those with AMI, actually suffer from the necessary availability of timely, granular, accurate intra-grid information that is necessary for improved energy loss detection, and enhanced Grid Modernization.
 Energy measurements at the distribution transformer allow for ongoing validation of the AMI meters to ensure accurate meter performance, and to reveal improper metering issues within the distribution grid.
 If customer meters yield "reasonable consumption readings" whether through AMI, AMR, or Manual meter reads, they will likely go without being investigated.  But, when a DTM is deployed upstream,  it records power consumption disparity for the entire downstream segment that is serviced by each respective transformer. This allows operators to locate less-obvious, but still costly power diversion instances.
 For prosecution purposes, the evidence presented by a DTM in addition to AMI, AMR or Manual Reads is superior to having only meter reading data, whenever diversion is discovered, and remediation and/or prosecution is sought.
 The DTM allows for enhanced desktop surveillance for power theft, thereby helping to keep utility personnel safe from the dangers of exploratory field efforts to locate potential power diversion occurrences. Using the DTM, operators can pinpoint losses from their desks, and dispatch the proper personnel (possibly even law enforcement) to address each particular situation.
 With AMI or AMR deployed, utility meter-reader personnel are no longer visiting their customer's property; thus operators no longer have "eyes in the field" to spot nefarious behaviors.  The DTM provides a cost-effective, non-invasive, reliable source for much-needed visibility into the grid.
 DTM's offer valuable outage detection alerts via last-gasp reporting capability, thereby helping to pinpoint outage locations for utility operators, and accelerating power restoration for customers.
 Transformer loading/overloading information is superior when captured by the DTM (vs. the projected or algorithmic loading estimations produced via accumulated AMI or AMR statistics). In addition, the DTM accurately and reliably captures other metrics related to transformer health and intra-grid conditions; such as but not limited to temperature data, percentage of rated load, duration of actual load, voltage, and current information, etc….
 The DTM allows for the detection, quantification, and location of additional costly intra-grid losses occurring between the transformer and the endpoint meters (e.g., certain technical losses, and non-technical losses), such as but not limited to the ability to identify poorly functioning and/or poorly calibrated endpoint meters.
 The DTM enables operators to accurately quantify the amount of Distributed Energy Resource (DER) inspired Reverse Energy being passed into the grid at the distribution transformer level.  This is critical as Reverse Energy can adversely impact intra-grid voltages, and unplanned loading/overloading, which collectively or individually can result in grid safety and reliability risks.
 The DTM uniquely enables the identification of unplanned grid-edge loading/overloading created by Electric Vehicle (EV) charging stations, Cryptocurrency mining, Legalized Hydroponic marijuana grow operations, ongoing power theft, etc.  The transformer-related loading/overloading impacts associated with such grid-edge activities (primarily occurring in the residential sectors) is commonly unknown by operators (i.e., operators typically do not know where, when, or how much-unplanned loading/overloading is created by most grid-edge activities).  This reality presents serious grid Reliability, Resilience, and Fire/Wildfire risks for all stakeholders.
 Although AMI deployment has been advancing in many markets, Power Theft is typically increasing in spite of this smart meter deployment effort.  Since AMI or AMR installations typically result in no utility personnel visiting customer locations following installation, power thieves know they can perform pre-meter taps, and likely steal power indefinitely without fear of utility detection.  Increasing power theft cost (while AMI deployment continues) is further validation of the importance of DTM technology being leveraged by operators as a critical intra-grid reconciliation point, thereby helping to identify costly power theft occurrences.
 Operators now have to contend with instances where endpoint meters are being stolen from locations or jurisdictions, and then are being installed at unauthorized locations by perpetrators. Endpoint meters may be swapped out in this manner on either a temporary basis or a permanent basis. This unauthorized practice results in inaccurate meter data being reported to the utility, which may result in added losses, and it results in inaccurate loading/overloading views regarding the upstream Distribution Transformer(s).
 Commonly, the Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping of utility assets is antiquated, due to perpetual changes occurring within the distribution grid.   Because of the antiquated GIS data, AMI, AMR, or Manual Read endpoint meter association to upstream transformers is likely to be inaccurate.  With just one endpoint meter being inaccurately assigned in the GIS mapping to the wrong upstream transformer, all endpoint meter information (AMI or otherwise) becomes unreliably accurate regarding the associated upstream transformer(s).  Thus, operators cannot reliably predict or know the actual loading/overloading, voltage, and/or current conditions regarding the upstream transformer.  This is another reason that accurate, reliable transformer information provided by the DTM is valuable to operators.
 DTM devices provide Automated Alert messages to operators.  This feature creates a "Hands-Free" Grid Watchdog environment where operators are not required to expend large amounts of money to consistently monitor intra-grid conditions.  Rather, the DTM can be programmed/re-programmed on the fly, each device individually re-programmable, thus allowing operators to focus on multiple points of interest throughout the lifespan of the DTM devices.   Automated Alerts are typically created when the DTM devices detect high/low readings that our occurring outside of the utility's pre-programmed tolerances, and/or rapid outage notifications, as cited above.  This feature automatically produces actionable information for operators, vs. trying to discern less reliable, less granular, less timely, and/or potentially antiquated endpoint meter data.   Only with DTM can comprehensive intra-grid conditions be reliably and consistently detected, revealed, and reported to operators in a timely manner.
 DTM device readings can “fill in the blanks” whenever an AMI meter in a group of meters on the same transformer fails to report properly for any reason.  Assuming there is no diversion, the DTM can provide the utility with the substantially accurate missing consumption information, helping to assure the customer can be billed more accurately vs. the typical estimation systems in use today.
 DTM-coupled with AMI can verify/measure problems between the DT and Meter, such as voltage drops that could leave the home running below-rated voltages.  An AMI meter will report the low voltage, but the DTM can verify whether the voltage supplied at the DT is operating nominally or not.
 The DTM can be installed without a required power outage experienced by downstream customers.  When compared to the concept of replacing an aged/failing/overloaded transformer with a new, or 'smart' transformer, the reality of a forced downstream power outage is imperative.   But, by installing a DTM, operators can accurately understand the condition and the associated demand burdens being inflicted upon each DTM-monitored transformer.  This will enable operators to reduce the quantity of transformers that may otherwise need to be replaced or prematurely fail.  In essence, deploying DTM can create an "instant smart transformer" out of an existing standard transformer.  And, this "instant smart transformer" can then act to proactively apprise operators of intra-grid conditions for a lesser cost than a new smart transformer installation will require, in addition to the fact that a DTM deployment does not require an outage for installation, but a new smart transformer would require a multi-hour power outage requirement.
 DTM devices commonly have the ability to report key intra-grid information directly to the utility operator's existing SCADA, MDM, ADMS, ONS, etc. systems.   This seamless transfer of unique intra-grid data is achieved via DNP3, FTP, CSV, and/or web services.  Thus, the DTM can be seamlessly used to substantially improve the operator's intra-grid understandings, and the intra-grid data can be used to facilitate automated operations actions, based upon actual, reliable information that AMI (endpoint metering) cannot.
 Using Over-The-Air (OTA) technology, DTM devices can be routinely upgraded as necessary, and/or as technology advancements unfold.  This ability creates an ongoing 'future-proof' benefit whereby DTM capability can be expanded; thus alleviating the concern of the DTM devices becoming antiquated prior to their anticipated lifespan (e.g., commonly 10–15 years)
 DTM devices typically have the flexibility to report intra-grid information via cellular or RF Mesh backhaul.  Most cellular networks offer a more robust backhaul capability whereby maximum intra-grid information payload can be passed onto the operator.  When using RF Mesh backhaul technology, less bandwidth is typically available than with cellular networks, thus reducing the data payload capability of the DTM devices.  There are various cost/benefit decisions that are applicable to proper backhaul selection for each operator.
 Given the unique, timely, granular, and accurate intra-grid information that is presented by DTM, meaningful value is provided to the Planning, Operations, and Budgeting departments within most utility operators.  The result is a more reliable, more resilient, more cost-effective, and more energy-efficient grid operation being facilitated by DTM.

See also
 Distribution Transformer
 Smart Grid
 Demand Response
 Distributed Generation
 SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)
 MDM (Meter Data Management)
 SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index)
 SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index)
 CAIDI (Customer Average Interruption Duration Index)
 Electric Power Distribution

References

Electricity


title: The New Basement Tapes

text:
The New Basement Tapes is a British-American musical supergroup made up of members Jim James, Elvis Costello, Marcus Mumford, Taylor Goldsmith, and Rhiannon Giddens. The group is best known for Lost on the River: The New Basement Tapes, their 2014 album which consists of tracks based on newly uncovered lyrics handwritten by Bob Dylan in 1967 during the recording of his 1975 album with The Band, The Basement Tapes. The group is also featured in the 2014 Showtime documentary Lost Songs: The Basement Tapes Continued.

History

The New Basement Tapes were brought together in March 2014 to work with producer T Bone Burnett on putting together a new album with song lyrics penned by Bob Dylan in 1967. The group recorded dozens of songs over a two-week period in Capitol Records studio, with members of the group swapping instrumental and vocal roles on the different album tracks. The album was released in November 2014 by Electromagnetic Recordings via Harvest Records.

During the recording sessions, the group was filmed for a documentary for Showtime. Titled Lost Songs: The Basement Tapes Continued, the documentary is directed by Sam Jones and also contains an exclusive interview with Bob Dylan. It goes behind the scenes of the recording process and also discusses the story behind the discovery of the lost lyrics. Johnny Depp also appears in the documentary, having stopped by the studio to play guitar on the song "Kansas City".

Discography

References

American country rock groups
Harvest Records artists
Musical groups established in 2014
2014 establishments in the United States
Musical quintets
British supergroups
Rock music supergroups