The History of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, organised by the Chief Justice of Pakistan, follows from its constitutional establishment in 1947 till its recent events. The Supreme Court of Pakistan is the highest appellate court of the country and court of last resort— the final arbiter of the law and the Constitution.

Having established in 1948 as the Federal Court, the Supreme Court's constitutional restructure and recreation was reviewed by the 1956 articles; it has retained its name and jurisdiction through the successive legal instruments since 1973 convention. The Supreme Court enjoys the constitutional and jurisdictional supremacy over any court in the Court system of the country where it exercises original, appellate and review jurisdiction. It possesses exclusive original jurisdiction for the settlement of intergovernmental disputes between federal and provisional governments and high courts Inter se. Since Pakistan's establishment in 1947, the Supreme Court has played a prominent role in country's events, and its decisions ultimately deciding the fate of the country.

Transient period

Early years (1947–1960)

Upon the establishment of Pakistan, the Founder of Pakistan and Governor-General approved the appointment of Sir Abdul Rashid as the nation's first Chief Justice in 1948. Justice Sir Rashid was succeeded by Justice Muhammad Munir in 1954. Perhaps, the most controversial case of at that time was the Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan vs. the Governor-General, in which the Supreme Court solidified the "Doctrine of necessity" by well quoted by Chief Justice Munir: Relying on the Bracton's maxim, that which is otherwise not lawful is made lawful by necessity', thereby providing the label that would come to be attached to the judgment and the doctrine that it was establishing."

Another major case that was heard by the Supreme Court bench led by Chief Justice Muhammad Shahabuddin was on 7 October 1958. The Chief Justice Shahabuddin bench heard "The State vs. Dosso & anor.", under which the majority of Chief Justice Shahabuddin bench provided the legal validation of the martial law imposed by President of Pakistan Iskander Mirza. In further, President Mirza was dismissed in two weeks by Chief of Army Staff General Ayub Khan whose actions was also to be held valid by Chief Justice Shahabuddin's court.

Provisional Constitutional Order and Supreme Court

PCO 1981 (General Zia ul Haq Martial Law)
The first ever Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) was declared by General Zia ul Haq  on 25 March 1981.

Shariat Appellate Bench
Established by General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq in 1980, the Shariat Appellate Bench is composed of three Muslim Judges of the Supreme Court, and two ad hoc judges drawn either from the Federal Shariat Court or from among the Ulema. Decisions made the Federal Shariat Court  may be appealed to the Appellate Bench, as the Bench is the final authority on Islamic law in Pakistan.

PCO 1999 (General Pervez Musharraf First Martial Law)
The second PCO in the history of Pakistan was declared by General Pervez Musharraf on 14 October 1999. When the PCO was proclaimed, at first the judiciary was not asked to take an oath. On 26 January 2000 Musharraf issued an order "Oath of Office (Judges) Order, 2000" that required the judiciary to take oath of office under the PCO.
The then Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui and 5 other judges of the Supreme Court refused to take any oath in contravention to the oath they took under the 1973 Constitution, when they became judges. Majority of the judges had more than 3 years remaining in their office. Refusing to take oath deprived them from continuing as judges, which was later termed as un-constitutional move by General Musharraf.

Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhary, the present chief justice of the Supreme Court, although took oath under the PCO, but the senior judges refused to take oath.

see Pakistani coup d'état 1999

PCO 2007 (General Pervez Musharraf Second Martial Law)

The attack on the Supreme Court in 1997

Following the establishment of Anti Terrorism Courts and the Fourteenth Amendment in November 1997, legislators from different parties brought the matter before the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Sajad Ali Shah. Nawaz Sharif, Prime minister at that time, harshly criticised the Chief Justice during the proceedings and was found in contempt.

On 30 November 1997, Sharif appeared before the Supreme Court along with party workers, members, chief ministers, and constituents to hear the proceedings. Unruly party workers stormed into the Supreme Court, forcing Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah to remove the finding of contempt against Sharif. Hundreds of PML-N supporters and members of its youth wing, the Muslim Students federation (MSF), breached the police barrier around the courthouse when defence lawyer S.M. Zafar was arguing Sharif's case.

A journalist rushed into the courtroom and warned the bench of an impending attack. The Chief Justice rose abruptly, thanked Zafar and adjourned the hearing. The justices quickly left the courtroom but workers were able to enter, shouting slogans and damaging furniture.

The mob, led by ruling Punjabi party member Sardar Naseem and the retired Colonel Mushtaq Tahir Kheli, Sharif's political secretary, chanted slogans against the Chief Justice. Famous PTV anchor Tariq Aziz threw and broke the portrait of the founder of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The mob also attacked Pakistan Peoples Party senator Iqbal Haider. Police eventually managed to restore normalcy using batons and tear gas both inside and outside the courthouse, but the court could only proceed for about 45 minutes.

The Supreme Court under Musharraf
Shortly after General Musharraf overthrew Sharif in the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état, the opposition challenged the legitimacy of the coup and asked the court to rule on its legality. On 12 May 2000 the
Court rendered a nuanced verdict.
In its preamble, the Court
rejected the options of "complete surrender" to the regime or total opposition which, in its judgement, would have led to the "closure of the courts". It chose a middle ground (praised by retired US judge John Clifford Wallace) that allowed the Court to maximise its influence.
asserted that it had the inherent power to examine the validity of Musharraf's orders, even orders purportedly restraining the Court from questioning his proclamations.
called Musharraf's coup an "extra-constitutional action".
In its judgement, however, the Court
accepted the coup on the grounds of
the doctrine of state Necessity (a situation having arisen for which "there was no remedy provided in the Constitution", checks and balances such as Article 58(2)(b) having been removed by the Thirteenth Amendment, hence Necessitas facit licitum quod alias non-est licitum).
the principle of salus populi est suprema lex.
the principle "that the government should be by the consent of the governed, whether voters or not" (the court took note of the fact that the takeover was widely welcomed, and little-protested, and hence that the regime had the implied consent of the governed).
asserted the right of the Superior Courts to review the orders, proceedings, acts, and legislative measures of the Musharraf regime.
termed the situation a "case of constitutional deviation for a transitional period".
accepted the government's argument that the electoral rolls were outdated and that fresh elections could not be held without updating the electoral rolls, and that two years were required to do so.
gave Musharraf until 12 May 2002 to hold elections.
reserved for itself the right to review/re-examine the continuation of Musharraf's emergency powers.

Although the government, before this judgement, had not given a timetable for the restoration of democracy – having argued that it needed an indefinite and possibly prolonged time to reform the country – Musharraf publicly submitted to the Court's judgement.
The elections were duly held in October 2002 as ordered and the Constitution was revived. However, Musharraf later decided to retain power and enacted the Seventeenth Amendment in December 2003, largely incorporating the 2002 Legal Framework Order into the Constitution.

Reference against Chief Justice
On 9 March 2007 a presidential reference was served to the Chief Justice, Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, attempting to suspend him. The government ordered him to go on compulsory leave, but on 20 July 2007 the Supreme Court unanimously overturned the compulsory leave order and by a 10–13 majority also ordered Chaudhry reinstated as Chief Justice.

The Court nonetheless ruled that the Provisional Order 27 of 1970, which removed executive power to suspend judges, was unconstitutional. Text of Supreme Court Order

State of Emergency
Immediately following the imposition of the state of emergency on 3 November 2007, the Chief Justice Chaudhry was removed from the Supreme Court and arrested by troops of the 111th brigade of Pakistan Army sent by General Musharraf (who resigned in August 2008 under impeachment pressures).

Until the state of emergency was declared, Justices of the Supreme Court were:

Hon. Chief Justice Mr. Justice Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry (Restored on 17 March 2009)
Hon. Mr. Justice Rana Bhagwandas (Retired after deposed. Retired on 20 December 2007)
Hon. Mr. Justice Javaid Iqbal (Restored on 17 March 2009)
Hon. Mr. Justice Abdul Hameed Dogar (Took oath under PCO on 3 November 2007)
Hon. Mr. Justice Sardar Muhammad Raza Khan (Retook oath/reappointed on 19 September 2008 during democratic period)
Hon. Mr. Justice Khalil-ur-Rehman Ramday (Restored on 17 March 2009)
Hon. Mr. Justice Muhammad Nawaz Abbasi (Took oath under PCO on 3 November 2007)
Hon. Mr. Justice Faqir Muhammad Khokhar (Took oath under PCO on 3 November 2007)
Hon. Mr. Justice Falak Sher (Retired after deposed. Retired on 21 September 2008)
Hon. Mr. Justice Mian Shakirullah Jan (Retook oath/reappointed on 5 September 2008 during democratic period)
Hon. Mr. Justice M. Javed Buttar (Took oath under PCO on 3 November 2007)
Hon. Mr. Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani (Retook oath/reappointed on 5 September 2008 during democratic period)
Hon. Mr. Justice Saiyed Saeed Ashhad (Took oath under PCO)
Hon. Mr. Justice Nasir-ul-Mulk (Retook oath/reappointed on 19 September 2008 during democratic period)
Hon. Mr. Justice Raja Fayyaz Ahmed (Restored on 17 March 2009)
Hon. Mr. Justice Chaudhry Ijaz Ahmed (Restored on 17 March 2009)
Hon. Mr. Justice Syed Jamshed Ali (Retook oath/reappointed on 5 September 2008 during democratic period)
Hon. Mr. Justice Hamid Ali Mirza (Ad hoc judge)(Refused oath under PCO)
Hon. Mr. Justice Ghulam Rubbani (Ad hoc judge)(Refused oath under PCO)

Sex Scandal involving Supreme Court Justices
According to The Times, the justices who pledged allegiance to Musharraf had earlier been caught engaging in sexual acts with prostitutes. The article alleged that photographs of the judges engaging in sexual acts were used to blackmail the judges to take the oath of allegiance and make rulings favourable to the military.

Supreme Court composition under Musharraf after 3 November 2007
The Supreme Court of Pakistan consisted of the following justices who took the Provisional Constitutional Order of 3 November 2007:

 Hon. Chief Justice Mr. Justice Abdul Hameed Dogar
 Hon. Justice Muhammad Nawaz Abbasi
 Hon. Justice Faqir Muhammad Khokhar
 Hon. Justice M. Javed Buttar
 Hon. Justice Saiyed Saeed Ashhad.
 Hon. Justice Ijaz-ul-Hassan
 Hon. Justice Muhammad Qaim Jan Khan
 Hon. Justice Mohammad Moosa K. Legari
 Hon. Justice Ch. Ejaz Yousaf
 Hon. Justice Muhammad Akhtar Shabbir
 Hon. Justice Zia Perwez
 Hon. Justice Mian Hamid Farooq
 Hon. Justice Syed Sakhi Hussain Bokhari
 Hon. Justice Syed Zawwar Hussain Jaffery
 Hon. Justice Sheikh Hakim Ali (Took PCO Oath to Lahore High Court, elevated to Supreme Court on 8 February 2008)

Justice Abdul Hameed Dogar took the oath of Chief Justice even after a 7-member Supreme Court that included Chief Justice Chaudhry nullified the imposition of emergency, suspension of constitution, and PCO. The Court instructed the justices not to take oath under the PCO, and all military personnel not to obey any illegal orders.

On 15 February 2008 the Supreme Court delivered a detailed judgement to validate the Proclamation of Emergency on 3 November 2007, the Provisional Constitution Order No. 1 of 2007 and the Oath of Office (Judges) Order, 2007. This judgement was made by the full court and written by Chief Justice Abdul Hameed Dogar. According to the judgement, "The learned Chief Justices and Judges of the superior courts, (Supreme Court of Pakistan, Federal Shariat Court and the High Courts), who have not been given, and who have not made, oath under the Oath of Office (Judges) Order, 2007 have ceased to hold their respective offices on the 3rd of November 2007. Their cases cannot be re-opened being hit by the doctrine of past and closed transaction".

Recent events

Restoration of Judges
On 15 March 2009 a two-year-old lawyers' movement working for restoration of the judiciary as it existed prior to the state of emergency called for a long march and a sit-in in Islamabad. Before the procession could reach Islamabad, the Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani appeared on national television and announced unconditional restoration of the judiciary. On 17 March 2009 the formal official notification for restoration of the judiciary was issued. As the result of the notification, all judges who had not retired due to age limit and had not re-taken oath were restored back. Justice Javaid Iqbal, Justice Ijaz Ahmed, Justice Khalil-ur-Rehman Ramday and Justice Raja Fayyaz Ahmed were restored to their position as of 2 November 2007 with immediate effect. Justice Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry was notified to re-assume his office on 22 March 2009. Justice Rana Bhagwandas and Justice Falak Sher had since retired.

Long March Controversy
General Ashfaq P. Kayani, the Chief of Army Staff, also had an important role by silently intervening and encouraging a rapprochement between the government and the opposition.  Neither side acknowledged this role, however, until lawyers' movement leader Aitezaz Ahsan publicly admitted Kayani's role. There were rumours that protestors and law enforcement would have violently collided otherwise had he not intervened.

Independence of the judiciary
The restoration of the judges resulted from immense public pressure and led the judiciary to begin a quest for independence. The goal was to ensure a strong and efficient judicial system that could quickly deliver justice to the public. The Supreme Court took notice of several important constitutional and other matters in this period that related to the public interest. These matters included the constitutional petition on PCO judges to declare 3 November 2007 actions null and void and the constitutional petition on the national reconciliation ordinance (NRO) to declare it null and void. The Supreme Court has also been vigilant on corruption cases related to the current ruling elite, acting in cases such as the Hajj scam, rental power projects, steel mills of Pakistan, and National Insurance Corporation Limited (NICL). This judicial activism and the slowing of government productivity without corruption has created a tension between the judiciary and other government branches.

Constitutional petitions No. 8 and 9 of 2009
Of the 14 justices that rendered a verdict related to taking an oath under the PCO, 12 had taken the oath themselves. However, they controversially did not apply the judgement to themselves.

As a result of 31 July 2009 decision handed down in the case of Constitutional Petitions 8 and 9 of 2009, the following justices resigned before their cases were referred to Supreme Judicial Council:

In addition to the above justices, the following justices were removed from the Supreme Court of Pakistan on the ground that their appointment to the court was made without consultation with the de jure Chief Justice of Pakistan.

Controversial aspect of the decision
The decision of the Court summarily removed all justices of the higher judiciary who were not part of it as of 2 November 2007. Their removal was ordered on the grounds that the de jure Chief Justice was not allowed to advise in these cases. In the same decision the court held that the de jure Chief Justice from 3 November 2007 to 22 March 2009 was Justice Chaudhry.

There were three groups of removed justices:
 Those elevated to higher courts who initially took oath under the PCO
 Those who were elevated to higher courts after restoration of the Constitution and were appointed by Musharraf
 Those who were elevated to higher courts after restoration of the Constitution and were appointed by Asif Ali Zardari

The Supreme Court bench that rendered the decision consisted entirely of justices who had taken oath under the PCO of 1999 themselves, but were already sitting justices of the higher judiciary at the time and had taken a constitutional oath. The 1999 PCO and decisions made under it were given constitutional protection by Seventeenth amendment.

This decision has resulted in situations where:
 newly appointed justices who never took any sort of oath under any PCO have been removed
 sitting justices who took an oath under the 2007 PCO are still acting as justices, though their cases will be sent to Supreme Judicial Council
 sitting justices who were reappointed and took oath under Justice Dogar are still acting as justices with no action
 justices who took oath under the PCO of 1999 are still functioning as justices of higher judiciary

Critics of the decision question the fact that some PCO judges are still working and some non-PCO judges have been sacked.

Review petition filed by Lahore High Court non-PCO removed judges
Removed ad hoc judges of the Lahore High Court have filed several petitions in the Supreme Court in Lahore for review of its judgment, which sent 76 judges of Supreme Courts and High Courts immediately home.

These judges argue that they were qualified to be appointed as judges of the High Court in accordance with the requirements of Article 193(2)of the 1973 Constitution and were offered to serve as ad hoc judges following the consultation required under the Constitution. They accepted the offer and took oath when the state of emergency was lifted. They never took oath under a PCO and continued performing the functions of judges of the High Court until judgement was rendered against them.

These judges were appointed by Lahore High Court Chief Justice Justice Zahid Hussain, who is still a justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and is not being tried before the Supreme Judicial Counsel.

The petition also noted that none of the sacked judges were made parties to the decision against them, nor were they able to comment in the hearing or in some cases aware that the hearing was taking place.  They also allege that no copy of the decision was sent to the High Court or to the judges concerned.

Historical resources

Legal history of Pakistan
History of Pakistan
Pakistan Movement
Supreme Court of Pakistan


title: David Dexter House

text:
The David Dexter House is a historic house on Lincoln Heights in northern Claremont, New Hampshire.  Built about 1790, it is a prominent local example of Federal period architecture, and was home to David Dexter, whose early mills were the first in the city's industrial history.  The house was moved to its present location in 1975 to avoid demolition, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.  It now houses apartments.

Description and history
The David Dexter House is located on a rise now known as Lincoln Heights, north of the Broad Street crossing of the Sugar River.  It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior.  Although not at its original location, it is set on a modern foundation that includes granite blocks from its original foundation.  It is five bays wide and four deep, with sash windows arranged symmetrically around the entrance on the front facade.  The ground-floor windows have projecting cornices, and the entry is framed by an elaborate Federal style surround.  The interior, in particular the staircase, also has fine Federal period details.

The house was built c. 1790 by David Dexter, who along with his brother Stephen established the first mills on the Sugar River in Clarement, on land that later became the Monadnock Mills.  The house was originally located nearer the river, and was later used as a boarding house for mill workers.  In the 1970s the house became the focal point for a long-running preservation debate, whose result was that the building was relocated to its present location, minus a later ell and its original central chimney, in 1975, to make way for an urban redevelopment project.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New Hampshire

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Federal architecture in New Hampshire
Houses completed in 1790
Houses in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
Buildings and structures in Claremont, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Sullivan County, New Hampshire


title: Bradford, Kansas

text:
Bradford is a ghost town in Wabaunsee County, Kansas, United States.  It was located between Eskridge and Harveyville.

History
A post office was opened in Bradford in 1890, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1941.

References

Further reading

External links
 Wabaunsee County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Wabaunsee County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Keene, Kansas

text:
Keene is an unincorporated community in Wabaunsee County, Kansas, United States.

History
A post office was opened in Keene in 1877, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1901.

Keene Cemetery is located about one and a half miles to the east on Highway K-4.

Education
The community is served by Mission Valley USD 330 public school district.

References

Further reading

External links
 Wabaunsee County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Wabaunsee County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Murder of Amber Creek

text:
Amber Gail "Aimee" Creek was an American teenage girl from Palatine, Illinois, who was murdered in February 1997. Creek's body was found in Burlington, Wisconsin, not long after she ran away from a youth shelter. Creek remained unidentified for approximately one year, and it was not until April 2014 that police arrested a suspect, James Eaton, a native of Palatine. Eaton pleaded no contest to a reduced charge of reckless homicide in late 2016.

Background
Amber Gail "Aimee" Creek was born on July 2, 1982, in Park Ridge, Illinois, and was raised in Palatine, Illinois.
She was sexually abused at a young age, so she was taken from her mother's care and placed with her father, Robert Creek.
She was described as a normal girl by friends and family until mid-1996, at around age 14, when her behavior drastically changed shortly after graduating from eighth grade at junior high school. Creek began to suffer from long periods of depression that had resulted in her using drugs and alcohol, and was described as a frequent runaway.

Creek became a ward of the state in late 1996 and ran away several times before finally leaving a North Side juvenile residential center for good on January 23, 1997. Although she did not disclose her location, she did regularly speak with family members by telephone.

Disappearance
Creek ran away from a juvenile residential center in Chicago on January 23, 1997, and was reported missing. She was last seen alive in February 1997, attending a hotel party with a group of men in Rolling Meadows, Illinois.

Murder

On February 9, 1997, Creek's frozen body was discovered by hunters in Karcher Springs State Natural Area, a nature reserve near Burlington, Wisconsin. It had been around two weeks after she had been reported missing, and it was believed she had been murdered at a different location, which has never been identified, and then disposed of at the nature reserve.

Creek was found with a plastic garbage bag around her head, which was used to kill her by asphyxiation. She had been extensively physically abused, including being beaten and raped, slashed in the facial area, and bitten on the neck causing compression which played a role in her death. The word "hi" was written on the girl's palm, which was raised in an upward position. A price tag from a bookstore was observed to have been present on one of her arms. She wore few clothes, as some were likely removed in the process of the assault, including her jacket and backpack containing personal items. Her underwear was later discovered inside of her pants pocket. Her belongings were not found at the scene, and it is possible that the murderer took these as souvenirs. Authorities surmise that Creek may have been murdered by someone that may have received prostitution services from her.

Around one hundred Wisconsin inhabitants attended the then-unidentified victim's funeral where she was buried in a donated casket. Initially, Creek was buried in a grave that read "Jane Doe" due to the fact that her identity was not yet known. She was later reburied and a new headstone was created that bore her name and lifespan.

Investigation
Police reportedly spent thousands of hours comparing DNA, dental records and fingerprints to many different missing person cases. Consequently, her body was not positively identified until June 26, 1998. DNA and dental records helped to confirm the identification. After viewing the television show America's Most Wanted that aired in December 1998, which documented the case, Creek's father had notified police that he suspected that the body belonged to his daughter. When Creek had first vanished, she was not reported missing for five weeks, as her history of running away had prevented investigation. After the identification, laws in the state were changed to prevent an issue like this from happening again.

Arrest of James Eaton

In October 2013, an Oklahoma crime lab began re-examining fingerprints taken from scenes of unsolved murders. In February 2014, Creek's case was reopened; examiners in an Oklahoma crime lab were able to match a thumbprint on the garbage bag concealing the body to James Paul Eaton, a 36-year-old divorced man. Eaton was nineteen at the time of the murder and lived in Palatine, Illinois, the same town as Creek. One of the men seen with Amber in early February 1997 bore a strong resemblance to Eaton. Eaton's fingerprints were not on record at the time of the murder; they were recorded only in 2000 after his arrest for possession of drug paraphernalia. Investigators located the suspect in Chicago, and on March 22 they collected discarded cigarette butts to match his DNA to that found at the crime scene. Eaton was arrested in early April and is incarcerated in Racine, Wisconsin. Authorities also looked through his computer, Facebook profile and phone, as well as searching his residence for possible souvenirs from the scene, as some of Amber's belongings had been suspected to have been taken by her killer.

Police attempted to garner a confession from Eaton by showing him images of Creek when she was alive and also by showing pictures of her body after she was found.

Creek's uncle, Anthony Mowers, has expressed that he believes that others may be involved in the murder, particularly in the transportation of Eaton and Amber to Wisconsin, saying she may have believed she was being taken to her grandmother's residence that was located in the state at the time. Police have also stated that they believe there are more who know details about the crime. It has not yet been reported if the bite on the body matched Eaton's dental records, which has also led some to suspect that there have been more responsible for the victim's death. It has been stated that his saliva was found at the scene, but the saliva has not explicitly been reported to have been on the bite area.

Trial
Eaton's original charges consisted of first-degree murder and concealing a body, which carried a sentence of life in prison.  He pleaded not guilty to both charges at his October 2014 arraignment.  The trial itself was scheduled to begin in November 2015. His defense attorney has stated that they had not been given all of the evidence available in the case, despite strong indication that he played some role in Creek's death. However, the final pretrial conference and trial were later delayed to May 31 and June 6, 2016, respectively, as the defense was attempting to locate an individual to examine the bite mark on Creek's neck as well as the DNA from the scene.

A judge, convinced by Eaton's attorney, eventually ruled that information that was obtained through interrogation of Eaton after his arrest, including his reaction to Amber's photographs, could not be used in court, as police had continued to interrogate him after he requested a lawyer. Police officers did not acknowledge this request until the third time he made it, on April 5, 2014. However, it was ruled that information obtained by police the next day could still be used.

On October 25, 2016, Eaton pleaded no contest to a reduced charge of first-degree reckless homicide. Another unnamed man is under investigation for suspected involvement in the murder.  Eaton was sentenced to 40 years with eligibility for parole after ten years.

See also
List of solved missing person cases

References

External links

1997 in Wisconsin
1997 murders in the United States
February 1997 crimes in the United States
Deaths by beating in the United States
Deaths by person in Wisconsin
Deaths by strangulation in the United States
Deaths from asphyxiation
Female murder victims
Formerly missing people
Incidents of violence against girls
Rapes in the United States
Child murder in the United States


title: Newbury, Kansas

text:
Newbury is an unincorporated community in Wabaunsee County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the community and nearby areas was 78.  It is located approximately 2 miles northwest of Paxico.

History
A post office was opened in Newbury in 1870, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1888.

Demographics

For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined this community as a census-designated place (CDP).

Education
The community is served by Wabaunsee USD 329 public school district.

References

Further reading

External links
 Wabaunsee County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Wabaunsee County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Dingleton Hill Covered Bridge

text:
The Dingleton Hill Covered Bridge, also known as the Cornish Mills Bridge, is a historic wooden covered bridge, carrying Root Hill Road over Mill Brook in Cornish Mills, New Hampshire.  Built in 1882, it is one of the state's few surviving 19th-century covered bridges.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.  It carries one lane of traffic, with a posted weight limit.

Description and history
The Dingleton Hill Covered Bridge is located about  east of New Hampshire Route 12, on Root Mill Road just south of Town House Road.  The bridge is a single span kingspost truss structure running , resting on an original stone abutment and a 1954 concrete abutment.  Its original wood-shingle roof has been replaced by corrugated metal.  Only the lower half of the trusses are sheathed with vertical planking; the upper half is exposed.  The upper portion of the portals are finished in vertical board siding.  Its interior is  wide, carrying one lane of traffic.

The bridge was built in 1882 by James Tasker, a local builder, at a cost to the town of $812.  It underwent a major restoration in 1983 by Milton Graton, after which there was a rededication ceremony attended by one of Tasker's descendants.  The bridge was damaged in 2016 when a school bus (overweight for the posted limit, and overheight for its portals) crossed the bridge; the damage was repaired and the bridge reopened several months later.

See also

Other covered bridges in Cornish
 Blow-Me-Down Covered Bridge
 Blacksmith Shop Bridge, foot traffic only
 Cornish-Windsor Covered Bridge

Covered bridges in nearby West Windsor, Vermont
 Bowers Covered Bridge
 Best's Covered Bridge

Lists of bridges
List of New Hampshire covered bridges

National Register listings of area bridges
National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire

References

Covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Bridges completed in 1882
Bridges in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
Cornish, New Hampshire
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Wooden bridges in New Hampshire
King post truss bridges in the United States


title: Grace Burrows

text:
Grace Burrows (29 June 1893 – 1981) was an English violinist, violin teacher and orchestra conductor.

Life and career

Grace Burrows was born in Leicester, the daughter of Dr. Benjamin Harper Burrows (1864–1915) who served as organist for a number of churches in the Leicester area. She was also the sister of composer Benjamin Burrows (1891–1966). In the early 1920s she played viola in an ensemble called The Birmingham Quartet. She was appointed as a Lecturer in Music at the University College, Leicester, in 1924. In 1922 she served as the founding leader of the Leicester Symphony Orchestra, and in 1934 she also conducted the British Women’s Symphony Orchestra. She
died at age 87. Notable students include Joyce Howard Barrell.

Works
Although best known as a violinist, teacher and orchestra leader, Burrows also published didactic music for violin. Selected works include:

Easy Exercises and Studies in the Third Position (1935)

References

External links
The British Women's Symphony Orchestra (1934) conducted by Grace Burrows from Youtube.

1893 births
1980 deaths
English conductors (music)
British women conductors (music)
English classical violinists
British music educators
Orchestra leaders
Academics of the University of Leicester
Musicians from Leicester
20th-century British conductors (music)
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century English musicians
Women classical violinists
20th-century English women musicians
British women music educators


title: Volland, Kansas

text:
Volland is an unincorporated community in Wabaunsee County, Kansas, United States.

History
A post office was opened in Volland in 1887. It was discontinued in 1955.

Education
The community is served by Wabaunsee USD 329 public school district.

References

Further reading

External links

 Wabaunsee County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Wabaunsee County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Varinder Singh

text:
Varinder Singh may refer to:

 Varinder Singh (field hockey) (1947–2022), Indian field hockey player
 Varinder Singh (soldier) (1955–2012), Indian soldier


title: 2014 Malaysia Cup

text:
The 2014 Malaysia Cup (Malay: Piala Malaysia 2014) was the 88th edition of the Piala Malaysia, a football tournament held annually by the Football Association of Malaysia. The cup began on August with a preliminary round. A total of 16 teams took part in the competition. The teams were divided into four groups, each containing four teams. The group winners and runner-up teams in the groups after six matches qualified to the quarterfinals. The 2014 Piala Malaysia ended on 1 November 2014 with the final, held at Bukit Jalil National Stadium, where Pahang defeated Johor Darul Ta'zim after a penalty shootout.

Pahang were the defending champions, having beaten Kelantan 1–0 in the previous season's final.

Format
In this competition, the top 10 teams from 2014 Malaysia Super League is joined by the top 4 teams from 2014 Malaysia Premier League. The remaining 2 teams from 2014 Malaysia Super League and the team who finished 5th and 6th place in the 2014 Malaysia Premier League will battle it out in the playoffs for the remaining 2 spots. The teams will be drawn into four groups of four teams.

Round and draw dates
The draw for the 2014 Piala Malaysia was held on 13 July 2014 at the Dewan Perdana, National Sports Institute with the participating team coaches and captains in attendance.

Play-off

Seeding

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knockout stage

Bracket

Quarterfinals

The first legs were played on 3 September 2014, and the second legs were played on 10 & 11 October 2014.

First leg

Second leg

 Kedah won 4–3 on aggregate.

 Felda United  won 7–3 on aggregate.

 Johor Darul Takzim won 3–1 on aggregate.

 Pahang won 3–2 on aggregate.

Semi finals

The first legs were played on 19 & 20 October 2014, and the second legs were played on 24 & 25 October 2014.

First leg

Second leg

 Pahang won 6–3 on aggregate.

 Johor Darul Takzim  won 6–5 on aggregate.

Final

The final match was played on 1 November 2014

Winners

References

External links
2014 Piala Malaysia, SPMB

2014 in Malaysian football
Malaysia Cup seasons


title: Wilmington, Kansas

text:
Wilmington is an unincorporated community in Wabaunsee County, Kansas, United States.

History
A post office was opened in Wilmington in 1857, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1906.

Education
The community is served by Mission Valley USD 330 public school district.

References

Further reading

External links
 Wabaunsee County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Wabaunsee County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas
1857 establishments in Kansas Territory


title: Oxyepoecus bidentatus

text:
Oxyepoecus bidentatus is a Neotropical species of ant in the genus Oxyepoecus. The species is only known from workers from Paraguay.

Distribution
Oxyepoecus bidentatus is known from three localities of the Paraguayan dry Chaco. Because the maximal distance between localities was 340 km, O. bidentatus is suspected to be widely distributed in xeromorphic Chacoan forests, even if rarely found.

Description
Its worker morphology places the species within the rastratus species-group. Oxyepoecus bidentatus is the only species of the genus to have both the dorsal surface of the head entirely covered by sculpture and a bidentate subpostpetiolar process. The anterior subpostpetiolar process of O. bruchi of the vezenyii species-group is also prominent and bidentate, but the dorsal surface of the head is mainly smooth and shining except for two patches of fine, longitudinal rugulae which do not reach posteriorly to the vertex margin nor laterally to the compound eye. Criteria separating O. bidentatus from other species of the rastratus species-group are the mesopleuron and lateropropodeum covered by longitudinal costae (and not reticulate as for O. myops, O. rosai, and O. reticulatus), and the presence of a reticulate-costulate sculpture on the dorsal surface of the head reaching posteriorly to the vertexal margin and laterally to the compound eye.

Gynes and males are unknown

Biology
The fact that workers were extracted from leaf litter (Winkler method) or were collected in pitfall samples, while no gynes were found, suggests that this species nests in the soil, but workers forage in the leaf litter when abiotic conditions are favorable. Localities where the species was found have a mean annual rainfall and temperature ranging from 593 to 887 mm and from 23 to 25 °C, respectively.

References

Myrmicinae
Hymenoptera of South America
Insects described in 2011


title: James John Elementary School

text:
James John Elementary is a K–5 school within the Portland Public Schools district located in the St. Johns neighborhood of north Portland, Oregon, United States. Built in 1929, it feeds graduates to George Middle School which then feeds Roosevelt High School.

History
James John Elementary is named after the pioneer of St. Johns who bequeathed land and money for the establishment of a school. In 1911, James John High School was built on what is now the playground for the current school.

The current building was designed by the prolific architect George Howell Jones in a two-story Classical Revival style and influenced by John Dewey’s Progressive Education Movement. It is similar to numerous other "fireproof" Portland schools of the era that were built in response to some highly publicized school fires elsewhere in the U.S.

The school became a K–8 when Roosevelt High School was founded in 1921 and became a K–5 school when George Middle School was founded in 1951. At some point later it again became a K–8 school, and in the fall of 1985, when the new George Middle School was completed James John was again switched to a K–5 elementary school.

Profile
Ethnic/Racial Profile (2017)

Percent Meeting or Exceeding Achievement Benchmarks

Five-year Student Body Growth

Select Demographics 2012-2013

References

External links

 "The History of James John High School" – St. Johns Heritage Association

1929 establishments in Oregon
Buildings and structures in St. Johns, Portland, Oregon
Infrastructure completed in 1911
Portland Public Schools (Oregon)
Public elementary schools in Oregon
Schools in Multnomah County, Oregon


title: Lee Hyeon-seo

text:
Lee Hyeon-seo (Korean: 이현서, born January 1980), best known for her book, The Girl with Seven Names, is a North Korean defector and activist who lives in Seoul, South Korea, where she is a student. She escaped from North Korea and later guided her family out of North Korea through China and Laos.

Early life in North Korea
Hyeon-seo grew up in Hyesan, North Korea. "When I was young, I thought my country was the best on the planet," Lee explained in her TED talk in February 2013. "I grew up singing a song called 'Nothing to Envy'. I felt very proud. I thought my life in North Korea was normal, even though when I was seven years old, I saw my first public execution." Her family was not poor, but after the North Korean famine struck in the 1990s, she witnessed much suffering and death.

Escape

China
In 1997, Lee crossed the frozen Yalu River alone in collusion with a friendly border guard to fulfill a dream she had before going off to college, only planning to stay a short while before returning. However, due to complications with the North Korean security police, she had to live with relatives in China as an illegal immigrant. She managed to buy the identity of a mentally-challenged girl from Heilongjiang, and with it, obtained a passport and driver's license. At one point, after being accused of being North Korean, she was interrogated by police and tested on her Chinese and her knowledge of China. Because of her father's insistence she learn Chinese characters as a child, she passed the test.

South Korea
After 10 years of being a fugitive in China, Lee managed to escape to South Korea. Arriving at Incheon International Airport in January 2008, she entered the immigration office and declared her identity as a North Korean asylum-seeker. She "was quickly ushered into another room," where officials inspected her papers, asked her if she was actually Chinese, and "informed me that I would be incarcerated for an unspecified period of time and then deported back to China if I was in violation of Korean law. Moreover, if the Chinese government learned that I was not actually a Chinese citizen, I would be jailed, heavily fined and then deported again: back to North Korea."

She asked them to call the National Intelligence Service, which three hours later drove her into downtown Seoul. She studied for the university entrance exam.

She was put through an orientation course for life in South Korea, then given a house to live in. She "started out with mixed feelings of fear and excitement, but settling down turned out to be far more challenging than I had expected. I realized there was a wide gap between North and South, ranging from educational background to cultural and linguistic differences. We are a racially homogeneous people on the outside, but inside we have become very different as a result of the 67 years of division."

She endured anti-North Korean prejudice and sometimes thought "it would be so much easier to return to China." After "a year of confusion and disorder," however, she "finally managed to find meaning in [her] new life."

Family escape
Lee received word that North Korean police had intercepted money she had sent to her family through a broker and that her mother and brother were "going to be forcibly removed to a desolate location in the countryside." Lee agonized for a while and decided to go back for them, knowing that neither could speak or understand Chinese. She returned to China, met her family in Changbai, as her brother helped her mother over the border into China.

She then guided them on a 2000-mile trip through China, during which they "were almost caught several times." At one point, when they were stopped and interrogated by a police officer, Lee told him that her family, who could not understand Chinese, were deaf and mute people that she was chaperoning. He accepted the story and let them pass. At the Lao border, Lee met a broker and paid him to take her mother and brother across and to the South Korean Embassy in Vientiane. On her way to an airport in China to fly back to South Korea, however, she was informed that her mother and brother "had been caught as they crossed the border."

She then traveled to Luang Namtha, Laos, where she paid a bribe and fine. After a month of ordeals her family members were released. She traveled with them to Vientiane, where her family members were arrested and jailed again, "just a short distance from the South Korean embassy." Lee went back and forth between the immigration office and the National Police Agency for almost 50 days, "desperately trying to get my family out … but I didn't have enough money to pay the bribes. I lost all hope."

To her luck, an English-speaking stranger — identified in her autobiography as an affable Australian named Dick Stolp — asked her: "What's wrong?" She explained, in her broken English, with the use of a dictionary, and "the man went to the ATM and paid the rest of the money for my family and two other North Koreans to get out of jail." When she asked, "Why are you helping me?" he replied, "I'm not helping you… I'm helping the North Korean people." Lee described this as "a symbolic moment in my life," with the man serving as a symbol of "new hope for me and other North Koreans… He showed me that the kindness of strangers and the support of the international community are truly the rays of hope that the North Korean people need."

She later said that this encounter marked the moment "when my view of the world changed and I realized there were many good people on this planet. I also realized how precious life is." Soon she and her family were living in South Korea.

Current life
In 2011, Lee wrote that she was learning English "to boost [her] prospects," noting that North Koreans' "lack of English is a handicap" on the job market. In China, she had devoted a great deal of time to learn Chinese, but "never thought I would be under this much stress about language in South Korea." She worked part-time and "took accounting classes at different institutes and obtained the certifications needed for work." In 2011, she was "admitted to the Chinese language department of the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (by special admission). [She] chose the language as [her] major hoping that [she] would be able to take part in ever increasing trade with China."

She noted that she was "working at South Korea's Ministry of Unification as a student journalist alongside South Korean college students. [She wrote] articles about the relationship between North and South Korea as well as the possibility for reunification." In addition, she was one of "50 college students who had escaped from North Korea for the 'English for the Future' program sponsored by the British Embassy in Seoul, which helps [her] keep up [her] English studies."

She was doing volunteer work "out of gratitude for all the aid [she has] received since [she] came here and of hope to return the favor to other people in need." As of May 2014, Lee was still studying at the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies and working as a student journalist with the Ministry of Unification.

Activist work
Lee spoke about her experiences at a TED conference in Long Beach, California, in February 2013. The YouTube video of her talk has received over 18 million views.

In May 2013, Lee appeared on an Australian TV program on which she was reunited with the stranger who had helped her in Vientiane in 2009, Australian Dick Stolp. "I was really happy," said Lee. "He says, 'I'm not a hero,' but I say he is a modern hero." Stolp said: "You help a small hand and it reaches to other hands and you think, 'That's great, that's good stuff.'…I'm meeting someone who is now doing good things, and inside I can't help but feel 'Hey! I helped this lady to go out and change her life.'" She has been interviewed by the BBC, CNN, CBS News, and many other TV and radio outlets around the world.

She spoke at the Oslo Freedom Forum in May 2014.

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
North Korean defectors
North Korean human rights activists
North Korean women activists
People from Hyesan


title: Farwell School

text:
The Farwell School is a historic school building at 509 River Road (New Hampshire Route 12A) in the North Charlestown village of Charlestown, New Hampshire.  Built in 1890, it is one of two Romanesque Revival buildings in the town, and the only one executed in stone.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.  It is now part of the North Charlestown Community School.

Description and history
The Farwell School stands in the village of North Charlestown, on the west side of River Road (NH 12A) south of its junction with Ox Brook Road.  It is a single-story stone structure, built out of rusticated granite and covered by a hip roof.  The right side has a rounded single-story turret, and the peak of the ridge has a small belfry at its left end.  A gabled pavilion projects slightly from the center of the front facade, with the entry recessed under a rounded archway, and a clapboarded gable finish above.  A band of three casement windows extends to the left of the entrance, with a similar group of four on the left side.  The building has been extended to its rear with more modern facilities.

The school was designed by the Detroit, Michigan firm of Ward & McFarland and built in 1890.  It is one of two Romanesque Revival buildings in the town, and the only one executed in stone.  The school was paid for by Jesse Farwell, a Detroit businessman born in Charlestown, who also contributed to the cost of land acquisition.  The building was maintained for many years by a community trust established by the Farwells.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New Hampshire

References

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Romanesque Revival architecture in New Hampshire
School buildings completed in 1889
Buildings and structures in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
Charlestown, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
Historic district contributing properties in New Hampshire


title: Operation Rajiv

text:
Operation Rajiv was the codename for an Indian Army operation that aimed to capture a high point along the Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) on the Siachen Glacier in June 1987. Prior to this operation, the area had been under the control of Pakistani forces, who had established a post on the peak, designated Quaid Post (named after the founding father of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah). Following India's successful capture of the peak, the post was renamed to Bana Top (also called Bana Post) after Naib Subedar (later Honorary Captain) Bana Singh, who led the operation. Since Operation Rajiv in 1987, India continues to hold this post, which lies just to the south of the strategic Bilafond La mountain pass, also controlled by India. Alongside the higher-altitude installations, India has also established posts on the slopes at lower heights (named Amar and Sonam) in this sector.

The operation was sanctioned due to the danger posed by the Pakistanis, who were until this point in control of this area. Pakistan's establishment of the Quaid Post on this peak threatened Indian movement on the western Siachen Glacier. An Indian task force, led by Major Varinder Singh, launched multiple attacks on the Pakistani troops stationed at the post in an attempt to capture it. After three unsuccessful attempts, a team led by Naib Subedar Bana Singh successfully captured the peak. Following its capture, Singh was awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest gallantry award, for his courage in this operation. The operation was named after Second Lieutenant Rajiv Pande, who had been killed during earlier attempts by India to capture the peak from Pakistan.

Background

India's Operation Meghdoot and Pakistan's counter operations

The Siachen area, which lies in a territory disputed by India and Pakistan, is the highest battleground on earth. In 1984, India captured the area during Operation Meghdoot.  In April 1986, the Pakistanis established a military post where, prior to the Pakistani capture, the Indians called the peak the "Left Shoulder" of the Bilafond La. The Pakistanis named the peak "Quaid Post" in honour of their leader Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The Quaid Post was manned by soldiers of the Shaheen Company (3rd commando battalion), a part of Pakistan's Special Services Group. It was commanded by Subedar Ataullah Mohammed.

Quaid, Amar and Sonam posts

The Pakistani position at Quaid Post the peak gave them a clear view of the Indian movement in the Saltoro-Siachen area. The Siachen glacier, located about 15 km away, could be seen from this peak with the naked eye. The Indian posts in the Bilafond La area, such as Amar Post and Sonam Post, were accessible only by air. Amar was located to the south of the Quaid Post, while Sonam was located to its north. Pakistan's control of the Quaid Post allowed them to dominate these posts, and prevent supplies to them.

The Quaid Post was located at an altitude of . It was extremely difficult to attack, as it was surrounded by 457 m high ice walls. It had an inclination of 80° to 85° on three sides, less on the fourth side. It was very difficult for the attackers to climb up the peak without getting noticed by the Pakistani soldiers stationed at the top. The scarcity of oxygen made walking long distances difficult, as the troops had to halt every few meters to regain their breath. There were also frequent blizzards, and taking advantage of poor visibility at night was difficult due to the wind chill factor. The minimum temperatures in the area were as low as −50 °C at that time.

In December 1986, Quaid Post was hit by a deadly blizzard which killed all of the Pakistani garrison except one artillery officer, Lt Zafar Abbasi who lost his both legs and hands due to frostbite. Later on, he continued his services with artificial legs and hands until he reached the rank of Lt. Colonel and became famous in Pakistan due to his bravery. The other soldiers, who were from a Special Services group, including Captain Akmal Khan, died on the spot as the temperature hit −40.

Attack on Indian Amar and Sonam posts from Pakistan's Quaid Post

On 18 April 1987, the Pakistani troops at Quaid Post fired on the Indian soldiers at Sonam (6,400 m), killing two of them. The Indian Army then launched a plan to evict the Pakistanis from the Quaid Post. The 8th Battalion of the Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry (8th JAK LI) was given the task of capturing the Quaid Post. On May 29, a 13-member JAK LI patrol led by Second Lieutenant Rajiv Pande was asked to identify the best approach route to the Post, and mark it with ropes. The group started climbing the ice wall leading to the Quaid Post, but were detected by the Pakistani soldiers, when it was just 30 m from the top. The Pakistanis opened fire with a heavy machine gun, killing ten Indian soldiers, including Second Lieutenant Rajiv Pande. Before they were killed, the Indian soldiers managed to establish a number of footholds on the vertical ice wall with a pick axe, and had laid a rope to the top.

The Indian operation

Etymology

The operation was named after India's Second Lieutenant Rajiv Pande, who had been killed by Pakistanis during an earlier attempt to capture the peak.

Preparation – Assembling the Indian task force

Over the next few days, the JAK LI assembled a new task force led by Major Varinder Singh to capture the Quaid Post. Captain Anil Sharma was assigned as Singh's deputy. The task force included 62 people, including 2 officers, 3 JCOs and 57 soldiers. The assignment, launched on 23 June 1987, was code-named Operation Rajiv in honour of Second Lieutenant Rajiv Pande.

The task force established a base in the Bilafond La area. The 8th JAK LI had taken over the area from 5th Bihar just over a month back, and its soldiers were still in the process of getting to know the area. Because of the frequent blizzards and limited capacity of the HAL Cheetah helicopters, it took 20 days and 200 helicopter trips for the assault team to gather at Bilafond La. To ferry two people and their supplies, a minimum of 2–4 helicopter trips were required. Each helicopter trip cost  35,000.

During the rehearsals, some artillery observers had to be evacuated due to altitude sickness. A 10-man team led by Captain Ram Prakash was placed at the Sonam Post. He established an observation post ahead of Sonam.

Initial Indian assault

On the evening of 23 June, a platoon led by Varinder Singh set out to find the rope fixed by Pande's patrol. The bad weather slowed down the group: it could travel only 1 km in four hours, in waist-deep snow. Due to heavy snowfall, the team could not find the rope, and retreated to the base.

Harnam Singh's team

On the night of 24 June, a 10-men team led by Subedar Harnam Singh was sent out. Another team led by Subedar Sansar Chand followed it at a distance. A third team led by Naib Subedar Bana Singh was kept as a reserve force to be deployed in case the first assault team was stalled due to enemy fire. Harnam Singh's team managed to find the rope and the dead bodies of Pande's patrol. The Indian soldiers started climbing the ice wall. They had barely covered a distance of 50 m, when their scout Naik Tara Chand noticed some movement in the front. Alerted by Tara Chand, the Indian soldiers started moving down. But before they could take up the firing positions, the Pakistanis opened fire with medium machine guns. Tara Chand and two others were killed instantaneously. The troops following them were unable to fire back as their weapons had jammed in the −25 °C temperature. Later, the Indians found that the Pakistanis were heating their weapons with a kerosene stove kept below the weapon. Harnam Singh's men first took shelter behind icicles, and then hurriedly dug shallow trenches in the ice. The Indian artillery designated to cover them could not be used to full extent, as there was danger of them being hurt. Ultimately, the attack had to be abandoned.

The wounded soldiers were later brought to the base, and evacuated via helicopters. Their reliefs were dispatched promptly. The Indians also heard helicopters making regular trips on the Pakistani side. While bringing the bodies of their two dead colleagues to the base, the Indians also discovered the bodies of Rajiv Pande and Naib Subedar Hem Raj. Although the two had been killed a month earlier, their bodies had been preserved in the ice.

Sansar Chand's team

On the night of 25–26 June, Subedar Sansar Chand's team led the attack on the Quaid Post, with the remainder of the force following at a distance. The team advanced towards the Post, supported by the medium machine gun fire from the Garden post and rocket launcher fire from the post established by Ram Prakash ahead of the Sonam post. Other support teams with light machine guns had also been deployed to facilitate the advance of Sansar Chand's men. However, these guns jammed due to cold weather. The Pakistani side also continuously used machine gun and rocket fire to stop the Indian advance.

Sansar Chand reached near the top of the Quaid Post, and wanted additional troops to rush in immediately. However, the battery of his radio set died, and he could not communicate with his Commander, who was located just 100 m behind him. He then asked Havildar Ram Dutt to move down and reach out to the rest of the Indian team. However, Ram Dutt got hit by the Pakistani fire while moving down, and fell almost 500 feet to his death. His body could never be recovered. Once again, the attack had to be abandoned in absence of additional fire support.

Final Indian assault – Bana Singh's team

By the morning of 26 June, both Indian and Pakistani soldiers had nearly run out of supplies, having spent three nights in extremely cold weather. The Quaid Post was held by 7-to-17 Pakistani soldiers at the time. The Pakistani troops seemed to be running low on ammunition, as firing from their side had reduced considerably. By this time, the weather had also improved, with the temperatures just below 0 °C. The Indians' weapons had started working.

Realizing that the supplies would not last until night, Varinder decided to launch a decisive daytime attack from two sides. The first team comprised 8 men, and was led by Varinder Singh. The second team comprised 5 men, and was led by Naib Subedar Bana Singh. The brigade commander Brigadier Chandan Nugyal contacted Varinder over radio, and promised him fire support from every Indian artillery gun in the range. After a massive artillery barrage, Varinder's team outflanked Quaid from below.

The team led by Bana Singh launched the final assault at 1330 hours on 26 June 1987. Beside Bana Singh, the group included Riflemen Chuni Lal, Laxman Das, Om Raj and Kashmir Chand. This team approached the Quaid Post from an unexpected direction, using a longer and more difficult approach. There was a blizzard, resulting in poor visibility, which gave cover to the Indian soldiers. Bana Singh's team reached the top of the peak, and found that there was a single Pakistani bunker. They approached the bunker from behind, but realized that their rifles were jammed. Bana Singh then lobbed a grenade into the bunker and closed the door, killing those inside. The two sides also got involved in a hand-to-hand combat, in which the Indian soldiers bayoneted some of the Pakistani soldiers outside the bunker. A few Pakistani soldiers jumped off the peak. Later, the Indians found six dead bodies of Pakistani soldiers.

The Indian Army finally gained control of the post. Varinder Singh was severely wounded by an artillery shell after the post was captured.

In her book, Defeat Is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War, Myra MacDonald wrote: Against all odds, India captured the post after an operation that involved scaling ice-walls by stealth followed by hand-to-hand fighting with grenades and bayonets at 20,500 feet. On top of the original occupation of Siachen in 1984, the loss of the Pakistani post in 1987 became an added humiliation that dug deeply into the psyche of the Pakistan Army. A Pakistani counterattack on other Indian posts later that year largely failed.

Aftermath

Handover of Pakistani dead bodies

The Indian Army handed over the bodies of Pakistani soldiers to the Pakistani authorities during a flag meet in Kargil.

Gallantry awards

Bana Singh was awarded Param Vir Chakra in 1988 for his courage during the Operation. Rifleman Chuni Lal, and Rifleman Om Raj who accompanied him during the final assault, was awarded Sena Medal. Harnam Singh and Sansar Chand was awarded Mahavir Chakra. 7 others, including Major Varinder Singh, 2nd Lt. Rajiv Pande  were awarded Vir Chakra.

Renaming of Quaid Post to Bana Top
After capturing highest peak in the Siachen area from Pakistan, India renamed Quaid Post to Bana Top to honor the contribution and bravery of Bana Singh in the capture of peak.

See also

Near the AGPL (Actual Ground Position Line)
 NJ9842 (peak) LoC ends and AGPL begins here
 Gharkun (peak)
 Gyong Kangri (peak)
 Gyong La (pass)
 Goma (Siachen)
 Gyari (valley)
 Chumik Kangri (peak)
 K12 (mountain) (peak)
 Bilafond La
 Saltoro Valley
 Ghent Kangri
 Sia La
 Sia Kangri
 Indira Col

 Borders
 Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL)
 India–Pakistan International Border (IB)
 Line of Control (LoC)
 Line of Actual Control (LAC)
 Sir Creek (SC)
 Borders of China
 Borders of India
 Borders of Pakistan

 Conflicts
 Kashmir conflict
 Siachen conflict
 Sino-Indian conflict
 List of disputed territories of China
 List of disputed territories of India
 List of disputed territories of Pakistan
 Northern Areas
 Trans-Karakoram Tract

 Operations
 Operation Meghdoot, by India
 Operation Safed Sagar, by India

 Other related topics
 Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces
 Bana Singh, after whom Quaid Post was renamed to Bana Top
 Dafdar, westernmost town in Trans-Karakoram Tract
 India-China Border Roads
 List of extreme points of India
 Sino-Pakistan Agreement for transfer of Trans-Karakoram Tract to China

References

Rajiv
Rajiv
Siachen conflict
1987 in India
Rajiv


title: Black Lake (Blind River)

text:
Black Lake is a lake in the municipality of Blind River, Algoma District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Great Lakes Basin.

The primary outflow, at the south, is Black Creek, which flows to Lake Duborne, which in turn flows via the Blind River to the North Channel on Lake Huron.

See also
List of lakes of Ontario

References

Other map sources:

Lakes of Algoma District


title: Black Lake (LeCaron Township)

text:
Black Lake is a lake in geographic LeCaron Township in the Unorganized North Part of Algoma District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Great Lakes Basin.

There are four unnamed inflows: two at the west, including one that arrives from Portage Lake; and two at the northeast. The primary outflow, at the southeast, is an unnamed creek that flows to Endikai Lake, which in turn flows via the West Little White River, the Little White River and the Mississagi River to the North Channel on Lake Huron.

See also
List of lakes of Ontario

References

Other map sources:

Lakes of Algoma District


title: 2014 Canada Open Grand Prix

text:
The 2014 Canada Open Grand Prix was the seventh grand prix gold and grand prix tournament of the 2014 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix. The tournament was held in UBC Thunderbird Arena, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada June 30 until July 5, 2014 and had a total purse of $50,000.

Players by nation

Men's singles

Seeds

  Chou Tien-chen (quarter-final)
  Eric Pang (first round)
  Wong Wing Ki (semi-final)
  Anand Pawar (third round)
  Wang Tzu-wei (first round)
  Pablo Abian (withdrew)
  Suppanyu Avihingsanon (withdrew)
  Misha Zilberman (third round)
  Osleni Guerrero (first round)
  Joachim Persson (second round)
  Arvind Bhat (first round)
  Sattawat Pongnairat (third round)
  Rasmus Fladberg (third round)
  Howard Shu (third round)
  Ng Ka Long (final)
  Scott Evans (second round)

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Bottom half

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Women's singles

Seeds

  Michelle Li (champion)
  Zhang Beiwen (semi-final)
  Beatriz Corrales (second round)
  Linda Zechiri (withdrew)
  Chloe Magee (first round)
  Karin Schnaase (quarter-final)
  Natalia Perminova (second round)
  Sabrina Jaquet (first round)

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

Men's doubles

Seeds

  Robin Middleton / Ross Smith (withdrew)
  Phillip Chew / Sattawat Pongnairat (quarter-final)
  Adrian Liu / Derrick Ng (quarter-final)
  Laurent Constantin / Matthieu Lo Ying Ping (quarter-final)
  Liang Jui-wei / Lu Chia-bin (champion)
  Liao Min-chun / Tseng Min-hao (final)
  Max Schwenger / Josche Zurwonne (semi-final)
  Phillipe Charron / Toby Ng (first round)

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

Women's doubles

Seeds

  Eva Lee / Paula Lynn Obanana (second round)
  Tang Hetian / Renuga Veeran (withdrew)
  Samantha Barning / Iris Tabeling (quarter-final)
  Alex Bruce / Phyllis Chan (second round)

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

Mixed doubles

Seeds

  Jorrit de Ruiter / Samantha Barning (final)
  Max Schwenger / Carla Nelte (champion)
  Phillip Chew / Jamie Subandhi (second round)
  Sam Magee / Chloe Magee (semi-final)

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

References

Canadian Open (badminton)
Canada Open Grand Prix
Canada Open Grand Prix
Canada Open Grand Prix
Canada Open Grand Prix
Sport in Vancouver
BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix


title: Ross' Hole

text:
Ross' Hole (Salish: Kʷtíɫ P̓upƛ̓m̓ ("big open or big clear area"), also Skʷtíɫ X̣súlexʷ ) is a valley located in Ravalli County, in Sula State Forest, along U.S. Route 93 in the vicinity of the hamlet of Sula, Montana.

It was named after fur trader Alexander Ross, leader of a Hudson's Bay Company trapping brigade, who camped there in 1824. According to the Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, "Hole" was a term used by trappers for a broad, flat valley surrounded by mountains.

It is known as the subject of a famous painting, "Lewis and Clark Meeting the Flathead Indians at Ross' Hole," which hangs in the Montana House of Representatives Chamber.

Description
The shape of the hill- and mountain-enclosed valley resembles a Christmas tree, with the base at the south, where the valley is about 4 miles wide. It extends northward about 8 miles, gradually tapering to a point. Except for the small community of Sula, a few ranch-houses, and highway U.S. 93, which skirts the southwestern corner of the hole, where the Lewis and Clark Expedition met the Flatheads, the landscape appears much as it did in Lewis and Clark's day. Various unimproved roads provide access to the northern part of the valley.

Visits by Lewis and Clark

In the southwestern corner of Ross' Hole at the junction of Camp Creek and the east fork of the Bitterroot River, en route from the Lemhi Valley to the Lolo Trail, on September 4, 1805, the westbound Lewis and Clark expedition encountered a village of Flathead Indians and spent 2 days with them. From the friendly tribe, the explorers obtained badly needed horses. The State of Montana commissioned a painting of the event by Charles M. Russell in 1912. The huge 12 by 26 foot painting hangs behind the Speaker's desk in the Montana State Capitol.

On the return trek from the Pacific, the Clark contingent stopped at the hole on the night of July 5–6, 1806.

References

Landforms of Ravalli County, Montana
Lewis and Clark Expedition


title: HJ-12

text:
The Hongjian-12 () is a third generation, man-portable, fire-and-forget infrared homing anti-tank missile of China. It was unveiled at the Eurosatory 2014 exhibition.

History
The missile was first showcased on the Eurosatory 2014 exhibition. Subsequent modifications and improvements were showcased in the following exhibitions. At Airshow China 2016, China North Industries Corporation (Norinco) unveiled HJ-12E, the export variant with new control fins and rocket motors.

On 25 March 2020, Norinco announced its first successful export order to an unknown country.

In July 2021, the HJ-12 was incorporated into People's Liberation Army Ground Force service. The PLA service version is likely based on the latest HJ-12E variant.

Design

The HJ-12 is a modern, third generation anti-tank missile developed by Norinco. The HJ-12 is a fire-and-forget system utilising lock-on before launch (LOBL) and is capable of being fired within buildings and bunkers due to its soft launch system. Once launched, it will home autonomously onto its target, allowing the operator to immediately take cover or reload to engage another target. Its fire-and-forget technology will reduce the number of anti-tank operators needed on a battlefield. The missile is capable of day/night all-weather operation with its infrared homing, TV imaging dual-mode seeker. The warhead uses a tandem shaped charge design with an estimated penetration capability of up to  of rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) after penetrating explosive reactive armour. The guided missile is capable of engaging armoured vehicles, fortifications, helicopters and boats. When facing non-armoured point targets, bunkers and fortifications, the missile can be fitted with either high-explosive or thermal effect warheads. When engaging enemy tanks and armoured vehicles, the HJ-12 aims to destroy the top of its targets, the more vulnerable point.

The HJ-12 is China's first portable anti-tank missile, increasing the ability of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force to have more modern and mobile infantry forces. It is intended to enable China to match up with anti-tank missile developments made by Western defence companies, like the FGM-148 Javelin and Spike. The missile is also available for export to armies in developing countries that would need to contend with third-generation main battle tanks, but the number of potential buyers is likely small due to its higher cost.

Variants
HJ-12
Base variant, first unveiled in Airshow China 2014.
HJ-12E
Export designation for HJ-12

Users

 People's Liberation Army Ground Force

 Algerian People's National Army

 PT Pindad and Norinco signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) regarding the Development of Anti-tank Guided Missile Technology on November 7, 2022

 Nigerian Armed Forces

See also
Red Arrow development
HJ-8 – wire-guided anti-tank missile system
HJ-9 – beam-riding anti-tank missile system
HJ-10 – fiber-optic wire-guided anti-tank missile system
Comparable systems
Akeron MP
AT-1K Raybolt
FGM-148 Javelin
NLAW
OMTAS
Spike
Type 01 LMAT
Related lists
List of anti-tank missiles
List of missiles

References

External links

 Hongjian-12 / HJ-12 anti-tank missile at GlobalSecurity.org

Anti-tank guided missiles of the People's Republic of China
Fire-and-forget weapons
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
Norinco


title: Bart Bellairs

text:
Wesley "Bart" Bellairs (born August 24, 1956) is an American former college basketball coach and college athletics administrator. He worked at the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) for fourteen years, including 11 season head coach of  VMI Keydets basketball team, from 1994 to 2005. After three years of serving as the school's senior associate athletic director, Bellairs was the athletic director at Savannah State University from 2008 to 2009 and Southeastern Louisiana University from 2009 to 2013. He also coached baseball and cross country.

Bellairs is a 1979 graduate of Warren Wilson College, and received his master's degree from Western Illinois University in 1981. He is a native of Richmond, Kentucky.

Coaching career
Bellairs began his coaching career as an assistant basketball coach at Lycoming College in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. He then spent two years as an assistant coach in baseball and basketball at Western Illinois University in Macomb, Illinois. In August 1981, Bellairs was hired at Wilkes University in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, as head cross country coach, assistant baseball coach, and director of intramural sports. Bellairs was also an assistant basketball coach at Wilkes for two season before succeeding Jim Atheron as head basketball coach in 1983.

Bellairs then served brief stints as an assistant coach, first for the Maryland Terrapins from 1985 to 1986, and later as an assistant for the UMass and James Madison basketball programs, leading JMU to an NCAA tournament appearance as well as five NIT appearances. He was hired as VMI's head basketball coach in 1994, replacing Joe Cantafio, who had been serving the past eight seasons. Bellairs made an impression in his first season by winning Southern Conference Coach of the Year honors in 1995. The following year, Bellairs led the Keydets to an 18–10 overall record, including 10–4 in conference play. It was the program's first winning season since 1984–85, and the most wins in a single season since 1978.

Despite the initial success, the team failed to achieve a winning season in eight of the next nine years under Bellairs' tenure. Bellairs was fired in 2005 after a 9–18 campaign, though continued to work with VMI as the Senior Associate Athletic Director for Operations and Marketing until 2008. Despite his .378 winning percentage, by the end of his coaching career, Bellairs was the all-time winningest coach in the school's history with 116 wins, and held that record until it was surpassed by current Keydet head coach Duggar Baucom.

Administrative career
Following his departure from VMI, Bellairs was introduced as Savannah State University's athletic director in May 2008, and took over the position on June 1 of that year. He was the first white athletic director at the historically black college. His tenure at Savannah State was short-lived, as Bellairs took the job as A.D. of Southeastern Louisiana University in November 2009, just 18 months after being hired by Savannah State.

Bellairs resigned from the school in June 2013. He was replaced in the interim by the Lions' head baseball coach Jay Artigues, who ultimately became the full-time athletic director.

Personal life
Bellairs was born in Richmond, Kentucky, in 1956. He was a letterman in basketball and baseball at Warren Wilson College where he earned his undergraduate degree in sociology. Two years later, Bellairs earned his master's degree from Western Illinois.

He and his wife, Jacki Berkshire Bellairs, have five children: their three sons, Andrew, Jacob, and Will; as well as two daughters, Katie and Alli.

Head coaching record

Basketball

References

External links
 Transylvania profile
 Savannah State profile

1956 births
Living people
Lycoming Warriors men's basketball coaches
Maryland Terrapins men's basketball coaches
Savannah State Tigers and Lady Tigers athletic directors
Southeastern Louisiana Lions and Lady Lions athletic directors
Transylvania Pioneers men's basketball coaches
VMI Keydets basketball coaches
Warren Wilson Owls baseball players
Warren Wilson Owls men's basketball players
Western Illinois Leathernecks baseball coaches
Western Illinois Leathernecks men's basketball coaches
Wilkes Colonels baseball coaches
Wilkes Colonels men's basketball coaches
College cross country coaches in the United States
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Western Illinois University alumni
People from Richmond, Kentucky
Baseball coaches from Kentucky
Basketball coaches from Kentucky
Basketball players from Kentucky


title: Carson Challenger

text:
The Carson Challenger (also known as the USTA Player Development Classic and the USTA LA Tennis Open) was a tournament for professional female and male tennis players. The event on outdoor hardcourts was classified as a $50,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and was held in Carson, California in the United States from 2007 to 2011. In 2014, the tournament was a replacement for the Yakima Regional Hospital Challenger, as their clubhouse was destroyed by a fire earlier in the year. The event was also previously part of the ATP Challenger Tour, from 2005 to 2010, with the exception of 2006.

Past finals

Men's singles

Women's singles

Men's doubles

Women's doubles

References

External links

 ITF search

Defunct tennis tournaments in the United States
ITF Women's World Tennis Tour
ATP Challenger Tour
Hard court tennis tournaments in the United States
Tennis tournaments in California
Sports competitions in Los Angeles County, California
Tennis in California
USTA LA Tennis Open
Recurring sporting events established in 2005
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2014


title: Anadolu Hayat Emeklilik

text:
Anadolu Hayat Emeklilik A.Ş. ("Anadolu Life Insurance and Pensions") is the oldest life insurance company of Turkey and remains one of the largest in the country. A subsidiary of İş Bankası, Anadolu Hayat Emeklilik is the first publicly traded private pensions company in Turkey. Founded in 1990 to take over the life insurance activities of Anadolu Sigorta following new legislation Anadolu Hayat Sigorta was transformed into a private pension company in 2003 under the new name Anadolu Hayat Emeklilik A.Ş.

Business and activities
Anadolu Hayat Emeklilik provides private pension and insurance products that suit most to the future expectations and current conditions of customers via districts sales offices in İstanbul (3), Ankara (2), Adana, Bursa, İzmir, Kocaeli, Antalya and Trabzon, a branch office in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus besides its head office in İstanbul. Anadolu Hayat Emeklilik commands a widespread service organization with its strong bancasurrance network, direct sales force and nationwide agencies.

See also
 Türkiye İş Bankası

References

External links

Financial services companies established in 1990
Companies listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange
Insurance companies of Turkey


title: Wuhan World Tennis Tour

text:
The Wuhan World Tennis Tour is a tournament for professional female tennis players played on outdoor hard courts. The event is classified as a $25,000 ITF Women's Circuit tournament and has been held in Wuhan, China, since 2014. The tournament was previously a $50,000 tournament from 2014 to 2016.

Past finals

Singles

Doubles

External links
 Official website
 ITF search

Wuhan
Hard court tennis tournaments
Tennis tournaments in China
Recurring sporting events established in 2014
Sport in Wuhan


title: ACS Photonics

text:
ACS Photonics is a monthly, peer-reviewed, scientific journal, first published in January 2014 by the American Chemical Society. The current editor in chief is Romain Quidant (ETH Zürich). The interdisciplinary journal publishes original research articles, letters, comments, reviews and perspectives.

Scope
The focus of ACS Photonics is the science of photonics and light-matter interactions. The areas of research reported in the journal are:

Nanophotonics, including plasmonics and polaritonics
Optical materials, including quantum/topological materials, 2D materials and phase change materials
AI for photonics (e.g. Inverse design) and photonics for AI (e.g. optical computing)
Integrated photonics
Light sources, including new classes of lasing devices and LED with improved performance and new integration strategies
Photodetection, including new device principles, device physics and device architectures
Nonlinear optics
Quantum photonics
Photonics-based wearables
Virtual and augmented reality
Photonics for energy, including photonic enhancement to solar energy harvesting, waste heat harvesting (thermophotovoltaics), and wireless photonic energy transmission
Biophotonics, advanced optical imaging, photonics-based biosensing
Optical trapping and optical manipulation
Optomechanics
Fundamentals of light-matter interaction
Electron-beam spectroscopies and ultrafast electron microscopy
Terahertz photonics, including devices, imaging and spectroscopy

Abstracting and indexing
ACS Photonics is indexed in the following databases:

Chemical Abstracts Service – CASSI
Chemistry Citation Index
Science Citation Index Expanded
Current Contents – Engineering, Computing & Technology
Current Contents - Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
Scopus
MEDLINE/PubMed

According to the 2015 Journal Citation Reports published by Thomson Reuters on June 13, 2016, ACS Photonics has received its first impact factor of 5.404.  According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 7.077.

References

External links

Photonics
Optics journals
Nanotechnology journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2014
2014 establishments in the United States
Photonics


title: Robert W. Schroeder III

text:
Robert William Schroeder III (born June 1, 1966) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas.

Biography

Schroeder was born on June 1, 1966, in Texarkana, Texas. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1989 from the University of Arkansas at Little Rock. He received a Juris Doctor in 1994 from the American University Washington College of Law. From 1995 to 1996, he served as Assistant Counsel to the President of the United States and in 1997 he served as Associate Counsel to the President. He served as a law clerk to Judge Richard S. Arnold of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit from 1997 to 1999. From 1999 to 2014, he worked at the law firm of Patton, Tidwell, Schroeder & Culbertson, LLP, in Texarkana and its predecessor firm, becoming partner in 2003. He handled complex civil litigation in Federal and State courts.

Federal judicial service

On June 26, 2014, President Barack Obama nominated Schroeder to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, to the seat vacated by Judge David Folsom, who retired on March 17, 2012. He received a hearing before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary for September 9, 2014. On November 20, 2014 his nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote. On Saturday, December 13, 2014 Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid filed a motion to invoke cloture on the nomination. On December 16, 2014, Reid withdrew his cloture motion on Schroeder's nomination, and the Senate proceeded to vote to confirm Schroeder in a voice vote. He received his federal judicial commission on December 19, 2014.

Patent litigation expertise
By virtue of being one of two active Article III U.S. District Court Judges handling the voluminous patent cases filed in Marshall, Texas and Tyler, Texas, and the fact that former Judge Leonard Davis (retired in 2015) left a district court judgeship vacancy in Tyler, Judge Schroeder is the second most active patent judge in the nation, and deals with the second highest number of patent cases under Judge J. Rodney Gilstrap in Marshall.

Among Judge Schroeder's notable patent cases include the VirnetX v. Apple lawsuit, where in 2017 Virnetx won a $302 million verdict against Apple, with $137 in enhanced fees and damages, totaling to a damages award near $439 million. A previous version of the case in 2016 resulted in a verdict of $625 million that Apple had to pay VirnetX. However, that verdict was voided by Judge Schroeder, which led to the 2017 retrial.

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
21st-century American judges
Judges of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
People from Texarkana, Texas
Texas lawyers
United States district court judges appointed by Barack Obama
University of Arkansas at Little Rock alumni
Washington College of Law alumni


title: Valiant Hearts

text:
Valiant Hearts may refer to:
Valiant Hearts: The Great War, 2014 puzzle adventure video game
Cœurs Vaillants ("Brave Hearts"), 1929–1981 Catholic French language weekly newspaper for French children
"O Valiant Hearts", hymn often used in Remembrance services


title: Museo Civico Filangieri

text:
The Museo Civico Filangieri ("Filangieri civic museum") is an eclectic collection of artworks, coins, and books assembled in the nineteenth century by Gaetano Filangieri, prince of Satriano, who gave it to the city of Naples as a museum. It is housed in his former palace, Palazzo Cuomo (or Como) on Via Duomo, by the church of San Severo al Pendino.

History

Palazzo Cuomo is in Renaissance style with an ashlar stone façade. It was built between 1464 and 1490 by the Florentine Giuliano da Maiano for a wealthy merchant, Angelo Como (or Cuomo). It was sold in 1587 and was incorporated into an adjacent monastery.  In 1881–82, during the urban renewal of Naples, the entire building was dismantled and moved back some 20 meters to widen the street. The museum was inaugurated in 1888 by Gaetano Filangieri Junior (1824–92), principe di Satriano. Much of the collection was destroyed by the retreating German troops during September 1943. Since then works from other Neapolitan sites were subsequently incorporated to form a new collection. In recent decades, the museum has often been plagued with extended closures. Many of the exhibits are temporarily on display in the Maschio Angioino.

Among the artists with paintings in the Museum are Jusepe de Ribera, Bernardino Luini, Fedele Fischetti, Francesco Solimena, Francesco Jerace, Lorenzo Vaccaro, Filippo Tagliolini, Gesualdo Gatti, and Luca della Robbia.

References

Art museums established in 1888
Palaces in Naples
15th-century establishments in Italy
Renaissance architecture in Naples
Art museums and galleries in Naples
1888 establishments in Italy


title: Direction générale des études et de la documentation

text:
The General Directorate for Studies and Documentation (, DGED) is the foreign intelligence agency of Morocco, under authority of the Administration for National Defense. It is officially tasked with maintaining national security and the safety of national institutions.

The current general director of the DGED is Mohammed Yassine Mansouri, who studied with Mohammed VI at the Royal College and previously ran Maghreb Arabe Press. Mansouri was appointed to the position by Mohammed VI on February 14, 2005. The agency collaborates often with its internal counterpart, the DGST.

History
The DGED was created on January 12, 1973 under a Royal Dahir, in the aftermath of two failed coups against Hassan II. It was modeled after the now-defunct French Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage. The directorate was run by Ahmed Dlimi until his death in 1983. Dlimi previously ran the CAB-1, a political police unit during the Years of Lead that later became the DGST. Following Dlimi's death, General Abdelhak El Kadiri headed the DGED until his retirement in 2001. Following El Kadiri's retirement, Ahmed Harchi was appointed as the head of the DGED in July 2001. Mohammed Yassine Mansouri named the general director of the DGED by King Mohammed VI on February 14, 2005, becoming the first civilian to hold the title.

The DGED caused controversy following the 2003 Casablanca bombings for its help in the arrest and conviction of six high-ranking politicians in the Justice and Development Party for complicity in the bombings. A reporter for Al-Manar, a TV station affiliated with Hezbollah was also convicted under the same charges.

In a 2009 interview, Mohammed Yassine Mansouri claimed that the spread of Wahhabism and Shia Islam by Saudi Arabia and Iran as a threat, claiming that both ideologies were aggressive. In the same interview, Mansouri also claimed that Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb was seen a major threat by Morocco.

In 2014, a Twitter account named @chris_coleman24, probably controlled by the French DGSE, leaked documents and emails between Moroccan consulates and the DGED, the user claimed that their goal was to "destabilize Morocco". Arrêt sur Images claimed that some of the documents leaked by the user were falsified. Morocco's Ministry of Foreign Affairs accused "pro-Polisario organizations" with the complicity of the Algerian government of running the Twitter account. Algérie Presse Service claims that the user was a "famous American hacker".

In 2017, the French IGPN arrested an officer of the French Border Police for allegedly giving the DGED files on up to 200 people marked under a Fiche S, France's indicator for people deemed a threat to national security. In 2021, the IGPN claimed that members of the DGED had infiltrated the French Council of the Muslim Faith.

Activities
The DGED states its official mission as "participating in maintaining the security of the kingdom, the state and its institutions". According to a 2003 report by Maroc Hebdo, the DGED has 4,000 employees total, 60% of which are members of the Royal Armed Forces, the remaining being civilians. According to the same report, 5% of DGED employees are women, and there are an estimated 250 to 300 agents abroad working for the DGED. Mohamed Reda Taoujni, previous owner of the journal Assahra Al Ousbouiya, claimed that the DGED controlled his journal and had published articles to the journal and its online counterpart through pseudonyms.

The DGED collaborates with foreign services in security and terrorism-related affairs, including exchange of information regarding specific Moroccans targeted by foreign services.

According to Ali Lmrabet, the DGED was reported to have staff in consulates and embassies of Morocco, hence benefiting from diplomatic immunity. Lmrabet adds that the DGED used journalists working for the Maghreb Arabe Press as agents, and journalists were allegedly tasked with sending wires to the DGED containing information they gathered.

References

Government of Morocco
Moroccan intelligence agencies
Law enforcement in Morocco
1973 establishments in Morocco


title: 2/10th Field Regiment (Australia)

text:
The 2/10th Field Regiment was an Australian Army artillery regiment formed in mid-1940 as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force during World War II. The regiment was deployed to Malaya in 1941, taking part there in the military actions against the Japanese, and then deployed to Singapore in early 1942. When the garrison was surrendered, the majority of the regiment were taken prisoner and remained in captivity until the end of the war in August 1945.

History
Raised as part of the 8th Division, the regiment was formed at Redbank, Queensland. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel G.H. Kirkwood, the regiment initially consisted of two batteries of First World War-vintage 18-pounders; these were designated as the 19th and 20th Batteries. Later, in January 1941, the regiment was expanded to a third battery, initially designated as X Battery before being redesignated as the 60th. The following month, the regiment moved by rail to Sydney, where they embarked for overseas, deploying to Malaya, where they joined the 22nd Brigade Group, which had been sent to help bolster the British garrison. When the regiment deployed, it also possessed some 4.5-inch howitzers.

Initially based in Malacca and Tranquerah, the regiment later moved to Mersing on the east coast, where the 22nd Brigade took up defensive positions. A period of training followed, including a brigade level exercise, although the effectiveness of this training was limited due to self imposed peace-time restrictions that precluded realistic training. In November 1941, Lieutenant Colonel A.W. Walsh assumed command of the regiment.

During the initial fighting in the Malayan Campaign  after the Japanese invasion on 8 December, the regiment was not actively engaged. In early January 1942, they were re-equipped with 25-pounders and on 21 January they provided support for Australian troops fighting around the Mersing–Endau Road.  For the rest of the month, the regiment participated in further actions as the British and Commonwealth troops were forced back along the Malay Peninsula towards Johore. On 27 January, the regiment took part in a fighting withdrawal from the east coast, supporting the 22nd Brigade; during this action, the 2/10th was heavily engaged, firing 900 rounds in the first hour alone.

In early February, after withdrawing across the Johore Causeway to Singapore Island, the two Australian brigades – the 22nd and 27th – took up defensive positions, the 22nd in the western sector and the 27th in the north in preparation for a Japanese assault. Within the defensive plan, the 2/10th was responsible for covering the causeway sector. Around this time, the regiment had twenty-four 25-pounder field guns and six 4.5-inch howitzers. On 8 February, the Japanese assault came from across the Johore Strait, falling predominately upon the 22nd Brigade's positions. Prior to the attack, the regiment had formed an extra troop of guns equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers as well spare 18-pounders, and during the assault these were used to fire on sampans carrying Japanese troops across the water. Although they sunk over 30 of them, the defenders were overwhelmed and pushed back inland. Over the course of the next week, the regiment was heavily engaged, firing thousands of rounds and continuing to fire its guns until the end of the campaign, which ended when the British garrison commander, Lieutenant General Arthur Percival, ordered a surrender. During the fighting on Singapore, the regiment lost six killed, 18 wounded and three missing.

After this, the regiment's personnel became prisoners of war. Over the next three-and-a-half years, they were scattered throughout the Pacific to camps in Singapore, Malaya, Borneo, Thailand, Burma, Taiwan and Japan. Subjected to poor conditions and used for hard labour, many of the 834 men from the 2/10th who were captured were killed or died in captivity; a total of 270 men; before being freed when the war ended in August 1945. The regiment's casualties during the war amounted to 286 killed and 16 wounded.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Artillery regiments of Australia
Military units and formations established in 1940
1940 establishments in Australia
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1945 disestablishments in Australia
R