title: Refractive index and extinction coefficient of thin film materials

text:
A. R. Forouhi and I. Bloomer deduced dispersion equations for the refractive index, n, and extinction coefficient, k, which were published in 1986 and 1988. The 1986 publication relates to amorphous materials, while the 1988 publication relates to crystalline. Subsequently, in 1991, their work was included as a chapter in “The Handbook of Optical Constants”. The Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations describe how photons of varying energies interact with thin films. When used with a spectroscopic reflectometry tool, the Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations specify n and k for amorphous and crystalline materials as a function of photon energy E. Values of n and k as a function of photon energy, E, are referred to as the spectra of n and k, which can also be expressed as functions of the wavelength of light, λ, since E = HC/λ. The symbol h represents Planck’s constant and c, the speed of light in vacuum. Together, n and k are often referred to as the “optical constants” of a material (though they are not constants since their values depend on photon energy).

The derivation of the Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations is based on obtaining an expression for k as a function of photon energy, symbolically written as k(E), starting from first principles quantum mechanics and solid state physics. An expression for n as a function of photon energy, symbolically written as n(E), is then determined from the expression for k(E) in accordance to the Kramers–Kronig relations which states that n(E) is the Hilbert transform of k(E).

The Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations for n(E) and k(E) of amorphous materials are given as:

The five parameters A, B, C, Eg, and n(∞) each have physical significance. Eg is the optical energy band gap of the material. A, B, and C depend on the band structure of the material. They are positive constants such that 4C-B2 > 0. Finally, n(∞), a constant greater than unity, represents the value of n at E = ∞. The parameters B0 and C0 in the equation for n(E) are not independent parameters, but depend on A, B, C, and Eg. They are given by:

where

Thus, for amorphous materials, a total of five parameters are sufficient to fully describe the dependence of both n and k on photon energy, E.

For crystalline materials which have multiple peaks in their n and k spectra, the Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations can be extended as follows:

The number of terms in each sum, q, is equal to the number of peaks in the n and k spectra of the material. Every term in the sum has its own values of the parameters A, B, C, Eg, as well as its own values of B0 and C0. Analogous to the amorphous case, the terms all have physical significance.

Characterizing thin films
The refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) are related to the interaction between a material and incident light, and are associated with refraction and absorption (respectively). They can be considered as the “fingerprint of the material". Thin film material coatings on various substrates provide important functionalities for the microfabrication industry, and the n, k, as well as the thickness, t, of these thin film constituents must be measured and controlled to allow for repeatable manufacturing.

The Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations for n and k were originally expected to apply to semiconductors and dielectrics, whether in amorphous, polycrystalline, or crystalline states. However, they have been shown to describe the n and k spectra of transparent conductors, as well as metallic compounds. The formalism for crystalline materials was found to also apply to polymers, which consist of long chains of molecules that do not form a crystallographic structure in the classical sense.

Other dispersion models that can be used to derive n and k, such as the Tauc–Lorentz model, can be found in the literature. Two well-known models—Cauchy and Sellmeier—provide empirical expressions for n valid over a limited measurement range, and are only useful for non-absorbing films where k=0. Consequently, the Forouhi–Bloomer formulation has been used for measuring thin films in various applications.

In the following discussions, all variables of photon energy, E, will be described in terms of wavelength of light, λ, since experimentally variables involving thin films are typically measured over a spectrum of wavelengths. The n and k spectra of a thin film cannot be measured directly, but must be determined indirectly from measurable quantities that depend on them. Spectroscopic reflectance, R(λ), is one such measurable quantity. Another, is spectroscopic transmittance, T(λ), applicable when the substrate is transparent. Spectroscopic reflectance of a thin film on a substrate represents the ratio of the intensity of light reflected from the sample to the intensity of incident light, measured over a range of wavelengths, whereas spectroscopic transmittance, T(λ), represents the ratio of the intensity of light transmitted through the sample to the intensity of incident light, measured over a range of wavelengths; typically, there will also be a reflected signal, R(λ), accompanying T(λ).

The measurable quantities, R(λ) and T(λ) depend not only on n(λ) and k(λ) of the film, but also on film thickness, t, and n(λ) and k(λ) of the substrate. For a silicon substrate, the n(λ) and k(λ) values are known and are taken as a given input. The challenge of characterizing thin films involves extracting t, n(λ) and k(λ) of the film from the measurement of R(λ) and/or T(λ). This can be achieved by combining the Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations for n(λ) and k(λ) with the Fresnel equations for the reflection and transmission of light at an interface to obtain theoretical, physically valid, expressions for reflectance and transmittance. In so doing, the challenge is reduced to extracting the five parameters A, B, C, Eg, and n(∞) that constitute n(λ) and k(λ), along with film thickness, t, by utilizing a nonlinear least squares regression analysis fitting procedure. The fitting procedure entails an iterative improvement of the values of A, B, C, Eg, n(∞), t, in order to reduce the sum of the squares of the errors between the theoretical R(λ) or theoretical T(λ) and the measured spectrum of R(λ) or T(λ).

Besides spectroscopic reflectance and transmittance, spectroscopic ellipsometry can also be used in an analogous way to characterize thin films and determine t, n(λ) and k(λ).

Measurement examples
The following examples show the versatility of using the Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations to characterize thin films utilizing a tool based on near-normal incident spectroscopic reflectance. Near-normal spectroscopic transmittance is also utilized when the substrate is transparent. The n(λ) and k(λ) spectra of each film are obtained along with film thickness, over a wide range of wavelengths from deep ultraviolet to near infrared wavelengths (190–1000 nm).

In the following examples, the notation for theoretical and measured reflectance in the spectral plots is expressed as “R-theor” and “R-meas”, respectively.

Below are schematics depicting the thin film measurement process:

The Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations in combination with Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis (RCWA) have also been used to obtain detailed profile information (depth, CD, sidewall angle) of trench structures. In order to extract structure information, polarized broadband reflectance data, Rs and Rp, must be collected over a large wavelength range from a periodic structure (grating), and then analyzed with a model that incorporates Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations and RCWA. Inputs into the model include grating pitch and n and k spectra of all materials within the structure, while outputs can include Depth, CDs at multiple locations, and even sidewall angle. The n and k spectra of such materials can be obtained in accordance with the methodology described in this section for thin film measurements.

Below are schematics depicting the measurement process for trench structures. Examples of trench measurements then follow.

Example 1: Amorphous silicon on oxidized silicon substrate (a-Si/SiO2/Si-Sub)

Example 1 shows one broad maximum in the n(λ) and k(λ) spectra of the a-Si film, as is expected for amorphous materials. As a material transitions toward crystallinity, the broad maximum gives way to several sharper peaks in its n(λ) and k(λ) spectra, as demonstrated in the graphics.

When the measurement involves two or more films in a stack of films, the theoretical expression for reflectance must be expanded to include the n(λ) and k(λ) spectra, plus thickness, t, of each film. However, the regression may not converge to unique values of the parameters, due to the non-linear nature of the expression for reflectance. So it is helpful to eliminate some of the unknowns . For example, the n(λ) and k(λ) spectra of one or more of the films may be known from the literature or previous measurements, and held fixed (not allowed to vary) during the regression. To obtain the results shown in Example 1, the n(λ) and k(λ) spectra of the SiO2 layer was fixed, and the other parameters, n(λ) and k(λ) of a-Si, plus thicknesses of both a-Si and SiO2 were allowed to vary.

Example 2: 248 nm photoresist on silicon substrate (PR/Si-Sub)

Polymers such as photoresist consist of long chains of molecules which do not form a crystallographic structure in the classic sense. However, their n(λ) and k(λ) spectra exhibit several sharp peaks rather than a broad maximum expected for non-crystalline materials. Thus, the measurement results for a polymer are based on the Forouhi–Bloomer formulation for crystalline materials. Most of the structure in the n(λ) and k(λ) spectra occurs in the deep UV wavelength range and thus to properly characterize a film of this nature, it is necessary that the measured reflectance data in the deep UV range is accurate.

The figure shows a measurement example of a photoresist (polymer) material used for 248 nm micro-lithography. Six terms were used in the Forouhi–Bloomer equations for crystalline materials to fit the data and achieve the results.

Example 3: Indium tin oxide on glass substrate (ITO/Glass-Sub)

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a conducting material with the unusual property that it is transparent, so it is widely used in the flat panel display industry. Reflectance and transmittance measurements of the uncoated glass substrate were needed in order to determine the previously unknown n(λ) and k(λ) spectra of the glass. The reflectance and transmittance of ITO deposited on the same glass substrate were then measured simultaneously, and analyzed using the Forouhi–Bloomer equations.

As expected, the k(λ) spectrum of ITO is zero in the visible wavelength range, since ITO is transparent. The behavior of the k(λ) spectrum of ITO in the near-infrared (NIR) and infrared (IR) wavelength ranges resembles that of a metal: non-zero in the NIR range of 750–1000 nm (difficult to discern in the graphics since its values are very small) and reaching a maximum value in the IR range (λ>1000 nm). The average k value of the ITO film in the NIR and IR range is 0.05.

Example 4: Multi-spectral analysis of germanium (40%)–selenium (60%) thin films

When dealing with complex films, in some instances the parameters cannot be resolved uniquely. To constrain the solution to a set of unique values, a technique involving multi-spectral analysis can be used. In the simplest case, this entails depositing the film on two different substrates and then simultaneously analyzing the results using the Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations.

For example, the single measurement of reflectance in 190–1000 nm range of Ge40Se60/Si does not provide unique n(λ) and k(λ) spectra of the film. However, this problem can be solved by depositing the same Ge40Se60 film on another substrate, in this case oxidized silicon, and then simultaneously analyzing the measured reflectance data to determine:

Thickness of the Ge40Se60/Si film on the silicon substrate as 34.5nm,
Thickness of the Ge40Se60/Si film on the oxidized silicon substrate as 33.6nm,
Thickness of SiO2 (with n and k spectra of SiO2 held fixed), and
n and k spectra, in 190–1000 nm range, of Ge40Se60/Si.

Example 5: Complex trench structure

The trench structure depicted in the adjacent diagram repeats itself in 160 nm intervals, that is, it has a given pitch of 160 nm. The trench is composed of the following materials:

Accurate n and k values of these materials are necessary in order to analyze the structure. Often a blanket area on the trench sample with the film of interest is present for the measurement. In this example, the reflectance spectrum of the poly-silicon was measured on a blanket area containing the poly-silicon, from which its n and k spectra were determined in accordance with the methodology described in this article that utilizes the Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations. Fixed tables of n and k values were used for the SiO2 and Si3N4 films.

Combining the n and k spectra of the films with Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis (RCWA) the following critical parameters were determined (with measured results as well):

References

Light
Thin films
Semiconductors
Refraction
Metrology


title: Norðfjörður Airport

text:
Norðfjörður Airport  is an airport serving Neskaupstaður, Iceland. The town is on the Norðfjörður fjord.

The Nordfjordur non-directional beacon (Ident: NF) is located on the field.

Statistics

Passengers and movements

See also
 Transport in Iceland
 List of airports in Iceland

Notes

References

 Google Earth

External links
 OurAirports - Norðfjörður
 Norðfjörður Airport
 OpenStreetMap - Norðfjörður

Airports in Iceland


title: List of Club Brugge KV captains

text:
Club Brugge KV is a football club based in Bruges in Belgium. It was founded in 1891 and is one of the top clubs in Belgium.

List of club captains
Below is a list of former club captains in the history of Club Brugge KV
  Jan Ceulemans (1986–91)
  Franky Van der Elst (1991–99)
  Vital Borkelmans (1999-00)
  Gert Verheyen (2000–02)
  Dany Verlinden (2002–04)
  Timmy Simons (2004–05)
  Gert Verheyen (2005–06)
  Sven Vermant (2006–08)
  Philippe Clement (2008–09)
  Stijn Stijnen (2009–10)
  Carl Hoefkens (2010–12)
  Ryan Donk (2012–13)
  Timmy Simons (2013–17)
  Ruud Vormer (2017–22)
  Hans Vanaken (2022–)

References

External links

Club Brugge KV
Club Brugge
1891 establishments


title: The Negative One

text:
"The Negative One" is a song by American heavy metal band Slipknot. Released on August 1, 2014, it was the band's first new song since the death of bassist Paul Gray in 2010 and the 2013 firing of drummer Joey Jordison. An accompanying music video premiered on Slipknot's official website on August 5, 2014; however, no band members were featured. Vocalist Corey Taylor told BBC Radio 1 that he saw the song as more of a "gift to the fans" than a regular single though it was still released as a digital single on iTunes and many other digital music retailers.

Reception
The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2015.

Background
Before the release of this single, on February 27, 2014, all of the band's social media outlets were blacked out with no reason given. Later on, the band released small few second teasers for the new album each day, which turned out to be clips from the official video along with samples from the song.

Musical style
"The Negative One" returns to a more aggressive and chaotic sound, similar to the sound of Iowa and the self-titled debut album. Among others, it contains double-bass attacks and stomping percussion strikes combined with fast riffs, shrieking samples, and continuous aggressive shouting and screaming by Corey Taylor. The drumming was compared to the style of Lamb of God's Chris Adler, which led some to the question if he was the new drummer for Slipknot, although Adler said the rumor was incorrect.

Music video
The video was released on the band's official website via a private YouTube link after a countdown on their official site timed out on August 5. The next day, the video was made publicly available. Directed by Shawn Crahan, the music video features two women performing various acts along with props paying homage to some of Slipknot's earlier work. It does not feature any of the band members.

This was the band's first NSFW video on YouTube and must have an account with 18+ years of age to watch. The video was whitelisted when first released, but now the link is public. However, age verification is still required.

As of August 2022, the song has 25 million views on YouTube.

Track listing

Personnel
(#0) Sid Wilson – turntables
(#3) Chris Fehn – Percussion, backing vocals
(#4) Jim Root – guitars
(#5) Craig Jones – keyboards, samples, media
(#6) Shawn Crahan – percussion
(#7) Mick Thomson – guitars
(#8) Corey Taylor – vocals
Jay Weinberg – drums
Alessandro Venturella or Donnie Steele – bass

Charts

References

2014 singles
Slipknot (band) songs
2014 songs
Roadrunner Records singles
Songs written by Corey Taylor
Songs written by Jim Root
Thrash metal songs


title: Angus Fletcher

text:
Angus Fletcher was a British businessman and member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.

Fletcher was made Justice of the Peace in 1855. He was appointed member of the Legislative Council on 10 December 1860 in room of George Lyall who resigned on leaving Hong Kong. He resigned his seat on the Legislative Council in 1862 and subsequently replaced by Charles Wilson Murray.

References

Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
British expatriates in Hong Kong
19th-century British businesspeople


title: Beyond a Joke

text:
Beyond a Joke may refer to:

Beyond a Joke (1972 TV series), a British comedy sketch programme
"Beyond a Joke" (Red Dwarf), a 1997 television episode of Red Dwarf
Beyond a Joke (2009 TV series), a British documentary series
Beyond a Joke: Inside the Dark World of Stand-up Comedy, a non-fiction book by Bruce Dessau


title: Nenjangal

text:
Nenjangal () is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language film, directed by Major Sundarrajan and produced by Vijayakumar. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, Lakshmi, Manjula and Vijayakumar. It was released on 10 December 1982.

Plot

Cast
Sivaji Ganesan
Lakshmi
Manjula
Vijayakumar
Jyothi
Baby Meena
Y.G. Mahendran
Major Sundarrajan
Thengai Srinivasan
Thiagarajan
Sudarshan as Bairava

Production
When Vijayakumar was in search of a child actress to portray Ganesan's daughter, he found Meena and approached her mother to let her daughter act in the film to which she agreed.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Shankar–Ganesh and lyrics of the songs were penned by Vaali.

Reception
Thiraignani of Kalki felt it is carelessness on the part of the director to trivialise the story which should have been taken seriously.

References

External links

1980s Tamil-language films
1982 films
Films directed by Major Sundarrajan
Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh


title: Li Ziyang

text:
Li Ziyang (born September 23, 1996) is a Chinese male acrobatic gymnast. Along with his partner, Zhang Shaolong, he finished 5th in the 2014 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships.

References

1996 births
Living people
Chinese acrobatic gymnasts
Male acrobatic gymnasts


55th (Kent) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery was a volunteer air defence unit of Britain's Territorial Army from 1925 until 1955. In World War II it defended the Thames Estuary, Medway Towns and Dover during The Blitz and later served in Iraq and North Africa. It then supported British Eighth Army and US Fifth Army during the Sicily and Italian campaigns until the end of the war.

Origin
German air raids by Zeppelin airships and Gotha bombers on British cities during World War I had shown the need for strong anti-aircraft (AA) defences in any future war. When the Territorial Army (TA) was reformed in the 1920s it began raising five dedicated AA units of the Royal Artillery (RA). The last of these was 55th (Kent) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, raised in January 1925 at Tonbridge, Kent (later at Tunbridge Wells) with headquarters at Fort Clarence in Rochester. For a number of years the regiment consisted of this single battery (which was redesignated 163 (Kent) Bty in April 1936) and in turn formed the only unit of 28th Air Defence Brigade. In 1935 it was joined by the independent 166th (City of Rochester) AA Battery, which had been converted from a coastal defence battery (of Kent Heavy Bde RA) in 1932. One further subunit was added to 55 AA Bde in 1936 when 205th (Chatham & Faversham) AA Battery was transferred from 58 (Kent) AA Brigade, which had been formed the previous year by conversion of an existing Medium Regiment RA.

As Britain's AA defences expanded during the 1930s, higher formations became necessary. 1st AA Division was formed to cover London and the Home Counties in 1935, and 55 AA Bde was assigned to 28th (Thames and Medway) AA Group based at Kitchener Barracks, Chatham.

On 1 January 1939 the RA replaced its traditional unit designation 'Brigade' by the modern 'Regiment', which allowed the 'AA Groups' to take the more usual formation title of 'Brigades'. On 1 April 1939, as part of the doubling of the strength of the TA after the Munich Crisis, 205 Battery left the regiment to provide the basis of a new 89th (Cinque Ports) AA Regiment, and two new batteries were formed, 307 at Tunbridge Wells, and 308 at Rochester. During 1939 a new 6th AA Division was formed to be responsible for the air defence of the Thames Estuary, Essex, and North Kent, and 28 AA Bde including 55th (Kent) AA Regt was transferred to this new formation before the outbreak of war.

World War II

Mobilisation and Phoney War

The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October. In February 1939 the existing AA defences came under the control of a new Anti-Aircraft Command. In June, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations.

Opportunities for action were rare during the Phoney War, but on the night of 22/23 November 1939 the HAA guns of 28 AA Bde ('Thames South') combined with those on the other bank of the river ('Thames North') to engage at least two enemy mine-laying aircraft that had strayed into the mouth of the Estuary. By 11 July 1940, the Thames South AA layout operated by 28 AA Bde had a total of 70 HAA guns (3.7-inch and 4.5-inch).

On 1 June 1940, along with other AA units equipped with the older 3-inch and newer 3.7-inch AA guns, the 55th was designated a Heavy AA Regiment. 55 (Kent) HAA Regt operated as part of 28 AA Bde guarding the Thames, Chatham and Dover in 6 AA Division.

Battle of Britain
The Thames South guns were heavily engaged throughout the Battle of Britain. On 18 August, for example, German air raids appeared over RAF airfields at West Malling, Manston, Kenley, Biggin Hill, Gravesend and the town of Sevenoaks, all within four and a half hours in the afternoon. The guns of 28 AA Bde and its neighbours were in action and accounted for 23 enemy aircraft. Four days later a mass raid flew up the Thames Estuary to attack RAF Hornchurch on the Essex shore: the raid was broken up by the Thames guns, and then the fighters of No. 11 Group RAF attacked. Follow-up raids were marked for the fighters by 'pointer' rounds of HAA fire. On 1 September over 200 aircraft attacked Maidstone, Biggin Hill, Kenley and Chatham: in joint action with the fighters, the guns broke up the formations and shot down four aircraft, but the airfields at Biggin Hill and Kenley were badly hit. Next day a mass raid arrived over the Medway and flew up the Thames towards Hornchurch. They came under heavy fire from the 3.7s and 4.5s of Thames South and Thames North and 15 were shot down before the fighters took over. On 7 September heavy raids up the estuary attacked oil wharves at Thameshaven, Tilbury Docks and Woolwich Arsenal: a total of 25 aircraft were destroyed by AA guns and fighters. On 15 September, remembered as the zenith of the battle, the guns of 28 AA Bde were in prolonged combat, especially with aircraft over Chatham in the morning, and again in the afternoon.

The Blitz

After 15 September the intensity of Luftwaffe day raids declined rapidly, and it began a prolonged night bombing campaign over London and industrial towns (The Blitz). This meant that 28 Bde's guns were in action night after night as the bomber streams approached the London Inner Artillery Zone, but even with the assistance of searchlights, the effectiveness of HAA fire and fighters was greatly diminished in the darkness. By the start of the Blitz Thames South had a planned layout of 25 HAA sites (of which only 16 were occupied). It ran from Dartford to Chatham, where there was a strongly defended area containing the naval dockyards at Chatham and Sheerness and the aircraft factory at Rochester. The Blitz ended in May 1941.

Mid-War
The regiment provided the cadre for a new 418 HAA Bty, which formed on 10 April 1941 at 205th HAA Training Rgt, Arborfield, and joined 55th HAA Rgt on 7 July. It also provided the cadre for 462 HAA Bty formed on 7 August 1941 at 205th HAA Training Rgt, which joined 133rd (Mixed) HAA Rgt on 10 September. ('Mixed' regiments were those where women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) were integrated into the unit.) In June 1941, 308 Bty left the regiment on its way to West Africa Command to join 2nd HAA Rgt, West African Artillery.

In the autumn of 1941 the regiment left 28 AA Bde (leaving behind 418 Bty, which joined 59th (Essex Regiment) HAA Rgt) and briefly joined 34th (South Midland) AA Bde covering Birmingham and Coventry in 11th AA Division. However it soon left AA Command and became part of the War Office Reserve.

Middle East
The regiment left the UK in September 1942 and went by sea via Cape Town to Iraq, where in November it joined 'PAIFORCE' (GHQ Persia and Iraq).

55 HAA Regiment left Iraq in April 1943 to move to North Africa, where it came under command of Middle East Forces.

Sicily
In July 1943 the regiment was assigned to 15th Army Group for the Allied invasion of Sicily. For the initial landings on 10 July, 55 HAA Rgt's three batteries were allotted to beach groups of XXX Corps arriving during the first morning, but regiments were mixed up and no overall AA HQ was landed, so a great deal of reorganisation was required during the first two days of the operation. The lightweight No 3 Mark III ('Baby Maggie') mobile gunlaying radar sets proved too fragile for landing over an open beach. Also, radio and telephone communications could not be established, and Allied airborne formations overflying the beachheads to their drop zones suffered badly from friendly fire. As Eighth Army advanced up the east coast of the island during July, batteries of 55 HAA Rgt were stationed to defend the port of Augusta, where it reported daily attacks by Messerschmitt Bf 109s and nightly attacks by Junkers Ju 88s operating from 28,000 to 30,000 feet. At Augusta, 55 HAA Rgt came under the command of 73 AA Bde, while 307th Bty back at Syracuse was under 62 AA Bde.

Italy
During the invasion of mainland Italy in late 1943, beginning the Italian Campaign, 55 HAA Rgt at first remained in Sicily defending Augusta. Later, as the Allied armies advanced, the AA units followed to protect vital airfields and ports in the rear. 55th HAA Regiment crossed to Italy to join 52 AA Bde stationed at the airfield complex around Foggia. It later moved to 66 AA Bde supporting the advance of US Fifth Army particularly the Salerno bridgehead and airfields. After the breakout from Anzio in May 1944, 66 AA Bde took over that area, and then followed Fifth Army up the west coast through Rome until it reached Livorno, where 55 HAA Rgt defended the important supply port. During the winter of 1944–45, 55th HAA Rgt was transferred to 12 AA Bde, supporting British Eighth Army.

The Luftwaffe 's strength in Italy growing weaker, AA defence became less important and Eighth Army's HAA guns were increasingly used in the medium artillery role to support the ground troops. The effectiveness and accuracy of the 3.7-inch gun and the ample supply of AA ammunition made HAA units a useful addition for the artillery commanders. They were required to find and train their own men for unfamiliar work in Observation Posts (OPs) and Command Posts. Counter-bombardment, defensive fire and harassing fire programmes were carried out, and firing airbursts above entrenchments, and destroying hard targets such as buildings became specialities of the HAA gunners. 55 HAA Regiment spent months of the Italian campaign engaged in this way as corps medium artillery, often working with Air OP spotters. As a result, 55 HAA Rgt escaped the disbandment that befell many other AA units as the war drew to a close. By January 1945 it was with 12 AA Bde around Forlì. 12 Bde's remaining units were spread thinly to defend a large number of roads, ports and railheads for Eighth Army and landing grounds for the Desert Air Force. Luftwaffe intrusions were rare, but from April were increasingly made by jet aircraft which were difficult AA targets (the necessary advanced radar, predictors, fuse setters etc all being sent to AA units in North West Europe to deal with V-1 flying bombs). The regiment was still serving in Italy when the Surrender of Caserta was signed on 29 April 1945.

55th HAA Rgt with 163, 166 and 307 Btys was officially placed in suspended animation on 15 February 1946, but actually was retained as a cadre on 1 March.

Postwar

73 HAA Regiment
The war service personnel of 55 HAA Rgt continued under the old regimental and battery numbers until 1 April 1947 when they were redesignated 73 HAA Regiment in the Regular Army with the batteries reorganised as follows:
 163 HAA Bty disbanded to resuscitate 86 Bty of 72/86 Field Bty, renumbered as 191 HAA Bty
 166 HAA Bty disbanded to resuscitate 91 Bty of 49/91 Field Bty, renumbered as 196 HAA Bty
 306 HAA Bty disbanded to resuscitate 92 Bty of 26/92 Field Bty, renumbered as 197 HAA Bty
This regiment and its batteries were reduced to cadre on 20 December 1954 and 191 Bty (and probably the others) was placed in suspended animation on 1 February 1955. All the batteries were officially disbanded on 1 January 1962.

455 (Kent) HAA Regiment
The TA regiment was officially placed in suspended animation on 1 January 1947 and concurrently reformed at home as 455 (Kent) (Mixed) HAA Rgt (Mixed because it included members of the Women's Royal Army Corps). It was at first assigned to 54 (Thames & Medway) AA Bde (the former 28 AA Bde), but that formation was soon disbanded. On 1 August 1950 the regiment was briefly redesignated 455 (Kent) (Mixed) AA Fort Regiment (Thames Estuary), consisting of 'P' Battery and 'Q', 'R' and 'S' AA Forts, but it reverted to its previous title on 24 November the same year.

After AA Command disbanded on 1 March 1955, 455 HAA Rgt also began to disband, and this was completed by 1 July 1955.

Honorary Colonels
The following officers served as Honorary Colonels of the regiment:
 Col Sir Osmond E. d'Avigdor-Goldsmid, Bt – appointed 3 February 1932
 Col J. Egginton, OBE, TD  – appointed 26 October 1935
 Lt-Col W.E.H. Cooke, OBE, TD  – appointed 19 January 1939

Footnotes

Notes

References
 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, .
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984, .

 Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992,
 Brig N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994,
 Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927 (also in Litchfield, Appendix IV).

Online sources
 British Army units from 1945 on (archive site)
 British Military History
 Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth (Regiments.org) - archive site
 Orders of Battle at Patriot Files
 The Royal Artillery 1939–45

Military units and formations established in 1925
Heavy anti-aircraft regiments of the Royal Artillery
Military units and formations in Kent


title: Let the People Sing (album)

text:
Let the People Sing is the fifth album by Irish folk and rebel band The Wolfe Tones. The album features a number of political songs including Come Out Ye Black and Tans and A Nation Once Again. James Connolly, is about the execution by firing squad of the socialist revolutionary after the Easter Rising of 1916. Whilst Long Kesh is a song which protests IRA imprisonment at Long Kesh prison. Sean South of Garryowen is rather controversial as it honours the legacy of  Irish Republican soldier Seán South who was a prominent fascist and anti-Semitic conspiracist.

Track listing
 The Snowy-Breasted Pearl
 Sean South of Garryowen
 Twice Daily
 James Connolly
 Don't Stop Me Now
 Taim in Arrears
 Come Out Ye Black and Tans
 On the One Road
 The Men Behind the Wire
 For Ireland, I'd Not Tell Her Name
 Paddy Lie Back
 First of May
 Long Kesh
 A Nation Once Again

References

The Wolfe Tones albums
1972 albums


title: Preston Bradley

text:
Preston Bradley (1888 – June 1, 1983) was an American clergyman, author, and lecturer.  He believed that ethics, religion, and economics could not be separated. As a follower of Henry George, he believed that ministers must be concerned with social justice, poverty, and civic wrongs.  This liberal ideology guided his life and he was viewed as a forceful liberal voice and a reformer. He was the founder and pastor of the Peoples Church in the Uptown Neighborhood of Chicago. Bradley was a civic leader who was active in Chicago in many areas, such as conservation, arts, racial issues, and education.

Bradley was on the Chicago Public Library Board for over 25 years.  Preston Bradley Hall, in the former main location of the Chicago Public Library, now the Chicago Cultural Center, is named for him.

Early life and religious affiliations
Bradley was born and raised in Linden, Michigan, in a conservative Christian home.  He attended Alma College and a Flint, Michigan law school. He worked as a weekend pastor while a student.  In 1911, he moved to Chicago to attend the conservative Moody Bible Institute.  After being ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1912, he left the church saying, "I am not orthodox about anything. I am thoroughly, completely, adequately, gloriously and triumphantly a heretic." He rejected Christian orthodoxy and became a Christian Unitarian. From 1912 until the founding of the People's Church in 1922, Bradley conducted Sunday services at a number of Chicago theaters.

Peoples Church
Peoples Church of Chicago called Bradley to be its pastor before 1914. He based his ministry on the creed of "the Good, the True and the Beautiful" and affiliating with the Unitarian Conference.  In 1926, the Church moved into its home at 941 W. Lawrence.  Bradley built the Church into a major Chicago institution with four thousand members.  His radio program reached millions of listeners. The Church continued to grow, adding new buildings.  It was "one of the most largely attended liberal churches in the world".  Bradley retired from the church in 1968, but continued to give sermons and radio programs until 1976.

Writer Irna Phillips, a lifelong Chicago resident, credited Bradley's radio sermons with inspiring her creation of the soap opera Guiding Light, which ran on radio and then on television for a total of 72 years.

Civic work and honorary degrees
Bradley  served on the boards of the  Chicago Public Library, and the Illinois State Teachers College and Normal School. He was a founder and president of the Izaak Walton League (a conservation group), a charter member of the Chicago Human Relations Commission, and a trustee of the Municipal Art League.

Bradley was granted many honorary degrees:  a D.C.L. from Hamilton College of Law (Chicago, Illinois), an L.L.D. from Lake Forest College (Lake Forest, Illinois), and a D.D. from Meadville Theological Seminary (Chicago, Illinois).

Personal life
Bradley married Grace Thayer in 1915.  She died in 1950.  Their adopted son, James, died in 1951.  Bradley married June Haslet in 1952.  (11 SPE) In 1976 he moved to Vermont, where he died June 1, 1983.

Works by Preston Bradley
Bradley was a prolific speaker and writer. Many of his sermons, radio programs and other writings are held at the University of Illinois, Chicago.  A list is available.  Following is a list of his books:
 Along the Way:  An Autobiography.  New York:  McKay, 1962
 Between You and Me.  Chicago:  Aspley House, 1967
 Courage for Today. Indianapolis:  Bobbs-Merrill, 1934
 Happiness Through Creative Living.  Garden City, New York:  Hanover House, 1955
 Life and You.  New York, London:  Harper & Brothers, 1939
 Mastering Fear.  Indianapolis:  Bobbs-Merrill, 1935
 Meditations and My Daily Strength.  New York:  Permabooks,  1950
 New Wealth for You.  New York:  Stokes, 1941
 Power from Right Thinking.  Indianapolis:  Bobbs-Merrill, 1936
 Was Abraham Lincoln a Christian? Peoria, IL: Edward J. Jacob, 1949

References

External links

American Unitarians
1888 births
1983 deaths
People from Genesee County, Michigan
People from Chicago


title: Chew Yiwei

text:
Chew Yiwei (born 16 October 1995 in Selangor) is a Malaysian former diver. He competed at the Commonwealth Games in 2014 and 2018, the Asian Games in 2014 and 2018, and the Southeast Asian Games in 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2021.

Retirement
Chew announced his resignation from the national diving team and retirement from competitive diving on 17 April 2023 to focus on his studies, where he is in the final year of Computer Science course.

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Selangor
Malaysian sportspeople of Chinese descent
Malaysian male divers
Commonwealth Games competitors for Malaysia
Divers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Divers at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Divers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games
Asian Games medalists in diving
Divers at the 2014 Asian Games
Divers at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games bronze medalists for Malaysia
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games
SEA Games gold medalists for Malaysia
SEA Games bronze medalists for Malaysia
SEA Games medalists in diving
Competitors at the 2013 SEA Games
Competitors at the 2015 SEA Games
Competitors at the 2017 SEA Games
Competitors at the 2019 SEA Games
Competitors at the 2021 SEA Games
21st-century Malaysian people


title: John M. Matthias

text:
John Marshall Matthias (1903–1973) was a Republican politician from Columbus, Ohio who served in the Ohio House of Representatives and followed his father as a justice of the Ohio Supreme Court, serving 1954 to 1970.

Matthias was the son of Edward Shiloh & Mary F. Crouch Matthias. He was born January 20, 1903, in Van Wert, Ohio. His family moved to Columbus, Ohio in 1915, when his father was elected to the Ohio Supreme Court. He graduated from The Ohio State University in 1928, attended both Ohio State University Law School and Franklin University Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1931.

From 1931 to 1939, Matthias was in private practice of law in Columbus, was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives from Franklin County, Ohio in 1934, lost re-election in 1936, but was elected again in 1938. He was elected to the Columbus Municipal Court in 1939, and was sworn in by his father on January 1, 1940. In 1944, Governor John W. Bricker appointed Matthias presiding judge of the Columbus Municipal Court, and he was elected to six-year terms in 1945 and 1951.

Matthias's father died in 1953, and Governor Frank Lausche appointed Democratic judge John H. Lamneck to the seat. John M. Matthias ran for the remaining two years of his father's term in 1954, winning the Republican primary without party support, and defeating Lamneck in 86 of 88 Ohio counties. He won a six-year term in 1956, and was re-elected in 1962 and 1968.

At the beginning of 1970, Matthias could not perform his duties due to failing health, and Robert E. Leach sat on assignment for him. Matthias resigned September 25, 1970, and Governor Jim Rhodes named Leach to replace him.

Matthias married Lois Kirkpatrick on March 20, 1939. They had one son, the writer and educator, John Matthias (b. 1941). John M. Matthais died at his Upper Arlington, Ohio home on January 25, 1973, and was buried at Green Lawn Cemetery

References

External links

Justices of the Ohio Supreme Court
People from Van Wert, Ohio
1903 births
1973 deaths
Ohio State University alumni
Ohio State University Moritz College of Law alumni
Franklin University alumni
Republican Party members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Politicians from Columbus, Ohio
Burials at Green Lawn Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio)
20th-century American judges
Lawyers from Columbus, Ohio
People from Upper Arlington, Ohio
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers


title: Qaumi Duniya Daily

text:
Qaumi Duniya Daily is a daily Urdu language newspaper published in Delhi and Patna. It is headquartered in New Delhi.  The print version of Qaumi Duniya Daily was launched in 2009 and its e-paper in 2014.

The paper covers political, social, sporting, economics and other news, particularly focusing on Central Asian countries.  It provides its readers with international news and  discussions on local issues.

References

Reference= www.rni.nic.in

Urdu-language newspapers published in India
Newspapers published in Delhi
Newspapers established in 2009
2009 establishments in Delhi


title: Extreme Guide to Parenting

text:
Extreme Guide to Parenting is an American reality television series that premiered August 7, 2014, on Bravo. Each episode features different households with alternative styles of raising their children.

Episodes

Reception
Extreme Guide to Parenting has received mixed reviews with a score of 55 based on 4 reviews. Allison Keene of The Hollywood Reporter was positive about the show and noted that it "manages to hit upon some universal parenting problems." Brian Lowry of Variety said the show has the potential to become the guiltiest of pleasures. Rob Owen of Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, however, was more critical and said that the show could have worked but was "ruined by an over-long running time."

References

External links

2010s American reality television series
2014 American television series debuts
2014 American television series endings
English-language television shows
Bravo (American TV network) original programming


title: Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion

text:
The Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion began on 16 July 2014, when the Armed Forces of Ukraine attempted to cut off the Russian backed separatists’ supply lines from Russia. Fighting broke out around the towns of Marynivka, Dmytrivka, Stepanivka, Shakhtarsk, as well as the strategic hill of Savur-Mohyla. It later spread to the cities of Snizhne and Torez. While the battle was in progress, a civilian passenger airliner, Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, was shot down near Hrabove on 17 July. Amidst a wide counter-offensive by the Russian proxy forces and their Russian backers across Donbas, government troops were forced out of Shakhtarsk Raion on 26 August.

Events by location
From 6 April, as part of the rising unrest in Ukraine in the aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, Russian backed separatists affiliated with the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) captured towns and cities across Donetsk Oblast, including Shakhtarsk Raion. The raion is in a crucial position between the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics, and Russia. Ukrainian government forces launched an offensive against pro-Russian forces in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine on 7 April, resulting in the war in Donbas. War reached Shakhtarsk Raion on 16 July, after separatists retreated from most of northern Donetsk Oblast. Fighting took place across the raion, in an attempt by the government to cut-off insurgent supply lines, and to reach the crash site of the civilian Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 which had been shot down by pro-Russian forces.

Stepanivka
DPR-affiliated separatists launched an offensive on neighbouring government-controlled Marynivka from village of Stepanivka on 16 July. Ukrainian forces said that they retook Stepanivka from the insurgents on 29 July, and then advanced towards nearby Pervomaisk. According to an 11 August report, the village appeared to have been almost completely destroyed by shelling during the fighting across the raion. Stepanivka returned to insurgent control on 14 August.

Marynivka
Marynivka is a border town located in the southern Donetsk Oblast. Its position on the border made control of it important to maintaining insurgent supply-lines. Insurgents launched an offensive on National Guard of Ukraine positions in the town on 16 July, after breaking through encirclement by government forces in neighbouring Stepanivka. Fighting also spread to the nearby village of Tarany. During this offensive, the insurgents used tanks, mortars, and anti-tank missiles against government forces. Insurgents held Marynivka until the National Guard was able to repel their offensive and force them to retreat to Stepanivka. Later on, the insurgents said that had recaptured Marynivka. Insurgent spokesman Sergei Kavtaradze said that one insurgent had been killed, while fifteen were injured. Insurgent commander Igor Girkin said that DPR insurgents destroyed two Ukrainian armoured vehicles and captured one.

Ukrainian forces came under continued attack by the insurgents in Marynivka, despite managing to hold onto control of it on 16 July. On the day after the first insurgent offensive, government forces repelled another four attacks, and destroyed three tanks, two armoured personnel carriers, and two other combat vehicles. Mortar fire from Russia rained down on the Marynivka border crossing on 25 July. Government forces said they shot down at least three Russian unmanned aerial vehicles on the same day. Insurgents said that they left the area on 31 July, after near-constant fighting with government forces. Despite this, Ukrainian positions in and around Marynivka were shelled by Grad rockets and mortars on 1 August. Insurgents launched a new offensive on Marynivka on 14 August. After fierce fighting with government forces in the vicinity of the border crossing, the town was captured by the insurgents.

Dmytrivka
On 3 August, a Ukrainian Su-25 jet was shot down near Dmytrivka, but the pilot safely ejected from his plane.

Savur-Mohyla

Savur-Mohyla is a strategically important hill near the Russia–Ukraine border, and overlooks the villages of Dmytrivka and Marynivka. DPR-affiliated insurgents used the hill to shell the government-controlled village of Marynivka on 16 July, amidst an offensive by the insurgents on that village. In response, the Air Force of Ukraine attacked insurgents positions on the hill, whilst the insurgents tried to repel this attack by firing anti-aircraft guns at Air Force aeroplanes. Government forces that were encircled near the hill tried to break out of encirclement and rout the insurgents on it. Ukrainian fighter jets were shot down near the hill on 23 July. A report by the Ukrainian government said that the shoot-downs were caused by missiles fired from Russia. Insurgent commander Igor Girkin said that DPR fighters shot down one of the planes, and that the pilot ejected. Ukrainian forces said that they retook the hill on 28 July. As a result, a corridor was created to resupply units that were trapped nearby. Intense fighting in the area continued on 31 July. Insurgents attacked Ukrainian positions on the hill from the nearby city of Snizhne on 5 August. A spokesman for the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine said on 6 August that Ukrainian forces on Savur-Mohyla had come into contact with pro-Russian insurgents twenty-five times in the past twenty-four hours. Amidst a wide counter-offensive by insurgents forces across the Donbas on 26 August, Savur-Mohyla was recaptured by DPR-affiliated forces.

Malaysia Airlines Flight 17

Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur that was shot down by Russian-controlled forces with a surface-to-air missile near Hrabove, about  from Shakhtarsk, on 17 July. All 283 passengers and 15 crew died in the shoot-down.

Shakhtarsk

According to DPR forces, a National Guard convoy entered Shakhtarsk from the north on 27 July. Air raid sirens were heard, heavy fighting erupted, and street battles took place across the city. Insurgents attacked government forces from the south, but later retreated. Reinforcements from neighbouring Snizhne arrived to assist the embattled DPR insurgents. Subsequently, the Armed Forces of Ukraine said that they had captured Shakhtarsk. Two days later, however, the DPR-affiliated insurgents said they had reasserted control over the city, and pushed Ukrainian forces to its outskirts. They also said that a large amount of Ukrainian equipment was destroyed in the fighting. An insurgent ambush killed ten Ukrainian soldiers on 31 July. According to Ukrainian officials, mortars were used to attack the troops as they were re-deploying. Fierce clashes between government and insurgent forces continued in early August. Many civilians left their homes to escape the fighting, and whilst those that remained became emotionally distressed because of constant overnight artillery bombardment. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) monitors visited Shakhtarsk on 8 August. They said that the town was "deserted", and that no shops were open. According to local residents, water was only available for two hours a day, and electrical power and gas service were non-existent. There was damage from shelling across the town, and multiple residential buildings were seen destroyed. Insurgents fended off continued attempts by government forces in late August to remove them from Shakhtarsk.

Snizhne and Torez

Snizhne and Torez are cities that are geographically located in the Shakhtarsk Raion, but which are administered separately. Violence had occurred in Snizhne prior to the battle, including a rocket attack by an aeroplane on 15 July that killed at least eleven people and damaged many homes. Ukrainian forces said they entered Torez and other nearby villages on 28 July.

They managed to hold the town only briefly, as DPR-affiliated insurgents forced them to withdraw from the area on 1 August. Clashes on the outskirts of the city continued on 7 August, after Ukrainian soldiers tried to relieve their encircled comrades near the town. According to the DPR, these attacks were repelled. Ukrainian forces advanced toward Torez again on 8 August, in an effort to prevent insurgent attacks on their positions at Savur-Mohyla.

Ukrainian forces launched a new offensive with the aim of recapturing Snizhne, Torez and Shakhtarsk on 12 August. Clashes continued in each city. On the next day, Ukrainian artillery destroyed a convoy of lorries filled with ammunition for the insurgents at Snizhne. According to two members of the Russian Presidential Human Rights Council, this convoy had been escorted by Russian military personnel, of which more than 100 were killed and about 300 wounded. Government forces tried once again to retake Torez from the insurgents on 20 August, but were repelled. Ukrainian forces destroyed eleven Grad rocket systems, three tanks, and five armoured vehicles used by the insurgents in Snizhne on 21 August. Government sources said that they also killed more than 100 Russian "mercenaries".

See also
 Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Notes

References

Battles of the war in Donbas
2014 in Ukraine
History of Donetsk Oblast
Battles in 2014
July 2014 events in Ukraine
August 2014 events in Ukraine
Battles involving the Donetsk People's Republic


title: Raufarhöfn Airport

text:
Raufarhöfn Airport  is an airport serving Raufarhöfn, Iceland. The runways are  south of the town.

The Raufarhöfn non-directional beacon (Ident: RA) is located 2.8 nautical miles north-northwest of the airport.

See also
Transport in Iceland
List of airports in Iceland

References

 Google Earth

External links
 OurAirports - Raufarhöfn
 Raufarhöfn Airport
 OpenStreetMap - Raufarhöfn

Airports in Iceland


title: Logic discography

text:
American rapper Logic has released eight studio albums, one EP, one compilation album, one soundtrack album, ten mixtapes, five beat tapes, 66 singles (including 23 singles as a featured artist), three promotional singles and 42 music videos. In December 2010, Logic released his debut mixtape, Young, Broke & Infamous. Logic released his second mixtape, Young Sinatra, in September 2011, which included the song, "All I Do". He later released the mixtapes, Young Sinatra: Undeniable, in April 2012 and Young Sinatra: Welcome to Forever, in May 2013.

Logic went on to release his debut studio album, Under Pressure, on October 21, 2014, to generally favorable reviews from music critics. The album debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart. The album spawned two singles: The title track and "Buried Alive".

His second studio album, The Incredible True Story, was released in November 2015 and debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 chart and at number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The album included the singles: "Young Jesus", "Like Woah" and "Fade Away". He was later featured on the song, "Sucker for Pain" for the Suicide Squad soundtrack, peaking at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. He later released the mixtape, Bobby Tarantino, in July 2016 and included the singles: "Flexicution" and "Wrist".

Logic's third studio album, Everybody, was released in May 2017 and debuted at number one in the US, becoming his first album to reach the top of the Billboard 200 with 247,000 album-equivalent units, of which 196,000 were pure album sales. The album spawned three singles: The title track, "Black Spiderman", and "1-800-273-8255", with the latter single peaking in the top ten in various countries and later became certified platinum 8x by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Following the release of the album, Logic released the mixtape, Bobby Tarantino II, in March 2018. It debuted at number one in the US, becoming his second consecutive number-one album in the US and included the singles: "44 More", "Overnight" and "Everyday".

His fourth studio album, YSIV, was released in September 2018 and debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart. He released Supermarket, the soundtrack to his novel of the same name in March 2019.

His fifth studio album, Confessions of a Dangerous Mind, was released two months later in May and debuted at number one in the US, making it his third album to reach the top of the chart. The album included the singles "Keanu Reeves", the title track and "Homicide", with the latter single peaking in the top ten in various countries.

Logic's sixth studio album, No Pressure, was released on July 24, 2020, to generally favorable reviews from music critics. The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 with 221,000 album-equivalent units, of which 172,000 were pure album sales.

Logic's seventh studio album, Vinyl Days, was released on June 17, 2022. This is Logic's last album with Def Jam, and is a farewell to all of his memories with them. Critics responded with generally positive reviews to the album. Vinyl Days featured a lot of "famous people" including Morgan Freeman, J. J. Abrams, Nardwuar, Tony Revolori, Anthony Fantano, and more.

Logic's eighth studio album, College Park, was released on February 24th, 2023. College Park is Logic's first studio album as an independent artist on his own label: BobbyBoy Records, Three Oh One Productions, BMG. College Park is where Logic began writing his first songs and started putting on small concerts with 100-200 people, as mentioned at the end of the song Ayo on College Park. The story/skits of the album takes the listeners back to when Logic was in College Park with recording music and beginning his journey as a rapper.

He has another album that has been talked about for years, titled Ultra 85. Ultra 85 is still unreleased, but has been spoken about by Logic for many years. There are multiple theories about this album that have been circling among Logic's fans. This album is mentioned at the end of Logic's sixth album, No Pressure. In the song Heard Em Say, Thalia (an AI Robot who has been guiding listener's through Logic's album since his first album, Under Pressure) says "This concludes the No Pressure program... No Pressure... Ultra 85... Welcome to the Ultra 85 program." This lead many fans to believe that No Pressure is actually Ultra 85, however Logic has since discredited this theory and said that Ultra 85 is still in the works. During a livestream on Twitch, Logic also mentioned that No Pressure includes some songs/verses that were originally for Ultra 85.

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Soundtracks

Extended plays

Mixtapes

Beat tapes

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Promotional singles

Other charted and certified songs

Guest appearances

Music videos

Notes

References

Discographies of American artists
Hip hop discographies
discography


title: Michael Oliver (footballer, born 1975)

text:
Michael Oliver (born 2 August 1975) is an English former footballer who made 276 appearances in the Football League playing as a midfielder for Stockport County, Darlington and Rochdale in the 1990s and 2000s.

Life and career
Oliver was born in Middlesbrough, and began his career in the youth system of Middlesbrough F.C. He turned professional with the club, but his only first-team appearance came on 16 November 1993, as a substitute in the Anglo-Italian Cup against Ancona. In 1994, he signed for Stockport County; the fee was determined by tribunal. He made his Stockport and Football League debut on 28 February 1995, at the age of 19, as a substitute in a 4–0 defeat at Oxford United in the Second Division, and played in 12 of the remaining 14 matches in the 1994–95 season. He was used infrequently in his second season, was released at its end, and dropped down two divisions to sign for Darlington.

He settled well at Darlington, where he spent four years, and played at least 40 matches in each season in all competitions. His last game for the club was in the 2000 Third Division play-off final defeat to Peterborough United. When his contract expired, he left the club and signed for another Third Division club, Rochdale. He played regularly for two seasons, but his 2002–03 season was disrupted by injury and by disciplinary issues, and he was released at its end.

After leaving Rochdale, Oliver moved into non-league football with Barrow of the Northern Premier League, and went on to play for clubs including Spennymoor United, Thornaby, Bishop Auckland, Newcastle Blue Star, Gateshead, and Durham City.

References

External links
 . The page merges details for two players of the same name: the statistics up to and including Rochdale are for this Michael Oliver, but the personal details and appearances for Clyde are not.

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Middlesbrough
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Spennymoor United A.F.C. players
Thornaby F.C. players
Bishop Auckland F.C. players
Newcastle Blue Star F.C. players
Gateshead F.C. players
Durham City A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players
Northern Football League players


title: Christoph Berner

text:
Christoph Berner (born 1971) is an Austrian classical pianist.

Berner won the prizes for interpretation of the works of Mozart and Schumann at the 2003 Concours Géza Anda. Earlier, he took second in the 1997 International Beethoven Competition, Vienna.

Berner may be best known for his collaborations with German tenor Werner Güra, with whom he has recorded songs of Brahms, Robert and Clara Schumann, and especially Schubert; the duo have recorded both Winterreise and Schwanengesang. He has also  collaborated with instrumentalists like Heinrich Schiff.

Berner often plays on a fortepiano, although not necessarily one specific to the piece; on his recording of Winterreise, he used a fortepiano from 1871, 43 years after the death of Schubert.

References

1971 births
Austrian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Living people
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century male musicians


title: Auroracetus

text:
Auroracetus, from Aurora (the location the holotype was discovered, Aurora N.C.) and the Latin cetus (whale), is a genus of Pontoporiidae, the river dolphins, and contains one extinct species. The species Auroracetus bakerae was published in 2009.

Taxonomic history

Holotype specimen
The original specimen of A. bakerae was donated to the Smithsonian by Aura Baker, aided by Wayne Baker. The specimen consists of a fragmentary skull from a juvenile individual. The nasal passages (the nose or "blowhole") as well as the back of the skull were preserved, however the rostrum and basicranium were not. Classification as a new genus and species was based on the odd shape of its nasal bones, the lack of any ridge along the edges of the skull as seen in other river dolphins, and the width of the sutures, or spaces, between facial bones. The specimen was collected from the Lee Creek Mine in Aurora, North Carolina. The skull was reconstructed by Matthew Gibson, and formally described by Gibson and Jonathan Geisler in the 2009.

Referred specimen
A second specimen was recovered by a team from Georgia Southern University and described alongside the holotype. This specimen, a small fragment of the nasal area, was determined to be from an adult individual based on size and the more complete fusion of the bone material.

See also

 Evolution of cetaceans
 List of cetaceans
 List of extinct cetaceans

References

River dolphins
Prehistoric monotypic mammal genera
Prehistoric cetacean genera


title: Charles Wilson Murray

text:
Charles Wilson Murray (10 September 1820 – 15 August 1873) was a Scottish businessman and member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.

Murray was born in Edinburgh. He became the partner of the Bibery & Co. in 1859. He was subsequently appointed to the Legislative Council in March 1862. He resigned his seat in the Legislative Council in February 1865 on leaving Hong Kong and his vacancy was subsequently replaced by Thomas Sutherland. He died in Keswick, Cumberland, England in 1873.

References

1820 births
1873 deaths
Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
British expatriates in Hong Kong
Politicians from Edinburgh
19th-century Scottish businesspeople


title: Fatin Zakirah Zain Jalany

text:
Fatin Zakirah Zain Jalany (born 15 March 1997, in Kelantan) is a Malaysian rhythmic gymnast. She was part of the Malaysian team that won the bronze medal in the women's rhythmic team all-around event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

External links

1997 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kelantan
Malaysian rhythmic gymnasts
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Malaysia
Gymnasts at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in gymnastics
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Amy Kwan

text:
Amy Kwan Dict Weng  (born 1 February 1995) is a Malaysian former individual rhythmic gymnast.

Career
She was part of the Malaysian team to win the bronze and silver medals in the women's rhythmic team all-around event at Glasgow 2014 and Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games respectively. At Gold Coast 2018, she bagged five medals, including a gold in individual ribbon event. In the 2017 Southeast Asian Games, she won two golds and two silvers. One of her gold medal is the 100th gold medal for the Malaysia team. Kwan announced her retirement to run a dance studio on 30 July 2020.

Awards and accolades
 2018 Olympian of the Year Award by Olympic Council of Malaysia
 2018 National Sportswoman of the Year at the National Sports Awards
 Darjah Kebesaran Ahli Kegemilangan Sukan Selangor (AKS) (2018)

References

External links

1995 births
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Malaysia
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Malaysia
Commonwealth Games medallists in gymnastics
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Malaysia
Gymnasts at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Gymnasts at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Living people
Malaysian people of Chinese descent
Malaysian rhythmic gymnasts
Sportspeople from Selangor
SEA Games gold medalists for Malaysia
SEA Games silver medalists for Malaysia
SEA Games bronze medalists for Malaysia
SEA Games medalists in gymnastics
Gymnasts at the 2018 Asian Games
Competitors at the 2017 SEA Games
Competitors at the 2019 SEA Games
Asian Games competitors for Malaysia
21st-century Malaysian women
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Medalists at the Rhythmic Gymnastics Asian Championships


title: Thandor: The Invasion

text:
Thandor: The Invasion is a real-time strategy video game, which was developed by Innonics and published by JoWooD Productions on December 1, 2000  released on Microsoft Windows.

It was met with negative reception. The graphics was measured as good, but resource-consuming. Many complaints caused by units behavioral model. Developers of game and critics says that storyline is present, but is not interesting (developers wanted to focus on gameplay).

Plot

Before starting company you can choose the difficulty, but you choose not the "smartness" of AI, but only power of enemy's units in comparense to your units.

Multiplayer

Reception

References

Real-time strategy video games
Video games developed in Germany
Windows games
Windows-only games
2000 video games
JoWooD Entertainment games
Buka Entertainment games
Multiplayer and single-player video games


title: Ela Velden

text:
Ela Velden (born Daniela Campos Reséndiz 25 July 1992 in Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico), is a Mexican actress and model. In October 2014, she made her telenovela debut co-starring in producer Pedro Damián's remake, Muchacha italiana viene a casarse. In 2016, she starred as the lead role in Despertar contigo.

Early life
Daniela Campos Reséndiz was born in Querétaro. She has a sister. She began modeling at 13 and appeared in commercials, editorials, and fashion shows as a teenager. She also appeared in ads for Garnier's "100% de color" campaign alongside singer Dulce Maria in 2010. When she was 18 years old, she left Querétaro and settled in Mexico City where she studied at Televisa's acting school, Centro de Educación Artística from 2011 to 2013. She appeared in several school productions and graduated after completing a three-year course in 2013. Her artistic name was chosen after she unsuccessfully attempted to register as an actress under her birth name.

Acting career
In 2013, Velden debuted as an actress in the Mexican television series, Gossip Girl: Acapulco. Originally, she was cast as "Jenny Parra" and filmed a promotional trailer for the show, but when the role was recast, she later appeared in a recurring role as "Gaby".  The show was filmed on location in Acapulco, Mexico from January to May 2013. It premiered exclusively on the subscription channel, Golden Premier, in Mexico on August 5, 2013. The show was canceled after one season.
Following the conclusion of Gossip Girl: Acapulco, she filmed an appearance on the teen-oriented telenovela, Niñas Mal 2 for MTV Latin America. She also participated in several episodes of the Mexican television drama series, Como dice el dicho, in the spring and summer of 2014.

In May 2014, Velden auditioned in Mexico City for a role in producer Pedro Damián's latest telenovela remake, Muchacha italiana viene a casarse.  The telenovela is based on the popular 1971 Mexican telenovela of the same name. In July of that same year, she was announced as one of the actors in the final considerations for a role in the telenovela. In August, Velden's participation in Muchacha italiana viene a casarse was officially confirmed. This is her debut role in a telenovela. Prior to production, she studied Italian for six months in order to more accurately portray her character.  Filming began on August 25, 2014 where she and some of the cast traveled to Maratea, Italy and filmed scenes and promotional material for two weeks. Scenes for the finale were filmed in Maratea and Naples, Italy, where production was completed in mid-May 2015. The telenovela aired weekdays on Canal de las Estrellas, following its premiere on October 20, 2014. Its final episode aired on June 21, 2015 in Mexico.

2015 to present
On May 28, 2015, Velden made her theater debut as "Susana" in the original production, "Gélidas Caricias". The drama also starred Jorge Gallegos, Jade Fraser and Nicole Vale who both alternated as "Susana". The play premiered on May 21, 2015 in Mexico City at Teatro en Corto. It ran every week until June 28, 2015. Beginning on July 19, 2015 until late August 2015, Velden appeared in the play, "El Profesor" alongside Damián Alcázar. The play was performed at Foro Cultural Chapultepec in Mexico City. Later, the cast embarked on a small theater tour throughout Mexico in August 2015. She also appeared in the comedy play, "Tenis", an adaptation of the highly successful Argentine version. The play premiered at La Teatrería in Mexico City on September 17, 2015 and ran until November 19, 2015. She had a role in the telenovela drama,  A que no me dejas, in the program's second season. The telenovela began airing its second season on November 3, 2015 on Canal de las Estrellas.

For her work in Muchacha italiana viene a casarse, Velden received the award for "Mejor Actriz Revelación" (Best Female Revelation) at the 2016 Premios TV y Novelas award show, held in Acapulco on April 17, 2016. On May 14, 2016, Velden was announced as the lead actress for producer Pedro Damián's latest telenovela, Despertar contigo.  Despertar contigo premiered on Canal de las Estrellas on August 8, 2016 and aired weeknights. It later premiered in the U.S. on Univision on August 30, 2016 where it aired weeknights.
2020 she appears in 6 episodes as Lupe who is a diablera in Diablero second season, a Mexican serie from Netflix.

Personal life
Velden was in relationship with Argentine actor Federico Ayos from 2017-2018. In late 2018, she confirmed on Instagram to be in a relationship with actor Emiliano Zurita.

Filmography

Television roles

Music videos

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 PR Agency Roster
 Talent Agency Profile

1992 births
Living people
Mexican television actresses
Mexican telenovela actresses
Actresses from Querétaro
People from Querétaro City
Mexican female models
21st-century Mexican actresses


title: Lorenzo Massa

text:
Lorenzo Bartolomé Massa (November 11, 1882 – October 31, 1949) was an Argentine Catholic priest. He was one of the main founders of Club San Lorenzo de Almagro and scout group Don Bosco's Argentinian Explorers.

Early years
Lorenzo Bartolomé Massa was born in Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and his parents Lorenzo Massa and his mother Margarita Scanavino were born in Turin, Italy. His sisters were Ángela and Blanca, and were also religious. On February 13, 1898, he was ordained to the priesthood by Joseph Vespignani. In 1900, Massa took his first job as a Salesian of Don Bosco Agricultural School in Uribelarrea until October 1902. Then Massa continued at the College Pius IX as a teacher and assistant in theology. In 1908 he was appointed as the manager of the Oratorio San Antonio, in 4050 Mexico Street in the Almagro neighborhood of Buenos Aires.

Los Forzosos de Almagro (San Lorenzo)
During 1908, Massa met a group of boys from the neighborhood named Los Forzosos del Almagro led by a young man named Federico Monti. This name defines the virtue of force in the game of football. Facing the drawbacks of playing in the street, the priest offered to let them play in the Oratory of San Antonio. This event would be the preliminary stage of the founding of Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro.

Explorers of Don Bosco's Argentinians
On December 14,1875, the first 10 Salesians came to Argentina. Since then, in every city settled, they created works and activities for youth. The Salesians in Argentina turned the whole society "donboscana way to the formation of youth", concretised through the Holidays oratories, which were characterised by joy, Christian upbringing instilled slowly through techniques such as the classic "Goodnight Salesian "and many others, combined with various means of attraction: small works of theater, craft workshops, walks with his classic bands to attract people to the Mass.

The work of the Salesians continued to grow in the formation of Oratorios. Between 1908 and 1914, the bands, the brackets and Battalions Gymnasts, recorded brilliant pages. In all this, the need to beat form a stable body. It was then that Father Joseph Vespignani (at the upper point of the Salesians), which had received reports of current that attracted young people to leave the Church, and had even reached Argentinian scoutist version (planned by Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell) wanted ahead of this emerging and influence. Excited about the idea of giving concrete form to something more stable, and recalling Blossio brackets created by Don Bosco at the beginning of his work, combined with the activities of existing brackets gymnasts, he called Father Lorenzo Massa. From that moment, the theoretical and organizational framework of Dom Bosco's Argentinian Scouts outlined. Besides participating in the creation, was the first Chaplain Battalion No. 1.

On Sunday February 28, 1915, the announcement of a hike and camp who performed the Scouts of Argentina came to Argentinian priest Lorenzo Massa. "Is it possible to join this noble institution with our charism?" Massa asked. He presented his draft form, with the children of this company, a Children Battalion, for walks and excursions, as had Don Bosco. On Sunday March 7, after Mass, the children invited were present to join the Children's Battalion. The name originally adopted Child Battalion was the Defenders of the Fatherland, according to the size of each split into nine companies of 30 children. Father Vespignani undertook personally to obtain the appropriate approval of the Superior Chapter of the Salesians of Don Bosco. Some time later, Father Joseph Vespignani called Father Lorenzo Massa, and said: Let's found Don Bosco's Argentinian Explorers.

On August 14, 1915, the solemn inauguration of the new school building "Saint Francis of Sales" (homage to Don Bosco on the centenary of his birth), located at the corner where the streets Hipólito Yrigoyen and Yapeyú was placed. The President was received at the entrance of the school by the principal of the house, Father Lorenzo Massa, who to greet said: "Today our house is proud to receive his visit, but we'd be more proud if the President of Argentina agreed to be escorted by our scouts, who today make his first official presentation. "Thus, for a few minutes the honor guard of the President's Office were not the traditional Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers, but was 40 by the first explorers who wore their new uniforms.

Everything became a reality on August 14, 1915 (for this reason, the day designated as Explorer), the celebration of the centenary of the birth of Don Bosco.

In founding the work, Father Jose said "Scouts will be a selection of festive Oratory, where the most prominent oratorians participate in the privileges and responsibilities inherent in Battalions" "We do not introduce anything new in the Salesians of Don Bosco; explorers of Don Bosco Oratory will just be like leaven among others. "And stressed: "You shall preserve lifelong autonomy and self-regulation."

Explorers of Don Bosco have emerged in the name of God and country to preserve and advance the moral and religious values of youth, arousing noble sentiments of patriotism, twinned with family affection and respect for authority in a climate of expansive joy healthy companionship. Before the end of year 1, and the battalion had 165 explodes in uniform and perfect discipline, the first Captain and Chief of the General Command, Mr. Ramón Cortés Conde. That same year, Father Joseph Vespignani was drafted by the Law of Scouts Honor of Don Bosco, published on March 12, 1930.

Death
On the morning of October 31, 1949, Massa did not open the door of his room in Buenos Aires. A janitor entered and found Father Massa dead in his bed. At sixty-six years old, it is believed that he died of cardiac arrest. On October 31, 2008, his remains were deposited in the mausoleum built in his honor located in the Oratorio San Antonio, in 4050 Mexico Street.

Works
Massa arrived in Tucumán in 1916 where he founded the first Salesian work in the province, through an Arts and Crafts Workshop then called Salesian College General Belgrano. He actively participated in the foundation of other Salesian houses, one of which now bears his name: Lorenzo Massa Technical Institute.

Legacy
The film El Cura Lorenzo in 1954 in which starred actor Ángel Magaña, freely recreates the story of Massa in the San Lorenzo de Almagro's foundation.

References

1882 births
1949 deaths
20th-century Argentine Roman Catholic priests
Salesians of Don Bosco
San Lorenzo de Almagro
People from Morón Partido
Argentine people of Italian descent
People of Piedmontese descent


title: Mimi Alemayehou

text:
Mimi Alemayehou (born 1969) is a development finance executive who has served as Executive Vice President of the U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) and as United States Executive Director of the African Development Bank.

She is the recipient of a Distinguished Honor Award.

Early life and education
Mimi Alemayehou is a naturalized U.S. citizen; she was born in Ethiopia and spent her childhood in Kenya before immigrating to the United States.

Alemayehou earned her bachelor's degree from West Texas A&M University and holds a master's degree in International Business and International Law and Development from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.

Career
From March 2010 to April 2014, Alemayehou served as Executive Vice President of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC).

In June 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Alemayehou to the board of directors of the African Development Foundation.

While at OPIC, Alemayehou oversaw a portfolio of approximately $16 billion invested in over 100 countries. During this time, the agency partnered with President Obama's Power Africa Initiative, a blueprint for improving access to electricity in underdeveloped regions of Africa. In March 2014, Alemayehou testified on behalf of OPIC at the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations hearing on the Power Africa Initiative.

Prior to her position at OPIC, Alemayehou served as the United States Executive Director at the African Development Bank (AfDB), where she executed board decisions on behalf of the U.S. government. She received a Distinguished Honor Award from then-U.S. Secretary of Treasury Henry Paulson for her service in this role. Prior to the AfDB, she was founder and Managing Partner of Trade Links, LLC, a development consulting firm that worked with clients on emerging markets issues and on promoting African exports under the African Growth and Opportunity Act.

Previously, Alemayehou was with the International Executive Service Corps where she managed a multi-country trade project in Africa.  She also served as a Director of International Regulatory Affairs at WorldSpace Corporation, a satellite telecommunications company focused on emerging markets.

In December 2013, Forbes Magazine featured Alemayehou on its list of "The 20 Young Power Women in Africa 2013."

Other Activity
In 2015, Alemayehou signed an open letter which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures for; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively, which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation.

References

Living people
1969 births
West Texas A&M University alumni
The Fletcher School at Tufts University alumni
Ethiopian emigrants to the United States
American financial businesspeople


title: 2014 Cheez-It 355 at The Glen

text:
The 2014 Cheez-It 355 at The Glen was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on August 10, 2014, at Watkins Glen International in Watkins Glen, New York. Contested over 90 laps on the  road course, it was the 22nd race of the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. A. J. Allmendinger won the race, his first career Sprint Cup victory. Marcos Ambrose finished second while Kurt Busch, Kyle Larson (the highest finishing rookie) and Carl Edwards rounded out the top five. Behind Larson, the top rookies of the race were Austin Dillon in 16th, just ahead of Justin Allgaier.

Previous week's race
Despite having Kevin Harvick filling his rearview mirror, Dale Earnhardt Jr. was able to maintain the lead to complete the first Pocono sweep since Denny Hamlin in 2006. Earnhardt Jr. reflected on the sweep, stating that his team "definitely went home from the last race and made our car better" and that's what I'm proud of this team for". He also praised the strategy of his crew chief, Steve Letarte. Harvick was impressed with his car's speed in both Pocono races, and that his team "were able to capitalize on it and get a good finish".

Report

Background

The course, Watkins Glen International, is one of two road courses to hold NASCAR races on the Cup Series circuit, the other being Sonoma Raceway. The standard short road course at Watkins Glen International is a 7-turn course that is  long; the track was modified in 1992, adding the Inner Loop, which lengthened the long course to  and the short course to the current length of . Kyle Busch was the defending race winner from the 2013 race.

Entry list
The entry list for the Cheez-It 355 at The Glen was released on Monday, August 4, 2014 at 12:25 p.m. Eastern time. Forty-three drivers were entered for the race.

Practice

First practice
Kevin Harvick was the fastest in the first practice session with a time of 68.652 and a speed of . A number of drivers spun out during the first session. Danica Patrick changed engines during the session and was forced to start from the rear of the field.

Final practice
A. J. Allmendinger was the fastest in the final practice session with a time of 68.538 and a speed of . Patrick crashed her car in turn 5 and was forced to go to a backup car. NASCAR began cracking down on drivers for blend line violations during the practice sessions. Aric Almirola, Michael Annett, Clint Bowyer, Austin Dillon and Ryan Newman were issued penalties for blend line violations. Following the session, series leader Jeff Gordon stated that "for years we have not had that", but with the introduction of a new qualifying procedure in the 2014 season, Gordon also noted that "sometimes you just forget, but to me it's about going along with those procedures during practice and your spotter reminding you when you go out and practice; where those blend lines are and what the procedure is and just getting into a rhythm of it".

Qualifying

Jeff Gordon won his 75th career pole with a new track record time of 68.126 and a speed of ; it was Gordon's first pole of 2014, and as a result, it was a record 22nd consecutive year that Gordon has won a pole in the Sprint Cup Series. Gordon had set Watkins Glen as a priority in his 2014 campaign, as he felt he had "run so poorly here recently" and that his team "loses confidence in their car and you get off track and lost a little bit. That's the way it's been for us the last few times we've been here, the last several times". Marcos Ambrose joined Gordon on the front row, 0.173 seconds in arrears. He joked about Gordon beating him to pole, stating that he wished "Jeff was a little kinder to me to let me get the pole", but did state that "it was a pretty good lap though and I will take it".

Qualifying results

Race

First half

Start
The night before the race, Tony Stewart was involved in an incident – which resulted in the death of fellow competitor, Kevin Ward Jr. – during a sprint car race at Canandaigua Motorsports Park, around  from Watkins Glen. Prior to the start of the race, Greg Zipadelli, vice president of competition for Stewart-Haas Racing, announced that Stewart would not race and Regan Smith would drive in his place. Zipadelli confirmed pre-race that Stewart "feels strongly this is the right thing to do" and that his Stewart-Haas Racing team supported and agreed with his decision. As a result of the driver change, Smith started from the rear of the field. The race was scheduled to start at 1:19 p.m. Eastern time, but the race started five minutes late with Jeff Gordon leading the field.

Kevin Harvick made an unscheduled stop on lap four to remove a bean bag from his car. Paul Menard also made an unscheduled stop for a fluid leak and took his car to the garage. Cole Whitt brought out the first caution of the race on lap 10 after his brakes locked up and he collided head on into the tire barrier in turn 1. The race restarted on lap 15, with Gordon still leading. The next lap, Brad Keselowski made contact with Matt Kenseth in turn 1 and the grill of his car caved in. Kyle Larson was running 23rd on lap 18 when he missed the turn into the inner loop, and was forced to come to a complete stop; as a result, Larson fell back to 38th. Two laps later, David Ragan and Boris Said blew the entrance to the inner loop and fell back in the running order. Alex Bowman spun in turn six and got back going again without bringing out the caution. Kyle Busch made his first stop on lap 24 and left his pit box with the fuel can stuck on the car; he served a stop-and-go penalty for removing equipment from the pit box.

Second half
Joey Logano served a pass-through penalty for his crew going over the wall too soon on lap 28. Kyle Busch made his third stop in four laps for a flat tire on lap 29, while Marcos Ambrose gave up second place to make his first stop of the race. Gordon made his first stop on lap 30, passing the lead to teammate Kasey Kahne. Kahne gave up the lead on lap 33 to pit and gave the lead to Ambrose. Gordon began losing power going down the back stretch and brought out the second caution of the race on lap 51. Ambrose came in to pit during the caution and Jimmie Johnson took the lead for the restart on lap 55.

Big wreck
The third caution of the race flew on lap 56 for a crash in the outer loop, a lap later, where the race was red flagged to ensue cleanup on the track. Greg Biffle drifted into the runoff area on the exit of turn 5 and came across the front of Ryan Newman. Newman's car got turned and hit the Armco barrier on the right-hand side, before turning back towards traffic. Newman's rear of the car then barely clipped McDowell in the right-rear. McDowell's rear wheel housing broke off, the car then bounced twice in the air and then punctured a hole in the Armco barrier on the left side of the track, beyond the exit of The Boot where it send McDowell on his side for a brief second before he came back upright. Bowman and Danica Patrick also took damage in the wreck, while the red flag was lifted temporarily to bring the field down the front stretch.

In a post-race interview with ESPN reporter Vince Welch, Newman was highly critical of the circuit, in regards to the Armco barriers, the damage that was caused by his car and the car of McDowell, as well as its "antiquated" safety features. Upon his return to pit road, McDowell also spoke with Welch, stating that "it seems like when I do it they are usually fairly big", referring to a previous crash that he had suffered at the 2008 Samsung 500, at Texas Motor Speedway. He also stated that he "didn't really have time to adjust or move, I just tried not to hit Ryan in the door there. I was along for the ride".

The race was red flagged for 81 minutes while the Armco barriers were repaired, and as the cars started running again, Carl Edwards stayed out when the leaders came in to pit. The race restarted with 31 laps to go, and A. J. Allmendinger took the lead from Edwards with 30 laps to go. Casey Mears got turned in the inner loop with 18 laps to go, before the caution flew for the fourth time with 13 laps to go, after Josh Wise stalled in the inner loop. Allmendinger led the way on the restart with nine laps to go, but the fifth caution came out very quickly when Jimmie Johnson got turned in turn 1 and made contact with Regan Smith, while Justin Allgaier was also collected.

Finish

The race restarted with five laps to go. Ambrose took the lead immediately thereafter, following a side-by-side battle with Allmendinger. The sixth caution period came out the following lap, when Denny Hamlin spun and crashed into the gravel-filled barrels at the entrance to pit road. In a non-connected incident, Alex Kennedy hit the wall on the exit of turn one, to bring out the sixth caution, the race was red flagged for a second time. Following a delay of around 20 minutes, the race restarted, and Allmendinger held off a hard charging Ambrose with two laps to go to score his first career Sprint Cup Series victory. Upon exiting his car, Allmendinger expressed his delight at the result, stating he could not "believe we've won a NASCAR Sprint Cup race", before congratulating his entire JTG Daugherty Racing team, expressing "with this whole 47 team, [team owners] Tad Geschickter, Jody Geschickter, Brad Daugherty, all the great sponsors we have, our first Cup victory together, my first victory...I love these guys. I just wanted it so bad for them and this team. They work so hard. I wasn't gonna let Marcos take that from me". Ambrose recorded his sixth top-three finish in Sprint Cup races at Watkins Glen, but praised the performance of his late-race rival, Allmendinger. "First of all, congratulations to A. J. and the 47 team. They deserved that win. I left nothing on the table. I tried to rattle his cage and couldn't shake him. We raced fair and square to the end there. It was a tough couple laps but it was fair. We were both giving it to each other pretty hard. No harm, no foul. We just came up a little short".

Post race penalties
On Wednesday, August 13, Kevin Harvick's team was penalized for a rules infraction due to the bean bag that forced Harvick to make an unscheduled stop on lap 4, in order for the object to be removed. The infraction was levied as a P3 level penalty, outlined in Section 12-4.3 of the 2014 rule book:

• A. Violation examples could include but are not limited to:

• 1(c): Unapproved added weight and/or weight affixed improperly (e.g. Unapproved added weight (size and material)); unapproved added weight location, but not of a nature rising to a higher numbered penalty.

The infraction violates the following sections in the rule book:

• 12-1: Actions detrimental to stock car racing;
• 20-2.3: Added car weight

• A. Any weight added to the car must be bolted inside the body shell in an approved weight container and in a position acceptable to NASCAR officials

• Added weight must be in block form of not less than five pound blocks (no pellets) and painted white with the car number or team identification permanently legible on it.

As a result, crew chief Rodney Childers was fined $25,000.

Race summary
 Lead changes: 7
 Cautions: 6 for 17 laps
 Red flags: 2 for 1 hour, 42 minutes and 41 seconds
 Time of race: 2 hours, 26 minutes and 48 seconds
 Average speed:

Race results

Media

Television

Radio

Standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Manufacturers' Championship standings

Note: Only the first sixteen positions are included for the driver standings.

Notes

References

Cheez-It 355 at The Glen
Cheez-It 355 at The Glen
Cheez-It 355 at The Glen
NASCAR races at Watkins Glen International


title: Siddharth Sivakumar

text:
Siddharth Sivakumar is an art writer and curator. He is the founding editor and present editor-in-chief of the bilingual online cultural magazine Tinpahar.

Family
Siddharh Sivakumar is the son of art historian R. Siva Kumar and Mini Sivakumar. He hails from a family of filmmakers that include Adoor Gopalakrishnan and Padmarajan.

Career
Siddharth regularly writes for art blogs, art magazines such as Art and Deal, online cultural websites such as Humanities Underground. His articles on socio-cultural issues have appeared in National dailies including The Hindu Business Line, The Statesman etc.

In 2012, Siddharth founded the cultural website Tinpahar. He believes,"presently the boundaries between academic disciplines are being redrawn. What were earlier discrete disciplines of literature, linguistics, philosophy, sociology, history, anthropology or art history are coming closer." And he claims in an interview, "Tinpahar aspires to fully erase this boundary, and become a ‘free and fertile’ space for constructive discourses on/in humanity.

In his articles he often pledges for a reconciliation between art and society. "Although there are more educated people than ever before, there are not many who visit museums or galleries. There is a disconnect between the common man and art today" he writes in The Hindu Business Line.

In 2013 he initiated Make My Website Initiative to  support enthusiastic groups, who are seriously engaged in the creation or promotion of literature, visual arts or specialised studies to build their own websites for free. Websites of Gopi Shankar Madurai's Srishti Madurai and Humanities Underground are made under this scheme.

Stand against Internal Quota

Following the Visva Bharati administration's decision to abolish the 50 percent Internal quota for Visva Bharati's two school Patha Bhavana and Siksha Satra in undergraduate and postgraduate courses, around 400 students blocked the entry to the central and vice-chancellor’s offices to protest. The protest has resulted in class and annual examination boycotts.

According to Siddharth Sivakumar the need to cling on to the quota arose from the students' fear of competition. While distinguishing the protests of Visva Bharati from Hokkolorob, he emphasised on the betterment of the schools rather than endorsing the demand of retaining the 50% internal quota.

In an article published in YouthKiAwaaz.com, he writes, "Their hopelessness nonetheless seems reasonable to me, being a product of the same system and realising that the students have reason to believe that the administration has let them down. But the onus lies with the university administration as much as it does with the schools themselves." Speaking against the Internal Quota, Amartya Sen had remarked, "If our interest lies not in the greater good of the society, if our only concern is limited to the academic opportunism that would benefit our own children, and to this end we employ Quotas, then it is safe to say that there is a fundamental lack in the thought process".

In the second phase of the protests when classes were forcibly shut down Tinpahar published numerous articles severely criticising, what Arani Chakravarty, a senior teacher of the physics department, called `Goondagiri' at Visva Bharati. According to an article published in The Times of India, Siddharth Sivakumar refutes the very idea that the entire student community was involved in class boycotting: "The large number of students accused of avoiding the protest are actually the silenced majority who oppose the agitation and yet, cannot attend classes fearing the consequences. A 'boycott' has to be a voluntary decision and should not be imposed through fear by bringing in outsiders. While the protesters have the right to express their views, if they are democratic as they claim, they should respect the rights of others to attend classes if they wish to."

See also
 Fahad Shah

References

Journalists from Kerala
Living people
Indian magazine founders
Indian magazine editors
Indian publishers (people)
Indian male journalists
Visva-Bharati University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Seal River (Bering Glacier)

text:
The Seal River is a river in the borough of Yakutat in Alaska, United States. It is part of the Pacific Ocean drainage basin, and is a tributary of the Gulf of Alaska.

The river begins at Vitus Lake, which takes in meltwater from mouth of the Bering Glacier, and flows southwest to the Gulf of Alaska.

See also
List of rivers of Alaska

References

Rivers of Alaska
Rivers of Yakutat City and Borough, Alaska


title: Miguel Albareda Creus

text:
Miguel Albareda Creus (20 February 1919 in Sabadell - 13 April 2012) was a Spanish chess player. He was once runner-up in the 1945 Spanish competition behind the international master Antonio Medina García. He was eight times champion of Catalonia in the years 1943, 1945, 1954, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1962 and 1963, and he was runner-up four times, in the years 1946, 1948, 1953 and 1965. He won the Sabadell tournament in 1944 and represented Spain in the Chess Olympiads of 1958 in Munich, and the UEFA European Chess Team in Oberhausen in 1961.

References

External links

1919 births
2012 deaths
Spanish chess players
Sportspeople from Sabadell


title: Nelson Lake (Alaska)

text:
Nelson Lake is a lake in Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States. It is located in the Brooks Range area of Alaska and is part of the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge. The lake is found at an elevation of .

Name
Nelson Lake is believed to have been named by cartographer William Yanert, with the name first appearing on a 1916 map he produced of the Yukon Flats region.

References

Lakes of Alaska
Bodies of water of Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska