title: America: Imagine the World Without Her

text:
America: Imagine the World Without Her is a 2014 American political documentary film by Dinesh D'Souza based on his book of the same name. It is a follow-up to his film 2016: Obama's America (2012). In the film, D'Souza contends that parts of United States history are improperly and negatively highlighted by liberals, which he seeks to counter with positive highlights. Topics addressed include conquest of Indigenous and Mexican lands, slavery, and matters relating to foreign policy and capitalism. D'Souza collaborated with John Sullivan and Bruce Schooley to adapt his book of the same name into a screenplay. D'Souza produced the film with Gerald R. Molen and directed it with Sullivan. The film combined historical reenactments with interviews with different political figures.

America: Imagine the World Without Her was marketed to political conservatives and through Christian marketing firms. Lionsgate released the film in three theaters on , 2014 and expanded its distribution on the weekend of the U.S. holiday Independence Day on July 4, 2014. The film grossed , which made it the highest-grossing documentary in the United States in 2014, though D'Souza's previous documentary 2016: Obama's America had grossed over . Most professional film critics called the film poorly-made and partisan. Political commentators analyzed D'Souza's rebuttal of Howard Zinn's criticisms, the filmmaker's treatment of Saul Alinsky, Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton, and D'Souza's depiction of his own criminal prosecution. Conservative commentators expressed a mix of full and qualified support for the documentary and D'Souza's intentions.

Synopsis
Setting the stage for a presentation of their views, D'Souza and Sullivan provide counterfactual histories in which George Washington is killed during the Revolutionary War, or the country is divided following civil war, creating a world without America that would be vastly worse off. D'Souza identifies himself as an Indian immigrant who chose America, and has been impressed with what a unique force for good it is, something Americans have traditionally agreed with. He claims modern leftists are “telling a new story”, however, contradicting traditional veneration for America in order to “convince a nation to author its own destruction” and “unmake the America that is here now.” He then challenges several "indictments" made against the country and American exceptionalism, including sociology professor and activist Michael Eric Dyson's claim that “Thievery" was the “critical element” for “American empire” and historian and activist Ward Churchill's assertion that the US is the world's new evil empire, and says that 1960s Chicago radical Saul Alinsky, historian Howard Zinn, and others have promoted guilt and resentment regarding wealth inequality that has helped shape the political careers of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.

D'Souza argues that America's wealth has been created, not stolen. He says the $700 used to purchase colonial Manhattan from American Indians could buy many desolate parcels globally today, but that individual industry has made New York real estate worth billions. He states that in Europe, India, and elsewhere most countries have been founded on conquest, and observes that the American pattern of wealth creation hasn't been the universal norm. He cites examples like Arab historian Ibn Khaldun preferring looting to trade and says that merchants form Hinduism's second-lowest social caste.

The film argues that American Indians exhibited this "conquest ethic" among themselves, and that most of the American Indian depopulation that occurred during European colonization resulted from the accidental transmission of plagues (which had earlier devastated Europe), not from an intent to wipe out a people. The film argues that modern American Indians have little interest in returning to their hunter-gatherer past. In an interview, Senator Ted Cruz compares the Texas Revolution to the American Revolution. Professor and Reconquista advocate Charles Truxillo is contrasted with an interviewed Tejano who says he has no desire to return to a poverty and crime ridden Mexico and instead wants to live the "American Dream".

D'Souza says that slavery impeded American development, rather than boosting it. The film argues that slavery was an omnipresent phenomenon for most of human history, but that its abolition was "uniquely Western", noting the rarity of a "great war fought to end slavery" like the American Civil War. According to the film, the Declaration of Independence essentially says “liberty is the solution to injustice,” a “promissory note” cashed throughout history by Americans such as Martin Luther King Jr. C.J. Walker, the black entrepreneur and daughter of slaves who is regarded as America's first self-made female millionaire, is cited as an example of the type of individual success story the American system allows that is ignored by historians like Zinn because it undermines their leftist narrative.   Columbia University economist Jagdish Bhagwati is shown saying that the “world is embracing the free market,” for which there is “no reason for us to be apologetic.” The film attempts to outline how somewhat free enterprise and consumer "choice" rather than "coercion", have possibly raised living standards by making existing goods cheaper and creating new ones.

Cast

 John Koopman as General George Washington, founding father, Continental Army general, and 1st President of the United States
Jodie Moore as old George Washington
 Caroline Granger as Martha Washington
Lynette Bennette as old Martha Washington
 Don Taylor as President Abraham Lincoln, American lawyer and 16th President of the United States
 Josh Bonzie as Frederick Douglass
 Janitta Swain as Madame C. J. Walker, first female self-made millionaire and philanthropist
 Michelle Swink as Mary Todd Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln's wife
 Rett Terrell as Alexis de Toqueville
 Rodney Luis Aquino as Hernán Cortés
 Michael D. Arite as Major Henry Rathbone
 Chad Baker as Gustave de Beaumont
 Rich Bentz as Saul D. Alinsky
 Todd Trice as Stephen Douglas
 Chris Bauza as young John Fer
 Chad Baker as Gustave de Beaumont
 Walker Theodore Thomas as William Ellison
 Corey Dykes as Christopher Columbus
 Jen Pierce as young Hillary Clinton

Interviews
D'Souza conducted interviews with the following individuals:
 Charmaine White Face, a Native American activist
 Charles Truxillo, a professor of Chicano at University of New Mexico
 Noam Chomsky, a political commentator and anarcho-syndicalist activist
 Michael Eric Dyson, a professor of sociology at Georgetown University
 Rand Paul, the junior United States senator for Kentucky
 Ted Cruz, the junior United States senator from Texas
 Temo Muniz, law student, and Hispanic activist
 Ronald Radosh, former Communist Party USA member and American writer
 Alan Dershowitz, a scholar on United States constitutional law and criminal law
 John Fer, a U.S. Air Force pilot and former POW of the Vietnam War
 Ward Churchill, American author and political activist
 Jagdish Bhagwati, professor of economics and law at Columbia University
 Star Parker, American syndicated columnist and conservative political activist
 Stanley Kurtz
 Harvey Silverglate, American author

Cameos
The following persons appear in cameos via archive footage
 Martin Luther King Jr.
 Bill Ayers
 Richard Nixon
 Barack Obama
 Joe Biden
 Nancy Pelosi
 Ronald Reagan
 Elizabeth Warren
 Becky Gerritson
 Steve Jobs
 Bill Gates
 Aaron Swartz
 Matt Damon
 Bono
 Sean Hannity
 Megyn Kelly

Production
America: Imagine the World Without Her is directed by Dinesh D'Souza and John Sullivan. The two wrote a screenplay with Bruce Schooley based on D'Souza's book of the same title. The documentary was produced under the director's company D'Souza Entertainment. Sullivan said he was inspired by the History Channel miniseries The Men Who Built America, "I really thought that there was something in that style which allows you to tell a bigger story." The director said the fiscal success of 2016: Obama's America allowed the filmmakers to raise financing for America. Re-enactment scenes were filmed in Camden, South Carolina. Actor John Koopman III, a resident of Colchester, Connecticut who had portrayed General George Washington at state and national parks throughout the United States, was cast to portray Washington in the documentary. Koopman brought his own historical wardrobe and horse for filming, which took place in Camden over the course of four days.

The filmmakers chose to feature clips of celebrities including Woody Harrelson, Matt Damon, and Bono to illustrate the documentary's points to audiences who may be unfamiliar with historical figures like Frederick Douglass. Harrelson is shown condemning the United States's treatment of Native Americans. The film also shows Howard Zinn's history book A People's History of the United States being mentioned by Damon's character in the film Good Will Hunting as well as in the TV series The Sopranos. A clip featuring Bono, who did not participate in the production, is shown to illustrate support for American exceptionalism.

The filmmakers also sought to license the song "It's America" recorded by Rodney Atkins, but the licensing was denied by one of the songwriters due to the political premise of the documentary. They instead involved Dave Mustaine, founder of Megadeth, who recorded a heavy metal guitar version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" for the film. The filmmakers also licensed the song "America" by Imagine Dragons and "Home" by Phillip Phillips.

In addition to the theatrical cut, D'Souza edited an 80-minute cut for educational purposes, removing interviews with political pundits. He said, "It's all purely historical content now."

Marketing
D'Souza released the trailer for America: Imagine the World Without Her on , 2014. He later screened the trailer to  at the Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington, DC on , 2014. The filmmakers hired Christian marketing firms to create a sermon, replete with video clips, based on the documentary, and make it available for download. The Hollywood Reporter said on , 2014 that over 1,000 preachers had downloaded the sermon and that insiders expected the number to reach 5,000 before the film's release. The filmmakers also emailed 120,000 evangelical churches asking them to promote the film and hired the company Faithit.com to contact 80,000 Christian consumers. In the following July, D'Souza and fellow filmmaker Bruce Schooley traveled to the state of Texas to promote the documentary on radio and television programs owned by Glenn Beck.

D'Souza wrote the book America: Imagine the World Without Her, on which the documentary is based. Shortly before the film's release, the warehouse club Costco pulled the book from its shelves, saying its action was due to low sales. D'Souza called Costco's explanation "preposterous" and noted that his book had only been out a few weeks and was ranked #1 on Amazon.com's bestseller list, while Costco continued to stock hundreds of much lower-selling books. D'Souza asserted the book was pulled because one of Costco's co-founders, James Sinegal, supported Obama's politics. Rush Limbaugh and other media voices on the political right supported D'Souza with widespread criticism of Costco. Costco reordered the book and cited the documentary's release and related interest for the reorder.

Since America: Imagine the World Without Her and its predecessor 2016: Obama's America share "America" in their titles, several film websites, including Rotten Tomatoes, Yahoo! Movies, and MovieTickets.com, had difficulty presenting results for the newer documentary. While these websites resolved the results, the filmmakers contacted the search engine Google to complain about a lack of immediate search results pertaining to the documentary. Other results, including 2016: Obama's America and Captain America: The First Avenger and Captain America: The Winter Soldier, were being shown instead. They expressed concern that a lack of results, including showtimes, would affect the documentary's gross. D'Souza claimed that the lack of search results was politically motivated on Google's part. A preliminary fix stopped listing results for either of D'Souza's documentaries. Google said the term "America" being common in film titles prevented specific results, and it updated its Knowledge Graph to show results for the 2014 documentary.

In August 2014, the nonprofit organization Movie to Movement invited President Barack Obama and members of the United States Congress to a free screening of America. The Hollywood Reporter said the organization "helps to promote small, wholesome movies, many of which seem to have a Christian or conservative theme to them though the group is non-partisan". Movie to Movement's founder and CEO said he budgeted $5,500 to pay for the politicians' tickets and would secure delivery of a digital copy if the documentary was not available in a theater near a politician.

Release
Lionsgate, which handled home entertainment distribution for D'Souza's previous film 2016: Obama's America, acquired rights to distribute America: Imagine the World Without Her in theaters in the United States. Historically, it distributed in theaters two political documentaries, Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) and Religulous (2008). The UK-based Manifest Film Sales acquired rights to distribute America outside the United States with the goal of screening the documentary at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival, but the screening did not take place.

Lionsgate gave the film a limited release in three theaters in the U.S. cities Atlanta and Houston on , 2014. The cities were selected for premiering America since 2016: Obama's America performed well in them in 2012. The Hollywood Reporter said America "opened to solid numbers" with $39,000 for a theater average of $13,000. The distributor then planned a wide release for the weekend of the U.S. holiday Independence Day on , 2014. On , 2014, Lionsgate expanded the release to . For the weekend of , 2014, it grossed  and ranked 11th at the box office. CinemaScore reported that its sample of opening-night audiences gave the film a rare A+ grade on a scale of A+ to F.

The film concluded its theatrical run after  with a total gross of . The Hollywood Reporter said the gross was "a very strong showing for a documentary film". For 2014, America was the highest-grossing documentary in the United States. The film did not perform as well as 2016: Obama's America, which grossed over . To date, America ranks as the sixth highest-grossing political documentary in the United States.

Lionsgate released the film on Digital HD on , 2014 and on DVD and Blu-ray on , 2014, a week before the national Election Day on . The home media included  of additional footage, including interviews with Ted Cruz, Ward Churchill, Star Parker, and former prisoner of war John Fer. For the week ending , 2014, it ranked third in disc sales after X-Men: Days of Future Past and Mr. Peabody & Sherman. It ranked seventh in Blu-ray sales with 26% of discs sold being Blu-ray.

Critical response
The Times-Picayune reported, "America wasn't widely screened for critics, but the first handful of reviews are... not particularly glowing," saying that the reviews essentially labeled the film as "partisan". The News-Press reported, "America has been criticized by some as offensive, right-wing propaganda." The film review website Metacritic surveyed  and assessed 10 reviews as negative and 1 as mixed, with none being positive. It gave a weighted average score of 15 out of 100, indicating "overwhelming dislike". Rotten Tomatoes surveyed  and, categorizing the reviews as positive or negative, assessed 22 as negative and 2 as positive. Of the , it determined an average rating of 4 out of 10. The website gave the film an overall score of 8% and the site's consensus stated: "Passionate but poorly constructed, America preaches to the choir." According to The Hollywood Reporters Paul Bond, the film performed well in its limited theatrical release, "overcoming several negative reviews in the mainstream media". Bond reported, "Conservatives... seem thrilled with the movie." USA Todays Bryan Alexander said, "America was savaged by mainstream critics... It received an 8% critical score on RottenTomatoes.com... But the film received an 88% positive audience score on the same website."

Joe Leydon, reviewing for Variety, called America "a slick, sprawling celebration of American exceptionalism that could, much like its predecessor, make a bundle by rigorously reinforcing the deeply held beliefs and darkest suspicions of its target audience". Leydon said the acting in the historical re-enactments was of inconsistent quality. The critic found that D'Souza gave screen time to those with whom he disagreed, but said, "For the most part, however, D'Souza gives the impression of someone obsessed with whitewashing any and all dark chapters in U.S. history books." Leydon commended the documentary's "tech values" as well as composer Bryan E. Miller's opening theme. The Hollywood Reporters Stephen Farber said D'Souza overstated "anti-American tenets ostensibly running rampant in our society" and that his responses to critiques of America "aren't very convincing". Farber said of the film's production quality, "The battle scenes are competent but no more than that, and the performances are perfunctory at best." Farber said the historical re-enactments would not impress moviegoers who had seen many other historical films, though he called Ben Huddleston's cinematography "striking". The critic concluded, "Here is one more dubious piece of agitprop that will delight the author's fans and have very little impact on his opponents." Metacritic scored each trade paper's review of the film to be 30 out of 100.

Metacritic assessed reviews from The A.V. Club, Indiewire's The Playlist, Slant Magazine, and TheWrap as fully negative with no merit given. TheWraps James Rocchi said the documentary had straw man arguments favoring D'Souza and had anecdotes in place of data, "The film is intellectually and factually spurious, in addition to being... deeply self-serving." Rocchi called America "technically inept" with "clumsy" editing and added, "The sound mix is incomprehensibly sloppy. Graphics look slapdash; historical recreations are either cheap-looking, unintentionally funny, or both." The critic said while liberal filmmaker Michael Moore "may be self-important at his worst", that he could direct a better film than D'Souza and Sullivan. The A.V. Clubs David Ehrlich also said America had straw man arguments, "[D'Souza and Sullivan are] hellbent on pacifying the American guilt they believe was responsible for Obama's election, desperately attempting to assuage the national conscience about the evils of colonialism, capitalism, and racism." Ehrlich said, "It's admirable that D'Souza is so willing to engage people who don't share his perspective, but his editing and the instructive music with which he pushes it suggest that he's not particularly interested in what they have to say."

Rob Humanick, reviewing for Slant Magazine, said "The cynically opportunistic America descends into another one-note attack on the sitting president, beholden to the same plethora of taboos, half-truths, and outright lies traded en masse by mainstream conservatism for the last seven years." Humanick called the documentary "a carefully cultivated collection of false equivalencies, hyperbolic pronouncements, blatant recontextualizations of others' arguments, and shameless appeals to patriotism, all within a vaguely fear-mongering framework of demonizing the other". The critic said exceptions were cited to excuse America's history and that D'Souza's criticism of Obama did not ask "greater fundamental questions". Humanick concluded, "Anyone who's ever actually studied history outside of public education, or read the texts alluded to throughout America (such as Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States), will understand the degree to which history has been flattened and narratives simplified for the sake of lending greater legitimacy to these binary-reliant 'lessons.'" Gabe Toro, reviewing for The Playlist, said, "The film plays out like more of a bullet-point presentation than an actual film, taking each argument he thinks liberal minds are having and dissecting each, cherry-picking anomalies in order to confront some sort of liberal 'truth' that doesn't exist." Toro called the documentary "artless propaganda, uninformed, sensationalistic and devoted to buzzphrases, ...simplicity, ...and grandstanding". The critic said, "Insidiously, these are some of the ways D'Souza and co-director John Sullivan keep the film brisk and conventionally entertaining... Filled with soaring guitars, pointless blacksmith montages and recreations with porn-level production values... it's all fist-pumping anti-thought, consisting of baseless revisionist history and idle contrarianism."

Los Angeles Timess Martin Tsai, whose review Metacritic scored to be 40 out of 100, the highest of its sample of 11, said, "He attempts to debunk [Howard] Zinn through apagoge, as if finding an exception to Zinn's every rule will invalidate Zinn's entire argument... D'Souza makes some cogent points yet will not concede the existence of any gray area. The possibility that he and Zinn could both be right seems unfathomable." Tsai said, "'America' seems more intent on editorializing, razzling and dazzling than on stimulating civic debate." He summarized, "It's far more invested in elaborate historical reenactments, hypothetical dramatizations and special effects than interviews, research and data."

Political commentary

U.S. News & World Reports Nicole Hemmer said D'Souza's documentary was intended for conservatives and conveyed the premise that leftist radicals portrayed American history as shameful to win political power. Simon van Zuylen-Wood, writing in National Journal, said the film treated "the radical-left worldview of marginal figures like Bill Ayers" as representative of American liberalism and that it engaged "in a selective historiography" like minimizing slavery in the United States by highlighting the existence of black slaveholders. Zuylen-Wood also compared D'Souza to liberal filmmaker Michael Moore in how both use their roots to convey their messages and how they are both central characters in their documentaries, introducing "one ideological pathology after another" to moviegoers.

Mark Stricherz of The Atlantic said that D'Souza message suffered "the intellectual pitfalls of ignoring the critics", finding that he did not contextualize Obama's phrase "You didn't build that" in America. Stricherz said, "At times, America lives up to D'Souza's old intellectual standards. He meets in person with left-wing critics... He argues persuasively that Alexis de Tocqueville is a more reliable guide than Howard Zinn to troubling episodes in early American history such as slavery and the treatment of Native Americans." Stricherz concluded, "D'Souza's pride, his belief he needs neither intellectual nor moral critics, has brought about his fall from the first rank of conservative intellectuals." John Tamny of Forbes said, "D’Souza's America is noble in its effort to discredit myths about the U.S. as a genocidal, thieving, racist, capitalistically rapacious nation, but really, who believes this? It's popular in the victimized portion of the conservative movement to assert that those who love the U.S., freedom, and the prosperity it delivers do so in silence out of fear that the majority haters will persecute them for having those views, but let's be serious. This extreme kind of thinking is all too rare as we all well know."

John Fund of National Review said the documentary was a response to U.S. progressive critique of the country: "D'Souza's film and his accompanying book are a no-holds-barred assault on the contemporary doctrine of political correctness." Fund said D'Souza's message was "deeply pessimistic" but concluded, "Most people will leave the theater with a more optimistic conclusion: Much of the criticism of America taught in the nation's schools is easily refuted, America is worth saving, and we have the tools to do so in our DNA, just waiting to be harnessed." National Reviews Jay Nordlinger said: "Dinesh is the anti-Moore: taking to the big screen to press conservative points... The shame narrators (let's call them) focus on maybe 20 percent of the American story. Dinesh simply puts the other 80 percent back in." Nordlinger bisected the documentary: "The first [part] deals with the 'shame narrative.' The second deals with today's politics, and in particular presidential politics." The conservative commentator said: "The second movie confirms for me that one of Dinesh's great advantages is that he is absolutely clear-eyed about the Third World. While liberal Americans romanticize it, he has lived it."

In the liberal Daily Kos blog, Dan Falcone wrote: "D’Souza's film America sets out to report that anyone who tries to make America more democratic or inclusive is motivated by disdain for the country."  Media Matters for America called the film "racially charged agitprop". In Salon, Elizabeth Stoker Bruenig called it a "laughable embarrassment" which ranges "from atrociously bad argumentation to humiliating propaganda".

Rebuttal of Howard Zinn

In the documentary, D'Souza counters four "indictments" of the United States made by historian Howard Zinn: the treatment of Native Americans, slavery, the transfer of Mexico, and its colonialist behavior. John Fund in National Review said, "Consider his treatment of those subjects as his direct rebuttal to... Zinn, whose textbooks treating America's history as one of ceaseless oppression dominate many American high schools and colleges." Andrew Romano, writing for The Daily Beast, said Zinn was for D'Souza "a somewhat smaller target" than Obama in his previous documentary. Romano said the filmmaker's counterarguments were disingenuous and did not prove Zinn wrong. U.S. News & World Reports Hemmer said D'Souza's statement that Zinn's book A People's History of the United States was part of mainstream education was incorrect: "Though influential, the book was hardly hegemonic. It was even sharply criticized by prominent historians." Hemmer said Eric Foner's textbook Give Me Liberty! was more common than Zinn's book and was even critical of the book as pessimistic.

Treatment of Alinsky, Obama, and Clinton

In the documentary, D'Souza says Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton were followers of the left-wing activist Saul Alinsky. John Fund of National Review said "D'Souza is the first filmmaker to mine the rich material showing the radicalism of Alinsky." National Reviews Jay Nordlinger said "I myself depart a bit from D'Souza on Alinskyism: I regard Obama and Hillary as mainstream Democrats, no different from Nancy Pelosi, John Kerry, and the rest of the gang. And this gang commands the respect, or at least the votes, of approximately half the country." Gabe Toro, reviewing for Indiewire's The Playlist, said D'Souza "flat-out compares" Alinsky to the Devil and then suggests Alinsky's influence on Clinton and Obama. National Journals Zuylen-Wood said despite Alinsky dying when Obama was a teenager in Hawaii, the film portrayed Obama as one of Alinsky's "most famous disciples". U.S. News & World Reports Hemmer said Alinsky was a focus in D'Souza's film because President Obama was not up for reelection in 2016, so his argument about Obama's heritage could not apply to Hillary Clinton if she became a Presidential candidate. With Obama and Clinton both having links to Alinsky, Hemmer said Alinsky "has become the natural conduit to transfer criticisms of Obama to Clinton".

The Guardians Ben Beaumont-Thomas said Hillary Clinton was a key focus in the documentary due to the likelihood of her being a candidate in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Beaumont-Thomas said the TV networks NBC and CNN avoided producing miniseries about Clinton, "Both right- and leftwing voices expressed concern that the series would be either too favourable to Clinton or too politically cautious. Liberal voices will now likely clamour for a counterweight to D'Souza's film."

Filmmaker's prosecution

Toward the end of the film, D'Souza shows himself on camera wearing handcuffs, referring to his criminal conviction for violating election campaign finance laws. Joseph Amodeo, a political scientist and policy researcher for The Huffington Post, said the scene "appears to be an apology to his 'fans' and an awkward show of penance for recent improprieties on his part." Michael Berkowitz, also writing for The Huffington Post, said of the scene, "[D'Souza's] suggestion that his own criminal conviction and his cheating on his wife are the result of political targeting are embarrassing and without support." National Reviews Fund said of the scene, "He clearly conveys his view that he was selectively prosecuted. But viewers should take the film on its own merits, he says, regardless of what they think of him."

Proposed legislation

Alan Hays, a Republican member of the Florida State Senate, saw America in theaters in July 2014 and subsequently announced his intent to propose state legislation to require middle school and high school students in Florida's public school system to see the film. Hays said, "I've looked at history books and talked to history teachers and the message the students are getting is very different from what is in the movie. It's dishonest and insulting. The students need to see the truth without political favoritism." Hays said he would not object if America was paired with a liberal film and that he would requisition copies of America from charitable groups to give schools to avoid burdening Florida's taxpayers. In November 2014, Hays filed a bill in the state senate to require seeing the documentary. The Tampa Bay Times said Hays "received heavy criticism that he was foisting propaganda on children". Hays asked Neil Combee, a Republican member of the Florida House of Representatives, to support his bill. After Combee watched the documentary and discussed it, he agreed to file a companion bill. Combee filed the House bill in the following December, and the Times said the companion bill increased the likelihood of the legislation being adopted. The proposed bill required all of Florida's eighth and eleventh graders to watch America. The bill includes an option for parents to opt their children out of the film screening.

The liberal advocacy group People for the American Way criticized it for supporting a political documentary and as a cinematic selection by legislators rather than educators. Southwest Florida's television station WINK-TV reported that critics said the legislation was "propaganda and ignorant". The head of Collier County's local Libertarian Party, Jared Grifoni, did not contest the content but the attempted requirement, "We should be working to get rid of political and social engineering in schools regardless which side of the aisle is pushing it. This is the right side of the aisle pushing their agenda on students while accusing the left of the same thing."

The House bill garnered eight co-sponsors. It ultimately died in the K-12 Subcommittee on , 2015. The Senate bill died in the Committee on Pre-K to 12 on , 2015.

See also

 Political cinema
 List of documentary films

References

Further reading

External links

2014 films
2014 documentary films
American alternate history films
American documentary films
Documentary films about United States history
Films scored by Bryan E. Miller
Films based on non-fiction books
Films directed by Dinesh D'Souza
Films produced by Gerald R. Molen
Films produced by Dinesh D'Souza
Films shot in Florida
Films shot in Oklahoma
Films shot in South Carolina
Lionsgate films
Films with screenplays by Dinesh D'Souza
Cultural depictions of Hernán Cortés
Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln
Cultural depictions of Hillary Clinton
Cultural depictions of Christopher Columbus
Cultural depictions of George Washington
Cultural depictions of Frederick Douglass
Documentary films about American politics
Documentary films about Native Americans
Documentary films about Mexican Americans
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


title: 1912 United States elections

text:
The 1912 United States elections elected the members of the 63rd United States Congress, occurring during the Fourth Party System. Amidst a division between incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and former Republican President Theodore Roosevelt, the Democratic Party won the Presidency and both chambers of Congress, the first time they accomplished that feat since the 1892 elections.

In the Presidential election, Democratic Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey defeated Republican President William Howard Taft and former president and Progressive Party nominee Theodore Roosevelt. Socialist union leader Eugene Debs, running his fourth campaign, took six percent of the vote. At the 1912 Democratic National Convention, Wilson took the nomination on the 46th ballot, defeating Speaker Champ Clark and several other candidates. Roosevelt left the Republican Party after an unsuccessful challenge to Taft at the 1912 Republican National Convention. Though Wilson carried just over 40% of the popular vote, he dominated the electoral college and won a greater share of the electoral vote than any candidate since Ulysses S. Grant in 1872. Wilson's election made him the first Democratic president since Grover Cleveland. Roosevelt's candidacy finished second in the popular vote and the electoral college, the only time a third party candidate accomplished either feat.

Following the 1910 census, 41 seats were added to the House, setting the House at its current number of 435 seats. Democrats made major gains in the House, further strengthening their majority, while the new Progressive Party won ten seats.

In the last Senate election before the ratification of the 17th Amendment, Democrats made moderate gains and won control of the chamber for the first time since the 1892 election.

See also
1912 United States presidential election
1912 United States House of Representatives elections
1912–13 United States Senate elections
1912 United States gubernatorial elections

References

1912


title: Justin Benson (filmmaker)

text:
Justin Benson (born June 9, 1983) is an American filmmaker and actor. He is best known for his work with creative partner Aaron Moorhead.

Early life
Justin Benson was born on June 9, 1983 in San Diego, California, United States.

Career
Benson wrote the 2013 critically acclaimed horror film Resolution and directed it with his filmmaking partner Aaron Scott Moorhead.

The pair's directorial work can also be found in the anthology film V/H/S: Viral in the segment entitled "Bonestorm", and the 2014 romantic body horror film Spring, which Benson also wrote. Spring premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, and was publicly praised by both Richard Linklater and Guillermo del Toro.

In 2017 Benson wrote, co-directed and starred alongside Moorhead in the science-fiction horror film The Endless, which premiered at the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival. The Endless was released theatrically in North America in 2018 by Well Go USA.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
American film directors
American film editors
American film producers
American male actors
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American television directors
Actors from California
Male actors from San Diego
Film directors from California
Film producers from California
Screenwriters from California


title: Aaron Moorhead

text:
Aaron Scott Moorhead (born March 3, 1987) is an American film director, producer, cinematographer, editor, and actor. He is best known for his work with creative partner Justin Benson.

Life and career
Moorhead grew up in Tarpon Springs, Florida and attended Palm Harbor University High School.

His partnership with writer and producer Justin Benson generated two critically acclaimed feature films, 2012 horror Resolution and 2014 romantic body horror film Spring, which premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. In both, Moorhead acts as co-director, producer and director of photography.

His work with Benson can also be found in the segment "Bonestorm" of the American anthology horror film V/H/S: Viral.

Their film The Endless premiered in competition at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2017, and was acquired for distribution in 2018 by Well Go USA Entertainment.

Filmography
Film

Television

References

External links

Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
American cinematographers
People from Tarpon Springs, Florida
Florida State University alumni
1987 births
Film directors from Florida


title: Wilhelm Wandschneider

text:
Wilhelm Georg Johannes Wandschneider (6 June 1866, Plau am See – 23 September 1942, Plau am See) was a German sculptor.

Life
His father was a commercial decorative painter. At an early age, he began an after-school apprenticeship in the family workshop, taking advantage of a few free hours for more artistic endeavors. In 1885, after having served as an assistant on a trip to Rostock and Güstrow, his father gave him permission to go to Berlin and look for work.

The Mayor of Plau had seen some of Wandschneider's artistic work and was impressed, so he attempted to arrange a scholarship. After securing recommendations from Ludwig Brunow and Martin Wolff the Mayor sent a letter to Grand Duke Frederick Francis III, who granted Wandschneider a personal gift of 150 Marks to study at the Prussian Academy of Art. After passing the entrance exam in 1886, he studied with Albert Wolff, Paul Friedrich Meyerheim, Fritz Schaper and Gerhard Janensch. He also gained practical experience working in the studios of Ludwig Brunow, Martin Wolff, Karl Hilgers and Ernst Herter. In 1895, he became a Master Student of Reinhold Begas but did not remain long, having won a prize from the "Philip von Rohr Foundation" which enabled him to study in Italy for a year. While there, he met his future wife, Anna Kreß, who was working as a model.

Career in Berlin
Full of confidence upon his return to Berlin, he was determined to achieve success as a free-lance sculptor, participating in several contests for monument and fountain designs. By 1898, he had won three major commissions. In 1899, through his friend Constantin Starck, he met Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg, who liked his work and placed several orders. His career truly took off after that point and the years 1897 to 1916 proved to be his most successful. Buoyed by the positive reception he received at the St.Louis World's Fair in 1904, he entered competitions for monuments in places as diverse as Manila, Cape Town and Quito, but to no avail. He finally received an order for a monument to Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly in Riga and was proffered an invitation to compete for a monument in St.Louis that would be dedicated to the German-American journalists Carl Schurz, Emil Preetorius and Carl Daenzer.

Travel to America
The competition was primarily sponsored by Anheuser-Busch cofounder Adolphus Busch, who had contributed $20,000 of the $31,000 needed to construct the monument. Wandschneider's entry, a single nude female statue, called "The Naked Truth", was selected as the winner by the jury, which subsequently invited him to St. Louis to collect his winnings.

Unfortunately, the Memorial Association, as well as Busch himself, were not pleased with the selection of a nude as the winner. Local residents were also upset, and sent the Association over 250 letters of complaint. Yielding to pressure, the Association cabled him, to inform him that they were rescinding the award, so he should stay in Germany. He reportedly received the cable shortly before leaving, but decided to go anyway.  Upon his arrival in St.Louis, he met with the design committee and argued for the appropriateness of his design. His personal appeals were effective, and a compromise was reached; the statue would be made of bronze, rather than white marble, to deemphasize its nudity.

Later years
After Germany's defeat in World War I, many artists entered a period of financial distress as public commissions and private clients were difficult to find. At times, he had to feed his six children at the local soup kitchen. His only work came from military societies, seeking to memorialize their fallen comrades. In 1925, he had to sell his home and studio in Berlin, returning to his birthplace of Plau to reduce expenses. The people there greeted their famous son enthusiastically, creating a display of his plaster casts in a room at the local schoolhouse. This mini-museum was in operation until 1947. Even though he was politically conservative, he joined the National Socialist party in 1930, perhaps to ensure his employability.

In 1994, the city of Plau established a new museum to house his works, the "Bildhauermuseum Prof. Wandschneider"; on the site of the original classroom. In 2014, the redesigned and enlarged collection was moved to the "Burgmuseum".

Selected major works
A complete list of his works may be found in the corresponding article on German Wikipedia.

Monuments
 1898: Neustettin, Statue of Kaiser Wilhelm I. (Melted down in 1943). A heavily damaged portion of the base was recovered from a lake in 2003 and reinstalled.
 1899: Berlin-Charlottenburg, Statue of Werner von Siemens (The original base was destroyed. The figure was restored in 2003 and reinstalled on the Straße des 17. Juni).
 1901: Schwerin, Statue of Otto von Bismarck. (Melted down c.1950 by the Communist government. The base was reworked into gravestones. A similar fate befell his statue of Grand Duke Friedrich Franz III in Rostock.
 1903: Dortmund, Statue of Otto von Bismarck (Removed and hidden in 1940, but discovered in 1960 and melted down.)
 1913: Riga, Statue of Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly (Lost in 1915; reconstructed on its original base in 2002)
 1914: St. Louis, Allegorical figure "The Naked Truth". (see above)

War memorials
 1909: Sömmerda: Two-figure statue in honor of Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse. (Demolished in 1948. Fragments of his head and the base still exist.)
 1910: Güstrow, Figure of the "Kneeling Soldier", commemorating the Franco-Prussian War. Several more versions of this figure were created for other locations after World War I.
 1920: Malchow, figure of "The Dying Roman Warrior", with a Swastika on the reverse of the shield. It was dismantled in 1945, with the intention of reinstalling it once the Swastika was removed, but it was melted down in 1956.
 1936: Rostock, Figure of a fighting sailor to commemorate the Battle of Jutland and the men who were lost on the SMS Rostock. (Dismantled in 1945 and melted at some later date. The base survived until recently, when it was seriously vandalized and had to be removed.)

Miscellaneous figures
 1903: Plau am See, Figure of "Coriolanus", originally created for the 1904 St.Louis World's Fair, where it won a gold medal. It has also been reproduced a statuette.
 1906: "Der Sieger" (The Victor), in the Tiergarten Berlin (Melted in 1942, recast in 2001.)
 1908: "Voss un Swinegel" (fox and hedgehog), in Güstrow
 1914: "Hechtbrunnen" (Hake Fountain), in Teterow.
 1935: "Sämann" (Sower), and "Mähender Bauer" (Mower), in Plau am See.
 1936: "Pfennigjunge" (Pennyboy), on the former savings bank building, Plau am See

References

Further reading
 Bernd Ruchhöft, Fred Ruchhöft: Wilhelm Wandschneider. Leben und Werk eines Mecklenburger Bildhauers. Self-published, Plau am See (1992).
 Heidrun Lorenzen, Volker Probst: Bildende Kunst in Mecklenburg 1900 bis 1945. Zwischen Regionalität und Internationalität. Hinstorff, Rostock 2010,  (Guide book to the exhibition "Schönheit pur. Mecklenburg – ein Land für Künstler 1900 bis 1945", Güstrow and Rostock 2010).

External links

 Works by Wilhelm Wandschneider in the State Bibliography (Landesbibliographie) of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

1866 births
1942 deaths
Prussian Academy of Arts alumni
20th-century German sculptors
20th-century German male artists
19th-century German sculptors
German male sculptors


title: Afridi Colony

text:
Afridi Colony ()) is a residential neighbourhood in the Baldia Town municipality of Karachi Pakistan.

Other neighbourhoods of Baldia Town
 Abidabad
 Gulshan-e-Ghazi
 Islamnagar
 Ittehad Town
 Muhajir Camp
 Muslim Mujahid Colony
 Nai Abadi
 Naval Colony
 Rasheedabad
 Saeedabad
 Bismillah Chowk
 Delhi Colony
 Gujrat Colony
 Kokan Colony

See also
 City District Government
 Karachi
 Lahore
 Veraval Turk Jamaat

References

Neighbourhoods of Karachi
Baldia Town


title: Kentucky Route 69

text:
Kentucky Route 69 (KY 69) is a  state highway that traverses Ohio and Hancock Counties in northwestern Kentucky.

Route description
KY 69 runs from Bluff Lane in rural Ohio County to Indiana State Road 237 on the Bob Cummings – Lincoln Trail Bridge at the Kentucky-Indiana state line near Hawesville via the cities of Centertown, Hartford, Dundee, Fordsville, and Hawesville.

History
KY 69 once connected with a junction with KY 277 just northeast of Central City, in Muhlenberg County through a ferry on the Green River.  Ferry service was discontinued sometime before 1970.

KY 69 also once connected to Cannelton, Indiana from Hawesville via a ferry on the Ohio River. This ferry was replaced with the Lincoln Trail Bridge when it opened to traffic in 1966.

Major intersections

References

0069
Transportation in Ohio County, Kentucky
Transportation in Hancock County, Kentucky


title: Tunnel problem

text:
The tunnel problem is a philosophical thought experiment first introduced by Jason Millar. It is a variation on the classic trolley problem designed to focus on the ethics of autonomous vehicles, as well as the question of who gets to decide how they react in life-and-death scenarios.

Original formulation
The tunnel problem is intended to draw one's attention to a specific issue in design/engineering ethics, and was first presented as follows:

Tunnel Problem: You are travelling along a single lane mountain road in an autonomous car that is fast approaching a narrow tunnel. Just before entering the tunnel a child attempts to run across the road but trips in the center of the lane, effectively blocking the entrance to the tunnel. The car has but two options: hit and kill the child, or swerve into the wall on either side of the tunnel, thus killing you. How should the car react?

Similar thought experiments have been brought forth by other philosophers focusing on the topic of autonomous cars. The premise of these thought experiments is that even with highly sophisticated self-driving-car technologies, the cars will face situations where harm cannot be avoided.

Purpose
The tunnel problem is meant to focus one's attention on two questions that it raises for designers and users of autonomous cars:
 How should the car react?
 Who should decide how the car reacts?

In its original formulation, the tunnel problem is discussed as an "end-of-life" decision for the passenger of the car: depending on the way the car reacts, the passenger either lives or dies. Because of that feature, Millar argues that the tunnel problem forces us to question whether designers/engineers have the legitimate moral authority to make the decision on behalf of autonomous car users. Indeed, the second question is meant to challenge the standard notion that all design decisions are just technical in nature. Where design features provide "material answers to moral questions" in the use context, Millar argues that designers must find ways to incorporate user preferences in order to avoid unjustifiable paternalistic relationships between technology and the user.

Because the tunnel problem focuses on ethical design issues in semi-autonomous technologies, it is considered a problem in roboethics.

Public response
Roger Crisp featured the tunnel problem on the Oxford University Practical Ethics blog. The entry contains a critique of the problem as presented by Millar.

The tunnel problem was the focus of a poll conducted by the Open Roboethics Initiative (ORi). In response, 64% of participants said the car should continue straight and kill the child, while 36% said it should swerve and kill the passenger. In addition, 48% of respondents reported that the decision was "easy", while 28% and 24% claimed it was "moderately difficult" and "difficult" respectively. When asked who should make the decision, only 12% felt the designer/manufacturer should make it, 44% felt the passenger should make it, and 33% thought it should be left to lawmakers.

References

Thought experiments in ethics

Ethics of science and technology


title: Boxing at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's 57 kg

text:
The men's featherweight (57 kilograms) event at the 2006 Asian Games took place from 2 to 12 December 2006 at Aspire Hall 5, Doha, Qatar.

Schedule
All times are Arabia Standard Time (UTC+03:00)

Results
Legend
RET — Won by retirement
RSCO — Won by referee stop contest outscored

Final

Top half

Bottom half

References

External links
Official website

57


title: 1908 United States elections

text:
The 1908 United States elections elected the members of the 61st United States Congress, occurring during the Fourth Party System. Oklahoma joined the union during the 61st Congress. Despite the Panic of 1907, Republicans continued to control the Presidency and both houses of Congress.

In the Presidential election, Republican former Secretary of War William Howard Taft defeated Democratic former Representative William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska. Taft and Bryan won both of their respective parties' nominations on the first ballot. Taft easily won the election, taking most states outside the South. Bryan's loss made him the only presidential nominee of a major party to lose three general elections.

Democrats made minor gains in the House, but Republicans maintained a solid majority in the chamber.

In the Senate, Democrats picked up one seat, but Republicans continued to hold a commanding majority.

See also
1908 United States presidential election
1908 United States House of Representatives elections
1908–09 United States Senate elections
1908 United States gubernatorial elections

References

1908 elections in the United States
1908


title: Kennedy Wilson

text:
Kennedy Wilson is a global real estate investment company founded in 1977 and based in Beverly Hills, California, United States. In 1988, CEO and Chairman William J. McMorrow acquired the company. Kennedy Wilson focuses primarily on multifamily and office properties located in the Western United States, United Kingdom and Ireland. The company also provides real estate services primarily to financial services clients.

History
Kennedy Wilson entered the European market in 2011 when it served as the lead investor in the recapitalization of the Bank of Ireland. The team became the top commercial property owners in the country, and then expanded across the continent with offices in Dublin, London, Madrid and Jersey overseeing a $4 billion property portfolio. Kennedy Wilson Europe Real Estate Plc was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2014.

In 2017, the company closed a transaction that combined Kennedy Wilson Holdings and Kennedy Wilson Europe Real Estate Plc into one global platform with a simpler structure and an $8 billion enterprise value, generating recurring revenue of over $700 million and positioning the global company for future growth opportunities.

In 2019, it was reported that Kennedy Wilson would spend more than $600m in the next few years on various office and residential projects taking place in Ireland.

In July 2020, A $63 million loan to a multi-family development in the Boulder, Colorado area is the first investment created by a $2 billion real estate program in the US, UK, and Ireland. Global real estate investment firm Kennedy Wilson and Fairfax Financial Holdings initiated the $2 billion project.

References

External links
 Kennedy Wilson

Companies based in Beverly Hills, California
Real estate companies of the United States
Real estate companies established in 1977
1977 establishments in California


title: Vences's chameleon

text:
Vences's chameleon (Calumma vencesi) is a species of lizard in the family Chamaeleonidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

Etymology
The specific name, vencesi, is in honor of German herpetologist Miguel Vences.

Geographic range and habitat
The geographic range of Vences' chameleon is not well understood; it is thought that the total area is around 591 square kilometers (228 square miles). What is certain is that specimens have been collected from several forests in the northeastern corner of Madagascar. The species mostly inhabits the understories of humid forests in the lowlands, at altitudes of .

Reproduction
C. vencesi is oviparous.

Conservation and threats
The main threat to Vences' chameleon is habitat loss and degradation. While having a sizable range, the species is extremely intolerant of damaged habitat. Also, it has not been recorded in any protected areas, making it all the more vulnerable to logging and slash and burn agriculture. Fortunately, the illegal trade of this species seems to be virtually nonexistent.

References

Further reading
Andreone, Franco; Mattioli, Fabio; Jesu, Riccardo; Randrianirina, Jasmin E. (2001). "Two new chameleons of the genus Calumma from north-east Madagascar, with observations on hemipenial morphology in the Calumma furcifer group (Reptilia, Squamata, Chamaeleonidae)". Herpetological Journal 11 (2): 53-68. (Calumma vencesi, new species).
Glaw F (2015). "Taxonomic checklist of chameleons (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)". Vertebrate Zoology 65 (2): 167–246.
Glaw F, Vences M (2006). A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar, Third Edition. Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlag. 496 pp. .

Calumma
Endemic fauna of Madagascar
Reptiles described in 2001


title: Common name (disambiguation)

text:
A common name,  in the nomenclature of biology, is a name of a taxon or organism based on the normal language of everyday life.

Common name may also refer to:
 Common name (chemistry) (also: trivial name), non-systematic name for a chemical
 Common noun in linguistics, noun that refers to a class of entities rather than a unique entity
 CN (or "common name") in cryptography, part of an X.509 attribute certificate

See also
 Generic name (disambiguation)


title: Habenaria macroceratitis

text:
Habenaria macroceratitis, the big-horn bog orchid or long-horned false rein orchid, is a species of orchid closely related to H. quinqueseta and often mistaken for it. Habenaria macroceratitis is native to Central America, Mexico, the West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola), northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas), and Florida.

References

macroceratitis
Orchids of South America
Orchids of Mexico
Orchids of Central America
Flora of Florida
Flora of the Caribbean
Plants described in 1759
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


title: 1904 United States elections

text:
The 1904 United States elections elected the members of the 59th United States Congress. It occurred during the Fourth Party System. Republicans maintained control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress. For the first time since the 1828 election, no third party or independent won a seat in Congress.

In the Presidential election, Republican President Theodore Roosevelt defeated Democratic judge Alton Parker from New York. Parker, a conservative Bourbon Democrat, won the Democratic nomination on the first ballot, as former President Grover Cleveland and former presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan both declined to run. Roosevelt dominated both the popular vote and the electoral college, carrying every state outside the South. Roosevelt, who succeeded William McKinley after the latter was assassinated in 1901, became the first vice president to succeed to the presidency and later win election to the presidency in his own right. The election also saw Florida hold the first presidential primary, although Florida delegates were not bound by the results of the primary.

Republicans won major gains in the House, boosting their majority.

In the Senate, the Republicans picked up one seat, and maintained a commanding majority.

See also
1904 United States presidential election
1904 United States House of Representatives elections
1904–05 United States Senate elections
1904 United States gubernatorial elections

References

1904 elections in the United States
1904


title: List of Brazilian films of 1982

text:
A list of films produced in Brazil in 1982:

See also
1982 in Brazil
1982 in Brazilian television

References

External links
Brazilian films of 1982 at the Internet Movie Database

Brazil
1982
Films


title: Calumma andringitraense

text:
Calumma andringitraense is a species of chameleon endemic to Madagascar. It was originally considered a subspecies of Calumma gastrotaenia, the Perinet chameleon.

Distribution and habitat
Calumma andringitraense has a geographic range of only 1,220 square kilometers (471 square miles) in southwestern Madagascar. It is known to inhabit Andohahela National Park, Andringitra National Park, and Kalambatritra Reserve; this fragmented distribution may be a result of the species' narrow preferences of habitat. For the most part, it is restricted to intact, relatively high-altitude humid forests.

Conservation and threats
Due to its small and fragmented range and ongoing habitat loss, Calumma andringitraense is listed as endangered by the  International Union for Conservation of Nature. Perhaps as a result of its limited population and other factors, illegal trade in it is virtually nonexistent. The population of the species is decreasing.

References

Further reading
. 1997. "Eine neue Chamäleonart aus der Calumma gastrotaenia - Verwandschaft Ost-Madagaskars." Herpetofauna 19 (107): 5–10. (in German).
, Blanc CP, Domergue CA. 1972. "Notes sur les Chameleo de Madagascar. X. Deux nouveaux Caméléons des hauts sommets de Madagascar: C. capuroni n. sp. et C. gastrotaenia andringitraensis n. subsp." Bulletin du Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Paris, Series 3, 56 (42): 601–613. (in French).
Glaw F, Vences M. 1994. A Fieldguide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar, Second edition. Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlags/Serpents Tale. 480 pp. . (in English).
Lutzmann N, Lutzmann H. 2004. "Das grammatikalische Geschlecht der Gattung Calumma (Chamaeleonidae) und die nötigen Annpassungen einiger Art- und Unterartbezeichnungen." Reptilia (Münster) 9 (48): 4–5. (in German).

andringitraense
Reptiles of Madagascar
Endemic fauna of Madagascar
Reptiles described in 1972
Taxa named by Édouard-Raoul Brygoo
Taxa named by Charles Pierre Blanc
Taxa named by Charles Domergue


title: Lilian Bach

text:
Lilian Bola Bach is a Nigerian actress and model.

Early life and education
Lilian was born in Lagos Island to a Yoruba mother and a Polish father. As a result of her father's profession, she lived in various parts of the country during her formative years, attending Army Children's school, Port Harcourt and Idi Araba Secondary School, Lagos. She briefly majored in theatre arts at the University of Lagos She lost her father at the age of ten.

Modelling and acting career
Lilian came into the limelight in the 1990s as a model. She also competed in the Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria pageant and featured in several television commercials, becoming the face of Delta medicated soap. She commenced her acting career in 1997, starring in several Nollywood movies of the Yoruba and English genres.

Personal life
Lilian married business mogul, Mr Alaka, in 2012. She is a Pentecostal Christian.

Selected filmography
Eletan (2011)
High Blood Pressure (2010)
Eja Osan (2008)
Angels of Destiny (2006)
The Search (2006)
Joshua (2005)
Mi ose kogba (2005)
A Second Time (2004)
Big Pretenders (2004)
Ready to Die (2004)
Broken Edge (2004)
Lost Paradise (2004)
Ogidan (2004)
The Cartel (2004)
True Romance (2004)
Market Sellers (2003)
Not Man enough (2003)
Outkast (2001)
Married to a Witch (2001)
High Street Girls

References

External links

1970s births
Living people
Yoruba actresses
Nigerian film actresses
Nigerian people of Polish descent
Actresses from Lagos
University of Lagos alumni
20th-century Nigerian actresses
21st-century Nigerian actresses
Actresses in Yoruba cinema
Yoruba beauty pageant contestants
Beauty pageant contestants from Lagos
Nigerian Pentecostals
Nigerian models
Nigerian female models
Nigerian beauty pageant contestants
Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria contestants


title: Burnt Letters

text:
Burnt Letters is the second studio album by Australian singer and songwriter Taylor Henderson, released on 11 July 2014 by Sony Music Australia. The album is Henderson's first to be made up of entirely original songs, as his previous self-titled debut album consisted of cover songs. Recorded over an eight-month period, Henderson worked on Burnt Letters with a variety of producers and writers such as Louis Schoorl, Alex Hope, Hayley Warner, Jon Hume, Robby De Sa and Lindsay Rimes. Described by the singer as "a very raw and open acoustic album", Burnt Letters incorporates styles of pop, folk and country music. Lyrically, the album's themes speak of "family, lost love and longing for home."

Upon its release, Burnt Letters received generally favourable reviews from critics and became Henderson's second consecutive album to debut at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart. It was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association, denoting shipments of more than 35,000 units. The album was preceded by its first two singles, "When You Were Mine" and "Already Gone". The former became a top-five hit on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified platinum, while the latter only reached the top-fifty. Henderson promoted Burnt Letters with television performances and instore appearances. He also embarked on his third headlining concert tour, entitled the Burnt Letters Tour.

Background and development

Burnt Letters is the follow-up to Henderson's self-titled debut album, which featured re-recorded covers of the selected songs he performed as a finalist on The X Factor Australia. During an interview with Renowned for Sound in March 2014, Henderson confirmed that he had already begun work on Burnt Letters, stating: "I'm really proud of everything I've written for it so far. I think I've taken some risks with some of the songs, but everything has a lot of soul and depth." He later told Girl.com.au that the songs he wrote years ago were also being recorded for the album. Henderson worked on Burnt Letters for eight months with several record producers and songwriters, including Louis Schoorl, Jon Hume, Alex Hope and Lindsay Rimes, among others. After writing new songs for the album, Henderson presented them to Sony Music Australia and received good feedback from the label. He said "they were really impressed with the way I could carry a song and tell a story." Despite his music not being typical pop, Henderson revealed that Sony did not interfere with his "songwriting processes or tone" for Burnt Letters, admitting that the album is exactly the way he wanted it.

Music and lyrics
Described by Henderson as "a very raw and open acoustic album", Burnt Letters consists of pop, folk and country music styles. TV Week viewed the album as "a raw and revealing collection" with "themes of family, lost love and longing for home". Tianna Nadalin of the Geelong Advertiser wrote that it features Henderson's "signature brand of melodic folk, buttery vocals and heartfelt lyrics." In an interview with The Newcastle Herald, Henderson described the type of songs on Burnt Letters, saying: "There are songs that are fragile and some are your typical heart-throb songs." He further added, "There are no throwaway songs in there to bulk it up. Every song I've written there has meaning behind it."

The album's opening track "When You Were Mine" is a pop and folk song that incorporates influences of country music. Over a "laid back and intimate" production from Louis Schoorl, Henderson sings "about a lost love and wishing to buy back the time." Melissa Redman of Renowned for Sound noted that "When You Were Mine" features an "acoustic vibe", while Take 40 Australia and Mike Wass of Idolator compared the song to Henderson's debut single "Borrow My Heart" (2013). The second track "Already Gone" was also produced by Schoorl, and is a pop-country song that lyrically speaks about Henderson missing his home and loved ones. According to Marcus Floyd of Renowned for Sound, the fourth song "Brighter Days" contains "the typical 'I'm with you / You're not alone' pop mush you expect to hear from an ex-talent show contestant." The fifth song in Burnt Letters is the upbeat "Worth Fighting For", which was written by Jon Hume and Henderson. The pair also co-wrote the sixth track "Host of Angels", which is dedicated to Henderson's youngest sister. It is a piano ballad that talks "about the innocence of a child and how it can be neglected sometimes." Lyrics include the lines "But oh, I know you'll make it through, There's a host of angels watching over, over you, over you." Henderson initially started writing "Host of Angels" at the age of 15 and got Hume to help him finish writing the song.

"Piece by Piece", the seventh track, was the third song on the album produced by Schoorl. The following track, "Close to Nothing" is a pop and folk song produced by Trinity. The guitar ballad "Matter of Time" is the ninth song on Burnt Letters. Tenth in the album is "The Best Part", which was co-written by Henderson, Schoorl, Emma Birdsall, Christian Lo Russo and Alex Hope. The song's verses feature a percussion and guitar as its instrumentation. Burnt Letters then moves on to the rhythmic pop song "Taking Back", which was co-written by Hume and Henderson. Floyd noted that the track features "a head strong melody with empowering lyrics". The final song is the album's title track "Burnt Letters", which was produced by Hope. It is a pop ballad that contains "emotive vocals" from Henderson and a "hypnotic guitar-line".

Release and promotion
Beginning on 16 May to 6 June 2014, fans were given the chance to pre-order Burnt Letters online through Sanity or JB Hi-Fi for their names to be printed in the thank you notes of the album booklet. On 5 June 2014, Henderson announced the release date for Burnt Letters and revealed the album cover via his social media platforms. Following the announcement, the song "Sail Away" was made available to download alongside the iTunes pre-order of the album. From 30 June to 10 July 2014, visual teasers of songs "Taking Back", "Matter of Time", "Piece by Piece", "Close to Nothing", "Worth Fighting For", "The Best Part", "Host of Angels", "Brighter Days" and "Burnt Letters" were uploaded to Henderson's Vevo account. On 4 July 2014, Henderson's first extended play, The Acoustic Sessions, was released exclusively on the JB Hi-Fi online store, featuring acoustic versions of six songs from Burnt Letters. On 9 July 2014, Henderson performed acoustic versions of "When You Were Mine" and "Piece by Piece" in the Take 40 Australia Live Lounge. The album was released both digitally and physically on 11 July 2014.

On the day of Burnt Letters release, Henderson performed "Already Gone" on Sunrise, "Piece by Piece" on The Morning Show and performed and signed physical copies of the album during an instore appearance at Westfield Burwood. He continued his instore appearances at Capalaba Central Shopping Centre (12 July 2014), Westfield Fountain Gate (13 July 2014), Westfield Tuggerah (17 July 2014) and Geelong Market Square Shopping Centre (23 July 2014). Henderson also promoted Burnt Letters with television interviews on The Daily Edition (15 July 2014) and Better Homes and Gardens (8 August 2014) and performances of "Already Gone" on The Riff (18 July 2014) and The Footy Show (24 July 2014). On 27 July 2014, he took over as the radio host for Nova FM from 1:00pm to 3:00pm. Henderson performed "Host of Angels" on The X Factor Australia (6 October 2014) and Sunrise (9 October 2014). He also performed "Brighter Days" on Sunrise on 20 November 2014.

Singles
"When You Were Mine" was released as the lead single from Burnt Letters on 7 March 2014. The song garnered positive reviews from critics, many of whom praised its composition and lyrics as well as Henderson's vocal performance. Upon its release, "When You Were Mine" debuted at number five on the ARIA Singles Chart and became Henderson's third top-five song. It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for sales exceeding 70,000 copies. The second single "Already Gone" was released on 20 June 2014, and peaked at number 42 on the ARIA Singles Chart. "Host of Angels" impacted Australian radio stations on 18 September 2014, as the album's third single. Upon its release, "Host of Angels" debuted at number 55 on the ARIA Singles Chart. The fourth single "Brighter Days" was serviced to Australian radio stations on 26 November 2014.

Burnt Letters Tour
To further promote the album, Henderson embarked on the Burnt Letters Tour, which began on 12 July 2014 in Brisbane and ended on 7 September 2014 in Bangalow. The Voice Australia finalists Gabriel and Cecilia were the supporting act for Henderson's final show at the Bangalow A&I Hall.

Reception

Critical response
Marcus Floyd from Renowned for Sound awarded Burnt Letters three-and-a-half stars out of five and gave it a mixed review, noting that most of the songs on the album "are borderline similar". He also added that "Burnt Letters wasn't an entirely bad release" but felt "it would have been better served as an EP" with the songs "When You Were Mine", "Already Gone", "Sail Away" and "Taking Back". However, not all of his review was negative. Floyd pointed out that "Henderson does manage to show off that voice of his to reassure us that he indeed has talent and almost had The X Factor." A positive review came from The Music's Bailey Lions who described Burnt Letters as "strangely addictive" and praised the "12 thoroughly enjoyable tracks of smooth rhythms and triumphant chorus hooks." A writer for Q News also praised the "great mix of tracks" and wrote that Henderson "has set himself at a standard higher than his predecessors and is fast proving his ability to deliver quality Australian music."

Commercial performance
For the issue dated 21 July 2014, Burnt Letters debuted at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart and became Henderson's second consecutive number-one album. It also became the seventh number-one album by an Australian act in 2014 and Sony Music Australia's first number-one album for 2014. In its second week, Burnt Letters dropped to number three and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of more than 35,000 units. The album spent its first three weeks in the top ten. For the issue dated 13 October 2014, Burnt Letters jumped from number 14 to number eight on the ARIA Albums Chart, making it a fourth week within the top ten for the album.

Track listing

Notes
  signifies an additional producer
  signifies a vocal producer

Credits and personnel
Adapted from the liner notes of Burnt Letters.

Locations
Recorded at 301 Studios, Sydney; Goldsbrough Studio, Sydney; The Kennel, Stockholm, Sweden; New Holland Studio, Sydney; Sony Studios, Sydney; The Stables Studio, Melbourne
Mixed at The Kennel, Stockholm, Sweden; New Holland Studio, Sydney; The Stables Studio, Melbourne
Mastered at Studios 301 in Sydney.

Vocal credits
Emma Birdsall – background vocals
Taylor Henderson – lead vocals, background vocals
Alex Hope – background vocals
Jon Hume – background vocals
Jarryd Klapper – background vocals
Louis Schoorl – background vocals
Hayley Warner – background vocals

Creative credits
Kane Hibberd – photography, design concept
Eoin Stanley – booklet design

Technical credits

Emma Birdsall – songwriter
Adrian Breakspear – recording, vocal recording, engineering, assistant engineering
Christopher Coleman – songwriter
Robby De Sa – songwriter, producer, engineering, recording, drums, keys and programming, guitar
Ben Fielding – songwriter, guitar
Johan Gustafson (Trinity) – songwriter, producer, recording, instrumentation
Fredrik Häggstam (Trinity) – songwriter, producer, mixing, recording, instrumentation
Taylor Henderson – songwriter, guitar, acoustic guitar
Alex Hope – songwriter, producer, mixing, engineering, bass, organ, percussion and programming
Jon Hume – songwriter, producer, engineering, recording, mixing, percussion, bass and piano, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, programming

Mitch Kenny – cello
Jarryd Klapper – songwriter, guitar
Benjamin Francis Leftwich – songwriter, guitar
Christian Lo Russo – songwriter
Sebastian Lundberg (Trinity) – songwriter, producer, recording, instrumentation
Jesse Martin – cello
Jenny Queen – songwriter
Lindsay Rimes – songwriter, producer, engineering, mixing, instrumentation
Louis Schoorl – songwriter, producer, additional producer, vocal producer, mixing, engineering, recording, bass, double bass, drums, piano, guitars, acoustic guitar, percussion and programming
Leon Zervos – mastering
Hayley Warner – songwriter
Michael Wong – violin

Charts

Weekly chart

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

See also
List of number-one albums of 2014 (Australia)

References

2014 albums
Taylor Henderson albums
Sony Music Australia albums
Albums produced by Alex Hope (songwriter)


title: Universal Credit Rating Group

text:
Universal Credit Rating Group (UCRG) () is a credit ratings agency based in Hong Kong. Plans to create UCRG were announced in October 2012, and it was officially founded in Hong Kong in June 2013, as a partnership between Dagong Global Credit, Egan-Jones Ratings, and RusRating. In 2014, it described itself as the only international credit rating agency based in the Asia Pacific area.

Advisory Council
On 23June 2014, UCRG announced its 2015-20 operating plan along with the formation of an advisory council to the group chaired by former French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin. The other initial members are former Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, former Pakistan Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz and former Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov

References

External links
Website

Financial services companies established in 2013
Credit rating agencies
Financial services companies of Hong Kong


title: Duck atadenovirus A

text:
Duck atadenovirus A (formerly Duck adenovirus A) is a species of hemagglutinating adenovirus implicated in egg drop syndrome.

Alternative names
The virus is or has been known by the following names:
 127 virus
 Group III avian adeno virus
 Egg drop syndrome virus
 Avian adenovirus EDS
 Eggdrop syndrome-1976 virus
 Adenovirus 127
 Duck adenovirus A
 Duck atadenovirus A

Strains
Strain 127 is the strain of the virus that was isolated and studied after the outbreak of egg drop syndrome 1976, and where the identification of the exact virus was first made.  The virus was first called Adenovirus 127 after this strain, before being named Duck adenovirus A. This strain was the first strain of the virus to get a full genome sequence in the GenBank database.  The virus was renamed Duck atadenovirus A in 2013.

Genome
The virus genome uses the standard genetic code.

Various complete genome sequences exist, including:

 Full genome of isolate FJ12025.
 Avian adenovirus EDS complete genome.

References

Adenoviridae


title: The Coast Patrol

text:
The Coast Patrol is a 1925 silent film action drama directed by Bud Barsky and starring Kenneth MacDonald with an early appearance by Fay Wray. A good example of an independent programmer picture.

Prints held at Cineteca Del Friuli, Germona,  UCLA Film and TV, and the Library of Congress.

Cast

References

External links

1925 films
American silent feature films
1925 drama films
Silent American drama films
American black-and-white films
1920s American films
1920s English-language films


title: 1900 United States elections

text:
The 1900 United States elections elected the 57th United States Congress. The election was held during the Fourth Party System. Republicans retained control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress, while third parties suffered defeats.

In a re-match of the 1896 presidential election, Republican President William McKinley defeated Democratic former Representative William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska. McKinley's previous running mate, Vice President Garret Hobart, had died in office, so the Republicans nominated New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as their vice presidential candidate. McKinley again won by a comfortable margin in both the popular vote and the electoral college, and he picked up a handful of states in the West and the Midwest. McKinley's win made him the first sitting President to win re-election since Ulysses S. Grant in 1872.

Republicans won minor gains in the House, maintaining their majority.

In the Senate, the Democrats made moderate gains while the Populist Party lost three seats. Republicans continued to maintain a commanding majority in the chamber.

See also
1900 United States presidential election
1900 United States House of Representatives elections
1900–01 United States Senate elections

References

Further reading

 Beeby, James M. "Red Shirt Violence, Election Fraud, and the Demise of the Populist Party in North Carolina's Third Congressional District, 1900." North Carolina Historical Review 85.1 (2008): 1-28. online
 Bloch, Herman D. "The New York Afro-American's Struggle for Political Rights and the Emergence of Political Recognition, 1865–1900." International Review of Social History 13.3 (1968): 321-349. online
 Brands, Henry William. The reckless decade: America in the 1890s (U of Chicago Press, 2002).
 Brown, M. Craig, and Barbara D. Warner. "Immigrants, urban politics, and policing in 1900." American Sociological Review (1992): 293-305. online

 Connolly, James J. The Triumph of Ethnic Progressivism: Urban Political Culture in Boston, 1900-1925 (Harvard UP, 2009).
 Fishel, Leslie H. "The Negro in Northern Politics, 1870-1900." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 42.3 (1955): 466-489. online
 Hair, William Ivy. Bourbonism and Agrarian Protest: Louisiana Politics, 1877--1900 (LSU Press, 1969).

 Hilpert, John M. (2015) American Cyclone: Theodore Roosevelt and His 1900 Whistle-Stop Campaign (U Press of Mississippi, 2015), 349 pp.
 Kalisch, Philip A. "The Black Death in Chinatown: Plague and Politics in San Francisco 1900-1904." Arizona and the West 14.2 (1972): 113-136. online
 McKinney, Gordon B. Southern Mountain Republicans 1865-1900: Politics and the Appalachian Community (U North Carolina Press, 1978).
 Moneyhon, Carl H. "Black Politics in Arkansas during the Gilded Age, 1876-1900." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 44.3 (1985): 222-245. online

 Quince, Charles. Resistance to the Spanish-American and Philippine Wars: Anti-imperialism and the Role of the Press, 1895-1902 (McFarland, 2017).

 Thelen, David Paul. The new citizenship: Origins of progressivism in Wisconsin, 1885-1900 (U of Missouri Press, 1972).

Primary sources
 Bryan, William Jennings. "The Election of 1900," pp. 788–801 Bryan gives his analysis of why he lost
 Stevenson, Adlai E., et al. "Bryan or McKinley? The Present Duty of American Citizens," The North American Review Vol. 171, No. 527 (Oct. 1900), pp. 433–516 in JSTOR political statements by politicians on all sides, including Adlai E. Stevenson, B. R. Tillman, Edward M. Shepard, Richard Croker, Erving Winslow, Charles Emory Smith, G. F. Hoar, T. C. Platt, W. M. Stewart, Andrew Carnegie, and James H. Eckels

1900 elections in the United States
1900


title: Meranoplus cryptomys

text:
Meranoplus cryptomys is a Malagasy species of ant in the genus Meranoplus.

Despite the infrequent collection of this presumably rare species, M. cryptomys has a relatively broad range within the spiny forest/thickets and savanna woodland habitats of Madagascar. Workers of Meranoplus cryptomys are only known from two individuals collected at Tsimanampetsotsa, while gynes have been collected at the Isalo and Andohahela National Parks and the Beza Mahafaly Reserve. Neither hand-collected workers nor nests have been collected; all known individuals are from Malaise or pitfall traps. Although two female castes have not been collected together, they share characteristics unique to the Malagasy Meranoplus and indicate they belong to the same species: comparatively short scapes, widely set clypeal denticles, high oculomandibular indices (OMI), characters of sculpturation, and the striking orange bicoloration. The strong orange and black bicolored coloration of M. cryptomys is notable for its similarity to that of M. mayri. These two species overlap in range across the south and southeast of Madagascar, from Andohahela to Isalo. Males are unknown.

References

Myrmicinae
Hymenoptera of Africa
Insects described in 2013


title: Meranoplus mayri

text:
Meranoplus mayri is a Malagasy species of ant in the genus Meranoplus.

Distribution
Meranoplus mayri is distributed throughout the drier regions of Madagascar from the Southwestern region near Andohahela National Park all the way north into the Mahajanga Province. The elevational range of M. mayri is 20–1345 m.

Description
This species displays subtle variation in morphometric and most sculptural characters across its range except for the sculpture of the base of abdominal tergum IV. This character varies from extremely smooth and shining in the southwest to strongly, dense-punctate and costate along the western edge of the High Plateau. Intergrades are common, however, occurring all along the western coast and into the High Plateau. Both smooth and punctate specimens may be found at the same locales, including Ampotoampoto, Ejada, Tsihombe and Ambinanitelo. The variation of this character indicates that although the two extremes are reproductively isolated by distance and geography, but are otherwise linked across their range by intermediate populations.

Biology
As with most of the diversity of Meranoplus, nothing is known about the behavior or ecology of M. mayri except that its ground nests may be found in urban gardens, grasslands, and deciduous and spiny forests. This is the most frequently collected Malagasy Meranoplus, with numerous specimens captured in pitfalls, malaise traps, and hand collections. Although few collections have been made of this species in the High Plateau region, it is predicted that they may be found there as well.

References

External links

Myrmicinae
Hymenoptera of Africa
Insects described in 1910


title: Kanwar Durga Chand

text:
Kanwar Durga Chand (1922 – 17 May 2000) was a leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party from Himachal Pradesh. He was a member of the 6th Lok Sabha from 1977 to 1979 elected from Kangra.  He established his office  for “Lok Dal” at Palampur on NH17 in a rented accommodation of Late (Major Retd.) Ml Sharma. At present time Hotel Rongla opp. to new subji Mandi is on the same place where Shri Durga Chand ji used to have his office. He was imprisoned in the Emergency for 19 months. He was a Member of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly from 1967 to 1977. He was the leader of Opposition in the assembly from 1972 to 1977. He died on 17 May 2000.

References

1922 births
2000 deaths
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh
State cabinet ministers of Himachal Pradesh
Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians
India MPs 1977–1979
People from Kangra district
Indians imprisoned during the Emergency (India)
Janata Party (Secular) politicians
Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972
Himachal Pradesh MLAs 1972–1977


title: 1918 United States elections

text:
The 1918 United States elections elected the 66th United States Congress, and took place in the middle of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's second term. The election was held during the Fourth Party System. It was the lone election to take place during America's involvement in World War I. Republicans won control of both chambers of Congress for the first time since the 1908 election.

The election took place during the Spanish flu pandemic. Campaigning was disrupted around the country. In Nebraska, for instance, authorities lifted a ban on public gatherings in early November 1918 and permitted politicians to campaign five days prior to polls opening. The turnout was 40%, which was unusually low for a midterm election (turnout was at 52% and 50% in the 1910 and 1914 midterm elections). The low turnout was possibly due to the disruption caused by the pandemic.

In an example of the six-year itch phenomenon, Republicans took complete control of Congress from the Democrats. The Republicans won large gains in the House, taking 25 seats and ending coalition control of the chamber. In the Senate, Republicans gained 5 seats, taking control of the chamber by a slim majority.

The elections were a major defeat for progressives and Wilson's foreign policy agenda, and foreshadowed the Republican victory in the 1920 election. Republicans ran against the expanded war-time government and the Fourteen Points, especially Wilson's proposal for the League of Nations. The Republican victory left them in control of both houses of Congress until the 1930 election.

The election was also a turning point for women's suffrage in the United States: ballot initiatives to extend suffrage to women (among all-male electorates) were held in the states of Oklahoma, Louisiana, South Dakota, and Michigan. Of these initiatives, all but the one in Louisiana passed, and despite the ongoing pandemic, extensive grassroots organizing by suffragists  meant they successfully campaigned against incumbent Senators who had refused to support the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, including John W. Weeks of Massachusetts, who had been considered invincible, and Willard Saulsbury Jr. of Delaware.

See also
1918 United States House of Representatives elections
1918 United States Senate elections
1918 United States gubernatorial elections
 Presidency of Woodrow Wilson

References

Further reading
 Dewitt, Howard A. "Charles L. McNary and the 1918 Congressional Election." Oregon Historical Quarterly 68.2 (1967): 125-140. online
 Jenson, Carol. "Loyalty as a Political Weapon: The 1918 Campaign in Minnesota." Minnesota History 43.2 (1972): 42-57. online

 Livermore, Seward W. "The sectional issue in the 1918 congressional elections." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 35.1 (1948): 29-60. online

 Lowitt, Richard. "Senator Norris and His 1918 Campaign." Pacific Northwest Quarterly 57.3 (1966): 113-119. in Nebraska.

1918 elections in the United States
1918
United States midterm elections


title: Boxing at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's 60 kg

text:
The men's lightweight (60 kilograms) event at the 2006 Asian Games took place from 2 to 13 December 2006 at Aspire Hall 5, Doha, Qatar.

Schedule
All times are Arabia Standard Time (UTC+03:00)

Results
Legend
KO — Won by knockout
RSCH — Won by referee stop contest head blow
RSCO — Won by referee stop contest outscored

Final

Top half

Bottom half

References

External links
Official website

60


title: 1976 Copa del Generalísimo final

text:
The 1976 Copa del Generalísimo final was the 74th final of the Spanish Cup. The match was played at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid, on 26 June 1976, being won by Atlético Madrid, who beat Real Zaragoza 1–0.

It was the last final to be called the Copa del Generalísimo, following the death of Francisco Franco in November 1975. Since then, it has been called the Copa del Rey. The match was watched by King Juan Carlos I and the eight-year-old Prince of Asturias (later Felipe VI). Felipe became an Atlético fan after watching them win.

Match details

References

1976
Copa
Atlético Madrid matches
Real Zaragoza matches
June 1976 sports events in Europe


The Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) is a program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California. Livermore is in the San Francisco Bay Area in the United States. It is funded by the Regional and Global Climate Modeling Group (RGCM) and the Atmospheric System Research (ASR) programs of the Climate and Environment Sciences Division of the United States Department of Energy.

Main activities
The main goal of PCMDI is to develop improved methods and tools for the diagnosis and intercomparison of general circulation models (GCMs). PCMDI is the canonical resource for a number of model intercomparison projects, including the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP), Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), Seasonal Prediction Model Intercomparison Project (SMIP), Aqua-Planet Experimental Project (APE), and Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). PCMDI is also developing the Cloud-Associated Parameterizations Testbed (CAPT) and is involved with other research and innovations that will help with the diagnosis, tweaking, and intercomparison of models.

Reception
The model intercomparisons run by PCMDI are used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports, such as in Chapter 8 of the Working Group I report for the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.

On April 6, 2009, the American Meteorological Society held a meeting in Bethesda, Maryland to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the operation of the PCMDI. The meeting summary was published in the Journal of the American Meteorological Society in May 2011.

References

External links

Climate modeling


title: 1914 United States elections

text:
The 1914 United States elections elected the members of the 64th United States Congress, occurring in the middle of Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's first term. Democrats retained control of both houses of Congress, the first time they were able to do so since the American Civil War (1861-1865).

Republicans won massive gains in the House, but Democrats maintained a solid majority in the chamber.

In the first Senate election since the passage of the 17th Amendment, Democrats won small gains, maintaining control of the chamber. This would also be the first of five times since the passage of the 17th amendment that the president's party gained Senate seats and lost House seats, something that would be repeated by Democrats in 1962 and 2022, and by Republicans in 1970 and 2018.

See also
1914 United States House of Representatives elections
1914 United States Senate elections
1914 United States gubernatorial elections

References

1914
United States midterm elections


title: 1910 United States elections

text:
The 1910 United States elections elected the members of the 62nd United States Congress, occurring during the Fourth Party System. The election was held in the middle of Republican President William Howard Taft's term. The Socialist Party won election to Congress for the first time. Arizona and New Mexico were admitted as states during the 62nd Congress.

Democrats won massive gains in the House, taking control of a chamber of Congress for the first time since the 1894 elections.

In the Senate, Democrats won major gains, but Republicans continued to control the chamber.

The election was a major victory for progressives in both parties. Taft had alienated many progressives in his own party, and allies of Taft lost several nomination battles. The strengthening of progressive Republicans helped lead to Theodore Roosevelt's third party run in 1912. Meanwhile, Woodrow Wilson's landslide gubernatorial election victory in New Jersey helped position him as a major candidate for the 1912 Democratic nomination. The progressive victory led to the passage of the 17th Amendment and the establishment of the Department of Labor during the 62nd Congress.

See also
1910 United States House of Representatives elections
1910–11 United States Senate elections
1910 United States gubernatorial elections

References

1910
1910


title: Star for Bravery in Silver

text:
The Star for Bravery in Silver, post-nominal letters SBS, was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa in April 1996. It was awarded to veteran cadres of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the military wing of the African National Congress, who had distinguished themselves during the "struggle" by performing acts of bravery.

Umkhonto we Sizwe
Umkhonto we Sizwe, abbreviated as MK, Zulu for "Spear of the Nation", was the para-military wing of the African National Congress (ANC). It was established on 16 December 1961, to wage an armed "struggle" against the Nationalist government inside South Africa. On 27 April 1994, Umkhonto we Sizwe was amalgamated with six other military forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

Institution
The Star for Bravery in Silver, post-nominal letters SBS, was instituted by the President of South Africa in April 1996. It is the middle award of a set of three decorations for bravery, along with the Star for Bravery in Gold and the Conspicuous Leadership Star.

Umkhonto we Sizwe's military decorations and medals were modeled on those of the South African Defence Force and these three decorations are the approximate equivalents of, respectively, the Honoris Crux Gold, the Honoris Crux (1975) and the Pro Virtute Decoration.

Award criteria
The decoration could be awarded to veteran cadres of Umkhonto we Sizwe who had distinguished themselves during the "struggle" by performing acts of bravery.

Order of wear

The position of the Star for Bravery in Silver in the official military and national orders of precedence was revised upon the institution of a new set of honours on 27 April 2003.

Umkhonto we Sizwe

Official MK order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Star for Bravery in Gold (SBG).
 Succeeded by the Conspicuous Leadership Star (CLS).

South African National Defence Force until 26 April 2003

Official SANDF order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Bravery Star in Silver (BSS) of the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
 Succeeded by the Pro Virtute Decoration (PVD) of the Republic of South Africa.
Official national order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Bravery Star in Silver (BSS) of the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
 Succeeded by the Pro Virtute Decoration (PVD) of the Republic of South Africa.

South African National Defence Force from 27 April 2003

Official SANDF order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Bravery Star in Silver (BSS) of the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
 Succeeded by the Nkwe ya Selefera (NS) of the Republic of South Africa.
Official national order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Bravery Star in Silver (BSS) of the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
 Succeeded by the Nkwe ya Selefera (NS) of the Republic of South Africa.

Description
Obverse
The Star for Bravery in Silver is a five-pointed star, struck in silver to fit inside a circle with a diameter of 38 millimetres, displaying a silver lion on a ruby red enameled centre roundel.

Ribbon
The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and red, with two 6 millimetres wide gold bands in the centre, spaced 4 millimetres apart.

Discontinuation
Conferment of the Star for Bravery in Silver was discontinued upon the institution of a new set of honours on 27 April 2003.

References

Military decorations and medals of uMkhonto we Sizwe
Awards established in 1996
Awards disestablished in 2003
1996 establishments in South Africa
2003 disestablishments in South Africa


title: Bondokuy

text:
Bondokuy is the capital of Bondokuy Department, Burkina Faso. It has 3,982 inhabitants.

History
Louis-Gustave Binger arrived here in May 1888. Binger estimated the population as 2,500 to 3,000 inhabitants.

Notable People
 Ibrahim Traoré Intertim President of Burkina Faso

References

Populated places in the Boucle du Mouhoun Region


title: Kotwar, Sheikhupura

text:
Kotwar is a village in Sheikhupura District of Punjab in Pakistan.

References

Villages in Sheikhupura District