title: Ozanne

text:
The Ozanne is a 46.0 km long French river, a tributary of the Loir, which is a tributary of the Loire.

Geography
The river spring is located at Perche-Gouët, Béthonvilliers at 222 m high at le Burail locality in le Bois de Beaumont.

2 offshoots: la Suzanne ou Sainte-Suzanne et l'Ozanne de Dampierre ou Moranne ou Mozanne which join near Brou.

It flows into le Loir, right bank, 1 km north of Bonneval at 129 m high at Ouzenain (locality).

Tributaries
The Ozanne has 7 official affluents (14 including sub-affluents) :
 ?(source secondaire), (rg), 3 km, sur les deux communes de Vicheres et Beaumont-les-Autels.
 ?, (rg), 0.9 km, sur les deux communes de Miermaigne et Beaumont-les-Autels.
 sept bras de l'Ozanne, pour un total de 8.3 km sur les six communes de Unverre, Brou, Yèvres, Dangeau, Moulhard et Luigny.
 le Sainte Suzanne, (rd), 19.2 km sur les cinq communes de Unverre, Authon-du-Perche, Charbonnières, Beaumont-les-Autels et Les Autels-Villevillon avec deux affluents :
 ?, 4 km ?un bras? sur Unverre.
 la Sonnette, (rd), 13.5 km sur les cinq communes de Unverre, Charbonnières, Soize, La Bazoche-Gouet, Les Autels-Villevillon.
 la Vallée d'Esse, (rd), 10.1 km sur les deux communes de Unverre et Yèvres.
 la Vallée de Tronchet, (rd), 8.8 km sur la seule commune de Yèvres.
 la vallée de Montparentière, (rg), 3.1 km sur la seule commune de Yèvres.
 la vallée des Vollars, (rd), 6.3 km sur les trois communes de Yèvres, Dangeau, Gohory.

Strahler number of 3

Watershed
The hydrological area of the Ozanne and its affluents is 278 km² wide, which is composed of farming land (91.52%), of forests and semi-natural areas (6.55%), artificial areas (1.76%) and damp areas (0.12%).

Hydrology
The Ozanne debit was studied from 1973 to 2014 at Prémoteux, near Trizay-lès-Bonneval at 126 m high, very close to its meeting point with the Loir. The river watershed is of 268 km² (96% of the 278 km²).

The river module at Trizay-lès-Bonneval is of 1.46 m³/s.

The river presents impotent seasonal debital fluctuations, with high waters in Winter: mean monthly debit of 2,71 and 3.61 m³/s, from December to March (peak in January) and low waters in Summer, end of May to beginning of October, with a mean monthly debit drop of up to 0.235 m³ in August (235 L/s).

Low waters
However, the 3-day low-water volume can drop to a severe 0.044 m³ during a dry five-year period (or 44 L/s).

Floods
Floods can also be important.

The maximal debit recorded was 65.2 m³/s on January 22, 1995, while the maximal daily worth was of 52.6 m³/s on April 10, 1983, which is expected to happen every 10 to 15 years on average. The maximal height was of 1920 mm (or 1.92 m) on January 14, 2004.

Water slide and debit
The yearly precipitation in the Ozanne basin is of a modest 173 mm, far below the national average, but also to that of la Loire (244 mm yearly), closer to its neighboring river Yerre (176 mm), with an average debit of 5.5 L/s and km².

Mill localities
Géoportail records 11 "mill" localities : le moulin de Vinet, le moulin de l'Orme, le moulin Foulon, le moulin Vieux et un gué, le moulin Brière, le moulin de Forçonnerie, le moulin d'Epasses, le moulin de Georges, le moulin de la Varenne, le moulin de Patry, un gué, le moulin de Frécot.

ZNIEFF
The river Ozanne marks the northern limit of a little ZNIEFF Chenaie-charmaie de la Poupelière.

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Centre-Val de Loire
Rivers of Eure-et-Loir


title: 1982 VFA season

text:
The 1982 Victorian Football Association season was the 101st season of the top division of the Australian rules football competition, and the 22nd season of second division competition. It was the first season of a restructured two-division competition, in which automatic promotion and relegation between the divisions was abandoned.

The Division 1 premiership was won by the Port Melbourne Football Club, after it defeated Preston in the Grand Final on 19 September by seven points; it was Port Melbourne's 15th Division 1 premiership, the third of three premierships won in a row between 1980 and 1982, and the last of six premierships won in nine seasons from 1974 until 1982. The Division 2 premiership was won by Northcote; it was the club's second Division 2 premiership, and it was the last premiership ever won by the club.

Association structure

Restructure of Division 2
In the late 1970s, the popularity and financial viability of the Association was in decline. One factor contributing to this came about as a result of the promotion and relegation system which existed between the two divisions: this system, which had been in place since 1961, saw promotion for the Division 2 premiers and relegation for the Division 1 wooden-spooners at the end of each season, giving a fair opportunity for promotion and relegation based on on-field performance; but, the automatic nature of this promotion and relegation meant that no consideration was given to the off-field strength of the club, which was the most critical factor in determining a club's viability. By the late 1970s, there was a growing off-field gap between the strongest and weakest clubs, and the fickle correlation between off-field strength and on-field finishing positions meant that some strong clubs were stuck in Division 2 and some weak clubs were holding their places in Division 1. This had a wide range of consequences detrimental to the Association as a whole.

The conclusion was that the Association would be more viable if the clubs which made up Division 1 were selected based on off-field merit and viability, rather than on-field results. A new structure, which was first proposed in September 1980 under Alex Gillon's presidency, was ratified in May 1981 under Alan Wickes' presidency by a margin of 19–4, well in excess of the three-quarters majority required. Under the new structure:
Division 1 was expanded from ten to twelve clubs.
Division 2 could be expanded to as many as twelve clubs, with the final number depending upon the number of suitable applicants.
The clubs in Division 1 were selected by the Association executive committee based on the following criteria, in order of importance: quality of administration; financial position; quality of facilities; long-term potential of the club; on-field performance; on-field and off-field reputation; development programs for junior players; local attitudes towards Sunday football.
Promotion and relegation between the divisions was decided at the end of the season at the discretion of the executive committee, based on the same criteria.
Automatic promotion and relegation for the Division 2 premiers and the Division 1 wooden spooner was abolished. This lasted only for two seasons, and was reinstated during the 1983 season.

The Association also encouraged a number of its weaker clubs to consider amalgamating with neighbouring clubs to improve long-term viability, although it stopped short of forcing amalgamations. As many as fourteen of the Association's twenty clubs were sent letters on the matter of amalgamation during 1981 – Prahran and Caulfield, Box Hill and Camberwell, and Oakleigh and Waverley were amongst the pairs of clubs known to have been approached – but no amalgamations resulted.

Promotion and relegation for 1982
The composition of the new Division 1 was announced on 7 September 1981, the day after the 1981 Division 2 Grand Final. Four Division 2 clubs were promoted to the expanded Division 1 in 1982:
Camberwell (premiers in 1981), which was enjoying good local support after two Division 2 premierships in three years, and had been secure off-field during its one season in Division 1 in 1980. The club repaid the Association's faith by being one of the strongest crowd-drawing clubs in 1982.
Waverley (runners-up in 1981). Waverley was considered a surprise promotion by noted Association sportswriter Marc Fiddian, because through the 1970s it was one of the lowest-drawing clubs in the Association, while its nearest neighbour Oakleigh had been one of Division 1's highest drawcards before it was relegated; but, Oakleigh had an increasing Greek migrant population, so its long-term potential was thought to be seriously threatened by soccer, giving Waverley an off-field edge.
Werribee (fourth in 1981). Once described as "the lonesome battler" of the Association, up to 1980 the outer western suburban club had struggled through its sixteen seasons in Division 2 for one finals appearance and four wooden spoons. However, it was almost at the end of an ambitious five-year plan which saw the club build its finances, improve its on-field performance to reach the finals in 1981, and open a $200k social club in 1980. This off-field strength and potential saw the club promoted to Division 1, and it did not disappoint, attracting a huge crowd of 10,000 to a home game against Port Melbourne in May, and continuing to draw strongly through the year.
Williamstown (seventh in 1981). Despite fair-to-middling performances in Division 2 since being relegated after the 1977 season, Williamstown (the longest-serving club still in the Association) was still one of the most financially stable and well supported clubs in the lower division.
The changes also helped to spread Division 1 more evenly across Melbourne: Werribee and Williamstown were the first western suburban clubs in Division 1 since 1977, and Waverley's inclusion provided more representation to the sprawling south-eastern suburbs.

Two Division 1 clubs were relegated for 1982:
Brunswick (tenth in 1981). It had been widely recognised over previous years that Brunswick was one of the clubs worst-affected by an increase in the European migrant population in its locality, and the subsequent inability to compete with soccer; and therefore its long-term potential was not considered strong enough for the restructured Division 1.
Caulfield (ninth in 1981). Caulfield's case to remain in Division 1 was most affected by the small, poor quality facilities at its home ground at Princes Park.
Two other clubs who were considered for relegation but held their places were: Geelong West, who had gone through but recovered from a severe financial crisis in 1980–81; and Coburg, who, like Brunswick, was suffering from a low fanbase due to demographic shifts in its locality.

Association membership
Two new clubs joined Division 2 for the 1982 season. These were the first new admissions to the Association since Frankston joined in 1966. The new clubs were:
Springvale – One of the Federal League's strongest clubs, Springvale had long been considered a candidate for Association membership. The club had turned down an offer to join the Association in 1961, and had applied to join in 1978 but been turned down because the Association was not interested in expanding at the time. Springvale was accepted as the ninth club on 16 October 1981.
Kilsyth – A small club from the outer eastern suburbs, the Kilsyth Cougars had finished last in the second division of the Eastern District Football League in 1981. Kilsyth was admitted as the tenth club on 13 November 1981. Kilsyth is historically considered to be a surprise admission, given its small size and lack of local success. The Association had harboured strategic interests in expanding to the outer eastern suburbs since the mid-1960s, but the larger Ringwood Football Club was usually considered the most likely club to gain admission. Kilsyth hoped that despite being a small club, it would still be able to attract EDFL players from the wider Ringwood and Croydon area who aspired to play in the VFA.
Altogether, seven clubs applied to join, although the identities of the unsuccessful candidates were never formally revealed. North Ballarat, Ringwood and Greensborough were among the clubs speculated to have applied.

The two new clubs brought the total size of the Association to twenty-two clubs, a new record. Division 1 was expanded to twelve clubs, and Division 2 remained constant at ten clubs.

Division 1
Although Division 1 expanded from ten clubs to twelve clubs, the home-and-away season continued to be played over 18 rounds, rather than being expanded to 22 rounds. This meant that not all pairs of teams played both home and away against each other. The top four then contested the finals under the Page–McIntyre system. The finals were played at the Junction Oval.

Ladder

Finals

Awards
The leading goalkicker for the season was Fred Cook (Port Melbourne), who kicked 127 goals during the home-and-away season and 140 goals overall.
The J. J. Liston Trophy was originally decided by a countback, after three players finished level on 20 votes. Geoff Austen (Preston) originally won the award outright, with five first preferences; Bill Swan (Port Melbourne) was second, with four first preferences and four second preferences; and David Wenn (Dandenong), was third with four first preferences and three second preferences. Following a decision made in 1989, the countback was retrospectively eliminated, and all three players are now recognized as joint Liston Trophy winners.
Sandringham won the seconds premiership. Sandringham 18.10 (118) defeated Preston 12.15 (87) in the Grand Final, played as a curtain-raiser to the seniors Grand Final on 19 September.

Division 2
The Division 2 home-and-away season was played over eighteen rounds; the top four then contested the finals under the Page–McIntyre system; all finals were played on Sundays at Toorak Park.

Ladder

Finals

Awards
The leading goalkicker for the Division 2 was Ted Carroll (Springvale), who kicked 118 goals in the home-and-away season and did not participate in finals.
The J. Field Medal was originally won outright by Mark Williams (Sunshine), who polled 25 votes; Russ Hodges (Kilsyth) was originally second, after also polling 25 votes but finishing behind Williams on countback. Following a decision made in 1989, the countback was retrospectively eliminated, and both players are now recognized as joint Field Medallists. Ted Carroll (Springvale) finished third with 14 votes.
Springvale won the seconds premiership in its first season. Springvale 16.8 (104) defeated Northcote 15.11 (101) in the Grand Final, played as a curtain-raiser to the senior Grand Final on 12 September.

Notable events

Interleague matches
The Association's Division 1 and Division 2 teams each played two interleague matches during the season, including the Association's first ever matches against the Victorian Amateur Football Association. Fred Cook (Port Melbourne) captained the Division 1 team and Gary Brice (Port Melbourne) was coach; Jim Christou (Northcote) captained Division 2 against the S.A.F.A., and Russ Hodges (Kilsyth) captained Division 2 against the V.A.F.A. after Christou was unavailable through injury.

Other notable events
Network Ten did not renew its agreement to televise Association games in 1982. The network had shown live telecasts of Association games over fifteen years from 1967 until 1981, but opted not to continue. One sticking point in the negotiations surrounded the use of a central ground: Network Ten had been keen for the televised game to be played at the same venue each week; the Association arranged for the Junction Oval to be available in this capacity, but Ten worried that the small Association crowds would give a poor atmosphere in such a large venue. Some clubs, including Prahran and Dandenong, struggled to find strong sponsorship after the television deal ended.
Two field umpires were used in all matches across both the home-and-away season and finals in Division 2 starting from this season. This change had been made in Division 1 in 1981.
To coincide with the change in umpires, the voting system for the J. J. Liston Trophy and the J. Field Medal were both changed in 1982. Under the new system, the two field umpires conferred after the game, and awarded one set of votes to the best three players on the ground on a 3–2–1 basis.
On 11 April, Springvale scored more than 200 points in only its second Association game: Springvale 35.15 (225) d. Sunshine 18.17 (125).
On 11 April, Chris Rourke kicked a goal after the final siren to secure victory for Camberwell against Preston; Camberwell 18.13 (121) d. Preston 17.17 (119).
In the match between Frankston and Geelong West at Frankston Park on 6 June, Simon Taylor (Geelong West) kicked a very late goal to secure a five-point victory; Geelong West 20.10 (130) d. Frankston 17.23 (125). Frankston argued that Taylor's goal was kicked slightly after the final siren had sounded and lodged an official protest against the result. Frankston contended that controlling umpire Neil Griffith had failed to hear the siren, but non-controlling umpire Frank Vergona had heard the siren and signalled the end of play before the goal was kicked; the two umpires had conferred before awarding the goal. The Association rejected Frankston's protest on the grounds that the umpires acted within the laws of the game by awarding the goal based on their judgement of when the siren had sounded, but it did concede that the goal was probably scored after time had expired, found that the timekeepers should have sounded the siren for longer, and sent a memorandum to all clubs to check the volume of their sirens.
Yarraville captain-coach John Sharp was reported in five separate matches during the season. On the fourth occasion, on 25 July against Mordialloc, he was suspended for a total of sixteen weeks for kicking and striking an opponent, and for attempting to knock the goal umpire's hat off; and, he was found not guilty of the more serious offences of striking a goal umpire and tripping a field umpire. Two weeks later, while coaching from the boundary line, he was reported again on four charges of using abusive language, and was suspended indefinitely from serving in any position in the Association, ending his career. Sharp had a long history of reports and suspensions, and under his leadership a total of fifteen Yarraville players were reported during the season.
In the Division 2 preliminary final, Caulfield trailed Oakleigh by as much as eight goals during the third quarter, but recovered to win the match by 26 points.
At the Division 2 Grand Final, $5000 in cash – amounting to nearly half of the $11,000 gate – was stolen from the Toorak Park rooms. It was never recovered.

See also
List of VFA/VFL premiers

References

Victorian Football League seasons
VFL


title: Patrick Maisonneuve

text:
Patrick Maisonneuve (born 1 March 1955) is a French lawyer of criminal law. He began his legal practice in 1979, and is known for taking on widely reviled high-profile clients that other lawyers have shunned. In 2013 and 2014 GQ ranked him the sixth most powerful lawyer of France.

He experienced a turning point in his career around 1990, when he joined the defense team in the COGEDIM affair (bogus invoices produced by an important building company) and the one of Henri Emmanuelli (in another affair of bogus invoices). Indeed, as a result, he gradually moved from cases of general criminal law to white collar criminality (without giving up the cases of murder, rape and terrorism entirely).

He defended Edmond Hervé in the ministers' trial of the Infected blood scandal in 1999, after years of investigations and procedure; Gilles Ménage (former chief of staff of François Mitterrand) in the trial (2005) of the Presidency's abusive wiretappings (1983–1986); and Sébastien de Montessus, former director of mines of Areva, sued by his own ex-boss, Anne Lauvergeon, for alleged spying of her private life (Sébastien de Montessus has been acquitted). One of his most unpopular clients was Fabrice Burgaud, made famous by the Outreau affair. He defended him in front of the  (CSM, Higher Judicial Council), and sued two national newspapers as well as Bertrand Tavernier for libel. The newspapers and the movie director have been sentenced. In 2009, Maisonneuve defended the Church of Scientology on charges of profiting illegally. He is defence lawyer for Yoo Som-na, the eldest daughter of Yoo Byung-eun and Christine Lagarde, director of the International Monetary Fund

Regardless, Maisonneuve is on the plaintiffs' side in some important cases, especially the case of the  against Laboratoires Servier (Mediator scandal) and the one of the European Parliament against Marine Le Pen.

On 26 May 2014, Maisonneuve revealed during a press conference that the company , for which he is the lawyer, made bogus invoices as a result of the pressure exerted by the staff of Nicolas Sarkozy and by the UMP: instead of making bills for Nicolas Sarkozy's campaign, Bygmalion was requested to exaggerate or to invent works for the UMP's ordinary activities, because the electoral expenses exceeded the legal spending limit. Patrick Maisonneuve estimated the total amount of the fake invoices to "more than 10 million euros" and called the demand of the UMP for "financial blackmail". The next day, the chairman of the UMP, Jean-François Copé announced his resignation. The criminal investigation accelerated during the following months. In the name of his clients, Patrick Maisonneuve also filed three complaints against Le Point, who, in three different articles, had accused Bygmalion of profiting illegally (an accusation never endorsed by the investigative magistrates in charge of the case). After Nicolas Sarkozy was formally indicted in February 2016, Patrick Maisonneuve expressed his satisfaction and reiterated his position: The bogus invoices were all about the excessive expenses of Nicolas Sarkozy's campaign.

References

Further reading

External links
 Official website, English version
 TV-interview, 6 June 2012
 TV-interview, 22 November 2015

1955 births
Living people
20th-century French lawyers
21st-century French lawyers
People from Aurillac


title: Ampelopsin A

text:
Ampelopsin A is a resveratrol dimer found in Ampelopsis glandulosa var. hancei (formerly A. brevipedunculata var. hancei).

References

External links
 (-)-Ampelopsin A, Metabolite Information

Resveratrol oligomers
Stilbenoid dimers
Ampelopsis


title: 2013–14 Korisliiga season

text:
The 2013–14 Korisliiga season was the 74th season of the Finnish national championship named Korisliiga, the highest professional basketball league in Finland. The defending champion was Bisons Loimaa. Kyle Fogg was both scoring champion and league MVP, while Antero Lehto was named Player of the Year. Tampereen Pyrintö took the title, its third in history.

Regular season

|}

Playoffs

Awards
Most Valuable Player:
Domestic Player:  Antero Lehto
Foreign Player:  Kyle Fogg
Finals MVP:  Damon Williams
Defensive Player:  Tuukka Kotti
 Rookie of the Year:  Anton Odabasi
 Most Improved Player:  Antero Lehto
 Sixth Man of the Year:  Ville Mäkäläinen
 Coach of the Year:  Pieti Poikola
 Referee of the Year:  Petri Mäntylä
Sources:

Notes

References

Korisliiga seasons
Finnish
Koris


title: Chibuku Shake Shake

text:
Chibuku is a commercial sorghum beer based on the traditional Umqombothi homemade African beers; the main grains used are malted sorghum and maize but may also contain millet.

The brand name
"Chibuku" comes from Max Heinrich's habit of recording all consumers' comments and process changes in a book. Chibuku is an adaptation of the local Zambian Chibemba language word for "book" - "Chi" is the prefix meaning "big", "buk" = "book", and the terminal "u" is because most African nouns tend to end in a euphonic vowel.
The shake-shake comes from the ritual of shaking up the beer before taking the first sip. The beer contains starch, germ, and yeast (all typically removed in lagers and ales), and since the solids settle to the bottom of the carton, it needs to be shaken before sipping.

Alcohol content

The alcohol content in a fresh Chibuku is relatively low, starting at about 0.5% ABV on day one. Still, as fermentation continues in the carton, the longer it is kept before drinking, the stronger it gets. It may achieve 4% ABV before the shelf-life expires after between 4 and 6 days after packaging.

The brand

Chibuku is a pan-African brand of opaque sorghum beer made by various African brewers. Part of the reason for the success of the brand is the commercial brewing process with systems to ensure a consistent quality product that is safe for consumers. Chibuku was first brewed in Zimbabwe in 1962. It comes in 2 packs: Chibuku "Scud," a non-carbonated drink and Chibuku "Super," a carbonated sorghum beer.

Chibuku is often the choice of less affluent consumers who can't afford bottled beer, and this may still be the case for many of the consumers in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, and Botswana. However there are also consumers in the emerging middle class who enjoy the beer as a preference, because of the taste and for the health connotations.

Production
Chibuku is now brewed across Africa by various brewers.
 Botswana it is brewed by Botswana Breweries subsidiary of Kgalagadi Breweries Limited
 Ghana by Accra Brewing Limited
 Malawi by Chibuku Products Ltd
 Mozambique by Cervejas de Mocambique
 South Africa by United National Breweries (SA)
Tanzania by Tanzania Breweries Ltd
 Uganda by Nile Breweries Limited
 Zambia by National Breweries PLC (Zambia)
 Zimbabwe by Delta Corporation - Chibuku was first brewed at a brewery in Fort Victoria in 1962.

See also

 Umqombothi
 Commercial sorghum

References

Beer in Africa
Beer in South Africa
SABMiller
Sorghum
African drinks
South African cuisine
Fermented drinks
Beer brands


title: Hamish Canham Prize

text:
The Hamish Canham Prize is awarded annually by the Poetry Society to the best poem featured in the Members' Poems competition of Poetry News. Poetry News is a quarterly newsletter with features, interviews and poetry circulated to members of the Poetry Society.

Each Members' Poems competition is judged by a professional poet. Judges have included Luke Kennard, Carrie Etter and David Wheatley.

The prize was established in 2004 by Sheena and Hugh Canham, in memory of their son, Hamish Canham (1962 – 2003).

Awards
2020 Jo Burns
2019 Carole Bromley
2018 Duncan Chambers
2017 Ramona Herdman
2016 Ian Humphreys
2015 Tess Jolly
2014 Suzanna Fitzpatrick
2013 Robin Houghton
2012 Joan Michelson
2011 Emma Danes
2010 Martin Figura
2009 Sheila Hillier
2008 Gill Learner
2007 Dorothy Pope
2006 Matt Barnard
2005 Judy Brown
2004 Denise Bennett

References

British poetry awards


title: Cecil Victor Boley Marquand

text:
Cecil Victor Boley Marquand (1897–1943) was a prominent English botanist.

Cecil Marquand was born at Richmond, Surrey, on 7 June 1897. He was the only son of Ernest David Marquand, the author of a Flora of Guernsey.

Educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, from 1906 to 1910, he attended Lycée Henri-IV in Paris for a year before entering Bedford School (1911-1913).  Marquand then went to Christ's College, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. in 1919, proceeding to M.A. in 1922.

Marquand's education was interrupted by service in the British Army during World War I.  He first served in the Machine Gun Corps before gaining a commission in the Royal Tank Corps.  Marquand's military service ended when he was invalided out from the Tank Corps.

Career
On leaving Cambridge in 1919, Marquand was appointed research assistant, investigating Avena at the new Welsh Plant Breeding Station at Aberystwyth. In 1923, he moved to the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, where he worked as an assistant in the Herbarium, initially continuing his work on grasses before taking charge of the Chinese section.

Marquand wrote numerous papers on the flora of East Asia, notably on Cyananthus, Buddleja and gentians.  His private interest was Bryophytes, which he studied in the Alps and the highlands of Great Britain during his vacations.

Death
His health permanently impaired from the war, Marquand took early retirement from Kew in 1939. He then moved to the isle of Skye in Scotland.

Marquand drowned there on 1 July 1943, while on a boating expedition in search of rare algae.

References

1897 births
Botanists with author abbreviations
English botanists
1943 deaths


title: Blue Film (album)

text:
Blue Film is the debut album by the American singer-songwriter Lo-Fang.   Released in 2014 by 4AD, it began as a mix tape that was turned into a full length album with additional material.

Background
In 2011, Lo-Fang's friend Steve Adams, a director of photography for National Geographic Channel, gave him a free ticket and invited him along on a work trip to Cambodia where Lo-Fang wrote the song "#88". From There, he had traveled to Tokyo, Bali, London, and across America. Lo-Fang, real name Matthew Hemerlein, reveals that a lot of those places and the people he has met has not only influenced his lyrics, but the instruments as well. Lo-Fang can play the violin, cello, bass, guitar, and piano. All of these instruments were incorporated into the album.

It took three years for Lo-Fang to complete the mixtape-turned-album. After dropping out of college, Hemerlein focused on his music and small performances. Although he did not catch the attention of any record studios at first, his lyrics landed him a publishing deal. Later on, in 2013, Lo-Fang was signed to British record label 4AD.

Blue Film gives an insight look into negative relationships and although slightly personal for him, Lo-Fang is able to keep it general enough for his fans and other listeners to be able to relate to it.

Style

Lo-Fang reveals that the meaning of the title is a mix between sadness and coolness. He believes that his music has a cinematic quality to it and the title Blue Film embodies that. He also throws in that there is a bit of play on words when mentioning an adult film, Blue Movie by Andy Warhol.

Although classified as indie pop, Blue Film possesses elements of R&B, classical, synthesizers, and electro pop. As a musician talented in playing many instruments and an appreciation for all types of styles, Lo-Fang added as many elements as he could during recording and post-production in order to showcase what he was capable of.

Blue Film is a very intimate album, but very raunchy as well. In many of his songs, the music is very smooth sounding, but with his ominous and soft voice, combined with the lyrics itself, it is very misleading as to what he is talking about. This record could indisputably be considered one to be all about sex but in a very abstract sense.

Every song on the album has a different feel to it—From more mainstream sounds coming from "Animal Urges" and "Look Away", luyring and menacing tones in "Confusing Happiness", and chilling and subdued covers of female duo BOY's "Boris" and "You're the One That I Want" from the musical Grease (musical).

Critical reception

 All Music says, "As dark as the album gets, Hemerlein manages to preserve the humanity of his songs -- there's a warmth to his voice and a brightness to his music that makes the disturbing places he explores a little more relatable."
 Blue Film is an appealing blast of lo-key songs about you-know-what in the most debase way possible, and if there's anything close to offering sonic pornography for the ears, well, this might just be the thing to hear", says music critic Zachary Houle from Pop Matters.
 A review on Pitchfork (website) comments that, "Lyrically, Lo-Fang songs range from almost embarrassingly inert to annoyingly overwrought to frustratingly tone deaf. The themes they cover are intro creative writing class material: confronting the tension between having a sex drive and being a thoughtful person, searching for meaning in jealousy about an ex, being inspired by stuff in life."
 "Ranging from broad styles such as classical to modern-day electronica, Lo-Fang effortlessly ping-pongs between diverse styles, and offers everything vocally from a soulful R&B croon to a Bon Iver-worthy falsetto."

Commercial performance
Lo-Fang got his big break when he was asked to be the opening act on a singer from New Zealand, Lorde’s tour in 2013. His single "#88" was one of her favorite songs and once they met up in a L.A. studio, they immediately kicked it off and thus began the start to his name getting out more in the music industry.

Lo-Fang's cover of "You're the One That I Want" was created for the Chanel No. 5 commercial with supermodel Gisele Bündchen.

Track listing

Charts

References

2014 debut albums
4AD albums
Albums recorded at Capitol Studios


title: Principalization (algebra)

text:
In the mathematical field of algebraic number theory, the concept of principalization refers to a situation when, given an extension of algebraic number fields, some ideal (or more generally fractional ideal) of the ring of integers of the smaller field isn't principal but its extension to the ring of integers of the larger field is. Its study has  origins in the work of Ernst Kummer on ideal numbers from the 1840s, who in particular proved that for every algebraic number field there exists an extension number field such that all ideals of the ring of integers of the base field (which can always be generated by at most two elements) become principal when extended to the larger field. In 1897 David Hilbert conjectured that the maximal abelian unramified extension of the base field, which was later called the Hilbert class field of the given base field, is such an extension. This conjecture, now known as principal ideal theorem, was proved by Philipp Furtwängler in 1930 after it had been translated from number theory to group theory by Emil Artin in 1929, who made use of his general reciprocity law to establish the reformulation. Since this long desired proof was achieved by means of Artin transfers of non-abelian groups with derived length two, several investigators tried to exploit the theory of such groups further to obtain additional information on the principalization in intermediate fields between the base field and its Hilbert class field. The first contributions in this direction are due to Arnold Scholz and Olga Taussky in 1934, who coined the synonym capitulation for principalization. Another independent access to the principalization problem via Galois cohomology of unit groups is also due to Hilbert and goes back to the chapter on cyclic extensions of number fields of prime degree in his number report, which culminates in the famous Theorem 94.

Extension of classes
Let  be an algebraic number field, called the base field, and let  be a field extension of finite degree. Let  and  denote the ring of integers, the group of nonzero fractional ideals and its subgroup of principal fractional ideals of the fields  respectively. Then the extension map of fractional ideals

is an injective  group homomorphism. Since , this map induces the extension homomorphism of ideal class groups

If there exists a non-principal ideal  (i.e. ) whose extension ideal in  is principal (i.e.  for some  and ), then we speak about principalization or capitulation in . In this case, the ideal  and its class  are said to principalize or capitulate in . This phenomenon is described most conveniently by the principalization kernel or capitulation kernel, that is the kernel  of the class extension homomorphism.

More generally, let  be a modulus in , where  is a nonzero ideal in  and  is a formal product of pair-wise different real infinite primes of . Then

is the ray modulo , where  is the group of nonzero fractional ideals in  relatively prime to  and the condition  means  and  for every real infinite prime  dividing  Let  then the group  is called a generalized ideal class group for  If  and  are generalized ideal class groups such that  for every  and  for every , then  induces the extension homomorphism of generalized ideal class groups:

Galois extensions of number fields
Let  be a Galois extension of algebraic number fields with Galois group  and let  denote the set of prime ideals of the fields  respectively. Suppose that  is a prime ideal of  which does not divide the relative discriminant , and is therefore unramified in , and let  be a prime ideal of  lying over .

Frobenius automorphism
There exists a unique automorphism  such that  for all algebraic integers , where  is the norm of . The map  is called the Frobenius automorphism of . It generates the decomposition group  of  and its order is equal to the inertia degree  of  over . (If  is ramified then  is only defined and generates  modulo the inertia subgroup

whose order is the ramification index  of  over ). Any other prime ideal of  dividing  is of the form  with some . Its Frobenius automorphism is given by

since

for all , and thus its decomposition group  is conjugate to . In this general situation, the Artin symbol is a mapping

which associates an entire conjugacy class of automorphisms to any unramified prime ideal , and we have  if and only if  splits completely in .

Factorization of prime ideals
When  is an intermediate field with relative Galois group , more precise statements about the homomorphisms  and  are possible because we can construct the factorization of  (where  is unramified in  as above) in  from its factorization in  as follows. Prime ideals in  lying over  are in -equivariant bijection with the -set of left cosets , where  corresponds to the coset . For every prime ideal  in  lying over  the Galois group  acts transitively on the set of prime ideals in  lying over , thus such ideals  are in bijection with the orbits of the action of  on  by left multiplication. Such orbits are in turn in bijection with the double cosets . Let  be a complete system of representatives of these double cosets, thus . Furthermore, let  denote the orbit of the coset  in the action of  on the set of left cosets  by left multiplication and let  denote the orbit of the coset  in the action of  on the set of right cosets  by right multiplication. Then  factorizes in  as , where  for  are the prime ideals lying over  in  satisfying  with the product running over any system of representatives of .

We have

Let  be the decomposition group of  over . Then  is the stabilizer of  in the action of  on , so by the orbit-stabilizer theorem we have . On the other hand, it's , which together gives

In other words, the inertia degree  is equal to the size of the orbit of the coset  in the action of  on the set of right cosets  by right multiplication. By taking inverses, this is equal to the size of the orbit  of the coset  in the action of  on the set of left cosets  by left multiplication. Also the prime ideals in  lying over  correspond to the orbits of this action.

Consequently, the ideal embedding is given by , and the class extension by

Artin's reciprocity law
Now further assume  is an abelian extension, that is,  is an abelian group. Then, all conjugate decomposition groups of prime ideals of  lying over  coincide, thus  for every , and the Artin symbol  becomes equal to the Frobenius automorphism of any  and  for all  and every .

By class field theory,
the abelian extension  uniquely corresponds to an intermediate group  between the ray modulo  of  and , where  denotes the relative conductor ( is divisible by the same prime ideals as ). The Artin symbol

which associates the Frobenius automorphism of  to each prime ideal  of  which is unramified in , can be extended by multiplicativity to a surjective homomorphism

with kernel  (where  means ), called Artin map, which induces isomorphism

of the generalized ideal class group  to the Galois group . This explicit isomorphism is called the Artin reciprocity law or general reciprocity law.

Group-theoretic formulation of the problem
This reciprocity law allowed Artin to translate the general principalization problem for number fields  based on the following scenario from number theory to group theory. Let  be a Galois extension of algebraic number fields with automorphism group . Assume that  is an intermediate field with relative group  and let  be the maximal abelian subextension of  respectively within . Then the corresponding relative groups are the commutator subgroups , resp. . By class field theory, there exist intermediate groups  and  such that the Artin maps establish isomorphisms

Here  means  and  are some moduli divisible by  respectively and by all primes dividing  respectively.

The ideal extension homomorphism , the induced Artin transfer  and these Artin maps are connected by the formula

Since  is generated by the prime ideals of  which does not divide , it's enough to verify this equality on these generators. Hence suppose that  is a prime ideal of  which does not divide  and let  be a prime ideal of  lying over . On the one hand, the ideal extension homomorphism  maps the ideal  of the base field  to the extension ideal  in the field , and the Artin map  of the field  maps this product of prime ideals to the product of conjugates of Frobenius automorphisms

where the double coset decomposition and its representatives used here is the same as in the last but one section. On the other hand, the Artin map  of the base field  maps the ideal  to the Frobenius automorphism . The -tuple  is a system of representatives of double cosets , which correspond to the orbits of the action of  on the set of left cosets  by left multiplication, and  is equal to the size of the orbit of coset  in this action. Hence the induced Artin transfer maps  to the product

This product expression was the original form of the Artin transfer homomorphism, corresponding to a decomposition of the permutation representation into disjoint cycles.

Since the kernels of the Artin maps  and  are  and  respectively, the previous formula implies that . It follows that there is the class extension homomorphism  and that  and the induced Artin transfer  are connected by the commutative diagram in Figure 1 via the isomorphisms induced by the Artin maps, that is, we have equality of two composita .

Class field tower
The commutative diagram in the previous section, which connects the number theoretic class extension homomorphism  with the group theoretic Artin transfer , enabled Furtwängler to prove the principal ideal theorem by specializing to the situation that  is the (first) Hilbert class field of , that is the maximal abelian unramified extension of , and  is the second Hilbert class field of , that is the maximal metabelian unramified extension of  (and maximal abelian unramified extension of ). Then  and  is the commutator subgroup of . More precisely, Furtwängler showed that generally the Artin transfer  from a finite metabelian group  to its derived subgroup  is a trivial homomorphism. In fact this is true even if  isn't metabelian because we can reduce to the metabelian case by replacing  with . It also holds for infinite groups provided  is finitely generated and . It follows that every ideal of  extends to a principal ideal of .

However, the commutative diagram comprises the potential for a lot of more sophisticated applications. In the situation that  is a prime number,  is the second Hilbert p-class field of , that is the maximal metabelian unramified extension of  of degree a power of  varies over the intermediate field between  and its first Hilbert p-class field , and  correspondingly varies over the intermediate groups between  and , computation of all principalization kernels  and all p-class groups  translates to information on the kernels  and targets  of the Artin transfers  and permits the exact specification of the second p-class group  of  via pattern recognition, and frequently even allows to draw conclusions about the entire p-class field tower of , that is the Galois group  of the maximal unramified pro-p extension  of .

These ideas are explicit in the paper of 1934 by A. Scholz and O. Taussky already. At these early stages, pattern recognition consisted of specifying the annihilator ideals, or symbolic orders, and the Schreier relations of metabelian p-groups and subsequently using a uniqueness theorem on group extensions by O. Schreier.
Nowadays, we use the p-group generation algorithm of M. F. Newman
and E. A. O'Brien
for constructing descendant trees of p-groups and searching patterns, defined by kernels and targets of Artin transfers, among the vertices of these trees.

Galois cohomology
In the chapter on cyclic extensions of number fields of prime degree of his number report from 1897, D. Hilbert
proves a series of crucial theorems which culminate in Theorem 94, the original germ of class field theory. Today, these theorems can be viewed as the beginning of what is now called Galois cohomology. Hilbert considers a finite relative extension  of algebraic number fields with cyclic Galois group  generated by an automorphism  such that  for the relative degree , which is assumed to be an odd prime.

He investigates two endomorphism of the unit group  of the extension field, viewed as a Galois module with respect to the group , briefly a -module. The first endomorphism

is the symbolic exponentiation with the difference , and the second endomorphism

is the algebraic norm mapping, that is the symbolic exponentiation with the trace

In fact, the image of the algebraic norm map is contained in the unit group  of the base field and  coincides with the usual arithmetic (field) norm as the product of all conjugates. The composita of the endomorphisms satisfy the relations  and .

Two important cohomology groups can be defined by means of the kernels and images of these endomorphisms. The zeroth Tate cohomology group of  in  is given by the quotient  consisting of the norm residues of , and the minus first Tate cohomology group of  in  is given by the quotient  of the group  of relative units of  modulo the subgroup of symbolic powers of units with formal exponent .

In his Theorem 92 Hilbert proves the existence of a relative unit  which cannot be expressed as , for any unit , which means that the minus first cohomology group  is non-trivial of order divisible by . However, with the aid of a completely similar construction, the minus first cohomology group  of the -module , the multiplicative group of the superfield , can be defined, and Hilbert shows its triviality  in his famous Theorem 90.

Eventually, Hilbert is in the position to state his celebrated Theorem 94: If  is a cyclic extension of number fields of odd prime degree  with trivial relative discriminant , which means it's unramified at finite primes, then there exists a non-principal ideal  of the base field  which becomes principal in the extension field , that is  for some . Furthermore, the th power of this non-principal ideal is principal in the base field , in particular , hence the class number of the base field must be divisible by  and the extension field  can be called a class field of . The proof goes as follows: Theorem 92 says there exists unit , then Theorem 90 ensures the existence of a (necessarily non-unit)  such that , i. e., . By multiplying  by proper integer if necessary we may assume that  is an algebraic integer. The non-unit  is generator of an ambiguous principal ideal of , since . However, the underlying ideal  of the subfield  cannot be principal. Assume to the contrary that  for some . Since  is unramified, every ambiguous ideal  of  is a lift of some ideal in , in particular . Hence  and thus  for some unit . This would imply the contradiction  because . On the other hand,

thus  is principal in the base field  already.

Theorems 92 and 94 don't hold as stated for , with the fields  and  being a counterexample (in this particular case  is the narrow Hilbert class field of ). The reason is Hilbert only considers ramification at finite primes but not at infinite primes (we say that a real infinite prime of  ramifies in  if there exists non-real extension of this prime to ). This doesn't make a difference when  is odd since the extension is then unramified at infinite primes. However he notes that Theorems 92 and 94 hold for  provided we further assume that number of fields conjugate to  that are real is twice the number of real fields conjugate to . This condition is equivalent to  being unramified at infinite primes, so Theorem 94 holds for all primes  if we assume that  is unramified everywhere.

Theorem 94 implies the simple inequality  for the order of the principalization kernel of the extension . However an exact formula for the order of this kernel can be derived for cyclic unramified (including infinite primes) extension (not necessarily of prime degree) by means of the Herbrand quotient  of the -module , which is given by

It can be shown that  (without calculating the order of either of the cohomology groups). Since the extension  is unramified, it's  so  . With the aid of K. Iwasawa's isomorphism
, specialized to a cyclic extension with periodic cohomology of length , we obtain

This relation increases the lower bound by the factor , the so-called unit norm index.

History
As mentioned in the lead section, several investigators tried to generalize the Hilbert-Artin-Furtwängler principal ideal theorem of 1930 to questions concerning the principalization in intermediate extensions between the base field and its Hilbert class field. On the one hand, they established general theorems on the principalization over arbitrary number fields, such as Ph. Furtwängler 1932,
O. Taussky 1932,
O. Taussky 1970,
and H. Kisilevsky 1970.
On the other hand, they searched for concrete numerical examples of principalization in unramified cyclic extensions of particular kinds of base fields.

Quadratic fields
The principalization of -classes of imaginary quadratic fields  with -class rank two in unramified cyclic cubic extensions was calculated manually for three discriminants  by A. Scholz and O. Taussky
in 1934. Since these calculations require composition of binary quadratic forms and explicit knowledge of fundamental systems of units in cubic number fields, which was a very difficult task in 1934, the investigations stayed at rest for half a century until F.-P. Heider and B. Schmithals
employed the CDC Cyber 76 computer at the University of Cologne to extend the information concerning principalization to the range  containing  relevant discriminants in 1982,
thereby providing the first analysis of five real quadratic fields.
Two years later, J. R. Brink
computed the principalization types of  complex quadratic fields.
Currently, the most extensive computation of principalization data for all  quadratic fields with discriminants  and -class group of type  is due to D. C. Mayer in 2010,
who used his recently discovered connection between transfer kernels and transfer targets for the design of a new principalization algorithm.

The -principalization in unramified quadratic extensions of imaginary quadratic fields with -class group of type  was studied by H. Kisilevsky in 1976.
Similar investigations of real quadratic fields were carried out by E. Benjamin and C. Snyder in 1995.

Cubic fields
The -principalization in unramified quadratic extensions of cyclic cubic fields with -class group of type  was investigated by A. Derhem in 1988.
Seven years later, M. Ayadi studied the -principalization in unramified cyclic cubic extensions of cyclic cubic fields , , with -class group of type  and conductor  divisible by two or three primes.

Sextic fields
In 1992, M. C. Ismaili investigated the -principalization in unramified cyclic cubic extensions of the normal closure of pure cubic fields , in the case that this sextic number field , , has a -class group of type .

Quartic fields
In 1993, A. Azizi studied the -principalization in unramified quadratic extensions of biquadratic fields of Dirichlet type  with -class group of type . Most recently, in 2014, A. Zekhnini extended the investigations to Dirichlet fields with -class group of type , thus providing the first examples of -principalization in the two layers of unramified quadratic and biquadratic extensions of quartic fields with class groups of -rank three.

See also
Both, the algebraic, group theoretic access to the principalization problem by Hilbert-Artin-Furtwängler and the arithmetic, cohomological access by Hilbert-Herbrand-Iwasawa are also presented in detail in the two bibles of capitulation by J.-F. Jaulent 1988 and by K. Miyake 1989.

Secondary sources

References

Group theory
Class field theory


title: Korisliiga Most Valuable Player

text:
In the Korisliiga, the top Finnish professional basketball league, two awards are considered the Most Valuable Player award. The first, the Player of the Year, goes to the best Finnish player in the league. The second, is the Best Foreigner (in Finnish, vuoden ulkomaalaisvahvistus).

Key

Import Players

Finnish Players

Notes

References

Basketball most valuable player awards
MVP
European basketball awards


title: Craig McLachlan & Check 1-2

text:
Craig McLachlan & Check 1–2 is the debut album by Australian actor/musician Craig McLachlan as part of the three-piece band Craig McLachlan and Check 1-2.

Background
From 1987–1989, McLachlan had played Henry Ramsay on Neighbours before joining the cast of Home and Away in February 1990 where he played Grant Mitchell.

In March, McLachlan won the Gold Logie at the Logie Awards of 1990. Concurrently, McLachlan was recording his debut album with his band, 'Check 1–2' and it was released during the height of his television exposure. The album would be released in June 1990 and it produced four singles, including "Mona", which peaked at No. 2 in the UK and No. 3 in Australia.

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from the album's liner notes.

Musicians
Craig McLachlan – vocals, guitar
Mark Beckhouse – bass
John Clark – percussion
Mark Meyer – drums
Garth Porter – keyboards
Chong Lim – additional keyboards
Roger McLachlan – fretless bass on "Go" and "Can't Take It Any Longer"
David Williams – toms on "Mona"
John Hinde, Lindsay Field, Nikki Nicholls, Lisa Edwards – backing vocals

Production
Produced by Garth Porter
Engineered by Chris Corr
Additional engineers: David Price, Greg Henderson, Ted Howard
Assistant engineers: Ian Hayes, Brendan Morley, Adrian Webb
Mixed by Greg Henderson and Garth Porter, except "Bigger Than Texas" mixed by Ted Howard and Garth Porter
Recorded at Platinum, Melbourne

Charts

Craig McLachlan and Check 1–2 debuted at No. 5 in Australia on the week commencing 17 June 1990 and rose to No. 4 the following week. It remained in the top 50 for 13 weeks.

Certification

The Video

In 1990, a video was released which included the film clips to the four singles, as well as interviews with McLachlan and rare performances.

 "Mona"
 "Amanda"
 "Rock the Rock"
 "I Almost Felt Like Crying"

References

1990 debut albums
Craig McLachlan albums
CBS Records albums
Epic Records albums


title: Above the Stag Theatre

text:
Above The Stag Theatre was an Off West End theatre in London with a focus on producing LGBT-themed theatre. It was the only producing venue in the UK presenting a year-round programme of LGBT-interest theatre. The space comprised a 100-seat main house, a 70-seat cabaret lounge and a bar.

Above The Stag Theatre was founded in 2008 by Peter Bull. From late 2008 to early 2012 its home was above The Stag, a gay pub in Victoria, London, which has since been demolished. Following an 18-month search for a new home, the company moved to a renovated railway arch in Vauxhall, where it showed over 30 productions. In June 2018, after a major fundraising campaign, Above The Stag Theatre moved to a new premises on Albert Embankment. On 7 August 2022, the theatre announced that it had ceased trading and permanently closed its Vauxhall venue.

Since the closure of its dedicated theatre space, the Above The Stag production company has continued to present LGBT-themed shows at other London venues.

See also
 LGBT culture in London

References

External links
Above The Stag Theatre website

Theatres in the London Borough of Lambeth
Pub theatres in London
Pub theatres in England


title: Galor–Zeira model

text:
The Galor-Zeira model, established by Oded Galor and Joseph Zeira in 1988, is the first macroeconomic model to examine the influence of economic inequality on macroeconomic dynamics. The model disputes the previously prevalent view, held by the representative agent approach in macroeconomics till the early 1990s, that economic inequality has no effect on macroeconomic activity. It posits that when there are imperfections in capital markets and indivisibilities in investment in the production of human capital (such as education), the distribution of wealth can impact both the long-term per capita income and the process of economic growth. This model was published in the paper “Income Distribution and Macroeconomics”, 1993.

Thesis
In contrast to the Neoclassical paradigm and the representative agent approach that denied the role of inequality in the growth process, novel theories that emerged in the late 1980s and empirical studies of these theories have established that income distribution has a significant impact on the process of development.

The modern perspective, originated by Galor and Zeira (1988, 1993), has underscored the role of heterogeneity in the determination of macroeconomic activity, and has demonstrated that income distribution is an important determinants of the growth process and the evolution of income per capita. In particular, Galor and Zeira have argued that since credit markets are imperfect, inequality has an enduring impact on human capital formation, the level of income per capita, and the growth process.

In contrast to the classical paradigm, which underlined the positive implications of inequality for capital formation and economic growth, Galor and Zeira’s hypothesis suggests that inequality has an adverse effect on human capital formation and economic development, in all but the very poor economies.

The Galor-Zeira model suggests that the impact of inequality on the growth process, is governed by the effect of unequal access to education, due to imperfect capital markets, on human capital formation and economic growth. The initial distribution of income determines whether an economy converges to a low-education, low-income steady-state equilibrium, or high-income, high education steady-state equilibrium. In particular, the model predicts that inequality have an adverse effect on human capital formation and economic growth in all but the very poor economies.

Testable Predictions
The Galor and Zeira’s model predicts that the effect of rising inequality on GDP per capita is negative in relatively rich countries but positive in poor countries. These testable predictions have been examined and confirmed empirically in recent studies. In particular, Brückner and Lederman test the prediction of the model by in the panel of countries during the period 1970-2010, by considering the impact of the interaction between the level of income inequality and the initial level of GDP per capita. In line with the predictions of the model, they find that at the 25th percentile of initial income in the world sample, a 1 percentage point increase in the Gini coefficient increases income per capita by 2.3%, whereas at the 75th percentile of initial income a 1 percentage point increase in the Gini coefficient decreases income per capita by -5.3%. Moreover, the proposed human capital mechanism that mediate the effect of inequality on growth in the Galor-Zeira model is also confirmed. Increases in income inequality increase human capital in poor countries but reduce it in high and middle-income countries.

This recent support for the predictions of the Galor-Zeira model is in line with earlier and recent findings. Roberto Perotti showed that in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, developed by Galor and Zeira, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, while lower level of human capital is associated with lower levels of economic growth. Roland Benabou's finds that the growth process of Korea and the Philippines "are broadly consistent with the credit-constrained human-capital accumulation hypothesis." In addition, a recent study by Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry suggests that  inequality seems to affect growth through human capital accumulation and fertility channels.

Model & Implications

The Structure of the Model

 Aggregate output is produced in two sectors:

 Skilled-intensive and unskilled-intensive production processes.
 Skilled (educated) workers are more productive than unskilled (uneducated) workers.

 Individuals:

 Live two periods.
 Identical in abilities and preferences.
 Differ in parental wealth.

 Individuals’ occupational choices:

 First period of life: invest in human capital or work as an unskilled worker.
 Second period of life: work as skilled or unskilled worker (based on decision in the first period).

 Imperfect capital markets: Interest for borrowers is higher than that for lenders (due to monitoring cost).
 Fixed cost associated with investment in education, reflecting:

 Indivisibility of academic degrees.
 Differential return to college graduate vs college dropout.

Short-run Implications
Decision to invest in education depends on parent wealth due to credit market imperfections.

 High parental transfer relative to the cost of education reduces the cost of borrowing for education and induces individuals to invest in human capital.
 Low parental transfer relative to the cost of education increases the cost of borrowing for education and dissuades individuals from investing in human capital.

Long-run Implications
The society is segmented into two dynasties (due to the fixed cost of education):

 Skilled (educated) dynasty in which individuals transfer sufficient resources from generation to generation so as to justify investment in human capital.
 Unskilled (uneducated) dynasty in which individuals do not transfer sufficient resources from generation to generation so as to justify investment in human capital.

Inequality affects development:

 In non-poor economies, inequality traps a larger fraction of society in under-investment in human capital and therefore reduces income per capita and economic growth.
 In poor economies, inequality permits at least some individuals to invest in human capital (since the average level of income is low relative to the cost of education) and is therefore conducive for growth.

Policy implications
Government policy can improve the long-run equilibrium (in non-poor economy) by:

 Subsidizing tuition cost.
 Subsidizing student loans.
 Improving financial markets (reducing the gap between the interest rate for borrowers and lenders).

Significance
The Review of Economic Studies named the Galor-Zeira paper ("Income Distribution and Macroeconomics") among the 11 most path-breaking papers published in The Review of Economic Studies in the past 60 years.

See also
Income distribution
Capital market imperfections
Economic growth
Economic inequality

References

Economics models
Economic inequality
Income distribution


title: Säpojoggen

text:
Säpojoggen refers to two annual jogging events in Sweden. One of them is arranged in Stockholm and the other one at the Almedalen park in Visby.

The inspiration came from the 2010 wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling, where four bodyguards from Swedish Security Service (Säpo), dressed in suits, could be seen jogging next to the procession with the couple.

Stockholm event

The Stockholm event takes place on 19 June, the anniversary of the wedding. Participants are encouraged to wear dark unbuttoned suits and white shirts in the same style as the bodyguards had during the 2010 wedding procession. Female participants are exempt from wearing a tie (the female bodyguard did not wear one during the royal wedding). The run starts at 16.40, and follows the route Storkyrkan—Slottsbacken—Kungsträdgårdsgatan—Hamngatan—Kungsgatan—Strandvägen—Djurgården. The total length of the track is . It is not a competitive event; the runners are supposed to keep together in a formation throughout the track and the goal is to keep the same pace and time as the actual bodyguards.

About one hundred participants attended the first event. Some of them wore earphones, sunglasses and water guns. At the second event in 2012, the number of participants was reported to be around 40.

Almedalen event

The event in Almedalen is arranged by actual Säpo personnel as a PR event in conjunction with the political activities during the Almedalen Week. It takes place in the morning, and is open for the public to join. It also differs from the Stockholm event in that it is arranged as a competition, and that there is no dress code; regular training clothes are worn by the attendees. After finishing, members of public are invited to chat and ask questions about the tasks and purposes of Säpo, and how the bodyguards prepare themselves for their missions. The track length is about .

References

External links
Säpojoggen 2013, filmed with a head-mounted camera

Flash mob
Culture in Stockholm
Sport in Stockholm
Visby


title: Mona (I Need You Baby)

text:
"Mona (I Need You Baby)" is a song written by Ellas McDaniel (Bo Diddley) that appeared as the B-side to his 1957 single "Hey! Bo Diddley". According to Diddley's obituary in The New York Times, "Mona" was a song of praise he wrote for a 45-year-old exotic dancer who worked at the Flame Show Bar in Detroit. The song also became the template for the Crickets's "Not Fade Away".

Craig McLachlan & Check 1–2 version

In March 1990, Australian actor and musician Craig McLachlan released a version with his band, Check 1–2, as the second single from their 1990 debut album, Craig McLachlan & Check 1-2. It was a commercial success, peaking at  3 in Australia and No. 2 in the United Kingdom. In Australia, it was the highest-selling single by a native artist in 1990.

Track listing

Awards

|-
| 1991 || "Mona" || ARIA Award for Highest Selling Single of the Year ||

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Cover versions
"Mona (I Need You Baby)" has been covered by many artists, including:
 The Rolling Stones for their debut album in 1964 in the UK and on the US album The Rolling Stones, Now! in 1965.
 T. C. Atlantic with a regional hit single in 1966.
 The Troggs on their 1967 album Trogglodynamite.
 Quicksilver Messenger Service for their second album, 1969's Happy Trails. It was ranked number 88 on the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time by Rolling Stone.
 Grateful Dead performed the song twice - first with Bo Diddley on 25 March 1972 (released on Dick's Picks Volume 30) and then again on 27 October 1991 with guests Gary Duncan and Carlos Santana.
 The Roosters on their 1980 self-titled debut album.
 Frank Marino and Mahogany Rush covered "Mona" on their 1980 album What’s Next.
 Bruce Springsteen often interpolated "Mona" as an introduction to his "She's the One" on the Born to Run tours and Darkness Tour in the 1970s.
 Bo Diddley performed "Mona" with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers on March 28, 1999, at the Fillmore West.

References

1957 songs
Bo Diddley songs
The Rolling Stones songs
1990 singles
ARIA Award-winning songs
Songs written by Bo Diddley
CBS Records singles
Craig McLachlan songs


The UAE International Award for Poets of Peace was launched on 1 May 2014 for poets at the International Humanitarian City (IHC) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is claimed to be the first award of its kind, bridging a multitude of nationalities and languages in which poets will present their sonnets, spreading a message of peace around the world.

The global award plan at using poetry to disseminate consciousness amongst people about the importance of peace and raises further awareness for humanitarian work around the world.

The award is launched in collaboration with the United Nations World Food Programme.

Objectives
The Award has the following objectives:
 Promote the peace message to the world
 Spread the culture of peace across the world
 Raise awareness for humanitarian work around the world
 Support world relief programs.

Vision
The Award has the following vision:
 Sending a message to the world about the need to stop war and combat hunger
 Unifying world peace in one entity bound by peace, without discrimination on race or religion, & spreading the message of love, unity and peace.

References

External links
Msader-ye.net
Gulftoday.ae
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نقل حصري لجائزة الامارات العالمية لشعراء السلام على قناة دبي في برنامج مدارات

2014 establishments in the United Arab Emirates
Awards established in 2014
Events in Dubai
Poetry awards
Peace awards
International literary awards
Emirati literary awards


title: John E. Miller (Arkansas politician)

text:
John Eldon Miller (March 2, 1929 – June 18, 2014) was an American politician and businessman.

Born in Melbourne, Arkansas, Miller received his bachelor's degree in chemistry from Arkansas State University. He worked in real estate, retail business, title abstract, and insurance. He served in the Arkansas House of Representatives and served as speaker. He died in Melbourne, Arkansas.

Notes

1929 births
2014 deaths
People from Izard County, Arkansas
Arkansas State University alumni
Businesspeople from Arkansas
Speakers of the Arkansas House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the Arkansas House of Representatives
20th-century American businesspeople


title: Northeast Coast campaign (1747)

text:
The Northeast Coast campaign of 1747  was conducted by the Wabanaki Confederacy of Acadia against the New England settlements along the coast of present-day Maine below the Kennebec River, the former border of Acadia. during King George's War from July until September 1747. They attacked English settlements on the coast of present-day Maine between Berwick and St. Georges (Thomaston, Maine),  within two months there were 11 raids - every town on the frontier had been attacked. Casco (also known as Falmouth and Portland) was the principal settlement.

Background

After the two attacks on Annapolis Royal in 1744, Governor William Shirley put a bounty on the Passamaquoddy, Mi’kmaq and Maliseet on Oct 20. The following year, during the campaign, on August 23, 1745, Shirley declared war against the rest of the Wabanaki Confederacy – the Penobscot and Kennebec tribes.

In response to the New England expedition against Louisbourg which finished in June 1745, the Wabanaki retaliated by attacking the New England border. New England braced itself for such an attack by appointing a provisional force of 450 to defend the frontier. After the attacks began they increased the number of soldiers by 175 men. Massachusetts established forts along the border with Acadia: Fort George at Brunswick (1715), St. George's Fort at Thomaston (1720), and Fort Richmond (1721) at Richmond. Fort Frederick was established at Pemaquid (Bristol, Maine).

After the Northeast Coast campaign (1745) and 1746), the 1747 followed.

The campaign

Wabanaki Confederacy began their first raid on April 13 at Scarborough, killing two and taking four prisoners.

A militia of 50 natives raided Falmouth on April 21, killing cattle and attacking Mr. Frost’s family, taking captive his wife and six children. Despite sending 26 men after then under Captain IIsley, they were unable to catch the native and their prisoners.

Capt. Jordan’s company of 30 was posted from Falmouth to Topsham, leaving the town defenseless.  The natives killed two women and a man.  Crossing the Androscoggin in canoe, natives killed two men and wounded the third, one woman escaped.

On 26 May, 100 natives attacked Fort Frederick at Pemaquid. The killed five soldiers, five recruits and the other inhabitants were taken prisoner.

At Damariscotta, natives took one prisoner, killing his wife and child.

At Wiscasset, the natives again seized Capt. Jonathan Williamson.

At Fort Frederick in early September a company of 60 natives attacked.  Killing five guards and then attacked for two hours and then withdrew. At Fort Georges, natives tried, unsuccessfully, to dig a tunnel into the fort.

Aftermath

Natives took Frances Noble captive close to Fort Richmond in 1748.  Frances Noble wrote her captivity narrative.

Natives also killed a number of British at Fort St. Georges in the fall of 1748.

See also
Military history of Nova Scotia
 Northeast Coast campaign (1703)
 Northeast Coast campaign (1723)

References

Sources

Military history of Acadia
Military history of Nova Scotia
Military history of New England
Military history of Canada
Conflicts in 1747
1747 in the Thirteen Colonies
Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts
New France
Captives of Native Americans
1747 in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
Battles of King George's War
Berwick, Maine
Thomaston, Maine


title: Priacanthus blochii

text:
Priacanthus blochii, the paeony bulleye, is a species of marine ray finned fish, a bigeye in the family Priacanthidae. Other common names for this species include Bloch's bigeye, blotched bigeye, glass-eye bigeye, shortfin bigeye, silver big-eye and goggle eye.

Description
Priacanthus blochii has a red body and is commonly  in length. The lateral line has a line of approximately 15 dark spots. Both the pelvic and median fins are a dusky red colour. At the base of the first 3 pelvic rays, a black spot is present. It can change colour as its mood changes.

Distribution
Priacanthus blochii occurs in the waters of southern Africa to French Polynesia. It is found as far south as Australia and north to the southern waters of Japan. It has also been recorded around Easter Island and as well as in the Red Sea.

Habitat
Priacanthus blochii is found at depths of 8 to 250 metres in caves or under ledges and inhabits lagoons and seaward reefs. It is frequentlyfound in silty areas. The species is normally encountered as solitary fish or in small groups.

Species description and etymology
Priacanthus blochii was first formally described in 1853 by the Dutch ichthyologist and herpetologist Pieter Bleeker (1819–1874) with the type localities given as Jakarta, Indonesia, Java Sea, eastern Indian Ocean; Sibogha, western Sumatra, Indonesia, eastern Indian Ocean; Ambon Bay, Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. The German zoologist Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723–1799) is mentioned in Bleeker’s description several times and it is likely that the specific name honours Bloch.

References

 Glasseye, Priacanthus blochii Bleeker 1853 @ fishesofaustralia.net.au

External links

blochii
Marine fish of Southeast Asia
Fauna of Melanesia
Marine fish of Northern Australia
Fish described in 1853
Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker


title: Custos Rotulorum of Queen's County

text:
The Custos Rotulorum of Queen's County was the highest civil officer in Queen's County, Ireland (now County Laois). The position was later combined with that of Lord Lieutenant of Queen's County.

Incumbents

1634–?1642 Sir Charles Coote, 1st Baronet (died 1642)
1769–1822 Charles Moore, 1st Marquess of Drogheda
1823–1845 William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington (died 1845)

For later custodes rotulorum, see Lord Lieutenant of Queen's County

References

Queen's County
County Laois-related lists


title: Edward Buggin

text:
Edward Buggin (died 1590), of Clerkenwell, London, was an English politician.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Totnes in 1572.

References

Year of birth missing
1590 deaths
English MPs 1572–1583
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Totnes
People from Clerkenwell


title: 2014–15 Sporting de Gijón season

text:
The 2014–15 Sporting de Gijón season was the third season that the club will play in Segunda División after the relegation from the highest tier of football in Spain, La Liga. Sporting finished as runner-up and promoted to the top tier.

Season overview

Preseason
Despite not promoting to La Liga, head coach Abelardo Fernández extended his contract for two seasons. Sporting started the preseason on July 17 and played nine friendly games, two of them in a 45-minute game format.

On July 22, Carlos Carmona extended his contract until 2019. One day later, Sporting finished its first friendly defeating Marino de Luanco by 1–0 in a game without new signings and several players of the reserve team.

Preseason ended with a no-goals draw with Getafe in the Trofeo Villa de Gijón. Finally, Sporting won its tournament six years later.

August
As in the previous season, the club started the league earning the three points. At Soria, Sporting went back from a goal against thank to the goals of Miguel Ángel Guerrero and Juan Muñiz. The club continued its good start debuting in El Molinón with a new win by 2–1 over Ponferradina.

September
On September 1, striker Stefan Šćepović signed a four-year deal with Celtic for £2.3 million, having turned down a move the day before. In the same press release confirming the transfer, Sporting announced Julio and Carlos Castro would be promoted to the first team. The club was the only professional team in Spain which did not sign any new player in the Summer window transfer.

In the first game of the month, at Albacete, a header in the 93rd minute of Pablo Pérez served to save one point and to remain unbeaten in the league prior to the game at El Molinón versus Girona, which won its three first games. The Catalan team equalized the game in the last minute with a goal of David Juncà.

Previously, on September 10, Sporting was defeated by Real Valladolid by 1–3 in the second round of the Copa del Rey and subsequently eliminated.

In the two next games, Pablo Pérez netted two goals to beat Mirandés at Anduva and a header of Miguel Ángel Guerrero equalized the game versus Valladolid, allowing Sporting to finish the month of September becoming the only undefeated team in Segunda División.

October
On October 6, Abelardo was named Coach of the Month by the LFP. Sporting remained as the only unbeaten team in the league achieving two more home wins and two draws away, finishing the month in the third position.

November
On November 22, Abelardo's team beat the record of Vujadin Boškov in the club and remained unbeaten for the 14th game in a row, after a no-goal draw at El Molinón versus Llagostera. In the next game, at Mallorca, Sporting beat this record and tied the longest unbeaten streak since the start of the season.

January
On January 18, Sporting lost its first league game after a streak of 20 games unbeaten. Despite a goal of Juan Muñiz in the 6th minute, Betis scored twice in the second half and won by 1–2 at El Molinón. With this loss, the team finished the first half of the league in the fifth position with 38 points.

June
Sporting finally promoted on June 7, after beating widely Betis by 0–3 and after the draw of Girona versus Lugo at Montilivi.

Players

Current squad

Reserve team players

In

Out

Technical staff

Competitions

Preseason and friendlies

Segunda División

League table

Results summary

Positions by round

Matches

Copa del Rey

Statistics

Appearances and goals

Disciplinary record

See also
2014–15 Segunda División
2014–15 Copa del Rey

References

Sporting de Gijón seasons
Sporting de Gijon


title: Buggin (surname)

text:
Buggin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Lady Cecilia Buggin (–1873), second wife of Prince Augustus Frederick, sixth son of King George III
Christopher Buggin (1572–1603), English politician
Edward Buggin (died 1590), English politician

See also
Critters Buggin, American instrumental music group
Buggin', song from American film Space Jam
Bugging, use of a covert listening device


title: Haridra Ganapati

text:
Haridra Ganapati (, , literally "turmeric Ganesha") is an aspect of the Hindu god Ganesha (Ganapati). Haridra Ganapati is also known as Ratri Ganapati. Haridra Ganapati is depicted as yellow like turmeric and wears yellow garments. He is one of the most popular thirty-two forms of Ganesha.

Iconography
The iconographical treatises Niyotsava and the Mantra-maharnava have similar descriptions of Haridra Ganapati. He is described as having three eyes. He sits on a golden throne. He is yellow-complexioned like turmeric and also wears yellow clothes. He has four arms and carries a pasha (noose), an ankusha (elephant goad), a modaka (sweet) and the danta (his own broken tusk) in his four hands. He draws his devotees closer by the noose, while goads them in the right direction by the ankusha.

The Dakshinamnaya mentions that Haridra Ganapati has six arms and sits on a jewelled throne, in addition to his yellow colour and yellow vestments. His three right hands hold the ankusha and display the krodha-mudra (the gesture of anger) and abhayamudra (the gesture of protection). His left hands carry the pasha, a parashu (battle-axe) and displays the varadamudra (gesture of boon-giving).

Other references to the deity describe his face to be ointed with turmeric; him wearing a yellow yagnopavita ("sacred thread") besides his turmeric complexion and clothes. He is described holding a pasha, an ankusha and a staff.

In the Ajitāgama, Haridra Ganapati is described as turmeric-colored and flanked by two unnamed wives.

Worship
Haridra Ganapati is worshipped for wealth and well-being. He is also described to protect his devotees.

Haridra Ganapati is the patron of the Haridra Ganapatya sect, one of the six major schools of the Ganapatya sect, which regards Ganesha as the Supreme Being. The Haridra Ganapati followers consider him as leader of all deities including Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva and Indra; the guru of the sage Bhrigu, the guru of gods – Brihaspati, the serpent Shesha etc.; the one which the greatest knowledge and the one is worshipped by the deities who create the universe. Worshipping Haridra Ganapati is believed to grant moksha (emancipation). These sectarians used to brand by iron the head of Ganesha and his tusk on their palms.

Haridra Ganapati is a Tantric form of Ganesha. Special mantras and yantras are used in his worship. Rituals involving his worship generally are performed to fulfill material objectives, especially gaining boons related to sexuality. He is also associated with six rituals of abhichara (uses of spells for malevolent purposes) by which the adept can cause the target to suffer delusions, be overcome with irresistible attraction or envy, or to be enslaved, paralysed or killed.

Notes

References

Forms of Ganesha


title: Reef heron

text:
Reef heron could refer to:
 Western reef heron (Egretta gularis)
 Pacific reef heron (Egretta sacra)


title: Annie Lee Cooper

text:
Annie Lee Wilkerson Cooper (born Annie Lee Wilkerson; June 2, 1910 – November 24, 2010) was an African-American civil rights activist. She is best known for punching Dallas County, Alabama Sheriff Jim Clark in the face during the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches.

Life and work
Annie Lee Wilkerson Cooper was born on June 2, 1910, as Annie Lee Wilkerson in Selma, Alabama as one of ten children of Lucy Jones and Charles Wilkerson Sr. When Cooper was in the seventh grade, she dropped out of school and moved to Kentucky to live with one of her older sisters, but later obtained a high school diploma. At an early age, Cooper joined the local Baptist church.

In the 1940s, Cooper owned a restaurant. A white man who wanted to lease part of Cooper's building asked that she segregate her seating, but she refused.

In 1962, Cooper returned to Selma to care for her sick mother. She later attempted to vote in Selma, but was told she failed the literacy test. Upon being denied to register to vote in Alabama, Cooper began to participate in the civil rights movement. Cooper's attempt to register to vote in 1963 resulted in her being fired from her job as a nurse at a rest home. She then worked as a clerk at the Torch Motel.

Incident with Jim Clark

On January 25, 1965, Cooper went to the former Dallas County Courthouse in Selma, Alabama to register to vote as part of the Selma to Montgomery marches. While in line, Cooper was prodded by local sheriff Jim Clark with a baton. Cooper turned around and hit Clark in the face, knocking him to the ground. Cooper proceeded to jump on Clark until she was pulled away by other sheriffs.

Cooper was then arrested and charged with criminal provocation. She was held in jail for 11 hours before the sheriff's deputies dropped the charges and released her. Cooper spent the period of her incarceration singing spirituals. Some in the sheriff's department wanted to charge her with attempted murder, and she was let go. Following this incident, Cooper became a registered voter in Alabama.

On June 2, 2010, Annie Lee Cooper became a centenarian. Reflecting on her longevity, she stated, "My mother lived to be 106, so maybe I can live that long, too." On November 24, 2010, Cooper died of natural causes in the Vaughan Regional Medical Center in Selma, Alabama.

In popular culture
In the 2014 film Selma, Cooper was portrayed by Oprah Winfrey. Winfrey said that she took the role "because of the magnificence of Annie Lee Cooper and what her courage meant to an entire movement."

A street near Cooper's home was renamed in her honor.

External links
 SNCC Digital Gateway: Annie Lee Cooper is a documentary website about the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University.

References

1910 births
2010 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
Activists from Selma, Alabama
African-American activists
Women civil rights activists
American community activists
American centenarians
Selma to Montgomery marches
African-American centenarians
Women centenarians
21st-century African-American people


title: National Network (newspaper)

text:
The National Network is an English language Nigerian weekly newspaper founded 25 November 2004. It is published by  Network Printing and Publishing Company and has its headquarters in the Diobu area of Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Topics the newspaper covers include local and national main news, sports, business, political events  and personalities.

In January 2005, Jerry Needam, owner of the paper was arrested at his office for allegedly fabricating a news report aimed at tarnishing Rivers State Police commissioner Sylvester Araba's image and reputation.

In 2011, National Network celebrated the "seventh" anniversary of its foundation. The ceremony which took place at the Silverbird Hall, Port Harcourt, was the most attended of its kind in the state's history. Individual awards were also presented to prominent citizens deemed to have excelled to the highest degree in their chosen fields.

See also

 List of Nigerian newspapers

References

External links
 Official web site

Newspapers established in 2004
Newspapers published in Port Harcourt
2004 establishments in Nigeria
2000s establishments in Rivers State
English-language newspapers published in Africa
Companies based in Port Harcourt
Diobu, Port Harcourt
Weekly newspapers published in Nigeria


title: Cryptostroma corticale

text:
Cryptostroma corticale is a species of fungus that causes sooty bark disease of maples, particularly sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus). The spores grow profusely under the bark of affected trees or stacked logs. The fungus causes disease and death in trees, and the spores are allergenic and cause a debilitating pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs) in humans.

Taxonomy
The fungus is thought to have originated in North America and was originally named Coniosporium corticale by the American mycologists Job Bicknell Ellis and Benjamin Matlack Everhart. The characteristics of the stroma, conidiophores and conidia was the basis for placing it in a new genus as Cryptostroma corticale. It is the type species.

Biology
Sooty bark disease causes wilting of the crown and dieback of branches. Rectangular patches of bark, and later long strips of bark, become detached from the trunk exposing thick layers of black fungal spores. It has been found that the fungus spreads more rapidly through the tree's tissues at  than at , and in the former instance, more rapidly when the tree is under greater water stress. This would seem to suggest that the disease is associated with raised summer temperatures.

Allergenic activity
Maple bark disease, or maple bark stripper’s disease, is an uncommon condition caused by exposure to the spores of C. corticale. The spores are hyper-allergenic and cause a hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The disease has been found among workers in the paper industry employed to debark, cut and chip maple logs. The symptoms include breathlessness, fever, night sweats, chills and weight loss.

References

Fungi described in 1889
Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
Fungi of North America


title: Nicholas Ball (MP)

text:
Nicholas Ball (died 1586), of Totnes; later of Dartington, Devon, was an English politician.

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Totnes in 1584. He was Mayor of Totnes in 1585–1586.

References

Year of birth missing
1586 deaths
English MPs 1584–1585
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Totnes
Mayors of Totnes


title: Uddaraju Ramam

text:
Uddaraju Ramam (1912 in Narasapuram – 27 November 1994 in Ramamohan) was an Indian politician. He was a parliamentarian and a leader of peasants movement. He has three sons and two daughters,

In the Indian National Congress
Ramam was the son of Peda Padmaraju. He studied at Vinayasraman in Guntur. At the age of 18, he joined the Indian National Congress and took part in the Salt Satyagraha. He went to Calcutta for the 1933 Congress session, and was jailed there. The following year, he became a member of the Congress Socialist Party. He went on to becoming president of the Narsapur Taluk Congress Committee and organising secretary of the District Congress Committee. Raman took part in building the Communist Party of India in West Godavari. He served as the secretary of the District Committee of the party between 1935 and 1951.  In 1937 he became a member of the Provincial Congress Committee.

Parliamentarian
In 1952 he became a Secretariat member of the Andhra Provincial Committee of the Communist Party. Ramam was elected to the Lok Sabha (lower house of the parliament of India) in the 1957 general election. He stood as the CPI candidate in Narsapur constituency, obtaining 134,119 votes (51.58% of the votes in the constituency).

Ramam lost the Narsapur seat in the 1962 general election. He finished in second place with 167,209 votes (46%).

CPI(M) leader
When CPI went through a split, Ramam sided with the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was a member of the Andhra Pradesh State Committee and its secretariat for many years, until he retired from political work due to old age. He contested the 1967 general election as the CPI(M) candidate in Narsapur, finishing in second place with 148,721 votes (35.76%).

In the 1971 general election he again finished in second place in Narsapur, with 92,601 votes (23.56%). Likewise, in the 1977 general election he finished in second place with 142,162 votes (30.84%). Again in the 1980 general election he finished in second place with 114,156 votes (25.82%).

Kisan sabha
He leader of the peasants movement, he served as an Executive Committee member of the Andhra Rashtra Ryots Sangham for a long period. In 1952 he became the treasurer of the organisation. He also served as secretary of the Sabari Project Ryots Association. He had collected and published lectures of Sir Arthur Cotton on the subject of Irrigation works in India namely Lectures on Irrigation works in India. He served as president of the All India Kisan Sabha.

References

1912 births
India MPs 1957–1962
1994 deaths
Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Andhra Pradesh
People from West Godavari district
Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh
Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh
Telugu politicians