title: Santa Cruz Mudstone

text:
The Santa Cruz Mudstone is a geologic formation in California. The siliceous organic mudstones of the formation were deposited in deep water and fluvial environments. The formation overlies the Santa Margarita Sandstone and is overlain by the Purisima Formation. The Santa Cruz Mudstone was formerly considered part of the Monterey Formation. The formation preserves bivalve and echinoid fossils as well as vertebrates of Parabalaenoptera baulinensis and Otodus megalodon. The formation dates back to the Late Miocene (Tortonian to Messinian) period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Further reading
 J. C. Clark. 1981. Stratigraphy, paleontology, and geology of the Central Santa Cruz Mountains, California Coast Ranges. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1168:1-51
 D. S. Jordan and H. Hanibal. 1923. Fossil sharks and rays of the Pacific slope of North America. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 22:27-63
 C. V. Zeigler, G. L. Chan, and L. G. Barnes. 1997. A new late Miocene balaenopterid whale (Cetacea: Mysticeti), Parabalaenoptera baulinensis, (new genus and species) from the Santa Cruz Mudstone, Point Reyes Peninsula, California. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 50(4):115-138

Geologic formations of California
Neogene California
Messinian
Tortonian
Mudstone formations
Deep marine deposits
Fluvial deposits
Paleontology in California


title: Santa Clara Formation

text:
The Santa Clara Formation is a geologic formation in the southeastern Santa Cruz Mountains, in Santa Clara County, California.

Geology
It was formed during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene Ages of the Neogene Period resp. the Quaternary Period, during the Cenozoic Era.  It is composed of fluvial boulder to pebble gravel, sandstone, and siltstone locally including thin bedded lacustrine mudstone.

It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California

 Paleontology in California

References

Further reading
 USGS.gov: "Geologic maps and structure sections of the southwestern Santa Clara Valley and southern Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa Clara and Santa Cruz Counties, California"
  AAPG Datapages/Archives: "The Santa Clara Formation as a Record of Late Cenozoic Uplift of the Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa Clara County, California"

Geologic formations of California
Neogene California
Pliocene California
Pleistocene California
Sandstone formations of the United States
Siltstone formations
Fluvial deposits
Lacustrine deposits
Paleontology in California
Geology of Santa Clara County, California
Santa Cruz Mountains


title: San Pablo Formation

text:
The San Pablo Formation is a Late/Upper Miocene epoch geologic formation of the East Bay region in the San Francisco Bay Area, California.

It is found on the south shore of San Pablo Bay, in western Contra Costa County.

Geology
It is series of marine sandstones with tuffs and ashes. Its subunits, listed alphabetically, are Briones Sandstone, Cierbo Sandstone, Neroly Sandstone, and underlies the Pinole Tuff Formation.

It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Miocene California
Geology of Contra Costa County, California
San Pablo Bay
Geologic formations of California
Messinian
Tortonian
Tuff formations
Miocene Series of North America


title: San Mateo Formation

text:
The San Mateo Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Neogene California


title: San Margarita Sandstone

text:
The San Margarita Sandstone is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Neogene California


title: San Joaquin Formation

text:
The San Joaquin Formation is a  Pliocene epoch geologic formation in the lower half of the San Joaquin Valley in central California.

Geology
With the underlying Etchegoin Formation, it is associated with the numerous oil fields in the central and southern San Joaquin Valley. It is overlaid by the Tulare Formation.

It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Bartow, J.A., 1991, The Cenozoic evolution of the San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1501, 40 p.
Goudkoff, P.P., 1943, Correlation of oil field formations on west side of San Joaquin Valley, in Jenkins, O.P., ed., Geologic formations and economic development of the oil and gas fields of California: San Francisco, Calif., State of California, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mines Bulletin No. 118, p. 247-252.

Neogene California
Geology of Fresno County, California
Geology of Kern County, California
Geography of Kings County, California
Geography of the San Joaquin Valley
Pliocene geology
Oil fields in Kern County, California


title: Round Mountain Silt

text:
The Round Mountain Silt is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California
Neogene stratigraphic units of North America


title: Líně s tebou spím

text:
Líně s tebou spím is a studio album by Czech rock band The Plastic People of the Universe. It was released in June 2001 by Globus Music. It is their first album after death of singer, bassist and main composer Milan Hlavsa; it contains some of his compositions that he wrote before his death. It was produced by Tomáš Uher. The album was received negative critical acclaim. Album booklet contains lyrics in both Czech and English.

Track listing
 "II. Podzim / The Second Autumn" – 3:26 (music by Ludvík Kandl / lyrics by Bruno Schulz)
 "Bylo to nedávno / Recently" – 4:10 (music by Milan Hlavsa / lyrics by J. H. Krchovský)
 "Ach líně, líně… / Oh Lazy, Lazy…" – 4:08 (music by Milan Hlavsa / lyrics by Petr Lampl)
 "Teď už vím / Now I Know" – 6:15 (music by Milan Hlavsa / lyrics by J. H. Krchovský)
 "V konečcích prstů / Tips of Fingers" – 4:30 (music by Milan Hlavsa / lyrics by Zbyněk Hejda)
 "Konec léta / Summer's End" – 5:01 (music by Joe Karafiát / lyrics by Bruno Schulz)
 "Sen o hadech / Snake Dream" – 5:36 (music by Milan Hlavsa / lyrics by J. H. Krchovský)
 "Pan K. / Dear Mr. K." – 6:34 (music by Jiří Kabeš / lyrics by Vratislav Brabenec)
 "Spáč / The Sleeper" – 4:14 (music by Milan Hlavsa / lyrics by J. H. Krchovský)
 "Moc jsem si neužil / It Wasn't Such a Blast" – 7:01 (music by Milan Hlavsa / lyrics by J. H. Krchovský)

Personnel
 Vratislav Brabenec – saxophone, clarinet, bass clarinet, vocals
 Josef Janíček – keyboards, vocals
 Jiří Kabeš – viola, vocals
 Joe Karafiát – guitar, bass, vocals
 Eva Turnová – bass, vocals
 Ivan Bierhanzl – double bass
 Ludvík Kandl – drums, vocals
 Milan Hlavsa – vocals on "Moc jsem si neužil"

References

The Plastic People of the Universe albums
2001 albums
Czech-language albums


title: Badger Flat Formation

text:
The Badger Flat Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Ordovician geology of Nevada
Ordovician California
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Barrel Spring Formation

text:
The Barrel Spring Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Ordovician California
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Gregg Ranch Formation

text:
The Gregg Ranch Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Ordovician California


title: Horseshoe Gulch Formation

text:
The Horseshoe Gulch Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Ordovician California
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Kangaroo Ranch Formation

text:
The Kangaroo Ranch Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Ordovician California
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Mazourka Formation

text:
The Mazourka Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Ordovician California
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Montgomery Limestone

text:
The Montgomery Limestone is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California
Ordovician System of North America
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: August F. Gallun

text:
August Friedrich Gallun (May 30, 1834 – 1912) was the founder of A. F. Gallun & Sons which operated their "Empire Tannery" in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

He was born in Osterwieck-on-the-Harz, Germany.

He came to the United States in 1854 from a family of leather tanners. His father and grandfather had been engaged in the business in Germany.

In 1864 he married Julia Kraus and they went on to have four children, Albert F. Gallun, Ella, Edwin (who died at the age of 22), and Arthur H. Gallun.

He was employed by Albert Trostel and after 9 months of employment, they founded Trostel & Gallun. They were well known for harness, saddle, collar and line leather, boot and shoe grains, wax upper, and kip and calf skins.

After 8 years together, their partnership dissolved and each went into business with their sons. Gallun founded A. F. Gallun & Sons. They did business across the United States, and also some in Europe and South America.

Parts of Holton and Water Streets in Milwaukee, Wisconsin are referred to as the Gallun Tannery Historic District and they were added to the NRHP in 1983.

References

Emigrants from the German Confederation to the United States
Businesspeople from Milwaukee
1834 births
1912 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople


title: Road transport in the Netherlands

text:
With 139,000 km of public roads, the Netherlands has one of the most dense road networks in the world – much denser than Germany and France, but still not as dense as Belgium. In 2013, 5,191 km were national roads, 7,778 km were provincial roads, and 125,230 km were municipality and other roads. Dutch roads include 3,530 km of motorways and expressways, and with a motorway density of 64 kilometres per 1,000 km2, the country also has one of the densest motorway networks in the world. In Dutch a motorway is called "autosnelweg" or simply "snelweg"; other expressways are just called "autoweg" (literally: "car road"). According to a 2004 estimate, some 12,500 km of road remain as yet unpaved.

Mobility on Dutch roads has grown continuously since the 1950s and now exceeds 200 billion km travelled per year. With a population of 16.8 million people, this comes down to an average of  per person per day. Around half of all trips in the Netherlands are made by car, making up three quarters of all passenger kilometres travelled, meaning that while Dutch roads are numerous, they are also used with one of the highest intensities of any road network. Car ownership in the Netherlands is high but not exceptional, and slightly lower than in surrounding countries. Goods vehicles make up 20% of total traffic, and road transport accounts for 40% of all freight movements registered, including overseas shipping.

The busiest Dutch motorway is the A13 between The Hague and Rotterdam, with a traffic volume of 140,000 motor vehicles per day. The province of Utrecht in the centre of the country however, has the busiest motorways on average (almost 100,000 vehicles a day), with major motorways A1, A2, A12, A27 and A28 running through it. The busiest 4-lane motorway in the Netherlands is the A10 in the Coen Tunnel in Amsterdam with 110.000 vehicles per day. The widest Dutch motorway is the A15/A16 just south of Rotterdam with 16 lanes in a 4+4+4+4 setup.

History

The Netherlands' first centrally planned highway system dates back to the early 19th century, when Napoleon was emperor of France, and the Kingdom of Holland was annexed into the French empire. In 1811 Napoleon decreed that a network of 229 paved imperial roads () would be created, extending from Paris to the borders of his empire. In addition to systematic paving, the roads were all numbered, an innovation at the time. Construction of several imperial highways through the Netherlands commenced. Amsterdam was connected to Paris by Route Impériale no. 2 - a section between Amsterdam and Utrecht is today still a part of the A2 motorway.

After the liberation in 1813, the Netherlands' new king continued the project, but with Amsterdam at the centre. The plan was expanded several times. In 1821 it projected 42 Rijksstraatwegen (literally: "Imperial paved roads"), which were built up to 1850. Since 1927 this network was transformed into today's system of Rijkswegen (national highways) in the Netherlands.

The first motorway dates back to 1936, when the current A12 was opened to traffic between Voorburg and Zoetermeer, near The Hague. Motorway construction accelerated in the 1960s and 1970s, but halted in the 1980s. Current motorway expansion mostly occurs outside the Randstad, and very little construction has taken place inside the Randstad since the 1980s. Since 1991, only 100 kilometers of motorway have been constructed in the entire country, of which only 26 km lie within the Randstad metropolitan area. The population has grown by 1.5 million since, creating significant pressure on the motorway network. Nevertheless, the growth in Dutch mobility during the last sixty years has been almost entirely through the use of motor vehicles.

Road safety
Judging by annual road fatalities, traffic in the Netherlands can be considered moderately safe, with only 4.5 deaths per 1 billion vehicle-kilometres per year, 3.4 road fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants or 6.0 fatalities per 100,000 motor vehicles per year. In each respect this places the country's traffic in the top ten of the world for road safety, as far as data is available. Non-lethal traffic casualties however are showing a different picture. From year 2000 through 2007 around 16,000 people annually were seriously injured in Dutch road traffic; and numbers rose to more than 20,000 seriously injured in 2011. Half of all seriously injured are cyclists. The Dutch government and societal organisations are aiming to reduce fatalities to 500, and serious injuries to 10,000 by year 2020.

Contrary to North America, mass motorisation in Europe mostly took off after World War II, and traffic deaths in the Netherlands rose steadily since the 1950s, peaking at 3,267 in 1972. From then onwards road safety was consistently improved, reducing fatalities by 83% compared to 1972, to a record low of 570 in 2013 and 2014. In 2015, for the first time since 1973, Dutch road fatalities increased, by no less than 9%, to 621 deaths.

General maximum speed limits were introduced in 1957 (50 km/h within built-up areas), and in 1973 (100 km/h on extra-urban highways); the motorway limit was later raised to 120 km/h in 1988, and subsequently to 130 km/h in 2012. However, since 16 March 2020, the motorway limit has been reduced to a time bound limit. From 6 o'clock in the morning till 7 o'clock in the evening, the motorway limit is 100km/h. From 7 o'clock in the evening till 6 o'clock in the morning, it is possible to speed till 130km/h on motorways containing traffic signs who permit that timed limit.

Status and technology

The Netherlands has one of the most advanced motorway networks in the world, with Variable Message Signs and electronic signalization across most of the network. A special feature of the motorways is the use of Porous Asphalt Concrete, which allows water to be drained efficiently, and even in heavy rain, no water will splash up, in contrast with concrete or other pavement types. The Netherlands is the only country which uses PAC this extensively, and the goal is to cover 100% of the motorways with PAC. Porous Asphalt Concrete has some downsides, including the initial construction costs, PAC is two to three times more expensive than regular surface materials, and needs constant maintenance, especially with heavy traffic. Sometimes, the road surface has to be renewed within 7 years, especially on routes with heavy truck traffic causing widespread track formation.

In 1979, the first traffic control center opened in Delft, where the A13 can be controlled with dynamic road signalization. These electronic signs can show a lower speed limit, as low as 50 km/h, to warn drivers for upcoming traffic jams and accidents. They usually also contain flashers to attract attention from drivers. The expansion of this system halted in the 1980s, but accelerated again in the 1990s. As of 2004, 980 kilometers of motorways are fitted with electronic traffic signalization. Besides this system, another system of Variable Message Signs (VMS) has been implemented, informing motorists about the driving times or traffic jam length to a certain point. It can also show the length of various traffic jams near large interchanges, so drivers can choose an alternative route. As of 2004, there were 102 VMS signs in the Netherlands. The number of passing motorised vehicles is counted every minute of the day at some 20,000 measuring stations on the Dutch motorway network.

Another more common feature of Dutch motorways are peak, rushhour or plus lanes. These constructions allow motorists to use the hard shoulder in case of congestion, to improve the traffic flow. Numerous motorways have peak lanes, and plus lanes are extra lanes in the median, which can be opened to traffic in case of congestion. All these extra lanes are observed by CCTV cameras from a traffic control center. They improved traffic flow, breakdowns, there are fewer places to safely park your vehicle, leading to more congestion. It has been suggested that these peak lanes should eventually be replaced by a regular widening.

The Dutch government initiated a plan to establish over 200 recharging stations for electric vehicles across the country by 2015. The rollout will be undertaken by Switzerland-based power and automation company ABB and Dutch startup Fastned, and will aim to provide at least one station every 50 kilometres (31 miles) for the Netherlands' 17 million residents.

Congestion

Traffic congestion is common in the Netherlands. The high population density generates significant traffic volumes on both motorways and regular highways. Most congestion occurs in the Randstad, but congestion is a daily structural problem around almost all larger cities. The Dutch motorway network may be one of the densest in the world, but many motorways are lacking sufficient capacity, and many bottlenecks of 4-lane motorways are present throughout the Netherlands. Traffic volumes are higher than in other European countries, comparable to those of Germany and the United Kingdom.

Since the early 1990s shoulder running has been used extensively on many locations throughout the Netherlands. During peak hours, traffic is allowed to use the shoulder as an additional lane. Special signage and electronic signs show if motorists can use the shoulder or not. It has proven to be a short-term solution, as traffic volumes grew substantially because of a redistribution of traffic over the road network, increase of truck traffic and significant construction of new urban developments, resulting in situations where shoulders not only need to be opened during peak hours, but also during off-peak and even during weekends.

See also
 Transport in the Netherlands
 Roads in the Netherlands
 List of motorways in the Netherlands
 European E-roads in the Netherlands
 Rijksstraatweg - History of the first Dutch highway network
 National N-road route numbers (historic)
 Plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands

Notes

External links
 Autosnelwegen.nl - Dutch website about the national roads, and specifically their motorways

References


title: Capay Formation

text:
The Capay Formation is a geologic formation in Yolo County, western Sacramento Valley, California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California
Geologic formations of California
Geography of Yolo County, California
Geography of the Sacramento Valley


title: Domengine Formation

text:
The Domengine Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California


title: Friars Formation

text:
The Friars Formation is a geologic formation in San Diego County, Southern California.

Geology
It is the uppermost unit of the La Jolla Group.  The rocks are nonmarine and lagoonal sandstone and claystone, named for exposures along the north side of Mission Valley near Friars Road.

It reaches a maximum thickness of  between Mission Valley and Carmel Valley.

Fossils
It preserves fossils dating back to the middle and late Eocene epoch of the Paleogene period, during the Cenozoic Era.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Further reading

Geologic formations of California
Paleogene California
Eocene Series of North America
Geology of San Diego County, California
Geography of San Diego


title: Goler Formation

text:
The Goler Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California


title: Kreyenhagen Shale

text:
The Kreyenhagen Shale is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California


title: La Jolla Group

text:
The La Jolla Group is a group of geologic formations in coastal southwestern San Diego County, Southern California. Its locations include the coastal La Jolla San Diego region.

The group preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

Most of the La Jolla Group stratigraphy was deposited during the Eocene when sea level was higher than its present-day elevation. Eocene aged formations of the La Jolla Group include the Ardath Shale, Delmar Formation or Delmar Sand, Friars Formation, Mount Soledad Formation, Scripps Formation, and Torrey Sandstone (alphabetical order). There are only abundant fossils found in some sections of the Del Mar Formation, mostly bivalve shells.

The La Jolla underlies the Stadium Conglomerate of the Poway Group.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Further reading

Paleogene California
Geology of San Diego County, California
La Jolla, San Diego
Geologic formations of California


title: Llajas Formation

text:
The Llajas Formation is a non-marine to marine conglomerate geologic formation in Southern California.

It is found in the Transverse Ranges geologic province, within Los Angeles County and Ventura County.  Locations include the Simi Hills, Simi Valley, and Santa Susana Mountains.

Fossils
It preserves fossils dating back to the early and middle Eocene epoch of the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California

References

Conglomerate formations
Geology of Los Angeles County, California
Geology of Ventura County, California
Eocene Series of North America
Paleogene California
Simi Hills
Santa Susana Mountains
Geologic formations of California


title: Locatelli Formation

text:
The Locatelli Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California


title: Lodo Formation

text:
The Lodo Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California
Thanetian Stage


title: Martinez Formation

text:
The Martinez Formation is an Eocene Epoch geologic formation in California.

Geology
The formation regionally overlies the Chico Formation and regionally underlies the Tejon Formation or the Ione Formation.

It is exposed in the Clevelin Hills in Riverside County, Santa Ana Mountains in Orange County, northwestern Santa Monica Mountains near Calabasas (California) in Los Angeles County, and north of Mount Diablo/south of the Sacramento Delta in Contra Costa County.

Fossils
The formation preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California

 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California
Paleogene California
Eocene Series of North America
Geology of Contra Costa County, California
Geology of Los Angeles County, California
Geology of Orange County, California
Geology of Riverside County, California
Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
Santa Ana Mountains


title: Meganos Formation

text:
The Meganos Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California


title: Mission Valley Formation

text:
The Mission Valley Formation is a marine sandstone geologic formation in the Mission Valley region of southwestern San Diego County in Southern California.

Geology
The formation's sandstone characteristics are: soft and friable, light olive gray, fine to medium grained, and composed mostly of quartz and potassium feldspar. The Mission Valley Formation thins from the west to the east, with a maximum thickness of .

It overlies the Stadium Conglomerate formation and underlies the Pomerado Conglomerate formation.

Fossil content
It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period of the Cenozoic Era. The formation's rocks can contain a molluscan fauna in the western and central exposures and a land-mammal fauna in the eastern exposures.

Mammals

Eulipotyphlans

Ferae

Primatomorphs

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Further reading

Paleogene California
Geology of San Diego County, California
Sandstone formations of the United States
Geography of San Diego
Mission Valley, San Diego
Geologic formations of California


title: Montgomery Creek Formation

text:
The Montgomery Creek Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California


title: Pomerado Conglomerate

text:
The Pomerado Conglomerate Formation is a geologic formation in southwestern San Diego County, California.

It was named for exposures located along Pomerado Road, at the divide between Carroll Canyon and Poway Valley.

Geology
The Pomerado Conglomerate is of the Late Eocene Epoch, and is a massive cobble conglomerate. It is lithologically identical to the local Stadium Conglomerate.

It overlies the sandstone Mission Valley Formation. It is the uppermost formation of the Poway Group, and has a maximum thickness of .

Fossil content

The Pomerado Conglomerate preserves fossils dating back to the Late Eocene Epoch of the Paleogene period, during the Cenozoic Era.

Mammals

Ferae

Rodents

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Further reading

Paleogene California
Eocene Series of North America
Conglomerate formations
Geology of San Diego County, California
Geologic formations of California
Paleontology in California


title: Poway Group

text:
The Poway Group is a geologic group in San Diego County, Southern California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

Poway clasts
Volcanic clastic rock cobbles of rhyolite, in a sandstone matrix in this area are named Poway clasts.

The ancient Ballena River brought rhyolite-gravel, or “Poway" clasts, from a region in present-day Sonora, Mexico to the Pacific Ocean. Its sediments deposited into alluvial fan-submarine canyon-submarine fan complex extending for miles offshore. Remnants of submarine fan facies outcrops are found as far west as the northern Channel Islands. Inland Ballena River deposits outcrop discontinuously over  in a west-southwest trend from Whale Mountain to San Vicente Reservoir, here the river was up to  in width through Peninsular Ranges.

Stratigraphy
Kennedy and Moore (1971) describe a stratigraphy of up to three geologic formations, Stadium Conglomerate, Mission Valley Formation, and the later named Pomerado Conglomerate. The basal unit is the Stadium Conglomerate. The Stadium Conglomerate is overlain by the Mission Valley Formation.  The Mission Valley Formation is overlain by the Pomerado Conglomerate.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California

 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California
Geology of San Diego County, California
Poway, California
Geologic formations of California


title: San Emigdio Formation

text:
The San Emigdio Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California


title: Pleito Formation

text:
The Pleito Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California


title: Santa Susana Formation

text:
The Santa Susana Formation is a Paleogene period geologic formation in the Simi Hills and western Santa Susana Mountains of southern California.

The formation consists largely of light-gray shale and some fine-grained shaly sandstone, with a lens of heavy conglomerates in the lower part. Small beds of limestone are also present.   It is from  thick.

Fossil content
The Santa Susana Formation preserves fossils from the Late Paleocene to Early Eocene epochs in the Paleogene period of the Cenozoic Era. Fossilized fauna in the Santa Susana Formation is entirely different from that of underlying Martinez Formation, and has very little in common with that of the overlying Meganos Formation.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California

 Paleontology in California

References

External links

Geologic formations of California
Paleocene Series of North America
Eocene Series of North America
Paleogene California
Conglomerate formations
Sandstone formations of the United States
Shale formations of the United States
Geology of Los Angeles County, California
Geology of Ventura County, California
Simi Hills
Santa Susana Mountains
Chatsworth, Los Angeles
Geography of Simi Valley, California
West Hills, Los Angeles
Paleontology in California


title: Santiago Formation, California

text:
The Santiago Formation is a geologic formation in Orange and northwestern San Diego County, California. The siltstones, mudstones and sandstones of the formation preserve fossils of Walshina esmaraldensis and Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae, dating back to the Late Eocene to Late Oligocene periods (Uintan to Duchesnean in the NALMA classification).

Depositional environment
The only paleoenvironmental interpretation based exclusively on specimens from the Santiago Formation is a study of land snails from SDSNH locality 3276 (Member C, Oceanside, San Diego County), which found the distribution of shell sizes and shapes to be consistent with interpretations of subtropical to tropical conditions and paleotemperatures in excess of .

Fossil content

Mammals

Ferae

Primatomorphs

Ungulates

Invertebrates

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Prothero, D.R. 2001. Magnetic stratigraphy of the middle-upper Eocene Santiago Formation, Orange and San Diego Counties, California. Guidebook, Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 91:107-118

Geologic formations of California
Paleogene California
Duchesnean
Uintan
Priabonian Stage
Rupelian Stage
Chattian Stage
Siltstone formations
Mudstone formations
Sandstone formations
Fluvial deposits
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of North America
Paleontology in California
Formations
Formations


title: Scripps Formation

text:
The Scripps Formation is a geologic formation in coastal San Diego County, California.

It is named for its type section north of the Scripps Pier, on the north side of the Blacks Canyon mouth.

Geography
It underlies much of the area from east of Del Mar on the north to the mouth of Mission Valley on the south, and extends north to  the Encinitas area. Along the coast, it can be seen from central Torrey Pines State Park to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in La Jolla.

In the north near Encinitas, it correlates with the upper Torrey Sandstone.

Geology
It overlies the Ardath Shale, and underlies the Friars Formation.

Sea level rose and fell often during this period of the Eocene Epoch in geologic history. About 42 million years ago, sea level rose again and more sand was deposited. Compressed and cemented, it makes the rock known as the Scripps Formation. This rock holds up the sea bluffs north of Moonlight Beach.  Because the mudstone and siltstone of the Ardath Formation are softer and weaker layers, waves erode it and undermine the stronger Scripps Formation sandstone above it, as happens with the Del Mar Formations below Torrey Formations.

Fossil content
Fossils are present but are less common in the Scripps Formation than in the underlying Ardath Shale. Those it preserves date back to the Eocene Epoch of the Paleogene period, during the Cenozoic Era.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Further reading

Geologic formations of California
Paleogene California
Eocene Series of North America
Geology of San Diego County, California
Geography of San Diego
Encinitas, California
La Jolla, San Diego


title: Sierra Blanca Limestone

text:
The Sierra Blanca Limestone is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California
Geology of Santa Barbara County, California
Limestone formations of the United States
Santa Ynez Mountains
Geologic formations of California


title: Silverado Formation

text:
The Silverado Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California


title: Stadium Conglomerate

text:
The Stadium Conglomerate is a geologic formation in San Diego County, California.  It is found at the northern end of Mission Valley near San Diego Stadium.

Geology
The formation consists of a massive cobble conglomerate with a dark yellowish-brown coarse-grained sandstone matrix. The conglomerate has dispersed lenses of fossiliferous crossbedded sandstone.

It overlies the Friars Formation, and underlies the sandstone Mission Valley Formation.

Fossil content
It preserves fossils dating back to the Eocene epoch of the Paleogene period, during the Cenozoic Era.  The fossils include calcareous nanoplankton.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Further reading

Geologic formations of California
Paleogene stratigraphic units of North America
Paleogene California
Eocene Series of North America
Conglomerate formations
Geology of San Diego County, California
Geography of San Diego
Mission Valley, San Diego
Paleontology in California


title: Sweetwater Formation

text:
The Sweetwater Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils from the Late Eocene period. It underlies the Otay Formation, which reserves fossils of the Oligocene to Miocene periods of the Cenozoic Era.

It is located in the Peninsular Ranges province. The formation is composed of the angular-conglomerate, gritstone, sandstone and mudstone facies.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California


title: Tejon Formation

text:
The Tejon Formation is a Paleogene period geologic formation in California.

Geology
The formation regionally overlies the Martinez Formation or the Chico Formation.  Paleontology in the Tejon Formation indicates a more tropical climate than during the Martinez Formation's period, with fauna that flourished in its littoral conditions.

Occurrences
It is predominantly found in the Fort Tejon area of the San Emigdio Mountains and Tehachapi Mountains in Kern County, and around Martinez in Contra Costa County.

Areas it surfaces, south to north, include:

Santa Ana Mountains
Santa Monica Mountains — near Calabasas.
Simi Hills — eastern section
Santa Susana Mountains — section in northwestern Simi Valley
Santa Clara River Valley — Rancho Camulos area
Topatopa Mountains — Sespe gorge area
Fort Tejon area of the San Emigdio Mountains and Tehachapi Mountains
San Joaquin Valley−Diablo Range — New Idria Mercury Mine  area
Mount Diablo — northern area
Martinez area on the Sacramento Delta
Clear Lake — Lower Lake area

Fossils
It preserves prehistoric plant and fauna fossils dating back to the Paleogene period of the Cenozoic Era.

Species
Species (1897 taxa names) found only in the Tejon Formation include:

 Cardita horni
 Fusus sequileteralis
 Megistostigma striata
 Modiola ornata
 Morio tuberculatus
 Telina martinezensis
 Telina horni
 Thracia karquinezensis
 Turritella conica
 Turritella infragranulata
 Tritonium eocenicum

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California

 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California
Geology of Kern County, California
Geology of Los Angeles County, California
Geology of Orange County, California
Geology of San Benito County, California
Geology of Ventura County, California
Geography of the San Joaquin Valley
Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
San Emigdio Mountains
Simi Hills
Tehachapi Mountains
Geologic formations of California


title: Ian Wilkinson (rugby league)

text:
Ian Wilkinson (born 3 September 1960) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He played at representative level for Great Britain (non-Test matches), and Yorkshire, and at club level for Leeds, Halifax and Bradford Northern, as a , or .

Background
Ian Wilkinson was born in Hemsworth, Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.

Playing career

Leeds
Wilkinson played at  in Leeds' 4–15 defeat by Wigan in the 1982–83 John Player Trophy Final during the 1982–83 season at Elland Road, Leeds on Saturday 22 January 1983, and played  in the 18–10 victory over Widnes in the 1983–84 John Player Special Trophy Final during the 1983–84 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 14 January 1984.

Halifax
Wilkinson played at  in Halifax's 12–32 defeat by Wigan in the 1987–88 Challenge Cup Final during the 1987–88 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 30 April 1988.

Bradford Northern
In December 1988, Wilkinson was signed by Bradford Northern for a fee of £30,000. He played  in Bradford Northern's 20–14 victory over Featherstone Rovers in the 1989–90 Yorkshire Cup Final during the 1989–90 season at Headingley, Leeds on Sunday 5 November 1989.

References

External links
(archived by web.archive.org) Profile at therhinos.co.uk

1960 births
Living people
Bradford Bulls players
English rugby league players
Halifax R.L.F.C. players
Leeds Rhinos players
People from Hemsworth
Rugby league centres
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league players from Wakefield
Yorkshire rugby league team players


title: New Zealand cricket team in Pakistan in 1990–91

text:
The New Zealand national cricket team toured Pakistan in October to November 1990 and played a three-match Test series against the Pakistan national cricket team. Pakistan won the Test series 3–0. In addition, the teams played a three-match Limited Overs International (LOI) series which Pakistan won 3–0. New Zealand were captained by Martin Crowe and Pakistan by Javed Miandad.

Test series summary

1st Test

2nd Test

3rd Test

One Day Internationals (ODIs)

Pakistan won the series 3-0.

1st ODI

2nd ODI

3rd ODI

References

External links

1990 in New Zealand cricket
1990 in Pakistani cricket
1990
International cricket competitions from 1988–89 to 1991
Pakistani cricket seasons from 1970–71 to 1999–2000


title: Vedder Sand

text:
The Vedder Sand is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Paleogene California


title: Laguna Seca Formation

text:
The Laguna Seca Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California
Maastrichtian Stage of North America
Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
Paleogene stratigraphic units of North America
Danian Stage
Sandstone formations
Conglomerate formations
Shallow marine deposits


title: San Francisquito Formation

text:
The San Francisquito Formation is a geologic formation located in northern Los Angeles County, California.

Areas where it is exposed include: San Francisquito Canyon of the Sierra Pelona Mountains, as well as on the northwestern side of the Devil's Punchbowl gorge in the San Gabriel Mountains.

Geology
The San Francisquito Formation consists of marine deposits that originated during  the Late Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic Era, and the Early Paleocene epoch in the Paleogene period of the Cenozoic Era.  It is overlain by the Punchbowl Formation (east) and Castaic Formation (west), both of the Miocene and Pliocene epochs.  It overlies the crystalline San Gabriel Basement Complex.

It is found between the San Andreas Fault on its north, and the Devil's Punchbowl Fault on its south. The Pliocene epoch Crowder Formation is to the northeast.

Fossil content
It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California
 Neenach Volcano

References

Geologic formations of California
Cretaceous California
Paleogene California
Maastrichtian Stage of North America
Danian Stage
Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
Shale formations
Geology of Los Angeles County, California
San Gabriel Mountains
Sierra Pelona Ridge


title: Boten

text:
Boten is a town in Laos in Luang Namtha Province. Boten is on the China–Laos border. It is opposite the Chinese town Mohan. While Boten is part of Laos, most of its inhabitants speak Mandarin Chinese as their native language. The main currency used in Boten is the Chinese yuan.

Transport
After 5 years of construction, in December 2021 both the Vientiane–Boten Railway and Yuxi–Mohan railways opened, connecting the town south towards Vientiane and towards Kunming, China to the north.  Boten is the northernmost Lao town on the 414 km railway, with 198 km of tunnels and 62 km of bridges, that runs at an operating speed of 160 km per hour.  The town is served by Boten railway station.

Casino

In 2002, a big casino was built in Boten. The casino mainly attracted Chinese visitors as gambling is illegal in China. In 2011, the Chinese government requested Laos to close this casino. Today the casino is abandoned.

References

The Rebirth of Casino Town Boten, Laos | Borderlands | Full Episode

Citations

Luang Namtha province
China-Laos border crossings


title: Conglomerate Mesa Formation

text:
The Conglomerate Mesa Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Permian California


title: Darwin Canyon Formation

text:
The Darwin Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Permian California


title: Dekkas Formation

text:
The Dekkas Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Permian California


title: Goodhue Formation

text:
The Goodhue Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Permian California


title: Nosoni Formation

text:
The Nosoni Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Permian California


title: Osbourne Canyon Formation

text:
The Osbourne Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Permian California


title: Santa Rosa Flat Formation

text:
The Santa Rosa Flat Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Permian California


title: Robinson Formation

text:
The Robinson Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Permian California


title: McCloud Limestone

text:
The McCloud Limestone is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California
Permian System of North America


title: Gazelle Formation

text:
The Gazelle Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Silurian California
Silurian System of North America
Geologic formations of California
Silurian southern paleotropical deposits


title: Payton Ranch Limestone

text:
The Payton Ranch Limestone is a geologic formation in the Klamath Mountains province (geology) of Northwestern California.

It preserves fossils dating back to the Silurian period of the Paleozoic Era.

It is a Limestone Member of the Silurian Gazelle Formation.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Silurian California
Klamath Mountains
Limestone formations of the United States
Silurian System of North America
Geologic formations of California
Silurian southern paleotropical deposits


title: Ellen Rosenbush

text:
Ellen Rosenbush edited Harper's Magazine from 2010 to 2019. During her tenure the magazine won two National Magazine Awards and received a total of 12 nominations.
Rosenbush, the fourteenth editor of the magazine, is the first woman to hold the editor position at Harper’s in its 164-year history.

References

"Harper's Magazine Appoints Its First Ever Female Editor" - Business Insider (http://www.businessinsider.com/harpers-magazine-appoints-its-first-ever-female-editor-2010-7)
"Harper's Magazine names new editor" - Crain's New York Business (http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100726/FREE/100729878/harpers-magazine-names-new-editor)

Living people
American magazine editors
Women magazine editors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Harper's Magazine people


title: Arvison Formation

text:
The Arvison Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Triassic California


title: Brock Shale

text:
The Brock Shale is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Triassic California


title: Modin Formation

text:
The Modin Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Triassic California


title: Union Wash Formation

text:
The Union Wash Formation is a geologic formation in the Inyo Mountains, east of Lone Pine in Inyo County, California.

It is of the Early Triassic epoch in the Triassic Period, during the Mesozoic Era.

Fossils
It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.  They include Inyoites owenii, from the Meekoceras bed of the formation, and Ammonoids.

The sites are protected within the Southern Inyo Mountains Wilderness of the Inyo National Forest.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California
Triassic System of North America
Early Triassic
Triassic California
Geology of Inyo County, California
Inyo Mountains


title: Epichorista emphanes

text:
Epichorista emphanes, the beech leafroller, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in New Zealand.

The wingspan is about 14 mm. Adult females are highly variable in appearance.

The larvae have been recorded feeding on Nothofagus solandri.

References

Moths described in 1902
Epichorista
Moths of New Zealand
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Endemic moths of New Zealand


title: Golmaal (1998 film)

text:
Golmaal is a 1998 Indian Tamil-language comedy film directed by Selva, making his directorial debut. The film stars Selva himself and newcomer Monica Nerukkar, with Rajan P. Dev, K. S. Ravikumar, Dhamu, Sathya Prakash, Mahanadi Shankar, Bhanu Prakash playing supporting roles. It was released on 5 June 1998.

Plot

Ganesh, a good-for-nothing youth, falls in love with Aishwarya. Her father Colonel Rajappa is a very strict father who hates love. Ganesh and Aishwarya decide to elope but her father later has a heart attack and Aishwarya refuses to marry him. Colonel Rajappa's state of health deteriorates, therefore he arranges his daughter's wedding as soon as possible. Three terrorists escape from jail. While preparing Aishwarya's wedding in Karnal Rajappa's house, Ganesh enters in her room and tries to convince her. In the meantime, the three terrorists enter their house and begin to sequester them. These terrorists are ultimately Ganesh's friends and it was Ganesh's plan to marry his lover Aishwarya. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

Cast

Production
Selva turned director with this film, which would be his last before a hiatus. Monica Nerukkar, a Mumbai-based model best known for her work on the "Maggie Dosa" advert, made her debut as an actress in Tamil cinema with the project.

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Bala Bharathi, with lyrics written by Arivumathi, Vasan and Thirumaran.

Reception
Ji of Kalki praised the humour, climax and interesting ideas used for humour but criticised the use of double meaning dialogues and concluded saying this full-length decent comedy would have been widely appreciated if scissors had been used in significant places. Two years after release, the producers were given a  subsidy by the Tamil Nadu government along with several other films.

References

External links

1990s Tamil-language films
1998 comedy films
1998 directorial debut films
1998 films
Indian comedy films


title: Kizhakkum Merkkum

text:
Kizhakkum Merkkum ( ) is a 1998 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Kalanjiyam. The film stars Napoleon, Nassar, Devayani and Geetha, with Manivannan, Thalaivasal Vijay, Vichithra, Theni Kunjarammal, Kalyanjiyam, and Chaplin Balu playing supporting roles. It was released on 14 January 1998.

Plot

Suryamurthy (Napoleon) and Thillai (Geetha) are siblings. They were expelled from their home by their stepmother Chinnamma (Theni Kunjarammal) at a young age. The siblings worked hard to come up in life.

Many years later, Suryamurthy looks for a groom for his sister and finds Kathalingam (Nassar), who is from another village. So Suryamurthy inquires the villagers about Kathalingam's character, and everyone praised Kathalingam, but they lied. Kathalingam is actually a bad person and drunkard, and he has an affair with the village belle Valli (Vichithra). Without knowing the truth, Kathalingam and Thillai get married. Finally, Thillai and Suryamurthy realise that Kathalingam is a bad person, but it was too late.

In the meantime, Suryamurthy and Kathalingam's sister Mallika (Devayani) fall in love with each other; however, Thillai warns him about the consequence of this love on her married life. After a misunderstanding, Mallika begins to hate the honest Suryamurthy. When Kathalingam prepares the wedding between Mallika and a well-educated groom, the wedding is cancelled. The groom's family refuses to marry the bride, who had an affair with Suryamurthy. Kathalingam gets angry and brutally beats Thillai in front of her brother. Suryamurthy begs him to leave her in peace, but Kathalingam refuses, and Suryamurthy is forced to beat Kathalingam in turn. Suryamurthy cannot bear the pain endured by his sister and kidnaps Mallika to stop this cruelty. Kathalingam decides to live with Valli. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

Cast

Napoleon as Suryamurthy
Nassar as Kathalingam
Devayani as Mallika
Geetha as Thillai
Manivannan as Villager
Thalaivasal Vijay as Ganesan
Vichithra as Valli
Theni Kunjarammal as Chinnamma
Kalanjiyam as Muthukumar
Chaplin Balu as Chinnarasu
G. M. Sundar
Meendum Sundar
Devaki
Tamilselvi
Radhasri
Padma

Soundtrack

The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.

Reception
D. S. Ramanujam of The Hindu wrote, "Much of the director's work gets solid support from the camera of K. V. Mani, the unusual choice of the village landscape, the greenery and flower fields adding lustre to the artistes' efforts". He added, "For Napoleon, playing the orphaned younger brother Suryamurthy is a tall order no doubt. He is good in delivering long lines but the amount of emotional content in them not being fully brought out in his essay, the crying scenes not being his forte". The film won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film Portraying Woman in Good Light, and Arivumathi won for Best Lyricist. Two years after release, the producers were given a  subsidy by the Tamil Nadu government along with several other films.

References

External links

1990s Tamil-language films
1998 drama films
1998 films
Films directed by Kalanjiyam
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Indian drama films


title: Santhosham (1998 film)

text:
Santhosham () is a 1998 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Karthik and written by Agathiyan. The film stars Saravanan and Suvalakshmi, with K. S. Ravikumar, Anand Babu, Prakash Raj, R. Sundarrajan and Thalaivasal Vijay playing supporting roles. It was released on 3 April 1998.

Plot

Indran is a jobless young man despite being a gold medalist graduate. Without revenue, he collapses under debt and has always bad luck so people who know him neglects him. Only Bhavani befriends him. One day, he meets his college friend Karthik who works for the minister Nadesan and Karthik promises to find him a decent job in politics. During the interview, his bad luck continued. Later, with the help of Bhavani, he becomes an auto rickshaw driver. Someday, he carries a pregnant lady in his auto rickshaw to the hospital. The next day, the father of the pregnant lady comes to congrats him for this good deed and gives him a decent job in his company. Then, Indran proposes his love to Bhavani and she accepts to marry him. Finally, Indran gets married with Bhavani and he becomes the happiest man in the world but the happiness was short-lived. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

Cast

Saravanan as Indran
Suvalakshmi as Bhavani
K. S. Ravikumar
Anand Babu as Karthik
Prakash Raj as Nadesan
R. Sundarrajan
Thalaivasal Vijay as Kanthaswamy
Pandu
Kavithalaya Krishnan as Krishnan
Sathyapriya
Chandrakala as Chandra
Baby Sowmya as Valli
Kovai Senthil
T.V. Saravanan as Vadivelu
Oru Viral Krishna Rao as Tea master
Idichapuli Selvaraj
Thideer Kannaiah
Haja Sheriff
Salem Vijayaraj
Mahesh
Nandakumar
Premit Kumar
Kottai Perumal

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Deva, with lyrics written by Agathiyan.

Reception
D. S. Ramanujam of The Hindu wrote, "The dialogue and screenplay is Agathiyan's forte, which have been given the adequate treatment by director Karthik". The film did reasonably well at the box office. Two years after release, the producers were given a  subsidy by the Tamil Nadu government along with several other films.

References

External links

1990s Tamil-language films
1998 drama films
1998 films
Films scored by Deva (composer)
Indian drama films


title: Brawley Formation

text:
The Brawley Formation is a geologic formation in the Colorado Desert of southern California, located in northwestern Imperial County and eastern San Diego County.

Geology
Sandstone and mudstone of the Brawley Formation accumulated between ~1.1 and ~0.6–0.5 Ma in a delta on the margin of an arid Pleistocene lake.  It is in the San Jacinto Fault Zone area, including in the San Felipe Hills.

Fossils
It preserves fossils from the Pleistocene Epoch of the Quaternary Period, during the Cenozoic Era.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Further reading

Geologic formations of California
Pleistocene California
Pleistocene Series of North America
Pleistocene geology
Colorado Desert
Geology of Imperial County, California
Geology of San Diego County, California
Brawley, California


title: Cache Formation

text:
The Cache Formation is a geologic formation in California containing preserved fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: Falor Formation

text:
The Falor Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: Harold Formation

text:
The Harold Formation is a geologic formation in the Central Mojave Desert, west of Victorville and north of the San Gabriel Mountains, in eastern San Bernardino County, Southern California.

Geology
The formation, with Shoemaker Gravel in other areas, overlies the Pliocene epoch Crowder Formation.

The Harold Formation preserves Cenozoic Era fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Cenozoic California
Geology of San Bernardino County, California
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Geologic formations of California


title: Hookton Formation

text:
The Hookton Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: La Habra Formation

text:
The La Habra Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: Lomita Marl

text:
The Lomita Marl is a geologic formation in Los Angeles County, southern California.

It preserves Pleistocene fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles: The fossils of Los Angeles website

Geologic formations of California
Geology of Los Angeles County, California
Pleistocene California
Pleistocene Series of North America
Lomita, California


title: Manix Formation

text:
The Manix Formation is a geologic formation in California. This formation dates to the Pleistocene Epoch and is know to preserve fossils. Specimens of the extinct camelid, Camelops have been uncovered from the Rancholabrean units of this formation of both the species C. hesternus and C. minidokae.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

External links

Geologic formations of California


title: Montezuma Formation

text:
The Montezuma Formation is a geologic formation in California, just north of the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. The formation contains early Pleistocene deposits consisting of  "poorly sorted, poorly
consolidated clayey sand, silt, and pebble gravel." It is ranked "high" in "Potential Sensitivity for Paleontological Resources."

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

External links
map of geologic features on the lower Sacramento River California State Water Resources Control Board

Geologic formations of California
Pleistocene California


title: Otay Formation

text:
The Otay Formation is a geologic formation in San Diego County, California (United States) and northern Baja California state (Mexico).  It is within the Peninsular Ranges province.

Fossils
It preserves fossils of the Oligocene to Miocene periods of the Cenozoic Era. Fossils in the Sweetwater Formation that underlies the Otay Formation are of the Late Eocene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Mexico

References

Further reading

External links

Geologic formations of California
Geologic formations of Mexico
Miocene Series of North America
Oligocene Series of North America
Miocene California
Neogene Mexico
Paleogene California
Paleogene Mexico
Geology of San Diego County, California
Geography of Baja California
Natural history of Baja California


title: Palos Verdes Sand

text:
The Palos Verdes Sand is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: Pauba Formation

text:
The Pauba Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: Riverbank Formation

text:
The Riverbank Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geology of Sacramento County, California
Geologic formations of California


title: San Antonio Formation

text:
The San Antonio Formation is a middle to late Pleistocene (Irvingtonian in the NALMA classification) geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

Fossil content

 Equus sp.
 Odocoileus sp.
 Orthodon sp.
 Rana sp.
 Taricha sp.
 Aves indet.
 Colubridae indet.
 Emydinae indet.
 Sciuridae indet.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Further reading
 R. W. Casteel and J. H. Hutchison. 1973. Orthodon (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae) from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of California. Copeia 2:358-361

Geologic formations of California
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of the United States
Pleistocene United States
Irvingtonian


title: San Benito Gravels

text:
The San Benito Gravels is a Quaternary Epoch geologic formation in California.

Geology
The Pleistocene Period Lake San Benito and others were formed in the prehistoric Pajaro River-San Benito River basin. The lakes were along  on each side of the San Andreas Fault, the movements of which were responsible for the formation of those lakes.

The Purisima Formation surrounds the San Benito Gravels, and was a primary source of the silt and gravels deposited in them.

The present day San Benito River cuts a channel through the formation.

Fossils
The San Benito Gravels formation preserves Cenozoic Era non−marine fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Pleistocene California
Geology of San Benito County, California
Geologic formations of California


title: San Pedro Sand

text:
The San Pedro Sand is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: Tecopa Lake Beds

text:
The Tecopa Lake Beds is a Blancan Pleistocene geologic formation in the Mojave Desert in eastern California. It is in the Tecopa area, east of Death Valley, in southeastern Inyo and northeastern San Bernardino County.

The Lake Tecopa lake beds are the dry lake remnant of the formerly huge Pleistocene age Lake Tecopa, in the present day Amargosa River basin. It preserves fossils of the Quaternary period in the Cenozoic Era.

Among the fossils found in the Tecopa Lake Beds is Capricamelus gettyi, a camelid.

See also

 Lake Manly
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California

 Paleontology in California

References

Amargosa Desert
Endorheic lakes of California
Lakes of the Mojave Desert
Geology of Inyo County, California
Geology of San Bernardino County, California
Geologic formations of California
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Pleistocene California


title: Tecuya Formation

text:
The Tecuya Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: Temecula Arkose

text:
The Temecula Arkose is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: Diligencia Formation

text:
The Diligencia Formation (Td) is a geologic formation cropping out in the Orocopia Mountains in southern California. It preserves mammal fossils dating to the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (Arikareean in the NALMA classification).

Description
The non-marine Diligencia Formation, defined by Crowell in 1975, is composed of alluvial, fluvial, and lacustrine conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones and limestones. It contains interbedded basalt and andesite flows, dated by whole-rock and plagioclase K-Ar methods as ca. 24–21 Ma), and andesitic sills and dikes.

Fossil content
The formation has provided the following fossils:
Mammals
 Artiodactyls
 Merycoidodontidae
 Merychyus cf. minimus

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California
 Plush Ranch Formation
 Tick Canyon Formation

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of California
Miocene Series of North America
Oligocene Series of North America
Miocene California
Paleogene California
Chattian Stage
Aquitanian (stage)
Sandstone formations of the United States
Conglomerate formations
Shale formations of the United States
Siltstone formations
Oligocene volcanism
Alluvial deposits
Fluvial deposits
Lacustrine deposits
Paleontology in California
Andesite formations


title: Härmä tsässon

text:
Härma tsässon is a small wooden Seto St. Michael's chapel in Härmä village in Estonia.

General information
Tsässon was built with the help of the initiator Margus Timmo and the people from the neighbouring villages.

References

Chapels in Estonia
Setomaa Parish
Buildings and structures in Võru County


title: Santa Rosa Island Formation

text:
The Santa Rosa Island Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: Palm Spring Formation

text:
The Palm Spring Formation is a Pleistocene Epoch geologic formation in the eastern Colorado Desert of Imperial County and San Diego County County, Southern California.

Geology
The Palm Spring Formation is an extensively-exposed delta-plain deposit debouched by the ancestral Colorado River across the subsiding Salton Trough. It records the development of the prehistoric Colorado River delta cone into a barrier excluding marine waters from the Salton Trough.

Fossils
It preserves fossils from the Pleistocene Epoch, during the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era.

Lower Pliocene sub−period petrified wood is found in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. The Lauraceae is represented by petrified Umbellularia, the Salicaceae with petrified Populus and Salix, and the Juglandaceae with petrified Juglans.

See also

 Ocotillo Formation — fluvial-alluvial fan Pliocene formation''

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Further reading

Pleistocene California
Pleistocene geology
Colorado Desert
Geology of Imperial County, California
Geology of San Diego County, California
Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
Pleistocene Series of North America
Geologic formations of California


title: Ocotillo Formation

text:
The Ocotillo Formation is a Pliocene fluvial-alluvial fan geologic formation in the Colorado Desert of Southern California.

It occurs in western Imperial County and eastern San Diego County.

Geology
The formation overlies the Brawley Formation and the Palm Spring Formation. In the Mecca Hills, it is younger than 765,000 years.

Fossils
It preserves fossils and petrified wood, from the Pliocene Epoch of the Neogene Period, within Anza-Borrego Desert State Park.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Further reading

Geologic formations of California
Pliocene California
Colorado Desert
Geology of Imperial County, California
Geology of San Diego County, California
Anza-Borrego Desert State Park


title: Turlock Lake Formation

text:
The Turlock Lake Formation is an Early Pleistocene geologic formation in the Sierra Nevada foothills in Sacramento County, California. Cities in/over the formation's area include Citrus Heights, Carmichael, and Roseville.

The Turlock Lake Formation is a fan deposit of dominantly granitic alluvium covering the westward extension of the North Merced Pediment and Gravels formation, and directly overlying the Mehrten Formation.

It preserves Early Pleistocene Quaternary period fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Pleistocene California
Geology of Sacramento County, California
Calabrian (stage)
Sierra Nevada (United States)
Citrus Heights, California
Carmichael, California
Roseville, California
Geologic formations of California


title: San Pedro Formation

text:
The San Pedro Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: Delmar Formation

text:
The Delmar Formation is a geologic formation best exposed in seashore cliffs at Del Mar and Solana Beach in California, overlayed by Torrey Sandstone. The formation rocks comprise the barrier bar for Los Peñasquitos Lagoon and have three sub-facies that can be classified as ancient oyster reefs (Ostrea idrianensis), tidal flats and sublittoral channels and ponds The formation is a result of sedimentary infilling of a large Eocene Delmar lagoon and contains fossils from that period. First identified as "Delmar Sand" by Hanna in 1926. Frederiksen dates the formation as early Lutetian.

Appearance
Delmar Formation consists of dark green claystone and mudstone, greenish-gray muddy sandstone, interbeds formed by biostromes of shells of molluscs.

Setting
Frederiksen places the Delmar Formation and overlaying Torrey Sandstone above the Mount Soledad Formation and below Ardath Shale within the early Lutetian in calcareous nannofossils zone CP12.

The boundary between Delmar Formation and Torrey Sandstone is not clear-cut, the two facies intermix extensively, it is not unusual to find Delmar strata in between Torrey rocks.

The Delmar formation can be observed, together with Torrey Sandstone, for 20 kilometers along the seashore, from Encinitas to the Torrey Pines State Park, both extend up to 13 kilometers inland, and are expected to go to farther in the subsurface in the southwestern direction.

Fossils
The formation contains microfossils (pollen, spores, etc.) and macrofossils (mollusc shells), with the latter indicating the brackish water conditions. Plant material can be also found in the form of remains of grass blades and wood fragments.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Sources

Geologic formations of California


title: Timm's Point Formation

text:
The Timm's Point Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: Tick Canyon Formation

text:
The Tick Canyon Formation (Tt) or Tick Canyon strata, is an Early Miocene geologic formation in the Sierra Pelona Ridge of the San Gabriel Mountains in Los Angeles County, California.

The Tick Canyon Basin drains into the Santa Clara River.

Geology
The formation overlies the Oligocene to Lower Miocene Vasquez Formation, and underlies the Upper Miocene Mint Canyon Formation.

The Tick Canyon strata was deposited on land mostly by streams and consists of green sandstones, coarse-grained conglomerates, and red claystones. The Tick Canyon strata also contain abundant volcanic clasts, most of which resemble volcanic rocks of the Vasquez Formation. It has an average thickness of .

North of the Tick Canyon Fault, the beds are almost vertical.

Fossil content
It preserves vertebrate fossils of the Lower Miocene subperiod of the Miocene epoch, in the Neogene Period of the Cenozoic Era.

Mammals
 Artiodactyls
 Miolabis californicus
 Merychyus calaminthus
 M. minimus
 Perissodactyls
 Parahippus maxsoni
 Parahippus sp.
 Rodents
 Archaeolagus acaricolus
 Trogomys rupinimenthae

Birds
 Falconiformes
 Miohierax stocki

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California
 Goliad Formation
 Plush Ranch Formation
 Punchbowl Formation
 Shoal River Formation

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Geology of Tick Canyon, by Ygnacio Bonillas, 1933
 Geology of the Upper Tick Canyon Area, by Albert Hedden, 1948
 Geology of the Upper Tick Canyon Area, by Joseph Birman, 1950
 Geology of the Upper Tick Canyon Area, by Carel Otte, Jr., 1950

Geologic formations of California
Miocene California
Miocene Series of North America
Burdigalian
Barstovian
Hemingfordian
Sandstone formations of the United States
Shale formations of the United States
Conglomerate formations
Fluvial deposits
Paleontology in California
Geology of Los Angeles County, California
Sierra Pelona Ridge


title: Bautista Formation

text:
The Bautista Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: Battery Formation

text:
The Battery Formation is a geologic formation in California. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in California
 Paleontology in California

References

Geologic formations of California


title: Adams Argillite Formation

text:
The Adams Argillite Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cambrian Alaska
Cambrian northern paleotropical deposits


title: Hillard Limestone

text:
The Hillard Limestone is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cambrian Alaska
Cambrian northern paleotropical deposits


title: Jones Ridge Limestone

text:
The Jones Ridge Limestone is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cambrian Alaska
Cambrian northern paleotropical deposits


title: 2014 Northwest Territories fires

text:
The 2014 forest fire season in the Northwest Territories of Canada is reputed to be the second worst for at least three decades, only surpassed by the 2023 forest fire season. As of 3 July, there had been 123 fires reported in the territory, of which at least 92 were still active and 13 were thought to be human-caused.  By 9 July the total had reached 164 fires and on 10 July over 130 fires were thought to be burning. The smoke generated by the fires was blown into the Prairie Provinces and created a moderate health risk there leading Environment Canada to declare an air quality advisory for southern Saskatchewan and Manitoba on 9 July.

The smoke reached as far away as Bismarck, North Dakota, over  south. The smoke was also observed drifting north into Nunavut and east to the Maritime Provinces and as far as Portugal. By July 8th the largest fires were the Lutselk'e fire at  and the Gamèti-Wekweeti fire at . By 9 July an area of  had been consumed, about the size of the island of Trinidad.

As of 18 September 2014, the Government of the Northwest Territories estimated that  of forest had been burnt and that the fire fighting cost C$55 million (US$44.37 million).

One study suggested that a record number of lightning ignitions during 2014 drove a significant amount of the fires. The Northwest Territories complex emitted 164 teragrams of carbon (TgC).

See also
 List of fires in Canada

References

Northwest Territories fires
Northwest Territories fires
21st-century wildfires in Canada
Disasters in the Northwest Territories
Natural disasters in the Northwest Territories
Fires


title: Alapah Limestone

text:
The Alapah Limestone is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Carboniferous Alaska


title: Epichorista eribola

text:
Epichorista eribola is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and has been collected on the Westcoast of the South Island. The adults of this species are on the wing in January and inhabit damp forests.

Taxonomy
This species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1889 and named Proselena eribola. In 1911 Meyrick placed this species in the genus Epichorista. In 1928 George Hudson illustrated and discussed this species under that name. The male lectotype specimen, collected at Ōtira River, is held at the Natural History Museum, London.

Description

Distribution
E. eribola is endemic to New Zealand. It has been collected at its type locality of Ōtira River as well as near Greymouth.

Behaviour
The adults of this species are on the wing in January.

Habitat
This species inhabits damp forests up to an altitude of 3000 ft.

References

Moths described in 1889
Epichorista
Moths of New Zealand
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Endemic moths of New Zealand


title: West Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 1958–59

text:
The West Indies cricket team toured Pakistan in February to March 1959 and played a three-match Test series against the Pakistan national cricket team. Pakistan won the Test series 2–1. West Indies were captained by Gerry Alexander and Pakistan by Fazal Mahmood.

Test series summary

First Test

Second Test

Third Test

References

External links

1959 in Pakistani cricket
1959 in West Indian cricket
International cricket competitions from 1945–46 to 1960
Pakistani cricket seasons from 1947–48 to 1969–70
1959


title: Kuna Formation

text:
The Kuna Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Carboniferous Alaska


title: Kogruk Formation

text:
The Kogruk Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Carboniferous Alaska


title: Nuka Formation

text:
The Nuka Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It contains fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Carboniferous Alaska


title: Peratrovich Formation

text:
The Peratrovich Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Carboniferous Alaska
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Wachsmuth Formation

text:
The Wachsmuth Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Carboniferous Alaska


title: Utimaco Atalla

text:
Utimaco Atalla, founded as Atalla Technovation and formerly known as Atalla Corporation or HP Atalla, is a security vendor, active in the market segments of data security and cryptography. Atalla provides government-grade end-to-end products in network security, and hardware security modules (HSMs) used in automated teller machines (ATMs) and Internet security. The company was founded by Egyptian engineer Mohamed M. Atalla in 1972. Atalla HSMs are the payment card industry's de facto standard, protecting 250million card transactions daily (more than billion transactions annually) as of 2013, and securing the majority of the world's ATM transactions as of 2014.

Company history

1970s
The company was originally founded in 1972, initially as Atalla Technovation, before it was later called Atalla Corporation. The company was founded by Dr. Mohamed M. Atalla, the inventor of the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor). In 1972, Atalla filed  for a remote PIN verification system, which utilized encryption techniques to assure telephone link security while entering personal ID information, which would be transmitted as encrypted data over telecommunications networks to a remote location for verification.

He invented the first hardware security module (HSM), dubbed the "Atalla Box", a security system which encrypted PIN and ATM messages, and protected offline devices with an un-guessable PIN-generating key. He commercially released the "Atalla Box" in 1973. The product was released as the Identikey. It was a card reader and customer identification system, providing a terminal with plastic card and PIN capabilities. The system was designed to let banks and thrift institutions switch to a plastic card environment from a passbook program. The Identikey system consisted of a card reader console, two customer PIN pads, intelligent controller and built-in electronic interface package. The device consisted of two keypads, one for the customer and one for the teller. It allowed the customer to type in a secret code, which is transformed by the device, using a microprocessor, into another code for the teller. The Identikey system connected directly into the ATM without hardware or software changes, and was designed for easy operation by the teller and customer. During a transaction, the customer's account number was read by the card reader. This process replaced manual entry and avoided possible key stroke errors. It allowed users to replace traditional customer verification methods such as signature verification and test questions with a secure PIN system.

A key innovation of the Atalla Box was the key block, which is required to securely interchange symmetric keys or PINs with other actors of the banking industry. This secure interchange is performed using the Atalla Key Block (AKB) format, which lies at the root of all cryptographic block formats used within the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards.

Fearful that Atalla would dominate the market, banks and credit card companies began working on an international standard. The work of Atalla led to the use of high security modules. Its PIN verification process was similar to the later IBM 3624 system. Atalla was an early competitor to IBM in the banking market, and was cited as an influence by IBM employees who worked on the Data Encryption Standard (DES).

At the National Association of Mutual Savings Banks (NAMSB) conference in January 1976, Atalla announced an upgrade to its Identikey system, called the Interchange Identikey. It added the capabilities of processing online transactions and dealing with network security. Designed with the focus of taking bank transactions online, the Identikey system was extended to shared-facility operations. It was consistent and compatible with various switching networks, and was capable of resetting itself electronically to any one of 64,000 irreversible nonlinear algorithms as directed by card data information. The Interchange Identikey device was released in March 1976. It was one of the first products designed to deal with online transactions, along with Bunker Ramo Corporation products unveiled at the same NAMSB conference. In 1979, Atalla introduced the first network security processor (NSP). In recognition of his work on the PIN system of information security management, Atalla has been referred to as the "Father of the PIN" and as a father of information security technology.

1980spresent
It merged in 1987 with Tandem Computers, who were then acquired by Compaq in 1997. The Atalla Box protected over 90% of all ATM networks in operation as of 1998, and secured 85% of all ATM transactions worldwide as of 2006. In 2001, HP acquired Compaq. In 2015, HP was divided into two companies, and the Atalla products were assigned to the newly formed Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE).

On September 7, 2016, HPE CEO Meg Whitman announced that the software assets of Hewlett Packard Enterprise, including Atalla, would be spun out and then merged with Micro Focus to create an independent company of which HP Enterprise shareholders would retain majority ownership. Micro Focus CEO Kevin Loosemore called the transaction "entirely consistent with our established acquisition strategy and our focus on efficient management of mature infrastructure products" and indicated that Micro Focus intended to "bring the core earnings margin for the mature assets in the deal - about 80 percent of the total - from 21 percent today to Micro Focus's existing 46 percent level within three years." The merger concluded on September 1, 2017.

On 18 May 2018, Utimaco, a German producer of hardware security modules, announced its intent to acquire the Atalla HSM and ESKM (Enterprise Secure Key Manager) business lines from Micro Focus. The venture received United States regulatory clearance in October 2018.

In February 2020, Ultimaco acquired GEOBRIDGE Corporation. GEOBRIDGE Corporation is a woman-owned technology company providing compliance services integration systems, development of key management programs, consultancy in the payments industry and architecture and implementation of cryptographic solutions. This acquisition will expand Utimaco 's key financial sector management portfolio.

Product overview
Atalla is a multi-chip embedded cryptographic module, which consists of a hardware platform, a firmware secure loader, and firmware. The purpose of the module is to load Approved application programs, also referred to as personalities, securely. The firmware monitors the physical security of the cryptographic module. Verification that the module is approved can be observed.

The Atalla security policy addresses the hardware and the firmware secure loader. This approach creates a security platform able to load secure code. Once control passes from the loader, the module is no longer operating in FIPS mode. Note: that no personality will have access to the module's secret keys. The cryptographic boundary of the ACS for the FIPS 140-2 Level 3  validation is the outer perimeter of the secure metal enclosure that encompasses all critical security components.

References

External links
 Official website

1973 establishments in California
2016 disestablishments in California
American companies established in 1973
American companies disestablished in 2016
Companies based in Sunnyvale, California
Computer companies established in 1973
Computer companies disestablished in 2016
Computer security software companies
Database security
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct software companies of the United States
Encryption devices
Hewlett-Packard acquisitions
Hewlett-Packard products
Networking hardware companies
Software companies based in California
Software companies established in 1973
Software companies disestablished in 2016


title: Pedro Duhart

text:
Pedro Duhart, also known as Pierre (5 April 1909 – 30 November 1955) was a footballer who played international football for both Uruguay and France. He played as a striker for Nacional, Sochaux and Charleville.

Personal life
Duhart was born in Uruguay and was of French descent.

References

1909 births
1955 deaths
Footballers from Montevideo
Uruguayan men's footballers
Uruguay men's international footballers
French men's footballers
France men's international footballers
Uruguayan people of French descent
Uruguayan emigrants to France
Dual men's international footballers
Club Nacional de Football players
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players
OFC Charleville players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Men's association football forwards


title: Norman West

text:
Norman West (26 November 1935 – 7 September 2009) was a British Labour Party politician.

Born in Worsborough near Barnsley, West studied at Barnsley Grammar School before becoming a coal miner at Barrow Colliery, the local mine in Worsborough. He joined the National Union of Mineworkers, and supported Arthur Scargill in his early years.

West also became active in the Labour Party, and was elected to South Yorkshire County Council, and then at the 1984 European Parliament election as the MEP for Yorkshire South.  In this role, he supported the UK miners' strike, and was a member of the Socialist Campaign Group.

West stood down as an MEP in 1998, and remained resident in Worsborough until his death in 2009.

References

1935 births
2009 deaths
Councillors in South Yorkshire
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Labour Party (UK) MEPs
MEPs for England 1984–1989
MEPs for England 1989–1994
MEPs for England 1994–1999
People from Barnsley


title: Schrader Bluff Formation

text:
The Schrader Bluff Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period,

Fossil remains include Inoceramus and Scaphites.

Originally named by George Gryc and others as the marine formation of the Colville Group (abandoned).

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska


title: Torok Formation

text:
The Torok Formation is a geologic formation in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPR-A). It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

Geology
The Torok Formation together with the Nanushuk Formation forms a huge wedge of sediment deposited in a deep water basin and stretch from north of the Brooks Range beneath the Alaska North Slope to the adjacent offshore. It contains reservoirs in turbidite sandstone.
The USGS found large-scale folds and faults in the South of the formation and evidence, that the rocks have been heated to temperatures at which oil is converted to natural gas.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska


title: Ungalikthluk Belt Formation

text:
The Ungalikthluk Belt Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska


title: Staniukovich Formation

text:
The Staniukovich Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Geologic formations of Alaska
Cretaceous System of North America


title: Mount Oratia Formation

text:
The Mount Oratia Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska


title: Okpikruak Formation

text:
The Okpikruak Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska


title: Buchia Ridge Formation

text:
The Buchia Ridge Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska


title: Cantwell Formation

text:
The Cantwell Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period, it has also yielded numerous dinosaur tracks at Denali National Park. Contemporary therizinosaurid and hadrosaurid trackways in the formation indicate that the area was once a major point of immigration between Asia and North America during the Late Cretaceous for many families of dinosaur. Fossil plants similar to water lilies found in the same area suggest the area was a wetland or marsh, with ponds and other large standing bodies of water.

Footprints discovered in the formation include those of theropods, hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, ankylosaurs, pterosaurs and birds, notably the Magnoavipes denaliensis.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska


title: Chignik Formation

text:
The Chignik Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska


title: Chisana Formation

text:
The Chisana Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska


title: Corwin Formation

text:
The Corwin Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska


title: Eek Mountain Formation

text:
The Eek Mountain Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska


title: Hoodoo Formation

text:
The Hoodoo Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska


title: Ignek Formation

text:
The Ignek Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska


title: Kennicott Formation

text:
The Kennicott Formation is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
 Paleontology in Alaska

References

Cretaceous Alaska