title: 2005 Challenge Bell

text:
The 2005 Challenge Bell was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the PEPS de l'Université Laval in Quebec City in Canada that was part of Tier III of the 2005 WTA Tour. It was the 13th edition of the Challenge Bell, and was held from October 31 through November 6, 2005. Amy Frazier won the singles title.

Champions

Singles

 Amy Frazier def.  Sofia Arvidsson, 6–1, 7–5
It was Frazier's only title of the year and the 8th of her career.

Doubles

 Anastasia Rodionova /  Elena Vesnina def.  Līga Dekmeijere /  Ashley Harkleroad, 6–7(4–7), 6–4, 6–2
It was Rodionova's only title of the year and the 1st of her career. It was Vesnina's only title of the year and the 1st of her career.

External links
Official website

Challenge Bell
Tournoi de Québec
Challenge Bell
2000s in Quebec City
Challenge Bell
Challenge Bell
Challenge Bell


title: JetBeetle Tarantula H90

text:
The JetBeetle Tarantula H90 is an American gas-turbine engine for use on Homebuilt aircraft

It is capable of producing  thrust at 88,900rpm.

Variants
Tarantula H90
Tarantula H100 (Updated H90 released summer 2016)

Locust H150R

Mantis H250

Applications
Monnett Monerai

Specifications (Tarantula H90)

Notes

2010s turbofan engines
Microjet engines


title: Archimyrmex

text:
Archimyrmex is an extinct genus of ant in the formicid subfamily Myrmeciinae, described by palaeoentomologist Theodore Cockerell in 1923. The genus contains four described species, Archimyrmex  rostratus, Archimyrmex piatnitzkyi, Archimyrmex smekali and Archimyrmex wedmannae. Archimyrmex is known from a group of Middle Eocene fossils which were found in North America, South America, and Europe. The genus was initially placed in the subfamily Ponerinae, but it was later placed in Myrmeciinae; it is now believed to be the ancestor of the extant primitive genus Myrmecia from Australia. Despite this, Archimyrmex is not a member to any tribe and is regarded as incertae sedis within Myrmeciinae. However, some authors believe Archimyrmex should be assigned as incertae sedis within Formicidae. These ants can be characterised by their large mandibles and body length, ranging from . They also have long, thin legs and an elongated mesosoma (thorax) and petiole.

History and classification
When described the genus Archimyrmex was known from a solitary fossil preserved as an impression in fine shale of the Green River formation in Colorado. The fossil was recovered in July 1922 from the "station 1" fossil site near the top of the Ute trail by entomologist Wilmatte Porter Cockerell. One side of the A. rostratus holotype is currently deposited in the University of Colorado paleontology collections while the counterpart is in the US National Museum, and an additional eleven fossils were known as of 2002.  The holotype was first studied by palaeoentomologist Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell of the University of Colorado and his 1923 type description of the new genus and species was published in The Entomologist.   The specific epithet "rostratus" is a reference to the beak-like outline of the mandibles seen in the type specimen.

Cockerell placed the genus into the subfamily Ponerinae. He noted similarities between Archimyrmex and Myrmecia and Prionomyrmex, suggesting Archimyrmex to be an intermediate between the two other genera.  The genus was re-described in 1928 by palaeoentomologist William Wheeler who moved the genus from Ponerinae to Myrmicinae.  This placement was not challenged until a 2003 paper by Russian palaeoentomologists G.M. Dlussky and K.S. Perfilieva, who moved the genus again, this time to the primitive Subfamily Myrmeciinae based on the close similarity between Archimyrmex and Prionomyrmex. In 1957, an additional species of fossil ant was described from the Middle Eocene Ventana Formation in the Rio Pichileufu region of Argentina by  M.J. Viana and J.A. Haedo Rossi.  They placed the species into a new genus, Ameghinoia as Ameghinoia" piatnitzkyi.  As with Archimyrmex, the genus was first placed in Ponerinae.  It was subsequently moved to Myrmeciinae by R.R. Snelling in 1981.  A second Ventana Formation ant species was described in 1981 by E. Rossi de Garcia and placed into another new genus Polanskiella as P. smekali.  Recovered from an outcrop of the Ventana Formation in the Rio Limay area, Rossi de Garcia distinguished the new species from "A." piatnitzkyi based on characteristics of the wing venation and because of the difference in size of the two type specimens.  A series of fossils from the three genera were examined by Dlussky and Perfilieva and based on the very notable similarities between the three species, they synonymized the three genera under Archimyrmex, treating both Ameghinoia and "Polanskiella" as junior synonyms. A fourth species, A. wedmannae was described by Dlussky in 2012 based on fossils found in the Middle Eocene Messel Pit site of Germany. The specific epithet was chosen by Dlussky to honour paleoentomologist Sonja Wedmann.

Before Archimyrmex was placed into the subfamily Myrmeciinae, Wheeler classified the genus as incertae sedis (Latin for "of uncertain placement") within the ant subfamily Myrmicinae, as it could not be confidently placed into any ant tribe. Even after its placement within Myrmeciinae it was still classified as incertae sedis. However, Cesare Baroni Urbani of the University of Basel, Switzerland classified the genus as incertae sedis within the family Formicidae. Baroni Urbani justifies his decision by stating the characters of the ant are similar to those of Cariridris, an insect from the Lower Cretaceous that was once placed in Myrmeciinae, but is now incertae sedis within the subclade Aculeata. Archimyrmex also shares a similar structure to other ants and insects within the order Hymenoptera. The key diagnostic traits (synapomorphies) of Myrmeciinae ants cannot be observed although the described species have elongated scapes (the first segment of the antenna), a key diagnostic trait for Formicidae. A 2012 report describing new myrmecine fossils accepted the classification of Archibald and colleagues while disregarding Baroni Urbani's comments.

The following cladogram generated by Archibald and colleagues show the possible phylogenetic position of Archimyrmex among some ants of the subfamily Myrmeciinae; it is possible that Archimyrmex may be the ancestor of Myrmecia.

Description
In general Archimyrmex individuals have a head capsule that bears a set of enlarged mandibles with either a rectangular or triangular outline.  The mandibles have a mixed arrangement of teeth and denticles (smaller teeth) on the inside margin. The gynes have long legs and long mesosomas, an elongated petiole (a narrow waist between the mesosoma and gaster) which is usually smooth in profile on the upper surface. The petiole structure in combination with little to no constriction between abdominal segments III and IV is unique to the genus and separates it from the other Myrmeciinae genera.

A. piatnitzkyi

A. piatnitzkyi is reported from three specimens, giving a body length between . The holotype, recovered from the Ventana Formation of the Neuquén Basin in Argentina is currently preserved at the Bernardino Rivadavia Natural Sciences Museum palaeoentomological collection. The head capsule is slightly ovoid, being a little longer than it is wide and having elongated mandibles that are notably shorter than the head. As with A. smekali, the mesosoma is massive, being between 1.7-1.8 times as long as it is tall.  The legs are like those of the other species, being long and thin. Unlike the other species, the petiole of A. piatnitzkyi does not have a constricted post-petiole.

A. rostratus

The type specimen numbers are UC no. 15174 and USNM no. 69617 for the part and counterpart; females of the type species A. rostratus have a body length estimated to be between , with a small gaster that is shorter than the mesosoma and sporting a short thick sting. The length of the head when excluding the mandibles is , the mesosoma is  and the middle femur is around . The preserved specimens from the Green River Formation are brown and the upper area of the head and gaster is black, which is similar to Myrmecia nigriceps. The head capsules have antennae borne on a scape which is long and passes the edge of the occipital margin of the head. The short, thickened mandibles have several larger teeth interspersed with small denticles, and are about 50% of the length of the head capsule. The scape is believed to be long and thin, and its mesosoma is narrow and long. The width of the scutum is greater than its length, the legs are noticeably elongated and thin, and the podeum (a narrow stalk that connects the mesosoma with the abdomen) is slightly convex.

A. smekali
The A. smekali was recovered from the Ventana Formation in Argentina. The lectotype, numbered NMW. no. 1972/1574/9, is housed in the Museum of Natural History. The lectotype female has an estimated body length of  with an mesosoma that is described as "relatively massive" (being only 1.7 to 1.9 times as long as tall) and an oval shaped gaster. There is a notable constriction in the post-petiole abdominal segment not seen in the other species. The head capsule has mandibles which are about 70% as long as the head capsule, and have four to five large teeth each. The antennal scape is longer than the occipital margin and the antenna is composed of an estimated twelve segments. The legs are elongated and narrow, the propodeum is weakly convex and the petiole does not have a node (a segment between the mesosoma and gaster). A. smekali can be distinguished from other species by its massive size, the constriction in the post-petiole and the absence of the node. It was previously thought the ant had an eight-segmented antennae, but the lectotype has seven segments; Dlussky also mentions that the original description provided by Elsa Rossi de Garcia does not match the description he provided.

A. wedmannae
A. wedmannae from Germany is described from a single gyne that is approximately , found in the Messel Formation. The fossil is believed to be 47 million years old. The mesosoma measures , the length of the head is , the scape is , the diameter of the eyes are  and the forewings are . The species has a head which is shorter than it is wide, but has mandibles about as long as the head which are triangular in outline. The eyes are oval shaped. As with the three other species the antennal scape is long, one-third of the scape length protrudes past the occipital margin of the head. The pronotum in profile is either straight or weakly concave, and the petiole is weakly rounded with no node present. The propodeum has small denticles and is weakly convex, and the legs are long. The gaster has a well developed and long sting. This species can be distinguished from other Archimyrmex ants by its long mandibles; the shape of the petiole is almost the same as A. smekali, but their mandibles are much shorter and the mesosoma is more compact. The propodeum's dorsal surface is also more convex.

References

External links

 Archimyrmex at the AntWiki – Bringing Ants to the World
 Archimyrmex at AntCat

Myrmeciinae
Fossil ant genera
Eocene insects
Lutetian life
Prehistoric insects of North America
Fossils of the United States
Paleontology in Colorado
†
Eocene animals of South America
Eocene Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Prehistoric insects of Europe
Fossils of Germany
Fossil taxa described in 1923
Fossil taxa described in 1957
Fossil taxa described in 1981
Fossil taxa described in 2012


title: William Erwin (American football)

text:
William Walter Erwin (April 6, 1884 – March 28, 1953) was an American football player and United States Army officer.  He played for the Army football team and was selected as a consensus first-team guard on the 1907 College Football All-America Team.

Biography
Erwin was born in Kansas on April 6, 1884. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. While at the Academy, he played at the guard position for the Army football team and was a consensus first-team selection for the 1907 College Football All-America Team.

Erwin graduated from the Military Academy in 1908 and spent his entire career in the Army.  He was initially commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 9th Cavalry in February 1908 and stationed in the Philippines from May 1908 to May 1909. From June 1909 to September 1912, he was stationed at Fort D.A. Russell in Wyoming and Fort Sam Houston in Texas.  From July 1913 to March 1916, he was assigned to the Military Academy as a special instructor in the department of tactics.  He was promoted to first lieutenant in the 9th Cavalry in May 1915 and transferred to the 7th Cavalry in November 1915.

From the spring of 1916 to February 1917, he was part of the Army's "Punitive Expedition" (also known as the Pancho Villa Expedition) into Mexico and thereafter served at Camp Stewart in Texas until May 1917.

In May 1917, with the United States entry into World War I, Erwin was promoted to the rank of captain and placed in command of training camps at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.  From November 1917 to October 1918, he served as an instructor at the Machine Gun Schools at Fort Sill in Oklahoma and at Camp Hancock. He was promoted to the rank of major, temporary, in December 1917.

In October 1918, Erwin sailed for France as a machine gun officer with the 31st Division.  The war ended in November 1918, and Erwin was assigned to the School for Care of Animals in France.  He returned to the United States in August 1919 and was returned to the rank of captain in September 1919.

Erwin died in Chapman, Kansas on March 28, 1953, and was buried at Saint Patrick's Cemetery there.

References

External links

1884 births
1953 deaths
American football guards
Army Black Knights football players
All-American college football players
Players of American football from Kansas


title: Jerzy Stroba

text:
Jerzy Stroba (1919–1999) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop.

He was born on 17 December 1919 in świętochłowice, Poland.
He became Auxiliary Bishop of Ggorzowski from 1958 to 1972, Bishop of Szczecin–Kamień in 1972–1978, Archbishop of Poznań from 1978 to 1999.

He  died on 12 May 1999 in Poznań.

References

Bishops of Poznań
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Poland
1919 births
1999 deaths
Clergy from Szczecin


title: Venus, Nebraska

text:
Venus is an unincorporated community in Knox County, Nebraska, United States.

History
A post office was established at Venus in 1880, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1959. The community was named for Venus, the Roman goddess of love.

References

Unincorporated communities in Knox County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska


title: Avenida Presidente Julio Argentino Roca

text:
Avenida Presidente Julio Argentino Roca, better known as Diagonal Sur (Spanish for "South Diagonal", the counterpart to Diagonal Norte), is an important avenue in the Monserrat neighborhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is oriented north-east/south-west, diagonally bisecting the city blocks (manzanas) which give the city centre a checkerboard plan. It is named after President Julio Argentino Roca, who held power from 1880 to 1886, and from 1896 to 1904.

Connections
The north-west corner of Plaza de Mayo is the start of Avenida Presidente Julio Argentino Roca (i.e. the corner of Hipolito Yrigoyen and Bolivar street), just to the north of the Palace of the City Legislature. At the junction with Peru street is located equestrian monument to Julio Argentino Roca.

Underground
Below the entire length of the avenue runs  line  of the Buenos Aires Underground, which has two stations along the Diagonal (stations  Bolívar and Belgrano).

Gallery

References

Roca


title: 2006 Challenge Bell

text:
The 2006 Challenge Bell was a tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the PEPS de l'Université Laval in Quebec City in Canada that was part of Tier III of the 2006 WTA Tour. It was the 14th edition of the Challenge Bell, and was held from October 30 through November 5, 2006. Marion Bartoli won the singles title.

Champions

Singles

 Marion Bartoli def.  Olga Poutchkova, 6–0, 6–0
It was Bartoli's 3rd title of the year and the 3rd of her career.

Doubles

 Carly Gullickson /  Laura Granville def.  Jill Craybas /  Alina Jidkova, 6–3, 6–4
It was Gullickson's only title of the year and the 2nd of her career. It was Granville's only title of the year and the 2nd of her career.

External links
Official website

Challenge Bell
Tournoi de Québec
Challenge Bell
2000s in Quebec City


title: Sandvik Church

text:
Sandvik Church () is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Bergen Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the Sandviken neighborhood in the city of Bergen. It is the church for the Sandviken parish which is part of the Bergen domprosti (arch-deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The brown, stone church was built in a long church design in 1881 using plans drawn up by the architects Ernst Norgrenn and Schak Bull. The church seats about 500 people.

History
In 1874, the Sandviken neighborhood was separated from the Korskirken parish to become its own parish. In 1876, the area became a part of the city of Bergen. Since the new parish had no church, a limited architectural competition between Conrad Fredrik von der Lippe, Giovanni Müller, and Ernst Norgrenn was held to determine who would design the new church. Ernst Norgrenn won and was hired to design the church, however, he died in 1880, before the church was completed. The project was completed by his assistant, Schak Bull. The large stone church was designed in a Neo-Gothic style. The church was consecrated on 30 December 1881. Originally, the church had a sacristy on the north and the south side of the chancel. In 1903, the southern sacristy was enlarged to so that it was similar to the one on the north side. In 1917–1918, both sacristies were expanded according to plans by the architect Caspar Hassel.

Media gallery

See also
List of churches in Bjørgvin

References

Churches in Bergen
Long churches in Norway
Stone churches in Norway
19th-century Church of Norway church buildings
Churches completed in 1881
1881 establishments in Norway


title: Metropolis of Halych

text:
The Metropolis of Halych was a metropolis of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It was erected on the territory of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia in 1303 by Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople. The episcopal seat of the metropolis was in the city of Halych in the "Cathedral of the Assumption".

Historical background
In 1241, the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia was captured by the Mongol army. In 1245, King Daniel of Galicia won a decisive battle over the Hungarian-Polish army of his opponent Rostislav Mikhailovich and united Halychia with Volhynia. After this victory, he built his residence in Kholm in the western part of Volhynia. After Daniel's visit to  Batu Khan, he made payments of tribute to the Golden Horde.

In 1299, the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' — Maximus — transferred the metropolitan seat from Kiev to the city of Vladimir-on-Klyazma. In reaction to this move, King Daniel's  son and successor on the throne — Leo I — petitioned the Ecumenical Patriarch to erect a new metropolis in the territory of his kingdom. Leo died in 1301 but his son — Yuri I of Galicia — succeeded in securing the charter of establishment from Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople with the approval of Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos.

Eparchies
There were five suffragan sees (eparchies) in the metropolis that were mostly located in the region of Volhynia: Volodymyr of Volhynia, Lutsk, Peremysl, Turiv, Kholm.

Metropolitan Niphont (1303–1305)
Little is known about the first metropolitan — Niphont (1303–1305). Following his death, the see lay vacant for three years. During that time, there were civil struggles with neighbouring realms. A Catholic from the Polish Piast dynasty — Yuri II Boleslav — succeeded to the throne of Halych. In 1308, he nominated Peter of Moscow as Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'. In the absence of a hierarch in Halych, Peter was effectively the administrator of that metropolis as well as his own metropolis of Kiev. In 1325, Peter moved his metropolitan seat  to the west from Vladimir to Moscow.

Metropolitan Gabriel (1326–1329)
Following the death of Peter in 1326, the see of Halych was filled by Gabriel. Two years later, Theognostus of Kiev (reigned 1328–1353) was consecrated as the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus'. Theognostus and the Grand Dukes of Moscow wanted to get rid of a rival metropolis in Rus' lands. After Gabriel's death in 1329, the metropolis entered a period of crisis. The see again lay vacant until 1337.

Metropolitan Theodore (1337–1347)
In 1337, Patriarch John XIV of Constantinople approved the appointment of a new Metropolitan of Halych — Theodore. Little is known about his career. Following his death in 1347, the Grand Prince of Moscow — Simeon — conspired with Theognostus of Kiev to convince Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos to disestablish the Halych metropolis. At that time, the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia was convulsed by the Galicia–Volhynia Wars which resulted in the kingdom being sundered between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.

Erection of the Metropolis of Lithuania-Volhynia
Theognostus of Kiev died in 1353. He was succeeded in the Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' by Alexius (reigned 1354–1378). In 1355, after diplomatic struggles, a restored Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople, in agreement with Philotheus, united the Metropolis of Halych with the Metropolis of Lithuania under the leadership of Metropolitan Roman. Callistus also confirmed that Alexius remained in possession of the "Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'". All eparchies of the Halych metropolis were transferred to the jurisdiction of a united metropolis, which was also known as the "Metropolis of Lithuania-Volhynia". The rivalry between Roman and Alexius continued until Roman's death in 1362. From 1362 to 1371, the vacant see of Lithuania–Halych was administered by Alexius.

Disestablishment of the Metropolis of Lithuania–Volhynia
In 1370 or 1371, the united metropolis was disestablished by Patriarch Philotheus I of Constantinople. The territory of the former metropolis was reunited to the Metropolis of Kiev under Alexius. The territory of the former metropolises of Halych and of Lithuania were officially lowered to the rank of bishoprics within the Kiev metropolis. These changes, however, did not end the political rivalry for religious influence in Rus'.

Re-establishment of the Metropolis of Halych
Just before his death, King Casimir III the Great of Poland revived the Halych metropolis for a short period. Casimir cited the precedent of the existence of a metropolis created by Athanasios I. He convinced Philotheus I, who served as Patriarch of Constantinople for the second time, to consecrate Antoniy as Metropolitan of Halych. In May 1371, he wrote to Alexius informing him that he had separated the Halych (Galician), Kholm, Turov, Peremyshl, and Vladimir-Volhynia dioceses from the Kiev metropolis for the third time. He proclaimed one of the bishops of these dioceses — Anthony — as Metropolitan of Halych. Antoniy only exercised control over the three eparchies that were within the territory of the expanded Polish realm. Following the death of Antoniy in 1391, King Władysław II Jagiełło tried to have Ivan, the Bishop of Lutsk, consecrated as Antoniy's successor. Ivan failed to receive the approval of the patriarch. The revived metropolis was again extinguished, never to rise again.

Disputes in Lithuania
The Grand Duke of Lithuania — Algirdas — attacked Muscovy on three occasions between 1368 and 1372 as part of the Lithuanian–Muscovite War. This was in support of his ally, Mikhail II, Prince of Tver. It may also have been motivated by a desire to advance his calls for a separate metropolis for the Grand Duchy that was independent of Moscow. Cyprian was sent by the Patriarch as a trustee (envoy) to the Rus' princes in the Lithuanian and Muscovite lands with the goal to reconcile the Lithuanian and Tverite princes with Metropolitan Alexius and to prevent the total division of the Church between Wilno and Moscow. Cyprian went to Constantinople from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania carrying a letter from the leading Ruthenian Eastern Orthodox clergy requesting the patriarch to consecrate him as the Metropolitan of Lithuania.

Hostilities between Moscow and Lithuania resumed; in August 1375 Muscovite troops captured Tver. Patriarch Philotheus I was aware of the threat of Catholization of the population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.  He therefore agreed to grant the petition of the previous Grand Duke — Algirdas — to create a separate metropolis in the territory of the Grand Duchy. Philotheus also listened to the petitions of the Eastern Orthodox princes to have Cyprian as their metropolitan. On 2 December 1375 at the Council of Constantinople, Philotheus consecrated Cyprian as "Metropolitan of Kiev, Russia and Lithuania", under a condition that "upon the death of Alexius, Cyprian should become the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus".

In 1414, Grand Duke Vytautas attempted to re-establish the Metropolis of Lithuania. He arranged for a synod of bishops to elect Gregory Tsamblak as the Metropolitan of Lithuania. The consecration took place without the consent of  Patriarch Euthymius II of Constantinople and was not recognized in Moscow. The rivalry effectively ended in 1448 when Moscow began selecting the metropolitans independently without approval from the Ecumenical Patriarchate, which collapsed in 1453.

In 1458 two metropolises of Kiev and all Russia and Halych were merged by the Patriarch of Constantinople into one, the Metropolis of Kiev, Halych and all Russia.

List of metropolitans
 1303–1305 Niphont
 1305–1326 sede vacante. The metropolis was effectively administered by Peter of Moscow (as Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus')
 1326–1329 Gabriel
 1329–1337 sede vacante. The metropolis was effectively administered by Theognostus of Kiev (as Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus')
 1337–1347 Teodore

 Disestablishment of the Metropolis of Halych
 1347–1353 The territory of the former metropolis was again administered by Theognostus of Kiev (as Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus')
 1353–1356 The territory of the former metropolis was administered by Alexius (as Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus')

Establishment of the Metropolis of Lithuania-Volhynia
 1356–1362 Transfer of all former Halych eparchies to a newly erected "Metropolis of Lithuania-Volhynia" under Metropolitan Roman

Disestablishment of the Metropolis of Lithuania-Volhynia
 1362–1370 sede vacante. The territory of the former metropolis was again effectively administered by Alexius

Establishment of the Metropolis of Halych (of the second creation)
 1370–1391 Antoniy (as Metropolitan of Halych)

Disestablishment of the Metropolis of Halych

Establishment of the "Metropolis of Kiev, Russia and Lithuania" (1375)
Disestablishment of the "Metropolis of Kiev, Russia and Lithuania" (1376)

References

External links
Halych metropoly at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
Halych metropoly at the Handbook on history of Ukraine
Halych metropoly at the Encyclopedia on history of Ukraine
Borutska, O. Halych metropoly: history and time. vholos. December 13, 2013.

1303 establishments in Europe
1458 disestablishments in Europe
History of Christianity in Ukraine
Defunct dioceses of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
History of Volhynia
Metropolises


title: Sergio Insunza

text:
Sergio Insunza Barrios (May 5, 1919 – July 19, 2014) was a Chilean lawyer, politician and human rights activist. He served as the last Minister of Justice within the government of President Salvador Allende from November 2, 1972, until September 11, 1973. His tenure as Justice Minister ended with the 1973 Chilean coup d'état and overthrow of President Allende om September 11, 1973.

Insunza died on July 19, 2014, at the age of 94.

References

1919 births
2014 deaths
Chilean Ministers of Justice
University of Chile alumni


title: Antoni Baraniak

text:
Antoni Baraniak, SDB (1 January 1904 – 13 August 1977) was a Polish  Salesian who served as the Archbishop of Poznań from mid-1957 until his death. Baraniak studied in Poland and in Rome prior to his ordination and served as the private aide to Cardinals August Hlond and Stefan Wyszyński; he was devoted to both men and served with both during World War II and the increasing communist repression. He served as a bishop in Gniezno before being appointed as an archbishop though just prior to that was arrested. The communist authorities interrogated and tortured Baraniak while he was imprisoned but remained silent and refused to tell his captors about the activities of prelates.

Baraniak's life has caused calls for his beatification to be made and it has been decided that the cause will be requested and then launched if it is approved.

Life

Education and priesthood
Antoni Baraniak was born on 1 January 1904 in Sebastianowo.

On 1 September 1917 he travelled to Oświęcim to commence his high school education under the Salesians of Don Bosco whom he decided to join when he decided he wished to enter the priesthood. Baraniak commenced his novitiate with the order in 1920 and made his initial profession on 28 July 1921. From 1921 to 1924 he attended the Philosophical College in Kraków where he obtained his diploma on 30 May 1924 before making his perpetual profession into the Salesians on 15 March 1925. He served also as a teacher in Klecza Dolna and in Warsaw from 1924 until 1927 when he was sent for theological studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome where he was stationed until 1931 upon earning his doctorate.

Baraniak received his ordination to the priesthood in the Carmelite church in Kraków on 3 August 1930 from Adam Stefan Sapieha. He was later appointed in 1933 to serve as the chaplain and private aide to Cardinal August Hlond and supported the cardinal during World War II that prompted them to flee Poland for a time. The two first fled to Romania before setting off for France where the two resided in Lourdes from 9 June 1940 until 1943 when the two spent their time living until mid-1945 in the Benedictine convent at Hautecombe. The two were in Paris sometime after this and left for Rome in May 1945 once the war on the European front had ended and the pair returned to their native Poland on 20 July 1945 to Poznań. He and Hlond had visited Polish refugees during the war and were involved with charities to alleviate the suffering of those displaced and poor.

Episcopate and imprisonment
Hlond died in 1948 and he became the private aide and chaplain to Hlond's successor Stefan Wyszyński in what became a close and deep friendship. He was present at Hlond's deathbed when Hlond pronounced Wyszyński as his successor. He accompanied Wyszyński on his first "ad limina apostolorum" visit to Pope Pius XII in April 1951 just before Baraniak would be named as a bishop. On 26 April 1951 news came that Pius XII had appointed him as a titular bishop and the Auxiliary Bishop of Gniezno; he received his episcopal consecration in the Gniezno Cathedral on 8 July 1951 from Wyszyński himself. On 12 January 1953 he attended the consistory in Saint Peter's Basilica that saw Pius XII name Wyszyński as a cardinal. During the night on 25 September 1953 he and Wyszynski were both in the episcopal palace when both prelates were arrested after officers stormed the place. Baraniak tried to hold them back but an officer shouted at him: "Hands up or I'll shoot!" Ten agents entered and searched the office and he said several rosaries as the agents searched the place. In the morning on 24 September he was told the decision had been made to arrest him and the soldiers ordered him to dress. He asked them what to wear and one soldier told him put on "something warm". He was placed in detention at the Mokotów prison and was interrogated and tortured; he was subjected to 145 interrogations that often lasted hours. His briefcase and rosary were taken from him upon his arrival and he was sent to a concrete cell that had a bowl and toilet as well as a small stool and water jug next to the bunk. The torture included tearing his nails off and keeping him naked in ice and feces for prolonged periods and he was even refused food and medical care as well as visits and correspondence. His doctor Milada Tycowa examined him in 1976 and noted that his back was covered in scars he endured from beatings while he was imprisoned. He was later released on 30 October 1956. The communists had a particular emphasis on learning about his time in Rome as a student and the relationships he forged there believing them to be of an "espionage nature" and the internal affairs department monitored his conversations.

Later activities
Baraniak later accompanied Cardinal Wyszyński to another "ad limina apostolorum" visit to the pope that was held on 14 May 1957 just a couple of weeks before his archiepiscopal elevation. Pius XII appointed Baraniak as the newest Archbishop of Poznań on 30 May 1957 and the new archbishop was enthroned in his new episcopal see on 2 July 1957 while later receiving the Pallium on 8 September 1958 from Bolesław Filipiak. He became fluent in Italian and attended all sessions of the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965. In the first session of the Council he was elected as a member of the Oriental Commission and presented a proposal for the revision of the liturgical calendar while he contributed to the drafting of Dignitatis humanae. Baraniak later participated in the 1971 Synod of Bishops and attended the 1971 beatification of Maximilian Kolbe and the 1975 beatification of Maria Theresa Ledóchowska.

The archbishop was known to smoke cigarettes which became a habit he had picked up on in prison and he sometimes liked to indulge in a glass of wine or cognac. He was known to have a close friendship with Cardinal Karol Józef Wojtyła - the future Pope John Paul II - and he entertained the private notion that Wojtyła had the potential to be elected pope in the future. Baraniak also ordained and consecrated prominent individuals at this point and ordained the future Cardinal Zenon Grocholewski in 1963 and the future Archbishop Marek Jędraszewski in 1973.

Death and funeral
He died after an extended illness on 13 August 1977 in a Poznań hospital and was buried in the metropolitan cathedral. His friend Cardinal Wojtyła visited him in August in hospital and he presided over Baraniak's funeral with Wyszyński delivering the eulogy.

Beatification cause introduction
Baraniak's reputation for holiness and the nature of his life and tribulation has prompted calls for him to be beatified with 3000 signing a petition asking for the competent ecclesial authorities to launch the process for his beatification. Archbishop Stanisław Gądecki announced on 6 October 2017 that he would make the request to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to launch the process which would begin in Poznań.

References

External links
 Catholic Hierarchy

1904 births
1977 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Poland
Bishops of Poznań
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
People detained by the Polish Ministry of Public Security
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Polish expatriates in Italy


title: Beeron National Park

text:
Beeron National Park is a national park at Beeron in the Wide Bay–Burnett region of Queensland, Australia.  The 7050-hectare park preserves plant species of high conservation value. It was formerly known as Beeron Holding or 'Rocky' paddock.

It is part of both the North Burnett Region and South Burnett Region local government areas and the Brigalow Belt bioregion.  The park lies within the catchment area of the Boyne River, a tributary of the Burnett River.

Beeron National Park is home to six endemic species and three plants with conservation significance.

In 2010, an extra 7,000 hectares significantly extended the size of the park.  The addition was made possible by the cooperation of two mining companies who relinquished their mining permits.

South and west of the national park is Allies Creek State Forest.  It is undeveloped with no visitor facilities.

See also

 Protected areas of Queensland

References

National parks of Queensland
Protected areas established in 2009
2009 establishments in Australia
Wide Bay–Burnett


title: Årstad Church

text:
Årstad Church () is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Bergen Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the Årstad neighborhood in the city of Bergen. It is the church for the Årstad parish which is part of the Bergensdalen prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The large, stone church was built in a cruciform design and a Neo-Gothic style in 1890 using plans drawn up by the architect Christian Christie. The church seats about 560 people.

History
The earliest existing historical records of Årstad church date back to the year 1564, but it was built before that time, possibly in the 13th century. Originally, the stone church was located about  north of the present church site and it was part of the Fana Church parish. The church was called the Church of the Holy Cross () at that time. In the 1600s, the old church was taken out of regular use due to its age and size and the residents of Årstad were sent to the nearby Birkeland Church. The old stone church burned down and was mostly destroyed in the city fire of 1702. Around the mid-1700s, the people of Årstad were a part of the St. Jørgen's Church. The old church sat unused as a ruin for a long time, and the ruins of the foundation were still visible in 1902. The last remains of the foundation were dug out and removed in 1910.

After a long time without a church, a new church was built to replace the old church in 1890. The new church was located about  south of the old church site. It was designed by Christian Christie and built on what was the old Haukeland farm, south of Store Lungegårdsvannet. The mason Nielsen was responsible for the masonry work, while the builders Askeland and Nævdal were responsible for the carpentry work and Peter Andreas Blix was the supervisor of the whole project. The foundation stone was laid on 6 August 1890 and it was completed about 3 months later. The new church was consecrated on 26 November 1890.

Media gallery

See also
List of churches in Bjørgvin

References

Churches in Bergen
Cruciform churches in Norway
Stone churches in Norway
19th-century Church of Norway church buildings
Churches completed in 1890
13th-century establishments in Norway


title: Walnut, Nebraska

text:
Walnut is an unincorporated community in Knox County, Nebraska, United States.

History
A post office was established at Walnut in 1894, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1956. Walnut was named from a grove of walnut trees near the town site.

References

Unincorporated communities in Knox County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska


title: Days Before Rodeo

text:
Days Before Rodeo is the second mixtape by American rapper and singer Travis Scott. It was released for free on August 18, 2014, by Grand Hustle Records. The mixtape features guest appearances from Young Thug, Big Sean, The 1975, Rich Homie Quan, Migos, T.I. and Peewee Longway.

Background and promotion
In August 2014, Scott announced on his Twitter account that he would be releasing 10 new songs within a month. On the same day, he also tweeted the title of this project, Days Before Rodeo, before marketing the countdown every day until it stopped on August 10, 2014. On August 17, 2014, Scott released the track list and artwork for this project.

The first song released from Days Before Rodeo was "Don't Play" featuring American rapper Big Sean and English pop band The 1975. The song was produced by Scott himself, along with Vinylz and Allen Ritter. Justin Davis of Complex commented Scott and Sean "have great chemistry over the track," while continuing their "streak of songs together". The Western-themed video for "Don't Play" was released on August 18, 2014.

Although Days Before Rodeo was a prelude to Rodeo, Scott tweeted that the project was not supposed to be taken as a mixtape, but as an album.

Release
Days Before Rodeo was released on August 18, 2014. Scott called it a "free album" via Twitter on the following day. Eric Diep of XXL commented the album "displays the Houston rapper's eclectic production style, as well as his boastful raps that are similar to his mentors Kanye West and T.I.", while calling it "some great new material that we've been missing from him since his excellent debut, Owl Pharaoh." Days Before Rodeo is a prequel to Scott's Grand Hustle and Epic Records debut album Rodeo, which was released on September 4, 2015.

Singles
On July 11, 2014, Scott released the mixtape's lead single, titled "Don't Play", which features guest appearances from The 1975 and Big Sean.

On December 2, 2014, Scott released the mixtape's second single, titled "Mamacita", which features guest appearances from Rich Homie Quan and Young Thug.

Critical reception

Days Before Rodeo was met with widespread critical acclaim from music critics and fans. The album has a user rating of 96% on HotNewHipHop. Jacob Roy from Thefourohfive' sums up critical response for this album "While some may feel he opts for style over substance, all the distorted baselines and 'straight up' ad-libs play a purpose and a role. Days Before Rodeo proves Travis does everything for a reason. When listening to the album each song plays a role and as a whole it makes for a incredibly engrossing experience. While his lyrical ability may be questioned, it doesn't really cross your mind when you are in awe of the piece that he has painted for you. He has a mission statement and he is going to stick by it. 'We will understand it if they don't, we don't want they bullshit no more.' It wouldn't be a stretch to say Travis Scott could be at the forefront for a new generation of hip-hop that have their eyes on the bigger picture."

Track listing

Notes
  signifies a co-producer.
 "Quintana Pt. 2" features uncredited vocals from T.I.
 "Grey" features background vocals from James Fauntleroy.

Sample credits
 "Days Before Rodeo: The Prayer" contains a sample of Philip Glass's original composition "Music Box (Opening Theme)".
 "Don't Play" contains an interpolation of "M.O.N.E.Y.", written and performed by The 1975.
 "Mamacita" contains a sample of "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right", written and performed by Bobby "Blue" Bland.
 "Sloppy Toppy" contains a sample of "Spend the Night With Me", written and performed by Edna Wright.
 "Backyard" contains a sample of "Distant Lover (Live at Oakland Coliseum, CA, 1974)", written and performed by Marvin Gaye.

References

2014 mixtape albums
Albums produced by DJ Dahi
Albums produced by Lex Luger
Albums produced by Mike Dean (record producer)
Grand Hustle Records mixtape albums
Albums produced by Lil' C (record producer)
Albums produced by Travis Scott
Albums produced by Vinylz
Albums produced by Metro Boomin
Albums produced by Southside (record producer)
Albums produced by FKi (production team)
Albums produced by WondaGurl
Psychedelic rap albums
Travis Scott albums
Albums produced by Allen Ritter


title: Kim Yong-ok

text:
Kim Yong-ok may refer to:

 Kim Yong-ok (weightlifter) (born 1976), North Korean Olympic weightlifter
 Do-ol (born 1948), pen name of the contemporary South Korean philosopher Yong-Ok Kim


title: Jelen, Nebraska

text:
Jelen is an unincorporated community in Knox County, Nebraska, United States.

History
In the 1880s, Jelen was known for its large store. As the town grew, it became home to several businesses. It also had a school.

A post office was established at Jelen in 1904, and remained in operation until 1916. The community was named for the first postmaster, Anton Jelen.

In 1920, the population of Jelen was 26.

References

Unincorporated communities in Knox County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska


title: Walenty Dymek

text:
Walenty Dymek (1888–1956) was the Archbishop of Poznań from 1946 to 1956.

He was born on 31 December 1888 in Połajewo, was Auxiliary Bishop of Poznań in the years 1929–1946, and was Archbishop of Poznań from 1946 to 1956.

He died 22 October 1956 in Poznań.

He is survived by his descendent Grace Ryhlick, great-granddaughter of author Frank Riley.

References

Bishops of Poznań
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Poland
1888 births
1956 deaths
Member of the Tomasz Zan Society


The 1899 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1899 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Commodores were coached by James L. Crane, in his first year as head coach. Quarterback Frank Godchaux Sr., the father of Frank Godchaux, from Abbeville, Louisiana, who transferred from LSU to Vanderbilt in 1897, lettered this year in football. After football, he became a self-made business magnate of a successful rice milling company. Grantland Rice lettered at end.

Schedule

References

Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt Commodores football seasons
Vanderbilt Commodores football


title: General William Rosecrans Headquarters

text:
The General William Rosecrans Headquarters (also known as the Rosser Alston House) is a historic residence in Stevenson, Alabama.  The house is a single-story brick hall and parlor house built circa 1855 as a residence for railroad engineers who were building the routes through Jackson County.  In the buildup to the Chickamauga Campaign of the American Civil War, Union General William Rosecrans selected Stevenson as the staging site for battle.  In addition to building Fort Harker just south of town, Rosecrans used the house as his personal headquarters.  Walter Rosser, a construction engineer from Michigan, purchased the house and land before the war, and lived in the house after the war.  As of 1978, the house was in ruins, with the roof, one wall and parts of the others collapsed.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Jackson County, Alabama
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Houses completed in 1855
Houses in Jackson County, Alabama
Alabama in the American Civil War
Chickamauga campaign
Headquarters


title: Sparta, Nebraska

text:
Sparta is an unincorporated community in Knox County, Nebraska, United States.

History
A post office was established at Sparta in 1880, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1912. The community was likely named after Sparta, Wisconsin.

References

Unincorporated communities in Knox County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska


title: Cheek, Oklahoma

text:
Cheek is an unincorporated community located in Carter County, Oklahoma, United States.

References

Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma
Unincorporated communities in Carter County, Oklahoma


title: The Inkling

text:
The Inkling is an album by American guitarist Nels Cline which was released in May 2000 on the Cryptogramophone label.

Reception

The Allmusic review by Rick Anderson awarded the album 4 stars out of 5, stating "Melodically, Cline is clearly influenced by Derek Bailey, but his tone and execution are all his, and his compositions reward the effort it sometimes takes to follow them. Recommended". Writing for All About Jazz, Michael Parker stated "this is unique music that might very well slip through the cracks of the improv, jazz, and rock worlds, but such an oversight would be unfair indeed". JazzTimes' Bill Milkowski noted "Nels Cline is normally known for his distortion-laced banshee wail on electric guitar, but his Inkling quartet affords him the opportunity to communicate on a softer dynamic with Mark Dresser's contrabass, Billy Mintz's drumset and Zeena Parkins' harp. The result is at times gentler, though no less creative, than his more electrified endeavors".

Track listing
All compositions by Nels Cline
 "New Old Hat" - 7:04
 "Spider Wisdom" - 5:54
 "Circular" - 1:31
 "Sunken Song" - 6:46
 "Shale Bed" - 1:41
 "Alstromeria" - 15:10
 "Moth Song" - 4:49
 "Cork Farm" - 2:56
 "Queen of Angels" - 13:06
 "Lullaby for Ian" - 5:59

Personnel
 Nels Cline – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 Mark Dresser - contrabass
 Billy Mintz - drum set
Zeena Parkins - harp, electric harp (tracks 2, 3, 5, 6 & 8-10)

References

2000 albums
Nels Cline albums
Cryptogramophone Records albums


title: Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom

text:
Robert (; died 1 November 1239) was a French-born prelate in the Kingdom of Hungary in the first decades of the 13th century. He was Archbishop of Esztergom between 1226 and 1239 and Bishop of Veszprém from 1209 till 1226. He played a decisive role in the establishment of the short-lived Diocese of Cumania. He was sharply opposed to the employment of Jews and Muslims in the administration of the royal revenues. He even put Hungary under interdict to force Andrew II of Hungary to dismiss his non-Christian officials.

Early career
Robert was of French noble origin, who was born in the territory of the Diocese of Liège. It is presumable that he came to Hungary, when became a royal tutor of King Andrew's eldest son Béla (born 1206), replacing Bernard of Perugia, Archbishop of Split. In contemporary records, his name is referred to with the honorary title of "magister", demonstrating his university degree (possibly he studied in Liège or Sorbonne). Some historians consider he is identical with that Robertus Anglicus, who, alongside Peter, provost of Esztergom, stole documents from the papal register of the late Pope Alexander III in order to disarm the jurisdictional claims of the Archdiocese of Kalocsa against Esztergom. Historian Dániel Bácsatyai argues a namesake member of the cathedral chapter of Esztergom, mentioned in 1183, is the same person as Robert.

He simultaneously functioned as chancellor and provost of Fehérvár from 1207 to 1209. In this capacity, he was a supporter of the so-called "new institutions", a new policy for royal grants introduced by Andrew. While recording the preliminaries of the royal charters throughout 1208 and 1209, Robert characterized this reform as "the best measure of a royal grant is its being immeasurable." That sentence reflects Robert's knowledge of Novellae Constitutiones (one of the four parts of the Roman law), where the same phrase appears regarding the donations of the churches.

Bishop of Veszprém
After the death of his predecessor Kalanda, Robert was elected as Bishop of Veszprém in 1209. His election was confirmed by Pope Innocent III in the next year. Robert and his fellow bishop Peter of Győr were entrusted in 1211 to prepare a convention draft and submit to the Roman Curia on the subject of conflicts of jurisdiction between the archdioceses of Esztergom and Kalocsa. The proposal contained that the right of coronation should belong to the role of archbishop Esztergom, except in case of deliberate rejection, obstacle, deteriorated health condition or sede vacante, when the process must be performed by the archbishop of Kalocsa. The so-called "second coronations" (during festive events) must be celebrated jointly. In addition, the document attached the collection of tithe after the coinage to Esztergom, but John of Esztergom had to waive his all right (i.e. superintendence over the royal churches, abbeys and provostries, ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the royal officials) in the territory of the church province of Kalocsa, in accordance with the proposal. The theses of the document was promoted by Andrew II himself too. However Pope Innocent refused to countersign the document on 12 February 1212, referring to its "harmful consequences" for the Kingdom of Hungary.

Robert had a tense relationship with his metropolitan archbishop John, since Robert was the main preparer and submitter to the draft which sought to reduce the privileges of Esztergom. They had conflicts in the subject of superintendence over the provostry of Óbuda and the jurisdiction over the clerical staff in the royal court (mostly resided in Óbuda), in addition to the right of coronation of the queen consorts. The debate was intensified during the marriage of Andrew II and his second spouse Yolanda de Courtenay in February 1215. Their wedding was celebrated in Székesfehérvár and John crowned Yolanda queen consort. In response, Robert sent a complaint to Pope Innocent III, because the coronation of the queens consort in Hungary had been traditionally the privilege of his see, according to his narration. After Robert's personal visit in Rome, the pope sent two legates, cardinals Pelagio Galvani and Stefano di Ceccano to Hungary in order to investigate the complaint and confirmed the privilege of the See of Veszprém in April 1216. The decision was confirmed by Pope Honorius III in 1220 too. When John was prohibited from the free use of the archdiocese's income by the pope for his involvement in the consecration of the allegedly juvenile Bartholomew le Gros, Bishop of Pécs, John had to ask for permission to cover the necessary expenses from the pope's two appointed trustees, Thomas of Eger and his old antipode Robert of Veszprém. The two bishops were entrusted to become the guardians of Bartholomew until he reached adulthood. However an official inquiry ordered by the Holy See ascertained that the new bishop had already attained 30 years, the age required by canon law. After that John was acquitted of the charges and regained the right to financial supervision, while Thomas and Robert's mandate ceased by January 1221.

Robert participated in the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215, along with the two archbishops, and additionally five Hungarian and three Dalmatian bishops. Following that Robert became the most influential proponent of the Hungarian participation in the Fifth Crusade. In February 1217, Pope Honorius authorized him to absolve those noblemen from their vow, who were entrusted with protection of the realm, while Andrew II prepared for the crusade. Robert even allowed Andrew to mortgage the gold crown of the first queen consort Gisela.

Robert supported the foundation of monasteries in the territory of his diocese. For instance, he granted the collection right of tithe to the nuns of Veszprém Valley in 1210, upon the request of abbess Stella. During his episcopate, the abbeys of Almád and Hahót were (re-)established, while the hermits of St. James commenced their activities (they elevated into the formation of the Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit decades later). Robert donated annually 100 silver denari to the chapter of Veszprém. He also donated the chapel of Bereg to the canons for the spiritual sake of the murdered Queen Gertrude of Merania on the first anniversary of her burial. Upon Pope Honorius' order, Knight Hospitaller Göncöl was ordained priest then consecrated Archbishop of Split by Robert in 1221. Later he was criticized for this step by the local chapter. Robert had several disputes over the collection right of tithes in his diocese with the Pannonhalma Abbey and its abbot Uros at least since 1211. The Holy See ruled in favour of Uros in 1215; despite the verdict, Robert tried to take advantage of the abbot's absentee, who participated in the Fifth Crusade, and forced the concerned churches to pay tithes to the Diocese of Veszprém in 1217–1218. Pope Honorius launched a new lawsuit, which lasted a long time, but was ruled in favor of Pannonhalma again.

In 1225, Pope Honorius urged Andrew and Queen Yolanda to prohibit Muslims from employing Christians. Historian Nora Berend considers Robert, still as Bishop of Veszprém, was behind the charges, anticipating his future leading role on the issue. His appointment as archbishop in the next year showed his influence at the Roman Curia through his regular correspondence with the pope.

Archbishop of Esztergom

Appointment by the Holy See
Thomas of Esztergom died around November 1224, after less than a year of episcopate. The chapter could not agree unanimously about the new archbishop. Two rival factions emerged in the following months: a part of the canons nominated Desiderius of Csanád, while other members of the college supported James of Nyitra (or Nitra). Pope Honorius refused to recognize both elections. He referred to contradicted canonical rules of procedure, and thus called for holding new elections unless he appointed an archbishop to administer the province. In the second round, some canons continued to support Desiderius, while another emerging faction nominated archdeacon Thomas. Honorius again annulled the results and ordered four canons as envoys to Rome to represent their chapter by 6 January 1226. Three of them were guardian Nicholas and canons Andrew and John. However, there they failed to agree on a candidate acceptable to everyone, thus on 13 March 1226 Honorius appointed Robert, who was "worthy of both body and soul" as Archbishop of Esztergom.

Persecution of non-Christians
Robert pledged to participate in Emperor Frederick II's crusade in 1227. But, instead, he had to postpone his intention of travel to the Holy Land; the nearly contemporaneous Alberic of Trois-Fontaines recorded that a Cuman chieftain's son visited Robert in 1227, asking the archbishop to baptize him together with his 12 retainers. The Cuman nobleman also announced that his father was willing to come to Transylvania to be baptized along with his 2,000 subjects. Archbishop Robert accepted the offer and went to Transylvania, together with three Hungarian prelates, Bartholomew of Pécs, Bartholomew of Veszprém and Raynald of Belleville, Bishop of Transylvania. They met the Cuman chieftain, who was one "Boricius, fourth in rank among the major Cuman leaders", according to the chronicle of the Frisian Emo. At the meeting, the Hungarian prelates baptized Boricius and his retainers in the presence of Duke Béla.

Pope Gregory IX expressed his joy over the missionaries' success in "Cumania" and in the neighboring "land of the Brodnici" in a letter to Robert on 31 July 1227. Upon his request, the pope officially appointed Robert as papal legate (legatus a latere) to Cumania (i.e. the southwest of Moldavia). With the consent of the Roman Curia, Robert was mandated to baptize local Cumans and raise churches (also ordain priests for those). The conversion of thousands of Cumans was followed by the creation of the Diocese of Cumania. According to Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, Archbishop Robert consecrated Dominican friar Theodoric as bishop of the new diocese in 1228. Pope Gregory confirmed the consecration and urged the head of the Hungarian Dominicans to send new missionaries to the Cumans, and praised Duke Béla who had decided to visit Cumania in the company of Archbishop Robert. In Cumania, Robert carried out his mandate of papal legate in the interest of the Holy See (as he contributed to the political, territorial and spiritual expansion of the Christian faith), neglecting the Hungarian monarch's need for take an active role. The Hungarian royal court were limited to grant military support to Robert. The Christianization of the Cumans was an important political gain for Pope Gregory. Initially the Diocese of Cumania was subordinated to the archbishopric of Esztergom, but on 13 September 1229 the pope exempted the Diocese of Cumania of the authority of the Archbishops of Esztergom, subjecting its bishop directly to the Holy See, as the relationship between the Cumans and their priests was often tense during Robert's supervision. Four years after his first mission, Robert was again mandated to Cumania with the same goal in 1231. However, the result of his second mandate is unknown. Because of his appointment, Pope Gregory absolved Robert from his oath to participate in a crusade in February 1231. The pope informed Robert on the situation of the Latin Empire in his letter in May 1231 and requested him to reach out to Andrew II to provide assistance to the crusader state as he had previously promised.

The employment of Jews and Muslims to administer the royal revenues led Robert and the other subordinated prelates into conflict with King Andrew II. According to Pope Gregory's letter ("the news reached us from the report made by you"), Robert made a complaint about Andrew to the Roman Curia, because the king continued to employ Jews and Muslims despite his former conflict with the Holy See over the issue. Robert intended to extend his legate jurisdiction over Hungary and domestic political affairs. On 3 March 1231, Gregory authorized the archbishop (legate natus) to perform acts of religious censure to persuade Andrew to dismiss his non-Christian officials. Robert could there-fore excommunicate anyone who proceeded against the hierocratic (pro-papal) policy. The primatial privilege of the Archbishop of Esztergom was also reaffirmed by the pope, entitling his right to celebrate the coronation of the Hungarian monarch. Under duress, Andrew issued a Golden Bull in 1231, which confirmed that Muslims were banned from employment, and empowered the Archbishop of Esztergom to excommunicate the king if he failed to honor the provisions of the new Golden Bull. The document emphasizes specifically coinage among the public offices forbidden to non-Christians (Jews and Muslims), as the royal mint was located in Esztergom and was part of the privileges of its archbishop.

Although Andrew pledged to respect the privileges of the clergymen and to dismiss his non-Christian officials in his Golden Bull, he never fulfilled the latter promise. Robert excommunicated Palatine Denis, son of Ampud and other royal advisors (e.g. Master of the treasury Nicholas and a certain chamberlain Samuel of "Saracen" origin) and put Hungary under an interdict on 25 February 1232, because the employment of Jews and Muslims continued despite the Golden Bull of 1231. He was the first prelate who used this ecclesiastical censure against the kingdom. Robert argued he carried all this with reference to the apostolic authority (legatus) conferred on him. Since the archbishop accused the Muslims of persuading Andrew to seize church property, Andrew restored properties to the archbishop. Berend says Robert bemoaned the situation of the Catholic Church in the realm, as several clergymen lost their offices due to the presence of non-Christian financial experts. In response, Pope Gregory sent a letter to Archbishop Robert in July 1232, in which he accused him of exceeding his powers. The pope emphasized that Robert's jurisdiction as papal legate was limited only to the area inhabited by the Cumans and ordered him not to apply further ecclesiastical punishments. Pope Gregory sought an agreement and persuaded Robert to suspend the interdict.

Upon Andrew's demand, the pope sent Cardinal Giacomo di Pecorari as his legate to Hungary and promised that nobody would be excommunicated without the pope's special authorization. Thus Robert was overshadowed in the conflict by that time. On 20 August 1233, in the forests of Bereg, Andrew II vowed in the presence of Giacomo di Pecorari and Bartholomew of Veszprém that he would not employ Jews and Muslims to administrate royal revenues, and would pay 10,000 marks as compensation for usurped Church revenues. Andrew repeated his oath in Esztergom in September before Robert, who absolved the king "from his sins". Robert and the bishops also swore oath to the agreement of Bereg in January 1234. For the remaining time, their relationship improved; when the elderly Andrew, who had been widowed, married the 23-year-old Beatrice D'Este on 14 May 1234, Robert crowned the new queen (as archbishop, despite his former protests as Bishop of Veszprém against John of Esztergom), even though the king's sons – his protege Béla and Coloman – were sharply opposed to the marriage. John, Bishop of Bosnia, put Hungary under a new interdict in the first half of 1234, because Andrew had not dismissed his non-Christian officials despite his oath of Bereg. Andrew and, this time, Archbishop Robert protested against the bishop's act at the Holy See.

Ecclesiastical affairs and last years
In 1231 Robert initiated the process of canonization for one of his 12th-century predecessors, Archbishop Lucas. Upon his request, Pope Gregory entrusted Bulcsú Lád, Bishop of Csanád to conduct an investigation and send his report to Rome. When papal legate Giacomo di Pecorari arrived to Hungary in 1233, he also dealt with the issue, but the protocol was lost and the canonization process postponed. The initiative failed in silence due to the Mongol invasion of 1241.

The archbishop judged over the collection of tithe from the Szentes church (today Svätuše, Slovakia) in 1228. Following a grant of privilege by Andrew II in 1232, Robert had the right to judge over subjects who lived in the territory of the Archdiocese of Esztergom. However royal churches did not recognize his jurisdiction; for instance, Pope Gregory excommunicated Albert, provost of Arad in 1235, because he refused to acknowledge the authority of the archbishop. Albert only yielded to Archbishop Stephen Báncsa in 1246, promising that he would attend at the synods convoked by the archbishop. The abbey of Garamszentbenedek (today Hronský Beňadik, Slovakia) was also protested against the archdiocese's suzerainty; as a result Robert seized one of their villages.

Andrew II died on 21 September 1235. His son Béla IV was crowned king by Robert on 14 October 1235 in Székesfehérvár. On 29 August 1236, Robert issued two charters; first, he approved that Béla donated the St. Gerard church of Kispest together with its accessories, the St. Andrew chapel of Sasad (today a borough in Újbuda) and the St. Martin chapel of Budaörs to the Cistercian monastery founded by him in Bélakút (i.e., Pétervárad, present-day Petrovaradin, Serbia), which belonged to the church province of Kalocsa. In his second charter, Robert made it clear that the priest of the St. Gerard church had to be confirmed by the chapter of Esztergom with prior approval. Historian Géza Érszegi considers both documents as forgery, as a royal charter issued in 1243 confirms Béla granted the church to the Bélakút Abbey in that year. Béla founded the monastery itself in 1237, a year after Robert's two alleged documents.

On 29 September 1239, a month before Robert's death, Béla gave permission to the archdiocese to build Víziváros (, a neighborhood of Esztergom), under the royal castle and the St. Adalbert Basilica. Construction of the borough began during the brief episcopate of Robert's successor Matthias Rátót. Béla called Esztergom "locus primatis" in his royal charter. On 18 October 1239, Robert baptized the new-born prince Stephen, heir apparent and oldest son of Béla IV. Robert died on 1 November 1239. Ascetic devices and cilices were found in his sacristy after his death.

References

Sources

1239 deaths
Archbishops of Esztergom
Bishops of Veszprém
Hungarian people of French descent
Year of birth unknown
13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Hungary
12th-century French people
13th-century Hungarian people
University of Paris alumni


title: Bannockburn Football & Netball Club

text:
The Bannockburn Football and Netball Club is an Australian rules football and netball club based in the rural town of Bannockburn, 21 km north of Geelong, Victoria.

The club teams currently compete in the Geelong DFL since 1970.

History
At the end of the WWI, the club was competing in the Leigh Cup competition until it disbanded in 1923. The club moved to the Mathison Cup in 1924, and then later the Elliott Cup. In 1953 the club moved to the Geelong & District Football league. Player shortage in 1956 forced a merger with neighbouring club Lethbridge, the merger lasted 3 years before Lethbridge went it alone before they too went into recess in 1962.

In 1970 the club reformed after having hiatus since the end of 1958. They were accepted into Woolworth Cup (2nd division) competition of the GDFL. The club had the occasional success in the 1970s as they were a middle-of-the-road club that would make the finals only to lose at the end of the season. Relegated to 2nd Division in 1984, the club lost the 1984 Grand final by 41 points.  In 1985 they were minor premiers, only to crash out by losing both finals.  In 1990 they won the Premiership by defeating Thomson by 52 points.

Promoted into 1st division the club went back to back in 1997 and 1998. A further premiership was won in 2003.

In 2019, as massive underdogs, they upset Thomson to win their first premiership in 16 years by 6 points.

Premierships
 Mathieson Cup
 1925, 1931
 Geelong & District Football League
1990, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2019

VFL/AFL

Peter Riccardi -
Leigh Harding -
Alan Woodman -
James Worpel -

Bibliography
 Cat Country: History of Football In The Geelong Region by John Stoward –

References

External links
 Twitter site
 Instagrram site
 Teamapp site

Geelong & District Football League clubs
Sports clubs and teams established in 1970
Australian rules football clubs established in 1970
1970 establishments in Australia
Netball teams in Victoria (state)


title: Reck, Oklahoma

text:
Reck is an historical unincorporated community located in Carter County, Oklahoma, United States.

References

Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma
Unincorporated communities in Carter County, Oklahoma


title: Nam Ji-hyun (disambiguation)

text:
Nam Ji-hyun may refer to:
 Nam Ji-hyun (actress, born 1990) (born 1990), birth name of actress and former 4Minute member
 Nam Ji-hyun (actress) (born 1995)


title: Caitlin Carver

text:
Caitlin Carver (born March 31, 1992) is an American actress.

Early years
Carver was born in Monrovia, Alabama. She attended Sparkman High School in Harvest, Alabama where she graduated in 2010. Her father is Don Carver. She grew up dancing, doing gymnastics, and playing softball and basketball, until eventually beginning theater in high school. Before her acting career took off, she worked as a professional dancer, dancing with many notable recording artists in the music industry including Beyoncé, Ne-Yo, and Pitbull.

Career
Before acting roles, Carver appeared as a dancer in a number of television series, including Nashville, Glee, Parks and Recreation, and the VH1 cheerleader soapy drama Hit the Floor in the recurring role of Mason. In 2014 she began playing guest parts in Twisted, Southland, and Stalker. Also in 2014, she was cast for the recurring role of Hayley Heinz in the ABC Family drama series The Fosters for two seasons.

While filming The Fosters, Carver was cast as Becca Arrington in the movie adaption of John Green's best selling novel Paper Towns.

In 2015, Carver was cast as Lacey Briggs in the ABC prime time television soap opera Blood & Oil alongside Don Johnson, Amber Valletta, and Scott Michael Foster.

In 2016, Carver was cast as Michelle Geiss, a reluctant beauty and aspiring photographer who is both intellectual and talented, in the ABC television pilot Model Woman. She starred opposite Andie MacDowell, Steven Weber, and Nicole Ari Parker. She was also cast in Warren Beatty's Rules Don't Apply, and made appearances on NCIS, Timeless, and Heroes Reborn.

In 2017, Carver was cast as Nancy Kerrigan alongside Margot Robbie, Allison Janney, and Sebastian Stan in the award-winning film I, Tonya.

She recurred as Muffy Tuttle on Netflix's Dear White People.

She currently recurs as Emma Jacobs in NBC's Chicago Fire.

Filmography

References

External links

1992 births
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American musicians
Actresses from Alabama
American female dancers
Dancers from Alabama
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
Living people
Musicians from Alabama
People from Madison County, Alabama
People from Huntsville, Alabama


title: Jardins de Métis

text:
The Jardins de Métis, also known in English as the Reford Gardens, is an English-style garden located at Grand-Métis, Quebec. Originally private, the gardens were opened to the public in 1962. The gardens were designated a Canadian National Historic Site in 1995 and as a Quebec heritage site by the Ministry of Culture and Communications of Quebec in 2013.

Description
The property covers about 18 hectares (45 acres). The gardens contain approximately 3,000 plant varieties. Thanks to its location near the confluence of the St. Lawrence and Mitis Rivers, the site has a favourable microclimate which allows plants to grow here that are found nowhere else in Canada.

An International Garden Festival has been held here every year since 2000. The festival features contemporary gardens designed by landscape architects and designers from around the world.

Estevan Lodge, also known as the Villa Reford or Villa Estevan, is a heritage building which was formerly Elsie Reford's summer home. It was built in 1887 and expanded by her in 1926 and 1927, and restored in 2003. Currently it is used as a dining room and also houses temporary exhibits.

History
The gardens were developed by Elsie Reford between 1926 and 1958. The site was originally a fishing lodge owned by George Stephen, Reford's uncle who later gave the property to Reford. While she was recovering from surgery, her doctor suggested that she take up gardening as a less strenuous alternative to fishing.

Gallery

References

External links

 Les Jardins de Métis/Reford Gardens official site

National Historic Sites in Quebec
Botanical gardens in Canada
Estate gardens in Canada
Heritage sites in Quebec (Cultural Heritage Act)
Protected areas of Bas-Saint-Laurent
Tourist attractions in Bas-Saint-Laurent


title: Knoxville, Nebraska

text:
Knoxville is an unincorporated community in Knox County, Nebraska, United States.

History
A post office was established at Knoxville in 1879, and remained in operation until it discontinued in 1931. An early settler being a native of Knoxville, Illinois caused the name to be selected.

References

Unincorporated communities in Knox County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska


title: Sorelle Marinetti

text:
Sorelle Marinetti (the Marinetti sisters) is the name of an Italian swing singer trio starring three males singers in travesti fashion. Their names are Turbina, Elica and Scintilla Marinetti (respectively Nicola Olivieri, Matteo Minerva and Marco Lugli). In October 2015 Matteo Minerva replaced Andrea Allione, one of the original members of the trio, known to the public as "Mercuria".

Background and style
The band names and the pseudonyms of the singers refers to futurism and its founder, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. The band uses Swing elements of the 1930s and musical ideas from Giovanni D’Anzi, like the Boswell Sisters, the Trio Lescano and the Puppini Sisters.

Producer Giorgio Bozzo started casting members for the groups in 2006. The first CD Non ce ne importa niente was published in 2008. 2010 the band published another CD called Signorine novecento. The Orchestra Maniscalchi, a swingband produced by Bozzo, is often playing together with the sorelle.

Appearances
Some TV gigs took place with Maurizio Costanzo, of SKY Vivo, in the Maurizio Costanzo Show and as well together with Piero Chiambretti, The sorelle went on stage at the Sanremo Music Festival 2010 together with vocalist Arisa. 2010 Pippo Baudos comparison of the sorelle with Sorelle Bandiera lead to a smaller scandal in Italy, since the singers disagreed to participate in Baudilfos show afterwards.

Gianni Fantoni and Giorgio Bozzo produced a musical about a swing group (the sorelle) in the time of the Allied invasion of Italy 1943. The piece called Risate sotto le bombe laughter under the bombs, was brought on stage in Milan 2013.

External links
 Website
 Blog
 Intro on the website of Palermo

References

Swing ensembles
2006 establishments in Italy
Musical groups established in 2006
Cross-dressing


title: Bava Pyara Caves

text:
Bava Pyara caves (also known as Baba Pyara caves) are an example of ancient man-made caverns. The caves are a part of the Junagadh Buddhist Cave Groups situated in the eastern part of Junagadh of the Indian state of Gujarat. Bava Pyara caves contains artworks of both Buddhism and Jainism.

Caves
These caves are arranged in three lines; the first line on the north-facing southwards, the second line on the south from the east end of the first line, and the third line runs back of the second line in west-north-west. The second line has a primitive flat-roofed chaitya cave having simple cells on either side of it with extra cells on the north and east of it.

The Bava Pyara caves were visited by James Burgess, an English archaeologist and founder of The Indian Antiquary. He concluded that they have affiliated with both Buddhism and Jainism. According to Burgess these caves were initially built for Buddhists bhikkhus and were in a later period occupied by Jain ascetics. He was not certain about the exact age of the ancient caves. One fragmentary inscription was found in the Bava Pyara cave that affirms its affiliation to Jainism because one term in that inscription is exclusively used by Jains. The inscription was read as "केवलज्ञान संप्राप्तानां जीतजरामरणानां ".

The term kevalgyan was used exclusively by Jains. Scholar H. D. Sankalia attributes these caves to Jainism because of some auspicious symbols typical of Jainism that is depicted above the door's frame. Sankalia recorded about eleven auspicious symbols, "Nandhyavarta", "Swastika", "Darpan", "Bhadrasana", "Meen Yugal"  and "Purna Ghata". Such symbols were also found on Ayagpattas from Kankali Teela Mathura. About five such symbols are found in another cave of Bava pyara Caves. These symbols are in a bad state and not recorded, although they were identified as Darpan, Meen Yugal, Purna Ghat, Meen Yugal, Darpan. On a small entrance of one of the caves in the second row at the south end are two symbols depicting Vyala figures. Burgess and Sanklia failed to notice them. According to Madhusudan Dhaky, based on the Vyala figure, the Bava pyara cave is from the 2nd or 3rd century AD. Sankalia claimed that the Chaityagruh containing cave should be at least from the 2nd century BC, and caves with symbols carving should be hailed from 2nd or 3rd century AD.

Image gallery

References

External links

 Baba Pyara Junagadh
 Buddhist caves
 History of Baba Pyara cave
 Baba Pyare, Khapra Kodia Caves

History of Jainism
Jain rock-cut architecture
Buddhist caves in India
Caves of Gujarat
Indian rock-cut architecture
Former populated places in India
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India
Architecture in India
Tourist attractions in Junagadh district
Caves containing pictograms in India
2nd-century Jain temples


title: Marvin Hughitt

text:
Marvin Hughitt (August 9, 1837 – January 6, 1928) was an American railroad tycoon from New York. Interested in telegraphy at a young age, Hughitt quickly mastered the trade and moved to Chicago, Illinois to work. He came to the attention of the St. Louis, Alton and Chicago Railroad, who hired him to coordinate trains. This began a long career in rail, culminating in the presidency of the Chicago and North Western Railroad (1887–1910). He also served as president of two of its subsidiary lines, the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley and the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha.

Biography
Marvin Hughitt was born in Genoa, New York, on August 9, 1837. He was raised on the family farm and attended mostly public schools with some schooling in a seminary. Hughitt was interested in the telegraph when it was invented and moved to Auburn, New York to seek a position related to the field. He picked up the trade quickly and was considered a local expert within a year.

When he was seventeen, Hughitt moved to Chicago, Illinois. He had heard that the Illinois & Mississippi Telegraph Company was seeking telegraphers, and in 1854 he was hired. He rose through the ranks of the company and was made superintendent of the office under former Supreme Court of Illinois justice John D. Caton. Representatives of the St. Louis, Alton and Chicago Railroad, one of the early railways in Chicago, took notice and offered Hughitt a position as superintendent of telegraph. When the company reorganized in 1861 to become the Chicago & Alton Railroad, Hughitt left the company to take a position as trainmaster for the southern division for the Illinois Central Railroad in Centralia, Illinois.

With the onset of the Civil War, the railroad's southern division became a critical transportation corridor. Hughitt was responsible for overseeing the massive quantities of troops and supplies from St. Louis, Missouri to Cairo, Illinois over a thirty-six-hour period. He then was tasked with moving the troops to Virginia during another thirty-six-hour shift. The incident brought Hughitt instant notoriety, and the company reassigned him to Chicago to become assistant superintendent of the railroad. In 1864, he was named general superintendent under John M. Douglas. When Douglas retired, Hughitt left the company to become superintendent of the Pullman Car Company. His stay with the company was brief until he resigned to become assistant general manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad.

On February 1, 1872, Hughitt was named general superintendent of the Chicago and North Western Railroad (CNW). He also closely worked with James Henry Howe, the manager of the line, who was generally unfamiliar with railroads. When Howe resigned, and following a short term by Henry H. Porter, Hughitt was named general manager of the line in 1876. Four years later, the board of directors elected him Second Vice President. In 1882, he was named president of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway, a feeder line to the CNW. Two years later he accepted the presidency of the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad, another feeder line.

When Albert Keep was elected president of the board of directors upon its creation in 1887, Hughitt was elected to the CNW presidency. Hughitt was named a director of the Southern Pacific Railway Company in 1904. He led the CNW until his retirement in 1910. He remained chairman of the board of directors until 1925.

In his free time, Hughitt enjoyed billiards and had a room in his Prairie Avenue house dedicated to the game. He was a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago, serving a term as its president. He died at his home in Lake Forest, Illinois after a stroke on January 6, 1928.

References

1837 births
1928 deaths
19th-century American railroad executives
20th-century American railroad executives
Businesspeople from Chicago
Chicago and North Western Railway
People from Genoa, New York
People from Lake Forest, Illinois


title: Los Pekenikes

text:
Los Pekenikes were a primarily instrumental Spanish pop group of the 1960s signed to Hispavox. In 1967 Spain's national radio station selected the group to represent Spain in the Juan-Antoine de Triomphe Variete Festival promoted by French radio stations.

In 1970/'71 the group had an international hit with the single Tren transoceánico a Bucaramanga.

References

Spanish musical groups


title: Dukeville, Nebraska

text:
Dukeville is an unincorporated community in Knox County, Nebraska, United States.

History
A post office was established at Dukeville in 1875, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1911.

Geography
Dukeville is situated on the Niobrara River,  west of Niobrara.

References

Unincorporated communities in Knox County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska


The 1900 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 1900 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The Commodores were coached by James L. Crane, in his second year as head coach. The loss to Texas was the first intersectional contest at the State Fair of Texas.

Schedule

References

Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt Commodores football seasons
Vanderbilt Commodores football


title: Cecil Augustus Motteram

text:
Cecil Augustus Motteram (ca.1853 – 13 June 1943) was an Australian baker, born in England, who founded Motteram biscuits, later part of Arnott-Motteram, later Arnott's biscuits.

History
C. A. Motteram was born in London, third son of solicitor John Philip Motteram (ca.1817 – 23 April 1890), who emigrated to Australia in 1858 on the Tornado and had a practice in Bendigo, or Sandhurst as it was then known.  He was for two years assistant librarian at the Bendigo Mechanics Institute, then in 1873 moved to South Australia, where he was employed by the Aerated Bread Company. By 1881 he was the company's manager; the company's products included Pilot Bread, Cabin Bread, Adelaide biscuits, Abernethy biscuits, Arrowroot biscuits and Bush biscuits to mention a few.

In 1892 Motteram and fellow-employee engineer Edward Williamson (ca.1864 – 27 July 1927) took over its operation and as Motteram & Williamson bought the business in 1894, and soon became the leading biscuit manufacturer in the State.

In 1909 Motteram left to start his own company; Williamson continued as E. Williamson & Co. in Waymouth Street; he sold the business to E. Williamson Ltd, a company in which he had no interest, in 1924  – three years before his death.

In 1919 Motteram opened his new factory in Grote street near West Terrace. The company became Motteram & Sons Ltd. in 1919.

In 1950 William Arnott Pty. Ltd. of Sydney purchased a half share in the company, which in 1952 became known as Arnott Motteram Ltd.

Family
Motteram married Ada Elliot (ca.1859 – 28 November 1942) on 29 March 1881; they had two daughters Ethel and Gertrude, sons Philip and Walter, and a grandson J. P. Motteram, who continued to manage the company. Their home was at 23 Pier Street, Glenelg.

See also
Contemporary bakers in South Australia include:
Murray & Son, biscuit makers of Coromandel Valley
Matthew Madge baker of Moonta Street and (briefly) MHA
William Menz

References

1850s births
1943 deaths
Australian food industry businesspeople
Australian people of English descent
Colony of South Australia people


title: Laugh and Get Rich

text:
Laugh and Get Rich is a 1931 pre-Code American comedy film, directed by Gregory La Cava, from a screenplay he also wrote with contributions from Douglas MacLean, who also was the associate producer, and Ralph Spence. The film stars Dorothy Lee, Edna May Oliver, Hugh Herbert, and Russell Gleason, and revolves around the antics in a boarding house in the early 1930s, run by Oliver, and the complications caused by her husband.

Plot
Sarah Austin (Edna May Oliver) runs a boarding house during the Depression, always on the verge of bankruptcy. Her husband, Joe (Hugh Herbert) is a shiftless person who has never understood the concept of work; he is constantly involving them in get-rich-quick schemes. Their daughter, Alice (Dorothy Lee), has her eyes set on poor young inventor, Larry Owens (Russell Gleason), but her mother wishes she would become involved with Bill Hepburn (John Harron), seemingly from a well-connected family.

Sarah's illusions about Bill, however, are dashed when Bill kidnaps Joe, whom he mistakes for Mr. Pennypacker. Shortly after this, Joe takes Sarah's life savings, which she has hidden in a lamp, and invests it in an oil well, conned into it by one of Sarah's boarders, Mr. Phelps (Robert Emmett Keane). When Sarah finds out, she is furious, so Joe goes out and takes a job as a ditch digger. However, much to everyone's surprise, the oil well actually strikes oil. Believing that they are rich, Sarah and Joe go visit Sarah's sister, Cassie Palfrey (Louise Mackintosh), who lives in an estate on Long Island.

While there, the oil well runs dry, and their newfound wealth evaporates. However, all is not lost, as they find out that one of Larry's inventions (which Joe has promoted), a tire valve, has attracted an investor, and they will be making over $50,000 per year off the invention, a veritable fortune in 1931.

Cast
 Edna May Oliver as Sarah Austin
 Hugh Herbert as Joe Austin
 Dorothy Lee as Alice Austin
 Russell Gleason as Larry Owens
 John Harron as Bill Hepburn
 Charles Sellon as Biddle
 George Davis as Vincentini
 Robert Emmett Keane as Phelps
 Maude Fealy as Miss Teasdale
 Louise Mackintosh as Mrs. Cassandra 'Cassie' Palfrey
 Lita Chevret as Party guest
 Rochelle Hudson as Joan
 Ivan Lebedeff as The Count

Source:Cast list as per AFI database, and Theiapolis.com

Production
"Board and Room" was the working title of the film during production.

Reception
Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times gave the film a good review, calling it, "...a pleasant little comedy of boarding house life, distinguished by the performance of Edna May Oliver as the head of the establishment."

Silver Screen magazine gave it a good, but not great, review, stating the film was "... a nice homey comedy ..." which was "entertaining, but not a laugh riot", and praised Herbert, but were less impressed by Oliver. Photoplay was a bit kinder, complimenting both Herbert and Oliver, and saying that the film was "Good for plenty of laughs", and that audience members would be "... agreeably surprised at the newness of the treatment and gags." Motion Picture Magazine was the most impressed, not only praising Herbert and Oliver, but also Dorothy Lee, John Harron, and Russell Gleason as well. They called the picture, "... one of the best little comedies to happen along in many a celluloid moon."

References

External links

1931 films
1931 comedy films
American comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Gregory La Cava
RKO Pictures films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films


title: Dukeville

text:
Dukeville may refer to:

Dukeville, Nebraska, an unincorporated community in Knox County
Dukeville, North Carolina, a populated place in Rowan County


title: Shake It Off (disambiguation)

text:
"Shake It Off" is a 2014 song by Taylor Swift.

Shake It Off may also refer to:

Songs
"Shake It Off" (Mariah Carey song), 2005
"Shake It Off", a 1978 song by B. T. Express from Shout! (Shout It Out)
"Shake It Off", a 1983 song by Stiff Little Fingers, later included on Get a Life
"Shake It Off", a 1998 song by Spoon from A Series of Sneaks
"Shake It Off", a 1998 song by Robert Bradley's Blackwater Surprise
"Shake It Off", a 2000 song by Take 5
"Shake It Off", a 2000 song by Wilco from Sky Blue Sky
"Shake It Off", a 2001 song by Henry Threadgill from Everybodys Mouth's a Book
"Shake It Off", a 2002 song by DJ Jazzy Jeff from The Magnificent
"Shake It Off", a 2002 song by Tela from Double Dose
"Shake It Off", a 2004 song by Mandy Moore from The Best of Mandy Moore
"Shake It Off", a 2005 song by GoGoGo Airheart from Rats! Sing! Sing!
"Shake It Off", a 2005 song by Hi-Five from The Return
"Shake It Off", a 2005 song by Lyrics Born from Same !@$ Different Day
"Shake It Off", a 2005 song by Supersuckers from Devil's Food
"Shake It Off", a 2006 song by El Perro del Mar from El Perro del Mar
"Shake It Off", a 2006 song by Krystal Meyers from Dying for a Heart
"Shake It Off", a 2007 song by Annabel Fay from Annabel Fay
"Shake It Off", a 2007 song by Corbin Bleu from Another Side
"Shake It Off", a 2007 song by Dizmas from Tension
"Shake It Off", a 2007 song by Joseph Arthur & the Lonely Astronauts from Let's Just Be
"Shake It Off", a 2009 song by Agnes Monica from Sacredly Agnezious
"Shake It Off", a 2009 song by KJ-52 from Five-Two Television
"Shake It Off", a 2011 song by The Medics
"Shake It Off", a 2012 song by Meisa Kuroki from Unlocked
"Shake It Off", a 2013 song by JT Curtis
"Shake It Off", a 2013 song by Michael Martin Murphey from Red River Drifter
"Shake It Off", a 2013 song by Secondhand Serenade
"Shake It Off", a 2013 song by The Blow Monkeys
"Shake It Off", a 2013 song by The Spinto Band
"Shake It Off", a 2015 song by Hurry
"Shake It Off", a song by Hal Linton
"Shake It Off (Walking With The King of Funk)", a 2004 song by Stripper's Union from Stripper's Union Local 518

Albums
Shake It Off, a 2002 album by Gerald Eaton
Shake It Off, a 2008 album by Chevelle Franklyn
Shake It Off, a 2010 album by Brooke Miller
Shake It Off, a 2013 album by Ash Bowers


title: Aviation history of Samarinda

text:
The aviation story of Samarinda began during Japanese occupation. The Japanese army acquired a land in Temindung for use as a small airfield, the land originally named Temindung which explains the name of the airport.

The second airport in Samarinda, Borneo, was located at Mahakam. In 1949, KLM set a new mark in Samarinda aviation history. The airline successfully took off at the airport, operated by its Catalina amphibious aeroplanes. They were the first aeroplane that took off from Samarinda.

In 1950, Shell plc operated weekly flight from Balikpapan to Samarinda. On 17 September 1950, the first president of Indonesia Sukarno, took off from the airport on his first visit to Samarinda.

Temindung and Sungai Siring

In 1973, the story of Temindung expansion began. The location of Temindung belonged to Pertamina (Pelita Air Service) and the government, who owned the land. It became a small airport for the government.

In 1974 the passenger terminal was completed, and Temindung became a domestic airport, renamed Samarinda Airport. But it remains popularly known as Temindung Airport.

At that time, the airlines operating from the airport were:
Georgia P. I.
MAF Borneo
IAT
Bouraq Indonesia Airlines
Avedeco
ATA Borneo
Merpati Nusantara Airlines
Pelita Air

Temindung was taking on more flights than it could handle, and buildings had spread to within spitting distance of the runway. It was decided to look for a new area, which is away from the congested Samarinda central area. In 2005, construction of the brand new airport began at Sungai Siring, 16 km to the north of Temindung.

At 15:36 on May 23, 2018, the city's main air hub closed its doors, moving services to the new Samarinda International Airport in the morning of the following day, characterised by wingspanned curve roof and solar-powered rooftops. In 2019, Samarinda International Airport handled some 1 million travellers.

References

Aviation history of Indonesia
Samarinda


title: Rick MacInnes-Rae

text:
Rick MacInnes-Rae is a Canadian radio journalist, known as a longtime reporter and host on CBC Radio. An investigative journalist and foreign correspondent for the network, he was the host of the documentary series Dispatches from 2001 to 2012.

Beginning his career with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1976, he worked as a local reporter in various Canadian cities before becoming an international war correspondent in the 1980s, including reports from El Salvador, Chechnya, Gaza, Northern Ireland, the Persian Gulf, Mali, Panama, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Bosnia.

In 1993, he won an award from the Canadian Association of Journalists for his five-part series on the rise of the radical right. In 1996, he won the Citation for Excellence Under Fire award from the Bayeux-Calvados Awards for war correspondents for his coverage of Operation Grapes of Wrath in Lebanon. He has won three Amnesty International Media Awards, in 1997 for his series of news reports "Exodus from Zaire", in 1999 for "Kosovo Reports" and in 2007 for his Dispatches documentary "The Paradox of Democracy".

Dispatches was launched on CBC Radio in 2001. The program was cancelled in 2012, although MacInnes-Rae remained with the network in other roles, including continued international affairs reporting and stints as a guest host on The Current and As It Happens.

MacInnes-Rae announced his retirement from the network in July 2014. His future plans include writing a book about a distant ancestor.

References

Canadian radio reporters and correspondents
Canadian radio news anchors
Canadian war correspondents
CBC Radio hosts
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Pishelville, Nebraska

text:
Pishelville is an unincorporated community in Knox County, Nebraska, United States.

History
A post office was established at Pishelville in 1874, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1927. The town was founded by Anton Pischel, and named for him.

References

Unincorporated communities in Knox County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska