title: Alauddin Jauhar ul-Alam Syah

text:
Sultan Alauddin Jauhar ul-Alam Syah (1786 – 1 December 1823) was the twenty-ninth sultan of Aceh in northern Sumatra. He ruled in 1795–1815 and again in 1819–1823, the intervening period being filled by the usurper Syarif Saiful Alam Syah.

Enthronement and regency

When Sultan Alauddin Muhammad Syah died in February 1795 he left a 9-year-old son, Husain, who was born from his main wife Merah di Awan (daughter of a previous sultan, Badr ul-Alam Syah). After an interregnum of about one month Husain was proclaimed under the name Sultan Alauddin Jauhar ul-Alam Syah. Merah di Awan made sure that her brother Raja Udahna Lela was appointed regent for the young sultan. The first years of the regency were relatively tranquil. The sultan, who had spent time on a British ship as a boy, spoke English and was well acquainted with European customs. He took up the habit of drinking alcohol which did not endear him to the Muslim clergy. The British were in possession of Penang off the coast of the Malay Peninsula since 1786 and there was a steady trade with the Acehnese who produced pepper and other local produce. The pepper ports of the west coast of Aceh continued to develop, some being dominated by the enterprising Lebai Dappa, father-in-law of Raja Udahna Lela. A serious incident occurred in 1803 when the ship Crescent was plundered by the inhabitants of Muki (north of Singkil). A British punitive expedition departed from Bengkulu in 1804 and captured the fort in Muki.

First civil war

Sultan Alauddin Jauhar ul-Alam Syah began to reign in own name in 1802. However, his uncle Raja Udahna Lela was not willing to step down from his prerogatives as regent. He rebelled against the sultan, supported by the commercial strongman Lebai Dappah. At first Alauddin Jauhar ul-Alam Syah had too flee to Pidië. After some time he returned to the estuary of the Aceh River and asked the British in Penang for help to defeat the rebellion. No European help came, but the sultan managed to defeat Raja Udahna Lela after his mother, sister of the regent, had shifted her support from her brother to her son. Raja Udahna Lela fled in turn in 1805 but was caught and killed at Nesuk. The authority of Alauddin Jauhar ul-Alam Syah nevertheless stood on a shaky ground and he had problems harvesting the duties on the west coast. In spite of the expanding pepper trade the sultan benefited little since he did not have the bureaucratic apparatus to control economic flows. When he nevertheless tried, he inevitably created discontent among his subjects. A brief revolt that involved Lebai Dappah occurred in 1808 but was suppressed. It might partly have been caused by the sultan's use of British, French and Portuguese adventurers as trusted men.

Second civil war

After the British seizure of Dutch Java in 1811, relations between Aceh and the British became increasingly strained. British officials and merchants on Sumatra and Penang wanted free access to Acehnese ports and were dissatisfied with the sultan's attempts to control trade. Penang merchants as well as Acehnese traders wished to get rid of Alauddin Jauhar ul-Alam Syah. Falling pepper prices in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars added to the discontent. A wealthy Penang merchant, Sayyid Husain, claimed descent from Sultan Jamal ul-Alam Badr ul-Munir (1703-1726) and gained a key role in the movement against the sultan. A revolt broke out in October 1814. The sultan was accused of un-Islamic behaviour and was declared deposed by the panglimas (leaders) of the three sagis (regions). Sayyid Husain was elected sultan in April 1815 but soon forwarded the dignity to his son Sayyid Abdullah who was enthroned in November under the name Syarif Saiful Alam Syah. Alauddin Jauhar ul-Alam fled to Penang and asked the British for assistance which was naturally not provided. However, the ex-sultan still had sympathies among some of the elite and was invited back by the lord of Pidië. In spite of two attempts by Sayyid Husain to have him murdered, he established a base in Pasai. An inconclusive war was fought against the two sayyids during the next few years. A British mission to Aceh in 1818 found Syarif Saiful Alam Syah to be the most promising of the rival candidates. However, a new mission under Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1819 saw things differently. The British were anxious to negotiate a treaty with Aceh which was the only part of Sumatra that had not turned Dutch after Britain handed back the Dutch East Indies in 1816. It was vital to end the civil war, and the best way according to Raffles was to remove Syarif Saiful Alam Syah whose claims to the throne were spurious. He signed a formal treaty with Alauddin Jauhar ul-Alam Syah on 22 April 1819. It stipulated the appointment of a British agent, exclusion of other nations, and active British support to secure the throne. With no prospects of British support Syarif Saiful Alam Syah could not maintain his position but left Aceh and subsequently lived in Penang where he enjoyed an allowance of 6,000 dollars per year.

Last years

The 1819 treaty effectively became a dead letter. Moreover, the restored sultan had difficulties making his authority heard. Most of the political players in Aceh were still opposed to his governance. Only in 1820 did he manage to establish himself in the outskirts of the capital Kutaraja. He built a fortified stockade at the mouth of the Aceh River from which he carried on some trade and collected revenues. He asked the British for 500 sepoys and military supplies to use to fight the panglimas of the three sagis, but was disappointed. Eventually he died on 1 December 1823 without having managed to take full control of the capital. He left six children of which Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah I succeeded him. The succession brought an end to the long period of civil strife in Aceh.

References

Literature

 Djajadiningrat, Raden Hoesein (1911) 'Critische overzicht van de in Maleische werken vervatte gegevens over de geschiedenis van het soeltanaat van Atjeh', Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 65, pp. 135–265.
 Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië (1917), Vol. 1. 's Gravenhage & Leiden: M. Nijhoff & Brill.
 Lee Kam Hing (1995) The Sultanate of Aceh: Relations with the British, 1760–1824. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

Sultans of Aceh
1786 births
1823 deaths
18th-century Indonesian people
19th-century Indonesian people


title: Xyleutes benestriata

text:
Xyleutes benestriata is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found on the Bahamas.

References

Zeuzerinae
Moths described in 1904


title: Endoxyla cinereus

text:
Endoxyla cinereus, the giant wood moth, is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Australia (Queensland, New South Wales) and New Zealand. The species was first described in 1890. A rare contemporary sighting of the moth at a school in Australia garnered notice as an editor's pick among the daily headlines of the New York Times on May 8, 2021.

It is the heaviest moth in the world; weighing up to 30 g. Its wingspan is approximately 23 cm, or just over nine inches.

The larvae bore into the trunks of trees of the Eucalyptus species. Pupation takes place in the larval tunnel.

References

Further reading

External links

Endoxyla (moth)
Moths described in 1890
Moths of Australia
Moths of New Zealand


title: Xyleutes keyensis

text:
Xyleutes keyensis is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found on the Kei Islands and Tanimbar Islands.

References

Zeuzerinae
Moths described in 1919


title: Xyleutes poam

text:
Xyleutes poam is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Mexico.

References

Zeuzerinae
Moths described in 1918


title: Xyleutes xanthotherma

text:
Xyleutes xanthotherma is a moth in the family Cossidae described by George Hampson in 1919. It is found in Peru.

References

Moths described in 1919
Zeuzerinae


title: Dennis O. Cawthorne

text:
Dennis O. Cawthorne is a Republican politician from Michigan who served in the Michigan House of Representatives and as a member and chairman of the Mackinac Island State Park Commission. He is a partner in the Kelley Cawthorne lobbying firm in Lansing with former Michigan Attorney General Frank J. Kelley.

Beginnings
Growing up in Manistee, Cawthorne had an appetite for politics and was drawn to the Republican Party. In 1952, he formed a group dedicated to supporting Dwight D. Eisenhower's candidacy for president; Eisenhower later wrote him a letter thanking him for his efforts. Four years later, he worked on Robert P. Griffin's first campaign for Congress. After winning that election, Griffin selected Cawthorne to intern in his office in Washington, D.C.

While he was still in college, Cawthorne took a summer job loading carriages. His manager recognized his potential, and so he was made the manager of the chamber of commerce, a job he had each summer during law school.

Lansing
In 1966, Cawthorne ran for the Michigan House of Representatives and was victorious. He served in the House for 12 years, four of them as Republican leader. He won admiration from the Democratic Speaker of the House Bobby Crim for his pragmatism and willingness to work out compromises. After leaving office in 1978, he was considered as a candidate for lieutenant governor with William Milliken, but the choice went to James Brickley. Effectively shut out of running for Congress, he formed a law firm with Democratic Senate majority leader William Fitzgerald which they dissolved in mid-1989.

He had a major hand in the writing of Proposal A, the major school-funding reform of the early 1990s, including convincing legislators to increase the minimum funding from $3,900 per pupil to $4,200 which had a major benefit for school districts in northern Michigan.

After leaving office in 1999, Frank J. Kelley approached Cawthorne about forming a lobbying firm. Kelley Cawthorne represents such clients as DTE Energy, Wal-Mart, and American Express.

Mackinac Island
Cawthorne was appointed to the Mackinac Island State Park Commission by Governor John Engler in 1991. He was subsequently re-appointed by Governors Jennifer Granholm and Rick Snyder, stepping down in 2013.

One of his first priorities after being appointed to the commission was to reclaim some of the public land and public access that had been chipped away over the years. The commission was able to secure one mile of shoreline by acquisition and easements, as well as getting development rights.

When a proposal emerged to eliminate the park's $1.5 million budget and replace it with a per capita tax on visitors coming by ferry, Cawthorne quietly but effectively killed the proposal, putting the money back in the budget in a diplomatic way so that no one lost face. At least some of the park's funding comes via an endowment fund for state parks. He also successfully argued before the Michigan Public Service Commission against a proposal which would have made calls from the island to the mainland long-distance, and worked with the United States Department of Health and Human Services to grant emergency-room status to the island's medical center.

Cawthorne chaired his final commission meeting on April 11, 2013, and the trail along the shoreline of Mission Point was named in his honor. The trail's creation was also one of Cawthorne's accomplishments during the mid-1990s.

Cawthorne was the longest-serving chairman in the history of the commission. During his tenure, the Historic Mill Creek State Park was created, the Richard and Jane Manoogian Mackinac Art Museum was opened, the Old Mackinac Point Lighthouse was reopened, and restoration of buildings and walls at Fort Mackinac were all accomplished. He also oversaw major improvements to the infrastructure of Mackinac Island, particularly at the airport. Cawthorne was also the manager of the Mackinac Island Chamber of Commerce, the founder and owner of the Village Inn, and has organized the Mackinac Island Steak and Suds Society receptions in Lansing.

References

1944 births
Living people
People from Manistee, Michigan
Albion College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Michigan lawyers
Republican Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives
20th-century American politicians


title: Capnolymma borneana

text:
Capnolymma borneana is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Ohbayashi in 1994.

References

Beetles described in 1994
Lepturinae


title: William Henry Powell (soldier)

text:
William Henry Powell (May 10, 1825 – December 26, 1904) was an American soldier who fought for the Union in the American Civil War. He was a leader in the iron and nail business before the war, and his leadership abilities proved useful in the military. Powell began as a captain, and quickly ascended to higher roles in the cavalry, including commanding a regiment, a brigade, and then a division. Powell was awarded his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for heroism at Sinking Creek, Virginia, when, as leader of a group of 22 men, he captured an enemy camp and took over 100 prisoners. This was accomplished without the loss of any of his men on November 26, 1862. He was honored with the award on July 22, 1890.

In July 1863, Powell was shot while leading cavalry in Wytheville, Virginia.  Although surgeons on both sides of the conflict believed his wound was fatal, Powell survived—and became a prisoner of war.  He was later exchanged, and returned to his command of the 2nd West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. In 1864, Powell commanded brigades while fighting mostly in the Shenandoah Valley under the direct supervision of General William W. Averell in an army commanded by General Philip Sheridan. Eventually, Powell replaced Averell as division commander. Powell led cavalry in numerous battles, including Moorefield, Opequon, and Fisher's Hill. He resigned as a brigadier general in January 1865 to tend to family health issues. He was later brevetted to major general. Powell returned to his original profession working in the iron making industry, and was active in the Grand Army of the Republic, a fraternal organization of Union veterans of the American Civil War.

In a letter sent to headquarters in 1864, General George Crook said "Colonel Powell has served with me often since the commencement of the war. He has distinguished himself in every battle he was engaged in under me. He has been recommended by me on several occasions, for promotion.  I regard him as one of the best cavalry officers I have ever seen in the service."

Early life
William Henry Powell was born on May 10, 1825, in Pontypool, South Wales.
At the time, the community was part of Monmouthshire, an iron-making region. Both of his parents, William and Sarah Griffith Powell, were Welsh. His father immigrated to the United States in 1827, and his mother followed in 1830 with the rest of the family. Originally, they lived in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, but they moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1833. Powell's father was an ironworker, and was employed by the Gennessee Iron Works. Powell began to learn his father's profession while still a boy, working in a rolling mill and nail factory in Nashville. In 1840, the Gennessee Iron Works closed because of a recession. The family moved north to Wheeling, Virginia, in 1843. Powell's father began employment at Wheeling's Rolling Mill Nail Factory.

Powell continued learning his father's profession in Wheeling. Four years after the move to Wheeling, he built the Benwood Nail Works while only 22 years old, and became its superintendent. In 1846, he was involved in an accident at the nail iron works and lost vision of his right eye. Powell married Sarah Gilchrist in 1847, and they eventually had six children. Two children died in infancy, and one died at age 20. In 1853, the family moved to Ironton, Ohio, which is located southwest of Wheeling along the Ohio River. In Ironton, Powell built the Bellfonte Nail Works. When the American Civil War began in 1861, Powell was general superintendent and financial agent of this large iron works. He left the business in August to begin service as a cavalry captain.

American Civil War: Western Virginia
Between September 20, 1860, and February 1, 1861, seven southern states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. Fighting began on April 12, 1861, when American troops were attacked at Fort Sumpter in South Carolina. This is considered the beginning of the American Civil War. Four additional states, including Virginia, seceded during the next three months. Some of the northwestern counties of Virginia disagreed with secession and they met in Wheeling to form a Restored Government of Virginia loyal to the United States.

Initially, the "War of the Rebellion" was not expected to last long. However, the war continued through the summer, and President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers to fight against the rebels of the Confederacy. Powell resigned his civilian job on August 1, 1861, and recruited enough men to form a company of cavalry and was elected their captain. Ten companies were united to form a cavalry regiment which consisted mostly of men from the Ohio counties located close to the Ohio River. The regiment was originally intended to be the 4th Ohio Cavalry, but Ohio governor William Dennison refused to accept the unit's application because he had been instructed to accept no more new cavalry. The regiment's application was accepted by the provisional governor of the Restored Government of Virginia, Francis Harrison Pierpont, and became the 2nd Regiment of Loyal Virginia Volunteer Cavalry. Powell's company was designated Company B, and he was commissioned as its captain on August 14. The regiment's first significant action was on January 7, 1862, in Louisa, Kentucky, where it assisted a force commanded by Colonel James A. Garfield, future President of the United States. Powell led his company, reinforced with men from the regiment's Company C, in a charge that drove back a Confederate rearguard.

Kanawha Valley
During 1862–1863, the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry spent much of its time  confronting bushwhackers—who were despised. The bushwhacker was thought of as an "unprincipled scoundrel who was too cowardly to join the army and fight as a man…", who would "sneak around like a thief in the night…." Eventually, Union forces in the mountains of what became West Virginia became very ruthless in their treatment of bushwhackers.

Powell was usually stationed near the Kanawha River Valley, in the southwestern portion of present West Virginia—which was part of Virginia at the time. Entire regiments were not needed for bushwhacker duty, so the regiment often worked in detachments of two companies. In April 1862, Powell's regiment was divided into two battalions. Powell's battalion, commanded by Colonel William M. Bolles, joined some Ohio infantry regiments to form the 3rd Brigade of General Jacob Dolson Cox's Kanawha Division. The brigade was commanded by Colonel (later Major General) George Crook, a professional soldier with fighting experience in the American West. Crook's brigade normally operated independently from the other portion of Cox's division. Its camp was located at Meadow Bluff, west of Lewisburg in Greenbrier County.

Powell's major fighting experience as part of this brigade happened on May 27, against Confederate General Henry Heth. Crook's brigade ambushed Heth's force in Lewisburg, killing or wounding over 150 enemy soldiers and capturing over 150. The cavalry pursued the fleeing rebels and stopped only when a bridge was destroyed. Shortly after this engagement, Colonel Bolles resigned and several officers of the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry were promoted. On June 25, 1862, Powell was promoted to major because of his gallant conduct in Kentucky and to fill a vacancy caused by the Bolles resignation.

Kanawha Valley Campaign
During August 1862, many of the Union soldiers stationed in western Virginia were sent to Washington to reinforce the Army of Virginia. This caused the two battalions from the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry to be reunited, and it was stationed with two infantry regiments in Kanawha Falls, close to Gauley Bridge, in what is now south central West Virginia. The small force was commanded by Colonel Joseph Andrew Jackson Lightburn.

In September, the Confederate Army became aware of the Union Army's lack of manpower, and devised a plan of attack. The Confederates sent a large force led by General William W. Loring, incorrectly rumored to be 10,000 men, to attack Lightburn from the southeast. A cavalry brigade of about 550 men led by Colonel Albert G. Jenkins patrolled along the Ohio River with the intention of preventing a retreat by Lightburn. A large portion of the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry, commanded by Colonel John C. Paxton, was sent to confront Jenkins. Powell led the advance guard, which happened to be Powell's company (CompanyB) before his promotion to major. On September 8, Powell's advance group led the attack on Jenkins' rebel camp outside of Barboursville, which is close to the Ohio River. The camp was captured, and Jenkins barely escaped. The rebel force, which was much larger than Paxton's cavalry, was driven southward up the Guyandotte River.

Thus, Powell's advance guard for Paxton enabled a safe retreat to the Ohio River for the remaining portion of Lightburn's small force. Lightburn's report said "The Second Virginia Cavalry, under Colonel Paxton, did good service in keeping Jenkins' force at bay, thereby preventing an attack in our rear. I wish, also, to state that Colonel Paxton, with 300 men, attacked Jenkins' whole force (from 1,200 to 1,500), and drove them from Barboursville, which, no doubt, kept them from an attempt to harass our retreat."

Sinking Creek raid

 Confederate gains in the Kanawha Valley did not last long, and Union troops reoccupied much of the valley. In November 1862, the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry camped for the winter along the Kanawha River, about  upriver from Charleston. Newly promoted Brigadier General George Crook commanded Union troops in the valley, and Paxton commanded Powell's regiment, the 2nd Loyal Virginia Cavalry. Crook was an experienced Indian fighter, and believed that adverse weather was an advantage in the hit-and-run fighting style of raids. On November 23, he ordered Paxton to rendezvous with an infantry regiment on Cold Knob Mountain, and then lead an attack on two rebel camps in Sinking Creek Valley. Before the cavalry regiment departed, Crook confidentially told Powell to not return without good results.

The cavalry reached their meeting place near the top of Cold Knob Mountain on November 26. The 11th Ohio Infantry had arrived a few hours earlier. The men from the infantry had marched through rain, and were caught (as was the cavalry) in a snowstorm. After a conference between Paxton and the infantry's Colonel Philander P. Lane, the infantry aborted their mission and began a return to camp. Paxton also considered aborting the mission, but was persuaded by Powell to continue. Paxton sent Powell and 2nd Lieutenant Jeremiah Davidson with 20 men from Company G down the mountain to scout for the rebel camps.

Powell and his men found one of the camps, determined that it was poorly guarded, and decided to capture it themselves. Each member of Powell's advance guard was armed with a saber and two six-shot revolvers. Powell decided to attack with sabers so that the other rebel camp would not be alarmed. They charged into the 500-man rebel camp with sabers drawn, and completely surprised the rebels. Many of the weapons captured were not loaded. Although hundreds of the rebels scattered into the countryside, a captain, a lieutenant and 112 enlisted men were captured, along with 200 weapons, a few wagons and some camping equipment. Powell's only casualties were the loss of two horses. Two rebels were killed and two wounded. The trip back to camp was difficult because of the cold weather, and two men were hospitalized at the infantry's Summerville camp because of frostbite. Ten horses were lost because of cold and exhaustion. Paxton ended his report by writing "I cannot close this report without deservedly complimenting the officers and men, but, where all behaved so gallantly, it is impossible to particularize. But all honor is due Major Powell, who led the charge...." Powell and Davidson were promoted shortly afterwards—Powell from major to lieutenant colonel, and Davidson from second lieutenant to first lieutenant. After the war, Powell was awarded the Medal of Honor for his performance in the Sinking Creek raid. In 1889, Crook said that he regarded the "expedition as one of the most daring, brilliant and successful of the whole war."

Regiment commander
During March 1863, Powell became severely ill, and was unable to recover at camp. He eventually resigned from the cavalry, and returned to his home in Ohio. Powell was also unhappy with Paxton, although this was revealed to only a few. On May 1, Paxton led a night raid (without Powell) near Lewisburg, and the regiment was defeated with significant casualties. Total losses were sixteen killed, missing, or wounded—plus 28 horses killed. General Eliakim P. Scammon, the division commander after Crook had been sent elsewhere, dismissed Paxton after the regiment returned to camp. Paxton was popular with his troops, but the troops also respected Powell. At the time of Paxton's dismissal, Powell's resignation had yet to be accepted, and he was still at home in Ohio regaining his health. After a petition by the regiment, Powell was persuaded to retract his resignation. He was promoted to colonel and became the regiment's commander effective May 13, 1863.

Wytheville raid

 The Wytheville raid occurred on July 18, 1863, in southwestern Virginia. Powell was second in command of a small 800-man brigade of cavalry and mounted infantry. He had some disagreements with how his commander, an infantry veteran named Colonel John Toland, handled the cavalry, and both men were shot early in the raid; Toland being killed on a street in Wytheville, and Powell believed to be mortally wounded. Although the Union brigade was able to secure the town, it suffered numerous casualties—and left town less than 24 hours after its arrival. Powell's wound was painful enough that he could not be moved, and he became a prisoner of the Confederates.

The citizens of Wytheville blamed Powell for the burning of several homes and buildings, although the damage occurred after he was wounded. When it appeared he might be harmed, a few of the local women intervened by hiding him in a hotel. Powell unexpectedly recovered enough that he could be moved, and was eventually sent to Richmond's Libby Prison. He was placed in solitary confinement on charges of robbery and murder. One of the men from the 2nd West Virginia cavalry wrote that "It was well known that the confederate authorities had placed Colonel Powell in a dungeon for some imaginary wrong...." One of the main causes for his predicament was the burning of a house and barn near Lewisburg, West Virginia, an act that the Confederate army and Lewisburg community considered unjustified and without military purpose.

On January 29, 1864, Powell was paroled for 30 days to negotiate his exchange for Confederate Colonel Richard H. Lee. This negotiation was successful (Lee was a distant relative of Confederate General Robert E. Lee), and Powell returned to Ironton, Ohio, to continue his recuperation. On February 22, friends presented him with a gold watch, money to purchase a horse, a saber, and "a brace of Colt's ivory mounted 44 calibre navy revolvers." On March 20, 1864, he returned to Charleston and resumed command of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry regiment.

Cove Mountain

Around the time of Powell's return, Crook was assigned command of the entire Kanawha Division. In April, General William W. Averell arrived in Charleston with two regiments of cavalry. On April 30, Crook organized a two prong attack against strategic Confederate locations along the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. Crook led infantry from Charleston toward the Confederate regional headquarters at the Dublin Depot in Virginia. He sent cavalry under the command of Averell to attack Saltville, Virginia. Averell found Saltville strongly defended, so he decided to attack Wytheville instead. To get to Wytheville, Averell needed to move the cavalry through the mountains at Cove Gap (also known as Grassy Lick) in northern Wythe County.

On May 10, Averell's path through the gap was blocked by a large force commanded by Confederate General William E. "Grumble" Jones reinforced by cavalry led by General John Hunt Morgan. Originally, Averell's plan was to have Powell lead a cavalry charge into the gap with sabers drawn. However, the charge was cancelled after a reconnaissance mission discovered a mass of Confederate soldiers waiting to ambush the Union cavalry. Instead, the Union cavalry formed a battle line that drew the Confederates out of the gap. A four-hour battle ensued. Averell's forehead was grazed by a bullet, and he temporarily relinquished command. The second in command, General Alfred N. Duffié, had a "conspicuous absence", so command fell to Powell. Powell was unable to get the cavalry through the gap, but he was able to make effective use of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry, and hold off the larger Confederate force. The result of the battle was an inconclusive standoff that ended at dusk.

During the night, a local slave led Averell's force on a difficult alternative route (Crab Orchard) through the mountains, and they eventually linked with Crook. Averell's report said "The General commanding desires to express his high appreciation of the skillful evolution of the 2nd Regiment, West Virginia Cavalry, under Colonel Powell, upon the field of battle. It was a dress parade that continued without disorder under a heavy fire for four hours."

Hunter's Lynchburg Campaign

On June 9, an army commanded by General David Hunter was reorganized, and Powell was assigned command of the 3rd Brigade under Averell's 2nd Cavalry Division of the Army of West Virginia. This brigade consisted of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry and the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry. On June 10, Hunter's Lynchburg Campaign was organized, and troops departed from Stanton, Virginia, toward Lynchburg. Powell's brigade often took the advance for the main portion of Hunter's force, moving south to Lexington, then southeast toward Lynchburg. Powell's cavalry approached Lynchburg from Campbell Courthouse, and pushed cavalries led by General John McCausland and General John D. Imboden to within four miles of Lynchburg during the morning of June 17. Fighting continued periodically all day, and stopped at dusk. During this time, additional rebel troops were arriving in Lynchburg via the railroad. Powell's brigade was sent out during the evening, and got close enough to the city that "the church spires of the city could be plainly seen." Later during that morning, Powell was surprised to find out that the Union army (which had an ammunition shortage) was in full retreat, leaving his brigade in a dangerous situation. The brigade caught up with the rest of the retreating army near New London—just when the pursuing Confederates caught up with them. Averell's entire division, including Powell's brigade, became the rear guard as Hunter's army retreated west toward Charleston.

American Civil War: Shenandoah Valley
After the retreat from Lynchburg to Charleston, the Army of West Virginia rested and resupplied. During July, it was transferred to the Shenandoah Valley. Powell commanded three West Virginia cavalry regiments as the 2nd Brigade of Averell's 2nd Cavalry Division. His brigade left Charleston on July 8, and arrived at a Baltimore & Ohio Railroad station in Parkersburg, West Virginia, on July 12. A few days later the brigade began its train ride to Martinsburg, West Virginia. Portions of the brigade arrived in Martinsburg on July 19, but the entire brigade did not arrive until around July 23.

Rutherford's Farm and Kernstown II
The Battle of Rutherford's Farm occurred on July 20. General Averell's force of infantry and cavalry defeated a larger force commanded by General Stephen Dodson Ramseur. The battle took place on some farmland north of Winchester, Virginia, and is sometimes called the Battle of Carter's Farm. In this battle, two regiments from Powell's brigade (2nd West Virginia Cavalry and 3rd West Virginia Cavalry) caused the rebels to be "thrown into confusion" and "driven from the woods".

A few days later (July 24), the Second Battle of Kernstown was fought. In this Confederate victory, Crook's Army of West Virginia was driven north by General Jubal Early's Army of the Valley. The Union retreat started south of Winchester and ended in the rain on the north side of the Potomac River. The disorganized retreat featured panicking soldiers, burning Union supply wagons, and one cavalry commander becoming separated from his brigade. By the next day, Powell's brigade was the only cavalry unit still organized, and an infantry brigade commanded by (future President) Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes was among only two that remained organized. Both units were instrumental in enabling the Union force to escape from pursuing rebel cavalry.

Moorefield

Powell's brigade participated in one of Averell's most impressive victories on August 6, when it charged across the South Branch of the Potomac River, attacked McCausland's cavalry and recovered a portion of private property taken on July 30 from the residents of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. The attack drove McCausland's brigade "to the mountains, with the loss of his remaining artillery and many prisoners." This battle ruined Early's Confederate cavalry in the Shenandoah Valley, and it was never again the dominant force it once was.

Opequon and Fisher's Hill
The Third Battle of Winchester, also known as Opequon, occurred on September 19. By this time, Major General Philip Sheridan had been assigned command of Union armies in the Shenandoah Valley. This battle was a major victory for Sheridan, and it resulted in numerous casualties for both sides—including generals and colonels. Powell remained in command of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade of Averell's 2nd Cavalry Division, which consisted of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd West Virginia Cavalry Regiments. The brigade captured 80 prisoners and two pieces of artillery in a charge on the Winchester Heights.

The Battle of Fisher's Hill occurred on September 21 and 22.  Sheridan wrote that the battle was "in a measure, a part of the battle of Opequon". Following the fighting at Winchester, Powell's brigade led the pursuit of Early's army. On July 22, they fought dismounted because of the nature of the terrain. After infantry commanded by Crook created a gap in the Confederate line, Powell's brigade (remounted) pushed through and pursued the fleeing Confederates. The pursuit was successful, and  prisoners were taken in this chase".

Division commander
In early September, several of Powell's superiors recommended him for promotion. Averell wrote that Powell "is a gentleman of high character, and one of the best brigade commanders that I know." In a letter sent to headquarters in 1864, Crook said "Colonel Powell has served with me often since the commencement of the war. He has distinguished himself in every battle he was engaged in under me. He has been recommended by me on several occasions, for promotion. I regard him as one of the best cavalry officers I have ever seen in the service." Sheridan also recommended Powell for promotion. President Lincoln wrote that Powell should at least be given a "brevet appointment, if a full commission is impracticable".

Following the Battle of Fisher's Hill, the Union army continued pursuing Early's Army as it retreated south. At this time, Sheridan became dissatisfied with the pace of Averell's pursuit, and dismissed him as commander of the 2nd Cavalry Division. Powell was assigned command of the division on September 23. Powell's command consisted of two brigades and a four-gun battery. The division's manpower when Powell became commander was 101 commissioned officers and 2,186 enlisted men present. Present and absent men totaled to 276 commissioned officers and 6,950 enlisted men. Because all but one person from Averell's staff left with Averell, and took the division's records, Powell had difficulty with the administrative work required of division commanders. He did not submit his first written report as division commander until October 27.

On September 24, shortly after assuming command of the division, Powell moved his division from the Valley Pike to a road that leads to Harrisonburg. His advance guard skirmished with some rebel pickets, and it was discovered he was nearing cavalries commanded by Generals Imboden, Bradley Johnson, and McCausland. A major battle did not ensue, but Powell captured 18 prisoners, 14 wagons, and a large quantity of ammunition. Fifteen rebels were killed. The skirmish occurred at Forest Hill, and was the first of two that would happen over the next few days.

Powell's division reached Harrisonburg on September 25. For the next week, the division would spend its time patrolling a region bounded mostly by Harrisonburg, Brown's Gap, and Stanton. On September 27, Powell was ordered to cross the South River. His division crossed while leaving one regiment behind to guard their camp and wagons. After the river crossing, the guarding regiment was attacked by Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry supported by infantry. Powell re–crossed the river, changed fronts, and eventually drove back the attackers. The main portion of this skirmish occurred at Weyer's Cave. Powell guarded his left flank by slowly falling back toward the community of Port Republic while additional Confederate forces joined Lee and pursued. Powell crossed the North River and moved to Cross Keys where he met with General George Armstrong Custer. At that time, Custer assumed command of the 2nd Cavalry Division.

General Ulysses S. Grant, commander of all Union forces, had two major goals in the Shenandoah Valley:  eliminate Early's army and make the Valley unable to support any Confederate armies. With Early almost eliminated, the Union Army began to focus on the second goal. Troops were sent to destroy or consume livestock, crops, and forage. Structures such as barns, mills and tanneries were destroyed. This destruction of the fertile Shenandoah Valley became known as "The Burning". On September 29, Custer moved the 2nd Cavalry Division from Cross Keys to Mount Sidney, where the division collected local horses and livestock, and destroyed forage, grain, and flour mills. The division moved to Mount Crawford, following the same orders to make the land unable to support the Confederate Army. On September 30, Custer was assigned to command the 3rd Cavalry Division, and Powell was again assigned to command the 2nd. Powell and his division reported to Major General Alfred T. Torbert at Harrisonburg on September 30.

Luray Valley
On October 1, Powell moved the division north to Luray (as ordered by Torbert), "driving off all stock of every description, destroying all grain, burning mills, blast furnaces, distilleries, tanneries, and all forage". While camped in Luray until the morning of October 7, Powell sent smaller groups on scouting expeditions and to hunt bushwhackers. On October 6, Powell destroyed a tannery used by the rebel army. The unfinished leather was said to be worth $800,000 (over $12 million in 2016 dollars).

The division moved north from Luray to Front Royal on October 7, and then departed for Sperryville October 11—passing through Chester Gap to get there. This is where Powell began to face challenges from Confederate Colonel John S. Mosby's "guerrillas". On October 13, Powell learned that one of his soldiers had been the victim of a "cold-blooded murder" by two members of Mosby's gang. In retaliation, Powell hanged one of his prisoners that was part of Mosby's command. He left a sign on the hanged man that said "A.C. Willis, member of Company C, Mosby's command, hanged by the neck in retaliation for the murder of a U.S. Soldier by Messrs. Chancellor and Myers". In addition, Powell had Chancellor's house, barn, and livestock destroyed.

Battle of Cedar Creek
On October 19, 1864, Powell was promoted to brigadier general. On the same day, the Battle of Cedar Creek took place southwest of Middletown, Virginia. The battle began in the morning with a Confederate attack. At that time, Powell's 1st Brigade was eight miles away from Powell and the 2nd Brigade, and closer to Cedar Creek. When the battle started, this brigade was needed to support the Union Army's left, so it was detached to General Wesley Merritt. Powell positioned the 2nd Brigade on the road to Front Royal, and prevented the Confederate cavalry under General Lunsford L. Lomax from flanking the main Union force. A week later, the division skirmished with Lomax's Division further northwest at Middletown.

Nineveh
On November 12, Powell again fought Lomax's Cavalry. Elsewhere, Custer and Merritt attacked General Thomas L. Rosser's cavalry, and drove it back rapidly enough that Lomax was called for reinforcement. This left a smaller force (still larger than a brigade) commanded by McCausland to face Powell. Powell sent most of his 1st Brigade out beyond Front Royal, where it encountered McCausland's force. The Confederates slowly pushed the 1st Brigade back. Powell brought his 2nd Brigade to the front, and the 1st Brigade moved to the rear. The 2nd Brigade charged, resulting in a short clash that ended with the Confederates retreating as fast as they could. They were chased for eight miles. Powell captured all of the rebel artillery (two guns), their ammunition train, and took 180 prisoners. A newspaper account said that "Gen. Powell was on the field in person, and superintended the formation of the line of battle...." The newspaper also added that 40 Confederates were killed or wounded. Among those killed were a colonel and two majors, and among those wounded (slightly) was McCausland—"the scoundrel who burned Chambersburg".

Resigns
Powell resigned from the Union Army on January 5, 1865, because of family issues. His father had died and his mother was seriously ill. He issued a farewell address on January 10. In accepting the resignation on January 14, Torbert wrote of his "appreciation of your valor and ability as a soldier, your zeal, efficiency and untiring energy as a cavalry commander." Sheridan thanked Powell for his "faithful support, and for your gallantry which has contributed so much to make the victories of the Shenandoah Valley decisive." A tribute to Powell by Sheridan and officers from Powell's division was published on the front page of a Wheeling newspaper. Five days later, the same newspaper published a biographical sketch and Powell's farewell address.

During the American Civil War, Powell was involved in 61 battles and engagements, and rose from captain to brigadier general.  On February 24, 1866, Powell was nominated to be appointed to major general of the volunteers by brevet. The appointment was retroactive to March 13, 1865, and was for "gallant and meritorious services during the campaign of 1864 in West Virginia, and particularly at the battle of Front Royal."

Animosity with Confederacy
Powell was strongly disliked by supporters of the Confederacy. No matter what his rank was, he was often leading Union cavalry attacks. Weather and terrain were not deterrents to Powell's aggression, as proven in the 1862 Sinking Creek raid. Powell had been accused by Confederate General Sam Jones of shooting a prisoner "in cold blood". In another incident, he was accused of setting fire to a home with a family asleep inside. Powell became "one of the Confederacy's most wanted Union officers".

After Powell was wounded and captured in Wytheville, he was eventually moved to Libby Prison and initially kept in a dungeon. Jones, who was the general in command of Confederate army regional headquarters in western Virginia, wrote at that time that Powell "is a bold, daring man, and one of the most dangerous officers we have had to contend with in the northwest of the state, and I am particularly anxious that he should not be allowed to return to the Kanawha Valley if it can be avoided."

As a division commander, Powell ordered the execution of at least three prisoners in retaliation for what he considered the murder of his men by bushwhackers. He called the bushwhackers "illegal and outlawed bands of horse-thieves and murderers, recognized and supported by rebel authorities".  The treatment of bushwhackers by both Custer and Powell caused Mosby to write an open letter to Sheridan threatening retaliation. Powell reported that he would not be intimidated by threats from the Richmond press. He wrote that he wished it be known to rebel authorities that if hanging two rebels for every one of his men murdered by bushwhackers was not enough, "I will increase it to twenty-two to one". Contrary to newspaper reports that stated Powell resigned because of family issues, one source believes that Powell was dismissed from active duty because one of the rebels he executed was related to former Senator John Crittenden, Union General Thomas L. Crittenden, and Confederate General George Crittenden. In Powell's farewell speech, he said "No one regrets the existence of the cause that necessitates the act more than I."

Post war
After leaving the military, Powell returned to the iron and nail business, becoming general manager of the Ironton Rolling Mill in Ironton, Ohio. He declined a Republican nomination for congress. In the spring of 1867, he moved to Clifton, West Virginia, to form the Clifton Nail Works, which he managed. His Clifton home is now part of the National Register of Historic Places. In the Presidential election of 1868, Powell was a Ulysses S. Grant elector in the Electoral College.

In 1870, Powell was almost killed in a horse and buggy accident, and was unable to work in the iron works business. He sold his interest in the nail works, and moved to Kansas City, Missouri. At Kansas City, Powell worked for Standard Oil until he moved to St. Louis and worked for American Central Insurance.

In 1876, Powell had recovered enough from his accident that he could work in the iron/nail business again. This time, he moved to Belleville, Illinois, where he lived for the rest of his life. He became one of the town's most respected citizens. Powell was manager of the Waugh Company Nail Works until 1882, when he organized the Western Nail Works. He worked at this Belleville company, as president, superintendent and general manager, until 1892. During this time, one source claimed that Powell had "more intimate practical knowledge of the nail business than any other man in the United States". Two years after Powell's move to Belleville, his wife Sara died. She had been diagnosed with cancer, and died seven months later while only 54 years old. A year later in 1879, he married local resident Emma Weaver.

Powell was acquainted with two Presidents: Hayes, and a long-time friend William McKinley—they all fought in the Army of West Virginia during the Civil War. McKinley also came from an iron-making family, and appointed Powell as an Internal Revenue Collector in 1895. Powell was a strong participant in a fraternal organization of Civil War veterans that fought for the Union, the Grand Army of the Republic. He was the Illinois department commander for that organization in 1895 and 1896.

The bullet that wounded Powell in Wytheville was never removed. It was lodged in his lung, and contributed to health difficulties that included rheumatism and respiratory problems. Powell died at his home in Belleville on December 26, 1904. He was survived by his wife and three of his children. Powell is buried at Chicago's Graceland Cemetery.

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

External links

 George Tyler Moore Center for the Study of the Civil War
 National Park Service - The Civil War
 West Virginia Division of Culture and History - The Civil War in West Virginia
 Powell Marker

1825 births
1904 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials in Illinois
People from Ironton, Ohio
People from Pontypool
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Welsh-born Medal of Honor recipients
Welsh emigrants to the United States
Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
Grand Army of the Republic officials


title: Capnolymma brunnea

text:
Capnolymma brunnea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gressitt and Rondon in 1970.

References

Beetles described in 1970
Lepturinae


title: Capnolymma capreola

text:
Capnolymma capreola is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pascoe in 1866.

References

Beetles described in 1866
Lepturinae


title: Capnolymma cingalensis

text:
Capnolymma cingalensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gahan in 1906.

References

Beetles described in 1906
Lepturinae


title: Capnolymma ishiharai

text:
Capnolymma ishiharai is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Ohbayashi in 1994.

References

Beetles described in 1994
Lepturinae


title: We Like to Party

text:
We Like to Party may refer to:
"We Like to Party" (Showtek song)
"We Like to Party" (Vengaboys song)
"We Like to Party" (Party Animals song)
"We Like to Party", a song by Inna from the album Party Never Ends
"We Like 2 Party", a song by Big Bang


title: Graeme Linke

text:
Graeme Linke (born 17 November 1951) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with  Geelong and Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL) as well as Woodville in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).

Linke, a defender often used at fullback, came to Geelong from Hawkesdale. He played 38 senior games for Geelong in four seasons, then went to Woodville for two years, before returning to Victoria and signing with Footscray. His career at Footscray was short, with one game in 1977 and four in 1978. He then played for Geelong Amateur in the Victorian Amateur Football Association and won the C Grade competition's best and fairest award in 1979.

References

1951 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Geelong Football Club players
Western Bulldogs players
Woodville Football Club players
Living people


title: Capnolymma laotica

text:
Capnolymma laotica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by :sv:Judson Linsley Gressitt and Rondon in 1970.

References

Beetles described in 1970
Lepturinae


title: Capnolymma ohbayashii

text:
Capnolymma ohbayashii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Holzschuh in 2006.

References

Beetles described in 2006
Lepturinae


title: Capnolymma similis

text:
Capnolymma similis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gressitt and Rondon in 1970.

References

Beetles described in 1970
Lepturinae


title: Musheirifa

text:
Al-Musheirifa (,  or ) is an Arab village in Israel's Haifa District. The village is located in the Wadi Ara area of the northern Triangle,  northeast of Umm al-Fahm. Since 1996, it has been under the jurisdiction of the Ma'ale Iron local council. In mid-2016 Musheirifa's population was 3472, all of whom are Muslim. The village is divided into four neighborhoods: Ighbarieh, El-Manshya, Jabbarin, and the Old Village. The inhabitants are largely members of the Ighbarieh clan, which inhabits the upper parts of the village, and the Jabbarin clan, which inhabit the lower parts. Bayada was a neighborhood of the village in the past but split from it and became a new village. The village has poor infrastructure and, like many other villages in the Wadi Ara region, lacks many social institutions and recreational areas.

History

Ottoman and British Mandate periods
In 1517 Musheirifa was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. During the 16th and 17th centuries, it belonged to the Turabay Emirate (1517-1683), which encompassed also the Jezreel Valley, Haifa, Jenin, Beit She'an Valley, northern Jabal Nablus, Bilad al-Ruha/Ramot Menashe, and the northern part of the Sharon plain.

According to local tradition, modern Musheirifa was established in the 1860s by people from nearby Umm al-Fahm. In the Palestine Exploration Fund's 1882 Survey of Western Palestine, Musheirifa was described as a "very small hamlet on high ground, with a well to the south".

In the 1922 census conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the population of the village was 203, all of whom were Muslim, increasing in the  1931 census to 233, still all Muslim, living in 45 houses.

In the 1945 statistics, Musheirifa's population was counted (together with other villages) under Umm al-Fahm.

1948 war
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War the village and the surrounding area came under Iraqi control. On 15 April 1948, Jewish forces raided the village and did not capture it. In March 1949 Jordanian forces replaced the Iraqi forces in Wadi Ara. On 3 April 1949 Israel and Jordan signed an armistice agreement in which Israel would receive the Wadi Ara area.

State of Israel

Musheirifa is one of the villages of Wadi Ara that lacked municipal status after the establishment of Israel. It was under the administration of mukhtars (village headmen) who were appointed by the Interior Ministry until 1992, when the Interior Ministry established the Nahal Iron regional council. The locals objected to the administrative arrangement, and sought independent municipal status for each village. To allay local concerns, the Interior Ministry established an investigative committee to examine other options, and in 1996, decided to split the regional council into two local councils: Ma'ale Iron, which includes Musheirifa, and Basma.

*In the 2008 census Musheirifa's population was counted with Bayada and together their population was 3,100.

Geography
The village is located on a group of hills overlooking the Jezreel Valley, which gives it its name "The High Places". The Ba'ana river flows through the village.  In the middle of the village there is a spring which used to provide water to the residents until it dried in recent years. There is another spring some  from the village called "eayan alhajar" (), or "Stone Spring". It was used for irrigation and as a recreational site for the residents. Today the spring still flows but the amount of water decreased. Around the spring there are mint plants.

See also
Arab localities in Israel

References

Bibliography

External links
 Welcome To Musheirifa
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8:    IAA, Wikimedia commons

Arab localities in Israel
Triangle (Israel)
Wadi Ara


title: Ryan Thompson (basketball)

text:
Ryan Christopher Thompson (born June 9, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for Hapoel Holon of the Israeli Premier League. He played college basketball for Rider University before playing professionally in the NBA D-League, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Serbia, Turkey and Israel.

College career
Thompson played four seasons of college basketball at the Rider University, with the Rider Broncs.

Professional career
Thompson went undrafted in the 2010 NBA draft.

For the 2010–11 season he played with the Utah Flash of the NBA Development League.

On July 13, 2011, he signed with Basket Brescia Leonessa of the Italian Legadue Basket for the 2011–12 season.

In July 2012, he signed with Generali Okapi Aalstar of Belgium for the 2012–13 season.

On July 15, 2013, he signed with Telenet Oostende. With Oostende he won the Belgian League and Belgian Cup in the 2013–14 season.

On July 8, 2014, he signed with Brose Baskets of Germany for the 2014–15 season.

On August 25, 2015, he signed a one-year deal with Crvena zvezda. On December 28, 2015, he parted ways with Crvena zvezda after appearing in seventeen ABA league games and ten Euroleague games. The same day he signed with Trabzonspor for the rest of the season.

On July 13, 2016, he signed with German club Telekom Baskets Bonn for the 2016–17 season.

On June 9, 2017, Thompson signed with German club ratiopharm Ulm.

On July 28, 2019, Thompson signed with Hapoel Holon of the Israeli Premier League for the 2019–20 season.

Career statistics

Euroleague

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2015–16
| style="text-align:left;"| Crvena zvezda
| 10 || 6 || 19.5 || .373 || .190 || .667 || 1.6 || .9 || .5 || .1 || 4.8 || 1.7
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 10 || 6 || 19.5 || .373 || .190 || .667 || 1.6 || .9 || .5 || .1 || 4.8 || 1.7

Personal life
Thompson is the younger brother of former NBA player Jason Thompson.

References

External links
 Ryan Thompson at aba-liga.com
 Ryan Thompson at draftexpress.com
 Ryan Thompson at easycredit-bbl.de
 Ryan Thompson at eurobasket.com
 Ryan Thompson at euroleague.net
 Ryan Thompson at fiba.com

1988 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Belgium
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Serbia
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from New Jersey
Basket Brescia Leonessa players
BC Oostende players
Brose Bamberg players
Hapoel Holon players
KK Crvena zvezda players
Lenape High School alumni
Okapi Aalstar players
People from Mount Laurel, New Jersey
Ratiopharm Ulm players
Rider Broncs men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Burlington County, New Jersey
Small forwards
Telekom Baskets Bonn players
Trabzonspor B.K. players
Utah Flash players


title: Capnolymma stygia

text:
Capnolymma stygia is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pascoe in 1858.

References

Beetles described in 1858
Lepturinae


title: Welfare biology

text:
Welfare biology is a proposed cross-disciplinary field of research to study the positive and negative well-being of sentient individuals in relation to their environment. Yew-Kwang Ng first advanced the field in 1995. Since then, its establishment has been advocated for by a number of writers, including philosophers, who have argued for the importance of creating the research field, particularly in relation to wild animal suffering. Some researchers have put forward examples of existing research that welfare biology could draw upon and suggested specific applications for the research's findings.

History
Welfare biology was first proposed by the welfare economist Yew-Kwang Ng, in his 1995 paper "Towards welfare biology: Evolutionary economics of animal consciousness and suffering". In the paper, Ng defines welfare biology as the "study of living things and their environment with respect to their welfare (defined as net happiness, or enjoyment minus suffering)." He also distinguishes between "affective" and "non-affective" sentients, affective sentients being individuals with the capacity for perceiving the external world and experiencing pleasure or pain, while non-affective sentients have the capacity for perception, with no corresponding experience; Ng argues that because the latter experience no pleasure or suffering, "[t]heir welfare is necessarily zero, just like nonsentients". He concludes, based on his modelling of evolutionary dynamics, that suffering dominates enjoyment in nature.

Matthew Clarke and Ng, in 2006, used Ng's welfare biology framework to analyse the costs, benefits and welfare implications of the culling of kangaroos—classified as affective sentients—in Puckapunyal, Australia. They concluded that while their discussion "may give some support to the culling of kangaroos or other animals in certain circumstances, a more preventive measure may be superior to the resort to culling". In the same year, Thomas Eichner and Rüdiger Pethi analyzed Ng's model, raising concern regarding a lack of appropriate determinants of the welfare of organisms because of the infancy of welfare biology.

In 2016, Ng argued that welfare biology could help resolve the paradox within animal welfare science, first raised by Marian Dawkins, on the difficulty of studying animal feelings, by answering "difficult questions regarding animal welfare"; in the paper, Ng also offered various practical proposals for improving the welfare of captive animals. Todd K. Shackelford and Sayma H. Chowdhury, in response to Ng, argued that rather than focusing on improving the welfare of captive animals, that it would be better to not breed them in the first place, as this would "eliminate their suffering altogether".

Ng published an update to his original 1995 paper, with Zach Groff, in 2019, which found an error in his original model, leading to a negation of the original conclusion and a revised conception of the extent of suffering in nature as less pessimistic.

A chapter on welfare biology by the moral philosophers Catia Faria and Oscar Horta is included in the 2019 book The Routledge Handbook of Animal Ethics. In the chapter, they argue that welfare biology could be partially developed from animal welfare science, but its focus would be broader because it wouldn't only focus on studying animals under human control. Faria and Horta also assert that welfare biology could be developed from ecology, with a focus on how the well-being of sentient individuals is affected by their environments. They raise a concern of what they see as the minimization of the importance of animal well-being, caused by widespread speciesist and environmentalist beliefs among life scientists and the general public, which they argue could hamper the development of welfare biology. Faria and Horta conclude that the "expected value of developing welfare biology is extremely high" because of the massive extent of animal suffering in the wild, which refutes commonly conceived idyllic conceptions of nature.

Some researchers have emphasised the importance of life history theory to welfare biology, as they argue certain traits of life history may predispose certain individuals to worse welfare outcomes and that this has a strong relationship with habitat fragmentation sensitivity. It has also been suggested that while welfare biology, as a field in its infancy, lacks sufficient empirical studies on the welfare of wild animals, it can make up for this through the use of existing demographic data, currently used to inform biodiversity conservation, to inform future research efforts. Reviewing the welfare implications of fire on wild animals has been cited as an example of using knowledge drawn from existing ecology studies to establish the field of welfare biology and identify future directions of research. The application of welfare biology to rewilding projects has additionally been a subject of investigation, with "collaboration between local people, conservationists, authorities and policymakers" suggested as a means of establishing welfare biology as a discipline.

Researchers in environmental economics have drawn attention to Ng's claim in his original paper that the "time is ripe for the recognition of welfare biology as a valid field of scientific study", yet after 25 years, welfare biology as a field of research has yet to take off.

Animal Ethics and Wild Animal Initiative are two organizations working on promoting the establishment of welfare biology as a field of research.

Proposed subdisciplines

Urban welfare ecology

Catia Faria and Oscar Horta have proposed urban welfare ecology as a subdiscipline of welfare biology, which would study the well-being of animals living in urban, suburban and industrial ecosystems. They suggest that much research has already been carried out on animals in these areas, but with the intention of eliminating their negative impact on humans, or to conserve animals of particular species. Faria and Horta argue that such knowledge can be applied to help mitigate the harms that these animals experience and that such environments are perfect for intervention experiments because such ecosystems are already greatly under human control and that the findings could be applied to improve the assessments of the well-being of animals in other ecosystems.

Relation to wild animal suffering

Some writers in the field of animal ethics have argued that there are compelling moral reasons to reduce the suffering of sentient individuals and that following this line of reasoning, humans should undertake interventions to reduce the suffering of wild animals; they claim that because ecosystems are not sentient, that they consequently lack the capacity to care about biodiversity, while arguing that sentient animals do have interests in their welfare. As a result, they argue that there are strong justifications for ecologists to shift their resources currently used for conservation biology, to welfare biology. It has also been asserted that if one is to accept an obligation to undertake systematic and large-scale efforts to help wild animals, that this would first require several important questions to be answered and that large-scale actions should only be carried out after a long phase of successful small-scale trials.

References

Further reading

Animal ecology
Animal welfare
Branches of biology
biology
Wild animal suffering


title: Se Va Conmigo

text:
"Se Va Conmigo" is a song performed by Puerto Rican profession basketball player and recording artist Carlos Arroyo. The song features guest vocals from reggaetón singer Yomo. The official remix features Ivy Queen. The song is Arroyo's second single release for his independent record label Arroyo Hit Music.

The song officially impacted Latin rhythmic radio on August 28, 2010, debuting at number forty-five on the Billboard Latin Digital Songs chart, number twenty-six on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Songs chart and number thirteen on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Digital Songs chart.

Background
Prior to launching a musical career, Arroyo played in the National Basketball Association with the Toronto Raptors, Denver Nuggets, Utah Jazz, Detroit Pistons, Orlando Magic, Miami Heat, and Boston Celtics. In the 2008–2009 season, he played for Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Israeli Basketball Super League, winning the league's championship and being named the Final's Most Valuable Player. He has also played professionally in Puerto Rico and Spain. Arroyo was a member of the Puerto Rican national basketball team that defeated the United States at the 2004 Olympic Basketball Tournament. He also represented Puerto Rico at the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan.

Interested with the genre of reggaetón, Arroyo launched his own studio and independent record label, entitled Arroyo Hit Music in 2009. The first single release for the label was entitled "Oculto Secreto".

Reception
Dan Devine for Yahoo! Sports described the song as not being his "brand of vodka", however expressed that "he [Arroyo] definitely sounds less heinous 'neath auto-tons of AutoTune than DeJuan Blair. Matt Flores agreed that there was an overuse of AutoTune within the song, claiming "if Arroyo can abuse opposing teams like he abused auto-tune in this song, the Heat are destined for big things." Paul Torres, for the Miami New Times, however had a different output on the song. Torres described the song as "very respectable" and "radio-friendly". He continued by stating that Arroyo was "laying catchy, auto-tune laden vocals over a fusion of classic reggaeton rhythms with club-ready electronic melodies".

Charts

References

2010 singles
Reggaeton songs
Ivy Queen songs
Songs written by Ivy Queen
Song recordings produced by Luny Tunes
2010 songs


title: Catalanotoxotus nivosus

text:
Catalanotoxotus nivosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2005.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2005


title: Catalanotoxotus pauliani

text:
Catalanotoxotus pauliani is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2004.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2004


title: Dorcasomus batesi

text:
Dorcasomus batesi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Quentin and Villiers in 1970.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1970


title: Dorcasomus capensis

text:
Dorcasomus capensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Quentin and Villiers in 1970.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1970


title: Dorcasomus mirabilis

text:
Dorcasomus mirabilis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Quentin and Villiers in 1970.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1970


title: Dorcasomus pinheyi

text:
Dorcasomus pinheyi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Quentin and Villiers in 1970.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1970


title: Dorcasomus urundiensis

text:
Dorcasomus urundiensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Quentin and Villiers in 1970.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1970


title: 2015 Zambian presidential election

text:
Presidential elections were held in Zambia on 20 January 2015 to elect a president to serve the remainder of the term of President Michael Sata, following his death on 28 October 2014.

The ruling Patriotic Front candidate Edgar Lungu won by a narrow majority of just 27,757 votes (1.68%) against Hakainde Hichilema of the United Party for National Development. Hichilema denounced the elections as a sham and urged his supporters to remain calm.

Background
Prior to Sata's death, his ill-health led to political commentators speculating about potential Patriotic Front candidates. Following his death on 28 October, Vice-president Guy Scott became acting president and became the first non-Arab white head of state on the African continent since Apartheid-era South Africa's F. W. de Klerk.

The constitution required that elections be held within 90 days of the death of an incumbent president. On 18 November, Scott announced the election date, which also launched the campaigning period.

Candidates
On 27 February 2014, the Opposition Alliance was formed to field a common candidate in the 2016 elections. The alliance consisted of the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD), the Alliance for Better Zambia, Zambians for Empowerment and Development, the People's Party, and the All People's Congress Party. However, following the death of President Sata and the calling of early elections, however, MMD Deputy National Secretary Chembe Nyangu expressed doubts about whether the alliance would work given the short time period to agree on a candidate.

Patriotic Front

Announced
Selemani Pangula Banda, Diplomat, former Airforce Captain and former Zambian High Commissioner to Nigeria.
Chishimba Kambwili, Minister of Sports.
Christine Kaseba, MD, gynaecologist, obstetrician and widow of President Michael Sata.
Edgar Lungu, lawyer, Minister of Defence and Justice and former Secretary General of PF.
Given Lubinda, MP, former Minister of Foreign Affairs and Secretary General of PF.
Geoffrey Bwalya Mwamba ("GBM"), businessman, former Minister of Defence.
Miles Sampa, Commerce Deputy Minister, Matero MP and nephew of Michael Sata.
Robert Sichinga, Commerce Minister.
Wylbur Simuusa, Minister of Agriculture

Withdrawn
Mulenga Sata, son of Michael Sata and Mayor of Lusaka.

Vice-president Scott, who was serving as acting president following Sata's death, announced that he would not contest the elections, claiming he was constitutionally barred from doing so. However, although the constitution restricts candidacy to at least third generation Zambians, the Zambian Supreme Court ruled in Lewanika and Others vs. Chiluba that this is not relevant to citizens born before independence in 1964.

Selection
At a General Conference at Mulungushi Rock of Authority during the weekend of 29–30 November Edgar Lungu was selected as the party president and presidential candidate by default, as none of the other candidates were present. However, as the meeting did not follow procedure and included unauthorised delegates, party president Scott called the elections "null and void" and chaired an alternative General Conference at Mulungushi University on 1 December, which saw Miles Sampa chosen as the party's presidential candidate with an overwhelming majority. The Lungu faction had previously obtained an injunction from the High Court against this Conference and denied the legitimacy of Sampa's selection. Three candidates—Kambwili, Simuusa and Lubinda—withdrew from the Conference before the vote, citing distrust of the legitimacy of the delegates present and a wish not to divide the party.

Movement for Multi-Party Democracy

Rupiah Banda, former President of Zambia.
Nevers Mumba, minister and former televangelist, MMD President.

As president of the MMD, Mumba declared himself the party's candidate for the presidency. However, following former President Banda's interest in seeking the presidency, the MMD National Executive Committee, 38 of the 55 members being present, unanimously voted to suspend Mumba from the party presidency and adopt Banda as its presidential candidate. Following this meeting on 18 November 2014, MMD national secretary Muhabi Lungu stated that Mumba had disregarded party organs, namely the NEC, and committed gross misconduct. Mumba contested this decision, stating that he was the legitimately elected leader of the party and was not elected to keep the seat warm for President Banda's future candidacy.

Mumba sought an injunction against Lungu, seeking to restrain Lungu from interfering with the running of Mumba's office and functions of the party president. On 11 December the Lusaka High Court dismissed an interim injunction granted to Mumba on 25 November, with High Court Judge Chalwe Mchenga stating that Mumba failed to specify what Lungu should be precluded from doing and that Lungu cannot be held responsible for failing to comply with an unclear injunction.

On appeal, the Supreme Court reversed and ruled on 18 December that the official candidate for the MMD was Nevers Mumba. In an opinion read by Supreme Court Justice Mumba Malila, the Court reasoned that Judge Mchenga erred when ruling and failed to consider evidence submitted to the Court by Mumba that sufficiently showed the parameters of the injunction that the High Court had stated were unclear. A week later, Banda released a statement in which he thanked his supporters, but told them to respect the Supreme Court's decision. Mumba subsequently expelled Muhabi Lungu and vice secretary Chembe Nyangu from their positions for insubordination.

United Party for National Development
The UPND's National Management Committee unanimously agreed to field party leader and prior presidential candidate Hakainde Hichilema on 14 November 2014. Hichilema also received the support of Charles Milupi and the Alliance for Democracy and Development on 25 November.

Minor party candidates
Tilyenji Kaunda (United National Independence Party), son to the former President Kenneth Kaunda.
Godfrey Miyanda (Heritage Party), retired major general, former vice-president.
Edith Nawakwi (Forum for Democracy and Development), former Energy and Finance Minister.
Peter Sinkamba (Green Party of Zambia)
Daniel Pule (Christian Democratic Party), Church Apostle, former Deputy Minister.
Elias Chipimo Jr (National Restoration Party), former Corporate Lawyer.
Ludwig Sondashi (Forum for Democratic Alternatives), former Works and Supply Minister.

Results
Lungu won by a narrow plurality of just 27,757 votes (1.68%). Hichilema denounced the elections as a sham and urged his supporters to remain calm and prepare for the next general elections in 2016.

Four votes appear to be unaccounted for. The final results released by the Electoral Commission of Zambia on its website indicate the total registered voters as 5,166,084, as opposed to 5,166,088 previously published in the Certified Register of Voters.

Aftermath

Lungu was inaugurated as the sixth President on 25 January 2015 at the National Heroes Stadium in the capital Lusaka. Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe attended the swearing in ceremony in his capacity as the Chairman of the Southern African Development Community. Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, the Chairperson of the African Union Commission, congratulated the Zambian people on the successful elections.

References

External links
Dr Scott casts his vote, Zambian State House
Zambia Votes in Pictures, Lusaka Times

Presidential
Presidential elections in Zambia
Zambia


title: Dorcasomus delegorguei

text:
Dorcasomus delegorguei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1845.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1845


title: Dorcasomus ebulinus

text:
Dorcasomus ebulinus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1787.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1787


title: Dorcasomus gigas

text:
Dorcasomus gigas is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1914.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1914


title: Dotoramades basalis

text:
Dotoramades basalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Villiers in 1982.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1982


title: Dotoramades masoalensis

text:
Dotoramades masoalensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Villiers in 1982.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1982


title: Dotoramades sambiranensis

text:
Dotoramades sambiranensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Villiers in 1982.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1982


title: Dotoramades suturalis

text:
Dotoramades suturalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Villiers in 1982.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1982


title: Dotoramades difformipes

text:
Dotoramades difformipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1879.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1879


title: Dysmathosoma lucidus

text:
Dysmathosoma lucidus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2004.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2004


title: Dysmathosoma picipes

text:
Dysmathosoma picipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Waterhouse in 1882.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1882


title: Eccrisis abdominalis

text:
Eccrisis abdominalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pascoe in 1888.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1888


title: Eccrisis adlbaueri

text:
Eccrisis adlbaueri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2003.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2003


title: Eccrisis brachyptera

text:
Eccrisis brachyptera is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1901.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1901


title: Eccrisis calceata

text:
Eccrisis calceata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1901.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1901


title: Eccrisis distincta

text:
Eccrisis distincta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1901.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1901


title: Eccrisis flavicollis

text:
Eccrisis flavicollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Waterhouse in 1878.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1878


title: Pallacanestro Brescia

text:
The Pallacanestro Brescia, better known for sponsorship reasons as Germani Brescia, is an Italian professional basketball team, based in Brescia, Lombardy. Founded in 2009, the team plays in the Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) since the 2016–17 season.

History
The history of the Pallacanestro Brescia as we know it today, began in 2009 when Graziella Bragaglio and Matteo Bonetti, took back to the city, the basket's love. The name of the team has always been Basket Brescia Leonessa, till 2020 when it changed to Pallacanestro Brescia.

In 2016, after beating Fortitudo Bologna at game 5 of the league's playoffs, the team Brescia Leonessa won the Serie A2 League and returns in the highest-tier of the Italian basketball league system after 28 years.

In 2018, Pallacanestro Brescia reached the final of the Italian Cup. The team lost 69–67, as Fiat Torino went on to win its first Cup ever.

During season 2018-2019 the team played its first international Cup, partecipating at the EuroCup.

Season 2021-2022 has been one of the best season of Germani Brescia's history. The team won 14 consecutives matches and at the end of the season the average was 21 matches won over 30 matches played. Team and players also won some awards given from LBA at the end of the season.

The greatest achievement of his history for Brescia has been the win of the Coppa Italia on February 19th 2023, the first time ever for them.

Arena and logo
The club plays its home games in PalaLeonessa, the new arena built in the city in year 2018. It can host 5.000 people. The logo of Pallacanestro Brescia is blue and white, with a female lion inside. These are the colours and symbol also of the city of Brescia.

Season by season

Players

Current roster

Depth chart

Notable players

Honours
Serie A2 Basket
Champions (1): 2015–16
 Italian Cup
 Winners (1): 2023
 Runners-up (1): 2018

Sponsorship names

Through the years, due to sponsorship deals, it has been also known as:
Centrale del Latte di Brescia (2009–2016)
Germani Trasporti (2016–present) (Since 2018 only in LBA)
FAP Investments (2018–present) (EuroCup)

Kit

Manufacturer

References

External links
Official website

1957 establishments in Italy
Basketball teams established in 1957
Basketball teams in Lombardy


title: Eccrisis maculosa

text:
Eccrisis maculosa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1901.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1901


title: Eccrisis muscaria

text:
Eccrisis muscaria is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1900.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1900


title: Eccrisis perrieri

text:
Eccrisis perrieri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1900.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1900


title: Eccrisis plagiaticollis

text:
Eccrisis plagiaticollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1893.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1893


title: Eccrisis scalabrii

text:
Eccrisis scalabrii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1896.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1896


title: Eccrisis spinicrus

text:
Eccrisis spinicrus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1896.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1896


title: 2007 in Thailand

text:
The year 2007 was the 226th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 62nd year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2550 in the Buddhist Era.

Incumbents
 King: Bhumibol Adulyadej
 Crown Prince: Vajiralongkorn
 Prime Minister: Surayud Chulanont
 Supreme Patriarch: Nyanasamvara Suvaddhana

Events

January
 January 1 - Two more bomb blasts strike Bangkok just after midnight, injuring several people, including a foreign tourist whose legs are amputated in the blast. The explosions are near CentralWorld shopping mall, where just hours before thousands of people had gathered for a New Year's Eve countdown celebration and been told to disperse by authorities after seven bombs went off in various parts of the city earlier in the evening.
 January 10 - Thailand's post-coup leaders revoke the diplomatic passport of ousted PM Thaksin Shinawatra and tell local media not to report his comments.
 January 14 - A buddhist man has been beheaded and two others shot in Yala province, Southern Thailand. A handwritten note was found saying "We will kill all Thai Buddhists." Another man was shot dead in a separate attack. A police officer told the Reuters news agency that the note left by the body was signed by a group that called itself the Pattani Fighters, a reference to one of the region's troubled provinces.
 January 14 - A collision between two trains south of Bangkok leaves 3 dead and about 70 injured. A Bangkok-bound train took the wrong track and hit an oncoming service near the resort town of Hua Hin.

August
 19 August - A referendum on the new constitution was held in Thailand on 19 August 2007.
 19 August - Thailand conducted a referendum for the 2007 Constitution of Thailand on August 19. About 56.7% of the people approved the constitution.

December
 2007 Southeast Asian Games was held in Nakhon Ratchasima from December 6 to 15.
 2007 Thai general election took place on December 23. Samak Sundaravej won the election.

Births

Deaths

See also
 2007 Thailand national football team results
 2007 Thailand National Games
 Miss Thailand Universe 2007
 2007 South Thailand bombings
 2007 ASEAN Football Championship
 2007 Thailand Open (tennis)
 2007 in Thai television
 List of Thai films of 2007

References

External links
 Year 2007 Calendar - Thailand

Years of the 21st century in Thailand
Thailand
2000s in Thailand
Thailand


title: Icariotis alboscutatus

text:
Icariotis alboscutatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1904.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1904


title: Icariotis basipennis

text:
Icariotis basipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Léon Fairmaire in 1901.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1901


title: Icariotis fulvicornis

text:
Icariotis fulvicornis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pascoe in 1888.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1888


title: Icariotis limbipennis

text:
Icariotis limbipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1901.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1901


title: Icariotis nigrans

text:
Icariotis nigrans is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1901.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1901


title: Concerts of Antient Music

text:
The Concerts of Antient Music, also known as the Ancient Concerts or The King's Concerts, were an influential concert series put on annually in London from 1776 to 1848. The concerts consisted solely of music composed at least twenty years previous (although sometimes revised for the tastes or instrumentation of the time). The concerts had aristocratic or royal sponsorship and featured some of the best musicians of the day. At first, twelve concerts were given each year; in 1785 a thirteenth concert, a performance of Handel's Messiah to benefit retired musicians, was added at King George III's command.

The founding committee in 1776 included the Earl of Sandwich, the Earl of Exeter, the Viscount Dudley and Ward, and John Egerton, the Bishop of Durham. From the year 1785 the royal family was usually in attendance, and patronized the concerts as well. King George III personally wrote out the programmes, and in the later years Prince Albert was one of the directors.

The programmes at first consisted mostly of Handel, with a few works by Corelli, Geminiani, Charles Avison, and others. After 1826 the concerts added works by Mozart and a greater variety of other composers; Beethoven's works appeared after 1835.

The concerts were first held in the New Rooms on Tottenham Street, later known as the Queen's or West London Theatre. In 1795 they were moved to a concert hall at the Opera House, and then in 1804 to the Hanover Square Rooms.

Notable musicians involved with the concerts
Conductors: Joah Bates (1776-1793), Thomas Greatorex (1793-1831), William Knyvett (1832–39), Henry Bishop (1843-8) (Sir George Smart, Henry Bishop, Charles Lucas, and James Turle conducted concerts in 1840-3, when the series was without a permanent conductor.)
Orchestra leaders: Wilhelm Cramer (1780-1799)
Organist: Charles Lucas (1841-8)
Singers: Harriett Abrams, Brigida Banti, James Bartleman, Elizabeth Billington, Anna Bishop, John Braham, Angelica Catalani, Samuel Thomas Champnes, Michael Kelly, Gertrud Elisabeth Mara, Maria Frances Parke, Catherine Stephens, Eliza Salmon, Jane Shirreff, Nancy Storace
Instrumentalists: John Crosdill, Domenico Dragonetti, John Ella, Frantisek Kotzwara, Nicolas Mori. In 1847 Felix Mendelssohn performed solo on the organ the Prelude and Fugue in B-flat major on the name B-A-C-H attributed at the time to Bach.

Much of the music from these concerts was presented to the Royal College of Music by Queen Victoria, where it now forms part of the College's extensive collections.

See also
 Professional Concerts
 Vocal Concerts

References

British music history
Concerts in the United Kingdom
Early music


title: Icariotis pallidocinctus

text:
Icariotis pallidocinctus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1896.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1896


title: Icariotis politicollis

text:
Icariotis politicollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1905.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1905


title: Icariotis pruinosus

text:
Icariotis pruinosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1901.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1901


title: Icariotis scapularis

text:
Icariotis scapularis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pascoe in 1888.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1888


title: Icariotis subsulcata

text:
Icariotis subsulcata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1893.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1893


title: Icariotis tenuipes

text:
Icariotis tenuipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1901.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1901


title: Icariotis testaceus

text:
Icariotis testaceus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1901.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1901


title: Icariotis unicolor

text:
Icariotis unicolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pascoe in 1888.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1888


title: How to Make Money Selling Drugs

text:
How to Make Money Selling Drugs is a documentary film written, directed and narrated by Matthew Cooke and produced by Bert Marcus and Adrian Grenier. The film premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival and was theatrically released in June 2013.

Premise
The documentary starts out as a mock guide to how to be a successful pusher, explains how drug dealers, smugglers, kingpins and drug lords make money and the risks involved, with the ultimate aim of setting the stage for the real purpose for the film.  It then seriously examines what perpetuates the War on Drugs and criticizes it, while providing suggestions and opinions from those trying to deal with the problem of drugs from outside of the institutionalized and incentivized war.

Interviews

 Radley Balko
 Bobby Carlton
 Cheye Calvo
 Barry Cooper
 Keith Kruskall
 Neill Franklin
 Joe Gilbride
 Judge James P. Gray
 Woody Harrelson
 John E. Harriel Jr.
 Arianna Huffington
 Curtis "50 Cent" James Jackson III
 Gil Kerlikowske
 Raymond Madden
 Yolanda Madden
 Marshall "Eminem" Bruce Mathers III
 Alexandra Natapoff
 Brian O'Dea
 Patrick Reynalds
 "Freeway" Rick Ross
 Susan Sarandon
 Russell Simmons
 David Simon
 Eric Sterling
 Skipp Townsend
 Howard Wooldridge
 "Mr. X"
 "Pepe"

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 77% of 39 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 6.6/10.  Metacritic rated it 69/100 based on 16 reviews.  John Anderson of Variety wrote, "By being both glib and preachy, this highly stylized pic ends up being a tiresome buzzkill".  John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "The entertaining doc is more serious than it seems but has little new to say."  Nicolas Rapold of The New York Times wrote that "there's a lot to learn" from the film, but it overwhelms viewers with unnecessary flash and "relentless voice-over".  Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it "begins as a slick, tongue-in-cheek guide to successful dope dealing" but "masterfully evolves into something far more vital, cogent and impressive."  Ernest Hard of The Village Voice wrote, "It's a smart, funny, tough-minded film crammed with data and personal anecdotes" that help to illuminate the costs of the drug war.  Linda Holmes of NPR wrote, "Whether or not you agree with its underlying critique of existing drug policy, How To Make Money Selling Drugs is an ambitious, creative attempt to talk in a single film about everything from the disparate treatment of black and white dealers to the influence of asset forfeiture on law-enforcement strategies to the devastation of Mexico's drug war."  Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "While it won't win any Oscars, Matthew Cooke's new documentary How To Make Money Selling Drugs may take the prize for being the shallowest and most glib film of the year."

The production won the audience prize for best American independent film at the 2013 Champs-Élysées Film Festival.

References

External links

2012 films
2012 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about the illegal drug trade
Documentary films about crime in the United States
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


title: Karim Hirji

text:
Karim Hirji is a Ugandan businessman, hotel owner and entrepreneur. He is reported to be one of the wealthiest individuals in Uganda, with an estimated net worth of about US$800 million.

History
During the 1960s and 1970s, Hirji was a champion automobile racing driver. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, he began trading in textiles and alcoholic beverages from a shop in central Kampala. His first company Dembe Enterprises has since expanded into the Dembe Group of Companies, a conglomerate that includes a radio station, an automobile dealership, a finance and insurance business, an amusement park and the Imperial Hotels Group chain. He also owns the former Uganda Commercial Bank Towers, which he renamed Cham Towers.

See also
 List of wealthiest people in Uganda
 List of hotels in Uganda
 List of tallest buildings in Kampala

References

External links
Karim Hirji – Driver Profile
Tycoon Karim In The Spotlight Over Chogm Money

Living people
Ugandan businesspeople in real estate
Businesspeople in the hospitality industry
Ugandan businesspeople
Ugandan Ismailis
Businesspeople of Indian descent
1950 births
People from Kampala


title: Logisticus angustatus

text:
Logisticus angustatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Waterhouse in 1880.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1880


title: Single Best

text:
Single Best may refer to:

Single Best, album by Kou Shibasaki
Single Best (Day After Tomorrow album)
Single Best,  album by Exile (Japanese band), Rock & Pop Album Of The Year Award 2006
Single Best 10, Sharam Q 1996
Single Best, Ai Kawashima 2008


title: Logisticus bicolor

text:
Logisticus bicolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2004.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 2004


title: Logisticus fuscopunctatus

text:
Logisticus fuscopunctatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1903.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1903


title: Logisticus iners

text:
Logisticus iners is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1903.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1903


title: Logisticus modestus

text:
Logisticus modestus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Waterhouse in 1882.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1882


title: Logisticus obscurus

text:
Logisticus obscurus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Waterhouse in 1880.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1880


title: Logisticus obtusipennis

text:
Logisticus obtusipennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1901.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1901


George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation is a 1986 television film, and was the sequel to the 1984 miniseries George Washington. The film chronicles the life of George Washington, the first President of the United States. George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation is based on the biography by James Thomas Flexner.

It aired on September 21–22, 1986.
The two-part sequel received low television ratings, among the worst ratings received by a miniseries to that time.  It nevertheless received two nominations during the 39th Primetime Emmy Awards for Best Make-up and Best Hairstyling.

Cast
Barry Bostwick as George Washington – Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, and later first President of the United States
Patty Duke Astin as Martha Washington – Wife of George Washington
Jeffrey Jones as Thomas Jefferson
Richard Bekins as Alexander Hamilton
Penny Fuller as Eliza Powel
Eve Gordon as Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton
Marcia Cross as Anne Bingham
Guy Paul as James Madison
Norman Snow as Edmund Randolph
Lise Hilboldt as Maria Reynolds
Haviland Morris as Henrietta Liston
Daniel Davis as Patrick Henry
Richard Fancy as William Duer
Farnham Scott as Henry Knox
Nicholas Kepros as John Jay

See also
 We Fight to Be Free (2006 film)
 Washington (2020 miniseries)
 List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution
 List of films about the American Revolution

References

External links

1986 television films
1986 films
American television films
Cultural depictions of George Washington
Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson
Cultural depictions of Alexander Hamilton
Cultural depictions of Patrick Henry
Cultural depictions of James Madison
Films set in the 18th century
Television films about the American Revolution
Television films based on books
Films directed by William Graham (director)
Films scored by Bruce Broughton
Cultural depictions of Martha Washington


title: Logisticus pachydermus

text:
Logisticus pachydermus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1893.

References

Dorcasominae
Beetles described in 1893