title: Nunc dimittis (Pärt)

text:
Arvo Pärt's  is a setting of the Latin canticle  for mixed choir a cappella, written in 2001. It was published by Universal Edition.

History
The Latin canticle  is based on the biblical narration of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple according to the Gospel of Luke. It is one of only three canticles in the New Testament, along with the Magnificat and the Benedictus. It is part of the daily evening service compline and has often been set to music. In the English choral tradition, it is typically combined with a setting of the Magnificat for Vespers, colloquially called "Mag and Nunc".

Pärt had written a Magnificat in 1989 in Berlin, where the Estonian composer lived.  was commissioned by the choir of St. Mary’s Cathedral in Edinburgh, conducted by Matthew Owens. They first performed it in an Evensong of the 2001 Edinburgh Festival. It was published by Universal Edition.

Text and music

Pärt set the piece using the biblical text in the Vulgate version (). He set it in C-sharp minor for a mixed choir a cappella. The climax, on the words "lumen ad revelationem" (a light to reveal), is prepared by a "measured procession of gradually expanding phrases" and happens shifting from C-sharp minor to C-sharp major. A reviewer noted that "gorgeous textures, harmonies and sonorities conjure a feeling of purity and emptiness."

Recordings

The first recording of  is part of Pärt: Triodion & other choral works, performed by Polyphony, conducted by Stephen Layton, and published by Hyperion. It was recorded in 2003 in the presence of the composer at London's Temple Church.

 is part of a collection of music by Pärt titled , performed by the Estonian Philharmonic Chamber Choir, conducted by Paul Hillier, with organist Christopher Bowers-Broadbent.

References

Compositions by Arvo Pärt
2001 compositions
Compositions in C-sharp minor
Choral compositions


title: 1929–30 FC Barcelona season

text:
The 1929–30 season is FC Barcelona's 31st in existence, and was their second year in the Primera División, and covers the period from 1929-08-01 to 1930-07-31.

FC Barcelona won the Catalan League for the 16th time, their only title in the season.

First-team squad

Transfers

In

Out

Competitions

La Liga

League table

Results by round

Matches

Copa del Rey

Round of 32

Round of 16

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

Catalan football championship

League table

Matches

Friendlies

Results

References
BDFutbol
Webdelcule.com

FC Barcelona seasons
Barcelona


title: Ukraine and the International Monetary Fund

text:
Ukraine has been a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank since 3 September, 1992. The country is one of the IMF's four largest borrowers.

History

Independence–Yanukovych
Ukraine became a member of the IMF and the World Bank on 3 September, 1992. The IMF approved a $2.2 billion Extended Fund Facility (EFF) with Ukraine in September 1998. In July 1999, the three-year program was increased to $2.6 billion. Ukraine's failure to meet monetary targets and structural-reform commitments caused the EFF to be suspended or its disbursements delayed several times. The last EFF disbursement was made in September 2001. Although Ukraine met most monetary targets for the EFF disbursement which was due in early 2002, the tranche was not disbursed due to the accumulation of large VAT-refund arrears to Ukrainian exporters (which amounted to a hidden budget deficit). The EFF expired in September 2002, and the government of Ukraine and the IMF began discussions the following month on the possibility and form of future programs.

The IMF granted Ukraine a $16.4 billion loan in October 2008, of which the government had received $10.6 billion in May 2010. Further payments were frozen in late 2009, after Ukraine raised minimum wages and pensions contrary to IMF recommendations.

Ukraine was the IMF's third-largest borrower in May 2010, after Romania ($12.5 billion) and Hungary ($11.6 billion). The IMF approved a 29-month, $15.15 billion loan to Ukraine on 28 July, 2010. Among other effects, this led to a 50-percent increase on household natural gas utility prices in July 2010 for Ukrainian consumers (a key demand of the IMF in exchange of the loan). The Fund said on 20 December, 2013, that the second Azarov government had only partially implemented the 2010 agreements, "and in this connection the program had not been implemented".

In December 2013, Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov noted "the extremely harsh conditions" of a renewed IMF loan presented by the Fund on 20 November of that year. The conditions, which included steep budget cuts and a 40-percent increase in natural-gas bills, were the last argument supporting the Ukrainian government's decision to suspend preparations to sign the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement on 21 November, 2013. The decision to postpone signing the agreement led to the Euromaidan protests. On 7 December, 2013, the IMF clarified that it was not insisting on a 40-percent single-stage increase in natural-gas tariffs; the Fund recommended a gradual increase to an economically-justified level, with compensation to the poor in the form of increased social assistance. On 10 December, 2013, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych said: "We will certainly resume the IMF negotiations. If there are conditions that suit us, we will take that path". However, Yanukovych repeated that the IMF conditions were unacceptable: "I had a conversation with U.S. Vice President Joe Biden, who told me that the issue of the IMF loan has almost been solved, but I told him that if the conditions remained ... we did not need such loans". In December 2013, Ukraine again applied to the IMF for about $20 billion to meet the costs associated with signing the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement.

Post-Maidan
In February 2014, Yanukovych and Azarov were overthrown and replaced by the first Yatsenyuk government. The following month, the IMF required Ukraine to reform its natural-gas price subsidies in return for an aid package of about $15 billion. One of the expected effects was a 50-percent price increase for natural gas sold to domestic consumers. The increase was expected to become effective on 1 May as part of a set of intertwined contingencies required by the IMF to provide financial support to Ukraine. The European Union required Ukraine to secure the IMF aid package in return for about €1.6 billion in EU support. Before the increase, all natural gas bought by the government of Ukraine was resold to consumers with government subsidies at below-market prices. Gas prices for district heating companies were also expected to rise by 40 percent on 1 July. Anders Aslund, a former economic adviser to the Ukrainian government, believed that Ukraine's expenses could be reduced by two percent of its gross domestic product if gas subsidies were halted. On 27 March, 2014, the IMF announced that it would issue a $14-18 billion rescue package for Ukraine; in return, the Fund demanded that Ukraine establish an anti-corruption bureau. The previous day, Ukraine announced that household natural-gas prices would rise by 50 percent on 1 May, 2014. On 4 September of that year, Ukraine received $1.39 billion from the IMF.

On 11 March, 2015, the Fund approved a four-year, $17.5 billion EFF for Ukraine; its first tranche of $5 billion was forwarded on 13 March, 2015. The second $1.7 billion tranche was transferred on 4 August, 2015. The third tranche would be released after a review of the EFF, in which the IMF wanted to see a decrease in corruption. The third, $1 billion tranche was agreed to be forwarded on 15 September, 2016, despite Russian opposition. Russia opposed the decision because, since December 2015, Ukraine had defaulted on a $3 billion debt payment to Russia. The fourth tranche was forwarded in spring 2017. Because of a 2017 memorandum between Ukraine and the IMF, only pension reform was achieved and the country received no further financing from the Fund.

On 21–29 May, 2019, an IMF mission led by Ron van Rooden visited Kyiv to discuss recent developments and economic policies regarding the Fund. At the end of the visit, it concluded: "The IMF staff team has had very productive discussions with the Ukrainian authorities, including with President Zelenskyi, on the review of Ukraine’s Stand-By Arrangement with the IMF. The team has found that fiscal and monetary policies remain on track, and it stands ready to return to Kyiv to continue discussions after the forthcoming parliamentary elections as soon as a new government has clarified its policy intentions".

In late September 2019, an IMF mission left Ukraine without securing a new deal. The 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary elections had taken place, and the Honcharuk government (led by Oleksiy Honcharuk) had been formed on 29 August. After the September visit, the IMF said: "Growth is held back by a weak business environment—with shortcomings in the legal framework, pervasive corruption, and large parts of the economy dominated by inefficient state-owned enterprises or by oligarchs—deterring competition and investment". In mid-October 2019, a Ukrainian delegation visited Washington to continue talks with the IMF about a new lending program.

On 10 June, 2020, IMF's executive board has approved an 18-month, $5 billion standby arrangement for Ukraine. Ukraine immediately received about $2 billion, while the remaining amount is planned to be disbursed in phases over four reviews during an 18-month period. In order to qualify for the loan deal Ukraine's parliament had voted to lift a ban on the sale of farmland and approved a new banking law (which was designed to prevent Ihor Kolomoiskyi and Hennadii Boholiubov from regaining control of PrivatBank).

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

On 5 March, 2022, the International Monetary Fund said it anticipated to forward Ukraine's request for $1.4 billion in emergency finance to its board for approval as soon as next week.

See also
Economy of Ukraine

Notes

References

External links
 Official Ukraine and the IMF website of the IMF
 Resident Representative Office in Ukraine website

International Monetary Fund relations


title: Tixati

text:
Tixati is a proprietary Linux and Windows BitTorrent client written in C++. It has standalone and portable versions with each new client version.

Features
In addition to standard BitTorrent client-sharing functions, Tixati provides integral chatrooms with channel chat as well as encrypted private messaging. Chatrooms can be either public or secret. Users are allowed to optionally share lists of magnet or URL links which are then searchable across all channels a user is joined to. Browsing a specific user's share list is also supported. The channels also allow for streaming audio and video media.

Fopnu

Since July 20, 2017, the developers of Tixati have released regular updates of a new P2P system (network and client) called Fopnu. It's visually similar to Tixati but Fopnu is not a torrent client. Fopnu is a decentralized network with the latest advances in P2P technology, pure UDP and with all communications being encrypted. The ad-free freeware client includes chat rooms, contacts list (with private messages), search windows, browsing of a contact's library and creation of contacts groups (to control access to your library). Sharing massive amounts of files is much easier (than creating a lot of Torrent files) and has very little overhead.

Reception
In 2012, TorrentFreak listed it among the top 10 μTorrent alternatives. The same year, it received a positive review from Ghacks. A 2014 review at BestVPN.com praised it for its lightweight design. In May 2015, Tixati was the fifth most popular torrent client by the audience of Lifehacker.

On January 6, 2017, the developer announced the release of version 2.52 for user alpha testing, which added an encrypted forum function to the channels. Posts to the forum may be visible to all users in the channel or may be private, between only 2 users. In March 2017, it was listed as a popular BitTorrent client by Tom's Guide. In December 2017, it received a positive review by TechRadar. In January 2018, it was reviewed positively by Lifewire.

See also
 Comparison of BitTorrent clients
 Usage share of BitTorrent clients
 WinMX

References

External links

Windows file sharing software
BitTorrent clients for Linux
Cross-platform software
BitTorrent clients


title: Nossa Senhora da Graça incident

text:
The , alternatively called the , was a four-day naval battle between a Portuguese carrack and Japanese samurai junks belonging to the Arima clan near the waters of Nagasaki in 1610. The richly laden "great ship of commerce", famed as the "black ship" by the Japanese, sank after its captain André Pessoa set the gunpowder storage on fire as samurai overran the vessel. This desperate and fatal resistance impressed the Japanese, and memories of the event persisted even into the 19th century.

Background
In 1543, Portuguese traders arrived in Japan, initiating its first contact with the West. Soon, they established a trading post in Nagasaki, linking it with their headquarters in Goa via Malacca. Large carracks engaged in the flourishing "Nanban trade", introducing new goods and ideas into Japan, the most important of them being arquebuses and Christianity. Later, they engaged in triangular trade, exchanging silver from Japan with silk from China via the Portuguese settlement of Macau on the Chinese coast near Canton, since China banned direct trading with Japan. As Nagasaki grew from a fishing village to a bustling community of Jesuit missionaries and Portuguese traders, its autonomy and religious influence eventually drew the ire of the top powers of Japan. Portuguese control of the settlement was revoked in 1588, and a bugyō (governor) assumed control of Nagasaki in 1605. In addition to the Nagasaki bugyō, local municipal affairs were managed by the daikan (代官; magistrate or lieutenant-governor).

At the same time, the Portuguese near monopoly on East Asian maritime trade was increasingly being contested by new entrants. The Dutch, who had been at war with the Portuguese, made a chance landing in Japan for the first time in 1600 on the Liefde, and the navigator of that ship, the Englishman William Adams, managed to become a key advisor in the shogunal court and therein advocate for Dutch interests. The Spanish, based in the Philippines, also sought to make a presence in the Japanese trade at the expense of Portugal despite the union of the crowns of Spain and Portugal (the news of which was coolly received in Portuguese Macau). Japan itself toyed with the idea of foreign trade, issuing trading permits to a select list of worthies who would then send off "red seal ships" to waters as far as Malacca and the Moluccas.

Incident in Macau

The direct cause of the Nossa Senhora da Graça incident was the waterfront altercation on November 30, 1608, in Macau, resulting in the deaths of 50 Japanese samurai under the orders of the Captain-major André Pessoa. Since Macau did not have a permanent governor at the time, the Captain-major of the Japan Voyage acted as governor while he was in town, overriding the Senate of Macau.

In 1608, a red seal ship belonging to the Hinoe daimyō Arima Harunobu weathered in Macau after coming back from Cambodia to fetch a cargo of agarwood, intending to winter there until the monsoon of 1609. The Japanese crew behaved rowdily and walked brazenly through the town in armed bands of thirty or forty. The Chinese inhabitants, greatly concerned by this, urged the Senate of Macau to curb these activities or expel the Japanese altogether. The Senate merely advised the Japanese to moderate their behavior and disguise themselves as Chinese, but this was flatly ignored.

Since appeasement only appeared to encourage the Japanese crew, whom their compatriots joined from a nearby shipwreck, the Portuguese authorities hardened their stance in response, lest the Japanese tried to take over Macau. On November 30, the Japanese gang got into a serious brawl. When the Portuguese ouvidor (magistrate) came to stop the fight, he got injured and his retainers killed. Church bells were sounded in alarm following this incident, and Captain-major André Pessoa arrived at the scene with all available armed reinforcements. The Japanese fled and took refuge in two houses, which Portuguese soldiers quickly surrounded. Pessoa offered quarter to those who would surrender, but 27 of those in the first house refused and were gunned down when forced out of the house by fire. The Jesuits and the Bishop of Macau intervened as Pessoa prepared to storm the second house, and the Japanese there, numbering around 50, were induced to surrender on the promise of life and freedom. However, Pessoa had the suspected ringleaders strangled in jail, while the rest were allowed to leave Macau after signing an affidavit absolving the Portuguese from all blame.

The Japan voyage of 1609
Due to Dutch activities in Cantonese waters in 1607 and 1608, no Portuguese ship left for the Japan voyage for over two years. Hence, the 1609 Macau carrack was unusually richly stocked with two years' supply for the Japanese market. This carrack, variously called the Nossa Senhora da Graça (Our Lady of Grace) or the Madre de Deus (Mother of God), left Macau on May 10, six weeks ahead of schedule, because its captain, André Pessoa, heard from Malacca that the Dutch were planning to attack his ship.

It was the Dutch modus operandi at the time to intercept the annual Portuguese trading fleet, especially since their capture of the Santa Catarina in 1603 had been so profitable its booty sold for more than half of the original capital of the Dutch East India Company (VOC).
When the admiral of the Dutch fleet in the East learned that the Portuguese were loading an exceptionally rich carrack in Macau, he sent orders to Abraham van den Broeck, in command of two Dutch vessels in the waters of Johor, to find this ship. If they missed the carrack, the Dutch would proceed to Japan and try to open trade there. Van den Broeck, with Jacques Specx in tow, set sail on May 10, stopping by Patani to get a supply of some silk, pepper, and lead to trade in Japan. They then laid around the Taiwan Strait in wait for the Portuguese carrack to no avail, then made their way into the Japanese harbor of Hirado on July 1. As it happened, the Dutch only missed the Nossa Senhora da Graça by two days since Pessoa sailed right into a monsoon that carried the carrack way to the south, offsetting his early lead, and landed in the harbor of Nagasaki on June 29.

Intrigues in Japan

In Nagasaki, the bugyō Hasegawa Fujihiro (長谷川藤広) gave Pessoa more trouble than was usual for Europeans in Japan at the time. Hasegawa repeatedly tried to inspect the ship's contents, but Pessoa always rejected it, and Hasegawa temporarily relented. When all the merchants and merchandise were unloaded, Hasegawa paid the Portuguese scant courtesy and bought all the best silk at low fixed prices, ostensibly on behalf of the retired shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu. For reasons not entirely clear, Hasegawa and his colleague, the daikan Murayama Tōan, showed hostility to the Portuguese traders at this time, whereas previous relations had been amicable. Their behavior may have been motivated by jealousy against the influential Jesuit father João Rodrigues at Ieyasu's side, desire for a larger share of the Portuguese trade, or merely be a reflection of Ieyasu's increasing impatience with the Portuguese. Hasegawa and Murayama complained to Ieyasu of Portuguese insolence, pointing out that they acted with virtual extraterritoriality in Nagasaki and accusing them of hiding the best silk to sell in the black market for higher prices. They added that if Ieyasu adopted a harder line against the Portuguese, the red seal ships could compensate for some potential losses in the Portuguese trade. Faced with the Dutch establishment of trade at Hirado, Pessoa reconciled with Hasegawa and Murayama through the intercession of the Jesuits and a monetary bribe.

When Pessoa explained his version of events of the Macau incident to Hasegawa and suggested forwarding the affidavit to Ieyasu (who was retired but still in charge), Hasegawa advised Pessoa to do nothing of the sort. Hasegawa explained that while Ieyasu was mindful of the truculent behaviors of the Japanese abroad, he would be forced to take his compatriots's side as a matter of principle if the issue was brought up officially. This argument did not entirely convince Pessoa, and he drew up an unofficial memorandum of the Portuguese case for Honda Masazumi, Ieyasu's handler of foreign affairs, much to the displeasure of Hasegawa and Murayama, who wrongly suspected that Pessoa had also complained about the two in the memorandum. In any case, Honda, with authorization from Ieyasu, gave Pessoa's envoy written assurances that Japanese sailors would be forbidden to travel to Macau, and any who did could be handled according to Portuguese laws.

Outwardly, Hasegawa still put Portuguese interests in mind as it was in his best interests to keep the Portuguese trade alive in Nagasaki. He arranged to have the Portuguese envoys arrive in Ieyasu's court at Sunpu before those of the Dutch trading party, even though Ieyasu chose to grant an audience to the Dutch envoys first. The Dutch entry provided Ieyasu an opportunity to break the Portuguese monopoly on Chinese silk, and the delighted ex-shōgun gave the Dutch permission to establish a trading post anywhere in Japan without the restriction on prices like the Portuguese had. Hasegawa took the Portuguese side and relayed information of Dutch activities to the Portuguese; however, Pessoa and the Macanese merchants were still suspicious of Hasegawa's intentions and resolved to petition Ieyasu directly to complain about Hasegawa and Murayama. The Jesuits were horrified when they found out about Pessoa's decision due to their knowledge that Hasegawa's sister Onatsu (お夏) was a favorite concubine of Ieyasu, "so much so, that if she said black was white, [Ieyasu] would believe it". The fathers used all sorts of rhetoric they could muster, including the threat of excommunication, to dissuade Pessoa from complaining. Pessoa desisted, but the damage had already been done since the Japanese interpreter hired to translate the list of grievances showed it to the bugyō himself. Hasegawa, in great anger, swore to get even with Pessoa dead or alive.

In September 1609, the Japanese survivors of the Macau affair of 1608 returned to tell their version of events to their lord, Arima Harunobu, and the news was reported to Ieyasu. The ex-shōgun reprimanded Hasegawa for trying to hide the matter and ordered him to make a full investigation. Hasegawa drew up a lengthy report taking the side of Arima, who wanted revenge for his men, saying the Portuguese had obtained the Macau affidavits under duress and should be considered void. Hasegawa and Arima advocated for the forcible takeover of the Nossa Senhora da Graça and its cargo. Still, Ieyasu was hesitant since such a move could endanger the annual Nagasaki-Macau trade. The final push Ieyasu needed came unexpectedly when a Spanish ship sailing from Manila to Mexico was wrecked off the coast of eastern Japan in the same month. When Ieyasu received the Spanish survivors in his court at Sunpu, he asked their leader Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia, the newly replaced governor of the Philippines, if the Spaniards could supply the bulk of silk imports to Japan like the Portuguese. Aberrucia rashly replied that they could easily send three ships to Japan yearly. Ieyasu, now convinced that he could replace the Portuguese merchants with the Spaniards, the Dutch, and his red seal ships, ordered Hasegawa and Arima to arrest Pessoa at all costs.

The battle for the black ship

Preparations and actions of the first night

Through the Christian community in Japan, Pessoa was informed of the intrigues against him and promptly prepared for defense and departure. He prepared a large number of hand grenades and ammunition aboard the ship. Still, due to the large size of the cargo, the ship was not ready to sail until after New Year's Day in 1610, whereas previous Macanese vessels usually returned before Christmas. While the ship was being loaded, Arima tried to entice Pessoa to come ashore with offers of hospitality, saying that he had been sent to Nagasaki only to negotiate silk prices, and that the high officials in Sunpu only wanted Pessoa to give his account of the Macau events in person—he would be pardoned as a foreigner even if he was found guilty. Many Portuguese believed Arima, but not Pessoa, who knew Arima had assembled a force of 1200 samurai against him. Pessoa now would not go ashore even for mass and ordered his crew to come aboard the carrack to set sail. However, this was delayed as some crew believed that the current crisis was merely Pessoa's feud and dragged their feet, while Japanese guards obstructed most who had wanted to embark. By the time Arima attacked the carrack on January 3, only about 50 Europeans were on board with some enslaved Black people and lascars.

Before they struck, Arima, Hasegawa, and Murayama jointly sent a message to the Jesuits justifying their impending attack on the carrack with the fact that Pessoa was trying to escape Japanese justice. They followed with another message suggesting that if the Portuguese crew would give up their captain, the matter would be settled. The Jesuits responded that surrendering their captains was not in Portuguese culture.

At night, Arima's armada of junks full of shouting men approached the Nossa Senhora da Graça unlit and quiet in stark contrast. Some of Pessoa's officers wanted to fire on the mob, being lit by the torches they carried. Still, Pessoa refused to take responsibility for opening hostilities, so the procedures of setting sail and weighing anchor continued quietly in the darkness. The Japanese shot first, firing two volleys of muskets and arrows, and Pessoa responded with two successive broadsides of five guns apiece, with flutes and trumpets playing after each volley to add insult to injury. The Japanese flotilla scattered and retreated for the night as the Portuguese carrack anchored off Fukahori (深堀) for lack of wind.

Hasegawa assumed the battle was lost and sent a courier to Sunpu carrying the news. Ieyasu received the news in great rage and ordered all Portuguese in Nagasaki to be executed, including Jesuit missionaries. This order was never carried out, as the courier returned to Nagasaki to find the situation significantly changed.

The second and third days

The battle continued with minor variations for the next two nights, with half-hearted parleys carried out in the daytime since the Japanese did not dare to attack during the day. In addition to repeating the first night's manoeuvers, Arima tried various methods to subdue the ship. First, he tried sending two samurai to board the ship in disguise and kill Pessoa on deck, but this failed as the two were not allowed onto the ship. He then sent divers to cut the cables of the ship's anchor, but this was also unsuccessful. On the third night, Arima sent forth a flotilla of fire ships, but they all drifted off in the wind save one, which slammed into the bow cable of the carrack but was cleared without much difficulty.

During the third day, Arima sent a message to Pessoa that he wished to renew negotiations about the silk prices and was willing to send hostages aboard to prove his sincerity, provided that the carrack stayed where it was. Pessoa, in return, demanded the sons of both Arima Harunobu and Murayama Toan and that he be allowed to take the ship to the neighboring anchorage of Fukuda, where he could wait for favorable winds to go back to Macau. Arima gave no reply, but Hasegawa was furious when he heard about the exchange, telling Pessoa in a message that Arima had no authority to make such a proposal and, on the contrary, had direct orders to kill Pessoa. Hasegawa added that if Pessoa surrendered himself and let the cargo be sold at a price decided by the Japanese, he could intercede on Pessoa's behalf. Pessoa politely declined further negotiations as long as the Japanese continued hostilities.

The final night
On the morning of January 6, 1610, a favorable breeze made it possible for Pessoa to move his ship to an inlet near Fukuda, but no further. Seeing that his prey was about to get away, Arima gave chase in a flotilla led by a colossal tower-junk. This junk was built by lashing two large boats together, upon which a wooden siege tower as tall as the carrack's deck was erected. The tower was covered with wet hides to protect it against Portuguese fire and had openings for the 500 archers and musketeers inside to shoot out of. With around 3000 samurai due to reinforcements in the last three days, the flotilla tried to approach the carrack under the cover of the tower-junk.

Between 8 and 9 p.m., the flotilla closed in at the carrack's stern, where only one of the two chase guns could be used to fend off the attack since the other had been moved to the prow to protect the ship's cables. A Japanese Christian captain led the charge, rallying his fellow coreligionists with the reasoning that if the carrack were not destroyed or captured, Ieyasu would turn his wrath onto the Christian community, and the churches would be destroyed. A few Japanese succeeded in boarding the ship but were promptly cut down (Pessoa himself killed two) or were forced to jump into the water.

The Portuguese fended off the smaller crafts with hand grenades, but they made little effect on the floating tower, which grappled the poop deck. Up to this point, the Portuguese casualties had been few, with only four or five Portuguese along with a few Africans and lascars killed, while the Japanese dead were estimated at several hundred. However, six hours into the fighting, a shot from the tower-junk hit a fire pot that a Portuguese soldier was about to throw, smashing it onto the gunpowder at his feet. This started a conflagration that spread through the deck, setting the mizzen sail ablaze. Pessoa and his men retreated to the forecastle, where they realized they did not have enough men to fight the fire and the Japanese boarders simultaneously. At this point, Pessoa ordered the ship's magazine to be set on fire since he would rather die than surrender. When the ship's purser hesitated, Pessoa cast away his sword and shield and picked up a crucifix, and then he exclaimed: "Blessed be thou, oh Lord, since thou willest that all this should end!" He then told his crew to save themselves as he started the fire. The Nossa Senhora da Graça blew up in two successive explosions, split into two, and sank with cargo, crew, and boarders alike. The Japanese killed all they could see swimming in the water, but a few survivors safely made it onto the shore. André Pessoa's body, however, was never found.

Aftermath
The remaining Portuguese merchants and missionaries were naturally concerned about their fates, especially since Ieyasu had personally ordered their execution. Arima, a Christian, apparently regretted what he had done and interceded on the Jesuits' behalf. Ieyasu had a change of heart since he was convinced that foreign trade would cease without the missionaries. Eventually, the merchants were allowed to leave for Macau with their property while the missionaries could stay. (With the notable exception of Ieyasu's Jesuit translator João Rodrigues, who was replaced by William Adams.) In March 1610, Hasegawa told the leaving merchants to "not cut the thread of trade, but arrange for at least a small vessel to come this year, and the Great Ship the next, when all would be well."

Since the Portuguese settlement of Macau greatly depended on the Japanese trade, the Senate of Macau decided it was prudent to send an envoy to Japan to officially negotiate the resumption of trade. They could not send a ship to Japan until the summer of 1611 when an embassy led by Dom Nuno Soutomaior reached the court of Ieyasu in August. By this time, Ieyasu was quite disillusioned about his previous hopes of having the Dutch and Spaniards replace the Portuguese traders, since the Dutch could not come in 1610, as their ships intended for Japan were caught in François de Wittert's defeat in the First Battle of Playa Honda by Spain, and Spain's contribution to the Japan trade in March 1611 was found to be disappointing. In addition, contrary to Hasegawa's previous assurances to Ieyasu, silk imports from red seal ships could not compare with those from the "great ship of commerce" since the Portuguese enjoyed near-exclusive direct access to the Canton silk market due to the Chinese ban on Japanese trade. Therefore, both sides were eager to resume the annual Japan trade.

Soutomaior had first justified Portuguese suppression of the incident in Macau, then demanded from the Shogunate compensation for all damages caused by the sinking of Nossa Senhora da Graça and the dismissal of Hasegawa, but the latter demands were rejected. Finally, blame for the incident was placed squarely on the dead André Pessoa for refusing to surrender when asked. Ieyasu permitted the "great ship" to come to Nagasaki as before. After another trip to the court of Ieyasu in 1612 to clear up the terms of trade, the São Felipe e Santiago became the first Portuguese carrack to trade in Nagasaki after the two-year hiatus.

Nevertheless, Pessoa's resistance ultimately harmed Portuguese trade and missionary activities since it reaffirmed that the Portuguese were a troublesome people in the eyes of the Tokugawa shogunate. The Nossa Senhora da Graça incident made Ieyasu and his successors move away from their earlier toleration of the Portuguese in favor of the Dutch. In 1639, the Portuguese were expelled from Japan as the Dutch, resettled to Nagasaki, became the only European presence allowed in Japan during the shogunate's enforcement of their isolationist sakoku policy.

For Arima's part in sinking the Nossa Senhora da Graça, Ieyasu not only rewarded Arima Harunobu with a prized sword but also presented his granddaughter Kunihime (国姫) as a wife for Harunobu's son Naozumi. Harunobu felt that his efforts during the Nossa Senhora da Graça incident warranted further rewards – namely the return of territory in Hizen that was taken from the Arima during the Sengoku period. To this end, Harunobu approached and bribed Okamoto Daihachi, a Christian aide to Honda Masazumi. This led to the Okamoto Daihachi incident, in which the corruption case was discovered and caused Harunobu to be exiled in 1612 and executed the following year.

Salvage
When the Nossa Senhora da Graça sank, its cargo mainly consisted of about 3000 piculs of unsold Chinese silk and 160 crates of silver bullion; altogether, the total loss was estimated at more than a million in gold. Recovery efforts have persisted from the night of the sinking—when 200 floating baskets of silk were picked up with grappling hooks—right down to modern times, but most of the treasure caches have yet to be found. These efforts centered around the area where the carrack was recorded to have sunk,  under the sea off the island of Koyagi, Nagasaki.

Of the 150 or 160 crates of silver on board the vessel, 70 were retrieved by a merchant of Hirado in 1617. Later salvage efforts only turned up three bars of silver, a few trinkets in 1653, and a cannon and some silver in 1658. Modern attempts from 1928 to 1933 found another cannon (now placed at the front door of the Tenri Central Library in Nara), two iron helmets, an anchor, some oyster-shell window panes, and an astrolabe, among other artifacts. A suspected wreck of the Nossa Senhora da Graça was discovered by the local carpenter and amateur underwater archaeologist Matsumoto Shizuo from 1987 to 2000, 600 m from Fukuda and 45 m underwater. Matsumoto erected a life-sized Virgin Mary statue on the nearest island of Matsushima (松島) to commemorate the occasion.

Legacy
The British historian C. R. Boxer noted the significant effect that Pessoa's actions had on how the Japanese see Portuguese people. According to Boxer, the event gave the Japanese an exaggerated impression of the Portuguese's fighting qualities and appealed to the Japanese samurai mentality due to Pessoa's rather un-Christian suicide. As such, stories of the event were told and retold again over the next hundred years, often in an exaggerated and wildly inaccurate manner, and found themselves embedded as part of local folklore.

A direct reference to the event can be found in 1808, during Japan's period of self-imposed isolation, when the Royal Navy frigate  entered Nagasaki harbor to ambush two Dutch merchant vessels that were expected to arrive in an offshoot of the Napoleonic Wars. The Nagasaki bugyō, somewhat inaccurately, threatened to sink the foreign warship "as the Madre de Deus had been burned and sunk some two hundred years before".

See also
Siege of Moji (1561) – the Portuguese carrack joined a Japanese battle in what became the first European naval bombardment on Japanese soil.
Battle of Fukuda Bay (1565) – A Japanese flotilla attacks a Portuguese carrack and fails to capture it in the first naval clash between Japan and the West.
Battle of Manila (1574) – A Chinese and Japanese pirate fleet attacked Manila intending to capture the city
Battle of Cagayan (1582) – A fleet of Asian pirates led by Japanese attack and are defeated by a Spanish flotilla.
Second attack on Kamishi (August 9, 1945) – last-ever direct naval bombardment of the Japanese home islands in World War II.

References

Notes

Works cited

1610 in Asia
1610 in Japan
1610 in the Portuguese Empire
Foreign relations of the Tokugawa shogunate
Japan–Portugal relations
History of Nagasaki
Naval battles involving Japan
Naval battles involving Portugal
Maritime incidents in 1610
Arima clan
17th-century military history of Japan


title: Escuela Nacional Preparatoria 2 "Erasmo Castellanos Quinto"

text:
Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Plantel 2 "" is a national senior high school of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) Escuela Nacional Preparatoria system located in Iztacalco, Mexico City.

References

External links

 Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Plantel 2 "Erasmo Castellanos Quinto"

High schools in Mexico City


title: Subliminal Groove Records

text:
Subliminal Groove Records is an independent record label focused on niche extreme metal bands. The label was founded in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 2012 by Justin Lee and has developed a reputation for signing progressive and underground artists. It is most active in online distribution and social media, while expansions of physical presence are planned.

History

Subliminal Groove Records was founded by Justin Lee in 2012 shortly after his graduation from McGill University and while on tour with Stormwalker, Ascariasis, and The Afterimage. Lee formed the label with the goal of bringing together unsigned underground metal artists and promoting them to a wider audience and has noted that this, and not profit, is his primary goal in running the label. Consequently he works a full-time job unrelated to Subliminal Groove Records and manages the label after his work hours. The label's name was inspired by the sounds Lee hoped to promote, which he has summarized as progressive metal with some djent tones.

SGR transferred ownership to Nico Mirolla of Kardashev in 2017. In 2018, SGR dismissed all contracts entered an indefinite hiatus.

Music

From its formation, Subliminal Groove Records searched for distinctive underground metal bands to support. The first artists the label signed were The Room Colored Charlatan, Stormwalker, and Ascariasis, followed by Foreboding Ether, The Engineered, and Ovid's Withering.  The label continued to sign numerous other artists including Kardashev, Nexilva, and Separatist. The genres represented on Subliminal Groove Records' roster can be described as combinations of progressive metal, black metal, technical metal, deathcore, and death metal, with melodic and orchestral elements.

Roster

Current artists
None

Former artists

 Ascariasis
 Delusions of Grandeur
 Kardashev
 littledidweknow
 Lorelei
 Ovid's Withering
 Xehanort
 Foreboding Ether
 As Oceans
 Change of Loyalty
 The Engineered
 The Healing
 Nemertines
 Nexilva
 The Parallel
 The Room Colored Charlatan
 Separatist
 Vitalism
 Stormwalker

References

External links

 Facebook
 YouTube
 Tumblr
 SoundCloud

Canadian independent record labels
Black metal record labels
Death metal record labels


title: Library Foundation Hatta

text:
Library Foundation Hatta is a charitable association  library that assists national libraries in Indonesia..

Located in Yogyakarta, Hatta Library was the first library foundation that was established after the independence of Indonesia.

References

Libraries in Indonesia


The 1980 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 4, 1980. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1980 United States presidential election. Virginia voters chose twelve electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president of the United States.

Virginia had voted Republican at all but one of the previous seven presidential elections, largely due to its large white Washington and Richmond suburbs that received large-scale in-migration from the Northeast, alongside the Shenandoah Valley, being amongst the first traditionally Democratic areas of the former Confederacy to turn Republican at both the presidential level and in federal congressional elections. After the collapse of the Byrd Organization and the expansion of the state’s formerly small electorate via the Voting Rights Act, these trends intensified except in the heavily unionised coalfields of Southwest Virginia, where unlike elsewhere in the Confederacy, many newly registered poor whites voted Democratic. In addition to voting Republican in six of seven presidential elections, the state’s Congressional delegation would gain a Republican majority as early as the 91st Congress. Nevertheless, it was 1970 before significant GOP gains occurred in the state legislature, and it was generally acknowledged that President Nixon offered no support to down-ballot Republican candidates as he was carrying the state by a landslide margin against George McGovern, who lost every county or city in the state except Charles City.

Campaign
Republican nominee, former California Governor Ronald Reagan and Democratic candidate and incumbent United States President Jimmy Carter of Georgia both campaigned in Virginia during early October. Independent state Senator Harry F. Byrd Jr., who like his father had never previously endorsed a presidential candidate, would endorse Reagan in the middle of October, saying that Carter had a dismal record in controlling federal spending and the Soviet military build-up.

59% of white voters supported Reagan while 33% supported Carter.

Predictions

Results

Results by county or independent city

Results by congressional district
Reagan won 9 of 10 congressional districts. The only district Carter won was held by a Republican, whilst Reagan won three districts held by Democrats, two of whom lost re-election.

Analysis
Virginia was ultimately won by Reagan with a substantially larger majority than predicted by the Roanoke Times a week before the poll. Reagan received 53.03 percent of the vote to Carter’s 40.31 percent and Independent Representative John B. Anderson of Illinois’s 5.11 percent, which was still Anderson’s second-best performance in a former Confederate state. The national election was ultimately won by Reagan with 50.75 percent of the vote. In this election, Virginia voted 2.98 points to the right of the nation at-large.

, this is the last occasion when Franklin County, Isle of Wight County, Craig County, Louisa County and Pulaski County have voted for a Democratic presidential candidate. It is also the last time Arlington County and Alexandria City have voted for a Republican presidential candidate, the last occasion Virginia voted to the right of South Carolina, and the last election when Virginia voted to the left of Colorado or New Mexico.

References

Works cited

Virginia
1980
1980 Virginia elections


title: Meg Wolfe

text:
Meg Wolfe is a choreographer, performer, and artistic director based in Los Angeles, CA.

In the 1990s, Wolfe was part of New York City's downtown dance subculture. Her work was shown at Dance Theater Workshop/Fresh Tracks, Danspace Project at St. Mark's, Dia Center for the Arts, The Kitchen, The Living Theater, Movement Research at Judson Church, and others. She worked with Vicky Shick (1999-2003), Sigal Bergman, Yoshiko Chuma, Molissa Fenley, Clarinda Mac Low, and Susan Rethorst. In 2004, she moved to Los Angeles.

In Los Angeles, she has been shown at REDCAT, the 2011 Off Center Festival at the Segerstrom Center, the 2009 New Original Works Festival, the Commuter Festival at CalArts, Highways Performance Space, The Unknown Theater, Anatomy Riot, Sea and Space Explorations. Wolfe was named Faces to Watch in 2012: Dance, Theater, Architecture and Art in the LA Times.

Along the west coast, her work was presented at Looking Left Festival in Santa Cruz; Sushi's East/West Coast Performance Festival in San Diego, and Performance Works NorthWest in Portland, OR.

Wolfe is also co-editor of itch Dance Journal, the founder and artistic director of Show Box LA, and founder-curator of performance series Anatomy Riot.

References

External links

 Meg Wolfe official website
http://itchjournal.org/

American choreographers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people


title: Abhilasha Gupta

text:
Abhilasha Gupta Nandi is a politician from Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. She was mayor of the Allahabad Municipal Corporation from 2012-2023.

She was elected mayor on 7 July 2012, becoming the youngest person to have been elected to the post. In the 2012 Mayoral election, she defeated her nearest rival Kamla Singh of the BJP by a comprehensive margin of more than 69,000 votes. She is married to Nand Gopal Nandi.

She was arrested on 14 February 2014 in a case related to the alleged violation of the model code of conduct in 2012 civic body polls. Abhilasha and her husband Nand Gopal Nandi who was affiliated with Bahujan Samaj Party, have been expelled from the party for their alleged anti-party activities in a case related to the alleged violation of the model code of conduct in 2012 civic body polls in March, 2014.

She joined the BJP in January, 2017, along with her husband Nand Gopal Nandi.

Gupta comfortably defended her post in the Mayoral elections of 2017, defeating her nearest rival, Samajwadi Party's Vinod Dubey, by more than 63,000 votes.

References

Living people
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh
Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh
Women mayors of places in Uttar Pradesh
Politicians from Prayagraj
Women in Uttar Pradesh politics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mayors of Prayagraj
20th-century Indian women politicians
21st-century Indian women politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
21st-century Indian politicians


title: Boxing at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's 60 kg

text:
The men's lightweight (60 kilograms) event at the 2002 Asian Games took place from 2 to 13 October 2002 at Masan Gymnasium, Masan, South Korea.

Schedule
All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)

Results
Legend
RSCH — Won by referee stop contest head blow
RSCO — Won by referee stop contest outclassed

Final

Top half

Bottom half

References

External links
Official website

60


title: Kaze no Matasaburo

text:
, in English Matasaburo of the Wind, is a 1940 Japanese fantasy family drama film directed by Koji Shima, based on Kenji Miyazawa's 1934 short story of the same name.

Plot
Saburō Takada transfers from a city to a very small school. The village children suspect that Saburō is actually Matasaburō, the wind spirit.

Cast
 Akihiko Katayama as Saburo Takada
 Akira Oizumi as Ichiro (Koichi)
 Akiko Kazami
 Ryūji Kita
 Hiroshi Hayashi as Grandfather of Ichiro
 Bontaro Miake

See also
Kenji Miyazawa
  – short story by Kenji Miyazawa
 Full text of an English translation of "Matasaburo of the Wind" (the original story which the movie is based on).

References

External links

1940s Japanese films
Nikkatsu films
Films based on Japanese novels
1940 films
Japanese black-and-white films
1940s Japanese-language films
Films based on short fiction
Films based on works by Kenji Miyazawa
Japanese fantasy drama films
1940s fantasy drama films
1940 drama films


title: Morvi State

text:
Morvi State, also spelled as Morvee State or Morbi State, was a princely salute state in the historical Halar prant (district) of Kathiawar during the British Raj.

The town of Morvi (Morbi), Gujarat, was its capital. The Kotwals of the royal palace of Morvi were Talpada Kolis of Radhavanaj village of Kheda district.

The rulers of the princely state belonged to the Jadeja dynasty of Rajputs.

The state's last ruler signed the instrument of accession to the Dominion of India on 15 February 1948.

History

Morvi was founded as a princely state around 1698 by Kanyoji when the heir apparent of Cutch State fled Bhuj with his mother after his father Ravaji was murdered and the throne was seized by his uncle Pragmalji I. It became a British protectorate in 1807. The state was in the colonial sway of the Kathiawar Agency of the Bombay Presidency.

In 1943, with the implementation of the 'attachment scheme', Morvi State enlarged its territory by an additional 310 km2 with about 12,500 inhabitants when the Hadala Taluk and the Kotda-Nayani Thana, as well as the small Malia princely state were merged.

On 15 August 1947, the state officially ceased to exist by merging into the west Indian United State of Saurashtra (initially - of Kathiawar), which later merged into Bombay state; since that was divided, it is in Gujarat.

Rulers

The rulers of the state belonged to the Jadeja clan of Rajputs, and bore the title Thakur Sahib until the last added the higher title Maharaja in 1926.

Thakur Sahibs

1698 - 1733                Kanyoji Rawaji (of Kutch)    (d. 1733)
1733 - 1739                Aliyaji Kanyoji              (d. 1739)
1739 - 1764                Rawaji Aliyaji I             (d. 1764)
1764 - 1772                Pachanji Rawaji              (d. 1772)
1772 - 1783                Waghji I Rawaji              (d. 1783)
1783 - 1790                Hamirji Waghji               (d. 1790)
1790 - 1828                Jyaji Waghji                 (d. 1828)
1828 - 1846                Prithirajji Jyaji            (d. 1846)
1846 - 17 February 1870    Rawaji II Prithirajji        (b. 1828 - d. 1870)
17 February 1870 – 11 July 1922  Waghji II Rawaji     also called Kathiyawadi American  (b. 1858 - d. 1922) (personal style Maharaja from 16 February 1887) (from 30 June 1887, Sir Waghji II Rawaji)
17 Feb 1870 -  1 Jan 1879  Regents (Council of administration)
- Shambhuprasad Laxmilal
- Jhunjhabai Sakhidas (to 187.)
11 July 1922 – 3 June 1926  Lakhdirji Waghji  (see below)  (b. 1876 - d. 1957)

Thakur Sahib Maharaja

3 June 1926 – 15 August 1947  Lakhdirji Waghji    (s.a.) (from 1 January 1930, Sir Lakhdirji Waghji)

See also

 Political integration of India
 Western India States Agency

References

External links and sources

Kathiawar Agency
Princely states of Gujarat
Salute states
Jadejas
Morbi district
Rajputs
1948 disestablishments in India
1698 establishments in India
Gun salute princely states


title: Sony NEX-C3

text:
The Sony NEX-C3 is a digital camera announced 8 June 2011. It is a mirrorless interchangeable lens camera with a compact form factor and APS-C size image sensor. The Sony camera was manufactured in Black, Silver, and Pink. This camera was unfairly compared against later models such as the NEX-5R using a body only weight of 225g compared the NEX-5R battery and card inclusive weight of 276g, which lead to the mistaken claim that the NEX-C3 was 51g lighter. The camera was later replaced by the NEX-F3.

See also
Sony NEX-5
List of Sony E-mount cameras
 List of smallest mirrorless cameras

References

NEX-C3
NEX-C3
Cameras introduced in 2011


title: LP1 (FKA Twigs album)

text:
LP1 is the debut studio album by English singer-songwriter FKA Twigs, released on 6 August 2014 by Young Turks. Production for the album is handled by FKA Twigs herself, alongside Emile Haynie, Arca, Cy An, Devonté Hynes, Clams Casino, Paul Epworth, Sampha and Tic.

Upon release, LP1 received widespread critical acclaim, and placed high on several year-end critics' lists. The album spawned three singles: "Two Weeks", "Pendulum" and "Video Girl". The album was nominated for the 2014 Mercury Prize and the award for Best Recording Package at the 2015 Grammy Awards.

Background
FKA Twigs (then known simply as Twigs) self-released her debut extended play, EP1, on Bandcamp on 4 December 2012. Music videos were filmed for each of the four tracks and released on her YouTube channel. On 6 August 2013, The Guardian profiled FKA Twigs for their "New Band of the Day" feature, describing her as "[t]he UK's best example to date of ethereal, twisted R&B."

FKA Twigs's second extended play, EP2, was released through the Young Turks record label on 17 September 2013. It was produced by FKA Twigs and Arca. In December 2013, she was nominated for the BBC Sound of 2014, and was chosen by Spotify for their Spotlight on 2014 list. FKA Twigs was featured on Billboards 14 Artists to Watch in 2014.

Composition and lyrics
On LP1, Twigs expands her avant-pop landscape, yielding "boundaries-pushing" pop music. It also dons a large electronic component. Indeed, Entertainment Weekly felt that without Twigs' voice, it would be a work of avant-garde electronics. It is seen for its "glitchy futuristic" take on R&B, casting the genre in "thrilling hyper-real hues". Stereogum saw Twigs' music as "fluid" experimental R&B, while Q saw it as an "uncanny" fusion of indie R&B with "nervy" trip hop.

Lyrically, LP1 deals with themes of sex, sexual relations and intimacy.

Singles
The lead single from LP1, "Two Weeks", was released on 24 June 2014 as a digital download and on 29 July 2014 as a 12-inch single, the latter featuring the song "Pendulum" as a B-side. The music video was directed by Nabil Elderkin and premiered on 24 June 2014. "Pendulum" was released digitally as the album's second single on 30 July 2014. The self-directed music video for the song premiered on 14 January 2015 and depicts FKA Twigs tied up with her own hair.

"Video Girl", a track inspired by Twigs' experiences following her appearance in Jessie J's "Price Tag" music video, was sent to contemporary hit radio in the United Kingdom on 13 October 2014 as the album's third and final single. The accompanying music video was directed by Kahlil Joseph and premiered on 29 October 2014. The black-and-white video sees FKA Twigs dancing for a prisoner on death row, and features a cameo appearance from rapper Travis Scott.

Critical reception

LP1 received widespread acclaim from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 86, based on 38 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Miles Raymer of Entertainment Weekly stated, "A singular kind of diva who asserts herself subtly, twigs sings in a near whisper that often threatens to blend in with the instruments behind it. But she exerts enough of a magnetic pull to lure listeners into some challenging territory". Christopher Hooton of The Independent wrote that "while sultry, drug-addled R&B is an increasingly crowded genre, Twigs takes a hammer to the kind that The Weeknd made famous and plays in the rubble." Hooton continued, "FKA Twigs emerges the high priestess of R&B's latest corruption, and the world will kneel at the altar." Kyle Fowle of The A.V. Club commended FKA Twigs for "manag[ing] to craft a cohesive aesthetic that draws on modern R&B and electronic while also remaining inventive", concluding, "Few debuts possess such control and ambition all in one; LP1 is the rare album that manages to sound both lived in and completely futuristic." AllMusic's Heather Phares noted the album contains "a lusher sound that's more accessible, and more overtly R&B, than FKA Twigs' earlier work but maintains its ethereal sensuality", adding that "FKA Twigs' music was already so fully realized that LP 1 can't really be called Barnett coming into her own; rather, her music has been tended to since the 'Water Me' days, and now it's flourishing."

Jonathan Zwickel of Spin described the album as "unconventional stuff, drug-like, elemental and extraterrestrial" and opined, "In its menacing incandescence, LP1 sounds like nothing else in the world right now." Pitchforks Philip Sherburne praised LP1 as a "huge album" and a "monumental debut", while writing that "FKA twigs is not a masterful lyricist, at least not yet; some of her couplets feel clunky, like she's grasping in the dark for rhymes and coming up with the objects closest to hand [...] But when she zeroes in on the essence of a thing, she hits hard." Alexis Petridis of The Guardian viewed the album as "a singular piece of work in an overcrowded market", and expressed that it "has its flaws [...] but you leave it convinced that FKA Twigs is an artist possessed of a genuinely strong and unique vision, one that doesn't need bolstering with an aura of mystique." Hazel Sheffield of NME commented that the album "impresses with its futuristic vision of R&B" and remarked that FKA Twigs's "pervading sense of control and commitment to her art proves that Twigs is set on building the sound of the future all by herself." Felicity Martin of Clash stated, "Fragile, heavenly and utterly compelling; this debut paves the way for boundaries-pushing pop. This is music that shatters you with a single tap." Q praised the music as an "uncanny" hybrid variously recalling "indie R&B... and nervy trip hop". Rolling Stones Julianne Escobedo Shepherd found the album to be "far more substantial" than FKA Twigs's two previously released EPs, adding that her "deconstructed shards of U.K. grime and garage land heavier, while elegiac vocals soften the songs without blunting their edge."

Accolades
On 19 August 2014, LP1 was included at number 87 on Pitchforks list of The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far. The album was shortlisted for the 2014 Mercury Prize. It was also nominated for Best Recording Package at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards. In late 2014, LP1 was voted the fifth best record of 2014 in the Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics published by The Village Voice.

Commercial performance
LP1 debuted at number 16 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 4,051 copies in its first week. In the United States, the album debuted at number 30 on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 10,370 copies. As of August 2015, the album had sold 77,000 copies in the United States.

Track listing

Notes
  signifies an additional producer

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of LP1.

Musicians

 FKA Twigs – vocals ; instruments ; string arrangements, bass arrangement ; additional drums ; Tempest ; drums ; keyboards ; bass ; synths
 Lucki Eck$ – demon voice
 Arca – additional vocals ; additional programming ; synth ; instruments ; additional sounds, programming
 Andrew Aged – guitar
 Tic – guitar ; additional drums ; drums
 Daniel Aged – upright bass ; additional keyboards
 Emile Haynie – instruments, drums ; synths, Mellotron, additional drums
 Devonté Hynes – guitar
 Paul Epworth – drums, guitar, keyboards, piano
 Cy An – keyboards, additional drum edits ; additional programming ; piano ; drums ; synths
 LJ Howe – bass guitar
 Sampha – drums, synths, piano

Technical

 FKA Twigs – production ; additional production
 Joseph Hartwell Jones – vocal recording ; additional vocal recording ; engineering ; additional engineering
 Arca – production ; additional production
 Emile Haynie – production, recording
 Devonté Hynes – production
 Clams Casino – production
 Paul Epworth – production
 Sampha – production
 Cy An – additional production
 Tic – additional production
 David Wrench – mixing
 John Davis – mastering at Metropolis Mastering (London)

Artwork
 Jesse Kanda – imagery
 FKA Twigs – design
 Phil Lee – design

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

Notes

References

2014 debut albums
Albums produced by Arca (musician)
Albums produced by Dev Hynes
Albums produced by Emile Haynie
Albums produced by Paul Epworth
FKA Twigs albums
Young (record label) albums


title: Kim Beom

text:
Kim Beom (born 1963) is a South Korean multimedia artist.

Education and early life

Kim Beom was born in 1963 in Seoul, Korea, to parents Kim Se-Choong (1928–1986), a sculptor known for various public monuments in Korea, and poet Kim Nam-Jo (b. 1927). He attended Seoul National University during South Korea's student democratization movement and obtained both a BFA and an MFA there in 1986 and 1988, respectively. Kim then moved to New York City where he completed a second MFA at the School of Visual Arts in 1991. He remained in New York until returning to South Korea in 1997. He now lives and works in Seoul.

Work
Kim's drawings, sculptures, installations, videos, and artist books often use absurd situations and deadpan humor to evince themes involving pedagogy, education, animism, and the life of objects. In addition, Kim’s work references the traditions of his native Korean culture to comment, in both a meditative and critical way, on contemporary Korean society's complex, often contradictory, relationship with the West.

Kim's early works were influenced by cartoons, the drawings of children and outsider artists, and traditional crafts like wood carving, paper cutting, and ceramics. Many of his drawings and paintings from the early 1990s feature aggressive subject matter such as "a hammer, an ax, a knife, a nail, sharp pieces of glass, a barbed-wire fence, and a weapon," and often exhibit "physical 'violence' inflicted on the material itself, through acts like cutting, tearing, folding over, and sewing the canvas." Curator Paola Morsiani has compared this work with Western artist Lucio Fontana's use of void in the 1950s–60s.

Morsiani also suggests that Kim's matchstick drawings from the mid-1990s, such as Bad Heads Fuck (1–4) (1995), collages of wooden matches on paper with pencil inscriptions, focus on the mass-produced object to "convey a narrative about the repression of individuality that [Kim] witnessed under dictatorial rule while growing up in Korea." In the drawings, stick figures "stand in for subjugated people" together corralled into forming collective assemblages and playing highly coordinated "games" that evoke the mass games the artist witnessed growing up in South Korea under repressive governments in the 1960s through the 1980s.

Kim describes his later series of satirical drawings, begun in 2002 and entitled "Perspectives and Blueprints," as "a sort of 'semiotic view on humankind.'" The series includes works on paper like A Wiring Diagram of a Lighthouse (2005), in which a video projection of propaganda replaces a guiding light out at sea, and School of Inversion (2009), which reiterates the artist's critique of repressive social norms in Korean society. The drawing delineates a blueprint of a school building showing classrooms from multiple conflicting perspectives, where "by third grade, students have learned to exist upside down." Other related drawings include A Draft of a Safe House for a Tyrant (2009) and A Design of an Immigration Bureau Complex on a Border Line (2005).

Kim's recent video works also deal with inversion and agency. Spectacle (2010) features the paradoxical event of an antelope chasing a cheetah, spoofing typical television footage of predatory animals in the wild, and Horse Riding Horse (After Eadweard Muybridge) (2008) similarly parodies Eadweard Muybridge's 1878 The Horse in Motion by replacing a horse's human rider with another horse.

Among Kim's most frequently exhibited works in recent years is his series "The Educated Objects" (2010), which comprises several sculptural installations and videos of the artist instructing inanimate objects such as rocks, a model ship, and various household items (e.g., a table fan and a bottle of dishwashing detergent). As critic Jennifer S. Li describes, "The loosely linked works’ bizarre and unlikely tutorial and classroom scenarios mock and deride the structure and ideology behind educational systems." In Objects Being Taught They Are Nothing But Tools (2010), a collection of  commonplace sundries are placed on miniature wooden chairs facing a blackboard. A video of the artist's torso plays on a screen at the front of the classroom tableaux and he delivers a lecture on the history of human rights, capitalism, and consumerism to his object-pupils, ultimately insisting they have no “essential value” outside of their economic use.

"The Educated Objects" continues the commentary on animism, education, and the "uncritical absorption of Western mores by Asian countries" of Kim's 1997 artist's book The Art of Transforming. This book comprises a series of prose poems instructing the reader on how to morph into various natural entities (both a sentient leopard, and non-sentient plant life and landscape elements), as well as man-made structures and commodities (a ladder; an air conditioner).

Exhibitions
In 2012 Kim's work was the subject of the solo exhibition The School of Inversion at Hayward Gallery's Project Space, London. In the United States, Kim has had solo exhibitions at REDCAT Gallery, Los Angeles (Animalia, 2011) and the Cleveland Museum of Art (Objects Being Taught They are Nothing but Tools, 2010–11). Recent museum solo exhibitions in Korea include Kim Beom at Artsonje Center in 2010.

In addition to featuring prominently in recent surveys of contemporary art from Korea at venues like the Museo Tamayo Arte Contemporaneo in Mexico City, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston, Kim's work has been included in such notable international exhibitions as the 2003 Istanbul Biennial, the 2005 Venice Biennale, Media City Seoul 2010, and the 9th Gwangju Biennale.

Museum collections
Kim's work is included in the collections of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston; the Cleveland Museum of Art; the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis in the United States; the Museum für Kommunikation, in Bern, Switzerland; the Seoul Museum of Art; the Ho-Am Art Museum, Artsonje Center; the Horim Museum in Seoul; the Museum of Modern Art, New York City; and the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, in Gwachun, Korea.

References

Bibliography

External links

Kim Beom in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art
 REDCAT Exhibition brochure including interview with the artist:
 Review of Animalia exhibition at REDCAT (2011) on the Los Angeles Times blog:
 Review of Animalia in ArtAsiaPacific Magazine:
 Review of Animalia in Artforum:
 Walker Art Center blog post on Kim's video Yellow Scream:

1963 births
Living people
Multimedia artists
South Korean contemporary artists
Seoul National University alumni


title: Jimmy Kelly (Carrickshock hurler)

text:
James Kelly (1916 – 3 April 1985) was an Irish hurler who played as a midfielder for the Kilkenny senior team.

Born in Carrickshock, County Kilkenny, Kelly first arrived on the inter-county scene when he first linked up with the Kilkenny senior team. He made his debut in the 1938 championship and immediately became a regular member of the team. During his career he won two All-Ireland medals and six Leinster medals. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on three occasions.

Kelly also represented the Leinster inter-provincial team on a number of occasions, winning one Railway Cup medal. At club level he won six championship medals with Carrickshock.

His retirement came following Kilkenny's defeat by Laois in the 1949 championship.

Honours

Team

Carrickshock
Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship (6): 1938 1940 1941 1942 1943 1951

Kilkenny
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1939, 1947
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (6): 1939, 1940, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947

Leinster
Railway Cup (1): 1941

References

1916 births
1985 deaths
Carrickshock hurlers
Kilkenny inter-county hurlers
Leinster inter-provincial hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners


title: 1693 in Spain

text:
Events in the year 1693 in Spain.

Incumbents
Monarch: Charles II

Events
founding of the Real Academia de Medicina y Cirugía de Sevilla (Royal Academy of Medicine and Surgery of Seville)

Births

Deaths

1690s in Spain


title: Puti Bungsu

text:
Puti Bungsu is the name of the character that is found in the story of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra. Puti Bungsu, according to local folklore, is one of seven daughters who came from the sky. Puti, the youngest character in the folklore of West Sumatra, is also called the daughter who fell from the sky, along with one of the king's wives.

References

West Sumatra culture


title: 1567 in Spain

text:
Events in the year 1567 in Spain.

Incumbents
Monarch: Philip II

Births
November 1 - Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar, Spanish diplomat, ambassador to England 1613-1622 (d. 1626)

References

1560s in Spain


title: 1848 in Spain

text:
Events in the year 1848 in Spain.

Incumbents
Monarch: Isabella II
Prime Minister: Ramon Maria Narvaez

Events

Births

12 May - Urbano González Serrano (d. 1904), krausipositivista intellectual

Deaths
 9 July – Jaime Balmes, philosopher, theologian and political writer (born 1810)

References

1840s in Spain


title: Amir Banoo Karimi

text:
Amir-Banoo Karimi (Amiri Firouzkuhi/ Mosaffa; ; born 31 December 1931) is an Iranian academic and professor of Persian literature, specializing in classical Persian literature and the work of Saib Tabrizi. In 2004, Karimi was inducted into the Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame for her lifelong contributions to Persian studies, language, and literature.

Life and career
Amir Banoo Karimi is the eldest child of Iranian poet, Seyed Karim Amiri Firuzkuhi.

Born in Tehran during the reign of Reza Shah, Amir Banoo was unable to acquire her father's last name, namely, Amiri Firuzkuhi due to its political connotations, "Amir" meaning king or emir hence, Emir of Firuzkuh. Consequently, she was forced to adopt her father's first name, Karim as her last name.

Karimi pursued her education in the field of Persian Literature at the University of Tehran where she also taught as a professor upon graduation. She later married Mozaher Mosaffa, a Persian poet and professor of Persian literature at the University of Tehran.

Selected works

Books
Works include but are not limited to:
 Edited edition 1 through 4 of Jawami ul-Hikayat
 Compilation and critique of the two editions of the Divan-i Amiri Firuzkuhi: Ghazaliyat va Qasa'id by Seyed Karim Amiri Firuzkuhi
 (1989) The Ghazals of Saib Tabrizi
 (1993) Edited edition of the Divan of Hakim Abdolrazagh Lahiji, publication of the University of Tehran Press.
 (1995) Critical Analysis of Hakim Sanai's The Walled Garden of Truth

Articles
Prominent literary essays include:
 The Missing Sources of Jawami ul-Hikayat
 The Double-Sided Coin: Mansur Al-Hallaj
 The Representation of Women in Persian Poetry
 Saba's Illness

See also
Seyed Karim Amiri Firuzkuhi
Ali Mosaffa
Jafar Shahidi

References

Living people
University of Tehran alumni
Academic staff of the University of Tehran
1931 births
People related to Persian literature
Iranian Science and Culture Hall of Fame recipients in Literature and Culture
Faculty of Letters and Humanities of the University of Tehran alumni


title: 2014–15 Eintracht Braunschweig season

text:
The 2014–15 Eintracht Braunschweig season is the 121st season in the club's football history. In 2014–15 the club plays in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German football. It is the club's first season in this league since having been relegated from the Bundesliga in 2014.

Review and events

The 2014–15 season of Eintracht Braunschweig began on 16 June with their first training session.

The draw for the first round of the 2014–15 DFB-Pokal happened on 1 June and paired Braunschweig with Bremen-Liga team Bremer SV.

On 12 July 2014, the team headed for a week-long pre-season training camp in Leogang, Salzburg, Austria.

The draw for the second round of the DFB-Pokal happened on 23 August and paired Braunschweig with Regionalliga Bayern team Würzburger Kickers.

On 16 January 2015, the team headed for a week-long winter training camp in Jerez de la Frontera, Andalusia, Spain.

Matches and results

Legend

Friendly matches

2. Bundesliga

League fixtures and results

League table

DFB-Pokal

Squad

Current squad

Transfers

Summer

In:

Out:

Winter

In:

Out:

Management and coaching staff

Since 12 May 2008 Torsten Lieberknecht is the manager of Eintracht Braunschweig.

Reserve team

Eintracht Braunschweig II plays in the fourth-tier Regionalliga Nord for the 2014–15 season.

Current squad

Staff

References

External links
Eintracht Braunschweig Official Website

Eintracht Braunschweig seasons
Eintracht Braunschweig season 2014-15


title: 1749 in Spain

text:
Events in the year 1749 in Spain.

Incumbents
Monarch: Ferdinand VI
Secretary of State: Zenón de Somodevilla, 1st Marqués de la Ensenada

Events
July 30 - Great Gypsy Round-up

Births
September 21 - Mariano Álvarez de Castro (d. 1810)

References


title: Givira quadra

text:
Givira quadra is a moth in the family Cossidae described by William Schaus in 1901. It is found in Costa Rica, Brazil and Paraguay.

The wingspan is about 37 mm. The forewing costa is whitish with four black spots, a long black streak and then a shorter black streak. The cell is whitish, irrorated with light brown. The basal half of the wing is reddish brown. The hindwings are whitish, irrorated with brown and with traces of broken lines towards the apex. There is an indistinct greyish spot at the end of the cell.

References

Moths described in 1901
Givira


title: A New Nature

text:
A New Nature is the third studio album by British alternative rock band Esben and the Witch, released on 1 September 2014 through their own label Nostromo Records.

Background
In early 2014, the band left Matador Records and made their own label Nostromo Records. They pledged on PledgeMusic, which is an online Direct-to-Fan music platform that facilitates musicians reaching out to their fanbase to pre-sell, market, and distribute music projects including recordings, music videos, and concerts. On PledgeMusic they put pre-orders for their third album up, in which some include a hand-made bonus EP called And New Life Blossoms From the Ruins, and the money went towards the recording costs.

On April 7, 2014, they released an untitled split EP with Thought Forms, featuring two songs "No Dog" and "Butoh". On April 7, they performed "No Dog" and two new songs "Dig Your Fingers In" and "Those Dreadful Hammers" on BBC Radio 6. They began recording with Steve Albini in April 2014 at Electrical Audio studios in Chicago. Their song "Strangers In a Sunless Valley" was featured on the third Audioscope Music For A Good Home compilation in May.

They announced the album in June 2014, and have released the first single from the album, "Blood Teachings", on iTunes. The album was scheduled to be released on 1 September 2014.

Music
The Guardian compared lead single "Blood Teachings" to early PJ Harvey. The Quietus said that ""Blood Teachings" is a good case in point, with its Swans-esque heaving repetition providing a soundbed over which Rachel Davies unfurls a mesmeric vocal, not dissimilar to former Albini collaborator PJ Harvey, building to a razing, fuzzed crescendo."

The band said of the album:
"We wanted to create a record that had a level of purity to it. To strip away the layers and loops and see what lay beneath. To keep things naked, unadorned and raw. The three of us, in a room, making noise. We looked to create a more primal record, full of human emotion and sonic intensity. Drawing on themes of endurance, strength, determination and self-actualisation. Themes that have always inspired us but perhaps, only now, a few years down the line, a few years of touring under our belts, we feel we have the confidence and maturity to explore and shout about."

Track listing

Release history

References

2014 albums
Esben and the Witch albums
Albums produced by Steve Albini


title: Operational Medal for Southern Africa

text:
The Operational Medal for Southern Africa was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa in 1998. It was awarded to veteran cadres of Umkhonto we Sizwe and the Azanian People's Liberation Army for operational service outside South Africa during the "struggle".

MK and APLA
Umkhonto we Sizwe, abbreviated as MK, "Spear of the Nation" in Zulu, was the para-military wing of the African National Congress (ANC), while the Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) was the para-military wing of the Pan Africanist Congress. Both were established in 1961 to wage an armed "struggle" against the Nationalist government inside South Africa. On 27 April 1994, Umkhonto we Sizwe and the Azanian People's Liberation Army were amalgamated with five statutory defence forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

Institution
The Operational Medal for Southern Africa was instituted by the President of South Africa in 1998.

Award criteria
The medal could be awarded to veteran cadres of Umkhonto we Sizwe and the Azanian People's Liberation Army for operational service outside South Africa during the "struggle".

Order of wear

The position of the Operational Medal for Southern Africa in the official military and national orders of precedence was revised upon the institution of a new set of honours on 27 April 2003, but it remained unchanged.

Umkhonto we Sizwe

Official MK order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Merit Medal in Bronze (MMB).
 Succeeded by the South Africa Service Medal.

Azanian People's Liberation Army

Official APLA order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Bronze Medal for Merit (BMM).
 Succeeded by the South Africa Service Medal.

South African National Defence Force until 26 April 2003

Official SANDF order of precedence:
 Preceded by the General Service Medal of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
 Succeeded by the South Africa Service Medal of Umkhonto we Sizwe and the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
Official national order of precedence:
 Preceded by the General Service Medal of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
 Succeeded by the South Africa Service Medal of Umkhonto we Sizwe and the Azanian People's Liberation Army.

Description
Obverse
The Operational Medal for Southern Africa is a medallion struck in nickel-silver, 38 millimetres in diameter with a raised rim, and depicts a baobab tree inside a hexagonal frame of chain.

Reverse
The reverse has a wide raised rim and displays the embellished pre-1994 South African Coat of Arms.

Ribbon
The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide, with a 4 millimetres wide red band, an 8 millimetres wide green band and a 1 millimetre wide white band, repeated in reverse order and separated by a 6 millimetres wide black band in the centre.

Discontinuation
Conferment of the Operational Medal for Southern Africa was discontinued upon the institution of a new set of honours on 27 April 2003.

References

Military decorations and medals of uMkhonto we Sizwe
Military decorations and medals of Azanian People's Liberation Army
1998 establishments in South Africa
2003 disestablishments in South Africa
Awards established in 1998
Awards disestablished in 2003


title: Givira pardana

text:
Givira pardana is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in São Paulo, Brazil.

The wingspan is about 30 mm. The forewings are light brown with a basal, inner, outer and subterminal row of round, dark brown spots, edged with whitish. There are traces of darker, transverse, irregular and broken lines on the hindwings.

References

Moths described in 1901
Givira


title: Opduwer

text:
An opduwer or opdrukker is a small tug- or towboat that was used in the Low Countries to push barges on inland waterways. Opduwers were predominantly in use in the first half of the twentieth century. During that time the internal combustion engine got adapted for inland shipping. Earlier, barges were propelled either by sail or by towing from shore by horse or manpower. Fitting an engine and propeller to an existing barge was found cumbersome however. It was easier to construct a small tugboat and use this to propel the existing barge.
Opduwers were built between about 1910 to 1940.  A large number survive as pleasure craft.

Usage
The skipper of the barge was commonly also the owner of the opduwer so barge and tugboat formed a working pair. The barge was sometimes towed but most commonly pushed by the opduwer. The word opduwer literally translates to 'on-pusher' in English. When used as a pusher the opduwer was lashed to the stern of the barge and often controlled from the barge using a string or the boat hook.
The opduwer offered additional advantages to the skipper as it could be used as a handy motorboat for various tasks and there was no noise or vibration from the engine in the barge itself.

Construction
The first opduwers of around 1910 were simple wooden rowing boats that had an engine fitted. Later opduwers were built on shipyards, often from material that was left over from the construction of large ships. Early opduwers were made of either wood or steel but later only steel was used. Common sizes were from 4.5 to 6 meters long and 1.5 meters wide, weighing between 1 and 3 ton. Some were completely open boats while other opduwers featured decks and a roof to protect the engine from the weather. Common engines came from automobiles, often including the gear box. Having an engine of around 6hp the opduwer could reach about 7 to 10 km/h.

Sources

 R. Martens & F. Loomeijer. Binnenvaartschepen. Uitgeverij de Alk, Alkmaar, 1977.

Tugboats
Boat types


title: The Carré Bleu

text:
Le Carré Bleu, originally known as feuille internationale d'architecture ("International Folio of Architecture") is an architecture publication founded in Helsinki, Finland in 1958, published quarterly in three languages (English, French, Italian) and distributed internationally.

History and profile
Following the final CIAM (International Congresses of Modern Architecture) congress, CIAM X, held in Dubrovnik in 1956, a CIAM Helsinki group met leading to the establishment of the magazine in 1958 to the birth of the journal of architecture theory Le Carré Bleu. The founding group consisted of the Finnish architects Aulis Blomstedt, Keijo Petäjä and Reima Pietilä, Finnish architecture historian Kyösti Ålander, and French architect André Schimmerling, who was then living in Finland. The first editions were published solely in French with rare English additions. The original headquarters of the magazine was in Helsinki. The production moved to Paris in 1963 and started publishing in French and in English before adding Italian in 2001.

Prominent international figures have contributed to the Carré Bleu and various projects presented and discussed in the CB were then realized: for example, the Freie Universität Berlin (Candilis, Josic, Woods); the university buildings in Urbino (by Giancarlo De Carlo); the Linear Centre, Rotterdam (Jacob B. Bakema); the Città della Scienza in Naples (Pica Ciamarra Associati).

In 1988, for the 30th anniversary of The Carré Bleu, the Industrial Creation Centre of the Centre Pompidou has published "L'Héritage des CIAM 1958/1988" ("The Legacy of CIAM 1958/1988"), with 24 slides of works created by the principal collaborators, and a presentation by André Schimmerling, Director of the folio between 1958 and 2003.

From 1994 to 1997, after a series of interviews - "The Architect and the Power" - held at the Finnish Institute of Paris [5], the CB has promoted the creation of the “Observatoire international de l'Architecture” (O.I.A., International Observatory Architecture ) which in 1997 established the project "Directive Européenne pour l'Architecture et le cadre de vie" (European Directive for Architecture and the Living).

In May 1999, Le Carré Bleu organized within faculties and schools of architecture a European debate on the theme "Mobility and Urbanity."

In 2001, the publication of Le Carré Bleu was interrupted for various reasons.

On the occasion of the exhibition "Team X 1953-1981" at the Centre Pompidou (24 September 2005 – 8 January 2006) and the "Utopia of the Present" one at the Netherlands Architecture Institute (NAI), Rotterdam, an overhaul of the Carré Bleu became necessary. A debate animated by Olivier Cinqualbre took place at the Pompidou Centre in January 2006 on the theme "Memory in Motion" after which the "new CB" published his "manifesto" called "Fragments / Symbiosis."

Between 2006 and 2009, under the patronage of UNESCO, the CB launched the "International Call for ideas - an idea for each city". The aim was to reward the best graduate students of Mediterranean countries, offering them paid internships in internationally known architecture firms.

In December 2008, Georges Edery organized an international symposium titled "Le Carré Bleu - 50 ans: mémoire et avenir" at the Cité de l'Architecture & du Patrimoine in the Palais de Chaillot, Paris. The conference proceedings were video recorded and published in a box double DVD ("Le Carré Bleu 50: 1958-2008 mémoire et avenir"). On this occasion, the Carré Bleu presented its draft "Declaration of Human Rights" in its relations to the habitat and lifestyles in their diversity.

Between 2009 and 2010, Georges Ederyet and François Lapied started meeting and decided to submit the complete Carré Bleu collection to the major French architectural library, the “Institut Français d’Architecture” (I.F.A.) situated inside the “Cité d’Architecture et du Patrimoine” in Paris.

After the n° 1/2011 "Formation des architectes, Alphabétisation des Citoyens" (Architects’ education, Literacy of citizens), with Bioarchitettura and INARCH, the CB organized in Florence, at Palazzo Vecchio, an International Conference called «Alfabetizzazione all’ecologia ed alla qualità dell’architettura» (“Ecology and quality of architecture literacy”).

In 2012, the “Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine”, Paris, in cooperation with the “Grande Bibliothèque Nationale François Mitterrand”, supervised the digitalization of the whole collection of Carré Blue, starting from n. 0/1958 (available on the Internet and, from 2013, also on www.lecarrebleu.eu texts constantly updated).

From 20 December 2013, the MAMT (Museum of Mediterranean Art, Music and Traditions in Naples, piazza del Municipio) dedicates a permanent space to the Carré Bleu, with a presentation of videos and photos.

Editorial staff and directors
Founders: Aulis Blomstedt, Reima Pietilä, Keijo Petäjä, Kyösti Ålander, André Schimmerling.
First Cercle de Rédaction (1958): Aulis Blomstedt, Eero Eerikäinen, Keijo Petäjä, Reima Pietilä, Simo Sivenius, André Schimmerling, Kyösti Ålander; Editor in Chief: Keijo Petäjä; Gérante (manager): Tyyne Saastamoinen-Schimmerling.
Collaborators: Argentina: G. Cluzellas; Denmark: Arne Jacobsen; France: Roger Aujaume; Italy: Giancarlo De Carlo; Morocco: Elie Azagury; Norway: Sverre Fehn; Sweden: Sven Ivar Lind. From 1958 to 2003, Director André Schimmerling; from 1986 to 2001 A. Schimmerling, Philippe Fouquey Co-Responsibles; from 2006 to 2018 Luciana De Rosa Editor in Chief Current Cercle De Rédaction (2018): Kaisa Broner-Bauer, Georges Edery, Päivi Nikkanen-Kalt, Juhani Katainen, Pierre Lefevre, Massimo Locci, Luigi Prestinenza Puglisi, Livio Sacchi, Bruno Vellut, Jean-Yves Guegan. Director from 2006: Massimo Pica Ciamarra.

Bibliography
Pietilä, Reima, "Le Carré Bleu: 1983 Anniversary", Arkkitehti 79 :7 (1982): 65-66
André Schimmerling, "L’Heritage des CIAM 1958/1988", CCI Centre Pompidou 1988.
Alison Smithson, “On Carré Bleu and Team 10”, <Spazio e Società> vol.12 n°45 January/March 1989 / p. 100-108
André Schimmerling, "Le Carré Bleu: Trent'anni di idee, progetti, proposte", “L'Architettura, cronache e storia » maggio 1989, pgg. 355-375
Alexandre Tzonis, Liane Lefaivre: “40 ans Carre Bleu : de Shadrach Woods vers la nouvelle génération”, Le Carré Bleu 3-4/1998, pgg. 4-43
Boltz, Thorsten, « Le Carré Bleu is forty years old, a tribute from a philosopher », Le Carré Bleu 1/1999 pgg. 34-35
Catherine Blain, « Le Carré bleu. A Brief History of the Journal, its Editorial Policy and its Relationship to Team 10 (1958-2001)” in <Team 10, 1953-1981. In Search of a Utopia of the Present, 80-81>, edited by Max Risselada and Dirk Van den Heuvel. Rotterdam, NAi Publishers, 2005
Luigi Prestinenza Puglisi, “Intervista a Massimo Pica Ciamarra su Le Carré Bleu”, PresT-Letter n°27/2006
Cristiana Chiorino, “15.000 battute fanno una rivista”, Il Giornale dell’Architettura n°45 - novembre 2006
A la suite du colloque sur « Le Carré Bleu - 50 ans / mémoire et avenir » à la Cité de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine - Palais de Chaillot / Paris, 08.12.2008 Georges EDERY a produit, sous forme de double DVD, les « Actes du Colloque sur le Cinquantenaire du CB ».

References

Notes
TEAM 10 1953-81 - in search of a Utopia of the present, pg.81
L'architettura Cronaca e Storia, xxxv pg. 365
L'architettura Cronaca e Storia, xxxv pg. 367
Le Carré Bleu 3-4/1997
Le Carré Bleu n. 1/1996
Le Carré Bleu n. 3-4/1997
Le Carré Bleu n. 2/1998 e n. 2/1999
http://team10online.org
http://bioarchitettura.org; atti in <Costruire sostenibilità: crisi ambientale e bioarchitettura> a cura di W. Mitterer / G. Manella – Angeli ed. Milano 2013, pgg.144
http://portaildocumentaire.citechailot.fr

External links
 Official website

1958 establishments in Finland
Architecture magazines
Magazines established in 1958
Magazines published in Helsinki
Magazines published in Paris
Multilingual magazines
Quarterly magazines published in France


title: AKK Branik Maribor

text:
Akademski košarkarski klub Branik Maribor (), commonly referred to as AKK Branik Maribor or simply Branik, is a basketball team based in Maribor, Slovenia. As of the 2023–24 season, Branik competes in the Slovenian Third League, the third level of Slovenian basketball.

Branik was originally formed in 1948 as a basketball section of SŠD Polet, but it disbanded in 2005 due to financial problems. In 2001, a new team known as ŠD Primorac was created, which in 2008 became part of the Branik Sports Association. The club sees itself as the successor to the team that disbanded in 2005.

History

1948–2005
The club was formed in 1948 as a basketball section of SŠD Polet. In 1950, Polet renamed as Branik and won its first Slovenian republic title in 1952 after defeating Krim in the final. In 1966, the club left the Branik Sports Association and renamed as KK Maribor 66. Under that name, they played in the Yugoslav First Federal Basketball League in the 1969–70 season. The club then competed as KK Marles due to the sponsorship agreement, while the Branik Sports Association formed its own team to compete in lower ranks. After Marles relegated to the republic level (third tier in Yugoslavia), both teams merged back in 1975 under the name Branik. In 1987, the club merged with city rivals ŽKK Maribor to form KK Maribor 87 as a new city team. The latter played in the Yugoslav 1. B League, but after Slovenia's independence in 1991 it disintegrated back to ŽKK and Branik. Branik took Maribor 87's place in the Slovenian top division and played there until 2000. All teams based in Maribor, including Branik, folded in 2005.

2008–present
ŠD Primorac Basketball School, formed in 2001, joined the Branik Sports Association in 2008 and renamed as AKK Branik in 2011. The team qualified for the Slovenian Second League in the 2007–08 season. Branik was relegated back to the third division after finishing dead last in the 2012–13 season. After KK Maribor went bankrupt in 2015 and Branik remained the only basketball team in the city, the Basketball Federation of Slovenia invited them to compete in the Slovenian Second League for the 2015–16 season.

Arena
The team's home arena is Lukna Sports Hall in Maribor with a capacity of 2,100.

Season-by-season records

As Maribor 66

References

External links
Official website

Basketball teams established in 1948
Basketball teams in Slovenia
Sport in Maribor
Basketball teams in Yugoslavia
1948 establishments in Slovenia
Basketball teams established in 2001
2001 establishments in Slovenia


title: 1779 in France

text:
Events in the year 1779 in France.

Incumbents
Monarch: Louis XVI

Events
12 April - Treaty of Aranjuez (1779)
June–September - Armada of 1779
2-4 July - Capture of Grenada (1779)
6 July - Battle of Grenada
6 October - Action of 6 October 1779

Births
7 October - Louis Charles, Count of Beaujolais, younger brother of King Louis-Philippe I of the French

Deaths

References

1770s in France


title: Givira plagiata

text:
Givira plagiata is a moth in the family Cossidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1901 and is found in Venezuela.

The wingspan is about 38 mm. The forewings are grey, shaded with light brown at the base and on the inner margin. The outer portion is mottled with white and brownish-grey striae and several brown spots. The hindwings are dark greyish brown, but paler terminally with dark spots at the veins, and a dark subterminal shade below the costa.

References

Moths described in 1901
Givira


The 2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League Round 2 was held from January to March 2015. A total of 24 teams competed in 3 events in this round of the tournament playing for 9 berths in the Semifinals, to be played in June and July 2015.

Qualification
8 teams ranked between 12th and 19th in the FIH World Rankings current at the time of seeking entries for the competition qualified automatically in addition to 14 teams qualified from Round 1 and two nations that did not meet ranking criteria and were exempt from Round 1 to host a Round 2 tournament. Fiji and Sri Lanka withdrew from participating and Oman and Ukraine took their place. The following 24 teams, shown with final pre-tournament rankings, competed in this round of the tournament.

Singapore
Singapore, Singapore, 17–25 January 2015.

All times are Singapore Time (UTC+08:00)

First round

Pool A

Pool B

Second round
{{8TeamBracket-Consols
| RD3-team1=| RD3-score1=10
| RD3-team2=| RD3-score2=1

| RD3-team3=| RD3-score3=5
| RD3-team4=| RD3-score4=0

| RD3-team5= (p.s.o.)| RD3-score5=3 (2)
| RD3-team6=| RD3-score6=3 (0)

| RD3-team7=| RD3-score7=8
| RD3-team8=| RD3-score8=0

| RD4-team1= (p.s.o.)| RD4-score1=1 (3)| RD4-team2=| RD4-score2=1 (2)

| RD4-team3=| RD4-score3=1
| RD4-team4=| RD4-score4=7| RD2-team1=| RD2-score1=2
| RD2-team2=| RD2-score2=4| RD2-team3=| RD2-score3=3| RD2-team4=| RD2-score4=0

| RD5-team1=| RD5-score1=8| RD5-team2=| RD5-score2=0

| RD5b-team1=| RD5b-score1=4| RD5b-team2=| RD5b-score2=0

| RD1-team1=| RD1-score1=3| RD1-team2=| RD1-score2=1

| RD1b-team1=| RD1b-score1=3
| RD1b-team2=| RD1b-score2=4'| RD3=
| dateQF = 22 January 2015
| semifinals=
| dateSF = 24 January 2015
| consolation=
| date5-8 = 23 January 2015
| final=
| date1 = 25 January 2015
| third=
| date3 = 25 January 2015
| fifth=
| date5 = 25 January 2015
| seventh=
| date7 = 25 January 2015
}}

Quarter-finals

Fifth to eighth place classification

Crossover

Seventh and eighth place

Fifth and sixth place

First to fourth place classification

Semifinals

Third and fourth place

Final

Awards
Player of the Tournament:
Top Scorer:  (12 goals)
Young Player of the Tournament:
Goalkeeper of the Tournament:

San Diego
San Diego, United States, 28 February–8 March 2015.All times are Pacific Standard Time (UTC−08:00) except the ones on 8 March 2015 which are Pacific Daylight Time (UTC−07:00)First round

Pool A

Pool B

Second round

Quarterfinals

Fifth to eighth place classification

Crossover

Seventh and eighth place

Fifth and sixth place

First to fourth place classification

Semifinals

Third and fourth place

Final

Awards
Player of the Tournament:  Shane O'Donoghue
Top Scorer:  (7 goals)
Young Player of the Tournament:
Goalkeeper of the Tournament:  David Harte

Cape Town
Cape Town, South Africa, 7–15 March 2015.All times are South African Standard Time (UTC+02:00)''

First round

Pool A

Pool B

Second round

Quarterfinals

Fifth to eighth place classification

Crossover

Seventh and eighth place

Fifth and sixth place

First to fourth place classification

Semifinals

Third and fourth place

Final

Awards
Player of the Tournament:
Top Scorer:  (6 goals)
Young Player of the Tournament:
Goalkeeper of the Tournament:

References

External links
Official website (Singapore)
Official website (San Diego)
Official website (Cape Town)

Round 2
International field hockey competitions hosted by Singapore
International field hockey competitions hosted by the United States
International field hockey competitions hosted by South Africa