title: Changes (John Williams album)

text:
Changes (aka Cavatina) is an album by John Williams issued on Fly Records in 1971. In 1979 Cube Records reissued the album under the title “Cavatina". Like the CD with the same title (different artwork), this is simply the 1971 album "Changes" with the first and third tracks swapping places so that the title tracks are track 1. The cover art was designed and created by the famous British design studio Hipgnosis, and consists in a manipulated photo of Williams's left hand, shot by Aubrey Powell.

The track, “Cavatina”, originally included only the first few measures but, at Williams' request, it was rewritten for guitar and expanded by Stanley Myers. After this transformation it was used for the 1970 film The Walking Stick. In 1973, Cleo Laine wrote lyrics and recorded it as the song "He Was Beautiful" accompanied by Williams. The guitar version became a worldwide hit single when it was used as the theme tune to the Oscar-winning film The Deer Hunter (1978).

Track listing
Side 1
" Bach Changes" (J. S. Bach, Adapted & Arranged by Stanley Myers) - Track 3 on "Cavatina"
"Theme from Z" (Mikis Theodorakis)
" Cavatina (Theme from The Deer Hunter)" (Stanley Myers) - Track 1 on "Cavatina"
"Spanish Trip (Canarios)" (Stanley Myers)
"Because" (John Lennon/Paul McCartney)
"Raga Vilasakhani Todi" (Stanley Myers)

Side 2
"Woodstock" (Joni Mitchell)
"Good Morning Freedom" (Greenaway/Cook/Hammond/Hazelwood)
"Nuages" (Django Reinhardt/Jacques Larne)
"Sarabande" (Stanley Myers)
"New Sun Rising (House of the Rising Sun)" (Trad. Adapted & Arranged by Stanley Myers)

Orchestra
Violins: Alan Loveday, Henry Datyner, David Katz, Jeff Wakefield, Desmond Bradley, Laurie Clay, Geoffrey Grey, Cyril Reuben, Basil Smart, Godfrey Salmon, Michael Jones, Michael Rennie, Homi Kanga, Bela Dekany
Violas: Ken Essex, Stephen Shingles, Brian Hawkins, John Graham, Terry Hilton, Henry Myerscough
Basses: Chris Lawrence, Danny Thompson, Joe Mudele
Keyboards: Rick Wakeman
Harp: David Snell
Woodwind (Doubling Saxes): Christopher Taylor, Roy Willcox, Tony Coe, Ronnie Chamberlain
Trumpets: Kenny Wheeler, Stanley Roderick, Ralph Izen, Derek Watkins
Trombones: Nat Peck, Don Lusher, Peter Harcey, Ray Premru
Drums: Barry Morgan
Percussion: Ronnie Verrall, Terry Cox, Tristan Fry, Jim Lawless, Ray Cooper, Barry Guard
Guitars: Alan Parker, Chris Spedding, Herbie Flowers

Production
Produced & Arranged by: Stanley Myers
Recorded at: Olympic Studios
Engineer: Keith Grant

References

John Williams (guitarist) albums
1971 albums
Fly Records albums
Albums with cover art by Hipgnosis


title: Edward Devereux, 12th Viscount Hereford

text:
Edward Devereux, 12th Viscount Hereford (19 February 1741 – 1 August 1783) was an English hereditary peer who sat in the House of Lords as Premier Viscount.

Family
He was the son of Edward Devereux, 11th Viscount Hereford and his wife Catherine Mytton (d. 1748).

Lord Hereford married Henrietta Charlotte Tracy (d. 1817), the daughter of Susan and Anthony Keck. Henrietta was born Henrietta Charlotte Keck, but changed her surname to Tracy in 1774 — before her marriage — as a condition of inheriting her uncle Robert Tracy's estate. Edward and Henrietta had no children and the Viscountcy was inherited by Edward's younger brother George Devereux.

See also
 House of Lords

References

1741 births
1783 deaths
Edward 12
Place of birth unknown
Place of death unknown
Edward


title: Eryngium ombrophilum

text:
Eryngium ombrophilum is a plant species native to Brazil, the type specimen collected there from the State of Paraná.

Eryngium ombrophilum is a perennial semelparous herb. Leaves are thin but firm and rigid. Prophylls 5, lanceolate, the margins spiny and bristly, about 1 cm (0.3 inches) long. Flower head ovoid to cylindrical, 15 mm (0.6 inches) long and 6 mm (0.24 inches) in diameter. Flowers yellow-green.

References

ombrophilum
Endemic flora of Brazil
Flora of Paraná (state)


title: Timeline of Ponce, Puerto Rico

text:
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Ponce, Puerto Rico.

Pre 16th century
 600-1000AC – The Ponce areas of El Tuque, Punta Cucharas, Caracoles and Tibes, among others, are inhabited by Igners and pre-Taino cultures.

16th century
 1508 – Cacique Agüeybaná, the cacique who led the region of which Ponce was a part, greets Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León on his arrival to the island of Puerto Rico.
 1511 – Agüeybaná II, the cacique of the area that would later be known as Ponce, leads the Taíno rebellion of 1511 against the Spanish invaders but later dies of battle wounds.
 1550 – Or, middle of the 16th century. Residents of San German spread out to the plains of the southern coast of Puerto Rico as far as Rio Jacaguas, now part of Ponce, to raise cattle and farm the land.
 1582 – Colonizers settled on the banks of Rio Jacaguas, Ponce.

17th century
 1646 – The area settled by the Spanish colonists is first referred to by the name of "Ponce".
 1670 – A chapel is erected in the middle of the Spanish settlement and dedicated in honor of Our Lady of Guadalupe.
 1678 – Governor Juan de Robles Lorenzana attempts to organize the settlement at Ponce with the appointment of a "Capitán a guerra" but, unwilling to formalize the settlement, all of the Ponce residents refuse to accept the post.
 1692 – The Spanish settlement at Ponce is recognized as a hamlet by Spanish King Carlos II.

18th century
 1712 – The populated place is chartered as El Poblado de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Ponce (The village of Our Lady of Guadalupe of Ponce).
 1724 – Founding of the San Antonio Abad shrine at the location currently occupied by the Ponce City Hall.
 1740 – The Ponce Catholic parish burns, making it the first of many notorious fires in the city.
 1742 – The English attack Ponce and the invasion is repealed by local citizens.
 1760 – Fuerte de San José is built in Barrio Playa.
 1765 – First census yields a total of 3,314 souls residing in Ponce.
 1778 – Coamo takes over administrative jurisdiction of the region of Ponce from San German.
 1787 – The 1787 Boricua earthquake cracks the walls of the Our Lady of Guadalupe church.

19th century
 1800 – A census yields a total of 7,234 souls residing in Ponce.
 1811 - Intendente Alejandro Ramirez declares the Port of Ponce open to international commerce.
 1812:
 First Constitutional mayor, José Ortíz de la Renta, takes office, and the ayuntamiento is established.
 Port of Ponce dredged, built and opened.
 1813 – The naval customs office is established.
 1814 – First cemetery is built.
 1816 – Ponce ceases to depend on Coamo for governmental matters and becomes seat of the Southern District government.
 1819 – First public scrivener (clerk) is appointed.
 1820:
 A large fire that "almost destroyed the early Ponce settlement" takes place, prompting Governor Miguel de la Torre to order that "every male from 16 to 60 years old must become a [volunteer] firefighter".
 The first known division of the village into barrios.
 Declared seat of one of seven judicial districts in Puerto Rico.
 1821 – Declared headquarters of Southern Military District.
 1826 – 10 July: Slave rebellion. Eleven slaves are executed and six other are condemned to 10 years of hard labor.
 1827 – 26 February: A large fire in Playa de Ponce started by lightning destroys many residential homes and warehouses with estimated losses at $37,000 ($ in  dollars) Spanish pesos.
 1833 – Hacienda Buena Vista is established.
 1836 – Inauguration of Ponce's Ayuntamiento General.
 1839:
 The town's chapel is demolished and a new church with two octagonal towers is built in its place.
 The Court of First Instance is transferred from Coamo to Ponce.
 1842 – 17 February: Seven slaves are executed at Cerro del Vigía and 6 others received prison sentences ranging from 6 to 10 years for an organized rebellion the previous year (1841).
 1843 – Mayor Juan Rondón inaugurates the Panteón Nacional Román Baldorioty de Castro cemetery (then called Cementerio Civil) and he is also first person to be buried there.
 1845 – A fire in Barrio La Playa destroys most of the sea-front settlement
 1846:
 The Ponce City Hall is built to be used as a jail.
 Royal decree organizing the municipal government of Ponce.
 1848:
 29 July: Granted the status of villa (town).
 A third slave rebellion takes place (see 1826 and 1841).
 1853 – 17 January: There is a mayor fire in Ponce which, because there were no firefighters yet, was put out by residents and civil and military authorities. It resulted in a campaign for the establishment of a group volunteer firefighters.
 1857 – Construction of Carretera Central (today's PR-14 and PR-1) begins, joining Ponce and San Juan.
 1858 – Carnaval de Ponce starts its annual celebration.
 1863:
 Plaza de Mercado Isabel Segunda is completed
 Santo Asilo de Damas is founded by Sister Francisca Paz Cabrera
 1864:
 Teatro La Perla, so named to honor the Virgin of Montserrat (who was known as "The Pearl of the Mediterranean.") opens with La Campana de la Almudaina.
 The Ponce Gas Company is founded by Julio Steinacher.
 1870:
 Juan Bertoli builds a home for mayor Ermelindo Salazar which would later become Centro Cultural de Ponce Carmen Solá de Pereira
 Ponce Municipal Library, Puerto Rico's oldest public library, opens as Gabinete de Lectura.
 1871 - Logia Aurora Num. 1, a masonic lodge was founded in Islote Caja de Muertos, Ponce.
 1873 – Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad, the first Anglican church anywhere in Latin America, is built.
 1874:
 14 January, Verification of the Ponce leg of the transatlantic cable at the Port of Ponce.
 18 May, the city is first lit using gas-based lampposts.
 8 September, telegraph service begins.
 1876:
 Hurricane San Felipe hits Ponce as a Category 4 hurricane.
 Acueducto de Ponce, the first modern water distribution system built in Puerto Rico, becomes operational.
 1877 – 16 August: Granted status of city (ayuntamiento).
 1880:
 20 September. A large fire  destroys most older civil records (birth, baptism, marriage, etc.) of the Ponce parish.
 23 October. The Ponce Railway, running from downtown Ponce to the Port of Ponce starts operation.
 1882 – Great Agricultural and Financial Fair at Plaza Las Delicias.
 1883 – Population: 39,052 in city; 155,597 in province (departamento).
 1885 – Hospital Tricoche opens after an endowment by Valentin Tricoche.
 1886 – Leaders of the Partido Autonomista Puertorriqueño deliver their Plan de Ponce manifesto, also known as Plan Autonomista de Ponce.
 1887 – The Spanish activate the Caja de Muertos Light followed, two years later, by the Cardona Island Light.
 1889 – Cardona Island Light is lit by the Spaniards
 1894
 The Spanish military barracks at Ponce are built
 Population: 37,545.
 1895:
 Hotel Meliá opens its doors as a 9-room lodging house on a two-story structure
 Banco Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño is established.
 There were 11 consulates in the city.
 1897:
 The Spanish military opens a military hospital in Ponce
 Manuel V. Domenech designs the Rosaly-Batiz Residence for Ponce mayor, Pedro Juan Rosaly.
 The city is wired for public telephone service.
 1898:
 Largest city in the island, Ponce has a population of 22,000.
 The United States declares war on Spain, invades Puerto Rico, and American General Miles takes the city without resistance as its citizens preferred its beautiful architecture not be destroyed by bombardment.
 1899:
 Manuel V. Domenech unveils Residencia Armstrong-Poventud across from the Ponce Cathedral.
 25 January 1899 – The "El Polvorin" fire threatens to burn down the city
 Hurricane San Ciriaco kills 500 people in the city and causes coffee harvest damage from which the coffee industry never recovered.

20th century

1900-1949
 1901 – Both Cementerio Católico San Vicente de Paul and Cementerio Civil de Ponce are established
 1902 – Ponce High School is founded
 1907:
 The Puerto Rico Episcopal Church founds Hospital San Lucas.
 The Methodist Church builds Primera Iglesia Metodista Unida de Ponce in the city; next year it builds Iglesia Metodista Unida de La Playa de Ponce
 Unión de Gremio de Cocheros de Ponce is founded.
 1909 – El Día is founded as "El Diario de Puerto Rico; it would be renamed "El Nuevo Día" in 1970 upon its relocation to San Juan
 1910:
 Campo Atlético Charles H. Terry is inaugurated
 The Partido Nacionalista de Puerto Rico meetinghouse, where the Ponce massacre will take place in 1937, is built
 Blas Silva designs the Residencia Subirá.
 1911:
 Casa Salazar-Candal and Casa Serrallés are built
 The tomb-monument Monumento a los heroes de El Polvorín is erected
 Alfredo B. Wiechers completes building his home, later termed Casa Wiechers-Villaronga.
 1913 – Casa Oppenheimer and Casa Font-Ubides are built.
 1917 – Banco de Ponce opens for business.
 1918 – The 1918 San Fermín earthquake does major damage to the Teatro La Perla, closing it until 1941, and the Catedral Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, bringing down its two iconic towers
 1919 – Puerto Rico Iron Works and Rovira Biscuits Corporation start production
 1920 – Population: 41,561.
 1922 – Antiguo Casino de Ponce opens its doors.
 1924:
 The Beaux-Arts-style Banco Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño and Banco de Ponce buildings are erected.
 The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ponce is established.
 1925 – Dr. Manuel de la Pila Iglesias establishes Clinica Dr. Pila
 1926:
 Casa Rosita Serrallés is built
 Colegio Ponceño de Varones opens its doors
 Mercado de las Carnes is built to supplement the meat market needs of Plaza de Mercado Isabel Segunda
 1927 – Casa Fernando Luis Toro is built in La Alhambra, "the first upper-class suburban development ever built in Puerto Rico."
 1928 – Hurricane San Felipe Segundo impacts Ponce and surrounding areas at Category 5 force.
 1930
 Castillo Serrallés is built.
 Population: 53,430.
 1931 – Teatro Fox Delicias shows its first movie.
 1932 – Hurricane San Ciprian launches against the Ponce area destroying citrus, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and other harvests.
 1933 – The building later renamed the Luis A. Ferré United States Courthouse and Post Office Building opens as a post office and federal courthouse on Calle Atocha.
 1934 – Bosque Estatal Toro Negro is established with 6,800 cuerdas
 1936 – WPRP radio begins broadcasting.
 1937 – US-appointed governor, American Blanton Winship, orders the infamous Ponce massacre.
 1939 – WPAB radio begins broadcasting.
 1940
 WPAB begins transmission
 Population: 65,182.
 1941:
 Club Náutico de Ponce is formed
 Luis A. Ferre founds Ponce Cement, Inc.
 1946:
 – Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca is established.
 – Three Puerto Ricans from Ponce had been governors of Puerto Rico (José E. Colom, plus two others)
 1948:
 Colegio San Conrado is founded
 Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico starts courses at Colegio San Conrado
 A replacement to the original monument-obelisk Monumento a los heroes de El Polvorín, destroyed by the 1918 San Fermín earthquake is erected
 1949 – Estadio Francisco Montaner opens as a baseball park

1950-2000
 1954 – Enrique "Quique" Lucca Caraballo forms La Sonora Ponceña
 1955:
 The Ponce YMCA Building is built and starts its offerings to the youth
 Mercedita Airport starts operations as a commercial airfield
 1956:
 Parque de la Abolición is built together with Concha Acústica de Ponce and the Monumento a la abolición de la esclavitud
 Ateneo de Ponce is established
 1957 – Lazare Kaplan establishes the first diamond "factory" at the street that would later be known as Calle Los Diamantes.
 1958:
 WRIK-TV Channel 7 and WSUR-TV (television) begin broadcasting.
 Centro Comercial Santa Maria opens in the Mariani sector of Barrio Canas Urbano
 1959 – Luis A. Ferré opens Museo de Arte de Ponce at the Ermelindo Salazar Residence with 72 works of art.
 1960 – The Hotel Ponce Intercontinental opens its doors.
 1961 – Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Law, the first private law school in the Island, is established
 1962:
 Zona Histórica de Ponce is first designated.
 Industrias Vassallo starts operation molding plastics
 Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico opens a branch in Ponce
 1963 – Centro Cultural de Ponce Carmen Solá de Pereira starts functioning.
 1964 – Los Chinos de Ponce start selling ice cream at King's Cream, across Plaza Las Delicias.
 1967
 New York City dedicates its Puerto Rican Day Parade to Ponce.
 The "1692 flag of Ponce" is adopted.
 1970
 The University of Puerto Rico opens a campus in Ponce, University of Puerto Rico, Ponce Campus
 Population: 128,233.
 1972:
 ColiseoJuan Pachín Vicéns, now Auditorio Juan Pachín Vicéns debuts
 Prinair Flight 191 crashes on its approach to Mercedita Airport killing five people.
 1977:
 Ponce School of Medicine starts operation as part of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico, but shortly thereafter emerges as an independent institution
 Policía Municipal de Ponce is reorganized under the new Law of Puerto Rico titled Ley de la Guardia Municipal.
 A second city flag is adopted, the "1877 flag of Ponce", to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the town being promoted to City of Ponce by the Spanish Crown.
 1978 – Two young independentista men are murdered at Cerro Maravilla in an ambush by Puerto Rico Police at Cerro Maravilla in Barrio Anón.
 1980:
 Parque del Retiro is established on Calle Villa.
 Caja de Muertos is designated a nature reserve.
 Cruce a Nado Internacional kicks off its annual sporting event
 1981 – The huge Plaza de Mercado Juan Bigas building opens, replacing Plaza de Mercado Isabel Segunda, but would close 26 years later to become Ponce Servicios.
 1983 – Coro de Niños de Ponce debuts.
 1985 – The Ponce en Marcha Plan is drafted by Governor Rafael Hernández Colón
 1984 – Cruceta del Vigía and Parque de la Ceiba open to the public.
 1985 – The Mameyes Landslide tragedy buries over 100 Ponceños while they slept in Barrio Portugues Urbano.
 1986 – Bienal de Arte de Ponce starts its biannual expositions.
 1987 – Three museums open their doors: Casa Paoli, Museo Hacienda Buena Vista, and Museo de la Masacre de Ponce.
 1990 – Four museums open their doors: Museo de la Música Puertorriqueña, Panteón Nacional Román Baldorioty de Castro, Parque de Bombas, Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center
 1991:
 Museo Castillo Serrallés starts operation as a museum
 Parque Pedro Albizu Campos is inaugurated
 Paseo Atocha is converted from a street (Calle Atocha) to a pedestrian mall
 Residencia Armstrong-Poventud opens as a museum of the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña
 1992:
 The city celebrates its 300 anniversary
 Centro Cultural de Ponce Carmen Solá de Pereira is established at the former Residencia Ermelindo Salazar
 Museo de la Historia de Ponce occupies the Casa Serralles as a museum
 Museo Francisco "Pancho" Coimbre opens its doors at the former Campo Atletico Charles H. Terry
 Parque del Tricentenario's construction is completed
 Commercial shopping mall Plaza del Caribe is inaugurated
 Villa Pesquera is organized under the initiative of Mayor Rafael Cordero Santiago
 1993:
 Las Justas annual sports event are moved from San Juan to the city of Ponce.
 The city hosts the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games.
 Grand Prix de Ponce starts an annual racing event.
 1995 – Parque Urbano Dora Colón Clavell opens.
 1996:
 Bosque Estatal de Cerrillos is formed with 200 cuerdas of land. It is the only state forest entirely within the municipality
 Museo de la Arquitectura Ponceña opens the former Casa Wiechers-Villaronga to the public
 1998 – Paseo Tablado La Guancha is expanded into a multi-use La Guancha recreational complex with boarwalk, beach, tennis courts and observation tower.
 2000 – Population: 155,038.

21st century
 2001 – Denise Quiñones wins the Miss Universe 2001 beauty pageant.
 2004:
 Bolera de Ponce reopens as Bolera Caribe; would later host the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games
 Letras de Ponce are unveiled
 2006:
 Museo del Autonomismo Puertorriqueño opens at Panteón Nacional Román Baldorioty de Castro under mayor Francisco Zayas Seijo
 Parque Luis A. Wito Morales opens adjacent to the Bosque Estatal de Cerrillos
 2007:
 Ponce Grand Prix de Atletismo commences annual track and field competitions at Paquito Montaner
 Biblioteca Municipal Mariana Suárez de Longo opens at its permanent home on Bulevar Miguel Pou
 2008:
 Festival Nacional de la Quenepa begins its yearly celebrations.
 The Government of Puerto Rico declares Punta Cucharas in Ponce's Barrio Canas a Nature Reserve
 2009 – Ponce Ramada Hotel opens at the former Casa Saurí house.
 2011:
 FC Leones soccer team forms and starts playing at Estadio Paquito Montaner
 Parque Lineal Veredas del Labrador Phase I opens.
 2012:
 Día Mundial de Ponce and the Ponce Jazz Festival are first observed.
 Parque Ecológico Urbano is inaugurated.
 2013 – Ponce Servicios opens as the largest municipal office building in the municipality.
 2020 – Earthquakes destroy numerous historic structures.
 2021 – Carnaval de Ponce is celebrated on wheels, express-style, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

See also
 History of Ponce
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Ponce
 List of mayors of Ponce, Puerto Rico
 Subdivisions of Ponce, Puerto Rico
 List of rivers of Ponce
 List of mountains in Ponce
 List of roads in Ponce
 Timelines of other municipalities in Puerto Rico: municipalities in Puerto Rico: Bayamón, Hormigueros (in Spanish), Mayagüez, San Juan

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 U.S. Library of Congress, Prints & Photos Division. Materials related to Ponce, Puerto Rico, various dates.
 Digital Public Library of America. Works related to Ponce, PR, various dates
 Map of Ponce, 1943

.
.
timeline
ponce
Buildings and structures in Ponce, Puerto Rico


title: List of University of Mannheim people

text:
This list of notable people of University of Mannheim includes faculty, staff, graduates, administrators and former students in the undergraduate program and all graduate programs, and others affiliated with the University of Mannheim.

Business

 Klaus Diederichs, Head of European Investment Banking at JP Morgan Chase & Co. (2004–2014)
 Claus E. Heinrich, board member of SAP (1996–2009)
 Henning Kagermann, former professor and CEO of SAP (1998–2009)
 Stefan Lippe, CEO of Swiss Re (2009–2012)
 Bruno Sälzer, CEO of Hugo Boss (2002–2008); CEO of Escada (2008–present)
 Jürgen Schreiber, CEO of Edcon Limited and former CEO and President of Shoppers Drug Mart
 Stephan Sturm, Former managing director at Credit Suisse First Boston and CFO of Fresenius (2005–today)
 Hermann Ude, former CEO of DHL Global Forwarding; former board member of Deutsche Post
 Claus Wellenreuther, entrepreneur and co-founder of SAP
 Hans-Peter Wild, CEO and owner of Rudolf WILD GmbH & Co. KG

Economics
 Werner Abelshauser, economic historian
 Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner, economist; first woman to become a university lecturer in Germany
 Irene Bertschek, economist; head of the Research Department Digital Economy at the ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research in Mannheim; Professor of Economics of Digitalisation at University of Giessen
 Knut Borchardt, economist; former Rector of the University of Mannheim; winner of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize
 Axel Dreher, economist; Professor of International and Development Politics at the Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg
 Wolfgang Franz, economist, Chairman of the German Council of Economic Experts
 Clemens Fuest, economist, President of ZEW; former professor at Said Business School
 Eduard Gaugler, economist and former President of the UMA
 Roman Inderst, economist; winner of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize
 Heinz König, economist and former President of the University of Mannheim
 Christoph M. Schmidt, economist, President of the RWI Essen; member of the German Council of Economic Experts
 Isabel Schnabel, economist, Professor of Financial Economics at the University of Mainz; member of the German Council of Economic Experts
 Horst Siebert, economist and Member of the German Council of Economic Experts, 1990-2003
 Hans-Werner Sinn, economist and President of the Ifo Institute for Economic Research
 Jens Weidmann, economist and President of the Deutsche Bundesbank (2011–present)
 Jürgen Wolters, econometrician; former Professor of Econometrics at the Free University of Berlin
 Gerhard Zeitel, economist; former rector of the University of Mannheim

Academics
 Hans Albert, philosopher
 Jutta Allmendinger, sociologist and President of Social Science Research Center Berlin
 Hubertus von Amelunxen, philosopher, art historian, and curator; Senior Curator at the Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal, 2001-2007; president and provost at the European Graduate School, Saas-Fee, 2013-2018
 Hans-Wolfgang Arndt, professor of corporate law; rector of the UMA, 2001-2012
 Norbert Bolz, philosopher; media theorist; professor at the Technical University of Berlin
 Kai Brodersen, ancient historian and classicist at the Faculty of the University of Erfurt
 Winfried Brugger, professor of public law
 Sabine Carey, Chair in Political Science IV
 Heinrich Chantraine, professor of geography; former Rector of the UMA
 Daniel Cremers, professor of computer science and mathematics at the Technical University of Munich
 Noël Martin Joseph de Necker, Belgian physician and botanist
 Thomas Diez, professor of political science and international relations at the Institute for Political Science, University of Tübingen
 Axel Dreher, German Economist, belongs to the IDEAS 500 top economists
 Bernhard Ebbinghaus, sociologist
 Peter Flora, former professor of sociology (1982–2009)
 Wolfgang Franz, German Economist and former Chairman of the German Council of Economic Experts
 Clemens Fuest, German Economist and Chairman of the ZEW
 Miles Hewstone, psychologist
 Klaus Hildebrand, liberal-conservative historian
 Christian Homburg, professor of marketing
 Kyra T. Inachin, historian
 Roman Inderst, German Economist and Winner of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize
 Marita Inglehart, psychologist, academic, and author
 Juliane Kokott, former professor of law
 Stefan Lucks, researcher in communications security and cryptography
 Thilo Marauhn, lawyer
 Wolfgang Männel, former professor of business administration at the University of Frankfurt and University of Dortmund
 Friedrich Kasimir Medikus, physician and botanist
 Hans Meuer, professor of computer Science; Chairman of the International Supercomputing Conference
 Christophe Neff, Franco-German geographer; scientist at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
 Heinz-Herbert Noll, sociologist
 Jonathan Pool, U.S. political scientist
 Franz Rothenbacher, sociologist
 Christoph M. Schmidt, German Economist and President of the RWI Essen
 Norbert Schwarz, Provost Professor in the Department of Psychology and the Marshall School of Business at the University of Southern California
 Otto Selz, former professor in psychology, philosophy and pedagogy
 Hans-Werner Sinn, German Economist and President of the Ifo Institute for Economic Research
 Ulrich Steinvorth, philosopher
 Rosemarie Tracy, linguist, acquisitionist and Wilhelm von Humboldt Prize awardee
 Hermann Weber, former historian and political scientist
 Joachim Weickert, professor of mathematics and computer science at Saarland University; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize Laureate
 Helfrich Bernhard Wenck, German historian
 Ursula Wolf, former professor in Philosophy at the Free University of Berlin and University of Frankfurt
 Wolfgang Zapf, sociologist
 Klaus F. Zimmermann, German economist, professor for economics at the University of Bonn and former President of the DIW Berlin

Politics, civil services and military
 Alexander Nuno Alvaro, politician
 Franziska Brantner, politician, member of the Bundestag
 Jürgen Creutzmann, politician
 Oskar Dirlewanger, military officer, founder of the infamous Nazi SS penal unit "Dirlewanger" during World War II
 Florian Gerster, politician
 Maciej Golubiewski (born 1976), Polish political scientist and Consul General at the Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in New York City
 Hans-Olaf Henkel, President of the Leibniz Association; candidate of the Alternative for Germany for the 2014 European Parliament election
 Christine Lambrecht, first female Chief Whip of the SPD; member of the Bundestag
 Gaspar Martins, Angolan diplomat and political figure; Angola's Permanent Representative to the United Nations since 2001
 Onésimo Redondo, Spanish Falangist Fascist politician; founder of Juntas Castellanas de Actuación Hispánica (Castilian Groups of Hispanic Action)
 Christian von Stetten, politician, entrepreneur and member of the Bundestag
 Jürgen Walter, politician

Culture, sports and entertainment
 Christian Baracat, international rugby union player

 Artem Klein, ice hockey player
 Philipp Laux, footballer; psychologist of RB Leipzig
 Alessa Ries, retired swimmer; won a gold medal in the 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay at the 2002 European Aquatics Championships
 Dieter Roth, Swiss artist

Honorary doctorates
 Richard Blundell, British economist and econometrician
 Hans Leonhard Hammerbacher, former president of DIHK (Association of German Chambers of Industry and Commerce)
 Richard Lenel, former Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce; honorary citizen of the city of Mannheim
 Kurt Lotz, second post-war CEO of Volkswagen
 Hans Carl Nipperdey, German labour law expert; former president of the Federal Labour Court
 Torsten Persson, Swedish economist and Director of the Institute for International Economic Studies at Stockholm University
 Edmund Phelps, American economist; winner of the 2006 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
 Hans Reschke, former Lord Mayor of Mannheim
 Jean Tirole, French professor of economics; winner of the 2014 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences

See also
 University of Mannheim
 Mannheim Business School

References

University of Mannheim
Mannheim


title: Eulalia Ramos

text:
Eulalia Ramos Sánchez (known as  Eulalia Buroz or Eulalia Chamberlain; 1795 – 7 April 1817) was a heroine of the Venezuelan War of Independence.

Biography
Born in Miranda, she was the daughter of Don Ignacio Ramos and Doña María Alejandra González Henriquez. She married Juan José Vásquez. In 1814, she moved to Cartagena. She stayed a while in Haiti before moving to Cumaná where she learned that her husband had been executed on the orders of the Spanish General Monteverde. She then married the English Colonel, Charles Chamberlain, who was attached to the Staff of General Bolivar. Chamberlain had been severely wounded in the battle of Unare Barracks, and took refuge with Eulalia in Venezuela in Barcelona, Anzoátegui.

On 7 April 1817 the Royalist Army took Barcelona. The town's entire population took refuge in the Convent of San Francisco. After Chamberlain died in combat, Ramos attempted to move his body before being captured and beaten by a Spanish officer. He proposed that she gives up the independence cause in exchange for remaining alive, but she quickly took his gun and shot him in the chest, killing him instantly, while shouting "Viva la Patria -- mueran los tiranos".  Immediately, the other Spaniards pounce on her, killing her with their bayonets, while the army fell into the hands of the royalist forces.

References

1795 births
1817 deaths
People from Miranda (state)
Women in the Venezuelan War of Independence
People killed in action


title: Darwinilus

text:
Darwinilus sedarisi is a species of rove beetle, the only species in the genus Darwinilus. It is named after Charles Darwin and David Sedaris. It is found in Argentina. A specimen of the beetle was collected by Charles Darwin in 1832 during the voyage of , but not formally named as a new species until 2014.

Taxonomy
Darwinilus sedarisi was first described by the American entomologist Stylianos Chatzimanolis in 2014. It is known from only two specimens, both of which are males. The holotype was collected in 1832 by Charles Darwin from Bahía Blanca, Argentina during the voyage of .

The second specimen was collected from Río Cuarto, Córdoba by a certain Breuer and deposited at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Germany. The exact date the specimen was collected is not known, but it is known to have happened before 1935 since the German entomologists Walther Horn and Ilse Kahle listed Breuer's collection in a 1935 paper.

Darwinilus sedarisi is the only species in the genus Darwinilus. It is classified under the subtribe Xanthopygina, tribe Staphylinini, subfamily Staphylininae of the rove beetle family Staphylinidae.

References

Beetles described in 2014
Fauna of Argentina
Staphylininae
Insects of South America


title: Sirene (album)

text:
Sirene (Norwegian for 'siren' but referencing the voodoo "Mami Wata") is the fifth studio album by Norwegian Hard rock band Skambankt. It was recorded at Propeller Studios with Kåre Vestrheim as producer. The album is described as "mature, dark, and heavy, and at the same time more catchy and ambitious than before". The album reached number one on the Norwegian album charts in the first week after release.

The demo for the album was recorded at Bore Gardsrockeri, an old potato cellar in Klepp in Jæren/Norway, throughout the years 2012 and 2013. The lyrics were mostly written by Terje Winterstø Røthing. The Norwegian singer/songwriter Tønes contributes to the record, singing on the song Sånne som deg.

The first single Voodoo was released on November 11, 2013, and was accompanied by a marketing stunt where fans could hand in an old plastic guitar in exchange for a vinyl single.

Track listing

 Anonyme hatere (Anonymous haters)
Som en sirene (Like a siren)
Voodoo
Sort blod (Black blood)
Gamle spøkelser (Old ghosts)
Våre folk (Our people)
Sånne som deg (People like you)
Ulv, ulv (Wolf, wolf)
Nemesis
Kald, kald natt (Cold, cold night)

Chart

References

2014 albums
Skambankt albums


title: Schwertfeger

text:
Schwertfeger or Schwerdtfeger is a German surname:

 E. Anne Schwerdtfeger (1930-2008), American composer
 Kai Schwertfeger (b. 1988), a German football player
 Theodor Schwertfeger (ca. 1680 – after 1739), was a German architect, worked in St Petersburg, Russia
 Carole Schwerdtfeger (more known by pseudonym "C. S. Adler"; b. 1932), is an American children's book author.
 Hans Wilhelm Eduard Schwerdtfeger (1902–1990), was a German-Canadian-Australian mathematician
 Peter Schwerdtfeger (b. 1955), is a chemist

References

See also
 Mount Schwerdtfeger, a mountain in Antarctica; it is named after Werner Schwerdtfeger

German-language surnames


title: Yinsheng Wang

text:
Yinsheng Wang is a Professor of Chemistry and the Director for the ETOX (Environmental Toxicology) Graduate Program at the University of California Riverside. His current research involves the use of a multi-pronged approach encompassing mass spectrometry, synthetic chemistry, and molecular biology, for understanding the biological consequences of DNA damage and the molecular mechanisms of actions of anti-cancer drugs and environmental toxicants.

He obtained his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in Chemistry from Shandong University (1993), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (1996), and Washington University in St. Louis (2001), respectively. He joined the faculty of the University of California Riverside in 2001.

He has received several awards including a Research Award (2005) and the Biemann Medal (2013) from the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, and the inaugural Chemical Research in Toxicology Young Investigator Award (2012), cosponsored by the Division of Chemical Toxicology of the American Chemical Society and the ACS journal Chemical Research in Toxicology. He is also a fellow for the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (since 2012).

References

University of California, Riverside faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mass spectrometrists
Shandong University alumni
Washington University in St. Louis alumni


title: Kobeniak

text:
Kobeniak (Кобеняк) is a Ukrainian traditional male outer garment. Similar terms are Hungarian köpönyeg for "cloak", "mantle", "overcoat", and a historical Polish garment, kopieniak, all terms being derived from the Turkish garment kepenek, which is a shepherd's garment. Kobeniak is also called burka (cf. "Burka (Caucasus)"), kireya, or siryak (бурка, кирея, сіряк).

A kobenyak was the widest garment, so that it could be worn even on top of a kozhukh (fur coat). A distinctive feature is a hood which could cover nearly all the face, with a cut for the eyes and possibly for the mouth, which may be folded back.

References

Ukrainian clothing
Ukrainian folk clothing
Coats (clothing)


title: Pedro de Olivera y Fullana

text:
Pedro de Olivera y Fullana, was the governor and captain general of Spanish Florida from July 13 to October 30, 1716. He died at the provincial capital, St. Augustine, just over three months into his term of office.

Biography
In 1716, Chislacaliche, a mico, or chief, of the Lower Creek peoples, asked Olivera to send a Spanish envoy  to the Creek territory to restore friendly relations and distribute gifts, as was customary among the Indians. Olivera, wanting to persuade the other Creeks to follow Chilacaliche and return to Apalachee Province in Florida, sent the retired lieutenant Diego Peña and four soldiers to their rebuilt towns on the Chattahoochee River. Peña departed St. Augustine on August 4 of that year, and on September 28 arrived at Apalachicola, where he summoned the chiefs of the province to distribute their expected gifts and beseech them to relocate to the "old fields" of Apalachee. He distributed firearms and ammunition to the chieftains, who in their turn gained stature among their own people by redistributing them to their warriors.

Olivera died in Saint Augustine on October 30, 1716, just over three months into his term of office, and was succeeded by interim governor Juan de Ayala y Escobar.

References

Royal Governors of La Florida
Spanish colonial governors and administrators
1716 deaths


title: Sarkology

text:
Sarkology is the third studio album by Ghanaian hip-hop recording artist Sarkodie. It was released by Duncwills Entertainment on January 2, 2014. Primarily recorded in Twi, the album features guest appearances from Fuse ODG, Davido, Tiwa Savage, Banky W., Timaya, 2 Face Idibia, Efya, Mugeez, Obrafour, Burna Boy, Vivian Chidid, Vector, Silvastone, Sk Blinks, Stonebwoy, Joey B, J Town, Lil Shaker, Raquel, Sian, Kofi B and AKA. Its production was handled by Magnom, Hammer, KillBeatz, Masterkraft and Silvastone, among others.

Buildup and release
There were reports that Sarkodie was gearing up to release the album at the end of 2013. Sarkology was also reported to contain 16 tracks. According to The Ghanaian Chronicle, Sarkodie told the press the album would contain 30 songs and would feature production from 13 producers, including KillBeatz, Magnom and Nshorna.

Album cover and launch concert
On August 28, 2013, Sarkodie released the album's cover art to the general public while he was in the U.K for a video shoot. The cover features a young boy surrounded by school textbooks and other educational materials. Sarkodie utilized the cover art to promote his clothing brand Sark.

Sarkology was promoted by the launch of an eponymous concert, which was held at the Accra Sports Stadium on December 21, 2013. The concert featured performances from Sarkodie, Stay Jay, Kwaw Kese, Efya, Fuse ODG, Joey B, Raquel, Ephraim, Donzy, Dee Moneey, Buda, Mr. Silver, Phoot Printz and Scizo.

Singles

The album's lead single "Gunshot" was released on November 12, 2012. It features guest vocals by Nigerian singer Davido and was produced by KillBeatz. The Sesan-directed visuals for "Gunshot" was released on December 11, 2012.

The album's second single "Illuminati" was released on November 27, 2012. The song was produced by Magnom and recorded in Sarkodie's native language Twi. Its music video was shot in Dubai at various locations by Gyogyimah of Phamous Philms. The video was uploaded to YouTube on August 19, 2013. After releasing "Illuminati", Sarkodie was jokingly rumored to have joined the "secret clan".

The Lil Shaker-assisted track "Lies" was released as the album's third single. Its music video was directed by Nana-Asi Hene. According to OkayAfrica, the video "juggles images of a broken mannequin/past lover to the backdrop of Sarkodie's flashy whips, mansions, pools and penthouses." The album's fourth single "Bounce" was released on September 19, 2013; its accompanying music video was directed by Sesan. "Down on One" was released as the album's fifth single on October 10, 2013. It features vocals by Fuse ODG and was produced by Killbeatz. The music video for "Down on One" was shot and directed in the U.K by Moe Musa.

The album's sixth single "Pon D Ting" was released on December 23, 2013. It features guest vocals by Banky W. and was produced by Masterkraft. The music video for the song was shot during Sarkodie's trip to South Africa for the 2013 Channel O Music Video Awards.

On December 31, 2013, Sarkodie released "Ordinary Love" as the album's seventh single. The song was produced by Beat Merchant and features vocals by Tiwa Savage. Efya was initially intended to be on the track, but Sarkodie ended up contacting Savage because he wanted something different.

The album's eighth single "Preach" was released on January 9, 2014. The song features a verse from UK-based recording artist and record producer Silvastone. An accompanying music video for "Preach" was released on February 3, 2014 and uploaded to YouTube.

Critical reception
Sarkology received mostly positive reviews from music critics. Jacob Roberts-Mensah and Ameyaw Debrah awarded the album 9 stars out of 10, commending Sarkodie for "blurring the lines between hiplife and hip-hop without necessarily being boxed in or defined by either genre".

Accolades
Sarkology won Album of the Year at the 2014 Ghana Music Awards. It was also nominated for World’s Best Album at the 2014 World Music Awards.

Track listing

Notes
"—" denotes a skit

Personnel

Michael Owusu Addo – primary artist
Nana Richard Abiona – featured artist
David Adeleke – featured artist
Tiwatope Savage Balogun – featured artist
Darryl Bannerman-Martin – featured artist
Olubankole Wellington – featured artist
Enetimi Alfred Odom – featured artist
Innocent Ujah Idibia – featured artist
Jane Fara Awindor – featured artist
Rashid Mugeez – featured artist
Michael Elliot – featured artist
Damini Ogulu – featured artist
Vivian Chidid – featured artiste
Olanrewaju Ogunmefun – featured artist
Silvastone – producer, featured artist
Sk Blinks – featured artist
Sarkodie – primary Artist
Livingston E. Satekla – composer
Stefen Menson – featured artist
Stonebwoy – featured artist
Raquel Ammah – composer
Raquel – featured artist
Sian – featured artist
Kofi Boakye – featured artist
Kiernan Forbes – featured artist
Lil Shaker – producer, featured artist
Hammer – producer
Magnom – producer
Hammer – producer
Killbeatz – producer
King of Accra – producer
Masterkraft – producer
RedEye – mixing, mastering

Release history

References

2014 albums
Albums produced by Masterkraft (producer)
Sarkodie (rapper) albums


The 2005 Polynesian Championships in Athletics took place in October or November, 2005.  The event was held at the Stade Pater Te Hono Nui in Papeete, French Polynesia.

A total of 22 events were contested, 11 by men, 10 by women, and 1 mixed.

Medal summary
Complete results can be found on the Oceania Athletics Association webpage and on the webpage of the French Polynesia Athletics Federation (Fédération d'Athlétisme de Polynésie Française).

Men

Women

Mixed

Medal table (unofficial)

References

Polynesian Championships in Athletics
Athletics competitions in French Polynesia
International sports competitions hosted by French Polynesia
Polynesian Championships
2005 in French Polynesian sport
November 2005 sports events in Oceania


title: Rutter Store

text:
The Rutter Store is a historic commercial building located at 7346 Illinois Route 15 in St. Libory, Illinois. Merchant and German immigrant Heinrich Rutter constructed the building in 1849 as a general store. The building became a commercial and social center for St. Libory, as it house a variety of other businesses in addition to the village's main store. The St. Libory post office became part of the building in 1856 and remained there until 1990, when it moved to a new building. Rutter operated a hotel and a bar in the building from the late 1850s until World War I, and a doctor's office occupied the second floor during the 1870s. The general store closed in 1986, and the building was later converted to a restaurant.

The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1994.

References

Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Buildings and structures in St. Clair County, Illinois
Commercial buildings completed in 1849
National Register of Historic Places in St. Clair County, Illinois
1849 establishments in Illinois


title: Metropolitan Regional Information System, Inc. v. American Home Realty Network, Inc.

text:
, was a United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit case in which a court held two issues:
 The copyright owner of a collective work, such as an automated database, was not required by a pre-suit copyright registration requirement to identify names of creators and titles of individual work.
 By clicking yes to the term of use and uploading photograph, is sufficient to writing component in assignment of right under

Background
Metropolitan Regional Information Systems Inc. ("MRIS") operates an online multiple listing service which provides property listings and related information to its subscribers, real estate broker and agent. In order to upload their real estate to MRIS database, subscribers have to click "yes" to MRIS Terms of Use Agreement ("TOU") that assigns copyright in each photographs to MRIS.

MRIS registers the database every quarter with the U.S. Copyright Office pursuant to the rules for an automated database.  As the basis for each quarterly application, MRIS typically describes the material as "daily updated and revised text and images and new text and images," but does not name or describe individual photos.

American Home Realty Network ("AHRN") operates NeighborCity.com,  a national real estate search engine and referral business. The site gets its information, among others, by scraping information from the MRIS Database.

After failure to make a licensing agreement, MRIS field suit against AHRN and its CEO for copyright infringement and sought for a preliminary injunction. The district court granted a preliminary injunction in the use of MRIS's photographs. AHRN appealed based on two reasons:
 MRIS failed to register its copyright in the individual photographs;
 By clicking "yes" to TOU, subscribers did not transfer their copyright in the photographs to MRIS.

Opinion of Court

On the copyright registration of a collective work
For the first issue, AHRN asserted that MRIS failed to identify names of creators and titles of individual works as required by  Therefore, MRIS did not register its interest in the individual photographs. The court stated that  allows a groups registration of related works, such as automated database. As articulated in Craigslist v. 3Taps, the court recognized collective work registration as sufficient if the registrant owns the rights to the component work, because "it would be ... [absurd and] inefficient to require the registrant to list each author for an extremely large number of component works to which the registrant has acquired an exclusive license." In addition, it would add impediments to automated database authors' attempts to register their own component works and would conflict with the general purpose of Section 409, which is encouraging prompt registration. Thus thwarting the specific goal embodied in Section 408 of easing the burden on group registrations. Here, MRIS owned each photographs transferred by the subscriber. Therefore, MRIS satisfied the pre-suit registration requirement.

On the Clickwrap agreement
The court moved to the other issue, whether clicking "yes" to MRIS's TOU operated as an assignment of copyright in the photographs under .

A transfer of one or more of the exclusive rights of copyright ownership by assignment or exclusive license is not valid unless an instrument of conveyance, or a note or memorandum of the transfer, is in writing and signed by the owner of the rights conveyed or such owner's duly authorized agent

The court noted that  was intended to solve a dispute between owners and transferees, not for the benefit of a third party infringer. E-SIGN Act defines an electronic signature means that: "...an electronic sound, symbol, or process, attached to or logically associated with a contract or other record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record." A click on the website could be regarded as signature under the E-SIGN Act. Citing E-SIGN Act, the court stated that this Act can be applied to a copyright case because none of the exception under this Act applies to this case. provides that it "does not ... limit, alter, or otherwise affect any requirement imposed by a statute, regulation, or rule of law ... other than a requirement that contracts or other records be written, signed, or in nonelectric form." Since  requires transfers be "written" and "signed," intended to limit, alter, or otherwise affect of . Therefore, the court held that the electronic agreement can satisfy a transfer of right under . Affirmed the District Court's decision.

Subsequent developments
From the decision in this case, by clicking "yes" to the Clickwrap Agreement, a user could agree to transfer his copyright to the websites, other than his intent to agree with the term of use. This could establish some new considerations for practitioners dealing with copyright matters.  As more transactions become entirely electronic in nature, it is likely that more courts will join the Fourth Circuit in holding that clicks and taps can constitute signed writings in general business as well as specifically in the copyright context.

The court concluded that subscribers who click "yes" to the Terms of Use Agreement indicate assent via E-sign.However, the court gave no comment on whether such assent would constitute a valid agreement in this appeal to preliminary injunction; therefore, the validity MRIS's copyright transfer might need to further be solved in its merit claims. Whether the accepting in a Clickwrap Agreement should be interpreted that the user consented to transfer his own right is still a controversial issue. In a practical way, it might have to consider if the user is forced to click yes to the Clickwrap Agreement. If so, it might be clearer if the website would use both the clicking to the Term of Use and the signing to assent to transfer the user's right to the website. It should be interesting to see how other courts would decide this same issue.

See also
National Association of Realtors
Clickwrap

References

External links

2013 in United States case law
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit cases
United States copyright case law
Real estate in the United States


title: Mike Regan

text:
Mike or Michael Regan may refer to:

 Mike Regan (baseball) (1887–1961), American Major League Baseball pitcher
 Mike Regan (lacrosse) (born 1978), American retired lacrosse player
 Mike Regan (politician) (born 1961), American politician in Pennsylvania
 Michael Regan (British Army officer) (born 1942), British Army officer
 Michael Regan (Australian politician) (born 1974), Australian politician
 Michael S. Regan (born 1976), American government official

See also
 Michael Reagan (disambiguation)
 Michael Regin, Indian professional footballer


title: Kepenek

text:
A kepenek is a thick, tent-like Turkish traditional shepherd's outer garment. It is a sleeveless, buttonless garment made of felt worn on the shoulders and covering the whole body from the shoulders down. It is made of three parts: one for the back and two (the same as the back, cut in half along the length) for the front. The parts are stitched together along the shoulder lines and all the way down. Usually white, a kepenek may have some adornments.

A kepenek can be as much as one centimeter thick, and is sold according to weight. The dry weight of a kepenek is typically around 6kg, however if a kepenek is rained on its weight can increase to 10kg. A kepenek is stiff enough to stand erect without any additional support. While usually worn as garments, they may also function as a makeshift tent, allowing mobile shepherds to sleep in cold environments.

References

See also
Burka (Caucasus)

Turkish clothing
Coats (clothing)
Animal hair products


title: Trabolgan

text:
Trabolgan (foaled 1 June 1998) is a retired, Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse who competed in National Hunt racing. In a racing career which was seriously disrupted by injuries and other health problems, he won five times from seventeen starts between December 2002 and March 2010. After showing promising, but unremarkable form in his early career he showed great improvement when switched to steeplechasing in the autumn of 2004. In March 2005 at Cheltenham Racecourse he won the Grade I Royal & SunAlliance Chase, one of the season's most prestigious races for Novice chasers. On his next appearance in November 2005, he won the Hennessy Cognac Gold Cup under the biggest weights carried to victory in the race for twenty years. At the time, he was regarded as one of the best steeplechasers in training, but he never won again: he missed the next three years with injury and failed to recover his form when returning to the track.

Background
Trabolgan is a dark-coated bay gelding bred in Ireland by Michael Lysaght. He was sired by King's Ride who won the Lincoln Handicap in 1980 before becoming a successful National Hunt stallion. His other progeny included Mister Morose (Aintree Hurdle), King's Curate (Stayers' Hurdle) and Kings Road (Hennessy Cognac Gold Cup). His dam, Derrella, was an unraced mare who also produced Huka Lodge, the winner of seven National Hunt races between 2004 and 2009.

In November 1999, the yearling was sent to the Tattersalls Ireland sale and was bought for 49,000 guineas by the British Bloodstock Agency. He entered the ownership of Trevor Hemmings and was sent into training with Nicky Henderson in Upper Lambourne in Berkshire.

Racing career

2002/2003 National Hunt season: National Hunt Flat races
Trabolgan began his racing career in National Hunt Flat races, also known as "bumpers" starting with an event at Uttoxeter Racecourse on 21 December, in which he was made 7/4 favourite and finished second, four lengths behind the winner, Plastic Paddy. After a break of two months, he returned in a similar event at Kempton Park Racecourse and started the 2/1 favourite against eighteen opponents. Ridden for the first time by Mick Fitzgerald he took the lead three furlongs from the finish but was caught in the closing stages and beaten a neck by Chelsea Bridge. Despite failing to win, the gelding was moved up sharply in class for the Grade I Champion Bumper on 12 March at the Cheltenham Festival. He started a 50/1 outsider and was ridden by Seamus Durack, with Fitzgerald partnering the Henderson stable's more fancied runner Back to Ben Alder. Trabolgan produced by far his best performance up to that time, moving up to challenge for the lead in the straight and finishing second by half a length to the Martin Pipe-trained favourite Liberman.

2003/2004 National Hunt season: Novice Hurdles
In the 2003/2004 season, Trabolgan competed in Novice hurdle races, beginning at Aintree Racecourse in November where he started 11/8 favourite but fell at the sixth flight. The gelding recorded his first win at his fifth attempt when he won a minor novice's hurdle over two and a half miles at Ascot Racecourse on 19 December, winning "comfortably" by seven lengths at odds of 1/2. At Newbury Racecourse in January, Trabolgan started 2/5 favourite for a similar event and won easily by eight lengths from Noplanofaction. After the race, Henderson described the winner as "a lovely horse, a gorgeous horse and is still only a baby" before indicating that he would aim him at the Royal & SunAlliance Hurdle at the Cheltenham Festival. Trabolgan started favourite for a Novice's Hurdle at Market Rasen in February but was pulled up by Fitzgerald after only three hurdles and did not race again that season.

2004/2005 National Hunt season: Novice Chases
Trabolgan began to compete in steeplechases in the following season, starting in a novices' event at Lingfield Park on 24 November. Fitzgerald moved the gelding up to dispute the lead three fences from the finish and Trabolgan drew clear of his opponents in the closing stages to win by two and a half lengths from Kadount. Trabolgan was then moved up in class and distance for the Grade I Feltham Novices' Chase over three miles at Kempton on Boxing Day. Over the last two fences, the nine-runner race developed into a struggle between Trabolgan and the 13/8 favourite Ollie Magern. Trabolgan overtook the favourite 150 yards from the finish, but Ollie Magern rallied to regain the lead in the final strides and won by a short head. Four weeks later, the gelding started favourite for a novices' chase at Haydock Park, but was no match for the French-bred Jazz d'Estruval, who won easily by nine lengths.

On 16 March, Trabolgan was ridden by Fitzgerald in the Grade I Royal & SunAlliance Chase over three miles at the Cheltenham Festival and started the 5/1 fourth choice in the betting behind Comply or Die, L'Ami (winner of the December Novices' Chase) and Cornish Rebel (younger brother of Best Mate). The other runners included the outstanding Irish mare Like-A-Butterfly. Trabolgan tracked Comply or Die for most of the race and recovered from a bad mistake at the second last fence to take the lead approaching the last. In the closing stages Trabolgan drew clear to win by three lengths from Comply or Die with Cornish Rebel a further three lengths back in third.

2005/2006 National Hunt season: Steeplechases
Trabolgan began his 2005/2006 campaign on 26 November in the Hennessy Gold Cup, a handicap race over three and a quarter miles at Newbury, in which he was matched against more experienced chasers. He was assigned top weight of 166 pounds (11 stone 12 pounds) and started at odds of 13/2 in a field of nineteen runners. Mick Fitzgerald, who was returning from a long absence after suffering a serious neck injury, positioned the gelding just behind the leaders and maintained his position despite two bad jumping mistakes before moving up to challenge for the lead four fences from the finish. Trabolgan took the lead at the second last fence, held off the challenge of L'Ami, and pulled clear in the closing stages to win by two and a half lengths. The horse had carried the highest weight to victory since Burrough Hill Lad more than twenty years previously: the only other horses to have carried a higher weight had been Arkle and Mill House in the 1960s. Henderson, who was winning the race for the first time said: "It's taken me 25 years to do it. Mick struggled to get back and to do that is special for everybody".

Following his victory at Newbury, Trabolgan was regarded as a leading contender for the 2006 Cheltenham Gold Cup and was expected to reappear in the King George VI Chase at Kempton on Boxing Day. Shortly after his win, however, the gelding became lame and scans revealed a tendon injury. It was hoped that he would return in time for the Gold Cup but the injury proved more serious and he was ruled out for the rest of the season. At the time, Henderson described the decision to rest the horse as "precautionary more than anything and luckily he is a young horse with half his career still ahead of him".

Later career
Repeated injury problem meant that Trabolgan did not race again for more than three years. He returned as a ten-year-old, with Henderson expressing cautious optimism, but suffered from breathing problems and was unable to recover his old form. In December 2008 when he was pulled up two fences from the finish when tailed off in a handicap at Ascot. In his only other race that season he finished last of the six runners in the Levy Board Chase at Kempton in February.

Trabolgan ran three times without success in the 2009/2010 National Hunt season. He finished fourth in a handicap chase at Cheltenham in December when he jumped poorly and then unseated his rider, Barry Geraghty in a veterans' chase (restricted to horses of at least ten years of age) at Doncaster Racecourse in February. On 4 March he started favourite for a veterans' handicap at Newbury, but made several jumping errors and finished a distant fourth behind Eric's Charm.

On 23 March it was announced that Trabolgan would not race again and would be retired to Hemmings' property on the Isle of Man. Hemmings' racing manager said "We thought the sky was the limit after the Hennessy, but it was not to be. He's a beautiful horse and it was the obvious decision".

Pedigree

References

1998 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Cheltenham Festival winners
Thoroughbred family 23


title: Marine Bolliet

text:
Marine Bolliet (born 14 January 1988) is a former French biathlete. She competed at the Biathlon World Cup in 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14, and at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
French female biathletes
Olympic biathletes for France
Université Savoie Mont Blanc alumni
21st-century French women


title: Chicago Wings SC

text:
Chicago Wings SC is an American-Ukrainian soccer club based in Chicago, Illinois. The club competed in the National Soccer League of Chicago and is currently competing in the First Division of the Metropolitan Soccer League.

The soccer club was founded in 1952 by young, recently arrived Ukrainian immigrants who populated the city of Chicago. The Wings Soccer Club operates under the Ukrainian American Youth Association (CYM). Over the decades Wings S.C. has fielded teams in the Major or 1st Division, as well as teams in the junior and youth age categories. The current operating teams are the Wings SC First Team, the Wings S.C. Over-50's, and the Wings S.C. Juniors. The Wings soccer teams, as did many of the organization's teams in other sporting categories, have won numerous trophies and championships, including many national tournaments hosted by the North American Ukrainian sporting associations USCAK and SUAST.

The Wings soccer club hosts their annual Wings Soccer tournament held in Baraboo, Wisconsin, which has been held since 1986. They also have an annual youth soccer camp, which is also held in Baraboo, which has been held since 1992.  The year of 2017 has marked 2 major milestones as the club celebrated the club's 65th anniversary.

In 2015 the club made it to the First Division Championship of the Metro League, with a promotion to the Major Division on the line. The game was played against Republika Srpska on 11/8 at 8PM at Langhorst Field (Elmhurst College). After a hard fought battle the Wings ended with a FULL-TIME score of 2-1.

The club participated in 2017 Great Lakes Cup hosted by rivals F.C. Connection, as well a Chicago-based Ukrainian side. Wings placed second overall, losing in a well-contested match to F.C. Connection 1-0 in the final

Wings SC hosted its 30th annual soccer tournament in early August 2017. The Men's Open Division team played well in the tournament and made the final. Despite fighting hard in the final the Wings lost to Madison United, 1-0, conceding their only goal of the tournament.

The Baraboo Wings Tournament Results:

The Open Division:

The Over 48's Division:

Awards:
 Wings Tournament Championships:

 Major Division Championships:

 First Division Championships:
 2013 First Division Champions
 External Tournament Results:
 2015 SSK 7 v 7 Tournament Champions
 2011 Great Lakes Ukrainian Tournament Runners-Up
Famous Alumni:
 Nick Owcharuk - Former Professional Goalie in the American Soccer League, the Major Indoor Soccer League, and the North American Soccer League. Also, Ukrainian American Sports Hall of Fame Class of 20117
 Julian Kulas - Ukrainian American Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2016
 Orest Haliw - Ukrainian American Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2016
 Mario Kolody - Ukrainian American Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2018
 Joseph Owerko - DePaul University Athletic Hall of Fame Class of 2006 ( All-Time leader in career goals with 28 and 2nd All-Time in career points with 73)
 Bohdan Nedilskyj - Ukrainian American Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2016
 Jerry Kulas - Ukrainian American Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2016
 Yaro Dachniwsky - USA Olympian for Handball and Ukrainian American Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2017

References

National Soccer League (Chicago) teams
Association football clubs established in 1949
1949 establishments in Illinois
Soccer clubs in Chicago


title: 1945 Peip'ing C-46 crash

text:
The 1945 Peip'ing Curtiss C-46 Commando crash occurred on October 12, 1945, when a USAAF Curtiss C-46 Commando aircraft crashed near Nanyuan Airport in Peip'ing (now known as Beijing) while en route to there from Hankou (now part of Wuhan).  All 59 people on board perished.  It was the deadliest plane crash in 1945 and, at the time it occurred, the deadliest one on the soil of the Republic of China. The crash also is the worst ever involving the C-46.

On the day of the accident, the aircraft, carrying 55 Chinese soldiers and a crew of four, neared Peip'ing in unfavorable overcast weather conditions.  In addition, Nanyuan Airport was lacking in radio beacons, forcing the crew to rely on a commercial broadcasting station to navigate.  On approach, the C-46 struck the station's radio antenna and crashed, killing all aboard.

References

1945 in China
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1945
Aviation accidents and incidents in China
Accidents and incidents involving military aircraft
Accidents and incidents involving the Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando
October 1945 events in Asia


title: Steffen Landgraf

text:
Steffen Landgraf (born 26 August 1980 in Berlin) is a former German long jumper / decathlete and an active scientist in forensic psychiatry and clinical neuroscience.

Athletic career
Between 1998 and 2004, Steffen competed for the LG Nike Berlin. In 2001, he won the German championship title with the 4 × 200 m relay at the Deutsche Leichtathletik-Hallenmeisterschaften 2001|German Indoor Championships in Dortmund (together with Ronny Ostwald, Ralf Riester und Kofi Amoah Prah). He also won the bronze medal with the 4 × 400 m relay in Dortmund 2001. His is also a German decathlon team champion, winning at the German outdoor multi-events championships in Vaterstetten in 2004 (together with the 2006 Indoor Heptathlon World Champion André Niklaus und Marian Geisler).

On 4 June 2001 he jumped his career best of 7.84m (25 ft in) in Wesel, Germany, and qualified for the U23-European Championships in Amsterdam, where he finished 15th. In 2001, he won the German U23 title in the 4 × 100 m relay (together with Tobias Samberg, Kai Doskoszynski und Ralf Riester) and the U23 Silver medal in the long jump at the German U23-Championship in Schweinfurt. He also was German junior champion with the 4 × 100 m relay at the German U20-Championships in Duisburg in 1999 and at the German U18-Championships in Lüdenscheid in 1997. He won the bronze medal in the long jump in Duisburg in 1999  and placed 4th in the long jump at the German U20-Championships in Berlin in 1998 and 8th at the German U18-Championships in Lüdenscheid in 1997.

During his active time, Steffen Landgraf was coached by Klaus Beer, the former Olympic Silver medalist in the long jump in Mexico City in 1969, and Rainer Pottel, the former Olympian in the decathlon in Moscow in 1980.

From 2001 to 2004, Steffen was part of the Track and Field Team at the University of Minnesota, with whom he won the "Outdoor Big Ten Championships". In the 2003 Big Ten Conference Meeting, he was elected the runner-up in the long jump, placing second. During his time in Minneapolis, he was trained by Phil Lundin and former NCAA decathlon champion Mario Sategna.

In 2004, Steffen Landgraf ended his Track and Field career. Today, he is a voluntary coach at the LG Telis Finanz Regensburg.

Steffen Landgraf is the son of Monika Zehrt, the German two-time Olympic champion from Munich 1972 and former world record holder in the 400m dash and the 4 × 400 m relay.

Scientific Work

Steffen Landgraf went to Coubertin Gymnasium in Berlin until 2000. From 2001 to 2004, he studied psychology and Spanish in the B.A. honors' program of the University of Minnesota, USA. From 2004 to 2007, he studied psychology at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany.

In 2010, he obtained his doctoral degree ("summa cum laude") in clinical neuroscience in a binational Ph.D. program from the Sorbonne Université Paris, France, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. His supervisors were Marie-Odile Krebs (F) and Elke van der Meer (GER). The topic of his dissertation was: "Cognitive markers in early psychosis: reference frames in spatial cognition and visual scanning-strategies as stage markers in schizophrenia".

Three years later at the age of 33 years, Steffen obtained assistant professorship (Habilitation) at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. His habilitation topic was: "The evolution of problems lies within the acting individual". He is author of multiple international English peer-reviewed scientific articles on topics of schizophrenia, creativity, and intelligence. His theory on the association between visual dysfunctions and the risk of developing psychotic symptoms was published in the Open-Access-Journal Frontiers in Psychology in 2013. The "Protection Against Schizophrenia" Model gained large scientific attention, because it postulates mechanisms of how congenital blindness protects against the development of psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia.

Awards
Steffen Landgraf has obtained numerous awards for his scientific achievements. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry and the International Symposium on Schizophrenia. awarded Steffen Landgraf their prestigious Young Scientist Awards in Paris, France, 2009 and in Berne, Switzerland, 2010, respectively. Since 2012, Steffen Landgraf works as a permanent lecturer at the Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the Universität Regensburg at the Bezirksklinikum Regensburg.

Personal Bests
 Long Jump: 7.84m (25 ft in) (Wesel, Germany, 4 June 2001)
 Long Jump (Indoors): 7.43m (24 ft in) (Champaign, Illinois, USA, 1 March 2003)
 Decathlon: 6555 points (College Station, Texas, USA, 18/19 March 2004)
 Heptathlon (Indoors): 5103 points (Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, 28/29 February 2004)

References

External links
 Steffen Landgraf on the Website of the University of Regensburg
 IAAF Profile Steffen Landgraf

Selected publications

1980 births
German neuroscientists
German male long jumpers
Living people
Athletes from Berlin


title: Michael Rush

text:
Michael Rush is the name of:

 Michael Rush (museum director) (1949–2015), American art museum director
 Michael Rush (rower) (1844–1922), Irish Australian sculler
 Mike Rush, Democratic member of the Massachusetts Senate


title: Khuzestani Arabs

text:
Khuzestani Arabs () are the Arab inhabitants of the Khuzestan province and the largest Arab community in Iran which primarily reside in the western half of Khuzestan. This area is known as Ahwaz by the Arab community, and the capital of Khuzestan is Ahvaz. As of 2010, Khuzestani Arabs numbered around 1.6 million people.

Multiple human rights groups including Minority Rights Group International have listed the population of Arab citizens in Khuzestan province to be at 4 million.

History
Since the 16th century, Khuzestan was slowly becoming arabicized, due to new Arabic-speaking settlers arriving from Mesopotamia, such as the Banu Ka'b. Due to influx of Shi'i Arab tribes invited by the Safavids to act as a bulwark against the Ottoman Empire, the western part of Khuzestan became known as Arabestan. According to the Iranologist Rudi Matthee, this name change took place during the reign of Shah Abbas I (). Like the provinces of Kurdistan and Lorestan, the name of Arabestan did not have a "national" implication.

Later on, the whole Khuzestan province came to be known as Arabestan. It is uncertain when this change occurred. According to Rudi Matthee, it was first during the reign of the Afsharid ruler Nader Shah (), that this happened. The Iranologist Houchang Chehabi considers this to have taken place in the second half of the 18th century.

Another Iranologist, Roger Savory, considers this change to have happened later, by the 19th century. The name was reverted back to Khuzestan by Reza Shah in 1925 under his campaign which included the central government ordering the change of names of many cities and towns during the 1930's; these orders changed names of many towns from their native names to Persianized names, to the new name of Reza Khan, naming himself Pahlavi in honor of the Pahlavi scripts, and changing names to historical Persian names which included changing names of Arab towns to Persian ones to encourage the Arab population to feel more part of the Iranian nation, especially after the collapse of Arab autonomy in Iran.

The ancient port city in Khuzestan, known as the Emirate of Muhammara, which was autonomously ruled Khazʽal Ibn JabirKhazʽal Ibn Jabir, was renamed from its Arabic name after the sheikh was driven out and his oil lands were confiscated by the government.

Reza Khan Shah eliminated the use of Arabic as much as was humanly possible and also relocated tribes to elsewhere in the province

Language

Nearly all Khuzestani Arabs are bilingual, speaking Arabic and Persian (the official language of the country). In the northern and eastern cities of Khuzestan, Luri is spoken in addition to Persian, and the Arabic of the Kamari Arabs of this region is "remarkably influenced" by Luri.

Geography
Arabs are estimated to be scattered through 65% of the area of Khuzestan Province, which they share with Lurs, Bakhtiaris, Kowlis and Persian-speakers. Cities that have significant Arab population include Ahvaz, Khorramshahr, Abadan, Shadegan, Hoveyzeh and Susangerd.

Demographics

Shahbaz Shahnavaz noted that the Arab population in Khuzestan is "a hybrid race with a considerable infusion of Persian blood", and observed that "as a result of generations of contacts, the Arabs of Khuzestan had more in common with their fellow Persian countrymen than with their brethren across the border in the Ottoman territory". He wrote that Arabs in Khuzestan had adopted Iranian customs, manners, ceremonious occasions, and even dress (with the exception of headgear).

Religion
While the majority of Arabs in Khuzestan follow the Shia branch of Islam, there are also a few Sunni Muslims, Christians, Jews and Mandaeans.

Tribes
Tribalism is an significant characteristic of Arab population in Khuzestan. Although tribal bonds have been weakened during the 20th century, it is still regarded important. Social units among Khuzestani Arabs include beyt (household or group of families), hamule
(clan), ‘ashire (tribe), as well as tayefe and qabile (tribal confederacies).

According to John Gordon Lorimer, the most important Arab tribes at the turn of the 20th century were:

Genetic studies

According to Farjadian and Ghaderi who had studied HLA class II allele and haplotype frequencies, Khuzestani Arabs might be genetically different from other Arabs and that their genetic affinity with other Iranian people "might be the result of their common ancestry". Hajjej et al. found that Khuzestani Arabs have close relatedness with Gabesians. Haplogroup J1-M267 reaches 33.4% in samples from Khuzestan, higher than in other parts of Iran. It also reaches a frequency of 31.6% in Khuzestani Arabs.

Discrimination allegations
According to Amnesty International, Ahwazi Arabs face discrimination by the authorities concerning politics, employment and cultural rights, whereas Iran completely rejects such accusations, and considers such charges exaggerated. There have also been many arrests of Ahwazi Arabs who have converted to Sunni Islam, which is considered a crime in Iran according to the British activist Peter Tatchell. Meanwhile, according to the Islamic Republic of Iran, there is no such crime or penalty in its law for converting to Sunnism.

The rise in conversion to Sunni Islam is partly a result of anti-Arab discrimination, the perceived crackdown on the Arab identity of the region and the view that Sunni Islam is closer to the Arab roots of the Ahwazi Arabs. According to the International Campaign for Sunni Prisoners in Iran (ICSPI), the crackdown is due to the Iranian government's alarm at "the rise of Sunni Islam among the Ahwazi Arabs in the traditionally Shia-majority Khuzestan province." As a result of these conversions, Sunni Arabs across the Middle East have increasingly shown support for the Ahwazi cause.

Politics

Foreign actors such as the United Kingdom and the Ba'athist Iraq tried to exploit and spread ethnic sentiments as a leverage. During Iran–Iraq War, Khuzestani Arabs rejected calls made by Saddam Hussein for siding with Iraq and resisted against his invasion.

According to Yadullah Shahibzadeh, when Mohammad Khatami took power in the late 1990s, "Arab activists
in Khuzestan used the reform movement as a ticket to display the mobilizing capacity of the Arab politics of identity". 2003 Iranian local elections marked a victory for advocates of Arab identity politics in the southwest of Khuzestan province.

A few months later, the Islamic Reconciliation Party that championed defending the Arab community in Khuzestan, was split into two factions. The democratic faction that was committed to the reform movement and its democratization platform, and a traditional faction with radical Arab nationalist tendencies. The former faction that coordinated their activities with the Islamic Iran Participation Front, left the party and founded Al-Afaq Party resulting in the Arab nationalist faction dominating the Islamic Reconciliation Party. Arab politics of identity then became more radical and adopted a self-defeating strategy of political subjectivity that instead of "consolidating their status as Iranian citizens with full political and civil rights... challenged other groups who demanded equal rights for all citizens" and resulted in polarization of the local public sphere between Arabs and non-Arabs. By 2005 and the time Mahmoud Ahmadinejad took office, Arab politics of identity ceased to exist as a local political force in Khuzestan province.

Notes

References

Sources

Ethnic groups in Iran
Arab diaspora in Asia
Ethnic groups in the Middle East


title: Russian Government Cup

text:
Russian Government Cup was a tournament for national teams in bandy, arranged in Russia every other year from 1972 until 2012. The cup has not been played since 2012.

When the Bandy World Championships were held every other year, this tournament was held in around the same time of the year (February/March) in the years when there was no World Championships. Starting in 2003, it was arranged in December instead.

History
Besides the national teams, there have sometimes been irregular teams representing federation subjects of Russia (earlier the USSR) or a "Russia no. 2" team – these are written with italics below and marked with two flags if they are federation subjects – or Russian club teams, to fill out the tournament. Youth national teams have also occationally been invited.

It was called the Rossiya Tournament until 1990, because it was arranged by the newspaper Sovetskaya Rossiya. Since then, it was instead being arranged by the Russian government, hence the latter name.

Tournaments

References

International bandy competitions hosted by Russia
International bandy competitions hosted by the Soviet Union
1972 establishments in Russia
Recurring sporting events established in 1972
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in Russia


title: Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Muhallabi

text:
Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Muhallabi (died 963) was an Arab statesman who served as the vizier of the Buyid amir Mu'izz al-Dawla. He was from the prominent Muhallabi family.

He was born in 903, and was the son of Muhammad ibn Harun, an Arab from the Muhallabi family. Al-Muhallabi later served as the administrator of Ahvaz, and soon began serving the Buyids who were the new masters of Iraq and western Iran. Al-Muhallabi quickly rose as a prominent figure at the Buyid court, and later became the companion of Abu Ja'far Saymari, the chief secretary of Mu'izz al-Dawla, who was the Buyid ruler of Iraq. In 950/951, Mu'izz al-Dawla appointed as Muhallabi his vizier and gave him the title of ostadh.

In 950/951, Mu'izz al-Dawla, after constant conflict against the Batihah ruler 'Imran ibn Shahin, sent an army under the joint command of al-Muhallabi and the Daylamite general Ruzbahan.

Ruzbahan, who disliked al-Muhallabi, convinced him to directly attack 'Imran. He kept his forces in the rear and fled as soon as fighting between the two sides began. 'Imran used the terrain effectively, laying ambushes and confusing al-Muhallabi's army. Many of the al-Muhallabi's soldiers died in the fighting and he himself only narrowly escaped capture, swimming to safety. Mu'izz al-Daula then came to terms with 'Imran, acceding to his terms. Prisoners were exchanged and 'Imran was made a vassal of the Buyids, being instated as governor of the Batihah.

Al-Muhallabi died in 963 after having received a sickness during his campaign in Oman. According to Ibn Miskawayh, however, al-Muhallabi was poisoned by Mu'izz al-Dawla.

Sources

Buyid viziers
963 deaths
10th-century Arab people
Year of birth unknown
Muhallabids


title: Bella Shteinbuk

text:
Bella Shteinbuk (; ; born 31 March 1960, Belarus) is an Israeli pianist and educator.

Biography
Shteinbuk was born in Babruysk, Belarus in 1960. Her mother was a teacher, and her father, Gennady Shteinbuk, was a football and ice hockey coach, coaching for FC Belshina Bobruisk and Shinnik Bobruisk. At the age of five, Shteinbuk began to study piano. Later on, she left her hometown and relocated to Minsk, where she studied music at school and the Conservatory of Minsk. While there, Shteinbuk also attended the Music Academy of Minsk, from which she received an advanced title. In 1994, she moved to Israel with her husband and son. During her early years in Israel, she focused mainly on teaching piano, rarely performing for large audiences. After a year in Herzliya, where she taught piano at the conservatory, the family moved to Rishon LeZion. Shteinbuk later separated from her first husband, and currently still resides in Rishon LeZion. In August 2010, she married clarinetist Vladimir Chernomordik.

Career

1989-1999
In 1991, Shteinbuk joined the "Classic Avantgarde" soloist ensemble in Minsk. She performed with the group until 1994.

During this time, she appeared at several major music festivals worldwide:

 1989, Vitebsk, Belarus – Sulrtinsky (Sollertinsky) International Festival
 1991, Helsinki, Finland – Festival of Modern Music
 1992, Gelsenkirchen, Germany – III Gaida Forum Festival of New Music
 1992, Lviv, Ukraine – III International Music Art Festival Virtuosos
 1992, Padua, Italy – Biennale
 1992, Venice, Italy – Biennale
 1992–1994, Minsk, Belarus – Ancient Belarusian Music Festival "Revival of the Belarusian Capella"
 1993, Bonn, Germany – Bonner Summer–93 International Music Festival
 1993, Kaliningrad, Russia – XIII International Arts Festival Amber Necklace
 1993, Kishinjev, Moldova – New Music Festival
 1993, Kudowa-Zdrój, Poland – XXXII Festiwal Moniuszkowski
 1993, Minsk(Belarus)- Warsaw-Gdansk (Poland) – Polish-Belarusian Musical Meetings Minsk-Warsaw-Gdansk
 1993, Vilnius, Lithuania – III Baltic Music Festival
 1994, Berlin, Germany – Kreuzberger Hofkonzerte Im Podewil
 In 1995, Shteinbuk performed at the International Tchaikovsky Competition for Young Musicians Sendai, Japan

From 1995 on, Shteinbuk taught music at the Conservatory of Kfar Saba, Israel.

2000-Present

At the turn of the millennium, she recorded several albums, including two international albums recorded in Canada. During the decade, she appeared in many international festivals, including festivals in Mexico, Canada, the United States and Spain.

Between 2004 and 2005, she took part in the "Three Tenors" (Gabi Sadeh, Yotam Cohen, and Felix Livshitz) show in the United States, as well as the finals "Film Festival" in Toronto, Canada (European Union Film Festival).

From 2004 on, she played in the Israeli ensemble Bellamiya.

On 26 May 2008, she appeared at the Festival 10 San Miguel de Allende, Mexico.

In 2010, she performed three concerts in New York City.

In March 2011, she appeared at the Chamber Music Festival in Eilat, Israel, together with famous British violinist Chloe Hanslip.

On 17 October 2012 she performed at the XXXVІII International Festival of Arts "Belarusian Musical Autumn": International Music Forum "Belarusians of the world" with an ensemble of "Classic-Avantgarde" soloists in Minsk.

Between 13–15 November 2012, Bella taught several masters classes in Belarus, including some at the Belarusian State Academy of Music in Minsk and the Minsk State Music College.

On 15 November 2012, she appeared as part of a festive concert celebrating 20 years of friendship between Russia and Israel, held in Minsk. The concert was covered extensively in the media of the Jewish community in Belarus. In 2011, Shteinbuk was nominated for the title of "Man of the Year" in Rishon LeZion in the category of music and art of the former Soviet Union. By 2014 she had made appearances at festivals and concert halls in Israel, including the Mann Auditorium in Tel Aviv, Tsavta TA, Abu Gosh Festival, and in the "Marathon Operatic" International Music Festival in Eilat. As of early 2014, Shteinbuk teaches music at the Conservatory of Kfar Saba and occasionally holds concerts.

References

External links
 Classical Avantgarde
 Bella's and Classic Avantgarde Concert
 Belarusian Festival in Polotsk
 Belarusian state philharmonic society Bella Shteinbuk page
 "Three Tenors" Concert with Bella Shteinbuk
 Bellamiya official site

Israeli classical pianists
Israeli women pianists
Belarusian emigrants to Israel
1960 births
People from Babruysk
Living people
Jewish classical pianists
21st-century classical pianists
Women classical pianists
21st-century women pianists


title: Søvnløs (album)

text:
Søvnløs is the fourth studio album by Norwegian hard rock band Skambankt. It was recorded in February 2010 at Athletic Sound in Halden, and mixed by Jørgen Træen in Bergen. The working title "Åndelig terror" ("Spiritual Terror") stemmed from a quote by a senior citizen when she was presented with a sample of Skambankt's music. The final title "Søvnløs" ("Sleepless"), however, was chosen because the album was recorded mostly late at night because this is the time when new ideas develop.

The first single Mantra was released on May 17, 2010.

Track listing
Kaos, så inferno (Chaos, then inferno)
Jesus av vår tid (Jesus of our times)
Mantra
Amnesti (Amnesty)
En lang strek (A long line)
Nattergal (Nightingale)
Født på ny (Born again)
Berlin
Kvelertak! (Stranglehold!)
Retrett (Retreat)

Chart

References

2010 albums
Skambankt albums


title: Ananta Kumar Ghosh

text:
Ananta Kumar Ghosh (born 4 November 1954) is an Indian football coach who last managed Mohammedan Sporting.

Coaching career
Born in Kolkata, West Bengal, Ghosh started his coaching career in football in the 1980s when he gained his Master of Sports from the National Institute of Sports in Patiala. He then earned his AFC "B" License in 1998 before earning his AFC "A" License in 2000. In 2005, while heading the Sports Authority of India coaching association, Ghosh blamed the lack of coordination between the government and sports bodies for why football in India is lacking behind the rest of the world.

In 2012, after sacking head coach Pakir Ali, Chirag United Club Kerala announced that Ghosh would join the team later in the season as a coach but for some reason that move never materialized.

United
On 15 February 2014, it was announced that Ghosh had signed with United S.C. of the I-League for the remainder of the season as the head coach following the resignation of Eelco Schattorie.

Mohammedan
After his stint with United, Ghosh signed on as the head coach of Mohammedan for their I-League 2nd Division campaign.

Statistics
.

References

1954 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kolkata
Indian football managers
I-League managers
Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) managers


title: Michael Schofield

text:
Michael Schofield may refer to:

 Michael Schofield (American football) (born 1990), American football player
 Michael Schofield (lacrosse), lacrosse player
 Michael Schofield (water polo), head coach for the water polo team of the United States Naval Academy
 Michael Schofield (campaigner) (1919–2014), British pioneer of social research into homosexuality
 Mike Schofield (born 1964), American lawyer and politician

See also
 Michael Scofield, a character on the American television series Prison Break


title: Aalborg Commuter Rail

text:
Aalborg Commuter Rail () is a commuter rail service in and near Aalborg, Denmark. The service started in 2003 and is operated by the Danish State Railways. There is one line, from Lindholm station in Nørresundby to Skørping, which runs on the mainline Randers-Aalborg Line and Vendsyssel Line.

The stops are: , , , , , , . Trains depart twice per hour during daytime, once per hour weekends. Some trains are regional trains which go Frederikshavn-Aarhus. A link to Aalborg Airport was opened in 2020.

Diesel trainsets are used, for example DSB class MR or IC3.

See also
 List of commuter rail systems

External links

 Banedanmark
 DSB
 Nordjyllands Jernbaner

Regional rail in Denmark
2003 establishments in Denmark
Railway services introduced in 2003
Rail transport in the North Jutland Region
Transport in Aalborg


title: 2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 1500 metre freestyle

text:
The men's 1500 metre freestyle competition at the 2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships took place on August 29 at the Yokohama International Swimming Pool.  The last champion was Grant Hackett of Australia.

This event was a timed-final where each swimmer swam just once.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan Pacific records were as follows:

Results
All times are in minutes and seconds.

References

2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships


title: Asplenium parvulum

text:
Asplenium parvulum is a species name of a fern, which may refer to:

Asplenium parvulum Hook., described in 1840, now considered a synonym of Asplenium trilobum
Asplenium parvulum M.Martens & Galeotti, described in 1842, an invalid later homonym of the above, now called Asplenium resiliens

parvulum


title: Theodor Horschelt

text:
Theodor Horschelt (16 March 1829, Munich – 3 April 1871, Munich) was a German painter who specialized in scenes from the Caucasian Wars.

Biography
Theodor Horschelt was the son of ballet master, Friedrich Horschelt. His older brother, Friedrich, was a portrait painter. Beginning in 1846, he went to the Academy of Fine Arts Munich where he was a student of the history painter, Joseph Anton Rhomberg, but left him after a short period and attempted to learn drawing on his own. He initially focused on scenes from nature and imaginative portrayals of the Caucasian Wars.

He soon took direction from Professor Hermann Anschütz, learning precision and clarity of outline. After leaving the academy, he studied with more enthusiasm in the studios of Albrecht and Franz Adam and Julius Lange. He eventually decided to devote himself exclusively to war paintings, and began by doing sketches of horses at the Royal Stables in Stuttgart.

In 1853, he made two study trips; one to Paris with Friedrich Wilhelm Hackländer and one to Spain with him and Christian Friedrich von Leins, where he mostly wandered about on horseback. He separated from his companions when they crossed to North Africa and rode on alone to Algiers. On his return to Munich in 1854, he painted several canvases on Arabian themes for King William. These works made it possible for him to take his long-planned trip to the Caucasus.

The Caucasus
Soon after his arrival there in 1858, he joined an expedition against the Lezghians. The following year, he was part of a military campaign in Chechnya and participated in an attack on the headquarters of Imam Shamil, exposing himself to enemy fire. For his bravery, he was honored with the Grand Cross Star of the Order of Saint Stanislaus and a medal of the Order of St. Anna, both with swords.

For two weeks in 1860, he toured with Tsar Alexander II on a journey through the Kuban, then joined Prince Albert of Prussia on a tour to Armenia and the shores of the Caspian, returning to Munich by way of Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1863. Once home, he began to produce the war paintings that would establish his reputation. A projected return to the Caucasus was thwarted by the start of the Franco-Prussian War and Horschelt died of diphtheria nine months later.

References

Further reading
 Hyacinth Holland: Theodor Horschelt.  (Munich 1871).
 Martin Kremp: Ein Maler des Muriden-Krieges und des Imam Schamil: Theodor Horschelt im Kaukasus: Literatur, Vita, Oeuvre. Frankfurt/Main 2000.

External links

1829 births
1871 deaths
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
Painters from Munich


title: Shaun Wallace (cyclist)

text:
Shaun Wallace (born 20 November 1961) is a British former professional cyclist who competed in two Olympic and three Commonwealth Games and rode for multiple American-based teams.

British career
Wallace represented England and won a silver medal in the individual pursuit and a bronze medal in the team pursuit, at the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Twelve years later he won another silver medal in the individual pursuit at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria, British Columbia in Canada and followed this up four years later by winning a further silver medal in the scratch race, at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

US career
After successes in his native Great Britain in track cycling, including winning British Championships over distances of 1 km, 4 km and 20 km, Wallace moved to the USA where he continued his career as an amateur, and from 1986 onward as a Professional Cyclist for a variety of teams and sponsors:
 1987: Alfa-Romeo
 1988: Sunkyonk SKC
 1989 Wheaties-Schwinn
 1990: Schwinn/Pure-Power/Bowflex
 1991: Scott-BiKyle Cycles

In 2003 Wallace was one of the inaugural inductees into the Hall of Fame at the Lehigh Valley Velodrome in Pennsylvania, where he had based from during most of his cycling career. A tribute night had been held in his honor there in 1997.

As a masters cyclist, Wallace returned to the UK in 2002 to compete for the first time at the World Masters Track Cycling Championships where he won both the 40-44 age group Pursuit, and the Points race events.

More recently (2017 and previous years), Wallace has coached at the San Diego Velodrome.

Altitude Training and Simulation
Throughout his cycling career Wallace made significant use of altitude training to optimize his performance, first with trips to Colorado Springs, and later went on to be a pioneer in the application of the "Live High - Train Low" method by renting a cabin to sleep at Woodland Park CO (8465'), driving down to train on the Colorado Springs Velodrome (6035'), then driving up Pikes Peak (14,114') for an afternoon rest, and training in the evening whist breathing oxygen-enhanced air to simulate sea level (0').

In 1995 Wallace used a personal hypobaric chamber to prepare for the World Championships held in Bogota (8661') Colombia, and in 1996 took the chamber with him into the Olympic Athletes Village in Atlanta where he represented Great Britain.

The following year Wallace developed and built the world's first Altitude tent which simulated altitude by changing the composition of the gas mixture inside the tent rather than reduce the pressure.  The Wallace Altitude Tent went on to become the world's first commercially available product of this type.

Wallace has continued to work in the simulated-altitude industry, developing systems for a variety of applications including pilot training at 30,000', controlled exercise and sleeping systems for athletes, and controlled oxygen-enrichment systems to provide relief from altitude-related problems for residents living in mountain locations.

References

External links
 http://www.thevelodrome.com/hall-of-fame/

1961 births
Living people
British male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Great Britain
Cyclists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Cyclists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Cyclists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Cyclists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
People from Christchurch, Dorset
Sportspeople from Dorset
Medallists at the 1982 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games