title: 2014 Meath Senior Football Championship

text:
The 2014 Meath Senior Football Championship is the 122nd edition of the Meath GAA's premier club Gaelic football tournament for senior graded teams in County Meath, Ireland. The tournament consists of 18 teams, with the winner going on to represent Meath in the Leinster Senior Club Football Championship. The championship starts with a group stage and then progresses to a knock out stage.

Summerhill were the defending champions after they defeated Na Fianna in the previous years final, however they lost their crown when losing to Wolfe Tones at the quarter-final stage.

This was Gaeil Colmcille's first period in the senior grade in 9 years since relegation in 2004 after claiming the 2013 Meath Intermediate Football Championship title.

The draw for the group stages of the championship were made on 10 February 2014 with the games commencing on the weekend of 11 April 2014.

This year saw the 8th "Navan El Classico" take place in the SFC as Simonstown Gaels defeated Navan O'Mahonys in the group stage, leaving their overall head-to-head score as 5-3 in favour of O'Mahonys.

On 21 October 2014, Navan O'Mahonys claimed their 19th Senior Championship title, when defeating Donaghmore/Ashbourne 2-11 to 2-9 in Pairc Tailteann, Navan. Niall McKeigue raised the Keegan Cup for O'Mahonys while Jake Regan claimed the 'Man of the Match' award.

Oldcastle were relegated to Intermediate after 5 years as a Senior club.

Team Changes
The following teams have changed division since the 2013 championship season.

To S.F.C.
Promoted from I.F.C.
 Gaeil Colmcille  -  (Intermediate Champions)

From S.F.C.
Relegated to I.F.C.
 Nobber

Participating teams
The teams taking part in the 2014 Meath Senior Football Championship are:

Group stage

There are 3 groups called Group A,B and C. The 2 top finishers in each group and the third place finisher in Group A will qualify for the quarter-finals. The third placed teams in Group B and C will qualify for a Preliminary Quarter-final, with the winner earning a place in last eight. The bottom finishers of each group will qualify for the Relegation Play Off. The draw for the group stages of the championship were made on 10 February 2014 with the games commencing on the weekend of 11 April 2014.

Group A

Round 1
 Duleek/Bellewstown 1-14, 1-12 St. Peter's Dunboyne, Ashbourne, 12/4/2014,
 Blackhall Gaels 0-11, 0-8 Oldcastle, Trim, 12/4/2014,
 Wolfe Tones 3-8, 0-10 Skryne, Pairc Tailteann, 13/4/2014,

Round 2
 St. Peter's Dunboyne 0-12, 0-10 Blackhall Gaels, Ashbourne, 19/4/2014,
 Skryne 2-11, 0-14 Duleek/Bellewstown, Stamullen, 26/4/2014,
 Oldcastle 1-14, 6-15 Wolfe Tones, Pairc Tailteann, 27/4/2014,

Round 3
 Skryne 3-13, 1-16 Blackhall Gaels, Dunshaughlin, 16/5/2014,
 Duleek/Bellewstown 0-11, 0-12 Wolfe Tones, Rathkenny, 23/5/2014,
 St. Peter's Dunboyne 4-16, 2-6 Oldcastle, Kilberry, 24/5/2014,

Round 4
 Oldcastle 0-4, 1-15 Skryne, Kilmainham, 15/8/2014,
 Blackhall Gaels 1-8, 3-8 Duleek/Bellewstown, Ashbourne, 16/8/2014,
 Wolfe Tones 1-12, 0-8 St. Peter's Dunboyne, Pairc Tailteann, 16/8/2014,

Round 5
 Wolfe Tones 3-12, 0-11 Blackhall Gaels, Pairc Tailteann, 31/8/2014,
 Skryne 1-10, 0-12 St. Peter's Dunboyne, Trim, 31/8/2014,
 Duleek/Bellewstown 0-19, 0-12 Oldcastle, Simonstown, 31/8/2014,

Group B

Round 1
 Gaeil Colmcille 4-7, 1-15 Dunshaughlin, Skryne, 11/4/2014,
 Navan O'Mahonys 3-14, 0-8 Seneschalstown, Pairc Tailteann, 12/4/2014,
 Walterstown 0-8, 1-18 Simonstown Gaels, Pairc Tailteann, 13/4/2014,

Round 2
 Dunshaughlin 0-6, 3-22 Navan O'Mahonys, Pairc Tailteann, 19/4/2014,
 Simonstown Gaels 3-12, 1-12 Gaeil Colmcille, Pairc Tailteann, 25/4/2014,
 Seneschalstown 2-12, 3-9 Walterstown, Pairc Tailteann, 26/4/2014,

Round 3
 Dunshaughlin 2-5, 1-11 Seneschalstown, Dunsany, 18/5/2014,
 Simonstown Gaels 1-11, 1-9 Navan O'Mahonys, Trim, 23/5/2014,
 Gaeil Colmcille 0-9, 1-9 Walterstown, Castletown, 25/5/2014,

Round 4
 Seneschalstown 1-10, 3-13 Simonstown Gaels, Pairc Tailteann, 17/8/2014,
 Navan O'Mahonys 0-10, 0-10 Gaeil Comlcille, Kilmainhamwood, 17/8/2014,
 Walterstown 0-14, 3-9 Dunshaughlin, Skryne, 17/8/2014,

Round 5
 Simonstown Gaels 2-13, 3-10 Dunshaughlin, Ashbourne, 29/8/2014,
 Walterstown 0-7, 3-15 Navan O'Mahonys, Simonstown, 29/8/2014,
 Gaeil Colmcille 2-6, 4-15 Seneschalstown, Pairc Tailteann, 29/8/2014,

Group C

Round 1
 Na Fianna 5-12, 2-12 Summerhill, Pairc Tailteann, 11/4/2014,
 Donaghmore/Ashbourne 1-13, 0-10 Moynalvey, Dunsany, 13/4/2014,
 Rathkenny 3-6, 0-5 St. Patrick's, Seneschalstown, 13/4/2014,

Round 2
 Moynalvey 1-15, 2-8 Rathkenny, Pairc Tailteann, 20/4/2014,
 Summerhill 0-8, 1-9 Donaghmore/Ashbourne, Trim, 26/4/2014,
 St. Patrick's 3-6, 2-9 Na Fianna, Ashbourne, 27/4/2014,

Round 3
 Moynalvey 2-8, 1-18 St. Patrick's, Walterstown, 18/5/2014,
 Donaghmore/Ashbourne 0-14, 1-8 Na Fianna, Trim, 24/5/2014,
 Summerhill 2-12, 0-9 Rathkenny, Kilberry, 24/5/2014,

Round 4
 St. Patrick's 0-10, 1-7 Summerhill, Dunshaughlin, 16/8/2014,
 Rathkenny 2-10, 2-11 Donaghmore/Ashbourne, Walterstown, 17/8/2014,
 Na Fianna 2-11, 1-14 Moynalvey, Kildalkey, 17/8/2014,

Round 5
 Summerhill 1-17, 0-12 Moynalvey, Dunsany, 30/8/2014,
 Donaghmore/Ashbourne 0-17, 1-11 St. Patrick's, Pairc Tailteann, 30/8/2014,
 Na Fianna 1-10, 1-9 Rathkenny, Dunshaughlin, 30/8/2014,

Knock-out Stages

Relegation Play Off
The three bottom finishers from each group qualify for the relegation play off and play each other in a round robin basis.
The team with the worst record after two matches will be relegated to the 2015 Intermediate Championship.

 Game 1: Oldcastle 2-5, 0-16 Walterstown, Kilmainham, 6/9/2014,
 Game 2: Oldcastle 0-5, 0-12 Rathkenny, Kilmainhamwood, 13/9/2014,

Finals
The winners and runners up of each group qualify for the quarter-finals along with the third placed finisher of Group A.

Preliminary Quarter-Final:
 Seneschalstown 0-7, 0-17 Summerhill, Ashbourne, 7/9/2014,

Quarter-finals:
 Donaghmore/Ashbourne 3-13, 0-8 Duleek/Bellewstown, Pairc Tailteann, 12/9/2014,
 Simonstown Gaels 2-9, 1-15 Na Fianna, Trim, 13/9/2014,
 Wolfe Tones 2-11, 0-8 Summerhill, Pairc Tailteann, 13/9/2014,
 Navan O'Mahonys 3-14, 2-11 Skryne, Pairc Tailteann, 14/9/2014,

Semi-finals:
 Na Fianna 0-12, 2-14 Donaghmore/Ashbourne, Pairc Tailteann, 4/10/2014,
 Wolfe Tones 0-10, 1-13 Navan O'Mahonys, Pairc Tailteann, 5/10/2014,

Final:
 Navan O'Mahonys 2-11, 2-9 Donaghmore/Ashbourne, Pairc Tailteann, 19/10/2014,

Leinster Senior Club Football Championship

Quarter-final:
 Rhode 4-10, 0-13 Navan O'Mahonys, O'Connor Park, 9/11/2014,

References

External links

Meath Senior Football Championship
Meath Senior Football Championship


title: Swiss Military Museum

text:
The Swiss Military Museum () is located at Full-Reuenthal in the  Canton of Aargau.

History of the museum
The origins of the museum go back to the Verein zur Förderung eines wehrtechnischen Museums ("Association for the Promotion of a Military Museum"), which was founded by Thomas Hug and friends. In 1989, the Festungsmuseum Reuenthal ("Reuenthal Fortress Museum") was opened. The construction of the military museum in Full on a former industrial site began in 1998. The sponsor of the Swiss Military Museum in Full is the Verein Militär- und Festungsmuseum Full-Reuenthal ("Full-Reuenthal Military and Fortress Museum") or VMFM. Until 2011 the association offices were located in the old Reuenthal Fortress, which it has also operated as a museum since 1989. A new museum hall was opened in April 2010.

Collection
The museum displays military hardware and uniforms of Swiss and foreign armed forces, mainly from World War II and the Cold War. The museum displays mainly tanks, artillery, anti-aircraft and anti-tank guns of the Swiss Army and other armies from the 20th century in several former factory halls.

A special feature is the complete factory collection of the former arms manufacturer Oerlikon-Bührle on the upper floor of the museum. This mainly comprises anti-aircraft and aircraft weapons. The museum also owns a German V1 flying bomb, a Reichenberg device, and engines and defence stands from English and American bombers that crashed or made emergency landings in Switzerland.

List with some of the exhibits

Swiss Army

Alouette III
De Havilland Vampire DH.100
AMX-13
Panzer 61
Panzer 68
Zielfahrzeug 68
Entpannungspanzer 65
Brückenpanzer 68
Tank gun 68
Saurer D 330 N
Saurer 2DM
Saurer 2 CM
Saurer M6
Saurer MH4
Berna 2VM
M548
M113
M109 howitzer
Panzer 38(t)
Centurion tank
Rotinoff Super Atlantic
Bucher FS 10 Flugzeugschlepper 78

Non Swiss Army Vehicles

FBW 80-N
Trabant
Goliath tracked mine
T-34
T-55
T-72
V-1 flying bomb
Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg
Tiger II (under reconstruction)
Panhard EBR
P-18 radar
Ural-4320
2S1 Gvozdika
Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30
MDK-2M
GAZ-69
Leopard 1
PSzH
Sturmgeschütz III

Air Defense

SNORA and SURA-D rockets
Bristol Bloodhound
Super Fledermaus
Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon
Oerlikon 20 mm cannon
Mosquito (missile)
RSD 58

Former Mowag Factory Museum

Mowag 4x4 armored reconnaissance vehicle (armored dummy)
Mowag MR 8
Mowag Roland
Mowag Puma
Mowag Shark
Mowag Spy
Mowag Tornado infantry fighting vehicle
Mowag Trojan infantry fighting vehicle
Mowag Pirat
Mowag 3M1 Pirat
Jagdpanzer MOWAG Cheetah
Mowag Piranha
Mowag Eagle
MOWAG-AEG
Mowag T1 4x4

References

External links
 Official Website

Military and war museums in Switzerland
Museums in Aargau
Military history of Switzerland
Tank museums
Armories (military)
Military equipment of Switzerland
Aargau


title: Dmitri Lyskov

text:
Dmitri Anatolyevich Lyskov (; born 24 September 1987), is a Russian futsal player who plays for Gazprom-Ugra Yugorsk and the Russian national futsal team.

References

External links
UEFA profile
AMFR profile

1987 births
Living people
Russian men's futsal players
People from Glazov
Sportspeople from Udmurtia


title: 1963 Taça de Portugal final

text:
The 1963 Taça de Portugal Final was the final match of the 1962–63 Taça de Portugal, the 23rd season of the Taça de Portugal, the premier Portuguese football cup competition organized by the Portuguese Football Federation (FPF). The match was played on 30 June 1963 at the Estádio Nacional in Oeiras, and opposed two Primeira Liga sides: Sporting CP and Vitória de Guimarães. Vitória de Guimarães defeated Sporting CP 4–0 to claim their sixth Taça de Portugal.

Match

Details

References

1963
Taca
Sporting CP matches
Vitória S.C. matches


title: Leaflove

text:
Leaflove may refer to:

 Red-tailed leaflove, also known as African leaflove, common leaflove, leaflove and plain leaflove, a species of bird found in western and central Africa
 Uela leaflove and Gabon leaflove, subspecies
 Simple leaflove, alternate name for the simple greenbul, a species of bird found in western and central Africa
 Yellow-throated leaflove, a species of bird found in western and central Africa
 Congo white-throated leaflove, subspecies

Birds by common name


title: Danil Kutuzov

text:
Danil Kutuzov (born 13 March 1987) is a Russian futsal player who plays for MFK Dina Moskva and the Russian national futsal team.

Biography
Daniil is a graduate of the Rudnenskiy futsal. At the start of his career he was playing for Glazov "Progress" in the Premier League. In the Super League he debuted for "Lipetsk" in 2006, soon he became one of team leaders. In December 2008, due to financial problems of the Lipetsk club he moved to "Mytishchi". Before the start of the 2012/13 season he was invited to the Moscow club "Dina", where he first won the national championship.

In 2008, Kutuzov won the first European Youth League. In the final game Daniel scored a goal. He also played for the adult national Russian team and took part in several exhibition games.

Achievements
 European Youth League Winner (1): 2008
 Russian Futsal Championship Winner (1): 2014

References

External links
MFK Dina Moskva profile
UEFA profile
AMFR profile

1987 births
Living people
Russian men's futsal players
MFK Dina Moskva players


title: Arco del Meloncello, Bologna

text:
The Arco del Meloncello is an 18th-century Rococo structure in Bologna, that forms a pedestrian portico over the road (hence an arch); it is part of the Portico di San Luca, a long arcade that sheltered the walk from the Cathedral of Bologna to the hillside Sanctuary of San Luca, Bologna. It lies beyond the gates of the Porta Saragozza, outside the former city walls of Bologna.

The arch solved the problem of a site where two roads intersected at right angles, and allowed the foot traffic of the pilgrims to proceed above the road, Via Saragozza, uninterrupted. The architect was Carlo Francesco Dotti won the commission during a competition in 1714, and created the scenographic arrangement with the help of Francesco Galli Bibiena during 1721 to 1732. In the early twentieth century, in a project supervised by Tito Azzolino, the arch was raised a few meters to allow passage of a train underneath.

References

Buildings and structures in Bologna
Buildings and structures completed in 1732
Baroque architecture in Bologna
Monuments and historic places of Bologna
18th-century architecture in Italy


title: Yellow Jackets Motorcycle Club

text:
The Yellow Jackets Motorcycle Club, also referred to as YJMC, is a motorcycle club, which in 1947 along with other California motorcycle clubs  participated in the highly publicized "Hollister Riot" later immortalized in the film The Wild One. While the true founding date is lost to time for now, they were officially incorporated in 1947 and registered with the American Motorcyclist Association the very same year.

History
The California based Yellow Jackets Motorcycle Club, are an "Original Motorcycle Club". While the original founding date has been lost to time for now, the club was officially incorporated in 1947 and registered with the American Motorcyclist Association the same year. The Yellow Jackets Motorcycle Club is one of the oldest clubs still in existence in the United States.

They met at a small bar called The Crash Inn in Southern California. The owner of The Crash Inn was an honorary member according to the last surviving member of the club. Many different clubs were represented at The Crash Inn, and they would all laugh, drink, and have a good time together there, of course that was a much different time. The California based Yellow Jackets were represented at the July 4th, 1947 Hollister, California Gypsy Tour. this became known as The Hollister Riot, depicted in the film The Wild One and often referenced as the birthplace of the American outlaw biker.

The Yellow Jackets MC is an American club, meaning that its membership is spread across the country, with multiple chapters in various cities. Formed for the love of Motorcyclism and racing motorcycles, the Yellow Jackets along with the other "Originals" set the stage for the development of the modern American motorcycle club. From its roots in the California motorcycle culture, the club began to spread eastward, growing its ranks with new members.

Membership
To become a prospect, candidates must have an American or allied motorcycle, 750cc or larger, valid license and insurance and the sponsorship of a full patched member. After a potential member is invited to ride and party with the club, he is deemed a “hang-around”, indicating that the individual is invited to club events and can associate with members. If a hang around is deemed appropriate and finds sponsorship he may be invited to join the club as prospect. Prospective members wear a "PROSPECT" top rocker and a tab naming them as a prospect. once a member finishes prospecting he is allowed to wear the clubs full patches. Additionally as the member progresses in the club he is given various patches that denote achievements within the organization.

Colors
Yellow Jackets are identifiable by their patches or "colors". Each set of these patches will consist of all letters making up the name "Yellow Jackets MC" in a circle pattern around a center patch. The patches worn have great significance for each member and are earned through prospecting, or a type of probation.

References

Motorcycle clubs in the United States
History of Los Angeles County, California
Gardena, California
Hemet, California


St Peter and St Paul's Church, Sturton-le-Steeple is a Grade II* listed parish church in the Church of England in Sturton le Steeple, near Retford in Nottinghamshire. It is currently in the Clays Group of churches.

History
The church dates from the 12th century. It burned down in 1901 and was rebuilt by Charles Hodgson Fowler opening in 1902.

Sturton Le Steeple is the birthplace of John Robinson, the "Pilgrim Pastor".

Bells
There are six bells in an eight bell cast iron frame. The back five bells are dated 1825 and were cast by Thomas II Mears. The treble was cast in 1991 by John Taylor & Co. The tenor weighs 10 cwt and the treble weighs 5 cwt.

Monuments

There are monuments to Lady Oliva de Montbegon (d 1236), and Dame Frances Earle (d. 1687). A marble slab marks the grave of Francis Thornhagh, the Parliamentary commander, who was killed at the Battle of Preston.

See also
Grade II* listed buildings in Nottinghamshire
Listed buildings in Sturton le Steeple

References

12th-century church buildings in England
Church of England church buildings in Nottinghamshire
Churches completed in 1902
Grade II* listed churches in Nottinghamshire


title: 2014 Swiss immigration initiative

text:
</noinclude>

In Switzerland, the federal popular initiative "against mass immigration"  (, , ) was a referendum that aimed to limit immigration through quotas, as it had been prior to the bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) launched in 2002.

The popular initiative was launched by the national conservative Swiss People's Party and was accepted by a majority of the electorate (50.3%, a difference of 19,526 votes) and a majority of the cantons (14.5 out of 23; 12 of 20 full cantons plus five of six half cantons) on 9 February 2014. This initiative was mostly backed by rural parts (57.6% approvals) of Switzerland as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approvals) in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) of Switzerland rejected it.

Swiss-EU bilateral treaties on single market participation are all co-dependent; if one is terminated, then all are terminated. Consequently, should Switzerland choose unilaterally to cancel the free movement agreement, then all its single market agreements with the EU will lapse unless a compromise is found. On 22 December 2016, Switzerland and the EU concluded an agreement that a new Swiss law (in response to the referendum) may require Swiss employers to give priority to Swiss-based job seekers (Swiss nationals and foreigners registered in Swiss job agencies) but does not limit the free movement of EU workers to Switzerland.

Context

As of 2014, 23.4% of Switzerland's population are foreigners (9% in Germany). The net immigration is 80,000 people per year, 1% of the total population (three times more than e.g. in Germany, four times more than in the United States). Every year 30,000 to 40,000 receive Swiss nationality (this represents a per capita rate of about three times that of both Germany and the United States). According to the European Commission about 1 million EU citizens live in Switzerland and another 230,000 cross the border daily for work, while 430,000 Swiss live in the EU.

Immigrant workers make up a large part of the Swiss workforce in several industries. Scienceindustries, the Swiss association of chemical, pharma, and biotech businesses, emphasized that they rely on highly qualified workers from outside Switzerland to keep an edge over their competitors, and that 45% out of 67,000 people that its member companies employ in Switzerland are from abroad.

In 2002, the Swiss People's Party launched a federal popular initiative "against asylum abuse" that was rejected by 50.1% of voters (with a difference of 4,208 votes). In 2009, the referendum on biometric passports required by the Schengen Agreement was also accepted by 50.1% of voters (with a difference of 5,680 votes).

More recently, the Swiss People's Party had successfully launched federal popular initiatives "against the construction of minarets" (2009, 57.5%) and "for the expulsion of criminal foreigners" (2010, 52.3%).

Proposal
The initiative "against mass immigration" proposed the following changes, under article 121a of the Swiss Federal Constitution:

 Switzerland independently controls the immigration of foreigners.
 The number of residence permits for foreigners in Switzerland shall be limited by annual maximums and quotas. The maximums apply to all permits of immigration law including the asylum system. Claims to permanent residence, family reunification, and social benefits can be restricted.
 The annual maximums and quotas for employed foreigners shall be set according to the overall economic interests of Switzerland with priority for Swiss nationals; cross-border commuters shall be included. The deciding factors for the granting of residence permits shall especially be the request of an employer, the ability to integration, and a sufficient, independent livelihood.
 No international treaties that infringe on this article may be concluded.
 The law shall regulate the details.
In addition, the initiative added the following transition provisions under article 197 number 11 of the Federal Constitution:

 International treaties that contradict article 121a shall be renegotiated and adjusted within three years of their adoption by the people and the cantons.
 If the legislation to implement article 121a has not entered into force three years after its adoption by the people and the cantons, the Federal Council shall at that point issue ordinances for temporary implementation.

The Federal Assembly recommended against the adoption of the initiative on 27 September, 2013.

Results

Reception

National reactions
After the acceptance of the federal popular initiative "against mass immigration", views varied widely as to why the initiative was successful at the polls, and how it might actually be implemented. To some observers, the situation was reminiscent of the referendum held on 6 December 1992, when 50.3% of the Swiss people voted against joining the European Economic Area.

The Swiss People's Party, which was the main proponent of the initiative, celebrated the referendum outcome as a major victory. The party's head Toni Brunner stated: "This is a sea change in Switzerland's migration policy. It is clear that immigration will have to be massively restricted."

Some commentators fear a slowdown in economic activity due to the enforcement of the initiative. Business and industry groups were opposed to the initiative during the campaign and expressed concern about the measure's impact on their ability to attract and retain top talent from abroad. The Swiss Bankers Association expressed disappointment and concern at the result, saying: "We urgently need to hold constructive talks with the EU to explain our position".

Although all governing parties except the Swiss People's Party opposed the initiative, the Federal Council (the Swiss government) announced that it would promptly start implementing the new constitutional provisions and will set to work on re-introducing immigration quotas "without delay". The acceptance of the initiative binds the Swiss government to renegotiate the entire EU labor market agreements with the EU within three years; the current treaties stay in force in the meantime.

European Union reactions
The European Commission issued a statement saying that it was "disappointed" in the Swiss referendum on immigration restriction result but would wait to study how exactly the outcome of the referendum affects the relations between Switzerland and the European Union. European Commission vice-president Viviane Reding stated that the result of the referendum could jeopardise Switzerland's access to the European single market, saying "The single market is not Swiss cheese."

, negotiations had not led to any change in the EU's position that access to the European Single Market is inextricably linked to the principle of free movement of people.

Consequences
Following protracted discussions between Switzerland and the EU, the Swiss government largely climbed down from the initial referendum proposals, adopting instead a "light national preference" to implement the referendum. This outcome was decried as a failure to properly implement the referendum by the Swiss SVP party (which had promoted the referendum) as it fails to put any curbs on immigration.  Its leaders are considering a new referendum.

Their climbdown was largely due to the EU's unwavering negotiating tactic, as it was prepared to put at stake all existing collaborations between Switzerland and the European Union, such as:
 Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
 participation in education programs (e.g. Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013)
 participation in research programs (e.g. Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development)

Education and research
In a statement to HINA, EU Commission spokesperson Joe Hennon said that the vote would influence the next round of talks for Swiss inclusion in Horizon 2020 and Erasmus+. The talks were about programmes which could be applied for in 2014. For the academic year 2011/2012, 2,612 Swiss students went abroad, at the same time 2,673 foreign students came to Switzerland with the Erasmus program. Under the Seventh Framework Programme, the predecessor to Horizon 2020, more than one in four Swiss research proposals were funded in a total of 3,000 projects, which was the fourth highest success rate on average. Swiss researchers secured €1.27 billion in EU funding between 2007 and 2012, including about €356 million in coveted basic research grants from the European Research Council. According to the "Innovation Union Scoreboard 2013" Switzerland was the overall innovation leader before Sweden, Germany, Denmark and Finland. It continuously outperformed the EU27 countries. By 26 February 2014, the EU announced that, at least for 2014, Switzerland's status in Horizon2020 would be downgraded from an associated to third-country and that Swiss-based scientists could not apply for ERC grants.

The referendum did not impact CERN's recruitment as it is an international organisation and does not need Swiss work permits.

Croatia
Following the referendum the Federal Council was no longer allowed to sign the already negotiated free movement accord with Croatia, which joined the EU in July 2013. The new Swiss constitution article was immediately binding for the Federal Council, which then looked for a way to not discriminate against Croatia. The European Commission connected the negotiations for the 2014 Erasmus program with the signing of the free movement accord for Croatia. On 4 March 2016, Switzerland and the EU signed a treaty that would extend the accord of the free movement of people to Croatia, something which would lead to Switzerland's full readmission into Horizon 2020. The treaty was ratified by the National Council on 26 April on the condition that a solution be found to an impasse on implementing the 2014 referendum. The treaty was passed in December 2016. This allowed Switzerland to rejoin Horizons 2020 on 1 January 2017.

Implementation
The Swiss government had three years to implement the referendum. The government attempted to implement the referendum without endangering its bilateral agreements with the EU, something that generated much controversy.

On 12 December 2016, the Swiss parliament agreed to a solution on how to implement the referendum, and it formally voted on and approved the implementation on 16 December. The final measure was described as "watered down" or as "a compromise" intended to appease the EU and not harm its relationship. Although the 2014 referendum called for quotas, the accepted implementation did not include quotas but rather ordered employers to prioritize Swiss residents rather than foreign workers in locations where the unemployment rate is above average, and it requires foreigners to demonstrate that they are integrated in Swiss society in order to receive a residence permit. On 16 December the Swiss Federal Council also ratified the Protocol on the extension to Croatia of the Free Movement of Persons Agreement between the EU and Switzerland.

The accepted referendum implementation was harshly criticized by the Swiss People's Party, which sponsored the original referendum. The party called the plan "a betrayal of voters' wishes" surrendering to EU pressure, and unconstitutional. However, the SVP ruled out holding another referendum to force a stricter implementation of the referendum. The media also criticized the implementation proposal for deviating so far from the legally-binding referendum. The European Commission, however, cautiously welcomed the implementation, stating that it "appears to go in the right direction," and about a week later it released a mostly positive statement concerning the implementation.

Proposed initiatives in response to the implementation proposal
In an attempt to soften the immigration law further, in order to avoid conflict with the EU, the Swiss government proposed two alternatives to a proposed popular initiative to completely repeal the 2014 referendum. The government's counterproposals, if approved by voters, would prohibit changing Swiss law if it would conflict with "international treaties of vital interest to Switzerland" or remove the three-year implementation limit, respectively. On 28 December 2016, a popular initiative to challenge the government's proposed implementation was launched by a Social Democrat-member, acting as a private citizen. It did not reach the required number of signatures in the allotted timeframe. In early 2017, four citizens' committees joined together to challenge the implementation proposal, which they saw as "not compatible with the 2014 initiative."

See also
 2014 Swiss referendums
 Ecopop
 Demographics of Switzerland
 Freedom of movement for workers
 Immigration to Switzerland
 Politics of Switzerland
 Switzerland–European Union relations
 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum

References

2014 referendums
2014 in Switzerland
against mass immigration
Immigration law
Immigration to Switzerland
Referendums in Switzerland
Switzerland–European Union relations
February 2014 events in Switzerland


title: Filizten Hanım

text:
Filizten Hanım (;  1861–1862 –  1945; meaning "Tendril bodied" or "big eyes") was the last consort of Sultan Murad V of the Ottoman Empire.

Life
Filizten Hanım was born in 1861 or 1862. At Istanbul her name according to the custom of the Ottoman court was changed Filizten. She was medium-tall, had blonde hair, was somewhat heavy, and was incomparably beautiful.

Filizten was appointed a "Duty Kalfa", after Murad's accession to the throne on 30 May 1876, after the deposition of his uncle Sultan Abdulaziz. After reigning for three months, he was deposed on 30 August 1876, due to mental instability and was imprisoned in the Çırağan Palace. Filizten was chosen to serve at Çırağan Palace, where she became Murad's last consort.. She married Murad after 1883. However, Murad's physical and mental condition had now deteriorated and the marriage was never consummated. She was widowed at Murad's death in 1904, after which her ordeal in the Çırağan Palace came to an end. Filizten accused his daughter Hatice Sultan of Murad's death. The princess was involved in a major scandal at the time, and according to Filizten, the shame and pain of her favorite daughter's behavior had led to Murad's, already seriously ill, death.

Death
After Murad's death she was sent to Bursa with his consorts Gevherriz Hanım, Nevdürr Hanım and Remzşinas Hanım. She returned to Istanbul in 1914.
At the exile of the imperial family in March 1924, Filizten as being the adjunct member of the family decided to stay in Istanbul, where she died in around 1945.

Memoirs
In her seventies, Filizten wrote memoirs, which constituted the majority of the biography of Murad compiled by the journalist and avocational historian Ziya Șakir under the title Çırağan Sarayında 28 sene beşinci Murad'ın hayatı (Turkish for "Twenty-Eight Years in the Çırağan Palace:The Life of Murad V"). She was in excellent health, in complete command of her faculties, and aware of what Ziya Șakir called her responsibility to history in retelling the events she witnessed in Çırağan Palace. The memoir is an oral history by one who witnessed the events of many years earlier. In fact Filizten stated in her memoirs that she did not keep a diary.

Ziya Șakir's idiosyncrasies notwithstanding, the authenticity of the memoir itself has never been in doubt. Immediately after publication it formed a primary source for the articles on Murad V published by the eminent historian İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, who directly identified the memoir's author as Filizten Hanım, gözde of Murad V. Today it continues to form a primary source for the life of this Sultan in particular, and for life in the late Ottoman palace harem in general.

In popular culture and literature
In the 2012 Movie The Sultan's Women Filizten is portrayed by a Turkish Actress Deniz Aylan.
Filizten is a character in Ayşe Osmanoğlu's historical novel The Gilded Cage on the Bosphorus (2020).

See also
Ottoman Imperial Harem
List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans

References

Sources

Filizten
1860s births
1945 deaths
People from the Ottoman Empire of Abkhazian descent
Slaves from the Ottoman Empire
House slaves
19th-century slaves
20th-century memoirists


title: San Esteban (1554 shipwreck)

text:
San Esteban was a Spanish cargo ship that was wrecked in a storm in the Gulf of Mexico on what is now the Padre Island National Seashore in southern Texas on 29 April 1554.

San Esteban was one of a flotilla of four ships carrying treasure from New Spain (Mexico) to Cuba. Three were wrecked in the storm, including San Esteban. Many of the three hundred sailors and passengers drowned while trying to reach shore. About thirty took a boat to seek help. Almost all the others died of thirst or starvation, or were killed by hostile local Karankawa Indians during their attempt to walk back to safety. The Spanish sent a salvage expedition, but recovered less than half of the cargo and treasure.

One of the wrecks was rediscovered in 1964. A private company, Platoro, Ltd., began to excavate the Espíritu Santo wreck in late 1967, which caused public outrage and the passage of new laws to protect wrecks on the Texan coast. The remains of San Esteban were found in 1970 and excavated in 1972–73. Many artifacts have been recovered and are held in the Corpus Christi Museum of Science and History. They include the world's oldest mariner's astrolabe with a confirmed date.

16th century

Outbound journey
San Esteban left Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain, on 4 November 1552. It was part of a fleet of 54 ships under the command of Captain-General Bartolomé Carreño that included an escort of six well-armed ships with 360 soldiers.
The escorting ships and 18 vessels were destined for the mainland of South America. Ten ships were heading to Santo Domingo and four to other parts of the West Indies.
Sixteen were bound for San Juan de Ulúa (Veracruz) in New Spain (Mexico).

The fleet had a difficult outbound voyage, suffering from bad weather, accidents and skirmishes with pirates. Eight vessels were lost and the rest scattered.
All the New Spain flotilla arrived safely at Vera Cruz during February and March 1553. The plan was to scrap eleven of the vessels and keep only five to make the return journey. This was typical. Ships from the Americas to Spain carried a much smaller volume of cargo than ships traveling in the other direction, although the shipments to Spain included valuable gold and silver.

In September 1552 Vera Cruz had been battered by a hurricane. The harbor facilities had not yet been repaired.
The ships were unloaded and refitted slowly, and only one was prepared to sail for Havana to join the fleet for the return journey to Spain that year.
The other four waited for over a year at Vera Cruz for the next fleet.
These were the San Esteban, with Francisco del Huerto as master, Espíritu Santo, Santa María de Yciar and San Andrés with Antonio Corzo as master.
Eventually the four decided not to wait longer and sailed for Havana without an escort. Antonio Corzo was named captain-general of the flotilla.

Shipwreck

Oral tradition holds that a priest in Mexico predicted that there would be a disaster before the ships set sail, but that his warning was ignored. The four ships left Vera Cruz on 9 April 1554, carrying over 400 people and valuable treasure and cargo.  The passengers included wealthy citizens, merchants and former soldiers, but there were also a few prisoners and five Dominican missionaries who had decided to return to Spain. The ships carried barrels holding over  of silver coins and disks that had been minted in Mexico City.
The total cargo was worth more than two million pesos, the equivalent of almost US$10 million in 1975.

Due to prevailing winds and currents, the best route from Veracruz to Havana ran along the shore of what became Texas and Louisiana. The four vessels took this route.
On 29 April 1554 the ships were nearing Havana when they ran into a severe storm.
Three of the ships were blown back to the west and wrecked on the Padre Island sandbars. Only San Andrés escaped.
Santa Maria de Yciar sank about  north of the Rio Grande's mouth, where the Mansfield Channel is today.
Espiritu Santo sank about  to the north of this point and San Esteban was wrecked  further north again.

Survivors

There were about three hundred people on the wrecked vessels, of whom perhaps 100–150 escaped drowning.
Many women and children were among those who reached shore.
Francisco del Huerto, the master of San Esteban, was able to salvage a boat.
He made his way back to Vera Cruz with 30 men to get help.
The other survivors tried to walk south along the shore, not realizing that the nearest Spanish outpost was Tampico,  away.
They met local people who seemed friendly and offered food, but later a fight broke out.
The Spanish escaped but the Karankawa Indians followed them, picking off stragglers with arrows.
The Spanish made driftwood rafts to cross the Rio Grande. They lost their crossbows when the unstable rafts tipped.

The Indians seized two men, took their clothes and then released them.
The other Spaniards thought that perhaps the Indians only wanted their clothes, and stripped naked before going on.
The women and children walked ahead to protect their modesty, and were ambushed and killed.
Almost all of the men died of thirst or starvation, or were killed.
There are records of only two who reached safety.
One, Brother Marcos de Mena, was left for dead after receiving multiple arrow wounds.
He recovered and managed to reach Pánuco with the aid of friendly Indians.
The other, Francisco Vazquez, left the group early on and went back to the dunes facing the wrecks. He hid there until help arrived.
The event came to be called the "Wreck of the Three Hundred".

Salvage

Francisco del Huerto managed to reach Vera Cruz and tell of the tragic event.
A rescue mission was dispatched by sea under Ángel de Villafañe.
His small body of troops arrived in June. He guarded the site against looters from the Spanish settlements of Tampico and Pánuco until the salvage expedition arrived, and remained during the salvage operation from 23 July to 12 September.

The main salvage crew dispatched from Vera Cruz to try to recover the treasure was under García de Escalante Alvarado (a nephew of Pedro de Alvarado).
Alvarado bought six vessels to recover the Emperor Charles V's coin and bullion, and the other cargo.
There were 102 sailors, including eleven Spanish divers.
The masts of San Esteban could still be seen.
Salvage of San Esteban began at once. She had sunk in just  of water, so could be thoroughly explored.
The salvage team dragged a chain along the bottom to find the two other ships.
Santa Maria de Yciar was located on 20 August. Her hull had split and the cargo was scattered around the wreck.

Alvarado recovered over  of silver as well as 22,000 pesos.
The salvage crew also recovered personal items and cargo.
This included resin, cochineal, sugar, wood and hides.
The salvage crew found about 41% of the total value of the cargo.
 of precious metals, coins, jewelry and religious artifacts were lost.
After that the island was rarely visited by Europeans for the next 200 years.

20th century

Rediscovery and Espíritu Santo excavations

The 1554 wrecks were well documented and were shown on maps from 1646.
Treasure hunters who knew of them and beachcombers searching at random found traces of Spanish coins and fragments of ships on the Padre Island beaches throughout the 20th century.
The search intensified after dredgers accidentally destroyed Santa Maria de Yciar late in the 1950s.
In the summer of 1964 Vida Lee Connor found Espíritu Santo while scuba diving. She spent two years exploring her discovery before marking it with buoys and announcing the find. When she went back to the site later she found a private diving party taking items from the wreck.
This was the start of a major debate about antiquities found in Texas.

Platoro, Ltd., a private company, began to excavate Espíritu Santo wreck in late 1967.
They found about 500 objects, including a gold bar, jewelry, and equipment used for navigation.
Platoro's exploration and retrieval of objects from the site started a long-running argument with the state of Texas about ownership of the artifacts.
It also triggered the Texas legislature to pass the Antiquities Code in 1969 to prevent unauthorized excavation of future finds.

In 1960, the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled that all territory up to  from the Texas coastline was the property of the state of Texas.
On this basis, due to a concern that the excavation should be conducted using scientific archaeological methods, and since this was the oldest shipwreck site to be examined in the Western Hemisphere, the state launched a suit against Platoro.
The Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory (TARL) at the University of Texas at Austin received the objects for study in the interim. There was a lengthy argument in the courts over state versus federal jurisdiction and compensation to Platoro.
The outcome was that Platoro was offered a cash settlement of $313,000.
The state of Texas was acknowledged to be the custodian of the artifacts that had been recovered.

The Antiquities Conservation Facility (ACF) was set up at TARL to study the material found by Platoro. The ACF extended principles and approaches developed by TARL to cover shipwreck conservation and analysis. This created the basis for future marine archaeology in Texas. After the ACF was closed these principles were carried forward in the Conservation Research Laboratory at Texas A&M University.

San Esteban excavation

In 1970, the Texas Antiquities Committee commissioned the Institute of Underwater Research to survey about  of the coast over a one-month period.
The institute found San Esteban during the survey.
Where the magnetometer indicated that iron was present, they used a "blower" to make a vertical jet of water that blew a  layer of sand and shell away from the Pleistocene clay bottom and exposed the artifacts of the wreck.
The Antiquities Committee arranged for the site of the San Esteban to be excavated in the summer of 1972, with follow-up work in the summers of 1973 and 1975.
They focused on this wreck, since it had not been disturbed.

Most of the ship's wooden hull was lost, but the layout of the ship could be seen from the placement of the anchors, guns and fasteners.
Corrosion and chemical interactions had melded many of the metal artifacts into conglomerates.
One of these weighed more than two tons and was more than  in length.
It held two anchors, a hooped barrel gun of wrought-iron, and various other objects.
The divers made careful maps of the material they recovered, but had no way of determining on the spot what was inside the metal conglomerates encrusted by marine growth.
The divers recovered some of the conglomerates and some individual artifacts in 1972.
The next year they recovered the rest of the large conglomerates, many smaller conglomerates and individual artifacts.
In all they brought up  of artifacts in 1972–73.
The Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory received all the artifacts for analysis.

Each encrusted conglomerate of concreted material was carefully documented with photographs, radiographs where practical, and detailed conservation records.
The researchers used hammers, chisels and small pneumatic chisels to break open the conglomerates.
They then subjected the metal and wood objects to complex and time-consuming processes to remove the products of corrosion and preserve them from future degradation.
There had been a suspicion that Platoro had excavated from the San Esteban as well as the Espíritu Santo, but the analysis of the San Esteban artifacts made it clear that the Platoro collection all came from Espíritu Santo.

The San Esteban findings included three broken anchors and a wrought iron swivel gun that was also broken and unusable. The broken objects may have been kept so they could later be repaired, or may have just been used for ballast. There were four anchors in working condition.
The anchors were made of wrought iron.
Other finds included ship's fittings, tools and a cannon made by welding together iron bars.
This gun and the wrought iron guns were by now obsolete in Europe, but presumably considered sufficient for the New World.
The divers recovered the stern end of the keel and a portion of the sternpost. The stern/keel section of the San Esteban is similar to other wrecks of the period, and contributes to a view of ship construction at the time. Experts have estimated that the ship was  long and displaced . The planks were  thick.

Miscellaneous finds included a brass buckle, shards of glass and olive pits. Several conglomerates held the exoskeletons of cockroaches, providing the first evidence of shipment of  these insects between Europe and the Americas. Personal possessions included a gold crucifix, pins, silver thimbles and silver reale coins. The salvage team also found silver and gold bullion.
Some locally-made items included prismatic obsidian blades and a polished nodule of iron pyrite for use as a mirror. Other items included weapons and instruments for navigation. A mariner's astrolabe is the oldest such instrument with a confirmed date. Pewter objects from England were found and stoneware from Cologne, Germany. In the end about 1,500 artifacts were retrieved from the San Esteban, 85% of them from the conglomerates.

Preservation and display

On 21 January 1974, the National Park Service listed the three wrecks as the "Mansfield Cut Underwater Archeological District" in the National Register of Historic Places.
The Texas Antiquities Committee of the State of Texas owns the San Esteban wreck. It is managed by the National Park Service.
The National Register lists the site as part of an archaeological district of national significance.

The Texas Antiquities Committee sponsored a travelling exhibition of the finds from the 1554 wreck from 1977 to 1981, which visited 20 museums across Texas. The exhibition showed an anchor, cannons and the remaining parts of the keel and stern post. Display cases held explanatory text, illustrations and artifacts.
The recovered objects found a permanent home at the Corpus Christi Museum of Science and History. An extension to the museum opened in May 1990 to house the Shipwreck! exhibition.

References
Notes

Citations

Sources

Age of Sail merchant ships of Spain
16th-century ships
Shipwrecks of the Texas coast
Shipwrecks on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas


title: Sædding

text:
Sædding is a district of Esbjerg in southwest Jutland, Denmark, some  northwest of the centre and  southeast of Hjerting.

History
Once a village, Sædding (originally Sæthum, later also Sæddæn) has now become a district of Esbjerg. In the 1970s, a large Viking village was discovered in the northern part of Sædding covering . In the central area, there were six or seven farmhouses surrounding an extensive open area measuring  by . The main buildings, up to  in length, were accompanied by smaller structures including workshops for weavers and smiths. In all, there were 115 farmhouses, 75 workshops and seven wells. The village had existed for some 200 years until the 11th century. One of Denmark's oldest Christian crosses crafted in bronze was found at the site.

In 1688, when the first data were collected under Christian V, there were ten farms and four houses in the village. In 1801, there were 113 inhabitants, in 1890, 171. Sædding Lighthouse came in 1872 with the development of Esbjerg Harbour.

Until the beginning of the 1950s, Sædding remained a small village with a few hundred inhabitants. Work on Sædden Church began in 1977 and was completed in July 1978. In August 1978, Sædding was separated from Guldager as a parish in its own right with some 12,000 inhabitants.

Sædding today
Sædding has a shopping centre (Sædding Centret) established in 1977 which includes a library. The sandy beach (Sædding Strand) beside the Men at Sea monument and the Fisheries and Maritime Museum, Esbjerg is suitable for bathing.

References

Neighbourhoods in Esbjerg


National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research () is also known as NITER. Located in Savar, Dhaka District, it is one of the largest undergraduate textile engineering campus in Bangladesh. It offers the Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree in textile engineering, industrial and production engineering, fashion design and apparel engineering, computer science engineering and electrical and electronic engineering in co-ordination with the University of Dhaka. Furthermore it starts M.Sc. in Textile Engineering course under the Faculty of Engineering & Technology and MBA in Textile & Apparel Value Chain under the faculty of Business Studies of the University of Dhaka.

The institute is a partnership between the Bangladesh Textile Mills Association (BTMA) and the Ministry of Textiles and Jute, Govt. of Bangladesh. It is a public-private partnership education and research organization and a constituent institute of the University of Dhaka.

History
In the late 1970s, the public textile mills under the Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation (BTMC) were operating at a loss. BTMC knew it needed skilled personnel to turn the mills around. To that end, and to serve the mills' testing and consulting needs, in 1979 it established a training institute at Savar, the Textile Industry Development Centre (TIDC). For the first five years, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), through the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), supported infrastructure, curriculum development, and staff training at TIDC.

In 1994 TIDC's name changed to National Institute of Textile Training Research and Design (NITTRAD). Later the Ministry of Textiles and Jute decided to run NITTRAD under public–private partnership (PPP) and handed over its operational management to Bangladesh Textile Mills Association (BTMA) under the Ministry of Textile and Jute. From 1 January 2013, the Ministry of Textiles and Jute, according to a suggestion from the University of Dhaka, changed the name of the institute to National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research. From 2010 to 2011 session NITER started Bachelor of Science in Textile engineering course under the University of Dhaka. It was initiated by the then president of BTMA, Mr. Abdul Hai Sarkar.

It also provides practical and training classes of textile engineering to students of private universities in Bangladesh.

Academic
Undergraduate Programs:
B.Sc. in Textile Engineering(TE)
B.Sc. in Industrial and Production Engineering (IPE)
B.Sc. in Fashion Design and Apparel Engineering (FDAE)
B.Sc. in Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
B.Sc. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Graduate Programs:
M.Sc. in Textile Engineering
MBA in Textile & Apparel Value Chain

Collaboration

NITER has academic and research collaboration with following institutes:
 Wuhan Textile University, China
 University of Bolton, United Kingdom
 , Germany
 UNIDO
 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)

References

External links

Universities and colleges in Dhaka
Textile schools in Bangladesh
Research institutes in Bangladesh
Educational institutions established in 1979


title: Marie-Madeleine Hachard

text:
Marie-Madeleine Hachard née Hennebont (17 February 1704, Rouen - 9 August 1760, New Orleans) was a French letter writer and abbess of the Ursuline order. She was one of the first members of the first Ursuline Convent in New Orleans in French Louisiana in 1727. Her letters home to her father in France have been preserved, published, and are valued as a source of historical documentation.

Works
 De Rouen à la Louisiane : voyage d’une Ursuline en 1727, foreword by Jean-Pierre Chaline, Rouen, Association d'études normandes, Mont-Saint-Aignan, publications of the Université de Rouen, 1988 ()

Sources
 Édouard Frère, Manuel du bibliographe normand, Rouen, Le Brument, 1860,

 Emily Clark, Voices from an early American convent : Marie Madeleine Hachard and the New Orleans Ursulines, 1727 1760, Éd. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 2007 ()
 Chantal Théry, « 1727-1728 De Rouen à La Nouvelle-Orléans. Correspondance et journal de bord de Marie-Madeleine Hachard de Saint-Stanislas », Femmes en toutes lettres : les épistolières du xviiie siècle, Éd. Marie-France Alberte Silver;  Marie-Laure Girou-Swiderski, Oxford, Voltaire Foundation, 2000 (in French) ()
 Chantal Théry, De plume et d’audace. Femmes de la Nouvelle-France, Montréal / Paris, éditions Triptyque / éditions du Cerf, 2006, 262 p. () Voir chap. 13 « De Rouen à La Nouvelle-Orléans : la relation de Marie-Madeleine Hachard » ; chap. 14 : « Marie Tranchepain de Saint-Augustin ou l'art de la réplique » et textes en annexe. (in French)

External links
 Marie-Madeleine Hachard on data.bnf.fr

1704 births
1760 deaths
Writers from Rouen
People of Louisiana (New France)
Founders of Catholic religious communities
French letter writers
Women letter writers
18th-century French writers
18th-century French women writers
18th-century letter writers
Christian abbesses


The 2014 Interprovincial Hurling Championship, known as the 2014 M Donnelly Hurling Interprovincial Championship due to the tournament's sponsorship by businessman Martin Donnelly, is the 85th series of the Interprovincial Championship. The annual hurling championship between the four historic provinces of Ireland is contested by Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster.

Munster are the defending champions.

Fixtures/results

Interprovincial Championship

References

External links
 M Donnelly Interprovincials official website

Railway Cup Hurling Championship
Interprovincial Hurling Championship
Hurling


title: Arlington's Great Meadows

text:
Arlington's Great Meadows is a  meadow located adjacent to the Minuteman Bikeway in Lexington, Massachusetts. The meadow was once the site of a dairy farm, which was used for livestock and crop harvesting. In 1871, Great Meadows was acquired by the town of Arlington, Massachusetts for use as a water storage area for the Mystic River. After being drained in the early 20th century, it was turned into a protected area for wildlife. It currently remains a nature preserve and serves as a popular recreational area, and an important piece in local flood control.

History
Originally known as "Alewife Meadows" during colonial times, European settlers used the area to harvest oak, and harvest trees for the Medford Shipyards.  Due to the soil being too soft to support buildings, the settlers left the marsh open and instead used it to graze livestock. A local family operated a dairy farm on Great Meadows until the 1860s.  They also built a mill nearby the site to help build the foundations for homes. Additionally, between 1865 and 1867, the American Peat Company cut and burned peat to fuel local homes and churches.

The meadow was purchased by the town of Arlington in 1871 and primarily used as a water storage area to prevent flooding to nearby areas. Families of nearby neighborhoods used the resulting body of water for recreational activities such as boating. However, after Arlington joined the Metropolitan District Commission, making it no longer necessary to hold the water for supply, the reservoir was drained, in 1902, leaving it as a wet meadow. For much of the 20th century, the meadow served as a habitat for a wide variety of local wildlife.

Since the opening of the adjacent Minuteman Bikeway in 1992, it has become a popular recreational area for residents of Arlington and Lexington. As a result, dirt trails were added throughout the Meadow. Additionally, it continues to play an important role in flood control for the surrounding neighborhoods, as the soil in the wetlands absorbs flood waters.

Wildfires
In the 21st century, there have been two large wildfires in Great Meadows. The first one occurred on April 23, 2008. Nine acres of upland forest near a nursing home were damaged. The fire was set by six teenagers playing in the woods, though it is unclear if the fire was ignited accidentally or intentionally. Almost a year later, on April 17, 2009, the meadow was hit with another fire. Two firefighters were injured and the fire came within feet of nearby homes. Twenty-two local fire departments and state police responded to help extinguish the blaze, which took four and a half hours to put out. Over a dozen acres burned off in the fire. The cause of the fire is believed to be the result of human activity. However, it remains unclear if the fire was started intentionally or not.

Wildlife and vegetation
Great Meadows hosts a wide range of wildlife and vegetation, with over 400 species of plants and animals. 56 species of birds, 12 species of reptiles and amphibians, and many varieties of mammals reside in the uplands. Some varieties of fish and 251 species of plants have been found in the wet meadows.

Activities and amenities

The park offers a  network of compact dirt trails for pedestrian and bicycle use. Activities include hiking, walking, jogging, cycling, and photography. The trail's terrain is considered child- and animal-friendly. The trails directly connect to the  Minuteman Bikeway. Additional entry points can be found in surrounding neighborhoods, including at Lexington Christian Academy.

See also
 Arlington, Massachusetts
 Minuteman Bikeway

References

Arlington, Massachusetts
Lexington, Massachusetts
Protected areas of Middlesex County, Massachusetts


title: All Saints' Church, South Leverton

text:
All Saints’ Church, South Leverton is a Grade II* listed parish church in the Church of England in South Leverton, Nottinghamshire.

History
The church dates from the 12th century. The chancel was restored by Ewan Christian in 1868; the remainder restored by C. Scholefield in 1897.

It is in a joint parish with
St. Nicholas' Church, Askham
All Saints' Church, Babworth
St Martin's Church, Bole
Our Lady and St Peter's Church, Bothamsall
St John the Baptist Church, Clarborough
All Saints' Church, Eaton
St Giles' Church, Elkesley
St Peter's Church, Gamston
St. Helen's Church, Grove
St Peter's Church, Hayton
St Martin's Church, North Leverton
St Peter and St Paul's Church, North Wheatley
All Hallows' Church, Ordsall
St Martin's Church, Ranby
St Saviour's Church Retford
St Swithun's Church, East Retford
St Michael the Archangel's Church, Retford
St Peter and St Paul's Church, Sturton-le-Steeple
St Bartholomew's Church, Sutton-cum-Lound
St Paul's Church, West Drayton

See also
Grade II* listed buildings in Nottinghamshire
Listed buildings in South Leverton

References

12th-century church buildings in England
Church of England church buildings in Nottinghamshire
Grade II* listed churches in Nottinghamshire


title: Col San Giovanni

text:
Col San Giovanni is a frazione (and a parish)  of the municipality of Viù, in Piedmont, northern Italy.

Name
In former times the village was named Collis ad sancti Joannis or Collo di San Giovanni.

History

Col San Giovanni was first mentioned in a document signed in 1011 by Landolfo, archbishop of Turin.

Since 1927 it was a separate comune (municipality).

Relevant buildings
The local church was built from 1614 on the site of a previous one and it was renovated in 1922 to allow the transit of a new road. Its bell tower is the oldest of the Lanzo Valleys and was built at the end of the 11th century.

References

External links

Frazioni of the Province of Turin
Former municipalities of the Province of Turin


title: Hysni Curri

text:
Hysni Curri (?–1925) was a Kosovar Albanian  military figure and a prominent leader of the Kachak movement and the Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo.

Life
Curri was the nephew and close collaborator of Bajram Curri, a well-known fighter and activist during the early 20th century. He was born in Gjakova, Vilayet of Kosovo, Ottoman Empire ( today modern Kosovo ). He had military background and would embrace the Albanian National Awakening movement. In 2–3 April 1910, he participated in the Second Congress of Manastir, which revised the situation of the Albanian language schools and publications under the newly imposed censure of the Young Turk government. Curri was active during the Albanian uprisings of 1910, 1911, and 1912 and delegate in the Assembly of Junik of May 1912 where the official demands list of the Albanian rebels towards the Ottomans was drafted. He led the Albanian army against the Ottomans on 7 August 1912 at Qafë Prush, which led to the Albanians entering Skopje, the center of the Vilayet, on 12 August 1912.

He was one of the co-founders of the short-lived Nationalist Party () created in Albania in 1914, together with Hil Mosi, Sabri Qyteza, Kostandin Boshnjaku, Ceno Sharra, etc. Curri put himself in service of Prince Wied and defended Durrës from the Islamic Rebels during 1914. He was in charge of around 400 men.

On 17 April 1917, he would participate as a representative of the Krasniqi tribe and Vice-Prefect of the Prefecture of Kosovo in the Albanian delegation of 33 people that visited Vienna, including Hasan Prishtina, Ahmet Zogu, and Dom Nikollë Kaçorri.

Curri was very active during the years of the Committee of Kosovo. As a main member he was selected to represent the Committee in the Congress of Lushnje of 1920. Eshtref Frashëri was elected to represent the committee, while Hysni Curri and Xhemal Prishtina represented the Prefecture of Kosovo (Has-Tropojë) and the Irredentist Kosovo. Curri could not attend because he broke his arm the night before the event.

In 1920, after the Congress of Lushnje, together with Bajram Curri he assisted the forces of Ahmet Zogu (then Minister of Interior) to get rid of Essadist supporters that had remained in central and north-eastern Albania.

In the years to come, the coordination between the official Tirana politics with the Serbian one created an unfavorable situation for the Committee of Kosovo. The Ministry of Interior in Tirana issued a note on 9 January 1923 to the Serbian authorities stating that "if the kachaks entered the neutral zone, the Serbian army could pursue them even there". On these conditions, Prishtina and Curri sought support from the Albanian Émigré in Italy and Austria, as well as from Italian and Austrian governments. On 27 August 1923, a group of 27 activists traveled down to Shëngjin, then by boat to Italy and later to Austria. Later, Hasan Prishtina would notify Bajram Curri via telegram for 20,000 rifles and 12 cannons which were promised to be delivered for the guerrillas.

Curri died in Vienna in 1925. He was buried in Zentralfriedhof cemetery.

See also
Isa Boletini
Azem Galica

References

Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Kosovo Albanians
20th-century Albanian military personnel
1925 deaths
Military personnel from Gjakova
Albanian revolutionaries
Albanian politicians
Kosovan soldiers
Year of birth missing
20th-century Albanian people
Second Congress of Manastir delegates
Politicians from Gjakova


title: Paquita Escribano

text:
Paquita Escribano (Zaragoza, 1880 - Valencia, 1970) was a popular Spanish singer. A cupletista and tonadillera, she recorded 39 albums. Among her most popular songs were Ven y ven (La mejicana), El polichinela, El apache moderno, La mariposa, Tirana del Tripilí, La foot-balista, Mimosa, ¿Solo o con leche?, La cucaracha, Zulina, la esclava, Bella samaritana and La guitarra agarena. She retired to Valencia with her husband where she died in 1970.

Biography
Escribano was a Spanish tonadillera, a magnified and glorified vaudeville singer. Her single act constituted the entire performance, and featured the Spanish song type known as Cuplé. Characterized as being "one of the best of the type", she did not take well in some parts of South America. She was considered as unusually handsome with black hair and dark eyes.

References

External links

1880 births
1970 deaths
Musicians from Zaragoza
Singers from Aragon
Spanish musical theatre actresses
Cabaret singers
Cupletistas
Tonadilleras
20th-century Spanish women singers
20th-century Spanish singers


title: Swansea The Mount railway station

text:
The Mount, which was located in Swansea on the Oystermouth Railway and which first opened to passengers in 1807, was the world's first recorded railway station. It was the point on the railway at which Benjamin French commenced to pick up passengers for the journey to Oystermouth (also known as Mumbles) on or after 25 March 1807. The station's physical form is not known, and it is unlikely that any special facilities (e.g. platforms, booking office, etc.) were provided, but its location was close to the later site of the Royal Institution of South Wales (Swansea Museum).

History

In 1804 the British Parliament approved the laying of a railway line between Swansea and Oystermouth in South Wales, for transportation of quarried materials to and from the Swansea Canal and the harbour at the mouth of the River Tawe and in the autumn of that year the first tracks were laid.  At this stage, the railway was known as the Oystermouth Railway and controlled by the Committee of the Company of Proprietors of the Oystermouth Railway or Tramroad Company, which included many prominent citizens of Swansea, including the copper and coal magnate John Morris (later Sir John Morris, Bart.).  In later years it became known as the Swansea and Mumbles Railway.

There was no road link between Swansea and Oystermouth at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the original purpose of the railway was to transport coal, iron ore and limestone.  Construction seems to have been completed in 1806 and operations began without formal ceremony, using horse-drawn vehicles.  As constructed, the line ran from the Brewery Bank adjacent to the Swansea Canal in Swansea, around the wide sweep of Swansea Bay to a terminus at Castle Hill (near the present-day Clements Quarry) in the tiny isolated fishing village of Oystermouth.

In February 1807, approval was given to carry passengers along the line, when one of the original proprietors, Benjamin French, offered to pay the company the sum of twenty pounds in lieu of tolls for the right to do so for twelve months from 25 March 1807. This is usually cited as the date when the first regular service carrying passengers between Swansea and Oystermouth began, thus giving the railway the claim of being the first passenger railway in the world. Passenger services operated from The Mount, the world's first recorded railway station.

References

Disused railway stations in Swansea
1807 establishments in the United Kingdom


The 2013–14 Colorado State Rams women's basketball team represents Colorado State University in the 2013–14 college basketball season. The Rams, led by second year head coach Ryun Williams. The Rams played their home games at the Moby Arena and were members of the Mountain West Conference. They finish the season 25–8, 15–3 in Mountain West play to win the regular season championship. They advance to the championship game of the Mountain West Conference women's basketball tournament where they lost to Fresno State. As regular season champions who failed to win their conference tournament, they received an automatic big to the Women's National Invitation Tournament where they lost in the first round to Southern Utah.

Roster

Schedule

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!colspan=9| Exhibition

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!colspan=9| Regular Season

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!colspan=9| 2014 Mountain West Conference women's basketball tournament

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!colspan=9| 2014 WNIT

See also
2013–14 Colorado State Rams men's basketball team

References

Colorado State
Colorado State Rams women's basketball seasons
2014 Women's National Invitation Tournament participants
Colorado State Rams
Colorado State Rams


title: Rekkit Rabbit

text:
Rekkit Rabbit (known as Rekkit in France) is a French animated television series created by David Michel and was produced by Marathon Media in co-production with Disney XD for the first season and Zodiak Kids for the second, in association with TF1. It premiered on March 11, 2011, in France on TF1.

Episodes

Season 1 (2011-12)
 The Arrival
 Hare Ball
 Shepherd of Hamsters
 The Moustache
 Convict Furniture
 Udder Chaos
 Crayfish Boy
 A Spy in the Ointment
 Rekkit Sings
 The Invitation
 Cool Fool
 Head Ache
 Cabbage Heads
 Fate In Action
 Rabbit Test

Season 2 (2011)
 Harem Scarem
 Long Days Journey Into Nothing
 Little Mister Potato Guy
 Airheads
 MMM Butterfly
 Photo Finished
 Sell It Rekkit
 The Twins Save Rekkit
 Tale of the Missing Tail
 Rabbits Prefer Gentlemen
 Carpet Ninjas
 Fuzzy Was He
 Revenge of the Kitty Cat

Season 3 (2013)
 Don't Upset The Yeti
 Mind Reader
 Breaking Rules Are For Fools
 Boy Ahoy
 Tortoise and Harebrained
 Abraca-Oh No!
 Fast and Injurious
 See You in My Dreams
 Rekkit has a Secret
 Cooking Magic
 The One Where Bill Gets Rekkit for a While
 InvisiBob
 Smelly Jay

References

2010s French animated television series
2011 French television series debuts
French children's animated comedy television series
TF1 original programming
Disney XD original programming
Television series by Banijay
Animated television series about rabbits and hares
Anime-influenced Western animated television series


title: Jamia Al-Karam

text:
Jamia Al-Karam, () is an Islamic institution Islamic Studies College located in Eaton in 30-acre premises. The Darul Uloom is managed by Muhammad Imdad Hussain Pirzada.

History
In 1995, Jamia Al-Karam moved to its current location in Retford, Nottinghamshire, where its founder Shaykh Pirzada launched a new project, the Al-Karam Secondary School. This was a boarding school providing education up to GCSE level. The school had maintained level of education and results in a very fees which is affordable to many.

It imparts teaching of English, Maths and Science. In addition to providing the subjects of Arabic Language, Islamic Studies, and Urdu.

The institute has produced over 400 British Islamic scholars of whom 40 have further graduated from Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt. The relationship between the two institutions goes back to 1951 when Justice Shaykh Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari, after who Jamia Al-Karam is named, began his studies at Al-Azhar University under the tutelage of the great scholars of Al-Azhar including Ahmad Zaki, Mustafa Shibli and Muhammad Abu Zahra.

On Sunday 15 May 2011, the United Kingdom Branch of the World Association for Al-Azhar Graduates (WAAG) and the Al-Azhar Contact Office in Great Britain was inaugurated at Jamia Al-Karam. This was attended by Timothy Winter from the University of Cambridge and Cambridge Muslim College, Nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed, Fayyaz Gafoor (COO, ARY Network) among others.

Gul Muhammed, Imam and Senior lecturer at Jamia al Karam, appealed ISIS to release British hostage Alan Henning and urged the militants to not commit the 'worst condemnable sin' against Islam.

Methodology
As per the vision of its founder it was founded to cater for the educational and social needs of British Muslims.

Jamia Al-Karam teaches Dars-e-Nizami course which is affiliated to the oldest seat of Islamic learning, Al-Azhar University. It has gained affiliation with the University of Al-Azhar, and graduates of Jamia Al-Karam are offered admission into the third year of the Al-Azhar University's BA degree courses. It has produced more than 60 Islamic scholars.

The institute manages an Al-Karam Nashid Group which performs Islamic songs on various occasions including at the time of Mawlid celebrations.

It serves as a center for dialogue between various communities. Robert Jenrick, British Conservative Party politician and Member of Parliament (MP) for Newark, visited Jamia Al Karam and appreciated the efforts of its founder.

See also
List of Islamic educational institutions
Cambridge Muslim College
Listed buildings in Eaton, Nottinghamshire

References

Educational institutions established in 1985
Boys' schools in Nottinghamshire
Islamic schools in England
1985 establishments in England
Barelvi Islamic universities and colleges


title: El diario de Mariana

text:
El diario de Mariana ( And Also Known As Stylelized DDM Since 2015) is an Argentine talk show, hosted by Mariana Fabbiani. It was aired by El Trece. It was released to be premiere On May 20, 2013 to Concluded On December 30, 2019. A Four Years Later It Was Survived Aired By América TV Which Was Released To Be Premiere On July 17, 2023

Argentine television talk shows
2013 Argentine television series debuts