title: Lafarge (company)

text:
Lafarge is a French industrial company specialising in cement, construction aggregates, and concrete. It is the world's largest cement manufacturer. It was founded in 1833 by Joseph-Auguste Pavin de Lafarge and is a part of the Holcim Group.

In 2015, Lafarge merged with Holcim and a new company was formed under the name of LafargeHolcim. It was renamed to Holcim Group in 2021.

Lafarge was convicted of financing terrorism and complicity in crimes against humanity by the US Department of Justice for paying $5.92 million to the terrorist groups ISIS and al-Nusra Front between 2013 and 2014 to keep its cement plant in Syria operating.

History

Foundation and development
Lafarge was founded in 1833 by  Joseph-Auguste Pavin de Lafarge in Le Teil, France (Ardèche), to exploit the limestone quarry in Mont Saint-Victor between Le Teil and Viviers. The limestone is white and argillaceous, and yielded an eminently hydraulic lime. In 1864 Lafarge signed its first international contract for the delivery of 110,000 tonnes of lime to the Suez Canal construction project.

During the Second World War, Lafarge provided the Nazi regime with concrete for the French part of the Atlantic Wall.  This maintained activity permitted the company to transition rapidly to the period of post-war reconstruction.

In 1980 Lafarge joined with the Belgian coal, coke and fertilizer company Coppée to become SA Lafarge Coppée.

Lafarge purchased a plant from the National Gypsum in early 1987. Ten years later, it bought Redland plc, a British quarry operator.

In 1999, Lafarge acquired a 100% shareholding in Hima Cement Limited, the second-largest cement manufacturer in Uganda, with an installed capacity of 850,000 metric tonnes annually, as of January 2011. That same year, Lafarge entered the Indian market through its cement business, with the acquisition of Tata Steel's cement activity. This acquisition was followed by the purchase of the Raymond Cement facility in 2001. In 2001, Lafarge, then the world's second largest cement manufacturer, acquired Blue Circle Industries (BCI), a British company which at the time was the world's sixth largest cement manufacturer, to become the world's largest cement manufacturer.

In 2006, Lafarge North America shareholders accepted a $3 billion tender offer from Lafarge Group which gave the parent company full control over the North American business, removing LNA from the New York Stock Exchange. Previously the group had owned 53% of LNA shares.

In 2007, it divested its roofing division, selling it to a private equity group in a deal that resulted in Lafarge retaining a 35% equity stake.

In December 2007, Lafarge announced the purchase of the Orascom Cement Group, an Egyptian-based cement producer with operations across Africa and the Middle East, from Orascom Construction Industries (OCI).

On 15 May 2008 Lafarge acquired Larsen & Toubro Ready Mix-Concrete (RMC) business in India for $349 million.

In 2009, Lafarge sells Canadian precast concrete company, Pre-Con to Armtec Infrastructure Income Fund.

In 2010, Lafarge strengthened its presence in Brazil (an agreement with Lafarge and STRABAG to create a common company in Cement in Central Europe).

In 2011, Lafarge SA announced it would build a cement plant in Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia with an investment of up to Rp 5 trillion ($585 million).

In 2011 Lafarge sold to Boral its stake in their common Asian Gypsum joint-venture LBGA (Lafarge Boral Gypsum Asia).

Lafarge launched three plants in Hungary, Syria and Nigeria and created a joint venture with Anglo American in the United Kingdom.

The group sold most of its European, South American, Asian and Australian gypsum operations.

In September 2013, Lafarge agreed to the sale of its 53.3 percent stake in its Honduras subsidiary Lafarge Cementos SA de CV to Cementos Argos for €232m.

In 2018, the Lafarge Cement plant located south of Kobanî, Syria was being used as a base of operations by 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment and United States Army forces.

The company is active in Greece through the full ownership of Heracles General Cement, since 1991.

Merger with Holcim
On 7 April 2014, Lafarge and Holcim announced they had agreed to terms on a "merger of equals". The exchange ratio will be based on 9 Holcim shares for 10 Lafarge shares. The new company would be based in Switzerland and have a manufacturing capacity of 427 million tons a year would vastly exceed the 227 million ton capacity Anhui Conch. Lafarge CEO Bruno Lafont and Holcim Chairman Wolfgang Reitzle became co-chairmen of the new group. Eric Olsen, then Lafarge's Executive Vice-president in charge of Operations, became the CEO of the new group. Executives from both companies said the deal would save the new company 1.4 billion euros (US$1.9 billion) annually and create "the most advanced group in the building materials industry."

The deal faced significant regulatory obstacles, as 15 different jurisdictions could have potentially raised objections. The cement market in Europe is tightly consolidated and antitrust scrutiny of deals has been commonplace since the 1970s.  To meet regulatory concerns, Holcim and Lafarge planned to sell or spinoff assets that generated about 5 billion euros (US$6.9 billion) of revenue in 2013 in areas of large overlap between the two companies. Lafont said the merger was aimed at rebalancing operations, not cutting costs.  He said overlapping businesses would be sold, not closed, so industry job losses would be minimal.

Industry analysts said the deal would combine Holcim's marketing strength with Lafarge's edge in innovation, while providing significant cost savings, but cautioned "the road to merger clearance will be a long, complex and uncertain one."  Others said the deal could lead to further mergers within the industry and give competitors a chance to pick up assets at a bargain price.  Most analysts surveyed by Reuters felt the merger would be approved in the end.

The acquisition would turn it into the world's third-biggest building materials supplier. Analysts said that although it was broadly anticipated by the market. "The additional assets expand the company’s footprint in Eastern Europe and into Brazil and the Philippines. Given the well flagged nature of the deal, however, these benefits are largely reflected in the price at current levels," Alan Breen of Cantor Fitzgerald Ireland said.

On 10 July 2015, Lafarge merged with Holcim. On 15 July 2015, the new company was officially launched around the globe under the name of LafargeHolcim, which was later renamed as the Holcim Group on 8 July 2021.

Controversies

Terrorist financing and complicity in crimes against humanity

In June 2016, France opened an inquiry into the activities of Lafarge in Syria. The inquiry followed reports by French journalist Dorothée Myriam Kellou, published by Le Monde and France 24, which uncovered deals Lafarge made with an array of armed groups, including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant terrorist group, in order to keep its cement plant in Syria operating. ISIL captured the plant on 19 September 2014. In 2017 LafargeHolcim executives were investigated for these claims in the civil and criminal courts.

Lafarge sought to have the claims dismissed, arguing that the payments were intended to allow Lafarge to continue commercial activities, not to support ISIS, and that the company and its executives could not be held accountable for actions undertaken by its Syrian subsidiary. Initially, the Paris Court of Appeals agreed with Lafarge.

On 7 September 2021, the French Supreme Court confirmed charges of financing terrorism and endangering employees' lives. The Supreme Court (Cour de cassation) quashed the Court of Appeal ruling, determining that there was sufficient evidence, including minutes from Lafarge meetings, for the investigative judge to find Lafarge had "precise knowledge" of the nature of ISIS's activities. In the decision, the Supreme Court explained that "crimes against humanity are the most serious of crimes because beyond the attack on the individual, which it transcends, it targets and denies humanity." It found that for a conviction on complicity in crimes against humanity, Lafarge did not need to be a part of ISIS but "It is sufficient that [the accused] has knowledge that the main perpetrators are committing or are about to commit such a crime against humanity and that by his aid or assistance, he facilitates the preparation or the commission thereof." The Court concluded that "the knowing payment of a sum of several million dollars to an organization whose object is only criminal is sufficient to characterize complicity by aiding and abetting." The Supreme Court referred the matter back to the Court of Appeal.

On 18 May 2022, the Investigative Chamber of the Paris Court of Appeals rejected a request by Lafarge to dismiss charges of complicity in crimes against humanity and endangering lives. In confirming the charges, the Court of Appeal judges found that "although informed that the actions of ISIS could constitute crimes against humanity, Lafarge, which could have put an end to the activities of LCS by asking it to close the plant, decided instead to continue this activity … even if it meant paying several million dollars to its groups".

In a statement, the company said it strongly disagreed with the Court of Appeal's decision to retain complicity in crimes against humanity within the scope of an investigation and said it would appeal the decision to France's Supreme Court.

On 17 October 2022, the United States Department of Justice reached a $777.8 million criminal plea agreement with Lafarge in the case. Executives with Lafarge agreed to the deal after paying $5.92 million to Islamic State and al-Nusra Front leaders and urging them to help the company keep its production facilities running, according to a company spokesman and law enforcement official.

Environmental problems

Mercury emissions in New York
On 11 July 2008, the Albany Times Union reported that Lafarge's Ravena, New York plant "was the greatest source of mercury emissions in New York from 2004 to 2006" According to the story, plans had been made to upgrade the plant to reduce the mercury emissions. A second story published the following day, stated that the factory had emitted 400 pounds (181 kg) of mercury annually from 2004 to 2006.

In November 2010 Lafarge opposed new Environmental Protection Agency regulations in the United States that required mercury-emissions reductions at cement plants. Preliminary data published by the EPA for the year 2009 showed 145 pounds of mercury were recorded for the Ravena plant (total on- and off-site disposals). The plant has continued to perform within permitted limits.

In July 2013, the New York State Department of Health, in partnership with the federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, completed a public health assessment for communities near the Lafarge Cement Plant in Ravena, New York. Major findings and results from the NYS DOH Lafarge Cement Plant Health Assessment included:
Breathing the ground-level air concentrations of metals (e.g., mercury), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, carbon monoxide, lead, particulate matter, dioxins, furans, hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds and ammonia released in cement kiln stack emissions is not expected to harm people's health.
For the general public, breathing ground-level air concentrations of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen dioxide released in the kiln stack emissions is not expected to harm people's health.
Touching, breathing or accidentally eating dust that originated from the Ravena cement plant and other sources is not expected to harm the health of people who reside, work, or attend school in the community.
Current health status of the communities near the cement plant is similar to the health status of other areas in the region and state.
On 23 July 2013, under an agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Department of Justice and the state of New York, Lafarge North America Inc. agreed to fund $1.5 million in projects to reduce air pollution in the community surrounding its Ravena, New York cement plant. The agreement also amends a March 2010 consent decree that the federal Environmental Protection Agency, New York and 11 other states entered into with Lafarge requiring the company to limit pollutant emissions from its 13 plants nationwide.

Under the agreement, Lafarge North America would adhere to an updated schedule that provides Lafarge an additional 18 months to finish construction of a new modernized facility by 1 July 2016. At that time, the existing Ravena plant would be taken offline.

Lafarge's $300 million upgrade to its Ravena plant included a new, German-designed dry-process cement kiln to replace two 50-year-old wet-process kilns. The new kiln was to use less coal and emit fewer pollutants, including a 66% reduction in mercury emissions, while increasing production capacity. It will also take less water from the Hudson River, getting most of its water from the nearby limestone quarry that feeds the plant.

Details of the agreement include that Lafarge North America will:
Invest $1.5 million in projects benefiting the local environment;
Make additional improvements to the environmental infrastructure at the existing Ravena plant;
Adopt new, stricter emission limits for SO2 and mercury; and
Set a strict, new timetable to complete the Ravena plant modernization project.

Canadian watersheds
In July 2019, the company filed a request for a permit with the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks to increase the amount of water it moves from its gravel pits near Guelph in Wellington County, Ontario, Canada into the local watershed. According to a news report, "If it’s approved, the company would be permitted to take up to 27.7 million litres of water a day — more than half of the city’s average daily demand of 47 million litres" but a City of Guelph report stated that it would "add a groundwater water-taking of 21,718 m3/day to the existing permit". The company was already permitted to take just over six million litres per day. According to a Lafarge spokesperson, the company's plan was actually to move the water from the quarry and pump into nearby wetlands or the Speed River, not to take water from the area. The Wellington Water Watchers advocacy group expressed concern about how the discharged water might affect aquatic ecosystems downstream and believed that a full environmental review was necessary before the request for the permit should be allowed. "With climate change, there's all kinds of uncertainties that come into our long-term water security issues and we can no longer afford to play fast and loose with that", said the group's chair Robert Case.

Board of directors
The board of directors of Lafarge has 15 members appointed by the annual shareholders' meeting for a period of four years:
 Chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer: Bruno Lafont
 Vice-chairman of the Board of Directors: Oscar Fanjul
 Directors: Philippe Charrier, Juan Gallardo, Ian Gallienne, Mina Gerowin, Jérôme Guiraud, Luc Jeanneney, Gérard Lamarche, Hélène Ploix, Baudouin Prot, Christine Ramon, Michel Rollier, Ewald Simandl, Véronique Weill.
 Honorary Chairmen: Bertrand P. Collomb and Bruno Lafont

Former members of the Board:
Guilherme Frering, Raphaël de Lafarge, Michael Blakenham, Jean-Pierre Boisivon, Alain Joly, Bernard Kasriel, Jacques Lefèvre, Eric de Waubert de Genlis, Michel Pébereau, Pierre de Lafarge, Gérald Frère, Michel Bon, Thierry de Rudder, Colette Lewiner, Philippe Dauman, Paul Desmarais (fils), Nassef Sawiris, Hillary Clinton, .

Financial data
The following is a summary of data:

By 29 February 2016 the company had a share value of 17.292 billion euros, distributed in 288,383,057 shares.

Nature reserves
Lafarge owns several nature reserves. An example of this is Brandon Marsh, in the UK, which is on an old quarry and an existing quarry is next door to it. Another example is the LaCouronne plant in France. It was never quarried but Lafarge bought some land and began to convert it into a  nature reserve. Other nature reserves are Eardington Nature Reserve; Shropshire (UK), Medway Nature Reserve; Kent (UK)  and NWT Besthorpe Nature Reserve; Trent Vale (UK).

References

Manufacturing companies established in 1833
Cement companies
Cement companies of France
French companies established in 1833
Manufacturing companies based in Paris
1833 establishments in France
French brands
Holcim Group
Companies formerly listed on the Paris Bourse
Building materials companies of France
2015 mergers and acquisitions


title: Monica Youngblood

text:
Monica Christina Youngblood is an American politician and a former member of the New Mexico House of Representatives. She represented District 68 (northwest Albuquerque) from January 15, 2013 to January 15, 2019.

During her three terms in the state legislature, she was known for being tough on crime, sponsoring legislation to bring back the death penalty and supporting tougher penalties for people suspected of driving under the influence.

Elections
2012 Youngblood ran for the New Mexico House of Representatives: District 68. A seat that incumbent Democratic State Representative Thomas Garcia left open to run for the New Mexico Senate. Youngblood ran in the four-way June 5, 2012 Republican primary and won with 763 votes, (44.7%). Then won the November 6, 2012 general election with 6,908 votes (55%) against Democratic nominee Eloise Gift.
On November 6, 2018, Youngblood lost re-election to Democratic challenger Karen Bash.

Monica Youngblood was arrested on May 20, 2018 at a sobriety checkpoint under suspicion of driving under the influence. According to police, Youngblood smelled of alcohol and her speech was slurred. She was placed under arrest after performing poorly on field sobriety tests and refusing to take a breathalyzer test.

As a legislator, she had been a vocal supporter of harsher DUI penalties. She also introduced legislation to bring Lyft and Uber to New Mexico, due to the drunk driving problem in the state.

Youngblood maintained her innocence and requested a jury trial, which was denied by the judge. After a bench trial which lasted nearly four hours, she was found guilty of aggravated drunken driving. She was represented in court by Paul Kennedy, a former justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court. She was sentenced to the mandatory minimum of 48 hours in jail (with credit for one day served), in addition to one year of probation, mandatory use of an ignition interlock for one year, attendance at DUI school, completion of 24 hours of community service and payment of court costs and fees.

References

External links
Official page at the New Mexico Legislature
Campaign site

Monica Youngblood at Ballotpedia
Monica C. Youngblood at OpenSecrets

Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Republican Party members of the New Mexico House of Representatives
Politicians from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Women state legislators in New Mexico
Hispanic and Latino American women in politics
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
New Mexico politicians convicted of crimes


title: Roger Craig Vogel

text:
Roger Craig Vogel (born July 6, 1947) is an American composer of contemporary classical music and a music educator.

Life
The oldest of two children, Vogel was born in Cleveland, Ohio and graduated in 1965 from Lincoln High School in Cleveland Ohio. He studied music theory and composition at the Ohio State University in Columbus (Ohio) and earned the degrees of Bachelor of Music in composition in 1971, Master of Music in music theory in 1973, and in 1975 he was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy in music theory. His teachers included Marshall Barnes, Jay Huff, Norman Phelps, and Wolf Rosenberg. Although his graduate major was music theory, he was awarded first prize in the Delta Omicron Composition Contest in 1973 and 1974. Also, his original composition Obstreperous Sonority Number 2a for string orchestra won the student concerto competition in 1973, and the following year his work Encounter Number One for large orchestral also won the competition.

In 1976, he joined the faculty of the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia as an assistant professor and taught both music theory and composition. He became associate professor in 1982, and full professor in 1996. He has been  professor emeritus since 2012.

As a composer he has written and published more than 110 works for a variety of ensembles with such firms as the American Composers Alliance, Brixton Publications, Wiltshire Music Company, Hal Leonard Corporation, Jon Ross Music, LLC, and seven other publishers. His music has received favorable reviews in the Journal of Singing, Fanfare (magazine), American Choral Directors Association The Choral Journal, NACWPI JOURNAL, The Saxophone Symposium, and numerous other publications. In addition, he has been an active member of the Southeastern Composers League.

Awards
Vogel's awards include prizes from the Roger Wagner Choral Composition Competition, the National Saxophone Workshop Composition Contest, the National Flute Association, and the Delius Composition Competition. In 2011 he received the University of Georgia Albert Christ Janer Award. He has received commissions from the Georgia Music Teachers Association, the University of Georgia, Sigma Alpha Iota Professional Women's Music Fraternity, Phi Mu Alpha Professional Men's Music Fraternity, the Helios Duo, he Fellowship of Reason, the Athens Master Chorale, the Medical College of Georgia, the Georgia 'Cello Society, the Chattanooga Clarinet Choir and the Bass Club of Georgia. His works have been performed in recitals, and at conventions and festivals, throughout the United States, South America, Europe, and in Asia. Noted American composer Samuel Adler has said of Vogel, "Vogel is a fine composer. His music is very solid . . . and the work of someone who feels deeply every note. I consider his works a fine contribution to the body of American music, and with it he has established himself as a composer with a good reputation throughout this country."

Compositions

Orchestral music
 1973-74 Three Sonorities,  for string orchestra
 1974 Encounter, for large orchestra
 1980 Concerto, for horn and string orchestra

Music for band
 1982 Allusions to Hollywood, for high school band
 1991 Concerto, for alto saxophone and winds
 1993 Ceremonial March,  for band
 1997 Fanfares and Flourishes, for three antiphonal brass quintets
 2000 Flat Rock March, for middle school band
 2001 Autumn Song, for middle school band
 2004 Edenwood, for high school band
 2005 Concerto, for trumpet and band
 2010 Music Becomes Me for solo voice, solo flute, and wind ensemble
 2013 Jammin' Junkyard Dawgs for Jazz Studio Orchestra

Dramatic works
 2009 Lysistrata, a chamber opera in one act after Aristophones.
 2011 Things Fall Apart, based on the novel by Chinua Achebe, for bass voice, flute, piano, and hand drums

Choral music
 1986 Karma, for mixed chorus
 1986 My Secret Love, for women's chorus (SSA)
 1986 Psalm 100, for mixed chorus
 1986 The Nature of the Cat, for women's chorus (SSA) and piano
 1992-96 Cats and Bats and Things With Wings, for mixed chorus and piano
 The Cat
 The Frog
 The Owl (SSAA)
 The Crab (TTBB)
 The Grasshopper
 The Bat
 1993 We Are the Music Makers, for women's chorus (SSAA), two flutes, and piano.
 1999 Canticle of Reason, for mixed chorus
 2003 Winter Song, for mixed chorus, two flutes, and piano
 2016 Christmas Long Ago for mixed chorus and piano

Vocal music
 1986 It is Best Not to Be Born, for baritone, and piano
 1986 When She Went Alone, for soprano, and piano
 1989 One Flesh, for medium voice, soprano saxophone, and piano
 1991 In Darkness, for high voice, alto saxophone, and piano
 1993 The Devil's Songbook, for medium voice, bassoon (or cello, or double bass), and piano
 Of Politicians
 Of Attorneys
 Of Businessmen
 Of the Media
 Of Critics and Music
 Of Virtue
 Of Vanity
 Of Celebration
 1998 Eine Kleine Snailmusik, for high voice, trumpet, cello, and piano
 2000 The Frog, He Fly ... Almost, for high voice and trumpet (or clarinet, or flute)
 2002 Burma Shave Songs, for men's chorus, alto saxophone and piano
 Grandpa's Beard
 No Lady Likes to Dance
 The Bearded Devil (TTBB en piano)
 The Wolf and Riding Hood
 The Midnight Ride
 Within This Vale (TTBB a capella )
 Bargain Hunters Gather 'Round
 2002 The Distances They Keep, for two high voices, flute, and piano
 2006 Love Letters,  for high voice, violin and piano
 Your Letter Moved Me
 I Lie Awake
 Dear Miss West 47th Street
 My Dearest Nell (voice and piano)
 The French Ladies
 My Darling, Dear, Delightful Ringo
 Have You Heard That I Love You (voice and violin)
 Alas! I Have Suffered Your Scorn
 Everything Measurable Passes
 Interlude (violin and piano)
 Adieu, I Seal My Letter
 2015 Take Time for medium voice and marimba.
 Take Time.
 Open Your Heart.
 Toot Not Your Horn Too Much.
 Cancelled Because of Snow.
 Flowers.
 2015 Fragments of Your Ancient Name for medium voice and flute.
 Morning Star.
 Krishna.
 Door.
 Ocean of Joy.
 Lord of the Dance
 2016 Christmas Long Ago for voice and flute choir

Chamber music
 1977 Divertimento, for saxophone ensemble (ssaaaattbbb)
 1977 Suite in G, for oboe and bassoon
 1978 Temporal Landscape Number 1, for tuba and piano
 1979 Divertimento, for wind quintet
 1979 Temporal Landscape Number 2, for flute, percussion, and piano
 1980 Temporal Landscape Number 4, for tuba and piano
 1981 Quartet, for Saxophones (SATB of AATB)
 1981 Satanic Dance, for wind quintet
 1981 Temporal Landscape Number 5, for alto saxophone and piano
 1986 Sonata, for viola and piano
 1986 Trio, for violin, cello and piano
 1987 Metamorphoses, for trombone and piano
 1987 Temporal Landscape Number 6, for trumpet and percussion
 1993 Fantasy, for cello orchestra
 1993 Sometimes Lyric Suite, for bassoon and piano
 1993 Sonata, for alto saxophone and piano
 1995 Duo Concertante, for double bass and piano
 1995 Exultations, for flute quartet
 1995 Night Winds, for wind quintet and alto saxophone
 1995 Sirens, for flute duet (C and alto, or two C)
 1996 Oboe, for medium voice and oboe
 1996 Winter Sun, for flute and guitar
 1997 Twin Moons, for flute and clarinet
 1997 Voyages, for trumpet and percussionist
 1998 Cornucopia, for multiple horns
 2000 Mythic Quest, for flute and soprano saxophone (or clarinet)
 2001 Twilight Reflections, for flute and guitar
 2004 Eulogy, Aria, and Incantation, for contrabass and piano
 2004 Illuminations in Brass, for solo trumpet and trumpet sextet
 2005 Declarations, for double bass quartet (or euphonium-tuba quartet)
 2005 Excursions, for flute and piano
 2005 First Light, or oboe and piano
 2005 Night Songs, for violin (or flute) and piano
 2007 Odyssey, for viola and piano
 2009 Cascades for brass quintet.
 2010 Canticles for clarinet, cello, and piano
 2011 Pas de deux for flute and trombone (or flute and bassoon)
 2011 Solar Lights for trombone and bass trombone
 2012 Two to Tango for clarinet and horn
 2012  Five Sketches for violin and viola
 2013 Bonbons for three flutes
 2013 Stepping Out for tenor and bass trombone
 2013 On The Wing for violin, alto saxophone, and piano
 2013 Night Moves for trumpet and piano
 2014 Cityscapes for clarinet choir
 2017 Roman Festivals for flute choir.
 2017 Night Moves for trumpet and piano.
 2018 Journeys for flute and string quartet.
 2018 Six Dialogues for flute and horn.
 2018 On the Wing for violin, alto saxophone, and piano.

Works for keyboard
 1986 Ecologue for piano
 1986 Sonata for piano
 1986 Fantasy for harpsichord
 1988 Suite for piano
 1990 Sonata Number Two for piano
 2006 Moment for piano
 2011 Five Preludes for piano

Music for percussion
 1980 Temporal Landscape Number 3, for percussion ensemble (six players)

Music for solo instruments
 1977 Partita for Saxophone
 1977 Partita for Flute
 1978 Partita for Horn
 1978 Partita for Clarinet
 1993 Fantasy for Solo Violin
 1996 The Guitarist's Day for guitar
 1999 Oracle for alto flute
 2009 Soliloquy for soprano saxophone (or sopranino saxophone)
 2011 Six Cameos for bassoon
 2013 Outings for bass trombone
 2013 Moment for cello
 2015 Taking Flight for vibraphone.

Discography
Cats and Bats and Things With Wings, a Centaur Records compact disc (CRC2488) contains:
Fanfares and Flourishes
 Sonata Number Two for Piano
 Fantasy for solo violin
 Twin Moons for flute and clarinet
 One Flesh
 The Frog, He Fly. . . Almost
Cats and Bats and Things With Wings
 Love Letters, an Oasis compact disk (ORCV4000) available from CDBaby contains:
Love Letters
The Distances They Keep
In Darkness
Things Fall Apart, an Albany Records compact disc (TROY 1409) contains:
Things Fall Apart
"Of Celebration" from The Devil's Songbook, appears on the ACA compact disc "Songs With a Touch of Bass" (CM20030).
Voyages appears on the ACA compact disc "Music for Trumpet and Percussion" (CM20042).
Temporal Landscape Number Six appears on the ACA compact disc "Music for Trumpet and Percussion" (CM20042).
Kine Kleine Snailmusik appears on the Musicians Showcase compact disk "Trumpet in the Winds" (MS 1020).
The Frog, He Fly. . . Almost appears on the Musicians Showcase compact disk "Trumpet in the Winds" (MS 1020)
Fantasy for solo violin appears on the ART Classics compact disk "From Bach to Schnittke" (ART059)
Winter Winds appears on an ACA compact disc entitled "Sunlight and Shadows" (CM20085)
Concerto for Trumpet and Winds appears on a Summit Education Compact Disk entitled American Influences (DCD 454)
Soliloquy for solo soprano saxophone appears on a Centaur compact disk entitled High Notes: New Music for the Sopranino Saxophone (CRC 3142)
Pas de Deux for flute and trombone appears on Out of Bounds, an Aliud Records CD. (ACD BR 078–2).
One Flesh for voice, soprano saxophone, and piano appears on The Chanting Saxophone, a HOVE CD. (SHL001).

References

Bibliography
 Henk Lambooij and Michael Feves. A Cellist's Companion: A Comprehensive Catalogue of Cello Literature. Netherlands: Stichting The Cellist's Companion, 2007.
 Winston Morris and Daniel Perantoni: Guide to the Tuba Repertoire: The New Tuba Source Book.  Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
 Barbera Secrist-Schmedes. Wind Chamber Music: for Two to Sixteen Winds : An Annotated Guide. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2002.
 Wolfgang Suppan, Armin Suppan: Das Neue Lexikon des Blasmusikwesens, 4. Auflage, Freiburg-Tiengen, Blasmusikverlag Schulz GmbH, 1994.
 Secular Choral Music in Print: Master Index. Philadelphia: Musicdata, Inc., 1993.
Frances Bedford. Harpsichord and Clavichord Music of the Twentieth Century. Berkeley: Fallen Leaf Press, 1993.
 Thomas Siwe. Percussion Ensemble & Solo Literature. Champaign, IL: Media Press, 1993.
 Victor Rangel-Ribeiro and Robert Markel. Chamber Music: An International Guide to Works and Their Instrumentation. New York: Facts on File, 1993.
 Paul E. Bierley, William H. Rehrig: The Heritage Encyclopedia of Band Music : Composers and Their Music, Westerville, Ohio: Integrity Press, 1991.
 David M. Cummings, Dennis K. McIntire: International Who's Who in Music and Musician's Directory - (in the Classical and Light Classical Fields). Twelfth edition 1990/91, Cambridge, England: International Who's Who in Music, 1991.
 Jean Marie Londeix: Musique pour saxophone, volume II : répertoire général des oeuvres et des ouvrages d' enseignement pour le saxophone. Cherry Hill: Roncorp Publications, 1985
 Jaques Cattell Press: Who's Who in American Music : Classical, First edition. New York: R. R. Bowker, 1983.
 E. Ruth Anderson: Contemporary American composers - A Biographical Dictionary, Second edition. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1982.

External links

Brixton Publications
American Composers Alliance
Wiltshire Music Company
J. W. Pepper

1947 births
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century classical composers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
American music educators
Composers for the classical guitar
Living people
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
University of Georgia faculty


title: Yuji Kamijo

text:
is a Japanese speed skater. He competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in the 500 meters.

References

External links

1986 births
Japanese male speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for Japan
Living people
People from Matsumoto, Nagano
21st-century Japanese people


title: Alexandru Dedu

text:
Alexandru Mihai Dedu (born 15 September 1971 in Ploiești) is a retired Romanian handballer who played for the Romanian national team in line player position.

He was part of the Romanian team which ranked eight at the 1992 Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona.

On 10 February 2014, Dedu has been elected President of the Romanian Handball Federation (FRH) for a four-year tenure, replacing Cristian Gațu (1996–2014).

Honours
Poli Timişoara
Romanian Liga Naţională: 1990–91

Steaua București
Romanian Liga Naţională: 1993–94, 1995–96

Barcelona
Liga ASOBAL: 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99
Copa del Rey: 1996–97, 1997–98
Supercopa ASOBAL: 1996–97, 1997–98
EHF Champions League: 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99
EHF Super Cup: 1997–98, 1998–99

Porto
Portuguese League: 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04
Portuguese League Cup: 2003–04
Portuguese Super Cup: 2000, 2002

References

External links
Official website
Profile of Alexandru Dedu at Sports Reference

1971 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Ploiești
CSA Steaua București (handball) players
FC Porto handball players
FC Barcelona Handbol players
Liga ASOBAL players
Handball-Bundesliga players
Handball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic handball players for Romania
Romanian male handball players
Expatriate handball players
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in France
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Presidents of the Romanian Handball Federation


title: Eleutherornis

text:
Eleutherornis cotei is a medium-sized (estimated to be 1.5 meters tall) extinct flightless predatory bird, in the family Phorusrhacidae or "terror birds" whose remains have been found in Middle Eocene aged strata from France and Switzerland.

Discovery
The partial remains of this bird were discovered in France near Listeu, a municipality of the metropolis of Lyon and Switzerland in Egerkingen in the canton of Solothurn. They were reviewed and described in 2013 by Delphine Angst and his colleagues under the name of Eleutherornis.

Description
It is a medium-sized phorusrhacid, with a height of about 1.50 meters that shows a combination of basal and derivative characters. Tarchlea of tarsometatarsus II is enlarged in its middle part as in psilopterines, while the pre-acetabulary of the ilium is more compressed laterally and more ventilated with neural spines of the synsacral vertebrae than in psilopterines, and thus recalls more the more evolved phorusrchacids.

Geography
It is the only known phorusrhacid in Europe and one of the few species of this family identified outside the Americas, although Lavocatavis described in 2011 from Algeria, but whose membership of this family is debated.

References

Extinct flightless birds
Eocene birds
Phorusrhacidae
Eocene birds of Europe


title: Qarchak County

text:
Qarchak County () is in Tehran province, Iran. The capital of the county is the city of Qarchak.

At the 2006 census, the region's population (as Qarchak District of Varamin County) was 211,949 in 51,400 households. The following census in 2011 counted 230,262 people in 62,905 households. At the 2016 census, the county's population was 269,138 in 79,853 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county to become Qarchak County.

Administrative divisions

The population history and structural changes of Qarchak County's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. The latest census shows one district, two rural districts, and one city.

References

Counties of Tehran Province


title: Small Cap Liquidity Reform Act of 2013

text:
The Small Cap Liquidity Reform Act of 2013 () was a bill that was intended to increase the liquidity on the stock market of stocks belonging to emerging growth companies. It would allow small companies to choose a tick size of $0.05 or $0.10 instead of the standard $0.01. To participate, companies would need to have stock prices of over $1.00 and revenues of less than $750 million.

It was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

Background

In financial markets, a tick size is the smallest increment (tick) by which the price of stocks, futures contracts or other exchange-traded instrument can move. Current rules from the Securities and Exchange Commission, which regulates the stock market, set the tick at $0.01 increments. This change was made in 2000 with the goal of increasing trading in large company stocks, but it had the side effect of reducing the trading on small company stocks. This pilot program would enable smaller companies to choose larger tick sizes that would "increase the liquidity and capital availability necessary for emerging... companies to be successful on the public market."

Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

The Small Cap Liquidity Reform Act of 2013 would amend the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to establish a liquidity pilot program for securities of emerging growth companies (EGC) with total annual gross revenues of less than $750 million, under which those securities shall be quoted using either: (1) a minimum increment of $0.05, (2) a minimum increment of $0.10, or (3) the increment at which the securities would be quoted without regard to such minimum increments.

The bill would repeal the requirement for a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) study examining the transition to trading and quoting securities in one penny increments, known as decimalization.

The bill would require EGC securities quoted at a minimum increment of $0.05 or $0.10 to be traded at either such minimum increment or at one permitted by SEC regulations.

The bill would prescribe procedures for an EGC board of directors to elect either to opt out or to change the minimum increment.

The bill would prescribe pricing and trading procedures governing securities trading below $1.00.

The bill would direct the SEC to require an EGC under this Act to submit additional reports and disclosures.

The bill would shield an issuer from liability for losses caused solely by the quoting or trading of its securities at a minimum increment of $0.05, $0.10, or another SEC-authorized increment.

The bill would direct the SEC to report biannually to Congress on: (1) the quoting and trading of securities in increments permitted by this Act, and (2) the extent to which such quoting and trading increases liquidity and active trading by incentivizing capital commitment, research coverage, and brokerage support.

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Financial Services on November 13, 2013. This is a public domain source.

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that implementing H.R. 3448 would have an insignificant effect on gross spending by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to establish a pilot program that would change the minimum increment that the price of a stock could change (the tick size) for certain securities. Pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply to this legislation because it would not affect direct spending or revenues.

H.R. 3448 would establish a five-year program that would allow the price of securities issued by smaller companies to change in increments of 5 or 10 cents, rather than the penny increments that are currently the standard for most stocks traded on U.S. stock exchanges. Under the pilot program the SEC would set the tick size for certain small companies at 5 cents; however, those companies would have the option to select a 10-cent increment. Further, the program would allow a one-time option to change the tick size from 5 cents to 10 cents or vice versa. H.R. 3448 also would require the SEC to submit biannual reports to the Congress showing the extent to which different tick sizes are affecting liquidity and trading activity. CBO expects that changes in the workload of the SEC to implement the pilot program would not be significant because the agency has already begun efforts to develop such a program.

H.R. 3448 would impose intergovernmental and private-sector mandates, as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA), by providing liability protection to issuers of securities of companies participating in the pilot program. Such issuers would not be liable for any losses caused by the quoting or trading of their securities at increments established under the program. Providing such protection would impose a mandate on both public and private investors that would otherwise be able to sue the issuers to recover losses related to tick size. The protection also would impose an intergovernmental mandate by preempting state and local liability laws.

The cost of the mandate would be the forgone value of awards and settlements in such claims. Because the securities of companies covered by the liability protection are more risky than other securities, few public entities invest in them, and those that do limit the size of such investments. Consequently, CBO estimates that any potential losses tied to the mandate would be small. In addition, the costs, if any, of the preemption would be small because it would impose no duty that would result in additional spending or a loss of revenues. Therefore, CBO estimates the cost to public entities of complying with the mandates in the bill would fall below the annual threshold for intergovernmental mandates established in UMRA ($76 million in 2014, adjusted annually for inflation).

Because of uncertainty about both the value of awards in such cases and the number of claims that would be filed in the absence of this provision, CBO cannot estimate the level of potential awards or settlements that would otherwise accrue to private investors. Therefore, CBO cannot determine whether the cost of the mandate would exceed the annual threshold established in UMRA for private-sector mandates ($152 million in 2014, adjusted annually for inflation).

In addition to those mandates, the bill would impose a private-sector mandate on companies in the pilot program established in the bill by requiring them to notify the SEC if they elect to not participate. Based on information from the SEC, CBO estimates that the cost to comply with that mandate would be minimal.

Procedural history
The Small Cap Liquidity Reform Act of 2013 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on November 12, 2013 by Rep. Sean P. Duffy (R, WI-7). It was referred to the United States House Committee on Financial Services, which held a consideration and markup session on November 14, 2013. The committee ordered the bill reported (amended) with a vote of 57-0 on November 14, 2013. The bill was reported alongside House Report 113-342 on February 5, 2014. On February 7, 2014, House Majority Leader Eric Cantor announced that H.R. 3448 would be on the House schedule for February 11 or 12, 2014, to be considered under a suspension of the rules.

Debate and discussion
The Biotechnology Industry Organization spoke out in favor of the bill, with President Jim Greenwood saying that "the current one-size-fits-all tick size does not reflect the realities of the market and subjects smaller issuers to the same trading framework as large, multinational companies with exponentially higher trading volumes and market caps." Greenwood went on to say that "BIO supports the Small Cap Liquidity Reform Act because it takes into account the unique nature of the trading environment that small companies face as well as the high capital burden of biotech R&D."

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress

Notes/References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 3448
beta.congress.gov H.R. 3448
GovTrack.us H.R. 3448
OpenCongress.org H.R. 3448
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 3448
House Report 113-342 on h.R. 3448

Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress


title: Special Forces of Azerbaijan

text:
The Special Forces of Azerbaijan () is a military unit of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

History
It was established in April 1999 under the Ministry of Defense. The formation of the unit was attended by officers and warrant officers who participated in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War of 1991–1994. The Turkish Special Forces Command played a special role in the formation of the Azerbaijani special forces. On 29 April 2015, in commemoration of the 16th anniversary of their formation a ceremony of presenting battle flags to the newly created special forces units took place. On 26 June 2018, a military parade was held in Baku on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan, with the formation from the Special Forces being led by General Hikmet Mirzaev. On 20 June 2020, a new Special Forces unit was created. In late July and early August of that year, a series of large-scale tactical joint Azerbaijani-Turkish exercises took place on the territory of Azerbaijan, in the first stage of which units of the Azerbaijani Special Forces were also involved.

Battles and wars
During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, personnel of the Special Forces captured the city of Jebrayil and nine surrounding villages from the Armenian Armed Forces. On November 8, Aliyev congratulated the commander of the Special Forces on their "liberation of Shusha". Many of the tactical victory in the war were attributed to "saboteur groups" from the Special Forces that provided target coordinates from their positions on the ground as well as entered the city and pushed the Armenian Army out from the city center. The war was considered to be first time Azerbaijan has actively used all of its special forces units.

Typically 30 out of 500 candidates earn the "Maroon beret" certificate. Cadets are taught to survive and execute their mission, even if they are hungry and thirsty for days. They are taught to eat whatever they find, such as frogs and snakes. They receive weapons training covering firearms and explosives. Officers operate under the rank of ensign.

Equipment
 Zafer P
 Inam
 Glock 19
 Heckler & Koch MP5
 IMI Uzi
 Aztex AR-15
 M4 carbine
 M16 rifle
 Heckler & Koch G36
 SIG SG 550
 IWI Tavor X95
 IMI Tavor TAR-21
 MPT-76

Notable personnel
Murad Mirzayev
Samid Imanov
Zaur Mammadov
Anar Aliyev

Gallery

See also
Azerbaijani Armed Forces

References

External links
The Special Forces of Azərbaijan

Special forces of Azerbaijan
Military units and formations of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Military units and formations established in 1999


title: Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade – Men's shot put

text:
The men's shot put event at the 2001 Summer Universiade was held at the Workers Stadium in Beijing, China. The final took place on 29–30 August.

Medalists

Results

Qualification

Final

References

Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade
2001


title: Yella (film)

text:
Yella is a 2007 German drama-thriller film written and directed by Christian Petzold and starring Nina Hoss. The film is an unofficial remake of the 1962 American film Carnival of Souls. Yella premiered at the 57th Berlin International Film Festival where Hoss won the Silver Bear for Best Actress award.

Plot
Following a separation from her husband, Yella Fichte (Nina Hoss) plans to leave Wittenberge for a new accountancy job in Hanover. Her husband, Ben (Hinnerk Schönemann), insists on giving her a ride to the train station. She reluctantly agrees. When she refuses to return to him, he becomes abusive and won't let her out of the car. He drives through a bridge siding into a river. They both escape the crash, but Yella leaves him unconscious on the shoreline and catches her train.

On her arrival, she is approached by Philipp (Devid Striesow), a businessman, about becoming his assistant. She doesn't give him a firm answer. The next day, she discovers that the man who hired her no longer works for the company. The man convinces her to steal a portfolio from the office for him but rewards her by making a crude pass that she rebuffs.

She plans to return to Wittenberge the next day and falls asleep with her door open. Philipp walks in, awakens her and renews his offer. She accepts. He involves her in a series of unethical moneymaking schemes using evidence of malfeasance to scam money out of competitors. Philipp tests her loyalty by asking her to make various deposits totaling €75,000, but actually gives her €100,000. She plans to keep the difference to bribe Ben to stay away, but Philipp catches her. She explains her situation and he forgives her.

On separate occasions, Ben attempts to kidnap her and tries to bargain with her to return to him. Instead, his abusive gestures drive her into Philipp's arms. Philipp loses his job due to his unethical practices. He tells Yella that their scams were intended to raise money to begin a new enterprise, but he's short €200,000. Yella blackmails one of his previous victims for the additional funds. As they wait for the man to deliver the money to them, Yella has a strange vision of him. When he doesn't arrive as expected, she is compelled to look for him.

At the man's home, his wife helps Yella. They find him face down in a backyard pond. Philipp arrives and helps pull the body out of the water while Yella leaves. As she's crying in the back of a taxi, Yella suddenly finds herself back in Ben's car, going off the bridge.

Wittenberge police pull Ben's car from the water and find Yella and Ben's bodies inside.

Cast
 Nina Hoss - Yella Fichte
 Devid Striesow - Philipp
 Hinnerk Schönemann - Ben
 Burghart Klaußner - Dr. Gunthen
 Barbara Auer - Barbara Gunthen
 Christian Redl - Yella's father
 Michael Wittenborn - Dr. Schmidt-Ott
 Wanja Mues - Sprenger
 Martin Brambach - Dr. Fritz
 Joachim Nimtz - Prietzel
 Peter Benedict - Dr. Friedrich's lawyer Oliver
 Peter Knaack - official receiver
 Selin Bademsoy - Dr. Gunthen's daughter

Release

Home media
Yella was released on DVD by Artificial Eye on January 28, 2008. It was later released by Cinema Guild on March 31, 2009.

Reception

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Yella holds an approval rating of 81%, based on 53 reviews, and an average rating of 6.57/10. Its consensus reads, "Chilly and haunting, Yella'''s atmosphere gets under the skin."

Roger Ebert praised the film awarding it 3.5 out of 4 stars stating, "The writer-director, Christian Petzold, uses a spare, straightforward visual style for the most part, except for those cutaways to trees blowing in the wind whenever we heard the harsh bird cry. He trusts his story and characters. And he trusts us to follow the business deals and become engrossed in the intrigue. I did." Ebert also praised male leads Striesow and Schoenemann calling the similarities of both characters' physical presences as being "unsettling". Stephen Holden from The New York Times gave the film a positive review, praising the film's symbolism, atmosphere, and Hoss' performance; writing,  "Yella is the kind of movie that tantalizes the mind with possibilities without solving the puzzle." Time Out awarded the film four out of five stars, calling it "an expertly crafted thriller which offers a pessimistic, though deeply rewarding, glimpse of a society being haunted by its own past." Walter Addiego of the San Francisco Chronicle praised the film's atmosphere, Petzold's direction, and Hoss' performance. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian'' rated the film four out of five stars, calling it "exquisitely frigid, menacing, disquieting, with a storyline that keeps you off-balance, marred only by a slightly hackneyed dénouement".

References

External links

2007 films
2007 horror films
2000s thriller films
2000s romantic thriller films
Films directed by Christian Petzold
German horror films
2000s German-language films
German thriller films
Remakes of American films
Horror film remakes
2000s psychological horror films
Films set in Germany
2000s German films


title: Georges Rohault de Fleury

text:
Georges Rohault de Fleury (or Rohault de Fleury; 23 November 1835 – 12 November 1904) was a French archaeologist and art historian.
He is known for his studies of archaeology and monuments associated with the Christian Mass.

Youth
Georges Rohault de Fleury was born in Paris, France, on 23 November 1835.
His father was Charles Rohault de Fleury (1801–1875) and his grandfather Hubert Rohault de Fleury (1777-1846), both architects.
As a child he was fascinated by the architectural drawings his grandfather had brought back from his stay in Italy.
His elder brother Hubert (1828–1910) became a painter, and was known for sponsoring the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur, Paris.

Georges Rohault de Fleury traveled to Belgium in 1848, to London in 1851 to see The Great Exhibition and to Switzerland in 1852.
Georges Rohault de Fleury was admitted to the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in 1855.
At the École des beaux-arts he trained as an architect and made drawings of Parisian monuments, but he never practiced as an architect.

Career

Rohault de Fleury visited Italy with his father in 1858-59, seeing Pisa, Pompeii and Naples.
He published his first important monograph in 1866, Les Monuments de Pise au Moyen Age.
In 1868, and again in 1869-70, he made trips to Italy. In 1874 he made his last visit to Italy with his father.
He exhibited in the Salons of 1863, 1864, 1867 (3rd class medal), 1870 (2nd class medal) and 1874 (1st class medal).

After 1865 Rohault de Fleury assisted his father in his archaeological and religious studies, and arranged for publication of his father's works, some completed after his father had died in 1875.
He continued to research archaeology and monuments and to publish writings on his findings throughout his life.
Georges Rohault de Fleury died in Paris on 12 November 1904, aged 68.

Principal publications
Other than the works where he assisted his father, the main publications by Georges Rohault de Fleury were:

References
Citations

Sources

1835 births
1904 deaths
French archaeologists
French art historians
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
Writers from Paris
French male non-fiction writers


title: VA-52 (U.S. Navy)

text:
VA-52 was an Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy. It was established as U.S. Navy Reserve Fighter Squadron VF-884 on 1 November 1949, and called to active duty on 20 July 1950. It was redesignated VF-144 on 4 February 1953, and VA-52 on 23 February 1959. The squadron was nicknamed the Bitter Birds from about 1951–1953, and the Knightriders from about 1960 onward. Its insignia evolved through several versions and variations from 1951 to the 1980s. VA-52 was decommissioned on 31 March 1995.

History

1950s
On 20 July 1950, VF-884 (the previous name of VA-52) was called to active duty as a result of the Korean War. On the 28th, the squadron reported for active duty at NAS San Diego. In the later part of March 1951, VF-884 aircraft conducted their first combat operations, flying close air support missions along Korea’s eastern coast from .

VF-884's first Commanding Officer, LCDR. G. F. Carmichael, died after parachuting from his F4U which had been hit by enemy ground fire on 24 May 1951. Later, on 4 October 1951, LT. E. F. Johnson was attacked and shot down by enemy MiG-15 aircraft. This was the first VF-884 and CVG-101 aircraft shot down by enemy aircraft. LCDR. Bowen, VF-884's third Commanding Officer, was listed as missing in action when his aircraft crashed near Pyongyang, North Korea on November 8, 1951. On 4 February 1953: VF-884 was redesignated VF-144 during its second combat tour in Korea aboard . In this change, the reserve squadron number was replaced by an active squadron number. On 21 February 1953: VF-144 completed the last line period of its second combat tour in Korea. Its primary missions had been close air support of ground troops, interdiction of enemy main supply routes, and the destruction of military supplies, vehicles and troops.

On 18 August 1958, the squadron returned to NAS Miramar following 's first major deployment. The cruise took the squadron from Virginia to California, via Cape Horn, transferring Ranger from the Atlantic Fleet to the Pacific Fleet. The squadron's mission was changed to attack and it was redesignated VA-52 on 23 February 1959.

1960s
From 13 July to 1 August 1964, VA-52 aircraft participated in Yankee Team operations in South Vietnam and Laos, involving aerial reconnaissance to detect Communist military presence and operations. Other missions included weather reconnaissance and Search and Rescue. Between the 2nd and 4 August 1964, during a Desoto Patrol mission (intelligence collection missions begun in 1962),  was attacked by three motor torpedo boats off the coast of North Vietnam. Following this incident the squadron flew 44 sorties in support of the destroyers on the Desoto Patrol. On the 4th of August, During the night, two destroyers on Desoto Patrol,  and USS Maddox, believing themselves under attack by North Vietnamese motor torpedo boats, called for air support. Several A-1H Skyraiders from the squadron, along with several F-8 Crusaders, were launched from . Commander George H. Edmondson and Lieutenant Jere A. Barton reported gun flashes and bursts of light at their altitude which they felt came from enemy antiaircraft fire. Following this, on 5 August 1964, four VA-52 A-1Hs, piloted by Commander L. T. McAdams, Lieutenant Commander L. E. Brumbach and Lieutenant (jg)s R. E. Moore and P. A. Carter, participated in Operation Pierce Arrow, retaliatory strikes against North Vietnam. Along with other aircraft from CVG-5, they struck the Vinh oil storage facilities and destroyed about ninety percent of the complex. The four aircraft returned with no battle damage. Between 6–29 October 1964: The squadron conducted rescue combat air patrol missions in support of "Yankee Team" operations.On 7 February 1966, LTJG. Harvey M. Browne was awarded the Silver Star for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity during rescue missions in the Republic of Vietnam. On 13 April 1966, CDR. John C. Mape was killed in action, becoming the third VA-52 commanding officer to be lost in combat action. The squadron soon completed its second combat tour of duty in Vietnam on the 21st of April, having participated in Operation Rolling Thunder, designed to interdict the enemy's lines of communication into Laos and South Vietnam.

On 9 March 1967, CDR. John F. Wanamaker received the Silver Star for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity during operations against North Vietnam.  VA-52 completed its last day of line operations during its 1967 and third combat tour to Vietnamon April 27. During this deployment, squadron operations included rescue combat air patrol missions, coastal reconnaissance, Operation Steel Tiger missions and Operation Sea Dragon operations. Steel Tiger involved concentrated strikes in southern Laos. Sea Dragon involved spotting for naval gunfire support against waterborne cargo and coastal radar and gun battery sites. On 7 September 1968: VA-52 deployed aboard . This was the first A-6 Intruder deployment aboard a .

1970s
From 8 December 1970 to 23 June 1971, VA-52's main emphasis was on operations in Laos against the enemy's lines of communication and their transportation networks. On 23 November 1971, CDR. Lennart R. Salo became the first Naval Flight Officer to command an A-6 Intruder squadron.

VA-52 commenced line operations from Yankee Station a few days earlier than scheduled on 3 April 1972, as a result of the North Vietnamese invasion on 30 March. During this line period heavy air raids were conducted against North Vietnam. These were the first major heavy air raids into North Vietnam since October 1968 and became known as Operation Freedom Train. On 16 April 1972, VA-52 conducted strikes in the Haiphong, Vinh, and Thanh Hoa as part of Operation Freedom Porch.

VA-52's Intruders took part in Operation Pocket Money, the mining of Haiphong harbor, on 9 May 1970. VA-52's Intruders actually took part in the diversionary attack at Phu Qui railroad yard while aircraft from Coral Sea conducted the actual mining. On 10 May 1972: Operation Linebacker operations began and involved concentrated air strikes against targets in North Vietnam above the 20th parallel north. During these operations VA-52's aircraft flew armed reconnaissance, Alpha strikes (large coordinated attacks), mine seeding operations, tanker operations, and Standard ARM sorties (use of anti-radiation missiles to destroy missile radar sites). From 1 June until 27 June 1972, VA-52 flew special single aircraft night missions designated Sneaky Pete as part of Operation Linebacker operations.

VA-52 once again deployed with CVW-11 aboard  on 23 November 1972, this time as part of the first CV concept air wing on the West Coast. VA-52's Intruders were equipped with new ASW electronic equipment, the Multi-Channel Jezebel Relay pods. Between July 24 and 28 1979, VA-52 and other elements of CVW-15 participated in search and assistance operations to aid Vietnamese boat people.

A total of 114 people were rescued through the efforts of the air wing and Kitty Hawk. These operations continued during August. On 27 October 1979, South Korea’s President Park Chung Hee was assassinated and Kitty Hawk immediately departed the Philippine Sea for the southwest coast of Korea, where they remained until 4 November.

While in port at Naval Station Subic Bay in the Philippines and preparing to return home from a seven-month WESTPAC deployment, Kitty Hawk and its battle group (to include CVW-15 and VA-52) were indefinitely extended on deployment on 18 November 1979 in response to the Iran hostage crisis and directed to proceed to the Indian Ocean via the Straits of Malacca and Diego Garcia. Between 3 December 1979 and 23 January 1980, After the assault on the American Embassy in Tehran and the Iran hostage crisis; Kitty Hawk entered the Indian Ocean and operated in the Arabian Sea throughout this period. It was during this period on 29 December 1979, while conducting operations off Kitty Hawk, the squadron's commanding officer, CDR. Walter D. Williams, and one of the squadron's department heads, Lieutenant Commander Bruce Miller, were lost at sea/CDR Williams body recovered, LCDR Miller was not, following a cold catapult shot off the bow in KA-6D Intruder, NL-521 (BuNo 152632).

1980s
On 8 February 1980, after brief port calls at NAVSTA Subic Bay and NAVBASE Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Kitty Hawk returns to its homeport of NAS North Island in San Diego, California and VA-52 returns to its home station of NAS Whidbey Island, Washington. On 19 May 1981, while transiting the South China Sea VA-52 aircraft spotted a small boat with 47 Vietnamese refugees on board and reported their location for rescue operations.

USS Carl Vinson CVN-70, with CVW-15 and VA-52, were kept on station in the Sea of Japan between 10 and 12 October 1983, after the attempted assassination of South Korea's president. Between 14 and 31 August 1986, VA-52 participated in the first carrier operations in the Bering Sea since World War II. Most of the squadron's 400 hours and 200 sorties were made under adverse weather conditions. From 20 January to 31 January 1987, VA-52 conducted its second period of operations in the Northern Pacific and Bering Sea. At one point the most effective means of clearing snow and ice from Carl Vinson'''s flight deck was the jet exhaust from the squadron's aircraft. On 23 September 1987, during night operations off Carl Vinson the squadron's Commanding Officer, CDR. Lloyd D. Sledge, was lost at sea. In August 1988, the squadron flew sorties in support of Operation Earnest Will, the escorting of reflagged Kuwait tankers in the Persian Gulf.

VA-52 received the Systems Weapons Integration Program (SWIP) upgrade of the A-6E TRAM Intruder in March 1989.

 1990s
In 1991, the squadron became the first Pacific Fleet Intruder squadron to use night-vision goggles on the A-6 Intruder. That same year, CVW-15 moved back to Kitty Hawk

On 3 November 1992, VA-52 and CVW-15 deployed aboard the Kitty Hawk for their 1992-1993 Deployment. Relieving the Ranger on 18 December as part of JTF Somalia, VA-52 along VFA-27 and VFA-97 (which flew the F/A-18A) undertook Close Air Support and Reconnaissance as part of Operation Restore Hope. This included sending two of the squadron's Intruders to support USMC and Belgian paratroopers during an assault on Kisamayu on 20 December 1992.

On 27 December 1992, as a result of the shooting down of a MiG-25 of the Iraqi Air Force in the No-Fly Zone, the Kitty Hawk, VA-52 and CVW-15 were redirected to the Persian Gulf to take part in Operation Southern Watch. On the evening of January 13, 1993, eight A-6E SWIP Intruders from VA-52 loaded with Paveway bombs attacked Iraqi Air Defence sites in Southern Iraq along with 110 other aircraft, 35 of them from CVW-15. During the strike, CMDR. Rick Hess from VA-52 was among one of four of the Kitty Hawk's'' pilots who reported seeing Iraqi SAMs. On January 19, 1993, VA-52 destroyed targets in Iraq in retaliation for AAA fire.

In 1994, VA-52 deployed on its last WESTPAC deployment. During the deployment, it was diverted from going to the Persian Gulf, with the carrier instead being diverted to the Korean Peninsula during a crisis revolving around tensions between the two countries. On March 31, 1995, VA-52 Knightriders was disestablished.

Home port assignments
The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown:
 NAS Olathe – 1 Nov 1949
 NAS San Diego – 28 Jul 1950
 NAS Miramar – Mar 1953
 NAS Moffett Field – 15 Jan 1962
 NAS Alameda – 29 Aug 1963
 NAS Whidbey Island – 1 Jul 1967

Aircraft assignment
The squadron first received the following aircraft in the months shown:
 F8F-1 Bearcat – The squadron was not assigned aircraft before its call to active duty. Pilots trained in and flew F8F-1s that were assigned to the air station where the squadron was home ported.
 F4U-4 Corsair – 1 Aug 1950
 F9F-5 Panther – Apr 1953
 F9F-4 Panther and F9F-6 Cougar – The squadron operated a few of these models in the mid-1950s.
 F9F-8B Cougar – Apr 1956
 F9F-8 Cougar – Aug 1956
 AD-5 Skyraider – Dec 1958
 AD-6 Skyraider – Dec 1958 (AD-6 designation was changed to A-1H in 1962.)
 AD-7 Skyraider – Mar 1959 (AD-7 designation was changed to A-1J in 1962.)
 A-6A Intruder – 10 Nov 1967
 A-6B Intruder – Oct 1970
 KA-6D Intruder – 3rd quarter 1971
 A-6E Intruder – Jul 1974
 A-6E TRAM Intruder - 1982
 A-6E SWIP Intruder - Mar 1989 (First to Pacific fleet squadron to receive night vision versions in 1991)

See also
 Attack aircraft
 History of the United States Navy
 List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons

References

Attack squadrons of the United States Navy
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons
Military units and formations disestablished in 1995


title: Romy Gill

text:
Romy Gill MBE is a British-Indian chef, food writer, author and broadcaster. She was the owner and head chef at Romy's Kitchen in Thornbury, South Gloucestershire. In 2016 she was appointed an MBE in the Queen's 90th birthday honours list. Romy has amassed a number of television and radio appearances, including presenting, co-presenting and judging roles. She regularly contributes to national and international publications, including The New York Times, The Sunday Times and The Daily Telegraph.

Romy has written two cookbooks - Zaika: Vegan recipes from India, which was published in September 2019, and On The Himalayan Trail: Recipes and Stories from Kashmir to Ladakh - which was published in Spring 2022.

Early life and inspirations
Gill grew up in Burnpur, West Bengal, India, where she learned to cook from her mother.

When Gill moved to the UK in 1993, she began hosting dinner parties for friends, later running cookery classes, which led to her launching her own range of sauces, pickles, chutneys and spice mixes.

She gave cookery demonstrations both in England and further afield, and in September 2013 she opened her first restaurant, Romy's Kitchen.

Style of cooking
Gill's style of Indian cooking is very different from that found at the majority of Indian restaurants in the UK. She avoids the use of unnatural food colourings, and is a fan of combining Indian and British cuisine.

She combines spices and flavours that she grew up with in India with ingredients that she was only introduced to when she moved to the UK, creating dishes such as gurnard cooked in coconut milk, tomatoes, tomato puree, ginger, garlic and her own spice blend; and monkfish marinated in turmeric and lemon juice, then cooked with onions, ginger, garlic, mustard seeds, 5 spice mix paste and her own spices.

Restaurant

Gill opened her first restaurant, Romy's Kitchen, in Thornbury, South Gloucestershire in September 2013.

In order to open her restaurant, Gill applied to a number of banks for a loan, but was turned down by every one apart from NatWest, providing her with the business loan that she needed to get her restaurant underway, leading her to be featured on the BBC News in a segment about the struggles that entrepreneurs face when trying to raise the necessary funds to start a new, local business.

The restaurant closed in August 2019.

Awards and achievements
In 2014 Gill was shortlisted for the 15th Asian Women of Achievement Awards (AWA), which celebrate women who make an "outstanding contribution to our culture and economy". In the same year, her restaurant, Romy's Kitchen, was shortlisted as "Best Newcomer" in the British Curry Awards.

Gill was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to the hospitality industry.

Cookery demonstrations and other events
Gill demonstrates her cooking at festivals both in the UK and abroad. In the UK, she has given demonstrations at the Foodies Festival, Grand Designs exhibitions and at food and cultural festivals in Abu Dhabi, New York City and other locations.

In addition, she gives talks and cookery demonstrations in schools where she discusses how food is cultivated, the importance of eating with the seasons and the impact of food on the environment.

Gill, along with two other female Indian chefs and Atul Kochhar, gave a demonstration at Kochhar's restaurant, Benares, in November 2012 to raise money for charity, and is an avid fundraiser for charity Frank Water.

Gill has also appeared on BBC Radio Bristol with Laura Rawlings, and has appeared in a video where she taught rugby star Olly Barkley how to cook Indian food.

In May 2014, Romy was heavily involved with the Bristol Food Connections festival: a citywide celebration of local food and drink. Along with other top chefs such as Martin Blunos, Tom Kerridge and Ken Hom, Romy took to the BBC Stars' Kitchen to give live demos of some of her popular recipes. During the Bristol Food Connections festival, Romy was also a guest on Saturday Live, alongside Jay Rayner and others.

In 2016, Romy was a guest chef at Carousel London, and returned for another stint a year later.

In 2017, Romy gave demonstrations at a range of festivals, including the BBC Good Food Show, the Abergavenny Food Festival, the Big Feastival, Dartmouth Food Festival and the Padstow Christmas Festival.

Gill was invited to speak at The MAD Symposium 2018 and, in February 2020, was invited to cook at the prestigious James Beard Foundation in New York.

Food writing

Romy contributes regularly to food publications such as Crumbs, Olive, Delicious, Saveur and Food52, and has featured in The Guardian, where she had a residency in April 2016.

She has a number of recipes on the BBC Food website, as well as having published recipes and articles in The Times, The Telegraph, The New York Times, Today, You Magazine, Ocado, The Independent and The Observer.

In 2017, Romy travelled to India with Suitcase Magazine, where she explored and wrote articles on Ladakh and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Her first cookbook, Zaika: Vegan recipes from India, was published in 2019. Her second cookbook, On The Himalayan Trail: Recipes and Stories from Kashmir to Ladakh, was published in spring 2022.

Television appearances

In March 2020, she began to appear on Ready Steady Cook., where she was one of the chefs until 2022. She has also previously appeared on Sunday Brunch,  The One Show, Countryfile (including a regular slot interviewing and cooking with children who love food, Celebrity MasterChef 2016, Hairy Bikers Comfort Food, Saturday Morning with James Martin, Morning Live, Front Row (radio programme) and many more. She is also a regular on The Food Programme on BBC Radio 4, where she has appeared as a judge, a presenter and a co-presenter, and in 2021 and 2022, has appeared on Steph's Packed Lunch hosted by Steph McGovern on Channel 4.

She has also appeared on the celebrity versions of Pointless and The Weakest Link.

She has featured as the subject of a film short on "Family Dinners" on Food Network UK, with more BBC and ITV appearances in the pipeline.

Radio appearances

Romy has appeared frequently on the radio - as a presenter, a co-presenter and a judge. She has taught Woman's Hour listeners to make vegetarian samosas, and has shared her recipe for spicy chickpeas on BBC Radio 4. Other radio interview topics include Madhur Jaffrey, issues with the restaurant trade, food during the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdowns, pumpkins and winter squash, food and mental health and mangoes.

Personal life

Gill lives in Thornbury, South Gloucestershire with her husband and two daughters. She is an active runner.

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
English chefs
Indian chefs
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Indian emigrants to England
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Asansol


title: William Waldegrave (Suffolk MP, died 1554)

text:
Sir William Waldegrave (2 August 1507 – 2 May 1554) was an English soldier and Member of Parliament.

Life
Waldegrave was born into a prosperous Suffolk family, the eldest son of Sir George Waldegrave of Smallbridge Hall, Bures St Mary, Suffolk and Anne Drury, the daughter of Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead, Suffolk. He was brought up at his maternal grandfather's house. The deaths within the space of 14 months of his paternal grandfather, Sir William Waldegrave, and his own father left him heir to a large estate and fortune at the age of 20. While on his deathbed, his father secured for Waldegrave an advantageous marriage to a Suffolk heiress.

After inheriting the family estate, Waldegrave combined local administration with attendance at court and military service. He was knighted by Henry VIII at the coronation of Anne Boleyn, and headed the commission to take the Oath of Succession in Suffolk. He was known for his loyalty to the Crown and in the autumn of 1536 he was one of a group of men whom Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk believed would quell any rising in Suffolk.

In 1542, Waldegrave served under the Duke of Norfolk's command in the war against Scotland, and two years later he captained 60 of his own men in the French campaign. His election to the Parliament of 1545 reflected this recent military experience as much as his own standing in Suffolk and may have been promoted by his uncle, Sir William Drury, as Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk. Although he was not to be re-elected, early in January 1553 the Council considered him for nomination with Sir William Drury as Knights of the Shire for Suffolk in the forthcoming Parliament, but in the event nominated Sir Henry Bedingfeld with Drury.

Following Edward VI's death in the summer, William Cecil listed Waldegrave among potential supporters of Lady Jane Grey, but on being summoned to Kenninghall, Norfolk by Mary on 8 July 1553 he joined her in her successful bid for the throne. Later he heard the indictments in Suffolk against Jane's adherents.

Family
Waldegrave married Juliana, the daughter of Sir John Raysnford of Essex, with whom he had four children:
Dorothy Waldegrave, married Sir John Spring of Lavenham
Margaret Waldegrave
Mary Waldegrave
Sir William Waldegrave, married firstly Elizabeth (d.1581), daughter of Thomas Mildmay and secondly Grizelda, daughter of William Paget, 1st Baron Paget

While on a visit to Calais late in 1554, perhaps in connection with the arrival of Cardinal Pole, Waldegrave fell sick. He died there on the following 12 December.

References

Further reading

1507 births
1554 deaths
People from Babergh District
Waldegrave family
16th-century merchants
English MPs 1545–1547
16th-century English businesspeople


title: Papua, Prince of Mukhrani

text:
Papua (, Papua Mukhranbatoni; 1651 – February 1717) was a Georgian tavadi ("prince") of the House of Mukhrani, a branch of the royal Bagrationi dynasty of Kartli. He was Prince (Mukhranbatoni) of Mukhrani and ex officio commander of the Banner of Shida Kartli from 1692 to 1696 and Grand Master of the Household (msakhurt-ukhutsesi) at the court of Kartli in 1692.

Biography
Papua was a son of Constantine I by his wife Darejan Abashidze and served loyally to his relative, King George XI of Kartli, whose troops he commanded—together with Giorgi, Duke of Aragvi—in a confrontation with the army of King Heraclius I of Kakheti in Ertso-Tianeti in 1694. Prince Papua suffered a defeat, but the appearance of George XI in person at Tianeti resulted in an agreement with Heraclius to restore status quo ante bellum for the time being. In 1696, Heraclius employed the Iranian forces under Kalb Ali Khan, a Safavid governor of Kakheti, and forced George XI into exile to Imereti. The leading noblemen of Kartli, such as Papua and Tamaz Orbeliani, surrendered and were sent by the Iranian government for imprisonment at Kerman. After George XI was restored to the throne in 1703, Prince Papua and other Georgian notables were released from captivity.

Family
Papua was married to Tamar (died 1704), daughter of Prince Levan Abashidze. They had a son, Levan (1670–1739).

References

1651 births
1717 deaths
House of Mukhrani
17th-century people from Georgia (country)
18th-century people from Georgia (country)


title: Benjamin Cavet

text:
Benjamin Cavet (born 1 January 1994) is a freestyle skier specialising in mogul skiing.

Biography
At age 10, he moved to France with his parents and joined the Chatel ski club. He became a French citizen in 2012, after not having been offered funding from the UK. He competed for France in the moguls at the Winter Olympics 2014.

In 2014, he placed eighth in the Sochi Winter Olympics, had his first podium in World Cup in La Plagne, France, and became Junior World Champion in dual moguls.

In 2016, Cavet was on the podium three times and finished third overall in the FIS World Cup series. The season 2016–17 was the most successful yet for Cavet; he was on the podium six times in World Cup Moguls and finished 2nd overall. At the World Championships in Sierra Nevada, Spain, he was crowned vice-world champion.

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Olympic freestyle skiers for France
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Maidstone
French male freestyle skiers
Université Savoie Mont Blanc alumni
FISU World University Games gold medalists for France
Universiade bronze medalists for France
Universiade medalists in freestyle skiing
Competitors at the 2019 Winter Universiade
English emigrants to France
People from Crowborough
Sportspeople from East Sussex


title: Robert Louis Hodapp

text:
Robert Louis Hodapp, S.J. (October 1, 1910 – October 26, 1989) was an American-born bishop of the Catholic Church. He served as the second Bishop of Belize from 1958-1983.

Early life
 Robert Hodapp was born in Mankato, Minnesota, to George J. and Elizabeth M. (Schmidt) Hodapp.  He was educated at Loyola High School in Mankato, St. Stanislaus Seminary in Florissant, Missouri, Saint Louis University, and St. Mary's College in Kansas.
He professed vows in the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1930 and was ordained a priest on June 18, 1941. In 1942 he arrived on the Belize mission where he taught at St. John's College, did pastoral work at Holy Redeemer Cathedral parish, and became over-all superintendent of construction for the mission.

Episcopacy
On March 2, 1958 Pope Pius XII appointed him as the Bishop of Belize (British Honduras).  He was consecrated by Archbishop Patrick F. Ryan, O.P., of Port of Spain on June 26, 1958. The principal co-consecrators were Bishops Edward A. Fitzgerald of Winona and John J. McEleney, S.J., of Kingston in Jamaica.
Hodapp was the sixth bishop to serve in Belize and the second since it became a diocese. He was most unassuming, with little of the episcopal aura of the previous bishops and, with earthy simplicity, was perhaps the first bishop in Belize who seemed adapted to mission life from the moment he arrived in the country. He took right to his pastoral duties and Confirmation tours: "Bishop Hodapp travels by jeep, horseback, canoe (dory), boat, airplane, and on foot to reach the many people he administers Confirmation to each year." He took a strong stand against the introduction of casinos and organized gambling into Belize. "When Bishop Hodapp was shot in New Orleans … there was some speculation that it was because he opposed the casino package."  In 1959 he had begun turning over parishes to diocesan priests. By 1972 diocesan priests were running 6 parishes. In 1969 he named Fr. Facundo Castillo the first Belizean pastor of the cathedral parish and vicar general of the diocese. In 1971 St. Ignatius parish covered the entire area west of downtown and south of Haulover Creek. Hodapp instituted St. Martin de Porres parish for the western part of this area. In 2015 St. Martin's and St. Peter Claver in Punta Gorda were the two parishes in Belize still pastored by Jesuits.

Laity and religious
Hodapp attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council. In line with the Council's decree on the laity, he strove to activate the laity in the church. He had orchestrated the country's first national gathering of lay ministers, on 9–11 March 1984 bringing together 255 lay ministers and catechists, including 39 Maya. During Hodapp's episcopacy five more groups of religious arrived in Belize. The Society of Our Lady of the Most Holy Trinity (SOLT) came in 1967 and have increased their presence ever since, focusing mainly on the communications apostolates. In 1969, the abbot and procurator of the Benedictine monastery in Subiaco, Arkansas, paid a visit to study the viability of establishing a monastery in Belize. In 1971 they opened Santa Familia Monastery near Santa Elena in the Cayo District. Then in 1975 the first Sisters of Charity of Nazareth came to Belize, focusing on health ministry and adult faith formation. Next the Missionaries of Our Lady of the Light, "Madrecitas," began their ministry in the remote villages of northern Belize. Finally, Guadalupana Sisters from Yucatan served primarily in lay ministry in St. Francis Xavier Parish, Corozal Town, in the 1970s until 1989.   In March 1983 Pope John Paul II visited all the countries of Central America, including Belize. Hodapp's episcopacy covered more than 25 years until November 11, 1983, when the Pope accepted his resignation. He died at the age of 79 on October 26, 1989.

References

1910 births
1989 deaths
People from Mankato, Minnesota
Saint Louis University alumni
Saint Mary's Academy and College alumni
20th-century American Jesuits
Jesuit bishops
American Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in Belize
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Belize
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Jesuits in Belize
American expatriates in Belize
Jesuit missionaries
Catholics from Minnesota
Roman Catholic bishops of Belize City–Belmopan


title: Desmodium illinoense

text:
Desmodium illinoense, the Illinois ticktrefoil, is a flowering plant in the bean family (Fabaceae), native to the central United States and Ontario, Canada. Illinois ticktrefoil grows in sunny places, such as prairies and oak savannas of the Great Plains and Great Lakes regions.

Description
Desmodium illinoense is a perennial herb with typically a simple stem reaching a height of 1.2 m (4 feet), with much of the shoot covered with hooked hairs which can cause the leaves to stick together. The leaves are trifoliate and grow up to 6.3 cm (2.5 inches) long. The leaflets are rounded with a blunt tip. The calyx lobes of the flowers are the same length or longer than the corolla tube. The inflorescence is terminal and most often unbranched. The flowers are white to pink with a few white spots near the center. Flowers bloom June to September.

The seed pods are broken into sections called loments, where the outer layer of the fruit is constricted between the seeds so that when the pod is ripe it can break easily into individual segments. These are covered with hooked hairs so that they can easily become attached to fur or clothing and be carried some distance before falling to the ground and germinating.

Distribution and habitat
Desmodium illinoense mostly grows naturally in prairies of the midwestern states of the US. The center of its natural range is the states of Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa; The northern limit of its range includes Minnesota (south eastern part of the state from the Twin Cities area south) where it is found growing in full sun to part shade in sandy or gravelly soils of savannas, hillside prairies, and barons. In Minnesota it is also found in openings of oak woods, on dunes, and in thickets; and is listed a threatened species where the few remaining naturally occurring populations are small.

References

illinoense
Flora of the United States
Flora of Canada


title: Hodapp

text:
Hodapp is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Christopher L. Hodapp (born 1958), American author and filmmaker
Frieda Hodapp (1880–1949), a German pianist
Johnny Hodapp (1905–1980), American professional baseball player
Leroy Charles Hodapp (1923–2006), Bishop of the United Methodist Church in the United States
Robert Louis Hodapp (1910–1989), American-born Catholic bishop in Belize


title: Bob Wooley

text:
Bob Wooley (born February 1947) is an American politician who served as a member of the New Mexico House of Representatives from January 14, 2011 to January 15, 2019.

Education
Wooley was born in Eunice, New Mexico. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in agricultural business from New Mexico State University.

Career
Wooley was appointed to the New Mexico House of Representatives by then-Governor Susana Martinez to fill the vacancy left by the resignation of Keith Gardner. In 2012, Wooley faced fellow Republican Representative Dennis Kintigh, who had been redistricted from District 57, in the June 5, 2012 Republican Primary. Wooley won with 1,600 votes (55.5%) and was unopposed for the November 6, 2012 General election, winning with 8,079 votes.

In 2018, he announced that he would not seek re-election.

References

External links
Official page at the New Mexico Legislature

Bob Wooley at Ballotpedia
Bob Wooley at the National Institute on Money in State Politics

Living people
Republican Party members of the New Mexico House of Representatives
People from Lea County, New Mexico
People from Roswell, New Mexico
New Mexico State University alumni
21st-century American politicians
1947 births


title: The Newark Academy

text:
The Newark Academy (formerly The Grove School) is a mixed secondary school in Balderton, Nottinghamshire, England.

Admissions
The Newark Academy offers GCSEs, BTECs and Cambridge Nationals as programmes of study for pupils.

History

Former grammar school
Newark had a former girls' grammar school, the Lilley and Stone Girls' School, similar to Retford's Retford High School for Girls. Barbara Dibb was the headmistress of this school from 1947 to 1971. The school was also known as the Lilley & Stone Foundation Newark High School for Girls.

Comprehensive
It became the Grove School in 1976 when Newark went comprehensive, from the Grove Secondary Modern School.

The former Lilley and Stone School is a listed building. For the first three years at secondary school, attendance was at the Sconce Hills High School; Paul Upex, a school caretaker, murdered a 13-year-old girl at the school, being jailed in November 1988. The last two years before 16 were at the Lilley and Stone School. These two schools merged in 1997 to become the Newark High School. This school was in special measures between 1999 and 2001. Its small sixth form closed in 2003. By 2007, pupil numbers were expected to fall below 300, which was less than half the capacity of the school. This site closed as a school in 2008, becoming the academy's sixth form. The whole site closed in 2016.

The town's boys' grammar school became the Magnus Church of England School, still retaining most of its former name. Retford went comprehensive in 1979, and like Newark, has suffered from a haemorrhaging of admissions to schools outside of the town itself.

Academy chain
Previously a community school administered by Nottinghamshire County Council, The Grove School converted to academy status on 1 November 2012 and was renamed The Newark Academy. From Autumn 2016 the school will become part of the Torch Academy Gateway Trust. The school continues to coordinate with Nottinghamshire County Council for admissions.

New building
The school moved into a new building in January 2016 situated on part of the playing field, with the area occupied by the previous building being demolished and re-landscaped.

Notable former pupils
 Caroline Mockford, Legal Secretary to Archbishop of York since 2015
 Toby Kebbell, actor

Lilley and Stone School
 Jenny Saville, artist

Lilley and Stone High School for Girls
 Julia Allison, General Secretary from 1994 to 1997 of the Royal College of Midwives (1951–58)
 Annette Cooper, Archdeacon of Colchester since 2004
 Enid Essame, Headmistress from 1943 to 1971 of Queenswood School, and President from 1962 to 1964 of the Association of Headmistresses of Boarding Schools (now the Girls' Schools Association)
 Sadie Hartley (nee Cook), businesswoman murdered by love rival in January 2016
 Elizabeth Rider, actress (1969–76)

References

External links
 The Newark Academy official website
 Sconce Hills Secondary School

Academies in Nottinghamshire
Newark-on-Trent
Secondary schools in Nottinghamshire