title: Suzan Mutesi

text:
Suzan Mutesi (born Suzan Faith Mutesi Mufumbiro; 21 June 1986) is a Ugandan-Australian actress, model and fashion designer.

Early life and education
Originally from Uganda, Mutesi moved to Australia to complete her high school at Delany College, Granville. She received a Bachelor of Design with a major in fashion at Raffles KvB Institute of Technology.

Career

In 2022, she appeared in The Challenge: Australia, a reality television competition series which was hosted by presenter and sports commentator Brihony Dawson and premiered on Network 10.
She has also played a DJ on a Netflix show Heart Break High.  Mutesi can also be seen in the Marvel film Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings. In 2021, she had a role in the film Ruby's Choice as 'shopper 1', 2020 a movie named Moon Rock For Monday directed by Kurt Martin, 2019 TV series Deadly women, 2009  featured in the movie X men origin wolverine and also in 2015 featured in a movie irreversible choices. She's also known for winning the Fashion icon award at the African Australian Music and Movie award 2014. In the same year she also won the Abryanz award 2014 for the Best fashion contributor in the Diaspora in Uganda Africa. In 2012 she won Fashion Designer by Celebrate Africa Australians. She showcased at Fashion Aid Forward 2015 hosted by Channel Ten's Henry Roth with most of Melbourne's best designers and Project Runway winners in a theatrical circus Nocturne runway.

She had a role in the Movie Gossip Nation 2012, and was an extra in The Wolverine and The Australian working alongside Nicole, Kidman Wil.I.am and Hugh Jackman. She also played an extra in the movie Truth working alongside Cate Blanchett and Dennis Quaid. Suzan also was a regular featured extra on channel 7 Australian series Headland (2005-2006). Suzan co-hosted with well-known African American Actor Pascal Atuma, Desmond Elliot and John Dumelo at the 2013 African Australian Music and Movie awards. Suzan has featured in TV adverts on Australian television like Fox 8 summer AD in 2011; she also featured on an international Nicabate Ad 2013 up to 2014. She has also featured in music videos like Star Fire- by Scrim and Mr dread locks by and Latifa ft. LL Bock. Early 2014 she launched the Heart of Gold Africa organization which is involved in helping the less fortunate. The foundation is affiliated with "suzan Mutesi Fashion House" a designer label of African inspiration one can help by purchasing a dress as 10% of the money spent is given to the foundation. Heart of Gold Africa was formed to assist the rural people of Africa in attaining information to fight the digital age and advocate for their fundamental rights and improve their health and socio-economic status. The organization provides education and awareness using an integrated approach of communication.

References

External links

Australian fashion designers
Australian women fashion designers
1986 births
Living people
Ugandan fashion designers
Ugandan women fashion designers
Australian people of Ugandan descent
Ugandan emigrants to Australia
The Challenge (TV series) contestants


title: Katthamra

text:
Katthamra (Katthamra gård) is a manor house located at Katthammarsvik in Östergarn on the island Gotland, Sweden. Apart from the main building, several annexes and a garden belong to the estate. The main building has undergone several renovations but is a fine example of 1800s upper-class accommodation, with magnificent murals. The estate has recently undergone a major renovation. Six buildings have new roofs and three have been prepared for rental.

History
The estate dates from the Middle Ages.
The first known owner was Peder Fleming, who bought the farm in 1652. In the late 18th century, Katthamra was acquired by merchant andshipbuilder Jacob Dubbe (1769–1844). Among the owners of the house were Nils Ihre, ancestor of philologist and historical linguist Johan Ihre (1707–1780).

In the early 19th century, the farm was sold to Axel Hägg, whose descendants owned the farm for 150 years. Best known were architect and artist Axel Herman Hägg (Haig, 1835–1921) and his brother Rear Admiral Jacob Hägg (1839–1931).

Katthamra is an unusual example of a manor house on Gotland, where such buildings are uncommon.  During the 18th and 19th centuries the owners of the estate earned a lot of money from limestone extraction. The main building dates largely from the 18th century but was originally much smaller. The presently visible main building was enlarged in 1805 into the presently visible Neoclassical building. It is a two-storey house with a hip roof. Above the main entrance there is a statue of Diana. The house has some profusely painted interiors, made by artist Jonas Torssén.

See also
 Stora Hästnäs

References

External links

Manor houses in Sweden
Buildings and structures in Gotland County


title: Bashir, Iraq

text:
Bashir (, ) is a village in Iraq, located south of Kirkuk. It is populated by Shia Turkmens.

The village was captured by ISIL in June 2014. It was recaptured by Iraqi forces on 1 May 2016.

References

Populated places in Kirkuk Governorate
District capitals of Iraq
Turkmen communities in Iraq


title: Diyaminauclea

text:
Diyaminauclea is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus contains only one species, viz. Diyaminauclea zeylanica, which is endemic to Sri Lanka.

References

External links
 Diyaminauclea in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae

Monotypic Rubiaceae genera


title: 1901 in Spain

text:
Events in the year 1901 in Spain.

Incumbents
 Monarch: Alfonso XIII
 Prime Minister: Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero (until 6 March), Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (starting 6 March)

Events
 May 19: Spanish general election, 1901
 Founding of the socialist newspaper La Bandera Roja in Castro Urdiales

Births
 February 3: Ramón J. Sender, novelist (died 1982)
 April 1: Francisco Ascaso (died 1936)
 May 27: Pedro Garfias (died 1967)
 June 29: José Castillo (Spanish Civil War) (died 1936)
 October 15: Enrique Jardiel Poncela (died 1952)

Deaths
 November 29: Francesc Pi i Margall (born 1824)

External links

1900s in Spain
Years of the 20th century in Spain
Spain


title: The Lancasters

text:
The Lancasters is a residential development in London, England, with 77 apartments, the majority of which face south with views onto or across Hyde Park.

History

The building was originally a terrace of 15 stucco-fronted Grade-II listed houses dating from the mid-nineteenth century.  It was purchased by a joint venture between the investment and development company Minerva and the developer Northacre Plc.

The building underwent significant redevelopment.  It was completely demolished behind the French Renaissance style façade, which was retained in one of the longest façade development projects in Europe.

It took almost 11 months and 500 tons of steel to support the entire 407 ft. long façade, which is the equivalent length of 15 AEC Routemaster buses end-to-end.

The Lancasters is considered to be the first super prime development in W2 and commands premium prices throughout the building.
The scheme which incorporates private residential accommodation was a joint venture between the investment and development company Minerva and developer Northacre Plc. It is now entirely owned by Northacre Plc.

It was designed by Nilsson Architects and built by Capita Symonds.

Location

The building is located in Bayswater area of London, adjacent to Hyde Park. It sits between the Lancaster Gate and Queensway Underground stations on the Central line, taking up the length of block between Leinster Terrace and Lancaster Gate. The address is: The Lancasters, 75–89 Lancaster Gate, London W2 3NH.

References

Further reading

Ike Ijeh, Building magazine, 10 June 2011
Arabella Youens, Country Life, 19 February 2009
Francesca Steele, Financial Times, 4 April 2014

External links
The Lancasters
Northacre Plc
Minerva

Grade II listed buildings in the City of Westminster
Apartment buildings in London
Bayswater


title: Rapaki (steam crane)

text:
The steam crane Rapaki was a historic ship in New Zealand.

Service history
On 24 December 1925 the Lyttelton Harbour Board ordered an 80-ton self-propelled floating crane, called Rapaki. She was named after the settlement close to Lyttelton of the same name.  She was built at a cost of £42,000. The Rapaki took 109 days to sail from Greenock, Scotland, to Lyttelton, arriving on 28 July 1926. Rapaki was one of two steam cranes in New Zealand waters, the other being the  which as of 2021 can still be visited on the Wellington Waterfront. Rapaki operated in Lyttelton for 60 years. During World War II Rapaki was requisitioned for war work in the Pacific. It had been intended that she go to the Middle East, but after Japan joined the war this plan was cancelled.

At the end of her working life, Rapaki was transported to Auckland, and became an exhibit at the Maritime Museum on Auckland's waterfront. In December 2018, the Rapaki was towed to Wynyard Wharf to be broken up. Some of its parts were given to the Hikitia.

See also
 List of classic vessels
 List of museum ships

References

The New Zealand Maritime Record
Engineering Heritage New Zealand

Merchant ships of New Zealand
Steam cranes
Ships built on the River Clyde
Paisley, Renfrewshire
Crane vessels
Floating cranes
Individual cranes (machines)
1925 ships


The Grammy Award for Best Roots Gospel Album has been an award category at the annual Grammy Awards since 2015.

The award was first approved by the board of trustees of the Grammy Awards in June 2014.

According to NARAS, the award was introduced to "provide a category for traditional Southern gospel and other "roots" gospel albums as both a protector of the heritage of this music and an acknowledgement of the growing interest and support of these genres." It is similar to the Grammy Award for Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album category which was active from 1991 to 2011.

The category is open for solo artists, duos, groups and other collaborations and is for albums only. In the Gospel genre field, it will sit with other categories such as Best Gospel Album and Best Contemporary Christian Music Album.

The Grammy is awarded to the performer(s) on the winning recording. If there is no identifiable artist (e.g. in soundtrack or various artist albums), the award is given to the (compilation) producer(s).

Recipients

Artists with multiple nominations

3 nominations
 Gaither Vocal Band
 The Isaacs
 Ernie Haase & Signature Sound

2 nominations
 The Martins
 Tim Menzies
 Joseph Habedank
 Gordon Mote
 Karen Peck and New River

See also
List of Grammy Award categories

References and links

2015 establishments in the United States
Album awards
Awards established in 2015
Grammy Award categories


title: Dolianthus

text:
Dolianthus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus is endemic to New Guinea.

Species
Dolianthus archboldianus (Merr. & L.M.Perry) A.P.Davis
Dolianthus bicolor (Merr. & L.M.Perry) A.P.Davis
Dolianthus buxifolius (C.H.Wright) A.P.Davis
Dolianthus clemensiae (Merr. & L.M.Perry) A.P.Davis
Dolianthus epiphyticus (Valeton) A.P.Davis
Dolianthus fimbristipularis (P.Royen) A.P.Davis
Dolianthus kairoi A.P.Davis
Dolianthus montiswilhelmii (P.Royen) A.P.Davis
Dolianthus nummatus (P.Royen) A.P.Davis
Dolianthus ovatifolius A.P.Davis
Dolianthus subalpinus (P.Royen) A.P.Davis
Dolianthus trichanthus (Merr. & L.M.Perry) A.P.Davis
Dolianthus archboldianus C.H.Wright

References

External links
 Dolianthus in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae

Rubiaceae genera
Psychotrieae
Endemic flora of New Guinea


title: James Hamilton Stanhope

text:
Colonel James Hamilton Stanhope (1788–1825), was a British Army officer who fought in the Peninsular War and at the Battle of Waterloo. He was a Member of Parliament for Buckingham, 1817–1818, Fowey, 1818–1819, and Dartmouth, 1822–1825.

Biography
He was the third and youngest son of Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope.

Stanhope was joined in the British Army at the age of 15, contrary to his father's wishes, but by the advice and influence of William Pitt the Younger; who was 3rd Earl's second cousin, by the marriage of his grandfather, the 1st Earl, to Lucy, sister of Robert Pitt of Boconnock (the Minister's grandfather).  He entered the British Army as Ensign in the 1st Foot Guards, 26 December 1805; was promoted Lieutenant and Captain, 14 January 1808; brevet Major, 21 June 1813; and Captain and Lieutenant-Colonel in the 1st Foot Guards, 25 July 1814.

Stanhope served in Spain, Portugal, Flanders and France. He served as on the staff of General Sir John Moore as an aide-de-camp in 1809. He acted as extra aid-de-camp to Lord Lynedock (1810–1814). In 1812 was appointed a Deputy Assistant Quarter Master General, and in 1813 as Assistant Quarter Master General in the Peninsula.

During the storming of San Sebastian in late August early September 1813, Stanhope received a grape-shot wound in the spine. The opinion of the surgeons by whom he was attended, was that the ball could not, without imminent risk of fatal consequences, be extracted, so it remained lodged in place and caused him immense suffering for the rest of his life.  He remained in the army and in 1815 served as an assistant adjacent to Duke of Wellington during the Waterloo Campaign and took part in the Battle of Waterloo and the subsequent the march upon Paris. From 1815 until he died he was aid-de-camp to Prince Frederick.

Stanhope was first elected to parliament in 1817; he was returned for Fowey at the general election in 1818, but was not re-chosen in 1820. In that year he was, by the will of Sir Joseph Banks, appointed one of his four executors.  Stanhope re-entered the House of Commons in early in 1822 as M.P. for Dartmouth, and continued so until his death.

Marriage and death
On 9 July 1820, Stanhope married Frederica-Louisa, eldest daughter of David William, 3rd Earl Mansfield. She gave birth to one son, James Stanhope, but died on 14 January 1823.

Greatly afflicted at the death of his wife Stanhope gave up his establishment in South Audley Street in London and moved into Kenwood House, the seat of his father-in-law. In 1825 Stanhope was still very depressed over the loss of his wife and continued to suffer physical discomfort from the wound he had received in Spain twelve years earlier. He had appeared very abstracted, and was in the habit of sitting a long time, as if in a state of stupor, and then he would suddenly start up, as if from sleep or upon an alarm. A few days before his death on 5 March, he had complained very much that be could get no sleep, in consequence of the pain he endured. Afflicted in his melancholy manner, whilst walking in the park at some distance from the house, he entered a shed, formed to shelter the cattle, and suspended himself with his braces from a beam. His body was not discovered till some hours after, when, the household being alarmed, a general search was in progress. A Coroner's jury gave a verdict of "temporary insanity".

Bibliography

Notes

References

Attribution

Further reading

1788 births
1825 deaths
British politicians who committed suicide
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Fowey
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Dartmouth
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
James Hamilton
Younger sons of earls
Suicides by hanging in England
Suicides in England
People of the Battle of Waterloo


title: Sphenorhynchia

text:
Sphenorhynchia is an extinct genus of brachiopods belonging to the family Prionorhynchiidae.

These brachiopods are stationary epifaunal suspension feeders. They lived in the Jurassic period, from 183.0 to 164.7 Ma.   Fossils of this genus have been found in the sediments of Afghanistan, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Saudi Arabia and Slovakia.

Species
Sphenorhynchia angulata Cooper 1989
Sphenorhynchia bugeysiaca Riche 1893
Sphenorhynchia ferryi Deslongchamps 1859
Sphenorhynchia latereplanata Seifert 1963
Sphenorhynchia plicatella Sowerby 1825
Sphenorhynchia varicostata Cooper 1989

References

 Yves Almeras - Révision systématique du genre Sphenorhynchia Buckman, 1918 (Brachiopoda, Rhynchonellidae): Implications taxonomiques, évolution, biostratigraphie.

Rhynchonellida

Prehistoric brachiopod genera
Rhynchonellida


title: Gossip Girls (T-ara album)

text:
Gossip Girls is the fourth studio album and third Japanese release by South Korean idol group T-ara. It was released on May 14, 2014, as their second album release under Universal Music Japan sub-label EMI Records Japan in two limited editions and a regular edition.

Release and promotion
Gossip Girls was released in three versions: a CD+DVD+Photobook Edition (Diamond), a CD+DVD Edition (Sapphire), and a CD Only Edition (Pearl). Diamond edition includes a 36-page photobook and all editions come with one enclosed trading card which is randomly chosen out of 7 types.

The album includes five new original Japanese songs: "Just Now," "Lucky Wannabee!," "Keep on Walking," "Knockin' on My Heart," and "Musica Musica". The secret track is the same song "Do You Know Me," originally track #8, played again with slightly different lyrics.

Commercial performance

Gossip Girls debuted at number seven on the Oricon Albums Chart, with first-week sales of 10,463 in Japan. In its second week, the album dropped to number 49 and sold 1,467 copies. The album fell out the top 100 in its third week. The album ranked at number 24 on the Oricon Monthly Albums Chart, selling 12,680 copies.

Singles

Two singles have been released prior to the album.

"Number Nine / Memories: You Gave Me Guidance" is the eighth Japanese single and first double A-side single released by T-ara. It was released in four editions: two Limited CD+DVD editions, a regular edition and a Christmas edition. The song "Number Nine" is a Japanese version of the original Korean song, released on their fifth Korean mini album Again. The song "Memories: You Gave Me Guidance" (Japanese: "記憶 ~君がくれた道標(みちしるべ)~") was used as the theme song to the Japanese movie Jinx!!! which member Hyomin starred in. Limited editions come in a special paper jacket, while Christmas edition is packed in a box and comes with a remix album, a DVD, and six "T-ARA Santa ver." rubber keyholders. Regular edition comes with the bonus track "A-ha." All editions come with a trading card with a serial code (one randomly chosen out of 7 types). The Christmas edition was originally to be released along with the other editions, on November 20, but its release was delayed to December 18. The single reached number 13 on the Oricon charts, and charted for 7 weeks.

"Lead the Way / La'boon" is the ninth Japanese single (second double A-side) released by T-ara. It was released in three versions: eight limited CD+DVD editions, one type A, and seven type B (one per member), a box edition, and a regular CD Only edition. Each limited edition B features a DVD with a solo version of "Lead the Way" music video featuring one sole member. The box edition includes all six versions in one DVD and includes a 16-page photobook. All editions include one trading card with a serial code. Limited editions comes in a special package while the regular edition comes in a normal paper case. The single reached number 8 on the Oricon charts, and charted for 5 weeks.

Track listing

Charts

Oricon

References

T-ara albums
Japanese-language albums
EMI Records albums
Universal Music Japan albums
2014 albums


title: Mehboob Ali (Rajasthani politician)

text:
Mehboob Ali (1931–2011) was a former leader of Bharatiya Janata Party from Rajasthan. He was a cabinet rank minister from 1977 to 1980 in the Government of Rajasthan headed by Chief minister Shekhewat. He hailed from Bikaner district.

References

Rajasthan MLAs 1977–1980
People from Bikaner district
State cabinet ministers of Rajasthan
1931 births
2011 deaths
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan


title: Dolichodelphys

text:
Dolichodelphys is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus contains only one species, Dolichodelphys chlorocrater, which is found in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

References

External links
 Dolichodelphys in the World Checklist of Rubiaceae

Monotypic Rubiaceae genera
Dialypetalantheae


title: Mahaganapati

text:
Mahaganapati (, ), literally "Ganesha, the Great"), also spelled as Maha Ganapati, and frequently called Mahaganadhipati, is an aspect of the Hindu god Ganesha. He is the representation of Ganesha as the Supreme Being Paramatman and is the most important deity of the Ganesha-centric Ganapatya sect. He is one of the most popular of the thirty-two forms of Ganesha, worshipped as a representation of the ultimate truth Para brahman.

Mahaganapati is depicted as elephant-headed with ten arms carrying various objects and is accompanied by a goddess.

Iconography
Like all aspects of Ganesha, Mahaganapati has an elephant head. Sindoor, is generally used for his red colour, in depictions. His colour is a reference to the dawn. He is often depicted with a third eye on his forehead, a crescent moon over his head, ten arms which hold; a lotus, a pomegranate fruit, a gada (mace), a chakra (discus), his own broken tusk, a pasha (noose), a jewelled water vessel or a pot of jewels, a blue lotus, a rice sprig and a sugarcane bow.

An alternate depiction replaces the pomegranate with a mango and the gada with a shankha (conch) and elaborates that the jewelled pot contains amrita (ambrosia). Yet another description suggests that the objects in his ten hands are gifts from other deities and symbolize his powers to perform the tasks of all deities and his supremacy over the pantheon. He sometimes holds a citron fruit with numerous seeds, a symbol of the power of creation and a representation the god Shiva. The sugarcane bow is associated with Kamadeva, the god of love; while the rice paddy functions as an arrow bestowed by the Earth goddess Prithvi; both symbols of fertility. The chakra is a common weapon of Vishnu, while the gada represents his boar avatar, Varaha. The jewelled pot – which may be depicted in his trunk – denotes Kubera, the god of wealth. It also represents the fortune and blessings bestowed by Mahaganapati on his devotees.

Rao classifies Mahaganapati as one of the five Shakti-Ganesha icons, where Ganesha is depicted with either Riddhi/Siddhi that is, a female consort. A white-complexioned Riddhi/Siddhi sits on his left lap. She holds a lotus (a symbol of purity) in her left hand and hugs the god with her other hand. A text calls her Pushti ("nourishment"). The left hand of the god holds a blue lotus and embraces the goddess.

Various deities and demons surround the god.

Worship
Mahaganapati represents Ganesha as the Supreme Being and thus the most important deity of the Ganapatya sect, which accords the status of the Supreme God to Ganesha. He is a widely worshipped and widely depicted form of Ganesha. The icon symbolizes happiness, wealth and magnificence of Ganesha.

Mahaganapati is the patron of the Maha-ganapatya sect, one of the six chief schools of the Ganapatyas. They regard Mahaganapati as the great Creator. Mahaganapati is believed to have existed before the creation of the universe and will exist after its dissolution (pralaya). He creates the god Brahma, who aids in creation of the universe and all other beings. One who meditates on this form of Ganesha is said to obtain Supreme Bliss.

In a Tantric context, Mahaganapati is associated with six rituals of abhichara (uses of spells for malevolent purposes) by which the adept can cause the target to suffer delusions, be overcome with irresistible attraction or envy, or to be enslaved, paralysed or killed.

Mahaganapati is enshrined in the Ranjangaon Ganpati temple, one of the eight Ashtavinayak temples. According to local legend, Mahaganapati had aided his father Shiva to fight the demon Tripurasura. Shiva had forgotten to pay his respects to Mahaganapati before starting the battle against the demon. An enraged Mahaganapati caused Shiva's chariot to fail. Shiva realized his mistake and paid his respects to his son and then was successful in defeating the demon.

Notes

References

Forms of Ganesha


title: Corridos Canta

text:
Corridos Canta is the fourth full-length album released by the New Mexico musician Al Hurricane in 1973?.

Track listing

References

Al Hurricane albums
New Mexico music albums


title: Kazuki Segawa

text:
is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a defender for Criacao Shinjuku in the Japan Football League.

Playing career
He joined Thespakusatsu Gunma after being selected for Kanto University selection B, and debuted for Thespakusatsu Gunma against Tochigi SC on 31 March 2013. He transferred to Montedio Yamagata in 2014, then made his competitive debut for the club in a J. League Cup match against Vegalta Sendai.

In 2021, citing the warmth he received from their approach as a human being other than a player, he joined Criacao Shinjuku.

Club statistics
Updated to 23 February 2020.

References

External links
Profile at Renofa Yamaguchi

1990 births
Living people
Kokushikan University alumni
Association football people from Hiroshima Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Japan Football League players
Thespakusatsu Gunma players
Montedio Yamagata players
Renofa Yamaguchi FC players
Tochigi SC players
Criacao Shinjuku players
Men's association football defenders


title: John Eldon Bankes

text:
Sir John Eldon Bankes,  (17 April 1854 – 31 December 1946) was a Welsh judge of the King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice, and later the Lord Justice of Appeal.

Biography
Born in Northop, Flintshire on 17 April 1854, he was the eldest son of John Scott Bankes (1826-1896) and his first wife, Annie (1829-1876), daughter of Sir John Jervis, himself a chief justice. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, where he rowed for Oxford University Boat Club.

Called to the Bar in 1878, he took silk in 1901. Whilst on the bench, he was often referred to as J. Eldon Bankes. In 1910 he became a judge of the High Court, and in 1915 a Lord Justice of Appeal and a Privy Councillor. He retired from the bench in 1927.

Bankes was chairman of Quarter Sessions in Flintshire for 33 years, and as a Conservative an active member of Flintshire County Council, of which he was chairman in 1933. He unsuccessfully fought for one of the Flintshire constituencies in 1906. Bankes was on numerous commissions or committees of inquiry, including: Chairman of the Departmental Committee on Education in Rural Wales, 1928; and as a prominent Anglican, with Lord Sankey he drafted the new constitution of the Church in Wales.

On the death of his father, he inherited the family home of Soughton Hall, Flintshire. He married Edith Ethelston in 1882 (d. 1931), and the couple had two sons and two daughters. In 1921, Bankes was made an honorary LL.D. of the University of Wales. The Northop Village Hall was endowed as the Edith Bankes Memorial Institute in her memory.

Bankes died at his home in North Wales on 31 December 1946, aged 92. After his death, the Soughton estate passed to their second son, Robert Wynne Bankes, who served as Private Secretary to successive Lord Chancellors. After the death of his mother, his son, John Wynne Bankes, sold the hall into private hands, and in 1987 it was converted into a country house hotel.

Notable judicial decisions

Bankes handed down a number of notable decisions during his judicial career, predominantly in the field of banking law.  Key decisions included:
 Tournier v National Provincial and Union Bank of England [1924] 1 KB 461, the leading authority on a banker's duty of confidentiality
 Russian Commercial and Industrial Bank v Comptoir d'Estcompte de Mulhouse [1925] AC 112, on the authority of the bank's officers
 National Provincial Bank v Charnley [1924] 1 KB 431, priority between competing security interests
 Banque Belge pour L'Etranger v Hambrouck [1921] 1 KB 321, on knowing receipt and tracing
 Joachimson v Swiss Bank Corporation [1921] 3 KB 110, on the banker-customer relationship

References

People from Northop
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Welsh King's Counsel
Queen's Bench Division judges
Lords Justices of Appeal
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
1854 births
1946 deaths
John
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Bachelor
Conservative Party (UK) councillors
Members of Flintshire County Council


title: Migrant Offshore Aid Station

text:
The Migrant Offshore Aid Station (MOAS) is an international humanitarian non-governmental organization based in Malta that provides aid and emergency medical relief to refugees and migrants.

Most activities between 2014 and 2017 have focused on sea-rescue of refugees and migrants, some 2017 activities have centered around healthcare to Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.

History

MOAS was founded in 2013 by Italian businesswoman Regina Catrambone and her American husband Chris Catrambone, after Regina found the lifejacket of a refugee who had drowned on the journey from North Africa to Europe.

MOAS has been awarded Italy's Order of Merit and Malta's Medal for Service for the Republic (Midalja għall-Qadi tar-Repubblika). MOAS also received an award from Civic Engagement by the Today Public Policy Institute in November 2015. In 2016, MOAS received The Geuzen Medal.

Activities

2014 mission in the Central Mediterranean
The first activities was a 21-day mission of the MY Phoenix vessel that commenced on 25 August 2014, the first rescue was a Maltese fisherman whose boat was drifting off Delimara (close to Marsaxlokk) after its engine failed. The man managed to attract the attention of the MOAS crew by waving. The three-metre fishing vessel was tied up alongside the Phoenix until help was called.

MOAS organized its first migrant rescue on 30 August when it assisted a group of 250 Syrians and Palestinians, including 40 children. On the same day, the Phoenix also assisted 96 people travelling from Sub-Saharan Africa in a rubber dinghy who were transferred onto a merchant ship. On 8 September, the Phoenix conducted two rescues involving almost 700 people migrants, 83 women and children. A two-day-old infant was among the people rescued.

On the subsequent day, another 500 migrants were rescued from two separate vessels, bringing the tally up to 1,500 migrants saved in less than two weeks at sea. MOAS rescued another 1,500 migrants throughout October, bringing the total number of rescues to 3,000.

MOAS launched a crowdfunding effort in October and by 2015 raised $70,000. In February 2015, MOAS made a specific appeal to the maritime industry and mariners who are required to respond to emergencies. It said that seafarers transiting the Mediterranean would be especially affected by the numbers of refugees crossing from Libya to Italy after projects like the Italian mission Mare Nostrum were no longer in operation.

2015 mission in the Central Mediterranean

MOAS continued to operate in the Central Mediterranean Sea from May to September 2015, during which time it assisted almost 9,000 refugees, bringing its total number of rescues until the end of 2015 to 12,000.

Doctors Without Borders partnered with MOAS from May to September 2015 on board the MY Phoenix where they cared for 6,985 people rescued at sea after rescue by MOAS. The 6 person team included a logistician, a communications specialist, and medical staff who cared for migrants on board the Phoenix. Rescued people suffered from a range conditions including from dehydration and gunshot wounds.

Mission in the Aegean Sea: December 2015 to March 2016

MOAS funding raising revenue was significantly increased following an increase in public awareness of the need for sea rescue in the aftermath of the death of Alan Kurdi, enabling MOAS to expand its work to the Aegean Sea between December 2015 and April 2016.

On 2 January, it announced that it has assisted a boat of 39 migrants, 11 of whom were injured by the violent impact on the sharp island rocks. A three-month old infant boy was severely hypothermic and was stabilized. On 12 January 2016, MOAS assisted a vessel of Syrian refugees who had washed ashore on the island of Agathonisi. The group included a two-year-old boy who became the first known migrant casualty that year.

For this mission, MOAS used the Topaz Responder, a 51-meter custom-made emergency response vessel, which hosts two high-speed rescue launches. These smaller rescue vessels are named Alan and Galip, in honour of the Kurdi brothers.

In April 2016, the sharp fall in attempted crossings in the aftermath of the EU-Turkey deal and unfolding mass tragedies in the Central Mediterranean prompted the repositioning of all MOAS assets to the Central Mediterranean.

2016 mission in the Central Mediterranean

MOAS launched its 2016 Central Mediterranean operation on 6 June, rescuing and assisting over 20,000 people in 2016, during which MOAS' search and rescue vessels operated in international waters 12-16 nautical miles off the coast of Libya. The 2016 Mission was run in conjunction with operational partners Red Cross Italy, who provided vital medical and psychosocial assistance, cultural mediation, food, clothing and emergency resources to the beneficiaries while they were on board.

2017 mission in the Central Mediterranean
MOAS launched its 2017 Central Mediterranean operation on 1 April using the Phoenix and with their own medical team, and supported by a manned drone. Over the Easter Weekend Rescue, MOAS' crew members rescued an estimated 1,500 people.

In September 2017, MOAS announced the ending of their missions in the Mediterranean, in order to divert resources to assisting Myanmar's threatened Rohingya group of Muslims.

Myanmar and Bangladesh
MOAS arrived in Bangladesh on 3 September 2017 to conduct a needs assessment of the unfolding humanitarian crisis. On 1 October 2017 the Phoenix completed the first of two aid deliveries, transporting of 40 tonnes of food.

MOAS has established two field clinics where Rohingya refugees can receive primary and secondary medical care and where the host Bangladeshi community can access our emergency services. The first clinic was opened 14 October 2017 in the fishing community of Shamlapur, near where refugees arrive by sea, the second was opened on 10 November 2017 to serve the remote refugee settlement of Unchiprang.

The clinics offer provide triage, pharmacy, reproductive, maternal neonatal and pediatrics health services. Each clinic has a recovery suite, a maternity room, a surgical area, and an ambulance.

The clinics are staffed with doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists and logisticians, and treat up to 300 people every day for conditions including trauma, acute respiratory illnesses, gastric distress, malnutrition and fatigue. Over 40% of their patients are children.

Funding
Since 2015, MOAS has been funded via public donations, institutional grants, and corporate sponsorship. Operational partners, such as Doctors without Borders, the Italian Red Cross, and the International Federation of the Red Cross.

In March 2016 the Global Impact network announced to have collected about US$1.5 Million for MOAS.

See also
 Hellenic Rescue Team
 Iuventa
 Mediterranea Saving Humans
 No Border network
 Proactiva Open Arms
 Sea Watch
 SOS Méditerranée

References

External links
Official Website

Charities based in Malta
Social welfare charities
Sea rescue organizations
Migrant boat disasters in Europe
Foreign charities operating in Bangladesh
Humanitarian aid organizations in Europe
Organizations established in 2013
Non-governmental organizations
Organisations based in Malta


title: The Wonky Donkey

text:
The Wonky Donkey is a 2009 children's book by New Zealander Craig Smith. It is illustrated by British-born Katz Cowley, who has a degree in Illustration from the University of Northumbria.

The book is based upon a song that Smith wrote in 2005 after hearing the joke: "What do you call a donkey with three legs? – A wonky donkey". In 2018 the book was featured in a viral video of a Scottish grandmother laughing hysterically as she attempted to read it to her grandchild, leading to a surge in purchases of the book worldwide.

Awards
 Children's Choice Award by the New Zealand Post Children's Book Awards
 The song was the APRA New Zealand Children's Song of the Year Award in 2008.

Controversy
In 2010 a schoolteacher alleged that Smith had heavily based the book on several internet jokes and had not referenced this in his work. Smith and his publisher responded by stating that the song predated the specific versions that the educator had seen on the internet and that it was possible that these versions had emerged because of his success with the song and resulting book.

References

External links

The Wonky Donkey Book website
Katz Cowley website

2009 children's books
New Zealand children's books
Scholastic Corporation books
Fictional donkeys
Children's books about donkeys


title: Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro administration

text:
When elected in 2013, Nicolás Maduro continued the majority of existing economic policies of his predecessor Hugo Chávez. When entering the presidency, President Maduro's Venezuela faced a high inflation rate and large shortages of goods that was left over from the previous policies of President Chávez. These economic difficulties that Venezuela was facing were one of the main reasons of the current protests in Venezuela. President Maduro has blamed capitalism for speculation that is driving high rates of inflation and creating widespread shortages of staples, and often said he was fighting an "economic war", calling newly enacted economic measures "economic offensives" against political opponents he and loyalists state are behind an international economic conspiracy. However, President Maduro has been criticized for only concentrating on public opinion instead of tending to the practical issues economists have warned the Venezuelan government about or creating any ideas to improve the economic situation in Venezuela such as the "economic war".

In 2014, Venezuela's economy entered a recession with its economy contracting by 4.8%, 4.9% and 2.3% in the first three quarters. That year, Venezuela topped the Global Misery Index, which is based on inflation, unemployment, and other economic factors. In December 2014, it was stated that Venezuela had a 93% chance of being in default, while it has also been noted that the government has never failed to meet the country's foreign-debt obligations.

In 2015, Venezuela again topped the Global Misery Index and was expected to have its economy contract 7% according to the World Bank. The inflation rate also reached its highest rate in Venezuelan history.

In 2019, Maduro started allowing transactions in U.S. dollars, a much more stable currency which is also used for international money transfers. People in Venezuela receive about $3.5 to $4 billion per year in remittances from family members; this change allowed Venezuelans to spend that money and started an economic recovery.

Government policies

Petroleum and natural resources

Petroleum industry
In 2014, oil production was estimated to be near 2.7 million barrels per day, 13% lower than when Hugo Chávez took office in 1999. There were shortages and rationing of gas in some areas of Venezuela, which according to the Venezuelan government, is to combat smuggling of cheaper fuel to Colombia. PDVSA stated that the gasoline supply was running normally and that the long lines stated at gas stations were "destabilizing rumors factions opposing the Bolivarian government".

In August 2014, after several attempts to raise gas prices, Oil Minister and president of PDVSA Rafael Ramirez announced that Venezuela would raise domestic gas prices, though they would still not be comparable to international averages. Government figures estimated that PDVSA had annual losses of $12.5 billion with the subsidized gas prices, with PDVSA paying 28 times more to produce gasoline and 50 times more for diesel than what consumers pay at gas stations. However, Rafael Ramirez was removed from being head of PDVSA and the oil ministry the next month.

In October 2014, Venezuela's oil prices dropped to a four-year low and President Maduro called for an emergency meeting with OPEC. With Venezuela's oil prices down to $77.65 per barrel, down $15 from the previous month, President Maduro later stated that in Venezuela's 2015 budget, prices of oil would be placed around $60 per barrel contrasting the previous averages of nearly $100 per barrel. However, by January 2016, Venezuelan oil was selling near $24 a barrel, bringing a profit near the cost of producing a single barrel which was slightly below $20 per barrel.

Shortly after being granted special economic powers in February 2016, President Maduro increased the price of gas by 6,200%, though this increase only translated to new gas prices costing of a few American cents with Venezuela still enjoying the cheapest gasoline prices in the world. This was the first rise of gas prices since the Caracazo in 1989 when protests were held over the increased prices, with this event leading to the rise of Maduro's predecessor, Hugo Chávez.

Other resources
During Venezuela's economic crisis, the rate of gold excavated fell 64.1% between February 2013 and February 2014 and iron production dropped 49.8%. The production of steel and aluminium of multiple Venezuelan steelmakers dropped in 2014, with the state-owned steelmaker Sidor having a drop in production of 33.5%, the lowest levels since the 1980s.

Social spending and public works

In May 2016, the National Assembly passed a law compelling the executive branch and Nicolás Maduro to accept foreign aid for healthcare and medical supplies, including medicines that have experienced supply shortages.  The intent of this law is to offset decline in services and supply shortages.  Every citizen and resident in Venezuela is entitled to healthcare as both a human and constitutional right and guaranteed by law.

In March 2019, The Wall Street Journal said that "Mr. Maduro has long used food and other government handouts to pressure impoverished Venezuelans to attend pro-government rallies and to support him during elections as the country's economic meltdown has intensified."

Health care

In February 2014, doctors at University of Caracas Medical Hospital stopped performing surgeries due to the lack of supplies. The government's currency policy has made it difficult to import drugs and other medical supplies into Venezuela. The executive director of the Venezuelan Association of Hospitals and Clinics explained how in less than a month, shortages of 53 medical products rose to 109 products and explained how the CADIVI system was to blame since 86% of medical supplies are imported.

An Associated Press report dated February 2014 noted that "legions of the sick across the country" were being "neglected by a health care system doctors say is collapsing after years of deterioration." Doctors at one hospital "sent home 300 cancer patients ... when supply shortages and overtaxed equipment made it impossible for them to perform non-emergency surgeries." The government, which controlled "the dollars needed to buy medical supplies," had "simply not made enough" dollars available for those supplies, the AP reported. As a result, "many patients began dying from easily treatable illnesses when Venezuela's downward economic slide accelerated after Chavez's death." Doctors called it impossible "to know how many have died, and the government doesn't keep such numbers, just as it hasn't published health statistics since 2010." Among the items "in critically short supply" were "needles, syringes and paraffin used in biopsies to diagnose cancer; drugs to treat it; operating room equipment; X-ray film and imaging paper; blood and the reagents needed so it can be used for transfusions." The previous month, the government had "suspended organ donations and transplants." Also, over "70 percent of radiotherapy machines" were "now inoperable." Dr. Douglas Natera, president of the Venezuelan Medical Federation, said, "Two months ago we asked the government to declare an emergency," but they received no response. Health Minister Isabel Iturria refused to give the AP an interview, while a deputy health minister, Nimeny Gutierrez, "denied on state TV that the system is in crisis." The Venezuelan Pharmaceutical Federation reported shortages of 70% of medicines at pharmacies throughout Venezuela in 2015.

Infrastructure
In September 2013, a power outage left 70% of the country without electricity for about three hours in the middle of the day. Another widespread outage occurred on December 2, 2013, days before Venezuela's nationwide municipal elections, just after 8 p.m. local time; power began to return within an hour or two, "though remoter parts of the nation of 29 million people were still in the dark late into the evening." Critics stated that a lack of maintenance had caused the outage, while President Maduro accused the opposition of sabotaging the national grid with the aim to discredit him ahead of the nationwide municipal elections. By February 2016, the Venezuelan government began rationing electricity in the capital city of Caracas, blaming El Nino for low energy production from the country's hydroelectric plants.

According to a Runrunes report showing confidential water reports from the state-run water organization HidroCentro, tests showed that tap water contained bacteria, human waste, oils, detergents and radioactive materials appeared in Carabobo and other states in Venezuela.

Housing
In 2011, the Venezuelan government promised to build an additional 3 million housing units in a country where many "live in precariously built shacks in the hilly capital, Caracas" according to The Washington Post. At the end of April 2017, Maduro marked the completion of 1.6 million houses under government programs established under the Chávez government.

Transportation
In late 2013, a major railway project in Venezuela was delayed because Venezuela could not pay US$7.5 billion and owed China Railway nearly US$500 million.

In May 2014, the Central Bank of Venezuela announced that the shortage rate of automobiles was at 100%. Automobiles manufacturers in Venezuela, such as Ford, General Motors and Toyota decreased or in some cases ceased production entirely. In January 2015, Maduro revived the use of transportation tolls in the country for more revenue despite the removal by Chavez, who stated the tolls did not help pay to maintain roads and were part of a capitalist system.

Food
On April 3, 2016, Maduro created the Comité Local de Abastecimiento y Producción (CLAP), which are local committees for supplying and distributing food house by house.

International policies

Foreign debt
According to a February 2014 article in The Economist, the Venezuelan government was, as of that date, running out of hard currency to pay bills. Many airlines, including Air Canada, Air Europa, American Airlines, Copa Airlines, TAME, TAP Airlines, and United Airlines, suspended international flights operating in Venezuela because the government restricted access to the U.S. dollar. There were talks among airlines of canceling even more international flights out of the country since Venezuela still owed foreign airlines nearly US$4.0 billion. A September 2014 Economist article, said that $7 billion of debt (nearly 33% of Venezuela's $21 billion foreign reserves) was due the next month. In 2017 Goldman Sachs was reported to have paid $865 million for Venezuelan government bonds which it bought for 32 cents in the dollar and were to be repaid in 2022. Sources said that Sachs were buying the bonds on the assumption that the government would fall and the value of the bonds would rise. In November 2017 Standard & Poor's, declared Venezuela to be in “selective default” and the Fitch ratings agency declared the state owned PDVSA oil company in "restrictive default" after failing to pay interest on its obligations. These ratings were one level above full default (a full default would mean PDVSA's assets could be seized by creditors - such as oil shipments and the Citgo refinery in Texas). Venezuela's foreign debt was estimated at US$105 billion and reserves at US$10 billion. Nevertheless, commentators believed Venezuela might still be able to get loans from China and Russia in exchange for mineral and oil rights.

Foreign trade
In 2013, foreign trade from Venezuela was ranked 179 out of 185 countries due to many reasons. One was the large number of documents that are needed in order to export and import. The amount of time to export goods from Venezuela is more than five times longer than the average country with the time importing is eight times longer than average. Prices for trade are also three times higher than the average country.

The United States supplies more than one-third of Venezuela's food imports. Recent government import policies have led to the shortage of goods throughout the country. During the crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela, Maduro decided to purchase hundreds of military vehicles to be used against large waves of protests instead of purchasing goods to import for Venezuelans, allocating only 15% of the necessary amount of funds to buy goods for supermarkets.

International assistance
In January 2015, Maduro toured countries in Asia seeking support following the steep decline in oil prices since June 2014, asking for financial agreements and the cut of production by OPEC. Despite statements by Maduro saying that multibillion-dollar agreements were made, few details were given, oil prices fell another 8% and his tour was described as a failure.

Nationalization of industries

Food distribution
In July 2015, Maduro's "government ordered major food companies, including units of PepsiCo and Nestlé Inc., to evacuate warehouses in an area where the state plans to expropriate land to build low-cost housing." In February 2015, the government previously nationalized the Dia a Dia chain of 35 supermarkets in Venezuela because, in its view, the chain was engaged in hoarding during a food shortage.

Economic indicators

Business environment
The business environment in Venezuela during the beginning of Maduro's tenure was poor according to multiple organizations. In his first year as president, 77,839 business closed with according to the government's National Statistics Institute (INE). The loss of 173,000 Venezuelan jobs was allegedly due to the implementation of Maduro's Organic Law of Fair Prices according to the president of the Business and Trade Union Services Zulia (UCEZ), Gilberto Gudino Millan, because it supposedly prevents the free development of the private sector. In 2014, President Maduro also created "a freeze on commercial rents at rates more than 50 percent lower than they had been at some malls" which resulted with Venezuela's malls and retail industry losing 75% of their incomes.

2013

The International Finance Corporation ranked Venezuela one of the lowest countries for doing business ranking it 180 of 185 countries for its Doing Business 2013 report with protecting investors and taxes being its worst rankings. In the 2013 Legatum Prosperity Index, Venezuela ranked 78 of 142 countries property rankings with governance as the worst category.

2014
In 2014, The Economist said Venezuela was "[p]robably the world's worst-managed economy". Citibank believed " that the economy has little prospect of improvement" and that the state of the Venezuelan economy was a "disaster". For the Doing Business 2014 report by the International Finance Corporation and The World Bank, Venezuela continued to be ranked low and dropped down one rank to 182 of 189. According to Foreign Policy, Venezuela was ranked last in the world on its Base Yield Index due to low returns that investors receive when investing in Venezuela. In a 2014 report titled Scariest Places on the Business Frontiers by Zurich Financial Services and reported by Bloomberg, Venezuela was ranked as the riskiest emerging market in the world. According to the 2014 Legatum Prosperity Index, Venezuela dropped positions in multiple categories with an overall ranking of 100 of 142 countries, dropping 22 positions in from the previous year.

2015

For the Doing Business 2015 report by the International Finance Corporation and The World Bank, Venezuela once again ranked low and fell four ranks to 186 of 189, with only African nations such as South Sudan, Libya and Eritrea performing worse. According to Bank of America's Transforming World Atlas, Venezuela had the world's highest credit default risk. Barclays stated that Venezuela was in its worst economic crisis in its history. Barclays also predicted that Venezuela's economy would shrink 9.1% in 2015 and that between 2014 and 2016, the economy would decline 16.5% and accumulated inflation would be over 1,000%. Capital Economics expected Venezuela's economy to fall 10% in 2015 and stated the economy was suffering its worst recession in over 70 years.

2016
In the Doing Business 2016 report, Venezuela remained ranked 186 of 189, with starting a business, international trading and taxes being the worst categories. In February 2016, The Washington Post stated: "The political drama in Venezuela, where a populist, authoritarian government is attempting to cling to power despite losing a legislative election by a landslide, tends to obscure a deeper crisis. Though it is awash in oil, the country of 30 million people is facing an economic collapse and a humanitarian disaster".

2017

Consumer prices and inflation

During the first year of President Maduro's presidency, Venezuela's economy began to experience hyperinflation according to experts. Reasons for the high inflation rate include both heavy money-printing and deficit spending. In April 2013, the month he took office, Venezuela's annual inflation rate was 29.4%, only 0.1% less than when Hugo Chávez took office in 1999 and the annual inflation rate was at 29.5%. By April 2014, Venezuela's annual inflation rate was 61.5%. In early 2014, the Central Bank of Venezuela did not release statistics for the first time in its history with Forbes reporting that it was a possible way to manipulate the image of economy. In April 2014, the International Monetary Fund stated that economic activity in Venezuela is uncertain but may continue to slow saying that "loose macroeconomic policies have generated high inflation and a drain on official foreign exchange reserves". The IMF suggested that "more significant policy changes are needed to stave off a disorderly adjustment". Data provided by economist Steve H. Hanke of the Cato Institute shows that Venezuela's current economy, as of March 2014, had an inflation rate hovering above 300%, an official inflation rate around 60% and a product scarcity index rising above 25% of goods. Inflation data for September and October 2014 was not reported by the Venezuelan government.

In April 2014, President Maduro raised the minimum wage by 30%, hoping to improve citizens' purchasing power. According to El Nuevo Herald, most economists said that the measure will only help temporarily due to the official inflation rate being over 59% and that the wage increase will only make situations on companies more difficult since they already face a shortage of currency. In January 2015, the Venezuelan government announced that the minimum wage would be raised 15%. On 1 May 2015, President Maduro announced that the minimum wage would increase 30%; 20% in May and 10% in July, with the newly announced minimum wage for Venezuelans being about $30 per month at the black market rate.

Change of inflation calculations
In September 2014, the Venezuelan government's Central Bank of Venezuela (BCV) reportedly changed its calculation methods for inflation from the more common Laspeyres price index to the Fisher price index, which changed the Venezuelan government's June inflation data from 5.7% to 4.4%,  July's 5.5% rate to 4.1% and August's 4.3% to 3.9%. It was also stated in the BCV's August report that it was an "economic war that hindered the normal course of production activities and distribution of essential goods demanded by the Venezuelan people".

Credit ratings
In the beginning of President Maduro's presidency, Venezuela's credit ratings were downgraded to "junk territory" or below investment grade with negative outlooks according to most rating agencies. In a little more than one year, Standard and Poor's downgraded Venezuela's credit rating three times; from B+ to B in June 2013, B to B− in December 2013 and from B− to CCC+ in September 2014. Fitch Ratings also lowered each of Venezuela's credit ratings in March 2014 from B+ to B and even lower from B to CCC in December 2014. In December 2013, Moody's Investors Service also downgraded both Venezuela's local (B1) and foreign currency (B2) ratings to Caa1. The noted reasons of credit rating changes were the greatly increased likelihood of economic and financial collapse due to the Venezuelan government's policies and an "out of control" inflation rate.

In July 2017, Standard & Poor's lowered both the domestic and foreign credit ratings of Venezuela to CCC− due to the increasing risk of default. Fitch Ratings followed suit in August 2017, lowering local and foreign credit ratings to CC. In November 2017 Standard & Poor's rated Venezuela in technical default and Fitch ratings rated Venezuela's oil company PDVSA in restrictive default - one rank above full default.

Currency

The growth in the BCV's money supply accelerated during the beginning of President Maduro's presidency, which caused more price inflation in the country. The money supply of the Bolivar in Venezuela increased 64% in 2014, three times faster than any other economy observed by Bloomberg at the time. Due to the rapidly decreasing value of the Bolivar Fuerte, Venezuelans jokingly called the currency "bolivar muerto" or "dead bolivar".

In September 2014, the unofficial exchange rate for the Bolivar Fuerte in Cúcuta reached 100 Bs.F. per US$1. In May 2015, the Bolivar Fuerte lost 25% of its value in a week, with the unofficial exchange rate being at 300 Bs.F. per US$1 on 14 May and reaching 400 Bs.F. per US$1 on 21 May. The Bolivar Fuerte dropped sharply again in July 2015, passing 500 Bs.F. per US$1 on 3 July and 600 Bs.F. per US$1 on 9 July. By February 2016, the unofficial rate reached 1,000 Bs.F. per USD.

In November 2016, the Bolivar Fuerte saw its largest monthly loss of value ever. The Bolivar Fuerte to United States dollar conversion rate passed the 2,000 Bs.F. per US$1 on 21 November 2016, reaching near 3,000 Bs.F. per US$1 only days after it passed the 2,000 mark. On 29 November 2016, the conversion rate increased to over 3,000 Bs.F. per US$1. In the month preceding 28 November 2016, the Bolivar Fuerte lost over 60% of its value.

Devaluation
In February 2016, President Maduro used his newly granted economic powers to devalue the strongest official exchange rate by 37%, that is, from 6.3 Bs.F per USD to 10 Bs.F per USD.

National cryptocurrency
In December 2017, Nicolas Maduro announced that Venezuela will issue an oil-backed state cryptocurrency called the ‘Petro’ in an attempt to shore up its struggling economy.

Currency redenomination
On 22 March 2018, President Nicolás Maduro announced a new monetary reform, in which the bolívar would once again be revalued at a ratio of 1 to 1,000, making the new bolívar equal to one million pre-2008 bolívares. The currency was renamed as the bolívar soberano ("sovereign bolívar"). New coins in denominations of 50 céntimos and 1 bolívar soberano, and new banknotes in denominations of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 bolívares soberanos were introduced. The change will be made effective from June 4, 2018.

From 1 May 2018 until the original changeover date in the currency, prices should have been expressed in both bolívares (Bs.) and bolívares soberanos (Bs.S) at the original rate of 1000 to one. The President delayed the change, citing from Aristides Maza, "the period established to carry out the conversion is not enough"; the revaluation is now scheduled for August 20, 2018.

Maduro has announced that after the currency redenomination has carried out on 20 August 2018, these old denominations with a face value of 1000 bolívares fuertes or higher will circulate in parallel with the new series of bolívar soberano notes and will continue to be used for a limited time. Banknotes with a face value below 1000 bolívares will be withdrawn from circulation and cease to be legal tender on 20 August 2018.

Economic growth and production
In April 2014, President Maduro said that he had new plans for an "economic offensive," focusing on three objectives: to find new ways to spur economic production at all levels of the country, as growth had slipped in 2013 to 1.6% after record growth of 5.6% in 2012; to dismantle obstacles hindering goods from reaching ordinary citizens, including increased inspections and sanctions on companies found to be smuggling or hoarding goods; and to continue enforcing a "law of fair prices," which in part caps profits for businesses at 30%. Analyst Heckel Garcia, director of Econometric, said that the plans "will not be enough" to get Venezuela out of the crisis it is facing.

In the International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook report of April 2014, the IMF predicted that Venezuela would be the only country in the world whose GDP would contract that year. They and the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean predicted Venezuela's GDP contracted by about 0.5%. In 2014, UNECLAC's Economic Development Division estimated that Venezuela's economy contracted by 3% that year. In 2015, the IMF predicted that the Venezuelan economy contracted by 10% and in 2016 the IMF estimated the GDP contracted by 10%.

Employment
When President Maduro took office in early 2013, the unemployment rate in Venezuela was near 7.6% according to INE. In February 2014, the unemployment rate dropped to 7.2%. In January 2015, the unemployment rate then rose to 7.9%. In May 2016, the unemployment rate rose to 17%. By July 2017 the unemployment rate was estimated to have risen to over 25%, according to IMF's estimates.

Food and products

Policies created by former President Hugo Chávez led to shortages that the country experienced when President Maduro entered into office. These policies were continued by President Maduro which led to greater shortages of due to the Venezuelan government's policy of withholding United States dollars from importers with price controls. Economist Asdrubal Oliveros of the Venezuelan consulting firm Ecoanalítica and economist Francisco Rodriguez of the Bank of America Corporation, among other economists, believe that the chronic shortages in Venezuela resulted from multiple elements, like over-reliance on imports, lack of production, price controls, and other government policies. President Maduro instead blames the CIA for Venezuela's shortages. Venezuelan producers also state that the lack of US dollars and strict price controls make it difficult to import the simple goods that are relied upon in Venezuela. Items became so scarce in late 2013 that nearly one quarter of products were not in stock. The chronic shortages included many necessities including foods; such as toilet paper, milk, and flour, as well as medical goods and automotive parts. Food shortages have led to looting and public vandalism on several occasions during Maduro's tenure.

Fears grew high due to a toilet paper shortage that resulted in the Venezuelan government occupying a MANPA toilet paper factory to check operations for the alleged "possible diversion of distribution" and "illegal management". El Tiempo reported that some goods in Venezuelan stores had a 114% to 425% premium due to "under the table" negotiations between the Venezuelan government and traders. Some Venezuelans combatted shortages by receiving food and hygiene products from relatives in the United States according to several shipping services. According to the Central Bank of Venezuela, food prices increased 76.2% between May 2013 and May 2014 with Solomon Centeno, an economist and university professor estimating for The Central Bank's statistics that the annual inflation for food would be above 100%. The Central Bank also recorded a 26.9% shortage of goods in March 2014.

In mid-2014, Venezuela faced shortages of water. Caracas suffered the most shortages and rationing of water due to what critics said was bad planning by the Venezuelan government. In some instances, trucks of water that were being delivered to residents in the municipality of Petare were robbed at gunpoint. President Nicolas Maduro stated that the water shortages the country was facing were due to global warming and El Niño. In an October 2014 article by Reuters, photographs of goods affected by price hikes and converted to USD prices included; a kilogram of carrots at $19.05, a 36 pack coloured pencils at $115, a pair of blue jeans at $793, a pair of running shoes at $1,198, among other goods.

Hunger

In 2013, President of the Venezuelan government's Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) Elias Eljuri suggested that all shortages in the country were due to Venezuelan's eating, saying that "95% of people eat three or more meals a day" while referencing a national survey. However, data provided by INE showed that in 2013, food consumption by Venezuelans actually decreased.

According to a survey titled Encuesta Condiciones de Vida Venezuela 2014 that was conducted by the Central University of Venezuela, Simón Bolívar University and Andrés Bello Catholic University, 11.3% of Venezuelans ate two or less meals daily and 80.1% of Venezuelans could not afford food. Of those who consumed less than three meals per day, 39.1% were among the poorest groups of society. According to those who worked for the survey, they stated that most Venezuelans say they have difficulties with obtaining food, with 11% saying they "felt sad, anxious or depressed all the time" about food while 31% said "experienced sadness".

In June 2015, a poll by Venebarometro found that 81.9% of Venezuelans could not afford food in the previous month before the survey.

In data provided by the Venezuelan Federation of Teachers' Center for Social Analysis (Cendas-FVM) in December 2017, the average Family Food Basket price in Venezuela, or the average price to provide enough food for one's needs, was 16,501,362.78 bolívares. With a minimum wage of 177,507.43 bolívares, it was still insufficient to pay for the Family Food Basket which would have required at least 93 months of minimum wage payments.

Dakazo and Merry Christmas Plan

The Dakazo refers to a set of actions taken by the Venezuelan government forcing consumer electronic retail stores, with Daka being the most prominent store, to sell products at much lower prices on 8 November 2013, weeks before municipal elections and a month before Christmas. The Venezuelan government claimed that Daka had raised its prices for products over 1000%, with such price raises common in Venezuela due to government currency controls, a currency black market adopted by Venezuelan importers and corruption among sellers and government officials. The announcement of lowered prices sparked looting of stores and warehouses in multiple cities across Venezuela. The forced Daka price changes helped Venezuela's ruling party, PSUV, win in some of the municipal elections, though the massive sale of goods caused further shortages in the months following the initiative.

During the Christmas shopping season of 2014, the Venezuelan government also launched an initiative called the "Merry Christmas Plan", a plan that involved audits on sellers and the forced reduction of prices that the government found unsuitable.  Multiple analysts warned that this may cause a repeat of the outcomes from the Dakazo, where Daka stores in Venezuela are still recovering from shortages caused by the sales. Soon after the initiation of the plan, customers complained that popular children's toys had already been sold out in stores. With President Maduro experiencing record low approval ratings, Reuters noted that the Merry Christmas Plan seemed similar to the strategy of the Dakazo, where President Maduro briefly increased his approval ratings during the Christmas season of 2013. Days later, Reuters called the plan a "reissued 'Dakazo'" after thousands of Venezuelans similarly gathered at Daka stores receiving price reductions of up to 50%, only weeks after some Daka stores reported their first restock since the Dakazo.

Rationing and anti-shortage measures
In an interview with President Maduro by The Guardian, it was noted that a "significant proportion" of the subsidized basic goods in short supply were being smuggled into Colombia and sold for far higher prices. The Venezuelan government claims that as much as 40% of the basic commodities it subsidizes for the domestic market are being smuggled out of the country, into neighboring countries, like Colombia, where they are sold at much higher prices. However, economists disagree with the Venezuelan government's claim stating that only 10% of subsidized products are smuggled out of the country. In 2014, the Venezuelan government began to limit the quantities of certain items that individuals could purchase per month. Economists say that such measures were due to multiple issues, including an unproductive domestic industry that has been negatively affected by nationalizations and government intervention, and confusing currency controls that made it unable to provide the dollars importers that need to pay for the majority of basic products that enter Venezuela. Gasoline is also rationed in Venezuela allegedly due to smuggling of the subsidized Venezuelan gasoline to Colombia where it is sold for a higher price.

In February 2014, the government stated that it had confiscated more than 3,500 tons of contraband on the border with Colombia—food and fuel which, it said, was intended for "smuggling" or "speculation." The President of the National Assembly, Diosdado Cabello, said that the confiscated food should be given to the Venezuelan people, and should not be "in the hands of these gangsters." In March 2014, President Maduro introduced a new "biometric card" that requires the users fingerprint called Tarjeta de Abastecimiento Seguro for purchases in state-run supermarkets or participating businesses that is allegedly meant to combat smuggling and price speculation. It has been described as being both like loyalty programs and a rationing card. In May 2014, months after the card was introduced, it was reported that 503,000 Venezuelans had registered for the card. In August 2014, it was reported that the Tarjeta de Abastecimiento Seguro failed to go past the trial phase and that another "biometric card" was going to be developed according to President Maduro.

Soon thereafter, in August 2014, President Maduro announced the creation of a new voluntary fingerprint scanning system that was allegedly aimed at combating food shortages and smuggling. The Venezuelan government announced that 17,000 troops would be deployed along its border with Colombia, where they will assist in closing down traffic each night to strengthen anti-smuggling efforts. The effect of the nightly closings will be assessed after 30 days.

Venezuelan consumers mainly had negative feelings toward the fingerprint rationing system, stating that it created longer lines; especially when fingerprint machines malfunctioned, and that the system does nothing to relieve shortages because it only overlooks the large economic changes that the country needed to make. Following the announcement of the fingerprint system, protests broke out in multiple cities in Venezuela denouncing the proposed move. The MUD opposition coalition called on Venezuelans to reject the new fingerprinting system and called on supporters to hold a nationwide cacerolazo that were primarily heard in traditionally government opposing areas. Students in Zulia state also demonstrated against the proposed system. Lorenzo Mendoza, the president of Empresas Polar, Venezuela's largest food producer, expressed his disagreement with the proposed system, saying it would penalize 28 million Venezuelans for the smuggling carried out by just a few. Days after the announcement, the Venezuelan government scaled back its plans on implementing the new system, saying the system is now voluntary and is only for 23 basic goods.

Despite the displeasure of the system, in an October 2014 Wall Street Journal article, it was reported that the fingerprint rationing system expanded to more state owned markets.

Government spending
El Nuevo Herald reported that SEBIN has cut down its work due to the lack of money limiting their work to the monitoring of "potential external threats" and asked for Cuban intelligence agents to return to Venezuela.

However, according to El Nacional, funding for "official propaganda" increased with 65% of Venezuela's Ministry of Popular Power for Communication and Information (MINCI) funds being used for propaganda in 2014. Allocation of funds to MINCI were over 0.5 billion Venezuelan bolívares. For the 2015 Venezuelan government budget, the Venezuelan government designated 1.8 billion bolívares for the promotion of the supposed achievements made by the government of Nicolas Maduro, which was more than the 1.3 billion bolívares designated by the Ministry of Popular Power for Interior, Justice and Peace for public safety of the most populous Venezuelan municipality, Libertador Bolivarian Municipality. Funding for domestic propaganda increased 139.3% in the 2015 budget with 73.7% of the Ministry of Communication and Information's budget compromising for official propaganda.

Income and poverty

Income
Real minimum wage in Venezuela has dropped significantly during Maduro's presidency with the minimum wage sinking from approximately $360 per month in 2012 to $31 in March 2015 (applying the weakest legal exchange rate) . At Venezuelan currency black market's values, the minimum wage was just $20 per month.

Poverty

According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, President Maduro entered his term as president with a poverty rate around 30%. The state-owned oil company, PDVSA, reduced its funding on social projects by 21% in 2013 due to the financial crisis that Venezuela was facing.

Estimates of poverty by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and Luis Pedro España, a sociologist at the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, show an increase of poverty in Venezuela. ECLAC showed a 2013 poverty rate of 32% while Pedro España calculated a 2015 rate of 48% with a poverty rate of 70% possible by the end of 2015. According to Venezuelan NGO PROVEA, by the end of 2015, there would be the same number of Venezuelans living in poverty as there was in 2000, reversing the advancements against poverty by Hugo Chávez. By November 2015, a multi university study found that about 73% of households and 76% of Venezuelans were living in poverty.

See also
 2014 Venezuelan protests
 Economy of Venezuela
 Crisis in Venezuela

References

Crisis in Venezuela
Economy of Venezuela
Articles containing video clips


title: 1640 in Spain

text:
Incumbents
Monarch - Philip IV

Events
May - beginning of the Catalan Revolt
September - Royal army occupies Tortosa
December 8 - a large Royal army under Pedro Fajardo de Zúñiga y Requesens headed for Barcelona, passing through Cambrils.
December 13–16 - Catalan Revolt: Battle of Cambrils. Catalan rebels massacred by Royal army after surrender
December 24 - Royal army takes Tarragona

Deaths
June 7 - Dalmau de Queralt, Count of Santa Coloma, Viceroy of Catalonia, assassinated
December 16 - Antoni d'Armengol, Jacint Vilosa, Carles Bertrolà i de Caldés, Catalan Revolt leaders at Cambrils, execution by garrote

References

1640s in Spain


title: Alexander Mackay (British Army officer)

text:
General Alexander Mackay (1717 – 31 May 1789) was a Scottish soldier in the British Army, and a politician.  The son of George Mackay, 3rd Lord Reay, he was the younger brother of George Mackay of Skibo (c.1715–1782).

Military career

Mackay was commissioned in the British Army in 1737, as an ensign in the 25th Foot.  He was promoted to lieutenant in the 47th Foot in 1740 and to captain in Lord Loudon's Regiment in 1745. During the Jacobite rising of 1745, he was captured by Jacobite forces at the Battle of Prestonpans. Serving with his regiment in Flanders from 1747 until 1748, he received promotion to the rank of major in George Howard's Regiment of Foot on 17 February 1749, replacing Cyrus Trapaud, who was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the same regiment. Mackay became a lieutenant-colonel in Hedworth Lambton's Regiment of Foot on 18 December 1755. Mackay served out much of the Seven Years' War in Ireland, where he raised his own regiment in 1762. In the summer of 1768 he was appointed to command British forces sent to keep the peace in Boston, Massachusetts. Owing to a rough crossing of the Atlantic that necessitated a stop-over in the West Indies, he did not arrive to take up the post until April 1769. Perturbed by the rising opposition to the imposition of customs duties in North America and by the need to look after his private affairs in England he received permission from Thomas Gage, commander of British forces, to relinquish his command in August 1769.

Holding major-generals rank by 1772 Mackay was appointed, on 22 January, to be Governor of Tynemouth and Clifford's Fort, following the death of previous governor Sir Andrew Agnew. He submitted an application to become commander of the East India Company's forces in April 1777 and received the support of King George III but was turned down as the company "objected to gentlemen of North Britain [Scotland] for commands in chief". Mackay was promoted to lieutenant-general on 6 September 1777 and became Governor of Landguard Fort on 14 April 1778 after the death of Sir John Clavering. On 13 May 1780 he was appointed Commander of the forces in North Britain, replacing Sir James Adolphus Oughton, and instigated reforms to reduce expenditure and remove sinecures.

Mackay's brother George, 5th Lord Reay died in 1782 and Alexander assumed control of the estate on behalf of his nephew, Hugh (the 6th Lord Reay), who was deemed to be an imbecile.  In this capacity he proposed a postal service for Sutherland, assisted the kelp and fishing industries and constructed the pier at Eriboll. Following the death of Sir James Campbell Mackay became, on 8 November 1788, the Governor of Stirling Castle, a post he would hold until his own death.  His replacement at Landguard was Harry Trelawny.

Mackay also successively held the colonelcies of the 122nd Regiment of Foot (1762–1764), the 65th Regiment of Foot (1764–1770) and the Royal North British Fusiliers (1770 until his death).

Political career

Mackay was elected at the 1761 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sutherland,
succeeding his brother George.

As part of an electoral agreement between the Mackays and the Duke of Sutherland, he stood down from Sutherland at the 1768 election, and was returned instead for Tain Burghs.
He resigned his seat in March 1773, by the procedural device of accepting appointment to the sinecure of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds.

References

|-

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1717 births
1789 deaths
Younger sons of barons
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies
British MPs 1761–1768
British MPs 1768–1774
British Army generals
Scottish generals
British Army personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745
British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Alexander


title: Theerthakkarai

text:
Theerthakkarai is a holy place of Ayyavazhi. It is located  south-east of the main pathi at Muttappathi at the end  of the Muttapathi road at the rocky-shores. It is the second holiest sea-theertham according to Akilam. This is the place where the second and third Vinchais of Vaikundar took place. It was in memory of this event the Panguni Theertham is conducted.

See also
 Vinchai to Vaikundar
 Ayyavazhi rituals

References

Ayyavazhi


title: Gerda Rubinstein

text:
Gerda Ursula Rubinstein (16 July 1931 – May 2022) was a Dutch sculptor of figures, birds and animals based in England since 1959 or 1960.

Born in Berlin, Rubinstein moved at the age of 3 or 4 to Amsterdam, where after World War II she studied at the Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten. In 1960 she left for England, where she had lived during the war years, and from 2013 she lived in Reigate, Surrey. She had historic links with Harlow through her early commissions from Sir Frederick Gibberd and the Harlow Art Trust.

Ruebstein attended the Rijksacademie in Amsterdam and then studied in Paris after receiving a grant. Returning to the Netherlands, Gerda's first major commission was for a carving in stone, unveiled in IJmuiden in 1956, followed by "Children Playing," a bronze sculpture in the Amsterdam Oosterpark.

Rubinstein continued to exhibit up until her 2017 exhibition "Observation and Insight" at Parndon Mill. She died in 2022.

Life

Earlier years
Gerda was born in Berlin,1931. Her family moved to Amsterdam two years later after she was born. In 1940, her father, Willem Rubinstein, an outerwear designer and garment-maker, was taken by the Nazis to Auschwitz concentration camp, where he died.

Since her mother, Hanne (nee Hamm), who was her husband’s PA and then a partner in his firm, was not Jewish, and their three children had been christened, they survived the World War II and the privations of the Dutch famine of 1944–1945. Despite this, or perhaps because of it, Gerda always had a tremendously positive outlook on life.

The sense of positivity is expressed in her own words on her website: "The sense of freedom and hope that I experienced as a teenager in Holland, after five years of occupation, has never really left me and still colours my work."

After World War II
After the war, Gerda attended the Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten in Amsterdam and was awarded a grant to study in Paris, under Ossip Zadkine. Returning to the Netherlands, Gerda’s first major commission was for a carving in stone, unveiled in IJmuiden in 1956, followed by Children Playing, a sculpture in bronze for the Oosterpark (Amsterdam) in Amsterdam.

In 1958, on a visit to London, she met Christopher Stevens, an architect. They married in 1959 and moved to Blackheath, London, where Gerda quickly became involved in the Blackheath Art Society.

An introduction to Sir Frederick Gibberd, the architect and landscape designer, led to commissions for several pieces for Harlow New Town, in Essex, and the Gibberd Garden.

Gerda exhibited regularly throughout her career, finding inspiration all around her. Her work can be found in many private collections, with further public commissions in Utrecht, Dudley, London, Watford and Bielefeld, Germany.

Later years
From 1967 until her retirement in 1996 at the age of 65, Gerda taught sculpture at the Inner London Education Authority's adult education institutes in Lewisham and Greenwich. She was an inspiring teacher, and her classes, as she said, were open to students from 18 to 80; many became close friends and several went on to become professional artists, thanks to her generosity of her time and expertise. She didn’t want to retire but it was mandatory as an Ilea employee.

After moving to Reigate, Surrey, in 2008, she continued to work in her garden studio well into her 80s. In recent years, she had become less mobile and her memory deteriorated. But she never lost her positivity.

Style
The subject matter of Gerda features mostly people and a variety of animals including owls, flamingos, hawks, cats, dogs, donkeys, goats. She gained inspiration from places she lives.

She enjoys working on a commission and strives for the work to be self-explanatory without the need for a title. The experience of the sense of freedom and hope in her teenage year in Holland after five years of occupation in World War II has critical influence on the character of her work.

Working Process
The sculptures Gerda makes have developed from early carving in stone and then refractory brick, in which she carved negative shapes into which bronze was poured, to modelling in wax for small work or in clay for larger pieces, which are then cast in bronze or occasionally in cement or resin.

Major Commissions

 Two children with building blocks; stone carving. Velsen, NL. 1956
 Children playing; bronze. Oosterpark, Amsterdam 1957
 City Tower; bronze cast in refractory brick. Harlow. 1970
 Gate post eagles; ciment fondu. Gibberd garden, Harlow. 1973
 Prof. Norbet Ellias; bronze. Bielefelt Univ. Germany. 1977
 Sir Frederick Gibberd; bronze. Harlow. 1979
 Brahms; bronze. Music Centre, Utrecht, NL 1981
 Picnic; 3m resin/fibre glass relief. Tesco, Lewisham 1988
 36 Flying Birds; bronze. Hospital, Dudley. 1990
 Pensive Girl; bronze resin. Lewisham. 1992
 Counterpoise; bronze. Ladbrook HQ, Watford 1996
 Centenary sculpture,Three girls; bronze, St Saviour’s & St Olave’s School, SE1 2003.
 "Three Hundred", Cathedral School, Southwark. 2003/4
 Pool and fountain with 8 life-size Flamingos, garden of listed house in Blackheath SE3- 2010
 Exuberance, Makarova -bronze  resins, house near Horsham, Sussex 2011

Gallery

References

External links
 Official website
 Gerda Rubenstein at ArtUK

1931 births

2022 deaths
20th-century Dutch women artists
21st-century Dutch women artists
Artists from Amsterdam
Sculptors from Berlin
Dutch expatriates in England
Dutch sculptors


title: Aryabhatta International School

text:
Aryabhatta International School (AIS) came into existence in the year 2012 under the aegis of Aryabhatta Educational and Charitable Society. The school is affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), New Delhi and offers education up to Senior Secondary classes.

Teaching methodology

The institute follows Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE) system of education which is initiated by CBSE Board, New Delhi.

School facilities

The school facilities include:
 Library
 Computer Lab
 First Aid Facility
 Transportation
 Sports
 Water & Power

Extracurricular activities

The students are given training in following subjects:

Sports & outdoor Activities:
 Yoga
 Aerobics
 Badminton
 Gymnastics
 Carrom
 Chess
 Table Tennis
 Gardening
 Environment Club
 Excursions
 Lawn Tennis
 Martial Arts
 Table Soccer

Indoor Activities:
 Quiz
 Debate
 Declamation
 Soft Skill Training
 Project related activities
 Extempore Speech
 Story Telling
 Group Discussions
 Recitation

Creative Activities:
 Dance – Indian Classical, Folk and Western
 Dramatics – Hindi and English
 Music
 Clay Modeling

Events & Celebrations:
 Annual Day
 Sports Day
 Festivals
 Grand Parent's Day
 Independence Day
 Environment Day
 Farewell

Campus
The campus is spread over 4 acres & is located on national highway no 71, 10 km from Barnala city.

See also
Education in India
Education in Punjab, India
List of schools in India
 CBSE

References

External links

2012 establishments in Delhi
Educational institutions established in 2012
International schools in Delhi


title: 1641 in Spain

text:
Incumbents
Monarch - Philip IV

Events
January 17 - Catalan Revolt: Proclamation of the Catalan Republic
January 26 - Catalan Revolt: Battle of Montjuïc (1641)
March 27 - Portuguese Restoration War: beginning of the Siege of São Filipe near Angra do Heroismo in Azores
July 4–6 - Naval Battle of Tarragona (July 1641)
August 20–25 - Battle of Tarragona (August 1641)
Andalusian independentist conspiracy (1641)
November 4 - Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659): beginning of the Siege of Perpignan (1642)

Births

Deaths
November 9 - Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria, younger brother of Philip IV (b. 1609 or 1610)

References

1640s in Spain


title: Pennyroyal, Victoria

text:
Pennyroyal is a rural locality in Victoria, Australia. Most of the locality is situated in the Surf Coast Shire; a small section is situated in the Shire of Colac Otway. In the 2016 census, Pennyroyal had a population of 86.

Pennyroyal is a small rural locality; while it once had a post office, church, school, and railway station for carting local produce, they have long since closed. Pennyroyal Creek Post Office opened on 15 August 1887 and closed on 14 January 1955. St Michael's Church of England opened in 1885 and closed in 1950. Penny Royal Creek State School (No. 1204) opened in 1873, moved to a new site in 1916, and closed in 1982.

The Birregurra-Forrest railway line opened in 1891. A station called "Arlett's Corner" opened with the line and was renamed Pennyroyal in September of that year. The line closed in 1957. The Pennyroyal Public Hall opened in 1912, and survives to the present day.

Pennyroyal is located in a lush valley, and is now known for tourism and dairy and berry farming. It has two berry farms which are open to the public. Each has a seasonal cafe, one also provides B&B accommodation, and there are a number of holiday cottages, conference centres and camps in the area. The Penny Royal Creek Bushland Reserve is located in Pennyroyal, and the locality adjoins the Otway Forest Park and Great Otway National Park.

References

Towns in Victoria (state)


title: Minsuk Cho

text:
Minsuk Cho (; born in Seoul, South Korea, 1966) is a South Korean architect.

Early life and education
Minsuk Cho was born in Seoul and graduated from the Architectural Engineering Department of Yonsei University (Seoul, Korea) and the Graduate School of Architecture at Columbia University (New York, USA).

Career
Minsuk Cho began his professional career working for Kolatan/MacDonald Studio, and Polshek and Partners in New York, and later moved to the Netherlands to work for OMA. Through these jobs, he gained experience in a wide range of architectural and urban projects implemented in various locations. With partner James Slade, he established Cho Slade Architecture in 1998 in New York City to be engaged in various projects both in the U.S. and Korea. In 2003, he came back to Korea to open his own firm, Mass Studies.

His representative works include "Pixel House", "Dalki Theme Park", "Nature Poem", "Boutique Monaco", "Seoul Commune 2026", "S-Trenue", "Ann Demeulemeester Shop", "Ring Dome", "Xi Gallery,", "World Expo 2010 Shanghai: Korea Pavilion" and "Daum Space.1".

Recognition
Minsuk Cho has received many awards, including first prize in the 1994 Shinkenchiku International Residential Architecture Competition, the Architectural League of New York's "Young Architects Award" in 2000 for his work at Cho Slade Architecture, and two U.S. Progressive Architecture Awards (Citations) in 1999 and 2003. Boutique Monaco was named a finalist for the International Highrise Award (DAM) in 2008 and nominated again for S-trenue in 2010. Recently, the Korea Pavilion was awarded the Silver Medal by the B.I.E. in the category of Architectural Design for the World Expo 2010 Shanghai, as well as a Presidential Citation from Korea.
His work was exhibited at La Biennale di Venezia for Dalki Theme Park in 2004, and for Different but Same Houses in 2010. He was also a part of the Open House travelling exhibition from 2006 to 2008, the New Trends of Architecture in Europe and Asia Pacific 2006–2007 traveling exhibit, and has been an active lecturer and participant in symposiums worldwide.

In 2014, Minsuk Cho received a Golden Lion award for Best National Participation in the 14th International Architecture Exhibition of la Biennale di Venezia.

References

External links
 Interview with Minsuk Cho on Notebook on Cities and Culture
 Mass Studies, The Shifts of Strategy from SPACE Magazine
 A Review of 'Before/After Mass Studies Does Architecture' exhibition from SPACE Magazine

1966 births
Living people
South Korean architects


title: Hapoel Morasha Ramat HaSharon F.C.

text:
Hapoel Morasha Ramat HaSharon () was an Israeli football club based in the Morasha neighbourhood of Ramat HaSharon. They are currently in Liga Alef South division, and play home matches at the Grundman Stadium.

History
The club was founded in 2011. in their first season of existence, they won Liga Gimel Sharon division, and promoted to Liga Bet, after being undefeated, with 27 wins and 3 draws, scoring 155 goals and conceding 27. in their first season in Liga Bet, the club finished in the 7th place, and in the following season, the club made history by winning Liga Bet South A division, and were promoted to Liga Alef.

Honours

League

Cups

Notable former players
Felix Halfon
Tomer Shem-Tov

External links
Hapoel Morasha Ramat HaSharon  Israel Football Association

References

Morasha Ramat HaSharon
Morasha Ramat HaSharon
2011 establishments in Israel
2016 disestablishments in Israel
Association football clubs established in 2011
Association football clubs disestablished in 2016