Liberation Organization of the People of Afghanistan  (, Sazman-e Azadibakhsh-e Mardom-e Afghanistan, SAMA) was a Maoist insurgent group operating in Afghanistan, and based in Parwan Province. It was the main leftist politico-military organization in Afghanistan that fought in opposition to the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan regime and the Soviets. SAMA was led by Majid Kalakani, who intended to turn SAMA into a Maoist styled United Front of forces opposed to the Soviet-backed PDPA.

SAMA was a Marxist–Leninist–Maoist group with links to the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement although not all of its members were Maoists, it rejected the Three Worlds Theory in opposition to Faiz Ahmad's ALO. SAMA had its origins in the Shalleh-ye Javiyd Maoist movement of the 1960s and 1970s.

After Kalakani's death SAMA stagnated and declined, fighting between SAMA and Hekmatyar's Party of Islam had driven SAMA out of Kalakan and Koh Daman by 1983. By 1983 government forces had infiltrated the SAMA organization and attempted to encourage SAMA to join the Government. When this did not occur the government arrested 60 of the organization's leaders. The new SAMA leadership entered into discussions with government and begun to abandon Maoism and its strategy for New Democracy, causing splits and desertions, as well as the emergence of new Maoist groups. By 1989 the organization ceased to exist.

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Ideology Without Leadership: The Rise and Decline of Maoism in Afghanistan by Afghanistan Analysts Network
 "Afghanistan Maoists Unite in a Single Party", Shola Jawid (Communist Party of Afghanistan), 1 May 2004

Banned communist parties
Communist parties in Afghanistan
Anti-Soviet factions in the Soviet–Afghan War
Rebel groups in Afghanistan
Clandestine groups
Political parties established in 1977
1977 establishments in Afghanistan
Paramilitary organisations based in Afghanistan
Maoist organisations in Afghanistan


title: Trams in Athens

text:
Trams in Athens have existed in two separate generations, the first from 1882 to 1960, and the second since 2004. There were no trams at all in Athens between 1960 and 2004, though the separate Piraeus-Perama light railway remained in operation between nearby Perama and Piraeus until 1977.

Athens' first-generation metre gauge tram network began operation as a horse tram system, before being converted to electric trams in the early twentieth century. The original Athens tram network completely closed by 1960.

Trams returned in 2004 with the opening of a standard gauge modern tram network in Athens just prior to the 2004 Summer Olympics.

History

Horse trams

Trams made their first appearance on the streets of Athens in 1882. As with the first tram systems in most cities, these were horsecars pulled by three horses. The tram system ran on metre gauge rails. The first 16 tram vehicles were lightweight vehicles, using covered tops for the winter and providing 16 seats, and using open tops for the summer which provided 20 seats. The 800 horses that were used for the early tram network were from Asia Minor, and their relatively small size were appropriate for the sloping streets of Athens and the tramway's continuous stops.

The first tramlines connected the center of Athens with the suburbs (as they were at that time) such as Patissia, Ampelokipi and Kolokinthou. Other lines connected Omonoia Square with Syntagma, Gkazi, Keramiko Dipilo. By 1902, tramlines served Ippokratous, Mitropoleos and Acharnon streets as well.

Steam tram

The steam-powered tram of Faliro started its operation in 1887. Having its starting point in front of the Academy of Athens it traversed Panepistimiou street, Amalias and Thisseos avenues, traveling to Tzitzifies and from there along the coastal road to end up at Faliro, which at that time was the location of seaside resorts and sea baths. This line was converted to electricity when the rest of the tram network was.

Electrified trams

On 30 October 1908, the operation of the first metre gauge electric tramways began in Athens, which would gradually replace the horsecar trams.  In the two years that followed, the tram network acquired 257 vehicles – 150 of them were motored while the other 107 were trailers – along with the previous tramcars, which were reused as trailers. These new tram vehicles for use on Athens' electric tramways were built in Belgium and had a beige livery; they were closed-top, had electric lighting, and comfortable seats with a prediction of 16 seats for sitting patrons and 14 places for standing patrons. The motorized trams had two motors which were ideal for the lines on the slopes of Athens. At that time, the cost of the trip was just one penny.

With electrification, the tram system expanded until the network consisted of 21 lines.

In 1939, a large number of the Belgian-built tramcars that had been in operation on the Athens tramway since its electrification were sold, while the remaining tram vehicles in use were renovated and their livery was changed to dark green. In the following year, Athens received 60 large, modern tram vehicles which were included in a supplementary contract that had been signed by the Greek government in 1937. The new vehicles were constructed by the Italian consortium ΟΜ/CGE/Breda of Milan, and had a yellow livery, and the same aerodynamic design as the tram model used on the tramways of Milan.

Decline of Athens tramway

On 28 October 1940, the tramways of Athens participated in recruitment for the war. After the Occupation started, the decline of Athens' tramway began, as some tramlines were abolished. However, the real decline of the network took place when the crews of Ministry of Public Works dramatically dismantled the tracks at the Haftia node during the first morning hours of 16 November 1953, resulting in the decommissioning of the lines Patisia–Ampelokipi and Kipseli–Pagrati.

The last jingle from a bell of an Athens tram was heard outside of the depot at Aghia Triada Keramikou, at midnight of 15/16 October 1960. Trams, green or yellow, which during their 52 years of operation had transported around 3 billion passengers, would not travel again on the streets of Athens.

Piraeus-Perama light railway

However, one tram-like railway, the standard gauge Piraeus-Perama light railway, remained in operation. However, on the afternoon of Holy Monday, 4 April 1977, the Piraeus-Perama light railway, decorated with flowers and banners, began its last run from Perama to Piraeus and completed its final journey. The driver Yannis Kostopoulos rang the bell for the last time and directed Vehicle 77 to the depot of street Kononos. At that moment, the epilogue was written for the first generation of Greek tram and light railways.

Modern Athens Tram

In 2004, 44 years after the last tram operated in Athens proper, trams returned to the streets of the capital, in the form of modern and technologically advanced tram vehicles running on a standard gauge rail network. Operation of the modern Athens Tram system began on 19 July 2004, just a month before the 2004 Summer Olympics were held in Athens.

See also
 Athens Metro

References

Further reading

External links

Electric railways in Greece
Transport in Athens
Athens


title: The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures

text:
The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures is an adventure game in the Ace Attorney series, developed and published by Capcom. It was directed by Shu Takumi and produced by Shintaro Kojima. The game was released for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan in July 2015, with Android and iOS versions following in August 2017. A sequel, The Great Ace Attorney 2: Resolve, was released in Japan in 2017. Both games were released worldwide in July 2021 via The Great Ace Attorney Chronicles, a duology compilation for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Windows.

Gameplay

The game carries on the courtroom style gameplay of previous installments in the Ace Attorney series, including the fully 3D environments and character models previously featured in Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney – Dual Destinies. Like previous titles, the game is divided between investigation, in which players explore areas to gather evidence and testimonies, and courtroom battles, in which players must use evidence to find contradictions in witness testimonies to find the truth behind a case. Similarly to Takumi's previous game, Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney, the player sometimes has to cross-examine multiple witnesses at the same time, potentially gleaning new information by addressing one witness when they react to another's statement.

The Great Ace Attorney introduces two new gameplay mechanics; The Dance of Deduction and Summation Examinations. During certain investigations, Herlock Sholmes will perform a "Logic and Reasoning Spectacular", in which he will come up with a flawed theory based on observations of the scene and the behavior of witnesses. Players will then have to examine the scene and witnesses carefully in order to correct Herlock's mistakes and reach a more logical conclusion. Summation Examinations take place during trials in which the jury, an aspect of trials in England, will unanimously decide on a guilty verdict. At these points, the player has to convince a majority of the jury to change their verdict so that the trial may proceed. Players accomplish this by comparing statements from two different jurors that contradict or otherwise prove strongly relevant to each other. This sometimes requires the player to press each juror and present evidence in order to change their statement.

Premise

Setting and characters

Taking place near the end of the 19th century and the dawn of the 20th century (known in Japan as the Meiji Period, in Britain as the Victorian era), The Great Ace Attorney focuses on Ryunosuke Naruhodo, a student at Imperial Yumei University and an ancestor of primary Ace Attorney series protagonist Phoenix Wright. He is described as a character with a strong sense of justice, but who easily ends up in danger. Joining Ryunosuke is Kazuma Asogi, his friend from university who studies law. The concept of defense lawyers was merely "years old" in the judicial system at the time in Japan, so Asogi is qualified to stand in court already, and aims to transform the legal system via study in Great Britain. Ryunosuke and Asogi are aided by Susato Mikotoba, a judicial assistant. She is described as being an "ideal Japanese woman", and is also a progressive dreamer, and a lover of foreign mystery novels.

Upon traveling to England to further his studies, Ryunosuke meets and befriends world-famous British detective Herlock Sholmes (named "Sherlock Holmes" in the original Japanese release). Herlock is a very eccentric and free-spirited individual. Despite being genuinely intelligent, the rapid-fire, blasé nature of his abductive reasoning often leads Herlock to incorrect conclusions. Accompanying Sholmes is his assistant Iris Wilson (named "Iris Watson" in the original Japanese release), a ten-year-old prodigy and Sholmes' adoptive daughter. Iris is a genius inventor, and the author of "The Adventures of Herlock Sholmes".

Plot
In Japan, Ryunosuke Naruhodo is put on trial for the murder of a Japanese university teacher, Dr. John H. Wilson. He is represented by Kazuma Asogi, while the prosecutor is Taketsuchi Auchi (the Meiji Period ancestor of recurring character Winston Payne). With help from Susato Mikotoba, Ryunosuke and Asogi prove that the real murderer is Jezaille Brett, an English exchange student who had been studying under Wilson at the university. Her motive is left a mystery; she is to be sent to China and tried in a consular court. Following the trial, Asogi leaves Japan to complete his studies in Great Britain, but hides Ryunosuke in his baggage so he can see Asogi's debut in the courts. However, while Ryunosuke is asleep, Asogi is found murdered within his cabin, and the now exposed stowaway Ryunosuke is once again blamed for the murder. Working with Susato and eccentric passenger Herlock Sholmes, Ryunosuke discovers that the real killer is Nikolina Pavlova, a world-famous Russian ballerina who fled Russia. She had unintentionally killed Asogi by pushing and breaking his neck on his bed's wooden knob after fearfully assuming that he was going to turn her in to the captain; in truth, he was attempting to introduce her to fellow stowaway Ryunosuke as an act of trust. After the incident is settled, Ryunosuke persuades Susato to let him take Asogi's place as a representative lawyer in Britain. She agrees, and begins to heavily tutor him on English law for the remainder of the journey.

Shortly after their arrival in Great Britain, Lord Chief Justice Mael Stronghart suddenly assigns Ryunosuke and Susato to defend philanthropist Magnus McGilded, who has been accused of murdering bricklayer Mason Milverton within a moving omnibus. They go up against Barok van Zieks, a legendary British prosecutor known as the "Reaper of the Old Bailey" and are introduced to the British legal system, which uses a jury of six people to decide the verdict. During the trial, a smoke bomb is set off, forcing an evacuation of the courtroom. After court resumes, Ryunosuke and Susato cross examine the newly discovered witness, Gina Lestrade, and discover evidence proving that Mason had been killed on the carriage roof, though van Zieks claims that this evidence had been forged after the smoke bomb had gone off. He is unable to prove this, and McGilded is subsequently acquitted, though Ryunosuke remains unsure of McGilded's innocence. Shortly after the trial, McGilded is killed in a fire.

The following day, Ryunosuke and Susato take on the defense of the soon to be famous Japanese novelist Soseki Natsume, who is currently in London studying English as a nervous exchange student, and has been charged with aggravated assault following a stabbing in the street. During the trial, Ryunosuke proves that the stabbing was actually the result of a domestic disturbance between landlord John Garrideb and his wife Joan, who had thrown a knife at her husband, only for the knife to fall outside their window and unintentionally hit the victim. Soseki is declared not guilty and explains that he is going to go back to Japan, no longer as nervous of the public as he was before. Herlock invites Ryunosuke and Susato to live with him and Iris at 221B Baker Street and set up their law office in their attic. A few months later, Gina is accused of murdering pawnshop owner Pop Windibank. During the trial, it is revealed that McGilded actually was Mason Milverton's murderer, and that the fire that killed McGilded was started by Milverton's son, a telegraph station technician named Ashley Graydon. Graydon and an unwitting Milverton had been selling coded government secrets to McGilded, which resulted in a fight that led to McGilded murdering Milverton; in revenge, Graydon killed McGilded and tried to steal back the encoded secrets from Windibank's pawnshop, causing him to murder Windibank in a confrontation. After the case is solved, Susato returns to Japan after learning that her father Yujin is supposedly deathly ill.

Development

The Great Ace Attorney was developed by Capcom for the Nintendo 3DS. It was directed by Shu Takumi and produced by Shintaro Kojima, and features character designs and art direction by Kazuya Nuri and music by Yasumasa Kitagawa and Hiromitsu Maeba.

Development began in 2013, a few months after the Japanese release of Takumi's previous project, Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney, when he was asked to work on a new Ace Attorney game. At one point, he considered having the game focus on civil trials, but remembered a game idea he had come up with earlier: around 2000, he had the idea of a mystery game in which a detective makes incorrect deductions, and where players have to correct the detective and lead him towards the truth. He thought it would be fun to combine the idea with Ace Attorney, but did not expect Capcom to accept the idea.

Takumi had also been wanting to make a Sherlock Holmes game for a long time; because of this, Holmes was part of the concept all the way from the start. According to Takumi, he had several reasons for wanting Holmes in the game: both due to the gameplay, and as a way to separate the game from the main Ace Attorney series, as Holmes is from a different time period than the one the main series games take place in. This led to Takumi thinking about how Japan was at that time, and lead to new possibilities for the game's mysteries. Initially, Takumi had intended for the game to begin in London, thinking that it would be too much to create a Japanese court only for the prologue; this changed when Nuri said that he thought it should begin in Japan. The previous work in Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney helped Takumi establish the details for this setting.

Takumi found it challenging to write dialogue and using expressions appropriate for the way the Japanese language was during the Meiji period, as he had to avoid both too old-fashioned and too modern dialogue. As the Meiji period was a time when the lawyer profession was new in Japan, and when there was a lot of focus on becoming a part of "the new world" and becoming more Western, Takumi made sure to make the game reflect this. As Takumi had to create a new world for the story to take place in, it took longer than expected to write the game's scenario. The protagonist Ryūnosuke's character was based on how the main series protagonist Phoenix Wright would speak and act if he had lived during the Meiji period. When the development team wrote a list of ideas for names for the protagonist, "Ryūnosuke" was the first one to be suggested; it only took a few seconds for them to decide on it. Susato is based on the same concept as that of previous Ace Attorney heroines: she was designed to be a "perfect partner" and fun to spend time with, as the heroines of the series always are by the main characters' side. Her name was decided by choosing kanji characters that Takumi found pretty. The development team decided to change "Sherlock's Watson" from the original, as they thought it would be more interesting if Watson weren't another English gentleman.

Visuals and music
Unlike previous Ace Attorney games, both characters and environments are fully made in 3D. Like Takumi's earlier game Ghost Trick: Phantom Detective, spotlights light up characters while they dance; this was something that had not been done in previous Ace Attorney games. Motion capture of the former Takarazuka Revue actress Shiotsuki Shuu was used for some animations; as the Ace Attorney series is known for its poses and animations, this was chosen as a way to make the animation more dynamic. Nuri designed the characters to make them look simple while also conveying a lot of information. He intended to make the graphics look like illustrations, and wanted to convey the feeling of the materials clothes and items from the Meiji period were made from. Characters were designed to be partially realistic, as realistic animations and facial expressions were needed for the game. Witnesses and jury members were however designed in a more stylized way, to ensure that players immediately recognize them when they see the characters sitting next to each other.

Ryūnosuke was designed to have "the sharp look of a university student", which went without problems. It did, however, take a long time to design his haircut; Takumi wanted the haircut to be recognizable from Ryūnosuke's silhouette, but said that most people during the Meiji period had simple haircuts. Nuri tried designing various haircuts from that time, and designed around 50 variations. Susato was designed to be an elegant Japanese woman; because of the time period, it was decided that she was to wear a kimono. Takumi had several ideas for various items she could hold, but it was decided that it was best to keep her design simple, as contrast to the English characters. Several different variations were made for Holmes' design, including "depressed", "cute", "adventurous", "dark", and "sleeping" variations; eventually, they used a variation on how Holmes traditionally is depicted, as contrast to his personality. Additionally, he was given a gun as contrast to Ryūnosuke's sword. Iris' design included gothic elements, as well as elements of a mad scientist, and was created to look good when appearing together with Holmes. Asōgi's clothes were designed with influences from both Japanese and Western cultures. His headband, which flutters in the wind, was something Nuri really wanted in the game, and was something they were only able to do with 3D graphics. Van Zieks was designed to give off a "dark aura", with elements of vampires, wolves, and fallen angels. The game features 2D animated cutscenes produced by animation studio J.C. Staff.

When composing the game's music, Kitagawa used a mindset similar to that when composing for older games, trying to work within limitations to create strong music. He focused on creating catchy melodies, and went through a lot of trial and error. Takumi wanted the music to sound more "festive" than the electronic music used in earlier Ace Attorney games, so he asked Kitagawa to make use of a live orchestra, but with fewer instruments than in the previous game. He also wanted it to sound British, so Kitagawa ended up using sounds similar to chamber music. They did not think piano sounded right for the game, which led to difficulties in differentiating the instruments, as they only had string and wind instruments; because of this, they ended up introducing Spanish elements to the music. As a reference to how Holmes is known for playing the violin, they also tried using violins in the music.

Release
The game was released by Capcom for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan on July 9, 2015. It was made available in various different editions. A limited edition, which is only sold through Capcom's "e-Capcom" store, includes the game, a box based on Holmes' briefcase, Holmes and Iris plush toys, a pin based on the one Ryuunosuke wears, postcards, and a Holmes-themed sticker. Another edition, also exclusive to e-Capcom, includes the game, a soundtrack CD, and a collection of illustrations. Additionally, there is one edition that includes the game and all the bonus items from the other editions. Pre-orders of the game also included a The Great Ace Attorney theme for the Nintendo 3DS home screen. A limited edition bundling The Great Ace Attorney with its sequel and a soundtrack CD with music from both games was released on August 3, 2017. The original soundtrack release was published by Capcom in Japan on July 15, 2015. Android and iOS versions of the game were released in Japan on August 30 and August 31, 2017, respectively.

According to Capcom France, there were no plans for a Western release of the game as of September 2015. According to producer Yasuyuki Makino, they wanted to release the game in Western regions, but knew proper localization would be a core challenge. In June 2016, Eshiro said that they want to release the game in the West, and that he is aware of fans asking Capcom for it, but that "certain circumstances" are preventing it from happening. A fan translation in the form of subtitled videos was created over the course of eight months and uploaded to YouTube; it was taken down by Capcom in June 2017, but reinstated by YouTube in July 2017 following a counter-notification by the translators. The videos have since been removed and the channel deleted, however. A complete English fan translation patch for the Nintendo 3DS and Android versions of the game was released in 2019, under the name The Great Ace Attorney: The Adventures of Ryuunosuke Naruhodou.

Reception
The game won VGMO's 2015 Scores of the Year award in the "Traditional / Acoustic" category; the music was described as exceeding the "already high expectations" for the series, and being streamlined and varied with "high-quality instrumentation and engaging melodies".

Sequel and compilation

In 2014, Takumi said that the game was planned to be the first title in a new series; A sequel, The Great Ace Attorney 2: Resolve, was announced in September 2016, and was released in Japan for the Nintendo 3DS on August 3, 2017, and for iOS and Android on April 24, 2018.

Capcom announced The Great Ace Attorney Chronicles, a bundle containing both Adventures and Resolve, in April 2021. It was released on July 27 in the West, and on July 29 in Japan and Asia, for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Windows via Steam. This version includes both English and Japanese audio tracks, an auto-advancing story mode, the downloadable episodes from Adventures and costumes from Resolve, and an in-game gallery for viewing artwork and music. Players that purchased the compilation early received the "From the Vaults" downloadable content, which adds additional art and music to the gallery.

Notes

References

External links

2015 video games
Ace Attorney video games
Adventure games
Android (operating system) games
Capcom games
IOS games
Japan-exclusive video games
Meiji period in fiction
Nintendo 3DS eShop games
Nintendo 3DS games
Nintendo Network games
Racism in fiction
Single-player video games
Steampunk video games
Victorian era in popular culture
Video games based on Sherlock Holmes
Video games developed in Japan
Video games directed by Shu Takumi
Video games set in the 19th century
Video games set in the British Empire
Video games set in England
Visual novels


title: Leather-Nose

text:
Leather-Nose () is a 1936 novel by the French writer Jean de La Varende, about Achille Perrier de La Genevraye, an officer during the Napoleonic Wars and the author's grand uncle. An English translation by R. Wills Thomas was published in 1938.

The book was the basis for the 1952 film Leathernose, directed by Yves Allégret and starring Jean Marais. François Truffaut prepared a film adaptation in 1984, but was too weak and died before it could be made.

References

1936 French novels
French novels adapted into films
French-language novels
Novels set during the Napoleonic Wars


title: Naesbyhoved Lake

text:
Naesbyhoved Lake (Næsbyhoved Sø) was a lake in Denmark,  north of Odense's current center. Measuring approximately , it was the second largest lake on the island of Funen after Arreskov Lake, and was until desiccation in 1863, a popular destination for Odense's residents.

A small part of the lake's eastern section is included in the Odense Canal and Odense Inner Harbour, which had been excavated in the years 1796 to 1804 (and subsequent expansion), while the rest of the parched land passed to include Åløkke Farm.

The lake supported five islands: Store Thor Lund (and Little Thor Lund), Great Holm Brase, Brase Small Holm, Vieholmen and Gåseholmen. Naesbyhoved Castle (Næsbyhoved Slot) was on a peninsula from the lake's northern shore; it was destroyed during the Count's Feud in 1534.

References

Bibliography

External links
Google Earth view

Lakes of Denmark
Geography of Odense
Former lakes of Europe


title: The Alternate (film)

text:
The Alternate (known in the U.S. as Agent of Death) is a 2000 American action film directed by Sam Firstenberg and starring Eric Roberts, Bryan Genesse, Ice-T, and Michael Madsen.

Cast
 Eric Roberts as The Alternate
 Bryan Genesse as The Leader
 Ice-T as Agent Williams
 Michael Madsen as Agent Jack Briggs
 John Beck as President John Fallbrook
 Brooke Theiss as Mary
 Larry Manetti as Agent Harris
 Eliza Roberts as Chief of Staff Donaldson
 J. Cynthia Brooks as Mrs. Fallbrook
 Richard Steinmetz as SWAT Leader
 Ronn Moss as Fake President

References

External links

2000 films
2000 direct-to-video films
2000 action films
2000 independent films
American action films
American independent films
Direct-to-video action films
Films about fictional presidents of the United States
Films about kidnapping
American films about revenge
Films about terrorism in the United States
Films directed by Sam Firstenberg
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


title: Andris Vosekalns

text:
Andris Vosekalns (born 26 June 1992) is a Latvian professional road cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team . In 2014 he won the Latvian National Road Race Championships.

Major results

2010
National Junior Road Championships
1st  Road race
1st  Time trial
2nd Overall Tour De La Région De Lodz
2011
2nd Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships
4th Overall Baltic Chain Tour
2012
2nd Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships
4th Tallinn–Tartu GP
4th Riga Grand Prix
2014
National Road Championships
1st  Road race
2nd Under-23 time trial
2015
5th Minsk Cup
2017
1st Mountains classification Course Cycliste de Solidarnosc et des Champions Olympiques
2nd Szlakiem Wielkich Jezior
4th Overall Baltic Chain Tour
5th Grand Prix Doliny Baryczy Milicz
6th Road race, National Road Championships
8th Puchar Ministra Obrony Narodowej
2018
7th Time trial, National Road Championships
2019
10th Road race, National Road Championships

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Latvian male cyclists
Cyclists at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
People from Alūksne
European Games competitors for Latvia
Cyclists at the 2019 European Games


title: Party of Democratic Action–Islamic Path

text:
The Party of Democratic Action–Islamic Path was a political party in Macedonia.

History
The party was created in 1991 as a pan-Islamist split from the Party of Democratic Action. It ran in the 1994 general elections both alone and in alliance with the Democratic Party of Turks. Although it failed to win a seat with its own list, the alliance won a single seat, taken by Kjenen Hasipi.

Following the 1994 elections, the party did not contest any further elections.

References

Defunct political parties in North Macedonia
Political parties established in 1991
1991 establishments in the Republic of Macedonia
Party of Democratic Action


title: Theodoor Gerard van Lidth de Jeude

text:
Theodoor Gerard van Lidth de Jeude (8 July 1788 in Tiel – 23 December 1863 in Utrecht) was a Dutch physician, veterinarian, and zoologist and was the first director of the newly established Rijks Veterinary College where Veterinary medicine was first taught in the Netherlands in late 1821. His primary contribution to science was the collecting of specimens.

Life and career
Theodoor Gerard was born as the son of a mayor, Cornelis Philip van Lidth de Jeude (born 11 April 1744 in Tiel; died 27 February 1830 in Tiel) and his wife Anna Margaretha van Ee (born 12 February 1750 in Utrecht; died 28 May 1832 in Tiel). He studied philosophy and medicine at the Universities of Utrecht and Leiden from 1806. Subsequently, he worked as a physician at a hospital in Utrecht. In 1815, he became Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at the Athaneum in Harderwijk. In 1819, he became adjunct professor of animal science at the Utrecht University.

In 1820, he became professor of veterinary medicine and director of the Veterinary School in Utrecht, where he started in 1821 and taught until 1851. He was also a professor of zoology and became Rector of his alma mater in 1833/34. Lidt de Jeude retired in October 1858 and died five years later.

References

Further reading
W. C. Schimmel: LIDTH DE JEUDE (Theodoor Gerard van). In: Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek, Deel 1. Herausgegeben von Petrus Johannes Blok und Philipp Christiaan Molhuysen, Leiden 1911, p. 1274 (online at the Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis oder der Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren).
P. Smit, L. Terken: Naturae et Artibus, een Zoölogische Sociëteit in Utrecht. De relatie met Natura Artis Magistrat e Amsterdam. In: Jaarboek Oud-Utrecht. 1998, p. 98 ff.

1788 births
1863 deaths
Dutch herpetologists
Dutch zoologists
Male veterinarians
People from Tiel
Rectors of universities in the Netherlands
Utrecht University alumni
Academic staff of Utrecht University
Dutch veterinarians


title: List of years in North Korea

text:
This is a list of years in North Korea.

20th century

21st century

See also

List of years in South Korea
List of years by country
 Timeline of Korean history
North Korean calendar

History of North Korea
North Korea-related lists
Korea North


title: The Nephews of Zorro

text:
The Nephews of Zorro (, also known as The Cousins of Zorro) is a 1968 Italian comedy film directed by Marcello Ciorciolini starring the comic duo Franco and Ciccio.

Cast

 Franco Franchi: Franco La Vacca
 Ciccio Ingrassia: Ciccio La Vacca
 Dean Reed: Don Rafael de la Vega/Zorro
 Agata Flori: Carmencita
 Ivano Staccioli: False Capitain Martinez
 Pedro Sanchez: Sgt. Alvarez
 Mario Maranzana: Richter Ramirez
 Franco Fantasia: Don Diego de la Vega
 Enzo Andronico: Kleptomane
 Evi Farinelli: Rosita
 Riccardo Pizzuti as Lanciere

References

External links

The Nephews of Zorro at Variety Distribution

1968 films
1960s Western (genre) comedy films
Italian Western (genre) comedy films
Zorro films
Spaghetti Western films
Italian buddy comedy films
1960s buddy comedy films
Films directed by Marcello Ciorciolini
Films scored by Piero Umiliani
1960s adventure comedy films
1968 comedy films
Films based on works by Johnston McCulley
1960s Italian-language films
1960s American films
1960s Italian films


title: Edinburgh Bicycle Co-operative

text:
Edinburgh Bicycle Co-operative is a bicycle retailer with three stores across Scotland, two stores in Northern England, and an online store selling worldwide.

The co-operative is the longest-established worker co-operative in Scotland, originally founded as a bicycle repair service in Edinburgh in 1977.  In recent years the co-operative has grown to be a dominant bicycle retailer in Scotland.

EBC has its own Revolution self-branded products which are established outside of the Edinburgh branches.

The chain's stores in Manchester closed in 2016, citing Brexit and the shops' location as contributing to the cause of closure.

However, 2023 saw the chain expanding in its home city of Edinburgh, opening its third shop.

The business offers products from  leading brands, including Specialized, Whyte, Brompton, Kalkhoff, Frog and Giant.

References

Cycle retailers
Worker co-operatives of the United Kingdom
Retail companies established in 1977
Co-operatives in Scotland
Companies based in Edinburgh


title: Planotortrix notophaea

text:
Planotortrix notophaea, the blacklegged leafroller, is a species of moth in the family Tortricidae. It is endemic to New Zealand. It was also present near Sydney in Australia, but this population is thought to be extinct.

Taxonomy

This species was first described in 1926 by A. J. Turner and named Tortrix notophaea. Turner used a specimen sent to him by Alfred Philpott that had been reared in New Zealand. It had emerged from a cutting of Acacia decurrans that had been collecting at Epping, Sydney. The holotype specimen used for this description is now held at the New Zealand Arthropod Collection. No other specimens have been collected in Australia and as such that population is thought to be extinct. It has been hypothesised that this specimen resulted from the species becoming established in Epping as a result of a commercial nursery near where it was collected. In 1928 George Hudson illustrated this species under the name Tortrix excessana. In 1946 J. T. Salmon, thinking he was describing a new subspecies, named this moth Ctenopseutis obliquana distincta. The specimen Salmon used for this description was collected by Graham Turbutt on the 23 April 1946 at Great Island and is now held at the Auckland War Memorial Museum. This name was synonymised by John S. Dugdale in 1966 and the species was placed by him within the genus Planotortrix.

Description
The wingspan is 15–18 mm. This species is a brown fuscous colour with antennae that are fuscous white. The abdomen is grey with a lateral black stripe and fuscous coloured legs. There is a diamond-shaped patch in the discal cell of the forewings. This species can be variable in appearance.

The larvae of this species have heads that are green with narrow brown stripes, a green body and white lateral stripes as well as black forelegs.

Distribution
This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is found on the Three Kings Islands, the South Island and the North Island.

Habitat and host species

This species prefers coastal to montane forest habitat. The larvae are polyphagous, but prefer small-leaved, hard-leaved gymnosperms and dicotyledonous angiosperms. Endemic host species include Aristotelia serrata, Coprosma grandifolia, Metrosideros excelsa, and Prumnopitys taxifolia. The larvae feed on leaves, buds and stems from a shelter made of foliage webbed together with silk.

Human interactions
P. notophaea is regarded as being a damaging pest of commercial conifer forests. It is listed as a Quarantine Pest when exporting forest goods from New Zealand to other countries.

References

Moths described in 1926
Archipini
Moths of New Zealand
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Taxa named by Alfred Jefferis Turner
Endemic moths of New Zealand


title: List of years in Indonesia

text:
Years in Indonesia begins in 1945, prior to that, Years in Dutch East Indies (1600–1940) is more accurate.

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also
 Timeline of Indonesian history
 Timeline of Jakarta

Indonesia history-related lists
Indonesia


title: List of years in the United Arab Emirates

text:
This is a list of years in United Arab Emirates.

20th century

21st century

See also
 Timeline of Abu Dhabi
 Timeline of Dubai

Further reading

External links

History of the United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates history-related lists
United Arab Emirates


title: Mauses Creek

text:
Mauses Creek is a tributary of Mahoning Creek in Montour County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is approximately  long and flows through Liberty Township and Valley Township. Indian Creek is its only named tributary. The watershed of Mauses Creek has an area of . The main rock formations in the watershed are the Bloomsburg and Mifflintown Formation, the Wills Creek Formation, the Hamilton Group, and the Trimmers Rock Formation. Soil series in the watershed include the Berks-Weikert-Bedington series and the Clymer-Buchannnon-Norwich series.

Mauses Creek experiences siltation, organic enrichment, and low levels of dissolved oxygen. It is also contaminated by some organic compounds. The creek is crossed by six bridges.

In his book Trout Unlimited's Guide to Pennsylvania Limestone Streams, A. Joseph Armstrong describes Mauses Creek as "very similar to the upper portions of Kase and Sechler runs". It is inhabited by trout and chubs, as well as several other fish species.

Course

Mauses Creek begins in Liberty Township, near Mooresburg. It flows south for some distance before turning northeast, running parallel to railroad tracks for some distance before crossing Pennsylvania Route 642 and making an abrupt turn east. A short distance later, the creek exits Liberty Township. Upon leaving Liberty Township, the creek enters Valley Township. It continues east for a few miles, flowing parallel to Pennsylvania Route 642. The creek then turns northeast, away from the state route and it picks up the tributary Indian Creek after a short distance. It then turns southeast, flowing parallel to Pennsylvania Route 54. After some distance it crosses Pennsylvania Route 642 and passes the community of Mausdale. The creek reaches its confluence with Mahoning Creek in the southern edge of Valley Township.

Mauses Creek joins Mahoning Creek  upstream of its mouth.

Tributaries
The only named tributary of Mauses Creek is Indian Creek. It mainly flows in a north-south direction and joins Mauses Creek  upstream of its mouth. Indian Creek's watershed has an area of .

Hydrology
Most of Mauses Creek is considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be impaired. A few of its tributaries are also considered to be impaired, although most of them are not.

Mauses Creek experiences siltation and organic enrichment. It also has low levels of dissolved oxygen.

Chemicals such as trichloroethylene and 1,2-dichloroethene contaminate Mauses Creek in its lower reaches, near the MW Manufacturing Company site,  from the creek's mouth. These chemicals are not present further upstream.

The ten-year seven-day average minimum discharge of Mauses Creek is 63 gallons per minute.

Geography and geology
The lower reaches of Mauses Creek lie over rock of the Bloomsburg and Mifflintown Formation and the Wills Creek Formation, as do the creek's southern tributaries. Most of the rest of the creek is on rock of the Keyser and Tonoloway Formation. The creek's northern tributaries are over rock of the Hamilton Group and the Trimmers Rock Formation. The creek is not influenced by limestone.

Nearly all of the soil in the watershed of Mauses Creek is of the Berks-Weikert-Bedington soil series. However, the mouth of the creek and the upper reaches of some of its southernmost tributaries are over soil of the Clymer-Buchannnon-Norwich series.

Mauses Creek is between  and  wide. The elevation of the creek near its mouth is  above sea level.

Watershed
The watershed of Mahoning Creek has an area of . There is a strip of developed land in the creek. The area of developed land is mostly surrounded by agricultural land. There are areas of forested land in the watershed, but they are further away from the creek itself. A marshy area is located near the creek in its lower reaches.

Mauses Creek is close to Danville. The creek is in the Riverside United States Geological Survey Topographical Quadrangle.

History
Six surviving bridges have been built over Mauses Creek. One was built in 1915, two were built in 1963, one was built in 1975, and one was built in 1985.

A site known as the MW Manufacturing Company released pollution into Mauses Creek in the 20th century.

Biology
Although Mauses Creek is stocked, there are few trout in it. The creek does, however, have a large population of chubs. Additionally, darters, dace, minnows, and bass inhabit the creek. The waters of the creek are approved trout waters. Locals commonly fish there.

Mauses Creek is designated as a warmwater fishery and a migratory fishery.

There are no known endangered or threatened species in Mauses Creek.

Contamination from the MW Manufacturing Company site on Mauses Creek has a slightly adverse effect on the creek near the site, but no effect further downstream.

See also
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
Sechler Run

References

Rivers of Montour County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Tributaries of the Susquehanna River


title: Apoctena clarkei

text:
Apoctena clarkei, also known as the umbrella fern bell moth, is a species of moth of the  family Tortricidae. It is found in New Zealand, where it is only found on the North Island.

Description
The larvae of this species are coloured yellow to greenish and have a pale brown head. When mature they are approximately 25mm long.

Behaviour
The larva of this species create silk webbing around the fronds of its host and hide within that structure. They will emerge from it to feed. The adult moth is on the wing in the New Zealand summer.

Hosts
The larvae feed on Sticherus species including Sticherus cunninghamii.

References

Moths described in 1930
Epitymbiini
Moths of New Zealand
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Endemic moths of New Zealand


title: Sanicula odorata

text:
Sanicula odorata, commonly called the clustered blacksnakeroot, is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae. It is native and widespread in eastern North America.  It grows in nutrient-rich woods, often in mesic forests and bottomlands. It is able to tolerate somewhat degraded habitats, and is not considered a particularly conservative species.

It flowers in the late spring and early summer.

Identification
Identification of this species from other Sanicula in eastern North America can be difficult. The following combination of features separate it: leaves are divided into 5 (usually) to 7 (occasionally) leaflets; styles are much longer than the calyx; there are up to 12-25 stamens per umbellet; flowers and anthers are yellowish-green, with petals much longer than sepals.

References

External links
  USDA PLANTS Database:  http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SAOD

odorata
Flora of Eastern Canada
Flora of the Eastern United States


title: Apoctena conditana

text:
Apoctena conditana is a species of moth of the  family Tortricidae. It is found in New Zealand, where it is found on both the North and South islands.

The larvae are polyphagous.

References

Moths described in 1863
Epitymbiini
Moths of New Zealand


title: CSNY 1974

text:
CSNY 1974 is the nineteenth album by Crosby, Stills, & Nash, their seventh in the CSNY quartet configuration, and their fifth live album, the third as a foursome. Issued on Rhino Records in 2014, it consists of concert material recorded in 1974 on the band's tour during the summer of that year. It was issued in several formats: a standard compact disc box set consisting of three audio discs and a standard DVD; as one pure audio Blu-ray disc and a Blu-ray DVD; and a more expensively packaged limited deluxe edition consisting of the material on six vinyl records along with the Blu-ray discs and a coffee table book. Three single disc samplers were also issued: one of the acoustic material exclusively available at Starbucks in the United States and Canada; a second at normal retail outlets; and a third included as a covermount disc to the 250th anniversary issue of the UK music magazine Mojo issued as "an exclusive audio-visual sampler of the new CSNY 1974 box set." Each of the non-sampler sets also contained a 188-page booklet, and all formats were released the same day, with the Mojo sampler arriving with the September 2014 publication of that edition. The three-disc and DVD package peaked at No. 17 on the Billboard 200, while the Starbucks sampler peaked at No. 37 and the selections sampler at No. 81.

Background
After the split of CSNY in the summer of 1970, through 1971 David Crosby, Graham Nash, and Neil Young released solo albums, while Stephen Stills issued two. All were gold records, as were the three issued in early 1972 by the quartet: Harvest; Graham Nash David Crosby; and Manassas; proving the group to be appealing commercially apart as well as together. Indicative of this commercial clout, only the separated Beatles as a group also achieved gold records with regularity during the same time period, reinforcing the notion of CSNY as the American Beatles. The foursome showed little interest in regrouping given their individual success, but with the Beatles defunct and Bob Dylan not touring, public enthusiasm remained unabated for CSNY as the new counterculture leaders to record and/or do concerts together, acknowledged by manager Elliot Roberts with his 'pissing in the wind' quote.

Young toured solo in late 1970 and early 1971, Stills undertook his first solo headlining tour with a new band in the summer of 1971, and in the fall of 1971–as documented on the acoustic live album Another Stoney Evening–Crosby & Nash toured for the first time as a duo. In 1972, Stills assembled his band Manassas to tour in support of their album. There had been sporadic reunions, with Young showing up to Crosby and Nash shows, Young recording a one-off single "War Song" with Nash, and CSN in three different pairs providing backing vocals on Young's Harvest album.

In 1973, their individual fortunes began to falter. Stills toured again with Manassas, but their second album did not do as well in the marketplace. Young undertook two tours colored by the death of Crazy Horse guitarist Danny Whitten; the album from the first tour (with Crosby and Nash on a couple of tracks) Time Fades Away falling well short of the previous year's Harvest sales-wise; his dark album Tonight's the Night had been delayed. Crosby's reunion with the Byrds and Nash's second solo album also did not do particularly well commercially. An attempt to make the second CSNY studio album in the summer of 1973 after a reunion in Hawaii fell apart.

Crosby and Nash put together their first electric band tour in late 1973, and Stills continued to tour with Manassas late into 1973, but the seed had been planted. In January and February 1974, impresario Bill Graham successfully directed the return of Bob Dylan to the concert stage with a winter tour of basketball and hockey arenas. Manager Roberts proposed to CSNY something more ambitious: a summer tour of baseball and football stadiums. Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young agreed, Graham signed on as tour director, and the tour was set to begin in July. Rehearsals took place at Young's ranch in La Honda in May and June.

Tour
Besides the four principals on guitars and keyboards, supporting musicians had previously worked with different members. Tim Drummond had been the bassist for Young's Stray Gators band and had recently played on Wild Tales by Nash and On the Beach by Young. Drummer Russ Kunkel appeared on the debut album by Crosby & Nash as well as Stephen Stills Live (recorded in March of 1974), and percussionist Joe Lala was a member of Stills's band Manassas.

The tour commenced on July 9 at the Seattle Center Coliseum. Attendees were treated to a concert of exceptional length: the band was still playing past 2:00am.  Following performances included 30 dates in 23 locations, ending the North American tour proper at the Roosevelt Raceway in Westbury, New York on September 8. A 32nd and final show took place on September 14 at Wembley Stadium, with opening acts including The Band and Joni Mitchell. The Beach Boys, Santana, Joe Walsh, and Jesse Colin Young also appeared as support acts during the tour.

Cass Elliot died in London during the tour on July 29. Nash relayed the news to Kunkel, who was married to her sister Leah. Kunkel said, "She had a big role in their lives. She introduced Graham to Stephen. It was a very difficult day for us when she died. Thank God we were in the middle of doing something we couldn’t stop. The show that night is probably what got us all through it."

Although large multiple-bill festivals such as Miami Pop, Woodstock, and Watkins Glen had taken place, and CSNY, the Rolling Stones, and others had played infrequent stadium shows, no band except for the Beatles had ever attempted a tour of this magnitude. Whereas the Beatles had done a series of stadium dates over two weeks in 1966, the scope of this tour and its logistics were unprecedented; the tour visited indoor sports arenas, race tracks, and smaller college stadia, including Chicago Stadium, Nassau Coliseum, Boston Garden, the Capital Centre, Jeppesen Stadium at the University of Houston, and the St. Paul Civic Center.

Production and box set content
Nash and Joel Bernstein, who had assembled the three individual box sets Voyage, Reflections, and Carry On for Crosby, Nash, and Stills respectively, collaborated again to produce this set. Nash stated that he became the group's archivist both because of his interest in preserving their history and because "I just think I'm the only one with the patience for it." Nash had also produced the 1991 box set for CSN, and Bernstein was the photographer for the 1974 tour. Nash and Bernstein selected the best take for each song from the dozen or so performances available. Nash claimed there were absolutely no overdubs: "If something was out of tune, I would either tune or I'd find it from another show – I'd find something at roughly the same tempo and I'd put it on." The commitment to not overdubbing any tracks led to his decision to not include one of Stills' best known songs, "Carry On", as a good take could not be assembled even by splicing songs together.

Recording locations during the tour as per the dates below were the Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, New York; the Capital Centre in Landover, Maryland; Chicago Stadium in Chicago; and Wembley Stadium in London, England. Additional recording after the tour took place at a benefit for the United Farm Workers on December 14 at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium. The concerts in Landover and London were filmed and provide the video footage for the DVD.

While the set list consisted of material taken from both group and solo projects, many songs performed on the tour and included in the box set had not been issued before the tour. Some of these tracks may have been intended for the aborted Human Highway CSNY project of the previous summer. "Carry Me" and "Time After Time" by Crosby would show up respectively on the Crosby & Nash albums Wind on the Water and Whistling Down the Wire. "Myth of Sisyphus" and "My Angel" by Stills would appear on his next solo album. "Fieldworker" by Nash would also be included on Wind on the Water. "Mellow My Mind" by Young would be released on Tonight's the Night, and "Long May You Run" would be the title track for the album Young would record with Stills. "On the Beach" and "Revolution Blues" would be released during the tour via Young's On the Beach. CSN's cover of "Blackbird" had been recorded in the studio in early 1969, but would not be issued until the 1991 box set. Five songs by Young – "Traces", "Goodbye Dick", "Love Art Blues", "Hawaiian Sunrise", and "Pushed It Over the End" – had appeared on bootlegs and imports but never on an officially sanctioned release.

The box set presents an idealized concert from the template of the shows themselves: discs one and three are full-band electric sets flanking a middle second set of acoustic songs in solo, duo, trio, and quartet configurations. The 188-page booklet contains photographs, an essay, quotes, and song information compiled by Bernstein, including which instruments were used on each song. Crosby had wanted to title the acoustic set "What Could Possibly Go Wrong?", but that was nixed by the others.

Legacy
Crosby dubbed this "the Doom Tour," in reference to both the difficulties in playing such large venues and the collateral excesses. To have something in the stores coinciding with the tour, Atlantic Records compiled So Far from two studio albums and both sides of the stand-alone "Ohio" single. Nash found this absurd; nevertheless the album topped the Billboard 200, and its cover drawing by Joni Mitchell would appear on everything from dinner plates to pillowcases as part of the group's travel accessories. Cocaine was also another of the tour's accessories, and tales of the group's behavior have been well chronicled. The tour gross was approximately $11 million (57.6 million in 2020 dollars); however, with a tour staff of 86 and the various extravagances, Crosby maintains that the four principals took home a surprisingly small percentage of the proceeds.

The first stadium tour, CSNY in 1974 set the precedent for every similar outing to follow. Bill Graham would work in the same capacity for the Rolling Stones on their American tours of 1975, 1978, and 1981, adding more stadium dates with each subsequent excursion. As lucrative stadium tours with their large attendances became more feasible during the 1970s, so documents of the tour such as Frampton Comes Alive! and Kiss Alive II became equally more lucrative. The promotion business of rock and popular music has not looked back since.

In the autumn after the tour, another attempt to record a new CSNY studio album in Sausalito came to naught. In a December 1995 interview, Young blamed the failure to produce an album partly on the lack of quality new material by the other three members: "If they'd had new songs with the authority that their old songs had, we could've knocked off four and five of mine so that just the best two surfaced. That would have truly been CSN&Y. But it wasn't to be, so the record never came out." There would be yet another aborted attempt during the sessions for Long May You Run, but it would also end in acrimony. The next time they completed a group album, it would be the trio and not the quartet for CSN in 1977.

Track listing

Disc one

Disc two

Disc three

DVD

Single disc sampler
Audience noise was trimmed from tracks to ensure that they all fit on a single compact disc.

Starbucks sampler

Mojo disc sampler

Recording dates and locations

8/14 Nassau Coliseum Uniondale NY
"Goodbye Dick"
"Mellow My Mind"

8/15 Nassau Coliseum Uniondale NY
"Suite Judy Blue Eyes"
"Long Time Gone"

8/19 Capital Centre Landover MD
"Change Partners"
"Pre-Road Downs"
"Wooden Ships"

8/20 Capital Centre Landover MD
"Only Love Can Break Your Heart"
"Fieldworker"
"Long May You Run"

8/21 Capital Centre Landover MD
"Love the One You're With"
"Immigration Man"
"Traces"
"Grave Concern"
"Almost Cut My Hair"
"Prison Song"
"Teach Your Children"
"Deja Vu"
"Military Madness"

8/27 Chicago Stadium
"My Angel"
"Don't Be Denied"
"Revolution Blues"
"Ohio"

8/28 Chicago Stadium
"Helpless"
"Johnny's Garden"
"On the Beach"

8/29 Chicago Stadium
"Carry Me"
"Black Queen"
"The Lee Shore"
"Time After Time"
"Old Man"
"Love Art Blues"
"Hawaiian Sunrise"
"Chicago"

9/14 Wembley Stadium
""Our House"
"Pushed It Over the End"

12/14 SF Civic Auditorium
"Guinnevere"

Personnel
 David Crosby — vocals, guitars, tambourine
 Stephen Stills — vocals, guitars, keyboards, acoustic bass guitar
 Graham Nash — vocals, keyboards, guitars, harmonica
 Neil Young — vocals, guitars, keyboards, harmonica, banjo guitar
 Tim Drummond — electric bass guitar
 Russ Kunkel — drums
 Joe Lala — percussion

Production personnel
 Graham Nash and Joel Bernstein along with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young — producers
 Elliot Mazer, Stephen Barncard — recording engineers
 Stanley Johnston – analog-to-digital transfer and digital audio processing
 Stanley Johnston, Graham Nash, Joel Bernstein – mixing
 Bernie Grundman, Stanley Johnston – mastering
 Brian Porizek – art direction and design

Tour personnel
 Bill Graham — tour director
 Elliot Roberts, Leslie Morris, Michael John Bowen – artist management
 Chris O'Dell — tour manager
 Tim Mulligan – house sound engineer
 Barry Imhoff – head of production
 Frank Barsalona — booking agent
 Joel Bernstein – tour photographer
 Patrick Stansfield – stage manager
 Steven Cohen – lighting director
 Steve Gagne – chief audio engineer
 Jay Jones, Fred Meyers, Mark Morris, Steve Neal, Craig Reynolds – audio technicians
 Guillermo Giachetti, Glenn Goodwin, John Talbot – equipment managers
 Ben Lesko – guitar technician

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Tour dates

Notes

References

Bibliography

Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young live albums
2014 live albums
Rhino Records live albums


title: Apoctena fastigata

text:
Apoctena fastigata is a species of moth in the family Tortricidae. It is found in New Zealand, where it is only found on the South Island.

The wingspan is 21–24 mm. The forewings are pale yellow, irrorated (speckled) with purplish-brown. The markings in the males very obscure. The hindwings are pale whitish yellow sprinkled with purplish-brown.

References

Moths described in 1916
Epitymbiini
Moths of New Zealand


title: Homocodon

text:
Homocodon is a genus of plants in the family Campanulaceae. It contains two known species, native to the mountains of southwestern China and Bhutan.

 Homocodon brevipes (Hemsl.) D.Y.Hong - Bhutan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
 Homocodon pedicellatum D.Y.Hong & L.M.Ma - Sichuan

References

Campanuloideae
Campanulaceae genera


title: Angelfall

text:
Angelfall is a post-apocalyptic fantasy novel written by Korean-American author Susan Ee. It is the first book in the Penryn & the End Of Days trilogy. The story is narrated by Penryn Young, a 17-year-old girl living in the San Francisco Bay, which has been attacked by angels. The book has been translated to more than 20 languages and was one of the finalists for the Best Fantasy and Fiction Book in the 2011 Cybils Award. It was also one of the top 5 E-book UK Bestsellers in Amazon. In November 2012, the movie rights was picked up by Good Universe. A sequel, World After, was released the following year. The final book End of Days was released in May 2015.

Synopsis
It's been six weeks since angels of the apocalypse descended to demolish the modern world. Street gangs rule the day while fear and superstition rule the night. When warrior angels fly away with a helpless little girl, her seventeen-year-old sister Penryn will do anything to get her back.

Anything, including making a deal with an enemy angel.

Raffe is a warrior who lies broken and wingless on the street. After eons of fighting his own battles, he finds himself being rescued from a desperate situation by a half-starved teenage girl.

Traveling through a dark and twisted Northern California, they have only each other to rely on for survival. Together, they journey toward the angels' stronghold in San Francisco where she'll risk everything to rescue her sister and he'll put himself at the mercy of his greatest enemies for the chance to be made whole again.

Background and inspirations
Susan Ee has stated that she has been fascinated with angels for a long time. Most classic angels were portrayed as destroyers and creatures of doom, but today, they are portrayed as guardian angels. Ee decided to follow the original portrayal of angels. The main character was named after the exit off Highway 80 in California, where she regularly used to drive by. The book was first self-published by Ee due to personal reasons. She wrote the first draft of Angelfall, hoping that she could acquire a small group of readers interested in the story. It was later published by Amazon Children's Publishing on August 28, 2012.

Reception
The book received positive reviews by most critics. Publishers Weekly described it as a fresh romance with well-developed characters, atmosphere, and strong writing.  The Guardian UK gave a positive review.
The book has been translated to more than 20 languages and was one of the finalists for the Best Fantasy and Fiction Book in the 2011 Cybils Award. It was also one of the top 5 E-book UK Bestsellers in Amazon. UK GRAZIE magazine described it as the "next big thing" in the wake of Twilight and Hunger Games. It was one of the top rated books of Entertainment Weekly.
Angelfall was selected as one of the 100 Best Fantasy Books of all Time by Time magazine.

Film adaptation
On September 13, 2011, Angelfall acquired a major film agent to represent its film rights.
In November 2012, the movie rights was picked up by Good Universe and Ghost House Pictures.

References

External links

 Official Author's Blog

American young adult novels
2011 American novels
Post-apocalyptic novels
Young adult fantasy novels
Novels set in San Francisco


title: Natal Bank Building

text:
The Natal Bank Building is situated on Stand 194 (previously 756) at 90 Market Street (now known as Albertina Sisulu Road) in the city of Johannesburg.  Natal Bank was the second bank to open a branch in the city after Standard Bank.

The Natal Bank’s first bank building was erected on the same site in 1891 by M. B. Houge, architect. It was a generous height single storey building of brick with a projecting pediment, and was demolished to make way for the larger existing building.  Ideally situated a block away from the Stock Exchange and the National Bank of the South African Republic, the bank prospered and two years later plans were accepted for a new four-storeyed building and vaults.

A new design was prepared by architects Carter and McIntosh in 1889, but the second Anglo-Boer War hampered the building operations. Soon after peace had been restored, McIntosh and Moffat were commissioned to redesign the building, which was eventually occupied on 24 August 1903. This is the building as it currently stands. At the time, the building cost £29,847 to construct and has an area of ~460m2.

Design
The building is Neo-Classical in style, reflecting the stylistic preference of the period.
Van Der Waal describes it as follows: ‘Attractively proportioned, this building was divided horizontally and vertically into three sections according to the classicist tradition. A strikingly broad arched window, similar to those used by the Richardson School in America, was placed at ground level in the conspicuous middle section with its Ionic columns’.

Construction
The building is supported by a steel frame, with socle (plinth) of dressed granite, marble columns and plastered brickwork. The roof is pitched, which distinguishes it from the multitude of later, taller buildings which had flat concrete roof construction. Timber-framed sliding sash windows provide elegant fenestration.

The basement walls were constructed in brick and measure between 450mm and 500mm thick. All internal partitions were in solid brickwork and the pitched roof was supported on timber trusses. The ground floor is supported on rolled steel joists at 2.2m centres with concrete barrel vault arches spanning between. Tongue and groove flooring was the floor finish in most of the building, except the banking hall which had a marble floor. The banking hall had a ceiling of ornate plasterwork, other ceilings were in pressed metal sheet.

History
‘The buildings that were erected on the south side of Market Street overlooking the old Market Square were all typically Victorian – but solid and impressive for a young and growing place like Johannesburg. They demonstrated, even at that early stage, the sense of confidence and permanence that investors of capital had in Johannesburg and its wonderful deposits of gold.’ Much like flagships, the bank buildings asserted the presence of the financial empires in the town’s forum. Foremost amongst these was the first Natal Bank building (1891), 90 Market Street, with arched windows and central pediment.

Being only the second bank branch built in the city, Natal Bank was a significant building at the time and its modest three storeys were characteristic of the earlier City Centre buildings, which were later replaced with larger, higher rise buildings.

The Natal Bank was taken over by National Bank in 1914, which in turn was taken over by Barclays Bank in 1926. From 1978, it became the Barclays Bank Museum and then in 1988, the FNB Museum. In 1989, it was donated by FNB Bank to the Mary Moffat Museum.

Other than being a working bank and a bank museum, the building also had other uses during its history:
In 1961 it was a storage and rehearsal centre for a theatrical group known as the Bank Players, whose performances raised money for charity. In 1963, it housed the Intelligence Department and the Foreign Branch under the management of Colin Waterson.

Recent history
In 1986, the Natal Bank building was the venue for an exhibition, entitled “Veld to Finance”, to mark the City’s centenary. In 1989, the building required repairs to address water penetration, and this work was successfully undertaken.

From 2000 to 2010, the Natal Bank Building was owned by the Johannesburg Heritage Trust. Following restoration, the Central Johannesburg Partnership leased half the building with the balance leased to the Johannesburg Development Agency.

The building was put up for sale in 2011 and is currently in private ownership.

Heritage Status
The Natal Bank Building was designated a Provincial Heritage Site in 1990 and is historically and culturally significant for the following reasons:
 The Natal Bank Building is a building of high architectural quality
 It is the oldest bank building in Johannesburg and is of sufficient age to qualify as a heritage building
 It is considered an outstanding historical building in a prime location opposite City Hall and a local landmark
 The Natal Bank Building was culturally and socially significant when it was used as a Museum
 The Natal Bank Building has exceptionally fine detailing in high quality materials
 It retains many of its original high quality interior features which illustrate its primary use as a working bank

References

Bank buildings in South Africa
Buildings and structures in Johannesburg
Heritage Buildings in Johannesburg


title: Apoctena flavescens

text:
Apoctena flavescens is a species of moth of the  family Tortricidae. It is found in New Zealand, where it is found on both the North and South islands.

The larvae are polyphagous.

References

Moths described in 1877
Epitymbiini
Moths of New Zealand
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler
Endemic moths of New Zealand


title: Stanley J. Bauer

text:
Stanley J. Bauer (May 3, 1913 – October 1972) was an American union official and Republican politician from New York.

Life
He was born on May 3, 1913, in Buffalo, New York. He was business agent for Local 36 of the American Federation of Grain Millers.

Bauer was a member of the New York State Senate from 1951 to 1958, sitting in the 168th, 169th, 170th and 171st New York State Legislatures. He was also a delegate to the 1952 Republican National Convention and an alternate delegate to the 1956 Republican National Convention.

In February 1961, he was indicted by a federal grand jury on four counts of income tax evasion. In June 1962, he pleaded guilty on one count and was fined $5,000. In November 1962, he ran again for the State Senate but was defeated by the incumbent Democrat Frank J. Glinski.

In 1965, he was arrested for having attempted to "fix" an extortion case in the Erie County Court for $2,000.

In June 1968, he was convicted of grand larceny and conspiracy and sentenced to one year in the Erie County Jail, and two and a half to five years in Attica Correctional Facility. He served 19 months in Attica before he was paroled out of jail in January 1972. He was found dead on October 5, 1972, in his room at the Touraine Hotel in Buffalo, New York, having been dead for several days.

Sources

1913 births
1972 deaths
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
New York (state) politicians convicted of crimes
20th-century American politicians


title: Apoctena orthocopa

text:
Apoctena orthocopa, also known as striped ponga leaf-tyer, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it is found only on the North Island.

Taxonomy
This species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1924 and named Tortrix orthocopa. The specimens used by Meyrick were collected by George Hudson in Wellington in January.

Description
The larvae of this species are pale green with a brown head and when mature are up to 20 mm in length.

Meyrick described the adults of this species as follows:

Distribution
This species is endemic to New Zealand and is found in the North Island.

Behaviour
The larva of this species fold the fronds of its host and tie them with silk creating a shelter in which to hide. The adult of this species is on the wing from January to March.

Host plant
The larvae feed on Cyathea species including the silver fern.

References

Moths described in 1924
Epitymbiini
Moths of New Zealand
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Endemic moths of New Zealand


title: Tusindårsskoven

text:
Tusindårsskoven (meaning "The Thousand Year Forest") is a forest in southwestern Odense, Funen, Denmark. Measuring approximately , it is located between the districts Bolbro and Sanderum, and is situated between the railway and the Odense Adventure Golf. The open grass area features a hill and is surrounded by newer afforestation. The forest was established in 1988, in connection with Odense Municipality's celebration of the city's thousandth anniversary.

References

External links

 Tusindårsskoven at Danmarks Naturfredingsforening

Forests of Denmark
Geography of Odense
1988 establishments in Denmark


title: Frederick Edward-Collins

text:
Admiral Sir George Frederick Basset Edward-Collins  (26 December 1883 – 17 February 1958) was a British senior officer in the Royal Navy during the first half of the twentieth century.

Early life
Edward-Collins was born in Bodmin, Cornwall, the son of Edward Charles Edward-Collins, of Trewardale, Blisland, a local landowner.  He was the younger brother of Charles Edward-Collins.

Naval career
Edward-Collins enrolled in the navy on 15 January 1898. As a midshipman he was appointed to  on 27 March 1900, on her first commission, to the China station. During the First World War Edward-Collins served on both  and .

Edward-Collins commanded the light cruisers  from April till September 1925, and  from September 1925 till April 1927. He was also captain of the battlecruiser  from December 1930 till March 1932, and was appointed Chief of Staff to the Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet on 13 September 1935. From 1938 until 1940 he commanded the 2nd Cruiser Squadron, and later in 1940 he became second in command of the Home Fleet. From June to November 1940 he commanded the 18th Cruiser Squadron. In December 1940 Edward-Collins became Flag Officer Commanding Gibraltar and Mediterranean Approaches. He was promoted to admiral on 21 January 1943, and retired on 7 February 1944.

Awards and recognition
Edward-Collins became Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order on 17 June 1939. He was mentioned in dispatches in 1940, and became Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 1 January 1941. He was awarded the Order Odrodzenia Polski (4th class) in recognition of services to the Polish Navy on 22 December 1942.

References

1883 births
1958 deaths
foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit
governors of Gibraltar
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
military personnel from Cornwall
people from Bodmin
recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Royal Navy admirals of World War II
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Royal Navy personnel of the Boxer Rebellion
sailors from Cornwall


title: Apoctena orthropis

text:
Apoctena orthropis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in New Zealand, where it is found on both the North and South islands.

References

Moths described in 1901
Epitymbiini
Moths of New Zealand


title: Apoctena persecta

text:
Apoctena persecta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in New Zealand, where it is found only on the South Island.

The wingspan is about 18–19 mm for both males and females. The forewings are ochreous whitish, sprinkled with light brownish. In males the forewings are posteriorly tinged with light brownish between the veins. The hindwings are whitish. There is a distinct variety, named semicocta, which has whitish-ochreous forewings, on the costal half suffused with brownish ochreous. The hindwings of this variety are also whitish.

The larvae feed on Coprosma species.

References

Moths described in 1914
Epitymbiini
Moths of New Zealand


title: Rob Sheppard

text:
Rob Sheppard is an American college baseball coach who has been the head coach at Seton Hall since the start of the 2004 season. Sheppard was also the Pirates' interim head coach in 2001. He succeeded his father, Mike, who had been Seton Hall's head coach since 1973. Under Sheppard, the Pirates have appeared in two NCAA tournaments.

Playing career
Sheppard, a Seton Hall alumnus, played baseball at the school from 1989–1992.  He captained the team his senior season, and the Pirates appeared in the Big East tournament in each of his four seasons. He was a career .278 hitter for the Pirates.

Coaching career
After graduating in 1992, Sheppard spent two years coaching American Legion and high school baseball before joining his father's staff at Seton Hall as an assistant in 1995. He held this position for six seasons.

In 2001, Sheppard served as interim head coach while his father missed the season due to heart surgery.  The Pirates went 14–11–1 in conference play to tie for third in the Big East, then went 4–0 at the Big East tournament, defeating Virginia Tech in the championship game to earn the program's second straight NCAA tournament berth.  At the Clemson Regional, the Pirates went 2–2, beating top-seeded South Alabama twice and losing to Clemson in the regional final.  Future Manhattan and Fordham head coach Kevin Leighton played for Sheppard on the 2001 team.

Mike Sheppard returned from 2002–2003, during which time Rob served as associate head coach.  His father resigned after the 2003 season, and Rob served as interim head coach in 2004 before being named to the position permanently ahead of the 2005 season.

Between 2004–2010, Seton Hall had only two winning seasons (2008 and 2009) and made only one Big East Tournament appearance (2008).  In 2011, however, the Pirates returned to the NCAA tournament.  They went 4–0 at the Big East tournament, defeating St. John's in the championship game to earn the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. There, they went 1–2 at the College Station Regional.

From 2011–2014, Seton Hall had four straight 30-win seasons, including a high of 39 in 2014, its first year in the new Big East Conference.

Head coaching record
Below is a table of Sheppard's records as a collegiate head baseball coach.

Personal
Sheppard is the brother-in-law of St. John's head coach Ed Blankmeyer, who is married to his sister, Susan.

See also
 List of current NCAA Division I baseball coaches
 Seton Hall Pirates

References

Living people
Seton Hall Pirates baseball players
Seton Hall Pirates baseball coaches
High school baseball coaches in the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Apoctena taipana

text:
Apoctena taipana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and has been observed in both the North and South Islands. The larvae created a silken tube in which they hide and also use to travel from leaf to leaf. They tunnel into the leaves of their host. Larvae can be found from June to August. Adult moths can be seen on the wing from October to January.

Taxonomy
This species was first described by Cajetan von Felder and Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer in 1875 using a specimen collected in Nelson by T. R. Oxley and named Tortrix taipana. In 1882 Edward Meyrick, thinking he was describing a new species, named this species Cacoecia enoplana. Meyrick synonymised C. enoplana with Tortrix conditana in 1911. In 1988 John S. Dugdale discussed this species under the name Planotortrix taipana. Dugdale examined the male genitalia of the type specimen of C. enoplana and based on this stated it was a synonym of Planotortrix taipana. In 1990 Dugdale placed this species in the genus Apoctena. Dugdale stated that further work was needed on this species as in his view it was possible that A. spatiosa and A. conditana were synonymous with A. taipana. The male holotype specimen is held at the Natural History Museum, London.

Description
The larva of this species are coloured a greenish-yellow and when mature are 25 mm long. When it is ready to pupate the larva joins leaves of its host plant together and then forms its pupa inside.

Meyrick described C. enoplana, the synonym of this species, as follows:

This species is similar in appearance to A. conditana.

Distribution
This species is endemic to New Zealand. Other than in the type locality of Nelson, species has been observed in Banks Peninsula, Otago and Invercargill. This species, as currently described, has also been observed in Wellington (as C. enoplana) and in Kuratau, near Lake Tāupo. A. taipana is regarded as being uncommon.

Habitat
This species inhabits native forest.

Behaviour
The larvae created a silken tube in which they hide and also use to travel from leaf to leaf. They mine the leaves of their host. Larvae can be found from June to August. Adult moths can be seen on the wing from October to January.

Host species

The larval hosts of this species include the fern Pyrrosia eleagnifolia.

References

Moths described in 1875
Epitymbiini
Moths of New Zealand
Endemic moths of New Zealand
Taxa named by Baron Cajetan von Felder
Taxa named by Alois Friedrich Rogenhofer


title: List of South Africa national under-20 rugby union team players

text:
Below is a listing of all South African rugby union players that have represented the South Africa Under-20 side since the World Rugby Under 20 Championship competition was launched in 2008.

The "Years" column indicates the tournament(s) in which each player played.

See also
 South Africa national under-20 rugby union team
 IRB Junior World Championship

References

External links

under


title: Cyclic algebra

text:
In algebra, a cyclic division algebra is one of the basic examples of a division algebra over a field and plays a key role in the theory of central simple algebras.

Definition
Let A be a finite-dimensional central simple algebra over a field F. Then A is said to be cyclic if it contains a strictly maximal subfield E such that E/F is a cyclic field extension (i.e., the Galois group is a cyclic group).

See also
 Factor system#Cyclic algebras - cyclic algebras described by factor systems.
 Brauer group#Cyclic algebras - cyclic algebras are representative of Brauer classes.

References

Algebra


title: Gunsmoke (season 11)

text:
Gunsmoke is an American Western television series developed by Charles Marquis Warren and based on the radio program of the same name. The series ran for 20 seasons, making it the longest-running Western in television history.

The first episode of season 11 aired in the United States on September 18, 1965, and the final episode aired on May 7, 1966.  All episodes were broadcast in the U.S. by CBS.

Season 11 of Gunsmoke was the fifth season of one hour episodes, and the last season filmed in black-and-white.  Seasons 1-6 were half-hour episodes, and color episodes were not filmed until season 12.

Synopsis
Gunsmoke is set in and around Dodge City, Kansas, in the post-Civil War era and centers on United States Marshal Matt Dillon (James Arness) as he enforces law and order in the city. In its original format, the series also focuses on Dillon's friendship with deputy Festus Haggen (Ken Curtis); Doctor Galen "Doc" Adams (Milburn Stone), the town's physician; and Kitty Russell (Amanda Blake), saloon girl and later owner of the Long Branch Saloon. Deputy Clayton Thaddeus Greenwood (Roger Ewing) was added to the cast in season 11.

Cast and characters

Main

 James Arness as Matt Dillon
 Ken Curtis as Festus
 Milburn Stone as Doc
 Amanda Blake as Kitty
 Roger Ewing as Thad

Production

Season 11 consisted of 32 one hour black-and-white episodes produced by Philip Leacock and associate producer John Mantley.

Writing
Occasionally, titles were re-used. Episode 25, "The Brothers" is the first of two episodes named "The Brothers" along with the second from season 18 (formerly "Incident at Sayville Junction").

Filming
Filming would occasionally include B-roll footage, reused in other episodes.  Episode 30, "My Father, My Son" is such an example. Just before the end scene in the Long Branch, there is a wet street scene showing the Dodge House with horses tied at railings and people crossing the street in both directions. This scene has been shown in several episodes as filler, or as a transitional scene.

Episode 32, "Prime of Life" was the final black-and-white episode.

Music
Episodes 18 & 19, "The Raid" parts 1 & 2, was scored by Franz Waxman.

Episodes

Release

Broadcast
Season eleven aired Saturdays at 10:00-11:00 pm (EST) on CBS.

Home media
The eleventh season was released on DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment in a two volume set on December 2, 2014.

Reception
Gunsmoke season 11 finished at number 30 in the Nielsen ratings.

Awards and nominations

Footnotes

References

External links
 {{IMDb episodes|0047736|Gunsmoke season 11}}
 Gunsmoke season 11 at TV Guide''

Gunsmoke seasons


title: Uncle Was a Vampire

text:
Uncle Was a Vampire () is a 1959 Italian film directed by Steno.

Plot
Baron Osvaldo Lambertenghi is forced to sell his ancestral castle to pay his debts. The manor is ingloriously transformed into a frivolous hotel, and Osvaldo is allowed to continue to live there working as a bellhop. One day Osvaldo receives a visit from his uncle, Baron Roderico da Frankurten, who turns out to be a real vampire. Osvaldo tries to warn the various guests of the hotel, with the only result being that he is taken for a madman. Bitten by his uncle, Osvaldo will also turn into a vampire, but his beloved, Lellina, will also be able to free him from the curse.

Cast

Production
Uncle Was a Vampire was Christopher Lee's first appearance in an Italian film production.

Release
Uncle Was a Vampire was released in Italy on October 28, 1959 where it was distributed by C.E.I.-Incom. It grossed a total of 385 million lire in Italy.

The film was released in the United States in 1964 on television through Embassy Pictures.

Reception
In his book Italian Horror Film Directors, Louis Paul described the film as "obviously modeled on the slapstick efforts of the comedies featuring the character Totò".

See also
 Christopher Lee filmography
 List of Italian films of 1959

Notes

References

External links

1959 films
1959 horror films
1950s comedy horror films
Italian comedy horror films
Films directed by Stefano Vanzina
Films scored by Armando Trovajoli
Vampire comedy films
1959 comedy films
1950s Italian films


title: Beitar Jaffa F.C.

text:
Beitar Jaffa () is an Israeli football club based in Jaffa, Tel Aviv. The club plays in the Liga Gimel Tel Aviv division.

History
The club was founded in 1949, and played mostly in the lower divisions of Israeli football. However, they spent four seasons in the second tier of Israeli football. Beitar have played their first season in Liga Meuhedet, the temporary second tier in the 1949–50 season, where they finished eighth out of nine in the Tel Aviv division, and relegated to Liga Gimel. In the 1954–55 season, the club returned to the second tier, however, they finished second bottom in Liga Bet South division, and relegated to Liga Gimel, the third division at the time, where they played, until the 1961–62 season, in which the club finished bottom in Liga Bet South B division, and relegated to Liga Gimel.

The club returned to Liga Bet in the 1971–72 season. In the 1973–74 season the   club topped Liga Bet South A division, and qualified to the promotion play-offs against the South B division winner, Hapoel Ashkelon, the two South divisional runners-up, Hapoel Kfar Shalem and Maccabi Yavne, and the bottom ranked clubs from Liga Alef South, Hapoel Ramla and Maccabi Holon. The club has won the play-offs with three wins and two draws, and was promoted to Liga Alef. The club finished the following season in Liga Alef South at the bottom place, with only 8 points, however, they were reprieved from relegation, after the Israel Football Association decided to expand Liga Leumit to 18 clubs, and Liga Alef to 17 clubs in each division for the following season, where they finished second bottom, and dropped by two levels to Liga Bet, which became the fourth tier of Israeli football, following the creation of Liga Artzit in 1976.

In the 1979–80 season, the club finished bottom in Liga Bet South A division, and relegated to Liga Gimel, (the fifth tier from 1976 to 1999, and the sixth tier from 1999 to 2009). The club returned to Liga Bet in the 2001–02 season, where they played until the 2005–06 season, in which the club finished second bottom in Liga Bet South A division, and relegated to Liga Gimel (now as the fifth and lowest tier), where they play today.

Honours

League

Cups

External links
Beitar Jaffa Zion The Israel Football Association

References

Jaffa
Jaffa
Football clubs in Tel Aviv
Association football clubs established in 1949
1949 establishments in Israel


title: Giovanni Cazzulani

text:
Giovanni Cazzulani (5 August 1909 – 22 October 1983) was an Italian cyclist. He competed in the individual road race event at the 1932 Summer Olympics. He finished in third place in the 1934 Giro d'Italia.

References

External links

1909 births
1983 deaths
Italian male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Italy
Cyclists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from the Province of Cremona


title: Strange Desire (disambiguation)

text:
Strange Desire may refer to:

Film
Her Strange Desire alternative title of Potiphar's Wife, 1931 British romance film starring Nora Swinburne

Music

Albums
Strange Desire, a 2014 album by Bleachers
Strange Desire, album by Georg Kajanus and Tim Dry as Noir, 1995

Songs
"Strange Desire", rockabilly song by Jack Scott (singer)
"Strange Desire", song by INXS from Welcome to Wherever You Are, B-side of "Beautiful Girl" (INXS song)
"Strange Desire", song by Nacht und Nebel (band) 1983
"Strange Desire", song by The Black Keys from Magic Potion (album), B-side of "Your Touch"
"Strange Desire", song by Nicci Cable, in Mexican DJ group Polymarchs List of Polymarchs albums under Musart


title: Lout Rampage!

text:
Lout Rampage! is a collection of comics by Daniel Clowes. This 1991 paperback includes stories from Eightball #1-6, along with strips Clowes created for alternative comics anthologies BLAB!, Young Lust, and Weirdo. It includes several of the cartoonist's one-page collaborations with The Duplex Planet creator David Greenberger and two of his most well-known comic-strip rants: “I Hate You Deeply” and “I Love You Tenderly.”

References

Comics by Daniel Clowes
1991 comics debuts


title: Mohri Pur

text:
Mohri Pur is a town situated in Kabirwala Tehsil, Khanewal District in southern Punjab, Pakistan. It is named after a person named "Baba Mohri", who first came to the area long ago.

Before the 1947 partition, Muslims, Hindus, and others lived in Mohri Pur, but since the creation of Pakistan only Muslims have lived there. The population was approximately 18,000-25,000 at the end of 2017. The town has some private facilities, including schools and medical clinics. The literacy rate is more than 50%, higher in neighbouring areas. Most youth have at least a high school education.

In the past 20 years, the Haraj Group has controlled local politics. Mohri Pur is one of the few areas of Pakistan where females are not permitted to vote. One lady attempted to vote in May 2013; she received admiration from the media but criticism from the locals. Continued infighting and feuding has killed many young people in the town, though villagers have tried to stamp out violence.

References

Populated places in Khanewal District


title: 2014–15 EuroChallenge Group C

text:
Group C of the 2014–15 EuroChallenge consisted of Okapi Aalstar, Bakken Bears, Fraport Skyliners, and Borås Basket. Play began on 4 November and ended on 16 December 2014.

Teams

Standings

Results

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

Round 5

Round 6

References

Group C
2014–15 in Belgian basketball
2014–15 in Swedish basketball
2014–15 in German basketball
Basketball competitions in Denmark


title: Brian Spooner (anthropologist)

text:
Brian J. Spooner is a Professor of Anthropology, Undergraduate Chair at Department  of Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania and Curator of Near Eastern Ethnology at the Penn Museum. His many works are on subjects including Cultural and social anthropology; globalization, Islam, Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia; social organization, religion, ethnohistory, ecology, non-industrial economies.

Scientific career
Professor Spooner joined the faculty at University of Pennsylvania in 1968. He served as the Department of Anthropology's graduate chair 1985-8 and the University's Middle East Center Director from 1986-1995.  He was Interim Co-Director of the Lauder Institute 2010 -2012, and is a Fellow at the Penn Institute of Urban Research and Affiliate Faculty at Penn's Graduate School of Education program on International Education Development.
He has worked in Afghanistan, northwest China, Iran, India, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. His current research focuses on social change under globalization.

References

Living people
People from Ilford
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British anthropologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
British curators
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
Cultural anthropologists


title: Wolfe v. North Carolina

text:
Wolfe v. North Carolina, 364 U.S. 177 (1960), is a 1960 United States Supreme Court case in which the court, in a 5–4 decision, upheld the trespassing conviction of six African-American men who were barred from a golf course because of their race.

Background
In December 1955, six African-American men (Leon Wolfe, George Simkins, Jr., Philip Cook, Sam Murray, Elijah Herring, and Joseph Sturdivant) went to the Gillespie Golf Course in Greensboro, North Carolina, which had been built with public funds. The six paid greens fees and began to play despite being told they would not be allowed to. That night, the six were charged with trespassing, and convicted on that charge in February 1956, a conviction which was set aside by the North Carolina Supreme Court in June of the following year. A retrial convicted the six again in 1958.

In the meantime, Simkins, who had been one of the six, filed suit in Federal District Court (Simkins v. City of Greensboro) and obtained an injunction in March 1957 against the golf course preventing them from operating the course through a private contractor on a discriminatory basis. That injunction was upheld on appeal to the Fourth Circuit.

The second conviction was appealed to the North Carolina Supreme Court, who upheld it, and was then appealed (the present case) to the United States Supreme Court.

Opinion of the Court
Stewart authored the opinion of the Court, which found no evidence in the record that the exclusion of the six from the golf course had been discriminatory, the record which reached the Court had not included the record of the federal trial and injunction.  Finding that the North Carolina Supreme Court had consistently avoided any investigations of its own regarding the accuracy of a trial record, the Court held that North Carolina had not acted improperly when it had refused to  look into the accuracy of the record in this case. As a result, the majority found that there was not a federal question.

The dissent, penned by Chief Justice Warren, said that the record showed that the appellants had in fact offered proof of the federal injunction and trial into the record, and that the case should have been, as a result remanded or decided on the merits.

Subsequent developments
In July 1964 the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, which outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin in public accommodations.

References

External links

1960 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
United States racial desegregation case law
Golf in North Carolina
History of Greensboro, North Carolina


title: Hampstead F.C.

text:
Hampstead F.C. may refer to:

Harlequin F.C., an English rugby league club formed in 1866 as Hampstead F.C.
Hendon F.C., an English association football club formed as Christchurch Hampstead in 1908, named Hampstead Town from 1909 to 1926, and Hampstead F.C. from 1926 to 1933
Hampstead Heathens F.C., an English association football club active from 1868 to c. 1872, and an amateur club formed in 1975

See also
 West Hampstead F.C., an English association football club active c. 1893–1906


title: Bella Reay

text:
Issabella (Bella) Reay (1900–1979) was an English association football player between 1917 and 1919. She played at centre forward for Blyth Spartans and England, scoring 133 goals in one season in her team's unbeaten run of 30 matches to win the Munitionettes' Cup and was the best-known player. This was at a time when women's participation in public competitive football was controversial.

Personal life
She was the daughter of a coal miner, born in Cowpen, Northumberland in 1900. She worked in a munitions factory and played football for Blyth Spartans during the First World War. After the war, she married, becoming Mrs Henstock and had a daughter. She continued to work into her 60s on a farm. She died in 1979.

Playing career
During the First World War, competitive league football in Britain was suspended. However, the game was still popular with matches held between amateur teams to raise morale, entertain and collect charitable funds. A football team, called variously Blyth United Munitions Ladies, Blyth Spartans Ladies and Blyth Spartans Munitionettes, was formed in August 1917 by women working as dockers and in munitions factories at the South Docks in Blyth, Northumberland, UK. It rapidly became the best women's football team in North East England, substantially aided by Reay's skill. The team played at Croft Park, the home of Blyth Spartans A.F.C. Large crowds came to the matches and the money taken at the gate was donated to charity. From September 1917 to May 1918 the team competed in the Munitionettes' Cup (officially called the Alfred Wood Munition Girls Challenge Cup). Blyth Spartans won 26 and drew four of the matches on their way to winning the Munitionettes' Cup. Reay scored 133 goals during the 30-match series, including six in one match and four in the final at Ayresome Park, Middlesbrough.

In late December 1917, Reay opted to play for her team against Newcastle Ladies, rather than a trial match at Wallsend for a place in the England team. She had been selected for the Possibles team, rather than the Probables. However, at the end of the 1918 season she had the chance to play as an international, first on 6 July 1918 against Tyneside Internationals for a team called North of England, and finally on 20 July at St James' Park in Newcastle playing centre forward against a Scottish International team. Unusually, she did not score a goal in the latter game that England won 3–2.

The team was disbanded during the 1918–19 season, and in 1921 the Football Association banned women's football in England from using their grounds. However, several women's football matches were organised in 1921 to raise funds for miners and their families during a three-month coal dispute. Reay played for several teams, including Cowpen, Cambois, and Blyth and was still prolific in scoring goals. On 25 May 1921, Cowpen won a match with Bebside 4–0 with Reay scoring all the goals.

Legacy

A commemorative Blue Plaque was installed on the stand at Croft Park, the home of the current Blyth Spartans AFC in November 2018.

Reay's story appears in the film Asunder, a film by Esther Johnson (film producer) funded by NOW WW1 centenary arts commissions.

References

English women's footballers
1900 births
Year of death unknown
People from Blyth, Northumberland
Footballers from Northumberland
Women's association football forwards
1979 deaths