title: Heisei Rider vs. Shōwa Rider: Kamen Rider Taisen feat. Super Sentai

text:
is a Japanese superhero film featuring a crossover within the Kamen Rider Series, as well as the Super Sentai series. Scheduled for release on March 29, 2014, characters from all of the Kamen Rider Series, as far back as 1971's Kamen Rider up through the currently airing series Kamen Rider Gaim appeared, with many of the original actors reprising their roles, including Kamen Riders Hiroshi Fujioka. The film serves as a 15th anniversary commemoration of the Heisei period run of the Kamen Rider Series, and of Gaim being the 30th main Kamen Rider overall.

The film features a battle between the Kamen Riders from the Shōwa period of Japanese history with the Kamen Riders from the Heisei period, orchestrated by the evil Kamen Rider Fifteen of the Badan Empire who has the powers of the 15 Heisei Kamen Riders at his disposal. Some warriors of the Super Sentai Series also enter the fray in the film's climax scene.

In the lead up to the film, Toei allowed fans to vote on who would win in the film's climactic battle: the Shōwa Riders or the Heisei Riders. On opening day, it was revealed that the Heisei Riders won the vote by a narrow margin. The Shōwa Rider ending initially won the poll but it got an extension that allowed the Heisei ending to take the lead at the end. The ending with the Shōwa Riders winning was also featured on the home video release.

On opening weekend, the weekly broadcasts of ToQger and Gaim were replaced by a one-hour special titled , serving as a prequel to the events of the film that explains the ToQgers' connection, the cause of the war, and the involvement of Ambassador Darkness and the Badan Empire.

Plot

The film opens with Zawame City ravaged by a fight between the Heisei Riders and the Shōwa Riders, before going back in time to the week before, when workers from the Yggdrasill Corporation are dragged by an unknown force to underground. Upon hearing rumors about it, Kota Kazuraba investigates the area with his friend Mai Takatsukasa, just to fall into a hole as well and find themselves in an underground, alternate version of the city. The two find a boy called Shu, who has the power to revert things and is certain that he has something important to do, but he does not remember what it is. Kota and Mai then bring the boy to the surface and Takeshi Hongo appears demanding them to hand him over, when soldiers from the Underground Badan Empire appear to kidnap him as well and Takeshi transforms into Kamen Rider One to allow Kota, Mai, and Shu to escape. Badan then launches an attack on the surface, and Armored Riders Baron, Ryugen, and Zangetsu Shin appear to fight back alongside Kota, who transforms into Armored Rider Gaim as well to protect his friends. However, Gaim is attacked by Kamen Rider Fifteen, who is also seeking the boy and also possesses a Lockseed that allows him to transform into the Rider Arms of the 15 Heisei Riders, and when Kamen Riders One, Two, and V3 appear to fight him, Shu uses his powers to escape with Gaim and Mai.

Kota and Mai take Shu to Drupers where they meet Tsukasa Kadoya, and Narutaki appears before them as well, affirming that the fifteen Heisei Riders must join forces to stop the Badan Empire, and before leaving, warns them that asking for the Shōwa Riders help is useless as they will refuse to cooperate with them. Tsukasa then departs to gather the other Kamen Riders with Kaito Kumon, while Kota stays behind to take care of Shu. The first Rider they contact is Shotaro Hidari, who refuses to hear their plea before he finishes his job to search for some lost pets. Leaving Kaito behind to help Shotaro with his errand, Tsukasa contacts Takumi Inui who also refuses to help, claiming that his days as a Kamen Rider are over. Kamen Rider Fifteen appears to attack them, and Tsukasa transforms into Kamen Rider Decade to fight him, allowing Takumi and himself to escape harm. Some time later in a ramen shop, Takumi involves himself in an incident where a wounded runaway criminal holds Mari, a high school girl, hostage. Keisuke Jin appears and heals his wounds before convincing him to release Mari and surrender to the police. Takumi then follows Jin to his clinic, where he helps him tend to another patient. Takumi then confides in Jin about how he is haunted by the death of his friend Masato Kusaka and Jin convinces him to stay at his clinic for a while.

The next day, Takumi and Mari are attacked by the Badan Empire. In order to protect her, Takumi decides to fight again as Kamen Rider Faiz, defeating them, but in turn, Jin reveals himself as Kamen Rider X, attacking and defeating Faiz before claiming that he must find his resolve by himself. Meanwhile, Tsukasa finally convinces Shotaro to listen to his request, and asks him about Shu. Elsewhere, Shu finally remembers his past and leads Kota to his house, where it is revealed that Shu has been dead the whole time. Just before his death, he had a fight with his mother, and he now wishes to see her one last time to make amends with her. Kamen Rider Fifteen then appears to take Shu with him, and Kota learns that he is actually Shu's father Ren Aoi. Aoi reveals that the Badan Empire intends to use Shu's powers to power up a machine known as the Mega Reverse, which can make the dead return to life while killing the living, allowing his son to come back to life. While Kamen Rider Gaim fights Kamen Rider Fifteen, Kamen Rider Decade appears and takes Shu to see his mother, but General Jark stands on his way. Kamen Riders Black and Black RX appear to defeat Jark before turning to fight Kamen Rider Decade as well, but Shotaro appears to fight them instead as Kamen Rider Joker and allows Tsukasa to keep escorting the boy. Kamen Rider Baron appears to assist Kamen Rider Joker against the Shōwa Riders while Tsukasa takes Shu to the lighthouse where his mother is staying. But before he can meet her, Kamen Rider Fifteen appears and defeats both Kamen Riders Decade and Gaim with the power of the Heisei Rider Lockseed.

Back in the present day, as the Shōwa and Heisei Riders fight and defeat each other, General Schwarz from the Shadow Line appears to join forces with the Badan Empire, interested in using the Mega Reverse Machine to convert light into darkness to expand the Shadow Line's domains, and sends his Kuliners to attack Kamen Rider Den-O's Den Liner. Kota, Tsukasa, and Takumi join forces with the remaining Heisei Riders and confront the Shōwa Riders about their reasons for attacking them. Kamen Rider One explains that it was all the Heisei Riders fault, as it was their attachment to their deceased important ones that empowered the Badan Empire and allowed the advent of Kamen Rider Fifteen. Meanwhile, Ambassador Darkness, the leader of the Badan forces, reveals himself as Ryo Murasame, who has infiltrated the organization to destroy it from the inside. He betrays the Generalissimo of Badan, apparently destroying the Mega Reverse Machine, but is deceived instead, when the true Mega Reverse Machine is revealed to be the entire Badan Empire base, which takes flight up in the sky. Ryo then reveals that the other Kamen Riders that have supposedly been defeated were in fact been sent to Helheim Forest, and takes the opportunity to summon them back all at once to assist him and Kamen Rider Gaim.

The Heisei and Shōwa Riders confront the Badan Empire helped by Armored Riders Baron, Ryugen, and Zangetsu Shin when the Generalissimo of Badan reveals itself as a giant monster. Daigo Kiryu from the Kyoryugers appears, as well, to fight the monster with Gabutyra, but it proves itself too strong for just his Zyudenryu. Soon after, the ToQgers and Kamen Rider Den-O arrive to assist him, combining their trains with Gabutyra into ToQ-Oh Kyoryuzin feat. DenLiner to destroy the Generalissimo. As Kamen Rider Decade rescues Shu from the Mega Reverse Machine, Haruto Soma and Jin are about to destroy it for good, when they are stopped by Takumi, who wants to atone for Masato's death by allowing him to be revived. However, they convince him that destroying the machine is the right thing to do, and together the three destroy it together as Kamen Riders Wizard, X and Faiz. Kamen Rider One gives Kamen Rider Gaim a special Lockseed containing the powers of the 15 Shōwa Riders, allowing him to transform into One Arms and finally defeat Kamen Rider Fifteen, who returns to his senses. With the Badan Empire all but defeated, the Shōwa Riders use their power to have Shu reunite and reconcile with his parents one last time before passing on to the other side. However, the Shōwa Riders are still in doubt if they can leave the protection of Earth to the Heisei Riders and challenge them to a battle, with Narutaki watching it all from afar. The battle concludes when Kamen Rider Gaim risks himself to protect a single flower from Kamen Rider One's Rider Kick, leading the Shōwa Rider to admit defeat upon realizing his act of kindness. Now truly reconciled, the Shōwa and Heisei Riders then bid farewell to each other and follow their separate ways once more.

In an alternate ending, Kamen Rider Gaim admits defeat instead, as while he prepares a powered up attack to use against Kamen Rider One, he stops after realizing that the Shōwa Rider could attack him before he deploys it. Kamen Rider One still commends him upon realizing his act of kindness, leading the Shōwa and Heisei Riders to reconcile as well.

Cast
Kamen Rider Series cast
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Super Sentai Series cast
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Kamen Rider Taisen-only cast
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 Workers: ,

Miscellaneous voice roles
 ToQger Equipment Voice:
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 Kyoryuger Equipment Voice:
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 Drag Visor Voice:
 Faiz Driver Voice:
 Blay Rouzer Voice:
 Kabuto Zecter Voice:
 DecaDriver Voice:
 Gaia Memory Voice:
 O Scanner Voice:
 Sengoku Driver Equipment Voice:
 Genesis Driver Equipment Voice:
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Theme song

 Lyrics: Shotaro Ishinomori
 Composition: Shunsuke Kikuchi
 Arrangement: Shuhei Naruse
 Artist: Akira Kushida & Kamen Rider Girls

Reception
As of May 4, 2014, the film has grossed over  (over , approx. , over ) in Japan. It earned a total of  () at the Japanese box office.

References

External links

Kamen Rider Taisen
2010s Super Sentai films
Crossover tokusatsu films
Kamen Rider Gaim
Films directed by Takayuki Shibasaki
Films scored by Kousuke Yamashita


title: Bang bang chicken

text:
Bang bang chicken (), also known by variant names such as bam bam chicken or bon bon chicken, is a popular chicken dish in Chinese cuisine. The name bang bang chicken is derived from the Chinese word for stick, bàng (棒), referring to the baton or cudgel traditionally used to tenderize the meat.

Origins
Bang bang chicken originates in the street food of Sichuan. Some food historians believe it to have originated in the town of Hang Yang Ba during the early 20th century. The name of the dish comes from bàng (棒), the Chinese word for stick. This is a reference to the wooden stick or cudgel used to tenderize the meat. A popular myth claims that the name comes from the sound of tenderizing the meat by pounding it, but this is unlikely.

Preparation
Bang bang chicken is prepared by poaching or steaming chicken. The cooked chicken is banged with sticks to tenderize it and pound it into shreds. In traditional recipes, the shredded meat is tossed in a sauce made with sesame paste, chili oil, Sichuan pepper and black vinegar. Fresh herbs are also tossed with it. Variations of the sauce may include chile peppers, peanuts, garlic, ginger and soy sauce. It is traditionally served with julienned cucumbers.

Variations

Westernized variations of "bang bang chicken" are served in American Chinese cuisine. Many of these recipes are based on breaded and fried chicken or shrimp in a mayonnaise sauce. These recipes may have been popularized by "bang bang shrimp" dishes on the menus of American fast food chains like Bonefish Grill and have little in common with the authentic Chinese dish.
This variation is prepared by breading pieces of boneless chicken and deep-frying them. The fried meat is then coated in a sauce based on mayonnaise and sweet chili sauce.

Bang bang shrimp
Bang bang shrimp is considered to be the progenitor of mayonnaise-based "bang bang" dishes in the United States. It is prepared in a similar manner as American style bang bang chicken, using whole shrimp instead of chicken pieces.

See also

 List of Chinese dishes

References

Further reading
 1001 Foods To Die For - Madison Books, Andrews McMeel Publishing, LLC. p. 396.
 Simply Allergy-Free: Quick and Tasty Recipes for Every Night of the Week - Elizabeth Gordon
 Art of Chinese Cooking – Rebekah Lin Jewell. p. 54.
 Some Like it Hot: Spicy Favorites from the World's Hot Zones - Clifford A. Wright
 Mrs. Chiang's Szechwan Cookbook - Ellen Schrecker. pp. 228–233.
 Spicy Sichuan Cooking – Daniel Reid
 Soups & salads - Sandi Cooper
 Roast Chicken and Other Stories – Simon Hopkinson

External links
 "Dinner Tonight: Bon Bon Chicken". Serious Eats.

Chinese chicken dishes
Sichuan cuisine
American Chinese chicken dishes
Shrimp dishes


title: 1981 Laurence Olivier Awards

text:
The 1981 Society of West End Theatre Awards were held in 1981 in London celebrating excellence in West End theatre by the Society of West End Theatre. The awards would not become the Laurence Olivier Awards, as they are known today, until the 1984 ceremony.

Winners and nominees
Details of winners (in bold) and nominees, in each award category, per the Society of London Theatre.

{| class=wikitable style="width="100%"
|-
! width="50%" | Play of the Year
! width="50%" | Musical of the Year
|-
| valign="top" |
 Children of a Lesser God by Mark Medoff – Albery Passion Play by Peter Nichols – RSC at the Aldwych
 Translations by Brian Friel – National Theatre Lyttelton
 Quartermaine's Terms by Simon Gray – Queen's
| valign="top" |
 Cats – New London Barnum – London Palladium
 One Mo' Time – Cambridge
 The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas – Theatre Royal Drury Lane
|-
! colspan=1| Comedy of the Year
|-
|
 Steaming by Nell Dunn – Comedy Anyone for Denis by John Wells – Whitehall
 Can't Pay? Won't Pay! by Dario Fo – Criterion
 On the Razzle by Tom Stoppard – National Theatre Lyttelton
|-
! style="width="50%" | Actor of the Year in a New Play
! style="width="50%" | Actress of the Year in a New Play
|-
| valign="top" |
 Trevor Eve as James Leeds in Children of a Lesser God – Albery Edward Fox as St. John Quartermaine in Quartermaine's Terms – Queen's
 James Grout as Henry Windscape in Quartermaine's Terms – Queen's
 Karl Johnson in Television Times – RSC at the Warehouse
| valign="top" |
 Elizabeth Quinn as Sarah Norman in Children of a Lesser God – Albery Eileen Atkins as Nell in Passion Play – RSC at the Aldwych
 Janet Dale as May in The Accrington Pals – RSC at the Warehouse
 Maggie Smith as Virginia Woolf in Virginia – Theatre Royal Haymarket
|-
! style="width="50%" | Actor of the Year in a Revival
! style="width="50%" | Actress of the Year in a Revival
|-
| valign="top" |
 Daniel Massey as Jack Tanner in Man and Superman – National Theatre Olivier Warren Mitchell as Davies in The Caretaker – National Theatre Lyttelton
 David Suchet as Shylock in The Merchant of Venice – RSC at the Aldwych
 John Wood as Sir John Brute in The Provoked Wife – National Theatre Lyttelton
| valign="top" |
 Margaret Tyzack as Martha in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf – National Theatre Lyttelton Sinéad Cusack as Evadne in The Maid's Tragedy – RSC at the Warehouse
 Rosemary Harris as Kate Keller in All My Sons – Wyndham's
 Penelope Wilton as Ann Whitefield in Man and Superman – National Theatre Olivier
|-
! style="width="50%" | Actor of the Year in a Musical
! style="width="50%" | Actress of the Year in a Musical
|-
| valign="top" |
 Michael Crawford as P. T. Barnum in Barnum – London Palladium
 Brian Blessed as Old Deuteronomy in Cats – New London
 Henderson Forsythe as Sheriff Ed Earl Dodd in The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas – Theatre Royal Drury Lane
 Wayne Sleep as Mr. Mistoffolees in Cats – New London
| valign="top" |
 Carlin Glynn as Mona Stangley in The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas – Theatre Royal Drury Lane
 Petula Clark as Maria von Trapp in The Sound of Music – Apollo Victoria
 Patricia Hodge as Nancy Mitford in The Mitford Girls – Globe
 Sylvia Kumba Williams as Big Bertha Williams in One Mo' Time – Cambridge
|-
! colspan=1| Comedy Performance of the Year
|-
|
 Rowan Atkinson as Himself in Rowan Atkinson in Revue – Globe
 Georgina Hale as Josie in Steaming – Comedy
 Donald Sinden as Garry Essendine in Present Laughter – Vaudeville
 Angela Thorne as Margaret Thatcher in Anyone for Denis – Whitehall
|-
! style="width="50%" | Actor of the Year in a Supporting Role
! style="width="50%" | Actress of the Year in a Supporting Role
|-
| valign="top" |
 Joe Melia as Maurice in Good – RSC at the Warehouse
 Tony Church as Polonius in Hamlet – RSC at the Aldwych
 Norman Rodway as Seuman Shields in The Shadow of a Gunman – RSC at the Warehouse
 Tom Wilkinson as Horatio in Hamlet – RSC at the Aldwych
| valign="top" |
 Gwen Watford as Monica Reed in Present Laughter – Vaudeville
 Brenda Bruce as Nurse in Romeo and Juliet – RSC at the Aldwych
 Sinéad Cusack as Celia in As You Like It – RSC at the Aldwych
 Gwen Taylor as Queen Gertrude in Hamlet – Ambassadors
|-
! colspan=1| Most Promising Newcomer of the Year in Theatre
|-
|
 Alice Krige as Raina Petkoff in Arms and the Man – Lyric
 Catherine Hall as Gemma in Naked Robots – RSC at the Warehouse
 Jeremy Nicholas for writing and performing as Various in Three Men in a Boat – Mayfair
 Eric Peterson as Billy Bishop in Billy Bishop Goes to War – Comedy
|-
! colspan=1| Director of the Year
|-
|
 Peter Wood for On the Razzle – National Theatre Lyttelton
 Donald McWhinnie for Translations – National Theatre Lyttelton
 Trevor Nunn for Cats – New London
 Harold Pinter for Quartermaine's Terms – Queen's
|-
! colspan=1| Designer of the Year
|-
|
 Carl Toms for The Provoked Wife – National Theatre Lyttelton
 Eileen Diss for Measure for Measure – National Theatre Lyttelton
 John Napier for Cats – New London
 Saul Radomsky for Tonight at 8.30 – Lyric
|-
! colspan=1| Outstanding Achievement of the Year in a Musical
|-
|
 Gillian Lynne for choreographing Cats – New London
 Vernel Bagneris for directing and writing One Mo' Time – Cambridge
 The staging of Barnum – London Palladium
 The style and design of The Mitford Girls – Globe
|-
! style="width="50%" | Outstanding Achievement of the Year in Ballet
! style="width="50%" | Outstanding First Achievement of the Year in Ballet
|-
| valign="top" |
 Forgotten Land, Stuttgart Ballet – London Coliseum Dances of Albion, The Royal Ballet – Royal Opera House
 Death and the Maiden, London Contemporary Dance Theatre – Sadler's Wells
 Night Moves, The Royal Ballet – Sadler's Wells
| valign="top" |
 Bryony Brind in Dances of Albion, The Royal Ballet – Royal Opera House Stephen Beagley for work in new productions, The Royal Ballet – Royal Opera House
 Michael Clark for work in new productions, Ballet Rambert – Sadler's Wells
 Ashley Page in Isadora, The Royal Ballet – Royal Opera House
|-
! style="width="50%" | Outstanding Achievement in Opera
! style="width="50%" | Outstanding First Achievement of the Year in Opera
|-
| valign="top" |
 Les contes d'Hoffmann, The Royal Opera – Royal Opera House Die Frau ohne Schatten, Welsh National Opera – Dominion
 Lulu, The Royal Opera – Royal Opera House
 Samson et Delilah, The Royal Opera – Royal Opera House
| valign="top" |
 Ann Mackay in The Gypsy Princess – Sadler's Wells' Helen Field in The Cunning Little Vixen – Dominion
 Claire Powell in Les contes d'Hoffmann, The Royal Opera – Royal Opera House
 David Wilson-Johnson in The Lighthouse – Sadler's Wells
|}

Productions with multiple nominations and awards
The following 18 productions, including one ballet and one opera, received multiple nominations:

 6: Cats 3: Barnum, Children of a Lesser God, Hamlet, One Mo' Time and The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas 2: Anyone for Denis, Dances of Albion, Les contes d'Hoffmann, Man and Superman, On the Razzle, Passion Play, Present Laughter, Quartermaine's Terms, Steaming, The Mitford Girls, The Provoked Wife and TranslationsThe following two productions received multiple awards:

 3: Children of a Lesser God 2: Cats''

See also
 35th Tony Awards

References

External links
 Previous Olivier Winners – 1981

Laurence Olivier Awards ceremonies
Laurence Olivier Awards, 1981
Laurence Olivier Awards
1981 theatre awards


title: 2004–05 HNK Rijeka season

text:
The 2004–05 season was the 59th season in Rijeka's history. It was their 14th season in the Prva HNL and 31st successive top tier season.

Competitions

Prva HNL

First stage

Second stage (championship play-off)

Results summary

Results by round

Matches

Prva HNL

Source: HRnogomet.com

Croatian Cup

Source: HRnogomet.com

UEFA Cup

Source: HRnogomet.com

Squad statistics
Competitive matches only.  Appearances in brackets indicate numbers of times the player came on as a substitute.

See also
2004–05 Prva HNL
2004–05 Croatian Cup
2004–05 UEFA Cup

References

External sources
 2004–05 Prva HNL at HRnogomet.com
 2004–05 Croatian Cup at HRnogomet.com
 Prvenstvo 2004.-2005. at nk-rijeka.hr

HNK Rijeka seasons
Rijeka


title: Brachylaimidae

text:
Brachylaimidae is a family of parasitic flukes in the sub-class Digenea. Adults are usually found within the digestive tracts and other organs of mammals or birds and have a complex three-stage life cycle.

Characteristics
The adult body is elongate or occasionally oval or subglobular. sometimes with fine spines. The suckers are well-developed and usually at the anterior end. There is usually a prepharynx, the pharynx is muscular, the oesophagus, if present, is short and the caeca long, terminating near the posterior end. The gonads are posterior to the ventral sucker and the genital pore opens on the ventral surface.

Hosts
Adult flukes in this family are found in mammals, birds and occasionally amphibians. There are two intermediate hosts, both terrestrial molluscs. The cercariae leave the first intermediate host with easily  shed, rudimentary tails and the metacercariae in the second intermediate host may or may not be encysted.

References

Trematode families
Diplostomida


title: Sook (Korean name)

text:
Sook, also spelled Suk, is a single-syllable Korean given name, as well as an element in many two-syllable Korean given names. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write it.

Meaning and hanja
There are 13 hanja with this reading on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names; they are:

 (): "uncle"
 (): "pure"
 (): "sleep"
 (): "who"
 (): "ripe"
 (): "solemn"
 (): "schoolroom"
 (): name of a kind of jade
 (): "jade bowl"
 (): "tall and straight"
 (): "early"
 (): "deep"
 (): "beans"

Single-syllable given name
People with the given name Sook include:
Kim Sook (diplomat) (born 1952), South Korean male diplomat
Mun Suk (born 1966), South Korean female cyclist
Kim Sook (comedian) (born 1975), South Korean female comedian

As name element
In the mid-20th century, various names containing this element were popular for newborn Korean girls, including:
Hyun-sook (6th place in 1950, 8th place in 1960)
In-sook (8th place in 1950)
Jung-sook (4th place in 1940, 2nd place in 1950)
Kyung-sook (7th place in 1950, 5th place in 1960)
Mi-sook (2nd place in 1960)
Myung-sook (5th place in 1950)
Young-sook (2nd place in 1940, 1st place in 1950, 4th place in 1960)

Other names containing this element include:
Sook-ja
Eun-sook
Jung-sook
Sung-sook
Yoon-sook

See also
List of Korean given names

References

Korean given names


title: Kuchkabal

text:
A  ( ,  ,  'province,' 'state,' 'polity') was a system of social and political organisation common to Maya polities of the Yucatán Peninsula, in the Maya Lowlands, during the Mesoamerican Postclassic. There were somewhere between 16 and 24 such provinces just prior to the Spanish conquest of Yucatán.

Extent

The  were located in the Yucatán Peninsula of the Maya Lowlands, bounded by a northwest-to-southeast trending crescent, stretching along the base of the Peninsula, from the Bay of Campeche to the Bay of Honduras. To the west, the provinces bordered settlements of Chontal, Nahuatl, and Zoque speakers in eastern Tabasco, eastern Chiapas, and western Campeche (beyond Laguna de Terminos). To the southwest and south, they bordered settlements of Chol speakers in western Peten, northern Alta Verapaz, northern Izabal, northern Copan, northern Santa Barbara, and western Cortes (before the Ulua River). The provinces thereby encompassed all six districts of Belize, the Guatemalan department of Peten, and the Mexican states of Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán.

Some recent scholarship, employing a revised understanding of the provinces, has proposed to situate the latter only within those portions of the Peninsula predominated by Yucatecan Mayan speakers. Consequently, the limits of the provinces' territory have been proposed as a northwest-to-southeast trending diagonal, from Champoton to the Belize River, resulting in an expanse covering only the aforementioned Mexican states, and the Belizean districts of Corozal, Orange Walk, and Belize.

History

Emergence
Current knowledge of the historical antecedents of the provinces 'is fragmentary and extremely vague for the period prior to the middle of the fifteenth century.' Nonetheless, some post-conquest Maya accounts claim 'Chichen Itza had formerly governed the entire country [Peninsula] for about 200 years,' while other such accounts rather claim 'that Uxmal, Chichen Itza, and Mayapan ruled the area during this length of time,' and furthermore, some such accounts claim that Mayapan ruled the Peninsula during a later period. The former claim has been described as 'more or less true of most of northern Yucatán [Peninsula],' while the last claim has been deemed partially accurate, as there is 'some evidence that northern Yucatán from the Gulf of Mexico east to Cupul was, for a time at least, subject to a joint government located at [Mayapan, though] it is doubtful that its hegemony included Campeche and Champoton [and, further,] it appears possible that it did not extend to the east coast of the peninsula.' In case such a centralised government existed at Mayapan, its rule would have been disrupted upon the city's destruction 'about a century before the final Spanish conquest.' It has been further suggested that Nahuatl- or Chontal-speaking settlers, who appear to have come predominantly from Tabasco, may have influenced the constitutions of emerging provinces.

Fall

Hispano-Maya hostilities first broke out in Ecab, capital of the eponymous province in Cape Catoche, in 1517. The Spanish conquest, however, did not properly start until 1527, and was 'an arduous enterprise lasting twenty years.'

Constitution

Types
Many of the provinces were organised as unitary states, governed by a single  However, some were rather organised as a confederacy of  'more or less closely knit,' and governed (jointly or severally) by the respective  And further still, some 'seem to have been merely collections of towns in a given area, whose relations with one another are largely a matter of conjecture.' Thus, broadly, provinces were organised either as  or  states, with varying degrees of cohesion.

Divisions
The provinces were first subdivided into constituent towns. Larger towns were further subdivided into  though 'little' is known about these second-order units. Consequently, the civil service of  provinces featured offices for first-order subdivisions (the province's towns), while that of at least  provinces further featured offices for zeroth-order (the province itself) or second-order (a town's wards) subdivisions.

Offices

Civil
The  present only in unitary provinces, exercised sovereign legislative, executive, judicial, military, and religious authority over the same. Their government is thought to have been invariably based in the capital. Notably, the office was responsible for military defence, foreign policy, home policy (effected via the provincial mayors), serious or inter-municipal civil and criminal court cases, and certain religious ceremonies. Particular attention is thought to have been paid to the maintenance of the territorial integrity of the province, and that of its constituent towns. For instance, in 1545, Nachi Cocom, colonial governor of Sotuta, is known to have 'personally made a survey of his entire frontier and conferred with various Cochua and Cupul [mayors] who lived close to his borders, evidently discussing local differences of opinion in regard to the frontiers.' Similarly, in 1557, Kukum Xiu (also known as Francisco the Montejo Xiu), colonial governor of Mani, held a conference at Mani (city) for his and neighbouring mayors to determine the limits of the province and its constituent towns.

The office, at least in some unitary provinces, is known to have been the prerogative of the leading noble house, with tenure held for life, and passed from father to first-born son. The officeholder is thought to have been entitled to an allottment of slaves, annual tribute from each town and household (typically produce or other merchantable goods), and court fees when acting as chief justice. Said remuneration is thought to have been 'sufficient [...] to live in considerable state.' The officeholder is, additionally, thought to have acted as mayor of the provincial capital, and been entitled to that office's remuneration.

The governor does not seem to have had a dedicated advisory council, though it has been suggested that either senior officers of the capital, or some of the provincial mayors (especially those related to the governor), may have or likely acted as privy counsellors, being 'consulted on provincial affairs.'

The  present in all provinces, exercised executive, judicial, and military authority over a  Notably, the office was responsible for military defence, the building code, farming regulations,  or intra-municipal civil and criminal court cases, and for executing provincial home policy. However, the office's authority is thought to have varied across provinces.

In unitary provinces, relatives of the governor are thought to have enjoyed precedence for mayoral office, as the governor held the power of appointment to said office in such provinces. Additionally,  first-born sons of an outgoing mayor are similarly thought to have enjoyed precedence for office. In federal provinces, the mayoral office's rules of succession are thought to have been similar to those for the office of governor in unitary provinces. The officeholder is thought to have been entitled to annual tribute from each household (in federal provinces) or to a farm and to miscellaneous farming-and-household services (in unitary provinces), and court fees when acting as magistrate (in all provinces). Furthermore, the officeholder is thought to have been 'treated with great ceremony and attended by many people' both at home and abroad. For instance, it is thought to have been customary, during lay celebrations, for the town's residents to attend to the mayor, 'bowing before him [the mayor], opening a lane for him to pass, [...] spreading their mantles in front of him [and] protect[ing] his head from the sun with great fans of bright feathers.'

The mayor  seem to have had a dedicated advisory council, namely, the town council, composed of local aldermen or councillors. He is believed to have further employed or relied upon a number of local civil servants or officeholders.

The  present in all provinces, was a member of the town council who reviewed mayoral instructions or decisions for either assent or dissent, with the former thought constitutionally necessary for the execution of any such. In federal provinces, the council are thought to have constituted 'the chief check' on mayoral authority. In larger towns which were further subdivided into wards, each such ward was assigned to an alderman, who was further tasked with taxation and 'other municipal affairs' within said ward. In at least some provinces, officeholders were appointed by the mayor, and tended to be 'rich and capable' men.

The  present in all provinces, was a local civil servant who assisted and deputised for the mayor and council, in both official and private capacities, by attending to the mayor at their personal residence, conveying official instructions to town residents, and acting as advocates or prosecutors in magistrate's court. The office is known to have 'definitely ranked below' that of an alderman or councillor, but above that of bailiffs or constables.

The  present in at least some provinces, is thought to have been responsible for the , where residents 'assemble[d] to discuss public business and [to] learn to dance for the town festivals,' and which is thought to have housed the town's  which served as 'a symbol of authority.' Notably, in at least some towns, the chamberlain or steward is known to have discharged the office of mayor.

The  present in at least some provinces, is thought to have exercised law enforcement authority, similar to that of a Spanish  or 'minor peace officer.' The bailiffs are known to have been the lowest-ranked civil servants, with the office described as '[e]vidently [...] not a position filled by members of the nobility.' At least some officeholders are known to have rendered menial service to senior civil servants, for instance, by serving as provision carriers during trips by the governor, or by maintaining the town's grain stores.

Military
The  present in at least some provinces, were 'special' war officers, thought to have held joint (with the mayor) command of the town's troops during times of war. Officeholders were 'installed in office with great ceremony,' held tenure for three years, and maintained a demanding social and dietary regimen. For instance, while in office, the captain was required to '[eat] no meat but the flesh of fish and inguanas, [...] never [be] intoxicated, remai[n] continent, and [have] little intercourse with his fellow townsmen.' Officeholders are thought to have 'probably had much influence in declaring war, for persons who had suffered injury away from home came to him to complain and seek revenge.' Notably, Nacahun Noh, a captain of Saci, is known to have 'received gifts of shell beads from people living as far away as Tizimin who wished to conciliate him and avoid war with his town.'

The  present in at least some provinces, is thought to have been a wartime office responding to the municipal troop's joint commanding officers, the mayor and captain. The specialists were selected from among the troops for extraordinary military merit by the captain, and were remunerated only during wartime, partly from the captain's personal funds, and partly from municipal funds. They were additionally entitled to spoils of war, and to 'a certain licence,' for a period upon their return from a campaign, to service and entertainment from the town's residents, often to the latter's 'annoyance.'

Clerical

It has been suggested that  'should probably also be considered members of the town government.' For instance, the prophecies or interpretations of the  were routinely used to determine matters of state and economics, are further deemed to have 'evidently [been] an important factor in the reception accorded to the Spaniards in the various [provinces].' Furthermore, in colonial times, when the Franciscans, Inquisition, and Provisorato de Indios, had 'more or less broken down' the pre-Columbian priesthood, caciques (ie mayors) and 'other important men' are known to have assumed the duties of divination or prophecy. Similarly, all priests are thought to 'have had more authority than the temporal rulers' when enforcing religious observances or punishing religious delinquency.

Hispano-Maya records do not provide evidence of centralised ecclesiastic organisation in any of the provinces. Nonetheless, it has been suggested that, 'most probabl[y, ...] something of the sort existed.' Particularly, in unitary provinces, it is thought that the governor may have assumed the office of  at least in Mayapan, where the former undertook the examination of candidates for priesthood, and the appointment and investiture of priests for the province's towns. In federal provinces, ecclesiastic affairs 'may have been purely a local matter.'

The clergy do not seem to have been entitled to tithes. Rather, they are thought to have been compensated by voluntary offerings (of provisions, currency, or miscellaneous goods), or by regular fees for religious services.

Table

Authority

Judicial
The provinces are thought to have only held courts of original jurisdiction, with all judgments deemed final and thus not subject to appeal. The mayors held original civil and criminal jurisdiction for non-'serious' or intra-municipal claims, while the governor held such jurisdiction for 'serious' or inter-municipal ones. Judicial proceedings were presided over and decided by the mayor or governor, with local deputies serving as advocates for the claimants, and further officers serving various court roles. Notably, court proceedings seem to have included only oral arguments, judgments seem to have been final in all cases, and oaths for sworn testimony seem to have 'consisted in calling down misfortunes on one's own head if a [given] statement were false.' Civil claims were brought 'for injuries committed without malice,' including, for instance, manslaughter, negligence, and 'the provocation by a husband or wife resulting in the suicide of the other spouse.' At least for cases of manslaughter, if court-awarded compensation were not settled, it seems that the claimant's family were authorised to summarily execute the defaulting defendant by ambush, though this is thought to have been rarely necessary. Criminal cases were brought for, among other crimes, murder, arson, adultery, and theft. Criminal sentences are thought to have included primarily death or enslavement, as milder sentences (e.g. flogging or imprisonment) do not seem to have been commonly employed. Nonetheless, leniency might be shown to youth, women, and members of the upper classes. Court fees, consisting of 'customary gifts,' were paid by litigants and petitioners ot the presiding justice.

Military
The provinces are thought to have been 'constantly at war with one another,' success in war being a principal source of the nobility's claim to authority, and of the economy's enslaved labour. The governor led the provincial troops as commander-in-chief. These were organised according to their town of origin, with the corresponding mayor and captain as joint commanding officers, and the specialists as special forces. Wars are thought to have typically been short battles, waged during daytime in the wet season (specifically, between October and January, 'when there was little or no agricultural activity'), and to have typically occurred on inter-provincial causeways.

War parties, lead by the mayor and captain, often 'set out quietly, hoping for a surprise attack.' Parties were preceded by scouts, who 'blew whistles and conch shells, beat their wooden drums, and pounded large tortoise shells with deerhorn sticks' upon locating the enemy. Hand-to-hand combat ensued, to the tune of 'war cries and loud insults [...] often of an obscene character.' The battle's primary aim was usually the enemy's captivity, with prisoners being 'bound to a wooden collar or yoke, to which a longer rope was attached,' and thereby lead to their captors' townsmen. Additionally, if the mayor or captain were slain in battle, the losing side would 'sl[i]ng their shields on their backs and retrea[t],' with the winning side's soldier responsible for the death being 'especially honoured' for their feat.

As surprise assaults were common, a town's defences typically included seasonal sentinels stationed at various border sites. Furthermore, as parties typically advanced along causeways, these were barricaded 'at strategic points [by semicircular, camouflaged] walls of dry stone and palisades of heavy timbers bound together by lianas, [with built-in defensive posts] from which arrows could be shot and darts, spears, and stones could be hurled at the approaching enemy.' Additionally, some towns were further fortified by dry stone walls, ramparts, ditches, and even agave hedges. Furthermore, though there is 'no direct evidence of military alliances' among any of the provinces prior to Spanish conquest, 'there can be little doubt that such existed,' for instance, between Cupul, Cochuah, and Sotuta, during their allied assault on Spanish forces at Merida in 1542. There is also some evidence of extra-regional military alliance, for instance, between Chetumal and the [non-provincial] settlements on the Ulua River, as '[a]fter the Spaniards were driven out of Chetumal [...], an expedition of fifty war canoes from this [province] came to assist the natives living on the Ulua River in Honduras in their resistance to the Spanish invaders there.' Similar alliances have been proposed between some provinces in the southwestern portion of the Peninsula, and [non-provincial] settlements in Tabasco.

Spiritual

Religious functions are thought to have formed an important part of the duties discharged by senior civil servants across the provinces. For instance, '[m]any important ceremonies were not performed at the temple, but in the private oratory of the  [mayor] or some other wealthy person of high rank.' Furthermore, some or many nobles or senior civil servants purported to hold  favour with certain gods, especially Kukulkan, such that offerings to said gods could not be made directly, but rather required the intercession of one such noble or office holder. For instance,  office-holding nobles  priests presided over a pan-regional, annual, five-day festival to Kukulkan at Mani, where the god was worshipped 'with unusual pomp and ceremony, since he was the special patron of these warlike rulers.'

At least some religious ceremonies are thought to have incorporated state functions. For instance, year's-end ceremonies for the coming year, presided over by clergy at temples, and described as 'perhaps the most important [of the various recurring religious rites],' are known to have involved '[e]laborate formalities [...] in dismissing the old [civil service] incumbents and installing the new in office.'

Rights

To land
The system of land tenure employed across the provinces has not been fully elucidated. The system is commonly described as 'communal ownership,' following accounts by Gaspar Antonio Chi. Though details regarding the purported 'communal ownership' are still debated, it is commonly agreed that 'there was no private ownership of land.'  For instance, a deed of sale dated 1561 records 'an individual title to a tract of land and its conveyance "to the principal men of the town here at Ebtun,"' with the vendor further noting that the conveyed title 'is the "title of the forest of my ancestors."' Similarly, at least some majority-Maya colonial towns are known to have held joint ownership over land within town limits, with town lots owned by the municipality, but fruit trees in orchards (and possibly, similar improvements to land) owned privately.

Of rebellion

It has been suggested that either the nobility or the commons reserved the right to remove their government from office for breaches of duty or propriety, such as a senior officer's 'becoming arrogant and disdainful of his people, demanding a high tribute, making slaves of the people, oppressing the poor, or conducting himself wantonly.' It has been further noted that the nobility may have fostered the commons' belief in such a right for pecuniary gain. For instance, the mid-fifteenth century rebellion against the governor of Tutul Xiu, then based in Mayapan, was publicly justified by the sovereign's 'arrogant and disdainful attitude towards his people,' but privately led by noblemen who may have rather sought to break the governor's monopoly on the lucrative slave trade with non-provincial settlements in Ulua, Honduras.

Society

Classes
A tri-partite first-order  subdivision, into nobles, commoners, and slaves, is commonly given for societies across the provinces. Second-order horizontal subdivisions are also likely. For instance, commoners seem 'to have had an upper and a lower fringe,' though there is 'little information' regarding these. Additionally, however, a multi-partite first-order  subdivision, into various  is also given for such societies. Such groups, which cut across the nobility and commons, are thought to have 'contributed greatly to social solidarity,' as members 'of the same patronymic considered themselves to be of the same kin and treated one another as such.' Each such lineage or house is thought to have had its own patron deity, and its own codex recording genealogy, membership, and related matters.

Nobility
The  'constituted the ruling class, filled the more important political offices, and were not only the most valiant warriers and members of the military orders but also the wealthiest farmers and merchants.' As many, if not all, priests are thought to have belonged to the nobility, such that the nobility subsumed civil, military, economic, and religious leaders, this social class is thought to have 'control[led] most fields of human activity.' Noble families were known for paying 'much attention to their genealogy,' particularly if this could be traced to the nobility of Mayapan. Such families were further thought to have 'had a secret lore handed down from father to son, a sort of ritual in which many words had a concealed meaning not understood by any except the initiates[, the knowledge of which] was an important evidence of noble descent.'

Commons
The commoners, who 'made up the vast majority of the population,' were 'the free workers [...], including the artisans, fishermen, and small farmers and merchants generally.' The commons seem to have been further subdivided into upper, middle, and lower 'fringes,' the former consisting of wealthier commoners, the middle fringe of poorer commoners, and the lower fringe of serfs. Commoners, particularly wealthier ones, are thought to have enjoyed some, albeit limited, esteem and agency. For instance, at least in some provinces, they are thought to have held non-noble titles. Furthermore, at least in some provinces, they are thought to have enjoyed pre-eminence in official tables of precedence, and their relatives are thought to have been eligible for the civil service via a standardised exam.

Slaves
The slaves 'most of [whom belonged] to the nobles or wealthy commoners,' were men, women, and children of the commons of settlements outside the province who had been captured in battle. Indeed, it is thought that one of the principal motivations for war 'was the desire to capture slaves.' Slaves were traded within and between provinces, as 'a large slave traffic existed.' Male slaves were typically employed for heavy manual labour in agriculture, fisheries, construction, and trade, while female slaves were typically employed in domestic service. They are thought to have been 'subjected to severity and harshness, and frequently sacrified at [...] religious festivals.' For instance, skeletal remains of several sacrificial victims recovered from the Sacred Cenote 'revealed some indications of malnutrition and definite evidence of abuse for a considerable period prior to death.'

Economy

Trade
The province's merchants are commonly thought to have been 'central participants' in the flourishing Mesoamerican maritime and overland commerce, providing both goods and shipping facilities to a trade network stretching from the Aztec Triple Alliance to northern Honduras (at least) or Panama (at most). The coastal capitals of the Ecab, Chikinchel, Cozumel, and Chetumal provinces are thought to have served as principal trans-shipment hubs for 'immense canoes' loaded with salt, textiles, honey, flint, and feathers for export, or metals, cacao, precious stones, obsidian, and pelts for import.

List
Not all Postclassic Maya states or polities in the Lowlands, or even within the Yucatán Peninsula, are deemed  by scholars.  Additionally, there is much disagreement regarding which polities  nor  constitute a province, and regarding details of their constitution, extent, organisation, and related matters. The accompanying table lists all entities recognised as Postclassic Maya states or polities in the Lowlands, and, for each, indicates whether these have or have not been considered provinces.

Table

Legacy

Social
Upon conquest, the newly established Province of Yucatán 'not only allowed [the provincial nobility] to survive, but gave it definite and even liberal encouragement,' at least within encomienda, , and  settlements. The pre-Columbian nobility, and by extension, some or large parts of the institutions and offices they formerly held, were preserved in colonial times by confirmation of noble status, precedence for local civil and military offices, and grants of special privileges. For instance, the noble house of Xiu, of Mani, were routinely confirmed 'the rights, privileges, and exemptions hereditary in the [Xiu] family' by Spanish governors, and furthermore, kept their municipal offices (now as  or caciques), held special status as , and often held special licences or commissions (eg to lead the native militia, or to bear arms). Similar concessions were afforded to the nobility of, and in some instances to non-noble office holders from, at least, Ah Canul, Ah Kin Chel, Ceh Pech, Chakan, Hocaba, Sotuta, and Tutul Xiu.

One such office, that of mayor or , was further authorised by the parliament of British Honduras in the mid-nineteenth century, upon an influx of Maya refugees from the Caste War, and remains, as of 2022, an office in various village councils across Toledo, Belize.

Scholarly

The earliest non-Maya attempt to 'reconstruct the political geography of the preconquest Maya' is credited to Diego de Landa's 1566 Relación de las cosas de Yucatán. However, it is rather Ralph Roys's 1957 Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya which, by the late twentieth century, became the 'most widely accepted reconstruction of the political geography of contact-period Yucatán.' However, by the 1980s, the state of knowledge in the field was still not considered settled, with several as-yet-open questions being deemed 'substantial,' and existing knowledge presenting 'a large number of contradictions.'

Scholars have customarily conceived of  as 'territorial units,' in keeping with sixteenth century Hispano-Maya thought. Recently, however, they have tended to eschew this rigid view (of territorially-defined provinces) in favour of more fluid ones (of provinces defined by their jurisdiction, for instance). Consequently, competing senses of the term  are employed in recent literature, namely, the traditional -as-a-territory, and the innovative -as-a-jurisdiction, with the former emphasising a province's fixed extent or footprint, and the latter its dynamic networks or relations of authority.

Glossary

Table

Notes and references

Explanatory footnotes

Short citations

Full citations

Maya civilization
Yucatán Peninsula


title: Space Age Whiz Kids

text:
Space Age Whiz Kids is a song by Joe Walsh, the guitarist for the Eagles. It was released as a lead single from his sixth studio solo album, You Bought It – You Name It, being Walsh's eleventh single.

Meaning
The song was written during the latter part of the 1980s video arcade craze, and its lyrics are a personal commentary, critical of then-modern American culture against Walsh's older pinball and pool generation. The lyrics also reflect a satirical view on this, with lines such as: "I feel a little bit mixed up, maybe I'm obsolete".

Promotional video
The music video starts out in an old-fashioned arcade in black and white. Walsh, pushes his way up to a pinball machine. The video then turns to colour - depicting that he's in the present. Now, there's a bunch of video games instead of pinball machines, Walsh tries to talk to the kids sitting around but they ignore him. They show the old pinball arcade and everyone is covered with cobwebs. Here are scenes of Walsh and his band where Walsh is dressed in a jumpsuit with sunglasses and an Indian-style headband with a feather on the side. He and his band are on white circular platforms in the middle of blackness. Towards the end, Walsh walks through the futuristic arcade in a full-blown space suit. With someone chanting "I like Space Age Whiz Kids" is on a floating video game screen that flies around the arcade. The closing shot is of a video game entitled "Whiz Kids".

Track listing
'''7" Single (Warner Bros. Records – 7-29611, Warner Bros. Records – 9 29611-7, Full Moon – 7-29611, Full Moon – 9 29611-7)
 A "Space Age Whiz Kids" – 3:40
 B "Theme from Island Weirdos" – 3:13

Chart performance
"Space Age Whiz Kids" peaked at #52 on the US, Hot 100

References

External links

Joe Walsh songs
1983 singles
1983 songs
Songs written by Joe Walsh
Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk
Songs written by Joe Vitale (musician)
Full Moon Records singles
Warner Records singles


The Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974 was created in response to the 1973 National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control report, America Burning. The report's authors estimated fires caused 12,000 deaths, 300,000 serious injuries and $11.4 billion in property damage annually in the United States, asserting that "the richest and most technologically advanced nation in  the world leads all the major industrialized countries in per capita deaths and property loss from fire."  The report proposed that a federal agency be established to help combat the growing problem of fatal fires happening throughout the country.
The S. 1769 legislation was passed by the 93rd Congressional session and enacted by the 38th President of the United States Gerald Ford on October 29, 1974.

Provisions of the FPCA
The Act of Congress created a national superintendence for the administrative and organizational parameters of local and State government firefighting entities. The Act
established the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration, National Academy for Fire Prevention and Control, and a National Fire Data Center.

Congressional Findings
Congress finds that —
(1) The National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control has made an exhaustive and comprehensive examination of the Nation's fire problem, has made detailed findings as to the extent of this problem in terms of human suffering and loss of life and property, and has made ninety recommendations.
(2) The United States has the highest per capita rate of death and property loss from fire of all the major industrialized nations in the world.
(3) Fire is an undue burden affecting all Americans, and fire also constitutes a public health and safety problem of great dimensions. Fire kills 12,000 and scars and injures 300,000 Americans each year, including 50,000 individuals who require extended hospitalization. Almost $3 billion worth of property is destroyed annually by fire, and the total economic cost of destructive fire in the United States is estimated conservatively to be $11,000,000,000 per year. Firefighting is the Nation's most hazardous profession.
(4) Such losses of life and property from fire are unacceptable to the Congress.
(5) While fire prevention and control is and should remain a State and local responsibility, the Federal Government must help if a significant reduction in fire losses is to be achieved.
(6) The fire service and the civil defense program in each locality would both benefit from closer cooperation.
(7) The Nation's fire problem is exacerbated by —
(A) Indifference with which some Americans confront the subject
(B) Nation's failure to undertake enough research and development into fire and fire-related problems
(C) Scarcity of reliable data and information
(D) Fact that designers and purchasers of buildings and products generally give insufficient attention to fire safety
(E) Fact that many communities lack adequate building and fire prevention codes
(F) Fact that local fire departments spend about 95 cents of every dollar appropriated to the fire services on efforts to extinguish fires and only about 5 cents on fire prevention
(8) There is a need for improved professional training and education oriented toward improving the effectiveness of the fire services, including an increased emphasis on preventing fires and on reducing injuries to firefighters.
(9) A national system for the collection, analysis, and dissemination of fire data is needed to help local fire services establish research and action priorities.
(10) The number of specialized medical centers which are properly equipped and staffed for the treatment of burns and there habilitation of victims of fires is inadequate.
(11) The unacceptably high rates of death, injury, and property loss from fire can be reduced if the Federal Government establishes a coordinated program to support and reinforce the fire prevention and control activities of State and local governments.

Establishment of the National Fire Prevention and Control Administration
The National Fire Prevention and Control Administration is authorized to educate the public and to overcome public indifference as to fire and fire prevention. Such steps may include, but are not limited to, publications, audio visual presentations, and demonstrations. Such public education efforts shall include programs to provide specialized information for those groups of individuals who are particularly vulnerable to fire hazards, such as the young and the elderly. The NFPCA shall sponsor and encourage research, testing, and experimentation to determine the most effective means of such public education.

Establishment of National Academy for Fire Prevention and Control
The purpose of the National Academy for Fire Prevention and Control shall be to advance the professional development of fire service personnel and of other persons engaged in fire prevention and control activities.
Program of the Academy —
(1) Train fire service personnel in such skills and knowledge as may be useful to advance their ability to prevent and control fires, including, but not limited to —
(A) Techniques of fire prevention, fire inspection, firefighting, and fire and arson investigation
(B) Tactics and command of firefighting for present and future fire chiefs and commanders
(C) Administration and management of fire services
(D) Tactical training in the specialized field of aircraft fire control and crash rescue
(E) Tactical training in the specialized field of fire control and rescue aboard waterborne vessels
(F) Training of present and future instructors in the aforementioned subjects
(2) Develop model curricula, training programs, and other educational materials suitable for use a to there educational institutions, and to make such materials available without charge
(3) Develop and administer a program of correspondence courses to advance the knowledge and skills of fire service personnel
(4) Develop and distribute to appropriate officials model questions suitable for use in conducting entrance and promotional examinations for fire service personnel
(5) Encourage the inclusion of fire prevention and detection technology and practices in the education and professional practice of architects, builders, city planners, and others engaged in design and planning affected by fire safety problems.

Fire Technology
Technology Development Program —
The NFPCA shall conduct a continuing program of technology development, testing, and evaluation of equipment for use by the Nation's fire, rescue, and civil defense services, with the aim of making available improved suppression, protective, auxiliary, and warning devices incorporating the latest technology. Attention shall be given to the standardization, compatibility, and interchangeability of such equipment. Such development, testing, and evaluation activities shall include, but need not be limited to —
(1) Safer, less cumbersome articles of protective clothing, including helmets, boots, and coats
(2) Breathing apparatus with the necessary duration of service, reliability, low weight, and ease of operation for practical use
(3) Safe and reliable auxiliary equipment for use in fire prevention, detection, and control, such as fire location detectors, visual and audio communications equipment, and mobile equipment
(4) Special clothing and equipment needed for forest fires, brushfires, oil and gasoline fires, aircraft fires and crash rescue, fires occurring aboard waterborne vessels, and in other special firefighting situations
(5) Fire detectors and related equipment for residential use with high sensitivity and reliability, and which are sufficiently inexpensive to purchase, install, and maintain to insure wide acceptance and use
(6) In place fire prevention systems of low cost and of increased reliability and effectiveness
(7) Methods of testing fire alarms and fire protection devices and systems on a non-interference basis
(8) Development of purchase specifications, standards, and acceptance and validation test procedures for all such equipment and devices
(9) Operation tests, demonstration projects, and fire investigations in support of the activities set forth in this section.

National Fire Data Center
The NFPCA shall operate, directly or through contracts or grants, an integrated, comprehensive National Fire Data Center for the selection, analysis, publication, and dissemination of information related to the prevention, occurrence, control, and results of fires of all types. The program of such Data Center shall be designed to —
(1) Provide an accurate nationwide analysis of the fire problem
(2) Identify major problem areas
(3) Assist in setting priorities
(4) Determine possible solutions to problems
(5) Monitor the progress of programs to reduce fire losses.
To carry out these functions, the Data Center shall gather and analyze —
(1) Information on the frequency, causes, spread, and extinguishment of fires
(2) Information on the number of injuries and deaths resulting from fires, including the maximum available information on the specific causes and nature of such injuries and deaths, and information on property losses
(3) Informationon the occupational hazards faced by firefighters, including the causes of deaths and injuries arising, directly and indirectly, from firefighting activities
(4) Information on all types of firefighting activities, including inspection practices
(5) Technical information related to building construction, fire properties of materials, and similar information
(6) Information on fire prevention and control laws, systems, methods, techniques, and administrative structures used in foreign nations
(7) Information on the causes, behavior, and best method of control of other types of fire, including, but not limited to, forest fires, brushfires, fire underground, oil blowout fires, and waterborne fires
(8) Such other information and data as is deemed useful and applicable.

See also

 Fire Research and Safety Act of 1968
 Fire Research Laboratory
 National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control (1968-1973)
 America Burning (1973) -- report by National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control.

References

External links

1974 in law
93rd United States Congress
Fire investigation
Fire protection
Fire prevention law
Firefighting in the United States
United States federal housing legislation


title: Yeon (Korean given name)

text:
Yeon, also spelled Yon, or Yun is a single-syllable Korean given name, and an element in two-syllable Korean given names. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write it. There are 56 hanja with the reading "yeon" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names.

As a name element

First syllable
Yeon-hee
Yeon-seok
Yeon-woo
Yeon-ah
Yeon-jun

Second syllable
Bo-yeon
Chae-yeon
Do-yeon
Ho-Yeon
Ji-yeon, 7th place in 1980.
Mi-yeon
Se-yeon
Seo-yeon, 1st place in 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013. 2nd place in 2015. 3rd place in 2017.
Seung-yeon
Si-yeon
So-yeon
Soo-yeon
Tae-yeon
Na-yeon

See also
List of Korean given names

References

Korean given names


title: Citronaut

text:
The Citronaut was the first mascot of Florida Technological University (FTU), which later became the University of Central Florida (UCF). The mascot appeared on the first student handbook in 1968–1969. After one year, students petitioned the university's student government to establish a new mascot for the university. In 1970, students approved "Knights of the Pegasus" as the second official university mascot, which remains to this day (albeit after being simplified to "Knights").

History
The Citronaut was designed by Norman Van Meter, the brother-in-law of FTU's then-president Charles N. Millican in an attempt to combine the two major themes of Central Florida at the time: the citrus industry, and the space program. Florida produces approximately 100 million boxes of citrus annually, and FTU was founded in 1963 to provide personnel to support NASA at the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. As the academic scope of the university broadened, it was renamed the University of Central Florida in 1978.

The Citronaut was largely dormant until The UCF Baseball team developed a retro uniform in 2014 that featured the Citronaut which started a powerful renaissance of the original mascot. As of 2022, “Naut” an abbreviation of Citronaut has been promoted by the UCF Athletics social media department and numerous officially licensed Citronaut and “Naut” clothing and merchandise items have become available for sale to the public.

Modern appearances

Since 2014, the Citronaut has experienced a renaissance in university publications, athletics programing, and merchandise.

 May 10, 2014 – UCF Baseball proclaimed Citronaut Day
 September 19, 2015 – UCF Men's Soccer played in fauxback Citronaut uniforms
 Spring 2016 – Knights in Space
 November 2018 – Citronaut appears on uniforms of the UCF football team against Temple in the themed Space Game.
 November 2019 – Citronaut appears on uniforms of the UCF football team against Houston Cougars in the themed Space Game that took off at noon on Saturday, November 2, 2019.
 April 2022 - Citronaut appears on UCF softball uniforms in a game against Virginia Tech.
 March 4, 2023 - Citronaut appears on themed UCF baseball uniforms in a game against Georgia Southern.

References

University of Central Florida
Mascots introduced in 1968


title: Ai Weiwei: The Fake Case

text:
Ai Weiwei: The Fake Case is a 2013 documentary film about Chinese artist and activist Ai Weiwei, directed by Danish filmmaker Andreas Johnsen. The film won Best 2014 Documentary in Danish Film Critics Association's 67th Bodil Awards, played in the official selection of 2014 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival in Toronto and International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam.

The documentary explores Ai Weiwei's battle against the fake tax case thrust on him by the Chinese government in effort of political suppression and the consequences that the 81-day detention had on his art, politics and personal life. It was pitched at the 2012 MeetMarket as part of the Sheffield Doc/Fest.

Description

Ai Weiwei The Fake Case opens with scenes of Ai Weiwei being released from his 81-day detention spent in solitary confinement, and he is subsequently put on house arrest following gigantic and inexplicable charges of tax evasion, a case film's title references. He suffers from a sleeping disorder and memory loss, 18 cameras are monitoring his studio and home, police agents follow his every move, and heavy restrictions from the Kafkaesque Chinese authorities weigh him down. Ai Weiwei is visibly shaken, but during his year on probation he steadily finds new ways to provoke and challenge the mighty authoritarian regime in his fight for human rights and free expression.

The film picks up where Alison Klayman's Ai Weiwei: Never Sorry left off, but Ai Weiwei The Fake Case is more explicitly political. The documentary also features creation of S.A.C.R.E.D., an artwork featuring sculpture dioramas of Ai's time in prison, which premiered during the 2013 Venice Biennale.

Critical reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 7.14/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

References

External links

Official International Film Circuit (U.S. distributor) site for the film

2013 films
Ai Weiwei
2013 documentary films
Danish documentary films
Documentary films about China
Documentary films about human rights
Documentary films about visual artists
Documentary films about law
2010s legal films
Best Documentary Bodil Award winners


title: Hanikra border clash

text:
The Hanikra border clash was the shooting death of an Israeli soldier and subsequent counter-attack that ensued, wounding a Lebanese soldier. The incident took place in the Rosh HaNikra (HaKira) locality kibbutz on the Lebanese-Israeli border. According to Lebanese authorities the soldier who shot and killed the IDF serviceman acted independently without orders to shoot. The shootout marked the first time an Israeli soldier died confronting Lebanese soldiers since the 2010 Israel–Lebanon border clash.

Incident
On 15 December 2013, at 8:30 pm, Israeli soldier  Sergeant Shlomi Cohen, 31, was shot dead by rogue Lebanese army soldier Hassan Ibrahim, 27, a ten-year veteran of the Lebanese military. Ibrahim deserted his army post and shot dead the IDF soldier at close range with a light firearm. The bullets struck him and the military jeep he was driving in 6 to 7 times, between the Rosh HaNikra (known in Lebanon as Naqoura) border crossing and the IDF post he was coming from. The shooting occurred along the fenced Blue Line, 50 meters from the Lebanese border. Israeli military instructions state that no unarmored military vehicle can pass within 100 meters distance of the Lebanese border because of the high risk of being targeted.

Israeli military response

A quick response was initiated by the Israeli Northern Command in the area. On 16 December, at 1 a.m, two Lebanese soldiers were fired upon based on "suspicious activities" near the scene of the border shooting in a forested area, wounding one soldier. Following the incident, the Lebanese Army put its forces on high alert in the area. The Lebanese military reported Israeli violation of its airspace.

"At 10:15 pm (2015 GMT) yesterday, a drone belonging to the Israeli enemy violated Lebanese airspace over Naqoura, and performed a fly-over of the southern area, then left at 12:40 am."

Aftermath
The Israeli defense Minister Moshe Ya'alon appealed to the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, which in turn stressed the need for "self-restraint" on both sides.

Lt. Col. Peter Lerner, IDF spokesman: “The IDF has protested this outrageous breach of Israel’s sovereignty with UNIFIL and has heightened its state of preparedness along the border. We will not tolerate aggression against the State of Israel, and maintain the right to exercise self defense against perpetrators of attacks against Israel and its civilians.”

Lebanese soldier Hassan Ibrahim hid in a wooded area and turned himself in to Lebanese authorities the next day, who admitted the soldier of disobeying orders to engage. According to the Prime Minister of Lebanon, Najib Mikati, the soldier will be prosecuted by the Defense Ministry for his actions.

References

Israeli–Lebanese conflict
2013 in Israel
2013 in Lebanon


title: 1933 in Paraguay

text:
The following lists events that happened during 1933 in the Republic of Paraguay.

Incumbents
President: Eusebio Ayala
Vice President: Raúl Casal-Ribeiro

Events
January 20–26 - First Battle of Nanawa
February - Battle of Campo Jordán
July 4–9 - Second Battle of Nanawa
August 30-September 15 - Battle of Campo Grande
November–December - Campo Vía pocket

Births

Deaths

See also
Chaco War

Years of the 20th century in Paraguay
1930s in Paraguay
Paraguay
Paraguay


title: Corymbia zygophylla

text:
Corymbia zygophylla, commonly known as the Broome bloodwood, is a species of small tree or a mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has rough, tessellated to fibrous bark on the trunk and branches, a crown of juvenile heart-shaped to lance-shaped, stem-clasping leaves, flower buds in groups of three or seven, white flowers and urn-shaped to shortened spherical fruit.

Description
Corymbia zygophylla is a small tree or a mallee that typically grows to a height of  and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, tessellated to fibrous, pale to dark brown bark on the trunk and branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have sessile, heart-shaped, stem-clasping leaves that are  long,  wide and arranged in opposite pairs. The leaves in the crown are juvenile leaves that are heart-shaped to lance-shaped, stem-clasping, the same shade of dull green on both sides,  long,  wide and arranged in opposite pairs. The flower buds are arranged on the ends of branchlets on a thick, branched peduncle  long, each branch of the peduncle with three or seven buds that are sessile or on pedicels up to  long. Mature buds are oval,  long and  wide with a conical to rounded operculum with a small point in the centre. Flowering occurs in December or January and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody urn-shaped to shortened spherical capsule  long and  wide with the valves enclosed in the fruit.

Taxonomy and naming
The Broome bloodwood was first formally described in 1934 by William Blakely who gave it the name Eucalyptus zygophylla and published the description in his book A Key to the Eucalypts from specimens collected near Broome in 1905 by William Vincent Fitzgerald. In 1995 Ken Hill and Lawrie Johnson changed the name to Corymbia zygophylla.

Distribution and habitat
Corymbia zygophylla grows in shallow, red sandy soils on dunes and sandplains. It is mainly found in the southern Kimberley region but there are scattered populations in the Pilbara and Great Sandy Desert in the Carnarvon, Central Kimberley, Dampierland, Great Sandy Desert, Ord Victoria Plain and Pilbara biogeographic regions.

See also
List of Corymbia species

References

zygophylla
Rosids of Western Australia
Myrtales of Australia
Plants described in 1934


title: Shevket Turgut Pasha

text:
Shevket Turgut Pasha (; 1857–1924) was an Ottoman army general with the rank of mirliva (major general), who also held the governmental title of pasha (lord). He went to the Prussian military school.

Biography

Albanian revolt of 1910
During the Albanian revolt of 1910, the Ottoman government replaced Djavid Pasha and sent Turgut along with 16,000 infantry, some cavalry and artillery to put down the revolt by Albanian rebels. Throughout his military campaign in Kosovo, Turgut imposed upon the population severe measures to disarm and control them. On 10 April Albanian deputies in the Ottoman Parliament expressed their concerns calling Turgut's actions a "barbarous advance", while a report referring to events in Albania was given to the Grand Vizier by some of the Albanian elite in Istanbul. In parliament the Ottoman government declined to give answers and stated that there was no need to send an investigating commission to Albania. As such Turgut was empowered and applied the "law on the bands" in Albania.

After the disarmament of Kosovo, Turgut continued toward Shkodër and during the journey he fought Catholic Albanian Malisors (highlanders), in particular a battle against the forces of Mehmet Shpendi and Isa Boletini, the bajraktar (chieftain) of the Shala tribe. On 26 July Turgut reached Shkodër, gave an order for the population to hand over weapons and called for a census to be conducted with military conscription of young males aged 18–26. Turgut's measures were disliked by local inhabitants and he remained in the town until 22 August. Apart from the north-western and northern mountains, Ottoman armies led by Turgut controlled northern Albania. On 22 August 1910, Turgut left Shkodër for Selanik (modern Thessaloniki) after completing the military goals of the campaign that lasted five months. On his way traveling through Mirdita Turgut gave an order for his soldiers to take Dibre (modern Debar) and disarm its inhabitants. Assisted through an imperial fetva (decree), Turgut in central and southern Albania closed Albanian schools and Albanian language education underwent a setback.

Albanian revolt of 1911
The Albanian revolt of 1911 developed in April and Turgut along with 8,000 soldiers came back to the region to deal with the situation. At Shkodër on 11 May 1911, Turgut made an official announcement and declared martial law with an offer of amnesty to rebels if they quickly went back to their homes. A pardon was not offered to Malisor chieftains and as leaders of the uprising they would need to stand trial through a court martial (Divani Harb). From Podgorica the Albanian chieftains replied to Turgut on 18 May 1911. Signed by 60 chieftains the message said that in 1910 they disarmed due to Turgut's promises of constitutional rights and those commitments were not kept as the Ottoman government closed Albanian schools, raised taxes, imprisoned people and committed other heavy-handed measures. The chieftains also accused the Ottoman government of provoking communal conflict between Muslim and Christian Albanians and stated that their return to as loyal subjects rested upon the constitution being upheld.

Turgut announced an imperial decree that offered amnesty to inhabitants on 18 June 1911. The terms outlined that rebels come back within ten days to hand over their weapons and a personal gift of 10,000 liras would be granted by the sultan for compensation of damages. For destroyed or lost property of the Malisors the government would give restitution. Malisor chieftains and their families had taken refuge in Montenegro to avoid Turgut and were visited by Ismail Qemali. At a gathering of the Malisors and Qemali they wrote the Greçë Memorandum calling for Albanian autonomy, ethno-linguistic rights and other measures. Signed by the Albanian delegates the memorandum also referred to the destruction done by Turgut in northern Albania and the document was a reply to the general's amnesty decree. Sultan Mehmed V signed an amnesty decree on 3 July 1911 and the rebels refused to come back due to their dislike of Turgut. The rebels held Turgut personally responsible and not the Ottoman government for what occurred in Albania. The Ottoman government recalled Turgut to Istanbul. Albanians were pleased with Turgut's departure viewing it as a humiliation for the general that had been decorated for his military campaign against the Albanian rebellion by the sultan and foreign ambassadors. Turgut was replaced by Abdullah Pasha.

See also
Mahmud Shevket Pasha

References

Further reading

19th-century Ottoman military personnel
20th-century Ottoman military personnel
Ottoman generals
Pashas
Military personnel from Istanbul
1857 births
1924 deaths


title: Dornakal Junction railway station

text:
Dornakal Junction railway station (station code: DKJ) falls under South Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. It is situated at a distance of 125 km. from  in the state of Andhra Pradesh

Overview
Most of the trains running on Kazipet–Vijayawada section pass through the station and serve 27000 passengers daily. There are about nine trains which start/pass from the station.

Passenger MEMU and DEMU trains:

 –Bhadrachalam Passenger
 Manuguru– Passenger
 Vijayawada–Dornakal Junction Passenger
 Vijayawada–Kazipet Passenger

References

Railway stations in Hanamkonda district
Secunderabad railway division
Railway junction stations in Telangana


title: Segoro Puro

text:
Segoro Puro or Segoropuro ((), ( Javanese script: ) a Javanese word literally means City of the Pirates) is a village in the Rejoso District, Pasuruan Regency, East Java, Indonesia.  The village is well known as the place where the tomb (see map) of a Da'i, Sayyid Abdurrahim ibn Abdurrahman Basyeiban or better known as Sayyid Arif Segoropuro, is located.

Climate
Segoropuro has a Tropical wet and dry climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The average annual high temperature in Segoropuro is around  and the average annual low temperature is .
The village's wet season runs from May through Jan, while the dry season, where precipitation is less than 100 mm, covers the remaining three months. The temperature is relatively constant throughout the year with humidity is around 80% RH.

References

Kecamatan Rejoso

Populated places in East Java
Villages in East Java
Pasuruan Regency


title: 1933 in Colombia

text:
Events from the year 1933 in Colombia.

Incumbents
President: Enrique Olaya Herrera

Events
February 14 - unsuccessful attempt by Peruvian Air Force to bomb Colombian Navy, President Herrera breaks off diplomatic relations
February 15 - Colombian forces attack Peruvian positions at Tarapaca, Amazonas
May 14 - Colombian parliamentary election, 1933
May 24 - end of the Colombia-Peru War
August 27 - opening of Captain Germán Olano Moreno Air Base
establishment of Captain Luis F. Gómez Niño Air Base

Births

Deaths


title: Shaarada

text:
Sharada Municipality () is a municipality located in Salyan District of Karnali Province in western  Nepal. This municipality was formed on May 18, 2014. It was formed by merging seven Village Development Committees: Dandagaun, Hiwalcha, Kajeri, Khalanga, Marke, Saijuwal Takura and Syanikhal.

At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 6,390. According to the latest census from 2011, the population in the meantime has increased to 23,730.

Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Sharada Municipality had a population of 34,242. Of these, 99.1% spoke Nepali, 0.5% Newar and 0.1% other languages as their first language.

In terms of ethnicity/caste, 62.6% were Chhetri, 8.2% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 7.7% Kami, 5.9% Magar, 3.2% Sarki, 3.1% Newar, 3.0% Hill Brahmin, 2.9% Thakuri, 1.7% Damai/Dholi, 0.4% Badi, 0.3% Gaine, 0.3% Rai, 0.2% other Terai, 0.1% Gharti/Bhujel, 0.1% Musalman, 0.1% Tharu and 0.3% others.

In terms of religion, 97.8% were Hindu, 1.7% Christian, 0.1% Muslim and 0.3% others.

In terms of literacy, 69.9% could read and write, 5.0% could only read and 24.5% could neither read nor write.

References

External links
UN map of the municipalities of Salyan District

Populated places in Salyan District, Nepal
Nepal municipalities established in 2014
Municipalities in Karnali Province


title: 1933 in Peru

text:
Events in the year 1933 in Peru.

Incumbents
President: Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro until April 30, Óscar R. Benavides
Prime Minister:
 until 29 June: José Matías Manzanilla Barrientos
 29 June-24 November: Jorge Prado y Ugarteche
 starting 24 November: José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma

Events
February 14 - unsuccessful attempt by Peruvian Air Force to bomb the Colombian Navy
April 30 - assassination of President Sánchez Cerro

Publications
 María Wiesse: Nueve relatos (Nine stories).

Births
 February 10: Jaime Guardia, singer and charango player.

Deaths
April 30 - Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, President, assassination


title: Idiopathic granulomatous hepatitis

text:
Idiopathic granulomatous hepatitis is a rare medical condition characterised by granulomas in the liver, recurrent fever, myalgia, and fatigue. The condition is not a true hepatitis, and some experts believe it is a variant of sarcoidosis.

References

Ailments of unknown cause
Abdominal pain
Rare diseases
Monocyte- and macrophage-related cutaneous conditions
Autoimmune diseases


title: Wolfenstein: The New Order (soundtrack)

text:
Wolfenstein: The New Order (Original Game Soundtrack) is the soundtrack to the video game Wolfenstein: The New Order. The soundtrack was released on 19 May 2014, consisting of an original score featured in the game. Composer Mick Gordon took inspiration from multiple sources while producing the soundtrack, ultimately creating over six hours of music. Critical reception to the soundtrack was positive, as reviewers considered that the music had been appropriated effectively for gameplay.

Background and recording
Wolfenstein: The New Order makes use of an original score that reflects the alternate universe depicted in the game. "We wanted to identify with different sounds that were kind of iconic, 1960s sounds, and then do our own twist on them to make a sound authentic enough that it felt realistic," said Pete Hines, Vice President of PR and Marketing for publisher Bethesda Softworks. Developer MachineGames placed a high importance on the game's music, and aimed for a high standard. During the game's development, composer Mick Gordon travelled to Sweden to meet with MachineGames, and spotted the game over three days, partly collaborating with both Fredrik Thordendal and Richard Devine. Gordon expressed the difference in composing the soundtrack for Wolfenstein: The New Order compared to other games; "usually you sign onto a project and then you're given a list of 150 battle cues to do," he said.

When searching for a genre in which the soundtrack would be based upon, the development team initially sought inspiration from the music of Richard Wagner, who was posthumously admired by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler; the game is set in an alternate history in a world where the Nazis won the Second World War. After studying Wagner's work, the team discovered that it didn't necessarily fit with the game's tone. The team then looked for a style of music that would suit the Nazis, ultimately selecting distortion. "There's lots of analogue distortion types, there's all sorts of different pedals and valves and things that are really breaking up," said Gordon. The team also took inspiration from 1960s music, using analogue equipment such as tape machines and reel-to-reel machines. Gordon has said that the soundtrack is "a tribute to all things guitar". In collaboration with each other, the team of musicians composed over six hours of music which scores the game. Jens Matthies, creative director of the game, said "A lot of the score features odd time signatures yet it's all very groovy."

Critical reception
In the context of the game, Wolfenstein: The New Order Original Game Soundtrack was well received. Brian Skahan of GameSkinny considered the game's soundtrack "phenomenal" and "gripping", stating that is adds realism to the depiction of the game's alternate history setting. John Galbo of GeekNation called the soundtrack "amazing", likening parts of it to the music of Wolfenstein 3D. Dennis Scimeca of Ars Technica considered the score an appropriate choice during gameplay, and Chris Thursten of PC Gamer agreed that the music is "far more than you might expect". Tim Blevins of MusicReview felt that the soundtrack was "outstanding", praising Fredrik Thordendal's contribution to the soundtrack. Conversely, Matt Bertz of Game Informer felt that the "chugging, unimaginative guitar riffs get old quickly".

Track listing

References

External links
Wolfenstein: The New Order official website

2014 soundtrack albums
Video game soundtracks
Wolfenstein


title: 1901 in Colombia

text:
Events in the year 1901 in Colombia.

Incumbents
President: José Manuel Marroquín
Minister of War: José Domingo Ospina until March 28, Ramón González Valencia to July 11, Pedro Nel Ospina to September 4, José Vicente Concha

Events
January – Liberal General Benjamin Herrera accompanied by Belisario Porras and Victoriano Lorenzo arrived in the city of Aguadulce (now Aguadulce, Panama) and demanded the surrender of the Conservative forces defending the city. The Conservative army refused.
February 23 – August 27 – Battle of Aguadulce
June – Conservative government sent a much larger force to recapture the city. This operation was much more properly planned than the earlier defense of the city. The planned involved on a force, led by General Luis Morales Berti, to advance from the locality of Anton towards Aguadulce, while the other, led by General Francisco Castro, to advance from the west and to complete the pincer. However, General Castro preferred to move on Anton and to unite his forces with those of General Berti. This error was taken advantage of by the Liberal forces, who used the extra time to escape

Births

Deaths
January 9 – Santos Acosta

1900s in Colombia


title: Terrain visualization

text:
Terrain visualization may refer to:

Terrain rendering
Terrain cartography


title: Paul Henderson (rugby union)

text:
Paul William Henderson (born 21 September 1964) is a New Zealand former rugby union player.

A flanker, Henderson represented Southland and Otago at a provincial level and the  in Super Rugby. He played for the New Zealand national team, the All Blacks, 25 times between 1989 and 1995, including seven test matches. He captained New Zealand once, in their 145–17 victory over Japan at the 1995 Rugby World Cup.

References

1964 births
Living people
People from Bluff, New Zealand
People educated at Southland Boys' High School
New Zealand rugby union players
New Zealand international rugby union players
Southland rugby union players
Otago rugby union players
Highlanders (rugby union) players
Rugby union flankers
Rugby union players from Southland, New Zealand
1991 Rugby World Cup players
1995 Rugby World Cup players


title: Elite 10

text:
The Elite 10, known as the Princess Auto Elite 10 for sponsorship reasons, was a curling bonspiel, held as part of the Grand Slam of Curling series. First held in the 2014–15 curling season, it was played between ten top-ranked teams, and utilized a match play system.

The event was dropped from the Grand Slam calendar for the 2019–20 curling season.

Format
Instead of normal curling scoring rules, the Elite 10 used a match play system in which scoring is based on ends won, rather than rocks scored. An end is won by stealing or scoring two with the hammer, similar to skins curling. Unlike skins, however, there are no carry-overs. In the event of a tie, a draw to the button competition is held to determine the winner. In the standings, wins are worth three points, draw to the button wins are worth two points, and draw to the button losses are worth one point.

Past champions

Men

Women

References

External links

Former Grand Slam (curling) events
Annual sporting events in Canada
Recurring sporting events established in 2015
2015 establishments in Canada


title: 2014 Metro Manila Film Festival

text:
The 40th Metro Manila Film Festival was the edition of the annual film festival that is held in Metro Manila, Philippines and is organized by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). During the film festival, no foreign films are shown in Philippine cinemas and theaters (except IMAX theaters) in order to showcase locally produced films. The film festival began on December 23, 2014 and was kicked off by the yearly Parade of Stars' float parade starting from the Quirino Grandstand. It is expected to run until January 7 of the following year.

The awards night commenced on December 27, 2014 at the Philippine International Convention Center, and was hosted by Edu Manzano and Kris Aquino. It was also aired via delayed telecast on ABS-CBN.

Entries

Official entries
The official list of entries were announced on June 21, 2014. From the 13 submissions, 8 were chosen for the festival;

New Wave entries
MMDA started to accept entries for the New Wave category until October 7, 2014. On October 24, 2014, the official list of entries were announced. Films were screened on selected cinemas from December 17 to 24, 2014.

Student shorts
 Bimyana - Kim Zuñiga, De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde
 Bundok Chubibo - Glenn Barit, University of the Philippines Diliman
 Kalaw - Immy Belle Rempis, Asia Pacific Film Institute
 Kubli - Regine Ynieto, Far Eastern University
 Siyanawa - Gio Alpuente, Southern Luzon State University
 Ang Soltera -  Arielle Louise Naguit, De La Salle Lipa

Animated films
 Cherry - Dustin Uy
 Gymsnatch - Eric Dequitos
 Isip-Bata -  Eugene Ceriola & Keith Bercero
 An Maogmang Lugar - Mary Ann Espedido
 Shifter - Jerico Fuentes

Awards

Major awards

The following are the winners of the mainstream category:

Other awards
Commemorative Award for Vision and Leadership – Joseph Estrada
Special MMFF 40th Year Award – Francis Tolentino
Special Recognition Award  (posthumous) – Guillermo de Vega; accepted by wife Maria de Vega
Face of the Night – Nadine Lustre

New Wave category
The following are the winners of the New Wave category:
Best Picture – Magkakabaung
Best Director – Jason Paul Laxamana, Magkakabaung
Best Actor – Allen Dizon, Magkakabaung
Best Actress – Zsa Zsa Padilla, M (Mother's Maiden Name)
Best Supporting Actor – Kristoffer King, Maratabat (Pride and Honor)
Best Supporting Actress – Gloria Sevilla, M (Mother's Maiden Name)
Special Jury Prize – M (Mother's Maiden Name)
Best Student Film – Bundok Chubibo by Glenn Barit
Student Film Special Jury Prize – ''Kalaw by Immy RempisBest Animation Film – An Maogmang Lugar by Mary EspedidoAnimation Film Special Jury Prize – Cherry'' by Dustin Uy

Multiple awards

Mainstream

New Wave

Box Office gross
The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority was criticized for releasing incomplete official earnings of each film. This led to some film studios releasing their own earnings.

References

External links

Special coverage of the 40th MMFF by Philippine Entertainment Portal
IMDb:2014 MMFF

Metro Manila Film Festival
MMFF
MMFF
MMFF
MMFF
2015 in Philippine cinema
December 2014 events in the Philippines
January 2015 events in the Philippines


title: Dovey Coe

text:
Dovey Coe is a children's historical novel by Frances O'Roark Dowell, published in 2000. Set in 1920s North Carolina, it is a first person narrative from the viewpoint of a mountain girl who wants to clear up confusion about a recent murder. The book went on to win the 2001 Edgar Award.

Plot
12-year-old Dovey Coe narrates the story trying to "lay the record straight" about her sister's suitor's death. The first two-thirds of the book recount the relationship between Dovey's sister, Caroline, and her suitor, Parnell. She offers her own viewpoint about each character including Dovey's parents and her brother, Amos, who is deaf. The last third of the novel is centered in the courtroom as the murder trial takes place.

Awards
 2001: Edgar Award, Best Children's
 2003: William Allen White Children's Book Award

References

External links
 http://www.francesdowell.com/books/dovey-coe/

2000 American novels
2000 children's books
American children's novels
Children's historical novels
Children's mystery novels
Edgar Award-winning works
Novels set in the 1920s
Novels set in North Carolina
Children's books set in North Carolina
Children's books set in the 1920s
Courtrooms in fiction