title: Njai

text:
The njai (; Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System: nyai) were women who were kept as housekeepers, companions, and concubines in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). In the Javanese language, the word nyai meant "sister", but the term later took a more specific meaning. Author Rob Nieuwenhuys described the position of the njai as always subservient, being the white man's housekeeper and companion, before she was his concubine.

Terminology and description
The term njai, also found in the spellings nyai, njaie, nyaie, nyahi or nyi, comes from a Balinese word meaning sister. In Sundanese the term nyai refers to "miss" or young woman, while in Betawi dialect, nyai refers to "grandmother" or elderly lady. The Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia gives three definitions for njai: as a term for referring to a married or unmarried woman, as a term for referring to a woman older than the speaker, and for the concubine of a non-Indonesian. It is this last definition which is used here, a definition which gained traction in the 17th century when Balinese njais first became common in the colonial capital of Batavia (now Jakarta). The word, in discussion of the Indies, is sometimes simply translated as "mistress".

A variety of other terms were used to refer to the njai, with a varying degree of positive and negative connotations. In the 19th century the term inlandse huishoudster, or simply huishoudster (housekeeper), was common. The njai were also known as moentji, from the Dutch diminutive mondje, meaning "mouth", and the more negative snaar ("strings"); both referred to the njais verbal propensities. As the njai could also serve as a translator and language teacher, terms such as boek ("book") and woordenboek ("dictionary") are also noted. Objectification of the njai was found in terms such as meubel ("furniture") and inventarisstuk ("inventory items").

Not all njai were necessarily native Indonesian – in Madelon Szekely-Lulofs's 1931 novel Rubber, njai Kiku San is Japanese.

History
Europeans first arrived in the Indonesian archipelago in the 16th century, and in 1602 the Dutch East India Company was established to ensure Dutch domination of the spice trade. The Europeans established small settlements, and in many of them the European residents were all men. Without contact with Dutch women, they began turning to their female slaves (mostly originating from Sulawesi, Bali, and outside the archipelago) for sexual services. By 1620 the habit had become so prevalent that Governor-General Jan Pieterszoon Coen passed a law forbidding Dutchmen from keeping concubines. To prevent a relapse, Coen began bringing orphans from the Netherlands, termed compagniesdochters, to become wives of company employees. The program, however, had little effect, as the company could not keep up with the demand. There were also concerns that these women were only accepting marriage for personal gain and that they would attempt to draw their husbands back to the Netherlands – and out of the employment of the Dutch East Indies Company.

In the 1650s, Governors-General Carel Reyniersz and Joan Maetsuycker began promoting interracial marriage between Dutchmen and indigenous women, who were thought to be less greedy and less likely to ask their husbands to leave the Indies. The Eurasian daughters of these marriages proved to be popular targets of affections, as marriage to one could help men improve their social position. Many men, however, were unable to marry them, as they generally sought persons already in a position of power. Instead, it was more common for Dutchmen to take Asian women as their partners, as they could not marry without the company's permission and would not be repatriated if they married a non-Christian.

When the British took control of the Indies in 1812, they were shocked by the practices of concubinage, interracial marriages, and slavery in the Indies. They attempted to force all elements of Indies society to live in accordance with British morals. However, they were unable to eliminate the keeping of njais, and, indeed, some Englishmen kept a njai of their own.

After the British returned the Indies to the Dutch in 1815, a new wave of immigration – including some women – began. These newcomers, as with the British before them, were shocked by the intermarriage and keeping of njais. Under the new system they established, which pushed for a sharper delineation between Europeans and non-Europeans, a njai marrying a European could be recognized as of a similar stature to Europeans. Those who were not married, however, received no special recognition.

Owing to an economic boom, the early 20th century saw another surge in immigration from Europe. With the European population now of a considerable size, Indies society began drifting towards a more racially divided one. Venues exclusive to one racial group were opened, and European, Chinese, and indigenous people rarely intermingled. Along with this change, the position of men living with a njai became increasingly difficult. The Indies government, following a decree by Governor-General Alexander Willem Frederik Idenburg, would not hire them, and businesses attempted to promote endogamy. In the Netherlands, extensive polemics were written which condemned, from a moral point of view, the practice of keeping a njai: the practice was deemed to be based on nothing but lust, for a njai "could not touch the soul". Concern was also expressed over men's seeming lack of enthusiasm for having children with their njai, leading to high abortion rates.

By the 1910s the number of njais had decreased, although prostitution had become more prevalent. The practice had not died out, however, by the time the Empire of Japan invaded and occupied the Indies. During the occupation, the njai and their mixed-race children were forcefully separated from European men, who were put into internment camps. After the occupation ended in 1945, Sukarno proclaimed an independent Indonesia. During the ensuing revolution, the njai were forced to choose between going with their partners to Europe, or staying in Indonesia; both choices were taken.

Rights and social status
The njai could be sent home with little or no warning, with or without her children. This was common when the  European man prepared to marry.

The general view of njai was, at first, extremely negative. In the 17th century, they were described as "lustful beasts", with voracious sexual appetites who would not accept money for sex, but pay for it. Coen, in a 1620 letter, described njai as lazy (except in their sexual deeds), stupid, dishonest, and willing to kill the persons they hated.

Children
The children of a njai were often raised in indigenous traditions, by their mother or by a maid. The fathers would generally not interact with them, preferring to socialize with other European men instead. In the 17th century few could speak Dutch, although later education programs were initiated to promote the use of the language.

In culture

Literature
The njai has a broad presence in literature. James Siegel argues that "Dutch shame", which he describes as caused by guilt over the contemporary situation in the Indies that the Dutch colonialists seemed incapable of improving, gave rise to certain stock characters that would explain Dutch political and administrative failure. Siegel cites such characters as the "venal Arab" and the "lustful, greedy Chinese merchant", and the deceitful' housekeeper or njai".

Njai characters are common in works of Chinese Malay literature. Some of the earliest were syair (poems), published in 1907 by Lie Kim Hok and Tjiang O. S. respectively in 1897; both were adaptations of Tjerita Njai Dasima. In 1904, Oei Soei Tiong published Njai Alimah. In the 1910s and 1920s, several books were published with njais as the title characters, including Njai Aisah (Tan Boen Kim; 1915), Njai Soemirah (Thio Tjin Boen; 1917), and Njai Marsina (Numa, 1923).

A njai character named Nyai Ontosoroh, appear in one of Pramoedya Ananta Toer's epic novel Buru Quartet, This Earth of Mankind (1980).

Film
Njai are present in early films from the Dutch East Indies, several of which were adapted from novels. In 1929 Tan's Film produced Njai Dasima, an adaptation of Tjerita Njai Dasima. The film was a critical and commercial success, and Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran writes that cinemas could make up for several days of losses with a single showing. Tjerita Njai Dasima has since been adapted a further three times. A talkie version, directed by Bachtiar Effendi, was released by Tan's by January 1932. Although the 1941 adaptation eliminated Dasima's role as a njai, the 1970 adaptation Samiun and Dasima by Hasmanan reinstated Dasima's role as a njai. Other Indies films featuring njai in key roles include Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang (1931) and De Stem des Bloeds (1932); the latter of these has been read as promoting a positive image of the mixed-race children of njai and Europeans.

References

Works cited

Concubinage
Women in the Dutch East Indies
Women in Indonesia


title: International Boat Industry

text:
International Boat Industry (IBI) is a business magazine focused on the global recreational boating industry, owned by BOAT International Media Ltd.

It is published six times a year. The editor is Ed Slack.

History
The magazine was founded in 1968. It was published by Reed International until 1983. Between 1983 and 1990 IBI was owned by then chief editor and publishing director Nick Hopkinson, who has worked at IBI since its launch. Hopkinson sold the magazine to United Newspapers before buying it back as part of a greater investment consortium in 1995. They sold it to Time Inc. in 1998. In 2017 Time Inc. was acquired by Meredith Corp. Hopkinson then purchased IBI for the third time with his management team, when Time Inc. decided to close the magazine.

The headquarters of the magazine is in London.

References

External links

Bi-monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Business magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines published in London
Magazines established in 1968
Maritime magazines


title: Amanda Terry

text:
Amanda Terry (born March 7, 1975) is a Canadian makeup artist. Most notable is her work on The Kennedys for which she won an Emmy, and also her work on Beauty & the Beast and Doc. She is married to screenwriter Brandon Tataryn.

References

Canadian make-up artists
1975 births
Living people


title: Gangapur, North 24 Parganas

text:
Gangapur is a census town in the Barasat I CD block in the Barasat Sadar subdivision in the North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration.

Geography

Location
Gangapur is located at .

Duttapukur, Shibalaya, Chandrapur, Gangapur, Chatta Baria and Joypul form a cluster of census towns in the northern part of the CD block. The entire cluster has a very high density of population. (See the infobox of each census town for density of population).

Duttapukur police station has jurisdiction over Barasat I CD Block.

Area overview
The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower Ganges Delta. The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels.54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural  areas.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Demographics
 India census, Gangapur had a population of 6,301; of this, 3,211 are male, 3,090 female. It has an average literacy rate of 78.65%, higher than the national average of 74.04%.

Infrastructure
As per District Census Handbook 2011, Gangapur covered an area of 2.4834 km2. It had 2 primary schools and 1 middle school. The nearest hospital was available 8 km away, the nearest dispensary/ health centre 5 km away, the nearest family welfare centre 8 km away, the nearest maternity and child welfare centre 5 km away and the nearest maternity home 13 km away.

Transport
Local roads link Gangapur to National Highway 112 (Jessore Road).

Duttapukur railway station on the Sealdah-Bangaon line, which is part the Kolkata Suburban Railway railway system, is located nearby.

Healthcare
There is a primary health centre at Duttapukur. For other medical facilities in the area see Barasat Sadar subdivision.

North 24 Parganas district has been identified as one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination.

See also
Map of Barasat I CD Block on Page 393 of District Census Handbook.

References

Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district


title: Joypul

text:
Joypul is a census town in the Barasat I CD block in the Barasat Sadar subdivision in the North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration.

Geography

Location
Joypul is located at .

Duttapukur, Shibalaya, Chandrapur, Gangapur, Chatta Baria and Joypul form a cluster of census towns in the northern part of the CD block. The entire cluster has a very high density of population. (See the infobox of each census town for density of population).

Duttapukur police station has jurisdiction over Barasat I CD Block.

Area overview
The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower Ganges Delta. The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels.54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural  areas.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Demographics
 India census, Joypul had a population of 16,134; of this, 8,286 are male, 7,848 female. It has an average literacy rate of 81.72%, higher than the national average of 74.04%.

Infrastructure
As per District Census Handbook 2011, Joypul covered an area of 5.6004 km2. It had 6 primary schools, 1 middle school and 1 secondary school, the nearest senior secondary school was 3 km away at Duttapukur and the nearest degree college 15 km away at Barasat. The nearest hospital was available 7 km away, the nearest dispensary/health centre 4 km away, the nearest family welfare centre 7 km away, the nearest maternity and child welfare centre 4 km away and the nearest maternity home 12 km away.

Transport
National Highway 112 (Jessore Road) passes through Joypul.

Bira railway station on the Sealdah-Bangaon line, which is part the Kolkata Suburban Railway railway system, is located nearby.

Healthcare
There is a primary health centre at Duttapukur. For other medical facilities in the area see Barasat Sadar subdivision.

North 24 Parganas district has been identified as one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination.

See also
Map of Barasat I CD Block on Page 393 of District Census Handbook.

References

Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district


title: Donald A. Grinde Jr.

text:
Donald Andrew Grinde Jr., a professor at the University at Buffalo, is noted for his scholarship and writing on Native American issues.

Grinde was born in Savannah, Georgia, and has Yamasee heritage.  He received his B.A. from Georgia Southern College (1966), and received his M.A. (1968) and Ph.D. (1974) from the University of Delaware. He taught at Mercyhurst College, Buffalo State College, UCLA, the University of Utah, University of California, Riverside, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, and the University of Vermont before moving to Buffalo in 2004 as chair of its American Studies Department, now part of the Transnational Studies Department for which he is now director of graduate studies.  He has published widely on Native American topics, with a particular emphasis on study of the Iroquois Confederation (Haudenosaunee).  Grinde and Bruce E. Johansen became known for their works showing a connection from the Great Law of Peace of the Iroquois to the drafting of the United States Constitution.

He served as a thesis adviser for Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, current Prime Minister of Somalia.

Publications
 Exemplar of Liberty: Native America and the Evolution of Democracy (Tokyo: Misuzu Shobo, 2006) translation, originally published in 1991
 A Political History of Native Americans (CQ Press, 2002) , recognized as "Outstanding Academic Title" in 2003 by Choice Magazine
 with Bruce E. Johansen & Barbara Alice Mann, foreword by Vine Deloria Jr., Debating Democracy: Native American Legacy of Freedom (Santa Fe: Clearlight Publishers, 1997)
 with Bruce Johansen, The Encyclopedia Of Native American Biography: Six Hundred Life Stories of Important People, From Powhatan to Wilma Mankiller
paperback: (Da Capo Press, 1998)
hardcover: (Henry Holt & Co., 1997)
 with translations by Robert Griffin, Apocalypse de Chiokoyhikoy, Chef des Iroquois..., in French (Quebec City: Laval University Press, 1997)
 with Bruce Johansen, foreword by Howard Zinn, Ecocide of Native America: Environmental Destruction of Indian Lands and Peoples (Santa Fe: Clear Light Publishing, 1995)
 with Duane Champagne, foreword by Dennis Banks, Native America:  Portrait of the Peoples (Visible Ink Press, 1994)
 with Carole Gentry, The Unheard Voices: American Indian Responses to the Columbian Quincentenary (UCLA American Indian Studies Center, 1994)
 with Oren Lyons, John Mohawk, et al., foreword by Peter Matthiessen, Exiled in the Land of the Free: Democracy, the Iroquois Nation and the U.S. Constitution (Santa Fe: Clearlight Publishers, 1992)
 with Bruce Johansen, foreword by Vine Deloria Jr., Exemplar of Liberty: Native America and the Evolution of American Democracy (UCLA American Indian Studies, 1991)  in print and internet
 The Iroquois and the Founding of the American Nation (San Francisco: Indian Historian Press, 1977)

References

External links
University of Buffalo faculty page

21st-century Native American writers
University at Buffalo faculty
University of Delaware alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Dalodesmidae

text:
Dalodesmidae is a family of millipedes in the order Polydesmida, containing at least 250 species found in the Southern Hemisphere.

Distribution
Species of Dalodesmidae are found in Australia (over 100 species), Madagascar, New Caledonia, New Zealand, South Africa, and southern South America (Chile and southern Brazil).

Classification
Dalodesmidae is one of the major families of the order Polydesmida, with at least 55 genera and 250 species (with some estimates up to 340 species). It is related to the small family Vaalogonopodidae (8 species) with which it forms the suborder Dalodesmidea.

The taxonomy is based mainly on the structure of the male gonopods.
Below is the list of species as of January 2014.

References

External links

Dalodesmidae of Australia

Polydesmida
Millipede families


title: Annestine Beyer

text:
Anna Kirstine "Annestine" Margrethe Beyer (4 May 1795 – 9 August 1884), was a Danish reform pedagogue and pioneer on women's education.

Early life
Her parents were the sugar factory owner Hans Petri Beyer (ca. 1747–1806) and Elisabeth Smith Aarøe (*ca. 1763). She was educated at Døtreskolen af 1791. As an adult, she was employed as a teacher at the same school. Convinced of the importance of education of females, and eager to put her ideas of reforms in to practice, she reportedly dominated the school and placed the actual principal in the background. At that time, however, the opportunities for females to educate themselves was very limited and the institutions of learning open to them was largely limited to the capital of Copenhagen. Most female teachers in Denmark in the early 19th-century were employed as governesses rather than at schools.

Career
In 1845, a new law was put in effect regarding the formal competence demanded from a professional teacher, and an educational authority was installed with the task to control this new regulation. At this time, most private teachers in Denmark were female, but they had not formal education as the schools open for girls were still few and no academic institutions were open for adult females. In 1846, she founded the  women's seminary  Den højere Dannelsesanstalt for Damer  to educate professional adult female teachers to serve in the private schools in Copenhagen, and who could meet the demands put upon them by the new school education authority. This was the first academic educational institution for women in Denmark. One of her students were Natalie Zahle (1827-1913) founder of the N. Zahle's School and alongside herself one of the two most notable pioneers of women's education in Denmark, as well as women's rights activists and  feminists Louise Westergaard (1826–1880).

In 1859, a new law was put in effect which allowed female teachers a formal degree. However, there were no  institutions in existence which could offer such a degree to women. In 1861, Annestine Beyer  together with  Nicolai Femmer and Gotfred Bohr, arranged for the opening of Beyers, Bohrs og Femmers Kursus (later Femmers Kvindeseminarium) so that it could meet the demands necessary to issue a degree to female teachers.

References

Other sources

1795 births
1884 deaths
Danish women's rights activists
Danish feminists
19th-century Danish educators
19th-century Danish women educators


title: Giuseppe Varotti

text:
Giuseppe Varotti (Bologna, 1715- Bologna, 1780) was an Italian painter, active depicting sacred and historical subjects in a late-Baroque or Rococo style.

Biography
He trained with his father, Pier Paolo Varotti (1686-1732), a follower of Giuseppe Maria Crespi. Giuseppe Varotti painted a St Roch once in the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Carpi. One of his pupils was Jacopo Alessandro Calvi (1740-1815).

References
Renato Roli, Giuseppe Varotti e il Settecento Bolognese, Galleria de' Fusari

1715 births
1780 deaths
18th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian Baroque painters
Painters from Bologna
18th-century Italian male artists


title: Deafness

text:
Deafness has varying definitions in cultural and medical contexts. In medical contexts, the meaning of deafness is hearing loss that precludes a person from understanding spoken language, an audiological condition. In this context it is written with a lower case d. It later came to be used in a cultural context to refer to those who primarily communicate through sign language regardless of hearing ability, often capitalized as Deaf and referred to as "big D Deaf" in speech and sign. The two definitions overlap but are not identical, as hearing loss includes cases that are not severe enough to impact spoken language comprehension, while cultural Deafness includes hearing people who use sign language, such as children of deaf adults.

Medical context
In a medical context, deafness is defined as a degree of hearing difference such that a person is unable to understand speech, even in the presence of amplification. In profound deafness, even the highest intensity sounds produced by an audiometer (an instrument used to measure hearing by producing pure tone sounds through a range of frequencies) may not be detected. In total deafness, no sounds at all, regardless of amplification or method of production, can be heard.

Neurologically, language is processed in the same areas of the brain whether one is deaf or hearing. The left hemisphere of the brain processes linguistic patterns whether by signed languages or by spoken languages.

Deafness can be broken down into four different types of hearing loss: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, and auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. All of these forms of hearing loss cause an impairment in a person's hearing where they are not able to hear sounds correctly. These different types of hearing loss occur in different parts of the ear, which make it difficult for the information being heard to get sent to the brain properly. To break it down even further, there are three different levels of hearing loss. According to the CDC, the first level is mild hearing loss. This is when someone is still able to hear noises, but it is more difficult to hear the softer sounds. The second level is moderate hearing loss and this is when someone can hear almost nothing when someone is talking to them at a normal volume. The next level is severe hearing loss. Severe hearing loss is when someone can not hear any sounds when they are being produced at a normal level and they can only hear minimum sounds that are being produced at a loud level. The final level is profound hearing loss, which is when someone is not able to hear any sounds except for very loud ones.

There are millions of people in the world who are living with deafness or hearing impairments. Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) indicate that fewer than 1 in 20 Americans are currently deaf or hard of hearing.  There are a lot of solutions available for people with hearing impairments. Some examples of solutions would be blinking lights on different things like their phones, alarms, and things that are important to alert them. Cochlear implants are an option too. Cochlear implants are surgically placed devices that stimulate the cochlear nerve in order to help the person hear. A cochlear implant is used instead of hearing aids in order to help when someone has difficulties understanding speech.

Cultural context

In a cultural context, Deaf culture refers to a tight-knit cultural group of people whose primary language is signed, and who practice social and cultural norms which are distinct from those of the surrounding hearing community. This community does not automatically include all those who are clinically or legally deaf, nor does it exclude every hearing person. According to Baker and Padden, it includes any person who "identifies him/herself as a member of the Deaf community, and other members accept that person as a part of the community", an example being children of deaf adults with normal hearing ability. It includes the set of social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values, and shared institutions of communities that are influenced by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication. Members of the Deaf community tend to view deafness as a difference in human experience rather than a disability or disease.

Many non-disabled people continue to assume that deaf people have no autonomy and fail to provide people with support beyond hearing aids, which is something that must be addressed. Different non-governmental organizations around the world have created programs towards closing the gap between deaf and non-disabled people in developing countries. The Quota International organization with headquarters in the United States provided immense educational support in the Philippines, where it started providing free education to deaf children in the Leganes Resource Center for the Deaf. The Sounds Seekers British organization also provided support by offering audiology maintenance technology, to better assist those who are deaf in hard-to-reach places. The Nippon Foundation also supports deaf students at Gallaudet University and the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, through sponsoring international scholarships programs to encourage students to become future leaders in the deaf community. The more aid these organizations give to the deaf people, the more opportunities and resources disabled people must speak up about their struggles and goals that they aim to achieve. When more people understand how to leverage their privilege for the marginalized groups in the community, then we can build a more inclusive and tolerant environment for the generations that are yet to come.

History

The first known record of sign language in history comes from Plato's Cratylus, written in the fifth century BCE. In a dialogue on the "correctness of names", Socrates says, "Suppose that we had no voice or tongue, and wanted to communicate with one another, should we not, like the deaf and dumb, make signs with the hands and head and the rest of the body?" His belief that deaf people possessed an innate intelligence for language put him at odds with his student Aristotle, who said, "Those who are born deaf all become senseless and incapable of reason," and that "it is impossible to reason without the ability to hear".

This pronouncement would reverberate through the ages and it was not until the 17th century when manual alphabets began to emerge, as did various treatises on deaf education, such as Reducción de las letras y arte para enseñar a hablar a los mudos ('Reduction of letters and art for teaching mute people to speak'), written by Juan Pablo Bonet in Madrid in 1620, and Didascalocophus, or, The deaf and dumb mans tutor, written by George Dalgarno in 1680.

In 1760, French philanthropic educator Charles-Michel de l'Épée opened the world's first free school for the deaf. The school won approval for government funding in 1791 and became known as the "Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets à Paris." The school inspired the opening of what is today known as the American School for the Deaf, the oldest permanent school for the deaf in the United States, and indirectly, Gallaudet University, the world's first school for the advanced education of the deaf and hard of hearing, and to date, the only higher education institution in which all programs and services are specifically designed to accommodate deaf and hard of hearing students.

See also
 Hearing loss
 Models of deafness
 Deaf culture
 Deaf education
 Deaf history
 History of sign language

References

Deafness
Hearing loss
Audiology
Broad-concept articles


title: Kokapur, West Bengal

text:
Kokapur is a census town in the Barasat I CD block of the Barasat Sadar subdivision in the North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is close to Kolkata and also a part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration.

Geography

Location
Kokapur is located at .

Kokapur, Chak Barbaria, Barbaria, Berunanpukuria and Jagannathpur form a loose cluster of villages and census towns along State Highway 2 (locally known as Barasat-Barrackpore Road), close to Barasat.

Duttapukur police station has jurisdiction over Barasat I CD Block.

Area overview
The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower Ganges Delta. The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels.54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural  areas.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Demographics
 India census, Kokapur had a population of 6,317; of this, 3,248 are male, 3,069 female. It has an average literacy rate of 82.34%, higher than the national average of 74.04%.

Infrastructure
As per District Census Handbook 2011, Kokapur covered an area of 1.4826 km2. It had 9 primary schools and 1 middle school, the nearest secondary school and senior secondary were 2 km away at Nilganj. The nearest degree college was 1 km away at Berunanpukuria. The nearest hospital was 8 km away, the nearest family welfare centre 5 km away, the nearest maternity and child welfare centre 5 km away, and the nearest maternity home 15 km away.

Transport
State Highway 2 (locally known as Barasat-Barrackpore Road) passes through Kokapur.

The nearest railway stations are Barasat Junction railway station on the Sealdah-Bangaon line and Barrackpore railway station on the Sealdah-Ranaghat line.

Healthcare
North 24 Parganas district has been identified as one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination.

See also
Map of Barasat I CD Block on Page 393 of District Census Handbook.

References

Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district


title: Nikita Muravyov

text:
Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov (;  – ) was an Imperial Guards staff officer and plotter in what led to the Decembrist revolt of 1825.

Muravyov was active in a number of proto-Decembrist organizations.  In 1816, he was among the founders of the Union of Salvation, a secret society.  In 1820, he spoke out for republican government in the Union of Welfare.  After the Union of Welfare's 1821 dissolution, Muravyov joined the supreme duma and was a leader in the Northern Society, and was elected to the Southern Society's directory.  He wrote a draft constitution for a Russian state, and a tract "Curious Conversation" arguing the need to rise against despotism.

He was on leave in the country when the Decembrist revolt occurred on 14 December 1825, and did not participate directly in it.  But he was complicit, arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress.  He was condemned to death, but the sentence was commuted to 20 years of hard labor.  He was assigned to the Nerchinsk Mines, then in 1835 exiled to Irkutsk Province where he died in 1843.

References

Further reading

Mazour, Anatole G. (1937). The First Russian Revolution, 1825: The Decembrist Movement, Its Origins, Development, and Significance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press

Russian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
1796 births
1843 deaths
Military personnel from Moscow
Moscow State University alumni
Decembrists


title: Koyra, West Bengal

text:
Koyra is a census town in the Barasat I CD block in the Barasat Sadar subdivision in the North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is close to Kolkata and also a part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration.

Geography

Location
Koyra is located at '

Duttapukur police station has jurisdiction over Barasat I CD block.

Area overview
The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower Ganges Delta. The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels.54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural  areas.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Demographics
 India census, Koyra had a population of 11,615; of this, 5,789 are male, 5,826 female. It has an average literacy rate of 68.72%, lower than the national average of 74.04%.

Infrastructure
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Koyra covered an area of 1.5657 km2. It had 6 primary schools, 2 secondary schools and 2 senior secondary schools. The nearest hospital was available 4 km away, the nearest dispensary/ health centre (without any beds) 1 km away, the nearest family welfare centre 8 km away, the nearest maternity and child welfare centre 8 km away and the nearest maternity home 8 km away.

Transport
Karea Kadambagachhi railway station is on the Barasat-Hasnabad line, which is part the Kolkata Suburban Railway railway system.

Koyra is beside the State Highway 2 (locally known as Taki Road).

Healthcare
North 24 Parganas district has been identified as one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination.

See also
Map of Barasat I CD Block on Page 393 of District Census Handbook.

References

Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district


title: The Case of Lady Camber (play)

text:
The Case of Lady Camber is a play by the British writer Horace Annesley Vachell, which was first performed in 1915. The play was a success in the West End, enjoying a lengthy run at the Savoy Theatre. It was not as well received in New York when it opened at the Lyceum Theatre in 1917.

Synopsis
When Lady Camber, an ex-music hall star, dies in mysterious circumstances, suspicion falls on her young nurse Esther Yorke who is suspected of murdering her so she can marry Lord Camber.

Film Adaptations
The play has been turned into films on three occasions:
 A 1920 silent film The Case of Lady Camber, directed by Walter West.
 A 1932 film Lord Camber's Ladies, directed by Benn W. Levy and produced by Alfred Hitchcock
 A 1948 film The Story of Shirley Yorke, directed by Maclean Rogers

References

Bibliography
 Bordman, Gerald. American Theatre: A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama 1914-1930. Oxford University Press, 1995.
 Low, Rachael. The History of the British Film, 1919-1929. George Allen & Unwin, 1971.

1915 plays
British plays adapted into films
Plays set in England
Plays by Horace Annesley Vachell


title: Kulberia

text:
Kulberia is a census town in the Barasat I CD block in the Barasat Sadar subdivision in the North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration.

Geography

Location
Kulberia is located at .

Bamangachhi, Digha and Kulberia form a cluster of census towns. The entire cluster has a very high density of population. (See the infobox of each census town for density of population).

Duttapukur police station has jurisdiction over Barasat I CD Block.

Area overview
The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower Ganges Delta. The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels.54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural  areas.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Demographics
 India census, Kulberia had a population of 6,993; of this, 3,543 are male, 3,450 female. It has an average literacy rate of 81.15%, higher than the national average of 74.04%.

Infrastructure
As per District Census Handbook 2011, Kulberia covered an area of . It had one primary school, the nearest middle school was  away at Tentulia, the nearest secondary school and senior secondary school were  away at Mondalganth. The nearest dispensary/ health centre (without any bed) was available  away.

Transport
Local roads link Kulberia to Chhota Jagulia on National Highway 112 (Jessore Road).

The Bamangachhi railway station on the Sealdah-Bangaon line, which is part the Kolkata Suburban Railway railway system, is located nearby.

Healthcare
North 24 Parganas district has been identified as one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination.

See also
Map of Barasat I CD Block on Page 393 of District Census Handbook.

References

Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district


title: Fortunato Hernández Bazán

text:
Fortunato Hernández Bazán is a Mexican artisan from San Pedro Cajonos, Oaxaca in southern Mexico, who specializes in items made from ixtle fiber. He has been recognized as a “grand master” by the Fomento Cultural Banamex for his work .

Ixtle is obtained from the thick hard leaves of the maguey plant, which the artisan uses the fiber to make hammocks, nets, plant hangers, huaraches, bags and belts. He also works with a much finer maguey fiber called “pita,” which is obtained from the heart of the plant.

He learned the craft when he was a child and today, he works with his wife, Esperanza Cruz and his children, who participate in all phases of production in the family workshop.

He cuts the maguey leaves at the thickest part, near the base of the plant. To obtain the fiber, he cooks the leaves in a pit oven. When ready, he removes them and beats them to a pulp, loosening the fibers by scraping them free. The fibers are then placed in soapy water with lime to clean them. The cleaned fibers are straightened and set out to dry, then they are twisted into string. To color them, the string is put in a mixture of soapy water and dye.

Hammocks and nets are made in a similar fashion, by knotting on a rudimentary wooden frame. The knotting techniques are traditional to the region, with variations called jaspeado, el arroz, el arroz fino and crucetas. The method of finishing off hammocks and making the loops to hang them is unique to the artisan's community.

References

Mexican artists
Living people
People from Oaxaca
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: The Double Dealer (magazine)

text:
The Double Dealer was a short-lived but influential New-Orleans-based literary journal of the 1920s.

Founders
The Double Dealer was established in 1921 as a platform for contemporary Southern writers of a modernist bent. Its founders were cultural critic Julius Weis Friend (editor) and Basil Thompson, Albert Goldstein, and John McClure (associate editors). The magazine's title came from a William Congreve play of the same name that Thompson and Friend admired for its acute dissection of human nature. They saw their ideal reader as someone with a tolerant understanding of  "the devious ways of the world".

Loyola University New Orleans preserves the personal papers of Basil Thompson which contain correspondence, manuscripts, and other materials related to the Double Dealer.

Modernism
With its subtitle A National Magazine for the South, The Double Dealer positioned itself to combat a popular stereotype of Southern literature as a provincial and second-rate "Sahara of the Bozart," as H.L. Mencken termed it in a notorious 1917 essay. In a piece entitled "New Orleans, the Double Dealer, and the Modern Movement in America," Sherwood Anderson laid out the editors' vision of a modernism that does not operate only at a national level but also embraces the cultural individuality of regions like the South. In pursuit of its inclusive vision, The Double Dealer published African-American authors, and an unusually high proportion of its writers were women.

Writers
The Double Dealer was published monthly from January 1921 to May 1926, during what has been called the first golden age of little magazines. Described as "an incubator of local literary culture and a conduit of Modernism," it featured work by a who's who of American writers, including William Faulkner, Robert Penn Warren, Allen Tate, Amy Lowell, Ernest Hemingway, Djuna Barnes, Carl Van Vechten, Babette Deutsch, Thornton Wilder, Hart Crane, and others. The magazine was one of the first to publish Faulkner (in 1922), and editor John McClure remained a Faulkner friend and sponsor for years after the magazine folded.  Although it only lasted five years, The Double Dealer influenced a number of later journals that took up the cause of championing Southern literature: The New Orleanian (established 1930), The Southern Review (est. 1935), Iconograph (est. 1940), and Double Dealer Redux (est. 1993 and published by the Faulkner Society).

References

Further reading
 McKinney, Louise. New Orleans: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press, 2006.
 Watson, James G. "New Orleans, The Double Dealer, and  'New Orleans'." American Literature, 1984, pp. 214–226.

Monthly magazines published in the United States
Defunct literary magazines published in the United States
English-language magazines
Magazines established in 1921
Magazines disestablished in 1926
Magazines published in Louisiana
Mass media in New Orleans


title: A Death of Honor

text:
A Death of Honor is a science fiction mystery novel by American author Joe Clifford Faust. It was published in 1987 by Del Rey Books.

Plot summary
The novel is set in a crumbling 21st-century America. D. A. Payne, a bioengineer, is the prime suspect when a dead woman turns up in his apartment. He takes on the task of clearing himself but what he uncovers changes his life.

Background
According to the author, A Death of Honor was originally envisioned as a collaboration between various authors. Having written the first chapter while working on his novel Desperate Measures, Faust decided to finish the book himself when the collaboration stalled. It was his first novel to be published.

Award nominations
1988 – Locus Poll Award, Best First Novel nominee

References

1987 American novels
1987 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
American mystery novels
Debut science fiction novels
Biological engineering
Dystopian novels
1987 debut novels


title: Venosa (disambiguation)

text:
Venosa is a town and comune in Italy.

Venosa may also refer to:

People
Carlo Gesualdo, also known as Gesualdo da Venosa, Italian nobleman and composer
Robert Venosa, American artist

Plants
Arnica venosa, an herb commonly known as Shasta County arnica, endemic to California
Brassavola venosa, a species of orchid
Chione venosa, a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae
Disciotis venosa, a fungus in the family Morchellaceae, commonly known as the veiny cup fungus or cup morel
Diospyros venosa, a tree in the family Ebenaceae
Dracula venosa, a species of orchid
Haworthiopsis venosa, a species of succulent flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae
Lysimachia venosa, a plant in the family Myrsinaceae commonly known as veined yellow loosestrife
Macaranga venosa, a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae endemic to French Polynesia
Melanthera venosa, a species of aster, also known as spreading nehe
Notelaea venosa, a plant of Australia commonly known as veined mock-olive, smooth mock-olive, large-leaved mock-olive and large mock-olive
Onobrychis venosa, an herb in the family Fabaceae, also known as veined sainfoin
Senegalia venosa, a legume in the family Fabaceae
Vangueria venosa, a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae
Virola venosa, a tree in the family Myristicaceae

Animals
Abantis venosa, a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae, also known as the veined skipper or veined paradise skipper
Aedophron venosa, a moth in the family Noctuidae
Agylla venosa, a moth in the family Erebidae
Cacozophera venosa, a species of snout moth
Carnarvonia venosa, a fossilised arthropod
Colotis venosa, a butterfly in the family Pieridae, commonly known as the no patch tip
Ctenucha venosa, a moth in the family Erebidae, also known as the veined ctenucha moth
Eudonia venosa, a moth in the family Crambidae endemic to Hawaii
Lemyra venosa, a moth in the family Erebidae
Polyocha venosa, a species of snout moth
Prabhasa venosa, a moth in the family Erebidae
Rapana venosa, a sea snail, commonly known as the veined rapa whelk or Asian rapa whelk
Tachina venosa, a species of fly in the family Tachinidae

Other
Venosa Airfield, a unit of the World War II Foggia Airfield Complex in Italy

Taxonomy disambiguation pages


title: Podoscypha petalodes

text:
Podoscypha petalodes is a widely distributed species of fungus in the family Meruliaceae. The fungus produces a rosette-like fruit bodies with a shape suggestive of its common names wine glass fungus, and ruffled paper fungus.

References

Fungi described in 1852
Fungi of Australia
Fungi of New Zealand
Fungi of North America
Fungi of South America
Meruliaceae
Taxa named by Miles Joseph Berkeley


title: Cissus anisophylla

text:
Cissus anisophylla is a plant species known from lowland rainforests of Panamá, Colombia, Chiapas, Brazil, Perú, Costa Rica and Ecuador.

Cissus anisophylla is a liana climbing over other vegetation by means of branched tendrils. Stems are round in cross-section, hairless. Leaves are broadly ovate, up to 14 cm long and 10 cm across. Flowers are green, about 5 mm in diameter, borne in compound cymes up to 6 cm across, with minutely hairy peduncles.

References

anisophylla
Flora of Chiapas
Flora of Panama
Flora of Costa Rica
Flora of Colombia
Flora of Ecuador
Flora of Peru


title: Loophole (album)

text:
Loophole is the second album by Sketch Show.

Track listing

Personnel
Haruomi Hosono & Yukihiro Takahashi - Arranging, Mixing, Production
Ryuichi Sakamoto - Mixing, Production ("Mars", "Attention Tokyo")
Chiho Shibaoka - Swedish Voice ("Mars", "Wiper", "Chronograph" "Attention Tokyo", "Ekot")
Hiroshi Haraguchi - Mixing, Recording Engineer
Yasuo Kimoto - Mixing ("Plankton", "Fly Me to the River")
Safety Scissors - Mixing ("Night Talker")
Cornelius - Mixing ("Ekot")
Tomohiko Gondo - Euphonium ("Ekot")
Meg - Lyrics ("Flakes", "Traum 6.6", "Stella")
Tom Coyne - Mastering
Takashi Okada (Zubai Studio) - Art Direction, Design
Daisy Creatures - Photography

External links

2003 albums
Avex Group albums
Sketch Show (band) albums


title: William MacKenzie (missionary)

text:
William Frederick MacKenzie  (16 February 1897 – 29 June 1972) was a Christian missionary and the Aurukun superintendent from 1923-1965. He served as that mission's Chief Protector for the Aboriginal Protection Board.

MacKenzie was born in Ambrym, New Hebrides (now Vanuatu), where his father, John W. Mackenzie, was a missionary. He served on the Western Front in World War I with the Australian Imperial Force. After the war he studied at Ormond College at the University of Melbourne and was ordained a minister with the Presbyterian Church in 1925. That same year he married Geraldine Storrs.

MacKenzie's tenure saw a strict regime that saw children taken from parents and housed in dormitories, and young adults trained for servile work. His punishments were described as "harsh, unorthodox, and arbitrary - they included the use of banishment, corporal punishment, including flogging and beating, use of his fists, use of the 'electro magnet', binding the mouth to stop verbal abuse and swearing."

MacKenzie served as Moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Queensland in 1949-50, and was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1963. The Governor of Queensland, Sir Henry Abel Smith, said that MacKenzie and his wife "by their example of joyous service, generate and radiate happiness to all around them. Their aim has not been to destroy the tribal customs, but to preserve all that is good in them."

References

Australian Presbyterian ministers
1897 births
1972 deaths
People from Malampa Province
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
University of Melbourne alumni
Australian military personnel of World War I
Presbyterian missionaries in Australia
20th-century Australian clergy
20th-century Australian Presbyterian ministers


title: Wellspring Theater

text:
The Wellspring Theater () is a theater in Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan.

History

The Shui Yuan Building () was once the unit of the Republic of China Armed Forces handling compulsory military service. In 2009, the building was rebuilt and reopened in November 2011.

Architecture

Wellspring Theater is located on the 10th floor of the Shui Yuan Building.

Transportation
The theater is accessible within walking distance South East from Gongguan Station of the Taipei Metro.

See also
 Cinema of Taiwan

References

2011 establishments in Taiwan
Buildings and structures in Taipei
Tourist attractions in Taipei
Theatres completed in 2011
Theatres in Taiwan


title: Diaosi

text:
Diaosi () is a Chinese slang and internet buzzword, often used in a sarcastic and self-deprecating manner, that refers to a young male of mediocre appearance and social standing. Born into a humble family, he has no car, no house, and no connections. Yet as the term went viral on the Internet, Chinese youth (regardless of sex) from all backgrounds began to embrace it. It is slowly transforming into a descriptor of the ordinary Chinese citizen who faces everyday struggles and hardships.

Usage

The term diaosi (屌丝) – literal meaning "dick hair" – first appeared in an online dispute between two sub-forums of the BBS Baidu Tieba in October 2010. The members of Thunder's Big Three forum were insulted by the term, "diao" (a swear word or an offensive expression for "penis"), so they threw diaosi (dick hair) back at the Li Yi forum, suggesting that Li Yi's membership were inferior. Rather than take offence, Li Yi's membership incorporated the term and identified with it.

The slang term emerged as a comedic insult, similar to the Western equivalent of "living in your mother's basement" – shorthand for "You're brave enough in a web forum but who are you in real life?"  The Japanese term, otaku, also has a lot of similarities with diaosi.

The term became a buzzword, referring to a young man born in a humble family, with mediocre appearance and standing and working in a dead-end job. He has few prospects, is unable to purchase luxuries; he is an outcast from the social mainstream. Their time is mostly spent on the computer, especially online games.  Programmers and media industry workers have the highest percentage of self-identified diaosi.  He also dreams of having a "goddess" as a girlfriend, but when interacting with said "goddess" he feels inferior and behaves awkwardly, knowing the "goddess" would only sleep with an alpha "gaofushuai"(高富帅, "tall, rich and handsome") who is his polar opposite, and the closest distance he would get to intimacy with the "goddess" is that of a dislodged pubic hair neglected alone on the bedsheet during coitus.

Like many insults, an initially vulgar epithet became a self-ascribed identity, in a classic example of a group on the outskirts of society claiming a once derogatory term as their own.  Diaosi has become an almost universal identity among Chinese netizens. A survey conducted by Internet giant Sohu found that 64, 81 and 70 percent of people in their 20s, 30s and 40s, respectively, can identify themselves with the feeling of being a diaosi.  Another report carried out by the Chinese gaming company Giant, in April 2013, says that some 529 million young people (approximately 40 percentage of the total population of China) across the country now embraces the term diaosi.
Although diaosi is often translated as "loser" in English, this is becoming less and less apt, with the growth of diaosi's popularity. Loser remains an indisputably negative term, personal in its injury, while diaosi is a true meme: dynamic, complex, and current, cultural rather than personal.  The ambiguous meaning of diaosi – both as an insult and tribal term – is similar to the American term, redneck, whose poverty and unrefined behavior can not only be a source of pride, but a culture in and of itself.

Social background

Today, it is common to hear Chinese people proclaim that it's nearly impossible for children from disadvantaged backgrounds to gain entry to the country's upper class. The rate of students of rural background in a renowned university continues to decline. At the same time, the implementation of compulsory education means that more and more youngsters go to college, creating a surplus of educated young men who find it hard to enter the labour market. So not only do physical labourers feel they are marginalised by the society, the young men with a higher education background also feel helpless.

See also
 Hillbilly
 Otaku
 Redneck
 Yokel
 Incel
 Herbivore men

References

Chinese culture
Chinese Internet slang
Chinese popular culture
Internet memes
Stereotypes
Chinese youth culture


title: Giacomo Feo

text:
Giacomo Feo (c. 1471 – 27 August 1495), was the second husband of Caterina Sforza, Countess of Forlì. He was born and died in Forlì.

Biography

Giacomo Feo was the brother of Tommaso Feo, the castellan who had remained faithful to Caterina Sforza after the assassination of her husband.

Following the assassination in 1488 of Caterina Sforza's first husband, Count Girolamo Riario, lord of Imola and Forlì, she appointed Giacomo Feo, a handsome stable groom in her household, to be the castellan of the fortress Ravaldino in Forlì. Feo and Sforza became lovers and they married in secret so she could avoid the possibility of losing custody of her children and the regency.

The chronicles and diplomatic dispatches of the period reported that Sforza was very enamoured with Feo, and it was feared that she would give political precedence and power to him, passing over her eldest son and Riario's heir, Ottaviano. These fears led to two failed conspiracies to assassinate Feo and Sforza.

The third conspiracy, organized by Giovanni Antonio Ghetti, finally succeeded in killing Feo on 27 August 1495 when he and Sforza and their entourage were returning to Forlì from a hunting trip. Sforza and her daughter, Bianca, led the group in a carriage, while Feo, along with Sforza's sons, Ottaviano and Cesare, followed on horseback. As they approached the Schiavonia gate into Forlì, Feo was cut off from the others by the conspirators, stabbed and beaten to death. Sforza escaped to the safety of Ravaldino.

Giovanni Antonio Ghetti thought he would be regarded as a liberator of the city, but Caterina Sforza responded swiftly to avenge Feo's murder. Thirty-eight people were executed for the crime - including Ghetti and his wife and children - and many others were imprisoned or exiled.

Giacomo Feo was laid to rest in the Church of San Girolamo in Forlì.

His portrait was prominently featured in a fresco painted by Marco Palmezzano, The Miracle of Saint James the Elder, in the Feo Chapel, the Church of San Biagio, Forlì. The fresco was destroyed during the Second World War.

Children
Giacomo Feo and Caterina Sforza had one child, Bernardino (April 1489 – 1509), later called Carlo, in honour of Charles VIII.

References

Further reading

External links

1495 deaths
People from Forlì
15th-century Italian people
Year of birth uncertain


title: Shibalaya

text:
Shibalaya is a census town in the Barasat I CD block in the Barasat Sadar subdivision in the North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration.

Geography

Location
Shibalaya is located at .

Duttapukur, Shibalaya, Chandrapur, Gangapur, Chatta Baria and Joypul form a cluster of census towns in the northern part of the CD Block. The entire cluster has a very high density of population. (See the infobox of each census town for density of population).

Duttapukur police station has jurisdiction over Barasat I CD Block.

Area overview
The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower Ganges Delta. The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels.54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural  areas.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Demographics
 India census, Shibalaya had a population of 5,830; of this, 3,003 are male, 2,827 female. It has an average literacy rate of 81.68%, higher than the national average of 74.04%.

Infrastructure
As per District Census Handbook 2011, Shibalaya covered an area of 2.1214 km2. It had 1 primary school, the nearest middle school, secondary school and senior secondary were 1 km away at Kashimpur. The nearest degree college was 10 km away at Barasat. The nearest hospital was available 4 km away and the nearest dispensary/ health centre (without any bed) was 1 km away.

Transport
The Golabari-Nilganj Road links Shibalaya to both National Highway 112 (Jessore Road) and National Highway 12 (old number NH 34).

Duttapukur railway station on the Sealdah-Bangaon line, which is part the Kolkata Suburban Railway railway system, is located nearby.

Healthcare
There is a primary health centre at Duttapukur. For other medical facilities in the area see Barasat Sadar subdivision.

North 24 Parganas district has been identified as one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination.

See also
Map of Barasat I CD Block on Page 393 of District Census Handbook.

References

Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district


title: Practical Boat Owner

text:
Practical Boat Owner is a British magazine about boats. It is published by Future plc. It covers boat maintenance and repairs, sailing activities and news about sailing and motor boats.

History
Practical Boat Owner was started in 1967. The founding editor was Denny Desoutter. In 2002, it was announced that Sarah Norbury would become editor. She was later replaced by David Pugh.

From 2018, the magazine was edited by Robert Melotti, and then Alison Wood. The current editor is Katy Stickland, who prior to the appointment was the deputy editor of Yachting Monthly magazine.

Publications
The magazine also produced a small crafts almanac as well as a glossary of nautical terms, both published by Bloomsbury.

References

External links

Boating magazines
Sailing magazines
English-language magazines
Magazines established in 1967
1967 establishments in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Sports magazines published in the United Kingdom
Watercraft


title: Ushanandini

text:
Ushanandini (Malayalam: ഉഷാ നന്ദിനി) is an Indian actress in South Indian movies. She was a prominent lead actress during the 1970s in Malayalam films. She had acted in Tamil films as well.

Biography
Ushanandini was born as Usha Devi to parents K. G. Raman Pillai and Saraswathi in 1949 at Kamaleshwaram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. She has a Bachelor of Arts degree. She made her Malayalam debut in 1967 with Aval, a great success at the box office. She had acted as heroine to Sivaji Ganesan in many Tamil movies like Ponnunjal, Gowravam, Rajapart Rangadurai, Manithanum Deivamagalam and Ennai Pol Oruvan. Nagarame Nandi, Olavum Theeravum, Aa Chithrasalabham Parannotte are the few among the important characters she played.

She is married to a successful business magnate, S. Mariappan. She has three daughters, Preethi, Sajni and Keerthana. She also has had two granddaughters named Diya Tanushree and Tara Devi.

Partial filmography

Malayalam
Yakshagaanam (1976)
Criminals (Kayangal) (1975)
Sathyathinte Nizhalil  (1975)
Pattaabhishekam (1974)
Check Post (1974)
Ashwathi (1974)
Police Ariyaruthu (1973)
Periyar (1973)
Kaamuki (1971)
Makane Ninakku Vendi (1971)....Mary
Jalakanyaka (1971)
Aa Chithrashalabham Parannotte (1970)
Olavum Theeravum (1970)
Padunna Puzha (1968)
Aval (1967)
Nagarame Nandi (1967)

Tamil
Malathi (1970) as Chandra
Veettukku Oru Pillai (1971) as Ponni
Shakthi Leelai (1972) as Lord Parvathi
Ponnunjal (1973) as Valli
Gauravam (1973) as Radha
Rajapart Rangadurai (1973) as Alamel
Ponvandu (1973) as Sathyabama
Athaiya Mamiya (1974) as Usha
Thaai Veetu Seedhanam (1975)
Manidhanum Dheivamagalam (1975) as Vijaya
Ennai Pol Oruvan (1978) as Usha

References

External links

Ushanandini at MSI

Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Indian film actresses
Actresses from Thiruvananthapuram
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Living people
1949 births
20th-century Indian actresses


title: Wolf Run (Muncy Creek tributary)

text:
Wolf Run is a tributary of Muncy Creek in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is  in length. The stream flows through Wolf Township, Muncy Township, and Muncy Creek Township. The stream's watershed has an area of 10.8 square miles. Slightly over two million pounds of sediment flow through the stream every year. A fort existed near Wolf Run for several hundred years until the late 1800s or early 1900s. At least three bridges cross the stream.

Course

Wolf Run begins near the western border of Wolf Township, between Roundtop and Long Hill. It flows southwards inside a valley and turns southeast after some distance and then turns south again. In the southern part of Wolf Township, the stream leaves the valley, flows under U.S. Route 220, and turns southwest, exiting Wolf Township and entering Muncy Township. It gradually turns west and passes near the community of Pennsdale before turning south. Near the border of the township, the stream crosses under Interstate 180 and enters Muncy Creek Township. The stream turns west and then south again to parallel the West Branch Susquehanna River. Near the borough of Muncy, it reaches its confluence with Muncy Creek, very near to Muncy Creek's confluence with the West Branch Susquehanna River.

Wolf Run joins Muncy Creek  upstream of its mouth.

Hydrology
Wolf Run experiences siltation and also experiences stream bank erosion.

The annual load of sediment flowing through Wolf Run is . A load of  of sediment per year comes from croplands,  comes from stream banks,  comes from forests, and  comes from hay or pastures.  per year comes from what is classified by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection as "low-intensity development" and  per year comes from what is classified by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection as "transition". A sediment load of  per year comes from the watershed's coal mines and none comes from the watershed's wetlands.

Geology and geography
The lowest parts of the Wolf Run watershed are approximately  above sea level. The highest parts of the watershed are approximately  above sea level.

The entire watershed is in the ridge and valley geographic region.

Of the rock in the Wolf Run watershed, 50 percent is interbedded sedimentary rock, 30 percent is sandstone, 15 percent is shale, and 5 percent consists of carbonate rocks.

Watershed
The Wolf Run watershed has an area of  and a total of  of streams. 63.1 percent of the watershed is forested land and 27.7 percent is agricultural land. 8.5 percent is considered "low-intensity development" by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, 0.5 percent is occupied by coal mines, and 0.1 percent is occupied by wetlands.

History
A fortification made of earth known as the "Ancient Fortification" was built at least several hundred years ago on Wolf Run, less than  north of Muncy Creek. John Franklin Meginness stated in the late 1800s that it was under 300 to 500 years old. The fortification was square and situated in an east-to-west alignment. It enclosed about an acre of land. It had been the subject of much discussion in the early 20th century. It had already been deserted for a long period of time and was in a state of decay when Conrad Weiser reached the area on March 21, 1737. The historian John Franklin Meginness has stated that it is possible that Étienne Brûlé, a Frenchman, visited an area near Wolf Run as early as 1615, but this is not certain.

The Genesee Road, which was opened in the early 1800s and ran from Muncy to the Genesee River, passed by Wolf Run. A stone gristmill was once built on the stream by William Ellis. In the 1800s or early 1900s, a railroad was built near Wolf Run and it passed over the Ancient Fortification. During the construction of the railroad at this location, several artifacts, including a piece of Indian pottery, were found. Charcoal and other evidence of ancient fires were also found near Wolf Run during the construction of the railroad. In the late 1800s, the Cogan House school was located on Wolf Run.

Wolf Run is named for the relatively large number of wolves that historically lived near the stream.

In 2013, Lycoming County rehabilitated the U.S. Route 220 bridge over Wolf Run at a cost of $770,000. Two other bridges over the stream were repaired in the same year for a cost of slightly over $1 million each.

Biology
Wolf Run has been designated a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. Parts of the stream do not have a riparian buffer. In a book dated to 1909, Edward A. Straub wrote that there were large catfish and eels lived in Wolf Run.

A white oak tree with a trunk circumference of over  historically grew near Wolf Run, on the Adlum Farm. It was cut down in 1852.

See also
 Little Muncy Creek, next tributary of Muncy Creek going upstream
 List of rivers of Pennsylvania

References

External links

Rivers of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Tributaries of Muncy Creek


title: Chisocheton ruber

text:
Chisocheton ruber is a tree in the family Meliaceae. The specific epithet  is from the Latin meaning "red", referring to the flowers.

Description
The tree grows up to  tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is greenish grey or reddish. The sweetly scented flowers are pink to red. The fruits are reddish-brown, shaped like a top, up to  in diameter.

Distribution and habitat
Chisocheton ruber is endemic to Borneo and known only from Sarawak. Its habitat is forests on limestone from  to  altitude.

References

ruber
Endemic flora of Borneo
Trees of Borneo
Flora of Sarawak
Plants described in 1930


title: John McClure (poet)

text:
John Peebles McClure (December 19, 1893 – February 8, 1956) was an American poet and one of the founding editors of The Double Dealer literary magazine.

Early life
John Peebles McClure was born in Ardmore, Chickasaw Nation, Indian Territory (located in Oklahoma) to John Alexander and Mary Elizabeth Peebles McClure. His mother died in 1896 and the family moved several times, finally settling in Chickasha around 1901. John attended both public and private schools before entering the University of Oklahoma in 1911. After getting his B.A. in 1915, he worked at the university library. During World War I he served in the U.S. Army cavalry and in the field artillery. After the war, he married librarian Grace Binford Smith (1918).

In 1919, the McClures moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, where they opened a bookstore. McClure also worked as a copy editor for the New Orleans Times-Picayune. He was to maintain a professional relationship with the Times-Picayune for 33 years, rising to managing editor.

Literary career
McClure published his first poem in the London magazine The Egoist in 1914. His early style was influenced by William Blake, by English and Scottish ballads, and by Elizabeth lyric poetry. As his reputation grew, he published in a wide range of American literary magazines, including The American Mercury and Smart Set. H. L. Mencken, co-editor of Smart Set, considered McClure the "finest lyric poet" the nation had produced in fifty years. McClure's books includes Airs and Ballads (a collection of his own poems, 1918) and The Stag's Hornbook (a collection of drinking songs, 1918).

McClure was one of the four founding editors of The Double Dealer, a New Orleans-based literary magazine that was an early champion of William Faulkner and that published many other notable American modernist writers. McClure was widely admired for the book reviews he published in the Times-Picayune and the  Double Dealer.

McClure acted as a mentor to young James Feibleman: when Feibleman noted that "artists are not appreciated in America" so he might move to France, McClure suggested, "Maybe it is because prospective young writers like yourself don't remain here and help...If the artists don't hang around, how can they hope to be appreciated."

McClure died in New Orleans on February 8, 1956.  He was survived by his second wife, Joyce Kavanaugh Stagg, whom he had married in 1937.

Notes

External links

1893 births
1956 deaths
American male poets
20th-century American poets
20th-century American male writers
People from Ardmore, Oklahoma
Poets from Oklahoma


title: 2000 Davis Cup Americas Zone

text:
The Americas Zone was one of the three zones of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2000.

In the Americas Zone there were four different tiers, called groups, in which teams competed against each other to advance to the upper tier.

Group I

Winners in Group I advanced to the World Group qualifying round, along with losing teams from the World Group first round. Teams who lost their respective ties competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group I, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Americas Zone Group II in 2001.

Participating nations

Draw

Group II

Winners in Group II advanced to the Americas Zone Group I. Teams who lost their respective ties competed in the relegation play-offs, with winning teams remaining in Group II, whereas teams who lost their play-offs were relegated to the Americas Zone Group III in 2001.

Participating nations

Draw

Group III

The top two teams in Group III advanced to the Americas Zone Group II in 2001, whereas the bottom two teams were relegated to the Americas Zone Group IV in 2001.

Participating nations

Draw

Final standings

  and  promoted to Group II in 2001.
  and  relegated to Group IV in 2001.

Group IV

The top two teams in Group IV advanced to the Americas Zone Group III in 2001. All other teams remained in Group IV.

Participating nations

Draw

References

External links
Davis Cup official website

Davis Cup Americas Zone
Americas Zone


title: Vyshnivets Palace

text:
The Vyshnivets Palace () or the Wiśniowiecki Palace () is located in the urban-type settlement of Vyshnivets (near the city of Zbarazh) in Ternopil Oblast of western Ukraine. Historically, it was the main seat of the Wiśniowiecki princely family which takes its name from this castle.

History
In 1395 landlord Dmitry Koribut having been removed from power in Novgorod-Siversky attained instead great dominion of Volyn' lands, where under his leadership fortress construction began. This is how on the banks of Horin' River in the town of Vyshnivets', Old Vyshnivets' today, first castle came about.

Upon Dmitry Koribut's death due to absence a successor of male gender, castle of Vyshnivets' all together with the estate passes through Olgerdovich-Nesvitsky sidelong lineage of three generations till Michał Zbaraski Wiśniowiecki gaining power (1517).

Following immediate raid of Turk-Tatar forces in 1491 razed the fort post in the town of Stary Vishnivets and settlement that had been secured by it. In a result the same year landlord Michał Zbaraski, having taken a different name of Wiśniowiecki, broke the ground for another fort-post up the stream on the crest of round hill, and new fastness destined to be a bulwark and vindicator for new generations from Tatar-Turkish inroads for centuries to come.

Latest architectural view as a defense fortification the stronghold took having been completely reconstructed in 1640s, when Jeremi Wiśniowiecki supervised the work. The features of defensive bastion system was taken upon at that time, although it hadn't done much saving the castle from Cossacks' capturing during uprising of 1648 and being sacked by Tatars a year later following signing of Treaty of Zboriv.

Despite the use of the most advanced martial fortification technique, Vyishnivets surrendered to enemy inroads: formerly in 1655 to the swords of Tatar, then more recently twenty years later in 1675 during the Second Polish-Ottoman War to Turks turning into a ruin. In the course of the tumultuous 17th century, the town and the castle stood destroyed as the king of Poland, John III Sobieski, relieved the city from its taxation burden for twenty years.

Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki (1680–1744), last descendant of Wiśniowiecki family by father's line, a wealthy Polish nobleman, broached revival of patrimonial estate. He raised not a castle, but a magnificent accomplished palace atop of extinguished cinders completing it in 1720. Nonetheless it did retain a role of combat structure. Garrison was dislocated there until 1760. Somewhat later on appeared indefeasible attributes of magnate wealth of a castle church and grand park.

The death of last male member of Wiśniowiecki family caused palace and estate in the city of Vyshnivets ownership being transferred by female line to Mniszech family under their care and supervision of whom castle had revealed all of its beauty adding another facet to the palettes of European palace and park recreation art.

For three generations Mniszechs owners (Jan Karol (1716–1759), Michał Jerzy (1748–1806), and Karol Filip (1794–1846)) rendered the estate true royal charm: painting collection of Wiśniowieccy, Potoccy, Sanguszkowie, Czartoryscy as well as Ostrogscy's, sculptures, retro furniture, Holland tile mantles, literature, weapon, cutlery and china. All-round upgrade in the same time had only given final accord to the appearance of Volyn' nicest palace residence.

No sooner remaining owner of Mnisheks four years later having succeeded into patrimonial rights as he had to leave to France bringing along most valuable family relics which was two thousands books, family portraits, letters, heraldry researches. In the same time Vyshnivets palace for many years became a place of bargaining trade off where many previously thoughtfully and mindfully collected items were sold out, all that a laymen would be happy to pay cash for.

For more than sixty years (1852–1913) castle changed nine owners, that despite their titles and social status used one of the most lavish European palaces as the mean to accrue their perpetually depleting banking accounts. Palace lost its glamour, and priceless collection was sacked.

During the time before First World War an attempt made by yet another owner, Volyn' aristocrat and nobleman Demidov, Pavel Oleksandrovich (1869–1935), and Kyiv architect, Władysław Horodecki (1863–1930) was invited to join the cause. Unfortunately, war and revolution introduced its own adjustments: 25th Russian Army Corps utilized facilities followed by ministry of transitional government and Petlura lieutenants.

In the mid-1920s, the main building of Vyshnivets Palace accommodated a museum collection, while the remaining space was utilized as a school of craftsmanship.

Second World War became a venue and an argumentation for most recent forgoers shipping remains of the valuables to Moscow (1940–1941), and German Armed Forces used it as a police precinct and Gestapo (1941–1944) depriving architectural structure from those few showpieces still being there. Fire on the premises (1944) completed started ruination.

Post-war restoration of 1950th practically all together renewed outer appearance of the palace with only few back draws needed to be mentioned as inside facility remodeling performed, outside park area hadn't been worked on, palace yard grew with self-disseminated weeds, and plundering by local residents had taken place.

Only in 1963 Vyshnivets Palace recognized by authorities as monument of architectural art, although it still was being utilized for various business transactions and occupied as a club, a library, an apparel factory, and a school of craftsmanship.

Having Ukrainian Independence established reflecting soundly on its fortune: in 1993 there was historical and cultural researches conducted, castle officially became a branch of State Historic Architectural Sanctuary in the city of Zbarazh (1999). Later on it was included into the registry of National Sanctuary of Ternopil' Castle (2005), program of restoration and intended usage (2005–2011) started, all none-associated business entities left the premises (2007).

On the year of 2014 main scope of construction work, inside restoration, park area, and fencing completed.

Architecture

Architecture of Vyshnivets Palace combines features of Late Baroque and Classicism. Having reconstruction completed, spacious palace took on classic appearance: elongated in prospective two story facade with its flanks being one level taller poses symmetrical architectural composition forming one side voiding rectangle. Central part of the facade containing ceremonial avant-corps decorated entry way has a triangular shield with a palatial ornamentation on it. The rear side of facade in between avant-corps has arch galleries. Gateway to the residence is accomplished majestically resembling antic triumphant entry.

Inside the palace, the framework is symmetrical with a hallway, stairways, and saloon. A few halls in the porter combined with wide arch crossings that house numerous pieces of art mirror gallery being once most known in-between dignified Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth residences of the 18th century.

Gallery

References

External links

Castles in Ukraine
Buildings and structures in Ternopil Oblast
Tourist attractions in Ternopil Oblast
Museums in Ternopil Oblast
History museums in Ukraine
Art museums and galleries in Ukraine
Wiśniowiecki family residences


title: Neuroleptanalgesic

text:
The word neuroleptic originates from the Greek word lepsis ("seizure"). Antipsychotics ( neuroleptics or tranquilizers) were investigated by the anesthesiologists De Castro and Mundeleer who coined the term neuroleptanalgesia, an anesthetic process that involves combining a major antipsychotic/neuroleptic or tranquilizer with a potent opioid analgesic to produce a detached, pain-free state. This technique was widely used from the 1960s onwards, initially using a combination of phenoperidine and haloperidol, which was subsequently replaced in the early 1980s by a combination of fentanyl and droperidol. Efforts were also made to develop compounds which combined both types of activity in a single molecule. Neuroleptanalgesia results in amnesia among some patients, but not all. The technique has become less popular with the advent of more modern procedural sedation drug combinations, though it is still rarely used today as a combination of 2.5 mg droperidol and 50 μg (micrograms) of fentanyl in a ratio of 50:1. This combination is characterized by immobility, analgesia, and variable amnesia.

See also
Anesthetics
Sedation
Twilight sleep

References

Analgesics
Antipsychotics


title: John McClure

text:
John McClure may refer to:

 John McClure (admiral) (1837–1920), Scottish admiral in the Imperial Chinese Navy
 John McClure (judge) (died 1915), American judge and politician
 John McClure (poet) (1893–1956), American poet
 John McClure (producer) (1929–2014), music producer
 John J. McClure (1886–1965), American politician from Pennsylvania
 Sir John William Maclure, 1st Baronet, British politician

See also
 John McCluer
 McClure (surname)


title: Nemipterus

text:
Nemipterus is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Nemipteridae, the threadfin and whiptail breams. These fishes are found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, but now also occur in the Mediterranean Sea due to Lessepsian migration.

Taxonomy
Nemipterus was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1839 by the English zoologist William John Swainson with Dentex filamentosus, a species described by Achille Valenciennes in 1830 from "Suriname", as its only species. Valenciennes' D. filamentosus has since been determined to be a subjectively invalid name and the valid name is Dentex nematophorus which had been described by Pieter Bleeker from Padang in Sumatra in 1854. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies Nemipterus within the family Nemipteridae which it places in the order Spariformes.

Etymology
Nemipterus is a compound of nematos, meaing "thread", and pterus, which means "fin", and this is a reference to the filaments on the dorsal and caudal fin rays of the type species of Nemipterus, Dentex filamentosus.

Species
There are currently 30 recognized species in this genus:
 Nemipterus aurifilum (J. D. Ogilby, 1910) (Yellow-lip thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus aurora B. C. Russell, 1993 (Dawn thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus balinensis (Bleeker, 1858) (Balinese thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus balinensoides (Popta, 1918) (Dwarf thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus bathybius Snyder, 1911 (Yellow-belly thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus bipunctatus (Valenciennes, 1830) (Delagoa thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus celebicus (Bleeker, 1854) (Celebes thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus elaine B. C. Russell & Gouws, 2020
 Nemipterus flavomandibularis B. C. Russell & Tweddle, 2013 (Yellow-jaw thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus furcosus (Valenciennes, 1830) (Fork-tailed thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus gracilis (Bleeker, 1873) (Graceful thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus hexodon (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Ornate thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus isacanthus (Bleeker, 1873) (Tear-drop thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791) (Japanese thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus marginatus (Valenciennes, 1830) (Red-filament thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus mesoprion (Bleeker, 1853) (Mauve-lip thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus nematophorus (Bleeker, 1854) (Double-whip thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus nematopus (Bleeker, 1851) (Yellow-tipped thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus nemurus (Bleeker, 1857) (Red-spine thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus peronii (Valenciennes, 1830) (Notched-fin thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus randalli B. C. Russell, 1986 (Randall's thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus sugillatus B. C. Russell & H. C. Ho, 2017
 Nemipterus tambuloides (Bleeker, 1853) (Five-lined thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus theodorei J. D. Ogilby, 1916 (Theodore's thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus thosaporni B. C. Russell, 1991 (Pale-fin thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus virgatus (Houttuyn, 1782) (Golden thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus vitiensis B. C. Russell, 1990 (Fiji thread-fin bream)
 Nemipterus zysron (Bleeker, 1856) (Slender thread-fin bream)

Characteristics
Nemipterus threadfin breams are separated from other Nemipterids by sometimes having scales on the suborbital region and the suborbital bone's margin may be smooth, have small serrations or just a few denticulations. The rear edge of the preoperculum is either smooth or has fine denticulations. If canine-like teeth are present they are only in the front part of the jaws. The scales on the crown extend forwards to or beyond the middle of the eyes and there are scales on the temples. They do not have a suborbital spine and there are 3 transverse rows of scales on the preoperculum. These are medium-sized gishes with the smallest species, N. balinensoides and N. mesoprion, have maximum published standard lengths of , while the largest, N. virgatus, has a maximum published standard length of .

Distribution and habitat
Nemipterus threadfin breams are naturally found in the Indian and Western Pacific Ocean. One species, N. randalli, has become established in the Mediterranean Sea, probably entering the sea through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea by Lessepsian migration. They are benthic fishes found at depths down to  but typically in shallower waters. They prefer mud and sand bottoms in coastal areas or on the continental shelf.

Biology
Nemipterus threadfin breams may be solitary or schooling and seem to be non-territorial. They are predators feeding on benthic animals including fishes, crustaceans, polychaetes and cephalopods. There is apparent sexual dimorphism in size with males being larger females smaller. They may be protogynous hermaphrodites or males may grow faster then females. They spawn throughout the year with one or two periods of peak breeding activity.

Fisheries
Nemipterus threadfin breams are important targets for commercial and artisianal fisheries throughout their range. The main gear used to catch them is bottom trawl or by handline, but fishers will also use longlines, gill nets, lift nets, surrounding nets, drive-in nets, fish stakes and fish traps. They are food fish and they are sold preserved and processed in various ways. In some areas Nemipterus species are the second or third most targeted fish for fisheries.

References

Marine fish genera
Taxa named by William John Swainson