title: King v. Burwell

text:
King v. Burwell, 576 U.S. 473 (2015), was a 6–3 decision by the Supreme Court of the United States interpreting provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The Court's decision upheld, as consistent with the statute, the outlay of premium tax credits to qualifying persons in all states, both those with exchanges established directly by a state, and those otherwise established by the Department of Health and Human Services.

The petitioners had argued that the plain language of the statute provided eligibility for tax credits only to those persons in states with state-operated exchanges. The Court found the plaintiffs' interpretation to be "the most natural reading of the pertinent statutory phrase." Nevertheless, the Court found the statute as a whole to be ambiguous, and that "the pertinent statutory phrase" ought to be interpreted in a manner "that is compatible with the rest of the law." The majority opinion stated: "Congress made the guaranteed issue and community rating requirements applicable in every State in the Nation. But those requirements only work when combined with the coverage requirement and tax credits. So it stands to reason that Congress meant for those provisions to apply in every State as well."

Background
King v. Burwell, Halbig v. Burwell, Pruitt v. Burwell, and Indiana v. IRS were federal lawsuits challenging U.S. Treasury regulation, 26 C.F.R. § 1.36B-2(a)(1), issued under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The challengers argued that the ACA allows for certain subsidies only on state-established exchanges, and that the regulation as implemented by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), providing for subsidies on state-run exchanges as well as federal exchanges, exceeded the authority Congress granted to it. The Competitive Enterprise Institute coordinated and funded the King and Halbig lawsuits.

Timothy Jost, a health law professor at the Washington and Lee University School of Law, wrote that if the challenges were successful, approximately 5 million Americans who obtained coverage through federal exchanges could have lost their tax credits and, in all likelihood, their health insurance coverage. According to Jost, the individual and employer mandates might also have "disappear[ed] or [been] severely undermined" in states with federal exchanges. Insurers, however, would still have been required to cover all applicants regardless of pre-existing conditions, which could have destabilized the individual insurance markets in states with federal exchanges and could have led to rapid rises in premiums and the possible collapse of one or more of those markets.

The Urban Institute estimated that a decision in favor of King would have resulted in 8.2 million more uninsured people in 34 states. Government figures released June 2, 2015 (for the period ending March 31, 2015) show that approximately 6.4 million Americans were enrolled in a federal exchange and received a supplement at that time, and thus, presumably would have lost the subsidy had the court found for the plaintiff.

On the benefits side, supporters of the plaintiffs argued that stopping unauthorized government spending was important in its own right, that issuing the subsidies was unlawfully subjecting 57 million Americans to taxes from which they were statutorily exempt, and that removing those subsidies "would lend transparency to the PPACA by revealing to millions of Exchange enrollees the full cost of the law’s mandates and regulations." The American Action Forum estimated a ruling for the plaintiffs would result in a pay increase of up to $940 per affected worker, 237,000 new jobs, and nearly 1.3 million workers added to the labor force.

As of 2015, sixteen states and the District of Columbia had set up their own exchanges. If the subsidies and (in effect) the mandates had been struck down in the other 34 states, many thought that the economic foundation of the ACA would have been undermined, putting the entirety of the legislation at risk.  Supporters of the plaintiffs, as well as some politicians, also argued that the effects of striking down the subsidies would have been mitigated by government action (including the possibility of states setting up their own exchanges in response to a ruling in favor of the plaintiffs).

The district court in King, and the district court in Halbig both ruled against the plaintiffs. However, on July 22, 2014,  the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals in King and the D.C. Court of Appeals in Halbig came to opposite conclusions, creating a circuit split. When the D.C. appeals court decided to rehear the case en banc, however, the court vacated its initial ruling, removing the split. On September 9, 2014, in Pruitt v. Burwell, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma ruled for the plaintiffs, invalidating the IRS rule. On November 7, 2014, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in the King case. Oral arguments were heard on March 4, 2015, and a decision was handed down on June 25, 2015, with a win for the Obama administration preserving subsidies in states that have not established their own exchange.

Text of the law and regulation
The ACA legislation includes the language "enrolled in through an Exchange established by the State under 1311". As implemented by the IRS, ACA regulations use a more broad definition encompassing both the state exchanges and the federal exchanges set up under section 1321. The legislation includes the phrase "established by the State under 1311" in nine different locations.

Internal Revenue Code section 36B, enacted as part of the ACA, includes the following provision:
In the case of an applicable taxpayer, there shall be allowed as a credit against the tax imposed by this subtitle for any taxable year an amount equal to the premium assistance credit amount of the taxpayer for the taxable year.

(2) (a) the monthly premiums for such month for 1 or more qualified health plans offered in the individual market within a State which cover the taxpayer, the taxpayer's spouse, or any dependent (as defined in section 152) of the taxpayer and which were enrolled in through an Exchange established by the State under 1311  [1] of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, [...]

The IRS regulation reads:
(a) In general. An applicable taxpayer (within the meaning of paragraph (b) of this section) is allowed a premium assistance amount only for any month that one or more members of the applicable taxpayer's family (the applicable taxpayer or the applicable taxpayer's spouse or dependent)—

(1) Is enrolled in one or more qualified health plans through an Exchange [ . . . ]

The IRS defined the term "Exchange" as:
[ . . . ] a governmental agency or non-profit entity that meets the applicable standards of this part [part 155 of title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations] and makes QHPs [qualified health plans] available to qualified individuals and/or qualified employers. Unless otherwise identified, this term includes an Exchange serving the individual market for qualified individuals and a SHOP [Small Business Health Options Program] serving the small group market for qualified employers, regardless of whether the Exchange is established and operated by a State (including a regional Exchange or subsidiary Exchange) or by HHS [the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services].

Chevron test and the Major Questions Doctrine
In Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S Congress may delegate regulatory authority to an agency, and that the agency's regulations carry the weight of the law, if the regulations pass the two-part "Chevron test".

(1) "First, always, is the question whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue. If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court as well as the agency must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress."

"If the Court determines Congress has not directly addressed the precise question at issue, the court does not simply impose its own construction of the statute . . . Rather,

(2) [I]f the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific question, the issue for the court is whether the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute." Chevron U.S.A. v. NRDC, 467 U.S. 837, 842–843 (1984).

The Fourth Circuit's opinion had ruled that the statutory language was ambiguous and applied the Chevron doctrine, meaning that the IRS's regulatory ruling was given deference.

However, in the Supreme Court's majority ruling, this Court remarked that "had Congress wished to assign that question to an agency, it surely would have done so expressly." For the first time, the Court invoked the major questions doctrine in step-zero of the Chevron test. This doctrine states that agencies are presumed not to have delegated authority for actions with exceptional economic and political consequence unless the statute is clear. After the court found that the agency lacked the delegated authority, it refused to apply the Chevron test altogether.

Arguments

Legislative intent
Plaintiffs argue that Congress intentionally restricted payment of subsidies to state exchanges to induce states into setting up exchanges so their citizens could receive subsidies.

The government argues that the law intends for federal exchanges to be treated identically to state exchanges (and therefore qualifying individuals are entitled to subsidies whether or not their state has set up an exchange), or, in the alternative, if the law were ambiguous, that the regulation at issue was a permissible interpretation of the law.

Lyle Denniston wrote that the parties' positions offer differing views on how to interpret legislation:
The challengers take the “literal interpretation” approach, although they also have policy reasons for reading the ACA as they do.  The Obama administration takes the “broader purpose” approach, contending that Congress would not have set up the insurance program on a basis that is as limited as the challengers contend.

In a 2009 paper published in The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, Timothy Jost argued that one way to avoid a commandeering issue with the ACA would be "by offering tax subsidies for insurance only in states that complied with federal requirements." Jost later published an op-ed in the Washington Post arguing that allowing subsidies for Federal exchanges is "the only way of reading the statute that makes sense." In an article on Forbes, Jost pointed out that his original law journal article proposed "several alternatives through which Congress could encourage the states to establish exchanges, one of which was to limit the availability of tax credits to states that operate exchanges.  The first alternative [proposed] was that Congress ask the states to establish exchanges, but create a federal fallback exchange in the event they failed to do so."

On January 18, 2012, Jonathan Gruber, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology economist who was a consultant on the ACA, said, "What's important to remember politically about this is if you're a state and you don't set up an exchange, that means your citizens don’t get their tax credits." On January 10, 2012, Gruber said, "... if your governor doesn’t set up an exchange, you're losing hundreds of millions of dollars of tax credits to be delivered to your citizens."

Gruber has characterized his earlier statements as "a mistake", and said that he "might have been thinking that if the federal backstop wasn't ready by 2014, and states hadn't set up their own exchange, there was a risk that citizens couldn't get the tax credits right away." Sarah Kliff of Vox cited as evidence of Gruber's comments being mistaken the fact that despite speaking "regularly to dozens of reporters during this period", he "never mentioned this idea to any of them",  and that his models always assumed that subsidies would be available on both state and federal exchanges.  In a December 2014 Congressional hearing, Gruber characterized his comments as "reflecting uncertainty about the federal exchange".  The King plaintiffs, in their briefs filed in December 2014, referred to Gruber's comments as an indication of Congressional intent supporting their position.

Though the challengers in the Supreme Court case have argued that then-Nebraska Sen. Ben Nelson, who by insisting that states take the lead in establishing the exchanges, meant that Congress had intended that tax credits go only to qualified recipients in states that had established their own insurance exchanges, Nelson has denied this interpretation in an amicus brief filed with the court, January 28, 2015. In a letter to Sen. Bob Casey who sought Nelson’s view, the former senator wrote, "I always believed that tax credits should be available in all 50 states regardless of who built the exchange, and the final law also reflects that belief as well".

Drafting error
Others have argued that the issue is due to a drafting error during the legislative process. Yale Law School Professor Abbe Gluck said that the unusual maneuver of having the ACA become law through reconciliation required a preliminary version of the bill to become law without the "usual legislative clean-up process".

Both the Senate Finance Committee and the Health Committee drafted their own versions of the ACA. The Finance Committee bill assumed that if a state refused to participate, HHS would contract with private companies to run “state exchanges”. The Health Committee bill provided for federally run fallback exchanges. When the two bills were combined the Finance Committee bill was used as the primary template but the Health Committee bill’s language was used when addressing possible holdout states. The Senate passed the bill and Congressional staff expected to clean up the language at the Conference Committee.

When Health Committee Chairman Ted Kennedy died, however, he was replaced with Republican Scott Brown, who had won a special election by promising to filibuster the ACA.  Without 60 Democrats, Majority Leader Harry Reid was deprived of his ability to invoke cloture. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi was then forced to pass the draft Senate version. Later revisions through the reconciliation process were limited to budget related provisions by the Byrd Rule.

Legal standing
Plaintiffs argue that they have standing because, without the subsidies, they would be exempt from the individual mandate because the cost of the cheapest insurance plan exceeded 8% of their income, but, with the subsidies, the subsidized cost was low enough to require plaintiffs to purchase insurance or pay a penalty.

In February 2015, The Wall Street Journal and Mother Jones investigated the four plaintiffs. Two of the plaintiffs were Vietnam War veterans, who would be eligible for free care.  Another plaintiff provided the court with a motel address, which was used to calculate the cost of insurance, as well as the amount of subsidies; a different address might result in different amounts that may cause her not to have standing.  The fourth plaintiff stated that she made $10,000 per year as a substitute teacher, an income low enough to be exempt from the individual mandate, although the Competitive Enterprise Institute suggested that she might have additional income from other work.  The investigations also suggested that some plaintiffs may lack standing because the cheapest available subsidized insurance was over 8% of their income, making them exempt from the individual mandate.

King v. Burwell

Fourth Circuit decision

The Fourth Circuit court unanimously upheld the regulation, saying that the wording in the statute was ambiguous, and that the IRS wording was a reasonable interpretation of the statute:

The plaintiffs-appellants bring this suit challenging the validity of an Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) final rule implementing the premium tax credit provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the “ACA” or “Act”). The final rule interprets the ACA as authorizing the IRS to grant tax credits to individuals who purchase health insurance on both state-run insurance “Exchanges” and federally facilitated “Exchanges” created and operated by the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”). The plaintiffs contend that the IRS’s interpretation is contrary to the language of the statute, which, they assert, authorizes tax credits only for individuals who purchase insurance on state-run Exchanges. For reasons explained below, we find that the applicable statutory language is ambiguous and subject to multiple interpretations. Applying deference to the IRS’s determination, however, we uphold the rule as a permissible exercise of the agency’s discretion. [....]Rejecting all of the plaintiffs' arguments as to why Chevron deference is inappropriate in this case, for the reasons explained above we are satisfied that the IRS Rule is a permissible construction of the statutory language. We must therefore apply Chevron deference and uphold the IRS Rule....

Although the court ruled unanimously for the government, the opinion stated that it  "cannot ignore the common-sense appeal of the plaintiffs’ argument; a literal reading of the statute undoubtedly accords more closely with [the plaintiffs’] position," and "the [government has] the stronger position, although only slightly."

Supreme Court
On November 7, 2014, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in the plaintiff's appeal of the 4th Circuit ruling. The decision to grant certiorari was unusual. It was believed that the Supreme Court would not grant certiorari given the lack of a circuit split, instead awaiting further decisions from lower courts before reviewing the issue.  University of Michigan Law School Assistant Professor Nicholas Bagley described the decision to grant certiorari as indicating that "four justices apparently think—or at least are inclined to think—that King was wrongly decided".

Amicus briefs
Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and West Virginia joined amicus briefs in support of the challengers. California, Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington filed an amicus brief in support of the government; they state in one part that, under the Pennhurst doctrine, in cooperative federalism legislation passed by Congress, if Congress wishes to impose any conditions on the States, then it must give "clear notice" of such conditions; otherwise, the conditions are invalid. They argue that the controlling phrase "an Exchange established by the State" is "buried in two sub-sections," which effectively "'hide[s] elephants in mouseholes,'" were it to mean that Congress imposed the condition on the states that they must establish their own exchanges or their residents would not receive federal subsidies; they say that because of this, the phrases "fail the Pennhurst clear-notice test," thereby making the foregoing condition invalid. Numerous individuals and organizations filed amicus briefs in support of both sides.

The American Public Health Association and the deans of 19 schools of public health filed an amicus brief in support of the government. In the brief, the public health officials estimated that eliminating the premium tax credits in states that use the federal exchange would result in 9,800 additional deaths per year. This figure was based on earlier studies of the impact of the Massachusetts health care reform law on death rates in that state. The brief stated that residents of the 34 states that use the Federal exchange tend to be less healthy and have less access to healthcare than residents of the states that created their own exchanges. The brief argues that eliminating the subsidies will increase this disparity.

Halbig v. Burwell

U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit panel decision
On July 22, 2014, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ruled 2–1 in favor of the plaintiffs.

The Court of Appeals stated:

Because we conclude that the ACA [the Affordable Care Act] unambiguously restricts the [Internal Revenue Code] section 36B subsidy to insurance purchased on Exchanges "established by the State", we reverse the district court and vacate the IRS's regulation [26 C.F.R. § 1.36B-2(a)(1)].

As part of the government's briefs, they argued that none of the plaintiffs had standing to file suit. David Klemencic, one of the plaintiffs, residing in West Virginia was found to have standing under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). Although West Virginia is geographically in the Fourth Circuit, the APA grants the D.C. Circuit shared jurisdiction over any issue involving a Federal agency based in Washington, D.C.

U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit rehearing en banc
On September 4, 2014,  the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit granted the U.S. Secretary of Health's petition for rehearing the case en banc. The order also vacates the previous July 22 judgment.

On November 12, the Court of Appeals put further proceedings in Halbig into abeyance pending the Supreme Court's ruling in King.

Pruitt v. Burwell and Indiana v. IRS
On September 9, 2014, in Pruitt v. Burwell, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma ruled against the IRS saying
The court holds that the IRS Rule is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion or otherwise not in accordance with law, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. §706(2)(A), in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short of statutory right, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. §706(2)(C), or otherwise is an invalid implementation of the ACA, and is hereby vacated.
The government appealed the decision to the Tenth Circuit, and in November 2014, the appeal was placed in abeyance pending the Supreme Court's decision in King.  Oklahoma requested that the Supreme Court take up the Pruitt case before appellate judgment so that the Pruitt plaintiffs can present their own arguments alongside the King plaintiffs.  The government responded that the Supreme Court should not hear the Oklahoma case, stating that the states could proceed as amici curiae in the King case and that granting the Oklahoma case would raise additional jurisdictional concerns not presented in the King case.  The Supreme Court denied certiorari before judgment on January 26, 2015.

In Indiana v. IRS the state of Indiana and multiple Indiana school districts are suing the IRS claiming that the employer mandate should not apply to schools or local governments. The IRS argued that the plaintiffs did not have standing to sue, but that argument was rejected and Judge William T. Lawrence in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana ruled that the case could proceed. Oral arguments occurred in  October 2014 but a ruling has not been issued.

Opinion of the Court
On June 25, 2015, the Supreme Court issued its ruling, written by Chief Justice Roberts, and joined by Justices Kennedy, Breyer, Ginsburg, Sotomayor, and Kagan, rejecting the challenge to the act. The Court noted that previous attempts to reform health care insurance "encouraged people to wait until they got sick to buy insurance" resulting in "an economic 'death spiral': premiums rose, the number of people buying insurance declined, and insurers left the market entirely."

It further noted that in 2006 "Massachusetts discovered a way to make the guaranteed issue and community rating requirements work—by requiring individuals to buy insurance and by providing tax credits to certain individuals to make insurance more affordable." and that "the Affordable Care Act adopts a version of the three key reforms that made the Massachusetts system successful."

The Court found that the Chevron test "does not provide the appropriate framework here." and also rejected the Court of Appeals approach of deferring to the IRS: "The tax credits are one of the Act’s key reforms and whether they are available on Federal Exchanges is a question of deep 'economic and political significance'; had Congress wished to assign that question to an agency, it surely would have done so expressly. And it is especially unlikely that Congress would have delegated this decision to the IRS, which has no expertise in crafting health insurance policy of this sort." It concluded that it is "the Court's task to determine the correct reading of Section 36B."

Citing FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp, the Court noted that "when deciding whether the language is plain, the Court must read the words 'in their context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme.

Having found the text ambiguous, the Court, citing United Sav. Assn. of Tex. v. Timbers of Inwood Forest Associates, (an opinion written by Justice Scalia) looked "to the broader structure of the Act to determine whether one of Section 36B's 'permissible meanings produces a substantive effect that is compatible with the rest of the law. It rejected petitioners' interpretation "because it would destabilize the individual insurance market in any State with a Federal
Exchange, and likely create the very 'death spirals' that Congress designed the Act to avoid." The Court observed that the petitioners' interpretation would make the ACA "operate quite differently in a State with a Federal Exchange. As they see it, one of the Act's three major reforms—the tax credits—would not apply. And a second major reform—the coverage requirement—would not apply in a meaningful way...[W]ithout the tax credits, the coverage requirement would apply to fewer individuals. And it would be a lot fewer...If petitioners are right, therefore, only one of the Act's three major reforms would apply in States with a Federal Exchange."  Here, the statutory scheme compels us to reject petitioners' interpretation because it would destabilize the individual insurance market in any State with a Federal Exchange, and likely create the very "death spirals" that Congress designed the Act to avoid.

Unlike the Fourth Circuit, the Court chose not to rely on the IRS interpretation, noting the "deep 'economic and political significance'" of the question and the IRS's lack of expertise in health insurance policy. By choosing instead to resolve the ambiguous language of the statute by looking at the purpose of the statute as a whole rather than by applying the Chevron doctrine, the Court's decision precludes the possibility of the IRS reversing in the future its decision to have subsidies available on the federally run exchange.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/the-report/articles/2015/06/26/how-king-v-burwell-ended-the-obamacare-wars It's All Over But the Shouting, U.S. News & World Report], Robert Schlesinger, June 26, 2015, "As a practical matter that means that a future Republican president cannot order the IRS to reinterpret the statute to exclude subsidies for those on federal exchanges."</ref>

Dissent

In a dissent joined by Justices Thomas and Alito, Justice Scalia wrote: "The Court holds that when the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act says 'Exchange established by the State it means 'Exchange established by the State or the Federal Government.' That is of course quite absurd, and the Court’s 21 pages of explanation make it no less so." He then ridiculed the decision, saying that the Affordable Care Act should be called "SCOTUScare."

Scalia further noted that the rest of the ACA carefully distinguishes between exchanges established by states and those established by the federal government through Health and Human Services. Scalia cited differences between where the document identifies how the different exchanges receive funding, authority, and names. Scalia used this to argue that the context of the law does not allow for the phrase "established by the state" to mean "established by the state and federal government." He reminds the reader that the purpose of looking at the context of phrases is for "understanding the terms of the law, not [to make] an excuse for rewriting them."

Later, Scalia also pointed out that interpreting the phrase "by the State" as "by the state and federal government" not only eliminates all meaning from the first phrase, but causes problems of interpretation elsewhere in the ACA. "The State" is identified distinctly in the ACA with regards to the formula for calculating tax credits, for screening children for tax credit eligibility, for using a "secure electronic interface" for tax credit screening, for other agencies, for directions on operating web sites, and for guidelines around the enrollment of children. Of this, Scalia mentioned that "[i]t is bad enough for a court to cross out 'by the State' once. But seven times?"

The extensive use of the term "by the State" also contrasts against the more extensive use of more general terms. "Clause after clause of the law uses a more general term such as 'Exchange.'" Scalia pointed out that the court should defer to the specific meaning of this term, and that assuming that the "by the State" term is general does not fit appropriate rules of interpretation. Scalia also notes that the ACA knows how to equate unlike terms explicitly, as it declared that "[a] territory that...establishes...an Exchange...shall be treated as a State." The ACA does not have such an equivalency clause for exchanges established by the federal government.

 See also
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 576
 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012)
 Sebelius v. Hobby Lobby'' (2014)
 Federalism in the United States

Notes

References

External links

 Oral argument audio
 Oral argument transcript
 Case docket

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
Affordable Care Act lawsuits
United States Department of Health and Human Services
2014 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
United States Supreme Court cases
2015 in United States case law


title: Naima's Love Song

text:
Naima's Love Song is an album by pianist John Hicks's Quartet featuring Bobby Watson recorded in 1988 and released on the Japanese DIW label.

Reception
The Allmusic review stated "With pristine sound and plenty of Hicks' inspired and vigorous solo work topping things off, Naima's Love Song qualifies as one of the best jazz titles of the '80s".

Track listing
 "Elementary My Dear Watson" (Curtis Lundy) - 9:14
 "Someday Soon" (Bobby Watson) - 9:12
 "Soul Eyes" (Mal Waldron) - 7:43
 "On the One" (Watson) - 7:00
 "Pent-Up House" (Sonny Rollins) - 3:26
 "Naima's Love Song" (John Hicks) - 10:23

Personnel
John Hicks - piano
Bobby Watson - alto saxophone
Curtis Lundy - bass
Victor Lewis  - drums

References

John Hicks (jazz pianist) albums
1988 albums
DIW Records albums


title: Peanut (nickname)

text:
Peanut or Peanuts is the nickname of:

 Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975), derisively called "Peanut" by U.S. Army General Joseph Stilwell
 Nick "Peanut" Baines (born 1978), English rock keyboardist
 Jim Davenport (1933–2016), American Major League Baseball player and coach
 Peanut Louie Harper (born 1960), American retired tennis player
 Peanuts Holland (1910–1979), American jazz trumpeter
 Peanuts Hucko (1918–2003), American jazz clarinetist
 Mamie Johnson (1935–2017), American baseball player, first female pitcher in the Negro leagues
 Erv Kantlehner (1892–1990), American Major League Baseball pitcher nicknamed "Peanuts"
 Paul Lehner (1920–1967), American Major League Baseball player, nicknamed "Peanuts"
 Peanuts Lowrey (1917–1986), American Major League Baseball player
 Peanuts O'Flaherty (1918–2008), Canadian National Hockey League player
 Ed Pinnance (1879–1944), Canadian Major League Baseball pitcher in 1903, nicknamed "Peanuts"
 Charles Tillman (born 1981), American National Football League player
 Dominee Peanut (born 1959), South African teacher

Nicknames


title: Yoon Da-hoon

text:
Yoon Da-hoon (; born February 1, 1965), born Nam Kwang-woo, is a South Korean actor. He gained popularity with the sitcom Three Friends in 2000. Yoon has since starred in television dramas such as Guardian Angel (2001), Let's Get Married (2005), Don't Worry (2005), Hyena (2006), Please Come Back, Soon-ae (2006), and Three Men (2009), as well as the films Sky Doctor (1997), A Tearful Story (2000), and Family (2002). His daughter Nam Kyung-min is also an actress.

Filmography

Television series

TV's The Art of War (KBS2, 1987)
The Winter of That Year Was Warm (KBS2, 1988)
Tomorrow Love (KBS2, 1993) (guest, episodes 10-14)
The Sorrow of the Survivor (KBS2, 1993)
Han Myung-hoe (KBS2, 1994)
Daughters of a Rich Family (KBS2, 1994)
Men of the Bath House (KBS2, 1995)
The Sweet Life (MBC, 1996)
Color (KBS2, 1996) (episode: "Red")
Project (KBS2, 1996)
Propose (KBS1, 1997)
Beautiful Her (SBS, 1997)
Because I Love You (SBS, 1997)
Bride's Room (KBS2, 1997)
Wedding Dress (KBS2, 1997)
Will Make You Happy (KBS2, 1998)
Three Kim Generation (SBS, 1998)
Now Is the Time to Love (SBS, 1999)
The Boss (MBC, 1999)
Three Friends (MBC, 2000)
Guardian Angel (SBS, 2001)
Lovers (MBC, 2001) (cameo)
Who's My Love (KBS2, 2002)
Detectives (SBS, 2003)
Let's Get Married (MBC, 2005)
Don't Worry (KBS2, 2005)
Hyena (tvN, 2006)
Please Come Back, Soon-ae (SBS, 2006)
Aeja's Older Sister, Minja (SBS, 2008)
Can Anyone Love (SBS, 2009)
Three Men (tvN, 2009)
Life Is Beautiful (SBS, 2010)
Indomitable Daughters-in-Law (MBC, 2011)
Gyebaek (MBC, 2011)
Father Is Sorry (TV Chosun, 2012)
Ji Woon-soo's Stroke of Luck (TV Chosun, 2012)
Can't Live Without You (MBC, 2012)
Childless Comfort (jTBC, 2012)
You Are the Best! (KBS2, 2013)
Steal Heart (jtBC, 2014)
Tears of Heaven (MBN, 2014)
The Invincible Lady Cha (MBC, 2015)
Persevere, Gu Hae-ra (Mnet, 2015)
My Heart Twinkle Twinkle (SBS, 2015)
Happy Home (MBC, 2016)
The Promise (KBS2, 2016)
Don't Dare to Dream (SBS, 2016)
Saimdang, Memoir of Colors (SBS, 2017)
The Miracle We Met (KBS, 2018)
The Last Empress (SBS, 2018)
My First First Love (Netflix, 2019)
Vagabond (SBS, 2019)
Love Twist (KBS2, 2021–2022)

Film
The Chameleon's Poem (1988)
Flesh Market (1989)
Korean Connection (1990)
Marijuana (1990)
섬섬옥수 (1990)
Seoul Evita (1991)
Teenage Coup d'etat (1991)
Coffee, Copy and a Bloody Nose (1994)
My Father the Bodyguard (1995)
Sky Doctor (1997)
The Rules of a Gangster 3 (2000)
Jakarta (2000)
Tearful Story (2001)
Out of Justice  (2001)
The Beauty in Dream (2002)
Family (2002)
Silver Knife (2003)
Unstoppable Marriage (2007)
The Outback (2012) (Korean dubbed)
Awaiting (short film, 2014)
 It will work this (2021)

Variety show
Live Today (SBS, 2012)
 Law of the Jungle (2017)
 Mr. House Husband 2 (2021–present)

Radio program
Radio Section with Yoon Da-hoon (MBC Standard FM, 2000-2002)

Discography
Yoon and his costars from Three Friends, Park Sang-myun and Jung Woong-in, released the Christmas album Three Friends: Carol [bird] in 2000.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male musical theatre actors
South Korean male stage actors
South Korean radio presenters


title: Ashleigh Hewson

text:
Ashleigh Hewson (born 18 December 1979) is a female rugby union player that plays for . She has been a member of the Wallaroos squad to three World Cups, the 2010 Women's Rugby World Cup that finished in third place, the 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup that finished in 7th where Hewson was the 5th highest points scorer of the competition scoring 39 points, and the 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup where she led Australia as the captain.

Hewson was a prison guard in Sydney for 10 years and now works as a Services and Program officer with offenders who have an intellectual disability.

In October 2016, Hewson was named as Australia's women's XVs player of the year. Hewson captained the Wallaroos in her 3rd World Cup in 2017

References

External links
Wallaroos Profile

1979 births
Living people
Australia women's international rugby union players
Australian female rugby union players
Rugby union fly-halves
Rugby union fullbacks
Sportswomen from New South Wales
Rugby union players from Sydney


title: Richa Bhadra

text:
Richa Bhadra is an Indian actress who has worked for Hats Off Productions. She is best known by her role as Mitali Thakkar in the comedy television drama Baa Bahoo Aur Baby, and as Chakki Parekh also in the comedy television drama Khichdi and Instant Khichdi. She has also worked in Mrs. Tendulkar.

Television dramas

Baa Bahoo Aur Baby

Bhadra plays the role of Mitali Thakkar where she is the daughter of Praveen Thakkar (Paresh Ganatra) and Praveena Thakkar (Vaishali Thakkar), sister of Mehul Thakkar (Devarsh Thakkar) and Chaitali Thakkar (Swini Khara). She plays the role of a very responsible girl unlike her elder brother and younger sister who always do mischievous things.

Khichdi/Instant Khichdi

She plays the role as the daughter of Praful Tulsidas Parekh (Rajeev Mehta) and Hansa Praful Parekh (Supriya Pathak). Unlike her parents, she is intelligent and she also has a catchphrase, "Bade Log Bade Log" (Oh! the elders, the elders!), which she repeats along with her cousin Jacky(Yash Mittal).

Mrs. Tendulkar

Bhadra plays the role of Mayuri Trivedi where she likes to do makeup and fashion. She is also a highly lazy person and is dependent on others to do her tasks for her and always dreams about running away from home to marry Prasad.

References

External links
Richa Bhadra on Twitter
  Richa Bhadra on IMDb

Indian television actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Actresses in Hindi television
21st-century Indian actresses


title: East Side Blues

text:
East Side Blues is an album by pianist John Hicks's Trio recorded in Japan in 1988 and released on the Japanese DIW label.

Reception
The Allmusic review stated "This album is explosive and substantive".

Track listing
All compositions by John Hicks except where noted.
 "East Side Blues" - 7:10
 "Yemenja" - 6:03
 "Never Let Me Go" (Jay Livingston, Ray Evans) - 7:18
 "Out of Somewhere" - 6:44
 "Mou's Move" - 7:15
 "Is That So?" - 8:01
 "Somedity - 4:32
 "A Beautiful Friendship" - 6:40

Personnel
John Hicks - piano
Curtis Lundy - bass
Victor Lewis  - drums

References

John Hicks (jazz pianist) albums
1988 albums
DIW Records albums


title: Walther Judeich

text:
Walther Judeich (5 October 1859, Dresden – 24 February 1942, Jena) was a German ancient historian. His grandfather on his mother's side was publisher Heinrich Brockhaus (1804–1874).

He studied history at the Universities of Tübingen, Leipzig and Strasbourg. From 1886 to 1888 he took part in archaeological excavations in Greece and Asia Minor, followed by research in Rome, Pompeii and Sicily (1888–89). Later on, he taught classes at the Universities of Marburg, Czernowitz and Erlangen. From 1907 to 1931 he was a professor of ancient history at the University of Jena. His successor at Jena was Fritz Schachermeyr.

In 1905 he published his magnum opus, "Topographie von Athen" (Topography of Athens), a scientific guide to historical landmarks of Athens that has been issued in 31 editions up to the year 2012.

Published works
 Caesar im Orient : kritische Übersicht der Ergebnisse vom. 9. Aug. 48 bis Oct. 47, (1885) – Caesar in the East, Critical overview of the events of 9 August 48 to October 47.
 Kleinasiatische studien. Untersuchungen zur Griechisch-Persischen Geschichte des IV. jahrhunderts, (1892) – "Klein asian" studies. Investigations of Greco-Persian history in the fourth century BC.
 Altertümer von Hierapolis, (1898; with Carl Humann, Franz Winter, Conrad Cichorius) – Antiquities of Hierapolis.
 Topographie von Athen, (1905) – Topography of Athens.

References

1859 births
1942 deaths
Writers from Dresden
19th-century German archaeologists
Academic staff of the University of Jena
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
Academic staff of Chernivtsi University
German male non-fiction writers
Leipzig University alumni
University of Tübingen alumni
University of Strasbourg alumni
20th-century German historians


title: Tui Ormsby

text:
Tui Ormsby (born 20 January 1978) is a former Australian rugby union player. She represented  and made her international debut in 1997 against the United States at Brisbane.

Ormsby competed in the 1998, 2002, and the 2010 Women's Rugby World Cup where they finished in third place. She became the first Australian player to compete in four Rugby World Cups when she was named in the Wallaroos squad for the 2014 World Cup in France.

References

External links

 Player Profile at Classic Wallabies.com.au

1978 births
Living people
Australia women's international rugby union players
Australian female rugby union players
Australian female rugby sevens players
20th-century Australian women
21st-century Australian women
Rugby union players from Hamilton, New Zealand


title: Jiwaña

text:
Jiwaña (Aymara for to die / massacre, slaughter, slaughtering, Hispanicized names Coverane, Coverane Gihuana, Gihuana, Koverane) is a mountain in the Andes of southern Peru, about  high. It is located in the Puno Region, El Collao Province, Capazo District. Jiwaña lies west of Tuma Tumani and southeast of Wila Chunkara. It is south of the plain named Jiwaña Pampa (Jihuaña Pampa). The Jiwaña River (Jihuaña) originates near the mountain. It flows through the plain before it reaches the Mawri River (Mauri).

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Puno Region


title: Lee Hyun-woo (entertainer, born 1966)

text:
Lee Hyun-woo, born Lee Sang-won (March 6, 1966), also known as Jessie Lee, is a Korean-American singer and actor.

Career
Lee Hyun-woo made his entertainment debut in 1991 with the album Black Rainbow and rose to fame with hit songs such as "Dream" and "Day After the Break-up." He later transitioned into acting, appearing in television dramas such as Cats on the Roof (2003), Wedding (2005), Dal-ja's Spring (2007) and Oh! My Lady (2010), as well as the films S Diary (2004), Before the Summer Passes Away (2007), and The Forgotten Bag (2011).

Personal life
Lee married freelance curator Lee Je-ni on February 21, 2009. Their first son Lee Dong-ha was born in September 2009, and their second son Lee Ju-ha was born in April 2011; both appeared with him in the reality show The Return of Superman.

On January 13, 1993, Lee was arrested on suspicion of marijuana possession; he was released on bail on February 1. In March 1993, he was banned from appearing on the TV networks KBS and SBS, so he went on hiatus and lived in the United States until his return to the Korean entertainment scene in November of that year. He was also fined for an incident involving a DUI and driving without a license on February 18, 2007.

Discography

Album
 Black Rainbow (1991)
 Blue Vanity (1993)
 Let's Go Fishing (1996)
 Freewill of My Heart (1997)
 Both Sides of the Story (1998)
 Virus (2000)
 Free Your Mind & Body (2001)
 Da Painkiller (2003)
 Sinful Seduction (2004)
 Heart Blossom (2007)
 Till Dawn (2011)

Soundtrack contributions
"I Wish I Had a Wife"  (track from I Wish I Had a Wife OST, 2001)
"지금 내게 필요한 건..." (track from Man in Crisis OST, 2002)
"Join in Love"  (track from Exhibition of Fireworks OST, 2006)
"Can't Stop Loving You" (track from The Invisible Man, Choi Jang-soo OST, 2006)
"Love Night" (track from Loving You a Thousand Times OST, 2009)
"Hero" (feat. Lee Ha-neul and Sohyang) (track from Hero, 2012)

Filmography

Television series
Cats on the Roof (MBC, 2003)
The Woman Who Wants to Marry (MBC, 2004)
Sad Love Story (MBC, 2005)
Wedding (KBS2, 2005)
Love Can't Wait (MBC, 2006)
Singles Game (SBS, 2006)
Dal-ja's Spring (KBS2, 2007)
Oh! My Lady (SBS, 2010)
Salamander Guru and The Shadows (SBS, 2012) (cameo, episode 5)
A Hundred Year Legacy (MBC, 2013)
Ruby Ring (KBS2, 2013)
Entertainer (SBS, 2016)

Film
Saturday, 2 p.m. (1998)
The Beauty in Dream (2002)
S Diary (2004)
My Boyfriend Is Type B (2005)
Ssunday Seoul (2006)
Before the Summer Passes Away (2007)
The Forgotten Bag (2011)

Variety show
Wednesday Art Stage (MBC, 1997–2004)
Showdown! Star Chef (SBS, 2009)
I Am a Singer (MBC, 2012)
The Return of Superman (KBS2, 2013)
King of Mask Singer (MBC, 2016)

Musical theatre
Singles (2007)
Mamma Mia! (2011; 2016)

Radio program
Lee Hyun-woo's Music Live (SBS Power FM)
Lee Hyun-woo's Music Album (KBS 2FM)

Cookbook author
Lee Hyun-woo's Easy Cooking for Singles (2002)
Happy Recipes of Happy Dad Lee Hyun-woo (2010)

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
South Korean male singers
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male musical theatre actors
South Korean male stage actors
South Korean radio presenters
American musicians of Korean descent
Parsons School of Design alumni


title: Lee Hyun-woo

text:
Lee Hyun-woo () may refer to:

 Lee Hyun-woo (entertainer, born 1966), South Korean actor and singer
 Lee Hyun-woo (actor, born 1993), South Korean actor and singer


title: Shannon Parry

text:
Shannon Michelle Parry  (born 27 October 1989) is a former Australian rugby player. She represented Australia in 24 tests and appeared in four Rugby World Cup's, in 2010, 2014, 2017 and 2021. She won a gold medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, and also competed at the Tokyo Olympics in 2021.

Rugby career

2010–13
Parry was a member of the Wallaroos squad at the 2010 Rugby World Cup that finished in third place. She made her test debut in the tournament in her sides opening game against Wales. She was named in the Australian sevens squad to the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens in Moscow, they went into the tournament as defending champions.

2014–18
Parry was in 's 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup squad. She was co-captain of Australia's team at the 2016 Olympics, defeating New Zealand in the final to win the inaugural Olympic gold medal in the sport.

In 2017, Parry was named Captain of the Wallaroos squad. She won a silver medal as part of the sevens team at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in the Gold Coast.

2020–22
Parry was named in the Australia squad for the Rugby sevens at the 2020 Summer Olympics. The team came second in the pool round but then lost to Fiji 14-12 in the quarterfinals.

Parry was named in Australia's squad for the 2022 Pacific Four Series in New Zealand. She then made the Wallaroos squad for a two-test series against the Black Ferns at the Laurie O'Reilly Cup. She was selected in the team again for the delayed 2022 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand.

2023
Parry announced her retirement from rugby on May 15. Her 13 year career ended on a winning note after her sides 22–5 victory over Fiji at the Allianz Stadium.

References

External links

 Wallaroos Profile

1989 births
Living people
Australia women's international rugby union players
Australian female rugby union players
Australian female rugby sevens players
Rugby sevens players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic rugby sevens players for Australia
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Olympic medalists in rugby sevens
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Australia international rugby sevens players
Commonwealth Games medallists in rugby sevens
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Rugby sevens players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Rugby sevens players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Rugby union players from Brisbane
Sportswomen from Queensland


title: Animal welfare and rights in China

text:
Animal welfare and rights in the People's Republic of China is a topic of growing interest. China has had limited animal protections by international standards, and animal-rights activists have condemned the treatment of animals in the country. Movements towards animal welfare and animal rights are expanding in China, including among homegrown Chinese activists, but face resistance from nationalists.

Legislation

There are currently no nationwide laws in China that explicitly prohibit the mistreatment of animals, except for a more generic law protecting wildlife. However, the World Animal Protection notes that some legislation protecting the welfare of animals exists in certain contexts, especially ones used in research and in zoos.

In 2006, Zhou Ping of the National People's Congress introduced a proposal for a nationwide animal-protection law in China, but it didn't move forward.

In September 2009, the first comprehensive Animal protection law of the People's Republic of China was drafted, but it hasn't made any progress as of 2013.

In 2014, China received an E out of possible grades A, B, C, D, E, F, G on World Animal Protection's Animal Protection Index. That same year, Chinese law was amended so as to drop the mandatory requirement of testing cosmetics on animals for all Chinese-made cosmetic products, though the law still required imported cosmetics to be tested on animals in order to be legally sold in China.

In 2020, following the revelation that the COVID-19 pandemic, which originated in China, was spread by wet markets that sold wild animals, the Chinese government first announced a temporary ban on the transportation and sale of wildlife in late January, before later announcing an indefinite (albeit still considered 'temporary') prohibition of both consumption and trade in late February, pending more comprehensive measures via an amendment to the wildlife protection law. Authorities across the country raided and shut down wet markets that sold wild or live animals. Experts cited by Business Insider noted that much of the wildlife trade was already considered illegal prior to 2020, but wet markets operated via a combination of lax enforcement and legal loopholes in the law, which the wildlife protection law amendment sought to close.

In early April 2020, the city of Shenzhen went further in its crackdown against wet markets by completely and indefinitely banning both the sale and consumption of cat meat and dog meat, starting from 1 May that year. The local government stated that the law was based not only on public health concerns, but also on evolving moral and ethical values. About a week later, the Chinese National Medical Products Administration announced that mandatory animal tests on imported cosmetics would end, as it had approved nine non-animal based test methods for the certification of cosmetics imports. It also stated that the non-animal based testing methods would be 'preferred' by the authorities as the primary method for certifying the safety of both manufactured and imported cosmetics.

History

Several traditional Chinese worldviews emphasize caring for animals, including Taoism and Buddhist vegetarianism. Taoist Zhuang Zhou taught compassion for all sentient beings.

For more modern times, Prof. Peter J. Li said in 2012 that many in mainland China had become possibly indifferent to animal suffering, because of Mao Zedong's campaigns against bourgeois sentiments, such as "sympathy for the downtrodden". Caring about animals was regarded as "counter-revolutionary". Since 1978, China had emphasized growth and avoidance of famine, which the government considered important for political stability. Local officials were often evaluated based on local jobs and revenue. This, Li claimed, had led to less concern for animal welfare. However, he also noted that the younger generation who were not so influenced by the past ideology and hardship during the time were generally far more sensitive to suffering, including those of animals.

Some nationalists have argued that animal welfare is a "Western import," which has created fear among local animal rights activists of being labelled foreign agents. A prominent advocate of this position was Zhao Nanyuan, a former Tsinghua University professor who died in 2020.

Animals used for food

Livestock

Livestock farming has grown exponentially in China in recent years, such that China is now "the world's biggest animal farming nation". In 1978, China collectively consumed 1/3 as much meat as the United States. By 1992 China had caught up, and by 2012, China's meat consumption was more than double that of the U.S.

A 2005–2006 survey by Prof. Peter J. Li found that many farming methods that the European Union was trying to reduce or eliminate were commonplace in China, including gestation crates, battery cages, foie gras, early weaning of cows, and clipping of ears/beaks/tails. Livestock in China may have been transported over long distances, and there were currently no humane-slaughter requirements. Almost 3/4 of China's meat is pork, and China's 476 million pigs comprise half of the world's pig population. China produces 37 million tons of farmed fish—more than 60% of the world's total. In 2017, one of the country's largest agricultural producers, Da Bei Nong, signed an agreement with the International Cooperation Committee of Animal Warfare to improve the quality of life for its millions of pigs through increased roaming space and better flooring. A 2016 survey from the committee also suggests that two thirds of Chinese shoppers would pay more for pork that had been treated well while another one from the World Animal Protection indicated that almost 90% of respondents would be willing to change their purchasing habits for pork from pigs that had lived better lives.

Controversial practices and incidents

In 2008, more than 40 animal activists in Beijing gathered to protest the reported cooking of live cats in the Guangdong province.

The 2010 documentary San Hua by Guo Ke was the first to depict China's cat-meat industry. In one scene, Guo and fellow activists stopped a transport truck to find "more than 300 cats crammed into cramped wooden cages, unable to move"—some missing tails and others "crushed into unconsciousness". For another scene at Fa's Cat Restaurant in Kaiping, Guo used a hidden camera to film cooks beating cats with a wooden stick, dumping them into a fur-removal machine, and then boiling them. A cook at the restaurant claimed: "The worse you treat them the better they taste. It makes sure the blood gets into the meat and it tastes delicious." Reports from 2013 and 2015 suggested that although the consumption of cat meat was widely considered taboo in China, it was still eaten in some rural and southern regions.

Online tabloid newspapers widely shared a video in September 2016 of a greyhound-type dog being forced into a large barrel of boiling water. An article on The Telegraph stated that dogs are intentionally tortured in such ways to improve the taste of their meat. A couple other reports have stated that since 2015 there has been little evidence for those allegations. Growing publicity around such incidents, as well as increasing pet ownership, has led to disapproval of the dog and cat meat trade, amongst most surveyed Chinese, with supply and demand of those markets on a steady decline.

Yin Yang fish involves deep-frying fish while it is still alive. The practice has been condemned by animal-rights activists. Many chefs in Taiwan are no longer willing to prepare it, but according to the defunct China Post, it has been popular in mainland China.
In 2009, a video of diners consuming this dish went viral on YouTube and provoked an outcry from PETA.

Non-meat farming

Bile bears

China farms about 10,000 Asiatic black bears for bile production—an industry worth roughly $1.6 billion per year. The bears are permanently kept in cages, and bile is extracted from cuts in their stomachs. In Jan. 2013, Animals Asia Foundation rescued six bile bears, which had broken and rotted teeth due to gnawing at their cages. Bloomberg Businessweek reported in 2013 that over 40,000 shops in all of China sold bear bile.

Earthtrust reported in 1994 that although China had outlawed the trade and hunting of bear parts in 1989, their trade was still widespread and fuelled by the "growing spending power of a small portion of the population [and] continued demand for contraband products from Taiwanese, Korean and other foreign nationals". In the same year, due to pressure from animal rights groups, the Chinese government reportedly agreed to stop issuing legal licenses for bear farmers.

Jackie Chan and Yao Ming have publicly opposed bear farming. In 2012, an IPO application by Fujian Guizhentang Pharmaceutical Co. caused social media outrage in China along with a petition which involved over 70 Chinese celebrities opposing it due to the company's selling of bear-bile medicines. Fang Shuting, the head of a TCM organisation affiliated with Guizhentang defended the bile harvesting process while a staffer at Guizhentang denied allegations of cruelty in a demonstration of the process. In 2013, the company pulled its IPO application.

According to Animals Asia in 2014, over 1,900 Chinese medicine stores have committed to not selling bear bile. A 2016 online survey indicated that 98% of the Chinese respondents regarded the bile farming as cruel, with 90% saying they would never use or buy the product and 84% supporting an outright ban. It was also reported on Tencent back in 2011 that online opinion polls generally had 90% of respondents supporting the elimination of bear farming.

Fur

China has been reported as the biggest fur-producing nation, and the second largest producer next to Europe. Nordic fur industries had reportedly played a key role in expanding fur farming in China. Prof. Peter Li said in 2012 that fur animals were sometimes beaten to death with sticks on small farms or skinned alive. However, he also said that the Chinese government had been working to standardize slaughtering procedures. Similar issues were reported in other countries producing fur. A report in 2015 stated that increasing ethical awareness from Chinese consumers as well as quality problems with fur products have forced the industry closer towards international standards. Fashion manager Elena Salvaneschi in 2019 also referenced on improved welfare in the Chinese fur industry.

In Nov. 2013, PETA released a video of a live angora rabbit in northeastern China having their fur torn off. The video received 200,000 views on China's video site Youku within a month and prompted UK retailers like Primark and Topshop to stop imports from China of products using angora wool.

Animal testing

In 2006, China issued the Guidelines on the Humane Treatment of Laboratory Animals. These guidelines mention, for the first time in China's formal policy and regulations, the words "animal welfare". This regulation was issued in addition to other laboratory animal-related policies in China like the 1988 Statute on the Administration of Laboratory Animals, 1997 Laboratory Animal Development Program for the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the 2005 Guidelines on Beijing Municipality on the Review of Welfare and Ethics of Laboratory Animals. Unlike the 1988 Statute on the Administration of Laboratory Animals which focuses solely on controlling the quality of the laboratory animals being tested on, the Guidelines on the Humane Treatment of Laboratory Animals officially expands into the realm of animal welfare and protection through addressing problems in procurement, husbandry, environmental conditions, experimental usage and transportation.

A particular focus that the Guidelines on the Humane Treatment of Laboratory Animals has is on animal suffering. Concerning the level of pain that laboratory animals feel during the experimental process, the Guidelines require that pain and panic be inflicted as little as possible. Pain relief medication and anesthesia must be prescribed to laboratory animals undergoing procedures like surgery and dissection. When the animal is deemed unusable for further testing, the Guidelines also require that the lives of the animals be ended humanely.

Many scientists like Jianfei Wang, the director of laboratory animal science at GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Center in China, maintain that China has made considerable progress to work towards animal protection and welfare, especially considering that the concept of laboratory animal science did not exist in China until the late twentieth century. According to Wang, international collaboration with research institutions have brought animal welfare concepts from abroad back to China. Additionally, as China gets more involved in international trade, there are many pressures placed on China throughout the world over concerns for animal welfare and protection. For example, organizations like PETA were instrumental with stopping a shipment research primates from Chinese laboratories to Los Angeles, the U.S.'s largest port of entry for research primates. Major airlines such as Air China and China Eastern Airlines have also joined in on the global challenge of stopping laboratory tests on animals like primates and rodents. China's entry in the World Trade Organization could also be stymied if adequate progress is not made towards pressuring Chinese laboratories to follow international regulations for laboratory animal welfare.

China has also felt domestic pressures to give laboratory animals more protection. In 2007, a photo taken by Li Feng depicting captive primates in cages waiting to be tested on won prizes in the economy and science categories in the China International Press Photo Contest. Such glimpses into the conditions that laboratory animals in China are subject to have sparked outrage amongst the Chinese population and cries for further reform.

Despite foreign and domestic pressures, the country still uses, on average, about 12 to 13 million laboratory animals every year, with many being used towards making advances in drug and medical discovery. Because international research institutions and companies face strict laws regarding ensuring the welfare of laboratory animals, many of these institutions and companies look towards China as the place to outsource animal testing and as a market for buying research animals. However, some animals are also being tested for cosmetic purposes as well. China has a $32 billion beauty market, and over 300,000 animals are thought to be used each year for required product tests. China is the only major buyer where mascaras and lotions need to be tested on animals.

In 2013, the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) relaxed its testing requirements by allowing Chinese companies to verify safety using data from overseas tests, including non-animal tests. Foreign companies are still required to perform animal testing, but Humane Society International was hopeful about further humane reforms to come.

On 30 June 2014, CFDA eliminated its requirement for animal testing of "ordinary cosmetics" like shampoos and some skin-care items as long as companies provided alternative data showing safety. This change does not extend to imported cosmetics or to "any special-use products, including hair dyes and sunblocks". Some animal tests are likely to continue for now even on exempt products because some testers do not have the technology for alternative in vitro methods. Animal activists were excited by the announcement, and over 50 of them took to the streets of Dalian in northeastern China to celebrate, wearing bunny ears.

Current regulations already required groups conducting research on live animals to procure a permit from the authorities, however so far few if any facilities have been punished for animal welfare and ethics violations. A rising number of multinational pharmaceutical companies are outsourcing their animal testing to China, in part due to pressure from animal rights groups in their home countries.

After it has removed its requirement for animal-testing for many products manufactured there, China seems to be taking an additional step towards a cruelty-free industry as it might not require animal testing for imported non-special use cosmetics anymore.

Zoos

According to Prof. Peter J. Li, a few Chinese zoos are improving their welfare practices, but many remain "outdated", have poor conditions, use live feeding, and employ animals for performances. Safari parks have fed live sheep and poultry to lions as a spectacle for crowds.

There have been times in which local and international online pressure have prompted zoos to improve their animals' conditions voluntarily. Organizations such as the Animals Asia Foundation have frequently worked with zoos to improve housing and enrichment programs for their animals, as well as spread education to public awareness. Recent major examples including Grandview Aquarium (2016) the closing of the Hanoi Zoo Animal Circus (2016), and various campaigns backed and publicized by the Beijing Zoo.

Other animal rights issues

In the mid-2010s, in Beijing, vendors sold fish, turtles, and amphibians as key rings and mobile-phone decorations. This practice received condemnation both within China and overseas. Animal-rights activists condemned the practice, stating that the animals may run out of air and die quickly, and they may also pose hazards to human health.

Animal activism in China

Ideas of animal welfare and animal rights were further introduced to mainland China in the early 1990s.

China's animal-protection movement is growing, particularly among young people, especially those in urban areas and on the Internet. International NGOs played some role in igniting China's animal movement, but local groups are increasingly taking over.

China is estimated to be home to 168 million pet dogs.

Chinese activists prevented introduction of a bullfighting project in 2010 and rodeos in 2011. Activists have pre-empted a foie gras factory, ended live feeding in zoos, and rescued thousands of dogs and cats from being killed for meat. According to The Economist, vegetarian restaurants are increasing, though partly because of fashion rather than ethics.

A 2011 survey of about 6000 Chinese found that while about 2/3 of respondents had never previously heard of "animal welfare", 65.8% expressed at least partial support of animal-welfare laws (while 81.6% found them necessary in another question), and more than half said they were fully or partially willing to pay more for humane animal products. Two surveys back in 2002 and 2003 of Chinese college students also found that respectively 95% and 93.7% of them philosophically supported animal protection work, although only 48.2 and 51% of them were planning to actively participate.

Xu Jingquan, secretary-general at the Beauty and Cosmetics Chamber of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, reportedly said in 2013 that Chinese consumers thought less than others on issues such as animal testing for cosmetics. However, Mark Jones of the Born Free Foundation noted in the same year that Chinese tourists were among the most enthusiastic customers of cruelty-free products from Lush, amidst increasing widespread concern from online Chinese in the country on such issues.

Tsinghua University professor Zhao Nanyuan argues that animal rights represents a form of Western imperialism ("foreign trash") that is "anti-humanity". He argues that animals are not sentient and therefore don't have rights. He encourages China to learn from the example of South Koreans who refused Western protests of its dog-meat traditions.

Critics have pointed out that while non-human animals are not as advanced in their needs and desires as humans, they do share some basic needs, such as food, water, shelter and companionship.

Some claim that it is contradictory for the U.S. to condemn China's mistreatment of animals while engaging in its own forms of animal cruelty. Chinese animal-welfare groups censured an American-style rodeo, as well as Jackie Chan's support for it. One Chinese commenter said of Chan: "You made a video about the protection of bears, and now you're promoting the mistreatment of cattle, it's a massive contradiction. Brother Chan, you've hurt me deeply."

See also

 Chinese Animal Protection Network
 Lychee and Dog Meat Festival, held each June
 Dog meat in China
 Wang Yan (activist), dog rescuer
 List of animal rights advocates
 Speciesism

References

Animal rights movement
Politics of China
Animal welfare and rights legislation


title: Young Thug discography

text:
The discography of American rapper Young Thug consists of three studio albums, two compilation albums, twelve self-released mixtapes, seven commercial mixtapes, three extended plays, and sixty-nine singles (including 71 as a featured artist).

In 2015, Thug released his debut mixtape, Barter 6, which reached number 22 on the Billboard 200. His 2016 mixtape, I'm Up matched the same position. That same year, Thug saw an increase with his mixtape, Slime Season 3, which rose to number seven. His final mixtape of the year, Jeffery, dropped down by one position at number eight. In 2017, his mixtape, Beautiful Thugger Girls, matched the same position. That same year, his collaborative mixtape with Future, Super Slimey reached number two on the Billboard 200. In 2018, Thug released his collaborative compilation album with his record label, YSL Records, Slime Language, which hit number eight. His second extended play, On the Rvn, was released later that year, and fell back at number 17. Thug released his debut studio album, So Much Fun, in 2019, which debuted and peaked atop the Billboard 200, marking his first chart-topping album. In 2020, he released his collaborative mixtape with Chris Brown, Slime & B, which fell back at number 24. Thug released his collaborative compilation album with YSL and label signee Gunna, a sequel to Slime Language, in 2021, which marked his second number-one album on the Billboard 200. Later that year, he released his second studio album, Punk, which became his third number-one album and second consecutive number-one album. In 2023, he released his third studio album, Business is Business.

Thug has earned three chart-topping singles on the Billboard Hot 100, all of which he is a featured artist on. In 2017, he earned his first number-one single from Camila Cabello's single, "Havana". He would later earn his second single that would reach the first position on the Hot 100 in 2020 from Travis Scott's single, "Franchise", which also features M.I.A. He earned his third chart-topping single from Drake's single, "Way 2 Sexy", which also features Future.

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Mixtapes

Self-released mixtapes

Commercial mixtapes

Collaborative mixtapes

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Other charted and certified songs

Guest appearances

Music videos

See also
Bankroll Mafia discography

Notes

References

External links

Discographies of American artists
Hip hop discographies
Discography


title: Chinu Modi

text:
Chinu Modi ( ), (30 September 1939 – 19 March 2017), also known by his pen name Irshad (Gujarati: ઈર્શાદ), was a Gujarati language poet, novelist, short story writer and critic from Gujarat, India. Educated in languages, he taught at various institutions and established himself as a poet and author. He was a recipient of several awards including Sahitya Akademi Award, Vali Gujarati Award and Narsinh Mehta Award.

Life

Early life

Modi was born in Vijapur on 30 September 1939 to Chandulal and Shashikantaben. His family belonged to Kadi. He completed his primary education in Vijapur and secondary education from Sheth Hasanali High School in Dholka near Ahmedabad. He completed his matriculation in 1954.

He completed a B.A. in Gujarati and History in 1958 from St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad, an LL.B. in 1960 from Sir L.A. Shah Law College in Ahmedabad, and an M.A. in Gujarati and Hindi subjects in 1961 from Gujarat University. He earned a Ph.D. in 1968 from Gujarat Vidyapith for his research Gujarati Bhashama Khandakavya (narrative poetry in Gujarati language). His guide for Ph.D. was Mohanbhai Shankharbhai Patel.

Career

He joined H. A. Arts College in Ahmedabad and worked from 1961 to 1963. He taught at colleges in Talod and Kapadvanj later. In 1965, he joined Swaminarayan Arts College in Ahmedabad and taught until 1975. He served as a scriptwriter at Indian Space Research Organization, Ahmedabad from 1975 to 1977. In 1977–1978, he worked with Mansa College and Sabarmati Arts College. He joined L. D. Arts College in 1978 as a part-time professor. In 1994, he joined School of Languages, Gujarat University as a Reader and retired in 2001. He had also served as Dean-in-charge of Department of Journalism, M. S. University, Baroda from 1992 to 1994. He worked as a freelancer in field of advertising for few years.

He was a chairman of Kriti Film Cooperative Society from 1979 to his death. He was awarded Writer Fellowship from Department of Culture, New Delhi in 1979.

Death
He suffered from acute breathlessness. After a heart attack on 16 March 2017, he was admitted to HGC hospital located at Mithakhali, Ahmedabad as he was suffering from multiple organ failure. On 19 March 2017, he returned to his home at Paldi, Ahmedabad where he died in the evening. His body was donated to NHL Medical College as per his wish.

Works
Modi was a pioneering poet and also an acclaimed playwright, critic, fiction writer and translator. His works are translated into English, Hindi and other Indian languages and his plays are staged several times.

He had written both metrical and non-metrical form of poetry. His main contribution was in ghazal poetry. Along with ghazals, he had written in various genres; geet, sonnet, free verse and Khandakavya (long narrative poem).

He started writing poetry in 1955. Vyatan (1963) was his small and first poetry collection. His other poetry collections which consist of metrical and nonmetrical poems are Urnanabh (1974), Shapit Vanma (1976), Deshvato (1978), Kshano Na Mahelma, Darpan Ni Galima (1975), Irshadgadh (1979), Afawa (1991), Inayat (1996) and Nakashanagar (2001), Vi-nayak (1996), Ae (1999), Saiyar (2000), Shwetsamudro (2001), Gatibhas (2012), Agha Pachha Shwas (2007) and Khara Zaran. Bahuk (1982), based on Nalakhyan of Mahabharata, is a long narrative poem written by him. Kalakhyan (2003) is also long narrative poem composed in the Akhyana-style. His all muktak poetry, a subgenre of ghazal poetry, was published as A-mrut Muktako in 2016.

Modi is noted in Gujarati literature for his experimental plays. Dayal Na Pankhi (1967) is his first collection of one-act plays composed in a verse form and absurd style, followed by Callbell (1973), Hukam Malik (1984), Jalaka (1985), Ashwamedh (1986), Raja Midas (1992). Jalaka centred around the Jalaka, a character from the Ramanbhai Nilkanth's Raino Parvat while Ashwamedh deals with extreme lust of woman and her sexual interaction with Horse. His other plays are Navalsha Heerji (1995), Khalifano Vesh Yani Aurangzeb (1993), Naishadhray (1996), Shukdan (2000), Memory Lane (2008), Matsyavedh (2006), Dholido (2008), Buddhidhan (2008), Natyavali (2014). His Shukdan is a Gujarati adaptation of Edmond Rostand's French tragi-comedy Cyrano de Bergerac and it is directed by Chintan Pandya.

Modi debuted in novel with Shaila Majmudar (1966; an autobiographical novel), followed by Bhaav-Abhaav (1969), Bhavchakra (1975), Leela Naag (1971), Hang Over (1985), and Pahela Varsad No Chhanto (1987), Kalo Angrej (1992), Manas Howani Mane Cheed (1996), Pichho (2004), Lisoto (2000), Daheshat (2004), Chukado (2004), Padchhayana Manas (2008), Nindrachar (2008).

Dabi Muththi Jamani Muththi (1986) and Chhalang (1997) are his collections of short stories.

Mara Samkalin Kavio (1973) and its expanded edition Be Dayaka: Char Kavio (1974) are a criticism of poetry of Manilal Desai, Ravji Patel, Labhshankar Thakar and Manhar Modi. His thesis Khandkavya-Swaroop ane Vikas (1974), Krishnalal Shridharani (1979) and Madhyakalin Gujarati Kavitanu Mulyankan (2008) are his other works. He edited Chandravadan Mehta's selected poetry in Chadho Re Shikhar Raja Ramna (1975). He also edited ghazal collections, Gami Te Gazal (1976) and Gujarati Pratinidhi Gazalo (1996). He had translated Vasantavilas, a medieval Gujarati fagu. He co-edited Madhya Yugin Urmikavyo (1998), a compilation of medieval Gujarati poems, with Chimanlal Trivedi.

Jalsa Avtar (2014) is his memoir.

He started Hotel Poetry Club, also known as, Hotel Poets Group, where he used to encourage young friends to read, write and to critique.

Awards

Modi won the Ushnas Prize (1982–1983) for his book Bahuk. He received the Kalapi Award in 2000, the Narsinh Mehta Award in 2008 and the Vali Gujarati Award in 2010. He was awarded the Teansmedia Award in 2004. He received the Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati writers in 2013 for his gazal collection Khara Zaran.

Personal life

He married Hansa on 21 June 1958 who predeceased him on 2 March 1989. They had a daughter, Nimisha Bhatt, and two sons, Ingit Modi and Utpal Modi.

See also
 List of Gujarati-language writers

References

External links

1939 births
2017 deaths
20th-century Indian novelists
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian short story writers
Gujarati-language writers
Indian male novelists
Indian male poets
Indian male short story writers
People from Mehsana district
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati
Dramatists and playwrights from Gujarat
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Indian male dramatists and playwrights
Novelists from Gujarat
20th-century Indian male writers


title: Charms (Bobby Vee song)

text:
"Charms" is a 1963 song written by Helen Miller and Howard Greenfield.  The song was produced by Snuff Garrett and arranged by Ernie Freeman, and performed by Bobby Vee featuring the Johnny Mann Singers.  "Charms" reached #5 on the Easy Listening chart and #13 on the Billboard Hot 100. Outside the US, the song peaked at #20 in Canada.

The single's B-side, "Bobby Tomorrow", reached #21 in the United Kingdom.

Other versions
Rob de Nijs and The Lords released a version as the B-side to their single "How Do You Do It?" in June 1963 in the Netherlands.

References

1963 songs
1963 singles
Songs written by Helen Miller (songwriter)
Songs with lyrics by Howard Greenfield
Bobby Vee songs
Song recordings produced by Snuff Garrett
Liberty Records singles


title: Dhemaji College

text:
Dhemaji College is located in Dhemaji, Assam, India. It was founded on 1 August 1965.

Dhemaji College is the oldest institution of higher learning in the district of Dhemaji. At present it imparts education from Higher-secondary to Bachelor Degree level in Arts and Science streams along with different parallel oriented courses with an experienced and efficient teaching staff.

Dhemaji College has been Conferred as College of  Centre with Potential Excellence (CPE)  status by UGC in 2010.

Academics

The college offers major (honours) courses almost in all customary subjects in the Arts and Science stream.

Courses
Presently the college offers following courses.
 Higher Secondary (Arts and Science)
 Bachelor degree (Arts and Science)
 Computer Science Degree (BCA) (upcoming)
 PG Diploma Courses
Plant tissue-culture postgraduate diploma
Disaster Management postgraduate diploma
 UG Diploma
 Certificate
 Computer Application.
 Human Rights,
 Travel and Tourism management,
PG Diploma Course on Forestry and Wild Life Management etc..

The college also offers the different courses of Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University in the respective study center of the open University in the college.

Educational departments

Arts:
 English Department
 Assamese Department
 Education Department
 Economics Department
 History Department
 Political Science Department
 Philosophy Department
 Mathematics Department
 Sociology Department

Science:
 Botany Department
 Zoology Department
 Chemistry Department
 Physics Department
 Electronics Department
 Computer Science Department
 Economics Department
 Mathematics Department

Weather Information centre

The college has an Automatic Weather Information Centre under the sponsorship of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Bangalore and Assam Science, Technology and Environment Council (ASTEC), Guwahati. Moreover, another Automatic Weather Information Centre is installed in the college sponsored by ASTEC and Department of Science and Technology, Government of Assam.

See also

 List of accredited colleges in Assam
 2004 Dhemaji school bombing

References

Dhemaji
Universities and colleges in Assam
Colleges affiliated to Dibrugarh University
Educational institutions established in 1965
1965 establishments in Assam


title: Tanner House

text:
Tanner House may refer to:

Places

United States
(by state, then city)

 Tanner Farmhouse, Wilmer, Alabama, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
 William A. Tanner House, Aurora, Illinois, NRHP-listed and in use as the Aurora Historical Museum
 John Tanner House, Petersburg, Kentucky, NRHP-listed
 William C. Tanner House, Falls Township, Ohio, listed on the NRHP in Muskingum County
 Albert H. Tanner House, Portland, Oregon, NRHP-listed
 Henry O. Tanner House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, NRHP-listed
 Henry M. Tanner House, Beaver, Utah, listed on the NRHP in Beaver County
 Jake Tanner House, Beaver, Utah, listed on the NRHP in Beaver County
 Sidney Tanner House, Beaver, Utah, listed on the NRHP in Beaver County
 A.N. Tanner House, Grouse Creek, Utah, listed on the NRHP in Box Elder County
 O.H.P. Tanner House, La Crosse, Virginia, NRHP-listed

People
 Tanner House (hockey player) (born 1986), Canadian ice hockey player
See also
 Tanner Houck (born 1996), American baseball player


title: Michael Torckler

text:
Michael Torckler (born 12 April 1987) is a New Zealand cyclist, who currently rides for New Zealand amateur team GD Pringle p/b Spoken Cycles.

Career
During 2012, Torckler was staying at Santa Rosa, California to train for upcoming competitions. On one of his training rides, on 30 June, he was hit by a car coming around a bend. He was thrown off his bike and hit the car windshield, breaking his arm and almost killing him.

The driver fled the scene but was later caught and was sentenced to 10 years and four months in prison. Meanwhile, Torckler was airlifted to the nearest hospital, where he arrived in critical condition, close to death. Although he was not brain damaged from the accident, he had no recollection of the accident. He was immediately moved to intensive care, and was discharged after only 12 days.

After returning to New Zealand after only a month after his accident, Torckler was back on his bike and starting to train again. After four months, he returned to racing at the 2012 Tour of Southland and finished the race in 61st place. Known as 'King of the Comebacks', Torckler raced in the Tour of Utah, and even won the King of the Mountains title.

In November 2014 Torckler was announced as part of the Team Budget Forklifts line-up for 2015.

Major results

2005
 5th Road race, Oceania Under-23 Road Championships
2009
 1st  Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships
 2nd Overall Vuelta a la Montaña Central de Asturias
 6th Overall Tour of Wellington
2010
 1st Overall Tour of Wellington
1st Stage 2
 1st Overall San Martin Proba de Ataun
 1st Overall Clásica Ciudad de Torredonjimeno
2012
 1st Overall Tour of Borneo
1st Points classification
1st Stage 1
 8th Overall Jelajah Malaysia
2013
 1st  Mountains classification Tour of Utah
 4th Overall New Zealand Cycle Classic
2015
 3rd The REV Classic
2016
 6th Overall New Zealand Cycle Classic
2017
 10th Overall New Zealand Cycle Classic
2018
 2nd Gravel and Tar
 3rd Road race, National Road Championships
 9th Overall New Zealand Cycle Classic
2019
 7th Overall New Zealand Cycle Classic
2021
 2nd Road race, National Road Championships

References

External links

CyclingQuotes.com article about Torckler

1987 births
Living people
New Zealand male cyclists


title: Rudolph J. Nunnemacher

text:
Rudolph J. Nunnemacher (February 26, 1872 – January 29, 1900) worked in the real estate department of the Pabst Brewing Company.

He willed his collections to the Milwaukee Public Museum, encompassing nearly 2,000 items, including housewares and paintings from all over the world. The "Rudolph J. Nunnemacher Collection of Projectile Arms" and "The Nunnemacher Decorative Arts Collection" have since expanded through donations.

On June 22, 1897, Nunnemacher married Emma Pabst the daughter of  Captain Frederick Pabst.

References

1872 births
1900 deaths
Businesspeople from Milwaukee
19th-century American businesspeople


title: Surin Airport

text:
Surin Bhakdi Airport  is in Surin Province, 450 kilometers from Bangkok and 50 kilometers from the Cambodian border. It is the only airport in Thailand to be owned by a local government, i.e., the Surin Provincial Administrative Organisation, and is operated by Department of Airports.

The airport was open from 2002 to 2003 when the now defunct Air Andaman was the sole airline operating there, and reopened in 2013. The airport was briefly served by Nok Air. As of January 2020, there is no scheduled airline service at the airport. Nok Air now offers air service to Buriram Airport with a bus connection to Surin.

References

External links

Defunct airports in Thailand
Buildings and structures in Surin province


title: List of FIFA World Cup final goalscorers

text:
The following is a list of goalscorers in the FIFA World Cup finals. Only goals scored during regulation or extra time are included. Any goals scored during the penalty shoot-out are excluded. As of the 2022 final, sixty-two individuals have scored the total of eighty goals in all of the finals history.  Twelve players have scored multiple goals in the finals. Five players have done so via a penalty kick. Mario Mandžukić was the first player to score an own goal in a final, as well as the first to follow it up with a goal at the opponent's net. He scored the opening and closing goal of the final in 2018. Geoff Hurst and Kylian Mbappé are the only men's players to score a hat trick in a final. Only two players have scored in two consecutive FIFA World Cup finals: Vavá and Mbappé. Only two scorers, Pelé and Mbappé, have scored in a final goal as teenagers. Mbappé is also the only player to score multiple goals in a losing final.

ESPN featured a documentary on the 34 finals goalscorers who were alive before the 2010 final.

FIFA World Cup Final goalscorers

Players with most goals in Finals

Bold indicates winning final
Parentheses indicates no goals scored
2 indicates brace scored
3 indicates hat-trick scored

Footnotes

References

External links
 Player photographs

Finals goalscorers
Final scorers


title: Point Davenport Conservation Park

text:
Point Davenport Conservation Park is a protected area occupying Point Davenpoint, a headland between Foul Bay and Sturt Bay on the south coast of Yorke Peninsula in South Australia about  south of Warooka.  The park was proclaimed in 1987.  The conservation park is considered to be ‘an area of high biodiversity with a range of habitats including beaches and foredunes, and an estuary that is listed as a nationally important wetland.’  It is classified as an IUCN Category III protected area.

References

External links
Point Davenport Conservation Park webpage on protected planet

Conservation parks of South Australia
Protected areas established in 1987
Yorke Peninsula


title: Budmash

text:
Budmash alternately Badmaash, is a term for a notorious person, used in colloquial as well as formal Hindi, Urdu or Persian, Often the term is also used in an endearing way within family and friends to imply playful notoriety.

In popular culture, the term has also been used in movie title such as Badmaa$h Company (2010), and the chartbuster song titled "Babli Badmaash Hai" from the movie Shootout at Wadala (2013).

References

Slang
Indian slang
Persian words and phrases
Hindi words and phrases


title: Staggered (film)

text:
Staggered is a 1994 British romantic comedy film starring and directed by Martin Clunes in his directorial debut. It follows the misfortune of Neil (Clunes), a bridegroom trying to get back to his intended bride after a stag night.

Plot
After his stag night, Neil Price (Martin Clunes) wakes up naked on a remote Scottish island. The film follows his journey back towards his wedding, and the various characters and obstacles he encounters en route. It turns out that Neil's best friend Gary Bicknell (Michael Praed) spiked his drink and dumped him on the Isle of Barra to enable him to make his own move on Hilary and her well-to-do family.

Cast

 Martin Clunes as Neil Price
 Michael Praed as Gary Bicknell
 Michele Winstanley as Tina
 Kate Byers as Jackie
 Sarah Winman as Hilary
 David Kossoff as Elderly Man
 Helena McCarthy as Elderly Woman
 Sylvia Syms as Margaret
 Sion Tudor Owen as Morris
 Virginia McKenna as Flora
 Jake D'Arcy as Pilot
 John Forgeham as Inspector Lubbock
 Dan Travers as Policeman
 Steve Sweeney as Nutter
 Dermot Crowley as Dr. Barnet
 Anna Chancellor as Carmen Svennipeg
 Bill Gavin as Old Man
 Griff Rhys Jones as Graham
 Julia Deakin as Brenda
 Annette Ekblom as Caroline
 Desmond McNamara as Traffic Policeman
 George Rossi as Waiter
 Paul Brightwell as Longcoat
 Ian Michie as Milkman
 Michael Medwin as Hilary's father
 Neil Morrissey as Jeff the Videographer
 Richard Syms as Vicar
 Gary Murphy as Mr. Elvis
 Amanda Hodge as Mrs. Elvis
 Abigail Hodge as Baby Elvis

Production
The film was Clunes' directorial debut. He said "I was asked, and it's not the sort of thing you say no to, really". It was shot in Barra, Western Isles, Scotland, Kent, London, and Newcastle upon Tyne England in 42 days on 24 May and 5 July 1993.

Reception
Time Out said that the film was a "low-budget farce has a frustrating tendency to set up promising situations only to squander them" but that the project was "amusing and eventful, none the less". The review in Variety had a similar take, although it singled out Chancellor's character, Carmen, as being the best in the film describing her as having "more dark currents than a buttered bun."

See also
 Dancing Queen (1993 film), a British short TV comedy film from the previous year (1993) which also follows the misfortune of a bridegroom trying to get back to his intended bride after a stag night, in which also Martin Clunes co-starred.

References

External links

1994 films
1994 directorial debut films
1994 romantic comedy films
British romantic comedy films
Films set in Kent
Films set in London
Films set in Newcastle upon Tyne
Films set in Scotland
1990s English-language films
1990s British films
English-language romantic comedy films


title: Jamil Ahmad (writer)

text:
Jamil Ahmad (June 1, 1931 – July 12, 2014) was a Pakistani civil servant, novelist and story writer. He wrote in the English language. He is known for his anthology, The Wandering Falcon which was short listed for Man Asian Literary Prize, widely known as Asia's highest literary award, in 2011. The book was also a finalist for DSC prize for South Asian Literature in 2013.

He died on 12 July 2014.

Biography

Jamil Ahmad was born in Punjab, in the erstwhile British India, in 1931. After early education in Lahore, he joined the civil service in 1954, and worked in the Swat valley, a remote Hindu Kush area, near Afghan border. During his career, he worked at various remote areas such as the Frontier Province, Quetta, Chaghi, Khyber and Malakand. His experiences in these tribal valley assisted him in his work which was mainly focused on the lives of the tribal villagers. He also served at the Pakistani embassy in Kabul during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.

He married Helga whom he met during his London years, who was critical of his early attempts at poetry but diligently tried to promote his work, The Wandering Falcon, which was nominated for Man Asian Literary Prize in 2011. The couple had two sons and a daughter at the time of his death.

Work
The Wandering Falcon can either be construed as a short story collection or a novel, based on differing perspectives. The book narrates the story of Tor Baz (the black falcon) and his travails through the remote tribal areas along the Pakistan - Afghan border where he experiences the lives of the ethnic pashtuns. The stories travel through the strict code of conduct of the tribals known as pashtunwali, the lawlessness of the land where women are traded as commodity, adultery and anarchism, silhouetted against the Baluch desert landscape. The book received critical acclaim.

Jamil Ahmad has also published a short story, The Sins of the Mother, which appeared on Granta112: Pakistan in 2010.

References

External links

 Profile on Penguin
 on GoodReads
 on Tuesday Book Club
 on River Head Books
 Interview on Granta audio

1931 births
2014 deaths
Pakistani novelists
English-language writers from Pakistan
20th-century novelists
Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz


title: Almonia atratalis

text:
Almonia atratalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Papua New Guinea.

References

Acentropinae
Moths of New Guinea
Moths described in 1915


title: Kuksina Hill

text:
Kuksina Hill is the highest top of Vaaksaare upland, the eastern part of Haanja upland, with a height of 212 m over sea level. Kuksina Hill is the highest top of Meremäe rural municipality.

Vaaksaare uplands is a moraine hillock, where agricultural patches alternate with forests and meadows. Kuksina Hill is situated in Kuksina village and is covered by forest. As a tourist object, the highest hill of Meremäe rural municipality is not as important, as Meremäe Hill in the same uplands has a viewing tower near the top. North from the Vaaksaare uplands is fertile loam plain, predominantly arable that reaches up to the Piusa River Valley.

References

Setomaa Parish
Hills of Estonia


title: The Folk Singer (Tommy Roe song)

text:
"The Folk Singer" is a song written by Merle Kilgore and performed by Tommy Roe.  It reached number 4 in the United Kingdom, number 20 in Australia, number 34 in Canada, and number 84 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1963.  It was later featured on his 1966 album, Sweet Pea.

The song was produced by Felton Jarvis.

References

1963 songs
1963 singles
Songs written by Merle Kilgore
Tommy Roe songs
Song recordings produced by Felton Jarvis
ABC Records singles


title: Abdülhamit Bilici

text:
Abdülhamit Bilici (born 1970 in Istanbul) is a Turkish journalist and media executive. Bilici was once one of the prominent and influential media figures in Turkey, as the last editor-in-chief of Zaman, the country’s most widely circulated newspaper and the CEO of the Feza Publications which  ranked 244th among top 500 companies according to Istanbul Chamber of Industry's ISO500. Prior to that, he was the general director of Cihan News Agency, once the nation’s second largest news agency and also columnist of both Zaman daily and its English-language version, Today's Zaman. Bilici's newspapers were taken over by Erdogan government with a brutal raid on March 5, 2016 and the Feza Media Group was shutdown after July 15, failed coup attempt. In these circumstances, he was forced into exile under the threat of an arrest warrant.

Bilici is an expert on Turkish politics and continues his journalism career by writing freelance articles for various media outlets, lectures at different universities and speaks at conferences related to press freedom and Turkey's domestic and foreign policy. Recently, He has spoken in conferences in more than 20 states in America and is a frequent commentator on television channels such as BBC, CBS, Al Jazeera, and Sky News, among others.

He speaks English. Bilici is married and has two children.

Early life
Bilici attending primary school education in İstanbul and graduated from high school in Erzurum. He read for a BA in Political Sciences and International Relations Department at Bosporus University in 1993. He obtained a master's degree from Department of Economics at Istanbul University with a thesis titled “Energy Structure of Turkmenistan and Natural Gas”. He is currently a doctoral student at Department of International Relations at the same university. Bilici also has MBA degree from Faculty of Management at Fatih University.

Career
Starting his career at Zaman as a correspondent, Bilici worked as an editor at Aksiyon.  between 1995–1997, as foreign news editor at Zaman between 1998–2001, as general editor at Zaman Daily between 2002–2008 and as general director of Cihan News Agency and as the editor-in-chief of the newspaper Zaman Newspaper. He is a columnist for Zaman and Today's Zaman dailies. He writes mainly on Turkish foreign policy and world politics. He is a frequent speaker on local and international television programs. Bilici is the editor of the book "Why Turkey?", which features different perspectives on Turkey-European Union relations.

Bibliography
Bilici edited a book titled “Why Turkey?” which combines different perspectives on Turkey-EU relations from both sides.

Bilici is a member of the Turkish Journalists Association (TGC), Journalists and Writers Foundation (GYV) and World Association of Newspapers (WAN).

Some of his published articles
 How corruption destroys a democracy: The case of Turkey under Erdogan
 Turkey, a U.S. ally, muzzles the media
 « En s’en prenant à mon journal ’Zaman’, Erdogan plonge le pays dans la psychose »
 Bilici: Turkey's Erdogan shows why we must care about press freedom
 Abdulhamit Bilici: how Turkey lost its largest newspaper
 Genes of Turkish media, clichés of the West
 Dutch daily Volkskrant interview Bilici on tension in Turkish politics:
 What if Soma disaster had been in South Korea?
 Turkey's two new impasses
 Normalization with Armenian surrealism?
 Is Turkey detaching itself or is the West excluding it?
 What is the military's place?

Some of his columns published at Zaman Daily
 Soma, Güney Kore’de olsaydı!
 Şimdi Hasan Cemal de New York Times da kötü oldu!
 Dış politika karnesi!

Some of TV programs he attended
 Al Jazeera English: Inside Story – Syria's civil war
 BBC Newsnight: ‘It was a tragic day for media’: Former Zaman editor
 CBS Interview: Forging an Islamic democracy
 Habertürk 13 Mart 2014 – Abdülhamit Bilici
 7 Mart 2014 CNN TURK – KARŞI GÜNDEM – Abdülhamit Bilici
 13 Mart Bugun TV Güne Bakiş Abdülhamit Bilici
 23 Aralık 2013 Sky News Sky News Abdülhamit Bilici
 SamanyoluHaber Abdulhamit Bilici −03 Nisan 2014 – Yerel seçim sonrası Köşk seçim seneryoları
 Syria's civil war?
 CNN TURK, Cihan Haber Ajansı 2014 seçim çalışmaları

References

External links
 Cihan Haber Ajansı Resmi Web Sitesi
 Abdülhamit Bilici on Facebook (Turkish Account)
 Abdülhamit Bilici on Twitter (Turkish Account)

Living people
Journalists from Istanbul
1970 births
People from Erzurum
Boğaziçi University alumni
Istanbul University alumni