title: British contribution to the Manhattan Project

text:
Britain initiated the first research project to design an atomic bomb in 1941 and helped the United States to recognise how important this type of research was and get the Manhattan Project started in 1942 as well as contributing to carrying this through to successful completion in August 1945 by supplying crucial expertise to the project.

Following the discovery of nuclear fission in uranium, scientists Rudolf Peierls and Otto Frisch at the University of Birmingham calculated, in March 1940, that the critical mass of a metallic sphere of pure uranium-235 was as little as , and would explode with the power of thousands of tons of dynamite. The Frisch–Peierls memorandum prompted Britain to create an atomic bomb project, known as Tube Alloys. Mark Oliphant, an Australian physicist working in Britain, was instrumental in making the results of the British MAUD Report known in the United States in 1941 by a visit in person. Initially the British project was larger and more advanced, but after the United States entered the war, the American project soon outstripped and dwarfed its British counterpart. The British government then decided to shelve its own nuclear ambitions, and participate in the American project.

In August 1943, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill, and the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, signed the Quebec Agreement, which provided for cooperation between the two countries. At this point, British research into the physics required for a bomb was more advanced. The Quebec Agreement established the Combined Policy Committee and the Combined Development Trust to coordinate the efforts of the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. The subsequent Hyde Park Agreement in September 1944 extended this cooperation to the postwar period. A British Mission led by Wallace Akers assisted in the development of gaseous diffusion technology in New York. Britain also produced the powdered nickel required by the gaseous diffusion process. Another mission, led by Oliphant who acted as deputy director at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, assisted with the electromagnetic separation process. As head of the British Mission to the Los Alamos Laboratory, James Chadwick led a multinational team of distinguished scientists that included Sir Geoffrey Taylor, James Tuck, Niels Bohr, Peierls, Frisch, and Klaus Fuchs, who was later revealed to be a Soviet atomic spy. Four members of the British Mission became group leaders at Los Alamos. William Penney observed the bombing of Nagasaki and participated in the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in 1946.

Cooperation ended with the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, known as the McMahon Act, and Ernest Titterton, the last British government employee, left Los Alamos on 12 April 1947. Britain then proceeded with High Explosive Research, its own nuclear weapons programme, and became the third country to test an independently developed nuclear weapon in October 1952.

Background

The 1938 discovery of nuclear fission in uranium by Otto Robert Frisch, Fritz Strassmann, Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn, raised the possibility that an extremely powerful atomic bomb could be created. Refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries were particularly alarmed by the notion of a German nuclear weapon project. In the United States, three of them, Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner and Albert Einstein, were moved to write the Einstein–Szilárd letter to the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, warning of the danger. This led to the President creating the Advisory Committee on Uranium. In Britain, Nobel Prize in Physics laureates George Paget Thomson and William Lawrence Bragg were sufficiently concerned to take up the matter. Their concerns reached the Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence, Major General Hastings Ismay, who consulted with Sir Henry Tizard. Like many scientists, Tizard was sceptical of the likelihood of an atomic bomb being developed, reckoning the odds against success at 100,000 to 1.

Even at such long odds, the danger was sufficiently great to be taken seriously. Thomson, at Imperial College London, and Mark Oliphant, an Australian physicist at the University of Birmingham, were tasked with carrying out a series of experiments on uranium. By February 1940, Thomson's team had failed to create a chain reaction in natural uranium, and he had decided that it was not worth pursuing. But at Birmingham, Oliphant's team had reached a strikingly different conclusion. Oliphant had delegated the task to two German refugee scientists, Rudolf Peierls and Otto Frisch, who could not work on the University's radar project because they were enemy aliens and therefore lacked the necessary security clearance. They calculated the critical mass of a metallic sphere of pure uranium-235, the only fissile isotope found in significant quantity in nature, and found that instead of tons, as everyone had assumed, as little as  would suffice, which would explode with the power of thousands of tons of dynamite.

Oliphant took the Frisch–Peierls memorandum to Tizard, and the MAUD Committee was established to investigate further. It directed an intensive research effort, and in July 1941, produced two comprehensive reports that reached the conclusion that an atomic bomb was not only technically feasible, but could be produced before the war ended, perhaps in as little as two years. The Committee unanimously recommended pursuing the development of an atomic bomb as a matter of urgency, although it recognised that the resources required might be beyond those available to Britain. A new directorate known as Tube Alloys was created to coordinate this effort. Sir John Anderson, the Lord President of the Council, became the minister responsible, and Wallace Akers from Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) was appointed the director of Tube Alloys.

Contribution

Early Anglo-American cooperation
In July 1940, Britain had offered to give the United States access to its scientific research, and the Tizard Mission's John Cockcroft briefed American scientists on British developments. He discovered that the American project was smaller than the British, and not as far advanced. As part of the scientific exchange, the Maud Committee's findings were conveyed to the United States. Oliphant, one of the Maud Committee's members, flew to the United States in late August 1941, and discovered that vital information had not reached key American physicists. He met the Uranium Committee, and visited Berkeley, California, where he spoke persuasively to Ernest O. Lawrence, who was sufficiently impressed to commence his own research into uranium at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. Lawrence in turn spoke to James B. Conant, Arthur H. Compton and George B. Pegram. Oliphant's mission was a success; key American physicists became aware of the potential power of an atomic bomb. Armed with British data, Vannevar Bush, the director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), briefed Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace in a meeting at the White House on 9 October 1941.

The British and Americans exchanged nuclear information, but did not initially combine their efforts. British officials did not reply to an August 1941 offer by Bush and Conant to create a combined British and American project. In November 1941, Frederick L. Hovde, the head of the London liaison office of OSRD, raised the issue of cooperation and exchange of information with Anderson and Lord Cherwell, who demurred, ostensibly over concerns about American security. Ironically, it was the British project that had already been penetrated by atomic spies for the Soviet Union.

Yet the United Kingdom did not have the manpower or resources of the United States, and despite its early and promising start, Tube Alloys fell behind its American counterpart and was dwarfed by it. Britain was spending around £430,000 per year on research and development, and Metropolitan-Vickers was building gaseous diffusion units for uranium enrichment worth £150,000; but the Manhattan Project was spending £8,750,000 on research and development, and had let construction contracts worth £100,000,000 at the fixed wartime rate of four dollars to the pound. On 30 July 1942, Anderson advised the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill, that: "We must face the fact that ... [our] pioneering work ... is a dwindling asset and that, unless we capitalise it quickly, we shall be outstripped. We now have a real contribution to make to a 'merger.' Soon we shall have little or none."

By then, the positions of the two countries had reversed from what they were in 1941. The Americans had become suspicious that the British were seeking commercial advantages after the war, and Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves Jr., who took over command of the Manhattan Project on 23 September 1942, wanted to tighten security with a policy of strict compartmentalisation similar to the one that the British had imposed on radar. American officials decided that the United States no longer needed outside help. The Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson, felt that since the United States was doing "ninety percent of the work" on the bomb, it would be "better for us to go along for the present without sharing anything more than we could help". In December 1942, Roosevelt agreed to restricting the flow of information to what Britain could use during the war, even if doing so slowed down the American project. In retaliation, the British stopped sending information and scientists to America, and the Americans then stopped all information sharing.

The British considered how they would produce a bomb without American help. A gaseous diffusion plant to produce  of weapons-grade uranium per day was estimated to cost up to £3,000,000 in research and development, and anything up to £50,000,000 to build in wartime Britain. A nuclear reactor to produce  of plutonium per day would have to be built in Canada. It would take up to five years to build and cost £5,000,000. The project would also require facilities for producing the required heavy water for the reactor costing between £5,000,000 and £10,000,000, and for producing uranium metal £1,500,000. The project would need overwhelming priority, as it was estimated to require 20,000 workers, many of them highly skilled, 500,000 tons of steel, and 500,000 kW of electricity. Disruption to other wartime projects would be inevitable, and it was unlikely to be ready in time to affect the outcome of the war in Europe. The unanimous response was that before embarking on this, another effort should be made to obtain American cooperation.

Cooperation resumes

By March 1943 Conant decided that British help would benefit some areas of the project. In particular, the Manhattan Project could benefit enough from assistance from James Chadwick, the discoverer of the neutron, and several other British scientists to warrant the risk of revealing weapon design secrets. Bush, Conant and Groves wanted Chadwick and Peierls to discuss bomb design with Robert Oppenheimer, and Kellogg still wanted British comments on the design of the gaseous diffusion plant.

Churchill took up the matter with Roosevelt at the Washington Conference on 25 May 1943, and Churchill thought that Roosevelt gave the reassurances he sought; but there was no follow-up. Bush, Stimson and William Bundy met Churchill, Cherwell and Anderson at 10 Downing Street in London. None of them was aware that Roosevelt had already made his decision, writing to Bush on 20 July 1943 with instructions to "renew, in an inclusive manner, the full exchange with the British Government regarding Tube Alloys."

Stimson, who had just finished a series of arguments with the British about the need for an invasion of France, was reluctant to appear to disagree with them about everything, and spoke in conciliatory terms about the need for good post-war relations between the two countries. For his part, Churchill disavowed interest in the commercial applications of nuclear technology. The reason for British concern about the post-war cooperation, Cherwell explained, was not commercial concerns, but so that Britain would have nuclear weapons after the war. Anderson then drafted an agreement for full interchange, which Churchill re-worded "in more majestic language". News arrived in London of Roosevelt's decision on 27 July, and Anderson was dispatched to Washington with the draft agreement. Churchill and Roosevelt signed what became known as the Quebec Agreement at the Quebec Conference on 19 August 1943.

The Quebec Agreement established the Combined Policy Committee to coordinate the efforts of the United States, United Kingdom and Canada. Stimson, Bush and Conant served as the American members of the Combined Policy Committee, Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Colonel J. J. Llewellin were the British members, and C. D. Howe was the Canadian member. Llewellin returned to the United Kingdom at the end of 1943 and was replaced on the committee by Sir Ronald Ian Campbell, who in turn was replaced by the British Ambassador to the United States, Lord Halifax, in early 1945. Dill died in Washington, D.C., in November 1944 and was replaced both as Chief of the British Joint Staff Mission and as a member of the Combined Policy Committee by Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson.

Even before the Quebec Agreement was signed, Akers had already cabled London with instructions that Chadwick, Peierls, Oliphant and Francis Simon should leave immediately for North America. They arrived on 19 August, the day it was signed, expecting to be able to talk to American scientists, but were unable to do so. Two weeks would pass before American officials learnt of the contents of the Quebec Agreement. Over the next two years, the Combined Policy Committee met only eight times.

The first occasion was on 8 September 1943, on the afternoon after Stimson discovered that he was the chairman. The first meeting established a Technical Subcommittee chaired by Major General Wilhelm D. Styer. Because the Americans did not want Akers on the Technical Subcommittee due to his ICI background, Llewellin nominated Chadwick, whom he also wanted to be Head of the British Mission to the Manhattan Project. The other members were Richard C. Tolman, who was Groves's scientific adviser, and C. J. Mackenzie, the president of the Canadian National Research Council. It was agreed that the Technical Committee could act without consulting the Combined Policy Committee whenever its decision was unanimous. The Technical Subcommittee held its first meeting on 10 September, but negotiations dragged on. The Combined Policy Committee ratified the proposals in December 1943, by which time several British scientists had already commenced working on the Manhattan Project in the United States.

There remained the issue of cooperation between the Manhattan's Project's Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago and the Montreal Laboratory. At the Combined Policy Committee meeting on 17 February 1944, Chadwick pressed for resources to build a nuclear reactor at what is now known as the Chalk River Laboratories. Britain and Canada agreed to pay the cost of this project, but the United States had to supply the heavy water. At that time, the United States controlled, by a supply contract, the only major production site on the continent, that of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company at Trail, British Columbia. Given that it was unlikely to have any impact on the war, Conant in particular was cool about the proposal, but heavy water reactors were of great interest. Groves was willing to support the effort and supply the heavy water required, but with certain restrictions. The Montreal Laboratory would have access to data from the research reactors at Argonne and the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge, but not from the production reactors at the Hanford Site; nor would they be given any information about plutonium. This arrangement was formally approved by the Combined Policy Committee meeting on 19 September 1944. The Canadian ZEEP (Zero Energy Experimental Pile) reactor went critical on 5 September 1945.

Chadwick supported British involvement in the Manhattan Project to the fullest extent, abandoning any hopes of a British project during the war. With Churchill's backing, he attempted to ensure that every request from Groves for assistance was honoured. While the pace of research was easing as the war entered its final phase, these scientists were still in great demand, and it fell to Anderson, Cherwell and Sir Edward Appleton, the Permanent Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, which was responsible for Tube Alloys, to prise them away from the wartime projects in which they were invariably engaged.

The September 1944 Hyde Park Agreement extended both commercial and military cooperation into the post-war period. The Quebec Agreement specified that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent. On 4 July 1945, Wilson agreed that the use of nuclear weapons against Japan would be recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee.

Gaseous diffusion project
Tube Alloys made its greatest advances in gaseous diffusion technology, and Chadwick had originally hoped that the pilot plant at least would be built in Britain. Gaseous diffusion technology was devised by Simon and three expatriates, Nicholas Kurti from Hungary, Heinrich Kuhn from Germany, and Henry Arms from the United States, at the Clarendon Laboratory in 1940. The prototype gaseous diffusion equipment, two two-stage models and two ten-stage models, was manufactured by Metropolitan-Vickers at a cost of £150,000 for the four units. Two single-stage machines were later added. Delays in delivery meant that experiments with the single-stage machine did not commence until June 1943, and with the two-stage machine until August 1943. The two ten-stage machines were delivered in August and November 1943, but by this time the research programme they had been built for had been overtaken by events.

The Quebec Agreement allowed Simon and Peierls to meet with representatives of Kellex, who were designing and building the American gaseous diffusion plant, Union Carbide and Carbon, who would operate it, and Harold Urey's Substitute Alloy Materials (SAM) Laboratories at Columbia University, the Manhattan Project's centre tasked with research and development of the process. The year's loss of cooperation cost the Manhattan Project dearly. The corporations were committed to tight schedules, and the engineers were unable to incorporate British proposals that would involve major changes. Nor would it be possible to build a second plant. Nonetheless, the Americans were still eager for British assistance, and Groves asked for a British mission to be sent to assist the gaseous diffusion project. In the meantime, Simon and Peierls were attached to Kellex.

The British mission consisting of Akers and fifteen British experts arrived in December 1943. This was a critical time. Severe problems had been encountered with the Norris-Adler barrier. Nickel powder and electro-deposited nickel mesh diffusion barriers were pioneered by American chemist Edward Adler and British interior decorator Edward Norris at the SAM Laboratories. A decision had to be made whether to persevere with it or switch to a powdered nickel barrier based upon British technology that had been developed by Kellex. Up to this point, both were under development. The SAM Laboratory had 700 people working on gaseous diffusion and Kellex had about 900. The British experts conducted a thorough review, and agreed that the Kellex barrier was superior, but felt that it would be unlikely to be ready in time. Kellex's technical director, Percival C. Keith, disagreed, arguing that his company could get it ready and produce it more quickly than the Norris-Adler barrier. Groves listened to the British experts before he formally adopted the Kellex barrier on 5 January 1944.

The United States Army assumed responsibility for procuring sufficient quantities of the right type of powdered nickel. In this, the British were able to help. The only company that manufactured it was the Mond Nickel Company at Clydach in Wales. By the end of June 1945, it had supplied the Manhattan Project with  of nickel powder, paid for by the British government and supplied to the United States under Reverse Lend-Lease.

The Americans planned to have the K-25 plant in full production by June or July 1945. Having taken two years to get the prototype stages working, the British experts regarded this as incredibly optimistic, and felt that, barring a miracle, it would be unlikely to reach that point before the end of 1946. This opinion offended their American counterparts and dampened the enthusiasm for cooperation, and the British mission returned to the United Kingdom in January 1944. Armed with the British Mission's report, Chadwick and Oliphant were able to persuade Groves to reduce K-25's enrichment target; the output of K-25 would be enriched to weapons grade by being fed into the electromagnetic plant. Despite the British Mission's pessimistic forecasts, K-25 was producing enriched uranium in June 1945.

After the rest of the mission departed, Peierls, Kurti and Fuchs remained in New York, where they worked with Kellex. They were joined there by Tony Skyrme and Frank Kearton, who arrived in March 1944. Kurti returned to England in April 1944 and Kearton in September. Peierls moved on to the Los Alamos Laboratory in February 1944; Skyrme followed in July, and Fuchs in August.

Electromagnetic project
On 26 May 1943, Oliphant wrote to Appleton to say that he had been considering the problem of electromagnetic isotope separation, and believed that he had devised a better method than Lawrence's, one which would result in a five to tenfold improvement in efficiency, and make it more practical to use the process in Britain. His proposal was reviewed by Akers, Chadwick, Peierls and Simon, who agreed that it was sound. While the majority of scientific opinion in Britain favoured the gaseous diffusion method, there was still a possibility that electromagnetic separation might be useful as a final stage in the enrichment process, taking uranium that had already been enriched to 50 per cent by the gaseous process, and enriching it to pure uranium-235. Accordingly, Oliphant was released from the radar project to work on Tube Alloys, conducting experiments on his method at the University of Birmingham.

Oliphant met Groves and Oppenheimer in Washington, D.C., on 18 September 1943, and they attempted to persuade him to join the Los Alamos Laboratory, but Oliphant felt that he would be of more use assisting Lawrence on the electromagnetic project. Accordingly, the Technical Subcommittee directed that Oliphant and six assistants would go to Berkeley, and later move on to Los Alamos. Oliphant found that he and Lawrence had quite different designs, and that the American one was frozen, but Lawrence, who had expressed a desire for Oliphant to join him on the electromagnetic project as early as 1942, was eager for Oliphant's assistance. Oliphant secured the services of a fellow Australian physicist, Harrie Massey, who had been working for the Admiralty on magnetic mines, along with James Stayers and Stanley Duke, who had worked with him on the cavity magnetron. This initial group set out for Berkeley in a B-24 Liberator bomber in November 1943. Oliphant found that Berkeley had shortages of key skills, particularly physicists, chemists and engineers. He prevailed on Sir David Rivett, the head of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Australia, to release Eric Burhop to work on the project. His requests for personnel were met, and the British mission at Berkeley grew in number to 35, two of whom, Robin Williams and George Page, were New Zealanders.

Members of the British mission occupied several key positions in the electromagnetic project. Oliphant became Lawrence's de facto deputy, and was in charge of the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory when Lawrence was absent. His enthusiasm for the electromagnetic project was rivalled only by Lawrence's, and his involvement went beyond scientific problems, extending to policy questions such as whether to expand the electromagnetic plant, although in this he was unsuccessful. The British chemists made important contributions, particularly Harry Emeléus and Philip Baxter, a chemist who had been research manager at ICI, was sent to the Manhattan Project's Clinton Engineering Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, in 1944 in response to a request for assistance with uranium chemistry, and became personal assistant to the general manager. His status as an ICI employee was of no concern to Groves. The British mission was given complete access to the electromagnetic project, both in Berkeley and at the Y-12 electromagnetic separation plant in Oak Ridge. While some of the British mission remained at Berkeley or Oak Ridge only for a few weeks, most stayed until the end of the war. Oliphant returned to Britain in March 1945, and was replaced as head of the British mission in Berkeley by Massey.

Los Alamos Laboratory

When cooperation resumed in September 1943, Groves and Oppenheimer revealed the existence of the Los Alamos Laboratory to Chadwick, Peierls and Oliphant. Oppenheimer wanted all three to proceed to Los Alamos as soon as possible, but it was decided that Oliphant would go to Berkeley to work on the electromagnetic process and Peierls would go to New York to work on the gaseous diffusion process. The task then fell to Chadwick. The original idea, favoured by Groves, was that the British scientists would work as a group under Chadwick, who would farm out work to them. This was soon discarded in favour of having the British Mission fully integrated into the laboratory. They worked in most of its divisions, only being excluded from plutonium chemistry and metallurgy.

First to arrive was Otto Frisch and Ernest Titterton and his wife Peggy, who reached Los Alamos on 13 December 1943. At Los Alamos Frisch continued his work on critical mass studies, for which Titterton developed electronic circuitry for high voltage generators, X-ray generators, timers and firing circuits. Peggy Titterton, a trained physics and metallurgy laboratory assistant, was one of the few women working at Los Alamos in a technical role. Chadwick arrived on 12 January 1944, but only stayed for a few months before returning to Washington, D.C.

When Oppenheimer appointed Hans Bethe as the head of the laboratory's prestigious Theoretical (T) Division, he offended Edward Teller, who was given his own group, tasked with investigating Teller's "Super" bomb, and eventually assigned to Enrico Fermi's F Division. Oppenheimer then wrote to Groves requesting that Peierls be sent to take Teller's place in T Division. Peierls arrived from New York on 8 February 1944, and subsequently succeeded Chadwick as head of the British Mission at Los Alamos. Egon Bretscher worked in Teller's Super group, as did Anthony French, who later recalled that "never at any time did I have anything to do with the fission bomb once I went to Los Alamos." Four members of the British Mission became group leaders: Bretscher (Super Experimentation), Frisch (Critical Assemblies and Nuclear Specifications), Peierls (Implosion Hydrodynamics) and George Placzek (Composite Weapon).

Niels Bohr and his son Aage, a physicist who acted as his father's assistant, arrived on 30 December on the first of several visits as a consultant. Bohr and his family had escaped from occupied Denmark to Sweden. A De Havilland Mosquito bomber brought him to England where he joined Tube Alloys. In America, he was able to visit Oak Ridge and Los Alamos, where he found many of his former students. Bohr acted as a critic, a facilitator and a role model for younger scientists. He arrived at a critical time, and several nuclear fission studies and experiments were conducted at his instigation. He played an important role in the development of the uranium tamper, and in the design and adoption of the modulated neutron initiator. His presence boosted morale, and helped improve the administration of the laboratory to strengthen ties with the Army.

Nuclear physicists knew about fission, but not the hydrodynamics of conventional explosions. As a result, there were two additions to the team that made significant contributions in this area of physics. First was James Tuck whose field of expertise was in shaped charges used in anti tank weapons for armour piercing. In terms of the plutonium bomb the scientists at Los Alamos were trying to wrestle with the idea of the implosion issue. Tuck was sent to Los Alamos in April 1944 and used a radical concept of explosive lensing which was then put into place. Tuck also designed the Urchin initiator for the bomb working closely with Seth Neddermeyer. This work was crucial to the success of the plutonium atomic bomb: Italian-American scientist Bruno Rossi later stated that without Tuck's work the plutonium bomb could not have exploded in August 1945. The other was Sir Geoffrey Taylor, an important consultant who arrived a month later to also work on the issue. Taylor's presence was desired so much at Los Alamos, Chadwick informed London, "that anything short of kidnapping would be justified". He was sent, and provided crucial insights into the Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The acute need for scientists with an understanding of explosives also led Chadwick to obtain the release of William Penney from the Admiralty, and William Marley from the Road Research Laboratory. Peierls and Fuchs worked on the hydrodynamics of the explosive lenses. Bethe considered Fuchs "one of the most valuable men in my division" and "one of the best theoretical physicists we had."

William Penney worked on means to assess the effects of a nuclear explosion, and wrote a paper on what height the bombs should be detonated at for maximum effect in attacks on Germany and Japan. He served as a member of the target committee established by Groves to select Japanese cities for atomic bombing, and on Tinian with Project Alberta as a special consultant. Along with Group Captain Leonard Cheshire, sent by Wilson as a British representative, he watched the bombing of Nagasaki from the observation plane Big Stink. He also formed part of the Manhattan Project's post-war scientific mission to Hiroshima and Nagasaki that assessed the extent of the damage caused by the bombs.

Bethe declared that:

From December 1945 on, members of the British Mission began returning home. Peierls left in January 1946. At the request of Norris Bradbury, who had replaced Oppenheimer as laboratory director, Fuchs remained until 15 June 1946. Eight British scientists, three from Los Alamos and five from the United Kingdom, participated in Operation Crossroads, the nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific. With the passage of the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, known as the McMahon Act, all British government employees had to leave. Titterton was granted a special dispensation, and remained until 12 April 1947. The British Mission ended when he departed. Carson Mark remained, as he was a Canadian government employee. He remained at Los Alamos, becoming head of its Theoretical Division in 1947, a position he held until he retired in 1973. He became a United States citizen in the 1950s.

Feed materials

The Combined Development Trust was proposed by the Combined Policy Committee on 17 February 1944. The declaration of trust was signed by Churchill and Roosevelt on 13 June 1944. The trustees were approved at the Combined Policy Committee meeting on 19 September 1944. The United States trustees were Groves, who was elected chairman, geologist Charles K. Leith, and George L. Harrison. The British trustees were Sir Charles Hambro, the head of the British Raw Materials Mission in Washington, D.C., and Frank Lee from HM Treasury. Canada was represented by George C. Bateman, a deputy minister and member of the Canadian Combined Resources Board. Each of the three governments had its own raw materials resources staff, and the Combined Development Trust was a means of coordinating their efforts.

The role of the Combined Development Trust was to purchase or control the mineral resources needed by the Manhattan Project, and to avoid competition between the three. Britain had little need for uranium ores while the war continued, but was anxious to secure adequate supplies for its own nuclear weapons programme when it ended. Half the funding was to come from the United States and half from Britain and Canada. The initial $12.5 million was transferred to Groves from an account in the office of the United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr., that was not subject to the usual accounting auditing and oversight. By the time Groves resigned from the Trust at the end of 1947, he had deposited $37.5 million into an account he controlled at the Bankers Trust. Payments were then made from this account.

Britain took the lead in negotiations to reopen the Shinkolobwe mine in the Belgian Congo, the world's richest source of uranium ore, which had been flooded and closed, as 30 percent of the stock in Union Minière du Haut Katanga, the company that owned the mine, was controlled by British interests. Sir John Anderson and Ambassador John Winant hammered out a deal in May 1944 with Edgar Sengier, the director of Union Minière, and the Belgian government for the mine to be reopened and  of ore to be purchased at $1.45 a pound. The Combined Development Trust also negotiated deals with Swedish companies to acquire ore from there. Oliphant approached the Australian High Commissioner in London, Sir Stanley Bruce, in August 1943 about uranium supplies from Australia, and Anderson made a direct request to the prime minister of Australia, John Curtin, during the latter's visit to Britain in May 1944 to initiate mineral exploration in Australia in places where uranium deposits were believed to exist. As well as uranium, the Combined Development Trust secured supplies of thorium from Brazil, Netherlands East Indies, Sweden and Portugal. At the time uranium was believed to be a rare mineral, and the more abundant thorium was seen as a possible alternative, as it could be irradiated to produce uranium-233, another isotope of uranium suitable for making atomic bombs.

Intelligence
In December 1943, Groves sent Robert R. Furman to Britain to establish a London Liaison Office for the Manhattan Project to coordinate scientific intelligence with the British government. Groves selected the head of the Manhattan District's security activities, Captain Horace K. Calvert, to head the London Liaison Office with the title of Assistant Military Attaché. He worked in cooperation with Lieutenant Commander Eric Welsh, the head of the Norwegian Section of MI6, and Michael Perrin from Tube Alloys. An Anglo-American intelligence committee was formed by Groves and Anderson in November 1944, consisting of Perrin, Welsh, Calvert, Furman and R. V. Jones.

At the urging of Groves and Furman, the Alsos Mission was created on 4 April 1944 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Boris Pash to conduct intelligence in the field relating to the German nuclear energy project. The more experienced British considered creating a rival mission, but in the end agreed to participate in the Alsos Mission as a junior partner. In June 1945, Welsh reported that the German nuclear physicists captured by the Alsos Mission were in danger of being executed by the Americans, and Jones arranged for them to be moved to Farm Hall, a country house in Huntingdonshire used for training by MI6 and the Special Operations Executive (SOE). The house was bugged, and the conversations of the scientists were recorded.

Results

Groves appreciated the early British atomic research and the British scientists' contributions to the Manhattan Project, but stated that the United States would have succeeded without them. He considered British assistance "helpful but not vital", but acknowledged that "without active and continuing British interest, there probably would have been no atomic bomb to drop on Hiroshima." He considered Britain's key contributions to have been encouragement and support at the intergovernmental level, scientific aid, the production of powdered nickel in Wales, and preliminary studies and laboratory work.

Cooperation did not long survive the war. Roosevelt died on 12 April 1945, and the Hyde Park Agreement was not binding on subsequent administrations. In fact, it was physically lost. When Wilson raised the matter in a Combined Policy Committee meeting in June, the American copy could not be found. The British sent Stimson a photocopy on 18 July 1945. Even then, Groves questioned the document's authenticity until the American copy was located years later in the papers of Vice Admiral Wilson Brown Jr., Roosevelt's naval aide, apparently misfiled by someone unaware of what Tube Alloys was, who thought it had something to do with naval guns.

Harry S. Truman (who had succeeded Roosevelt), Clement Attlee (who had replaced Churchill as prime minister in July 1945), Anderson and United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes conferred while on a boat cruise on the Potomac River, and agreed to revise the Quebec Agreement. On 15 November 1945, Groves, Robert P. Patterson and George L. Harrison met a British delegation consisting of Anderson, Wilson, Malcolm MacDonald, Roger Makins and Denis Rickett to draw up a communiqué. They agreed to retain the Combined Policy Committee and the Combined Development Trust. The Quebec Agreement's requirement for "mutual consent" before using nuclear weapons was replaced with one for "prior consultation", and there was to be "full and effective cooperation in the field of atomic energy", but in the longer Memorandum of Intention, signed by Groves and Anderson, this was only "in the field of basic scientific research". Patterson took the communiqué to the White House, where Truman and Attlee signed it on 16 November 1945.

The next meeting of the Combined Policy Committee on 15 April 1946 produced no accord on collaboration, and resulted in an exchange of cables between Truman and Attlee. Truman cabled on 20 April that he did not see the communiqué he had signed as obligating the United States to assist Britain in designing, constructing and operating an atomic energy plant. Attlee's response on 6 June 1946 "did not mince words nor conceal his displeasure behind the nuances of diplomatic language." At issue was not just technical cooperation, which was fast disappearing, but the allocation of uranium ore. During the war this was of little concern, as Britain had not needed any ore, so all the production of the Congo mines and all the ore seized by the Alsos Mission had gone to the United States, but now it was also required by the British atomic project. Chadwick and Groves reached an agreement by which ore would be shared equally.

The McMahon Act, which was signed by Truman on 1 August 1946, and went into effect at midnight on 1 January 1947, ended technical cooperation. Its control of "restricted data" prevented the United States' allies from receiving any information. The remaining scientists were denied access to papers that they had written just days before. The terms of the Quebec Agreement remained secret, but senior members of Congress were horrified when they discovered that it gave the British a veto over the use of nuclear weapons. The McMahon Act fuelled resentment from British scientists and officials alike, and led directly to the British decision in January 1947 to develop its own nuclear weapons. In January 1948, Bush, James Fisk, Cockcroft and Mackenzie concluded an agreement known as the modus vivendi, that allowed for limited sharing of technical information between the United States, Britain and Canada.

As the Cold War set in, enthusiasm in the United States for an alliance with Britain cooled as well. A September 1949 poll found that 72 per cent of Americans agreed that the United States should not "share our atomic energy secrets with England". The reputation of the British Mission to Los Alamos was tarnished by the 1950 revelation that Fuchs was a Soviet atomic spy. It damaged the relationship between the United States and Britain, and provided ammunition for Congressional opponents of cooperation like Senator Bourke B. Hickenlooper.

British wartime participation in the Manhattan Project provided a substantial body of expertise that was crucial to the success of High Explosive Research, the United Kingdom's post-war nuclear weapons programme, although it was not without important gaps, such as in the field of plutonium metallurgy. The development of the independent British nuclear deterrent led to the Atomic Energy Act being amended in 1958, and to a resumption of the nuclear Special Relationship between America and Britain under the 1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement.

Notes

References

External links

 "Destroyer of Worlds". Archive on 4. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2023. Radio programme describing how "Britain invented the bomb and the Americans made it".

History of the Manhattan Project
Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II
Nuclear history of the United Kingdom
Research and development in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom–United States military relations


title: Han Zhaoyin

text:
Han Zhaoyin (韓昭胤) was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period states Later Tang and Later Jin, serving as the chief of staff (Shumishi) for Later Tang's last emperor Li Congke.

During Later Tang
Despite the high position Han Zhaoyin eventually achieved, virtually nothing is known about his personal background, as there was no biography of his in either the Old History of the Five Dynasties or the New History of the Five Dynasties.  The first historical reference to him was in 934, as of which time he was serving as Li Congke's secretary in Li Congke's role as military governor (Jiedushi) of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi).  In spring of that year, Li Congke overthrew his adoptive brother Li Conghou, who was then emperor, and took the throne as emperor.  After doing so, he commissioned Han as an imperial scholar at Duanming Hall (端明殿), and also gave him the title of Zuo Jianyi Daifu (左諫議大夫, a high-level consultant at the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng)).

In summer of that year, Li Congke made Han his chief of staff (Shumishi).  At that time, an important decision for Li Congke to make was what to do with his brother-in-law Shi Jingtang (the husband of his adoptive sister the Princess of Wei), who was then the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) but who at that time was at the capital Luoyang.  (Li Congke and Shi had long not liked each other even when they both served as officers under Li Congke's adoptive father Li Siyuan, and Shi had initially postured supporting Li Conghou in the civil war between Li Congke and Li Conghou, before submitting to Li Congke and being forced to go to Luoyang to confirm that submission.)  Most of Li Congke's followers from Fengxiang advocated detaining Shi at Luoyang and not return him to Hedong.  However, Li Siyuan's wife Empress Dowager Cao and the Princess of Wei were both begging on Shi's behalf.  Han and another advisor, Li Zhuanmei (李專美), believed that detaining Shi would cause apprehension for another brother-in-law of Li Congke's, Zhao Yanshou the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), and Zhao's adoptive father Zhao Dejun the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing).  Li Congke ultimately decided to allow Shi to return to Hedong.

Shortly after, Li Congke considered executing the officer Chu Kuangzuo (楚匡祚), who had, under Li Conghou's orders, executed Li Congke's son Li Chongji (李重吉) during the civil war.  Han pointed out that Chu was merely following orders and that executing him would alienate others who had followed Li Conghou's orders.  Li Congke agreed, and only exiled Chu.

At that time, the chancellor Liu Xu, who was in charge of the three financial agencies (taxation, treasury, and salt and iron monopolies), was conducting a major audit of the three agencies' accounts.  He discovered that much of the purported treasury reserves were in fact uncollectible debts that the administrators kept on the books to use as excuses to harshly collect from the people.  Liu reported this to Li Congke and advocated a two-pronged approach — that the government make all efforts to collect the collectible debts but forgive the uncollectible ones.  Han agreed with Liu and advocated adoption of Liu's proposal.  Li Congke issued an edict forgiving much of the debts that were accumulated from before Li Siyuan's Changxing era (930-933).  This drew praise from the people but resentment from the administrators at the three agencies.

In summer 935, Han, who was then also carrying the title of minister of justice (刑部尚書, Xingbu Shangshu) in addition to chief of staff, was given the title of Zhongshu Shilang (中書侍郎, deputy head of the legislative bureau (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng)), and given the chancellor designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事).

Around the new year 936, Han was sent out of Luoyang to serve as the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), still carrying the Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi title as an honorary title.

During Later Jin
In 936, Shi Jingtang, with support from Later Tang's northern rival Khitan Empire, rebelled against Li Congke and declared his own state of Later Jin.  After the Later Tang forces he sent against Shi were defeated by the Khitan/Later Jin forces, Li Congke committed suicide with his family, ending Later Tang and allowing Later Jin to take over its territory.  In an edict that Shi issued after entering Luoyang that declared a general pardon, he, excepting them from the general pardon, ordered the deaths of Li Congke's close associates Zhang Yanlang, Liu Yanhao, and Liu Yanlang (劉延朗).  He singled out several officials whom he stated as not complicit with Li Congke (his justification for rebelling against Li Congke was that Li Congke, as an adoptive son, was an usurper of the Later Tang throne) — Ma Yinsun, Fang Gao, Li Zhuanmei, and Han Zhaoyin — such that they were removed from their posts but spared their lives.

In 939, Shi, apparently viewed his punishment of Ma, Fang, Han, and Li Zhuanmei to be too harsh (as he pitied them for being in poverty), commissioned them various offices — in Han's case, minister of defense (兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu) — but then immediately ordered them into retirement (i.e., to allow them to draw pensions without allowing them to return to the government).  That was the last historical reference to Han, and it is not known when he died.

Notes and references

10th-century deaths
Later Tang shumishi
Later Tang chancellors
Hezhong jiedushi
Later Tang jiedushi
Later Jin (Five Dynasties) government officials
Year of birth unknown


title: Mucho gusto (Chilean TV program)

text:
Mucho gusto (English: Nice to meet you) is a Chilean morning television program that aired on MEGA since 2001.

References

External links

2001 Chilean television series debuts
Mega (Chilean TV channel) original programming
Breakfast television


title: Kopin Corporation

text:
The Kopin Corporation () is a Westborough, Massachusetts-based electronics manufacturer, best known for its display devices for mobile electronics.

Microdisplays
President John C.C. Fan describes the company's growth strategy as being based on expanding the range of applications for microdisplays.

Kopin has attempted to combat the trend of digital cameras being released without viewfinders through the development of tiny electronic displays, aimed at inclusion in higher-end cameras rather than budget models. Kopin's first CyberDisplay product debuted in 1999 in a JVC digital camera; it featured a 320x240 pixel display with a  diagonal measurement. In 2007, the Olympus Corporation chose a Kopin CyberDisplay with QVGA-level resolution for inclusion as a viewfinder in its SP-550 UZ model. In 2012, the company's newest CyberDisplay model had a diagonal measurement of  with VGA-level resolution of 640x480 pixels.

Outside of the consumer market, Kopin's microdisplays have also been used in electronics devices aimed at the military and law enforcement officers. In 2008, the United States Army awarded Kopin with the first phase of a $4.2 million program aimed at producing microdisplays more quickly and improving their performance, with the aim of incorporating them in night vision devices. In 2009, Kopin introduced its Golden-i headset computer, aimed at firefighters and security professionals. NBC reporter Monica J. Vila named the 2013 version of the Golden-i it as one of her favorite devices introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show that year, even though it was not aimed at the consumer market. Later that year there was speculation that Kopin might enter into a deal with Microsoft or Apple to provide components for any optical head-mounted display product those companies might manufacture to compete with Google Glass, after Google chose Kopin's competitor Himax to supply components for Google Glass; however, analyst Karl Guttag stated to Seeking Alpha that he saw this as unlikely.

Other products
Kopin also manufactures heterojunction bipolar transistors. Among its customers for this product line is Woburn, Massachusetts-based Skyworks Solutions.

Acquisitions
In January 2011, Kopin acquired British optoelectronics company Forth Dimension Displays (FDD) for £7 million in cash. Kopin's president John Fan indicated in media comments that Kopin was especially interested in FDD's ultra-high resolution reflective microdisplays and time domain imaging technology.

Controversy
In July 1999, Neil Bush, (son to President George H. W. Bush and brother to President George W. Bush) made at least $798,000 on three stock trades in a single day of Kopin Corp. where he had been employed as a consultant. The company announced on the same day good news about a new Asian client that sent its stock value soaring. Bush stated that he had no inside knowledge and that his financial advisor had recommended the trades. He said, "any increase in the price of the stock on that day was purely coincidental, meaning that I did not have any improper information."
When asked in January 2004 about the stock trades, Bush contrasted the capital gains he reported in 1999 and 2000 with the capital losses on Kopin stock he reported ($287,722 in all) in 2001. In 2001 Kopin joined a broad decline in high-tech stock valuations.

References

External links

Electronics companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts
Taunton, Massachusetts


title: Kopin

text:
Kopin may refer to:

Kopin Corporation, United States electronics manufacturer
Kopin, Myaung, village in Myaung Township, Sagaing District, Sagaing Division, Myanmar
Mascot of the Luminous Arc video game series
Fictional currency in the Groo the Wanderer American comic book series

People with the surname Kopin or Kopins include:
Irwin Kopin (1929–2017), American biochemist
Karen Kopins (born 1961), American actress
Roman Kopin (born 1974), governor of Chukotka, Russia

People with the given name Kopin include:
Kopin Liu (born 1949), Taiwanese physical chemist


title: Alla luce del sole

text:
Alla luce del sole (By the Light of Day, also known as Come Into the Light and In the Light of the Sun) is a 2005 Italian biographical drama film directed by Roberto Faenza.

It is loosely based on real life events of Roman Catholic priest Pino Puglisi, who was killed by the Mafia in 1993.

Cast

 Luca Zingaretti as don Pino Puglisi
 Alessia Goria as  sister Carolina
 Corrado Fortuna as  Gregorio
 Giovanna Bozzolo as  Anita
  as  Filippo Graviano
 Piero Nicosia as  Giuseppe Graviano
  as Gaspare
 Lorenzo Randazzo as Domenico
 Mario Giunta as Saro
 Gabriele Castagna as Rosario
 Salvo Scelta as Carmelo
  as Leoluca Bagarella
  as the politician I run
 Benedetto Raneli as Mayor

References

External links

2005 films
2005 biographical drama films
Films directed by Roberto Faenza
Italian biographical drama films
Films set in Palermo
2000s Italian-language films
Cultural depictions of Italian men
Films about the Sicilian Mafia
2000s Italian films


title: Jerôme Duquesnoy (II)

text:
Jerôme Duquesnoy (II) or Hieronymus Duquesnoy (II) or the Younger (baptized 8 May 1602  – 28 September 1654) was a Flemish architect and sculptor who was particularly accomplished in portraits. He played an important role in the introduction of the Baroque style in Northern European sculpture.

Life

Training
He was born in Brussels, the son of Jerôme Duquesnoy (I), court sculptor to Archduke Albert and Archduchess Isabella who jointly ruled the Spanish Netherlands. His father is now mainly known as the creator of the Manneken Pis fountain in Brussels (1619). He trained in his father's workshop along with his older brother François. François went to work in Rome where he became rather successful.

Abroad

Jerôme travelled to join his older brother in Rome in 1621. During Anthony van Dyck’s period of residence in Rome, the brothers became friends with him and van Dyck painted their portraits. Jerôme worked with his brother on the baldacchino for Saint Peter's in Rome as is testified by a payment in his own name for that work received in 1627. There is no documentation on Jérôme's movements between 1627 and 1641. The assumption has been that the brothers had a falling out and split ways after which Jerôme went to work primarily in Spain, where he received court commissions, and Portugal. None of his works from that period have been traced. An alternative view of the lack of details on Jérôme's whereabouts and residence in Spain between 1627 and 1641 holds that Jérôme had in fact not left Rome for a long period of time but had been working inside the workshop of his brother in Rome assisting him with his various commissions. The trip to Spain would therefore have only been rather brief and occurred probably in the year 1640. When in 1641 Jérôme is documented as working in the workshop of the Flemish goldsmith Andreas Ghysels in Florence, he may have been doing so in the execution of designs of his brother.

After a stay of nine months in Florence, Duquesnoy returned to Rome. When François left on a trip to France at the invitation of the French king to become the director of a yet to be established department of painting and sculpture called ‘Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture’, Jerôme accompanied him. During the trip François died on 12 July 1643 in Livorno of an illness from which he had already been suffering before he set out.

Return to Flanders
Instead of returning to Rome, Jerôme travelled on to his hometown Brussels where he soon received many commissions.  He claimed the chests with art designs and models that had belonged to his brother and that had been sent on to Brussels.

In 1644 he completed a sculpture of Saint Thomas destined for the Cathedral of Saint Michael and Saint Gudula in Brussels and paid for by the Council of Brabant. He also became an assistant of the court architect and painter Jacob Franquart. In 1646 he drew the design for the Our Blessed Lady chapel in the Cathedral of Saint Michael and Saint Gudula and directed its construction.

Duquesnoy completed an additional three sculptures of apostles for the Cathedral of Saint Michael and Saint Gudula in 1646. He also made the images of the apostles Philip and Matthew for the Chapel Church in Brussels. When Jacob Franquart died in 1651, Duquesnoy succeeded to his position at the Brussels court as "architecte, statuaire et sculpteur de la Cour" (Court architect, statue maker and sculptor). In that capacity Duquesnoy completed several portraits of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, then governor of the Spanish Netherlands (now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna).

He received the commission for the tomb monument of Bishop Antonius Triest to be placed in the choir of the Saint Bavo Cathedral in Ghent. He also received a commission from the family Thurn und Taxis for a marble statue of Saint Ursula to be placed in the Saint Ursula Chapel in the Sablon Church in Brussels.

In 1654 Duquesnoy was living in Ghent to complete the tomb monument of Antonius Triest. He was arrested for sexually abusing two boys of respectively 8 and 11 years old and tried for sodomy. Appeals by his friends to the court in Brussels to transfer jurisdiction over the case from the local court in Ghent to the Royal Magistrate in Brussels were unsuccessful. He was sentenced to strangulation at the stake, followed by burning at the Koornmarkt, a public square in Ghent. The sentence was carried out on 28 September 1654. The tomb of Triest was left to be completed by others.

Work

Jerôme is generally regarded as a skilled sculptor, but a less original or innovative artist than his brother François. His artistic talent has been questioned based on assumptions surrounding the use for his own work of designs made by his brother, and in particular the designs for the bust (now in the Louvre Museum in Paris) and the tomb of Bishop Triest. Already in 1642 Bishop Antonius Triest had approached François Duquesnoy in relation to this bust and monument and had sent along a painting of himself to be used as the basis for the bust. François had declined the commission because of his upcoming move to France but is still said to have made a few terracotta models for putti for the monument. There is no documentation whether or how much work François had done on the design and execution of the bust before he died in 1643. It is therefore difficult to determine how much (if any) of it is of his hand. The work was probably completed in 1643 or 1644 and is signed by Jerôme. The very high quality of the execution of the portrait has led to speculation that his brother had a major (or even sole) role in its design and even execution.
It is likely that the design of the tomb monument itself, which was made almost a decade later, was by Jerôme's own hand. The monument is placed in an architectural frame of black and white marble and depicts Mary and Christ looking down on the effigy of the Bishop reclining on a sarcophagus. The portrait of the Bishop in the monument is particularly fine although some have compared it unfavourably with the earlier bust of the Bishop.

He worked in the baroque style with classicistic tendencies pioneered by his brother. One of his most successful works is the marble statue of a kneeling Saint Ursula placed in the Saint Ursula Chapel in the Sablon Church in Brussels. His style can be clearly seen in the marble depicting the Rape of Ganymede (Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History)

References

External links

Flemish Baroque sculptors
Flemish Baroque architects
17th-century births
1654 deaths
People executed by strangulation
People executed for sodomy
Artists from Brussels


title: Liao Fan

text:
Liao Fan (; born 14 February 1974) is a Chinese film and theatre actor. He is a graduate of Shanghai Theatre Academy. In February 2014 he won the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival, for his performance in the film Black Coal, Thin Ice (directed by Diao Yinan).

Filmography

Film

Television series

Awards

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Shanghai Theatre Academy alumni
Male actors from Changsha
Silver Bear for Best Actor winners
Best Actor Asian Film Award winners
Chinese male stage actors
21st-century Chinese male actors
20th-century Chinese male actors
Chinese male film actors
Chinese male television actors


title: Step Dave

text:
Step Dave is a New Zealand comedy-drama television series written by Kate McDermott. It began airing its first series in New Zealand on 11 February 2014. It was renewed for a second series, which began airing on 1 September 2015. Jono Kenyon announced the show would not be returning for a third series.

Premise
Dave Robinson, a 24-year-old New Zealand bartender, falls in love with Cara Gray, a 39-year-old day spa co-owner with three children.

Cast and characters

Main cast
 Sia Trokenheim as Cara Gray
 Jono Kenyon as Dave Robinson
 Rawiri Jobe as Aaron "Azza", Dave's flatmate
 Tania Nolan as Julia Deering, Cara's sister
 Aidee Walker as Jenny "Jen", Cara's best friend and business partner

Guest cast
 Jaime McDermott as Whitney
 Nic Sampson as Hamish
 Lucinda Hare as Kat
 Andrea Kelland as Lucy
 Jacob Tomuri as Nathan
 Willa O'Neill as Anne-Marie
 Ascia Maybury as Bianca-Faye
 Jason Hood as Steven
 Josh Thomson as Sal
 Jamaica Vaughan as Rose Russell
 Joy Buckle as Pip
 Robert Jozinović as Ryan

Secondary cast
 William Wallace as Phillip Deering, Julia's husband
 Lisa Harrow as Marion Gray, Cara's ex-mother-in-law
 Maya Wyatt as Scarlett Gray, Cara's 16-year-old daughter
 Lily Powell as Jasmine Gray, Cara's 13-year-old daughter
 George Beca as Logan Gray, Cara's 8-year-old son
 J.J. Fong as Betty
 Tainui Tukiwaho as Hugo, Dave's boss

Recurring cast
 Arlo Gibson as Liam Hamilton
 Richard Lambeth as Dylan
 Peter Muller as Michael
 Kimberley Crossman as Stacey, Dave's ex-girlfriend
 Nathalie Boltt as Natalie Robinson, Dave's mother
 Francis Mountjoy as Alec
 Millen Baird as Stewart "Stewie" Gray, Cara's ex-husband
 Amanda Tito as Georgia
 Delaney Tabron as Xandra, Hugo's friend
 Aaron Jeffery as Warren Robinson, Dave's father
 Shane Cortese as Eugene Russell

Series overview

Series 1 (2014)

Series 2 (2015)
On 31 July 2014, the show was renewed for a second series of 13 episodes.

International broadcast
 Australia – Step Dave began airing on GEM from 7 January 2015, however it was pulled from the channel after just one episode. It has since been airing on channel 9 at 2.00am on Fridays since 2016.

U.S. version
It was announced it is going to get a remake which has been put into development by NBC, which Sean Hayes will be among the executive producers, alongside South Pacific Pictures' Kelly Martin and Chris Bailey. The American version will be written by Emily Cutler, who has previously worked on The Odd Couple and Community.

DVD release

References

External links

2010s New Zealand television series
2014 New Zealand television series debuts
2015 New Zealand television series endings
English-language television shows
New Zealand comedy-drama television series
TVNZ 2 original programming
Television series by All3Media
Television series by South Pacific Pictures
Television shows filmed in New Zealand
Television shows funded by NZ on Air
Television shows set in New Zealand


title: Zubin Damania

text:
Zubin Damania (born April 23, 1973) is an American physician, assistant professor, comedian, internet personality, and musician. He also has been writing and performing comedic raps as ZDoggMD, an internet celebrity known for his music videos, parodies, and comedy sketches about medical issues, as well as systemic issues with healthcare.

Damania was a practicing hospitalist (physician specializing in acutely ill patients admitted to the hospital) at Stanford University School of Medicine for 10 years. He was then the founder of Turntable Health, a direct primary care clinic in Downtown Las Vegas that was funded by Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh.

Early life and education
Damania was born in New Jersey, and grew up in Clovis, California, to which his family moved when he was eight years old, with his parents, both Indian Parsi doctors (his father was a private practice primary care doctor, his mother a psychiatrist) who had immigrated from Pune, Maharashtra, India, and two younger siblings. He quipped: "I am the oldest of three children in the family, but sometimes my parents consider me the only child because the other two are not doctors."

He attended Clovis West High School, graduating in 1991. He then went on to receive an undergraduate degree at University of California, Berkeley, where he minored in music and majored in molecular biology and cell biology. While there he completed a research thesis in a genetics lab on integrin-mediated cell-cell adhesion pathways in the Drosophila melanogaster model with James Fristrom.

Damania attended medical school at University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine (UCSF), and graduated in 1999. His time in school was marked by a series of pursuits that combined comedy and medicine: he streamed medical comedy routines for a startup called Medschool.com, and performed medical based standup routines for drug companies, hospitals, and other medical organizations. He also gave the commencement speech at UCSF at his graduation, which has had tens of thousands of views on YouTube and made NPR's list of top commencement speeches of all time.

Career
He completed his internal medicine residency at Stanford University School of Medicine, from 1999 to 2002. Damania then stayed on at the Palo Alto Medical Foundation for ten years as a hospitalist from 2003 to 2012, spending 70% of his time at Stanford University Hospital (where he was an Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine) and 30% of his time at Washington Hospital in Fremont, California, and receiving  the Russell Lee Award for Clinical Teaching. He simultaneously maintained a side hobby performing stand-up comedy for medical audiences worldwide.

Disheartened by the traditional fee-for-service model on which the American medical system is based, Damania became increasingly frustrated with his work. With the encouragement of Tony Hsieh, the CEO of Zappos.com, Damania began writing, performing, and filming musical parodies about the frustrations of work as a doctor, posting them on YouTube to immediate success. He developed a persona called ZDoggMD, fashioned as a gangsta rapper who was upset about popular misconceptions of healthcare in the US.

Damania gave a presentation called "Are Zombie Doctors Taking Over America?" at TEDMED 2013. In it he outlines the lingering problems of the US healthcare system, and how he has re-conceived it at Turntable Health into a patient-centered organization dedicated to preventative care. His speech was called one of the best of the conference.  U.S. News & World Report called his critique of American healthcare "scalpel-sharp" and "at once discomfiting and comic".

Since beginning work on the clinic, Damania has been named one of the "top 14 people to watch in 2014" by Las Vegas Weekly, and has been profiled in The Atlantic Monthly, Xconomy, Wired, Venture Beat, Gizmodo, MSNBC, and USA Today. Turntable Health was also named "by far the most exciting healthcare startup" and "revolutionary" by The Next Web.

ZDoggMD
ZDoggMD is an alias of Damania since 2011, and under the name he makes music videos, health-care theme parodies, and comedy sketches about contemporary medical issues and working in the medical field. When his first music video (Immunize, based on Billionaire by Travie McCoy and Bruno Mars) was viewed 200,000 times, it got Damania death threats from anti-vaccination activists, who also mounted an unsuccessful campaign to get him fired. Damania spent time reading anti-vaccination groups online and the few medical experts who were attempting to push against the tide of disinformation, such as David Gorski. He decided he could present information in a unique style, with emotion and energy.
In 2020, he has produced hundreds of videos, for a total YouTube viewership with 481K subscribers, in addition to Facebook and Instagram. He still gets death threats.

Current endeavors
ZdoggMD has been featured or interviewed in several medical-based, and other well-known publications, including The Atlantic Monthly, TechCrunch, Radio Rounds, The Guardian, Mental floss, ReachMD, ScienceBlogs, ACP Hospitalist, and Today's Hospitalist, among others.

His website won the 2010 Best New Medical Weblog at the 2010 Medical Weblog Awards sponsored by Epocrates and Lenovo. His videos feature a rotating cast of several characters, also practicing doctors, including, most often, Dr. Harry, a pediatrician, and Doc Quixote, Dr. Diego, and others. He often collaborates musically with Southern California DJ and producer samix, who produced the album Midriff Music by Josh Martinez which won the category "Best Rap Recording" award at the 2005 Western Canadian Music Awards. He is also currently collaborating with Devin Moore, a composer, bassist in the band “Rabbit!,” and member of Downtown Project's music development team in Las Vegas.

ZdoggMD's work has been called "entertainment that might save your life", he has been labeled "the jolliest doctor on the West Coast", and "a genuine doctor who uses YouTube as a creativity outlet to teach people about things like safe sex, delivering bad news, stayin' healthy on vacation, and hemorrhoids." His videos cover topics such as ulcers, testicular exams, Caribbean medical schools, stool transplants, overworked doctors, the role of hospitalists in medicine versus other specialists, vaccine controversies, healthcare in the US, CPR, television doctors, and being on call during the holidays.

Turntable Health
In 2012, Tony Hsieh invited Damania to visit Las Vegas, where Hsieh was in the process of investing $350 million of his own money in a project he hoped would revitalize Downtown Las Vegas (The Downtown Project). He convinced Damania to quit his job as Physician at Stanford and moved his family to Nevada. Hsieh tasked Damania with "fixing Healthcare in Vegas". Once in Las Vegas, Damania continued to produce videos, both as ZDoggMD and himself, while working on opening Turntable Health.

While conceiving of the idea for Turntable Health, Damania met Rushika Fernandopulle, co-founder and CEO of a Boston-based startup called Iora Health, who had become known for his vision of rebuilding healthcare by removing fee-for-service episodic payments from primary care, focusing on prevention, and using a membership model. The two forged a partnership.

Turntable Health, a direct primary care clinic in Downtown Las Vegas, was the result of their collaboration. It was based on a patient-focused, preventative model that subscribers could either pay a monthly fee or pay out of pocket depending on individual coverage. The clinic opened in December 2013 and was an integral part of Hsieh's Downtown Project of revitalizing Las Vegas and re-visualizing urban spaces. Turntable Health shut down as of January 31, 2017.

UNLV School of Medicine

Damania is currently an Adjunct Assistant Professor of Medicine at UNLV School of Medicine and has been affiliated with them since February 2017.

Personal life
Damania is married to Margaret Lin, a radiologist. They have two daughters.

References

External links
 ZDoggMD Official

 Turntable Health

1973 births
21st-century American physicians
American comedians of Indian descent
American health care businesspeople
American health care chief executives
American internists
American people of Parsi descent
American stand-up comedians
American YouTubers
Comedy YouTubers
Health care quality
Internet memes
Living people
Medical educators
Music YouTubers
Parsi people
People from Clovis, California
People from Las Vegas
People from New Jersey
People from the San Francisco Bay Area
Stanford University School of Medicine alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Educational and science YouTubers


title: Live: Travelling the World

text:
Roxette Live: Traveling the World is the first and only live album by Swedish pop duo Roxette, released on 6 December 2013 by Parlophone in conjunction with Warner Music. The set consists of recordings derived from three separate performances of the 2012 South American leg of "The Neverending World Tour". The music album contains their 5 May concert at the Teatro Caupolicán in Santiago, Chile in its entirety, while the DVD and Blu-ray also contains songs taken from their performances at the Orfeo Superdomo in Córdoba, Argentina on 3 May and the Teatro Positivo in Curitiba, Brazil on 8 May. Also included on the DVD/Blu-ray is an exclusive documentary, "It All Begins Where It Ends – The Incredible Story of Roxette".

Critical reception
Malaysian newspaper The Star gave the set a positive review, saying that "At 55, Marie Fredriksson may not sound like how she used to anymore", but that longtime fans would be pleased with her "energetic performance ... it's good to know that she hasn't lost her mojo." They praised the performance of "It Must Have Been Love" as the album's best song, saying that Fredriksson "lets the audience sing the song for her before launching into a rocking performance of her own." Swedish publication Aftonbladet was also positive, rating the album three out of five.

Formats and track listings
All songs written by Per Gessle, except "Perfect Day", "Spending My Time" and "Listen to Your Heart" by Gessle and Mats Persson.

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Roxette Live: Travelling the World.

 Roxette are Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson.
 Recorded at Orfeo Superdomo in Córdoba on 3 May 2012, Teatro Caupolicán in Santiago on 5 May 2012, and Teatro Positivo in Curitiba on 8 May 2012.
 All songs mixed by Christoffer Lundquist at The Aerosol Grey Machine.
 Mastered by Mats Lindfors at Cutting Room Studios in Stockholm.

Musicians
 Marie Fredriksson – lead and backing vocals
 Per Gessle – lead and backing vocals, rhythm guitar, harmonica
 Per "Pelle" Alsing – drums and percussion
 Magnus Börjeson – bass and backing vocals
 Dea Norberg – backing vocals and percussion
 Christoffer Lundquist – lead guitar and backing vocals
 Clarence Öfwerman – keyboards and backing vocals

Production
 Justyna Bereza – photography
 Josefin Bolyos – photography
 Kai-Uwe Heinze – photography
 Mattias Holmer – producer
 Svante Larsson – producer
 Lucas Lindholm – photography
 Magnus Öhrlund – director and producer
 Mikael Sandberg – director

Charts

Album charts

Video charts

References

External links

2013 live albums
Roxette albums


title: The Case of Unfaithful Klara (film)

text:
The Case of Unfaithful Klara (, ) is a 2009 Italian-Czech romance-drama film directed by Roberto Faenza. It is loosely based on the novel with the same name by Michal Viewegh.

Luca, an Italian musician who lives in Prague as a music teacher at an elementary school, is in the grip of uncontrollable jealousy for his girlfriend Klara, an art history student about to graduate. Suspicious of the ambiguous relationship that the girl has with Pavel, her tutor at the university, Luca assigns a detective, Denis, to control her. After the first stalking, carried out with the help of sophisticated technologies, the detective decides to hide some evidence that he considers unimportant, almost as if he wants to protect his client from tormenting himself by unnecessary and unfounded suspicions. Thus begins a refined game of the parts between the two men that will lead them to contaminate each other: the one will transfer into the other elements and feelings that he did not know before. Denis, who lives an extremely open relationship with his wife Ruth and is in love with Nina, his assistant in the agency, loses serenity and professional "detachment". While Luca, engulfed by his passion for Klara, becomes patient and calculating, prompting the detective to follow Klara one last time on a study trip to Venice where Pavel is also present. Here, in disguise, Denis will get to know Klara and end up discovering a singular truth.

Cast
Laura Chiatti: Klara
Claudio Santamaria: Luca
Iain Glen: Denis
Kierston Wareing: Nina
Pavlína Němcová: Ruth
Aňa Geislerová: Professor Smidt
Miroslav Šimůnek: Pavel

Production
Director Roberto Faenza said in the bathtub sex scene between Laura Chiatti and Claudio Santamaria he left the actors completely alone. "The crew was outside their room and inside there was a camera left alone with the actors, and maneuvered through a hole, so that they did not feel they were being watched. It was like they were actually having sex with each other," Faenza said.

References

External links

2002 films
2002 romantic drama films
Films directed by Roberto Faenza
English-language Italian films
Italian romantic drama films
2000s English-language films
English-language romantic drama films


title: Anthony C. Ferrante

text:
Anthony C. Ferrante is an American film director, producer, and writer, known for directing the Sharknado series, the 2017 thriller Forgotten Evil and the 2005 ghost story Boo, which was his feature film writing and directing debut.

Career
Ferrante grew up in Antioch, California. When he was attending Antioch High School, he took a film studies class at Los Medanos College. His first film was shot at the El Campanil Theatre. He would later get his  bachelor arts degree in film studies at San Francisco State.

In addition to his film career, he has written a comic, Archie vs. Sharknado, which is a tie-in to Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No! and is illustrated by Dan Parent. He also formed the band Quint with actor / musician Robbie Rist. They have written and performed songs for every Sharknado movie including the theme song "(The Ballad of) Sharknado". Before moving to movies full-time, Ferrante was the editor-in-chief of (the now defunct) Cinescape magazine and a writer for Fangoria.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
San Francisco State University alumni
People from Antioch, California
Horror film directors
Film directors from California
American people of Italian descent
Antioch High School alumni


title: Aminobacter anthyllidis

text:
Aminobacter anthyllidis is a bacterium from the genus of Aminobacter.

References

Phyllobacteriaceae
Bacteria described in 2013


title: Invisible Girl (disambiguation)

text:
Invisible Girl is the original name of Invisible Woman, a fictional character that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Invisible Girl or The Invisible Girls or variant, may refer to:

 Invisible person, a science fiction concept
 Invisible Girl (album), the 2009 album by The King Khan & BBQ Show, or the title song
"The Invisible Girl" (story), a short story by Mary Shelley published in The Keepsake for 1830
The Invisible Girl (film), a 2022 thriller drama film
 "Invisible Girl", a song on the 2010 Gabriella Cilmi album Ten
The Invisible Girls, a British rock band
 An alternate title for ""Out of Mind, Out of Sight" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)", an episode of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 Toru Hagakure or Invisible Girl, a fictional character in the manga My Hero Academia

See also

Invisible Woman (disambiguation)
Invisible Boy (disambiguation)


The Little Office of the Immaculate Conception () is a devotional office of the Catholic Church, similar in structure to the Divine Office, the Church's official liturgical prayer, though it does not include any Psalms. It was composed towards the end of the 15th Century and long predated the official promulgation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The Holy See confirmed the Office in 1615.

Structure
The essential structure of the Little Office of the Immaculate Conception mirrors that of the Divine Office, that is, the office is composed of Matins, Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers and Compline, with the exception of Lauds and the addition of a special concluding prayer. Unlike the Divine Office, however, the Little Office of the immaculate conception (not to be confused with the little office of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which does contain psalms ) does not include any psalms.

Endorsement
The Little Office currently has prescribed to it a partial indulgence by the Apostolic Penitentiary, as per section 3 of grant number 22 of the fourth edition of the Holy See's Enchiridion Indulgentiarum:

Translations
A Polish translation of the Little Office was printed in the year 1616. Neither the author nor the translator of the Polish text of the Office are known, though the excellent Polish translation made the Office accessible to Poles and ensured its popularity. It is presumed that the translation was done by a Jesuit priest in Kraków or perhaps the first translator of the Bible into Polish, Jakub Wujek. A Latin text, approved by the Holy See, was released from the press of the Apostolic Camera in 1838.

References

Bibliography
S. Pascale-Dominique Nau, Godzinki Petites heures de l'Immaculée Conception (general introduction and commentary)  Eds Universitaires Européennes, 2017.

S. Pascale-Dominique Nau, Godzinki: The Little Hours of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (history, general analysis and translation) Rome, 2013 .

External links
The Little Office of the Immaculate Conception in both English and Latin

Catholic liturgy


title: Velvet Music

text:
Velvet Music is a Russian record label and production company established in February 2004 by Alyona Mikhailova and Liana Meladze.

Artists
 Mari Kraimbrery
 Yolka / ЯАVЬ
 Vintage

 Vladimir Presnyakov
 Gosha Kutsenko

References

External links

 Catalog at Discogs

Russian record labels
Record labels established in 2004
Companies based in Moscow
Russian brands


title: Brooke Harlow

text:
D. Brooke Harlow is an American businesswoman, currently working as the Chief Commercial Officer of the Managed Funds Association, where she was previously Executive Vice President and Director of Public Affairs. Working as a Managing Director at Highbridge Capital Management and J.P. Morgan Chase in the past, Brooke Harlow has done communications work with companies such as Burson-Marstellar and CNN.

Education
Harlow graduated from Yale University in 1996 with a B.A. in American Studies. She was named a Rotary Scholar in 1997, and studied at El Colegio de México as part of the Masters in International Relations program in Mexico City, Mexico.

Career
Brooke Harlow is the Chief Commercial Officer at the Managed Funds Association. Her responsibilities include corporate strategy, revenue growth, investor relations and member relations at the global trade association representing the hedge fund industry. She also serves as Executive Director of the private foundation the Center For Alternative Investment Education. Harlow was the Executive Vice President and Managing Director for Marketing and Communications at the Managed Funds Association from 2009 until 2018.

Before joining MFA, Harlow was Managing Director of Communications and Public Affairs at New York-based hedge fund manager Highbridge Capital Management, where her responsibilities included corporate communications, marketing, branding and public affairs. She also served as the firm’s spokesperson.

Prior to her work with Highbridge Capital, Harlow was Vice President of Investment Bank Marketing and Communications at JP Morgan Chase for six years.

Harlow served as a senior associate in the public affairs practice at Burson-Marsteller in Washington, D.C., and worked as a field producer for CNN in Washington, D.C. and Mexico City.

Other activities
Ms. Harlow is a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the Women's Board of the Boys Club of New York City,  and an advisor to the Center for Public Leadership at Harvard University. She is a member of the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Harlow is a board member of the Surgeons OverSeas (SOS) Board of Directors, and a Sustaining Angel at 100 Women in Hedge Funds.  Harlow is also a supporter of the Museum of the City of New York, the Central Park Conservancy women’s committee  and the Horticultural Society of New York City. Harlow has been published on issues related to regulation and legislation around the hedge fund industry  and is a frequent speaker and moderator on topics related to and about the media and the alternative investment industry.

Personal life
Brooke married Kevin Scott Lynyak on June 16, 2007.

References

American telecommunications industry businesspeople
Living people
Yale University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Majestic Theatre (East St. Louis)

text:
The Majestic Theatre is a historic movie theater located at 240–246 Collinsville Ave. in East St. Louis, Illinois. Built in 1928, the theater replaced a 1907 theater which had burned down. The Spanish Gothic theater was designed by the Boller Brothers, who were nationally prominent theater architects. Multicolored tiles decorate the building's front facade, forming patterned mosaics. The front facade also features piers with decorative peaks and tall arched windows. The theater attracted numerous celebrities to its grand opening, and it represented several firsts among East St. Louis cinemas; it was the first in the city with a modern air conditioning system and the first in Southern Illinois to show talkies. The theater closed in the 1960s.

The theater was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 1985.

References

Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Theatres completed in 1928
Buildings and structures in St. Clair County, Illinois
East St. Louis, Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in St. Clair County, Illinois
1928 establishments in Illinois


title: Polythea, Trikala

text:
Polythea () is a village and a community of the Meteora municipality. Since the 2011 local government reform it was part of the community of Aspropotamos, of which it was a communal district. The 2011 census recorded 36 residents in the village. The community of Polythea covers an area of 24.293 km2.

See also
 List of settlements in the Trikala regional unit

References

Populated places in Trikala (regional unit)
Meteora (municipality)
Aromanian settlements in Greece


title: 1979–80 Lancashire Cup

text:
1979–80 was the sixty-seventh occasion on which the Lancashire Cup completion had been held.

Widnes won the trophy  by beating Workington Town by the score of 11-0

The match was played at The Willows, Salford, (historically in the county of Lancashire). The attendance was 6887 and receipts were £7100.00

After relatively little success in the competition, Workington Town had reached the semi-final stage in 1973–74, 1974–75 and 1975–76, had been runner-up in 1976–77, winner in 1977–78, and runners-up in 1978–79 and now again in 1979–80; not a bad eight year record.

Background

The total number of teams entering the competition remained at last season’s total of 14 with  no junior/amateur clubs taking part.

The same fixture format was retained, but due to the number of participating clubs, this resulted in one  “blank” or “dummy” fixture in the first round, and one bye in the second round.

Competition and results

Round 1
Involved  7 matches (with one “blank” fixture) and 14 clubs

Round 2 - Quarter-finals
Involved 3 matches (with one bye) and 7 clubs

Round 3 – Semi-finals
Involved 2 matches and 4 clubs

Final

Teams and scorers

Scoring - Try = three points - Goal = two points - Drop goal = one point

The road to success

Notes and comments
1  * The Willows was the home ground of Salford with a final capacity of 11,363 which included 2,500 seats. The record attendance was 26,470 on the 13 February 1937 in the Challenge Cup first round match  vs Warrington. The final match played on 11 September 2011 at The Willows attracted 10,146 spectators to a Super League match which saw Salford lose 18-44 to Catalans Dragons, a record for a Salford home match in Super League.

See also
1979–80 Northern Rugby Football League season
Rugby league county cups

References

External links
Saints Heritage Society
1896–97 Northern Rugby Football Union season at wigan.rlfans.com
Hull&Proud Fixtures & Results 1896/1897
Widnes Vikings - One team, one passion Season In Review - 1896-97
The Northern Union at warringtonwolves.org

RFL Lancashire Cup
Lancashire Cup


title: Haru Kuroki

text:
is a Japanese actress.  She gained international recognition by winning Silver Bear (Best Actress Award)
at Berlin International Film Festival in 2014, for her performance in Yoji Yamada's film The Little House.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Actresses from Osaka Prefecture
People from Takatsuki, Osaka
Silver Bear for Best Actress winners
Asia Contents Awards & Global OTT Awards winners
Kyoto University of the Arts alumni


title: 1980–81 Lancashire Cup

text:
The 1980–81 Lancashire Cup (known as the Forshaws Lancashire Cup for sponsorship reasons) was the 68th staging of the rugby league knockout competition, the Lancashire Cup.

Warrington won the trophy with a 26–10 victory over Second Division side Wigan.

Background
The total number of teams entering the competition remained at last season’s total of 14 with no junior/amateur clubs taking part.

Competition and results

First Round
Involved six matches and 12 clubs. Barrow and Whitehaven received byes into the next round. Huyton's match against Warrington was moved to Wilderspool due to vandalism at Huyton's home ground, Alt Park.

Second Round
Involved four matches and eight clubs

Semi-finals
Involved two matches and four clubs.

Final
The final was played at Knowsley Road, St Helens, with an attendance of 6,279 and gate receipts of £8,629. This was Warrington's seventh Lancashire Cup win, and their first since 1965.

Teams and scorers

The road to success

See also
1980–81 Rugby Football League season
Rugby league county cups

Notes

References

External links

1980 in English rugby league
RFL Lancashire Cup


title: 1981–82 Lancashire Cup

text:
1981–82 was the sixty-ninth occasion on which the Lancashire Cup completion had been held.

Leigh won the trophy  by beating Widnes by the score of 8-3
The match was played at Central Park, Wigan, (historically in the county of Lancashire). The attendance was 9,011 and receipts were £14,029.00

Background

This season saw the introduction of two new clubs, Carlisle and Fulham, neither in Lancashire, but classed as “Western”. Thus the total number of teams entering the competition increased from 14 to a full complement of 16.
With this full sixteen members there was no need for “blank” or “dummy” fixtures or any byes.

Competition and results

Round 1
Involved  8 matches (with no byes) and 16 clubs

Round 2 - Quarter-finals
Involved 4 matches and 8 clubs

Round 3 – Semi-finals
Involved 2 matches and 4 clubs

Final

Teams and scorers

Scoring - Try = three points - Goal = two points - Drop goal = one point

The road to success

Notes and comments
1  * The first Lancashire Cup match played by the newly elected Carlisle team and also at this stadium, Carlisle United's Brunton Park
2 * The first Lancashire Cup match played by the newly elected Fulham team and also at this stadium, Fulham's Craven Cottage
3 * Central Park was the home ground of Wigan with a final capacity of 18,000, although the record attendance was  47,747 for Wigan v St Helens 27 March 1959

See also
1981–82 Rugby Football League season
Rugby league county cups

References

External links
Saints Heritage Society
1896–97 Northern Rugby Football Union season at wigan.rlfans.com
Hull&Proud Fixtures & Results 1896/1897
Widnes Vikings - One team, one passion Season In Review - 1896-97
The Northern Union at warringtonwolves.org

1981 in English rugby league
RFL Lancashire Cup


title: 1982–83 Lancashire Cup

text:
1982–83 was the seventieth occasion on which the Lancashire Cup completion had been held.

Warrington won the trophy  by beating St. Helens by the score of 16-0
The match was played at Central Park, Wigan, (historically in the county of Lancashire). The attendance was 6,462 and receipts were £11,732.00

Background

This season saw no new clubs and no withdrawals, leaving the total number of entrants at the 16 level.
With this full sixteen members there was no need for “blank” or “dummy” fixtures or any byes.

Competition and results

Round 1
Involved  8 matches (with no byes) and 16 clubs

Round 2 - Quarter-finals
Involved 4 matches and 8 clubs

Round 3 – Semi-finals
Involved 2 matches and 4 clubs

Round 3 – Semi-finals – replays
Involved 1 matches and 2 clubs

Final

Teams and scorers

Scoring - Try = three points - Goal = two points - Drop goal = one point

The road to success

Notes and comments
1 * Central Park was the home ground of Wigan with a final capacity of 18,000, although the record attendance was  47,747 for Wigan v St Helens 27 March 1959

See also
1982–83 Rugby Football League season
Rugby league county cups

References

External links
Saints Heritage Society
1896–97 Northern Rugby Football Union season at wigan.rlfans.com
Hull&Proud Fixtures & Results 1896/1897
Widnes Vikings - One team, one passion Season In Review - 1896-97
The Northern Union at warringtonwolves.org

1982 in English rugby league
RFL Lancashire Cup


title: 1983–84 Lancashire Cup

text:
The 1983–84 Lancashire Cup was a Rugby league competition, won by Barrow who beat Widnes 12-8 in the final at Central Park, Wigan.

Background

This season saw no new clubs and no withdrawals, leaving the total number of entrants at the 16 level. With this full sixteen members there was no need for "blank" or "dummy" fixtures or any byes.

Competition and results

Round 1
Involved  8 matches (with no byes) and 16 clubs

Round 2 - Quarter-finals
Involved 4 matches and 8 clubs

Round 3 – Semi-finals
Involved 2 matches and 4 clubs

Final

Teams and scorers

Scoring - Try = four points - Goal = two points - Drop goal = one point

The road to success

Notes and comments
1 * Central Park was the home ground of Wigan with a final capacity of 18,000, although the record attendance was  47,747 for Wigan v St Helens 27 March 1959

See also
1983–84 Rugby Football League season
Rugby league county cups

References

External links

1983 in English rugby league
RFL Lancashire Cup


title: 1984–85 Lancashire Cup

text:
1984–85 was the seventy-second occasion on which the Lancashire Cup completion had been held.

St. Helens won the trophy  by beating Wigan by the score of 26–18.

The match was played at Central Park, Wigan, (historically in the county of Lancashire). The attendance was 26,074 and receipts were £6,2139.00

This was the first time in over twenty years that the attendance exceeded 20,000, and it would continue around this level for the next four seasons. The receipts climbed from last year's near-record £13,160.00 to £62,139.

Background

This season the total number of entrants remained at the 16 level.

With this, full sixteen members there was no need for “blank” or “dummy” fixtures or any byes.

Competition and results

Round 1
Involved  8 matches (with no byes) and 16 clubs

Round 2 - Quarter-finals
Involved 4 matches and 8 clubs

Round 3 – Semi-finals
Involved 2 matches and 4 clubs

Final

Teams and scorers

Scoring - Try = four points - Goal = two points - Drop goal = one point

The road to success

Notes and comments
1 * Fulham did not have a home ground for this season and were very nomadic. This match played at Station Road
2 * Wigan won the coin toss for the home advantage after neither they nor St. Helens wanted to play at the chosen venue, Wilderspool, due to the low capacity
3 * Central Park was the home ground of Wigan with a final capacity of 18,000, although the record attendance was  47,747 for Wigan v St Helens 27 March 1959

See also
1984–85 Rugby Football League season
Rugby league county cups

References

External links
Saints Heritage Society
1896–97 Northern Rugby Football Union season at wigan.rlfans.com
Hull&Proud Fixtures & Results 1896/1897
Widnes Vikings - One team, one passion Season In Review - 1896-97
The Northern Union at warringtonwolves.org

1984 in English rugby league
RFL Lancashire Cup


title: Nikolay Kostov (footballer, born 1986)

text:
Nikolay Kostov (; born 9 September 1986) is a Bulgarian footballer, who currently plays for Neftochimic Burgas as a defender.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Bulgarian men's footballers
PSFC Chernomorets Burgas players
PFC Neftochimic Burgas (2009–2014) players
OFC Nesebar players
FC Vereya players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Men's association football defenders


title: 1985–86 Lancashire Cup

text:
The 1985–86 Lancashire Cup competition was the seventy-third occasion on which the tournament had been held. Wigan won the trophy by beating Warrington in the final by the score of 34-8.

Competition and results
This season the total number of entrants remained at the 16 level. With this full sixteen members there was no need for “blank” or “dummy” fixtures or any byes.

Round 1
Involved  8 matches (with no byes) and 16 clubs

Round 2 - Quarter-finals
Involved 4 matches and 8 clubs

Round 3 – Semi-finals
Involved 2 matches and 4 clubs

Final
The match was played at Knowsley Road, Eccleston, St Helens, Merseyside, (historically in the county of Lancashire). The attendance was 19,202 and receipts were £56,030. The attendance was again at a very pleasing level, the second of the five-year period when it would reach around the 20,000 level.

This was Wigan's second appearance in two years and a first victory in what would become a run of four victories and five appearances in five successive years.

Teams and scorers

Scoring - Try = four points - Goal = two points - Drop goal = one point

The road to success

Notes
1 * Knowsley Road was the home ground of St. Helens from 1890 to 2010. The final capacity was in the region of 18,000, although the actual record attendance was 35,695, set on 26 December 1949, for a league game between St Helens and Wigan

See also
1985–86 Rugby Football League season
Rugby league county cups

References

External links
Saints Heritage Society
1896–97 Northern Rugby Football Union season at wigan.rlfans.com
Hull&Proud Fixtures & Results 1896/1897
Widnes Vikings - One team, one passion Season In Review - 1896-97
The Northern Union at warringtonwolves.org

RFL Lancashire Cup
Lancashire Cup


title: Katharina Innerhofer

text:
Katharina Innerhofer (born 17 January 1991) is an Austrian biathlete. She was born in Zell am See.

She competed at the Biathlon World Championships 2012 and 2013, and at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.

On 6 March 2014 Innerhofer won her first World cup event by finishing first in a sprint competition in Pokljuka. Before this victory her best result in the World Cup was 22nd place in an individual race in Ruhpolding. It was also a first ever victory in the World Cup for an Austrian female biathlete.

Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.

Individual victories
1 victory (1 Sp)

*Results are from UIPMB and IBU races which include the Biathlon World Cup, Biathlon World Championships and the Winter Olympic Games.

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
People from Zell am See
Austrian female biathletes
Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Olympic biathletes for Austria
Sportspeople from Salzburg (state)