title: Post-war aviation

text:
The period between 1945 and 1979 is sometimes called the post-war era or the period of the post-war political consensus. During this period, aviation was dominated by the arrival of the Jet Age. In civil aviation the jet engine allowed a huge expansion of commercial air travel, while in military aviation it led to the widespread introduction of supersonic aircraft.

By the end of the Second World War Germany and Britain already had operational jet aircraft in military service. The next few years saw jet engines being developed by all the major powers and military jet aircraft entering service with their air forces.  The Soviets' most important design bureau for future jet fighter development in the decades to come, Mikoyan-Gurevich, started preparing for building swept-winged jet aircraft with the small, experimental piston-engined MiG-8 Utka pusher, which flew with slightly swept-back wings only months after V-E Day.

Supersonic flight was achieved in 1947 by the American Bell X-1 rocket plane, however the use of rocket engines would prove short lived. The development of the afterburner soon allowed jet engines to provide similar levels of thrust and longer range, while needing no oxidant and being safer to handle. The first supersonic jet to enter service was the North American F-100 Super Sabre, in 1954.

Meanwhile, commercial jetliners were being developed with the first of these, the British de Havilland Comet, first flying in 1949 and entering service in 1952. The Comet suffered from a new and unexpected problem now known as metal fatigue, several examples crashed and by the time a new version was introduced, American types such as the Boeing 707 had overtaken its design and it was not a commercial success. These types and their descendants contributed to an era of great social change, typified by popular phrases such as "the jet set" and introducing new medical syndromes such as jet lag.

The propulsive efficiency of jet engines is inversely related to the exhaust velocity. The turbofan engine improves on the propulsive efficiency of the turbojet by accelerating a larger amount of air to a lower velocity. The overall gain in efficiency increases the range and lowers the cost of operation for a given aircraft. Development had begun in both Britain and Germany during the war but the first production version, the Rolls-Royce Conway did not come into use until around 1960.

Attempts were made to develop a supersonic airliner, with the Anglo-French Concorde and Soviet Tupolev Tu-144 entering service during the 1970s, but they proved uneconomic in practice due to the high fuel consumption at supersonic speeds. The associated pollution and sonic boom from these aircraft also raised awareness of the Environmental impact of aviation, making it difficult to find countries prepared to tolerate them.

Many other advances took place during this period, such as the introduction of the helicopter, development of the fabric Rogallo wing for sport flying and the reintroduction of the canard or "tail-first" configuration by the Swedish Saab Viggen jet fighter.

Aircraft

Supersonic flight
Designers already knew that as an aircraft approaches the speed of sound (Mach 1), in the transonic region, shock waves begin forming, causing a large increase in drag. Wings, already thin, had to become thinner and finer. Fineness is a measure of how thin the wing is compared to its front-to-back chord. A small, highly loaded wing has less drag and so some early types used this type, including the Bell X-1 rocket plane and the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. But these craft had high takeoff speeds, the Starfighter causing significant pilot deaths during takeoff, and small wings fell out of use. An approach pioneered by German designers during the war was to sweep the wing at an angle, delaying the buildup of shock waves. But this made the wing structure longer and more flexible, making the aircraft more likely to suffer from bending or aeroelasticity and even causing a reversal in the action of the flight controls. Stall behaviour of the swept wing was also poorly understood and could be extremely sharp. Other problems included divergent oscillations which could build up lethal forces. In researching these effects, many pilots lost their lives, for example all three examples of the de Havilland DH.108 Swallow broke up in the air, killing their pilots. while another survived only because he lowered the seat so that, when violent oscillations developed, he did not bang his head on the canopy and break his neck.

The triangular delta wing has a swept leading edge while maintaining a sufficiently deep wing root for structural stiffness, and from the introduction of the French Dassault Mirage fighter it became a popular choice, with or without a tailplane.

But the plain delta wing proved less manoeuvrable in combat than a more conventional tapered wing, and as time progressed became more heavily modified, with tailed, cropped, double-delta, canard and other forms appearing.

As speed increases and becomes fully supersonic, the wing centre of lift moves backwards, causing a change in longitudinal trim and a pitching-down tendency known as Mach tuck. Supersonic aircraft had to be made capable of adjusting sufficiently, in order to maintain adequate control at all stages of flight.

Above speeds of around Mach 2.2 the airframe starts to heat up with the friction of the air, causing both thermal expansion and loss of strength in the cheap, easily workable light alloys used for lower speeds. Also, jet engines begin to reach their limits. The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird was constructed of titanium alloy, had a special corrugated skin to absorb thermal expansion and dual-cycle turbofan-ramjet engines which ran on a special temperature-tolerant fuel. Mach tuck was reduced through the use of long "chine" extensions of the wing along the fuselage, which contributed greater lift at supersonic speeds.

Another problem with supersonic flight proved to be its environmental impact. A large aircraft creates a loud shock wave or "sonic boom," which can disturb or damage anything it passes over, while the high drag results in high fuel consumption and consequent pollution. These issues became highlighted with the introduction of the Concorde supersonic transport.

Engines
The propeller powered by a piston engine, in radial or inline form, still dominated aviation at the close of World War Two, and its simplicity and low cost mean it is still in use today for less demanding applications.

Some early attempts to achieve high speeds, such as the Bell X-1, used rocket engines. However a rocket engine requires an oxidant as well as a fuel, making these aircraft dangerous to handle and short-ranged. Hybrid dual-motor types such as the Saunders-Roe SR.53 used the rocket to boost speed for a "supersonic dash." In the event the development of the afterburner allowed jet engines to provide similar levels of thrust and rocket power became confined to missiles.

As the jet turbine developed, distinct types emerged. The basic jet turbine appeared in two forms, with axial or centrifugal compressors. Axial flow is theoretically more efficient and physically slimmer but requires higher technology to achieve. Consequently, early jets were of the centrifugal type. It was not long before axial-flow types came to dominate.

A variation on the turbine theme is the turbo-prop. Here, the turbine drives not only the compressor but also the main propeller. At lower speeds and altitudes this design is more efficient and economical than the jet turbine, while having greater power for less weight than a piston engine. It therefore found a niche between the low-cost piston engine and the high-performance jet engine. The Rolls-Royce Dart powered the Vickers Viscount airliner, which first flew in 1948, and turboprops remain in production today.

The next development of the jet engine was the afterburner. Pure turbojets were found to fly little faster than the speed of sound. In order to increase speed for supersonic flight, fuel was injected into the engine exhaust, upstream of a divergent nozzle similar to that seen on a rocket engine. As the fuel burned it expanded, reacting against the nozzle to drive the exhaust backwards and the engine forwards.

Turbojet engines have a high fuel consumption, and afterburning even more so. One way to make an engine more efficient is to make it pass a larger mass of air at slower speed. This led to the development of the bypass turbofan, in which a larger-diameter fan at the front passes some air into the compressor and the rest around a bypass, where it flows past the engine at slower speed than the jet exhaust. The fan and compressor need to spin at different speeds, leading to the two-spool turbofan, in which two sets of turbines are mounted on concentric shafts spinning at different speeds to drive the fan and the high-pressure compressor respectively. Taking the principle a step further, the high-bypass turbofan is even more efficient, having typically three spools each spinning at a different speed.

Another way to improve efficiency is to increase the combustion temperature. This requires improved materials able to retain their strength at high temperature, and the development of engine cores has largely followed advances in the materials available, for example through the development of precision-made ceramic parts and single-crystal metal turbine blades. Rolls-Royce developed a carbon composite fan for the Rolls-Royce RB211 turbofan but in the event found the material did not have sufficient damage tolerance and they reverted to the more conventional titanium metal.

Avionics
The advent of reliable electronics led to a progressive development of avionic systems for flight control, navigation, communication, engine control and military purposes such as target identification and weapons aiming.

New radio location systems provided navigation information which could be used to control an autopilot pre-set to fly a specific course rather than to simply maintain the present altitude and heading. Radio communications became more sophisticated, in large part to cope with increasing use as the skies became increasingly crowded.

In the military arena, Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) systems were developed, enabling military aircraft to identify each other when within firing range of their missiles but beyond visual range. Weapons aiming systems developed into fire-control systems capable of arming, launching, tracking and controlling multiple missiles at different targets. The Head-Up Display (HUD) was developed from the wartime reflector gunsight to provide key flight information to the pilot without needing to lower the eyes to the instrument panel. The increasing capability - and vulnerability - of avionics led to the development of airborne Early Warning (EW) and Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) systems.

Vertical takeoff (VTOL)

The helicopter and autogyro had both seen service in the war. Although capable of VTOL operation, rotorcraft are inefficient, expensive and slow. The Bachem Natter point-defence interceptor had used a rudimentary form of VTOL, taking off vertically under rocket power and the pilot later landing vertically by parachute while the craft fell to bits and crashed, but this was not a practical post-war solution.

Many approaches were experimented with in the post-war period, in the attempt to combine the high speed of the conventional aeroplane with the VTOL convenience of the helicopter. Only three would eventually enter production and of these only two did so during the period. The Hawker Siddeley Harrier "jump jet" achieved significant success, being manufactured in several versions and operated by the UK, USA, Spain and India, and seeing significant action in the UK-Argentina Falklands War. The Yakovlev Yak-36 went through troubling, long and expensive development, never reaching its design performance but eventually emerging as the operational Yak-38.

Rotorcraft
The first practical helicopters were developed during World War II, and many more designs appeared in the following years. For general use, the configuration developed in the US by Igor Sikorsky quickly came to dominate. Control was achieved by an articulated rotor head with cyclic and collective pitch controls, while rotor torque was counteracted by a sideways-facing tail rotor. Helicopters entered widespread use in many diverse roles including air observation, search and rescue, medical evacuation, fire fighting, construction and general transport to otherwise inaccessible locations such as mountain sides and oil rigs.

In heavy-lift applications, the tandem rotor configuration was also used with some success, for example in the Boeing Chinook series. Other twin-rotor configurations, such as intermeshing, co-axial or side-by-side also saw some use.

The autogyro, used significantly during the late 1930s and throughout the war, became relegated to private aviation and never saw wide acceptance. A Wallis example, "Little Nellie", became famous for its appearance in a James Bond film.

Another variation on the helicopter was the gyrodyne, which added a conventional propeller for forward thrust and only powered the main rotor for vertical flight. None entered production.

Convertiplanes

The convertiplane has a conventional wing for lift in forward flight and a rotary wing which acts as a lifting rotor for vertical flight and then tilts forward to act as a propeller in forward flight. In the tiltwing variant the whole wing-rotor assembly tilts while in the tiltrotor the wing remains fixed and only the engine-rotor assembly tilts. The requirements for a lifting rotor and a propulsive propeller differ, and the rotors for a convertiplane must be a compromise between the two. Some designs used what were effectively propellers rather than rotors, having a smaller diameter and being optimised for forward flight, while others chose a larger size to give better lifting power at the expense of forward speed. No convertiplane entered production during the post-war years, however the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey tiltrotor would eventually fly in 1989, finally entering service 18 years after that.

Tail-sitters
Tail-sitters were otherwise conventional aeroplanes which sat pointing vertically up while on the ground and, after takeoff, tilted the whole aircraft horizontal to fly forwards. Early designs used propellers for thrust, while later ones used jet thrust. Problems with pilot attitude and visibility made the idea impractical.

Jet and fan lift
To use jet power for lift, the impracticality of tail-sitting meant it was necessary for the aircraft to take off and land vertically while still in a horizontal attitude. Solutions tried included lifting fans (typically buried in the wings), swivelling engine pods similar in concept to the convertiplane, dedicated lightweight lift jets or turbofans, thrust-vectoring by deflecting the jet exhaust as needed, and various combinations of these.

Only thrust-vectoring stood the test of time, with the introduction of the Rolls-Royce Pegasus bypass turbofan engine having separate vectoring nozzles for the cold fan (bypass) and hot exhaust flows, which first flew in the Hawker P.1127 VTOL research aircraft of 1960.

The success of the P.1127 and its successor the Kestrel led directly to the service introduction of the subsonic Hawker Siddeley Harrier "Jump jet" in 1969. The type was produced in several variants, notably the Sea Harrier and the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II "big-wing" Harrier. Examples saw operational service with the UK, USA, Spain and India. The Harrier's most notable exploit was the use of Royal Navy carrier-borne Sea Harriers in the 1982 UK-Argentina Falklands War, operating in both air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.

The success of the VTOL Harrier motivated the USSR to introduce a counterpart using a combination of exhaust thrust vectoring and additional forward lift jets, the Yakovlev Yak-36 flew in 1971, later evolving into the operational Yakovlev Yak-38. Entering service in 1978, the Yak-38 was limited in both payload capability and hot-and-high performance, and saw only limited deployment.

Civil aviation

The turbofan and cheap air travel
The British de Havilland Comet was the first jet airliner to fly (1949), the first in service (1952), and the first to offer a regular jet-powered transatlantic service (1958).  One hundred and fourteen of all versions were built but the Comet 1 had serious design problems, and out of nine original aircraft, four crashed (one at takeoff and three broke up in flight), which grounded the entire fleet.  The Comet 4 solved these problems but the program was overtaken by the Boeing 707 on the trans-Atlantic run.  The Comet 4 was developed into the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod which retired in June 2011.

Following the grounding of the Comet 1, the Tu-104 became the first jet airliner to provide a sustained and reliable service, its introduction having been delayed pending the outcome of investigations into the Comet crashes. It was the world's only jet airliner in operation between 1956 and 1958 (after which the Comet 4 and Boeing 707 entered service). The plane was operated by Aeroflot (from 1956) and Czech Airlines ČSA (from 1957). ČSA became the first airline in the world to fly jet-only routes, using the Tu-104A variant.

The first western jet airliner with significant commercial success was the Boeing 707.  It began service on the New York to London route in 1958, the first year that more trans-Atlantic passengers traveled by air than by ship. Comparable long-range airliner designs were the DC-8, VC10 and Il-62. The Boeing 747, the "Jumbo jet", was the first widebody aircraft that reduced the cost of flying and further accelerated the Jet Age.

One exception to the domination by turbofan engines was the turboprop-powered Tupolev Tu-114 (first flight 1957). This airliner was able to match or even exceed the performance of contemporary jets, however the use of such powerplants in large airframes was restricted to the military after 1976.

Jet airliners are able to fly much higher, faster, and further than pistonpowered propliners, making transcontinental and intercontinental travel considerably faster and easier than in the past. Aircraft making long transcontinental and trans-oceanic flights could now fly to their destinations non-stop, making much of the world accessible within a single day's travel for the first time. As demand grew, airliners became larger, further reducing the cost of air travel. People from a greater range of social classes could afford to travel outside of their own countries.

General aviation
The use of mass-production techniques similar to those of the motor industry lowered the cost of private aircraft, with types such as the Cessna 172 and Beechcraft Bonanza seeing widespread use, the 172 eclipsing even wartime production levels.

Aircraft came to be used increasingly in specialist roles such as crop spraying, policing, fire fighting, air ambulances and many others.

As helicopter technology developed, they also came into widespread use, dominated by Sikorsky's approach of a single main rotor plus tail counter-torque rotor.

Sport flying also developed, with both powered aeroplanes and gliders becoming more sophisticated. The introduction of glass fibre construction allowed sailplanes to achieve new levels of performance. In the 1960s the re-introduction of the hang-glider, now using the flexible Rogallo wing, ushered in a new era of ultralight aircraft.

The development of safe gas burners led to the re-introduction of hot air ballooning and it became a popular sport.

Supersonic transport
The introduction of the Concorde supersonic transport (SST) airliner to regular service in 1976 was expected to bring similar social changes, but the aircraft never found commercial success.  After several years of service, a fatal crash near Paris in July 2000 and other factors eventually caused Concorde flights to be discontinued in 2003.  This was the only loss of an SST in civilian service. Only one other SST design was used in a civilian capacity, the Soviet era Tu-144, but it was soon withdrawn due to high maintenance and other issues. McDonnell Douglas, Lockheed and Boeing were three U.S. manufacturers that had originally planned to develop various SST designs since the 1960s, but these projects were eventually abandoned for various developmental, cost, and other practical reasons.

Military aviation
The years immediately following World War II saw the widespread design and introduction of military jets. Early types, such as the Gloster Meteor and Saab J 21R, were little more than WWII technology adapted for the jet engine. However the higher speeds achieved by jet-powered aircraft led to many progressive advances in design and sophistication. Machine guns and cannon were difficult to use effectively at high speed and missile armament became more common. Jets such as the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 and North American F-86 Sabre soon introduced swept wings to reduce drag at transonic speeds, and saw combat in the Korean War.

Bombers also adopted the new technologies. The increasing availability of nuclear weapons led to the introduction of nuclear-armed long-range strategic bombers such as the American Boeing B-52 and the British V-bombers. Soviet bombers continued to use turboprops for a longer period.

The first supersonic jet to enter service was the North American F-100 Super Sabre, in 1954. The delta wing was found to offer several advantages for supersonic flight and became commonplace, with or without a tail, alongside the more conventional swept wing. It offered a high fineness ratio with good structural strength for low weight, and the Dassault Mirage III and Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 series of delta-winged fighters were used in large numbers.

By the time of the Vietnam War, helicopters began to take an active role in hostilities, with the introduction of the Bell "Huey" Cobra attack helicopter. Other development around this time included the swing-wing General Dynamics F-111 and the British VTOL Hawker Harrier, although these technologies were not widely deployed.

Avionics, tracking systems and battlefield communications all became increasingly sophisticated.

The arrival in 1967 of the Saab Viggen prompted a wider reappraisal aircraft design. The "canard" foreplane was found to help direct airflow over the wing, allowing flight at high angles of attack and slow speeds without stalling.

Missiles
The speed and height of jet aircraft, along with the short duration of any combat engagement, led to the widespread introduction of missiles for both offence and defence.

Airborne missiles were developed for many roles. Small heat-seeking or radar-tracking missiles were used for air-to-air combat. Larger versions were used for air-to-ground attack. The largest was their longer-range equivalent, the stand-off missile for delivery of a nuclear warhead from a safe distance.

Air defence missiles also developed, from smaller tactical anti-aircraft weapons to longer-range types designed to intercept high-altitude nuclear bombers before they entered domestic air space.

At the end of World War II missile guidance systems were crude and unreliable. Rapid advances in electronics, sensors, radar and radio communications enabled guidance systems to become more sophisticated and more reliable. Guidance systems improved or introduced after the war included radio command, TV, inertial, astro navigation, various radar modes and, for some short-range missiles, control wires. Later, laser designators manually aimed at the target came into use.

Ground activities

Manufacturing
The fabrication of riveted stressed-skin aluminium airframes was widespread by the end of the Second World War, although the use of wood for private aviation continued. The pursuit of greater strength for less weight led to the introduction of advanced, and often expensive, manufacturing techniques. Key developments during the 1960s and 70s included; milling a complex part from a solid billet rather than building it up from smaller parts, the use of synthetic resin adhesives in place of rivets to avoid stress concentrations and fatigue around the rivet holes, and electron beam welding.

The development of composite materials such as fibreglass and, later, carbon fibre, freed up designers to make more fluid, aerodynamic shapes. However the unknown properties of these novel materials meant that introduction has been slow and methodical.

Airports
Many military aerodromes became civilian airports after the war, while pre-war airports reverted to their former role. The rapid growth in air travel ushered in by the jet age required an equally rapid enlargement of airport facilities worldwide.

As jet airliners grew larger and passenger numbers per flight increased, larger and more sophisticated equipment was developed for handling the aircraft, passengers and baggage.

Radar systems became commonplace, with Air traffic control facilities needed to manage the large number of aircraft in the sky at any one time.

Runways were made longer and smoother to accommodate new, larger and faster aircraft, while safety considerations and night flying led to much improved runway lighting.

Major airports became such vast and busy places that their environmental impact became substantial and the siting of any new airport, or even the expansion of an existing one, became a major social and political affair.

See also
Environmental impact of aviation
Jet set

References

History of aviation
Post-war period
Jet Age


title: Araway Qhata

text:
Araway Qhata (Quechua, araway to hang, to hang oneself, to kill someone by hanging, qhata slope, hillside) which further to the south is named Kunturuma (Quechua kuntur condor, uma head, "condor head", Hispanicized spelling Condoroma) is a mountain in the south of the city of Cusco in Peru. It lies in the Cusco Region, Cusco Province, Santiago District. The words Viva El Perú Glorioso (Spanish for "long live glorious Peru") have been carved into the mountain side in large letters so that they can be read from the city below.

See also
 Anawarkhi
 Muyu Urqu
 Pachatusan
 Pikchu
 Pillku Urqu
 Sinqa
 Wanakawri

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Cusco Region


title: Thomas Cruson

text:
Thomas King Cruson December 10, 1802 – October 16, 1882) was an American pioneer and legislator.

Born in Mason County, Kentucky, he lived in Saint Louis, Missouri. He moved to New Diggings, Michigan Territory in 1825 and then to Platteville, Michigan Territory, in 1829. He enlisted in the militia and took part in the Black Hawk War of 1832. He served in the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature in 1838, 1839, 1840, 1845, and 1846. Cruson then served in the first Wisconsin Constitutional Convention of 1846, as a Whig. In 1850, he moved to California and took part in the California Gold Rush.

He died in Placerville, California in 1882, where he lived with his family.

References

External links

People from Mason County, Kentucky
People from Placerville, California
People from Platteville, Wisconsin
People from New Diggings, Wisconsin
American people of the Black Hawk War
People of the California Gold Rush
Wisconsin Whigs
Members of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature
19th-century American politicians
Politicians from St. Louis


title: Plocamopherus lemur

text:
Plocamopherus lemur is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Polyceridae.

Description
The body shape is elongate, limaciform and anteriorly rounded. The oral veil has 18 ramified appendages that differ in length. The oral tentacles are flat. Plocamopherus lemur has a brownish background color heavily speckled all over the body with minute brown dots, and minute orange dots that are clustered to form orange patches. White pigment is present in front of the branchial leaves, around the lateral appendages, at the base of the rhinophores and along the crest. This white coloration is situated on the notum along a non-continuous line at the margin of both sides of the animal and joining behind the branchial leaves. White pigment is also present along the margin of the sides of the body, the oral veil, tips of branchiae and clavus of the rhinophores. At the peduncle, the rhinophores are translucent and the clavus is translucent with a white apex. The rhinophoral sheath is short with clusters of orange dots. There are three pairs of lateral appendages, with only the last pair forming a rounded, brown, and prominent globular structure. All lateral appendages are conical having a short but highly ramified prolongation at the apex. The first two lateral appendages are very short and the last pair is very elongate. Six to eight small tubercles are present at each side of the animal. There are three principal tripinnate branchial leaves. The posterior portion of the foot forms a well-developed but short keel that is fringed on its upper margin.

Distribution
This species was described from Madagascar. It has also been reported from the Seychelles and Aldabra.

References

Polyceridae
Gastropods described in 2006


title: Footprint (album)

text:
Footprint is the second solo album by American musician Gary Wright, released in 1971 on A&M Records. It contains "Stand for Our Rights", an anthem-like song calling for social unity that was issued as a single in advance of the album. Wright recorded the majority of Footprint in London with a large cast of musicians – including George Harrison, Hugh McCracken, Alan White, Klaus Voormann, Jim Gordon, Jim Keltner and Bobby Keys – many of whom, like Wright, had played on Harrison's All Things Must Pass triple album in 1970. Harrison's contributions included an uncredited role as producer, and serve as an example of his support for Wright during the early stages of Harrison's solo career. The ballad "Love to Survive" is one of three tracks that feature an orchestral arrangement by John Barham.

To promote Footprint in America, Wright performed the song "Two Faced Man" on The Dick Cavett Show, backed by his short-lived band Wonderwheel, with Harrison as guest guitarist. Although it received favorable reviews from some music critics, the album failed to chart in the US or Britain. After recording and touring with Wonderwheel through 1972, Wright rejoined his former band Spooky Tooth, before returning as a solo artist with his breakthrough album, The Dream Weaver (1975).

Footprint was issued on CD in 2005, coupled on a two-disc set with Wright's debut, Extraction (1970). "Stand for Our Rights" and "Two Faced Man" also appeared on the 1998 compilation Best of Gary Wright: The Dream Weaver. The song "Give Me the Good Earth" was covered by Manfred Mann's Earth Band and provided the title for their 1974 album The Good Earth.

Background
After leaving the band Spooky Tooth in January 1970, American keyboard player Gary Wright remained in London and recorded his debut solo album, Extraction (1970), with musicians such as guitarist Hugh McCracken, German bassist Klaus Voormann and future Yes drummer Alan White. That same year, he joined Voormann and White at the sessions for All Things Must Pass (1970), George Harrison's first solo release following the break-up of the Beatles. Wright was one of the principal keyboard players on All Things Must Pass and struck up an enduring friendship with Harrison. Out of gratitude for Wright's musical contributions, Harrison – together with what author Simon Leng terms "half the cast of All Things Must Pass" – participated in the recording of Footprint, Wright's second album for A&M Records. In addition to Voormann and White, these musicians included former Delaney & Bonnie sidemen Jim Gordon, Bobby Keys and Jim Price.

Recording and musical content
Recorded in 1971, the album was engineered by Andy Johns, Wright's co-producer on Extraction, and Chris Kimsey, and again featured McCracken. Although only Wright received a production credit on the album, he has since stated that Harrison produced part of Footprint, and has variously named "Two Faced Man" and "Stand for Your Rights" as having been produced by the former Beatle. Harrison's contributions were credited to his pseudonym "George O'Hara" and included slide guitar on some of the tracks. Other musicians at the sessions were drummers Jim Keltner and Colin Allen, along with Mick Jones (guitar) and Bryson Graham (drums), both members of Wright's new back-up band, Wonderwheel.

In his 2014 autobiography, Wright says he considers Footprint to be "a far more melodic album than Extraction", adding: "I felt my songwriting was beginning to blossom." John Barham, Harrison's regular orchestral arranger, provided string arrangements on some of the album's songs. One such track was the ballad "Love to Survive", which Barham later described as "one of the most emotionally powerful love songs that I have ever worked on". In his biography of Harrison, Leng notes the influence of "Love to Survive" on the ex-Beatle's subsequent songwriting, particularly "That Is All", released on Living in the Material World (1973).

Wright has described "Stand for Your Rights", the album's advance single, as "a call for people to change their paradigms and unite, a reaction to the Vietnam War, and the upheaval of social values at the time". According to Wright, he and Harrison "structured the track together", with Harrison suggesting they add a gospel chorus "to get the right vibe" for the song, and also coming up with Keys and Price's horn parts. Supporting Wright on the basic track, which was taped at Olympic Studios, Gordon and Keltner played drums, with Jerry Donahue and Allen on percussion, Harrison and McCracken on guitars, White on harpsichord and Voormann playing bass. London-based American soul singers Doris Troy, Madeline Bell, Nanette Newman and P.P. Arnold were among the backing vocalists, who recorded their parts the following day. Wright says he was confident that the song already sounded like a "smash hit", but "the icing on the cake" was King Curtis' overdubbed saxophone solo. Curtis recorded his contribution in New York, playing various parts from which Wright and Johns then edited a composite solo.

The opening track on Footprint, "Give Me the Good Earth", also featured Keltner, whose style of drumming impressed Wright and would feature again on the latter's 1975 single "Dream Weaver". In Wright's recollection, White was the drummer on the majority of Footprint, and he highlights McCracken's "special touch" as a guitarist on "Fascinating Things".

Release
A&M Records released "Stand for Our Rights", backed with the non-album B-side "Can't See the Reason", on May 28, 1971 in Britain. Footprint was issued in America on November 1 (as A&M SP 4296), with a UK release following on January 21, 1972 (AMLS 64296). The album cover consisted of a photo of Wright taken by Ethan Russell, with a painting by Joe Garnett on the back cover. The US release coincided with that of B.B. King in London, an album by blues guitarist B.B. King on which Wright played piano and organ. As a second single off Footprint, A&M issued "Fascinating Things" backed with "Love to Survive", on November 30, 1971.

On November 23, as part of his promotion for the album, Wright and Wonderwheel performed "Two Faced Man" on The Dick Cavett Show in New York. Introduced by host Dick Cavett as "Gary Wright and Wonderwheel – and friend", this performance featured Harrison on slide guitar. Harrison was on Cavett's show primarily to promote the Ravi Shankar documentary Raga (1971), but he had arranged for Wright's band to make its US television debut. In a 2009 interview with vintagerock.com, Wright acknowledged Harrison's efforts to help him during this period of his solo career, and cited the former Beatle's assistance on Footprint and "having me on the Dick Cavett Show". Wright and Wonderwheel's appearance was included on the third disc of The Dick Cavett Show – Rock Icons DVD, released in 2005.

Reception

Wright recalls in his autobiography that, despite A&M and the music press being enthusiastic about the potential of "Stand for Our Rights" and Harrison's involvement, neither the single nor the album met with any commercial success – a situation that "stunned" him after the failure of Extraction the previous year. In the magazine's 1971 album review, Billboard described "Stand for Our Rights" and "Whether It's Right or Wrong" as, respectively, "excellent" and "musically superb". Together with "Love to Survive", the reviewer continued, "These powerful cuts warrant heavy airplay on progressive rock stations and will lend considerable impact to the sales impact of this LP." Simon Leng writes of Wright's second solo album: "Although Footprint saw no chart action, it provided evidence of Wright's songwriting talents. One of the highlights was the rousing 'Stand for Our Rights.'"

Village Voice critic Robert Christgau wrote: "Like his mentor, George O'Hara, Gary makes his spiritual home right next to his musical one, close by that great echo chamber in the sky. But unlike George he writes anthems that are forthright and tuneful ... The ecology-minded will also approve of 'Love to Survive' and 'Stand for Our Rights,' both of which are vague enough to appeal to every constituency. Cosmic-commercial lives." James Chrispell of AllMusic describes Footprint as a "superstar-filled record" containing "some fine music", and views it as "[a] much stronger effort" than Extraction.

Aftermath and reissue
Wright continued to work with Wonderwheel through most of 1972. They recorded the album Ring of Changes for A&M, only for the label to cancel its release, and supplied the soundtrack to a German comedy film, Benjamin, which was issued by Ariola Records in 1974. In September 1972, Wright decided to re-form Spooky Tooth, taking with him Jones and Graham from Wonderwheel. He later explained to music journalist Chris Salewicz that he was better suited to "getting the music together and arranging it" in a band setting, rather than being "out front with just backing musicians". After another brief tenure with Spooky Tooth, Wright returned to his solo career in 1974, and achieved significant commercial success with his first album on Warner Bros. Records, The Dream Weaver (1975). In 1974, Manfred Mann's Earth Band used "Give Me the Good Earth" as the opening track for their album The Good Earth.

Footprint remained out of print until December 2005, when BGO Records released it on a two-CD set with Extraction. Before then, "Stand for Our Rights", "Two Faced Man", "Love to Survive" and "Fascinating Things" had appeared on That Was Only Yesterday, a 1976 compilation by A&M that combined tracks from Wright's solo career with recordings by Spooky Tooth. Wright's 1998 career-spanning compilation, Best of Gary Wright: The Dream Weaver, also includes "Stand for Our Rights" and "Two Faced Man".

Track listing
All songs written by Gary Wright.

Side one
"Give Me the Good Earth" – 3:17
"Two Faced Man" – 3:40
"Love to Survive" – 4:48
"Whether It's Right or Wrong" – 5:08

Side two
"Stand for Our Rights" – 3:32
"Fascinating Things" – 5:05
"Forgotten" – 4:02
"If You Treat Someone Right" – 4:50

Personnel
Gary Wright – vocals, keyboards, acoustic guitar
George Harrison – electric and acoustic guitars
Hugh McCracken – electric and acoustic guitars
Jerry Donahue – electric guitar, percussion
Mick Jones – guitar
Klaus Voormann – bass
Tom Duffy – bass
Alan White – drums, percussion, harpsichord
Jim Keltner – drums
Jim Gordon – drums
Colin Allen – drums, percussion
Bryson Graham – drums
Bobby Keys – tenor saxophone
Jim Price – trumpet, trombone
King Curtis – saxophone
John Barham – string arrangements
Doris Troy, Nanette Newman, Madeline Bell, Liza Strike, Barry St John, P. P. Arnold, Jimmy Thomas – backing vocals

References

Sources

 Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik, All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975, Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976; ).
 Gary Graff & Daniel Durcholz (eds), MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide, Visible Ink Press (Farmington Hills, MI, 1999; ).
 Simon Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison, Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; ).
 Jörg Pieper, The Solo Beatles Film & TV Chronicle 1971–1980, lulu.com (2012; ).
 Robert Rodriguez, Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980, Backbeat Books (Milwaukee, WI, 2010; ).
 Patricia Romanowski & Holly George-Warren (eds), The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, Fireside/Rolling Stone Press (New York, NY, 1995; ).
 Gary Wright, Dream Weaver: A Memoir; Music, Meditation, and My Friendship with George Harrison, Tarcher/Penguin (New York, NY, 2014; ).

Gary Wright albums
1971 albums
A&M Records albums
Albums produced by George Harrison


title: William de Kirkeby

text:
William de Kirkeby (died 1302) was an English prior. He was prior at Wallingford Priory in the late 13th century.

Life events

The Bodleian Library holds a mutilated deed (c. 1280) showing some disputes between Kirkeby and Henry de Horsyndon, rector, and the parishioners of the parish of St. Mary the Greater in Wallingford.

The Great Munden manor was received by Kirkeby when his brother John de Kirkeby, Bishop of Ely, died in 1290. Oldbury, a Stoke Mandeville manor, was owned by Kirkeby's wife (Christiana) during the reign of king Edward I.

Richard of Wallingford's father died when he just turned 10 years old (c. 1301-1302) and was soon thereafter adopted by Kirkeby and taken care.  Kirkeby sent Richard as a young man to Oxford University to get educated.

Kirkeby died in 1302.

References

Sources

People from Wallingford, Oxfordshire
14th-century English clergy
13th-century English clergy
1302 deaths


title: Louis Szathmary

text:
Louis Szathmary (born Lajos István Szathmáry II  June 2, 1919 – October 4, 1996) was a Hungarian-American chef, writer, and public personality. A pioneering force in the food service profession, he is best known for heading the Chicago restaurant The Bakery and writing the New York Times bestseller The Chef's Secret Cookbook. Szathmary's involvement with the early frozen food industry, his numerous cookbooks and articles and his persona established him as an icon in the culinary arts industry.

Early life
Louis Szathmary was born on June 2, 1919, on a train heading from Transylvania to Budapest as his parents fled the post World War I Hungarian–Romanian War.  He earned his master's degree in journalism and doctorate in psychology from the University of Budapest before being drafted into the Hungarian army to serve in World War II. Szathmary originally served as a psychologist to Hungarian Army men, before transferring positions to Army private, where he wrote manuals, including one for cooking. Subsequently, he enrolled in a Hungarian chef's school and took an advanced course.

Move to United States
In 1951, Szathmary emigrated to the United States, arriving in New York City from Bremerhaven speaking no English, with $1.10 in his pocket. Once there, he found work as a short-order cook and worked his way up through the ranks, honing his skills until he catered to the East Coast's elite. In 1959, he moved to Chicago to work for Armour and Company, where he developed frozen food lines for various food companies, including Stouffer's. Stouffer's classic Frozen Spinach Souffle is one of Szathmary's creations. He continued to pioneer the rapidly changing food industry, working with new ideas including freeze drying and boil-in bags. Some of Szathmary's creations were used by NASA and accompanied astronauts in space.

The Bakery restaurant
Operating from 1963 to 1989, Szathmary's Chicago restaurant, The Bakery, served what Szathmary referred to as "continental dishes with American undertones". The inclusion of "exotic" European dishes expanded the fine dining in Chicago and made The Bakery a popular destination. The individual beef Wellington was particularly famous, and heavily cited on Chicago diners' must-try lists. Within its first year of operation, more than 200 articles were written about The Bakery. The restaurant attracted guests internationally, and Szathmary hosted parties for Hugh Hefner, Frank Zappa, and conductor Arthur Fiedler.

Personal life

Image

Szathmary embraced his public persona, providing guest appearances on over 150 network and local television shows, including the Oprah Winfrey Show and Good Morning America  throughout the United States and more than 1,000 appearances on radio shows. He was also featured in magazine and television commercials for companies including Lipton Tea, Sears, Jim Beam and Christian Dior. He regularly connected with fans, hiring three secretaries to help respond to fan mail and coordinate his touring schedule.

Collecting

A self-professed bibliophile, Szathmary began collecting books shortly after arriving in America, which culminated in a collection of 45,000 books and culinary materials. Szathmary was raised in a bookish family that had a standing account with a book dealer since the 1790s.  Szathmary's collection comprises culinary books and handwritten manuscripts, a menu collection, Hungarian collections, and letters from Hungarian composer Franz Liszt. Szathmary stored his collection in the upstairs rooms of The Bakery restaurant building in thirty-one rooms in seventeen apartments. This immense collection has been divided and donated to various universities and institutions: The Szathmary Culinary Collection at the University of Iowa, the Szathmary Hungarica Collection at the University of Chicago, a collection of personal papers at DePaul University in Chicago, a collection of letters to and from Franz Liszt donated to the Liszt collection at Boston University and a 400,000-item culinary arts collection including menus which became the foundation for the Culinary Archives and Museum at Johnson & Wales University in Providence, Rhode Island.

Marriage and family

At the time of Szathmary's death, survivors included his wife, Sadako "Sada" Tanino, with whom he opened The Bakery restaurant; a daughter, Magda; and a brother. The Tanino-Szathmary family papers are held at the Japanese American Service Committee of Chicago.

Honors and accolades
Louis Szathmary received many awards for his contribution to the culinary arts industry.
 In 1974, he was awarded the title of Outstanding Culinarian by the Culinary Institute of America
 In 1977, he was elected Man of the Year by the Penn State Hotel and Restaurant Society
 In 1988, awarded "Distinguished Visiting Chef" from Johnson & Wales University.
 The alley behind the Bakery was renamed Szathmary Lane by the Chicago City Council in 1990
 Received the Food Arts presents July/August 1995 Silver Spoon Award for sterling performance for elevating the professional status of chefs.
 May 1990 Honorary Doctorate of Culinary Arts from Johnson & Wales University

Bibliography
Szathmary was a prolific writer. From 1978 to 1987, he wrote a Thursday column for the Chicago Sunday Times, as well as a "Chef Louis" column for a wire service that appeared in over one hundred newspapers. He served as an editor for the 1973 edition of the 15-volume "Cookery Americana" series, in addition to writing several of his own cookbooks.

Cookbooks
 American Gastronomy: An Illustrated Portfolio of Recipes and Culinary history (1974),
 The Bakery Restaurant Cookbook (1980),
 The Chef's New Secret Cookbook (1975),
 The Chef's Secret Cook Book: A Practical, Personal Invitation to Classic Cookery (1971),
 Sears Gourmet Cooking Forum (1969)

Cookery Americana Series
 Along the Northern Border: Cookery in Idaho, Minnesota, and North Dakota (1973),
 Cooking in Old Creole Days (1973),
 Cool, Chill and Freeze: A New Approach to Cookery (1973),
 Directions for Cookery in its Various Branches (1973),
 Fifty Years of Prairie Cooking (1973),
 Hand-Book of Practical Cookery (1973),
 High Living: Recipes from Southern Climes (1973),
 Home Cookery, Ladies Indispensable Companion: Cookery in Northeastern Cities (1973),
 The Improved Housewife (1973),
 The Kansas Home Cook-Book (1973),
 Midwestern Home Cookery (1973),
 Mrs. Porter's New Southern Cookery Book (1973),
 One Hundred Recipes for the Chafing Dish (1973),
 Six Little Cooks (1973),
 Southwestern Cookery: Indian and Spanish Influences (1973),

References

1919 births
1996 deaths
American chefs
American male chefs
Eötvös Loránd University alumni
Hungarian military personnel of World War II
Hungarian emigrants to the United States


title: Příběh kmotra

text:
Příběh kmotra (English: Story of a Godfather) is a Czech thriller film made in 2013. It was directed by Petr Nikolaev. It is based on story of Czech Mobster František Mrázek.

The film was visited in Czech cinema by 295 683 people which makes it the second most visited Czech film of 2013 and the fourth most visited film in Czech cinema of 2013.

Plot
The story follows František Vedral who is growing up in Communist Czechoslovakia. He has talent for business and loves football. Through football he finds friends in Standa Tipl and Josef Strnad. Strnad later becomes a high rank police officer while Vedral with Tipl starts with illegal business. Vedral becomes very ruthless and even demolishes a local Jewish cemetery to make money. He catches the attention of the young policeman Cajthaml who wants to arrest him. Vedral starts to smuggle electronics from the West and pays by stolen goods. Cajthaml finds his warehouse surrounded by police and Vedral is saved by Strnad. Vedral and his accomplices are arrested soon after as the police finds illegal materials and goods in his flat but Vedral is released on parole. Cajthaml promises him that he will be after him.

Fall of regime gives Vedral new opportunities. His accomplice including Tipl are released thank to Amnesty. He gives Civic Forum one million Czechoslovak crowns and gains influence on some politicians. Thank to Voucher privatization he gets property and his influence grows. He is watched by Cajthaml who is awaiting an opportunity to catch Vedral and his gang. He along with his colleague Ota set up trap on Vedral and prepare to arrest him but Ota is found dead. It is classified as a suicide. Shocked Cajthaml finds out that Strnad became a director of National Security Authority. Vedral then ordered a murder of a journalist who was making troubles.

Cajthaml finds an ally in a Prosecutor who is not afraid of Vedral who at the time planned to get Sezeta company which would make him the most powerful person in country. Cajthaml tries to spoil his plans but the prosecutor is found dead and Cajthaml is forced to leave police. As a revenge he drains a false information between Vedral, Tipl and Strnad and they start to be suspicious against themselves. At the time it becomes an interest of Czech Security Agency to get rid of Vedral from Sezeta. Vedral is killed by an unknown sniper.

Cast and characters
Ondřej Vetchý – František Vedral – He is the main protagonist and a minor criminal who becomes an influential mob boss. He is ruthless and has influence on politicians and entrepreneurs. He is inspired by František Mrázek.
Lukáš Vaculík – Čestmír Cajthaml – A lawful police investigator who serves as the main antagonist of the film. He tries to convict Vedral of his crimes.
Jan Vondráček – Standa Tipl – A mobster and a crime partner of Vedral. Inspired by Tomáš Pitr.
Vica Kerekes – Zuzana – A journalist and a love interest of Vedral. She later helps Cajthaml.
Kryštof Hádek – Rotný Bohoušek – A young policeman who works with Cajthaml and supports him when he loses hope.
Jiří Dvořák – Josef Strnad – A mobster and a friend of Vedral who works at police.
Zuzana Čapková – Blanka Vedralova – A wife of Vedral.
Andrej Hryc – Farkaš – A sadistic gangster who works for Vedral.

Production
The filming started on Saturday 25 November 2011 in Voděradské bučiny. The first shot was of a film murder. It was planned that shooting of the film would take 40 days. It was finished in June 2013.

The main character was to be played by Marko Igonda but in the end he was replaced by Ondřej Vetchý.

The film is inspired by French noir films. It is about the confrontation of a mobster, Vedral, and a policeman, Cajthaml.

Reception
The film was well received by critics and audiences as well.
 František Fuka, FFFilm 21 October 2013 70/

Trivia
On 10 September 2013 the family of František Mrázek sued the filmmakers.

References

External links

2013 films
2013 crime thriller films
Films based on biographies
Films about organized crime in the Czech Republic
Czech biographical films
Czech crime thriller films
Czech political films
Czech gangster films
Czech films based on actual events


title: PASLI disease

text:
PASLI disease is a rare genetic disorder of the immune system. PASLI stands for “p110 delta activating mutation causing senescent T cells, lymphadenopathy, and immunodeficiency.” The immunodeficiency manifests as recurrent infections usually starting in childhood. These include bacterial infections of the respiratory system and chronic viremia due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and/or cytomegalovirus (CMV). Individuals with PASLI disease also have an increased risk of EBV-associated lymphoma. Investigators Carrie Lucas, Michael Lenardo, and Gulbu Uzel at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the U.S. National Institutes of Health and Sergey Nejentsev at the University of Cambridge, UK simultaneously described a mutation causing this condition, which they called activated PI3K delta syndrome (APDS).

Signs and symptoms

Clinically, PASLI disease is characterized by recurrent sinopulmonary infections that can lead to progressive airway damage. People also have lymphoproliferation (large lymph nodes and spleen), chronic viremia due to EBV or CMV, distinctive lymphoid nodules at mucosal surfaces, autoimmune cytopenias, and EBV-driven B cell lymphoma. Importantly, the clinical presentations and disease courses are variable with some individuals severely affected, whereas others show little manifestation of disease. This “variable expressivity,” even within the same family, can be striking and may be explained by differences in lifestyle, exposure to pathogens, treatment efficacy, or other genetic modifiers.

Genetics
PASLI disease is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the gene PIK3CD, which stands for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, catalytic, delta. PIK3CD maps to human chromosome 1p36.2  and encodes the p110δ catalytic PI(3)K subunit. The p110δ subunit is a protein of 1,044 amino acids that is predominantly expressed in leukocytes and plays a role in adaptive immunity. PI(3)K enzymes are activated by a variety of cell surface receptors including antigen receptors on lymphocytes. Once activated, they phosphorylate inositol lipids in the cell membrane, which triggers additional downstream signaling events.

A variant of PASLI disease can all be caused by heterozygous splice site mutation in PIK3R1, which encodes the p85α, p55α, and p50α regulatory PI3K subunits. These patients have recurrent sinopulmonary infections and lymphoproliferation, exhibit hyperactive PI3K signaling, and have prominent expansion and skewing of peripheral blood CD8+ T cells toward terminally differentiated, senescent effector cells with short telomeres.

P110δ contains at least five domains (figure 1): adaptor-binding domain, a Ras GTPase-binding domain, a PI(3)K-type C2 domain, helical domain, and a kinase domain. Mutations have been identified in multiple domains, although there seems to be a recurrent transition mutation (G>A causing E1021K) in the C lobe of the kinase domain, leading to constitutive activation of enzyme function. Specific p110δ mutants cause stronger binding to membranes and relieve inhibition of the kinase by regulatory proteins. These changes appear to affect the immune system through over activating the downstream mTOR pathway.

Inheritance
PASLI disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This means one only needs a single abnormal gene from his/her parents to have PASLI disease. Of the two copies of PIK3CD each person carries, the abnormal PIK3CD gene dominates despite the fact that the matching PIK3CD gene from the other parent is normal. Additionally, dominant inheritance means most families with PASLI disease have affected relatives in each generation on the side of the family with the mutation. An alternative type of PIK3CD mutation is called de novo, which means that the mutation was not inherited from the parents but rather spontaneously arose in the patient.

Children of a parent who carries a PIK3CD mutation have a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation. In a family, each child's risk of inheriting the mutated PIK3CD gene is independent of whether or not other siblings have the mutation. For example, if the first three children in a family have the mutation, the next child has the same 50% risk of inheriting the mutation. Children who do not inherit the abnormal gene will not develop PASLI disease or pass on the mutation.

The variant of PASLI disease due to mutations in PIK3R1 is also inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.

Diagnosis
The clinical symptoms are caused by immunological abnormalities (figure 2). These include deficiency in CD27+ B memory cells, overrepresentation of CD10+ transitional B cells, expanded effector (CCR7-) T cells, expanded CD57+ senescent CD8+ T cells, and alterations in serum immunoglobulin concentrations, most with normal to elevated concentrations of IgM and reduced concentrations of IgA.
Genetic testing for PPASLI/APDS is needed for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate clinical management. A free diagnosis is available via https://www.invitae.com/en/navigateAPDS/

Treatment
Once a diagnosis is made, the treatment is based on an individual's clinical condition. Based on the apparent activation of the mTOR pathway, Lucas and colleagues  treated patients with rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor. This effectively reduced hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, most likely by restoring the normal balance of naïve, effector, and memory cells in the patients' immune system. More research is needed to determine the most effective timing and dosage of this medication and to investigate other treatment options. Investigators at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the US National Institutes of Health currently have clinical protocols to study new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. Novartis has completed a clinical trial with leniolisib(CDZ173). The Dutch company Pharming has licensed leniolisib.
Leniolisib has been approv by the FDA. See https://joenja.com

References

External links

Genetic diseases and disorders


title: David Chaplin

text:
Frederick David Chaplin (9 November 1920 – 19 December 1999) was Dean of Trinidad from 1961 to 1968.

Chaplin was born on 9 November 1920, and educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was ordained in 1951 and began his ecclesiastical career with a curacy in Glastonbury. He was Chaplain of Wells Theological College from 1955 to 1957 and its Vice Principal from then until his appointment as Dean. Afterwards he worked firstly for the World Council of Churches and then held he held various administrative posts within the Anglican Communion.

Chaplin died on 19 December 1999, at the age of 79.

References

1920 births
1999 deaths
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Deans of Trinidad


title: Robert Sanders (writer)

text:
Robert Sanders (1727–1783), pseudonym Nathaniel Spencer, was a Scottish hack writer in London.

Life
The son of Thomas Sanders, he was born at Breadalbane, Scotland, and was apprenticed to a comb-maker. He taught himself some Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and taught in schools in the north of England.

About 1760 Sanders came to London, and took to hack writing. A begging letter of 1768 mentions a wife and five young children. He haunted the London coffee-houses: the New England, St. Paul's, and New Slaughter's.

Sanders was a self-created LL.D., who quarreled with booksellers and patrons. He died of a pulmonary disorder, on 24 March 1783.

Works
Compilations by Sanders included:

 The Newgate Calendar, or Malefactor's Bloody Register (1764), which came out in numbers, and was republished in five volumes.
 Editorial work on the History of the Life of Henry II (1769 edition) by George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton
 The Complete English Traveller, or a New Survey and Description of England and Wales, containing a full account of what is curious and entertaining in the several counties, the isles of Man, Jersey, and Guernsey … and a description of Scotland (1771, weekly part publication, reissued under the pseudonym of Nathaniel Spencer). This work largely relied on John Ray, Daniel Defoe, Thomas Pennant, and similar authors.,
 The Christian's Divine Library, illustrated with Notes, (two volume 1774, reissue after part publication; known as Southwell's Bible,  appearing as it did as by Henry Southwell, LL.D., rector of Asterby, Lincolnshire, who lent his name for a fee.
The Lucubrations of Gaffer Graybeard, containing many curious particulars relating to the Manners of the People in England during the Present Age; including the Present State of Religion particularly among the Protestant Dissenters, (1774, 4 vols., anonymous). It satirised leading London nonconformist ministers, such as John Gill and Thomas Gibbons.

He left a chronological work unfinished.

Notes

Attribution

1727 births
1783 deaths
Scottish writers
People from Perthshire


title: Israel S. Dresner

text:
Israel Seymour Dresner (April 22, 1929 – January 13, 2022) was an American Reform rabbi who served as president of the Education Fund for Israeli Civil Rights and Peace. He was instrumental in the Civil Rights Movement, and a close friend to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Early life
Dresner was born April 22, 1929, on the Lower East Side of New York City. He was raised in Brooklyn, attending an Orthodox yeshiva (day school). At the age of 13, he joined Habonim Dror, a Labor Zionist youth movement, and in his teens, he became one of its leaders. He studied at Brooklyn College and the University of Chicago and got a B.A. and an M.A. in international relations.

Career
Dresner spent 1951 and 1952 working at a new kibbutz, Urim, in the Negev. He then spent two years as an enlisted man in the US Army, the first year of which was the last year of the Korean War.

The next five years were spent studying at the New York School of the Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion, where he was duly ordained as a rabbi. His first year in the active rabbinate was in Danbury, Connecticut, as assistant to Rabbi Jerome Malino. He then spent 12 years as rabbi of Temple Sha'arey Shalom in Springfield, New Jersey and 25 years as rabbi of Temple Beth Tikvah in Wayne, New Jersey. He was elected rabbi emeritus of the latter upon his retirement.

Civil rights movement
Dresner was once dubbed "the most arrested rabbi in America."

He was the foremost rabbinic participant in the Civil Rights Movement's struggle of the 1960s, and he was one of the three rabbis who was closest to Martin Luther King Jr. King spoke on two occasions (1963 and 1966) at Dresner's congregation in Springfield.

Dresner was the first rabbi arrested in the Freedom Rides protests of 1961, when he participated in an interfaith clergy freedom ride. He served for short periods as a prisoner on four occasions in prisons in Florida and Georgia from 1961 to 1964. One of his cases, Dresner et al. v. Tallahassee, reached the US Supreme Court.

US President Barack Obama honored him at the White House on the evening before the 50-year anniversary celebration of the March on Washington.

He was one of the outstanding rabbinic leaders in the struggle against the war in Vietnam and for the rights of the poor; women; immigrants, gays and lesbians: disabled people; and racial, religious and ethnic minorities.

He served on the Social Action Commission of Reform Judaism for almost 44 years and was one of its few lifetime members. He was an early (1966) leader in the struggle for Soviet Jews.

Criticism of Israel
Dresner was a critic of the Netanyahu government and was active in the peace movement in Israel.

He was the president of the Education Fund for Israeli Civil Rights and Peace (now Partners for Progressive Israel).

He was one of the first rabbis to oppose the policies of the Jews in Israel and the US who advocated annexing the Palestinian territories occupied by Israel during the Six-Day War, in 1967. He opposed the settlers' movement from its inception in 1968, as have the nine US presidents who have served since then. He was a dovish leader of Zionism by advocating a peace agreement with the Palestinians for a two-state solution, with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and to the Arab-Israeli conflict. He was elected twice a delegate and twice an alternate to the World Zionist Congress.

He visited Israel since 1951 on 36 occasions, lastly in October and November 2013. He supported the policies of Israeli Prime Ministers Rabin, Peres, Barak and Olmert, and Israeli ministers such as Sarid (education), Beilin (justice), and Livni (foreign affairs).

He was a leader of an American Zionist organization for peace, justice, pluralism, and democracy, Partners for Progressive Israel, for a quarter-century, serving as its president for three years in the 1990s. He was a member of J Street since its founding.

Personal life and death
Dresner raised his son and his daughter in Hebrew, as he was raised in Yiddish. His son has both American and Israeli citizenships, is a veteran of the Israeli Defense Forces, and did the first year of his M.A. at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His daughter was a volunteer in Kibbutz Yotvata and married a member of the kibbutz.

In December 2021, Dresner announced he was in the final days of stage four colon cancer. He died at a senior living center in Wayne from the disease on January 13, 2022, at the age of 92.

References

External links
 American Experience; Freedom Riders; Interview with Rabbi Israel Dresner, 1 of 3
 American Experience; Freedom Riders; Interview with Rabbi Israel Dresner, 2 of 3
 Central Synagogue; Honoring Civil Rights Legend Rabbi Israel Dresner, 3 of 3

1929 births
2022 deaths
21st-century American rabbis
Movements for civil rights
American Reform rabbis
Brooklyn College faculty
People from the Lower East Side
Activists from New York City
Rabbis from New York City
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Deaths from cancer in New Jersey


title: Plocamopherus lucayensis

text:
Plocamopherus lucayensis is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Polyceridae.

Distribution
This species was described from the Bahamas. It has since been reported from Curacao and Florida.

References

Hamann, J. C. and W. M. Farmer. 1988. Two new species of Plocamopherus from the western warm water Atlantic. The Veliger, 31 68-74.

External links
 SeaSlug Forum info

Polyceridae
Gastropods described in 1988


title: HMS Albrighton

text:
HMS Albrighton was a Type III Hunt-class destroyer built for the British Royal Navy. She entered service in February 1942, first carrying out an attack on German ships in the English Channel then taking part in the Dieppe Raid, rescuing survivors from the sinking destroyer HMS Broke. Albrighton was next assigned to search for and destroy the German auxiliary cruiser Komet, then escorted a convoy to Gibraltar in prevision of the Allied landings in North Africa. Between December 1942 and April 1943, she participated in the sinking of three more Axis ships with the First Destroyer Flotilla. During the Normandy Landings in June 1944, Albrighton served as a headquarters ship, then sank two German trawlers in the weeks after the invasion. After being converted to a destroyer in early 1945, she was damaged in a collision with a Landing Ship, then was assigned to the British Eastern Fleet. However, the war ended before she was deployed and Albrighton went into reserve.

In 1957, she was refitted in Liverpool, then sold to the West German Navy and commissioned under then name Raule. She served as a training ship until 1968, when she was decommissioned and sold for scrap metal in Hamburg the next year.

Construction
HMS Albrighton was ordered for the Royal Navy from the shipbuilder John Brown & Company on 4 July 1940, one of seven Type III Hunt-class destroyers ordered as part of the 1940 War Emergency Programme on that date. The Hunt class was meant to fill the Royal Navy's need for a large number of small destroyer-type vessels capable of both convoy escort and operations with the fleet. The Type III Hunts differed from the previous Type II ships in replacing a twin 4-inch gun mount by two torpedo tubes to improve their ability to operate as destroyers.

Albrighton was laid down at John Brown's Clydebank shipyard on 30 December 1940. Construction was slowed by damage received during German air raids, with the ship being launched on 11 October 1941 and commissioning on 22 February 1942.

Albrighton was  long between perpendiculars and  overall.  The ship's beam was  and draught . Displacement was  standard and   under full load. Two Admiralty boilers raising steam at  and  fed Parsons single-reduction geared steam turbines that drove two propeller shafts, generating  at 380 rpm. This gave a speed of .  of oil fuel were carried, giving a range of  at .

Main gun armament was four 4 inch (102 mm) QF Mk XVI dual purpose (anti-ship and anti-aircraft) guns in two twin mounts, with a quadruple 2-pounder "pom-pom" and three Oerlikon 20 mm cannon providing close-in anti-aircraft fire. Like many of the Hunts, a single 2-pounder "pom-pom" was later mounted on the ship's bow for close-in combat with small fast vessels such as German E-boats. Two 21 inch (530 mm) torpedo tubes were fitted in a single twin mount, while two depth charge chutes, four depth charge throwers and 70 depth charges comprised the ship's anti-submarine armament. Type 291 and Type 285 radar was fitted, as was Type 128 sonar.

Service

Royal Navy
Following commissioning, Albrighton worked up at Greenock before joining the First Destroyer Flotilla based at Portsmouth in April 1942, being deployed on convoy escort and anti-E-boat operations, engaging German E-boats on 24 April and 6 May. On 19 June 1942, Albrighton and the Steam Gun Boats SGB 6, SGB 7 and SGB 8 attacked a German convoy off the Cotentin Peninsula, with SGB 7 and one German transport being sunk. Albrighton sailed as part of Operation Jubilee, the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942, escorting landing craft. She received minor damage from German shore batteries, and when the destroyer HMS Berkeley was struck by two bombs, breaking Berkeleys back and causing heavy flooding, Albrighton helped to rescue survivors from Berkeley before scuttling the stricken ship with torpedoes.

On the night of 13/14 October 1942, Albrighton formed part of a large force of Hunt-class destroyers (also including Cottesmore, Eskdale, Glaisdale and Quorn) and eight Motor Torpedo Boats sent to stop the German auxiliary cruiser Komet, which was attempting to break out into the Atlantic in order to raid Allied shipping. Despite an escort of four Type 35 and Type 37 torpedo boats, Komet was sunk with all hands off Cherbourg by the British Motor Torpedo Boat MTB 236. From 2–10 November 1942, she formed part of the escort for Convoy KMS 2, taking troops to Gibraltar in preparation for Operation Torch, the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa. On 12 November 1942, after the destroyer HMS Marne was damaged by a torpedo when rescuing survivors from the torpedoed depot ship HMS Hecla, Albrighton assisted Marne until the tug Salvonia towed Marne to Gibraltar. Albrighton then returned to the United Kingdom as part of the escort for Convoy MKF 001.

Albrighton then returned to normal duties with the First Destroyer Flotilla, and on 12 December 1942, took part in Operation Valuable, an attack on a German convoy off Dieppe, when the German Sperrbrecher (auxiliary minesweeper) Beijerland was sunk by Albrighton and Eskdale. On the night of 27–28 April 1943, Albrighton and the Hunt-class Goathland sank the Italian blockade runner Butterfly and the German anti-submarine trawler UJ1402. Albrighton was damaged in this action, with eight killed and 25 wounded.

In February 1944 Albrighton was selected for conversion to a headquarters ship for control and landing craft in preparation for the upcoming invasion of France. When the Normandy landings started on 6 June 1944, Albrighton served as an escort vessel for landing craft and as a reserve headquarters ship for several weeks before returning to patrol operations. On 12 August, Albrighton attacked three trawlers south of Lorient, and sank two trawlers two weeks later.

In early 1945, Albrighton was reconverted to a destroyer, joining the 21st Destroyer Flotilla at Sheerness for service in the North Sea and Thames Estuary. She was damaged in collision with the Landing Ship LST 238 on 23 May 1945, and following repairs, was allocated to the Eastern Fleet, and was refitted for service in Eastern waters at Immingham until December that year. As the war had now ended, Albrighton went into reserve at Devonport, moving to Gibraltar in 1953, and returning to the UK in 1955, where she was hulked on 6 January 1956.

German Navy

In May 1956, Albrighton was one of seven frigates selected for transfer to the new West German Navy, being sold on 11 November 1957, and refitted in Liverpool before commissioning in the German Navy on 14 May 1959 as Raule. Raule was re-equipped to better fit the ship to the role of anti-submarine training, with her armament being modified, with the forward 4-inch mounting being removed and the quadruple "pom-pom" replaced by a 40 mm Bofors gun, and more modern anti-submarine equipment fitted. Raule was decommissioned in 1968 and was sold for scrap to Eisen and Metall of Hamburg in 1969.

References

Publications

Hunt-class destroyers of the Royal Navy
Hunt-class destroyers of the German Navy
World War II destroyers of the United Kingdom
Ships built on the River Clyde
1941 ships


title: Futuro Forestal S.A.

text:
Futuro Forestal S.A. is a German-Panamanian reforestation company that operates in Latin America. Established in 1994 in Panama, it is headquartered in Panama City. Futuro Forestal focuses on impact investment management in the tropical forestry industry. To date, the company has planted over 8,000 hectares of teak and mixed hardwood plantations on deforested pastureland, often under the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standard.

History

Futuro Forestal was founded in 1994 by Andreas Eke and Iliana Armién. Since that time, the company developed from a small retail investment to a timber investment management organization to an impact forestry company with up to 2,500 employees.

 1994: Futuro Forestal started its first reforestation, called "Proyecto Madera Fina" (Engl.: fine timber project), with 9 hectares in Panama.
 1998: As first company in Panama, Futuro Forestal applies to FSC-standard.
 1998: Futuro Forestal transferred as first company worldwide a Business-to-business-transaction from reforestation to carbon credit market.
 2001: Opening of new offices and a nursery in Las Lajas, Chiriquí, Panama.
 2003 & 2004: The reforestations of Futuro Forestal were rated as Latin America's best forest investment by rating agency SICIREC (abbr., span.: Sistemas de Circulación Ecológica, engl.: systems of ecological cycles).
 2005: Futuro Forestal brings its first shipment of FSC-certified timber to the market. Referring to Jagwood+, the sale of timber from teak and yellow cedar brought a significantly higher price (US $120/m3) than "[...] uncertified thinning wood (normally around 50-70 US$)" .
 2006: Metafore Innovation Award for Futuro Forestal's "[...] WoodStockInvest program, which offers worldwide investors the opportunity to own a forest, invest in a high yield product and contribute to social and ecological development in Central America".
 2006/2007: Futuro Forestal expanded its operations to Nicaragua and started a reforestation program in cooperation with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
 2008: Futuro Forestal sold its retail-investment reforestations to its long-term sub-contractor Forest Finance. According to Forest Finance the reforestation-areas of Futuro Forestal brought significantly higher payoff than expected in revenue forecasts.
 2009: German Investment Corporation (German: Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft, abbr.: DEG) and Futuro Forestal started an environmental education initiative for primary schools in Nicaragua.
 2011: The Company decided to refocus its efforts as an impact investment management company. To make it transparent to its stakeholders, Futuro Forestal reaffirmed its support of the Ten Principles of the United Nations Global Compact.
 2012: The Global Exchange for Social Investment (GEXSI) and Futuro Forestal established a strategic partnership. Through it, Futuro Forestal's experience and methodology will be adopted for an upcoming timber-project in Madagascar.

Services
Futuro Forestal provides sustainable reforestation services including timber investment management, ecosystem restoration, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) project execution, and social services like education for rural communities.

Timber investment
Futuro Forestal develops plantations that incorporate native hardwood species suited to specific soil conditions to foster diverse habitats for wildlife while allocating significatnt land areas to environmental protection. Furthermore, the company has been the first to sell carbon credits from reforestation as a business in Panamá" (Montagnini 2005, p. 181).

Ecosystem restoration

Ecosystem restoration is the return of a damaged ecological system to a stable, healthy, and sustainable state. Futuro Forestal was awarded an important mitigation project for Minera Panama. The 7,000+ hectare project aims to:

 Restore degraded land using angiosperms and pioneer species,
 Establish species natural to the area,
 Optimize ratio and distribution of species used,
 Promote wildlife function through the establishment of trees with food functions, and
 Provide significant biodiversity with the support of experimental nurseries with native species.

CSR project execution
In view of CSR projects is solely the sustainability of reforestation's social and environmental impact.

Education
Together with Nicaraguan Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Futuro Forestal started environmental education in forest-dependent communities. Children are educated in primary schools and adults get theoretical knowledge about agroforestry, like sheep-farming with Pelibüeys and beekeeping. Practical development is generated through microcredits for sheep and beehives.

Scientific cooperation
In 2001 Futuro Forestal, the Native Species Reforestation Project of the Yale University's School of Forestry and Environmental Studies & the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute conducted a native species project in Panama. Through this, the partners researched native species silvicultural and practical application of forest management techniques.

Subsidiary
Forest & Community Foundation (nonprofit)

References

Notes

Further reading

External links

Forestry in Central America
Sustainable forest management
Reforestation
Companies based in Panama City
Renewable resource companies established in 1994
1994 establishments in Panama


title: Plocamopherus maculapodium

text:
Plocamopherus maculapodium is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Polyceridae.

Description
"In life the body shape is elongate, limaciform and anteriorly rounded. The head bears a fringed oral veil without distinct appendages. The presence of flat oral tentacles was observed. Plocamopherus maculapodium has a red background color and the notum is slightly speckled with minute white dots. The white dots are usually situated on the notum along a line at the margin of both sides of the animal and joining behind the branchial leaves. They are also present along the margin of the fringed oral veil, on the tip of the posterior portion of the foot, tips of branchiae, clavus of the rhinophores, dorsal tubercles and oral veil appendages. There are a few black larger spots on the sides of the animal at the base of the foot. The rhinophores are elongate and at the peduncle have the same red background coloration. However, the clavus is red-brown with a white spot at the tip. The rhinophoral sheath is short. There are three pairs of short lateral appendages, with the last pair having a prominent rounded globular structure that is white in color. All lateral appendages are slightly ramified and whitish at the tip. At both sides of the body, four small tubercles are found in both sides situated at a regular distance from each other. There are three tripinnate branchial leaves. The posterior portion of the foot is elongated and thin forming a keel that has a small crest tipped with white."

Distribution
This species was described from Zanzibar. It has also been reported from Papua New Guinea.

References

External links
 SeaSlug Forum info

Polyceridae
Gastropods described in 2006


title: Annihilation (VanderMeer novel)

text:
Annihilation is a 2014 novel by Jeff VanderMeer. It is the first in a series of three books called the Southern Reach Trilogy. The book describes a team of four women (a biologist, an anthropologist, a psychologist, and a surveyor) who set out into an area known as Area X. The area is abandoned and cut off from the rest of civilization. They are the 12th expedition; the previous expeditions have been fraught with disappearances, suicides, aggressive cancers, and mental trauma. The novel won the 2014 Nebula Award for Best Novel and the 2014 Shirley Jackson Award for best novel.

A film based on the novel, starring Natalie Portman, was released by Paramount Pictures on February 23, 2018.

Background
The inspiration for Annihilation and the Southern Reach Trilogy was a  hike through St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge in northwestern Florida. Many of the animals and vegetation that VanderMeer has seen on this hike over the past 17 years appear in the novel. He has said that someday he hopes to do a "Weird Nature" anthology as well.

In March 2014, as part of a piece on VanderMeer and Annihilation, VanderMeer visited the St. Marks Lighthouse that inspired one of the settings in Annihilation.

Plot summary

A team of four women (a fifth having abandoned the team before entering) crosses the border into an uninhabited area known as "Area X", an unspecified coastal location that has been closed to the public for three decades. The group comprises the 12th expedition into Area X and consists of a biologist, an anthropologist, a psychologist, and a surveyor, none of whom are ever identified by name. The story is told through the biologist's field journal, written near the end of the expedition. It is revealed that the biologist's husband was part of the preceding 11th expedition, from which he had returned unexpectedly, showing up in their kitchen without any recollection of how he got there. The other members of the 11th expedition had shown up similarly, and a few months later, her husband and all the others had died of cancer.

After the first night spent at the base camp, the 12th expedition comes upon a structure containing a set of spiral stairs descending into the ground. Inside the structure (which the biologist repeatedly calls a tower), along the staircase, they find cursive writing that begins with the words "Where lies the strangling fruit..." The words appear to be written with a plant material growing several inches from the exterior wall. While the biologist examines the writing, she accidentally inhales spores from this material. After returning from the tower, the biologist discovers that the psychologist, who is the appointed leader, has programmed the group with specific triggers via hypnosis. By saying the phrase "consolidation of authority", the psychologist hypnotizes all except the biologist, who believes that the spores she has inhaled have made her resistant. The group decides to return to base camp, and at dusk, they hear a moaning noise from far away.

After a night at base camp, the anthropologist is missing; the psychologist claims she decided to leave and return to the border. The group then makes their way back to the "tower", where the psychologist stands watch while the surveyor and the biologist descend the stairs. The biologist sees that the tower is made of living tissue, which the surveyor cannot perceive due to lingering hypnotic suggestion. Eventually, they come upon the body of the anthropologist, whom they believe came into fatal contact with the writer of the text on the wall (which the biologist names "the Crawler"). Returning to the top, they find the psychologist missing and, after a fruitless search, decide to return to base camp. That night the biologist sees a light from the area of a distant lighthouse. The next day, the biologist is conscious of a "brightness" growing within herself, which she attributes to the spores. She leaves for the lighthouse while the surveyor stays behind.

At the lighthouse, the biologist finds a large pile of journals from past expeditions, indicating that there have been many more expeditions than they had been told about. One of the journals belongs to her late husband. She also finds a photograph of someone she thinks is the lighthouse keeper from 30 years previously, when Area X had been abandoned. Near the base of the lighthouse, she finds the psychologist seriously injured after jumping from the top. Perceiving the biologist as glowing and frightened by her approach, the psychologist repeatedly screams the word "annihilation" in an attempt to induce suicide in the biologist through hypnotic suggestion. Before dying, the psychologist tells the biologist that the border is expanding slowly northward toward the Southern Reach's facility.

As the biologist returns to base camp, she has a close encounter with the moaning creature that the team has heard every night in the reeds. She is able to escape but is ambushed by the surveyor, who is also terrified of her glow. They exchange gunfire. With newly enhanced perception and reflexes, the biologist manages to outflank and kill the surveyor but is wounded. She learns that being injured impedes the process of her "brightening", which continues to take over her body as she recovers.

Now the only surviving member of the 12th expedition, the biologist takes time to analyze plant and animal samples she has gathered and discovers that some have human cells. She also reads her husband's journal and finds that his all-male team of eight was designated "11G", suggesting multiple "11th expeditions". Her husband's team had found the "tower" on their fifth day but did not explore it, moving to the lighthouse first. After discovering the massive pile of journals, the team of explorers split up, with two members choosing to explore the tower, four deciding to remain in the lighthouse, and the biologist's husband and his team's surveyor choosing to explore the land beyond. Finding that Area X seemed to stretch out indefinitely, they returned to the lighthouse, only to find that their team's psychologist had been murdered by a beast and then somehow resurrected and that the rest of the men had turned on one another. At the tower, they were unable to find the other two men but later saw doppelgängers of the team's members—including themselves and all except the psychologist—entering the tower. At this point, the two decided to abandon their mission and leave Area X, the surveyor attempting to return via the way the team had entered, and the biologist's husband trying to cross the border via boat, following the shore.

After reading her husband's journal, the biologist returns to the tower. She makes her way down the spiral staircase and eventually finds the Crawler. After a nearly fatal encounter, she continues down the stairs until she sees a door. Unable to continue, she returns toward the top, perceiving within the Crawler the face of the lighthouse keeper from the photograph. The biologist decides to remain in Area X and seek some trace of her late husband.

Reception

The reviews for Annihilation have been generally positive. Jason Sheehan of National Public Radio described the book as page-turning and suspenseful, saying, "about three hours later, I looked up again with half the book behind me and wondered how I'd gotten from there to here." Salon.com named it book of the week while GQ Magazine recognized it as one of the top books for the month of February and said that it was "about an intelligent, deadly fungus [which] makes for an enthralling read." The Washington Post said that it was "successfully creepy, an old-style gothic horror novel set in a not-too-distant future" while The Daily Telegraph said that it "shows signs of being the novel that will allow VanderMeer to break through to a new and larger audience." Entertainment Weekly gave Annihilation a B+ rating.

The novel won the 2014 Nebula Award for Best Novel and the 2014 Shirley Jackson Award for best novel.

Film adaptation

In 2014, Paramount Pictures acquired rights to the novel, with writer-director Alex Garland set to adapt the script and direct the film. In May 2015, Natalie Portman entered into talks to star in the film. In November 2015, Jane the Virgin star Gina Rodriguez was in talks to co-star in the film with Portman. In March 2016, it was announced that Oscar Isaac would join the cast of the film.

Garland stated to Creative Screenwriting that his adaptation is based on only the first novel of the trilogy, saying, "At the point I started working on Annihilation, there was only one of the three books. I knew that it was planned as a trilogy by the author, but there was only the manuscript for the first book." Location filming by Lighthouse Pictures Ltd occurred, starting in late April 2016 in South Forest, Windsor Great Park. Lighthouse Pictures has a charge arrangement registered with UK Companies House regarding the matter. Production was confirmed to begin as David Gyasi was added to the cast. The teaser trailer for the film premiered in September 2017, and the film was released on February 23, 2018, to very positive reviews.  The film, however, only made $43.1 million on a $40–55 million budget and was a box office bomb.

References

Further reading

External links

Annihilation in Goodreads

2014 American novels
2014 science fiction novels
American novels adapted into films
American science fiction novels
Weird fiction novels
English-language novels
Nebula Award for Best Novel-winning works
Science fiction novels adapted into films
Southern Gothic novels
Novels set in lighthouses
Farrar, Straus and Giroux books


title: Andrés Uc Dzul

text:
Andrés Uc Dzul (1910–2004) was a Mexican artisan specializing in the creation of palm hats, especially Panama hats. His work was in great demand in the first half of the 20th century, and he was later recognized as a “grand master”.

Uc Dzul was born in Becal, Campeche, in southeast Mexico shortly after the start of the Mexican Revolution. He began making palm frond hats in his youth, becoming known for the “Panama hat”, obtaining the name from exports to Panama. This hat reached its height in the 1930s and 1940s, and can be seen on movie stars of that era. Because of the quality of his work, his hats became highly sought after during these decades, when he began working on his own, exported to the United States and Europe.

The hats are made from a type of palm leaf called jipi, named after the town of Jipijapa, Ecuador, which makes a similar hat. The palm leaves are cut while young and unopened to obtain the finest fiber. To prepare the fiber, the leaves are opened and dried in the sun, then bleached using sulfur. It is important to work the fiber while moist so that it does not break with the manipulation. During the rainy season, the work is done outdoors but during the dry season, artisans have special humidified rooms, caves and basements for this purpose. The weaving begins in the center of the top of the head and ends at the brim.

Uc Dzul retired after thirty-six years of making hats, but not before passing on the skill to his wife Patricia and his five children. The tradition continues with his grandchildren, especially Maleni, who has revived his technique using twenty threads in four parts. The family's workshop is at 148 Calle 30 in Tepakan, Becal, Campeche. They also make earrings, necklaces, change purses, cigarette holders and other things they call "curiosities", which allows the family to make sales to those without the means to buy the hats, which can sell today from between $90 and $200 (USD) in New York City.

Uc Dzul also founded the Taller de Artesanías in Becal, an artisans’ association with over eighty members.

Awards
The artisan's work won first prize in the Campeche State Fair, which began in 1936, winning with various types of woven hats (Panama, Tejano, Charro, Calado, Yucateco and others) over various years. In 2003, he was named a “grand master” by the Fomento Cultural Banamex.

References

Mexican artisans
Mexican milliners
People from Campeche
1910 births
2004 deaths


title: Clemenger

text:
Clemenger may refer to:

People
 Dermot Clemenger, judge on Swedish show, Let's Dance 2010
Jack Clemenger (1899–1964), Australian tennis player
John Clemenger  (1891–1941), Australian rules footballer

Other uses
 Clemenger Award, a former Australian art prize (1993–2009)


title: David Stromeyer

text:
David Stromeyer (born 1946) is an American abstract sculptor who is best known for his large-scale, outdoor, painted steel sculptures.  He currently resides in Enosburg Falls, Vermont, and Austin, Texas, with his wife, Sarah. His work can be found in Smithsonian American Art Museum, DeCordova Sculpture and Art Museum, Overland Park, Strathmore Hall Sculpture Garden in Bethesda, Cornell University, Plattsburgh State University, and corporate and private collections across the country.

Life
David Stromeyer was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts. In his youth, he suffered from osteomyelitis that necessitated multiple surgeries and body casts, immobilizing him.  Upon regaining mobility, he explored structure in model scale using erector sets, wood, and other materials.

Stromeyer attended Dartmouth College where he skied competitively and continued his study of mathematics. He graduated with a degree in Studio Art (high honors), and went on to study film at UCLA. Stromeyer then moved to Boston where he formed a small film production company. He also freelanced as an Art Photographer for museums in Boston and New York City.

Stromeyer embarked on a cycling trip, riding solo across Canada. Hitchhiking back to the East coast, he sought out a site to create and display his future work.

Work
In the 1970s, Stromeyer's created sculptures of unfinished steel, influenced by Russian Constructivists and artists such as David Smith and Mark di Suvero.” but gradually began to include more fluidity in his work. His designs have been compared to those of architect Zaha Hadid.

Cold Hollow Iron Works

In 1970, Stromeyer purchased a 200-acre former dairy farm in Northern Vermont’s Cold Hollow Mountains, ten miles from the Canada–US border. After briefly working in the existing horse barn, he constructed a large studio with multiple overhead cranes, and designed a large hydraulic press for cold-forming heavy steel plates. He then began to work on larger, more architectural sculptures. He called his studio and the surrounding meadows “Cold Hollow Iron Works”, a name which reflects the influence of sculptor David Smith, whose workshop was called “Terminal Iron Works.”

In 2014, Stromeyer continues to create large scale sculptures at Cold Hollow Iron Works. Some fifty or so finished works are sited in the five meadows.  Other sculptures are assembled at remote locations, for example a recent installation at the Emerson Umbrella Center for the Arts in Concord .

Gallery

References

External links

Abstract expressionist artists
20th-century American sculptors
Modern sculptors
1946 births
Living people
People from Marblehead, Massachusetts
Sculptors from Massachusetts
21st-century American sculptors


title: Youngstown Elser Metro Airport

text:
The Youngstown Elser Metro Airport  is a general aviation airport located 7 miles southwest of Youngstown in Beaver Township, Mahoning County, Ohio, United States. It has a 10/28 asphalt runway of  in dimension.

See also
Lansdowne Airport
Salem Airpark
Youngstown Executive Airport
Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport

References

Airports in Ohio
Buildings and structures in Mahoning County, Ohio
Transportation in Mahoning County, Ohio


title: Sergei Eisenstein bibliography

text:
A list of books and essays by or about Sergei Eisenstein:

Eisenstein, Sergei