title: Marshalliana

text:
Marshalliana is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae.

Species
 Marshalliana bivittata Aurivillius, 1901
 Marshalliana jansei Gaede, 1929
 Marshalliana latevittata Hering, 1949

References

External links
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Metarbelinae


title: Melisomimas metallica

text:
Melisomimas metallica is a moth in the family Cossidae, and the only species in the genus Melisomimas. It is found in Nigeria and Sierra Leone.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Metarbelinae
Moths described in 1914


title: Metarbela

text:
Metarbela is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae described by William Jacob Holland in 1893.

Species
 Metarbela abdulrahmani Lehmann, 2008
 Metarbela alluaudi Le Cerf, 1914
 Metarbela bifasciata Gaede, 1929
 Metarbela bipuncta Hampson, 1920
 Metarbela bueana Strand, 1912
 Metarbela chidzingai Lehmann, 2008
 Metarbela cinereolimbata Le Cerf, 1914
 Metarbela costistrigata Hampson, 1920
 Metarbela cremorna Hampson, 1920
 Metarbela cymaphora Hampson, 1910
 Metarbela dialeuca Hampson, 1910
 Metarbela diodonta Hampson, 1916
 Metarbela distincta Le Cerf
 Metarbela erecta Gaede, 1929
 Metarbela fumida Karsch, 1896
 Metarbela funebris Gaede, 1929
 Metarbela haberlandorum Lehmann, 1997
 Metarbela inconspicua Gaede, 1929
 Metarbela kobesi Lehmann, 2007
 Metarbela laguna Hampson, 1920
 Metarbela latifasciata Gaede, 1929
 Metarbela leucostigma (Hampson, 1910)
 Metarbela lornadepewae Lehmann, 2009
 Metarbela micra Karsch, 1896
 Metarbela naumanni Mey, 2005
 Metarbela nubifera Bethune-Baker, 1909
 Metarbela ochracea Gaede, 1929
 Metarbela onusta Karsch, 1896
 Metarbela perstriata Hampson, 1916
 Metarbela plagifera Gaede, 1929
 Metarbela pygatula Strand, 1912
 Metarbela quadriguttata Aurivillius, 1925
 Metarbela rava Karsch, 1896
 Metarbela recticulosana Strand, 1912
 Metarbela rufa Gaede, 1929
 Metarbela shimonii Lehmann, 2008
 Metarbela simillima (Hampson, 1910)
 Metarbela sphacobapta Tams, 1929
 Metarbela stivafer Holland, 1893
 Metarbela taifensis Wiltshire, 1988
 Metarbela triangularis Gaede, 1929
 Metarbela triguttata Aurivillius, 1905
 Metarbela trisignata Gaede, 1929
 Metarbela tuckeri Butler, 1875
 Metarbela vaualba Hampson, 1920
 Metarbela weinmanni Lehmann, 2007

Former species
 Metarbela albitorquata Hampson, 1910
 Metarbela arcifera Hampson, 1909
 Metarbela flavicolor Janse, 1925
 Metarbela heringi Janse, 1930
 Metarbela iridescens Janse, 1925
 Metarbela marginemaculata Gaede
 Metarbela neurosticta (Hampson, 1910)
 Metarbela pagana Strand, 1909
 Metarbela pallescens Le Cerf, 1914
 Metarbela splendida D. S. Fletcher, 1968

References

 , 1997: Metarbela haberlandorum sp. nov., a new moth from Kenya (Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae). Nachrichten Entomologische Verein Apollo 18 (1): 45–53.
 , 2007: Metarbelidae. Esperiana Buchreihe zur Entomologie Memoir 4: 169–185.
 , 2008: Ten new species of Metarbelidae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea) from the coastal forests and the Eastern Arc Mountains Of Kenya and Tanzania, including one species From Two Upland Forests. Journal of East African Natural History 97 (1): 43–82. DOI: 10.2982/0012-8317(2008)97[43:TNSOML]2.0.CO;2. Abstract: .
 , 2008: Six New Species of Metarbelidae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania, Including One New Species from Marenji Forest in Southeast Coastal Kenya. Journal of East African Natural History 97 (2): 187–206. DOI: 10.2982/0012-8317-97.2.187. Abstract: .
 , 2005: Metarbela naumanni sp. nov. from southern Africa (Lepidoptera: Cossidae: Metarbelinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 115 (1): 10–12.

External links

Metarbelinae


title: Shrapnel (American punk band)

text:
Shrapnel was an American punk and power pop band formed in Red Bank, New Jersey in the late-1970s, when its members were still teenagers.

History
Originating as Hard Attack (named after the second Dust album), the band evolved and changed their name to Shrapnel, which became a militaristic, jingoistic concept band in its first few years of existence.  Guitarist Daniel Rey cites the Alice Cooper stage show as an inspiration to develop a "schtick". The concept drew from singer Dave Wyndorf's strong interest in history, a desire to counter the hippie feeling still present in 70s rock, and memories of childhood games of play acting as soldiers (a practice that the band and manager Legs McNeil continued during the band's formative days). The band and McNeil also conceived of war as a relevant metaphor for both life on the NYC streets, and also for opposition to elements of late 70s culture that they felt alienated from.

The band's stage show and lyrics were entertaining and helped the band develop a local following, but were also controversial, not least for a masked character named "the gook". The band (and McNeil) had artistic intentions for these elements, such as satirically redefining slang terms that were used by soldiers during World War II, the Korean conflict, and the Vietnam War. Rey describes the net effect as being a display of "comic book politics", and McNeil provides the perspective that they were all "white liberals", albeit ones that had (to use contemporary parlance) a very un-PC sense of humor. Wyndorf has compared the band's antics in the earlier part of their history to Vaudeville, and has stated that it was amusing to provoke the easily offended.

At the outset, Shrapnel wore military uniforms onstage. The band's aesthetic included glorification of war, carrying prop M16 rifles onstage, and stances criticizing earlier anti-Vietnam War sentiment: "Hey, you asshole creep, I bet you were against the war." This satirical but straight faced outlook was criticized, including being labeled as "proto-fascist" by the Village Voice, due to the provocative stage antics, and song titles such as Hey Little Gook.  Although the band gained popularity in the NYC punk scene, they may have "suffered a virtual press blackout because they flirt(ed) with attitudes (which)... the rock press apparently deem(ed) unacceptable even as satire."

The band played CBGB often, and drew comparison to the Ramones. On April 9, 1979, Shrapnel opened for the Ramones in the latter band's last ever concert at CBGB. The concert was a benefit to buy bulletproof vests for NYPD. The concert was attended by Norman Mailer, who was a friend of McNeil. Shrapnel would soon play at parties at Mailer's Brooklyn home, including one that was attended by Kurt Vonnegut, Woody Allen, Glen Buxton and José Torres. The event was covered by Rolling Stone, with that magazine's Kurt Loder writing "It figures that author Norman Mailer would go for Shrapnel, a New York punk band whose act is derived from endless reruns of the old Combat! series." Vonnegut apparently was particularly impressed; Loder reported that while many guests danced, the author "stood transfixed by the spectacle", and later complemented Rey on the song I lost my baby on the Siegfried Line, saying that it was a "damn good song, lots of feeling."

In 1980, Amazing Spider-Man Annual #14 (by Frank Miller and Dennis O'Neil) featured a plot in which Peter Parker goes to see Shrapnel play at CBGB. A super-villain mind-controls the crowd and band, forcing Spider-Man and Doctor Strange to save the day. The comic also contained an ad for Shrapnel's Combat Love b/w Hey 45.

By 1983, Shrapnel had softened their image. Michael Alago, who would go on to broker the band's Elektra Records deal (and who would later help major acts including Metallica and White Zombie sign record deals), had replaced Legs McNeil as manager. Gone were the combat fatigues, sandbags, and masked characters, although the band would still use a "bomb" as a prop during their performance of the song Chrome Magnum Man, to Alagro's chagrin. Wyndorf, always an avid comic book enthusiast, explained that although the song uses war themes (bombs), it is actually a superhero song. He also stated that the band's use of a patriotic star in their imagery was a tribute to Captain America. During this period, the band retired some older material that, while amusing at the time, was written "while drunk" and started to "feel hypocritical". Wyndorf now wrote songs, such as Hope For Us All, that had explicitly positive messages. This song would appear on the EP that would serve as both their major label debut, and  their swan song.

Two Shrapnel songs, "Sleepover" and "Come Back to Me", are used in the 1983 cult film The First Turn-On! by Troma Films.

Shrapnel released two 7 inch indie singles in 1979 and 1981 respectively, and also had a major label (Elektra Records) 5 song self-titled 12" EP released in 1984,  before disbanding in 1985. The members were Dave Wyndorf (vocals), Daniel Rabinowitz, aka Daniel Rey (guitar), Dave Vogt (guitar), Phil Caivano (bass), and Danny Clayton (drums). Wyndorf would go on to co-found eventual gold selling rock band Monster Magnet in 1989, and continues to lead that band 30 years later. Caivano has also been a long time member of Monster Magnet, and has played in other bands including Blitzspeer and Murphy's Law. Rey has produced over 40 albums since 1987, including for artists such as the Ramones, Misfits, White Zombie, and Ronnie Spector, and served as Joey Ramone's guitarist during his solo career.

Discography

Singles

EP

References

Punk rock groups from New Jersey


title: Technology support net

text:
A Technology Support Net (TSN) is the required physical, energy, information, legal and cultural structures that support the development of technology core. In order to function effectively, the technology core (hardware, software and brainware) needs to be embedded in its support structure (TSN). Changes in the core then trigger requisite changes in TSN. Any core and its TSN co-evolve in a symbiotic way of mutual strengthening. At certain stage, TSN starts dictating acceptable changes in the core and ultimately becomes an effective barrier to further innovation. At such point, a time for new, disruptive technology emerges.

The entire structure of the technology core and its support network of requisite flows are sketched in Figure 1. It is clear that the architecture of the Technology Support Net functions as the main determinant of technology use, change and the rate of innovation. Milan Zeleny in his book Human Systems Management, has laid down the foundation of modern technology management, innovation and change.

Technology support network (TSN) is the necessary condition for continued technology core innovation. Without matching the support network, any new technology has little chance of succeeding. The infrastructure of technology support net, when fully established, could present significant barriers to significant innovation. The process of innovation is no longer open and autonomous, but often technically and politically subservient to the “holders and owners” of the support net.

Technology, through its requisite support net, limits and predetermines the flows and types of innovation. Nowadays the processes of invention and innovation are not limited only by lack of knowledge or too narrow business criteria, but by the defenders of the existing support network (including infrastructure). The focus is not so much on hardware (which is becoming commoditized), nor software or brainware, but on the boundaries and architecture of the support net itself.

Components of technology
Any technology can be divided into four key components:

Hardware
The physical structure or logical layout, plant or equipment of machine or contrivance. This is the means to carry out required tasks of transformation to achieve purpose or goals. Hardware therefore refers not only to particular physical structure of components, but also to their logical layout.

Software
The set of rules, guidelines, and algorithms necessary for using the hardware (program, covenants, standards, rules of usage) to carry out the tasks. This is the know-how,  which means how to carry out tasks to achieve purpose or goals.

Brainware
The purpose (objectives and goals), reason and justification for using or deploying the hardware/software in a particular way. This is the know-what and the know-why of technology.  That is, the determination of what to use or deploy, when, where and why.

These three components form the technology core. The components of the technology core are co-determinant, their relations circular and mutually enhancing.

The interdependence among the three components is well illustrated in the example of automobile as technology: A car consists of its own physical structure and logical layout, its own hardware. Its software consists of operating rules of the push, turn, press, etc., described in manuals or acquired through learning. The brainware is supplied by the driver and includes decisions where to go, when, how fast, which way and why to use a car at all. Computers, satellites or the Internet can be defined in terms of these above three dimensions. Any information technology or system should also be clearly identifiable through its hardware, software and brainware.

Technology Support Net
TSN is a network of flows: materials, information, energies, skills, laws, rules of conduct that circulate to, through and from the network in order to enable the proper functioning of the technology core and the achieving of given purpose or goals. Ultimately, all the requisite network flows are initiated, maintained and consumed by people participating in the use and support of the use of a given technology. They might similarly and simultaneously participate in supporting many different technologies through many different TSNs.

Sameer Kumar wrote that TSNs can be intermeshed into larger hyper networks, thereby revealing important complementary, competing and collaborating technologies. The relationship between the technology core and its requisite TSN is that of mutual enhancement and codetermination.

Every unique technology core gives rise to a specific and requisite TSN and thus to a specific set of relationships among people. Ultimately, the TSN can be traced to and translated into the relationships among human participants: initiators, providers and maintainers of the requisite flows in cooperative social settings. In this sense, every technology is a form of a social relationship brought forth from the background environment.

The following example describes the various social relationships among people caused by technology support net.  As for the automobile technology, its TSN consists of an infrastructure of roads, bridges, facilities and traffic signals, but also of maintenance and emergency services, rules and laws of conduct, institutions of their enforcement, style and culture of driving behavior, etc. A large number of people have to be organized in a specific and requisite pattern in order to enable cars to function as technology. Moreover, technology and its four components could also be defined from the vantage point of its own user or observer, not in a context-free or absolute sense. In other words, roads, bridges and traffic signals can be technologies themselves, with their own hardware, software, brainware and support nets. For example, traffic lights are a part of the TSN of an automobile, but their own hardware can be driven by their own software (a computer-controlled switching program or schedule) and brainware (purposes of safety, volume and flow control, and interaction with pedestrians). This technology core has its own support net of electricity, signal interpretations and car traffic. So the traffic light is a technology of its own. Similarly, a piece of software from some technology can itself become viewed as technology, in order to achieve specific business purposes or goals with its own hardware, software, brainware and TSN.

Functions of technology
At its most fundamental, technology is a tool used in transforming inputs into output (products) or, more generally, towards achieving purposes or goals. For example, the inputs can be material, information, skills or services. The product can be goods, services or information. Such a tool can be both physical (machine, computer) and logical (methodology, technique). Technology as a tool does not have to be from steel, wood or silica, it could also be a recipe, process or algorithm.

The nature of technology has changed in the global era during the development of human history: it is becoming more integrative and more knowledge-oriented, it is available globally and it includes also logical schemes, procedures and software, not just tools and machinery. It tends to complement or extend the user, not to make him a simple appendage. In order to utilize technology efficiently and effectively, it should be viewed as a form of social relationship, with hardware and software being enabled by brainware and the requisite support network.

This is the view from Joseph Stiglitz, the recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2001) on technology transfer:

Stiglitz's emphasis is on the insufficiency of information (or codified “knowledge”) and the hardware-software mindset. Information can always be “downloaded”, knowledge cannot. Knowledge has to be produced within the local circumstances and structural support.

In recent times, technology refers to a package of hardware, software, brainware – and primarily, the requisite support net which fixates, limits and predetermines the flows and types of innovation. In many modern technologies, the hardware is becoming a commodity, the least decisive component, a mere physical casing for the real power of effective knowledge contents. The enabling technology support network is often becoming the most important component of technology:

Charu Chandra described that technology organizations aim at achieving total system productivity, not task. In order to achieve this, workflow within and between departments must be integrated. This is achieved by organizing a project with interconnected tasks of activities that use inputs to produce output(s) according to common objectives and goals. One of the ways to do this is managing its effects on the support net of requisite relationships. In the near future it will not be the number of computers per capita, but the density and capacity of their network interconnectedness which will determine their effective usage.

References

Networks


title: Tim Carmody

text:
Timothy Francis Carmody  (born 18 May 1956) is an Australian judge who was the Chief Justice of Queensland between 8 July 2014 and 1 July 2015. His previous roles include work as a police officer, barrister, Queensland Crime Commissioner, Family Court of Australia judge, and Chief Magistrate of the Magistrates Court of Queensland.  He also presided over the 2013 Child Protection Commission of Inquiry.

As Chief Magistrate, Carmody drew media attention for his comments and actions which were perceived as supportive of the Queensland government of Campbell Newman and their policies,  including their laws against outlaw motorcycle gangs, for which he faced criticism from other senior lawyers and judges. His comments and actions were described in media reports as undermining the judiciary's independence from the government, particularly his move to effectively prevent other magistrates from hearing contested bail applications. Media also reported his lone expression of support as a judge for Attorney-General Jarrod Bleijie, who had faced calls to resign after revealing the content of confidential discussions held with the President of the Court of Appeal.

Carmody's subsequent appointment to Chief Justice after nine months as Chief Magistrate, was criticised by legal opinion, with criticism from several current and former judges and senior lawyers focusing on his perceived closeness to Campbell Newman’s LNP government, relative inexperience and lack of support from the legal profession and other judges for his promotion.

Carmody was sworn in Chief Justice on 8 July 2014, following the elevation of his predecessor in the role, Paul de Jersey, to Governor of Queensland. Following ongoing tensions with other members of the judiciary, he resigned as Chief Justice on 1 July 2015. He remained a Judge of the Supreme Court, sitting as a supplemental member of the Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal before resigning his commission as a judge altogether with effect from 10 September 2019.

Early life and career
Tim Carmody was born in 1956 in Millmerran on the Darling Downs, the second of four children. His father worked in a variety of roles, including as a seasonal meat worker, publican, bookmaker and boarding house contractor at the meatworks in Katherine, Northern Territory. In 1963, the family moved to a Queensland Housing Commission home in Inala on the outskirts of Brisbane.  His mother suffered a malignant brain tumour, which paralysed her and led to her death at the age of 38.  Carmody went to a boarding school and later to Nudgee College in Brisbane, from which he dropped out in Year 10 to work as a meat worker, but later rejoined to complete his Year 12 studies.  He enrolled at the University of Queensland in a Bachelor of Laws degree, but dropped out after a semester.

Carmody joined the Police Force in 1975, where he was stationed in Brisbane City and West End as well as serving as head of Security at Government House. He resumed his study of law at the Queensland University of Technology in 1976, while working in a police office. Carmody married his wife Robyn in 1977.  He later worked as a clerk in the Public Defender's Office, which is now part of Legal Aid Queensland, while he completed his part-time Law studies.

In 1982, Carmody was called to the bar. As a barrister, his roles included Counsel assisting the Fitzgerald Inquiry between 1987 and 1989, one of the junior counsel employed by D P Drummond QC, the Special prosecutor for conducting subsequent prosecutions arising out of that Inquiry between 1989 and 1991, and Junior counsel in the Connolly-Ryan Inquiry into the Criminal Justice Commission between 1996 and 1997. In 1998, Carmody was appointed as Queensland Crime Commissioner.  In 1999 he took silk, becoming a Senior Counsel.

Carmody was appointed as a Judge of the Family Court in 2003.  In 2006, one of his judgments was overturned by an appeals court after it found that he had "cut and pasted" paragraphs from an earlier judgment with different facts. He resigned from the Family Court in 2008 and returned to private practice, citing the "failure" of the new shared parental responsibility family law regime as a factor in his decision.

Carmody presided over the Queensland Child Protection Commission of Inquiry and handed down his final report on 1 July 2013.  Among other findings, he concluded that it had been unlawful for the Cabinet of Wayne Goss to shred evidence gathered by the 1989 investigation of retired magistrate Noel Heiner into the management of the John Oxley Youth Detention Centre. His 121 recommendations included considering putting "toddlers in severely dysfunctional families" up for adoption and re-establishing "institutions for troubled teens". His recommendation that families receive more support to prevent children from ending up in state care was welcomed by child safety groups.

Chief Magistrate
Carmody was appointed concurrently as Queensland's fourth Chief Magistrate and a judge of the District Court of Queensland on 16 September 2013, taking over from Brendan Butler who moved to full-time duties as a judge of the District Court.  He was sworn in on 18 September 2013.

Juvenile criminal justice proposals
In his capacity as Chief Magistrate, Carmody wrote to Attorney-General Bleijie recommending changes to the laws applying to child offenders, which were later the subject of controversy.  He recommended that children lose the right to appeal against the sentence handed down by a magistrate, unless there was an error of law.  He justified this on the basis that this would save time for the Children's Court of Queensland.  This was criticised by the President of the Children's Court, Michael Shanahan.  Shanahan noted that the changes would barely lighten the Court's workload, while leading to a slower and more cumbersome appeal process that could deprive children who were inappropriately sentenced of a remedy when time was of the essence. Shanahan also noted that Carmody had failed to consult him before making the recommendation.

Anti-outlaw motorcycle gang legislation
Carmody's approach to the Newman Government's anti-outlaw motorcycle gang laws also drew media attention. While the laws had faced criticism from several senior lawyers and civil libertarians as well as a serving Supreme Court judge, Carmody was described in the media as a supporter and "cheerleader" of the legislation and the Newman Government's "law-and-order" agenda more broadly. In a decision refusing bail to two alleged associates of an outlaw motorcycle gang, he stated that "the government’s tough stance ... is intended to keep the peace and tackle crime by making Queensland a hostile environment for socially destructive drug traffickers" and "there is, it seems, a new sheriff in town with low or zero tolerance for criminals and their activities". He also sent a three-page email to the magistrates of Queensland, which was strongly supported by Attorney-General Bleijie, suggesting that outlaw motorcycle gang associates (colloquially known as "bikies") should not be granted bail due to the inherent risks of doing so.

The laws imposed a blanket prohibition on judges and magistrates from granting bail to outlaw motorcycle gang members, and were reported as a source of tension between the Government and the judiciary. Several people charged under the new laws had in fact been granted bail by magistrates who ruled that prosecutors had not proven that they were members of such gangs.

In, Carmody DCJ, sitting as a magistrate, construed the newly inserted s 16(3A) of the Bail Act 1980 (Qld). Section 16(3A) of the Bail Act 1980 (Qld) created a so-called “reverse onus” which required some applicants for bail to show cause why bail should be granted.

As enacted on 17 October 2013, s 16(3A) of the Bail Act 1980 (Qld) applied to someone who “is a member of a criminal organisation”.

As Carmody DCJ accepted in Spence at [28], the provision was intended to operate prospectively. The application for bail in Spence v Queensland Police Service was heard on 24 October 2013. At that time, the accused was not a member of a criminal organisation, having resigned from the Hell's Angels on 8 October 2013: Spence v Queensland Police Service at [34]. Notwithstanding this finding, Carmody DCJ held that “the intended scope of section 16(3A) is wide enough, in my opinion, to include the applicant, even if the drafting language used is slightly inapt. Accepting the contrary proposition would produce absurd, unintended results and make section 16(3A) slightly jobless”.

As Wilson J pointed out on appeal in, this decision was wrong. On its clear grammatical meaning, s 16(3A) of the Bail Act 1980 (Qld) referred to a person who “is presently a participant in a criminal organisation, that is, someone who is a participant at the time of the application”. On 8 November 2013 her Honour ruled that s 16(3A) of the Act did not refer to any of the three applicants for bail.

On 27 November 2013 s 7 of the Criminal Law (Criminal Organisations Disruption) and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2013 amended s 16(3A) of the Bail Act 1980 (Qld) so that it read “is, or has at any time been, a member …”.

On 5 November 2013, Carmody issued a Practice Direction which required that all future contested bail applications be heard in a specified Brisbane Magistrates courtroom in the afternoons, with no more than two listed each day. He stated that this was intended to speed up the process, reduce costs for the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions and ensure "security for all". The practical effect was that Carmody himself was likely to preside over the controversial bail applications. The move was described in the Courier Mail and ABC News as a decision that stripped other magistrates of their ability to hear the bail applications and suggested the Chief Magistrate lacked confidence in their ability to hear them in a consistent and efficient manner. It was criticised by the Bar Association of Queensland and the Australian Lawyers Alliance, with criminal lawyer Bill Potts warning that the courts and Chief Magistrate would be perceived as politicised, undermining the legal system.

Comments relating to the Queensland government and Attorney-General
In a January 2014 swearing in of new magistrates, delivered during media attention focused on criticism by other judges of the Government's new laws, Carmody criticised judges who sought to "deliberately frustrate or defeat the policy goals of what they might personally regard as unfair but nonetheless regular laws under cover of office as a form of redress or amelioration", noting that the separation of powers was a "two way street" and that Parliament was supreme. He also stated the judges should not use the "weight of their office to engage in the public debate or to make comments about the comparative morality or fairness" of statutes. The Australian described senior judges and lawyers as being "dismayed" by this speech. In response, the president of the Judicial Conference of Australia, Queensland Supreme Court judge Phillip McMurdo, noted judicial comments were appropriate in certain circumstances, such as laws going to "the heart of the functioning of the judicial branch of the state".

As the media reported rising tensions between the Newman Government and judiciary during March 2014, Carmody broke ranks with other judges, declaring his support for Attorney-General Jarrod Bleijie. Bleijie was facing criticism for revealing details of a private conversation with President of the Queensland Court of Appeal Margaret McMurdo, after she had suggested that the Government was sexist in its judicial appointments. He was the only judge who issued a statement in support of Bleijie, with his statement addressing his position "as head of jurisdiction" and confidence in continuing to meet with Bleijie in that capacity.

Appointment as Chief Justice

Speculation
Before the June 2014 announcement, Carmody was tipped as one of the people most likely to replace de Jersey as Chief Justice. The speculation led the barrister who had served as Solicitor-General of Queensland until March 2014, Walter Sofronoff QC, to call on Carmody to rule himself out of contention. Sofronoff highlighted Carmody's inexperience and his overt support for the Newman Government's controversial anti-motorcycle gang laws.

The President of the Bar Association, Peter Davis QC, supported Sofronoff's remarks, but noted that Carmody deserved the community's respect as a sitting judge.

The head of the 1989 Fitzgerald Inquiry into corruption in Queensland, Tony Fitzgerald, urged Carmody "not allow his ambition to subvert his personal integrity".

Announcement and reactions
On 12 June 2014, Carmody was announced as the next Chief Justice of Queensland by Campbell Newman, the Premier of Queensland.

The appointment was welcomed by the Queensland Police Union, which noted Carmody's "deep, accurate and genuine understanding of community expectations and public sentiment" and that he would be the first Chief Justice who was a former police officer.

The Queensland Law Society initially welcomed the appointment, stating Carmody "has served the profession with great distinction and would be a fine leader of the Queensland judiciary and the legal profession." However, in the aftermath of the resignation and concerns expressed by President of the Bar Association of Queensland, Peter Davis QC, the Society expressed its own concerns about the process.

Carmody's appointment was criticised by the head of the Fitzgerald Inquiry, Tony Fitzgerald; Queensland's former solicitor general, Walter Sofronoff QC; and retired Supreme Court judges Richard Chesterman QC and George Fryberg. Criticism centred on perceptions that his perceived closeness to the Newman Government undermined his independence, he lacked the support of his peers in the profession and he did not have the necessary judicial experience to be Chief Justice.

The Australian noted that this would be the first time in history that a magistrate had been promoted directly to Chief Justice of any Australian state. It also stated that he was "the first judge in Australian history to have been elevated so fast to the most senior judicial post in a state".

The announcement of Carmody as Chief Justice came after he had served in the role of Chief Magistrate for nine months. The Queensland Council for Civil Liberties described the appointment as "a throwback to the corrupt era of Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen", recalling when Terry Lewis was appointed police commissioner over better-qualified senior police.

The then-President of the Bar Association of Queensland, Peter Davis QC, resigned in protest over the appointment process. Davis stated that private conversations he had held with Bleijie and Bleijie's staffer had been leaked and distorted, while noting that "there was little, if any, support for the appointment within the legal profession and little, or none, within the ranks of sitting Supreme Court judges." He also stated that a barrister who had formerly served as Bleijie's Chief of Staff, Ryan Haddrick, had told a member of the Bar Association Committee that the Bar Association's power to issue practising certificates could be revoked and that it should support the appointment.

The Australian Bar Association warned that the independence of the Queensland judiciary was "under threat". The Association subsequently clarified that its concerns related to appointment process and not the appointment itself. The Queensland Law Society, which had initially "warmly welcomed" the appointment, stated that a tainted appointment process risked undermining "the confidence of the profession and the community in individual appointments which then flows on to the larger institution of the courts".

Carmody's response
Carmody responded in a 4BC radio interview by stating that he was surprised and hurt by the allegation he was "one of the stoolies... appointed by a corrupt government to undermine the court system," describing it "hurtful and... scare-mongering at its worst." He added that he was hurt that neither the Bar Association nor any current Supreme Court judge had offered him their support. He denied any bias in favour of the Newman LNP Government, stating that he was "fiercely independent". He also stated that while he may not be the "smartest lawyer in the room", there was more to being a Chief Justice than being a black letter lawyer, and he did not intend to compete with other Supreme Court judges for "intellectual rigour".

Carmody expressed an intention to emulate his predecessor in the role, Paul de Jersey. He proposed greater access to the courts, such as live streaming of court proceedings to the public, and aligning courtroom decisions more closely to reasonable community expectations as key priorities.

Regarding his relationship with current Supreme Court judges he stated, "I wish I didn’t have to go and see [current judge] Justice Byrne and say ‘Hi, I’m your chief justice. Are we friend or foe?’ But I will and I’ll do that because that's what leaders do". After beginning to schedule "friend or foe" interviews with all Supreme Court judges, Carmody took three weeks' leave. The scheduled interviews were subsequently cancelled.

Subsequent reactions
While conceding his own personal dislike of Carmody, barrister Tony Morris QC described much of the criticism against Carmody as being "sour grapes" and that Carmody would be capable of undertaking the role.

In a speech given at the North Queensland Bar Association's Bi-Annual Court of Appeal Dinner on 18 June 2014, one of the sitting senior judges on the Queensland Court of Appeal, Justice John Muir, called on Carmody to withdraw from his promotion to Chief Justice due to the lack of support from other Supreme Court judges.

Muir described Carmody's radio broadcasts as an "unseemly spectacle".  He added that Carmody should not have defended his own appointment but left it to Premier Newman and Attorney-General Bleijie, stating that "It was not open to the appointee...if he wished to behave as a Chief Justice should behave and demonstrate independence, to effectively support the executive’s actions by publicly talking up his credentials", and that "ironically, the Chief Magistrate, when asserting his independence, was engaged in conduct that called it into question". Muir also criticised Carmody's admission that he lacked the intellectual rigour of the other Supreme Court judges, noting that it would be expected of the leader of the Supreme Court by those coming before it. He added that the appointment of Carmody would "weaken public confidence in the administration of justice and impact adversely on the willingness of parties, who have the freedom of choice in the matter, to litigate in Queensland state courts".

Muir's fellow serving Supreme Court judge Justice Martin Daubney subsequently told the Courier Mail that he spoke privately to Carmody "with the unanimous authorisation of all of the judges of the Court of Appeal and the Trial Division of the Supreme Court". The newspaper speculated that Carmody was urged to refuse the appointment to Chief Justice and that a compromise was suggested, whereby Carmody would take a lesser promotion such as judge of the Supreme Court.

Carmody was defended by the former Chief Justice of the Family Court with whom he had served, Alastair Nicholson. Describing Carmody as deep-thinking, reliable, innovative and sensible, Nicholson labelled the criticism of Carmody "unfair and unreasonable". Nicholson added that Justice Muir should not have made those comments, which he considered "damaging and unnecessary". Retired District Court judge Brian Boulton criticised Carmody's detractors, emphasising that judicial appointments were a matter for the executive and that Carmody had experience in other areas to his predecessor.
The outgoing Chief Justice of Queensland, Paul de Jersey, released a press statement in which he urged the judiciary to accept the government's choice of his successor and move on.

Journalist Madonna King subsequently revealed that the favourite to succeed de Jersey as Chief Justice had been David Jackson, a current judge of the Supreme Court, with Premier Campbell Newman insisting on the appointment of Carmody after Sofronoff publicly questioned Carmody's credentials. Other shortlisted candidates included other sitting Supreme Court judges, such as Court of Appeal judge Hugh Fraser and Senior Judge Administrator John Byrne. LNP backbenchers were described as unhappy with the appointment and resulting furore. Newman defended the nomination, saying that judges should "get on with the job".

Chief Justice
Carmody was sworn in as Chief Justice in a private ceremony on 8 July 2014, the first time a Chief Justice's swearing in had occurred this way in almost a century.

A public welcoming ceremony was held on 1 August 2014, to coincide with the swearing in of Peter Flanagan as a Supreme Court judge.  Although this was described by The Australian as an attempt to avoid a boycott by sitting Supreme Court judges out of respect for Flanagan, the boycott proceeded with no judges apart from Carmody and Flanagan in attendance. A former Queensland Director of Public Prosecutions has publicly stated that this conduct constituted a prima facie criminal offence, though there is little prospect of a conviction. The newly appointed head of the Bar Association of Queensland, Shane Doyle QC, stated that the controversy over the appointment was "in the past" and that Carmody would have the Association's support.

At his welcoming speech, Carmody noted the absence of the other judges and apologised to his wife and family for the distress caused by his appointment.  He noted that he had learned a valuable life lesson - "to be truly free you have to forget what other people think or say about you."

An analysis of Carmody's first six months in office showed that he had delivered three published judgments, compared to the twenty delivered in the final six months of his predecessor Paul de Jersey.  A Guardian Australia analysis of the 2015 February judges' sitting calendar showed that Carmody was the least active Supreme Court judge, scheduled to hear cases for 12 weeks between February and July 2015, with seven weeks on his own; other judges except Senior Judge Administrator were to hear at least 15 weeks in that time, with 12 on their own. Carmody subsequently removed his schedule from this calendar, and instead commenced a separate "Chief Justice's Engagements" calendar.

Two of Carmody's unpublished decisions were overturned by the Court of Appeal, including a case where he refused bail to a mother of eight children who faced drugs charges. The Court ruled that Carmody had “inadvertently overlooked” compelling reasons why the woman should not be in jail, which “would result in significant or exceptional hardship to her eight young children”.  Another case involving a business dispute led Justice Muir to conclude that the Chief Justice had denied natural justice and erred in law by failing to give adequate reasons for his decision.

In his first annual report as Chief Justice, Carmody criticised the quality of transcripts which the Government had outsourced to the private sector, noting that the quality was poor and judges often had to rely on audio recordings.

Valedictory remarks of Justice Wilson
At a ceremony to mark his retirement on 26 March 2015, Justice Alan Wilson made a speech criticising Carmody's performance as Chief Justice, stating that he had "lost all respect" from most of the Supreme Court judges.  Wilson made a series of allegations about the Chief Justice.  He stated that Carmody's public calls for civility and courtesy in the legal profession were hypocritical given that he privately referred to his judicial colleagues as “snakes” and “scum”.

Wilson alleged that Carmody had sought to remove Justice John Byrne from his role as Senior Judge Administrator, a move that he reversed after "universal condemnation" from other Supreme Court judges.  He further alleged that Carmody had sought to interfere with the protocol for choosing the judge who would sit on the Court of Disputed Returns.  That judge could potentially have decided whether a new vote would need to be held for the electoral district of Ferny Grove in the wake of a candidate being found ineligible to stand for election.  This could have potentially changed the outcome of the close 2015 Queensland state election, which the LNP ultimately lost.

Wilson also stated that Carmody had failed to hear any cases in recent weeks, preferring instead to undertake a public relations role which resulted in the other Supreme Court judges having to bear a heavier workload.  According to Wilson, the Chief Justice stated that he would occasionally sit on the Court of Appeal but would otherwise not sit on first instance matters in Brisbane.

After Wilson's ceremony, sitting judge Roslyn Atkinson stated in open court in a case before her that everything that Wilson had said was true and that she was "extremely grateful" to him for his remarks.

Carmody, who had been overseas during Wilson's speech, subsequently wrote an open letter to the Bar Association of Queensland and the Queensland Law Society.  In it, he described Wilson's remarks as "graceless" and defended his integrity.  Carmody responded to the allegation of interference with the Court of Disputed Returns protocol by stating he believed that under the legislation he was impliedly required to exercise his independent judgment and that he had taken advice from other Chief Justices in doing so.  Regarding the allegations about his work ethic, Carmody responded that he was not going to be a "George Street judge" and would appear across the regions of Queensland.  While accepting that he could do more to foster a culture of mutual respect and professionalism, he reiterated that we would not be bullied out of judicial office and requested that the destabilisation end.

Cowan appeal and dispute with President McMurdo
Together with President McMurdo and Justice Hugh Fraser of the Court of Appeal, Carmody sat on the appeal by Brett Peter Cowan against his conviction for the murder of Daniel Morcombe.  After the appeal hearing and before the appeal decision had been handed down, Carmody met with Hetty Johnston, the founder and executive director of the children protection advocacy group Bravehearts. When she learned of this, President McMurdo emailed Carmody to note that she was "deeply concerned" and that he should disclose the meeting to Cowan's defence lawyers.

Carmody's response by email stated:

McMurdo responded the next day, stating that she rejected all of Carmody's "ill conceived allegations of impropriety".

After Cowan's lawyers applied for Carmody to recuse himself from the case given apprehended bias following his meeting with Johnston, Carmody withdrew from hearing the appeal on 7 May 2015. The Chief Justice stated that although he believed the application had no merit and the allegations of bias, he was acting "in the best interests of this court and overall public confidence in the administration of justice" The Chief Justice also labelled the allegation of bias as "absurd and extraordinary".  The application to have Chief Justice Carmody withdraw was heavily criticised by Daniel Morcombe's parents and also by Bravehearts.

Upon the release of his 'Mention Remarks', the Chief Justice also published emails between himself and the President of the Court of Appeal, Justice Margaret McMurdo. These emails revealed continuing disagreement between the Chief Justice and other members of the Court of Appeal, with President McMurdo informing the Executive Director of the Supreme and District Courts Service that she did not wish to sit on any future cases with Chief Justice Carmody. The released emails also reveal that Carmody had failed to read the draft judgments circulated months earlier by President McMurdo and Justice Fraser. Queensland Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk called for the disagreements within the judiciary to end.

Secret recording by Justice Byrne
In May 2015 reports emerged that Carmody had been secretly recorded by John Byrne, the Senior Judge Administrator when they met along with Justice David Boddice. The meeting related to who would sit on the Court of Disputed Returns if the result for the electoral district of Ferny Grove was challenged, and involved hostility and explicit language. Carmody was recorded as referring to the other Supreme Court judges as "scum". Carmody stated he had no intention of resigning and would continue to perform his role as Chief Justice.

Resignation as Chief Justice
Carmody took one month's sick leave on 14 May 2015 to seek back treatment. While on leave he offered to resign on 25 May 2015 on "just terms" and on the condition that the State Government agreed to a court reform agenda, such as implementing a judicial commission. His offer was welcomed by Attorney-General Yvette D'Ath as putting the judiciary before himself. Carmody was due to subsequently outline his vision for court reform at a Hamilton Island legal conference but withdrew due to his wife's illness. In June 2015 he acted as Governor of Queensland despite being on sick leave from his normal role as Chief Justice.

Carmody resigned as Chief Justice on 1 July 2015 but remained a Judge of the Supreme Court, sitting as a supplemental judicial member of the Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal. He was replaced as Chief Justice by Catherine Holmes, who praised his grace in stepping down and promised that she would offer him "whatever help I can give".

Later career
Carmody continued as Supreme Court judge and supplementary QCAT member until he resigned from the bench with effect from 10 September 2019. His resignation was announced by Attorney-General Yvette d'Ath on 17 July 2018.

Honours

Further reading

References

1956 births
Living people
Chief Justices of Queensland
Judges of the Family Court of Australia
Australian King's Counsel
People from the Darling Downs
Judges of the Supreme Court of Queensland
Judges of the District Court of Queensland
21st-century Australian judges


title: Joe Fenton (artist)

text:
Jonathan "Joe" Simon Bramley-Fenton is an English artist, designer, sculptor and illustrator, who works in monochrome using graphite, ink and acrylics on paper. He has worked on a number of feature films as a concept designer and sculptor, including The Brothers Grimm directed by Terry Gilliam and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy directed by Garth Jennings.

Career
Fenton has illustrated two children's picture books: What's Under the Bed? (published in 2008) and Boo! (published in 2010) by Simon & Schuster.

In 2014, he was commissioned to create a one-of-a-kind guitar for PRS Guitars signature artist (and lead guitarist of rock bands Creed and Alter Bridge) Mark Tremonti.

Fenton also produces and directs short films showing his art process, such as The Lullaby (2011) and Flight (2014).

Background

Fenton has a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Sculpture from the Wimbledon College of Art.

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
Artists from London
Alumni of the University of the Arts London


title: McAllaster, Kansas

text:
McAllaster is a ghost town in Logan County, Kansas, United States.

History
McAllaster was platted in 1887.

The McAllaster post office was discontinued in 1953.

One house is all that remains of this former community.

References

Further reading

External links
 Logan County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Logan County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas
Populated places established in 1887
1887 establishments in Kansas


title: Page City, Kansas

text:
Page City is an unincorporated community in Logan County, Kansas, United States.  It is located along U.S. Route 40 west of Oakley.

History
The community was founded in 1884 as a depot on the Union Pacific Railroad.

A post office was opened in Page City in 1887, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1971.

Transportation
U.S. Route 40 highway and Union Pacific Railroad pass through Page City.

References

Further reading

External links
 Logan County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Logan County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Nicholas Wallace

text:
Nicholas Wallace (born 16 October 1989) is a former rugby union footballer who played prop for the United States national rugby union team, and the Denver Stampede.

Youth and early career
Wallace played rugby with the Chuckanut rugby club in Ferndale, Washington, the same rugby program that produced U.S. international prop Shawn Pittman. Despite his rugby background, Wallace accepted a scholarship to play American football as a defensive lineman at Western Washington University. Wallace transferred to Saint Mary’s College to play rugby, where he was a four-time Collegiate All-American.

U.S. national team
Wallace was a member of the 2013 Eagles Select XV for the American Rugby Championships in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.

Wallace earned his first cap for the U.S. national team in a match against Tonga on June 14, 2013. He scored his first international try in the Eagles’ victory against Georgia on November 16, 2013.

Wallace, whose mother is Canadian, had briefly trained with Canada's under-20 national team.

Club
Wallace played for James Bay in Canada’s BC Premier League. Wallace currently plays for Denver in the North American PRO Rugby competition.

See also
 Saint Mary's Gaels#Men's rugby

References

1989 births
Living people
American rugby union players
Denver Stampede players
United States international rugby union players
Rugby union props


title: Siberian Tatar language

text:
Siberian Tatar language or Sybyr language () is a Turkic language spoken in Western Siberia region of Russia, primarily in the oblasts of Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Omsk but also in Tomsk and Kemerovo. According to Marcel Erdal, due to its particular characteristics, Siberian Tatar can be considered as a bridge to Siberian Turkic languages.

Dialects
Siberian Tatar consists of three dialects: Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba and Tom. According to D. G. Tumasheva, the Baraba dialect is grammatically closest to the southern dialect of Altai, Kyrgyz and has significant grammatical similarities with Chulym, Khakas, Shor, and Tuvan. The Tomsk dialect is, in her opinion, even closer to Altai and similar languages. The Tevriz sub-dialect of the Tobol-Irtysh dialect shares significant elements with the Siberian Turkic languages, namely with Altai, Khakas and Shor.

Although Gabdulkhay Akhatov was a Volga Tatar, he immersed into studying of the phonetic peculiarities of Siberian Tatar language of the indigenous population of Siberia, the Siberian Tatars. In his work "The Dialect of the West Siberian Tatars" (1963)  Akhatov wrote about Tobol-Irtysh Siberian Tatars, a western group of Siberian Tatars, who are indigenous to the Omsk and Tyumen Oblasts.

In his work "Dialect of the West Siberian Tatars" (1963) Gabdulkhay Akhatov wrote about a territorial resettlement of the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars Tyumen and Omsk areas. Subjecting a comprehensive integrated analysis of the phonetic system, the lexical composition and grammatical structure, the scientist concluded that the language of the Siberian Tatars is a separate language, it is divided into three dialects and it is one of the most ancient Turkic languages. Professor G. Akhatov named Siberian Tatar dialects of Tyumen and Omsk Oblasts dialects of the West Siberian Tatars, while dialects of Baraba and Tom Tatars he named dialects of the East Siberian Tatars.

Some works further differentiate sub-dialects of three aforementioned dialects, breaking them down as follows:

 Tobol-Irtysh dialect
 Tyumen sub-dialect (Tyumensky District, Yalutorovsky District, and Nizhnetavdinsky District of Tyumen Oblast)
 Tobol sub-dialect (Tobolsky District, Vagaysky District, Yarkovsky District of Tyumen Oblast)
 Western Tobol variety (Vagaysky District)
 Zabolotny sub-dialect (Tobolsky District and Nizhnetavdinsky District of Tyumen Oblast)
 Tevriz sub-dialect (Tevrizsky District, Ust-Ishimsky District, Znamensky District of Omsk Oblast, plus some settlements in Tyumen Oblast's Vagaysky District)
 Tara sub-dialect (Tarsky District, Bolsherechensky District, Kolosovsky District of Omsk Oblast)
 Baraba dialect
 Tom dialect
 Eushtino-Chatsk (Tomsky District, Tomsk Oblast)
 Orsk (Kolyvansky District, Novosibirsk Oblast)
 Kalmak (Yurginsky District, Kemerovo Oblast)

Some sources consider Kalmak to be a separate variety, or even a dialect of the Teleut language, as it differs greatly from other Siberian Tatar varieties.

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

 can be an allophone of .

Alphabet
Siberian Tatar alphabet and IPA pronunciation:

References

Bibliography

External links

Information about Siberian Tatar language

Agglutinative languages
Definitely endangered languages
Siberian Tatars
Turkic languages


The Cohens and the Kellys in Atlantic City is a 1929 American silent comedy film directed by William James Craft and starring George Sidney, Vera Gordon and Mack Swain. It is the third entry in the series which began with The Cohens and Kellys, inspired by a play by Aaron Hoffman. Location shooting took place in Atlantic City. Originally shot entirely as a silent, some sound sequences were later added at Universal Studios.

Synopsis
Cohen and Kelly's bathing suit business is struggling financially as they have grown old-fashioned after thirty years. While they are away their respective children Rosalinde and Tom launch a new line of merchandise and promote with a planned beauty contest in the resort of Atlantic City.

Cast
 George Sidney as Nathaniel Cohen
 Vera Gordon as Melitta Cohen
 Mack Swain as 	Mr. Tom Kelly
 Kate Price as 	Mary Kelly
 Cornelius Keefe as 	Tom Kelly Jr.
 Nora Lane as Rosalinde Cohen
 Virginia Sale as 	Selma Meyer
 Tom Kennedy as 	Crook
 Walter Brennan as Man at Police Station

See also
 List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)

References

Bibliography
 Koszarski, Richard. Hollywood on the Hudson: Film and Television in New York from Griffith to Sarnoff. Rutgers University Press, 2008.

External links

1929 films
American silent feature films
1929 comedy films
Films directed by William James Craft
Silent American comedy films
Films set in Atlantic City, New Jersey
Films shot in Atlantic City, New Jersey
Universal Pictures films
Atlantic City
American black-and-white films
American sequel films
1920s American films


title: Kražiai College

text:
The Kražiai College () was a Jesuit college (equivalent to a modern secondary school) in Kražiai, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later Russian Empire. Established in 1616 in hopes to educate new generations of anti-Protestants, the college was one of the major cultural and educational centers in Samogitia. In 1620–1742, it shared premises with the Samogitian Priest Seminary. In 1844, the college was transferred to Kaunas.

History

Establishment
Bishop Merkelis Giedraitis raised the idea of establishing a college in Kražiai, the first higher education institution in Samogitia. To that end, in 1608, he invited the Jesuits, bought them land and built a house for their needs. Merkelis died the following year; in his last will, he left money and land for the construction of a Jesuit monastery. Other patrons included Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł who donated a palace, built in 1565, and Jan Karol Chodkiewicz who donated seven homesteads. The college was founded in 1613, and was called Collegium Chodkievicianum in honor of Chodkiewicz. It was the second Jesuit college in Lithuania (after Vilnius Jesuit College). The first class was held only in September 1616 in a temporary wooden house. In 1616, the Kražiai College was reorganized into a college with three compulsory classes: grammar, poetics and rhetoric. The construction of a permanent school began in 1618 (the ceremony of laying the cornerstone was attended by Grand Treasurer Hieronim Wołłowicz). At the time, the college already had about 50 students and 12 teachers.

Growth and reorganizations

Gradually, with the support of many wealthy sponsors, the college expanded into a large campus, including its own church built in 1625–89. Full financial support was given to 26 impoverished students. On average, the school employed 30–50 Jesuits and educated 250–300 students. The curriculum and teaching methods followed the Ratio Studiorum. Students belonged to the Sodality of Our Lady and visited the sick. The college had its own student theater (30 performances are known) and a rich library, which in 1803 held 3,264 volumes (oldest dating back to 1427).

The college suffered severe human and capital losses during the Swedish invasion of 1656 and the plague of 1710, but recovered. After the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773, the college's administration was taken over by the Commission of National Education. After the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Carmelites from Kolainiai administered the school from 1797 to 1817. In 1817, Tsarist authorities secularized the school, changed its name to gymnasium, introduced primary education classes, and transferred its administration to Vilnius University. As such, the number of students grew and exceeded 400.

Move to Kaunas
Vilnius University was closed in the aftermath of the 1831 November Uprising. After the establishment of the Kovno Governorate in 1843, the gymnasium was transferred from Kražiai to Kaunas (the present-day Maironis Gymnasium). The campus in Kražiai was abandoned and fell into ruins. Only the former student dormitory (bursa) survives to this day. The building was extensively renovated in 2008 and houses the Cultural Center of M. K. Sarbievijus, Kražiai Region Museum, and the library and art collection of Charlotte Narkiewicz-Laine.

Teachers and students
The first teacher, Jonas Kochas, was sent from the Collegium Hosianum in Royal Prussia. Among the first teachers was poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski who taught syntax. Other notable teachers included historian Albert Wijuk Kojałowicz who taught rhetoric, taught philosophy Adam Krupski in 1740–1742, Žygimantas Liauksminas (Sigismundus Lauxmin) who was also college's rector, and future Bishop Motiejus Valančius. Notable students included writers Dionizas Poška and Simonas Stanevičius, folklorists Liudvikas Adomas Jucevičius, explorers Jan Prosper Witkiewicz, brothers Antanas and Jonas Juška.

See also
 List of Jesuit sites

References

Kražiai College
1616 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1844 disestablishments
Former universities and colleges of Jesuits
Universities and colleges in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
History of education in Lithuania
Educational institutions established in the 1610s
Educational institutions disestablished in 1844


title: The Cohens and the Kellys in Scotland

text:
The Cohens and the Kellys in Scotland is a 1930 American comedy film. It is one of The Cohens and Kellys series, and is also the series' first sound film. It was directed by William James Craft  and produced and released by Universal Pictures.

The film and trailer are preserved in the Library of Congress collection.

Cast
George Sidney - Cohen
Charles Murray - Kelly
Vera Gordon - Mrs. Cohen
Kate Price - Mrs. Kelly
E. J. Ratcliffe - McPherson
William Colvin - McDonald
Lloyd Whitlock - Prince
John McDermott - *uncredited

References

External links

1930 films
American comedy films
1930 comedy films
Films set in Scotland
Universal Pictures films
Scotland
American black-and-white films
Films directed by William James Craft
American sequel films
1930s American films


title: The Cohens and Kellys in Africa

text:
The Cohens and the Kellys in Africa is a comedy film. It is one of The Cohens and Kellys series.

References

External links

1930 films
1930 comedy films
Films directed by Vin Moore
American comedy films
Films set in Africa
Universal Pictures films
Africa
American black-and-white films
1930s American films


title: Ponera (plant)

text:
Ponera is a genus of orchids. It contains two currently accepted species, native to Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador.

Species accepted as of June 2014:

Ponera exilis Dressler - Colima, Jalisco, Guerrero, Mexico State
Ponera juncifolia Lindl. - widespread from Hidalgo to El Salvador

References

External links

photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, isotype of Ponera exilis Dressler
IOSPE orchid photos, Ponera juncifolia , Common Name The Reed-Like Leafed Ponera

Ponerinae (plant)
Orchids of Mexico
Orchids of Central America
Epidendreae genera