title: Júlia Bányai

text:
Júlia Bányai (1824 – November 1, 1883), was a female freedom fighter from Transylvania who dressed as a man (using the name Gyula Sárossy) who fought in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and other conflicts that followed.

Biography
Bányai was born in 1824 to a poor salt miner in the town of Vízakna (now Ocna Sibiului) in Transylvania (today part of Romania) and became an equestrian in the circus. She married the lawyer and human rights activist Gyula Sárossy, but he died a few months after the wedding from an illness.

Military years
In 1848, Bányai dressed in a man's uniform and enlisted in the Hungarian forces using her late husband's papers as well as his name Gyula Sárossy. Soon she was moved to Nagyvárad (now Oradea), stationed with the 27th Battalion and was later promoted to sergeant.

With several fellow soldiers, she helped capture 12 wagons of food in Zalatna (Zlatna), that was supposed to replenish the Austrians’ food supply. For this feat she received a special commendation. Other exploits followed.At the siege of Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia), with the aid of two others, she eavesdropped on and captured an imperial officer who came to spy on the Hungarian camp. There was a rescue attempt on the prisoner by the Austrians, and Júlia Bányai suffered two bayonet stab wounds in the chest during the clash. We do not know whether the doctor told superiors what he saw after extracting her from her military jacket, but in any case, she was promoted to Lieutenant for her bravery, and immediately returned to the battlefield. In another battle, a grenade splinter was lodged into her back, and so she found herself in the sick bay for months.With her return to duty in the summer of 1849, the enemy had changed from the Austrians to the Russians. As a commander of a team she was responsible with overseeing the retreat of the Hungarian armed forces. Now known as a woman, she still engaged in combat. According to records from that time, “Lieutenant Sárossy” killed a Cossack in close combat, and detained several others." For some assignments, she dress in women’s clothing, disguised as a French dancer to spy on the Russians, for other she posed as a soap vendor to gather news behind enemy lines. Bányai obtained so much valuable information that her commanding general, Józef Bem, personally honored her and promoted to the rank of captain.

Turkey years
After the defeat by Austria, she emigrated to Turkey. There she married Captain Eduard Matta in 1850 and together they traveled around the Ottoman Empire. Records show they visited Istanbul, Crimea and Cyprus. In 1851-1852, Bányai returned to Transylvania, as a woman and using another pseudonym, to participate in the uprising there against the Austro-Hungarian Empire. She distributed leaflets and proclamations, but her group was exposed by an imperial spy. Most of her compatriots were captured and many executed, but Bányai managed to escape allowing her to return safely to Turkey.

Egypt years
With the collapse of their Hungarian community in Turkey, she moved with her husband to Egypt and settled in Cairo. There they opened a Hungarian restaurant and boarding house, which became a favorite of European travelers who were quizzed for fresh news of their Hungarian homeland.

In 1866, Bányai briefly returned to Hungary so her daughter could be introduced to her homeland.

Bányai died In Cairo at age 59, after which her husband permanently returned to Hungary. "The former equestrienne, who took up arms to serve her country, still rests somewhere in Egypt today."

References

External sources
 Magyar Nagylexikon. Főszerk. Élesztős László (1-5. k.), Berényi Gábor (6. k.), Bárány Lászlóné (8-). Bp., Akadémiai Kiadó, 1993-.

1824 births
1883 deaths
19th-century Hungarian women
Female wartime cross-dressers
Women in 19th-century warfare
Hungarian female military personnel
People of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848
Women in European warfare
Female wartime spies


title: Nesozineus apharus

text:
Nesozineus apharus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1996.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1996


title: Nesozineus armatus

text:
Nesozineus armatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1996.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1996


title: Nesozineus ateuchus

text:
Nesozineus ateuchus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1996.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1996


title: Nesozineus granosus

text:
Nesozineus granosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1996.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1996


title: Nesozineus lineatus

text:
Nesozineus lineatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1996.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1996


title: Nesozineus marmoratus

text:
Nesozineus marmoratus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1996.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1996


title: Nesozineus probolus

text:
Nesozineus probolus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1996.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1996


title: Mega Philosophy

text:
Mega Philosophy is the fifth studio album by American rapper Cormega. The album was released on July 22, 2014 by Slimstyle Records. The entire album was produced by Large Professor. The album features guest appearances from Styles P, Black Rob, Maya Azucena, Redman, Raekwon, and The Firm members AZ and Nature.

Background
In a July 2014, interview with XXL, Cormega and Large Professor spoke about why they decided to do an album together, saying: "[We first worked together] on The True Meaning, and it was an honor. And then we did something for Legal Hustle, the compilation I made, but he didn’t produce he just rapped on it, and that was fun. And then we did “Journey,” and that's the one that opened the fucking door to doing a whole album, because the feedback we got on that was phenomenal. Just out of nowhere he was like, “Yo, you know what? Let’s just start the album.” It's cool [to produce an entire record] because it's like a brotherhood almost. It's just like putting out to the world like, “Yo these guys really rock like that.” It's not just a one off where some dudes have questionable chemistry. It's like, “Yo these dudes really rock. They go on the road together and really do this.”

They also spoke about the creative process behind the album, saying: "We all get predictable sometimes, and I wanted to show real artistry and take creative risk and just do different shit with this album. I think I did it with the song “More;” I think I did it with “Industry.” “Rise” is a song I also think people wouldn't expect from me, so there's definitely some songs on it they wouldn't expect. The approach on this was different because Mega actually had a lot to do with the production. I was kind of giving him basic ideas; that's how I start anyway. I start to format it a certain way and then as we start to build it I add on to it. The process was definitely outside of anything I’ve ever done before. I'm pretty much always [in control]. Mega got a few of the sounds, like on the “Industry” song with the Lauryn Hill ad-lib. Mega put a lot into that kind of stuff. It's a challenge [to work with one producer for a whole album]. But, it's Large Professor; he's one of the greatest producers that's ever existed. It's not debatable. So when you get an opportunity with someone like that, you do it. He was gonna make me do things different than how I would normally do it. But I was welcome to the challenge, and I'm glad I did it."

Critical reception

Mega Philosophy was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Jesse Fairfax of HipHopDX said, "Clearly well thought out conceptually, one would be hard pressed to find a title more befitting than Mega Philosophy. Still embodying the knowledge of self associated with his career since 2001’s The Realness (long before Peter Rosenberg borrowed the term for daily gripe sessions on Hot 97), Cormega’s kingly stances are transparent at all times. Requiring just over 30 minutes to sit through, his important conviction repetitively preaches to the choir, but multiple plays will help digest the cerebral gems and complex syllables he puts to good use. Proving an ongoing chemistry with fellow everyman Large Professor, their synergy connects with the already wise while aiming to bridge gaps with the less developed." Barry Ward of XXL stated, "While at times Mega Philosophy gets a little too heavy-handed, it presents subject matters that should be addressed in this climate of mainstream dominance. Bringing hip-hop back to its true essence is a great mission, but sometimes it’s best to demonstrate what it sounds like than telling us about it. More often than not, Cormega simply shows ‘em how it’s done, making Mega Philosophy a class worth enrolling in."

Track listing
All songs produced by Large Professor.

Charts

References

2014 albums
Cormega albums
Albums produced by Large Professor


title: Nesozineus triviale

text:
Nesozineus triviale is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1996.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1996


title: Nesozineus zonatus

text:
Nesozineus zonatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1996.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1996


title: Nesozineus clarkei

text:
Nesozineus clarkei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2007.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 2007


title: Nesozineus giesberti

text:
Nesozineus giesberti is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2007.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 2007


title: 2012 Robocup 2D Soccer Simulation League

text:
The 2012 RoboCup 2D Soccer Simulation League was a simulated soccer competition contested in the 16th Annual RoboCup International Symposium, held in Mexico City, Mexico, in June 2012.

Format

The first stage was disputed by 18 teams divided into two groups of five teams and two groups of four teams. There were three rounds of groups. In the round 0, the three lowest ranked teams were eliminated. In the round 1, the ten lowest ranked teams were eliminated. Round 2 and 3, four teams of each round were eliminated. The four teams classified from the round 3 disputed the semifinals in two matches for each. The final and 3rd place matches were disputed in a unique game for each.

Round stage

Round 0

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Round 1

Group E

Group F

Round 2

Group G

Group H

Round 3

Group I

Group J

Finals

Honours

See also
 RoboCup
 RoboCup Simulation League
 RoboCup 3D Soccer Simulation League

References
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140729124040/http://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/technology/unsw-tops-goal-count-robocup-2012
 https://www.theverge.com/2012/9/7/3287515/robocup-2012-robots-soccer-broken-necks-baby-steps
 http://www.festo-didactic.com/int-en/news/robocup-2012-in-mexico-city-gold-for-germany.htm?fbid=aW50LmVuLjU1Ny4xNy4xNi40Njkx
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140810052442/http://www.oliverobst.eu/research/robocup/rc2012-simleague-2d/
 http://www.robocup2012.org/results/soccer/results_2d/

External links
 RoboCup Soccer Simulator Wiki
 Team Assistant for 3D Visualisation
 Official Data Repository (Log Files, Team Binaries...)

RoboCup
Robot soccer competitions
2012 in robotics


title: Nesozineus peruanus

text:
Nesozineus peruanus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2007.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 2007


title: Nesozineus puru

text:
Nesozineus puru is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2007.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 2007


title: Nesozineus simile

text:
Nesozineus simile is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2006.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 2006


title: Svyatyi Mykolai Battalion

text:
Svyatyi Mykolai Battalion (translated: Saint Nicholas Battalion), also known as Mykolaiv Battalion, is a special police battalion from Mykolaiv Oblast.

History
The formation was established on 5 May 2014 in Mykolaiv during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, which led to separatist movements in southern and eastern regions of Ukraine. Volunteers for the Battalion had to be aged 18 to 50 years.

In May 2014, its task was to man roadblocks on the outskirts of Mykolaiv.

On 11 July 2014, they began operating in Luhansk Oblast during the war in Donbass. The unit updates its equipment through a charity foundation, obtaining a Kamaz truck and bulletproof vests.

See also
List of special law enforcement units

References

History of Mykolaiv Oblast
Special tasks patrol police of Ukraine
Military units and formations established in 2014
2014 establishments in Ukraine
History of Luhansk Oblast


title: Nesozineus alphoides

text:
Nesozineus alphoides is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1977.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1977


title: Nesozineus amazonicus

text:
Nesozineus amazonicus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2010.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 2010


title: Nesozineus bisignatus

text:
Nesozineus bisignatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by M. Hoffmannin 1984.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1984


title: Nesozineus bucki

text:
Nesozineus bucki is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1954.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1954


title: Nesozineus fraterculus

text:
Nesozineus fraterculus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by M. Hoffmann in 1984.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1984


The 259th Battalion, Canadian Rifles, CEF (Siberia), was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force Siberia during the Great War.

History
The 259th Battalion was authorized on 1 November 1918.

On 21 December, two companies of the battalion mutinied in the streets of Victoria, British Columbia. The mutiny occurred as the conscripts were marching from the Willows Camp to the city's Outer Wharves. Midway through the march, a platoon of troops near the rear refused to halt. Officers fired their revolvers in the air in an attempt to quell the dissent. When this failed, they ordered the obedient troops, primarily from the Ontario companies, to remove their canvas belts and whip the mutineers back into line. The march proceeded through downtown Victoria to the outer wharves, accompanied by a guard of honour of 50 troops armed with rifles and fixed bayonets. Twenty-one hours later, the SS Teesta left Victoria harbour bound for Vladivostok, with a dozen ringleaders detained in cells. While a court martial found the accused guilty of "mutiny and willful disobedience", the sentences were commuted by General Elmsley prior to the Canadian evacuation in early April, amid concern over the legality of deploying men under the Military Service Act for a mission tangentially connected to the "defence of the realm".

The battalion and embarked for Russia on 22 and 26 December. The unit disembarked at Vladivostok on 12 and 15 January 1919 where it served with the 16th Infantry Brigade as part of the Allied Forces in eastern Russia until 19 May. The battalion disbanded on 6 November 1920.

The 259th Battalion recruited in London and Kingston, Ontario, and Montreal and Quebec City, Quebec, and was mobilized at Victoria, British Columbia.

The 259th Battalion was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel A.E. Swift.

Perpetuations
Since 25 June 1998, the 259th Battalion, Canadian Rifles, CEF (Siberia), has been perpetuated by the 12e Régiment blindé du Canada.

Battle honours
The 259th Battalion was awarded the battle honour SIBERIA 1918-19.

See also

 List of infantry battalions in the Canadian Expeditionary Force

References

Sources
Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962

259
Military units and formations of Ontario
Military units and formations of Quebec


title: Rassam

text:
Rassam, also Al Rassam (with the Arabic definite article Al), is a common surname particularly in Arabic (written رسّام) meaning painter or draftsman. Notable people with the surname include:

Ibn Rassam, Egyptian Muslim alchemist and tile-maker and mosaic designer, who flourished during the Mamluk Bahri dynasty
Abdul Qadir Al Rassam (1882–1952), Iraqi painter
Hormuzd Rassam (1826–1910), native Assyrian and Christian Assyriologist
Hussam Al Rassam, Iraqi singer
Jean-Pierre Rassam, French Lebanese film producer
Julien Rassam, French Lebanese actor

See also
Rasam, a South Indian soup


title: Nesozineus galapagoensis

text:
Nesozineus galapagoensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Van Dyke in 1953.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1953


title: Études-Tableaux

text:
Études-Tableaux ("study-pictures") may refer to:

 The eight Études-Tableaux, Op. 33, a set of piano études composed by Sergei Rachmaninoff in 1911
 The nine Études-Tableaux, Op. 39, a set of piano études composed by Sergei Rachmaninoff in 1916–17


title: Nesozineus griseolus

text:
Nesozineus griseolus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by M. Hoffmann in 1984.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1984


title: Nesozineus juninensis

text:
Nesozineus juninensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lane in 1970.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1970


title: Nesozineus obscurus

text:
Nesozineus obscurus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by M. Hoffmann in 1984.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1984


title: Nesozineus propinquus

text:
Nesozineus propinquus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by M. Hoffmann in 1984.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 1984


title: Nesozineus unicolor

text:
Nesozineus unicolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins, Galileo and de-Oliveira in 2009.

References

Acanthoderini
Beetles described in 2009


title: What Price Innocence?

text:
What Price Innocence? is a 1933 American pre-Code drama film written and directed by, and co-starring, Willard Mack. Produced on a low budget for Columbia Pictures, it has been classed as an exploitation film and "sex hygiene film" because it touches on teenage pregnancy and morality in a didactic manner. The film features a teenaged Betty Grable in an early film role.

Plot
Dr. Dan Davidge, a kindly, old family doctor, travels from house to house, observing the children he has brought into the world as they grow into adults. His favorite is seventeen-year-old Ruth Harper, a pretty, lively youngster who is far more innocent than her "flapper" friends. Davidge asks Ruth's father John if the girl has been informed about the facts of life, and the disconcerted father fatefully defers to his repressed and judgmental wife, Amy.

Believing her own example of quiet and respectable life is sufficient, Amy refuses to discuss sex with her daughter. Ruth is deeply in love with Tommy Harrow, a carefree boy several years older than she, and she becomes confused by the pressure he puts on her and her feelings toward him.

Despite the doctor's urging, Amy still refuses to address Ruth's questions and concerns. One evening after a wild party, Tommy persuades Ruth to accompany him home. Time passes as Ruth, who is now even more in love with Tommy, grows upset by his coolness toward her after their intimate night. She goes to Davidge, who quickly realizes that her "little attack of anemia" is what it seems—pregnancy.

Davidge confronts Tommy, who callously refuses to accept his responsibilities, then informs John and Amy about Ruth's pregnancy. The bewildered John attempts to offer sympathy, but Amy, furious over the potential scandal, castigates Ruth. The distraught girl is sent to a country resort, where, overwhelmed by the rejection she has experienced from Tommy and her mother, she drowns herself.

Cast
 Jean Parker as Ruth Harper
 Minna Gombell as Amy Harper
 Willard Mack as Dr. Dan Davidge
 Betty Grable as Beverly Bennett
 Bryant Washburn as John Harper
 Ben Alexander as Tommy Harrow
 Louise Beaver as Hannah

Production
Mack's taking on multiple roles in the film (as lead actor, director and writer) was unusual in American filmmaking at the time, though it was not uncommon in low-budget, exploitation film production.

Release and reception
In addition to producing and releasing this film, Columbia Pictures reissued the previously banned sex-hygiene film Damaged Lives. The film was also known by the title Shall We Tell Our Daughter?. In at least one theater, the Strand in Lewiston, Maine, it played on a double bill with the comedy Diplomaniacs. It was paired with Samarang when it played at the Edwards Theatre in Sarasota. It appeared on a double bill with The Masquerader in San Jose's Liberty Theatre, along with a shorts program that featured Disney's The Pied Piper.

What Price Innocence? received mixed reviews. A critic for The New York Times wrote: "Judged on general entertainment standards, it is an embarrassing film. ... The film is presented with a certain blunt skill and it is produced with a certain sincerity. But it has none of the subtlety, indirection or dramatic power needed to make the theme palatable for the public screens." Other reviewers commended the film for its frank treatment of its subject, and for Willard Mack's performance. The Baltimore Afro-American: "Whether you accept (Dr. Davidge's) views of not, you will find the story an interesting and skillfully treated one." The Sarasota Herald-Tribune lauded the performances of Parker, Mack and Gombell in this "moving, human photodrama."

In Canada, What Price Innocence? was given a good review when it played in Montreal on a double bill with Saturday's Millions. The film was well reviewed in Australia, when it played at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney. "Willard Mack's impersonation as Dr. Dan Davidge," wrote the author of the Sydney Morning Herald review, "is the best thing in the play."

References

External links

1933 films
1933 drama films
American black-and-white films
American high school films
American social guidance and drug education films
American teen drama films
Columbia Pictures films
American exploitation films
American sexploitation films
Teenage pregnancy in film
Films directed by Willard Mack
1930s English-language films
1930s American films


title: Zsuzsanna Kossuth

text:
Zsuzsanna Kossuth (1817-1854), was a Hungarian freedom fighter in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.

She was the sister of Lajos Kossuth. In 1841, she married Rudolf Meszlényi. She and her spouse were both members of the National Protective Association. In April 1849, her brother appointed her chief nurse of all the military hospitals in Hungary. She was given the responsibility to organize the entire medical military system in Hungary, and she founded 72 military hospitals. She also sent an appeal for women to volunteer as medical nurses, and organized the volunteering nurses. Thus she was the founder of the modern nursing, 5-6 years before Florence Nightingale started the same activity in the Crimean War. After the defeat, she was arrested by the Austrians. She was released, but harassed by the authorities. When she was arrested a second time in 1851, the Americans intervened, and managed to have her released on the condition that she never returned to Hungary. After this, she emigrated to the US.  She died in New York of a lung ailment on June 29, 1854.

Notes

 Kertész Erzsébet: Kossuth Zsuzsanna, Kossuth Könyvkiadó, 1983,

Hungarian nurses
Hungarian female military personnel
People of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848
Women in European warfare
Women in 19th-century warfare
19th-century Hungarian women
1817 births
1854 deaths
Zsuzsanna


title: 2016 London Assembly election

text:
The 2016 London Assembly election was an election held on 5 May 2016 to elect the members of the London Assembly. It took place on the same day as the London mayoral election and the United Kingdom local elections. Four parties had AMs in the previous Assembly: London Labour led by Len Duvall, London Conservatives led by Gareth Bacon, London Greens led by Siân Berry, and the London Liberal Democrats led by Caroline Pidgeon.

Labour received the largest number of votes ever cast for a party in a London Assembly election, becoming the first party to poll over 1 million votes. Although they gained Merton and Wandsworth from the Conservatives, their regional vote share declined by 0.8%, and they finished with 12 AMs, the same as in 2012. The Conservative Party won just 8 Assembly seats, its worst-ever performance in a London Assembly election. The Green Party retained its 2 Assembly members, although its 8.0% share of the regional vote represented its worst-ever result, and UKIP returned to the London Assembly for the first time since the election of 2004. The Liberal Democrats elected just 1 AM, their worst-ever result.

Of the minor parties, the newly formed Women's Equality Party was the most successful, attracting 91,772 votes (3.51%) on the regional list, which did not entitle them to any Assembly members as the threshold for representation is 5% of the regional vote. No other party polled above 2%.

Overview
The election system used is called the Additional Member System. There are 14 constituencies that elect one member each to the Assembly. These seats have been won only by the Labour Party or the Conservative Party. The remaining 11 seats are distributed by a second vote, by a modified D'Hondt method of closed-list voting, with a 5% minimum threshold. These seats have been won by other parties too, namely the Green Party, the Liberal Democrats and UKIP, and in the past the British National Party. The overall result is an attempted compromise between constituency representation and London-wide proportional representation.

Those who were eligible had to be registered to vote before 19 April 2016 in order to take part in this election.

Candidates

Constituency candidates

List candidates

Rejected ballots 29,733 (1.1%)

Total votes 2,645,409

Note that party descriptions can be used as alternatives to the registered party name. Descriptions used in this election were:
 Britain First – Putting British people first
 Caroline Pidgeon's London Liberal Democrats
 Green Party – "vote Green on orange"
 Respect (George Galloway)
 UK Independence Party (UKIP)
 The House Party – Homes for Londoners

Opinion polls

Constituency

Regional list

Results

|-
!rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Parties
!colspan=10 | Additional member system
!rowspan=2 colspan=5 | Total seats
|-
!colspan=5 |Constituency
!colspan=5 |Region
|-
! Votes !! % !! +/− !! Seats !! +/−
! Votes !! % !! +/− !! Seats !! +/−
! Total !! +/− !! %
|-

|-
! style="background-color: Orange |
| style="text-align:left;" | All People's Party
| style="text-align:right;" | 6,991
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.3
| style="text-align:right;" | New
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" | -
| style="text-align:right;" | -
| style="text-align:right;" | -
| style="text-align:right;" | -
| style="text-align:right;" | -
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| style="text-align:right;" |
| style="text-align:right;" | -
|-

|-
|   || Total || 2,614,862 ||  ||  || 14 ||   || 2,615,676 ||  ||  || 11 ||  || 25 ||   ||
|}

Footnotes

See also
 2016 London mayoral election
 London Assembly
 List of London Assembly constituencies

References

External links
 London Elects homepage

London Assembly election
2016
Assembly election
London Assembly election
London Assembly election


title: Mammillaria glassii

text:
Mammillaria glassii is a species of cactus in the subfamily Cactoideae. It is a small, clumping cactus with "fluffy white spines." M. glassii is native to Mexico in the states of Coahuila and Nuevo León.

References

Plants described in 1968
glassii


title: Vera Aceva

text:
Vera Aceva - Dosta (November 24, 1919 in Oreovec (Prilep) – November 10, 2006 in Skopje) was a Macedonian communist, participant in the World War II in Yugoslavia and a national hero of SFRY.

Between the two world wars
Facing a difficult financial situation, Aceva had to cease her education after her second year of gymnasium and to find work, eventually finding employment in the tobacco industry.

Aceva joined the labor movement when she was 16 years old, and became a member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia in the early 1940. In September of the same year, at the provincial conference she was elected as a member of the Regional Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia for Macedonia. From September 1940 to November 1941 she was the Secretary of the Local Committee in Prilep.

World War II in Yugoslavia
Aceva was one of the first organizers of the Prilep Partisan Detachment. In early 1942 she worked in the League of Communists of Yugoslavia in Skopje, then as a party instructor in Strumica, Bitola and Štip. In August 1943 she became the commissioner of the Shar detachment, and when on 11 November 1943 the First Macedonian-Kosovo Brigade was formed, Aceva was elected deputy political commissar. She was at this position until January 1944 when she became the political secretary of the Third and Fourth District Committee of the League of Communists of Macedonia. In August 1944 she participated in the first session of the Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia, at which she was selected in its presidium.

After liberation
After liberation Aceva performed at more of managerial positions. In 1948 she was the Mayor of the City of Skopje. At the Fifth Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in July 1948 she was elected to the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. In March 1949, during the reconstruction of the People's Republic of Macedonia government she was elected as minister of Agriculture. She was then a member of the Federal Executive Council, Member of Parliament in more of the convocations of the People's Republic of Macedonia and SFRY.

In 1960 Aceva came into conflict with the then-Secretary of the Communist Party of Macedonia Lazar Koliševski, accusing him of making decisions together with Vidoe Smilevski - Bato outside of the Executive Committee of the League of Communists of Macedonia. At the meeting on 18 October 1960 Aleksandar Rankovic came from Belgrade, and stood on the side of Koliševski. Aceva was forced to retreat and moved to work in Belgrade.

In 1991 she published the book Letter to Svetozar Vukmanovik - Tempo.

References

Macedonian communists
Women in World War II
Yugoslav communists
People from Prilep
Mayors of Skopje
1919 births
2006 deaths
Recipients of the Order of the People's Hero
Members of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia


title: Zwethau Formation

text:
The Zwethau Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.

Fossil content
The following fossils have been reported from the formation:

 Afiacyathus paracompositus
 Coscinocyathus germanicus
 Dictyocyathus stipatus
 Erismacoscinus tainius
 Erismacoscinus aff. primus
 Protopharetra dissuta
 P. gemmata
 Proaulopora cf. glabra
 Afiacyathus sp.
 Botomaella sp.
 Coscinocyathus sp.
 Epiphyton sp.
 Erismacoscinus sp.
 Kordephyton sp.
 Renalcis sp.
 Diplostraca indet.
 Hyolitha indet.
 Trilobita indet.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of Germany
Cambrian System of Europe
Cambrian Germany
Cambrian Series 2
Limestone formations
Reef deposits
Cambrian southern paleotemperate deposits
Paleontology in Germany
Formations


title: Galgenberg Formation

text:
The Galgenberg Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Cambrian System of Europe
Cambrian Germany
Cambrian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Kalmarsund Sandstone

text:
The Kalmarsund Sandstone is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Cambrian System of Europe
Cambrian Germany
Sandstone formations
Cambrian south paleopolar deposits


title: 1832 State of the Union Address

text:
The 1832 State of the Union Address was written by Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States.  It was delivered to the 22nd United States Congress by a clerk on Tuesday, December 4, 1832.  He said, "Although the pestilence which had traversed the Old World has entered our limits and extended its ravages over much of our land, it has pleased Almighty God to mitigate its severity and lessen the number of its victims compared with those who have fallen in most other countries over which it has spread its terrors."  He ended with, "Limited to a general superintending power to maintain peace at home and abroad, and to prescribe laws on a few subjects of general interest not calculated to restrict human liberty, but to enforce human rights, this Government will find its strength and its glory in the faithful discharge of these plain and simple duties."

References

State of the Union addresses
Presidency of Andrew Jackson
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
22nd United States Congress
December 1832 events
State of the Union


title: Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)

text:
The Social Democratic Party (, PSD) is a political party in Brazil led by Gilberto Kassab and uniting dissidents from various political parties, especially the Democrats, Brazilian Social Democracy Party and Party of National Mobilization.

The party has become a major force for centrism in Brazil and commonly unites with both left-wing and right-wing parties. In this way, the party managed to have members occupying positions in ministries and important secretariats in the governments of presidents Dilma Rousseff, Michel Temer, Jair Bolsonaro, and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. As such, PSD has been considered by political scientists as a big tent party, which is part of the Centrão. Until March 2021, PSD congressmen had on average more than 90% alignment with the Bolsonaro government in terms of votes in the National Congress.

History
The party, founded in 2011 by São Paulo mayor Gilberto Kassab, was criticized by members of the opposition political parties, primarily the Democrats (DEM), as supporting the government. Many Democrats members accused the PSD of being created by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to destroy the DEM and deliver on a promise made to Workers' Party (PT) supporters to "exterminate the DEM from the Brazilian political scenario". The party was criticized for having a vague program, making references to economic freedom, political reform and welfare, and being hard to differentiate from other political parties except those on the hard left. According to Kassab, "We are neither a right-wing party nor a left-wing nor a centrist party".

In many Brazilian states, the PSD took a liberal stance on economics and had good election results. The party has good relationships with major political parties such as the social democratic Brazilian Socialist Party, the national conservative Progressive Party, the centrist Brazilian Labour Party, the Christian democratic Brazilian Republican Party and the progressive Citizenship. Since its inception, the party has been associated with fusions with other parties, primarily the PP and PSB. It has endured on the Brazilian political scene, and has more representation than any political party other than the major ones. The party chaired the Finance Ministry of Brazil in Michel Temer's government, and is a major force in Brazilian politics.

However, in the state of Bahia, the party is a long-term partner of the major left-wing Workers' Party, having the running mate in the gubernatorial tickets of Rui Costa and each party supporting the other in the senate elections, with Otto Alencar and Angelo Coronel being the senators of Bahia together with the Petista Jaques Wagner

The PSD supported the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff.

PSD elected several senators and some governors in the Brazilian Centro-Sul region in 2018, with the support of Jair Bolsonaro.

Ideology
Soon after its foundation, the national president of the party, Gilberto Kassab (SP), stated: "It will not be on the right, it will not be on the left, nor on the center". The foundational purpose of the PSD is the satisfaction of the interests of the lower class that had risen to the middle class position during the Workers' Party governments. The then-vice-president of the party, Guilherme Affif Domingos (SP) wrote a document with 12 party commitments, among them:

 National Development
 Liberty
 Democracy and Regional Representation
 The Right to Security of Property
 Equal Opportunities
 Sustainability and Technological Innovation
 Accountability and Fiscal Responsibility
 Freedom of the Press
 Free Association
 Decentralization and Federalism
 Free Trade and Defense of Traditional Values
 Individual Freedom and Responsibility

However, according to political scientist Rui Maluf, the absence of specific programmatic content reveals that the PSD has a typically catch-all organizational nature and that its foundation reflects the dissatisfaction of its staff with previous parties, mostly from the Democratas party.

Notable members

 Gilberto Kassab, former Mayor of São Paulo and Former Minister of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications
 Ana Amelia Lemos, journalist, former senator for Rio Grande do Sul, and vice-presidential candidate for Geraldo Alckmin in 2018
 Rodrigo Pacheco, Senator for Minas Gerais and President of the Federal Senate
 Mara Gabrilli, Senator for Sao Paulo, and vice-presidential candidate for Simone Tebet in 2022

Election results

Presidential elections

Legislative elections

References

External links

2011 establishments in Brazil
Liberal parties in Brazil
Political parties established in 2011


title: History of Oakland, California

text:
The history of Oakland, a city in the county of Alameda, California, can be traced back to the founding of a settlement by Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon in the 19th century. The area now known as Oakland had seen human occupation for thousands of years, but significant growth in the settlements that are now incorporated into the city did not occur until the Industrial Revolution. Oakland was first incorporated as a town in 1852.

The Ohlone Period

The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun tribe, who have lived there since time immemorial.  The Huchiun belong to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone (a Miwok word meaning "western people"). In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, a stream that enters the San Francisco Bay at Emeryville.

Oakland is one of an estimated 425 shellmound sites in the greater Bay Area. Shellmounds, man-made mounds of earth and organic matter built up by humans over thousands of years, were often used as burial locations and/or centers of community life for the local Indigenous population. Only four or so shellmounds are still visible, with many now under modern development. It is believed there is a shellmound under a Burger King in downtown Oakland.

Spanish and Mexican Period

Conquistadors from New Spain claimed Oakland, and other Ohlone lands of the East Bay, along with the rest of California, for the king of Spain in 1772. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown deeded the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio. The grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain.  Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons. Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente.

The Peralta ranch included a stand of oak trees that stretched from the land that is today Oakland's downtown area to the adjacent part of Alameda, then a peninsula. The Peraltas called the area encinal, a Spanish word that means "oak grove".  This was translated more loosely as "Oakland" in the subsequent naming of the town, as recounted by Horace Carpentier in his first address as mayor: "The chief ornament and attraction of this city consists, doubtless, in the magnificent grove of evergreen oaks which covers its present site and from which it takes both its former name of 'Encinal' and its present one of 'Oakland.  The trees were California live oaks which are  the dominant overstory plant of the coast live oak woodland habitat.

Exploitation of Oakland's old-growth redwoods played a major role in the city's early economic history. A redwood forest of approximately five square miles spanned the Oakland hills, with some trees rising to 300 feet. Many of the redwoods were from 12 to 20 feet in diameter, and one was measured at 32 feet. The forest was so prominent that ships entering San Francisco Bay would use it as a navigational landmark.

Initially, small scale logging provided lumber to local ranches and missions. After an export market developed in the 1830's, cutting rose to levels that alarmed the Peralta family, who owned the forest but had permitted non-commercial exploitation by outsiders. Logs would be hauled to the edge of San Francisco Bay, often by routes known today as Redwood Road and Park Boulevard, then shipped across the bay to a rapidly growing San Francisco.

Increasing numbers of adventurers arrived in the 1840s and began logging without regard to the Peralta family or the Mexican authorities. The start of the Gold Rush brought a brief lull to logging as loggers headed to the Sierras in search of gold. But the ensuing building boom increased lumber prices ten- to twenty-fold, and logging soon resumed. For some, cutting trees could more reliably produce a fortune than hunting for ever more elusive gold. Although the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that concluded the Mexican-American war had supported existing Mexican legal arrangements, the Peraltas lost control of the forest.

In 1850 the first steam-powered sawmill was erected within the forest, with three more mills added by 1852. By 1853 there were more men cutting redwoods than people living in any East Bay town. By 1860, the entire forest had been obliterated. Today's Redwood Regional Park is much smaller than the original forest, and is populated by much smaller redwoods.

American Acquisition Period
As part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican–American War, the Mexican government ceded ; 55% of its pre-war territory (excluding Texas) to the US in exchange for $15 million.  The Treaty also provided for the safeguarding of the land and property of Mexican citizens.  This provision was regularly ignored by squatters and land speculators, some of whom began settling on the Peralta Ranch, particularly during the Gold Rush.  Before Congress created a Land Commission in 1851 to pursue a settlement of property claims, a group of three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—backed at one point by a small army of some 200 men hired from San Francisco, began developing a small settlement on Peralta land initially called "Contra Costa" ("opposite shore", the Spanish name for the lands on the east side of the Bay) in the area that is now downtown Oakland.  The United States Post Office recognized this by establishing a post office there with the name "Contra Costa".  Carpentier was elected to the California state legislature and got the Town of Oakland incorporated on May 4, 1852. By the time the Land Commission got around to confirming the Peraltas' claims in 1854, Oakland was quickly being further developed.  The Peraltas in the meantime had been persuaded to sell various parcels of their vast holdings.  In 1853, John Coffee "Jack" Hays, a famous Texas Ranger, was one of the first to establish residence in Oakland while performing his duties as sheriff of San Francisco.

Early American Period
On March 25, 1854, Oakland was re-incorporated as the City of Oakland.  Horace Carpentier was elected the first mayor.  His tenure did not last, however.  He was ousted in 1855 by an angry citizenry when it was discovered that he had acquired exclusive rights to the waterfront from the Town Board of Trustees in 1852.  Charles Campbell replaced him as Mayor on March 5, 1855.

During the city's early development, the small tidal estuary to the east of downtown had become the city's first sewer, but by the 1860s, the stench had become intolerable.  Mayor Samuel Merritt (1867-1869) orchestrated the construction of a dam which raised the estuary's water level and turned it into Lake Merritt.

The city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, the site of today's Port of Oakland.  The Daily Alta California recognized this meant Oakland was to become the "future Jersey City of the Pacific Coast."  The Long Wharf served as the terminus both for the Transcontinental Railroad and for local commuter trains of the Central (later, Southern) Pacific. The Central Pacific also established one of its largest rail yards and servicing facilities in West Oakland, which continued to be a major local employer under the Southern Pacific well into the 20th century. The principal depot of the Southern Pacific in Oakland was the 16th Street Station located at 16th and Wood, which is currently being restored as part of a redevelopment project.  In 1871, Cyrus and Susan Mills paid $5,000 for the Young Ladies' Seminary in Benicia, renamed it Mills College, and moved it to its current location in Oakland, adjacent to what is now Seminary Boulevard. In 1872, the town of Brooklyn was incorporated into Oakland. Brooklyn, a large municipality southeast of Lake Merritt, was part of what was then called the Brooklyn Township.

A number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, and other lines were converted and added over the course of the 1890s. The various streetcar companies operating in Oakland were acquired by Francis "Borax" Smith and consolidated into what eventually became known as the Key System, the predecessor of today's publicly owned AC Transit. In addition to its system of streetcars in the East Bay, the Key System also operated commuter trains to its own pier and ferry boats to San Francisco, in competition with the Southern Pacific. Upon completion of the Bay Bridge, both companies ran their commuter trains on the south side of the lower deck, directly to San Francisco. The Key System in its earliest years was actually in part a real estate venture, with the transit part serving to help open up new tracts for buyers. The Key System's investors (incorporated as the "Realty Syndicate") also established two large hotels in Oakland, one of which survives as the Claremont Resort. The other, which burned down in the early 1930s, was the Key Route Inn, at what is now West Grand and Broadway. From 1904 to 1929, the Realty Syndicate also operated a major amusement park in north Oakland called Idora Park.

Redwoods were harvested from the East Bay Hills for construction in San Francisco, and "Rocky Hill" was purchased by poet Joaquin Miller in 1887. He planted trees, crops, and gardens, hosting thinkers, artists and literary figures from all over the world in "The Hights", which later became a park bearing his name. Tourists flocked from around the world to Miller's "hillside Bohemia".

Early 1900s

The original extent of Oakland, upon its incorporation, lay south of today's major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north. Oakland's rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902, which created an island of nearby town Alameda. In 1906, its population doubled with refugees made homeless after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. Concurrently, a strong City Beautiful movement, promoted by Mayor Frank Kanning Mott, was responsible for creating and preserving parks and monuments in Oakland, including major improvements to Lake Merritt and the construction of Oakland Civic Auditorium, which cost $1M in 1914. The Auditorium briefly served as an emergency ward and quarantine for some of the victims of the 1918 flu pandemic. The three waves of the pandemic killed more than 1,400, out of 216,000, Oakland residents.

By 1920, Oakland was the home of numerous manufacturing industries, including metals, canneries, bakeries, internal combustion engines, automobiles, and shipbuilding.

1920s

The 1920s were economic boom years in the United States as a whole, and in California in particular. Economic growth was fueled by the general post–World War I recovery, as well as oil discoveries in Los Angeles and, most notably, the widespread introduction of the automobile. In 1916, General Motors opened a major Chevrolet automobile factory in East Oakland, making cars and then trucks until 1963, when it was moved to Fremont in southern Alameda County. Also in 1916, the Fageol Motor Company chose East Oakland for their first factory, manufacturing farming tractors from 1918 to 1923.  In 1921, they introduced an influential low-slung "Safety Bus", followed quickly by the 22-seat "Safety Coach". Durant Motors operated a plant in Oakland from 1921 to 1930, manufacturing sedans, coupes, convertibles, and roadsters. By 1929, when Chrysler expanded with a new plant there, Oakland had become known as the "Detroit of the West".

Oakland expanded during the 1920s, flexing enough to meet the influx of factory workers. Approximately 13,000 homes were built between 1921 and 1924,  more than between 1907 and 1920. Many of the large downtown office buildings, apartment buildings, and single-family houses still standing in Oakland were built during the 1920s; and they reflect the architectural styles of the time.

In 1926 Dr. William M. Watts (pictured left) opened a 22-bed hospital facility to provide in-patient care to Oakland's citizens of African descent who were not welcome at other health care institutions. The facility also offered training for African-American nurses.

The Rocky Road ice cream was created in Oakland in 1929, though accounts differ about its first promoter. William Dreyer of Dreyer's is said to have carried the idea of marshmallow and walnut pieces in a chocolate base over from his partner Joseph Edy's similar candy creation.

Aviation firsts

Russell Clifford Durant (called "Cliff" by his friends) was a race car driver, speedboat enthusiast, amateur flier, President of Durant Motors in Oakland, and son of General Motors founder William "Billy" Crapo Durant. In 1916, he established Durant Field at 82nd Avenue and East 14th Street. The first experimental transcontinental airmail through-flight finished its journey at Durant Field on August 9, 1920, with Army Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker and Navy Lt. Bert Acosta (pictured right) at the controls of the Junkers F 13 re-badged as the model J.L.6. The airfield served only secondary duties after 1927, as its runway was not long enough for heavily loaded aircraft.  In April 1930, test pilot Herbert "Hub" Fahy and his wife Claire hit a stump upon landing, flipping their plane and mortally wounding Hub without injuring Claire. Durant Field was often called Oakland Airport, though the current Oakland International Airport was soon established four miles () southwest.

On September 17, 1927, Charles Lindbergh attended the official dedication of the new Oakland Airport. A month earlier, on August 16, participants in the disastrous Dole Air Race had taken off from Oakland's new  runway headed for Honolulu, Hawaii,  away—three fliers died before getting to the starting line in Oakland; five were lost at sea, attempting to reach Honolulu; and two more died searching for the lost five.

On May 31, 1928, Charles Kingsford Smith and his crew departed Oakland in Southern Cross on their successful bid to cross the Pacific by air, finishing in Australia. In October 1928, Oakland was used as a base for the World War I aircraft involved in the final filming of Howard Hughes' Hell's Angels. In 1928, aviator Louise Thaden took off from Oakland in a Travel Air to set a women's altitude record, as well as endurance and speed records.

On January 11, 1935, Amelia Earhart became the first person to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii, to Oakland, California.

On St. Patrick's Day, March 17, 1937, Earhart and her crew, Paul Mantz, Harry Manning and Fred Noonan, flew the first leg of her attempt to circumnavigate the globe, from Oakland to Honolulu, Hawaii. That attempt ended in Hawaii when her Lockheed Electra 10E was severely damaged. Later in the year, Earhart began her second, ill-fated attempt with the unpublicized first leg of her proposed transcontinental flight mapped from Oakland to Miami, Florida.

World War II
During World War II, the East Bay was home to many war-related industries. Among these were the Kaiser Shipyards in nearby Richmond. The medical system devised for shipyard workers became the basis for the giant Kaiser Permanente HMO, which has a large medical center at MacArthur and Broadway, the first to be established by Kaiser. Oakland's Moore Dry Dock Company expanded its shipbuilding capabilities and built over 100 ships.

Valued at $100 million in 1943, Oakland's canning industry was its second-most-valuable war contribution after shipbuilding. Sited at both a major rail terminus and an important sea port, Oakland was a natural location for food processing plants, whose preserved products fed domestic, foreign, and military consumers. The largest canneries were in the Fruitvale District and included the Josiah Lusk Canning Company, the Oakland Preserving Company (which started the Del Monte brand), and the California Packing Company.

Prior to World War II, black Americans constituted about 3% of Oakland's population. The war attracted tens of thousands of laborers from around the country, and thousands of black people were part of the Second Great Migration to the city from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas—sharecroppers and tenant farmers who had been recruited by Henry J. Kaiser to work in his shipyards. The influx of black and white shipyard workers from the deep South brought Jim Crow attitudes to a part of the country that largely had been free of segregationist sentiment. In addition, black people further suffered from federally enforced redlining which designated Fruitvale and other Oakland neighborhoods as unfavorable. For instance, a 1937 Home Owners' Loan Corporation map of the area indicated these so-called detrimental influences: "Odors from industries. Predominance of foreign inhabitants. Infiltration of Negroes and Orientals."

Many Mexican Americans from states like New Mexico, Texas, and Colorado came to Oakland to work in the many wartime jobs as did many Mexican nationals who came under the Bracero Program. Many worked for the Southern Pacific Railroad, at its major rail yard in West Oakland (see traquero). While some of the rail workers lived near the yard, most of the Mexican community was concentrated as it always had been since the early days of the Peralta ranch in the Fruitvale District.  Oakland experienced its own "zoot suit riots" in downtown Oakland in 1943 in the wake of the one in Los Angeles.

The Mai Tai cocktail was first concocted in Oakland in 1944, and it became very popular at Trader Vic's restaurant. Established in 1932, just four years later, Trader Vic's was so successful San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen was inspired to write, "the best restaurant in San Francisco is in Oakland". Trader Vic's was chosen by the State Department as the official entertainment center for foreign dignitaries attending United Nations meetings in San Francisco. The restaurant continued to grow in popularity and was running out of room when, in 1951, founder Victor Bergeron opened a larger one in San Francisco. In 1972, the flagship Oakland restaurant moved to the nearby Emeryville Marina.

Post-WWII (1940s and 1950s)

In 1946 National City Lines (NCL), a General Motors holding company, acquired 64% of Key System stock; during the next several years NCL engaged in the conspiratorial dissolution of Oakland's electric streetcar system.  NCL converted the Key System's electric streetcar fleet to diesel buses, tracks were removed from Oakland's streets, and the lower deck of the Bay Bridge was converted to automobile traffic, which reduced the passenger-carrying capacity of the bridge.  Freeways were constructed, which partitioned the social and retail fabric of neighborhoods. In the 1948 federal case United States v. National City Lines Inc., the defendants were found guilty on a count of conspiring to monopolize the provision of parts and supplies to their subsidiary companies.  The companies were each fined $5,000, and the directors were each fined one dollar. The verdicts were upheld on appeal in 1951. The state Legislature created the Alameda and Contra Costa Transit District in 1955, which still exists today as AC Transit, the third-largest bus-only transit system in the nation.

Soon after the war, with the disappearance of Oakland's shipbuilding industry and the decline of its automobile industry, jobs became scarce. Many of the city's more affluent residents, both black and white, left the city after the war, moving to neighboring Alameda, Berkeley, Albany and El Cerrito to the north; to San Leandro, Hayward, Castro Valley and Fremont in Southern Alameda County; and to the newly developing East Bay suburbs in Contra Costa County, Orinda, Lafayette, Pleasant Hill, Walnut Creek and Concord. Between 1950 and 1960, about 100,000 white property owners moved out of Oakland—part of a nationwide phenomenon called white flight.

By the end of World War II, black Americans constituted about 12% of Oakland's population, and the years following the war saw this percentage rise. There was also an increase in racial tension. Starting in the late 1940s, the Oakland Police Department began recruiting white officers from the South to deal with the expanding black population and changing racial attitudes; many were openly racist, and their repressive police tactics exacerbated racial tensions.

Oakland was the center of a general strike during the first week of December 1946, one of six cities across the country that experienced such a strike after World War II.  It was one of the largest strike movements in American history, as workers were determined not to let management repeat the union busting that followed World War I.  Oakland, which had experienced some relative racial harmony prior to the war, found itself by the late 1950s with a population that was becoming progressively more poor and racially divided.

Beginning in the mid-1950s, much of West Oakland was destroyed, after then-Highway 17, now I-880 (or Nimitz Freeway) was built. Many homes and businesses were destroyed to build the Cypress Viaduct and the rest of the Nimitz Freeway. Also urban renewal caused the destruction of the area around Market and 7th streets to make way for the Acorn High Rise apartments. This urban renewal of West Oakland continued into the 1960s with the construction of BART and the Main Post Office Building at 1675 7th Street. Many families were displaced from West Oakland by the construction of the Nimitz Freeway and the urban renewal of West Oakland. The majority of these were African-American and Latino.  African Americans relocated to East Oakland as well especially the Elmhurst district and surrounding areas.

1960s and 1970s
In 1960, Kaiser Corporation erected its headquarters at the former site of Holy Names University, at the corner of 20th and Harrison Streets. It was the largest skyscraper in Oakland, as well as "the largest office tower west of Chicago"  up to that time. During this era, the oldest section of Oakland at the foot of Broadway, Jack London Square, was redeveloped into a hotel and outdoor retail district.  During the 1960s, the city was home to an innovative funk music scene that produced well-known bands like Sly and the Family Stone, Graham Central Station, Tower of Power, Cold Blood, Azteca, and the Headhunters. Larry Graham, the bass player for both Sly and the Family Stone and Graham Central Station, is credited with the creation of the influential slap and pop sound still widely used by bassists in many musical idioms today.

By 1966, only 16 of the city's 661 police officers were black.  Tensions between the black community and the largely white police force were high, and police malfeasance against black people was common.  The Black Panther Party was founded by students Huey Newton and Bobby Seale at Merritt College.

It was also during the 1960s that the Oakland chapter of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club began to grow into a formidable motorcycle gang and organized crime syndicate.  The Hells Angels clubhouse is still located on Oakland's Foothill Boulevard.

During the 1970s, Oakland began to experience serious problems with gang-controlled dealing of heroin and cocaine when drug kingpin Felix Mitchell created the nation's first large-scale operation of this kind.  Both violent crime and property crime increased during this period, and Oakland's murder rate rose to twice that of San Francisco or New York City.

In late 1973, the Symbionese Liberation Army assassinated Oakland's superintendent of schools, Dr. Marcus Foster, and badly wounded his deputy, Robert Blackburn. Two months later, two men were arrested and charged with the murder. Both received life sentences, though one was acquitted after an appeal and a retrial seven years later.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Fruitvale District was part of the Chicano Movement. In 1968 the Oakland Police murdered a young Chicano named Charles (Pinky) De Baca on 35th Avenue in East Oakland. A group called Latinos United for Justice organized to combat police brutality after Mr. De Baca's murder. Chicano Radical militants like the Chicano Revolutionary Party and the Brown Berets also organized and began doing work in the Fruitvale District to protect the Chicano and Latino Community from police brutality and had a free breakfast program in the Fruitvale area with the help of the Black Panthers. On July 26, 1970, the Fruitvale District held the Chicano Moratorium against Chicanos going to fight in the Vietnam war. La Clinica de La Raza was also formed on Fruitvale Avenue in 1970, by Chicano students in order to have a free Clinic for the Chicano and Latino Community in East Oakland. La Raza Unida Party also had a chapter in Oakland. The Chicano movement was also part of Oakland's Radical History in the 60s and 70s.

1980s and 1990s
Starting in the Late 1960s and continuing into the early 1980s, the number of Latinos, mostly of Mexican origin, began to increase in Oakland, especially in the Fruitvale District. This district is one of the oldest in Oakland, growing up around the old Peralta estate (now a city park). It always had a concentration of Latino residents, businesses and institutions, and increased immigration, continuing into the 21st century, has added greater numbers in Fruitvale and throughout East Oakland.

As in many other American cities during the 1980s, crack cocaine became a serious problem in Oakland.  Drug dealing in general, and the dealing of crack cocaine in particular, resulted in elevated rates of violent crime, causing Oakland to consistently be listed as one of America's most crime-ridden cities.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Oakland's black plurality reached its peak at approximately 47% of the overall population.  Oakland was the birthplace or home at one time of several rap acts, including MC Hammer, Digital Underground, Hieroglyphics (including Souls of Mischief and Del tha Funkee Homosapien), The Luniz, Tupac Shakur, and Too Short. Outside of the rap genre, artists such as the Pointer Sisters, En Vogue, Tony! Toni! Tone!, and Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day also emerged from Oakland (actually the members of Green Day hailed from suburban Pinole area).

On May 24, 1990, a pipe bomb placed underneath traveling eco-activist Judi Bari's car seat exploded, tearing through her backside and nearly killing her. The bomb was placed directly under the driver's seat, not in the back seat or luggage area as it presumably would have been if Bari had transported it knowingly. Immediately after the 1990 car bombing, while Bari was in Oakland's Highland Hospital, she and a friend were arrested on suspicion of knowingly transporting the bomb. The Alameda County district attorney later dropped the case for lack of evidence, and in 2004 the FBI and the City of Oakland agreed to a $4 million settlement of a lawsuit brought by Bari's estate, and her friend, over their false arrest.

On October 20, 1991, a massive firestorm (see 1991 Oakland firestorm) swept down from the Berkeley Hills above the Caldecott Tunnel. Twenty-five people were killed, and 150 people were injured, with nearly 4,000 homes destroyed. The economic losses have been estimated at $1.5 billion. The economic losses, in combination with injuries and loss of life, make this the worst urban firestorm in American history.  Many of the original homes were rebuilt on a much larger scale.

In late 1996, Oakland was the center of a controversy surrounding Ebonics (African American Vernacular English), an ethnolect the outgoing Oakland Unified School District board voted to recognize on December 18. This was later dropped.

During the mid-1990s, Oakland experienced an improved economy compared to previous decades, with new downtown land development such as a $140 million state government center project, a $101 million city office building, and a 12-story office building for the University of California, Office of the President. The City Center redevelopment project was bought by Shorenstein Co., a San Francisco real estate firm. Office vacancies dropped to 11 percent from 16 percent in 1996.  Officials at the Port of Oakland and Oakland International Airport, began multimillion-dollar expansion plans to keep pace with rival shipping ports and airports on the West Coast.

1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
On October 17, 1989, a 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck the Bay Area at 5:04 p.m. The rupture was related to the San Andreas fault system and effected all Bay Area counties with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Many structures in Oakland were badly damaged including the double-decker Cypress Street Viaduct in West Oakland that collapsed. The eastern span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge also sustained damage and was closed to traffic for one month; the bridge reopened on November 18. Oakland became the home of the emerging nonprofit preparedness movement in the aftermath of the earthquake when local agencies formed CARD (Collaborating Agencies Responding to Disasters) to address the unmet emergency readiness needs of the nonprofit and faith sectors.

2000s

After his 1999 inauguration, Oakland Mayor Jerry Brown continued his predecessor Elihu Harris' public policy of supporting downtown housing development in the area defined as the Central Business District in Oakland's 1998 General Plan. Since Brown's stated goal was to add 10,000 residents to downtown Oakland, it became known as the "10K" plan. It resulted in redevelopment projects in the Jack London District, where Brown purchased and later sold an industrial warehouse, which he used as a personal residence, and in the Lakeside Apartments District near Lake Merritt, where two infill projects were approved. The 10K plan touched the historic Old Oakland district, the Chinatown district, the Uptown district, and downtown.

The 10K plan and other redevelopment projects were controversial due to potential rent increases and gentrification, which would displace lower-income residents from downtown Oakland into outlying neighborhoods and cities. Additional controversy over development proposals arose from the weakening of the Bay Area and national economy in 2000, 2001, 2007, and the credit crunch and the recession of 2008.  These downturns resulted in lowered sales, rentals and occupancy of the new housing and slower growth and economic recovery than expected.

The Oakland Athletics have long sought a site to build a new baseball stadium. A deal announced in 2006 to build a new park in Fremont, to be called Cisco Field was halted three years later as a result of opposition from businesses and local residents.  Local efforts have been put forth by both fans and city politicians to retain the A's, including three potential locations near downtown and the Oakland waterfront. The South Bay city of San Jose showed continuing, strong interest in becoming the team's new home, and was the preferred destination for then majority team owner Lew Wolff but was blocked by the San Francisco Giants. Currently plans call for a 34,000 seat new stadium dubbed Oakland Ballpark at Howard Terminal (owned by the Port of Oakland) next to Jack London Square.

The Oakland Ballet, performing in the city since 1965, folded temporarily in 2006 due to financial problems and the closure of their performance facility, the Calvin Simmons Theater at the Kaiser Convention Center. The following year, founder Ronn Guidi announced the revival of the Ballet under new director Graham Lustig, and the program continues to perform at the Laney College Theater.

In the early morning hours of January 1, 2009, unarmed civilian Oscar Grant was shot and killed by BART police officer Johannes Mehserle on a crowded platform at the Fruitvale BART Station in East Oakland. Officers had subdued and handcuffed an unarmed Grant in a prone position for allegedly resisting arrest, before Mehserle shot Grant in the back with his gun, which he claimed to have mistaken for his stun gun. In the ensuing week, demonstrations and riots took place in Downtown Oakland, with demonstrators citing police brutality and racial injustice as their motivation.
Mehserle was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in July 2010, and sentenced to two years in prison. Both the verdict and sentencing set off further demonstrations in downtown Oakland, which included looting and destruction of property.

In February 2009, the Fox Oakland Theatre reopened.  The theatre had been closed for most of the previous 42 years, with few events held there. After a thorough restoration, seismic retrofit, and many other improvements following years of severe neglect (including a fire as recently as 2004), the historic landmark theater started drawing patrons from all over the Bay Area.

On March 21, 2009, Oakland parolee Lovelle Mixon, 26, fatally shot four Oakland police officers, and wounded a fifth officer. At approximately 1:00 p.m., Mixon shot and killed two officers during a routine traffic stop. Mixon fled the scene, hiding in his sister's nearby apartment, and shortly after 3:00 p.m., he killed two more officers as they responded. During the ensuing shootout, the police killed Mixon in self-defense and a fifth officer was wounded. Three of the officers killed were ranking sergeants, the first time the Oakland Police Department had lost a sergeant in the line of duty. It was the single deadliest day for sworn personnel in the department's history, and also the deadliest attack on U.S. law enforcement since the September 11 attacks.

2010s–2020s
Due to misconduct by the Oakland Police Department, the City of Oakland has paid a total of $57 million during the 2001–2011 timeframe to victims of police abuse—the largest sum of any city in California.

On October 10, 2011, protesters and civic activists began "Occupy Oakland" demonstrations directed against national social and economic inequality at Frank H. Ogawa Plaza in Downtown Oakland.  The demonstrators set up an encampment that, at one point, consisted of "a miniature city" of as many as 150 tents. At one point, a second encampment was established at Snow Park on Lake Merritt.  Oakland Police raided and dismantled the two protest sites at Frank Ogawa Plaza and Snow Park early in the morning on October 25.  Later the same day, in efforts to reestablish the encampments, protesters clashed with police. Two officers and three protesters were injured and more than a hundred people were arrested. On November 2, thousands marched upon and shut down the Port of Oakland. At least two Iraqi war veterans were injured in the demonstrations, by police action. By November 14, the encampment at the plaza in front of City Hall had been cleared, and it was announced by city officials the continued protests had cost the city $2.4 million. A January 28, 2012 attempt by Occupy Oakland protesters to overtake the vacant Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center resulted in hundreds of arrests by police, and that evening a break-in by vandals to Oakland City Hall resulted in damage to artwork and the building itself.

Throughout the 2010s, the city's Oakland Medical Center, the first HMO and first Kaiser Permanente hospital, underwent a $2 billion retrofit including numerous new buildings.

On April 2, 2012, seven people were killed in a mass shooting at Oikos University, located in East Oakland near the airport and Coliseum Complex. Suspect One L. Goh surrendered an hour later to police in Alameda. The shooting was considered the deadliest mass killing in the city's history.

In July 2013, after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the  Trayvon Martin Trials, there were protests. A small group of the protesters were organized in cities including San Francisco, Philadelphia, Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Atlanta.

On December 2, 2016, a fire at a Fruitvale District warehouse, which was hosting a music event, killed at least 36 people. It was the deadliest fire in the city's history.

Oakland teachers went on strike in February 2019.

Oakland suffered a disproportionate human toll from the Covid-pandemic within the San Francisco Bay Area, and between 2019 and 2023, Oakland became the first city in U.S. history to lose three professional major league sports teams to other cities within a span of five years.

See also
Timeline of Oakland, California
Timeline of the San Francisco Bay Area

References

External links

Visit Oakland: Oakland Convention and Visitors Bureau


title: Wettin Formation

text:
The Wettin Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany


title: Ziegelschiefer Formation

text:
The Ziegelschiefer Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Zwickau Formation

text:
The Zwickau Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany


title: Essen Formation

text:
The Essen Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Flammkohlenpartie Formation

text:
The Flammkohlenpartie Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Flöz Dreibänke Formation

text:
The Flöz Dreibänke Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany


title: Flöz Mittel Formation

text:
The Flöz Mittel Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany


title: Place de Jaude

text:
Jaude Square () is a major city square and meeting place in the centre of Clermont-Ferrand, France. It is bordered by Rue Blatin on the North and Avenue Julien on the south. The square is home to many attractions, such as the Opera Theatre, the Jaude Shopping Mall and Saint-Pierre-des-Minimes Church.

Jaude Square was founded in the Roman times but was abandoned in the Middle Ages.

Overlooking the square is a massive statue of the ancient Gallic leader Vercingetorix. Erected in 1903, it was created by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, who also made the Statue of Liberty.

The modern square was inaugurated on 17 June 2006, with over 30,000 people coming to attend the opening ceremony.

History

A Roman commercial suburb
As the excavations carried out during the construction of the Fond de Jaude (1978), Carré Jaude I (1995) and Carré Jaude II (2009-2010) have shown, the plain of Jaude, almost devoid of construction in the Middle Ages, was on the contrary a densely urbanized sector during Roman times. Archaeological research shows that the Place de Jaude was a public district, a place of passage and merchant. This proto-square was parallel to the hill of Clermont, which hosts the forum under the current Place de la Victoire and the cathedral.

The Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, the square was a vast, unsuitable swampy area (it was in fact an old crater lake), bordered in the west by a branch of the South Tiretaine, fitted to serve tanneries and mills, in the north and east by the limit of the urbanized sector. The only elevated building in the depression was then the chapel of Jaude, in the southwest of the square.

Modern era
The Saint-Pierre-des-Minimes church was built in 1630. In 1663 a fountain and a pond were installed. In 1750, the square was transformed into a fairground to sell horses and firewood.

Urbanization of the square in the 19th and 20th centuries
In the 19th century, the square became a popular place to walk for the inhabitants. On the east side of the square, the Halle aux Toiles, built in 1812, was transformed to accommodate a large theater in 1894. Two monuments were erected: the statue of General Desaix in 1848 and the equestrian statue of Vercingétorix in 1903.

The Café de Paris (1839), the Café Riche, the Grand café Lyonnais, the Café de L'Univers later opened their terraces on the square. The commercial orientation of the square was confirmed in the 20th century, with the opening of the Paris-Clermont store (the current Crédit commercial de France building) built in 1900, then with the one of the Galeries de Jaude in 1907 (which became Galeries Lafayette in April 1997) which quickly supplant their competitors. In the 1960s and 1970s, the square was renovated in the south: the Fond de Jaude district was destroyed to make way, in 1980, for a large shopping center, the Jaude Centre.

The square during the 1980s
A parking lot was dug under the northern part of the square. Above, a bus station and a T2C shop are located. Almost all of the city buses pass through the square. Two ponds with water jets were created in 1985 in the center of the square, which is bordered by green spaces and magnolias. Near the Jaude Centre, a park is decorated with a fountain designed by the sculptor Jean Chauchard.

The current place
The municipal council decided on the 24th of September 1999 to completely redo the square and install a first tramway line. The development project made by the winning team of the international architecture and landscape competition of Alain Marguerit (Atelier des Paysages Alain Marguerit), Bernard Paris (Atelier d'Architecture Bernard Paris), Jean-Max Llorca (fontain engineer), LEA (Laurent Fachard, lighting technician).

The project recalls the facilities which existed in the 19th century. A space mainly reserved for pedestrians and tree lanes (141 in total) between which the new Clermont-Ferrand tramway has passed since November 13, 2006.

The square is almost entirely reserved for pedestrians. Vehicles cross it only from east to west between boulevard Desaix and rue Blatin or from west to east from avenue Julien. The northern part is made up of a dark basalt forecourt illuminated at night by 250 red and yellow diodes which symbolize the movement of lava. The rest of the square is paved with light limestone.

The work began in January 2003 and was completed in late 2005 at a cost of 15 million euros. The square reopened to the public on the 10th of December 2005 in the presence of 30,000 people and was inaugurated on the 17th of June 2006.

References

Clermont-Ferrand


title: Flöz Zweibänke Formation

text:
The Flöz Zweibänke Formation is a geological formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Gehrener Schichten

text:
The Gehrener Schichten (German for Gehren Formation) is a geologic formation in Germany. The fluvial to lacustrine shales preserve fossils dating back to the Late Carboniferous period (Stephanian C in European stratigraphy or Gzhelian in international stratigraphy).

Fossil content
The following fossils were reported from the formation:
 Insects
 Protelytroptera
 Blattocoleidae
 Blattocoleus tillyari
 Blattodea
 Mylacridae
 Opsiomylacris (Opsiomylacris) densistriata

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of Germany
Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Gzhelian
Shale formations
Fluvial deposits
Lacustrine deposits
Carboniferous northern paleotropical deposits
Paleontology in Germany


title: Geisheck Formation

text:
The Geisheck Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Grundflötz Formation

text:
The Grundflötz Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany


title: Hangenberg Kalk Formation

text:
The Hangenberg Kalk Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Limestone formations
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Heilgenwalder Schichten Formation

text:
The Heilgenwalder Schichten Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Heusweiler Schichten Formation

text:
The Heusweiler Schichten Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany


title: Horster Formation

text:
The Horster Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Ibbenbüren Formation

text:
The Ibbenbüren Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany


title: Kohlschneider Formation

text:
The Kohlschneider Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Odernheim Formation

text:
The Odernheim Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous and Permian periods.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

External links

Geologic formations of Germany
Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Permian System of Europe
Permian Germany
Paleontology in Germany


title: Ohlsbach Formation

text:
The Ohlsbach Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Gzhelian stage of the Late Carboniferous period.

Fossil content
The following fossils have been reported from the formation:
 Insects
 Blattodea
 Archimylacridae
 Sterzelia steinmanni

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Further reading
 J. T. Sterzel. 1904. Über einige neue Fossilreste. Bericht der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Chemnitz 15:LXIX-LXXII

Geologic formations of Germany
Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Gzhelian
Coal formations
Coal in Germany
Carboniferous northern paleotropical deposits
Paleontology in Germany


title: Ottweiler Formation

text:
The Ottweiler Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany


title: Rußkohlenflötz Formation

text:
The Rußkohlenflötz Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany


title: Luisenthal Formation

text:
The Luisenthal Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Sandersdorf Formation

text:
The Sandersdorf Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Sprockhoeveler Formation

text:
The Sprockhoeveler Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Berthelsdorf Formation

text:
The Berthelsdorf Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Bochum Formation

text:
The Bochum Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Erdbach Limestone

text:
The Erdbach Limestone is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany

References

Carboniferous System of Europe
Carboniferous Germany
Limestone formations
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Mediha Sultan

text:
Mediha Sultan (; "the praised one"; 30 July 1856 – 9 November 1928) was an Ottoman princess, the daughter of Sultan Abdulmejid I and Gülistü Kadin. She was the full sister of Sultan Mehmed VI and the half-sister of the Sultans Murad V, Abdul Hamid II and Mehmed V.

Early life
Mediha Sultan was born on 30 July 1856 at the Dolmabahçe Palace. Her father was Sultan Abdulmejid I, son of Sultan Mahmud II and Bezmiâlem Sultan. Her mother was Gülistü Kadın, daughter of Prince Tahir Bey Chachba. She had two elder twin sisters Zekiye Sultan and Fehime Sultan, death as baby, and a younger brother, Mehmed VI. In 1861 She lost both her parents, her father from tuberculosis and her mother from cholera.

She was then entrusted to the care of one other of her father's consort, Verdicenan Kadın. The relationship between the two was like mother and daughter. As Verdicenan lost her daughter Münire Sultan in 1862, she kept Mediha under close surveillance, and always helped her whenever she had problems. Her brother was entrusted to the care of Şayeste Hanim.

First marriage
Media fell in love with Ahmed Necib Pasha, son of Sheikh Necibzade Sami Bey, whom she had happened to see. Her uncle, Sultan Abdulaziz, approved of this marriage, and the preparations for the wedding preparations began during his reign. Abdul Hamid who had frowned on Necib's family because they had connections with Ali Suavi, sent Necib to Paris. It was only when Verdicenan Kadın appealed to Perestu Kadın that Necib was recalled. He was made a pasha and the marriage was arranged. Her dowry was prepared in 1876, along with her half-sisters Behice Sultan, Seniha Sultan and Naile Sultan. The marriage contract was concluded on 22 January 1879 and the wedding took place on 8 June at the Yıldız Palace. The couple was allocated Tarlabaşı Palace as their residence.

The two together had a son, Sultanzade Sami Bey born in 1880, who later became personal aide-de-camp to Abdul Hamid and served in the Ertuğrul Regiment. As a member of the entourage of Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir, he participated in ceremonial occasions and at the Royal Mosque Processions each Friday, following on horseback behind Abdul Hamid. Mediha was widowed at Necib Pasha's death in April 1885.

Second marriage
After Necib Pasha's death, Abdul Hamid betrothed her to Mehmed Ferid Pasha, in 1885. The marriage took place on 29 April 1886. Mediha Sultan's deputy was Hafız Behram Bey and Ferid Pasha's deputy was Gazi Osman Pasha, However, no children came of this marriage.

Mediha and her husband, Ferid Pasha, settle in the Baltalimanı Water Front Palace, which was left emptied after Fatma Sultan's death in 1884, After which her palace in Tarlabaşı was allocated to Zekiye Sultan, daughter of Sultan Abdul Hamid, who lived here after her marriage in 1889.

In October 1898, she met with the German Empress Augusta Victoria in the harem of the Yıldız Palace, when the latter visited Istanbul with her husband Emperor Wilhelm II. In her memoir, Ayşe Sultan, daughter of Abdülhamid II, remembered: "Familiar as he was with his sisters' (Seniha Sultan and Mediha Sultan) habit of chattering away rapidly and guffawing, Abdülhamid II had counseled and beseeched them to behave in a dignified fashion, but nonetheless the sisters fell back on their old habits. Baba ("dad", the Sultan Abdülhamid II) felt compelled to tell the Empress, "Please forgive my sisters, they're a bit nervous."".

Mediha was widowed at Ferid Pasha's death in 1923.

Death
At the fall of Sultanate in 1922, Mediha Sultan went to live in Nice, France, where her husband died. After, she moved first to Menton and after to Sanremo, with her brother Mehmed VI. After his death in 1926 she back to Nice, where she died on 9 November 1928, at the age of seventy-two. In last years she was on bad terms with her son. He refused to take care of her and did not go to her funeral. She was buried to Nice.

Personality
Mediha was fond of European ways. She dressed beautifully and with great dignity appearing splendidly regal in her gowns with their long trains. She was petite with white skin and gorgeous black eyes, and she resembled her father. In manner, she was gracious, attractive, and wonderfully kind. Everyone in the palace loved this princess. As did Seniha Sultan, she too spoke laughingly, with an air of good humour in her voice. When these two sisters were together chatting with their brother Sultan Abdul Hamid, they would both laugh and try to amuse him and get him to smile as though they were in competition with one another.

Honours

 Order of the House of Osman
 Order of the Medjidie, Jeweled
 Order of Charity,  1st Class
 Hicaz Demiryolu Medal in Gold
 Iftikhar Sanayi Medal in Gold

Issue

Ancestry

See also
 List of Ottoman princesses

References

Sources

People from the Ottoman Empire of Abkhazian descent
1856 births
1928 deaths
19th-century Ottoman princesses
20th-century Ottoman princesses
Turkish emigrants to France


title: Anna Bornemisza

text:
Anna Bornemisza (1630-1688), was a Hungarian noble, princess consort of Transylvania as the spouse of Michael I Apafi, and mother of Michael II Apafi. Her cookery book from 1680, as well as her preserved household budget book, are regarded as important documents of Hungarian literary history. As Princess of Transylvania, Anna exerted a large and acknowledged influence upon the affairs of state.

Bornemisza was the daughter of a military captain. She spent her childhood in Jenő and Munkács. She married Michael I Apafi in 1653. When her husband was captured in 1657, Bornemisza collected 12,000 horses as his ransom. She was influential over matters of state when her husband was elected the leader of Transylvania. She had fourteen children but only one son, Michael II Apafi, reached adulthood.

References

1630 births
1688 deaths
17th-century Hungarian women writers
17th-century Hungarian writers
Hungarian nobility in Transylvania
Hungarian princesses
Apafi family


title: Clinton Mata

text:
Clinton Mukoni Mata Pedro Lourenço (born 7 November 1992) is a professional footballer who plays as a right-back for  club Lyon. Born in Belgium, he played for the Angola national team, making eight appearances.

Club career

Early years
Born in Verviers, Belgium, Mata started playing football with local clubs Royal Battice, Entente Rechaintoise, Etoile Elsautoise and Visé before moving to Eupen in 2010. On 17 February 2012, he made his professional debut in a 2–1 win over Waasland-Beveren in the Belgian Second Division. Afterwards, Mata was not always in the starting eleven, first winning a regular place in the starting lineup in the second half of the 2013–14 season, where Eupen qualified as runner-up for the final round for promotion to the first Belgian league. This ended in a disappointing 2–1 defeat to OH Leuven.

Charleroi
In the summer of 2014, Mata moved to Belgian First Division A club Charleroi, where he was mainly a substitute as before in Eupen, before coming closer to a regular starting spot in the second half of the 2015–16 season. As group winners in play-off 2, Charleroi qualified for the play-off for participation in the final for qualifying for the UEFA Europa League. In the playoff match, Mata and his club beat Kortrijk, but lost in the final Europa League play-off match against Genk. The following season marked the breakthrough of Mata for Charleroi, and in August 2017 he moved to Genk on loan. Mata was part of the team qualifying for the UEFA Europa League after Zulte Waregem were beaten 2–0 in the decisive play-off game.

Club Brugge
Mata then joined the defending Belgian champions, Club Brugge, but only made his debut on the ninth matchday in the derby against Cercle Brugge due to an injury. Mata evolved into a starter for the club during his first season, where they finished runner-up in the league. He was also utilised in Club Brugge's UEFA Champions League campaign. In the following season, Mata had experienced his breakthrough when he played almost every game and won the Belgian championship with Club Brugge after the COVID-19 pandemic had resulted in the season being abandoned.

Lyon
On 6 July 2023, Mata signed for Ligue 1 club Lyon on a three-year contract. The transfer fee was a reported €5 million.

International career
In July 2014 Mata was asked to switch his international allegiance to Angola. He made his debut for the Angola national team later that year.

Career statistics

Honours
Club Brugge
Belgian Pro League: 2019–20, 2020–21
Belgian Super Cup: 2018, 2021, 2022

References

1992 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Verviers
Belgian people of Angolan descent
Angolan men's footballers
Belgian men's footballers
Footballers from Liège Province
Men's association football midfielders
Angola men's international footballers
Belgian Pro League players
C.S. Visé players
K.A.S. Eupen players
R. Charleroi S.C. players
K.R.C. Genk players
Club Brugge KV players
Olympique Lyonnais players