title: Frank Ives Scudamore

text:
Frank Ives Scudamore (1823–1884) was an English Post Office reformer and writer. He oversaw the country's first significant nationalisation and in 1874 he was managing a turnover of a million pounds per annum passing through 3,600 different offices.

Life
The son of John Scudamore, a solicitor, by his wife Charlotte, daughter of Colonel Francis Downman, R.A. and niece of Sir Thomas Downman, he was born at Eltham in February 1823, and educated at Christ's Hospital; Sir Charles Scudamore, was his uncle. On leaving school he entered the General Post Office (1841), and, on the amalgamation of the receiver-general's and the accountant-general's offices in 1852, was appointed chief examiner of the new department.

In 1856 Scudamore became receiver and accountant general. He was, after George Chetwynd of the money-order office, heavily involved in the scheme for government savings banks. Scudamore explained to William Ewart Gladstone as Chancellor of the Exchequer the proposed machinery, and had support and obtained authorisation from parliament in 1861.

In 1865 Scudamore drew up a report on the advisability of the state acquiring the telegraphs, which were then in the hands of a few private companies, on lines suggested by Frederick Ebenezer Baines. In negotiations Scudamore was employed as chief agent, and the way was prepared for the Telegraph Act 1868 entitling the state to acquire all the telegraphic undertakings in the kingdom, and the Telegraph Act 1869 giving the Post Office the monopoly of telegraphic communication. In 1870 the Irish telegraphs were transferred to the Post Office. Sir John Tilley, Scudamore's superior, did not support the nationalisation, but allowed Scudamore to run the resulting state telegraph system.

Scudamore had been promoted assistant secretary (1863) and soon afterwards second secretary, of the Post Office, and in 1871 he was made C.B. By 1874 he had overseen the country's first significant nationalisation, he was managing a turnover of a million pounds per annum passing through 3,600 different offices. Clashes over his impatience of obstacles led to his resignation in 1875. Among other changes made by Scudamore was the introduction of female clerks into the postal service. He then accepted an offer of the Ottoman government to go to Constantinople to organise the Turkish international post office; the sultan conferred on him the order of the Medjidieh in 1877; he gave up his post on encountering delays. He continued to live at Therapia, and wrote.

Scudamore died at Therapia on 8 February 1884, aged 61, and was buried in the English cemetery at Scutari.

Works
Scudamore wrote:

People whom we have never met (1861), a lecture on fairies.
The Day Dreams of a Sleepless Man, London, 1875.
France in the East; a contribution towards the consideration of the Eastern Question (London, 1882), which is a plea for the good intentions of France in south-eastern Europe, and against the policy of preserving the integrity of the Ottoman empire.

Scudamore also contributed to Punch, and in The Standard, The Scotsman, the Comic Times, and other papers. He wrote for The World under Edmund Yates.

Mentioned by Anthony Trollope
The distinguished British author Anthony Trollope (1815-1882), was employed in the Post Office from 1859 until 1867, when he resigned to devote all his energy to his writing.  In his autobiography, he mentioned Scudamore:

When Sir Rowland Hill left the Post Office, and my brother-in-law, Mr.[John] Tilley, became Secretary in his place, I applied for the vacant office of Under-Secretary. Had I obtained this I should have given up my hunting, have given up much of my literary work,—at any rate would have edited no magazine,—and would have returned to the habit of my youth in going daily to the General Post Office. There was very much against such a change in life. The increase of salary would not have amounted to above £400 a year, and I should have lost much more than that in literary remuneration. I should have felt bitterly the slavery of attendance at an office, from which I had then been exempt for five-and-twenty years. I should, too, have greatly missed the sport which I loved. But I was attached to the department, had imbued myself with a thorough love of letters,—I mean the letters which are carried by the post,—and was anxious for their welfare as though they were all my own. In short, I wished to continue the connection. I did not wish, moreover, that any younger officer should again pass over my head. I believed that I had been a valuable public servant, and I will own to a feeling existing at that time that I had not altogether been well treated. I was probably wrong in this. I had been allowed to hunt,—and to do as I pleased, and to say what I liked, and had in that way received my reward. I applied for the office, but Mr. Scudamore was appointed to it. He no doubt was possessed of gifts which I did not possess. He understood the manipulation of money and the use of figures, and was a great accountant. I think that I might have been more useful in regard to the labours and wages of the immense body of men employed by the Post Office. However, Mr. Scudamore was appointed; and I made up my mind that I would fall back upon my old intention, and leave the department. I think I allowed two years to pass before I took the step; and the day on which I sent the letter was to me most melancholy.

In one of his novels, Trollope made a humorous mention of Scudamore.  In The Way We Live Now, the planned elopement of Marie Melmotte is frustrated when she is intercepted by detectives instructed by a telegram sent by her father:

It may be well doubted whether upon the whole the telegraph has not added more to the annoyances than to the comforts of life, and whether the gentlemen who spent all the  public money without authority ought not to have been punished with special severity in that they had injured humanity, rather than pardoned because of the good they had produced. Who is benefited by telegrams? The newspapers are robbed of all their old interest, and the very soul of intrigue is destroyed. Poor Marie, when she heard her fate, would certainly have gladly hanged Mr. Scudamore.

Family
Scudamore married in 1851 Jane, daughter of James Sherwin, surgeon, of Greenwich, and left children. They had at least one son called Leonard George Scudamore who was a casualty during the First World War. He was buried in the Commonwealth war graves cemetery of St Leonard's Church at Sutton Veny.

Notes

Attribution

1823 births
1884 deaths
Civil servants in the General Post Office
English writers
People from Eltham
Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie
People educated at Christ's Hospital


title: Albanian Coalition

text:
The Albanian Coalition (; ) is the name of several Albanian minority pre-election coalitions in Montenegro. Originally established by Democratic Party president and former Mayor of Ulcinj, Fatmir Gjeka, it currently consists of the Democratic Party, the Democratic League in Montenegro and the Democratic Union of Albanians. The coalition currently has one representative in Parliament of Montenegro.

History

DP–DSCG–AA coalition (2012)
The alliance was formed in Ulcinj by the Democratic Party (DP), Democratic League in Montenegro (DSCG) and the Albanian Alternative (AA), prior to the 2012 elections. The DS and AA had contested the 2009 elections as the "Albanian List", winning a single seat. The coalition won one seat at the 2012 election, which was allocated to a member of DP. Led by Fatmir Deka, in the 2012 elections the alliance received 1.1% of the vote, winning one seat.

DP–DSCG–AKP coalition (2016)
In September 2016, the AA decided to left coalition with DP and DSCG, by agreeing to form a pre-election alliance with New Democratic Force (FORCA) and Democratic Union of Albanians (DUA). Prior the 2016 elections, Gjeka's DP and DSCG decided to sign an agreement with minor Albanian Coalition Perspective (AKP, former AA members), forming electoral list under the name "Albanian Coalition with One goal". 2016 electoral list ballot carrier was independent Gezim Hajdinaga. At the elections, the DP-DSCG coalition lost its parliamentary status, winning 0.63% of the popular vote.

DP–DSCG–DUA coalition (2020)
In July 2020 the Democratic Union of Albanians (DUA) decided to sign an agreement with DP and DSCG, with the three parties agreeing to form a pre-election alliance under the name "Albanian Coalition – Unanimously", with DP leader Fatmir Gjeka as head of the joint electoral list for the 2020 parliamentary elections. The Alliance received 1.14% of the vote, winning one seat.

References

Political party alliances in Montenegro
Albanian political parties in Montenegro


title: St George Lane Fox-Pitt

text:
St George William Lane Fox-Pitt (born 14 September 1856 in Malta, died 6 April 1932 in South Eaton Place) was a British electrical engineer and student of psychic phenomena.

Life
His parents were Lieutenant General Augustus Henry Lane-Fox (1827–1900) and Alice Margaret (1828–1910, née Stanley). His younger sister was the essayist Agnes Geraldine Grove. On the death of his father's cousin Horace Pitt-Rivers, 6th Baron Rivers, the family took the name Fox Pitt-Rivers on 25 May 1880.

In 1878, Fox-Pitt was granted a patent on a light bulb with a platinum-iridium filament. The patent also describes a system for power distribution using incandescent lamps in parallel.

On 12 December 1879, Charles Francis Brush founded the Anglo-American Electric Light Company Ltd in the UK, and in the same year acquired the patent rights to produce the Lane-Fox incandescent lamp. On 24 March 1880, he founded a new company, Anglo-American Brush Electric Light Corporation, which took over the previous one.

About 1880, Fox-Pitt is said to have successfully experimented with charred plant fibres as the filament material. That was about the same time as the development of the light bulb with carbon filament by Edison in the United States. By 1883, Fox-Pitt had obtained further patents.

Fox-Pitt wrote books on the philosophy of science, education, and social problems. He was temporarily Vice-President of the Moral Education League and organized the International Moral Education Congress. He was also one of the first active members of the Society for Psychical Research.

In 1891, he repurchased the patent rights of the Anglo-American Brush Electric Light Corporation and built himself a small lamp factory.

In 1898, he participated in a railway concession in Ecuador.

In 1899, he married Lady Edith Gertrude Douglas (1874–1963), the daughter of John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry.

Works
 The Purpose of Education, 1914, Cambridge University Press,
 Free Will & Destiny, 1920, Constable Books, London

References

External links
 St George Lane Fox-Pitt, Biography

British electrical engineers
1856 births
1932 deaths
British inventors
Crown Colony of Malta people


title: Caking

text:
Caking is a powder's tendency to form lumps or masses.  The formation of lumps interferes with packaging, transport, flowability, and consumption.  Usually caking is undesirable, but it is useful when pressing powdered substances into pills or briquettes. Granular materials can also be subject to caking, particularly those that are hygroscopic such as salt, sugar, and many chemical fertilizers. Anticaking agents are commonly added to control caking.

Caking properties must be considered when designing and constructing bulk material handling equipment. Powdered substances that need to be stored, and flow smoothly at some time in the future, are often pelletized or made into pills.

Mechanism
Caking mechanisms depend on the nature of the material. Caking is a consequence of chemical reactions of grain surfaces.  Often these reactions involve adsorption of water vapor or other gases.  Crystalline solids often cake by formation of liquid bridge between microcrystals and subsequent fusion of a solid bridge. Amorphous materials can cake by glass transitions and changes in viscosity.  Polymorphic phase transitions can also induce caking. The caking process can involve electrostatic attractions or the formation of weak chemical bonds between particles.

Anticaking agents

Anticaking agents are chemical compounds that prevent caking.  Some anticaking agents function by absorbing excess moisture or by coating particles and making them water-repellent. Calcium silicate (CaSiO3), a common anti-caking agent added to table salt, absorbs both water and oil.  Anticaking agents are also used in non-food items such as road salt, fertilisers, cosmetics, synthetic detergents, and in manufacturing applications.

References

Chemical engineering
Particle technology


title: Chitipa North (Malawi Parliament constituency)

text:
Chitipa North is a constituency for the National Assembly of Malawi, located in the Chitipa District of Malawi's Northern Region. It elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system. The constituency is currently represented by People's Party MP James Ted Kabifya Munthali.

Election results

References

Constituencies of the National Assembly of Malawi


title: Registry.Africa

text:
Registry Africa was created in 2017 to manage the .africa top-level domain.

History
.africa was launched at the African Union Commission in 2017. In 2012 the application  process for a new top level domain was launched by ICANN. The Registry Agreement was signed on 26 March 2014 in Singapore.

The application for .africa was endorsed and supported by the African Union and the official launch took place at the Africa Union Commission Headquarters on 3 July 2017 during the 29th African Union (AU) Summit.

African Regional Support
.africa's Africa Regional Support includes African Union Commission (AUC), AfriNIC, AfTLD, ITU, UNECA and Nepad.

References

External links
 Registry Africa

Internet in Africa
Computer-related introductions in 2017
African Union
Internet properties established in 2017


title: Michelle Parkerson

text:
Michelle Parkerson is an American filmmaker and academic. She is an assistant professor in Film and Media Arts at Temple University and has been an independent film/video maker since the 1980s, focusing particularly on feminist, LGBT, and political activism and issues.

Early life
Michelle Parkerson was born and raised in Washington, DC. In the early 1980s, Parkerson and Essex Hemphill, a poet, activist, and friend of Parkerson's, would often perform spoken word poetry in D.C. coffeehouses and theaters.  They received a grant from the Washington Project for the Arts in 1983 to produce an "experimental dramatization" of their poetry entitled Murder on Glass.

Career
Parkerson majored in TV and film production and graduated in 1974 with a B.A. in Communications from Temple University with the short Sojourn, a collaboration with Jimi Lyons, a cinematographer; the film won a Junior Academy Award. She is an alumna of the American Film Institute (AFI) Workshop for Women Directors, Class of 1989-91, where her classmates included Rita Mae Brown and Lyn Goldfarb.

Parkerson currently heads her own DC-based production company, Eye of the Storm Productions.

Parkerson has received grants from the Independent Television Service, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, and the AFI as well as a fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation. She was awarded the Prix du Public at the Festival International de Créteil Films de Femmes and the Audience and Best Biography Awards at the San Francisco International Film Festival. Her films are distributed by Women Make Movies and Third World Newsreel.

She is assistant professor in Film and Media Arts at Temple University.

She published a volume of poetry, Waiting Rooms, in 1983.

Parkerson was featured in the 2008 documentary black./womyn.: conversations with lesbians of African descent.

Films
Gibson describes Parkerson as "a visionary risk taker". Gibson describes Parkerson's films as being identity-related: "highlight[ing] the identities of black women as performers and social activists… serv[ing] as a major contributor to the development of a black documentary style that seeks a holistic approach to African-American life".

Her documentaries feature major African-American figures: jazz musician Betty Carter, musical group Sweet Honey in the Rock, Stonewall riots activist Stormé DeLarverie and writer Audre Lorde, with a particular focus on sexuality and LGBTQ activism in the latter two. Her fiction short Odds and Ends is a lesbian Afrofuturist science fiction story.

Parkerson's "love note never sent" to Lorde in The Feminist Wire reflects the activist motivation of her own filmmaking:

The zen of Audre Lorde is in vogue. But the tangible impact of your activism will keep surfacing internationally and for generations to come as long as communities of color are still under siege, as long as a woman remains voiceless and abused, as long as the lesbian love that dared "speak its name" is threatened with sequester.

Filmography
 Sojourn (1973, with Jimi Lyons)
 ..But Then She's Betty Carter (1980)
 I Remember Betty (1987)
 Urban Odyssey (1991)
 Storme: Lady of the Jewel Box (1991)
 Odds and Ends (1993)
 Gotta Make This Journey: Sweet Honey in the Rock (1983) (producer)
 A Litany for Survival: The Life and Work of Audre Lorde (1995, with Ada Gay Griffin)

Awards
Nominated for Grand Jury prize at Sundance Film Festival in 1995 for A Litany for Survival: The Life and Work of Audre Lorde

Bibliography

 Parkerson, Michelle.  Waiting Rooms.  Common Ground Press (1983).

References

External links

 Michelle Parkerson at Women Make Movies
 Michelle Parkerson at African Film Festival, New York

Living people
African-American film directors
African-American film producers
American film producers
American documentary filmmakers
American film directors
Feminist filmmakers
Lesbian feminists
American lesbian artists
African-American LGBT people
Temple University faculty
American women documentary filmmakers
21st-century African-American people
1953 births


title: List of songs composed by Carl Nielsen

text:
This is a list of the songs and hymns composed by Carl Nielsen.

Songs with piano

Solo voice and piano

FS 12 (Op. 4)

 (Music to Five Poems by J. P. Jacobsen) for voice and piano (1891)
 "" ("Sunset")
 "" ("In the Harem Garden")
 "" ("To Asali")
 "" ("Irmelin")
 "" ("Has the Day Gathered All its Sorrow")

FS 13

Unpublished miscellaneous songs (1891)
 "" (Paludan-Müller)
 "" (Jacobsen)
 "" (Jacobsen)

FS 14  (Op. 6)

 (Songs and Verses by J. P. Jacobsen) for voice and piano (1891)
 "" ("Genre Piece")
 "" ("The Seraphs")
 "" ("Silken Shoes on a Golden Last")
 "" ("A Moment of Pleasure, an Age of Pain")
 "" ("Song from [the short story] 'Mogens'")

FS 18 (Op. 10). Seks Sange til Tekster af Ludvig Holstein (Six Songs on Texts by ) (1895–96)
 Du fine, hvide Æbleblomst (You apple blossom fine and white)
 Erindringens Sø (Lake of Memories)
 Sommersang (Summer Song)
 Sang bag Ploven (Song behind the Plough)
 I Aften (Tonight)
 Hilsen (Greeting)

FS 37. Hr. Oluf han rider (Sir Oluf Rides). Texts by Holger Drachmann (1906)
 I. Hellelidens Sang (Helleliden's Song)
 II. Hr. Olufs Sang (Sir Oluf's Song)
 III. Dansevise (Dancing Ballad)

FS 42 (Op. 21). Strofiske Sange (Strophic Songs) (1905–07)
 Volume 1
 I. Skal Blomsterne da visne (Shall flowers, then, all wither?). Text by Helge Rode
 II. Høgen (Hawk). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 III. Jens Vejmand (Jens the Roadman). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 Volume 2
 IV. Sænk kun dit Hoved du Blomst (Lay down, sweet flower, your head). Text by Johannes Jørgensen
 V. Den første Lærke (The larks are coming). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 VI. Husvild (Vagrant). Text by Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
 VII. Godnat (Good Night). Text by Johannes Vilhelm Jensen

FS 43

Tove. Incidental music for the play by Ludvig Holstein. (1906–1908) The Score is lost, only the following four songs have survived:
 "" (We sons of the plains)
 "" (Bird-catcher's song)
 "" (Tove's song)
 "" (Hunter's song)

FS 44

Willemoes. Incidental music, text by L.C. Nielsen (1907–1908). Four songs were published:
 "" (The ocean around Denmark)
 "" (Vibeke's song)
 "" (Fatherland)
 "" (Yes, take us, our mother)

FS 50. To Sange fra Jeppe Aakjærs Skuespil "Ulvens Søn" (Two Songs for Jeppe Aakjær's Play "Ulven's Son") (1909)
 I. Gamle Anders Røgters Sang (Song of Old Anders the Cattleman)
 II. Kommer I snart, I Husmænd! (Now Is the Time, Smallholders!)

FS 70 & FS 78. En Snes danske Viser (A Score of Danish Songs). Collaboration with Thomas Laub; 23 songs by Nielsen, 21 by Laub. In two Volumes.
 Volume 1 (1913–15)
 I. De Refsnæsdrenge, de Samsøpiger (The Boys of Refsnæs, the Girls of Samsø). Text by Steen Steensen Blicher
 III. Ud gaar du nu paa Livets Vej (Now you must find your path in life). Text by Steen Steensen Blicher
 IVa. I Skyggen vi vanke (In shadows we wander). Text by Adam Oehlenschläger
 V. Underlige Aftenlufte! (Odd and unknown evening breezes!). Text by Adam Oehlenschläger
 VII. Naar Odin vinker (As Odin beckons). Text by Adam Oehlenschläger
 IX. Vender sig Lykken fra dig (Fortune has lately left you). Text by Carsten Hauch
 XI. Vor Verden priser jeg tusindfold (Our earth I magnify thousandfold). Text by Poul Martin Møller
 XII. Rosen blusser alt i Danas Have (Rose is blooming now in Dana's borders). Text by Poul Martin Møller
 XIV. Sov ind mit søde Nusseben! (Sleep tight, my ducky little dear!). Text by Poul Martin Møller
 XVI. Farvel, min velsignede Fødeby! (Farewell, my respectable native town!). Text by Poul Martin Møller
 XIX. Jeg bærer med Smil min Byrde (I take with a smile my burden). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 XX. Nu er Dagen fuld af Sang (Now the day is full of song). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
Volume 2 (1914–17)
 XXVI. Nu er da Vaaren kommen (At last the spring's upon us). Text by Adam Oehlenschläger
 XXVII. Hvor sødt i Sommer-Aftenstunden (How sweet, as summer day is fading). Text by Adam Oehlenschläger
 XXVIII. Tidt er jeg glad, og vil dog gerne græde (Oft am I glad, still may I weep from sadness). Text by Bernhard Severin Ingemann
 XXXIII. Min lille Fugl, hvor flyver du (My little bird, where do you fly). Text by Hans Christian Andersen
 XXXIV. Hun mig har glemt! min Sorg hun ej see! (Forget she did! my woe is in vain!). Text by Hans Christian Andersen
 XXXV. Højt ligger paa Marken den hvide Sne (Snow covers the field, oh so deep and white). Text by Hans Christian Andersen
 XXXVIII. Nu springer Vaaren fra sin Seng (Now, spring is leaping out of bed). Text by Viggo Stuckenberg
 XL. Se dig ud en Sommerdag (Look about one summer day). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 XLI. Der dukker af Disen min Fædrenejord (There out of the fog looms my ancestors' land). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 XLII. Hør, hvor let dens Vinger smækker (Listen, how its pinions scuttle). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 XLIV. Der boede en Mand i Ribe By (There once lived a man in Ribe town). Traditional

FS 83. Salmer og Aandelige Sange, halvhundred nye Melodier for Hjem, Kirke og Skole (Hymns and Sacred Songs, Fifty New Melodies for Home, Church and School) (1912-1916)
 I. Ak, min Rose visner bort (Ah, my rose will fade away). Text by Hans Adolph Brorson
 II. Alt paa den vilde Hede (On moorland barren, level). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 III. Denne er Dagen, som Herren har gjort! (This is the day that the Lord did create!). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 IV. Den store, hvide Flok vi se (The great, white fl ock begins to show). Text by Hans Adolph Brorson
 V. Der er en Bøn paa Jorden (There is an earthly prayer). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 VI. Der er en Vej, som Verden ikke kender (There is a way from mortals hid forever). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 VII. Det er et Under paa Verdens Ø (A wondrous isle is the world, indeed). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 VIII. Det koster ej for megen Strid (The strain is not too great). Text by Hans Adolph Brorson
 IX. Dig vil jeg elske, du min Styrke (Yea, I shall love Thee, Thou my vigour). Text by Hans Egede Glahn
 X. Drag, Jesus, mig (Oh Jesus, show me). Text by Hans Adolph Brorson
 XI. Dybt hælder Aaret i sin Gang (Well on the wane the passing year). Text by C.J. Boye
 XII. Et helligt Liv, en salig Død (A holy life, a blessed death). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XIII. Forunderligt at sige (How wonderful to ponder). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XIV. Fred med dig! og Fred med eder! (Peace with you! And with each being!). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XV. Fred og Glæde, for dem græde (Peace and pleasure). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XVI. Frisk op! endnu en Gang (Refresh yourself in song). Text by Hans Adolph Brorson
 XVII. Glæden hun er født i Dag (Happiness is born today). Text by Thomas Kingo
 XVIII. Guds Engle i Flok! (God's angels, unite!). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XIX. Guds Fred er mer end Englevagt (God's peace is more than angel guard). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XX. Gud skal al Ting mage (God, the great creator). Text by Hans Adolph Brorson
 XXI. Har Haand du lagt paa Herrens Plov (When you take up the Master's plough). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXII. Har nogen Lyst at kende (You want to know the seasons). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXIII. Herren siger: Er I trætte (Are you tired, says the Master). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXIV. Herrens Røst var over Vandet! (Voice of God above the ocean!). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXV. Hvi vil du dig saá klage (Why do you wail, complaining). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXVI. Jeg fandt en Trøst (I found support). Text by
 XXVII. Jeg raaber fast, o Herre (I call out loud, oh Master). Text by Steen Bille
 XXVIII. Jeg ved et lille Himmerig (I know a little paradise). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXIX. Korsets Tegn og Korsets Ord (Sign and word of cross a shock). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXX. Luk Øjne op, al Kristenhed! (Lift up your eyes, all Christian men!). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXXI. Maria sad paa Hø og Straa (The Virgin Mary sat in hay). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXXII. Min Jesus, lad mit Hjerte faa (My Jesus, let my heart obtain). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXXIII. Naar jeg betænker Tid og Stund (As I consider time and day). Text by Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen
 XXXIV. Nu Sol i Øst oprinder mild (Now the sun arises in the East). Text by
 XXXV. O, havde jeg dog tusind Tunger (A thousand tongues my pure desire). Text by Hans Adolph Brorson
 XXXVI. O Helligaand! mit Hjerte (Oh Holy Ghost, my passion). Text by Hans Adolph Brorson
 XXXVII. O hør os, Herre, for din Død (Oh hear us, Master, for your death). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXXVIII. O Kristelighed! (Christianity, lo!). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXXIX. Op al den Ting, som Gud har gjort (Rise, all that God created here). Text by Hans Adolph Brorson
 XL. Op, I Kristne, ruster eder! (Rise, ye Christians, and get ready!). Text by Hans Adolph Brorson
 XLI. O, sad jeg, som Maria sad (Oh if I sat as Mary sat). Text by Marie Wexelsen
 XLII. Paa alle dine Veje (Where'er your path may take you). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XLIII. Som den gyldne Sol frembryder (As the golden sun emerges). Text by Thomas Kingo
 XLIV. Ton det, Himmel, syng det, Jord (Sound it, heaven, sing it, earth). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XLV. Uforsagt, hvordan min Lykke (Unafraid whate'er my chances). Text by Ambrosius Stub
 XLVI. Under Korset stod med Smerte ('Neath the Cross of the departed). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XLVII. Utallige Blomster paa Jorderig gro (Though countless the flowers that grow on the earth). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XLVIII. Verdens Børn har mangt et Sted (Worldlings have so many sites). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XLIX. Vor Herre, han er en Konge stor (The Lord is a king, immensely great). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig

FS 86 (Op. 31). To Sange fra Valdemar Rørdams "Kantate ved Grosserer-Societetets Hundredaarsfest" (Two Songs from Valdemar Rørdam's "Cantata for the Centenary of the Chamber of Commerce") (1917)
 I. Købmands-Vise (Merchant Song)
 II. Hymne til Danmark (Hymn to Denmark)

FS 89 (Op. 34). Tre Sange fra Adam Oehlenschlägers Skuespil "Aladdin eller den forunderlige Lampe" (Three Songs from Adam Oehlenschläger's Play "Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp") (1918–19)
 I. Cithar! Lad min Bøn dig røre (Zither! Touched by this my prayer)
 II. Visselulle nu, Barnlil! (Hushaby now, baby li'l!)
 III. Alt Maanen oprejst staar bag sorte Skove (Beyond black woods the moon)

FS 92. To aandelige Sange (Two Spiritual Songs) (1917–18)
 I. Den store Mester kommer (The greatest master cometh). Text by Bernhard Severin Ingemann
 II. Udrundne er de gamle Dage (Gone are the days, they're past and olden). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig

FS 94 (Op. 41). Otte Sange fra Helge Rodes Skuespil "Moderen" (Eight Songs from Helge Rode's Play "The Mother") (1920)
 I. Vildt gaar Storm mod sorte Vande (Wild the storm on blackened waters)
 II. Min pige er saa lys som Rav (Like golden amber is my girl)
 III. Dengang Ørnen var flyveklar (When the Eagle would fly to rule)
 IV. Ved Festen fik en Moder Bud (A mother at the feast was told)
 V. Tidselhøsten tegner godt (Thistle crop looks promising)
 VI. Saa bittert var mit Hjerte (My heart was truly bitter)
 VII. Dengang Døden var i Vente (Testament, as he was dying)
 VIII. Som en rejselysten Flaade (There's a fleet of floating islands)

FS 95. Tyve folkelige Melodier (Twenty Folklike Melodies) (1917–21)
 I. På det jævne, på det jævne! (Simple-rooted, simple-rooted!). Text by Hans Vilhelm Kaalund
 II. Derfor kan vort øje glædes (Wherefore do our eyes feel pleasure). Text by Christian Richardt
 III. Jeg så kun tilbage (I only looked back). Text by Bernhard Severin Ingemann
 IV. Morgendug der, sagte bæver (Morning dew that slightly trembles). Text by Carsten Hauch
 V. Jord, i hvis favn (Earth, whose embrace). Text by Christian Richardt
 VI. Den store Mester kommer! (The greatest master cometh!). Text by Bernhard Severin Ingemann
 VII. Der sad en fisker så tankefuld (There sat a fisherman deep in thought). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 VIII. St. St. Blicher (Steen Steensen Blicher). Text by Carl Ploug
 IX. Dér, hvor vi stred og sang (Where we would fight and sing). Text by Jens Christian Hostrup
 X. Når Somrens sang er sungen (When summer song is finished). Text by Jens Christian Hostrup
 XI. De snækker mødtes i kvæld på hav (The barques would meet on a sunset wave). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XII. Naturens ædle dyrker (The noble nature student). Text by Carsten Hauch
 XIII. Tunge, mørke natteskyer (Heavy, gloomy clouds of night). Text by Jakob Knudsen
 XIV. Som dybest Brønd gir altid klarest Vand (Like purest waters rise from deepest spring). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 XV. Det danske Brød paa Sletten gror (The Danish bread, it grows on plains). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 XVI. Udrundne er de gamle Dage (Gone are the days, they're past and olden). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XVII. Betragt mit svage spind (melodi a) (Behold my web, how frail (Melody a)). Text by Adam Oehlenschläger
 XVIII. Frihed er det bedste guld (Freedom is the purest gold). Text by Thomas av Strängnäs
 XIX. Nu lyser Løv i Lunde (The greenwood leaves are light now). Text by Johannes Jørgensen
 XX. Syndfloden (The Flood). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig

FS 101

, "Four Folklike Melodies". Songs, texts by C. Richardt (1), B. Bjørnson (2,) C. Hostrup (3), N. F. S. Grundtvig (1922)

 "" ("Teach Me, Oh Stars of the Night") Text by Christian Richardt
 "" ("The Song Casts Light") Text by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
 "" ("Of What do You Sing") Text by Jens Christian Hostrup
 "" ("Now Shall it be Revealed"). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig

FS 103

, The Folk High School Melody Book. Collection of Songs, ed. by Thorvald Aagaard, in collaboration with Carl Nielsen, Th. Laub, and O. Ring (1922).
 Den store Mester kommer! (The greatest master cometh!). Text by Bernhard Severin Ingemann
 Påskeblomst! (The Daffodil). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 Udrundne er de gamle Dage (Gone are the days, they're past and olden). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 Betragt mit svage spind (Behold my web, how frail). Text by Adam Oehlenschläger
 Jord, i hvis favn (Earth, whose embrace). Text by Christian Richardt
 Jeg så kun tilbage (I only looked back). Text by Bernhard Severin Ingemann
 Derfor kan vort øje glædes (Wherefore do our eyes feel pleasure). Text by Christian Richardt
 Naturens ædle dyrker (The noble nature student). Text by Carsten Hauch
 Når Somrens sang er sungen (When summer song is finished). Text by Jens Christian Hostrup
 Dér, hvor vi stred og sang (Where we would fight and sing). Text by Jens Christian Hostrup
 Vi fik ej under tidernes tryk (The stress of years could not jade our mind). Text by Jens Christian Hostrup
 På det jævne, på det jævne! (Simple-rooted, simple-rooted!). Text by Hans Vilhelm Kaalund
 Syndfloden (The Flood). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 Der sad en fisker så tankefuld (There sat a fisherman deep in thought). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 De snækker mødtes i kvæld på hav (The barques would meet on a sunset wave). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 St. St. Blicher (Steen Steensen Blicher). Text by Carl Ploug
 Morgendug der, sagte bæver (Morning dew that slightly trembles). Text by Carsten Hauch
 Underlige Aftenlufte! (Odd and unknown evening breezes!). Text by Adam Oehlenschläger
 Rosen blusser alt i Danas Have (Rose is blooming now in Dana's borders) [only stanzas 1, 4-5, 7-9, 11-12]. Text by Poul Martin Møller
 Tunge, mørke natteskyer (Heavy, gloomy clouds of night). Text by Jakob Knudsen
 Jeg bærer med Smil min Byrde (I take with a smile my burden). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 Du danske mand! af al din magt syng (Sing, Danish man! With all your might). Text by Holger Drachmann
 Vender sig Lykken fra dig (Fortune has lately left you). Text by Carsten Hauch
 Som dybest Brønd gir altid klarest Vand (Like purest waters rise from deepest spring). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 Nu er Dagen fuld af Sang (Now the day is full of song). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 Nu springer Vaaren fra sin Seng (Now, spring is leaping out of bed). Text by Viggo Stuckenberg
 Nu lyser Løv i Lunde (The greenwood leaves are light now). Text by Johannes Jørgensen
 De Refsnæsdrenge, de Samsøpiger (The Boys of Refsnæs, the Girls of Samsø). Text by Steen Steensen Blicher
 Farvel, min velsignede Fødeby! (Farewell, my respectable native town!). Text by Poul Martin Møller
 Se dig ud en Sommerdag (Look about one summer day). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 I Skyggen vi vanke (In shadows we wander). Text by Adam Oehlenschläger
 Som en rejselysten Flaade (There's a fleet of floating islands). Text by Helge Rode

FS 114

 "" (Ten Little Danish Songs") Texts by various authors (1923–24)
 "" (I Know a Lark's Nest") (H. Bergstedt)
 "" (The Sun is So Red, Mother") (H. Bergstedt)
 "" (As Quietly as the Stream Runs in the Meadow") (H. Rode)
 "" (The Sparrow Sits in Silence Behind the Gable") (J. Aakjær)
 "" (The Musician is Playing his Fiddle") (M. Damm)
 "" (When Small Children Whimper at Eventide") (C. Dabelsteen)
 "" (Green in the Hedge in Spring") (P. Martin Møller)
 "" ("I Settle Down to Sleep so Snugly") (Chr. Winter)
 "" ("Oh, Today I am so Happy") (M. Rosing)
 "" ("The Danish Song") (K. Hoffmann). Ti danske Smaasange (Ten Little Danish Songs) (1923–24)

FS 115

 (Four Jutlandish Songs). Texts by A. Berntsen (1924–25)
 "" ("Jens Madsen to An-Sofi")
 "" ("Our Daughter")
 "" ("One and the Other")
 "" ("The Haypole")

FS 125. Tillæg til Folkehøjskolens Melodibog (Supplement to the Folk High School Melody Book)
 Lær mig, nattens stjærne (Teach me, star, precisely). Text by Christian Richardt
 Sangen har lysning (Singing illumines). Text by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
 Hvad synger du om så højt i det blå? (Of what do you sing up there in the blue?). Text by Jens Christian Hostrup
 Danevang med grønne bred (Denmark with your verdant shore). Text by Bernhard Severin Ingemann
 Nu skal det åbenbares (This is the revelation). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 Jens Vejmand (Jens the Roadman). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 Vi nævner et navn (We mention a name). Text by Knut Hamsun
 Havets Sang (Song of the Sea). Text by Laurits Christian Nielsen
 Vi sletternes sønner har drømme i sind (We, sons of the plains carry dreams in our minds). Text by Ludvig Holstein
 Der dukker af Disen min Fædrenejord (There out of the fog looms my ancestors' land). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 Kan I mærke, det lysner af solskin i sindet (Do you feel how your mind from the sunshine grows lighter). Text by Jonas Gudlaugsson
 Frydeligt med jubelkor (Jubilation, shouts of glee). Text by Morten Børup
 Vinden er så føjelig (Winds are so employable). Text by Holger Drachmann
 Mit hjem, hvor mine fædres fjed (My home, where my forefathers' tread). Text by Peder Rasmussen Møller
 Der er en gammel rønne her udenfor vor by (There is a hoary hovel just outside this our town). Text by Mads Hansen
 Om strømmen mod dig bruser – vov at stå! (If torrents rush against you – dare resist!). Text by Steen Steensen Blicher
 Ud gaar du nu paa Livets Vej (Now you must find your path in life). Text by Steen Steensen Blicher
 Sang bag Ploven (Song behind the Plough). Text by Ludvig Holstein

Separate songs

Recitation and piano (or orchestra)
FS 134. Island (Iceland) (1929). Text by Otto Lagoni.

Choir and piano
FS 65. To Sange fra Adam Oehlenschlägers "Sanct Hansaftenspil" (Two Songs from Adam Oehlenschläger's "Midsummer Eve Play") (1913)
 I. I Skyggen vi vanke (In shadows we wander), for SSAA choir and piano
 II. I Maaneskin titter (As moonlight entrances), for SSATTBB choir and piano

Songs with instrumental ensemble
FS 42, No. 4. Sænk kun dit Hoved du Blomst (Lay down, sweet flower, your head), for voice and orchestra. Text by Johannes Jørgensen (1906)

FS 110. Der er et yndigt land (There is a lovely country), for voice and orchestra. Text by Adam Oehlenschläger (1924)

FS 114, No. 5. Den Spillemand spiller paa Strenge (The fiddler is playing his fiddle), for voice and three violins. Text by Mads Damm (1923/1924)

Songs for a cappella choir

Mixed choir

Collections
FS 54. To Sange fra "Kantate ved Aarhus Landsudstillings Aabnings-Højtidelighed 1909" (Two Songs from "Cantata for the Opening Ceremony of the National Exhibition of 1909 in Aarhus"), for SATB choir. Text by Laurits Christian Nielsen (1909)
 I. Skummende laa Havet (Foaming high, the waters rushed heavily ashore)
 II. Danmark, du kornblonde Datter (Denmark, ye corn-golden daughter)

FS 138

To Skolesange (Two School Songs) for unaccompanied choir, text by V. Stuckenberg (1929)
 "" ("Pollen from the Calyx")
 "" ("Now for a Brief Time it's Over"')

FS 139 (Op. 55). Tre Motetter (Three Motets). Texts selected by Carl Nielsen and Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen (1929)
 I. Afflictus sum, (Psalm 38:9, Danish and French Psalm 37), for ATTB choir
 II. Dominus regit me, (Psalm 23:1-2, Danish and French Psalm 22), for SATB choir
 III. Benedictus, benedictus Dominus, (Psalm 31:22, Danish and French Psalm 30), for SSATB choir

Separate songs

Male choir

Equal voices
FS 111

Sangbogen Danmark (Songbook Denmark); a collection of Danish and Scandinavian songs, includes a foreword and some new songs by Nielsen; edited by Carl Nielsen and Hakon Andersen (every song is scored for soprano and alto) (1924)
 I. Danevang med grønne bred (Denmark with your verdant shore). Text by Bernhard Severin Ingemann
 II. Der er et yndigt land (There is a lovely country). Text by Adam Oehlenschläger
 III. Rosen blusser alt i Danas Have (Rose is blooming now in Dana's borders). Text by Poul Martin Møller
 IV. Lad en og anden have Ret (Let people, just a few, be right). Text by Peter Faber
 V. Morgendug der, sagte bæver (Morning dew that slightly trembles). Text by Carsten Hauch
 VI. Se dig ud en Sommerdag (Look about one summer day). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 VII. Fædrelandssang (Du danske mand! af al din magt syng) (Danish Patriotic Song (Sing, Danish man! With all your might)). Text by Holger Drachmann
 VIII. Du gav os de Blomster, som lyste imod os (You gave us the flowers that glistered to show us). Text by Helge Rode
 IX. Danmark (Denmark). Text by Axel Juel
 X. Som en rejselysten Flaade (There's a fleet of floating islands). Text by Helge Rode
 XI. Kær est du, Fødeland, sødt er dit Navn (So dear my native land, thy name so sweet). Text by Steen Steensen Blicher
 XII. Der dukker af Disen min Fædrenejord (There out of the fog looms my ancestors' land). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 XIII. Hjemvee (Underlige Aftenlufte!) (Homesickness (Odd and unknown evening breezes!)). Text by Adam Oehlenschläger
 XIV. Den kedsom Vinter gik sin Gang (The tedious winter went its course). Text by Ambrosius Stub
 XV. Frydeligt med jubelkor (Jubilation, shouts of glee). Text by Morten Børup
 XVI. Grøn er Vaarens Hæk (Springtime hedge is green). Text by Poul Martin Møller
 XVII. Nu er Dagen fuld af Sang (Now the day is full of song). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 XVIII. I Skyggen vi vanke (In shadows we wander). Text by Adam Oehlenschläger
 XIX. Nu lyser Løv i Lunde (The greenwood leaves are light now). Text by Johannes Jørgensen
 XX. O, hvor jeg er glad i Dag! (Oh, how glad I am today!). Text by Michael Rosing
 XXI. Nu Sol i Øst oprinder mild (Now the sun arises in the East). Text by Carl Joakim Brandt
 XXII. Jeg lægger mig saa trygt til ro (In peace, I lay me down to sleep). Text by Christian Winther
 XXIII. Tyst som Aa i Engen rinder (Silent as a stream's meander). Text by Helge Rode
 XXIV. Sol er oppe! Skovens Toppe (Sun arises! Treetop guises). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXV. De snækker mødtes i kvæld på hav (The barques would meet on a sunset wave). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXVI. Søndret Folk er vokset sammen (Grown together, sundered nation). Text by Helge Rode
 XXVII. Udrundne er de gamle Dage (Gone are the days, they're past and olden). Text by Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 XXVIII. De Unges Sang (Song of the Young). Text by Jens Christian Hostrup
 XXIX. Hymne til Danmark (Hymn to Denmark). Text by Valdemar Rørdam
 XXX. Er din Stue lav og trang (Is your dwelling low and tight). Text by Laurits Christian Nielsen
 XXXI. På det jævne, på det jævne! (Simple-rooted, simple-rooted!). Text by Hans Vilhelm Kaalund
 XXXII. Byg paa Slet ten, ej paa Tin den (Build on lowland, not above it). Text by Zakarias Nielsen
 XXXIII. Vi fri Folk fra Norden (We free Nordic nation). Text by Valdemar Rørdam
 XXXIV. Vældige Riger rives om Jorden (Mighty the realms that rend earth asunder). Text by Ahrent Otterstrøm
 XXXV. Havets Sang (Song of the Sea). Text by Laurits Christian Nielsen
 XXXVI. Når Somrens sang er sungen (When summer song is finished). Text by Jens Christian Hostrup
 XXXVII. Sov, mit Barn, sov længe (Sleep, my child, sleep sweetly). Text by Christian Richardt
 XXXVIII. Spurven sidder stum bag Kvist (Sparrows hushed behind the bough). Text by Jeppe Aakjær
 XXXIX. Farvel, min velsignede Fødeby! (Farewell, my respectable native town!). Text by Poul Martin Møller
 XL. Ud gaar du nu paa Livets Vej (Now you must find your path in life). Text by Steen Steensen Blicher (only stanzas 1, 3-5)
 XLI. Jeg ved en Lærkerede (Two larks in love have nested). Text by Harald Bergstedt
 XLII. Solen er saa rød, Mor (Look! The sun is red, mum). Text by Harald Bergstedt
 XLIII. Den Spillemand spiller paa Strenge (The fiddler is playing his fiddle). Text by Mads Damm
 XLIV. Naar Smaabørn klynker ved Aftentide (When babies whimper before the candle). Text by Christian Dabelsteen

FS 152

60 Danske Kanoner (60 Danish Canons); six of them by Nielsen (1930), for unaccompanied choir, texts by Carl Nielsen (1), H. C. Andersen (2), Holberg (3 and 4, translated by S. Muller), Book of Job (5), Carl Nielsen (6, his motto to the Helios Overture) (1930)
 "" ("The Boxers")
 "" ("The Thread Snaps")
 "" ("Watchman I Beg You")
 "" ("It Isn't Always So")
 "" ("At Destruction and Famine Thou Shalt Laugh")
 "" ("Silence and Dark")

Separate songs
Every song scored for soprano and alto.

Unison songs

Collections
FS 75. Melodier til Johan Borups Sangbog (Melodies for Johan Borup's Song Book) (1915)

FS 120. Nye Melodier til Johan Borups Sangbog (New Melodies for Johan Borup's Song Book) (1926)
 Morgenhanen atter gol (Morning cock again did crow). Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig
 Vaaren, Vaaren er i Brud (Springtime, Springtime breaking through). Text by Morten & Marinus Børup
 Grøn er Vaarens Hæk (Springtime hedge is green). Text by Poul Martin Møller
 Ind under Jul, hvor er det trist (Nigh to Noel, how very sad). Text by Jonas Lie
 Nu spinder vi for Dittemor (We're spinning now for Lizzy Lass). Text by Martin Andersen Nexø
 Undrer mig paa, hvad jeg faar at se (Wonder whatever I get to see). Text by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
 Spurven sidder stum bag Kvist (Sparrows hushed behind the bough). Text by Jeppe Aakjær (only stanzas 1, 5, 7-8)
 I kølende Skygger (In shadows so bracing). Text by Johannes Ewald
 En Sømand med et modigt Bryst (A sailor with a plucky breast). Text by Johannes Ewald
 Den gamle Husmand staar ved Gavl (An old smallholder at his ground). Text by Johan Skjoldborg
 Hver har sit, du har dit og jeg har mit (You and I, everyone must qualify). Text by Laurits Christian Nielsen
 Jeg kører frem gennem Straalefryd (I drive along in a splendent spell). Text by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
 Dannebrog, vift med din Vinge (Dannebrog, flag in a flutter). Text by Steen Steensen Blicher
 Jeg er saa glad i Grunden (I'm really so delighted). Text by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
 Den Magt som gav mig min lille Sang (This force which gave me my little song). Text by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
 Har I nu Tænder i Riven sat (Now, did the rake get its latter prong). Text by Jeppe Aakjær

Separate songs

See also
 List of compositions by Carl Nielsen

References
 The Carl Nielsen Edition, Volume III: Songs, Vol. 1-3; Edition Wilhelm Hansen, Product no. WH31333

Further reading

External links
 Catalogue of Carl Nielsen's Works (CNW)
 Complete digital scores of Nielsen's complete works (The Carl Nielsen Edition)
 "Förunderligt och märkligt" recording with

Nielsen, Carl


title: Deductive pragmatism

text:
Deductive pragmatism is a research method aiming at helping researchers communicate qualitative assumptions about cause-effect relationships (causality), elucidate the ramifications of such assumptions and drive causal inferences from a combination of assumptions, experiments, observations and case studies.

Deductive pragmatism was invented in 2000 by Khaled Yassin at the University of Bielefeld during his study of the public health impact of the World Bank's structural adjustment programs in developing countries. The methodology came basically as a response to the fact that conventional epidemiological models for causation have serious limitations as a source of causal inference. This is particularly true for complex situations such as the impact of structural adjustment on health. Such an issue involves several reciprocally interacting variables that cannot be accurately accounted for by conventional correlational or associational approaches. Furthermore, a big part of the literature on the impact of structural adjustment encompasses subjective and qualitative assumptions, which lack a sound empirical base in most of the cases.

This unique methodology couples the affirmative nature of causal effects tracing measures (such as correlational or associational studies) with the interpretive nature of process tracing schemes usually found in case studies and other qualitative methods. Furthermore, it bridges the gap between the academic interests of research and the prescriptive demands of policy-making.

Deductive pragmatism consists of three basic steps;
1) Hypotheization of causal relations,
2) Verification of causal effects, and
3) Tracing of causal processes.

The invention of this new methodology represented a watershed for research in complicated public health issues. It liberated public health research from medical and clinical research methods that have been restricted to situations of single or few etiological factors and single or few outcomes. And it has, therefore, opened the door wide for public health research to conveniently and accurately assess the complexities of health-related phenomenon and dilemmas.

References

Qualitative research


title: Reflexos da Noite

text:
Reflexos da Noite (Portuguese for "Reflections of the Night") is an EP, and the first official release by the Brazilian psychedelic rock band Violeta de Outono. It came out in September 12, 1986 by now-defunct independent label Wop-Bop Records.

The track "Outono" would be re-recorded for their eponymous debut studio album in the following year.

Track listing

Personnel
 Fabio Golfetti – vocals, guitar
 Cláudio Souza – drums
 Angelo Pastorello – bass

References

External links
 Reflexos da Noite at Violeta de Outono's official Bandcamp

1986 debut EPs
Violeta de Outono albums
Portuguese-language EPs


title: Jilikul

text:
Jilikul () is a village and jamoat in the Khatlon Region, Tajikistan. It is the seat of the Dusti District (formerly: Jilikul District). It is located in the southwestern portion of Tajikistan approximately 117km (73 miles) from Dushanbe. The jamoat has a total population of 25,382 (2015).

Geography

Climate
Jilikul has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). The average annual temperature is 17.2°C (63°F). The warmest month is July with an average temperature of 29.9°C (85.8°F) and the coolest month is January with an average temperature of 3.2°C (37.8°F). The average annual precipitation is 264.2mm (10.4") and has an average of 66 days with precipitation. The wettest month is March with an average of 64.6mm (2.5") of precipitation and the driest month is August with an average of 0mm of precipitation.

References

Populated places in Khatlon Region


title: Francis A. Cook

text:
Francis Augustus Cook (1843–1916) was a career United States Navy officer who served from 1860 until 1903. He is most famous for being the commanding officer of the  at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba. He was one of the few United States Navy officers to serve in combat in both the American Civil War and the Spanish–American War.

Early life
He was born in Northampton, Massachusetts, on May 10, 1843. He was the son of Benjamin E. Cook and Elizabeth Christine (Griffin) Cook. His father was a general in the Massachusetts Militia.

Naval career
He was appointed as a midshipman at the United States Naval Academy in 1860. He graduated and was promoted to acting Ensign on October 1, 1863. He served on board the USS Seminole at the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864.

He rose to the rank of captain in February 1896 and became the commanding officer of the cruiser  in December 1896. The Brooklyn was assigned as the flagship of the Flying Squadron under Rear Admiral Winfield Scott Schley with Cook serving as Schley's flag captain and de facto chief of staff.

The Brooklyn, under Cook's command, highly distinguished herself at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3, 1898. Captain Cook received the surrender of the Spanish ship Cristobal Colon after the battle.

He was promoted to rear admiral on March 21, 1903, and retired on September 5 of the same year.

He was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States and the Military Order of Foreign Wars.

He died in Northampton, Massachusetts, on October 8, 1916, at the age of 73. He is buried in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery in Annapolis, Maryland.

References

Sources
 Dictionary of Admirals of the U.S. Navy. William B. Cogar. Naval Institute Press. Annapolis, Maryland. 1991. Volume 2 (1901–1918). pg. 54.

United States Navy rear admirals
1843 births
1916 deaths
Burials at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery


title: Nick Rumbelow

text:
Nicholas Bruno Rumbelow (born September 6, 1991) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He made his MLB debut in 2015 with the New York Yankees and has also played for the Seattle Mariners in Major League Baseball. Listed at  and , Rumbelow both throws and bats right-handed.

Career

Amateur
Rumbelow attended Bullard High School in Bullard, Texas where, as a senior, he recorded an earned run average (ERA) of 0.52 with 11 wins and a batting average of .422 with 29 runs batted in. Rumbelow was named to the Tyler Morning Telegraph's all-East Texas team as a senior in 2010.

After high school, Rumbelow chose to play college baseball at Louisiana State University (LSU) for the LSU Tigers over competing opportunities at Rice, Oregon State, Clemson, Florida and Baylor. In three seasons from 2011 to 2013, Rumbelow appeared in 70 games and had a 3–0 win–loss record and 3.68 ERA. In 2012, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League, where he was named a league all-star. He was drafted by the New York Yankees in the seventh round of the 2013 Major League Baseball Draft.

New York Yankees
Rumbelow made his professional debut with the Staten Island Yankees of the Class A-Short Season New York-Penn League. He started 2014 with the Charleston RiverDogs of the Class A South Atlantic League and was promoted to the Tampa Yankees of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, Trenton Thunder of the Double-A Eastern League, and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Triple-A International League during the season. In total for the season, he was 5–2 with a 2.62 ERA and eight saves in 42 games consisting of  innings pitched.

After starting the 2015 season with Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, Rumbelow was promoted to the major leagues on June 22. He made his major league debut the next day, and was optioned to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre on July 8. Rumbelow received several promotions to the major leagues and demotions to Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. He had a 1–1 record and a 4.02 ERA in  innings pitched for the Yankees in 2015.

Rumbelow began the 2016 season with Scranton/Wilkes Barre. On April 11, 2016, the team announced that Rumbelow would undergo Tommy John surgery, forcing him to hold out of baseball activities for the remainder of the 2016 season. Rumbelow was designated for assignment by the Yankees after the 2016 season. He returned to pitch for Scranton/Wilkes-Barre in July 2017 and he pitched to a 5–1 record with a 1.12 ERA in 17 games. The Yankees re-added Rumbelow to their 40-man roster after the end of the season.

Seattle Mariners
After the 2017 season, the Yankees traded Rumbelow to the Seattle Mariners for Juan Then and JP Sears. Rumbelow suffered a brachial plexus injury, and missed the beginning of the 2018 season. He was activated from the disabled list on June 5 and assigned to the Tacoma Rainiers of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League, where he pitched in three games before the Mariners promoted him to the major leagues on June 14.

He was designated for assignment on May 17, 2019 and outrighted on May 22. He was released by the Mariners organization on June 12.

Sugar Land Skeeters
On June 25, 2019, Rumbelow signed with the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He pitched in 21 games and threw 22 1/3 innings going 3-0 with a 0.81 era and 31 strikeouts.

New York Mets
On August 19, 2019, the New York Mets selected Rumbelow's contract. He was released on May 28, 2020.

Sugar Land Skeeters (second stint)
Rumbelow signed on to play for the Sugar Land Skeeters of the Constellation Energy League (a makeshift 4-team independent league created as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic) for the 2020 season.

References

External links

LSU Tigers bio

1991 births
Living people
Baseball players from Texas
Major League Baseball pitchers
New York Yankees players
Seattle Mariners players
LSU Tigers baseball players
Wareham Gatemen players
Staten Island Yankees players
Charleston RiverDogs players
Tampa Yankees players
Trenton Thunder players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players
Sugar Land Skeeters players
Tacoma Rainiers players
People from Bullard, Texas
Arkansas Travelers players
Syracuse Mets players


title: Electron Hydroelectric Project

text:
The Electron Hydroelectric Project, originally known as the Puyallup Project, is a hydroelectric power plant operated by Electron Hydro LLC on the Puyallup River in Pierce County, Washington. It generates  of electricity and is operated and maintained by approximately 20 full-time employees.

Location
It is located along the Puyallup River near Kapowsin, Pierce County, approximately  southeast of Tacoma and  southeast of Seattle in the western foothills of Mount Rainier.

Technology
The project, which was completed in 1904, draws water from the Puyallup River behind the Electron Diversion Dam, then funnels it to the Electron power plant via a  span of wooden flume running along the side hills of the winding river valley while the river runs down a steep canyon. The wooden flume has a cross section of  and can supply up to  of water per second to the turbines of the Electron powerhouse. Original construction took approximately 14 months to complete. The grade is uniform and runs at seven feet of elevation per mile.

A light railway line was built on top of the flume to shuttle maintenance workers and equipment. It is known as "the crookedest railway in the world," but it is not the only railway line with this claim.

The flume and the railway were rebuilt in the 1940s, then again in 1985 on the original track. The original wood frames were replaced with over 12,000 steel frames, roughly  on center. The flume is supported with over 6,000 bents. The flume is lined with 5.5 million board feet of fir. Electron Hydro, LLC is in the process of rebuilding the wood liner with Alaska yellow cedar and possibly coated with Polyurea. It is notable for likely being the largest flume in use for hydroelectric projects in the United States.

Fish passage facilities
The upstream migration of spawning adult salmon and rainbow trout is possible by a concrete,  fish ladder built alongside the wooden diversion dam opposite the flume intake. Migrating juvenile fish that inadvertently enter the wooden flume downstream will be captured alive and placed back in the Puyallup River using a trap-and-haul facility, which is located in the storage reservoir’s forebay.

Controversy
On July 29, 2020, Electron Hydro, the company that owns and operates the dam, experienced an industrial accident in which crumb rubber debris was released into the Puyallup River. Astro-turf used as part of a cofferdam broke loose from the HDPE liner and was spilled into the river. The company took immediate action to rectify the spill.

In early May 2023 it was reported that a Pierce County Superior Court Judge had approved a $1 million settlement in a criminal lawsuit brought by the state Attorney General’s Office over a 2020 spill of rubber into the Puyallup River during a construction project at the old wooden dam. The financial penalties for Electron Hydro were approved over the discharge of rubber that was torn loose from artificial turf the company used during a construction project. Chunks of the turf padding, made of ground-up tire rubber that is toxic to fish when ingested, were found as far as 21 miles downriver after it was used without a permit to line a water-diversion channel. Electron Hydro Chief Operating Officer Thom Fischer pleaded guilty to a gross criminal misdemeanor and received a suspended jail sentence. The $1 million settlement included $745,000 in restitution to the Puyallup Tribal Fisheries and $255,000 in fines paid to Pierce County. In addition to the settlement with the Attorney General’s Office, Electron Hydro in 2021 was fined $501,000 by the state Department of Ecology for polluting the river.

References

External links

Historic American Engineering Record in Washington (state)
Hydroelectric power companies of the United States
Puyallup, Washington
Light rail in Washington (state)
Energy infrastructure completed in 1904
1904 establishments in Washington (state)
Hydroelectric power plants in Washington (state)
Puget Sound Energy
Puyallup River


title: Gary Turner (basketball)

text:
Gary D. Turner (born 1945) is an American retired professional basketball player. He played for the Houston Mavericks in two games during the 1967–68 American Basketball Association season. He recorded totals of six points and three rebounds.

References

1945 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Boston Celtics draft picks
Forwards (basketball)
Houston Mavericks players
Basketball players from Fort Worth, Texas
TCU Horned Frogs men's basketball players


title: Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience

text:
Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience is a hospital in Center City Philadelphia, affiliated with Thomas Jefferson University and Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. The hospital focuses on treating brain-related diseases and disorders. It is the only hospital of its kind in the Philadelphia area.

The hospital annually treats the largest combined volume of brain tumors, spinal cord injuries, aneurysms, and areteriovenous malformations in the Philadelphia metropolitan region.

Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience was the first in the Delaware Valley to offer a number of technologies including:
 Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (also known as stereotactic radiotherapy)
 Gamma Knife®
 Shaped Beam Surgery™
 Minimally invasive neurosurgery utilizing a robotically controlled microscope
 NeuRx DPS™, an FDA-approved device that helps individuals with certain types of spinal cord injuries breathe on their own again

The hospital also established Jefferson Expert Teleconsulting (JET), the first technology of its kind in the region. It is a university-based high-tech mobile robotic teleconsulting system.

Departments and services
Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience provides medical services across more than 20 specialized centers, programs, departments and divisions.
 Acute Stroke Center
 Brain Aneurysm and AVM center
 Brain Tumor Center
 Comprehensive Concussion Center
 Comprehensive Epilepsy Center
 Comprehensive Multiple Sclerosis Center
 Geriatric Psychiatry Center
 Headache Center
 Jefferson Expert Teleconsulting (JET)
 Mechanical Circulatory Support Program
 Medical Oncology
 Minimally Invasive Cranial Base Surgery Center
 Movement Disorders Program
 Neurological Surgery
 Neurology
 Neuroradiology-Head and Neck Imaging
 Ophthalmology
 Radiation Oncology
 Rehabilitation Medicine
 Spine Program
 Stereotactic Radiosurgery Program

References

External links
 Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
 Thomas Jefferson University

Hospitals in Philadelphia
Teaching hospitals in Pennsylvania
Market East, Philadelphia
Neuroscience research centers in the United States
Research institutes in Pennsylvania


title: Ragyndrudis Codex

text:
The Ragyndrudis Codex (Codex Bonifatianus II) is an early medieval codex of religious texts, now in Fulda in Germany, which is closely associated with Saint Boniface, who, according to tradition, used it at the time of his martyrdom to ward off the swords or axes of the Frisians who killed him on 5 June 754 near Dokkum, Friesland. This long association has given the codex the status of a contact relic.

The earliest source considered as evidence for a connection between the eighth-century codex and Boniface is in a tenth-century vita of the saint written in Utrecht, which says that the saint held a gospel over his head as protection. The Ragyndrudis Codex is not a gospel, but rather a collection of texts on exegesis, apologia, and dogma, but this has not prevented the Codex from being regarded as the saint's shield, an idea enforced by deep cuts through the (original) binding and pages. The Codex is held in the Domschatz, the treasury of the Fulda Cathedral; a facsimile is on display in the cathedral's museum.

Name and background
The Ragyndrudis Codex is one of three "Bonifatian" books, a set of three manuscripts traditionally considered to have been in the possession of Saint Boniface. The others are the so-called Victor Codex (Codex Bonifatianus I) and the Cadmug Gospel (Codex Bonifatianus III). All Codices Bonifatiani are held in Fulda, though in different locations: I and III are held in the Hessian State Library in Fulda, and II is held in the Domschatz of Fulda Cathedral, on loan from the library of the Fulda seminary. All three Codices Bonifatiani have eighth-century bindings. Facsimiles of the Ragyndrudis Codex are on display in the cathedral's museum and in the Hessian State Library: three facsimiles of the Ragyndrudis Codex were made by Ludwig Ritterpusch on the occasion of Pope John Paul II's visit to Fulda in 1980.

First mention of the three as a set pertaining to the life of Boniface was made by the Jesuit Nicolaus Serarius (1555–1609), who described the three in a vita of the saint (1604).

Codices Bonifatiani I and III
The Victor Codex, Codex Bonifatianus I, also known as the Codex Fuldensis, was produced in the middle of the sixth century for Victor of Capua, and is hailed as one of the famous manuscripts in the world for its content, script, and history. It contains a Gospel harmony and is an important witness for a number of textual cruxes in the New Testament. Victor himself corrected and edited the manuscript, and signed off on it on 12 April 547. It was long thought that a particular turn of phrase found also in Boniface's correspondence was evidence of his having used the manuscript, but Malcolm Parkes proved that the phrase was added to the Codex by an eighth-century scribe in Fulda after Boniface's death. Bonifatius Fischer believes that the glosses in the margin of the Epistle of James could well be by the saint, since they are written in a southern English hand in the early eighth century. The binding was probably made in Northumbria.

The Cadmug Gospel, Codex Bonifatianus III, is a small "pocket gospel book" from the second half of the eighth century. The name "Cadmug" (also read as "Vidrug" and "Cadmag") appears on 65r; on the verso, is noted—erroneously—that Boniface himself wrote the manuscript, an error dating from the time when it was loaned to Arnulf of Carinthia, at the end of the ninth century.

Ragyndrudis Codex
The name "Ragyndrudis" is found on folio 2v, in a Latin phrase: in honore dni nostri ihu xpi ego ragyndrudis ordinaui librum istum ("in honour of our Lord Jesus Christ, I Ragyndrudis arranged this book"). No successful identification with a historical Ragyndrudis has been made, but a laywoman called Ragyndrugis who was linked (through marriage) to the Abbey of Saint Bertin in Saint-Omer, France, is a likely candidate according to Rosamond McKitterick.

The manuscript is written in a Luxeuil-derived minuscule from the late seventh or early eighth century; McKitterick argues the origin may be Corbie Abbey in Picardy in northern France – the abbey was founded by monks from Luxeuil, and scribes from the continent and the British Isles worked side by side there: the handwriting shows both continental and insular characteristics. Additionally, there are eighth-century corrections and glosses in an Anglo-Saxon hand.

Contents
The Codex contains 14 texts pertaining to exegesis, apologia, and dogma.

While some sources report that the codex is "a collection of mainly anti-Arian texts", this is not entirely correct—the codex contains a number of those (short) texts, but it also contains Ambrose's De bono mortis and Isidore of Seville's Synonyma. The Ragyndrudis Codex is one of many codices containing the Synonyma, a text connected with Anglo-Saxon monastic foundations on the continent. The text of the Decretum Gelasianum is the earliest complete manuscript copy.

Epistola Leo I papae ad Flavianum episcopum  Constantinopolitanum, 2v-11v
Theodoro episcopo Foroiulensi Leo urbis Romae episcopus, 11v-14v
Disputatio beati Cerealis episcopi Castellensis contra Maximinum Arriomanitam, 14v-34v
Epistula Agnelli episcopi Ravennatensis ad Arminium De ratione fidei, 34r-39r
Libellum Fausti confessoris episcopus Reiensis De ratione fidei, 39r-45r
Fides edita sancti Ambrosii episcopi De spiritu sancto, 45r-47v
Testimonia de deo patri et filio et spiritu sancto, 47v-53v
Regula fidei catholicae facta a Nicena, 53v-55r
Regula fidei secundum CCCXVIII patris, 55r-55v
Regula fidei caholicae contra omnes hereses Hieronimi presbyteri, 56r-57r
Explanacio fidei catholicae (Decretum Gelasianum), 57r-61v
Sancti Ambrosii De bono mortis, 62r-96r
Notitio regionum et civitatum quibus sanctorum apostolorum et evangelistarum venerabilia corpora requiescunt (De locis apostolorum), 96r-97r
Liber sancti Ysidori episcopi (Synonyma de lamentatione animae peccatricis), 98v-143r

Legacy

The legacy of the codex is based on the life and death of Saint Boniface who, in 753, had gone off to Friesland one more time to try and convert the Frisians. On the morning of June 5, 754, Boniface, camping in the Frisian countryside with 50 or so comrades, was getting ready to accept new converts, when the camp was overrun by pagan bandits who killed all the missionaries and destroyed their possessions. While the earliest hagiographical accounts of Boniface and his martyrdom had him order his comrades to lay down their arms and accept martyrdom willingly, later accounts added that he held a book over his head to protect himself – this is what Boniface scholar Lutz von Padberg calls the Schutzhypothese, the "protection hypothesis", and it has become an enduring image of the saint.

The first account to include this detail is the so-called Vita altera Bonifatii, which was written in Utrecht (the closest Frankish/Christian settlement to Friesland) and which is preserved in a revision ascribed to Utrecht's bishop, Radbod, who held the seat from 900–917. It is repeated in most other vitae that followed, of which Otloh of St. Emmeram's (eleventh century) is the most important. This book, though it is called a "gospel" in the Utrecht and Otloh vitae, is usually identified with the Ragyndrudis Codex. Adding to the Schutzhypothese are five deep cuts which appear to strengthen the theory, but von Padberg argues that the position and character of the cuts do not match the hypothesis; in addition, Boniface was an uncommonly tall man, which makes it even more unlikely that such cuts would have been made while he held the Codex over his head. According to von Padberg, the Codices Bonifatiani must have left Utrecht and been in Fulda in 825, or the Utrecht tradition would have more clearly identified them. Images of the saint holding up a book for protection are being produced in Fulda by the year 970, when a series of sacramentaries are illustrated with images of Boniface's work as a missionary and his martyrdom.

That Boniface would have carried a collection of books with him on his journeys is without doubt. Whether the Ragyndrudis Codex was one of those books is not – its contents appear unrelated to any missionary work, and it is certainly not a gospel. Still, it is possible that it was one of the books that were found afterward in Friesland and brought back to Utrecht, whence they traveled up the Rhine to Mainz and then Fulda. Marco Mostert considers it possible, even likely, that Radbod's recension of the vita made its way to Fulda, where the legend became attached to the damaged books that could have been Boniface's, and that by the tenth century the status of these books had been elevated to that of contact relics.

A 2012 article in Der Spiegel reported that recent investigations found evidence of a nail having been driven through the book, which could have been the result of the book being nailed to a tree, in a Germanic, anti-Christian ritual.

Michael Drout supposes that J. R. R. Tolkien's Book of Mazarbul in The Fellowship of the Ring, especially its physical condition, owes something to the Ragyndrudis Codex.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts
 Images of the original manuscript at Bildindex
 Entire digitised text at Fulda University of Applied Sciences

7th-century manuscripts
8th-century manuscripts
Christian relics
7th-century Latin books
8th-century Latin books


title: Aryan Brotherhood of Texas

text:
The Aryan Brotherhood of Texas (ABT) is an American white supremacist and Neo-Nazi prison and street gang. According to the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center, the Aryan Brotherhood of Texas is one of the largest and most violent neo-Nazi white supremacist prison gangs and organized criminal enterprises in the United States, responsible for numerous murders and other violent crimes.

History
Despite the similarity in their names, the Aryan Brotherhood of Texas is not affiliated with the Aryan Brotherhood (AB), a notorious prison gang and crime syndicate founded in California in the 1960s with branches in the federal and state prison systems and outside prison walls. In 1981, a group of Texan inmates asked for permission to start an Aryan Brotherhood chapter in Texas. The AB denied their request but the Texas inmates formed it anyway. The ABT was nonetheless established in the 1980s, following the desegregation of Texas prisons and the dismantling of the "Building Tender", or Trusty system, a system in which prison officials used other inmates to help maintain order in the prisons.  These major and more or less simultaneous changes created an atmosphere of uncertainty and a lack of control that proved fertile breeding grounds for black, Hispanic and white race-based prison gangs. These gangs soon became the top predators in the Texas prison system.

The various white gangs, with names like the Aryan Society and the Aryan Brothers, mostly adopted a relatively crude white supremacist ideology.  In the early to mid-1980s, most of the members of these two gangs united to become the Aryan Brotherhood of Texas, while others left out of the merger later helped form the rival Aryan Circle (AC) prison gang. From its beginning, the ABT emerged as one of the most violent gangs in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, committing 13 murders in 1984–85 alone.

In March 1985, prospect Virgil Barfield carried out an Aryan Brotherhood of Texas order to kill Calvin Massey, who both at the time were trying to get in the brotherhood. Massey had "stood up the constitution" by getting a tattoo before he even joined the brotherhood. Barfield stabbed Massey 42 times. The violent attack was caught on camera. The video clip helped prosecutors convict Barfield for the murder of Massey. Virgil Barfield was sentenced to life in prison.

The ABT's first war was with the black gang Mandingo Warriors, who were beaten to the point of near extermination within the prison system. The Aryan Circle was the next major war, which lasted roughly 8 years (1986–1994). The ABT would take their focus off of AC for short periods of time to deal with lesser but still deadly threats, and this gave AC time to regroup. The ABT was in a state of war with multiple gangs who saw an opportunity to try to take them on while they were being weakened during those 8 years. Still, none has ever won a war against them, though the Mexican Mafia and Aryan Circle came away with "peace treaties" from them in the early 1990s. Texas Mafia (TM) was "parked" system wide, meaning they were no longer allowed to recruit members, after the ABT–TM wars in 1995/1996. Then A.C. murdered a member of ABT in 1998 on McConnell Unit. War raged until 2009. Then, yet again, war would come to these two families, starting in 2015 and still going.

In 2001, ABT member Mark Anthony Stroman was sentenced to death for his killing spree on Middle Eastern people. He claimed it was in retaliation for the September 11 terrorist attacks. However all three of his targets were of South Asian descent. Stroman was executed by lethal injection on May 20, 2011.

On September 21, 2006, former members of the ABT were charged with the death of a young woman named Breanna Taylor. According to investigations conducted by the authorities, Taylor was tortured, sexually assaulted, and murdered by ex- ABT gang members. After she was killed, they poured acid on her body, and then put her body in a tub, poured cement on it and dumped it into a river. Dale Jameton pleaded guilty and received a life sentence, and Jennifer McClellan was sentenced to 20 years in prison. Dale "Tiger" Jameton is being held in the Estelle Unit in unincorporated Walker County

In 2012, Terry Sillers, a former General in the ABT family, was arrested after leading police on a wild motorcycle chase near Fort Worth. In exchange for cooperating with authorities against a gang that he says betrayed him, he was sentenced to 10 years in federal prison.

Ranking structure
The Aryan Brotherhood of Texas is run by five Generals, collectively known as the "Steering Committee", or "The Wheel". Each General is given control over a region of Texas, each region having a number of prisons within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, as well as all of the counties that comprises the region. Each General has 2 Majors, one "Inside Major" and one "Outside Major". The Inside Major (who is in prison, and therefore knows the intricacies of relationships between the gangs on his units, which makes him better suited to make decisions for those units as a whole) oversees family business on the units in his region. The Outside Major does the same for the cities in his region. Both Majors report to their General, who uses the information to keep his region running smoothly. Each prison unit with members is assigned a unit Captain, who in turn assigns a Lieutenant. The Lieutenant is the lowest permanent rank within the ABT, though on larger units and in bigger cities, the Lieutenant may appoint Sergeants to assist him in the day-to-day affairs of the family.

Membership
The Aryan Brotherhood of Texas has an estimated membership of approximately 3,500, concentrated primarily in Texas but also in the prisons of neighboring states, in particular New Mexico. According to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), there are 2,600 members in Texas prisons and another 180 in federal prisons, as of 2012.

The Prospect, or prospective member is someone under the protection of the ABT, responsible for following any/all direct orders given by an active member, who is being considered for membership into the organization. Typically, whenever there is "dirty work" to be done, such as an assault or murder, more often than not, prospects are used. When the prospect is utilized in such a way, it is often referred to as "earning one's bones".

See also

 211 Crew
 Aryan Brotherhood
 Aryan Circle
 European Kindred
 Nazi Lowriders
 Public Enemy No. 1
 Soldiers of Aryan Culture
 Universal Aryan Brotherhood

References

External links
 Drug Trafficking Aryan Brotherhood Methamphetamine Operation Dismantled FBI

Organizations established in 1981
1981 establishments in Texas
Neo-Nazi organizations in the United States
White-supremacist organized crime groups in the United States
Prison gangs in the United States
White nationalism in Texas
Gangs in Texas


title: Variable rate application

text:
In precision agriculture, variable rate application (VRA) refers to the application of a material, such that the rate of application is  based on the precise location, or qualities of the area that the material is being applied to. This is different from uniform application, and can be used to save money (using less product), and lessen the environmental impact.

Variable rate application can be either map based or sensor based.
 Map based VRA is pre-planned, and applications are based on VRA prescription maps that an agronomist or advisor prepares based on data sources. Prescription maps can be created using electromagnetic induction, which is considered to be cost-effective, and non-destructive.
 Sensor based VRA is calculated realtime, based on sensors that are local to the variable rate applicator.

Applications of VRA
In precision agriculture, VRA is known to be used in the following areas.

Seeding
Planters and drills can be made into VRA sensors, by attaching a motor or gear box. With this, you can vary the rate of the seeds. The seeding rates can also be connected to match the application of agrochemicals.

Weed control
For variable rate weed control you need both a task computer and a system to physically change the flow rate of the agrochemicals.

Fertilizer
Crops do not always require a uniform application, as some areas will have different nutrient requirements due to their location (soil properties, sunlight). Variable rate fertilizer spreaders can be used to increase or decrease fertilizer application rate, using a global positioning system (GPS). They can also use "on-the-go" sensors, or a combination of the two.

References

Agricultural soil science
Precision agriculture


title: Gaccha

text:
Gaccha, alternatively spelled as Gachchha, is a monastic order, along with lay followers, of the image worshipping Murtipujaka Svetambara sect of Jainism. The term is also used in the Digambara sect.

Etymology
Gaccha literally means "who travel together".

History
According to Jain tradition, in the first century, Vajrasensuri established four Kulas, subdivisions within the Swetambara Murtipujaka Jain community, to divide the community during time of drought to disperse them. They were: Chandra, Nirvriti, Vidyadhar and Nagendra. During 1000 to 1300 CE, the Gaccha replaced these Kula as basic divisions of community.

Although some 84 separate gacchas have appeared since the 7th–8th century, only a few have survived, such as the Kharatara (located mainly in Rajasthan), the Tapa, the Achala, the Paichand or Pashwachandra, the Vimal and the Tristutik Gaccha. While the gacchas do not differ from one another in matters of doctrine, they do differ on issues of practice, in particular those practices relating to the sacred calendar and to ritual. The various gacchas also trace their descent through different lineages.

Former 84 Gacchas
The number of 84 Gacchas is still spoken of by the Jains, but the lists that have been hitherto published are very discordant. The following was obtained from a member of the sect as being their recognized list,--and allowing for differences of spelling, nearly every name may be recognised in those previously published by Mr. H. G. Briggs or Colonel Miles.

The eighty four Gacchas of the Jains:

Present Gacchas

Tapa Gaccha was founded by Jagatchandrasuri in Vikram Samvat 1285 (1229 CE). He was given the title of "Tapa" (i.e., the meditative one) by the ruler of Mewar. It was a branch of the Brihad Gaccha founded by Udyotan Suri. Vijaydevsuri (1600–1657 AD) is considered one of major leader of lineage. They reformed monastic order of Svetambara Jainism.  As a result of this reform, most Svetambara Jain monks today belong to Tapa Gaccha.

Kharatara Gaccha was founded by Vardhamana Suri (till 1031). His teacher was a temple-dwelling monk. He rejected him because of not following texts. His pupil, Jineshvara, got honorary title 'Kharatara' (Sharp witted or Fierce) because he defeated Suracharya, leader of Chaityavasis in public debate in 1023 at Anahilvada Patan. So the Gaccha got his title. Another tradition regards Jinadatta Suri (1075-1154) as a founder of Gaccha.

Other major Gacchas are Anchal Gaccha and Pashwachandra Gaccha.

Tristutik Gaccha was founded by Acharya Rajendrasuri in 1194 AD ( Vikram Samvat 1250.)

Presiding deities
Adhishthayak Deva or presiding deities are protector deities of followers of each Gaccha. They are as follows: Manibhadra Vira of Tapa Gaccha; Ambika and Bhairava of Khartara Gaccha; Kalika and Chakreshvari of Anchala Gaccha; Batuk Bhairava of Pashwachandra Gaccha.

References

Śvētāmbara sects


title: Adam Shareef

text:
Adam Shareef Umar () is a Maldivian politician who was Minister of Defence and National Security in the Cabinet of the Maldives from 2015 to 2018. He was also a Special Envoy of the President of the Maldives.

He graduated from the University of East Anglia with an MA in education in 2008 and served as Maldivian Minister of State for Education from 2014 to 2015.

Adam Shareed Umar is currently the Parliament Member for the Madduvari Constituency since 2019.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
Government ministers of the Maldives


The 77th (Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, was a Royal Artillery unit of Britain's part-time Territorial Army (TA) formed after the outbreak of World War II from a Yeomanry Cavalry regiment recruited in Lancashire. It landed in Normandy shortly after D Day and served through many of the largest battles of the campaign in North West Europe until VE Day.

Mobilisation

The Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry (DLOY) was a TA cavalry regiment that dated back to 5 April 1798, when two Troops of Bolton Light Horse Volunteers were formed in response to the invasion threat from Revolutionary France. Their successors became the DLOY in 1834. The DLOY saw considerable action during World War I on the Western Front and in Egypt and Palestine. Postwar, many Yeomanry regiments were converted to other roles, particularly artillery, but as one of the senior regiments the DLOY remained horsed up to the outbreak of World War II.

The TA was embodied on 1 September 1939, just before the declaration of war, and the DLOY mobilised as a cavalry regiment in 42nd Divisional Area. While most of the remaining mounted Yeomanry regiments formed 1st Cavalry Division and left for service in Palestine in January 1940, the DLOY was left behind. On 15 January 1940 at Ramsbottom, Manchester, it transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA). It did not receive a regimental number until 15 April when (as most other TA units had already done) it split into two:
 77th (Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery at Manchester, with A and C Sqns forming A and B Medium Batteries
 78th (Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery at Haverfordwest, Wales, with B and D Sqns forming A and B Medium Btys

The two regiments were permitted to continue wearing the DLOY cap badge rather than the RA's 'gun' badge and a Rose of Lancaster collar badge rather than the RA 'bomb'. They also wore an embroidered shoulder title lettered 'DLO YEOMANRY'.

On the outbreak of war medium regiments were equipped with 60-pounder guns and 6-inch howitzers of World War I vintage (often one battery of each), but a modernisation programme was beginning and by 1941 these were being replaced with the 5.5-inch gun-howitzer.

Training

By the end of 1940 77th Medium Rgt with its signal section was attached to 53rd (Welsh) Division in Northern Ireland and remained there for over two years. Its batteries were redesignated P and Q Btys on 11 March 1942, then 103 and 104 Btys on 1 January 1943. By August 1942 it had its own Light Aid Detachment (LAD) of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.

When 21st Army Group was formed in early 1943 for the planned Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord), 77th (DLOY) Medium Rgt was assigned to 8th Army Group Royal Artillery, which was formed in Essex on 1 May 1943. An Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA) was a powerful artillery brigade, usually comprising three or four medium regiments and one heavy regiment, which could be rapidly moved about the battlefield, and had the punch to destroy enemy artillery with counter-battery (CB) fire. AGRAs were provided to field armies at a scale of about one per Army corps. By now, medium regiments consisted of two batteries, each of two 4-gun troops, a total of 16 x 5.5-inch guns.

North West Europe

Operation Epsom
8 AGRA's units landed in Normandy after D Day in June 1944 and supported VIII Corps in Operation Epsom (26–30 June). When II SS Panzer Corps counter-attacked on 29 June, the attack of 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg was broken by the combined fire of 8 AGRA and the entire divisional artilleries of 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division and 11th Armoured Division. Next day the Germans could only make probing attacks, to which 8 AGRA responded with some 38,000 rounds of ammunition.

Operation Jupiter
8 AGRA supported 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division of VIII Corps during the follow-up Operation Jupiter (the recapture of Hill 112 on 10 July). From positions around Cheux the AGRA fired heavy concentrations on all the known centres of enemy resistance, such as the farm of Les Duanes, first objective of 5th Battalion Dorset Regiment. 10th SS Panzer Division was shattered by the weight of artillery directed against it. When a company of 5th Bn Wiltshire Regiment got into difficulties later in the day, it was extricated with corps-level fire support including guns of the AGRAs.

Operation Spring
II Canadian Corps launched an attack on 25 July (Operation Spring) aimed at pinning German forces and preventing them moving west to interfere with First US Army's Operation Cobra to break out of the Normandy beachhead. 8 AGRA was moved to Giberville, east of Caen, to support the attack against Verrières Ridge. Although it succeeded in attracting German attention, resulting in an armoured counter-attack, the operation failed to take its limited objectives and was suspended at the end of the day.

Operation Bluecoat
Once 'Cobra' was under way, VIII Corps (including 8 AGRA) was sent from its positions east of the River Orne to make a supporting attack on its flank (Operation Bluecoat). This meant cutting across the lines of communication of the whole of Second British Army. Moves were mainly made by night and VIII Corps' formation signs were covered up, in order to disguise the movement. 8 AGRA moved  from Giberville across the Orne to an area south of Bayeux during the night of 28/29 July, then a further  to north of Caumont during 29 July. Only 15th (S) Division, already in place, was allowed to register its guns; incoming artillery remained silent until H Hour. 8 AGRA was allocated a flight of air observation post (AOP) aircraft to direct its fire thereafter. Radio silence was maintained until 03.55 on D Day (30 July). There were fewer guns than normal for an attack by Second Army, and ammunition supply was limited because the 'tail' of the corps was still strung out east of the Orne when the battle began. 8 AGRA planned timed concentrations of fire for Phase I of the operation, with 77th (DLOY) Med Rgt in direct support of 11th Armoured Division. For Phase II, two medium regiments fired a barrage  ahead of the field guns' creeping barrage, with one medium regiment doing the same for Phase III. Despite the rush with which the operation had been laid on, and tough fighting in some places (at one point the infantry were still  of their Phase III start line, so the armour support had to advance alone to keep up with the barrage) 11th Armoured and 15th (S) Divisions achieved their objectives by the end of the day. Massed artillery fire helped to break up German counter-attacks over the next two days, during which 77th (DLOY) Med Rgt and the 155 mm battery of 53rd Heavy Regiment, Royal Artillery moved up beyond the recently captured village of La Morichesse les Mares and the heavy guns opened fire on Vire. Within days the German front was cracked wide open.

Operation Guildford

Once the breakout from the beachhead was achieved, VIII Corps was 'grounded' at Vire to provide transport and fuel to 21st Army Group's pursuit force. It played a minor flanking role in Operation Market Garden (the Battle of Arnhem), after which it closed up to the River Maas in the autumn. This drive, beginning with Operation Constellation, entailed clearing the Venlo 'Pocket', which took from October to the beginning of December, due to a surprise German counter-attack at Meijel.

By 3 December 15 (S) Division (temporarily under XII Corps) was ready to take the Germans' last bridgehead west of the Maas, at Blerick, opposite Venlo. Operation Guildford was a textbook operation, employing 21st Army Group's superior resources in airpower, engineering and artillery to overcome the formidable minefields, anti-tank ditches and fortifications with low casualties. 8 AGRA was one of three AGRAs devoted to supporting this attack by a single infantry brigade (44th (Lowland) Bde). The operation was a complete success.

Operation Plunder
Although held up by winter weather and the German Ardennes Offensive (the Battle of the Bulge), the Allies resumed operations in February 1945 with 21st Army Group clearing the Reichswald and the west bank of the Rhine in Operation Veritable, in which 8 AGRA was not involved. At the conclusion of 'Veritable' 21st Army Group was in position to attempt an assault crossing of the Rhine (Operation Plunder) and 8 AGRA was assigned to support XII Corps for this operation. 15th (Scottish) Division was selected for the assault, 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division holding the riverbank while the preparations were made behind a massive smokescreen, including parking the guns as close to the river as possible. The division would cross with two brigades in Landing Vehicles, Tracked ('Buffaloes') and stormboats, each brigade supported by four medium regiments and two heavy or super-heavy regiments of the AGRAs, as well as the divisional field artillery and two HAA batteries. XXX Corps began crossing further downstream at 21.00 on 23 March, then at 23.30 the 700 guns supporting 15th (S) Division fired their opening salvo of the bombardment (described by the divisional historian as 'earth-shaking'). This was followed at 01.00 by the divisional 'Pepperpot' when every available support weapon of every calibre saturated targets on the far bank. Then at 02.00 on 24 March 15th (S) Division launched its assault (Operation Torchlight). Generally,  the assault was successful, but 227th (Highland) Bde got held up at Haffen. A follow-up attack was planned using part of the divisional reserve and a squadron of DD Sherman swimming tanks that had crossed the river. At the last minute there was an erroneous report that some of the tanks were already in Haffen so the artillery support from the AGRAs was cancelled. Nevertheless, the area was largely cleared by nightfall. German counter-attacks came in against Mehr during the night, and the dangerous decision was made to use the medium guns for defensive fire close to the Scottish positions, then in the woods and close to the bridges over the River Issel where the Germans had retreated. The enemy was finally driven out of the riverside villages by 07.00 next morning and at 07.30 15th (S) Division began moving inland to the Issel.

Germany
Once the Rhine had been crossed 21st Army Group began a rapid advance across northern Germany. Apart from the crossing of the River Elbe (Operation Enterprise) there were few setpiece operations and little call for medium or heavy artillery. Increasingly, as Victory in Europe (VE Day) approached, British units were called upon to act as occupation forces. After the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath this became the role for the whole of Second Army (later British Army of the Rhine (BAOR)) while the troops awaited demobilisation.

Postwar
8 AGRA was disbanded at Lauenburg, Germany, on 20 November 1945 and 77th (DLOY) Medium Rgt and its batteries began entering 'suspended animation' in BAOR on 4 February 1946, completing the process by 25 February.

When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry was reformed in the Royal Armoured Corps as the divisional armoured regiment of 42nd (Lancashire) Division.

Notes

References

 Anon, British Army of the Rhine Battlefield Tour: Operation Bluecoat, Germany: BAOR, 1947/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2021, .
 John Buckley, Monty's Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe, London: Yale University Press, 2013, .
 Ian Daglish, Battleground Europe: Normandy: Operation Bluecoat: The British Armoured Breakout, Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 2003, .
 Maj L.F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West, Vol I: The Battle of Normandy, London: HM Stationery Office, 1962/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, .
 Maj L.F. Ellis, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West, Vol II: The Defeat of Germany, London: HM Stationery Office, 1968/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, .
 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, .
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, .
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, .
 Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, .
 Lt-Gen H.G. Martin, The History of the Fifteenth Scottish Division 1939–1945, Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1948/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2014, .
 Patrick Mileham, The Yeomanry Regiments: 200 Years of Tradition, 2nd Edn, Edinburgh: Canongate Academic, 1994, .
 Tim Saunders, Battleground Europe: Operation Epsom: Normandy, June 1944, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2003, .
 Tim Saunders, Battleground Europe: Normandy: Hill 112, Battles of the Odon – 1944, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2000, .
 Tim Saunders, Battleground Europe: Operation Plunder: The British and Canadian Rhine Crossing, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2006, .
 Col C.P. Stacey, Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, Vol III: The Victory Campaign – The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945, Ottawa: Queen's Printer & Controller of Stationery, 1960.

External sources
 T.F. Mills, Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)
 Orders of Battle at Patriot Files
 Graham Watson, The Territorial Army 1947

Medium regiments of the Royal Artillery
Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry
Military units and formations in Lancashire
Military units and formations in Manchester
Military units and formations established in 1940
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946