title: Brent F. Ashworth

text:
Brent Ferrin Ashworth (born January 8, 1949) is an American historical document dealer who specializes in Mormon history. He has assisted the Glenn Beck organization, the LDS Church History Library, Brigham Young University (BYU) Library Special Collections, the Utah Valley University (UVU) Library Special Collections, State History Division, including the Utah State Archives and other major institutions. He has recently assisted Beck with his first three history museums, starting with "Man in the Moon" at the Grand America Hotel in Salt Lake City, over the July 4th holiday in 2013, and the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Kennedy Assassination in conjunction with the Mercury One Convention at the Omni Hotel in Dallas, Texas, in November 2013. Ashworth has donated many books and other items in his collection to the LDS Church and his items have been displayed at the Crandall Historical Printing Museum in Provo, Utah.

Biography

Ashworth is the first son and child of Dell Shepherd and Bette Jean Brailsford Ashworth. Ashworth graduated from Brigham Young High School as student body president in 1966-67. He entered BYU in 1967, graduating cum laude with a BA in History and Political Science in 1972. He served in the U.S. Army Reserves, and was called to active duty at Ft. Ord, California in 1969.

Ashworth received a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Utah College of Law in 1975. He served in Price, Utah as Assistant Carbon County Attorney (1975–76), beginning with the Sundowner Motorcycle murder case and briefly practiced law with the Price firm of Frandsen & Keller (1976–77). He served as Secretary of the South-Eastern Utah Bar Association in 1977. He then worked as Vice President-General Counsel and Corporate Secretary for Nature's Sunshine Products in Spanish Fork and Provo, Utah (1977-2003), was Vice President-General Counsel of Neways International of Springville, Utah (2003–05) and has been a legal consultant for Shaklee Corporation in Pleasanton, California (2005–06). Currently, he is General Counsel of Zija International, Inc., in Lehi, Utah (2012 - current) and continues a part-time, private law practice in Provo. In 2006, he founded B. Ashworth's, Inc., a Provo-based business dealing in rare documents, books, art, collectibles and other curiosities. His firm deals primarily in rare U. S. History, Mormon and Western material, but handles other significant items from around the world.

Ashworth, while living in Payson, Utah (1977–82), served as a city councilman (1979–82) and as acting mayor (1982). Additionally, he has served in a number of other capacities, including as president of Deseret Village for the handicapped, in Spanish Fork (1988–90), president of the Utah Society of the Sons of the American Revolution (1991–92), on the American Red Cross board (1988–94), as vice president of the Squaw Peak Chapter of the Sons of Utah Pioneers (1994–95), as president of the Emily Dickinson Society of Utah (1995–97), board member and chairman of the Provo Landmarks Commission (1997-date), board member and chairman of the Provo Library Board (2000–06), as Trustee of the Springville Museum of Art (1998-01), as a board member of the Celebration of Health Foundation (1998-2005) and as a both a board member and as president of the Fort Douglas Military Museum Association at Ft. Douglas, Utah (2009-2014).  Ashworth has also been president of the Provo Kiwanis Club (1992–93), then later as Lt. Governor (2001–02), Governor (2009–10) and Immediate Past Governor (2010–11) of the Utah-Idaho District of Kiwanis International. He served as General Counsel for the Brigham Young Academy Foundation (1995-02) and as Chairman of the Art Subcommittee of the Provo Library Construction Oversight Committee (1998–99). He also served the citizens of Provo, following his appointment by Provo Mayor Lewis Billings, as Co-Chairman of the Provo Sesquicentennial Committee (1998–99). He has served as a Trustee of the Crandall Historical Printing Museum since its founding (1998-date) and currently serves as board chairman (2013-). He puts on the annual historical printing display for the Utah Printer's Hall of Fame (2009-). He is the 2014 winner of the Utah State Historical Societies, Outstanding contribution award, Utah's highest award for individual contribution for the preservation of history.

Ashworth has served on the Executive Board of the Utah National Parks Council, Boy Scouts of America (2000–09), as a Board Member of the American Heritage School, in American Fork, Utah (2002–05), and as a member of the Provo School District Foundation (1997-2005). As a member of the board of the Celebration of Health Foundation, Ashworth helped to raise funds to build facilities for parents and families to stay while their young children are in the Intensive Care Units (ICU's), at the Utah Valley Regional Medical Center in Provo, and the Orem Community Hospital in Orem, Utah. Ashworth is a recipient of the Patriot Medal (1992), the highest honor presented by the Utah Society, Sons of the American Revolution, the Provo Mayor's Award of Excellence (1999), for serving as the Co-Chairman of the Provo Sesquicentennial Celebration (1998–99), the George S. Hixon (2000), Reed Culp (2002) and Lifetime Service (2010) medals from Kiwanis International. He has received the Silver Beaver Award from the Boy Scouts of America (2006), and in 2011, was chosen as one of the first recipients (#93 nationwide), of the Outstanding Eagle Scout Award, presented by the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America. His seven sons are also Eagle Scouts. With Louis Crandall of Provo, he co-founded the George E. Freestone Boy Scout Museum in Provo (2000–08).

Family

Ashworth met Charlene Mills, the daughter of Gayland Ranson “Mike” and Margaret Mills of Tempe, Arizona at BYU.  They are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). They were married December 16, 1970, by O. Leslie Stone in the church's Salt Lake Temple. They have nine children:  Amy Josephine (1973), John Dell (1975), Matthew Ferrin (1977), Samuel Mills (1978, deceased in 1985), Adam Parrish (1979), David Alden (1981), Emily Bette (1983), Luke Ranson (1986) and Benjamin Richard (1988).  They also have thirteen grandchildren.  In addition to other service in the LDS Church, Ashworth served on the Provo Oak Hills Stake high council (1993–98).

See also
 William E. McLellin
 Salamander letter
 Utah National Parks Council

References

External links
 Brent Ashworth's store, B. Ashworth's
 Video: Brent Ashworth talks about historical items

1949 births
Living people
American collectors
Brigham Young University alumni
S.J. Quinney College of Law alumni
Brigham Young High School alumni


title: Jusufi

text:
Jusufi (derived from the Arabic Yusuf) is an Albanian surname and the name of the following persons:

 Fahrudin Jusufi (1939–2019), Serbian football player
 Sascha Jusufi (born 1963), Serbian football player
 Pëllumb Jusufi (born 1988), Albanian football player
 Alban Jusufi (born 1981), Albanian football player
 Rexhep Jusufi (died 1943), Albanian Soldier of the Balli Kombëtar Movement

Albanian-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names


title: Nikon 1 V3

text:
The Nikon 1 V3 is a digital mirrorless camera announced by Nikon on March 13, 2014.

Compared to its predecessor, the Nikon 1 V2, it has a higher resolution sensor (18 megapixels, up from 14 megapixels), built-in Wifi, FullHD video at 60 frames per second (non-interpolated), up to 120 frames per second video at 720p resolution, 20fps continuous AF, and 171 focus points, which Nikon claims gives better tracking autofocus than even DSLR cameras.

See also
 Nikon 1 series
 Nikon 1-mount

References

http://www.dpreview.com/products/nikon/slrs/nikon_v3/specifications

Nikon MILC cameras
V3
Cameras introduced in 2014


title: Ramiro Herrera

text:
Ramiro Herrera (born 14 February 1989) is an Argentine rugby union footballer who plays as a prop for Jaguares in Super Rugby.

Career

Herrera started out his rugby career in his native Argentina playing for Chenque Rugby Club from Comodoro Rivadavia.

Then he played for Hindú Club in the Torneo de la URBA for four years before trying his luck abroad with French side Castres Olympique.

He was also selected for the Pampas XV squad for the 2013 Vodacom Cup also for their tour of Australia in 2014.

International career

Having played for Argentine representative sides such as the Pampas XV and the Jaguars, Herrera made his senior debut for Los Pumas against  on 7 June 2014 and made a second appearance in the second test between the sides a week later.   He didn't feature in Argentina's final game of the 2014 mid-year rugby union internationals against , however he was named in the squad for the 2014 Rugby Championship.

References

1989 births
Living people
People from Comodoro Rivadavia
Sportspeople from Chubut Province
Rugby union props
Hindú Club players
Castres Olympique players
Pampas XV players
Jaguares (Super Rugby) players
Argentine rugby union players
Argentina international rugby union players
Argentine expatriate rugby union players
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Stade Français Paris players
Stade Rochelais players
Old Glory DC players
2015 Rugby World Cup players


title: Ricardo Jaime

text:
Ricardo Raúl Jaime (born January 16, 1955, in Córdoba, Argentina) is an Argentine politician who was the longtime Secretary of Transportation under Presidents Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. Since he resigned that position in 2009, Jaime has been charged in dozens of criminal cases with such crimes as embezzlement, irregularities in awarding subsidies, abuse of authority, misappropriation of public funds, and conspiracy. In 2013, he received a suspended sentence of six months for concealment of evidence. In 2015 Jaime received an 18-month sentence for accepting bribes from the former train operator Trenes de Buenos Aires during his time as Secretary of Transport. Later that year, he then received a further six years imprisonment for failure to prevent the 2012 Buenos Aires rail disaster.

Career

Provincial politics
Jaime worked for the general land registry in his home province of Córdoba between 1983 and 1984, then relocated to Santa Cruz province, where he was director of the land registry from 1984 to 1987 and councilor and chairman of the Honorable Council from 1987 to 1991.

In 1989, when Néstor Kirchner began to campaign for governor of Santa Cruz, Jaime supported him. After Kirchner was elected governor, he appointed Jaime Minister Secretary General of the Interior for the province, a position he held until 1996. After Kirchner was elected to a second term, he appointed Jaime head of the Provincial Council of Education. In late 1999, he returned to Córdoba to assume the position of Deputy Minister of Education for that province.

“There are few records of his life in Córdoba,” wrote La Nación in 2005, adding that officials in that province refused to provide information about Jaime's professional history there. One source in Santa Cruz said that Jaime, during his time there, “spoke in Spanish but accented it as if it were English,” and identified himself as an Argentine investor who had been living in the U.S.

National politics
In May 2003, after Kirchner's ascent to the presidency of Argentina, he appointed Jaime the nation's Secretary of Transportation. Jaime was criticized because he had no transportation background. Nonetheless, he enjoyed the complete confidence of President Néstor Kirchner.

As Secretary of Transportation, Jaime was responsible for the management of 2 billion pesos a year to subsidize transport, and was accordingly known as “the lord of the subsidies.” His tenure, according to one source, “was marked by projects like the bullet train and the nationalization of Aerolíneas Argentinas, and judicial inquiries and complaints received against them.” By 2005 there were already many comments being made about his corrupt management of the transport sector, “although no one, of course, makes them aloud” for fear that their subsidies will be withdrawn. On August 26, 2007, Jaime, who at that point had already been formally charged with several offenses, from misappropriation of public funds to concealment of money laundering, was additionally charged with abuse of authority.

In the wake of numerous allegations of corruption against him, Jaime resigned three days after the government's defeat in the general elections of June 28, 2009. Jaime said he resigned “for personal reasons," and added that he fully affirmed “my membership in, my loyalty to, my commitment to, and my belief in the project being carried out from the political and institutional point of view [of] the Comrade President and Comrade Néstor Kirchner.” The resignation came amid “rumors about his possible departure” from the cabinet.

Lawsuits

After Jaime's resignation, he became the defendant in several court cases. He was charged in the federal courts with receiving gifts, in a trial presided over by Judge Claudio Bonadio, and with illegal enrichment, in a trial presided over by Judge Norberto Oyarbide. It was widely noted that Jaime, while earning $10,000 per month, was able to purchase a residence on Avenida del Libertador in an exclusive neighborhood of Buenos Aires, a weekend home in a gated community in San Isidro, a jet, a hotel, a car, a motorcycle, a yacht worth a million dollars, a house in a country club in Córdoba, a summer house in Villa Carlos Paz, and several other weekend houses. His ownership of the jet was revealed on May 22, 2009, in La Nación.

In 2009, Manuel Garrido, former Prosecutor of Administrative Investigations, accused Jaime of profiting from the overpricing of rail cars and of taking weekend flights to Brazil on private jets at the expense of companies that received government subsidies.

In a case that was first brought in 2009, Jaime was accused of illegal enrichment, with investigators noting his purchase of a $4 million Lear 31A Jet, a $1 million yacht, several cars and SUVs, and other assets while he was Secretary of Transportation. In October 2012 his request that the charges be dismissed as unconstitutional was rejected by Oyarbide.

On March 26, 2010, Oyarbide ordered several simultaneous investigations of Jaime's properties in Buenos Aires and Córdoba.

In 2010, Jaime had to answer charges as to why he had disobeyed an injunction imposed by a federal judge in Corrientes, Carlos Soto Davila, who had stopped the privatization of the General Urquiza Railway rail corridor connecting the provinces of Buenos Aires and Misiones. That case was adjudicated by Federal Judge Marcelo Martínez De Giorgi.

In November 2010, Ricardo Cirielli, who had been Assistant Secretary of Transportation under Jaime, stated that Jaime had delivered a valise “several times a week” to Néstor Kirchner, presumably containing money. The former director of Aerolíneas Argentinas, Jorge Molina, said in 2012 that Jaime had served as a “collector,” or bagman, for Néstor Kirchner. Molina said that on one occasion he, Molina, had been asked to donate $1.5 million to the Cristina Fernández de Kirchner campaign, but that he had declined because the amount requested exceeded legal limits. Jaime had also asked him to buy 20 Embraer aircraft. Molina had declined in this case as well, because the planes were too small for the airline.

It was revealed in November 2010 that three Argentine businessmen had created a fund to enable Jaime to travel more comfortably.

In 2010, Clarín revealed the existence of 16,000 e-mails implicating Jaime in corrupt activities during his tenure as Secretary of the Treasury. The e-mails were described as an “X-ray of corruption.” The news of their existence caused the “transport world” to be “convulsed, almost in shock.” The e-mails, which as of November 2010 were being studied by “at least four judges,” illuminated among other things Jaime's “feverish negotiations with Spanish and Argentine transportation firms” in 2005 as part of a Kirchner government effort to obtain funds for that year's election campaign. Some of the e-mails also revealed Jaime's illegal acquisition of cars and his receipt of millions in commissions on the purchase in Spain and Portugal of railway parts. A request to rule the e-mails inadmissible as evidence in court against Jaime was rejected by Oyarbide but was agreed to in May 2011 by another court. The latter ruling was confirmed by yet another court in June 2012.

One case against Jaime, which was investigated in Chile, involved a payment made by the airline Lan Chile after receiving permission to operate in Argentina, and was thought to perhaps involve criminal acts by Chilean President Sebastián Piñera, who was a board member of Lan Chile until August 2007.

As of May 2011, Jaime was on trial in a bribery case involving the firm Grupo Plaza.

Some of the cases against Jaime involved his connections in the province of Córdoba, including such communications media as La Mañana de Córdoba and LV2.

Jaime went on trial in December 2011 before Judge Oyarbide on charges of having allowed the Teba company, which owned Retiro railway station, to pay the rent for two apartments in which he lived between 2003 and 2009. Jaime, in exchange, had awarded Teba an extension on its concession for the terminal.

A news report stated in July 2013 that research by Argentine authorities was uncovering “some fun facts about Jaime’s money-management customs.”  The report noted his preference for cash, often in bags and hidden safes, and indicated that Jaime had put in the trunk of one of his daughters two bags full of incriminating papers or saving bonds. In his apartment on Avenida del Libertador, investigators found a black briefcase containing $24,820, a bag containing 10,000 euros, a box containing 40,000 pesos, and stacks of cash amounting to $10,200 and $20,000 each. The report pointed out that in June 2009, Jaime had declared that his possessions consisted of a BMW motorcycle, goods valued at 65,400 pesos, a humble cottage in Caleta Olivia in Santa Cruz, and less than 20,000 pesos in a bank account. The same report recalled that a search of one of Jaime's residences in 2010 had uncovered bundles of old airplane tickets, with each bundle worth approximately Jaime's official annual salary; bundles of money had also been found.

In July 2013, Julio Cobos, a former official in the Vice President's Office during the administration of Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, said that Jaime, while serving under Néstor Kirchner, had reported directly to the President and that he had enjoyed Kirchner's “full confidence.”

In July 2013 Judge Bonadio began to try Jaime on charges of fraud involving contracts for railway improvements. On July 12, Bonadio declared Jaime to be in contempt of court, and ordered that Jaime be arrested and placed in preventive detention. He justified the order by noting that Jaime was the defendant in at least a dozen criminal cases. At the time Jaime was officially living at Villa Carlos Paz, Omahuacas 91, Barrio Costa Azul. Jaime did not submit himself for arrest, and instead went into hiding. Attempts to locate him, including raids on several of his residences in Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and elsewhere, were unsuccessful. Jaime's lawyer, Andrés Marturián, stated that Jaime was not cooperating with the arrest warrant issued by Bonadio because it was “arbitrary and not firm.” Describing the warrant as “a clear sign of perversity” and “mendacity” and a “violation of constitutional principles,” Marturián said that he would appeal the warrant and appeal the judge's refusal to exempt Jaime from prison. He also declined to say where Jaime was. Marturian assured the court that Jaime had not left the country and that he would appear in court after a decision was made in his request for exemption from prison. As of July 15, 2013, he was considered a “fugitive from justice.”

On that same date, federal prosecutor Maximiliano Hairabedian in Córdoba issued his own order for the capture and arrest of Jaime, who was scheduled to go on trial in his court on July 30 on charges relating to his alleged attempt to steal materials that were about to be put into evidence in another case. The evidence he had tried to steal was a set of business cards identifying him as CEO of the company Cerro Motorcycles.

On July 16, Judge Villalobo asked Interpol to capture Jaime. On July 18 he was granted exemption from imprisonment, although the exemption did not affect the international arrest warrant. Marturián called for a trial of Bonadio, whom he accused of politically persecuting Jaime. On July 22, Jaime presented himself in the federal courthouse in Córdoba. He said, “I am a person who abides by the law” and denied that there were 20 lawsuits against him, insisting that “only seven lawsuits” against him were “currently awaiting trial.” Marcelo Brito, a lawyer for Jaime, declared that the charges against Jaime had been “made up” and were based on “false witness” and called for the trial to be suspended. Hairabedian expressed doubts as to whether the trial would go on, given that there were several more important lawsuits under way against Jaime.

In September 2013, Jaime was found guilty in a Federal Court in Córdoba of attempting to steal evidence and received a suspended sentence of six months in prison. Judge Carlos Lascano called Jaime's defense “absurd and implausible.” In June 2014, the Federal Court of Appeals rejected an appeal of this verdict by Jaime.

Jaime was also tried for the private use of public cars.

In 2014, when Jaime was on trial for embezzlement, Lavieri reported on details that had been uncovered about the role of various intermediaries, including relatives, friends, and professional associates of Jaime, in his illegal enrichment activities. Some of them, it was alleged, had been fronts for Jaime's acquisition of wealth, while others had themselves profited from his activities. For example, Jaime's former partner, Silvia, had bought a Peugeot 307, a small yacht, an apartment in Río Gallegos, a house in Córdoba, a Honda Fit, an apartment in Florianópolis, a Honda Legend, and a house in a gated community in San Isidro, and traveled abroad extensively. Her daughter Lorena Jayo had bought a house and several cars; her daughter Agostina had bought a Fiat Uno and a Peugeot 206; together the sisters had bought property. The court did not believe the three women's claims that they had earned the money to pay for these items themselves; all three were charged.

Once rail disaster

In January 2013, the Buenos Aires Federal Court ratified the charges against Jaime in regard to the train crash and prohibited Jaime from leaving the country. In May 2013, Chamber III of the Federal Court of Criminal Appeals upheld the prosecution of Jaime in the train-wreck case. Jaime and others were charged with negligent derailment and administrative fraud. As of June 2014, the trial was still underway.

In October 2012, a federal judge indicted Jaime on charges of abuse of authority in a case involving the death of 51 people in a train crash in February of that year in the Once railway station. He was sentenced to six years imprisonment in December 2015.

Attention
Jaime is the subject of the 2011 book El Rekaudador: Ricardo Jaime: La Cara de la Corrupcion en la Era Kirchnerista by Omar Lavieri. “Recaudador” means “collector”; in the book title, the letter “c” in the word “recaudador” is replaced with a “K” for Kirchner, a reference to Jaime's reputation as being Néstor Kirchner's “collector,” or bagman. The subtitle describe Jaime as “the face of corruption in the Kirchnerist Era.” The publisher described the book as a “snapshot of corruption in the Kirchner era” and called Jaime “part of the collecting machinery created by Néstor Kirchner to expand his political influence.” The book was “the result of three years of journalistic research based on dozens of interviews, hundreds of thousands of court documents and e-mails to Manuel Vázquez,” which lay bare Jaime's role “in a well-oiled illegal collection system that had the complicity of business and the protection of his old friend Néstor Kirchner.”  Lavieri discovered that one businessman, Claudio Cirigliano, paid for Jaime's private air trips and another, Néstor Otero, paid his rent on Avenida del Libertador. The book presented e-mails detailing Jaime's personal enrichment at the hands of various transportation and construction companies.

Personal life
As of 2010, he was married to Silvia Reyes; in 2013, she was referred to as his ex-wife. He has three daughters, Romina, Gimena y Julieta. He is known for wearing large amounts of gold jewelry purchased from his illicit money laundering and corruption activities.  He is either a brown or black belt in karate.

See also
 Amado Boudou

References

1955 births
Living people
Kirchnerism
Prisoners and detainees of Argentina


title: The Kallikaks

text:
The Kallikaks is an American sitcom television series starring David Huddleston which centers around a family from Appalachia that moves to California to run a decrepit gasoline station. The show aired from August 3 to August 31, 1977 on NBC.

Cast
David Huddleston as Jasper T. "J. T." Kallikak
Edie McClurg as Venus Kallikak
Bonnie Ebsen as Bobbi Lou Kallikak
Patrick J. Petersen as Junior Kallikak
Peter Palmer as Oscar Heinz

Synopsis

Jasper T. "J. T." Kallikak is a coal miner from Appalachia. He inherits a run-down two-pump gasoline station in the fictional town of Nowhere, California. Thinking that as his own boss he will have a better life, he moves his impoverished family — his big-hearted and overly affectionate wife Venus, his status-seeking teenage daughter Bobbie Lou, and his 10-year-old son Junior (who is a smarter version of his father, prone to using big words, and a genius with mechanical things) — from West Virginia to California to run the gas station, selling no-name gasoline.

J. T.s boarder and only employee there is Oscar Heinz, a German immigrant who can barely speak English (he does say "Yavol, Mr. Kallikak" often) and as a result often gets things mixed up. Bobbi Lou gets a job at a nearby fried chicken stand.

J. T. is conniving, greedy, and inclined toward get-rich-quick schemes; he boasts of never having paid taxes, saying that there is no need to as long as there are fools who do pay their taxes. He and his family are always trying to — in the words of the shows theme song — "beat the system;" for example, they try to apply for welfare even though they are employed, and a social worker turns them away. The pumps at their gas station are rigged, and generally, their schemes to get ahead — which always seem to fail — involve conning and cheating someone else.

Production

Stanley Ralph Ross and Roger Price created The Kallikaks. Ross was its executive producer and George Yanok was its producer. Ross, Price, and Ron Kantor wrote the episodes.

Episode directors were Kantor, Bob LaHendro, and Dennis Steinmetz.

Ross wrote the shows theme song, "Beat the System," which Roy Clark performed for the opening credits. Tom Wells wrote other music used in the show.

Bonnie Ebsen was the daughter of Buddy Ebsen, who had starred from 1962 to 1971 in The Beverly Hillbillies.

Broadcast history

The Kallikaks premiered on August 3, 1977, and aired on NBC on Wednesdays at 9:30 p.m. throughout its brief run.  Broadcast during a time of the year when television viewership was low and criticized as an uninspired show with unlikeable characters, The Kallikaks never had much of a chance to succeed. Only five episodes were produced, the last one airing on August 31, 1977.

Trivia
The name of the family in the series title would seem to have come from The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness which was a 1912 book by the American psychologist and eugenicist Henry H. Goddard.

Episodes

References

External links

NBC original programming
1977 American television series debuts
1977 American television series endings
1970s American sitcoms
English-language television shows
Television series about dysfunctional families
Television shows set in California


title: John, Archbishop of Esztergom

text:
John (; died November 1223) was a prelate in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 12th and 13th centuries. He was Bishop of Csanád (now Cenad in Romania) between 1198 and 1201, Archbishop of Kalocsa from 1202 to 1205 and Archbishop of Esztergom between 1205 and 1223. He crowned Ladislaus III of Hungary, Andrew II of Hungary and Coloman of Halych king. Andrew II appointed him to govern the kingdom during his crusade between 1217 and 1218.

Early career
His origin is uncertain; some 19th-century historiographical works consider John was the brother of Queen Gertrude of Merania, King Andrew's consort. This supposition is based on Adam Franz Kollár's 1762 work, the Historiae diplomaticae juris patronatus apostolicorum Hungariae regum libri tres. However Pope Innocent III clearly stated that John was of Hungarian origin ("[...] quae de regno Hungariae originem duceret [...]"), when transferred him from Kalocsa to Esztergom in his papal bull of 6 October 1205, as Nándor Knauz's Monumenta ecclesiae Strigoniensis published the letter.

John first appeared in contemporary records in 1198, when a royal document — a charter of grant of Emeric of Hungary to the Szentgotthárd Abbey — referred to him as Bishop-elect of Csanád. Thus it is presumable that he was elected to the dignity not long before (his immediate predecessor Crispin, however, was last mentioned in 1193). Later in 1198, still he was styled as bishop-elect, when Emeric donated the village of Mihályi to his loyal partisan Ugrin Csák, Bishop of Győr. By the end of the year, his election was confirmed by the newly elected Pope Innocent, who had cordial and cooperative relationship with John. They corresponded with each other in numerous canonical and administrative affairs, which affected the daily operation of the Diocese of Csanád. For instance, John reported that several clergymen and deacons violated the law of clerical celibacy in his bishopric. On 30 January 1199, the pope commissioned Boleslaus, Bishop of Vác, John and an unidentified abbot of Zirc Abbey to investigate a legal dispute between Kalán Bár-Kalán, Bishop of Pécs and the Földvár Abbey after its abbot turned to the Roman Curia, whereafter Kalán questioned the abbey's autonomy, acquired its alleged founding charters by force and imprisoned the abbot. In the same year, John was a member of that papal committee, which investigated the charges against Elvin, Bishop of Várad, who was accused of simony and act of offense by the local chapter. This dissension was a chapter of a wider conflict between the partisans of Emeric and his rebellious brother Duke Andrew.

John was mentioned as bishop in 1199 too, when Emeric transferred the right of patronage of Dénesmonostora (lit. "Denis' monastery") within the gens Becsegergely. The family monastery located at the border of the dioceses of Csanád and Várad. When Emeric prepared a crusade under the pressure of Innocent in the spring of 1201, the pope sent a letter to Duke Andrew, Saul Győr, Archbishop of Kalocsa and John to "put aside the hostility and keep the peace of the realm" (i.e. govern the kingdom under the king's absence). Innocent's instruction reflects John's growing political influence during the last regnal years of Emeric.

Archbishop of Kalocsa
The elderly Saul Győr of Kalocsa died either in 1201 or 1202. He was succeeded by John, who was considered the king's loyal supporter by then. In the same time, Emeric invaded Serbia and helped Stephen Nemanjić's brother Vukan seize the throne, while Emeric himself adopted the title of King of Serbia. This act has increased the ecclesiastical significance of the Archdiocese of Kalocsa, which located along the southern border of the Hungarian kingdom. Pope Innocent had urged the king to take measures to liquidate the Bosnian Church (often called Bogomils or Patarenes), whom the Catholic Church considered to be heretics. To avert the Hungarian attack, Ban Kulin of Bosnia held a public assembly on 8 April 1203 and affirmed his loyalty to Rome in the presence of papal legate John de Casamaris, while the faithful abjured their mistakes and committed to following the Roman Catholic doctrine. Following that King Emeric and Archbishop John held talks with Ban Kulin's unidentified son, the "heretic" envoys (priests Ljubin and Dragota) and the papal representative at Csepel Island. On 30 April, the envoys and Kulin's son confirmed their oath of allegiance before John and Kalán Bár-Kalán.

In the same time, John participated in the intention of prepare the church union between the Serbian Church (then still subordinated to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople) and the Roman Catholic Church. After Emeric's successful military campaign, Pope Innocent assigned the territory of Serbia as a suffragan diocese to the Archbishopric of Kalocsa. On 22 March 1203, the pope appointed John as the papal representative of the issue and sent to the court of the Hungarian vassal Vukan, Grand Prince of Serbia. John was mandated to negotiate in Ras and convert Vukan, the Serbian courtiers, noblemen and clergy, releasing them from obedience to the Patriarch. Pope Innocent simultaneously sent a letter to Vukan, where he declared that the arriving John negotiates on his behalf and represents the interests of the Roman Curia. In this assignment, John has not achieved substantial success; the pope expressed his disappointment that did not hear of any positive developments in his letter to Emeric in the next year. On 25 February 1204, Innocent entrusted his Bulgarian legate Cardinal Leo Brancaleoni to extend his operation over Serbia too. In 1205, John sought to merge the "heretic" diocese in the "land of the sons of knez Belo" to the Roman Catholic Church, which laid south of the archbishopric (possibly in Serbia at the border). Theologian József Udvardy considered that this "Belo" is identical with the late Ban Beloš. On 3 May, Innocent approved the intention. Nevertheless, the papal policy remained inefficient, and later the autocephalous Serbian Orthodox Church emerged by 1219, under the influence of Stefan the First-Crowned and his brother Saint Sava, its first archbishop.

During the short episcopate of John, the tension between the sees Esztergom and Kalocsa over the diverging views in the question of primacy jurisdiction reached its peak. It appears that John tried to take advantage of the situation that Emeric's relationship with Job, Archbishop of Esztergom has deteriorated drastically, most likely because he remained neutral in the power struggle between the king and his younger brother, and stayed away from the secular affairs. Meanwhile, John was considered a loyal partisan of Emeric. Some scholars argue Job pronouncedly turned against the monarch and joined Duke Andrew's court, as Emeric referred to Job as his "enemy" in his letter to Pope Innocent around 1202, when offered the royal provostries and abbeys under the supervision of Esztergom to Rome directly.  Under these conditions, the rivalry between Esztergom and Kalocsa became part of a wider secular power struggle in Hungary. An episode of this conflict was recorded, when Job's episcopal blessing in a royal church, which laid in the territory of the Archdiocese of Esztergom, was interrupted by John "with noiseness", who marched into the cathedral with his entourage and blessed the people himself. On another occasion, John entrusted his two suffragan bishops to consecrate churches which belonged to Esztergom. John unduly wore pallium and used archiepiscopal cross during Masses. Under the pretext of Bogomilism along the southern boundary, Job requested Pope Innocent to receive a mandate of apostolic legate regarding the territory of the whole kingdom (i.e. also the Archdiocese of Kalocsa), when personally visited the Roman Curia in Palestrina (or Praeneste). Upon receiving Emeric's letter, Innocent refused this, but issued three bulls on 5 May 1203, which confirmed the privileges of the Archdiocese of Esztergom, including the right of coronation, delivering sacraments to the monarch and the royal family, the superintendence over the royal provostries and churches, ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the royal officials and the collection and reallocation of the tithe from the royal treasury. Beside that Innocent appointed a court (with the participation of Boleslaus, Bishop of Vác, for instance) to investigate John's "indecent behavior" during the conflict. The judgment of the body is unknown.

Archbishop Job died on 1 February 1204. Emeric, who intended to go on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, did not want to leave his country in uncertainty. Having fallen seriously ill, Emeric wanted to ensure the succession of his four-year-old son, Ladislaus. However Job's successor, archbishop-elect Ugrin Csák died before the coronation. As a result, the event was performed by John of Kalocsa on 26 August 1204. The dying king set his brother free and made him regent for the period of Ladislaus's minority. On 30 November 1204, King Emeric died, and Ladislaus III succeeded him. Pope Innocent sent a letter to Duke Andrew, warning him to respect the child king's interests. In April 1205, the pope sent a letter to John, who became de facto head of the Church in Hungary, and other prelates to support Ladislaus and his mother Queen Constance of Aragon. John was also commissioned to excommunicate the minor Ladislaus' enemies. Considering her son's position to be insecure, Constance fled to Austria, taking Ladislaus with her. The young king suddenly died there on 7 May 1205. Following that John crowned Andrew king in Székesfehérvár on 29 May 1205.

Archbishop of Esztergom

Controversial election
After the death of Ugrin Csák, the Cathedral Chapter of Esztergom requested (postulatio) Pope Innocent to appoint John as their new archbishop in the summer of 1204. The dying Emeric also supported their choice. In accordance with the canon law (jus canonicum), the canons' procedure was necessary as John was already consecrated as bishop. In this case, the pope had the right to transfer the prelate from a diocese to another one. The dispute over the fill the position of Archbishop of Esztergom became a precedential event in the legal history of the Church, as the case and the following papal decretal ("Bone Memorie") appears among the glosses in English canonist Lawrence Somercotes' Tractatus.

The cathedral chapter refused to invite the bishops of the suffragan dioceses of the Archbishopric of Esztergom to participate in the election process, referring to the canon law. According to the chapter's narration, the bishops were invited by the provost to ensure uniform approval, but they refused to attend and write an approval letter to Pope Innocent. Thus the canons did not recognize the bishops' right to vote, but their subsequent approval rights. In response, four suffragan bishops – Kalán of Pécs, Boleslaus of Vác, Kalanda of Veszprém and John of Nyitra (Nitra) – wrote a letter to the pope, where they claimed the archbishops were elected jointly by the chapter and the bishops in accordance with the spirit of customary law since King St. Stephen (the Archdiocese of Esztergom had six suffragan dioceses during that time; Katapán, Bishop of Eger kept himself away from the conflict, while the Diocese of Győr was in the status of sede vacante since early 1204). The four bishops, in addition of his origin outside the ecclesiastical province of Esztergom, also recalled John's activity as Archbishop of Kalocsa, when he had repeatedly attacked the privileges and acquired rights of Esztergom, causing unrest and destabilization. They argued John was inadequate to protect these prerogatives and they were afraid of possible revenge for previous grievances. In the same time, the canons sent their delegation to Rome to request the confirmation of John's nomination (as the canon law has forbidden the translation of bishops). The delegation consisted of the provost of Pressburg, the treasurer of Esztergom and two royal envoys – the abbot of Bakonybél and magister Peter (possibly identical with chronicler Anonymus), to strengthen John's position and emphasize the friendly relationship between him and Emeric.

However the political situation changed when Emeric died on 30 November 1204. Duke Andrew, who governed the kingdom as his nephew's regent, had a tense relationship with Innocent, who has always been opposed to his rebellions against his brother. Andrew immediately sent a letter with discourteous tone to the pope to inform him about developments and to promise that he will continue Emeric's launched measures, including the support of John's candidacy. He urged the pope to transfer John "without delay". By that time, on 22 November 1204, Pope Innocent III ordered both sides to send their representatives to Rome to deadline of 7 February 1205. The pope was infuriated by the fact that John had celebrated the coronation of Ladislaus III, violating the privileges of Esztergom (which also strengthened the arguments of the canons' representatives). Innocent postponed the decision to February 1205 and encouraged the parties to conclude a compromise, thus the pope refused to confirm John's nomination for the time being.

Upon hearing of the pope's decision, some members of the Cathedral Chapter of Esztergom gathered and withdrew their support from John, who also lost his strongest promoter, King Emeric. Around December 1204 or January 1205, they elected Kalán Bár-Kalán for the position of Archbishop of Esztergom. His candidacy was also supported by Duke Andrew, but the majority of the canons and the suffragan bishops (excepting John of Nyitra) did not recognize the legitimacy of the election. Andrew sent a letter around February 1205 to Innocent to request the confirmation of Kalán, who was considered Andrew's loyal partisan during his struggles against the late Emeric. Formerly Kalán had numerous scandals; for instance, he was accused of incestuous relationship with his niece, but the investigation conducted by his six fellow bishops cleared him. Nevertheless, Innocent refused to confirm Kalán's election, because of shortcomings in the election process. In his letter to the chapter (22 June 1205), Innocent ordered the canons to elect or unanimously nominate their archbishop within a month, and obtain the support of the suffragan bishops too, "if it is required" in Hungary. If they fail to do it, the pope himself will appoint an archbishop to administer the province, as the letter wrote. In June 1205 (before receiving the pope's order), the chapter summoned and nominated John as archbishop again, in accordance with the 22 November 1204 instructions. Three suffragan bishops, Boleslaus, Kalanda and Peter, Bishop-elect of Győr expressed to support John without reservations, while John of Nyitra was forced to write a letter to Innocent, in which he stated that he will withdraw his support from Kalán if the pope does not accept his protegee's nomination. Among the prelates, only Kalán contested the outcome of the election, even Andrew (now as king) acquiesced in that decision. Following that the chapter sent their five-member delegation to the Roman Curia, also delivering the king's support message. However Kalán's supporters again nominated their patron, excluding the rivals from the controversial procedure. They referred to Innocent's second letter (it has since arrived to the realm), which provided for the holding of new election. John's supporters lost their eligibility for election, when rejected to attend, they argued.

Pope Innocent III listened to both candidates' representatives and issued a papal decretal on 6 October 1205, called "Bone Memorie". He decided the conflict over the archbishopric of Esztergom in favor of John and confirmed his election. The pope argued there was no "one undoubtedly suitable candidate", but John was supported with convincing proportions both times during the assemblies. The pope also emphasized that he did not intend to appoint a foreign prelate. John was allowed to relocate his pallium from Kalocsa to Esztergom. On 14 October, Innocent sent a letter for reassurance of the Chapter of Kalocsa. He assured the canons that the archdiocese' dignity and rights will not undermined. John was succeeded as Archbishop of Kalocsa by Berthold, Queen Gertrude's brother in the following year. The case of John's election became part of the 13th-century decretal collections through Compilatio tertia (contains the documents of the first twelve years of the pontificate of Innocent III) and Liber extra. The next time when an archbishop was transferred to an equal archdiocese occurred in 1396, when English prelate Thomas Arundel was translated from York to Canterbury.

Conflicts of jurisdiction
Ironically, John became a dedicated defender of the church privileges of Esztergom after his election, when he confronted with the influential Berthold in numerous occasions. The queen's brother was tacitly supported by his brother-in-law King Andrew II in his efforts. Upon John's request, Pope Innocent confirmed his dignity's right of the coronation of the Hungarian monarch in 1209. However Berthold used his family relationships and influence in the royal court to put John under pressure. Amidst these circumstances, John was inclined to reach agreement in 1211: the two archbishops entrusted Robert, Bishop of Veszprém and Peter, Bishop of Győr to prepare a convention draft and submit to the Roman Curia. The proposal contained that the right of coronation should belong to the role of archbishop Esztergom, except in case of deliberate rejection, obstacle, deteriorated health condition or sede vacante, when the process must be performed by the archbishop of Kalocsa. The so-called "second coronations" (during festive events) must be celebrated jointly. In addition, the document attached the collection of tithe after the coinage to Esztergom, but John had to waive his all right (i.e. superintendence over the royal churches, abbeys and provostries, ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the royal officials) in the territory of the church province of Kalocsa, in accordance with the proposal. The theses of the document was promoted by Andrew II himself too.

However the canons of Esztergom sharply protested against the agreement. They sent their legation to Rome to ask the pope to refuse to confirm the document. On 12 February 1212, Innocent issued a bull dedicated to Andrew, John and the chapter, in which he refused to countersign the document, referring to its "harmful consequences" for the Kingdom of Hungary. The pope also rejected the intention of Andrew to create a suffragan diocese of Szeben (today Sibiu, Romania) under the supervision of Berthold to the place of the eponymous provostry, which administratively affiliated to the Archdiocese of Esztergom. This purpose was strongly opposed by John and William, Bishop of Transylvania. Nevertheless, John had several conflicts of jurisdiction with Berthold in the following years (for instance, in 1215, according to a letter from Pope Innocent), who left Hungary only in 1218, when he was appointed as Patriarch of Aquileia. In 1219, Pope Honorius III rebuked John, because he unduly exercised jurisdiction over royal churches in the archdiocese of Kalocsa, in violation of the privilege of the newly elected Ugrin Csák, Archbishop of Kalocsa. Honorius emphasized in his rescript that "the equal [archbishop] can not have power over the equal [archbishop]".

John also had a tense relationship with Robert of Veszprém since the 1210s. Robert was the main preparer and submitter to the draft, which sought to reduce the privileges of Esztergom, despite that John was his metropolitan archbishop. They had conflicts in the subject of superintendence over the provostry of Óbuda, and the jurisdiction over the clerical staff in the royal court (mostly resided in Óbuda), in addition to the right of coronation of the queen consorts. The debate has been intensified during the marriage of Andrew II and his second spouse Yolanda de Courtenay in February 1215. Their wedding was celebrated in Székesfehérvár and John crowned Yolanda queen consort. In response, Robert sent a complaint to Pope Innocent III, because the coronation of the queens consort in Hungary had been traditionally the privilege of his see, according to his narration. After Robert's personal visit in Rome, the pope sent two legates, cardinals Pelagio Galvani and Stefano di Ceccano to Hungary in order to investigate the complaint and confirmed the privilege of the See of Veszprém in April 1216. The decision was confirmed by Honorius in 1220 too. John had disagreement in 1221 with Desiderius, his successor in the post of Bishop of Csanád, over the collection of tithe after the coinage in the diocese. Honorius ruled in favor of John.

Secular affairs
John's relationship with Andrew II and his courtiers was ambiguous and fluctuating due to his former pro-Emeric standpoint and the confrontation against Berthold of Merania. After his accession to the throne, Andrew introduced a new policy for royal grants, which he called "new institutions" in one of his charters. He distributed large portions of the royal domainroyal castles and all estates attached to themas inheritable grants to his supporters, declaring that "the best measure of a royal grant is its being immeasurable". In addition to the Hungarian lords, his "new institutions" altered the relations between the royal court and the prelacy, whose secular influence has decreased due to the increasingly enormous wealth of the laic power sphere. Furthermore, the employment of Jews and Muslims to administer the royal revenues led Andrew into conflict with the Holy See and the Hungarian prelates. John "deeply disapproved" Andrew's policy, according to the narration of a royal charter. Despite that his archdiocese was granted the village of Gerla (today Gerlachov, Slovakia) in 1206, which belonged to Bars Castle before that. However, around the same time, Andrew confiscated the estate of Tardos in Esztergom County from the chapter due to John's behaviour. The controversial relationship between the royal court and the archdiocese is well represented by that royal donation, when Andrew gifted annually 100 silver denari to the chapter to commemorate his coronation since 1206. As another example, the king granted the port tariff of Kakat (present-day Štúrovo, Slovakia) to the archdiocese in 1215.

Queen Gertrude has gained considerable influence in the royal court. Andrew granted large domains to her brother Bishop Egbert in the Szepesség region (now Spiš, Slovakia), while Berthold was made Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1209. Andrew's generosity towards his wife's German relatives and courtiers discontented the local lords. When the king departed for a new campaign against Halych in summer 1213, taking advantage of his absence, Hungarian lords who were aggrieved at Queen Gertrude's favoritism towards her German entourage captured and murdered her and many of her courtiers in the Pilis Hills on 28 September. John's participation in the assassination is unclear. His involvement in the murder is mentioned by Italian scholar Boncompagno da Signa's tractate Rhetorica novissima, Alberic of Trois-Fontaines' Chronica and Matthew of Paris' Chronica Majora and Historia Anglorum. These works unanimously note John's famous phrase in his letter to Hungarian nobles planning the assassination of Gertrude: "Reginam occidere nolite timere bonum est si omnes consentiunt ego non contradico", can be roughly translated into "Kill Queen you must not fear will be good if all agree I do not oppose". The meaning is highly dependent on punctuation: either the speaker wishes a queen killed ("Kill Queen, you must not fear, will be good if all agree, I do not oppose") or not ("Kill Queen you must not, fear will be good, if all agree I do not, oppose"). Historian László Veszprémy considers the anecdote first appeared in the Annales iuvavenses (or "Annals of Salzburg") after an oral spread among the lower clergymen. On the other hand, Tamás Körmendi argues the ambiguous letter was subscribed as a result of a subsequent insertion. It is possible that Boncompagno heard the story in the Roman Curia and incorporated it into his rhetoric dissertation and textbook (published in 1235, the first written source of John's alleged letter). Both Boncompagno and Alberic mention that Andrew accused John of participating in the murder before the Holy See. However Pope Innocent, pointing out the correct use of commas, acquitted the archbishop from the charges. These references emphasize the letter's unintended ambiguity and, thus, John's approval of murder. Körmendi emphasizes the historiographical doubts regarding the authenticity of the letter, as John retained his influence in the upcoming years after the assassination. It is also unlikely that John's proverb was revealed after his active political role, as the anecdote's other protagonist Pope Innocent III died on 16 July 1216. Furthermore, Körmendi argues the preservation of the letter would have been irrational step, moreover the majority of the Hungarian nobility were illiterate during that time. Already 19th-century historian László Nogáll doubted the authenticity of the anecdote.

Andrew sent a letter in 1214 to Pope Innocent, requesting him to authorize John to anoint his younger son Coloman as king of Halych. Coloman was crowned by John with the pope's authorization possibly in early 1216. Pope Honorius mentioned in a letter in 1222 that John had crowned Coloman "with the blessing of the Holy See", but the circumstances of the ceremony are unknown. Around the same time Andrew II requested Innocent to exempt John from the obligation to participate in the Fourth Council of the Lateran as he intended to fulfill his father's vow to lead a crusade and wished to leave his family and the realm in the care of Archbishop John. Innocent refused that as John took part in the ecumenical council in 1215, along with Berthold, six Hungarian and three Dalmatian bishops. When Pope Honorius III once again called upon Andrew to fulfill his father's vow to lead a crusade in July 1216, the king, who had postponed the crusade at least three times (in 1201, 1209 and 1213), finally agreed. Departing from Hungary in July 1217, Andrew II appointed John as regent to govern the kingdom during the Fifth Crusade. The land of Tardos was returned to the Archdiocese of Esztergom on this occasion. However both John and Palatine Julius Kán proved to be incapable to prevent the spread of anarchic conditions. When he returned to Hungary by late 1218, Andrew complained to Pope Honorius that his kingdom was "in a miserable and destroyed state, deprived of all of its revenues."  A group of barons had even expelled Archbishop John from Hungary. According to Andrew's letter, John was obedient to morality rather than rebelled lords' demands and "wickedness", thus he was imprisoned and exiled "in the midst of great injustice and shame", while his wealth was confiscated by "these tyrants". John spent months of exile until Andrew's return. The king emphasized John and his canons' steadfast fidelity and bravery. As compensation, Andrew donated the vineyards of Pográny (today Pohranice, Slovakia) and other landholdings (for instance, Gamás, Kapoly and Lulla) in Somogy County to John in 1218. The Chapter of Esztergom was granted the land of Alvinc (today Vințu de Jos, Romania) and its udvornici in the next year.

Last years
John consecrated Bartholomew le Gros, who arrived to Hungary with Queen Yolanda, as Bishop of Pécs in 1219. The canons of the cathedral chapter of Pécs attempted to prevent Bartholomew's installation by stating that he was too young for this position. Pope Honorius punished John with sanctions because of his involvement in the appointment, prohibiting the free use of the archdiocese's income and his right of consecration in the Diocese of Pécs. Accordingly, John had to ask for permission to cover the necessary expenses from the pope's two appointed trustees, bishops Thomas of Eger and his old antipode Robert of Veszprém. However an official inquiry ordered by the Holy See ascertained that the new bishop had already attained 30 years, the age required by canon law. After that John was acquitted of the charges and regained the right to financial supervision. In the same year, the consecration of Cosmas, Bishop of Győr also proved to be problematic, as Honorius withdrew John's right to appoint the next bishop in Győr.

It is possible that John was present in England on 7 July 1220, when Thomas Becket's remains were moved from his first tomb to a shrine, in the recently completed Trinity Chapel. The event was attended by King Henry III, the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio, the Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton and large numbers of dignitaries and magnates secular and ecclesiastical throughout from Europe. Alongside Langton and Guillaume de Joinville, Archbishop of Reims, an unidentified Hungarian archbishop among the guests is referred by Walter of Coventry in his work Memoriale, when described the events. This archbishop may have been John, at whose seat in Esztergom there was a provostry erected in the honour of Thomas Becket. Due to John's advanced age, historian Gábor Thoroczkay considers Walter's narration refers to Ugrin Csák of Kalocsa, who was much younger than John. Beside John or Ugrin, Desiderius of Csanád also attended the celebration, who was robbed by burghers of Pavia on his way back.

John gradually retired from public life since the early 1220s, while Ugrin Csák, also a former chancellor, has gained influence in the royal court. During the resistant movement which led to the issue of the Golden Bull of 1222 by Andrew II, John remained passive, even when Pope Honorius urged the Hungarian prelates to apply ecclesiastical censures against those who had claimed that they did not owe loyalty to Andrew, but to Béla, the king's eldest son and heir. John died in November 1223.

References

Sources

Archbishops of Esztergom
Archbishops of Kalocsa
Bishops of Csanád
13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Hungary
1223 deaths
12th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Hungary
12th-century Hungarian people
13th-century Hungarian people


title: 2013–14 Bavarian Cup

text:
The 2013–14 Bavarian Cup (German: Bayerischer Toto-Pokal 2013–14) was the seventeenth edition of this competition, first held in 1998 and organised by the Bavarian Football Association (BFV). The winner, Würzburger Kickers of the Regionalliga Bayern, was qualified for the first round of the 2014–15 DFB-Pokal, the German Cup. Würzburg went on to defeat 2. Bundesliga club Fortuna Düsseldorf in the first round and advance to the second.

The competition was open to all senior men's football teams playing within the Bavarian football league system and the 3. Liga.

History
The Bavarian Cup, officially referred to as the Bayerischer Toto-Pokal for sponsorship reasons was established in 1998. Until 2009 it was contested by only eight clubs, qualified through the seven annual regional cup competitions. Since 2009 the Bavarian Cup has been expanded to include 64 teams in the first round.

The defending champions of the competition were TSV 1860 Rosenheim who defeated SV Wacker Burghausen in the 2012–13 final.

Rules and regulations
The competition is open to all member clubs of the Bavarian Football Association except the clubs playing in the Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga. Reserve teams are also barred from the competition. The Bavarian clubs from the 3. Liga and Regionalliga Bayern and the 24 District Cup (Kreispokale) winners qualified directly for the first round of the competition. The 96 clubs from the two divisions of the Bayernliga and the five divisions of the Landesliga Bayern entered the qualifying stage of the competition. Clubs below the Landesliga had to take part in the Kreispokale to qualify.

For the 2013–14 edition this meant the three Bavarian 3. Liga clubs, the thirteen Regionalliga Bayern clubs that were not reserve sides, the 24 Kreispokal winners and 24 clubs qualified through the two rounds of qualifying entered the first round of the Bavarian Cup.

For the first two rounds of the Cup the draw was subdivided into five regional areas, for the third round in four regional areas. From the quarter-finals onwards no regional subdivision was applied anymore. Clubs from lower divisions were always awarded home advantage in the draw. Should both clubs in a match be of the same division the team drawn first received home advantage. Should both clubs in a match be of the same division the team drawn first received home advantage. If a game was drawn after regular time no extra time was played. Instead a penalty shoot out followed to determine the winner.

The winner of the 2013–14 Bavarian Cup was automatically qualified for the first round of the German Cup the following season. The second spot awarded to the Bavarian Football Association for the first round of the German Cup went to FV Illertissen, the best-placed non-reserve side in the Regionalliga Bayern. Should the same team have won the cup and finished as the best non-reserve side in the Regionalliga the second spot would have gone to the losing finalist.

Schedule
The dates set for the various rounds were:
 First round: 21 August 2013
 Second round: 28 August 2013
 Round of sixteen: 3 October 2013
 Quarter finals: 9 April 2014
 Semi finals: 30 April 2014
 Final: 14 May 2014

Prize money
The BFV awarded prize money to all clubs participating in the 2013–14 edition. Every Kreispokal winner was awarded €700. Every club participating in the first round received €150, the winners of the first round €250. From there it gradually increased to the winner of the competition receiving €5,000.

The winner of the Bavarian Cup also received another €140,000 from the DFB for participating in the first round of the DFB-Pokal. Apart from this the club also received the gate receipts as all amateur clubs are guaranteed a home game for the first round. By reaching the second round of the German Cup Würzburger Kickers earned €408,000 from the German Football Federation, the DFB in television and advertising revenue.

Overview
The final of the competition saw two Regionalliga Bayern sides playing each other with SV Schalding-Heining hosting Würzburger Kickers. Schalding went ahead twice but eventually the game ended two all. In the following penalty shoot out Kickers defeated Schalding 4–2. It was the first cup win for Würzburg while SV Schalding-Heining had previously won the inaugural Bavarian Cup in 1998.

Of the three 3. Liga sides in the competition, the only clubs in the competition at fully professional level, Wacker Burghausen was knocked out in the semi-finals after the club had in turn  knocked out SpVgg Unterhaching in the round before. The third of those clubs, Jahn Regensburg, was defeated 4–3 by Sportfreunde Dinkelsbühl in round two, a club playing three divisions lower in the Landesliga. Dinkelsbühl was also the only side from the Landesliga level or below to reach the last eight of the competition, eventually going out to Würzburger Kickers in the semi-finals.

2013–14 season
The games of the 2013–14 season:

First round
The first round, played between 20 and 22 August 2013:

 ‡ SV Waldeck exchanged home advantage with FC Ismaning.

Second round
The second round, played between 25 August and 11 September 2013:

Round of sixteen
The round of sixteen, played between 1 and 3 October 2013:

Quarter finals
The quarter finals, played between 8 and 9 April 2014:

Semi finals
The semi finals, played on 30 April 2014:

Final
The final, played on 14 May 2014:

Key

2014–15 DFB-Pokal
The 2013–14 winner Würzburger Kickers qualified through the Bavarian Cup for the 2014–15 DFB-Pokal and drew the following opposition:

First round

Second round

References

External links
 Bavarian FA website

Bavarian Cup seasons
Bavarian


title: Tenshin Ranman: Lucky or Unlucky!?

text:
is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Yuzusoft, and released for the PC on May 29, 2009. The game was later ported to the PlayStation Portable console by Russell on March 25, 2010, under the title Tenshin Ranman - Happy Go Lucky!!. The gameplay in Tenshin Ranman follows a plot line which offers pre-determined scenarios with courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the four female main characters. The story revolves around Haruki Chitose, the very unfortunate protagonist, and older brother of Sana Chitose. One day, he receives a parcel containing something he would never have thought.

Before the game's release, a Tenshin Ranman web radio program was broadcast in Japan on radio station Onsen. Five character image songs, one for each heroine, were produced by Yuzusoft from February 6, 2009, to March 19, 2009. Each character CD came with a different mini drama. A manga was serialized in ASCII Media Works' Dengeki G's Festival! Comic, and later released in two tankōbon volumes. There has also been a light novel adaptation published by Harvest.

In 2015, Sekai Project announced an official English localization of Tenshin Ranman.

Gameplay
Tenshin Ranman is a romance visual novel in which the player assumes the role of Haruki Chitose. Much of its gameplay is spent reading the text that appears on the screen, which represents the story's narrative and dialogue. The text is accompanied by character sprites, which represent who Haruki is talking to, over background art. Throughout the game, the player encounters CG artwork at certain points in the story, which take the place of the background art and character sprites. The game follows a branching plot line with multiple endings, and depending on the decisions that the player makes during the game, the plot will progress in a specific direction.

There are four main (with two unlockable plots for the sub-heroine) plot lines that the player will have the chance to experience, one for each of the heroines in the story. Throughout gameplay, the player is given multiple options to choose from, and text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made. Some decisions can lead the game to end prematurely and offer an alternative ending to the plot. To view all plot lines in their entirety, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction. Throughout gameplay, there are scenes depicting Haruki and a given heroine having sexual intercourse, however, these sexual scenes are removed in the PlayStation Portable version. The PlayStation Portable also add two new heroine of the game.

Plot

Story
Haruki Chitose lives with his younger sister Sana Chitose, and at first glance, seems like an ordinary guy, however, he is extremely unfortunate to a degree. Eventually he accepts it as a part of his daily life. One day, Haruki receives a parcel with the only words written on it: "creature". This turns out to be a goddess who has come to remove his misfortune, and starts to live in the Chitose household. Sana does not approve of this, and several other characters get involved.

Main characters

The main protagonist. He is extremely unlucky, causing him to come to terms with this and accept this as a daily routine. He is rather cold, though he does show his soft side from time to time. His younger sister is Sana Chitose.

Unohana is a goddess who came delivered to the Chitose residence in a parcel, with the intention of removing Haruki's bad luck. She starts to live with him. Unohana is very talented, likes to read manga, and flirts with Haruki a lot.

A fox-eared girl who serves Unohana. She loves sweets, and will often attempt to bite Haruki, to his dismay. Ruri also has a habit of smelling people.

Sana is Haruki's younger sister. She is gentle and kind, but gets jealous easily. She is especially good at doing housework such as cooking and laundry. Sana is not actually blood related to Haruki.

Hiroki's outgoing childhood friend. Aoi is very popular at school, due to her looks and personality. She tries to be helpful to Haruki, by giving him lucky charms in order to try to get rid of the bad luck. She is Wataru's younger sister.

Media

Printed media
A manga adaptation was serialized in the Dengeki G's Festival! Comic magazine between April 2009 and October 2011 issues. Two tankōbon volumes were published in Japan by ASCII Media Works, under their Dengeki Comics imprint. The manga was illustrated by Aya Yamabuki.

A light novel called  was published by Harvest under their Nagomi Bunko imprint on January 1, 2010. It was written by Itoi Ken'ichi, and illustrated by artist Satoru Arikawa, the cover was illustrated by Muririn.

Web radio and character CDs
A web radio directed by Niji, called  was hosted on radio station Onsen. The show broadcast from January 6, 2009, to July 7, 2009. It is hosted by voice actress Yui Sakakibara. A total of fourteen broadcasts were made.

Five character image songs, one for each heroine, were produced by Yuzusoft. Unohana's character song, titled "Charge of Soul", was released on February 6, 2009. Ruri's character song, titled , was released on February 20, 2009. Sana's character song, titled "With You!!", was released on March 6, 2009. Lastly, Aoi's character song, titled , was released on March 19, 2009. Each character CD comes with a mini-drama.

Reception
On Getchu.com, a major redistributor of visual novel and domestic anime products, Tenshin Ranman was ranked as the second most widely sold game of May 2009, the month and year of the visual novel's release, only falling behind Tayutama: It's Happy Days, which ranked first. The visual novel made another appearance in the charts, ranking No. 11 in June 2009 on Getchu.com. Tenshin Ranman was ranked as the third most widely sold game in the first half of 2009, on Getchu.com. The visual novel was also voted as the overall most recommended visual novel to play as of May 2009.

References

External links
 Tenshin Ranman: Lucky or Unlucky!? official website
 Tenshin Ranman: Happy Go Lucky!! official website

ASCII Media Works manga
Dengeki Comics
Eroge
Harem anime and manga
Harem video games
Manga based on video games
Nagomi Bunko
Seinen manga
Visual novels
Windows games
Regional deities
Sekai Project games


title: George L. Allen

text:
George Littleton Allen (1811-1882) was High Constable of Toronto from 1847 to 1852 and Governor of the Toronto Jail from 1852 to 1872.

Allen was born to a Protestant family in Sligo, Ireland, United Kingdom, and emigrated to New York at the age of 15 before moving to Toronto. He was appointed High Constable or Chief Constable of the Toronto Police Department by the city in 1847 and served in that position for five years until 1852 when he was appointed Governor of the Toronto Jail and was the first governor of the Don Jail when it opened in 1864, taking up residence in the jail's administrative wing.

References

Toronto police chiefs
Canadian prison officials
Irish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Irish Protestants
1811 births
1882 deaths


title: Lucas Noguera Paz

text:
Lucas Noguera Paz (born 5 October 1993) is an Argentine rugby union footballer who recently played as a loosehead prop for Bath in Premiership Rugby and for Argentina.

Noguera Paz was a member of the Argentina Under-20 side which competed in the 2013 IRB Junior World Championship in France.   He went on to represent the Pampas XV on their 2014 tour of Australia and made his senior international debut later in the year against  where he also managed a debut try.   He featured against  the following week and played all 3 of his country's games during the 2014 mid-year rugby union internationals series. In August 2014, he was named in the Pumas squad for the 2014 Rugby Championship.

References

1993 births
Living people
Sportspeople from San Miguel de Tucumán
Rugby union props
Pampas XV players
Jaguares (Super Rugby) players
Argentine rugby union players
Argentina international rugby union players
Bath Rugby players
Leeds Tykes players
Yacare XV players
2015 Rugby World Cup players


title: Rebecca W. Rimel

text:
Rebecca W. Rimel was the president and CEO of The Pew Charitable Trusts. She was succeeded in that position on July 1, 2020 by Susan K. Urahn.

Rimel joined the organization in 1983 as a health program manager, and became executive director five years later.  She assumed the position of president and CEO in 1994.

Rimel began her tenure at The Pew Charitable Trusts in 1983, serving as health program manager. Rimel has executive leadership and experience in public policy and advocacy, particularly in the field of healthcare. From 1981 to 1983, she served as an assistant professor in the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Virginia Health System. She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2000.

Rimel's role in the controversy surrounding the moving the art of the Barnes Foundation to downtown Philadelphia against the last wishes of Albert C. Barnes and the Friends of the Barnes is discussed critically in The Art of the Steal (2009_film). Rimel refused to discuss her role in the move of the artwork for the film. In his review of the film for Philanthropy Today William A. Schambra was also critical of Rimel's lack of transparency.

Education
Rimes earned a bachelor of science degree, with distinction, from the UVA School of Nursing and a Master of Business Administration from James Madison University.

References

External links

Living people
American women chief executives
American nonprofit chief executives
American nurses
American women nurses
University of Virginia School of Nursing alumni
James Madison University alumni
1951 births
Members of the American Philosophical Society
21st-century American women


title: Matías Alemanno

text:
Matías Alemanno (born 5 December 1991) is an Argentine professional rugby union player who plays as a lock for Premiership Rugby club Gloucester and the Argentina national team.

Club career
He was a member of the Pampas XV squad for the 2013 Vodacom Cup in South Africa and he also went on their tour of Australia in 2014.

Alemanno was signed to play for  until 2020 after which he moved to England to join Gloucester.

International career
Alemmano was a member of the Argentina Under-20 sides which competed in the 2010 and 2011 IRB Junior World Championships and later went on to play for Argentina's representative teams, the Jaguars and the Pampas XV.

He made his senior debut for Los Pumas on 17 May 2014, scoring a try in Argentina's comfortable win over .   He also played in the victory over  a week later and played in all of his country's 3 matches during the 2014 mid-year rugby union internationals series.

In August 2014, he was named in the squad for the 2014 Rugby Championship.

Alemanno was a starter for the  national team on 14 November 2020 in their first ever win against the All Blacks.

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Argentine sportspeople of Italian descent
Sportspeople from Córdoba, Argentina
Rugby union locks
Pampas XV players
Jaguares (Super Rugby) players
Argentine rugby union players
Argentina international rugby union players
2015 Rugby World Cup players
2019 Rugby World Cup players
2023 Rugby World Cup players


title: Shatter Me (song)

text:
"Shatter Me" is a song composed and performed by American violinist Lindsey Stirling for her second studio album of the same name, and features vocals from American rock singer Lzzy Hale, the lead singer of American rock band Halestorm. The song was written and composed by Stirling, Dia Frampton, and the song's producer, Mark Maxwell, under his production moniker SILAS. The themes explored in "Shatter Me" were based in part on Stirling's experiences with an eating disorder. It became Stirling's first charting airplay single in November 2014 when it entered the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart at number 39. Prior to that, it had peaked at number one on the Classical Digital Songs chart and number 10 on the Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart, as well as charting in Germany at number 59.

Composition
The second single of the album was co-written by Stirling and her friend Dia Frampton, the song was originally written and produced by Mark Maxwell (also called by the name of SILAS). It was not only Stirling's first lyrics composed by her but "Shatter Me" was also Stirling's first collaboration to be included on one of her own studio albums. On an interview with blabbermouth.net Stirling told the media: "This song is very, very — obviously — different for a Lindsey Stirling track, because I've never written lyrics before, I've never gotten to blatantly say what I feel."

According to Stirling, she had never heard of Lzzy Hale or Halestorm before but she needed a rock-star female vocalist. In an interview, Stirling stated "It was so important for me to find the right singer for it, because I had in my mind the idea of who I wanted. I love vocalists like Hayley Williams from Paramore and Amy Lee from Evanescence, so I really wanted a powerhouse, rock-star female vocalist."

On an interview with azcentral.com Stirling described Lzzy Hale as an "energetic performer". About the writing of the lyrics, Stirling wrote to azcentral.com that "for some reason, I had this little burst of inspiration. I just saw the image that is on my album cover. I saw a ballerina on a music box. It was a snow-globe music box. And she has a very stark expression but she's perfect and flawless and poised. And basically, that ballerina, I related so strongly to her because there was a time in my life when I was surrounded by this shell that I had basically built around myself, this image of perfection because I was so obsessed with being what I thought everyone else wanted me to be and I realized one day that I was so unhappy because I was a slave to my own control." On another interview with newmediarockstars.com Stirling explained the theme of the song according to her own experience:

According to Stirling, "Shatter Me" epitomizes the restrictions that world puts on us and shows how difficult it is to break out of old habits and have the courage to step out of our comfort zones into the light.

Release and promotion
On April 9, Stirling posted on her PledgeMusic account three teaser pictures of the upcoming "Shatter Me" music video, only the persons who had pre-ordered the album had access to this images. A week later the "Shatter Me - Studio Behind The Scenes" video was released in which Stirling talked about recording with the musician and singer Lzzy Hale and how did they finish knowing each other. Fragments of the song could be heard for moments in the video. On April 18 Stirling posted on her Pledge account a video of herself having prosthetic makeup for her second single-music video. The single was released on iTunes on April 21 but it wasn't until two days later that the music video was released on YouTube.

Live performances
On April 29, Stirling played live two songs of her new album: the instrumental version of "Shatter Me" and "Take Flight" at Barnes & Noble. The instrumental version of the single was also performed on the Lindsey Stirling 2014–2015 Tour as the last song of the track list, but at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles on May 15, Stirling performed the final song with Lzzy Hale live. On the same month Stirling performed  the single live at The Kennedy Center on Washington, D.C. On June 17, Stirling performed live at the CBS Radio Boston lounge. Two days later, she performed live at the Mix 107.9 studio. Both of these performance were presented with the support of Drew Steen and Jason Gaviati. On July 15 Stirling performed with Hale at Good Morning America and on August 7 both performed live again at America's got Talent, being the first time for Stirling to go back since she was disqualified in the fifth season of 2010.

Music video
The music video was filmed at YouTube Space L.A in only one week, according to Stirling. The music video for "Shatter Me" was released on Stirling's YouTube account on April 23. The video showed two different situations, in first place Stirling appeared as a ballerina inside a glass globe of a music box. On the other side Lzzy Hale was presented as a clock-girl who's always fixing things. The theme of the story is centered on the ballerina who hopes that someone will shatter the glass and free her, but she finds out that she is the only one who can break the glass. The video was released without any prior advertisement. Still, the video was a success as it accumulated more than 1.3 million views in less than 24 hours, becoming one of Stirling's more successful YouTube music videos. The video was directed by EVERDREAM and produced by James Khabushani. A seven-minute behind-the scenes music video was released on May 20, 2014, of Stirling explaining the producing and directing of the music video. The "Shatter Me" music video is Stirling's most successful music video of 2014, and as of January 17, 2021 it has accumulated more than 120 million views.

Child of Light version
On May 9, an instrumental version of "Shatter Me," called "Child of Light," was released. The song was part of the soundtrack of the Ubisoft fantasy game Child of Light. The video showed Stirling dressed as the protagonist of the game: Aurora, a small princess with powers against the dark, running through the forest. At the end of the video a small propaganda of the video was shown and the voice of Stirling at the back informed the viewers about the game.

Charts
"Shatter Me" debuted at number 39 on the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart for the week ending November 8, 2014, becoming Stirling's first single to enter an American airplay chart.

Year-end charts

References

2014 songs
2014 singles
Lindsey Stirling songs
Songs written by Lindsey Stirling
Songs written by Mark Maxwell (producer)
Songs about eating disorders


title: Pilis Abbey

text:
Pilis Abbey () was a Cistercian monastery in the Pilis Hills in the Kingdom of Hungary. It was founded in 1184  by monks who came from Acey Abbey in France at the invitation of  Béla III of Hungary. It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary.

References

Sources

Cistercian monasteries in Hungary


title: Nemanja Stevanović

text:
Nemanja Stevanović (; born 8 May 1992) is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for FK Partizan.

Career
Stevanović played with Jedinstvo Mali Zvornik, Rad, BASK, and Čukarički between 2012 and 2016. He saved two penalties from Bojan Božović on his Serbian SuperLiga debut against Napredak Kruševac on 9 August 2014.

Stevanović was declared as the best goalkeeper for the first half of the 2015–16 season.

On 29 July 2016, Stevanović signed four-year contract with Partizan.

On 31 August 2017, Stevanović moved on six-month loan deal to Teleoptik.

Career statistics

Honours
BASK
 Serbian First League: 2010–11
Čukarički
 Serbian Cup: 2014–15
Partizan
 Serbian SuperLiga: 2016–17
 Serbian Cup: 2016–17

References

External links
 Nemanja Stevanović stats at utakmica.rs

1992 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Loznica
Men's association football goalkeepers
Serbian men's footballers
FK BASK players
FK Čukarički players
FK Partizan players
FK Teleoptik players
FK Rad players
Serbian First League players
Serbian SuperLiga players


title: Three Forks, Wyoming

text:
Three Forks is an unincorporated community in Carbon County, Wyoming, United States.

Three forks, locally known as Three Forks Muddy Gap, was named from its location at a fork in the road. First settled in 1935 when Highway 287 was built. Local Rancher, Robert L. Tully built a small filling station. Then in his sixties, Tully decided to retire from ranching, selling off much of his original homestead to pay for the construction of the station.

References

Unincorporated communities in Carbon County, Wyoming


title: Muddy Gap, Wyoming

text:
Muddy Gap is an unincorporated community in Carbon County, Wyoming, United States. Muddy Gap and nearby Three Forks are sometimes referred to as one and the same place.

Muddy Gap is also the name of a natural gap nearby. Muddy Creek flows through the gap.

References

Unincorporated communities in Carbon County, Wyoming


title: Lew Palmer

text:
Lew Russell Palmer (February 11, 1875 – March 24, 1945) was an American football player and expert on industrial safety and accident prevention.  He played for the Princeton Tigers football team and was selected as the consensus first-team end on the 1898 College Football All-America Team.

Palmer was born in Adrian, Michigan, in 1875.  He attended Grinnell College in Iowa.  While at Grinnell, he set a western intercollegiate record in the half-mile run and was selected as an All-American in cross country.  He subsequently enrolled at Princeton University.  He graduated from Princeton in 1898 and remained for an additional three years to study electrical engineering.  While at Princeton, he played for the Princeton Tigers football team.  He was a consensus first-team honoree on the 1898 College Football All-America Team, and he was selected as a second-team All-American by Outing magazine in 1899.

After completing his studies at Princeton, Palmer went to work for Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was one of the founders of the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers in 1907 and also served as that organization's president.  He also served as president of the National Safety Council and held positions with the Lackawanna Steel Company in Buffalo, New Jersey Zinc Co., and the Jones and Laughlin Steel Company in Pittsburgh.

In 1913, Palmer became the chief inspector of the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry.  In November 1917, he became the acting commissioner of the same department.  He was also the chairman of the National Committee on Industrial Safety.

In November 1918, Palmer became the director of safety and personnel for the Equitable Life Assurance Society.  He remained with Equitable through at least 1940.  In 1920, he was living in Yonkers, New York, with his wife, Vesta, and their daughter Christine.  In 1930 and 1940, he remained living with his wife, Vesta (and in 1920 his daughter) in Yonkers and was employed as a "conservation engineer" by Equitable Life.

Palmer died in 1945.  He was buried at Perry Township Cemetery in Stark County, Ohio.

References

1875 births
1945 deaths
19th-century players of American football
American football ends
Princeton Tigers football players
College men's track and field athletes in the United States
All-American college football players
Grinnell College alumni
Sportspeople from Adrian, Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan


title: George Kingsmill

text:
George Kingsmill (1808–1852) was the High Constable of Toronto in 1835 and from 1837 to 1846.

Kingsmill was born in Queen's County, Ireland. He joined the British Army and, after being decommissioned, settled in Toronto in 1829 and ran a provision store on Market Street where he supplied sailing vessels and steamers passing through the city's port.  He was appointed High Constable in 1835, was succeeded by James Stitt in 1836 and was then re-appointed to the position in 1837.

In 1835, he was appointed the second High Constable of Toronto, however, he was the first to not also be the city's only constable. During his tenure, in 1835, the Toronto Police Department was first organized when the city retained five full-time constables, the first organized police force in Canada. Kingsmill was a member of the Orange Order and he recruited his constables from the Order's ranks, a practice later found by a provincial commission of inquiry to have led the police to take a highly sectarian character. This was a period of sectarian conflict in Toronto between the Protestant majority and the largely Irish Catholic minority and the police often supported their fellow Orangemen during anti-Catholic rioting. During the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837, Kingsmill aided the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, Sir Francis Bond Head, in putting down the uprising. and in the years following the 1837 Rebellion also were used by incumbent Tory politicians to break up meetings of Reformers.

Kingsmill retired from business in 1842 and died in Galt in 1852.

Kingsmill's nephew, Thomas Frazer Kingsmill, settled in London, Ontario and established Kingsmill's Department Store in 1865 which remained in operation until 2014.

References

Businesspeople from County Laois
Toronto police chiefs
Pre-Confederation Ontario people
Irish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Irish Protestants
Upper Canada Rebellion people
1808 births
1852 deaths
19th-century British Army personnel
19th-century Canadian businesspeople
Immigrants to Upper Canada
Irish soldiers in the British Army
Police officers from County Laois
Military personnel from County Laois


title: Shriharsha

text:
Shri-harsha (IAST: Śrīharṣa) was a 12th century CE Indian philosopher and poet. Śrīharṣa works discuss various themes in Indian Philosophy, such as pramana. He has been often interpreted as promoting Advaita Vedānta in his Sweets of Refutation (Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍanakhādya), however, this interpretation remains controversial among modern scholars. Śrīharṣa's thought was influential for both Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika thinkers and also for the Advaita Vedānta tradition.

Life

Śrīharṣa was the son of Śrīhira and Mamalladevī. His father, Śrīhira, was a poet in the court of the Gahadavala king Vijayachandra. His father was also a guide of common people towards god with vedas, Bhagavad Gita's thoughts etc. His father asked Harsha at the time of his death to study well and become a pandit. He told him to use his shiksha (education) towards making life of common people divinity oriented and better. Also, he told Śrīharṣa to take thoughts of Bhagavad Gita to every one.

Śrīharṣa had a classic Indian education at a gurukula, studying and living under guru's guidance. He mastered all scriptures and all schools of thoughts prevailing at that time. He famously wrote the Sweets of Refutation (Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍanakhādya), which critiques the epistemology of the Nyaya school and the rational inquiry in general.

Śrīharṣa spent his later life in ascetic serenity on the banks of River Ganga. He composed several works. These include Naiṣadhacarita, Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍakhādya, Vijayaprasasti, Chindaprasasti, Gaudorvisakulaprasasti, Sahasankacarita, Arnavavarnana and Amarakhandana.

Philosophy
Śrīharṣa's most well known philosophical text is the Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍakhādya ("Sugar-candy Pieces of Refutations" or just Sweets of Refutation).

Śrīharṣa thinks that any philosophical argument or view is subject to refutation-arguments (khaṇḍana-yukti) and thus all philosophical arguments are defeasible and are not sufficient evidence to believe in any philosophical view.

The work focuses on skeptical critiques of rational philosophical proofs, especially the epistemological system of the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika philosophical school. His main critique is the inadequacy of the Nyaya definitions of the six philosophical categories they defend: substance (dravya), quality (guṇa), action (karma), universal (sāmānya), ultimate differentiator (viśeṣa), and the relation of inherence (samavāya). Śrīharṣa also critiques the Nyaya definition of knowledge, and argues that there may no single satisfactory definition.

Śrīharṣa thinks that his critiques also provide evidence for the non-duality of consciousness, the view that only consciousness truly exists. Indeed, while Śrīharṣa critiques almost all philosophical categories and views, including causality and the external world (apart from consciousness), he affirms the reality of consciousness.

According to Śrīharṣa, all consciousness events are self-aware or self-revealing. Thus, consciousness knows itself, and this reflexive self-knowing is the only thing we need to know that consciousness is real. This view was commonly defended by the Yogācāra school of Buddhism, which defended the theory of self-reflexive awareness (svasamvedana).

Śrīharṣa also seeks to show through his many critiques of rational Nyaya thought that using rationality to attempt to understand ultimate reality is a futile act. Thus, he thinks that rational argumentation cannot prove the dualistic system of Nyaya nor can it prove non-dualism either. Instead, he says that the method of knowing non-duality is a subtle awareness of non-duality which arises from contemplation based on hearing the words and great sentences (mahavakyas) of the Upaniṣads.

One reading of the main idea of this text is that it seeks to show the instability of reason, and how any rational argument can be undermined by further reasoning. Thus, reasoning is always inconclusive. Because of this, Śrīharṣa argues that Nyaya logicians should stop doing philosophy and have faith in the liberating power of the Upaniṣads. Śrīharṣa is thus radically different from the Advaita philosopher Saṃkara, who held that reason can help us better understand ultimate truth. For Śrīharṣa, reason is useless, only faith and the Upaniṣads will lead us to the truth of non-duality.

Poetry
Śrīharṣa composed the kāvya poem Naishadha Charita (IAST: Naiṣadhacarita) in 1174, during the reign of the Vijayachandra's son Jayachandra. According to Rājaśekhara's Prabandhakośa, upon the wide acceptance of Naishadha Charita, Śrīharṣa was dignified with the title Narabharati.

The Naishadha Charita contains erotic themes, but according to the 15th-century Jain scholar Nayachandra Suri, Śrīharṣa was actually a celibate, who had "conquered his sense organs" (jitendriya).

The Naishadha Charita was brought into Gujarat by Harihara during the reign of Vīradhavala to which Chandu Pandita in his Dipika, composed in 1296, refers to as a new poem and also to the commentary of Vidyādhara. Naishadha Charita was composed earlier than Khaṇḍanakhaṇḍakhādya in which text Sriharsha alludes to the works of Kalidasa.

See also
Nagarjuna (a Buddhist philosopher who wrote similar refutations of Nyaya)
Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa (a similar skeptic from the Carvaka school)
Yogacara
Philosophical Reflections in the Naisadhacarita

References

Bibliography

External links
 The Naishadha-charita English translation by K. K. Handiqui  [proofread] (includes glossary)

Sanskrit poetry
Epic poems in Sanskrit
Sanskrit poets


title: Alliance for Peace and Democracy

text:
Alliance for Peace and Democracy may refer to:
Alliance for Peace and Democracy (Liberia), a political party in Liberia
Alliance for Peace and Democracy (Hong Kong), a political group in Hong Kong