title: GOFF

text:
The GOFF (Generalized Object File Format) specification was developed for IBM's MVS operating system to supersede the IBM OS/360 Object File Format to compensate for weaknesses in the older format.

Background
The original IBM OS/360 Object File Format was developed in 1964 for the new IBM System/360 mainframe computer.  The format was also used by makers of plug compatible and workalike mainframes, including the Univac 90/60, 90/70 and 90/80 and Fujitsu B2800. The format was expanded to add symbolic records and expanded information about modules, plus support for procedures and functions with names longer than 8 characters. While this helped, it did not provide for the enhanced information necessary for today's more complicated programming languages and more advanced features such as objects, properties and methods, Unicode support, and virtual methods.

The GOFF object file format was developed by IBM approximately in 1995 as a means to overcome these problems.   The earliest mention of this format was in the introductory information about the new High Level Assembler. Note that the OS/360 Object File Format was simply superseded by the GOFF format, it was not deprecated, and is still in use by assemblers and language compilers where the language can withstand the limitations of the older format.

Conventions
This article will use the term "module" to refer to any name or equivalent symbol, which is used to provide an identifier for a piece of code or data external to the scope to which it is referenced. A module may refer to a subroutine, a function, Fortran Common or Block Data, an object or class, a method or property of an object or class, or any other named routine or identifier external to that particular scope referencing the external name.

The terms "assembler" for a program that converts assembly language to machine code, as well as  as the process of using one, and  as the process of using a "compiler," which does the same thing for high-level languages, should, for the purposes of this article. be considered interchangeable; thus where "compile" and "compiler" are used, substitute "assemble" and "assembler" as needed.

Numbers used in this article are expressed as follows: unless specified as hexadecimal (base 16), all numbers used are in decimal (base 10). When necessary to express a number in hexadecimal, the standard mainframe assembler format of using the capital letter X preceding the number, expressing any hexadecimal letters in the number in upper case, and enclosing the number in single quotes, e.g. the number 15deadbeef16 would be expressed as X'15DEADBEEF'.

A "byte" as used in this article, is 8-bits, and unless otherwise specified, a "byte" and a  "character" are the same thing; characters in EBCDIC are also 8-bit. When multi-byte character sets (such as Unicode) are used in user programs, they will use two (or more) bytes.

Requirements and restrictions
The format is similar to the OS/360 Object File Format but adds additional information for use in building applications.
 GOFF files are either fixed- or variable-length records.
 A GOFF record must completely fit within a single record of the underlying file system. A GOFF file is not a stream-type file.
 Fixed-length records must be 80 bytes. The minimum size of a variable-length record is 56 bytes. In the case of fixed-length records, there will be unused bytes at the end of a record. These bytes must be set to binary zero.
 The program reading (or writing) GOFF records is not to make assumptions about the internal format of records, the operating system is presumed to be able to provide fixed- or variable-length records without the program reading them needing to be aware of the operating system internal file management. The length of a record is not part of the record itself.
 Binary values are stored in big endian format, e.g. the value 1 is X'01' for an 8-bit value, X'0001' for a 16-bit value, X'00000001' for a 32-bit value, and X'0000000000000001' for a 64-bit value.
 Bits are counted from left to right; bit 0 is the left-most bit in a byte or word.
 Fixed-length records are required for GOFF files deployed on Unix systems.
 A record may be continued on a subsequent record. Where a record is continued, no intervening record(s) shall occur between the record being continued and the continuation record.
 A GOFF object file starts with an HDR record and ends with an END record. The END record should include the number of GOFF records (not the number of physical records) in the file.
 A language compiler or assembler can produce multiple GOFF files in one compilation/assembly, but the individual GOFF files must be separate from each other. This means that a module or compilation unit, consisting of an HDR record, intervening ESD, TXT and others, finishing with an END record, may then be followed by another compilation unit starting with HDR and ending with END, and so on, as needed.
 Module and Class names are case sensitive. A module named "exit" (as used by the C language) need not be the same as "EXIT" used by the Fortran language.
 Some conventions applicable to the OS/360 Object File Format are carried over to the GOFF Object File Format, including:
 Unless otherwise specified, all characters are in the EBCDIC character set, except for external names, as stated below.
 ESD items (Main programs, subroutines, functions, FORTRAN Common, methods and properties in objects) must be numbered starting with 1 and each new item is to have the next number in sequence, without any 'gaps' in the numbering sequence.
 An ESD item must be defined before any other record (such as a TXT or RLD record) references it.
 Each ESD record contains exactly one ESD item. (This is different from the old format, which permitted up to 3 ESD items in each ESD record.)
 An RLD record (relocation dictionary) may contain one or more items, and an RLD record may be continued to a subsequent record.
 To ensure future compatibility, fields indicated as 'reserved' should be set to binary zero.
 Character sets used for external names are not defined by the GOFF standard, but there is a provision for a file to indicate what character set is being used. (This is to support double-byte character set Unicode-based module names.) Some IBM products, however, only allow characters for external names and other identifiers to a restricted range, typically (EBCDIC) hexadecimal values of X'41' through X'FE' plus the shift-in and shift out characters, X'0F' and X'0E', respectively.
 The new format supports Class names, of which there are two types, reserved and  user supplied or non-reserved. All class names have a maximum length of 16 characters.
 Reserved Class names consist of a single letter, an underscore, and 1 to 14 characters. Reserved Class names beginning with B_ are reserved for the binder; Reserved Class names beginning with C_ marked as loadable are reserved for programs created for use with IBM's Language Environment (LE). Class names beginning with C_ which are not marked as loadable, as well as classes beginning with X_, Y_ or Z_ are available for general use as non-reserved.
 User Supplied class names may be lower-case.
 Class names are not external symbols.

The following classes used by the binder may be referenced if needed for compilation purposes:

The following class names are reserved by the binder and are not accessible to user applications:

 The SYM object file symbolic table information from the 360 Object File format record is not available for GOFF object files; the ADATA record (sub-record to TXT) must be used instead.

Record Types
Similarly to the older OS/360 format, object file records are divided into 6 different record types, some added, some deleted, some altered:
 HDR record (this is new) must occur first, it defines the header for the object file.
 ESD records define main programs, subroutines, functions, dummy sections, Fortran Common, methods and properties, and any module or routine that can be called by another module. They are used to define the program(s) or program segments that were compiled in this execution of the compiler, and external routines used by the program (such as exit() in C, CALL EXIT in Fortran; new() and dispose() in Pascal). ESD records should occur before any reference to an ESD symbol.
 TXT records have been expanded, and in addition to containing the machine instructions or data which is held by the module, they also contain Identification Data (IDR) records (20 or more types), Associated Data (ADATA) records, and additional information related to the module.
 RLD records are used to relocate addresses. For example, a program referencing an address located 500 bytes inside the module, will internally store the address as 500, but when the module is loaded into memory it's bound to be located someplace else, so an RLD record informs the linkage editor or loader what addresses to change. Also, when a module references an external symbol, it will usually set the value of the symbol to zero, then include an RLD entry for that symbol to allow the loader or linkage editor to alter the address to the correct value.
 LEN records are new, and supply certain length information.
 END records indicate the end of a module, and optionally where the program is to begin execution. This must be the last record in the file.

Format
GOFF records may be fixed or variable length; the minimum length when using variable-length records is 56 characters, although most records will be longer than this. Except for module and class names, all characters are in the EBCDIC character set. Unix-based systems must use fixed-length (80-byte) records. Records in fixed-length files that are shorter than the fixed length should be zero-filled. To distinguish GOFF records from the older OS/360 object format (where the first byte of a record is X'02') or from commands that may be present in the file, the first byte of each GOFF record is always the binary value X'03', while commands must start with a character value of at least space (X'40'). The next 2 bytes of a GOFF record indicate the record type, continuation and version of the file format. These first 3 bytes are known as the PTV field.

PTV
The PTV field represents the first 3 bytes of every GOFF record.

HDR
The HDR record is required, and must be the first record.

ESD
An ESD record gives the public name for a module, a main program, a subroutine, procedure, function, property or  method in an object, Fortran Common or alternate entry point. An ESD record for a public name must be present in the file before any reference to that name is made by any other record.

Continuation
In the case of fixed-length records where the name requires continuation records, the following is used:

Behavior Attributes

ADATA records
ADATA ("associated data") records are used to provide additional symbol information about a module. They replaced the older SYM records in the 360 object file format. To create an ADATA record
 Create an ESD record of type ED for the class name that the records are part of
 Set all fields in the Behavioral Attributes record to 0 except
 Class Loading (bits 0-1 of byte 5) is X'10'
 Binding Algorithm is 0
 Text Record Style (bits 0-3 of byte 2) is X'0010'
 Optionally set the Read Only (bit 4 of byte 3) and Not Executable (bits 5-7 of byte 3) values if appropriate
 Create a TXT record for each ADATA item
 Element ESDID is the value of the ADATA ED record for that particular ADATA entry
 Offset is zero
 Data Length is the length of the ADATA record
 Data field contains the actual ADATA record itself
ADATA records will be appended to the end of the class in the order they are declared.

Class names assigned to ADATA records are translated by IBM programs by converting the binary value to text and appending it to the name C_ADATA, So an item numbered X'0033' would become the text string C_ADATA0033.

TXT
TXT records specify the machine code instructions and data to be placed at a specific address location in the module. Note that wherever a "length" must be specified for this record, the length value must include any continuations to this record.

Continuation

Compression Table
A compression table is used if bytes 20-21 of the TXT record is nonzero. The R value is used to determine the number of times to repeat the string; the L value indicates the length of the text to be repeated "R" times. This could be used for pre-initializing tables or arrays to blanks or zero or for any other purpose where it is useful to express repeated data as a repeat count and a value.

IDR Data Table
The IDR Table, which is located starting at byte 24 of the TXT record, identifies the compiler or assembler (and its version number) that created this object file.

IDR Format 1
Note that unlike most number values stored in a GOFF file, the "version", "release" and "trans_date" values are numbers as text characters instead of binary

IDR Format 2
Normally compilers and assemblers do not generate this format record, it is typically created by the binder.

IDR Format 3
All text in this item are character data; no binary information is used.

RLD
RLD records allow a module to show where it references an address that must be relocated, such as references to specific locations in itself, or to external modules.

Relocation Data

[A] If R_Pointer (bit 0 of byte 0 of Flags field is 1) is omitted, this field starts 4 bytes lower, in bytes 8-11.
[B] If R_Pointer or P_Pointer (bit 1 of byte 0 of Flags field is 1) is omitted, this field starts 4 bytes lower, in bytes 12-15. If both fields are omitted, this field starts 8 bytes lower, in bytes 8-11.
[C] If R_Pointer, P_Pointer, or Offset (bit 2 of byte 0 of Flags field is 1) are omitted, this field starts 4 bytes lower. If any two of them are omitted, this field starts 8 bytes lower. If all of them are omitted, this field starts 12 bytes lower.

To clarify, if a module in a C program named "Basura" was to issue a call to the "exit" function to terminate itself, the R_Pointer address would be the ESDID of the routine "exit" while the P_Pointer would be the ESDID of "Basura". If the address was in the same module (like internal subroutines, or a reference to data within the same module) R_Pointer and P_Pointer would be the same.

Flags

LEN
LEN records are used to declare the length of a module where it was not known at the time the ESD record was created, e.g. for one-pass compilers.

Elements
A deferred-length element entry cannot be continued or split

END
END must be the last record for a module. An 'Entry Point' is used when an address other than the beginning of the module is to be used as the start point for its execution. This is used either because the program has non-executable data appearing before the start of the module (very common for older assembly programmers, as older versions of the assembler were much slower to assemble data stored in programs once instructions were specified), or because the module calls an external module first, such as a run-time library to initialize itself.

Continuation
If an entry-point name specified on a fixed-length END record is longer than 54 bytes or (if this record itself is also continued) is longer than an additional 77 bytes), the following continuation record is used.

References

Executable file formats
IBM mainframe operating systems


title: Janina Uhse

text:
Janina Uhse (born 2 October 1989 in Husum, West Germany) is a German actress.

Life and career
Uhse comes from a fairground family and she practiced acting at an early age. She began her acting career when she was nine years old, and her first role was in the TV series Die Kinder vom Alstertal. Shortly afterwards, she appeared in the TV show Die Pfefferkörner. In 2002, she made her first film debut in the movie Der Rattenkönig. Then from 2002 to 2008 she played the role of Melanie Peschke in Der Landarzt.

Ever since 2008, she has been in the TV series Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten. In 2012, she went to college in Los Angeles to study acting.

Filmography
 2002–2003: Die Kinder vom Alstertal
 2002: Der Rattenkönig
 2003: Die Pfefferkörner
 2003–2008: Der Landarzt
 2005: Die Rettungsflieger
 2008–2017: Gute Zeiten, schlechte Zeiten
 2011: Küstenwache
 2016:
 2016: Leg dich nicht mit Klara an
 2017: Donna Leon
 2017: High Society
 2018: How About Adolf?
 2018: Unsere Jungs
 2020: Betonrausch
 2020: Berlin, Berlin
 2020: Es ist zu deinem Besten
 2022:

References

External links

 Official Website of Janina Uhse.

20th-century German actresses
Living people
1989 births
21st-century German actresses
German film actresses
German television actresses
German child actresses
People from Husum


title: Lew Roberts

text:
Lewis Edgar Roberts (2 April 1918 – 3 March 2001) was an Australian rules footballer, railwayman and businessman, best known as a prominent player for the Port Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).

Early life
Roberts was born in Evandale, South Australia, into a family that lived in Dublin, South Australia. He attended Adelaide High School.

Football career
Roberts began his football career with Port Adelaide in 1937. He captained the club during the SANFL's war time competition from 1942–1944. After the war, he won the club's best and fairest award in 1946.

In 1948, Roberts again took the captaincy of the club along with coaching responsibilities in what was his last year playing for the club. Roberts' ability to kick the ball accurately to advantageous positions for his team mates was a notable part of his game.

Railway and business career
After beginning his working life as a junior porter in the carriage shed of the South Australian Railways, Roberts rose to be a train controller for the Railways. Then, at the beginning of 1953, he took office as General Manager of the Silverton Tramway Company, a position he held until the end of 1971. In that capacity, he oversaw the restructure and dieselisation of the tramway operated by the company between Broken Hill, New South Wales, and Cockburn, South Australia, and in the 1960s the creation of four subsidiaries.

In 1972, in the wake of the closure of the tramway and its replacement by a government-operated standard gauge line two years earlier, Roberts became Corporate Managing Director of the renamed Silverton Limited and subsidiaries. Under his leadership, the company, relocated to Melbourne, continued mine shunting in Broken Hill, and began working on property development and rail construction projects around Australia.

Personal life
Following Roberts' move to Broken Hill to further his career as a railwayman, he continued his sporting interests as Chairman of the Broken Hill Football League. He also became Chairman of the Barrier District Cricket League, and Vice President of the Broken Hill Golf Club.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) coaches
1918 births
2001 deaths
People educated at Adelaide High School


title: Graham Ernst

text:
Graham Keith Ernst (born 16 March 1940) is a former Australian trade unionist and politician. He was an Australian Labor Party member of the Parliament of Victoria from 1979 to 1992.

Biography

Ernst was born in Yorketown, South Australia, to Frederick Ernst, a farmer, and Leta Grace Bittner. He attended state schools in Cranbrook and Portland before becoming a fitter and turner at the Portland Superphosphate Works, where he was elected as shop steward for the Amalgamated Metal Workers Union (AMWU). He also worked as the manager of a bakery and operated an engineering workshop in Portland. Heavily involved in the union movement, Ernst was founding junior vice-president of the South West Trades and Labour Council and president of the local branch of the AMWU.

In 1973 Ernst moved to Geelong where he became president of the Geelong branch of the AMWU (now renamed the Amalgamated Metal Workers and Shipwrights Union) and junior vice-president of the Geelong Trades Hall Council. In 1979 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as Labor member for Geelong East, moving to Bellarine in 1985 following his old seat's abolition. He was defeated in 1992.

References

1940 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly


The 2014–15 Fordham Rams women's basketball team represented Fordham University during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. Stephanie Gaitley served as head coach for a fourth consecutive season. The Rams were members of the Atlantic 10 Conference and played their home games at the Rose Hill Gymnasium. They finished the season 21–12, 11–5 in A-10 play to finish in fourth place. They advanced to the semifinals of the A-10 women's tournament where they lost to George Washington. They were invited to the Women's National Invitation Tournament where they defeated Central Connecticut in the first round before losing to St. John's in the second round.

2014–15 media

Forham Rams Sports Network
Forham Rams games will be broadcast on WFUV Sports and streamed online through the Fordham Portal with Kenny Ducy and Matt Moro providing the call. Most home games will also be featured on the A-10 Digital Network. Select games will be televised.

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#880038; color:#FFFFFF;"| Exhibition

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#880038;"| Regular Season

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#880038; color:#FFFFFF;"| Atlantic 10 Tournament

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#880038; color:#FFFFFF;"| WNIT

Rankings
2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings

See also
 2014–15 Fordham Rams men's basketball team
 Fordham Rams women's basketball

References

Fordham Rams women's basketball seasons
Fordham
2015 Women's National Invitation Tournament participants
Fordham Rams women's basketball
Fordham Rams women's basketball


title: List of French donkey breeds

text:
This is a list of the breeds of ass or donkey considered in France to be of French origin.

Recognised breeds
 Baudet du Poitou
 Bourbonnais Donkey
 Cotentin Donkey
 Grand Noir du Berry
 Norman donkey
 Provence donkey
 Pyrenean donkey

Minor and extinct breeds
 Petit Gris du Berry

References

Donkey


title: Pankaj Dubey

text:
Pankaj Dubey (born 28 July 1978) is an Indian author, screenwriter, director, producer and social entrepreneur based in Mumbai. He has a Bachelor of Laws degree from Delhi University and a Masters in Applied Communications from Coventry School of Art and Design. Dubey worked for the BBC World Service in London and TV Today Group in New Delhi. He has curated and programmed more than 50 film festivals across India. He was awarded with the Youth Icon Award for Social Entrepreneurship in Gulbarga, Karnataka in 2010 for initiating India's first street film festival for children in slums and villages, the Sadak Chhaap Film Festival. Dubey's debut novel is called What A Loser! in English and Loser kahin ka! in Hindi. Pankaj Dubey is a bilingual author and writes all his titles in English and Hindi. His other novels are 'Ishqiyapa' - To Hell With Love, Love Curry and Trending In Love (Published by Penguin Books India). Pankaj Dubey has been selected amongst three Asian authors for the Writer's Residency in Seoul Art Space Yeonhui, Seoul, South Korea in 2016. He was also awarded with the 'Global Innoventure Award' for literature and storytelling in the House of Lords in September 2018.

Early life

Dubey was born in Ranchi in the Indian state of Jharkhand and grew up in Chaibasa where his father was a professor of English literature. He earned a bachelor's degree in history (Honors) from University of Delhi in 1999. He studied law at Campus Law Centre, Faculty of Law, University of Delhi during 1999–2002, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws. He received a master's degree in Applied Communications from Coventry School of Art and Design, West Midlands, England in 2003.

Work

Pankaj Dubey had a brief background in journalism. He joined BBC World Service in London as a Presenter/Journalist in 2003. Pankaj Dubey debuted as a novelist with What A Loser! in English and Loser kahin ka! in Hindi in 2014. Both titles were National Bestsellers as per Neilsen’s Bestseller List declared on 14 February 2014 and 7 March 20. His second novel Ishqiyapa: To Hell with Love was published by Penguin Books India on 17 September 2015.

Dubey Produced Geelee (Wet Dreams) The film was Directed by Bikas Ranjan Mishra. (2013) He worked as Script and Continuity Supervisor for Disney UTV's 2013 Ghanchakkar, Directed by Raj Kumar Gupta. He worked as Script Supervisor in 'Chauranga''' directed by Bikas Ranjan Mishra.

Dubey producedNaach Ganesh (Dance of Ganesha), Directed by Bikas Ranjan Mishra, again under Sadak Chhaap Films. The film premiered at Busan International Film Festival, South Korea, in 2011.Dubey has curated more than 50 film festivals across India including "Pravasi Film Festival" and "Jagran Film Festival" in 2010 and 2011.Dubey founded a social organization called Society for the Promotion and Inculcation of Human Aspirations (SPRIHA) to work in the area of ‘Empathy Building’ in children by ‘igniting their imagination’ with the help of various media tools in 2002.Dubey made his directorial debut with a short fiction film, Maratha Mandir Theatre (Previously titled as Maratha Mandir Cinema) in 2018, that was nominated for the finals of Filmfare Awards 2018 and was also screened at the 71st Festival De Cannes (2018) in France.

Recognition

Dubey won the Youth Icon Award for Social Entrepreneurship in 2010 in Gulbarga, Karnataka for initiating ‘Sadak Chhaap Film Festival’, India's First Street Film Festival for Children in Slums and Villages. Pankaj Dubey received award from Lit-O-Fest Mumbai 2015 for the Best Hindi fiction for his book Loser Kahin ka! Navodit Lekhak Award by Hindi Akademi, Government of Delhi in 2002 for his story, Mukhauta. Pankaj Dubey has been awarded with the Lit-O-Fest Award for Creative Leadership in Jan'2016. This Award has been conferred to him in recognition of his efforts to increase readership in the hinterland by taking his Book Tour (Ishqiyapa Express) to 20 small towns and cities in India. Pankaj Dubey received the 'Global Innoventure Award' for Literature and Storytelling in the House of Lords, British Parliament, England in Sept'2018.

References

Spriha, India
Looks of a winner, The Hindu 26 February 2014
DU’s North Campus life subject of new film, Indian Express 21 February 2014
Writer’s block is another term for laziness, Deccan Chronicle 22 September 2015
Bhagat was a Big Influence, New Indian Express'' 12 September 2015
Not so easy to Love, HTMediaSyndication 5 September 2015
Manuscripts picked up at Lit-O-Fest 2016  Times of India 22 February 2016
In love with love DNA Syndication 27 April 2016
DNA article on Pankaj Dubey DNA India e-paper 27 April 2016

External links

Pankaj Dubey at Penguin India

1978 births
Film directors from Jharkhand
Screenwriters from Jharkhand
Living people
Delhi University alumni


title: Eremocrinum

text:
Eremocrinum is a monotypic genus of plants in the subfamily Agavoideae containing the single species Eremocrinum albomarginatum. It is known by the common names Utah solitaire lily, Intermountain false-wheatgrass, desert lily, lonely lily, and sand lily. It is native to the western United States, where it is known from Arizona and Utah.

This plant grows from a short rhizome with yellowish, tuberous roots. The narrow leaves are up to 40 centimeters long and may grow erect or spread out along the ground. The scape grows upright, reaching maximum heights of 35 to 40 centimeters. The inflorescence is up to 30 centimeters tall and bears many flowers along its length. The flowers have six whitish or greenish tepals each with three dark midveins along the lower surface.

This plant is endemic to the Colorado Plateau, where it grows in sandy desert habitat types, such as desert shrubland and sand dunes. Associated plants include ephedra (Ephedra spp.), rosemary mints (Poliomintha spp.) and yuccas (Yucca spp.).

References

External links
Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
Southwest Colorado Wildflowers
US Department of Agriculture PLANTS Profile
Al Schneider, 2014. Flora of the Four Corners Region, by Heil et al. (book review), Sego Lily 37(1):10-11. photo of Eremocrinum albomarginatum on page 11

Agavoideae
Monotypic Asparagaceae genera
Flora of Arizona
Flora of Utah


title: Sridhar Kandali

text:
Sridhara Kandali was medieval vaishnavite poet from Kamrup region of Assam.
He was known for his poetry work named "Kumara Harana".

See also
 Vishnu Bharati
 Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Kamrupi literary figures


title: California (Amelia Lily song)

text:
"California" is a song recorded by British singer Amelia Lily, released as her fourth overall single. The track was co-written by Lily, Tim Woodcock and Steve Rushton. The track was released on 7 September 2014 in the United Kingdom.

Background
In an interview with the Metro, Lily revealed that the song was about a long-distance relationship between a male and female who are constantly flying between London and Los Angeles and keep passing each other. She refused to say whether or not it had anything to do with her relationship with Adam Pitts of Lawson, whom she previously dated.

The single was released via East West Records after Lily signed a new record deal with the label in April 2014. The singer departed Sony Music and Xenomania following the catastrophic handling of her original debut album, which was scrapped and remains unreleased. Lily said of the track, "Life has never been so exciting - I've been busy in the studio writing and recording songs for my upcoming debut album, and 'California' is where we start. I'm so proud to be releasing this music; I have put my heart and soul into writing them. Expect a few surprises along the way though - it's going to be fun!"

Music video
The music video was filmed in Los Angeles, California and directed by Charlotte Rutherford. The male model in the music video is Chris Schellenger from America's Next Top Model (cycle 20).

Track listing

Digital only-single
California — 3:28

Chart performance

The single peaked at a disappointing number 83 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming her first single to miss the Top 40 and the Top 75 altogether. Nevertheless, based on sales alone, the track peaked at number 55.

Charts

Release history

References

2014 singles
Songs written by Tim Woodcock
2014 songs
East West Records singles
Warner Music Group singles
Songs written by Steve Rushton


title: Bruce Evans (politician)

text:
Bruce James Evans (21 January 1925 – 8 November 2012) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Bairnsdale to Joseph Evans, a farmer, and Daisy Shankly, a schoolteacher. He attended local state schools and became a bank officer for the Union Bank in 1941. In 1943 he enlisted with the Royal Australian Air Force and went on to serve in South Africa, the United Kingdom and the Middle East as a wireless air gunner. On his return in 1946 he took up dairy farming at Lindenow, and became branch president of the Returned and Services League (1947–49, 1956–57). He was active in the local dairy farming community and also in the Country Party, serving as a national, branch and district secretary. In 1961 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for Gippsland East. He was the party's deputy leader from 1964 to 1970 and its whip from 1970 until his retirement in 1992.

References

1925 births
2012 deaths
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
Royal Australian Air Force airmen
Military personnel from Victoria (state)


title: St. Denis Ssebugwawo Secondary School

text:
St. Denis Ssebugwawo Secondary School is a Ugandan mixed day and boarding school, located in Ggaba, Kampala District.

The school covers senior one to senior six classes. It is a Universal Secondary Education (U.S.E.) school, funded by the government and the Catholic Church.

The school is named after St. Denis Ssebugwawo, one of the Uganda Martyrs.

Location
The school is located in Ggaba, approximately  south of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The school grounds cover an area of  on the main road to Ggaba opposite the junction to Munyonyo. The school is located one kilometer from the Ggaba landing site.

History
The school was started in 1984, at the same time as other schools including Kitebi S.S., Kalinabiri S.S., Luzira S.S. and Kawempe Muslim S.S.

Until 1991, the school was located at Ggaba Demonstration Primary School. The school shifted to its present site when St. Karoli Lwanga Catholic Church Ggaba offered seven acres of land to the school.

Former head teachers

 Mr. Kateregga Charles (Omulangira) – 1984–1988
 Mr. Kiwewa Francis Xavier – 1989–1996
 Mr. Nsumba Charles Wokulira (deceased) – 1996–2005
 Ms. Achayo Christine – 2005–2009
 Mrs. Nassiwa Teddy Ddamulira – since 2010

The school's first head teacher, Mr. Kateregga Charles, helped in nurturing the school through difficult hurdles at the start

The second head teacher, Mr. Kiwewa Francis Xavier, served as head teacher from March 1989 to January 1996. He was a young teacher, promoted from the school staff. The school shifted to its current site during his leadership.  He worked with the local council officials, the community around, teachers, parents and students. One project involved making bricks manually. The school anthem and the school badge were Mr. Kiwewa's initiative.

In 1996, Mr. Nsumba Charles Wokulira (late) was transferred to St. Denis S.S Ggaba. Before his retirement in 2005, he added a two-classroom block, a laboratory and a school main hall.

The next head teacher was Ms. Achayo Christine, who became a member of the Parliament of Uganda. She joined the school in 2004 as the deputy head teacher and later took over office in 2005. Her achievements included improved discipline and academic performance, and construction of the Magandazi block and the school playground. The school enrollment also increased and parents placed confidence in the school.

The headteacher since 2010, Mrs. Nassiwa Teddy Ddamulira has strengthened relationships between German supporters, the Ministry of Education and Sports and other well wishers. She has established a new World Bank-funded classroom and library block.

Student houses
The student houses are named after Catholic saints.

 St. Charles House
 St. Cecilia House
 St. Noah House
 St. Theresa House

Curriculum
The school follows the curriculum provided by the Ministry of Education and Sports through the National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC). It provides both Ordinary Level and Advanced Level teaching.

The subjects taught at O-Level include:

 Biology
 Chemistry
 Physics
 Mathematics
 Geography
 History
 Christian religious education (C.R.E.)
 Agriculture
 English language
 Commerce
 Literature
 Fine art
 Luganda
 Islamic Religious Education
 Music
 Computer studies
 Kiswahili
 Physical education

The subjects taught at A-Level include:

 Geography
 History
 Divinity
 Entrepreneurship
 Economics
 Luganda
 Literature
 Fine art
 General paper
 Functional computing
 Biology
 Physics
 Mathematics
 Agriculture
 Subsidiary mathematics

At A-level, students can choose a maximum of three subjects as a combination.

See also

 Education in Uganda
 List of boarding schools
 List of schools in Uganda
 Roman Catholicism in Uganda

References

External links
St.Denis Ssebugwawo Secondary School on Schools in Uganda

1984 establishments in Uganda
Boarding schools in Uganda

Christian schools in Uganda
Co-educational boarding schools
Educational institutions established in 1984
Kampala District
Mixed schools in Uganda
Catholic boarding schools
Catholic Church in Uganda
Catholic secondary schools in Africa
Secondary schools in Uganda

Kumusha


title: Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya

text:
Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya was medieval Pandit and Bhakti reformer from Kamrup. As a vedantist of the Advaita school, he refuted the monistic doctrines of Sankaradeva.

See also
 Adwita Makaranda
 Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Bengali people
15th-century Indian philosophers


title: Arte Fiera

text:
Arte Fiera is an international modern and contemporary art fair sited annually in Bologna, Italy, and was established in 1974. It is the oldest and biggest art fair in Italy. A separate section of Arte Fiera is held annually in Shanghai, China.

History
Arte Fiera was founded in 1974 at the BolognaFiere pavilions designed by Kenzō Tange and soon became a landmark for international art scene. It has helped to expand the contemporary artistic research, including through parallel events such as the "Settimane internazionali della performance", which in 1977 and 1978 have hosted some of the greatest performers at the moment, like Marina Abramović and Ulay, Hermann Nitsch, Vito Acconci, Gina Pane, Luigi Ontani, etc.
Over time this fair had a great participation of Italian and international galleries, collectors and the public.

In recent editions grew the relationship with the city of Bologna, through a large agenda of events in downtown, called Art City.
In 2013 was born the SetUp Art Fair, an "independent contemporary art fair" dedicated to emerging artists and independent galleries, that takes place at the Bologna Autostazione.

In the 2014 edition, which took place from 24 to 27 January, it included 172 galleries, 1500 works by more than 1100 artists, and drew about 50,000 visitors.

The 39th edition, in 2015, takes place from 23 to 26 January and includes a total of 216 exhibitors, among which 188 galleries.

Sections
The main sections of Arte Fiera are:
 Arte moderna e contemporanea / Modern and contemporary art
 Nuove proposte / New proposals
 Fotografia / Photography
 Focus on Eastern European countries
 Solo Show

Arte Fiera in Shanghai
Arte Fiera debuted in Shanghai in 2007. This event is called BolognaFiere SH Contemporary and takes place at the Shanghai Exhibition Centre in September. These are the main sections:
 Galleries
 Country Guest
 Promising
 Special Projects
 Talks

References

External links
 Arte Fiera website
 SH Contemporary website
 SetUp website

Art fairs
Tourist attractions in Bologna
Art exhibitions in Italy
Art exhibitions in China


title: Romul Nuțiu

text:
'Romul Nuțiu' (July 28, 1932 – April 5, 2012) was one of the most constant artists dedicated to Abstraction from the Romanian art scene. Even though he had not left the country to work abroad along his life, his international career has tremendously risen since 2008, when he started a fruitful collaboration with Dr. Joana Grevers, art dealer and historian based in Munich, Germany.

Life

Son of a forester and a housewife from Bilbor, Harghita, Nuțiu attended the primary school from Cașva village, Mureș County in 1938. In 1940, following the Second Vienna Award and the transfer of Northern Transylvania to Hungary, he took  refuge in Blaj. After settling in Reghin in 1941, he graduated from the Pedagogical High School 'Petru Maior' at the end of the 1940s.

From 1951 to 1957, he studied at the Fine Arts Institute 'Ion Andreescu' in Cluj, with the professors Petru Feier and Teodor Harsia. Leon Vreme, Paul Sima, Mircea Balau, Vasile Pop Szilagy, Alexandru Cristea, Edwin Solomon and Sofia Kryzanowska were among his colleagues.

In 1957, he settled in Timișoara, where he participated for the first time at the Annual Fine Arts Salon, where he exhibited permanently since then. With the occasion of the salon opening, he met Catul Bogdan, Alexandru Ciucurencu, Petru Comarnescu and Romul Ladea. In 1958, he pursued a documentation and specialisation stage at the Fine Arts Institute 'Nicolae Grigorescu' in Bucharest, with professor Alexandru Ciucurencu.

In 1960, he started teaching at the Fine Arts High School in Timișoara, working besides the professor Julius Podlipny, and having a good pedagogical collaboration with him.

In 1961, he also became a lecturer at the University in Timișoara, Graphics Department, until 1979. In the same year, he became a member of Romanian Artists Union.

In 1962, he married Felicia Bircea, also a teacher and they had a daughter, Simona [www.simonanutiugradoux.net/], born in 1966, who also became an active artist later on.

Starting from 1968, he was the author of a few important murals and decorative works along the country – the Railway Station Hall in Baile Herculane, with a ceramic mosaic, entitled 'Tradition, a monumental art project – 'Science, Literature and Art', transposed in colored cements technique, together with Gabriel Kazynczy (1973), an ensemble of two monumental works at the Orizont Hotel in Predeal, with the theme 'horizon' and 'the tree'(1977) or the 1986's monumental artwork 'Mapamond', in the al secco technique, designed for Timișoara International Airport and created along with the artist Lidia Ciolac.

In 1992, he was named professor at the Art Faculty of West University in Timișoara, at the Painting Department, until 1998, when he retired. He returned as a professor at Tibiscus University, the Design Faculty, and from 2002 he was an associate professor at the West University again.

In 2008, he started a fruitful collaboration with art dealer and historian Dr. Joana Grevers, owner of 418 Contemporary Art Gallery in Bucharest and he was constantly shown in solo shows and projects until his death in 2012.

Artistic biography

His career evolved from the early sixties, when he was a young artist, eager to experience new ways of relating to painting and continued fluently until his death in 2012. Even though there are variations of style and appraisal, his painting had always been vivid, colourful and tenacious.

'The artistic biography of Romul Nuțiu lays under the sign of a happy exception', said art historian Ruxandra Demetrescu. 'In the 7th decade of the last century he was one of the first Romanian artists that had professed the Abstract Expressionism and/or European Informal. He remained faithful to abstraction in general and then he converted painting into object.
The innovative character corresponds naturally in his case with that of an avantgardist (even in the literal sense of the word).'
'In the 70s, in Timișoara, a few artists acknowledge and try to change the moral hazard of political strategies. For Nuțiu, the personal input is abstract. The relationship history/present, the studio poetics, the new approach of the artistic medium, image as material are syntagms for what painting and object painting represent. In order to understand the concept in regard to the 70s slang, one must admit the decisive personal approach of painting.'

Abstract Expressionism beneath the Iron Curtain

The relation to Abstract Expressionism and Art Informel is best described by the artist: 'In 1957, when I graduated, my belief was strictly connected to the idea that the perception of things is rather important for the creation act, but being limited, one has to appeal to the subconscious through experiment, challenge and transcendence. My informal was born from hard work and devotion. At that moment, I knew few things about contemporary art, and what I learned in school was just some academic knowledge that was only partially useful. Later on, when I started to travel, I came in contact with the European informal. In the big museums I found out that my way was somehow synchronized, having a polarity to what I was seeing. Abstract expressionism and the European informal made me understand that I have to keep my own authenticity and sensitivity.'

Painting – Object – Sculpture – Environment

Periods and Styles of Nutiu's oeuvre
Following Nutiu's oeuvre through the decades helped to define the different stages of his artistic unfolding.
The first steps towards abstraction were the modular compositions from the early 60s, all of which were paintings on canvas. At the same time he also created objects called assemblage, by using different canvases stuck on each other which created a three dimensional effect. Nutiu was always tempted to expand his works beyond the canvas, by leaving the bi-dimensionality. He referred to the works of this period as Utopias.

After composing these objects he returned to painting and began a theme called Dynamic Universe; these paintings were made in the 1970s. In this period Nutiu decided to build several vessels with dimensions of about 160x160 cm having a depth of 10 cm, which he filled with water and industrial paints that were usually used to paint cars. These colours could not be absorbed by the water, and floated by their own inertia creating unforeseen shapes. The artist influenced those shapes by intervening with a bar until he liked the outcome. Subsequently, he arranged a canvas on the water's surface. The canvas absorbed the paint composition which was a moment earlier in the water. Generally the canvas was covered entirely of these "risky effects" produced in print. In some cases Nutiu intervened with a few brushstrokes or he erased some areas.
The very innovative object in space "Sapte forme pictate" (means seven painted shapes) from 1969 was also achieved with this technology transfer in water, while some areas have been painted over.
In the 1980s Nutiu was inspired by vegetal structures, especially roots and he subsequently labelled this phase of his artistic production as Sections through Fertile Soil. This title clearly reveals that his abstract works were inspired by nature. Further to this title he was also a passionate fly fisherman and he confessed that the roots of the plants and trees he observed on the other side of the shore inspired him.
In the 1990s Nutiu entitled his body of work Beyond Appearances. The paintings became more graphic and symbolical which is evidenced seen in the artwork Blue Universe from 1999.
The paintings were of course abstract and in the 1990s extremely colourful, sometimes colour spots surrounded by a line like a cloisonné. At the end of the 1990s he was attracted by water – running in rivers or falling in cascades and until the early 2000s he was extremely engaged with this subject.
In the last years of his life Nutiu returned to his earlier themes, one of which was Sections through Fertile Soil. For Romul Nutiu the source of inspiration is especially the plant, its stem and root, as it feeds from the soil and returns fertility to it and in this permanent struggle for survival it is akin to man. He re-explored painting the element of water as he had done at the beginning of the 2000s. In 2011 Nutiu achieved his largest painting called Dionysiacal Space which was almost 3 metres long and 2 metres wide. This monumental work is although structured also directed by spontaneous intuition and reveals the semantic complexity of the artist.
Throughout his life Nutiu's art always evolved and challenged himself to try new paths and develop new techniques. Although Nutiu used different dimensions of canvases, in his eyes, any surface could become a territory and was able to involve any kind of shades, plans, volumes of colour and different tonalities. This means that he did not need a certain type of canvas or a size as he used his colours and geometrical forms in a way that fit onto every surface.
Nutiu had always expressed interest in objects and the objectual space as it could offer him a new field to reveal his spirit. While making objects in space he used the same attitude towards colour, but complicated the conformation so the objects would gain individuality. Sometimes the object could be perceived from all sides and therefore had a higher autonomy.
Nutiu above all remained a painter in everything he did whether he used wood panels or sheets of paper; colour was always one essential dynamic that kept all his works together. He liked to play with colour and transferred all his emotions and tensions into it; this can be seen when one observes the canvas directly. He always painted abstract, gestural resulting in experimental art. Nutiu also thought about the objectual reality of the image he painted, that there should be a sensitivity to grasp it. His art could be described as a synthesis between lyricism and rationalism. Most of his works have allegorical meanings.

Auctions

5 May 2014 – The painting 'Water' (2011, 130 x 129 cm, oil on canvas) was sold for 12,700 EUR at Neumeister Alte-Kunst Moderne, Munich, Germany.
Neumeister Alte-Kunst Moderne Auction 2014

26 March 2014 – The painting 'Subterranean Vegetal Structure II' (1980, 202 x 162,5 cm, oil on canvas) was sold for 12,500 GBP at Christie's London, UK.
Christie's Auction 2014

24 September 2013 – The painting 'Blue Dynamic Universe' (1970, 162 x 200 cm, oil on canvas) was sold for 21,250 GBP at Christie's London, UK.
Christie's Auction 2013

References

Abstract artists
Romanian artists
People from Harghita County
1932 births
2012 deaths


title: John Harrowfield

text:
John Dyson Harrowfield (born 19 February 1953) is a former Australian politician.

He was born in Melbourne to Roy Wilmott Harrowfield and Irene Mary Whitworth. He attended state schools and then Melbourne University, where he received a Bachelor of Commerce. He worked as an accountant and as an economics tutor at Melbourne University and the Swinburne and Chisholm Institutes of Technology. A member of the Labor Party, he was president of the Blackburn North branch from 1974 to 1979. In 1982 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for Mitcham. He was promoted to the front bench as Minister for Small Business in 1991, becoming Minister for Finance in 1992, but he lost his seat in the election later that year. Since 1992 he has been a public policy researcher and consultant.

References

1953 births
Living people
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
University of Melbourne alumni
Politicians from Melbourne
Ministers for Small Business (Victoria)
Ministers for Finance (Victoria)


title: List of National Monuments in Leinster

text:
The Irish state has officially approved the following List of National Monuments of Ireland. In Ireland, a structure or site may be deemed to be a "National Monument", and therefore worthy of state protection, if it is of national importance. If the land adjoining the monument is essential to protect it, this land may also be protected.

National Monuments in Leinster

 This list is initially sorted by county. If the list is sorted under another heading, the county links above will take you to the first item from the county in the sorted list

|}

See also

National Monument (Ireland)

References

 National Monuments Service: Search By County. Retrieved 29 July 2010.

Archaeological sites in the Republic of Ireland
Monuments and memorials in the Republic of Ireland
Heritage registers in the Republic of Ireland


title: Seraph of the End

text:
is a Japanese dark fantasy manga series written by Takaya Kagami and illustrated by Yamato Yamamoto, with storyboards by Daisuke Furuya. The series is set in a world that allegedly comes to an end at the hands of a "human-made" virus, ravaging the global populace and leaving only children under the age of thirteen untouched. It is at this time that vampires emerge from the recesses of the earth, likely followed by age-old horrors of the dark thought only to be myth. A young man named Yūichirō Hyakuya joins a vampire extermination unit to avenge the deaths of his orphaned family and reclaim his childhood best friend Mikaela Hyakuya from the vampires. It started publishing in Shueisha's Jump SQ in September 2012.

An anime television series adaptation produced by Wit Studio was broadcast in two cours. The first cour aired from April to June 2015. The second cour aired from October to December 2015. A series of light novels focused on Yu's superior, Guren Ichinose, has been written by Kagami and illustrated by Yamamoto. In North America, Viz Media licensed the series for an English language release, and it ran in Weekly Shonen Jump. The anime series was licensed by Funimation. It was later broadcast in the United Kingdom on Viceland in February 2018.

By October 2021, the Seraph of the End manga had over 13 million copies in circulation.

Plot

In 2012, the world allegedly comes to an end at the hands of a "man-made" virus, ravaging the global populace and leaving only children under the age of thirteen untouched. At the same time, the vampires emerge from the recesses of the earth, likely followed by age-old horrors of the dark thought only to be myth. They sweep the earth and claim it in a single violent stroke, subjugating the remnants of humanity and leading them beneath the surface to safety. This "protection" comes at the price of "donating" blood to their captors, not knowing that they are vampires. At the age of twelve, Yūichirō and his friend and fellow orphan Mikaela plotted to escape along with the children in Hyakuya Orphanage. However, this resulted in their deaths and Mikaela sacrifices himself in order for Yūichirō to escape and be saved by members of the Moon Demon Company, an extermination unit of the Japanese Imperial Demon Army. Four years later, Yūichirō dedicates his life to destroy vampires and seek revenge against them for killing his "family." At the same time, it is revealed that Mikaela survived and plans to find Yūichirō.

Media

Manga

Seraph of the End is written by Takaya Kagami and illustrated by Yamato Yamamoto. It has been serialized by Shueisha's monthly magazine Jump Square since September 4, 2012. A voice comic (vomic) was also produced and published by Shueisha, and its first episode was featured by Sakiyomi Jum-Bang! on February 1, 2013. Shueisha has compiled its chapters into individual tankōbon volumes. The first volume was released on January 4, 2013. As of July 4, 2023, thirty volumes have been published. The manga is licensed in North America by Viz Media, who added it to its Weekly Shonen Jump digital magazine lineup.

A spin-off gag manga to commemorate the anime adaptation, titled , was serialized in the 17th and 18th issues of Jump SQ.19 from December 19, 2014, to February 19, 2015, and later serialized in Jump Square from April 4 to December 4, 2015. It also has been published on the Seraph of the End official website.

A manga adapting the Guren Ichinose light novel series was serialized in Kodansha's Monthly Shōnen Magazine from June 6, 2017 to February 4, 2022. It will end in its twelfth volume, which will be released on March 4, 2022. At Anime Expo 2022, Kodansha USA announced that they licensed the series for English publication.

Light novels
 is a prequel focusing on Guren Ichinose as the main protagonist, detailing the series of events that occurred eight years before the start of the manga. Written by Takaya Kagami and illustrated by Yamato Yamamoto, it consists of seven volumes and was published by Kodansha from January 2013 to December 2016. On February 15, 2015, Vertical announced that it has licensed the light novels for a North American release and will be releasing it in an omnibus with two volumes per omnibus in January 2016. The novels have also been translated into other languages, such as German and French by Kazé. A drama CD was released on October 30, 2015, bundled with volume 6 of the light novel and is written by Takaya Kagami.

A new light novel series about Mikaela's story and the origin of vampires titled  began publication by Shueisha on December 4, 2015. The story is written by Takaya Kagami and illustrated by Yamato Yamamoto.

On October 20, 2017, it was announced on Kodansha's light novel blog that a second spin-off series about Guren, titled  would be released in December. It is written by Takaya Kagami and illustrated by Yo Asami. On March 11, 2019, Vertical announced that it has licensed the novels for a northern American release, saluted for December 2019.

Anime

An anime television series adaptation was announced on August 28, 2014, and aired on April 4, 2015. The series has 24 episodes. It is produced by Wit Studio, directed by Daisuke Tokudo, and written by Hiroshi Seko. Additionally, the original manga's writer, Takaya Kagami, personally drafted the original story for episodes with material not yet serialized in the manga and supervised the scripts until the anime's final episode. On December 12, 2014, it was announced the series would be split into two parts (quarters of the year). The first half (12 episodes) aired in 2015 from April to June and the second half (12 episodes) from October to December. The series premiered on Tokyo MX, MBS, TV Aichi, and BS11 at their respective time slots. NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan released the first 12 episodes on Blu-ray and DVD formats in Japan starting on June 24, 2015, across four volumes. A six-minute omake anime special adapted from the omake featured in the original manga, was included in each Blu-ray/DVD volume titled .

On March 31, 2015, it was announced that Funimation has licensed the series for streaming and its home video release in North America. Hulu also streamed the series. On May 13, Funimation announced that the English broadcast dub will stream every Wednesday at 8:30 p.m. EDT on its "Dubble Talk" streaming block. In the United Kingdom, the English dub was broadcast on Viceland, beginning February 15, 2018.

An OAD bundled with volume 11 of the original manga titled  was released on May 2, 2016. It was first screened at the Jump Special Anime Festa 2015 event in November 2015.

Hiroyuki Sawano produced and co-composed the music, as well as the opening and ending themes, "X.U." and "scaPEGoat", respectively, with Takafumi Wada, Asami Tachibana, and Megumi Shiraishi. As part of Sawano's vocal song project "SawanoHiroyuki[nZk]", for the first 12 episodes, the opening song is performed by SawanoHiroyuki[nZk]:Gemie, while the ending song is performed by SawanoHiroyuki[nZk]:Yosh. Both themes were released in Japan on a CD on May 20, 2015.

Video games
A PlayStation Vita strategy game, titled , was released by Bandai Namco Entertainment and Activision on December 17, 2015.

BNEI also released a smartphone game titled  on September 28, 2015.

Reception
The manga was nominated for the 40th Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen category in 2016.

Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network gave volume 1 an overall grade of B+.

Sales
Volume 1 reached 24th place on the Japanese weekly manga chart, and, by January 13, 2013, has sold 62,434 copies. It also reached third place on The New York Times manga bestseller chart. Volume 2 reached 15th place on the weekly manga chart, and, by May 12, 2013, has sold 91,095 copies. Volume 3 reached ninth place, and, by September 15, 2013, has sold 121,235 copies. Volume 4 also reached ninth place on the chart, and, by January 19, 2014, has sold 160,444 copies. Volume 5 also reached ninth place, and, by May 11, 2014, has sold 155,139 copies. In 2015, the manga sold 2.8 million copies. By May 2017, the manga had 7 million copies in print, and by April 4, 2018, the manga had 8.5 million copies in print. In March 2019, the manga had 9 million copies in print. On August 15, 2019, the manga had 10 million copies in print. By June 4, 2021, the manga had 12 million copies in print. By October 2021, the manga has 13 million copies in print.

The Guren Ichinose: Catastrophe at Sixteen light novels reached 21st place as one of the top-selling light novels in Japan, with 128,690 copies sold in May 2015, and it additionally reached 29th place in 2016, with 100,077 more copies sold. The Story of Vampire Mikaela novels also reached 21st place, having sold 127,373 copies in May 2016. Its manga adaptation second volume reached 25th place on the Japanese's weekly manga chart, with 30,147 copies in print.

References

External links
Official website
Official manga website
Official anime website

2012 manga
2013 Japanese novels
2015 anime television series debuts
2015 Japanese novels
Anime composed by Hiroyuki Sawano
Dark fantasy anime and manga
Funimation
Kodansha books
Kodansha manga
Light novels
NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan
PlayStation Vita games
PlayStation Vita-only games
Post-apocalyptic anime and manga
Production I.G
Anime and manga about revenge
Shōnen manga
Shueisha franchises
Shueisha manga
Vampires in anime and manga
Vertical (publisher) titles
Viz Media manga
Wit Studio


title: Hagenbachia

text:
Hagenbachia is a genus of plants in the  Agavoideae. It is native to Central America and tropical South America.

Hagenbachia brasiliensis Nees & Mart. - Brazil
Hagenbachia columbiana Cruden - Colombia
Hagenbachia ecuadorensis Cruden - Ecuador
Hagenbachia hassleriana (Baker) Cruden - Paraguay, Bolivia
Hagenbachia matogrossensis (Poelln.) Ravenna - Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay
Hagenbachia panamensis (Standl.) Cruden - Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador

References

Agavoideae


title: 2014–15 EuroChallenge Group G

text:
Group G of the 2014–15 EuroChallenge consisted of Port of Antwerp Giants, KTP-Basket, Le Mans Sarthe Basket and Pallacanestro Biella. Play began on 4 November and ended on 16 December 2014.

Teams

Standings

Results

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

Round 5

Round 6

References

Group G
2014–15 in Belgian basketball
2014–15 in French basketball
2014–15 in Italian basketball
2014–15 in Finnish basketball


title: Peter Ross-Edwards

text:
Peter Ross-Edwards  (11 July 1922 – 10 October 2012) was an Australian politician, who became Leader of the National Party in the Victorian Parliament.

He was born in Corowa to Rupert Ross-Edwards, a minister of religion, and Una Regan. He attended state schools in Corowa and then Geelong Grammar School, after which he enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force in 1942. He served in the United Kingdom, Italy, North America and the Middle East as a flying officer, but shortly after he was discharged in 1946 he was hospitalised with tuberculosis, remaining in care until 1948.

After leaving hospital he studied law at Melbourne University, graduating with a Bachelor's degree and becoming a solicitor. From 1952 he was a solicitor in Shepparton.

He was also active in the Country Party, serving as secretary and treasurer of the Shepparton branch from 1957 to 1967. In 1967 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for Shepparton. He was elected parliamentary leader of the party in 1970, a post he held until 1988 (the party changed its name to the National Party of Australia in 1982).

He was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in 1989. Ross-Edwards resigned from parliament in 1991, and was Chief Commissioner of the City of Greater Bendigo from 1994 to 1995.

He died in 2012.

References

1922 births
2012 deaths
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Order of Australia
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
University of Melbourne alumni
Australian solicitors
People educated at Geelong Grammar School


title: Vajradatta

text:
Vajradatta () is an asura king in Hindu mythology. He is the son and successor of King Bhagadatta, and the third ruler of the Naraka dynasty of the Pragjyotisha Kingdom. Vajradatta is regarded to have studied the four Vedas along with the discplines called the Angas, as well as the Nitishastras of Brihaspati and Shukra. Vajradatta is mentioned in epics as powerful as Indra, speedy like Vajra and who pleased the performer of hundred sacrifices, who is Indra again, in battle. He said to possess bolt-like lustre and conquered enemies like Indra.

Literature

Mahabharata
The Ashvamedha Parva of the Mahabharata offers an account of Vajradatta. He is described to have not accompanied his father Bhagadatta in the Kurukshetra War, which occurred during his childhood. When King Yudhishthira performed his ashvamedha yajna to achieve imperial sovereignty, his brother Arjuna was appointed as the guard of the ceremonial horse. The horse, after traversing different countries, travelled eastward to Pragjyotisha, which was ruled by the Vajradatta. Vajradatta made an attempt to hold the horse to avenge his father's humiliation in the war at the hands of Arjuna. He was defeated by Arjuna, after a prolonged battle.

Vajradatta is also mentioned in the Kalika Purana and Harshacharita. In the Kalika Purana, Vajradatta and Pushpadatta are stated to be the sons of Bhagadatta. In the Harshacharita, Vajradatta is stated to be the ruler of his realm after Bhagadatta and Pushpadatta.

Inscriptions
In Kamarupa inscriptions, the Naraka, Bhagadatta and Vajradatta were mentioned as ancestors of Kamarupa kings. One such inscription is Nidhanpur inscription of Bhaskar Varman.

See also
 Naraka dynasty

References

Characters in the Mahabharata
Pragjyotisha Kingdom
Asura


title: 2014–15 EuroChallenge Group H

text:
Group H of the 2014–15 EuroChallenge consisted of Uşak Sportif, BC Šiauliai, Enisey Krasnoyarsk and BC Tsmoki-Minsk. Play began on 4 November and ended on 16 December 2014.

Teams

Standings

References

Group H
2014–15 in Russian basketball
2014–15 in Turkish basketball
2014–15 in Lithuanian basketball
2014–15 in Belarusian basketball


title: Suslin algebra

text:
In mathematics, a Suslin algebra is a Boolean algebra that is complete, atomless, countably distributive, and satisfies the countable chain condition. They are named after Mikhail Yakovlevich Suslin.

The existence of Suslin algebras is independent of the axioms of ZFC, and is equivalent to the existence of Suslin trees or Suslin lines.

See also
Andrei Suslin

References

Boolean algebra
Forcing (mathematics)
Independence results


title: Mi-ran

text:
Mi-ran is a Korean feminine given name. The meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 33 hanja with the reading "mi" and 11 hanja with the reading "ran" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names. One common way of writing this name in hanja means "beautiful orchid" ().

People with this name include:
Ra Mi-ran (born 1975), South Korean actress
Hong Mi-ran (born 1977), South Korean television screenwriter, one of the Hong sisters
Kwak Mi-ran (born 1981), South Korean volleyball player
Jang Mi-ran (born 1983), South Korean weightlifter
Jung Mi-ran (born 1985), South Korean basketball player

See also
List of Korean given names

References

Korean feminine given names
Feminine given names


title: Eddie Hann

text:
Edward James "Eddie" Hann (8 May 1946 – 9 September 1990) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Rochester, Victoria, to Edward Albert Hann, a dairy farmer, and Kathleen Margaret Smith. He attended Lockington Consolidated School before becoming a dairy farmer in the Lockington area. He was deputy state president of Victorian Young Farmers from 1967 to 1968. A member of the Country Party, he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1973 as the member for Rodney. During his tenure he was parliamentary spokesman on public works and youth affairs, dairying and housing, and education and the arts, as well as deputy leader. He resigned from parliament in 1989, and died the following year.

References

1946 births
1990 deaths
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
20th-century Australian politicians


title: 2014 AFL Under 18 Championships

text:
The 2014 NAB AFL Under 18 Championships was the 19th edition of the AFL Under 18 Championships. Eight teams competed in the championships: Vic Metro, Vic Country, South Australia and Western Australia in Division 1, and New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory (NSW/ACT), Northern Territory, Queensland and Tasmania in Division 2. The competition was played over five rounds across two divisions.  South Australia and New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory (NSW/ACT) were the Division 1 and Division 2 champions, respectively. The Larke Medal (for the best player in Division 1) was awarded to Vic Metro's Christian Petracca, and the Hunter Harrison Medal (for the best player in Division 2) was won by NSW/ACT midfielder Isaac Heeney.

Results

Division 1

Division 1 Ladder

Division 2

Division 2 Ladder

All-Australian team
The 2014 Under 18 All-Australian team was named on 4 July 2014:

References

Under-18


title: Lower Village District

text:
The Lower Village District encompasses a historic industrial area down the Sugar River a short way from the historic center of Claremont, New Hampshire.  The area was developed beginning in the 1830s by the Claremont Mill Company, and extends on either side of the river roughly from the Main Street crossing in the west to the junction of Main and Central Streets.

Although Claremont was established in the 1790s, the industrial development that was the foundation of its economic prosperity did not begin until the 1830s.  Recognizing the power provided by the many falls on the Sugar River, the principals of the Claremont Mill Company purchased a large area of land below the town center and began its development, building mills and worker housing between the 1830s and 1860s.  The principal surviving elements of this period in the district are Greek Revival houses, although two major industrial buildings, a brick structure at 169 Main Street and the Sugar River Mill at 159 Main Street, survive from the time.  The area was extensively redeveloped between about 1890 and 1920, when the Sullivan Machinery Corporation established major operations on the south side of the river.  In this period numerous older buildings were torn down and replaced by new industrial facilities and housing.  During this time the extant Sullivan company facilities were built (adjacent to the separately-listed Monadnock Mills), as was St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church.  Properties just over the Main Street bridge on the north side were also redeveloped, with the construction of the Freeman and O'Neill woodworking shops.

See also

Central Business District (Claremont, New Hampshire)
National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New Hampshire

References

Greek Revival architecture in New Hampshire
Claremont, New Hampshire
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Sullivan County, New Hampshire


title: Oil (film)

text:
Oil  is a 2009 documentary film directed by Massimiliano Mazzotta.  It explores the Italian energy provider Saras S.p.A., operating in the area of oil refining and the production of electricity, located in the island of Sardinia, near Cagliari and the impact of oil development on the land and lives of the local population.

Awards
Best Documentary – Section Italian Documentaries  Italian Environmental Film Festival, 2009

External links
 Il Documento Oil. Documentario sulla Saras English subtitles

2009 films
2009 in the environment
2009 documentary films
Documentary films about environmental issues
Documentary films about petroleum
Films shot in Sardinia
Italian documentary films
2000s Italian-language films
2000s Italian films


title: Heteropolygonatum

text:
Heteropolygonatum is a genus of plants in the  Nolinoideae. It is native to China and Vietnam.

Heteropolygonatum ginfushanicum (F.T.Wang & Tang) M.N.Tamura, S.C.Chen & Turland - Sichuan, Hubei, Guizhou
Heteropolygonatum ogisui M.N.Tamura & J.M.Xu - Sichuan
Heteropolygonatum pendulum (Z.G.Liu & X.H.Hu) M.N.Tamura & Ogisu - Sichuan
Heteropolygonatum roseolum M.N.Tamura & Ogisu - Guangxi
Heteropolygonatum urceolatum J.M.H.Shaw - Guangxi, Vietnam
Heteropolygonatum xui W.K.Bao & M.N.Tamura - Sichuan

References

Nolinoideae
Asparagaceae genera


title: Sentenced discography

text:
This is a comprehensive discography of Sentenced, a Finnish metal band.

Studio albums

Compilation albums

EPs

Live albums

Demos

Split albums

Singles

Video albums

Music videos

References

External links
 Sentenced - official website

Heavy metal group discographies
Discographies of Finnish artists


title: David Lea (Australian politician)

text:
David John Lea (4 July 1935 – 17 January 2021) was an Australian politician.

He was born in Stourbridge in Worcestershire, England, to Sidney Lea, a managing director, and Winifred Greaves, a secretary. The family arrived in Melbourne in 1948, and David attended Melbourne High School (1949–52) and then the University of Melbourne, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1957, a Diploma of Education in 1958 and a Bachelor of Education in 1966.

He worked as an English teacher and examiner throughout the 1960s, and later as a school principal. In 1985 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the Liberal member for Sandringham. A backbencher, he was re-elected in 1988 and was preselected to contest the seat in 1992, but resigned shortly before the election.

References

1935 births
2021 deaths
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
English emigrants to Australia
People from Stourbridge


title: Soo-hee

text:
Soo-hee, also spelled Su-hui, is a Korean unisex given name.  Its meaning depends on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 67 hanja with the reading "soo" and 24 hanja with the reading "hee" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names.

People with this name include:
Kim Soo-hee (born 1953), South Korean female singer
Go Soo-hee (born 1976), South Korean actress
Roh Su-hui, South Korean male political activist arrested for breaking the National Security Act

Fictional characters with this name include:
Su-hee, in 2006 South Korean film Gangster High
Chung Soo-hee, in 2006 South Korean television series Goodbye Solo
Oh Soo-hee, in 2008 South Korean film Forever the Moment
Jung Soo-hee, in 2009 South Korean television series Good Job, Good Job
Choi Soo-hee, in 2009 South Korean television series My Too Perfect Sons
Han Soo-hee, in 2010 South Korean television series Definitely Neighbors
Kim Soo-hee, in 2010 South Korean television series Road No. 1
Jin Soo-hee, in 2013 South Korean television series Two Women's Room

See also
List of Korean given names

References

Korean unisex given names


title: Magnolia jardinensis

text:
Magnolia jardinensis is a tree native to Colombia and endangered due to its exploitation. Common names include Gallinazo blanco, copachí and centello.

Description
This tree can reach a height of up to 25 m and up to 60 cm in diameter. The bark is grey coloured with dark streaks. Young leaves have a woolly and golden pubescence. Leaves are spiralled, elliptic and chartaceous, 15.3 cm to 34 cm in length and 10.6 to 21.4 cm in width. They have a dense, golden pubescence on the underside, with a petiole streaked longitudinally. Flowers are cream-coloured, with a floral bud with three pubescent bracts, three sepals and eight pulpy petals. Fruits are small and elliptical.

Distribution and habitat

The tree is endemic to the Colombian department of Antioquia. It grows in tropical forest and in very wet low mountain forest, in the western cordillera of Jardín, between 1,900 and 2,800m altitude.

Uses
In the past it was probably a very sought-after logged timber species, similar to others species of its family.

Conservation status
Magnolia jardinensis was classified as a critically endangered species (CR) by the Red book of Colombian plants, which is due to its distributional range and because the population is very small.

Flowering and fruiting
The tree has flowers almost the whole year, with a slight decrease of the reproductive output during the month of June. It offers an abundant flowering with floral buds and opened flowers covering more than 20% of the top. Insects pollinate the flowers. The production of fruits is low, which is due to numerous miscarriages during this process. During the rainy season (December to February and August to September) the production of fruits increases. Seeds are scattered by birds and small mammals.

References

External links
 Botanical Garden of Medellín, and its scientific Director Alvaro Cogollo, leading Magnolia conservation science in Antioquia department.
 South Pole Carbon, company leading a Magnolia conservation programme in Antioquia with the help of carbon finance.

jardinensis
Endemic flora of Colombia
Trees of Colombia
Plants described in 2009


title: Sulaiman Syah

text:
Sultan Sulaiman Syah (died after 1773) was the twenty-seventh sultan of Aceh in northern Sumatra. He usurped the throne from the reigning Bugis Dynasty and held power May–July 1773.

The previous sultan Alauddin Mahmud Syah I led a troubled reign and often encountered opposition from the chiefs of the kingdom. He was briefly deposed by an usurper, Badr ul-Alam Syah in 1764-1765. A new uprising was launched in April 1773 by people of the often-rebellious XXII Mukims, one of the three sagis (regions) of Aceh. Being joined by people from the XXV Mukims, the insurgents expelled Alauddin Mahmud Syah who fled to Mukim Peuët. At the end of May the victorious party appointed Raja Udahna Lela as sultan under the name Sulaiman Syah. Whether he was the same person as a Raja Udahna Lela who was the son of the previous usurper Badr ul-Alam Syah, is unsure. Alauddin Mahmud Syah was nevertheless able to gather supporters from the mukims (districts) Daroy Pang Uleë Susuh, Lam Ara and Jampel. Sulaiman Syah was attacked and expelled after only two months' reign, and Alauddin Mahmud Syah was restored. If Sulaiman Syah is the same person as Badr ul-Alam Syah's son Raja Udahna Lela, he later played an important rule in the history of the sultanate and died under dramatic circumstances in 1805.

References

Literature

 Djajadiningrat, Raden Hoesein (1911) 'Critische overzicht van de in Maleische werken vervatte gegevens over de geschiedenis van het soeltanaat van Atjeh', Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 65, pp. 135–265.
 Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië (1917), Vol. 1. 's Gravenhage & Leiden: M. Nijhoff & Brill.
 Zainuddin, H.M. (1961) Tarich Atjeh dan Nusantara, Jilid I. Medan: Pustaka Iskandar Muda.

Sultans of Aceh
1770s deaths
18th-century Indonesian people


title: Victor Halansky

text:
Victor Halansky, is a Russian economist. He was executive manager in Bureau of the State Bank of the USSR in Leningrad; 1990-1996 – Chief Officer, Main Department of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in Saint Petersburg. Since 2003 - Director of Saint Petersburg Banking School (college) of the Bank of Russia. Since 2000 - Chairman of the Board of Directors of Viking Bank.

Education

Leningrad University of Engineering and Economics.
Science Degree in Economics, Professor of VAK (Higher Attestation Commission) at the Department of Currency Circulation and Credit (since 1995).
Academy of National Economy (1976).

Biography

Victor Halansky was born on 4 August 1937 in Shostka, a town in the Sumy Oblast. He graduated from the Economics Faculty at Shostka College of Chemistry and Technology in 1955, from the Machine-building Faculty at Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics in 1960. He has a Science degree in Economics and title of Professor. 1960-1978 - he worked his way up from a shop foreman to a Deputy General Director at the Industrial Association Power Machines ("Elektrosila"); 1966-1969 - a main economy and planning expert on the heavy engineering industry plant in Haridwar; 1978-1981 - Head of Machine-Building and Heavy Engineering Industry Department, the Planning Commission of Lengorispolkom; 1981-1985 - Deputy Head of Economy Department, Leningrad region commission of CPSU; 1985-1987 - Executive Manager, Bureau of the Gosbank in Leningrad; 1987-1988 - Chief Officer, Promstroybank USSR in Leningrad and Leningrad region; 1988-1990 - Deputy Chairman, Promstroybank USSR; 1990-1996 - Chief Officer, Main Department of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in Saint Petersburg; 1996-1997 - Counsellor of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Main Department of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in Saint Petersburg; since September, 1997 - First Deputy Chairman of the Management Board of Viking Bank.
Since 2000 - Chairman of the Board of Directors of Viking Bank.
He was one of the organizers of the first five annual International Banking Congresses held in Saint Petersburg since 1992.
He is a full-fledged member of the St. Petersburg Engineering Academy, Russian Academy of the Investment and Construction Economics, Corresponding Member of the Academy of High School Sciences.

Author of more than 30 scientific works, learning and teaching materials in economics, finances and banking business. For a number of years he was engaged in teaching at St. Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics, St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Finances, International Banking Institute.

Awards, honourable titles

Honoured Economist of Russian Federation.
Badge of Honour from the Bank of Russia “For Honourable Service in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation”

References

External links
 http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_biography/41624/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9

1937 births
Living people
Russian economists
Russian bankers
Soviet bankers


title: Avec mon mari

text:
is a 1999 Japanese romantic comedy film directed by Kentarō Ōtani and starring Yuka Itaya, Hirofumi Kobayashi and Kaori Tsuji. It was released on 6 March 1999.

Cast
Yuka Itaya
Hirofumi Kobayashi
Kaori Tsuji
Ren Ōsugi
Gō Inoue
Mayumi Terashima

Reception
It was chosen as the 9th best film at the 21st Yokohama Film Festival.

References

External links

1999 romantic comedy films
1999 films
Films directed by Kentarō Ōtani
Japanese romantic comedy films
1990s Japanese films


title: Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer

text:
The infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI) is a Fourier transform spectrometer based on the Michelson interferometer, associated with an integrated imaging system (IIS).

As part of the payload of the MetOp series of polar-orbiting meteorological satellites, there are currently two IASI instruments in operation: on MetOp-A (launched 19 October 2006) and on Met-Op B (launched 17 September 2012) with the third due for launch in 2018.

IASI is a nadir-viewing instrument recording infrared emission spectra from 645 to 2760 cm−1 at 0.25 cm−1 resolution (0.5 cm−1 after apodisation). Although primarily intended to provide information in near real-time on atmospheric temperature and water vapour to support weather forecasting, the concentrations of various trace gases can also be retrieved from the spectra.

Origin and development

IASI belongs to the thermal infrared (TIR) class of spaceborne instruments, which are devoted to tropospheric remote sensing. On the operational side, it is intended as a replacement for the HIRS instruments, whereas on the scientific side, it continues the mission of instruments dedicated to atmospheric composition, which are also nadir viewing, Fourier Transform instruments (e.g. Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment). Thus, it blends the demands imposed by both meteorology - high spatial coverage, and atmospheric chemistry - accuracy and vertical information for trace gases.  Designed by the Centre national d'Études Spatiales, it now combines a good horizontal coverage and a moderate spectral resolution. Its counterpart on the Suomi NPP is the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS).

Under an agreement between CNES and  EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites), the former was responsible for developing the instrument and data processing software. The latter is responsible for archiving and distributing the  data to the users, as well as for operating IASI itself.  Currently, Alcatel Space is the prime contractor of the project and oversees the production of the recurring models.

Main characteristics

Spectral range

The IASI spectral range has been chosen such that the instrument can record data from the following ranges:

carbon dioxide strong absorption around 15 μm
ozone absorption ν2 around 9.6 μm
water vapour ν3 strong absorption
methane absorption up to the edge of TIR

As such, the spectral range of IASI is 645 – 2760 cm−1 (15.5 - 3.62 μm). It has 8461 spectral samples that are aligned in 3 bands within the spectral range, shown in the table below. Correspondingly, the spectral resolution at which the measurements are made is 0.5 cm−1.

Each band has a specific purpose, as shown in the following table:

Sampling parameters

As an across track scanning system, IASI has a scan range of 48°20′ on either side of the nadir direction; the corresponding swath is then around 2×1100 km. Here, with respect to the flight direction of MetOp, the scanning executed by IASI starts on the left.

Also, a nominal scan line has three targets it must cover. First, a scan of the Earth where, within each step, there are 30 (15  in each 48°20′ branch) positions at which measurements are made. In addition to that, two views dedicated to calibration - henceforth, they will be referred to as reference views. One of the two is directed into deep space (cold reference), while the other is observing the internal black body (hot reference).

The elementary (or effective) field of view (EFOV) is defined as the useful field of view at each scan position. Each such element consists of a 2×2 circular pixel matrix of what is called instantaneous fields of view (IFOV). Each of the four pixels projected on the ground is circular and has a diameter of 12 km at nadir.  The shape of the IFOV at the edge of the scan line is no longer circular: across track, it measures 39 km and along track, 20 km.

Lastly, the IIS field of view is a square area, the side of which has an angular width of 59.63 mrad. Within this area, there are 64×64 pixels and they measure the same area as the EFOV above.

Data processing system

The IASI instrument produces around 1 300 000 spectra every day. It takes around 8 seconds for IASI to acquire data from one complete across track and the onboard calibration. The former consists of 120 interferograms, each one corresponding to one pixel. Of course, as researchers are really interested in the spectra, the data gathered by IASI has to pass through several stages of processing.

Furthermore, IASI has an allocated data transmission rate of 1.5 Megabits (Mb) per second. However, the data production rate is 45 Mbit/s and therefore, a major part of the data processing is set to be on board. As such, the transmitted data is an encoded spectrum that is band merged and roughly calibrated.

Additionally, there is an offline processing chain located at the Technical Expertise Centre, also referred to as TEC. Its task is to monitor the instrument performance, to compute the level 0 and 1 initialisation parameters in relation to the preceding point and to compute the long-term varying IASI products, as well as to monitor the Near Real Time (NTR) processing (i.e. levels 0 and 1).

IASI processing levels

There are three such processing levels for the IASI data, numbered from 0 to 2. First, Level 0 data gives the raw output of the detectors, which Level 1 transforms into spectra by applying FFT and the necessary calibrations, and finally, Level 2 executes retrieval techniques so as to describe the physical state of the atmosphere that was observed.

The first two levels are dedicated to transforming the interferograms into spectra that are fully calibrated and independent of the state of the instrument at any given time. By contrast, the third is dedicated to the retrieval of meaningful parameters not only from IASI, but from other instruments from MetOp as well.

For example, since the instrument is expected to be linear in energy, a non linearity correction is applied to the interferograms before the computation of the spectra. Next, the two reference views are used for the first step of radiometric calibration. A second step, performed on ground, is used to compensate for certain physical effects that have been ignored in the first (e.g., incidence correction for the scanning mirror, non-blackness effect etc.).

A digital processing subsystem executes a radiometric calibration and an inverse Fourier transform in order to obtain the raw spectra.

Level 0

The central objective of the Level 0 processing is to reduce the transmission rate by calibrating the spectra in terms of radiometry and merging the spectral bands. This is divided into three processing sub-chains:

Interferogram preprocessing that is concerned with:
the non-linearity correction
spike detection that prevents the use of corrupted interferograms during calibration
the computation of NZPD (Number sampler of the Zero Path Difference) which determines the pivot sample corresponding to the Fourier Transform
the algorithm that applies a Fourier Transform to the interferogram to give the spectrum corresponding to the measured interferogram.
The computation of the radiometric coefficients and filtering
The computation of atmospheric spectra involving applying the calibration coefficients, merging the bands and coding the spectra.
by applying a spectral scaling law, removing the offset and applying a bit mask to the merged spectra, the transmission is done at an average rate of 8.2 bits per spectral sample, without losing useful information

Level 1

Level 1 is divided into three sublevels. Its main aim is to give the best estimate of the geometry of the interferometer at the time of the measurement. Several of the parameters of the estimation model are computing by the TEC processing chain and serve as input for the Level 1 estimations.

The estimation model is used as a basis to compute a more accurate model by calculating the corresponding spectral calibration and apodisation functions. This allows the removal of all spectral variability of the measurements.

Level 1a
The estimation model is used here to give the correct spectral positions of the spectra samples, since the positions are varying from one pixel to another. Moreover, certain errors ignored in Level 0 are now accounted for, such as the emissivity of the black body not being unity or the dependency of the scanning mirror on temperature.

Also, it estimates the geolocation of IASI using the results from the correlation of AVHRR and the calibrated IIS image.

Level 1b

Here, the spectra are resampled. To perform this operation, the spectra from Level 1a are over-sampled by a factor of 5. These over-sampled spectra are finally interpolated on a new constant wave-number basis (0.25 cm−1), by using a cubic spline interpolation.

Level 1c

The estimated apodisation functions are applied.
It generates the radiance cluster analysis based on AVHRR within the IASI IFOV using the IASI point spread function.

Level 2

This level is concerned with deriving geophysical parameters from the radiance measurements:

Temperature profiles
Humidity profiles
Columnar ozone amounts in thick layers
Surface temperature
Surface emissivity
Fractional cloud cover
Cloud top temperature
Cloud top pressure
Cloud phase
Total column of N2O
Total column of CO
Total column of CH4
Total column of CO2
Error covariance
Processing and equality flags

The processes here are performed synergically with the ATOVS instrument suite, AVHRR and forecast data from numerical weather prediction.

Methods of research
Some researchers prefer to use their own retrieval algorithms, which process Level 1 data, while others use directly the IASI Level 2 data. Multiple algorithms exist to produce Level 2 data, which differ in their assumptions and formulation and will therefore have different strengths and weaknesses (which can be investigated by intercomparison studies). The choice of algorithm is guided by knowledge of these limitations, the resources available and the specific features of the atmosphere that wish to be investigated.

In general, algorithms are based on the optimal estimation method. This essentially involves comparing the measured spectra with an a priori spectrum. Subsequently, the a priori model is contaminated with a certain amount of the item one wants to measure (e.g. SO2) and the resulting spectra are once again compared to the measured ones. The process is repeated again and again, the aim being to adjust the amount of contaminants such that simulated spectrum resembles the measured one as closely as possible. It must be noted that a variety of errors must be taken into consideration while perturbing the a priori, such as the error on the a priori, the instrumental error or the expected error.

Alternatively, the IASI Level 1 data can be processed by least square fit algorithms. Again, the expected error must be taken into consideration.

Design

IASI's main structure comprises 6 sandwich panels that have an aluminium honeycomb core and carbon cyanate skins. Out of these, the one that supports optical sub-assemblies, electronics and mechanisms is called the main panel.

The instrument's thermal architecture was engineered to split IASI in independent enclosures, optimising the design of every such enclosure in particular. For example, the optical components can be found in a closed volume containing only low dissipative elements, while the cube corners are exterior to this volume. Furthermore, the enclosure which contains the interferometer is almost entirely decoupled from the rest of the instrument by Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI). This determines a very good thermal stability for the optics of the interferometer: the temporal and spatial gradients are less than 1 °C, which is important for the radiometric calibration performance. Furthermore, other equipments are either sealed in specific enclosures, such as dissipative electronics, laser sources or thermally controlled through the thermal control section of the main structure, for example the scan mechanisms or the blackbody.

Upon entering the interferometer, the light will encounter the following instruments:

Scan mirror which provides the ±48.3° swath symmetrically about the nadir. Moreover, it views the calibration hot and cold blackbody (internal blackbody and the deep space, respectively). For the step-by-step scene scanning, fluid lubricated bearings are used.

Off-axis afocal telescope which transfers the aperture stop onto the scan mirror.

Michelson Interferometer that has the general structure of the Michelson Interferometer, but two silicon carbide cube corner mirrors. The advantage of using corner reflectors over plane mirrors is that the latter would impose dynamic alignment.

Folding and off-axis focusing mirrors of which the first directs the recombined beam onto the latter. This results in an image of the Earth forming at the entrance of the cold box.

The cold box which contains:  aperture stops, field stops, field lens that images the aperture stop on the cube corners, dichroic plates dividing the whole spectrum range into the three spectral bands, lenses which produce an image of the field stop onto the detection unit, three focal planes that are equipped with micro lenses. These have the role to image the aperture stop on the detectors and preamplifiers.

So as to reduce the instrument background and thermo-elerctronic detector noise, the temperature of the cold box is maintained at 93 K by a passive cryogenic cooler.  This was preferred to a cryogenic machine due to the fact that the vibration levels of the latter can potential cause the degradation of the spectral quality.

Measures against ice contamination

Ice accumulation on the optical surfaces determines loss of transmission. In order to reduce IASI's sensitivity to ice contamination, the emissive cavities have been added with two even holes.

Moreover, it was necessary to ensure protection for the cold optics from residual contamination. To achieve this, sealing improvements have been made (bellows and joints).

Suggested images
IASI at the European Space Agency
 IASI data product profile
 IASI observations
 Depiction of MetOp in orbit

External links
 IASI at Centre national d'études spatiales
 IASI scanning the Earth
 IASI at TACT, LATMOS
 IASI at EODG, University of Oxford

References

Interferometers
Atmospheric sounding satellite sensors


title: ¡Ala... Dina!

text:
¡Ala... Dina! is a Spanish television sitcom that was broadcast on La Primera Cadena of Televisión Española from January 4, 2000 to December 25, 2002.

The series follows the story of Dina, a genie who after 400 years locked in a magic lamp, is released by the family of Tomás and she is hired as a housekeeper.

Plot
The story begins when the young son of the widower Tomás, Álvaro, finds a magic lamp. After rubbing it, the lamp releases the genie. The genie calling herself as Dina, has been over 500 years locked up there, waiting for someone to be released. Dina is then integrated into the family of Tomás, getting a job as a housekeeper in the home, cleaning, cooking and caring for Álvaro and Eva, the two children of Tomás.

When Tomás discovers the powers of Dina, he prohibits its use. Nevertheless, Dina uses her supernatural abilities at every opportunity.

Technical and artistic data
The series is based on an original idea of Paco Arango. It was directed by José Pavón and Rafael de la Cueva, and produced by Cartel for Televisión Española.

It was premiered on 4 January 2000, and it was the most watched television program in Spain on its opening day, with 4,9 million viewers and a 27.8% of audience share.

The series stopped airing on December 25 of 2002.

The actress Paz Padilla remained in the cast until the episode aired on May 14, 2001. Then she would be replaced for the same role by Miriam Díaz Aroca.

Paz Padilla was nominated for Best Actress at ATV Awards 2000.

Main cast and characters
 Dina (Paz Padilla/Miriam Díaz Aroca)
 Tomás (Gary Piquer)
 Eva (Lidia San José)
 Álvaro (José Gonzálvez)
 Lucrecia (Mary Carmen Ramírez)
 José María "Chemita" (Darío Paso)
 Paloma Velázquez (Verónica Mengod)
 Sazhim (Santiago Urrialde)
 Rogelio (Alfonso Vallejo)
 Rashid (Eduardo MacGregor)
 Sandra (Sandra Gómez)
 Bolita (Alejandro Rello)
 Rosi (Nathalie Seseña)

Guest Starring:

 Chiquito de la Alcazaba (Chiquito de la Calzada)
 Gina (Ana García Obregón)
 Teresa (Asunción Balaguer)
 Mayra Gómez Kemp
 David Civera
 Doña Francisca (Paloma Cela)
 Kruger (Michael Reckling)
 Gino (Alessandro Lecquio)
 Lorenzo Milá
 Pizza delivery guy (Miguel Ángel Muñoz)
 Francisco
 Carlos Baute
 Zoltán (Mariano Alameda)
 Mustapha (Rappel)
 Soraya (Elisenda Rivas)
 Juan Camus
 Empress Igartíbula (Anne Igartiburu)

References

La 1 (Spanish TV channel) network series
Spanish television sitcoms
2000 Spanish television series debuts
2002 Spanish television series endings
2000s Spanish comedy television series
Spanish fantasy television series