title: Amaravati (mythology)

text:
Amaravati () is the capital city of Svarga, the realm of Indra, the king of the devas, in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It is also called Devapura, ‘city of the devas’ and Pūṣābhāsā, ‘sun-splendour’ in the Puranas.

Description

In Hindu tradition, Amaravati was built by Vishvakarma, the architect of the devas, a son of Brahma, but sometimes also depicted as a son of Kashyapa. At the centre of Amaravati is Vaijayanta, the palace of Indra, or Śakra (Buddhism) in Buddhism. The heaven of Indra is a region for the virtuous alone, with celestial gardens called Nandana Vana, that houses sacred trees, like the wish-fulfilling Kalpavriksha, as well as sweet-scented flowers such as hibiscuses, roses, hyacinths, freesias, magnolias, gardenias, jasmines, and honeysuckles. Fragrant almond extract is sprinkled on the sides of palaces. The fragrant groves are occupied by apsaras. Low sweet music is stated to play in this land. Indra's abode is eight hundred miles in circumference and forty miles in height.

The denizens of Amaravati include the devas, danavas, gandharvas, kinnaras, uragas, and rakshasas, as well as fortunate human beings who are on par with the devas in this realm.

The pillars of Amaravati are composed of diamonds, and its furniture is made of pure gold. Amaravati's palaces are also made of gold. Pleasant breezes are described to carry the perfume of rose-coloured flowers. The inhabitants of Amaravati are entertained by music, dancing, and every sort of festivity. Divinity is stated to fill up the entire region. The audience chamber of Amaravati accommodates the thirty-three celestials called the Trāyastriṃśa, together with the forty-eight thousand rishis, and a multitude of attendants. In the Mahabharata, Indra has another celestial meeting hall at Amaravati, known as Pushkara-Malini, which he is described to have built himself.

Literature

Skanda Purana
In the Skanda Purana, the environs of the city are described:

Brahma Purana
In the Brahma Purana, the city of Dvaraka built by Krishna is stated to describe Amaravati, consisting of grand parks and outer walls, boasting hundreds of lakes, as well as hundreds of thick ramparts.

See also
 Svarga
 Devaloka
 Vaikuntha
 Satyaloka
 Kailasa

References

External links

Locations in Hindu mythology
Hindu cosmology
Indra


title: SV De Meteoor

text:
Sport Vereniging De Meteoor are a Dutch amateur  football (soccer) club from the Amsterdam borough of Amsterdam-Noord in the neighborhood Tuindorp Oostzaan, founded in 1923. The club hold a Sunday team competing in the Derde Klasse.

References

External links
 SV De Meteoor Official website

Football clubs in the Netherlands
Association football clubs established in 1923
Football clubs in Amsterdam
1923 establishments in the Netherlands


title: G. ehrenbergii

text:
G. ehrenbergii may refer to:

 Galium ehrenbergii, a herbaceous plant
 Gliricidia ehrenbergii, an ornamental tree


title: Kfar Daʽel

text:
Kfar Dael (, also spelled Kafr Dail or Kfar Deil) is a district of Aleppo city in northern Syria, located northwest of the neighbouring Al-Rashidin District of Aleppo, which is a part of the Mount Simeon District in the Aleppo Governorate.

The village is located  west of the center of Aleppo, right north of the Afrin - Aleppo Road.

The Khan al-Asal chemical attack

In a letter dated 19 March 2013 the representative of the Syrian Arab Republic at the U.N. informed of its allegation that at 07:30 on 19 March terrorist groups fired a rocket from the Kfar De'il area towards Khan al-Asal. The U.N was not able to collect primary evidence relating to the munition or type of munition and/or delivery system. A February 2014 UN report confirmed the use of sarin that bore the "same unique hallmarks" as the sarin used in the 2013 Ghouta attacks, and that the perpetrators likely had access to the Syrian military's chemical weapons stockpile.

References

Aleppo


title: 2014 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group III – play-offs

text:
The play-offs of the 2014 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group III were the final stages of the Group III zonal competition involving teams from Europe and Africa. Using the positions determined in their pools, the twelve teams faced off to determine their placing in the 2014 Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group III. The top two teams advanced to Fed Cup Europe/Africa Zone Group II.

Promotional play-offs
The first placed teams of each pool were drawn in head-to-head rounds. The winner of each round advanced to Group II in 2014.

Estonia vs. Denmark

Greece vs. Ireland

5th to 8th play-offs
The second placed teams of each pool were drawn in head-to-head rounds to find the equal fifth and seventh placed teams.

Namibia vs. Norway

Moldova vs. Malta

9th to 12th play-offs
The third placed teams of each pool were drawn in head-to-head rounds to find the equal ninth and eleventh placed teams.

Armenia vs. Madagascar

Cyprus vs. Iceland

Final placements

  and  advanced to Europe/Africa Group II in 2015.

References

External links
 Fed Cup website

P3


title: Luza

text:
Luza or Luža may refer to:
 Luza (river), a river in Russia, a right tributary of the Yug
 Luza, Luzsky District, Kirov Oblast, a town in Luzsky District of Kirov Oblast, Russia
 Luža, Kočevje, former settlement in southern Slovenia
 Luža, Trebnje, a settlement in eastern Slovenia

People with the surname
Dave Luza (born 1974), Dutch improv comedian
Gustavo Luza (born 1962), former tennis player from Argentina
Lechedzani Luza (born 1978), boxer from Botswana

See also
Luza (inhabited locality), a list of inhabited localities in Russia
Luzsky (disambiguation)


title: Perifovea

text:
Perifovea is a region in the retina that circumscribes the parafovea and fovea and is a part of the macula lutea. The perifovea is a belt that covers a 10° radius around the fovea and is 1.5 mm wide. The perifovea ends when the Henle's fiber layer disappears and the ganglion cells are one-layered.

Additional images

See also
 Eye movements in reading
 Fixation (visual)
 Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

References

Human eye anatomy
Visual perception


title: History of Irish Americans in Boston

text:
People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in Massachusetts, and one of largest in Boston. Once a Puritan stronghold, Boston changed dramatically in the 19th century with the arrival of immigrants from other parts of Europe. The Irish dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Great Irish Famine. Their arrival transformed Boston from an Anglo-Saxon, Protestant city into one that has become progressively more diverse. These people hired Irish as workers and servants, but there was little social interaction. In the 1840s and 50s, the anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant Know Nothing movement targeted Irish Catholics in Boston. In the 1860s, many Irish immigrants fought for the Union in the American Civil War, and that display of patriotism helped to dispel much of the prejudice against them.

With an expanding population, group loyalty, and block-by-block political organization, the Irish took political control of the city, leaving the Yankees in charge of finance, business, and higher education. The Irish left their mark on the region in a number of ways: in still heavily Irish neighborhoods such as Charlestown and South Boston; in the name of the local basketball team, the Boston Celtics; in the iconic Irish-American political family, the Kennedys; in a large number of prominent local politicians, such as James Michael Curley; and in the establishment of Catholic Boston College.

History

Early America

The Catholic Irish have been in Boston since colonial times, when they arrived as indentured servants, mostly women and children, as opposed to those of Scots-Irish Protestant ancestry who were merchants, sailors, or tradesmen. According to historian James Cullen, a large number of Irish immigrants arrived as early as 1654, on the ship Goodfellow, and were "sold" into indentured servitude "to such of the inhabitants as needed them." one of these Irish may have been Ann Glover

Most of the early arrivals were Presbyterians from Ulster who came seeking relief from high rents, repressive taxes, and other pressures. Wary of Boston's Anglo-Saxon Puritans, who were hostile to the Irish, many moved to the outer fringes of the Bay Colony and founded towns such as Bangor and Belfast in Maine, and Londonderry and Derry in New Hampshire. The few Irish Catholics who settled in the Boston area had to convert or hide their identity, since Catholicism was outlawed. Other Irish immigrants may have come to Boston involuntarily, after being kidnapped by pirates. The Boston News-Letter announced an auction of Irish boys in 1730, and women convicts deported from Belfast were sold in Boston in 1749. Conflation of such immigrants, indentures, and convicts has given rise to the Irish slaves myth.

On March 17, 1737, after a particularly harsh winter, a group of Irish Protestants met in Boston to organize the Charitable Irish Society. Its mission was to provide loans and other assistance to Irish immigrants who were elderly, sick, or in need. The gathering was the first known observance of St. Patrick's Day in the Thirteen Colonies. Still in existence, the society is the oldest Irish organization in North America.

Once the Irish had proved their loyalty by fighting in the American Revolutionary War, they were more welcome in Boston and better able to assimilate—provided, of course, that they were Protestants. According to historian Michael J. O'Brien, hundreds of Irish Americans fought in the Battle of Bunker Hill. One son of Irish immigrants, John Sullivan, served under George Washington and became a brigadier general. According to local legend, Sullivan used "Saint Patrick" as the official password when he led Colonial troops into town following the British evacuation of Boston in 1776. Boston still celebrates the event each year on Evacuation Day, which coincides with Saint Patrick's Day. Sullivan's brother, James Sullivan, was elected governor of Massachusetts in 1807.

19th century

A wave of Irish immigration to Boston started in the 1820s. Initially most of the newcomers were Protestants, but increasingly they were joined by Catholics. From the start, there were problems. The "papists" were seen as both a spiritual and a political threat, and the locals reacted accordingly. Gangs of militant Protestants roamed the streets of Irish neighborhoods, damaging property and even destroying several houses. Preachers railed from the pulpit against the "blasphemy" and "idolatry" of Roman Catholicism, and local newspapers fanned the flames by printing anti-Catholic propaganda, filled with wild conspiracy theories about the Jesuits.

On July 11, 1837, a company of Yankee firemen returning from a call met with an Irish funeral procession on Broad Street. What started as a street brawl escalated into an all-out riot when a fireman sounded the emergency alarm, summoning all of the fire engines in Boston. Local Yankee and Irish Americans came running to join the fight, bearing sticks, stones, bricks, and cudgels. Some 800 men were involved in the actual fighting and at least 10,000 gathered in the street to cheer them on. The riot ended when the mayor called in the National Lancers and the state militia. Remarkably, no one was killed. Three Irishmen, and none of the firemen, received jail sentences. The incident became known as the Broad Street Riot.

Famine years

The Port of Boston was a major center of immigration during the Great Irish Famine (1845–1852). By 1850, the Irish were the largest ethnic group in Boston. Most of the immigrants during this period were poor, unskilled laborers from rural backgrounds who settled in the slums of the North End, the South Cove, and Fort Hill. Many were not only destitute but weakened by typhus contracted on the coffin ships that had brought them. To contain the health risk, a quarantine hospital and almshouse were built on Deer Island, where hundreds of immigrants died and were buried in unmarked graves. To make matters worse, a cholera epidemic swept through Boston in 1849. The North End poor, living in crowded, unsanitary conditions on the waterfront, were the hardest hit; over 500 Irish were killed. Boston health inspectors described a typical Irish slum as "a perfect hive of human beings, without comforts and mostly without common necessaries; in many cases huddled together like brutes, without regard to age or sex or sense of decency."

Many Irish women became domestic servants; by 1860, two-thirds of the servants in Boston were Irish. Most Irish men worked in construction, in quarries, or on the docks. Irish laborers helped build up the business district behind Faneuil Hall, built townhouses on Beacon Hill, cleared land for North Station, and filled in the South End; others worked on the waterfront as fish cutters and stevedores.

A notable exception was Andrew Carney. Born into poverty in County Cavan, Ireland, he trained as a tailor's apprentice, then moved to Boston in 1816 and opened a successful tailoring business. Carney & Sleeper, Clothier, was one of the first shops to offer "ready-made" suits. After selling the business, Carney retired from tailoring and went on to a career in finance and a legacy of philanthropy. He co-founded the First National Bank of Boston and the John Hancock Insurance Company; funded the Church of the Immaculate Conception in the South End, and several Catholic orphanages; helped found Boston College; and in 1863 founded Carney Hospital, where, he insisted, "the sick without distinction of creed, color or nation shall be received and cared for." This policy was relatively enlightened at a time when Boston City Hospital was refusing to admit Jewish patients.

Another influential figure was Thomas F. Ring, president of the St. Vincent de Paul Society and the Catholic Union of Boston. A Boston native of Irish descent, Ring worked for his family's paper export business and was a leading member of several charitable organizations. Ring was also involved in the founding, in 1870, of the Union Institution for Savings, which provided loans to Catholics who were turned away by other banks. Other successful Irish businessmen included Christopher Blake, who started a large furniture factory in Dorchester; Patrick Maguire, founder of The Republic, a weekly political journal; and Dennis Hern, founder of a telegram service that employed 400 messengers.

The Boston Irish Famine Memorial was erected at the corner of Washington and School Streets, on the Freedom Trail, in 1998. One bronze sculpture depicts a starving woman, looking up to the heavens as if to ask "Why?", while her children cling to her. A second sculpture shows the figures hopeful as they land in Boston.

The Know Nothings

 In the 1840s and 50s, increasing nativist and anti-Catholic sentiment gave rise to the Know Nothing movement, formally known as the Native American Party and later the American Party. The Know Nothings gained a large following in Boston with their program of "Temperance, Liberty, and Protestantism". In 1847 they held a mass rally in the crowded Irish neighborhood of Fort Hill; residents, forewarned by the clergy and urged to keep the peace, stayed indoors that day.

In 1854 the Know Nothings took control of the Massachusetts legislature. Among other things, they passed laws barring Catholics from being buried in public cemeteries, denying church officials any control over church property, and requiring children to read from the Protestant Bible (the King James Version) in public schools. They formed a Nunnery Committee that raided Catholic schools and convents on trumped-up pretexts. The Boston Police Department's first Irish officer, Bernard "Barney" McGinniskin, was fired that year without cause, and on Independence Day, the newly constructed St. Gregory's Church in Dorchester was burned to the ground by Know Nothing rioters.

In Boston's public schools, Catholic children were required to say Protestant prayers and sing Protestant hymns, and their history books were written from an anti-Catholic point of view. In 1859, a Catholic boy who refused to recite the Protestant version of the Ten Commandments was severely beaten, leading to the Eliot School Rebellion. Over 300 boys withdrew from the school, prompting St. Mary's Parish to create a primary school to educate them.

Civil War

Although Boston was an important center of abolitionism, most Irish immigrants were strongly opposed to blacks and to abolitionists. Historian Brian Kelly says, "Though they were neither consistent stalwarts of the northern war effort nor pure-and-simple dupes of the slavocracy, the Irish were capable both of ardent support and sacrifices for the Union cause and of vicious hatred for the "n*****s" and his/her abolitionist sympathizers." Many fought for the Union, including Colonel Thomas Cass, who commanded an Irish regiment, the Fighting Ninth; and Patrick Robert Guiney, who fought in over thirty engagements. Sister Mary Anthony O'Connell served as a nurse on the front lines, where she was known as the "Angel of the Battlefield". Irish Bostonians also contributed to the war effort by working in the Watertown arsenal and the iron foundries of South Boston, or in the shipyards, building warships for the navy. However, as in New York City, on July 14, 1863, a draft riot attempting to raid Union armories broke out among Irish Catholics in the North End, resulting in approximately 8 to 14 deaths. In the 1860 presidential election, Boston Irish Catholics mostly voted against Abraham Lincoln. The critical factor among the Irish, according to Kelly, was the powerful role of the Catholic Church. He states:
The basic conservatism of the Catholic hierarchy, which had previously led it to attack abolitionists for challenging the existing social order was, after Sumter, turned against the Confederacy....Lay Catholics, according to the Church, were to answer the Union call to arms, not out of anti-slavery zeal, but out of "loyal submission to legitimate rule."

By 1870, Boston had 250,000 residents, 56,900 of whom were Irish. Around this time several powerful Irish ward bosses appeared on the scene, including Martin Lomasney in the West End, John F. Fitzgerald in the North End, and P. J. Kennedy in East Boston. Though often depicted as ruthless and corrupt, ward bosses provided much-needed aid to their neighbors. As Lomasney put it, "The great mass of people are interested in only three things—food, clothing, and shelter. A politician in a district like mine sees to it that his people get these things." This approach to politics, known as the patronage system, helped the Irish climb out of poverty. Early in Lomasney's career, he and his brother Joseph founded the Hendricks Club. The Hendricks began as a social club and gathering place, but later turned into the center of Lomasney's political machine. It was from here that he began to provide social services, charity, and shelter for poor immigrants. In return, he was able to drum up votes and support for candidates of his choosing. Partly through his influence, Boston elected its first Irish mayor, Hugh O'Brien, in 1884.

As Irish Americans began to gain political power, there was a resurgence of anti-Catholic nativism. Groups such as the American Protective Association (APA), the Immigration Restriction League, and Loyal Women of American Liberty were active in Boston. The APA introduced legislation aimed at disaccrediting local Catholic schools, while other groups focused on purging Catholics from the School Committee. Area Catholics responded by founding as many Catholic schools (such as St. Augustine's in South Boston, founded in 1895) as their limited resources allowed.

By the end of the century, the city's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants; the Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown.

20th century

In the early 20th century, Boston's Irish Americans were successful in Democratic Party politics and the labor movement, yet were relatively slow to break into business and the professions. This was only partly due to discrimination against them, although that was certainly a factor. For cultural reasons, they gravitated to modest positions offering job security and pensions rather than high-risk business ventures. Many became schoolteachers, police officers, firefighters, nurses, librarians, custodians, and clerks. Historian Dennis P. Ryan calls them "occupationally nearsighted".

Few Irish women in Boston were active in the suffrage movement, which was dominated by upper-class women. Margaret Foley of Dorchester was a rare exception. Known for confronting anti-suffrage candidates at political rallies, she was nicknamed the "Grand Heckler". Most working-class women were more interested in labor issues: Mary Kenney O'Sullivan helped found the Women's Trade Union League in 1903, and was a leader of the Lawrence textile strike in 1912; Julia O'Connor led a successful telephone operators' strike in 1919 that paralyzed telephone service across New England for six days. That same year, the Boston Police went on strike for better wages and working conditions. Most of the officers who subsequently lost their jobs were Irish Catholics, while most of those who condemned the strikers were "old-line Protestant Yankees". Many of the strikebreakers were students at Harvard University.

During this period the Irish often clashed with Italians, despite the fact that the vast majority of both groups shared a common religion and political party. Thousands of Irish immigrants who had settled in Boston's North End in the 19th century, displacing the Yankee residents, were crowded out by Italians in the early 20th century. The two groups were in competition for jobs as well as housing, and there were cultural differences, including different styles of Catholic worship, that caused additional friction. For a time, in some Irish parishes, Italians were forced to attend Mass in the basement.

Leading politicians
The most prominent figure in Boston politics early in the 20th century was John F. Fitzgerald, a man so well known for his charming personality that he was nicknamed "Honey Fitz". During his two terms as mayor, Fitzgerald made major improvements to the Port of Boston, an investment that brought increased traffic from Europe. Perhaps more significantly, in his later years he taught his grandchildren how to succeed in politics. One of them, John F. Kennedy, would go on to become the 35th president of the United States.

Fitzgerald was succeeded as mayor by another charismatic Irish American, James Michael Curley. Fatherless at the age of ten, Curley left school to help support his family while his mother scrubbed floors in downtown office buildings. He had a natural flair for public speaking, which he deliberately honed, studying the speeches of famous orators in the Boston Public Library. By 1900 he was Boston's youngest ward boss. He went on to serve three terms in Congress, four terms as mayor, and a term as Governor of Massachusetts. He also spent time in prison for fraud. The city's elites saw him as unforgivably corrupt, but he was well loved by Boston's poor. During the Great Depression, he enlarged Boston City Hospital, expanded the subway system, funded projects to improve the roads and bridges, and improved the neighborhoods with beaches and bathhouses, playgrounds and parks, public schools and libraries. Among the many local legends about Curley, perhaps the most telling is his ordering long-handled mops for the cleaning women at City Hall so they would not have to be on their knees. According to City Councilman Fred Langone, Curley was more popular with the newer immigrants, such as Italians and Jews, than he was with the lace curtain Irish of Jamaica Plain, West Roxbury, and Hyde Park.

Historian James M. O'Toole has argued:
Surely there has been no more flamboyant political personality  than James Michael Curley, who dominated politics in Boston for half a century. Whether as incumbent or as candidate, he was always there: alderman, congressman, mayor, governor. People loved him or hated him,  but they could not ignore him. He mastered the politics of ethnic and class warfare by defining a manichaean world of "us" versus "them"....He presided over state and city during the challenge of the Depression, leaving behind impressive monuments in stone and public works. In the end, he even managed to enter American political mythology, remembered as much in his fictional incarnations as for his real life.

Urban historian Kenneth T. Jackson has argued that:
Curley was among the best-known and most colorful of the big-city, paternalistic bosses, Irish, Catholic, and Democratic....Capitalizing on Irish-American resentment against the Republican, Harvard-educated Brahmans who dominated Boston's social and economic life, Curley like to think of himself as "Mayor of the Poor"....Curley helped immigrants to adjust to urban life by finding them jobs, easing their troubles with the law, building them playgrounds and public baths, and attending their weddings and wakes.... Because his feuds with fellow Irish chieftains like John (Honey Fitz) Fitzgerald, Patrick Kennedy, and Martin Lomasney were legendary, he tried as mayor to centralize patronage and make the ward healer obsolete. During the depression he used federal relief and work projects as a tool of his political ambitions. But Curley never built a really solid organization in Boston and never enjoyed the power or statewide influence of other well-known urban bosses.

Depression and World War II

During World War II, there was an outbreak of antisemitic violence in Boston. Jewish residents, businesses, and synagogues were frequent targets of what would now be called hate crimes: gangs of mostly Irish Catholic youths, incited by Father Coughlin and the Christian Front, roamed the streets of Jewish neighborhoods, vandalizing property and assaulting residents. Several victims were seriously injured with blackjacks and brass knuckles. Boston's predominantly Irish police, politicians, and clergy were of little help, and the local press largely ignored the problem. Mayor Curley once proudly proclaimed Boston "the strongest Coughlin city in the world." Another Irish Catholic, Frances Sweeney, led protests against the Christian Front and similar groups.

Despite Coughlin's popularity with Boston's Irish Catholics, South Boston residents overwhelmingly voted against William Lemke, Coughlin's candidate in the 1936 presidential election.

Exodus to the suburbs

After 1945, a large-scale movement to the suburbs was made possible by the steady upward social mobility of the Irish.

Boston's politics changed after the war. New Deal legislation and federal programs such as the G.I. Bill made the local patronage system obsolete. Mayor John Hynes got along better with business leaders than Curley had, while Cardinal Cushing reached out to other religious communities. The election of president John F. Kennedy was a source of great pride to Boston's Irish Americans, and marked a turning point in their "political consciousness". A succession of Irish mayors—Hynes, John F. Collins, and Kevin White—pushed urban renewal projects that contributed to gentrification. As immigrant families assimilated and their children moved to the suburbs, Boston's neighborhoods began to lose their ethnic identities.

Irish Americans in Boston responded with alarm to news reports of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and NORAID set up a chapter in the city to raise funds for the families of dead or imprisoned Provisional Irish Republican Army members. IRA supporters in the U.S. tended to be politically far to the right of the IRA members themselves. In the early 1970s Bernadette Devlin offended IRA supporters in Boston when she said she felt more comfortable with black people in Roxbury than she did with the Irish in South Boston. Boston's Irish Catholics tended to be socially conservative, with little interest in the civil rights, opposition to the Vietnam War, and feminist movements.

In the 1970s, many of Boston's remaining working class Irish residents became embroiled in the busing controversy. To combat the de facto segregation of Boston's public schools, federal judge W. Arthur Garrity Jr. ruled that students must be bused between predominantly white and black areas of the city. South Boston High School was the site of many of the most vocal and violent protests. Senator Ted Kennedy supported Garrity's ruling, while Ray Flynn, then serving on the state legislature representing South Boston, opposed it. The plan ultimately led to an increase in the dropout rate and a wave of white flight to the suburbs and private schools. Meanwhile, local crime boss Whitey Bulger took advantage of the chaos and tightened his grip on South Boston. Irish American public figures were prominent on both sides of the issue, and surveys during the 1960s and 1970s found Irish Americans divided on the issue. Although many Irish Americans opposed busing, as a group they were more sympathetic to the aims of the civil rights movement than most other white ethnic groups in the country.

In 1992, the Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston (GLIB) was barred from marching in the city-sponsored St. Patrick's Day parade in South Boston. The group filed suit, and the case made it as far as the Supreme Court, which ruled against them in 1995.

21st century
The Irish no longer dominate Boston politics as they once did, nor are they reliably Democratic. Many became Reagan Democrats in the 1980s. However, in Massachusetts and elsewhere in Southern New England, significant majorities of the local Irish stayed with the Democratic party. This differs from other areas like metropolitan New York and Illinois where the Irish vote barely differs from the general white vote, and some heavily Irish small towns in Northern New England where it is quite Republican, but is similar to some other places like Gloucester, New Jersey and Butte, Montana which retain strongly liberal and Democratic-leaning Irish populations.

The voting intentions of Irish Americans and other white ethnic groups attracted attention in the 2016 US election. In the Democratic primaries, Boston's Irish were said to break strongly for Hillary Clinton, whose victories in Irish-heavy Boston suburbs may have helped her narrowly carry the state over Bernie Sanders. A 2016 March survey by Irish Central  showed that 45% of Irish Americans nationwide supported Trump, although the majority of those in Massachusetts supported Hillary Clinton. The presence of supporters of Trump among Irish and Italian communities which had once themselves been marginalized immigrants generated controversy, with Irish American and Italian American politicians and journalists admonishing their co-ethnics against "myopia" and "amnesia". An October poll by Buzzfeed showed that Irish respondents nationwide split nearly evenly between Trump (40%) and Clinton (39%), with large numbers either undecided or supporting other candidates (21%), and that the Irish were more supportive of Clinton than other West European-descended Americans including fellow Catholic Italian Americans. In early November 2016, six days before the election, another poll by IrishCentral showed Clinton ahead at 52% among Irish Americans, while Trump was at 40% and the third party candidates together had 8%; Irish respondents in Massachusetts similarly favored Clinton by majority. In the official 2016 election results, Irish-heavy Boston suburbs including on the South Shore witnessed swings to the left (Scituate: +19.5% D, Cohasset: +32.8% D, Milton: +26.6% D, etc.) even as the country as a whole moved right. This caused many of the most heavily Irish-descended communities in the country, such as Scituate, to flip from split or Republican-voting to Democrat-voting by significant margins (Scituate: +18% D, Hull: +21% D, Cohasset: +24% D, Milton: +41% D). Despite voting against Trump, many of these same communities had some of the highest levels of opposition to the legalization of marijuana, a typically socially conservative position.

The Catholic Church no longer has as much influence as it once did over Irish Americans in Boston. Boston has not entirely lost its regional Irish identity: the city remains a popular destination for Irish immigrants, students, and businesses. South Boston still holds an annual St. Patrick's Day parade, Boston College offers an Irish Studies program, and organizations such as the Irish Cultural Centre help to maintain a connection with Ireland. In 2013, Boston elected a first-generation Irish-American mayor, Marty Walsh.

Culture

Religion

The vast majority of the Irish immigrants who arrived in Boston in the 19th century were Roman Catholic. The Catholic Church with its tradition of pastoral care played an especially important role in the lives of the poor. While Protestant and secular charitable organizations offered various forms of assistance, they often discriminated or proselytized. To avoid this, Catholics built orphanages (the St. Vincent Female Orphan Asylum and the Home for Destitute Catholic Children), homes for wayward teens (House of the Angel Guardian and House of the Good Shepherd), a foundling home (St. Mary's Infant Asylum), two homeless shelters (Working Boys Home and Working Girls' Home), and a Catholic hospital (Carney Hospital). The Catholic St. Vincent de Paul Society offered food, shelter, clothing, and counseling. One parish, St. Francis de Sales in Charlestown, issued food stamps. In response to bias and proselytism in Protestant-dominated schools, Boston's Irish Catholics built Catholic schools. By 1917, they had established 29 elementary schools, four high schools, four academies, and one college (Boston College).

The first New England native to be ordained to the Catholic priesthood was John Thayer, a Boston-born Congregationalist minister who converted to Catholicism in 1783. Thayer started the first Catholic congregation in Boston in 1790, ministering to French and Irish immigrants; eventually he moved to Limerick, Ireland, where he lived the rest of his life. The first church built in Boston for Catholics was the Holy Cross Church on Franklin Street, designed by Charles Bulfinch and built in 1803; it was demolished in 1862 and replaced by the Holy Cross Cathedral. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston was established in 1808 by Pope Pius VII. The Boston-born John Bernard Fitzpatrick, son of immigrants from King's County, Ireland, became the first Irish-American Bishop of Boston in 1846. Irish Americans would eventually dominate the Catholic Church in Boston. Prominent figures include Cardinal O'Connell, Cardinal Cushing, and Archbishop Williams.

In 2002, Irish-American and other Catholics were shaken by the sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic archdiocese of Boston. The Boston Globe's coverage of a series of criminal prosecutions of five local priests drew national attention to the issue of sexual abuse by Catholic clergy and subsequent cover-ups by the church hierarchy. The Globe investigation was dramatized in Tom McCarthy's film Spotlight in 2015.

Media

The Pilot, founded in 1829, is the official newspaper of the Archdiocese of Boston. The paper was founded by Bishop Benedict Joseph Fenwick, the second bishop of Boston, at a time of increased Irish immigration to the United States. It featured a "missing friends" section and kept immigrants apprised of news from Ireland. Early editors included Patrick Donahoe and John Boyle O'Reilly.

The Boston Irish Reporter, founded in 1990, is an Irish-American monthly newspaper owned and operated by Boston Neighborhood News, Inc., of Dorchester.

Arts and entertainment

In the mid-20th century, when Roxbury was still an Irish neighborhood, thousands of Bostonians regularly flocked to dance halls in then-Dudley Square (now Nubian Square)—the Dudley Street Opera House, Hibernian Hall, the Intercolonial, the Rose Croix, and Winslow Hall—to socialize and enjoy traditional Irish music. The dance halls have closed, but the influence of Irish music in Boston has continued. Accordionist Joe Derrane was inducted into the Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann Hall of Fame in 1998 for his contribution to Irish traditional music. A number of Celtic punk bands, such as Dropkick Murphys, originated in Boston. BCMFest, Boston's annual week-long Celtic Music Festival, features local musicians of Irish, Scottish, and other Celtic traditions, and many Boston pubs, such as the Black Rose on State Street, regularly feature live Irish music. Boston hosted the 43rd World Irish Dancing Championships in 2013.

Edwin O'Connor's best-selling 1956 novel, The Last Hurrah, is set in an unnamed city, widely assumed to be Boston; its main character, Frank Skeffington, is likely based on James Michael Curley. A film adaptation, directed by John Ford and starring Spencer Tracy, was released in 1958. Films with a Boston Irish focus include Good Will Hunting (1997), The Boondock Saints (1999), Mystic River (2003), The Departed (2006), Gone Baby Gone (2007), The Town (2010), Spotlight (2015), and Black Mass (2015). Boston Accent Trailer, a faux-movie trailer that first appeared on Late Night with Seth Meyers in 2016, parodies the clichés of the genre. Documentaries include The Greening of Southie (2008), a film about the development of the Macallen Building, Boston's first green (Gold LEED certified) residence; The Irish in America (1998), a PBS special which includes a segment on Boston; Hungering for A New Life: The Potato Famine and the Irish Immigration to Boston (2014), a two-part special produced by WGBH-TV; and Clear the Floor! The Story of Irish Music in Boston (2015), produced by Newstalk.

Rugby is popular with the Irish community in Boston. The Boston Irish Wolfhounds, a rugby union team, was founded in 1989, and the Boston Thirteens, a semi-professional rugby league football team, was founded in 2009. Boston also takes part in hurling and Gaelic football competitions organized by the Gaelic Athletic Association. In other sports, Irish Bostonians in the early 20th century founded the Royal Rooters, a Boston Red Sox fan club which evolved into Red Sox Nation; and "Lucky the Leprechaun", mascot of the Boston Celtics, is a nod to Boston's historically large Irish population.

Discrimination and stereotyping

Irish immigrants to the U.S. in the 19th century faced a combination of anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, and specifically anti-Irish bigotry which were closely intertwined. This was especially true in Puritan-founded Boston, with its strongly Anglo-Saxon population. Generations of Bostonians celebrated Pope's Night on November 5 each year, holding anti-Catholic parades and burning the pope in effigy.

In cases of simple anti-Catholic bigotry, other ethnic groups were also affected: for example, the nuns who lived in the Ursuline convent in Charlestown, which was burned down by anti-Catholic rioters in 1834, were French Canadians. As Cardinal Cushing wrote, however, not all the hostility hurled at Irish immigrants was hurled at them as Catholics; "some of it was a new chapter in the old quarrels between England and Ireland." This makes it difficult in some cases to say which form of bias was most in evidence. In 1806, for example, two Irish Catholics from Boston, Dominic Daley and James Halligan, were convicted of murder on flimsy evidence and hanged; and while it is generally agreed that the jury was biased against them, it is impossible to say whether French Catholics in their position, or any outsiders for that matter, would have suffered the same fate. Governor Michael Dukakis officially exonerated both men on St. Patrick's Day, 1984.

In 1837, the same year as the Broad Street Riot, Irish Bostonians formed their own volunteer militia company, one of ten that made up the infantry regiment of the Boston Brigade. The Montgomery Guards were named for Richard Montgomery, an Irish-born general who served in the Continental Army; their emblem depicted an American eagle alighting on an Irish harp. Their efforts had the blessing of city officials and the governor, and the local press applauded their public spirit. After the annual Fall Muster on Boston Common, however, when the green-clad Montgomery Guards marched across town to their armory at Dock Square, hostile crowds pelted them with bottles and rocks, and thousands of rioters surrounded the armory, threatening to break down the doors. The company was forced to disband for public safety reasons.

The Irish who arrived during the famine years were among the poorest and least welcome immigrants in Boston. In 1850, a group of African Americans living on Elm Street signed a petition to keep the Irish out of their neighborhood. Advertisements for domestic servants sometimes stipulated "a Protestant woman", implying that an Irish Protestant would be acceptable; others specifically warned, "no Irish need apply".

After the Civil War, Irish Bostonians found that the prejudice against them had lessened somewhat. The Massachusetts legislature repealed the law requiring a two-year waiting period before new citizens could vote, and passed a bill effectively declaring that Catholic students could no longer be compelled to read from the King James Bible. Soon afterwards, city officials announced that patients at Boston City Hospital could be attended by the clergy of their choice. By that time, however, the damage had been done; according to historian Thomas H. O'Connor, the bitter hostilities of the 19th century had created divisions that lasted well into the 20th.

Demographics
People of Irish descent form the largest single ethnic group in Boston, making up 15.8% of the population as of 2013. As of 2014, Irish Americans made up 22.8% of the population of the metropolitan Boston area—the highest percentage of any of the 50 most populous U.S. cities—and 21.5% of the population of Massachusetts. Many cities and towns on the South Shore of Massachusetts have high percentages of Irish-descended residents. As of 2010, the most Irish city in the U.S. (regardless of population size) was Scituate, Massachusetts, with 47.5% of its residents claiming Irish ancestry.

Notable Irish Americans from Boston

 Ben Affleck (b. 1972), actor, filmmaker
 Casey Affleck (b. 1975), actor and director
 Fred Allen (1894–1956), comedian
 Marcella Boveri (1863–1950), biologist; first woman to graduate from MIT
 Jacob Bannon (b. 1976), musician and graphic artist
 Whitey Bulger (1929-2018), organized crime boss
 Mary Beth Cahill (b. 1954), political consultant
 Andrew Carney (1794–1864), entrepreneur, philanthropist
 Ken Casey of Dropkick Murphys (b. 1969), musician
 Thomas Cass (1821–1862), Civil War colonel
 Molly Childers (1875–1964), writer, Irish nationalist
 Lenny Clarke (b. 1953), comedian
 John F. Collins (1919–1995), 41st mayor
 Patrick Collins (1844–1905), 32nd mayor
 Hal Connolly (1931–2010), Olympic athlete
 James Brendan Connolly (1868–1957), first modern Olympic champion
 John Singleton Copley (1738–1815), portraitist

 James Michael Curley (1874–1958), 35th mayor; served four terms

 Jane Curtin (b. 1946), actress and comedian
 Richard Cushing (1895–1970), Archbishop of Boston, Cardinal
 Daley and Halligan, defendants in controversial 1806 murder case
 Joe Derrane (1930–2016), Irish accordionist
 Patrick Donahoe (1811–1901), publisher
 Brian J. Donnelly (b. 1946), Congressman, U.S. Ambassador
 Julia Duff (1859–1932), educator and community leader
 Chris Evans (b. 1981), actor
 John F. Fitzgerald (1863–1950), 33rd mayor; mentor of John F. Kennedy
 John Bernard Fitzpatrick (1812–1866), first Irish bishop of Boston
 Thomas Flatley (1931–2008), real estate developer, philanthropist
 Raymond Flynn (b. 1939), 43rd mayor; ambassador to the Holy See
 Margaret Foley (1875–1957), suffragist
 Patrick Gilmore (1829–1892), composer and bandmaster
 Ann Glover (?–1688), last person to be hanged as a witch in Boston
 Paul Guilfoyle (b. 1949), actor
 Louise Imogen Guiney (1861–1920), poet and essayist
 Patrick Robert Guiney (1835–1877), Civil War hero
 Louise Day Hicks (1916–2003), politician, opponent of busing
 John B. Hynes (1897–1970), 40th mayor
 The Kennedy family
 Edward Lawrence Logan (1875–1939), judge, general, politician
 Denis Leary (b. 1957), actor, comedian
 Dennis Lehane (b. 1965), author
 Martin Lomasney (1859–1933), political boss
 Stephen F. Lynch (b. 1955), U.S. Congressman
 Michael Patrick MacDonald (b. 1966), author and activist
 Frederick Mansfield (1877–1958), 38th mayor
 Edward Markey (1946-present), U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
 John McCarthy (1927–2011), artificial intelligence pioneer
 William J. McCarthy (1919–1998), labor leader
 John W. McCormack (1891–1980), politician, speaker of the House

 George F. McGinnis (1826–1910), Civil War general
 John J. McGinty III (1940–2014), Medal of Honor recipient
 Mary McGrory (1918–2004), Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist
 Joe Moakley (1927–2001), politician; led the Moakley Commission
 Barbara Mullen (1914–1979), actress
 Brian Noonan, Stanley Cup-winning hockey player
 Conan O'Brien (b. 1963), television host
 Hugh O'Brien (1827–1895), 27th mayor; first Irish mayor of Boston
 Sister Mary Anthony O'Connell (1814–1897), Civil War nurse
 William Henry O'Connell (1859–1944), Archbishop of Boston, Cardinal
 Julia O'Connor (1890–1972), labor leader
 Thomas H. O'Connor (1923–2012), "the dean of Boston historians"

 Mike O'Malley (b. 1966), actor
 Tip O'Neill (1912–1994), politician, speaker of the House
 John Boyle O'Reilly (1844–1890), poet, newspaper editor
 Mary Kenney O'Sullivan (1864–1943), labor leader
 Kathleen O'Toole (b. 1954), Boston's first female police commissioner
 Amy Poehler (b. 1971), actress and comedian
 John E. Powers (1910–1998), Massachusetts senate president
 John Slattery (b. 1962), actor
 Anne Sullivan (1866–1936), teacher of Helen Keller
 James Sullivan (1744–1808), Massachusetts governor
 John L. Sullivan (1858–1918), heavyweight boxing champion
 Frances Sweeney (1908–1944), newspaper editor and activist
 Maura Tierney (b. 1965), actress
 Daniel J. Tobin (1875–1955), labor leader
 Maurice J. Tobin (1901–1953), 39th mayor; 56th Governor of Massachusetts, U.S. Secretary of Labor
 Patsy Touhey (1865–1923), uilleann piper
 Donnie Wahlberg (b. 1969), actor and singer
 Mark Wahlberg (b. 1971), actor
 David I. Walsh (1872–1947) Massachusetts governor, U.S. senator
 Marian Walsh (b. ?), politician and educator
 Marty Walsh (b. 1967), 45th mayor, U.S. Secretary of Labor
 Kevin White (1929–2012), 42nd mayor; served four terms
 John Joseph Williams (1822–1907), Boston's first Catholic archbishop
 Katya Zamolodchikova (b. 1982) drag queen, best known for Rupaul's Drag Race.

See also

 Eire Society of Boston
 Mayor of Boston
 Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston
 South Boston

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Beatty, Jack.  The Rascal King: The Life and Times of James Michael Curley, 1874-1958. (1992). 571 pp.

 Connolly, James J. "Reconstituting Ethnic Politics: Boston, 1909-1925." Social Science History (1995) 19(4): 479–509.
 Connolly, Michael C. "The First Hurrah: James Michael Curley Versus the "Goo-goos" in the Boston Mayoralty Election of 1914." Historical Journal of Massachusetts 2002 30(1): 50-74.

 Darby, Paul. "Gaelic sport and the Irish diaspora in Boston, 1879–90." Irish Historical Studies 33.132 (2003): 387–403.
 Diner, Hasia R. Erin's daughters in America: Irish immigrant women in the nineteenth century (Johns Hopkins UP, 1983).
 Fuchs, Lawrence H. "Presidential politics in Boston: the Irish response to Stevenson." New England Quarterly (1957): 435–447, in 1952 and 1956 presidential elections.

 Kelly, Brian. "Ambiguous Loyalties: The Boston Irish, Slavery, and the Civil War." Historical Journal of Massachusetts 24.2 (1996): 165+.

 Lapomarda, Vincent A. "Maurice Joseph Tobin: the Decline of Bossism in Boston." New England Quarterly (1970) 43(3): 355–381.

 O'Neill, Gerard. Rogues and Redeemers: When Politics Was King in Irish Boston (Crown, 2012).

 Stack Jr, John F. International Conflict in an American City: Boston's Irish, Italians, and Jews, 1935-1944 (Greenwood Press, 1979).

 Walsh, Francis R. "Who spoke for Boston's Irish? The Boston Pilot in the nineteenth century." Journal of Ethnic Studies 10.3 (1982): 21.

External links

 Boston Irish Heritage Trail
 Boston Irish Tourism Association
 Boston College Irish Music Center
 Irish Festivals in Massachusetts
 Irish Cultural Centre, Canton MA

Irish
Boston

Irish-American history
Ethnic groups in Boston
History of Boston


title: Trevor Philp

text:
Trevor Philp (born May 1, 1992) is a Canadian World Cup alpine ski racer specializing in the technical events of slalom and giant slalom. Philp has represented Canada at three Winter Olympics and five World Championships; born in Toronto, he resides in Calgary, Alberta.

In January 2022, Philp was named to Canada's 2022 Olympic team.

World Cup results

Season standings

Top twenty results
 0 podiums
 4 top tens

World Championship results

Olympic results

References

External links

 Alpine Canada.org – national ski team – athletes – Trevor Philp

1992 births
Living people
Canadian male alpine skiers
Skiers from Toronto
Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers for Canada


title: Erman Bulucu

text:
Erman Bulucu (born 9 March 1989) is a Turkish footballer who plays as a center back for TFF Second League club Belediye Derincespor.

External links

1989 births
People from Akhisar
Living people
Turkish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Menemen F.K. footballers
Gaziantepspor footballers
Alanyaspor footballers
Manisaspor footballers
Elazığspor footballers
Erzurumspor F.K. footballers
Altay S.K. footballers
Manisa F.K. footballers
Pendikspor footballers
Tarsus İdman Yurdu footballers
İnegölspor footballers
Süper Lig players
TFF First League players
TFF Second League players
TFF Third League players


title: Ishiwata

text:
Ishiwata (written:  or ) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

, Japanese footballer
, Japanese politician
, Japanese manga artist
, Japanese scientist

Japanese-language surnames


title: 2005–06 Serbian First League

text:
The Serbian First League (Serbian: Прва лига Србије; Prva liga Srbije) is the second-highest football league in Serbia (then Serbia and Montenegro). The league is operated by the Serbian FA. 20 teams competed in this league for the 2005–06 season, which was the league's inaugural season. Two teams were promoted to the Serbian SuperLiga and six were relegated the Serbian League, the third-highest division overall in the Serbian football league system.

League table

Results

External links
Prva liga Srbije at Srbijasport
Tables and results at RSSSF

Serbian First League seasons
2005–06 in Serbian football leagues
Serbia


title: Saved (Leiber and Stoller song)

text:
"Saved" is a gospel and R&B-flavored song written by Leiber and Stoller and first recorded by Rock and Roll Hall of Famer LaVern Baker in 1960. The tongue-in-cheek song is written from the perspective of someone who had lived a fast, loose life but is then "saved" and is now standing on a corner preaching to the passers-by.

On May 1, 1960, the recording reached No. 39 on the US Billboard charts.

Personnel
The musicians on the Baker recording include Gary Chester (drums), Dick Vance and Taft Jordan (trumpets), Rudy Powell (alto sax), Al Sears (tenor sax), Bert Keyes (piano), Lilton Mitchell (organ), Phil Spector (guitar), Abie Baker (bass), and Sticks Evans (bass drum).  The arrangement was by Howard Biggs.

Cover versions
 Billy Fury & the Gamblers,   1965
 Judy Henske, 1966
 Joe Cocker, 1967
 The Chicago Loop, 1967
 Elvis Presley (as part of a medley with "Where Could I Go but to the Lord?" and "Up Above My Head"), 1968
 Lulu, 1970
 The Band, 1973
 Brenda Lee, 1976
 Elkie Brooks,  1977
 Andrew Strong,  1992
 Smokey Joe's Cafe: The Songs of Leiber and Stoller, 1995, Grammy Award winner in 1996
 Shirley Johnson,   2002

References

1960 singles
Gospel songs
Elvis Presley songs
Songs written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller
1960 songs
LaVern Baker songs


title: Morgan Pridy

text:
Morgan Pridy (born October 9, 1990 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian specializing in Super-G and alpine skiing combined. He represented Canada in these event sat the 2014 Winter Olympics. Pridy currently resides in Whistler, British Columbia and is the Men's Head Coach for the BC Ski Team.

References

1990 births
Living people
Canadian male alpine skiers
Skiers from Vancouver
Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers for Canada


title: Sidewinders Speedway

text:
The Sidewinders Speedway is a junior Motorcycle speedway that was opened in 1978 in the semi-industrial Adelaide suburb of Wingfield in South Australia. The Sidewinders U/16 Speedway Club Inc. was founded two years earlier in 1976 by Graham Baker and Roy Bitmead, with help from Rowley Park Speedway riders Robin and Kym Amundson, and their father Bill. As it was then, Sidewinders goal is to promote and develop speedway through its junior ranks with riders aged 4–15, something that had rarely been done in Australia to that point. Once a rider turns 16 he or she then move into the senior ranks.

Prior to the opening of Sidewinders, most Australian Solo riders came into the sport with a background in Cycle Speedway (in Adelaide this was usually through the Findon Skid Kids cycling club) or through Scrambling, including local Adelaide hero John Boulger who during the 1980s and 1990s was a strong supporter of the speedway (despite having retired from riding in 1983 to move into first the Sprintcar, then the Speedcar ranks), lending his experience, including two Australian Championships, nine South Australian Championships, a World Team Cup win, and two World Final appearances, to up and coming riders.

Track
The  Sidewinders Speedway, which has a dolomite surface, is the only dedicated, stand alone junior motorcycle speedway track in Australia. Other venues around the country such as the nearby Gillman Speedway, the Olympic Park and Undera Park Speedways in Victoria, and the Loxford Park Speedway in New South Wales, all boast junior tracks on the infield of their main track. The  Pinjar Park motorcycle speedway just north of Perth in Western Australia is similar to Sidewinders and regularly runs junior events, though the speedway also doubles as Perth's main senior motorcycle speedway.

Sidewinders offers raised viewing on the back straight which allows spectators to see over the fence with an unimpeded view of the entire track. The track also has lights allowing for night racing (installed in 1986) and a raised Control Tower with FIM standard controls for the starting gate and lights, while the pits are located on the outside of turn 4 (the pit gate is located directly to the right of the cover photo). Sidewinders also offers canteen and toilet facilities as well as merchandise sales. Entry is Adults $5.00 and Children U16 Free for race meetings, the venue has a full Canteen and both the Amenities and Canteen have disable access.

Sidewinders is located on North Terrace at the end of Eighth Street Wingfield, and the season runs every fortnight from September to April.

In October 2014, new bays were built in the pits for the first time giving an undercover pit area for riders and their crew to work on their machines as well as giving welcome shade.

In 2017 the Club was leased the land to the west of the venue, from the previous boundary to the Gun Club, from the Port Adelaide/Enfield Council, on which to build a bigger track to be used for training for the 250cc Class.  The track will have no track fence but will have sufficient run-offs instead, and there will be no racing conducted on it at all but will give the Intermediate riders a place to hone their skills before going to senior riding at Gillman.

History
Sidewinders, which held its first official meeting on 25 February 1978, has produced some of the biggest names in Australian speedway. Local riders to learn their skills at the speedway include 1983 European (World) Under-21 Champion Steve Baker (son of club founder Graham), Four times South Australian Champions Mark Fiora and Shane Parker, triple SA Champions Craig Hodgson and Ryan Sullivan (winner of the 2004 Australian Solo Championship), current Track Manager and twice SA Champion Scott Norman (his son Jack Norman is currently a rider at the speedway), former World Under-21 Finalist Shane Bowes, and former Moto3 rider Arthur Sissis (who in 2014 made a welcome return to the speedway ranks). Former Riders such as Parker, Norman and Bowes often host various coaching clinics at the speedway, lending their experience to young riders.

Interstate riders who have also excelled at Sidewinders include triple Speedway World Champion Jason Crump, 10 times Australian Champion Leigh Adams and former Victorian and South Australian champion Jason Lyons – all from Mildura (Sidewinders and Mildura would stage "test matches" between the clubs at their respective venues). 2012 World Champion Chris Holder from Sydney and twice World Under-21 Champion Darcy Ward from Queensland have also ridden at the speedway.

Sidewinders hosted the inaugural Australian Under-16 Championship in 1982, and subsequently hosted the Championship, and the Australian Best Pairs Championship in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1997, 2002, 2006 and 2011. Local rider Paul Snadden won the first Australian U/16 title in August 1981 but this subsequently counted as the 1982 title, while other local winners include Shane Parker (1985), Ryan Sullivan (1991), Rusty Harrison (1997), and Dakota Ballentyne (2011). Victorian rider Jason Hawkes (1988, where Jason Crump finished second), Western Australian rider Trevor Harding (2002), another Mildura rider Ryan Sedgmen (2006) and NSW rider Matthew Gilmore (2016) have been the interstate winners. The club also hosts the South Australian Under-16 Solo and Sidecar championships.

Sidewinders U/16 Speedway currently runs between 10 and 13 meetings per season starting in October and finishing in April. Meetings are run every second Saturday night so as not to clash with the bike only Gillman Speedway which also stages junior racing on its  junior infield track. As speedway in Australia is a summer sport, Sidewinders has a hot weather policy which sometimes sees meetings cancelled if the forecast temperature is too hot (generally 35–40 °C or higher).

Classes that race at Sidewinders Speedway are Junior Solos, Junior Sidecars, Novice Solo Class, Novice Sidecar Class and 50cc Mini Bikes. The club holds regular "Come and Try" events for kids interested in speedway riding. Although Solo and Sidecar racing is generally a male dominated sport, Sidewinders has seen several young girls take up speedway racing.

See also
Motorcycle speedway
Gillman Speedway

References

External links
 Official Website

Motorcycle speedway
Speedway venues in Australia
Sports venues in Adelaide
Motorsport in Adelaide


title: Jennifer Elkins

text:
Jennifer Elkins is a Democratic politician from Michigan who served one term in the Michigan House of Representatives, in 2003 and 2004, until being unseated by Tim Moore. Prior to her election to the House, Elkins was a member of the Clare County Board of Commissioners.

Elkins was passionate about youth and social services, serving as a member of the executive committee of the Mid-Michigan Community Action Agency, as vice chair of the Human Services Coordinating Body during her tenure on the county board, as a member of the Michigan Association of Counties' Human Services Committee, and with numerous other area and community organizations.

References

Democratic Party members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Women state legislators in Michigan
People from Clare County, Michigan
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
County commissioners in Michigan
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American women politicians


title: Belgium national bobsleigh team

text:
The Belgian national bobsleigh team represents Belgium in international bobsledding competitions. Belgium first gained fame in bobsleighing during their debut at the first Winter Olympics in Chamonix in 1924, where a Belgian four-man bob acquired the bronze medal. The second and last Belgian bobsleigh medal at the Winter Olympics so far, also won during a four-man event, was a silver in St. Moritz in 1948.

After Belgian bobsleighs were absent during 58 years of Winter Olympics, a Belgian delegation of two female bobsleighers (Elfje Willemsen and Eva Willemarck) participated at the Vancouver 2010 edition. Shortly after, the Belgian bobsleigh selection with two female bobsleighers received the nickname Belgian Bullets, after the speed and shape of the vehicles. The Bullets also qualified for the 2014 Winter Olympics.

Current

The team which participated at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi is as follows:

Olympic medals

See also
 Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics

References

External links
 Facebook page

National bobsleigh teams
National team
Bobsled
Bobsled


title: Ismet Bey Kryeziu

text:
Ismet Bey Kryeziu (1889–1952) was an Albanian political figure during the 1930s and 1940s.

Life
Kryeziu was born in Yakova, Sanjak of İpek, Ottoman Empire in 1889, or 1888. He descended from the well known Kryeziu family, landowners and politically influential during the Ottoman rule. He was the nephew of Ali Pasha of Gucia, a prominent member and contributor of the League of Prizren of 1878.

Kryeziu had studied in Istanbul. After World War I, he was elected Assemblyman at the Parliament of Serbia in Belgrade. In 1926, after an assassination attempt and land confiscation from the Yugoslav government, he immigrated to Albania. Kryeziu was a pro-Zogist. He was one of the trusted man of King Ahmed Zog and exercised influence on him. Together with Salih Vuçitërni he was elected from King Zog as the organizers of the Committee of Kosovo. The Committee promoted irredentism and fight against Serbian rule, it had been previously outlawed by Zog during his rise in power of 1924, and had gone quiet after the death of Curri, Prishtina, Hoxha Kadri, and other leaders. The newly reorganized Committee was symbolic and its activity was limited to propaganda.

During Zog's regime he served in various prefectures as Berat, Vlora, Durrës, and Korça. In 1936 he was elected in the Albanian Parliament to represent the Prefecture of Kosovo.

After the Italian invasion, he took a strong nationalistic stance. Kryeziu collaborated with Bedri Pejani and Xhafer Deva, the leaders of the Second League of Prizren, and working for the unification of Albanian populated territories in one state, which outside of Albania is usually referred as Greater Albania. He was elected Minister of the Liberated Areas () in the short-lived government of Eqrem Libohova, 18 January - 11 February 1943, succeeding Tahir Shtylla. He was again elected member of the Parliament in October 1943.

Kryeziu was arrested after the communist victory of November 1944. In April 1945 he was given 30 years of prison by the Special Court like many other political figures of that time, as "a traitor and enemy of the people". He died in prison in 1952.

See also
Kryeziu Brothers
Albanian Kingdom (1943–44)
Mustafa Kruja
Fejzi Alizoti

References

1880s births
Politicians from Gjakova
People from Kosovo vilayet
Kosovo Albanians
Ottoman Albanian nobility
19th-century Albanian politicians
20th-century Albanian politicians
Albanian Sunni Muslims
Albanian anti-communists
1952 deaths
Government ministers of Albania
Defence ministers of Albania
Albanian monarchists
Yugoslav Albanians
Yugoslav emigrants to Albania


title: Mike Flanagan (Irish-Israeli soldier)

text:
Mike Flanagan (; 15 May 1926 – 26 January 2014) was an Irish soldier in the British Army who assisted the formation of the Israeli armed forces. He is considered one of the most famous deserters from the British Army in Palestine.

Flanagan was born in Foxford, County Mayo Ireland. Flanagan enlisted in the British Army at age 16 and saw action in World War II. He participated in the invasion of Normandy and his unit took part in the liberation of the Nazi-operated Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. He later served with the British occupation force in Berlin and was stationed in India and Syria before being deployed to Mandatory Palestine.

At the end of the British Mandate in 1948, Flanagan had served three years in Palestine. He was part of the British garrison in Haifa that remained following the end of the Mandate to help evacuate the British Army's remaining heavy equipment. During this time, Flanagan and his Scottish tank commander Harry McDonald, frequented a cafe in Haifa and discussed the possibility of emigrating to one of the British dominions, as they were unsatisfied with their prospects in Britain. They came into contact with a Haganah agent at the cafe, selling him a truckload of jerrycans they had been instructed to destroy to prevent them from falling into the hands of either side.

After establishing contact with the Haganah, Flanagan and McDonald were persuaded to take part in a mission to steal tanks from the retreating British garrison for the fledgling Israel Defense Forces. Both of them were sympathetic to the emerging State of Israel and had been promised that they would be paid and allowed to start a new life in Israel if they wished. On 29 June 1948, Flanagan and McDonald stole two British Cromwell tanks and drove them to Israeli forces in Tel Aviv. These became central to the Israeli Armored Corps. The tanks were hidden in Giv'atayim. The Cromwell tanks are currently on display at the Armored Corps Memorial Site and Museum in Latrun. Flanagan saw action in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War as a tank driver in the Armored Corps and was wounded in Operation Yoav during the attack on Iraq al-Manshiyya.

Flanagan subsequently settled in Israel, converted to Judaism, adopted the Hebrew name Michael Peleg and married Ruth Levy, a fellow soldier whom he had met on active service. The two married in a Tel Aviv cafe and Harry McDonald was his best man. The couple had two children, Dani and Karin. He briefly worked as a mechanic for the Dan Bus Company before he and his wife settled on kibbutz Sha'ar HaAmakim, where he worked in the garage and the fields. Flanagan served as a reservist in the 1956 Sinai Campaign, the 1967 Six-Day War, as well as the Yom Kippur War in 1973. He supervised the tank repair unit at the Armored Corps base in Julis throughout this time. He also studied agronomy at the Hebrew University's Faculty of Agriculture in Rehovot and was sent to Africa as an Israeli agricultural emissary for a number of years.

After his retirement from the Israel Defense Forces and the death of his wife, he visited Ireland and Canada. While in Toronto, he met Shirley Swartz, the widow of a Canadian volunteer in the Israeli military in 1948 with whom he had served. He subsequently married her and emigrated to Canada, where he lived for the rest of his life. He died on 26 January 2014 and was subsequently buried in Sha’ar HaAmakim cemetery alongside his wife and son.

Flanagan was posthumously awarded the Medal of Valor from the Wiesenthal Center in the United States.  The Israeli Defense Forces honored Flanagan for his immense and critical contributions to its formulation.

See also
Tanks in the Israeli Army

References

1926 births
2014 deaths
British Army personnel of World War II
Converts to Judaism
Irish Jews
Irish emigrants to Israel
Irish soldiers in the British Army
Irish soldiers
Irish Zionists
Israeli Jews
Military personnel from County Mayo
Deserters
British defectors
20th-century Irish Jews


Czech Republic women's national inline hockey team is the national women's inline hockey team for Czech Republic. The team finished fifth at the 2011 Women's World Inline Hockey Championships.

References

National inline hockey teams
Inline hockey
Inline hockey in the Czech Republic


France women's national inline hockey team is the national team for France. The team finished first at the 2021 FIRS Inline Hockey World Championships.

References

National inline hockey teams
Inline hockey in France
Women's national sports teams of France


title: AS Saint Michel

text:
As Saint Michel is a Malagasy football club based in Antananarivo in the Analamanga zone in central Madagascar.

The team plays in THB Champions League the top division of Malagasy football.

In 1971 and 1978 the club won the THB Champions League.

In 2008 this club fused with Real Elgeco Plus from Manakara to become AS Elgeco Plus

Honours
THB Champions League: 1971, 1978
Coupe de Madagascar: 1980

References

Soccerway

Saint Michel


Italy women's national inline hockey team is the national team for Italy. The team finished ninth at the 2011 Women's World Inline Hockey Championships.

References

National inline hockey teams
Inline hockey
Inline hockey in Italy


Finland women's national inline hockey team is the national inline hockey team for Finland. The team finished seventh at the 2011 Women's World Inline Hockey Championships.

History
Finland claimed bronze at the 2017 Women's Inline Hockey European Championship in Boskovice, Czech Republic, the team's first medal in international competition. The roster featured a number of players from the Finnish national ice hockey team, including captain Minttu Tuominen, Annina Rajahuhta, and Susanna Tapani, among others. Aino Karppinen was Finland's top point scorer, earning thirteen points across six games.

Finland returned to the Inline Hockey World Championship in 2018 and rose from the lower division to claim fifth place in the tournament. Tuominen was the leading point scorer of the tournament, notching ten goals and nine assists for a total of 19 points in seven games. She was joined at the top of the scoring board by teammates Marisa Klemola, who ranked second with 17 points, and Mia Heikuri, who ranked fifth with 14 points.

World Championship results by year
Record of the Finnish national team in the women's tournament of the Inline Hockey World Championships, organized by the Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports (FIRS) during 2002 to 2015, and by World Skate during 2016 to present.

References

National inline hockey teams
Inline hockey
Inline hockey in Finland


title: Scott Perras

text:
Scott Perras (born October 25, 1983, in Regina, Saskatchewan) is a former Canadian biathlete. He competed for Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

References

1983 births
Living people
Olympic biathletes for Canada
Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Canadian male biathletes
Sportspeople from Regina, Saskatchewan


title: Joseph John Chapman

text:
Joseph John "Jose Juan" Chapman (1784–1849) was an American merchant sailor, then a crew member under the privateer Hippolyte Bouchard (Letter of Marque 116 signed by Juan Martín de Pueyrredon), then one of the earliest English-speaking settlers and builders of Mexican Alta California. Chapman was one of the first known American-born permanent residents of Alta California. The scanty and inconsistent historical record makes it difficult to be sure of many details of Chapman's life, but he was a valued member of several early southern California settlements, and interacted with a number of historical characters.

Early life and sailing career

Most sources say Joseph John Chapman was born in Boston, Massachusetts (a few say Maine) in 1784 the son of Daniel Chapman (born Ipswich, England) and Rosenda Cananta ("Rosenda Conant," born Boston, Massachusetts). Trained as a carpenter, blacksmith and shipbuilder, Chapman went to sea as a young man. When Argentina proclaimed its independence from Spain in 1811 (the same year México began its own war for independence), Chapman headed for South America. Presumably, he left Boston on board an American merchant ship, but ended up on board a vessel under the command of the Argentine privateer Hippolyte Bouchard.

Sources disagree on how exactly Chapman came to be in Bouchard's crew and how he left it. One story, (favored by Chapman himself) is that he was forcibly impressed into Bouchard's crew while on a stop in the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii). Another story is that he was in the crew of a Bouchard corvette named Santa Rosa which mutinied, sailed to Hawaii, and tried to sell the ship to Kamehameha I, ruler of Hawaii. Bouchard, returning from the Philippines, reacquired the ship and Chapman before that deal could be completed. Recently found documents (2016) show that Chapman voluntarily joined the crew, after having been in charge of the Santa Rosa by order of Kamehameha.

Chapman was a Bouchard crewman during the 1818 attack on Monterey, California. At that point, the tales diverge again. Alta California governor Pablo Vicente de Solá reported that Chapman was one of three prisoners taken from one of Bouchard's two ships, the Santa Rosa, that surrendered after an artillery duel. A first-person account from the Bouchard crew says he was captured by Spanish soldiers during a sortie to the shore. Another variation says he was captured later, during an attack on Rancho Nuestra Señora del Refugio, on the coast north of Santa Barbara. Still another story combines the two, with Chapman first being captured at Monterey, then freed by Bouchard's raiding party, then captured a second time at Rancho Nuestra Señora del Refugio. In a variation of this last, Chapman deserted Bouchard at Refugio and made his way inland to Mission Santa Inez, where he surrendered. A later story, possibly told by a son concerned with family image, ignored the pirate episode altogether and claimed that Chapman entered California after being shipwrecked near San Pedro.

Early years in California

The first historical record of Chapman's presence in California is from 1821, when he designed and helped build a fulling mill near Mission Santa Inés. During that time, he received notice from Governor Solá that he was included in a general amnesty granted by King Ferdinand VII of Spain to Anglo-American prisoners. He was held nominally as a prisoner until the arrival of news in 1821 proclaiming Mexico's independence from Spain.

The following year (June 24, 1822), he was baptized (converted to Roman Catholicism) at Mission San Buenaventura, and married a Californio girl named Maria de Guadalupe Ortega (a daughter of José Francisco Ortega) at Mission Santa Inés. His name from that point on was José Juan Chapman y Cananta, although he was also known by the nicknames "Blonde Joe" or famously, "El Diablo".

That same year, he is credited by some sources with helping to complete the roof of the Old Plaza Church in Los Angeles, by leading a logging crew into the San Gabriel Mountains to fell and bring back large pine trees for use as ceiling beams.

By 1824, Chapman had prospered well enough to buy a house in the Los Angeles pueblo, along with some nearby farm land where he planted a vineyard. He continued to work on various projects for the pueblo and for Mission San Gabriel, and found favor with padre José Bernardo Sánchez, head of the mission from 1821 to 1827.

In 1827, Chapman was one of the few available local English-speakers summoned to Mission San Gabriel to greet fellow American Jedediah Smith. Smith's party had just completed the first recorded journey to southern California by land from the United States. Smith's clerk Harrison Rogers recorded many encounters with Chapman during the party's stay at the mission, including his supervision of a neophyte (local Tongva converts) charcoal-making crew, and a conversation in which Chapman told of the natural asphalt pool near the pueblo, known to the Spanish as La Brea.

Sometime between 1827 and 1831, Chapman designed and built a 60-ton schooner at San Pedro, which he christened Guadalupe in honor of his wife. In 1831, another Chapman skill was put to use. Unpopular California governor Manuel Victoria was severely wounded fighting rebellious locals at the Battle of Cahuenga Pass. Chapman was called on to dress his wounds, which he apparently did well enough that Victoria survived. That same year, Chapman was naturalized as a Mexican citizen.

Move to Santa Barbara
Not long after 1831, Chapman and his family moved to Santa Barbara, where he acquired the property near the beach which later became known as Burton Mound. Sources disagree as to whether he bought the land from Mission Santa Barbara or received it as a grant from governor Alvarado. In 1840, he sold that property to American former fur trapper George Nidever. He then acquired other property: one source says in Santa Barbara County; another says on the Santa Clara River, on or near Rancho Santa Clara del Norte in present-day Ventura County.

Death and legacy
Juan Jose Chapman died and was interred in the Mission Santa Barbara cemetery on January 10, 1849. He and Guadalupe were the parents of eleven children, many of whose descendants still live in southern California.

References

California pioneers
1784 births
1849 deaths
American emigrants to Mexico
Naturalized citizens of Mexican California
People of Mexican California
People of the Conquest of California
History of Los Angeles County, California
Converts to Roman Catholicism


title: Cornwell Scout Badge

text:
The Cornwell Scout Badge is an award for youth members of The Scout Association of the United Kingdom and some other Scouting associations within the Commonwealth of Nations. It is awarded in recognition of devotion to duty, courage and endurance. The badge was created in memory of a boy sailor and Scout, Jack Cornwell, who was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross after he was mortally wounded at the Battle of Jutland in 1916.

History

John Travers Cornwell, known as "Jack", was a 16-year-old Boy Seaman First Class on board the Royal Navy light cruiser, HMS Chester. At the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916, Chester came under heavy fire from four German cruisers that she had encountered in poor visibility, incurring numerous casualties among the exposed crew members working the guns. Jack's captain later wrote; "Boy (1st Class) John Travers Cornwell of the Chester was mortally wounded early in the action. He nevertheless remained standing alone at a most exposed post, quietly awaiting orders till the end of the action, with the gun's crew dead and wounded all round him".

Following Jack's death in Grimsby on 2 June, the Daily Sketch newspaper reported that he had been buried in a mass grave near his family home in Manor Park, Essex (now Greater London). The press coverage ensured that Jack became a popular hero; his body was exhumed and re-buried with full military honours on 29 July and he was awarded the Victoria Cross on 15 September.

Because Jack Cornwell had been an enthusiastic member of his local Scout troop, Scouts had participated in his funeral procession and lined the route. Sir Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of the Scout movement, posthumously awarded Jack the Bronze Cross, Scouting's "highest possible award for gallantry". In August 1916, the Scouts' Headquarters Gazette announced that a "Cornwell Memorial Fund" had been set up to provide apprenticeships or scholarships to those who qualified as "Cornwell Scouts" and suggested a donation of one penny from each member. On 14 September, the criteria for the Cornwell Scout Badge were announced. In the original scheme, eligible boys had to be First Class Scouts, have earned certain key proficiency badges and have gained an award for bravery or "have undergone great suffering in a heroic manner". A short-lived alternative to these last requirements was to "pass a test in physical courage, such as high diving, boxing or gymnastics".

The first recipient of the Cornwell Scout Badge was Patrol Leader Arthur Shepherd, who had assisted the Coastguard during the wreck of the hospital ship, HMHS Rohilla, in a severe gale at Whitby in October 1914. His duties had included running messages and fetching rescue equipment along a steep narrow ledge, on a cliff that was being washed by high waves. He had also led his patrol in assisting the Coastguard during the German bombardment of Whitby in December of the same year. The badge, which was actually the manufacturer's sample and the only one in existence at the time, was presented by Baden-Powell at a rally in Middlesbrough in December 1916, in front of the Archbishop of York and 3,000 Scouts.

Current usage

In The Scout Association of the United Kingdom, the award of the Cornwell Scout Badge is restricted to Beaver Scouts, Cub Scouts, Scouts, Explorer Scouts and Scout Network Members. Candidates must have displayed "pre-eminently high character and devotion to duty, together with great courage and endurance". In 2013, four British members were awarded the Cornwell Scout Badge (one posthumously), out of a total youth membership of 433,850.

The Cornwell Memorial Fund still operates, and will make a grant to the Scout Group of the recipient of any of the Scout gallantry or meritorious awards, including recipients of the Cornwell Scout Badge, "in order that they can undertake an activity which involves and benefits both parties."

In Scouts Canada, The Jack Cornwell Decoration is awarded on very similar criteria to its British counterpart. In Scouts New Zealand, the Cornwell Scout Badge is available to youth members under the age of 19 years, the upper age limit of the Venturer Section.

References

External links
Patrol Leader Arthur Shepherd - the story of Arthur Shepherd, the first recipient of the Cornwell Scout Badge.

Scout and Guide awards
The Scout Association


title: Nathan Smith (biathlete)

text:
Nathan Smith (born 25 December 1985) is a Canadian biathlete.

Career
Smith competed for Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

At the 2015 Biathlon World Championships in Kontiolahti, Finland in the 10 km Sprint event Nathan won Silver. He was the first Canadian male biathlete to medal at a World Championship.

At the 2015 Biathlon World Cup event in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia Nathan Smith won the first biathlon World Cup gold medal of his career in the Men's 12.5 km pursuit race.

At the Nov. 29, 2015 IBU World Cup in Ostersund, Sweden Canada's Rosanna Crawford and Nathan Smith teamed up to win the silver medal in the season-opening single mixed relay.  The top five results in this race were as follows:  1. Norway, 36:27.3; 2. Canada (Rosanna Crawford/Canmore, Alta., Nathan Smith/Calgary), 36:39.2; 3. Germany, 36:40.5; 4. Sweden, 36:51.7; 5. Russia, 37:09.1

At the 2016 Biathlon World Championships in Holmenkollen, Norway on March 12 Nathan Smith teamed up with Christian Gow, Scott Gow, and Brendan Green to win the bronze medal in the men's relay.

2018 Winter Olympics
In January 2018, Smith was named to Canada's 2018 Olympic team.

Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.

Olympic Games
0 medals

*The mixed relay was added as an event in 2014.

World Championships
2 medals (1 silver, 1 bronze)

*During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.

**The mixed relay was added as an event in 2005.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Athletes from Calgary
Canadian male biathletes
Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic biathletes for Canada
Biathlon World Championships medalists


title: Rúnar Kárason

text:
Rúnar Kárason (born 24 May 1988) is an Icelandic handball player for Ribe-Esbjerg HH and the Icelandic national team.

References

1988 births
Living people
Runar Karason
Runar Karason
Handball-Bundesliga players
Expatriate handball players
Runar Karason
Rhein-Neckar Löwen players
Runar Karason


title: Endangered Species (TV series)

text:
Endangered Species is a Canadian computer-animated children's television series created by Asaph Fipke, produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment and distributed internationally by DHX Media for Teletoon that premiered on the channel on March 3, 2015, and aimed for kids ages 6–11.

Synopsis
Pickle the bunny, Merl the squirrel, and Gull the seagull, live together in a stump in the middle of a park. The trio make a deal with numerous adventures and dangers.

Characters

Main
 Pickle (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) is a yellow bunny who loves to go on wild adventures.
 Merl (voiced by Sam Vincent) is an American red squirrel. She speaks with a Spanish accent and he is cautious about it.
 Gull (voiced by Lee Tockar ia a stump-winged, white seagull. Gull is slow and dim-witted, but loveable and was going through that one of us.

Recurring
 Schlitzy (voiced by Lee Tockar):is an evil half-eaten corncob who found it by Gull.
Dilly is Pickle's evil cousin.
The Moles were Merl's worst fear and his worst enemy ever.
Nutty Buddy is Merl's doll.

Production
The original idea for the series was conceived in 2010 and was centered more heavily around themes of environmentalism than the finished product. Among some other differences was that the character Merl was not present in the original draft, and the names and appearances of the other two main characters were different from the final version.

Broadcast
In the UK, it airs on CBBC, where it premiered on July 13, 2015.

Episodes

References

External links

 Show page on Teletoon

Endangered Species at IMDb

Teletoon original programming
2015 Canadian television series debuts
2015 Canadian television series endings
Television series by DHX Media
Canadian computer-animated television series
2010s Canadian animated television series
Canadian children's animated comedy television series
Animated television series about birds
Animated television series about rabbits and hares
Animated television series about squirrels
English-language television shows


title: Bjarki Már Gunnarsson

text:
Bjarki Már Gunnarsson (born 10 August 1988) is an Icelandic handball player for Stjarnan and the Icelandic national team.

References

1988 births
Living people
Bjarki Mar Gunnarsson
Bjarki Mar Gunnarsson
Expatriate handball players
Bjarki Mar Gunnarsson
Bjarki Mar Gunnarsson


title: Gunnar Steinn Jónsson

text:
Gunnar Steinn Jónsson (born 4 May 1987) is an Icelandic handball player for Stjarnan and the Icelandic national team.

References

1987 births
Living people
Gunnar Steinn Jonsson
Gunnar Steinn Jonsson
Handball-Bundesliga players
VfL Gummersbach players
IFK Kristianstad players
Expatriate handball players
Gunnar Steinn Jonsson
Gunnar Steinn Jonsson
Gunnar Steinn Jonsson
Gunnar Steinn Jonsson


title: 2014 Travelers Men's NOCA Provincials

text:
The 2014 Travelers Men's NOCA Provincials, the provincial men's curling championship for Northern Ontario, were held from February 5 to 10 at the McIntyre Curling Club in Schumacher, Ontario. The winning Jeff Currie rink represented Northern Ontario at the 2014 Tim Hortons Brier in Kamloops.

Teams
The defending champion Brad Jacobs rink did not participate in the event, as they are representing Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

Round-robin standings
Final round-robin standings

Round-robin results

Draw 1
Wednesday, February 5, 2:30 pm

Draw 2
Wednesday, February 5, 7:30 pm

Draw 3
Thursday, February 6, 1:00 pm

Draw 4
Thursday, February 6, 7:30 pm

Draw 5
Friday, February 7, 12:00 pm

Draw 6
Friday, February 7, 7:30 pm

Draw 7
Saturday, February 8, 9:30 am

Tiebreakers
Saturday, February 8, 2:30 pm

Saturday, February 8, 7:30 pm

Playoffs

Semifinal
Sunday, February 9, 9:00 am

Final
Sunday, February 9, 2:00 pm

External links

Travelers Men's NOCA Provincials
Curling in Northern Ontario
Sport in Timmins
Travelers Men's NOCA Provincials
Travelers Men's NOCA Provincials


title: Ibrahim Gashi

text:
Ibrahim Gashi (born 6 April 1963, in Lapushnik village of Drenas Kosovo) is a Kosovar Albanian academic. He is a professor at the University of Pristina, and was a rector there between 2012 and 2014.

Early life
Ibrahim Gashi studied at the University of Pristina, and began working there as an assistant after his masters thesis defense between 1994 and 1998. He worked as a lecturer between 1998 and 2004 in the Department of History. In 2003 he earned a doctorate in political history of the Balkans in a three-year study program at the Institute for East European Studies of the University of Graz. In 2004 he was elected assistant professor in the Department of Political Science, UP, where he works as an associate professor of the History of International Relations and Foreign Policy and Diplomacy.

Career

Politics
Before entering politics, he performed some important academic functions for the university as Coordinator of the Center for Teaching Perfect (2004–2008), Head of the Department of Political Science (2004–2007) and board member of the University Pristina (2005–2006), and Spokesman (2005–2006). In October 2006 the founding assembly of AKR elected Gashi the Presidency of the AKR and in 2011 vice president. In the 2007 elections he was elected member of the Assembly of Kosovo where AKR represents the highest organ of the Assembly, then a member of the Presidency of the Assembly and a member of the Parliamentary Committee on Foreign Affairs.

On 14 November 2016 he joined the Democratic Party of Kosovo and was welcomed by its president, Kadri Veseli.

Rector
In 2012, the university elected him as rector. In 2013, he published three papers in a predatory journal to meet the formal conditions for a tenured position. He was exposed by Professor Qendrim Gashi who demanded his resignation or removal as Rector. Later, the same was demanded by other professors and students.  On 8 February 2014 he resigned following two weeks of protests by students and civil society.

References

1960 births
Living people
Kosovan historians
Members of the Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo
University of Pristina alumni
Academic staff of the University of Pristina
University of Graz alumni
Rectors of the University of Prishtina


title: Rothenberg Fortress

text:
Rothenberg Fortress () is a fortress on the eponymous hill, 588 m, near Schnaittach in the Franconian Jura.

Beginnings
The first fortifications were probably built between 1300 and 1330 by Dietrich von Wildenstein. He sold it in 1360 to the emperor and Bohemian king, Charles IV, who had the fort upgraded into a border castle in order to protect his Bohemian allodial estate.

Ganerbenburg
In 1478, Count Palatine Otto II set the condition for Rothenberg Castle to become a joint-fief or Ganerbenburg. 44 co-vassals who, together with the town of Rothenberg and market town of Schnaittach, acquired the castle as a so-called mesne fief or Afterlehen, were given relatively little property and few rights, but the community of co-vassals formed a strong alliance to which other members of noble families in the area could be attached. The castle also had several rights of patronage in the Nuremberg area. The community of co-vassals had the characteristics of a type of union called an Einung. At the time of Silvester von Schaumberg, the castle was a "wasp's nest" with which even princes feared to fall out.

The community of co-heirs nominated a burgrave.

 Heinz von Guttenberg, 1483
 Lamprecht von Seckendorff, called Rinhofen, 1487
 Hans Zollner von Rottenstein, 1487
 Dietz von Heßberg, 1488
 Jacob Stiebar zum Regensberg, 1494
 Konrad Schott von Schottenstein, 1497
 Albrecht Stiebar, 1499
 Christoff von Sparneck, 1502
 Albrecht Gotsmann, 1505
 Hans von der Thann, 1508
 Sixt von Seckendorff, 1509
 Sebastian Stiebar, 1512
 Hans Stiebar, 1537
 Wolf Adolf von Waldenfels, 1546
 Sigmund von Failtsch (Feilitzsch?), 1549
 Sebastian Erlbeck, 1553
 Hans Ludwig von Eyb, 1553
 Hans Ludwig von Schaumburg, 1569
 Balthasar von Seckendorff, 1580
 Hans von Steinau, 1585
 Georg Sebastian Stiebar, 1604
 Joachim Christoff von Seckendorff, 1610
 Wolff Endres Stiebar, 1617
 Sebastian von Rotenhan, 1618

In 1703, the free imperial city of Nürnberg melted a golden ducat commemorating the conquest of Rothenberg Castle.

Fortress
In the 18th century an important Rococo fortress, based on a French prototype, was built on the site by the Elector of Bavaria and German Emperor, Charles VII. Construction lasted from about 1729 to 1750. Two bastions were named after him and his wife, Maria Amalia. From time to time up to 400 soldiers were garrisoned here. It was built on an older and smaller fortification that was slighted, which in turn had been built on the remains of an even older ruined castle.

The site was built to geometric principles. Because they wanted to avoid blind spots, bastions were built to a star-shaped design. The overall plan was a polygon with a bastioned tower at each corner. The crest of the embankment was kept low in order to minimise the target area. The outer defences on the north side began with a gently rising glacis, followed by a covered way and a moat. Behind that, and scarcely higher than the glacis, rose the main rampart. This was designed to be difficult to shell because the wall was protected by the glacis.
The site of the fortress on a hill ridge resembled that of medieval castles, that were often built on high points that were very difficult to access. In this case, the hillside thus protected the fortress to the south, east and west from being stormed, but not from the powerful siege guns of that time.

The fortress was built entirely of brickwork. This was sixteen metres high on all sides and had vaulting on the inside, ten metres high.

There were two, two-storey barrack buildings inside the fortress, an armoury, the garrison headquarters and a church. The garrison lived in the fortress with their families. Protected water supplies came from a fortress well and, later, by the Schneckenbrunnen well, built in 1759–67, in the counterguard outside the fortress.

Built to counter the imperial city of Nuremberg only 25 kilometres away, the fortress was intended to guard the Bavarian border and the Electoral Bavarian enclave near Schnaittach from the city.

In 1806 Napoleon annexed Franconia to the Kingdom of Bavaria and Rothenberg then became superfluous to the Bavarian Army as a border fortress. It continued to be used, however, as a fortress prison.

In 1838 the Bavarian Minister of War sold the entire inventory, including doors, beams and everything that could be removed. The fortress was abandoned and fell into ruins. It was used as a quarry for the construction of Nuremberg Central Station.
In 1876 explosive demolition testing was carried out on the ravelin.

The site may be visited as part of a guided tour. The underground casemates are out of bounds from November to April in order protect bats.

Southward of the ruins you can find a cemetery. 1083 people were buried on this place.

Literature
Johannes Müllner: Die Annalen der Reichsstadt Nürnberg von 1623, Teil II: Von 1351–1469. Nuremberg, 1972. pp. 30–35.
Martin Schütz: Die Ganerbschaft Rothenberg. Nuremberg, 1924.
Sven Thole: Die Festung Rothenberg - Der Festungsbau im 18. Jahrhundert, Maßnahmen der Erhaltung und Möglichkeiten der Konservierung. Dissertation, University of Bamberg, 2007 (full text)
August Wörler: Veste und Festung Rothenberg. Heimat- und Geschichtsverein Neunkirchen am Sand, Neunkirchen am Sand, 2008

External links

References

Castles in Bavaria
Nürnberger Land
Forts in Germany
Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor


title: Chandler Fenner

text:
Chandler Fenner (born July 6, 1990) is a former professional gridiron football defensive back. He was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs as an undrafted free agent in 2012. He played college football at the College of the Holy Cross.

Early years
Fenner attended and played football at Frank W. Cox High School. He was a member of the high school track and field team.

Professional career

Kansas City Chiefs
On April 30, 2012, Fenner signed with the Kansas City Chiefs as an undrafted free agent.
On August 31, 2012, Fenner was released by the Chiefs.

Seattle Seahawks
On December 7, 2012, Fenner was signed to the Seattle Seahawks to join the practice squad.

On July 29, 2014, the Seahawks released Fenner.

New York Giants
On August 1, 2014, Fenner was signed to the New York Giants. The Giants signed him from to the active roster from their practice squad on October 3, 2014. On September 5, 2015, he was waived by the Giants.

BC Lions
Originally released after training camp on June 18, 2016, Fenner was resigned by the BC Lions on July 24, 2016, to the practice roster. He was promoted to the active roster and first played for the Lions in their Week 12 match against the Montreal Alouettes.

Winnipeg Blue Bombers
On February 13, 2018, Fenner was signed to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers.

References

External links
 Holy Cross bio
 Kansas City Chiefs bio
 New York Giants bio

1990 births
Living people
American football cornerbacks
American players of Canadian football
BC Lions players
Canadian football defensive backs
Holy Cross Crusaders football players
Kansas City Chiefs players
New York Giants players
Seattle Seahawks players
Players of American football from Virginia Beach, Virginia
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players


title: .400 Taylor Magnum

text:
The .400 Taylor Magnum is a rifle cartridge. It was derived from "a modified .505 Gibbs, necked down to 0.375 inches". The .408 Cheyenne Tactical and the .375 Cheyenne Tactical were later based on the .400 Taylor Magnum.

References

Pistol and rifle cartridges
Wildcat cartridges