title: Sir Henry Tichborne

text:
Sir Henry Tichborne PC (Ire) (1581–1667) was an English soldier and politician. He excelled at the Siege of Drogheda during the Irish Rebellion of 1641. He governed Ireland as one of the two Lord Justices from 1642 to 1644. In 1647, he fought under Michael Jones against the Irish Catholic Confederates in the Battle of Dungan's Hill. He was given the Beaulieu Manor by Cromwell and its possession was confirmed to him at the Restoration.

Birth and origins
Henry was born in 1581 in England, the fourth son of Benjamin Tichborne and his second wife, Amphilis Weston. His father would be created the 1st Baronet of Tichborne, Hampshire, in 1621. His mother was a daughter of Richard Weston of Skrynes in Roxwell, Essex, and  Wilburga Catesby. His branch of the family was Anglican, and he was only remotely related to the Catholic martyrs Nicholas Tichborne (died 1601) and Thomas Tichborne (died 1602).

Early life

Like many younger sons of English landowning families, Henry chose a military career. He served as a soldier in the north of Ireland, where the Plantation of Ulster was in progress. He became governor of Lifford, County Donegal, about 1620. He was knighted on 24 August 1623 at Tichborne in England by King James I.

In December 1623, Tichbourne was appointed a Commissioner for the Plantation of County Londonderry. He received large grants of land in counties Leitrim and Donegal that had been confiscated from Irish landowners.

He was elected MP for Tyrone County in the Parliament of 1634–1635, the first of Charles I.

Irish wars

Ireland suffered 11 years of war from 1641 to 1652, which are usually divided into the Rebellion of 1641, the Confederate Wars, and the Cromwellian Conquest. This eleven years' war in turn forms part of the Wars of the three kingdoms, also known as the British Civil Wars.

Siege of Drogheda

When the Irish Rebellion of 1641 broke out Tichborne was living at Finglas near Dublin. He brought his family to Dublin for safety, and the Crown quickly enlisted his services for the defence of Drogheda. He held the town in Royalist hands despite the hostility of most of the inhabitants who favoured the insurgents. He showed great courage and determination and refused to contemplate surrender even when the situation was desperate. When the garrison were reduced to eating their own horses, he said that "he would stay till the last bit of horseflesh was eaten, then fight his way out". Despite repeated onslaughts from the rebels, and some suspicion of treachery on his own side, he managed to hold out from November 1641 until 5 March 1642 when the rebels raised the siege. This was "for the English, the first good news out of Ireland in five appalling months". He then received reinforcements from James Butler, 12th Earl of Ormond and joined forces with Charles Moore, 2nd Viscount Moore of Drogheda to prevent the rebels from regaining control of the Pale. Tichbourne and Moore  marched on Dundalk, which they took on 26 March: Tichborne became governor of the town.

After Drogheda

His defence of Drogheda greatly enhanced his political standing. On 11 May 1642 he was sworn of the privy council and in March 1643 King Charles I appointed him Lord Justice of Ireland jointly with Sir John Borlase, instead of Sir William Parsons, 1st Baronet of Bellamont. He held office until 21 January 1644 when Ormond was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

Clarendon said that he was by then a man of "so excellent a fame" that even the King's bitterest enemies in Parliament had nothing to say against the appointment. He opposed the cease-fire with the Confederates that was negotiated by Ormond and signed on 15 September 1643. In 1644 he went to England with the aim of advising the King in his negotiations with the Irish Confederacy, but was captured by Parliamentary forces on his way back and spent several months in the Tower of London, until Parliament consented to his exchange.

Siding with the English Parliament

Back in Ireland in the autumn of 1645, he resumed his office as Governor of Drogheda. He soon concluded, as did many others, that the Royalists could not retain control of Ireland: the real struggle was between the Irish Confederacy and Parliament, and Tichborne, having already fought against the Confederates, decided to throw in his lot with Parliament. Though he was initially regarded with some suspicion by his new masters, he relieved their doubts about his loyalty by fighting with distinction at the Battle of Dungan's Hill in April 1647 where Michael Jones crushed the Confederate army of Leinster; and he was highly rewarded as a result. At the same time he acquired a reputation for ruthlessness towards his Irish opponents which was notable even by the standards of the time: "killing many hundreds with his own hands". In 1650 he had a personal interview with Oliver Cromwell who assured him of his goodwill, and promised him the estate of Beaulieu, forfeited by the attainder of Christopher Plunket, 2nd Earl of Fingall The estate was promised to him in 1654, but Louth and Meath had been set apart for the adventurers and he could not get it. He was eventually given equivalent lands in Wicklow in 1656. (which he eventually obtained possession of, with some difficulty). His famous letter to his wife, written in 1651, is a valuable first-hand description of the Siege of Drogheda and of his later military exploits. It has been suggested that it was intended for more widespread circulation, with a view to obtaining further reward for his services.

Restoration

From 1650 on he lived in retirement until the Restoration of Charles II, when his submission to Parliament was not held against him (such conduct having been common enough among both English and Irish royalists). Sir Henry was made marshal of the army of Ireland for life in July 1660. He was elected to the Irish House of Commons as member for  Sligo Borough in 1661. In 1666  he was finally confirmed by the Court of Claims as owner of the confiscated estate of Christopher Plunket, 2nd Earl of Fingall in County Louth, originally promised to him by Cromwell, where he began the building of a mansion, Beaulieu House, which still exists, although it was substantially rebuilt by his grandson, Lord Ferrard. He was clearly a very rich man: as late as 1717 his great-granddaughter Judith brought a fortune to her husband Charles Spencer,  3rd Earl of Sunderland. He fell ill towards the end of the year and planned to travel to Spa for his health but was too weak to leave home (he was now about eighty-five, a great age for the time). He died at Beaulieu early in 1667 and was buried in St Mary's Church, Drogheda.

Marriage and children

He married Jane, daughter of Sir Robert Newcomen of Keenagh, County Longford, first of the Newcomen baronets, and his first wife Katherine Molyneux, daughter of Sir Thomas Molyneux, Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland, and his wife Catherine Stabeort of Bruges. They are said to have quarrelled over his desertion of the Royalist cause, and for a time she left him and went to live on the Isle of Man (although it is possible that this was for her own safety). They seem to have become reconciled in their later years, (she was of course the recipient of his famous letter of 1651), since they are buried together at Beaulieu. Jane died in 1664.

Henry and Jane had eight children, five sons:
Benjamin, killed at Belruddery during the Irish Confederate war, aged 21
William (died 1693), married Judith Bysse, daughter of John Bysse, Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, and widow of Robert Molesworth, by whom he was the father of Henry, first and last Baron Ferrard
Richard, major of the Horse Guards in Ireland, died unmarried
Henry, died unmarried
Samuel, died young

—and three daughters:
Dorcas, married William Toxteth, Esquire, of Drogheda, a native of Lancashire
Amphilis, married Richard Broughton, a younger brother of Sir Edward Broughton; in 1674, at the time of her marriage, she was painted by the noted pastellist Edmund Ashfield.
Elizabeth, married Roger West of The Rock, County Wicklow and Ballydugan, County Down, who was High Sheriff of Down in 1657.

Character

Tichborne was praised in his own time by the Confederate Ireland leader Richard Bellings as a man who was "trusty to the King, valiant and moderate", but the accuracy of this verdict has since been questioned. His willingness to come to an accommodation with Cromwell, and to be enriched by him, casts doubt on how "trusty" he was to either the King or his subsequent masters. His courage and military skill are not in dispute, but these qualities are overshadowed by his ruthlessness, even by the standards of the time, towards the Irish. He was described by a contemporary, the regicide John Moore, later Governor of Dublin, as "so great an enemy to the rebels in Ireland, killing many hundreds of them at his own hand or standing by to watch them executed". Tichborne himself admitted that he was a man who "showed little mercy". A modern view is that he was valued in his own time for his military skills, but not for his political judgment or humane qualities.

Citations

Sources

 – Online edition
 – 1611 to 1625

 – History based on Richard Bellings memoirs

1580s births
1667 deaths
17th-century Irish politicians
Irish generals
People from County Louth
People from the City of Winchester
Henry
Younger sons of baronets


title: Life (2015 film)

text:
Life is a 2015 biographical drama film directed by Anton Corbijn and written by Luke Davies. It is based on the friendship of Life photographer Dennis Stock and American actor James Dean, starring Robert Pattinson as Stock and Dane DeHaan as Dean.

The film is an American, British, German, Canadian and Australian co-production, produced by Iain Canning and Emile Sherman from See-Saw Films and Christina Piovesan from First Generation Films with co-financed by Barry Films Production.

Production took place from February to April 2014 in Toronto and Los Angeles. The film had its premiere at 65th Berlin International Film Festival, at Berlinale Special Gala at the Zoo Palast on 9 February 2015. In the United States, it was released through a simultaneous limited theatrical release and video on demand on 4 December 2015 by Cinedigm.

Synopsis
The story follows Dennis Stock, who works at the Magnum Photos Agency and gets an assignment to shoot rising Hollywood star James Dean, before the release of East of Eden. Friendship developed between them during the assignment, as the pair traveled from Los Angeles to New York City to Indiana.

Cast

Production

Development

Luke Davies started writing the script in 2010. He was initially interested to write a script about James Dean but as he researched about Dean, he found that the one thing which stood out most was Dean's images at Times Square by Dennis Stock. Afterwards, Davies found more about Stock and wrote the screenplay for the film. Corbijn initially turned down the offer to make biopic on James Dean. But the story of the photographer Dennis Stock interested him more as "(the photographer and the subject) You know, who influences who? The James Dean portion of the story wasn't my interest."

Casting
Talking about the casting, Corbijn said that "Rob has an intensity that I think Dennis would have. When I see Rob, I see an inner turmoil that is great for the role and Dane is really interesting. He has a beautiful face, but it's a hard face to grasp. It's hard to see how Dane reads [on screen] sometimes, and the same goes for James Dean." Corbijn later revealed that "Rob was quickly on the horizon for me, and after we met I didn't meet anyone else for that (Dennis Stock's) role." While producers Iain Canning and Emile Sherman said that "Finding the right actor to play James Dean was a big responsibility, but Dane's body of work has proved what a chameleon he is and what he will contribute to the role" and further added that "Casting Robert Pattinson and Dane DeHaan brings together two of the most exciting young actors of their generation." Talking about portraying James Dean, DeHaan said that "He had a very specific voice so I've gotta have it, too! It's a challenge. His voice was a lot higher than mine, but it's fun, you know, that's what I like to do. The harder it is, the more fun it is, but it's definitely a challenge, for sure."

Pattinson said about his character in the film, "He's a really bad dad. And you don't really see that in young guy parts. He just doesn't love his kid, or is incapable of it, and it kind of pains him." About the interaction between the main characters he said, "It's a little ego battle, and a lot of it is about professional jealousy, and who's a better artist, who's the subject and who's the artist." And added that's what drew him to the role in the film.

In February 2014, Ben Kingsley joined the cast as president of the Warner Bros. Studios, Jack L. Warner. Writer Luke Davies joined the film in cameo appearance. On 14 March 2014, it was announced that Joel Edgerton has joined the cast of the film as Magnum Photography editor John G. Morris. Initially Corbijn offered Philip Seymour Hoffman, with whom he previously worked on A Most Wanted Man, the role of John G. Morris (later played by Edgerton) in the film, which according to Corbijn, "(Hoffman was) trying to find a way to make it work" due to his earlier commitments, but he died before filming began. Edgerton, about his involvement in the film, said that "It was a situation where it was never going to be something I was involved in but for certain circumstances. They lost an actor, I love these people, I love everything they're about, the story and script was really fascinating. So I left working on Jeff Nichols's movie in New Orleans and just scooted across to Toronto literally for three days and shot five, six scenes. It was a blast."

Filming

Principal photography began on 18 February 2014 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and continued till 27 March 2014. Pattinson filmed a scene in snow in Toronto on 18 February 2014. On 20 February 2014, filming took place at 33rd Maitland street Toronto. Filming took place inside and outside of a building in Downtown Toronto on 21 February 2014 with Pattinson, Kingsley and DeHaan. Pattinson and DeHaan filmed scenes at the farm outside of Toronto on 26 February – 1 March 2014. On 4 March 2014, filming took place downtown Millbrook near Peterborough at King Street, which was transformed into the 1950s era and at the Pastry Peddler shop which was transformed into a 1950s shoe store. A rainy scene was shot in downtown Toronto on 7 March 2014. On 8 March 2014 filming took place at Bay Street in downtown Toronto, which was transformed into 1950s New York City street. On 11 March 2014, Pattinson and DeHaan shot a motorcycle riding scene in Toronto, on a bike resembling a 1955 Trophy Triumph, James Dean's bike. On 15 March 2014, filming took place at Victoria and King streets in downtown Toronto with Pattinson and Edgerton. Scenes shot at 71 Gloucester Street Toronto on 20 March 2014.

After Toronto, filming moved to Los Angeles, California. Filming took place at Chateau Marmont on 30 March 2014. On 31 March 2014, scenes were shot at Pantages Theatre, which was transformed as it was at the premiere of 1954 film A Star Is Born. Filming finally wrapped up on 1 April 2014.

Producer Christina Piovesan talking about the outdoor filming said, "There's a huge section that takes place exterior on a farm, and Rob and Dane are in period costumes that are so slight while the crew were covered from head to toe with only eyes showing. They were such troopers to be shooting with Anton in this brutal weather. The environment was hostile, but you can't tell when you watch it, and that's a testament to how professional they are."

Promotion and marketing
Entertainment Weekly released the first image of Pattinson and DeHaan as Stock and Dean in the film on 6 March 2014. In September 2013, Transmission Films acquired the Australian distribution rights of the film. On 9 February 2015, after its premiere at Berlinale, a scene featuring Pattinson and DeHaan was released. On 12 August 2015, official trailer of the film was released.

Releases
The film was shown at Guanajuato International Film Festival as a part of Gala Event on 24 July 2015. On 5 September 2015, it premièred at Deauville American Film Festival. It was also be screened at Sitges Film Festival in October 2015.

The film had a theatrical release in France on 9 September 2015. It had a premiere in Belgium, which was attended by Corbijn on 21 September 2015. In Germany, the film was released on 24 September 2015. In UK, the film was released on 25 September 2015. Cinedigm acquired the distribution rights of the film in United States and released the film in a limited release and through video on demand on 4 December 2015.

Reception
The film received mixed to positive reviews from the critics, with Pattinson and DeHaan receiving praise for their portrayals of Stock and Dean. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 64% "Fresh" rating based on reviews from 61 critics, with an average score of 6.2/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Life may frustrate viewers seeking a James Dean biopic with its subject's intensity, but it remains a diverting, well-acted effort assembled with admirable craft and ambition." Metacritic gives the film a score of 59 based on reviews from 9 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four out of five stars by saying that "it's an interestingly personal picture about that moment when the shutter snaps, and how it changes the nature of any human interaction" and about performances that "the underrated Pattinson is playing a cold fish here, and does a credible job getting inside Dennis's aura of shifty desperation" and "DeHaan gives us very much his own Dean, and he's immediately rather fascinating." Guy Lodge of Variety said that "peculiarly moving, even subtly queer friendship between the two men that distinguishes "Life" from standard inside-Hollywood fare, while gorgeous production values and ace star turns make it a thoroughly marketable arthouse prospect" and added that "DeHaan and Pattinson enact this anti-romance beautifully, each man quizzically eyeing the other for leads and clues, while coyly retreating from scrutiny. Pattinson, adding to his post-"Twilight" gallery of sharp-cut screw-ups, brings intriguing layers of childish dysfunction to a character who is only ostensibly the straight man in the partnership. DeHaan, meanwhile, plays Dean as the more openly flirtatious of the two, a flashier generational companion to his louchely inspired Lucien Carr in 2013's "Kill Your Darlings."" Stephen Schaefer of the Boston Herald in his review said that, "LIFE is fairly low-key, yet it breathes with an honesty and an astuteness" and that "Pattinson is perfectly cast as Stock, a man adrift with an ex-wife from a teenage marriage and guilt filled about the young son he never sees. DeHaan doesn't exactly resemble Dean so much as inhabit his Fifties hipster lingo, attitude and speech patterns." Little White Lies gave the film a positive review by saying that "As Life proceeds the pace picks up and by the third act, it is a compelling dramatisation of an artistically fascinating alliance." About performance it added that "DeHaan ratchets up Dean's rhythmic speech and sounds permanently like a performance poet reading Allan Ginsberg . He is curt and minimal essaying a very controlled, clock-watching professional" and "Pattinson's performance is as crisp as the white shirt and black suits his character always wears. This is a camouflage for his own problems that slowly unfurl, adding colour and improving the film."

While David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film that "Life doesn't deliver on its considerable promise" but ultimately praised Pattinson that "While Pattinson has endured a lot of gratuitous bashing post-Twilight, he gives arguably the most fully rounded performance here, even if the character is inconsistently drawn." Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film two stars out of five and notes that, "There are some pleasing touches, but this film is a frustrating experience."

See also
 The James Dean Story
 James Dean - 2001 biographical television film
 Beyond Iconic: Photographer Dennis Stock - 2011 biographical documentary film

References

External links

 Dennis Stock - Magnum Photos Photographer Portfolio
 Life at Library and Archives Canada

2015 films
English-language Canadian films
English-language German films
2015 biographical drama films
American biographical drama films
Australian biographical drama films
British biographical drama films
Canadian biographical drama films
German biographical drama films
Biographical films about actors
Biographical films about photographers
Films directed by Anton Corbijn
Films set in Indiana
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Manhattan
Films set in 1955
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Toronto
Cultural depictions of James Dean
Cultural depictions of Judy Garland
2015 drama films
Film4 Productions films
Screen Australia films
See-Saw Films films
Transmission Films films
Entertainment One films
FilmNation Entertainment films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
2010s Canadian films
2010s British films
2010s German films
English-language biographical drama films


title: Pier Giorgio Perotto

text:
Pier Giorgio Perotto (Turin, December 24, 1930 – Genoa, January 23, 2002) was an Italian electrical engineer and inventor. Working for the manufacturer Olivetti, he led a design team that built the Programma 101, one of the world's first programmable calculators.

Career

Graduated at the Turin Polytechnic, Perotto taught for many years at the same University and published several books and articles regarding strategy, business organization and technology.

He began his career at Fiat and later on moved to the machine company Olivetti. Working as General Director of projects and research at the Ivrea’s company, he played a major role in the transformation of this multinational company from a mechanical to electronics and systems company.

In the 1970s, he designed other computers at Olivetti, e.g. the Olivetti P6060, the first personal computer with integrated floppy-disk drive, the Olivetti P6040 and the Olivetti P6066.

Together with Sergio Raimondi, Perotto launched FINSA Consulting in 1997, becoming the president since its foundation. After this moment he turned himself into a committed teacher and a prolific writer, writing with many essays (in Italian) about business management and future of computing.

In 1991, he earned the Leonardo da Vinci Award for having developed a ground-breaking machine, the Programma 101, an early programmable calculator.

The 12222 Perotto, a main belt asteroid, discovered in 1982 at the Osservatorio San Vittore in Bologna, is named after him.

Programma 101

The innovative calculator, also known as Perottina, named after its inventor, was one of the first electronic desktop calculators in history purposely designed to be programmable. Programma 101 was officially launched at the 1964 New York World's Fair, attracting major interest from the public and the press. Volume production started in 1965, selling about 44,000 units primarily in the US market. NASA bought ten models and used them to plan the Apollo 11 landing on the Moon.

References

External links

 Obituary: Pier Giorgio Perotto, Independent UK, 5 February 2002
 101 Project, official site of 101 initiative documentary project.
 .
 Olivetti, Programma 101 General Reference Manual, hosted by the Old Calculator Web Museum, retrieved 2009-12-17.
 Internal pictures Old Calculator Web Museum.
  A simulator of the Olivetti Programma 101.

 Olivetti Programma 101 Emulator/Trainer, RetroWiki.es
 A Technical Description of the Olivetti Programma 101 with a picture gallery, by Alfredo Logioia.

1930 births
2002 deaths
Engineers from Turin
Italian computer scientists
Olivetti S.p.A.
Academic staff of the Polytechnic University of Turin
Polytechnic University of Turin alumni
20th-century Italian inventors
20th-century Italian engineers


title: Tom Cheesman

text:
Tom Cheesman (born 1961 in Liverpool) is a Reader in German at Swansea University, literary critic and literary translator.

Tom is Principal Investigator on the collaborative, "Version Variation Visualisation" project. which investigates digital humanities approaches to analysing re-translations. His Case Study on Translations of Shakespeare's Othello investigates by advanced technology, how and why different translations of the same original text often differ significantly from each other. At this, initial stage, the project will concentrate its investigations on works of William Shakespeare.

Cheesman grew up in Durham, temporarily lived in Germany and France and now lives in Swansea, Wales.

The doctor of philology has numerous contributions (books and articles in journals) published in particular in the field of intercultural literature and has also published books himself. He has published in German.

Tom was the Principal Researcher on the "Axial Writing Project" (1998–2002), part of the ESRC Transnational Communities Research Programme, and co-established non-profit "Hafan Books" in 2003, to publish literary texts by refugees in Wales. Tom is currently (2014) the treasurer of Swansea Bay Asylum Seekers Support Group.

Crowd sourcing Othello and other works
In 2013, Tom Cheesman, who is also a Wikipedia editor, started to crowd source translations to top-up his research into translations of Othello together with Dr Robert Laramee and Dr Jonathan Hope. On Wikimedia UK's Water Cooler describes his www.delightedbeauty.org project as a self-made Google site which displays around 180 versions, in over 30 languages, of one rhyming couplet from Shakespeare's Othello (1604). Cheesman is quoted as saying, "This one couplet is a great challenge for translators, because of its ambiguity, its punning wordplay and its controversial implications regarding race, gender and political power. Each version expresses a different interpretation, making a fascinating study in re-translation-mutation-adaptation … or 'versioning'. There can be no 'straight translation' of Shakespeare's language. I do believe that a WikiProject could develop this site in magnificent, way!"On the VVV website the project team professionals, students and translators uploaded translations of the following two lines of verse:

If virtue no delighted beauty lack,
Your son-in-law is far more fair than black.

Readers are asked to crowd source these two lines together with a literal translation into English. The project has 150 versions in 22 languages and ultimately hopes to gather more than 300 versions in over 100 languages, thus creating a global snapshot of when, where and how Othello recompiled.

 Bibliography
 (ed.) Are You Happy With That? By People Seeking Sanctuary (Swansea: Hafan Books, 2013), , 199pp.
 (trans.), Ulrike Draesner, William Shakespeare, Olive Ond: Thymine (Boiled String Poetry Chapbooks) (Swansea: Hafan Books, 2013),
 (trans.), Jörg Bernig: flower angel ship (Boiled String Poetry Chapbooks) (Swansea: Hafan Books, 2013),
 (ed.) German Text Crimes: Writers Accused, from the 1950s to the 2000s (German Monitor) (Amsterdam and New York: Editions Rodopi B.V., 2013), , 254pp
 (ed. with ), Feridun Zaimoglu (Contemporary German Writers & Filmmakers) (Oxford etc.: Peter Lang, 2012), , 285pp
 (trans. with John Goodby), Soleïman Adel Guémar: State of Emergency (Visible Poets) (Todmorden:  Arc Publications, 2007), , 162pp
 Novels of Turkish German Settlement: Cosmopolite Fictions (Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2007), , x + 232 pp.
 The Shocking Ballad Picture Show: German Popular Literature and Cultural History, Oxford/Providence: Berg, 1994, , xxxv + 240 pp.
 (ed. with Grahame Davies and Sylvie Hoffmann), Gwyl y Blaidd. Ysgrifennu Ffoaduriaid yng Nghymru / The Festival of the Wolf. Writing Refugees in Wales 4 (Swansea: Hafan Books / Cardigan: Parthian Books, 2006), , vi + 210 pp.
 (ed. with Eric Ngalle Charles and Sylvie Hoffmann), Soft Touch: Refugees Writing in Wales 3 (Swansea: Hafan Books, 2005), , 128 pp.
 (ed. with Eric Ngalle Charles and Sylvie Hoffmann), Nobody's Perfect: Refugees Writing in Wales 2 (Swansea: Hafan Books, 2004), , 96 pp.
 (ed. with Eric Ngalle Charles and Sylvie Hoffmann), Between a Mountain and a Sea: Refugees Writing in Wales (Swansea: Hafan Books, 2003), , 96 pp.
 (ed. with Karin E. Yesilada),  (Contemporary German Writers series), Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003,  / , xi + 187 pp.
 (ed. with Sigrid Rieuwerts), Ballads into Books: The Legacies of Francis James Child, Berne: Peter Lang, 1997, , 283 pp.; 2nd rev. edn 1999,  .
 (ed.) Recent Ballad Research: The Language of Ballads and Other Topics''. Proceedings of the 19th SIEF Ballad Commission Conference (Freiburg i.Br. 1989), 2 vols, London: Folklore Society (Library Pamphlets 4/5) 1990, / .

References

Living people
1961 births
English literary critics
Academics of Swansea University


title: List of Iranian and Persian short story writers

text:
This is a list of short story Iranian writers  either born in Iran or holding Iranian citizenship, also Non-Iranian Persian short story writers and short story writers of Iranian descent.

A

 Bozorg Alavi
 Ghazaleh Alizadeh
 Ahmad Akbarpur
 Mehdi Akhavan-Sales : Persian poet, also wrote some stories
 Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
 Ali Ashraf Darvishian
 Yosuf Ali-Khani
 Mahshid Amir-Shahi
 Salar Abdoh
 Habib Ahmad-Zadeh
 Reza Allameh-Zadeh
 Noushin Ahmadi Khorasani :  journalist, women's rights activist, also wrote short stories
 Ali Mohammad Afghani
 Reza Amirkhani

B

 Reza Baraheni
 Samad Behrangi

C

 Sadeq Chubak

D

 Simin Daneshvar
 Mahmoud Dowlat Abadi

E
 Mahmoud Etemadzadeh

F
 Bahman Forsi
 Pooran Farrokhzad

G

 Ibrahim Golistan
 Houshang Golshiri
 Houshang Gol-Makani

H

 Sadeq Hedayat
 Mohammad Hijazi

I

 Nader Ibrahimi

J

 Mohammad ali Jamal-Zadeh
 Sepideh Jodeyri, poet, translator and journalist also published a short story collection
 Parviz Jahani

K

 Nasim Khaksar
 Kamshad Kooshan :  is an Iranian-American Movie Writer and Director, also wrote short story.
 Hakob Karapents

M

 Bahman Motamedian
 Mostafa Mastoor
 Ahmad Mahmoud
 Abbas Maroufi
 Shokooh Mirzadegi
 Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi
 Fereshteh Molavi
 Houshang Moradi Kermani
 Jamal Mir-Sadeghi
 Aziz Mo'tazedi
 Mahshid Moshiri
 Javad Mujabi
 Shahriar Mandanipour

N

 Bijan Najdi
 Ata Nahaei
 Saeed Nafisi

P

 Shahrnush Parsipur
 Iraj Pezashk-Zad
 Zoya Pirzad
 Parween Pazhwak

R
 Muniro Ravanipur
 Fozia Rahgozar
 Atiq Rahimi

S

 Hossein Sanapour
 Mahasti Shahrokhi
 Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
 Asef Soltanzadeh
 Ahmad Shamloo : Persian poet, also wrote short stories
 Sana Safi
 Sepideh Shamlou
 Marzieh Sotoudeh

T

 Mohammad Tolouei
 Shabnam Tolouei
 Goli Taraghi

V
 Fariba Vafi

Y

 Mehri Yalfani

Z
Gol-Mohammad Zhowandai

See also
Persian literature
List of Iranian writers
List of Persian-language poets and authors

Short story writers
Iranian

Persian-language writers


title: Wojciech Krzemiński

text:
Wojciech Krzemiński (20 May 1933 – 5 August 2017) was a Polish astronomer and a retired professor of Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center of Polish Academy of Sciences. He worked many years for the Carnegie Institution for Science Observatories.

Biography
Wojciech Krzemiński was a student of professors Stefan Piotrowski and Włodzimierz Zonn. In the early 1960s he was active in Lick Observatory and Lowell Observatory in USA, and at the end of the 1960s he received a scholarship at Carnegie Institution. In 1973, he left – as the first Polish astronomer – to Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. In the 1970s Krzemiński actively collaborated with professors Bohdan Paczyński and Józef Smak. In the 1980s he received an offer to take over as administrator or "resident astronomer" of Las Campanas, position which he held for 16 years. He lived many years in La Serena in Chile and returned to Poland in 2011.

Scientific achievements
Wojciech Krzemiński was one of the first observers, who in the 1960s demonstrated the dual nature of cataclysmic variables. Together with Joseph Taste suggested that these objects are in process of accretion of matter and correctly interpret their light curve change as coming from the accretion disk impacted through a narrow stream of matter flowing through the inner Lagrange point of less massive component of binary star system.

Also in the 1960s, he performed accurate measurements of the brightness of dwarf novae like U Geminorum, discovered on 4 December 1961. The marked eclipse of U Geminorum repeated with a period of 4 hours 14 minutes and 45 seconds for the first time clearly demonstrating that we are dealing with a double system.

In his original model Krzemiński interpreted the observed changes in the light curve as a consequence of the uneven luminous surface of a white dwarf. Soon, however, it turned out that in the case of U Geminorum it is not a white dwarf that is obscured. Correct model of the system was introduced by Józef Smak, which is for a binary system containing a white dwarf and filling Roche surface of star in main sequence, made the accretion disc and the so-called "hot spot" that is the place where accreting matter collides with the disc. It is the emergence of "hot spots" behind the disc and its eclipse by the secondary component that was responsible for the unusual appearance of the light curve of U Geminorum.

In 1964, Krzemiński and Robert Kraft discovered that the star WZ Sagittae (WZ Sge) is a cataclysmic new dwarf of circulation one hour and 22 minutes. This system is interesting in that it erupts approximately every 11,000 days, increasing in brightness by over a thousand. The outbreak is most likely caused by the instability of the accretion disc, which causes periodic falling on the surface of the white dwarf significantly larger portion of matter.

Krzemiński also discovered the optical companion of X-ray pulsar Centaurus X-3, which was named Krzemiński's Star in his honor.

He was also one of the first astronomers who correctly interpreted the nature of polar stars like AM Herculis.

Membership in organizations
He was a member of Polish Astronomical Society, including in the years 1951-1961 when he was secretary of the board.

References

1933 births
2017 deaths
20th-century Polish astronomers
21st-century Polish astronomers
Scientists from Warsaw


title: Four Years

text:
Four Years or 4 Years may refer to:

 "Four Years", a song by Jon McLaughlin from OK Now
 "Four Years", a song by The Story So Far from Under Soil and Dirt
 Olympiad, period of four years associated with the Olympic Games of the Ancient Greeks
 Four-year plan, a series of economic measures initiated by Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany in 1936
 4 Years (film), a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language film

See also


title: Abell 36

text:
Abell 36 is a planetary nebula located 780 light years away in the constellation of Virgo.

References

External links

 ESO Press Release from 22 January 2019

Abell 36
36
Virgo (constellation)


title: Harper Row

text:
Bluebird (Harper Row) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, primarily in association with Batman. Harper Row was created by writer Scott Snyder and artist Greg Capullo, first appearing in Batman (vol. 2) #7 (March 2012), before debuting as Bluebird in Batman #28 (February 2014). Harper Row's Bluebird identity was designed by artist Dustin Nguyen. Within the fictional DC Universe, Harper Row officially joins Batman's group of allies during the events of Batman Eternal, a year-long weekly maxiseries.

Instead of taking on the mantle of Robin, which is traditionally that of Batman's sidekick, Harper Row instead adopts an entirely new superhero identity, Bluebird. Her appearance marks the arrival of the first new "Bat-family" character in Batman comics since DC relaunched its entire line in 2011 as part of its The New 52 publishing event.

Fallon Smythe portrays Harper Row in Gotham Knights.

Publication history
Harper Row first appeared as an unnamed cameo in Batman (vol. 2) #1 (September 2011). She later made her first full appearance in Batman (vol. 2) #7 (March 2012), where it is noted that she and Batman have met before. Their previous encounter was detailed in Batman #12 (Oct. 2012), illustrated by Becky Cloonan; this issue marked the first time a female artist has worked on the Batman title. Harper Row next appeared in Detective Comics (vol. 2) #21 (August 2013), the first time a writer other than Snyder has written her.

In Batman (vol. 2) #28 (April 2014), a sneak peek into the future of Batman Eternal, Harper Row makes her debut as Batman's new sidekick Bluebird.

Scott Snyder reportedly based Bluebird on a design created by the daughter of prominent cosplayer Kyrax2. "Harper & Row" was also the name of the major American publishing firm Harper from 1962 to 1990.

Fictional character biography
In early issues featuring Harper Row, she is introduced as a streetwise young woman from the Narrows, one of the roughest neighborhoods in Batman's locale of Gotham City. She and her brother Cullen Row are also revealed to be from a broken family with a deceased mother named Miranda and a deadbeat father named Marcus who would later end up in jail. With such humble beginnings, Row did not seem naturally inclined to be a hero. In fact, she made her first appearance stealing food from a Wayne charity gala. However, her life changed when she saved her brother Cullen from being gay-bashed. After the bullies managed to butcher Cullen's hair with a pair of scissors and Harper used a taser on one of them, they were saved by Batman who defeated the bullies and frightened the remaining one off. Batman's intervention left a lasting impression on the young woman. In addition to shaving her own head in solidarity with her brother, Harper began trying to learn more about Batman to assist him in his fight against crime in Gotham. She even managed to discover the devices Batman uses to disable the city's security cameras, and improved them with technology of her own design.

Her efforts only earned the Batman's ire; at one point he rewarded Harper's attempts at helping him by breaking her nose. The next day Harper visits Bruce Wayne at Wayne Tower and shows him plans that she thinks will help Batman. To her surprise, Bruce agrees. That night, Batman tracks Harper and apologizes to her. She tells him she may not know the details, but she knows he's going through a lot of pain (the death of Damian Wayne). She also reminds Batman what he means to the city with a touching and personal story. The issue concludes with Harper's message to Batman broadcast on Wayne Tower. It's one simple word taught to Harper by her mother before her death: "RESOLVE", which just so happens to begin with the letter "R".  Even saving Batman's life by pulling his unconscious body out of Gotham Bay and restarting his heart using only jumper cables and a car battery failed to win him over.

In Batman Eternal, Harper stows away on board Tim Drake's plane and, over the course of the series, gains his trust. In issue #41, she suits up as Bluebird for the first time to rescue her brother Cullen; Red Robin and his allies Batgirl and Red Hood are caught up in a trap, leaving it up to her. Despite setbacks in her relationship with Batman himself, a near-future flash forward shows that Row eventually manages to overcome Batman's reservations and joins him in fighting crime as Bluebird.

During Batman & Robin Eternal, Harper's mother was murdered by Cassandra Cain, who is eventually revealed to be acting as an agent of 'Mother', a villain who manipulates traumatised children on the grounds that she will make them stronger through trauma (although Cassandra had been sent to kill both of Harper's parents and only killed her mother before she found she could not do it). Mother had Harper's mother murdered as part of a plan to 'offer' Harper to Batman as the perfect Robin; Batman had made contact with her to try and expose her long-term agenda and believed that he was meant to kill the parents of the new Robin Mother had chosen for him, when actually he was just sent after two of Mother's other disciples as a test of his loyalty to her ideals while Harper's parents were attacked in Gotham. Despite recognising Harper's qualities would make her an ideal partner, at the time Batman simply forced her surviving father to take responsibility for his role as a parent as he did not want to benefit from Mother's plan, never revealing the truth even after Harper began working with him as Bluebird. Mother attempts to win Harper to her point of view by arguing that her own family fell apart so that she had to rise up on her own, offering to let Harper kill Cassandra Cain after revealing that Cassandra was the one who killed her mother, but Harper rejects that idea, proclaiming that she grew up because her mother supported and recognised her desire for a better life rather than trying to make Harper be what her mother believed would work. Following Mother's defeat, Harper assures the returned Batman that she understands his reasons for not telling her about his history with Mother and his indirect role in her mother's death, but recent events have prompted her to go to college to receive official qualifications for her electrician skills and explore a life outside of the vigilante role, although Batman assures her as she leaves that Bluebird will always be welcome in Gotham if she decides to suit up again.

In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth", which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". Harper is a supporting character in James Tynion's run on Detective Comics, where she works as a medical volunteer at Leslie Thompkins' clinic, and is a friend of Cain (Orphan) and Brown (Spoiler). She also accompanies Batwoman, Spoiler, Orphan and Batwing to investigate the Victim Syndicate.

During the "Joker War" storyline, Harper takes on the mantle of Bluebird once again as Joker's new sidekick Punchline's influence starts affecting Gotham's youngsters, including her brother Cullen.

Alternate versions

DC Bombshells
In an alternate history version of World War II, Harper Row is a teenage auto mechanic who works at a garage with Kathy Duquesne and Nell Little. She is shown to be a massive fan of Batwoman. During Batwoman's absence in Gotham, Harper along with Kathy and Nell form a team of Batgirls to protect the city. The Batgirls, joined by Alysia Yeoh and Bette Kane get into the Pinkey Orphanage to save Harper's brother, Cullen, and the rest of the orphans, who have been used to work on robots for the devious plans of Headmistress Webb. They later welcome Tim Drake, Cullen Row and Felicity Smoak into the team, and create a Bat family.

In other media

Television
 Harper Row appears in Young Justice, voiced by Zehra Fazal. Introduced in the third season, this version is a rebellious, teenage loner and classmate of Halo and Forager who regularly suffers abuse from her alcoholic father alongside her brother Cullen until Miss Martian eventually takes them to child protective services. As of the fourth season, the Rows were adopted by Snapper and Bethany Carr. Harper and Halo later become a couple in the fourth season finale.
 Harper Row appears in Gotham Knights, portrayed by Fallon Smythe. This version is a friend of Duela with her engineering abilities remaining intact. When operating in the "Gotham Knights", she developed a rivalry with Stephanie Brown until the episode "Daddy Issues" where she helps Stephanie stand up against her mother Crystal Brown. They later developed a romantic relationship.

Video games
 Harper Row / Bluebird was originally set to appear as a playable character in Injustice 2, but was cut for unknown reasons.

References

Characters created by Greg Capullo
Comics characters introduced in 2011
DC Comics martial artists
Fictional characters with electric or magnetic abilities
DC Comics superheroes
Fictional hackers
Superhero detectives
DC Comics female superheroes
Fictional acrobats
Fictional electrical engineers
Fictional female engineers
Fictional marksmen and snipers
Fictional bisexual women
DC Comics LGBT superheroes
Vigilante characters in comics
DC Comics sidekicks


title: 1993 Tampa Bay Storm season

text:
The  Tampa Bay Storm season was the seventh season for the Arena Football League franchise. They finished 9–1 in the Southern Division, tied with the Orlando Predators, but Orlando won the division due to having scored more points than the Storm. The Storm would later beat Orlando in the league semi-final then win ArenaBowl VII against the Detroit Drive.

Regular season

Schedule

Standings

z – clinched homefield advantage

y – clinched division title

x – clinched playoff spot

Playoffs

Roster

Awards

References

External links
1993 Tampa Bay Storm season at arenafan.com

1993 Arena Football League season
Tampa Bay Storm seasons
ArenaBowl champion seasons
1993 in sports in Florida


Super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) is a post-processing method for the calculation of super-resolved images from recorded image time series that is based on the temporal correlations of independently fluctuating fluorescent emitters.

SOFI has been developed for super-resolution of biological specimen that are labelled with independently fluctuating fluorescent emitters (organic dyes, fluorescent proteins). In comparison to other super-resolution microscopy techniques such as STORM or PALM that rely on single-molecule localization and hence only allow one active molecule per diffraction-limited area (DLA) and timepoint, SOFI does not necessitate a controlled photoswitching and/ or photoactivation as well as long imaging times. Nevertheless, it still requires fluorophores that are cycling through two distinguishable states, either real on-/off-states or states with different fluorescence intensities. In mathematical terms SOFI-imaging relies on the calculation of cumulants, for what two distinguishable ways exist. For one thing an image can be calculated via auto-cumulants that by definition only rely on the information of each pixel itself, and for another thing an improved method utilizes the information of different pixels via the calculation of cross-cumulants. Both methods can increase the final image resolution significantly although the cumulant calculation has its limitations. Actually SOFI is able to increase the resolution in all three dimensions.

Principle

Likewise to other super-resolution methods SOFI is based on recording an image time series on a CCD- or CMOS camera. In contrary to other methods the recorded time series can be substantially shorter, since a precise localization of emitters is not required and therefore a larger quantity of activated fluorophores per diffraction-limited area is allowed. The pixel values of a SOFI-image of the n-th order are calculated from the values of the pixel time series in the form of a n-th order cumulant, whereas the final value assigned to a pixel can be imagined as the integral over a correlation function. The finally assigned pixel value intensities are a measure of the brightness and correlation of the fluorescence signal. Mathematically, the n-th order cumulant is related to the n-th order correlation function, but exhibits some advantages concerning the resulting resolution of the image. Since in SOFI several emitters per DLA are allowed, the photon count at each pixel results from the superposition of the signals of all activated nearby emitters. The cumulant calculation now filters the signal and leaves only highly correlated fluctuations. This provides a contrast enhancement and therefore a background reduction for good measure.
As it is implied in the figure on the left the fluorescence source distribution:

is convolved with the system's point spread function (PSF) U(r). Hence the fluorescence signal at time t and position  is given by

Within the above equations N is the amount of emitters, located at the positions  with a time-dependent molecular brightness  where  is a variable for the constant molecular brightness and  is a time-dependent fluctuation function. The molecular brightness is just the average fluorescence count-rate divided by the number of molecules within a specific region. For simplification it has to be assumed that the sample is in a stationary equilibrium and therefore the fluorescence signal can be expressed as a zero-mean fluctuation:

where  denotes time-averaging. The auto-correlation here e.g. the second-order can then be described deductively as follows for a certain time-lag :

From these equations it follows that the PSF of the optical system has to be taken to the power of the order of the correlation. Thus in a second-order correlation the PSF would be reduced along all dimensions by a factor of . As a result, the resolution of the SOFI-images increases according to this factor.

Cumulants versus correlations

Using only the simple correlation function for a reassignment of pixel values, would ascribe to the independency of fluctuations of the emitters in time in a way that no cross-correlation terms would contribute to the new pixel value. Calculations of higher-order correlation functions would suffer from lower-order correlations for what reason it is superior to calculate cumulants, since all lower-order correlation terms vanish.

Cumulant-calculation

Auto-cumulants

For computational reasons it is convenient to set all time-lags in higher-order cumulants to zero so that a general expression for the n-th order auto-cumulant can be found:

 is a specific correlation based weighting function influenced by the order of the cumulant and mainly depending on the fluctuation properties of the emitters.

Albeit there is no fundamental limitation in calculating very high orders of cumulants and thereby shrinking the FWHM of the PSF there are practical limitations according to the weighting of the values assigned to the final image. Emitters with a higher molecular brightness will show a strong increase in terms of the pixel cumulant value assigned at higher-orders as well as this performance can be expected from a diverse appearance of fluctuations of different emitters. A wide intensity range of the resulting image can therefore be expected and as a result dim emitters can get masked by bright emitters in higher-order images:. The calculation of auto-cumulants can be realized in a very attractive way in a mathematical sense. The n-th order cumulant can be calculated with a basic recursion from moments

where K is a cumulant of the index's order, likewise  represents the moments. The term within the brackets indicates a binomial coefficient. This way of computation is straightforward in comparison with calculating cumulants with standard formulas. It allows for the calculation of cumulants with only little time of computing and is, as it is well implemented, even suitable for the calculation of high-order cumulants on large images.

Cross-cumulants

In a more advanced approach cross-cumulants are calculated by taking the information of several pixels into account. Cross-cumulants can be described as follows:

j, l and k are indices for contributing pixels whereas i is the index for the current position. All other values and indices are used as before. The major difference in the comparison of this equation with the equation for the auto-cumulants is the appearance of a weighting-factor . This weighting-factor (also termed distance-factor) is PSF-shaped and depends on the distance of the cross-correlated pixels in a sense that the contribution of each pixels decays along the distance in a PSF-shaped manner. In principle this means that the distance-factor is smaller for pixels that are further apart. The cross-cumulant approach can be used to create new, virtual pixels revealing true information about the labelled specimen by reducing the effective pixel size. These pixels carry more information than pixels that arise from simple interpolation.

In addition the cross-cumulant approach can be used to estimate the PSF of the optical system by making use of the intensity differences of the virtual pixels that is due to the "loss" in cross-correlation as aforementioned. Each virtual pixel can be re-weighted with the inverse of the distance-factor of the pixel leading to a restoration of the true cumulant value. At last the PSF can be used to create a resolution dependency of n for the nth-order cumulant by re-weighting the "optical transfer function" (OTF). This step can also be replaced by using the PSF for a deconvolution that is associated with less computational cost.

Cross-cumulant calculation requires the usage of a computational much more expensive formula that comprises the calculation of sums over partitions. This is of course owed to the combination of different pixels to assign a new value. Hence no fast recursive approach is usable at this point. For the calculation of cross-cumulants the following equation can be used:

In this equation P denotes the amount of possible partitions, p denotes the different parts of each partition. In addition i is the index for the different pixel positions taken into account during the calculation what for F is just the image stack of the different contributing pixels. The cross-cumulant approach facilitates the generation of virtual pixels depending on the order of the cumulant as previously mentioned. These virtual pixels can be calculated in a particular pattern from the original pixels for a 4th-order cross-cumulant image, as it is depicted in the lower image, part A. The pattern itself arises simple from the calculation of all possible combinations of the original image pixels A, B, C and D. Here this was done by a scheme of "combinations with repetitions". Virtual pixels exhibit a loss in intensity that is due to the correlation itself. Part B of the second image depicts this general dependency of the virtual pixels on the cross-correlation. To restore meaningful pixel values the image is smoothed by a routine that defines a distance-factor for each pixel of the virtual pixel grid in a PSF-shaped manner and applies the inverse on all image pixels that are related to the same distance-factor.

References

Microscopy
Image processing
Covariance and correlation


title: Third VA-95 (U.S. Navy)

text:
The third VA-95 established April 1, 1972 and reclaiming the original "Green Lizards" name, the first VA-95 being established in 1943, as an Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy. The second squadron was established on 1 April 1950, renamed the "Skyknights",.  The unit returned to the name "Green Lizards" and was disestablished on 31 October 1995.

History

1970s
In April 1973, the squadron provided support for Operation End Sweep, the clearing of mine fields along the coast of North Vietnam.

Aircraft from VA-95 would participate in Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of American personnel from Saigon. The squadron provided armed escort flights over the Saigon area for protection of the helicopters conducting the evacuation.

On 15 May 1975, The squadron participated in the recovery of the American merchant ship SS Mayaguez following its capture by Cambodian gunboats. The squadron flew sorties in support of the Marine landings on Koh Tang Island and retaliatory strikes against Cambodian targets. Squadron aircraft struck the airfield and naval facility at Ream, Cambodia. The squadron's KA-6D aircraft were used to provide tanker support for the combat sorties.

1980s
Between 18–19 April 1988, Flying off the , the squadron participated in Operation Praying Mantis, retaliatory strikes against Iran after  struck an Iranian mine in international waters. Squadron aircraft attacked Iranian Boghammar speedboats, using Rockeye cluster bombs. They sunk one and damaged another.

Later in the day, the Iranian frigate [[Iranian frigate Sahand|Sahand''']] fired missiles at two of the squadron’s aircraft while they were flying a surface combat air patrol for . The aircraft evaded the missiles and returned fire with two AGM-84 Harpoons and four laser-guided Skipper bombs. This attack was followed by a Harpoon firing from Joseph Strauss. The attack against the Sahand left her blazing. Eventually the fires reached her magazines, and the final explosions lead to her sinking.

Following this action the sister ship of the Sahand, the Sabalan, left port and engaged several of the squadron’s aircraft, firing a missile at them. One of the squadron’s A-6s responded with a laser-guided bomb that hit Sabalan, and she went dead in the water. The Sabalan was taken in tow by an Iranian tug, her fantail partially submerged. VA-95’s aircraft were ordered not to continue the attack. The squadron continued to fly combat sorties during 19 April but no other action resulted.

 1990s
In October–November 1990, during the s cruise from the East to West Coast via Cape Horn, the squadron participated in joint exercises with the Argentinean, Chilean, and Ecuadorian Armed Forces. During their 1993 with the Lincoln, the squadron participated in Operation Southern Watch in Iraq and Continue Hope in Somalia.

Home port assignments
The squadron was assigned NAS Whidbey Island.

Aircraft assignment
The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown:
 A-6A Intruder – 1972
 A-6B Intruder – 1972
 KA-6D Intruder – 1972
 A-6E Intruder – 4 February 1976
 A-6E SWIP Intruder  –'' 1993

See also
 VA-95 (U.S. Navy)
 Second VA-95 (U.S. Navy)
 Attack aircraft
 List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons
 History of the United States Navy

References

Attack squadrons of the United States Navy
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons
Military units and formations disestablished in 1995


title: Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia

text:
The Hospital of the Holy Spirit () is the oldest hospital in Europe, located in Rome, Italy. It now serves as a convention center. The complex lies in rione Borgo, east of Vatican City and next to the modern Ospedale di Santo Spirito (which continues its tradition). The hospital was established on the site of the former Schola Saxonum, a part of the complex houses of the Museo Storico.

Premise

Christian brotherhood
Christianity gave rise to a new philanthropic feeling in men, as evidenced by the words of Tertullian; "We are like brothers by right of nature, our common Mother". Tertullian himself railes against the pagans and their way of treating the sick, mostly left to their ungrateful fate. It is reasonable, therefore, to attribute the birth of hospitals to the push given by Christianity which, even in the darkness of the Catacombs, did not fail to "be towards the most needy". And so the feeling of love, charity, piety and concern for the sick received a healthy and lively impulse with the change of perspective offered by the Christian religion. This feeling finally turned into practice in 325 AD with the First Council of Nicaea in Bithynia where the 300 or more of bishops gathered there established that "in every city houses called Xenodochi and hospices for pilgrims should be built, for the poor and for the sick." These dwellings were entrusted to the bishops of the various dioceses: each of them was considered "father of the poor" and in this regard we find in the Apostolic Constitutions "O bishop, take care of the poor, as a minister of God, distributing to everyone the necessary time, to widows, orphans, derelicts, the sick and the unfortunate". After the First Council of Nicaea the Church was strongly committed to the creation of brephotrophs for exposed infants, orphanages, gerontocomia for the non self-sufficient elderly, as well as Xenodochi and Nosocomi, for pilgrims.

History

From the Schola of the Saxons to the birth of the Hospital

The early edifice of the Hospital of Santo Spirito in Saxia was the Schola, erected by the King of Wessex Ine (689-726). At the beginning of the eight century the Schola had been conceived to host the Anglo-Saxon pilgrims visiting Rome, and in particular its innumerable holy places, like the tomb of Saint Peter. Bede wrote that "Nobles and plebeians, men and women, warriors and artisans came from Britannia". This pilgrimage lasted centuries; in that period Rome enjoyed such a fame that at least ten sovereigns are known to have come ad limina Apostolorum the first of them was Cædwalla, King of the Western Saxons (685-688). Following the foundation of the Schola, the whole quarter took an exotic character, so that it was known as the "town of Saxons"; even now the right bank of the Tiber is called Borgo (Italian for "village").

At the beginning of the pontificate of Leo IV, a violent fire - portrayed by Raphael in the fresco "The Fire in the Borgo" - devastated the quarter of the Saxons and also damaged the Scholae of the Frisians, the Lombards, the Franks and the Saxons themselves, coming to affect St. Peter's Basilica. Such an extended fire had to be malicious: it was probably set on by Saracens, penetrated up the river. Pope Leo IV looked after the reconstruction of the Church of Santa Maria in Saxia and of the Schola of the Saxons, in which many kings of Northern Europe, like Burgred of Mercia, or the Prince Alfred the Great, found rest after an exhausting journey.

A prosperous period followed; but, due to historical events such as the Norman invasion of England in 1066 and the beginning of the Crusades, which routed the crowds of pilgrims towards other destinations, the institution declined and just maintained its name. Innocent III was the Pope who brought it back to the top, modifying it and making it one of the most famous hospitals in the world. Furthermore, on November 25, 1198 he approved and recommended the Order of the Hospitallers, through the bull “Religiosam vitam”, by which he welcomed Guy de Montpellier and the institution he had founded under the protection of the Vatican.

In order to protect and uphold the orphan children, Innocent III dedicated them a new institution, the renowned ruota degli esposti ("baby hatch"), where the abandoned children were left.

Soon afterward Reginald, Bishop of Chartres, offered to the Hospital - at that time called Santa Maria in Saxia - a prebendary of his church. Thanks to the consecration of this new institution, Innocent III created a statute of rules for the Order of the Hospitallers, who was entrusted with the management and the safeguard of the Hospital, under the control of Guy de Montpellier.

In 1201 the same Pope endowed to the Hospital of Santa Maria the church with the same name and its incomes. This deed sanctioned the birth of the Venerable Roman Hospital of the Holy Spirit in Saxia, while the bordering church became a hospitality shelter. At the beginning of its existence, the new structure only consisted of a rectangular aisle enlightened by little windows, with a capacity of 300 patients and 600 indigents.

The Hospital received conspicuous donations, like the ones by the King of England John Lackland, who granted "the donation of the Church of Wirtel and of its incomes as an endowment to the Hospital", or the ones by the Pope himself, who erected new edifices alongside of the new institute and, starting from January 1208, granted to the new structure the privilege of "Sacred Station" on the Sunday following the eighth Epiphany, thus increasing the zeal of the faithful. The celebration was accompanied by a procession and a solemn ceremony, after which the Pope donated 3 dinars to the members of the Hospital and to 1000 poor men. It was a very important event, that gathered the people into the rising institute. The Pope pronounced a very significant homily, that began with the words taken from the Gospel of John: "On the third day a wedding took place at Cana in Galilee. Jesus’ mother was there, and Jesus and his disciples had also been invited to the wedding [...]".

The Roman Hospital was enlarged by many Popes and, century after century, it gained greatness and splendour, so that Pope Pius VI could proclaim it "The throne of Catholic Charity".

Guy de Montpellier
Guy de Montpellier is known as a knight templar, coming from the Montpellier family of the counts of Guillaume. He built in his native town an Hospital House, that rose in the area now called Pyla-Saint-Gely, and founded a regular order of Hospitallers Friars (1170), consecrated to give assistance to infirm, abandoned children and whoever needed help and cares. Documents dating back to the decade 1180-90 prove that the Hospital of Montpellier already had great importance, such as the new Hospitallers order. These documents show the existence of 6 Houses of the Holy Spirit all over France, following the model of Montpellier. By giving rise to the Holy Spirit organization, Guy wanted that ”the assistance and care were free from the cold-heartedness of a paid service, and raised up to the degree of a sacred duty, deserving to be compared to the pureness of the Apostles and early Christianity age”. The future Pope Innocent III, during his stay in France, had had the opportunity of admiring this effective institution and commented: "Here the hungry are fed, the poor are dressed, the orphan children are fed, the infirm are rendered the necessities and all kind of consolation is given to the poor. Therefore The Master and the Friars of the Holy Spirit should not be called hosts of the poor, but their servants, and they are the real poor men, as they charitably share the necessity to the indigent".

As soon as he ascended the papal throne, Innocent III publicly celebrated the institution of the Houses of the Holy Spirit: ”Through hard informations we know that the Hospital of the Holy Spirit, founded in Montpellier by our beloved son Friar Guy, shines over all the other hospitals in terms of Religion and practice of the greatest hospital charity, as all the ones that experienced it can testify”. Innocent III esteemed Guy insomuch as to appoint him commissioner against the heretics in France. With the 1198 bull he confirmed the foundation of the Hospitallers and placed them under his protection, together with all the French branches and the ones that were rising in Rome, such as Santa Maria in Trastevere and Sant’Agata on the Via Aurelia. The yearning of Guy was lucky enough to meet the thought of Innocent III. The Pope himself, in a letter to the bishops of France, proclaimed Guy as a “God-fearing man, dedicated to the good works”.

Arrival of Sixtus IV

In 1471 the Hospital suffered an imposing fire that led it to a crumbling condition. Sixtus IV (1471-1484), visiting the Hospital soon after his election, described it: “the falling walls, the narrow, gloomy  edifices, without air and whichever comfort, look like a place intended for the captivity rather than health recovery”. He decided the immediate rebuilt, in view of the Jubilee of 1475. Thanks to Sixtus IV, the hospital enjoyed a real rebirth, thus becoming the most important place for scientific research: it hosted famous doctors, such as Giovanni Tiracorda, the personal doctor of Clement X, Lancisi and Baglivi, who conducted important medical projects. Furthermore, within the Antica Spezieria (Italian for "Ancient Spicery"), the use of quina bark was first experimented for the treatment of malaria.

In religious terms, the hospital could relish the presence of such personalities as St. Philip Neri and St. Camillus de Lellis. Finally, the importance of the Anatomical theatre can not be overlooked: it summoned such artists and scientists as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli, who reproduced the façade of the hospital in the background of the fresco “Jesus cleansing a leper”.

Former Rule of Santo Spirito

The Hospitaller Order is based on its Rule, consisting of 105 short chapters, many of which extensively recall the duties of former religious orders. Two examples of the Rule of Santo Spirito have been conserved: one is in the National Archive of Rome, the other in the archive of the hospital of Dijon, both dating back to the fifteenth century. This Rule is effectively appropriate to the hospital framework, pervaded with discipline and unselfishness, and thoroughly clarifies the progression of the everyday life in the hospital. It is especially noticeable that most of the chapters have the purpose to make the stay of the ill in the structure more comfortable and healthy. For instance, Chapter 1 says that all goods belong to everybody and that "Nobody shall dare saying that a thing is his own", while Chapter 15 says "The spirit of charity shall be a constant rule" and Chapter 33 contains scrupulous rules about clothing provision and orphans breeding.

Hospitals of Santo Spirito between 12th and 13th centuries
At the end of the 12th century, two hospitals of the Order of Santo Spirito worked in Rome: the first one was the subject of this item, while the second one rose close to the Church of Sant’Agata, at the door of the town; another hospital of the same Order rose in the same century close to the church of San Biagio in Orte. At the end of the 13th century the Hospitals of Santo Spirito amounted about to a hundred, the majority of which in Lazio, but also in Umbria, Abruzzo, Marche, Tuscany and Kingdom of Naples. The most famous and important ones, besides the mother house in Rome, were the ones in Florence, Milan, Foligno, Pozzuoli and Viterbo.

Modern period
In 1605, to ensure a more organized management of the Hospital's properties and its continued finances, Pope Paul V supported the institution of the Banco di Santa Spirito.  In the seventeenth century it had its seat in the banking quarter near the head of the Ponte Sant'Angelo.

Santo Spirito had become the flagship charitable organization and principal hospital of Rome.  At the end of the eighteenth century the Hospital retained a considerable property of more than 37,070 acres (15,000 hectares).  It comprised numerous estates, of which the chief ones were Santa Severa, Palidoro, and Castel di Guido.  In 1896 the formerly separate administrations of the other Roman hospitals were unified with that of Santo Spirito under the corporate name "Pio Istituto di Santo Spirito ed Ospedali riuniti di Roma," forming the largest hospital complex in Europe.  Dissolved in 1976, its entire endowment was transferred to the Comune di Roma in 1981.

Present day
Since 2000 the monumental complex has become one of the congress centres of Rome and is managed by Giubilarte s.r.l. It houses conventions, gala dinners, fashion shows and art exhibitions.

The complex of Santo Spirito in Sassia belongs to the association "Historic Conference Centres of Europe" and is a supporting member of the Healthcare Convention and Exhibitors Association.

Complex

Corsia Sistina

The Corsia Sistina (Italian for "Sixtine Aisle"), erected for the will of Sixtus IV after grieves, sacks and fires, is the main building of the hospital. Surmounted by an octagonal tower, the Corsia is an immense hall, 340 ft long and 40 ft wide, divided into two sections separated by a lantern: the two rooms were called "Lower Wing" and "Upper Wing". The lantern, that puts the rooms into contact, has two levels: on the outer side it shows two- and three-mullioned windows, ascribed to the architect Giovanni Pietro Ghirlanducci from Parma, while the internal side is decorated with shell-shaped niches, housing statues of the Apostles, and barrel-vaulted intradosses with coffers, arguably due to the florentine architect and ébéniste Giovannino de' Dolci. In the middle of the lantern rises an altar, probably the only Roman work by Andrea Palladio; behind the altar formerly there was a pipe organ, whose music gladdened the ill during their stay. In the prostyle of the lantern there is one of the two main entrances of the ancient Sixtine hospital; it has a double gate: the inner one, called "Gate of Paradise", is ascribed to Andrea Bregno. Close to the gate of Bregno there is the ruota degli esposti (baby hatch), created by Innocent III for the reception of the orphans. The other entrance of the hospital, portrayed by Sandro Botticelli into a fresco of the Sistine Chapel, is preceded by a large portico with octagonal pillars.

In 1478, the walls of the Corsia were frescoed with a frieze made by more than fifty scenes, depicting the origins of the hospital of Innocent III and the most important episodes of the life of Sixtus IV. The fresco was painted by artists of the so-called "Umbro-Roman School", such as Melozzo da Forlì, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Pinturicchio and Antoniazzo Romano.
The cycle of the frescoes, depicting the origin of the hospital and a few episodes about Innocent III, starts from the east wall and continues till the south wall; here starts the depiction of the life and deeds of Sixtus IV. The most important episodes include the killing of the kids thrown into the Tiber, the dream of Innocent III and the fishermen showing kids corpses to Innocent III. The dream described in the fresco was the one that persuaded Innocent III to found the Schola of the Saxons, the former seat of the Hospital.

The complex of the Ospedale di Santo Spirito lies over an area that, in ancient Rome, was occupied by the villa of Agrippina the Elder (wife of Germanicus and mother of Caligula): in some rooms below the Corsia Sistina, remains of opus reticulatum walls, mosaic floors, carved marbles and frescoes are still visible.

Cloisters of the Friars and of the Nuns
After building the "Lower Wing" of the Corsia Sistina, Pope Sixtus IV erected two religious edifices at the service of the foundation, one for the friars and the other for the nuns. Both edifices overlook a rectangular cloister, bordered by a double loggia with arches resting on ionic columns; the refectory and the kitchen were in common. The two cloisters, though very similar at all appearances, nevertheless show subtle but substantial differences: the Cloister of the Nuns has an additional arch and shows the coat of arms of Sixtus IV on the transom of the doors and windows; the same coat of arms is also visible in the middle of the groin vaults in the corners. Furthermore, in 1479 some rooms within the edifice of the nuns were used as an hospice for the nobles and later for the nurses taking care of the abandoned children. In 1791 twelve columns of the Cloister of the Friars and ten columns of the Cloister of the Nuns were removed by the nephews of Pius VI, who re-employed them in the Honour Grand Staircase of Palazzo Braschi.

In the middle of both cloisters a fountain rises: the most important is the one in the Cloister of the Nuns, called "Fountain of the Dolphins", an example of refined 16th-century elegance, attributable to Baccio Pontelli.

In addition to the Cloisters of the Friars and of the Nuns, the hospital has a third cloister, located within the porticoes of the "Ancient Conservatory". This cloister is surrounded by a garden with a simple but elegant well in the middle.

Palazzo del Commendatore

Palazzo del Commendatore (Italian for "Palace of the Knight Commander"), a 16th-century enlargement of the complex, was erected under the pontificate of Pius V and dedicated to Monsignor Bernardino Cirillo, Commendatore from 1556 to 1575, regarded as one of the most famous Commendatori of the institute. The palace overlooks a quadrangular courtyard bordered by a double loggia with arches resting on doric columns in the lower loggia and on ionic columns in the upper one. The ceiling of the lower portico is a ribbed vault, the one of the upper portico is wooden; the area of the courtyard houses an impluvium, on the model of the houses in ancient Rome. The central arch of the lower loggia hosts a fountain erected by Paul V as a decoration for the Palace of the Vatican and later moved to the Palazzo del Commendatore by Alexander VII. The upper loggia, in correspondence to the fountain, shows a big clock surrounded by the coat of arms of the family of Cardinal Ludovico Gazzoli. The face of the clock is framed by the figure of a snake touching its own tail, symbol of eternity; on both sides there is a cross with two horizontal axes, symbol of the Holy Spirit.

On the left of the main entrance of the courtyard there is the door of the ancient Spezieria (spicery) of the Hospital, lately restored and still containing its wonderful and a rich collection of fine pictures.

On the right of the main entrance are the Accademia Lancisiana and the grand staircase, giving access to the first floor of the Palazzo and to the upper loggia, which shows a plaster impression of a low-relief by Antonio Canova depicting a lesson of anatomy. The walls of the upper loggia are entirely decorated with frescoes commissioned by Cardinal Teseo Aldrovandi to the painter Ercole Pelillo from Salerno; they show landscapes, panoplies and grotesques.

The loggia gives access, through a double doorway, to the Apartment of the Commendatore, consisting of many rooms decorated with magnificent tapestries, ancient furniture and sculptures, among which a Virgin with the Child by Andrea del Verrocchio. The most eminent room is the Gala Hall, called Salone del Commendatore; this room was interely frescoed by the brothers Jacopo and Francesco Zucchi, who portrayed the history of the Hospital, from the dream of Pope Innocent III, to Pope Sixtus IV visiting the building sites, up to the whole, diversified endeavour carried out by the Institution (see the paragraph Corsia Sistina). Each scene simulates a tapestry bordered by draperies, on which the coats of arms of Santo Spirito, with its typical "Cross of Lorraine", and of the Aldrovandi family are alternately represented. Finally, the corners of the room are decorated with pictures of festoons and fruits.

Biblioteca Lancisiana

The Room of the Commendatore, as well as the upper loggia, give access to the Biblioteca Lancisiana, founded in 1711 by Giovanni Maria Lancisi, an eminent scholar and the doctor of Pope Innocent XI, who made this library the heart of his project for the promotion of scientific culture.
The library was inaugurated in 1714 in the presence of Pope Clement XI. It is composed of two large halls: the first one has an atrium and a vestibule; the second one, the former part of the library, has 16 wooden shelves. The collections of books comprise the Lancisi collection, made with books donated by the King of France Louis XIV, the Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo III and Prince Fürstenberg. The library also conserves 373 valued manuscripts from 14th to 20th century, among which two parchment codices with Latin translations of texts by Avicenna and the well-known Liber Fraternitatis Sancti Spiritus. A little window, located behind one of the walls of the library, opens up at the level of the frescoes of the Corsia Sistina: it allowed the various Commendatori who managed the Institute to check up on the staff responsible for the care of the sick. In the middle of the main hall of the library there are two magnificent globes made in 1600.

Church
The complex includes the Church of Santo Spirito in Sassia.

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Amoroso,  Maria Lucia (1998). Il complesso monumentale di Santo Spirito in Saxia - Corsia Sistina e Palazzo del Commendatore, Newton & Compton editori, Rome 1998.
 Cappelletti, V.; and Tagliarini, F., eds (200). L'antico Ospedale di Santo Spirito dall'istituzione papale alla sanità del terzo millennio (Rome, 2001–2002), 2 vols.
Curcio, Giovanna (1998), "L'ampliamento dell'ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia nel quadro della politica di Benedetto XIV per la città di Roma," in: D. B. Maiano (ed.), Benedetto XIV e le arti del disegno, (Rome: Quasar 1998), pp. 177–232.

External links

Buildings and structures in Rome
Rome R. XIV Borgo
Hospitals in Rome
Hospitals established in the 8th century


title: Out of a Clear Sky

text:
Out of a Clear Sky is a lost 1918 American silent romantic drama film starring Marguerite Clark and directed by Marshall Neilan. Based upon a novel by Maria Thompson Daviess, Famous Players–Lasky produced the film and Paramount Pictures distributed.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, Celeste (Clark), Countess of Bersek et Krymm, a self-willed Belgian maiden, refuses to be used as a pawn of state to further the political ambitions of her scheming Uncle Dyreck (Ratcliffe), who has ordered her to marry a German prince. When he insists, Celeste slips away with her governess and steams to New York City. Uncle Dyreck follows and begs her to return to Belgium, but she refuses. She goes to Tennessee followed by her persistent relative, and ultimately finds herself alone and friendless in a mountain gorge. A prey to despair, she is discovered by Robert Lawrence (Meighan), a wealthy land owner, who promises to help her. Learning that Uncle Dyreck is in the vicinity, Robert leaves Celeste and seeks him out to throw him off the scent. In his absence, Celeste goes to a cabin and is prevailed upon by a boy to visit his granny in the mountains. They scarcely had left the cabin when it is hit by lightning and destroyed. On his return, Robert finds fragments of Celeste's dress and believes she died in the cabin. He finds her later, and tells her that he can rid her of her uncle by showing him the charred remains of her dress and saying that she died. Celeste approves of the plan and Uncle Dyreck gives up his search. Robert and Celeste plight their troth.

Cast
Marguerite Clark as Countess Celeste de Bersek et Krymm
Thomas Meighan as Robert Lawrence
E. J. Ratcliffe as Uncle Dyreck (credited as E. J. Radcliffe)
Bobby Connelly as Bill
Raymond Bloomer as Crown Prince
Robert Dudley as Father
Walter P. Lewis as Steve
Maggie Fisher as Granny White (credited as Maggie H. Fisher)
Helen Montrose as Jane Forsythe
Robert Vivian as Valet
Nell Clark Keller as Mamie
Mercedes de Cordoba as Uncredited

References

External links

Daviess, Maria Thompson, Out of a Clear Sky; a Novel, New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1917 edition, on the Internet Archive

1918 films
American silent feature films
Lost American romantic drama films
Films directed by Marshall Neilan
Films based on American novels
Paramount Pictures films
1918 romantic drama films
American black-and-white films
1910s American films
Silent American romantic drama films


title: William Cuninghame of Lainshaw

text:
William Cuninghame of Lainshaw (c.1775–1849) was a Scottish landowner, known as a writer on biblical prophecy. He dated the beginning of the reign of Antichrist to 533 A.D., to coincide with a claimed date at which Justinian I gave universal rule to the Papacy, by subtracting 1260 years from the date after the French Revolution at which it was seen to turn against the Roman Catholic Church.

Life
He was the son of William Cunninghame (died 1804), a prosperous tobacco merchant of Glasgow, who in 1779 bought the Lainshaw estate, Stewarton, Ayrshire. Educated at the University of Utrecht, he joined the Bengal civil service of the East India Company. While in India he was influenced by William Carey the Baptist missionary. He returned to Scotland in 1804.

Cuninghame was one of a group of British biblical interpreters of the early 19th century, including also Edward Bickersteth, Thomas Rawson Birks, Joshua William Brooks, and Edward Bishop Elliott, who combined premillennialism with a more traditional historicist reading of prophecy. In this, he followed the earlier influence of Johann Heinrich Alsted in Diatribe mille annis apocalypticis (Frankfurt, 1627), and Joseph Mede in Clavis Apocalypticae. Departing from that traditional historicist hermeneutic, the premillennialism movement came to include futurist and dispensational contributors such as Hugh M'Neile, Edward Irving and John Nelson Darby.

From 1827 Cuninghame served as minister in a congregational church at Stewarton in Ayrshire. In 1839, under pressure from the presbytery of Irvine of the Church of Scotland, he began the "Stewarton case". It led rather directly to the Disruption of 1843.

Works

Remarks upon David Levi's Dissertations on the Prophecies relative to the Messiah, and upon the evidences of the divine character of Jesus Christ ... By an Inquirer calling himself, Talib (1810, anonymous)
A Dissertation on the Seals and Trumpets of the Apocalypse (1813, 1817, 1832)
A Letter to the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews (1814)
The Apostasy of the Church of Rome, and the Identity of the Papal Power: with the Man of Sin and son of perdition of St. Paul's prophecy, in the second epistle to the Thessalonians (1818)
Letters and Essays, Controversial and Critical, on Subjects Connected with the Conversion and National Restoration of Israel. First Published in the Jewish Expositor (1822) A basic principle of Cuninghame's writings was a Jewish restoration in Palestine. He argued that the returned Messiah would reign at Jerusalem, over restored Jews.
The Scheme of Prophetic Arrangement of the Rev. Edward Irving and Mr. Frere Critically Examined; with Some Remarks on the Present Aspect of Affairs in Reference to the Fulfilment of Prophecy (1826)
Strictures on Certain Leading Positions and Interpretations of the Rev. Edward Irving's Lectures on the Apocalypse (1827, 1831)
A Summary View of the Scriptural Argument for the Second and Glorious Advent of Messiah Before the Millenium (1828)
The Doctrine of the Millennial Advent and Reign of Messiah, Vindicated from the Objections of the Edinburgh Theological Magazine ... With an Appendix, Containing Remarks on Dr. Hamilton's Recent Work on Millenarianism (1828). Against William Hamilton of Strathblane.
A Critical Examination of some of the Fundamental Principles of the Rev. George Stanley Faber's Sacred Calendar of Prophecy (1829)
Strictures on Mr. Maitland's four Pamphlets, Vindicating the Protestant Application of Prophecy to the Papacy (1832). Against Samuel Roffey Maitland.
The Pre-millenial Advent of Messiah Demonstrated from the Scriptures: Especially Addressed to the Consideration of the Ministers of Christ (1833)
A Review of the Rev. Dr. Wardlaw's Sermon on the Millennium (1833). Reply to Ralph Wardlaw.
On the Jubilean Chronology of the Seventh Trumpet of the Apocalypse, and the Judgment of the Ancient of Days, Daniel VII. (1834)
A Letter to the Editor of the Investigator; being Strictures on his Review of the Jubilean Chronology in the Investigator for May 1834, and on the Arguments of Maramensis, in the same number, palliating the idolatory and the abominations of Rome papal (1834). To Joshua William Brooks.
The Chronology of Israel and the Jews from the Exodus to the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (1835)
A Synopsis of Chronology from the Era of Creation ... to ... 1837 (1837)
The Septuagint and Hebrew Chronologies tried by the Test of their Internal Scientific Evidence (1838)
The Doctrine of the Millennial Advent and Reign of Messiah: Vindicated from the Objections of the Edinburgh Theological Magazine in a Letter to the Editor of that Magazine (1838)
The Fulness of the Times: being an analysis of the chronology of the seventy (1839)
The Scientific Chronology of the Year 1839 (1839)
A Supplement to the Scientific Chronology of the Year 1839 (1840)
The Season of the End: Being a View of the Scientific Times of the Year 1840 (Computed As Ending on the 30th Adar, March 23d, 1841) (1841)
The Political Destiny of the Earth, as revealed in the Bible (1842)
A Chart of Sacred Chronology: Showing the Greek and Hebrew Chronologies (1843)
The Fulfilling of the Times of the Gentiles, a Conspicuous Sign of the End (1847)
The Angel with the Measuring Line to Measure Jerusalem: Zechariah II. 1, and the Times of the Vision: a Chronological Tract (1848)
The Certain Truth, the Science, and the Authority of the Scriptural Chronology (1849)
A Letter ... on the Necessity of Immediate Measures for the Jewish Colonization of Palestine (1849)

References

External links
Online Books page

1775 births
1849 deaths
Chronologists
Scottish writers
People from Stewarton


title: Świerczewo, Poznań

text:
Świerczewo is a municipal neighborhood of the city of Poznań, Poland.

Neighbourhoods of Poznań


title: Anti-Vivisection Coalition

text:
The Anti-Vivisection Coalition (AVC) is a United Kingdom-based pressure group which campaigns against animal testing. The AVC are described as 'main driver' of the Stop Vivisection Initiative, a petition launched in November 2012 which attracted more than a million signatures. The Stop Vivisection Initiative called upon the European Union to ban animal testing. If the signatures are verified, "the initiative will be granted hearings at the European Commission and the European Parliament".

The AVC attracted local media attention in 2014 for protests against primate testing. The group launched an online petition against the use of taxpayer money for the UK Government funding of primate tests, signed by thousands of people, and criticised Newcastle University's Institute of Neuroscience for conducting experiments on macaques, calling for the UK Government to stop funding the experiments, and calling on Newcastle University to release the animals.

More than fifty people attended a protest outside of the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control in Potters Bar, which the AVC claims continues to test old drugs on animals unnecessarily. The National Institute, in response, described their experiments as "crucial". The AVC also campaigns against Cambridge University's experiments on primates. The group's efforts rejuvenated a prior campaign against the practice, stating:

"2014 marks 10 years since the British people spoke out against sickening primate experiments by stopping a new monkey laboratory being built in Cambridge. This was a call for change, but the government continues to present money from the very people who oppose these tests to fund the vivisectionists who undertake them."

University spokespeople rejected the calls from the AVC to stop the testing, with one saying that "Without animal research, which is only used when there is no alternative, many treatments we take for granted today would not be possible."

On 15 February 2014, members of the AVC gathered outside Senate House in Cambridge to campaign against the university's use of animal testing. The members wore red boiler suits and carried lit torches. A Spokesperson for AVC stated: "Our demonstration at the University of Cambridge was to show the public the sickening face of primate tests, where animals have had their skulls cut open and electrodes implanted into their brains." University spokespeople reiterated their support for animal testing, saying that it "offers the greatest hope of effective treatments for conditions such as cancer, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s, strokes and transplants". In that month, the Anti-Vivisection Coalition also spoke out against experiments taking place at Harwell Science and Innovation Campus.

The group has not posted on Facebook since October 2015, and its website is no longer up. However, the Belgian/Dutch counterpart, Anti-Dierproeven Coalitie, remains active.

See also
Cruelty Free International
List of animal rights groups

References

External links
Official site
Anti-Vivisection Coalition on Facebook

Animal rights organizations
Animal testing in the United Kingdom
Animal welfare organisations based in the United Kingdom
Anti-vivisection organizations
Medical and health organisations based in the United Kingdom
Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom


title: Meredith Averill

text:
Meredith Averill is an American television writer and producer. Born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, Averill graduated from New York University with a degree in screenwriting.

Career
Averill began her career as an assistant to TV writer/producers André Nemec and Josh Appelbaum, then became a writer for the ABC Family mini-series Samurai Girl, ABC's Life on Mars and ABC's Happy Town. Averill then spent three years on CBS's The Good Wife as a writer and producer.

In May 2013 she signed an overall deal with CBS Television Studios, where she was the creator and executive producer of The CW science fiction teen drama Star-Crossed.

After Star-Crossed's cancellation, she then went on to work as a Co-Executive Producer for the CW's Jane the Virgin and CBS's Pure Genius.  She served as the co-showrunner/executive producer for Netflix's series The Haunting of Hill House.

In 2018, Averill came on board as the Co-Showrunner/Executive Producer for Netflix's adaptation of Locke & Key, which she developed for television along with Carlton Cuse and Aron Eli Coleite.

In December 2020, Netflix announced it had picked up Locke & Key for a second and third season and signed Averill to a three-year overall deal.

Filmography

Television
The numbers in writing credits refer to the number of episodes.

Awards
Averill is a two-time Golden Globe nominee and a four-time nominee of the Writers Guild of America Award. She was chosen as one of Variety's Top 10 TV Writers to Watch for 2013. In 2019, she was awarded the Bram Stoker Award for Superior Achievement in a Screenplay for an episode of The Haunting of Hill House she wrote entitled "The Bent-Neck Lady."

References

External links

Living people
American women television writers
American women screenwriters
People from Pottsville, Pennsylvania
Showrunners
Television show creators
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: 2014 La Manga Cup

text:
The 2014 La Manga Cup is an exhibition international club football (soccer) competition featuring football club teams from Europe, which was held in February 2014. All matches were played in La Manga Stadium in La Manga, Spain. This was the seventeenth La Manga Cup.

Teams
The following four clubs participated in the 2014 tournament:

  Aalesund
  Brann
  Sogndal
  Start

Standings

Matches

Winners

References

La Manga Cup
2014


title: St Joseph's College, Mark Cross

text:
St Joseph's College was a Roman Catholic minor seminary in Mark Cross, outside Rotherfield in East Sussex. It was designed by Edward Pugin and the site dates to 1869. It is a Grade II listed building. It has been named by the Victorian Society as a heritage building at risk of disrepair.

St. Michael's Orphanage for Girls
It was originally known as St. Michael's Orphanage for Girls and was built in 1869. The exterior was designed by George Goldie and the interior was designed by E. W. Pugin. It was paid for by a donation from the Duchess of Leeds, wife of Francis D'Arcy-Osborne, 7th Duke of Leeds. The site itself consisted of 54 acres of land and it was run by the Society of the Holy Child Jesus as part of a pair of orphanages, the other one being Mayfield College. In 1903, it was extended to allow for more accommodation in the convent, the extension was designed by Joseph Hansom.

St Joseph's College
In 1925, it was bought by the Archdiocese of Southwark to serve as a minor seminary for St John's Seminary in Wonersh. In 1960, the building was extended to allow for six extra classrooms.

Post-seminary

Legat's School of Ballet
In 1970, it was closed and was bought by a group and it became the Legat's School of Ballet, founded by Nadine Nicolaeva-Legat.

Jameah Islameah School

In 1992, it was bought by a charity called Jameah Islameah. In 2006,  it was raided by Metropolitan Police who believed it was being used as a training camp for terrorists. In 2007, it was closed by the Department for Education and Skills for failing standards. It did not have any pupils at the time.

See also
 St John's Seminary, Wonersh

References

Mark Cross
Mark Cross
Mark Cross
Rotherfield


title: Adriaen de Grijef

text:
Adriaen de Grijef (1657 – 1722), was an 18th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands.

Biography
He was born in Leiden, the son of Jacques de Claeuw. He became a member of the Ghent Guild of St. Luke in 1687, and became a member of the Antwerp guild in 1700. He married in Antwerp and afterward moved to Brussels, where he lived and worked until he died.

References

External links

Adriaen de Grijef on Artnet

1657 births
1722 deaths
17th-century Dutch painters
18th-century Dutch painters
18th-century Dutch male artists
Dutch male painters
Artists from Leiden
Painters from Antwerp


title: Rob Powers

text:
Rob Powers (born 1965) is an American television news anchor and journalist based at WEWS-TV 5, the Scripps-owned ABC affiliate in Cleveland, Ohio.

Powers was named co-anchor of WEWS's evening newscasts in August 2016. Prior to joining WEWS, Powers was a sportscaster for several major-market television stations, including ABC flagship WABC-TV.

Career
Powers was born in Cleveland, Ohio. Powers' early television assignments included stops in Binghamton, New York, and Indianapolis. He was later named sports director and 5:30 p.m. news anchor for WTVG, an ABC affiliate in Toledo, Ohio (at the time also directly owned by the network).

When not anchoring sports, he was the play-by-play voice announcer for University of Toledo football and basketball, as well as the city's minor league baseball team, the Toledo Mud Hens. After his stay at WTVG, he became the weekday evening and Saturday morning sports anchor for WABC-TV, ABC's flagship station in New York City.  On July 28, 2016, Powers announced via Facebook that he would leave WABC-TV on July 29 to his hometown, Cleveland, for a news anchor job at ABC affiliate WEWS-TV and to also reunite with his family in Cleveland.

On December 22, 2018, Powers became the host of WEWS' high school quiz Academic Challenge.

Awards
While in Toledo, Powers earned four Emmy Awards., and has gone on to win more Lower Great Lakes Emmy Awards in various categories since coming to WEWS.

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
American television sports anchors
College basketball announcers in the United States
Regional Emmy Award winners
Journalists from Indiana
American male journalists
Journalists from Ohio
Journalists from Upstate New York
Sportspeople from Binghamton, New York
People from Indianapolis
Sportspeople from Manhattan
Sportspeople from Toledo, Ohio
Television anchors from New York City
Toledo Mud Hens
Minor League Baseball broadcasters
College football announcers
Toledo Rockets football announcers
University of Toledo people
20th-century births
20th-century American people
21st-century American people
Place of birth missing (living people)


title: List of earthquakes in 1906

text:
This is a list of earthquakes in 1906. Only magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquakes appear on the list. Exceptions to this are earthquakes that caused death, injury, or damage. Events in remote areas are excluded from the list as they were not significantly documented. All dates are listed according to GMT time. In 1906, there were several significant, historic earthquakes.

Overall

By death toll

 Note: At least 10 casualties

By magnitude

 Note: At least 7.0 magnitude

Notable events

January

February

March

April

May

June

August

September

October

November

December

References

1906

1906