title: Doppler ultrasonography

text:
Doppler ultrasonography is medical ultrasonography that employs the Doppler effect to perform imaging of the movement of tissues and body fluids (usually blood), and their relative velocity to the probe. By calculating the frequency shift of a particular sample volume, for example, flow in an artery or a jet of blood flow over a heart valve, its speed and direction can be determined and visualized.

Duplex ultrasonography sometimes refers to Doppler ultrasonography or spectral Doppler ultrasonography. Doppler ultrasonography consists of two components: brightness mode (B-mode) showing anatomy of the organs, and Doppler mode (showing blood flow) superimposed on the B-mode. Meanwhile, spectral Doppler ultrasonography consists of three components: B-mode, Doppler mode, and spectral waveform displayed at the lower half of the image. Therefore, "duplex ultrasonography" is a misnomer for spectral Doppler ultrasonography, and more exact name should be "triplex ultrasonography".

This is particularly useful in cardiovascular studies (sonography of the vascular system and heart) and essential in many areas such as determining reverse blood flow in the liver vasculature in portal hypertension.

Operation

Colour Doppler shows the direction of the blood flow in red or blue (either towards or away from the transducer). Meanwhile, spectral Doppler not only shows the direction of blood flow, it also shows the phases (pulsatility) and acceleration of the blood flow. Any sudden changes in direction of blood flow produces audible sounds on the ultrasound machine.

In spectral Doppler, the y-axis shows the direction and velocity of the flow. Meanwhile, the x-axis (as known as "baseline") shows the flow over time. The gradient at any point on the waveform would therefore shows the acceleration of the flow. In "antegrade" flow, the blood flows according to the normal flow within the circulatory system (e.g. veins flow towards the heart while arteries flows away from the heart). In "retrograde" flow, the flow would reverse (e.g. veins flow away from heart or arteries flow towards the heart). However, "retrograde" flow can be both abnormal or normal. For example, in portal hypertension, there is an abnormal portal venous flow where it flows away from the liver (hepatofugal flow) instead of the normal flow towards liver (hepatopetal flow). In jugular venous pressure waveform of the internal jugular vein, the retrograde "a" waveform is a normal flow due to right atrium contraction. Both antegrade or retrograde flow can be either towards or away from the probe transducer, depending on the position of the probe relative to the blood flow. Blood flow toward the transducer would appear above the baseline while blood flows away from the transducer will appear below the baseline. Waveform of the flow can be classified as: pulsatile (as in arteries), phasic (as in veins), non-phasic (as in diseased veins), and aphasic (no flow). Spectral broadening (thickness of the waveform) increases from large vessels (plug flow) to medium vessels (laminar flow) to small/stenotic/diseased vessels (turbulent flow) due to a larger variety of blood with different ranges of velocities in those with turbulent flow.

Upstream and downstream stenosis refers to the location of the stenotic site relative to the ultrasound probe. Upstream stenosis means the location of stenosis is located before the ultrasound probe. It causes a marked decrease in peak systolic velocity when compared to end-diastolic velocity, causing marked reduction in resistance index. Meanwhile, downstream stenosis is located after the ultrasound probe. Thus, there is only a slight reduction in peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity (where end-diastolic velocity is reduced more than peak systolic velocity), resulting in an increased resistance index.

Power Doppler is a non directional Doppler.

All modern ultrasound scanners use pulsed Doppler to measure velocity. Pulsed wave instruments transmit and receive series of pulses. The frequency shift of each pulse is ignored, however the relative phase changes of the pulses are used to obtain the frequency shift (since frequency is the rate of change of phase). The major advantage of pulsed wave Doppler (PW Doppler) over continuous wave (CW Doppler) is that distance information is obtained (time between transmitted and received pulses multiplied by sound velocity equals distance) and gain correction is applied. The disadvantage of pulsed Doppler is that the measurements can suffer from aliasing. The terms Doppler ultrasound and Doppler sonography have been accepted to apply to both pulsed and continuous Doppler systems, despite the different mechanisms by which the velocity is measured.

There are no standards for displaying color Doppler. Some laboratories show arteries as red and veins as blue, as medical illustrators usually show them, even though some vessels may have portions flowing toward and portions flowing away from the transducer. This results in the illogical appearance of a vessel being partly a vein and partly an artery. Other laboratories use red to indicate flow toward the transducer and blue away from the transducer. Still other laboratories display the Doppler color map in accordance with published data, with red shift representing longer wavelengths (scattered) from blood flowing away from the transducer and blue representing the shorter wavelengths from blood flowing toward the transducer. Because of this confusion and lack of standards, the sonographer must understand the underlying physics of color Doppler and the physiology of normal and abnormal blood flow in the human body (see Red shift).

Uses

Transcranial

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and transcranial colour Doppler (TCCD) measure the velocity of blood flow through the brain's blood vessels transcranially (through the cranium). These modes of medical imaging conduct a spectral analysis of the acoustic signals they receive and can therefore be classified as methods of active acoustocerebrography. They are used as tests to help diagnose emboli, stenosis, vasospasm from a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding from a ruptured aneurysm), and other problems. These relatively quick and inexpensive tests are growing in popularity. The tests are effective for detecting sickle cell disease, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, subarachnoid hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformations, and cerebral circulatory arrest. The tests are possibly useful for perioperative monitoring and meningeal infection. The equipment used for these tests is becoming increasingly portable, making it possible for a clinician to travel to a hospital, to a doctor's office, or to a nursing home for both inpatient and outpatient studies. The tests are often used in conjunction with other tests such as MRI, MRA, carotid duplex ultrasound and CT scans. The tests are also used for research in cognitive neuroscience.

Blood vessels

Vascular ultrasonography helps determine multiple factors within the circulatory system. It can evaluate central (abdominal) and peripheral arteries and veins, it helps determine the amount of vascular stenosis (narrowing) or occlusion (complete blockage) within an artery, it assists in ruling out aneurysmal disease, and it is the main aid to rule out thrombotic events. Duplex is an inexpensive, non-invasive way to determine pathology. It is used in for example:
 Carotid ultrasonography
 Ultrasonography of deep venous thrombosis
 Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs

Duplex evaluation is usually done prior to any invasive testing or surgical procedure. Ultrasound duplex scanning can provide additional information that may guide therapeutic decisions. The location and severity of arterial narrowings and occlusions can be identified. The vascular sonographer can map disease in lower-extremity segments with great accuracy, though duplex scanning is more time-consuming than other lower-extremity arterial studies.

An alternative to Doppler to visualize vessels is B-flow, which digitally highlights weak flow reflectors (mainly red blood cells) while suppressing the signals from the surrounding stationary tissue. It can visualize flowing blood and surrounding stationary tissues simultaneously.

In addition to visualization, ultrasound can also be used in Doppler auscultation (without visual), similar to using an ultrasound baby monitor, to locate clots or other vascular obstructions or collapse by tracing a blood vessel until sound is no longer heard.  It is also used to confirm patency of dorsalis pedis arteries when edema or other conditions make manual palpation impractical.

Kidneys

Doppler ultrasonography is widely used in renal ultrasonography. Renal vessels are easily depicted by the color Doppler technique in order to evaluate perfusion. Applying spectral Doppler to the renal artery and selected interlobular arteries, peak systolic velocities, resistive index, and acceleration curves can be estimated (Figure 4) (e.g., peak systolic velocity of the renal artery above 180 cm/s is a predictor of renal artery stenosis of more than 60%, and a resistive index, which is a calculated from peak systolic and end systolic velocity, above 0.70 is indicative of abnormal renovascular resistance).

Heart

Doppler echocardiography is the use of Doppler ultrasonography to examine the heart. An echocardiogram can, within certain limits, produce an accurate assessment of the direction of blood flow and the velocity of blood and cardiac tissue at any arbitrary point using the Doppler effect. One of the limitations is that the ultrasound beam should be as parallel to the blood flow as possible. Velocity measurements allow assessment of cardiac valve areas and function, any abnormal communications between the left and right side of the heart, any leaking of blood through the valves (valvular regurgitation), calculation of the cardiac output and calculation of E/A ratio (a measure of diastolic dysfunction). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using gas-filled microbubble contrast media can be used to improve velocity or other flow-related medical measurements.

Doppler fetal monitor

Doppler fetal monitors, although usually not technically -graphy but rather sound-generating, use the Doppler effect to detect the fetal heartbeat for prenatal care. These are hand-held, and some models also display the heart rate in beats per minute (BPM). Use of this monitor is sometimes known as Doppler auscultation. The Doppler fetal monitor is commonly referred to simply as a Doppler or fetal Doppler. Doppler fetal monitors provide information about the fetus similar to that provided by a fetal stethoscope.

Superficial soft tissues

Doppler ultrasonography can help distinguishing benign from malignant soft tissue lumps. Power Doppler is useful in assessing tendon and joints inflammation such as paratenonitis.

References

Medical ultrasonography


title: United States at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
The United States competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014. The team consists of 80 athletes (58 on foot and 22 on wheelchairs), including 6 guides for visually impaired athletes, competing in all five sports.

Alpine skiing

Men

Women

Snowboarding
Men

 Women

Biathlon

Visually impaired

Sitting

Standing

Cross-country skiing

Visually impaired

Sitting

Standing

Ice sledge hockey

Preliminary round

Semifinal

Gold Medal Game

Wheelchair curling

The United States qualified a mixed wheelchair curling team as one of the nine highest-ranked nations based on results from the last three World Wheelchair Curling Championships.

Team

Standings

Results

Draw 1
Saturday, March 8, 9:30

Draw 2
Saturday, March 8, 15:30

Draw 3
Sunday, March 9, 9:30

Draw 5
Monday, March 10, 9:30

Draw 6
Monday, March 10, 15:30

Draw 8
Tuesday, March 11, 15:30

Draw 9
Wednesday, March 12, 9:30

Draw 10
Wednesday, March 12, 15:30

Draw 11
Thursday, March 13, 9:30

See also
United States at the Paralympics
United States at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: China at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
China competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014.

Cross-country skiing

Men

Relay

Wheelchair curling

Team

Standings

Results

Draw 1
Saturday, 8 March, 9:30

Draw 2
Saturday, 8 March, 15:30

Draw 3
Saturday, 9 March, 9:30

Draw 5
Monday, 10 March, 9:30

Draw 6
Monday, 10 March, 15:30

Draw 8
Tuesday, 11 March, 15:30

Draw 9
Wednesday, 12 March, 9:30

Draw 10
Wednesday, 12 March, 15:30

Draw 12
Thursday, 13 March, 15:30

Playoffs

Semifinal
Saturday, March 15, 9:30

Bronze Medal Game
Saturday, March 15, 15:30

See also
China at the Paralympics
China at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Iran at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Iran sent a delegation to compete at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia from 7–16 March 2014.  This was Iran's
fifth time participating in a Winter Paralympic Games.  The Iranian delegation consisted of a single alpine skier, Sadegh Kalhor, who had his leg amputated in a skiing accident as a teenager.  In the standing slalom event, he finished in 20th place.

Background
Iran first joined Paralympic competition at the 1988 Summer Paralympics, and have appeared at every Summer Paralympic Games since.  The nation sent a delegation to a Winter Paralympics for the first time at the 1998 Winter Paralympics, and, likewise, has sent a delegation to every edition since. The 2014 Winter Paralympics were held from 7–16 March 2014, in Sochi, Russia; 45 countries and 547 athletes took part in the multi-sport event. Sadegh Kalhor, competing in his fifth winter games, was the only athlete sent to Sochi by Iran, as he had been for the three immediately preceding Winter Paralympics; only once, in the 1998 Winter Paralympics, had Iran sent a second competitor. Kalhor was chosen as the Iranian flag-bearer for the parade of nations during the opening ceremony, but the delegation left before the closing ceremony.

Disability classification
Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories: amputation, the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, though there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; and Les Autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, like dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Events with "B" in the code are for athletes with visual impairment, codes LW1 to LW9 are for athletes who stand to compete and LW10 to LW12 are for athletes who compete sitting down. Alpine skiing events grouped athletes into separate competitions for sitting, standing and visually impaired athletes.

Alpine skiing

Sadegh Kalhor suffered a skiing accident at the age of 18 that required the amputation of his right leg.  The 2014 Paralympics were his fifth consecutive Games, and he was 35 years old at the time. As a leg amputee, he is classified as LW2, and competes in a standing position.  LW2 classified athletes "have a significant impairment in one leg" and ski with only one ski. On 13 March, 51 participants started the standing slalom, including Kalhor.  He completed the first run in 58.07 seconds, and the second run in 1 minute and 3.17 seconds.  His total time, which was the sum of his two run times, was therefore 2 minutes and 1.24 seconds, placing him in 20th position out of 35 competitors who finished both legs of the race.  The gold medal was won by Alexey Bugaev of Russia in a time of 1 minute and 38.97 seconds; the silver was taken by Vincent Gauthier-Manuel of France, and the bronze by Alexander Alyabyev, also of Russia.

See also
Iran at the Paralympics
Iran at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Bedsenté Gomis

text:
Bedsenté Gomis (born 14 April 1988) is a semi-professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Gosport Borough.

Career
A trainee of both US Quevilly and RC Lens, Gomis made his senior debuts with the latter's reserve team in season 2005–06 season. He moved to Spain two and a half seasons later, signing with CD Puertollano in Segunda División B.

In August 2010 Gomis signed with UD Almería, being assigned to the reserves also in the third level. After appearing sparingly with the Andalusians in the campaign (576 minutes overall), he was released.

On 4 January 2014, after two and a half seasons without a club, Gomis joined Football League Two club Southend United, in a six-month deal. Seven days later, he appeared on the bench in a 1–1 away draw against Plymouth Argyle.

Gomis made his debut for Southend on 15 February, playing the last 21 minutes of a 2–3 home loss to Exeter City. On 23 May, after appearing in only one further match, he was released.

In October 2014 Gomis signed a one-year deal with Conference South side Sutton United.

Gomis made his debut for Sutton in the FA Cup 2nd Qualifying Round in a 3–2 victory over FC Romania on 27 September 2014. He made his first league appearance one week later in a 3–1 home victory against Bath City and scored his first goal for the U's in a 2–2 draw with Basingstoke Town on 6 December 2014. He went on to make 26 full and three substitute league appearances in the 2014–15 season, scoring four goals. At the end of the season, Gomis was voted Player of the Year by Sutton supporters. In the 2015–16 season, Gomis made 24 full and three substitute league appearances for the U's and scored seven goals, helping the team win the National League South title.

Gomis scored his first goal with the newly promoted side in the National League in a 2–0 home victory against Macclesfield Town on 20 August 2016, finishing an assist from Roarie Deacon. On 17 December 2016, Gomis made his 100th career appearance for Sutton in a 1–0 home victory over Wrexham.

Gomis appeared in Sutton's historic run to the 5th round of the FA Cup for the first time ever, including appearances in a 3–1 victory over local rivals AFC Wimbledon of League One on 17 January 2017, a 1–0 victory over Championship side Leeds United on 29 January and an eventual 2–0 defeat to Premier League club Arsenal on 20 February.

On 23 June 2017, Bedsenté joined Barrow.

On 3 July 2018, Gomis joined fellow National League team Dover Athletic.

He was a free agent after leaving Dover in July 2019.

On 28 January 2020, Gomis joined Havant & Waterlooville.

On 1 July 2021, Gomis left Havant & Waterlooville to join Andorran club Sant Julià.

On 9 November 2021, Gomis signed for Gosport Borough.

Honours
Sutton United
National League South champions: 2015–16

Career statistics

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
People from Mont-Saint-Aignan
Footballers from Seine-Maritime
French sportspeople of Senegalese descent
French men's footballers
Senegalese men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Segunda División B players
CD Puertollano footballers
UD Almería B players
Southend United F.C. players
Sutton United F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Dover Athletic F.C. players
Havant & Waterlooville F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
French expatriate men's footballers
Senegalese expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Spain
French expatriate sportspeople in England
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in England


title: Japan at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Japan competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014.

Alpine skiing

Men

Women

Biathlon

Men

Women

Cross-country skiing

Men

Women

Relay

See also
Japan at the Paralympics
Japan at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: John Green (headmaster)

text:
John Green (born 17 March 1967) is an English schoolmaster and former professional rugby union player. He is currently Headmaster of Seaford College.

He was educated at Campion School, Hornchurch, Cardiff University where he studied Sports Science and completed a Master's degree in Business and Sports Science, and the Open University (advanced diploma in Economics). He played rugby for England U16s, U19s and U23s and played professionally for Saracens from 1992 to 1997. Prior to becoming headmaster of Seaford College in 2013 he was Deputy Head of Ardingly College Prep School and Director of Sport, and Deputy Head of Hurstpierpoint College.

References

1967 births
Living people
Alumni of Cardiff University
Saracens F.C. players
English rugby union players
21st-century English educators
School principals and headteachers


title: James Stanfield

text:
James Stanfield is an American professor and film producer. He is an Academy Award for Technical Achievement winner in 1979 and trademarked the term Video Modeling in 1999. He is also the founder of James Stanfield Publishing.

Education and teaching
Stanfield has received a BA in Psychology from UCLA, MA in Educational Psychology from California State University, Northridge, and a EdD in Special Education/Instructional Design from USC. During his doctoral studies he received a Bureau of Health & Education doctoral fellowship in mental retardation from USC. He later taught as a Professor of Special Education at the CSULA Graduate Department of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, as well as a special education instructor within the Los Angeles City Schools.

Film career
Stanfield, alongside Paul W. Trester, was the recipient of an Academy Award for Technical Achievement in 1979 for the development and manufacture of a device for the repair or protection of sprocket holes in motion picture film. In 1999 Stanfield trademarked the term Video Modeling, for a "series of video tapes that teach appropriate social behavior to special education students, by use of professional actors and actresses who demonstrate appropriate behavior (wrong way/right way)". The trademark was renewed in 2009. The tape series were produced through the company James Stanfield Publishing.

Jennifer Bailey described video modeling as "a teaching concept that uses trained actors to 'model' three different ways to respond to challenges by a 'difficult person' and what might be the positive or negative consequences of each. The videos can be used by parents and educators. Each module covers a different type of difficult behavior — criticism, teasing, bullying, anger against others, and anger against the self. It includes 'Video Modeling' scenarios and a comprehensive Teacher/Parent Guide with separate videos and guides for lower and upper level elementary, middle school and high school students."

One of the main themes Stanfield has worked with in film is sex education, especially for the mentally disabled and those with other handicaps. In 1972 the American Association on Mental Retardation's Social/Sexual Concerns Group presented James Stanfield with the 1st Annual Award For Development of Socio-Sexual Training Materials for People with Disabilities for his work in the field. These and other videos are used in every school district in the United States to teach both disabled and regular students about sex education. They are also used in Canadian school systems as well as those of other countries. Another video series Stanfield developed was the BeCool series, which is used to help students deal with teasing and bullying.

References

Circles curriculum levels 1 & 2 by James stanfield - 6-23-2020

External links
 Online biography

Living people
Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners
California State University, Los Angeles faculty
Publishers from California
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
California State University, Northridge alumni
USC Rossier School of Education alumni
Film directors from California
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Abell 13

text:
Abell 13 is a type 4 planetary nebula in the constellation of Orion. It has a reddish color and is very faint.

References

Abell 13
13
Orion (constellation)


title: Chit Thu Wai

text:
Chit Thu Wai (; born 10 August 1984) is a Burmese actress, singer and medical doctor. She has achieved fame and success as an actress and singer.

In 2015, she represented Myanmar at the United Nations General Assembly as a Hand-washing Ambassador. She has initiated a hygiene awareness programs, promoting disease prevention through hand-washing with soap since 2006. A core supporter of the National League for Democracy, she actively participated in the election campaign in November 2015. Chit Thu Wai was listed in The Myanmar Times' "Top 10 Actors" in 2019.

Early life and education
Chit Thu Wai was born on 10 August 1984 in Yangon, Myanmar to parent Zaw Win and his wife De De. Her father Zaw Win, is a music producer and founder of the Metal Zone Studio. She is the youngest daughter of two siblings, having an elder sister, Chit Su Wai, a singer. She attended high school at Basic Education High School No. 3 Mingalar Taung Nyunt and graduated from University of Medicine 2, Yangon with a degree in M.B.B.S.

She is a practicing Roman Catholic. She was interested in singing since childhood, the love of music was seeded in her when her father sent her to a Sunday school.

Music career
She began her music career in 2000 as a singer in performing at the Thingyan music concerts. The same year, she launched her debut album "Tho...Phay Phay Nae May May" (To...Father and Mother) which was a duet album with her sister Chit Su Wai. In 2006, she released her second duet album "Ta Shite Mat Mat" together with her sister. She has become popular due to "Takal So Yin" song from the group album "Yuu Aung Chit Mi Thu". Since then, she gained the first recognition from her fans and she engaged in shooting commercial advertisements, stage performances, and many concerts at various locations throughout Myanmar. At the same time, she also sang a lot of songs, cooperating and sang together with local artists. In 2008, she participated in group album "10 Seconds". One of the songs from that album, "A Phyu Yaung Lay Par" song which became widely popular in local and has been one of the all-time hit in her career.

In 2010, she released her debut solo album "Tain Twe Nay Tae Ayet" (Where The Cloud Lies) which spawned more huge hits. Many music industry records have followed since then. The song "Tain Twe Nay Tae Ayet" was the hit song of the album. Her first solo album was more successful than her two duet albums – which made everyone to start recognising her as Chit Thu Wai.

In January 2013, she released an album "Mee Eain Ka Byar" which was a duet album with her partner Lynn Lynn. The follow-up video album on 5 March 2015. Her second solo album "Promise" was released on 14 February 2019.

Acting career
She made her acting debut with a leading role in the film Nay Ta Chan La Ta Chan (Half Moon Half Sun) alongside Sai Sai Kham Leng, Ye Lay. The film was directed by Zaw Ko Ko and released in 2006.

In 2007, she took on her first big-screen leading role in the film Nge Thu Moh Ma Thi Bar (Don't Know Because I Am Young) alongside Lu Min which screened in Myanmar cinemas in 2008. The film is based on Ma Sandar's novel Don't Know Because I Am Young and nominated for many awards at the 2008 Myanmar Academy Award.

In 2011, she starred in her second big-screen film A Htar Thi Nae Nhint Khar Chit where she played the leading role with Nay Toe, Min Maw Kun, and Wutt Hmone Shwe Yi which screened in Myanmar cinemas in 2012. Later, she starred in big-screen films Thike Ka Lar Tal Sakar Ma Pyaw Buu and Tay Tay Lay Pal Lar A Kyi Kyi Lar, played the female lead. From 2006 to present, she has acted in 5 big-screen films and over 100 direct-to-video films.

Brand ambassadorships
Chit Thu Wai was appointed as a brand ambassador of Lifebuoy, a soap product of Unilever. On 27 November 2017, she started working as a brand ambassador for Nestlé's Barley milk product.

Humanitarian and social work
She is a Myanmar representative in Vietnam for ASEAN, an ambassador for UNICEF, a monthly donor for ‘Children Our Future’ as well as supports two medical students in Myanmar for their expenses. She also works as an education Ambassador in Myanmar and supports FED, an education program for children of immigrant workers in Myanmar.

In 2012, she became a member of Myanmar's Consumer Protection Association. In 2013, she was appointed as an ambassador for the Myanmar Disabled People's Organization. Also in 2013, she was appointed as a women's ambassador, along with Rebecca Win for Myanmar to raise awareness for gender equality and women's rights.

Chit Thu Wai has initiated a hygiene awareness program, promoting disease prevention through hand-washing with soap. In 2015, she attended to the United Nations General Assembly as a Hand-washing Ambassador from Myanmar to raise awareness of handwashing with soap to help reduce child and newborn mortality. At these events, she did galvanise support for the inclusion of handwashing as a hygiene indicator in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and spread the message about the importance of hand washing. Among the events at the UNGA week, the highlight of Chit Thu Wai's role is her attendance and speech at the Unilever Hygiene and Nutrition Luncheon on 27 September.

She delivered aid in the form of clothing, food, medical supplies and educational materials to the many IDPs at the Wan Wa and Haipa displacement camps, as well as offering moral support and occasional medical advice as needed. The International Red Cross and UN organizations including the World Food Program and UNICEF were also on hand, independent of Chit Thu Wai, to offer humanitarian assistance.

Chit Thu Wai and Lynn Lynn have founded KhitThit Foundation for the celebration of their twin daughters’ birthday on 19 February 2019. The purpose of the foundation is to support under 5-year-old children who have congenital heart defects in medical care. She is an education ambassador for Myanmar.

Political activities
Following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, Chit Thu Wai was active in the anti-coup movement both in person at rallies and through social media. She joined the "We Want Justice" three-finger salute movement. The movement was launched on social media, and many celebrities have joined the movement.

On 6 April 2021, warrants for her arrest were issued under section 505 (a) of the Myanmar Penal Code by the State Administration Council for speaking out against the military coup. Along with several other celebrities, she was charged with calling for participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) and damaging the state's ability to govern, with supporting the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, and with generally inciting the people to disturb the peace and stability of the nation.

On 17 February 2022, her homes and business property were confiscated by the military council.

Personal life
Chit Thu Wai married to singer Lynn Lynn, on 30 January 2014. They have twin daughters May Myanmar Thit and May Myanmar Khit, born in 2017.

Filmography

Film (Cinema)
Nge Thu Moh Ma Thi Bar () (2008)
A Htar A Thit Nae Hna Khar Chit Mal () (2012)
Chit San Eain 2028 (2015)
Thike Ka Lar Tal Sakar Ma Pyaw Buu ()
Tay Tay Lay Pal Lar A Kyi Kyi Lar ()

Film

Over 100 films, including:
Nay Ta Chan La Ta Chan () (2006)

Discography

Solo albums
Tain Twe Nay Tae Ayet () (2010)
Promise () (2019)

Duet albums
Tho...Phay Phay Nae May May () (2000)
Ta Shite Mat Mat () (2006)
Mee Eain Ka Byar () (2014)

TV show
Myanmar's Got Talent

References

External links

21st-century Burmese women singers
Living people
Burmese film actresses
21st-century Burmese actresses
1983 births
Burmese Roman Catholics
University of Medicine 2, Yangon alumni


title: Kazakhstan at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Kazakhstan competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014.

Biathlon

Men

Cross-country skiing

Men

Women

Relay

See also
Kazakhstan at the Paralympics
Kazakhstan at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Edward Aloysius McGurkin

text:
Edward Aloysius McGurkin, M.M. (June 22, 1905 – August 28, 1983) was an American-born Catholic missionary and bishop. As a member of the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America (Maryknoll), he was assigned to missions in Manchuria and Tanzania.  He served as the Bishop of Shinyanga from 1956-1975.

Early life and education
Edward McGurkin was born in Hartford, Connecticut, to Michael and Katherine (Gleason) McGurkin.  He was educated in the Hartford public schools before enrolling at St. Thomas Preparatory Seminary.  He was ordained a priest on September 14, 1930.

Priesthood
After his ordination McGurkin served as the English Editor of the Fides News Service and personal secretary to Cardinal Pietro Fumasoni Biondi, the Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the Evangelization of Peoples.  In 1935 he became the Procurator General.  He was assigned as a missionary in Fushun, Manchuria in 1938.  During World War II he was interned by the Japanese.  He returned to the United States in 1946 and became a spiritual director at Maryknoll and two years later the local superior.  He went to Bedford, Massachusetts, as novice master before being sent to Shinyanga, Tanzania in 1954 as Group Superior to Maryknoll’s new mission there. On July 4, 1956  Pope Pius XII appointed McGurkin as the first bishop of Shinyanga.

Episcopacy
Edward McGurkin was consecrated a bishop on October 3, 1956, in the Cathedral of St. Joseph in Hartford, Connecticut, by Archbishop Henry O'Brien. The principal co-consecrators were Bishops Frederick Donaghy, M.M. of Wuchow and Lawrence Shehan of Bridgeport.  McGurkin attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council. He served as the diocesan bishop until his resignation was accepted by Pope Paul VI on January 30, 1975.

Later life and death
Bishop McGurkin retired to Maryknoll where he was engaged as a spiritual director with Cursillo and involved with Charismatic renewal and other pastoral work.  He died on August 28, 1983, at the age of 78.  His funeral Mass was celebrated in the Queen of Apostles Chapel on August 31, 1983, by Bishop John Comber, M.M.  He was buried in the Maryknoll Center Cemetery.

References

1905 births
1983 deaths
Religious leaders from Hartford, Connecticut
Maryknoll bishops
American Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in China
Roman Catholic missionaries in Tanzania
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Tanzania
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent
American expatriates in Tanzania
American expatriates in China
Roman Catholic bishops of Shinyanga
20th-century American clergy


title: Mongolia at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Mongolia sent a delegation to compete at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, from 7–16 March 2014. This was Mongolia's third time participating in a Winter Paralympic Games. The delegation consisted of a single cross-country skier, Batmönkhiin Ganbold.  His best performance in any event was 14th in the men's standing 20 kilometer freestyle, he finished 31st in the 10 km event, and did not advance from the qualification round of the 1 km sprint.

Background
Mongolia first joined Paralympic competition at the 2000 Summer Paralympics, and first participated in the Winter Paralympic Games at the 2006 Winter Paralympics.  They have participated at every edition of both the Summer and Winter Paralympics since their respective debuts. Sochi was therefore their third Winter Paralympics appearance.  Mongolia has, as of 2018, won three medals in the Summer Paralympics, one gold and two bronze, but none in the Winter Paralympics. The 2014 Winter Paralympics were held from 7–16 March 2014, in Sochi, Russia; 45 countries and 547 athletes took part in the multi-sport event. Batmönkhiin Ganbold was the only athlete sent by Mongolia to Sochi. He was chosen as the Mongolian flag-bearer for the parade of nations during the opening ceremony, and the closing ceremony.

Disability classification
Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories: amputation, the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, though there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; and Les Autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, like dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Events with "B" in the code are for athletes with visual impairment, codes LW1 to LW9 are for athletes who stand to compete and LW10 to LW12 are for athletes who compete sitting down. Cross-country skiing events grouped athletes into separate competitions for sitting, standing and visually impaired athletes.

Cross-country skiing

Batmönkhiin Ganbold was 22 years old at the time of the Sochi Paralympics, and is classified as a LW6, meaning he competes in a standing position. The International Paralympic Committee describes the LW6 classification by stating that "Skiers have an impairment in one arm. Skiers will compete with one ski pole only." Ganbold has an acquired arm deficiency, and only began skiing the year before Sochi.  On 10 March, he took part in the 20 kilometre standing race, finishing in a time of 1 hour, 1 minute, and 1.5 seconds.  This put him in 14 place out of 18 classified finishers, and over 13 minutes behind the gold medalist, Rushan Minnegulov of Russia.  Silver was won by Ilkka Tuomisto of Finland, and bronze by Vladislav Lekomtsev of Russia.

On 12 March Ganbold participated in the qualifying round of the Men's 1 kilometer standing sprint classical, finishing the race in a time of 4 minutes and 26.65 seconds, which put him in 25th place out of 35 competitors, in a race where only the top 12 qualified to advance.  The gold medal was eventually won by Aleksandr Pronkov of Russia, the silver by Minnegulov, and the bronze by Lekomtsev. In the 10 kilometer standing freestyle, held on 16 March, Ganbold finished with a time of 30 minutes and 26.7 seconds.  This put him in 31st place out of 38 competitors.  The Russians swept the medal stand again, the gold medal was won by Pronkov in a time of 23 minutes and 59.9 seconds, Minnegulov took silver, and Lekomtsev won the bronze medal. Ganbold would again compete and carry the flag for Mongolia at the 2018 Winter Paralympics.

See also
Mongolia at the Paralympics
Mongolia at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Azerbaijan at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics

text:
Azerbaijan competed at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics, in Nanjing, China from 16 August to 28 August 2014.

Medalists

Archery

Azerbaijan qualified a female archer from its performance at the 2013 World Archery Youth Championships.

Individual

Team

Athletics

Azerbaijan qualified three athletes.

Qualification Legend: Q=Final A (medal); qB=Final B (non-medal); qC=Final C (non-medal); qD=Final D (non-medal); qE=Final E (non-medal)

Boys
Field Events

Girls
Track & road events

Field events

Boxing

Azerbaijan qualified three boxers based on its performance at the 2014 AIBA Youth World Championships

Boys

Judo

Azerbaijan qualified two athletes based on the results at the 2013 IJF Cadet World Championships.

Individual

Team

Rowing

Azerbaijan qualified one boat based on their performance at the 2013 Rowing Junior Championships.

Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; R=Repechage

Shooting

Azerbaijan was given a wild card to compete.

Individual

Team

Swimming

Azerbaijan qualified one swimmer.

Girls

Taekwondo

Azerbaijan qualified four athletes based on its performance at the Taekwondo Qualification Tournament.

Boys

Girls

Wrestling

Azerbaijan qualified five athletes based on its performance at the 2014 European Cadet Championships.

Boys

Girls

References

2014 in Azerbaijani sport
Nations at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
Azerbaijan at the Youth Olympics


title: South Korea at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
South Korea competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014.

Alpine skiing

Men

Women

Cross-country skiing

Men

Women

Relay

Ice sledge hockey

Team
Cho Byeong-seok
Cho Young-jae
Choi Bae-suk
Chung Young-hoon
Han Min-su
Jang Dong-shin
Jang Jong-ho
Jung Seung-hwan
Kim Dea-jung
Kim Young-sung
Lee Jong-kyung
Lee Ju-seung
Lee Yong-min
Park Sang-hyeon
Park Woo-chul
Sa Sung-keun
Yu Man-gyun

Preliminaries

5–8 Classification Play-offs

7th Place Game

Wheelchair curling

Team

Standings

Results

Draw 1
Saturday, March 8, 9:30

Draw 2
Saturday, March 8, 15:30

Draw 4
Sunday, March 9, 15:30

Draw 5
Monday, March 10, 9:30

Draw 6
Monday, March 10, 15:30

Draw 7
Tuesday, March 11, 9:30

Draw 9
Wednesday, March 12, 9:30

Draw 11
Thursday, March 13, 9:30

Draw 12
Thursday, March 13, 15:30

See also
South Korea at the Paralympics
South Korea at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: How We Got to Now

text:
How We Got to Now is a British-American factual television series that was broadcast on PBS in 2014 and BBC Two in 2015. The series was commissioned by the BBC in the United Kingdom and made by Nutopia, a British-American production company in the United States. The six-part series, presented by Steven Johnson, explores the legacy of great ideas.

Production
The factual series is a co-production between Nutopia, a British-American production company, and PBS. The producer is Diene Petterle, a Brazilian-born British film, television and theatrical producer, and the executive producers are Jane Root, Peter Lovering, and Michael Jackson. A companion book was published by Riverhead Books and a companion website has been created to explore present day innovations. The show was distributed by BBC Worldwide and received funding from the CPB/PBS Program Challenge Fund.

Episodes
 Clean - from sewers to clean rooms
 Time - from pendulum clocks to radiometric dating
 Glass - from cristallo to smart phones
 Light - from spermaceti oil to fusion reactors
 Cold - from ice harvesting to air conditioning
 Sound - from phonautograph to ultrasound imaging

The historical characters who appear include Thomas Edison, Clarence Birdseye, Frederick McKinley Jones, Willis Carrier, Tim Berners-Lee, Hedy Lamarr, and Mark Zuckerberg.

Broadcast
The series premiered in the US in the fall of 2014 on PBS. The series also premiered in Australia on ABC from 26 February 2015.

Reception
Robert Lloyd of Los Angeles Times wrote, "Though-provoking and fun to watch."

Awards
Peepshow Collective won Outstanding Motion Design at the 67th Emmy Awards in 2015 for their work on the series.

See also
Connections (British documentary)

References

External links

2014 British television series debuts
BBC television documentaries
English-language television shows


title: Uzbekistan at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Uzbekistan sent a delegation to compete at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014.  This marked the first time the nation competed at the Winter Paralympics.  The delegation consisted of two athletes, Yevgeniy Slepov and Ramil Gayazov, both were competitors in Alpine skiing.  Gayazov failed to post an event finish, while Slepov finished 32nd in the snowboard cross.

Background
Uzbekistan has competed independently at every Summer Olympics since the 1996 Summer Olympics in Athens, and in every Winter Olympic Games since the 1994 Lillehammer Games, as of the conclusion of the 2018 Winter Olympics.  Uzbekistan began participating in the Summer Paralympics in the 2004 edition, but Sochi marked their first delegation sent to a Winter Paralympics. Ramil Gayazov was chosen as the Uzbekistani flag-bearer for the parade of nations during the opening ceremony, and for the closing ceremony.

Disability classification
Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories; amputation, the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; Les autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Events with "B" in the code are for athletes with visual impairment, codes LW1 to LW9 are for athletes who stand to compete and LW10 to LW12 are for athletes who compete sitting down. Alpine skiing events grouped athletes into separate competitions for sitting, standing and visually impaired athletes.

Alpine skiing

Ramil Gayazov was 28 at the time of these Games, who competed in the standing category of events.  On 13 March 2014, he was disqualified during the first run of the slalom for missing a gate.  Two days later, despite being entered into the giant slalom, he failed to start the race for unknown reasons.

Men

Snowboarding

For the 2014 Winter Paralympics, snowboard cross was considered a discipline of Alpine skiing, rather than a separate sport. Snowboarding was offered only for athletes who competed in a standing position. The men's snowboard cross event was held on 14 March 2014.  Yevgeniy Slepov posted his two best times on runs 1 and 3, and only the two best times of each athlete counted towards the final result.  Slepov finished with a combined time of three minutes and two seconds, over a minute off the winning time of one minute and forty-three seconds.  He finished in 32nd place out of 33 competitors.
Men

See also
Uzbekistan at the Paralympics
Uzbekistan at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

External links
Gayazov's run in the slalom

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Armenia at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Armenia sent a delegation to compete at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia from 7–16 March 2014.  This was the nation's fifth appearance at a Winter Paralympic Games.  The delegation consisted of a single alpine skier, Mher Avanesyan, who lost both arms as a child after coming into contact with a high-voltage electrical wire.  In the men's standing slalom he came in 34th place out of 35 competitors who finished the race, and he failed to finish the giant slalom.

Background
Armenia first entered Paralympic competition at the 1996 Summer Paralympics, and Winter Paralympic competition at the 1998 Winter Paralympics. They have entered every Paralympics since, making Sochi their fifth Winter Paralympics appearance.  As of 2018, Armenia has never won a Paralympic medal, though the nation has won several medals at the Olympic Games. The 2014 Winter Paralympics were held from 7–16 March 2014, in Sochi, Russia; 45 countries and 547 athletes took part in the multi-sport event.  The Armenian delegation to Sochi consisted of a single alpine skier, Mher Avanesyan. He was chosen as the Armenian flag-bearer for the parade of nations during the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony.

Disability classification
Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories: amputation, the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, though there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; and Les Autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, like dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Events with "B" in the code are for athletes with visual impairment, codes LW1 to LW9 are for athletes who stand to compete and LW10 to LW12 are for athletes who compete sitting down. Alpine skiing events grouped athletes into separate competitions for sitting, standing and visually impaired athletes.

Alpine skiing

Mher Avanesyan was 33 years old at the time of the Sochi Paralympics.  He had previously represented Armenia in sailing at the 2000 Summer Paralympics, and the 1998, 2006, and 2010 Winter Paralympics.  He lost both arms at the age of 7 after touching high-voltage wires, and is classified as LW5/7-1, meaning he competes in a standing position. LW5/7 is defined in International Paralympic Committee website as "Athletes in this sport class ski with an impairment in both arms. Some athletes have amputations and others have limited muscle power or coordination problems."  On 13 March, he participated in the men's standing slalom, posting a first run time of 1 minute and 12.01 seconds, and finishing the second run in 1 minute and 18.33 seconds.  His total time, determined by adding the two run times, was 2 minutes and 30.34 seconds, which ranked him 34th out of 35 classified finishers, the gold medal was won by Alexey Bugaev of Russia in a time of 1 minute and 38.97 seconds.  The silver medal was won by Vincent Gauthier-Manuel of France, and the bronze by Alexander Alyabyev also of Russia.  Two days later, in the men's standing giant slalom, Avanesyan failed to finish the first leg, after missing a gate approximately 55 seconds into his run.  In the giant slalom, gold was won by Gauthier-Manuel and silver by Bugaev; bronze was won by Markus Salcher of Austria.

See also
Armenia at the Paralympics
Armenia at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Jorge Fick

text:
Jorge Fick (1932–2004) was an American painter who is known for his “Pod” series of large-scale oil paintings “depicting semi-abstract symbols of growth and regeneration.” Pod paintings blend abstraction, cartoons and Pop art. Fick was influenced by eastern religions such as Zen Buddhism, the culture of Pueblo peoples, and new visual imagery.

Early life
Fick was born and raised in Detroit, MI, to strict Roman Catholic parents who sent him to Cass Technical School, a public trade school in the inner city of Detroit, from 1947 through 1950, where he learned excellent manual skills and graphic design, and gained access to the art collection of the Detroit Institute of Arts. He spent 1950 and 1951 at Society of Arts and Crafts Detroit, MI. Later that year, he attended Mexican Art School in Guadalajara, Mexico. After art school, he changed his first name from George to Jorge in homage to his Hispanic culture.

Black Mountain College
Fick attended the Black Mountain College from 1952 until 1955. He was one of the few students who officially graduated with a BFA. At the college he studied under Franz Kline, Philip Guston, Jack Tworkov, Joseph Fiore, Esteban Vicente, and Peter Voulkos. Fick developed a lifelong bond with classmate and poet Robert Creeley, who introduced Fick to Creeley's Beat contemporaries. Creeley titled the paintings in Fick's 1980s Haiku Series.

After graduation in 1955, he moved to New York City to share a studio with Franz Kline, his painting mentor from college. Kline was Fick's “outsider examiner” at the college and was said to have introduced Fick to Abstract expressionism. While still at school in 1953, Kline invited Fick to exhibit at the legendary Stable Gallery. Fick was fully immersed in the art and literature scene of the 1950s. In 1953 he lent a suit to writer and poet Dylan Thomas, whom was a fellow guest of Fick's at Hotel Chelsea.

Out west
In 1958, Fick moved to Santa Fe, NM and helped foster an art community in the South West. In 1962, he shared a studio with the sculptor John Chamberlain. Throughout the 1960s, Fick printed many environmental photographs by Eliot Porter. Fick practiced color theory, a skill he honed doing dye transfers for Porter, and as a color consultant to the renowned designer, Alexander Girard, with whom, he collaborated on his famed project for Braniff Airlines.

Fick and his wife Cynthia Homire, a fellow student from Black Mountain College, opened The Fickery on Canyon Road, Santa Fe, NM. From 1972 until 1983 they sold utilitarian stoneware made by Cynthia and glazed by Fick, until he “retired” to concentrate on painting in La Cienega.

Fick showed regularly throughout the 1960s, winning numerous prizes, however withdrew from the Public Relations push of commercial art market of the 1970s. He remained in New Mexico until his death in 2004.

Museum collections
Jorge Fick has exhibited in American galleries and museums and is included in permanent collections, such as: Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Harwood Museum, Taos, New Mexico; New Mexico Museum of Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Phoenix Art Museum, Phoenix, Arizona; Roswell Museum, Roswell, New Mexico; Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, Massachusetts; Black Mountain College Museum + Arts Center, Asheville, North Carolina.

References

1932 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Black Mountain College alumni
20th-century American male artists


title: Austria at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Austria competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014.

Alpine skiing

Men

Women

Snowboarding

Para-snowboarding is making its debut at the Winter Paralympics and it will be placed under the Alpine skiing program during the 2014 Games.

Men

Biathlon

Men

Cross-country skiing

Men

See also
Austria at the Paralympics
Austria at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Belarus at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Belarus competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014.

Biathlon

Men

Women

Cross-country skiing

Men

Women

Relay

See also
Belarus at the Paralympics
Belarus at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Kaho Onodera

text:
is a Japanese curler from Sapporo, Hokkaido. She is the second on the FORTIUS curling team, which won the Japan Curling Championships in both 2015 and 2021. At the international level, she has represented Japan at three World Women's Curling Championship (, , ) and three Pacific-Asia Curling Championships in ,  and , winning the gold medal in 2021.

Career
While attending Tokoro Junior High School, Onodera competed on the girls team that consisted of Chinami Yoshida, Yurika Yoshida and Yumi Suzuki. The team won back to back bronze medals at the Japan Curling Championships in 2006 and 2007. In 2009, she joined the Tokoro High School team, skipped by Sayaka Yoshimura as alternate. The team competed in the qualification round for the 2010 Winter Olympics, but lost in the first round to Team Nagano.

Onodera joined the Hokkaido Bank Fortius curling team consisting of skip Ayumi Ogasawara, Yumie Funayama at third, Michiko Tomabechi at lead and Chinami Yoshida as alternate in 2012. The team played in six tour events during the 2012–13 season, qualifying in three of them, including a second-place finish at the Karuizawa International. The following season, the team played finished runner-up at the 2013 Kamloops Crown of Curling on tour.

In September 2013, they competed in the national trials for the 2013 Olympic Qualification Event for the chance to represent Japan at the 2014 Winter Olympics. They finished the first round with a 4–2 record, which put them into a best-of-five final against the three-time reigning national champions Chubu Electric Power, skipped by Satsuki Fujisawa. There, they upset Chubu Electric three games to one to qualify for the 2013 Olympic Qualification Event. At the qualification event, Hokkaido Bank went 5–1, qualifying for the playoffs. After losing to China's Wang Bingyu in the first qualifier, they won 10–4 over Norway's Marianne Rørvik in the second qualifier to secure the last spot at the 2014 Winter Olympics. At the Games, they finished in fifth with a 4–5 record, just missing the playoffs. They did however defeat former world champions Wang Bingyu of China and Mirjam Ott of Switzerland in two of their victories. Also during the 2013–14 season, they won a bronze medal at the 2013 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships in Shanghai, China. To end the season, Team Ogasawara finished second place at the 2014 Japan Curling Championships, losing in the final game to Chubu Electric Power.

The next season, Tomabechi and Yoshida left the team and were replaced by Sayaka Yoshimura at third and Anna Ohmiya at lead as Funayama moved to alternate. On the World Curling Tour, they would win two events, the Prestige Hotels & Resorts Curling Classic and the Hub International Crown of Curling. They represented Japan once again at the 2014 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships. After a 5–3 round robin record, they lost to China's Liu Sijia in the semifinal. They were, however, able to pick up the bronze medal against New Zealand's Chelsea Farley. This would ordinarily not be enough to qualify Japan for the World Championships, but because Sapporo was hosting the event, Japan qualified for the 2015 World Women's Curling Championship. The team then competed in their national championship to determine who would represent Japan at the World Championship. After the round robin, they placed second with a 7–1 record, but defeated Loco Solare (Mari Motohashi) to qualify for the final where they once again played Motohashi. The team were successful in securing the national title by defeating Loco Solare 8–5 and qualifying for the World Championship, Onodera's first Worlds. There, they placed just outside of the tiebreakers with a 6–5 record, ending in sixth place.

Team Ogasawara won one tour event during the 2015–16 season, the Karuizawa International, where they lost only one game en route to claiming the title. They also had semifinal appearances at the Colonial Square Ladies Classic, the Crestwood Ladies Fall Classic and the City of Perth Ladies International. The team played in the 2016 Continental Cup of Curling where they were part of the losing Team World squad. In February 2016, they competed in the Japan Curling Championships, attempting to defend their title. They had a strong round robin, going an undefeated 8–0, but then lost both of their playoff games to Loco Solare (Satsuki Fujisawa) and Fujikyu (Tori Koana), settling for third. They also played in the 2016 Humpty's Champions Cup, the team's first Grand Slam event. They would finish the round robin as the number one seed with a 4–0 record before losing in the quarterfinals to Switzerland's Silvana Tirinzoni.

The team altered their lineup for the 2016–17 season, moving Yoshimura to alternate and Yumie Funayama to third. At the start of the season, Team Ogasawara finished runner-up at the Royal LePage Women's Fall Classic to the Robyn MacPhee rink. They played in one grand slam, the 2016 Tour Challenge, losing in a tiebreaker to Anna Hasselborg. At the national championship, they went 6–2 through the round robin before losing both the semifinal and bronze medal games, settling for fourth. The next season was more successful for the team, reaching the semifinals in five of their eleven tour events. They were not able to make it further than the semifinals in any of their events, however. They did not have the opportunity to compete to represent Japan at the 2018 Winter Olympics as only the Fujisawa and Chiaki Matsumura rinks were selected to compete in the 2017 Japanese Olympic Curling Trials. At the 2018 Japan Curling Championships, they went 7–1 through the round robin and once again won the 1 vs. 2 page playoff game to qualify for the final. There, they faced Koana's Fujikyu rink. Tied 3–3 with the hammer in the tenth end, Ogasawara missed her last shot and the team gave up a steal of two and the win to the Koana rink. Despite the loss, Onodera was added to Fujikyu's lineup as alternate for the 2018 World Women's Curling Championship. There, the team finished in tenth place with a 5–7 record. Following the season, Ayumi Ogasawara stepped away from competitive curling.

For the 2018–19 season, Yoshimura stepped up to skip the team with Onodera at third, Ohmiya at second and Funayama as lead. The team would have immediate success on the tour, winning the 2018 Oakville Fall Classic. The team played in three Slams over the course of the season, the 2018 Tour Challenge Tier 2, the 2018 National and 2019 Players' Championship. Despite missing the playoffs at the National and Players' Championship, the team made it all the way to the final of the Tour Challenge Tier 2 where they were defeated by the Elena Stern rink. They also had three runner-up finishes at the Colonial Square Ladies Classic, the 2018 Paf Masters Tour and the Karuizawa International. At the 2019 Japan Curling Championships, Yoshimura led the team to a fourth place 5–3 record in the round robin. They were then able to defeat Fujikyu in the 3 vs. 4 game but were eliminated by Loco Solare in the semifinal, earning the bronze medal.

Team Yoshimura had a slow start to the 2019–20 season, only qualifying for the playoffs in three of their first eight events. They reached the semifinals of the 2019 Cargill Curling Training Centre Icebreaker and the quarterfinals of both the 2019 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic and the KW Fall Classic. They would find success at the first Grand Slam event of the season, however, reaching the playoffs of the 2019 Masters with a 3–1 record. They would then upset higher ranked teams Jennifer Jones and Silvana Tirinzoni before losing to Tracy Fleury in the final. It marked the first time an Asian team made it to a grand slam final, excluding defunct events. The team would not qualify in any of the three other Slams they participated in during the season, the 2019 Tour Challenge, the 2019 National or the 2020 Canadian Open. They once again finished third at the 2020 Japan Curling Championships after a semifinal loss to Chubu Electric Power (Seina Nakajima). The Japanese championship would be their last event of the season as both the Players' Championship and the Champions Cup Grand Slam events were also cancelled due to the pandemic.

Team Yoshimura played in no World Curling Tour events during the abbreviated 2020–21 season as there were no events held in Japan or Asia. The team would compete in the 2021 Japan Curling Championships, held from 8 to 14 February 2021 in Wakkanai, Hokkaido. The team posted a 5–1 record through the round robin of the national championship, earning them a spot in the 1 vs. 2 page playoff game. There, the lost to Loco Solare, but beat Chubu Electric Power in the semifinal to qualify for the final. Down one in the tenth, Team Yoshimura scored two points to win the national championship 7–6 over Team Fujisawa. The win marked the teams second time winning the national title in over six years. It also earned them the right to represent Japan at the 2021 World Women's Curling Championship, which was played in a bio-secure bubble in Calgary, Canada due the ongoing pandemic. At the Worlds, the team finished in eleventh place with a 5–8 record.

In September 2021, the team competed in the 2021 Japanese Olympic Curling Trials, which were held in a best-of-five contest between the Yoshimura and Satsuki Fujisawa rinks. After winning the first two games, Team Yoshimura lost the final three games of the trials, not earning the right to represent Japan at the 2021 Olympic Qualification Event. They played in one Slam at the 2021 Masters where they went a winless 0–3 in the triple knockout bracket. They were, however, still able to represent Japan at the 2021 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships due to winning the 2021 national championship. There, they went 5–1 through the round robin, earning a direct bye to the final were they faced South Korea's Kim Eun-jung. Down one in the tenth, Team Yoshimura was once again able to score a deuce to win the game 6–5 and earn the gold medal. Because Team Fujisawa won the Olympic Trials series and were representing Japan at the 2022 Winter Olympics, a world championship trial was held between Hokkaido Bank Fortius, Chubu Electric Power and Fujikyu to determine who would represent Japan at the 2022 World Women's Curling Championship. Hokkaido Bank posted a 3–1 record in the qualifying round, earning them a spot in the best-of-three final against Nakajima. After splitting the first two games, the Nakajima rink took one in the tenth end of the final game to earn the berth as Team Japan at the World Championship. Team Yoshimura ended their season at the 2022 Japan Curling Championships. After a 4–4 round robin record, they lost in the 3 vs. 4 page playoff game to Chubu Electric Power. Also during the 2021–22 season, the team's contract expired with Hokkaido Bank. They then formed their own team named Fortius.

In their first event of the 2022–23 season, Team Yoshimura won the 2022 Hokkaido Bank Curling Classic. They then won the Wakkanai Midori Challenge Cup two weeks later.

Personal life
Onodera works as an office worker. She attended Tokoro Junior High School, Tokoro High School and Chukyo University.

Grand Slam record

Former events

Teams

References

External links

Living people
1991 births
Sportspeople from Sapporo
Curlers from Hokkaido
Japanese female curlers
Curlers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic curlers for Japan
Pacific-Asian curling champions
Japanese curling champions
Continental Cup of Curling participants
Chukyo University alumni
21st-century Japanese women
21st-century Japanese people


title: Belgium at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Belgium sent a delegation to compete at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014.  This was Belgium's eighth time participating in the Winter Paralympic Games.  The Belgian delegation consisted of two athletes, Jasper Balcaen in alpine skiing, and Denis Colle, a snowboarder, which was considered a discipline of alpine skiing for these Paralympics.  Their best performance in any event was 6th by Colle in the snowboard cross.

Background
Belgium has competed at every Summer Paralympics, and most of the Winter Paralympic Games.  After participating at the inaugural 1976 Winter Paralympics.  The Belgians did not participate in the 1980, 1998, or 2002 editions, but have sent a delegation to every other Winter Paralympics.  Their only medal at the Winter Paralympics coming into Sochi was a bronze in alpine skiing at the 1994 Winter Paralympics.  The Belgian delegation consisted of two athletes, Jasper Balcaen in alpine skiing, and Denis Colle, a snowboarder.  Colle was chosen as the flag bearer for the parade of nations during the opening ceremony,  and for the closing ceremony.

Disability classification
Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories; amputation, the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; or Les autres.  Les autres includes any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Events with "B" in the code are for athletes with visual impairment, codes LW1 to LW9 are for athletes who stand to compete and LW10 to LW12 are for athletes who compete sitting down. Alpine skiing events grouped athletes into separate competitions for sitting, standing and visually impaired athletes.

Alpine skiing

Jasper Balcaen was 21 years old at the time of these Paralympics.  He was classified LW9-1, meaning he competes in a standing position, and he suffers from impairment in both his arms and legs. On 13 March he competed in the standing slalom, posting run times of 1 minute and 5 seconds and 1 minute and 8 seconds.  His combined time of 2 minutes and 13 seconds saw him finish in 29th place, and he was nearly 35 seconds behind the gold medal winning time, set by Alexey Bugaev of Russia.  Two days later, he participated in the standing giant slalom, where he posted run times of 1 minute and 29 seconds and 1 minute and 23 seconds, for a total time of 2 minutes and 52 seconds. He finished in 23rd place, 27 seconds behind the gold medallist, Vincent Gauthier-Manuel of France.

Snowboarding

For the 2014 Winter Paralympics, snowboard cross was considered a discipline of alpine skiing, rather than a separate sport. Snowboarding was offered only for athletes who competed in a standing position. The men's snowboard cross event was held on 14 March 2014. While each athlete made three attempts, only the two best times of each athlete counted towards the final result. Denis Colle, who acquired his disability through an accident, was 25 years old at the time of the Sochi Paralympics.  He completed his first two runs in 55.83 and 54.49 seconds, however, he missed a gate in his third attempt.  His combined time of his first two runs of 1 minute and 50 seconds put him in 6th place overall for the competition.

See also
Belgium at the Paralympics
Belgium at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Bosnia and Herzegovina sent a delegation to compete at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia from 7–16 March 2014.  This was the second time the country had participated in a Winter Paralympic Games.  The delegation consisted of two alpine skiers, Senad Turkovic and Ilma Kazazic.  Neither of the two finished any of their events.

Background
Bosnia and Herzegovina first participated in Paralympic competition at the 1996 Summer Paralympics, and their first Winter Paralympics appearance was fourteen years later, at the 2010 Winter Paralympics.  They have participated in every Summer and Winter Paralympics since their respective debuts, making these 2014 Paralympics their second Winter Paralympic appearance. The 2014 Winter Paralympics were held from 7–16 March 2014, in Sochi, Russia; 45 countries and 547 athletes took part in the multi-sport event. The delegation Bosnia and Herzegovina sent to Sochi consisted of two alpine skiers, Ilma Kazazic and Senad Turkovic.  Kazazic was chosen as the flag-bearer for the parade of nations during the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony.

Disability classification
Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories: amputation, which may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, though there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; and Les autres, which is any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, like dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Events with "B" in the code are for athletes with visual impairment, codes LW1 to LW9 are for athletes who stand to compete and LW10 to LW12 are for athletes who compete sitting down. Alpine skiing events grouped athletes into separate competitions for sitting, standing and visually impaired athletes.

Alpine skiing

Both competitors said their preparations were hampered by a lack of snow in Bosnia and Herzegovina.  Senad Turkovic was 45 years old at the time of the Sochi Paralympics.  He has a limb defficency suffered as a result of war, and is classified as LW4, meaning he competes in a standing position.  On 13 March, he failed to finish the first run of the Men's standing slalom, falling within the first ten seconds of his race.  Two days later, in the Men's standing giant slalom, he finished the first run in a time of 1 minute and 58.16 seconds, which put him in 35th place.  However, in the second run, he missed a gate, and was officially recorded as a "Did Not Finish" (DNF).

Ilma Kazazic was 15 years old at the time of these Paralympics.  She was born with cerebral palsy, and is classified as an LW3, meaning she competes in a standing position.  For the Sochi Paralympics, she was being coached by her teammate Turkovic.  On 12 March, she failed to start the women's standing slalom for unspecified reasons.  Four days later, in the women's standing giant slalom, she finished her first leg in a time of 2 minutes and 32.64 seconds, putting her in 19th place.  In her second run, she fell twice, and missed a gate, causing her to be recorded as a DNF.  She represented Bosnia and Herzegovina again at the 2018 Winter Paralympics.

See also
Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Paralympics
Bosnia and Herzegovina at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Bulgaria at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Bulgaria competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014. It fielded a total of two athletes, both of whom competed in cross-country skiing. It did not win a medal.

Cross-country skiing

Men

See also
Bulgaria at the Paralympics
Bulgaria at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: List of former state routes in Ohio (1–49)

text:
This is a list of former state routes in Ohio since 1923 with route numbers from 1 through 49 inclusive.

SR 1 (1912–1926)

SR 1, formerly known as Inter-county Highway 1 until 1921 and State Highway 1 in 1922,  was the designation for the National Road and National Old Trails Road through central Ohio between 1912 and 1926. US 40 was first signed along the length of the route in 1926 and became the road's only designation by 1927.

SR 1 (1961–1965)

SR 1 was the designation for a proposed toll road connecting Cincinnati and Pennsylvania that existed between 1961 and 1965. As the freeway portions were not built yet, SR 1 was routed along local roads until a corresponding freeway section was completed. SR 1 generally followed what is now I-75 between Cincinnati and Dayton, SR 4 between Dayton and Fairborn, US 40 and I-70 between Fairborn and Columbus, I-71 between Columbus and Cleveland, and I-90 between Cleveland and the Pennsylvania state line at Conneaut.

SR 5 (1923–1931)

SR 5 was the designation for what is now current routing of US 30 across Ohio. When it was first designated in 1923, SR 5 ran from the Indiana state line in Benton Township to the West Virginia state line in East Liverpool. In 1927, following the designation of US 30, the long segments of SR 5 that overlapped US 30 were removed leaving the section between Delphos and Wooster, Ohio, though it did overlap US 42 between Mansfield and Ashland, what was then SR 6 (now US 250) between Ashland and Plain Township, and US 30 to Wooster. The route was truncated at its eastern end to Mansfield by 1929 removing the additional overlaps. By 1932, SR 5 became part of the newly designated northern alternate route of US 30, US 30N.

SR 6 (1923–1926)

SR 6 was the route of what became US 25 through western Ohio connecting Cincinnati and Toledo, Ohio at the Michigan state line between 1923 and 1926.

SR 6 (1927–1928)

SR 6 was the route of is now US 250 between Bridgeport and Norwalk for two years from 1927 to 1928.

SR 6 (1929-1931)

SR 6 was the designation for what is now SR 283 between Cleveland and Painesville along the Lake Erie shoreline. The route existed between 1929 and 1931 following the route's former designation of SR 175 but was renumbered due to the addition of US 6 in the state.

SR 9 (1923-1930)

SR 9 was the route of what is now U.S. Route 127 in Ohio between Cincinnati and Bryan and SR 15 between Bryan and the Michigan state line near Pioneer.

SR 10 (1923-1926)

SR 10 was the route that follows what is now SR 309 between Delphos and Ontario and US 30 between Ontario and the community of Jefferson (within Plain Township, Wayne County) at what was SR 5. The route existed from 1923 until 1926 when it was replaced by US 30.

SR 10 (1927-1931)

SR 10 was the route that replaced SR 40 in 1927 due to the designation of US 40. The route ran from Washington Court House to Zanesville by way of Circleville and Lancaster. By 1932, US 22 was extended from its previous terminus in Cambridge to Cincinnati taking over all of SR 10.

SR 10 (1932)

SR 10 was a short-lived designation for the road that became US 68 in 1932. The entire route was concurrent with other routes for its entire length: with US 52 and US 62 between Aberdeen and Ripley, completely concurrent with SR 221 to Georgetown (SR 221 had been moved to its current alignment within one year), SR 53 to Kenton, SR 31 to Findlay, US 25 to Perrysburg, and US 23 for the remainder to Toledo.

SR 11 (1923–1935)

SR 11 was the designation that now carries US 35 through Ohio. It existed from 1923 through 1935.

SR 13 (1923–1926)

SR 13 was the route that carries US 250 between Bridgeport and Dover and US 21 from Dover to Cleveland. The two U.S. routes replaced the three-year-old SR 13 in 1926.

SR 15 (1912–1926)

SR 15, formerly known as Inter-county Highway 15 until 1921 and State Highway 15 in 1922,'   was an original state route that traveled between Cleveland and the Pennsylvania state line near Williamsfield. The entire length of the route became US 322 in 1926.

SR 16 (1923–1926)

SR 16 was the route that ran along modern-day US 422 between Cleveland and Coitsville Township at the Pennsylvania state line (east of Youngstown). The route existed from 1923 and 1926. Unlike US 422, SR 16 traveled through Niles with SR 169 bypassed the city.

SR 17 (1923–1933)

SR 17 was a route that existed between 1923 and 1935. Prior to 1926, SR 17 started at the Indiana state line near Hicksville and traveled east across Ohio (mostly along modern-day SR 18 between Hicksville and Tiffin and US 224 east of there) before ending at the Pennsylvania state line near Lowellville. In 1927, the route was changed to follow what is now the entirety of US 224 through Ohio. SR 17 was removed in favor of US 224 in 1933.

SR 19 (1923–1931)

SR 19 carried what is now mostly US 62 between Columbus and the Pennsylvania state line near Masury. It existed from 1923 through 1931.

SR 20 (1923–1931)

SR 20 was a route that ran from Columbus to East Liverpool by way of Newark, Coshocton, and New Philadelphia. The modern route of SR 20 consists of SR 16 from Columbus to Coshocton, the former US 36 between Coshocton and Newcomerstown, the old US 21 between Newcomerstown and New Philadelphia, and SR 39 from New Philadelphia to East Liverpool. The route existed from 1923 to 1926.

SR 21 (1923–1926)

SR 21 ran from Columbus to Findlay between 1923 and 1926. In 1926, the route was renumbered to SR 31 due to the addition of US 21 in the eastern part of the state. Today, the route consists of the old routing of US 33 between Columbus and Marysville, SR 31 between Marysville and Kenton, and US 68 to Findlay.

SR 22 (1923–1926)

SR 22 was a route that ran from Marion to the Indiana state line in Van Wert County between 1923 and 1926. In 1926, the route was renumbered to US 23 from Marion to Carey, SR 15 between Carey and Ney, and the entire length of SR 249.

SR 23 (1923–1926)

SR 23 was a route in northwestern Ohio that existed between 1923 and 1926. Today, the route runs along US 20 from the Indiana state line to northwestern Toledo, SR 120 through Toledo, and SR 2 from Toledo to its intersection with SR 163 between Lacarne and Port Clinton.

SR 24 (1923–1926)

SR 24 was the designation for what became SR 124 through southern Ohio between Hillsboro and Pomeroy. The route existed from 1923 to 1926.

SR 25 (1923–1926)

SR 25 was the designation for what became SR 125 through southern Ohio between Cincinnati and Friendship at what was then SR 7 (now US 52). The route was in existence from 1923 to 1926.

SR 27 (1923–1926)

SR 27 was the designation of a route in southern Ohio from 1923 through 1926. The route now consists of US 50 from Cincinnati to Milford, SR 28 from Milford to Chillicothe, SR 159 north of Chillicothe, SR 180 to Enterprise, and US 33 into Logan.

SR 28 (1923–1926)

SR 28 was the state highway that traveled between Cincinnati and West Jefferson. It existed from 1923 to 1926 and was replaced in 1926 by US 42 from Cincinnati to London, and SR 142 for the remainder of the route.

SR 30 (1923–1926)

SR 30 was a north-south state highway that nearly crossed the length of Ohio. The route existed from 1923 through 1926 and was replaced by SR 13 that year. Most of the route from Chauncey to Milan still follows SR 13 except for the section north of Milan, now US 250 carries the former route into Sandusky.

SR 31 (1923–1926)

SR 31 was the route that became US 24 between the Indiana state line near Antwerp to downtown Toledo. The route existed from 1923 through 1926.

SR 32 (1923–1937)

SR 32 was the designation for the route that generally follows what is now SR 29 from the Indiana state line near Wabash (within Washington Township, Mercer County) to St. Marys and US 33 from there to Marysville. The route passed through Celina, St. Marys, Wapakoneta, Russells Point, Bellefontaine, and Marysville during the route's existence from 1923 through 1937.

SR 33 (1923–1937)

SR 33 was the predecessor to SR 108 in northwestern Ohio. From its first designation in 1923 through 1929, the route started in Lima and traveled north through Ottawa, Napoleon, and Wauseon before ending at the Michigan state line in rural Chesterfield Township, Fulton County. By 1930, the route's southern end had been truncated to Ottawa (the former route south of there became SR 65). The route would exist in this configuration for another seven years before being renumbered to SR 108 due to the addition of US 33.

SR 35 (1923–1934)

SR 35 was the designation for what is now the entirety of SR 9 between Armstrongs Mills and Salem. The route also included what is now SR 145 from Malaga to its northern terminus, and SR 148 between SR 145 and SR 9. The route existed from 1923 through 1934 when it was renumbered due to the addition of US 35 in Ohio.

SR 36 (1923–1931)

SR 36 was the route that preceded the designation of SR 5 between Wooster and community of Cornelion within Kinsman Township at the Pennsylvania state line. The route existed from 1923 through 1931. Though by 1932 most of route was renumbered to SR 5 due to the existence of US 36, today the route follows SR 585 from Wooster to Norton, local roads through Norton, Barberton, Akron, and Cuyahoga Falls; SR 59 through Kent and Ravenna, and SR 5 to Kinsman. North of Kinsman however, SR 36 traveled northeast to Cornelion on modern-day Trumbull County Road 360 while SR 5 when it was created in 1932 travels along the route it still follows.

SR 40 (1923–1926)

SR 40 was the section of modern-day US 22 between Washington Court House and Zanesville. The route existed from 1923 until 1926 when it was renumbered to SR 10 due to the designation of US 40 through Ohio.

SR 42 (1923–1926)

SR 42 was a state route across central Ohio that existed from 1923 through 1926. By 1927, the route had been renumbered to SR 95 due to the addition of US 42 but today, many routes follow the old route. The modern routing of SR 42 follows SR 95 from Marion to Fredericktown, SR 13 south to Mount Vernon, US 36 to SR 715, the length of SR 715, US 36 again to Coshocton, SR 541 to Kimbolton, and local roads to what was then SR 8 (later US 21).

SR 47 (1923–1931)

SR 47 was a route across central Ohio. When it was first created in 1923 and through 1929, the route ran from Granville at SR 16 to SR 67 in Marseilles. In 1930, the route was extended at both ends; the route was extended slightly south to US 40 near Hebron and was extended north along local roads to Findlay. The extension was only in place for two years because it was replaced by an extended SR 37.

SR 48 (1923–1926)

SR 48 was a state route through southeastern Ohio that existed from 1923 to 1926. The route ran from Fly to Dennison along what is now the southernmost section of SR 800. The route was renumbered in 1926 by a relocated SR 8, SR 800's predecessor.

SR 49 (1923–1926)

SR 49 was a state route that connected Cambridge and Steubenville from 1923 through 1926. The route was replaced by US 22 by 1927.

References

 1
F-1


title: Croatia at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Croatia competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014.

Alpine skiing

Men

See also
Croatia at the Paralympics
Croatia at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Czech Republic at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Czech Republic competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014.

Alpine skiing

Men

Snowboarding

Para-snowboarding is making its debut at the Winter Paralympics and it will be placed under the Alpine skiing program during the 2014 Games.

Men

Ice sledge hockey

Team
Jiri Berger
Erik Fojtik
Michal Geier
Zdenek Habl
Miroslav Hrbek
Libor Hulin
Zdenek Krupicka
Pavel Kubes
Tomas Kvoch
David Motycka
David Palat
Jiri Raul
Zdenek Safranek
Michal Vapenka

Preliminaries

5–8 Classification Play-offs

5th Place Game

See also
Czech Republic at the Paralympics
Czech Republic at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Ekrem Boyalı

text:
Ekrem Boyalı (born 15 July 1970) is an Olympian Turkish former Taekwondo practitioner and coach.

Early years and family life
Ekrem Boyalı was born on 15 July 1970 in Konya, Turkey. In 1998, Boyalı went to the United States to complete his university education. Upon returning home after three years, he was appointed a lecturer at Selçuk University in Konya. In 2009, he earned a PhD degree in Exercise physiology from the Institute of Health Science at Selçuk University with a thesis on "The effect of vitamin E application on the levels of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and lactate during acute Taekwondo exercise".

He is married with Ayşegül Ergin, also a world and European championship medalist.

Sports career
He began with Taekwondo following the footsteps of his older brother Osman Boyalı in 1983. After four years of hard training at his brother's sports club, he was admitted to the national team. Later, he became captain of the Turkey team.

At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, he competed for Turkey, and became the runner-up after losing to Kim Byong-Cheol from South Korea in the final game. The Taekwondo competitions were held as demonstration sport, and therefore no medals were awarded.

Boyalı served as coach of the Turkey national team after leaving the active sport. Later, he coached the Bulgaria national team.

Achievements
  1988 European Championships – Ankara, Turkey −54 kg (youth)
  1990 European Championships – Aarhus, Denmark −54 kg
  1991 World Cup – Zagreb, Croatia −58 kg
  1991 World Championships – Athens, Greece −58 kg
  1992 European Championships – Valencia, Spain −64 kg
  1992 Pre-Olympian Games – Barcelona, Spain −64 kg
  1994 World Cup – George Town, Cayman Islands, United Kingdom −64 kg
  1996 European Championships – Helsinki, Finland −64 kg
  1997 World Championships – Hong Kong, British Hong Kong −64 kg

References

1970 births
Sportspeople from Konya
Turkish male taekwondo practitioners
Turkish martial artists
Olympic taekwondo practitioners for Turkey
Taekwondo practitioners at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Turkish sports coaches
Selçuk University alumni
Academic staff of Selçuk University
Living people
European Taekwondo Championships medalists
World Taekwondo Championships medalists
21st-century Turkish people


title: Denmark at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Denmark sent a delegation to compete at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia from 7–16 March 2014.  This was Denmark's tenth appearance at a Winter Paralympic Games.  The Danish delegation to Sochi consisted of two alpine skiers, Ulrik Nyvold and Line Damgaard.  Nyvold failed to finish either of his events, while Damgaard placed 12th in the women's standing slalom and 15th in the women's standing giant slalom.

Background
Denmark first joined Paralympic competition at the 1968 Summer Paralympics, and first participated in the Winter Paralympics at the 1980 Winter Paralympics.  Since their respective debuts, they have taken part in every Summer and Winter Paralympics, making Sochi their tenth appearance at a Winter Paralympics. The 2014 Winter Paralympics were held from 7–16 March 2014, in Sochi, Russia; 45 countries and 547 athletes took part in the multi-sport event. The Danish delegation to Sochi consisted of two alpine skiers, Ulrik Nyvold and Line Damgaard.  Nyvold was chosen as the Danish flag-bearer for the parade of nations during the opening ceremony, and Damgaard was chosen to carry the flag for the closing ceremony.

Disability classification
Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories: amputation, the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, though there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; and Les autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, like dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Events with "B" in the code are for athletes with visual impairment, codes LW1 to LW9 are for athletes who stand to compete and LW10 to LW12 are for athletes who compete sitting down. Alpine skiing events grouped athletes into separate competitions for sitting, standing and visually impaired athletes.

Alpine skiing

Ulrik Nyvold was 39 years old at the time of the Sochi Paralympics.  He broke his back in a car wreck in 2005, and is classified as LW10-1, meaning he competes in a sitting position.  On 13 March, he did not start the men's sitting slalom for unspecified reasons.  Two days later, he participated in the Men's sitting giant slalom, finishing the first run in a time of 1 minute and 41.21 seconds and in 27th place.  In the second run, he fell as he was nearing the bottom of the course, missing a gate.  He was officially recorded as a "Did Not Finish" (DNF) for the competition.

Line Damgaard was 32 years old at the time of the Sochi Paralympics. A cancer survivor, her right leg was amputated in 2002.  She is classified as LW2 and competes in a standing position.  On 12 March, she took part in the women's standing slalom, finishing her first leg in a time of 1 minute and 54.94 seconds and her second in 1 minute and 58.96 seconds.  Her total time was 3 minutes and 53.90 seconds, which put her in 12th and last place among those who finished the race; the gold medal was won by Andrea Rothfuss of Germany in 1 minute and 59.85 seconds.  Four days later, she competed in the women's standing giant slalom, finishing her first run in 2 minutes and 8.4 seconds. She was significantly faster in her second run, posting a time of 1 minute and 53 seconds.  Her final time was 4 minutes and 1.4 seconds, finishing in 15th and last place among classified finishers; the gold medal was won by Marie Bochet of France in a time of 2 minutes and 38.84 seconds.

See also
Denmark at the Paralympics
Denmark at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Finland at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Finland competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014.

Medalists

Alpine skiing

Men

Women

Biathlon

Men

Women

Cross-country skiing

Men

Women

Relay

Wheelchair curling

Team

Round Robin

Draw 1

Draw 2

Draw 3

Draw 4

Draw 5

Draw 6

Draw 7

Draw 8

Draw 9

See also
Finland at the Paralympics
Finland at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: France at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
France competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014.

Alpine skiing

Men

Women

Snowboarding

Para-snowboarding is making its debut at the Winter Paralympics and it will be placed under the Alpine skiing program during the 2014 Games.

Men

 Women

Biathlon

Men

Cross-country skiing

Men

Relay

See also
France at the Paralympics
France at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Germany at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Germany competed at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia, held between 7–16 March 2014.

During the games, Germany has a German House, that is located in the village of Estosadok, on the Mzymta River,  upstream from Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster).

Alpine skiing

Germany has entered seven athletes in alpine skiing. In the combined, the first run is the slalom, the second is the super-G.

Men

Women

Snowboarding

Para-snowboarding is making its debut at the Winter Paralympics and it will be placed under the Alpine skiing program during the 2014 Games.

Men

Biathlon

Men

Women

Cross-country skiing

Men

Women

Relay

See also
Germany at the Paralympics
Germany at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics


title: Greece at the 2014 Winter Paralympics

text:
Greece sent a delegation to compete at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia from 7–16 March 2014.  This was Greece's third appearance at a Winter Paralympic Games.  Their only athlete was alpine skier Efthymios Kalaras. He suffered a spinal cord injury two decades before these Paralympics, and was a returning Paralympic silver medalist from the 2004 Summer Paralympics in the discus throw.  He finished 22nd in the sitting giant slalom, nearly a minute behind the gold medal time.

Background

Greece first joined Paralympic competition at the 1976 Summer Paralympics, and made their Winter Paralympics debut at the 2002 Winter Paralympics.  They have participated in every Summer Paralympics since, and missed the Winter Paralympics only once, in 2006.  This made Sochi their third appearance at a Winter Paralympics.   While Greece have won over 90 medals at Summer Paralympics, they have never won one in Winter Paralympics competition.  The 2014 Winter Paralympics were held from 7–16 March 2014, in Sochi, Russia; 45 countries and 547 athletes took part in the multi-sport event. Efthymios Kalaras was the only athlete sent by Greece to Sochi.  He was chosen as the Greek flag-bearer for the parade of nations during the opening ceremony, and the closing ceremony.

Disability classification
Every participant at the Paralympics has their disability grouped into one of five disability categories: amputation, the condition may be congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes, though there is often overlap between this and other categories; visual impairment, including blindness; and Les Autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, like dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing. Events with "B" in the code are for athletes with visual impairment, codes LW1 to LW9 are for athletes who stand to compete and LW10 to LW12 are for athletes who compete sitting down. Alpine skiing events grouped athletes into separate competitions for sitting, standing and visually impaired athletes.

Alpine skiing

Efthymios Kalaras was 38 years old at the time of the Sochi Paralympics.  He suffers from an acquired spinal cord injury obtained in a motorcycle accident 20 years before the Sochi Paralympics, and is classified LW10-1, meaning he competes in a sitting position.  LW10 classified athletes have "no or minimal trunk stability, for example due to spinal cord injuries or spina bifida. They therefore rely mainly on their arms to manoeuvre the sit-ski." Kalaras previously won a silver medal in the discus throw at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He took up skiing three years before the Sochi Paralympics, and had only spent a single year in international competitions.  He was the first Greek athlete to participate in both a Summer and a Winter Paralympics.  On 13 March, he took part in the sitting slalom, but failed to finish the first run, missing a gate around 20 seconds into his run.  Two days later he participated in the sitting giant slalom, finishing his first run in 1 minute and 52.77 seconds, and his second in a faster 1 minute and 44.83 seconds.  Placement was determined by adding up the run times; his total time was 3 minutes and 37.60 seconds, which put him next to last among the 23 classified finishers.  The gold medal was won by Christoph Kunz of Switzerland in a time of 2 minutes and 32.73 seconds, the silver medal by Corey Peters of New Zealand and the bronze medal was won by Roman Rabl of Austria.

See also
Greece at the Paralympics
Greece at the 2014 Winter Olympics

References

Nations at the 2014 Winter Paralympics
2014
Winter Paralympics