title: Quantifier (logic)

text:
In logic, a quantifier is an operator that specifies how many individuals in the domain of discourse satisfy an open formula. For instance, the universal quantifier  in the first order formula  expresses that everything in the domain satisfies the property denoted by . On the other hand, the existential quantifier  in the formula  expresses that there exists something in the domain which satisfies that property. A formula where a quantifier takes widest scope is called a quantified formula. A quantified formula must contain a bound variable and a subformula specifying a property of the referent of that variable.

The most commonly used quantifiers are  and . These quantifiers are standardly defined as duals; in classical logic, they are interdefinable using negation. They can also be used to define more complex quantifiers, as in the formula  which expresses that nothing has the property . Other quantifiers are only definable within second order logic or higher order logics. Quantifiers have been generalized beginning with the work of Mostowski and Lindström.

In a first-order logic statement, quantifications in the same type (either universal quantifications or existential quantifications) can be exchanged without changing the meaning of the statement, while the exchange of quantifications in different types changes the meaning. As an example, the only difference in the definition of uniform continuity and (ordinary) continuity is the order of quantifications.

First order quantifiers approximate the meanings of some natural language quantifiers such as "some" and "all". However, many natural language quantifiers can only be analyzed in terms of generalized quantifiers.

Relations to logical conjunction and disjunction
For a finite domain of discourse , the universally quantified formula  is equivalent to the logical conjunction .
Dually, the existentially quantified formula  is equivalent to the logical disjunction .
For example, if  is the set of binary digits, the formula  abbreviates , which evaluates to true.

Infinite domain of discourse

Consider the following statement (using dot notation for multiplication):
 1 · 2 = 1 + 1, and 2 · 2 = 2 + 2, and 3 · 2 = 3 + 3, ..., and 100 · 2 = 100 + 100, and ..., etc.
This has the appearance of an infinite conjunction of propositions. From the point of view of formal languages, this is immediately a problem, since syntax rules are expected to generate finite words.

The example above is fortunate in that there is a procedure to generate all the conjuncts.  However, if an assertion were to be made about every irrational number, there would be no way to enumerate all the conjuncts, since irrationals cannot be enumerated. A succinct, equivalent formulation which avoids these problems uses universal quantification:
 For each natural number n, n · 2 = n + n.
A similar analysis applies to the disjunction,
 1 is equal to 5 + 5, or 2 is equal to 5 + 5, or 3 is equal to 5 + 5, ... , or 100 is equal to 5 + 5, or ..., etc.
which can be rephrased using existential quantification:
 For some natural number n, n is equal to 5+5.

Algebraic approaches to quantification
It is possible to devise abstract algebras whose models include formal languages with quantification, but progress has been slow and interest in such algebra has been limited. Three approaches have been devised to date:
 Relation algebra, invented by Augustus De Morgan, and developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, Ernst Schröder, Alfred Tarski, and Tarski's students. Relation algebra cannot represent any formula with quantifiers nested more than three deep. Surprisingly, the models of relation algebra include the axiomatic set theory ZFC and Peano arithmetic;
 Cylindric algebra, devised by Alfred Tarski, Leon Henkin, and others;
 The polyadic algebra of Paul Halmos.

Notation
The two most common quantifiers are the universal quantifier and the existential quantifier. The traditional symbol for the universal quantifier is "∀", a rotated letter "A", which stands for  "for all" or "all".  The corresponding symbol for the existential quantifier is "∃", a rotated letter "E", which stands for "there exists" or "exists".

An example of translating a quantified statement in a natural language such as English would be as follows. Given the statement, "Each of Peter's friends either likes to dance or likes to go to the beach (or both)", key aspects can be identified and rewritten using symbols including quantifiers. So, let X be the set of all Peter's friends, P(x) the predicate "x likes to dance", and Q(x) the predicate "x likes to go to the beach". Then the above sentence can be written in formal notation as , which is read, "for every x that is a member of X, P applies to x or Q applies to x".

Some other quantified expressions are constructed as follows,

for a formula P. These two expressions (using the definitions above) are read as "there exists a friend of Peter who likes to dance" and "all friends of Peter like to dance", respectively.
Variant notations include, for set X and set members x:

All of these variations also apply to universal quantification.
Other variations for the universal quantifier are

Some versions of the notation explicitly mention the range of quantification. The range of quantification must always be specified; for a given mathematical theory, this can be done in several ways:
 Assume a fixed domain of discourse for every quantification, as is done in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory,
 Fix several domains of discourse in advance and require that each variable have a declared domain, which is the type of that variable. This is analogous to the situation in statically typed computer programming languages, where variables have declared types.
 Mention explicitly the range of quantification, perhaps using a symbol for the set of all objects in that domain (or the type of the objects in that domain).

One can use any variable as a quantified variable in place of any other, under certain restrictions in which variable capture does not occur.  Even if the notation uses typed variables, variables of that type may be used.

Informally or in natural language, the "∀x" or "∃x" might appear after or in the middle of P(x). Formally, however, the phrase that introduces the dummy variable is placed in front.

Mathematical formulas mix symbolic expressions for quantifiers with natural language quantifiers such as,
 For every natural number x, ...
 There exists an x such that ...
 For at least one x, ....

Keywords for uniqueness quantification include:
 For exactly one natural number x, ...
 There is one and only one x such that ....
Further, x may be replaced by a pronoun. For example,
For every natural number, its product with 2 equals to its sum with itself.
Some natural number is prime.

Order of quantifiers (nesting)

The order of quantifiers is critical to meaning, as is illustrated by the following two propositions:
For every natural number n, there exists a natural number s such that s = n2.
This is clearly true; it just asserts that every natural number has a square. The meaning of the assertion in which the order of quantifiers is reversed is different:
There exists a natural number s such that for every natural number n, s = n2.
This is clearly false; it asserts that there is a single natural number s that is the square of every natural number. This is because the syntax directs that any variable cannot be a function of subsequently introduced variables.

A less trivial example from mathematical analysis regards the concepts of uniform and pointwise continuity, whose definitions differ only by an exchange in the positions of two quantifiers. A function f from R to R is called
 Pointwise continuous if
 Uniformly continuous if
In the former case, the particular value chosen for δ can be a function of both ε and x, the variables that precede it.
In the latter case, δ can be a function only of ε (i.e., it has to be chosen independent of x). For example, f(x) = x2 satisfies pointwise, but not uniform continuity (its slope is unbound).
In contrast, interchanging the two initial universal quantifiers in the definition of pointwise continuity does not change the meaning.

As a general rule, swapping two adjacent universal quantifiers with the same scope (or swapping two adjacent existential quantifiers with the same scope) doesn't change the meaning of the formula (see Example here), but swapping an existential quantifier and an adjacent universal quantifier may change its meaning.

The maximum depth of nesting of quantifiers in a formula is called its "quantifier rank".

Equivalent expressions
If D is a domain of x and P(x) is a predicate dependent on object variable x, then the universal proposition can be expressed as

This notation is known as restricted or relativized or bounded quantification. Equivalently one can write,

The existential proposition can be expressed with bounded quantification as

or equivalently

Together with negation, only one of either the universal or existential quantifier is needed to perform both tasks:

which shows that to disprove a "for all x" proposition, one needs no more than to find an x for which the predicate is false. Similarly,

to disprove a "there exists an x" proposition, one needs to show that the predicate is false for all x.

In classical logic, every formula is logically equivalent to a formula in prenex normal form, that is, a string of quantifiers and bound variables followed by a quantifier-free formula.

Quantifier elimination

Range of quantification
Every quantification involves one specific variable and a domain of discourse or range of quantification of that variable. The range of quantification specifies the set of values that the variable takes.  In the examples above, the range of quantification is the set of natural numbers.  Specification of the range of quantification allows us to express the difference between, say, asserting that a predicate holds for some natural number or for some real number. Expository conventions often reserve some variable names such as "n" for natural numbers, and "x" for real numbers, although relying exclusively on naming conventions cannot work in general, since ranges of variables can change in the course of a mathematical argument.

A universally quantified formula over an empty range (like ) is always vacuously true. Conversely, an existentially quantified formula over an empty range (like ) is always false.

A more natural way to restrict the domain of discourse uses guarded quantification.  For example, the guarded quantification
For some natural number n, n is even and n is prime
means
For some even number n, n is prime.

In some mathematical theories, a single domain of discourse fixed in advance is assumed.  For example, in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, variables range over all sets. In this case, guarded quantifiers can be used to mimic a smaller range of quantification. Thus in the example above, to express
For every natural number n, n·2 = n + n
in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, one would write
For every n, if n belongs to N, then n·2 = n + n,
where N is the set of all natural numbers.

Formal semantics
Mathematical semantics is the application of mathematics to study the meaning of expressions in a formal language. It has three elements: a mathematical specification of a class of objects via syntax, a mathematical specification of various semantic domains and the relation between the two, which is usually expressed as a function from syntactic objects to semantic ones.  This article only addresses the issue of how quantifier elements are interpreted.
The syntax of a formula can be given by a syntax tree. A quantifier has a scope, and an occurrence of a variable x is free if it is not within the scope of a quantification for that variable. Thus in

the occurrence of both x and y in C(y, x) is free, while the occurrence of x and y in B(y, x) is bound (i.e. non-free).

An interpretation for first-order predicate calculus assumes as given a domain of individuals X.  A formula A whose free variables are x1, ..., xn is interpreted as a boolean-valued function F(v1, ..., vn) of n arguments, where each argument ranges over the domain X.  Boolean-valued means that the function assumes one of the values T (interpreted as truth) or F (interpreted as falsehood). The interpretation of the formula

is the function G of n-1 arguments such that G(v1, ..., vn-1) = T if and only if F(v1, ..., vn-1, w) = T for every w in X. If  F(v1, ..., vn-1, w) = F for at least one value of w, then G(v1, ..., vn-1) = F. Similarly the interpretation of the formula

is the function H of n-1 arguments such that H(v1, ..., vn-1) = T if and only if F(v1, ..., vn-1, w) = T for at least one w and  H(v1, ..., vn-1) = F otherwise.

The semantics for uniqueness quantification requires first-order predicate calculus with equality. This means there is given a distinguished two-placed predicate "="; the semantics is also modified accordingly so that "=" is always interpreted as the two-place equality relation on X. The interpretation of

then is the function of n-1 arguments, which is the logical and of the interpretations of

Each kind of quantification defines a corresponding closure operator on the set of formulas, by adding, for each free variable x, a quantifier to bind x. For example, the existential closure of the open formula n>2 ∧ xn+yn=zn is the closed formula ∃n ∃x ∃y ∃z (n>2 ∧ xn+yn=zn); the latter formula, when interpreted over the positive integers, is known to be false by Fermat's Last Theorem. As another example, equational axioms, like x+y=y+x, are usually meant to denote their universal closure, like ∀x ∀y (x+y=y+x) to express commutativity.

Paucal, multal and other degree quantifiers

None of the quantifiers previously discussed apply to a quantification such as

There are many integers n < 100, such that n is divisible by 2 or 3 or 5.

One possible interpretation mechanism can be obtained as follows: Suppose that in addition to a semantic domain X, we have given a probability measure P defined on X and cutoff numbers 0 < a ≤ b ≤  1.  If A is a formula with free variables x1,...,xn whose interpretation is
the function F of variables v1,...,vn
then the interpretation of

is the function of v1,...,vn-1 which is T if and only if

and F otherwise.  Similarly, the interpretation of

is the function of v1,...,vn-1 which is F if and only if

and T otherwise.

Other quantifiers
A few other quantifiers have been proposed over time. In particular, the solution quantifier, noted § (section sign) and read "those". For example,

is read "those n in N such that n2 ≤ 4 are in {0,1,2}." The same construct is expressible in set-builder notation as

Contrary to the other quantifiers, § yields a set rather than a formula.

Some other quantifiers sometimes used in mathematics include:
There are infinitely many elements such that...
For all but finitely many elements... (sometimes expressed as "for almost all elements...").
There are uncountably many elements such that...
For all but countably many elements...
For all elements in a set of positive measure...
For all elements except those in a set of measure zero...

History
Term logic, also called Aristotelian logic, treats quantification in a manner that is closer to natural language, and also less suited to formal analysis. Term logic treated All, Some  and No in the 4th century BC, in an account also touching on the alethic modalities.

In 1827, George Bentham published his Outline of a new system of logic, with a critical examination of Dr Whately's Elements of Logic, describing the principle of the quantifier, but the book was not widely circulated.

William Hamilton claimed to have coined the terms "quantify" and "quantification", most likely in his Edinburgh lectures c. 1840. Augustus De Morgan confirmed this in 1847, but modern usage began with De Morgan in 1862 where he makes statements such as "We are to take in both all and some-not-all as quantifiers".

Gottlob Frege, in his 1879 Begriffsschrift, was the first to employ a quantifier to bind a variable ranging over a domain of discourse and appearing in predicates. He would universally quantify a variable (or relation) by writing the variable over a dimple in an otherwise straight line appearing in his diagrammatic formulas. Frege did not devise an explicit notation for existential quantification, instead employing his equivalent of ~∀x~, or contraposition. Frege's treatment of quantification went largely unremarked until Bertrand Russell's 1903 Principles of Mathematics.

In work that culminated in Peirce (1885), Charles Sanders Peirce and his student Oscar Howard Mitchell independently invented universal and existential quantifiers, and bound variables. Peirce and Mitchell wrote Πx and Σx where we now write ∀x and ∃x. Peirce's notation can be found in the writings of Ernst Schröder, Leopold Loewenheim, Thoralf Skolem, and Polish logicians into the 1950s. Most notably, it is the notation of Kurt Gödel's landmark 1930 paper on the completeness of first-order logic, and 1931 paper on the incompleteness of Peano arithmetic.

Peirce's approach to quantification also influenced William Ernest Johnson and Giuseppe Peano, who invented yet another notation, namely (x) for the universal quantification of x and (in 1897) ∃x for the existential quantification of x. Hence for decades, the canonical notation in philosophy and mathematical logic was (x)P to express "all individuals in the domain of discourse have the property P," and "(∃x)P" for "there exists at least one individual in the domain of discourse having the property P." Peano, who was much better known than Peirce, in effect diffused the latter's thinking throughout Europe. Peano's notation was adopted by the Principia Mathematica of Whitehead and Russell, Quine, and Alonzo Church. In 1935, Gentzen introduced the ∀ symbol, by analogy with Peano's ∃ symbol. ∀ did not become canonical until the 1960s.

Around 1895, Peirce began developing his existential graphs, whose variables can be seen as tacitly quantified. Whether the shallowest instance of a variable is even or odd determines whether that variable's quantification is universal or existential. (Shallowness is the contrary of depth, which is determined by the nesting of negations.) Peirce's graphical logic has attracted some attention in recent years by those researching heterogeneous reasoning and diagrammatic inference.

See also

Absolute generality
Almost all
Branching quantifier
Conditional quantifier
Counting quantification
Eventually (mathematics)
Generalized quantifier — a higher-order property used as standard semantics of quantified noun phrases
Lindström quantifier — a generalized polyadic quantifier
Quantifier shift

References

Bibliography
 Barwise, Jon; and Etchemendy, John, 2000. Language Proof and Logic. CSLI (University of Chicago Press) and New York: Seven Bridges Press. A gentle introduction to first-order logic by two first-rate logicians.

 Frege, Gottlob, 1879. Begriffsschrift. Translated in Jean van Heijenoort, 1967. From Frege to Gödel: A Source Book on Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931. Harvard University Press. The first appearance of quantification.
 Hilbert, David; and Ackermann, Wilhelm, 1950 (1928). Principles of Mathematical Logic. Chelsea. Translation of Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik. Springer-Verlag. The 1928 first edition is the first time quantification was consciously employed in the now-standard  manner, namely as binding variables ranging over some fixed domain of discourse. This is the defining aspect of first-order logic.
 Peirce, C. S., 1885, "On the Algebra of Logic: A Contribution to the Philosophy of Notation, American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 7, pp. 180–202. Reprinted in Kloesel, N. et al., eds., 1993. Writings of C. S. Peirce, Vol. 5. Indiana University Press. The first appearance of quantification in anything like its present form.
 Reichenbach, Hans, 1975 (1947). Elements of Symbolic Logic, Dover Publications. The quantifiers are discussed in chapters §18 "Binding of variables" through §30 "Derivations from Synthetic Premises".
 Westerståhl, Dag, 2001, "Quantifiers," in Goble, Lou, ed., The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic. Blackwell.
 Wiese, Heike, 2003. Numbers, language, and the human mind. Cambridge University Press. .

External links

 . From College of Natural Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
 Shapiro, Stewart (2000). "Classical Logic" (Covers syntax, model theory, and metatheory for first order logic in the natural deduction style.)
 Westerståhl, Dag (2005). "Generalized quantifiers"
 Peters, Stanley; Westerståhl, Dag (2002). "Quantifiers"

Logic
Predicate logic
Quantifier (logic)
Philosophical logic
Semantics


title: Samlar kako

text:
Samlor kako (, , ) is a traditional Cambodian soup considered one of Cambodia's national dishes. Samlar kako consists of green kroeung, prahok, roasted ground rice, catfish, pork or chicken, vegetables, fruits and herbs.

In folklore
The soup is featured in a famous Khmer folk legend called "Young black lady's magic formula for a love charm" (). In the legend, a young crown prince Guj Monoraj of a kingdom called Aranh Panh-chak Seila ("forest country that follows the principle of five virtues") goes hunting in a forest and gets lost while chasing after an antelope. Eventually, the prince makes his way out of the forest, but exhausted, scratched and bleeding passes out on horseback while heading towards a village. The unconscious prince is carried inside by an elderly couple who live with their daughter, a beautiful young girl called Neang Khmao (, ).

Eventually, the prince regains consciousness, but is still very weak, so the family nurses him back to health. One day, the prince sees Neang Khmao and her mother preparing a soup he has never seen before that seemingly contains every single vegetable, Asked what kind of soup is it, Neang Khmao replies that it is a "soup of hundred ingredients" (samlor muoy roy mouk). The prince tastes it and it is the most delicious soup he has ever had. Meanwhile, the prince's parents have sent a search party that eventually finds the prince at an orchard in the company of Neang Khmao and escorts them both back to the palace. Two weeks later, the prince still cannot forget Neang Khmao, so he persuades his parents to go with him to Neang Khmao and taste the soup. In an entourage of soldiers and servants they travel back to Neang Khmao. By the next morning they have gathered all ingredients needed and start preparing the soup.

Three cooks are assigned to prepare the soup, constantly stirring it as it cooks. When the soup is ready, the king tastes it and exclaims that it is delicious, but still seems to be lacking something. He pours some toasted rice in the soup from a plate on a rattan strap left out for sparrows and tastes it again, concluding that now it is perfect. The king asks for the soup's name and is told by the villagers that it is called the "soup of hundred ingredients", to which the king replies that the soup should be called the "stirred soup" (samlor kako) because everyone was always stirring the soup and since then samlor muoy roy mouk has been called samlor kako.

Gallery

References

Cambodian soups
Vegetable dishes
National dishes


title: Quantification (science)

text:
In mathematics and empirical science, quantification (or quantitation) is the act of counting and measuring that maps human sense observations and experiences into quantities. Quantification in this sense is fundamental to the scientific method.

Natural science
Some measure of the undisputed general importance of quantification in the natural sciences can be gleaned from the following comments:

 "these are mere facts, but they are quantitative facts and the basis of science."
 It seems to be held as universally true that "the foundation of quantification is measurement."
 There is little doubt that "quantification provided a basis for the objectivity of science."
 In ancient times, "musicians and artists ... rejected quantification, but merchants, by definition, quantified their affairs, in order to survive, made them visible on parchment and paper."
 Any reasonable "comparison between Aristotle and Galileo shows clearly that there can be no unique lawfulness discovered without detailed quantification."
 Even today, "universities use imperfect instruments called 'exams' to indirectly quantify something they call knowledge."

This meaning of quantification comes under the heading of pragmatics.

In some instances in the natural sciences a seemingly intangible concept may be quantified by creating a scale—for example, a pain scale in medical research, or a discomfort scale at the intersection of meteorology and human physiology such as the heat index measuring the combined perceived effect of heat and humidity, or the wind chill factor measuring the combined perceived effects of cold and wind.

Social sciences

In the social sciences, quantification is an integral part of economics and psychology. Both disciplines gather data – economics by empirical observation and psychology by experimentation – and both use statistical techniques such as regression analysis to draw conclusions from it.

In some instances a seemingly intangible property may be quantified by asking subjects to rate something on a scale—for example, a happiness scale or a quality-of-life scale—or by the construction of a scale by the researcher, as with the index of economic freedom. In other cases, an unobservable variable may be quantified by replacing it with a proxy variable with which it is highly correlated—for example, per capita gross domestic product is often used as a proxy for standard of living or quality of life.

Frequently in the use of regression, the presence or absence of a trait is quantified by employing a dummy variable, which takes on the value 1 in the presence of the trait or the value 0 in the absence of the trait.

Quantitative linguistics is an area of linguistics that relies on quantification. For example, indices of grammaticalization of morphemes, such as phonological shortness, dependence on surroundings, and fusion with the verb, have been developed and found to be significantly correlated across languages with stage of evolution of function of the morpheme.

Hard versus soft science

The ease of quantification is one of the features used to distinguish hard and soft sciences from each other. Scientists often consider hard sciences to be more scientific or rigorous, but this is disputed by social scientists who maintain that appropriate rigor includes the qualitative evaluation of the broader contexts of qualitative data. In some social sciences such as sociology, quantitative data are difficult to obtain, either because laboratory conditions are not present or because the issues involved are conceptual but not directly quantifiable. Thus in these cases qualitative methods are preferred.

See also
Calibration
Internal standard
Isotope dilution
Physical quantity
Quantitative analysis (chemistry)
Standard addition

References

Further reading

 Crosby, Alfred W. (1996) The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society, 1250–1600. Cambridge University Press.
 Wiese, Heike, 2003. Numbers, Language, and the Human Mind. Cambridge University Press. .

Philosophy of science
Analytical chemistry


title: Lecanodiaspis

text:
Lecanodiaspis is a genus of scale insects of the family Lecanodiaspididae described by Targioni Tozzetti in 1869.

References

Hemiptera of Australia
Lecanodiaspididae


title: 1923 in Turkey

text:
Events in the year 1923 in Turkey.

Parliament
 2nd Parliament of Turkey

Incumbents
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, President, 29 October 1923 – 10 November 1938
İsmet İnönü, Prime Minister, 1 November 1923 – 22 November 1924

Events

July
The Turkish War of Independence was settled with the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on 24 July
Turkish Republic was proclaimed on 29 October, abolishing the Ottoman sultanate
Letter from Agha Khan III to İsmet İnönü about the future of the Caliphate was sent on 24 November

Deaths
15 January – Zübeyde Hanım, 66, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's mother.

Births
Refik Arslan, founder of Refik Restaurant (died 2011).

References

1920s in Turkey
Years of the 20th century in Turkey
Turkey
Turkey
Turkey


title: Grabovica, Kotor Varoš

text:
Grabovica is a settlement in the Kotor Varoš Municipality, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located by the Vrbanja river, the new village on the mouth on Grabovička rijeka, and old one at around 3 km upstream of this Vrbanja's tributary. Grabovica is situated at an altitude of about 450 m, and the distance from Kotor Varos is about 23 km.

It is believed that during the Bosnian War (1992–95) around 161 Bosniaks held captive at the Grabovica elementary school by the Army of the Republika Srpska were killed (their graves undiscovered).

Population

References

Villages in Republika Srpska
Populated places in Kotor Varoš


title: Epinotia nemorivaga

text:
Epinotia nemorivaga, the bearberry bell, is a species of moth in the family Tortricidae. It is found in Europe (from Fennoscandia and northern Russia to the Iberian Peninsula and Italy, and from Ireland to Poland) and Asia (China: Henan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi).

The wingspan is 10–12 mm. The face and palpi are pale brownish. The forewings are silvery- whitish, finely strigulated with fuscous. The costa is posteriorly strigulated with dark fuscous and white. There  are some scattered dark fuscous strigulae . The basal patch with edge somewhat bent, the central fascia with posterior median projection, and an irregular spot touching termen in middle  are all dark fuscous. The termen is hardly sinuate. The cilia have a white subapical dash. The hindwings are grey.The larva is pale yellowish; head dark brown :

Adults are on wing in June and July in western Europe.

The larvae feed on Arctostaphylos alpinus and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. The larvae mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine starts as a corridor. Later, the larva leaves the corridor and starts making a large full-depth blotch. The larva leaves the blotch and moves to a new leaf, connecting both leaves with silk. The larvae are a dull grey-green color with a shining black head. They can be found from September to May.

References

Moths described in 1848
Eucosmini


title: Johnathon Jones

text:
Johnathon Christopher Jones (born May 1, 1988) is an American professional basketball player who last played for KK Igokea of the Bosnian League and Adriatic League. At the collegiate level, he played with Oakland. As a junior in 2008–09, he led the NCAA Division I in assists per game with an 8.06 average. Jones first played professionally with MBK Rieker Komárno of the Slovak Extraliga. He was not selected in the 2010 NBA draft.

High school career
Jones attended Okemos High School in Okemos, Michigan. He gained state attention after completing his senior season, and achieved star status with the basketball team according to several reports from the Lansing State Journal. However, he still managed to finish his third year at Okemos averaging 19.8 points, 6.0 assists, and 5.0 steals. Jones also played American football with the school team, lettering as quarterback.

In his early years with Okemos High School, Jones became a huge contributor to the team's exceptional ranking and record. However, the team was knocked out of the state tournament in 2004 by Holt High School despite their rivals barely holding onto a .500 record and a winning season. However, in the following season, Jones scored 39 total points in a triple-overtime win over Holt, which was regarded as one of the greatest games in the history of the rivalry. On February 25, 2006, Okemos won again, with Jones scoring nine points, his lowest total in the season. He later said, "I knew they would (come through) ... It was a tie game, and they wanted the shots. I gave them the ball and that's what happens. It was hard. (But) I know the other players were open and I gave it to them." The win initiated a triumph in the Capital Area Activities Conference. Jones logged 38 points in his state championship game appearance. He finished his senior year averaging 21.6 points and 6.0 assists.

Following his final season at Okemos, Jones garnered several prestigious honors. He lettered in all four years under head coach Dan Stolz, and was named a Who's Who Among American High School Student, a list of younger athletes who have excelled in academics, extracurricular activities and community service. In his last year, Jones was also nominated to participate in the 2006 McDonald's All-American Boys Game, a roster dominated by the likes of Kevin Durant. He finished fourth in the voting for Mr. Basketball of Michigan and was named CAAC Conference Player of the Year on multiple occasions. He was also tabbed to the All-State first team.

Jones stood 5'11" and weighed 160 pounds at the time of his recruitment. He made the decision to stay close to home by committing to Oakland on April 12, 2006. Some of his other choices were Akron, Toledo, Bowling Green, and Dayton. Jones was not given any rating by Rivals.com.

References

1988 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Bosnia and Herzegovina
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Slovakia
Basketball players from Ingham County, Michigan
KK Igokea players
Oakland Golden Grizzlies men's basketball players
Point guards
Skyliners Frankfurt players
HKK Široki players
Sportspeople from Okemos, Michigan
American men's basketball players


title: Elio Leoni Sceti

text:
Elio Leoni Sceti is an Italian businessman and an investor in early-stage companies. He is co-founder of The Craftory, an investment group for challenger brands in the consumer products space. He is chairman of LSG Holdings and a non-executive board member of beverage and brewing multinational Anheuser-Busch InBev. He is a former CEO of Iglo Group and former director of Nomad Foods. He is also a current board member of Barry Callebaut, Room to Read and One Young World.

Early life and education

Born in Rome in 1966,  Leoni Sceti went to school in Lausanne, Switzerland before returning to Rome to study economics at Luiss University. After graduating, he completed a postgraduate course in corporate law and tax, finishing top of his class.

Procter & Gamble and Reckitt Benckiser

In 1988, he joined Procter & Gamble's French and Italian business as one of its youngest ever brand managers. In 1992, he moved to Reckitt Benckiser as a category manager before becoming global head of category development and innovation in 2001. From 2005 to 2008 he was head of the company's European division, during which time he developed new variants in Reckitt's product range, working with brands such as Cillit Bang, Calgon, Finish and Airwick. In total he worked for 16 years at Reckitt Benckiser, in six different countries.

EMI
In July 2008, Leoni Sceti became the CEO of EMI's recorded music division. He returned the division to operational growth before leaving in 2010 to invest in early-stage technology companies, including social TV startup Beamly, of which he became chairman.

Iglo
Leoni Sceti is a former CEO of European frozen food company Iglo Group. While CEO he refocused the group's marketing strategy to include educational campaigns about the benefits of frozen food and its role in reducing food waste. In May 2015 he oversaw the sale of Iglo to Nomad Foods, stepping down as CEO to become a director of Nomad, before stepping down from Nomad in May 2016.

The Craftory
In May 2018 Leoni Sceti co-founded The Craftory, an investment house for consumer product challenger brands. The Craftory invests in owner-operated companies with annual revenues of more than $10m, in sectors including beauty, health, food, beverages and household products. It is the first investment group to focus on growing challenger brands across the consumer packaged goods space.

Leoni Sceti and co-founder Ernesto Schmitt launched The Craftory with $300m in investment capital, including $60m from Spice Private Equity.

Other positions

Elio Leoni Sceti has been a non-executive board member of beverage and brewing multinational Anheuser-Busch InBev since April 2014. In December 2017 he became a board member of the chocolate and cocoa manufacturer Barry Callebaut. He is co-founder and chairman of The Leoni Sceti Group, a UK-based firm with interests in real estate, private equity and venture capital.

Leoni Sceti is a councilor and director at the non-profit organisation One Young World and a board member at Room to Read, a non-profit organization for improving literacy and gender equality in education in the developing world.

Personal life

He is married with four children. In a Times interview in January 2014, he gave his motto as ‘per aspera ad astra et semper ad majora’, (‘through adversity to the stars and on to better things’).

References

1966 births
Italian investors
Living people
Procter & Gamble people
Venture capitalists


title: Lisbeth Haas

text:
Lisbeth Haas (born c. 1954) is an American historian and anthropologist. She is best known for her research into Indian and Hispanic societies in California and the Spanish colonial period. Much of her research centres on women, and she is the head of feminist studies at the University of California Santa Cruz. In 1996, she published Conquests and Historical Identities in California, 1769-1936 under the University of California Press, which documents Californian history and ethnic identify in the period between Spanish colonization and the early twentieth century, with a particular focus on Chicano identity in the San Juan Capistrano and Santa Ana area of Orange County. In 2012, she published Saints and Citizens: Indigenous Histories of Colonial Missions and Mexican California, which involved research and analysis into indigenous paintings at various Californian missions, illustrating how "native painters incorporated their cultural iconography in mission painting and how leaders harnessed new knowledge for control in other ways".

References

21st-century American historians
21st-century American anthropologists
American women anthropologists
American feminists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
American women historians
21st-century American women


title: The Incredible Machine (1993 video game)

text:
The Incredible Machine is a puzzle video game released in 1993, and the first release in The Incredible Machine video game series. The objective of the game is to create Rube Goldberg machines by arranging collections of objects in a complex fashion, so as to perform some simple task (such as "put the ball into a box" or "start a mixer and turn on a fan"). The Even More Incredible Machine was an extended version of the original, also released in 1993; it had 160 levels, about twice the number of levels in the original game, and had more parts to use in the contraptions.

Development
The Incredible Machine, the first game in the series, was originally going to be developed by Electronic Arts for the Commodore 64 in 1984, but Dynamix worked on Arcticfox for the Amiga instead and work did not start on The Incredible Machine until the spring of 1992. Kevin Ryan programmed The Incredible Machine in nine months, on a $36,000 budget.

Reception
Computer Gaming World in 1993 praised The Incredible Machine, stating that while the 80 puzzles "are a blast" the Free Form Mode was the game's best feature; "the curious, tinkering 10-year-old is re-awakened, given a digital toy box and set loose in the backyard of his or her mind". The magazine concluded that the game was "one of the most innovative and deceptively addicting products to pass this way in quite a while ... a well-oiled imagination machine with a very broad appeal". In 1993, Dragon gave the game 4 out of 5 stars. Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the 3DO version a 7.25 out of 10, saying that its controls are too slow due to the lack of mouse support, but that it is nonetheless better than the PC version due to the dramatically improved graphics and sound.

In 1996, Computer Gaming World named The Incredible Machine the 62nd best game ever. The editors summarized it as "fresh in concept and long on gameplay".

The Even More Incredible Machine
Scott A. May for Compute! said "The Even More Incredible Machine is divine madness – a delightfully addicting, thoroughly intelligent arcade game that should not be missed".

PC Zone said "The Even More Incredible Machine is addictive and testing. Furthermore, it is flexible enough to last. The real puzzle, however, is reserved for the retailers, who must how out how to stack the weird-shaped box on their shelves".

T. Liam McDonald for Game Players PC Entertainment said "if you're a puzzle fan who hasn't picked up the original, you'll definitely want to explore the zany world of The Even More Incredible Machine".

Stephen Kent for CD-ROM Today said: "This game will not return you to the awe-struck discovery years of your childhood, but it's a fun-filled return to the machines that usually only function in a child’s mind".

Computer Gaming World Ed Dille in 1993 stated that "The Even More Incredible Machine lives up to its billing, surpassing the original in terms of play value, if not presentation".

Awards
The Incredible Machine was nominated for an award at the 1993 Game Developers Conference, and was the winner of several prizes due to its innovative style and simulation abilities. It was innovative enough that Sid & Al's Incredible Toons earned Jeff Tunnell and Chris Cole a patent for the game concepts.

The Incredible Machine for iPad/iPhone also won Best iPhone/iPad Game and was nominated for Best Puzzle Game at E3 by IGN.

References

External links

1993 video games
3DO Interactive Multiplayer games
Cancelled Xbox 360 games
Classic Mac OS games
DOS games
Dynamix games
Educational video games
FM Towns games
Games commercially released with DOSBox
NEC PC-9801 games
Puzzle video games
Sierra Entertainment games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Christopher Stevens
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games


title: Alex Dupont (athlete)

text:
Alexandre "Alex" Dupont (born 3 September 1985) is a Canadian wheelchair racer. His right leg was amputated after he had a motorcycle accident when he was 17; he took up racing at the age of 18. Classified as a T54 athlete, he won bronze in the 1500 m at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Canadian male wheelchair racers
Paralympic track and field athletes for Canada
Paralympic bronze medalists for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medalists at the 2015 Parapan American Games
21st-century Canadian people
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games


title: Hybrid transactional/analytical processing

text:
Hybrid transaction/analytical processing (HTAP) is a term created by Gartner Inc., an information technology research and advisory company, in its early 2014 research report Hybrid Transaction/Analytical Processing Will Foster Opportunities for Dramatic Business Innovation. As defined by Gartner: Hybrid transaction/analytical processing (HTAP) is an emerging application architecture that "breaks the wall" between transaction processing and analytics. It enables more informed and "in business real time" decision making.

In more recent reports Gartner has begun referring to HTAP as "augmented transactions." Another analyst firm Forrester Research calls the same concept "Translytical" while 451 Group calls it "Hybrid operational and analytical processing" or HOAP.

Background
In the 1960s, computer use in the business sector began with payroll transactions and later included tasks in areas such as accounting and billing. At that time, users entered data, and the system processed it at a later time. Further development of instantaneous data processing, or online transaction processing (OLTP), led to widespread OLTP use in government and business-sector information systems.

Online analytical processing (OLAP) covers the analytical processing involved in creating, synthesizing, and managing data. With greater data demands among businesses, OLAP also has evolved. To meet the needs of applications, both technologies are dependent on their own systems and distinct architectures. As a result of the complexity in the information architecture and infrastructure of both OLTP and OLAP systems, data analysis is delayed.

HTAP advantages and challenges
There are various interpretations of HTAP other than Gartner's original definition; an "emerging architecture". These interpretations suggest different advantages, one being a database functionality. Recent advances in research, hardware, OLTP and OLAP capabilities, in-memory and cloud native database technologies, scalable transactional management and products enable transactional processing and analytics, or HTAP, to operate on the same database.

However, Gartner's most recent reports suggest broader advantages than a single unified database can offer. Traditional application architectures separated transactional and analytical systems. Digital business, and the need to respond to business moments, means that using "after the fact" analysis is no longer adequate. Business moments are transient opportunities that must be exploited in real time. If an organization is unable to recognize and/or respond quickly to a business moment by taking fast and well-informed decisions, then some other organization will, resulting in a missed opportunity (or a new business threat). HTAP allows advanced analytics to be run in real time on "in flight" transaction data, providing an architecture that empowers users to respond more effectively to business moments.

The main technical challenges for an HTAP database are how to be efficient both for operational (many small transactions with a high fraction of updates) and analytical workloads (large and complex queries traversing large number of rows) on the same database system and how to prevent the interference of the analytical queries over the operational workload. This kind of operational workload is also commonly referred to as Operational Analytical Processing.

HTAP solves the issue of analytic latency in several ways, including eliminating the need for multiple copies of the same data and the requirement for data to be offloaded from operational databases to data warehouses via ETL processes.

Most applications of HTAP are enabled by in-memory technologies that can process a high volume of transactions and offer features such as forecasting and simulations. New HTAP technologies use scalable transactional processing, and do not need to rely on keeping the whole database in-memory. HTAP has the potential to change the way organizations do business by offering immediate business decision-making capabilities based on live and sophisticated analytics of large volumes of data. Government and business leaders can be informed of real-time issues, outcomes, and trends that necessitate action, such as in the areas of public safety, risk management, and fraud detection.

Some challenges for HTAP include limited industry experience and skills, as well as undefined best practices.

In 2020, the first paper in the industry was published by the team of PingCAP describing the practical implementation of a distributed Hybrid Transactional/Analytical Processing (HTAP) database: TiDB: A Raft-based HTAP Database.

References

Business intelligence terms
Types of databases


title: Typhoon Ruby (1964)

text:
Typhoon Ruby, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Yoning, was a strong tropical cyclone that struck Hong Kong, Macau, and southern China in early September 1964. The precursor disturbance to Ruby was first identified on August 29 over the Philippine Sea, and this system organised into a tropical cyclone by September 1. Ruby intensified as it moved west, becoming a typhoon the next day and subsequently passing over the Babuyan Islands of the Philippines. After reaching the South China Sea, Ruby turned northwest and intensified further, attaining peak ten-minute sustained winds of  before making landfall at the peak intensity near Hong Kong on September 5. The typhoon weakened after moving inland and dissipated on September 6 over southeastern China.

Despite brushing Philippines as a typhoon, no impacts were recorded. Ruby was one of the strongest typhoons to hit Hong Kong in the city's history. The storm produced a peak wind gust of  at Tate's Cairn and a gust of  on Waglan Island; the latter was the strongest gust observed for that site. The storm sank 314 fishing vessels and destroyed or damaged thousands of homes. Rain-triggered landslides and wind-blown debris caused 300 injuries. Among locales in Hong Kong, Tai Po was most seriously affected. A total of 38 fatalities were attributed to Ruby in Hong Kong, though another 14 people remained unaccounted for. A wind gust of  generated by Ruby in Macau was the strongest gust measured there on record; at least 20 fatalities were reported in Macau. The typhoon caused serious flooding along the mouth of the Pearl River in Guangdong Province in South China, where at least 700 people were killed.

Meteorological history

The genesis of Typhoon Ruby stemmed from the interaction of a trough of low pressure and a westward-propagating tropical wave. This interaction led to the formation of a wind circulation west of Saipan on August 29, 1964. It initially moved west-northwest before curving west. Nimbus 1, a weather satellite, was used to detect and locate this precursor disturbance 21 hours prior to investigation from aircraft reconnaissance. For the first twelve hours on September 1, the disturbance became a tropical depression, and by around 12:00 UTC, the tropical depression had strengthened into a tropical storm while over the central Philippine Sea,  east of Basco, Batanes, in the Philippines. Ruby initially moved slightly south of west with a forward speed of . It became a severe tropical storm within 18 hours of tropical cyclogenesis according to data from the Hong Kong Observatory (known as the Royal Observatory in 1964). Aircraft reconnaissance estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds of  on their first intercept of the system on September 1. Data from the JTWC and HKO indicate Ruby became a typhoon by 12:00 UTC on September 2.

Ruby passed north of Luzon and across the Babuyan Islands as a typhoon on September 3 with one-minute sustained winds estimated by the JTWC at  and ten-minute sustained winds estimated by the HKO at . According to the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Ruby's barometric pressure reached a minimum of 972 hPa (mbar; 28.70 inHg) during this time; this is disputed by the HKO and the China Meteorological Administration (CMA), which both analysed Ruby's pressure to have continued falling for at least two more days. On September 4, Ruby turned towards the northwest while  northwest of Luzon. While ship observations were scant in the northern South China Sea following the issuance of typhoon warnings, aircraft reconnaissance and satellite imagery provided data on Ruby's position and intensity as it approached Hong Kong, Macau, and the southeastern coast of China. On September 5, Ruby's one-minute sustained winds topped out at  according to the JTWC, with the HKO reporting ten-minute sustained winds peaking at ; in the HKO classification system, this made Ruby a super typhoon. The CMA and HKO both estimated Ruby's central atmospheric pressure bottomed out at 960 hPa (mbar; 28.35 inHg). Ruby made landfall near Hong Kong at peak intensity at around 09:00 UTC on September 5. Its eye spanned approximately  across. Ruby weakened after moving inland, degenerating into a tropical storm by September 6 and dissipating inland over southeastern China later that day.

Preparations and impact

Storm warnings were issued for northern Luzon and the Babuyan and Batanes islands on September 3. The Royal Observatory Hong Kong declared tropical cyclone signal no. 1 at 22:15 UTC on September 3 when Ruby was centered roughly  east of Hong Kong. The Royal Observatory escalated these warnings as Ruby approached, with signal no. 3 issued at 18:35 UTC on September 4 and later signal no. 10 at 02:40 UTC on September 5; signal no. 10 was in effect for nearly four hours. As the storm passed, the signal severity decreased and the final signal was lifted at 04:50 UTC on September 5 after over 42 hours of active warnings. Ruby was the fifth typhoon to warrant the issuance of the no. 10 signal in Hong Kong since the inception of the modern tropical cyclone signal system in 1946 and the first two of these signals in 1964.

Ruby was the fourth tropical cyclone to enter the vicinity of Hong Kong in 1964, a year that featured a record amount of storms tracking near the Crown territory. Gale-force winds associated with Ruby reached Hong Kong on the morning of September 5 and continued to impact the Crown territory until the following night. The Royal Observatory headquarters measured a minimum air pressure of 968.2 hPa (mbar; 28.59 inHg) when the centre of the typhoon was roughly  to the southwest. At Tate's Cairn, a wind gust of  was registered; other measured peak gusts included  at the Royal Observatory and  at Kai Tak Airport. A  gust on Waglan Island was the fastest observed in the island's history. Rainfall accumulations in Hong Kong reached at least  in 24 hours. The Royal Observatory recorded at least (165 mm) 6.50 in of rain from the storm. Ruby produced a maximum storm surge height of  at Quarry Bay.

There were 38 fatalities in Hong Kong associated with Ruby, though 14 others were never accounted for. Another 300 people were injured by the storm, and a total of 8,500 people were classified by the Royal Observatory as "disaster victims". Numerous injuries were caused by sheet metal torn from buildings under construction in downtown Hong Kong. Fifty thousand refugees from the People's Republic of China were rendered homeless. The typhoon destroyed or damaged 314 fishing vessels and 20 ships throughout the Hong Kong area. At least ten ships ran aground. Nine people were lost after a Panamanian freighter, the Dorar, sank in Victoria Harbour; 14 others were rescued. Kai Tak International Airport, ferry service, and other transportation systems were brought to a standstill throughout Hong Kong, in addition to the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Roads were blocked by toppled trees and overturned cars. One road was obstructed by cranes that fell from a 20-storey building. Heavy rainfall caused by Ruby led to floods, landslides, and razed homes. High voltage electrical wires torn by the winds caused hundreds of fires before the power service was terminated. Tai Po was the hardest-hit area in Hong Kong; there, the storm destroyed thousands of village houses and temporary shelters. In Kowloon and Tsuen Wan, 1,368 houses were affected. A loosened boulder in Kowloon trapped ten people. At Mui Wo, 30 homes were destroyed and 180 others were unroofed. High waves pushed water into the Hong Kong City Hall, causing a delay in the 1964 Summer Olympics torch relay. Following the passage of Ruby, hundreds of workers cleared and repaired streets most seriously impacted in Hong Kong. The colonial government appealed for public donations for victims of Ruby on September 6. Hot meals and cash assistance were prepared for the displaced Chinese refugees in Hong Kong by government welfare groups.

A  wind gust in Taipa, Macau, set a new record for the fastest gust measured there; this record was later superseded by Typhoon Hato in 2017. The typhoon triggered a fire that destroyed a building there. Over 20 people were killed and 100 others were injured in Macau. "Severe flooding" occurred in Guangdong Province throughout the province and along the Pearl River delta. Many homes collapsed, and the damage there was the most severe since 1949. Xiangshan County was the hardest-hit region. More than 700 people were reportedly killed in Guangdong Province, including the unconfirmed deaths of 300 people following the collapse of a school dormitory. The devastation in Guangdong led to an increased influx of refugees fleeing the People's Republic of China for Hong Kong.

See also

 Typhoon Wanda (1962)
 Typhoon Hope (1979)
 Typhoon Rose (1971)
 Typhoon Kent (1995)

Notes

References

Further reading

1964 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoons in Hong Kong
Typhoons in Macau
Typhoons in the Philippines
Typhoons in China
Typhoons


title: Johnny Stringer

text:
Johnny W. Stringer (born February 1, 1950) is an American Democratic politician. He is a former member of the Mississippi House of Representatives from the 87th District, being first elected in 1979 and retiring in 2016.

References

1950 births
Living people
People from Bay Springs, Mississippi
Democratic Party members of the Mississippi House of Representatives


title: Gemini, Her Majesty

text:
Gemini, Her Majesty is the 7th studio album released by the Rx Bandits released on July 22, 2014 through MDB Records. The album was preceded by two singles, "Stargazer" and "Meow! Meow! Space Tiger". For this record, the band were less concerned about replicating their on-stage sound, as guitarist Steve Choi explained: "The main difference is that this time around, we didn't write with being live in mind". This album peaked #39 on the Billboard 200, but was only on chart for a week.

Track listing

References

Rx Bandits albums
2014 albums


title: The Strawberry Roan (song)

text:
"The Strawberry Roan" is a classic American cowboy song, written by California cowboy Curley Fletcher and first published in 1915, as a poem called The Outlaw Broncho. By the early 1930s, the song had become famous; in 1931 it was sung by a cowboy in the Broadway play Green Grow the Lilacs. It has become one of the best-known cowboy songs, found in dozens of collections of American folk music and performed on numerous recordings. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.

The song tells the story of a bragging horse breaker who meets his match in a picturesque strawberry roan.

References

External links
 A complete history and exegesis of the song from Ranch & Riata magazine

1915 songs
Western music (North America)
Songs about horses


title: Erik Harris

text:
Erik Harris (born April 2, 1990) is an American football free safety who is a free agent. He played college football at California (PA). He has also been a member of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the New Orleans Saints. Harris is known for playing many positions, including free and strong safety, halfback (which has an entirely different meaning than the American football halfback), cornerback, weakside linebacker and strong-side linebacker.

Early life and college
Harris was born in Los Angeles, California. When Harris was two months old, his parents separated and he moved to Baltimore with his mother. Harris and his mother moved to Pennsylvania when he was in the fifth grade. He attended New Oxford High School in New Oxford, Pennsylvania.

He attended California University of Pennsylvania, playing safety for the Division II California Vulcans football team. In four college seasons, he made 231 tackles on defense. He was a First-team All-Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference (All-PSAC) selection in 2010. He was a Second-team All-PSAC selection in 2011.

Professional career
Harris was rated the 90th best strong safety in the 2012 NFL Draft by NFLDraftScout.com.  Harris was not drafted.

Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Harris was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on April 11, 2013. He played in 45 games for Hamilton, making 79 defensive tackles and 27 special teams tackles. He caught a touchdown on offense and recorded three interceptions.

New Orleans Saints

2016 season
On February 2, 2016, the New Orleans Saints signed Harris to a reserve/future contract after a recommendation by Delvin Breaux, who had played with him while on the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Harris agreed to a three-year, $1.62 million contract. Joel Erickson of The Advocate noted that Harris was a CFL linebacker but that he had the ability to play as an NFL defensive back. After former Saints safety Rafael Bush signed with the Detroit Lions, New Orleans announced that Harris would play safety. On October 10, 2016, Harris sustained a torn ACL during practice and was placed on the injured reserve list October 13, 2016. He finished his rookie campaign with one solo tackle in four games.

2017 season
Throughout training camp, Harris competed to be the starting free safety against Vonn Bell and Rafael Bush after the role was left vacant by the departure of Jairus Byrd. On September 2, 2017, the New Orleans Saints waived Harris.

Oakland / Las Vegas Raiders

2017 season
On September 5, 2017, the Oakland Raiders signed Harris to a one-year, $630,000 contract. Harris was initially signed to provide depth after rookie Obi Melifonwu was placed on injured-reserve. Head coach Jack Del Rio named Harris the primary backup free safety, behind Karl Joseph, to start the 2017 regular season. Harris appeared in 15 games in 2017, primarily on special teams, and finished the season with five combined tackles (four solo). On December 31, 2017, the Oakland Raiders fired head coach Jack Del Rio after they finished the season with a 6–10 record.

2018 season
Harris entered training camp as a backup safety and competed to be a primary backup against Obi Melifonwu, Marcus Gilchrist, Shalom Luani, Dallin Leavitt and Tevin Mitchel. Head coach Jon Gruden names Harris the primary backup strong safety, behind Karl Joseph, to begin the 2018 NFL season. On October 28, 2018, Harris earned his first career start and recorded a season-high six solo tackles during a 42–28 loss against the Indianapolis Colts. In Week 14, he collected a season-high eight combined tackles (four solo) as the Raiders defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 24–21. On December 16, 2018, Harris recorded three solo tackles, deflected two passes, and made his first career interception during a 30–16 loss at the Cincinnati Bengals. Harris made his first career interception off a pass by Bengals' quarterback Jeff Driskel, that was originally intended for John Ross. Harris made 49 combined tackles (36 solo), seven pass deflections, and two interceptions in 16 games and four starts.

2019 season
On March 8, 2019, the Oakland Raiders signed Harris to a two-year, $5 million contract that included $1.07 million guaranteed. Harris entered training camp slated as a backup safety after the Raiders drafted Johnathan Abram in the first round. Head coach Jon Gruden retained Harris as the primary backup strong safety, behind Karl Joseph, to start the season.

Harris became the starting free safety in Week 2 after Johnathan Abram was placed on injured-reserve after tearing his rotator cuff during the Raiders' season-opening 24–16 victory against the Denver Broncos. In Week 2, Harris earned his first career start and recorded two solo tackles during a 28–10 loss against the Kansas City Chiefs.
On September 29, 2019, Harris made seven combined tackles (six solo), a pass deflection, and returned his first career interception for a touchdown during a 31–24 win at the Indianapolis Colts. Harris intercepted a pass attempt by Jacoby Brissett, that was intended for wide receiver Zach Pascal, and returned it for a 30-yard touchdown during the fourth quarter.
 On November 7, 2019, Harris made one tackle and intercepted two passes by Chargers' quarterback Philip Rivers during a 26–24 victory against the Los Angeles Chargers on Thursday Night Football. Harris intercepted a pass that was intended for tight end Hunter Henry for a 56-yard touchdown during the first quarter. He finished the 2019 NFL season with 68 combined tackles (59 solo), eight pass deflections, three interceptions, and two touchdowns in 16 games and 14 starts.

2020 season
Harris was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Raiders on December 21, 2020, and activated on January 1, 2021.

Atlanta Falcons

On March 19, 2021, Harris signed a one-year contract with the Atlanta Falcons. He entered the 2021 season as the Falcons' starting free safety. Harris suffered a torn pectoral in Week 14 and was placed on season-ending injured reserve. He finished the season with 64 tackles and eight passes defensed through 12 starts.

On March 25, 2022, Harris re-signed with the Falcons on a one-year contract.

Personal life
Harris is married to Theresa Harris, whom he met in New Oxford High School. They have four children: Ellis, Esme, and twin sons, Isaiah and Elijah, who were born in the summer of 2013.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
NFL Draft Scout
Hamilton Tiger-Cats profile

Living people
1990 births
People from Adams County, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Los Angeles
American football defensive backs
Canadian football defensive backs
American players of Canadian football
California Vulcans football players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Atlanta Falcons players
New Orleans Saints players
Las Vegas Raiders players
Oakland Raiders players
Players of Canadian football from Los Angeles


title: Jim Zeravich

text:
James Bernard Zeravich (February 17, 1920 – August 16, 1998) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Syracuse Nationals in the National Basketball League during the 1946–47 season. He also played in the Amateur Athletic Union for numerous squads.

References

1920 births
1998 deaths
Amateur Athletic Union men's basketball players
Basketball players from Chicago
Centers (basketball)
Chicago American Gears players
Syracuse Nationals players
Washington & Jefferson Presidents men's basketball players
American men's basketball players


title: SS Northwestern

text:
The SS Northwestern, originally SS Oriziba, was a passenger and freight steamship launched in 1889 by the Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works, Chester, Pennsylvania which spent most of its career in service in the waters of the Territory of Alaska.  The ship from early in its career had a reputation for trouble, and was frequently involved in groundings, collisions with other ships, and with port facilities.  She first served as a transport in the West Indies as Oriziba, and was acquired by the Northwestern Steamship Company in 1906, sailed around Cape Horn, and renamed Northwestern. For the next thirty years she worked along the Alaska coast, transporting people, mail, and goods, as well as ore from mining operations at Kennecott.

On March 14, 1907, the steamer ran aground on a reef when a storm pushed her onto a reef in Beatson Bay near Latouche. Refloated sometime in April and docked at Latouche for temporary repairs. She departed 25 May 1907 for Esquimalt, British Columbia under tow by Tug . She fairly soon sprung a leak and was beached at Swanport near Port Valdez, sinking again. After more temporary repairs she was refloated and they started off again. On 4 June 1907 both Northwestern and her tow ran aground in fog at the Mouth of the Fraser River at Sand Head Shoal, she pulled herself off and then pulled off the Tug. She was repaired at Victoria, British Columbia.

On 14 February 1909, Northwestern sighted a flare from the sloop Nugget, which had been blown out into the Gulf of Alaska off Cross Sound by a storm on 9 February during a voyage from Lituya Bay to Juneau, Alaska, and whose crew was abandoning her  off Cape Fairweather () after a second storm struck and destroyed her sails and rigging. Northwestern rescued seven crewmen from Nugget and transported them to Juneau.

On 3 December 1910 she ran hard aground on Pile Point at the entrance to False Bay tearing a 40 foot hole in her. refloated, repaired and returned to service.

In April, 1911 she participated in Cordova's "Copper Day" celebration commemorating the completion of the "Copper River and Northwestern Railroad" and first arrival of ore from the Kennicott Mine, she transported that shipment to Tacoma, Washington.

27 September 1911 on arrival at Ketchikan,  Alaska Territory the signal wire to the engine room broke ordering "Full Ahead" instead of "Stop" causing a collision with Salmon Canning ship , a former Clipper ship, doing minor damage to both.

In January, 1913 she ran aground near Vladez  Alaska Territory, in February she had a collision with "Skagit Queen", and on 12 September a collision with "H. B. Kennedy".

On 6 October 1915 she grounded on Potter Rock just south of Pennock Island in the Tongass Narrows near Ketchikan,  Alaska Territory. She got off the next morning.

On 25 July 1933,  Northwestern ran aground off Alaska's Sentinel Island Lighthouse and subsequently was beached on the Eagle River Sand Spit. Her  passengers were taken off by a United States Government steamship.

Northwestern was pressed into service by the United States Navy during World War II, and was serving as housing for workers at Dutch Harbor on Unalaska when the area was bombed by the Japanese in June 1942.  On 4 June a bomb struck her, inflicting extensive damage. Her hulk afterward was loaded with scrap and towed to Captains Bay in anticipation of eventually being towed to Seattle, Washington.  Despite U.S. Navy records indicating that she was towed to Seattle, she in fact remained in Captains Bay, and eventually sank around 1946; there are differing accounts as to the circumstances of the sinking.  Approximately  of her hull is normally visible at the head of Captains Bay.

The site of the shipwreck was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

References

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska

1889 ships
Maritime incidents in 1933
Maritime incidents in June 1942
Ships built by the Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works
Shipwrecks of the Alaska coast
Steamships of the United States Navy
Ships of the Aleutian Islands campaign
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
World War II shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean


title: Operation MH-2

text:
Operation MH-2 () was a military operation in the Kumanovo-Lipkovo region during the insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia.

Execution of the Operation MH-2
Macedonian forces started to demine the fields at 8 a.m. and attacked with one mechanized battalion with support of artillery villages: Slupčane, Ljubodrag, Lopate and Orizare.

Around 2 p.m. the operation was stopped by orders of Boris Trajkovski over the phone call to general Pande Petrovski.

The Macedonian army claimed that 30 militants were killed.

See also
 Operation Vaksince
 Testimonies 2001

References

2001 insurgency in Macedonia
Kumanovo Municipality
Lipkovo Municipality
2001 in the Republic of Macedonia
Battles in 2001


title: Nona Tsotsoria

text:
Nona Tsotsoria (born 13 April 1973) is a Georgian judge born in Batumi, Georgia and currently the judge of the European Court of Human Rights in respect of Georgia.

References

1973 births
Living people
People from Batumi
Judges from Georgia (country)
Judges of the European Court of Human Rights
Judges from Georgia (country) of international courts and tribunals


Sreenidhi Institute of Management and Science ( SIMS ), Anikad is the first initiative of Sreenidhi Trust Kottayam. The institute is Situated at Elampally, Anikkad near Kodungoor in Kottayam District, Kerala State. Institute is Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam. Currently SIMS Offers five Degree programmes from MG University.

Courses
 B.Com - Model II (Vocational: Computer Applications)
 B.Com - Model II (Vocational: Finance and Taxation)
 English Literature and Communication Studies - Model III (Two Main)
 Bachelor of Computer Applications
 B.Sc - Electronics

References

 Sreenidhi Institute
 Sreenidhi Trust

Colleges in Kerala
Colleges affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala
Universities and colleges in Kottayam district


title: Collin Circelli

text:
Collin Circelli (born October 25, 1981) is a Canadian professional ice hockey center who plays for the Grand Falls-Windsor Cataracts of the Newfoundland Senior Hockey League.

Playing career

Amateur
Collin Circelli played in the Ontario Junior Hockey League with the Oshawa Legionaires from 1998 to 2000, before he joined the Moncton Wildcats of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League for two seasons. With the Wildcats, Circelli posted 128 points (45 goals, 83 assists) in 135 games. From 2002 to 2007, he played for the University of Saint Francis Xavier University in CIS .

Professional
Following the 2007 season, Circelli turned professional with the Wichita Thunder of the Central Hockey League. After eight games, he was acquired by the Odessa Jackalopes. He remained there until 2010 to play in Europe in the club Karlskrona HK in the Swedish Division 1. He finished top scorer on the team with 120 goals and 240 assists in 37 regular season games. In 2011, he returned to the CHL with the Rapid City Rush.

On May 12, 2012, Circelli ventured back to Europe with Rapaces de Gap in the French Ligue Magnus for the 2012–2013 season.

After two seasons with Gap, Circelli opted to return to the CHL with the Missouri Mavericks on July 17, 2014.

On October 7, 2014, soon before the 2014–15 Central Hockey League season was set to begin, it was announced that the Central Hockey League ceased operations and the Mavericks, along with the Allen Americans, Brampton Beast, Quad City Mallards, Rapid City Rush, Tulsa Oilers, and Wichita Thunder, were all admitted to the ECHL for the 2014–15 ECHL season.  All Central Hockey League contracts that had already been signed by players for the 2014-15 Central Hockey League season were immediately nullified.

On October 17, 2014, Circelli signed with the Grand Falls-Windsor Cataracts of the Newfoundland Senior Hockey League.

Career statistics

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Karlskrona HK players
Moncton Wildcats players
Odessa Jackalopes players
Rapaces de Gap players
Rapid City Rush players
St. Francis Xavier University alumni
Ice hockey people from Oshawa
Wichita Thunder players
Canadian ice hockey centres


title: Jyoti Gauba

text:
Jyoti Gauba is an Indian television and film actress. She had done over 600 commercials till date and made her film debut with the film Idiot Box. She was also seen in the films like Take It Easy, Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic.

She has featured in many television shows like Ek Hasina Thi, Kavach... Kaali Shaktiyon Se, Badii Devrani, Maat Pitaah Ke Charnon Mein Swarg, Agent Raghav – Crime Branch, Love Marriage Ya Arranged Marriage, Ek Mutthi Aasmaan, Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki, Hello Friends, Phir Subah Hogi and Mastaangi - One Love Story Two Lifetimes.

She was last seen as Supriya Vyas in Piyaa Albela. Currently, she is portraying the role of Anuja Chaturvedi in Star Plus's Imlie.

Filmography

Films

Television

Web series

References

External links

Indian women television presenters
Indian television presenters
Living people
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Indian film actresses
Indian television actresses
Indian soap opera actresses
1962 births


title: Together Again (Emil Viklický and George Mraz album)

text:
Together Again is a collaborative album by pianist Emil Viklický and bassist George Mraz. Both these musicians are from the Czech Republic, but Mraz has lived in the US since the 1960s. Recorded at Realistic Sound Studio, it was produced by Siggi Loch and mixed by Klaus Scheuermann.

Track listing
"Dear Lover"
"Poem"
"Theme From 5th Part of Sinfonietta"
"A Bird Flew By"
"U Dunaja u Prešpurka"
"Austerlitz"
"Moon, Sleeping in a Cradle"
"Thank You, Laca"
"Up on a Fir Tree"
"I Saw Grey Pidgeon"
"In Holomóc Town"

Personnel
Emil Viklický: piano
George Mraz: acoustic bass

References

2014 albums
Instrumental albums


title: 2014–15 FC Amkar Perm season

text:
The 2014–15 Amkar Perm season was their 11th season in the Russian Premier League, the highest tier of association football in Russia, following promotion during the 2003 season. They will participate in the Russian Premier League and Russian Cup.

Slavoljub Muslin was appointed as the club's manager on 17 June 2014, take over from Konstantin Paramonov who was the club's caretaker manager following Stanislav Cherchesov leaving the club in April of the previous season. Muslin was fired as manager on 9 December 2014, with Gadzhi Gadzhiyev being appointed as his replacement on 30 December.

Squad

Transfers

Summer

In:

Out:

Winter

In:

Out:

Friendlies

Competitions

Russian Premier League

Results by round

Matches

Table

Russian Cup

Squad statistics

Appearances and goals

|-
|colspan="14"|Players who left Amkar Perm on loan:
|-
|colspan="14"|Players who left Amkar Perm during the season:

|}

Goal Scorers

Disciplinary record

Notes
 YEKT time changed from UTC+6 to UTC+5 permanently on 26 October 2014.

References

FC Amkar Perm seasons
Amkar Perm


title: 2014 European Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres

text:
The women's 200 metres at the 2014 European Athletics Championships took place at the Letzigrund on 14 and 15 August.

Medalists

Records

Schedule

Results

Round 1
First 4 in each heat (Q) and 4 best performers (q) advance to the Semifinals.

Wind:Heat 1: +0.1 m/s, Heat 2: +0.1 m/s, Heat 3: +0.1 m/s, Heat 4: −0.4 m/s, Heat 5: +0.1 m/s

Semifinals
First 2 in each heat (Q) and 2 best performers (q) advance to the Final.

Wind:Heat 1: +0.3 m/s, Heat 2: −0.6 m/s, Heat 3: +0.3 m/s

Final
Wind: −0.5 m/s

References

200 W
200 metres at the European Athletics Championships
2014 in women's athletics


title: Lily Madigan

text:
Lily Madigan (born 16 January 1998) is an activist within the British Labour Party. She was the first openly trans woman to hold the position of Constituency Labour Party Women's Officer, having been elected in November 2017 by the Labour Party in the constituency Rochester and Strood. Madigan's election as a Women's Officer was controversial within the Labour Party. A complaint by Madigan alleging transphobia against women's officer Anne Ruzylo was not upheld, but led Ruzylo to stand down. In 2019, Madigan was elected the national women's officer for Labour Students.

In 2016, Madigan took legal action while at St Simon Stock Catholic School, after the school made her wear a male uniform, continued to use her deadname and denied her access to female toilets.

Following Madigan's election as Women's Officer and around the time of Madigan's application to the Jo Cox Women in Leadership Programme, five critical articles were written about Madigan in The Times. Madigan was rejected from the programme, but the articles in The Times were condemned by 55 activists involved in the programme who applauded the party for "supporting the principle that every woman" should get the chance to participate. Signatories included Labour MPs Rosie Duffield and Preet Gill. These incidents led to Madigan receiving online abuse.

Madigan attended the University for the Creative Arts, at which she ran the LGBTQ+ liberation group, as well as the women's liberation group, and was Campus Executive Officer. The students' union put out a solidarity statement with Madigan, commenting on the attention she received in the media. In 2018, Madigan was listed as one of Teen Vogues "21 Under 21".

References

1998 births
Living people
British women in politics
Labour Party (UK) politicians
Transgender women politicians
English transgender people
English LGBT politicians


title: Anne Catherine Hof Blinks

text:
Anne Catherine Hof Blinks (1903–1995) was an American botanist and textiles scholar.

Blinks worked at the Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University and Harvard University Herbaria where she primarily studied and curated algae. Species that she described included Derbesia osterhoutii (L.R.Blinks & A.C.H.Blinks) J.Z.Page from Great Sound, Bermuda, as Halicystis osterhoutii L.R.Blinks & A.C.H.Blinks.

Blinks was also known for her work on historic and pre-historical textiles. For over 45 years, she studied, wrote about, collected and created unusual textiles, traveling widely. She amassed a large collection, which later became the basis for a teaching collection.
Her work in textiles was acknowledged with the publication of the Festschrift In Celebration of the Curious Mind: A Festschrift to Honor Anne Blinks on Her 80th Birthday (1983).

Personal life
Anne Hof and Lawrence Rogers Blinks (1900-1989) were married in 1928.
He became a professor of biology at Stanford and director of Stanford's Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove from 1943 to 1965. They had a child, John Rogers Blinks.

Botany career

Blinks enrolled at Radcliffe College, the women's partner to then-all-male Harvard University, studying marine biology at Farlow Herbarium. After marrying Lawrence Blinks, she accompanied him to the Bermuda Biological Laboratory. While there they discovered a species of
Halicystis that they named for Winthrop Osterhout, Halicystis osterhoutii.

Blinks worked at the Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University and Harvard University Herbaria studying and curating algae.

The Anne Hof Blinks Fellowship in Marine Biology at the University of Washington was established in her memory to support students from diverse backgrounds. It is now part of the university's Blinks-REU Program of research experiences and internships.

Textiles career

Blinks was also known for her work on historic and pre-historical textiles. She focused on the "whole cloth", studying the fibers, dyes, tools, and techniques used to create textiles.
Blinks took an experimental archaeology approach through attempting ancient methods of fiber preparation and weaving methods.  She is credited with discovering and popularizing techniques such as the "overspin" or "collapse" technique, in which the yarn is twisted so that it "kinks on itself". This technique has been used by fiber artist Lillian Elliott.

Blinks studied, collected and created unusual textiles, amassing a large collection between 1949 and 1995. This became the basis of a teaching collection assembled by members of the Santa Cruz Handweavers' Guild  (later the Santa Cruz Textile Arts Guild).

She was particularly interested in South American textiles. Among those she studied were the Andean Indians, visiting Santiago, Chile, and the Mayoruna Indians of Peru.  She also visited, studied and wrote about the production of textiles in Thailand, describing the use of an elaborate supplementary harness of as many as 300 additional lease rods used in the production of royal textiles.

Blinks was actively engaged in studying the genetics of sheep, and breeding for particular fleece characteristics such as a deep brown wool which she used in her textiles. She bred sheep at her home on Jack's Peak,  522 Loma Alta Road, Carmel, California.

Her many years of work in the study, practice and teaching of textiles were acknowledged with the publication of the Festschrift In Celebration of the Curious Mind: A Festschrift to Honor Anne Blinks on Her 80th Birthday (1983).

References

Further reading

American women botanists
American botanists
1903 births
1995 deaths
Harvard University people
20th-century American botanists
20th-century American women scientists
American weavers
Textile arts


title: Manor House (Sutton Courtenay)

text:
The Manor House, Sutton Courtenay, is a Grade II* listed building in the Oxfordshire village, located southwest of the village green and hidden from the main road by trees. It is across the street from The Abbey, Sutton Courtenay, a medieval courtyard house.

History and description

The south wing of the building is believed to originate from the 13th century, with a 15th-century extension to the east and a north wing dating to about 1670. This creates a U-shaped plan around a courtyard which faces onto a garden leading to the River Thames. The main east wing has five gables and a cruck truss frame. Inside there is a 16th-century arched stone fireplace in the dining room. A late-17th-century dog leg staircase connects the ground floor to the attic. The south wing has a barrel-vaulted cellar beneath it and a hall and gallery including 15th-century woodwork.
The building was known as Brunces Court (or Brunts Court) from an early period, having been in the ownership of John Brouns and family since at least the mid 14th century. His great-grandson Richard Brunse passed possessions to his daughter Agnes, wife of William Hulse. Their grandson Thomas Hulse died in 1613 "seised of a mansion or capital messuage and lands". Hulse left his estate to his daughters, including Mary Hulse who married Edmund Wollascot. The Wollascots probably remained living at Brunts Court throughout the 17th century. Thomas Wollascot was living there in 1664.  William Wollascot was recorded as having lands there in 1717.

In 1886 the Manor House was purchased by James Lloyd-Lindsay, 1st Baron Wantage who gave the property to the grandson of the 25th Earl of Crawford, Colonel Harry Lindsay, and his wife in 1895. Lindsay and his wife Norah became known as hosts of young intellectuals in their riverside garden. The Manor was purchased from the Lindsay family in 1945 by newspaper owner David Astor, who lived there until his death in 2001.

References

Grade II* listed buildings in Oxfordshire
Houses in Oxfordshire
Grade II* listed houses


title: 2014 European Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres

text:
The women's 400 metres at the 2014 European Athletics Championships took place at the Letzigrund on 12, 13, and 15 August.

Medalists

Records

Schedule

Results

Round 1

First 3 in each heat (Q) and 4 best performers (q) advance to the Semifinals.

Semifinals
First 3 in each heat (Q) and 2 best performers (q) advance to the Final.

Final

References

400 W
400 metres at the European Athletics Championships
2014 in women's athletics


title: Henry George Thomsett

text:
Henry George Thomsett  (1825-1892) was a British Royal Navy officer and Harbour Master of Hong Kong.

Early life
Thomsett was born in Dover, Kent in 1825 and joined the Royal Navy in 1840 as an officer in the navigation branch. By 1854 he was the commander of  stationed in Hong Kong. He retired from the Royal Navy in 1870.

Hong Kong
He was the Harbour Master of Hong Kong from 1861 to 1888. During his service, he recommended Cape D'Aguilar, Green Island and Cape Collinson to be the sites for lighthouses, as lighthouses in these places would cover the eastern and western entrances to Hong Kong. Construction work started immediately on Cape D'Aguilar Lighthouse.

In 1873, he was appointed to the commission to enquiry and investigate the blockade of Hong Kong harbour by the Chinese Maritime Customs along with Phineas Ryrie, member of the Legislative Council and Malcolm Struan Tonnochy, Acting Registrar General by Governor Arthur Kennedy. He was also the emigration officer in about 1874 to 1875.

In 1887 he was made a member of the Hong Kong Legislative Council. For his services in Hong Kong he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.

Family life
Thomsett married Susannah Agnes Cunningham in 1855 in Portsea district of Portsmouth. Thomsett died on 24 January 1892 at Shirley near Southampton, England.

References

1825 births
1892 deaths
British expatriates in Hong Kong
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
People from Dover, Kent
Royal Navy officers


title: Hôtel du Parc

text:
The Hôtel du Parc (Park Hotel) is a former hotel in the center of Vichy, a spa town in the center of France which hosted during the Second World War the government of the French state (État français), commonly known as Vichy France. The hotel hosted a part of the government offices and the private apartment and offices of the Maréchal Pétain, during the Vichy regime and after 1942 also the offices of Pierre Laval. The building is now a private real estate.

The bedroom and the private cabinet of Petain are still owned by the Association pour défendre la mémoire du maréchal Pétain (Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain).

References

 Translated from the article of Wikipedia in French

External links

Vichy France
Defunct hotels in France
Buildings and structures in Allier


title: The Hundred-Foot Journey (soundtrack)

text:
The Hundred-Foot Journey: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack  is the soundtrack album to the American comedy-drama film of the same name (based on the novel),  directed by Lasse Hallström from a screenplay written by Steven Knight. A. R. Rahman  composed the score for the film. Hollywood Records released the soundtrack on August 12, 2014.

Development
In December 2013, a press release featured in The New York Times confirmed A. R. Rahman was scoring the film. The composer began scoring after the completion of filming, wherein he found the film pleasant. After seeing the first cut of the film, he took one and a half months to score it. He stated that the Indian part of the score featured the  instruments sitar, sarod and santoor. According to him, a generic score wasn't the immediate requirement but he wanted to weave the screenplay into a theme that doesn't have a marked end or beginning. Thus, the score was organically mixed in a particular way, where the sound cues differentiate between Indian and French. The distinction was brought out dramatically through music when there is a war sort of sequence in the film where both the kitchens are working in parallel. Rahman stated that recording was seamlessly done as per requirement. He said the score has 'western classical music sensibilities'. The director and the composer worked together, communicating via Skype while Rahman was in Los Angeles finishing up Million Dollar Arm and Hallstrom was shooting the film in France.

Rahman hired Indian songwriter Gulzar for a Hindi and Urdu versed song ("Afreen"). Through this track, the score's main  themes were developed.

In July 2014, singer Alka Yagnik was recorded for the score. Yagnik agreed to record after deciding that the melodies were meant for her voice quality. She tagged the track "extremely melodious", calling it "not a run of the mill song in an assembly line". Singer Nakash Aziz, through the song "Afreen", and Yagnik mark their respective Hollywood playback debuts through the soundtrack album.

On completion of the score the director of the film was quoted as saying, "The result score is fiercely personal and original." In an interview at Indiewire, Hallström noted that the story has an attraction that he could play around with the merging the sounds and the languages, hence the hybrid score.

Reception
"Peter Howell of The Star called it, "A smile-widening score by Slumdog Millionares A.R. Rahman. The Washington Posts Mark Jenkins stated that the score was exuberant. Variety stated that the film features a "high energy score". Lou Lumenick of New York Post wrote, "Composer A.R. Rahman gives The Hundred-Foot Journey a lively score." Rex Reed of The New York Observer felt "The glittering, throbbing musical score by A. R. Rahman contributes a distinctive flavor of its own to the film." Critic Laura Clifford for Reeling Reviews wrote, "A lot of traditional Indian music in the score". Allison Loring for Film School Rejects wrote, "A wonderful, uplifting score, beautiful music from Rahman. It may not be wholly believable, but it is fantastic escapism. The score has an infectious backbeat and high-energy such was stated by the newspaper The Denver Post.

Track listing
The Hundred-Foot Journey (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Notes
 Refers to a track not used in the film, but which is a part of the original motion picture soundtrack album recording.

Personnel
 A. R. Rahman - composer, primary artist, producer, soundtrack producer, vocals
Gaayatri Kaundinya, Shalini Laksmi - vocalists for score
Prasanna, Peter Calo, George Doering - guitar
Matt Dunkley - orchestra conductor
Henry Hey - piano
Chinna Prasad - tabla
Naveen Kumar -	flute
Asad Khan - sitar

References

External links
 The Hundred-Foot Journey (soundtrack) at the Internet Movie Database

2014 albums
A. R. Rahman soundtracks
Hollywood Records soundtracks
Comedy-drama film soundtracks
Ambient soundtracks
Experimental music soundtracks
World music albums


title: Reforma 222

text:
Reforma 222 is a mixed-use complex on Paseo de la Reforma just west of Avenida de los Insurgentes in the Colonia Juárez neighborhood of Mexico City.  Construction started in 2004; the complex opened in November 2007 and consists of three towers designed by Mexican architect Teodoro González de León, who also designed the National Auditorium and Museo Rufino Tamayo. There is  of space and there is a glass-covered shopping center.

Towers 1 and 2 rank among the top 30 tallest buildings in Mexico City. The height of the towers is as follows:
 Tower 1: 125.8m, 31 stories, offices
 Tower 2: 125.8m, 26 stories, residential
 Tower 3: 93.4m, 19 floors

See also
List of tallest buildings in Mexico City

External links
 Reforma222.com Official website
 Official website for shopping center
 Page on Grupo Danhos (contractor) site
 Skyscraperpage (Complejo Reforma 222)
 Skyscraperpage (Torre 1)
 Skyscraperpage (Torre 2)

References

Paseo de la Reforma
Skyscraper office buildings in Mexico City
Shopping malls in Greater Mexico City
Shopping malls established in 2004
Mixed-use developments in Mexico
Skyscrapers in Mexico City
Residential skyscrapers in Mexico


title: Colin Valley F.C.

text:
Colin Valley Football Club is an Irish Intermediate Level Football club based in Poleglass, Belfast, currently playing in Division 1B of the Northern Amateur Football League.

Colin Valley FC were crowned Champions of Division 1C in 2014 earning promotion to 1B where they have played for the last 4 seasons.

Their reserve Team play in Division 3b after gaining promotion in 2017 and they have a third team playing in Division 1 of the Down Area Winter League.

There are also now junior Teams at age levels u19, u17, u15, u13, u12, u11, u10 as well as having 3 Development teams for ages below this.

The club was founded in 1995 and plays at Colin Valley Park. Club colours are now Sky Blue for the senior section - and Purple for the Junior Section.

The club participates in the Irish Cup.

External links
 Club web site
 nifootball.co.uk - (For fixtures, results and tables of all Northern Ireland amateur football leagues)

References

Association football clubs in Northern Ireland
Association football clubs in Belfast
Northern Amateur Football League clubs
1995 establishments in Northern Ireland
Association football clubs established in 1995


title: List of Landskrona BoIS seasons

text:
This is a list of Landskrona BoIS season results throughout history.

Season results

Playoff results

Cup results

European participations

Svenska Cupen

Distriktsmästerskapet

References