title: 1799 State of the Union Address

text:
The 1799 State of the Union Address was given to the United States Congress, on Tuesday, December 3, 1799, by the second president of the United States, John Adams.  He said, "the return of health, industry, and trade to those cities which have lately been afflicted with disease, and the various and inestimable advantages, civil and religious, which, secured under our happy frame of government, are continued to us unimpaired, demand of the whole American people sincere thanks to a benevolent Deity for the merciful dispensations of His providence."  It was the last address to be given at Congress Hall, Philadelphia.

References

External links

 Corpus of Political Speeches, publicly accessible with speeches from United States, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China, provided by Hong Kong Baptist University Library

State of the Union addresses
Speeches by John Adams
State of the Union Address
Presidency of John Adams
6th United States Congress
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union


title: Women in the United States

text:
The legal status of women in the United States is, in comparison to other countries, equal to that of men, and generally, women are viewed as having equal social standing to men as well. However, among other similar laws, the United States has never ratified the U.N's Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

History

Laws

Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
The United States has never ratified the U.N.'s Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, although it played an important role in drafting the treaty. As of 2014, the United States is thus one of only seven nations which have not ratified it – also including Iran, Palau, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tonga.

Equal Rights Amendment
38 states as of January 2020 have ratified the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).  Three-fourths or 38 out of 50 states are required to ratify a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Several states originally ratified the ERA, but subsequently rescinded the ratification.  Recessions in other amendments have been ignored by the courts.  The status of the ERA is currently unclear.

Marriage
Child marriage, as defined by UNICEF, is observed in the United States. The UNICEF definition of child marriage includes couples who are formally married, or who live together as a sexually active couple in an informal union, with at least one member — usually the girl — being less than 18 years old. The latter practice is more common in the United States, and it is officially called cohabitation. Laws regarding child marriage vary in the different states of the United States. Generally, children 16 and over may marry with parental consent, with the age of 18 being the minimum in all but two states to marry without parental consent. Those under 16 generally require a court order in addition to parental consent.

Parental leave
The United States is the only high income country not to provide required paid parental leave.

Reproductive rights

Birth control is legal nationwide as of 1965. Abortion was made legal nationwide as of 1973, with states allowed to place regulations on abortion which fall short of prohibition after the first trimester of pregnancy. As of June 25, 2022 the right to abortion under 25 weeks of life was revoked.

Representation in government

President and Vice President

A woman has never been President of the United States. Kamala Harris is the first woman to become Vice President of the United States, in 2021.

United States House of Representatives

The first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives was in 1917, Jeannette Rankin, who represented Montana. Women who served before her were finishing someone else's term who died in office or had resigned.

In 2007, Nancy Pelosi was elected the 52nd Speaker of the House of Representatives. Pelosi is the only woman in U.S. history to serve as Speaker. In 2019 she was again elected Speaker for the 2nd time (55th) and the first former Speaker to return to the position since 1955. As Speaker, Pelosi was the second highest ranking female elected official and second in the presidential line of succession.

As of 2021, there are 119 women of 435 total in the U.S. House of Representatives, 88 Democrats, 31 Republicans.

United States Senate

In its first 130 years in existence, the Senate was entirely male. In 1931, Hattie Wyatt Caraway was the first woman to win election to the United States Senate. Margaret Chase Smith was the first woman to serve in both the House and the Senate in 1949. In 1992, an unprecedented four women were elected to the Senate, Patty Murray, Dianne Feinstein, Barbara Boxer and Carol Moseley Braun who was also the first woman of color in the Senate. Today, of 100 members of the U.S. Senate, there are 24 women senators, 16 Democrats and 8 Republicans.

Presidential Cabinet

In 1933 Frances Perkins was appointed United States Secretary of Labor under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, making her the first woman to serve in a presidential cabinet. In 1949, Georgia Neese Clark was the first woman appointed Treasurer of the United States followed by Oveta Culp Hobby as United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1953.

The 1970s would see several women appointed for the first time in cabinet positions such as Carla Anderson Hills, United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in 1975, Juanita M. Kreps, United States Secretary of Commerce in 1977 and Shirley Hufstedler, Secretary of Education in 1979.

In the 1980s, Elizabeth Dole was appointed United States Secretary of Transportation in 1983. Elaine Chao would become third woman and first Asian American to hold this position in 2017. Susan Engeleiter was appointed the head of the Small Business Administration in 1989.

In the 1993, Janet Reno as United States Attorney General and Sheila Widnall as United States Secretary of the Air Force were the first women appointed to their positions. Three women have served as United States Secretary of State. The first was Madeleine Albright in 1997. In 2005 Condoleezza Rice became the second woman and first person of color to serve in this position. She was succeeded by former First Lady of the United States and U.S. Senator, Hillary Clinton in 2009.

Ann Veneman as United States Secretary of Agriculture, Gale Norton, United States Secretary of the Interior and Susan Livingstone, United States Secretary of the Navy  were all the first women appointed to their positions in 2001 and 2003 respectively.

Janet Napolitano became the first woman to be appointed United States Secretary of Homeland Security in 2009 and Gina Haspel was the first woman appointed Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in 2018.

United States Supreme Court

On the Supreme Court, there are three women justices, Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan, and Amy Coney Barrett.  The first woman justice was Sandra Day O'Connor in 1981 followed by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993.

State and local governments

As of 2021, there are 9 women state governors, 6 Democrats, 3 Republicans; there are 17 Lt. Governors, 10 Democrats, 7 Republicans. Women hold 31.0% of the seats on state legislatures. Of the 100 largest cities in the United States, 31 have a woman as mayor.

Twenty-one state supreme courts (the highest state court) are currently or have been majority female.

Desire to leave the United States
According to a Gallup poll from January 2019, 40 percent of women under the age of 30 would like to leave the United States, with most preferring Canada as a place to live for a better life.

Rankings

Gender equality ranking
As of 2021, the United States is ranked 30th of 156 applicable countries in gender equality on the World Economic Forum's Gender Gap Index.

Statistics

Education
As of 2014, women in the United States earn more post-secondary (college and graduate school) degrees than men do.

Marriage
As of 2013, the most recent year for which statistics are available, average age at first marriage in the United States is 27 for women and 29 for men.

Workforce
As of 2014, women are 46.5% of the total United States workforce.

Sex discrimination has been outlawed in non-ministerial employment in the United States since 1964 nationwide; however, under a judicially created doctrine called the "ministerial exemption," religious organizations are immune from sex discrimination suits brought by "ministerial employees," a category that includes such religious roles as priests, imams or kosher supervisors.

A woman's median salary in the United States has increased over time, although as of 2014 it is only 77% of man's median salary, a phenomenon often referred to as the Gender Pay Gap. (A woman's average salary is reported as 84% of a man's average salary.) Whether this is due to discrimination is very hotly disputed, while economists and sociologists have provided evidence both supporting and debunking this assertion.

Violence

Violence against women has been recognized as a public health concern in the United States. Culture in the country has promoted the trivialization of women-directed violence, with media in the United States creating the appearance of violence against women unimportant to the public.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institute of Justice reports that about 1 in every 4 women suffer from at least one physical assault experience from a partner during adulthood. Studies have found that around 20% of women in the United States have been victims of rape with many incidents of rape being underreported according to a 2013 study.

In 2017, the United States was ranked the world's 9th safest country for women by the New World Wealth research group.

See also
 Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America

References

Further reading

United States
Time Person of the Year


title: Calum Jarvis

text:
Calum George Jarvis  (born 12 May 1992) is a Welsh competitive swimmer who has represented Great Britain in World Championships and the Olympics, and Wales in the Commonwealth Games. Jarvis competes primarily in freestyle and backstroke events. In 2014, he competed at the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow as part of the Welsh team, winning the bronze medal in the 200m freestyle.

In 2015 at the World Championships, he formed part of the Great Britain gold medal-winning men's 4 x 200-metre freestyle relay team. In doing so, he became the first Welsh world champion in swimming In 2021, Jarvis swam the heat of the men's 4 x 200 metres freestyle relay at the 2020 Summer Olympics for the gold medal-winning Great Britain team, making him an Olympic champion in the event; along with Matt Richards, they became the first Welsh swimming Olympic champions in over 100 years.

Career history
He came to note in British swimming when he finished fifth in 200m backstroke in the 2010 British Championships. The next year he bettered this by finishing fourth in the same event in the 2011 British Championship in Manchester. In 2012 he was selected to trial for the British Team for the 2012 Summer Olympics. Held at the London Aquatics Centre, Jarvis entered four events and took gold position in his favoured 200m backstroke, although his time was under the Olympic qualification time and he failed to be selected for the British team.

2012 saw Jarvis enter his first senior international championship when he represented Great Britain at the 2012 European Short Course Championships in Chartres in France. Two years later, he won his second British Championship medal when he took silver in the 200m freestyle. At the same Championship he also set a new Welsh record in the 100m freestyle. These results saw him qualify for the Wales team at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Jarvis entered three events at Glasgow, the 100m and 200m freestyle and the men's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay. In the 200m freestyle he won his heat to compete in the finals. Jarvis recorded a time of 1:46.53 in the 200m final to finish third to take the bronze medal, Wales' first swimming medal of the Games.

At the 2017 World Championships, he was part of the team that won gold in the 200-metre freestyle relay.  He swam in the heats but not in the final.

At the 2018 European Championships, Jarvis won a gold as part of the relay team in the 4 × 200-metre freestyle relay with Duncan Scott, Thomas Dean and James Guy.

At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Jarvis was part of the British team that won the men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay. He swam in the heats but not in the final.

Jarvis was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for services to swimming.

Personal life
Jarvis was born in Ystrad in the Rhondda, Wales in 1992, to Deborah Rees and John Jarvis. He was educated at St Minver Primary School then spent a year at Wadebridge School before moving to Plymouth College to pursue swimming at Plymouth Leander Swimming Club. He studied at University of Bath.

See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Welsh male freestyle swimmers
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Swimmers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Wales
Swimmers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Team Bath swimmers
People educated at Plymouth College
People from Ystrad
Sportspeople from Rhondda Cynon Taf
Sportspeople from Cornwall
People from Wadebridge
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Pesme bratstva, detinjstva & potomstva: Antologija ex YU rok poezije 1967 - 2007

text:
Pesme bratstva, detinjstva & potomstva: Antologija ex YU rok poezije 1967–2007 (trans. Songs of Brotherhood, Childhood & Offspring: Anthology of Ex YU Rock Poetry 1967–2007) is a book by Serbian author, journalist and music critic Petar Janjatović. Published in 2008, the book is the second, expanded edition of Janjatović's 1993 book Pesme bratstva & detinjstva: Antologija rok poezije SFR Jugoslavije 1967–1991 (Songs of Brotherhood & Childhood: Anthology of Rock Poetry in SFR Yugoslavia 1967–1991). The book features lyrics by acts from the former Yugoslav rock scene and the scenes of the successor states.

Background
In the original (1993) introduction, entitled "Od Osmeha do plavog neba" ("From Smile to Blue Sky", referencing Grupa 220's song "Osmeh" and Obojeni Program's track "Nebo, nebo plavo je"), Janjatović states his intention of presenting a selection of poetic lyrics written by Yugoslav rock musicians. According to the author, the appearance of poetic lyrics in Yugoslav rock occurred right away with the release of the first full-length Yugoslav rock album – Grupa 220's Naši dani (Our Days) – despite the fact that during the 1960s and early 1970s the poets among Yugoslav rock lyricists were still few and far between. In Janjatović's opinion, it was not until punk rock and new wave took root in the country that Yugoslav acts made artistic rock lyrics imperative.

Additionally, Janjatović stated:

In the 2008 addendum to the original introduction, Janjatović wrote:

Authors

Notable absences
In a 2012 interview, Janjatović was asked why there are no Đorđe Balašević lyrics in the book. Janjatović answered:

References

2008 non-fiction books
Books by Petar Janjatović
Music books
Poetry anthologies
Yugoslav rock music
Serbian rock music


title: Lake Văcărești

text:
Lake Văcărești is a lake in the south of Bucharest, Sector 4. The lake has a surface of . It is now part of the Văcărești Nature Park, a protected zone of nature. Over 100 species of wild birds and animals live in this area. The area is nicknamed Bucharest Delta.

History
The lake was formed from an old bifurcation of the Dâmbovița River and was previously known as Balta Văcărești.

On June 5, 2014, the Lake Văcărești zone was declared protected zone and named Natural Park Văcărești by the Government of Romania.

See also
List of lakes in Bucharest

References

Vacaresti


title: Phineas Ryrie

text:
Phineas Ryrie, JP (16 July 1829 – 22 February 1892) was a Scottish tea merchant in Hong Kong. He was the Senior Unofficial Member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and the first Chairman of the Hong Kong Jockey Club.

Background
Ryrie was born in Stornoway, Na h-Eileanan an Iar, Scotland in 1827 or 1829. He was the son of William Ryrie, Lt., a merchant navy captain who commanded the big tea clippers Cairngorm and Flying Spur for the Jardine, Matheson & Co., the then-largest trading firm in the East.

His older brother John was also captain of the Cairngorm. His brother, Alexander, drowned in 1855, when his ship, Jardine Matheson's Audax, was lost with all hands during a typhoon en route from Shanghai to Hong Kong. His sister Margaret's son Alexander Ryrie Greaves also joined Jardine Matheson as a tea taster.

Business career
Ryrie arrived in China in 1851, entering into business by joining Turner & Co., a general agent firm and opium merchant founded by Robert Turner in Canton, of which he became partner in 1860 and later senior partner.

He was also auditor of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and investor and director of Dr. Patrick Manson's Dairy Farm Company. With Alexander Finlay Smith, who had previously worked for Scotland's Highland Railway, they co-founded the High Level Tramway Company in 1885 and began to build the Peak Tram running from Garden Road to Victoria Gap.

Ryrie was also Chairman of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce on three occasions, in 1867–68, 1871–72 and 1886–87.

In 1888, Ryrie was a Director of the Hong Kong, Canton & Macao Steamboat Company

Legislative unofficial
As the Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce, Ryrie was appointed as unofficial member of the Legislative Council in 1867, and went on leave in 1868. James Banks Taylor held his seat until he returned as Senior Unofficial Member in 1870. Ryrie was the first to break the traditional five years term as a senior member on the council, and he continued serving for a quarter of a century until his death in office in 1892.

He opposed Governor John Pope Hennessy's prison reform of abolishing public flogging and branding. On 7 October 1878, he held a public meeting at the City Hall where he raised objection to the Governor and proposed to increase the penalty for the violation of order and peace, the crime rate having risen after the abolition.

Public life
Although he was opposed to legalising gambling, Ryrie was founding Chairman of the Hong Kong Jockey Club which was established in 1884. Under Ryrie's chairmanship the new club overcame a damaging 1885 flood and the loss of its surplus in 1891 due to bank failure, providing a stabilising presence.

He was the inaugural Chieftain of the St. Andrew's Society, an elite club for Scotsmen. He was also a sporting enthusiast. He introduced rabbits from England to Stonecutters Island for hunting but they failed to reproduce.

Family and death

Ryrie married Elizabeth Ann Mary Forth at St. John's Cathedral, Hong Kong on 16 December 1863. Elizabeth was the daughter of Frederick Henry Alexander Forth and Caroline Jemina Sherson. Daughter Ethel Perceval Ryrie married George William Whillier and Ida Mackenzie Ryrie married Frederick Thomas Clayton. In 1866, a daughter Muriel died at birth and Elizabeth died shortly after.

Ryrie never remarried but it was rumoured that he had a Chinese mistress Ah Chun with whom he had two daughters Maggie and Eva. He built himself a mansion on the Peak called "Craig Ryrie".

Ryrie's health failed rapidly during his last days, falling unconscious and dying at 1.30am on 22 February, aged 63. The funeral took place at the Hong Kong Cemetery, Happy Valley, the same afternoon and was attended by many local leaders.

References

1829 births
1892 deaths
HSBC people
Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Scottish expatriates in China
Scottish expatriates in Hong Kong
People from Stornoway
19th-century Scottish businesspeople


title: Chavez for Charity

text:
Chavez for Charity (CFC) is a line of jewelry founded by Julie Marie Chavez and Joe Cerbo, launched in 2013. Chavez uses the line to raise money and awareness for more than a dozen charities; donating a portion of the proceeds based on the color of jewelry purchased. Each bracelet is unique and features different beads, stones, and charms.

In 2013, Chavez for Charity donated a total of $165,000. From 2013 to early 2015 the total amount donated is reported to be $400,000, which was disbursed to its partner charities. Julie Marie Chavez was honored at the January 2014 Pre-Grammy Party for the Whole Planet Foundation.

Accessory Lines
Chavez for Charity is best known for its generous donation amount of 25% and has reached $1 Million dollars in donations. The accessory line includes signature and children's lines, with each line supporting 10 different charities. The signature line includes Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, Water.org, V-Day, Fisher House Foundation, Gift for Life, Dr. Susan Love Foundation, Whole Planet Foundation, Partners In Health, Matthew Shepard Foundation and Best Friends Animal Society. The Chavez for Charity Kids line is composed of charities relating to children's issues, including STOMP Out Bullying, Pencils of Promise, Whole Kids Foundation, After-School All-Stars, The Lunchbox Fund, Jumpstart for Young Children, HollyRod Foundation, Geffen Playhouse .

Each charity is represented by a different color. Chavez for Charity donates 25% of its gross profits to the charity that corresponds with the colors purchased.

References

Jewelry companies of the United States


title: Claire Purdy

text:
Claire Purdy (born 1 April 1980) is an English female rugby union player. She represented  at the 2010 Women's Rugby World Cup. She was also named in the squad to the 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup.

References

External links
Player Profile

1980 births
Living people
England women's international rugby union players
English female rugby union players
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century English women


title: Rangina Kargar

text:
Rangina Kargar (, born March 22, 1985) is the member of Afghan Parliament (Wolesi Jirga). She is also Secretary of Parliamentary Committee on National Economy, NGOs, Rural Development, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry.

Biography
Rangina Omar, the daughter of Said Omar, was born in Mazar i Sharif, in 1985. She lost her mother when she was only 5 years old and had to manage a big family by herself. In 2008, she married Fahim Kargar, the Chief of Staff of the National Security Council of Afghanistan. She has four children. She finished her primary education in Ayesha Afghan School and then she continued her studies in Sitara Lycee of Mazar-i-Sharif.  After passing the Concor Exam, she attended Balkh University in 2003, and graduated with BA (Economics) in 2007.

Social life
Kargar has worked as a finance officer and English teacher in one of the private schools in Mazar-i-Sharif. Kargar went to Andkhoy after her marriage, and resumed her social activities there. She established educational courses in remote areas of Faryab for women. Also, she promoted human rights and women's rights to the women of Faryab during her residence there. She has also worked in the Independent Election Commission. Recently, Kargar established the Afghanistan Monitoring and Evaluation National Association in association with Civil Society Members, Afghan Experts on M&E and faculty lecturers.

Political life
Kargar was a candidate for the Membership of Afghan Parliament (Wolesi Jirga) in 2010. During the electoral campaigns, she was threatened not to participate in the elections but she didn’t give up and continued her campaigns. In Dawlatabad district her car faced a road-side bomb blast but she survived. Despite many challenges, Kargar won the parliamentary elections in Faryab.

Kargar is a Member of Parliament (Wolesi Jirga), but not a member of any political party. She believes in democracy, political pluralism, human rights and women's rights, and has also focussed on bilateral relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan

References

1985 births
Living people
Members of the House of the People (Afghanistan)


All Saints University School of Medicine, Dominica (ASUDOM) is a private medical school located in the Caribbean. The schools' campus is in Roseau, Dominica, and is administered from Toronto, Ontario. There is also an office in Chicago, Illinois.

History
All Saints University School of Medicine was founded in April 2006. The Roseau campus opened in 2006. The student body grew steadily over the past decade and now welcomes hundreds of students. Dr. Terrence Marcelle is currently the Executive Dean of the university.

Curriculum
Medical programs are open to national and international students. Citizens of Dominica automatically receive 50% scholarships.

5 Year MD Program
The 5 Year MD Program is designed for recent high school graduates seeking direct admission into the study of medicine. The program consists of 4 semesters of premedical courses, including Biology, General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physics, Math, and Introductory Anatomy. This is followed by the structured curriculum in the 4 Year MD Program.

4 Year MD Program
The 4 Year MD Program is for applicants who have completed a Bachelor of Science or the necessary prerequisites at an accredited school. The program consists of 2 years in basic sciences that are conducted at the Dominica campus. This is followed by 2 years of clinical clerkship in ACGME-approved teaching hospitals throughout the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and the Caribbean. During this period, students must complete a minimum of 72 weeks in clinical rotations. The rotations take place in the fields of Internal Medicine, General Surgery, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Obstetrics/Gynecology, and Family Practice.

Clinical Clerkship
Students may complete their clinical rotations in the following affiliated teaching hospitals and among a number of other approved medical institutions across the world.

Accreditation
All Saints University School of Medicine was accredited in 2019 by the ACCM (Accreditation Commission of Colleges of Medicine).

All Saints University School of Medicine is chartered and recognized by the Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica. The school is authorized to confer degrees in Doctor of Medicine (MD) upon its graduates, allowing eligible candidates to practice medicine in Dominica and overseas. Currently, All Saints University School of Medicine is listed in the International Medical Education Directory (IMED). The institution is also recognized by the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG), Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research (FAIMER), and the World Health Organization (WHO).

All Saints University School of Medicine is also on the Canadian Government's List of Designated Educational Institutions.

See also
 List of Medical Schools in the Caribbean

References

External links
All Saints University School of Medicine official site

Universities and colleges established in 2006
Medical schools in Dominica
Medical schools in the Caribbean
Universities and colleges in Dominica
2006 establishments in Dominica


title: 1950–1951 Baghdad bombings

text:
The 1950–1951 Baghdad bombings were a series of bombings of Jewish targets in Baghdad, Iraq, between April 1950 and June 1951.

There is a controversy around the true identity and objective of the culprits behind the bombings, and the issue remains unresolved.

Two activists in the Iraqi Zionist underground were found guilty by an Iraqi court for a number of the bombings, and were sentenced to death. Another was sentenced to life imprisonment and seventeen more were given long prison sentences. The allegations against Israeli agents had "wide consensus" amongst Iraqi Jews in Israel. Many of the Iraqi Jews in Israel who lived in poor conditions blamed their ills and misfortunes on the Israeli Zionist emissaries or Iraqi Zionist underground movement. The theory that "certain Jews" carried out the attacks "in order to focus the attention of the Israel Government on the plight of the Jews" was viewed as "more plausible than most" by the British Foreign Office. Telegrams between the Mossad agents in Baghdad and their superiors in Tel Aviv give the impression that neither group knew who was responsible for the attack.

Israeli involvement has been consistently denied by the Israeli government, including by a Mossad-led internal inquiry, even following the 2005 admission of the Lavon affair.

Those who assign responsibility for the bombings to an Israeli or Iraqi Zionist underground movement suggest the motive was to encourage Iraqi Jews to immigrate to Israel, as part of the ongoing Operation Ezra and Nehemiah. Those historians who have raised questions regarding the guilt of the convicted Iraqi Zionist agents with respect to the bombings note that by 13 January 1951, nearly 86,000 Jews had already registered to immigrate, and 23,000 had already left for Israel, that the British who were closely monitoring the Jewish street did not even mention the bombs of April and June 1950, nor were they mentioned in the Iraqi trials, meaning these were minor events. They have raised other possible culprits such as a nationalist Iraqi Christian army officer,  and those who have raised doubt regarding Israeli involvement claimed that it is highly unlikely the Israelis would have taken such measures to accelerate the Jewish evacuation given that they were already struggling to cope with the existing level of Jewish immigration. In 2023 Avi Shlaim, an historian of Jewish-Iraqi background, concluded on the basis of recollections one of the original participants in the Iraqi Zionist underground confided to him in 2017, that Zionists had indeed been responsible for at least three of the five bombings.

Background

Before the exodus of Jews to Israel, there were about 140,000 Iraqi Jews. Most lived in Baghdad, of which Jews made up a sixth of the city's population. High Jewish populations also existed in the towns of Basra and Mosul.

Iraqi Jews constitute one of the world's oldest and most historically significant Jewish communities. By 1936 there was an increased sense of insecurity among the Jews of Iraq. In 1941 after the government of pro-Nazi Rashid Ali was defeated, his soldiers and policemen, aided by the Arab mob, started the Farhud ("violent dispossession"). A government commission later reported that at least 180 Jews had been killed and 240 wounded, 586 Jewish businesses pillaged, and 99 Jewish homes burned. Jewish sources claimed much higher casualties.

In the summer of 1948, following the declaration of the State of Israel, the Iraqi government declared Zionism a capital offense and fired Jews in government positions. In his autobiography, Sasson Somekh, a Baghdadi Jew, wrote: Emigration until 1946 or 1947 was infrequent, despite the growing feeling among Iraqi Jews that their days in the Land of the Two Rivers were numbered. By the time war broke out in Palestine in 1948, many civil servants had been dismissed from their governmental jobs. Commerce had declined considerably, and the memory of the Farhud, which had meanwhile faded, returned. At this time, he writes, "hundreds of Jews... were sentenced by military courts to long prison sentences for Zionist and Communist activity, both real and imagined. Some of the Baghdadi Jews who supported the Zionist movement began to steal across the border to Iran, from where they were flown to Israel."

Elie Kedourie writes that after the 1948 show trial of Shafiq Ades, a respected Jewish businessman, who was publicly hanged in Basra, Iraq Jews realized they were no longer under the protection of the law and there was little difference between the mob and Iraqi court justice.

Emigration to Israel was banned in 1948 and by 1949 the Iraqi Zionist underground was smuggling Iraqi Jews out of the country at the rate of 1,000 a month. In March 1950 Iraq passed a law which temporarily allowed emigration to Israel, limited to one year only, and stripping Jews who emigrated of their Iraqi citizenship. The law was motivated by economic considerations (the property of departing Jews reverted to the state treasury) and a sense that Jews were a potentially troublesome minority that the country would be better off without. At first, few would register, as the Zionist movement suggested they not do so until property issues had been clarified. After mounting pressure from both Jews and the Government, the movement relented and agreed to registrations. Israel was initially reluctant to absorb so many immigrants, (Hillel, 1987) but in March 1951 organized Operation Ezra and Nehemiah, an airlift to Israel, and sent in emissaries to encourage Jews to leave.

In April 1950 an activist of Mossad LeAliyah Bet, Shlomo Hillel, using the alias Richard Armstrong, flew from Amsterdam to Baghdad as a representative of the American charter company Near East Air Transport, to organize an airlift of Iraq Jews to Israel via Cyprus. Earlier, Hillel had trained Zionist militants in Baghdad under the alias Fuad Salah. Near East Air Transport was owned by the Jewish Agency. The first flight of "Near east airlines" with immigrating Iraqi Jews arrived at Israel on 20 May 1950 when 46000 Jews had already registered under the De-naturalization law.

Israel could not cope with so many immigrants and limited the rate of the flights from Iraq. by early January 1951, the number of Jews who registered to leave was up to 86,000, only about 23,000 of whom had left.

According to Adam Shatz, the Mossad had been promoting Jewish emigration since 1941 and used stories of Jewish mistreatment to encourage the Jews to leave. Nuri al-Said had warned the Jewish community of Baghdad to accelerate their flights out of the country, otherwise, he would take the Jews to the Borders himself. Nuri al-Said's threats encouraged Iraqi officials to abuse the departing Jews before they boarded the planes and to destroy their baggage.

Bombing incidents
According to the Baghdad police who gave evidence at the trial, the weapon used was a British-made World War II hand grenade "No. 36".
Between April 1950.-June 1951 several explosions had occurred in Baghdad:

 In April, 1950, a bomb was thrown into El-Dar El-Bayda Coffee shop in Baghdad. Four Jews were injured in the blast.
 On 10 May 1950, a grenade was thrown at Beit-Lawi Automobile company building, a company with Jewish ownership.
 On 3 June 1950, a grenade exploded in El-Batawin, then a Jewish area of Baghdad, with no casualties.
 On 14 January 1951, a grenade damaged a high-voltage cable outside Masouda Shem-Tov Synagogue. Three, or four Jews were killed, including a 12-year-old boy, and ten were wounded.
 On 14 March 1951, a bomb went off in the American Cultural Center and Library wounding some of the Jewish intellectuals using the facilities.
 On 5 June 1951, a bomb went off next to the Jewish Stanley Sashua car dealership on El Rasjid Street. Nobody was injured.
 On 19 March 1951, the US legation's information office was attacked.
 In May 1951, a Jewish home was attacked.

Trial
The pro-Western Iraqi government of Faisal II and Nuri al-Said prosecuted the alleged Jewish perpetrators in court, in a trial which began in October 1951. Two confirmed activists in the Zionist underground, Shalom Salah Shalom, a 19-year-old weapons expert, and Yosef Ibrahim Basri, a lawyer active in collecting intelligence material, were executed after being convicted of the bombings. Whilst their involvement in the underground movement and holdings of weapons caches were not disputed, both denied involvement in the bombings. Salah's testimony under torture indirectly allowed the Iraqi police to find large weapons caches of the Zionist underground in three synagogues (Mas'uda Shemtov, Hakham Haskal and Meir Tuweik) and in private homes, including 436 hand-grenades, 33 machine-guns, 97 machine-gun cartridges, 186 pistols. Shlomo Hillel, also once a member of the Iraqi Zionist underground, noted that the last words of the executed defendants were "Long live the State of Israel". The British Foreign Office noted in a file note "Trial of Jews at Baghdad, 20 December 1951" that they had "no reason to suppose that the trials were conducted in anything but a normal manner".

Baghdad police officers who gave evidence at the trial appear to have been convinced that the crimes were committed by Jewish agents, claiming that "anyone studying the affair closely will see that the perpetrator did not intend to cause loss of life among the Jews" and that each grenade was "thrown in non-central locations and there was no intention to kill or injure a certain person".

Historian Esther Meir-Glitzenstein, in her book, Zionism in an Arab Country: Jews in Iraq in the 1940s states that the charges in the Iraqi trial were "groundless for several reasons," because many thousands of Iraqi Jews had already registered to leave by the time of the later bombings, and the charges related only to these later bombings.

Responsibility for the bombings
There has been debate over whether the bombs were in fact planted by the Mossad or the Iraqi Zionist underground in order to encourage Iraqi Jews to immigrate to the newly created state of Israel or whether they were the work of Arab anti-Jewish extremists in Iraq. The issue has been the subject of lawsuits and inquiries in Israel.

The true identity and objective of the culprits behind the bombings has been the subject of controversy. A secret Israeli inquiry in 1960 found no evidence that they were ordered by Israel or any motive that would have explained the attack, though it did find out that most of the witnesses believed that Jews had been responsible for the bombings. The issue remains unresolved: Iraqi activists still regularly charge that Israel used violence to engineer the exodus, while Israeli officials of the time vehemently deny it. Historian Moshe Gat reports that "the belief that the bombs had been thrown by Zionist agents was shared by those Iraqi Jews who had just reached Israel". Sociologist Phillip Mendes backs Gat's claims, and further attributes the allegations to have been influenced and distorted by feelings of discrimination.

Claims for Israeli or Iraqi Zionist involvement
Historian Abbas Shiblak, Iraqi Jew Naeim Giladi and CIA agent Wilbur Crane Eveland have argued that Jews were involved in the bombings.

In 1949, Zionist emissary Yudka Rabinowitz complained that the complacency of the Iraqi Jews was "hampering our existence" and proposed to the Mossad "throwing several hand-grenades for intimidation into cafes with a largely Jewish clientele, as well as leaflets threatening the Jews and demanding their expulsion from Berman", using the code name for Iraq. The Mossad forbade him to conduct negotiations about or carry out any acts of terror, an order which he reported that he had "confirmed and accepted".

According to Moshe Gat, as well as Meir-Glitzenstein, Samuel Klausner, Rayyan Al-Shawaf and Yehouda Shenhav, there is "wide consensus among Iraqi Jews that the emissaries threw the bombs in order to hasten the Jews' departure from Iraq". Shenhav noted an Israeli Foreign Ministry memo which stated that Iraqi Jews reacted to the hangings of Salah and Basri with the attitude: "That is God's revenge on the movement that brought us to such depths."

The British Embassy in Baghdad assessed that the bombings were carried out by Zionist activists trying to highlight the danger to Iraqi Jews, in order influence the State of Israel to accelerate the pace of Jewish emigration. Another possible explanation offered by the embassy was that bombs were meant to change the minds of well-off Jews who wished to stay in Iraq.

In a 1954 operation by Israeli military intelligence, known as the Lavon Affair after the defence minister Pinchas Lavon, a group of Zionist Egyptian Jews attempted to plant bombs in a US Information Service library, and in a number of American targets in Cairo and Alexandria. According to Teveth, they were hoping that the Muslim Brotherhood, the Communists, 'unspecified malcontents' or 'local nationalists' would be blamed for their actions and this would undermine Western confidence in the existing Egyptian regime by generating public insecurity and actions to bring about arrests, demonstrations, and acts of revenge, while totally concealing the Israeli factor. The operation failed, the perpetrators were arrested by Egyptian police and brought to justice, two were sentenced to death, several to long term imprisonment.

The Israeli government has denied any link to the Baghdad bombings, and blamed Iraqi nationalists for the attacks on the Iraqi Jews. However, according to Shalom Cohen, when the Lavon affair broke in Israel, Lavon remarked, "This method of operating was not invented for Egypt. It was tried before in Iraq."

The Iraqi Jewish anti-Zionist author Naeim Giladi maintains that the bombings were "perpetrated by Zionist agents in order to cause fear amongst the Jews, and so promote their exodus to Israel." This theory is shared by Uri Avnery, who wrote in My friend, the enemy that "After the disclosure of the Lavon Affair... the Baghdad affair became more plausible" and Marion Wolfsohn.

Palestinian historian Abbas Shiblak believes that the attacks were committed by Zionist activists and that the attacks were the pre-eminent reason for the subsequent exodus of Iraqi Jews to Israel. Shiblak also argues that the attacks were an attempt to sour Iraq-American relations, saying "The March 1951 attack on the US Information Centre was probably an attempt to portray the Iraqis as anti-American and to gain more support for the Zionist cause in the United States".

According to Gat, Avnery wrote "without checking the facts...Marion Woolfson ... goes on to distort the dates of the explosions and the number of registrees, in order to prove her contention...Avnery’s article and Marion Woolfson’s book served as the basis for the arguments of the Palestinian author Abbas Shiblak".

Giladi claims that it is also supported by Wilbur Crane Eveland, a former senior officer in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), in his book Ropes of Sand. According to Eveland, whose information was presumably based on the Iraqi official investigation, which was shared with the US embassy, "In an attempt to portray the Iraqis as anti-American and to terrorize the Jews, the Zionists planted bombs in the U.S. Information Service library and in the synagogues. Soon leaflets began to appear urging Jews to flee to Israel... most of the world believed reports that Arab terrorism had motivated the flight of the Iraqi Jews whom the Zionists had 'rescued' really just in order to increase Israel’s Jewish population."

Shimon Mendes wrote in Ha'aretz that: "Someone had to act, and he took the appropriate action at the right time. For only an act like the explosions would have brought them to Israel. Anyone who understood politics and developments in Israel was long aware of that."

Yehuda Tajar, who spent ten years in Iraqi prison for his alleged involvement in the bombings, was interviewed in Arthur Neslen's 2006 book "Occupied Minds". According to Tajar, the widow of one of the Jewish activists, Yosef Beit-Halahmi, implied he had organized attacks after his colleagues were arrested for the Masuda Shemtov synagogue bombing, to prove that those on trial were not the perpetrators.

Claims of no Israeli involvement

Moshe Gat's analysis
According to historian Moshe Gat, "not only did Israeli emissaries not place the bombs at the locations cited in the Iraqi statement, but also that there was in fact no need to take such drastic action in order to urge the Jews to leave Iraq for Israel".

 Gat relates to the alleged Israeli motivation to accelerate the Jewish registration to leave Iraq: "just over 105,000 Jews had registered by 8 March, of whom almost 40,000 had left the country. Some 15,000 more left illegally before and after the law was passed. Since the number of Jews living in Iraq before emigration began has been estimated at 125,000 this means that about 5,000 Jews were left, who had preferred to remain in Iraq. Why, then, would anyone in Israel have wanted to throw bombs? Whom would they have wanted to intimidate?"
 Gat wrote that frantic Jewish registration for denaturalisation and departure was driven by knowledge that the denaturalisation law was due to expire in March 1951. He also noted the influence of further pressures including the property-freezing law and continued anti-Jewish disturbances, which raised the fear of large-scale pogroms. According to Mendes, it was highly unlikely that the Israelis would have taken such measures to accelerate the Jewish evacuation given that they were already struggling to cope with the existing level of Jewish immigration.
 Gat also raised a number of questions about the trial and guilt of the alleged Jewish bomb throwers:
An Iraqi army officer known for his anti-Jewish views was originally arrested for the offenses, but never charged, after explosive devices similar to those used in the attack on the Jewish synagogue were found in his home.
The 1950–1951 bombings followed a long history of anti-Jewish incidents in Iraq and the prosecution was not able to produce a single eyewitness.
Shalom Salah told the court that he had confessed after being severely tortured. There were no other evidence which directly related the accused to the bombing, but only circumstantial evidence concerning the discovery of explosive devices and weapons.
 The 8 April 1950 bomb incident, in which 4 Jews were injured, was omitted from the charge sheet against the members of the underground, although it appeared in the government statement. The prosecutor "claimed that the perpetrators had planned to cause injury but not loss of life. The grenade, however, had claimed five lives at the synagogue (or four, according to the charges) and injured more than 20 people. This did not prevent the prosecutor, in his concluding address, from including this incident in the list of charges against the underground, although this contradicted the evidence of the two witnesses." Nevertheless, they were not accused for the Synagogue bombing.

Gat suggests the perpetrators could have been members of the anti-Jewish Istiqlal Party. Yehuda Tajar, one of the alleged bombers, said the bombing were carried out by the Muslim Brotherhood.

According to Gat, "The British Foreign Office, which could hardly be suspected of proZionist tendencies, never stated explicitly that it was the defendants who had thrown the bombs" and "US Embassy reports also cast considerable doubt as to whether the two men convicted were in fact guilty of throwing the bombs. ".

Other claims of no Israeli involvement
Mordechai Ben Porat, founder and chair of the Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center, who was coordinating Jewish emigration at the time, was accused of orchestrating a bombing campaign to speed up the Jewish exodus from Iraq by Israeli journalist Baruch Nadel in 1977. Ben Porat sued the journalist for libel, ending in an out-of-court compromise, where Nadel retracted all the accusations against the Israeli emissaries, and apologized

In his 1996 book "To Baghdad and Back," Ben-Porat published the full report of a 1960 investigation committee appointed by David Ben-Gurion, which "did not find any factual proof that the bombs were hurled by any Jewish organization or individual" and was "convinced that no entity in Israel gave an order to perpetrate such acts of sabotage."

Effects on Iraqi Jewish emigration

In March 1950 the government of Iraq passed the Denaturalisation Act that allowed Jews to emigrate if they renounced their Iraqi citizenship. Iraqi prime minister Tawfiq al-Suwaidi expected that 7,000–10,000 Jews out of the Iraqi Jewish population of 125,000 would leave. A few thousand Jews registered for the offer before the first bombing occurred. The first bombing occurred on the last day of Passover, 8 April 1950. Panic in the Jewish community ensued and many more Jews registered to leave Iraq. The law expired in March 1951 but was extended after the Iraqi government froze the assets of departing Jews, including those who had already left. Between the first and last bombing almost the entire Jewish community bar a few thousand had registered to leave the country. The emigration of Jews was also due to the deteriorating status of Jews in Iraq since the 1948 Arab-Israeli war as they were suspected of being disloyal to Iraq. They were treated with threats, suspicion and physical assaults and were portrayed by the media as a fifth column. By 1953, nearly all Jews had left the country. In his memoir of Jewish life in Baghdad, Sasson Somekh writes: "The pace of registration for the citizenship waiver was slow in the beginning, but it increased as tensions rose between Jews and their neighbors and after acts of terror were perpetrated against Jewish businesses and institutions – especially the Mas'uda Shem-Tov Synagogue...This was the place to which emigrating citizens were required to report with their luggage before leaving for Israel."

See also
 Farhud
 Shafiq Ades
 Lavon Affair
 Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries

References

Bibliography

External links
Video of Benny Morris on the 1950 synagogue bombing in Baghdad

Arab–Israeli conflict
Jewish Iraqi history
Antisemitism in Iraq
1950 in Iraq
1951 in Iraq
1950 murders in Iraq
Mass murder in 1951
1951 murders in Iraq
Terrorist incidents in Asia in 1950
Terrorist incidents in Asia in 1951
Jews and Judaism in Baghdad
Iraq–Israel relations
20th century in Baghdad
Terrorist incidents in Iraq in the 1950s
Terrorist incidents in Iraq
Explosions in 1950
Explosions in 1951


title: Samuel Clegg (born 1814)

text:
Samuel Clegg (2 April 1814 – 22 July 1856) was a British civil engineer.

Clegg was the only son of Samuel Clegg. He was employed as an assistant engineer on the Greenwich, Great Western, and Eastern Counties (afterwards the Great Eastern Railway) lines, and as resident engineer on the Southampton and Dorchester Railway in 1844. In 1836, he had made a trigonometrical survey of part of the Algarve Region in Portugal. In 1849, he was appointed professor of civil engineering and architecture at the College for Civil Engineers in Putney, and in the same year lecturer on civil engineering to Royal School of Military Engineering, the latter post he held until his death in 1856.

In 1855, the British Government sent Clegg to Demerara in British Guiana to report on the sea walls there, and to superintend their restoration. He was author of a treatise on coal gas, 1850.

Cleg died in Putney, Surrey, 25 July 1856 at age 42. He had a wife and young children. At the time of his death, Clegg was devising a plan for removing all the gas manufactories in London to a location on the Essex shore.

References

Attribution

External links

English civil engineers
1814 births
1856 deaths


title: Emma Croker

text:
Emma Croker (née  Layland; born 29 September 1982) is an English female rugby union player, weight lifter and teacher. She represented  at the 2010 Women's Rugby World Cup and she was chosen for the 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup squad. She previously lead the P.E department at Swakeleys School for Girls and is now Director of Sport at Queens College London.

References

External links
Player Profile

1982 births
Living people
21st-century English educators
21st-century English women
England women's international rugby union players
English female rugby union players
Rugby union players from Chelmsford


title: 1852 State of the Union Address

text:
The 1852 State of the Union Address was given by the 13th president of the United States, Millard Fillmore, on Monday, December 6, 1852. It was spoken to the 32nd United States Congress by a clerk, not the president.  He said, "Besides affording to our own citizens a degree of prosperity of which on so large a scale I know of no other instance, our country is annually affording a refuge and a home to multitudes, altogether without example, from the Old World.
We owe these blessings, under Heaven, to the happy Constitution and Government which were bequeathed to us by our fathers, and which it is our sacred duty to transmit in all their integrity to our children."

References

State of the Union addresses
Presidency of Millard Fillmore
32nd United States Congress
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
December 1852 events


title: University of Galway RFC

text:
University of Galway RFC is the rugby team of the University of Galway. Their colours are maroon and white.

History
The rugby club was founded in 1874 at the time the university was named University College Galway, which makes it the oldest club in Connacht.
They played in the Bateman Cup competition many times and won their first Connacht Senior Cup in 1897.
They have held this trophy aloft 34 times in all, more than any other club in the Connacht, and they have won the senior league 16 times. They won the Dudley Cup for the first time in 1905.

They have had many successes down through the years, but a real highlight was the 1962/63 season when they swept the boards — they won the Connacht Minor League and Minor Cup, the Connacht Junior League and Junior Cup, the Connacht Senior League and Senior Cup, the OLBC Sevens and the Blake Sevens.

Many of their players have played for Irish universities international teams, and 10 have been capped for Ireland, several while playing for UCG. One of those, Ciaran Fitzgerald, Captained Ireland to a Triple Crown in 1982, and subsequently the 1983 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand.

Current Status
Currently UG do not compete in the All-Ireland League, but they participate in Connacht Rugby competitions, and for 2023/2024 will field two teams at Junior League level (J1A & J2A).

Their Under-20 team plays in the Irish Universities Conroy Cup competing against UCC, UCD, QUB, TCD, DU, UL & Maynooth.

In League competition along with two other Connacht Clubs (Galwegians & Galway Corinthians) they compete in the Leinster Rugby  JP Fanagan Under-20 League  - in division Premier 3.

They have also set up a Rugby Youth Academy in an attempt to help strengthen the club.

Women's Rugby
The women's team was set up in the 2002–2003 season.
Their first official game was in 2004 versus Sligo I.T. In the 2008/2009 season UG women won the Connacht League.
In the 2012/2013 season UG contested the Colleges & Universities Sports Association of Ireland Div 1 College League Final against UL. In 2013/2014 and again in 2014/2015 UG won the Irish Universities Rugby Union Kay Bowen Intervarsity Cup.

Notable players
 Steve Cunningham
 Seamus Dennison — played for Munster in their historic 1978 defeat of the All Blacks at Thomond Park, executing a much heralded tackle against his opponents
 Ciaran Fitzgerald — captained the British and Irish Lions and Connacht and won a Triple Crown while captaining Ireland
 Neville Furlong — scored the last try worth four points by an Irish player before a change in the game's rules
 Eamonn McGuire — played for Ireland
 Mick Molloy — earned 27 caps for Ireland between 1966 and 1973
 Dickie Roche — played for Ireland, including when at university

References

Rugby union teams in Ireland
Rugby union clubs in County Galway
Sport at the University of Galway
Gal


title: Sify

text:
Sify Technologies Limited (formerly Satyam Infoway) is an Indian information and communications technology company providing end-to-end ICT solutions including telecom services, data center services, cloud & managed services, transformation integration services and application integration services. Sify Technologies Limited played an important role during the early spread of Internet and e-commerce in India. It has been listed on NASDAQ as SIFY since October, 1999. Merrill Lynch was the underwriter for Sify's IPO on the NASDAQ. Sify was founded and led to IPO by R. Ramaraj.

History
In November 1999, Sify paid  crore for a 24.5% stake in IndiaWorld Communications. It acquired the remaining shares for  crore on 30 June 2000.

In 2000, Sify sponsored the India Olympics team. In March 2002, Sify made an agreement with Makemytrip to run Sify's travel portal. In January 2002, Sify announced prizes for most emails sent under a 6-week contest called "Sify Greenmail", promoting emails as an eco-friendly way of communication.

Sify used to run the i-way chain of Internet cafes. In 2002, Sify introduced wireless last mile connections with speeds up to 256 kbit/s. By August 2003, it had over 1,000 i-Way cyber cafes in India. In December 2003, Sify launched video-conferencing facilities in its Internet cafes.

In 2004, Sify, with Level Up Games, launched a MMORPG. In June 2004, the Supreme Court of India set a legal precedent regarding domain names in the Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd. lawsuit.

In November 2005, Satyam Computer Services sold its remaining 31.61% shares in Sify to Infinity Capital Ventures, which is owned by Raju Vegesna, for  million.

See also

 Satyam Infoway Ltd. v. Sifynet Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
 Mahindra Satyam

References

External links

Information technology companies of India
Companies established in 1995


title: Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's tandem 1 km time trial B

text:
The Men's tandem 1 km time trial B at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, was part of the cycling programme, which took place on 25 July 2014.

Results

References

Men's tandem 1km time trial B
Cycling at the Commonwealth Games – Men's tandem 1 km time trial B


title: Ombudsman for Children in Sweden

text:
The Ombudsman for Children in Sweden (, BO) is a Swedish government agency organized under the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs tasked with public advocacy and the dissemination of information about the rights and needs of children and young people. The Ombudsman should represent children regarding their rights and interests on the basis of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). The Ombudsman has legal authority to request information and to summon representatives from the municipalities, counties and other authorities to talks, but hold no regulatory powers. There's no government mandate to focus or issue an opinion on individual cases. However, the Ombudsman has a legal duty of notification, meaning they are required by law to report to the local social services, whenever they become aware of an abused child.

The Ombudsman holds regular dialogues with children, especially those in vulnerable situations, to obtain knowledge of their conditions and their opinions. The agency report back to the government once a year, and the report consists of a magazine, usually with a specific theme; with additional information presented on the Ombudsman's website.

History
In 1990 the Riksdag ratified the CRC. Sweden was thereby committed under international law to implement the Convention, and around the same time the Government appointed a Commission of inquiry to examine the issue of appointing an Ombudsman for Children. In 1993, the Riksdag finally approved the appointment of an Ombudsman, and The Ombudsman for Children's Act (1993:335) came into effect on July 1.

List of Ombudsmen for Children
Over the years, the following people served as the ombudsman:

 Louise Sylwander, 1993-2001
 Lena Nyberg, 2001-2008
 Fredrik Malmberg, 2008-2017
 Anita Wickström, acting, 2017
 Anna Karin Hildingson Boqvist, acting, 2018
 Elisabeth Dahlin, 2018–

See also
 Ombudsman
 Children's Ombudsman

References

External links
The Ombudsman for Children in Sweden – Official website (English)
English translation of The Ombudsman for Children's Act

Government agencies of Sweden
 Children's
Sweden
Children's rights instruments
Child welfare in Sweden


title: Consolidated Building (Indianapolis)

text:
The Consolidated Building is a 15-story building at 115 North Pennsylvania Street in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. It was constructed as an annex to the neighboring Lemcke Building and was known as the Lemcke Annex. For a number of years the building housed the headquarters of the Consolidated Insurance Company. From about 1995 it sat mostly vacant because the owner ran into financial difficulties.

In 2014 the building was sold and renovation to apartments was begun. In May 2015 the building reopened as the Penn Street Tower, with 98 apartments on 14 floors. The first floor will be used for retail and office space. The total cost of the acquisition and renovation was about $14 million.

References

External links

Residential skyscrapers in Indianapolis
Apartment buildings in Indiana
Office buildings completed in 1910
1910 establishments in Indiana


title: Aníbal González (footballer, born 1995)

text:
Aníbal Gerson González Ramírez (born 8 April 1995) is a Mexican former footballer who played as a striker.

Personal life
He is the son of the top-goalscorer of O'Higgins, Aníbal González and was born when his father played for Monterrey.

References

External links

 Aníbal González at PlaymakerStats

1995 births
Living people
Footballers from Monterrey
Mexican men's footballers
Chilean men's footballers
Mexican people of Chilean descent
Sportspeople of Chilean descent
O'Higgins F.C. footballers
Colo-Colo footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Men's association football forwards
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in Chile
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile


title: York Wagon Works

text:
York Wagon Works was a railway freight wagon works built in York, England, by the North Eastern Railway in 1867. Wagon manufacturing ceased on the site in the 1960s.

As of 2011 the works was used as a maintenance facility by Freightliner (UK).

History
The original railway works in York, the  Queen Street Works, York had been established in 1842, and carried out locomotive, carriage and wagon work. The wagon works was a separate building in the north-east of the site, near Queen Street. The building was extended westward in 1864, to give a production capacity of 100 wagons per week.

In 1867 a separate wagon works was opened, north of North junction on the westward main rail line for the north. Expansion led to a site of  with  of buildings.

The London and North Eastern Railway took over operation of the works in 1923 and after that date, new wagon building was concentrated on Faverdale Works (Darlington) and Shildon Works (County Durham), with York concentrating more on repairs.

In 1931 a fire destroyed the work's sawmill. Subsequently a lifting shop was built on the sawmill site.

After nationalisation into British Railways under the Transport Act 1947 further rationalisation for wagon production took place. Expected future requirement for wagons was also reduced,  a 1956 report did not suggest any wagon works closures, but was superseded by another report in 1959, which recommended more closure and rationalisation, including the closure of the York Wagon Works in 1960. After Richard Beeching became chairman of the British Transport Commission (1961) all workshops came under centralised control from regional control, and a new report was commissioned, which recommended a similar pattern of closure as the 1959 report; York Wagon Works was to close in 1963. The works had closed by 1964.

Maintenance and repair of wagons continued at the site; in the 1980s  repair of departmental wagons was being undertaken by Trainload Freight.

Between 1997 and 2002 wagon manufacture was undertaken for English Welsh and Scottish Railway by Thrall Europa (Thrall Car Manufacturing Company) at the Holgate Road carriage works, York.

In 2011 Freightliner UK took over the site for use as a rail vehicle maintenance point. Two minor buildings were demolished as part of a construction of an earth bund south of the main works, .

Notes

References

Locations

Sources

External links

Railway workshops in Great Britain
Railway depots in Yorkshire
Rail transport in York
North Eastern Railway (UK)


title: Steve Wolfhard

text:
Steve Wolfhard is a Canadian cartoonist, storyboard artist, writer, and director. He was a writer and storyboard artist on the animated television series Adventure Time and is a supervising director on its spinoff Adventure Time: Fionna and Cake.

History
Steve Wolfhard grew up in Kitchener and then Midland, Ontario and graduated from Sheridan College's Classical Animation program in 2003. After graduating, he worked as a character designer for the series Being Ian, and Kid vs. Kat. Wolfhard also did illustration work for a series of graphic novels for children entitled Zombie Chasers.

Wolfhard first started working on Adventure Time as a storyboard revisionist during the show's third season. Series creator Pendleton Ward offered him a position as a storyboard artist, but Wolfhard initially turned it down; he later changed his mind, and contacted Ward to see if he would be able to rescind his rejection. Ward allowed him to, and Wolfhard was then partnered with Tom Herpich for seasons five through ten.

In January 2017, he announced that he was writing and storyboarding on the Cartoon Network series, Summer Camp Island, which premiered in 2018.

Accolades
Steve Wolfhard's work on Adventure Time gained him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination along with his then-storyboarding partner Tom Herpich for the fifth season episode "Be More".

In 2017 he received the Doug Wright Spotlight Award (colloquially known as "The Nipper") for his book The Collected Cat Rackham (Koyama Press).

Filmography

Television

References

External links

Living people
21st-century Canadian screenwriters
Canadian television writers
Canadian animators
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian storyboard artists
Canadian male television writers
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Glutamate-5-semialdehyde

text:
Glutamate-5-semialdehyde is a non-proteinogenic amino acid involved in both the biosynthesis and degradation of proline and arginine (via ornithine), as well as in the biosynthesis of antibiotics, such as carbapenems. It is synthesized by the reduction of glutamyl-5-phosphate by glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase.

Reduction of glutamic acid semialdehyde with sodium borohydride gives hydroxyaminovaleric acid.

See also
 Glutamate-1-semialdehyde

References

Alpha-Amino acids
Aldehydes
Aldehydic acids


title: Saman Kesh

text:
Saman Kesh (born Saman Keshavarz) is an Iranian-American filmmaker based in Los Angeles, California, United States. He is known for his narrative music video work for notable artists such as Basement Jaxx, Calvin Harris, Kygo, Placebo, !!!, Vitalic, Apparat and Porter Robinson.

In 2009, during his attendance as a film student at Art Center College of Design, Kesh came into light with his first music video for Cinnamon Chasers' first single: "Luv Deluxe". Luv Deluxe has received over seven million views to date, won SXSW Best Music Video award in 2010, and was shown in Saatchi & Saatchi's Director Showcase in 2010 at Cannes.

In 2012, he went on to direct videos for Ed Sheeran, Deus and Calvin Harris, his video for the track 'Stamina' from French producer Vitalic sparked controversy with its thematic statements regarding weight loss and obesity in pop culture. The video resulted in Kesh winning his second SXSW "Best Video" award in 2013.

In 2013, Kesh moved into the narrative world with his short sci-fi short film, Controller. The short received the No. 2 spot on Deadline Hollywood's 2013 ViewFinder's list, which polls Hollywood industry professionals on their favorite short films of the year.

Later that year, he collaborated with celebrity author Bret Easton Ellis and the British alternative rock band Placebo on a short film series titled 'Unfortunate Details' which examined cases of sexual incidents gone awry. They were released as two music videos, for the band's album, Loud Like Love.

In 2014 Kesh served as overseeing advisor to a team of directors for Visa's "Samba of the World", a digital campaign for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Made in collaboration with AKQA and COPILOT Music and Sound, this interactive music video experience allowed fans to listen and watch 32 different music videos, based on 32 different countries, in real time.

His video "Never Say Never", for Basement Jaxx details the development of a fictional product called TWERKBOT, a Twerking robot. The video features controversial themes on robotics, sexuality, and pop-culture. His most recent video for the 2015 YouTube Music Awards was for the artist Kygo, which featured an alien astronaut couple that crash-lands a costume party.

Kesh is currently developing several films to direct, including Cubed, setup at Lionsgate Entertainment, which is loosely based on the 1997 cult film, Cube. On April 24, 2015, Deadline Hollywood announced that Kesh will be adapting and directing a feature-length version of Controller with 20th Century Fox.

Filmography

Music videos

References

External links
Youngdirectoraward.com

Living people
1986 births
American people of Iranian descent
Film directors from Los Angeles


title: Ulugh Khan

text:
Almas Beg (died c. 1302), better known by his title Ulugh Khan, was a brother and a general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He held the iqta' of Bayana in present-day India.

Ulugh Khan played an important role in Alauddin's ascension to the throne of Delhi in 1296. He lured the former Sultan Jalaluddin to Kara, where Alauddin assassinated Jalaluddin. He successfully besieged Multan, and subjugated the surviving members of Jalaluddin's family.

In 1298, Ulugh Khan repulsed a Mongol invasion from the Chagatai Khanate, which greatly increased Alauddin's prestige. The next year, he and Nusrat Khan raided the wealthy province of Gujarat, obtaining a huge amount of wealth for Alauddin's treasury. He led the reinforcement unit in the Battle of Kili (1299) against the Mongols, and held command in the initial phases of the Siege of Ranthambore (1301). He died a few months after the Ranthambore campaign ended, although a fictional account in Amir Khusrau's Ashiqa suggests that he led Alauddin's forces in the later years.

Early life

Ulugh Khan was originally known as Almas Beg. His father, Shihabuddin Mas'ud, was the elder brother of the Khalji dynasty's founder Sultan Jalaluddin. Besides his elder brother Alauddin (originally known as Ali Gurshasp), he had two other brothers Qutlugh Tigin and Muhammad.

Both Alauddin and Ulugh Khan married Jalaluddin's daughters. After Jalaluddin became the Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin was appointed as Amir-i-Tuzuk (equivalent to Master of ceremonies), while Almas Beg was given the post of Akhur-beg (equivalent to Master of the Horse).

Role in Alauddin's ascension

In 1291, Jalaluddin appointed Alauddin as the governor of Kara province. Over the next few years, Alauddin hatched a conspiracy to overthrow Jalaluddin. In 1296, Alauddin raided Devagiri, but did not surrender the loot to Jalaluddin in Delhi. Instead, he returned to Kara, and then sent a letter of apology to Jalaluddin. Ulugh Khan assured Jalaluddin that Alauddin was loyal to him, and convinced him to visit Kara and meet Alauddin, saying that Alauddin would commit suicide out of guilt if Jalaluddin didn't pardon him personally. A gullible Jalaluddin visited Kara, where Alauddin killed him on 20 July 1296.

When Alauddin became the Sultan of Delhi in 1296, he made his brother barbeg with the title Ulugh Khan ("Great Khan".).

Military career

Ulugh Khan was an able general, and played an important role in Alauddin's military conquests. According to Ziauddin Barani, Alauddin once thought of establishing a new religion, and compared his four generals (Ulugh, Nusrat, Zafar and Alp) to Muhammad's four Rashidun caliphs.

Siege of Multan

After usurping the throne of Delhi, Alauddin decided to eliminate the surviving family of Jalaluddin. In November 1296, he sent a 30,000-40,000 strong army led by Ulugh Khan and Zafar Khan to Multan, which was governed by Jalaluddin's son Arkali Khan. Faced with a certain defeat, the leaders of the defending forces deserted Arkali Khan and defected to the Delhi forces after two months of siege.

Arkali Khan and his younger brother Ruknuddin Ibrahim visited Ulugh Khan's camp to negotiate a truce. Ulugh Khan received them with dignity, and promised not to harm them. However, after occupying Multan, he did not keep this promise, and imprisoned them, their family members, and their loyal officers. The captives were later blinded and/or killed by Nusrat Khan on Alauddin's orders.

1298 victory over the Mongols

In the winter of 1297, the Mongols led by a noyan of the Chagatai Khanate raided Punjab, advancing as far as Kasur. Alauddin dispatched Ulugh Khan (possibly supported by Zafar Khan) to check the Mongol advance. According to the Delhi courtier Amir Khusrau, Ulugh Khan covered the distance of two marches in a single day to face the Mongols, and reached the banks of the Sutlej River on 6 February 1298. There, he ordered his soldiers to cross the Sutlej River without the boats, and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Mongols. Khusrau states that 20,000 Mongols were killed in the battle, and many more were killed in Delhi after being brought there as captives. The victory increased Alauddin's prestige, and stabilized his position on the throne of Delhi.

Gujarat

In early 1299, Alauddin sent an army led by Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan to invade the wealthy Vaghela-ruled kingdom of Gujarat. According to the Jain chronicler Jinaprabha Suri, Ulugh Khan's forces defeated the army of the defending king Karna at Asapalli (present-day Ahmedabad). Karna fled from the battlefield, after which Ulugh Khan's army thoroughly sacked the wealthy city of Anahilavada (Patan). According to Jinaprabha, Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan destroyed hundreds of other towns, including Asapalli, Vanmanthali and Surat. They also looted several monasteries, palaces, and temples. This account is also confirmed by the Muslim chroniclers Ziauddin Barani and Isami.

The Delhi army left Gujarat with a huge amount of wealth and several prisoners. During a halt near Jalore, Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan punished some of the soldiers for not remitting the khums (one-fifth share of the loot) to the imperial treasury. This resulted in a mutiny, mainly by the Mongol (Mughal) soldiers, who had converted to Islam recently. The mutineers murdered Ulugh Khan's secretary and Nusrat Khan's brother Malik A'izzudin. The next day, around 2000-3000 of them attacked Ulugh Khan's camp. The attackers misidentified a nephew of Alauddin as Ulugh Khan, and killed him. Ulugh Khan, who was in a lavatory at the time of the attack, escaped to Nusrat Khan's tent, where the loyal soldiers assembled and forced the rebels to retreat. After the army reached Delhi, severe punishments were meted out to the family members of the rebels.

Battle of Kili

While Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan were in Gujarat, Zafar Khan repulsed a Mongol invasion in Sindh. This victory established Zafar Khan's reputation as a brilliant general, and according to the near-contemporary chronicler Ziauddin Barani, made both Alauddin and Ulugh Khan jealous of Zafar Khan's newly acquired fame. Barani also claims that the two brothers made plans to blind or poison Zafar Khan. Historian Banarsi Prasad Saksena doubts the truthfulness of Barani's allegations.

At the 1299 Battle of Kili against the Mongols, Ulugh Khan led the reinforcement unit of the Delhi army. During the battle, Zafar Khan attacked a Mongol contingent without Alauddin's permission, and was killed after inflicting heavy casualties on the Mongols. According to the 17th-century historian Hajiuddabir's Zafarul-vali, Ulugh Khan did not come to Zafar Khan's rescue because he maintained an ill-will against Zafar Khan. The Mongols ultimately retreated from the battlefield.

Siege of Ranthambhore

In 1299, Hammira, the Chahamana ruler of Ranthambore, had granted asylum to the Mongol fugitives who had led the mutiny against Ulugh Khan at Jalore. Ulugh Khan, who was the governor of Bayana near Ranthambore, urged Hammira to kill these fugitives as a friendly ruler or face an invasion. When Hammira refused to kill or surrender the fugitives, Alauddin ordered Ulugh Khan to invade Ranthambore in 1301.

Ulugh Khan marched up to the Banas River, where he defeated and killed Hammira's general Bhimasimha. Subsequently, the Delhi army suffered a defeat at a mountain pass called Hinduvata. Alauddin dispatched Nusrat Khan in support of Ulugh Khan, and the reinforced Delhi army once again marched towards Ranthambore. According to the Hammira Mahakavya, this time, Ulugh Khan pretended that he was coming to negotiate a truce with Hammira, and therefore, Hammira allowed him to cross the Hinduvata mountain pass. The Delhi army captured Jhain, and then reached Ranthambore, where Nusrat Khan was killed during the siege. Taking advantage of the mourning in the invaders' camp, Hammira's army attacked them, and forced Ulugh Khan to retreat to Jhain.

When Alauddin learned about Ulugh Khan's defeat, he personally led a stronger army to Ranthambore. While he was at Ranthambore, an officer called Haji Maula took control of Delhi, prompting Alauddin to send his general Malik Hamiduddin to Delhi. Some days later, Alauddin received the news that Haji Maula had appointed Iltutmish's descendant Alavi as a puppet monarch in Delhi. Alauddin then sent Ulugh Khan to Delhi. By the time Ulugh Khan reached Delhi, Hamiduddin had already quelled the revolt. Ulugh Khan ordered all the surviving rebels to be killed. The grandsons of Haji Maula's former master Fakhruddin were also killed, although they had not played any part in the rebellion.

Alauddin captured the fort in July 1301, and placed it under Ulugh Khan's charge. However, the local public hated Ulugh Khan so much, that he decided not to go beyond the suburbs of Ranthambore.

Last days

After his conquest of Ranthambore in 1301, Alauddin ordered Ulugh Khan to prepare for a march to the Kakatiya capital Warangal. Ulugh Khan assembled a large army, but died a few months later.

According to the 14th-century chronicler Ziauddin Barani, his death greatly depressed Alauddin, who gave a lot of money away in charity for the salvation of his soul. However, Barani's contemporary chronicler Isami claims that Alauddin had ordered Ulugh Khan's killing by poisoning. During Alauddin's march to Ranthambore, his nephew Akat Khan made an attempt to assassinate him. When Alauddin fell unconscious, Akat Khan wrongly believed him to be dead, and spread the news. According to Isami's account, a servant of Alauddin told the Sultan that on hearing this news, Ulugh Khan had remarked that he was ready to fill the vacant throne. This made Alauddin suspicious of Ulugh Khan, leading to Ulugh Khan's murder. The 16th-century chronicler Husam Khan, in his Tabaqat-i-Bahadur Shahi, also attributes Ulugh Khan's death to poisoning, a claim repeated by the later chronicler Haji-ud-dabir.

Historian Banarsi Prasad Saksena dismisses Isami's account as false. However, Kishori Saran Lal believes that given Alauddin's temperament, it is not impossible that he had his brother killed.

In 1304, Alauddin sent another army to Gujarat, and annexed it to the Delhi Sultanate. According to Amir Khusrau's Ashiqa, which is of little historical value, Ulugh Khan led this invasion. However, this claim is of doubtful accuracy, and is not supported by other sources. Isami names the commander of the second Gujarat campaign as Malik Jhitam, not Ulugh Khan. The 16th-century historian Firishta also suggests that Ulugh Khan was already dead by this time. The 18th century text Mirat-i-Ahmadi claims that Ulugh Khan governed Gujarat for 20 years, and was later executed as a result of a conspiracy by Malik Kafur. However, the author has obviously confused Alp Khan with Alauddin's brother Ulugh Khan.

In famous culture

He was portrayed by Ashwin Dhar in Bollywood movie Padmavat which was based on poem of Malik Muhammad Jayasi written on background of Siege of Chittorgarh by Alauddin Khilji.

References

Bibliography

Alauddin Khalji
13th-century births
14th-century deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain
Indian Sunni Muslims
Indian generals


title: Gamits

text:
Gamits may refer to:
The Gamits, American band
Gamit, Indian ethnic group


title: Tylomelania hannelorae

text:
Tylomelania hannelorae is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pachychilidae.

The specific name hannelorae is in honor of Hannelore Glaubrecht, who participated on the malacological research.

Distribution
This species occurs in Lake Mahalona, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its type locality is Lake Mahalona.

Ecology
The females of Tylomelania hannelorae usually have 1-2 embryos in their brood pouch. Newly hatched snails of Tylomelania hannelorae have a shell height of 2.4-3.1 mm.

References

External links

hannelorae
Gastropods described in 2008


title: Bruno Guiblet

text:
Bruno Guiblet (25 November 1951, Boulogne-Billancourt) is a French novelist. He grew up in Versailles, and now lives in Paris. His three novels which include the same characters intersect and extend.

Filmography

  (1999), Meurtre au lavage, série TV
 La Vie moderne (2000) de Laurence Ferreira Barbosa

Novels

L'Ignoble cosmonaute, 1998, NiL Éditions () *
Le Muscle de l'amour, 2003, Robert Laffont ()
Se réveiller mort, 2011, Robert Laffont ()

References

External links

Koboy

Writers from Boulogne-Billancourt
Living people
1951 births
French male writers
French male novelists
21st-century French novelists
21st-century French male writers


title: Ford World Headquarters

text:
The Henry Ford II World Center, also commonly known as the Ford World Headquarters and popularly known as the Glass House, is the administrative headquarters for Ford Motor Company, a 12-story, glass-faced office building designed to accommodate a staff of approximately 3,000. The building is located at 1 American Road at Michigan Avenue in Dearborn, Michigan, near Ford's historic Rouge plant, Greenfield Village, the Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn's Henry Ford Centennial Library, and Fair Lane, Henry Ford's personal estate.

In 2008, columnist George Will said the building opened at "the peak of American confidence" and described the headquarters as having a "sleek glass-and-steel minimalism that characterized up-to-date architecture in the 1950s, when America was at the wheel of the world and even buildings seemed streamlined for speed".

While under design and construction, the building was called the "Central Staff Office Building" and was later referred to as the "New Central Office Building" to distinguish it from the company's prior headquarters nearby, known as the Administration Building, which was located at 3000 Schaefer, directly across from the Ford Rotunda building. The building was later referred to as the "Ford Motor Company Administrative Center" and was formally renamed the Henry Ford II World Center in June 1996.

In early 2016, Ford announced a redesign of the headquarters building and its surrounding campus,
scheduled to begin in 2021 and projected to connect the Glass House to a series of new and existing buildings, parking decks, soccer fields and an arboretum.

Design and construction
Formally announced in 1950, the new Central Staff Office Building was delayed by construction moratoriums in place during the Korean War. Construction broke ground on September 29, 1953 and the building was dedicated on September 26, 1956.

In addition to the prominent 12-story office building, the Glass House includes an adjacent three-story structure accommodating an employee cafeteria, dining rooms and parking garage for 1500 cars—the two elements connected by a  concourse. The headquarters was designed in the International Style by noted architects Gordon Bunshaft and Natalie de Blois, both with the firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. De Blois designed the three-story portion of the complex.

Described as a "tall city in a park," the complex was master planned by William L. Pereira and Associates of Los Angeles, requiring multiple entry points to adequately serve the concentrated daily influx of cars. Located on  (originally ) previously belonging to Henry Ford's private estate, the grounds have since 1966 also been the site for the Arjay Miller Arboretum, featuring trees and shrubs native to Michigan.

Constructed of reinforced concrete with an estimated  of tinted, heat-absorbing glass, and standing  tall, the Glass House features central air conditioning, escalators on the first seven floors to augment elevators, movable interior partitions and glass partitions for primary interior corridors. To maximize interior flexibility, structural columns are located outside the exterior curtain wall or within the building's core, providing a clear interior span for office space.

In addition to the tinted, heat absorbing glass, the facade's curtain wall was designed with , light-weight sandwich panels composed of five layers: an outermost layer of 16-gauge porcelain enameled steel bonded to a  expanded aluminum honeycomb, a sheet of 24–gauge galvanized steel,  of cellular insulation (marketed as Foamglas) and finally an interior 18–gauge steel skin. The building used 6,616 panels in a semi-matte green color and was the largest known use of porcelain enamel composite panels in a single building at the time of its construction, using over  of the material.

The long side of the building's rooftop mechanical penthouse screen walls originally featured the word "FORD" in tall block lettering–later replaced with the company's trademark Blue Oval logo. In 1999, the company replaced the "Blue Oval" at the penthouse screen wall with the words "Ford Motor Company" in the company's original trademark script, referred to by Ford as the "trustmark". Ford returned the "Blue Oval" again to the penthouse screenwalls in 2003, in time for the company's centennial.

Background and awards

Prior to the Glass House, Ford's central staff occupied a headquarters, the 3000 Schaefer Building, constructed in 1928 at the corner of Schaefer Road and what is now Rotunda Drive in Dearborn. The building was subsequently occupied by the Lincoln Mercury division after completion of the Glass House, later became the Ford Parts Department and was ultimately razed in 1997.

The Skidmore Owings & Merrill 1956 headquarters building won the Office of the Year Award from Administrative Management Magazine in 1956 and in 1967 an Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Steel Construction.

Artwork and illuminations

In 1955, Skidmore Owings & Merrill, architects of the Glass House, commissioned an  sculpture, a welded metal screen, by artist Thomas Fulton McClure (1920–2009) for its new headquarters, while the building was still under construction—and at the time called the "Central Staff Office Building".

For the 1996 rechristening of the building, Ford commissioned a full-size bronze statue of Henry Ford II by artist Richard R. Miller. The sculpture stands in the building's lobby and depicts Henry Ford II in an informal standing pose. The figure itself is  tall.

On the evening of September 15, 2008, the office lights at Ford World Headquarters were "strategically" illuminated to spell "Happy 100 GM", in honor of its chief rival General Motors' 100th anniversary.

In 2009, Ford illuminated the facade of the Glass House in pink for two nights, in support of the Susan G. Komen for the Cure cancer awareness program.

See also

General Motors Technical Center
FCA US LLC Headquarters and Technology Center
Ford Rotunda
Greenfield Village
Fair Lane
Highland Park Ford Plant
Ford River Rouge Complex

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Dearborn, Michigan
Automobile culture and history in Dearborn, Michigan
Ford Motor Company facilities
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill buildings
Office buildings completed in 1956
1956 establishments in Michigan
Corporate headquarters in the United States


The 2014–15 Wichita State Shockers men's basketball team represented Wichita State University in the 2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They played their home games at Charles Koch Arena, which has a capacity of 10,506. They were playing their 70th season as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference, and were led by eighth-year head coach Gregg Marshall. They finished the season 30–5, 17–1 in MVC play to win the regular season Missouri Valley championship. They advanced to the semifinals of the Missouri Valley tournament where they lost to Illinois State. They received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament where they defeated Indiana in the second round and Kansas in the third round before losing in the Sweet Sixteen to Notre Dame.

Previous season
The 2013–14 season was arguably the greatest season in Wichita State's 108-year basketball history. After defeating Missouri State on March 1, 2014, Wichita State became the first Division I men's team ever to finish the regular season 31–0, the first team to finish 18–0 in conference play in the Missouri Valley Conference since the 1985–86 Bradley Braves, as well as the first to finish the regular season undefeated since Saint Joseph's in 2003–04. The team's 35–0 start is the best Division I start ever, beating the 1990–91 UNLV Runnin' Rebels who began the season 34–0 and the best Missouri Valley Conference start ever, beating the 1978–79 Indiana State Sycamores, who went 33–0 to start the season. They spent most of the season in the top 10 of both major polls, rising as high as #2 in late February.  They continued their run by winning their first MVC tournament title since 1987, and were ranked second in both final major media polls—the highest final national ranking in school history.

They entered the 2014 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament undefeated at 34–0. The Shockers beat Cal Poly, 64–37 for their NCAA-record 35–game winning streak to start a season. Two days later, and playing their 5th and final straight game at St. Louis' Scottrade Center, Fred VanVleet's three-point attempt at the end-of-game buzzer against Kentucky bounced harmlessly off the rim, and so went their attempt to become the first men's team in 38 years to win the title undefeated.  The Shockers finished with the third-most wins in Division I history, and the second-most for a school not in a power conference.

Departures

In addition to the departing players, assistant Chris Jans left the Shockers immediately after the season to take the head coaching vacancy at Bowling Green.

Incoming transfers

*Player will redshirt during the season†Junior College transfer

Class of 2014 recruits

Roster

Schedule

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|-

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#000; color:#FFC318;"| Non-conference regular season

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#000; color:#FFC318;"| Missouri Valley Conference regular season

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#000; color:#FFC318;"| Missouri Valley tournament
|-

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#000; color:#FFC318;"|

Rankings

See also
2014–15 Wichita State Shockers women's basketball team

References

Wichita State Shockers men's basketball seasons
Wichita State
Wichita State Shockers men's basketball
Wichita State Shockers men's basketball
Wichita State


title: Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's tandem sprint B

text:
The Women's tandem sprint B at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, was part of the cycling programme, which took place on 24 July 2014.

Results

Qualifying

Semi-finals

Finals

References

Men's tandem 1km time trial B
Cycling at the Commonwealth Games – Women's tandem sprint B
Comm


title: Lea Michele discography

text:
American singer Lea Michele has released four studio albums, five singles, seven promotional singles, and three music videos. Michele came to prominence for her role as Rachel Berry on the television series Glee, where she established her musical career performing on the series' soundtrack albums. Prior to this, she was known for her Broadway soundtrack credits.

In 2012, Michele signed a record deal with Columbia. She began recording for her debut album on October 19, 2012. On November 27, 2013, Michele announced that the first single from her debut album, Louder, would be "Cannonball", which debuted at number 75 on the Billboard Hot 100, selling over 51,000 copies in its first week of sale. The accompanying music video was released on January 9, 2014. Four songs were also released as promotional singles in the lead-up to the album: "Battlefield", "Louder", "What Is Love?", and "You're Mine". The album, which was released on March 4, 2014, made its debut on the Billboard 200 at number 4, selling over 62,000 copies in its first week. Michele's second single, "On My Way", was released on May 4, 2014, with its music video premiering on May 19, 2014.

On March 3, 2017, Michele released "Love Is Alive" as the first single from her second studio album, Places. Three songs were also released as promotional singles in the lead-up to the album: "Anything's Possible", "Run to You", and "Getaway Car". The album, which was released on April 28, 2017, debuted at number 28 on the Billboard 200, selling over 16,000 copies in its first week.

On October 25, 2019, Michele released her third studio album, Christmas in the City. The album is her first Christmas album.

Michele released her fourth studio album, Forever, on November 5, 2021.

Albums

Studio albums

Soundtrack albums

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Promotional singles

Other charted songs

Guest appearances

Music videos

Notes

References

External links

Discographies of American artists
Glee discographies
Discography
Pop music discographies


title: Sally Hitchiner

text:
Sally Hitchiner (born 1980) is an English Anglican priest.

Early life and education
Sally Ann Hitchiner was born on 14 February 1980. From 1998 to 2001, she studied anthropology and social policy at the University of York where she achieved a first class honours. She then studied theology and trained for ordination at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, an Evangelical Anglican theological college.

Ordained ministry
In 2008 Hitchiner became the Chaplain's Assistant at St Peter's College, Oxford and at the Oxford Pastorate chaplaincy where she reinvented the Oxford University Socratic Society, debating philosophy and theology with those of different beliefs.

Hitchiner served her curacy at St John's Church, Ealing from 2009 to 2012, during which time she led the church's Sunday evening Cafe Church congregation with a special focus on those who did not feel comfortable in mainstream church settings. She was involved in coordinating the local community response to the London riots in 2011, and a year later led the call towards forgiveness and reconciliation.
She developed an unlikely friendship with Richard Dawkins following jointly sitting with him as the subject for the semi-final of the Sky Arts National Portrait of the Year competition which was aired in December 2014

Hitchiner contributed a chapter on mission to a book celebrating the voices of ordained women who had become national experts

Up until April 2019 she was Coordinating Anglican Chaplain and Interfaith Adviser at Brunel University. Since then, she has been Associate Vicar for Ministry at St Martin-in-the-Fields, London.

Personal life and views on LGBT rights
On 15 July 2014, Hitchiner was accidentally outed during a live appearance on television. Hitchiner opposes "gay-to-straight" conversion therapy and the Church of England's official stance against same-sex marriage. She is the founder of Diverse Church, a movement for young LGBT adults. She stated on BBC Breakfast on 3 September 2016 that she had recently become engaged to be Civilly Partnered, and she was united in a civil partnership with Fiona. Clergy in the Church of England are permitted to enter into same-sex civil partnerships.

Hitchiner advocates all sides in the debate working together constructively towards increased inclusion of LGBT people within the church and society.

In 2014 Hitchiner founded Diverse Church a national support group for 18–30 year old LGBT+ Christians. This group specialises in supporting those in the most conservative ends of the church and welcomes all 18–30 year old LGBT Christians whatever their views are on ethics or theology. It places a high value on confidentiality and there is no need to come out beyond the group when you join.

References

Living people
21st-century English Anglican priests
British LGBT rights activists
LGBT Anglican clergy
1980 births
Alumni of the University of York


title: Wild Animals (Trampled by Turtles album)

text:
Wild Animals is the seventh studio album by Minnesota-based bluegrass group Trampled by Turtles, released on July 15, 2014. The cover art was inspired by metal sculptor Tomohiro Inaba's work.

Track listing

References

2014 albums
BanjoDad Records albums