title: Lawson Craddock

text:
Gregory Lawson Craddock (born February 20, 1992) is an American professional road and track racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam . He is known for his achievement in finishing the 2018 Tour de France despite being seriously injured in the opening stage, and for raising funds for a hurricane-damaged velodrome as a result.

Cycling career
After spending the 2014 and 2015 seasons with  in the UCI World Tour, he moved to rival  for the 2016 and 2017 seasons.

Craddock raced in the 2018 Tour de France and crashed violently during the first stage, causing a hairline fracture in his scapula, but continued racing. He was the last rider to cross the finish line and the were many photos of him with blood covering the entire left side of his face. After that crash, he took to social media announcing he was donating $100 for every stage he finished to the Greater Houston Cycling Association in the rebuild of the Alkek Velodrome, where Craddock got his start in cycling and which was damaged by Hurricane Harvey.  A GoFundMe page was also set up for people to make direct donations to the velodrome. Craddock finished the race as the "lanterne rouge", becoming the first rider in Tour history to hold last place after every stage and earning over US$250,000 for the cause. He is the only American to be awarded the lanterne rouge.

On June 11, 2020, USA Cycling announced that Craddock will be on their Men's Road Long Team for the 2020 Summer Olympics (to be held July 23 to August 8, 2021). In October 2020, he was named in the startlist for the 2020 Giro d'Italia. He was also chosen as part of the team for the 2021 Vuelta a España where on stage 19 he rode at the front of the race and controlled the final kilometers of the breakaway to contain any attacks and put his teammate, Magnus Cort, in a position to win the stage. As Cort attacked Craddock fell back and watched as his teammate won the stage, and five seconds later when he crossed the line threw his arms in the air celebrating the victory.

Major results

2008
 National Novice Track Championships
1st  Scratch
1st  Points race
2009
 1st Stage 1 (ITT) Edgar Soto Memorial
 1st Stage 2b (ITT) Tour du Pays de Vaud
 2nd  Time trial, UCI Junior Road World Championships
 4th Overall Trofeo Karlsberg
2010
 National Junior Road Championships
1st  Road race
1st  Time trial
 1st  Overall Trofeo Karlsberg
1st Stages 2 & 3 (ITT)
 1st Stage 1 Tour de New Braunfels
 1st Stage 1 (TTT) Regio Tour
 2nd Overall Trophée Centre Morbihan
1st Stage 2 (ITT)
 3rd  Time trial, UCI Junior Road World Championships
 3rd Overall Tour du Pays de Vaud
1st Prologue & Stage 4 (ITT)
 3rd Paris–Roubaix Juniors
2011
 1st Stage 2 (ITT) Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux
 1st Stage 10 Tour de la Guadeloupe
 1st Stage 2 Hotter'N Hell Hundred
 2nd Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships
 4th Overall Tour de Berlin
 4th Overall Tulsa Tough
2012
 2nd Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships
 3rd Time trial, Pan–American Under-23 Road Championships
 3rd Overall Cascade Cycling Classic
 3rd Copperas Cove Classic
 5th Overall Tour of the Gila
1st Stage 5
2013
 2nd Overall Le Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux
1st Stage 2
 7th Overall USA Pro Cycling Challenge
 8th Overall Tour of California
1st  Young rider classification
2014
 3rd Overall Tour of California
1st  Young rider classification
2016
 5th Overall Tour of California
 6th Overall Critérium International
 9th Overall Tour of the Basque Country
2018
 1st  Mountains classification, Settimana Internazionale Coppi e Bartali
 9th Amstel Gold Race
2019
 1st Stage 1 (TTT) Tour Colombia
 6th Time trial, UCI Road World Championships
 7th Overall Tour of Utah
2020
 1st Stage 1 (TTT) Tour Colombia
2021 (1 pro win)
 National Road Championships
1st  Time trial
5th Road race
2022 (1)
 1st  Time trial, National Road Championships
  Combativity award Stages 15 & 17 Vuelta a España

Grand Tour general classification results timeline

References

External links

 Awesome Lawson Craddock at Alkek Velodrome - Greater Houston Cycling Foundation

1992 births
Living people
American male cyclists
Sportspeople from Houston
Olympic cyclists for the United States
Cyclists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from Texas


title: Leah Kunkel

text:
Leah Kunkel ( Cohen; born June 15, 1948) is an American singer.

Life
Leah Cohen was born on June 15, 1948. She is the younger sister of Cass Elliot, best known as a member of the folk rock vocal group the Mamas & the Papas. In 1968, she married American drummer and music producer Russ Kunkel. Following Cass's death in 1974, Kunkel was given custody of Cass's daughter, Owen. The couple also raised their son, Nathaniel, later an Emmy Award-winning sound engineer.

After being signed to Dunhill Records, Kunkel recorded her first record, Billy, under the name Cotton Candy. She performed with a few bands and continued growing as a singer and songwriter. In 1972, she sang the counter-melody for "From Silver Lake" on Jackson Browne's eponymous debut album. Following additional session work with Stephen Bishop, Carly Simon, and Arlo Guthrie in the early 1970s, Kunkel appeared on James Taylor's 1977 album JT. That same year, she appeared on Art Garfunkel's album Watermark. Garfunkel relied on her vocal harmonies for his subsequent albums Fate for Breakfast (1979), Scissors Cut (1981), and Lefty (1988), and he became something of a mentor to her, helping to get her a recording contract with Columbia Records in 1979.

In 1979, Kunkel released her first album for Columbia Records, which featured several of her own compositions. The self-titled album produced one single, "Step Right Up". The following year, she released her second solo album for Columbia, I Run With Trouble.

In 1980, Kunkel teamed up with Marty Gwinn to form the Coyote Sisters. In 1984, they released their first album, The Coyote Sisters, on Lorimar Records. A follow-up album, Women and Other Visions, was released in 2001. The Coyote Sisters continue to perform with Kunkel, who also continues to appear as a solo performer.

Following her initial period with the Coyote Sisters, Kunkel qualified as an attorney, and has been in private practice for over twenty years. She is a member of the state bar associations of California and Massachusetts, with a practice concentration in entertainment law, and lives in Northampton, Massachusetts.

Discography

Solo albums
 Leah Kunkel (1979) Columbia Records
 I Run With Trouble (1980) Columbia Records

With the Coyote Sisters
 The Coyote Sisters by the Coyote Sisters (1984)
 Women And Other Visions by the Coyote Sisters (2001)

Vocal appearances
Kunkel has appeared as a guest vocalist on the following albums:
 Dave Mason & Cass Elliot by Dave Mason and Cass Elliot (1971)
 Jackson Browne by Jackson Browne (1972) on "From Silver Lake"
 Another Passenger by Carly Simon (1976) on "In Times When My Head"
 Amigo by Arlo Guthrie (1976)
 JT by James Taylor (1977) on "Handy Man"
 Watermark by Art Garfunkel (1977)
 Craig Fuller & Eric Kaz by Craig Fuller and Eric Kaz (1978)
 Fate for Breakfast by Art Garfunkel (1979)
 An American Dream by The Dirt Band (1979) on "Dance the Night Away" and one other song
 Scissors Cut by Art Garfunkel (1981)
 Angel Heart by Jimmy Webb (1982)
 Lefty by Art Garfunkel (1988)
 Suspending Disbelief by Jimmy Webb (1993)

References

External links
 Coyote Sisters official website
 Faculty profile at Western New England School of Law

1948 births
American women pop singers
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Jewish American musicians
Dunhill Records artists
Living people
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women


title: Road to Brazil

text:
The Road to Brazil is the name of a series of international association football exhibition games that took place from May 29 to June 7, 2014 in the run up to the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The games have been organized by Soccer United Marketing, Major League Soccer's commercial division.

Participants

Ten countries participated in the Road to Brazil series of matches, representing four continents – Europe, Africa, North America and South America. the teams that had qualified for the World Cup included the following: from Europe, defending champion Spain, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Greece; representing Africa were the African Cup of Nations champion Nigeria and powerhouse Ivory Coast; El Salvador and Honduras from CONCACAF.

Bolivia, El Salvador, Israel and Turkey also participated.

UEFA (5)

CONMEBOL (1)

CONCACAF (2)

CAF (2)

Schedule
Below is the schedule for the matches.

Goalscorers
2 goals

 Edin Džeko
 Didier Drogba
 David Villa

1 goal

 Rudy Cardozo
 Arturo Alvarez
 Kostas Katsouranis
 Panagiotis Kone
 Carlos Costly
 Roger Espinoza
 Omer Damari
 Eran Zahavi
 Gil Vermouth
 Gervinho
 Mevlüt Erdinç
 Caner Erkin

1 own goal

 Maynor Figueroa (playing against Israel)

References

2014 FIFA World Cup
International association football competitions hosted by the United States
2014 in American soccer
May 2014 sports events in the United States
June 2014 sports events in the United States


title: Portnov

text:
Portnov (feminine: Portnova; ) is a Russian-language occupational surname derived from the occupation of portnoy, "tailor" and literally meaning "<child> of the tailor". Sometimes written as Portnoff.

The surname may refer to:
Aleksandr Portnov, Soviet Olympic diver
Andrii Portnov, Ukrainian historian
Andriy Portnov, Ukrainian lawyer
Zinaida Portnova, hero of the Soviet Union
Larion Portnov, a mayor of Odessa, Ukraine

Occupational surnames
Russian-language surnames


title: Richard Ingoldsby (British Army officer, died 1759)

text:
Richard Ingoldsby (1690-1759) was a professional soldier in the British Army from 1707 to 1745, who reached the rank of Brigadier-General.

He served in Flanders during the War of the Austrian Succession and court-martialled after the Battle of Fontenoy in May 1745, allegedly for failing to carry out his orders. Ingoldsby felt he was taking the blame for mistakes made by the 24 year old Duke of Cumberland and the evidence supported his claim to have received inconsistent orders. However, his contemporaries considered this an inadequate excuse; the court concluded his failure arose 'from an error of judgement, and not from want of courage' but he was forced out of the army.

Life
He was the son of Richard Ingoldsby (1654–1703) of Waldridge, Buckinghamshire, and his wife Mary Colmore. The family owned lands in Buckinghamshire and Ireland; his grandfather and namesake, Sir Richard Ingoldsby (1617-1685), signed the death warrant for Charles I but retained his title and lands under Charles II.

Career

His father's cousin, yet another Richard Ingoldsby (1665-1712), served with Marlborough during the War of the Spanish Succession and appointed Commander-in-Chief, Ireland in 1707. In April 1707, the younger Ingoldsby was commissioned into his regiment, the 18th Foot, later Royal Irish, and served with it in Flanders. The 18th fought at Oudenarde and Malplaquet until the war ended in 1713, by which time Ingoldsby was a captain.

During the 1715 Jacobite Rising, he transferred to the Foot Guards; this provided personal protection to George I and its officers considered loyal to the new regime. Britain was largely at peace for the next 25 years and it was not until November 1739 that Ingoldsby received his next promotion.

After the War of the Austrian Succession began in 1740, the Duke of Cumberland was made colonel of the regiment; it was posted to Flanders and Ingoldsby appointed a brigadier of foot. In March 1745, Cumberland replaced George Wade as Allied commander in Flanders, where his opponent was Maurice de Saxe, one of the most talented generals of the period.

Battle of Fontenoy

A reconnaissance carried out by Cumberland and his senior officers on 9 May identified the Redoubt de Chambonas but not the Redoubt d'Eu, the strongest position on the French left. The next day was spent clearing French positions at Vezin (see Map) but a suggestion they should do the same for the Bois de Barry was ignored. Delays in deploying the Allied forces meant the attack was postponed until 11 May, both armies camping overnight on their positions.

Cumberland ordered Ingoldsby to capture the Redoubt de Chambonas and clear the woods, while the Dutch attacked Fontenoy. Once both flanks were engaged, massed Allied infantry in the centre would move up the slope and dislodge the main French army. Shortly before 6:00 am, Ingoldsby began his attack, bringing him into contact with the previously undetected Redoubt d'Eu. His troops also came under fire from French skirmishers in the Bois de Barry, mixed cavalry and infantry troops known as Harquebusiers de Grassins. These numbered no more than 900 but uncertain of their strength, Ingoldsby requested artillery and cavalry support; given the earlier failure to detect the redoubt, his caution was understandable but delayed the main attack.

Impatient with the lack of progress, Cumberland ordered Ingoldsby to ignore the redoubt and advance with the main column, but did not inform Ligonier of this change. Two Dutch assaults on the village of Fontenoy failed; the main attack did not take place until 12:30 and went ahead without securing either of the flanks. Ingoldsby was wounded, while two regiments of his brigade suffered the largest casualties of any units involved in the attack on the French centre. The Allies were rescued by the tenacity and discipline of their infantry but Fontenoy ended the myth of British military superiority held in Europe since Marlborough.

In the recriminations that followed, Ingoldsby was court-martialled for failing to attack the Redoubt d'Eu, although his claim to have received inconsistent orders was supported by the evidence. The court concluded his failure arose 'from an error of judgement, and not from want of courage' but he was forced out of the army. Cumberland gave him three months to sell his commission and retire, but in the general panic that accompanied the Jacobite Rising, George II refused to allow him to sell his majority in the Guards. It was given to Colonel John Laforey in November, Ingoldsby incurring a large financial loss as a result.

He died at home in Lower Grosvenor Street, London on 16 December 1759, and buried at the family seat, Hartwell, Buckinghamshire, along with his widow Catherine, who died 28 January 1789.

References

Sources

1759 deaths
Grenadier Guards officers
Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922) officers
British Army personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession
British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
1690 births


title: Brandon Roberts

text:
Brandon Roberts (born in Akron, Ohio) is a former American football player.

Early life
Roberts is the youngest son of Jerry and Constance Roberts and younger brother of Brian. He attended Akron Public Schools until he entered high school. Because of his academic achievements, he was selected to attend Western Reserve Academy in Hudson, Ohio. Roberts transferred to Archbishop Hoban High School for his junior and senior years, where he graduated in 1999.

College career
Roberts attended Washington University in St. Louis as a member of the university's John B. Ervin Scholars Program and a recipient of the School of Engineering's Stanley C. Pace Endowed Scholarship. One of the most well-balanced scholar-athletes in NCAA Division III history, Roberts earned high honors in working towards a degree in biomedical engineering, while establishing himself as one of the nation's elite linebackers. A regular dean's list selection, Roberts also earned Verizon Academic All-America honors in each of his sophomore through senior seasons. Throughout his college career, Roberts accumulated accolades including the Washington University 2003 Gwendolyn Drew Award for superior academic standing and contributing positively to varsity athletics, the 2002 National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics Postgraduate Scholarship Finalist Award, and the Washington University 2003 Ethan A.H Shepley Award for leadership, scholarship, and service to the campus community.

As a two-time All-Conference (UAA) First Team selection, Roberts played on a defense that ranked in the top 20 nationally in each of his last three seasons. Through six games in his senior season in 2002, Roberts led the UAA conference with 68 tackles, ranking him
19th in the nation, before suffering a season and career ending knee injury prior to beginning conference play. With 338 career tackles and 12.5 sacks, he ranks among the greatest defensive players ever to play for Washington University. He was inducted into the Washington University in St. Louis Sports Hall of Fame in 2016.

In December 2002, Roberts' athletic and academic careers were highlighted when he was selected as the winner of the National Football Foundation’s Vincent DePaul Draddy Trophy (renamed the William V. Campbell Trophy in 2009). Often referred to as the "Academic Heisman," the award is given to the nation's top scholar-athlete and awards a $25,000 postgraduate scholarship. Roberts is the first and only non-Division I player to receive the award. The Campbell Trophy has become one of college football's most sought and competitive awards, recognizing an individual as the absolute best in the country for his combined academic success, football performance, and exemplary community leadership. The award comes with a 24-inch, 25-pound bronze trophy, which is prominently displayed in an exhibit at the New York Athletic Club's Hall of Fame.

Life after football
Although Roberts was accepted into medical school as a senior in college, he was allowed to defer his admission for a year in order to serve as an academic coach with the National Football Foundation’s Play it Smart Program.  Roberts worked as an academic mentor and counselor for student athletes at Vashon High School where he conducted tutoring sessions, study halls, and ACT preparation classes, and also organized community service events.  He also volunteered as a defensive assistant for the Vashon High School junior varsity and varsity football teams, and he helped the varsity team reach and win their first state playoff game in school history.

Roberts subsequently returned to his home state of Ohio for medical school at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine.  In 2008, he was awarded the Case Western Reserve School of Medicine’s Dean’s Award, recognizing a member of the graduating class who exemplifies outstanding service and dedication to his classmates in assisting in the achievement of their educational goals.  After graduation in 2008, Roberts returned to St. Louis’ Washington University School of Medicine for his residency at Barnes-Jewish Hospital. He is a pediatric anesthesiologist at Dayton Children's Hospital, and lives in Dayton, OH with his wife and children.

References

1981 births
Living people
William V. Campbell Trophy winners
Players of American football from Akron, Ohio
Washington University Bears football players
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine alumni
Washington University School of Medicine people


title: Radek Havel (ice hockey)

text:
Radek Havel (born May 30, 1994) is a Czech professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays with Piráti Chomutov in the Czech Extraliga.

Playing career
Havel made his Czech Extraliga debut playing with Piráti Chomutov debut during the 2012–13 Czech Extraliga season.

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Czech ice hockey defencemen
Piráti Chomutov players
Sportspeople from Chomutov
Ice hockey people from the Ústí nad Labem Region
HC Slavia Praha players
Orli Znojmo players
Fischtown Pinguins players
EHC Freiburg players
AZ Havířov players
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Germany


title: Germany women's national under-18 softball team

text:
Germany women's junior national softball team is the junior national team for Germany.  The team competed at the 2007 ISF Junior Women's World Championship in Enschede, Netherlands where they finished fourteenth.  The team competed at the 2011 ISF Junior Women's World Championship in Cape Town, South Africa where they finished fourteenth.

References

External links
 International Softball Federation

Women's national under-18 softball teams
Softball in Germany
Softball


title: Ultra Super Pictures

text:
is a Japanese joint holding company established in 2011 by animation studios Sanzigen, Ordet, Trigger and Liden Films. They also co-own a part of ENGI, a studio established by Kadokawa in 2018.

Member studios
 Sanzigen
 Ordet
 Trigger
 Liden Films

Other companies involved in the holding are Galaxy Graphics, Good Smile Company, Max Factory, Bushiroad, Nitroplus and Pixiv.

Ultra Super Anime Time
In 2015 it was announced that Ultra Super Pictures would be producing a 30-minute anime block called Ultra Super Anime Time, airing on Tokyo MX and BS11 TV channels, starting from July 3, 2015. Ultra Super Sisters are navigation characters of the program composed of  and  voiced by Kaori Ishihara and Yui Ogura respectively. The block features 3 short-length anime series, of which the following have been announced:

Summer 2015
 Miss Monochrome season 2
 Wooser's Hand-to-Mouth Life season 3
 Wakaba Girl

Fall 2015
 Miss Monochrome season 3
 Hacka Doll the Animation
 Kagewani

Winter 2016
 Please Tell Me! Galko-chan
 Sekkō Boys
 Tabi Machi Late Show (January only)
 Kono Danshi, Mahou ga Oshigoto Desu. (February only)
 Kanojo to Kanojo no Neko: Everything Flows (March only)

Spring 2016
 Space Patrol Luluco
 Puchimas! Petit Idolmaster (re-broadcast)
 Kagewani season 2

Animated works
A list of works co-produced by Ultra Super Pictures.
Harmonie (2014, animated by Studio Rikka)
Monster Strike (2015–2016, animated by Studio Hibari)
Monster Strike: Mermaid Rhapsody (2016, animated by Studio Hibari)
Monster Strike: An Encore of Continuance- Pandora's Box (2016, animated by Studio Hibari)
Monster Strike: Rain of Memories (2016, animated by Connect)
Monster Strike The Movie (2016, animated by Liden Films)

References

External links
 Ultra Super Pictures (official)

Anime companies
Animation studios in Tokyo
Holding companies of Japan
Entertainment companies established in 2011
Mass media companies established in 2011
Japanese companies established in 2011
Holding companies established in 2011
Suginami


title: South Africa women's national under-18 softball team

text:
South Africa women's junior national softball team is the junior national under-19 team for South Africa administered by Softball South Africa. The team competed at the 2007 ISF Junior Women's World Championship in Enschede, Netherlands where they finished fifteenth.  The team competed at the 2011 ISF Junior Women's World Championship in Cape Town, South Africa where they finished thirteenth.

References

External links
 International Softball Federation

Women's national under-18 softball teams
Softball in South Africa
Softball


title: Schleicher Ka 2 Rhönschwalbe

text:
The Schleicher Ka-2 Rhönschwalbe is a tandem two-seat training glider designed and built in Germany, in 1952.

Design and development
Designed by Rudolf Kaiser, the Ka-2 was an all wooden glider with plywood and aircraft fabric covering. The Ka-2s wings, with marked forward sweep and dihedral are mounted above the fuselage, flanking the rear cockpit. The front cockpit is covered by a one piece plexiglas canopy which opens to the right and the rear cockpit is covered by a canopy incorporating the inner leading edges of the wing, opening rear-wards, held in place by the front canopy when closed.

The undercarriage of the Ka-2 comprises a large rubber-sprung wooden skid under the forward fuselage in front of a non-retractable semi recessed mainwheel, as well as a steel rubber-sprung tail-skid. Conventional controls are fitted with ailerons on each wingtip trailing edge, elevator with anti-balance trim tab behind the tailplane and rudder aft of the fin. Schempp-Hirth airbrakes, at 38% chord and approx ⅓ span, open out above and below the wing to provide approach control.

Performance of the Ka-2 was found to be lower than expected, due to the relatively high wing loading. Schleicher introduced the Ka2b, increasing the wingspan from  to , to improve the efficiency of the wing.  Fuselage length was also increased by  to  to maintain stability margins in pitch.

Performance of the Ka-2b was improved in weak thermals due to a lower minimum sink speed, allowing tighter thermalling. Cross-country performance was also improved by a higher glide ratio, increasing the chance of reaching the next thermal. The standard competition handicap for the Ka–2 is 74 and the Ka-2b handicap is 78.

Operational history
The Ka-2 and Ka-2b saw extensive use in gliding clubs throughout Germany and Europe and the Ka2b was also used in several record attempts; On 24 January 1959 Dieter Schmitt and Karl Pummer climbed a Ka-2b  in lee wave lift at Fayence in France for a new German National two-seater record climb. Later the same day flying to  to set a new German two-seater absolute altitude record.

A Ka2b also set a distance record for two seaters in Germany of  in 1964 and again on 28 May 2012 at
, flown by Uli Schwenk and his 81-year-old father.

Variants
Ka-2 The initial production glider with a  span wing and  long fuselage.
Ka-2bAn improved performance version with  span wings and  fuselage.

Specifications (Ka-2)

See also

Notes

References

Further reading
Richard und Monique Ferrière: Les Planeurs et Motoplaneurs d' Alexander Schleicher 1951–1981. Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, .

External links

French gliding website

Schleicher aircraft
1950s German sailplanes
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1953


title: Botswana women's national under-18 softball team

text:
Botswana women's junior national softball team is the junior national team for Botswana.  The team competed at the 2007 ISF Junior Women's World Championship in Enschede, Netherlands where they finished sixteenth.  The team competed at the 2011 ISF Junior Women's World Championship in Cape Town, South Africa where they finished fifteenth.  The team competed at the 2013 ISF Junior Women's World Championship in Brampton, Ontario where they finished fifteenth.

References

External links
 International Softball Federation

Junior softball
Women's national under-18 softball teams
Softball in Botswana
Youth sport in Botswana


title: Alex Breckenridge

text:
Alex Breckenridge (born 17 April 1932 in Buffalo) is a former American marathon runner.

At the 1960 Summer Olympics he finished 30th, and at the 1962 Boston Marathon he finished third.

References

 Profile at the ARRS
 Profile at trackfield.brinkster.net

Living people
1932 births
American male marathon runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1959 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Track and field athletes from Buffalo, New York
Pan American Games track and field athletes for the United States
20th-century American sportsmen


title: Amelia Rose Earhart

text:
Amelia Rose Earhart (born January 18, 1983) is an American private pilot and former reporter for NBC affiliate KUSA-TV in Denver, Colorado. In 2013, Earhart started the Fly With Amelia Foundation, which grants flight scholarships to girls aged 16–18.

Earhart was told by family members in her youth that she was a descendant of Amelia Mary Earhart. When she was in college, she hired a genealogist to research her connection to Amelia Earhart. That genealogist told her that she and Amelia shared a "distant common ancestry traced back to the 1700s", however, a second genealogical search in 2013 found there was no traceable connection.

Earhart took her first flying lesson on June 2, 2004, and obtained her private pilot certificate in a Cessna 172. In December 2011, she recreated her namesake's transcontinental flight from Oakland, California to Miami, Florida in a Cirrus SR22, as a completion of her instrument training hours.

In July 2013, she was awarded the Amelia Earhart Pioneering Achievement Award by the Atchison, Kansas Chamber of Commerce. The award is given to the woman who carries on Amelia Earhart's spirit.

In partnership with Denver's Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum, Earhart completed a circumnavigation of the globe in a single-engine airplane with her copilot, Shane Jordan. Her route was to fly across the US, then south into the Caribbean, northeast Brazil, the South Atlantic Ocean, then the African continent, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Islands, and the Pacific Ocean before returning to California. Earhart and Jordan started the global circumnavigation flight on June 26, 2014, departing Oakland, California at 8:19 am Pacific Standard Time in a single engine Pilatus PC-12 NG. They made 17 stops during the 24,300 nautical-mile trip over 108 flying hours, landing back in Oakland without incident on July 11, 2014. On July 9, as she and Jordan were flying over Howland Island (the island Amelia Mary Earhart was searching for during her 1937 disappearance) she announced, via Twitter, the names of the first recipients of the Fly With Amelia Foundation flight training scholarships.

Although widely reported (and claiming) to have become the youngest woman to fly around the world, she is in fact the second youngest behind Richarda Morrow-Tait, who was the first woman to pilot a plane around the globe.

In 2023, she co-wrote and self-published her first book, titled Learn to Love the Turbulence.

References

External links
Official website archives on archive.org
Being Amelia: Who is Amelia Earhart?
Amelia Earhart namesake with Kansas ties to re-create famous global flight
Earhart's flight across the US, in San Antonio Texas, 2011

Living people
1983 births
American reporters and correspondents
American television journalists
American women television journalists
Television personalities from California
People from Downey, California
Aviators from Colorado
American women aviators
2014 in California
21st-century American women


title: Louis Abel Caillouet

text:
Louis Abel Caillouet (August 2, 1900 – September 16, 1984) was a bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States. He served as auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of New Orleans from 1947 to 1976.

Biography
Born in Thibodaux, Louisiana, Louis Caillouet was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of New Orleans on March 7, 1925.  On August 2, 1947 Pope Pius XII appointed him as the Titular Bishop of Setea and Auxiliary Bishop of New Orleans.  He was consecrated a bishop by Archbishop Joseph Rummel on October 28, 1947. The principal co-consecrators were Bishops Jules Jeanmard of Lafayette in Louisiana and Charles Greco of Alexandria in Louisiana.  He participated in all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965.  Caillouet continued to serve as an auxiliary bishop until his resignation was accepted by Pope Paul VI on July 7, 1976.  He died on September 16, 1984, at the age of 84.  He is buried in St. Joseph Cemetery in Thibodaux.

References

Episcopal succession

1900 births
1984 deaths
People from Thibodaux, Louisiana
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans
20th-century American Roman Catholic titular bishops
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Roman Catholic bishops in Louisiana


title: Tomáš Bartejs

text:
Tomáš Bartejs (born 4 September 1992) is a Czech professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for HC Kometa Brno in the Czech Extraliga (ELH).

Career
Bartejs made his Czech Extraliga debut playing with Piráti Chomutov debut during the 2012–13 Czech Extraliga season. He has two gold medals with HC Kometa Brno in 2016–17 Czech Extraliga season and 2017–18 Czech Extraliga season.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Czech ice hockey defencemen
Piráti Chomutov players
SK Horácká Slavia Třebíč players
HC Kometa Brno players
Metallurg Zhlobin players
Sportovní Klub Kadaň players
Sportspeople from Třebíč
Ice hockey people from the Vysočina Region
HC Karlovy Vary players
Czech expatriate ice hockey people
Czech expatriate sportspeople in Belarus
Expatriate ice hockey players in Belarus


title: Anastasia Popova (journalist)

text:
Anastasia Andreevna Popova (; November 24, 1987, Moscow) is a Russian journalist who works for Russia-24. She directed a documentary The Syrian Diary about the war in Syria.

She was one of the eight flag bearers of the Olympic flag at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics.

References

Living people
1987 births
21st-century Russian journalists
Russian women journalists


title: O'Brien's Castle

text:
O'Brien's Castle may refer to:
O'Brien's Castle (Inisheer)
Dromore Castle (County Clare)
A castle near to Dough Castle
Any other castle associated with the O'Brien dynasty


title: Lake Whittington

text:
Lake Whittington is an oxbow lake located in Bolivar County, Mississippi, and Desha County, Arkansas, United States.  The Arkansas-Mississippi border follows the center of the narrow, curving lake.

Prior to 1938, the north-south flowing Mississippi River curved east into Mississippi, flowed along Lake Whittington (then called "Bolivar Bend"), and then continued its north-south route.

History
The town of Bolivar, Mississippi, located on the east shore of Bolivar Bend, was protected by a small levee prior to the Civil War.  In 1863, the Union gunboat  cut the levee, causing significant flooding to the town and surrounding area.

Island No. 76 was located in Bolivar Bend, just north of Bolivar.  During the Civil War, the island was used by the Union Army as a woodyard, and a group of freed slaves lived there, cutting and stacking wood.  In 1865, the Union transport ship James Watson ran aground on the island and caught fire, killing 24.  The island is now called "Goat Island".

In 1933, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began construction of 13 cutoffs along the lower Mississippi River.  Previous cutoffs had been constructed along the river, and were of commercial benefit because they allowed ships to bypass lengthy U-shaped bends.  Typically, cutoffs were created by digging a channel across a peninsula, leaving the bypassed bend to form an oxbow lake.  Lake Whittington was created when the "Caulk Neck Cutoff" was constructed across "Caulk Island" peninsula in 1937–1938.

Communities
There was once year-round high-water public access to Lake Whittington at Neblett's Landing, just north of Bolivar, Mississippi, the only community located on the lake, but that ramp has now been purchased by a private hunting club and is closed to the public. Public access is still possible through two chutes to the Mississippi River, accessible only when the river is at three to six feet on the Arkansas City gauge, and from Little Man's Landing, which is only open during the summer months depending on water level.

Cottages and hunting lodges dot the Mississippi side of the lake.

A private airport with a grass surface, Catfish Point Airport, is located at the south end of the lake.

Largemouth bass virus
The Lake has been reported as infected with Largemouth Bass Virus (LMBV).  Fish should not be transferred from this lake, and care should be taken to disinfect livewells with bleach after fishing this lake.

Characteristics
A small channel on the south end of the lake connects to the Mississippi River.  This channel permits spawning fish to enter Lake Whittington, and provides recreational boaters with access to the river.  The channel also causes water levels in Lake Whittington to rise and fall along with the seasonal variations in water level in the Mississippi River.  During the fall, when water levels in the Mississippi River are typically at their lowest, Lake Whittington may be completely cut off from the river, and water levels in the lake decrease to form three pools of water.

Fish species found in Lake Whittington include bream (bluegill), buffalo, channel catfish, common carp, crappie, drum, flathead catfish, gar, green sunfish, largemouth bass, minnows, silversides, sunfish, white bass, and yellow bass.

Duckweed is the major aquatic vegetation.

Although the lake can be legally fished with either an Arkansas or Mississippi fishing license, all vehicles and most recreational boats can only access the lake from Mississippi.

References

Lakes of Arkansas
Lakes of Mississippi
Bodies of water of Desha County, Arkansas
Lake Whittington
Oxbow lakes of the United States
Lakes of the Mississippi River


title: Eleftheres, Larissa

text:
Eleftheres (Greek: Ελευθερές) is a Greek village in Larissa. It is located at a distance of 11 km from the city of Larissa, bordering villages Koilada, Terpsithea and Mesorachi. It is built at an altitude of 95 meters

Name

The village is also called Eleftherai (in Katharevousa).

History

Remains of the Neolithic and Classical period were found in the hilly area southwest of the village.

People

The main occupation of the villagers is agriculture and livestock. In recent years Eleftheres has seen major residential development. Over the past 10 years its population increased from 421 people (2001 census) to 520 (2011 census).

Religious fairs

At the religious fair in memory of Saint Charalampos (10/2) people have the opportunity to taste traditional boiled rice, snacks and local wine. There are also two other religious fairs in memory of Cosmas of Aetolia (24/8) and St. Bessarion.

Photographic material

References

Populated places in Larissa (regional unit)
Larissa
Villages in Greece


title: Snyders (surname)

text:
Snyders is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Frans Snyders (1579–1657), Flemish painter
Glenn Snyders (born 1987),  New Zealand swimmer
Sam Snyders, Canadian actor
Tom Snyders, American comedian

See also
Snyder (surname)

Occupational surnames


title: Muhammad Uteem

text:
Muhammad Reza Cassam Uteem (born 1 December 1971) is a Mauritian politician who is commonly known as Reza Uteem.

Early life and education
Reza Uteem is the son of past President of Mauritius Cassam Uteem. He was educated at the University of Buckingham (LLB) and King's College London where he graduated with an LLM in International Business Law and was a Chevening Scholar. He was called to the Bar in England and in Mauritius and is the founder and head of Uteem Chambers.

Political career
He served as Second Member for Constituency No.2 Port Louis South & Port Louis Central in the National Assembly since 6 May 2010. He was returned as First Member for the same constituency on 11 December 2014. He is the President of Mouvement Militant Mauricien.

References

1971 births
Living people
Mauritian politicians of Indian descent
Alumni of the University of Buckingham
Alumni of King's College London
Members of the National Assembly (Mauritius)


title: M74 light mortar

text:
The M74 mortar is designed by Military Technical Institute in Yugoslavia. It is smooth bore, muzzle-loading, high-angle-of-fire weapon used for long-range indirect fire support. Today they are produced by Serbian company PPT Namenska and BNT from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Description
This mortar can be deployed as infantry support for destruction of personnel and enemy firing positions, for opening routes through barbed wire obstacles and mine fields, for demolition of fortified objects, for destructing infrastructure elements, illumination and deploying smoke screen.
The M74 model when disassembled could be carried by 3 soldiers thus having unique capabilities regarding transport in area with obstacles or in urban area compared with more heavier mortars.  M74 provides 12 rds per minute rate of fire and it is intended to be used to deliver 15-20 mines before moving to another position.  Since it is very light regarding its caliber it can be easily airdropped and parachuted to firing position. It uses NSB-4B sight for firing. Base-plate of M74 mortar is triangle shaped.

Specifications

Operators

Current operators

Former operators

  − Seized by Azerbaijan after the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh

See also
 Soltam K6
 Mortier 120mm Rayé Tracté Modèle F1
 120 KRH 92
 Light mortar 120mm M75

References

External links

Artillery of Serbia
Infantry mortars
Mortars of Yugoslavia
120mm mortars
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s


title: Jan Hammerbauer

text:
Jan Hammerbauer (born April 15, 1993) is a Czech professional ice hockey player. He currently plays with Piráti Chomutov in the Czech Extraliga.

Hammerbauer made his Czech Extraliga debut playing with Piráti Chomutov debut during the 2013–14 Czech Extraliga season.

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Czech ice hockey forwards
Piráti Chomutov players
Sportovní Klub Kadaň players
Czech people of German descent
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Germany
Naturalized citizens of Germany


title: Sherwood Schwarz

text:
Sherwood Schwarz (born November, 1930, died February 14, 2023 ) was an American businessman and founder of Carnegie Associates Ltd and was the owner of the Toronto Argonauts from 1999 to 2003.

Biography
Schwarz was born in 1930 on the Lower East Side of New York City, the only child of Romanian and Russian parents. He graduated from the City College of New York with degrees in accounting and business administration. After serving in the U.S. Army during the Korean War, he went to work in insurance. He founded Carnegie Associates Ltd, situated on Sixth Avenue in Manhattan and part of White Tiger Holding Company, Inc. Schwarz died on February 14, 2023, at the age of 92.

Toronto Argonauts
On 20 December 1999, Schwarz bought the Toronto Argonauts from Interbrew. He was persuaded to do by his cousin J. I. Albrecht, who became managing director after Schwarz bought the team. Attendance at the Argonauts increased soon after his arrival. He cut ticket prices by 15% and stopped Argonauts games from being blacked out, boosting television ratings.

At the start the 2001 CFL season, he made Michael 'Pinball' Clemons head coach on an interim basis. In 2002, Clemons was made the permanent head coach and went on to make history by becoming the first black coach to win the Grey Cup in 2004.

In early 2002, Schwarz brought in Garth Drabinsky, the founder of Cineplex Cinemas, to increase the public profile of the Argonauts.

In 2003, despite numerous attempts, the finances of the Argonauts failed to improve. To keep the club afloat, Schwarz had to inject $18 million of his own money. He tried to find partners to help finance the team. By 2002, several of the club's creditors had not been paid for months. On 29 July 2003, as the 2003 CFL season began, the CFL assumed control of the team and Schwarz left the club.

References

External links
 White Tiger Holding Company, Inc. site

1930 births
2023 deaths
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American sports businesspeople
Businesspeople from New York City
City College of New York alumni
Toronto Argonauts owners
Toronto Argonauts team presidents


title: Caillouet

text:
Caillouet is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Adrian Joseph Caillouet (1883–1946), United States federal judge
Louis Abel Caillouet (1900–1984), Catholic bishop in the United States

Surnames of French origin


title: Tarleton State Texans men's basketball

text:
{{Infobox college basketball team
|current = 2022–23 Tarleton State Texans men's basketball team
|name = Tarleton State Texans
|logo = Tarleton_TonTexas.svg
|logo_size = 150
|university = Tarleton State University
|conference = Western Athletic Conference
|firstseason = 1961
|location = Stephenville, Texas
|coach = Billy Gillispie
|tenure = 2nd
|arena = Wisdom Gym
|capacity = 3,000
|nickname = Texans
|NCAAchampion =
|NCAAfinalfour = 2005*, 2015*
|NCAAeliteeight = 2005*, 2006*, 2015*, 2016*
|NCAAsweetsixteen = 2003*, 2005*, 2006*, 2008*, 2015*, 2016*
|NCAAroundof32 = 2003*, 2004*, 2005*, 2006*, 2008*, 2010*, 2012*, 2014*, 2015*, 2016*
|NCAAtourneys = 2002*, 2003*, 2004*, 2005*, 2006*, 2008*, 2010*, 2011*, 2012*, 2013*, 2014*, 2015*, 2016*, 2017**at Division II level
|conference_tournament = Lone Star: 2004, 2013, 2014
|conference_season = TIAA1984, 1989, 1990, 1991

Lone Star2004, 2012, 2014, 2015''
| division_season       = LSC North: 2004LSC South: 2002, 2006, 2011
}}

The Tarleton State Texans men's basketball team, also known as the Tarleton Texans''', represents Tarleton State University, located in Stephenville, Texas, in NCAA Division I as a member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). Through the 2019–20 season, the team competed in NCAA Division II as a member of the Lone Star Conference.

The Texans made their Division I debut under first-year head coach Billy Gillispie for the 2020–21 season.

The team plays its games at Wisdom Gym on its campus in Stephenville.

Postseason results

CBI results
As a Division I team, the Texans have appeared in the College Basketball Invitational (CBI) once. Their combined record is 0–1.

NCAA Division II tournament results
The Texans have appeared in fourteen NCAA Division II Tournaments. Their combined record is 22–14.

References

External links


title: Jaroslav Kůs

text:
Jaroslav Kůs (born March 3, 1990) is a Czech professional ice hockey player. He currently plays with Piráti Chomutov in the Czech Extraliga.

Kůs made his Czech Extraliga debut playing with Piráti Chomutov debut during the 2012–13 Czech Extraliga season.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Czech ice hockey centres
Piráti Chomutov players
Sportovní Klub Kadaň players
HC Litvínov players
HC Karlovy Vary players


title: Sabal miamiensis

text:
Sabal miamiensis, the Miami palmetto, is a rare plant species endemic to Dade County, Florida, in the vicinity of the city of Miami.

Taxonomy
The formal description of this as a new species was published in 1985, based largely on specimens collected in 1901. Sabal miamiensis is closely related to S. etonia, of which it is sometimes considered a synonym, or a hybrid of S. etonia and S. palmetto.

Conservation
Only one population is known; it consists of a few individuals in Crandon Park, Miami, Florida. It is seriously threatened and may possibly already be extinct in the wild, although it is still in cultivation as an ornamental. It has been collected in nature only from rocky pinelands in the region, areas which ae now rapidly becoming urbanized.

Description
Sabal miamiensis resembles S. etonia but has larger fruits ( in diameter) and an inflorescences with 3 orders of branching instead of 2. Stems are primarily subterranean, leaves no more than 6 per plant, each yellow-green and up to  long. Flowers are creamy white, each 5-5.5 mm long. Fruits are black and fleshy.

References

miamiensis
Endemic flora of Florida
Plants described in 1985


title: Sartorius (surname)

text:
The surname Sartorius may refer to:

 Émile Sartorius, French footballer
 Euston Henry Sartorius, British Major General and brother of Reginald
 Georg Friedrich Sartorius, German historian
 George Rose Sartorius, British Admiral
 George William Sartorius, British painter
 Jacob Sartorius, American Internet personality and singer
 Luis José Sartorius, Spanish Prime Minister, 1853–54
 Norm Sartorius, American woodworker and artist
 Norman Sartorius, Croatian psychiatrist
 Paul Sartorius, French hockey player
 Paul Sartorius (composer), German composer and organist
 Reginald William Sartorius, British Major General and brother of Euston
 Vicente Sartorius, Spanish nobleman and Olympic bobsledder
 Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen, German geologist

See also

 Sartorius family, English painters

Occupational surnames
Latin-language surnames


title: Li Yichao

text:
Li Yichao () (died 935) was an ethnically-Dangxiang warlord of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Tang, ruling Dingnan Circuit (定難, headquartered in modern Yulin, Shaanxi) from 933 to his death in 935, as its military governor (Jiedushi) in de facto independence.

Background
It is not known when Li Yichao was born. He was the second son of Li Renfu.  During Li Renfu's rule of Dingnan Circuit, he served as an officer at Dingnan's capital Xia Prefecture (夏州, in modern Yulin, Shaanxi).

Campaign against Later Tang forces
When Li Renfu died in 933, the officers of the circuit supported Li Yichao to succeed him, and he claimed the title of acting military governor, and thereafter sought to be officially commissioned as military governor from Later Tang.

However, Li Siyuan, the emperor of Later Tang, to which Li Renfu was formally a vassal, had long suspected Li Renfu of being in secret communications with Later Tang's northern rival Khitan Empire, and therefore wanted to dislodge Li Yichao from Dingnan.  So, he issued an edict commissioning Li Yichao as the acting military governor of nearby Zhangwu Circuit (彰武, headquartered in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi), while commissioning Zhangwu's military governor An Congjin as the acting military governor of Dingwu.  He also had Yao Yanchou () the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), command 50,000 soldiers, to try to escort An to Dingnan.  He also issued an edict addressing the people of Dingnan, stating that he felt that Li Yichao was too young to defend the border region that Dingnan was, stating that if he followed the imperial orders, he would receive the great honors that Li Congyan and Gao Yuntao () received (after their respective fathers' deaths) and if he disobeyed them, he would receive the disasters that Wang Du and Li Kuangbin () received.

Li Yichao refused to follow Li Siyuan's orders.  Rather, he sent his older brother or cousin (only known historically by the nickname of Prince Aluo () to defend against the Later Tang attack at Qingling Gate (青嶺門, in modern Yan'an), and also gathered up all Dangxiang tribesmen in his territory for the defense.  The Later Tang forces under Yao and An put Xia Prefecture under siege.  However, the city walls were said to be exceedingly firm based on original construction by Helian Bobo, and the Dangxiang tribesmen were able to effectively cut off food supply routes of the Later Tang army such that it was difficult to resupply the army.  Li Yichao and his brothers went on the city walls and begged An to withdraw, stating to him:

Upon hearing about this plea, Li Siyuan ordered a withdrawal.  It was said that from this point on, Dingnan viewed the imperial government lightly, such that whenever there were rebellions against the imperial government, it would get in communications with the rebels to demand bribes in order to aid them against the imperial government.

As military governor of Dingnan
In winter 933, at Li Yichao's request, Li Siyuan formally made him the military governor of Dingnan.

In 935, Li Yichao fell ill, and he submitted a petition asking that his brother (older, according to the Zizhi Tongjian—and therefore may be the same person as Prince Aluo—or younger, according to the Old History of the Five Dynasties and the New History of the Five Dynasties), Li Yiyin, be put in charge of Dingnan.  He died shortly after, and then-ruling Later Tang emperor, Li Congke (Li Siyuan's adoptive son) made Li Yiyin the military governor of Dingnan.

References

Citations

Sources

 Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 132.
 New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 40.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 278, 279.

935 deaths
People from Northwest China
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) people
Dingnan jiedushi
Later Tang jiedushi
Year of birth unknown
10th-century Tangut people


title: Sartre (surname)

text:
Sartre is a French-language occupational surname. It derives from late Latin sartor, tailor.

The surname may refer to:
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980), French existentialist philosopher
Arlette Elkaïm-Sartre (1935–2016), French writer, adoptive daughter of Jean-Paul Sartre
Annie Sartre-Fauriat (born 1947), French historian
Duran Sartre de Carpentras, 13th-century French troubadour
 (1760–1831), French politician
Maurice Sartre (born 1944), French historian
Romain Sartre (born 1982), French footballer
 (1902–2000), archbishop of Madagascar

References

French-language surnames


title: Vaporwave

text:
Vaporwave is a microgenre of electronic music and a subgenre of Hauntology, a visual art style, and an Internet meme that emerged in the early 2010s, and became well-known in 2015. It is defined partly by its slowed-down, chopped and screwed samples of smooth jazz, 1970s elevator music, R&B, and lounge music from the 1980s and 1990s. The surrounding subculture is sometimes associated with an ambiguous or satirical take on consumer capitalism and pop culture, and tends to be characterized by a nostalgic or surrealist engagement with the popular entertainment, technology and advertising of previous decades. Visually, it incorporates early Internet imagery, late 1990s web design, glitch art, anime, stylized Greek sculptures, 3D-rendered objects, and cyberpunk tropes in its cover artwork and music videos.

Vaporwave originated as an ironic variant of chillwave, evolving from hypnagogic pop as well as similar retro-revivalist and post-Internet motifs that had become fashionable in underground digital music and art scenes of the era, such as Tumblr's seapunk. The style was pioneered by producers such as James Ferraro, Daniel Lopatin and Ramona Xavier, who each used various pseudonyms. After Xavier's album Floral Shoppe (2011) established a blueprint for the genre, the movement built an audience on sites Last.fm, Reddit and 4chan while a flood of new acts, also operating under online pseudonyms, turned to Bandcamp for distribution.

Following the wider exposure of vaporwave in 2012, a wealth of subgenres and offshoots emerged, such as future funk, mallsoft and hardvapour, although most have waned in popularity. The genre also intersected with fashion trends such as streetwear and various political movements. Since the mid-2010s, vaporwave has been frequently described as a "dead" genre. The general public came to view vaporwave as a facetious Internet meme, a notion that frustrated some producers who wished to be recognized as serious artists. Many of the most influential artists and record labels associated with vaporwave have since drifted into other musical styles. Later in the 2010s, the genre spurred a revival of interest in Japanese ambient music and city pop.

Characteristics
Vaporwave is a hyper-specific subgenre, or "microgenre", that is both a form of electronic music and an art style, although it is sometimes suggested to be primarily a visual medium. The genre is defined largely by its surrounding subculture, with its music inextricable from its visual accoutrements. Academic Laura Glitsos writes, "In this way, vaporwave defies traditional music conventions that typically privilege the music over the visual form." Musically, vaporwave reconfigures dance music from the 1980s and early 1990s through the use of chopped and screwed techniques, repetition, and heavy reverb. It is composed almost entirely from slowed-down samples and its creation requires only the knowledge of rudimentary production techniques. Although, some artists like Dan Mason create vaporwave music from scratch.

The name derives from "vaporware", a term for commercial software that is announced but never released. It builds upon the satirical tendencies of chillwave and hypnagogic pop, while also being associated with an ambiguous or ironic take on consumer capitalism and technoculture. Critic Adam Trainer writes of the style's predilection for "music made less for enjoyment than for the regulation of mood", such as corporate stock music for infomercials and product demonstrations. Academic Adam Harper described the typical vaporwave track as "a wholly synthesised or heavily processed chunk of corporate mood music, bright and earnest or slow and sultry, often beautiful, either looped out of sync and beyond the point of functionality."

Adding to its dual engagement with musical and visual art forms, vaporwave embraces the Internet as a cultural, social, and aesthetic medium. The visual aesthetic (often stylized as "", with fullwidth characters) incorporates early Internet imagery, late 1990s web design, glitch art, and cyberpunk tropes, as well as anime, Greco-Roman statues, and 3D-rendered objects. VHS degradation is another common effect seen in vaporwave art. Generally, artists limit the chronology of their source material between Japan's economic flourishing in the 1980s and the September 11 attacks or dot-com bubble burst of 2001 (some albums, including Floral Shoppe, depict the intact Twin Towers on their covers).

History and legacy

Origins and precursors

Vaporwave originated on the Internet in the early 2010s as an ironic variant of chillwave and as a derivation of the work of hypnagogic pop artists such as Ariel Pink and James Ferraro, who were also characterized by the invocation of retro popular culture. It was one of many Internet microgenres to emerge in this era, alongside witch house, seapunk, shitgaze, cloud rap, and others. Early cloud rap artists like Bones, 90's Bambino, and GothBoiClique especially drew heavily on vaporwave and witch house, with genre boundaries not becoming distinctly defined until later. Vaporwave coincided with a broader trend involving young artists whose works drew from their childhoods in the 1980s.

"Chillwave" and "hypnagogic pop" were coined at virtually the same time, in mid-2009, and were considered interchangeable terms. Like vaporwave, they engaged with notions of nostalgia and cultural memory.  Among the earliest hypnagogic acts to anticipate vaporwave was Matrix Metals and his album Flamingo Breeze (2009), which was built on synthesizer loops. Around the same time, Daniel Lopatin (Oneohtrix Point Never) uploaded a collection of plunderphonics loops to YouTube surreptitiously under the alias sunsetcorp. These clips were taken from his audio-visual album Memory Vague (June 2009). Washed Out's "Feel It All Around" (June 2009), which slowed down the 1983 Italian dance song "I Want You" by Gary Low, exemplified the "analog nostalgia" of chillwave that vaporwave artists sought to reconfigure.

Vaporwave was subsumed under a larger "Tumblr aesthetic" that had become fashionable in underground digital music and art scenes of the 2010s. In 2010, Lopatin included several of the tracks from Memory Vague, as well as a few new ones, on his album Chuck Person's Eccojams Vol. 1, released in August under the alias "Chuck Person". With packaging that resembled the 1993 video game Ecco the Dolphin, the album inspired a host of suburban teens and young adults to formulate what would become vaporwave. Seapunk followed in mid-2011 as an aquatic-themed Tumblr subculture and Internet meme that presaged vaporwave in its concern for "spacey" electronic music and Geocities web graphics. Like vaporwave, it was defined by its engagement with the Internet, an approach that is sometimes described as post-Internet.

The musical template for vaporwave came from Eccojams and Ferraro's Far Side Virtual (October 2011). Eccojams featured chopped and screwed variations on popular 1980s pop songs, while Far Side Virtual drew primarily on "the grainy and bombastic beeps" of past media such as Skype and the Nintendo Wii. According to Stereogums Miles Bowe, vaporwave was a fusion between Lopatin's "chopped and screwed plunderphonics" and the "nihilistic easy-listening of James Ferraro's Muzak-hellscapes".  A 2013 post on a music blog presented those albums, along with Skeleton's Holograms (November 2010), as "proto vaporwave".

Early scene
Vaporwave artists were originally "mysterious and often nameless entities that lurk the internet," Adam Harper noted, "often behind a pseudo-corporate name or web façade, and whose music is typically free to download through Mediafire, Last FM, Soundcloud or Bandcamp." According to Metallic Ghosts (Chaz Allen), the original vaporwave scene came out of an online circle formulated on the site Turntable.fm. This circle included individuals known as Internet Club (Robin Burnett), Veracom, Luxury Elite, Infinity Frequencies, Transmuteo (Jonathan Dean), Coolmemoryz, and Prismcorp.

Numerous producers of this online milieu took inspiration from Ramona Xavier's New Dreams Ltd. (credited to "Laserdisc Visions", July 2011). The first reported use of the term "vaporwave" was on an October 2011 blogpost by an anonymous user reviewing the album Surf's Pure Hearts by Girlhood, however, Burnett has been credited with coining the term as a way to tie the circle together. Xavier's Floral Shoppe (credited to "Macintosh Plus", December 2011) was the first album to be properly considered of the genre, containing all of the style's core elements.

Vaporwave found wider appeal over the middle of 2012, building an audience on sites like Last.fm, Reddit and 4chan. On Tumblr, it became common for users to decorate their pages with vaporwave imagery. In September, Blank Banshee released his debut album, Blank Banshee 0, which reflected a trend of vaporwave producers who were more influenced by trap music and less concerned with conveying political undertones. Bandwagon called it a "progressive record" that, along with Floral Shoppe, "signaled the end of the first wave of sample-heavy music, and... reconfigured what it means to make vaporwave music."

After a flood of new vaporwave acts turned to Bandcamp for distribution, various online music publications such as Tiny Mix Tapes, Dummy Mag and Sputnikmusic began covering the movement. However, writers, fans, and artists struggled to differentiate between vaporwave, chillwave, and hypnagogic pop, while Ash Becks of The Essential noted that larger sites like Pitchfork and Drowned in Sound "seemingly refused to touch vaporwave throughout the genre's two-year 'peak'." Common criticisms were that the genre was "too dumb" or "too intellectual".

Wider popularity
In November 2012, seapunk aesthetics were appropriated in music videos by the pop singers Rihanna and Azealia Banks. The exposure catapulted the subculture to the mainstream, and with it, vaporwave. That same month, a video review of Floral Shoppe, published by the YouTuber Anthony Fantano, helped solidify the album as the representative work of vaporwave, but was also credited as a pivotal moment in the decline of the genre. Soon after vaporwave was spotlighted in the mainstream, it was frequently described as a "dead" genre. Such pronouncements came from the fans themselves.

Following the initial wave, new terms were invented by users on 4chan and Reddit who sought to separate vaporwave into multiple subgenres. Some were created in jest, such as "vaportrap", "vapornoise" and "vaporgoth". Further subgenres included "eccojams", "utopian virtual", "mallsoft", "future funk", "post-Internet", "late-nite lo-fi", "broken transmission" (or "signalwave"), and "hardvapour". Joe Price of Complex reported that "most [of the subgenres] faded away, and many didn't make sense to begin with.... The visual aspect formed faster than the sound, resulting in releases that look the same but fail to form a sonically cohesive whole."

In 2013, YouTube began allowing its users to host live streams, which resulted in a host of 24-hour "radio stations" dedicated to microgenres such as vaporwave and lo-fi hip hop. The Swedish rapper Yung Lean and his Sad Boys collective inspired a wave of anonymous DJs to create vaporwave mixes, uploaded to YouTube and SoundCloud, that appropriated the music and imagery of Nintendo 64 video games. Titles included "Mariowave", "Nostalgia 64", and "" Dazed Digitals Evelyn Wang credited Lean with "allowing vaporwave to leak IRL [and] encouraging its unholy coupling with streetwear". She cited their associated fashion staples as "frowny faces, Japanese and Arabic as accessories, sportswear brands, Arizona iced tea, and the uncanny ability to simultaneously communicate in and be a meme."

At the end of 2013, Thump published an essay headlined "Is Vaporwave the Next Seapunk?". Although the author prophesied that vaporwave would not end "as a joke" the way seapunk did, the genre came to be largely viewed as a facetious Internet meme based predominately on a retro visual style or "vibe", a notion that frustrated some producers who wished to be recognized as serious artists. Many of the most influential artists and record labels associated with the genre later drifted into other musical styles.

In 2015, Rolling Stone published a list that included vaporwave act 2814 as one of "10 artists you need to know", citing their album  as "an unparalleled success within a small, passionate pocket of the internet." The album I'll Try Living Like This by Death's Dynamic Shroud.wmv was featured at number fifteen on the Fact list "The 50 Best Albums of 2015", and on the same day MTV International introduced a rebrand heavily inspired by vaporwave and seapunk, Tumblr launched a GIF viewer named Tumblr TV, with an explicitly MTV-styled visual spin. Hip-hop artist Drake's single "Hotline Bling", released on July 31, also became popular with vaporwave producers, inspiring both humorous and serious remixes of the tune.

As of 2016, vaporwave albums, including Floral Shoppe, continued to rank among the best-selling experimental albums on Bandcamp. The scene also maintained a dedicated following on communities such as Reddit. Price reported that, for those outside of these arenas, the genre was generally considered to be "a big joke". He added that "Users of the various vaporwave sub-Reddits will always take it very seriously for the most part, but even there people are discussing whether or not vaporwave is still going strong." Despite their objections to the label, serious artists of the movement continued to be tagged as vaporwave.

In 2019, user comments that state "" remained ubiquitous on YouTube videos concerning the Internet. George Clanton, a prominent figure in the genre, commented that the "vaporwave" banner still functioned well as a marketing tag for music that is not necessarily considered of the genre. In September, he organized the first-ever vaporwave festival, 100% ElectroniCON, in New York City, where various artists associated with the genre such as Saint Pepsi, Vaperror, Nmesh, 18 Carat Affair, and Clanton himself performed live, most of them for the first time in their careers.

Political appropriations

In December 2012, Dummy published what was considered the "definitive" article on vaporwave, authored by Adam Harper, in which he equated the genre to accelerationist political theory. The article had the effect of inspiring "a wave of content ambiguously celebrating a dystopian capitalism". In early 2016, the satirical publication Rave News reported that prominent vaporwave producers had scheduled an emergency summit in Montreal to discuss "creeping fascism" in the scene. Although the article was facetious, its comment section attracted many vaporwave fans who defended such political beliefs. In August, Daily Stormer founder Andrew Anglin recommended that alt-right members embrace synthwave instead of the rock genres traditionally associated with far-right movements, as he felt that synthwave represented the "Whitest music ever". His remarks popularized the musical and visual aesthetic dubbed "fashwave", an updating of fascist tropes inspired by vaporwave that was celebrated by many members of the alt-right.

In 2017, Vice Penn Bullock and Eli Penn reported on the phenomenon of self-identified fascists and alt-right members appropriating vaporwave music and aesthetics, describing the fashwave movement as "the first fascist music that is easy enough on the ears to have mainstream appeal" and reflective of "a global cybernetic subculture geared towards millennials, propagated by memes like Pepe the Frog, and centered on sites like 4chan". The Guardians Michael Hann noted that the movement is not unprecedented; similar offshoots occurred in punk rock in the 1980s and black metal in the 1990s. Hann believed that, like those genres, there was little chance fashwave would ever "impinge on the mainstream".

By 2019, pink vaporwave-inspired hats that promoted 2020 presidential candidate Andrew Yang became popular among his supporters. National Review commentator Theodore Kopfre reported that it was part of a trend indicating that Yang had "replaced Donald Trump as the meme candidate."

Critical interpretations

Parody, subversion, and genre

Vaporwave was one of several microgenres spawned in the early 2010s that were the brief focus of media attention. Users on various music forums, as quoted by Vice, variously characterized the genre as "chillwave for Marxists", "post-elevator music", and "corporate smooth jazz Windows 95 pop". Its circulation was more akin to an Internet meme than typical music genres of the past, as authors Georgina Born and Christopher Haworth wrote in 2017,

Pitchfork contributor Jonny Coleman defined vaporwave as residing in "the uncanny genre valley" that lies "between a real genre that sounds fake and a fake genre that could be real." Also from Pitchfork, Patrick St. Michel calls vaporwave a "niche corner of Internet music populated by Westerners goofing around with Japanese music, samples, and language". Vice writer Rob Arcand commented that the "rapid proliferation of subgenres has itself become part of the "vaporwave" punchline, gesturing at the absurdity of the genre itself even as it sees artists using it as a springboard for innovation."

Speaking about the "supposedly subversive or parodic elements" of vaporwave in 2018, cultural critic Simon Reynolds said that the genre had been made redundant, in some respects, by modern trap music and mainstream hip hop. He opined: "What could be more insane or morbid than the subjectivity in a Drake record or a Kanye song? The black Rap n B mainstream is further out sonically and attitudinally than anything the white Internet-Bohemia has come up with. Their role is redundant. Rap and R&B... is already the Simulacrum, is already decadence."

In a 2018 Rolling Stone article that reported the Monkees' Mike Nesmith's enthusiasm for the genre, author Andy Greene described vaporwave as a "fringe electronic subgenre that few outside irony-soaked meme enthusiasts have even heard of, let alone developed an opinion on." Nesmith praised the genre and attributed its sound to be highly reminiscent of psychedelic trips.

Music critic Scott Beauchamp wrote that vaporwave's stance is more focused on loss, the notion of lassitude, and passive acquiescence, and that "vaporwave was the first musical genre to live its entire life from birth to death completely online". He suggested that expressions of hypermodulation – precisely tuned "micro-experiences" resulting from social media algorithms funneling different people with similar interests into obscure topics – inspired both the development and downfall of vaporwave.

Capitalism and technology

Vaporwave is cited for espousing an ambiguous or accelerationist relationship to consumer capitalism. and a popular trend within its audience from 2015 to 2019 was to use vaporwave songs and music videos to escape reality by observing and remixing commercial products and popular trends of the past. Numerous academic books have been published on this subject, a trend that was provoked by Adam Harper's 2012 Dummy article and its attempt to link the genre to punk rock and anti-capitalist gestures. In the article, he wrote that vaporwave producers "can be read as sarcastic anti-capitalists revealing the lies and slippages of modern techno-culture and its representations, or as its willing facilitators, shivering with delight upon each new wave of delicious sound." He noted that the name itself was both a nod to vaporware and the idea of libidinal energy being subjected to relentless sublimation under capitalism.

Music educator Grafton Tanner wrote, "vaporwave is one artistic style that seeks to rearrange our relationship with electronic media by forcing us to recognize the unfamiliarity of ubiquitous technology... vaporwave is the music of 'non-times' and 'non-places' because it is skeptical of what consumer culture has done to time and space". Commenting on the adoption of a vaporwave- and seapunk-inspired rebrand by MTV International, Jordan Pearson of Motherboard, Vice technology website, noted how "the cynical impulse that animated vaporwave and its associated Tumblr-based aesthetics is co-opted and erased on both sides—where its source material originates and where it lives". Beauchamp proposed a parallel between punk's "No Future" stance and its active "raw energy of dissatisfaction" deriving from the historical lineage of Dada dystopia, and vaporwave's preoccupation with "political failure and social anomie".

Michelle Lhooq of Vice argued that "parodying commercial taste isn't exactly the goal. Vaporwave doesn't just recreate corporate lounge music – it plumps it up into something sexier and more synthetic." In his 2019 book Hearing the Cloud: Can Music Help Reimagine The Future?, academic Emile Frankel wrote that vaporwave was reduced to "a commercial shell of itself" by those who fetishized the 1980s and "retro synth-pop". He likened the scene to PC Music, a label that "was seen to warp from an ironic affirmation of commercialism, to become just regular pop.... Anything that uses irony as a method of critique runs the risk of misrecognition."

Offshoots and subgenres

Future funk
Future funk is a French house-inspired offshoot that expands upon the disco and house elements of vaporwave. It involves much of the same visual imagery drawn from 1980s anime, with reference points including Urusei Yatsura, Super Dimension Fortress Macross, and Sailor Moon. Musically, future funk is produced in the same sample-based manner as vaporwave, albeit with a more upbeat approach. Most of the music samples are drawn from Japanese city pop records from the 1980s, and the genre has led to an increased exposure of city pop music to western audiences.

Some of the most popular future funk artists include Macross 82-99, who pioneered the genre with his Sailorwave album series in 2013, Other artists described as being the most popular in future funk include Skylar Spence (aka Saint Pepsi), Tsundere Valley, Ducat, and Yung Bae.

Hardvapour

Hardvapour emerged in late 2015 as a reimagination of vaporwave with darker themes, faster tempos, and heavier sounds. It is influenced by speedcore and gabber, and defines itself against the utopian moods sometimes attributed to vaporwave. Hardvapour artists include wosX and Subhumanizer.

Mallsoft

Mallsoft amplifies vaporwave's lounge influences. It may be viewed in connection to "the concept of malls as large, soulless spaces of consumerism... exploring the social ramifications of capitalism and globalization". Popular mallsoft artists include Disconscious, Groceries, Hantasi, and Cat System Corp.

Fashwave
Fashwave (from "fascist") is a largely instrumental fusion of synthwave and vaporwave that originated on YouTube circa 2015. It is also been described as an extremist subset of the non-extremist latter promoted by neo-Nazis. With political track titles and occasional soundbites, the genre combines Nazi symbolism with the visuals associated with vaporwave and synthwave. According to Hann, it is musically derived from synthwave, while Heavy contributor Paul Farrell writes that it is "considered to be an offshoot from the harmless vaporwave movement." A similar offshoot, Trumpwave, focuses on Donald Trump. Artists include CybernΔzi, Xurious, Andrew Anglin and Elessar.

Others
 Eccojams: an early subgenre that, according to Lopatin, started out as a simple exercise looping up a slowed-down segment of a certain song while adding vibrating echoes.
 Vaportrap: emphasizes samples from video games and early 21st-century computer software, and themes on angst, desolation and modern technology.
 Simpsonwave: a YouTube phenomenon made popular by the user Lucien Hughes. It mainly consists of videos with scenes from the American animated television series The Simpsons set to various vaporwave tracks. Clips are often put together out of context and edited with VHS-esque distortion effects and surreal visuals, giving them a "hallucinatory and transportive" feel.
Late night lo-fi (or late-nite lo-fi): slowed down 1980s pop and jazz that mimics recorded programs on old 4:3 televisions.
VHS pop: a more positive variant of late night lo-fi with richer sound and vibrant aesthetics.
Utopian virtual: using Ferraro's concept of a virtual life soundtrack, with crisp and unreal early 3D computer graphics.
Signalwave (or broken transmission): sampling and distorting radio broadcasts, television programs, and stations, especially The Weather Channel.
Slushwave: the ambient side of vaporwave, creating a musical environment to "get lost in". Artists include 2814 and desert sand feels warm at night.

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

What does the internet sound like? on The Irish Times

2010s in music
2020s in music
2010s neologisms
21st-century music genres
American styles of music
Art pop
Contemporary art movements
Cyberpunk culture
Electronic music genres
Experimental music genres
Indie music
Internet memes introduced in the 2010s
Microgenres
Nostalgia
Visual arts genres
Internet memes introduced in 2011
Internet memes introduced in 2012
Internet memes introduced in 2013
Internet memes introduced in 2015
Internet memes introduced in 2017
Internet memes introduced in 2019


title: Battle of Seckenheim

text:
The Battle of Seckenheim (June 1462) saw the army of the Electoral Palatinate led by Frederick I, Elector Palatine and his ally Dieter von Isenburg face an invading army led by Charles I, Margrave of Baden-Baden, Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg, Louis I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, and George of Baden, the Bishop of Metz. Without warning, Frederick suddenly struck at the invaders, trapping them in the fork of two major rivers. Though about 300 knights cut their way out, causing many non-combatant casualties, the Palatine forces were victorious. Frederick captured three of the enemy leaders and wrung ransoms and territorial concessions from them. Seckenheim is now part of the city of Mannheim in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The combat occurred during the Mainz Feud (Mainzer Stiftsfehde), part of the larger Bavarian War (1459–63).

Background
On 4 July 1460, Frederick I, Elector Palatine defeated Dieter von Isenburg in the Battle of Pfeddersheim. But in the fall of 1461, Pope Pius II replaced Dieter as archbishop of Mainz with Adolph II of Nassau. In his desire to reclaim his former position, Dieter sought Frederick's assistance and handed over substantial territories to the Palatinate as payment. Irritated by this defiance, the pope excommunicated both Dieter and Frederick in early 1462. At the same time, the pope's ally Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor declared war on the two. Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg, Louis I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Charles I, Margrave of Baden-Baden and his brother George of Baden, Bishop of Metz formed a coalition against Frederick and in favor of Adolph II.

In June 1462, the army of the anti-Frederick alliance invaded the Electoral Palatinate with a force between 6,000 and 8,000 soldiers; they pillaged and burned property extensively. Their sources said that Frederick was not in his capital at Heidelberg, so the allied princes directed their army toward that place. Frederick was indeed at Heidelberg and he may have had spread reports to his absence in order to fool his enemies. Frederick rapidly massed 800 men-at-arms and 2,000 foot soldiers including Swiss mercenaries. Dieter arrived at the muster with 300 men-at-arms. In addition, many peasants also joined Frederick's army.

Battle
On 30 June 1462, Frederick sallied out of Heidelberg and caught a significant part of the allied host near Seckenheim,  away from their fortified camp. The allies were trapped in the wedge between the Rhine and Neckar Rivers. Backed up against the rivers, the allied army prepared for battle. For recognition, they wore a badge of oat straws while the Palatine warriors wore hazel leaves on their helmets. Frederick marshaled his army in an echelon formation with his vanguard and men-at-arms in the center. On either side of the central mass was a double line of mounted crossbowmen. Frederick kept his infantry out of sight in a nearby forest.

After some skirmishing, the heavy cavalry of both armies charged into each other. Frederick's men-at-arms barely prevented the allied horsemen from smashing through. As the cavalrymen hacked away at each other, Frederick's infantry emerged from its hiding place and closed around the allies. A body of 300 allied horsemen cut their way out and then fell upon the Palatine grooms as they waited on their men-at-arms. The hapless grooms were slaughtered, but the Palatine army won a decisive victory, killing over 40 knights for a loss of about 12 knights killed. Frederick's army gathered up 124 noblemen and 204 squires as prisoners. Among the captured were three enemy leaders, Charles of Baden-Baden, Ulrich of Württemberg, and Bishop George of Metz. Only Louis of Zweibrücken avoided being made a prisoner. By the following year the princes had been ransomed for large sums and significant territories.

Notes

References

External links

Battles of the Middle Ages
Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
1462 in Europe
Conflicts in 1462
Margraviate of Baden
Electoral Palatinate


title: Communicatio in sacris

text:
In the Catholic Church,  ("communion in sacred [things]"; also translated as "worship in common"), also called  ("communion in divine [things]") or  ("communion in rites"), designates the regulations for the partaking of a Catholic person to a non-Catholic sacrament or liturgical celebration, or for the partaking of a non-Catholic person to a Catholic sacrament or liturgical celebration. The expression is also used to refer to said acts of partaking themselves.

Communicatio in sacris is legislated mainly by two canons: canon 844 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, and canon 671 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches.

Canon 844
Canon 844 is a canon contained within the 1983 Code of Canon Law (1983CIC) of the Catholic Church, which defines the licit administration and reception of certain sacraments of the Catholic Church in normative and in particular exceptional circumstances, known in Catholic canonical theory as communicatio in sacris.

Thomas Condon wrote that this canon "empowers the bishop to regulate sacramental sharing for Catholics who might need to approach a non-Catholic minister; [...] the canon enjoins the bishop to prevent a spirit of indifferentism from emerging because of sacramental sharing".
Condon wrote that Frederick R. McManus "noted that 'the intent of the canon is clear, namely to define the outer limits of permissible sharing of sacraments, aside from any question of validity or invalidity'". The Second Vatican Council's decree on ecumenism, Unitatis Redintegratio (UR), states that "worship in common () is not to be considered as a means to be used indiscriminately for the restoration of Christian unity". In that context, John Beal et al.'s New commentary on the Code of Canon Law notes that this canon does not address the specific question of "the seriousness of the need" on occasions of worship in common such as a marriage or funeral or similar ecumenical activities, though individual Catholic theologians, such as Kevin Considine, have interpreted canon 844 as allowing for intercommunion in these cases.

Structure
The structure of canon 844 is that the "general principle is established" first, then this canon "considers three situations of facts" which are exceptions, and finally this canon "regulates the lawful exercise of the normative activity in a particular area".

In Ecclesia de Eucharistia (EE), Pope John Paul II asked the Roman Curia "to prepare a more specific document, including prescriptions of a juridical nature", which Daniel Merz wrote, in The Liturgy Documents, were "in light of liturgical abuses in violation of liturgical norms". Within several months, in 2004, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (CCDDS) gave those instructions in Redemptionis Sacramentum (RS). Merz made clear that  "should be understood as binding norms for interpreting and carrying out the liturgical laws" and "is intended to be read as a companion to" . The instruction, in  pertaining to this canon, is that "Catholic ministers licitly administer the Sacraments only to the Catholic faithful, who likewise receive them licitly only from Catholic ministers, except for those situations for which provision is made in" canon 844 §§2–4, and Canon 861 §2. Furthermore, "the conditions comprising" canon 844 §4, "from which no dispensation can be given, cannot be separated; thus, it is necessary that all of these conditions be present together".

Principle
The principle found in section one of canon 844 is that "Catholic ministers administer the sacraments licitly to Catholic members of the Christian faithful alone".
"Paragraph one governs the licit, rather than the valid administration of sacraments to Catholics", according to Condon.
This principle covers all sacraments of the Catholic Church. "The general principle is clear" as Caparros et al. describes that "Catholic ministers may lawfully administer the sacraments to Catholic faithful, who in their turn may only receive them lawfully from Catholic ministers".

Exception one
The first exception is cited in section one. Baptism, according to the , "is necessary for salvation" and is "the gateway to the sacraments"; through it, the recipient is "configured to Christ" by a sacramental character and "incorporated into the Church".
The first exception to canon 844 is that if "an ordinary minister is absent or impeded, a catechist or another person designated for this function by the local ordinary, or in a case of necessity any person with the right intention, confers baptism licitly". So, for the §1 exception all of these conditions must be present together for licitness:
A case of necessity.
Any administrant, whether Catholic or non-Catholic or non-Christian, with the right intention.
Any recipient who is "not yet baptized".
Only for reception of the sacrament of Christian baptism.

Exception two
The second exception is found in section two. "Whenever necessity requires it or true spiritual advantage suggests it, and provided that danger of error or of indifferentism is avoided, the Christian faithful for whom it is physically or morally impossible to approach a Catholic minister are permitted to receive the sacraments of penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick from non-Catholic ministers in whose Churches these sacraments are valid".

"The most important document that clarifies the mind and intention of the legislator", wrote Vere, is the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity's (PCPCU) Directory for the application of principles and norms on ecumenism (1993ED) which contains "parallel laws" that "clarify the intention of the legislator with regards to" this canon. So, for the §2 exception all of these conditions must be present together for licitness:
A case of necessity, or a case of true spiritual advantage. Caparros et al. quoting from In quibus rerum circumstantiis remarked that, "It must be remembered that the sacraments 'are not mere instruments for satisfying individual desires only'".

The minister is of a non-Catholic Eastern Church in which these sacraments are valid, or the minister is of a non-Catholic Western Church in which these sacraments are valid or "who is known to be validly ordained according to the Catholic teaching on ordination". The Catholic Church does not recognize the ordination of women, and believes specifically that Anglican ordinations are invalid.

Error and indifferentism are avoided. Caparros et al. comments that, "this is a basic criterion, expressed in  26" which states that participation in worship "which harms the unity of the Church or involves formal acceptance of error or the danger of aberration in the faith, of scandal and indifferentism, is forbidden". In cases of doubt, the recipient should seek references elsewhere. A Catholic recipient who manifests indifference could not apply the provisions of this canon to licitly receive a sacrament from a non-Catholic minister.
The recipient is Catholic for whom access to a Catholic minister is physically or morally impossible. Beal et al. recognized this to include a limitation "such as serious inconvenience".
Only for reception of three sacraments: Penance, Eucharist, and Anointing of the Sick.
Within the prescribed limits regulated by the diocesan bishop and conference of bishops. So to licitly apply the provisions of canon 844 § 2, a Catholic recipient must, if possible, contact the Catholic diocese in which the sacrament might potentially be received, to understand the established norms and prohibitions of the diocesan bishop as well as about specific heretical or schismatic groups and ministers that may be operating in the area. If there is a prohibition, a Catholic recipient engaged in it could be "guilty of prohibited participation in sacred rites ()".
Practiced according to the norm that a recipient "who legitimately wishes to communicate with Eastern Christians must respect the Eastern discipline as much as possible and refrain from communicating if that Church restricts sacramental communion to its own members to the exclusion of others".

Exception three
The third exception is found in section three. "Catholic ministers administer the sacraments of penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick licitly to members of Eastern Churches which do not have full communion with the Catholic Church if they seek such on their own accord and are properly disposed. This is also valid for members of other Churches which in the judgment of the Apostolic See are in the same condition in regard to the sacraments as these Eastern Churches". So, for the §3 exception all of these conditions must be present together for licitness:
A case when the sacrament is requested. Caparros et al. comments that, "any prior pressure by the Catholic minister is clearly forbidden".
The minister is Catholic.
The recipient is a baptized properly disposed Eastern non-Catholic. Caparros et al. elucidates that, because "the word Oriental is very general, it is advisable to verify in each case that the subject fulfills the faith requirements laid down by ecclesiastical authority. This applies with equal strictness to members of other Churches that, in the opinion of the" Apostolic See, "are in a similar situation to the Oriental ones". In the United States, this includes Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Polish National Catholic Church.
Only for reception of three sacraments: penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick.
Within the prescribed limits regulated by the diocesan bishop and conference of bishops.
Practiced according to the norm that "due consideration should be given to the discipline of the Eastern Churches for their own faithful".
Practiced according to the norm that "any suggestion of proselytism should be avoided".

Exception four
The fourth exception is found in section four. "If the danger of death is present or if, in the judgment of the diocesan bishop or conference of bishops, some other grave necessity urges it, Catholic ministers administer these same sacraments licitly also to other Christians not having full communion with the Catholic Church, who cannot approach a minister of their own community and who seek such on their own accord, provided that they manifest Catholic faith in respect to these sacraments and are properly disposed". So, for the §4 exception all of these conditions must be present together for licitness:
A case of a danger of death, or
a case of a grave necessity, in the judgment of the diocesan bishop or conference of bishops.
The minister is Catholic who "will judge individual cases and administer these sacraments only in accord with [...] established norms, where they exist" or "the norms of" .
The recipient is a baptized properly disposed Western non-Catholic with "manifest Catholic faith in this sacrament".
Only for reception of three sacraments: penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick.
Within the prescribed limits regulated by the diocesan bishop and conference of bishops.
Practiced according to the norm that the recipient is "unable to have recourse for the sacrament desired to a minister of his or her own Church or ecclesial Community".
Practiced according to the norm that the recipient "ask for the sacrament of his or her own initiative".

Regulation
The regulation is found in section five. "For the cases mentioned in §§2, 3, and 4, the diocesan bishop or conference of bishops is not to issue general norms except after consultation at least with the local competent authority of the interested non-Catholic Church or community".
 states that "it is strongly recommended that the diocesan Bishop, taking into account any norms which may have been established for this matter by the Episcopal Conference or by the Synods of Eastern Catholic Churches, establish general norms for judging situations of grave and pressing need and for verifying the conditions"
Beal et al. elaborated that in consideration of the ethic of reciprocity, "the underlying purpose" in §5 is "not to act unilaterally" but the language "is carefully constructed to leave the diocesan bishop" or conference of bishops "free to act in individual cases" or issue norms regardless of any consultation with another Church or Ecclesial Community.
"The course to be adopted, with due regard to all the circumstances of time, place, and persons",  states, "is to be decided by local episcopal authority, unless otherwise provided for by the Bishops' Conference according to its statutes, or by the Holy See".

Notes

See also
 Canon 915

References

Further reading

Sacramental law
Canon law of the Catholic Church
Catholic terminology
Latin words and phrases


title: Catch (game)

text:
Catch, playing catch, or having a catch, is one of the most basic children's games, often played between children or between a parent and child, wherein the participants throw a ball, beanbag, flying disc or similar object back and forth to each other. At early stages in a child's life, having a catch is a good way to evaluate and improve the child's physical coordination. Notably, "[i]f a child cannot catch a ball that he or she is bouncing, it is unlikely the child will be able to play catch". Most children begin to be able to play catch around the age of four. Many four-year-olds instinctively close their eyes when a ball is heading towards them, and it can take some time to overcome this. Playing catch can help develop dexterity, coordination and confidence.

Because playing catch requires at least two participants, and because participants can be substituted at any point during the game, catch can be used to place children in social situations where they will interact with each other. For example, this can be done by first having one child play catch with an adult, and then bringing other children into the game or substituting another child for the adult, at which point the adult can leave entirely. As children become more adept at the skills used to catch a thrown object and return it to the thrower, these skills are incorporated into more complex games played with larger groups of participants, such as hot potato, dodgeball, and keep away. Playing catch can improve an aptitude for sports that involve catching and throwing, such as bat-and-ball sports, football, and basketball.

See also
Catch (juggling)
Fetch (game)
Flying disc freestyle (Frisbee)
Keep away

References

Children's games
Games of physical skill