title: Mark Axelrod

text:
Mark Axelrod is an American writer and academic, who is a professor of Comparative Literature in Chapman University's Wilkinson College of Humanities and Social Sciences. For twenty-five years he has been the Director of the John Fowles Center for Creative Writing, which has received five National Endowment for the Arts Grants.

Education
Axelrod received his Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from the University of Minnesota Twin Cities, and received both his B.A. and M.A. in Comparative Literature from Indiana University Bloomington.  He also received fellowships to study/teach at Edinburgh University and Oxford University, as well as receiving four Fulbrights to teach in Brazil, Sweden, Denmark and Norway.  In addition, he has taught creative writing throughout Europe and Latin America.

Career
As a practicing screenwriter, Axelrod has published four books on screenwriting: Aspects of the Screenplay; Character & Conflict; I Read It At the Movies; and Constructing Dialogue: Screenwriting from Citizen Kane to Midnight in Paris. He has written more than 25 screenplays and teleplays, the latest of which is titled Malarkey, which garnered the interest of Malcolm McDowell. Axelrod has received awards from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; the Writers Guild of America, East; the Screenwriters Forum (University of Wisconsin); and the Sundance Institute.” He has also won awards from the Scottish Association of Filmmakers Award in Screenwriting, Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1993, and the London International Film & Video Festival, Silver Seal Award for Screenwriting, London, England, in 1991.  In 2018, he was inducted as a member of the European Arts and Sciences Association.

Axelrod has written the novels Capital Castles (Pacific Writers Press, 2000), Cloud Castles (Pacific Writers Press, 1998), Cardboard Castles (Pacific Writers Press, 1996), Bombay California (Pacific Writers Press, 1994), The Posthumous Memoirs of Blase Kubash and most recently, The Mad Diary of Malcolm Malarkey (Dalkey Archive Press, TBA). He is working on volume II of the Malarkey trilogy, titled The Fall & Rise of Malcolm Malarkey, and volume III, titled Malarkey's Way; or, Life and Death in the Time of Covid. He has also written several collections of short stories, including Dante's Foil & Other Sporting Tales (Black Scat Press), and Secret Histories: Borges' Travel, Hemingway’s Garage (Fiction Collective 2, 2005), which was published in fall 2009 in Spanish by Thule Ediciones, Barcelona, as Viajes Borges, Talleres Hemingway. Balzac's Coffee, DaVinci's Ristorante (Verbivoracious Press, 2018) and Beckett's Restaurant, Pushkin's Vodka (2020). His translation of Balzac's play Mercadet was reissued in 2016 as Waiting For Godeau by Black Scat Press, and his collection of plays was published by Black Scat in 2017.  Most recent play is titled The Real Housewives of Scandinavia: Reunion (2021).

Of his fiction, Luisa Valenzuela said: "A different voice in North American Writing…a very special, poignant sense of humor." The itinerant scholar's voracious appetite to find meaning in life led him to travel the world early on, and this theme of the eternal wanderer is seen in his novel Bombay California. In his review of Bombay California; or, Hollywood Somewhere West of Vine, Giose Rimanelli wrote: "…in the grand tradition of such Latin American fabulists as Machado de Assis, Borges, Cortázar, and García Márquez, Axelrod manipulates the novel form to present not just a fin-de-siècle statement on the political and social fabric of the United States, but a satire on Hollywood films, American television, American folklore, American advertising, American education, the United States presidency, Ronald Reagan, publishing prejudices, 'literary' agent incompetence, plus a panoply of gibes, jabs, and gestures at American culture in general. Chapter 33, for example, titled 'An Agent's Tools,' is nothing other than an order slip one might get at any fast-food restaurant. Chapter 49, titled 'Wanted Dead or Alive,' is a 'wanted' poster of someone who looks a lot like Ronald Reagan for, among other things, stealing a script that Katz had written about the presidency."

Screenwriting awards

He has received numerous awards for his creative work, including two United Kingdom Leverhulme Fellowships for Creative Writing and two from the Camargo Foundation, Cassis, France. He has won no fewer than 20 screenwriting awards from the Irvine International Film Festival, the Chicago International Film Festival, and the Illinois International Film Festival.  His latest awards are from the Kyiv International Screenwriters Festival, the Near Nazareth Film Festival, the Scario International Short Film Festival, and the Stockholm Film & Television Festival.[3] He recently received awards from the Irvine International Film Festival, the Chicago International Film Festival and the Illinois International Film Festival for his screenplays.

 1984: Sundance Institute Fellowship for Screenwriting, Finalist, Burbank, CA
 1986: Sundance Institute Fellowship for Screenwriting, Finalist, Burbank, CA
 1987: Writers Guild of America-East, Fellowship in Screenwriting, Finalist, New York, NY
 1988: Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences, Nicholl Fellowship in Screenwriting, Finalist, Los Angeles, CA
 1989: Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences, Nicholl Fellowship in Screenwriting, Finalist, Los Angeles, CA
 1990: Festival Internacional de Video do Algarve, Nova 90, Bronze Award for Screenwriting, Algarve, Portugal
 1990: University of Wisconsin Screenwriters Forum, National Teleplay Award, Madison, WI
 1991: London International Film & Video Festival, Silver Seal Award for Screenwriting, London, England
 1992: Writers Guild of America-East, Fellowship in Screenwriting, New York, NY
 1993: Scottish Association of Filmmakers, Award in Screenwriting, Edinburgh, Scotland
 2014: Chicago International Film Festival, Chicago, Finalist, Best Feature Screenplay, Chicago Bares.
 2014: Firereel Film Festival, Redding, CA, Finalist, Best Short Screenplay, The Villiers Chalice.
 2014: Illinois International Film Festival, Chicago, Best Feature Screenplay, Chicago Bares.
 2014: Irvine International Film Festival, Shortlisted for Best Feature Screenplay, Stayin' Alive.
 2014: Oregon International Film Festival, Portland, 3rd Place Best Feature Film Screenplay, Of Gold & Ashes.
 2014: Williamsburg International Film Festival, Chicago, Honorable Mention, Screenplay, Of Gold & Ashes.
 2015: Amsterdam International Film Festival, Holland, Finalist, Best Feature Film Screenplay, Of Gold and Ashes.
 2015: Barcelona International Film Festival, Spain, Finalist, Best Feature Film Screenplay, Peru.
 2015: Milan International Film Festival, Milan, Italy, Finalist, Best Unproduced Feature Film Screenplay, Of Gold and Ashes.
 2015: River Bend Film Festival, South Bend, IN, Finalist, Best Feature Film Screenplay, Moonlight on the Wabash.

Fellowships, grants and awards
 2007: Fulbright Commission, Finalist, Fulbright Fellowship to Berlin
 2010–2011: Fulbright Fellowship, University of São Paulo, Brazil
 2013 & 2014: Fulbright Fellowship, University of Stockholm, Sweden

Works
 Angelina’s Lips by Giuseppe Conte – edited, with Introduction. Toronto, Canada: Guernica Publishing (April 2011)
 Aspects of the Screenplay (screenwriting). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Publishing (2001).
 Balzac's Coffee, DaVinci's Ristorante, Verbivoracious Press (2017)
 Bombay California; or, Hollywood Somewhere West of Vine (novel). Tustin, CA:  Pacific Writers Press, 1994.
 Borges’ Travel, Hemingway's Garage (short stories), Normal, Illinois: Fiction Collective 2 (April 2004).
 Capital Castles (novel). Tustin, CA:  Pacific Writers Press (2000).
 Cardboard Castles (novel). Tustin, CA: Pacific Writers Press, (1996).
 Character & Conflict: Cornerstones of Screenwriting (screenwriting) Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Publishing (September, 2004).
 Cloud Castles (novel). Tustin, CA: Pacific Writers Press, (1999).
 Constructing Dialogue: From Citizen Kane to Midnight in Paris. New York: Bloomsbury Continuum Press (November 2013)
 Dante’s Foil & Other Sporting Tales, San Francisco: Black Scat Books (April 2015)
 Forms at War: FC2 1999–2009. Tuscaloosa, AL: Fiction Collective 2, 2009.
 I Read It At The Movies (screenwriting/adaptation) Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Publishing (November 2006).
 Kissing Sonia Braga, Golden Hancuffs Review, Fall 2014; Vol. 1, No. 19
 Madness in Fiction: Literary Essays from Poe to Fowles, New York: Palgrave Macmillan (2018)
 Milan Panic: Big Thoughts Are Free, Authorized Biography, New York: Peter Lang Press (June 2015)
 Neville Chamberlain's Chimera or Nine Metaphors of Vision (visual prose). Milwaukee, WI: Membrane Press, 1978.
 Next Thing: Art in the 21st Century—Ed. Pablo Baler, Farleigh Dickinson University, contributor (2013)
 No Symbols Where None Intended: Literary Essays from Laclos to Beckett (literary essays), Palgrave Macmillan (2014).
 Notions of the Feminine: Literary Essays from Lawrence to Lacan, New York: Palgrave Macmillan (January 2015)
 Poetics of Prose: Literary Essays from Lermontov to Calvino, New York: Palgrave Macmillan (2016)
 The Poetics of Novels: Fiction & Its Execution (literary criticism).  Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Press, November, 1999.
 The Politics of Style In the Fiction of Balzac, Beckett & Cortázar (criticism). New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.
 Viajes Borges, Talleres Hemingway (short stories), Barcelona, Spain: Editorial Thule (October 2009).
 Waiting for Godeau (translation of the Balzac play Mercadet, The Good Businessman), San Francisco: Black Scat Books (October, 2013)

Film
“Malarkey” Original Screenplay optioned, Bridge Media Partners, Los Angeles.
“Stayin Alive” Original Screenplay, Cuckoo Clock Productions, Hamburg, Germany
Fool's Sanctuary. Adaptation of the novel by Jennifer Johnston, Kettledrum Productions, Los Angeles

References

External links
 Dawn Bonker, "English Department’s Mark Axelrod receives Fulbright", Chapman University, January 12, 2010.
 Sergio Chejfek with Mark Axelrod at Chapman University
 Mark Axelrod at FC2.
 Mark Axelrod, "A Last Meeting With Beckett", Irish America Magazine, June / July 2009.
 Mark Axelrod, "Portrait of an Irish Artist: Louis le Brocquy", Irish America Magazine, June / July 2011.

1946 births
Living people
Chapman University faculty
Comparative literature
Indiana University Bloomington alumni
Screenwriting instructors
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni


title: Old Ship, Aveley

text:
The Old Ship is a public house in Aveley, Essex, in England. It is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.

References

National Inventory Pubs
Pubs in Essex
Aveley


title: Somerset, Nebraska

text:
Somerset is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, Nebraska, United States.

History
A post office was established at Somerset in 1887, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1944. The community was likely named after the town of Somerset, Massachusetts.

References

Unincorporated communities in Lincoln County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska


title: James Brainard

text:
James  Brainard is the mayor of Carmel, Indiana, a principal city in the Indianapolis metropolitan area. Brainard, who first took office January 1, 1996, is currently serving his seventh consecutive four-year term, most recently reelected in 2019. Mayor Brainard is one of Indiana's longest serving mayors. While mayor, Carmel's population has grown from 25,000 in 1996 to 102,000 in 2021 and seen the creation of a new downtown called City Center, where a new 1,600-seat concert hall, The Palladium at the Center for the Performing Arts, opened in 2011. Two smaller theaters have opened as well, in addition to the redevelopment of the oldest part of town into a new Arts & Design District. Brainard has announced that he will not run for re-election in 2023. His term is scheduled to end on December 21, 2023.

Early life and education
James Brainard was raised in Bristol, Indiana, the son of Jack and Dortha Brainard. Brainard attended Butler University, studying history, political science and speech. After graduating from Butler with a Bachelor of Arts in 1976, he entered the Claude W. Pettit College of Law at Ohio Northern University. He earned a Juris Doctor in Law from Ohio Northern University in 1982.

Political views

Transportation policy
Brainard is frequently asked to speak about city planning, redevelopment and roadway networks. Under his administration, the City of Carmel has eliminated dozens of traffic signals and dangerous intersections, replacing them with roundabouts. Carmel, with 142 roundabouts as of January 2022, has more roundabouts than any other city in the United States. The policy has been credited with a reduction of carbon emissions, fatalities and intersection collisions.

He arranged to construct the first roundabout in the city at the corner of River Road and Main Street in 1996 followed in 1997 by building two roundabouts on the newly built Hazel Dell Parkway at 126th and Main Streets.

Climate and energy
Brainard is described as a moderate Republican who has earned a reputation for defending efforts to fight against the effects of global warming. Brainard is serving as a Trustee and co-chair of the Energy Independence and Climate Protection Task Force for the U.S. Conference of Mayors. In November 2013 he was appointed to the Task Force on Climate Preparedness and Resilience by the President of the United States. He traveled in 2015 to four cities in India to represent the United States as part of the US State Department's speaker's bureau. Also, in 2015 he was asked to speak on energy and climate policy at the German-American Centers in five German cities. He has been a guest lecturer for Georgetown University, Butler University, Indiana University and Purdue University among others. Because of his views, Brainard was selected to be on President Obama's Task Force on Climate Preparedness and Resilience.  In 2013, it was announced he would be "one of 26 local government representatives who make up a new task force to help communities deal with the effects of climate change."

Fiscal and health policy
Brainard is also a fiscal conservative who has invested millions of dollars in local redevelopment projects while keeping the city tax rate among the lowest among cities in the state of Indiana. Because of Brainard's activity to create a health-conscious community, Carmel has received various awards for its healthy living.

Concerns have been raised in recent years about Brainard's handling of Carmel city finances. In 2015 the city overestimated tax revenues by over $5 million and was forced to reallocate funds between accounts to meet then current obligations. In 2017 S&P downgraded Carmel's long-term bond rating from AA-plus to AA, noting a $300 million increase in debt over the prior 3 years. In its analysis, S&P noted "In our view, this demonstrates the risk of high leverage and a heavy dependence on sometimes more volatile tax-increment revenues. We feel the city's crowded budget and high fixed costs leave it vulnerable to unanticipated economic or operational swings."

In response to a question about the Green New Deal, Brainard has said, "I think we have [to] find that middle ground where we can do things that encourage green jobs—do things that help the economy and reduce carbon at the same time."

Civil rights and diversity
In 2015, he proposed and the City Council passed a new ordinance designed to protect human rights regardless of race, religion, sexual orientation, or gender identity. The issue was first raised in Carmel during the election campaign and came to its closure during a time of heightened awareness. Brainard is a supporter of diversity in Carmel. He hosts an annual Iftar dinner for the local Muslim community and established a new Carmel Interfaith Alliance in the fall of 2015 designed to bring together pastors and religious leaders from a variety of faiths. Brainard has said, "Carmel's diversity brings a richness to the fabric of our community, and our freedom of religion should be celebrated."

Awards
2013 International Making Cities Livable Joseph P. Riley Jr. Award "for his inspirational leadership in creating a vibrant, multi-functional heart for Carmel, IN."
2012 American Council of Engineering Companies of Indiana (ACEC Indiana) Public Service Award
2011 Local Arts Leadership award for the "Support the Arts fund, which mandates that one percent of the city's general fund support local arts organizations."

References

Mayors of places in Indiana
Butler University alumni
Claude W. Pettit College of Law alumni
People from Bristol, Indiana
1954 births
Indiana Republicans
Living people


title: John O'Hanlon (writer)

text:
John Canon O'Hanlon MRIA (30 April 1821 – 15 May 1905) was an Irish Catholic priest, scholar and writer who also published poetry and illustrations, and involved himself in Irish politics. He is best known as a folklorist and a hagiographer, and in particular for his comprehensive Lives of the Irish Saints.

Life
O'Hanlon was born in Stradbally, Laois. His parents were Edward and Honor Hanlon. He attended the Preston School in Ballyroan and then entered Carlow College to study for the priesthood. Before he completed his studies, however, he emigrated in 1842 with members of his family, initially to Quebec, but ultimately to Missouri in the United States of America (a migration perhaps occasioned by the death of his father). The family settled in Millwood in northeast Missouri. O'Hanlon was admitted to the diocesan college in St. Louis, completed his studies, and was ordained in 1847. He was then assigned a mission in the diocese of St. Louis, where he ministered until 1853. He then returned to his native Stradbally for health reasons.

A year later, his health having improved, O'Hanlon offered his services to the Archdiocese of Dublin, and became a curate in the parish of Saints Michael and John. A fellow curate there was Charles Patrick Meehan and "many stories are told of their eccentricities". In 1880 he was appointed as parish priest of Sandymount and Ringsend in Dublin, where he ministered at the church of St. Mary's Star of the Sea in Irishtown (today there is a commemorative plaque on display in the church). He remained in Sandymount/Ringsend until his death in 1905. He had been made a Canon of the Dublin Cathedral by Archbishop Walsh in 1885, and celebrated his Golden Jubilee as a priest in 1897. He is buried in Glasnevin Cemetery.

Writings
O'Hanlon began writing while in America. His time there coincided with mass immigration from Ireland due to the Great Famine, and he was deeply affected by the plight of these immigrants. As one consequence, he wrote An Irish Emigrant's Guide to the United States (a revised edition of which he would issue in 1890). But he also engaged in more scholarly writing, working on a biography of Saint Malachy, publishing some of his research as articles in the Boston Pilot, where he also published articles about Saint Patrick He also wrote an Abridgment of the History of Ireland (1849) (in 1903, in Ireland, he would publish an Irish-American History of the United States), and for a time he was editor of a Catholic newspaper, The St. Louis News-Letter.

O'Hanlon was very interested in local history and folklore, and when he returned to Ireland much of his writing concerned these topics. Among his first publications in Ireland were two letters, from 1856, published in the Journal of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland Archaeological Society, urging the usefulness of the records of the Ordnance Survey in the Phoenix Park for studying the history of the neighbouring counties of Kilkenny and his native Laois. The usefulness of the Ordnance Survey and the importance of local histories and topographies were constant themes for O'Hanlon and he would write twenty further bulletins about the Ordnance Survey and the histories of other counties in Ireland.  Laois (which was known as Queen's County until 1922, but was always associated with the medieval kingdom of Loígis or Leix) was always of particular interest to O'Hanlon and he worked on a two-volume History of the Queen's County (although this was only posthumously published in 1907), published articles on the "Old Churches of Leix" in the Irish Builder during the 1880s, and collected the works of Laois patriot, balladeer and mythologist John Keegan, while the best known of his own poems is the "Land of Leix".

O'Hanlon's best-known work remains his hagiography, in particular his Lives of the Irish Saints, which organizes its chronicles by feast day, from January 1 to December 31. O'Hanlon issued a prospectus for a subscription work on the lives of Irish saints in 1875, and published 9 volumes until he died in 1905, when he was working on a tenth, dealing with 3,500 saints across more than six thousand octavo pages. In addition to this magnum opus O'Hanlon published many works on individual saints, although he mostly re-used these articles and pamphlets in his Lives, often verbatim. In a similar manner, his work on the churches of Laois provided material for the Lives. As a work of hagiography, the Lives of the Irish Saints has been surpassed by modern scholarship, but it remains a treasure trove of local information and tradition.

O'Hanlon did not limit himself to the lives of saints, and his interests extended to secular and more contemporary figures. He issued new editions of works by William Molyneux (The Case of Ireland's Being Bound by Acts of Parliament in England Stated, 1893) and Henry Joseph Monck Mason (History of the Irish Parliament, 1891) and had plans to publish a definitive biography of Daniel O'Connell, although he set these aside to work on his history of Laois.

O'Hanlon was also a poet, publishing under the pseudonym "Lageniensis" (Leinster man). The collected works of Lageniensis centre on a long poem in Spenserian stanza, "The Land of Leix" and a series of lays recounting stories from Irish mythology. Characteristically, the poems are annotated with extremely copious local and historical information.

O'Hanlon was always an eager traveller, frequently journeying to Europe to research the Lives, and travelling thousands of miles through the USA and Canada as a seventy-year-old man in 1891 (on the occasion of the jubilee of Archbishop Kenrick who had ordained him). Yet another string to his writer's bow could be said to be travel writing, in particular His Life and scenery in Missouri (1890). He also turned his hand to pedagogical works (Cathecism of Greek Grammar, 1865) and to devotional writing (Devotions for Cofession and Holy Communion, 1866).

Interest in art
In addition to his other achievements, O'Hanlon was a competent illustrator, with a particular interest in recording local topographical features. 128 of the illustrations in his Lives of the Irish Saints (about one fifth of the total) were made by O'Hanlon himself. O'Hanlon was a strong believer in the importance of topography, or the study of place, which is evident in his praise of the Ordnance Survey, for whom he advocated a government grant to employ artists to record local features. In his own drawings and his use of drawings by others he showed a clear concern to record visual antiquarian and historical details which otherwise might disappear.

These artistic abilities were also expressed in an interest in architecture. O'Hanlon wrote about the churches of Laois, commended the newly built church of St. Laurence O'Toole in Seville Place, Dublin, in his The Life of St. Lawrence O'Toole, Archbishop of Dublin (1857) and worked on the restoration of his own parish church, St. Mary Star of the Sea.

The Irish language
O'Hanlon was very interested in the revival and preservation of the Irish language. He had joined the Ossianic Society when he returned from the United States, and as a curate in Dublin he was already a council member of the Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language (founded in 1877), with which he remained active until his death, becoming a vice-president. He edited work by the Irish language activist Henry Joseph Monck Mason. A Star of the Sea branch of Conradh na Gaeilge was founded in 1900 with O'Hanlon as its president. He was known for frequently attending its classes to offer encouragement to students.

Politics
O'Hanlon's political convictions seem to date to his childhood. During that period there was a great deal of agitation and unrest in Ireland, both by moral and political activists, and by violent societies such as the Whiteboys and the Rockites. O'Hanlon recorded his early impression of the Ballykilvan evictions in 1828 and as a teenager attended Daniel O'Connell's meeting on the Great Heath in 1836. He was probably also influenced in his political convictions by his pastoral experiences a priest among the poor, in both St. Louis and Dublin.

O'Hanlon was no radical priest and he always submitted to the authority of his bishop, but certain of his publications attest to his own political views and to a desire to contribute to the political discussions about Ireland's status, both in Ireland and Britain. He attended the House of Commons in London in 1893 for some of the debates about Home Rule for Ireland, of which he was a proponent, and admired Charles Stewart Parnell, as well as William Gladstone. It was in this period, the 1890s, that he published his editions of Molyneux's The Case of Ireland's Being Bound by Acts of Parliament in England Stated and Monck Mason's History of the Irish Parliament with the apparent goal of returning these earlier advocates of Irish autonomous government to popular consciousness. He dedicated the latter to Gladstone. When he collected his poetical works as Lageniensis, he addressed the dedication to Lady Aberdeen, whose husband had served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and had just been appointed as Governor General of Canada, both viceregal positions. O'Hanlon commends Aberdeen for her work with the poor in Ireland and her establishment of the Irish Industries Association. He then goes on to compare the situations of Ireland and Canada in relation to Home Rule, and argues that Ireland should be granted the same autonomy as Canada and, in a bitter reference to the Parnellite split deplores the "malign and sinister obstruction to which Irish Home Rule has been subjected through bigotry, unnatural party combination, class prejudice and selfishness", while hoping that eventually there will be established in Ireland "a Constitution, which shall secure equal rights and liberties for all creeds and parties in Ireland, while promoting and consolidating still more the strength and resources of the British Empire".

After the failures of Parnell's party, as well as the final resignation of their key ally Gladstone, in 1894, O'Hanlon seems to have given up hope for Home Rule. But his true political hero remained Daniel O'Connell. O'Hanlon was General Secretary of the O'Connell Monument Committee, author of their Report (1888), and probably the main driver overcoming many setbacks during the difficult 20-year period it took to erect a monument to O'Connell in Dublin's Sackville Street (now O'Connell Street).

A modest fame
O'Hanlon was a modest man but he was recognized for his achievements. At his Golden Jubilee his parishioners and fellow priests recognized his pastoral work, his patriotic advocacy or Irish national interests, and his extensive writings. William Walsh, the archbishop of Dublin, remarked that he worked so hard at his pastoral duties that men wondered how he found time to write, but he wrote so much that men wondered how he found time to do any missionary work. He associated with literary circles in Dublin. He was elected a Member of the Royal Irish Academy.

Finally, tribute was paid to O'Hanlon by none other than James Joyce, in the Nausicaa episode of Ulysses, where his activities in the St. Mary Star of the Sea church counterpoint Leopold Bloom's observation of Gerty McDowell on the nearby Sandymount Strand: "and the blue banners of the blessed Virgin's sodality and Father Conroy was helping Canon O'Hanlon at the altar".

List of works
 Abridgment of the History of Ireland from its Final Subjection to the Present Time (Boston, 1849)
 The Irish Emigrant's Guide to the United States (Boston, 1851; new edition, Dublin, 1890)
 The Life of St. Laurence O'Toole, Archbishop of Dublin (Dublin, 1857)
 The Life of St. Malachy O'Morgair, Bishop of Down and Connor, Archbishop of Armagh (Dublin, 1859)
 The Life of St. Dympna, Virgin Martyr (Dublin, 1863)
 Catechism of Irish History from the Earliest Events to the Death of O'Connell (Dublin, 1864)
 Catechism of Greek Grammar (Dublin, 1865)
 Devotions for Confession and Holy Communion (Dublin, 1866)
 The Life and Works of St. Oengus the Culdee, Bishop and Abbot (Dublin, 1868)
 The Life of St. David, Archbishop of Menevia, Chief Patron of Wales (Dublin, 1869)
 Legend Lays of Ireland (verse, under the pseudonym "Lageniensis") (Dublin, 1870)
 Irish Folk-Lore, Traditions and Superstitions of the Country; with Humorous Tales (Lageniensis) (Glasgow, 1870)
 Lives of the Irish Saints: with special festivals, and the commemorations of holy persons, compiled from calendars, martyrologies, and various sources, relating to the ancient church history of Ireland (Dublin, 9 volumes published from 1875, with a 10th partially completed in 1905)
 The Buried Lady, a Legend of Kilronan (Lageniensis) (Dublin, 1877)
 The Life of St. Grellan, Patron of the O'Kellys (Dublin, 1881)
 Report of the O'Connell Monument Committee (Dublin, 1888)
 The Poetical Works of Lageniensis (Dublin, 1893)
 Irish-American History of the United States (Dublin, 1902)
 History of the Queen's County (completed by Rev. E. O'Leary) (Dublin, 1907)
 Editor, Henry Joseph Monck Mason Essay on the Antiquity and Constitution of Parhaments of Ireland (1891)
 Editor, William Molyneux The Case of Ireland's Being Bound by Acts of Parliament in England Stated (1893)
 Editor, Legends and Stories of John Keegan (with a memoir of Keegan by David James O'Donoghue) (Dublin, 1908)

References

1821 births
1905 deaths
Irish folklorists
Irish Catholic poets
Alumni of Carlow College
People from Stradbally
19th-century Irish poets
Writers from County Laois


title: The Viper, Mill Green

text:
The Viper is a public house at The Common, Mill Green, Essex, CM4 0PT.

It is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.

References

National Inventory Pubs
Pubs in Essex


title: 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships – Men's shot put

text:
The men's shot put at the 2014 IPC Athletics European Championships was held at the Swansea University Stadium from 18–23 August.

Medalists

Results

F12

F20

F32

F33

F34

F35

F36

F37

F38

F41

F42

F44

F47

F53/54/55

F57

See also
List of IPC world records in athletics

References

shot put
Shot put at the World Para Athletics European Championships


title: Charles Cryer Theatre

text:
The Charles Cryer Theatre is a studio theatre located in the High Street in Carshalton in the London Borough of Sutton. The theatre is named after the man who led the campaign to open the Secombe Theatre in neighbouring Sutton.
 It was opened by Prince Edward in 1991. It closed in 2016, but in November 2019 it reopened under new management.

Building

The theatre is housed in a building which was built as a public hall in 1874 for the  village. Prior to becoming a theatre it has been used as a  roller skating rink (from 1900 to 1912) and a cinema (from 1912 to 1939).

To convert the building to a theatre, the roof and the facade were renewed.  A stone-set wind vane and three red brick entrance arches were kept. Notable are the tiled eaves to each side of the building, which project past the front. The interior was renewed including staircases and porthole shaped windows. A new floor was designed to divide the hall in half. There is a restaurant downstairs with the box office while upstairs are the auditorium and dressing rooms. The auditorium itself features flexible seating for between 68 and 125, dependent upon the arrangement. The stage has limited space to the sides. There is a rehearsal room for performing to 20 people or less.

The 1992 RIBA Downland Design Award judges commented that "the project makes a significant social contribution to the High Street. The theatre is in constant use and well-liked".

Productions and workshops
Past performances have included a "sensitive treatment by a clever director and fine cast" in 2009 of Anton Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya by the Square Peg Theatre Company, which received a five star review from the Croydon Advertiser. In 2013 the theatre hosted the Breakfast Cat Theatre Company's treatment of George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, which was noted by the Croydon Citizen for its "skill and flair."

Other past productions have included Steel Magnolias, The Tempest,  Jesus Christ Superstar and The Witches of Eastwick.

The theatre was included by the Independent Newspaper in a 1998 article entitled "The 50 Best: Britain's Best-kept Summer Secrets", which covered its drama workshops for children.

2014 to 2015 closure risk, rescue and renaissance
Because of the local council's need to make budgetary savings, the venue was, along with its sister theatre, the Secombe Theatre in Sutton, identified by the Theatres Trust as one of 33 theatres in the country for inclusion on its "At Risk" register. Comedian Tim Vine, called on Sutton Council to reconsider its proposals.

In November 2014 the local council announced that four organisations submitting outline bids to take over the two theatres had been invited to submit full business cases. In January 2015 the bid by the new "Sutton Theatres Trust" (STT) was given approval by the council's environment and neighbourhood committee to take over the theatres, thus saving them from closure. Speaking about the future running of the theatres, a spokesperson for STT said:

In June 2015 the theatres were official handed over to the STT. Cllr Jill Whitehead said: "Now we can look forward to an exciting programme of activity to be unveiled by Sutton Theatres Trust this summer and their contribution to cultural life in Sutton."

2016 closure
In August 2016, the Sutton Theatre Trust went into administration and the theatre (along with its sister theatre in the borough) closed. The administrator began looking for a buyer for the Trust. Audience numbers had doubled under the new management, but this was still not enough for the Trust to be financially viable without additional support.

Reopening of the theatre
At a meeting in October 2018, the local council announced that the theatre would be brought back into use, following a successful bid to run the venue (on a 25-year lease) by Cryer Arts Ltd. The company plans a range of events, including music, film and theatre. In November 2019 it was announced that the theatre would reopen later that month.  The local councillor responsible for cultural services, Steve Cook, said: "I’m really pleased that we have completed this lease and that Cryer Arts can move forward with their plans to make the Cryer a real asset to the community and a successful business. It’s great to have a new performance and music space and this has come at a good time for our bid to be London Borough of Culture in 2023. I wish Cryer Arts every success and would encourage everyone to visit, use the restaurant and bar, see a performance or hire the theatre for their group."

Transport
The theatre is on TfL bus routes 127, 157, 407, and X26, and within walking distance of Carshalton railway station and Wallington railway station.

References

External links

Theatres in the London Borough of Sutton
Carshalton


title: Levon Chorbajian

text:
Levon Chorbajian (born 1942) is an American sociologist. He is a professor at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. He is the Director of the US section of the Zoryan Institute for Contemporary Armenian Research and Documentation.

An Armenian American, Chorbajian is involved in socialist and progressive politics and is a critic of neoliberalism.

Bibliography
Author

Editor

Translator

References

1942 births
American sociologists
American socialists
Armenian socialists
American people of Armenian descent
Living people
Massachusetts socialists


title: Frank Garcés

text:
Frank Yeury Garcés Ochoa (born January 17, 1990) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher for the Barrie Baycats of the Intercounty Baseball League (IBL). He has played in Major League Baseball for the San Diego Padres and in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Saitama Seibu Lions.

Professional career

Texas Rangers
Garcés signed with the Texas Rangers organization as an international free agent on May 29, 2009. He was assigned to the Dominican Summer League Rangers and appeared in eight games, posting a 0–2 win–loss record, 4.96 earned run average (ERA), and 12 strikeouts in 16 innings pitched.

San Diego Padres
Garcés was released by the Rangers organization on September 26, 2009, and signed with the San Diego Padres organization on May 12, 2011. Assigned to the Dominican Summer League Padres for the 2011 season, Garcés pitched to a 4–3 record, 2.51 ERA, and 115 strikeouts in 71 innings.

In 2012, Garcés was promoted to the Class-A Fort Wayne TinCaps and made 25 starts for the team. In a career-high 121 innings, he posted a 9–6 record, 2.81 ERA, and 112 strikeouts. Garcés continued to progress through the Padres minor league organization, pitching the entire 2013 season with the Advanced-A Lake Elsinore Storm. He struggled in his 26 starts, going 7–9 with a 5.67 ERA and 126 strikeouts. In the offseason, Garcés played with the Toros del Este of the Dominican Winter League. He was assigned to the Double-A San Antonio Missions in 2014, where he posted a 2–5 record, 1.94 ERA, and 74 strikeouts in 51 relief appearances.

Major Leagues
Garcés was called up to MLB for the first time on August 19, 2014. He was optioned to Double-A on August 23, after making two scoreless appearances for San Diego. Garcés was recalled in September and made 15 relief appearances for the Padres in 2014, with a 2.00 ERA and 10 strikeouts. Garcés returned to the Toros del Este in the offseason. In 2015, he made 40 appearances for the Padres, and posted a 0–1 win–loss record, 5.21 ERA, and 30 strikeouts in 38 innings. He also made 19 appearances for the Triple-A El Paso Chihuahuas in 2015, going 1–0 with a 2.91 ERA and 17 strikeouts.

On December 2, 2015, Garcés was granted free agency. He signed a minor league contract with the Padres on December 6. He spent the entire 2016 season in Triple-A El Paso, pitching to a 6–8 record, 4.41 ERA, and 98 strikeouts in 114 innings.

Saitama Seibu Lions
On November 17, 2016, Garcés signed a minor league contract with the Miami Marlins organization.

On December 14, 2016, Garcés signed a one-year, 60 million yen contract with the Saitama Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball. Garcés recorded a 2-2 record and 6.39 ERA in 18 appearances for the Lions in 2017. On October 25, 2017, he became a free agent.

Barrie Baycats
On June 14, 2018, Garcés made his debut with the Barrie Baycats of the Intercounty Baseball League.

Algodoneros de Unión Laguna
On April 3, 2019, Garcés signed with the Algodoneros de Unión Laguna of the Mexican League. He was released on July 15, 2019.

Piratas de Campeche
On July 17, 2019, Garcés signed with the Piratas de Campeche of the Mexican League. He was released by the Piratas on February 11, 2020.

Barrie Baycats (second stint)
On March 1, 2021, Garcés signed with the Barrie Baycats of the Intercounty Baseball League, joining the team for the 2021 season.

Pericos de Puebla
On July 8, 2021, Garcés signed with the Pericos de Puebla of the Mexican League. He was released by the team on October 20, 2021.

Barrie Baycats (third stint)
On December 23, 2021, Garcés signed with the Barrie Baycats of the Intercounty Baseball League for the 2022 season.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Algodoneros de Unión Laguna players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Japan
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dominican Summer League Rangers players
Dominican Summer League Padres players
El Paso Chihuahuas players
Fort Wayne TinCaps players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
People from San Cristóbal Province
Piratas de Campeche players
Saitama Seibu Lions players
San Antonio Missions players
San Diego Padres players
Tigres de Aragua players
Tigres del Licey players
Toros del Este players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Venezuela


title: Adetus cacapira

text:
Adetus cacapira is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2005.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 2005


title: Adetus catemaco

text:
Adetus catemaco is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2005.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 2005


title: Adetus cecamirim

text:
Adetus cecamirim is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2005.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 2005


title: Adetus inca

text:
Adetus inca is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2005.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 2005


title: Vroman, Nebraska

text:
Vroman is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, Nebraska, United States.

History
A post office was established at Vroman in 1887, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1903. The community was named for William Vroman, an early settler.

References

Unincorporated communities in Lincoln County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska


title: Queen's Head, Tolleshunt D'Arcy

text:
The Queen's Head is a public house at The Square, Tolleshunt D'Arcy, Essex CM9 8TF.

It is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.

There is a listed phone box in the forecourt.

References

National Inventory Pubs
Pubs in Essex


title: Pedro Romana

text:
Pedro Romana (c.1460–1536) was a Spanish Renaissance painter.

Romana was probably born around Córdoba, Andalusia where he was active from 1488 to 1536. He specialized in religious-themed works for church commissions, especially altarpieces for local churches. His style puts him in the Córdoba School, although he also shows influence of both Flemish and Italian art. He was elected president of the Guild of Saint Luke in 1515. Documents show that he got into financial difficulties, because in 1528 he was arrested for debt. He is known to have painted the Adoration of the Magi for the altarpiece in the church of Espejo in Córdoba, and Virgin and Child in the Museo de Bellas Artes (Córdoba), dated 1488.

References

1460 births
1536 deaths
15th-century Spanish painters
Spanish male painters
16th-century Spanish painters
Spanish Renaissance painters


title: Adetus pinima

text:
Adetus pinima is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2003.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 2003


title: Adetus lineatus

text:
Adetus lineatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2003.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 2003


title: Adetus linsleyi

text:
Adetus linsleyi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2003.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 2003


title: Adetus multifasciatus

text:
Adetus multifasciatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2003.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 2003


title: Adetus pacaruaia

text:
Adetus pacaruaia is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2003.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 2003


title: Adetus stellatus

text:
Adetus stellatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2008.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 2008


title: Adetus analis

text:
Adetus analis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Haldeman in 1847.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 1847


title: Adetus angustus

text:
Adetus angustus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1934.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 1934


title: Adetus antennatus

text:
Adetus antennatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomson in 1868.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 1868


title: Plombir

text:
Plombir is a type of Soviet ice cream made with vanilla, cream, eggs, and sugar. It was subject to national Soviet standards, which required that it be made with natural ingredients and meet specifications for consistency and fat and sugar content.

History
The name "plombir" descends from the French dessert Plombières, a vanilla ice cream mixed with candied fruit soaked in kirsch.

In 1936, Joseph Stalin sent People's Commissar of the Food Industry Anastas Mikoyan on a business trip to the United States to study and adapt American food production. In addition to purchasing food equipment, Mikoyan brought many food recipes from the United States, one of which was ice cream. On November 4, 1937, the first plombir was produced in Moscow using American equipment and given a Frenchified name.

During the 1930s, the state standardized production and it remained this way until the collapse of the USSR. In the 1990s, Russia started importing foreign brands of ice cream and the state standards were dropped.

Standards
The standards for plombir are specified with GOST 31457-2012. Plombir made in accordance with GOST must meet the following requirements:
 fat content must be between 12% and 20%
 sugar content must be 14% or higher
 amount of solid ingredients must exceed 37-42%, depending on fat content

See also
Frozen custard
Gelato
Ice cream
Soviet cuisine

References

Ice cream
Frozen desserts
Russian desserts
Soviet cuisine


title: Adetus atomarius

text:
Adetus atomarius is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Belon in 1902.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 1902


title: Adetus bacillarius

text:
Adetus bacillarius is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1885.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 1885


title: List of 17th-century chaconnes

text:
This is a list of chaconnes composed in the 17th century.  Included are all pieces of 17th-century music, or clearly marked off sections of pieces, labeled "chaconne" (or some variant of that word) by their composers, that have been found by contributors to this article among the works of musicians, musicologists, and music historians.  A few pieces not labeled "chaconne" by their composers, when they have been clearly identified as chaconnes by later commentators, have also been included.  A definitive list would be impossible to make, because there was in the 17th century, and there remains today, disagreement about the defining characteristics of a chaconne. That subject is treated in the article Chaconne.

Jump to decade:

Bibliography

  3 vols. in 1.

Chaconnes


title: Adetus basalis

text:
Adetus basalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2010.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 2010


title: Adetus binotatus

text:
Adetus binotatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomson in 1868.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 1868


title: Heterosmilax

text:
Heterosmilax was considered a genus of flowering plants in the family Smilacaceae. It was native to southern China and Southeast Asia. Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies showed that it was embedded within another genus, Smilax and was reduced to a section within that genus.

 Species
 Heterosmilax borneensis A.DC.  - Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra
 Heterosmilax chinensis F.T.Wang - Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan
 Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana (Kunth) Maxim - Vietnam, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan
 Heterosmilax longiflora K.Y.Guan & Noltie - Yunnan
 Heterosmilax micrandra T.Koyama - Hainan
 Heterosmilax micrantha (Blume) Bakh.f. - Java
 Heterosmilax paniculata Gagnep. - Cambodia, Vietnam
 Heterosmilax pertenuis (T.Koyama) T.Koyama - Thailand
 Heterosmilax polyandra Gagnep. - Yunnan, Assam, Laos, Thailand
 Heterosmilax seisuiensis (Hayata) F.T.Wang & Tang - Taiwan
 Heterosmilax septemnervia F.T.Wang & Tang - Vietnam, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan
 Heterosmilax yunnanensis Gagnep. - Yunnan

References

Smilacaceae
Liliales genera


title: Adetus brasiliensis

text:
Adetus brasiliensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1923.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 1923


title: Adetus brousi

text:
Adetus brousi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Horn in 1880.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 1880


title: Concursion (video game)

text:
Concursion is a puzzle-platform game developed by American independent studio Puuba, Inc. The game was released on June 6, 2014 for Microsoft Windows and OS X.

Gameplay

The core gameplay mechanic of Concursion is the progress across a series of separately defined levels which each feature a different take on the interplay among five different two-dimensional video game worlds overlapping one another for mysterious reasons. As the player passes through each geometrically defined genre region, the player's appearance and control scheme frequently transform in real time between: speed-based platformer, combat-based platformer, space shooter, jetpack explorer, and maze runner. The game's enemies, furthermore, will change form and behavior when crossing the border from one game dimension to another. There is a shared health system for all hero types, and the player will die when the health pool is reduced to zero by taking damage, or when they fall into a pit.

The goal of Concursion is to rescue Princess Honeybluff, a stereotypical video game princess, who is kidnapped by a similarly stereotypical bad guy, Darklord Biganbad, at the game's start. Throughout the game, there are “gem shards” to collect, which impact the player's ability to find the princess and put the world back to normal. There are seven acts, each consisting of a number of levels (between seven and eleven per act). Each level has a target time for completion, and a set number of gem shards to collect. Each act ends when the player defeats a Boss.

Development

Concursion is the first game developed by Puuba, Inc, an indie video game company owned and operated by Daniel Garfield, based in Encino, California.
Christopher Hoag, an Emmy nominated composer best known for his work on the pilot episode of the TV show House, created a soundtrack for Concursion that features multiple versions of each level song, each aurally distinct from one another, which swap in real time, based upon which gameplay style is currently active in the game.
Puuba developed Concursion over a period of fourteen months.

Reception

Metacritic gives the game a "mixed or average reviews" score of 66/100 based on 7 reviews. GameRankings gives the game a score of 66.6 based on 9 reviews.
Shael Millheim of Impulse Gamer explains, "The game provides a fun, classic atmosphere that's easy to hop into, and keeps players on their toes." Jeffrey Matulef of EuroGamer.net refers to Concursion as “a premise so clever, so simple, that it’s a wonder it’s not been done before”. Pete Davison of USGamer.net says the game is “an intriguing, creative curiosity worth keeping an eye on”.

References

External links

2014 video games
Indie games
Puzzle-platform games
Steam Greenlight games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
MacOS games
Single-player video games


title: Adetus columbianus

text:
Adetus columbianus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1948.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 1948


title: Western pearlshell

text:
The western pearlshell (Margaritifera falcata)  is a species of freshwater bivalve, a pearl mussel, a bivalve mollusk in the family Margaritiferidae. This species can be found only in the United States and Canada, where it occurs mostly west of the Rocky Mountains.

Distribution
This species of pearl mussel is found in Pacific drainages from California north to British Columbia and southern Alaska. Some scientists consider a number of the coastal and large river populations of this species to be already extirpated, nearly extirpated, or declining rapidly. However, this species is still common throughout parts of the northern Rocky Mountains, although some populations in Montana may be declining.

The species is also found east of the Continental Divide in the headwaters of the Missouri River. Originally these populations were identified as the eastern species Margaritifera margaritifera, but recently scientists have confirmed that the populations are in fact M. falcata, which means that the species somehow was able to cross the divide. The most likely explanation for this distribution is headwater capture, where pre-glacial watersheds were cut and reconfigured by glacial advance or retreat. Westslope cutthroat trout are thought to have crossed the Continental Divide from the West into the headwaters of the present-day Missouri River during the Pleistocene glaciation, more that 20,000 years ago. Since cutthroat trout are an important host species for the glochidia larvae of M. falcata, it is likely that the mussels crossed the divide by hitching a ride on the trout.

References

External links
Freshwater Mussels Of The Willamette documentary on species population and health (Oregon Field Guide)

Margaritifera
Molluscs of the United States
Bivalves described in 1850


title: Adetus consors

text:
Adetus consors is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1885.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 1885


title: Red Lion, Ampney St Peter

text:
The Red Lion is a Grade II listed pub at Ampney St Peter, Gloucestershire, GL7 5SL.

It is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.

It was built in the 18th century.

It is now open again on Thursday to Saturday evening

References

Grade II listed pubs in Gloucestershire
National Inventory Pubs
Cotswold District


title: Adetus costicollis

text:
Adetus costicollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1872.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 1872


title: Adetus curtulus

text:
Adetus curtulus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1885.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 1885


title: Adetus curupira

text:
Adetus curupira is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2006.

References

Adetus
Beetles described in 2006


title: Silesian Museum (Opava)

text:
The Silesian Museum () in Opava is the oldest and the third largest museum in the Czech Republic. The museum also manages other heritage sites.

History
The main museum was founded on 1 May 1814 by three people, Professor Faustin Ens, Franz Mückusch von Buchberg and the mayor of Opava Johann Joseph Schößler. The museum was placed into a building that was a grammar school and the new collection was known as the Museum Gymnazijni. During the nineteenth century three more museums were founded in the town. After the first world war the Czechoslovak state created a Silesian Museum and an Agricultural Museum was started in 1924 and a Leigionnaires Museum dedicated to the spirit of resistance.

This multitude of museums was partially simplified in 1939 when the Museum Gymnazijni and the Silesian Museum were merged as the Reichsgaumuseum. At the end of the war this museum's collections gained artefacts from nearby buildings and the confiscated property of German people. In 1949 the Reichsgaumuseum was given its last name change when it became this Silesian Museum.

The museum's current authority comes from a document dated 27 December 2000.

Description

The museum is the third largest museum in the Czech Republic and it has 2,400,000 artefacts. The museum cares for a number exhibits which are distributed at different locations. The museum is in charge of an arboretum, a large war memorial, a preserved fortification and a poet's birthplace.

The war memorial
The war memorial commemorates a large battle of the World War II between Nazi Germany and Russia and its allies. 13,000 names are recorded there in the village of Hrabyně. These are not just the names of soldiers but also of civilians from Silesia and North Moravia lost during the war.

The Hlučín-Darkovičky Czechoslovak Fortification Complex

The complex, located in Hlučín, is a series of five different forfications that were designed to sit on the Czech border during the first half of the twentieth century. They are an important example of the defences availables during the World War II. These fortifications have been under the management of the Silesian museum since 1992.

The Petr Bezruč memorial
This exhibition is based at the Czech poet Petr Bezruč's birthplace. Bezruc published poetry including Silesian Songs. The building where he was born was lost to the damage of the second world war but another building has been built at that site in 1956 and the museum also owns his holiday chalet in Ostravice.

The Nový Dvůr Arboretum

The Nový Dvůr Arboretum in Stěbořice is part of the museam and it includes 7,000 different species from five continents which are spread over 23 hectares. There are also 200 square metres of greenhouse space which although small includes both tropical and sub-tropical climates. These extend the range of plants of the arboretum to also include trees and plants that require the climates of Africa, Asia, America and Australasia.

References

Museums in the Czech Republic
1814 establishments in Europe
Upper Silesia


title: Mojżesz Pfefer

text:
Mojżesz Pfefer (also Pfeffer, ; 1856-1919) was a Polish-Jewish industrialist and landowner, as well as philanthropist and social activist. Born to a family of Orthodox Jews, Pfefer headed a number of progressive Jewish societies in Congress Poland, notably Ezra and Achi-Ezer. A long time councilman of the Kielce Governorate, he was the principal founder of the Kielce Jewish Hospital and the Kielce Synagogue. He died 1 April 1919 and is buried at the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery in Warsaw.

1856 births
1919 deaths
People from Kielce
People from Radom Governorate
19th-century Polish Jews
20th-century Polish businesspeople
Polish philanthropists
19th-century philanthropists


title: History of the Kalenjin people

text:
The Kalenjin people are an ethnolinguistic group indigenous to East Africa, with a presence, as dated by archaeology and linguistics, that goes back many centuries. Their history is therefore deeply interwoven with those of their neighboring communities as well as with the histories of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, South Sudan, and Ethiopia.

Origins

Genetic studies of Nilo-Saharan-speaking populations are in general agreement with archaeological evidence and linguistic studies that argue for a Nilo-Saharan homeland in eastern Sudan before 6000 BCE, with subsequent migration events northward to the eastern Sahara, westward to the Chad Basin, and southeastward into Kenya and Tanzania.

Linguist Roger Blench has suggested that the Nilo-Saharan languages and the Niger–Congo languages may be branches of the same macro–language family. Earlier proposals along this line were made by linguist Edgar Gregersen in 1972. These proposals have not reached a linguistic consensus, however, and this connection presupposes that all of the Nilo-Saharan languages are actually related in a single family, which has not been definitively established.

Linguist Christopher Ehret has made a case that a proto-Nilotic language was spoken by the third millennium B.C. He cites the eastern Middle Nile Basin south of the Abbai River as the supposed urheimat of the speakers of this language, that is to say south-east of present-day Khartoum.

Beginning in the second millennium B.C., particular Nilotic communities began to move southward into far South Sudan, where most settled. However, the societies today referred to as the Southern Nilotes pushed further on, reaching what is present-day north-eastern Uganda by 1000 B.C.

The earliest area in the Great Lakes region that is recognized as inhabited by the Southern Nilotic speakers lies in the present day Jie and Dodoth country in Uganda.

Early presence in East Africa

Ehret postulates that between 1000 and 700 BC, the Southern Nilotic speaking communities, who kept domestic stock and possibly cultivated sorghum and finger millet, lived next to an Eastern Cushitic speaking community with whom they had significant cultural interaction. The general location of this point of cultural exchange was somewhere near the common border between Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, and Ethiopia.

This corresponds with a number of historical narratives from the various Kalenjin sub-tribes, which point to Tulwetab/Tuluop Kony (Mount Elgon) as their original point of settlement in Kenya.

There are also accounts from Kalenjin speaking communities, in particular, the Sebeii, living near Mt. Elgon, who point to Kong'asis (the East), and more specifically the Cherangani Hills, as their original homelands in Kenya.

The impact of the cultural exchange that occurred around the Mt. Elgon region was most notable in borrowed loan words, adoption of the practice of circumcision, and the cyclical system of age-set organisation.

Neolithic

The arrival of the Southern Nilotes on the East African archaeological scene is correlated with the appearance of the prehistoric lithic industry and pottery tradition referred to as the Elmenteitan culture. The bearers of the Elmenteitan culture developed a distinct pattern of land use, hunting, and pastoralism on the western plains of Kenya during the East African Pastoral Neolithic. Its earliest recorded appearance dates to the ninth century BC (i.e. 900 to 801 BC).

It is thought that around the fifth and sixth centuries BC, the speakers of the Southern Nilotic languages split into two major divisions: the proto-Kalenjin and the proto-Datooga. The former took shape among those residing to the north of the Mau range, while the latter took shape among sections that moved into the Mara and Loita plains south of the western highlands.

While few large-scale excavations have been done on sites outside the Central Rift, regional surveys indicate that the population was far denser in the southern highlands during this time.

The Datooga were specialized pastoralists on considerable scale, spreading their settlements westward after 400BC across the Mara plains and as far as southeastern Lake Nyanza. Their presence on the Mara and Loita plains would continue through to the seventeenth century AD when they were driven south by the Maasai during the Il-Tatua wars.

Archaeological and linguistic evidence point to significant differences in ways of life between the Elmenteitan culture and the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic cultures that had preceded them in Kenya.

Lithic industry

For both the Elmenteitan and SPN producing societies, obsidian was the dominant source of lithic raw material for tool production, though lower quality alternatives were used occasionally. The obsidian was sourced at two discrete points with the Elmenteitan culture sourcing their obsidian from an outcrop of green obsidian on the northeast slope of Mt. Eburu.

Social organisation
The Southern Nilotes of this time, like some of their neighbors, practiced circumcision of both sexes though significant differences in practice are discerned through linguistics. Unlike the Southern Cushities and somewhat like the early Bantu, they initiated circumcised men into age-sets. The age-sets, however, were quite different from those of the Bantu of the time in that they formed a cycling system which in its early form comprised both age-sets as well as a generational component. It is thought that the eight age-sets in the system were grouped into two generations, each comprising four of the sets. Within the system, a man and his son would belong to age-sets that were of alternate generations.

Alongside the age-sets there was an age grade system which had been simplified to a two-tier system by the early stages of the Sirikwa era. By that time, a young man when initiated would join an age-set while simultaneously joining the first age-grade known as muren. At the same time, his father would join the senior age-grade known as payyan. It is speculated, though yet unproven, that the age-grade system of the Southern Nilotic period comprised four pairs of age-grades to match the four stages of each generation in the age-set system. The full complexity of this system would breakdown differently in the descendant communities with the Kalenjin retaining the age-sets and losing the age-grades while the Datooga dropped the age-sets and retained the age-grades as central to social cohesion.

Burials
The Southern Nilotic speakers cremated their deceased in caves as at Njoro River cave, Keringet caves and possibly Egerton caves, much unlike the Southern Cushitic speakers who buried their dead in cairns. Both however had similar grave goods, which typically included stone bowls, pestle rubbers and palettes.

Pastoral iron age

Early iron age
Linguistic studies indicate separate and significant interaction between the Southern Nilotic speakers and Bantu speaking communities. Word evidence shows that in this interaction, there was highly gendered migration from the Bantu speaking communities into Southern Nilotic-speaking areas during the period, ca. 500-800 A.D., with Luhya women being the migrants.

The evidence for this lies in the words that passed from the Bantu language into the Southern Nilotic language during this period. In contrast to the wide variety of Kalenjin loanwords in Luhya today, all but one of the words that were adopted from Luhya relate to cultivation and cooking, which were traditionally women's duties in ancient Luhya society.

It has been suggested that the social institution of marriage led to the select migration. In that, whereas the Southern Nilotic speaking pastoralists contracted marriage through payment of cattle and other livestock by the groom's family to the prospective bride's family, the Bantu of 1500 to 2000 years ago likely contracted marriage through bride service, whereby the prospective groom would work in the potential bride's household for a period of time. This arrangement, therefore, served to make men the migrants in contrast to payment of bride price which made women the migrants.

The marrying of Luhya women to Kalenjin men would have conferred benefits to men of both societies at the time since for the Kalenjin, Luhya women would have contributed expanded agricultural variety and productivity to the homestead. On the other hand, a Luhya father, by marrying his daughter to a Kalenjin man could increase his own wealth and position within Luhya society. Over the long term such relations, by increasing men's wealth in cattle, undoubtedly helped bring into being new customary balance's between men and women's authority and status in Luhya society. These societies are today patrilineal unlike the ancient Luhya societies which appear to have been matrilineal.

Late iron age

From the archaeological record, it is postulated that the emergence and early development of the Sirikwa culture occurred in the central Rift Valley i.e. Rongai/Hyrax Hill, not later than the 12th century A.D. Between this period and about the 17th century i.e prior to the Loikop expansion -the Sirikwa pioneered an advanced form of pastoral management. They were not the first culture to herd cattle, goats and sheep in the high grasslands; this having happened at least two thousand years previously. The achievement of the Sirikwa culture, sometime after 1000AD, was the introduction of a more efficient exploitation of the lush pastures through less emphasis on beef and more on dairy production. For this purpose they perfected a small breed of Zebu cattle - what is essentially now known as the Maasai breed - whose milk yield though modest in volume is rich in quality. With herds of sufficient size and mobility, combined with sheep and goat for a regular meat supply, the bearers of the Sirikwa culture pioneered an efficient way of exploiting unenclosed tracts of high grassland. This innovation likely allowed for the expansion, as attested archaeologically, from the central Rift Valley into the western highlands, the Mt. Elgon region and possibly into Uganda.

For several centuries, the bearers of the Sirikwa culture would be the dominant population of the western highlands of Kenya. At their greatest extent, their territories covered the highlands from the Chepalungu and Mau forests northwards as far as the Cherangany Hills and Mount Elgon. There was also a south-eastern projection, at least in the early period, into the elevated Rift grasslands of Nakuru which was taken over permanently by the Maasai, probably no later than the seventeenth century. Here Kalenjin place names seem to have been superseded in the main by Maasai names notably Mount Suswa (Kalenjin - place of grass) which was in the process of acquiring its Maasai name, Ol-doinyo Nanyokie, the red mountain during the period of European exploration.

Archaeological evidence indicates a highly sedentary way of life and a cultural commitment to a closed defensive system for both the community and their livestock during the Sirikwa period. Family homesteads featured small individual family stock pens, elaborate gate-works and sentry points and houses facing into the homestead; defensive methods primarily designed to proof against individual thieves or small groups of rustlers hoping to succeed by stealth. Links with external trade networks are indicated by caravan routes from the Swahili coast that led to, or cut through the territories of the  bearers of the Sirikwa culture.

Pre-19th century
A body of oral traditions from various East African communities points to the presence of at least four significant Kalenjin-speaking population groups present prior to the 19th century. Meru oral history describes the arrival of their ancestors at Mount Kenya where they interacted with a community referred to as Lumbwa. The Lumbwa occupied the lower reaches of Mount Kenya though the extent of their territory is presently unclear. North-east of this community, across the Rift Valley, a community known as the Chok (later Suk) occupied the Elgeyo escarpment. Pokot oral history describes their way of life, as that of the Siger (or Sengwer), a community that appears to have lived in association with the Chok. The name Siger was used by the Karamojong and arose from a distinctive cowrie shell adornment favored by this community. The area occupied by the Sekker stretched between Mount Elgon and present-day Uasin Gishu as well as into a number of surrounding counties. Far west, a community known as the Maliri occupied present day Jie and Dodoth country in Uganda. The Karamojong would eject them from this region over the course of the century and their traditions describe these encounters with the Maliri. The arrival in the district of the latter community is thought by some to be in the region of six to eight centuries ago.

Bordering these communities were two distinct communities whose interactions and those with the Kalenjin-speaking communities would lead to notable cultural change. The Maliri in Uganda were neighbored by the Karamojong, an Iron Age community that practiced a pastoral way of life. To the north of the Sekker and Chok were the Oropom (Orupoi), a late neolithic society whose expansive territory is said to have stretched across Turkana and the surrounding region as well as into Uganda and Sudan. Wilson (1970) who collected traditions relating to the Oropom observed that the corpus of oral literature suggested that, at its tail end, the society "had become effete, after enjoying for a long period the fruits of a highly developed culture".

Towards the end of 18th century and through the 19th century, a series of droughts, plagues of locusts, epidemics, and in the final decades of the 19th century, a rapid succession of sub-continental epizootics affected these communities. There is an early record of the great Laparanat drought c.1785 that affected the Karamajong. However, for communities then resident in what is present-day Kenya many disaster narratives relate the start with the Aoyate, an acute meteorological drought that affected much of East and Southern Africa in the early nineteenth century.

19th century

Nile records indicate that the three decades starting about 1800 were marked by low rainfall levels in regions south of the Sahara. East African oral narratives and the few written records indicate peak aridity during the 1830s resulting in recorded instances of famine in 1829 and 1835 in Ethiopia and 1836 in Kenya. Among Kenyan Rift Valley communities this arid period, and the consequent series of events, have been referred to as Mutai.

A feature of the Mutai was increased conflict between neighboring communities, most noted of these has been the Iloikop wars. Earlier conflicts preceding the Iloikop wars appear to have brought about the pressures that resulted in this period of conflict. Von Höhnel (1894) and Lamphear (1988) recorded narratives concerning conflict between the Turkana and Burkineji or at least the section recalled as Sampur that appear to have been caused by even earlier demographic pressures.

Turkana - Burkineji conflict

Turkana narratives recorded by Lamphear (1988) provide a broad perspective of the prelude to the conflict between the Turkana and a community he refers to as Kor, a name by which the Turkana still call the Samburu in the present day.

Lamphear notes that Tukana traditions aver that a dreamer among them saw strange animals living with the people up in the hills. Turkana warriors were thus sent forward to capture one of these strange beasts,which the dreamer said looked 'like giraffes, but with humps on their backs'. The young men therefore went and captured one of these beasts - the first camels the Turkana had seen. The owners of the strange beasts appear to have struck the Turkana as strange as well. The Turkana saw them as 'red' people, partly because of their lighter skin and partly because they daubed their hair and bodies with reddish clay. They thus gave them the name 'Kor'. Lamphear states that Turkana traditions agree that the Kor were very numerous and lived in close pastoral association with two other communities known as 'Rantalle' and 'Poran', the names given to the Cushitic speaking Rendille and Boran communities.

According to Von Höhnel (1894) "a few decades" prior, the Burkineji occupied districts on the west of the lake and that they were later driven eastwards into present day Samburu. He later states that "some fifty years ago the Turkana owned part of the land on the west now occupied by the Karamoyo, whilst the southern portion of their land belonged to the Burkineji. The Karamoyo drove the Turkana further east, and the Turkana, in their turn, pushed the Burkineji towards Samburuland".

Collapse of Siger community
Lamphear states that Turkana narratives indicate that at the time of interaction with the 'Kor', the Turkana were in even closer proximity to a community referred to as Siger. This was the Karamoja name for the community and derived from an adornment that this community favored. The Siger like the Kor, were seen as a 'red' people, they are also remembered as a 'heterogeneous, multi-lingual confederation, including Southern and Eastern Nilotic-speakers, and those who spoke Cushitic dilects'. According to Turkana traditions the Siger once held most of the surrounding country 'until the Kor and their allies came up from the south and took it from them. In the process, the Kor and Siger had blended to some extent'.

According to Lamphears account, Turkana traditions directly relate the collapse of the 'Siger' to the Aoyate. He notes that;

The collapse of the Siger/Sengwer community is generally believed to have seen the rise of a prophet-diviner class among many pastoral communities and a period marked by reformation.

Cultural changes, particularly the innovation of heavier and deadlier spears amongst the Loikop led to significant changes in methods and scale of raiding. The change in methods introduced by the Loikop also consisted of fundamental differences of strategy, in fighting and defense, and also in organization of settlements and of political life.

The cultural changes played a part in significant southward expansion of Loikop territory from a base east of Lake Turkana. This expansion led to the development of three groupings within Loikop society. The Sambur who occupied the 'original' country east of Lake Turkana as well as the Laikipia plateau. The Uasin Gishu occupied the grass plateaus now known as the Uasin Gishu and Mau while the Maasai territory extended from Naivasha to Kilimanjaro. This expansion was subsequently followed by the Iloikop wars.

The expansion of Turkana and Loikop societies led to significant change within the Sirikwa society. Some communities were annihilated by the combined effects of the Mutai of the 19th century while others adapted to the new era.

Iloikop wars
Members of collapsing communities were usually assimilated into ascending identities.

Significant cultural change also occurred. Guarding cattle on the plateaus depended less on elaborate defenses and more on mobility and cooperation. Both of these requiring new grazing and herd-management strategies. The practice of the later Kalenjin – that is, after they had abandoned the Sirikwa pattern and had ceased in effect to be Sirikwa – illustrates this change vividly. On their reduced pastures, notably on the borders of the Uasin Gishu plateau, when bodies of raiders approached they would relay the alarm from ridge to ridge, so that the herds could be combined and rushed to the cover of the forests. There, the approaches to the glades would be defended by concealed archers, and the advantage would be turned against the spears of the plains warriors.

More than any of the other sections, the Nandi and Kipsigis, in response to Maasai expansion, borrowed from the Maasai some of the traits that would distinguish them from other Kalenjin: large-scale economic dependence on herding, military organization and aggressive cattle raiding, as well as centralized religious-political leadership. The family that established the office of Orkoiyot (warlord/diviner) among both the Nandi and Kipsigis were migrants from northern Chemwal regions. By the mid-nineteenth century, both the Nandi and Kipsigis were expanding at the expense of the Maasai.

The Iloikop wars ended in the 1870s with the defeat and dispersal of the Laikipiak. However, the new territory acquired by the Maasai was vast and left them overextended thus unable to occupy it effectively. This left them open to encroachment by other communities. By the early 1880s, Kamba, Kikuyu and acculturating Sirikwa/Kalenjin raiders were making inroads into Maasai territory, and the Maasai were struggling to control their resources of cattle and grazing land.

The latter decades of the nineteenth century, saw the early European explorers start advancing into the interior of Kenya. Many present-day identities were by then recognized and begin to appear in the written record. In the introduction to Beech's account on the Suk, Eliot notes that they seemed "unanimous in tracing their origin to two tribes called Chôk(or Chũk) and Sekker (and that) at present they call themselves Pôkwut...', he also recognizes five dialects, "Nandi, Kamasia, Endo (and) Suk, the difference being the greatest between the first and the last. The Maragwet language, which is presumably akin, appears not to have been studied, and there are probably others in the same case".

About the time contacts were being made this time, two instances of epizootics broke out in the Rift Valley region. In 1883, bovine Pleuro-Pneumonia spread from the north and lingered for several years. The effect of this was to cause the Loikop to regroup and to go out raiding more aggressively to replenish their herds. This was followed by a far more serious outbreak of Rinderpest which occurred in 1891.

This period - characterized by disasters, including a rinderpest epidemic, other stock diseases, drought, mass starvation, and smallpox was referred to as a Mutai.

20th century

Resistance to British rule

By the latter decades of the nineteenth century, the Kalenjin - more so the Nandi, had acquired a fearsome reputation. Thompson was warned in 1883 to avoid the country of the Nandi, who were known for attacks on strangers and caravans that would attempt to scale the great massif of the Mau.

Nonetheless, trade relations were established between the Kalenjin and incoming British. This was tempered on the Kalenjin side by the prophesies of various seers. Among the Nandi, Kimnyole had warned that contact with the Europeans would have a significant impact on the Nandi while Mongo was said to have warned against fighting the Europeans.

Matson, in his account of the resistance, shows 'how the irresponsible actions of two British traders, Dick and West, quickly upset the precarious modus vivendi between the Nandi and incoming British'. Conflict, led on the Nandi side by Koitalel Arap Samoei - Nandi Orkoiyot at the time, was triggered by West's killing in 1895.

The East Africa Protectorate, Foreign Office, and missionary societies administrations reacted to West's death by organizing invasions of Nandi in 1895 and 1897. Invading forces were able to inflict sporadic losses upon Nandi warriors, steal hundreds of livestock, and burn villages, but were not able to end Nandi resistance.

1897 also saw the colonial government set up base in Eldama Ravine under the leadership of certain Messrs. Ternan and Grant, an intrusion that was not taken to kindly by the Lembus community. This triggered conflict between the Lembus and the British, the latter of whom fielded Maasai and Nubian soldiers and porters.

The British eventually overcame the Lembus following which Grant and Lembus elder's negotiated a peace agreement. During the negotiations, the Lembus were prevailed upon by Grant to state what they would not harm nor kill, to which the response was women. As such, they exchanged a girl from the Kimeito clan while Grant offered a white bull as a gesture of peace and friendship. This agreement was known as the Kerkwony Agreement. The negotiations were held where Kerkwony Stadium stands today.

On October 19, 1905, on the grounds of what is now Nandi Bears Club, Arap Samoei was asked to meet Col Richard Meinertzhagen for a truce. A grand-nephew of one of Arap Samoei's bodyguards later noted that “There were about 22 of them who went for a meeting with the (European) that day. Koitalel Arap Samoei had been advised not to shake hands because if he did, that would give him away as the leader. But he extended his hand and was shot immediately". Koitalel's death led to the end of the Nandi resistance.

Kalenjin identity
Until the mid-20th century, the Kalenjin did not have a common name and were usually referred to as the 'Nandi-speaking tribes' by scholars and colonial administration officials.

Starting in the 1940s, individuals from the various 'Nandi-speaking tribes' who had been drafted to fight in World War II (1939–1945) began using the term Kale or Kore (a term that denoted scarification of a warrior who had killed an enemy in battle) to refer to themselves. At about the same time, a popular local radio broadcaster by the name of John Chemallan would introduce his wartime broadcasts show with the phrase Kalenjok meaning "I tell You" (when said to many people). This would influence a group of fourteen young 'Nandi-speaking' men attending Alliance School and who were trying to find a name for their peer group. They would call it Kalenjin meaning "I tell you" (when said to one person). The word Kalenjin was gaining currency as a term to denote all the 'Nandi-speaking' tribes. This identity would be consolidated with the founding of the Kalenjin Union in Eldoret in 1948 and the publication of a monthly magazine called Kalenjin in the 1950s.

In 1955 when Mzee Tameno, a Maasai and member of the Legislative Assembly (LEGCO) for Rift Valley, tendered his resignation, the Kalenjin presented one candidate to replace him; Daniel Toroitich arap Moi.

By 1960, concerned with the dominance of the Luo and Kikuyu, Arap Moi and Ronald Ngala formed KADU to defend the interests of the countries smaller tribes. They campaigned on a platform of majimboism (devolution) during the 1963 elections but lost to KANU. Shortly after independence in December 1963, Kenyatta convinced Moi to dissolve KADU. This was done in 1964 when KADU dissolved and joined KANU.

21st century

The Kalenjin have been called by some "the running tribe." Since the mid-1960s, Kenyan men have earned the largest share of major honours in international athletics at distances from 800 meters to the marathon; the vast majority of these Kenyan running stars have been Kalenjin. From 1980 on, about 40% of the top honours available to men in international athletics at these distances (Olympic medals, World Championships medals, and World Cross Country Championships honours) have been earned by Kalenjin.

In 2008, Pamela Jelimo became the first Kenyan woman to win a gold medal at the Olympics; she also became the first Kenyan to win the Golden League jackpot in the same year. Since then, Kenyan women have become a major presence in international athletics at the distances; most of these women are Kalenjin. Amby Burfoot of Runner's World stated that the odds of Kenya achieving the success they did at the 1988 Olympics were below 1:160 billion. Kenya had an even more successful Olympics in 2008.

A number of theories explaining the unusual athletic prowess among people from the tribe have been proposed. These include many explanations that apply equally well to other Kenyans or people living elsewhere who are not disproportionately successful athletes, such as that they run to school every day, that they live at relatively high altitude, and that the prize money from races is large compared to typical yearly earnings. One theory is that the Kalenjin has relatively thin legs and therefore does not have to lift so much leg weight when running long distances.

References

Kalenjin
History of Kenya


title: 1999 Longford County Council election

text:
An election to Longford County Council took place on 10 June 1999 as part of that year's Irish local elections. 21 councillors were elected from four local electoral areas  for a five-year term of office on the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV).

Results by party

Results by local electoral area

Ballymahon

Drumlish

Granard

Longford

External links
 Official website

1999 Irish local elections
1999


title: Money Free movement

text:
The Money Free movement is a political movement that advocates for a resource-based economy, where all work is voluntary. The movement has political parties in New Zealand and the United Kingdom and is aligned with work of the American-based Jacque Fresco, who is the founder of The Venus Project.

The movement has fielded candidates in several elections across at least two countries, but has not won any positions.

Political activities in New Zealand
As of 2023, Money Free Party NZ is led by Richard Osmaston, who founded the party. Osmaston previously ran for mayor of Nelson in 2013 before founding the party in 2014.

Elections
The party was unable to get enough verified members (500) to register for the 2014 general election. It stood five electorate candidates, but none were successful.

Party members stood for multiple mayoralties in the 2016 local elections, such as Richard Osmaston in Nelson, Gordon Marshall in Porirua, and Ted Howard in Kaikōura. Osmaston also stood for the Moutere / Waimea seat in Tasman District Council in the same year.

In the 2017 general election the party stood four candidates in electorates, winning 293 votes. The party's best result was from Scott Andrew in Palmerston North, who received 142 votes (0.41%, 5th of 5 candidates).

Osmaston stood for mayor of Grey District in 2019, receiving 302 votes compared to the winner's 2,709.

The party ran two candidates in the 2020 New Zealand general election: Richard Osmaston in West Coast-Tasman, and Prince Bhavik in Kaikōura. Neither was successful. During the 2022 local elections, Osmaston ran for six different mayoralties, winning none. Osmaston also stood as a candidate in the 2022 Hamilton West by-election, but was again unsuccessful. The party is fielding two candidates in the 2023 general election.

Political activities in the United Kingdom
Money Free Party-UK (MFP-UK) was a registered political party in the UK. It is led by Jodian Rodgers.

It was a registered party in Great Britain from September 2013 until November 2016, when it was statutorily deregistered. In March 2017 the UK Electoral Commission approved its re-registration. It was again deregistered in 2021.

In a 2017 interview, Rodgers advocated putting all resources into common ownership, automating as much labour as possible, and having no leaders.

Elections
Nick Tapping ran in the 2015 Poole Borough Council election, coming last in the Canford Heath West ward. The Money Free Party was also a registered party for the 2015 general elections.

Jodiah Rodgers contested the Bristol West seat in the 2017 elections. Rodgers came last of five candidates with 101 votes, losing his deposit with just 0.1% of the vote.

Political activities in the United States
An American named Steve Saylor announced on a podcast that he planned to campaign for U.S. president in 2020 as part of the Money Free Party, but never filed as a candidate in any state.

See also

 Egalitarianism
 Free Money Day
 Freedom of association
 Non-monetary economy
 Open-access
 Post-scarcity economy
 Refusal of work
 Subsistence economy
 Technological fix
 The Venus Project
 The Zeitgeist Movement
 Universal basic income
 Voluntaryism

References

Monetary reform
Political parties in New Zealand
Political parties established in 2014
2014 establishments in New Zealand
Political parties in the United Kingdom


title: Hoagland, Nebraska

text:
Hoagland is an unincorporated community in Logan County, Nebraska, United States.

History
A post office was established at Hoagland in 1912, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1944. The community was named for homesteader W. V. Hoagland.

References

Unincorporated communities in Logan County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska


title: Doe Island Marine State Park

text:
Doe Island State Park is a public recreation area comprising the entirety of Doe Island, a  island lying some  off the eastern flank of Orcas Island in the San Juan Islands group in San Juan County, Washington. It has  of shoreline and a trail three-tenths of a mile long that circles the island. It is only accessible by water. The Washington State Parks originally acquired a portion of the island from the Bureau of Land Management in 1964 for $15.27, with a second acquisition in 1967 from the DNR at no cost.

Activities on the Island

 Camping, with five no-reservation sites, each with a fire ring, picnic tables, and a vault toilet. That being said, the island does not have potable water or electricity.
 Boating, although community reports indicate that the dock on the island was destroyed and has yet to be repaired.
 Fishing, as well as oyster and crab harvesting.
 Birdwatching, and wildlife viewing.

References

External links
Doe Island Marine State Park Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
Doe Island Marine State Park Map Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission

Parks in San Juan County, Washington
State parks of Washington (state)
Protected areas established in 1967
1967 establishments in Washington (state)
San Juan Islands
Uninhabited islands of Washington (state)


title: Zbigniew Dunin-Wasowicz

text:
Zbigniew Dymitr Dunin-Wasowicz (born October 14, 1882, in Brzeżany, Austrian Galicia, died June 13, 1915, in Rokitna, Austrian Bukovina), was a Polish military leader, Rittmeister of Polish Legions in World War I.

Family
He was the son of Boleslaw Dunin-Wasowicz, a local nobleman, officer of the Imperial Austrian Army and chamberlain at the imperial court. Furthermore, his grandfather, Mikolaj Dunin-Wasowicz, was a Chevau-léger during Napoleonic Wars, who fought in the Battle of Somosierra.

Military career
After graduation from military cadet school in Lobzow (now a district of Kraków), Dunin-Wasowicz became a professional officer of the Austro-Hungarian Army. In 1910, he became Second Lieutenant of Cavalry, serving in the 13th Cavalry Regiment. In 1912 he was transferred to reserve, and became an active participant of Polish paramilitary unit, the Riflemen's Association. In August 1914, after mobilization had been announced, he came to Kraków and on August 11 was named commandant of a mounted unit of the Sokol movement.

Together with his unit, Dunin-Wasowicz crossed the pre-1914 border between Austrian Galicia and Congress Poland. He fought the Russians in the area of Kielce, and on August 23 was sent back to Kraków, charged with training of additional cavalry units of Polish Legions in World War I. There, he formed 2nd and 3rd squadrons, and in early September 1914 was named commandant of the 2nd squadron.

In October 1914, both squadrons were sent to Hungary, and then to Eastern Galicia, where on October 26 in Cyculow near Stanisławów, 2nd squadron was involved in its first clash with Russians. In recognition of his services and bravery, on November 2 Dunin-Wasowicz was promoted to the rank of Rittmeister. In late November and early December 1914, he fought with his unit in the area inhabited by Hutsuls, and in January 1915, Dunin-Wasowicz 2nd squadron was transferred to Bukovina, to repel Russian invasion of this province.

Zbigniew Dunin-Wasowicz was killed on June 13, 1915, in the Charge of Rokitna. He was commemorated in one of the first zurawiejkas, called “Song of Wasowicz’s Squadron”: “Our Wasowicz, a great guy, beat up the Moskals in Cucylowa. Second squadron distinguished itself, by shedding streams of enemy blood”.

He was buried at Rakowicki Cemetery in Kraków: mass funeral of uhlans killed at Rokitna took place on February 25, 1923. A street in Kraków was named after him. Dunin-Wasowicz was posthumously awarded Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari and Cross of Independence.

See also
 Charge of Rokitna
 Polish Legions in World War I

Sources
 Marian Kukiel, Dzieje polityczne Europy od rewolucji francuskiej 1789-1921, Londyn: PULS Publications, 1992
 August Krasicki Dziennik z kampanii rosyjskiej 1914-1926 Instytut Wydawniczy PAX, Warszawa 1988.
 Stanisław Rostworowski Nie Tylko Pierwsza Brygada (1914-1918) Z Legionami na bój P.W. EGROSS – Oficyna Wydawnicza, Warszawa 1993,
 Andrzej Czesław Żak Rokitna 1915 Wydawnictwo Bellona, Warszawa 1994, .
 Wacław Lipiński Walka zbrojna o niepodległość Polski w latach 1905-1918 Oficyna Wydawnicza VOLUMEN, Warszawa 1990,  (przedruk z 1935 roku).
 Michał Klimecki, Władysław Klimczak Legiony Polskie, Bellona, Warszawa 1990, .
 Cezary Leżeński / Lesław Kukawski: O kawalerii polskiej XX wieku. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1991, s. 25. .

1882 births
1915 deaths
Polish soldiers
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Polish legionnaires (World War I)
Military personnel killed in World War I