title: Family!

text:
is a Japanese comedy manga series written and illustrated by Taeko Watanabe, the author of Kaze Hikaru. The story follows the lives of the Andersons, a conventionally dysfunctional family in which the parents are as childish as the children are mature; nevertheless, they manage to live happily together.

The manga was serialized in Shogakukan's Bessatsu Shōjo Comic magazine from the July 1981 issue to the September 1985 issue. Shogakukan later collected the individual chapters into 11 tankōbon (bound volumes) under the Flower Comics imprint. The first volume was published on March 25, 1982; the last volume was published on November 26, 1985.

In 1986, Family! was adapted into an 26-episode anime television series titled , directed by Masamune Ochiai and broadcast on TV Tokyo. Outside of Japan, the anime had significant success in Italy, where it was broadcast on Italia 1, under the title Che famiglia è questa Family!

Plot
The story revolves around the Andersons, an American family who resided in Los Angeles, California. Everything was turned upside down when a strange boy named Jonathan arrived with his dog Adam and claimed to be an illegitimate son of Wilfred Anderson, the wimpy father of the family. That turned out not to be true, but aside from his trickery, Jonathan's kind nature won over the family and they decided to adopt him (and his dog, too).

The family had got involved in several misadventures, but despite their dysfunction, they remained a loving family and their relationships with each other and the people around them only strengthened.

Characters

Also called , a wimpy father who wasn't much of role model material, but still cared a lot about his family. He got into big trouble when Jonathan came and claimed to be his illegitimate son. Despite his best effort to cross his heart, everyone thought that was true until Jonathan admitted it himself, although other members (including his own wife Sharen and excluding his daughter Fee), wasn't bothered that much by Jonathan's presence. Wilfred's path to marrying Sharen had been quite adverse as he had nearly got beaten to death by her sister, but in the end, the wimpy guy had proven his worth with his determination, and had a family with three children, although he got scarred and dreaded his sister-in-law for life.

Née , she was the mother of the family. Back when her children, Kay and Fee, had been toddlers, she proved to be decent mother material, but as they had grown into teenagers, she, for some reason, turned into a carefree, oblivious, infantile and clumsy woman who liked dressing up as Cookie Monster (called Happy Monster in the anime). She had an insanely protective sister who had been willing to beat her boyfriends to a pulp to see if they would be strong-willed enough to protect her, and Wilfred seemed to be the only one.

The essential lead character of the story, a 15-year-old tomboy who was the middle child of the Anderson family. She was very boyish and had always been that way since childhood, but she gradually showed her feminine side since she dated Ralph. She didn't perform that well in school and frequently got D's in Spanish. She was the main straight man character of the story, who tried her best to keep other Andersons in check, despite her own rashness. She cared a lot about other people, although some may have taken it as being annoyingly nosy. When Jonathan came, she was the only one who was suspicious of his story (while Wilfred himself could do nothing but crying and begging for understanding), and it was her who exposed Jonathan. In the end however, she warmed up to him like everyone else (even Wilfred) had always been since the beginning, despite the fact that they fought a lot.

The Andersons' eldest child who was 17 years old. He cared a lot about his sister Fee and they were close, to the point that Fee actually got irritated when he started dating again (a condition that Ralph half-jokingly dubbed "brother complex"). While Fee was boyish, he was girlish and gentle. When they were kids, Fee would refuse to wear the dresses her parents'd bought; Kay had once tried one, and after Fee'd told him that he'd looked good in it, he'd started to embrace his femininity and that enabled him to express himself freely as a gay man. Ralph was one of his boyfriends.

The Andersons' youngest daughter, she was a pretty, but outspoken, 7-year-old girl. Her appearance was admired by her classmates, but she was only interested in adult men. She was quite mature for a 7-year-old when speaking to adults, but she still had her childlike hobbies. She was once cast for a TV role for her straightforward attitude, but also for her surprising acting talent, but that didn't interest her for long.

A strange boy who claimed to be Wilfred's illegitimate son out of the blue one day. He was incredibly astute for a 6-year-old as he could think of such trickery to fool a whole family into believing, although in all fairness, the Andersons were simply either carefree or just oblivious. The only one who was always suspicious of him was Fee. She later found out the truth, upon learning which he and his dog Adam left immediately. It turned out that while other Andersons didn't mind his presence at all, Fee, who Jonathan cared about the most, was the only one who wasn't even trying to being nice to him. And when she learned, she went on in search for him. The Andersons managed to rescue Jonathan and Adam out of pit which the two fell into in search for a new home. It was revealed later that he had to leave his fostering uncle's family because they wanted to kill Adam. At the end of the series, Jonathan had to leave, albeit in tearful farewell, the Andersons, to go and live with his biological father.

A big but cowardly dog who was very intelligent for a dog (because he could understand humans and communicate with them to some extent with sign language), but still stupid by human standard. He was Jonathan's closest friend growing up. He had no romantic interest in dogs.

Fee's boyfriend. He was originally in a relationship with Kay, until he got to know his tomboy sister. He then broke up with Kay (they still remained good friends) and developed feelings for Fee, although he still had trouble expressing his feelings to an insensitive and clueless Fee. Ralph always addressed his parents Jay and Louise by name even though Jay always insisted that he call him .

Nicknamed , he was a well-known TV drama director. He was also outspoken and harsh, even when he met his match, Tracy as she was cast for his show. He lived with his boyfriend and his son, Ralph, which explained Ralph's homosexuality. Despite being gay, he had wanted a son, so he actually got into a sexual relationship with Louise for that sole purpose, then later broke up with her.

Ralph's mother, who he mistakenly thought was dead because of her absence ever since he'd been born, until Jay told him otherwise which enabled Ralph to seek her out and reunite. She also directed TV shows. After breaking up with Jay and leaving Ralph's custody to him, Louise continued working in TV and had a relationship with a man named Arthur who unfortunately later passed away after a fatal traffic accident.

James's boyfriend. While James was inconsiderate, he was tactful and caring when talking to Ralph.

An old woman who was widowed after her husband died and left her nothing but his wealth. Despite her age, she was quite a crybaby. She wanted to adopt Jonathan because he bore a strong resemblance to her son  who died young. The day Fee decided to support such an adoption for his own good was also the day she realized how much Jonathan meant to her and her to him. Although, Mrs. Harwell couldn't have Jonathan as her son, she remained a close neighbor to the Andersons.

Mrs. Harwell's young housekeeper who was very blunt and casual to her employer, even disrespectful sometimes. She chewed bubblegum almost all the time.

Jonathan's teacher who discovered his high intellect that was beyond that of a kindergartener. She and the principal convinced him to take a special class rather than just have fun with his kindergarten friends. In the end, they realize how wrong they were not to let a child just be child, Jonathan went back to being just a smart kid in the class.

A woman with whom Fee worked at a bookstore who had a little dog that her boyfriend had given her and that she named . At first everyone thought Adam lost his appetite because he had a crush on Kitty, but it turned out that he actually liked Lola. His infatuation, however, ended when her actual boyfriend Adam reunited after a long time since they had broken up.

A kidnapper nicknamed  who completely failed at kidnapping: he mistook Tracy for a girl named , only realized it when Tracy told him, failed to threaten anyone for ransom, and could do pretty much nothing without his own hostage's help, all in a desperate attempt to become famous and to make his mother proud. But with Tracy's help throughout his soul-searching, he finally got "out of the box" and realized his way going forward. The whole ordeal also showed how completely fearless Tracy was and how carefree all of the Andersons (except Fee) were when one of them was supposedly kidnapped and actually gone for days.

A Japanese student who went to live with the Andersons in California for the time she studied there. She had a crush on Fee and later Kay without ever knowing that she was a girl and he was gay. She was frustrated with Japan's socially restrictive culture and envied the freedom that her host family enjoyed, but in the end she realized that Japan is just different and not even that bad.

A girl in Jonathan's class. She was very timid and reserved. For some reason, she was very clingy to Jonathan and refused to play with anyone but him which was good because he was very caring but also bad because she was frequently bullied as a result. Not until Jonathan was beaten almost senseless defending her did she tell the bully off, and started to open up with everyone else. It turned out the reason why she was so attached to Jonathan is because he looked exactly like her stuffed monkey.

The chief bully in Jonathan's class. Jonathan was the only one to manage to "tame" him with his caring, and eventually, they became best friends.

References

External links

1981 manga
1986 anime television series debuts
1987 Japanese television series endings
Japanese children's animated comedy television series
Animated television series about children
Animated television series about dysfunctional families
Comedy anime and manga
Knack Productions
Television shows set in Miami
TV Tokyo original programming
Shogakukan manga
Shōjo manga


title: TYF

text:
TYF may refer to:

Ten Yard Fight
Tribal Youth Federation (A left wing youth organisation in Tripura)
Turkish Sailing Federation (Türkiye Yelken Federasyonu)
Turkish Swimming Federation (Türkiye Yüzme Federasyonu)


title: Timeline of Norfolk, Virginia

text:
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Norfolk, Virginia, United States.

Prior to 19th century

 1682 - Norfolk Town founded.
 1728 - Norfolk Academy chartered.
 1736 - Town of Norfolk attains borough status.
 1739 - Saint Paul's Episcopal Church built.
 1760 (approximately) - Poplar Hall, a historic plantation house, is built.
 1767 - Gosport Shipyard established near Norfolk.
 1776 - January 1: Burning of Norfolk.
 1790 - Population: 2,959.
 1795 - Fort Norfolk built.
 1799 - Fire.

19th century
 1804 - Female Orphan Society founded.
 1812 - War of 1812 begins; ends 1815.
 1819 - First U.S. Customs House built on waterfront; relocated to permanent building on Main Street in 1852.
 1828 - Christ Church built.
 1840 - Population: 10,920.
 1845 - Norfolk attains city status.
 1848 - Norfolk Humane Association active.
 1850
 Norfolk Courthouse built.
 Freemason Street Baptist Church dedicated.
 1852 - Permanent U.S. Custom House opens at Main & Granby Street
 1853 - "Negro free school" and Elmwood Cemetery established.
 1854 - Saint Mary's Catholic Cemetery established.
 1855
 Yellow fever outbreak; over 3,000 people die.
 Hospital of St. Vincent de Paul is founded in response to the yellow fever epidemic. It is Norfolk's first civilian and public hospital. It would evolve into what is now Bon Secours DePaul Medical Center.
 1858
 Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad laid out.
 Basilica of Saint Mary built.
 1861
 (April) Civil War begins.
 (May) Battle of Sewell's Point
 1862 - May 10: Union forces in power.
 1865
 Colored Monitor Union Club formed.
 Civil War ends.
 1870 - Norfolk Library Association founded.
 1873 - West Point Cemetery established.
 1875 - Masonic Temple built.
 1877 - Norfolk and Portsmouth Cotton Exchange incorporated.
 1880
 Population: 21,966.
 Norfolk College for Young Ladies, a finishing school, opens Downtown and operates until about 1899.
 1885 - Hofheimer's, a Norfolk-based retailer of upscale footwear, is founded. The company thrives for many decades before closing in 1998.
 1887 - Brambleton becomes part of Norfolk.
 1888
 St. John's African Methodist Episcopal Church built.
 Norfolk Retreat for the Sick opens; it would later evolve into Norfolk General Hospital.
 1899 or soon thereafter - the college that would later evolve into University of Mary Washington took over the former finishing school building previously occupied by Norfolk College for Young Ladies.
 1890
 Atlantic City becomes part of Norfolk.
 Population: 34,871.
 1894 - Norfolk Daily Pilot newspaper begins publication; it evolved into the present-day Virginian-Pilot.
 1896
 Epworth United Methodist Church opens.
 Norfolk and Portsmouth Belt Line Railroad begins.
 1898 - The first Monticello Hotel building opens.

20th century

1900s

 1900
 Population: 46,624.
 Norfolk Zoo opens.
 U.S. Post Office and Courts Building constructed.
 1901 - Norfolk Journal and Guide newspaper in publication.
 1902 - Park Place becomes part of Norfolk.
 1903 - The original Sarah Leigh Hospital opens on Mowbray Arch along the Hague in Ghent. It would evolve into today's Sentara Leigh Hospital.
 1904
 Freemason Street Library opens.
 Chesterfield Heights district is platted; development is primarily from 1915 to 1950
 1906 - Barkley becomes part of Norfolk.
 1907
 Jamestown Exposition held.
 Confederate monument erected.
 Monticello Arcade built.
 Doumar's opens in Norfolk
 Virginian Railway started.

1910s

 1910
 Christ and St. Luke's Church built.
 Population: 67,452.
 1911
 Huntersville and Lambert's Point become part of Norfolk.
 Maury and Booker T. Washington High Schools open.
 1912 - Norfolk Terminal Station, a railway station, opens in Downtown Norfolk.
 1913 - Wells Theatre opens as a vaudeville and movie house.
 1917
 U.S. Naval Station Norfolk opens on Sewell's Point peninsula
 A local NAACP branch is established.
 1918
 Southern Bagging Company building constructed.
 The Monticello Hotel destroyed by fire; it is rebuilt on the same site and reopens in 1919.
 1919
 City-manager form of government adopted.
 Attucks Theatre, popular with African-American audiences, opens and becomes known as the "Apollo Theatre of the South".

1920s

 1920 – Population: 115,777.
 1921 - Virginia Beach Boulevard opens, providing easier access to the oceanfront.
 1922
 U.S. Marine Hospital built.
 NorVa Theatre opens as a vaudeville house and movie theater.
 Norview High School opens.
 1923
 Algonquin Park, Cottage Park, Edgewater, Kenilworth, Lafayette Annex, Lakewood, Larchmont, Lenox, Morning Side, Norfolk Naval Base, Ocean View (part), and Willoughby become part of city.
 WTAR radio begins broadcasting.
 1926 - The Loews Theater opens as a vaudeville and movie palace at 300 Granby Street and continues operating as a cinema for many decades. As of 2018, the venue is the TCC Roper Center for the Performing Arts.
 1928 - The Nansemond Hotel opens in Ocean View and enjoys many decades as a popular tourist attraction; it was destroyed by fire in 1980.

1930s

 1930
 Population: 129,710
 Norfolk Division of College of William & Mary is established. It would later evolve into Old Dominion College and later University.
 1932 - U.S. Post Office and Courthouse built.
 1933 - Norfolk Museum of Arts and Sciences opens.
 1935 - Norfolk Unit of Virginia State University opens. In 1969, it became Norfolk State College and a university in 1979.
 1936 - Foreman Field, a multi-purpose stadium, opens at Old Dominion University.
 1938 - Norfolk Municipal Airport and Norfolk Azalea Garden open.
 1939 - Granby High School opens.

1940s

 1940 - Norfolk Redevelopment & Housing Authority created.
 1941 - Merrimack Park dedicated.
 1943
 Norfolk Municipal Auditorium opens.
 Norfolk Center Theater opens.
 1947 - Ward's Corner Shopping Center opens at the intersection of Granby and Little Creek Roads. Over time, future retailers included Hofheimer's shoes ('52), a Giant Open Air supermarket ('63), and the first 24-hour pharmacy in Norfolk, a People's Drug Store. It also had two locations of department store chains, Rices Nachmans ('52) and Smith & Welton.
 1948 - Wilders Drive-In cinema in business.

1950s

 1950 - WTAR-TV (television) begins broadcasting.
 1952
 NATO Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic headquartered in Norfolk.
 Norfolk–Portsmouth Bridge–Tunnel opens.
 WRAP-AM radio begins broadcasting.
 1953 - WTOV-TV (television) begins broadcasting; it later evolved into WGNT.
 1954 - Azalea Festival begins.
 1955 - Tanners Creek becomes part of city.
 1957 - Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel opens, connecting Norfolk with the Virginia Peninsula.
 1958 - Sister city program established with Moji, Japan.
 1959
 Azalea Gardens, East Ocean View, JANAF, Little Creek, and Military Highway become part of City, annexed variously from former Norfolk and Princess Anne Counties.
 February: School desegregation begins.
 JANAF shopping center opens at the northeast corner of Military Highway and Virginia Beach Blvd.

1960s

 1961
 Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters opens.
 The Golden Triangle Motor Hotel, the first major hotel to open in Norfolk since 1906, opens at 700 Monticello Ave., at a cost of $6.9 million. Located near Scope Arena, the hotel changes ownership over the years. During the 1980s, it was known as "Holiday Inn Scope". As of 2018, it is Wyndham Garden Norfolk Downtown.
 1962
 Midtown Tunnel begins operating.
 Norfolk Terminal Train Station closes; it is demolished in 1963.
 1965–Present day Norfolk City Hall facilities open.
 1966 - Virginia Wesleyan College opens; it becomes a university in 2017.
 1967
 Virginia Beach-Norfolk Expressway opens, roughly following the same route as Virginia Beach Blvd. It greatly facilitates access from Norfolk to the oceanfront.
 Virginia National Bank building completed at One Commercial Place, Downtown. It would later become Bank of America and in 2017, Icon Norfolk apartments.
 Lake Taylor High School opens.
 1969
Norfolk State College becomes independent from Petersburg's Virginia State College. In 1979, it becomes a university.
 Econo-Travel motel, the first in the United States, opens for business on N. Military Highway. As of 2018, it is still operating.

1970s

 1970 - Military Circle Mall opens at the southeast corner of the intersection of Military Highway and Virginia Beach Blvd.
 1971 - Norfolk Scope conventional hall opens.
 1972 - Chrysler Hall opened.
 1974 - Virginia Opera formed.
 1976
 The Monticello Hotel demolished.
 Omni Hotel opens in Downtown Norfolk; as of 2018, the 10-story hotel is occupied by Sheraton Waterside.
 Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel doubles its capacity through significant expansion, creating separate tubes for east- and west-bound traffic from Norfolk to the Virginia Peninsula.
 The first Harborfest is held in celebration of America's Bicentennial. The festival is a success and becomes an annual event.
 1977 - Leigh Memorial Hospital moves to its current location on Kempsville Rd.
 1978 - (Labor Day) Ocean View Amusement Park permanently closes. The rollercoaster, built in 1927, is demolished in '79 for the TV movie Death of Ocean View Park, telecast later that year.
 1979 - Hampton Roads Naval Museum is established.

1980s

 1980
 Virginia Stage Company opens in the recently renovated Wells Theater.
 NorVa Theater is remodeled as the Downtown Athletic Club.
 1981 - Elizabeth Jordan Carr, the first United States baby conceived by in vitro fertilization, is born at Norfolk General Hospital.
 1983
 Waterside festival marketplace opens Downtown.
 Norfolk's World Trade Center building is completed and opens; it is an 11-story building at 101 West Main St.
 1987 - Dominion Tower built.
 1989
 Norfolk Southern Tower built.
 Dominion Enterprises opens

1990s

 1990 - Population: 261,229.
 1991 - Norfolk Waterside Marriott Hotel opens in Downtown Norfolk.
 1993
 Harbor Park stadium opens.
 Bobby Scott becomes U.S. representative for Virginia's 3rd congressional district.
 1994
 Paul Fraim becomes mayor.
 Nauticus, The National Maritime Center museum, opens in Downtown Norfolk.
 1996
 City website online (approximate date).
 PRA Group opens
 1998 - Armed Forces Memorial dedicated.
 1999 - MacArthur Center Shopping Mall opens in Downtown Norfolk.

21st century

2000s

 2000
 Cinemark 18 multiplex opens at Military Circle Mall.
 The NorVa, after 18 years of use as the Downtown Athletic Club, finishes renovation and reopens as a successful music and concert venue.
 2001 - USS Wisconsin opens as a museum ship on the waterfront in Downtown Norfolk. Managed by Hampton Roads Naval Museum, it is berthed next to Nauticus, The National Maritime Center.
 2002 - 150 West Main Street, a 20-story office building, opens Downtown.
 2003 - NATO Allied Command Transformation headquartered in Norfolk.
 2006 - Sentara Heart Hospital opens. Adjoining Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, it is Southeastern Virginia's only dedicated heart hospital.

2010s

 2010 - Population: 242,803 in city; 1,676,822 in Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area.
 2011 - Tide Light Rail system begins; Monticello and NSU stations open.
 2017
 Bank of America Downtown Norfolk tower completes renovation and reopens as Icon Norfolk luxury apartments
 Norfolk Premium Outlets mall opens.
 Hilton Norfolk the Main opens.
 2018 - Norfolk Southern announces relocating HQ to Atlanta

See also
 History of Norfolk, Virginia
 List of mayors of Norfolk, Virginia
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Norfolk, Virginia
 History of Hampton Roads area
 Timelines of other cities in Virginia: Alexandria, Hampton, Lynchburg, Newport News, Portsmouth, Richmond, Roanoke, Virginia Beach

References

Bibliography

Published in 19th c.

Published in 20th c.
  (+ 1894 ed.)

 Thomas J. Wertenbaker. Norfolk, Historic Southern Port (Durham NC, 1931).

Published in 21st c.

External links

 Items related to Norfolk, Virginia, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America).
 Norfolk Historical Society

History of Norfolk, Virginia
Norfolk


title: Eucalyptus foecunda

text:
Eucalyptus foecunda, commonly known as narrow-leaved red mallee, Fremantle mallee or coastal dune mallee, is a species of plant in the myrtle family that is endemic to Western Australia. It has rough bark on the trunk, smooth bark above, narrow lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of nine or eleven, creamy white flowers and cup-shaped fruit. It was previously included with the more widespread Eucalyptus leptophylla.

Description
Eucalyptus foecunda is a mallee that typically grows to a height of , occasionally a tree to , and forms a  lignotuber. The bark is flaky at the base, otherwise smooth, grey and reddish-brown in colour. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull green, elliptic to lance-shaped leaves that are  and  wide. Adult leaves are narrow lance-shaped to narrow oblong, the same glossy green on both sides,  and  wide on a petiole  long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of nine or eleven on an unbranched peduncle  long, the individual buds on pedicels  long. Mature buds are oval to spindle-shaped,  and  wide with a conical or beaked operculum  long. Flowering occurs in August or from January to February and the flowers are creamy white. The fruit is a woody, cup-shaped capsule  long and wide.

This mallee has a similar appearance to Eucalyptus petrensis but E. petrensis has a more persistent style on the fruit.

Eucalyptus leucophylla was once included in E. foecunda but has broader juvenile leaves, mostly smooth bark and a shorter, more rounded operculum.

Taxonomy and naming
Eucalyptus foecunda was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer and the description was published in Lehmann's book Plantae Preissianae from a specimen collected at Freemantle. The specific epithet (foecunda) refers to the prolific flowering of this species.

Distribution and habitat
Narrow-leaved red mallee grows on limy sands near the coast of Western Australia between Lancelin and Mandurah.

Conservation status
This eucalypt  is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

See also
List of Eucalyptus species

References

foecunda
Myrtales of Australia
Plants described in 1844
Eucalypts of Western Australia
Mallees (habit)
Taxa named by Johannes Conrad Schauer


title: Rana Ellen Munns

text:
Rana Ellen Munns  is an Australian botanist whose primary research has been to determine the traits that underpin salinity tolerance and adaptation to drought in crop plants. Rana was born in Sydney Australia and attended the University of Sydney, receiving her undergraduate degree in Biochemistry in 1966. She completed her Ph.D. in 1972 to begin a lifelong course of research on salt tolerance of plants first as a Research Fellow at the University of Western Australia and later at CSIRO Plant Industry in Canberra.  In the early 1990s, she found that sodium exclusion was an important trait associated with the salt tolerance in wheat using a seedling stage assay.  This work culminated in understanding wheat grain yield in saline soils in terms of genetic components that could be improved by an ancestral transporter gene. This research eventually led to a cultivar of wheat that yielded 25% more on saline soils that in farmers' fields and is used by over thirty wheat seed companies globally.

Career

BSc (Hons 1st Class) 1966 Biochemistry Department, University of Sydney
Doctor of Philosophy 1972, CSIRO Plant Physiology Unit, University of Sydney.  Chloroplast Development
1973–1976            Senior Tutor, Macquarie University, NSW
1977–1980            Research Fellow, Department of Agronomy, University of Western Australia
1981–2005 Research Scientist CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra
2005–2010 Chief Research Scientist, CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Canberra
2011–present Honorary Fellow, CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra
2011–2013 Winthrop Research Professor, School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia
2014–present  Emeritus Professor, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, jointly with School of Plant Biology

Former Editor-in-chief of Functional Plant Biology

Honours and awards
 2006 Corresponding Member of American Society of Plant Biologists
 2012 Thomson Reuters Australia Citation Award for most highly cited plant scientist during 2002–2012

References

Living people
20th-century Australian botanists
20th-century Australian women scientists
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
University of Sydney alumni
Academic staff of the University of Western Australia
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Australian botanists


title: Zohaib Asghar

text:
Zohaib Asghar () is a Pakistani actor. He rose to prominence after mark his debut in film by playing the role of Tambi in critical and internationally acclaim 2013 Pakistani film Zinda Bhaag, for which he was nominated as Best Actor in a Comic Role at 1st ARY Film Awards.

Career
Zohaib Asghar has no background in acting, prior to showbiz, Asghar was a  mobile accessories dealer. He auditioned for film in Lahore auditions, and got selected for one of three lead roles in film alongside Khurram Patras and Salman Ahmed Khan, who were also non-actors prior to auditions.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
Pakistani male film actors
Pakistani male television actors
Male actors from Lahore
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Winged Devils

text:
Winged Devils (Italian: Forza "G", literally "G" Force) is a 1972 Italian adventure-comedy film directed by Duccio Tessari.

Cast

Riccardo Salvino: Lt. Gianni Orlando
Pino Colizzi: Cpt. Bergamini
Mico Cundari: Lt. Muschin
Ernesto Colli: Lt. Ernesto Del Prete
Barbara Bouchet: Karin
Miranda Campa:  Ernesto's Mother
Anita Strindberg: Gianni's Friend
Magda Konopka: Gianni's Friend
Giancarlo Prete : Lt. Pettarin
Duccio Tessari :  De Santis
Dori Ghezzi

References

External links

1972 films
Italian adventure films
1970s adventure films
1970s Italian-language films
Films directed by Duccio Tessari
Films scored by Ennio Morricone
Italian aviation films
1970s Italian films


title: Lee In

text:
Lee In may refer to:

Yi In, Prince Euneon (1754–1801), member of the royal family of the Joseon dynasty
 (1896–1979), first Minister of Justice of South Korea
Lee In (volleyball) (born 1952), South Korean volleyball player
Lee In (actor) (born 1984), South Korean actor


title: GoSports Foundation

text:
The GoSports Foundation (GSF) is an independent, donor-funded non-profit venture, working towards securing funds and professional expertise for some of India's junior Olympic and Paralympic athletes. Established in 2008, it has worked with numerous athletes from across multiple Olympic and Paralympic disciplines through its scholarship programs.

Programs

GoSports includes Foundation Programs.

Special projects

The Rahul Dravid Athlete Mentorships

Shooting development programmes in association with Abhinav Bindra Foundation.

The GoSports Foundation Athletes’ Conclave is held with an objective to develop inspiration, promote knowledge and bonding among the athletes. The Conclave features seminars from some of India's leading sports industry experts, as well as successful sportspersons.

Coach Education Programmes for Badminton coaches are held every year in association with the Badminton Association of India. The programs are aimed to align the badminton training programs all across India to fall in line with the National Training Program for all age groups. This ensures that a larger talent pool is fed into the national circuit, and creates a pool of well-informed coaches in different parts of the country.

Athlete achievements
Some of the achievements of the athletes supported by GoSports Foundation:

 GSF had 5 athletes representing India at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland: Sharath Gayakwad (Para-Swimming), Soumyajit Ghosh, Harmeet Desai (both Table tennis), Kidambi Srikanth and RMV Gurusaidutt (both Badminton), the latter winning the bronze medal in the Men's Singles category.
 Sumit Antil won the gold medal in men's javelin throw F64 category at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.
 Para-swimmer Sharath Gayakwad was India's lone representative in swimming at the London 2012 Paralympic Games.
 Heptathlete Swapna Barman won gold at the 2018 Asian Games and placed first in the Heptathlon at the 2017 Asian Athletics Championships.

References

External links
  GoSports Foundation Website

Sports organisations of India
Non-profit organisations based in India
Sports foundations
Recipients of the Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar


title: Bombing of Mandalay (1942)

text:
The bombing of Mandalay was conducted as part of the Japanese conquest of Burma and was one of many Burmese cities, towns, and ports subject to air raids by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Thai Phayap Army Air Force during the Pacific theater of World War II.

Mandalay suffered its first air raid on February 19, 1942, when Japanese bombers attacked the city. Later on, the city suffered one of the most devastating air raids on April 3, 1942. That night, Japanese bombers dropped incendiary bombs, creating a huge firestorm. About three-fifths of the wooden houses and the former homes of Burmese kings was destroyed, and an estimated 2,000 civilians killed. The official Royal Air Force history described the raid as "particularly devastating" because the firefighting equipment was destroyed and that "thousands" of the inhabitants perished. It was said that a city that had taken a thousand years to build was destroyed in an hour. Clare Boothe Luce, the wife of Henry Luce, publisher of Time and Life magazines, and then a reporter in Burma, visited Mandalay two days later after the bombing. She wrote:

Every house was burned down or still flaming and smoldering. A terrible stink arose from 2,000 bodies in the ruins of brick, plaster and twisted tin roofing. Only the smoke-grimed stone temple elephants on the scarred path were watching guard over the Road to Mandalay, while buzzards and carrion crows wheeled overhead. Bodies were lying on the streets and bobbing like rotten apples in the quiet green moat around the untouched fort.

See also
Civilian casualties
Civilian casualties of strategic bombing
Firebombing

References

Mandalay
Military history of Burma during World War II
Japan–Myanmar military relations
Japan–United Kingdom military relations
Mandalay


title: Mr. Billy Higgins

text:
Mr. Billy Higgins is an album led by American jazz drummer Billy Higgins recorded in 1984 and first released on the Riza label.

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars calling it "fresh, generally modal post-bop. Well worth picking up".

Track listing
 "Dance of the Clones" (William Henderson) - 9:03
 "John Coltrane" (Bill Lee) - 12:15
 "Morning Awakening" (Gary Bias) - 12:00
 "Humility" (Bias) - 4:58
 "East Side Stomp" (Bias) - 5:23

Personnel
Billy Higgins - drums
Gary Bias - soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone
William Henderson - piano
Tony Dumas - bass

References

Billy Higgins albums
1985 albums


title: T18 Howitzer Motor Carriage

text:
The T18 Howitzer Motor Carriage, abbreviated as HMC. was an American self-propelled gun. Its development started in September 1941 as a close-support vehicle using the M3 Stuart's chassis. A 75 mm howitzer was mounted on the right front of the vehicle. The gun mount was adapted from the M3 Grant. Two prototypes were produced by Firestone and then sent to the Aberdeen Proving Ground. However, they were unsatisfactory because of their high superstructure and nose weight. Because the Army disliked the high superstructure and nearly vertical armor, the T18 was abandoned in 1942, and soon started a new turreted project, the T41 75 mm HMC, also known as the Howitzer Motor Carriage M8.

Later, the prototypes were kept on display in the Aberdeen Proving Ground until they were destroyed in 1947.

Development
The development started in September 1941 with a requirement for a close-support vehicle based upon the M3 Stuart's chassis, but it was made of a mild steel superstructure. A 75 mm Pack Howitzer was mounted on the right of the glacis plate of the vehicle. The gun mount was modeled from the M3 Lee's 75  mm gun's mount.

Two prototypes were produced and sent to Aberdeen Proving Grounds. They were unsatisfactory because of their heavy nose weight. By the time the first pilot model was midway into being completed, the project was canceled since the army disliked the high superstructure, nose weight, and nearly vertical armor. The project was soon superseded by the T41 project. Later, the prototypes were kept on display in the Aberdeen Proving Ground until they were destroyed in 1947.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Self-propelled artillery of the United States
World War II armored fighting vehicles of the United States


title: Faqir Chand Aggarwal

text:
Faqir Chand Aggarwal (born 1932)  is a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party from Haryana. He was a member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly representing Ambala city. He served as deputy speaker of the assembly from 1996 to 2000. Aggarwal was teacher by profession and he got the State Award for the best teacher in 1974 and National Award in 1981. After retiring in 1994 he entered politics.

References

1932 births
Living people
Haryana MLAs 1996–2000
People from Ambala
Indian schoolteachers
Deputy Speakers of the Haryana Legislative Assembly
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana
Educators from Haryana


title: Transformers: Robots in Disguise

text:
Transformers: Robots in Disguise may refer to the following entries in the Transformers media franchise:

Part of the lyrics of the theme song to the 1984 TV series The Transformers
Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2000 TV series), Japanese anime television series
Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015 TV series), American animated television series
The Transformers (IDW Publishing), formerly known as Transformers: Robots in Disguise, a comic book line by IDW Publishing based on the 1984 TV series The Transformers.

See also
Robots in Disguise, an English electropunk band


title: Ranging rod

text:
A ranging rod (or range rod) is a surveying instrument used for marking the position of stations, and for sightings of those stations, as well as for ranging straight lines. Initially these were made of light, thin and straight bamboo, or of well seasoned wood such as teak, pine or deodar. They were shod with iron at the bottom and surmounted with a flag about 250 mm square in size.  Nowadays they are made of wood, metal or fibreglass. The rods are usually about 30 mm in diameter and 2 m or 3 m long, painted with alternating bands, such as red and white, red and yellow, or black and white, in lengths of 200 mm (i.e. one link length of metric chain), 500 mm, or one foot. These colours are used so that the rod can be properly sighted in case of long distance or bad weather. Ranging rods of greater length, e.g. 3 to 6 m, are called ranging or range poles, and are used for very long survey lines. Another type of ranging rod is known as an offset rod, which has no flag at the top. It is used for measuring small offsets from the survey line when the work is of an ordinary nature.

Notes
When the ranging rods are limited, thin sticks 400 mm to 1 m length with white papers in the cuts at tops can serve their purpose. Such sticks are pointed at the bottom and are cut from wood. These are called as whites.

See also
 Level staff
 Tape (surveying)
 Road curve
 Survey camp

References

Surveying instruments
Civil engineering


title: List of schools in Chittagong

text:
This is a list of schools in the Chittagong Division

Schools located on the island of Sandwip in the Chittagong District of the Chittagong Division are included in a separate list at List of schools in Sandwip.

Chandpur District
Hasan Ali Govt. High School,Chandpur Sadar
Matripith Govt. Girls High School,Chandpur Sadar
Ruhiter Par D.M. High School, Matlab Uttar, Chandpur

Chittagong District

Comilla District

Cox's Bazar District

Feni District

Lakshmipur District

Noakhali District

Rangamati District

Khagrachari District

References

Schools in Chittagong
Chittagong
Chittagong-related lists


title: ¾ for Peace

text:
¾ for Peace is an album led by drummer Billy Higgins, recorded in 1993 and released by Red Records.

Recording and music
The album was recorded on January 27, 1993, in Los Angeles. In addition to Higgins, the musicians were Harold Land on tenor and soprano saxophones, Bill Henderson on piano, and Jeff Littleton on bass. "Something for Juno" is Higgins's tribute to Juno Lewis, who was a percussionist.

Release and reception

¾ for Peace was released by Red Records. AllMusic awarded the album 2½ stars. The Penguin Guide to Jazz wrote that the main interest was in the interaction between Land and Higgins, and described the recording as "A subtle, insistent record that recalls aspects of Max Roach's association with Clifford Brown".

Track listing
 "¾ for Peace" (William Henderson) - 8:35
 "In the Trenches" (Charles Tolliver) - 5:27
 "Together With Love" (Henderson) - 7:15
 "Short Subject" (Harold Land) - 7:42
 "Dark Mood" (Land) - 10:46
 "What's New?" (Johnny Burke, Bob Haggart) - 7:57
 "Step Right up to the Bottom" (Land) - 9:19
 "Someday My Prince Will Come" (Frank Churchill, Larry Morey) - 7:48
 "Something for Juno (A Drums Suite Dedicated to Juno Lewis)" (Billy Higgins) - 6:08

Personnel
Billy Higgins - drums
Harold Land - soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone
Bill Henderson - piano
Jeff Littleton - bass

References

Red Records albums
Billy Higgins albums
1993 albums


title: Mahnoor Usman

text:
Mahnoor Usman  () is a Pakistani film actress. She marked her debut as a child artist in the critically acclaimed independent film Siyaah, for which she was nominated as "Best Actor in a Negative Role" at the 1st ARY Film Awards. Mahnoor Usman then had roles in local dramas and TV Commercials. She is currently a student of Business Administration. Alongside that, she has spoken at various forums and platforms on the topics of mental health,
discrimination, hate crime, anti-narcotics, entrepreneurial journeys, women empowerment, child abuse, creativity, and education.

Career
Mahnoor started her career at the age of 8 as a theatre performer and later went on to do her first movie.
She marked her acting debut in the 2013 film Siyaah, where she played an emotionally recluse orphan girl adopted by a couple who cannot have a child. She has not been seen in the media industry since her first movie.
She suffered from clinical depression in her teenage years and was later diagnosed with severe Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
Due to her journey with these two illnesses, she then went on to speak and spread awareness about depression and PCOS at various platforms.
She is a YLC alumni. She has also worked in various business departments including HR, Marketing, and Customer Care to get practical experience of her degree. She has led many teams to execute projects and campaigns throughout the country for multinationals and startups.
At the moment she is the official consultant of Being Woman UK - A charity organization founded by her sister Fareeha Usman in Ashington, Northumberland. She continues her studies side by side.

Films

References

External links

Actresses from Karachi
21st-century Pakistani actresses
Living people
2000 births


title: Alicia Endemann

text:
Alicia Endemann (born 15 December 1988, Hamburg) is a German actress and beauty queen. She represented Germany in Miss Universe 2012.

Endemann, whose parents are both actors, Jocelyne Boisseau and Gernot Endemann, has also taken up acting. She starred in 364 episodes of the Nickelodeon television series, Das Haus Anubis, as Luzy Rosaline Schoppa between 2009 and 2012. In 2013, she starred in the television drama Danni Lowinski, as a German lawyer, Claudia. In 2016, she starred in French movie as Annika in Ma famille t'adore déjà

She speaks five languages and has studied Marketing and Management at college in Antwerp, Belgium.

References

External links

1988 births
German female models
Living people
German beauty pageant winners
Miss Universe 2012 contestants
German people of French descent
Models from Hamburg


title: Rosa Tarlovsky de Roisinblit

text:
Rosa Tarlovsky de Roisinblit (born 15 August 1919) is an Argentine human rights activist who is the current vice president and founding member of the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo Association. Tarlovsky was born in a rural area of the province of Santa Fe as the daughter of a farmer and rancher who suffered the consequences of the Great Depression. At the end of primary education, she moved to Rosario to study midwifery. She then worked at the Faculty of Medicine of that city until 1944.

On October 6, 1978, her daughter, Patricia Julia Roisinblit, who was eight months pregnant, was kidnapped with her (Patricia's) husband, José Manuel Pérez Rojo, by a task force of the Argentine Air Force. Both were members of the Montoneros. It is presumed that both were killed in the context of illegal repression that took place in Argentina during the military dictatorship self-styled National Reorganization Process. Her grandson, born in captivity on November 15 of that year, was given to Air Force civilian worker Francisco Gómez and his wife to raise as their own; he was found in 2000.

In September 2016, Omar Graffigna, Commander of the Air Force at the time of the kidnapping, and the Air Force's Buenos Aires Regional Intelligence (RIBA) head Luis Trillo were sentenced in Argentina to 25 years imprisonment for the abduction and torture of the couple. Gómez, who had been given Patricia's baby, was imprisoned for 12 years. Before sentencing Graffigna made no reference to the crimes, but said that he had behaved in an entirely professional way in the last six years of his career. She turned 100 in August 2019.

References

1919 births
Living people
Argentine centenarians
Argentine human rights activists
Women human rights activists
Argentine Jews
Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo
Illustrious Citizens of Buenos Aires
Jewish human rights activists
People from San Cristóbal Department
Women centenarians


title: Jung Min-mu

text:
Jung Min-mu  (; born 3 March 1985) is a South Korean football player who plays for the Goyang Hi FC in K League Challenge.

Career
Jung joined Ulsan Hyundai Mipo in 2005. In 2010, he left the team and joined the army to start his military duty.

He signed with Ansan H FC after finishing his duty in 2012.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
South Korean men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard FC players
Goyang Zaicro FC players
Korea National League players
K League 2 players


title: Dalat District

text:
The Dalat District is located in Mukah Division, Sarawak, Malaysia. It is situated by the Oya river. The district covers areas from Kg. Penat to Oya, and from Muara Sg. Kut to Ulu Baoh. The district has an area of 905.29 km2, while the Oya sub-district has an area of 147.47 km2.

History
Brief history of the district.
2 April 1974 - Dalat was announced as a district, with Dalat town as the administrative centre. The district was under the Sibu Division and covers Oya, Dalat Proper, Nanga Baoh, Nanga Tamin, Stapang, Skim Sekuau and Nanga Pakoh. The district has 4 small towns, 23 villages and 115 longhouses.
1 March 2002 - Mukah was elevated to Mukah Division and Dalat district area was "revised" to area that covers Kg. Penat to Oya, and from Muara Sg. Kut to Ulu Baoh. There are 3 small towns, 23 villages and 22 longhouses in the district.

Demographics
According to the 2020 population census by Department of Statistics Malaysia, Dalat has a population of 21,147.

Economy
Main agricultural produce of the district is sago flour. 28,765 ha of agricultural land is used for sago plantation. 4 sago flour factories in the district are capable of producing 75 tonnes of sago flour per day.

Languages
Most of the people use the Melanau language to communicate here. There is a slight difference of the language between each villages, yet they can understand each other very well. Other languages such as Malay, Sarawak Malay, Iban, Mandarin, Hokkien and English are also widely spoken.

Politics
Dalat is represented at the State Legislative Assembly by Datuk Hajah Fatimah Abdullah @ Ting Sai Ming, from Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu. She won the seat in the 18th State Election 2016 for the fourth time. For Parliament, Dalat is under Parliament 213: Mukah.

Education
There are two secondary schools in the district namely SMK Dalat (established in 1977) and SMK Oya (established in 2004). There are 25 primary schools which falls under the district jurisdiction.

References

External links
 Laman Web Rasmi Majlis Daerah Dalat & Mukah
 Laman Web Rasmi Pejabat Daerah Dalat
 Pictures of Dalat on Flickr
 Dalat Town Sharing Channel
 N.50 Dalat
 Notes on Dalat can be found in Robert Blust's collection in Kaipuleohone.


title: Evolution of primates

text:
The evolutionary history of the primates can be traced back 57-90 million years. One of the oldest known primate-like mammal species, Plesiadapis, came from North America; another, Archicebus, came from China. Other similar basal primates were widespread in Eurasia and Africa during the tropical conditions of the Paleocene and Eocene.
Purgatorius is the genus of the four extinct species believed to be the earliest example of a primate or a proto-primate, a primatomorph precursor to the Plesiadapiformes, dating to as old as 66 million years ago.

David Begun has theorised that early primates flourished in Eurasia and that a lineage leading to the African apes and humans, including Dryopithecus, migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa. The early European fauna is exemplified by Darwinius, dated to 47 million years, early Eocene. The surviving tropical population of primates, which is seen most completely in the upper Eocene and lowermost Oligocene fossil beds of the Faiyum depression southwest of Cairo, gave rise to all living species—lemurs of Madagascar, lorises of Southeast Asia, galagos or "bush babies" of Africa, and the anthropoids: platyrrhine or New World monkeys, catarrhines or Old World monkeys, and the great apes, which includes Homo sapiens.

Origins

The origins and early evolution of primates is shrouded in mystery due to lack of fossil evidence. They are believed to have split from plesiadapiforms in Eurasia around the early Eocene or earlier. The first true primates so far found in the fossil record are fragmentary and already demonstrate the major split between strepsirrhines and haplorines.

Evolution of strepsirrhines

The earliest strepsirrhines are known as adapiforms, a diverse group that ranged throughout Eurasia and North America. An early branch of this clade gave rise to lemuriform primates, which includes lemurs and their kin.

Evolution of haplorrhines

The earliest haplorrhine primates from the fossil record are the omomyids, which resembled modern day tarsiers. Like the strepsirrhine adapiforms, omomyids were diverse and ranged throughout Eurasia and North America. The phylogeny of omomyids, tarsiers, and simians is currently unknown.

For many years, it was assumed that primates had first evolved in Africa, and this assumption and the excavations that resulted from it yielded many early simian fossils that chronicled their evolution. Due to the lack of fossils linking simians to the earliest haplorrhines, a more recently discovered stem group called eosimiids found in Asia are thought to have dispersed to Africa and evolved into simians. Eosimiids were very small and similar to tarsiers, though their dentition more closely resembles that of simians.

Evolution of New World monkeys

Following the emergence of basal simians in Africa, the group split during the Eocene when New World monkeys dispersed to South America, presumably by rafting on mats of vegetation across the much narrower Atlantic Ocean.

Evolution of Old World simians
The earliest known catarrhine is Kamoyapithecus from uppermost Oligocene at Eragaleit in the northern Kenya Rift Valley, dated to 24 million years ago. Its ancestry is thought to be species related to Aegyptopithecus, Propliopithecus, and Parapithecus from the Faiyum depression, at around 35 million years ago. In 2010, Saadanius was described as a close relative of the last common ancestor of the crown catarrhines, and tentatively dated to 29–28 million years ago, helping to fill an 11-million-year gap in the fossil record. Notable species also include Nsungwepithecus gunnelli and Rukwapithecus fleaglei of the Oligocene.

In the early Miocene, about 22 million years ago, the many kinds of arboreally adapted primitive catarrhines from East Africa suggest a long history of prior diversification. Fossils at 20 million years ago include fragments attributed to Victoriapithecus, the earliest Old World monkey. Among the genera thought to be in the ape lineage leading up to 13 million years ago are Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, Dendropithecus, Limnopithecus, Nacholapithecus, Equatorius, Nyanzapithecus, Afropithecus, Heliopithecus, and Kenyapithecus, all from East Africa.

The presence of other generalized non-cercopithecids of middle Miocene age from sites far distant—Otavipithecus from cave deposits in Namibia, and Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus from France, Spain and Austria—is evidence of a wide diversity of forms across Africa and the Mediterranean basin during the relatively warm and equable climatic regimes of the early and middle Miocene. The youngest of the Miocene hominoids, Oreopithecus, is from coal beds in Italy that have been dated to 9 million years ago.

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons (family Hylobatidae) diverged from Great Apes some 18–12 million years ago, and that of orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) diverged from the other Great Apes at about 12 million years; there are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a so-far-unknown South East Asian hominoid population, but fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 million years ago.

Evolution of color vision

Some of the primates' vertebrate ancestors were tetrachromats, but their nocturnal mammalian ancestors lost two of their four cones during the mesozoic. Most modern primates, however, have evolved to be trichromats. All old world monkeys and apes are trichromats, but new world monkeys are polymorphic trichromats, meaning that males and homozygous females are dichromats while heterozygous females are trichromats (with the exceptions of howler monkeys and night monkeys, who have more and less advanced color vision respectively).

There are four prevailing theories as to what the evolutionary pressure was for primates to develop trichromatic vision. The Fruit Theory suggests that it was easier for trichromatic primates to find ripe fruit against a green background. While there is data supporting the Fruit Theory, there is some dispute about whether or not trichromacy was more advantageous for determining how ripe fruit was up close or spotting fruit from afar. The Young Leaf hypothesis suggests that primates with more advanced color vision could better spot younger and more nutritious leaves during fruit shortages, while there are also theories that suggest more advanced color vision was better for recognizing changes in skin tone, allowing primates to better determine the blood oxygen saturation of others. other theories indicate that primates' color vision evolved alongside their sense of smell, though research has shown that there is no direct correlation between concentration of olfactory receptors and acquisition of color vision.

Human evolution

Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates – in particular genus Homo – and leading to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, the great apes. This process involved the gradual development of traits such as  human bipedalism and language.

The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, paleontology, neurobiology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about , in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around .

Within the superfamily Hominoidea (apes), the family Hominidae diverged from the family Hylobatidae (gibbons) some 15–20 million years ago; African great apes (subfamily Homininae) diverged from orangutans (Ponginae) about ; the tribe Hominini (humans, Australopithecines and other extinct biped genera, and chimpanzee) parted from the tribe Gorillini (gorillas) between  and ; and, in turn, the subtribes Hominina (humans and biped ancestors) and Panina (chimpanzees) separated about  to .

Evolution of the pelvis
In primates, the pelvis consists of four parts—the left and the right hip bones which meet in the mid-line ventrally and are fixed to the sacrum dorsally and the coccyx. Each hip bone consists of three components, the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis, and at the time of sexual maturity these bones become fused together, though there is never any movement between them. In humans, the ventral joint of the pubic bones is closed.

The most striking feature of evolution of the pelvis in primates is the widening and the shortening of the blade called the ilium. Because of the stresses involved in bipedal locomotion, the muscles of the thigh move the thigh forward and backward, providing the power for bi-pedal and quadrupedal locomotion.

See also
 Evolution of mammals
 List of fossil primates
 Primate#Evolution
 Timeline of human evolution

References

Bibliography

Further reading

 Van Schaik, Carel P., and Peter M. Kappeler. "The evolution of social monogamy in primates". Monogamy: mating strategies and partnerships in birds, humans and other mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2003): 59–80.

External links
 The First Primates at anthro.palomar.edu


title: Stångehuvud

text:
Stångehuvud is a nature reserve in Lysekil Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It is located on the south tip of Stångenäset peninsula, adjacent the town of Lysekil. The reserve is known for its red Bohus granite. The granite was formed about 920 million years ago and the cliffs were later shaped by the ice during the last glacial period.

Formerly an area for quarrying granite, the area was bought and preserved by Calla Curman at the beginning of the 19th century. She donated it to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and in 1982, the nature reserve was created.

In October 2020, 100 years after Calla Curman purchased Stångehuvud, two of the roads leading up to the nature reserve were named in honour of Calla and her husband Carl.

History
During the second part of the 19th century, the red granite was much in demand and quarrying in Stångehuvud went on for about 50 years. Seeing that the natural cliffs were decimated by the stone industry, socialite and feminist Calla Curman started an unsuccessful  campaign to organize the quarrying to preserve the most unique areas. The quarries provided many jobs for the local population and her pleas were ignored. So in 1916, she started to buy land in the Stångehuvud area. She often used agents so it would not be clear that the land was purchased by the same person. In 1920, she had managed to buy an area of 16 hectare. On 3 November 1925, Curman donated all her land in Stångehuvud to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, to be preserved for future generations. A foundation, the Carl and Calla Curman Foundation, was established to keep an eye on the area. In 1969, discussions started about giving Stångehuvud better environmental protection, and on 22 March 1982, the area was established as a nature reserve.

On one of the highest cliffs in Stångehuvud, Galleberget, is the Victoria Path, an accessibility adapted pathway and recreational area. It was Lysekil Municipality's gift in remembrance of the Wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling in 2010.

On the 3rd of October 2020, which was the 100th anniversary of the purchase of Stångehuvud, the Calla and Carl Curman foundation arranged an inauguration of two roads now named after Calla and her husband, Carl Curman. The roads offer two different paths which both leads to the nature reserve. The inauguration was a collaborative effort between the foundation and the municipality of Lysekil, taking place on the annual culture week of Lysekil.

Nature
The main feature of Stångehuvud is the red granite cliffs, rounded and formed by the ice sheet during the last ice age. The area is rich with glacial striations. In 1972, the fauna was inventoried and about 230 different species of vascular plants were found among the mostly barren cliffs. One of the most common flowers found in Stångehuvud is the Armeria Maritima or Sea-Thrift. The flower grows out of cracks in the cliffs and starts blossoming between May and the beginning of June.

Lighthouse

On the farthest tip of Stångehuvud is an old lighthouse, built in 1890. Its original kerosene light was replaced with an AGA light in 1917. The lighthouse was decommissioned in 1940 but the wooden building remained, cared for by Vikarvet Museum.  In 2014, electrical light via a solar panel was installed in the lighthouse, now a noted landmark in the reserve.

Today the lighthouse is owned and cared for by the Carl and Calla Curman foundation, they bought it in 2017 from Vikarvet museum and renovated it soon thereafter.

In 2019, the lighthouse in Stångehuvud was selected as one of the seven wonders of the Västra Götaland region by the Västra Götaland Regional Council.

References

External links

Stångehuvud lighthouse on Fyrwiki (Swedish Lighthouse Wiki)

Nature reserves in Sweden


title: Jefferson Mosier House

text:
The Jefferson Mosier House is a historic house in Mosier, Oregon, United States. Jefferson N. Mosier (1860–1928) first platted the town in 1902 on what had been his father's donation land claim, and tirelessly promoted it for decades after. He built this prominent house in 1904, and remained in residence until his death. It is the only Queen Anne building in Mosier, and features many signature characteristics of the type.

The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. By 2006, it had been converted for use as a bed and breakfast inn.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Wasco County, Oregon

References

External links

Houses completed in 1904
1904 establishments in Oregon
Houses in Wasco County, Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Wasco County, Oregon
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Queen Anne architecture in Oregon
Bed and breakfasts in Oregon


title: Andrew Cibej

text:
Andrew David Cibej (born 2 February 1970) is an Australian chef and restaurateur in Sydney and Hong Kong. He is currently executive chef at Bacco Osteria in Angel Place, Sydney.

Family and education
Cibej is of Italian and Australian descent. His surname (pronounced Chee-bay) is of Slovenian origin, although his father's family is from Friuli, in the north-eastern corner of Italy. He was born in Sydney, grew up in the riverside suburb of Gladesville and attended Newington College (1982–1987). In 1988, he commenced studying law at the University of Sydney but without graduating left Australia for Canada.

Chef and restaurateur
In Canada, Cibej worked in a pizza shop and on his return to Sydney he worked in the kitchen at Tetsuya's in Rozelle. In 1999 he went to Italy and ran a restaurant near Florence for two years before working in Rome for six months. He returned to Australia in 2002 and three years later opened Vini in Surry Hills. His next restaurant was Berta in Alberta Street, Sydney, in a laneway bounded by Elizabeth, Goulburn, Wentworth and Liverpool streets
All these businesses closed or were sold around 2018.
. In 2010 he opened 121BC, a cantina and enoteca in Sydney before branching out in Hong Kong in 2013. In 2017 he opened Bacco in Ash Street, Sydney.

References

1970 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Sydney
People educated at Newington College
Australian people of Italian descent
Australian people of Slovenian descent
Australian chefs
Australian restaurateurs


title: Billy Higgins Quintet

text:
Billy Higgins Quintet is an album by American jazz drummer Billy Higgins recorded in 1993 and released on the Sweet Basil label.

Reception

The AllMusic review by Alex Henderson calls it a " fine album, which is without a dull moment".

Track listing
 "Step Right up to the Bottom" (Harold Land) - 8:12
 "Seeker" (Oscar Brashear) - 10:54
 "The Vision" (Cedar Walton) - 11:04
 "Hot House" (Tadd Dameron) - 7:52
 "You Must Believe in Spring" (Alan and Marilyn Bergman, Jacques Demy, Michel Legrand) - 10:10
 "Jackie-ing" (Thelonious Monk) - 9:51
 "Churn" (Oscar Brashear) - 15:23

Personnel
Billy Higgins - drums
Harold Land - tenor saxophone
Oscar Brashear - trumpet
Cedar Walton - piano
David Williams - bass

References

Evidence Music albums
Billy Higgins albums
1993 albums


title: Belmond La Résidence Phou Vao

text:
Belmond La Résidence Phou Vao is resort on a hilltop on the edge of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Luang Prabang in Laos. Luang Prabang sits at the junction of the Mekong and Nam Khan rivers.
The resort has large gardens with a spa and swimming pool which directly faces Phou si hill.
It was acquired by Orient-Express Hotels in 2006. In 2014, the company changed its name to Belmond Ltd. and the hotel was renamed Belmond La Résidence Phou Vao.

References

External links
Official website
Belmond.com

Belmond hotels


title: Belmond La Résidence d'Angkor

text:
Belmond La Résidence d’Angkor is a resort at the centre of Siem Reap in Cambodia. It is a short drive from the temples of Angkor Wat. It has large gardens containing a swimming pool and spa.
The resort was acquired by Orient-Express Hotels in 2006. In 2014 the company changed its name to Belmond Ltd. and the hotel was renamed Belmond La Résidence d’Angkor. In 2016, the hotel closed for 7 months to undergo extensive renovations and reopened at the end of November 2016.

References

External links
Official website

Belmond hotels
Hotels in Cambodia
Hotel buildings completed in 2002
Hotels established in 2002


title: Belmond Orcaella

text:
Belmond Orcaella was a river cruiser in Myanmar that sailed on the Irrawaddy and Chindwin rivers. It visited Yangon, Bagan, and Mandalay, as well as remote villages and temples near the borders of India. It was named after the Orcaella  river dolphin.
The river cruiser was designed in the style of the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company and launched by Orient-Express Hotels in July 2013. In 2014 the company changed its name to Belmond Ltd, and the ship was renamed Belmond Orcaella. The river cruiser is no longer in operation.

References

External links
Official website
Belmond.com

River cruise ships


title: 2014 Student Spartakiada

text:
The 2014 Student Spartakiada were held at the Penza Sports Palace in Penza, Russia from July 1 to 4. The competition featured junior gymnasts in the Master of Sport division.

Medal winners

Individual all-around

Vault

Uneven Bars

Balance Beam

Floor Exercise

External links
  Official site

2014 in gymnastics


title: Chlorine peroxide

text:
Chlorine peroxide (also known as dichlorine dioxide or  ClO dimer) is a molecular compound with formula ClOOCl. Chemically, it is a dimer of the chlorine monoxide radical (ClO·).  It is important in the formation of the ozone hole. Chlorine peroxide catalytically converts ozone into oxygen when it is irradiated by ultraviolet light.

Production
Chlorine peroxide can be produced by laser or ultraviolet photolysis of the chlorine molecule with ozone. The lasers used to break up the chlorine molecule into atoms can be an excimer laser at 248, 308, or 352 nm wavelength. Difluorodichloromethane (CF2Cl2) can also act as a source of chlorine atoms for the formation of the peroxide. Microwave discharge can also break up chlorine molecules into atoms that react with ozone to make chlorine peroxide.

Cl2 + hν → 2Cl
Cl + O3 →  O2 + ClO·
2ClO· + M → ClOOCl + M
ClOOCl + hν → Cl + ClO2
ClO2 + M → Cl + O2 + M

Properties
Chlorine peroxide absorbs ultraviolet light with a maximum absorbing wavelength of 245 nm.  It also absorbs longer wavelengths up to 350 nm to a lesser extent. This is important as ozone absorbs up to 300 nm.

The Cl−O bond length is 1.704 Å, and the O−O bond is 1.426 Å long. The ClOO bond angle is 110.1°, and the dihedral angle between the two Cl−O−O planes is 81°

References

Peroxides
Chlorine oxides


title: Philip Pedley

text:
Philip Pedley is a British Conservative activist who held a number of positions in the Conservative Party at local, regional and national level and was appointed Deputy Chairman of one of the largest quangos in Wales. He was educated at Calday Grange Grammar School and Lancaster University.

Young Conservatives
Pedley joined his local branch of the Young Conservatives in 1974 in response to miners strike of that year and the defeat of the Conservative Government. He rose to become chairman of the North West Area Young Conservatives. Working closely with his predecessor, Iain Picton, and his successor Jeff Green, the North West Area became the pre-eminent base of the moderates against right-wing elements from the Monday Club and hardline libertarians from the Federation of Conservative Students. Elected as National Vice-Chairman of the Young Conservatives in 1981, under Iain Picton, Pedley was elected National chairman in 1982, serving two terms until 1984. He maintained the moderate Tory Reform Group hold on the organisation to the frustration of right-wing elements. "During the 1980s the wets retained an iron grip on the YCs under the ruthless and efficient leadership of Iain Picton, John Guthrie and Phil Pedley."

Under Pedley, the National YCs were engaged in a number of high-profile activities.

Youth for Multilateral Disarmament – anti-CND front organisation
Under Picton's chairmanship, Pedley worked with the Ministry of Defence to counter the activities of the Youth CND in the party and established a moderate 'front' organisation to highlight the risk of unilateral disarmament and support for US cruise missiles in the UK. The CND magazine, Sanity, obtained a copy of the confidential action plan and revealed Pedley had been in communication with John Nott, the Minister of Defence about the plans to take on CND and the anti-CND material planned. They quoted Pedley as saying, "It is especially worrying that a good many Young Conservatives have sympathy with CND's position." Sanity reported that the front organisation would "be roped into monitoring CND activities and outlines plans to train anti-CND organisers. The organisation was named as Youth for Multilateral Disarmament with Pedley as its first director and national organiser, Mark Worrall working with him as secretary general.

Withdrawal from British Youth Council
The British Youth Council (BYC) was an umbrella organisation representing a multitude of different youth organisations. As national vice-chairman of the YCs under Picton, Pedley negotiated alliances with non-political youth groups to boost representation on the BYC executive to an all time high of three, including a vice-chairman position and a further representative on the BYC International Committee. The YCs came under pressure and although Pedley reported success in defeating the National Organisation of Labour Students (NOLS) candidate for the chairmanship and electing two Young Conservatives to the executive, he warned of "disturbing trends". "The National Officers [of the YCs] are particularly concerned at the left-ward drift on political and social issues, such as disarmament, prostitution and unemployment. There is an inevitable question mark over the future of BYC following the departure of the extremely able chairman, John Collins (Scouts). It is hoped the new incumbent, Donny O'Rourke will be as pragmatic."

A year later, Pedley concluded the British Youth Council was under the control of its non-executive BYC staff members such as John Denham and Rex Osbourne who owed their allegiances to the left and were manipulating the organisation to take an increasingly anti-government line. The Young Conservatives warned the new leadership that if they continued on their path, they would withdraw. In 1984, the Young Conservative National Advisory Committee voted overwhelming to withdraw from the British Youth Council to deprive the organisation of legitimacy.

Following the Young Conservative decision, the Federation of Conservative Students followed suit. The FCS had long argued the BYC's funding should be cut. Previously, Picton and Pedley had defended the organisation and the funding had remained in place. After the decision to withdraw, Pedley resisted pressure from party chairman, John Gummer, who had been lobbied by various youth organisations to reverse the YC decision. Pedley withdrew his support for BYC funding and wrote to selected Conservative MPs explaining the Young Conservative decision and ensuring the subject of funding was taken up in the House of Commons.

European Youth Framework (Standing Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe)
As part of the Helsinki agreement, the Young Conservatives were involved in a parallel youth 'framework' of western youth organisations and Soviet bloc youth groups. Pedley attended a framework meeting in the Netherlands and was critical of attempts to find a 'third way' between communism and free enterprise and participated in a demonstration from the conference floor in support of Solidarity, the Polish opposition organisation.

Far right infiltration
In 1981, Pedley backed up Picton's warnings about right-wing activity in some Young Conservative branches and in particular the Greater London Young Conservatives (GLYC). In 1982, following a series of incidents involving far-right activity, Pedley set up a Committee of Enquiry, a sub-committee of the National Advisory Committee and chaired by Demitri Coryton Argyropulo, a Surrey county councillor and former national vice-chairman.

Draft report
The committee's draft report was leaked at the 1983 Party Conference and appeared on the front page of The Observer, competing with the breaking news of Cecil Parkinson's affair with Sarah Keyes. The draft report became a subject of intense media interest and the BBC Panorama team began an investigation into far right links, resulting in a controversial programme called "Maggie's Militant Tendency" which was broadcast in January 1984.

Final report
The final YC report on right wing activity was finalised by Argyropulo's sub committee in January 1984 and approved by the YC national advisory committee. The final report was never published and did not form the basis of the Panorama programme.

Libel action – Maggie's Militant Tendency
Argyropulo was to have appeared on Panorama but was forced to pull out. Pedley agreed to be interviewed on the Panorama programme along with other Conservatives including the party chairman and some of the MPs accused of having links to right wing groups. Neil Hamilton, Harvey Proctor and Gerald Howarth sued both the BBC and Pedley, alleging the statements made amounted to calling them fascists. Pedley and the BBC denied they had called the MPs fascists and resisted the action. In early 1986, Proctor abruptly dropped his libel action against Pedley and the BBC. The case against the BBC involving Howarth and Hamilton proceeded to court, but before the cross examination of Hamilton's testimony began, the BBC Board of Governors instructed the BBC Management to settle the case.

Pedley announced he would continue the case and declined settlement terms. Hamilton and Howarth announced they were withdrawing. In court, the judge ruled in Pedley's favour and Hamilton and Howarth were ordered to pay Pedley's costs and were debarred from alleging libel. Pedley was given leave to return to Court should they repeat the charge.

Libel actions against the Daily Telegraph, Sunday Telegraph and Alistair McAlpine
Pedley came under sustained attack from supporters of Neil Hamilton in the aftermath of the 1986 court case. Alistair McAlpine and journalist friends placed critical pieces aimed at undermining Pedley's standing in the party. Pedley responded by issuing libel proceedings.

In 1993, Pedley was the target of smear campaign in the Sunday Telegraph and the Sunday Express in an attempt to stop him proposing a motion at the Conservative Party Conference. The Mandrake column in the Telegraph alleged he had personally written the YC Report and had libelled Hamilton. The claims were repeated by Alistair McAlpine in his Express column, which went further and called for Pedley to be banned. Pedley instituted libel proceedings against both the Sunday Telegraph and McAlpine. Both apologised.

A further libel against Pedley occurred in 1994, when supporters of Hamilton, resisting pressures for Hamilton to resign as minister, blamed Pedley supporters for exacting revenge on Hamilton. The Daily Telegraph ran as it main front-page story a piece placing Pedley at the centre of the unfolding drama. The paper quoted a close Hamilton friend as saying, "This has turned into a factional fight with the [Tory] left trying to force him out." Anger was directed at David Hunt MP (Minister for Open Government) who they regarded as instrumental in destroying Hamilton's chances of staying on. "Mr Hunt has clashed with Mr Hamilton before, most notably over the cabinet minister's patronage of Mr Phil Pedley." The article went on to imply that Hamilton had won his case of libel against Pedley. Pedley issued libel proceedings and the Telegraph issued an apology. "We may have given the false impression that Pedley lost that action. In fact Mr Hamilton discontinued it.... on terms debarring him from taking further proceedings against Mr Pedley... Mr Hamilton was ordered to pay Mr Pedley's costs. We apologise to Mr Pedley.

Falklands
During Pedley's tenure as chairman, the Argentine military invaded the Falklands causing a crisis for the Thatcher government. Conservative Central Office canvassed each section of the party for its opinion on different scenarios ranging from negotiated surrender to airstrikes on the Argentine mainland. Pedley issued a press release stating;"The invasion of the Falklands illustrates a classic case of the failure to maintain a deterrence. We announced the withdrawal of HMS Endurance and the Argentine Junta misread our intentions. In the wake of the appalling Argentine aggression, Conservative Central Office have canvassed all sectors of the voluntary Party for their opinion. In the YCs... our stance is clear. This aggression cannot stand... air strikes against the Argentine mainland no, but the Falkland islanders must be liberated, by force if necessary. We stand foursquare behind Margaret Thatcher's Government in this difficult time for Britain and of course, the Falkland islanders."

South Africa
Pedley attempted to forge links with the moderate Progressive Federal Party in South Africa. He banned the South African Embassy from the holding a reception for conference delegates at the national YC Conference, stating:
"We have no wish to partake of canapes and chardonnay with a bunch of racist apologists and BOSS operatives. We don't support further sanctions but our stance on South Africa is simple... one man, one vote; a free press; a free judiciary and free enterprise is what the Young Conservatives support for South Africa, an inclusive system which does not exclude people on the basis of race."

Northern Ireland links to moderate Unionists
The Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, James Prior, was attempting to introduce 'rolling devolution' to Northern Ireland despite opposition from the right-wing of the Conservative Party. The Monday Club believed Northern Ireland should be integrated into the United Kingdom with no 'regional' assembly. Prior published a white paper, 'Northern Ireland: A Framework for Devolution which proposed what was referred to as partial or rolling devolution. Harvey Proctor, as Secretary of the Monday Club Northern Ireland Policy Committee, attacked the plans for an Assembly and earned the praise of Ulster Unionist leadership, in particular Ulster Unionist Party Leader James Molyneux (later Lord Molyneaux) and the then Ulster Unionist Chief Whip and MP for East Londonderry, Willie Ross who were opposed to an Assembly.

Elements of the Ulster Unionists were supportive of Prior. In consultations with Prior and Nick Scott, Pedley discussed reactivating Young Ulster Unionists representation to the Young Conservative National Advisory Committee. The Young Ulster Unionists were led by moderates and Pedley instructed the national organiser of the Young Conservatives, Mark Worrall, to initiate secret talks with the former chairman of the Young Ulster Unionists, the moderate Edgar Graham. Worrall was a former President of Queen's University Belfast Students' Union (QUBSU) and had extensive contacts with moderate Unionists. The intention was to reactivate lapsed Ulster Unionist representation on the Young Conservative national advisory committee as allowed for in the YC constitution, thereby providing a platform for moderate unionism and support for the Assembly within the Party, thereby countering Monday Club agitation. This initiative came to an end with the assassination of Edgar Graham by the IRA in December 1983. Pedley and a small delegation from the Young Conservative national advisory committee attended Graham's memorial service in Belfast and, a month later, Pedley opened the 24th National YC Conference with a tribute to Graham and a one-minute silence.

Student politics
At Lancaster University, Pedley was an active member of the North West Area Federation of Conservative Students which was controlled by the moderate faction. Pedley was part of the successful Conservative attempt to break the Socialist Workers Party and International Marxist Group control of Lancaster University Students' Union, and was elected as a non-sabbatical vice-president with other Conservatives.

Parliamentary candidate
In 1983, Pedley was adopted as prospective parliamentary candidate for the Halton constituency in Cheshire, a new constituency based on Widnes and Runcorn. In the election, he came second to the sitting Labour MP, Gordon Oakes. During the election campaign, Pedley was supported by the Defence Minister, Michael Heseltine. Pedley visited the Burtonwood peace camp and using a tannoy, challenged CND to stand in the election. "You say this is the nuclear election… well here's your chance. But you won't stand will you? Why, because you know the Conservatives will win the General election." Pedley forged a friendship with the SDP candidate Rick Tilling and they agreed an electoral pact in the following year's council elections to avoid splitting the anti-Labour vote.

National Conservative Party positions
Pedley served on a number of Party committees:
 Party's National Executive (NUEC) from 1979 to 1987
 Standing Advisory Committee on Parliamentary Candidates
 Standing Advisory Committee on Party Policy (chaired by Sir Keith Joseph)
 Conservative Party representative on the all-party Joint Committee Against Racism, co-chaired by Eric Pickles and Joan Lestor.

Wirral Council
In 1986, Pedley was elected to the Wirral Council as the Conservative member for the Hoylake and West Kirby Ward. He was appointed environmental spokesman and served on the Education and Leisure Committees. Pedley supported the retention of grammar schools in the Wirral.

Tory Reform Group
Pedley succeeded Sue Woodroof as chairman of the Tory Reform Group and concentrated on organisational matters.

Social Market Foundation
As a committee member and then chairman of the Tory Reform Group, Pedley promoted links with the new Social Market Foundation, run by former Social Democrat Party members, Danny Finkelstein and Rick Nye. Pedley was a regular visitor to the SMF and a series of pamphlets and joint seminars were held between TRG and the SMF. Pedley and Finkelstein attended a Konrad Adenauer Institute policy visit to Berlin and the Christian Democrat conference in Hamburg.

Conservative Party leadership 1997
On 2 May 1997, John Major resigned as leader of the Conservatives, following the party's crushing defeat and the manoeuvring for his succession began. The Tory Reform Group's parliamentary supporters contained three potential leadership candidates: Michael Heseltine, Ken Clarke and Stephen Dorrell. Pedley and the TRG executive wished to make their office facilities and phone lines available to Heseltine and offered these to Michael Mates MP. However, when Heseltine's heart attack ruled him out, Pedley switched support to Clarke and hosted a meeting between Mates and Clarke at the TRG offices to bring the two camps together. Dorrell decided to back Clarke.

Appointment of a national director
Pedley attempted to bring to reorganise the TRG on a more professional footing and move the organisation away from youth politics by recruiting Clare Whelan as national director. Pedley entered into negotiations with Michael Welsh of the Conservative Mainstream Group to share resources and promote joint initiatives to secure the group's future.

Housing for Wales

Deputy chairman
Housing for Wales (Tai Cymru) was the Welsh national quango charged with delivering social housing via housing associations throughout Wales. Pedley was appointed to the Board of Housing for Wales by the Secretary of State for Wales, David Hunt MP, and reappointed by John Redwood. He served two terms under the chairman, Sir John Allen CBE, until the organisation was subsumed into the new devolved Assembly Government. Pedley succeeded Jonathan Evans MP as the deputy chairman.

Chairman Audit Committee
The Housing for Wales budget for social housing operations made it one of the largest in financial terms. For example, in 1991–92 the money allocated for expenditure amounted to £175 million. During his term on the board, Pedley was chairman of the audit committee. Housing for Wales was unaffected by the financial irregularities that affected the other large Welsh quangos – the Welsh Development Agency, the Development Board for Rural Wales and Health Promotion Wales.

Right to buy
Pedley was a supporter of the 'right to buy' concept of home ownership for disadvantaged families in Wales. Housing for Wales introduced a scheme to give tenants the ability to purchase a property at 70% of its cost, with the remaining 30% funded by an interest-free loan from the housing association.

Attacks by Labour

The Labour opposition attacked the Conservative spokesmen appointed to quangos in Wales and Pedley was the target of frequent attacks in the Commons. Labour claimed the Conservatives ran Wales as a colonial outpost and relied on a 'quango-state' of Tory placemen to maintain control. Ian McCartney (Labour) attacking the Conservative record in Wales said:"The Welsh Secretary appointed Ian Grist, a former Tory Minister, to head the South Glamorgan health authority. He was defeated by his constituents but given a job by the Tories. The secretary to Gwilym Jones, another Welsh Office Minister, was also appointed to the South Glamorgan health authority. Jeff Sainsbury, a former Tory 790 councillor, was put in charge of the Cardiff Bay development corporation. Phil Pedley, a defeated Tory candidate, was put in charge of the Board of Housing for Wales, succeeding another failed Tory candidate."

The Labour MP, David Hanson made repeated attacks on Pedley in the Commons: "What does the hon. Member for Brecon and Radnor (Mr. Evans) have in common with one of my constituents, Philip Pedley? The hon. Gentleman is a Conservative Member of Parliament; Philip Pedley is a failed Tory candidate. They have both been deputy chairman of Housing for Wales which services my constituents. I could go on. What does the chauffeur to the Secretary of State for Employment in the general election have in common with many of these people? He is on a board and he is a Tory party member. What do the 14 Conservative Members on trusts in Wales have in common with each other, apart from the fact that they are on trusts? They are Conservative party members.

Chairman 'Conservatives Say Yes' – Welsh Assembly
As a former Welsh constituency officer (chairman of Delyn Conservative Association and treasurer of the North Wales Euro Constituency) and a leading Conservative quango appointee, Pedley took a leading role in the 1997 Referendum campaign on Welsh devolution. He chaired the Conservative Say Yes campaign and called for Welsh Conservatives to seize the opportunity. In an article in the Western Mail, Pedley stated, "For the Conservatives in Wales, an Assembly could prove a godsend. We play practically no part in the political life of Wales. Can this be right for a Party which represents between a fifth and a third of welsh voters. The elections to the Assembly involve a degree of proportional representation which will guarantee the Conservatives a strong voice..."

Pedley dismissed claims devolution would cause the break-up of the Union. The Western Mail reported, "Mr Pedley ridiculed the idea Plaid Cymru could gain power through the Assembly and break up the UK." Pedley said that he understood the fear, "but is it a real threat? I cannot see any situation where nationalists are going to sweep to a majority. Plaid gets less votes than the Conservatives." He was backed on this point by Sir Wyn Roberts who agreed devolution would not break up the UK. Further support came from Alan Clark and Stephen Dorrell.

At a press conference held at the Yes for Wales Campaign, Pedley again argued Conservatives to vote Yes and warned that the party would face oblivion in Wales if it did not take advantage of the opportunity and denounced talk of a Conservative boycott of the Assembly. "If we don't get it right, I think people like me will be stuffed and mounted in a museum in Cardiff as 'Welsh Conservative now extinct.'"

Pedley welcomed Colwyn Philipps, 3rd Viscount St Davids as the patron of the Welsh Conservatives Say Yes campaign, stating, "The Viscount's family motto says it all... Ducit Amor Patriae – Patriotism is my motive. It is patriotism that motivates us: a belief that the union can be strengthened, not weakened by devolution."

In the House of Commons, the Delyn MP, David Hanson, referring to Pedley's role in the Yes campaign and his belief an elected Assembly should replace the quango said, "One of my constituents, Mr. Philip Pedley of Cilcain, is an active Conservative who has fought three general elections for his party. He was appointed without one vote in Wales because he had contested English seats during three general elections. Mr. Pedley was appointed deputy chairman of Housing for Wales—Tai Cymru. He has benefited from the quango system. However, he voted for the assembly. Even as a Conservative, he went on a platform in my constituency and said that he recognised that the quango state was untenable and needed to be reformed for a democratic Wales and a democratic future."

In 1998, Pedley backed the winning candidate Rod Richards in the postal ballot for the leadership for Welsh Conservatives.

References

Alumni of Lancaster University
Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Belmond Road to Mandalay

text:
Belmond Road to Mandalay is a river cruiser in Myanmar and formerly known as Burma, that plies the Irrawaddy River, also known as the Ayeyarwady River. Its ports of call include Myanmar’s largest city, Yangon, Bagan, Mandalay and Bhamo. It also visits remote villages and temples close to Myanmar’s border with China.

The launch took place on April 19, 1964, as a river cruiser on the Rhine in Europe. It was completely redesigned and relaunched at Blohm+Voss in Hamburg by Orient-Express Hotels in 1995. In 2014 the company changed its name to Belmond Ltd. and the ship was renamed Belmond Road to Mandalay. As of May, 2023 the cruise service remains inoperative due to on going civil war in Myanmar.

Names of the Ship:
 Nederland (1964–1987)
 Rhine Princess (1988)
 Globus (1989)
 Nederland (1989–1991)
 Elbresidenz (1991–1994)
 Road to Mandalay (1995–2014)
 Belmond Road to Mandalay (2014–)

References

External links
Official website

Belmond hotels


title: Timing (EP)

text:
Timing is Kim Hyun-joong's fourth Korean mini-album, which was released on July 11, 2014, under KeyEast.

The album was preceded by the pre-release single, "His Habit", released on July 4, 2014. The track "Beauty Beauty" was released one week after, together with the album on July 11.

Background and development
After he released his fourth Japanese single album Hot Sun on June 18, Kim went off to his 2014 Kim Hyun Joong World Tour: Dream and Fantasy tour starting on June 28 in Seoul. While he was touring, KeyEast Entertainment revealed on July 2 that Kim will be having a new album in Korea in days. The album is said to be a reflection of Kim Hyun-joong's past as well as the direction he will be walking on towards his future. In addition, a teaser image of Kim standing before an old alleyway, representing an old-and-new image of his life. Besides the image teaser, the upcoming four tracks were also announced. In particular, various overseas artists were said to have participated in producing the tracks of the album including Pharrell Williams' guitarist Brent Paschke and Far East Movement's keyboardist Mister Rocks.

On July 4, Kim posted the CD jacket image for Timing, just before his pre-release of "His Habit" song at noon of the same day. Four days after, on July 8, a video of himself promoting his upcoming album was uploaded onto his official YouTube account. Right after his message was a video teaser for his single "Beauty Beauty". Once again, Kim released more photo teasers on July 11 before officially releasing the album at noon.

Release and promotion
Two days after his agency's announcement, Kim has pre-released "His Habit" single on July 4 prior to his album release. The song features Lim Kim and Kanto and penned by Mister Rocks. Just as planned, Kim released his album one week later, around the time that he was touring worldwide. The music video for "Beauty Beauty" was uploaded on his official YouTube channel in the same day, which includes a behind-the-scenes footage at the end.

After its release, Kim continued his world tour. For instance, he attended his Japanese concert in Yokohama Arena on July 29 and 30 titled 2014 Kim Hyun Joong World Tour: Fantasy in Japan gathering over 20,000 fans. He also promoted his just completed Korean series Inspiring Generation, a premium event prior to his concert in Osaka on August 5, garnering 13,000 fans.

Tracks
Kim Hyun-joong's tracks have different genres. "His Habit" is an urban hip hop song featuring Kim Hyun-joong and Lim Kim's harmony and Kanto's rapping, producing a "more sentimental album". The track, penned by Far East Movement's keyboard player Mister Rocks, was the first to be released before his album release. His title track "Beauty Beauty", on the other hand, is an up-tempo dance track with band sounds. At the same time, the music video shows a "colorful, warm and party-worthy setting".

Other tracks include "Nothing On You", an acoustic ballad, and "What I Want to Say", a modern British ballad track.

Track listing

Music videos
"Beauty Beauty"

Release history

Charts

References

External links
  Kim Hyun Joong discography

SS501 albums
2014 EPs