title: Birger Martin Hall

text:
Birger Martin Hall (26 August 1741, in Borås – 10 August 1815, in Västerås), was a Swedish district medical officer and botanist. He was soon one of Linnaeus' disciples, but chose medicine in front of botany.

Early life
Hall was born to a merchant and magistrate in Borås, who was also a Member of Parliament, Petter Börjesson Hall (1707-1776) and Eva Margareta. Eva was an older cousin of the astronomer Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin. Together with his older brother Peter Adolf, Hall studied medicine and 'natural history' between 1753 and 1755 at Uppsala University's medical faculty where Carl Linnaeus taught. In the following years, 1755–59,he pursued further medical studies abroad, under the guidance of master Lars Brisman, including in Greifswald (Swedish Pomerania), Berlin and Hamburg. He then returned to Uppsala.

Medical career
In June 1762 he defended his dissertation botanical Nectaria Florum before Professor Linnaeus. The topic was the presence of honey glands of the flowers, what kinds there are and how they work. It was the first detailed report on the subject and gave examples of flowers with different types of honey glands or Nektaria. Carl Linnaeus had in 1763 published the essay in Volume VI of Amoenitates Academicae ('academic amusements'). In 1778 Dr. Hall gave out his own Swedish translation of this pioneering work. Linnaeus disciple and fellow student Carl Peter Thunberg named a flowering and fruit-bearing species after Hall. The genus belongs to the family of legumes and bears the name Hallia. 25 species are described.

Hall began as the surgeon at the hospital Nosoconium academicum, currently at Uppsala University Hospital, in 1764. After a few years he took his surgical exam under the supervision of inspectors from Collegium Medicum. In 1768 he was conferred to MD, which for this time was at an unusually young age, and thereafter practiced as a doctor in Stockholm. In 1773 he became a district medical officer in Västerås, a post he fulfilled for 20 years. To get an idea of all that he had to deal with, a detailed autopsy report written by Dr. Hall in connection with a murder case in 1778 read in #1 of the online magazine Gammelbo Allehanda. At the age of 52, in 1793, he resigned and retired due to illness.

Family
On March 13, 1777, he married Anna Engel Schenström (1748-1801), daughter of a merchant, in Västerås. They had three daughters and a son together. Their son major general Birger Hall was knighted von Hall.

Death
At his death Dr. Hall's bequeathment includes a collection of manuscripts that systematically described fungi with accompanying drawings. He was a great collector and had an extensive library of medicine and science, a large insect collection and a very large herbarium. He donated 770 plants to the grammar school in Västerås, most gathered in the . At the Royal Coin Cabinet are also a couple of old handwritten lists, 51 and 80 pages long, over a remarkable coin, banknote and medal collection he owned. He is said to have been an avid purchaser of Swedish medieval coins from soil deposits. He also had a number of rare banknotes, one of Stockholm Banco 50 daler sm (silver coin) from the year of 1666.

References
 Svar.ra.se, Vasteras Cathedral Parish, death and funerals
 History on education and supervisors within the Swedish health care
 When Mr. licentiate Birger Martin Hall to medicinae doctor was conferred at Upsala, November 11 In 1768. Festskrift, Uppsala University Library, Library Linnaeus, Medical Library
 Gammelbo Allehanda No. 1-3
 History of Medicine Society Westmannia
 Ian Wiséhn in an article about individuals coin collections in Swedish numismatic journal 2nd 2009

Malaren Islands
1741 births
1815 deaths
18th-century Swedish botanists
18th-century Swedish physicians
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Age of Liberty people


title: Lepturges griseostriatus

text:
Lepturges griseostriatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1863.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1863


title: Lepturges hahneli

text:
Lepturges hahneli is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gilmour in 1959.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1959


title: Lepturges hylaeanus

text:
Lepturges hylaeanus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné in 1978.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1978


title: Lepturges inscriptus

text:
Lepturges inscriptus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1863.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1863


title: Lepturges insignis

text:
Lepturges insignis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1928.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1928


title: Lepturges itu

text:
Lepturges itu is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné in 1976.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1976


title: Webster, Madison County, Iowa

text:
Webster is an unincorporated community in Madison County, Iowa, in the United States.

History
Webster was laid out in 1855.

References

Unincorporated communities in Madison County, Iowa
Unincorporated communities in Iowa
1855 establishments in Iowa
Populated places established in 1855


title: Lepturges janus

text:
Lepturges janus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1881.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1881


title: Lepturges laeteguttatus

text:
Lepturges laeteguttatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1885.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1885


title: Lepturges laetus

text:
Lepturges laetus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1928.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1928


title: Lepturges limpidus

text:
Lepturges limpidus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1872.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1872


title: Lepturges linearis

text:
Lepturges linearis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1863.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1863


title: Lepturges macilentus

text:
Lepturges macilentus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1881.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1881


title: Chinamita

text:
The Chinamitas or Tulumkis (Nahuatl chinamitl, Mopan tulumki) were likely a Mopan Maya people who constituted the former Chinamita Territory, an early Columbian polity of the Maya Lowlands, likely in present-day Belize and Guatemala. In the early 17th century, the Territory probably lay along the Mopan River in the eastern Petén Basin and neighbouring portions of western Belize, being thereby situated east of the Itza of Nojpetén, south of the Yaxhá and Sacnab lakes, and west of Tipuj.

Etymology
The term Chinamita is derived from the Nahuatl , meaning "cane hedge". This was equivalent to the Mopan term , meaning "wall of agave", which was the name of the Chinamita capital. Spanish chronicler Juan de Villagutierre Soto-Mayor described the Chinamitas and Tulunquies as two distinct peoples; however,  is merely the Nahuatl translation of the Mayan .

Territory
The Territory is most commonly thought to have been situated along the Mopan River in northeastern Guatemala and southwestern Belize, wedged between Nojpeten and Tipu, and to have thereby been subordinate to or formed part of the Mopan Territory. However, some scholars have proposed that the Territory rather lay in north Guatemala.

The Chinamitas' principal settlement was a town called Tulumki, and the Chinamita people were also referred to as Tulumkis or Tulunquies. Tulumki was said to have a population of 8,000 in the early 17th century; the population was said to include both male and female Spaniards who had been captured by the Chinamitas. The town was described as being defended by a moat and a maguey hedge, and was accessed via a narrow entranceway.

Relations with the Itza
Itza–Chinamita relations were quite strained, as the former "waged incessant wars against" the latter, while the Chinamitas were reciprocally hostile towards their Itza neighbours and their allies. In 1618, Itza warriors informed the Franciscan missionaries Bartolomé de Fuensalida and Juan de Orbita that they always travelled armed when visiting their allies in Tipuj, for fear of encountering their fierce Chinamita enemies. According to Fuensalida, the Chinamitas had a reputation for being cannibals. When Franciscan friar Andrés de Avendaño y Loyola visited the Itza in 1696, he understood the Tuluncies formed a part of the Itza kingdom.

Legacy
As of 2009, the Territory and its residents remained "virtually unknown materially and geopolitically except for documentary references or linguistic reconstructions." Along with residents of the former Mopan Territory, the Chinamitas are presumed ancestors of the modern Mopan Maya people of Belize and Guatemala.

Notes and references

Explanatory footnotes

Short citations

Full citations

Maya peoples
Indigenous peoples in Belize
History of Petén
Former indigenous peoples in Guatemala
Maya Postclassic Period
Maya Contact Period
Former countries in North America
Mayan chiefdoms of the Yucatán Peninsula
History of Belize
History of the Maya civilization


title: Lepturges maculosus

text:
Lepturges maculosus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gilmour in 1959.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1959


title: Lepturges malkini

text:
Lepturges malkini is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné in 1978.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1978


title: Penn Township, Madison County, Iowa

text:
Penn Township is a township in Madison County, Iowa, in the United States.

History
Penn Township was established in 1858.

References

Townships in Madison County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa
1858 establishments in Iowa


title: Lepturges mattogrossis

text:
Lepturges mattogrossis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gilmour in 1962.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1962


title: Lepturges multilineatus

text:
Lepturges multilineatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1928.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1928


title: Lepturges navicularis

text:
Lepturges navicularis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1872.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1872


title: Lepturges perelegans

text:
Lepturges perelegans is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1863.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1863


title: Madison Township, Madison County, Iowa

text:
Madison Township is a township in Madison County, Iowa, in the United States.

History
Madison Township was established in 1851.

References

Townships in Madison County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa
1851 establishments in Iowa


title: Lepturges peruibensis

text:
Lepturges peruibensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné in 1976.

References

Lepturges
Beetles described in 1976


title: Bjørn Bruland

text:
Bjørn Rochmann Bruland (13 October 1926 – 3 July 2014) was a Norwegian admiral and politician for the Labour Party.

He was born in Rjukan and started his career in the Royal Norwegian Navy in 1945 after taking his education at the Norwegian Naval Academy, also serving in the British and US navies and under the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic. He reached the rank of rear admiral.

Bruland led the Norwegian Naval Training Establishment "HNoMS Tordenskjold" and the naval camp at Madla, "HNoMS Harald Hårfagre" and served as director of the Norwegian Defence University College. In the diplomacy, he served as defence attaché in Yugoslavia and Austria. He was also a State Secretary in the Ministry of Defence during the closing years of Nordli's Cabinet, from 1979 to 1981, and in the short-lived Brundtland's First Cabinet of 1981. He retired from the armed forces in 1986.

Bruland has been chairman of United World Colleges in Norway and served as president of the Norwegian Red Cross from 1987 to 1993.

Bruland lived in over twenty places in his life, last in Stavanger. He died in 2014.

References

1926 births
2014 deaths
People from Rjukan
Royal Norwegian Naval Academy alumni
Royal Norwegian Navy admirals
Norwegian state secretaries
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Presidents of the Norwegian Red Cross
Norwegian expatriates in Yugoslavia
Norwegian expatriates in Austria


title: Ross Gardler

text:
Ross Gardler (born 10 December 1969 in Dundee, Scotland), is an open source software advocate who volunteers time to many open source projects and initiatives, in particular to the Apache Software Foundation.

He has served as a VP, Director and President of the Apache Software Foundation and currently (2017) holds the title of Executive Vice President. He is a committer on a number of Apache projects, though is more often seen providing community support than code. He can also be found in other projects and foundations acting as a mentor or community contributor.

Gardler's original career was as a manager and sound engineer for a well respected though "undiscovered" Dub Reggae band in Manchester, UK called C-Charge. This early music career lasted around eight years and ended with Ross selling the record label and management company he had created in order to return to formal education and study computer science in 1995.

It is during these studies that Ross first became involved in open source, initially as a user and later as a contributor where he claims that studying, using and contributing to open source software is far more educational than any of his other undertakings. Upon completing his undergraduate degree he went on to study for a PhD. in the field of component based software composition. In 2003 Ross married Heidi-Marie Brannan and the newlyweds moved to Trinidad and Tobago where Ross became a lecturer at the University of the West Indies. Here he worked to bring open source into his lecture series while creating the countries first native open source project (the now defunct Burrokeet e-learning content editor). He received an IBM Innovation Award in recognition of this work in 2004.

This award enabled Ross to return to the UK with his now pregnant wife and focus on his open source contributions. He acted as the Apache Software Foundations Google Summer of Code administrator in its first few years. This work led to the creation of the Apache Community Development Project in 2009 where Gardler acted as the first Vice President of Community Development. This Apache project continues to manage the foundations engagement with mentoring programs and other such activities.

In 2007 Ross and family moved to Oxford, UK where he took on the role of Manager at OSS Watch the publicly funded open source advisory service for the UK Higher and Further Education sector and had another child in 2010. In this role he focused on how openness in software development could help drive innovations in the academic sector. In 2011 he again returned to consulting work and in 2013 he and his family moved to Redmond, WA as Ross joined Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Microsoft which exists to "further advance the company’s long-standing investments in openness including interoperability, open standards and open source.".

Shortly after joining Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. the Apache Software Foundation board elected Gardler to act as President of the foundation. In 2015 Microsoft Open Technologies was merged into Microsoft and Ross moved to a team delivering open source on Azure.

He was the founding Program Manager on the Azure Container Service which, in 2016 attracted Brendan Burns, a co-founder of Kubernetes as lead architect. In 2017, the container startup company Deis was acquired to add significant technical strength to the team.

Throughout his work at Microsoft Ross has continued to be fully engaged with open source projects and often speaks on the topic of innovation through open source at key events around the world. In 2021 Ross was elected to the board of OASIS Open in order to work "with OASIS as it leverages the intersection of open source and open standards".

References.

Living people
1969 births


title: Andrew J. Young (Medal of Honor)

text:
Andrew Jackson Young (December 28, 1837 – January 27, 1910) was a United States soldier who fought with the Union Army during the American Civil War as a member of Company F of the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry (also known as the 44th Pennsylvania Volunteers). He received his nation's highest award for valor, the U.S. Medal of Honor, for capturing a Confederate flag at Paines Crossroads, Virginia, on April 5, 1865. That award was conferred on May 3, 1865.

Formative years
Born in Morgan Township, Greene County, Pennsylvania, Andrew Jackson Young was a son of Christopher and Rachel Young ( – 1880). He and his siblings, Permelia (1825-1890), Mary (born ), James (born ), Elizabeth Jane (1834-1878), Rachel C. (1841-1918), and John (born ) were reared and educated in Greene County.

Civil War
During the summer of 1861, Young became one of Pennsylvania's early responders to President Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers to defend Washington, D.C. following the mid-April 1861 fall of Fort Sumter to Confederate States Army troops. After enrolling for Civil War military service in Greene County, Pennsylvania on August 15, he then officially mustered in for duty at Camp Curtin in Harrisburg on August 24 as a private with Company F of the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry (also known as the 44th Pennsylvania Volunteers). Military records at the time described him as being a 28-year-old farmer and resident of Brown Township in Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, who was 5'11" tall with light hair, light eyes and a light complexion. At least one of his records noted that his first name was "Anderson".

 Transported with his regiment to Camp Jones near Washington, D.C., in August 1861, Young and his fellow 1st Pennsylvania Cavalrymen were assigned to defensive duties there. Attached with his regiment to the Union's Army of the Potomac through April 1862 (McCall's Division through March and McDowell's I Corps through April), he and his regiment's first major engagement came in the Expedition to Dranesville beginning in late November 1861. He was then stationed with the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry at Camp Pierpont through March 1862. Participating with his regiment in the Advance on Manassas from March 10 to 15, he then engaged in McDowell's operations in and around Falmouth from April 9 to 19 of that year. Reassigned with his regiment to Bayard's Cavalry Brigade, which was attached to the Department of the Rappahannock (until June 1862), the Army of Virginia's III Corps (to September 1862) and the Army of the Potomac to June 1863, he fought with his regiment in the battles of Cross Keys, Virginia (June 8, 1862) and Cedar Mountain (August 9); Second Battle of Bull Run (August 28–30); battles of Antietam (September 17) and Fredericksburg (August 12–15); Stoneman's 1863 Raid (April 13 to May 10, 1863); and the Battle of Brandy Station (June 9). According to historian Samuel P. Bates:

Moving to Kelly's Ford, [the Union Army] crossed on the 9th of June, and was immediately engaged in the battle of Brandy Station.... At two P.M. the First and Fourth Divisions, under Buford, moved to Beverly Ford, and the Second and Third, under Gregg, to Kelly's Ford, where they bivouacked for the night. Crossing the river early on the following morning, Gregg moved out four miles to Stevensburg, where he left Colonel Duffy with the Second Division, to protect his flank, and proceeded with the Third Division to Brandy Station. The Second Brigade, composed of the First Pennsylvania, First New Jersey, and the First Maryland, under the command of Colonel Wyndham, took the advance.... On arriving at Brandy Station, the enemy opened with his artillery, which was promptly answered, and the first Maryland ... charged [while] Colonel Taylor led a desperate charge upon the left and rear of the foe, reaching the Barbour House, where were General Stuart, his staff, and body guard, surrounded by cavalry. Here a desperate encounter ensued, the men using the cavalrymen's true weapon, the sabre, with terrible effect. A number of prisoners were brought off.... At this point the enemy was heavily reinforced, and the command was obliged to withdraw.... The enemy failing to attack, Gregg moved toward Rappahannock Station, where he was again engaged, the First Pennsylvania supporting a battery. An artillery duel was kept up for nearly two hours, when Colonel Taylor was ordered to report, with his command, to General Buford, at Beverly Ford. Upon its arrival it was ordered to the extreme right, where it was hotly engaged.... The loss in this engagement was three killed and eleven severely wounded.

Marching two days later across the former battlefield of Bull Run, his regiment clashed again with Confederates — this time at Aldie on June 22. Assigned to guard the rear of the Union Army as it marched for Pennsylvania, the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalrymen reached the battlefield at Gettysburg during the morning of July 2, and were immediately assigned to duties at the headquarters of General George Meade for the remainder of the engagement before guarding the Union's reserve artillery as it made its way back from Pennsylvania into Maryland beginning July 5, 1863. Rejoining their brigade by mid-month, they next engaged the enemy near Shepardstown before withdrawing to Bolivar Heights. Encamped near Warrenton beginning July 27, they were assigned to guard, picket and scouting duties through mid-September when they joined other Union forces in re-engaging intensely with the enemy for three hours from Muddy Run to Culpepper on September 13, after which the 1st Pennsylvanians were sent out on skirmish assignments. Their next major engagements came in the Bristoe Campaign from October through November 1863, including the Battle of Bristoe Station (October 14), and the Mine Run Campaign in late November and early December.

Having been promoted to the rank of corporal sometime earlier in his service tenure, Young re-enlisted for another tour of duty on February 4, 1864, while his regiment was stationed at Warrenton, Virginia. Next assigned to the Overland Campaign led by Union General Ulysses S. Grant, Young and his fellow 1st Pennsylvania Cavalrymen fought in the battles of Haw's Shop (May 28), Cold Harbor (May 13 to June 12) and Trevilian Station (June 11–12) before engaging in the Siege of Petersburg through March 1865, which included the battles of First Battle of Deep Bottom/Gravel Hill (July 27–29, 1864). It was sometime during this phase of service that Young was promoted to the rank of sergeant before being transferred to the 1st Pennsylvania Battery (on September 4, 1864).

 Assigned with his regiment to the war-ending Appomattox Campaign during the spring of 1865, Young then performed the act of gallantry for which he would later be awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor — capturing the enemy's flag at Paines Crossroads while fighting with the 1st Pennsylvania in the Battle of Amelia Springs, Virginia on April 5. He was then honorably discharged on June 17, 1865, by Special Order No. 312, under the provisions of General Order No. 83 (dated May 8, 1865).

Post-war life
Following his honorable discharge from the military, Young returned home to Greene County where, in 1865, he married and began his own family. He and his wife, Minerva, a fellow native of Pennsylvania (born June 29, 1842), welcomed the births of their daughter, Millie, in July 1867, and their son, John, in November 1870. A farmer in 1880, Young resided with his wife and two children in Greene County's borough of Jefferson. According to historian William Hanna, the Young's home was situated on "the identical place where the old stockade was erected about the year 1770." According to Bates, that former stockade was known as "Fort Swan and Vanmeter," and it was located "near the border of Cumberland Township" at "a noted rallying point ... for the venturesome pioneers and their families." Young's home in the 1880s, per Bates, had been built on the same grounds where the home of his wife's great-grandfather had stood during the early 1770s. Historian Thomas Lynch Montgomery narrowed down the location of Swan's home at the fort further in 1916, stating that it had been situated "near the present town of Carmichaels."

Suffering from rheumatism by 1890, he was awarded a U.S. Civil War Pension in 1897. By 1900, he had moved with his wife and children into the Jefferson home of his mother-in-law, Sarah Neel. Employed as a U.S. Postmaster that year, his daughter, Millie, was employed as the Assistant U.S. Postmaster while his son, John, worked as a farmer.

Death and interment
Young died in Jefferson, Pennsylvania, on January 27, 1910, and was buried at the Jefferson Cemetery in Greene County.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company F, 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry. Place and date: At Paines Crossroads, Va., April 5, 1865. Entered service at: Carmichaelstown, Pa. Date of issue: May 3, 1865. Citation:

See also

Cavalry in the American Civil War
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: T–Z
Pennsylvania in the American Civil War

References

External links
 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Monument, Gettysburg National Battlefield, Pennsylvania.
 “Andrew J. Young” (memorial with gravestone photo). Salt Lake City, Utah: Find A Grave, retrieved online October 10, 2018.

1837 births
1910 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials in Pennsylvania
People from Greene County, Pennsylvania
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients


title: James Watt Dock Crane

text:
The James Watt Dock Crane is a giant cantilever crane situated at Greenock on the River Clyde.

History
It was built in 1917 by Sir William Arrol & Co. It was rated to lift , and is a category A listed structure. Apart from an adjacent derelict mobile Smith Rodley, it is the only crane left in the dock after the yards were cleared for redevelopment.

The crane was used for the fitting out of ships.

See also
 List of Category A listed buildings in Inverclyde
 List of listed buildings in Greenock

References

External links

 Photo gallery at catchingphotons.co.uk

Buildings and structures in Greenock
Individual cranes (machines)
Category A listed buildings in Inverclyde
Buildings and structures completed in 1917
1917 establishments in Scotland


title: Formvar

text:
Formvar refers to any of several thermoplastic resins that are polyvinyl formals, which are polymers formed from polyvinyl alcohol and formaldehyde as copolymers with polyvinyl acetate. They are typically used as coatings, adhesives, and molding materials.

"Formvar" used to be the registered trade name of the polyvinyl formal resin produced by Monsanto Chemical Company in St. Louis, Missouri. That manufacturing unit was sold and formvar is now distributed under the name "Vinylec".

Applications
Formvar is used in many different applications, such as wire insulation, coatings for musical instruments, magnetic tape backing, and support films for electron microscopy.  Formvar is also used as a main ingredient for special adhesives in structural applications such as the aircraft industry.

Magnet wire
The major application of formvar resins is as electrical insulation for magnet wire. It is combined with other "wire enamels" which are then coated onto copper wire and cured in an oven to create a crosslinked film coating.

Transmission electron microscopy
Most specimens used in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) need to be supported by a thin electron-transparent film to hold the sample in place. Formvar films are a common choice of film grid for TEM. Formvar is favored because it allows users to utilize grids with lower mesh rating.

Physical characteristics
Formvar resin has a high softening point and strong electric insulation properties. It is also very flexible, water-insoluble, and resistant to abrasion. Formvar is also halogen free. Formvar resins are combustible and can cause dust explosions. For this reason exposure to heat, sparks, and flame should be avoided. Formvar is most commonly dissolved in ethylene dichloride, chloroform, and dioxane.

References

External links
Industrial Glues

Vinyl polymers
Dielectrics
Adhesives


title: Brinkman v. Long

text:
Brinkman v. Long, and its companion case, McDaniel-Miccio v. Hickenlooper, are the lead state court cases on same-sex marriage in Colorado. Here, a Colorado district court found on July 9, 2014, that the state's same-sex marriage ban violates same-sex couples' guarantees of equal protection and due process under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Brinkman and McDaniel-Miccio have been appealed to the Colorado Supreme Court, where they were dismissed following the dismissal of similar petitions by the U.S. Supreme Court on October 6, 2014.

Introduction
After being denied a marriage license, a lesbian couple filed a lawsuit on October 30, 2013, in the Seventeenth Judicial District. The case, Brinkman v. Long, seeks to overturn the state's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage. The couple was joined on February 18, 2014, by nine other same-sex couples who filed a lawsuit, McDaniel-Miccio v. Hickenlooper, also in state district court, seeking the same outcome. Four of the couples are raising children, and five of the couples have married in other states. The suit named Governor John Hickenlooper and Denver City Clerk Debra Johnson as defendants. Hickenlooper responded by noting Colorado's support for civil unions. Johnson said she supported marriage rights for same-sex couples but was obligated to follow the law by denying them marriage licenses. Colorado Attorney General John Suthers, a Republican, announced he would defend the state's ban.

District Court proceedings
Brinkman and McDaniel-Miccio were combined for argument in state district court. Written motions for summary judgment were submitted by May 2, 2014. A court hearing was held  on June 16, 2014, in Adams County before state District Judge C. Scott Crabtree, who was reported to be skeptical about the state's position.

Ruling
On July 9, 2014, Judge Crabtree ruled that Colorado's same-sex marriage ban violated the plaintiffs' guarantees of equal protection and due process under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution:

The judge also noted that because Colorado's civil unions deny same-sex couples federal benefits provided to different-sex couples, "[t]he existence of civil unions [in Colorado] is further evidence of discrimination against same-sex couples and does not ameliorate the discriminatory effect of the Marriage Bans." This argument that civil unions are inherently inferior to marriage had been used successfully before—in Kerrigan v. Commissioner of Public Health, the case that recognized same-sex marriage in Connecticut, a decision which Judge Crabtree references; and in Garden State Equality v. Dow, the New Jersey case that led to marriage equality there. The judge stayed his ruling pending the outcome of appeals.

Effect of Colorado ex rel. Suthers
Colorado District Judge Andrew Hartman's decision in Colorado ex rel. Suthers v. Hall provided legal cover for the Boulder County clerk to issue same-sex marriage licenses as a form of civil disobedience. After Hartman's decision was handed down, the Denver County and Pueblo County clerks began issuing licenses to couples regardless of gender as well, despite Judge Crabtree's stay. When asked to enjoin the Denver County clerk from issuing licenses to same-sex couples, Judge Crabtree refused to take action. On July 14, 2014, Colorado Attorney General Suthers appealed Judge Crabtree's inaction to the Colorado Supreme Court. In a separate filing, and seeking a reversal of Judge Hartman's ruling, the state attorney general also asked the high court for an emergency injunction to stop all state clerks from issuing licenses.

Colorado Supreme Court proceedings
In a July 18, 2014, unanimous order issued en banc, the Colorado Supreme Court rejected the attorney general's request for an emergency injunction—one which would have a statewide effect. However, in light of the previous stay entered by Judge Crabtree but thereafter left unenforced, the Colorado Supreme Court ordered clerks in Adams and Denver counties to stop issuing licenses pursuant to Colorado Appellate Rule 8. That rule grants the high court power to issue a stay where "the trial court ... has failed to afford the relief which the applicant requested", Brinkman v. Colorado, No. 2014-SA-212.

On October 6, the U.S. Supreme Court issued orders declining to hear appeals from decisions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, which includes Colorado, in Kitchen v. Herbert (Utah) and Bishop v. United States (Oklahoma), which  found state bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. On October 7, the Colorado Supreme Court lifted its injunction and dismissed the appeal in this case.

See also
LGBT rights in Colorado
Recognition of same-sex unions in Colorado
Same-sex marriage in Colorado
Same-sex marriage in the United States

References

LGBT in Colorado
2014 in LGBT history
Legal history of Colorado
United States same-sex marriage case law
2014 in Colorado
2014 in United States case law


title: Ernst Torgler (Medal of Honor)

text:
Ernst Torgler (or Ernest R. Torgler) (December 28, 1837 - August 3, 1923) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Torgler received his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor. Torgler's medal was won for saving his commanding officer from capture at the Battle of Ezra Church in Georgia, on July 28, 1864. He was honored with the award on May 10, 1894.

Torgler was born in Mecklenburg, Germany, and entered service in Toledo, Ohio, where he was later buried.

Medal of Honor citation

See also
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: T–Z

References

1837 births
1923 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials in Ohio
German-born Medal of Honor recipients
Emigrants from the German Confederation to the United States
People from Mecklenburg
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients


title: Kung fu shoe

text:
The kung fu shoe, also known as a "Tai Chi shoe" or as a "martial arts slipper", is a type and style of cloth slip-on shoe that is traditionally made in China, and was originally worn while practicing kung fu and other martial arts, and also while performing Tai Chi.

 Variants of this shoe are now mass-produced for general-purpose wear, and there are several slightly different styles. These shoes are inexpensive and are available worldwide.

One common kind is cheaply produced and is typically black, with minimal lining; it has a low-sided cloth upper, and a pale brown hard plastic sole. One variant is made as a lace-up shoe rather than a slip-on shoe. A version of the shoe for girls and women has a buckle strap and resembles the Mary Jane shoe. Some varieties of the kung fu shoe have reinforced cotton soles instead of plastic ones, and some have rubber soles.

Military use
Kung fu shoes were used by the low-ranking troops of the National Revolutionary Army during the Northern Expedition and Encirclement Campaigns. Following the resumed alliance of the KMT and the Chinese communists, the Kung fu shoes was widely worn by the troops from autonomous Communist formations (such as the New Fourth Army and the Eighth Route Army) of NRA. While straw slippers were issued as a stop-gap especially for new recruits, troops from German-trained NRA Divisions rather used leather shoes while their officers used leather boots.

See also

 Espadrille, a similar kind of shoe originating from the Pyrenees.
 Japanese tabi, one variety of which is soft cloth shoes.
 Jutti, North Indian shoes.

References

Chinese footwear
Shoes
Sports footwear


title: Frank Summers (coach)

text:
Francis Lee Summers (August 2, 1899 – August 17, 1974) was an American football, basketball, and baseball coach. A 1922 graduate of the Virginia Military Institute, Summers played all three sports in his time as a cadet, as well as track. He was a member of the Keydets' 1920 football team known as the "Flying Squadron", the program's only undefeated and tie-free team. Summers served as athletic director for VMI and Hampden–Sydney College, as well as the Staunton Military Academy. He is a member of the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Summers was born in Alexandria, Virginia in 1899. He attended Alexandria High School then entered The United States Military Academy at West Point for one semester to placate one parent.  He then transferred to Virginia Military Institute to placate the other parent.  At Virginia Military Institute, he established himself immediately as a fine all-around cadet leader and athlete.  He lettered in four sports: football, basketball, baseball, and track. He was the first VMI cadet to win letters in all of these sports, and ended up with twelve letters in three years. In football, Summers was named to the All-South Atlantic team and played a key role as left tackle and defensive line on the 1920 squad (nicknamed the "Flying Squadron") that was the first and only undefeated and tie-free VMI football team. He was captain of the track team where he specialized in the shot put and discus throw.

Summers was heralded for his excellence in athletics as well as academics, and was a second ranking officer in the Corps of Cadets. He earned more monograms than anyone in the school's history.

In 1944, Summers took a brief hiatus from college athletics to serve with the American Red Cross during World War II. He had previously attempted to join the military three times, but was rejected on all occasions due to physical reasons. Summers died in 1974 at the age of 75, leaving behind two children; a daughter, Anne, and a son, Frank, Jr.

Coaching career
Following his graduation from the VMI in 1922, Summers coached for one season at the nearby Augusta Military Academy. He then returned to Staunton Military where he coached the school in three sports for ten years, and went on to become its athletic director.

Summers later returned to his alma mater where he served two stints as a VMI head coach in three sports, from 1934 to 1936 and again in the late 1940s. His total head coaching record for the Keydets' basketball team was 12–61. He was the school's baseball coach for two years in 1950 and 1951, and also headed the freshman football teams. Summers was appointed as VMI's Director of Athletics in 1946, succeeding the long-tenured Blandy Clarkson.   He left to head the Randolph–Macon College football team in 1936.

Summers coached three sports at Hampden–Sydney College in the mid-1940s, including a stint as football coach from 1942 to 1946. Additionally, Summers briefly served as the school's athletic director.

Head coaching record

Football

Note: Hampden–Sydney did not field a football team in 1943.

Basketball

References

External links

1899 births
1974 deaths
American men's basketball players
American football tackles
Hampden–Sydney Tigers athletic directors
Hampden–Sydney Tigers basketball coaches
Hampden–Sydney Tigers football coaches
Randolph–Macon Yellow Jackets football coaches
VMI Keydets athletic directors
VMI Keydets baseball coaches
VMI Keydets baseball players
VMI Keydets basketball coaches
VMI Keydets basketball players
VMI Keydets football coaches
VMI Keydets football players
Basketball players from Alexandria, Virginia
Coaches of American football from Virginia
Players of American football from Virginia
Baseball players from Alexandria, Virginia
Basketball coaches from Virginia


title: Stéphane Neville

text:
Stéphane Neville (born 20 October 1973 in Marseille, France) is a French singer, composer, actor and director.

Biography
Stéphane Neville studies music and acting at the Marseilles conservatory. He plays in festivals and has opened for concerts by Norma Ray, Sylvie Joly, Hélène Segara.

Neville has played in many musicals in France and in Asia : Le Petit Prince by Richard Cocciante, Les enfants du soleil by Didier Barbelivien, Don Juan by Félix Gray, Roméo et Juliette by Gérard Presgurvic, Pinocchio by Marie-Jo Zarb. He also acts in movies and writes soundtracks for plays and films.

Musicals

 2002-2003 : Le Petit Prince by Richard Cocciante and Elisabeth Anaïs, dir Jean-Louis Martinoty - Casino de Paris : the king
 2004 : Les Enfants du Soleil by Didier Barbelivien and Cyril Assous - Marseille, Lyon : David Atlan
 2005-2006 : Don Juan by Félix Gray, dir Gilles Maheu - Palais des congrès de Paris, Seoul : Raphaël and Don Juan
 2007-2008 : Le Petit Prince by Richard Cocciante and Elisabeth Anaïs, dir Jean-Louis Martinoty - Hong Kong, Shanghai
 2009-2011 : Cendrillon, le spectacle musical by Gérald Sybleyras and Etienne de Balasy, dir Agnès Bourry - Théâtre Mogador : the prince
 2011 : 80 jours : Un pari est un pari by Marie-Jo Zarb and Moria Némo - Zénith d'Orléans : Phileas Fogg
 2012-2013 : Roméo et Juliette by Gérard Presgurvic, dir Redha -  Japan, China : Benvolio
 2013 : Pinocchio by Marie-Jo Zarb and Moria Némo, dir Marie-Jo Zarb - Théâtre de Paris, tour : Gepetto

Filmography

Actor
 2001 : Le Nouveau Jean-Claude by Didier Tronchet
 2002 : Les Marins perdus by Claire Devers
 2005 : Le monde est petit by Florence Thibaudat, short
 2010 : La liberté de Casanova by R. Vernerey, short

Musician
 2008 : Mitfahrgelegenheit by Alexander Shulz, song A bon entendeur
 2010 : La liberté de Casanova by R. Vernerey, short
 2012 : Love collection by Antoine Lhonoré-Piquet, song I don't know

Director
 2012 : Tant de temps, documentary about Henri Salvador
 2014 : Pas le droit à l'erreur by Jonah, clip
 2014 : Wish by The Bab's, clip
 2014 : Above you by The Bab's, clip
 2014 : Entendez-vous by Cécile Corbel, clip
 2015 : The Unrecalled, short
 2016 : Soy by Sebastien El Chato, clip
 2016 : La fille sans nom by Cécile Corbel and Faada Freddy

Theatre
 2015 : L'héritage était-il sous la jupe de Papa ?, cowritten by Laurence Briata and Nicolas Ronceux, dir by Cécile Fertout and Nicolas Ronceux, Paris

Collaborations (sound, graphics)
 2012-2013 : Accalmies passagères by Xavier Daugreilh
 2013-2014 : Laurette de Paname by, dir and with Laure Bontaz - France, South Korea, South America

Discography

Albums
 2002 : Le Petit Prince
 2004 : Les enfants du soleil
 2009 : Cendrillon

Singles
 2009 : La vie de château from Cendrillon
 2012 : I don't know
 2013 : Un faux départ with the collectif Les grandes voix des comédies musicales

Collaborations
 2016 : Heyhey by Gwladys Fraioli

DVD
 2002 : Le Petit Prince
 2004 : Les enfants du soleil
 2009 : Cendrillon

References

External links
  Official site
  Biographie

Living people
1973 births
French film directors
21st-century French singers
21st-century French male singers


title: Eugênio

text:
Eugênio, sometimes Eugénio, is a Portuguese masculine given name equivalent to Spanish Eugenio.

People
Eugênio Sales (1920–2012), Brazilian cardinal
Eugênio Izecksohn (1932–2013), Brazilian herpetologist
 Eugénio Fernando Bila, Mozambican football player
 Eugênio German, Brazilian chess master
 Eugénio Neves, Portuguese footballer
 Eugênio Rômulo Togni, Brazilian footballer

References

Portuguese masculine given names
Masculine given names


title: Solo Day

text:
Solo Day is the fifth mini-album released by B1A4 under WM Entertainment. The album was released on July 14, 2014 by WM Entertainment and their distributing label Pony Canyon Korea. The title song of the album, "Solo Day, was produced by leader Jinyoung along with 5 other tracks in the album. CNU also produced 1 song in the album.

Background
There are 5 pictures: Jinyoung is "Couch Potato", Sandeul is "Pizza Delivery" Guy, CNU is "Obsession Guy", Baro is a "Space Geek" and Gongchan is a "Flower Vagabond". There is a 22-second video with a game trailer. There are also more videos on YouTube in the official channel of B1A4, B1A4 OFFICIAL +: #1 DRIVE, #2 BEACH, #3 RUN AWAY, #4 UFO?, #5 ENCOUNTER, and #6 FIVE BOYS.

Music video
In the music video "Drive" shows a road. "Beach" has an upward view of B1A4 walking on the beach. "Run Away" has  B1A4 running on the beach. #4 UFO? has Baro trying to show Sandeul, Gongchan, Jinyoung, and CNU his headphones that make him look like an alien, the rest of  B1A4 is focused on a UFO. #5 ENCOUNTER shows the UFO  B1A4 was looking at in #4 UFO?.#6 FIVE BOYS shows the five from  B1A4 writing "B1A4" on the beach. All these teaser videos show little parts of the whole music video of Solo Day which was released on July 13, 2014. The official music video of Solo Day was released on July 14, 2014.

Track listing

Charts

See also
 List of Gaon Album Chart number ones of 2014

References

2014 EPs
B1A4 EPs


Hot Springs County–Thermopolis Municipal Airport () is a general aviation airport 10 miles northwest of Thermopolis, Wyoming. The airport was opened in 2015 to replace the original Thermopolis Municipal Airport, which was in the city of Thermopolis, but was unsuitable to expansion. This airport has been discontinued since and now serves as part of the Thermopolis Golf Course.

In the year ending May 31, 2018, the airport had 2,510 aircraft operations, average 7 per day: 94% general aviation,  6% air taxi and 2% military. 11 aircraft at the time were based at the airport: 10 single-engine and 1 multi-engine.

See also
 List of airports in Wyoming

References

Airports in Wyoming


title: HTML5test

text:
HTML5test is a web application for evaluating a web browser's accuracy in implementing the web standards HTML5 and Web SQL Database (developed by the World Wide Web Consortium), as well as the WebGL standard (developed by the Mozilla Foundation and the Khronos Group).

The test suite was developed by Dutch web programmer Niels Leenheer, and published in March 2010. To test a web browser, the user must visit the home page of the website which is located at html5test.com. The application returns an integer score out of a possible 555 points. The point total has changed multiple times through the evolution of the software; Leenheer introduced the present scoring system as part of a major redesign of the test introduced in November 2013.

HTML5test evaluates the browser's support for Web storage, the W3C Geolocation API, HTML5-specific HTML elements (including the canvas element), and other features. It does not evaluate a browser's conformance to other web standards, such as Cascading Style Sheets, ECMAScript, Scalable Vector Graphics, or the Document Object Model. Conformance testing for those standards is within the purview of Acid3, an automated test published by Ian Hickson in 2008. Similarly, Acid3 does not evaluate a browser's HTML5 conformance. The test scope of HTML5test and the test scope of Acid3 are mutually exclusive.

As of July 2020, the maximum score is 555 and Google Chrome scores 535, Microsoft Edge 84 scores 532, Falkon 3.1.0 scores 528, Opera 45 scores 518, Mozilla Firefox 112 scores 515, GNOME Web 3.36 scores 432 and Internet Explorer 11 scores 312.

See also
 Acid1
 Acid2
 Acid3
 XHTML

References

External links

Computing websites
Dutch websites
HTML5
Internet properties established in 2010
Web 2.0
Web software
Software testing tools


title: Family Bible (song)

text:
"Family Bible" is a song written by country music singer-songwriter Willie Nelson. Nelson began writing the song in 1957, while he enjoyed success as a disc jockey in KVAN, in Vancouver, Washington. After being denied a raise by the station, he moved to Houston, Texas.  Due to financial issues he sold the song to Paul Buskirk.

Upon purchasing the song, Buskirk took it to singer Claude Gray. Gray's recording of the song reached number seven on Billboard's Hot Country Singles. Fueled by the success of the record, Nelson moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he enjoyed recognition for writing the song. It became part of Nelson's live performance set, and he recorded it for the first time himself for his 1971 album Yesterday's Wine.

Background and writing
In 1956, Nelson moved from Fort Worth, Texas to Portland, Oregon. He soon found a job on KVAN, in Vancouver, Washington, hosting the show The Western Express. Nelson became a popular DJ, while he continued to make live performances.

During this time he started writing "Family Bible". His inspiration for the song came from his grandmother, Nancy Elizabeth Smothers, who would sing "Rock of Ages" and read from the Bible after supper. Nelson played the demo of the song that he had recorded on a reel-to-reel tape machine for Mae Boren Axton after interviewing her on the show. Impressed by Nelson's songwriting, Axton recommended that he go to Nashville and dedicate himself to songwriting full-time. Nelson quit the job at the radio station after being denied a raise in 1957, moving later to Houston.

Houston and song's success
On his way to Houston, Nelson stopped by the Esquire Ballroom to sell his original songs to house band singer Larry Butler. Butler refused to purchase the songs, including "Family Bible", for US$10 apiece. Instead, he signed Nelson to his band.  During his time in Fort Worth, Nelson was signed by Pappy Daily to D Records. While in Houston, he recorded sides for the label. Nelson was also hired by guitar instructor Paul Buskirk to work as an instructor in his school.  After having dinner with Buskirk at a Pasadena restaurant, Nelson did not have money to pay the check. He sang "Family Bible" to Buskirk, and offered to sell the song to him for US$50 and the cost of his bill. To help Nelson with his financial issues, Buskirk purchased the song.

Buskirk convinced singer Claude Gray to record a set of original songs by Nelson, including "Family Bible", "Night Life", "The Party's Over", and "Leave Alone". Buskirk organized the session and hired the musicians. Buskirk also sold a share of "Family Bible" to Gray for US$100. Produced by Bill Quinn, the song was recorded on December 18, 1959, at Goldstar Studios. It was released by D Records in February 1960 and reached number seven on Billboard's Hot Country Singles. Billboard called the song "very well done", giving it a rating of three stars out of five.

When it was first published, the song did not include any credit to Nelson as the songwriter. Instead it listed Paul Buskirk, Claude Gray, and Walt Breeland. Nelson later declared that he did not feel any regrets for selling the song, stating, "I felt if I could write one hit song, I could write another".  Taking advantage of Gray's hit, Nelson moved to Nashville. The song garnered him recognition as a songwriter.  He recorded the song himself for the first time in his 1971 album Yesterday's Wine. In 1980 he used "Family Bible" as the title track of his gospel album, and released it as a single the same year. The song became one of Nelson's recurring numbers during live performances.

Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen recorded a version on their debut album "Lost in the Ozone" in 1971 on Paramount.  MCA reissued in 1977, 1980 and 2000.

George Jones also recorded a version of the song for Mercury Records, which rose to No. 16 on the country singles chart.

Chart performance

Claude Gray

Willie Nelson

Footnotes

References

Songs about families
1957 songs
1980 singles
Willie Nelson songs
Songs written by Willie Nelson
Columbia Records singles
Claude Gray songs
Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen songs


title: Yasunori Miyoshi

text:
Yasunori Miyoshi, ( Miyoshi Yasunori) born 17 April 1909 and died 19 April 1995, was a Japanese zoologist, ichthyologist, and myriapodologist.

Major Publications
Miyoshi, Y., 1941c. Reproduction and post-embryonic development in Japanese laniatorid, Pseudobiantes japonicus. Acta Arachnologica, Osaka, 6(3): 98–107. 三好保徳; MIYOSHI Yasunori;有鉤類 Laniatores の繁殖と成長に伴う形態の変化
Miyoshi, Y., 1942. A new species of Sabacon from Japan. . Dobutsugaku Zasshi [Zoological Magazine], Tokyo, 54(4): 165–166.
Miyoshi, Y., 1942. On the copulation in a species of Eupnoi, Nelima genufusca (Arachnida, Opiliones). Shokubutsu-oyobi-Dobutsu (Plants and Animals), 10(10): 947. [Japanese].
Miyoshi, Y., 1942. Post-embryonic development of Ischyropsalis abei Sato et Suzuki. Acta arachnologica, 7(3/4): 109–120. [Japanese]. 三好保徳; MIYOSHI Yasunori;サスマタアゴザトウムシ Ischyropsalis abei Sato et Suzuki の生長に伴う形態の変化
Miyoshi, Y., 1944. Some notes on Sabacon sato-ikioi Miyosi (Opiliones, Arachnida). Acta Arachnologica, Osaka, 9(1/2): 33–43. [en japonais]. 三好保徳; MIYOSHI Yasunori;サラアゴザトウムシ Sabacon sato-ikioi に関する２，３の知見
Miyoshi, Y., 1944. A list of harvestmen of Mt. Saragamine, Ehime Pref., Japan, and some notes on their hibernation. Acta Arachnologica, Osaka, 9(1/2): 44–50. [en japonais]. 三好保徳; MIYOSHI Yasunori;皿ヶ嶺の瞽蛛とその越冬について
Miyoshi, Y., 1957. Eine bemerkenswerte neue Art von Travuniidae (Opiliones- Laniatores). Acta Arachnologica, Osaka, 14(2): 63–66, 3 figs. [en allemand].

Myriapodologists
20th-century Japanese zoologists
1909 births
1995 deaths
Arachnologists


title: Connectome (book)

text:
Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are (2012) is a book by Sebastian Seung. It introduces basic concepts in neuroscience and then elaborates on the field of connectomics, i.e., how to scan, decode, compare, and understand patterns in brain connectivity. The book concludes with musings on cryonics and mind uploading. It was selected by The Wall Street Journal as Top Ten Nonfiction of 2012.

Book outline

Introduction

Seung frames the idea of connectomics and argues that "You are more than your genes. You are your connectome."

Ch. 1: Genius and Madness

Seung introduces the 19th-century idea of phrenology and its modern-day counterpart, which he calls "neo-phrenology", i.e., the idea that sizes of brain regions play a role in intelligence (e.g., Einstein's enlarged inferior parietal lobule) or mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia and autism). That said, Seung emphasizes that these size correlations only show up for large samples and can't necessarily predict what will happen in any individual's brain.

Ch. 2: Border Disputes

Seung discusses localization maps of the brain that attempt to confine particular functions to particular regions. For instance, phantom-limb pain is hypothesized to result when brain regions formerly devoted to the now-missing lower arm become occupied for use by the upper arm and face. Hence, stimulation of the upper arm or face produces what feels like pain in the missing lower arm.

In contrast to brain localization is the theory of equipotentiality, that any brain region has the potential to perform any function.

Ch. 3: No Neuron Is an Island

Seung discusses basic cell-level neuroscience, including the structure of neurons and their neurites, as well as a "weighted voting model" of neuronal firing in which a neuron fires when the weighted sum of excitatory minus inhibitory inputs exceeds a threshold.

Ch. 4: Neurons All the Way Down

Seung explores how hierarchical neural networks can encode concepts (e.g., Jennifer Aniston) as compositions of simpler parts and how these concepts can be linked in one's mind when connections are formed between them, either bidirectionally with cell assemblies or unidirectionally with synaptic chains.

Ch. 5: The Assembly of Memories

Seung discusses theories of memory formation, including basic Hebbian plasticity and the more speculative neural Darwinism. According to the "dual trace" theory of memory, short-term memory can take the form of persistent spiking among a cell assembly, while long-term memories can be stored in persistent connections. It's useful to have both types of memory because of a "stability-plasticity dilemma", which is a concept familiar in computers that use both RAM and hard drive storage.

Ch. 6: The Forestry of the Genes

Seung discusses how many psychological traits and disorders are at least partly genetic. (He quotes Eric Turkheimer's First Law of Behavior Genetics: "All human behavioral traits are heritable.") He elaborates on some of the mechanisms by which genes influence neural development and can lead to neural disorders.

Ch. 7: Renewing Our Potential

To what extent are the first three years of development a crucial window after which brain traits cannot be reversed? And to what extent do brains remain plastic throughout life? Seung discusses evidence on both sides to show that the truth is a little bit of both.

Ch. 8: Seeing Is Believing

Seung discusses how advances in technologies to see the brain have driven neuroscience progress—in the long run arguably more than the immediate neuroscientific advances that these technologies enabled.

Ch. 9: Following the Trail

Seung reviews the history of mapping the Caenorhabditis elegans connectome by Sydney Brenner and colleagues, published in 1986. The process required immense manual labor, but connectome mapping is speeding up due to automation with artificial intelligence and intelligence amplification.

Ch. 10: Carving

Seung discusses ways of dividing up the brain into regions. Korbinian Brodmann based his Brodmann areas on uniformity of cortical layers within each area. Santiago Ramón y Cajal tried to identify types of neurons based on their shapes. Seung himself proposes to divide brain regions based on what other regions they generally connect to. He says this might often coincide with Brodmann's or Cajal's divisions, but if we ultimately care about connectivity, Seung's classification would be most directly relevant.

Ch. 11: Codebreaking

Seung discusses decoding memories from neural connections. As an example potentially feasible in the near/medium term, he suggests the HVC region in birds, which may store their songs in a roughly analogous way as a compact disc stores Beethoven music.

Ch. 12: Comparing

Seung discusses how to look at differences among brains based on differences in connectivity. This can be approximated at a coarse level using diffusion MRI or at more fine-grained levels using connectome maps.

Ch. 13: Changing

Seung examines how connectomics may in the future help identify neurological problems before they become serious and inform development of drugs or gene therapies for connectopathies.

Ch. 14: To Freeze or to Pickle?

Seung examines the efforts of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation to offer some chance of immortality by cryonics. He compares preservation in liquid nitrogen with a plastination approach that, unlike Alcor's method, requires "no special maintenance".

Ch. 15: Save As ...

Seung explores the idea of mind uploading and associated philosophical implications, such as using an analogue of the Turing test to determine if a simulation has sufficient fidelity to appear as the real "you" to outsiders, as well as whether you would subjectively feel the upload to be "you" on the inside relative to your stored self-model. Seung discusses the idea that thinking of ourselves as information—as not neurons per se but as the connections of neurons—can be seen as a new conception of the soul. He suggests that transhumanism can give spiritual purpose to a seemingly cold, material universe: "transhumanism lends meaning to lives that were robbed of it by science" (p. 273).

Reactions

Abigail Zuger characterized Connectome as a book arguing that we are more than just our genes. She adds: "it is a testament to Dr. Seung's remarkable clarity of exposition that the reader is swept along with his enthusiasm". Terry Sejnowski echoed this sentiment about the book's style: "With the first-person flavour of James Watson's Double Helix - an account of how DNA's structure was discovered - Connectome gives a sense of the excitement on the cutting edge of neuroscience."

Susan Okie affirms that "Seung is a clear, lively writer who chooses vivid examples," though she expresses skepticism about the "science-fiction fantasy that, one day, a human being's connectome could be simulated and 'uploaded' onto a computer".

Daniel Levitin praised Connectome as "the best lay book on brain science I've ever read." He says it is "witty and exceptionally clear" and includes "the equivalent of a college course on neuroscience". That said, Levitin raised the caveat that a person's connectome by itself isn't the whole story of who that person is, because beyond understanding neural wiring, "we also need to know the precise chemical soup du jour in the brain" as well as the update rules for how experiences change brain connections.

Christof Koch said: "Treating the connectome as the be-all and end-all of brain function has its problems. ....The book is well illustrated and sourced with an ending that is both engaging and idiosyncratic." But like Levitin, Koch felt that the connectome by itself is missing some pieces of the picture and that not all brain diseases are diseases of connectivity. Other possible problems may arise from "Faults in synaptic transmission and in processes inside neurons and the glial cells that support them".

See also
 Memory
 Connectionism
 Connectogram

Notes

External links
 Official book website

2012 non-fiction books
English-language books
Neuroscience books
Cognitive neuroscience
Computational neuroscience
Transhumanist books
Emerging technologies
Houghton Mifflin books


title: Azteca México

text:
Azteca México was an American subscription channel that carried a combined schedule of TV Azteca's three domestic Mexican networks at the time (Azteca 7, Azteca Trece and adn40) in the United States. The network was exclusive to DirecTV viewers, carried on its channel 442 next to the default national feed of Azteca América after June 2, 2008. Its scheduling was often live with the domestic Mexican networks it shared programming with, compared to Azteca América's different scheduling to compete against its American competitors. It also carried no sports programming outside of highlight and sports talk shows.

Azteca removed the channel on October 4, 2016, upon Estrella TV acquiring carriage on the service and assuming channel 442 in its place. The oncoming end of a competitor MundoMax and Azteca América finding new steam as it reacquired former affiliates from that network (and recruited new stations) likely also played a role in the discontinuation of Azteca México.

References

Companies based in Los Angeles
Defunct television networks in the United States
Grupo Salinas
TV Azteca broadcast television networks
Television channels and stations established in 2008
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2016
Spanish-language television networks in the United States
Television networks in Mexico


title: Rachel Makata

text:
Rachel Makata (nee Dolheguy; born 10 July 1974) is a former female rugby union player. She played for  internationally and for Auckland. She was in the squad that won the 2006 Rugby World Cup in Canada. Makata also represented Auckland's under 21 netball team.

Makata made only two appearances for the Black Ferns, she scored a try in her international debut at the 2006 Rugby World Cup on 4 September against Samoa. Her last appearance was against Scotland in the pool stages.

References

External links
Black Ferns Profile

1974 births
Living people
New Zealand women's international rugby union players
New Zealand female rugby union players


title: Mjoberg

text:
Mjoberg (and variants) may refer to:

 Eric Mjöberg (1882–1938), Swedish zoologist and ethnographer
 Nina Mjøberg (born 1964), Norwegian politician

See also
 Mjoberg's toadlet, species of frog endemic to Australia
 Mjöberg's dwarf litter frog, species of frog endemic to Borneo


title: Jefferson Township, Madison County, Iowa

text:
Jefferson Township is a township in Madison County, Iowa, in the United States.

History
Jefferson Township was established in 1858. It was named for President Thomas Jefferson.

References

Townships in Madison County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa
1858 establishments in Iowa


title: Kharkivka

text:
Kharkivka, in Ukraine, is the site of an ancient mega-settlement belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture dating to 4300-4000 BC. The settlement was for the time very large, covering an area of 100 hectares. This proto-city is just one of 2,440 Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000-2700 BC and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range of 100 to 450 hectares.

See also
 Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
 Danubian culture

References

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture


title: Mingo Creek Viaduct

text:
The Mingo Creek Viaduct, officially called the Joe Montana Bridges, are a pair of twin girder bridges that carry Pennsylvania Route 43 over the Mingo Creek, Pennsylvania Route 88, and the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway between Union Township and Carroll Township, both of Washington County, Pennsylvania.

The bridges were completed in April 2002 with spans of  and heights of , which makes them the highest bridges in the Pennsylvania Turnpike system. The Emlenton Bridge at  is the only higher bridge in Pennsylvania.

The bridges are named after Pro Football Hall of Fame NFL quarterback Joe Montana, who played for nearby Ringgold High School.

See also

 List of bridges in the United States by height

References

Road bridges in Pennsylvania
Steel bridges in the United States
Girder bridges in the United States


title: Gadin

text:
Gadin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Daniel Pérez Gadín (21st century), Argentinian accountant
 Philip Palet Gadin (21st century), South Sudanese politician

See also
 Kadin (name)
 Radin


title: Glubochek

text:
Glubochek, Ukraine, is the site of an ancient mega-settlement belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture dating to 4000 BC. The settlement was for the time very large, covering an area of 132 hectares. This proto-city is just one of 2,440 Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000-2700 BC and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range of 10to450 hectares.

See also
 Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
 Danubian culture

References

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
Prehistoric sites in Ukraine


title: AGT correspondence

text:
In theoretical physics, the AGT correspondence is a relationship between Liouville field theory on a punctured Riemann surface and a certain four-dimensional SU(2) gauge theory obtained by compactifying the 6D (2,0) superconformal field theory on the surface. The relationship was discovered by Luis Alday, Davide Gaiotto, and Yuji Tachikawa in 2009. It was soon extended to a more general relationship between AN-1 Toda field theory and SU(N) gauge theories. The idea of the AGT correspondence has also been extended to describe relationships between three-dimensional theories.

Notes

References

Conformal field theory
Gauge theories
String theory


title: Volodymyrivka (excavation site)

text:
Volodymyrivka, in Ukraine, is the site of an ancient mega-settlement belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture dating to 4000-3600 BC.

It is conditionally named after the village where it is located, Volodymyrivka (Kirovohrad Oblast). The settlement was for the time very large, covering an area of 100 hectares. This proto-city is just one of 2,440 Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000 and 2700 BC and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range of 100 to 450 hectares.

See also
 Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
 Danubian culture

References

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
Tourist attractions in Kirovohrad Oblast
Archaeological sites in Ukraine


title: Diane Maliukaetau

text:
Diane Maliukaetau (born 12 September 1986) is a former female rugby union player. She played for  and Auckland. She was in the squad that won the 2006 Women's Rugby World Cup.

Maliukaetau was born in Tonga and moved to New Zealand in 1999 where she attended Tangaroa College.

Maliukaetau played six tests for the Black Ferns, including four at the 2006 Rugby World Cup when she was only 19. She scored a try in the opening match against Canada. She started in the final against England when they won their third title.

In 2010, She was named in the Black Ferns training squad ahead of the Rugby World Cup, but missed out on the final selection.

References

External links
Black Ferns Profile

1986 births
Living people
New Zealand women's international rugby union players
New Zealand female rugby union players


title: Peregonivka

text:
Peregonivka, in Ukraine, is the site of an ancient mega-settlement belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture dating to 4000-3600 BC. The settlement was for the time very large, covering an area of 100 hectares. This proto-city is just one of 2,440 Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000-2700 BC and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range of 100 to 450 hectares.

See also
 Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
 Danubian culture

References

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
Prehistoric sites in Ukraine


title: Vladyslavcyk

text:
Vladyslavcyk, in Ukraine, is the site of an ancient mega-settlement belonging to the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture dating to 4000-3600 BC. The settlement was very large for the time, covering an area of 100 hectares. This proto-city is just one of 2,440 Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements discovered so far in Moldova and Ukraine. 194 (8%) of these settlements had an area of more than 10 hectares between 5000–2700 BC and more than 29 settlements had an area in the range of 100 and 450 hectares.

See also
 Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
 Danubian culture

References

Cucuteni–Trypillia culture


title: 1314 in Ireland

text:
Events from the year 1314 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Lord: Edward II

Deaths
 Geoffrey de Geneville, 1st Baron Geneville (b. c 1229)

References


title: Community manager

text:
Community manager may refer to:

 Community association manager, a person who manages a condominium or homeowners association
 Online community manager, a person who manages an online community

See also
 Community management


title: 6D (2,0) superconformal field theory

text:
In theoretical physics, the six-dimensional (2,0)-superconformal field theory is a quantum field theory whose existence is predicted by arguments in string theory. It is still poorly understood because there is no known description of the theory in terms of an action functional. Despite the inherent difficulty in studying this theory, it is considered to be an interesting object for a variety of reasons, both physical and mathematical.

Applications

The (2,0)-theory has proven to be important for studying the general properties of quantum field theories. Indeed, this theory subsumes a large number of mathematically interesting effective quantum field theories and points to new dualities relating these theories. For example, Luis Alday, Davide Gaiotto, and Yuji Tachikawa showed that by compactifying this theory on a surface, one obtains a four-dimensional quantum field theory, and there is a duality known as the AGT correspondence which relates the physics of this theory to certain physical concepts associated with the surface itself. More recently, theorists have extended these ideas to study the theories obtained by compactifying down to three dimensions.

In addition to its applications in quantum field theory, the (2,0)-theory has spawned a number of important results in pure mathematics. For example, the existence of the (2,0)-theory was used by Witten to give a "physical" explanation  for a conjectural relationship in mathematics called the geometric Langlands correspondence. In subsequent work, Witten showed that the (2,0)-theory could be used to understand a concept in mathematics called Khovanov homology. Developed by Mikhail Khovanov around 2000, Khovanov homology provides a tool in knot theory, the branch of mathematics that studies and classifies the different shapes of knots. Another application of the (2,0)-theory in mathematics is the work of Davide Gaiotto, Greg Moore, and Andrew Neitzke, which used physical ideas to derive new results in hyperkähler geometry.

See also

 ABJM superconformal field theory
 N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory

Notes

References

Conformal field theory
Supersymmetric quantum field theory
String theory


title: Jackson Township, Madison County, Iowa

text:
Jackson Township is a township in Madison County, Iowa, in the United States.

History
Jackson Township was organized in 1860.

References

Townships in Madison County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa
1860 establishments in Iowa


title: Fantastic (EP)

text:
Fantastic is the second EP by Canadian artist and Super Junior-M member Henry. It was released on July 14, 2014, by S.M. Entertainment in South Korea. The song, along with its music video was also released in Japan in Japanese under Avex Trax as his Japanese debut.

Background
SM Entertainment revealed that Henry would release his second EP on July 14 and begin his promotional activities. Furthermore, it was stated that the album will contain a total of six tracks, including four written by Henry′s songwriting team, ′NoizeBank'. On July 9, the medley video highlighting the six tracks included in the mini album was revealed though SM Entertainments's official YouTube channel. An image teaser for the "Fantastic" music video was released on July 8. Henry released through several online music sites the music video for "Fantastic", the title song of his upcoming album on July 13, a day before the full album was released. "Fantastic" is described as a retro-pop song and tells the story of a self-centered man who fell in love and wants to become a real man for his loved one. Furthermore, Chanyeol of Exo, Hoya of Infinite and Seulgi of Red Velvet were revealed to be featured in the album.

Henry started his promotion for his album with appearances on Music Bank, Music Core and Inkigayo starting from July 11, 2014. The full album Fantastic was released on July 14.

Track listing
Credits adapted from the official homepage.

Chart performance

Album

Singles

Sales

Release history

References

External links
 Henry Official Website

Henry Lau EPs
SM Entertainment EPs
Genie Music EPs
2014 EPs
Albums produced by Lee Soo-man
Korean-language EPs


title: Kimberly Smith (rugby union)

text:
Kimberly Smith (born 21 August 1985) is a former female rugby union player. She played internationally for  and provincially for Canterbury. She was part of the Black Ferns squad that won the 2006 Rugby World Cup in Canada.

Smith has also represented New Zealand in Volleyball both at national and international level. She captained the Christchurch-based volleyball club, the Shirley Silverbacks, when they won the NZ Women's Volleyball League competition in 2015.

In 2019, Smith was named as captain of the New Zealand women's volleyball team in a series against Australia.

References

External links
Black Ferns Profile

1985 births
Living people
New Zealand women's international rugby union players
New Zealand female rugby union players