title: Taxation in Slovakia

text:
In Slovakia, taxes are levied by the state and local governments. Tax revenue stood at 18.732% of the country's gross domestic product in 2019. The tax-to-GDP ratio in the Slovakia increased by 0.4 percentage points from 34.3% in 2018 to 34.7% in 2019. The most important revenue sources for the state government are income tax, social security, value-added tax and corporate tax.

Income tax
Income tax in Slovakia is levied at two different rates: 19% on income up to EUR 37,981.94 and 25% above EUR 37,981.94.  There is a personal allowance of EUR 3,803.33, which is disapplied when yearly income hits the 25% income tax bracket. In case of a non-working spouse a further allowance can be claimed.

Social Security contributions
All employment income is mandated to pay into various social funds by law. In 2021 the rate for the employee is 13.4% and the employer contribution 35.2% of corresponding salary. Maximum monthly income base is 7,644 euros.

Persons resident in the EU are subject to the provisions of EC Regulation 883/2004, which provide for the applicable social security regulation in the case of cross-border activities. If non-EU residents work in Slovakia or Slovak nationals work in a third country, a bilateral social security agreement may provide for the applicable social security legislation.

Value-added tax
Value added tax in Slovakia is provided by the Act No. 227/2007 Coll. on the value added tax and other amendments. This legal framework is based on the Sixth Council Directive 77/388/EEC and other European legal acts. The standard rate for value-added tax is 20% but there are exceptions where the reduced rate of 10% can be applied. The reduced VAT rate applies to goods such as pharmaceutical health products, printed materials and media and important groceries like bread, milk, and meat, which are classified under selected codes of the Common Customs Tariff.

Since 2009, domestic businesses have to register for value added tax if their turnover for the past 12 months has reached 49,790 Euro.
Foreign businesses have to register before starting their activities that will be accounted in the value added tax. There are cases where the obligation of value added taxes is passed to a domestic purchaser and in this form the registration of this business entity is avoided. Considering long distance exchanges, the business must register for the value added tax in the case the value of goods supplied is more than 35,000 Euro per year.

General information about VAT
The VAT rules are based on the principles of the Council Directive 2006/112/EC on the Common System of VAT. Subject to VAT are legal entities and individuals that carry on an economic activity.

Taxable events

 the supply of goods and services for consideration within the territory of Slovakia by taxable persons acting as such
 the intra-Community acquisition of goods for consideration within the territory of Slovakia from another EU Member State
 the importation of goods into Slovakia

Taxable amount
Total consideration charged for the supply, excluding VAT but including any excise duties or other taxes and fees.

Tax period
The tax period for VAT is monthly or quarterly, based on turnover for the previous 12 consecutive calendar months. The compulsory tax period for new registered VAT payers is calendar months.

VAT Refund

A foreign entity that is not registered in the VAT system in the Slovak Republic can ask for a refund of VAT paid on services or goods provided by VAT payer in the territory of the country. It is important for VAT returns to be filed within 25 days from the last day of the taxable period. Value Added Tax returns must be filed every month. When the turnover does not exceed 100,000 Euro, tax can also be filed once every three months (quarterly based). In the scenario of excess value added tax, the refund is issued by the tax authorities within 30 days of the deadline for the VAT return.

Corporate income taxes

General information about corporate income tax

Residence
In Slovakia a company is treated as resident if it has its legal seat or place of effective management in the Slovak Republic.

Tax period
The calendar year is the most common tax period. The business (fiscal) year may occur as well.

Taxable income
Companies which are resident in Slovakia are taxable on their worldwide income, including capital gains. This holds always, unless the company is exempted from tax. The taxable income is computed on the basis of the accounting profits and is adjusted for several items as described in the tax law.

Tax returns and assessment
All taxpayers have to calculate the tax due in the corporate income tax return (self-assessment). The deadline for filing the return is by the end of third month following the end of the tax period. The filling deadline may be extended from three to six months if part of the taxpayer's tax base consists of foreign-source income.

Advance tax payment
Advance tax refers to paying part of the taxes before the end of the financial year. It is also called the "pay-as-you-earn" scheme. Taxpayers can pay quarterly if the tax paid for previous year was between EUR 5,000 – EUR 16,600, or monthly, if the tax paid for previous year was higher than EUR 16,600. A new business entity established during the tax year (except if it is established by conversion, merger or division) is not required to make advance tax payments.

Deductions in taxes
There is a general rule for deductions. Expenses incurred in obtaining, ensuring and maintaining taxable income are fully deductible, unless they are listed as non-deductible items or items which are deductible only up to a limit set by the law.

Carry-forward of losses
Tax losses derived from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2019 can be carried forward uniformly for four tax years. Tax losses derived before 2014 can no longer be carried forward.

With respect to tax loss reported for the tax period which begins no earlier than on 1 January 2020, new rules apply. The condition of equality of tax loss deduction shall not apply anymore and at the same time, the period for its deduction is extended from four years to five years. However, during the tax period, tax loss deduction of up to 50% of the tax base will be possible only, unless the taxpayer meets the definition of a “micro-taxpayer”.

Intercompany dividends
Dividends which were paid out of profits gained from 1 January 2004 are not subject to any tax in the hands of the shareholders. Other dividends are taxed at the standard tax rate of 21% if distributed after 31 December 2013. New conditions for reduced corporate income tax rate of 15% were introduced on 1 January 2020. If these conditions are fulfilled then the reduced rate should be applied.

Corporate income tax
Corporate income tax is levied at a rate of 21%. However, since 1 January 2021 taxpayers with taxable revenues up to EUR 49,790 per tax period are entitled to apply the reduced tax rate of 15%. This is the final tax burden on 2021 corporate profits in some cases because dividends paid out of 2021 profits are not taxed in the hands of shareholder if the shareholders are corporate and based in other than non-cooperating states.

Starting on 1 January 2018, a minimum corporate tax (so-called tax licenses), which was introduced in 2014, is abolished.

When setting up a business, there are some points that should be ensured:

 Prepare the registration for company income tax
 Record accounting
 Prepare company tax return for income tax
 Meet the payments deadline for income tax
 Meet the deadline for filing company tax return

Taxable profits of a corporation include:

 Money that comes from doing business or any other activity
 Money that comes from selling assets for a higher price than their costs
 Money that comes from other utilization of the property of the company

If the corporation is based in the Slovak Republic, the object of taxation is income from domestic and foreign sources. If the corporation is not based in the Slovak Republic, the object of taxation is only income from domestic sources.

International facets

Resident companies

Foreign income and capital gains
Resident companies are subject to taxation. They have to tax their worldwide income and capital gains. Calculation of the taxable amount is the same as in the case of domestic income.

Dividend income paid by non-resident company
Dividends paid out of profits generated starting on 1 January 2004 until 31 December 2016 are not subject to any Slovak tax.

Dividends paid out of profits generated before 1 January 2004 are included in the taxable base of the recipient and taxed at a standard tax rate of 21%, or since 2020 there is a reduced rate of 15% which is applicable, unless rules implementing the EU Parent-Subsidiary Directive apply.

Dividends paid out of profits generated from 1 January 2017 should be included in a separate tax base and then taxable at 35% tax rate. This applies only if the distributing company is based in a non-cooperating state; otherwise, there are exemptions which can be applied.

Double taxation relief
There is no one-sided double taxation relief provided. Double taxation relief can only be applied on the basis of tax treaties.

Non-resident companies

Taxable income
Non-resident companies are subject to tax only on income gained from Slovak sources. All the taxation is provided by applying the same rules which are applicable to residents.

Withholding tax
There are two withholding tax rates levied in Slovakia. The first is the generally applied tax rate of 19%. The second is an increased tax rate of 35% which applies if the recipient is a resident of a non-cooperating state. If the state is a non-cooperating state, it is not on the white-list. This white-list is published by the Slovak Ministry of Finance. Countries which are not on the white-list in Slovakia include: Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Panama, Seychelles, Kenya, Oman, etc.

Dividend paid by resident companies to non-resident
There is no withholding tax on dividends which are paid to non-resident companies out of profits derived by the distributing company from 1 January 2004 until 31 December 2016.

Dividends paid out of profits which were generated before 1 January 2004 are (unless rules implementing the EU Parent-Subsidiary Directive apply) subject to a 19% final withholding tax, unless a reduced rate applies under a tax treaty.

Dividends paid out of profits which were generated from 1 January 2017 should be a subject to a 35% withholding tax, however, only if the recipients are foreign companies based in a non-cooperating state.

Property tax

Property or real estate tax is imposed on individuals or companies that are owners of a building, flat, land and non-residential spaces. According to the type of property there are three kinds of tax classifications: tax on land (land tax), tax on buildings (building tax) and tax on apartments (apartment tax).  The amount of annual property tax is mainly dependent on the area of the occupied land (measured in square meters), purpose of the property, number of floors etc. The amount of annual tax rate is highly effected by the specific tax rates that are set by municipal authorities. The property tax is compensated by the legal registered owner. In the case that this registered owner is not determined, the burden of the tax falls to the person who uses the property. The property tax is under the rule of the Act on Local Taxes.

Tax reform after the Communist era
After the end of communism, a wide range of reforms were made to bring the country from a government-run economy to a free-market economy. A large tax reform was enacted in the year 2003. It included a wide range of reforms including abolishing most deductions on the income tax, and bringing it down to a flat rate of 19% instead of a progressive rate from 10% to 38%. The corporate tax rate fell from 25% to 19%. Furthermore, the two rates of VAT 14% and 20% were merged into one band of 19%. All inheritance and gift taxes were also abolished.

Road tax and toll
Road tax and toll payment in Slovakia is compulsory. These are paid for with vignettes, purchased for periods of one week to one year. Cost is determined by the weight of the vehicle. Additional costs are incurred for trailers attached to vehicles.

Vehicles below 3.5 tons
Persons travelling on a highway or speedway in Slovakia with a vehicle with a maximum permissible total weight below 3.5 tons are obliged to pay road tax by buying a vignette. There is a traffic sign on each border crossing informing the driver of this obligation but no further reference within the country.

Types of vignettes
On 1 December 2015 the Slovak Republic commissioned the electronic system of vignette payment collection and records (hereinafter referred to only as the “electronic vignette system”) for the use of the specified sections of motorways and expressways (hereinafter referred to as the "specified road sections"). Switching the system of vignette payment collection and records into electronic form meant a change in the vignette form – the physical motorway stickers were replaced by vignettes in electronic form.

Currently, there are three types of electronic vignettes:
1-year vignette - valid from 1 January of the relevant calendar year (or the day of payment for the vignette by the customer in the relevant calendar year) until 31 January of the following calendar year
365-day vignette - valid for 365 days (including the day of starting date) from the date specified by the customer for the next 365 days.
30-day vignette - valid for 30 days (including the day of starting date) from the date specified by the customer
10-day vignette - valid for 10 days (including the day of starting date) from the date specified by the customer

If a trailer category O1 or O2 is attached (to a tractor vehicle within the vehicle categories M1, N1 or N1G, and the maximum permissible weight of the vehicle and trailer exceed 3.5 tons, drivers have to buy additional vignette for heavy vehicle combinations.

Prices
For 2021 the prices (including VAT) are the following:
 1-year vignette - EUR 50
365-day vignette - EUR 50
 30-day vignette - EUR 14
 10-day vignette - EUR 10

Vehicles over 3.5 tons
Since January 1, 2010 all vehicles above 3.5 tons maximum permissible total weight (including busses) must pay electronic toll when driving in Slovakia. Information about this obligation is stated by a traffic sign on each border crossing. Generally all main corridors (national roads) and highways are toll liable. A company named SkyToll A.S. runs a system based on a combination of GPS, GSM and DSRC technology. Each driver has to stop at one of the distribution points located on each border crossing used by heavy traffic and register the vehicle. The driver obtains an electronic on-board unit.

References

External links
 Eznamka - electronic vignette system
 Web page about the electronic toll system in Slovakia
 Correct usage of the on-board unit
 Toll liable roads in Slovakia
 National highway company of Slovakia - information about vignettes
 Correct usage of a vignette
 Road tax liable highways in Slovakia

Road transport in Slovakia
Car costs
Slovakia

hu:Adózás Szlovákiában
fi:Verotus Slovakiassa
sv:Beskattning i Slovakien


title: Intendancy of Chiloé

text:
The Intendancy of Chiloé (Intendencia de Chiloé), was an ephemeral administrative division of the Spanish Empire that existed in Chiloé Archipelago between 1784 and 1789.

References

Bibliography

Intendancy of Chiloé
Intendancies of the Spanish Empire
Intendancy of Chiloé
Spanish colonization of the Americas
States and territories established in 1784
States and territories disestablished in 1789
Former colonies in South America


title: Donnie Wigginton

text:
Donnie Wigginton is a former football player who started as quarterback for the Texas Longhorns in the early 1970s.  Though a quarterback, he is best known for one single catch when, as a holder, he snagged a bad snap on the game winning extra-point in the so-called "Game of the Century" versus Arkansas. His hold, and the kick, were good and Texas went on to win the National Championship. He later became a football coach at rival Texas A&M.

Early life
In 1966, Don Wigginton led Spring Branch to the AAAA State Championship game where it lost to San Angelo 21–14.

College career

In 1969, Wigginton was the third-string quarterback behind James Street and Eddie Phillips. He played quarterback in seven games, but his most notable play that season - and possibly in his career - came in the so-called "Game of the Century" against Arkansas when he was the holder. In that game, a de facto National Championship game between #1 Texas and #2 Arkansas, Wigginton came in to hold the extra point kick with the game tied 14-14. He handled a bad snap, and Happy Feller booted the extra point for the win and the consensus National Title.

In 1970, Wigginton's senior year, he backed up Phillips but saw only spot play, getting into only eight games.

In the spring of 1971 Wigginton, by then married with a child, turned down an offer to give up his last year of eligibility to coach at West Texas State and instead returned to back up Phillips again. He got his first career start against Texas Tech when Phillips re-injured his hamstring against UCLA and he led the #3 Longhorns to victory. The next week against Oregon, Phillips again injured his hamstring and Wigginton came off the bench to play the last three quarters in a 35–7 rout. He started the following week against #7 Oklahoma and scored two touchdowns, but left the game in the 3rd quarter with a separated rib and the Longhorns down by 10. Texas would lose and fall to #10 in the rankings. Wigginton then started the next three games, losing to #16 Arkansas and then reeling off back to back wins against Rice and SMU. Phillips was back as the starter against Baylor, but the next week against TCU Wiggington again came in for Phillips when Phillips went down in the third quarter with an injured shoulder. Wigginton rushed for 60 yards and two touchdowns, and turned a 7-0 nail-biter into a 31–0 rout. He then started the last game of the season against Texas A&M, scored two touchdowns and helped Texas secure another Southwest Conference Championship. He shared quarterback duties in the Cotton Bowl with starter Phillips in a 30–6 loss to Penn State, who was determined to avenge their denial of the 1969 National Championship.

Despite sharing quarterback duties with Phillips, Wigginton ended the year as the Southwest Conference leader in touchdowns from scrimmage and tied the school record for the same. He ended his career with a 4–2 record as a starter.

Records
 UT - Most touchdowns, season (14), tied Len Barrell, Byron Townsend and Steve Worster, tied by Roosevelt Leaks, surpassed by Earl Campbell in 1977
 UT - Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback, season (14), surpassed by Sam Ehlinger in 2018
 UT - Lowest Percentage of Passes Had Intercepted, season (3.0%), surpassed by James Brown in 1994

Later life
Immediately after the 1972 Cotton Bowl, he went with Texas Offensive Coordinator Emory Bellard to Texas A&M to become a freshman coach. He later rose to the job of offensive backs coach. After six seasons he retired to return to Austin and go into the commercial real estate business and coached at several schools in the Austin Area.

He married Judy Smith Stephens December 4, 1999 and divorced in 2015.

References

External links
 Texas stats

Living people
American football quarterbacks
Texas Longhorns football players
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Kent and Sussex Crematorium and Cemetery is a crematorium and cemetery located in Royal Tunbridge Wells in the county of Kent, England.

Background
As a quickly developing and popular Victorian era spa town, the town of Tunbridge Wells did not gain its first church until 1829, when the Decimus Burton designed Holy Trinity Church opened. The town gained its first cemetery, Woodbury Park Cemetery in 1849, laid out over  and consecrated as Trinity Cemetery.

However, as the town's expansion quickened, and with no additional land into which to expand the grounds, Woodbury Park proved too small. Although burials were continued to be allowed in family plots post 1873, the last burial took place there in 1934. It is now Grade II listed.

History
After Tunbridge Wells town corporation had procured lands on the northern edge of Frant forest/southern edge of the town, the initially named Frant Forest Cemetery opened in 1873. It was laid out over an initial  site by the town surveyor William Brentnall, who had originally been recruited to rebuild the drainage system around the town. Bretnall was later buried in the same grounds. The co-located crematorium was opened in 1959.

Enlarged twice and now covering over , today the grounds house over 44,000 burials. In June 2014, a new Friends of Tunbridge Wells Cemetery association were formed.

The cemetery contains the war graves of 72 Commonwealth service personnel of World War I and 63 of World War II.

Notable burials
John Duncan Grant, British Army officer who was awarded the Victoria Cross (ashes)
William Hartnell, actor, the first Doctor Who (ashes)
Nikolai Legat, premier danseur, teacher, choreographer and caricaturist.
Nadine Nicolaeva-Legat, prima ballerina, teacher and choreographer.
Mantovani, musician and conductor

References

External links
Official website
Friends of Tunbridge Wells Cemetery

1873 establishments in England
Cemeteries in Kent
Buildings and structures in Royal Tunbridge Wells
Crematoria in England
Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in England


title: Edward Drake (cricketer)

text:
Edward Tyrwhitt Drake (15 May 1832 – 20 June 1904) was an English clergyman and first-class cricketer who played for Cambridge University, the Gentlemen, All-England, the Marylebone Cricket Club and other amateur sides between 1853 and 1873. He and other members of his extended family are often recorded by the double-barrelled surname of "Tyrwhitt-Drake". He was born at Bucknell, near Bicester, Oxfordshire and died at Amersham, Buckinghamshire.

Family and career
Edward Drake was the third son of Thomas Tyrwhitt-Drake, Member of Parliament for the rotten borough of Amersham until the Great Reform Act of 1832 and head of a long-standing Buckinghamshire family which effectively controlled both the parliamentary seat and many local affairs in the town, including the benefice of St Mary's Church, Amersham: a Mr Tyrwhitt-Drake is still in 2014 the "patron" of the church. The family claimed descent from Sir Francis Drake.

Drake was educated at Westminster School and initially at Trinity College, Cambridge, later moving to Magdalene College. He graduated with a BA in 1854 and a MA in 1857 and was then ordained as a priest in the Church of England. He was curate at Chalfont St Peter from 1860 to 1863 when he was appointed as rector of Amersham, his family's church, where he remained until his death in 1904. As well as his church duties, Drake was also a Justice of the Peace and a Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire. He was unmarried.

Cricket career
As a cricketer, Drake was a right-handed batsman and a right-handed under-arm slow lob bowler; initially he appears to have played primarily as a bowler with considerable success in the mid-1850s, but later he played largely as a batsman. The 19th century cricket writer Arthur Haygarth, writing in the fourth volume of his Scores and Biographies and quoted in Drake's obituary in Wisden Cricketers' Almanack in 1905, described Drake thus: "Is a very fine, energetic, and most active field anywhere, generally, however, taking long-leg and middle-wicket. Bowls slow under-hand 'lobs', twisting in from the leg to the off. At times they are very telling, but the analysis shows that they receive a good deal of punishment. As a batsman (using a bat of great weight) he is one of the most slashing that has yet appeared, hitting at almost everything, and generally sending the ball all over the ground." Wisden itself concluded that "his fame as a cricketer was chiefly due to his skill as a lob bowler, he being ranked as second only to V. E. Walker – longo intervallo, however. Still a careful perusal of scores leads one to believe that he was of more assistance to a side as a batsman than as a bowler."

Drake's first important match was the 1852 University match against Oxford University, and although Cambridge, batting one man short, lost by an innings, Drake took the wickets of five of the top six Oxford batsmen, though the full scorecard is not known. He played in the University match again in 1853, but his big success that year came when he turned out for "the Gentlemen of England" against "the Gentlemen of Kent" in a match at St Lawrence Ground, Canterbury: again, full figures have not been preserved, but it is known that Drake took six wickets in each innings of the game.

In both 1854 and 1855, Drake, with 65 and 48 wickets, was among the leading bowlers of the season, finishing fourth in terms of numbers of wickets taken in each year, both times behind bowlers who bowled considerably more frequently than he did. In each of these seasons he took 10 wickets or more in a match three times, and while he took more wickets for Gentlemen of England teams than for any other, with 67 wickets in eight games, his best innings and match analyses – 8/61 and 13/106 – were for MCC in a match against Gentlemen of England in 1855. After 1856, his bowling declined but his batting developed. In 1857, in the Gentlemen v Players match at Lord's, the Gentlemen were set 128 to win but made only 114; Drake, however, scored 58 of these runs and only one other member of the side reached double figures. His highest innings was 88 for MCC in 1858 against Cambridge University. Though his first-class cricket became very intermittent after 1859, he made 79 for MCC again against Cambridge University in 1865 and the following year he took nine Sussex wickets in another MCC game. His final first-class match came in 1873.

Drake and other members of his family were also involved in the formation of Buckinghamshire Cricket Club from 1864 and a local newspaper in the county dubbed him "the prince of Buckinghamshire cricketers". The Tyrwhitt-Drakes organised family and estate games at their property at Shardeloes, in Amersham.

Other sports
Drake was an enthusiastic supporter of fox-hunting, and kept and rode horses, using the pseudonym "Mr Ekard". He competed in the Grand National steeplechase at Aintree Racecourse in Liverpool in 1860 and finished seventh on a horse called Bridegroom; the same horse finished fourth in 1861 with a different rider (although Drake's obituary in the local Buckinghamshire newspaper in 1904 claimed that Drake had finished fourth in the Grand National). He used the same pseudonym for some cricket matches for MCC after he had been ordained as a clergyman.

References

1832 births
1904 deaths
English cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen of Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Edward


title: Heliconian Club

text:
The Toronto Heliconian Club is a non-profit association of women involved in the arts and letters based in Toronto, Ontario. It operates out of Heliconian Hall, a historic building located in the Yorkville area of central Toronto. Founded in 1909, the Club still focuses on its original commitment to women supporting and working in the arts.

Today, the Club has six sections – Drama, Dance, Humanities, Literature, Music and Visual Arts – open to all professional women working in or supporting the arts. The Club runs a Literary Lecture Series (founded in 1996) and a Concert Series, as well as a Salon Series that features speakers from across the arts spectrum. These are open to the public, with the exception of the Literary Lecture Series, which is by subscription only.

A key initiative of the Club over the last decade has been to establish artistic residencies for young female artists setting out on a professional career in Music, Literature, Visual Arts, Drama and Dance. The Club offers the musician, dancer and dramatist rehearsal space at the Club, and an evening in which they can perform their artistic projects at the Club before a paying audience. The Visual Artist is given a solo show of her works at the end of the residency in June of each year and is able to attend the Life Drawing Sessions at the Monday Sketch Club free of charge. The Writer in residence is given a subscription to the Literary Lecture Series and the opportunity during her residency to share her current writing project with members of the Club.

History
Mary Hewitt Smart (later Shenstone), a teacher of singing at the Toronto Conservatory of Music, had helped establish the Women's Musical Club of Toronto in 1899, and during the early 1900s, she was contemplating a more ambitious project. She wanted to bring together women living and working in all the arts – not just music – for social interaction and intellectual stimulation. To that end, she and 59 fellow artists attended a formal meeting at the Teapot Inn on Wednesday, January 20, 1909. On that day, the Heliconian Club was born with Mary Smart as its first president. It was named for Mount Helicon, the mythical abode of the Muses.

The founding members were professionals in painting, music, literature and drama. The first Vice President was painter Elizabeth McGillivray Knowles. Charter members (founding members) included Jean Blewett (poet); Bessie Bonsall Barron (singer), Mona Bates (pianist), Estelle Kerr (painter), Ellen Elliott (publisher), Mary Dignam (founder of the Women's Art Association of Canada), Emma Scott Raiff Naismith (dramatist), Jessie Alexander Roberts (dramatist), Ida McLean (singer), and Marjory MacMurchy – aka Lady Willison (journalist & author). Other early active members were: Lina Adamson, Maude Wilks, Katherine Hale (writer), Mrs. J.V. Fairburn, as well as visual artists Dorothy Stevens, Mabel Cawthra, Marion Long, Rody Kenny Courtice, Isabel McLaughlin and Kathleen Daly.

Another impetus for creating the Heliconian Club was the fact that women were excluded from the Arts and Letters Club of Toronto, which had been founded in 1908. Membership was by invitation only, and candidates were required to have distinguished themselves in their particular field.

The early Heliconians resembled nomads, giving performances, holding meetings and hosting receptions for visiting artists in several different locations before settling in a permanent home. In 1914, members met in a suite of rooms over a bank at the corner of Yonge and Grosevenor streets. Better accommodation was found at 617 Yonge Street; later the Club moved again to a large room over a closed movie house at 801 Yonge St. At the Club's annual meeting of 1923, the acquisition of permanent headquarters was discussed and members were asked to keep an eye open for a suitable building. Shortly afterward, artist Emily Louise Elliot spotted a "For Sale" sign on an apparently empty church on Hazelton Ave. It was the former Olivet Baptist Church, then owned by the Painters' Union, whose asking price was $8,000. In July, 1923, the Club acquired the building with a down payment of $2,000 and the prospect of a $5,000 bill for renovations and structural repairs. Diligent fundraising enabled the work to be done. The mortgage was discharged in 1931.

In its earliest iteration, the Club hosted receptions for artists visiting Toronto, as well as mounted theatricals, skits, concerts, art exhibits, arranged art lessons and held a variety of social events such as luncheons and dinners. One of its specialties was extravagant tableaux vivants involving the talents of all of the members, including musicians, artists, actors and writers.

Heliconian Hall

The club's building, known as Heliconian Hall, is located at 35 Hazelton Avenue in the Yorkville area of Toronto. It is situated on the east side of Hazelton Avenue, north of Scollard Street. The area is home to many art galleries and boutiques, as well as picturesque Victorian and Edwardian houses.

The building was constructed in 1876, and its architecture is Carpenter Gothic. It has a board-and-batten exterior, and a unique carved rose window with drip moulding on the west façade. It is one of very few board-and-batten buildings still in use in Ontario. The building is protected under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act, designated by the City of Toronto since 1973.

In 1983, the Toronto Historical Board recognized it with an appropriate plaque as "the oldest building" in the Yorkville area. In 1990, the Heliconian Hall Foundation was founded as a vehicle to acquire funds for the preservation and restoration of what is often called the gem of Yorkville. Heliconian Hall was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2008, due to its distinctive architecture and its association with the Heliconian Club.

Other noteworthy architectural features include the square, flat-roofed tower, asymmetrically located on the building's southern elevation, two symmetrical steeply gabled entrance porches, and an arcade of narrow-pointed arched windows. The main hall has a vaulted ceiling, a low stage and a fireplace. Due to its excellent acoustics, the venue is in high demand for concerts and other performances. In addition, there is a small meeting room beside the hall, with a bar and a kitchen. The hall may be rented for events and performances.

Current activities
While the Heliconian Club remains true to its objective as a forum for interaction among women in the arts, it has also evolved. Club events attract participants from across the city – the Monday Sketch Group, founded by artist and teacher Erma Lennox Sutcliffe in the early 1970s, is vigorous. The Literary Lecture Series, founded by Janet L'Heureux and Jocelyn Paul in the mid-1990s, is consistently sold out. Since it was initiated, more than 170 exceptional Canadian authors have been featured. An annual concert series of varied programmes featuring the Clubs' high-caliber performers is another well-ensconced tradition. Each month, member artists present art exhibitions in the hall for public viewing; exhibitions include drawings, paintings, mixed media, found objects, textile art, photography and occasionally sculpture.

Notable members
A handsome, historic building alone does not enable a club to survive for 100 years. The strength, vitality and longevity of the Heliconian Club comes from its many dedicated and distinguished members whose reputation and accomplishments are not limited to Toronto but recognized across Canada. Many early Heliconians were trailblazers in their areas of expertise.

Seven Heliconians have received the country's highest honour, the Order of Canada:

1.	Dora Mavor Moore (1888–1979), actor and director who was instrumental in establishing Canadian professional theatre and has an annual award named in her honour

2.	Marjorie Wilkins Campbell (1901–1986), a writer who also twice won the Governor General's Award

3.	Isabel McLaughlin (1903–2002), visual artist, patron and philanthropist

4.	Edna Staebler (1906-2006), prolific writer at Maclean's and Chatelaine magazines

5.	Francess Halpenny (1919–2017), editor at University of Toronto Press, Dean of U of T faculty of Library Science

6.	Dorreen Hall (1921 – ), violinist and music educator who brought Orff method of teaching to Canada

7.	Lois Marshall (1924–1997), soprano

Other notable members are listed below:

Mary Hiester Reid (1854-1921) - painter
Jessie Alexander Roberts (1864-1955) – famous elocutionist and author of Platform Sketches
Susie Frances Harrison (1859–1931 or 1935) – writer under the name “Seranus” and composer
Jean Blewett (1862–1934) – poet and writer
Virna Sheard (1862–1943) – poet and novelist
Florence Helena McGillivray (1864-1938) – painter
Elizabeth McGillivray Knowles (1866–1928) – romantic landscape painter
Emily Louise Orr Elliott (1867-1952) – artist, graphic designer, fashion designer
Mabel Cawthra (1871-1943) – painter and decorator active in the Arts and Crafts Movement
Katherine Hale (1874-1956) – prolific poet and writer of travel books
Lorrie Dunington-Grubb (1877–1945) – landscape architect
Mary Wrinch (1877-1969) – painter
Mazo de la Roche (1879-1961) – author of the famous Jalna novels
Estelle Muriel Kerr (1879-1971) – painter, illustrator and writer
Marion Long (1882-1970) – painter of military portraits, landscapes and still life
Dorothy Stevens (1888-1966) – etcher and portrait painter
Rody Kenny Courtice (1891-1973) – painter and teacher; member of the Canadian Group of Painters
Grace Morris Craig (1891-1987) - painter and writer
Yvonne McKague Housser (1897-1996) – painter often associated with the Group of Seven; member of Canadian Group of Painters
Jacobine Jones (1897-1976) – sculptor
Kathleen Daly (1898-1994) – landscape and portrait painter
Jane Mallett (1899-1984) – actor
Lorna McLean Sheard (1901-1983) – actor and theatrical director who created an Experimental Theatre Group at Hart House Theatre in the early 20th century
Alexandra Luke (1901-1967) – painter; Member of Painters 11
Mona Coxwell (1892-?) – writer, dramatist; published theatre periodical called “The Curtain Call” from 1929 to 1941; member of the Canadian Women’s Press Club
Isabel McLaughlin (1903 – 2002) – artist, patron and philanthropist; member of the Canadian Group of Painters
Claire Wallace (c.1900–1968) – journalist at the Toronto Star and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation radio broadcaster
Ellen Elliot (1901-1973) – publisher and editor
Marie McPhedran (1900-1974) – writer; Governor General's Award winner
Byrne Hope Sanders (1902-1981) – journalist, editor of Chatelaine Magazine 1929 – 1952
Lotta Dempsey (1905 – 1988) – journalist; wrote for the Globe and Mail and columnist at the Toronto Star for many years
Ruby Mercer (1906-1999) – opera singer and founder of Opera Canada Magazine and writer
Muriel Stafford (1906-2004) – organist and choir master
Eleanor Beecroft (1906-2007) – actor
Helen Sewell (1906-2001) – painter and teacher
Margaret Aitken (1908-1980) – journalist at the Toronto Telegram and the Globe and Mail who later became a politician
Isabel LeBourdais (1909-2003) – journalist and author
Hilda Kay Grant (1910-1996) – writer and artist
Kay Kritzwiser (1910-2009) art critic, feature writer at the Globe and Mail
Bronisława Michałowska aka Bronka Michalowska (1915-2015) – ceramicist
Pearl Palmason (1915 -2006) – violinist; first woman to play violin section of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra
(Aileen) Tyrell Morrow (1915-2005) – artist
Amelia Hall (1916-1984) – actor
Faith Wood Breen (1917-2005) – painter
Elizabeth Dingman (1918-2010) – journalist at several major newspapers including the Toronto Telegram
Jean Townsend-Field (1921-2006) – painter
Joanne Mazzoleni aka Edith Joanne Ivey (1924-2019) – opera singer and author; member of Heliconian Hall Foundation
Suzanne Mess (1928-2019) – costume designer
Margaret Keslering Weiers (1928 – 2018) – diplomat, author; worked at the Toronto Star from 1963 until 1991 as a reporter, feature writer and member of the editorial board
Patricia Rideout (Rosenberg) (1931-2006) – soprano
Mary Gardiner (1932 -2010) – composer, pianist, educator; founding member and former Chair of the Association of Canadian Women Composers
Maryon Kantaroff (1933-2019) – sculptor

Gallery

References
Citations

Sources

MacKinnon, Donna Jean. Newsgirls, Gutsy Pioneers in Canada's Newsrooms. Leaping Lion Books, 2017.
Walboum, Samara. Ladies in Retirement. University of Toronto PhD thesis, 2004.
Weiers, Margaret. Toronto Heliconian Club: Women Living in the Arts, 1909–2009. Pamphlet, 2008.

External links

Heliconian Club building – ACO Toronto

Arts organizations based in Canada
Organizations based in Ontario
1909 establishments in Ontario
Women in Ontario


title: John Hutchison (sculptor)

text:
John Hutchison (1 June 1832 – 23 May 1910) was a Scottish sculptor based in Edinburgh. He was the son of an unnamed builder, and his artistic life began as a thirteen-year-old woodcarving apprentice. He attended art school in the evenings, then later became a student at the Trustees Academy. and attracted the patronage of its owner, Patrick Allan Fraser, who gave him commissions to fund his study in Rome. Although after Rome he continued to enjoy ancient Roman sculptural themes, he remained in Edinburgh for the rest of his life, working in wood, clay and marble, and concentrating on portraiture of Scottish people, and images of Scottish myth and history. He created the bust of Sir Walter Scott in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. He was a successful artist who received commissions from Queen Victoria.

Background
Hutchison's father was an Edinburgh builder. He was born in Laurieston, in north-west Edinburgh. In 1895 he was left £1,000 by James Cowan. He married Margaret Ballantine (1839–1875) on 28 June 1870 in Edinburgh. Margaret was the daughter of poet James Ballantine and Margaret Peat. Hutchison's daughter Henrietta (1871–1933) married Andrew Paterson Melville and became a Justice of the Peace. Hutchison retired in 1907 and spent much time reading. When his lifelong friend Orchardson died in April 1910, "it told very seriously upon him. He lost his old interest in life, and his strength under the blow gradually gave way." Hutchison died on 23 May 1910 in Edinburgh after a week's illness, and is buried in Grange Cemetery, in the northern half of its SE section, alongside his wife Margaret. In 1911 The Royal Scottish Academy received Hutchison's portrait by Sir William Quiller Orchardson, R.A., HRSA., as a bequest from Hutchison. This portrait was originally done in exchange for a sculpted head of Orchardson by Hutchison.

Career

Training
Hutchison lived, worked and died in Edinburgh. However his apprenticeship from age thirteen as a wood carver was served in a workshop on the top floor of a tenement (since demolished) on Edinburgh High Street near John Knox's Corner. This involved work on the estate at Hospitalfield Trust, Arbroath 1849 to 1853 under the sculptor James Christie. At Hospitalfield he had the patronage of architect Patrick Allan Fraser who gave him commissions to fund his studies in Rome. Hutchison later became one of the Trustees of the Hospitalfield Trust. As an apprentice he also took evening classes in decorative and modelling, before studying in the Antique and Life department under Robert Scott Lauder at the Trustees Academy, Edinburgh, from 1848. He joined its Sketching Club, and studied alongside George Paul Chalmers, John MacWhirter and William Quiller Orchardson. In 1859–1860 and 1863 he studied in Rome under Alfred Gatty. He associated there with artists Pietro Tenerani, Giovanni Dupré, Hiram Powers, John Gibson, and Lawrence Macdonald. He was a student at the Edinburgh School of Applied Art 1894–95, when already an established sculptor. His skills were in marble, wood and bronze.

Working life
Hutchison's sculpture yard stood at 3 Torphicen Place in Edinburgh's West End, and he lived with his family in a large Victorian flat at 19 Manor Place, slightly to the north of his studio. He exhibited in the Royal Scottish Academy (RSA) from 1856 to 1902, and became an associate of the RSA in 1862, and a member in 1867. He acted as Librarian to the RSA from 1877 to 1886, and one of his early tasks was to arrange and classify the collection of prints bequeathed by David Laing. He was Honorary Treasurer from 1886 to 1907. On his retirement, he was presented with a silver hot-water jug and a Georgian silver salver in respect of their esteem, and his "long and devoted interest" in the academy. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1862. Hutchison was involved in an early usage of tintype photographs in the Courts, used to prove the death of the late Earl of Aberdeen and to allow for his brother to succeed the title. The petitioner Campbell Gordon wished to prove that his brother, Earl George Gordon, had travelled to America and enrolled as mate on the ship Hera under the name of George H. Osborne, then drowned at sea. Photographs of George taken in Scotland, and in America under his new name, were to be compared by artists as expert witnesses, and Hutchison was asked to be one of these. The Times  said that he specialised in figures from "Scottish history and romance" and memorials of Scottish priests. By 1908, Hutchison has retired from the Royal Scottish Academy's exhibition "active list", implying that he had retired from creating public works.

Works

Early work

Hutchison's first public work was executed in 1852, when he was twenty years old, for Patrick Allan Fraser HRSA. He "executed the woodcarvings and other decorations in relief for the picture gallery then in course of erection in Hospitalfield." The architect Fraser spent some years on this build, which provided much work for artisans. His other 1850s works included: Portrait Medallion (1856), his first of many entries in the Scottish Royal Academy's exhibitions. The next to be exhibited was the József Katona character Melinda (1857), then Bust of a Gentleman (1858), Bust of J.B. Macdonald, Esq. (1859),  the Coleridge character Genevieve (1859) and the "colossal bust" of Harald Hardrada (1859) for Lord Dufferin's Clandeboye Estate.

After studying in Rome
By 1860, Hutchison had trained in Rome, and in October of that year was appointed teacher of ornamental modelling at the Watt Institution and School of Arts. He concentrated on portraits and busts, some with ancient Roman themes. He exhibited a Bust of Lawrence Macdonald Esq., HRSA, Sculptor (1860), and of Robert Scott Lauder RSA (1859), both now in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery. In the same year he produced portraits of Dr Farquharson father of Joseph Farquharson, his friend John Phillip, Esq., RA, HRSA, and The late Sir George Harvey, PRSA. in 1861 he executed Rome and A Roman Girl. Then Biggs Andrew, Esq., QC and Don Quixote were exhibited in 1862, followed by Mrs Learmonth in 1863. He showed Fanny, Daughter of Thomas Faed, Esq., ARA, HRSA and Bonnye Kilmeny in 1864. Stella, a Roman Mother and Angelino, a Shepherd appeared in 1865. In 1866 he exhibited Mrs Richardson, and A Roman Dancing Girl.

Another 1866 work was Adam Black, Esq., a marble bust and precursor to the later bronze. The Scotsman was "delighted to observed the excellence of the likeness generally, and the success with which the sculptor has conveyed the mingled expression of firmness and sagacity so characteristic of the original." The Dundee Courier declared that "the composition, plain and unsophisticated, devoid of all ornament, is in harmony with and fitly symbolises the life-long character of the original." 1867 saw the appearance of James Ballantine, part of the Ballantine Testimonial, and also A Lady, and Bust of a Lady. In 1868 he executed James Cox, Esq., Lochee and J. Whyte-Melville Esq., Bennochy, past Grand Master-Mason of Scotland. His Dante was exhibited in 1869.

His Pasquccia, A Roman Contadina (1870), is in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery. Greyfriars Kirk has his Angel of the Resurrection (1870) as part of the Robert Lee memorial, and Warriston Cemetery has his Monument to Robert Scott Lauder (1870). His Tablet to Dr William Glover (1871) is at Greenside Church, Royal Terrace, and his Monument to David Allan (1874) is in Old Calton Burial Ground. He recarved the defaced portrait on the monument to William Carstares (d.1727) at Greyfriars Kirkyard in 1876. During this decade he created two monumental statues: Adam Black (1877) in Princes Street Gardens and Robert the Bruce (1879) which is on Lochmaben High Street, Dumfries and Galloway; his birthplace. The latter shows Bruce holding court at the 1320 Great Convention of Estates, at Arbroath.

Increasing reputation
Hutchison's increasing reputation is reflected in the number of larger commissions he received in the 1870s. They include statues, monuments and a bronze door. He began with Coll Macdonald Macdonald (1870), and James Falshaw, Esq., Forfar (1871). There was more work available in 1873, with The Earl of Dalhousie, KT, GCB, The late Archibald Watson Goldie, Esq., WS, Nina, a Roman study, Peter Reid, Esq., Forfar, Mrs Lockhart Thomson, The late Sir James Y. Simpson, Bt, MD etc, Emmie, Mrs James Ballantine, and The late William Glover, DD.

In 1874 he produced The Glee Maiden from the Fair Maid of Perth, Katie, daughter of John MacLaren, Esq., Advocate, Sheriff in Chancery, and James Salmon, Esq., Architect, Glasgow, while still perhaps preparing for the 1877 bronze, with The late Adam Black, Esq. 1875 may have been taken up with this bronze, because he only exhibited Reverend Alexander Duff, DD, LLD in that year and in 1876 he had little time for anything else. In 1877 he was free to execute The late George Dalziel, Esq., John Clerk Brodie, Esq., and the 17-foot centennial monument to James Carmichael, engineer & inventor of the fan blast, unveiled in Albert Square, Dundee on 17 June. Carmichael sits reading a plan, with his inventions pictured on the plinth. In the same year he made the Design for an alter-tomb now being erected in marble, and a Bronze Door of Mausoleum, perspective view. In 1878 he again exhibited a version of The late Adam Black; also Duncan McLaren, Esq., MP, and A Young Lady. In 1879 he showed A Portrait, Henry Simpson Esq., Rev. George R. Davidson, DD, and The late William Jenkyns, MA, killed in defence of the British Residency, Cabul.

In the 1880s there were busts and memorials. He executed the Marble Monument to George Paul Chalmers in Dean Cemetery in 1880. In 1882 he contributed three or four stone figures to the Scott Monument on Princes Street including Baron Bradwardine, The Glee Maiden and Flora MacIvor, plus "eight heads in relief for the relic room." Four busts followed this: Sir James Falshaw (1871) exhibited again, Lord Provost of Edinburgh (1882), Charles Wyville Thomson (1883), in the Playfair Library, Edinburgh University, William Robertson (1883) at Greyfriars Kirk and William Lindsay Alexander (1885) in Augustine Congregational Church, George IV Bridge. In 1887 he made the gilded Figure of Youth. There followed a Bust of Sir Douglas Maclagan (1887), now in the Playfair Library, Edinburgh University, and the Head of Sir John Clerk Brodie (1888) for his grave in Dean Cemetery. The 1880s was a very busy year. In 1880 he produced Marietta, a Roman girl, The late George Paul Chalmers, RSA, Bust of a Gentleman, The Late Adam Black, Lord Provost & MP for Edinburgh, Katie, Stella, Pasquccia, study from life at Rome, The late D. O. Hill, RSA after Patric Park, The Late Dr Robert Lee, and the Roman Dancing Girl Reposing.

Queen Victoria's commissions and public recognition
In 1881, Hutchison exhibited King Robert the Bruce, and in 1882 The Late William Rutherford Sanders, Professor of Pathology, Edinburgh University. In 1883 he showed Bust of a Gentleman, The Late Rt Hon. Lady Moncrieff, The Reverend Robert Herbert Story, DD, Rosneath, and Lord McLaren. Sir J. Noel Paton, RSA and Her Majesty's Limner for Scotland were produced in 1884, along with R. Roy Paterson, Esq., The Late Sir Charles Wyville Thomson, The Late J. A. Lake Gloag, Esq., and The Late Rt Hon. Fox Maule, Earl of Dalhousie etc in Dundee chamber of commerce. In 1885 he created The Late Sir Henry Wellwood Moncrieff, Bart, DD. in 1886 he executed The Late Arthur Perigal, RSA, Il Condottiere, A study from life at Rome, William McEwan, Esq., and The Late Dr Lindsay Alexander. In 1887 he produced Dante in bronze, Professor Sir Douglas Maclagan, MD, President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, The Late John Baxter, Esq., Edinburgh, and The Late Very Rev. Principal Tulloch, DD, LLD, the Queen's chaplain and Dean of the Order of the Thistle (made for the Queen and now in Windsor Castle).

By 1888 he could be said to have arrived, because after showing Bust of a Lady and Sir Charles U. Aitchison, KCSI, late Lieut-Governor of the Punjab, he produced The Late Dr Rev. Norman McLeod, LLD, etc, the Queen's chaplain and another one of several works commissioned by Queen Victoria and now in Windsor Castle. In 1887 he completed a bust of Her Majesty the Queen and of her consort Prince Albert, presented to the Victoria Art Galleries, Dundee by ex-Provost Ballingall, in the Queen's Golden Jubilee year. In 1889 he was commissioned by the Queen to create a memorial to the Royal Stewarts in Paisley Abbey: "a recumbent sculptured cross of Peterhead granite, on which will rest a Gothic cross of Sicilian marble." It was to be installed in September 1889. The same year, he exhibited A Torch Racer which had been the model for the 1887 Figure of Youth.

In the 1890s his commissions were reflecting public recognition. In 1893 he carved figures on the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, including John Knox on the west side of the building. The bronze statue of John Knox (1895) in the central quadrangle of New College is his. The Dundee Advertiser said: "This sculptor had a great wish to execute a statue of Knox, and for two years previously had worked at it as a relief from more pressing work." The sculptor unveiled it himself in front of a large crowd on 21 May. His marble Bust of Sir Walter Scott (1897) in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey is an homage to that of Sir Francis Chantrey in Abbotsford House. This bust was commissioned and funded by The Edinburgh Sir Walter Scott Club.

By 1890 he was 68 years old, and producing as much as ever. That year, he exhibited The late Dr Andrew Combe, The late Hon. Lord Fraser, The late John Grigor, MD, Nairn, and the head of Dante in marble. At the RSA Exhibition in 1890 his Grigor was the most conspicuous piece: "an entirely realistic figure in bronze, with pilot-jacket overcoat, with wide-awake hat, as in life." 1891 brought Bust of a Lady, William Tod, Esq., and The Late William Wright, LLD, Professor of Arabic, Cambridge University. In 1892 he produced Henry Irving in the role of Hamlet, Baillie Harris and Miss Harris in the High School of Dundee, Sir Douglas Maclagan, MD, etc., and Study of a Girl's Head. 1893 brought more memorials, besides portraits to be presented with testaments. These were The Late J. F. MacLennan, LLD, Advocate, La Penserosa in reference to a poem by Louise Colet, The Late Mrs Barbour of Bonskied, The Late Alexander Kilgour, MD, Aberdeen, and Bust of a lady. The private commissions continued throughout 1894, with James Carmichael, Engineer, Dundee, Miss Ethel Campbell Smith, Bust of a Lady and The Regent Murray. His life must have become more interesting in 1895, because some projects had scope for invention: Agriculture, Engineering, and Study for a Head of a Colossal Statue. Perhaps now he could afford not to accept so many private commissions by 1896. In that year he made or exhibited The late Charles Jenner, Esq., and Pasquccia, Roman study, and Study of a Girl's Head. In 1897 he showed William McEwan, Esq., MP, George Buchanan, humanist and reformer, and The late Charles U. Aitchison, KCSI, Lieut-Governor of the Punjab, for the Aitchison College, Lahore. In 1898 he created Dante, Ravenna. His portrait of Professor George James Allman is undated, but Allman died in 1898.

Last years

In his last decade, Hutchison exhibited only until 1905, and to begin with in 1900 he only showed one work: The late Professor William Rutherford, MD, FRS, Professor of Physiology, Edinburgh University. In 1901 he showed three works from previous years: Pasquecia, Her late Majesty the Queen, and Il Condottiere, besides new works including The Good Shepherd, Rev. David Macrae, Aeneas J. G. Mackay, Esq., KC, Sheriff of Fife & Kinross and Henrietta. In 1902 he again showed Bust of lady and Study of a Roman Girl, along with the new work James Grahame, Marquis of Montrose. In 1903 he produced Thomas Aird, and A Florentine. In 1905 he showed his last exhibited work, Sir John Batty Tuke, MD, MP.

Anecdotes from his career

Adam Black statue incident
Hutchison was contracted to have his Adam Black statue completed within nine months of commission, but an accident happened in July 1876, delaying completion until the following year. The full-sized Tinto clay model, for the mould in which to cast this "massive" bronze, took eight months of "arduous labour" to complete by the evening of Friday 14 July; a hot night of 90 degrees Fahrenheit. His assistant moistened the clay that evening, but by seven a.m. the front of the model had exploded off its framework. The Scotsman reported: "It was found a hideous ruin, great masses of clay having fallen away so as to expose the wooden framework on which the model had been built. The left arm lay on the floor at some little distance; the left hand side and upper half of the left leg, with a considerable portion of the front of the figure, were entirely gone; while the parts that remained showed several yawning cracks, with the exception of the head, which fortunately had escaped quite uninjured." It was speculated that as the framework and its supporting iron bar were intact, internal expansion of hot air had done the damage. The memorial committee granted an extension.

Figure of Youth incident
In 1887 he made the gilded Figure of Youth which crowns the dome on Old College. Adam Hall was the model for this allegory of the ideal student brandishing the Torch of Knowledge, and he was also a burglar. He was charged and sentenced to three months in the Edinburgh Sheriff Criminal Court for breaking a window and desk lock on 11 June and stealing a watch, ring and £4 10s from Hutchison's studio.

Queen's portrait bust incident
In 1887 he completed a bust of Her Majesty the Queen, and of her consort Prince Albert, presented to the Victoria Art Galleries, Dundee by ex-Provost Ballingall, in the Queen's Golden Jubilee year. Many years later, after Hutchison had died, The Scotsman told this story: "One day, after the sitting, the Queen stood by the clay model as it was nearing completion, and gave her kindly criticism upon it. "Don't you think," said Her Majesty, "that this is a little prominent?" pointing to a part of the chin, and as she did so she placed her thumb, artist-like, on to the clay, which yielded to her touch. The sculptor took care that the mark Queen Victoria had left on her own bust was not effaced, and that it was duly carved in the more enduring marble."

Notes

References

External links

 Royal Scottish Academy, Catalogue of the Library, Royal Scottish Academy, compiled by John Hutchison, Edinburgh University Press, 1878

1832 births
1910 deaths
Artists from Edinburgh
Scottish sculptors
Scottish male sculptors
20th-century British sculptors
19th-century British sculptors
Artists of the Boston Public Library


title: 2013–14 PGE Skra Bełchatów season

text:
PGE Skra Bełchatów 2013–2014 season is the 2013/2014 volleyball season for Polish professional volleyball club PGE Skra Bełchatów. The club won 8th title of Polish Champion, lost in semifinal of CEV Cup and Polish Cup.

The club competed in:
 Polish Championship
 Polish Cup
 CEV Cup

Team roster

Squad changes for the 2013–2014 season
In:

Out:

Most Valuable Players

General classification

Results, schedules and standings

2013–14 PlusLiga

Regular season

Quarterfinal

Semifinal

Final
On April 27, 2014, took the third game. PGE Skra fought to win the title, and Asseco Resovia wanted to keep their chances of struggle and will equalize result. Hosts through effective game the whole team, and especially of captain Mariusz Wlazły, who was the Most Valuable Player in all three matches, won the third final match in three sets. PGE Skra won their 8th title of Polish Champion after two seasons break.

Polish Cup 2014

Quarterfinal

Semifinal

2013–14 CEV Cup

16th Finals

8th Finals

4th Finals

Challenge phase

Semifinals

End of season
On May 2, 2014, held the official end of the season for the club from Bełchatów. During the ceremony Konrad Piechocki summarized the season and officially said goodbye to wing-spiker Stephane Antiga, who after leaving the club became the coach of the Poland national team. Four months later, Antiga led Poland to title of the 2014 World Champions.

References

PGE Skra Bełchatów seasons


title: Tony "Doc" Shiels

text:
Anthony "Doc" Shiels (born 1938) is a Salford-born artist, magician and writer. After attending the Heatherley School of Fine Art in London, he moved to St Ives, Cornwall where in 1961, following the resignation of Barbara Hepworth, he was made a member of the committee of the influential Penwith Society of Arts. In St Ives he ran the progressive 'Steps Gallery', where he showed artists like Brian Wall and Bob Law. He had several solo exhibitions in London before then leaving St Ives following a drunken incident, in which he threatened police with a gun that he had obtained from painter-friend Terry Frost.

History
In the late 1960s after moving to live in Ponsanooth near Falmouth, he rediscovered stage magic - something he had been taught as a boy by his father and grandfather - and wrote articles for The Linking Ring and The Budget magazines. This included interviews with Ray Harryhausen and Ray Bradbury. He also published a trio of magic books: 13, Something Strange and Daemons Darklings and Doppelgangers which were sold in both the UK and the US and led to him being associated with 1970s bizarre magic.

Between 1970 and 1974 he performed as 'Doc Shiels: Wizard of the West' at festivals and fayres in Cornwall, UK. This, presented with the help of friend Vernon Rose and the rest of the Shiels family, was a magic show that incorporated illusions such as the headless woman, the sub-trunk and the buzz-saw.

In 1975 he set up 'Tom Fool's Theatre of Tom Foolery', which started as a troupe of 'mummers', before worked closely with the Footsbarn theatre.

He was involved in a series of 'monster-raising' exploits in 1976, which gave him considerable media attention, particularly when he began 'invoking' the monsters with the aid of a coven of nude witches. His attempts to 'raise' Morgawr the Cornish sea monster, were covered by BBC TV, Fortean Times, local newspapers, and appeared in national newspapers such as the Reveille and News of the World. At around the same time he reported on sightings of the 'Owlman' of Mawnan. In 1977 he obtained photos claimed to be of the Loch Ness Monster which appeared on the front page of the Daily Mirror newspaper. This and his associated 'Monstermind Experiment' appeared in other media outlets including The Daily Telegraph and Radio One's Newsbeat.

Alongside the monster-raising, Shiels continued to perform both as Doc Shiels and as a member of Tom Fools Theatre, and he wrote several plays including Spooks, The Gallavant Variations, Nightjars, Cloth Owl the Winking Curtain and Dr Beak Hides his Hands. One of his plays, Distant Humps, was co-produced by Ken Campbell and co-starred Christopher Fairbank. He also had other magic books published, including The Shiels Effect, Bizarre and The Cantrip Codex.

The events of the 1970s and 1980s were covered in his own book, Monstrum, and in the 1996 book Owlman and Others by Jon Downes.

During this period and in the years since he continued to paint and have exhibitions. He considers himself an artist first and foremost, and his life's work to be a form of surrealism that he refers to as 'surrealchemy'.

Gallery

References

1938 births
Living people
English artists
English magicians
People from Salford


title: List of Indian engineering colleges before Independence

text:
The impulse for creation of centres of technical training came from the British rulers of India, and it arose out of the necessity for the training of overseers for construction and maintenance of public buildings, roads, canals, and ports, and for the training of artisans and craftsmen for the use of instruments, and apparatus needed for the army, the navy, and the survey department. While superintending engineers were mostly recruited from Britain, lower grade craftsmen, artisans and sub-overseers were recruited locally. The necessity to make them more efficient, led to the establishment of industrial schools attached to the Ordnance Factories Board and other engineering establishments.

History

The first engineering college was established in present day Uttarakhand at Roorkee in the year 1847 for the training of Civil Engineers. Thomason College of Civil Engineering as it was called, made use of the large workshops and public buildings there that were erected for the Upper Ganges Canal. The college was converted to the University of Roorkee in 1948 and upgraded to the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee in 2001.

In July 1854, College of Engineering, Pune's precursor, The Poona Engineering Class and Mechanical School was opened, with an aim to provide suitable learning to the subordinate officers in the Public Works Department. In June 1865 Mr. Theodore Cooke, M.A, who held that appointment for 28 years was appointed Principal. The foundation stone of the new college was laid by the Governor, Sir Bartle Frere, on 5 August 1865. College was affiliated to University of Bombay in 1866. In 1868 the College moved to the New Buildings. The college was divided into three departments for matriculated and unmatriculated students. In 1879 two new classes, an Agricultural class and a Forest class, were added to the college, and the name of the college was changed from " The Poona Civil Engineering College " to " The College of Science". The credit for most of the civil infrastructure in India goes to the alumni of COEP, including Bharat Ratna Sir M. Visvesvarayya, in whose honor "Engineers Day" is celebrated.

In pursuance of the Government policy, three Engineering Colleges were opened by about 1856 in the three Presidencies.

In Bengal, a College called the Calcutta Civil Engineering College was opened at the Writers' Buildings in November 1856. With the establishment of University of Calcutta on 24 January 1857, the college was affiliated to this university since May 1857.  In 1865, the college merged with Presidency College, Kolkata and from 1865 to 1869 the college functioned as the Civil Engineering Department of Presidency College. In 1880, the college was shifted to its present campus at Shibpur, Howrah, and was christened the Government College, Howrah, in the premises of Bishop's College. On 12 February 1920 the name was changed to Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur. The word Shibpur was deleted on 24 March 1921 and it became Bengal Engineering College. The college was subsequently rechristened Bengal Engineering and Science University and upgraded to the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur in 2014. Also in March 27, 1914 University of Calcutta established their own science and technology campus, came to be known as Rajabazar Science College. This institute has some of the oldest applied science departments.

In the Madras Presidency, the industrial school attached to the Gun Carriage Factory became ultimately the College of Engineering, Guindy. It was founded in 1794 as Asia's oldest technical institution and was affiliated to the University of Madras in 1858.

The Banaras Engineering College was established at Varanasi in the year 1919. The college was rechristened as the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University in 1968. The college was upgraded to the Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi in 2012.

The British also opened Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur for chemical sciences in 1921 in the United Provinces, now Uttar Pradesh. it is now called the Harcourt Butler Technical University.

Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad was established by British Indian Government on the lines of the Royal School of Mines, London, and was formally opened on 9 December 1926 by Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India. The college was subsequently called the Indian School of Mines University for a while before the word University was dropped from its name. The college was upgraded to the Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad in 2016.

In 1947 when India became independent, there were 36 institutions for first-degree engineering education, with an annual intake of about 2500 students.

List

See also

 Engineering education in India
 History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent
 Information technology in India
 List of Indian inventions
 Science and technology in India
 Science and technology studies in India
 Timeline of Indian innovation

References

Notes
 Have been upgraded to Indian Institutes of Technology.
 Raised to degree standard (college/university).

Citations

Engineering education in India
Lists of engineering colleges in India


title: Rock and Soul

text:
Rock and Soul may refer to:

Rock'n Soul (Everly Brothers album), a 1965 album by the Everly Brothers
Rock 'n Soul (Solomon Burke album), a 1964 album by Solomon Burke
Rock 'n Soul Part 1, 1983 compilation album by Hall & Oates


title: La Ville de Paris (airship)

text:
The Ville de Paris was a dirigible constructed in 1906 for Henry Deutsch de la Meurthe by Édouard Surcouf.

Design
La Ville de Paris was the second airship of this name commissioned by Deutsch de la Meurthe: the first, built in 1902-3 and constructed by Maurice Mallet and designed by Victor Tatin was unsuccessful.

The airship was designed by the prominent balloon manufacturer Édouard Surcouf and Henry Kapférer.  It was powered by a 70 hp 4-cylinder Argus engine driving a single propeller at the front of the nacelle via a 5:1 reduction gearbox. The engine also drove a pump to maintain pressure in the internal ballonet.  The nacelle was a square-section wire-braced wooden structure which had been used in the unsuccessful design of 1902, and carried a pair of rudders at the rear and a pair of biplane elevators.  The most novel feature of the design were the tail surfaces, which consisted of elongated tubes inflated with hydrogen. These were the result of research carried out by Charles Renard.

Operational history
After trim trials on 23 October 1906 and a tethered engine trial on 27 October, La Ville de Paris made its first flight on 11 November 1906, piloted by Surcouf and Kapferer, with Louis Paulhan as mechanic. The flight was marred by problems with the engine, and after crossing the Forest of Saint-Germain the airship was landed at Chambourcy after 1  20 m in the air, after which it was deflated and returned by road to Sartrouville.

Following this flight it was decided to replace the four-year-old keel structure because of the state of the wood from which it was constructed.  A second pair of elevators were added amidships: these were constructed by Voisin Freres, as was the propeller.  The Argus engine was replaced by a Chenu of the same power.

The reconstructed airship was inflated in June 1907 and after a series of tethered trials made its first free flight on 9 August, a short circuit returning to Sartrouville. Several similar successful short flights followed, on the seventh of which Deutsch de la Meurthe was carried as a passenger.  Subsequent flights carried several notable members of the French aviation community including Ferdinand Ferber and Ernest Archdeacon

Having made 20 flights, it was then deflated and some modifications were made,  including the removal of one ballonet and modifications to the control surfaces. Flights were resumed on 14 November, when a flight over central Paris was made.  Further flights over Paris, including a visit to the military flying field at Issy-les-Moulineaux were made in November, including one carrying Charles Rolls and Frank Hedges Butler as passengers.

Deutsch de la Meurthe then placed the airship at the disposal of the French Army, to replace the Lebaudy Patrie which had recently been torn from its mooring in a storm and lost, following which some flights were made carrying Army personnel in order to familiarise them with the airship.

A longer flight was made on 18 December, when it was flown from Sartrouville to Lagny and back covering a distance of around  and another long flight was made on 24 December from Sartrouville to Coulommiers and back; the flight lasted 5 hours 10 minutes and covered , setting a new French record for a closed-circuit flight.

On 15 January 1908, as usual piloted by Kapferer with Paulhan as mechanic, it was flown from Sartrouville to the French Army establishment at Verdun, a distance of . The flight took 9hr 38 min, including 1 hr 25 min during which the airship had landed in order to make repairs to the engine.  Two more flights were made at Verdun before it was deflated at the end of January.

After delivery to the French army it was lengthened to , increasing its capacity to .  In its modified form it was first flown on 16 November 1908, when a trial flight was curtailed by the failure of a pinion in the reduction gearbox. The airship was brought down at the military maneuvering ground at Jardin-Fontaine  from its base and had to be walked back to the flying field at Verdun. Repairs were completed by 20 November, and after static engine trials it made seven short flights between 24 November and 2 December.  On 7 December it was deflated.

It was still in use in 1910, when several flights were made in August during the military maneuvers in Picardy, during one of which experiments were made with aerial photography.

Specifications

References

Airships of France
1900s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Hydrogen airships
Aircraft first flown in 1906


title: Space Engine Systems

text:
Space Engine Systems Inc. (SES) is a Canadian aerospace company and is located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The main focus of the company is the development of a light multi-fuel propulsion system (DASS Engine) to power a reusable single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) and hypersonic cruise vehicle. Pumps, compressors, gear boxes, and other related technologies being developed are integrated into SES's major R&D projects. SES has collaborated with the University of Calgary to study and develop technologies in key technical areas of nanotechnology and high-speed aerodynamics.

Company history
Space Engines Systems Inc. was established in 2012 to develop the DASS engine and related technologies in the aerospace sector. Space Engine Systems's promoters have been involved in the development of the engine for over 20 years. SES and CAN-K></ref> work together to bring novel pumps, compressors, and gearbox systems to the aerospace industry as spin off applications. On May 10, 2012, SES publicly announced the launch of their company at the Farnborough Air Show (July 9–15, 2012).  On August 6, they announced their participation in the AUVSI's Unmanned Systems North America. SES frequently attends major international trade shows in the aerospace sector including the Paris Air Show in 2013, 2015, and 2017 and the Farnborough Air Show in 2014 and 2016.

DASS engine

The DASS engine is a pre-cooled combined cycle propulsion concept that can produce thrust over a wide range of vehicle flight Mach numbers (rest to hypersonic). Derivatives of the engine can be used for propulsion of an SSTO vehicle, long-range missiles, and hypersonic transport aircraft. The engine is being developed with the flexibility for various vehicles and mission profiles. The concept uses existing aerospace technologies, including conventional gas turbine components, and new developments in nanotechnology to overcome some of the key technical obstacles associated with overheating and fuel storage. In high-speed flight, the incoming air has a very high dynamic pressure and aerodynamic deceleration results in a rise in static pressure and temperature. Temperatures can rise above the material limits of the compressor blades in a conventional turbojet. A strategy to alleviate this problem is to place a heat exchanger downstream of the inlet in order to reduce gas temperatures prior to mechanical compression. Similar to the deep-cooled turbojet or the liquefied air cycle engine (LACE), energy extracted from the incoming air in the DASS engine is added back into the system downstream as sensible heat in the fuel stream.

The DASS engine concept improves upon the heat exchange process in multiple ways. Surface nano-coatings are placed on the internal heat exchangers to enhance convective heat transfer rates, reduce heat exchanger mass, and reduce unwanted aerodynamic blockage. Metallic nanoparticles are seeded into the intake air from the inlet cone to further enhance heat transfer. The particles act as a supplemental fuel and assist the operation of flow control devices downstream. It is known that metallic fuels have desirable storage properties in comparison to hydrogen and have excellent energy densities on a per volume basis. A combination of hydrogen and nanoparticles of Boron are being considered as the engine's fuel.

The main advantage of the DASS engine over conventional rocket engines for high-speed flight is the use of atmospheric oxygen in its air-breathing mode. The specific impulse (Isp) of air-breathing engines are superior to rockets over a wide range of Mach numbers. These gains have the potential to realize a larger payload mass fraction (e.g. 4% for NASP to LEO vs 2.6% for Soyuz-2 to LEO). The higher Isp associated with air-breathing engines is a major motivation for the development of supersonic combustion ramjet engines. Airbreathing engines typically have a lower thrust-to-weight ratio compared to rockets. That is why the DASS engine will be integrated into a lifting-body vehicle. For an SSTO vehicle, reduced vehicle mass and increased payload mass fraction translates to lower operation costs. For transport, the ability to travel at hypersonic speeds drastically decreases the time required to cover long distances. The altitude at which hypersonic cruise vehicles operate is usually much higher than conventional transporters (30 km for A2 vs 13.1 km for A380). The lower air density at these higher altitudes reduces the overall vehicle drag, which further improves efficiency. Current research and development is focused on engine operation at Mach 5 cruise at an altitude of 30 km. Note that 30 km is still significantly lower than what is considered to be the edge of space (100 km) and much lower than low Earth orbit (~200 km). Therefore, for the DASS Engine to operate beyond the target 30 km and Mach 5 operating conditions, the design will be modified. At higher altitudes the air density decreases and the vehicle must travel faster to achieve a sufficient inlet mass capture. At even higher altitudes, the DASS engine will need to store onboard oxidizer to be used with a rocket motor in its flow path. The target is to achieve a major component of orbital velocity when operating in the airbreathing mode before switching to the rocket mode.

Engine details
At low flight speeds the DASS engine relies solely on the on-board turbojet that runs on a conventional hydrocarbon fuel. The variable geometry intake (PCT patent pending) allows large gaps to form between the heat exchanger (which is not operating at this stage), minimizing intake pressure losses. During this mode, the bypass is closed and all air is processed through the turbojet core. The exhaust nozzle (PCT patent pending) contracts in the subsonic mode for optimal specific thrust. As the engine accelerates to supersonic velocities, the articulated portions of the intake direct flow into the heat exchanger (PCT patent pending). Liquid hydrogen fuel is passed through the heat exchanger, decreasing the temperature of the air prior to engine compression. Some of the air bypass the turbojet core, and is mixed with the hydrogen exiting the heat exchanger in the afterburner section. Note that the magnitude of heat transfer is coupled to the amount of hydrogen available for combustion in the afterburner. The combustion products are then expanded through a supersonic nozzle, variable geometry nozzle. The engine will be designed to completely consume the air to optimize for thrust. The level of bypass changes throughout the supersonic flight regime. The engine can operate at Mach 4 and provide thrust in excess of a conventional ramjet. At high Mach numbers (~4.88) air cannot be cooled below the turbojet limit (1200K). As a result, no combustion can occur in the core turbojet and the engine must transition into a pure ramjet mode. The variable inlet continues to articulate (PCT patent pending) to completely block air access to the turbojet, while optimizing intake to exit area ratios for ramjet combustion using hydrogen. The engine still realizes an efficiency boost from the cooling effects of the heat exchanger (albeit much less in this mode). The terminal flight speed is limited to that of a hydrogen fueled ramjet.

The goals of the DASS GN X and DASS GN1 engines are to provide efficient thrust from rest up to hypersonic speeds (M~5) and high altitudes (h~30 km) with a low specific fuel consumption along the entire flight path, and a small rocket stage to bring the vehicle into orbit. The engine will operate on multiple fuels (hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and metallic fuels). Each type of fuel has an advantage. The hydrocarbon fuel is typically used in turbojet/turbofan engines, which are considered mature/conventional technology. This engine will provide thrust at low-speeds. Hydrogen has a large heat capacity (~14 kJ/kgK), so it is an excellent heat sink for the heat exchanger (patent pending). It also has the best energy content per unit mass of any fuel and is a light molecule. As a result, it can provide large thrust levels with a low specific fuel consumption. Metallic fuel has excellent storage qualities, high energy content per unit volume, and can assist in convective heat transfer. It also has good combustion properties at nano-scale.

Key technology components of the DASS GN 1 and DASS GN X are quite similar. The DASS GN1 is meant exclusively for aerospace and the DASS GN X is meant for space applications only. An engine prototype is planned for ground and flight testing.

Engine comparison
The table below shows a comparison of the DASS engine to more conventional high-speed engines (Ramjet) at two Mach numbers. Two types of Ramjets were considered. The first Ramjet uses a combination of fuels (Kerosene and hydrogen) in similar proportions as the DASS engine. The second Ramjet uses pure hydrogen. It is clear that at the lower Mach number, the DASS engine provides a higher specific thrust. This is due to higher pressure that can be utilized by the turbojet. At Mach 4 the DASS GN1 performs similarly to a ramjet. At this speed, the DASS GN1 engine would likely convert to a pure ramjet. The specifications listed do not include any gains that might be realized through heat transfer on the intake cone (PCT patent pending), or from the combustion of metallic fuel. A typical rocket specific impulse is between 250 – 500 seconds.

Ground Testing Facility
Space Engine Systems is developing a ground testing facility capable of simulating high temperature inlet flow at high altitudes associated with supersonic flight. The facility, named the Multi-Fuel Jet Engine testing facility, is highly modular and can easily be adapted for many applications. The facility includes:

• Direct Connect System to supply high temperature air flow to the engine to simulate supersonic air flow up to Mach 5.

• Fuel System to supply multiple fuels to the engine, including liquid hydrogen, jet fuel, and solid nano-particles.

• Measurement Suite to allow data collection and analysis of all tested equipment.

The Multi-Fuel Jet Engine testing facility can be used to better understand:

• Pre-cooled combined cycle propulsion

• Temperature limitations of various turbine engine materials/components

• Multi-fuel combustion (conventional, solid, and rocket fuels)

• Multi-fuel afterburners

• Engine start modes at high altitude

• Thrust characteristics at high altitude

• By-pass ratio control

• Engine test-stand and mounting mechanisms

• Flow characteristics

Incorporation of nanotechnology
One of the main challenges is to develop a technique to inject the nano-particles in a manner which promotes homogeneous mixing. Second, characterize the heat transfer properties of the flow mixture.

Only a small amount of nanoparticles are required to provide the heat transfer gains required by the engine. It was found that even with very small mass loadings (0.1%), large gains in heat transfer can be achieved (40%). Therefore, it is feasible to use the available hydrogen as a carrier for the particles. Care must be taken to ensure that the hydrogen content stays below the lean flammability limit to prevent uncontrolled ignition before reaching the combustor. A 1:1 mass ratio mixture of nanoparticles and hydrogen will be injected into freestream to achieve 0.1% mass loading of nanoparticles and hydrogen in air. The injected mixture will cool the freestream air such that a gain in stagnation pressure is realized as the flow decelerates inside of the engine. Not only does heat transfer occur from the particles to the air, heat transfer will also occur along in the intake cone surface.

Some nanoparticles outperform hydrogen (per unit volume) and hydrocarbons (per unit mass and volume) in terms of energy storage. Two important metrics are the energy per unit mass and energy per unit volume. Vehicles are usually designed on a per unit volume basis (for drag considerations). On a per unit volume basis, Boron outperforms both hydrogen and hydrocarbons. On a per unit mass basis, Boron outperforms hydrocarbon fuels but is not as good as hydrogen. Therefore, the DASS engines will take advantage of the excellent properties of Boron along with hydrocarbon, and hydrogen fuels.

Heat exchanger
The proposed structure of the heat exchanger is a nano-porous foam. The foam will strengthen the nano-porous structure while maximizing the heat transfer and minimizing the pressure drop. This in combination with the added effect of nano-particle dispersion should allow for a smaller heat exchanger.

Research

Major technology hurdles for the DASS engine are related to the implementation of nanotechnology in the engine components. In a partnership with the University of Calgary, SES will assess the feasibility of using surface nano-coatings on the heat exchangers, study the effect of nanoparticle suspensions on convective heat transfer, and assess the feasibility of using metallic nanoparticles as a supplemental fuel. The Canadian Government (through NSERC funding) is also a partner in the DASS Engine project.

Surface nano-coatings on heat exchangers

Coating a solid body with nano-particles has been shown in the scientific literature to enhance the convective heat transfer rate from solid bodies. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including the increase in the overall surface area associated with nano-coating. Essentially, it is possible that the nanoparticles act as small scale fins, which are known to improve heat exchanger effectiveness. Since these nano-scale fins are small, the pressure drop is also much less than when compared to the pressure losses of a large scale fin. This reduces the work requirements in pumping or compressing the fluid as it passes through the heat exchanger. The presence of surface roughness associated with nanoparticle deposits also promotes mixing, which directly affects convective heat transfer.

Nanoparticle suspensions for heat transfer

The suspension of a large amount of small scale solid particles in a gas results in a large surface-area-to-volume ratio. Studies in the scientific literature have shown that there is a unique interaction between the properties of solid nanoparticles and those of carrier fluid. The end result, which is not observed with larger scale particles (i.e. micron), is the alteration of the properties of the bulk fluid. For example, Lee et al. (1999) and Wang et al. (1999) have shown, experimentally, that the suspension of 24 and 23 nm diameter CuO particles in water enhance the thermal conductivity of water by 34%. SES will investigate the potential enhancement of the thermal conductivity of gases with suspended nanoparticles.

Nanoparticle combustion

Metal powders have been considered as alternative fuels for air-breathing engines because of their large energy content per unit mass and per unit volume in comparison to liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Although hydrogen has a larger energy content per unit mass than metal fuels, hydrogen fuel needs to be stored at very high pressures, cooled cryogenically, or absorbed in other materials in order to accumulate a practical amount of mass. In contrast, metal particles can be packed and stored efficiently and safely. Since the overall rate of combustion is proportional to surface area, the use of smaller scale particles can improve combustion and increase engine performance. It has been found that nanoparticles typically have a lower melting point, ignite at lower temperatures, and have a higher burning rate than larger scale particles. Therefore, the use of a particle fuel or a particle supplement to a conventional fuel is being considered in SES's new aero-engine design.

Specialized products and services

Working with the CAN-K Group of Companies, SES offers a selection of aerospace components and services. All manufacturing is done to AS 9100 C and ISO 9001 quality management standards. Products include:
 Specialized planetary gear box (ultra-light) with capability to run up to 420 deg Celsius ambient temperature (tested for 45 minutes under full load and oil completely pulled out by vacuum). No metallurgical or mechanical damage;
 High-speed gear box for turbine engines;
 Efficient and light heat exchanger;
 Liquid/multiphase twin screw and three screws pump for aerospace/space applications;
 Hydraulic multiple screw pumps for automatic torque changer or other aerospace applications;
 Drive systems with sophisticated constant velocity (CV) joints;
 Custom bearings (hydrodynamic and hydrostatic);
 High temperature bearings;
 Vacuum operational equipment (custom designed);
 Double rotor system rotating in opposite directions adaptable for helicopter applications;
 Permanent Magnet motor system adaptable for aerospace and space requirements;
 Custom light weight and high temperature materials;
 Aerospace and space sub-assemblies custom made to customer's requirements;
 DASS Lander for space applications; and
 Nano oil for long term use.

References

Single-stage-to-orbit


title: Timothy Eglinton

text:
Timothy Ian Eglinton  is a professor of biogeoscience at the Geological Institute, ETH Zürich.

Education
Eglinton was educated at Plymouth Polytechnic where he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in environmental science in 1982. He went on to study at Newcastle University, where he was awarded a Master of Science degree and a PhD in 1988 for research investigating kerogens using pyrolysis.

Research and career
Eglinton's research is:

Eglinton has revolutionised studies of Earth's carbon cycle. By developing an entirely new means of tracing the pathways of organic carbon in surface environments, ranging from eroding landforms to rivers, floodplains, the oceanic water column, microbial communities and marine sediments, he has replaced countless estimates and assumptions with accurately known transport times and carbon budgets. His findings have illuminated and reconciled formerly discrepant paleoclimatic records, revealed new forms of microbial life, demonstrated that microorganisms can attack and remobilise billion-year-old organic material, and traced the pathways of petroleum-derived carbon in surface environments.

Awards and honours
Eglinton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2014.

Personal life
Eglinton is the son of the organic chemist Geoffrey Eglinton. He is married to Lorraine Eglinton, and has two daughters and one son.

References

Fellows of the Royal Society
Living people
British geologists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni_of_the_University_of_Plymouth


title: Dusky frog

text:
Dusky frog may refer to:

 Dusky gopher frog (Lithobates sevosus), a frog in the family Ranidae endemic to the southern United States
 Dusky torrent frog (Micrixalus fuscus), a frog in the family Micrixalidae found in the Western Ghats of India
 La Selle dusky frog (Eleutherodactylus jugans), a frog in the family Leptodactylidae found in the Dominican Republic and Haiti

Animal common name disambiguation pages


title: Ctenopseustis filicis

text:
Ctenopseustis filicis, also known as ginger ponga leaf-tyer, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and is found in the South and Stewart Islands.

Taxonomy
This species was first described by John Stewart Dugdale in 1990. The male holotype specimen, collected on the Glory Track at Bluff Hill, is held in the New Zealand Arthropod Collection.

Description
The larva is small and has a brown head. The wingspan of the adult moth is 19–24 mm for males and 22–28 mm for females. Adults are variable in colour but can be described as being orange brown with rust-red or red-brown markings. The hindwings are pale, cream or buff.

Distribution
This species is endemic to New Zealand and can be found on the South and Stewart Islands.

Habitat and host species
The larvae feed on Dicksonia squarosa, Dicksonia fibrosa, Cyathea colensoi, Cyathea dealbata and Cyathea smithii.

Behaviour
The larvae of this species create a shelter by tying together the fronds of its host species with silk webbing. Larvae can be found all year round hiding in their shelter. The adult moth can be seen all year round but most frequently in October.

Etymology
The species name refers to the host plant and is derived from Latin felix (meaning fern).

References

Moths described in 1990
Archipini
Moths of New Zealand
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Taxa named by John Stewart Dugdale
Endemic moths of New Zealand


title: Hamm – Unna II

text:
Hamm – Unna II is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 145. It is located in the Ruhr region of North Rhine-Westphalia, comprising the city of Hamm and the northern part of the district of Unna.

Hamm – Unna II was created for the 1980 federal election. Since 2013, it has been represented by Michael Thews of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

Geography
Hamm – Unna II is located in the Ruhr region of North Rhine-Westphalia. As of the 2021 federal election, it comprises the independent city of Hamm as well as the municipalities of Lünen, Selm, and Werne from the Unna district.

History
Hamm – Unna II was created in 1980. In the 1980 through 1998 elections, it was constituency 117 in the numbering system. From 2002 through 2009, it was number 146. Since 2013, it has been number 145. Its borders have not changed since its creation.

Members
The constituency has been held continuously by the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since its creation. It was first represented by Udo Fiebig from 1980 to 1987. Dieter Wiefelspütz was then representative from 1987 to 2013. Michael Thews was elected in 2013, and re-elected in 2017 and 2021.

Election results

2021 election

2017 election

2013 election

2009 election

References

Federal electoral districts in North Rhine-Westphalia
1980 establishments in West Germany
Constituencies established in 1980
Hamm
Unna (district)