title: Darkest Dungeon

text:
Darkest Dungeon is a roguelike role-playing video game developed and published by Red Hook Studios. The game was first released for Microsoft Windows and OS X in January 2016, which followed a year-long early access development period. Later that year, it was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Linux, with a port for iOS being released in 2017, and ports for Nintendo Switch and Xbox One being released by 2018.

Darkest Dungeon has the player manage a roster of heroes to explore dungeons below a gothic mansion the player has inherited. Played out in a mix of real-time movement and turn-based combat, a core feature of Darkest Dungeon is the stress level of each hero that increases with further exploration and combat; a character sustaining a high-stress level may gain afflictions that will hamper, or possibly enhance, their performance as an explorer. The Stress Symbol, or Iron Crown, a crescent with five inward-facing spikes, is also in the game's logo.

The game received positive reviews from critics, garnering several award nominations, and went on to sell over two million copies. A sequel, Darkest Dungeon II, was announced in February 2019 and a board game adaptation is also in development.

Gameplay

Darkest Dungeon is a roguelike role-playing game in which the player manages a roster of heroes and adventurers to explore these dungeons and fight the creatures within. Prior to entering a dungeon, the player can use facilities in the Hamlet, the game's "hub-town" near the mansion to manage a roster of heroes and inventory. Each hero belongs to one of fifteen character classes, and has their own statistics and skills that can be upgraded over time. If a hero dies while exploring a dungeon, that hero is lost for good.

Once the player has completed preparations, they select four of their heroes to go explore a procedurally-generated dungeon. Combat encounters play out in a turn-based manner. A core element of Darkest Dungeon is its Affliction system, which indicates heroes' stress levels or resolves. A number of factors impact Affliction while in a dungeon, such as adventuring without food or light sources, witnessing the death or wounding of a fellow party member in battle, or from blights cast on them by enemies. Unchecked stress levels will gradually interfere with the behavior of the character, such as being frightened and unable to fight directly or acting without or against the player's direction. Allowing a hero to reach an extremely high stress level can cause them to have a heart attack, bringing them to the brink of death if not immediately tended to. Stress can be lowered while in a dungeon through camping offered at specific locations, or other restorative items, as well as when back in the nearby town.

Downloadable content
The downloadable content (DLC) package "The Crimson Court" was released on June 19, 2017, for PC and August 22, 2017, for PlayStation 4, introducing a Courtyard environment, a new playable class, a faction with new enemies, five new boss encounters, as well as new trinkets and Hamlet upgrade buildings. Also of note is that a hero can be turned into a vampire via the Crimson Curse, a new status effect introduced in the DLC.

The next DLC, "The Colour of Madness", was released on June 19, 2018. Narratively, it has a meteor crash near the village that causes some of the villagers to turn into zombie-like creatures. This leads to new dungeons, monsters, and other aspects of gameplay. This also adds a new mode, a horde mode, where the player's party must survive as many encounters as they can against these new creatures.

A new DLC pack, "The Butcher's Circus", was released in May 2020. The expansion added a new area and includes a player versus player mode that allows players to assemble a team of four adventurers to challenge another player's in an arena-type combat game.

Plot
At the outset of Darkest Dungeon, the player learns that they have inherited an estate from an Ancestor who, while seeking to fulfill his ambiguous ambitions by excavating the dungeons and catacombs beneath his manor, has unearthed some terrible monstrosity and released a number of horrific and evil creatures and corruptions onto the world. Now as the owner of the estate and the surrounding lands, the player must recruit a roster of adventurers and mount expeditions to cleanse the estate of its vile inhabitants.

As the player ventures into the manor, the dungeons below it and the surrounding lands, they find their Ancestor’s memoirs telling of the terrible deeds he had done in pursuit of knowledge and power, as well as personal desire. Eventually, the player is able to enter the Darkest Dungeon itself, the source of the land's corruption, taking steps to reveal its ultimate form. Within the deepest chamber, the player encounters the disembodied spirit of their Ancestor, who now remains as "an Avatar of the Crawling Chaos". After defeating the Ancestor's apparition, the party battles the Heart of Darkness - which the Ancestor reveals to be the heart of the planet itself. The party manages to defeat its physical form at great cost, but the Ancestor's spirit reveals to the player that this has only delayed its inevitable awakening and, by extension, the end of the world. The Ancestor claims that this is merely part of an endless cycle in the player's lineage and that the player will eventually meet the same fate as he, and their descendants onward. The Ancestor then accentuates this cycle by repeating his first words from the start of the game: "Ruin has come to our family."

Development
Director Chris Bourassa and lead designer Tyler Sigman had become friends while working at Backbone Entertainment, and had talked about the idea of building a game together, but their commitments to other studios left them unable to do so. During 2012 and early 2013, they had brainstormed a number of ideas for potential games to develop. In April 2013, they found they had the time to work on this project, and decided it was a "now or never" moment, forming British Columbia-based Red Hook Studios to develop the game. By 2015, their team included six people in addition to three more supporting their sound, music, and narration for the game.

The main gameplay of Darkest Dungeon started out as a tile-based game that had the player control a group of characters as they moved about in a dungeon, eventually transitioning into a combat mode when they had encounters. The two recognized that players would get bored of looking at icons of the characters' heads all the time via the top-down icons, which would not allow players to come to bond with the characters. This led to the concept of presenting characters from the side view in combat, making the player feel they were at the same level as the characters, alleviating some of these issues. This gave Bourassa, the principal artist on the game, an opportunity to show off more of his work. However, this would have left them the need to transition from top-down to side-view and create more art assets. They worked around this by using the same side-view not only for combat but for dungeon exploration, creating the basic gameplay of Darkest Dungeon.

The side-view mechanic then led into the idea of the characters being in ranks, allowing for certain attacks, abilities, or defenses if they were in the right rank; characters in the front could have powerful melee attacks but take more damage, while characters in the back would be more protected but limited to weaker ranged attacks. This was an idea inspired by The Bard's Tale, but they were able to expand upon it to create interesting situations, such as having characters pulled out of rank by an enemy attack. This in turn led to a new attribute for how likely a character could be moved out of position, creating strategies for the player as to handle a mix-up in the ranks during combat, as well as applying the same principles of rank to the enemy forces and making situations for the player to figure out how to take advantage of a weak rank arrangement. Furthering from these concepts, they crafted the character classes to have various strengths and weaknesses based on their rank positioning, created further strategic elements for the player to explore.

One core idea of the game was its Affliction system, in which the dungeon-crawling characters would gain stress and eventually afflictions as they explored. Bourassa and Sigman noted that while they are fans of classic role-playing games such as The Bard's Tale, Eye of the Beholder, and Ultima Underworld, most of these games lacked the human element to the characters. They give an example of a character being down to their last hit point in battle and the player simply making decisions to win, the character reacting regardless of their low health. They instead wanted to "toy with player agency", giving moments where the player is reminded they do not have full control of the actions of the adventurers in the party. They also sought to alter how most loot systems in role-playing games work so that the player was not always focused on finding the best gear for the characters but instead working to support their characters. Bourassa and Sigman were aware that these facets may turn players away from the game due to the difficulty and inability to have full control, but continued to stay true to their vision of the game.

Influences
The Affliction system was inspired by psychologically traumatized heroes, both through historical events as well as works of fiction such as Hudson from Aliens and the soldiers from Band of Brothers who are transformed by the horrors of combat; Sigman pointed to the seventh episode of Band of Brothers where a soldier watches his friends die from a shell explosion, stares transfixed at the event, and then becomes unable to fight any more, as the feeling they wanted to capture. Though they were also inspired by Lovecraftian horror, they did not want to use the concept of "insanity" that is common in that genre, and instead focused more on the nature of stress and how it affected the human psyche. Because of the importance of the Affliction system to Darkest Dungeon, the developers spent significant time to make sure that the impact of stress and afflictions were emphasized dramatically in the game's presentation, using special graphics and sound cues to signal the onset of an affliction. They also created a "bark system", dialog stated by a character reflecting their current stress, affliction, and other attributes as another means to humanize the characters and remind the player that they do not have full control of the characters. Alongside the Affliction system, they developed the town facilities that are used to cure afflictions and reduce stress, using concepts they borrowed from tabletop games. They also included Virtues, positive afflictions that can result from high stress situations, and a means of tracking the afflictions of a given character over time, so that in future stress situations the character will often become encumbered by the same affliction, developing a behavioral pattern that the player may be able to use to their benefit.

A disembodied narrator, voiced by Wayne June, was also included to comment in a sardonic manner throughout the game, furthering the atmosphere they wanted. Bourassa had listened to June's readings of various H.P. Lovecraft works prior to developing the game, which partially inspired Darkest Dungeon. When the two were preparing the game's first teaser trailing, they felt they needed a narrator and approached June for his work. Once the trailer was completed, they recognized that June's voice as narrator was a necessary element for the game. Art assets were created by Bourassa; in addition to the Lovecraftian nature, he wanted to give the game the look of woodcut and illuminated manuscripts, and took inspiration from artists such as Albrecht Dürer and eastern European painters. He further modernized the look by using ideas from comic book artists including Mike Mignola, Guy Davis, Chris Bachalo, and Viktor Kalvachev. The game uses a homebrewed, lightweight cross-platform game engine developed by programmer Kelvin McDowell.

Release
Bourassa and Sigman used their personal savings to fund the creation of Red Hook Studios, and sought to gain a grant from the Canada Media Fund, but were rejected. Having originally anticipated an eighteen-month development period, they sought a way to fund the extended development period. They launched a Kickstarter campaign in April 2014 for funding; prior to starting the Kickstarter, they made sure they had prepared enough of a media interest, including a trailer for the game released in October 2013, to attract attention at the onset of the campaign. Due to the early marketing, the funding goal of $75,000 was reached within the first two days of the campaign, and completed with over $313,000 of funding from over 10,000 backers.

Darkest Dungeon was first released in Steam's early access program on January 30, 2015. They used feedback from the Early Access period, particularly through those that streamed their playthrough of the game, to help with playtesting and adjust the balance of the game, while also finding that their approach to gameplay and presentation was validated by positive reception from these streamers. Sigman noted that developing in Early Access was comparable to "working while naked in a transparent cube suspended above Times Square", but felt their transparency with players made the final product much better. Bourassa and Sigman noted that they had had some issues with user feedback during Early Access, specifically after they added two gameplay elements around July 2015: the addition of corpses which affected combat positioning issues, and the possibility of a stressed character suffering a heart attack and dying immediately. Some Early Access players were dissatisfied with these changes, feeling it put the player at far too much disadvantage to an already difficult game, and complained to the studio. Bourassa and Sigman had debated what to do with these two features and eventually opted to make them optional elements to the gameplay. Though this change was generally met with approval, a number of these players remained bitter about the game throughout the rest of its development, and attempted to have the studio's and the game's reputation derided by Jim Sterling, who has frequently been critical of Steam and Early Access titles; Sterling instead found the game to be enjoyable even with this change. Bourassa and Sigman recognized they could have done a better job in the social media to placate the complaints early on, but still felt they chose the right path with retaining these features and sticking to their vision instead of trying to meet all expectations from Early Access players.

Though Red Hook anticipated releasing the game in October 2015, a personal loss affected one of the team members, and the game was subsequently released on January 19, 2016, for personal computers. A cross-buy version for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita were originally planned for release in the second quarter of 2016, but was pushed back to Q3 2016 to improve playability with the Sony controllers as well as to prepare these versions to align with new features to be introduced in the personal computer versions prior to this release. This version was released on September 27, 2016.

The game's first major update in May 2016 following its full release, "Everything Burns", which among bug fixes and other small improvements, adds in Town Events, whereupon return to the town the player may encounter a random reward, such as an extra recruit to join their party or the temporary closure of one of the town facilities. Following on the previous issues with Early Access updates, some of these features can be eliminated or their frequency reduced in the game's options menu.

The game's first downloadable content, "The Crimson Court", was released on June 19, 2017, on personal computers with the PlayStation 4 version to come later. The new content added a new hero class, a new dungeon type, new enemies and bosses, and other similar content to the game. Integration with Steam Workshop was added in an April 2017 update. Red Hook plans to develop additional downloadable content, to develop for other platforms, specifically highlight touch-based devices as they found their interface is already well-suited to this input mode.

A version for iPad was released on August 24, 2017. This version allows players to transfer save files from the personal computer editions to use with the iPad version. A version for the Nintendo Switch was released on January 18, 2018, via Nintendo eShop, alongside availability of "The Crimson Court" and "The Shieldbreaker" DLC. An Xbox One version released on February 28, 2018; it will initially be released as Darkest Dungeon: Crimson Edition which will include the "Crimson Court" content at a discount; after two months, that version will be replaced with the base game with additional DLC, including "Crimson Court", that can be purchased, as well as an Ancestral Edition that includes all DLC.

In 2018, publisher Merge Games released a retail version of the game for both the PlayStation 4 and Switch, subtitled as Ancestral Edition. Another DLC, The Color of Madness, was released for the PC versions of the game on June 19, 2018. A free DLC expansion, Butcher's Circus, which adds a player versus player mode, was released on May 28, 2020.

Reception

The game received generally positive reviews on its full release in 2016, holding a score of 84 out of 100 on Metacritic. The Escapist awarded it a score of 4 out of 5, saying "Darkest Dungeon will kill your party, drive you insane, and leave you a gibbering mess at the Sanitarium. Yet it's so compelling and rewarding at the same time, you won't be able to resist diving back in for one more quest." IGN awarded it 9.1 out of 10, saying "Darkest Dungeon is a punishing and awesome game of tactics, management, and pushing your luck to the breaking point." PC Gamer awarded it 88%, saying "A wonderfully executed, brilliantly stressful reinvention of party-based dungeon-crawling, Darkest Dungeon is great fun, even when it’s cruel." GameSpot awarded it a score of 9 out of 10, saying "Darkest Dungeon plays the long game. It builds you up for a grand bout that will test everything you've learned, as well as your ability to plan several in-game weeks out."

Red Hook Studios reported that a week after the game's 2016 release, over 650,000 copies of Darkest Dungeon had been sold, including those from Kickstarter backers and Early Access purchases. In November 2016, about a month after the release of the PlayStation versions, Red Hook announced the game had sold more than one million copies across all platforms. By December 2017, all versions combined had worldwide sales of 2 million copies.

Darkest Dungeon was nominated for two 2016 Independent Games Festival awards: the Seumas McNally Grand Prize and for Excellence in Visual Art and Audio. It was nominated for the Most Fulfilling Community-Funded Game for the 2017 SXSW Gaming Awards. At the 2017  National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards the game won the award for "Game, Original Role Playing", whereas it was nominated for "Performance in a Drama, Supporting" for Wayne June as the narrator. At the same NAVGTR Awards the following year, The Crimson Court DLC was nominated for "Game, Franchise Role Playing" and "Performance in a Drama, Supporting" for June.

Sequel

Red Hook announced Darkest Dungeon 2 in February 2019. The sequel was released in early access on October 26, 2021, for Windows.

See also
 Warsaw (video game)

Explanatory notes

References

External links

2016 video games
Crowdfunded video games
Cthulhu Mythos video games
Dungeon crawler video games
Early access video games
Gothic video games
Indie games
IOS games
Kickstarter-funded video games
Linux games
MacOS games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation Vita games
Role-playing video games
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Single-player video games
Video games about mental health
Video games developed in Canada
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games scored by Stuart Chatwood
Video games using procedural generation
Video games with Steam Workshop support
Windows games
Xbox One games
Merge Games games


title: Billy Wilder bibliography

text:
A list of books and essays about Billy Wilder:

Individual films

Sunset Boulevard

Wilder


title: Jan Mohammad, Iran

text:
Jan Mohammad (, also Romanized as Jān Moḩammad) is a village in Ladiz Rural District, in the Central District of Mirjaveh County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 29, in 5 families.

References

Populated places in Mirjaveh County


title: Jan Mohammad Chahi

text:
Jan Mohammad Chahi (, also Romanized as Jān Moḩammad Chāhī) is a village in Ladiz Rural District, in the Central District of Mirjaveh County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31, in 7 families.

References

Populated places in Mirjaveh County


title: Ellan Vannin football team

text:
The Ellan Vannin Football Team is a football team that represents the Isle of Man. It is not affiliated with FIFA or UEFA, and therefore cannot compete for the FIFA World Cup or in the UEFA European Championship.

Unlike the Isle of Man official football team which selects players who play in for clubs in the Manx league regardless of nationality, the Ellan Vannin team selects those of Manx nationality no matter where they are based.

They competed first at the ConIFA World Football Cup in 2014, where they won their group and became runners-up to the County of Nice.

History

Formation and early games
Formed in 2013, the Ellan Vannin team was created by the newly formed Manx International Football Alliance (MIFA) in order to enter ConIFA and compete at the ConIFA World Football Cup. As opposed to the official Isle of Man team (run by the Isle of Man FA), which is composed entirely of Isle of Man Football League players – regardless of nationality, Ellan Vannin will allow only those with Manx ties to play for them, in line with FIFA eligibility rules.

Following the signing of a memorandum of understanding between the MIFA and Isle of Man FA, intended to set out a working relationship between the two organisations, the MIFA announced that the first international to be played by Ellan Vannin would be a home game against Monaco on 6 April 2014, to be played at The Bowl in Douglas. Ellan Vannin won their first international 10–0.

Entry into ConIFA and 2014 ConIFA World Cup

Ellan Vannin were invited to participate in the first ConIFA World Football Cup in Sápmi, in 2014. Despite being a previously unknown quantity, they reached the final of the inaugural tournament, losing on penalties to County of Nice despite winning 4–2 over them in the Group Stage thanks to a Calum Morrissey hattrick.

2015 ConIFA European Cup and 2016 ConIFA World Cup

While the Isle of Man were originally set to host the 2015 ConIFA European Football Cup in June 2015, logistical problems eventually led to the tournament being moved to Székely Land. Here, despite defeat to Padania in the Group Stage, they still achieved a semi-final place where they were again defeated by County of Nice. A penalty win over Felvidék in the play-off saw them finish third. The next year, Ellan Vannin were set to appear in the 2016 ConIFA World Football Cup, but withdrew after being advised by the British Home Office not to travel to Abkhazia, where the tournament was to be held.

2017 European Football Cup, 2018 World Football Cup and Expulsion

The team returned to ConIFA activity in 2017 for the 2017 ConIFA European Football Cup in Northern Cyprus, finishing 6th. However, the team qualified for the 2018 ConIFA World Football Cup to be held in London (hosted by Barawa). In late 2017 it was announced that they would become the first opponents of the new Yorkshire national football team on January 28, 2018. After Yorkshire's membership to ConIFA was confirmed at the beginning of January, it meant that it would become an officially sanctioned friendly that would provide qualification points for future competitions. In May that year they took part in the 2018 ConIFA World Football Cup in London. However, after being knocked out by Barawa in the group stage, the MIFA protested at their opponents' alleged use of an ineligible player. After the other competing clubs voted to reject their appeal, Ellan Vannin withdrew from the tournament, and following a number of accusations made by the MIFA on social media against ConIFA, they were provisionally expelled from the organisation on 7 June 2018. Ellan Vannin were reinstated as full members at ConIFA's 2019 AGM in January 2019.

Fixtures and Results

2014

2015

2017

2018

Personalities of Ellan Vannin's football team

Squad
The following players were called up to the 22 man squad for the 2018 ConIFA World Football Cup to commence on 31 May 2018. Caps and goals correct as of 3 June 2018 after the game against .

Recent callups

Managers

Presidents of the  Manx International Football Alliance

Competitive Record

ConIFA World Cup

ConIFA European Cup

Notes

References

External links

CONIFA member associations
European national and official selection-teams not affiliated to FIFA
Football in the Isle of Man
Sports clubs and teams in the Isle of Man
2013 establishments in the Isle of Man
Sports organizations established in 2013


title: Mohammadabad-e Pain, Sistan and Baluchestan

text:
Mohammadabad-e Pain (, also Romanized as Moḩammadābād-e Pā’īn; also known as Shahīd Moḩammadābād and Moḩammadābād) is a village in Ladiz Rural District, in the Central District of Mirjaveh County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 110, in 25 families.

References

Populated places in Mirjaveh County


title: Laura Palmer EP

text:
Laura Palmer EP is the debut EP by English indie pop band Bastille, self-released in November 2011 as a digital download and on CD. It features four of Bastille's earliest songs, which were later included on their debut album Bad Blood. It followed their debut single "Flaws" / "Icarus", which was released on 4 July 2011.

Track listing
All songs written and composed by Dan Smith

References

External links
 Laura Palmer EP | Bastille

2011 debut EPs
Indie pop EPs
Bastille (band) albums


title: Robert Bresson bibliography

text:
A list of books and essays about Robert Bresson:

 Cardullo, Bert, ed. The Films of Robert Bresson: A Casebook. Anthem Press, 2009.
 Cunneen, Joseph. Robert Bresson: A Spiritual Style in Film. Continuum, 2004.
 Price, Brian. Neither God Nor Master: Robert Bresson and Radical Politics, University of Minnesota Press, 2011.
 Reader, Keith. Robert Bresson. Manchester University Press.
 Quandt, James. Robert Bresson, Revised TIFF Cinematheque, 2011

Bresson
Bibliography


title: Emelie Wikström

text:
Emelie Wikström (born 2 October 1992) is a Swedish former World Cup alpine ski racer.

Wikström made her World Cup debut March 2009 in Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. Her best result in World Cup was a 4th place in slalom from 2012. She participated at the 2011 World Ski Championships, where she achieved a 24th place in slalom.

Wikström represented Sweden at the 2014 Winter Olympics in slalom where she finished 6th.

Olympic results

World Championship results

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Swedish female alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for Sweden
Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
21st-century Swedish women


title: Georges Méliès bibliography

text:
A list of books and essays about Georges Méliès:

Melies
Georges Méliès


title: Parviz, Iran

text:
Parviz (, also Romanized as Parvīz; also known as Deh-e Parvīz) is a village in Ladiz Rural District, in the Central District of Mirjaveh County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 183, in 31 families.

References

Populated places in Mirjaveh County


title: Sakis Boulas

text:
Athanasios "Sakis" Boulas (; 25 September 1954 – 21 February 2014) was a Greek singer, songwriter and actor. He made several studio albums and wrote songs for other musicians. He also starred in several television shows and films.

Biography
He was born in 1954 in Kilkis, Greece and raised in Piraeus. In 1976 he started out his career as the narrator of the documentary film Arkadi 1866. In 1983 he appeared in the film Dracula of Exarchia, and later that same year takes part in the film Bitter Movie.

Boulas died of cancer after several months treatment in an Athens clinic, on 21 February 2014, aged 60.

References

External links

1954 births
2014 deaths
20th-century Greek male actors
21st-century Greek male actors
20th-century Greek male singers
21st-century Greek male singers
Greek male film actors
Greek male television actors
Greek male singer-songwriters
Greek singer-songwriters
Actors from Piraeus
Deaths from cancer in Greece


title: StatsDirect

text:
StatsDirect is a statistical software package designed for biomedical, public health, and general health science uses. The second generation of the software was reviewed in general medical and public health journals.

Features and use
StatsDirect's interface is menu driven and has editors for spreadsheet-like data and reports. The function library includes common medical statistical methods that can be extended by users via an XML-based description that can embed calls to native StatsDirect numerical libraries, R scripts, or algorithms in any of the .NET languages (such as C#, VB.Net, J#, or F#).

Common statistical misconceptions are challenged by the interface. For example, users can perform a chi-square test on a two-by-two table, but they are asked whether the data are from a cohort (perspective) or case-control (retrospective) study before delivering the result. Both processes produce a chi-square test result but more emphasis is put on the appropriate statistic for the inference, which is the odds ratio for retrospective studies and relative risk for prospective studies.

Origins
Professor Iain Buchan, formerly of the University of Manchester, wrote a doctoral thesis on the foundational work and is credited as the creator of the software. Buchan said he wished to address the problem of clinicians lacking the statistical knowledge to select and interpret statistical functions correctly, and often misusing software written by and for statisticians as a result.

The software debuted in 1989 as Arcus, then Arcus ProStat in 1993, both written for the DOS platform. Arcus Quickstat for Windows followed in 1999. In 2000, an expanded version, StatsDirect, was released for Microsoft Windows. In 2013, the third generation of this software was released, written in C# for the .NET platform.

StatsDirect reports embed the metadata necessary to replay calculations, which may be needed if the original data is ever updated. The reproducible report technology follows the research object approach for replaying in "eLabs".

References

External links
 StatsDirect Home page

Biostatistics
Health informatics in the United Kingdom
Statistical software
University of Manchester
Windows-only proprietary software
pl:Statistica


title: Zimbabwe women's national field hockey team at the 1980 Summer Olympics

text:
The 1980 Zimbabwe women's national field hockey team won the gold medal in women's field hockey at that year's Summer Olympics in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union. The squad of 16 women, all from Zimbabwe's white minority, was assembled less than a month before the Olympics began to help fill the gaps the American-led Olympic boycott created in the women's hockey competition. Zimbabwe's subsequent victory in the round-robin tournament with three wins and two draws was regarded as a huge upset, particularly considering the team's lack of preparation and experience; it has been called an "irresistible fairy story". Won at a time of great political transition in Zimbabwe, the gold medal was the country's first Olympic medal of any colour.

The 1980 Olympics were first to feature women's hockey, and the first to include Zimbabwe under that name—barred from the last three Olympics for political reasons, the country had last competed as Rhodesia in 1964. The women's hockey matches, held between 25 and 31 July, were all played on artificial turf, which none of the Zimbabwean team members had ever seen; they had also never played together until that month. After beating Poland and the USSR and drawing with Czechoslovakia and India, the Zimbabweans won the competition on the final day with a 4–1 victory over Austria. Dubbed the "Golden Girls" by the media of Zimbabwe, they were met by cheering crowds on their return home, and were briefly national celebrities. Zimbabwe did not win another Olympic medal until 2004.

Invitation and team selection
The 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union, were the first to include a competition in women's field hockey. Pre-tournament favourites included Australia, the Netherlands and West Germany, but the American-led Western boycott of the Moscow Olympics led to these teams and others withdrawing, leaving only the Soviets in the women's hockey event. The Soviet and international Olympic authorities filled the gaps by inviting teams from countries that had not qualified. Among the nations invited was Zimbabwe, which had become an internationally recognised country in April 1980 following seven years of civil war. Moscow marked the southern African nation's return to the Olympics after 16 years; as Rhodesia it had been excluded from the 1968, 1972 and 1976 Games for political reasons following the mostly white government's declaration of independence from Britain in 1965. The Zimbabwe Olympic Committee received the invitation to send men's and women's hockey squads to Moscow on 14 June 1980, 35 days before the Olympics were due to start. They were taken totally by surprise—they had not prepared hockey teams for the Games—but nevertheless agreed to send a women's squad. No women's hockey team representing the country had ever played overseas before.

A squad of 16 members, built around the core of the former Rhodesia team, was hastily assembled by Liz Dreyer, the president of the national women's hockey association, who became the team's manager. Every player and official was white. Ann Grant, the team's 25-year-old sweeper, was appointed captain. Anthea Stewart, who had played for South Africa 25 times before retiring in 1974, both coached the squad and played herself. Liz Chase, the only other team member with international experience (having also represented South Africa) was made vice-captain. At 35 years old, Stewart was the team's oldest player, while Arlene Boxall, the 18-year-old reserve goalkeeper, was the youngest. The squad included twin sisters in Sandy Chick and Sonia Robertson.

Entirely amateur, the team mostly comprised players with professions unrelated to sport—Grant, for example, was a bookkeeper, while Boxall was an operations clerk in the Air Force of Zimbabwe. Several had sporting relatives, most prominently Grant, whose brother was the international cricketer Duncan Fletcher. Audrey Palmer, a seasoned hockey official and referee who had played for Rhodesia from 1953 to 1961, travelled with the team as a medic, trainer and general supervisor. The squad left on 7 July, travelling first to the Zambian capital Lusaka and then to Luanda in Angola, from where they flew to Moscow on an aircraft usually used for freighting meat. "The stench was terrible", Grant later said. "There were no seats, so we all sat on the floor, strapped in and set off into the unknown. We didn't even have the right shoes to play on the artificial hockey surface."

Tournament
The event was organised as a round-robin tournament in which each of the six teams would play each other once between 25 and 31 July.  Two points were awarded for a win and one for a draw; the team with the most points at the end would be the winner. The other competitors were Austria, Czechoslovakia, India, Poland and the USSR; apart from the Soviets, all of these teams were competing as a result of the boycott, having failed to qualify initially. All of the matches were played at Dynamo Minor Arena in Moscow. Zimbabwe arrived two weeks before the hockey tournament was due to start, and warmed up with a number of matches against local teams. The players' lack of preparation and unfamiliarity with artificial turf—"none of us had ever seen it before", Chick recalled—were offset by what several members of the squad have described as a very strong team spirit. They considered themselves serious underdogs and did not expect to win a medal.

Zimbabwe played in the first women's Olympic hockey match, facing Poland on 25 July. Pat McKillop scored the first goal to put Zimbabwe ahead before Pat Davies, Linda Watson and Chase each added one more to round off a 4–0 victory. On 27 July, Zimbabwe and Czechoslovakia drew 2–2; McKillop and Chase scored. The next day, the Zimbabweans beat the Soviets 2–0, McKillop scoring both goals. A 1–1 draw with India on 30 July put Zimbabwe in first place before the final round of matches on the 31st. Zimbabwe had to beat Austria to be sure of winning the gold.

Stewart declared the team's first-choice white-and-blue outfit "lucky" on the basis that both Zimbabwe's victories had been won wearing it (as opposed to the two draws wearing green), and expressed joy that they would again be wearing white and blue in the deciding match. According to Glen Byrom, covering the event for the Herald newspaper, the Zimbabweans appeared nervous during the opening stages of the game, and were fortunate not to go behind after 15 minutes, when Austria missed a clear chance. Chick opened the scoring after 28 minutes, receiving the ball from a corner before cleanly stroking it into the net. Austria's Brigitte Kindler equalised two minutes later from a penalty stroke, flicking the ball beyond Zimbabwean goalkeeper Sarah English into the top-left corner of the goal. With the score 1–1 at half time, Brenda Phillips replaced Christine Prinsloo at right-half.

Urged on by a small but loud group of fellow Zimbabwean Olympians, the Zimbabweans improved after the break and, according to Byrom, "ke[pt] the Austrian goal under siege" throughout the second half.  With 50 of the match's 70 minutes gone, McKillop powerfully stroked a short corner that deflected off an opposing player's stick and flew high into the net to give Zimbabwe the lead. Now appearing supremely confident, Byrom reported, the Zimbabweans "simply overran Austria with a splendid display of fast, attacking hockey", forcing eight short corners and four long corners during the second period to Austria's one long corner. Gillian Cowley made it 3–1 on 60 minutes, following up to score after Sandy Chick's free hit was blocked. McKillop rounded up the win four minutes later, collecting a through pass from Chase and smashing the ball home. Byrom reported "incredible scenes of unrestrained joy" at the final buzzer—"the Zimbabweans, tears streaming from their eyes, danced about the field hugging and kissing each other". Finally they hoisted Grant onto their shoulders and carried her off the field.

A few hours later, the Zimbabwean players returned to the field wearing their blue skirts and blue Zimbabwe Olympic blazers for the medals ceremony. After the third-placed Soviets and second-placed Czechoslovakians had received their medals, Grant led the team up to the podium to receive the first ever Olympic gold medal for women's hockey. It was their country's first Olympic medal of any colour. All 16 players received medals; they then led the Czechoslovakian and Soviet teams on a walking lap of honour around the field.

Zimbabwe finished the tournament undefeated, having scored the most goals and conceded the fewest of any team. The six goals from Pat McKillop, a housewife from Bulawayo, made her the competition's joint top scorer with the USSR's Natella Krasnikova. Chase, despite nursing a knee injury, played in all five matches and scored three goals. All of the Zimbabwean squad members played at least one match except for Boxall, who never came off the bench, but still received a gold medal.

Reactions and legacy

The victorious hockey players were immediately dubbed the "Golden Girls" by Zimbabwean reporters. They were greeted by huge crowds on their return to Zimbabwe and briefly became national celebrities. Prime Minister Robert Mugabe welcomed them home at an official function. Each member of the team was promised an ox by the Prime Minister's wife Sally, but ultimately received a polystyrene package of meat instead at a ceremony hosted by Mrs Mugabe. Many of the players emigrated over the following years, mostly to South Africa. Their victory continues to be celebrated in Zimbabwe today. The country did not win another Olympic medal until Kirsty Coventry won three swimming medals in Athens in 2004. Robert Mugabe promptly applied the "golden girl" nickname to her on her return home.

The Zimbabwean hockey team's victory at the 1980 Olympics was widely considered a great upset. Sports historians have called it a "fairytale" and an "irresistible fairy story". While the Zimbabweans were overjoyed by their unlikely status as the first ever Olympic gold medallists in women's hockey, some, including Robert Sullivan of Sports Illustrated, felt that the Zimbabwean victory epitomised how the Western boycott had lowered competitive standards and, in their opinion, "ruined" the 1980 Olympics. While acknowledging this to an extent, Cathy Harris asserted in her 2008 retrospective on the team, published in The Sunday Times, that the victory still deserved to be recognised as a great achievement. "They freely acknowledge that they won the gold medal without competing against the best in the world", she concludes, "but, like many athletes in Moscow in 1980, they seized their chance."

Notes and references

Footnote

References

Journal and newspaper articles

Bibliography

Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Zimbabwe women's national field hockey team

Zimbabwe at the Summer Olympics
1980 in Zimbabwean sport


title: François Truffaut bibliography

text:
A list of books and essays written by and about François Truffaut:

Truffaut


title: Stefania Giannini

text:
Stefania Giannini (born 18 November 1960) is an Italian politician and linguist. She served as Minister of Education, Universities and Research from 2014 until 2016. She is currently Assistant-Director General for Education at UNESCO in Paris.

Early career
Born in Lucca, Giannini in 1991 became a professor at the University for Foreigners in Perugia, holding the chairs of Phonetics and Phonology (1992-1994), Sociolinguistics (1994-1998) and of Glottology and Linguistics (1998-2013).  In 2004 she also became rector of the Perugia University for Foreigners. She was one of the first and youngest women to hold this position in Italy.

Political career
As a candidate in Tuscany with the Civic Choice party of Mario Monti, Giannini was elected senator in February 2013. In November the same year, she was appointed secretary and coordinator of the party Scelta civica.

As Senator of the Republic of Italy between 2013 – 2018 and Minister of Education, Universities and Research (2014 – 2016), she developed and implemented a structural reform of the Italian education system, centred on social inclusion and cultural awareness.

On 21 February 2014, Giannini was appointed as Minister of Education, University and Research in the government of Prime Minister Matteo Renzi. During Italy's presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2014, she also chaired the Education and Competitiveness Council of the European Union. She was succeeded by Valeria Fedeli in 2016.

From 2017, Giannini served as adviser to the European Commissioner for Research and Innovation Carlos Moedas.

Career with the United Nations
In 2018, UNESCO Director-General Audrey Azoulay appointed Giannini as one of four new members of the organization's senior management team. Giannini has since been serving as Assistant Director-General for Education, making her the top United Nations official in the field of education.

From 2022 to 2023, Giannini served on the European Space Agency’s High-Level Advisory Group on Human and Robotic Space Exploration for Europe.

Other activities
 Global Education Monitoring Report (GEM), Member of the Advisory Board
 Global Partnership for Education (GPE), Member of the Board of Directors

Recognition
 2008 – Honorary degree, awarded by the College Reges-Rede Gonzaga De Ensino Superior (Brazil)
 2015 – America Award, presented by the Italy-USA Foundation

Bibliography
 Tra grammatica e pragmatica: la geminazione consonantica in latino (Giardini, 1989)
 Percorsi metalinguistici. Giuliano di Toledo e la teoria della grammatica (FrancoAngeli, 1996)
 La pubblicità comparativa. Una via europea (FrancoAngeli, 1999)
 Il cambiamento linguistico. Suoni, forme, costrutti, parole (Carocci editore, 2003)
 La fonologia dell'interlingua. Principi e metodi di analisi  (FrancoAngeli, 2003)

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Linguists
Politicians from Lucca
Civic Choice politicians
21st-century Italian politicians
Academic staff of the University of Perugia
Education ministers of Italy
Members of the Senate of the Republic (Italy)
Renzi Cabinet
Women government ministers of Italy
21st-century Italian women politicians
Women members of the Senate of the Republic (Italy)


title: Qaderabad, Mirjaveh

text:
Qaderabad (, also Romanized as Qāderābād) is a village in Ladiz Rural District, in the Central District of Mirjaveh County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 46, in 9 families.

References

Populated places in Mirjaveh County


title: Shahr-e Deraz, Mirjaveh

text:
Shahr-e Deraz (, also Romanized as Shahr-e Derāz; also known as Chāh-e Derāz and Chāh-i-Darāz) is a village in Ladiz Rural District, in the Central District of Mirjaveh County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 112, in 25 families.

References

Populated places in Mirjaveh County


title: Fritz Lang bibliography

text:
A list of books and essays about Fritz Lang:

Lang


title: List of mayors of Thun

text:
This is a list of mayors of the city of Thun, Switzerland.

Thun

Thun


title: Archer-class sloop

text:
On 26 March 1846, two vessels were ordered from Deptford Dockyard as Rifleman-designed gunvessels named Archer and Parthian. However, on 9 September 1846 the orders for both vessels were suspended prior to the vessels being laid down. On 25 April 1847 two vessels were ordered to the improved Rattler-type screw sloops as designed by John Edye of the Surveyor's Department from Deptford Dockyard. The first vessel, Archer may have been the change of the build from the Rifleman type to the sloop design. The second vessel, Wasp, appears to be a new vessel as the build for the Parthian remained on the books at Deptford until June 1849, when it was cancelled. Archer received the machinery from the gunvessel Rifleman, which resulted in an increase of speed over Wasp. Wasps hull was sheathed in Muntz metal to retard marine growth. Their armament would increase from 12 to 15 guns over their careers. Both vessels would participate in the Russian War of 1854–1855 (one in the Baltic Sea, the other in the Black Sea). Both would be broken by 1869.

According to Ships of the Royal Navy, by J.J. College, the original order for Parthian was cancelled in June 1849. This reference does not support the renaming of the vessel under either the Parthian or Wasp entry. British Warships in the Age of Sail (1817 – 1863), by Rif Winfield, states she was renamed to Wasp on 25 August 1847.

Archer was the second named vessel since its introduction for a 12-gun gun brig launched by Perry at Blackwall on 2 April 1801 and sold on 14 December 1815.

Wasp was the seventh named vessel since it was introduced for a 8-gun sloop launched by Portsmouth Dockyard on 4 July 1749, and sold on 4 January 1781.

Parthian was the second named vessel since it was introduced for a 16-gun brig sloop of the Cherokee class, launched by Bernard of Deptford on 13 February 1808 and wrecked off the coast of Egypt on 15 May 1828.

Construction and specifications
Their keels were laid in October 1847 (with Archer being specified as the 18th) at Deptford Dockyard, Archer was launched on 27 March 1849 with Wasp following on 28 May 1850. The gundeck was , with her keel length reported for tonnage calculation of . The maximum breadth was 33 feet 10 inches  with  reported for tonnage.  She had a depth of hold of .  Her builder's measure tonnage was 970 tons with a displacement of 1,337 tons. The draught forward was   and aft  giving a mean draught of .

The machinery was supplied by Miller, Ravenhill & Company.  Both vessels would ship two rectangular fire tube boilers. The horizontal single-expansion (HSE) geared engine installed in Archer had two cylinders of  in diameter with a  stroke rated at 202 nominal horsepower (NHP). The engine in Wasp was a vertical single-expansion oscillating type, which had two cylinders of  in diameter with a  stroke rated at 100 NHP. Both were a single screw.

The armament for both vessels consisted of a pair of Dundas 1853 68-pounder muzzle-loading smoothbore (MLSB) of 87 hundredweight (cwt) 10-foot solid-shot gun on pivot mounts and ten Monk's ‘C’ 1839 32-pounder 42 cwt MLSB 8.5-foot solid-shot guns on broadside trucks.

Trials
During trials Archer’s engine generated  for a speed of . The trial runs for Wasp, her engine generated  for a speed of .

Archer was completed for sea on 9 March 1850 at a cost of £41,404 (including hull of £20,785).

Wasp was completed for sea at Woolwich on 26 October 1850 at a cost of £33,521 (including hull of £21,326).

Ships

Notes

References

 Lyon Winfield, The Sail & Steam Navy List, All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815 to 1889, by David Lyon & Rif Winfield, published by Chatham Publishing, London © 2004,
 The Navy List, published by His Majesty's Stationery Office, London
 Winfield, British Warships in the Age of Sail (1817 – 1863), by Rif Winfield, published by Seaforth Publishing, England © 2014, e, Chapter 12 Screw Sloops, Vessels ordered or reordered as steam screw sloops (from 1845), Reynard
 Colledge, Ships of the Royal Navy, by J.J. Colledge, revised and updated by Lt Cdr Ben Warlow and Steve Bush, published by Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley, Great Britain, © 2020, e  (EPUB), Section P (Plumper, Renard, Reynard)

 Archer
Sloops of the Royal Navy
Sloop classes


title: Verdugos

text:
The Verdugos is a region of Los Angeles County, California including the areas in and around the Verdugo Mountains.

Geography
According to the Mapping L.A. survey of the Los Angeles Times, the Verdugos region consists of:

Altadena
Glendale
La Crescenta-Montrose
La Cañada Flintridge
Pasadena
Sunland
Tujunga

Population

In the 2000 census, the Verdugos region had a population of 453,399.

References

See also
Other regions of Los Angeles County

 Angeles National Forest
 Antelope Valley
 Central Los Angeles
 Eastside
 Harbor
 Northeast Los Angeles
 Northwest County
 Pomona Valley
 San Fernando Valley
 San Gabriel Valley
 South Bay
 Santa Monica Mountains
 South Los Angeles
 Southeast County
 Verdugos
 Westside

Geography of Los Angeles


title: Ján Oravec

text:
Ján Oravec (born 6 June 1964, in Senica) is a well-known Slovak economist. In 2020, he ran as a non-party candidate on the candidate list of the Freedom and Solidarity party in the parliamentary elections. He was elected as a deputy of the Slovak parliament. From March 2020 to the end of September 2022, he worked as a Deputy Minister at the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic. From October 1, 2022 to October 1, 2023, he served as a member of the Parliamentary Committee for European Affairs. From 2013 to 2020, he was the president of the Association of Entrepreneurs of Slovakia and from 2004 to 2020, a member of the Presidium of the Republic of Employers' Union. From 2004 to 2014, he represented Slovak employers in tripartite negotiations and in the European Economic and Social Committee in Brussels.

Career
2020 – 2023: a member of the Slovak parliament, elected as an independent candidate on a party list of a Freedom and Solidarity Party, from October 2022 to October 2023 a member of its European Affairs Committee,
2020 – 2022: State Secretary, Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic, responsible for business environment, SME policy, innovations, and bilateral economic relations,
2003 – 2020: president, The Entrepreneurs Association of Slovakia, the first organisation of private businesses in a modern history of Slovakia, after 1989,
2004 – 2020: a member of a Presidium of The National Union of Employers, the most representative organisation of employers in Slovakia,
2004 – 2014: a member of the European Economic and Social Committee in Brussels representing Slovak employers,
1999–2002: a Chief of Strategy at the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic.
1992–2013: a founding father of The F. A. Hayek Foundation Bratislava (established in 1991), and The Slovak Taxpayers Association (1997), one of the most successful (in terms of their impact on economic policy) and the most respected NGOs in a Central and Eastern Europe.

About
Jan Oravec graduated in 1987 from Commenius University in Bratislava (Philosophy – Political Economy), The Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia in 1994 (Business Administration) and Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, US, in 1993–1995 (Bank Management). In 1996 he received his PhD degree in economics at theInstitute of Slovak and World Economy in Bratislava.

He started his professional career at the Institute of Economics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in 1987. In the beginning of 90s he was active in financial sector (financial manager in investment fund, director of the Investment Banking Dept. in Devin Bank, internships in Banc One, Dallas, Texas, US, and Westpac Bank, Sydney, Australia).

In 1999–2002 Oravec was working as a chief of strategy at the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic. During that period he served as a chairman and member of various supervisory boards (SSE, a.s., – one three regional electricity distribution companies, The Slovak Guarantee and Development Bank, Transpetrol, a.s., Slovak Consolidation Agency, Slovak Post-Privatisation Fund), a chairman of a board of directors (National Agency for SMEs) and a vice-chairman of the Government Council for Science and Technology.

From 2003 to 2020 he was a president of The Entrepreneurs Association of Slovakia, the first organisation of private entrepreneurs in Slovakia after a collapse of communism. From 2004 to 2020 he was a member of a Presidium of The National Union of Employers, the most representative organisation of employers in Slovakia. From 2004 to 2014 he represented Slovak employers in the European Economic and Social Committee in Brussels.

From 2004 to 2007 he was a member of a scientific board of a Faculty of Economics and Public Administration, The University of Economics in Prague, and a member of an industrial board of The Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava. From 2004 to 2011, he was a member of the Scientific Council of the Faculty of Economics of the University of Economics in Prague. Currently he serves as a member of a Supervisory Board of Anglo-American University in Prague.

He is a founding father of The F. A. Hayek Foundation Bratislava (established in 1991), and The Slovak Taxpayers Association (1997), since 2004 he is also a member of an academic board of a Liberal Institute in Prague.

From 2020 to 2023 he hold various positions both as a Slovak law-maker as well as a policy-maker.

He has his own business in consulting, focusing on regulatory impact assessments, sectoral analysis, macroeconomic analysis, economic outlooks, etc. He writes articles, gives lectures, TV interviews, and public speeches on various topics. He lives in Bratislava. He is married and has two children.

References

External sources
Reference from Latvia journal
Jan Oravec about entrepreneurs in Slovakia
Interview with Jan Oravec

1964 births
Living people
Slovak economists
Comenius University alumni
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava
People from Senica


title: Arc of Justice

text:
Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age is a 2004 book by historian Kevin Boyle, published by Henry Holt. The book chronicles racism in Detroit during the 1920s Jazz Age through the lens of Ossian Sweet, an African American doctor who moves to Detroit during the great migration. While living in Detroit he eventually moves out of the ghetto and he and his wife move into an all-white middle-class neighborhood. When racist whites attack the Sweets' home, a white man is killed. Sweet and his family are persecuted by the legal system.

The book won the 2004 National Book Award for Nonfiction and was a finalist for the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for History.

Narrative
The book tells the account of Ossian Sweet, a young physician, who with his wife Gladys, move into their new home in an all white neighborhood of Detroit in 1925. Racial tensions were high in the city at the time with the Ku Klux Klan holding many rallies and also having a candidate in the city's mayoral election. In the preceding months; there were also instances of white Detroiters forcing out black homeowners who had newly moved into their homes in white neighborhoods. On the night of September 9, 1925 a large mob gathered outside the Sweets' new home in an attempt to intimidate the family into moving out. The Detroit Police Department did have officers posted outside the Sweets' home for protection that night but the officers did not attempt to disperse the mob. Ossian had his brothers Otis and Henry, Gladys and some friends were in the home at the time along with a large cache of weapons as they had planned to defend the home against a possible racist mob. The mob, quickly becoming several hundred people large that night, became violent and began throwing stones at the home shattering windows and causing damage. Someone in the home, possibly Henry, opened fire into the mob injuring one white man and killing another. Ossian and the others in the home were arrested and charged with murder. The looming trial garnered national attention as well as the attention of the NAACP who saw the trial as an opportunity to fight against racial segregation in American cities. James Weldon Johnson and Walter Francis White of the NAACP assisted in the case and they helped to establish a legal defense fund to assist the Sweets and other civil rights cases throughout the country. The NAACP was able to secure the services of legendary defense attorney Clarence Darrow to lead the defense team representing the eleven defendants. The first trial ended with a hung jury. The prosecution chose to try each defendant separately during the second trial. The second trial, 8 months later, involved Ossian's brother Henry Sweet as the defendant and he was found not guilty by the jury, the prosecutor chose not to prosecute the other 10 defendants after the not guilty verdict.

Reception
The National Book Foundation awarded Arc of Justice it's 2004 book of the year award in the non-fiction category stating that Arc of Justice is "A history that is at once an intense courtroom drama, a moving biography, and an engrossing look at race in America in the early 20th century." Writing for The New York Times , Robert F. Worth stated that Boyle's book is "by far the most cogent and thorough account of the trial and its aftermath" and he praised the way "Boyle vividly recreates the energy and menace of Detroit in 1925". But Worth criticized the book for not delving deeply into the motives of the white residents stating: "working-class whites are the only people who remain more or less faceless in Boyle's narrative". Kirkus Reviews, in a positive review, commended Boyle for establishing an early tension that "after instruction on some African American history, culminates in a classic courtroom drama starting the Great Defender himself, Clarence Darrow. Further, Kirkus states that Boyle presents a "balanced, considered portrait of Sweet".

References

2004 non-fiction books
Books about race and ethnicity
Henry Holt and Company books


title: Shankar, Iran

text:
Shankar (; also known as Shankī) is a village in Ladiz Rural District, in the Central District of Mirjaveh County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 38, in 8 families.

References

Populated places in Mirjaveh County


title: Ewandro

text:
Ewandro Felipe de Lima Costa (born 15 March 1996), known as Ewandro, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Bulgarian First League club Lokomotiv Plovdiv, as a winger.

Club career

São Paulo
Ewandro joined São Paulo in 2009. On 23 January 2014, he made his debut in a 4–0 victory against Mogi Mirim in a Campeonato Paulista tie, in which he replaced Luís Fabiano with six minutes remaining. A week later, Ewandro scored his first São Paulo goal in a 6–3 victory over Rio Claro, netting in the 81st minute with his first touch of the ball.

Atlético Paranaense (loan)
On 21 July 2015, Ewandro joined league rivals Atlético Paranaense on loan for the remainder of the 2015 season and the 2016 season. On 23 August 2015, Ewandro made his Atlético Paranaense debut in a 2–0 defeat against Internacional, in which he replaced Douglas Coutinho for the remaining twenty minutes. Ewandro scored his first Atlético Paranaense goal on 30 August 2015, in a 3–0 victory over Goiás.

On 1 May 2016, Ewandro scored his first goal of the 2016 campaign in a 3–0 victory against Coritiba, netting in the 65th minute to make it 2–0. Ewandro went on to make nineteen more appearances and score two more goals in all competitions over the 2016 campaign before joining Italian side Udinese.

Udinese
On 7 July 2016, Ewandro joined Serie A side Udinese on a five-year deal.

On 21 January 2018, Ewandro was loaned to Portuguese Primeira Liga side Estoril for the remainder of the season.

On 6 August 2018, Ewandro joined to Austrian Bundesliga side Austria Wien on loan.

In April 2019, he joined Fluminense on loan until the end of the season.

On 17 December 2019, Brazilian club Sport announced that Ewandro will join them on loan until 31 December 2020.

Lokomotiv Plovdiv
In July 2022, he relocated to Bulgaria, signing a contract with Lokomotiv Plovdiv.

Spartak Varna
In February 2023, Ewandro joined Spartak Varna.

Career statistics

Honours
Atlético Paranaense
 Campeonato Paranaense: 2016

Náutico
 Campeonato Pernambucano: 2022

References

1996 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Serie A players
Primeira Liga players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
São Paulo FC players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
Udinese Calcio players
G.D. Estoril Praia players
FK Austria Wien players
Fluminense FC players
Sport Club do Recife players
PFC Lokomotiv Plovdiv players
FC Spartak Varna players
Brazil men's under-20 international footballers
Brazil men's youth international footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Recife


title: Federico Fellini bibliography

text:
A list of books and essays about Federico Fellini:

Individual films
8 1/2

References

Fellini

Bibliography


The Zimbabwe women's national field hockey team is the national women's team representing Zimbabwe in field hockey.

It won the gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR, the first female Olympic tournament. Zimbabwe also won the inaugural Hockey African Cup for Nations they hosted in 1990, followed by a silver medal in 1994 and a bronze in 1998.

Tournament record

Summer Olympics
1980 –

Africa Cup of Nations
1990 –
1994 –
1998 –
2022 – 4th

African Games
1995 –
1999 –
2003 – 5th
2023 - Qualified

African Olympic Qualifier
2007 – 5th
2011 – 4th
2015 – 5th
2019 –

FIH Hockey Series
2018–19 – First round

See also
Zimbabwe men's national field hockey team

References

African women's national field hockey teams
National


title: Petrotrin oil spill

text:
The Petrotrin oil spill was a series of oil spills that occurred on the island of Trinidad and Tobago.

In total, eleven oil spills occurred between 17 December 2013 and 29 December 2013. The first spill began on 17 December at 4:45 a.m. when the  sea line No 10, operated by the Trinidad's national oil company Petrotrin, ruptured at the bottom of the Gulf of Paria near the company's Pointe-a-Pierre refinery.  It was initially reported as a single oil spill near the southwestern town of La Brea but by the end of the month, ten more oil spills were confirmed.  It is the largest oil spill in the history of Trinidad and Tobago, with a reported leakage of 7,000 barrels

Petrotrin has been facing a lot of scrutiny since the spill due to a report that revealed the pipeline that exploded may not have been inspected in over seventeen years. The company was subsequently fined $20 million by the country's Environment Management Authority.  Petrotrin has taken responsibility for nine out of the eleven spills and blaming the other two on saboteurs.

Clean-up

To clean up the oil spill, Petrotrin has opted to use the Corexit 9500 dispersant that was employed BP in the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The purpose of oil dispersants is to accelerate the process of degrading oil. Oil that is spilled into a body of water will eventually break down naturally but it is a long process. The way that this dispersant functions is by breaking down oil into tiny droplets that are faster for nature to degrade.  This allows two liquids that do not go well together, such as oil and water, to be able to mix. The use of this dispersant has proved to be a controversial decision because in a recent story conducted in 2012, scientists discovered that Corexit actually increases the toxicity of oil and is detrimental to the livelihood of the marine animals.

Impact

Environmental

There are somewhere between 400 and 500 different species of marine fish as well as 21 different types of freshwater fish. There are also many mammals, reptiles and amphibians that inhabit the bodies of water that surround Trinidad. The Petrotrin oil spill has had an adverse effect on this diverse ecosystem. The spill has put the country's marine and freshwater animals that inhabit the bodies of water near the Pointe-a-Pierre base, such as Queen's beach, Coffee beach and the Caribbean Ocean, in harm's way. Several fishermen have reported seeing many oil-soaked birds as well as many dead fish near beaches close to the oil spill.

The quality of air in Trinidad has suffered as a result. Directly following the oil spill, residents of nearby areas reported smelling a very potent odor. It was eventually discovered that the residents were smelling toxic fumes that were being produced from the oil spill. The toxic fumes have forced some residents to temporarily relocate to avoid getting sick. The Environment Management Authority is still conducting test to see if there is still any damage to the quality of air.

Social

There is a sizeable fishing community in Trinidad due to the country's convenient location between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The fishermen who live in the affected region have been struggling to support themselves and their families since the spill. Many of them are struggling to get their boats running in the oil soaked water and the ones who are able to get the boats working are only catching a few fish. The company has promised to reimburse any fishermen who have received a loss of income as a result of the oil spill. So far Petrotrin have reimbursed the fishermen of Cedros $2.6 million and they're still negotiating with the fishermen of La Brea and Point Fortin.

An open flame ban was imposed on the residents of La Brea, which is one of the communities that is situated nearest to Petrotrin's oil refinery, directly following the spill. This ban prevented the people of La Brea from cooking any meals. Petrotrin has been providing the people of La Brea with three meals a day to compensate for the inabilility to cook.

References

2013 in the environment
Environment of Trinidad and Tobago
Oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico
Petroleum in Trinidad and Tobago


title: Pier Paolo Pasolini bibliography

text:
A list of books and essays about Pier Paolo Pasolini:

*

Pasolini, Pier Paolo
Bibliograhy


title: Real Nighttime

text:
Real Nighttime is the second full-length album from Game Theory, a California power pop band founded by guitarist and singer-songwriter Scott Miller. Released in 1985, the album is cited as "a watershed work in '80s paisley underground pop." A 30th anniversary reissue was released in March 2015, on CD and in a limited first pressing on red vinyl, with 13 bonus tracks.

The album was the group's first to be produced by Mitch Easter, who continued as the producer of subsequent Game Theory albums through the rest of the 1980s.

Background
Real Nighttime was the last of Game Theory's albums to be recorded by the band's Davis, California-based line-up, a quartet fronted by Scott Miller on guitar and lead vocals. According to rock critic Mark Deming, "while Miller was clearly the leader of this band, the outstanding percussion work from Dave Gill, the evocative keyboards from Nan Becker, and the solid, propulsive bass of Fred Juhos played an invaluable role in making these songs work."

Production notes
Scott Miller sought out Mitch Easter to produce Real Nighttime after hearing his production work on R.E.M.'s Chronic Town, and Easter went on to have a long association with the group, producing not only the rest of Game Theory's catalog but also the first two albums by Miller's next band, The Loud Family. According to Miller, Easter's main contribution as producer was "competency" and a bigger, more professional sound. In 2003, Miller stated, "I don’t think he and I ever clashed at all.... just suddenly we had someone who knew a lot more than I did and we were all grateful." For his part, when Easter was asked in 1999 about his favorite projects as a producer, Easter named Chronic Town and Game Theory's records, which Easter called "a lot of fun, because of the variety in the way they approached recording."

Mitch Easter later wrote that Game Theory defied the dogmatic "guitar aesthetic" of that era, and it was therefore "an initially disconcerting and ultimately delightful breath of fresh air to arrive at the Game Theory session for Real Nighttime to find an electronic drum kit, somebody's ancient modular synth, and other taboo devices being cheerfully employed by the band, seemingly with no awareness or concern that these were, er, questionable items in the prevailing fashion. This boldness never left." Easter added that he was "inclined to think that Scott was so fantastically and entertainingly aware of the minutia of pop culture that he probably foresaw the latent dangers of using all that ... and charged ahead anyway." Easter credited this to Miller's appreciation of a cyclical "time stamp factor" of hipness becoming dated, and sometimes then "evolving into Genius."

In 1988, Miller told Musician that Real Nighttime "was just sort of out there compared to the records I'd done before, and the one after it", identifying this as the beginning of a pattern of making "alternately down-the-line, then off-the-wall" records.

The album was recorded in Union City, California from July 22 to July 31, 1984, and mixed at the Drive-In Studio in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, from August 15 to August 21, 1984. In addition to producing, Easter was credited as a musician on Real Nighttime, as were future Game Theory members Jozef Becker and Michael Quercio (of The Three O'Clock), both of whom would join Game Theory in 1989.

Cover art and liner notes
 In response to the band's change in personnel, a photograph of Miller was substituted for a photograph of the full group that had previously been taken for the album's front cover. On the back cover, band members and guest performers were credited equally as "musicians."

The back cover of the LP also featured cryptic liner notes by Miller, written in the style of James Joyce's novel Finnegans Wake. In the 1993 CD reissue on Alias Records, this text was altered from the original, due to an apparent misperception of Miller's Joycean wordplay as spelling errors.

In the 1990s, Miller's Joycean liner notes were the subject of an unofficial project, coordinated at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, to create an annotated edition with analysis of Miller's references.

Songs and thematic notes

Real Nighttime has been called "a virtual concept album about life after college," resulting in "a certain poignancy propelling [its] breathtaking melodies." The album was also described as a "loose song cycle following a young man's journey from romantic bliss ... to soul-crushing disappointment", with comparisons to the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds. According to Miller, the post-collegiate theme was paired with his "intuition that freedom had a strong aspect of being bad news," and that "excessive freedom is typically a formula for trivial and unfaithful pursuit of what passes for personal advantage."

Harvard professor Stephanie Burt wrote in 2011, "Throughout the Game Theory songbook, but especially in Real Nighttime (1985), you can hear an anguished concentration on language and its rules ... and on the complementary rules of pop song construction, as if all those rules—once mastered—could help solve problems of love and sex, of friendship and estrangement, of bodies with feelings that have no clear names."

"24"
Notwithstanding lyrics by Scott Miller that AllMusic's Stewart Mason labeled as "typically opaque," reviewers have understood the song "24" to clearly be about a "traditional post-collegiate identity crisis."

According to critic Mike Appelstein, writing in the 2005 book Lost in the Grooves, the "eternal question" posed by Miller to himself – "coffee or beer?" – symbolized the poignant dilemma of "finding a specific life direction" after college. While AllMusic's Mark Deming wrote of the "blissful innocence" of the young narrator of "24," Stephanie Burt's analysis found the narrator at the cusp of a quarter-life crisis, as a self-conscious young adult whose mixed feelings established that he "doesn't know where he fits, or to how to live on his own, in a post-collegiate milieu."

Mason wrote that "24" displays "Miller's usual structural quirks" such as "a slowly-building 30-second instrumental intro, an eternity in a song that barely lasts 2:45." With "prolix verses [that] eventually resolve into a simple, straightforward chorus," the song was musically "about as close as Game Theory ever got to Athens-style indie-jangle ... not really that close at all," according to Mason, despite production by Mitch Easter.

On the original album release, "24" faded out to a "puckish" acoustic guitar quote from "Stairway to Heaven," a grace note that was omitted on the Tinker to Evers to Chance compilation.

"Curse of the Frontier Land"
According to Appelstein, the post-collegiate theme continued with allusions to finding one's own direction and leaving the nest in "Curse of the Frontier Land" ("A year ago we called this a good time").

Miller called the song "a little weirder and more depressing than anything I'd written previously." Miller later described "Curse of the Frontier Land" as containing "really poisonous descriptions" of his reservations about "excessive freedom," also citing "Friend of the Family" as sharing the same viewpoint.

"She'll Be a Verb"
The phrase "she'll be a verb when you’re a noun," according to Burt, reflects Miller's "anguished concentration on language and its rules," an apparent search by an analytical and systematic mind for a way to understand incomprehensible social relationships.

Bonus tracks
The original CD release of Real Nighttime on Enigma Records included three bonus tracks, only two of which were recorded by the Real Nighttime line-up. The third bonus track, a cover version of Todd Rundgren's "Couldn't I Just Tell You," was recorded in 1985 by the San Francisco-based line-up of Game Theory for the album The Big Shot Chronicles. In an interview, Miller said the recording "sounded glorious... I was sort of unconscious during the mixing of that; Mitch pretty much did all of it, and I just sort of slept through the performance of it."

In 1993, Alias Records included a previously unreleased song from the Real Nighttime recording sessions ("Faithless," written by Fred Juhos) as a bonus track on a different CD, erroneously placing it on its 1993 CD reissue of The Big Shot Chronicles, rather than on its reissue of Real Nighttime.

The 2015 reissue of Real Nighttime by Omnivore, released on March 17, 2015, omits two cover songs that were bonus tracks on previous CD releases, and instead includes "Faithless," as well as a variety of live tracks from the Real Nighttime tour, and a studio cover of Queen's "Lily of the Valley". The bonus tracks are included on CD and on a download card provided with the reissued vinyl LP.

Touring
The original recording line-up commenced a national tour for Real Nighttime in October 1984, but before the album's 1985 release, the group went through a wholesale change in personnel, with only Miller remaining.

By early 1985, Miller relocated to San Francisco together with future Game Theory member Donnette Thayer, where he assembled a new line-up in the San Francisco Bay Area, featuring Shelley LaFreniere on keyboards, Gil Ray on drums, and Suzi Ziegler on bass. The newly formed San Francisco version of Game Theory began a new tour in 1985 in support of the Real Nighttime album, on which none of them (except Miller) had appeared. During a break in the Real Nighttime tour, this line-up recorded Game Theory's 1986 album, The Big Shot Chronicles.

Reviews and critical reception
 Real Nighttime was well-reviewed, appearing in the Village Voices annual poll of 1984's best releases. According to rock critic Martin Strong, the album established Game Theory as a "contender in the Paisley Underground power pop stakes."

Music journalist Byron Coley wrote in 1985 that it was "the actual godhead pop LP o' the American Eighties. No shit. This is it." Spin listed Real Nighttime in January 1990 as one of its "80 Excellent Records of the 80s," alongside Coley's description of the album as an "overwhelming swirl of post-Big Star heroin pop."

In 2001's All Music Guide: The Definitive Guide to Popular Music, critic Mark Deming wrote that Real Nighttime showed "Scott Miller was maturing into one of the finest and most distinctive pop songwriters in America." Deming continued, "Always tuneful, and by turns rollicking and heart-breaking, Real Nighttime was the album that announced Game Theory as one of the major talents to emerge from California's Paisley Underground scene."

Trouser Press called the music "tougher and more unpredictable" than related bands such as Let's Active and The Three O'Clock, citing "jagged guitar lines, ominous percussion and noisy sound effects... creating an odd but often productive tension" that undercut pop conventions.

In the book Lost in the Grooves, the album was critically viewed as walking "a fine line between pretension and genius," with the former view supported by Miller's liner notes written in the style of James Joyce's Finnegans Wake, and the latter view supported by "chiming guitars and great pop melodies" described as "breathtaking." The book cited Miller's "brilliant tunesmithing," and identified Real Nighttime as the album in which the group proved themselves capable of fully realizing the "sense of ambition and high concept" suggested in their earlier work.

Film director Andrew Bujalski, in New York Magazine, cited Real Nighttime among his top 20 influences, stating in 2013 that he had been shaken by Scott Miller's then-recent death: "[Miller] had this complex relationship with his lack of fame, but somehow the fact that his bands never made it big seemed like part of why they stayed great. They just did great work for twenty-some years. Lolita Nation is probably their most beloved album, but song for song, I’ll take Real Nighttime over it. He was always bursting with ideas as a songwriter, and it feels absolutely effortless on this record."

According to Deming, in an updated 2015 review for AllMusic, "Game Theory made good records right out of the starting gate, but Real Nighttime was where they proved they could make truly great ones, and it's not just one of the band's finest works, it's a watershed work in '80s paisley underground pop."

In liner notes for the reissue, Byron Coley called the album "a pinnacle of Scott's early days.... For all its surface flash, it's an album that rewards deep listening." Coley expressed his hope that the album would remain in circulation  "so youngsters can unravel its beautiful mysteries."

Jersey Beat concluded that in Real Nighttime, "[a]ll the elements were in place for something special to occur – a master songwriter at the height of his powers, a stellar supporting cast and a like minded producer in Mitch Easter to capture it all for posterity. The end result is nothing short of a masterpiece." The reissue was cited as "a real labor of love for all involved" with excellent sound quality and informative packaging.

Reviewing the 2015 reissue, Blurt wrote that "the easy blend of classic and modern gives Real Nighttime a sound that's more timeless than dated," calling the album's sound "fresh then, and timely now, as more modern bands rediscover the synth patches of yesteryear." Examples included the "nearly invisible Simmons drum pads used throughout," as well as "Nan Becker's wacked-out synth licks" in the song "Curse of the Frontier Land," which the reviewer found to "enhance, rather than distract from, its jangly power pop crunch."

 Track listing

 Personnel Members: Scott Miller – guitar, lead vocals
 Nancy Becker – keyboards, backing vocals, piano (on "24")
 Fred Juhos – bass, backing vocals
 Dave Gill – drumsGuest musicians: Michael Quercio – backing vocals
 Mitch Easter – backing vocals, piano (on "Rayon Drive")
 Jon Cowans – E-mu Drumulator (on "She'll Be a Verb")
 Jozef Becker – percussion (on "I Turned Her Away")On 1993 CD only:'
 Gil Ray – drums and backing vocals (on "Couldn't I Just Tell You")
 Shelley LaFreniere – keyboards and backing vocals (on "Couldn't I Just Tell You")
 Suzi Ziegler – bass and backing vocals (on "Couldn't I Just Tell You")

Release history

References

External links

1985 albums
Game Theory (band) albums
Albums produced by Mitch Easter


title: Legend of the Leather Bridge

text:
There is a legend of the Leather Bridge () in several regions of Germany and Switzerland. The word lederne could also have meant "ladder" or "lantern".

Palatinate

According to legend, there was once a leather bridge crossing the Elmstein valley between the Palatine castle of Erfenstein, high above the left bank of the Speyerbach river, and a second castle, Spangenberg, on the opposite side of the valley. Two brothers, or at least two close friends, who visited each other frequently, decided to build the bridge in order to avoid having to take the difficult path through the valley between the two castles and over the then wild River Speyerbach.

Their friendship continued for many years. But one day the two lords, having feasted together at the Spangenberg again, began a heated argument. No doubt, an excess of wine had contributed to the situation. One word led to another and finally the Erfenstein lord, beside himself with rage, returned over the bridge, having shouted, "I will never come back!" Equally furious, the lord of Spangenberg roared after him, "You don't need to; I'll see to that!" And when the lord of Erfenstein reached the middle of the bridge, Spangenberg cut the leather straps with his sword. The bridge fell into the depths and the lord of Erfenstein plunged to his death. One source records that the dispute was because one lord, who was a bachelor and the golden-haired wife of his brother had fallen in love and the bridge was used for their trysts.

Ever after this murder there was bitter enmity between the owners of the two castles and they damaged one another whenever they could.

The historical background to the legend is that the two castles were always owned by different overlords – initially Spangenberg to the Speyer prince-bishop and Erfenstein to the counts of Leiningen – who in were always in competition with one another. When, later, their ownership changed, a conflict broke out, the Weißenburg Feud, between Elector Frederick I of the Palatinate and his cousin, Duke Louis I of Palatinate-Zweibrücken. As a result, both castles were destroyed in 1470; first, Erfenstein, and then, Spangenberg.

Technically, to make a bridge made of soft, sagging material such as leather would not have been practicable because the height of the castles above the floor of the valley (about one hundred metres) would not be enough to span the five hundred metres between them.

Eifel
A leather bridge is supposed to have linked the two castles of Stolzenburg and Pielstein over the Urft. According to local legend, their knights lived in the lap of luxury, demanding socage from the farmers, yet allowing their children to play skittles along the bridge with loaves of bread, whilst the subjects were dying of hunger. God himself is said to have destroyed both castles by unleashing a natural disaster.

Sauerland
Near Arnsberg legend has it that the devil made a leather bridge between the castles of Rüdenburg and Arnsberg in order to provide an escape route for the beleaguered lord of Rüdenburg and his men. This was done in gratitude for the hospitality that the Rüdenburgers had previously unwittingly shown the devil.

Nördlinger Ries
In the valley of Kartäusertal, on the southern edge of the Nördlinger Ries there was supposed to have been a leather bridge between the three sister castles of Rauhaus, Hochhaus and Niederhaus. According to legend, whoever "cut the leather bridge" would have his castle swallowed up by the earth.

It is assumed that the lederne Brücke in this story, actually means a "bridge of lights", in other words that there was a communication link between the castles that was maintained using light signals. When, one day, Rauhaus Castle became unoccupied, the light bridge was interrupted. The castle was then plundered by the local populace and slighted; it was thus practically "swallowed by the earth".

Thuringia
In Mellingen on the River Ilm southeast of  Weimar there were once two castles: one on the Kapellenberg hill and the  Heinrichsburg, both of which were probably destroyed during the Saxon Fratricidal War. Both castles, separated by about 1.5 kilometres, were supposed to have been connected by a leather bridge. Especially in the older literature (around 1900) it is posited that this legend is a mythological reference to Edda.

Vogtland
Near Elsterberg on the White Elster are the ruins of Elsterberg Castle. A leather bridge is supposed to have joined the old castle over a distance of several hundred metres to the newer buildings.

Lower Lusatia
An evil Wendish prince, or according to other Sorbian legends a Wendish king called Prebislav in the 10th century, is supposed to have lived in a castle in the Teufelslauch northeast of Friedland in the direction of the village of Reudnitz. In order to pursue his crimes as a  robber knight, he left the castle over a leather bridge that he rolled out in front of him and rolled up behind him. When he robbed a man who was in league with the devil, the devil whipped up a mighty thunderstorm. A lightning bolt killed the prince and the floods caused the castle to sink into the ground. All that remains are the water-filled depressions of the Teufelslauch ("Devil's Hole").

Switzerland
In Wileroltigen a tale is told of tunnels, a leather bridge and a stone grave. The castle of Oltigen and the castle of Wileroltigen were first mentioned in 1006. Along with Hugo of Mümpelgard (Montbéliard), Count of Oltigen they came to an evil end in May 1410, according to Conrad Justinger.

References

Leather Bridge

de:Sage von der Ledernen Brücke


title: Dan Newhouse

text:
Daniel Milton Newhouse (born July 10, 1955) is an American politician and agricultural scientist serving as the U.S. representative for . The district covers much of the central third of the state, including Yakima and the Tri-Cities. Before his election to Congress, Newhouse served as director of the Washington State Department of Agriculture and as a member of the Washington House of Representatives. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Newhouse was one of ten House Republicans who voted to impeach Donald Trump during Trump's second impeachment, and one of two Republicans to vote for impeachment and win reelection in 2022, along with David Valadao of California.

Early life and career
Newhouse was born in Sunnyside, east of Yakima. His father's family was Dutch. His parents and all his siblings graduated from Washington State University. Newhouse's father Irv served in the Washington State House and Senate for 34 years, retiring in 1998.

Newhouse graduated from Washington State with a Bachelor of Science degree in agricultural economics in 1977. In college, he was a member of Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity. He also is a graduate of the Washington Agriculture and Forestry Leadership Program.

Early career
Newhouse served four terms in the Washington House of Representatives from 2003 to 2009, representing the 15th district in eastern Yakima County, his father's old district. In 2009, Christine Gregoire, then the governor of Washington, appointed Newhouse to head the Washington State Department of Agriculture. Newly elected governor Jay Inslee did not reappoint Newhouse as agriculture director in 2013.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
In February 2014, Newhouse entered the Republican primary for . The incumbent, Doc Hastings, did not run. Newhouse and fellow Republican Clint Didier advanced to the November election after finishing in the top two in the August primary, marking the first time that two Republicans squared off in a general election since the state adopted the "top two" primary system. The 4th has long been Washington's most conservative district, and it was very likely that Hastings would be succeeded by another Republican.

The race was very close, and was seen as a battle between the factions of the GOP; Newhouse is considered a mainstream Republican, while Didier openly identified with the Tea Party movement. Newhouse defeated Didier by a margin of 51%-49%.

Newhouse faced Didier in a rematch in 2016, placing first in the blanket primary with 44,720 votes (45.77%) to Didier's 26,892 (27.53%). In the general election, Newhouse defeated Didier, 132,517 votes (57.64%) to 97,402 (42.36%).

Tenure
In December 2020, Newhouse was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v. Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated incumbent Donald Trump. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state.

Although he had voted against impeachment in the first impeachment of Donald Trump, Newhouse announced his support for the second impeachment of Donald Trump on January 13, 2021, after the storming of the United States Capitol. In a statement, Newhouse condemned the "hateful and anti-American extremists" who attacked the Capitol, saying that they had been incited by "the language and misinformation of the President of the United States." He claimed that he could not appear to condone the "unacceptable violence" or Trump's "inaction" by voting against impeachment, saying that Trump "failed to fulfill his oath of office" by not responding sooner. He voted to impeach alongside nine other Republicans that day. In his speech supporting impeachment, Newhouse said that while the article charging Trump with incitement of insurrection was "flawed", he also believed there was "no excuse" for Trump's failure to act. He expressed regret for not speaking out sooner against Trump's spreading of election misinformation. Earlier, he told The Spokesman-Review that while he was a Trump supporter, he believed Trump "let us down" by not doing more to stop the violence.

On May 19, 2021, Newhouse became one of 35 Republicans who joined all Democrats in voting to approve legislation to establish the January 6 commission meant to investigate the storming of the U.S. Capitol.

LGBT rights
On July 19, 2022, Newhouse and 46 other Republican Representatives voted for the Respect for Marriage Act, which would codify the right to same-sex marriage in federal law.

Immigration
Newhouse voted for the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2020, which authorized DHS to nearly double the available H-2B visas for the remainder of FY 2020.

Newhouse voted for the Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 1158), which effectively prohibits ICE from cooperating with Health and Human Services to detain or remove illegal alien sponsors of unaccompanied alien children (UACs).

Ukraine
In 2022, Newhouse voted to provide approximately $14 billion to the government of Ukraine.

Caucus memberships
 Congressional Western Caucus
 Republican Main Street Partnership
 Republican Study Committee
U.S.-Japan Caucus
Republican Governance Group

Personal life

Newhouse owns a  farm in Sunnyside that produces hops, tree fruit, grapes, and alfalfa. His first wife, Carol, died of cancer in 2017. They have two adult children.

In 2018, Newhouse married Joan Galvin in a small ceremony at the Congressional Prayer Room in the United States Capitol building.

Newhouse is a Presbyterian.

Electoral history

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

}

References

External links
 Congressman Dan Newhouse official U.S. House website
 Campaign website

|-

1955 births
21st-century American politicians
Farmers from Washington (state)
Living people
Republican Party members of the Washington House of Representatives
People from Sunnyside, Washington
Place of birth missing (living people)
Presbyterians from Washington (state)
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Washington (state)
State cabinet secretaries of Washington (state)
Washington State University alumni
American people of Dutch descent


title: Jambojet

text:
Jambojet Limited is a Kenyan low-cost airline that started operations on 1 April 2014.  It is a subsidiary of Kenya Airways and is headquartered in  Nairobi, Kenya.

History
Willem Alexander Hondius was appointed as CEO in September 2013, reporting to the board of directors, chaired by Ayisi Makatiani. Before his appointment, Hondius was general manager for KLM Royal Dutch Airlines for Eastern Africa based in Nairobi since 2012.  The airline aimed to directly employ 24 employees, hire 20 pilots from Kenya Airways, and source 30 crew members from third parties.

Operations commenced on 1 April 2014. The Kenya Civil Aviation Authority authorised the airline to fly to Burundi, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mayotte, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.

Corporate affairs

Ownership
The airline is a wholly owned subsidiary of Kenya Airways. Its equity consists of 5,000 shares each with a nominal value of KSh 20/=.

Business trends
Jambojet's performance and financial figures are fully incorporated within the Kenya Airways Group report and accounts.

Available figures for Jambojet are shown below - until March 2017, accounting dates were for the year ending 31 March; this changed to year ending 31 December from 2017, to align with accounting dates for the parent company.  (Note also: Jambojet commenced operations in April 2014; therefore start-up costs, but no income, arose in the financial year to March 2014.)

Destinations

Jambojet flies to 7 domestic routes within Kenya, as well as 1 international destination as of September 2021. Jambojet suspended operations into Entebbe and Kigali in August 2020 due to the effects of COVID-19. Jambojet is currently the biggest domestic carrier in Kenya uplifting over 1 million passengers in 2022 and projecting to carry at least 1.3 million passengers in 2023.

Fleet

Current fleet
, Jambojet operates the following aircraft:

Historical fleet
The company has previously operated the following aircraft:

 Boeing 737-300

See also
Transport in Kenya

References

External links

Low-cost carriers
Airlines of Kenya
Kenya Airways
Kenyan companies established in 2013
Airlines established in 2013


title: Jash, Iran

text:
Jash () is a village in Tamin Rural District, in the Central District of Mirjaveh County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 367, in 56 families.

References

Populated places in Mirjaveh County


title: Colomer

text:
Colomer (, ) is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

André Colomer (1886–1931), French poet and anarchist
Dámaso Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer (1949–2009), Spanish judge
Edmon Colomer, Spanish conductor
Eduardo Comín Colomer (1908–1975), Spanish writer and journalist
Jordi Colomer (born 1962), Spanish artist
José Colomer (1935–2013), Spanish field hockey player
Josep Colomer, Spanish political scientist
Juan J. Colomer (born 1966), Spanish composer
Maria Josep Colomer i Luque (1913–2004), Catalan-Spanish pioneer female pilot
Narciso Pascual Colomer (1808–1870), Spanish architect
Raúl Martínez Colomer, Puerto Rican swimmer

Spanish-language surnames
Catalan-language surnames