title: Deborah Griscom Passmore

text:
Deborah Griscom Passmore  (1840–1911) was a botanical illustrator for the U.S. Department of Agriculture who specialized in paintings of fruit. Her work is now preserved in the USDA's Pomological Watercolor Collection, and she has been called the best of the early USDA artists. She rose to lead the USDA staff artists, and she became the most prolific of the group, contributing one-fifth of the 7500 paintings in the Pomological Watercolor Collection.

Early life and education
Deborah Griscom Passmore was born in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, on July 17, 1840, the fifth and last child of Everett Griscom Passmore (1787–1868), a farmer, and Elizabeth K. Knight (c.1800–1845), a teacher and preacher for an orthodox branch of Quakers. The youngest of the family, with two older brothers and two older sisters, Passmore was given the forenames Deborah Griscom after her paternal grandmother, who was a first cousin of Betsy Ross. Her mother died while she was still a child, and Passmore was educated at the nearby boarding school where her mother had taught before her marriage. She went on to train as an artist at the School of Design for Women and the Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia. Her first cousin Deborah Passmore Gillingham (1820–1877) was also a botanical artist, though an amateur whose work was not published until recently.

Passmore followed up her Philadelphia art training with a year studying art in Europe. There, she found inspiration in the botanical illustrations of Marianne North at Kew Gardens, England, and when she returned to the United States, she began painting the wildflowers of America as well as lilies and other flowers. She hoped to publish these watercolors under the title Flowers in Water Color: Wildflowers of America, but she never managed to do so and the manuscript is now in the USDA's Special Collections. Passmore prided herself on delineating her subjects with minute accuracy and sometimes used as many as a hundred washes to get the desired effect. The noted botanist Edward Lee Greene was a great admirer of Passmore's flower paintings.

Passmore also painted cacti, and some of her watercolors were printed in a 1919 work entitled The Cactaceae that was published by the Carnegie Institution.

USDA career

Passmore worked in Philadelphia as a teacher for several years before being induced to move to Washington, D.C., by William Wilson Corcoran, founder of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, who was very impressed by her work. Corcoran died before Passmore could gain work through this connection, and instead she took a job in 1892 as an illustrator with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. This was a time when the major fruit-producing regions in the United States were just beginning to emerge, as farmers worked with the USDA to establish orchards for expanding markets. Photography was not yet in widespread use as a documentary medium, so the government relied on artists like Passmore, Amanda Newton, Elsie Lower, Ellen Isham Schutt, and Royal Charles Steadman to produce technically accurate drawings for its publications.

Passmore was one of more than 50 botanical illustrators hired in this early period, and she was quickly promoted, being named the leader of the staff of artists in the Division of Pomology the same year she was hired. One of her first tasks for the USDA was to paint exhibits for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago; she also entered some of her own paintings in the Exposition's art exhibition. She would ultimately work for the USDA for nineteen years, and Alan Fusonie, the head of the National Agricultural Library's Special Collections in 1990, considers her "the finest example of the quality of the early USDA illustrators" and her fruit watercolors in particular a national treasure. In a book on the roots of ecofeminism, Greta Gaard cites Deborah Passmore alongside the nature artists Lucy Say and Grace Albee as helping to "create a climate and tradition that can be claimed as foundational for ecofeminism."

Passmore's artwork for the USDA covered a wide range of fruit including apples, pears, plums, peaches, oranges, persimmons, strawberries, and gooseberries as well as the less-common loquat, kumquat, and Surinam cherry. She was extremely prolific, producing more than 1500 finished watercolors and drawings for the USDA, more than half of which were created between 1895 and 1902. Many of these can be found in the agency's technical reports and publications. In addition, between 1901 and 1911, a selection of her work was published in the department's yearbook, accompanying an annual report on promising new fruits. Among the cultivars she illustrated for the first of these yearbooks were the McIntosh apple and the Wickson plum.

Passmore also taught art privately in Washington, D.C., where she maintained her own studio. She died at home of a heart attack on January 3, 1911.

Much of Passmore's work is held in the USDA's Pomological Watercolor Collection within the National Agricultural Library's Special Collections. Several prints of her work are on permanent exhibition in the library's main reading room. A few of her cacti watercolors are in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History's Department of Botany.

References

Further reading
Britton, Nathaniel Lord, and Joseph Nelson Rose. The Cactaceae. 4-volume set. Washington, D.C.: The Carnegie Institution, 1919–23.

External links
USDA Pomological Watercolor Collection
Cactus illustrations in the National Museum of Natural History

1840 births
1911 deaths
Botanical illustrators
19th-century American painters
20th-century American painters
American women illustrators
American illustrators
19th-century American women artists
20th-century American women artists
People from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Painters from Pennsylvania
United States Department of Agriculture people
Philadelphia School of Design for Women alumni
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni


title: Human Biology (book)

text:
Human Biology is a basic biology textbook published in 1993 by Jones & Bartlett Learning. It has been recognized as a "good introductory text" for students without a strong scientific background.

References

External links
 Human Biology

1993 in biology
1993 non-fiction books
Biology books


title: Young Statues

text:
Young Statues is an American emo band from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

History
Young Statues formed in the winter of 2010 after a series of songs that were initially never intended to be released were recorded between friends. Inspired by the response Carmen Cirignano recruited longtime friends and musicians from the Philadelphia music scene, Tom Ryan and Daniel Bogan to record and release what would become Young Statues self-titled debut album in 2011. The following year they would go on to follow up their self-titled album with a four-track EP titled "Covers" which consisting of a collection of cover songs of artists such as Billy Bragg, The Magnetic Fields, New Order and Ryan Adams.

Members
Carmen Cirignano - guitar, vocals
Matt Weber - guitar, vocals
Daniel Bogan - drums
Tom Ryan - bass

Discography

Studio albums
 Young Statues - Run For Cover Records (2011)
 The Flatlands Are Your Friend - Run For Cover Records (2014)

EPs
 Covers - Run For Cover Records (2012)
 Age Isn't Ours - Run For Cover Records (2013)
 Amarillo - Run For Cover Records (2018)

References

External links

Indie rock musical groups from Pennsylvania
Musical groups from Philadelphia
Musical groups established in 2010
Run for Cover Records artists
2010 establishments in Pennsylvania
Doghouse Records artists


title: Martha, Tennessee

text:
Martha is an unincorporated community in Wilson County, Tennessee. It is located along State Route 109 and U.S. Route 70. The community has a handful of businesses and a station on the WeGo Star commuter rail service.

Some of Martha has been annexed by the city of Lebanon.

References

Unincorporated communities in Wilson County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee


title: Eurasia International Film Festival

text:
Eurasia International Film Festival is an international film festival held in Kazakhstan. With the exception of the fifth, held in Astana, all the editions were held in Almaty.

During the seventh festival in 2011, the Alley of Stars of Kazakh Cinema was inaugurated.

Major award winners

References

External links
 eurasiafestival.kz official site

Festivals in Kazakhstan
Film festivals in Kazakhstan


title: Callawassie Island

text:
Callawassie Island is one of hundreds of barrier and sea islands in the southeast corner in the outer coastal plain, making up a portion of  Beaufort County, South Carolina.

Callawassie Island is centrally located  southwest of Beaufort, South Carolina,  northeast of Savannah, Georgia, and  southeast of Atlanta, Georgia.  The island is ten to twelve miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean in the estuarial system of the Port Royal Sound and is entirely surrounded by salt marshes and tidal creeks.  Access to Callawassie is by a half mile causeway, one mile south of SC 170, or by boat via the deep waters of the Colleton River.  The island's  are nestled at the confluence of the Callawassie Creek and the Little Chechessee, Okatie, and Colleton Rivers.   With five miles of waterfront on the salt marshes of the Port Royal Sound Basin, Callawassie Island is a major supporter of the state-of-the-art Maritime Center, run by the Port Royal Sound Foundation located on Lemon Island.

Archeological and site surveys reveal that the island was inhabited approximately 4,000 years ago.  In 1897, archeologists discovered prehistoric burial mounds. 102 sites have been identified and added to the National Register of Historic Places since then. The island is also home to the Callawassie Sugar Works (Sugar Mill Tabby Ruins), the only sugar mill ruins known to exist in South Carolina.

In 2006, Callawassie Island was designated as South Carolina's first Community Wildlife Habitat (the 15th in the nation) with more than 200 residences being certified as Backyard Wildlife Habitats.

The owners of 717 homes and home sites have access to 33 lagoons, three parks, one butterfly garden, and three rookeries, as well as a 27-hole golf course designed by Tom Fazio, tennis courts, pickleball courts, two pools, two clubhouses, two kayak launch docks, and three community fishing/crabbing docks, which also provide boat slips for both long-term and daily dockage.

Geography and topography

The South Carolina coastal area known as the "Lowcountry" is geographically composed of: multiple sea islands, deep natural harbors, meandering estuaries which extend for miles inland, and tidal marshlands, populated by unique flora, as well as reptilian and aquatic ecosystems.

Adjacent islands include: Spring, Lemon, and Daws Islands which are settled as well as Wim's, Crane, and Rose Islands which are uninhabited. Surrounding waters include: the Colleton and Okatie Rivers and Little Chechessee and Callawassie Creeks.

History

First settlers
The earliest history of Callawassie Island, dating back 4,000 years, is minimally revealed in multiple archeological and site surveys. The Yamassee Indians gave Callawassie Island its name in the early 17th century and occupied the Lowcountry until their expulsion by the English. The first archeological survey was conducted in 1897–98, and subsequent archeological and site surveys were conducted between the 1970s and 1990s.  Archeological discoveries of artifacts ranging from cooking utensils, hunting and construction implements, and human remains have been unearthed from 102 registered historic sites found on the island. Multiple shell refuse mounds called "middens" provide evidence of one of the primary dietary items of early tribal settlers.  Site survey discoveries of tabby constructed homes, farm houses, cabins, and a tabby works sugar mill built during the period between 1700 and the 1850s bear witness to early European settlers.

Historic documents now located in area museums, as well as historic societies and local historians, provide an early glimpse of settlement history along the South Carolina coast, beginning in the 16th century.  Trading ships from European nations, including Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands, sailed with the trade winds, following routes to Central America where they would trade and return home with enormous riches.  Eventually trading vessels found their way to the coasts of Florida and South Carolina.  Minor settlements sprang to life.  Hunting, farming, and trading with local Indian tribes were primary settlement activities.  Many settlements did not survive due to warring between European nations, violent uprisings by Indian tribes, and an inability to cope with the hostile environment.  However, with every setback, came new explorations, settlements, and governing European nations.

Callawassie Island, an 880-acre coastal island, received its earliest English settlers in 1711.  Over the next 120 years, ownership of Callawassie Island changed hands mostly through inheritance among well-to-do English families named Cochran, Heyward, Rhodes, and Hamilton.  All figured prominently in early America either as land barons, governing authorities, and/or military leaders.  Callawassie Island's acreage, fertile for planting, was largely dedicated to farming and livestock during this period, making way for successive cash crop industries in indigo and sea island cotton, which were in high demand by European trading nations.  A small crop of sugar cane was attempted but failed due to climate conditions.  The island's population was sparse, consisting of owner families and slaves who worked the farms.

Antebellum and Civil War years

During the Antebellum years leading up to the Civil War, the island's owners, the Kirk family, continued to prosper because of cotton even as they became active in southern rebellion causes that led to Secession from the Union.  In 1861 the Port Royal invasion by Union forces led to plundering and routine foraging for food and livestock throughout the Lowcountry, including Callawassie Island.

Post Civil War years

At the conclusion of the Civil War, the Union seized Callawassie Island's acreage, and remaining assets, for promised redistribution to  freedmen.  However, an elaborate scheme to take over ownership by William Wallace Burns, a prominent Union general, enabled him to maintain ownership for the next fifty years.  Burns was motivated, along with other northern interests, by a vision of this area of the Lowcountry becoming "The Port Royal Railroad/Seaport" development complex, a vision that was put to rest only fifty years later by competing interests in Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina.

General Burns was an absentee landlord assigning multiple leasing rights for the island's acreage to local area farmers over the next fifty years.  Farmers by the names of Hodge, Vaigneur, Johnson, and Pinckney raised families, maintained livestock, and grew a variety of subsistence crops and cotton as a cash crop.  Life on the island was simple, but far from easy, often resulting in death at an early age caused by: polluted waters, epidemics of infectious diseases, and occasional natural disasters including storms, drought, and earthquakes.

The Great Storm of 1893

On August 27, 1893, "The Great Storm of 1893" (also known as the "1893 Sea Island hurricane") was a significant natural disaster striking near Savannah, Georgia, thus flooding Callawassie Island, destroying crops, livestock, and structures.  Although there was no loss of life on the island, the Lowcountry area was less fortunate, with the storm claiming in excess of 2,000 lives as its waters covered nearly 80% of Beaufort County. After the Great Storm, Callawassie Island farmer Willie Pinckney secured loans to rebuild farms, maintain livestock, and grow crops.  Willie became an area personality with leadership skills that were instrumental in reducing area disease through the construction of artesian wells that produced clear, unpolluted water, free of disease.  Willie, then known as the "Sage of Okatie," continued to lease acreage and prosper from the island until 1917.

20th century

In 1917, the boll weevil struck South Carolina devastating cotton crops, and "King Cotton" was declared dead forever.  A modern era of invention throughout the United States left behind the old Southern ways of life on Callawassie Island.  During 1917, wealthy New Jersey businessman Benedict Kuser purchased the island, announcing plans to develop Callawassie Island through modern truck farming.  World War I intervened, and development plans turned toward commercial farming with the construction of homes for share cropper families and the construction of Kuser's own private estate.  Sharecropper families – Padgett, Bennett, Cooler – lived and worked on Callawassie Island raising families, maintaining livestock, and growing a wide variety of crops while Ben Kuser, a very successful northern wildlife conservationist, brought a multitude of friends to the island for hunting and fishing outings.  Lavish entertainment during the 1920s disappeared during the Great Depression of the 1930s, but the sharecropper families continued to flourish.

Ownership of the island changed twice during 1937, with it ending up in the hands of the Drexel family where it remained until they sold the island to timber interests in 1948.  Sharecropper families continued to maintain and farm the island during this period.

Between 1948 and 1978, business entities with various profit motives owned Callawassie Island.  They did not pursue land development activities and were eventually discouraged from pursuing these due to issues of cost, permitting, and protests of various projects by the local citizenry.  One such protest involved a connector road routing that was planned directly across the island to support highway infrastructure for a large petrochemical plant to be built at Victoria Bluff on the Colleton River.  The project was defeated by widely voiced protests, which reached the White House, demanding protection for and the preservation of local river and harbor water quality and wildlife.

Modern era

In 1978, a small group of Hilton Head investors purchased but did not develop the land, selling it to a developer when faced with high interest rates and other shelved projects.  Between 1981 and 2002 developers continued ownership of Callawassie Island and developed the land as a gated, residential community consisting of 717 home sites, 33 lagoons, and multiple conservation and wildlife areas surrounded by a first class golf course and other amenities.  In 2002, the developer sold all existing amenities to the Callawassie Island Members Club.

Callawassie Sugar Works

The Callawassie Sugar Works is a historically significant site containing the tabby (cement) ruins of two structures - the sugar mill base or foundation, and the boiling house - and archaeological evidence of a third structure, most likely the curing shed.  The sugar works, constructed circa 1815–1818, was a complex for processing sugar cane into sugar.

Archaeological and historical evidence suggests that the Callawassie Sugar Works was part of a larger settlement which included housing for slaves and possibly an overseer's house. The settlement was mostly constructed soon after 1816 while the island was owned by James Hamilton, Jr.  The architect/builder of the sugar works is unknown.  It is conjectured that the sugar mill was built sometime within the next three years, based on plans similar to mill construction seen in the West Indies.

Research suggests that James Hamilton, Jr., (1786-1857) was most likely the developer of the Callawassie Sugar Works (circa 1816).  He was the son of Major James Hamilton, an aide to General George Washington  in the American Revolutionary War, and grandnephew of Thomas Lynch, Jr.,  a signatory of the Declaration of Independence.  He served during the War of 1812. Through marriage, James Hamilton, Jr., was nephew-in-law of South Carolina's largest, and most prosperous rice planter, Nathaniel Heyward, and stepson-in-law of Savannah River investor Nicholas Cruger.  These gentlemen shared close familial and professional relationships and entrepreneurial drive to develop and implement new industries such as sugar production.  Hamilton had acquired several close and influential West Indian connections who were heavily involved in the Caribbean sugar trade.  Hamilton sold the property and moved to Charleston, South Carolina in early 1819, leaving no documentation on the mill and its anticipated use.  Apparently, the sugar works were still operational when it was abandoned, as ashes were left uncleared from the furnace.

The Callawassie Sugar Works' construction appears to be based on observations made by Thomas Spalding.  It incorporated three principal components: a mill, boiling house, and curing shed.  The footprint of the buildings suggests that the boiling house and curing shed were aligned in a "T" configuration (little remains of the curing shed).  The remaining structures include exterior walls of the one-story buildings with the brick boiling train still evident in the mill.  Primitive mills of this kind usually had a set of four kettles arranged in a line, the tops of the kettles being raised from the floor.

Today, only the foundation of the mill and parts of the boiling house remain.  There is no evidence, above or below ground, that the tabby mill base was ever enclosed within a permanent structure, even though the base survives in excellent condition.  While the boiling pans, and the masonry that supported them, have disappeared, the boiling train bed, constructed of fire brick, is still intact, together with an ash pit and wall vents. The long tabby wall on the north side of the boiling house collapsed outward and retained enough integrity to enable theoretical reconstruction of the original layout of windows.  Excavation of glass at the site suggests that the windows were glazed.  Only tabby strip foundations remain of the curing shed, which was most likely timber framed.  All machinery and mechanical equipment is gone.  Despite the degradation of the sugar mill site over time, the remnants are still illustrative of sugar processing before the introduction of steam machinery in the late 1830s.

The sugar mill ruins on Callawassie Island are featured as a "unique example of industrial tabby" and "the only one of its kind to exist in South Carolina."  Tabby, referred to as "poor man's masonry", is a building substance created by mixing locally available materials, such as oyster shells, with equal parts, water, sand, and lime.  The Spanish brought it to the New World before 1700.  Shellfish remains available from aboriginal shell middens provided a plentiful source for tabby construction.  Tabby wall construction involved up to six successive pours, each requiring a set of forms or molds.  According to the National Park Service, the tabby remaining at the Callawassie Sugar Works: "appears to have been well compacted and meticulously cast."

The Callawassie Sugar Works is one of the few remaining structures from this early period of sugar production along the Atlantic Coast.  Sugar was one of the few agricultural commodities protected by a tariff, which levied three cents per pound duty on foreign raw sugar in 1816.  This inspired wealthy planter entrepreneurs of the Georgia and South Carolina coastal areas to explore the viability of a local sugar industry.  Despite Hamilton's entrepreneurial hopes, and Spalding's professional expertise, the growing conditions in the Low country of South Carolina were not ideally suited for the successful cultivation of sugar cane, which prefers a year-round temperature of 75 degrees Fahrenheit with at least 60 inches of rainfall.  The sugar works on Callawassie Island is the only example of such an early enterprise in the South Carolina Low country.  It was formally listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 27, 2014.

Ecology and wildlife

Island ecology

Callawassie Island's location in a large expanse of salt marsh leaves the island open to the effects of wind and salt spray, giving it maritime-like vegetation.  The island is characterized by a diversity of natural communities, which include brackish marsh, maritime forest, maritime shrub thicket, salt flat, salt marsh, salt shrub thicket, and tidal freshwater marsh.

Much of the salt marsh zone around the island is characterized by stands of two kinds of smooth spartina cord grass (tall and short).  The spartina cord grass provides essential nutrients, making the tidal marshes a breeding ground or nursery for countless species of mammals, birds, fish, and invertebrates.  The salt marsh shrub thicket between the salt marsh and the maritime forests of the island include bayberry, wax myrtle, southern red cedar, and live oak.

Despite the amount of surrounding salt water, Callawassie Island has thirty-three fresh water, man-made lagoons covering .  In addition to providing irrigation water for the golf course, these same lagoons enhance the ecology of the island and the surrounding waters by reducing the rainwater run-off into the marsh and providing a source of food for alligators and fish-eating birds.

Callawassie has a long history of human occupation.  Indians used the surrounding waters for shell fishing and portions of the adjacent land for cultivation.  Approximately 275 years ago, Europeans began to significantly impact the ecology of the island primarily through logging most of the pine trees from the interior of the island and later by farming the land.  There are a few relic pines, which are over 150 years old located near the south end of the island.

The island has the following forest communities: inland maritime (live-oak hammock), subtropical magnolia, and three types of hardwood forests.  These hardwood forests include lowland mixed hardwood, pine-mixed hardwood, and mixed-oak hardwood.

The characteristic maritime-like forest occurring on the perimeter of Callawassie Island is composed of live oak and salt-tolerant species such as loblolly pine and palmetto.  Because this plant community is influenced by wind and salt spray, it is considered an inland maritime forest or live oak hammock due to the presence of subtropical plants.

Many large live oaks are scattered throughout the island, but it is believed that many were harvested for shipbuilding until the advent of ironclads during the Civil War, when wood was replaced by metal.

The most unusual community on Callawassie Island is a subtropical magnolia forest characterized by the dominance of southern magnolia in the over story with white ash as a co-dominant.  This is the only existing documented community of its type in South Carolina.  This magnolia community appears to be a virgin or near-virgin forest: an area exhibiting this amount of maturity requires several hundreds of years to reach its climax.  One possible explanation for its existence is that it is situated on an Indian shell midden.  Because this midden is composed of four feet of shell materials, the land was totally unsuitable for cultivation and appears to have been left undisturbed by early settlers as well as recent occupants of the island.

The lowland mixed hardwood forest occurs in low-lying areas of the island in poorly drained soils.  A pine-mixed hardwood forest covers more acreage on  the island than any other type and is generally the result of intermittent succession from areas used for agriculture or from the cutting of pine.  Finally, the oak-mixed hardwood forest, with the exception of the subtropical magnolia forest, is the most advanced succession stage on Callawassie Island.

The natural habitat of the island and the waters that surround it support an abundant wildlife population with some of the most common species including: alligators, songbirds, birds of prey, water fowl, deer, fox, possum, raccoon, mink, otters, reptiles, amphibians and bottle-nosed dolphin.

Well established rookeries are found on two of the island's lagoons, where black-crowned night-herons, great egrets, and great blue herons nest and raise their young. Osprey and bald eagles also nest on the island; and although there is not a wood stork rookery on Callawassie Island, significant numbers of this formerly endangered species have made the island their home. Other bird species known to frequent the island include: doves (Zenaidura carolinensis), quail (Colinus virginianus), crows (Corvus sp.), and vultures (Carthes aura).  Marshes provide a habitat for marine oriented species including terns, gulls, sandpipers ), loons and ibis.

In developing the island, care has been taken to preserve as much of the natural habitat as possible.  The Architectural Review Committee (ARC) has strict guidelines for the development and maintenance of landscape plans consistent with the long-term preservation of the island's natural environment.  In addition, a land management plan provides guidelines and standards for the maintenance of the island's common properties and open spaces, including the golf course.

The Ecology Committee provides advice to the Callawassie Island Property Owners Association (CIPOA) Board regarding issues affecting the island's ecosystems and engages residents in environmental support activities significant to Callawassie Island.

Wildlife Habitat certification

In February 2006, Callawassie Island became the first community in South Carolina, and the fifteenth community in the United States, to achieve National Wildlife Federation (NWF) Community Wildlife Habitat certification.  This status is awarded to communities whose vision is to develop a long-term plan of action and accompanying strategies that will ensure a continued sensitivity to the wildlife and natural environment the community presently supports and shelters.

Callawassie Islanders have accomplished this through resident involvement with the NWF Backyard Wildlife Habitat program and continuing wildlife education for all island residents.  To date, more than 200 Callawassie properties have been certified as Backyard Wildlife Habitats, making Callawassie Island the largest per capita community Backyard Wildlife Habitat Community in America.  Residents ensure  wildlife habitat on their own properties provides the four basic wildlife needs: food, water, cover, and a place to raise their young.

Community Wildlife Habitat re-certification occurs annually by meeting specific criteria (judged by a point system) as set by NWF.  While only forty points are required to maintain CWH certification, Callawassie typically earns more than 100 points each year.  Reports are filed annually with NWF, providing a recount of programs that support the island's Community Wildlife Habitat Program.

Ecology and wildlife programs

In the past, Callawassie Island has either led or participated in and reported on the following ecology programs:

 A Community Ecology Guide:  This publication is provided to all new residents via the community website (callawassieisland.org) and addresses the uniqueness of Callawassie Island from an ecological point of view.
 A Wildlife Habitat Preservation Program:  Common community properties that are conducive for sustaining wildlife are identified and maintained.
 Educational Speaker/Dinner Programs:  All programs have stewardship as their main theme and are scheduled as least quarterly throughout the year. Speakers include naturalists, biologists, and other representatives from various government-supported nature programs.
 Save-A-Snake Program:  Through resident education, Callawassie residents are encouraged not to kill any snake they may encounter. Instead, the island promotes its snake relocation effort.  Residents may call the island's herpetologist to have a snake removed from their property while he explains the benefits snakes have to the overall ecology of the island.  Callawassie promotes the following slogan: "A Live Snake is a Good Snake."
 Chinese Tallow Tree Eradication Program:  The goal is to prevent invasion and growth of Chinese Tallow trees, a non-native invasive species brought to the Southeast during Colonial times. Community volunteers inventory new growth and eradicate saplings, as needed.
 Annual River/Marsh Cleanup Program:  Resident volunteers collect debris and trash that has been brought in by the tides from Callawassie's shoreline.
 SCORE-SC South Carolina Oyster Reef Restoration Enhancement:  Volunteer residents have planned, implemented, and tracked development of the establishment of an oyster reef near the Sugar Mill Community Dock.  On October 29, 2004, President George W. Bush recognized Callawassie Island for its commitment to the SCORE program.

 Bluebird Nest Monitoring Program:  Resident volunteers maintain and monitor 60 bluebird houses located on out-of-play areas of the community's three golf courses during bluebird nesting season (March–August).  Over 200 bluebirds fledge annually with statistics reported to the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Audubon Society Annual Christmas Bird Count:  Each year resident volunteers spend a day in December counting species and the number of individual birds on Callawassie Island.  A typical CBC produces over 80 species and almost 2000 individual birds.  It is not unusual to spot a pair of bald eagles during the Christmas Bird Count.  Callawassie Island has been home to nesting eagles for many years.
 Magnolia, Sequoia and Sugar Mill Parks:  The Callawassie Island Garden Club maintains three walk-through parks, which have been designated as habitats and left in their natural state.  All three parks border on the Okatie River and tidal creeks.  Magnolia Park is unique in that it encompasses a sub-tropical magnolia forest (Magnolia grandiflora). The Magnolia grandiflora is native to the Southeastern United States, and the Magnolia Park on Callawassie Island is the only such forested site in South Carolina.
 Annual Callawassie Island Ecology Calendar:  This calendar celebrates the nature of the Lowcountry through the photographs of the island's photographers. Funds from the sale of the calendars help to support ecology projects throughout the island.

Gardens and parks

Callawassie Island has three parks, Magnolia, Sequoia, and Sugar Mill, as well as a butterfly garden for the enjoyment of its residents and visitors.  A walk through each park provides the visitor with a different experience because of the distinctive flora and views of the tidal rivers and salt marshes that surround the island.  Additionally, each park represents a different aspect of Callawassie's long and rich history.  The community is committed to preserving the parks as nature preserves; its Master Plan states that only vegetation native to Callawassie Island can be planted in these parks.  Because parks provide food, water, and shelter for wildlife, Sequoia Park and Magnolia Park have been designated as Backyard Wildlife Habitats by the National Wildlife Federation. The parks and butterfly garden are maintained jointly by the Callawassie Island Property Owners Association and the Callawassie Garden Club.

Sugar Mill Park

Sugar Mill Park sits on a low bluff on the northwestern side of Callawassie Island, overlooking the salt marsh and a branch of the Chechessee River.  A path flanked by live oaks draped with Spanish moss runs from Sugar Mill Drive to a community dock that provides access to the river.  Native plants in the park include southern magnolias, yaupon hollies, wax myrtles, dwarf palmettos, and sabal palms.  At the rear of the park near the bluff, are the tabby ruins of an early 19th-century sugar processing facility, the Callawassie Sugar Works.

Magnolia Park

Magnolia Park is a one-acre subtropical magnolia forest located on the west side of Wild Magnolia Court.  It is a near-virgin forest that has been left undisturbed for several hundred years and the only existing documented forest of its type in South Carolina.  A path winds through the park to the edge of the tidal salt marsh with a view of a branch of the Colleton River.  As its name suggests, the park is characterized by the dominance of southern magnolias that, along with white ash trees, create a dense canopy.  This is also the site of an Indian shell midden, a mound of mollusk shells left behind by the early native inhabitants of Callawassie Island.  Numerous sabal palms and dwarf palmettos create a lush tropical understory throughout the shady park.

Sequoia Park

Sequoia Park is a one-acre pine forest on the southwest corner of Winding Oak Drive and Sequoia Court.  A horseshoe-shaped path through a large stand of loblolly pines leads to an expansive view of the tidal salt marsh.  This is a young forest resulting from the clearing of hardwood trees, either for their wood or for the cultivation of crops such as indigo or sea island cotton.  Because of the tall pine canopy, sunlight is able to penetrate to encourage the growth of understory flora such as oaks, sweet gum trees, hickories, sassafras, yaupon hollies, and wax myrtles.

Butterfly Garden

Callawassie's butterfly garden, on the southeast corner of Callawassie Drive and South Oak Forest Drive, was expanded and replanted in 2010.  It provides a colorful floral display from spring through late fall.  The 6500-square-foot garden contains a variety of host and nectar plants to support butterflies throughout their life cycle.  Caterpillars feed on host plants such as milkweed, parsley, butterfly weed, and snapdragons.  Nectar plants in the garden include butterfly bushes, shasta daisies, zinnias, Joe Pye weed, yarrows, lantanas, sages, abelias, bee balm, and a vitex tree.  Other plantings provide color to attract butterflies.  Frequent visitors to the garden include monarch, swallowtail, little sulphur, cloudless sulphur, and tiger swallowtail butterflies.  In 2011, the garden was certified by the North American Butterfly Association as a garden "that provides resources to increase the world's population of butterflies."

Amenities

In addition to the 27-hole golf course designed by Tom Fazio, voted Best Golf Course of Bluffton for 2011 by readers of Bluffton Today and the amenities mentioned above there is a golf practice facility and pro shop, a fitness center, a tennis pro shop, a bocce/croquet court and the Callawassie Island and River Club Clubhouses.

Neighboring communities

Neighbouring communities include: Spring Island, Chechessee, Chechessee Bluff, and Heyward Point.

See also
 Callawassie Sugar Works
 Beaufort County, South Carolina
 Okatie, South Carolina

Notes

References

Barrier islands
Private islands of the United States
Golf clubs and courses designed by Tom Fazio
Golf clubs and courses in South Carolina
South Carolina Sea Islands
River islands of South Carolina
Islands of Beaufort County, South Carolina
Beaufort County, South Carolina


title: Montorio, Sorano

text:
Montorio is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Sorano, province of Grosseto, in the tuff area of southern Maremma.

Geography
Montorio is about 90 km from Grosseto and 10 km from Sorano, and it is situated along the Provincial Road which links Sorano to Castell'Azzara.

History
It was included — along with Castell'Ottieri, San Giovanni delle Contee and the castle of Sopano — in the small County of Ottieri in the Middle Ages. The county was abolished in 1616.

Main sights

 Santa Maria (19th century), the main church of the village, it was built in the 19th century in the place of the ancient chapel of the castle. It is a typical Gothic Revival architecture.
 Castle of Montorio (12th century), built by the Aldobrandeschi in the Middle Ages, it was then restructured by the Ottieri and then transformed into a fortified farmhouse after the annexation of the county in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
 Walls of Montorio, old fortifications which surround the village since the 12th century.

References

Bibliography
 Aldo Mazzolai, Guida della Maremma. Percorsi tra arte e natura, Florence, Le Lettere, 1997.

See also
 Castell'Ottieri
 Cerreto, Sorano
 Elmo, Sorano
 Montebuono, Sorano
 Montevitozzo
 San Giovanni delle Contee
 San Quirico, Sorano
 San Valentino, Sorano
 Sovana

Frazioni of Sorano


title: Chrystal Rose

text:
Chrystal Rose is best known as a British television personality who presented the short-lived talk show The Chrystal Rose Show, produced by Carlton Television and broadcast on ITV from 1993 to 1994. She is also the mother of Louise Rose who was in the short-lived band Precious who competed in the 1999 Eurovision Song Contest.

Biography

In 1984 Chrystal won 3rd place in a Channel 4 screenplay writing competition with her original script, “The Fine Edge of Friendship”.

Chrystal’s first novel, “What a Bitch”, was published in 1996 by Fourth Estate.

Her background is in television where she worked as a Producer and TV Presenter. In 1990 she funded her own pilots and created a talk show commissioned and aired on Carlton TV. “The Chrystal Show” ran for four series alongside “Chrystal’s Style Guide” a series which helped people look good for less.

Chrystal was a Director of Spotlight Promotions, producing major public events, exhibitions, concerts and managed budgets upwards of £500,000, writing business plans and forecasts. She has owned a clothing boutique in Central London and has a line of clothes and accessories on her own label.

Chrystal has written the novel, “40 Faking Fabulous” and the book, “How To Make A Film”, which follows her progress of getting “40 Faking Fabulous” from novel to the big screen.

She has headed negotiations in licensing agreements with British and American companies

Her game, “Flash & Furious” retails in stores throughout the US including Target.

Chrystal wrote the lyrics for the original songs on the sound track for “40 Faking Fabulous”.

References

British television personalities
British television presenters
Living people
British television talk show hosts
Black British television personalities
English people of Saint Lucian descent
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: 1824 State of the Union Address

text:
The 1824 State of the Union Address was written by James Monroe, the 5th president of the United States.   Delivered to the 18th United States Congress on Tuesday, December 7, 1824.  James Monroe presided over the Era of Good Feelings.  He began with, "The view which I have now to present to you of our affairs, foreign and domestic, realizes the most sanguine anticipations which have been entertained of the public prosperity. If we look to the whole, our growth as a nation continues to be rapid beyond example;"  He ended with, "From the present prosperous and happy state I derive a gratification which I can not express. That these blessings may be preserved and perpetuated will be the object of my fervent and unceasing prayers to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe."
In the middle of the address, Mr. Monroe said, "There is no object which as a people we can desire which we do not possess or which is not within our reach. Blessed with governments the happiest which the world ever knew, with no distinct orders in society or divided interests in any portion of the vast territory over which their dominion extends, we have every motive to cling together which can animate a virtuous and enlightened people."  James Monroe, a founder of his country, predicts that his country will become a world power, and must animate with virtue and enlightenment.

References

State of the Union addresses
Presidency of James Monroe
State of the Union Address
Works by James Monroe
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
18th United States Congress
December 1824 events
State of the Union


title: Anthem Sports & Entertainment

text:
Anthem Sports & Entertainment (formerly Anthem Media Group) is a Canadian multinational media company based in Toronto, Ontario and founded by Leonard Asper. Its assets include combat sports and sports entertainment properties (including the MMA promotion Invicta Fighting Championships and professional wrestling promotion Impact Wrestling), global film distribution company Gravitas Ventures, and several specialty television networks in Canada (such as Fight Network and GameTV) and the United States (including AXS TV).

Anthem is majority-controlled by Asper via his Sygnus Corporation. Fight Holdings, Inc. holds the remaining ownership stake, via the investors Mayhem Capital (59.01%), North American Bond Company (7.19%), Goldfarb Management Services (7.19%), and Slaight Communications (7.19%).

History
Anthem Media Group was founded in December 2010 by former Canwest president Leonard Asper, through his acquisition of a majority stake in Fight Network.

On January 10, 2013, Anthem purchased an equity stake in the U.S-based Pursuit Channel. In August 2013, the company would acquire My Combat Channel.

In August 2013, Anthem acquired the fantasy sports websites RotoExperts and SportsGrid, as part of efforts to launch a dedicated fantasy sports-oriented channel. The following year, FNTSY Sports Network launched in March 2014. In January 2015, Anthem acquired the daily fantasy sports website LuDawgs.com, and relaunched the site as DailyRoto.

Anthem Media Group was renamed to Anthem Sports & Entertainment in May 2015. In August 2016, Anthem announced its intent to acquire the Canadian specialty channel GameTV, pending CRTC approval.

In October 2016, Anthem invested in the professional wrestling promotion TNA Wrestling. Fight Network was its Canadian broadcast partner, and Anthem would loan the company money throughout 2016. On January 4, 2017, Anthem acquired a majority stake in TNA, forming the subsidiary Anthem Wrestling Exhibitions; the promotion would then rebrand as Impact Wrestling, after its flagship weekly program Impact!. Impact founder Jeff Jarrett rejoined the promotion as chief creative director and, during tapings for the April 20, 2017 episode of Impact, it was announced that Impact Wrestling would merge with Jarrett's own Global Force Wrestling (GFW) promotion under the "GFW" name. Anthem later announced its intent to formally acquire GFW's assets, but by October 23, 2017, Anthem had cut its ties with Jarrett and Global Force.

In October 2017, Anthem launched the Global Wrestling Network, a streaming service featuring archive content from Impact as well as other independent promotions. On June 26, 2018, it was announced that Peter Einstein would become the new Chief Operating Officer of Anthem.

On August 14, 2018, Jeff Jarrett and Global Force Entertainment filed a lawsuit against Anthem in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee for copyright infringement over the rights to GFW content, as Jarrett owned all Global Force Wrestling properties since its creation in 2014. A mistrial was declared after a 2020 trial but Jarrett and Anthem settled the case in January 2021.

On September 9, 2019, Anthem announced that it had acquired a majority stake in the U.S. cable networks AXS TV and HDNet Movies, with existing stakeholders Mark Cuban and Anschutz Entertainment Group maintaining equity stakes.

On April 13, 2021, Anthem acquired the women's mixed martial arts promotion Invicta Fighting Championships. On November 16, 2021, Anthem acquired Cleveland-based film distributor Gravitas Ventures from Red Arrow Studios, the content production and distribution arm of German company ProSiebenSat.1 Media, for US$73 million in a cash-and-stock deal. The company stated that it planned to use its library across its linear television properties, as well as future free ad-supported streaming television (FAST) businesses. In June 2022, Anthem announced that it would launch AXS TV Now and Fight Network channels on Xumo.

Assets

TV

Canada
 Fight Network
 GameTV
 Game+

USA
 AXS TV (majority ownership stake; with Mark Cuban and Anschutz Entertainment Group as equity partners)
 HDNet Movies
 Pursuit Channel (minority ownership stake)

UK
 Edge Sport HD (with Trans World International, 80.5%)
 Fight Network (UK)

Streaming
 Impact Plus

Sports/sports entertainment

 Impact Wrestling
 Invicta Fighting Championships

Film

 Gravitas Ventures

References

External links

 CRTC chart of Anthem Media Groups' Canadian assets

Canadian companies established in 2010
2010 establishments in Ontario
Companies based in Toronto
Mass media companies established in 2010
Television broadcasting companies of Canada
Television production companies of Canada


title: Chungking Mansions

text:
Chungking Mansions is a building located at 36–44 Nathan Road in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Though the building was supposed to be residential, it is made up of many independent low-budget hotels, shops and other services. As well as selling to the public, the stalls in the building cater to wholesalers shipping goods to Africa and South Asia. The unusual atmosphere of the building is sometimes compared to that of the former Kowloon Walled City.

Chungking Mansions features guesthouses, curry restaurants, African bistros, clothing shops, sari stores, and foreign exchange offices. It often acts as a large gathering place for some of the ethnic minorities in Hong Kong, particularly South Asians (Indians, Nepalese, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans), Middle Eastern people, Nigerians, Europeans, Americans, and many other peoples of the world. Peter Shadbolt of CNN stated that the complex was the "unofficial African quarter of Hong Kong".

The building was completed on 11 November 1961, at which time Chinese residents predominated. Now, after more than five decades of use, there are an estimated 4,000 people living in the complex.

Building structure and housing

The building is named after the city of Chongqing, specifically its old postal name Chungking. Chungking Mansions is 17 storeys tall and consists of five blocks, named A, B, C, D and E.

There are two lifts in each block, one of which serves even-numbered floors, the other odd-numbered floors. A CCTV camera system exists at the ground floor level for each of the lift cars.

The first two floors are common spaces where residents are able to wander around under the blocks; the third floor is a terrace level between the blocks where the tower blocks start to rise out of the base of the building; and all floors above this floor are accessible only by the stairways and lifts contained in each block.

The separate Cke Shopping Mall, a few metres to the north of the main entrance, however, protrudes into the 3rd floor of blocks A and B.

Location

Chungking Mansions is located in one of the busiest districts of Hong Kong; it is very close to the Tsim Sha Tsui station and East Tsim Sha Tsui station of the MTR.

Kowloon Park is anchored by a mosque and this structure and the park itself are a popular refuge from the crowding of the Chungking Mansions and the surrounding area. The Hong Kong Cultural Centre and the Museum of Art are close by, across Salisbury Road.

Businesses
While Chungking Mansions is designated for residential use, the building includes a wide variety of commercial establishments.

Retail
There are three shopping arcades within Chungking Mansions. All have their main entrances on Nathan Road: the main arcade, Cke Shopping Mall and Wood House. The original mall was closed in 1998. It reopened later and the Cke and Wood House were created. In addition, shops and restaurants can be found on many floors.

 The main arcade is accessible from the main entrance. It is located on the ground floor and 1st floor of the building.
 Cke Shopping Mall. In 2003, the first and second floors were acquired by a developer for approximately HK$200 million, and spent HK$50 million on renovations. Under the new building plan, the  second floor was divided into 360 small shops measuring 50 to  each and resold. The new "Chungking Express" mall was relaunched at the end of 2004. It was later renamed Cke mall.
 Wood House is the latest addition. It is located in the basement of the building.

Many shops in the building are import/export businesses dealing in parallel goods that are predominantly sold to Asian and African countries. On the main floors as well as on upper floors in the towers, there are many restaurants that attract visitors from all over the world. For example, some small and family-run Indian and Pakistani restaurants with traditional Indian curry and Nepalese food are very well known. Due to competition between the very large number of restaurants inside the Mansions that are similar in style, many of them send staff to distribute leaflets on the streets to aggressively promote their restaurants.

There are many money changers located in the lower floors of Chungking Mansions who provide exchange services to the high number of people from all over the world living or doing business here.

Shops in the arcade sell not only traditional items from all over the world, but also trendy goods. Some of the shops found in the Mansions are different from those that are outside on the streets, selling articles which are imported from Asia and Africa. Computers, DVDs and VCDs, clothing, and some traditional snacks from foreign countries can be found inside Chungking Mansions.

Guesthouses
Chungking Mansions contains the largest number of guest houses in Hong Kong in one building, with 1980 rooms in total. Since it offers some of the cheapest rates in town, it has become a legendary haunt for backpackers and budget travellers.

Rooms and or floors are individually owned and managed. Space is at a minimum. Most rooms have one or two beds, a small TV, an "all-in-one toilet/shower" and a small closet. The beds are hard with a thin mattress and a small pillow. Most, if not all, rooms are equipped with an air conditioner.

Public safety

The age of the building, the diverse ownership and management structure are causes of the building's reputation for being a fire trap. Unsanitary conditions, security, ancient electrical wiring and blocked staircases all contribute to the hazards. On 21 February 1988, a fire broke out in the building. A Danish tourist who was trapped inside was killed. The fire, as well as a blaze in a similar building, provoked a review of rules and regulations concerning public safety.

In 1995, Chungking Mansions made local newspaper headlines when Sushila Pandey, a 37-year-old Indian tourist, was killed in the building by her Sri Lankan partner Attanayake Wasala Dangamuwa, 54.

In 2003, CCTV cameras were installed, and as of 2013, there are 330 CCTV cameras covering 70 per cent of the building's public spaces.

Chungking Mansions is known to be a centre of drugs, as well as a refuge for petty criminals, scammers, and illegal immigrants. For example, in a police raid in June 1995, about 1,750 people were questioned, and 45 men and seven women from Asian and African countries were arrested on suspicion of offences including failing to produce proof of identity, overstaying, using forged travel documents, possessing equipment for forging documents and possessing dangerous drugs. In "Operation Sahara" in 1996, 52 men and seven women from 14 countries were arrested for violating immigration regulations. An episode of National Geographic's Locked Up Abroad showed the location as the rendezvous for gold smugglers, contracted to be mules carrying 60 or more pounds of gold into Nepal.

Diversity
Chinese University of Hong Kong anthropologist Prof Gordon Mathews estimated in 2007 that people from at least 120 different nationalities had passed through Chungking Mansions in one year. Mathews also estimates that up to 20 per cent of the mobile phones recently in use in sub-Saharan Africa had passed through Chungking Mansions at some point.

With this mix of guest workers, mainlanders, locals, tourists and backpackers, the Chungking neighbourhood is one of the most culturally diverse locations in Hong Kong. Chungking Mansions was elected as the "Best Example of Globalization in Action" by Time magazine in its annual feature "The Best of Asia", although racial tensions are known to boil over occasionally.

In popular culture
Chungking Mansions served as one of the filming locations for Wong Kar-wai's 1994 movie Chungking Express, and is referenced in the title.

In Michael Connelly's novel Nine Dragons, detective Harry Bosch travels from Los Angeles to Hong Kong's Kowloon district in search of his missing daughter. Chungking Mansions is described by a character in the novel as a "post-modern Casablanca—all in one building."

The Economist compared it to the Mos Eisley cantina in the original Star Wars and quotes anthropologist Gordon Mathews: "whereas the illegalities in Chungking Mansions are widely known, the wondrousness of the place is not."

Chungking Mansions serves as the main scenery in the book Aap in Pak by Nicky Runge. The main protaganist follows the case of 4 missing women who have all been seen last in the Chungking Mansions.

See also

References

Further reading
 G. Mathews, Ghetto at the Center of the World: Chungking Mansions, Hong Kong, University of Chicago Press, 2011.
 M. Jäggi & J. Jansen Chungking Mansions – 3D In-Formality, Studio Basel, 2008.

External links

  , The Incorporated Owners of Chungking Mansions

Residential buildings completed in 1961
1961 establishments in Hong Kong
Tsim Sha Tsui
Apartment buildings in Hong Kong
Little Indias
Hotels in Hong Kong
Tourism in Hong Kong
Shopping centres in Hong Kong


title: NHRA Winternationals

text:
The NHRA Winternationals (commonly called the Winternats) are an annual drag racing event held by the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) at In-N-Out Burger Pomona Dragstrip in Pomona, California.

History
In 1962, under pressure from Peggy Hart (wife of track owner "Pappy" Hart) and Mickey Thompson, as well as fellow racers Shirley Shahan and Roberta Leighton, Carol Cox was the first woman allowed to race at an NHRA national event. Cox drove a 1961 Pontiac Ventura with a  V8, which was driven (not trailered) to Pomona. Cox won the title in S/SA, making her the first woman ever to take a win at an NHRA national event; the 9 March 1962 issue of National Dragster recorded her as a "crowd favorite", with a winning pass of 13.06 seconds at , but says nothing about it being a first for a woman, dismissively calling her a "'powder puff' handler". Some racers believe a class win is more difficult to achieve than a handicap (eliminator) win.

At the 1966 event, Shahan was the first woman to claim a national event eliminator crown, by taking Stock Eliminator. The win put her on the cover of National Dragster.

NHRA debuted the new Top Fuel Funny Car (TF/FC) class at the Winternationals in 1969; Funny Car Eliminator (FCE) would be won by Clare Sanders, teammate of "Jungle Jim" Liberman.

In 1970, Top Fuel Eliminator (quickset fuel car of the meet, digger or flopper) went to Larry Dixon,

The AA/FC winner was the 1970 Dodge Charger, Hawaiian, of Larry Reyes (driving for Roland Leong). Barrie Poole became the first Canadian to win an NHRA national event, taking the 1970 Super Stock title.

The Funny Car Eliminator title at the 1971 Winternats would go to Leong's Hawaiian. with Butch Maas at the wheel. Don Garlits' novel rear-engined dragster appeared at the Winternats that year, qualifying with 6.8; his best time of the meet was a 6.70, over Jim Dunn's 7.58, in the semi-final: Garlits would win, when Kenny Safford broke in the final.  The last Top Gas Eliminator crown, before NHRA abolished the class, went to Walt Stevens, at the wheel of Ken Theiss' twin-engined Odd Couple TG/D. The year's award for Best Engineered Car went to Jim Busby, with a dragster powered by a pair of injected  DOHC Ford Indy V8 engines. (Hank Westmoreland failed to qualify the car, and it never ran again.) Canadian Barrie Poole repeated his 1970 Winternats win in Super Stock, in a Sandy Elliot Mustang.  Don Enriquez (in Gene Adams' A/FD) won Competition Eliminator, turning in a pass of 7.34 at , quicker and faster than Steve Woods' hemi-engined BB/Gas Ford Anglia; the field also included twin-engine straight-six-cylinder-powered D/Ds, and AA/FAs.

The 1971 meet was marred by the death of "Sneaky Pete" Robinson, who wrecked his TF/D in qualifying, with a 6.77 pass.

Altereds were so popular in the 1960s and 1970s, at the 1977 Winternationals, more than 75 drivers contested for the Comp Eliminator title.  Among them was Ed Prout, who brought his A/Altered from Connecticut.

NHRA introduced a significant change to the Christmas tree, LEDs instead of incandescent bulbs, at Pomona in 2003.

At Pomona in 2014, Alexis DeJoria became the first woman ever to make a sub-four second pass, with a 3.997-second e.t.

In 2018, Top Fuel Dragster went to Doug Kalitta, Top fuel Funny Car to Matt Hagan, and Pro Stock to Bo Butner.

In 2021, the Winternationals was moved to July because of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and restrictions imposed by California.  The NHRA will move the Gatornationals to the season opening slot.  In an unusual fashion, the Top Fuel final was determined by default when one finalist was pulled out by NHRA officials over driver safety when he had heat exhaustion.

Past class winners

Notes

National Hot Rod Association

Drag racing events
Annual sporting events
February sporting events
Motorsport in California


title: Testudinaria

text:
Testudinaria is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by Władysław Taczanowski in 1879.

Species
 it contains nine species:
Testudinaria bonaldoi Levi, 2005 – Brazil
Testudinaria debsmithae Levi, 2005 – Suriname to Peru, Bolivia
Testudinaria elegans Taczanowski, 1879 – Panama to Peru
Testudinaria geometrica Taczanowski, 1879 (type) – Panama to Peru, Brazil
Testudinaria gravatai Levi, 2005 – Brazil
Testudinaria lemniscata (Simon, 1893) – Brazil
Testudinaria quadripunctata Taczanowski, 1879 – Venezuela to Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
Testudinaria rosea (Mello-Leitão, 1945) – Argentina
Testudinaria unipunctata (Simon, 1893) – Brazil

References

External links

Araneidae
Araneomorphae genera


title: Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's rhythmic individual ball

text:
The women's rhythmic individual ball gymnastics competition at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland was held on 26 July at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre.

Final
Results:

References

Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
2014 in women's gymnastics


title: Günther Ziegler

text:
Günther Engelhart Ziegler (18 January 1933 – 19 December 2013) was a German cyclist. He competed in the tandem sprint at the 1956 Summer Olympics, and finished last after a crash during a repechage round.

Ziegler was a German amateur champion in 1952–1956 in the team time trial. After the 1956 Olympics he turned professional, and in 1961 won the national sprint title, placing second in 1957, 1959–60, 1962, and 1964. He also won the six-day race of Essen in 1960.

References

External links

1933 births
2013 deaths
German male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for the United Team of Germany
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from Bavaria
People from Schweinfurt (district)
Sportspeople from Lower Franconia
West German male cyclists


title: Mawsata

text:
Mawsata, Mausata (), or the Mawsata State ( ), was a state in the British Aden Protectorate. Mawsata was located in the western and southwestern part of Upper Yafa. The main mountain in the area is Jabal Darfan.

Mawsata was the most populated of the five sheikhdoms of Upper Yafa. The last ruler was deposed in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen and the area is now part of the Republic of Yemen.

History
The State of Mawsata (Dawlat Mawsata) was established in 1780. Owing to family dissensions, in 1860 the ruling family was divided into two lineages. Around 1904 the state became a British protectorate.

Mawsata was part of the Protectorate of South Arabia until 1967 when it was abolished.

Rulers
The ruler of Mawsata State bore the title Naqib.

1780 - 1810                al-Qasim Al Harhara
1810 - 1840                `Ali ibn al-Qasim Al Harhara
1840 - 1860                `Askar ibn `Ali Al Harhara

Lineage 1
1860 - 1907                `Ali ibn `Askar Al Harhara
1907 - 1940                Naji ibn `Ali ibn `Askar Al Harhara
1940 - Jan 1963            Ahmad ibn Abi Bakr ibn `Ali Al Harhara
Feb 1963 - Jun 1967        `Aydarus ibn Ahmad Al Harhara

Lineage 2
1860 - 1920                Muhsin ibn `Askar Al Harhara
1920 - 1946                Muhammad ibn Muhsin ibn `Askar Al Harhara
1946 - 1959                al-Husayn ibn Salih ibn Muhsin Al Harhara
1959 - Jun 1967            Salih ibn al-Husayn ibn Salih Al Harhara

See also
Aden Protectorate
Upper Yafa

References

External links
Map of Arabia (1905-1923) including the states of Aden Protectorate

States in the Aden Protectorate
Federation of South Arabia
Former countries
Former monarchies


title: German–Serbian dictionary (1791)

text:
The 1791 German–Serbian dictionary, referred to as the Avramović Dictionary ( or Avramovićev rečnik; full title in ; full title in Slavonic-Serbian: Нѣмецкïй и сербскïй словарь на потребу сербскагѡ народа въ крал. державахъ, transliterated as Německij i serbskij slovar' na potrebu serbskago naroda v kral deržavah, meaning "German and Serbian Dictionary for Use by the Serbian People in the Royal States"), is a historical bidirectional translation dictionary published in the Habsburg Empire's capital of Vienna in 1791, though 1790 is given as the year of publication in some of its copies. Containing around 20,000 headwords in each direction, it is the largest Serbian dictionary of the 18th century. Vuk Karadžić possibly used it as a source for his Serbian Dictionary, which first appeared in 1818 as the first book in modern literary Serbian.

The Avramović Dictionary translates between Slavonic-Serbian, which was the dominant literary language of Serbs at the time, and German, which had been a subject in Serb schools in the Habsburg Empire since 1753. Teodor Avramović adapted Jacob Rodde's German–Russian dictionary published in 1784 in Leipzig. Avramović was a proofreader at the Cyrillic printing house of Josif von Kurzböck, who published the German–Serbian dictionary. The vernacular Serbian used in the dictionary reflects a dialect of the Serbs in Vojvodina.

Background
At the beginning of the 18th century, the principal literary language of the Serbs was Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension or Serbo-Slavonic, with centuries-old tradition. By the mid-18th century, it had been mostly replaced with Russo-Slavonic (Church Slavonic of the Russian recension) among the Serbs in the Habsburg Empire. A linguistic blend of Russo-Slavonic, vernacular Serbian, and Russian—called Slavonic-Serbian— became the dominant language of Serbian secular publications during the 1780s and 1790s. A German–Slavonic-Serbian dictionary was composed in the 1730s in Karlovci, with around 1,100 headwords. The last notable work in Slavonic-Serbian was published in 1825.

Since 1750, German had been steadily replacing Latin as the official language in the Habsburg Empire. In Serbian schools, German began to be taught on 1  October 1753 in Karlovci. A knowledge of that language was especially important for those Serbs who sought a career in the imperial bureaucracy, the army, or commerce. A German grammar in Slavonic-Serbian appeared in 1772, adapted by Stefan Vujanovski. The book also contained a dictionary with around 4,500 headwords. Two years later, Sava Lazarević wrote a textbook for learning German, with a dictionary of around 1,600 headwords. This dictionary would be published as a separate book titled Рѣчникъ малый (Little Dictionary) in 1793, and it was reprinted in 1802, 1806, 1814, 1823, and 1837.

The 1772 grammar and the 1774 textbook were printed in Vienna by Austrian publisher and bookseller Joseph Kurzböck. He established his Cyrillic printing house in 1770, and Empress Maria Theresia granted him a monopoly on printing and importing Cyrillic books. The empress sanctioned a Cyrillic press in Vienna to reduce the massive importation of Russian books requested by the Serbian Orthodox Church and schools. The Habsburg court had repeatedly rejected the Serbs' petitions to found their own printing houses. In 1786, Kurzböck employed Teodor Avramović as a proofreader, who previously worked as a teacher in his home town of Ruma.

Between 1779 and 1785, there was an intensive campaign in the Habsburg Empire to eliminate the Cyrillic script and the Church Slavonic language from Serbian schools and secular publications. The Cyrillic script was to be replaced with the Latin alphabet, and the "Illyrian" language that was used in Croatian schools was to replace Church Slavonic. This campaign eventually failed as it was effectively resisted by Serb educational and religious authorities, including the Metropolitan of Karlovci, Mojsije Putnik. The term "Illyrian" was used in the Habsburg Empire to refer to any South Slavic peoples or to the South Slavs in general, though in the 18th century, non-Slavic Habsburg officials associated it primarily with Serbs.

Production and usage
After an agreement with Metropolitan Putnik, Joseph Kurzböck undertook the project of producing a German dictionary for the Serbian people. The quickest and least costly way to do that was to adapt an existing work. At that time, highly regarded as the German–Russian bidirectional dictionary composed by Jacob Rodde in Riga and printed in 1784 in Leipzig. Kurzbeck entrusted his proofreader Teodor Avramović with the job of adapting Jacob Rodde's work into Slavonic-Serbian. Avramović was helped by Atanasije Dimitrijević Sekereš, the censor of the Cyrillic books installed by the Habsburg court in 1772. Sekereš began composing his Slavonic-Serbian dictionary in 1775, using five Russian dictionaries as sources, but he later abandoned that work.

The printing of the Avramović Dictionary began at the end of 1789. In February 1790, Kurzböck requested and received Metropolitan Putnik's permission to dedicate the book to him. After the metropolitan died on 9  July 1790, Kurzböck stopped its printing. Emanuilo Janković, whose petition to found a Serbian printing house in Novi Sad was rejected, criticized the dictionary and Kurzböck's Cyrillic production in general; he owned a press in Leipzig. The new Metropolitan of Karlovci, Stefan Stratimirović, was elected in November 1790, and he approved the dictionary at Kurzböck's request. Its printing was then resumed and completed in the first half of May 1791. Kurzböck sent a copy to Count Francis Balassa, the head of the Illyrian Court Chancellery, which was a Habsburg ministry focused primarily on the Serbs. Kurzbeck requested and received Balassa's permission to include a dedication to him and his portrait in the dictionary. The book appeared at the end of July 1791; its price was 7 florins and 30 kreutzers.

Balassa sent a copy to Stratimirović recommending the book, and the metropolitan informed the eparchies under his jurisdiction about its publication. It was bought by students, priests, scholars, merchants, and other people, mostly in Vienna, Budapest, Novi Sad, Osijek, and Oradea, where Avramović was the district inspector for Serbian and Romanian schools from 1792 until his death in 1806. In 1792, Stefan von Novaković bought Kurzböck's Cyrillic press and warehouse of books. When he sold them to the Pest University Press in 1795, there were 360 unsold copies of the Avramović Dictionary in the warehouse. The book was listed in the university's sale catalogs until 1829. It was part of the library of Sava Tekelija, who wrote additional entries in his copy. The first edition of Vuk Karadžić's Serbian Dictionary appeared in 1818 as the first book in modern literary Serbian, based on the Eastern Herzegovinian dialect. There are indications that Karadžić used the Avramović Dictionary as a source for his work.

In 2002, the Austrian National Library hosted an exhibition titled "The Serbian Book in Vienna 1741–1900", prepared by the Library of Matica Srpska with the help of the National Library of Serbia. Among 212 exhibited publications, there were 28 of those printed by Kurzböck, one of which was the Avramović Dictionary. Between 1770 and 1792, Kurzböck printed 151 Serbian publications, including textbooks, religious books, philosophical, literary, and other works, by authors such as Jovan Rajić, Jovan Muškatirović, Aleksije Vezilić, Dositej Obradović, Zaharije Orfelin, and Pavle Julinac.

Description
The Avramović Dictionary is the largest Serbian dictionary of the 18th century. Printed in the octavo format, it contains 1045 pages of lexical text divided into two separately paginated parts. The first part is a German–Slavonic-Serbian dictionary titled Deutsch–Illyrisches Wörterbuch (German–Illyrian Dictionary), consisting of 719 pages. The second part is a Slavonic-Serbian–German dictionary titled Славено-Сербскïй Леѯïконъ (Slavonic-Serbian Lexicon), consisting of 326 pages. Either part has approximately 20,000 headwords; the first part has more pages as its entries are larger and more detailed.

By the time of its publication in July 1791, the book had been printed in four variants, differing only in front matter. In the first two variants, 1790 is given as the year of publication, and in the other two variants, it is 1791. The 1790 variants have two title pages, one in Slavonic-Serbian (folio 1 verso), and the other in German (folio 2 recto). The earlier of these variants contain a dedication to Metropolitan Mojsije Putnik composed by Kurzböck, while the other variant has no dedication. The 1791 variants have one title page (folio 2 recto) with both the Slavonic-Serbian and the German version of the title. The preceding page (folio 1 verso) contains a copperplate engraving depicting Count Francis Balassa, and these two variants differ only in some details of the engraving. After the title page comes a dedication to Balassa, composed by Kurzböck in the tone of humble devotion. All variants have the same foreword written by Kurzböck, while none of them mentions Jacob Rodde as the source or Teodor Avramović as the editor of the dictionary. Only Kurzbeck is mentioned as its publisher. Its source and editor have been identified respectively by Samuel Linde at the beginning of the 19th century and Pavel Jozef Šafárik in 1865, since when the book has been referred to as the Avramović Dictionary.

Its German component is practically identical to that of Rodde's dictionary. The latter's German–Russian part is based on the German–Latin–Russian dictionary published by the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1731. Rodde added stress marks and grammatical notes on Russian words. The academy's dictionary is created through adding a Russian component to the German–Latin part of the Lexicon bipartitum Latino–Germanicum et Germanico–Latinum, written by Ehrenreich Weismann and first published in 1673 in Stuttgart; it had eleven more editions. Besides lexemes of the educated German language, Weismann's Lexicon also contains regionalisms and archaisms. Its entries often include compounds of the headword; e.g., Landstrasse and Holzstrasse are found s.v. Strasse. Polysemes are entered as separate headwords accompanied by a disambiguating remark; thus, four senses of the noun Frucht (fruit) are found s.v. Frucht (Baum), Frucht oder Nutz, Frucht (vom Acker), and Frucht des Leibes. Usage of headwords is illustrated with phrases, idioms, and collocations, and the Lexicon contains many proverbs and sayings.

The Serbian component of the Avramović Dictionary reflects the contemporary condition of the literary language of the Serbs—a blend of Church Slavonic, vernacular Serbian, and Russian. While Rodde's work uses the civil version of Cyrillic, introduced in Russia by Peter the Great, the Avramović Dictionary uses an old ecclesiastical type of the script, including the archaic letters ѕ, ѡ, ꙗ, ѧ, and ѵ. Many Russian terms are copied from Rodde verbatim or with a small modification, especially those used in areas with which the Serbs were not very familiar at the time. Serbian vernacular terms predominate in some areas, such as armament and trade; there are also common Serbian expressions like айдемо (ajdemo, "let's go"). A number of Russian words in Rodde are replaced by Avramović with their Russo-Slavonic equivalents. An example of the entries dominated by vernacular Serbian terminology is that under the headword Nadel (needle), in which only one word is taken from Russian, meaning "magnetic":

In the second part of the dictionary, the copied Russian headwords are often accompanied by their Serbian equivalents; e.g., under the headword очки (glasses), "очки, наочари, die Augengläser". In entries of the first part, Russian and Serbian forms complement each other; so the headword schwarz (black) is translated with the Russian черный, and in that entry, the verb schwärzen (blacken) is translated with the Serbian поцрнити. German proverbs and sayings are interpreted with their Serbian counterparts. Thus, s.v. Schnitt, a German phrase meaning "he made a good profit from it" is interpreted with a popular Serbian saying, pala mu sekira u med (his axe fell into honey). Phonologically, morphologically, and lexically, vernacular Serbian used in the Avramović Dictionary reflects a dialect of the Serbs of Vojvodina. It also exhibits some archaic grammatical traits, and the usage of aorist is more common than in modern Serbian. The everyday language of the Vojvodina Serbs was enriched in the 18th century with loanwords from German. Some of those found in the dictionary are also part of modern literary Serbian, such as торта (torta, torte), харинга (haringa, herring), шупа (šupa, shed), паръ (par, pair), нула (nula, zero), цицъ (cic, fine printed calico), and баïонетъ (bajonet, bayonet).

Notes

References

External links
Avramović Dictionary
1790 variant
1791 variant, 1st part
1791 variant, 2nd part
German–Russian dictionary by Jacob Rodde (1784)
German–Latin–Russian dictionary of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1731)
Lexicon bipartitum Latino–Germanicum et Germanico–Latinum, 8th edition (1725)

1790 books
1791 non-fiction books
Cyrillic script
German dictionaries
Serbo-Croatian dictionaries
Translation dictionaries
Habsburg Serbs


title: Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's rhythmic individual hoop

text:
The women's rhythmic individual hoop gymnastics competition at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland was held on 26 July at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre.

Final
Results:

References

Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
2014 in women's gymnastics


title: Fritz Neuser

text:
Friedrich "Fritz" Neuser (born 14 April 1932) is a former German cyclist. He competed in the tandem sprint at the 1956 Summer Olympics, and finished last after a crash during a repechage round.

Domestically Neuser won national titles in the tandem sprint in 1952, 1954, and 1955, in the individual pursuit in 1954, and in the team time trial in 1951. He finished second in the tandem sprint in 1953, 1956, and 1957, on the road in 1954 and in the team time trial in 1956. After retiring from cycling he competed in car races and became a successful car dealer, specializing in renovating classic Italian sports cars.

References

External links

1932 births
Living people
German male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for the United Team of Germany
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Nuremberg
Cyclists from Bavaria
20th-century German people
21st-century German people
West German male cyclists


title: Carl Sonny Leyland

text:
Carl Sonny Leyland is an Anglo-American boogie woogie, blues and jazz pianist. He was born in 1965 near Southampton, England, but as a child was drawn to American music.  At age 15, he discovered boogie woogie, and was inspired to make the piano his career. He came to New Orleans in 1988, and built a reputation in the clubs there for the next nine years.  In 1997, he relocated to California, where he joined Big Sandy & His Flyrite Boys, a rockabilly and western swing group, touring with them for three years. Since then his repertoire has included ragtime and early jazz.  He formed the Carl Sonny Leyland Trio in 2003 with Hal Smith on drums (later replaced by Jeff Hamilton) and Marty Eggers on bass.  The trio plays primarily boogie woogie and traditional jazz. It has recorded seven CDs and performs regularly in festivals.

Leyland is regarded highly by critics and considered to be one of the top attractions at jazz festivals (“We cannot heap enough praise on Carl Sonny Leyland. Not only is he a great solo pianist, he is an asset to any band and amazes other musicians…”)

Discography
Carl Sonny Leyland Trio:
 Ready to Boogie
 The Carl Sonny Leyland Trio Meets Nathan James & Ben Hernandez
 The Carl Sonny Leland Trio
 Dang Good Boogie
 Railroad Boogie
 Studio Session

Solo:
 Stompin’ Upstairs
 Gin Mill Jazz
 Wild Piano

With the Joel Patterson Trio:
 A Chicago Session

References

External links
 Carl Sonny Leyland website

Living people
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
Boogie-woogie pianists
1965 births
English emigrants to the United States
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
People from Southampton (district)
20th-century American pianists
21st-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians


title: Jinnah College for Women

text:
Jinnah College for Women, () formerly the University College for Women, is an institute of education for women located in Peshawar, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

History
The College came into existence as a constituent College of the University of Peshawar on 24 July 1964. It was first called the University Degree College for Women. The founder was Safia Hassan, who was also the first principal. The initial intake was 27 students. By 1980, when Safia Hassan retired, there were 1,700 students. The College aims to support women who would otherwise not be able to afford to attend university.

In 2014, three students of Jinnah College for Women topped the provincial exams.

The College celebrated its Golden jubilee in 2014.

It is now named to commemorate Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

In 2018, 359 students were awarded degrees by the college, though this included students from four college sessions, 2014-2017.

Edifice
The College has a two storey building, erected in a classical form of architecture which consists of classrooms, lecture-theatres, laboratories, a library with two reading rooms, an office and a hall. The college has a lawn, a botanical garden and an attached playground, that serve for inter-class and inter college tournaments and college sports. The library has a collection of reference books, text books and books in specialized fields. The college hall, the Safia Hassan Hall, has a seating capacity of 300 students.

References

Universities and colleges in Peshawar District
Women's universities and colleges in Pakistan
Educational institutions established in 1964
1964 establishments in Pakistan
Memorials to Muhammad Ali Jinnah


title: Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's rhythmic individual clubs

text:
The women's rhythmic individual clubs gymnastics competition at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland was held on 26 July at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre.

Final
Results:

References

Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
2014 in women's gymnastics


title: Serhiy Hryn (footballer)

text:
Serhiy Hryn (; born 6 June 1994) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Epitsentr Kamianets-Podilskyi.

Career
Hryn is product of the Shakhtar Donetsk youth academy. In June 2014, he joined Illichivets Mariupol on loan.

He made his debut in the Ukrainian Premier League on 26 July 2014, playing for Mariupol in a game against Volyn Lutsk.

Hryn was nominated as "Best Young Player" of Ukrainian Professional League.

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
People from Volnovakha
Ukrainian men's footballers
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
FC Shakhtar Donetsk players
FC Mariupol players
FC Olimpik Donetsk players
Men's association football midfielders
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian First League players
NK Veres Rivne players
FC Arsenal Kyiv players
Danish Superliga players
Danish 1st Division players
Vejle Boldklub players
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
FC Zorya Luhansk players
FC Oleksandriya players
Footballers from Donetsk Oblast


title: Laura Halford

text:
Laura Halford (born 25 February 1996) is a British rhythmic gymnast from Cricklade, Wiltshire. Halford is a four times senior British champion (2013, 2014, 2015, 2017), and two times junior British champion.  She represented Wales at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.

Gymnastic career
Halford began gymnastics at the age of six, and her natural flexibility saw her gravitate towards rhythmic gymnastics. By the age of nine she was representing both Britain and Wales, qualifying for the latter through her Welsh father. At the age of ten she won her first junior British title. At the age of 12 Halford was recognized by her district council as an aspiring junior sportsperson and was awarded a grant to help fund her sporting career. Halford, who trains out of Wiltshire club, Esprit Gymnastics in Swindon, travels to Cardiff three times a week to train with the Welsh team, where her teammate was British champion Frankie Jones.

In 2011 Halford became British junior champion. In 2012, her first year competing as a senior, in the absence of Frankie Jones, she was favourite to take the British championship held at Fenton Manor Sport Complex. Her overall score of 55.599 was enough to push her teammate Stephani Sherlock into second place and give Halford the title. The same year she also took the Wales national title.

In preparation for the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland, Halford and Wales team-mate Nikara Jenkins travelled to Tartu, Estonia to take part in the Miss Valentine Gymnastic Competition in order to practice their new routines in a competitive setting. Although not placing highly their coach believed the experience was valuable. Halford's build-up to the Commonwealth Games continued through 2013 when she won the invitational senior Millennium Cup in Vancouver, Canada.

In 2014 Halford successfully defended her Welsh title, also taking gold in the individual ball event. A few days later she travelled to Stoke to defend her British championship title. Her score of 61.465 across the ball, hoop, ribbon and clubs saw her retain her crown, which also saw the return of Frankie Jones to the competition. In June 2014 it was announced that Halford had been selected for the Wales team at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. At Glasgow she was entered for four individual events, the ball, hoop, ribbon and all-around; while she was joined by Jones and Jenkins to compete for the team all-around event. On the first day of the Commonwealth Games, in the team all-around event, Wales won silver having led for much of the competition. On day two, she entered the individual all-around, scoring 56.225 to finish third to take bronze, while team-mate Jones finished ahead of her in silver position. In day three Halford came eighth in ribbon, fifth in hoop, but secured a third medal by taking a bronze in the ball. Halford competed at the 2014 World Championships in Izmir, Turkey placing 44th in the all-around qualifications.

In 2015, Halford competed at the 2015 Lisboa World Cup finishing 33rd in the all-around. In August, Halford finished 36th in all-around at the 2015 Sofia World Cup. On September 9–13, Halford competed at the 2015 World Championships in Stuttgart finishing 73rd in the all-around qualifications and did not advance into the top 24 finals.

In 2016, Halford competed at the 2016 FIG World Cup in Espoo finishing 31st in the all-around. On March 17–20, Halford competed at the 2016 Lisboa World Cup where she finished 33rd in the all-around. Halford finished 25th in the all-around at the 2016 Sofia World Cup. On July 1–3, Halford competed at the 2016 Berlin World Cup finishing 24th in the all-around.

In 2017, on May 5–7, Halford competed at the 2017 Sofia World Cup and finished 31st in the all-around. On May 12–14, Halford competed at the 2017 World Challenge Cup in Portimao where she finished 17th in the all-around which was her highest World Cup all-around placement. On May 19–21, Halford along with teammate Stephani Sherlock represented the individual seniors for Great Britain at the 2017 European Championships. Her next event was at the 2017 World Challenge Cup Guadalajara where she finished 26th in the all-around. She reclaimed the national title at the 2017 British Championships. On August 30 – September 3, Halford competed at the 2017 World Championships in Pesaro, Italy; finishing 67th in the all-around qualifications and thus not making the top 24 all-around finalists.

References

1996 births
Living people
British rhythmic gymnasts
Welsh gymnasts
English people of Welsh descent
Gymnasts at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Wales
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Wales
Sportspeople from Wiltshire
Commonwealth Games medallists in gymnastics
21st-century British women
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's rhythmic individual ribbon

text:
The women's rhythmic individual ribbon gymnastics competition at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland was held on 26 July at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre.

Final
Results:

References

Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
2014 in women's gymnastics


title: James Rossi

text:
James Rossi (April 12, 1936 – September 3, 2005) was an American cyclist. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was the National Champion from 1959–1963.

References

External links

1936 births
2005 deaths
American male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for the United States
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from Chicago
Pan American Games medalists in cycling
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
American track cyclists
Cyclists at the 1963 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1963 Pan American Games


title: Cycling at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's tandem sprint B

text:
The Men's tandem sprint B at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, was part of the cycling programme, which took place on 26 July 2014.

Results

Qualifying

Semi-finals

Finals

References

Men's tandem sprint B
Cycling at the Commonwealth Games – Men's tandem sprint B


title: Union Community Hospital

text:
Union Community Hospital is a historic hospital building for African-American patients during segregation located at Union, Union County, South Carolina.  The front section was built about 1915 as a frame residence, and is a two-story building on which a brick veneer was placed in the 1930s, with Neo-Classical style design elements. The brick rear section was added in 1949.  The Union Community Hospital was founded in December 1932, and provided services to the African-American community of Union County for 43 years.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

References

Hospital buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Neoclassical architecture in South Carolina
Buildings and structures completed in 1949
Buildings and structures in Union County, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, South Carolina
Historically black hospitals in the United States
Hospitals established in 1915
Hospitals in South Carolina


title: Donald Ferguson (cyclist)

text:
Donald Ferguson (April 28, 1921 – August 15, 1985) was an American cyclist. He competed in the tandem event at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1921 births
1985 deaths
American male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for the United States
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Evanston, Illinois
Cyclists from Illinois