title: Boston Lobsters (1974–1978)

text:
The Boston Lobsters were a charter franchise of World Team Tennis (WTT) founded by Dick and Ken Butera as the Philadelphia Freedoms. The Freedoms played only one season in Philadelphia before being sold on March 27, 1975, moving to Boston and changing their name to the Lobsters. Following the 1978 season, Lobsters owner Robert Kraft announced that the franchise would fold.

Team history

Inaugural season

The Philadelphia Freedoms were founded by Dick and Ken Butera as a charter member of WTT in 1973. The team began play in WTT's inaugural 1974 season. The Freedoms played their home matches at the Spectrum. The centerpiece of the team was tennis legend Billie Jean King who served as its player-coach. King became the first woman to coach a professional sports team that included male players.

Once King was signed on with the Freedoms, her good friend Elton John decided to write and record the song "Philadelphia Freedom" to wish her luck on her new venture with WTT and for the team to use as an anthem. John was such a big fan of the Freedoms that he attended home matches wearing the team's uniform and sat on the bench with the players. Although recorded in the summer of 1974, the song was not released until February 24, 1975, after the Freedoms had already played their final match in Philadelphia.

King heavily recruited then 17-year-old amateur Betsy Nagelsen to sign with the Freedoms. Although Nagelsen has often been listed as a member of the team, including by its 21st century namesake, this is untrue. Nagelsen was not listed on the roster in the game program for the Freedoms' match against the Baltimore Banners on May 17, 1974. After working under King's tutelage for three weeks during the summer of 1974, Nagelsen lost to her in straight sets in the third round of the 1974 US Open. After the match, Nagelsen said she hoped to play with King on the Freedoms in 1975. On the same date the Freedoms were playing in the Match 2 of the WTT Finals, Nagelsen was playing in the final of the Virginia Slims of Newport in what was her first professional tournament.

King's performance on the court earned her the WTT Most Valuable Player Award as she led the Freedoms to 39 wins and 5 losses, first place in the Atlantic Section and the best regular-season record in WTT.

WTT playoff series in the division semifinals and division championship series in 1974, were played over two legs, one match on the home court of each team. The team with the best aggregate score over the two matches was the winner. As the higher seed, the Freedoms had the choice to play either the first or the second match at home. The Freedoms met the Cleveland Nets in the Eastern Division Semifinals and won both matches, 26–22 in Cleveland and 23–22 at home. The Freedoms clinched the series when Fred Stolle playing mixed doubles in the fifth set served an ace on match point in the second match.

The victory over the Nets advanced the Freedoms to the Eastern Division Championship Series against the Pittsburgh Triangles. Again, the Freedoms chose to open on the road and won the first match, 31–21, in Pittsburgh and then lost the second, 24–21, at home. By an aggregate score of 52–45, the Freedoms won the Eastern Division Championship and advanced to the WTT Finals.

In the WTT Finals, the Freedoms met the Denver Racquets. The Racquets swept the best-of-three series, winning 27–21 in Denver and 28–24 in Philadelphia, to win the title and end the Freedoms' season.

At the 1974 WTT draft, player-coach King made the selections for the Freedoms. In the seventh round, she chose Bobby Riggs, against whom she had won the Battle of the Sexes 14 months earlier. In announcing the selection, King said, "We haven't made up our mind in which division we'll play him." The following day, Riggs was quoted as saying, "It sounds like a great idea, but is the money right?" He added that he didn't know how King "plans to use me—as a mixed doubles partner or as a ladies' doubles partner." Since they had been unable to sign her after selecting her in the 1973 draft, the Freedoms also chose Nagelsen in order to protect their rights to her. The Freedoms had previously rejected an offer from the Houston E-Z Riders who sought to acquire Nagelsen in a trade. Many WTT teams selected celebrities such as Johnny Carson and Bill Cosby at the 1974 draft. The Freedoms' colorful draft choice was Elton John.

Following the 1974 season, WTT owners were looking to develop a plan for growth of the league. Many were of the opinion that it would be in all their interests to have a successful franchise in New York City. With some encouragement from his fellow owners, Dick Butera traded King to the New York Sets in a complicated deal. Upon announcing the trade, Butera said, "It not an easy thing to let Billie Jean go. I feel like King Faisal giving away his oil wells."

After King was traded, a group of investors that included Bob Mades, a Somerville, Massachusetts meat-packing executive who lived in Belmont, Massachusetts, Paul Slater, a Newton, Massachusetts realtor, Herbert S. Hoffman, a Boston jeans distributor who had been a part owner of the recently contracted Hartford Royals, Robert K. Kraft, a forest products company executive, and Harold Bayne, a Boston meat-packing executive, expressed interest in buying the original Boston Lobsters. However, the Lobsters had already been contracted by WTT. With the Buteras far less enthusiastic about their team after trading King, the two sides struck a deal, and the group purchased the Freedoms on March 27, 1975, and moved the team to Boston. In order to claim the name of the original Lobsters, the new ownership group would be required to settle some of the debts of the former team. The new owners decided to do this and renamed the team the Boston Lobsters.

Mades was named president of the team, and Slater was named chairman of the board.

First season in Boston
In 1975, the reincarnated Lobsters presented themselves as a continuation of the original Lobsters that folded after the 1974 season in promotional materials and media guides, since they had paid for that privilege. The team ignored any connection with its actual history as the Freedoms. The Lobsters also adopted the team logo of the original Lobsters.

The Lobsters played a 46-match WTT regular-season schedule in 1975. They had 15 home matches, 15 road matches and 16 neutral-site matches. The league used neutral-site matches to cut down on travel and create events where fans could see multiple teams either with one admission or over the course of a few days. These special events were called WTT Spectaculars. Because of these and because of scheduling challenges created when the Houston E-Z Riders suspended operations just days before the season started, the 10 teams in the league did not play an equal number of matches. Seven of them played 44 matches, while the Lobsters, Hawaii Leis and San Diego Friars each played 46 matches. Of the Lobsters' 15 home matches, 11 were played at the Walter Brown Arena in Boston, three were played at the Providence Civic Center in Providence, Rhode Island and one was played at the brand-new Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, Connecticut.

When the Lobsters played their 1975 home opener in Boston on May 22, against the New York Sets, they were already 0–7, having lost three road matches and four neutral-site matches. The Lobsters were dominated, 25–12, by the Sets who were led by Billie Jean King (whom the franchise had traded to the Sets a few months before) and fell to 0–8. The season opener drew 2,191 fans to the Walter Brown Arena. The following day, the Lobsters played two home matches in Providence. They won the first, 27–17, against the Indiana Loves and lost the second, 27–21, to the Sets as WTT made its debut in Providence in front of 4,317 fans, the largest home crowd the Lobsters would draw all season. The Lobsters continued to struggle and lost their final three matches before WTT took a break for Wimbledon to fall to 6–18.

The Lobsters won their first match after the Wimbledon break, 29–25, over the Los Angeles Strings, their first win in Boston all season. A neutral-site loss in Los Angeles to the Cleveland Nets on July 14, dropped the Lobsters' record to 7–21. However, after that match, the Lobsters won four straight, seven of their next eight, and nine of their next 11 matches to improve their record to 16–23. A 28–23 victory over the Leis in Hartford in front of 2,492 fans improved the Lobsters' record to 17–24. The Lobsters followed that victory with three more wins in their next four matches which clinched them a playoff berth. The Lobsters finished the regular season with 20 wins and 26 losses, third in the Eastern Division.

Greer Stevens was a key to the Lobsters' late-season success leading them to the playoffs. She was named WTT Female Rookie of the Year, and she also won the Female All-Star Match Most Valuable Player Award.

The Lobsters met the New York Sets on the road in the Eastern Division Semifinal Match. The Lobsters had lost all six of their regular-season matches with the Sets. However, the Lobsters squeezed out an upset victory in a tightly played match, 25–24, to advance to the Eastern Division Championship Series against the Pittsburgh Triangles.

The Lobsters hosted the first match of the Eastern Division Championship Series in front of only 912 fans in Boston and lost, 25–16. The Triangles took the second match in Pittsburgh, 23–14, to end the Lobsters' season.

A last-place finish
All WTT teams returned to a 44-match regular season schedule in 1976, with 22 home and 22 road matches. The Lobsters played 18 of their home matches at the Walter Brown Arena and four at the Hartford Civic Center. The Lobsters' August 9 road match against the New York Sets was cancelled due to Hurricane Belle and not made up. The Lobsters started the 1976 season with three straight losses but rebounded and stood at 5–5 after 10 matches. From there, the Lobsters lost 11 of their next 15 matches and fell to 9–16. They had 9 wins and 9 losses in their final 18 matches, but it wasn't enough to avoid a last-place finish in the Eastern Division with 18 wins and 25 losses.

Changes lead to success
The Lobsters acquired 20-year-old Martina Navratilova in a trade with the Cleveland-Pittsburgh Nets for Wendy Turnbull prior to the 1977 season. They also added Roy Emerson as a player-coach. Navratilova led WTT in game-winning percentage in women's singles and won 32 of the 39 sets she played. She also teamed with Greer Stevens to lead WTT in game-winning percentage in women's doubles. The Lobsters' Tony Roche was third in game-winning percentage in men's singles.

The Lobsters played 16 of their 22 home matches in 1977 at the Walter Brown Arena and the other six at the Hartford Civic Center. They raced out of the blocks starting 3–0 and extending their record to 8–1, 14–2, and 17–3 after 20 matches. The Lobsters played in front of four sellout crowd of 4,103 at the Walter Brown Arena. They finished the regular season first in the Eastern Division with 35 wins and 9 losses.

The Lobsters met the Cleveland-Pittsburgh Nets in the Eastern Division Semifinals. The Lobsters won the first match in Boston, 30–26. However, the Nets took the second match in Cleveland, 21–20, to force a deciding third match in Boston. The Lobsters won the third match, 28–21, to advance to the Eastern Division Championship Series against the defending WTT Champion New York Apples.

Having played the previous three consecutive days, the Lobsters opened their series with the Apples in Boston with a 29–21 loss. Two days later, the Lobsters fell again to the Apples in New York, 29–26, and saw their season come to an end.

Final season, division championship
In 1978, the Lobsters again played 16 of their 22 home matches at the Walter Brown Arena. Four home matches were played at Cape Cod Coliseum in South Yarmouth, Massachusetts. One home match was played at the Providence Civic Center, and the other was played at the George F. Kneller Athletic Center on the campus of Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Five of the Lobsters' matches were televised locally on WSBK-TV Channel 38.

Martina Navratilova was named WTT Female Most Valuable Player and led the Lobsters to the Eastern Division Championship with 33 wins and 11 losses, the best regular-season record in the league. It was the team's second consecutive first-place finish. The Lobsters defeated the New Orleans Nets in the WTT Quarterfinals and the Seattle Cascades in the WTT Semifinals setting up a best-of-five WTT Finals against the Los Angeles Strings.

The Strings took the first two matches of the finals, 24–21 and 30–20, in Boston before the Lobsters won the third match, 27–26, in a super tiebreaker on the road. Martina Navratilova started the finals on the sidelines with a shoulder injury. Ultimately, she needed surgery to have calcium deposits removed from her shoulder. Anne Smith replaced her playing singles for the Lobsters in the first two matches. Navratilova returned in the third match and contributed a women's singles set win against Chris Evert, 7–5. Smith and Tony Roche teamed for a 6–2 mixed doubles set win in the final set that erased the Strings' 24–20 lead and sent the match to the super tiebreaker. After falling behind, 5–4, Smith and Roche won three straight points to take the super tiebreaker, 7–5. In the tightly contested fourth match at The Forum in Inglewood, California, Ilie Năstase and Evert of the Strings both won sets in tiebreakers against Roche and Navratilova in men's and women's singles, respectively. The Lobsters opened the match with a men's doubles set win by Roy Emerson and Dale Collings, 6–4, over brothers Vijay and Ashok Amritraj. After the men's singles, Smith and Roche took the mixed doubles set, 6–4, over Ann Kiyomura and Năstase to give the Lobsters an 18–15 lead. Following the women's singles, the Lobsters took a 24–22 lead to the final set. But Evert and Kiyomura dominated Navratilova and Smith, 6–1, in women's doubles to give the Strings a 28–25 victory and the WTT Championship.

On October 27, 1978, Robert Kraft announced that the Lobsters were folding. The WTT suspended operations in March 1979, and no 1979 season was played.

Season-by-season records
The following table shows regular season records, playoff results and titles won by the Boston Lobsters franchise since its founding in 1974, including its inaugural season as the Philadelphia Freedoms.

Home courts
The following table shows home courts used by the Boston Lobsters franchise since its founding in 1974, including its inaugural season as the Philadelphia Freedoms.

Individual honors
The following table shows individual honors bestowed upon players and coaches of the Boston Lobsters franchise since its founding in 1974, including its inaugural season as the Philadelphia Freedoms.

Hall of Fame players
The following players who are enshrined in the International Tennis Hall of Fame played for the Boston Lobsters franchise since its founding in 1974, including its inaugural season as the Philadelphia Freedoms:
 Roy Emerson
 Billie Jean King
 Martina Navratilova
 Tony Roche
 Fred Stolle

Final roster
The Boston Lobsters' roster for their final season in 1978 was
 Roy Emerson, Player-Coach
 Dale Collings
 Mike Estep
 Terry Ann Holladay
 Una Keyes
 Martina Navratilova
 Tony Roche
 Anne Smith
 Greer Stevens

See also

 World TeamTennis
 Philadelphia Freedoms (1974)
 Boston Lobsters (1974)
 Boston Lobsters

References

External links
 Official World TeamTennis Website

1973 establishments in Massachusetts
1978 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Defunct World TeamTennis teams
Defunct sports clubs and teams in Massachusetts
Lobsters
Sports clubs and teams established in 1973
Sports clubs and teams established in 1978
Tennis in Massachusetts


title: Elaine Cameron-Weir

text:
Elaine Cameron-Weir (born 1985 in Alberta, Canada) is a contemporary visual artist known for her sculptures and installations. She currently lives and works in New York City.

Early life
Elaine Cameron-Weir was born in Alberta, Canada in 1985.

Cameron-Weir received an BFA in Drawing from Alberta College of Art and Design in 2007. She received an MFA in Studio Art from New York University in 2010.

Career
Cameron-Weir has exhibited internationally at institutions such as the New Museum in New York, the Dortmunder Kunstverein in Dortmund, Germany, and the Storm King Art Center in Mountainville, New York.

Public collections

 Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, ON, CA
 Hammer Museum, Los Angeles, CA
 Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA
 Remai Modern, Saskatoon, SK, CA
 The Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN
 Benton Museum of Art at Pomona College, Claremont, CA

References

1985 births
Living people
21st-century Canadian women artists
Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development alumni
Alberta University of the Arts alumni


title: Einstein problem

text:
In plane geometry, the einstein problem asks about the existence of a single prototile that by itself forms an aperiodic set of prototiles; that is, a shape that can tessellate space but only in a nonperiodic way. Such a shape is called an einstein, a word play on ein Stein, German for "one stone". Several variants of the problem, depending on the particular definitions of nonperiodicity and the specifications of what sets may qualify as tiles and what types of matching rules are permitted, were solved beginning in the 1990s. The strictest version of the problem was solved in 2023 (the initial discovery was in November 2022, with a preprint published in March 2023), pending peer review. The einstein problem can be seen as a natural extension of the second part of Hilbert's eighteenth problem, which asks for a single polyhedron that tiles Euclidean 3-space, but such that no tessellation by this polyhedron is isohedral. Such anisohedral tiles were found by Karl Reinhardt in 1928, but these anisohedral tiles all tile space periodically.

Proposed solutions
In 1988, Peter Schmitt discovered a single aperiodic prototile in three-dimensional Euclidean space. While no tiling by this prototile admits a translation as a symmetry, some have a screw symmetry. The screw operation involves a combination of a translation and a rotation through an irrational multiple of π, so no number of repeated operations ever yield a pure translation. This construction was subsequently extended by John Horton Conway and Ludwig Danzer to a convex aperiodic prototile, the Schmitt–Conway–Danzer tile. The presence of the screw symmetry resulted in a reevaluation of the requirements for non-periodicity. Chaim Goodman-Strauss suggested that a tiling be considered strongly aperiodic if it admits no infinite cyclic group of Euclidean motions as symmetries, and that only tile sets which enforce strong aperiodicity be called strongly aperiodic, while other sets are to be called weakly aperiodic.

In 1996, Petra Gummelt constructed a decorated decagonal tile and showed that when two kinds of overlaps between pairs of tiles are allowed, the tiles can cover the plane, but only non-periodically. A tiling is usually understood to be a covering with no overlaps, and so the Gummelt tile is not considered an aperiodic prototile. An aperiodic tile set in the Euclidean plane that consists of just one tile–the Socolar–Taylor tile–was proposed in early 2010 by Joshua Socolar and Joan Taylor. This construction requires matching rules, rules that restrict the relative orientation of two tiles and that make reference to decorations drawn on the tiles, and these rules apply to pairs of nonadjacent tiles. Alternatively, an undecorated tile with no matching rules may be constructed, but the tile is not connected. The construction can be extended to a three-dimensional,  connected tile with no matching rules, but this tile allows tilings that are periodic in one direction, and so it is only weakly aperiodic. Moreover, the tile is not simply connected.

In November 2022, hobbyist David Smith discovered a "hat"-shaped tile formed from eight copies of a 60°–90°–120°–90° kite, glued edge-to-edge, which seemed to only tile the plane aperiodically. Smith recruited help from mathematicians Craig S. Kaplan, Joseph Samuel Myers, and Chaim Goodman-Strauss, and in March 2023 the group posted a preprint proving that the hat, when considered with its mirror image, forms an aperiodic prototile set. Furthermore, the hat can be generalized to an infinite family of tiles with the same aperiodic property. Their proof awaits peer-review and formal publication.

In May 2023 the same team (Smith, Myers, Kaplan, and Goodman-Strauss) posted a new preprint about a family of shapes, called "spectres" and related to the "hat", each of which can tile the plane using only rotations and translations. Furthermore, the "spectre" tile is a "strictly chiral" aperiodic monotile: even if reflections are allowed, every tiling is non-periodic and uses only one chirality of the spectre. That is, there are no tilings of the plane that use both the spectre and its mirror image.

See also
 Binary tiling, a weakly aperiodic tiling of the hyperbolic plane with a single tile
 Schmitt–Conway–Danzer tile, in three dimensions

References

External links
 An aperiodic monotile by Smith, Myers, Kaplan, and Goodman-Strauss
 Haran, Brady; MacDonald, Ayliean (2023). "A New Tile in Newtyle" (video). Numberphile.

Aperiodic tilings


title: Empty Saddles (in the Old Corral)

text:
"Empty Saddles (in the Old Corral)" is a classic American cowboy song written by Billy Hill. Hill based the song on a poem by J. Keirn Brennan grieving for lost companions.
The song became widely known to the public in July 1936, when Bing Crosby sang it with deep emotion in the Paramount musical Rhythm on the Range, and his Decca recording of it, made on July 14, 1936, with Victor Young and His Orchestra,  reached the Top 10 that September.

Crosby's recording of this and other "country" songs gave them a legitimacy by showing that they could appeal to pop sophisticates as well as rural audiences. He performed them with integrity and did not "look down his nose" at the music.

"Empty Saddles" was later recorded by many artists, including the Sons of the Pioneers, Johnny Bond, and Sons of the San Joaquin. Particularly notable recordings were by Roy Rogers (1947), Burl Ives (1961), Dean Martin (1966), and Jimmie Rodgers (1983).

Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.

References

External links
 "Empty Saddles" by Bing Crosby
 "Empty Saddles" by the Sons of the Pioneers

1936 songs
Decca Records singles
Songs written by Billy Hill (songwriter)


title: School of Chemistry, UNAM

text:
The School of Chemistry is one of the 27 academic institutions that are part of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). The School carries out research activities in the fields of biochemistry, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, food chemistry, biotechnology, metallurgy, chemical engineering, pharmacy, inorganic chemistry, nuclear chemistry, theoretical chemistry and theoretical physics. The School is organized into 12 scientific departments and 4 units.

The School of chemistry also offers six 4.5-year undergraduate degrees:
Chemical engineering
Metallurgical chemical engineering
Chemistry
Pharmaceutical Biological Chemistry
Food chemistry
Chemistry and engineering in materials

Most of the School's buildings are located in the main campus of UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria (University City, south Mexico City), while two more external campuses are also part of the School, the External Complex of Tacuba (Conjunto Externo de Tacuba), in Tacuba, west Mexico City, and the Sisal Foreign Station (Estación Foránea de Sisal), in Sisal, Mérida, Yucatan, south-east Mexico.

The institution also offers graduate level studies (Master and Doctorate) in diverse areas:
Chemical Sciences
Biochemical Sciences
Chemical Engineering
Industrial Management
Teaching in Chemical Sciences for High School Education
Material Science and Engineering
Marine Sciences and Limnology
Clinical Biochemistry
In addition, the School offers several Lifelong Learning programs as well as a wide range of training certificates.

History

In the early 20th century, the Mexican industry was strongly focused on beer brewing, mining, sugar processing, fabric and textile manufacturing and some pharmaceutical industries. However, the harsh national and international context, derived from the mexican revolution movement and the World War I affected the availability of highly skilled personnel.

Therefore, in January 1913, Juan Salvador Agraz presented an initiative to the mexican president Francisco I. Madero to create the School of Chemistry. On September 23, 1916, the Mexican president Venustiano Carranza promulgated by government-decree the foundation of the National School of Industrial Chemistry (Escuela Nacional de Química Industrial, and later Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Químicas or National School of Chemical Sciences) in the town of Tacuba (north-west to Mexico City). In February 1917, the school was incorporated to the National University of Mexico (currently UNAM). In 1919, the school incorporated the degree of pharmacy to its curricula, which was until then provided by the National School of Medicine. Soon, the school established the Laboratory of Analysis and the Laboratory of Preparative Organic and Inorganic Chemistry. In a similar manner, the school installed an ether production plant and created new buildings for fermentative, sugar and starch processing, tannery chemicals and pharmaceutical industries.  The first course on organic chemistry applied to pharmacy was taught initially by Adolfo P. Castañares, who was, after some years, elected as director of the school.

The degree in chemical engineering was later implemented in 1925 by the pioneering engineer Estanislao Ramírez. He studied in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he learned unit operations from their creator, William H. Walker. Estanislao Ramírez was professor of industrial physics since 1922, and 19 years after creating the degree in chemical engineering in the National University of Mexico, he was also founder of the degree of industrial chemical engineering in the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), in 1944.

In 1965, the National School of Chemical Sciences was awarded the rank of "Faculty", meaning it now had graduate school programs.

Noted faculty and alumni
 Mario J. Molina, Nobel laureate in Chemistry in 1995.
 Luis E. Miramontes, co-inventor of the first oral contraceptives.
 Francisco Gonzalo Bolívar Zapata, Prince of Asturias awardee in 1991, developed molecular biology-based techniques used to produce insulin and somatostatin.
 Jesús Romo Armería, National Prize for Arts and Sciences in 1971, synthetic chemist who first developed an economical method to synthesize the feminine hormones estradiol and progesterone from dioscoreas.
 Alfonso Romo de Vivar, developed an economical technique to obtain steroids using natural products from vegetal resources such as Yucca filifera.
 Benito Bucay Faradji, professor, financier and mathematician.
 Roberto Medellín, academic, dean of UNAM and director of the IPN in the decade of 1930.

Facilities
The School of Chemistry consists of the following buildings:
 Complexes A, B, C and F, in the main area of Ciudad Universitaria campus.
 Complexes D and E, in the south sector of Ciudad Universitaria.
 External Complex of Tacuba, it is placed where the original building of the National School of Chemical Sciences was first established. It is located in Tacuba, in the borough of San Álvaro, north-west Mexico City.
 Sisal Foreign Station, in Sisal, Mérida, Yucatán (south-east Mexico).

Former Directors
 Juan Salvador Agraz (1916–1918)
 Adolfo P. Castañares (1918–1919)
 Francisco Lisci (1919–1920), (1933–1934)
 Roberto Medellín (1920–1921), (1929–1931)
 Julián Sierra (1921–1924)
 Ricardo Caturegli Fontes (1924–1927), (1944 interino)
 Juan Manuel Noriega (1927–1929)
 Rafael Illiescas Fribie (1931–1933), (1947–1956)
 Fernando Orozco Díaz (1934–1941)
 Manuel Dondé Gorozpe (1941–1944)
 Eugenio Álvarez (1944–1947)
 Francisco Díaz Lombardo (1956–1964)
 Manuel Madrazo Garamendi (1964–1970)
 José F. Herrán Arellano (1970–1978)
 Armando Xavier Padilla Olivares (1978–1986)
 Francisco José Barnés de Castro (1986–1993)
 Andoni Garritz Ruiz (1993–1997)
 Enrique Bazúa Rueda (1997–2001)
 Santiago Capella Vizcaíno (2001–2005)
 Eduardo Bárzana García (2005–2011)
 Jorge Manuel Vázquez Ramos (2011–2019)

Emeriti Professors
 Manuel Dondé Gorozpe †
 Fernando Orozco Díaz †
 Rafael Illescas Frisbie †
 Humberto Estrada Ocampo †
 Alberto Urbina del Raso †
 José Giral †
 José Francisco Herrán Arellano †
 Fernando González Vargas †
 Francisco Giral González †
 César Rincón Orta
 Raúl Cetina Rosado †
 Francisco Javier Garfias y Ayala
 Armando Xavier Padilla Olivares †
 Jesús Guzmán García †
 José Luis Mateos Gómez
 Estela Sánchez Quintanar
 Ángela Sotelo López †
 Rodolfo de Santiago Palomares Díaz Ceballos †

Photo gallery

References

National Autonomous University of Mexico


title: Itokazu Castle

text:
is a Ryukyuan gusuku in Nanjō, Okinawa. It was built with Ryūkyūan limestone in the mid-14th century. It is now in ruins.

History
The castle was built in the Gusuku Period of Ryukyuan history. It was the home of the Aji of Tamagusuku Magiri. After Nanzan was conquered in 1429 by Shō Hashi, it came under the control of the Ryukyu Kingdom.

References

External links

 Itokazu Gusuku
 Itokazu Castle Remains by the Okinawa Film Office
 Itokazu Castle Ruins and Neishi Gusuku by Nanjo City
 Local Music Group, Okinawa Soundscape performing at Itokazu Castle

Castles in Okinawa Prefecture


title: Art Brandau

text:
Arthur Albert Brandau (June 23, 1922 – January 8, 2001) was an American football lineman who played two seasons with the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the tenth round of the 1945 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Tennessee and attended Baltimore City College in Baltimore, Maryland.

References

External links
 Just Sports Stats

1922 births
2001 deaths
American football centers
American football guards
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Third Air Force Gremlins football players
Players of American football from Baltimore
Baltimore City College alumni


title: Betty Davy

text:
Betty Davy (September 1919 – September 2010) was an Australian teacher who is credited with playing a "pivotal role" in the introduction of the NSW Senior's Card.

Biography
Davy, whose mother was a teacher at Sydney Technical College, was born in September 1919. She grew up in Strathfield, New South Wales, and attended Meriden School. She studied English and History at the University of Sydney, and gained an educational degree from Sydney Teachers College. She taught at various schools until she got married, and in the late 1960s returned to teaching.

Davy was associated with the Liberal Party since the 1940s, and was secretary of the party's Women's Council in the 1980s. With Betty Combe and Betty Grant, she was praised for her "tireless and uncompromising work". Through the Council she was able to propose a Senior's Card for New South Wales residents, which was introduced in 1992, and is cited as "among the enduring achievements of the Greiner-Fahey Government". She was awarded a medal of the Order of Australia for her community service.

References

1919 births
2010 deaths
Australian educators
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
University of Sydney alumni


title: Tanyka Renee

text:
Tanyka Renee (born January 18, 1986) is an American health and fitness journalist, author, Playboy model, former pro-athlete, and holistic nutritionist.

Career
Renee has appeared on television, in magazines and in videos. Her credits include Playboy, Rachael Ray, Fox News and JET.

Renee is the founding owner of D2B Holistic, a company producing a line of organic natural products. Rennee is also the owner of SuddenlyAmazingYou.com and creator of The Suddenly Slim Waist System.

In between modeling assignments, Renee was an active and talented participant in sports such as basketball, soccer, softball, and track and field. Renee played with the LFL as defensive and offensive lineman for the NY Majesty and The Philadelphia Passion. She was a featured cast member on MTV's Lingerie Football. Complex Magazine named Renee #3 of the 10 Hottest Women of the 2011 Lingerie Football League Finals. In 2012, the Bleacher Report named Renee one of the 50 Prettiest Faces in Sports.

Renee currently serves as the Deputy Editor for Bombshell by Bleu. In the past, she was a contributing writer for Heart and Soul and Jones Magazine. Her first book, "The Complete Guide to a Sexier Backside," was published in early 2015.

References

External links

 Philadelphia Daily News Dan Gross: Tanyka Renee: Her Passion is football
 Philadelphia Metro Passion, LFL heating up newsstands this month
 http://www.philly.com/philly/sports/blogs/Playoffs_and_Playboy_for_Passions_Renee.html
 Complex Magazine
 NY Post
 BDB Article
 XXL Magazine Article
 PYNK Magazine Article
 Rachael Ray Article

1986 births
Living people
People from New Britain, Connecticut
African-American female models
American women bloggers
American bloggers
Female travelers
21st-century African-American women writers
21st-century American women writers
21st-century African-American writers
21st-century American journalists


title: List of accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-24

text:
The Antonov An-24 has suffered 159 accidents with a total of 2,134 fatalities.

1960s

29 July 1962 An An-24 (CCCP-46708) still owned by Antonov crashed at Ternopil Airport during a test flight while simulating a right-engine failure; all eight crew on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

20 March 1965 An Aeroflot An-24 (CCCP-46764) landed short of the runway at Khanty-Mansiysk Airport, struck a snow drift and broke up, killing 43 of 47 on board. The cause of the crash was not determined, but pilot error was blamed.

2 February 1966 A United Arab Airlines An-24 (SU-AOB) crashed at Luxor, Egypt during a test flight.

18 March 1966 United Arab Airlines Flight 749 crashed while attempting to land at Cairo International Airport. All 30 passengers and crew on board were killed.

29 August 1966 A Cubana An-24 (CU-T875) was written off at Camaguey Airport.

30 September 1966 United Arab Airlines Flight 322 (an An-24B, SU-AOM) struck a camel while taking off from Luxor International Airport, damaging the right side landing gear. The aircraft was able to make a wheels-up landing at Cairo with no casualties to the 43 on board.

7 February 1967 A United Arab Airlines An-24 was hijacked by one person and flown to Amman, Jordan.

30 December 1967 Aeroflot Flight L-51, an An-24B (CCCP-46215), crashed near Liepāja Airport after the crew put the left engine into reverse thrust in an attempt to slow the aircraft down for landing, killing 44 of 51 on board. The crash remains the deadliest air disaster in Latvia.

31 December 1967 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46201) crashed short of the runway at Voronezh Airport.

6 January 1968 Aeroflot Flight 1668, an An-24B (CCCP-47733), broke apart in mid-air and crashed 58 mi from Olekminsk, Russia, killing all 45 on board; the aircraft may have been shot down by a stray missile although a cause was never definitively identified.

18 August 1968 A United Arab Airlines An-24B (SU-AOL) crashed in the Mediterranean Sea  off Cyprus, killing all 40 passengers and crew on board.

6 October 1968 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46552) force-landed near Maryy, Turkmenistan after an engine failed at .

24 January 1969 LOT Polish Airlines Flight 149 (SP-LTE) from Warsaw to Wrocław (Poland) with 48 passengers and crew on board crashed shortly before landing at the Wrocław Strachowice Airport due to crew error. There were no casualties although the aircraft was written off.

24 March 1969 Aeroflot Flight 2305, an An-24 (CCCP-46751), crashed on climbout from Alma-Ata Airport after the right side engine lost power, killing four of 31 on board.

2 April 1969 LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 crashed into Polica, a mountain near Zawoja after the pilots became disorientated in a snowstorm, killing all 53 on board.

3 August 1969 Aeroflot Flight H-826, an An-24B (CCCP-46248), crashed at Preobrazhenka, Ukraine after a propeller blade separated and punctured the fuselage, severing the controls for the elevator and ailerons. The crew lost control of the aircraft and the aircraft crashed, killing all 55 on board.

18 August 1969 A Misrair An-24 was hijacked by six people and flown to El Wagah, Egypt.

13 October 1969 Aeroflot Flight 227, an An-24B (CCCP-47772), crashed short of the runway at Nizhnevartovsk Airport after a propeller was inadvertently feathered, killing 24 of 56 on board.

19 October 1969 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTK) was hijacked by two people and flown to Tegel Airport.

20 November 1969 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTB) was hijacked by two people and flown to Vienna, Austria.

1970s

1970 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46241) caught fire and burned out during refueling at Saratov Airport; the accident also could have happened in 1971, when the aircraft was cancelled from the Soviet register.

28 January 1970 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-47701) struck a mountain 25 mi from Batagay, Russia after the crew began descending too soon, killing all 34 passengers and crew on board.

30 January 1970 A United Arab Airlines An-24B (SU-AOK) crashed on landing at Luxor Airport after the undercarriage collapsed.

4 February 1970 TAROM Flight 35, an An-24B (YR-AMT), crashed in the Vladeasa mountains in poor visibility, killing 20 of 21 on board. The aircraft was leased from the Romanian government.

14 March 1970 A United Arab Airlines An-24B (SU-AOC) made a wheels-up landing at Cairo International Airport following an engine explosion; all 15 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off. The explosion was caused by a bomb that been placed in the left engine.

1 April 1970 Aeroflot Flight 1661, an An-24B (CCCP-47751), collided in mid-air with a weather balloon and crashed near Togushina, Novosibirsk region, Russia, killing all 45 passengers and crew on board.

5 June 1970 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24 was hijacked by one person who demanded political asylum and diverted to Copenhagen, Denmark.

19 July 1970 A United Arab Airlines An-24B (SU-ANZ) crashed at Cairo due to pilot error while on a training flight, killing the three crew.

7 August 1970 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24 was hijacked by one person who demanded to be taken to Germany and diverted to East Berlin.

26 August 1970 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24 was hijacked by three people who demanded to be taken to Austria.

16 September 1970 A person, armed with a dagger and gun, attempted to hijack a United Arab Airlines An-24 and demanded to be taken to Saudi Arabia; the hijacker was overpowered by the on-board security guard.

15 October 1970 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46256) was hijacked by two people who demanded to be taken to Turkey and diverted to Trabzon Airport. One person died.

31 March 1971 An Aeroflot An-24 (CCCP-46747) crashed near Moscow during a training flight.

1 June 1971 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-47729) crashed on Bogodorsk Island during a training flight. The aircraft was flying with one engine shut down when the flight engineer shut down the other engine by mistake.

12 November 1971 Aeroflot Flight N-63, an An-24B (CCCP-46809), stalled and crashed short of the runway at Vinnitsa Airport during a go-around, killing all 48 passengers and crew on board.

13 November 1971 Aeroflot Flight 639, an An-24B (CCCP-46378) struck a cable and crashed while on approach to Kerch Airport, killing six of 11 on board.

15 November 1971 A Tarom An-24RV (YR-AMA) crashed at Otopeni International Airport during an ILS approach; all 22 passengers and crew on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

1 December 1971 Aeroflot Flight 2174, an An-24B (CCCP-46788), lost control and crashed near Saratov Airport due to icing, killing all 57 passengers and crew on board.

22 February 1972 Aeroflot Flight 25, an An-24 (CCCP-46732), lost control and crashed near Lipetsk Airport after the pilot applied reverse thrust by mistake; there were no casualties but the aircraft was written off.

27 February 1972 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46418) lost control and crashed while on approach to Mineralnye Vody Airport after the pilot applied reverse thrust by mistake; there were no casualties but the aircraft was written off.

16 May 1972 Soviet Navy An-24T 05 was returning to Khrabovo Airport following a weather research flight when it struck trees and crashed at Svetlogorsk, Russia, killing all eight on board and 25 on the ground. The altimeter had been set incorrectly, showing the aircraft at a higher altitude than it actually was.

4 November 1972 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46202) was on a positioning flight when it struck trees and crashed near Vostochny Airport in snow; all three crew survived, but the aircraft was written off.

21 January 1973 Aeroflot Flight 6263, an An-24B (CCCP-46276), lost control and crashed near Petukhovo, Russia, killing all 39 passengers and crew on board; the aircraft may have been shot down by a missile. Four passengers initially survived the crash, but died in the below-zero temperatures before rescue parties reached the crash site.

28 February 1973 Polish Air Force An-24B 012 crashed near Goleniow Airport, Szczecin due to wing icing. All 18 people on board were killed (including ministers of the interior of Poland and Czechoslovakia).

30 April 1973 A South Yemen Air Force aircraft, probably an An-24, crashed in Yemen, killing all 25 on board. The aircraft type has not been confirmed, with possible types being an An-24, An-12, or a Yemenia Douglas DC-3.

14 May 1973 Cubana Flight 707, an An-24V (CU-T876), crashed on landing at Jose Marti International Airport in bad weather due to possible pilot errors, killing three.

18 August 1973 Aeroflot Flight A-13, an An-24B (CCCP-46435), struck a cable on an oil rig at Neftyanyye Kamni oilfield ( east of Baku) and crashed while attempting to return to Bina International Airport following an uncontained engine failure, killing 56 of 64 on board.

17 September 1973 A MIAT Mongolian Airlines An-24B (BNMAU-4206) struck a mountain during descent in Hovd Province, Mongolia.

6 January 1974 Aeroflot Flight N-75, an An-24B (CCCP-46357), lost control and crashed at Mukachevo, Ukraine due to icing, killing all 24 on board.

25 January 1974 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46277) was being flown out of Rostov following maintenance when it crashed after takeoff from Rostov Airport due to artificial horizon failure, killing the four crew.

8 March 1974 A Pathet Lao Airlines An-24 (possibly XW-TCA) crashed near Hanoi, killing all 18 on board.

6 July 1974 A Soviet Air Force An-24T lost control and crashed near Sinitsyno, Saratov Oblast after suffering a bird strike on final approach; killing the five crew.

29 December 1974 A TAROM An-24RV (YR-AMD) operating on a domestic scheduled flight from Bucharest to Sibiu struck the side of the Mountains (Muntii) Lotrului (22 km south of Sibiu) at  after the aircraft drifted off course due to crew error, killing all 33 on board.

14 April 1975 Bulgarian Air Force An-24 035 crashed near Sofia, Bulgaria.

25 April 1975 An Aeroflot An-24RV (CCCP-46476) crashed short of the runway at Poltava Airport after the pilot descended into ground fog; all 11 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

28 June 1975 A Balkan Bulgarian Airlines An-24 was hijacked by one person and diverted to Greece.

17 November 1975 Aeroflot Flight 6274, an An-24RV (CCCP-46467), struck Mount Apshara due to crew disorientation, killing all 38 on board.

20 November 1975 Aeroflot Flight 7950, an An-24B (CCCP-46349), struck a hill 11 mi from Kharkov Airport due to an incorrectly programmed altimeter caused by an ATC error, killing 19 of 50 on board.

22 November 1975 A Balkan Bulgarian Airlines An-24B (LZ-ANA) crashed on takeoff from Vrazhdebna Airport due to icing, killing three of 45 on board.

13 January 1976 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-47280) crashed short of the runway at Smolnoye Airport after the crew descended too soon; all 44 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

21 January 1976 A CAAC An-24 (B-492) crashed on approach to Huanghua Airport, killing all 40 on board.

9 February 1976 A Tarom An-24RV (YR-AMC) crashed short of the runway at Bacau Airport due to fog, collapsing the nosegear; all 24 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

10 March 1976 An Aeroflot An-24RV (CCCP-46613) landed hard at Saratov Airport after the crew descended too soon; all 57 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

18 March 1976 A Cubana An-24B (CU-T879) collided in mid-air with a Cubana DC-8 (CU-T1200) near Havana; the An-24 crashed, killing the five crew; the DC-8 landed safely.

15 May 1976 Aeroflot Flight 1802, an An-24RV (CCCP-46534), crashed near Chernigov due to loss of control caused by an unexplained rudder deflection, killing all 52 on board.

13 August 1976 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-47734) landed hard at Guryev Airport after the crew deviated from the glide path; all 43 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

9 September 1976 Aeroflot Flight 7957, an An-24RV (CCCP-46518), collided in mid-air with an Aeroflot Yakovlev Yak-40 operating as Flight 31 over the Black Sea off Anapa due to ATC and crew errors, killing all 64 on board both aircraft.

17 December 1976 Aeroflot Flight N-36, an An-24 (CCCP-46722), crashed short of the runway at Zhulyany Airport due to poor visibility, killing 48 of 55 on board.

19 April 1977 A Soviet Air Force An-24 crashed in poor visibility at Moe, Estonia after a wing struck a chimney of a spirit factory, killing all 21 on board. The aircraft was carrying Sukhoi Su-9 pilots from the PVO fighter regiment at Tapa.

26 May 1977 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46806) was hijacked by one person and diverted to Sweden.

18 June 1977 A Balkan Bulgarian Airlines An-24 from Vidin Airport to Sofia was hijacked shortly after takeoff by one person requesting the plane land in London subsequently Munich, it was forced to land in Belgrade (Serbia, Yugoslavia), where the hijacker was neutralized by the authorities.

8 July 1977 An Aeroflot An-24RV (CCCP-46847) crashed in the Black Sea after takeoff from Sukhumi Airport due to possible pilot distraction, killing six of seven crew.

18 October 1977 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTH) was hijacked by people who demanded to be taken to Austria.

9 December 1977 Aeroflot Flight 134, an An-24RV (CCCP-47695), crashed and burned after takeoff from Tarko-Sale Airport due to a loss of control, killing 17 of 23 on board.

19 April 1978 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTN) crashed near Rzeszów during a training flight.

28 August 1978 A Romanian Government An-24V (YR-AMV) burned out after landing at Kogalniceanu Airport after a fire started in the cockpit; all six crew jumped from the aircraft and survived.

23 October 1978 Aeroflot Flight 6515, an An-24B (CCCP-46327) crashed in the Gulf of Sivash off Emelyanovka, Ukraine due to loss of control caused by icing and double engine failure, killing all 26 on board.

10 November 1978 A passenger attempted to hijack an Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46789) to Turkey. The hijacker injured the flight engineer and fired at the armored cockpit door, but a round ricocheted off the door and hit the hijacker, killing him. The aircraft landed safely at Makhachkala, but was written off three months later in February 1979, apparently suffering some damage in the incident.

17 November 1978 A Romanian Air Force An-24V (YR-AMP) crashed at Arad Airport due to possible icing, killing the five crew.

19 December 1978 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46299) crashed near Samarkand Airport due to a loss of control while on a training flight, killing the five crew.

1978 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46350) force-landed near Budyonnovsk, Rostov Oblast, Russia after both engines failed at  due to icing; all on board survived. The accident occurred in 1977 or 1978 but before November 9, 1978.

15 January 1979 Aeroflot Flight 7502, an An-24B (CCCP-46807), crashed near Minsk-1 International Airport due to tail icing caused by pilot error, killing 13 of 14 on board.

1 May 1979 A MIAT Mongolian Airlines An-24B (BNMAU-1202) ran off the runway while landing at Erdenet Airport.

3 September 1979 Aeroflot Flight A-513, an An-24B (CCCP-46269) crashed near Amderma Airport due to crew error, killing 40 of 43 on board.

1980s

20 March 1980 A CAAC Airlines An-24RV (B-484) crashed and burned near Changsha Airport, killing all 26 on board.

31 March 1980 An Air Guinee An-24B (3X-GAU) overran the runway on landing at Conakry Airport; all 35 on board survived. The aircraft was probably written off.

14 April 1980 Aeroflot Flight 151, an An-24B (CCCP-47732) with 53 on board, crashed during an emergency landing at Krasnoyarsk Airport after the right main landing gear was damaged on takeoff; after touchdown, the landing gear broke off and the right wing was damaged, causing a fuel leak and fire. Two passengers left the aircraft on the right side and suffered burns; both passengers died later in a hospital.

18 April 1980 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46220) crashed on takeoff from Bykovo Airport due to crew error; all 47 on board survived, but the aircraft burned out and was written off. The crew had not selected flaps for takeoff.

24 September 1980 An Iraqi Airways An-24TV (YI-AEM) was probably written off while parked at Kirkuk Airport during the Iran–Iraq War. Heavy fighting had been reported in the area at the time.

4 December 1980 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTB) was hijacked by one person and flown to Tegel Airport.

10 January 1981 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTB) was hijacked a second time by four people who demanded to be taken to "the West"; the aircraft was stormed and hijackers arrested.

8 March 1981 An Antonov Design Bureau An-24 (CCCP-46280) struck trees and crashed at Kursk after descending below the glide scope; the aircraft burned out.

26 March 1981 LOT Polish Airlines Flight 691, an An-24B (SP-LTU) from Warsaw to Słupsk with 52 passengers and crew on board, struck a tree and crashed 2 km from Redzikowo Airport while on approach due to a misread altimeter and/or improper operation of the altimeter by the crew. One passenger was killed, 4 or 5 persons were seriously injured.

21 July 1981 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTI) was hijacked by one person and diverted to West Germany.

5 August 1981 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTI) was hijacked a second time by one person; the aircraft was stormed and the hijacker arrested after landing at Gdansk.

11 August 1981 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24 (SP-LTT) operating a flight from Katowice to Gdańsk was hijacked, and one hijacker demanded to be taken to West Germany. The aircraft was stormed and hijacker arrested with duration of the hijacking less than 1 day. The same registered plane was used in Polish film series "07 zgłoś się", as a hijacked plane.

22 August 1981 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTC) was hijacked by one person and diverted to West Germany.

24 August 1981 Aeroflot Flight 811, an An-24RV (CCCP-46653), collided in mid-air with Soviet Air Force Tu-16K 07514 over the Zavitinsky District, Russia, killing 31 of 32 on board the An-24 and all six on board the Tu-16.

18 September 1981 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTG) was hijacked by 12 people and diverted to West Germany. A Soviet Mi-8 helicopter attempted, but failed, to prevent the An-24 from landing.

22 September 1981 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTK) was hijacked by four people who demanded to be taken to West Germany; the aircraft was stormed and hijackers arrested.

29 September 1981 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTP) was hijacked by one person who demanded to be taken to West Germany; the aircraft was stormed and the hijacker arrested.

25 January 1982 A TAROM An-24RV (YR-BMD) crashed near Constanta Airport after the number one propeller feathered due to a feathering system malfunction during a training flight, killing all seven crew.

22 April 1982 An Iraqi Airways An-24B (YI-AEO) crashed in Iraq after the wing struck the ground while on final approach to an airfield.

30 April 1982 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTG) was hijacked a second time by eight hijackers. The hijackers overpowered the six security personnel (two were injured) on board and flew to West Berlin. Upon landing the hijackers were taken into custody by American authorities who then turned them over to West Berlin authorities; the hijackers requested political asylum. Twenty-eight passengers remained in West Berlin, while the aircraft, its crew and remaining passengers returned to Poland. The hijackers were given two to four years in prison for endangering air traffic.

12 May 1982 Soviet Air Force An-24T 11 stalled and crashed near Petrovsk Air Base during a training flight, killing the five crew; the aircraft was simulating a number one engine failure when the aircraft descended below the glide scope and lost airspeed, causing the aircraft to stall and crash near the runway as the aircraft was too low to recover.

28 August 1982 An Iraqi Airways An-24RV (YI-ALN) crashed on takeoff from Nasiriyah Airport due to landing gear failure.

7 November 1982 An Aeroflot An-24 was hijacked by three passengers and diverted to Turkey; three on board were injured by the hijackers. The aircraft landed at Sinop and the injured were released. The hijackers requested political asylum after surrendering to Turkish authorities.

22 November 1982 A LOT Polish Airlines An-24B (SP-LTK) was hijacked a second time by a security guard and diverted to West Berlin. The hijacker jumped off the plane shortly after landing; the other security guards opened fire on the hijacker, hitting him in the right foot; he was then taken into custody by U.S. officials and turned over to West German authorities. Four passengers requested political asylum in West Berlin.

16 December 1982 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46567) belly-landed in a field at Sakhansky, Shyriaieve Raion, Ukraine due to smoke in the cockpit caused by an electrical fire; all on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

7 March 1983 A Balkan Bulgarian Airlines An-24B (LZ-AND) was hijacked by four knife-wielding hijackers who demanded to be taken to Turkey, however the pilot tricked the hijackers by circling over the Black Sea and landing at the partially-lit Varna Airport. Security personnel killed one hijacker who threatened a stewardess and arrested the three remaining hijackers.

25 June 1983 A MIAT Mongolian Airlines An-24RV (BNMAU-8401) lost control and crashed on landing at Buyant Ulaa Airport following engine problems; all 47 on board survived.

24 December 1983 Aeroflot Flight 601, an An-24RV (CCCP-46617) crashed at Leshukonskoye Airport while attempting a go-around following a stall caused by pilot error, killing 44 of 49 on board.

28 January 1984 Aeroflot Flight 923, an An-24RV (CCCP-47310) crashed on approach to Izhevsk Airport due to an elevator control failure caused by improper maintenance, killing four of 53 on board.

18 January 1985 CAAC Flight 5109, an An-24B (B-434), stalled and crashed near Jinan Airport while attempting a missed approach, killing 38 of 41 on board.

22 February 1985 An Air Mali An-24B (TZ-ACT) crashed near Tombouctou Airport while attempting to return to the airport following an engine failure, killing 51 of 52 on board.

April 1985 A MIAT Mongolian Airlines An-24RV (BNMAU-10207) was reported to have crashed while descending to an airport in Khövsgöl Province, Mongolia; the wreckage was reportedly seen at Ulan Bator Airport in 1995.

19 December 1985 Aeroflot Flight 101/435, an An-24, was hijacked by the co-pilot who demanded that the pilot change course. The aircraft ran out of fuel and landed in a pasture near Gannan, China; the hijacker was arrested by Chinese authorities and the 43 people on board were returned to the Soviet Union; the aircraft was flown back to the Soviet Union in January 1986.

2 March 1986 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46423) stalled and crashed near Bugulma Airport after a propeller feathered due to electrical failure, killing all 38 on board.

5 September 1986 A TAROM An-24RV (YR-AMF) crashed on landing at Cluj Airport after landing with the nose gear up, killing three of five crew; all 50 passengers survived.

15 December 1986 A CAAC An-24RV (B-3413) crashed at Zhongchuan Airport while attempting to return to the airport after an engine failed in icing conditions, killing six of 44 on board.

23 January 1987 A MIAT Mongolian Airlines An-24RV (BNMAU-7710) crashed on landing at Buyant Ulaa Airport.

11 March 1987 Three passengers attempted to hijack Cubana Flight 706 (an An-24RV, CU-T1262) shortly before takeoff from Havana. The hijackers, armed with hand grenades, demanded to be taken to the United States. Passengers struggled with the hijackers, during which one of the grenades exploded, injuring 13 people. One hijacker was killed by a policeman on board while the other two hijackers were arrested.

8 July 1988 An Aeroflot An-24RV (CCCP-46669) collided with buildings after overrunning the runway on takeoff from Khabarovsk Novy Airport.

2 November 1988 LOT Polish Airlines Flight 703 force-landed in a field near Rzeszów after both engines failed due to icing, killing one passenger. The other 24 passengers and four crew on board the aircraft survived, though most of them received serious injuries. In the wake of this accident, LOT removed all An-24 aircraft from service and replaced them with the ATR 42 and ATR 72.

21 January 1989 An Aeroflot An-24 was taxiing at Ivano-Frankovsk Airport when a passenger, armed with a lit torch, attempted to hijack the aircraft and demanded that the crew fly abroad. The hijacker's torch started a fire that burned the pilot and two passengers, but the crew was able to subdue the hijacker.

31 January 1989 A Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Air Force An-24, possibly on a bombing run, was shot down by a Pakistani F-16B near Bannu, Pakistan.

15 August 1989 China Eastern Airlines Flight 5510, an An-24RV (B-3417), crashed on takeoff from Hongqiao Airport due to engine failure, killing 34 of 40 on board.

24 August 1989 An An-24 was written off in a criminal act at Kabul, Afghanistan.

4 October 1989 An Aeroflot An-24RV (CCCP-46525) came in too high and too fast while approaching Stepnogorsk Airport and landed late as a result. The aircraft skidded off the runway and struck a concrete pillar, but the aircraft had suffered severe damage as it also had run across some holes in the ground. The pilot decided to taxi back to the apron, but while taxiing back the aircraft suffered more damage, causing the propeller blades to break off. All 52 on board survived.

21 November 1989 Aeroflot Flight 37577, an An-24B (CCCP-46335), struck trees and crashed near Sovetsky Airport, Russia, killing 34 of 42 on board.

28 December 1989 During the Romanian Revolution, a TAROM An-24RV (YR-BMJ) flying from Bucharest to Belgrade, carrying photojournalist Ian Parry, crashed in bad weather near Vişina, Dâmboviţa, Romania while on a flight to pick up humanitarian supplies, killing all seven (six crew members and the passenger) on board. The aircraft was probably shot down by a missile.

1990s

9 January 1990 A Sudanese Air Force aircraft, possibly an An-24, was shot down and crashed at Kajo Kaji, South Sudan.

26 January 1990 A MIAT Mongolian Airlines An-24RV (BNMAU-10208) crashed near Ulaangom Airport at night,  all 41 passengers and crew on board have survived.

22 April 1990 A Lao Aviation An-24RV (RDPL-34008) failed to take off from Luang Namtha Airport and overran the runway; the aircraft struck a building, killing one person on the ground; the three crew on board the aircraft survived.

2 June 1990 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46551) crashed at Kenkiyak, Kazakhstan after landing hard and overrunning the runway; all 33 passengers and crew on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

7 October 1990 A person attempted to hijack an Aeroflot An-24 to Sweden; the hijacker threatened to detonate a bomb if the aircraft was not diverted to Stockholm. The hijacker was overpowered by the crew and passengers and was arrested when the aircraft landed in Kotlas.

14 December 1990 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-47164) crashed at Shakhtersk Airport after landing hard and overrunning the runway; all 43 passengers and crew on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

29 January 1991 An Iraqi Airways An-24V (YI-AEZ) was damaged by bombing at Balad Air Base.

4 March 1991 An Aeroflot An-24 was hijacked by a man who demanded to be flown to Sweden. The hijacker reportedly had an anti-tank grenade and threatened to blow up the aircraft if his demands were not met. The aircraft landed in Leningrad where the hijacker released the 26 passengers but refused to surrender. The grenade exploded, damaging the aircraft and injuring the hijacker, who later died.

23 March 1991 An Aeroflot An-24RV (CCCP-46472) overran the runway at Navoi Airport and struck iron-concrete slabs, killing 34 of 63 on board.

26 September 1991 An AKF Polet An-24 (CCCP-46724) crashed in the Gulf of Finland off Saint Petersburg shortly after takeoff, killing all 10 on board.

26 November 1991 A Tatarstan Airlines An-24RV (CCCP-47823) crashed near Bugulma Airport due to tail icing, killing all 41 (some sources say 42) on board.

22 February 1992 A Trans Amazon An-24RV (OB-1439) overran the runway on landing at Rodriguez Ballon Airport after landing too far down the runway; all 45 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

7 April 1992 An Air Bissau An-24RV (J5-GAE) force-landed near Sarra, Libya after flying into a severe sandstorm, killing three of 13 on board; Yasser Arafat was among the survivors.

28 July 1992 A Balkan Bulgarian Airlines An-24B (LZ-ANN) was written off while parked at Sofia Airport due to damage from a falling crane.

2 September 1992 An Aeroflot An-24B (CCCP-46816) landed on its belly near Guryev Airport due to a loss of speed and icing while attempting a missed approach following engine failure; all 49 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

21 November 1992 A Yugavia An-24B (RA-46306) bounced on landing at Krasnodar Airport, damaging the nose gear and airframe; all 20 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

16 January 1993 A Kazakhstan Airlines An-24RV (46478) crashed short of the runway at Kostanay, Kazakhstan due to engine failure; after hitting the ground, the aircraft slid onto the ramp and struck a parked military An-24; all 23 on board survived.

3 February 1993 A Yakutavia An-24B (47180) ran off the runway on takeoff from Ust-Kuiga due to loss of control; all 27 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

6 April 1993 A Latavio Latvian Airlines An-24RV (YL-LCH) overran the runway on landing at Stepanavan Airport following nosegear collapse after landing nosewheel-first; all 32 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

1 February 1994 A Kolyma-Avia An-24B (RA-47718) veered off the runway into a mound of packed snow while taking off from Omsukchan Airport; all 53 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

8 May 1994 A Cubana An-24 was hijacked by the pilot; after forcing the co-pilot out of the cockpit, the pilot locked himself inside and diverted the aircraft to Miami, Florida where he requested political asylum. The remaining six crew flew back to Cuba with the aircraft; the 16 passengers- none of which were Cuban citizens- were released to continue their vacations.

17 July 1994 Bykovo Avia Flight 86, an An-24B (RA-46575), sank back on the runway during takeoff from Kherson Airport after the flight engineer raised the landing gear too soon; the aircraft slid down the runway on its belly and stopped  from the beginning of the runway. All 32 on board survived.

13 August 1994 An Uzbekistan Air Force An-24 was involved in an accident in Uzbekistan.

6 February 1995 An Arkhangelsk Airlines An-24B (RA-46564) ran off the side of the runway while landing at Talaghy Airport and struck a snowbank; all 38 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

21 September 1995 MIAT Flight 557, an An-24RV (BNMAU-10103), struck a mountain near Choho Geologoh Uul in bad weather after the crew descended too soon; of the 43 on board, only a passenger survived.

1 November 1995 A Kazakhstan Airlines An-24B (UN-47710) landed hard short of the runway at Shymkent during a training flight; while on approach the left engine was shut down and airspeed decreased. Instead of increasing power to the right engine, it too was shut down. A hard landing was performed  short of the runway.

13 December 1995 Banat Air Flight 166, an An-24B (YR-AMR), crashed on takeoff from Verona Airport due to wing icing and overloading, killing all 49 passengers and crew on board. The aircraft was chartered from Romavia.

21 December 1995 A Kuban Airlines An-24RV (RA-46473) was written off after the nosegear collapsed on landing at Krasnodar Airport.

29 December 1995 A Saransk Flight Unit An-24B (RA-46401) crashed on approach to Saransk when the left wing touched the ground while in a steep turn; all five on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

22 February 1996 A Romanian CAA An-24RV (YR-BMK) crashed near Baia Mare Airport after the pilot executed a turn incorrectly, killing all eight on board as well as two on the ground.

25 February 1996 A Kampuchea Airlines An-24RV (XU-314) overran the runway on landing at Ratanakiri Airport due to brake failure; several tires blew and the aircraft crashed into a building. All 42 on board survived.

3 May 1996 A Federal Airlines An-24RV (ST-FAG) crashed near Haj Yousif, Sudan while attempting a forced landing following several failed approaches, killing all 53 passengers and crew on board.

6 November 1996 Sakha Avia Flight 17, an An-24RV (RA-47356), landed on a runway that was under construction at Ust-Nera Airport. ATC warned the crew during final approach, but it was too late. The pilot attempted a go-around during landing, but the co-pilot aborted the attempt seconds later. The flight engineer then raised the landing gear and the aircraft came to rest on its belly, suffering severe damage.

18 March 1997 Stavropolskaya Aktsionernaya Avia Flight 1023, an An-24RV (RA-46516), crashed into a forest at Cherkessk, Russia due to structural failure, killing all 50 on board.

20 March 1997 A Sudanese Air Force An-24TV crashed near Juba Airport due to engine failure, killing the four crew; the aircraft was possibly shot down.

11 July 1997 Cubana Flight 787, an An-24RV (CU-T1262), crashed off Santiago, Cuba due to a loss of control, killing all 44 passengers and crew on board.

29 September 1998 Lionair Flight 602, an An-24RV (EW-46465), fell into the sea off the north-western coast of Sri Lanka under mysterious circumstances. The aircraft departed Jaffna-Palaly Air Force Base on a flight to Colombo and disappeared from radar screens just after the pilot had reported depressurization. Initial reports indicated that the plane had been shot down by Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam rebels. All 7 crew and 48 passengers were killed. The aircraft had been leased from Gomelavia.

2000s

15 November 2000 An ASA Pesada An-24RV (D2-FCG) crashed shortly after takeoff from Quatro de Fevereiro Airport, Luanda, Angola, due to loss of control, killing all 57 on board.

1 December 2000 An An-24 was hijacked by two people who demanded to be flown to western Congo. One hijacker was killed by a DR Congo rebel after he attempted to enter the cockpit. The second hijacker fired several rounds before being subdued, but none of the other 15 on board were injured. The surviving hijacker was held for questioning; lax security at Goma Airport was blamed for the incident.

4 April 2001 A Sudanese Air Force An-24 crashed on take-off in Adaril near Malakal.

October 2001 Three Ariana Afghan Airlines An-24s (YA-DAH, YA-DAJ and YA-DAG) were destroyed on the ground at Kabul, Afghanistan during a U.S. bombing raid.

13 July 2002 A Sakha Avia An-24RV (RA-46670) landed wheels-up at Yakutsk Airport during a training flight due to crew error; all four crew survived, but the aircraft was written off.

31 March 2003 A Cubana An-24 (CU-T1294) was hijacked by a man who was believed to have had two grenades. The aircraft then flew to Havana for refueling; after 26 passengers were released, the aircraft flew to Key West, Florida.

25 April 2003 A Sudanese Air Force An-24 (tail number 700) was destroyed on the ground at El Fasher Airport during a Sudan Liberation Army rebel attack.

14 June 2003 A Cubana An-24RV (CU-T1295) ran off the runway at Rafael Cabrera Airport due to hydraulic system failure; all 52 passengers and crew on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

16 September 2004 A Kam Air An-24RV (EW-74808) overran the runway at Khwaja Rawash Airport after returning to the airport following engine failure.

4 March 2005 A Trans Air Congo An-24B (EY-46399) ran off the runway at Impfondo Airport.

16 March 2005 Regional Airlines Flight 9288, an An-24RV (RA-46438), stalled and crashed into a small hill near Varandey, Russia due to possible instrument failure, killing 28 of 52 on board. The aircraft was on lease from Kuzbass Aero Freight.

2 June 2005 Marsland Aviation Flight 430, an An-24B (ST-WAL), crashed on takeoff from Khartoum Civil Airport, killing seven of 42 on board. The aircraft was on lease from al-Majal Company.

16 July 2005 An Equatorial Express Airlines An-24B crashed into a jungle near Baney shortly after takeoff, killing all 60 people on board. The aircraft was overloaded; it was designed for a maximum of 48 people, not 60. The crash remains the worst air disaster in Equatorial Guinea and the worst air disaster involving the An-24.

2 November 2005 An SAT Airlines An-24 (RA-46618) landed hard at Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport, collapsing the nose gear.

23 December 2005 An Aero-Service An-24RV (ER-AZX) ran off the runway at Pokola, Congo. The aircraft was on lease from Pecotox Air.

19 January 2006 Slovak Air Force An-24B 5605 with 43 persons on board (of which 28 were soldiers) crashed in Hungary, only 3 km from the Slovak border. Only one person survived, and 42 were reported dead. The plane was carrying Slovak KFOR forces that had been serving in Kosovo for half a year. The accident remains the worst in Hungary.

23 March 2006 A Valan International Cargo Charter An-24B (ER-AZZ) force-landed at Talil, Iraq due to engine failure.

25 June 2007 PMTair Flight 241 crashed in mountains 130 km south of the capital Phnom Penh. The flight was en route from Siem Reap, near the historic Angkor Wat temples, to the coastal town of Sihanoukville. All 22 on board were killed.

18 July 2007 A Malift Air aircraft, probably an An-24, crashed shortly after takeoff from Bandundu Airport due to engine failure.

July 2007 An Aquiline An-24B (EX-030) crashed in Ethiopia due to engine failure.

18 September 2008 A EuroLine An-24RV (4L-MJX) landed hard at Tbilisi Airport, breaking the nose gear.

13 January 2009 A Daallo Airlines An-24RV (S9-KAS) landed nosegear-up at Bender Qassim International Airport after the nosegear failed to come down while on approach. All 15 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

18 May 2009 A Phoenix Avia aircraft, probably An-24T (EK-46839), ran off the runway on takeoff from Aba Tenna D Yilma Airport in heavy fog; all four crew survived, but the aircraft was written off.

August 2009 An Uzbekistan Airways An-24RV (UK-46658) was reportedly written off after the landing gear was raised too soon during takeoff from Zarafshan Airport.

2 November 2009 Daallo Airlines Flight 774, an An-24RV (EY-46793) was hijacked en route between Bossaso and Djibouti; two passengers wielded guns and demanded to be flown to Las Qorey. The hijackers were overpowered by passengers; the aircraft returned to Bossaso where the hijackers were arrested.

2010s

4 February 2010 Yakutia Airlines Flight 425, operated by RA-47360 suffered an engine failure on take-off from Yakutsk Airport for Olekminsk Airport. During the subsequent landing, the nose and port main undercarriage were retracted, causing substantial damage to the aircraft.

17 May 2010 Pamir Airways Flight 112 crashed 100 km away from Kabul International Airport. The plane was en route from Kunduz Airport to Kabul, when it suddenly disappeared from radar. The aircraft was found two days later in the Salang Pass; all 44 on board were killed.

3 August 2010 Katekavia Flight 9357 crashed on approach to Igarka Airport, Russia. Twelve people were killed. The aircraft was on a domestic scheduled passenger flight from Krasnoyarsk Airport.

11 November 2010 A Tarco Airlines An-24 from Khartoum International Airport crashed on landing at Zalingei Airport, Sudan. Six people were killed. One person received serious injuries and another five escaped with minor injuries The remaining 32 passengers and five crew escaped injury.

14 December 2010 Nordavia Flight 137, an An-24RV (RA-47305), overran the runway on landing at Rogachevo Air Base, collapsing the right main landing gear; all 39 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.

2011 A Katekavia An-24RV landed hard at Chita Airport during 2011; the accident occurred between 30 March when the aircraft was seen active at Bodaybo and 29 December when it was removed from the Russian register.

11 July 2011 Angara Airlines Flight 9007, an Antonov An-24 (registration RA-47302) operating from Tomsk to Surgut, Russia, suffered an in-flight engine fire, prompting the crew to ditch the aircraft in the Ob River. Of the 37 people on board, 7 passengers were killed. The aircraft was written off.

8 August 2011 IrAero Flight 103 overran the runway on landing at Blagoveshchensk Airport, Russia. Twelve of the 36 people on board were injured.

28 April 2012 Jubba Airways flight 6J-711 blew both right main gear tires on landing, causing the aircraft to veer off the runway at Abdullahi Yusuf International Airport in Galkayo, Somalia. The wing separated from the body of the aircraft.  No injuries were reported, although the aircraft was substantially damaged.

13 February 2013 South Airlines Flight 8971 stalled and crashed on landing at Donetsk International Airport while on an internal Ukrainian flight between Odessa and Donetsk following a loss of airspeed caused by pilot error, killing five of 52 on board.

9 August 2013 An Ethiopian Air Force An-24 crashed at Mogadishu International Airport while carrying ammunition, killing four of the six crew.

22 January 2014 A Pskovavia An-24RV (RA-46473) suffered serious damage while landing at Domodedovo Airport when the aircraft touched down between the runway and the airport boundary.

27 June 2019 Angara Airlines Flight 200 overran the runway on landing at Nizhneangarsk Airport, Russia. Two of the 47 people on board were killed.

2020s
19 August 2022 An airport employee at the Beloyarsk Airport died after falling under the propeller of an An-24 aircraft of UTair Airlines.

References

Antonov An-24

Accidents and incidents involving airliners


title: Howard Gardner Nichols Memorial Library

text:
The Howard Gardner Nichols Memorial Library (also called Alabama City Library) is a historic building in Gadsden, Alabama, United States. The library was built in 1902 by the Nichols family, owners of the Dwight Manufacturing Company. It is named in honor of their son, who was badly injured while supervising the construction of the company's mill in what was then Alabama City. He died several days later.

The library is the home of NEAGS, the NorthEast Alabama Genealogical Society, and houses over 5,000 family files as well as family books and many references for the counties in northeast Alabama. Also found are Civil War and Revolutionary War references as well as books on genealogy and history of states close to Alabama. The building housed the first lending library in the state of Alabama. At one time it was a day care center for the mill workers' children. It also was a lawyer's office. Now the library is solely owned by NEAGS, dedicated to genealogy research.

The building is similar in scale to the mill workers' houses that surround it, but its location on a corner lot and blend of Classical Revival and Victorian design make it a focal point of the neighborhood. It has a steeply pitched hip roof with deep, bracketed eaves. The façade is anchored by a semi-circular portico supported by six Ionic columns, flanked by windows with lancet arched upper sashes. It was purchased and restored in 1973 by the NorthEast Alabama Genealogical Society. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

References

External links
Northeast Alabama Genealogical Society

National Register of Historic Places in Etowah County, Alabama
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Victorian architecture in Alabama
Neoclassical architecture in Alabama
Government buildings completed in 1902
Buildings and structures in Gadsden, Alabama


title: Greg Withrow

text:
Gregory Withrow (born May 1, 1961) is an American far-right White supremacy activist. He was described by the Chicago Sun-Times as being "widely acknowledged as the founder of the [white power] 'skinhead' movement in 1978". Withrow subsequently publicly abandoned his earlier political beliefs in the late 1980s and became a regular face on television speaking out against racism and the organisation of young people by the far-right. In later years Withrow repudiated his change of heart and returned to far-right activism.

Early life
Withrow was the son of first cousins who married due to unplanned pregnancy. The marriage ended after three years and Withrow was raised by his father, Albert. Withrow stated that he came from a racist background and that his father made him read far-right literature and study the life of Adolf Hitler whilst growing up in Sacramento, California. He also claimed that his father had been violently abusive and that, amongst other incidents, had once armed the young Withrow with a knife before setting the family bull terrier on him and telling him to kill the dog or be killed. Withrow, however, subsequently claimed that he had exaggerated and invented much of the narrative of his childhood in order to receive sympathy.

White supremacy
Withrow joined the Ku Klux Klan at the age of 14 and with his friends set up a gang that carried out a series of muggings against Japanese tourists and gay people. Withrow was quickly arrested however when one of his intended victims proved to be an undercover police officer.

In 1979, whilst in attendance at American River College, Withrow established the White Student Union as an attempt to increase white supremacist action among the student population. Withrow had become disillusioned with what he saw as the ineffectiveness of the Ku Klux Klan. He came to the attention of Tom Metzger and before long Withlow's group had formed a close link with the Aryan Youth Movement, the youth branch of Metzger's White Aryan Resistance. Under Metzger's direction Withlow became recognised as a rising star on the far-right and neo-Nazi scene in the USA, with a series of speeches delivered at the Aryan Nations compound in Idaho attracting wide attention for the fiery nature of their rhetoric. He attracted further controversy at the 1986 Aryan World Congress by stating that non-Aryans in the USA should "be terminated or expelled".

Withrow claimed that he advocated a cell-based organization akin to Leaderless resistance, albeit one that he personally called the "100 Hitlers policy", arguing that it allowed the movement to continue to function even when individual cells were brought down by law enforcement.

Withrow claimed that he renounced racism in 1987 due to the death of his father and the fact that he had fallen in love with a woman whose family had come to the United States as refugees from Nazi Germany.

Departure
Withrow decided to quit the movement in 1987 after his father died and he fell in love with a woman whose family had fled Hitler's Germany. He stated that "I've said a lot of terrible things and I've spread a lot of harm; I don't want to hate anymore".

Soon after his departure from the far-right he claimed that he was attacked in a parking lot near a branch of K-Mart in Sacramento by a skinhead gang whose number included his former best friend. He claimed that his former friends captured him and tortured him to near death before he was able to escape. He had been nailed to a crossbeam and slashed with knives before being left for dead. However he regained consciousness and ran off, with the beam still nailed in place, and sought assistance from several passers-by before an African-American couple came to his aid.

Media career
After details of the attack were disseminated Withrow became the centre of media attention. Now publicly declaring his support for anti-racism, Withrow became a mainstay on daytime television and tabloid talk shows, being interviewed by Oprah Winfrey, Phil Donahue and Montel Williams, as well as accepting speaking engagements for groups such as the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. On one occasion he appeared alongside Tom Metzger's son John on The Phil Donahue Show and Withrow claimed that Metzger told him that he deserved to die for leaving the white supremacist movement. His autobiography, Child of the Fourth Reich, was released around this time and it was praised by Anti-Defamation League regional director Richard G. Hirschhaut as "a riveting account of one person's passage through the subterranean milieu of paranoia and hatred and his ultimate redemption through love". A movie version of the book was even mooted with Woody Harelson and Sean Penn, with both saying that they were interested in Withrow's life story.

Withrow also provided testimony to a number of government agencies and initiatives. On January 7, 1991, he addressed the Commission on the Prevention of Hate Violence after being invited to do so by Leo T. McCarthy, the then lieutenant governor of California. In December 1993 he provided testimony to the Committee on Judiciary of the California State Senate about his time on the far-right and his reasons as to why young men were attracted to membership in such groups. Withrow also married a Mexican American woman named Maria Rodriguez in 1994.

Film maker Elizabeth Thompson produced a documentary about Withrow entitled Blink. It focused on Withrow's conversion away from far-right activity and the alienation of young men that helped to drive them into groups such as those in which Withrow was involved. It was featured at the 2001 Human Rights Watch International Film Festival in Boston, MA. The documentary subsequently won an Emmy Award.

Return
Withrow had settled in Butte County, where he picked up a string of arrests for minor offences including petty theft and vandalism, including a case where he was found mentally unfit to stand trial. Elizabeth Thompson also mentioned that she found Withrow to be a frightening personality, particularly after he reacted negatively to the way she had portrayed him in Blink.

Mike Ramsey, the Butte County District Attorney, felt that it was around the time of the release of Blink that Withrow began to move back to white supremacy, largely because the documentary presented him in a stark manner and led to a tailing off in interest from media outlets. Finally in May 2000, Withrow wrote a paper entitled "The Truth Hurts" and he sent copies of it to McCarthy, Governor Gray Davis, Lieutenant Governor Cruz Bustamante and Attorney General Bill Lockyer. In the paper he claimed that the incident in which his former allies had "crucified" him had been a hoax and that his testimonies about it had been perjured. He followed this in August 2001 by filing a lawsuit seeking to abolish all of California's hate crime laws and demanding a $1 million payment to any White person who had been convicted under existing legislation. His lawsuit included 68 pages of statements further repudiating his earlier anti-racist work and denouncing it as a hoax.

Withrow divorced Maria Rodriguez on May 6, 2000, after an altercation between the couple in which she attacked him with a baseball bat whilst he attacked her with a knife. He subsequently claimed that the marriage had been part of his plan, arguing that "the marriage got me into places that they otherwise wouldn't let me go. I had as much feelings for her as you do for undocumented workers; as much feelings for her as one would have for a dog, maybe less. More like feelings toward her as a slave".

Withrow argued that he was a "mole for the white Aryans, the cause of revolution" intent on infiltrating the Anti-Defamation League and he also claimed that whilst he was appearing on talk shows in order to condemn racism, he was also leading a gang that appeared on them in order to support white supremacy. This group, he stated, was the one that appeared on The Geraldo Rivera Show and broke the host's nose in a notorious segment. He also declared that it had been part of the cell structure idea that he had previously supported.

In 2005, Withrow was arrested after undergoing a six-hour crucifixion in Sacramento. Having been nailed to the cross by an associate, Withrow claimed that he had come up with the stunt as a protest against government policy on immigration and Iraq. The protest was stopped by police, although Withrow had already had one of his hands nailed to the board by the time they arrived.

References

1961 births
Living people
American male criminals
American fraudsters
Hoaxes in the United States
American Ku Klux Klan members
People from Sacramento, California
American River College alumni


title: Typhlocaris ayyaloni

text:
Typhlocaris ayyaloni is a species of troglobitic shrimp in the family Typhlocarididae.
Endemic fauna of Israel

Description
This species grows to 4 to 5 cm in length and is blind.

Distribution
Typhlocaris ayyaloni species was discovered in 2008 in the Ayalon Cave in Israel, 100 meters below ground, with no natural access to the surface. It was found living in a small pool of sulphide-rich, brackish water. It is one of eight new species recently discovered in the area, the others being Tethysbaena ophelicola, Metacyclops longimaxillis, Metacyclops subdolus, Akrav israchanani (a land species, only found dead and also in other parts of the cave), Ayyalonia dimentmani (land species), Lepidospora ayyalonica (land species), and a still-unnamed species in the genus Collembola.

Threats
This species is endangered as it is known only in the Yarkon-Taninim Aquifer, which is experiencing diminishing water levels. It is one of the main sources of water in Israel.

References

Palaemonoidea
Cave shrimp
Arthropods of Israel
Crustaceans described in 2008


title: Hip Ensemble

text:
Hip Ensemble is an album recorded by American drummer Roy Haynes in 1971 for the Mainstream label.

Reception

AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars and its review by Ron Wynn states "This explosive session helped cement the reputations of George Adams and Hannibal Marvin Peterson".

Track listing
All compositions by Roy Haynes except as indicated
 "Equipoise" (Stanley Cowell) - 4:18
 "I'm So High"  - 4:10
 "Tangiers"  - 5:59
 "Nothing Ever Changes My Love for You" (Marvin Fisher, Jack Segal) - 4:13
 "Satan's Mysterious Feeling" (George Adams) - 6:38
 "You Name It/List Ev'ry Voice and Sing" (Adams/James Weldon Johnson, John Rosamond Johnson) - 9:26

Personnel
Roy Haynes - drums, timpani
Marvin Peterson - trumpet
George Adams - tenor saxophone, flute
Carl Schroeder - piano
Teruo Nakamura - bass
Mervin Bronson - Fender bass
Lawrence Killian - congas
Elwood Johnson - bongos, tambourine

References

1971 albums
Roy Haynes albums
Mainstream Records albums
Albums produced by Bob Shad


title: Elaine Cassidy (mayor)

text:
Elaine Armgard Cassidy (15 March 1930 – 21 February 2014) was a socially prominent Australian teacher and municipal politician. She served as Mayor and Deputy Mayor in the local government area of the Municipality of Woollahra in Sydney. Cassidy compiled and edited a Bicentennial book on the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney.

Birth and education
Cassidy (née Hirstman) was born in Strathfield, New South Wales, and was the first of two children of Margot (née Ludwig) and Frank Hirstman. She attended Meriden School and Macquarie Secretarial School, and then studied arts at the University of Sydney. She turned her focus to education and started teaching.

Working life

Teaching
Frensham School at Mittagong was her first appointment, teaching geography, history and English to senior students. In her second year on staff, Cassidy became an economics teacher. In that year two of her Leaving Certificate students were placed first and third in the state in economics. After travelling abroad, and having children, she returned to teaching; first as a relief teacher at Kambala and then, from 1970 until 1974, teaching economics at Ascham.

Public Relations
During the late-1950s in London Cassidy joined a public relations firm and specialised in fashion and theatre work. After her return to Sydney in 1960, she undertook the role of executive secretary and public relations officer for the fund-raising appeal to build the Sydney Opera House. She worked in that position until midway through her first pregnancy.

Community work
For two decades, Cassidy raised funds for the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and King George V Hospital appeals committees. She was president of the Friends of the Australian Opera (now Friends of Opera Australia) and in 1963 was the inaugural treasurer of the Women's Committee of the National Trust of Australia (New South Wales). In that role she role she was involved is setting up Lindesay, Darling Point, as the headquarters of the committee. Cassidy was a council member of the Benevolent Society for 16 years from 1990 and served as chairman of the management committee of the Royal Hospital for Women prior to its move from Paddington to Randwick. She was chairwoman of  until the Commonwealth Government transferred the site to state ownership for public recreational use.

Municipal government
Cassidy was elected to the Woollahra Municipal Council in 1979 and was elected Deputy Mayor in September 1987 and Mayor in September 1988. She served on the council until 1995. For six years, she was a member of the executive of the Local Government Association.

Marriage and family
In 1961 she married Derek Cassidy, the son of Sydney Queen's Counsel Jack Cassidy and his wife Elaine (later Sir Jack and Lady Cassidy). The couple met at a bridge table during a blizzard in Thredbo. The wedding was at St. Swithun's Church, Pymble and the bride wore a pinky beige guipure lace gown specially woven to order in Switzerland. The union produced two children. Cassidy died on 21 February 2014 and was survived by her husband, Derek Cassidy QC, daughters, Edwena and Belinda, and three grandchildren. Continuing her interest in competitive duplicate bridge, she achieved gold life master status.

Portraits
Photographic portraits of Cassidy as a councillor and mayor are held by the Woollahra History Centre.

Honours
 January 2001 – Centenary Medal for her services to the community.

Publications
 Impressions of Woollahra, past and present (Sydney : Published on behalf of the Woollahra Bicentennial Community Committee by Allen & Unwin, 1988.)

References

1930 births
2014 deaths
University of Sydney alumni
Mayors of Woollahra
Australian schoolteachers
Australian contract bridge players
Women mayors of places in New South Wales


title: Kuyili

text:
Kuyili was an army commander of queen Velu Nachiyar who participated in campaigns against the East India Company in the 18th century. She is considered the first suicide bomber and "first woman martyr" in Indian history.

Life
Kuyili was born in the 18th century at Kudanchavadi, near Sivagangai district. Her mother was also known for her bravery and is said to have died while fighting with a wild bull to save her fields from being destroyed. Kuyili was a devout commander of Velu Nachiyar and repeatedly saved her life. On one such occasion, when she discovered that her Silambam teacher was actually a spy, she took action to save the queen immediately. On another occasion, when the queen was attacked during her sleep, she attacked the enemy and injured herself in the process. Seeing her loyalty and bravery, she was made the commander-in-chief of the women's wing of her army. Kuyili later played an important role in the Sivaganga expedition of the queen.

Death
Kuyili is known for her suicide attack in 1780. While attacking a fort of East India Company, she applied ghee on her body, set herself ablaze and jumped into the armoury of the East India Company, securing victory for Velu Nachiyar.

Legacy
The Tamil Nadu government erected a memorial to Kuyili in the Sivagangai district.

See also
 Rani Velu Nachiar

References

People from Sivaganga district
Indian revolutionaries
1780 deaths
Suicides by self-immolation
Suicides in India
18th-century suicides
Indian women in war
Year of birth unknown


title: The Howlin' Brothers

text:
The Howlin' Brothers are a Nashville-based old-time country blues/string band consisting of singer/songwriters Ian Craft (fiddle, mandolin, banjo, and kick-drum), Jared Green (guitar, harmonica, and piano), and Dan Swan (upright bass). They were described by  AllMusic as "an Americana string band, but a reconfigured 21st century version, incorporating rock, pop, gospel, jazz, R&B, Dixieland, country blues, and who knows what else into the mix."

History

Craft, Green, met while attending Ithaca College.  They discovered a mutual love of traditional and roots music, and formed The Howlin' Brothers in 2003. After developing a following in Ithaca, the Howlin' Brothers relocated to Nashville, where they self-released their debut album, Mountain Songs, in 2007; and meeting Jt Huskey shortly after.  After independently releasing three additional albums, the Howlin' Brothers were introduced by a mutual friend to producer/musician Brendan Benson, who signed them to his label, Readymade.  Benson produced the band's 2013 release, Howl, which featured appearances from Jypsi and Warren Haynes.   The album was critically acclaimed, and The Howlin' Brothers launched a successful tour in the US and Canada.  In May, 2014, the band released their second Benson-produced record on Readymade, Trouble, which Rolling Stone called a "rip-roarin', hootenanny on wax that puts a rocked-out spin on old-timey bluegrass."

Discography
2017 Cannonball
2014 Trouble  Readymade Records
2013 The  Sun Studio Session (EP)
2013 Howl Readymade Records
2012 Old Time All The Time  (Live compilation)
2011 Baker Street Blues
2009 Long Hard Year
2007 Mountain Blues

References

External links
 The Howlin' Brothers

Americana music groups
Country blues musicians
Musical groups established in 2003


title: Zhou Gengsheng

text:
Zhou Gengsheng (; 1889–1971) was a Chinese jurist, historian and academic.

Biography
Born in Changsha County, Hunan, the son of a school principal, Zhou studied political economy at Waseda University in Japan (where he joined the Tongmenghui), obtained a master's degree in political economy from the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, and a doctorate in international law from the University of Paris in France.

Zhou served as professor of political science at Peking University, and professor of diplomatic history and public international law at Wuhan University. From 1945 to 1949, he was president of Wuhan University.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he served as vice chairman of the Central-South Military and Political Committee (which was responsible for political and military affairs in Guangdong, Hainan, Henan, Hubei and Hunan), special adviser to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, deputy director of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs and director of the Committee of International Treaties of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

A personal friend of Zhou Enlai, he was accepted as a member of the Communist Party of China in 1956.

References

1889 births
1971 deaths
Chinese jurists
University of Paris alumni
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Waseda University alumni
Academic staff of Sun Yat-sen University
Academic staff of the National Central University
Academic staff of Wuhan University
Academic staff of Peking University
Presidents of Wuhan University
Members of Academia Sinica
Commercial Press people
Delegates to the 1st National People's Congress
Delegates to the 2nd National People's Congress
Delegates to the 3rd National People's Congress


title: ZNF831

text:
Zinc finger protein 831 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF831 gene.

References

Further reading

Genes
Human proteins


title: Chumathang

text:
Chumathang is a village in Leh District, Ladakh in northern India on the banks of the Indus river. Chumathang village is among the first villages in the Changthang region to have its own power station and government high school which was only possible under the guidance of Mr Gonbo. Famous for its hot spring which attracts many tourists all over the world, even the local people come every year to take the medicinal benefits from the hot spring. There is an old monastery or gonpa which is located near the road which is about more than 400 years old and is among the oldest monasteries of Ladakh.

Location
Chumathang 138 km (86 miles) southeast of Leh, and 41 km northwest of Nyoma, and 29 km (18 miles) from Kiari, where there is a small medical centre run by the Indian Army.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census of India, Chumathang has 127 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 68.03%.

Tourism

There are a few small dhabas or restaurants here making it a good spot to lunch and visit the hot springs which are about 2 km to the east. There is also a basic guesthouse and small store in the village. Near the hot springs is the Hot Spring Resort which has many basic rooms - one with a hot bath. Chumathang also offers Himalayan homestays which are suitable for those who like to live and take a little peek in a local Ladakhi house and stay there for a day or two.

Travellers coming from the south will find that Chumathang is significantly lower than the Tso Moriri lake, making it a good stop for people suffering from altitude sickness.
Now there are many facilities like 24\7 electricity and 4G network which finally got upgraded in 2022.

The gigantic gompa or monastery of the village chumathang was constructed by the people of the village without any mere use of machines under the supervision of Gonbo Chemet Dorjey(GC Dorjey).

References

External links
For some information and good photos

Villages in Nyoma tehsil