title: Society in the Joseon dynasty

text:
Society in the Joseon dynasty was built upon Neo-Confucianist ideals, namely the three fundamental principles and five moral disciplines. There were four classes: the yangban nobility, the "middle class" jungin, sangmin, or the commoners, and the cheonmin, the outcasts at the very bottom. Society was ruled by the yangban, who constituted 10% of the population and had several privileges. Slaves were of the lowest standing.

During this period, the clan structure became stricter and bloodline was of utmost importance. Family life was regulated by law, strictly enforcing Confucian rituals. Compared to Goryeo practices before, marriage rituals were restructured and aggravated. Noblemen could have only one wife and several concubines but their children born from commoner or slave concubines were considered illegitimate and denied any yangban rights.

The roles and rights of women were reduced compared to previous eras in Korean history. Yangban women were completely hidden from the outer world and every woman had to conform to Confucian ideals of purity, obedience, chastity and faithfulness. Women were subjects of male dominance throughout their lives, obliged to listen to their fathers, husbands, fathers-in-law and firstborn sons. Homes were divided into male and female quarters to separate the sexes.

Guiding principles

Korean society was hierarchical during most of the Joseon era and the conscious, government-backed spreading of Neo-Confucianism reinforced this idea. Even though the philosophy originates in China, Korea also adopted and integrated it into daily life, transforming it to fit the nation's needs and developed it in a way that became specific to Korea.

Korean society in Joseon was built upon the three fundamental principles (samgang, ) and five moral disciplines (oryun, ):

 samgang:
chung (): loyalty to the king
hyo (): filial obedience to the parents
yeol (): differentiation between men and women
 oryun:
 ui (): righteousness and justice: the relationship between monarch and the people
 chin (): warmth and closeness between parents and children
 byeol (): differentiation between husband and wife
 seo (): order between seniors and juniors
 sin (): trust between friends

This means that Korean society placed utmost importance on hierarchy between classes, older and younger people, emphasized family values, the keeping of order and harmony and the inferior social status of women. Rituals became very important. Ceremonies paying respect to one's ancestors and the need for lifelong learning being highly valued. Neo-Confucians considered hard work, purity, politeness and refraining from improper behaviour as desirable and valuable human qualities. They could be regarded as prudish, since showing passionate emotions was something noble people were expected to avoid. It was important that everyone knew their standings in society and behaved accordingly. The Korean language reflects this notion even today, by the use of honorifics, which signal whether the speaker addresses a senior person or someone of a higher social standing.

Direct communication between the king and the common people was possible through the sangeon (), a written petition system, and the gyeokjaeng (), an oral petition system. Through the gyeokjaeng oral petition system, commoners could strike a gong or drum in front of the palace or during the king's public processions in order to appeal their grievances or petition to the king directly. This allowed even the illiterate members of Joseon society to make a petition to the king. More than 1,300 gyeokjaeng-related accounts are recorded in the Ilseongnok.

Structure

General
The basis of Joseon society was a system similar to caste systems. Historian Baek Ji-won considers the Korean system comparable to that of India. According to Michael Seth, the Korean system could, in principle, be compared to India's (apart from the religious connotations). In practice, however, classes may not have been as impenetrable and clearly separated as in India. Bruce Cumings, on the other hand, thinks that the Korean structure cannot be called a true caste system but a system where certain castes existed.

In theory, there were three social classes, but in practice, there were four. The top class were the yangban, or "scholar-gentry", the commoners were called sangmin or yangmin, and the lowest class was that of the cheonmin. Between the yangban and the commoners was a fourth class, the jungin, "middle people".

Joseon society is special in that the elite class remained the same for many centuries. While there were constant wars, with different groups changing in top positions throughout Europe and Asia, the Korean ruling class remained largely untouched, from Goryeo times to the end of the Joseon dynasty. The structure of the social system also remained the same for five centuries, which is unique in the world.

The yangban nobility

The ruling class and the recipient of privileges was the yangban class. This elite aristocracy was hereditary and held most of the wealth, slaves and land. They were also called sadaebu, "scholar-officials", because when compared to Goryeo aristocracy or the Japanese bushido, they were not landowners who engaged in military actions.

Yangban strove to do well at the royal examinations to obtain high positions in the government. They did not pay any form of taxes, and they avoided manual labor and conscription. However they had to excel in calligraphy, poetry, classical Chinese texts, and Confucian rites. In theory, commoners could apply for royal exams but in practice, from the 1600s, the family background of applicants was thoroughly checked and had to provide evidence of yangban status on their father's side up to three generations and one generation on the mother's side.

Nobles lived separately from commoners, in designated areas of a town or village and spent most of their free time at Confucian academies or gisaeng houses. Yangban families were rare in the northern and eastern parts of the country and on Jeju Island and were mostly demoted yangban that were exiled there. High government positions were filled by yangban from Gyeongsang and Chungcheong provinces mainly. The scholar-aristocracy made up about 10% of Korea's population.

Civilian offices (munban), as well as military posts (muban) were occupied by yangban men, with the latter being filled by provincial yangban, whose only way to obtain a scholarly certificate was to become military officials. The men were prepared for the exam by the muhak, the military schools. From the mid-Joseon period, they belonged to different lineages than the civilian officials.

The jungin middle class

The seoeol illegitimate children of yangban
The jungin people also included the illegitimate children of yangban.  Born from commoner or slave concubines, they made up a substrate within the jungin, called seoeol. The illegitimate children of the scholar-gentry were not allowed to be recognised as yangban and so could not inherit land or wealth from their fathers or participate in government exams. Their fate caused much discussion among Confucian scholars, as recognising their existence would have meant that the well-defined lines between commoners and nobility would have been blurred.

However, increasing numbers of Seoeols was recognized as a threat that during Seonjo of Joseon's reign, they were allowed to become officials. But these seoeols could not become ministers or high officials. However, the efforts of those people to abolish discrimination during the 19th century, did increase their social mobility and some, such as Yun Ung-nyeol or Yi Yun-yong, served as ministers.

Minor office holders and technocrats

The middle class, called jungin or chungin was a small but important one. They were below the yangban nobles but above the common people. They were usually "technical experts", such as interpreters, scribes, astronomers, accountants, physicians, jurists and musicians. Provincial small officeholders also belonged to this class. They oversaw local bureaucracy and so were impossible to overlook. Many of them became wealthy, some by exploiting peasants. In the 19th century, jungin who spoke foreign languages were the ones who introduced Western culture to Korea.

The sangmin commoners

Around 80% of Joseon society was made up of commoners, called sangmin. They were a free class, obliged to pay taxes, serve in the army, and undertake corvée labour. Peasants, artisans, fishermen and merchants made up this class, but merchants were regarded as lowly by yangban. Some peasants owned their lands, but others cultivated yangban property as tenants.

The outcast cheonmin
The last place on the social ladder was the outsider class, the cheonmin. These fell into two groups: the free and the slaves.

Free groups
The free were essentially people outside Buddhist societal norms of acceptability.  For example, professionals dealing with animal slaughter (butchers, people working with animal skins), most probably because of established Buddhist religious views. Innkeepers, gisaengs, entertainers, gravediggers, bark peelers, basket makers, shamans and ferrymen were also cheonmin people. It was a hereditary status, and their children were not allowed to advance on the social ladder.

Slaves
Slaves were divided into two groups: sanobi (private slaves) and gongnobi (slaves owned by the state). Both groups had "in-house slaves" (solgeo nobi) and "outside slaves" (oegeo nobi). The latter lived like any peasant, could own property and, just like peasants, gave a portion of the crop or textile tributes to their owners. This makes Korean history scholars debate whether they should even be considered slaves or serfs. The number of slaves fluctuated throughout the Joseon period: there were times when their numbers reached 30% of the population. Slaves could not have family names except for those who already had one when they became enslaved. So they could not invent their own last names. In theory, marriage between slaves and commoners was forbidden, but the rule was often ignored. By the end of the dynasty, the number of slaves declined. State slavery was abolished in 1800 while private slavery was finally banned in 1894.

Clans, family and marriage

Korea has a clan system, where every Korean belongs to a bongwan (본관) that can trace ancestry back to the founding father of the clan. Different clans may share certain surnames, differentiated by the founding city or town of the clan. Clan structure had existed well before the founding of Joseon but the spread of Confucianism made its rules stricter, dogmatized in state laws.

Clans are based upon paternal blood lineage, named jok (), pa () or munjung (). The history of the clan, with birth, marriage and death details of its members are registered in the jokbo () even today. This kind of registry making became regular in the 15th century. Traitors and sentenced criminals were expelled from the clan and from the lineage. Outsiders could not join a lineage. The names of Korean men were given relative to a common ancestor, whereby strangers could immediately ascertain whether and how they might be related.

Family life was regulated by the Gyeongguk daejeon (), a code of law compiled in the 15th century. It regulated the jesa, the ancestor rituals, emphasizing that ancestors are important members of a lineage. Jesa is conducted by the oldest male family member of the deceased, the other family members line up behind him according to their ranks in the family. Rituals have strict rules and pre-set orders, with the type of sacrificial food and its placement order defined, as well. These rituals became common and solidified during the Joseon era.

Just like rituals, marriage also had stern rules to follow. While in Goryeo marriage within members of the same clan was permitted, Joseon took exogamy very seriously and forbade such marriages that violated the sharing of the last name, even if a clan had more than a million members. Michael Seth, professor of history at the James Madison University, claims that the reason for this was the adaptation of the gwageo (), the government examination system of China, as well as the integration of Confucianism into everyday life, making proving one's lineage of utmost importance.

Marriage was conducted at a young age, in 1471 the lowest possible age was 15 for boys and 14 for girls. Men usually got married before the age of 30, women were typically married below 20. Commoners usually married at an earlier age than yangban class children. Significant age difference between husband and wife was daily occurrence. Marriage and married life rituals were regulated by Zhu Xi's Zhuzi Jiali (, , Juja garye), but customs were modified according to Korean traditions. For example, according to Confucian customs, wedding ceremonies were held at the house of the groom's father, however, in Korea the exact opposite had been the custom. As a compromise, a part of the ceremony was to be held at the bride's home, after which they would proceed to the groom's home. In Goryeo times, the newlyweds usually lived at the bride's home for years, but by adapting Confucianism this had to change. The bride had to move to her new family. In practice there were occasions when the couple chose to live where the parents had a bigger need of looking after or where land was more arable.

Koreans also adapted another Chinese custom, the minmyeoneuri (), or child brides, when 6 and 7 years old girls were given off to marriage. They usually spent the years leading up to the actual wedding ceremony at their mothers-in-law's, where they worked as maids. This custom was not widespread and mainly observed by poor families, who could not afford to have a wedding otherwise. Because of such poor conditions, it could happen that the age difference between the bride and the groom was more than 30 years. However in the late nineteenth century, European travellers did report encountering male children being married, at which point their attire and hair was altered to match that of adult men.  It was not until the period July- October 1894 that child marriage was banned. The age of marriage was raised for men to 20, and for women to 16.

The most important possession for a Korean family was the firstborn son, or jangja (). It had always been the case, but neo-Confucianism strengthened the idea even further. It was so important that no man could die without having a male heir. If they were unable to produce one, they had to adopt (from the same lineage). Most of the wealth and land of the family was inherited by the firstborn son, with the other sons getting small portions; girls were denied any such rights. Men were allowed to have more than one wife and several concubines.

Women

General

During the Goryeo dynasty women had considerable freedom. They could freely mingle with men, have their own possessions, and inherit land. That changed drastically during the second half of the Joseon era after the Imjin War, women's situation became gradually worse. Their life was regulated by Neo-Confucianism but in a much stricter way than in China, where the philosophy originated.

Women had to conform to Confucian ideals. As children they were subordinated to their fathers, when they married, to their husbands, and when they got old, to their firstborn son. Being virtuous, which for women meant modesty, obedience and faithfulness, was required of them; virtuous women were rewarded by the state from 1434 with gradations in status and financial support. Yangban noblewomen were completely segregated from the rest of society. During the day they could not leave their homes, and if they had to, they were transported in a litter called gama (). They were forbidden to play games and have fun outside their homes or they could be beaten with a stick called a gangjo. These ideals and segregation could not completely be maintained into the lower classes, as commoner and slave women had various works to do. Nevertheless, even the peasant houses had separate rooms for men and women, and wealthier families had male and female quarters: "outer rooms" called sarangchae () for men, and "inner rooms" called anche () or anbang () for women. By the end of the Joseon dynasty, low-class woman who had fulfilled their Neo-Confucian duties of bearing a son bared their breasts in public as a sign of pride, while noblewomen were forbidden from doing so because it was considered to be "low-class." However, many scholars doubt the veracity of the evidence for this trend.

Most women were illiterate, as the public schools taught males exclusively. Even after the introduction of hangul, when literacy improved, women who could read and write made up only 4% as late as the 19th century. Women of the yangban could receive an education from within the family, for instance the 18th century Crown Princess Lady Hyegyeong was taught to read and write hangul by an aunt-in-law. There were various women philosophers who wrote in favor of patriarchy, such as Im Yungjidang and Gang Jeongildang, though the modern feminist interpretation is that such women were only pretending. Women were not allowed to learn hanja, the Chinese characters used to write Korean. Women were also denied the right to participate in the jesa, the ancestor honoring rituals, which is also a significant divergence from the original Chinese practices.

Households headed by women disappeared at the beginning of the Joseon era, and they gradually lost their right to inheritance, as well. The reason was that marrying daughters off required expensive dowry, resulting in calling daughters dodungnyeo (), "thieves". As according to the neo-Confucian ideals, women had to obey their in-laws after marriage, the birth family regarded it unnecessary to provide a daughter her inheritance in addition to the expensive dowry. Married daughters were often labelled chulga oein (), "one who left the family and became an outsider". Women had to obey their husbands and in-laws and had no right to apply for a divorce. Men could divorce their wives based on the chilgeojiak (), the "seven sins": disobedience towards in-laws, inability to bear a son, adultery, jealousy, poor DNA, talkativeness and coin collecting.

Women were expected to be faithful to their husbands beyond death, so widows were not allowed to remarry in the latter part of the dynasty. In lower classes such marriages still happened, as families, for financial reasons, or personal vendettas, married off the burdensome widows to men who could not afford to marry otherwise. While the breaking of the rule in lower classes was widely ignored by authorities, yangban widows were forbidden to remarry, or their children would be cast out of the noble class. Members of the royal lineage were treated even more strictly, with Seongjong of Joseon ordering the execution of his cousin when he discovered she had cohabited with a male servant after being widowed, implying their sharing of the bed meant they were engaged in sexual activities. As women could not be the heads of a household anymore, widows often were considered financial burdens and sometimes driven to commit suicide. Women were expected to protect their virtue at any cost, and by the late Joseon era they often wore small knives called paedo () attached to the norigae (the colourful pendant hanging from the upper part of the hanbok), to commit suicide rather than dishonor their families even by giving cause to gossips.

Men were allowed to have second wives besides their first wife as well as concubines. Being a second wife or a concubine of a nobleman was considered higher social ladder than commoner or slave women, but their children were considered illegitimate and denied any yangban rights. First wives and legitimate children of noblemen often despised these women and their offspring like Cinderella or the Joseon 18th century equivalent, Chunhyang. Society considered these children outcasts unless they were literal royalty, in which case they were honored and feared.

Women could only have four types of "professions" in Joseon: they could become gungnyeo (palace women), shamans, physicians or gisaeng. The latter, who are often compared to Japanese geisha, could live a freer life than most women and often likened themselves to floating butterflies or wild dogs in their poems. They could read and write, were skilled in music, arts, poetry and served as intellectual companions to men in a period where wives were not considered to be true companions. The most famous gisaeng is probably Hwang Jin-yi, who lived in the 16th century and is considered a role model of progressive, liberal, strong, feminist, self-conscious women in Korea.

Female physicians are rarely discussed in modern discourse because of the lack of scandalous stories surrounding them and interest in what Joseon did well, a phenomenon criticized as a form of Orientalism.

Joseon era laws prohibited women from riding horses and playing sports such as go. By custom, houses had two entrances (one for men and women each) and the kitchen provided a physical separation between each gender's quarters. To ensure separation outside the home, certain hours of the day were marked by a ringing bell, this notified the times when only women would be allowed on the streets. Even women from the upper-class were expected to live in houses with high walls to reduce exposure from other men. However, lower-class women worked with men in the fields, most often on the family farm.

By the end of the era, married women almost referred to mostly by their husband's or children's names ("...'s wife", "...'s mother"), having no personal name of any kind. This is different to English language use of the married designation "Mrs" denoting a woman's married status.

In the late nineteenth century, the lowest order of women participated openly in the new year fighting (sanctioned during the first moon of the new year) occasioned where debts had not been paid by the end of the old year or the 15 days' grace following it. Fighting for other grudges also took place between men, bodies of trades, whole villages or companies of children. Betting on womens' fights was common. However, neither women nor men of the upper orders fought, or at most a male aristocrat might use a champion to fight behind closed walls.

Notable Joseon women
Listed in descending order of year of death, with the latest first:
 Empress Myeongseong (1851–1895) also known in her time as "Queen Min", queen consort of Korea assassinated in 1895.
 Kang Jeongildang (1772-1832), was a Korean poetess and published letter-writer. She supported her scholar husband by knitting.
 Lee Bingheogak (1759 -1824) aristocratic female scholar and published author of poetry and two large encyclopaedias. Copies of some of her work, known by name, have been found again in the period 1939-2004.
 Seo Yeongsuhap (1753–1823) member of powerful aristocratic family, mathematician and poetess of renown and substantial portfolio.
 Lady Hyegyeong of the Pungsan Hong clan (1735 – 1816) aristocratic bride of mentally-ill Crown Prince Sado who was put to death for his actions. She authored a chilling account of her life as a terrorised royal wife, the Memoirs of Lady Hyegyeong.
 Gim Man-deok (1739–1812) was a businesswoman and philanthropist whose action of releasing rice to the starving caused her to be celebrated.
 Im Yunjidang (1721–1793), female Neo-Confucian scholar, philosopher and author, came from a poor yangban family. Her biography was written by her younger brother.
 Kim Gae-si "Court Lady Kim" (d. 1623) a palace maid who rose to control matters of state but who was beheaded eventually.
 Hwang Jini or Hwang Jin-yi (1506–1567) gisaeng and acclaimed poetess also famed for her riddles. She has inspired many modern popular dramas.
 Princess Yi Gu-ji (d. 1489) who was executed for having a scandalous sexual relationship with her slave after she had been widowed.

Daily life
Some revealing scenes from daily life show the workings of social rules behind them. Elegant and sophisticated luxury clothes and dwellings were the aspiration and expectation of the yangban class.  Painted screens and calligraphy were displayed decoratively. Their homes were supported by servant-labour. The trades or professions that catered to the dress and habits of this class included hat-makers, jewellers, cloth-makers, dress-makers and the silk-clad Gisaeng. Marriage for upper-class women involved leaving the seclusion of the mother's quarters for the seclusion of the women's quarters of a new home. Child labour was integral to society, with working children dressed as miniature adults wearing the blue-white traditional clothing adults wore.

Personal narratives
From the early 1880s, King Gojong and his queen began a process of Westernisation, thereby opening late Joseon society to Western residents and travellers. Amongst these observers are (alphabetically by surname):

Isabella Bird, doctor-missionary and travel writer. Her four visits to Korea took place between January 1894 and March 1897. In the Preface of her travelogue she expresses her concern that what she writes of should be correct and checked as far as she can with official returns and documents. Her interests include the people of contemporary Korea and their customs and expectations.

Charles Carat, an account of Korean travels in 1892 including many detailed sketches taken from photographs. These are chosen to illustrate the daily lives, trades and the housing of the people encountered. (Written in French).

Louise Jordan Miln whose work Quaint Korea, written in 1895, considers the practical position of women and the application of their rights in some detail.

Arnold Henry Savage Landor was a popular Victorian travel writer and artist. He also made observations of travel in Korea as he experienced it. His observations of the lives of women are written from the perspective of a middle-class European man of his time.

Perceval Lowell was an American businessman and distinguished astronomer who travelled extensively in the Far East including Korea. He assisted the 1883 royal Korean mission to the United States and authored books on Korean customs.

Lilias Underwood (1851-1921), wife of American missionary to Korea Horace Grant Underwood, wrote her impressions of life and customs as she observed them in her fifteen year stay, publishing her account in 1904.

References

Bibliography

See also
Neo-Confucianism
Politics of the Joseon dynasty
Political factions during the Joseon dynasty
Gungnyeo
Kisaeng
History of Korea

Other sources of information
Categories within wikipedia include the following. Women writers are sub-categories within categories for women.

:Category:19th-century Korean women

:Category:18th-century Korean women

:Category:17th-century Korean women

:Category:16th-century Korean women

:Category:15th-century Korean women

Joseon
Social history of Korea


title: Masters W80 800 metres world record progression

text:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the 800 metres W80 division of Masters athletics.

Key

References

Masters Athletics 800 m list

Masters athletics world record progressions


title: Clinical Neurophysiology (journal)

text:
Clinical Neurophysiology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier. It was established in 1949 as Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology and obtained its current title in 1999. The journal covers all aspects of neurophysiology, especially as relating to the pathophysiology underlying diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. It is the official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, the Brazilian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, the Czech Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, the Italian Clinical Neurophysiology Society, and the International Society of Intraoperative Neurophysiology.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 3.614.

References

External links

International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
Brazilian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
Czech Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
Italian Clinical Neurophysiology Society
International Society of Intraoperative Neurophysiology

Neurology journals
Elsevier academic journals
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1949
Neurophysiology
Physiology journals
Academic journals associated with international learned and professional societies


title: Tours tramway

text:
Tours tramway refers to tram networks of the city of Tours, in Indre-et-Loire, in the French region of Centre-Val de Loire, at different times:

 A network that functioned from 1877 to 1949.
 A new network called RBD, designed from the 1990s, which was inaugurated on 31 August 2013, and is part of Fil Bleu (literally, blue wire), the transit network of the Touraine agglomeration. It consists of a 15 km line with 29 stations.

A second line could be built in the future, by installing rails on part of existing network TCSP Bus with High Level of Service, as was the case for the first line.

First-generation tram network (1877-1949)

Municipality Tours proposed the creation of a tramway in the city in 1874. Tours had spoken to a Belgian entrepreneur, Frederick the Hault, founder of the French General Tramways Company and with that the company commissioned the first network of public transport in the city, pulled by horses on 8 July 1877.

Another operator extended the network in 1889 to Vouvray along the Loire, on 7.6 km, with trams hauled by steam locomotives.

A new company, the Tramways Company Tours was founded in 1898 to electrify and expand the urban network, which reaches 20 km in 1900. During the First World War in 1916 some sections were abandoned. Suburban lines closed in 1932 before road competition from private buses.

The tram network was seriously damaged during the Second World War, particularly during the bombing of the tramway facilities in Tours on 20 May 1944, which destroyed the depot. Facilities were repaired as much as possible and the network operated until 14 September 1949, when the last tram was replaced by buses.

Network Map

References

External links

 filbleu – official operator of the Tours tramway

Tram transport in France
Transport in Tours, France
Tours


title: Eas Gobhain

text:
Eas Gobhain is a river in the Trossachs of Scotland just west of Callander
. It is the outflow of Loch Venachar and joins with Garbh Uisge west of Callander to form the River Teith. The name of the river, Eas Gobhain, translates from Gaelic as "the smith's cascade".

References

Rivers of Stirling (council area)
Tributaries of the Teith


title: Bregant

text:
Bregant is the family name of following persons:

 Camillo Bregant (1879–1956), Austrian Major General
 Eugen Bregant (1875-1936), Austrian Major General and Colonel
 Tatjana Bregant (1932–2002), a Slovenian archaeologist and prehistorian


title: Vladimir Golmak

text:
Vladimir Golmak (; ; born 11 October 1966) is a Belarusian football coach and former player. He is currently the head coach of Shakhtyor Soligorsk's U19 team.

Coaching career
In 2017 he was a head coach at Belshina Bobruisk.

Honours
MPKC Mozyr
Belarusian Premier League champion: 1996
Belarusian Cup winner: 1995–96

References

External links
 Profile at teams.by
 Profile at pressball.by

1966 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Babruysk
Footballers from Mogilev Region
Belarusian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Dnepr Mogilev players
FC Belshina Bobruisk players
FC Slavia Mozyr players
FC Torpedo Minsk players
Belarusian football managers
FC SKVICH Minsk managers
FC Kommunalnik Slonim managers
FC Gomel managers
FC Dinamo Minsk managers
FC Belshina Bobruisk managers
FC UAS Zhitkovichi managers
Soviet men's footballers


title: KK Celje

text:
Košarkarski klub Celje (), commonly referred to as KK Celje or simply Celje, is a Slovenian basketball club based in Celje that competes in the Slovenian Second League.

Honours
Slovenian Third League
 2013–14

References

External links
Official website

Basketball teams established in 2011
Basketball teams in Slovenia
Sport in Celje
2011 establishments in Slovenia


title: Bapu Museum, Vijayawada

text:
The Bapu Museum (formerly: Victoria Jubilee Museum) is an archaeological museum, located at M. G. Road of Vijayawada. It was renamed in the memory of the renowned film director, illustrator, cartoonist and author Bapu. The museum is maintained by the Archaeological department and has large collection of sculptures, paintings and artifacts of Buddhist and Hindu relics, with some of them as old as 2nd and 3rd Centuries. The structure of building is an Indo-European style of architectural and is more than a hundred years old structure.

History
The museum was created as part of the celebrations of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887. The foundation stone was laid by Robert Sewell,  District Collector of Krishna district, on 27 June 1887. Sri Pingali Venkayya presented a tri-colour flag to Mahatma Gandhi at this location in 1921. The building initially housed industrial exhibitions. It was converted to an archaeological museum under the auspices of the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh, in 1962.

Paintings and relics
The museum has historical galleries, stone cut writings, coins, swords, body armour, shields,  arms, ornamentation, etc., used by kings. A standing Buddha of white limestone of Alluru (3rd–4th century), Lord Shiva and Goddess Durga as slaying the buffalo demon, Mahishasura (2nd century) can also be found at the museum.

References

1887 establishments in India
Museums established in 1887
Museums in Andhra Pradesh
Archaeological museums in India
Tourist attractions in Vijayawada


title: Chaolian Subdistrict

text:
Chaolian Subdistrict () is a subdistrict of Pengjiang District, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China. It covers an area of 12.68 square kilometers, and has a registered population of 12,808 as of 2008.

History
Chaolian was a subdistrict called Hua'e Du of Xinhui District in Qing Dynasty.

During the Republic of China, the area belonged to Xinhui County's 4th District (). In 1955, the area fell under the jurisdiction of the Waihai People's Commune (). In 1961, the area was moved to the Hetang People's Commune ().

In 1977, the area was placed under the jurisdiction of Jiangmen as the Chaolian People's Commune (). In 1983, Chaolain was changed to a district, and in 1987 was changed again to a town. Chaolian was changed to a subdistrict in 2000.

Geography
Chaolian Subdistrict is located on a river island in the Xi River. The subdistrict is bordered by the town of Guzhen to its east, Waihai Subdistrict to its south, central Pengjiang District to its west, and the town of Hetang to its north.

Climate
Chaolian has a subtropical monsoon climate.

Administrative divisions
Chaolian Subdistrict administers six residential communities: Tangbian Residential Community (), Zhishan Residential Community (), Fugang Residential Community (), Lubian Residential Community (), Tanbian Residential Community (), and Zhigang Residential Community ().

Economy
The subdistrict's budget for 2020 totaled ¥92.58 million, with the biggest expenditures being on education and social security.

Since the Reform and Opening of China, many overseas Chinese originally hailing from Chaolian have invested in the area.

With the completion of Chaolian Bridge and Xijiang Bridge, Chaolian Subdistrict has transport links with surrounding cities, like Foshan and Guangzhou.

Chaolian is called "The Island of Diamond" after Henghe Diamond Co. Ltd.(Jiangmen), which is located there. Other important businesses within the subdistrict include Xijiang View Food Street, and Jiangmen Polytechnic.

Tourism

Hongsheng Park is in Fugang. In the north of Chaolian island, facing Xijiang, it is the expansion of Hongsheng Buddha Hall in 1984. It covers an area of more than 15,000 square meters, with beautifully designed structures. The artificial lake is quiet and beautiful with bridges and pavilions. The park is full of plants, from roses to peach flowers, mellows to bamboos. The main historical sites are Hongsheng Buddha Hall, the Loving Mother Pavilion, and the Four-Eyes-Well.
Chaolian Beach Park is a place for barbecue, exercising, swimming, and relaxing.
Lubian Ancestral Hall is in Lubian. It is famous for its ancient Chinese style architecture. Now it serves as a small museum for exhibition of paintings and photographs of local artists.

Education

Chaolian Central Kindergarten is in Lubian, and it is the biggest kindergarten in Chaolian.
Yongsi Primary School is in Zhishan. It serves local children mainly.
Chaolian Central School has its primary school section and its junior high school section. It locates at Lubian.
Jiangmen Polytechnic is a higher education facility with a 30-year history, and it relocated in Chaolian in 2004.

References

Jiangmen


title: Pic de Vallibierna

text:
The Pic de Vallibierna, culminating at , together with the tuc Culebras  forms a massif located south of the massif de la Maladeta, in the Spanish Pyrenees (Aragon province). The crest separating both summits is nicknamed the horse step.

References

Mountains of the Pyrenees
Mountains of Aragon
Pyrenean three-thousanders


title: Gustav Renker

text:
Gustav Renker (12 October 1889 – 23 July 1967) was an Austrian and Swiss journalist and   novelist known for his literary regionalism.

Renker has published over sixty novels, some of which have been made into films. His work is mostly attributable to the anti-modern province literature of the interwar period.

He was the father in law of Heinrich Sutermeister. Part of his literary estate is archived in the Carinthian literary archives in Klagenfurt.

Notes

External links

1889 births
1967 deaths
Writers from Vienna
Austrian male writers
Swiss writers
Austrian expatriates in Switzerland


title: Pleasant Hill, Washington

text:
Pleasant Hill is an unincorporated community in Cowlitz County, Washington, south of the city of Castle Rock. Pleasant Hill is located along or near Pleasant Hill Road between Castle Rock and Ostrander. The northern end of Pleasant Hill community is part of the Castle Rock School District, while the southern end is part of the Kelso School District.

Geography
Pleasant Hill is located at  (46.2253898, -122.8940015).

External links
Castle Rock School District website
Kelso School District website

References

Unincorporated communities in Cowlitz County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)


title: Samuel Peploe Wood

text:
Samuel Peploe Wood (17 February 1827 – 30 July 1873) was an English sculptor and painter. His sculpture can be seen on many churches and public buildings in England, and there are a number of his sketches and watercolours at Staffordshire County Museum.

Early life and education
Samuel Peploe Wood was born in Great Haywood, Staffordshire on 17 February 1827, the youngest of seven children of Joseph and Alethea Wood, and younger brother of the painter Thomas Peploe Wood (1817–1845). In 1841 he was bound as an apprentice to the Trubshaws, local architects but did not complete his apprenticeship.  Instead, in 1846 he went to Milan, Italy to train in the studio of the sculptor Rafaelle Monti(1818–1881).  While studying in Milan, Wood joined Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces and saw some service in 1848.

Career
He was back in England by 1851 and began his career as a sculptor, setting up a studio in Lichfield, Staffordshire. Wood undertook work on many Staffordshire and west Midlands buildings, including the reredos at All Angels' Church, Colwich; corbels and bosses at St. Stephen's Church, Great Haywood, an oak lectern for Stowe by Lichfield; and a crucifixion and resurrection at Ashbourne, Derbyshire.  He also sculpted fireplaces at Bishton Hall, Staffordshire, the figure of Victory on Burslem Town Hall and worked on the facade of Birmingham Town Hall.

In 1866 he carved a large and elaborate memorial cross to his brother and other members of his family, still standing in the churchyard of St. Michael and All Angels Church, Colwich.

Personal life
He married Amelia Illingworth at Bispham, Lancashire on 28 August 1853, and they had one child, Florence, born in Lichfield, Staffordshire in 1855.  Samuel Peploe Wood died on 30 July 1873 from cancer of the tongue and was buried at Colwich, Staffordshire.

He is the grandfather of the Scottish nationalist Wendy Wood (1892–1981) and great grandfather of the musician Spike Hughes (1908–1987) and physicist J. B. Gunn (1928–2008).

References

English sculptors
English male sculptors
1827 births
1873 deaths
People from the Borough of Stafford
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from oral cancer
19th-century English sculptors
19th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century English male artists


title: Red Palace and Red Square

text:
Red Palace and Red Square is located in the middle of Renmin Road and also at the center of Haifeng downtown, Guangdong Province, China. In the Great Revolutionary Period of China, communists in Haifeng County and Lufeng County (now both under Shanwei Municipality) of Guangdong Province led by Peng Pai built up the Hai-Lu-Feng Soviet Worker-Peasant-Soldier Government, the very first soviet regime in China.

Origin and name
The Red Palace and Red Square used to be an old-style school during the Ming dynasty. In 1927, between November 18 and 21, the Haifeng Soviet Congress of Worker-Peasant-Soldiers was held there. During this congress, the Haifeng Soviet Government was established. The congress also decided to brush walls around the palace with red paint and cover the indoor walls with red cloth, imitating the Red Palace in Moscow, Russia. Hence, the first Red regime was established. They also gave this old-style school a new name—Red Palace. After that, many important meetings were held in the Red Palace and the square to the east of it was named the Red Square. It was called “Dongcang Bu” () before that and covered an area of more than 22 square kilometers.
After the establishment of the Chinese soviet regime, Peng Pai, the leader of the regime proposed the construction of a gate for the Red Square and a Platform for speeches. Then the gate and the platform were built. There is a golden five-pointed star and two Chinese characters—红场 (Red Square) embossed at the top of the gate and a couplet at both sides of the gate inscribed with “铲除封建势力，实行土地革命” (Wipe out the feudal forces, Carry out Agrarian Revolution). At the center of the square, a speech transmission station was set up for the convenience of rallies. On December 1, 1927, a rally with over 50,000 participants was held to celebrate the establishment of Haifeng Soviet Government. On Jan. 1st 1928, troops from Nanchang City after Nanchang Uprising led by Dong Lang () Yan Changxi () met troops from Guangzhou City after Guangzhou Uprising in the square and successfully joined together.
In 1986, the bronze statue of Peng Pai was set in the Red Square 57 years after his sacrifice for revolution.

History
The Red Palace used to be an old-style school during the Ming dynasty. It was built by Zheng Yuan, a county magistrate in 1329, the 12th year of Hongwu Year of Ming. The Red Square used to be the governmental granary during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), and was called Dongcangfu at that time.

Construction

Red Palace
The overall constructions in the Red Palace are typical Jiangnan (South regions of Yangtze River) style which shows an ancient style of grace and simplicity. All the walls, columns, door leaves, and door frames are all painted red. The main gate of the Red Palace consists of six columns and five arches.
Inside of the gate, there lies a pond with an arch bridge upon. Go across the bridge and there lies the antechamber, the adytum, two side halls and the Dacheng Hall (the hall of great achievement). The Dacheng Hall is the major construction. Behind the Dacheng Hall lies the Wudai Ci (ancestral hall of many generations of ancestors). The hall used to be a place to worship Confucius. During the period of China's great revolution, it served as an accommodation for worker-peasant soldiers. It collapsed, though, but is now fully repaired according to its original appearance. Now, Wudai Ci serves as an exhibition hall exhibiting biographical relics and other materials of martyrs of uprising and revolutions in Hai-Lu Feng counties.

Red Square
Before the establishment of Haifeng Soviet Government, Peng Pai proposed the building of Red Square as a meeting place to announce the new government's establishment. It is said that this square was designed by Peng Pai himself but without evidence. On October 28, 1986, the 90th birthday of Peng Pai, a bronze statue of him was set at the center of the Red Square. The pedestal of it was made from granite. The size of the granite is: height: 2.3m, length: 2m, width: 1.7m. Words written by a Chinese marshal Xu Xiangqian “the Statue of Martyr Peng Pai” were curved in front of the pedestal. The statue is 3.2m tall and weighs 2000 kg. It was sculptured by sculptor Pan He from Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts. In 1961, the State Council of People's Republic of China included the Red Palace and Red Square in the list of National Cultural Heritage Conservation.

References

Buildings and structures in Guangdong


title: Swarachakra

text:
Swarachakra (Devanagari: स्वरचक्र) is a free text input application developed by the IDIN group at Industrial Design Center (IDC), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay for Indic scripts. Swarachakra's alphabetical keyboard layout performed better than the Inscript layout (a QWERTY-based design and government standard in India). Currently, it is available for Android devices in twelve languages.

Work on other languages is in progress. This is one of the many projects taken up to develop interactive products for developing countries at IDC.

Motivation

India is a multilingual country with 1,635 languages (including dialects and sub dialects) while Indian currency notes display 15 major languages. Although smartphone penetration is increasing in India, text input in Indic scripts has been a challenge for many years. According to the 2005 India Human Development Survey, the surveyed households reported that 72 per cent of men did not speak any English, 28 per cent spoke some English, and five per cent spoke fluent English. Among women, the corresponding percentages were 83, 17, and 3. While Indian languages are preferred in other means of communication in India (e.g. oral and written communication, radio, TV, newspapers and magazines), English is still the most preferred language for text input.

The focus of this project is to increase the Indian text input on smartphones and tablets.  A better text input mechanism will be helpful to people with little or no knowledge of English, and also for those who prefer not to use English.

Challenges

Text entry in Indian Languages has many challenges. Devanagari, for example, requires 52-65 keys to input just the frequently used characters (25 consonants, 9 semi-vowels, 3 frequent conjuncts, 13 vowels, a halant and the 13 vowel modifiers), whereas 26 keys are sufficient to represent Latin script. The government standard Inscript uses 42 keys but takes away many punctuation marks, including commonly used ones such as question marks and quotation marks. Further, it clubs unrelated characters on same key such as  म ण, ह ङ, ऍ १, र ३, ज्ञ ५, त्र ६, क्ष ७, श्र. This is believed to be why Inscript and most other qwerty-based text input mechanisms have not become popular up until now.

History
Researchers at IDC have been working on alternatives to QWERTY-based keyboards for Indic text input since 2001. Earlier projects included the design of hardware devices such as Dynakey, Barakhadi, Keylekh and e-Lekh. As mobile phones became smarter and more powerful, this group started working on text input alternatives for mobile phones in 2007 with Saral. Swarachakra and Disha were two designs developed in 2010 for touch-screen devices. In June 2013, Swarachakra was launched on Android devices. , more than 20 lakh people have downloaded Swarachakra from Google play store. Swarachakra has received appreciation from local newspapers in India

and international magazines

References

External links
Swarachakra on Android playstore
Swarachakra Website
Swarachakra on Twitter
Swarachakra on Facebook
भारतीय भाषा टंकलेखनातील आव्हाने
संगणकासाठी टंकलेखन यंत्रणांचे अभिकल्प

External links

Input methods
Indic computing
Input/output
User interface techniques
Mobile technology
Keyboard layouts
Android (operating system) software
Free application software
IIT Bombay


title: Edward Wells (MP)

text:
Edward Wells (1821 – 9 February 1910)
was an English businessman and Conservative Party politician from Wallingford, which was then in Berkshire. He sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1872 to 1880.

Early life and family
He was the son of Edward Wells from Wallingford, where his family had lived since the early 18th century. He became a banker and brewer, and an alderman of the town.
His brother Thomas Frederick Wells (1837–1907) was also an alderman of the town, and served 4 times as its mayor.
The tall chimneys of their family business, the Wallingford Brewery, dominated the town's skyline.

He married a niece of Sir Matthew Wood, a former Lord Mayor of London.

Political career
Wells was elected at a by-election in March 1872 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wallingford, filling the vacancy caused the death of the Conservative MP Stanley Vickers.   The election took place in public, and the returning officer reminded voters that with a secret ballot about to be introduced, this was likely to be their last public election.
A Mr Moffat had been canvassing, with the intention of contesting the seat for the Liberal Party, but had withdrawn and left the town.
Wells was therefore the only candidate, so he was returned without a vote. In his acceptance speech he opposed secular education, supported a reduction in income tax, and denounced the Ballot Bill as "positively un-English".

He was re-elected in 1874,
but at the general election in 1880 he was defeated by the Liberal candidate Walter Wren,
by a margin of 581 votes to 542.

Wells lodged a petition, alleging bribery and treating by his opponent and his agents.
The petition was upheld, and the election was declared void.
A by-election was held in July 1880, where Wells did not stand. The seat was won by another Liberal candidate, Pandeli Ralli.
That result was also the subject of a petition (though not by Wells), when it was found that voters had been bribed. However, it was not proven that the bribery had been done by an agent of Mr Ralli, so the election result was upheld.

In 1909, Wells was re-elected as a churchwarden of St Mary's Church in Wallingford, for his 67th year in the post. This was claimed to be a record for the United Kingdom.

References

External links

1821 births
1910 deaths
People from Wallingford, Oxfordshire
English bankers
English brewers
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
19th-century English businesspeople


title: Edward Wells

text:
Edward Wells may refer to:

 Edward Wells (theologian) (1667–1727), English mathematician, geographer, and controversial theologian
 Edward Wells (MP) (1821–1910), English Conservative Party politician, MP for Wallingford 1872–80
 Edward Curtis Wells (1910–1986), director of Boeing Company, designer of the Boeing 747
 Edward Wells (flying ace) (1916–2005), New Zealand flying ace of the Royal New Zealand Air Force

See also
 Wells (name)


title: Archery at the 1978 Asian Games

text:
Archery was contested from 14 December to 15 December at the 1978 Asian Games in Hua Mark Sport Complex, Bangkok, Thailand. The competition included only recurve events.

Japan finished first in the medal table  by winning three gold medals.

Medalists

Medal table

References
 Medalists
 Men's team medalists
 Women's team medalists

External links
 Olympic Council of Asia

1978 Asian Games events
1978
Asian Games
International archery competitions hosted by Thailand


title: Vanparys

text:
Vanparys Confiserie B.V. is a Belgian confectionery company founded in 1769 by Felix Vanparys in Brussels, near  Sablon, Belgium. The company produces chocolate and sugar-coated confections but specializes in dragées (sugar-coated chocolate and almonds), which features often in Christian and Islamic traditions and celebrations. The recipe and the preparation of its dragées, dates back over 125 years ago, and are still being continued today.

In 2012, Vanparys extended its selection confections to include a range of chocolate-coated nuts, fruits, and coffee beans – as well as a variety of seasonal confectioneries such as praliné eggs and fondant chicks for Easter. Each season, Vanparys introduces a range of new colours to its palette.

Presently, the company is located in Evere, Brussels, and exports to many countries including the Netherlands, France, Luxembourg, UK, Germany, Poland, China, Turkey, Tunisia, Japan, and Portugal.

History

1889–1945: Early history
The Vanparys confectionery business was created in 1769 when Felix Vanparys founded a small enterprise in Brussels on Ernest Allard Street specializing in the production of sugar-coated chocolate and almonds, otherwise known as dragées.

In 1922, Emile Vanparys (Felix's nephew) took control and relocated the growing production line to larger premises in Brussels. He improved the coating technique while also making the sweets more accessible in price. When almonds grew scarce due to a bad harvest across Europe, Emile decided to replace them with an almond-shaped nugget of chocolate. This new type of dragée was eventually copied by the competition and has since become more popular across Europe than the traditional almond ones. By 1935, the Vanparys business had grown to 80 employees, but over the next few years production faltered due to the Second World War.

1945–1998
Progress resumed when the war ended. In 1945, Constant Vanparys took over the family business, and when its competitors had to stop producing dragées due to tough economic conditions, Vanparys recruited their staff. In 1957, Princess Grace of Monaco opted for yellow color dragées for the christening of her daughter Princess Caroline of Monaco, which led to the fact that colors other than blue, rose and white, came into vogue. Following that trend, Vanparys also expanded its range and introduced 25 additional colors the same year.

Modern history
In 1990, the Belgian confectioner André De Greef, together with his two sons, assumed control of the company, the first non-family members to do so. Under their stewardship, much of the factory, based in Evere, Brussels was renovated.

Product range

Original collection

 Chocolate Dragées
 Almond Dragées
 Chocolate & Sweet Mini Dragées
 Gold & Silver

Gourmet collection
 Chocolate Coated Whole Fruit
 Chocolate Coated Almonds and Hazelnuts
 Chocolate Coated Almonds with a Fruity Sugar Coating
 Coffee & Chocolate

Cake Decorations
 Vanparys Mini Range (confettis, mini-confettis and mini hearts)
 Silver & Gold (gold and silver pastry and cake toppings)
 Fondant Jesus (sugar baby Jesus figurine)
 Fondant Hen
 Non Pareil (colourful, extra small mini pearls)

Easter Products
 Praliné Eggs (praliné eggs with a crunchy sugar coating)

References

Food and drink companies based in Brussels
Food and drink companies established in 1889
Manufacturing companies based in Brussels
Belgian companies established in 1889


title: Peggy Miley

text:
Peggy Miley  is an American actress and writer. She has played supporting roles in films such as Alice, The Little Princess, Bandits, The Back-up Plan, and Primary Colors. She played Doris Driscoll in the Netflix series Stranger Things. She is also known for her work in commercials, including a Christmas television ad for Cheerios in which she played the grandmother.

Personal life
Miley graduated from St. Jean Baptiste High School in 1959 where she was involved with theatre, and from St. John's University with a degree in literature in 1963. In 1975 she completed a master's degree in Humanities at NYU.

Television
Miley has guest starred on several television series including Becker, Boy Meets World, Liv and Maddie, NYPD Blue, Big Love, Monk, Mike & Molly and Six Feet Under. She played a supporting role in the 1998 television movie Winchell.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Living people
1941 births


title: IS 318

text:
Intermediate School 318 (IS 318; also known as the Eugenio Maria de Hostos School) is a public junior high school at 101 Walton Street in  Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City.  Most of the school's 1,623 students, who are sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-graders, are from Williamsburg.  The school has 134 teachers.

Over 70% of the students come from families whose income is below the poverty line.  Over 90% of the students are of Latino, Black, or Asian/Pacific descent.

The school's chess program has been called the best middle-school program in the United States, and in 2012 the school's team became the first middle school team to win the United States Chess Federation national high school championship. The school's team was followed and featured in a 2012 documentary film entitled Brooklyn Castle.

Student demographics
The student poverty rate is over 70%.
The school is in the Federal Title I Program, which gives money to schools who have many students from low-income families.

Two thirds of the students are Hispanic.  Over 90% of the students are of Latino, Black, or Asian/Pacific descent.

Chess program

Author Paul Tough wrote in How Children Succeed: Grit, Curiosity, and the Hidden Power of Character (2012):  the chess program in the Intermediate School 318 is the best middle-school program in the United States, bar none.  In fact, it is almost certainly the best scholastic chess program in the country at any grade level.

About half the school's students take chess classes.  Elizabeth Spiegel was hired a part-time chess tutor in 1999 and as the team's full-time chess teacher in 2007, and oversees its 80-member chess team as chess coach.  She was one of the top 30 female chess players in the United States in 2013.

In 2009, the team won the sixth-, seventh- and eighth-grade titles at the United States Chess Federation's National Scholastic K-12 Championship.

In 2011, as the school's team faced budget cuts, the Brooklyn Navy Yard Cogeneration Plant donated $25,000 to the school's chess program.

By 2012, it had won at least two dozen national championships since 2000, according to one of its coaches, and two of its members, both 13 years of age, were rated as chess masters.

Team member Rochelle Ballantyne, who was raised by a single mom from Trinidad and is aiming to become the first African-American woman to become a chess master, said: "We were meant to break stereotypes. Chess isn’t something people are good at because of the color of their skin. We just really work very hard at it."  Team member Justus Williams became the youngest-ever African-American "National Master", at the age of 12.  Team member Isaac Barayev, 2012 New York City junior high school chess champion, is the grandson of émigrés from the former Soviet Union.

In 2012, its team became the first middle school team to win the United States Chess Federation national high school championship since the competition started in 1969, beating students four years older.  A total of 318 teams competed in the championship.  Along the way, it defeated several chess teams including New York's Stuyvesant High School and Edward R. Murrow High School.  87% of the team members came from homes with incomes below the federal poverty line.

In 2013, the team was struggling to raise sufficient money to continue to pay for the after-school classes and travel that allow it to continue to compete.

The school's chess team was followed and featured in a 2012 documentary film entitled Brooklyn Castle.  The film won the audience award at the 2012 South by Southwest film festival in Austin, Texas.

In 2014, the school's chess team has won 2 championship titles for 8th and 7th grade in the USCF Grade National in Florida.

In 2015, the school's chess team won the New York City Junior High School Championship, New York State Junior High School Championship, Mayor's Cup, All-Girls National Championship, Junior High School K9 National Championship  as well as Elementary K6 National Championship.  Four young women in the school, Nancy Wang (8th grade), Mengnan Chen (8th grade), Vicki Yang (7th grade), and Katrina Wong (6th grade), qualified for the 2015 World Youth Championship in Halkidiki, Greece.

In 2018, the school's chess team won 2 championships for 6th and 8th grade in the USCF Grade National in Orlando, Florida.

References

External links

School homepage on nyc.gov
IS 318 Chess Team homepage
"Principal as Programmer: Six Years of Differentiated Instruction Fostered by a Home Grown Data System", I.S. 318 Eugenio Maria de Hostos (14K318)

Public middle schools in Brooklyn
Williamsburg, Brooklyn
Chess in the United States
2012 in chess


title: Little Fire

text:
Little Fire (born 5 December 1985, in Scotland) is a Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist.

Career

Musician Jamie McGeechan aka Little Fire was born in Falkirk in 1985. Raised in Ayrshire from the age of 5 he began performing at a young age.

Little Fire has released one album High Hopes and one EP Roots. He has previously worked with artists including Damien Rice, Joan Armatrading, Dougie MacLean, Eddi Reader, Justin Currie, Andrew Roachford and others.

In October 2014, Little Fire made history as the first person to record an album of Burns songs within Burns Cottage itself. The album entitled 'Roots' was featured on BBC Reporting Scotland in January 2015. His debut album High Hopes was released on 5 December 2014.

Little Fire performed in New York City for the American Scottish Foundation's 21st Annual Burns Supper on 19 January 2015.

'Fire me Up' from the debut album High Hopes is featured on the as yet to be released Hollywood film 'The Drama Club' directed by Joe McClean.

Jamie was made an ambassador for World Peace Tartan by Arun Gandhi in June 2016.

References

External links

www.littlefiremusic.com

Scottish singer-songwriters


title: Christos Pappas

text:
Christos Pappas (Greek: Χρήστος Παππάς; born 1962, Athens) is a Greek politician, convicted criminal and a former deputy leader of the Greek Parliament for the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party.

Criminal conviction
After a trial lasting five years, on 22 October 2020, Pappas was sentenced to 13 years and 3 months in prison for administrating a criminal organization. As the Greek Police were not able to track him, it was thought that he may have fled abroad and a European arrest warrant was issued.

On 1 July 2021, however, he was arrested at an apartment in Central Athens, Greece. Police also arrested a woman on the charge of offering shelter to the wanted criminal.

References

External links
Personal blog

1962 births
Living people
Golden Dawn politicians convicted of crimes
Greek prisoners and detainees
Greek MPs 2012 (May)
Greek MPs 2012–2014
Politicians from Athens
Greek MPs 2015 (February–August)

Prisoners and detainees of Greece


title: Alessandro Kokocinski

text:
Alessandro Kokocinski (born Alejandro Kokocinski; 3 April 1948 – 12 December 2017) was an Italian-Argentine painter, sculptor and set designer, of Polish-Russian origin.

Early life
Born in the refugee camp at Porto Recanati, to a mother who had escaped Nazi deportation and a father who had fought with the Anglo-Polish forces, in late 1948 he and his family moved to South America. He spent the first few years of his life in the Misiones and Iguazú forests, and in Paraguay and the Chaco region. In Buenos Aires he witnessed the bombing of the Casa Rosada, and the fall of Perón (1955).

Career

When Kokocinski was young, he joined the circus in the Argentine capital. He soon moved into theatre, having studied set design at the school of Saulo Benavente. He designed the sets for “El Guapo del Novecento”. After being filed on police record by the military regime, he was forced to take refuge in Santiago de Chile. His drawings of political protest were exhibited at various universities in Chile. His works were presented by the art critic Mario Pedrosa, and by writers Enrique Araya and Delia del Carril.

He worked on the Allende government’s agrarian reform, in partnership with the Catholic University of Santiago de Chile. Kokocinski was already in Europe by the time Allende fell from government. He exhibited first in Hamburg and later in Rome, presented by Rafael Alberti (who dedicated a poem to him, entitled “Alejandro Kokocinski 1971, pintor”. He settled in Rome and became a pupil of Riccardo Tomassi Ferroni, with whom he shared a studio in Trastevere, together with Carlo Quattrucci.

In 1986 he moved to the Far East and lived there for a few years, travelling between South East Asia and China. In the late 1980s he moved to Germany, where he lived for four years.

He then returned to Italy for good, and there founded the Kosa theatre company with the actress and singer Lina Sastri. He designed lighting, costumes and sets for six of the company's shows, all directed by and starring Sastri.
In 2003 he moved to Tuscania (Lazio), where he moved his studio into an ancient, deconsecrated church. He set up the Fondazione Alessandro Kokocinski in the town, an organization aimed at supporting the creativity of young artists (from Italy and all over the world), through training and specialization courses, residential training programmes and exhibitions and events.

In 2016 Kokocinski created the set design and lighting design for Lina Sastri è il mio nome, a musical theatrical show which opened on 4 October 2016 at the Teatro Quirino, Rome. Neapolitan actress and singer Sastri spoke to Il Messaggero newspaper about the "prolific imagination of Alessandro Kokocinski, a truly internationally-renowned painter who observes the world through the eyes of the heart”. She said she “hope[d] the audience appreciates his visually dramatic touch, with which I fully identify".

Selected exhibitions

Kokocinski staged his second solo show in Buenos Aires in 1969. The exhibition included a series of dramatically stylized black and white pencil drawings. The subject matter was: the difficulty of a life in poverty; work; and suffering in general.

In 1979 he took part in a group show at the Printshop Gallery in Amsterdam. The title of the exhibition was "L'immagine dell'uomo dal 1945 ad oggi" ("The image of man from 1945 to the present"). The selection of works was intended to illustrate how artistic creativity had reinterpreted the vision of humanity since the end of the Second World War.

In 1987, at the Hong Kong Arts Festival, eighteen of Kokocinski's pieces went on display in a solo exhibition, which grouped together artists from all over the world in the then-British colony. These works mainly focused on images from the circus tradition, with acrobats and dancers moving across canvases, accompanied by impetuously leaping horses.

In 1999, in Rome, three exhibitions running almost simultaneously at the Istituto Italo-latinoamericano, Palazzo della Pigna and the Galleria Italarte celebrated Kokocinski as a "world pilgrim". His portraits of men and women were "loaded with pathos and pain", according to La Stampa, and painted using superimpositions and faded colours/elements of pain to accentuate their dramatic impact.

Palazzo Venezia in Rome staged an extensive one-man exhibition on Kokocinski in 2003. The exhibition comprised more than sixty works from various takes of his long creative career. One of the most important of these was La Trasfigurazione, a polyptych measuring more than 4 metres high and 14 metres long, made up of five polychrome fiberglass sculptures mounted on wooden panels resting on iron joists.

In 2005 Kokocinski had an exhibition at the Museo Nazionale di Castel Sant' Angelo, Rome, with a sculpture cycle, "L'Ombra delle idee" ("The Shadow of Ideas"), inspired by the philosopher Giordano Bruno. The historian and art critic Claudio Strinati introduced the exhibition.
In the same year, he took part in a group show curated by Vittorio Sgarbi entitled "Il Male – Esercizi di Pittura crudele" ("Evil – Exercises in Cruel Painting") at the Palazzina di Caccia di Stupinigi, in Turin, Italy.

One of the artist's major achievements has been the solo show in 2006 in Beijing, at the National Art Museum of China (NAMOC), as part of the events held to celebrate the 'Year of Italy in China'.

In 2008, at the Regia Hall in the Museo Nazionale di Palazzo Venezia, Kokocinski presented "La Potenza dello Spirito", a painting cycle inspired by classicism and myths.

Kokocinski was one of the most popular artists in the group exhibition "Las Americas latinas. Las fatigas del querer" curated by art critic Philippe Daverio in 2009 at the Spazio Oberdan, Milan.

In 2011 Kokocinski was one of the artists chosen to exhibit at the 54th Venice Art Biennale, selected by Vittorio Sgarbi, who curated the Italian Pavilion at the Arsenale.

In Milan, in 2013, the Artespressione gallery presented a series of Kokocinski's drawings, made using mixed media on books and antique paper. The theme was the circus, that magical and mysterious environment in which the artist lived and worked when living in Buenos Aires as a young man.

In September 2015 the Fondazione Roma Museo staged a one-man show on the artist at Palazzo Cipolla, called "Kokocinski. La vita e la Maschera: da Pulcinella al Clown" ("Kokocinski. The life and the Mask: from Pulcinella to Clown"). The exhibition reflects both "the history of a tormented man who has personally experienced exile, political persecution and the cruelty of the world" and the history "of the artist who transforms this into art with paintings, sculptures and installations in which the mask, the clown and Pulcinella become central subjects". The works "present themselves as the spectacle of human fragility. Restless, suffering figures yet full of hope, always struggling to defend the true sense of existence", commented the President of the Fondazione Roma Museo.

Death
Kokocinski died on the morning of 12 December 2017 in Tuscania, Italy, at the age of 69 after suffering from a long illness.

Gallery

References

External links

 Official website for solo exhibition at Palazzo Cipolla Rome, 2015

1948 births
2017 deaths
Argentine artists
20th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
21st-century Italian painters
Argentine people of Polish descent
Argentine people of Russian descent
Italian people of Polish descent
Italian people of Russian descent
Italian people of Argentine descent
20th-century Italian male artists
21st-century Italian male artists
People from the Province of Macerata


title: Legend (2015 film)

text:
Legend is a 2015 biographical crime thriller film written and directed by American director Brian Helgeland. It is adapted from John Pearson's book The Profession of Violence: The Rise and Fall of the Kray Twins, which deals with their career and the relationship that bound them together, and follows their gruesome career to life imprisonment in 1969.

This is Helgeland's fifth feature film. Tom Hardy, Emily Browning, David Thewlis and Christopher Eccleston star with Colin Morgan, Chazz Palminteri, Paul Bettany, Tara Fitzgerald and Taron Egerton as well as the singer Duffy featured in supporting roles.

Plot
In the 1960s, Reggie Kray is a former boxer who has become an important part of the criminal underground in London. At the start of the film, his twin brother Ron is locked up in a psychiatric hospital for paranoid schizophrenia. Reggie uses threats to obtain the premature release of his brother. The twins unite their efforts to control a large part of London's criminal underworld, made easier when the head of the south London Richardson Gang ( the Torture Gang) is imprisoned. One of their first efforts is to muscle-in on the control of a local nightclub, using extortion and brutal violence.

Reg enters into a relationship with Frances, his driver's sister, whom he eventually marries. When he is imprisoned for a previous criminal conviction, which he cannot evade, she makes him swear that he will leave his criminal life behind, an oath he never honours due to the allure of crime. While Reg is in prison, Ron's mental instability and violent temperament lead to severe financial setbacks at the nightclub. The club is almost forced to close after Ron scares away most of the customers. On the first night after Reg's release from prison, the brothers have an all-out fist fight, but they manage to partially patch things up.

The brothers are approached by Angelo Bruno of the Philadelphia crime family who, on behalf of Meyer Lansky and the American Mafia, wants to engage them in a crime syndicate deal. Bruno agrees to a fifty-fifty deal with Reg to split London's underground gambling profits in exchange for local protection by the brothers. Initially, this system is highly lucrative for the Kray brothers. Ron's barely concealed volatility results in him publicly murdering George Cornell, an associate of the Torture Gang. As a result, Scotland Yard opens a full investigation of the Kray brothers.

Reg's marriage with Frances crumbles due to his addiction to crime. Unable to bear Reg's false promises to reform, Frances starts consuming prescription drugs illegally. After he beats and rapes her in a fit of rage, she leaves him. When Reg approaches her to reconcile, Frances seems to agree and they plan to visit Ibiza. But soon she kills herself by drug overdosage leaving Reg guilt ridden. The twins' criminal activities continue and Ron pays petty criminal Jack "the Hat" McVitie to kill Leslie Payne, Reg's partner, who controls the legal side of the Krays' operations, as he doesn't trust Payne. Jack only wounds Payne, who then turns the brothers over to Detective Superintendent Leonard "Nipper" Read, the head of the investigation. Reg finds out and brutally stabs McVitie with a knife during a party hosted by Ron. The testimony given by Payne means that Ron is arrested and charged with Cornell's murder. The final scene shows a police squad breaking down the door to Reggie's flat in order to apprehend him for McVitie's murder.

The closing captions indicate both brothers receiving criminal convictions for murder. They died five years apart, Ron from a heart attack in 1995, and Reggie from bladder cancer in 2000.

Cast

In addition, Paul Bettany makes an uncredited cameo appearance as Charlie Richardson, whose south London Richardson Gang (also known as the Torture Gang), had a turf war with the Krays.

Production

Development
On 12 October 2013, it was announced that Brian Helgeland had written a script and would be directing a film focusing on the life of Reggie Kray who, with identical brother Ronald, formed the notorious Kray twins. Helgeland said the film would concentrate on Reggie's attempts to control the psychopathic tendencies of his younger twin.

Helgeland spoke of hanging out in London with well-known Krays associate Freddie Foreman, saying, "I had drinks with him in his local haunt. When we finished he got up to go and they feted him at the bar. I said to him, 'what about the bill?' and he replied, 'we don't pay.'"

Helgeland attended the Cannes Film Festival with Working Title's Tim Bevan and Chris Clark to talk to potential buyers of the film and showing test footage of Hardy playing the twins.

Casting
On 18 April 2014, it was announced that Helgeland would write and direct the film, with the shooting being based in the United Kingdom and with Hardy starring as the male leads. Five days later, it was stated that Browning was in negotiations for a role as the film's female lead. Hardy was so set on playing Ronnie Kray that he proposed to Helgeland that if he gave him the role of Ronnie, Hardy would play the role of Reggie for free.

Filming
Crews and cast were spotted filming scenes at Falmouth Road, London, St Anne's Limehouse in Limehouse and in the Windmill Walk area around London Waterloo.
Filming also took place in Caradoc Street in Greenwich, in the Cedra Estate on Cazenove Road and in Gibson Gardens, both of which are in Hackney.

Principal photography started on 12 June 2014.

Release
Financing for Legend was provided by StudioCanal, which also distributed in the United Kingdom, France, New Zealand and Germany in addition to handling international sales, which started at the beginning of the Cannes Film Festival. On 30 April 2014, Cross Creek Pictures acquired the North American distribution rights to Legend from StudioCanal, with a planned 2015 theatrical release through Universal Pictures in its distribution deal with the studio. Sales to other territories such as Asia, Africa and much of Europe are being completed. The film was originally set for release in the US on 2 October 2015, but it was moved to 20 November 2015.

Legend premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 12 September 2015 at Roy Thomson Hall.

Marketing
On 13 June 2014, the first image of the film was published, featuring Hardy as the Kray twins. A promotional poster attracted publicity because it made a two-star review from The Guardian appear to be at least a four-star review by placing the two stars between the heads of the Krays.

Home media
Legend was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on 25 January 2016 and in the United States on 1 March 2016.

Reception

Critical reception

Box office
Legend grossed million in the United Kingdom, and marked seven weeks in the Top 10 at the British box office. In addition, it grossed $1.9million in the United States and Canada, and $13.1million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $43.0million, against a budget shy of $25million.

Awards and nominations

See also
 The Krays (1990 film)

References

External links

2015 films
2010s biographical films
2015 crime thriller films
2010s gang films
2015 LGBT-related films
British biographical films
British crime thriller films
British gangster films
British LGBT-related films
Crime films based on actual events
Cross Creek Pictures films
Films about murderers
Films about twin brothers
Films directed by Brian Helgeland
Films with screenplays by Brian Helgeland
Films produced by Brian Oliver
Films produced by Eric Fellner
Films produced by Tim Bevan
Films scored by Carter Burwell
Films set in London
Films set in the 1960s
Works about the Kray twins
Working Title Films films
Biographical films about criminals
Films about organised crime in the United Kingdom
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
2010s English-language films
2010s British films


title: Frijsenborg

text:
Frijsenborg is a manor house and estate near Hammel,  northwest of Aarhus in Jutland, Denmark. The first manor on the site known as Jernit was built by Valdemar Parberg in 1583. After the statesman Mogens Friis acquired the property in 1672, the manor was rebuilt at the end of the 17th century. In the 1860s, it was considerably expanded and redesigned in the Renaissance style.

History and architecture

The property stands on the site of the former village of Jernit which had existed since the 15th century. In 1558, King Christian III gave orders for Jernit Parish to be combined with Hammel Parish which required Jernit Church to be demolished. In 1583, the king transferred ownership of the village to the nobleman Valdemar Parsberg who demolished all its buildings. In their place, he constructed a Baroque manor surrounded by a moat which he called Jernit.

The Danish county of Frijsenborg consisting of Jernit, Tulstrup, Lyngballegård, Hagshom and Østergård, was established in 1672 by the Crown for Mogens Friis (1623–1675) a high-ranking statesman, in order to compensate him for losses he had incurred in the Dano-Swedish War (1658–60).
The county became one of the largest in Denmark, covering an area of . Friis renamed the manor house Frijsenborg.

Renaissance renovation
Count Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs, who acquired the estate in 1849, commissioned the architect Ferdinand Meldahl (1827–1908) to redesign, modernize and expand the building into a luxurious manor house in the Renaissance style. Three new wings were added as well as tall steepled towers although the walls of the original ground floor were maintained. A new storey was added to the west wing while two-storied pavilions were built on the south and north wings. The work was completed in 1867. Today's building is considered to be one of the finest examples of Renaissance Revival architecture in Denmark.

In 1880, the count's son Mogens returned from England, bringing with him experience of the English nobility's lifestyle which he applied to the manor, fitting it our with palatial furnishings and decorations. Since 1982, the property has been owned by Bendt Tido Hannibal Wedell.
The building can be seen from the road but is not open to the public.

References

Houses completed in 1580
Listed buildings and structures in Favrskov Municipality
Listed castles and manor houses in Denmark
Renaissance Revival architecture in Denmark
Buildings and structures of the Friis family


title: West Holstein Railway Company

text:
The West Holstein Railway Company was founded in 1875 with the aim of connecting the west Holstein region in the present-day district of Dithmarschen in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein with the railway junction of Neumünster and beyond with the cities of Kiel and Lübeck. Its creation involved the Kingdom of Prussia, the Altona-Kiel Railway Company, neighbouring villages and towns and the town of Tonning.

History

After Schleswig-Holstein was annexed by Prussia as a result of the Second Schleswig War, the Glückstadt–Elmshorn Railway Company (Glückstadt-Elmshorner Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft), which owned  the railway from Hamburg to  Itzehoe (now part of the Marsh Railway) was able to promote the extension of its line to Heide. The West Holstein Railway Company (Westholsteinische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) opened its first 79 km long stretch from Neumünster via Hohenwestedt to Heide and Weddinghusen to Karolinenkoog at the Eider estuary as the first branch line in Germany (Neumünster–Heide railway and the Heide–Karolinenkoog railway) on 22 August 1877. From here, the town of Tönning on the Eiderstedt peninsula was reached by means of a steam ferry, which operated from 6 August 1878. The bridging of the river would have been too expensive because of its considerable width and only in 1886 was the Marsh Railway extended through Friedrichstadt. This extension made the line to Karolinenkoog largely unnecessary, so that the northern section was closed in 1942 after a long period of low use.

On 1 November 1878, the Wesselburen–Heide Railway Company (Wesselburen–Heider Eisenbahngesellschaft), with the involvement of the West Holstein Railway, the Altona-Kiel Railway Company and the Wesselburen municipality, opened a line that branched off from the Heide–Karolinenkoog railway in Weddinghusen and ran west for 11 kilometres to Wesselburen.

After the Wesselburen–Heide Railway had passed in the ownership of the West Holstein Railway Company on 1 April 1881, which already operated its trains and infrastructure, the line was extended a further 10 km to Büsum. Freight traffic commenced on 1 November 1883 and passenger traffic on 15 November 1883.

On 1 July 1890, the Prussian state railways bought the company, including its exactly 100 km long network, and placed it under the Eisenbahndirektion (railway division headquarters) in Altona.

Today Nordbahn Eisenbahngesellschaft operates  passenger services from Neumünster via Heide to Büsum. The branch-line to Karolinenkoog was closed in sections. Passenger services—as far as Hemmerwurth—ended on 23 May 1954 and freight traffic operated for another five years.

References

Defunct railway companies of Germany


title: Molly Kate Kestner

text:
Molly Kate Kestner (born November 29, 1995) is an American singer-songwriter most notable for her song "His Daughter", which went viral in 2014 in many countries. After the release of her debut self-released single, Kestner was signed to Atlantic Records and has released seven major label singles since joining their roster.

Early life
Kestner is one of seven siblings in her family.

Before the success of "His Daughter", Kestner performed covers and original material, and put them on YouTube for extended family members too far away from her and her family. In addition to singing and piano, Kestner is also an accomplished violinist. Kestner was a member of the 2012-2013 Minnesota Music Educators Association All-State Mixed Choir.

Success of "His Daughter"

"His Daughter" is a song written by Kestner that chronicles a woman that has an unplanned pregnancy.

Her video later brought the attention of Star Trek actor George Takei, who commented on his Facebook page "Has America found its young Adele? I'm nearly breathless from listening."  "His Daughter" also received attention from singer Jordin Sparks. Kestner's video later gained 2 million+ views after Takei and Sparks shared Kestner's video. Kestner later performed the song on Good Morning America.

Kestner later released a studio version of "His Daughter" on iTunes.

Discography

Singles
 "His Daughter" (2014)
 "Good Die Young" (2016)
 "Prom Queen" (2017)
 "It's You" (2017)
 "I Don't Know" (2017)
 "Compromise" (2017)
 "Footprints" (2017)
 "Not Over You" (2018)
 "On Again" (with Honors)(2018)
 "Prisoner" (2018)
 "My Way Up" (2019)
 "Get Up" (2021)
 "Troubles" (2021)
 "Bridges" (2021)
 "Better Than My Best" (2021)
 "Used to Be You" (2021)
 "Hiding in the Crowd" (2021)
 "Small Town Stars" (2022)
 "Hand That You Hold" (2022)
 "Blame It on the Weather" (2022)

Songwriting credits

Personal life
Kestner married singer-songwriter Brock Baker in 2016.

References

External links

 Official website
 Molly's Facebook
 Molly's Channel

Living people
1995 births
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American violinists
American women singer-songwriters
American multi-instrumentalists
Atlantic Records artists
American YouTubers
Singer-songwriters from Minnesota
People from Austin, Minnesota
Viral videos
21st-century American pianists
American women pianists
21st-century American women singers


title: Nessah Synagogue

text:
The Nessah Synagogue is a Sephardic synagogue in Beverly Hills, California.

History
The synagogue was established in 1980 for the immigration of Persian Jews to Los Angeles County, shortly after the Iranian Revolution of 1979. It was founded by Rabbi David Shofet. His father, Yedidia Shofet (1908-2005), had served as the Chief Rabbi of Iran from 1922 to 1980.

Persian Jews from the congregation initially worshipped at Beth Jacob Congregation, a long-established Orthodox synagogue in Beverly Hills. Later, they met at the Saban Theatre, also in Beverly Hills. Later, they moved into a building in Santa Monica, California. The congregation moved into its current building (the former home of the First Church of Christ, Scientist that now resides across the street) in 2002. The building's remodeling was supervised by architect Hamid Gabbay. It includes "Simcha Hall", a ballroom used for weddings, Bar/Bat Mitzvah, Brit milah, fundraising events, etc.

It acts as a large religious, educational and cultural center, where Hebrew and Iranian Jewish history is taught. It organizes three weekly Torah classes, daily prayer services, lectures, and three Shabbat services.  A 2011 profile of Nessah Synagogue in Tablet Magazine found that the congregation serves an important function as a "community center" for the Persian Jews of Los Angeles and as a bridge between traditions rooted in Iran and the mainstream American lifestyle most of them now lead, and also noted that many members maintain affiliation both with Nessah and with another congregation with a more mixed membership, such as Sinai Temple or Stephen S. Wise Temple.

Inside the synagogue, the Torah ark is a replica of the one in the Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam.

In the early mornings hours of Saturday, December 14, 2019, an individual broke in and vandalized the synagogue, damaging a number of Torah scrolls, but the Torah scrolls for ritual use had been locked up and were not damaged.

References

External links

1980 establishments in California
Synagogues in Beverly Hills, California
Iranian-American culture in California
Iranian-Jewish culture in the United States
Synagogues completed in 2002
Jewish organizations established in 1980
Sephardi synagogues
Sephardi Jewish culture in California


title: Clepsis fumosa

text:
Clepsis fumosa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

References

Moths described in 2003
Clepsis


title: Clepsis fluxa

text:
Clepsis fluxa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Santa Catarina, Brazil.

References

Moths described in 2003
Clepsis


title: Clepsis cristobaliana

text:
Clepsis cristobaliana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chiapas, Mexico.

References

Moths described in 2003
Clepsis


title: Clepsis domabilis

text:
Clepsis domabilis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Paraná, Brazil.

References

Moths described in 1999
Clepsis


title: Wynand Pienaar

text:
Wynand Christo Pienaar (born 5 August 1989) is a South African rugby union player, currently playing with the . His regular position is fullback.

Career

Youth and varsity rugby

Pienaar represented his local provincial side the  at almost all youth levels; he played for them at the Under-16 Grant Khomo Week in 2005 and at the Under-18 Academy Week in 2006. He also played in the Under-18 Craven Week tournament twice – in 2006 and in 2007. In 2006, he was a member of the  squad that played in the Under-19 Provincial Championship (as a 17-year-old) and the following year he played for the  side in the 2007 Under-21 Provincial Championship.

Pienaar then made the move to Durban to join the  Academy. He played for the  side in the 2008 Under-19 Provincial Championship and for the  side in the 2010 Under-21 Provincial Championship. Despite being named to the  Vodacom Cup squads in 2010 and 2011, he failed to make a first class appearance for them.

In 2012, Pienaar moved to Pretoria to play Varsity Cup rugby for the  as they won the competition for the first time, with Pienaar being involved in two of their regular season matches.

Boland Cavaliers

Pienaar joined Wellington-based side  prior to the 2013 Currie Cup First Division season and made his first class debut for them in their match against the  by coming on as a second-half replacement. He scored his first senior try in a match against his old side the , as Boland beat the Griffons 55–35 in Welkom.

Griffons

Pienaar made his return to the  in 2014, joining them prior to the 2014 Vodacom Cup season. He contributed 22 points to the Griffons' cause during the competition – the third-highest by Griffons players – which included kicking five conversions in his first match for the  in their 62–10 victory over the  and scoring two tries in their final match of the season against the  in Kempton Park.

Pienaar was a key member of their 2014 Currie Cup First Division-winning side. He played off the bench in the final and helped the Griffons win the match 23–21 to win their first trophy for six years.

At the start of 2016, Pienaar was diagnosed with phase two Hodgkin's lymphoma and had to undergo chemotherapy every fortnight for six months. He beat the cancer and returned to full training with the Griffons after again being contracted for the 2017 season.

References

1989 births
Living people
Boland Cavaliers players
Griffons (rugby union) players
Rugby union fullbacks
Rugby union players from Welkom
South African rugby union players


title: Clepsis dubia

text:
Clepsis dubia is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Chiapas, Mexico.

References

Moths described in 2003
Clepsis


title: Clepsis enervis

text:
Clepsis enervis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Nuevo León, Mexico.

References

Moths described in 1979
Clepsis


title: Sheep Island, County Antrim

text:
Sheep Island is an uninhabited island off the north coast of County Antrim, Northern Ireland, close to Ballintoy.

The island has an area of 3.5 hectares, and is located 0.5 km off the coast.  It is known for its steep cliffs (one of which is near-vertical and more than 20m in height) and rocky shores. The top of the island is domed and covered with soil.

The island has a registered owner.  It is designated as a Special Protection Area and an Area of Special Scientific Interest because it contains a number of a particular species of cormorant, which is known as Phalacrocorax carbo carbo. This population amounts to more than 5% of the population in the whole of Ireland. The island also hosts shag, fulmar, kittiwake, greater black-backed gull, razorbill, black guillemot and guillemot.

References

External links

 Map of the island

Islands of County Antrim