title: The Powers That B

text:
The Powers That B is the fourth studio album, and first double album, by experimental hip hop group Death Grips. The album's first disc, Niggas on the Moon, was released as a free digital download on June 8, 2014. The first disc's instrumentation was performed entirely on a Roland V-Drum kit by drummer Zach Hill and features chopped vocal samples of Icelandic singer-songwriter Björk on every track. The second half, Jenny Death, leaked online on March 19, 2015. It features Nick Reinhart of Tera Melos, and Zach's former Legs on Earth band mate, Julian Imsdahl, on guitar and organ respectively. The double album as a whole was officially released via Harvest Records on March 31, 2015.

Background and release

On April 18, 2012, the Death Grips YouTube channel uploaded the music video for the single "I've Seen Footage" from The Money Store, which at the 2:16 and 2:26 mark for a single frame an early version of The Powers That B cover is visible while then appearing as the completed version at 3:14. Additionally in the same video, the opening shot for the screen in the "Inanimate Sensation" video can also be seen at the 2:26 mark for a single frame.

On January 19, 2014, Zach Hill posted to his Facebook page, stating that the group had begun recording a new album. On June 8, 2014, the first disc: Niggas on the Moon, was released as a free download via thirdworlds.net, Death Grips' official website. On June 9, 2014, Björk confirmed her vocal contributions, via various social media outlets. Death Grips officially announced the completion of The Powers That B via their Facebook page, as well as revealing the album artwork in October. On December 9, 2014, Death Grips released a music video for the album's only single, "Inanimate Sensation".

In anticipation of the album, the band released an instrumental soundtrack entitled Fashion Week in January 2015. The track list is as follows: "Runway J", "Runway E" and so on; acrostically spelling out the phrase "JENNY DEATH WHEN", in reference to the second disc of The Powers That B.

On February 13, 2015, Death Grips uploaded a new video to their YouTube channel. It showed the group, rehearsing the following songs: "I Break Mirrors with My Face in the United States", "Inanimate Sensation", "Turned Off", "Why a Bitch Gotta Lie" and "Lock Your Doors".

On March 10, 2015, thirty-second snippets of each song from Jenny Death leaked onto the internet, via Dutch retailer Bol.com. On March 11, 2015, the Jenny Death song lengths also leaked.

On March 12, Death Grips released a video to their YouTube channel for the song "On GP", filmed in an echo chamber located in Studio 1, Sunset Sound Recorders in Los Angeles, California which pictures them in an almost empty room (except for an Altec Lansing A7 loudspeaker) to be almost completely still except for some subtle movement from time to time. The official music video for "On GP" was released a day later, featuring various magic tricks performed by Sacramento magician Russell Brown. On March 17, the group released the song "The Powers That B" to their YouTube channel, as well as the release date and pre-order links for the album via their Facebook page. Jenny Death was leaked onto various filesharing websites and shared to 4chan and Reddit. The band later streamed the entire album on their YouTube page. The same day, the group announced on their Facebook that they 'might make some more', hinting that they intend to continue making music.

On March 24, 2015 Death Grips announced via Facebook that they were going on tour in support of the album.

Critical reception

Niggas on the Moon

Niggas on the Moon received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 70, which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on 5 reviews. Michael Madden of Consequence of Sound stated: "Niggas on the Moon primarily relies on the band’s chaotic, ever-evolving sonic disposition – and as a bonus, we’ve never heard Ride sound quite like this. It’s an exciting proposition." He also described the disc as "an exciting ride" and further wrote: "By virtue of being divisive as all hell, Death Grips have welcomed us back to their jungle." Calum Slingerland of Exclaim! called the first disc "the group's most confounding collection of tracks to date," praising the manic nature of vocalist MC Ride as "a side to the vocalist largely unseen on previous releases." Larry Fitzmaurice for Pitchfork described the disc as "the band's least intense album," and stated: "it's hard to shake the feeling that Death Grips might benefit from a change in aesthetic and conceptual focus... Without new tricks and fresh aggression, Death Grips risk coming across as safe and ordinary, a mess of broken teeth summarily replaced by a gap-toothed smile." Patrick Taylor of RapReviews.com commented that "the songs feel more like eight variations on the same concept than eight distinct tracks."

Jenny Death
Overall, critical reception for Jenny Death was very positive, with responses generally being better than of Niggas on the Moon. On March 16, 2015, "On GP" from the album's second disc, Jenny Death, was awarded a "Best New Track" review on Pitchforks website. Pitchfork rated the album 8.1/10, calling the album's second half the "strongest material in a while" and that "it’s not on the level of their artistic and commercial breakthrough The Money Store, but it will absolutely remind you of why you loved them in the first place." Calum Slingerland of Exclaim! described the lyrical nature of the second disc as "representative of outward action and thought more than internalization," writing that the incorporation of live instruments is a welcome addition alongside the group's aggressive electronics. Addressing the album as a complete release, Slingerland stated that The Powers That B is "a compelling look at the band's ability to work with sounds both minimal and monumental, while containing some of their most riveting lyrical and musical work in recent memory. Consequence of Sound also gave the album a positive review, saying that "some of their best debris-curdling numbers appear here" and also noted their shift in genre, claiming that "It's their most punk album, both musically and in function."

Commercial performance
The album debuted at No. 72 on the Billboard 200, No. 15 on Top Rock Albums, and No. 8 on Rap Albums, selling around 9,000 in the first week. The album has sold 22,000 copies in the United States as of June 2016.

Track listing
All tracks written by Death Grips.

Notes
 The vinyl release does not have "Death Grips 2.0".
 "Inanimate Sensation" is misspelled "Inanimate Sesnation" on the album's CD release.

Personnel
Death Grips
 Stefan Burnett – vocals, lyrics
 Zach Hill – synthesizer, keyboards, drums, V-drums, production, arrangement
 Andy Morin – bass on track 9 (Jenny Death), synthesizer, engineer, production

Additional musicians
 Björk – vocal samples on tracks 1-8 (Niggas on the Moon)
 Nick Reinhart – guitar on tracks 3, 4, 7, 8 & 9 (Jenny Death)
 Julian Imsdahl – synthesizer, mellotron, organ, & guitar on tracks 3, 4, 7, 8 & 9 (Jenny Death)

Charts

References

External links

2014 albums
Albums free for download by copyright owner
Death Grips albums
2015 albums
Björk
Harvest Records albums


title: Anagotus

text:
Anagotus is a weevil genus in the tribe Aterpini.

Species
Anagotus carinirostris -  Anagotus fairburni -  Anagotus graniger -  Anagotus halli -  Anagotus hamiltoni -  Anagotus helmsi -  Anagotus latirostris -  Anagotus lewisi -  Anagotus oconnori - A. peelensis -  Anagotus rugosus -  Anagotus stephenensis -  Anagotus turbotti

References

Cyclominae


title: Rise of the Tomb Raider

text:
Rise of the Tomb Raider is a 2015 action-adventure video game developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Microsoft Studios and Square Enix. The game is the eleventh main entry in the Tomb Raider series, the sequel to the 2013's Tomb Raider, and is the second instalment in the Survivor trilogy. Its story follows Lara Croft as she ventures into Siberia in search of the legendary city of Kitezh while battling the paramilitary organization Trinity, which intends to uncover the city's promise of immortality. Lara must traverse the environment and combat enemies with firearms and stealth as she explores semi-open hubs. In these hubs she can raid challenge tombs to unlock new rewards, complete side missions, and scavenge for resources which can be used to craft useful materials.

Development of Rise of the Tomb Raider closely followed the conclusion of development of the 2013 reboot. Player feedback was considered during development, with the team reducing the number of quick time events and introducing more puzzles and challenge tombs. The team traveled to several locations in Turkey, including Cappadocia, Istanbul and Ephesus, to design Kitezh. Rhianna Pratchett returned as the game's writer while Bobby Tahouri replaced Jason Graves as the game's composer. Camilla Luddington returned to provide voice and motion-capture work for Lara. Powered by the Foundation engine, the game was also developed by Eidos-Montréal and Nixxes Software.

Rise of the Tomb Raider was announced at E3 2014 by Microsoft Studios. It was revealed as a timed exclusive for Xbox 360 and Xbox One at Gamescom the same year, which sparked criticism from the gaming press and community. The game received generally positive reviews, with critics praising its graphics, gameplay, characterization, and abundance of content, but some reviewers felt that the game did not take enough risks. As of November 2021, the game had sold around 11.8 million copies. Several downloadable story and content additions have been released for digital purchase. Square Enix released the game for Windows and PlayStation 4 in 2016. A sequel, Shadow of the Tomb Raider, was released in September 2018.

Gameplay
Rise of the Tomb Raider is a third-person action-adventure game in which players control Lara Croft, who is on a quest to discover the legendary city of Kitezh. Combat is a major gameplay mechanic; Lara has a large variety of weapons at her disposal (including assault rifles, shotguns, and pistols), some of which have an alternate firing mode. Players may also utilize stealth to progress through portions of the game, using bows and arrows to take out enemies, creating distractions to draw enemy attention away from Lara, or hiding in bushes to evade enemies. Lara can use the environment to fight enemies, shooting explosive barrels, tearing down rope-wrapped structures with rope arrows, or ambushing enemies from high ground. She can also use her ice axe and combat knife to engage in melee combat with enemies. Completing objectives and side content and eliminating enemies give players experience points (XP). When players collect sufficient XP they level up, receiving a skill point, which can be spent on the game's three skill trees: Brawler, Hunter and Survivor. Brawler enhances Lara's efficiency with weapons, giving her abilities such as retrieving arrows from corpses and a steady aim, as well as boosting her resilience against attack and unlocks new combat skills, such as dodge kill. Hunter gives her an advantage when dealing with the environments and animals. Survivor covers a wide range of skills such as creating incendiary bombs and setting booby traps. Lara learns new languages, enabling her to discover relics (such as coins) which can be traded for new equipment.

The game has semi-open hubs for players to explore. In the hubs are items for Lara to collect, including crafting materials and survival caches. These items and collectibles such as relics and documents can be revealed to players using Survival Instinct, a vision mode which highlights items of interest. By collecting the materials, players can craft items with the game's crafting menu; Lara can craft ammunition, poisoned arrows (using death-cap mushrooms), and Molotov cocktails and hand grenades from cans and bottles. The open areas are filled with wildlife, which can be hunted to collect more resources. Players can discover and explore challenge tombs for new skills and outfits. Lara's outfit, which affects her combat performance, can be changed at base camps. The camps allow Lara to change her weapon loadouts, and are fast travel points which allow players to explore a previously-searched area. The game has side missions and challenges which may give players new equipment, and players navigate intricate environments to progress. Lara can use her ice axe to climb certain surfaces (such as cliffs and glaciers) and her rope arrows to create ziplines to access difficult-to-reach areas, and can climb trees and swim. Players solve puzzles during the game, in its main campaign and optional content. The puzzles, based on in-game physics, often connect; players must solve connecting puzzles to solve a larger one.

Unlike the 2013 Tomb Raider reboot, Rise of the Tomb Raider lacks a multiplayer mode. It introduces Expeditions, which allow players to replay the game with new constraints and requirements. The game has four modes: Chapter Replay, Chapter Replay Elite, Score Attack, and Remnant Resistance. Chapter Replay and Chapter Replay Elite allow players to replay any level, and Elite allows them to bring already-acquired skills and weapons to the level. Score Attack introduces score combo chains to the game. Remnant Resistance allows players to create custom scenarios, which can be shared with other players. By completing Expeditions, players earn credits which can then be used to purchase digital collectible cards to modify the gameplay. Common cards may be used only once, and foil cards can be used repeatedly. The cards can also be purchased in microtransactions.

Plot

A year after the events of Tomb Raider, archaeologist Lara Croft is struggling to explain her experience of the supernatural on Yamatai and is experiencing PTSD. Looking for answers, she turns to her late father Lord Croft's research on the lost city of Kitezh and the promise of immortality. Ana, Lord Croft's partner, warns Lara that her father's obsession drove him to ruin and suicide. Lara ignores her and organizes an expedition to the Forgotten Cities in northwestern Syria, hoping to uncover the tomb of the Prophet of Constantinople, a key figure in the Kitezh legend. The tomb is empty, and Lara is interrupted by Trinity—an ancient order of knights turned paramilitary organization investigating the supernatural—and their task force leader, Konstantin. As she flees, Lara discovers a symbol etched into the tomb, which she links to a book on Russian religious history in her father's study at Croft Manor. She learns of an artifact called the Divine Source, said to be capable of granting immortality. After arguing with her friend Jonah Maiava regarding the artifact's existence, a Trinity assassin infiltrates the manor and steals the book, prompting the two to go to Siberia.

In Siberia, Lara and Jonah are separated by an avalanche. Continuing alone, Lara discovers that Trinity has made a Soviet-era installation a base of operations in their search for Kitezh. She is caught trying to retrieve the book and is imprisoned with Ana. Konstantin slowly strangles Ana in an attempt to force Lara into revealing what she knows. Upon realizing Lara does not know the whereabouts of the source, Ana reveals herself as a Trinity agent and that Konstantin is her brother. She asks Lara to join Trinity, but she refuses and is taken to the Gulag cells, where she meets a man named Jacob. Together they escape the Gulag with Trinity in pursuit. During the chase, Lara is incapacitated and nearly drowns, but Jacob saves her, and she later agrees to aid him and his people in repelling Trinity.

Upon reaching a valley of hot springs, Lara discovers that Jacob is the leader of its inhabitants, the Remnants, and that they are descendants of the Prophet's followers. Trinity repeatedly attacks the Remnant, justifying the slaughter as God's will. However, Lara discovers that Ana suffers a terminal illness and is seeking the Divine Source to cure herself. Jacob warns Lara that the Divine Source is real but not what she expects it to be. Lara remains undeterred and sets out to find the Atlas, an artifact that shows the way to Kitezh. Sofia, Jacob's daughter, warns Lara of the Deathless Ones, the immortal guardians of Kitezh. Lara finds the Atlas located in the archives beneath the ruins of a Cathedral, and is later reunited with Jonah, who was found by the Remnant and brought to the valley. After Lara discovers the path to Kitezh, Trinity forces return to the valley, take the Atlas and capture Jonah. Lara returns to the Gulag to find Jonah, but Konstantin mortally wounds him. Lara brings Jonah to Jacob, who heals him. Upon witnessing Jonah's rapid recovery, Lara realizes that Jacob is the Prophet, given immortality by the Divine Source.

With Trinity advancing on the glacier looming over Kitezh, Lara is forced to enter the city on a dangerous path. Reading journals written by a Trinity agent, Lara realizes the truth of Jacob's warning: the Divine Source bestows immortality to any who look upon it at the cost of their soul, which is stored in the Source to prevent their death. Trinity breaks through the ice and enters the chamber that houses the Divine Source. With aid from Sofia and the Remnant, Lara battles her way through Trinity towards the chamber. Konstantin ambushes Lara, but she mortally wounds him. Before he dies, Konstantin reveals that Lara's father did not commit suicide but was assassinated by Trinity. Lara enters the chamber but Ana has already retrieved the Divine Source. Jacob and Lara try to reason with Ana to no avail. As the Deathless Ones close in, Ana activates the Divine Source but is overwhelmed by its power, giving Lara a chance to pick it up and smash it to pieces, causing the Deathless Ones to perish. Jacob's immortality is lost, but he is happy his time has finally come. He assures Lara she has made a difference and peacefully disintegrates.

Two weeks later, at Croft Manor, Lara and Jonah overlook their next expedition. Lara vows to investigate more of the world's mysteries and thwart Trinity's plans. In a post-credits scene, two weeks before Lara and Jonah leave Siberia, Lara asks Ana if she killed her father. Ana denies it, admitting that Trinity gave her the order, but she couldn't kill him because she loved him. Before she can reveal anything else, she is killed by a sniper, who asks his unseen superior about killing Lara and is ordered to stand down for the time being.

If the player reloads their save file after finishing the game, Lara is seen telling Sofia about Jacob's passing.

Baba Yaga: The Temple of the Witch
In the Baba Yaga downloadable content, Lara investigates a disturbance in the Soviet mine. After fighting off a Trinity patrol, she finds a young girl, Nadia, hiding in a sawmill. Nadia confides in Lara about her search for her grandfather, Ivan. Ivan disappeared while trying to enter the Wicked Vale, a valley reportedly haunted by Baba Yaga, a witch in Slavic folklore. Ivan blames the witch for the death of his wife and wants to kill her. Lara is skeptical about Baba Yaga's existence but, since Nadia is injured, agrees to enter the Wicked Vale and find Ivan.

In the Vale, Lara is exposed to a rare pollen with potent hallucinogenic properties. After stumbling through a forest where she is tormented by visions of her father's suicide, she meets Baba Yaga and a pack of demonic wolves. Lara narrowly escapes with her life and finds herself in a small, Soviet-era outpost. She unearths evidence of a secret Soviet biological-weapons project which attempted to harness the pollen, which abruptly ended when the researchers—including Serafima, a biochemist imprisoned in a nearby gulag—succumbed to the hallucinations.

Lara deduces that Serafima weaponized the pollen, developed an antidote, and kept her research secret from the military. With Nadia's help, Lara synthesizes a necessary antidote from Serafima's recipe and returns to the Wicked Vale. Resisting the effects of the pollen, Lara finds the injured Ivan at the entrance to Baba Yaga's lair.

Unable to leave the Wicked Vale while Baba Yaga controls it, Lara battles the witch under the pollen's influence and destroys its source. Baba Yaga is revealed as Serafima, who was led to believe that her husband, Ivan, and daughter were dead and used the pollen to become Baba Yaga and torment her captors. With Ivan, Serafima, and Nadia reunited, Lara leaves the Wicked Vale.

Cold Darkness Awakened
In the Cold Darkness Awakened content, Lara enters a decommissioned Soviet weapons bunker, which has been breached by a Trinity patrol. Trinity has inadvertently released an unstable pathogen into the air, which causes the people it infects to regress to a zombie-like state. Men are particularly vulnerable since the virus stimulates testosterone and adrenalin production. The pathogen was created to create an army of unstoppable super-soldiers by a Soviet researcher, all of whose experiments failed. He died in the facility after accidentally releasing the pathogen, proud that he had created a weapon to defend his homeland. With Sofia and Nadia providing support from a helicopter, Lara tries to find the source of the pathogen before an enormous cloud is released into the atmosphere and contaminates the Remnant valley.

The women plan to channel the pathogen from three towers into the central tower, detonating it and burning off the toxin. Lara shuts down each tower, collecting equipment, rescuing female prisoners, and eliminating waves of the infected Trinity soldiers before entering the core tower. While fighting off the infected soldiers, she triggers a catastrophic explosion and jumps from the tower to Nadia and Sofia's helicopter. Nadia and Lara watch the explosion as they fly to safety. Although the resulting fire burns the remaining pathogen, documents found in the facility indicate that the release was no accident; Trinity reactivated the facility to acquire a sample of the pathogen, and an agent of Trinity escaped with it before the bunker was destroyed.

Blood Ties and Lara's Nightmare
Blood Ties begins with Lara reading a note from her uncle, who says that since her mother disappeared, he is the rightful owner of the Croft estate. With trees working their way into the side of the house and the roof caving in, Lara's childhood home desperately needs repair. She finds her father's safe and searches the manor for its combination, hoping to find his will and thus prove her ownership. She finds artifacts from her past, and finally figures out the combination; however, the safe contains no proof of her ownership. Lara finds her mother's tomb under the main staircase, and with both her parents proven dead, their property passes to her, and she moves back in.

Lara's Nightmare is similar to Blood Ties, with Lara's uncle unwilling to give her the manor. She fights off hordes of zombies and skulls before finding the master key. Lara kills a large skull in the main hallway, ending her nightmare.

Development
Rise of the Tomb Raider was developed by Crystal Dynamics, with Eidos-Montréal providing support. Development of the game began two weeks after the team finished polishing the 2013 reboot. It was led by Noah Hughes and Brian Horton, the franchise's creative and game directors respectively. Rhianna Pratchett returned as the game's writer, and Camilla Luddington reprised her role as protagonist Lara Croft. Bobby Tahouri, known for his work on Game of Thrones, composed the soundtrack. Development was completed on October 9, 2015, with Crystal Dynamics confirming that the game was declared gold (indicating that it was being prepared for duplication and release).

Story and gameplay

One of the game's intentions was to craft a more "personal" experience for players, and the team wanted to explore the journey in which Lara becomes the tomb raider. She becomes determined to uncover more myths, and convinces the world that they are real at the end of the 2013 reboot; this became her major driving force in the sequel. Although Lara must still struggle to survive, she is more confident and competent. The team tried to find a balance, making Lara more experienced and competent but vulnerable in crisis and appealing to players. They hoped that in the story, players could see Lara's character progression. To indicate her hunger for knowledge, the team adjusted the collectibles; players would learn new languages including Greek, Mongolian and Russian, unlocking new content and upgrades. The new crafting system reflects Lara's resourcefulness, and her ability to use the environment against her enemies highlights her intelligence.

Rhianna Pratchett found Rise of the Tomb Raider more difficult to write than the 2013 reboot, figuring out Lara's initial mental state and character introduction. Its cast was significantly smaller than the reboot, so more screen time could be given to each character. To help establish the game's tone and visuals, Crystal Dynamics developed a "rippomatic" (a collection of movie scenes). Films included Rambo: First Blood Part II, which inspired the team about the game's stealth mechanic; Terminator 2: Judgment Day, whose protagonist (Sarah Connor) and Lara Croft are "burdened with a truth that no one believes". The Edge and The Grey inspired game scenes in which Lara fought bears and wolves. Hanna and The Descent inspired the game's bows, arrows and pickaxe, and Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem and The Day After Tomorrow helped the team conceive the game's tundra setting.

They worked on improving the story's pacing, which Horton thought as important as the story itself. Several features with gameplay potential but not fitting its context, such as vehicles and an early scene in which Lara battled enemies in a jeep, were cut. The team listened to player feedback about the original game and made gameplay adjustments, such as reducing the number of quick time events, expanding the hunting system, and increasing the significance of traversing and stealth. Cinematic moments and action scenes were retained in the sequel. The theme of survival remained the story's core, with the team modifying gameplay accordingly; the expanded crafting system required players to use the environments more. Crystal Dynamics however avoided making it a survival game; the team felt that it would discourage player exploration. Like its predecessor, Rise of the Tomb Raider has a structure similar to metroidvania; the team wanted players to feel that Siberia is a living, dynamic world, and the game not merely a long sequence of events. According to design director Michael Brinker, the team decided to make the game less "grindy" than other titles; players would not be forced to complete any optional content. The skill-upgrades system was overhauled to include more player options.

After the developers listened to player feedback, the game emphasized tomb-raiding more than its predecessors. According to Hughes, the team analyzed some of the older Tomb Raider titles and distilled their best features while incorporating the reboot's physics-based puzzles. They intended to add more ancient tombs, making players feel like real discoverers and inspiring awe. The tombs were made larger than the reboot, and water puzzles (featured in older Tomb Raider games) were included. The puzzles were often interconnected, with the team adopting a nested-puzzle approach. Optional tombs were made more meaningful, giving players unique skills and items rather than just experience points. The difficulty of each tomb slowly increases as players progress.

Art and music

The game world was designed to reflect Lara's distorted mental state, and the team introduced the concept of "ominous beauty" to achieve this. The color scheme was vibrant, reflecting the game's large scale. The team was inspired by other video games and fine art, including Russian realists. They traveled to Yosemite National Park and several locations in Turkey, including Cappadocia, Istanbul and Ephesus, researching Byzantine culture and Greek architecture to design Syria and Kitezh. The team took six months to create the game's snow technology (such as snow tracks and avalanches), which helped increase player immersion in the game. To add variety to its landscape, the team introduced the Oasis (with a dramatically-different look from Siberia).

Bobby Tahouri's primary goal in composing the game's music was to support its narrative. Tahouri spoke to Crystal Dynamics in 2012 and contracted to write the score in late 2013, delighted to have more composition time than previous projects. He listened to the earlier games' soundtracks to "immerse [himself] in the Tomb Raider world". The soundtrack was recorded in Nashville by a 52-piece string-and-brass orchestra, including cello, woodwinds, dulcimer and a handpan developed by Saraz Musical Instruments. The Siberian music features an instrument similar to a gusli and low-pitched male singing. Dynamic Percussion System middleware creates music as the game is played. Crystal Dynamics signed Karen O and guitarist David Pajo to produce the game's theme song, "I Shall Rise".

The game features a Dolby Atmos soundtrack.

Technology
Camilla Luddington voiced Lara and provided motion capture at a Los Angeles studio over a two-year period. According to the actress, one of the greatest challenges in voicing Lara was having to "yell over wind and snow". Luddington trained for the role, with experts teaching her how to hold the weapons. The team wanted to ensure that Lara's first game for the eighth generation of video game consoles looked good. Spraying Mova fluorescent paint on Luddington's face, they obtained 7,000 points of reference. The team had difficulty developing Lara from motion capture, finding Luddington's footage too realistic, and tried to give the young Lara "subtle" facial expressions. They focused on Lara's physical details in cutscenes, where her muscles tensed as she climbed or her skin became blotchy from the cold. The studio used pose-based deformers to sculpt Lara's "exact shape" as she moved. The team also used wrinkle maps, allowing more natural, realistic movement for the character.

Rise of the Tomb Raider was powered by the Foundation in-house game engine. The team used global illumination and physics-based rendering to create light and shadows. They used a Horizon WYSIWYG editor, editing text and graphics in a form closely resembling the finished product. The team adopted a "kit-bashing technique", quickly assembling a level with modules and rebuilding it until they were satisfied. To improve the game's graphical fidelity, the team partnered with Nixxes Software (which ported the Xbox 360 version).

Release
Square Enix Europe executive Phil Rogers revealed in August 2013 that a new Tomb Raider game was in development for the eighth generation of video game consoles. Microsoft announced the game during an E3 2014 press conference, with a scheduled late-2015 release. Later at Gamescom, the company said that Rise of the Tomb Raider was an exclusive for its Xbox series of video-game platforms, including Xbox 360 and Xbox One; according to Microsoft Studios executive Phil Spencer, this was a timed exclusive similar to Microsoft's deal with Capcom and Crytek on Dead Rising 3 and Ryse: Son of Rome (in which both were released for Windows). This sparked player outrage from players, who blamed franchise owner Square Enix for the decision. Microsoft's calling the game "exclusive on Xbox for holiday 2015" caused confusion among the gaming press and players. Rogers explained in 2015 that the Microsoft timed exclusivity was primarily due to the company's strong support for the 2013 reboot. Spencer also spoke on the exclusivity stating that he is a fan of Uncharted and that they needed something similar in their strategy. Crystal Dynamics head Darrell Gallagher said that the partnership was important in helping the team to deliver the best game they could. Rogers called the arrangement a "natural" evolution and a "tough" decision.

Rise of the Tomb Raider was released on November 10, 2015, and the Windows version was released on January 28, 2016. Microsoft Studios was the game's publisher for Xbox 360 and Xbox One. An 18-issue comic series, Tomb Raider, began publication in early 2014. Produced by Dark Horse Comics and written by Pratchett and Gail Simone, the comics bridged the gap between the 2013 reboot and Rise of the Tomb Raider and explained the absence of some secondary characters in the sequel. Microsoft released a Rise of the Tomb Raider Xbox One bundle, including an Xbox One console, a code for Tomb Raider: Definitive Edition and the game. A collector's edition included a 12-inch statue of Lara, a steelbook, a jade necklace and a replica of Lara's journal. A season pass included the base game, additional outfits, weapons and expedition cards, and access to downloadable content. GameStop preorders had exclusive access to the Holy Fire Card Pack, which can be used in the game's expeditions mode. Microsoft live-streamed a Survival Billboard marketing event on Twitch. Eight contestants standing in front of a Southwark Street billboard were subjected to different harsh weather conditions, which were voted by Twitch's viewers. The contestant enduring the weather longest received a "Tomb Raider-themed trip". Players could earn in-game rewards by participating (and interacting with) Twitch live-streaming in expedition mode.

The game was supported by downloadable content, and its first post-launch update was released on December 4, a month after the game's initial release. It introduced an endurance mode, with elements of a survival game as Lara hunts and crafts items while facing hidden dangers and environmental hazards. The first story add-on, Baba Yaga: The Temple of the Witch, was released on January 26, 2016 for Xbox One. Cold Darkness Awakened, the third DLC, introduced a horde mode in which Lara fights waves of infected enemies. A Rise of the Tomb Raider: 20 Year Celebration edition was released for PlayStation 4 on October 11, 2016. The edition (developed by Nixxes Software and Crystal Dynamics) adds several new features, including a classic outfit inspired by Tomb Raider III; cooperative gameplay for endurance mode; Blood Ties, a combat-free mode in which Lara explores the Croft Manor; and Lara's Nightmare, in which players fight infected enemies in the manor. The DLC was free of charge to season-pass holders. To promote the 20 Year Celebration edition, the marketing team hung a jeep from the side of a building in Times Square. Blood Ties supported PlayStation VR when 20 Year Celebration was released, and Oculus Rift and HTC Vive were supported on December 6, 2017. Feral Interactive released the game for macOS and Linux in April 2018.

Reception

Critical reception

Rise of the Tomb Raider received "generally positive reviews" according to review aggregator Metacritic.

The game's graphics were praised by critics. Kimberly Wallace of Game Informer called them "stunning" and praised Crystal Dynamics for creating detailed environments for players to explore, although she noted several frame rate issues. Spencer Campbell of Electronic Gaming Monthly agreed, describing the areas as "gorgeous" and noting that every location in the game looked unique. Justin Towell of GamesRadar praised the game's presentation and appreciated its animation, noting that it was a AAA production. Steven Hansen of Destructoid called it one of the best-looking games on the market, although he considered some of the lighting unrealistic.

Wallace praised the story for several memorable moments, although she thought it was predictable except for the ending scene. She liked the writers' decision to explore the relationship between Lara and her father and with Trinity, which she found interesting. Campbell criticized the story for being simple and formulaic; it "took too many cues" from Raiders of the Lost Ark, and its characters were undeveloped and forgettable. Mike Mahardy of GameSpot wrote that the story was emotional and the characters grounded and believable; its mysticism "makes sense within the world they occupy", and he called the story tragic but uplifting. Towell praised the story for several surprising moments and was largely impressed by the voice acting, but was disappointed that the story was so similar to the 2013 reboot. Peter Paras of Game Revolution singled out Luddington's performance as Lara, saying that she imbues the character with a sense of wonderment and determination. Lucy O'Brien of IGN called Lara  an "endearing" character driven by "complex ambitions", and described the game's villains as "strong".

Wallace found Rise of the Tomb Raider combat entertaining overall, and enjoyed the stealth section. She liked the upgrade trees (which accommodate different styles of play), but found later combat sections repetitious. Campbell called the stealth section satisfyingly challenging, and enjoyed the range of player choices. He noted the combat's more-strategic nature, due to its larger arsenal. Mahardy called the combat "superb", praising the game for giving players the freedom to experiment with gameplay mechanics. He found the resource-gathering tedious, but the crafting system well-executed. Towell liked the game's combat and stealth, comparing it to Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain and noting that Lara often felt like a "cold-blooded killer" due to the abundance of combat. He felt that there were too many items to collect. O'Brien found some combat sections uninspired, but the new crafting abilities made them more enjoyable. She called the stealth component enjoyable but redundant. Although Hansen liked the addition of stealth, he said that Rise did not address the problems with the 2013 reboot (in which Lara was too violent, causing narrative dissonance).

Wallace praised the game's abundant side content, finding it intriguing enough to lure her away from the main story. She liked the Metroidvania world design, and the large hubs encouraged her to explore. Wallace enjoyed the expanded tombs and the puzzles, which were deeper and more intricate than those in the previous game. Campbell praised its hunting mechanic, which enhanced the game world. He wrote that the narrative shortcomings were balanced by gameplay complexity, particularly the optional tomb puzzles. Mahardy praised the open hubs' "waterfall structure", where every player action may unlock new possibilities; however, Towell found the hubs filled with aimless, unappealing content. O'Brien called the challenge tombs the game's highlight (paying homage to the older Tomb Raider games), despite its shortage of puzzles. Hansen found much of the content "open world busywork", which he compared to the Assassin's Creed game series. Paras wrote that the expedition mode was a "real treat", but Oli Welsh of Eurogamer criticized it, saying that there was no reason for the mode to exist other than to please YouTubers and generate revenue from microtransactions.

Wallace called Rise of the Tomb Raider "better in every way" than the 2013 reboot, and said that the game had high replayability. Campbell was disappointed by the story, but considered the game an overall improvement on its predecessor. Towell called the game a "safe sequel" which took few risks, but had a successful formula; O'Brien agreed that it succeeded in refining its predecessor's formula. Hansen found much of the game's content bloated; although it was an improvement, he criticized it for not fixing many of the original's shortcomings. According to Paras, the Tomb Raider franchise surpassed gaming classics such as Resident Evil 4 and Uncharted 2: Among Thieves after 20 years with Rise of the Tomb Raider.

Sales
Some gaming journalists were concerned about Rise of the Tomb Raider sales, since it was released on the same day as Fallout 4 (a highly anticipated game from Bethesda Game Studios, which also had Microsoft as its marketing partner). However, Microsoft believed that the games would not compete with one another. It was the fourth-bestselling game in the UK and Ireland in its week of release, debuting at number four in the UK retail software sales chart (behind Fallout 4, Call of Duty: Black Ops III and FIFA 16). The game however did not sell well enough in the month after its release to appear on the NPD Group chart. According to Square Enix, its initial commercial performance was "solid"; game director Brian Horton and Microsoft executive Aaron Greenberg said that Microsoft Studios and Square Enix were satisfied with the game's sales. Digitally, the Windows version sold three times better than the Xbox One version in the first month of release. The game had sold over one million copies by the end of 2015,
and nearly seven million copies by November 2017.

In honor of the 25th anniversary of Tomb Raider, Square Enix and Crystal Dynamics celebrated each game and spin-off of the franchise with community features, nostalgia, and unseen contents throughout 2021. On its dedicated month, it was revealed that Rise of the Tomb Raider had sold 11.8 million in November 2021.

Awards

In other media
Some plot elements from Rise of the Tomb Raider were incorporated into the 2018 film adaptation of Tomb Raider. An announced sequel for that film, which was delayed due to COVID-19, was considered to adapt Rise. The sequel was cancelled in July 2022 as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer lost the film rights to the franchise after its expiration.

Sequel

Shadow of the Tomb Raider was confirmed by Square Enix. It is the third game in the rebooted origin story. Eidos-Montréal replaced Crystal Dynamics as the game's lead developer. It was released worldwide on PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One on September 14, 2018.

Notes

References

External links

2015 video games
Action-adventure games
Crystal Dynamics games
Fiction about immortality
Linux games
MacOS games
Microsoft games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games
PlayStation VR games
Post-traumatic stress disorder in fiction
Square Enix games
Stadia games
Stealth video games
Survival video games
Tomb Raider games
Universal Windows Platform apps
Video game sequels
Video games about mental health
Video games based on Slavic mythology
Video games developed in Canada
Video games developed in the Netherlands
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Russia
Video games set in Syria
Windows games
Works set in Siberia
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Xbox One X enhanced games
Feral Interactive games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nixxes Software games


title: Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris

text:
Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris is an action-adventure game developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Square Enix's European subsidiary for Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Stadia and Nintendo Switch. It is the sequel to the 2010 video game Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light, and the second installment in Lara Croft spin-off series of the Tomb Raider franchise.  The video game was announced at E3 2014 on 9 June.

The game will be released along with its predecessor as part of The Lara Croft Collection for Nintendo Switch by Feral Interactive.

Gameplay

Like its predecessor, Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light , Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris is a non-linear "arcade-inspired" action game with a fixed isometric camera, similar to Tomb Raider: The Prophecy for Game Boy Advance. Additionally, the colored circle underneath each player in tandem with the twin-stick control scheme draws total gameplay comparisons to SpongeBob SquarePants: Plankton's Robotic Revenge, Ratchet & Clank: All 4 One, or Contra: Rogue Corps. It features cooperative gameplay, and up to four players can take control of one of four characters, Lara Croft, Carter, Isis or Horus. Each playable character possesses unique weapons and skills. As with some previous installments, Lara retains her dual pistols with infinite ammunition and a grappling hook, which she is able to use to cross gaps.

Plot
Deep in the deserts of Egypt Lara Croft joins forces with rival treasure hunter Carter Bell and imprisoned gods Isis and Horus, to defeat the evil deity Set. Lara and her companions battle the elements of nature through ancient tombs and they must recover the fragments of Osiris to stop Set from enslaving all humanity.

Development
Crystal Dynamics began development on Temple of Osiris in 2013, following the release of Tomb Raider. Nixxes Software provided development support on the game; they had collaborated with Crystal Dynamics on previous Tomb Raider games. In a 2022 interview with Digital Foundry, composer Wilbert Roget II stated that Crystal Dynamics had originally planned for the Lara Croft brand to become its own spin-off franchise from the Tomb Raider IP. The studio completed development in November 2014. That month, Valve and Crystal Dynamics organized a contest for people to produce and submit promotional Tomb Raider themed content for the video game Team Fortress 2. The winning items were revealed on 3 December and were implemented in Team Fortress 2 as rewards for people who pre-purchased Temple of Osiris. Contest winners received a selection of titles from Square Enix's catalogue on Steam.

Release
The game launched on 9 December 2014. The studio released the game's original soundtrack as a free download. A limited Gold Edition of the game was available to purchase; it included a 3-inch Lara figurine, art book, a map of the game's overworld, and a season pass for downloadable content (DLC). The game was released as part of PlayStation Plus free games in August 2015.
The game was released as part of Microsoft Games with Gold free games in May 2017.

Prior to the game's launch, a season pass was announced which would include all future downloadable content for the game. Four downloadable content packs were released in January 2015, three of which contained in-game items and character skins based on Tomb Raider: Legend, and the Deus Ex and Hitman franchises.  These themed packs were previously available as bonuses for pre-ordering the game from specific retailers. The fourth content pack, titled Icy Death, added various in-game items, a tomb featuring new puzzles and enemies, and a Lara Croft character skin based on the 2013 Tomb Raider video game. On 2 February, the Twisted Gears downloadable pack was released featuring a tomb, new in-game items, and a Lara Croft character skin based on the original Tomb Raider game.

In March 2020, Square Enix made Temple of Osiris and the 2013 Tomb Raider reboot redeemable for free on Steam for a limited time during the COVID-19 pandemic as part of their "Stay Home and Play" campaign in order to encourage social distancing.

The Lara Croft Collection

On October 28, 2021, as part of the 25th anniversary celebrations of the first Tomb Raider game releasing on the Sega Saturn in Europe, Crystal Dynamics announced that Temple of Osiris and its predecessor Guardian of Light would be ported to Nintendo Switch in 2022. In December 2022, over a year following the announcement and the Crystal Dynamics acquisition by Embracer Group, Feral Interactive confirmed that the games would instead be released in 2023. On June 15, 2023, The Lara Croft Collection was announced for release on June 29, with pre-orders being made available on the Nintendo eShop that same day.

Reception

Temple of Osiris received "mixed or average" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. The game received a nomination from the D.I.C.E. Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition.

Dave Rudden of IGN called the game "almost as essential as Lara's third-person execursions", praising the game's creative level design and multiplayer while criticizing its lack of personality in comparison to previous titles. GamesRadar+ gave the game four stars out of five, praising the chaotic co-op, environmental puzzles, and bosses, while criticizing the game's loading issues and lack of readability during cooperative play. Emanuel Maiberg of PC Gamer called the game "much more fun with a friend" while appreciating its clever puzzles and lamenting the game's short runtime which left little room to capitalize on its mechanics. Christian Donlan of Eurogamer complimented the game's utilization of its fairly simple mechanics in order to mask the lack of "first-rate" quality to any one facet of the game. Ben Reeves of Game Informer called the game "largely a retread of Guardian of Light" and deemed its gameplay "standard" while still finding the game fun to play through with friends. GameSpot called the game's pacing "gratifying" in the way it mixed its shooting, locomotion, and problem-solving, while calling out the dated visuals, unrewarding story, and technical issues. Polygon's Philip Kollar noted that in spite of critical issues such as the game's poor loot system and occasionally bad camera, it proved to be an enjoyable experience nevertheless. Push Square gave the game six stars out of ten and lamented the game's lack of personality and memorability while praising its graphics, bosses, and short loading times.

Notes

References

External links

2014 video games
Action-adventure games
Crystal Dynamics games
Feral Interactive games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 4 games
Square Enix games
Stadia games
Tomb Raider spin-off games
Video game sequels
Video games scored by Wilbert Roget, II
Video games set in Egypt
Video games based on Egyptian mythology
Video games developed in the Netherlands
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Xbox One games
Nixxes Software games


title: Kathleen de la Peña McCook

text:
Kathleen de la Peña McCook is a library scholar, librarian, and activist. Much of her work centers around social justice, human rights, First Amendment issues, and the freedom of information.

McCook has been active in a number of professional organizations within the field of librarianship. She was highly involved in the American Library Association's Committee on the Status of Women in Librarianship. She was the recipient of their 2016 Elizabeth Martinez Lifetime Achievement Award. She is a past president of the Association for Library and Information Science Education and the recipient of the 2003 Beta Phi Mu Award for "distinguished service in library education".

McCook has taught full-time since 1978. She has served on the faculties of Dominican University, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Louisiana State University. Currently, she is serving as a Distinguished University Professor at the University of South Florida's School of Information. She also served as 2003 scholar-in-residence for the Chicago Public Library.

Awards and honors
 2019 Joseph W. Lippincott Award for distinguished service to the profession of librarianship
 2016 Elizabeth Martinez Lifetime Achievement Award, REFORMA
 2010  Jean E. Coleman Library Outreach Lecture . Topic: "Librarian and Human Rights."
 2004 ALA Office of Diversity, Achievement in Diversity Research Honoree
 2003 John Brubaker Award. Outstanding work of literary merit for article, “Social Justice, Personalism and the Practice of Librarianship,” Catholic Library Association for article in Catholic Library World 72 ( Winter, 2001): 80-84.
 2003 Beta Phi Mu Award for distinguished service to education for librarianship.
 1997 President of the Association of Library and Information Science Education
 1997 American Library Association Equality Award.
 1991 Named Outstanding Alumni by the University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Library and Information Studies

Selected bibliography

References

External links
 Faculty web page at the University of South Florida
 Ebla to E-Books: The Preservation and Annihilation of Memory by Kathleen McCook at Substack

American librarians
American women librarians
Hispanic and Latino American librarians
American librarianship and human rights
Living people
University of Chicago Graduate Library School alumni
University of South Florida faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Library and Information Studies alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
American women academics
21st-century American women
American Library Association people


title: Trial of Thomas Paine

text:
The trial of Thomas Paine for seditious libel was held on 18 December 1792 in response to his publication of the second part of the Rights of Man. The government of William Pitt, worried by the possibility that the French Revolution might spread to England, had begun suppressing works that espoused radical philosophies.

Paine's work, which advocated the right of the people to overthrow their government, was duly targeted, with a writ for his arrest issued on 21 May. Paine fled to France in September since he had been elected a member of the National Convention in France. He was instead represented in absentia by Thomas Erskine, a noted lawyer and orator who was severely criticised by government supporters in the months leading up to the trial.

At the trial, Archibald Macdonald, representing the prosecution, argued that Paine's work served only to inflame the populace and distribute radical ideas to those without the experience to understand them in context. Erskine's reply opened with a defence of the freedom of lawyers to represent whichever clients came to them, and it followed with an exposition of his views on the nature of the freedom of the press that argued that the publication of radical tracts served only to improve the government by highlighting its weaknesses and could not be seditious if published in good faith. Despite Erskine's speech later receiving a rapturous response, Paine was found guilty before Macdonald replied.

The verdict was seen by the government as legitimising their repression of radicalism, and paved the way for the 1794 Treason Trials, in which Erskine played a prominent role.

Background

French Revolution

After involving itself in the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War, France found itself financially ruined. Attempts to pass an economic plan to alleviate that in the Estates-General of 1789 led instead to the Third Estate forming the National Assembly. Succeeded, in turn, by the National Constituent Assembly and the Legislative Assembly, the various legislative bodies succeeded in rendering the monarchy constitutional, limited by democratic institutions. Attempts to remove the monarch entirely, although thwarted on 20 June 1792, led to the effective overthrow of Louis XVI on 10 August. On 21 October, France was formally declared a republic.

Britain was initially sympathetic to the revolutionaries of France, but the sympathy dissolved with the execution of Louis XVI and was replaced by hostility and a growing schism within the Whigs. While the Foxite branch argued for the Revolution as a source of general liberty, the administration of William Pitt became increasingly repressive, fearing the spread of Jacobinism to the United Kingdom and the overthrow of the government. The split was reflected in the behaviour of the people. While some joined societies dedicated to parliamentary reform, others formed mobs under the banner of "Church and King" and attacked the homes of liberals and those who sympathised with the French Revolution, including that of Joseph Priestley. The Association for Preserving Liberty and Property against Republicans and Levellers was formed and served as "an organised body of private agents engaged in ferreting out sedition wherever it raised its inky head".

Paine and the Rights of Man
Thomas Paine was a noted writer and political theorist whose work had influenced and helped drive the American Revolution. Having returned to England, he decided to write a book, Rights of Man, addressing the arguments of Edmund Burke, a prominent conservative strongly fearful of the French Revolution. The first part was published in 1791 and attracted no attention from Pitt's administration. The second, published on 16 February 1792, advocated, amongst other things, the right of the people to replace their government if they thought it appropriate. The work was an immediate success, selling a million-and-a-half copies, generated public support for various reform movements. It also brought Paine to the attention of the government and made him a subject to its crackdown. While Paine was visiting an aunt in Kent, Pitt had a writ issued against J.S. Jordan, Paine's publisher, prosecuting him for seditious libel, which carried a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. Paine returned to London and began to campaign for Jordan, finding him a lawyer and agreeing to pay his legal fees. Jordan, however, pleaded guilty and turned his files over to the court. With that additional evidence, a writ was issued for Paine on 21 May, charging him with the same crime. His trial date was set for 8 June, and later rescheduled for 18 December.

Paine left England before he could be tried since he had been elected a member of the National Convention in France, tasked with writing a new constitution. He departed England on 13 September, never to return, but he further infuriated the government remotely by republishing the Rights of Man and writing Letter Addressed to the Addressors of the Late Proclamation in which he defended his actions and beliefs against those who had chosen to side with the government. Paine was instead represented in absentia by Thomas Erskine, a famous lawyer and orator who served as Attorney General to the Prince of Wales. As the trial date approached, both Erskine and Paine were targeted by vicious personal attacks. Paine's writ was followed by hundreds of loyal addresses, many of which targeted him, the burning of an effigy in Exeter and the banning of the sale of any of his books in Chester. Pamphlets slandering him were widely published, and both Paine and Erskine had their personal lives dug into.

Trial

The trial was finally held on 18 December 1792 in front of the Court of King's Bench. Lord Kenyon presided, with Erskine representing the defence, and the government represented by Archibald Macdonald, John Scott and Spencer Perceval. Macdonald opened for the prosecution, expressing outrage at the publication of the Rights of Man and his concern that it would be made available to so many members of the public who were unfamiliar with political philosophy. He also read excerpts from a letter that Paine had written to him after his arrival in Paris, which contained "everything with which to inflame a jury". He then presented various witnesses, starting with Thomas Haynes, to testify that the works had indeed been published, and following with Thomas Chapman, who had printed the first part of the Rights of Man. Chapman testified that he had intended to print the second part until he came upon a passage that "appeared of a dangerous tendency" and that, after an argument with a drunken Paine, he then returned the book.

Erskine offered no evidence, admitting that Paine had written both the Rights of Man and the letter to Macdonald and instead chose to begin speaking. He opened with a statement against those who had pressured him to refuse Paine's case and stated, in a "brilliant exposition of the principles involved", that:

He then moved on to addressing the freedom of the press and the limits on it, arguing that freedom of speech was necessary to identify the flaws in the structure of the government and the constitution, even if the author was mistaken about the flaws. As long as a writer intended only to enlighten others, prohibiting their speech would serve only to undermine the government by harming the opportunities to improve it. While Macdonald had argued that the book was problematic because it was circulated amongst all classes of society, Erskine argued that this was not the test of whether the Rights of Man was seditious. Instead, the test was whether Paine had exclusively dealt with what he believed to be in the best interests of England, its government and its people. While Paine's opinions ran counter to the existing system of government, Erskine argued that "opinion is free and... conduct alone is amenable to the law". For a libel claim to succeed, the Libel Act 1792 required the prosecution to show the publication was motivated by malice. Since Paine had intended only to help mankind, and this was a pure motive, he could not be guilty.

Despite the speech, the jury found Paine guilty before Macdonald replied to Erskine's argument.

Aftermath

Although it failed to sway the jury, Erskine's speech was given a rapturous response. After he left the court, he was confronted by a mob that  cheered him and shouted, "Damn Tom Paine, but Erskine for ever, and the Liberty of the Press; the
King, the Constitution, and Erskine for ever". The crowd proceeded to unhitch the horses from his carriage and carry the carriage (with him inside) to his lodgings at Serjeant's Inn. Over 30 transcripts or reports of the trial were printed, all of which contained Erskine's speech, and many editions emphasised Erskine's name and the theme of his speech on the title pages, using it to sell copies. Other reactions were less positive; William Godwin wrote a letter to Erskine shortly after the trial arguing that his statement that individuals were free to publish works attacking or criticising the Constitution "had a considerable share in prosecuting the verdict of guilty". Paine himself found Erskine's speech and conduct during the trial disappointing, expecting him to do more to defend the principles in the Rights of Man than he had.

Pitt's administration took the guilty verdict in Paine's trial as a sign that further prosecutions for sedition were possible and so began many. In the 17 months following the trial, 11 publishers of the Rights of Man were prosecuted, receiving prison sentences of up to four years. They acted as a prelude to the 1794 Treason Trials in which a dozen reformers were indicted for allegedly conspiring to bring about a revolution. Erskine played a prominent role in defending many of them, including Thomas Hardy, John Horne Tooke and John Thelwall, all three of whom were acquitted.

References

Bibliography

Thomas Paine
Trials in the United Kingdom
1792 in case law


title: 2014 Fergana Challenger – Men's doubles

text:
Farrukh Dustov and Malek Jaziri were the defending champions, but decided not to compete.

Sergey Betov and Alexander Bury won the title, defeating Nicolás Barrientos and Stanislav Vovk in the final, 6–7(6–8), 7–6(7–1), [10–3].

Seeds

Draw

Draw

References
 Main Draw

Fergana Challenger - Men's Doubles
2014 Men's Doubles


title: Type 055 destroyer

text:
The Type 055 destroyer (NATO/OSD Renhai-class cruiser) is a class of stealth guided-missile destroyers (guided-missile cruisers per NATO/OSD standard) being constructed for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). It has a multi-mission design; the combination of sensors and weapons suggests a main role of area air defence, with anti-submarine warfare capabilities surpassing previous Chinese surface combatants.

The Type 055 is expected to undertake blue-water expeditionary missions and form the primary escort for Chinese aircraft carriers. The United States classifies these ships as cruisers as the United States Navy defines a cruiser as a large multi-mission surface combatant with flag facilities; this suggests the U.S. expects the Type 055 to fulfill a similar role as the USN's .

Development
The People's Liberation Army Navy was interested in a large destroyer from as early as the late-1960s. A development program, code-named "055", initiated in 1976 was cancelled in 1983 after encountering insurmountable technical obstacles from industrial underdevelopment; for example, the required gas turbine power plants could neither be produced domestically nor imported at acceptable prices.

In April 2014, an image emerged of a full-scale mock-up of the Type 055 superstructure—with enclosed integrated mast for radar and other electronics—at the Chinese naval electronic testing range in Wuhan.

Nanchang, the first ship of the class, began construction in 2014 at the Jiangnan Shipyard in Shanghai, and was commissioned on 12 January 2020. Its first public appearance—preceding commissioning—was during the PLAN's 70th-anniversary parade on 23 April 2019. When launched, Nanchang was among the largest post-Second World War warships launched in East Asia.

Design

Stealth
The Type 055 adopts a conventional flared hull with distinctive stealthy features including an enclosed forecastle that hides mooring points, anchor chains, and other equipment. The bow and main deckhouse are configured similarly to previous Type 052C/D destroyers. A continuous structure amidship increases internal volume and reduces radar cross-section. The smokestack design reduces both infrared signature and radar cross-section. Chinese sources credit the design as being generally stealthy, with reduced radar, noise, infrared, and electromagnetic radiation signatures.

Power plants
Propulsive power is generated by four 28 MW QC-280 gas turbines in combined gas and gas arrangement. Additional power may be provided by six 5 MW QD-50 gas turbines.

The maximum speed is estimated to be 30 knots.

Electronics
Chinese literature suggests that the Type 055 is capable of "facilitat[ing] command management of a battlegroup and supporting elements". The command-and-control and battle management systems are likely comparable to contemporary PLAN systems, which reflect over a decade of intensive interest in information integration from the late 2000s.

The class has a dual-band radar system; four S-band Type 346B Dragon Eye active electronically scanned array (AESA) panels are mounted on the superstructure, and four smaller X-band panels are mounted on the mast. The Type 346B panels are estimated to be 40% larger than the Type 052D destroyer's Type 346A panels, for greater transmission power and sensitivity. Chinese sources claim the radar has anti-stealth capability and can be used to guide anti-satellite missiles.

A deployment port exists for variable depth and towed array sonar. The large bulbous bow likely contains a bow sonar; the Type 055 may mount a larger bow sonar than previous Chinese surface combatants.

Various electronic warfare support measures (ESM), electronic countermeasures (ECM), and electro-optic (EO) sensors and datalinks are mounted. They are likely more advanced than those deployed on previous ships.

Armament
The primary armament are missiles carried in 112 vertical launching system (VLS) cells, 64 cells forward and 48 cells aft. The same VLS model is used on the Type 052D destroyer, which is believed to be an implementation of the GJB 5860-2006 standard; the GJB 5860-2006 is capable of hot and cold launches using concentric canisters. The longest variant, with 9-metre cells, is likely used. The Type 055 is expected to carry HHQ-9 surface-to-air missiles, YJ-18 anti-ship cruise missiles, CJ-10 land-attack cruise missiles, and missile-launched anti-submarine torpedoes upon entering service. Potentially, the larger cells may also carry anti-ship ballistic missiles.

Future developments
It has been suggested that future variants may be armed with lasers or electromagnetic railguns. Since the current design does not have integrated electric propulsion, installation of integrated electric propulsion will be required for the ship to meet power requirements in the future.

In 2021, United States Department of Defense identified Type 055 as the future launch platform for China's naval-based mid-course interceptors, such as the HQ-19 anti-ballistic missiles.

Ships of class

See also
 List of active People's Liberation Army Navy ships

References

Citations

Sources

Destroyer classes
Cruiser classes
Destroyers of the People's Liberation Army Navy


The Sweeney, Coombs, and Fredericks Building is a late Victorian commercial building with a 3-story corner turret and Eastlake decorative elements that was designed by George E. Dickey in 1889. The building is located at 301 Main Street in Houston, Texas and occupies the corner of Main Street and Congress Street in Downtown Houston.  The building is one of the few Victorian-style architectural structures that remains in the city. The building received a "City of Houston Landmark" designation in 2009. The building is included in the National Register of Historic Places by virtue of being a conforming structure in the Main Street/Market Square Historic District.

Location
The Sweeney, Coombs and Fredericks Building shares a 75-year ground lease from Harris County and adjacent to the historic Pillot Building. The building lies within the boundaries of Houston's Main Street/Market Square Historic District. Market Square, the namesake for the historic district, is just one block away on Congress Street.

Purchase, Development, and Construction

Purchase
In 1882, John Jasper Sweeney and Edward L. Coombs commissioned the purchase of an 1861 building built by William A. Van Alstyne, the W.A. Van Alstyne Building.

Construction
Historical records indicate that the W. A. Van Alstyne Building was set to be demolished and replaced by the Sweeney and Coombs structure. Speculation remains as to whether the demolition of the W. A. Van Alstyne Building was ever completed; some theorists believe that the W. A. Van Alstyne Building was incorporated by renovation into the structure built by Sweeney and Coombs.

Construction of the building was completed in 1887.

Design
The building was designed by George E. Dickey and the style of the building reflects the Victorian Era of architecture. Design elements included a 3-story corner turret and Eastlake decorative elements. The decorative angled doors of the building are set facing the intersection of 220 Main Street.

Renovations

The building underwent a modest renovation in 1968, which preserved the exposed brick walls and original hardwood floors.

Ownership
Gus Fredericks joined the Sweeney and Coombs Jewelry firm before 1889. The jewelry firm is still in business.

In 1974, Harris County acquired the building through condemnation.

The Environmental Practice Group of the Harris County Attorney’s Office occupies the 2nd floor and a portion of the County Auditor’s Office occupies the third.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Harris County, Texas

References

National Register of Historic Places in Houston
Buildings and structures in Houston
1889 establishments in Texas
Buildings and structures completed in 1889
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks


title: List of Mr. and Mrs. North episodes

text:
This is a list of episodes for the television series Mr. and Mrs. North.

Series overview
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=2| Season
! Episodes
! First aired
! Last aired
! Network
|-
| style="width:5px; background:#500050"|
| 1
| 39
|
|
| CBS
|-
| bgcolor="B0171F"|
| 2
| 18
|
|
| NBC
|-
|}

Episodes

Season 1 (1952–53)

Season 2 (1954)

References

External links

Mr. and Mrs. North
Mr. and Mrs. North


title: Ceutorhynchini

text:
Ceutorhynchini is a true weevil tribe in the subfamily Baridinae.

Genera
Aiphonsinus - Allosirocalus - Amalorrhynchus - Amalus - Amicroplontus - Amurocladus - Angarocladus - Barioxyonyx - Bohemanius - Boragosirocalus - Brevicoeliodes - Calosirus - Cardipennis - Ceutorhynchoides - Ceutorhynchus - Coeliastes - Coeliodes - Coeliodinus - Conocoeliodes - Datonychidius - Datonychus - Dieckmannius - Drupenatus - Ectamnogaster - Eremonyx - Ericomicrelus - Ethelcus - Eucoeliodes - Euoxyonyx - Exocoeliodes - Fossoronyx - Glocianus - Gobicladus - Hadroplontus - Hainokisaruzo - Hemioxyonyx - Heorhynchus - Hesperorrhynchus - Indicoplontus - Indozacladus - Isorhynchus - Macrosquamonyx - Mesoxyonyx - Micrelus - Microplontus - Mogulones - Mogulonoides - Nedyus - Neocoeliodes - Neoglocianus - Neoxyonyx - Neozacladus - Notoxyonyx - Odontocoeliodes - Oprohinus - Oxyonyx - Paracoeliodes - Parethelcus - Paroxyonyx - Perioxyonyx - Petrocladus - Phoeniconyx - Phrydiuchus - Platygasteronyx - Platypteronyx - Poophagus - Prisistus - Pseudocoeliodes - Pseudoxyonyx - Ranunculiphilus - Rileyonymus - Scythocladus - Sinocolus - Sirocalodes - Stenocarus - Suboxyonyx - Tapeinotus - Tatyania - Thamiocolus - Theodorinus - Tibetiellus - Trachelanthus - Trichocoeliodes - Trichosirocalus - Wagnerinus - Zacladus

References

 Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A.; Lyal, C.H.C. 1999: A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (excepting Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Entomopraxis, Barcelona.
 Colonnelli, E. 2004: Catalogue of Ceutorhynchinae of the world with a key to genera. Argania editio, S.C.P., Barcelona.
 Gistel, J. 1848: Faunula monacensis cantharologica. (Fortsetzung). Isis von Oken, 1848(9): second and third unnumbered pages in the Section Umschlag.
 Korotyaev B.A. 1994: Two new Asiatic species of the weevil subtribe Oxyonychina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 2(2): 286.
 Korotyaev B.A. 1994: A new subgenus and a new species of the weevil subtribe Oxyonychina from Morocco (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 2(2): 306.
 Korotyaev B.A. 2001: A new genus of Ceutorhynchinae from tropical Africa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 9(1): 234.
 Korotyaev B.A. 2001: A new species of Barioxyonyx from Israel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 10(1): 100.
 Korotyaev B.A. 2004: A new species of the weevil genus Datonychus from Israel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 13(1): 33–34.
 I.Löbl & A.Smetana (eds). 2012 Catalogue of Palearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 8: Curculionoidea II. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. p. 176-213
 Revision of the Genera and Species of Ceutorhynchini Inhabiting North America.  Dietz, William G., Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Volume 23 (jstor)

External links

Polyphaga tribes


title: Equestrian at the 2013 SEA Games – Individual dressage

text:
Individual dressage equestrian at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games in Wunna Theikdi Equestrian Field, Naypyidaw, Myanmar from December 13 to 14, 2013.

Schedule
All times are Myanmar Standard Time (UTC+06:30)

Results
Legend
RT — Retired
WD — Withdrawn
EL — Eliminated
NS — Not Started

References

Equestrian at the 2013 SEA Games


title: Graeme Innes

text:
Graeme Gordon Innes AM (born 9 August 1955) is a lawyer, mediator and company director, university chancellor and was Australia's Disability Discrimination Commissioner from December 2005 to July 2014.

As a human rights advocate for the past 30 years he has played a role in many human rights and disability initiatives, including the drafting of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

In 2013, Innes won a case against RailCorp, which was found to have discriminated against blind and visually impaired passengers.
Innes was admitted as a Member of the Order of Australia in 1995   in recognition of his human rights work and his contribution to the rights of people with disability in Australia.

Early life and education
Innes was born in Sydney, Australia. The son of Alwyn and Dorothy Innes, he has an older sister and younger brother. Alwyn Innes had been a councillor on Ashfield Municipal Council.
Due to congenital issues, Innes was born totally blind. His parents were shocked by the news of his disability but endeavoured to treat him in the same way as his siblings. Innes believes this approach benefitted him in life.

At age four, Innes and his family moved to a residence in the grounds of the Masonic Hospital (now the Sydney Private Hospital) in Ashfield, when Innes' father Alwyn was appointed its CEO. Innes grew up there.

Innes attended the North Rocks School for Blind Children, run by the New South Wales Department of Education on a site owned by the Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children. He was made school captain in 1971 in early recognition of his leadership capacities.
He was thereafter one of the first blind children integrated into the mainstream school system, attending Ashfield Boys High School for Years 11 and 12 in 1972–73. He was a prefect at this school, and a member of the 1972 debating team that won many competitions. He then undertook law studies at the University of Sydney, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1978, and gained the foundation for his later specialisation in social justice and human rights law.

Career

Early career

After completing practical legal training at the College of Law in 1978, Innes applied for about 30 jobs, but many employers did not understand how a blind person could work as a lawyer. He gained a position as a clerical assistant with the NSW Public Service, and two years later became a legal officer at the Department of Consumer Affairs. He became a conciliator in 1983, first at the NSW Anti-Discrimination Board and then at the WA Equal Opportunity Commission.

Innes worked for Qantas (1993–1995), initially managing its Disability Services Project, and then fulfilling the role of the company's Equal Employment Opportunity Officer. He then moved to Westpac, where he was Manager of Disability Projects (1995–1997).

He was a Hearing Commissioner with the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1994–2001). In this role, he heard the cases of Finney v Hills Grammar School, and Purvis v NSW Department of Education, which resulted in the landmark decisions that the schools in question had discriminated against a child on the basis of their disability (either refusing enrolment, or excluding the child) in breach of the Disability Discrimination Act 1992.

Innes then became the Deputy Disability Discrimination Commissioner at the Australian Human Rights Commission from 1999 to 2005. As a tribunal member, he maintained a high resolution rate of complaints using conciliation for tribunals including the NSW Administrative Decisions Tribunal (1996–2005); the NSW Consumer, Trader and Tenancy Tribunal (1996–2005); and the Social Security Appeals Tribunal.

Throughout his early career, Innes held leadership positions in disability advocacy organisations. He was the first Chair of Disabled Peoples International (Australia) which became People with Disability Australia (1983–1987), and Chair of Royal Blind Society (1995–2004) and was the first Chair of Australia's national blindness agency, Vision Australia (2004–2005). He was the Chair of the Commonwealth Disability Advisory Council of Australia  1989–1993, which achieved passage by government of the Disability Discrimination Act in 1992, and which developed a plan to improve transport accessibility (which later became the Accessible Transport Standards ).
He was also Deputy Chair of the Australian Disability Consultative Council This council was replaced by the National People with Disabilities and Carer Council, which has is now replaced with Disability and Carers Industry Advisory Council 1995–1996, and Chair of World Blind Union (Asia Pacific Region) 2002–2005. He has been a board member of the NSW Disability Discrimination Legal Centre; Life Without Barriers;, Livable Housing Australia and is a board member of disability employment service, Joblife Employment.

Later career

Innes was appointed Australia's Disability Discrimination Commissioner in December 2005. During that time, he also served as Australia's Human Rights Commissioner (2005–2009) and as Race Discrimination Commissioner (2009–2011). As Commissioner, Innes contributed to human rights reform initiatives. He participated in the drafting of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its ratification by Australia. He also played an instrumental role in the Same Sex: Same Entitlements  enquiry, which resulted in the removal of discrimination across Australian federal law.

Innes also contributed to the development of the National Disability Strategy and the Disability (Access to Premises – buildings) Standards 2010, as well as to the establishment of Livable Housing Australia. In his role as Human Rights Commissioner, he undertook three annual inspections of Australia's Immigration Detention facilities.

As a human rights advocate, in his personal capacity as well as professionally, Innes has achieved a number of reforms for people with disability. In 2013 acting in a personal capacity, he won a case in the Federal Magistrates Court against RailCorp (which delivers train services in NSW). The magistrate found RailCorp had discriminated against blind and visually impaired passengers by refusing to commit to a program of improving station announcements on Sydney trains so that passengers would know where to get off. Innes won the case and $10,000 damages, after RailCorp spent more than $400,000 on its unsuccessful defence. Also in 2013, Innes initiated an online petition calling on department store Myer to increase its employment of people with disability to 10 per cent of its workforce. This action was in response to a negative statement by Myer's CEO about the National Disability Insurance Scheme. Innes' petition gained 35,000 signatures within a few days.

Innes has been an active advocate for the implementation of cinema captioning and audio descriptions in Australia.

He is known for his  speeches, and his erudite opinion pieces  published in mainstream Australian media. He embraces communications technologies and platforms, and is a regular user of Twitter for timely media commentary.

In December 2022, Innes was installed as the chancellor of Central Queensland University. He is the first university chancellor in Australia to identify as having a disability.

Notable achievements

 Passing of the Disability Discrimination Act 1992
 Passing of the UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities
 Passing of the UN Optional Protocol on Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Honours

Innes was made a Member of the Order of Australia 1995 for service to the community, particularly as an adviser on disability anti-discrimination policy. He was also shortlisted for Australian of the Year in 2004.

Academic
 Fellow, Australian Institute of Company Directors
 Adjunct Professor, University of Sydney
 Honorary Doctor of the University, University of Canberra, 2014, in recognition of his work as a human rights activist.
 Honorary Doctor of Social Sciences, RMIT University, 2016, in recognition of his national contribution to public service and advocacy of human rights, particularly for people with disabilities.
 Honorary Doctorate, University of New South Wales, 2017

Other awards
Outstanding Supporter Award, 2008 – Gay & Lesbian Rights Lobby
Outstanding Service Award, 1976–2005 – Vision Australia
David Blyth Award, 1999 – Blind Citizens Australia
Civic Medallion, 1992 – City of Perth, Western Australia

Personal life

Innes is married to Maureen Shelley. He has an adult son and daughter. He enjoys cricket and sailing.

References

External links
Opinion pieces published by Australian Human Rights Commission
Speeches delivered as the Disability Discrimination Commissioner
Stories contributed to The Drum
Articles contributed to The Punch
Tic Talk at The Inclusion Club
Twenty Years: Twenty Stories

1955 births
Living people
20th-century Australian lawyers
Lawyers from Sydney
Australian Christians
Australian blind people
Australian lawyers with disabilities
Australian disability rights activists
Australian human rights activists
Sydney Law School alumni
Fellows of the Australian Institute of Company Directors
Members of the Order of Australia
Blind scholars and academics
Blind lawyers
Blind activists
Australian activists with disabilities
People educated at Ashfield Boys High School


title: Maciej Urbańczyk

text:
Maciej Urbańczyk (born 2 April 1996) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Odra Opole.

Career

Stal Mielec
Urbańczyk signed for Stal Mielec on 31 January 2019.

Odra Opole
On 30 June 2022, he moved to I liga side Odra Opole, signing a two-year deal with an extension option.

Honours
Stal Mielec
 I liga: 2019–20

External links

References

1995 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
Poland men's youth international footballers
Polish men's footballers
Ekstraklasa players
I liga players
II liga players
Ruch Chorzów players
Stal Mielec players
Odra Opole players
People from Mikołów
Footballers from Silesian Voivodeship


title: Zijad Švrakić

text:
Zijad Švrakić (born 21 September 1960), also known as Ziya Yıldız after acquiring Turkish citizenship is a retired Bosnian professional footballer and manager. As a member of the Sarajevo squad that won the Yugoslav First League in 1985, he was best known for his speed and dribbling ability.
After leaving his homeland he spent seven years playing professionally in Turkey, where he represented Adana Demirspor, Galatasaray, Ankaragücü and Karşıyaka. He concluded his playing career with Maltese Premier League football club Rabat Ajax.

He represented Yugoslavia and Bosnia and Herzegovina internationally.

Playing career
A Sarajevo native, Švrakić came through the youth set up of FK Sarajevo before signing his first professional contract in 1979, eventually inheriting the number 7 jersey previously worn by club legend Safet Sušić.

In his first season, he took part in the club's runners-up league finish, even though he did not get much playing time, being overlooked by the coaching staff that preferred fielding more experienced footballers. With the departure of a vast array of players after the 1982-1983 season the club management decided to build a new team made up of youngsters that came up through the club's youth department. Švrakić's skill helped the young team eventually win the Yugoslav First League in 1985, becoming the second FK Sarajevo outfit to do so.

In 1987, he joined Turkish Süper Lig side Adana Demirspor whom he represented in the next two seasons, helping the team avoid relegation by scoring 42 goals in 86 matches.   In the summer of 1989 he was acquired by Turkish powerhouse Galatasaray for a record 800,000 DEM, eventually going on to play for Ankaragücü and Karşıyaka, captaining the latter and thus becoming the second foreign-born captain in Süper Lig history.

Švrakić spent two more seasons in the Maltese Premier League with Rabat Ajax before retiring in 1996 at the age of 36.

International career
He earned his first cap for Yugoslavia in 1983, coming on as a 70th-minute substitute in a friendly tie against West Germany, managing to find the back of the net on his debut. After being included in the Yugoslav Olympic national team roster for the 1984 Summer Olympics he had to withdraw after suffering a horrendous injury during a tour in Libya with FK Sarajevo. He earned three more caps for Yugoslavia. Between 1992 and 1994, during the Bosnian war, he represented Bosnia and Herzegovina internationally, even though the Bosnian FA was not officially recognized for most of his international tenure, and the team only contested humanitarian matches with the aim of garnering support and aid for the newly independent state.

Managerial career
Švrakić began his managerial career as interim player-manager at Rabat Ajax in 1994, eventually taking over the team and managing it for a further seven seasons. In The summer of 2002 Švrakić was appointed manager of Floriana whom he led  for the next two seasons, after which he moved back to his native Bosnia and Herzegovina and lead the FK Sarajevo youth academy.

In 2006, he was appointed manager of Kuwaiti club Al Jahra with whom he gained promotion to the top tier and reached the final of the Kuwait Crown Cup, eventually taking home the silver medal. In 2010, he was approached by Al Salmiya, and would go on to manage the team for a season. In 2012, he was appointed manager of Omantel Professional League team Al-Seeb which he kept in the top tier. In the summer of 2014 Švrakić was appointed manager of Omantel Professional League side Sur SC and led the side to a runners-up finish in his first season at the club. On 29 August 2016 Švrakić was named assistant manager of FK Sarajevo.

Honours

Player
Sarajevo
Yugoslav First League: 1984–85

Ankaragücü
Chancellor Cup: 1990–91

Karşıyaka
TFF Second League: 1991–92

Individual
Yugoslav First League Team of the Year: 1983–84
Süper Lig Team of the Year: 1987–88
Süper Lig Player of the Month: 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91
Adana Demirspor Best Foreign player in club history: 2016

References

External links
TFF profile

1960 births
Living people
Footballers from Sarajevo
Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football wingers
Yugoslav men's footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina men's footballers
FK Sarajevo players
Adana Demirspor footballers
Galatasaray S.K. footballers
MKE Ankaragücü footballers
Karşıyaka S.K. footballers
Rabat Ajax F.C. players
Yugoslav First League players
Süper Lig players
Maltese Premier League players
Yugoslav expatriate men's footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Malta
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Malta
Bosnia and Herzegovina football managers
Rabat Ajax F.C. managers
Floriana F.C. managers
Al-Jahra SC managers
Al-Salmiya SC managers
Al-Seeb Club managers
Kuwait Premier League managers
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Malta
Expatriate football managers in Kuwait
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait
Expatriate football managers in Oman
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Oman


title: Dominik Kun

text:
Dominik Kun (born 22 June 1993) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a winger for Widzew Łódź.

Club career
On 14 August 2020, he signed a two-year contract with Widzew Łódź.

References

External links

1993 births
People from Giżycko
Footballers from Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Living people
Polish men's footballers
Poland men's youth international footballers
Poland men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Stomil Olsztyn S.A. players
Pogoń Szczecin players
Wisła Płock players
MKP Pogoń Siedlce players
Sandecja Nowy Sącz players
Widzew Łódź players
Ekstraklasa players
I liga players


title: 2014 Prague Open – Doubles

text:
This was the first edition of the tournament.

Roman Jebavý and Jiří Veselý won the title after defeating Lee Hsin-han and Zhang Ze 6–1, 6–3 in the final.

Seeds

Draw

Draw

References
 Main Draw

Prague Open - Doubles
2014 - Doubles


title: Halach Uinik

text:
Halach uinik or halach uinic (Yucatec Maya:'real man')  was the name given to the supreme ruler, overlord or chief, as they were called in the colonial period of a Maya kuchkabal.

Most kuchkabal were run by a halach uinik, who ruled on behalf of one of the gods of their pantheon, constituting a theocracy.  The succession occurred in the same family, with power passing from parent to child, under the law of primogeniture.  The halach uinik concentrated all religious, military and civil power in one person.  They chose officials from among the members of the theocracy who helped in the administration of the kuchkabal. They usually designated their family members as heads or batab of the batalib (municipalities) that formed the kuchkabal. These batabob commanded their own soldiers, presided over the local council, implemented justice, and controlled the payment of taxes. In addition to these assignments, they also took care of the fields at the times indicated by the priests or ah k'in.

The halach uinic was lord of a Maya city-state.  It was a hereditary office which was transmitted to the eldest child, normally to a son. Its main symbol of power was the "manikin scepter", a ceremonial baton that featured a figurine of K'awiil, the god of life.

Several officials were appointed directly to support the halach uinic.
They were:

a.  The Ah Holpop: political-religious delegates to the Halach Uinic.

b.  The Nacom: was the principal military head of a city-state.

c.  The Ahuacan: was the high priest.  Watched calendars, sacred books and education.  He also directed the sacrifices and rites of divination.

d.  The tupil: the guards were guarding public order and law enforcement.

See also
 Ajaw

Notes

Sources

Maya monarchs


title: Erasmus de Bie

text:
Erasmus de Bie (1629–1675) was a Flemish Baroque painter known for his city views and genre scenes.  He depicted several lively scenes of large public celebrations in his hometown of Antwerp.  It is not clear whether the views of Italianate cities and landscapes attributed to him are the work of Adriaen de Bie, a Flemish painter from Lier who worked in Italy for a while.

Life

Very little is known about the life of Erasmus de Bie.  He was born in Antwerp, the son of the painter Frans de Bie the Elder. He was baptised on 20 December 1629 in the St. Walburga church in Antwerp.

He became a pupil of David Ryckaert III in 1641 and was admitted as a master in the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke in 1645-1646.

He married Catharina Douglas, called de Schot (the Scot), and was the father of Frans and Jan Baptist de Bie, who both became painters.  Jan Baptist emigrated to Vienna where he remained active.

Erasmus de Bie had pupils in 1660 and in 1666, including his son Frans.

He died in Antwerp in 1675.

Work
Erasmus de Bie is known for his lively city scenes and genre scenes and some landscape paintings. He is also mentioned as the creator of religious scenes and compositions with animals. He is also mentioned as the author of at least one winterscape and two seascapes.  It is not clear whether the views of Italianate cities and landscapes attributed to him are the work of Adriaen de Bie, a Flemish painter from Lier who worked in Italy for some time.   His surviving signatures are in capital letters: ED (in ligature) BIE.

His main specialty was the composition of animated townscapes, in particular of city squares. His composition The Ommegang in Antwerp is an example of such a work.  It was reinterpreted by various Flemish artists including Alexander van Bredael.  It may itself have been inspired by Pieter van Aelst's painting with the same theme.  Another lively city scene of Antwerp is the Figures in front of the frozen Scheldt in Antwerp painted in 1670 (Artcurial sale of 13 November 2018 lot 43). It shows a winter landscape of the river Scheldt, seen from the Anwerp quays. The Scheld is frozen solid and several tents and pavilions selling all kinds of food have been constructed on the ice.  Several inhabitants of Antwerp are seen playing on the icy river, enjoying banquets and engaging in other amusements during the winter of 1670.  The artist depicts various amusing scenes such as a woman on the verge of falling out of a sleigh pulled by a horse, a man defecating on the ice who is being chased way and a couple of men engaged in a brawl.  Fellow Antwerp artist Sebastiaen Vrancx (1573-1647) painted half a century earlier the Ice pleasure on the Scheldt in Antwerp (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam) showing a similar view of Antwerp's citizens having fun on the Scheldt.

Erasmus de Bie was an accomplished painter of figures and often collaborated with other artists in Antwerp for whom he painted the staffage.  This is documented in the papers of the Antwerp art dealers Forchondt, which mention two anonymous church interiors with figures painted by de Bie.

He may have produced Italianate landscapes set among Roman buildings and populated with many figures and animals reminiscent of the style of the group of genre painters active in Rome known as the Bamboccianti.  A painting of the Campo Vaccino in Rome showing a myriad of figures on the Forum Romanum in the collection of the Victoria Art Gallery (Bath, Somerset) is attributed to him on the museum's website and on the National Inventory of Continental European paintings.  The National Inventory of Continental European paintings records that there is an inscription on the front lower left reading 'ED · BIE - 1643', which is similar to Erasmus de Bie's known signature.  However, it seems unlikely that a 14-year old who had not travelled outside Antwerp would have been able to paint a painting of this scale and scope. It is therefore possible that the painting was the work of Adriaen de Bie, a Flemish painter from Lier, Belgium who worked in Italy between 1614 and 1622. The work is attributed to Adriaen de Bie on the Art UK website and in various publications.

References

External links

1629 births
1675 deaths
Painters from Antwerp
Flemish Baroque painters
Flemish landscape painters
Flemish genre painters