title: Gore District Council v Power Co Ltd

text:
Gore District Council v Power Co Ltd [1997] 1 NZLR 537 is a cited case in New Zealand that confirms that a contract can be for an indefinite term, as well as confirming that a contract does not become frustrated simply due to it being a bad bargain.

Background
In 1927, the Gore Borough Council transferred its local power supply assets to the Southland Electric Power Board (later to become Power Co), in return for Power Co supplying all the council's electricity for 1 penny a unit "for all time hereafter."

THE Board further agrees to supply to the Council all electric energy required by the Council for street lamps, pumping water, sewage or other material, Town Hall and Borough Offices, Town Clock, all municipal buildings, including Fire Brigade Station, Electric-power Station, Public Library and other buildings under the control and management of the Council and all electric energy required by the Council for its own use in any municipal undertaking at the price of one penny per unit payable quarterly on the last days of March, June, September and December in each year,...

THE provisions of this Deed shall be binding upon the Board and Council for all time hereafter.

The Gore Borough Council has become the Gore District Council, and SEPB has become TPC, "The Power Company".

With no mechanism for increasing the price to allow for inflation, etc., this contract subsequently became somewhat onerous for Power Co, as by 1994 the unit price of electricity had increased by 770%. On top of that, the council's power usage had also increased by 840%.

Faced with an annual loss of $188,000 in supplying the council's electricity under the contract, in 1995 Power Co gave the council 15 months' notice of termination of the contract, citing that the ability to terminate the contract was implied, and failing that, that the contract was frustrated due to the change of circumstances that has occurred since 1927, including  the substantial inflation.

Decision
The court ruled that a contract for an indefinite term whilst may be rare, is not forbidden under contract law. The court also denied the contract was frustrated as contracts are not frustrated just because they turn out to be bad bargains.

References

Court of Appeal of New Zealand cases
Gore District, New Zealand
1996 in New Zealand law
1996 in case law
New Zealand contract case law


title: Harding v Coburn

text:
Harding v Coburn [1976] 2 NZLR 577 was a New Zealand case that was one of the first that upheld that the Illegal Contracts Act 1970 had the power to validate (i.e. make legal) despite the fact that another legal enactment "deemed to be unlawful and shall have no effect".

Background
Harding sold their farm to Coburn. Unfortunately, the parties neglected to get the sale approved by the Court, as required under s25(4) of the Land Settlement Promotion and Land Acquisition Act [1952]. Under this Act, failure to obtain such a consent made the sale "unlawful and shall have no effect".

As a consequence, Coburn sought the relief of validation under section 7 of the Illegal Contracts Act 1970. Harding's lawyers argued that as the sale was illegal under the Land Settlement Promotion and Land Acquisition Act, there was no legally enforceable sale agreement.

Decision
The Court of Appeal ruled that the courts had the power to validate contracts that are deemed illegal unless the other Act expressly prohibits validation under the Illegal Contracts Act.

References

Footnote: This position was later upheld by the Privy Council in Ross v Henderson [1977] 2 NZLR 458.

New Zealand contract case law
Court of Appeal of New Zealand cases
1976 in case law
1976 in New Zealand law


title: The 180

text:
The 180 was a Canadian radio talk show, which aired weekly on CBC Radio One from 2013 to 2017. Hosted by Jim Brown from the network's studio in Calgary, Alberta, the show highlighted issues in the news by interviewing guests with provocative or unusual perspectives that differ from conventional wisdom, in the hopes of sparking debate on topics of public interest. For instance, after the 2013 Supreme Court of Canada decision that struck down Canada's existing prostitution laws, while most media outlets interviewed sex workers about the decision The 180 opted to highlight a lesser-heard perspective by interviewing a pimp.

The show originally aired Sunday evenings at 8 p.m. In May 2014, the network announced that the show would move to a Sunday morning slot in September, concurrent with a reduction of The Sunday Edition's running time from three hours to two. In June 2017, Brown announced that the show would not be returning to the CBC radio schedule in the fall.

References

External links

CBC Radio One programs
Canadian talk radio programs
2013 radio programme debuts
2017 radio programme endings
2010s Canadian radio programs


title: D.F. Malan High School

text:
Hoërskool D.F. Malan is a public Afrikaans medium co-educational high school situated in the suburb of Boston, Bellville in the Western Cape province of South Africa - near Cape Town. It was named after D.F Malan, the prime minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954. In 2012 and 2013, the school was included in The Cambridge University Student Guide to Excellence, a selection of 100 top schools worldwide. In recent years, it has been one of the academically top-performing schools in the Western Cape.

History

The school was established in 1951. D Brink was the first principal up to 1969. He was followed by: E Smit 1970–1977, H Franzen 1978–1986, C de Jager 1986–1988, B Volschenk 1989–1996, R Truter 1996–2007, Joe Dorfling 2007-2016 and currently Sias Conradie.

Music scene

DF Malan is also notable for producing several famous musicians on the local South African music scene, such as Pierre Greeff and Hunter Kennedy. Consequently, many local bands including aKing, Foto na Dans, Jax Panik, Lukraaketaar, Die Heuwels Fantasties and Frik13 are associated with the school. This, along with the fact that other similar musicians attended neighbour school Bellville, has led to the Bellville area, in which these schools are situated, earning the nickname "Bellville Rock City". Also on the music scene DF Malan produced musician Loki Rothman, who reached the final of SA's Got Talent in 2009 (while still a senior in the school), and the founding members of Cape Town alt-pop duo EMERGER: Emma de Goede and Gerrit "Gerry" Matthee. Their debut single "Break & Fall" was a winner of the international Avid and Abbey Road Studios Song Contest and they were featured as Apple Music's New Artist Spotlight in July 2018.

Alumni

Other notable alumni include former Springbok rugby player Werner Greeff, international cricket umpire Marais Erasmus, ballet dancer Eduard Greyling and a former dean of Engineering at the University of Stellenbosch, Prof Arnold Schoonwinkel. Actors Leigh Wakeford, Albert Maritz and 7de Laan duo Chris Vorster and Corné Crous all attended DF Malan.

Sister School

DF Malan has a sister-school in Kortrijk, Belgium and some of the students from these schools usually visit each other yearly.

Athletics

DF Malan High School annually participates in the MTBS athletics competition, along with three other schools from the Bellville area: Bellville, Tygerberg and Stellenberg. MTBS is especially well known for the performance of these schools' non-participating pupils on the pavilion as they perform songs and cheers to encourage their athletes during the day - for which a trophy is also awarded. DF Malan has thus far been the second most successful school in the singing trophy - winning it two time less than Stellenberg. It is in the athletics, however, where the school achieved unprecedented success - winning the trophy all but three times in the first 19-years of the competition.

Other events

The school also participates in a yearly Interschools event (week-long derby) with its local rival Bellville High School, in which the schools contest on most platforms - including Rugby , Field hockey, Netball, Cross country, Chess, Debate, Mountain biking and, from 2013 onwards, EA Sports FIFA. The first team rugby, hockey and netball matches are the main events. In recent years Bellville has strongly dominated the rugby, DF Malan Hoërskool strongly dominating both Boys' and Girls' hockey (although Bellville won the 2012 girls hockey match). The netball is usually an unpredictable affair.

References

External links
Official website

Schools in Cape Town
Schools in the Western Cape
High schools in South Africa


title: Butmaroo

text:
Butmaroo is a locality near Bungendore, New South Wales.  Butmaroo Homestead was occupied by the early settlers in the region and the name may have originated in the small endangered macropod Butmaroo which used to be common in the area.

References

Geography of New South Wales


title: Praia Verde Airstrip

text:
Praia Verde Airstrip is a coastal airstrip in Castro Marim Municipality, Portugal, near the border with Spain.

The airstrip appears abandoned. Google Earth 2006 historical imagery shows a maintained, unpaved runway in use.  2014 imagery shows the runway and ramp area overgrown with weeds and shrubs.

As of 2023, there are indications of use by a gyrocopter operator.

The region is served by Faro International Airport, ,  southwest.

See also
Transport in Portugal
List of airports in Portugal

References

External links

Airports in Portugal


title: Agalinis kingsii

text:
Agalinis kingsii is a species of false foxglove that is endemic to the Grand Cayman in the Cayman Islands. It occurs in the southern margins of the Salina Reserve sedge wetlands and within the Central Mangrove Wetland. This species is hemi-parasitic. It is threatened by quarry activities close to its habitat.

References

kingsii
Critically endangered plants
Endemic flora of the Cayman Islands
Plants described in 1977


title: First International Bank of Grenada

text:
The First International Bank of Grenada (FIBG) was an offshore bank that operated between 1996 and 2000, duping thousands of people in a Ponzi scheme. Four people were indicted, the result of a collaborative effort between the FBI and the Internal Revenue Service,  estimating a monetary loss from investors at over $170 million.

The scheme was first reported by David Marchant, the publisher of OffshoreAlert, a Miami-based newsletter. The bank was put in liquidation with liabilities of $473 million.

References

Banks of Grenada
Pyramid and Ponzi schemes
Confidence tricks


title: Victoria, Louisiana

text:
Victoria is an unincorporated community in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States.

History
Sawmill town that began small about 1882, was purchased by the Louisiana Longleaf Lumber Company in 1898, that had a sawmill in Fisher, and the population grew to 1500. The mill cut-out in 1936. Boise Cascade bought the mill in 1966.

Notes

Unincorporated communities in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana
Populated places in Ark-La-Tex


title: Michael Underwood (physician)

text:
Michael Underwood (1736–1820) was an English physician and surgeon, born in West Molesey in Surrey. He is a relevant figure in the history of medicine and pediatrics for having given the first known description of several childhood diseases, infantile paralysis and polio included.

Early career
In 1783, Underwood published his first work, which was about leg ulcers and "in which former methods of treatment were candidly examined and compared, with one more rational and safe, proving that a perfect cure may generally be effected more certainly, without rest and confinement, than by the strict regimen in common use." He included "an introduction on the process of ulceration and the origin of pus laudabile: to which are added hints on a successful method of treating some scrophulous tumors and the mammary abscess and sore nipples of lying-in women."  This work was reviewed in The English Review, where it was written favorably:

Career highlights
In 1789, he became the first person to give a clinical description of Poliomyelitis, which he referred to as "a debility of the lower extremities." He was later elected a member of the Royal College of Physicians in London.

In 1796, Underwood was chosen as accoucheur at the birth of Princess Charlotte of Wales. In 1801, he fell sick and retired from his profession. That time was economically difficult for him, but, as a religious man, he later "regained its healthy tone, and he was enable to realize the hopes and consolations of the Gospel."

Posthumous publication
In 1824, a collection of thoughts from his diary was published posthumously for the benefit of his widowed daughter. The full name of this book was Extracts from the Diary of the late Michael Underwood, M.D. consisting of Mediation, Critical and Practical Remarks on various Passages of Scripture, Miscellaneous Essays, and Occasional Hymns. A review from The Literary Chronicle read that:
[It] embraces a period of more than sixty years, during which it was the constant practice of Dr. Underwood to commit to paper the occurrences of each day for his own personal gratification; his domestic circumstances, professional visits, religious impressions, and Christian duties, were all entered as in a day-book without any regard to order or arrangement.

A review of the book in The Monthly Repository described the physician as "a man of sincere and deep piety; his creed was highly Calvinistic." The work was said to be mournful at times, and another review in The London Literary Gazette said that "its author seems to have overshadowed and bewildered his mind by painful metaphysical contemplation of the greatest mysteries of religion; but he displays a Christian, if a too intense, anxiety to arrive at truth and satisfy his soul."
He was buried in Whitefield's Tabernacle, Tottenham Court Road in London.

Works

 Treatise upon ulcers of the legs, scrophulous sores and mammary abscesses (1783)
 See Surgical tracts, containing a treatise upon ulcers of the legs (1788)
 A Treatise on the Diseases of Children: With Directions for the Management of Infants; (1835), 9th edition with notes by Marshal Hall- (Originally published in 1789)
 Extracts from the diary of the late Michael Underwood, MD (1824)

References

External links

 Michael Underwood, MD (1737–1820): physician-accoucheur of London.
 Traité sur les maladies des enfans (1803) - (French translation of his  Treatise).
 Tratado sobre las ulceras de las piernas: donde se examinan con sinceridad todos los métodos curativos que hasta ahora se han empleado, y se cotejan con otro mas racional y mas seguro (1791). Manuel González, Gerónimo Muñoz Correa (Spanish Translation of his Treatise]

18th-century English medical doctors
English surgeons
English Christians
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
1736 births
1820 deaths
Physician-accoucheurs
People from Molesey


title: Gheorghe Zane

text:
Gheorghe Zane (April 11, 1897 – May 22, 1978) was a Romanian economist and historian.

Born in Galați, he attended Vasile Alecsandri National College before enrolling in the law faculty of the University of Iași. He graduated from that institution in 1920, earning a doctorate from the University of Bucharest in 1923. His first teaching job, from 1921 to 1924, was at the agriculture faculty in Iași, where his courses dealt with political economy. Securing a post as associate professor in the same subject at the Iași law faculty in 1924, he advanced to full professor in 1929, teaching the history of economic doctrines. The following year, he switched to teaching political economy and finance, continuing to do so until 1945. From 1945 to 1948, he taught political economy and rationalization at the Bucharest Polytechnic Institute. Subsequently, after the onset of the Communist regime, he worked at Bucharest's Economic Research Institute. He became a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy in 1965 and was promoted to titular member in 1974. He died in Bucharest.

The author of a copious body of work, he is considered to have introduced to Romania the systematic study of the history of economic concepts. In addition, he researched political economy, economic history and public finance, and edited the complete works of Nicolae Bălcescu. An institute of the Romanian Academy dedicated to economic and social science research, located in Iași, is named after Zane. Gheorghe Zane University, a private institution, functioned in the same city between 1996 and 2013.

Notes

1897 births
1978 deaths
People from Galați
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University alumni
University of Bucharest alumni
Academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
Academic staff of the Politehnica University of Bucharest
Romanian economists
Economic historians
Titular members of the Romanian Academy


title: Gerald Shea (district attorney)

text:
Gerald Shea is an American attorney who served as District Attorney for San Luis Obispo County, California from 1998 to 2013.

Born in the San Diego County, California, area, Shea received his BA in English from San Diego State University in 1971. He received his J.D. degree from Loyola Law School in Los Angeles in 1974.  For the next three years, Shea worked for the California Attorney General's Office in Los Angeles as Deputy Attorney General.

In 1977, Shea became the Deputy District Attorney for San Luis Obispo County .
On June 2, 1998. Shea was elected District Attorney.  He replaced Barry LaBarbera.
Shea ran unopposed for re-election in 2002 and 2006.

On November 18, 2013, Shea announced that he would not seek reelection to a fifth term.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from San Diego County, California
People from San Luis Obispo County, California
San Diego State University alumni
Loyola Law School alumni
District attorneys in California


title: Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Team dressage

text:
The team dressage event, part of the equestrian program at the 1996 Summer Olympics was held on 27 July 1996 at the Georgia International Horse Park, in Conyers, Georgia. The results of the first round of the individual dressage were used to award rankings.  Like all other equestrian events, the dressage competition was mixed gender, with both male and female athletes competing in the same division.  Nine teams, each consisting of four horse and rider pairs, entered the contest.

Medalists

Results

References

Source: Official Report of the 1996 Sydney Summer Olympics available at  https://web.archive.org/web/20060622162855/http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/reports_frmst.htm

Team


title: Mphanda Nkuwa Dam

text:
Mphanda Nkuwa Dam is a proposed hydroelectric dam on the Zambezi River in Mozambique. The dam would be located about  downstream of the existing Cahora Bassa Dam near the city of Tete. Its power station would have a capacity of 1,500 megawatts.

The dam would be  high and flood approximately  of the Zambezi valley. The estimated cost of the project is US$4.2 billion. Once the dam is completed, it is expected that most of the generated power will be sold to South Africa, because of the lack of transmission infrastructure in Mozambique.

The proposed dam is highly controversial because it would force the relocation of 1,400 families, and affect the livelihoods of a further 200,000 people downriver. Because the dam would be operated on a peaking basis, large daily fluctuations in river flow would ruin existing irrigation systems and affect aquaculture in the river's extensive delta. The United Nations has described this project as the "least environmentally acceptable major dam project in Africa."

In 2015, the Mozambique government announced it would start construction of the dam. The construction was contracted to Camargo Corrêa of Brazil, INSITEC of Mozambique, and Electricidade de Moçambique. In 2020, Mozambique President Filipe Nyusi wished construction of the dam started before 2024.

In 2022, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), a subsidiary of the World Bank Group, signed agreements with the Mozambican government, indicating willingness to participate in the development of this renewable energy project.

Developments
In October 2022, the Mozambican government short-listed seven companies and consortia, who will be allowed to visit the site and then formulate detailed designs and plans to develop the dam and power station. The table below, outlines the entities vying for the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract for his project.

In May 2023, the Mozambican authorities selected the consortium comprising Électricité de France and TotalEnergies as the preferred bidder. Other members of the winning consortium are the Japanese companies, Sumitomo Corporation and Kansai Electric Power. Negotiations with the preferred bidder are expected to start in earnest, leading to the signing of the requisite concession agreements.

The consortium comprising ETC Holdings of Mauritius, ZESCO of Zambia, CECOT, a subsidiary of Mota-Engil Group of Portugal, and PetroSA, a subsidiary of Central Energy Fund of South Africa, was selected as the reserve bidder.

As part of the development, a 550 kV high-voltage direct current transmission system, measuring  will be built between the town of Cataxa and the country's capital city of Maputo. Total contract price is expected to amount to US$4.5 billion.

Funding
In June 2023, following a meeting in Maputo, the capital city of Mozambique, between the Mphanda Nkuwa Hydroelectric Project Implementation Office (GMNK), a delegation from the European Union(EU) and the European Investment Bank (EIB), the EU and EIB committed to finance the construction of the power station to the tune of €200 million and fund the construction of the electricity transmission network to the tune of €300 million, for a total commitment of €500 million. The entire project will require US$4.5 billion to develop.

See also
 Batoka Gorge Hydroelectric Power Station

References

External links
 Mphanda Nkuwa Hydropower Project Timeline and All You Need to Know As of 17 December 2021.

Dams in Mozambique
Gravity dams
Tete Province
Proposed hydroelectric power stations
Proposed renewable energy power stations in Mozambique


title: S. nepalensis

text:
S. nepalensis may refer to:

 Saropogon nepalensis, a robber fly
 Satoblephara nepalensis, a geometer moth
 Saurauia nepalensis, a Chinese gooseberry
 Saussurea nepalensis, a herbaceous plant
 Schizothorax nepalensis, an Asian fish
 Scirpophaga nepalensis, a grass moth
 Scopula nepalensis, a Nepalese moth
 Scutiger nepalensis, an Asian amphibian
 Skorlagad nepalensis, a ground beetle
 Somatochlora nepalensis, a green dragonfly
 Staphylococcus nepalensis, a Gram-positive bacterium
 Stellaria nepalensis, a flowering plant
 Stenolophus nepalensis, a ground beetle
 Stephostethus nepalensis, a minute brown scavenger beetle
 Styringomyia nepalensis, a crane fly
 Sympycnus nepalensis, a long-legged fly
 Synagelides nepalensis, a jumping spider
 Syntomus nepalensis, a ground beetle


title: Westlake, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana

text:
Westlake is an unincorporated community in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States

Notes

Unincorporated communities in Louisiana
Unincorporated communities in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana


title: Masakali (TV series)

text:
Masakali is an Indian television drama series which premiered on Sahara One on 31 March 2014.

Cast
Vishal Ganatra as Vishal
Nisha Nagpal as Chandani
Zafar Ali as R.N. Goyal
Madan Tyagi as Vinod Goyal
Mugdha Shah as Bhua
Sunil Malik as Nandu
Bharati Sharma as Palki Sharma
Rahila Rehman as Roshni

References

External links
Masakali official website

Indian drama television series
Sahara One original programming
2014 Indian television series debuts
2015 Indian television series endings


title: Thomas Strohm

text:
Thomas Strohm (1846–1929) was fire chief of the city of Los Angeles for three separate terms between 1887 and 1905 as well as a Los Angeles City Council member during 1892–94. He was denied a city pension although he had been injured on the job. Strohm also began a company that later became the Shasta Water Company.

Personal

Strohm was born on November 5, 1846, near Ulm, Wurtemberg, Germany, to Matthew Strohm and Anna Barbara Jauch, both of that city. The family emigrated to America in 1852, crossing from Le Havre, France, to New Orleans and thence by river boat to Cincinnati, Ohio, where his father, a master mason and contractor went into business. Young Thomas attended public schools in Cincinnati, then learned to be a machinist and a gym instructor. He moved to Kansas City, Missouri, in 1868, then to California, near San Francisco (or in Sacramento), in 1872 or 1873, and he briefly worked in the San Francisco Mint. In 1876 he moved to Wilmington, California, at that time a separate city, and to Los Angeles two years later.

He was married to Emily Schubnell of Oregon; their children were Louis Robert (or Lew), Walter Thomas, Benjamin Clarence and Anna Barbara (Mrs. George O'Donnell). A son, Tommie, died at the age of 9 months in July 1890. Emily died on December 24, 1917.

Strohm was "a leader in affairs concerning the Germania Turn-Verein[,] around which centered much of the civic, social and recreational, and municipal activity of pioneer Los Angeles." He was an instructor in a boys' class of gymnastics for the organization in 1878, and he was noted as "one of the most graceful and thorough acrobats we have ever seen." By 1906 he had become known for his "florid face and gold-rimmed goggles" shining "through the smoke and flame."

At the time of his death on March 22, 1929, he was the oldest Knight Templar in Los Angeles, and he had also been past master of Masonic Lodge No. 42. He had been an Elk and a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen.

Strohm died at age 82 in the home of his daughter, 1341 Mariposa Street, in today's East Hollywood neighborhood, His body lay in state in a Venice Boulevard funeral home, and a burial service was at Inglewood Park Cemetery.

Vocation

City Council

Strohm was elected to the Los Angeles City Council from the 7th Ward in December 1892 and served until December 1894.

Private business

Strohm worked as a machinist (above), but after moving to Los Angeles he ran a grocery business at First Street near Alameda Avenue for about seven years; then he went into the business of manufacturing ice and soda water, at 323 Towne Avenue. The company later became the Head Excelsior Water Bottling Company and then the Shasta Water Company. Strohm turned the business over to his son, C.B. Strohm, in October 1904.

Public employment

Strohm volunteered as a fireman on March 20, 1876, and in 1904 he recalled that

At that time there were two engine companies, a volunteer service, and only the driver and engineer paid. The city rented its buildings, and that was all the fire department there was. Now we have twelve engine companies in service and one in reserve, five hose companies and two chemical companies, making nineteen houses in all. and there are 128 men on the pay roll. We have eighty-five horses instead of the four we had in 1876, for at that time the hose reels were hauled by hand.

He was injured on the job on December 9, 1901, when he was climbing an 18-foot ladder during a fire at 310 Omar Avenue, just behind his own home. He suffered a fractured foot, and his symptoms included nausea and sleeplessness, as well as a deafness in his left ear, the side opposite the injury to his head, He resumed work after about six weeks, and "in a few days met with another accident, in which the muscles in his right arm were torn from their fastenings."

During his illness the big Hayden & Lewis fire occurred and the chief's presence was deemed necessary. He was taken out of bed and driven to the scene of the blaze and, though unable to stand, directed the movements of his department from the wagon in which he had been carried to the fire.

Strohm was Los Angeles city fire chief, or chief engineer, on three occasions—in 1887–88, 1889–91 and 1900–05.

Strohm lost his fire chief job for the last time in February 1905 after newly elected Mayor Owen McAleer had said in advance that "there were "certain irregularities that Chief Strohm knows all about, and which he and I have discussed, as well as personal habits to which I take exception." Strohm was then "quietly fired," as the Los Angeles Times put it, by the Board of Fire Commissioners and Walter Lips, an engineer with the department, installed in his place.

In June 1905, the Board of Fire Commissioners denied Strohm's application for a pension after he had been examined by five doctors, "three of whom declared he was physically incapacitated and the other two agreeing he was in ill health." The Los Angeles Herald stated:

Thus the city of Los Angeles, through its officials, has refused to reward one of the oldest, and if the records of the underwriters prove anything, ablest fire fighters in the country. The law provides for the pensioning of firemen at half pay when they have served a certain length of time or are disabled in the service.

In 1906 Strohm was serving as a deputy sheriff in Los Angeles Superior Court, and the next year he was a city meat inspector. He was also a deputy United States marshal.

Strohm was employed as a storekeeper on the Los Angeles Aqueduct project in 1909, which was being built to bring water to Los Angeles from the Owens River Valley. In June of that year he was injured when he attempted to stop a rail car filled with cement which had broken away on a downgrade. He "climbed upon the car to set the brakes, but was thrown off and his left leg was broken above the knee."

References and notes

1846 births
1929 deaths
Los Angeles City Council members
Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery
American fire chiefs


title: Cliefden Caves

text:
The Cliefden Caves is a heritage-listed geoheritage site in Mandurama, Cowra Shire, New South Wales, Australia. The caves comprise Ordovician fossil localities, limestone caves, a spring and tufa dams, and a site where limestone was first discovered in inland Australia.

It has been ranked among the 70 most significant fossil sites in Australia by the Australian Heritage Council (2012) and as the thirteenth most significant limestone cave site in Australia by Davey. The site was nominated to the Register of the National Estate by the Geological Society of Australia in the late 1970s and registered in 1987. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 30 August 2017.

History

Aboriginal Occupation

The Wiradjuri language group have lived in the Lachlan River Valley, including the Clifeden Caves Area on the Belubula River. Camp sites and several scarred trees near the site provide evidence for this. Skeletal remains found in the caves document occupation from at least 6,000 years ago, however, it is likely that Aboriginal people have been living in the area for much of the 30,000 years since occupation of the Australian continent began.

Geology and the Cliefden Karst

The outcrop of Cliefden Caves Limestone at the junction of Limestone Creek and the Belubula River was first discovered during the explorations of surveyor George Evans on 24 May 1815 (2 years after the crossing of the Blue Mountains). A cave was recorded on the southern bank of the Belubula River as early as 1832 (Lands Department, 1832) and a map from 1883 shows the location of Bushrangers Cave, The Murder Caves and Immense Cave, apparently Main Cliefden Cave.The first land grants, of 2460 acres each at Cliefden Springs and Cliefden, were taken up by brothers F.J. and W.M. Rothery in 1832. The barn at the homestead has bullet holes, which occurred when the Rothery family was held up by Ben Hall's gang in the 1860s.

Surveyor and leading speleologist Oliver Trickett and J. C. Wiburd, caretaker of Jenolan Caves, visited Fossil Hill and several of the caves in 1908 “in connection with their protection on the proposed resumption of the Cliefden Estate”. They described how many of the cave formations had been soiled by visitors' hands. They examined the Main Cave and reported that it was “well worth preserving”. Anderson (1924) similarly concluded that the caves were well worth preserving.

In August 1932, 1,000 specimens of cave formations were removed from the lower level of Cliefden Main Cave by the Australian Museum to create a cave exhibit in the museum. The material collected proved to be insufficient, and a further 1,000 specimens were collected in April 1934.

In the 1950s, Stevens was able to show the limestone was of Ordovician age, the first recording of limestone from this period in New South Wales. Geologists around the world regard it as a superb example of an Ordovician island faunal assemblage

By the 1950s, the Cliefden caves had become popular with speleological groups. Main Cave was gated in 1958. Following some problems with visitors to the caves, the property owner, Bruce Dunhill, asked the recently formed Orange Speleological Society (OSS) to instigate a system to control access to the caves. OSS continues to co-ordinate access to the caves and to advise owners on the management and protection.

The site has been ranked among the 70 most significant fossil sites in Australia by the Australian Heritage Council and as the thirteenth most significant limestone cave site in Australia by Davey.

The area is particularly rich in fossil material and has become known as one of the best documented Late Ordovician successions in Australia. The book "Australia's fossil heritage" states that "The site is unusual because of the well exposed, diverse faunas showing the progression from near-shore to deep water marine environments. It contains abundant examples of some of the earliest shell beds in the geological record and the earliest rugose corals known. More than 180 species have been recorded from the Cliefden Caves Limestone Group and the Malongulli Formation. The Cliefden Caves - Belubula River Valley sites contain the best exposures of Late Ordovician island marine invertebrate fossil assemblages in Australia. The sites include the type localities for over 100 species."

Description
The Cliefden Caves area in the Central Tablelands of NSW is located between the towns of Carcoar and Canowindra. The caves are situated in the Belubula River valley. Much of the valley has been cleared for cropping on the river flats and grazing on the hillsides. Steeper areas of exposed limestone retain more of their original vegetation, including large areas of the critically endangered ecological community White Box - Yellow Box - Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland.

The Belubula Valley is excavated in rocks of the Late Ordovician Period, including (in ascending order) the Walli Volcanics, Cliefden Caves Limestone, Malongulli Formation and Angullong Volcanics. The region surrounding the Cliefden Caves is an internationally significant palaeontological and geological site that records the evolution of a tropical volcanic island over an interval of about 5 million years, from the development of a fringing lagoonal and atoll to its eventual subsidence and drowning. Superimposed on this history is the relatively recent Cliefden Caves karst system.

The Ordovician limestone is particularly fossiliferous, and the area has long been known nationally and internationally as having the best late Ordovician outcrops in Australia. The fossils include the world's oldest known in-situ brachiopod shell beds, some of the earliest-known rugose corals in the geological record, and (in the overlying Malongulli Formation) one of the most diverse deep-water sponge faunas ever recorded. Many genera and species of fossils are unique to the area.

Many of the fossils are found in the rocks forming Fossil Hill, comprising spectacularly exposed dipping strata spanning a period of just over one million years. Fossils have also been described from the limestone on the adjacent Dunhill Bluff and Trilobite Hill, and from the siltstones and interbedded limestones between Trilobite Hill and Coppermine Creek.

The Cliefden Caves karst system is one of the most cavernous limestone areas in New South Wales and contains over 100 recorded caves. The larger caves include Main Cave, Murder, Boonderoo, Trapdoor, Taplow Maze, Island, Transmission and Malongulli. More than 90 karst features have been identified, including well-developed caves, dolines, tufa deposits and a warm (thermal) spring. The caves contain numerous and diverse speleothems, including extensive arrays of helictites, large dogtooth spar crystals, blue speleothems and "boxwork" ceilings in addition to more commonly found speleothems such as stalagmites, stalactites, shawls and flowstone. The speleothems at Cliefden range in colour from clear through pure white, yellow to orange and several rare formations of sky-blue and aqua green. All the major caves are locked and gated to protect them, however speleological and scientific work is allowed under a strict permit system.

The landscape also provides evidence of a range of above-ground karst features, such as karren and dolines. A thermal spring in the area is one of only three thermal springs associated with karst in NSW. Studies of the Tufa (calcite) deposits on Davis Creek have contributed to knowledge of the late Holocene period change.

The area is a microbat hotspot with 15 confirmed species and another three species possibly present. One of the caves is used as an overwintering habitat for Miniopterus schriebersii oceanensis (Eastern Bentwing Bat) and another is used as a maternity cave for Rhinolophus megaphyllus (Common Horseshoe Bat).

The site contains features associated with the historical development of the place. These include Rothery's Ruins and the Old Barite Mine.

Condition of the caves

In common with most other karsts of the Central West, the Cliefden karst has been cleared of native vegetation for grazing and cropping and suffered associated changes to groundwater. Grazing pressure and other human activity over 175 years have had profound impacts on the endemic flora of the region, especially the karst-specific species and communities at Cliefden, which remain poorly conserved.

The caves system and surface exposures of the fossil beds remain intact and retain a high degree of integrity, despite increasing pressure from over-collecting of specimens.

Scientific value
The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service states that "...lesser known karst environments can also contain extensive and well-developed karst features, like those at Cliefden and Walli. In some cases, these features are of regional and state significance, highlighting the importance of all karst environments, whether publicly or privately managed." The report also states that "Thermal springs ... are rare in NSW and, besides Wee Jasper, occur only at Cliefden and Yarrangobilly caves. The report also describes Cliefden Caves as an important karst site.

With more than one hundred recorded caves, Cliefden Caves is one of the most cavernous limestone areas in New South Wales. The caves at Cliefden have a network pattern guided by geological structure. While they are located close to the Belubula River, there is no evidence that streams or the river have ever flowed through the caves. The caves show evidence of solution by rising groundwater, possibly related to the adjacent thermal spring. One of the most significant caves at Cliefden is Taplow Maze Cave, with a network of passages over 3 km long (survey in progress by the Sydney University Speleological Society). Compared with other scientifically studied caves in central-western NSW (Walli, Borenore, Stuart Town & Wellington), Cliefden Caves contain an abundance and great diversity of speleothems (stalagmites & stalactite etc.) most in excellent condition, including significant deposits of helictites, rare blue stalactites  known from only one other locality in NSW, and very rare polyhedral, monocrystalline stalactites and columns (Osborne, 1978).

Some of the sediments at Cliefden Caves, particularly the laminated muds are quite unlike those of other NSW caves. They contain unusual minerals and an important record of past environments. Deposits of fossil bones occur in several caves, but have been little studied. Molnar et al. identified a Ghost Bat tooth from Cliefden making Cliefden Caves one of the most southerly locations for this genus, now restricted to warmer parts of Australia with a minimum January temperature above 20 degrees.

Unlike the fossil sites, there has been little recent scientific research on Cliefden Caves, mainly due to a shortage of funding and of cave science specialists. The caves have great research potential, particularly in relation to the determination of past climates and hydrological conditions.

The construction of a dam at the Needles Gap site on the Belubula River will completely flood most of the caves, destroying their heritage value and preventing future study. Other dam sites called Cranky Rock and Cranky Rock Alternate also affect the Cliefden area.

Davys Creek Tufa Dams
Active tufa dams in creeks are uncommon in NSW and have received little study. The tufa dams in Davys Creek are the most studied in the State. Drysdale et al. showed that deposition at the tufa dams was dependent on weather conditions, making tufa dams a likely source of information about past climatic conditions. Carthew and Drysdale  demonstrated that it was possible to use information from the tufa deposits to construct a history of stream development in Davys Creek. Both these papers illustrate the scientific potential of the geoheritage features at Cliefden Caves.

Thermal Spring
A thermal spring is located on the Belubula River near the caves. It is only one of three thermal springs associated with karst in NSW. It was first recorded by Wilkinson in 1892, and an analysis of the water appears in a report by Oliver Trickett in 1908. Warm springs rising from Palaeozoic rock (as opposed to those from the Australian Basin) are rare in NSW, with only three documented, all in karst areas. These are the Cliefden Warm Spring, a warm spring at Wee Jasper and the warm spring at Yarrangobilly Caves. There has been little study of warm springs in NSW.Despite assertions to the contrary, the Cliefden Thermal Spring is not on private property and is accessed via a public road.

Threat from Dam
Proposals for water storages on the Belubula River date back more than half a century. Sites exist between Carcoar and Canowindra and several of these would adversely affect Cliefden Caves and surrounding areas. The site most mentioned is at The Needles, where the river has cut a narrow gap through a resistant zone of conglomerates, quartzite and sandstones. Any dam at this site, only 2.5 km from the caves, would inundate most of the known caves, the thermal spring, most of the fossil sites, and large areas of the rich alluvial agricultural flats (see map at Dam Proposals).

The NSW Government enacted State Heritage protection for the area in August 2017.

Heritage listing

The Cliefden Caves Area is of state significance for its importance in the geological evolution of NSW. The area provides evidence of a lithological/sedimentological sequence that contributes to the understanding of the geological evolution of eastern Australia at a time when that part of the continent was submerged in the palaeo-Pacific Ocean.

The area contains the best exposures of Late Ordovician island marine invertebrate fossil assemblages in Australia and is recognised, internationally, as an outstanding example of an Ordovician island faunal (shelly fossils) and floral (algae) assemblage. The fossil evidence is a record of rich biodiversity and includes several fossil species such as the Belubula spectacula that do not occur anywhere else in the world.

The Cliefden Caves karst system is one of the most cavernous limestone areas in New South Wales and contains 67 recorded caves with more than 120 karst features identified, including well-developed caves, dolines, tufa deposits and a rare thermal spring. The caves contain numerous and diverse speleothems, including extensive arrays of helictites, large dogtooth spar crystals, rare blue speleothems and "boxwork" ceilings in addition to more commonly found speleothems such as stalagmites, stalactites, shawls and flowstone.

The area is important for its social values, being spiritually significant to Waradjuri traditional owners who continue to visit the site for ritual purposes and cultural obligations to the land. It is also highly regarded by scientific and speleological organisations and individuals, both in Australia and internationally.

The Cliefden Caves Area is the subject of current, ongoing research in the areas of palaeontology, karst processes, climate change, geology, hydrology and archaeology. It is an outstanding resource with the potential for research in all these areas of study to contribute to an understanding of the natural history of NSW.

Skeletal remains located within the caves provide evidence of human occupation more than 6,000 years before the present day. Together with a number of carved trees in the area, they have the potential to yield information on pre-European cultural history.

Cliefden Caves is historically significant as the site of the first discovery of limestone in mainland Australia by surveyor G.W. Evans in 1815. The remnant structures known as 'Rothery's Ruins', located on Island Flat are associated with the Cliefden Estate and have the potential to yield further information on the functioning and significance of the Cliefden Estate.

Cliefden Caves Area - Natural and Cultural Landscape was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 30 August 2017 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

Natural
The Belubula Valley and Cliefden Caves area is important in the geological evolution of NSW in preserving the development and decline of a volcanic island succession, which is a rarely preserved and relatively short-lived phenomenon in the geological timescale. Limestones deposited in the Cliefden Caves area over a period of 5 million years, and the contact of the limestone with the underlying volcanics, provides evidence of a lithological/sedimentological sequence that contributes to the understanding of the geological evolution of eastern Australia when the eastern third of the continent was largely submerged in the palaeo-Pacific Ocean. The area contains well-preserved geomorphic evidence for uplift and valley incision, and the caves record the evolution of the area's hydrogeology.

The Cliefden Caves - Belubula River Valley contains the best exposures of Late Ordovician island marine invertebrate fossil assemblages in Australia and is recognised, internationally, as an outstanding example of an Ordovician island faunal (shelly fossils) and floral (algae) assemblage.

Fossil Hill, Dunhill Bluff and Trilobite Hill are recognised as icons of Australia's palaeontological heritage, having well-preserved shell, coral, and trilobite-bearing strata. The fossil evidence is a record of a rich biodiversity in this area, with 191 genera and 263 species of fossils documented in the vicinity. Several fossil species, such as the trimerellide brachiopod Belubula spectacula do not occur anywhere else in the world. The fossils record also defines biogeographic affinities in places that are now quite remote from each other, for example, the genus Belubula is found only in Cliefden and Zhuhuia in South China, providing evidence that during the Ordovician period these regions were situated far closer together than their present geographic setting, having separated as a result of subsequent plate tectonic movement.

The Cliefden Caves karst system is one of the most cavernous limestone areas in New South Wales, containing over 100 recorded caves. The system contains an extensive range of karst features, including caves, dolines, tufa deposits and a warm (thermal) spring. The caves contain numerous and diverse speleothems, including helictites, large dogtooth spar crystals, blue speleothems and "boxwork" ceilings in addition to more commonly found speleothems such as stalagmites, stalactites, shawls and flowstone. The speleothems at Cliefden range in colour from clear through pure white, yellow to orange and several rare formations of sky-blue and aqua green.

Cultural
The Belubula Valley, as part of the Lachlan River system, was home to the Wiradjuri language group of the Aboriginal people where they existed as hunters and fishers until around the 1830s when early European settlement began along the rivers.

Aboriginal skeletal remains in one of the caves, along with a number of carved trees in the vicinity, indicate the presence of Aboriginal people from at least 6000 years ago.

Cliefden Caves is the site of the first discovery of limestone in mainland Australia(Oxley, 1820 in Webby and Packham, 1982).

The Cliefden Caves area and the Belubula Valley have been the focus of study and visitation by the international scientific community to research the fossil beds and by speleological groups to map the caves and record their distinctive speleothems.

The remnant structures known as 'Rothery's Ruins', located on Island Flat, are associated with the SHR-listed Cliefden Estate and have the potential to yield further information on the functioning and significance of the Cliefden Estate.

The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The Wiradjuri traditional owners of the Cliefden Caves Area value the place as part of the broader Lachlan River and Mount Canobolas landscape, significant in Wiradjuri lore as a creation place and considered to be sacred and powerful, being imbued with the spirits of their ancestors.

The caves, in particular, have special significance to traditional ceremonial practice and beliefs, as a place of reverence for certain spiritual beings. The Wiradjuri people retain a strong connection to the place, using the caves for ritual purposes, visiting the hot spring, collecting coloured ochres and fishing for native species in the Belubula River. Connection with the place allows continued cultural practice and the carrying out of responsibility and obligation to the land. It is important to the community's sense of place, cultural preservation and community wellbeing.

The place is also highly regarded by caving organisations and by karst and fossil scientists, both in Australia and internationally. The high level of interest in the site is demonstrated by the overwhelming support for its listing.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

Natural
The Cliefden Caves Limestone Group is the subject of current, ongoing research in the areas of paleontology, karst processes, climate change, geology, hydrology and archaeology. It is an outstanding resource with the potential for research in all these areas of study to contribute to an understanding of the natural history of NSW.

The region has been the subject of several palaeontological field excursions associated with major international scientific conferences held in Sydney and Orange over the past three decades. As a direct result of these field trips, ongoing collaborative research projects into various aspects of the fossils from this area have been established between NSW palaeontologists and those from China and the Czech Republic.

The well-preserved geomorphic evidence of the Belubula Valley and the Cliefden Caves record of the area's hydrogeology, have the potential to yield further information on the landscape evolution of the Eastern Highlands.

Mud deposits in the caves contain minerals that contain a record of past environments. Tufa Dams on Davy's Creek hold evidence of past climate events.

The Cliefden Caves and Belubula Valley are considered a bat "hot spot", with over fifteen species of bats identified in the area and two species inhabiting the caves year round - The Eastern Bentwing Bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) which is listed as "Vulnerable" under the NSW TSC Act (1995); and the Eastern Horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus megaphyllus). The extremely high level of microbat activity and species richness in Cliefden Caves and the Belubula Valley has the potential to yield information on microbats.

Cultural
Skeletal remains provide evidence of human occupation more than 6,000 years before the present day. Together with a number of carved trees in the area, they have the potential to yield information on pre-European cultural history.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

Ordovician rocks in the Cliefden area contain many fossils unique to Australia and occasionally unknown elsewhere in the world, such as the brachiopod species Belubula spectacula. Particularly significant specimens include the world's oldest known in-situ brachiopod shell beds (from Fossil Hill), the earliest rugose corals found anywhere on Earth (also from Fossil Hill), well-preserved trilobite fossils (Trilobite Hill), and an exceptionally diverse deep-water sponge assemblage (Coppermine Creek and Gleesons Creek localities, both tributaries of the Belubula River).

The thermal spring is a rare feature, as one of only three thermal springs associated with Karst in NSW. The tufa dams are also uncommon in NSW in being active, i.e., continually forming with new deposits.

Mud deposits in the caves contain unusual minerals.

Blue speleothems such as the pale blue flowstone in Taplow Maze Cave and azure blue stalactites in Boonderoo and Murder Cave are exceptionally rare in Australia.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

Cliefden Caves demonstrates a broad range of karst characteristics and ranks as one of the most diverse cave groups in NSW.

See also

References

Bibliography

Attribution

Caves of New South Wales
Landforms of New South Wales
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register


title: Elizabeth Boit

text:
Elizabeth Eaton Boit (1849–1932) was an American textile manufacturer and philanthropist. It was said that "the smartest man in Wakefield (Massachusetts) was a Woman" and this woman was Elizabeth Boit.

Early life
Bolt was born in Newton, Massachusetts on July 9, 1849. She was the second child out of six daughters and went to school at Lasell Seminary. At 18, she was a timekeeper at the Dudley Hosiery Knitting Mill. She became forewoman of the sewing department within five years. Despite an influx of women into the textile industry, a forewoman was a novelty.

Textile legacy
Boit eventually became superintendent of Allston Mills in 1883 when she was 34. She formed a partnership with Charles N. Winship, who was fourteen years her junior, in 1888 and they founded the Harvard Knitting Mill, which specialized in women's undergarments. They moved the business to Wakefield and completed a plant there in 1897. Boit had an incredibly successful plant, having to expand it in 1901, 1903, 1907, and 1911, and at its height occupied a floor space of eight and half acres and employing an estimated 850 employees.

Boit was known for her generosity and set up a profit-sharing program for her employees. At this time, she was the only woman that was actively engaged in such a successful textile business. At its peak, the plant had 850 employees and produced 24,000 garments per day.

She turned over her interest in the business by the 1920s to Charles Winship, though she continued to invest in the mill and visit it daily. Boit never married, instead focusing her life on her mill and her extended family. In her final years, she fell ill and then died on November 14, 1932. Her home, the Elizabeth Boit House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

References

Further reading

1849 births
1932 deaths
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
People from Newton, Massachusetts


title: Ernesto Kreplak

text:
Ernesto Kreplak is a lawyer graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, Master and regular teacher in the School of Law (University of Buenos Aires)actualmente se desempeña como Juez Federal del Juzgado en lo Criminal y Correccional Federal Número 3 de La Plata .

Biography
Since January 2011, he has served as Undersecretary of the Registry Management Coordination and Control of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rightshasta el año 2015.

Since July 2015, he has served as Juez Federal del Juzgado en lo Criminal y Correccional Federal de La Plata Corte Suprema de la Nación Argentina.

He is affiliated with La Cámpora, and has been denounced for refusing to release public information about the Ciccone printhouse during the Boudougate scandal. He is currently running for the position of prosecutor. He represents the executive power of Argentina in the jury against José María Campagnoli, the prosecutor that investigated The Route of the K-Money.

Management
Kreplak has managed the implementation and deployment of the National Registry for Rural Lands for the protection of the national domain over the property of rural lands, being the first unit of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights to obtain IRAM Quality Standards Certification, and the creation and development of the Program “Con vos en la web” the purpose of which is to protect the personal data of children on the Internet.

References

External links
 Celebrating Innovative Policy Solutions for Disarmament.
 La Argentina ganó un premio de la ONU por el Plan de Desarme..
 Sitio Oficial del Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos.
 Subsecretaría de Coordinación y Control de Gestión Registral.
 Registro Nacional de Tierras Rurales.
 Con Vos en la Web.

Argentine Jews
21st-century Argentine lawyers
Lawyers from Buenos Aires
Members of La Cámpora
University of Buenos Aires alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: If You Say So (disambiguation)

text:
"If You Say So" is a 2014 song by Lea Michele.

“If You Say So” may also refer to:

Music

Albums
If You Say So, album by Elsten Torres Uno Entertainment, 2008
If You Say So, EP by Paige (band)

Songs
"If You Say So", song by Mike Stern from Odds or Evens, 1991
"If You Say So", song by American band Samiam from You Are Freaking Me Out,  1997
"If You Say So", song by Fulano de Tal from Etc. (Fulano de Tal album), 2000
"If You Say So", song by The Dear & Departed from Something Quite Peculiar, 2007
"If You Say So", song by Errol Dunkley, 1974


title: Strathbogie Ranges

text:
The Strathbogie Ranges are a set of low mountain ranges within the Great Dividing Range, rising to  at Mount Strathbogie. The Strathbogie Ranges are located approximately  north-east of Melbourne, Victoria.

Geology and ecology
The range is the remains of a granite uplifted plateau in the southern part of the ranges and volcanic eruption in the north which formed a  wide cauldron volcano. The topography consists of a series of ridges dissected by streams. The Strathbogie Ranges are north of the main Great Dividing Range, separated by the Goulburn and Broken River valleys. This separation has produced unique biogeographic and ecological patterns.
Some of the more prominent peaks of the range include Mount Strathbogie (), Mount Wombat (), Sugarloaf () and Mount Barranhet ().

History
The Strathbogie Ranges are located in Taungurung country. Although the documented white history of the area generally asserts that the mountain range was not often frequented by indigenous people, stone artifacts are widely distributed across the Strathbogie Tableland, all of which was once forested. The discovery of these artifacts is evidence of regular, though perhaps seasonal, utilization of the region by indigenous people.

Squatters running sheep and hundreds of cattle took up large tracts of land in the Ranges from about 1842. The stations included Bailey Hill, Strathbogie, Springs A and Wombat Hill, predominantly in the hill country, while parts of Saintfield and Borodomanin were also in the ranges. John Gall of Wombat Hill was one of the few early settlers to remain in the district. John Kissock of Strathbogie Station arrived in the 1847, while William Forlonge later owned Strathbogie totalling , and many of the other pastoral stations, between the early 1850s and 1867.

In 1891 a butter factory was built at Strathbogie South (as Strathbogie was then known and a second factory was built in 1892 at Strathbogie North. A Post Office opened in Strathbogie on 10 July 1878.

There are several districts located within the Strathbogie Ranges including Strathbogie and Ruffy, but no towns and few major roads; Strathbogie township has a general store and Ruffy township has 'The Pantry'.

Bushfires
Due to the climate of the region, the type of vegetation and the topography, the Strathbogie Ranges likely experienced periodic bushfires prior to European settlement. Several bushfires of restricted extent have burnt parts of the ranges in recent years Strathbogie 1990 and Longwood East-Creighton's Creek 2014
The major bushfires of 1851, 1939, 1983, 2003, 2006 and 2009 did not reach the Strathbogie Ranges.

Wine region
The Strathbogie wine region developed from the mid 1970s with Dr Peter Tisdall planting a new vineyard at Mt Helen. There are over 25 vineyards located in the region, at altitudes ranging from , with plantings on acidic sandy loams formed from decomposed granite. The main wine varieties are Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Noir and Shiraz.

References

Great Dividing Range


title: Polish Investment and Trade Agency

text:
The Polish Investment and Trade Agency (, abbreviated to PAIH) is a Polish government agency which promotes Poland as an attractive destination for foreign investment.

History

In 1992, the Polish Agency for Foreign Investment (PAIZ) was created, which in 2003 was merged with the Polish Information Agency (PAI) to form the currently named Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency (PAIiIZ) to co-ordinate the promotion of Poland as an attractive destination for foreign investment. In 2017 the Agency change the name to Polish Investment and Trade Agency (PAIH)

Role

Aside from the promotion of Poland for economic investment, PAIH also assists investors to overcome the administrative and legal hurdles that one must jump over when investing in Poland. The agency conducts investor surveys to determine the outlook of the investment climate in Poland. Its reports occasionally inform initiatives pursued by the Ministry of Economy.

See also

 Why didn't you invest in Eastern Poland?

References

External links

 Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency

Foreign trade of Poland
Government agencies of Poland
Investment promotion agencies


title: Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

text:
The Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian SSR () or Council of People's Commissars in 1940–46 () was the cabinet (executive branch) of the Lithuanian SSR, one of the republics of the Soviet Union. Its structure and functions were modeled after the Council of People's Commissars and Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. The Council consisted of a chairman, first vice-chairman, vice-chairmen, ministers, and chairmen of state committees. The council's chairman was equivalent to a prime minister and was second in rank after the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Lithuania.

History and organization
After the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940, Vladimir Dekanozov organized a transitional government, known as the People's Government of Lithuania, and staged elections to the People's Seimas (parliament). During its first session, the parliament proclaimed creation of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and petitioned for admission to the Soviet Union. On August 3, 1940, the petition was accepted. A new constitution, copied from the 1936 Soviet Constitution, was adopted on August 25 and the People's Government was replaced by the Council of People's Commissars.

In June 1941, after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Council evacuated to interior of Russia and was inactive. It returned in July 1944, after the victory of the Red Army in the Operation Bagration. In March 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was renamed to the Council of Ministers as part of the all-union renaming of the Soviet government. Due to lack of reliable Lithuanian communists, Russian cadres were imported to various positions at the ministries. In 1947, about one-third of the ministers plus a majority of deputy ministers were Russians.

According to the constitution, the Council was appointed by the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR during its first post-election session for a four-year (later five-year) term. Formally, the Council was accountable to the Supreme Soviet and its Presidium. In reality, the Supreme Soviet was a rubber stamp institution following orders of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Lithuania. While the Council did exercise executive power, it was controlled by and dependent on the Communist Party. For example, when, after Stalin's death, Chairman Mečislovas Gedvilas began acting more independently from First Secretary Antanas Sniečkus, Gedvilas was blamed for problems in agriculture that resulted in food shortages and was demoted to Minister of Education.

While ministries, their names and functions, changed frequently, the ministers tended to have long tenures. For example, Finance Minister Romualdas Sikorskis served 37 years (1953–90), Minister of Communications Kostas Onaitis served 18 years (1968–86), Minister of Justice Pranas Kūris served 13 years (1977–90), etc. The ministries and their organization closely followed examples set by the Ministries of the Soviet Union. For example, in 1957, Nikita Khrushchev introduced sovnarkhoz and abolished many ministries in charge of an industry. The reform was undone and ministries were reinstated during the 1965 Soviet economic reform.

Chairmen

Ministries

Council of People's Commissars
The Council of People's Commissars had the following commissariats:

Main
Finance: 1940–46
Trade: 1940–46
Internal Affairs: 1940–46
Justice: 1940–46
Health: 1940–46
Education: 1940–1946
State Control: 1940–41, 1944–46
State Security: 1941–46 (cf. NKGB)
Labor: 1940–44
Social Welfare: 1940–44
Foreign Affairs: 1944–46
Board of Artistic Affairs: 1941–46

Agriculture and industry
Food Industry: 1941, 1944–46
Light Industry: 1945–46
Meat and Dairy: 1941–46
Forest Industry: 1941, 1945–46
Agriculture: 1940–46
Grain and Husbandry Soviet Farms: 1941–44, 1945–46
Fish Industry: 1945–46
Technical Crops: 1946
Local Industry: 1940–41, 1944–46
Public Utilities: 1940–41, 1945–46

Council of Ministers
The Council of Ministers had the following ministries:

Main
 Finance: 1946–90
 Social Welfare: 1946–88
 Work and Social Welfare: 1988–90
 Health: 1946–90
 Education: 1946–88
 Higher and Special Education: 1966–88
 People's Education: 1988–90
 Justice: 1946–59, 1970–90
 Foreign Affairs: 1946–61, 1966–90
 Internal Affairs: 1946–62, 1968–90
 Security of Public Order: 1962–68
 Culture: 1953–90
 Cinematography: 1946–53
 Communications: 1955–90
 State Security: 1946–53 (cf. MGB)
 State Control: 1946–58

Food and agriculture
 Agriculture: 1946–62, 1965–85
 Production of Agricultural Products and Resources: 1962–65
 Food Industry: 1946–53, 1965–85
 Light and Food Industry: 1953
 Food Product Industry: 1953–57
 Meat and Dairy Industry: 1946–53, 1965–85
 Meat and Dairy Product Industry: 1954–57
 Timber Industry: 1946–48, 1951–53, 1954–57
 Forest and Paper Industry: 1948–51, 1953–54
 Forestry: 1948–53, 1988–90
 Forestry and Timber Industry: 1957–88
 Land Reclamation and Water Resources: 1965–90
 Resources: 1961–62, 1969–85
 Agriculture and Resources: 1953–54
 Soviet Farm: 1947–57
 Grain and Husbandry Soviet Farms: 1946
 Fish Industry: 1946–53
 Husbandry: 1946–47
 Technical Crops: 1946–47
 Fruit and Vegetable Production: 1981–85
 Grain Products: 1985

Industry and economy
 Trade: 1946–90
 Construction: 1946–54, 1957–88
 Urban and Rural Construction: 1954–57
 Rural Construction: 1965–85
 Industry of Construction Materials: 1946–57, 1965–90
 Public Utilities: 1946–57, 1966–90
 Residential Services: 1966–90
 Light Industry: 1946–53, 1955–57, 1965–90
 Local Industry: 1946–53, 1965–90
 Local and Fuel Industry: 1953–57
 Motor Transport and Highway: 1953–90
 Road and Transport: 1953
 Cellulose, Paper and Wood Processing Industry: 1965–68
 Furniture and Wood Processing Industry: 1968–86
 Furniture and Paper Industry: 1986–90
 Textile Industry: 1955–56

References

Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Legal history of Lithuania
Cabinet of Lithuania


title: Boit

text:
Boit or Boiţ is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Charles Boit (1662—1727), Swedish painter
Cristina Boiț (born 1968), Romanian discus thrower
Elizabeth Boit (1849–1932), American textile manufacturer
Mike Boit (born 1949), Kenyan middle-distance athlete
Philip Boit (born 1971), Kenyan cross-county skier
Wilson Boit Kipketer (born 1973) Kenyan middle and long-distance athlete


title: Richard Arnold (judge)

text:
Sir Richard David Arnold (born 23 June 1961) styled the Rt Hon Lord Justice Arnold is a Judge of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales.

Arnold was educated at Highgate School and Magdalen College, Oxford, before gaining a diploma in law from the University of Westminster.

He was called to the bar in 1985 and made a silk in 2000. He was appointed to the High Court Chancery Division in 2008 becoming the judge in charge of the Patent Court in April 2013. He was appointed to the Court of Appeal on 1 October 2019.

See also

 List of High Court judges of England and Wales

References

1961 births
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Westminster
Living people
British King's Counsel
Chancery Division judges
Lords Justices of Appeal
People educated at Highgate School
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom


title: Andrew Moylan

text:
Sir Andrew John Gregory Moylan (born 23 June 1953), is a British Court of Appeal of England and Wales judge.

See also

 List of High Court judges of England and Wales

References

1953 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British King's Counsel
Family Division judges
Knights Bachelor
Lords Justices of Appeal
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom


title: Lord of Magna: Maiden Heaven

text:
Lord of Magna: Maiden Heaven is a simulation role-playing video game developed by Marvelous for the Nintendo 3DS. It was released in Japan in October 2014, and was released worldwide in June 2015 by Xseed Games.

Gameplay
The game's battle system is similar to the battle system found in Valkyria Chronicles. It features turn-based battles, with character order based on individual speed. The parties are assembled within a deck and controls in battle have been compared to those of an action game. The special attacks of the characters are unlocked based on their trust in Luchs, the game's protagonist, and by defeating enemies more special moves can be used.

Story

Development
The game was first announced in February 2014, and was about half complete at the time of its reveal. The development of the game began internally at Neverland before the closure of the studio. The game development team contains staff from Neverland, the development company responsible for the Rune Factory series of games. After the release of Rune Factory 4, Neverland had filed for bankruptcy and closed. Despite this, publisher Marvelous retained some key staff in order to finish work on the game. Key staff retained includes producer Yoshifumi Hashimoto, director Masahide Miyata, and composer Tomoko Morita. The game's graphics uses a similar style to that of the Story of Seasons and Rune Factory iterations found on the Nintendo 3DS.

The game was released in Japan on October 2, 2014, and in North America and Europe in June 2015.

Reception

Lord of Magna: Maiden Heaven holds a rating of 68/100 on review aggregate site Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Chris Carter from Destructoid rated the game a 7/10 saying, "I enjoyed my time with Lord of Magna: Maiden Heaven, despite the fact that it felt a tad unfinished at times" Bradly Storm of Hardcore Gamer gave the game a 3.5 out of 5 saying "Those looking for a unique take on the genre or are wanting an engaging tactical combat system might find Lord of Magna worth the investment."

Notes

References

External links

2014 video games
Fantasy video games
Marvelous (company) games
Nintendo 3DS games
Nintendo 3DS eShop games
Nintendo 3DS-only games
Role-playing video games
Romance video games
Tactical role-playing video games
Video games developed in Japan
Xseed Games games


title: Wolvendaal Church

text:
Wolvendaal Church (Wolvendaalse Kerk) is located in Pettah, a neighbourhood of Colombo. It is one of the most important Dutch Colonial era buildings in Sri Lanka, and is one of the oldest Protestant churches still in use in the country.

History

In 1736 Governor of Ceylon, Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff, sought approval from the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC) to demolish the existing church (Kasteel Kerk) within the Colombo Fort and construct a new one on the same site. However, the VOC refused this request, and it wasn't until the arrival of Governor Julius Valentyn Stein van Gollenesse in 1743 that the impasse was overcome. He decided that the new church would be erected in the area beyond the city walls, which at the time was swamp and marshland. The Europeans mistook the packs of roaming jackals for wolves, and the area became known as Wolvendaal (Wolf's Dale or Wolf's Valley). The site that was selected was on a hill which commanded views across the town and over the harbour and was in proximity to the town's entrance. The site was also occupied by a small church, which had existed from the earliest period of Dutch occupation, when the Wolvendaal neighbourhood was a quiet suburban parish.

The foundations of the church were laid in 1749 and it took eight years to build. It was completed on 6 March 1757, when it was dedicated for public worship by Rev. Matthias Wirmelskircher, Rector of the Colombo Seminary. At the dedication there were two Governors present, Joan Gideon Loten and his successor Jan Schreuder, together with Members of the Council, Reverend Ministers (Predikants), prominent Burghers and their families.

Architecture
The church was constructed in the Doric style of the period, in the form of a Greek cross (i.e. legs of equal length), with walls nearly 1.5m (five feet) thick, constructed of unusually large kabok (clay ironstone) with coral and lime plaster.  The high roof in the middle of the building resembles a dome and was originally arched with brick and roofed in blue Bangor slate roof tiles surmounted with a brazen lion. This lion had a crown on its head, bearing a sword in one hand and seven arrows in the other, representing the seven united provinces of the Dutch Republic. In 1856, a bolt of lightning destroyed the lion and seriously damaged the dome. The roof was later replaced with an iron covering. The church is capable of seating 1,000 persons.

Inside the church there is a solidly constructed State Pew (to accommodate the Dutch governor) with numerous ebony and calamander church chairs (kerkstoels), dating back to the 17th and 18th centuries. The baptismal font, on an ornately carved tripod stand, dates back to 1667. The pulpit is typical for a Dutch Reformed Church, where the minister stands higher than the congregation on a richly ornamented wooden structure.
On the walls of the Church are many mural tablets while there are many more built into the external walls. The floor is paved with granite flagstones (purportedly brought from Holland) interdispersed with engraved tombstones, of those who lie buried within the church or whose remains were relocated from the Kasteel Kerk. Many famous names of 300 year Sri Lankan history, Dutch, Burgher, Singhalese, Tamil and English, can be found amongst the gravestones within and outside the church. There are five Dutch Governors buried at the church, including the last Governor, Johan Gerard van Angelbeek, who died in Colombo in 1799, three years after the British occupation.

From the time of its dedication through to the end of Dutch rule Wolvendaal was the principal place of worship, although Kasteel Kerk remained the main religious seat for the European and local officials of the VOC, until it was demolished in 1813.

Current use

The Dutch Reformed Church is currently known as the Christian Reformed Church of Sri Lanka. The Church has several locations throughout the Colombo area. Wolvendaal Church is the only Dutch Church on the island that has been continually in use, with in 2018 services in Tamil, Sinhalese and English every Sunday. A similar Dutch Reformed Church building is the Groote Kerk in Galle.

In January 2005 the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC) established the Wolvendaal Foundation to preserve the church's architecture. Its ultimate aim is to further cordial relations between the various races and religions on the island.

Other Dutch Reformed Church buildings in Sri Lanka

 Groote Kerk, Galle
 Dutch Reformed Church, Kalpitiya
 Dutch Reformed Church, Matara
 Kruys Kerk, Jaffna

References

Further reading

Churches in Colombo
Churches completed in 1757
Dutch Reformed churches in Sri Lanka
18th-century churches in Sri Lanka
18th-century Calvinist and Reformed churches


title: Aditnalta

text:
Aditnalta is the easternmost island of Isla Cerro Prieto off the south western area of Mexico. It has several mining sites that include lead, zinc and silver. It is located in Southwestern Mexico. Part of the state of Oaxaca, it is bordered by water and the closest town is San Dionisio del Mar. To the south of this island is the Pacific Ocean.

References
 Aditnalta mining information, official site of the mining hub

Pacific islands of Mexico
Geography of Oaxaca


title: Trade in Services Agreement

text:
The Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) was a proposed international trade treaty between 23 Parties, including the European Union, United Kingdom and the United States. The agreement aimed at liberalizing the worldwide trade of services such as banking, healthcare, and transport. Criticism about the secrecy of the agreement arose in June 2014, after WikiLeaks released a classified draft of the proposal's financial services annex, dated the previous April. Another release took place in June 2015, and another took place in May 2016. As of 2021, no such agreement has ever been reached.

Origin
The process was proposed to a group of countries meeting in Geneva called the Really Good Friends. All negotiating meetings take place in Geneva. The EU and the US are the main proponents of the agreement and the authors of most joint changes. The participating countries started crafting the proposed agreement in February 2012 and presented initial offers at the end of 2013.

Proposed agreement
The agreement covers about 70% of the global services economy. Some claim that the aim of TISA is the privatization of worldwide trade in services in areas such as banking, healthcare, and transport. Services comprise 75% of American economic output. In EU states, services comprise almost 75% of its employment and gross domestic product.

For commitments on what the European Commission calls "'national treatment' (i.e. on equal treatment for foreign and local suppliers)", excluding commitments on market access, the following applies: Once a particular trade barrier has unilaterally been removed in an area where the country has made a commitment, it cannot be reintroduced. This proposal is known as the "ratchet clause".

European Union
The EU claims its trade agreements do not prevent governments at any level from providing services in areas such as water, education, healthcare, and social services. The EU has stated that companies outside its borders will not be allowed to provide publicly funded healthcare or social services. The EU has made its position papers, offers, and negotiation reports available online.

Market access for publicly funded health, social services and education, water services, film, or TV will not be taken. Therefore, the "ratchet clause" will not apply.

Parties involved
Initially having 16 members, the TISA has expanded to include 23 parties. Since the European Union represents 28 member states, there are 50 countries represented. The number of countries represented in each continent are: 32 in Europe, 7 in Asia, 5 in North America, 3 in South America, 2 in Oceania, and 1 in Africa. The 23 TiSA parties in order of their income categories are:

Controversy
The agreement has been criticized for the secrecy around the negotiation. The cover page of the negotiating document leaked by Wikileaks says: "Declassify on: Five years from entry into force of the TISA agreement or, if no agreement enters into force, five years from the close of the negotiations." Because of this practice, it is not possible to be informed about the liberalizing rules that the participating countries propose for the future agreement. Only Switzerland has a practice of making public on the Internet all the proposals it submitted to the other parties since June 2012. The European Union published its "offer" for TISA only in July 2014 after the Wikileaks disclosure.

Digital rights advocates have also brought attention to the fact that the agreement has provisions which would significantly weaken existing data protection provisions in signatory countries. In particular, the agreement would strip existing protections which aim to keep confidential or personally identifiable data within country borders or which prohibit its movement to other countries which do not have similar data protection laws in place.

Leaked contents
WikiLeaks released a classified draft of the proposal's financial services annex in June 2014, dated the previous April. Another release took place in June 2015 and in May 2016.

Software source disclosure mandate ban
The agreement bans government mandates that require disclosure of software source code as a condition for the distribution of that software and services related to it, stating "No Party may require the transfer of, or access to, source code of software owned by a person of another Party, as a condition of providing services related to such software in its territory." While there are exemptions for "software used for critical infrastructure" and non-mass-market software, the agreement would, for example, prevent governments from forcing suppliers of consumer network routers to supply the source code for the software for security purposes.

Criticism
A preliminary analysis of the Financial Services Annex by prominent free trade critic Professor Jane Kelsey, Faculty of Law, University of Auckland, New Zealand was published with the WikiLeaks release.

The Public Services International (PSI) organization described TISA as:
a treaty that would further liberalize trade and investment in services, and expand "regulatory disciplines" on all services sectors, including many public services. The "disciplines," or treaty rules, would provide all foreign providers access to domestic markets at "no less favorable" conditions as domestic suppliers and would restrict governments' ability to regulate, purchase and provide services. This would essentially change the regulation of many public and privatized or commercial services from serving the public interest to serving the profit interests of private, foreign corporations.

One concern is the provisions regarding retention of business records. David Cay Johnston said, "It is ... hard to make the case that the cost of keeping a duplicate record at the home office in a different country is a burden." He noted that business records requirements are sufficiently important that they were codified in law even before the Code of Hammurabi.

Impacts of the law may include "whether people can get loans or buy insurance and at what prices as well as what jobs may be available."

Dr. Patricia Ranald, a research associate at the University of Sydney, said:
“Amendments from the US are seeking to end publicly provided services like public pension funds, which are referred to as 'monopolies' and to limit public regulation of all financial services ... They want to freeze financial regulation at existing levels, which would mean that governments could not respond to new developments like another global financial crisis."

Regarding the secrecy of the draft, Professor Kelsey commented: "The secrecy of negotiating documents exceeds even the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) and runs counter to moves in the WTO towards greater openness." Johnston adds, "It is impossible to obey a law or know how it affects you when the law is secret."

Canadian activist and politician Maude Barlow argued the TISA didn't protect semi-public services funded by private subjects and by the public authority. She opposed an agreement that "will make it impossible for governments to reverse privatization or decrease the influence of the private sector. Governments will only be able to choose to maintain privatized services as they are or to extend liberalization." For profit corporations were enabled to sue a supranational judicial system so as to avoid the domestic courts.

See also
 European Services Forum – lobby

 Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP)
 Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
 Transatlantic Free Trade Area (TAFTA)
 Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)

References

External links
June, July and December 2015 documents release by Wikileaks
April 2014 Draft document release by Wikileaks
February 2015 leak
Negotiating documents tabled by Switzerland since June 2012 to present
U.S. says basic outline in place for int'l services trade deal
Team TISA, advocating for TISA
 In focus: Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA) – European Commission
TISA: Yet Another Leaked Treaty You've Never Heard Of Makes Secret Rules for the Internet – Electronic Frontier Foundation

Commercial treaties
International factor movements
Proposed treaties
Classified documents


title: Little Daylight (band)

text:
Little Daylight was an American alternative pop group from Brooklyn, New York.

History

Little Daylight was formed in the spring of 2012 by Nikki Taylor, Matt Lewkowicz, and Eric Zeiler. All three stayed at a friend's lake house and began working on remixes of songs from various artists such as The Neighbourhood, Passion Pit, Freelance Whales, and Edward Sharpe & The Magnetic Zeros. The group took its name from the 1871 fairy tale Little Daylight written by George MacDonald and began their career by performing the remixes and their own material they penned while at the lake house.

Little Daylight's live performance debut came at SXSW in 2013. In order to not feel pressure of performing in front of a large crowd for the first time, the band made up a fake name and bio for the band. They signed with  Capitol Records a short time later. Little Daylight released their first EP in 2013. Titled Tunnel Vision, the EP contained the single "Overdose" which went to #1 on The Hype Machine. The video for the song was filmed in the streets of Manhattan, after the borough was left without power after Hurricane Sandy. After the EP release, the band toured with acts such as Charli XCX and Bastille while at the same time working on new material for a studio album. They made their first national television appearance in May 2014 on Late Night with Seth Meyers.

Hello Memory was the first album from Little Daylight. It was self-produced entirely by the band members, all three of whom shared producing and songwriting duties. Part of the album was recorded in a carriage house in Brooklyn, New York that the band outfitted with equipment the band had used over the years, finishing the recording in a studio located in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Their debut album "Hello Memory" was released on 15 July 2014. It debuted at number 20 on the American Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart.

In 2016, two of Little Daylight's band members formed the Brooklyn duo Me Not You. Little Daylight's Facebook account now redirects to the new band.

Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

References

External links
 Little Daylight official website

Musical groups from Brooklyn
Capitol Records artists


title: Eugenio Agneni

text:
Eugenio Agneni or Agnèni (Sutri, Province of Viterbo, January 26, 1816 – Frascati, May 25, 1879) was an Italian painter, mainly of historic canvases.

Biography
Starting in 1833 in Rome, he began working with the painters Erzoche and the painter Beretta of Bergamo., and finally studying with Francesco Coghetti in Rome. In 1847, helped decorate the throne room of the Palazzo Quirinale with frescoes. He also painted frescoes in the Villa Torlonia in Porta Pia. He painted episodes in the life of San Vicenzo di Paola for his chapel in Montecitorio. Agneni joined the insurgency that lead to the brief Roman Republic in 1849.

When the papal government was restored, Agneni was forced to flee, and he went first to Savona, then Genoa (where he frescoed the Palazzo Rocca), then Florence, then Paris, and finally London, where he painted mythologic themes the ceiling of the Queen's loggia in the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden and Buckingham Palace. In 1859 and 1866, he returned to Italy to join the Garibaldini, in the quest for Italian independence and unity. He then returned to Florence, and finally to Rome in 1870–1871.

In Rome, he was named by Pope Pius IX to be Capitain of the Civil Guards. With the entry of the Papal States into the state of Italy, he continued to work for the City of Rome. He painted a Departed Spirits of Great Florentines Protest Foreign Invasions  once at Museo Civico of Turin.

Notes
See also obituary in Emporium journal.

References

1816 births
1879 deaths
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Italian neoclassical painters
19th-century Italian male artists


title: List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Michigan

text:
This article contains a list of fossil-bearing stratigraphic units in the state of Michigan, U.S.

Sites

See also

 Paleontology in Michigan

References

Michigan
Stratigraphic units
Stratigraphy of Michigan
Michigan geography-related lists
United States geology-related lists


title: Rhopalessa clavicornis

text:
Rhopalessa clavicornis  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1873.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1873


title: Rhopalessa demissa

text:
Rhopalessa demissa  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1934.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1934


title: Rhopalessa hirticollis

text:
Rhopalessa hirticollis  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Zajciw in 1958.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1958


title: Rhopalessa moraguesi

text:
Rhopalessa moraguesi  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Tavakilian and Penaherrera-Leiva in 2003.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 2003


title: Rhopalessa pilosicollis

text:
Rhopalessa pilosicollis  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Zajciw in 1966.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1966


title: Rhopalessa subandina

text:
Rhopalessa subandina  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Clarke, Martins and Santos-Silva in 2011.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 2011


title: Rhopalessa durantoni

text:
Rhopalessa durantoni  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Penaherrera-Leiva and Tavakilian in 2004.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 2004


title: Rhopalessa rubroscutellaris

text:
Rhopalessa rubroscutellaris  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Tippmann in 1960.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1960


title: The Haunting of Helena

text:
The Haunting of Helena (also known as Fairytale in other countries) is a 2012 Italian supernatural horror film, written and directed by Christian Bisceglia and filmed in Italy. The film stars Harriet MacMasters-Green and Sabrina Jolie Perez.

The film was released as part of the Bloody Disgusting Selects line.

Plot
Sophia is a recently divorced college professor who lives in Italy with her daughter Helena. The two of them are in a car accident on the same day that Helena loses her first tooth, and soon afterwards Helena begins to report strange visions to her mother. Investigating the history of the apartment in which they live, Sophia discovers that during the period of Fascist Italy, the man who lived there brutally tortured his wife by removing her teeth and locking her in a closet to die. Helena begins speaking to an invisible apparition in the closet, and later begins buying teeth from other children at school, saying that she needs to give them to the tooth fairy. A teacher from her school investigates this cruel and unusual behaviour, only to be attacked by a swarm of mosquitoes and killed. After ignoring a warning to leave the apartment from the elderly man who lives upstairs, they are attacked by the toothless ghost of the woman who died there. Sophia throws the teeth at her and they escape while she attempts to insert them into her mouth.

Eighteen months later, Helena has been institutionalized and is completely nonverbal. Her father has returned to Italy, and believes that Sophia is no longer capable of looking after her. While Helena is alone in her room, bloody teeth begin to rain from the ceiling, only to vanish moments later. The door to the closet in which the woman died begins to appear in other locations, and when Helena's father opens it he is consumed by a swarm of mosquitoes and killed. The doctors at the institution begin to question Sophia's fitness as a parent as her behaviour becomes increasingly erratic, and the pressure on her intensifies when her dead ex-husband's bloody teeth are found in Helena's locker. She begins to have visions of the murderer standing at the window of the abandoned psychiatric wing of the institution, and goes to investigate it.

Locating the murderer's file, Sophia is able to piece the evidence together and discover the hiding place of the dead woman's teeth. When the closet door appears to her again she throws them in, believing that it will satisfy the spirit. Helena immediately begins to speak again, and it appears that the haunting has come to an end. When she views a recorded interview with the murderer, however, she discovers that his wife was a serial killer who preyed upon children, eating the flesh from their faces, and he killed her in order to stop her from killing others. It is revealed that the elderly man who tried to warn Sophia witnessed her crimes as a child. Running through the institution, she comes across a patient whose face has been mauled, and he tells her that the ogre has her teeth once more. Reaching Helena's room, she walks in, then slowly backs out. She finally collapses and screams in horror.

Some time later, Sophia is a patient at the same institution. She is shown sitting on a bench, looking up at the abandoned psychiatric wing. Helena's ghost is now standing at the window along with the dead woman's husband, trapped in place with half of her face missing.

Reception
The Haunting of Helena has received primarily negative reviews, most of which have focused on the movie's clichéd plot line and the poor acting ability of both leads. Chuck Bowen of Slate described the film as being so close to the work of Guillermo del Toro that "he could almost reasonably consider filing a plagiarism suit against The Haunting of Helena's producers," while Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic stated that it "chugs along pretty well until the plot holes begin to pile up." Yell! Magazine gave The Haunting of Helena 2.5 stars, stating that it had a few redeeming qualities, especially the final twist, but that overall the film "had too many issues to fall in love with it."

References

External links

2012 horror films
2010s ghost films
2010s serial killer films
2012 films
English-language Italian films
Films shot in Rome
Italian supernatural horror films
Italian films about revenge
Italian ghost films
Italian haunted house films
2012 directorial debut films
2010s supernatural horror films
2010s English-language films


title: Sphecomorpha chalybea

text:
Sphecomorpha chalybea  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Newman in 1838.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1838


title: Sphecomorpha faurei

text:
Sphecomorpha faurei  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Tavakilian and Penaherrera-Leiva in 2007.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 2007


title: Sphecomorpha forficulifera

text:
Sphecomorpha forficulifera  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1913.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1913


title: Sphecomorpha murina

text:
Sphecomorpha murina  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described and recorded by Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug in 1825.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1825


title: Sphecomorpha rufa

text:
Sphecomorpha rufa  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1911.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1911


title: Hargrave, Kansas

text:
Hargrave is an unincorporated community in Rush County, Kansas, United States.  It is located approximately 7 miles west of La Crosse on the north side of K-4 highway next to the Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad.

History
Hargrave had a post office between the 1890s and 1950.

Education
The community is served by La Crosse USD 395 public school district.

References

Further reading

External links
 Hargrave - a Dead Town in Rush County, Kansas Agland
 Rush County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Rush County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Sphecomorpha vespiventris

text:
Sphecomorpha vespiventris  is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1880.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1880


title: Schaffer, Kansas

text:
Schaffer is an unincorporated community in Rush County, Kansas, United States.

History
Schaffer had a post office between 1892 and 1948.

Education
The community is served by Otis–Bison USD 403 public school district.

References

Further reading

External links
 Rush County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Rush County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas