title: Ernestina de Champourcín

text:
Ernestina de Champourcín Morán de Loredo (10 July 1905 in Vitoria-Gasteiz – 27 March 1999 in Madrid) was a Spanish poet. She is most associated with the Generation of '27.

Early life
Ernestina Michels de Champourcín Morán de Loredo, was born into a Catholic and traditionalist family, which offered her a thorough education (she was taught a range of different languages) as part of an aristocratic and cultured family atmosphere.

Her father was a lawyer of monarchical ideas, and despite his liberal-conservative inclination, Antonio Michels de Champourcín possessed the title of baron of Champourcín, a title which pointed to his paternal family's origin in Provence. Ernestina's mother, Ernestina Morán de Loredo Castellanos, was born in Montevideo, being the only daughter of a military man, of Asturian descent, with whom she often traveled to Europe.

Around the age of 10, Champourcín moved, together with the rest of the family, to Madrid, where she was enrolled in the College of the Sacred Heart, received private tuition, and was examined as a free high school student. at the Instituto Cardenal Cisneros. Her desire to study at University was truncated due in part to her father's opposition, despite her mother's support. Her mother was willing to accompany her to classes, to comply with the existing standard for underage women.

Champourcín's knowledge of French and English, and her creativity, led her to start writing poetry in French from a very young age. Later, she would use this knowledge of languages to work as a translator for the Mexican publishing house Fondo de Cultura Económica, for about fifteen years (during which she stopped publishing poetry), even though her role as a translator is less well known in literary circles

Her love of reading and the cultured family atmosphere brought her into contact with the greats of universal literature from a very young age, and she grew up with the books of Victor Hugo, Alphonse de Lamartine, Vigny, Maurice Maeterlinck, Paul Verlaine and the great Castilian mystics, John of the Cross and Saint Teresa of Jesus. Later, she read Valle-Inclán, Rubén Darío, Concha Espina, Amado Nervo and, above all, Juan Ramón Jiménez. The figure of Juan Ramón Jiménez is of vital importance in the development of Ernestina as a poet, and in fact, she always considered him as her teacher.

Like the vast majority of writers of her generation, the first witnesses of her poetic work are loose poems published from 1923 in various magazines of the time, such as Manantial, Cartagena Ilustrada o La Libertad. In 1926, Maria de Maeztu and Concha Méndez founded the Lyceum Club Femenino, with a view to bringing women together and encouraging unity, so that they could help each other in the struggle to find a role in the cultural and social affairs of their time. This project interested Ernestina, who became involved in it, taking care of everything related to literature.

In the same year, Champourcín published her work  En silencio  in Madrid and sent a copy to Juan Ramón, awaiting the poet's judgment and critique of her first work. Even though she did not receive an answer, she came across Jiménez and his wife – Zenobia Camprubí – in the Farm of San Ildefonso. From this chance encounter a friendship arose between the two that led her to consider him her mentor, just as was the case, a little later on, with their other peers. Through her acquaintance with him she also got in touch with some of the members of the Generation of '27: Rafael Alberti , Federico García Lorca, Luis Cernuda, Jorge Guillén, Pedro Salinas and Vicente Aleixandre. In addition, thanks to her mentor, she came into contact with classical and modern English poetry (Keats, Shelley, Blake, Yeats).

In 1927, Champourcín began a stage in which she published literary criticism works in newspapers (especially in the  Heraldo de Madrid  and  La Época (Madrid) . In these articles published before the Spanish Civil War she deals with issues such as the nature of pure poetry and the aesthetics of the "new poetry" that the young people of the generation of '27 were working on. She herself felt integrated into this group, as she shared the same conception of poetry. She published her first books in Madrid –  En silencio  (1926),  Ahora  (1928),  La voz en el viento  (1931),  Cántico inútil  (1936) -, which made her well known in the literary world of the capital. An evolution in her work can be discovered from an initial modernism in the shadow of Juan Ramón Jiménez to a more personal poetry marked by the theme of love wrapped in a rich passion. Perhaps that is why Gerardo Diego selected her for his  Anthology of Contemporary Spanish Poetry,  from 1934.

In 1930, while doing activities at the Lyceum Club Femenino, alongside other intellectuals of the Second Spanish Republic, she met Juan José Domenchina, poet and personal secretary of Manuel Azaña, whom she married on 6 November 1936.

The Civil War and exile
Shortly before the civil war broke out, Champourcín published what would be her only novel:  La casa de enfrente    (after this she only wrote excerpts for the unfinished novel  Mientras allí se muere, in which she narrates her  experiences in her work as a nurse during the civil war). The novel was eclipsed by  political events that took place after the beginning of the civil war. However, this work represents an important milestone in the literature written by women, as the author uses a narrator-protagonist to provide a fine analysis of the upbringing, education and socialization of bourgeois girls in the first decades of the 20th century. This work allows us to consider Ernestina de Champourcín as a moderately feminist author.

During the Spanish Civil War, Juan Ramón and his wife, Zenobia Camprubí, concerned about orphaned or abandoned children, founded a kind of committee called the "Junta de Protección de Menores". Ernestina de Champourcín joined as a nurse, but due to problems with some militiamen she had to leave and enter the hospital run by Lola Azaña as a nurse's assistant.

One of the consequences of her husband's work as Azaña's political secretary was that the couple had no choice but to leave Madrid, embarking on a journey that took them to Valencia, Barcelona and France, where they were in Toulouse and Paris, until, finally, 1939, they were invited to Mexico by the diplomat and writer Alfonso Reyes, who was the founder and director of the Casa de España in Mexico. This country then became the definitive site of her exile.

Although at first Champourcín wrote numerous verses for magazines such as  Romance  and  Rueca , her creative activity was reduced due to her economics needs. During this time she worked as a translator for the Mexican publishing house Fondo de Cultura Económica and an interpreter for the "Association of Technical Staff of International Conferences".

However, her stay in Mexico was eventually to be one of her most fruitful stages, and she published  Presencia a oscuras  (1952),  Cárcel de los sentidos  (1960) and  El nombre que me diste  (1960) during this period.

Her mentor, Juan Ramón Jiménez, worked as a cultural attaché at the Spanish embassy in the United States, and other members of the group of 27 also went into exile to America, such as was the case of Emilio Prados and Luis Cernuda. During all the changes, their life was not easy. The couple had no children, and they endured their separation from their roots very differently. Ernestina's husband, Juan José Domenchina, did not adapt to her new life as an exile, and died prematurely in 1959; she, for her part, came to have strong feelings of union with this new "homeland". During this time her work took on a hitherto unexplored mysticism, and in 1952 she asked to join Opus Dei. During this time she wrote Hai-kais espirituales (1967), Cartas cerradas (1968) and Poemas del ser y del estar (1972).

Return from exile
In 1972, Champourcín returned to Spain. The return was not easy and she had to go through a new period of adaptation to her own country, an experience that gave rise to feelings that she reflected in works such as  Primer exilio  (1978). Feelings of loneliness and old age and an invasion of memories of the places she had been in and the people she had lived with flooded each of her later poems:  La pared transparente  (1984), Huyeron todas las islas (1988), Los encuentros frustrados (1991), Del vacío y sus dones (1993) and Presencia del pasado (1996).

The work entitled  La ardilla y la rosa (Juan Ramón en mi memoria)  (1981) is an annotated selection of her correspondence with Zenobia Camprubí, published by the Zenobia-Juan Ramón Jiménez Foundation as  Los libros de Fausto . Zenobia, for her part, published a small and revealing book entitled  Vivir con Juan Ramón , which condenses pages from her "Diario" from 1916 and its text Juan Ramón y yo.

Death and legacy
Champourcin died in Madrid on 27 March 1999. Her personal archive is stored in the Archivo General of the University of Navarra and is open access.

According to Emilio Lamo de Espinosa, professor of sociology at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Champourcín's nephew, one of the reasons for the silence about the work of this Spanish writer is her mysticism. For this author, the intimacy of her work and the growing weight of religious poetry meant that she was not taken into account either for her great social work and her commitment to the republican cause or for her activities in favor of the recognition of the rights of women to be treated like their male companions.

It could be said that de Champourcín suffered the bad luck of the so-called " third ways ", since she was not clearly on the right or left, as was also the case in very different circumstances, with Ortega y Gasset, who was rejected by some as an atheist and by others as an elitist, and simultaneously accused of being on the right and being on the left.

Emilio Lamo d'Espinosa also considers that Champourcín's position can also be ascribed to her own personality, her independence, and her will to not be typified, categorized, or reified.

Even though we can consider Champourcín as the only woman who really was in a situation of equality with the other poets today called the Generation of ‘27, her recognition in Spain was slow in coming. Her admirers had to wait until 1989, when she was awarded the Euskadi Prize for Literature in Castilian in the Poetry modality is granted to her (1989), which was followed by the Progressive Woman Prize, her nomination to the Prince of Asturias Prize for Letters in 1992 and the Medal for Artistic Merit of Madrid City Council in 1997.

Stages in her poetry

First stage: poetry of human love
Ernestina's work is divided into three stages, two of which are very clear. A first stage, that of the poetry of human love, includes the four books published before the civil war: from En silencio (1926) to Cántico inútil (1936). In these works the author evolves from origins that could be described as pertaining to late-romanticism and modernism to a “pure poetry” very close to that of Juan Ramón Jiménez.

Second stage: poetry of divine love
This stage is separated from the previous stage by a period characterised by a gap in her writing at the beginning of her exile in Mexico, resulting from her need to work to earn a living. After this period of literary silence came the stage of the poetry of divine love  (1936–1974) . This begins with Presencia a oscuras (1952), a work that represents a new thematic focus in her poetry. The theme shifts from human love to divine love. During this period, the protagonist of El nombre que me diste... (1960), Cárcel (1964), Hai-kais espirituales (1967), Cartas cerradas (1968) and Poemas del ser y del estar (1972), expresses deep religious concerns.

Third stage: poetry of the memory of love
The stage of the poetry of the memory of love (1974–1991) begins with her return from exile, at which time new concerns arose for the author: namely to be able to adapt to her new situation, and to be reunited with places both known and unrecognizable. Her final books, like Huyeron todas las islas (1988), are a memory and an epilogue of a poetry that is both intimate and transcendent.

Works

 En silencio. Madrid, Espasa-Calpe, 1926.
 Ahora. Madrid, Imprenta Brass, 1928.
 La voz en el viento. Madrid, Compañía Ibero-Americana de Publicaciones, 1931.
 Cántico inútil.  Madrid, Aguilar, 1936.
 Presencia a oscuras.  Madrid, Rialp, 1952.
 El nombre que me diste....  México, Finisterre, 1960.
 Cárcel de los sentidos.  México, Finisterre, 1964.
 Hai-kais espirituales.  México, Finisterre, 1967.
 Cartas cerradas.  México, Finisterre, 1968.
 Poemas del ser y del estar.  Madrid, Alfaguara, 1972.
 Primer exilio.  Madrid, Rialp, 1978.
 Poemillas navideños.  México, 1983.
 La pared transparente.  Madrid, Los Libros de Fausto, 1984.
 Huyeron todas las islas.  Madrid, Caballo Griego para la Poesía, 1988.
 Antología poética,  (prologue by Luz María Jiménez Faro).  Madrid, Torremozas, 1988.
 Ernestina de Champourcín.  Málaga, Centro Cultural de la Generación del 27, 1991.
 Los encuentros frustrados.  Málaga, El Manatí Dorado, 1991.
 Poesía a través del tiempo.  Barcelona, Anthropos, 1991.
 Del vacío y sus dones.  Madrid, Torremozas, 1993.
 Presencia del pasado (1994–1995) .  Málaga, Poesía circulante, núm. 7, 1996.
 Cántico inútil, Cartas cerradas, Primer exilio, Huyeron todas las islas.  Málaga, Centro Cultural de la Generación del 27, 1997.
 Epistolario (1927–1995) (2007). Correspondencia con Carmen Conde. Edición a cargo de Rosa Fernández Urtasun. .
 Poesía esencial (2008). Fundación Banco Santander. Colección Obra Fundamental. .
 Al fin de la tarde

References

Sources

 Fernández-Medina, Nicolás. "From Earthly Passions to Spiritual Transcendence: Ernestina de Champourcin's Symbolic Poetry, 1926–1936," 2005.

Further reading
 Acillona, Mercedes, "Poesía mística y oracional en Ernestina de Champourcin", Letras de Deusto, 48 (1991).
 Arizmendi, Milagros, ed. y prólogo, Ernestina de Champourcin, Poemas de exilio, de soledad y de oración. Encuentro ediciones y Universidad de Navarra. 2004.
 Ascunce, José Ángel, ed. y prólogo, Ernestina de Champourcin, Poesía a través del tiempo, Barcelona: Anthropos, Memoria Rota. Exilios y Heterodoxias, (1991).
 Checa, Edith, “Entrevista. Ernestina de Champourcin olvidada entre los equívocos linderos de la Generación del 27”, Espéculo, 9 (1998).
 Ciplijauskaite, Birute, “Escribir entre dos exilios: las voces femeninas de la Generación del 27”, en Homenaje al Profesor Antonio Vilanova, II, eds. A. Sotelo Vázquez y M. C.
 Comella, Beatriz, Ernestina de Champourcin, del exilio a Dios, Rialp, Madrid (2002),
 Cuesta Tudela, Dolores, "Una lectura de la obra poética de Ernestina de Champourcin en el exilio: de Presencia a oscuras a Poemas del ser y del estar”, en L’exili cultural de 1939, II, Valencia (2001).
 Fernández Urtasun, Rosa y Ascunce, José Ángel (eds.), Ernestina de Champourcin: mujer y cultura en el siglo XX, Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid (2006),
 Jiménez Faro, Luzmaría, "Ernestina de Champourcin: un camino hacia la luz”, Ínsula 557.
 Lacarra Lanz, Eukene, Estrategias discursivas y el yo agenérico en la poesía religiosa de Ernestina de Champourcin, Universidad del País Vasco.
 Landeira, Joy. "Ernestina de Champourcin: Vida y literatura." El Ferrol: Sociedad de cultura Valle-Inclan, 2005.
 Landeira, Joy. "Una rosa para Ernestina: Ensayos en conmemoración del centenario de Ernestina de Champourcin." El Ferrol: Sociedad de cultura Valle-Inclan, 2006.
 Mabrey, María Cristina C., Ernestina de Champourcin, poeta de la Generación del 27 en la oculta senda de la tradición poética femenina, Ediciones Torremozas, 413 pp., Madrid (2007),
 Milán Malo, Gabriela, "Ernestina de Champourcin, poetisa de la Generación del 27", Istmo (1999), México D.F.
 Miró, Emilio, "Carmen Conde y Ernestina de Champourcin", Insula 390 (1979).
 Mujeres del 27, Madrid, Ínsula, 557, 1993.
 Perlado, José Julio, "Entrevista a Ernestina de Champourcin en 1986", Espéculo, 8, Madrid, 1998.
 Sanz Hermida, Rosa, El silencio creador de Ernestina de Champourcin, Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Oviedo, 1991.
 Siles, Jaime, "Ernestina de Champourcin casi desdibujada", en Poesía esencial, Madrid, Fundación BSCH, 2008, pp. LXIV. Madrid (2008), .
 Villar, Arturo del, "Ernestina de Champourcin", La Estafeta Literaria, 556 (1975).
Jeanne Marie, Los caminos del alma / Les Chemins de l’âme – memoria viva de los poetas del 27’ mémoire vive des poètes de la Génération de 1927, éditions Paradigme Orléans

1905 births
1999 deaths
People from Vitoria-Gasteiz
Spanish women poets
Basque women writers
Spanish anti-fascists
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
Women in the Spanish Civil War
Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Mexico
20th-century Spanish women writers
20th-century Spanish poets
Spanish women of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
Las Sinsombrero members


title: Diving at the 2014 European Aquatics Championships – Team event

text:
The team event competition of the 2014 European Aquatics Championships was held on 18 August.

Results
The event was held at 14:30.

References

2014 European Aquatics Championships
European Aquatics Championships


title: Munduney

text:
Munduney Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a sheep station in South Australia.

It is situated approximately  north east of Spalding and  west of Hallett.

The station was established some time prior to 1884, when it was already producing wool for London markets. John Davies owned the station in 1902. By 1912 the property was carrying a flock of 16,000 sheep.

The University of Adelaide sold the property in 2011 for approximately 20 million. The property at this time consisted of . It had been bequeathed to the University and Prince Alfred College by the estate of J.S. Davies. The sale included all plant and equipment along with the 11,000 sheep the property was stocked with. The property also boasted  of planted crops and 18 wind turbines that would supply revenue until 2033.

See also
List of ranches and stations

References

Stations in South Australia


Camellia japonica 'Prince Frederick William' is an ornamental Camellia cultivar, believed to have originated from a seedling grown by Silas Sheather at his nursery in Parramatta, Australia. It was first described in the Sheather & Co. Nursery Catalogue in 1872 and is still a most popular camellia in Australia.

Description
Camellia japonica 'Prince Frederick William' is a hardy, vigorous and erect shrub, with ovate, light green foliage. The flowers are light pink in color. The petals start cupped tightly around the bud and then open to a nearly flat formal double bloom.

Flowering is from June to September.

History
In 1852 Silas Sheather leased land adjoining the Parramatta River on what was originally part of the  of Elizabeth Farm, where he set up a nursery where he grew vegetables and fruits, and then later specializing in camellias. Sheather was regarded in his time as the most successful raiser of camellia cultivars in Australia and his nursery, Camellia Grove became a local landmark, admired for its marvellous display of camellias and other flowers. Fuller's Sydney Handbook of 1877 describes 59 varieties of camellias as being sold from Camellia Grove Nursery. Camellia and other flowers from Sheather's nursery were sent by steamship downriver to Searl's florist at Sydney Markets (one of the first florists in Sydney), tied in bunches and suspended from long pieces of wood which were hung up about the decks. After Silas Sheather's death the land occupied by the Camellia Grove Nursery was incorporated into a new suburb with the name Camellia in honor of his nursery.

Camellia japonica 'Prince Frederick William' was first listed in Sheather's Camellia Grove catalogue of 1872, where it was described as "most delicate shade of pink, perfectly imbricated form". The origin of this cultivar in not known for certain. Although it was referred to as Sheather's 'Prince Frederick William', Sheather never listed it as one of his own raising.

Camellia japonica 'Prince Frederick William' was listed a number of times in Europe from 1865 on, but this was an orthographic error for a completely different cultivar: C. japonica 'Princess Frederick William'. The name 'Early Prince' was given for a supposedly early blooming form, but the difference is insufficient to warrant a separate name and it is thus considered a synonym. Other variations of the name exist due to orthographic errors, variations and abbreviations: 'Prince Frederick Wilhelm', 'Prince Frederick Williams', 'Prince Frederic William', 'Prince F. William'.

As well as 'Prince Frederick William', Silas Sheather also developed the cultivar Camellia japonica 'Harriet Beecher Sheather' (1872), named after his daughter. Both of these cultivars are still commercially available. Other camellia cultivars developed by Sheather were 'Astarte', 'Minnie Warren', 'Mrs. Dellissa', 'Sheatheri' and 'St. George'.

'Prince Frederick William' received a Royal Horticultural Society Award of Merit in 1953. This award is given to plants deemed 'of great merit for exhibition'.

Camellia japonica 'Lady Hope' is a sport of 'Prince Frederick William'.

Cultivation
Camellia japonica and its cultivars prefer slightly acidic soils pH 6–7 and are suitable for growing in hardiness zones 6–9. In their native habitat, camellias are understorey plants, and in temperate climates (e.g. Sydney), this cultivar requires semi-shade and no direct sun before 12 noon on a winter's day when flowering, as the lighter colored blooms can suffer from dew burn on the blossoms from being exposed to direct morning sunlight.

When mature, 'Prince Frederick William' is prone to "balling", where too many buds form on the one stem resulting in either small, poorly formed blooms, or the buds turn brown and spoil the look of the plant. These excess blooms take much energy out of the plant and can weaken the plant. The solution is to manually disbud the excess flowers by twisting the excess buds off so that only one bud per stem remains. This will help to develop well-formed flowers and a stronger, healthier plant.

It is claimed that a teaspoon of Epsom salts in five litres of water spread around the bush is beneficial in preventing "balling".

See also
 Camellia japonica 'The Czar'

Notes and references

japonica 'Prince Frederick William'
Ornamental plant cultivars


title: Snowstorm (band)

text:
Snowstorm was a rock band in Gothenburg, Sweden, founded in 1976 by Lars "Dille" Diedricson (vocals), Peter Nordholm (guitar), Torben Ferm (drums) and Micael Serenban (bass). Scoring several chart successes in Sweden during the 1970s and '80s, one of their most famous songs is "Sommarnatt" from 1980.

Discography

Albums
 Swedish Tracks '79 (1979; Various Artists compilation album)
 Sommarnatt (1980)
 Nattlivstyranner (1981)
 Ur natten in i gryningen (1982)
 Rockin Again (1984)
 Underbar (1991)
 Best of Snowstorm (1992)
 När ett hjärta slår (1992)
 The revival album (1999; Snowstorm, Factory and Magnum Bonum)
 1000 dar (2006)

Singles
 "Fuzzy/Hising Island" (1978)
 "Vive le rock/okänd" (1979)
 "Summertime/Dina läppar mot mina"
 "Sommarnatt/Vårstämning"
 "Vinternatt/Julstämning" (1989)
 "Sommarnatt (Technoversion)/Regn" (1998)
 "In och ut"

Members
 Torben Ferm, drums (1976–)
 Johan Herlogson, guitar (1989–)
 Micael Serenban, bass (1976–)
 Mats Bernhardsson, vocals (1997–)

Former members
 Lars Diedricson, vocals (1976–1980, 1983–1986)
 Peter Nordholm, guitar (1976–1980, 1983–1986)
 Ralph Peeker, vocals (1980–1982, 1987), currently a professor at Gothenburg University
 Denny Olson, guitar (1981–1982, 1987)
 Mikael Wedberg, vocals (1982–1983)
 Gunnar Jaunupe, vocals (1987–1996)
 Anders Karlsson, guitar (1987–1989)

References

1976 establishments in Sweden
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups from Gothenburg
Swedish rock music groups


title: The Swan, West Wycombe

text:
The Swan is a Grade II listed pub at High Street, West Wycombe, Buckinghamshire.

It is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.

Built in the 18th century, The Swan was refitted and extended in 1932 by Wheelers Wycombe brewery. As with most of West Wycombe, it is owned by the National Trust.

References

Grade II listed pubs in Buckinghamshire
National Inventory Pubs


title: Diving at the 2014 European Aquatics Championships – Men's 1 m springboard

text:
The Men's 1 m springboard competition of the 2014 European Aquatics Championships was held on 19 August.

Results
The preliminary round was held at 10:00 and the final at 14:00.

Green denotes finalists

References

2014 European Aquatics Championships


title: SumOfUs

text:
SumOfUs is a global non-profit advocacy organization and online community that campaigns to hold corporations accountable on issues such as climate change, workers' rights, discrimination, human rights, animal rights, corruption, and corporate power grab. The organization renamed itself to Ekō in 2023.

Founding
Australian-American activist Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman is the founder of SumOfUs and was its executive director from 2011 to 2016. In November 2016, Hannah Lownsbrough replaced Stinebricker-Kauffman as the executive director of SumOfUs. In January 2020, Emma Ruby-Sachs, the daughter of activist Clayton Ruby, took over as the organization's new executive director.

History
SumOfUs was launched in 2011 with campaigns targeting Google's links to the US Chamber of Commerce, a campaign to thank Starbucks for supporting same-sex marriage in the United States, and calling on Apple to force its suppliers to treat their workers more ethically.

The organization says that since its launch, it has expanded to have five million members.

SumOfUs has staff in the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France, Lithuania, Colombia and the Netherlands.

Notable campaigns
In December 2013, after a week of pressure from SumOfUs members, Zara and major UK retailers Topshop and Asos committed to stop selling Angora from rabbits that were plucked live for their fur.

In February 2014, SumOfUs demanded in a petition that "the cereal maker [Kellogg's] get tough with Wilmar or end its supply and distribution joint venture with the company". Kellogg's subsequently committed  to buy only sustainably sourced palm oil.

In 2015, SumOfUs helped to push airline companies such as Delta to stop shipping hunting trophies, lobbied Canadian officials to charge Nestle responsible water rates for drawing water from public lands, and helped get Standard Chartered Bank to cancel its financing of Adani's giant Australian coal mine.

Methodology
SumOfUs uses digital technology to organize and communicate globally, connecting consumers, workers and investors from around the world.

One of SumOfUs' primary functions is to amplify other corporate accountability organizations' campaigns by launching rapid-response campaigns.

The online campaigning NGO operates using lean start-up methodology, by adapting the "minimum viable product" model to the online campaigning field. SumOfUs mirrors corporations' global perspective and power base – and transcends national boundaries to take advantage of transnational companies' vulnerabilities.

Financial contributors
SumOfUs is a registered 501(c)(4) social welfare nonprofit. Around 85% of SumOfUs funds come from small donations from its members. SumOfUs publishes the source of revenues every year on its web site. According to the Form 990 SumOfUs filed for 2016, $631,515 was contributed by a single anonymous person. According to the Form 990 SumOfUs filed for 2015, $595,000 was contributed by two anonymous donors.

See also
 Internet activism

References

Consumer rights organizations
Internet-based activism
Internet properties established in 2011
Anti-corporate activism


title: Nikon Coolpix P600

text:
The Nikon Coolpix P600 is a DSLR-like ultrazoom bridge camera announced by Nikon on February 7, 2014.

At its announcement date, it was briefly the bridge or compact camera with the largest maximum equivalent focal length, at 1440 mm, but was succeeded in this position only a few days later with the announcement of the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-H400 with 1550 mm maximum equivalent focal length.

The camera can also be connected to the Internet, the first of its kind.

See also
 List of bridge cameras

References

P600
Bridge digital cameras
Superzoom cameras
Cameras introduced in 2014


title: Diving at the 2014 European Aquatics Championships – Women's 10 m synchro platform

text:
The Women's 10 m synchro platform competition of the 2014 European Aquatics Championships were held on 19 August.

Results
The preliminary round was held at 12:00 and the final at 16:00.

References

2014 European Aquatics Championships


title: M. R. Lalith Babu

text:
Musunuri Rohit Lalit Babu (born 5 January 1993) is an Indian chess player. He was awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 2012. He is the 4th GrandMaster from Andhra Pradesh, part of the team that won India's first bronze medal in the 41st Chess Olympiad, Commonwealth gold medalist, Asian silver medalist, won the Indian Chess Championship in 2017, and Limca Book record holder. He has won 20 individual gold, 15 individual silver and 14 individual bronze medals in National as well as international tournaments.

He was born in Vijayawada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh. Lalith Babu took the silver medal at the Asian Junior Chess Championship in 2008 and as a result he was awarded the title of International Master. He achieved the title of Grandmaster after scoring norms at Balaguer in October 2008, Chennai Open in 2010 and Hastings Masters in 2012.

He won the Leiden chess tournament in the Netherlands in 2009. The following year, Lalith Babu took the bronze medal at the Parsvnath Commonwealth Championship in New Delhi. He won the Commonwealth Chess Championship in 2012 at Chennai and won the Chennai Super Kings International Grandmaster tournament in 2013 on tiebreak over Lu Shanglei.

In 2014, he played on the Indian national team in the 41st Chess Olympiad in Tromsø, Norway winning the team bronze medal. He won the 55th National Premier Chess Championship of India, held in Patna in November 2017, to become the Indian national chess champion. He went on winning the National rapid 2018 championship and finished second in the National blitz. Lalith Babu he won the SCO Open, held from the 14 to the 22 October 2018 in the town of Xingtai, Hebei, China.

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Indian chess players
Chess Olympiad competitors
Sportspeople from Vijayawada


title: Ronald Dare Gillespie

text:
Ronald Dare Gillespie (14 April 1890 – 8 April 1981) was a Scottish Canadian businessman, British Army officer and politician in Hong Kong. He was member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1946 to 1948.

Biography
Ronald Dare Gillespie was born in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada in April 1890 and was educated at Loretto School, Edinburgh He received his training in Edinburgh but returned to British Columbia to practise engineering and surveying. He served as Captain in the Gordon Highlanders during the First World War and was taken prisoner of war at La Bassee in January 1915 and was later exchanged.

After the war, he joined the Imperial Chemical Industries, a British chemicals company which he later became the Chairman, and served in several cities in China. He was interned in Hong Kong by the Japanese during the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong and was released in exchange for Japanese held by Canada in 1943. Gillespie then served in the British Raw Materials Mission in Washington until the war ended.

Gillespie returned to Hong Kong in October 1945 and became the Chairman of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce. In April 1946, he was nominated as the Chamber of Commerce's representative in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and served until 1948.

During his service in the Legislative Council, he was appointed member of the eleven-member Taxation Committee in 1946 which chaired by the Financial Secretary C. G. S. Follows to discuss the controversial issue of introducing new tax. Members included Arthur Morse, chief manager and chairman of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and unofficial member of the Executive Council and another unofficial member of the Legislative Council, Man-kam Lo. Gillespie believed that an income tax was the best form of taxation "provided it was equitably collected." The government eventually introduced the Inland Revenue as a result. Although Gillespie supported the bill, he was concerned the government might have no qualified staff to collect tax.

Ronald Dare Gillespie was son of George Gillespie and Florence Adelaide Hebden. He married Kathleen Little. He died at the Old House, Milford-on-Sea, near Lymington, Hampshire on 8 April 1981.

References

1890 births
1981 deaths
People educated at Loretto School, Musselburgh
British Army personnel of World War I
British World War I prisoners of war
Businesspeople from British Columbia
Canadian expatriates in China
Canadian expatriates in Hong Kong
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian prisoners of war in World War I
Hong Kong businesspeople
Imperial Chemical Industries executives
Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
People from Victoria, British Columbia
20th-century Canadian businesspeople


title: Nigerien Progressive Union

text:
The Nigerien Progressive Union (, UPN) was a political party in Niger led by Georges Condat.

History
The party was founded on March 15, 1953, as a breakaway from the Union of Nigerien Independents and Sympathisers (UNIS) over the issue of forming a united front with the Nigerien Progressive Party.

A joint list of UPN and the Nigerien Action Bloc (BNA) of Issoufou Saïdou Djermakoye received some 126,000 votes in the January 1956 French parliamentary elections. The list was the most voted-for, finishing in first place in seven provinces, and Condat won one of the two seats in the French National Assembly. The UPN later merged into BNA.

References

Defunct political parties in Niger
Political parties established in 1953
1953 establishments in Niger
Political parties disestablished in 1956
1956 disestablishments in Niger


title: Dumistan

text:
Dumistan (Arabic: دمستان) and (Persian: دمستان) is a coastal village situated on the western shore of Bahrain. It is situated to the north of Karzakan and west of Hamad Town, in the Northern Governorate administrative region of the country.

References

Populated places in the Northern Governorate, Bahrain


title: S. P. Sethuraman

text:
Sethuraman Panayappan Sethuraman (born 25 February 1993 in Chennai) is an Indian chess grandmaster.

He achieved the three norms required for the grandmaster title with shared second place and a score of 8/10 points at the Parsvnath Open in New Delhi in 2009, third place and 6.5/9 score at the Paris International Championship in 2010, and winning the Voivoda Cup in Legnica with 7/9 in the same year.

Sethuraman won the 2004 Asian under-12 championship in Singapore and the 2009 world U16 championship in Antalya. In 2014, Sethuraman took team bronze medal with the Indian team at the 41st Chess Olympiad in Tromsø and won the Indian National Premier Championship. With this win, he qualified for the Chess World Cup 2015, where he knocked out Sanan Sjugirov in round one and compatriot Pentala Harikrishna in the second round, before being eliminated by Shakhriyar Mamedyarov in the third.

In 2016 he won the Asian Chess Championship in Tashkent.

In February 2018, he participated in the Aeroflot Open. He finished second out of ninety-two, scoring 6½/9 (+5–1=3).

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Indian chess players
World Youth Chess Champions
Tamil sportspeople


title: Give My Life

text:
"Give My Life" is a song written by Alexander Bard and Tim Norell from Norell Oson Bard and Jean-Pierre Barda. It was recorded by the Army of Lovers, their first single after the return of La Camilla Henemark to the group, scoring a 1995-1996 hit. The single charted for 18 weeks in Sweden and 23 weeks in the Netherlands. The song also charted at Trackslistan in Sweden.

Single track listing
12" maxi-single (Sweden, 1995)
Give My Life (Sound Factory Mix) - 6:36
Give My Life (Love Society Mix) - 5:28
Give My Life (Temple Of Doom Mix) - 8:41
Give My Life (Radio Edit) - 3:54

12" maxi-single (UK, 1995)
Give My Life (Flexifinger's Five Gates Of Hell Mix) - 6:24
Give My Life (Temple Of Doom Mix) - 8:41
Crucified (Candygirls Remix) - 8:07

CD-Single
Give My Life (Radio Edit) - 3:54
Stand Up For Myself (The 1995 Remix) - 3:59

CD-Maxi (UK, 1995)
Give My Life (Radio Edit) - 3:54
Give My Life (Flexifinger's Five Gates Of Hell Mix) - 6:24
Crucified (Candygirls Remix) - 8:07

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1995 singles
Army of Lovers songs
English-language Swedish songs
Songs written by Alexander Bard
1995 songs
Songs written by Tim Norell


title: Lothar Spiegelberg

text:
Lothar Spiegelberg (born 24 October 1939) is a former German cyclist. He competed in the individual pursuit at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

References

1939 births
Living people
German male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for the United Team of Germany
Cyclists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from Berlin
East German male cyclists
Sportspeople from East Berlin


title: Diving at the 2014 European Aquatics Championships – Women's 1 m springboard

text:
The Women's 1 m springboard competition of the 2014 European Aquatics Championships was held on 20 August.

Results
The preliminary round was held at 10:00 and the final at 14:00.

Green denotes finalists

References

2014 European Aquatics Championships


title: Yuri González Vidal

text:
Yuri González Vidal (born 12 January 1981) is a Cuban chess player. He received the FIDE title of Grandmaster (GM) in November 2008. González Vidal competed in the FIDE World Cup in 2017. In team events, he has represented Cuba in the Chess Olympiad in 2014 and the World Team Chess Championship in 2015.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Cuban chess players
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
People from Havana


title: Fujifilm X-E1

text:
The Fujifilm X-E1 is a digital rangefinder-style mirrorless camera announced by Fujifilm on September 6, 2012. It is the second camera announced for Fujifilm's X-system, after the Fujifilm X-Pro1.

The X-E1 is a slimmed-down version of X-Pro1. The modifications include removal of expensive hybrid finder replaced by an upgraded electronic viewfinder. New EVF uses a 2.36M dot OLED unit, out-speccing the X-Pro1's 1.44M dot LCD finder.

References

http://www.dpreview.com/products/fujifilm/slrs/fujifilm_xe1/specifications

X-E1
Cameras introduced in 2012


title: Iván Salgado López

text:
Iván Salgado López (born 29 June 1991) is a Galician Spanish chess player, who attained the rank of Grandmaster in 2008. He won the Iberoamerican Chess Championship in 2012 and the Spanish Chess Championship in 2013, and again in 2017.

In 2011 Salgado López won the Ciutat de Barcelona round-robin tournament edging Yasser Seirawan on tiebreak score.
He played for the Spanish national team which finished tenth in the 41st Chess Olympiad, held Tromsø, Norway in August 2014.

References

External links

Ivan Salgado Lopez chess games at 365Chess.com

1991 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Spanish chess players
Place of birth missing (living people)


title: Renier Vázquez Igarza

text:
Renier Vázquez Igarza (born 8 August 1979) is a Cuban-born Spanish chess player, who attained the rank of Grand Master in 2007. As of August 2014 he had a FIDE Elo rating of 2603 and was ranked 238th in the world.

He competed in the 41st Chess Olympiad in Norway in August 2014, finishing tenth with the Spanish team in the Open Event.

References

Spanish chess players
Cuban chess players
Chess grandmasters
1979 births
Living people
Chess Olympiad competitors


title: Diving at the 2014 European Aquatics Championships – Men's 10 m synchro platform

text:
The Men's 10 m synchro platform competition of the 2014 European Aquatics Championships was held on 20 August.

Results
The preliminary round was held at 12:00 and the final at 16:00.

References

2014 European Aquatics Championships


title: Ashland (Ashland, North Carolina)

text:
Ashland is a historic home located near Ashland, Bertie County, North Carolina. It was built about 1840, and is a two-story, five-bay, single-pile Greek Revival style frame dwelling.  It is sheathed in weatherboard and has a gable roof.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Greek Revival houses in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1840
Houses in Bertie County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Bertie County, North Carolina


title: Tsui Wah

text:
Tsui Wah may refer to:
 Tsui Wah Restaurant
 Tsui Wah Ferry


title: Mario Despoja

text:
Mario Dešpoja is a Croatian Australian who opened an unofficial Croatian embassy in Australia's capital city, Canberra in 1977.  The embassy was on a main road and attracted much publicity until it was closed down two years later.

He is the father of former Australian Democrats Senator Natasha Stott Despoja.

Personal life
Despoja arrived in Australia in 1959 without any English.  He regarded himself as a political refugee.  Four years later, he won the grand prize on a television quiz program, Coles £3000 Question, broadcast around Australia.  His special category was Australian history, and he was able to name the five convicts transported to Australia in 1794 now known as the Scottish Martyrs.  Despoja said that "their case stuck in (his) mind" because they were political exiles like him.

At the time of his big win, Despoja was working as a press operator at the Chrysler Australia factory in Adelaide.  He was earning £12 a week.  The prize money enabled him to buy a block of land on which he built a house and to attend University to obtain a bachelor's degree with an honours thesis on Yugoslav history.  In addition to operating the unofficial Croatian Embassy, Despoja has worked in the Australian Commonwealth's Department of Aboriginal Affairs and as a real estate agent.

Despoja met his first wife, journalist Shirley Stott, through the quiz show.  In their 12 years of marriage they had two children, Natasha and Luke.

He now is married to Wendy Austin, and lives with her in Canberra, as a retired diplomat, quiz champion, public servant and real estate agent.

Public life
Despoja first came to mainstream public notice as a campaigner for Croatian independence in June 1977 when he was nominated as a candidate for an international Croatian National Council.  In August, a letter from him headed, "Nationalism in Yugoslavia" appeared in The Canberra Times.  It pointed out that a previous anonymous correspondent on Croatian issues probably was a Serb.  Then, on 29 November 1977, Yugoslavia's National Day, the Croatian community in Australia opened its "Embassy" on Canberra Avenue, Forrest, with Despoja as the "chargé d'affaires".

A building with external insignia purporting to represent the one of the constituent republics of Yugoslavia was a diplomatic embarrassment to Australia, which had long recognised the communist Government of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.  On 5 April 1978, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Andrew Peacock made a statement to the lower house of the Australian Parliament about the "Croatian Embassy", in which he said that, " the so-called Croatian Embassy is damaging to the national interest and that such an establishment cannot therefore be tolerated".  In the same statement, he promised legislation to give the force of Australian law to the nation's obligations under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. The response of the Croatian community in Australia was a decision to seek official recognition for the "embassy".

The Parliament passed a Diplomatic and Consular Missions Act in August 1978.  This was a law "to prevent the improper use of diplomatic and consular signs and titles".  Still, the Government did not move against the Croatian Embassy for another nine months.  On 6 June 1979, two Commonwealth policemen delivered a letter from the Attorney-General, Peter Durack, warning that the Government would begin legal action in two weeks unless Mario Despoja provided certain undertakings.  They were that he stop displaying insignia "that represents in a diplomatic or consular capacity a part of Yugoslavia, namely Croatia, or the people of such part of Yugoslavia" and that he stop publishing or permitting to be made or published "any representation that states or implies or is reasonably capable of being taken to imply that there is located in Australia a mission (other than a diplomatic or consular mission of Yugoslavia) that represents in a diplomatic or consular capacity a part of Yugoslavia, namely Croatia, or the people of such part of Yugoslavia".  Despoja's considered response was to hold teleconferences around Australia with other Croatian community leaders over the following weekend before taking the matter to the "Embassy's" lawyers.

The Commonwealth's arguments before the Federal Court of Australia succeeded on 7 August 1979, when Mr Justice Reginald Smithers granted an injunction against Despoja.  The injunction forbade Despoja from displaying any signs, insignia or flags giving the impression of an embassy and from publicising the "Embassy" as representing a part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Despoja was ordered to pay the court costs. Despoja's response to the court order was to resign as "chargé d'affaires" and commence as the "Embassy's" "special adviser in non-diplomatic and consular matters".  The "Embassy's" former secretary, Dinka Sidic took up the "chargé d'affaires" position, becoming the youngest "head of mission" in Canberra at the age of 23.

Three judges of the Federal Court of Australia on 9 October 1979 dismissed Despoja's appeal against the injunction granted by Mr Justice Smithers. Despoja and Sidic closed the doors of their "Embassy" two weeks later.  According to Sidic, the legal advice they had received was that an appeal to the High Court could have extended the "Embassy's" life by another eight months but they would have lost the appeal.  The flag and insignia at the "Embassy" were to come down under the cover of darkness on 25 October, "to spare the Croatian people the sight of seeing them removed", according to Despoja.

The next election for the Croatian National Council was held about the same time and found Mario Despoja receiving the most votes among the 93 international candidates contesting 30 positions.  Dinka Sidic also stood for election but did not receive enough support to be one of the chosen 30.  Special precautions were taken to protect Despoja, as his two predecessors as top vote-getters had died, one supposedly at the hands of Yugoslav assassins.

Despoja next appeared before the English-speaking public as Adviser, Foreign Relations Department, to the Croatian National Congress (Australasia) (sic), which conveyed its point of view on Tito's Yugoslavia through an advertisement in The Canberra Times on 1 May 1980.  The newly married Dinka Crgic-Sidic, Adviser, Press and Information Department, was a co-signatory.

Members of the governing, conservative Liberal Party of Australia had supported Despoja and the "Embassy" on a number of occasions. Despite this, the Croatian National Congress urged Croats in Australia to vote against the Liberals in the Federal elections to be held on 18 October 1980. Despoja claimed that Croatians were prepared to change their votes for a number of reasons, including closure of the "Embassy". In the event, the Liberal Party lost 13 seats but still won the election.

Despoja's "diplomatic" career had ended by October 1982 when the first of many property advertisements featuring him as the real estate agent appeared in The Canberra Times An admirer summed up his contribution ten years later, when she wrote to the Editor of The Canberra Times that, "People may have short memories, especially in the political arena, but history has already marked the name of Mario Despoja as one of the champions of the 20th century fight for Croatian democracy".

On 21 June 1995, Mario Despoja watched Croatia's first elected president, Franjo Tudjman open his nation's official embassy in Canberra.

References

1938 births
People from Canberra
People from Adelaide
Croatian emigrants to Australia
Living people


title: Edward Byam

text:
Edward Byam (1663/4 – December 1741) was the Governor of Leeward Islands in 1715 and Lieutenant Governor of Antigua between 1715 – 4 December 1741.

Biography
He was born between 1662 and 1664 in Suriname. He was the youngest son of William Byam, a Lieutenant General, and Dorothy Knollys. In 1707 he was president of Council of Antigua. In 1715, Byam was appointed Governor of Leeward Islands and Lieutenant Governor of Antigua, an office he occupied until 4 December 1741, the day of his death.

He married Mary Winthrope and they had two children: Edward Byam, and Mary Byam. Later, he married, again, with Lydia Thomas, the widow of Major Samuel Martin, on 22 July 1703 in Antigua and they had five children: George Byam, William Byam, Francis Byam, Alice Byam and Lydia Byam. All them were born in Antigua, except Francis Byam (who was born in St. Vincent Island). The descendants of Edward Byam, such as great granddaughter Lydia Byam, were well-established on Antigua.

References

1741 deaths
Governors of Antigua and Barbuda
Governors of the Leeward Islands


title: ARY Film Award for Best Cinematography

text:
The ARY Film Award for Best Cinematography is an ARY Film Award that is awarded each year to a cinematographer for work in one particular motion picture. It is one of eleven Technical Awarding category.

History
The Best Cinematography category originates with the 1st ARY Film Awards ceremony since 2014. This category has been given to the best Cinematographer for his/her work for the films of previous year to the ceremony held by Jury selection.

Winners and Nominees

As of 2014, No nominations were made, winner selection and nomination were wholly made by AFAS Jury of Technical award.

2010s

References

External links

 ARY Film Awards Official website

ARY Film Award winners
ARY Film Awards
Awards for best cinematography


The ARY Film Award for Best Background Score is an ARY Film Award that is awarded each year to the best background music that is substantial body of music in the form of dramatic underscoring written specifically for the film by the submitting composer. It is one of eleven Technical Awarding category.

History
The Best Background Score category originates with the 1st ARY Film Awards ceremony since 2014. This category has been given to the best Background Scor Composer for his/her work for the films of previous year to the ceremony held by Jury selection.

Winners and nominees

As of 2014, No nominations were made, winner selection and nomination were wholly made by AFAS Jury of Technical award.

2010s

References

External links

ARY Film Award winners
ARY Film Awards


title: Jon Platt

text:
Jon Platt is an American music-publishing executive and a former DJ. He is Chairman and CEO of Sony Music Publishing after having spent 17 years at EMI Music Publishing.

Early life
Although he was born in Philadelphia, Platt considers Denver his hometown; his childhood bounced him from Park Hill to Aurora before he landed firmly in Montbello, where he grew up from the time he was in the fifth grade. He and several siblings were raised there by his mother, who worked security at Rocky Flats to support her family.

Career

DJ
While working at a Dave Cook sporting goods store in Aurora, Platt met a friend who taught him DJing. From 1985 to 1989, he DJed at Norman's Place, building an audience for himself through word of mouth. He then founded his own party event at a ballroom in a Quality Inn, which was profitable. However, a murder took place at Platt's 26th birthday party in 1990, and the negative press that followed brought that run to an end. A friend convinced him to rebuild, and he successfully got a following going again, drawing patrons to the club Maximilian's.

Management
Platt credits a conversation in Denver with Public Enemy's front man, Chuck D, as main inspiration for wanting to be more than a local DJ. He decided to become a manager and relocated to Los Angeles where he was introduced to Madukey Productions by a friend. He secured the crew a remix to 2Pac's single "Keep Ya Head Up" and brokered a publishing deal with EMI for both Madukey and producer Kiyamma Griffin, thereby establishing a relationship with Steve Prudhomme, a creative manager at EMI.

Publishing
In 1995, Prudhomme left EMI to join Warner Bros. and he recommended his former employer to hire Platt as the creative manager. It didn't take long until he made noise by acquiring the publishing rights to TLC's single "Waterfalls," one of the biggest crossover hits of the mid '90s. He quickly climbed the corporate ladder becoming the creative-director after a year and vice president a year later. He also successfully recruited Jay-Z to EMI after the release of his classic debut-album, Reasonable Doubt, in '96.

In 2012, Platt left his position as vice president at EMI for Warner/Chappell Music where he was named President.

In 2015, Platt was named CEO of Warner Chappell Music.

In 2019, Platt joined Sony/ATV Music Publishing as Chairman and CEO.

References

American music industry executives
Living people
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
1964 births


title: Poland at the 2012 European Athletics Championships

text:
Poland competed at the 2012 European Athletics Championships in Helsinki, Finland, from 27 June - 1 July 2012. A delegation of 57 athletes were sent to represent the country.

Medals

References

Nations at the 2012 European Athletics Championships
2012
European Athletics Championships


title: Maureen Baker (fashion designer)

text:
Evelyn Maureen Baker (born Porter; 26 May 1920 – 5 December 2017) was a British fashion designer. She was the chief designer for the Susan Small label for many years, before working for her own label. She is perhaps best known as the designer of the first wedding dress of Princess Anne.

Early life
She was born Evelyn Maureen Porter on 26 May 1920, one of six children of Stephen Porter, a bookmaker, and his wife, Ethel, grew up in Hammersmith, London, and was educated at a convent school.

Career
Baker rose to prominence when she was appointed in 1943 as head designer at Susan Small, the British ready-to-wear label.

Baker, then the chief designer for the ready-to-wear label Susan Small, created the wedding dress worn by Princess Anne for her marriage to Mark Phillips on 14 November 1973, at Westminster Abbey. Baker had previously designed costumes for Anne.

The dress was an embroidered "Tudor-style" wedding dress with a high collar and "mediaeval sleeves". The train was embroidered by Lock's Embroiderers. Anne was said to have designed many aspects of the dress herself. Compared to previous royal wedding dresses, it was described as "simplistic" and was noted as being close to contemporary 1970s wedding fashions.

In 1978, Baker started her own company, Maureen Baker Designs, following the closure of Susan Small. In 1981, David and Elizabeth Emanuel consulted Baker when designing the wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer. Baker created about 250 outfits for Princess Anne before she retired in the 1990s. Baker's work is in the collection of the V&A.

Personal life
She was married to Roy, who pre-deceased her. Her son Jon Baker (b. 1960) is a music industry executive, and a fashion designer and promoter. He is the co-owner of Geejam, a luxury resort and recording studio located in San San, near Port Antonio, Jamaica.

Later life
In 2011, 90-year-old Baker was living with her son Jon in Port Antonio, Jamaica.  She died at her home in Dorking, Surrey on 5 December 2017 at the age of 97.

References

1920 births
2017 deaths
British fashion designers
British expatriates in Jamaica
People from Hammersmith


title: Diving at the 2014 European Aquatics Championships – Men's 3 m springboard

text:
The Men's 3 m springboard competition of the 2014 European Aquatics Championships was held on 21 August.

Results
The preliminary round was held at 12:00 and the final at 16:00.

Green denotes finalists

References

2014 European Aquatics Championships


title: Elmwood (Merry Hill, North Carolina)

text:
Elmwood is a historic plantation house located near Merry Hill, Bertie County, North Carolina. It was built in two phases about 1787 and 1810. It is a two-story, seven-bay, transitional Georgian / Federal style frame dwelling.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

References

Plantation houses in North Carolina
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Georgian architecture in North Carolina
Federal architecture in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1810
Houses in Bertie County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Bertie County, North Carolina


title: ARY Film Award for Best Action

text:
The ARY Film Award for Best Action is an ARY Film Award that is awarded each year to an action director for work in one particular motion picture. It is one of eleven awards in the technical awards category.

History
The Best Cinematography category originates with the 1st ARY Film Awards ceremony in 2014. The category has been given to the best action director for his/her work on films from the previous year to the ceremony held by jury selection.

Winners and nominees

As of 2014, no nominations were made; the winner selection and nomination were wholly made by the AFAS jury of Technical award.

2010s

References

External links

 ARY Film Awards Official website

ARY Film Award winners
ARY Film Awards


title: Diving at the 2014 European Aquatics Championships – Women's 10 m platform

text:
The women's 10 m platform competition of the 2014 European Aquatics Championships was held on 22 August.

Results
The preliminary round was held at 10:00 and the final at 14:00.

Green denotes finalists

References

2014 European Aquatics Championships


title: Sam Loco Efe

text:
Sam Loco Efe (25 December 1945 – 7 August 2011), born Sam Loco Efeeimwonkiyeke in Enugu, was a Nigerian actor, producer and director.

Early life and education
Efe was born in Enugu, the son of Arase Efeimwonkiyeke, a warder. His father was of Benin ancestry and worked in Eastern Nigeria and his mother was a petty trader who sold bean cakes. He spent a considerable part of his childhood in the town of Abakaliki in present-day Ebonyi State.  He lost his father when he was in elementary school; Efe then spent more than the normal years to obtain an elementary education because he had to help his mother in her trade in order to earn income for the family. His first experience with acting was at his school when a theatre group came to stage a play called The Doctor In Spite of Himself, afterwards he discussed with members of the group about the theatre and performance arts. In elementary school, he was a member of various groups including a drama society that performed a rendition of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar at an Eastern regional arts festival in Abakaliki, the play came last in the drama competition but Efe was noted as the best actor which earned him a scholarship to complete elementary school. After finishing elementary school, he attended various secondary schools and was active in the drama society, organizing a performance of The Doctor in Spite of Himself and a play called Vendetta. After secondary school, he was a member of a traveling theatre group and played soccer earning the moniker locomotive later shortened as loco.

During the Civil War, Efe fought on the Biafra side until he returned to Benin in 1968. While in Benin, he started the Ovonranwen Theatre Group with their debut production being Ogierhiakhi's Obaiwape.  However, his earnings from acting was meagre and thereafter, he traveled to Lagos to seek better career opportunities and to explore a career in football. He got his first job in 1972 working for Michelin Tyres. He applied for the position without knowing how to drive which was a requirement for the job. He learned how to drive a day before the interview. During the interview, he passed the oral interview and failed the driving test but honesty about his error in judgement won over the interviewer.  He worked for Michelin selling tyres in Lagos, Ijebu Ode and Abeokuta. He soon left Michelin to work for Dunlop Tyres as a Senior Sales Representative in the Tyres and Allied products division. While working for Dunlop in Benin, he was a cast member of NTA Benin's television series, Hotel de Jordan and also performed in a rendition of Ola Rotimi's The Gods are Not to Blame. In 1977, he left sales for a career in theatre. He auditioned and got the lead part of Langbodo, a play by Dapo Adelugba presented during Festac. After the end of Festac, Adelugba introduced him to a friend of his at University of Ibadan about opportunities in theatre. Adelugba's friend was able to get Efe a position as a senior artiste in the institution.

Selected filmography
Tom and Jerry (with Chinedu Ikedieze and Osita Iheme)
Owo Blow
I'll Take My Chances
Final World Cup
Long John
Ukwa
Osuofia in London
My Love
I want to harvest you
 The return of anunuebe
 Things fall Apart
 Nneka the pretty serpent
 Old School
 A Fool at 40
 Blood Billionaires 2
 Daddy Must Obey
 My love

Death
Sam Loco Efe was found dead in a hotel room on a Sunday morning.
The room door was forced open after he failed to come down after retiring to bed the previous night. The cause of his death has never been known until now. He died sitting on a chair in the hotel room with Ventolin inhalers beside him. The former vice president of the Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN), Mr Steve Eboh,  who happened to be a close friend and confidant to Sam Loco said Sam Loco had plans to visit his farm house at Ebonyi state and rest there for a while but that desire was never fulfilled.

References

External links

2011 deaths
1945 births
Male actors from Enugu State
People from Enugu
Nigerian male film actors
20th-century Nigerian male actors
Nigerian male television actors
Nigerian film producers
Nigerian film directors
Actors from Edo State
Nigerian comedians
People from Edo State
African comedians


The 18th Republican People's Party Extraordinary Convention () took place on 5 and 6 September 2014 in order to elect a leader of the Republican People's Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi - CHP), a Turkish centre-left political party. Initially, an ordinary convention was due to be held in 2014, two years after the previous one in 2012. However, the party's incumbent leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu accepted calls for an extraordinary convention to be held following the loss of the CHP's presidential candidate Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu in the presidential election held in August. The ordinary convention will thus be held in 2015 instead.

The result was a victory for incumbent leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, who was re-elected with 64.1% of the delegates' votes. He had initially been nominated for the leadership with the signatures of 944 delegates (84.2%). His rival Muharrem İnce congratulated Kılıçdaroğlu and conceded defeat.

Background

CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu announced that his party would support Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu's candidacy for the presidency, claiming further that he himself had thought of İhsanoğlu as an adequate candidate. Besides the controversy over İhsanoğlu's alleged lack of secular credentials, Kılıçdaroğlu drew criticism for not consulting MPs on his choice of candidate. When İhsanoğlu came a distant second with 38.44% of the vote in the presidential election, several MPs within the CHP voiced opposition to Kılıçdaroğlu's choice of candidate and called for an extraordinary convention to be held before the June 2015 general election. Such MPs included Emine Ülker Tarhan, Muharrem İnce and Süheyl Batum, with İnce claiming that former CHP leader Deniz Baykal also supported his opposition to Kılıçdaroğlu. Initially, Kılıçdaroğlu expressed regret for bringing the rebellious MPs into the party, accusing them of not helping in the presidential campaign and thus contributing to rival candidate Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's victory in the first round. Regardless, Kılıçdaroğlu and the CHP Youth Wing both accepted the notion to hold an extraordinary convention with a leadership election in September 2014, nullifying the need to obtain signatures before any convention can be proposed.

The convention is expected to take 3 days, either between 9–11 September or 14–17 September.

78 of 81 province heads of CHP except Yalova, Düzce and Isparta expressed their support to Kılıçdaroğlu.

Candidates

Confirmed candidates

Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu - incumbent leader of the CHP, supported by former İstanbul mayoral candidate Mustafa Sarıgül.
Muharrem İnce - Former CHP parliamentary group leader
Şahmar Dalmış - Member of Parliament candidate for Kars in the 2011, 1991 and 1987 general elections. Former engineer and campaign activist.

Possible candidates

Emine Ülker Tarhan - A CHP MP seen as a potential presidential candidate who decided not to run against Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu.

Declined candidates

Metin Feyzioğlu, who currently serves as the President of the Turkish Bars Association, stated that he would not be a candidate for the CHP leadership on 16 August. Feyizoğlu had become famous for his opposition to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan when the two publicly quarrelled at the State Council's 146th anniversary ceremony. In late August 2014, Feyizoğlu stated that he did not regard the convention as democratic due to being held at such short notice and claimed that he would have been a candidate had the convention met "democratic standards".

Opinion polls
Although normal CHP members or supporters could not vote, opinion polls were conducted to gauge voter's preferences before the convention.

Results

References

2014 in Turkey
Extraordinary Conventions of the Republican People's Party (Turkey)
2014 conferences
September 2014 events in Turkey
2010s political conferences


title: Elmwood (Windsor, North Carolina)

text:
Elmwood, also known as the Watson-Mardre House, is a historic plantation house located near Windsor, Bertie County, North Carolina. It was built about 1836, and expanded between 1838 and 1863.  It is a two-story frame structure three bays wide and two deep, with Greek Revival and Federal style design elements.  It has a gable roof.  Also on the property are the contributing kitchen and dairy.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

References

Plantation houses in North Carolina
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Greek Revival houses in North Carolina
Federal architecture in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1863
Houses in Bertie County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Bertie County, North Carolina


title: Nvidia NVENC

text:
Nvidia NVENC (short for Nvidia Encoder) is a feature in Nvidia graphics cards that performs video encoding, offloading this compute-intensive task from the CPU to a dedicated part of the GPU. It was introduced with the Kepler-based GeForce 600 series in March 2012.

The encoder is supported in many livestreaming and recording programs, such as vMix, Wirecast, Open Broadcaster Software (OBS) and Bandicam, as well as video editing apps, such as Adobe Premiere Pro or DaVinci Resolve. It also works with Share game capture, which is included in Nvidia's GeForce Experience software.

Until March 2023 consumer-targeted GeForce graphics cards officially support no more than 3 simultaneously encoding video streams, regardless of the count of the cards installed, but this restriction can be circumvented on Linux and Windows systems by applying an unofficial patch to the drivers. Doing so also unlocks NVIDIA Frame Buffer Capture (NVFBC), a fast desktop capture API that uses the capabilities of the GPU and its driver to accelerate capture. Professional cards support between 3 and unrestricted simultaneous streams per card, depending on card model and compression quality., the restrictions were loosened in 2023 allowing up to 5 simultaneously encoding video streams.

Nvidia chips also feature an onboard decoder, NVDEC (short for Nvidia Decoder), to offload video decoding from the CPU to a dedicated part of the GPU.

Versions
NVENC has undergone several hardware revisions since its introduction with the first Kepler GPU (GK104).

First generation, Kepler GK1xx
The first generation of NVENC, which is shared by all Kepler-based GPUs, supports H.264 high-profile (YUV420, I/P/B frames, CAVLC/CABAC), H.264 SVC Temporal Encode VCE, and Display Encode Mode (DEM).

NVidia's documentation states a peak encoder throughput of 8× realtime at a resolution of 1920×1080 (where the baseline "1×" equals 30Hz). Actual throughput varies on the selected preset, user-controlled parameters and settings, and the GPU/memory clock frequencies. The published 8× rating is achievable with the NVENC high-performance preset, which sacrifices compression efficiency and quality for encoder throughput. The high-quality preset is considerably slower but produces fewer compression artifacts

Second generation, Maxwell GM107
Introduced with the first-generation Maxwell architecture, second generation NVENC adds support for the high-performance HP444 profile (YUV4:4:4, predictive lossless encoding), and increases encoder throughput up to 16× realtime, which corresponds to about 1080p @ 480Hz with the high-performance preset.

Maxwell GM108 does not have NVENC hardware encoder support.

Third generation, Maxwell GM20x
Introduced with the second-generation Maxwell architecture, third generation NVENC implements the video compression algorithm High Efficiency Video Coding (a.k.a. HEVC, H.265) and also increases the H.264 encoder's throughput to cover 4K-resolution at 60Hz (2160p60). However, it does not support B-frames for HEVC encoding (just I and P frames). The maximum NVENC HEVC coding tree unit (CU) size is 32 (the HEVC standard allows a maximum of 64), and its minimum CU size is 8.

HEVC encoding also lacks Sample Adaptive Offset (SAO). Adaptive quantization, look-ahead rate control, adaptive B-frames (H.264 only) and adaptive GOP features were added with the release of Nvidia Video Codec SDK 7. These features rely on CUDA cores for hardware acceleration.

SDK 7 supports two forms of adaptive quantization; Spatial AQ (H.264 and HEVC) and Temporal AQ (H.264 only).

Nvidia's consumer-grade (GeForce) cards and some of its lower-end professional Quadro cards are restricted to three simultaneous encoding jobs. Its higher-end Quadro cards do not have this restriction.

Fourth generation, Pascal GP10x
Fourth generation NVENC implements HEVC Main10 10-bit hardware encoding. It also doubles the encoding performance of 4K H.264 & HEVC when compared to previous generation NVENC. It supports HEVC 8K, 4:4:4 chroma subsampling, lossless encoding, and sample adaptive offset (SAO).

Nvidia Video Codec SDK 8 added Pascal exclusive Weighted Prediction feature (CUDA based). Weighted prediction is not supported if the encode session is configured with B frames (H.264).

There is no B-Frame support for HEVC encoding, and the maximum CU size is 32×32.

The NVIDIA GT 1030 and the Mobile Quadro P500 are GP108 chips that don't support the NVENC encoder.

In laptop graphics, NVIDIA MX Graphics do not include NVENC as they are based on a Maxwell-generation GM108 or a Pascal-generation GP108 chip. The GeForce MX350 is a GP107 chip whose NVENC encoder is disabled during manufacture.

Fifth generation, Volta GV10x/Turing TU117
Volta NVENC has similar performance as Pascal's NVENC.

It does not offer support for HEVC B-Frames.

In mobile graphics, as with most other GeForce MX-series graphics, the GeForce MX450 does not support NVENC as it is a TU117 chip whose hardware encoder is permanently disabled in its manufacture. The GeForce MX550, however, does support NVENC as its hardware encoder remains enabled at manufacturing level.

Sixth generation, Turing TU10x/TU116
Sixth generation NVENC implements HEVC 8K encoding at 30 FPS, HEVC B-frames and HEVC B-frames as reference (with support for each and middle modes) and Alpha HEVC support and provides up to 25% bitrate savings for HEVC and up to 15% bitrate savings for H.264. The initial launch of the Nvidia GeForce GTX 1650 was exempt from this generation however, as it used Volta NVENC instead of Turing. Nvidia updated the NVENC encoder of the GTX 1650 cards in 2020 to also use the Turing engine. The GTX 1650 Super uses the Turing NVENC engine as it is based on the TU116 rather than the TU117 used in the original GTX 1650.

Seventh generation, Ampere GA10x
Ampere has essentially the same NVENC generation engine as Turing. The only substantive difference is that NVDEC received support for AV1 decoding (with film grain).

In entry-level mobile graphics, the GA107-chip-based GeForce MX570 comes in two versions, one of which (the GeForce MX570 A) has the hardware decoder and encoder permanently disabled during manufacturing.

Eighth generation, Ada Lovelace AD10x
Nvidia announced the next-gen NVENC with 8K 10-bit 60FPS AV1 fixed function hardware encoder in Ada Lovelace GPUs.

Operating system support
The Nvidia NVENC SIP core needs to be supported by the device driver. The driver provides one or more interfaces, (e.g. OpenMAX IL) to NVENC. The NVENC SIP core can only be accessed through the proprietary NVENC API (as opposed to the open-source VDPAU API).

It is bundled with Nvidia's GeForce driver.

NVENC is available for Windows and Linux operating systems. The free and open-source nouveau device driver does not support Nvidia NVENC.

Application software support
 Adobe Premiere Pro added NVENC support in version 14.2 in May 2020
 AJA Bridge Live
 Avidemux has supported NVENC since at least 2016, in H.264 or H.265
 Bandicut
 DaVinci Resolve Studio when exporting video in H.264 or H.265
 FFmpeg has supported NVENC since 2014, and is supported in Nvidia drivers
 HandBrake has supported NVENC since version 1.2.0 (December 2018), for H.264 and H.265
 HitFilm express/pro when previewing video on the timeline or exporting video in H.264 or H.265
 Jellyfin has support for NVENC for realtime transcoding
 Logitech Capture
 MacroSystem BogartSE supports NVENC export since v9.4 (October 2017) and UHD-Disc encoding since v11.3 (October 2019)
 MediaCoder
 Open Broadcaster Software (OBS)
 Shotcut
 StaxRip
 VideoProc

GPU throughput
Comparison of Encode Throughput

See also
 Intel Quick Sync Video, Intel's equivalent SIP core
 Video Coding Engine, AMD's equivalent SIP core till 2017
 Video Core Next, AMD's video core which combines the functionality of Video Coding Engine and Unified Video Decoder
Nvidia PureVideo, hardware video decoding
List of all Nvidia GPUs
Nvidia NVDEC

References

External links
 NVIDIA VIDEO CODEC SDK
 NVENC Support Matrix

NVENC
Video acceleration
Video compression and decompression ASIC
Hardware acceleration


title: Brittany, Louisiana

text:
Brittany is an unincorporated community in Ascension Parish, Louisiana, in the United States.

History
The community of Brittany was originally called The Burn. Around 1907 the LR&N railroad was built and a flag stop was made in this community. A year or so after a post office was established and it became necessary to choose a name for it. George W. Rice was the first postmaster. According to Mrs. W. J. Sevario, “he asked my mother, Mrs. S. S. Ferguson, to suggest a name. My mother suggested ‘Brittany’ and it was chosen. As far as I can remember she chose it because she liked the sound of it and it was uncommon.” (The Brittany post office was established on February 5, 1908, and is still operating. The Brittany post office has a zip code of 70718.)

Around the time the post office was established, a small sawmill called “Hopper’s” was built in the 5th ward (Ascension Parish), and a spur line from the railroad to the mill was laid to haul logs and lumber to and from the mill. Later, Sidney St. Amant built a small sawmill near the J. De Haas. None of these mills are in existence anymore. The only industry now is the Alexander Step Factory (now Alexander Concrete Products ) at the site of the old Hopper sawmill.

There was an elementary school built on land donated by J. H. Dyer and from timber donated by people in the community. This was at first a one-room school. Later another room was added. The school continued for twenty or twenty-five years. Most of the children now go to East Ascension High School but some go to St. Amant. High School.

The area was homesteaded circa 1900 by a few related families who were mostly truck farmers. The main commercial crops were sugarcane and strawberries.

For a number of years, there were Catholic, Baptist, and Latter-day Saint churches in Brittany. All three no longer stand, though the Latter-day Saint chapel was eventually replaced and relocated to Louisiana Highway 30 in Brittany.

Some of the early settlers were Joseph Richardson, Charles G. Fridge, John Paxton, S. S. Ferguson, William Hurst, W. W. Hodgeson, Aidy Hudson, Joseph Brignac, Eugene Causey, J. J. Gonzales, Mike and Jim Savario, George W. Rice, Ernest Floyd, E. Clouatre, and Rene Bercegeay.

For many years after the roads were established, they were nearly impassable during a rainy season. They were later replaced with gravel and black-topped roads.

Today
Brittany (zip code 70718) is located between Gonzales (zip code 70737) and Sorrento (zip code 70778). All three communities have always been closely linked by the railroad line and the Airline Highway (US Route 61) linking Baton Rouge and New Orleans.

Mrs. S. S. Ferguson, the “namer” of Brittany, was Mary Alice Acy Ferguson. She had two sisters who also homesteaded with their families in Brittany circa 1900. All three sisters had large families and descendants of fifth and sixth generations of those sisters live in Brittany today.

There are Christian Assembly, Lutheran, Divine Grace, and Latter-Day Saints meeting houses in Brittany. The majority of the inhabitants are Baptist or Catholic. The community has around five hundred residents.

References

Unincorporated communities in Ascension Parish, Louisiana
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana


title: Diving at the 2014 European Aquatics Championships – Men's 3 m synchro springboard

text:
The Men's 3 m synchro springboard competition of the 2014 European Aquatics Championships was held on 22 August.

Results
The preliminary round was held at 12:00 and the final at 16:00.

Green denotes finalists

References

2014 European Aquatics Championships


title: The Hermitage (Merry Hill, North Carolina)

text:
The Hermitage is a historic plantation house located near Merry Hill, Bertie County, North Carolina. It consists of a -story, side hall plan Georgian style rear wing with a -story, five bay, Federal style addition.  Also on the property are the contributing gable roof smokehouse and a two-room
structure dating from the Greek Revival period.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

The owners of the plantation were Alexander W. Mebane (1800-1847) and Augustus Holley (1820-1882).

References

Plantation houses in North Carolina
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Greek Revival houses in North Carolina
Georgian architecture in North Carolina
Federal architecture in North Carolina
Houses in Bertie County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Bertie County, North Carolina


title: Intensity mapping

text:
In cosmology, intensity mapping is an observational technique for surveying the large-scale structure of the universe by using the integrated radio emission from unresolved gas clouds.

In its most common variant, 21 cm intensity mapping, the 21cm emission line of neutral hydrogen is used to trace the gas. The hydrogen follows fluctuations in the underlying cosmic density field, with regions of higher density giving rise to a higher intensity of emission. Intensity fluctuations can therefore be used to reconstruct the power spectrum of matter fluctuations. The frequency of the emission line is redshifted by the expansion of the Universe, so by using radio receivers that cover a wide frequency band, one can detect this signal as a function of redshift, and thus cosmic time. This is similar in principle to a galaxy redshift survey, with the important distinction that galaxies need to be individually detected and measured, making intensity mapping a considerably faster method.

History

 Aug 1977: Varshalovich and Khersonskii calculate the effect of 21cm line absorption at high redshift on the spectrum of the CMB.
 Aug 1996: Madau, Meiksin & Rees propose intensity mapping as a way of probing the Epoch of Reionization.
 Dec 2001: Bharadwaj & Sethi propose using intensity maps of neutral hydrogen to observe the matter distribution in the post-reionisation epoch.
 Jan 2004: Battye, Davies & Weller propose using 21 cm intensity maps to measure dark energy.
 Jun 2006: Peterson, Bandura, and Pen propose the Hubble Sphere Hydrogen Survey
 Mar 2009: Cosmological HI signal observed for the first time out to redshift 1.12 by the Green Bank Telescope.
 Jan 2013: Construction begins on the CHIME experiment in British Columbia, Canada.

Scientific applications

Intensity mapping has been proposed as a way of measuring the cosmic matter density field in several different regimes.

Epoch of Reionization

Between the times of recombination and reionization, the baryonic content of the Universe – mostly hydrogen – existed in a neutral phase. Detecting the 21 cm emission from this time, all the way through to the end of reionization, has been proposed as a powerful way of studying early structure formation. This period of the Universe's history corresponds to redshifts of  to , implying a frequency range for intensity mapping experiments of 50 – 200 MHz.

Large-scale structure and dark energy

At late times, after the Universe has reionized, most of the remaining neutral hydrogen is stored in dense gas clouds called damped Lyman-alpha systems, where it is protected from ionizing UV radiation. These are predominantly hosted in galaxies, so the neutral hydrogen signal is effectively a tracer of the galaxy distribution.

As with galaxy redshift surveys, intensity mapping observations can be used to measure the geometry and expansion rate of the Universe (and therefore the properties of dark energy) by using the baryon acoustic oscillation feature in the matter power spectrum as a standard ruler. The growth rate of structure, useful for testing modifications to general relativity, can also be measured using redshift space distortions. Both of these features are found at large scales of tens to hundreds of megaparsecs, which is why low angular resolution (unresolved) maps of neutral hydrogen are sufficient to detect them. This should be compared with the resolution of a redshift survey, which must detect individual galaxies that are typically only tens of kiloparsecs across.

Because intensity mapping surveys can be carried out much faster than conventional optical redshift surveys, it is possible to map-out significantly larger volumes of the Universe. As such, intensity mapping has been proposed as a way of measuring phenomena on extremely large scales, including primordial non-Gaussianity from inflation and general relativistic corrections to the matter correlation function.

Molecular and fine structure lines

In principle, any emission line can be used to make intensity maps if it can be detected.  Other emission lines that have been proposed as cosmological tracers include:
 Rotational transitions in molecules, such as carbon monoxide
 Fine structure transitions from species such as ionized carbon
 Lyman-alpha emission from hydrogen

Experiments

The following telescopes have either hosted intensity mapping surveys, or plan to carry them out in future.
 TIANLAI (China)
 BINGO (Brazil/Uruguay/UK)
 CHIME (Canada)
 COMAP (USA)
 FAST (China)
 Green Bank Telescope (USA)
 HIRAX (South Africa)
 KAT7 (South Africa)
MeerKAT (South Africa)
 Parkes radio telescope (Australia)
 PAPER (USA/South Africa/Australia)
 Square Kilometre Array (South Africa/Australia)

References

External links
 Oxford Martin workshop on intensity mapping
 RAS discussion meeting on intensity mapping
 CHIME experiment

Physical cosmology
Observational astronomy
Large-scale structure of the cosmos


title: ARY Film Award for Best Editing

text:
The ARY Film Award for Best Editing or Film Editing is an ARY Film Award that is awarded each year to the best editors. It is one of eleven Technical Awarding category.

History
The Best Background Score category originates with the 1st ARY Film Awards ceremony since 2014. This category has been given to the best film editor for his/her work for the films of previous year to the ceremony held by Jury selection.

Winners and nominees
As of 2014, No nominations were made, winner selection and nomination were wholly made by AFAS Jury of Technical award.

2010s

2016

References

External links

 ARY Film Awards Official website

ARY Film Award winners
ARY Film Awards


title: Brown, Louisiana

text:
Brown is an unincorporated community in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, United States.

History
Brown was named for George W. Brown, the original owner of the town site.

References

Unincorporated communities in Bienville Parish, Louisiana
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana


title: Scott Danberg

text:
Scott Danberg (born July 28, 1962) is a Paralympic athlete from Florida in the United States competing in F40 events. Danberg has appeared in five Paralympics representing America in track and field, swimming and powerlifting.

His wife Pamela is also a Paralympic athlete. They married in 1988 and have a son.

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
American male discus throwers
American male shot putters
American male javelin throwers
American male swimmers
American powerlifters
Paralympic track and field athletes for the United States
Paralympic silver medalists for the United States
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2007 Parapan American Games
Paralympic discus throwers
Paralympic javelin throwers
Paralympic shot putters


title: Paul Westwood

text:
Paul Westwood (born 1953) is an English bass player, composer, educator and author.

Discography

Filmography

Film
 The World is Full of Married Men (1979) for composers Bugatti and Musker
 Lost and Found (1979) for composer John Cameron
 The Legend of the Lone Ranger (1981) for composer John Barry
 Never Say Never Again (1983) for composer Michel Legrand
 Joyeuses Paques (Happy Easter) (1984) for composer Philippe Sarde
 Hors-La-Loi (Outlaws) (1985) for composer Philippe Sarde
 Sid and Nancy (1986) for the Sex Pistols
 Labyrinth (1986) for composer Trevor Jones, David Bowie
 Evita (1996) for composers Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber
 Little Voice (1998) for composer John Altman
 The Life and Death of Peter Sellers (2004) for composer Richard Hartley
 Bohemian Rhapsody (2018) (bass guitar coach) for composers Queen

Television

 Children’s Hospital theme, ‘Ray of Sunshine’ (1993-2003) for Debbie Wiseman

 A Touch of Frost (1992-2010) for composer Barbara Thompson

 Soldier Soldier (1991–99) for composer Jim Parker

 Shrinks (1991) for composer Debbie Wiseman

 A Royal Gala in aid of The Princes Trust (feat. Robin Williams) (1987) for musical director Alyn Ainsworth

 The Worst Witch (film) (1986) for composer Denis King

 Hotel du Lac (film) (1986) for composer Carl Davis

 Strike It Lucky theme 'Born To Run'(1996–99) for composer Paul Westwood

 Stage Fright, Only Fools and Horses (1991). Personal appearance. for composers Ronny Hazelhurst and John Sullivan

 Only Fools and Horses (1981-2003) for composers Ronny Hazelhurst and John Sullivan

 Bergerac (1981–91) for composer George Fenton

 The Racing Game (1979) for composer Mike Moran

 for Alyn Ainsworth (ITV musical director)
 Live from the Palladium
 Live from Her Majesty’s Theatre
 BAFTA Award Show
 Royal Variety Show
 Jimmy Tarbuck Show
 Surprise Surprise (Cilla Black)

for John Coleman
 Eurovision Song Contest
 Les Dawson Show
 The Best of Les Dawson
 The Best of Tommy Cooper
 Opportunity Knocks (Bob Monkhouse)
 Lena Zavaroni Show

References

Discography

 Paul Westwood – credits at Rate Your Music. Retrieved 8 April 2019

Interviews
 DMME, Let It Rock (Nov 2004), Interview with John Hiseman. Retrieved 8 April 2019
 Harold Fisher on Paul Westwood. 'Turned Out Nice Again: The Story of British Light Entertainment' (2013). Barfe Louis, Atlantic Books Ltd. , 9781848877573
 Interview with Per Elios Drablos. ‘The Quest for the Melodic Electric Bass: From Jamerson to Spenner’ (2015). Ashgate Publishing.

External links
 Official Website
 Paul Westwood’s Jazz FX management
 AMA Music book publishers
 DVD publishers

1953 births
Living people
English bass guitarists
English male guitarists
Male bass guitarists


title: Enebeli Elebuwa

text:
Enebeli Elebuwa  (1946–2012) was a Nigerian actor.

Early life
Elebuwa was born in the northern part of Delta State. He is an Ukwuani by origin from Isumpe quarters of Utagba-Uno in Ndokwa-West Local Government Area of Delta State.

Death
Elebuwa suffered a major stroke and was flown overseas for medical treatment. He died aged 66 in a hospital in India on 5 December 2012 and was laid to rest at Vaults & Gardens, Ajah, Lagos, formerly Victoria Court Cemetery.

Filmography
Royal War
Bent Arrows
Against my Blood
A Prize to Pay
City of Kings
Last Dance

References

External links

2012 deaths
1947 births
Nigerian male film actors
Male actors from Delta State
20th-century Nigerian male actors
Burials at Victoria Court Cemetery
Nigerian male television actors


title: William James Lanyon Smith

text:
William James Lanyon Smith  (1 December 1922 – 2 December 2018) was a New Zealand naval officer. He served in the Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve during World War II and was second-in-command of a midget submarine during an attack in Singapore codenamed Operation Struggle, for which he was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order.

Early life
Smith was born in Gore, New Zealand, on 1 December 1922 and became a school teacher.

Second World War
During World War II, Smith was a member of the Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve. In May 1944 he was posted to the Royal Navy's midget submarine base at Port Bannatyne in Scotland and he became a temporary sub-lieutenant in September 1944. He served on the ‘X’ craft midget submarine depot ship HMS Bonaventure from December 1944 to April 1946.

On 31 July 1945 in the Straits of Johor, Singapore, Smith was second-in-command of an improved X-boat, HMS XE-3, that attacked the Japanese heavy cruiser Takao, after making a long and hazardous journey through mined waters. He manned the hydroplanes throughout the 17½-hour mission. In command of the submarine was Lieutenant Ian Fraser; the two other members of the crew were Acting Leading Seaman James Magennis, the diver who attached the limpet mines to the Takao, and Engine Room Artificer Third Class Charles Alfred Reed, who was at the wheel.

Following the attack on the Takao, Smith was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order. His citation, published in a supplement to the London Gazette dated 13 November 1945, read:

Reed received the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal, while Magennis and Fraser were both awarded the Victoria Cross. Smith was promoted to temporary lieutenant in December 1945.

Post-war naval career
In June 1946, Smith transferred to the Royal New Zealand Navy with the rank of lieutenant. Between 1947 and 1953 he served successively on HMNZS Bellona, HMNZS Hawea and HMNZS Lachlan. In February 1953 he was posted to HMNZS Maori as her executive officer, and in May that year was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander.

From November 1955 until 1957 he was stationed at the navy office in Wellington (HMNZS Wakefield), and then he served as commanding officer of HMNZS Shackleton. In December 1959, Smith was promoted to the rank of commander, and from February 1960 until October 1962 he served as commanding officer of HMNZS Lachlan and hydrographer of the Royal New Zealand Navy. Thereafter he was director of hydrography at HMNZS Wakefield.

In the 1968 Queen's Birthday Honours, Smith was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.

Smith died in Wellington on 2 December 2018.

Honorific eponym
The Royal New Zealand Navy's headquarters for its operational diving team, maritime operations evaluation team and diving school are housed in the Commander William Smith Building—named in Smith's honour and officially opened by him in 2006—at the Devonport Naval Base in Auckland.

References

1922 births
2018 deaths
New Zealand Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Gore, New Zealand
Royal New Zealand Navy personnel of World War II


title: ARY Film Award for Best Choreography

text:
The ARY Film Award for Best Choreography is an ARY Film Award that is awarded each year to the best choreographer. It is one of eleven Technical Awarding category.

History
The Best Background Score category originates with the 1st ARY Film Awards ceremony since 2014. This category has been given to the best Background choreographer for his/her work for the films of previous year to the ceremony held by Jury selection.

Winners and Nominees

As of 2014, No nominations were made, winner selection and nomination were wholly made by AFAS Jury of Technical award.

2010s

References

External links

ARY Film Award winners
ARY Film Awards


title: Lior Schleien

text:
Lior Schleien  (; born 1 July 1978) is an Israeli television producer and host.

Early life
Lior Schleien was born in 1978 in Tel Aviv, Israel to Jewish parents of Lithuanian descent. He holds law degrees from Tel Aviv University.

Career
He started his television career in 2002, by writing and hosting a satire segment on Yair Lapid's talk show. He later joined the writing staff of Eretz Nehederet and since 2004 he's been creating, producing and hosting his own shows, including Tonight ("HaLayla") which won the Israeli Academy Award for Best Talk Show.

He is the creator and host of the prime time comedy and satire TV show Matzav Ha'Uma.  President Shimon Peres, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Joan Rivers (in a special episode which was taped in New York), were some of the guests on the show, which won the Israeli Academy Award for Best Comedy Show twice, in 2012–2013, and its 7th season, which ended in April 2014, received average ratings of 24%.

In 2011, he created, produced and hosted When Will the Cops Come? – The Freedom of Speech Prom (Matay Yavo Shoter? – Mesibat Sium Hofesh Habituy), a gathering of comedians and media personalities in protest against new laws of the Israeli government that they viewed as restricting the freedom of speech. In the event, which took place in Tel Aviv, every speaker was allocated 5 minutes to say anything on his mind, without reprisal, in the eleventh hour before the new laws were enacted.

In 2013, he was chosen by Ha'aretz Newspaper as the 4th most influential person on Israeli Television.

Personal life
He is the life partner of Merav Michaeli, a member of the Israeli parliament and leader of the Israeli Labor Party. They have two children via surrogacy. He is an atheist.

References

1978 births
Living people
People from Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv University alumni
Israeli television producers
Israeli television presenters
Israeli people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Israeli atheists
Jewish atheists
Israeli Ashkenazi Jews


title: Rostromedial tegmental nucleus

text:
The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), also known as the tail of the ventral tegmental area (tVTA), is a GABAergic nucleus which functions as a "master brake" for the midbrain dopamine system. This region was discovered by the researchers, M. Barrot, J.Kaufling and T. Jhou.  It is poorly differentiated from the rest of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and possesses robust functional and structural links to the dopamine pathways.  Notably, both acute and chronic exposure to psychostimulants have been shown to induce FosB and ΔFosB expression in the RMTg; no other drug type has been shown to induce these proteins in the RMTg.

Inputs
The RMTg receives incoming projections from the following structures:
Medial prefrontal cortex
Cingulate cortex
Preoptic area
Lateral hypothalamus
Lateral habenula
Superior colliculus
Periaqueductal gray
Dorsal raphe
Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
Substantia nigra
Nucleus accumbens
Pontine tegmentum
Ventral pallidum

Outputs
GABA projections from the RMTg include:
RMTg → Raphe nuclei
RMTg → Preoptic area
RMTg → Lateral hypothalamus
RMTg → Substantia nigra
RMTg → VTA
RMTg → Periaqueductal gray
RMTg → Pontine tegmentum

Clinical significance

The RMTg plays a "crucial role" in the regulation of dopaminergic neuronal activity in the central nervous system by endogenous opioids and opiate drugs. The GABAergic neurons that project from the RMTg to the midbrain dopaminergic nuclei (i.e., the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta) express μ-opioid receptors. Current evidence suggests that exogenous opiates (e.g., morphine and heroin) excite the dopamine pathways originating in the VTA by activating the μ-opioid receptors in neurons projecting from the RMTg; opioid activation of these neurons leads to disinhibition of the GABAergic brake on dopamine networks. Since RMTg projections to the VTA are the primary inhibitor of the dopaminergic pathways that are implicated in addiction (e.g., the mesolimbic pathway), the RMTg plays a significant role in the development of opiate addictions.

Psychostimulants have been shown to increase expression of the FosB and ΔFosB in the RMTg;  the effects of stimulant-induced increases in ΔFosB expression in the RMTg are not known.

Notes

References

Midbrain