title: José Luis Zamanillo González-Camino

text:
José Luis Zamanillo González-Camino (1903–1980) was a Spanish Traditionalist politician. He was the leader of Carlist paramilitary Requeté structures during the Republic and a champion of Carlist collaborationist policy during mid-Francoism, though in the 1940s he maintained a firm anti-regime stand. He was also a representative of the post-Francoist hard core in the course of early transition to parliamentary democracy. He served in the parliament in two strings of 1933-1936 and 1961–1976; in 1961-1976 he was also a member of the Francoist Consejo Nacional. In 1972-1976 he was a member of Consejo de Estado.

Family and youth

José Luis' paternal ancestors originated from Biscay; the great-grandfather was a pharmacist. His son Gregorio Zamanillo del Campo also ran a pharmacy, first in the Biscay Carrantza and later in the Cantabrian Laredo. Politically he sympathized with Carlism, though after the 1888 Integrist breakup he followed the secessionists. Gregorio was married twice; José Luis' father, José Zamanillo Monreal (1866-1920), was born out of the second marriage. He also became a pharmacist and owned a business in Santander; like his predecessor, he also developed Integrist sympathies. At the turn of the centuries he emerged as a recognized local Traditionalist activist; he co-organized Centro Católico Montañés, the Integrist outpost in Cantabria, co-founded urban and rural Catholic trade unions, and became president of La Propaganda Católica de Santander, a publishing house issuing El Diario Montañés, a militantly anti-liberal daily affiliated with the Santander bishopry. President of the Integrist Junta Provincial and member of the regional Castilla La Vieja executive, in 1909-11 he served as concejal in the Santander ayuntamiento and in 1915 briefly as diputado provincial.

Zamanillo Monreal married María González-Camino y Velasco, descendant to a bourgeoisie family originating from Esles de Cayón. It was founded by an enriched indiano, Francisco González-Camino, and has traditionally remained in the first row of business, politics and culture in the region, holding stakes in companies from banking, insurance, industry, railways, electrify, utilities and other businesses. José and María settled in Santander and had 6 children; they were brought up "en un hogar español cristiano y montañes", learning "to prey to God and to love Spain" and with a sense of local Cantabrian pride. José Luis was born as the second oldest son. His older brother Nicolás followed in the footsteps of 3 generations and also became a pharmacist, his younger brother Gregorio became a physician. Two of his sisters tried their hand in letters, Matilde more successful than María; all were active in Traditionalism.

Little is known about education of José Luis; at one point he left family home to join the Jesuit college of the Biscay Orduña, where he obtained bachillerato. Then he commenced law studies and one source claims he graduated at Deusto; date of his graduation is not known, normally it would have fallen on the mid-1920s. He commenced law career in his native Santander; details are not clear, except that in 1930 he already practiced on his own handling civil cases and in 1931 was referred to as "joven abogado". In 1931 José Luis married Luisa Urquiza y Castillo (1905-2002); none of the sources consulted provides any information on her family. The couple settled in Santander and had 12 children; 2 of them died in infancy. None of them grew to prominence, though some were active Traditionalists. The best-known relative of José Luis is his older cousin, Marcial Solana González-Camino; an Integrist Cortes deputy in 1916, he made his name in the 1920s and 1930s as Traditionalist philosopher and author.

Cortes deputy and paramilitary leader (1931-1936)

José Luis engaged in unspecified Integrist activity already during last years of the monarchy. When in late 1931 the party commenced re-integration into Carlism, the three Zamanillo brothers followed suit and joined the united Comunión Tradicionalista. It seems that José Luis remained in the shadow of Nicolás, who led Juventud Integrista, was noted as public speaker in 1932 and grew to head of Juventud Tradicionalista in Santander. During the run-up to the 1933 elections it seemed that Nicolás would emerge at the forefront, but in unclear circumstances it turned out that José Luis represented the Carlists on the joint Santander list of Unión de Derechas Agrarias. He was comfortably elected and somewhat unexpectedly he emerged among 20-odd Carlist deputies, most distinguished figures of the Comunión, and one of the few representing a new generation. Zamanillo's rise was so startling that to acknowledge it, editors celebrating 100 years of Carlism had to hastily amend their publications.

Zamanillo remained moderately active as a deputy. He joined Comisión de Comunicaciones and formed a group advancing the interests of Cantabrian fishermen, later growing to head of its Junta Directiva. During general sessions he was noted as following the overall Carlist strategy, highly suspicious towards the CEDA-Radical governments, at times taking part in parliamentary obstruction and rather occasionally making it to the headlines of the Carlist press. It was not Cortes activity which gained him recognition in the party. Following a general overhaul of Comunión command layer in 1934 the former Integrists gained a strong position and their man Manuel Fal Conde rose to Jéfe Delegado. It was Fal who in May 1934 appointed Zamanillo head of Special Delegation for the Requeté, section of the party executive co-ordinating growth of the Carlist paramilitary. With neither military training nor combat experience, Zamanillo was entrusted with general organization, financing, logistics, recruitment, personal policy and overall guidance. His key objective was to re-format requeté into a nationwide Frente Nacional de Boinas Rojas, the task successfully carried out in course of 1935. Himself involved in logistics, he was however focused on recruitment, with the overall Requeté strength growing from 4,000 in late 1934 to 25,000 in mid-1936.

Politically Zamanillo remained among the Carlist hawks; though he signed the Bloque Nacional funding act, in 1935 he developed enmity towards the monarchist alliance advanced by the likes of Rodezno and Pradera. On the other hand, he remained on excellent terms with the Cantabrian Falange and its leader Manuel Hedilla. The policy backfired when in 1936 the Carlists were left out of the local Cantabrian Candidatura Contrarrevolucionaria; standing on their own they fared badly and Zamanillo lost his Cortes ticket with just 12,000 votes gathered. He could have focused on buildup of requete structures, considered its "protagonista fundamental"; he was touring the country, delivering addresses, attending meetings and mobilizing support. At that time initially defensive Requeté format was rapidly being re-defined to embrace a new, insurgent strategy.

Conspirator and insurgent (1936)

In March 1936 Zamanillo entered a Carlist body co-ordinating preparations to a rising and based in Sant-Jean-de-Luz. He was among key architects of a so-called "Plan de los Tres Frentes", a project of toppling the Republic by means of an exclusively Carlist coup; it crashed in early June when security unearthed a depot with hundreds of false Guardia Civil uniforms. Preparations were re-formatted as negotiations with the military conspiracy. Since 1935 engaged in noncommittal talks with UME he took part in key debates of early summer, meeting general Mola on June 11 and July 2. In conspiracy using the alias of "Sanjuan", Zamanillo was cruising between Sant-Jean-de-Luz, his temporary headquarters of Elizondo, Irun  and Estella. He adhered to the line advocated by Fal, who demanded that political deal is concluded first and who opposed unconditional access to military coup. Details are not entirely clear; at one point it seemed that negotiations with increasingly desperate Mola  have crashed, but eventually the Navarrese outmaneuvered Fal and closed an ambiguous deal. On July 15 Zamanillo ordered requeté mobilization and 2 days later he issued the order to rise.

As the hostilities broke out Zamanillo was flown together with Fal from southern France to the Nationalist zone. In August 1936 he entered Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra, the new wartime executive Carlist structure; he co-headed Delegación Nacional de Requeté, a sub-unit of Sección Militar, with his duties related to recruitment, personal appointments and general administration. In September he toured the frontlines, hailing common Carlist-Falangist comradeship, lambasting CEDA and somewhat belittling the military. Congratulated by his king Alfonso Carlos, following his death in October he travelled to Vienna to attend the funeral. Having hardly noticed the ascent of Franco he rather saluted Don Javier as a new caudillo and had problems coming to terms with the vision of perhaps necessary, transitional military dictatorship before a Traditionalist monarchy gets reinstated.

In late 1936 Zamanillo kept co-ordinating requeté recruitment and organization, voicing strongly in favor of independence and regional basis of the Carlist units. Informal talks with the military produced an idea of organizing systematic training for Carlist would-be officers, the concept which materialized as Real Academia Militar de Requetés, announced by Fal to be set up shortly. As it was initially to be based in Pamplona, Zamanillo contacted the Navarrese Carlists in an apparent bid to offer an olive branch and address increasingly sour relations between their Junta Central Carlista de Guerra de Navarra and the Burgos-based Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra. On December 20 he accompanied Fal in his journey from Toledo to Franco's Salamanca headquarters but was left in antechamber when Dávila presented Fal with an alternative of either exile or the firing squad. Later the same day he took part in an improvised session of Junta Nacional, discussing the ultimatum from the military; Zamanillo's stand is not clear, before later the same day he returned with Fal to Toledo.

Dissenting Nationalist (1937-1939)

While Fal complied with the military ultimatum and left the Nationalist zone for Portugal, within the Carlist command Zamanillo formed the faction of his most staunch supporters. Already in early January 1937 he met Dávila in vain seeking to ensure Fal's return, yet at the time the lot of Jefe Delegado was getting gradually eclipsed by rumors of amalgamating Carlism into sort of a new state party. Zamanillo took part in the February session of Carlist heavyweights in the Portuguese Insua, which confirmed him as member of the strict 7-member executive. During the following session, held in March in Burgos, he and Valiente acted as chief Falcondistas and displayed most skepticism about would-be unification, confirming that attacks against Comunión hierarchy were unacceptable; nevertheless, the junta vaguely and unanimously agreed that political unity was a must. The same month he denounced political maneuvering and presented the military with Don Javier's letter advocating the return of Fal; though Zamanillo remained on amicable terms with Mola, he was viewed increasingly unfavorably in Franco's entourage. In the final meeting of Carlist executive in Burgos of early April 1937 he assumed a hard line, protesting alien intervention in Carlist affairs.

In the aftermath of Unification Decree, on April 19 enraged Zamanillo resigned from all functions; he was so disgusted with apparent bewilderment among the Carlist executive that he concluded that Fal's exile worked to his advantage, allowing Jefe Delegado to maintain an honorable position. A number of sources claim that embittered, Zamanillo enlisted to combat requeté units, though none provides any details of his service. He might have enlisted to Tercio de Navarra or Tercio de Palencia, where his brothers served, though scarce information does not allow to tell which Zamanillo was meant in the reports. In May 1937 he was still noted in Pamplona, when dodging unification process he was issuing antedated requeté promotions. Also later Zamanillo kept sabotaging unification; in November 1937 and still in Pamplona he assisted Carlist volunteers who deserted from Falange-dominated units and re-directed them to newly formed Navarrese tercios.

Once Cantabria had been taken over by the Nationalists some young local Carlists started to form anti-unification resistance groups. The dissenters, dubbed "Tercio José Luis Zamanillo", were eventually prosecuted; it is not clear to what extent Zamanillo was involved and whether he held any posts in the new Nationalist administration of Santander. There is almost no information on Zamanillo's whereabouts during 1938, except minor pieces related to occasional Carlist feasts. In early 1939, shortly before the end of the war, he co-signed a document named Manifestacion de los Ideales Tradicionalistas, a memorandum of key Carlist politicians; delivered to Franco, it contained a lengthy discourse arguing that once the war was about to end, it was time to introduce the Traditionalist monarchy. The document was left with no response.

Carlist against Francoism (1940-1954)

In the early 1940s, Zamanillo formed the core of Falcondistas, acting as watchdogs of the Carlist orthodoxy. Fal, partially incommunicado, considered him, Senante and Lamamié "el triunvirato de los feroces integristas tachados de intemprantes" and indeed as Fal's trustee he carried out appointments in Navarre, always keen to pursue their own policy. He made sure that Comunión remained neutral towards the European war, that claims of the new Alfonsist claimant Don Juan were rejected with pro-Juanista sympathies eradicated and that there was no political collaboration with the regime. In a 1941 document he castigated Francoism as totalitarian system rejected by the society. Touring the country from Seville to Barcelona Zamanillo delivered addresses at meetings styled as Christian or ex-combatant feasts. In 1943 he co-signed Reclamacion del poder, Carlist memorandum demanding introduction of Traditionalist monarchy; in May he was detained, spent a week in police dungeons and was ordered exile in Albacete, terminated in April 1944. Still head of Requeté structures he tried to prevent their disintegration. In 1945 he was among those behind Pamplona riots; detained and trialed in early 1946, Zamanillo was the only member of Carlist executive sentenced to unconditional incarceration.

By May 1946 Zamanillo was free again, speaking at the predominantly Carlist Montserrat feast. He used to attend the gathering systematically, present also in 1947, though in the late 1940s his relations with Sivatte, chief personality of Catalan Carlism, deteriorated; Zamanillo's calls for discipline were largely aimed against the Sivattistas. Confirmed as member of Consejo Nacional and attending the first gathering or regional leaders since Insua he was bent on preserving Traditionalist identity against Francoist distortions and called for setting up Centro de Estudios Doctrinales. An awkward sign of recognition came in wake of his 1948 trip to Rome, when the émigré PSUC periodical noted him among "dirigents del [Carlist] movimient" whose dissidence demonstrated ongoing decomposition of Francoism.

It is neither clear where Zamanillo lived in the late 1940s and early 1950s nor how he made a living; sporadically he was mentioned as related either to Santander or to Madrid, in both cases connected to the education system. Most likely he kept practicing as a lawyer, as demonstrated by proceedings related both to minors and to politics: in 1953 he was involved in machinations to ensure that former wife of another Carlist claimant, the late Carlos VIII, would not get legal custody of their juvenile daughters. As the action was allegedly triggered by Franco himself, the episode might be indicative of Zamanillo's improving relations with the regime. On the Carlist front he remained loyal to Fal and kept fighting the increasingly vocal Sivattistas; none of the sources consulted clarifies whether he joined those pressing Don Javier to terminate the regency and to claim monarchic rights himself, what sort of happened in Barcelona in 1952; it was only much later that he declared it a grave error. In 1954 he was confirmed as a member of largely inactive Junta Nacional and its day-to-day executive, a Permanent Commission.

Carlist in collaboration (1955-1962)

When Fal Conde resigned in August 1955 Zamanillo was still member of Junta Nacional and one of the party moguls. Don Javier did not nominate a new Jefe Delegado, creating a new collegial executive, Secretaría Nacional; according to some scholars Zamanillo initially was not appointed and got recommended by Fal slightly afterwards, according to others he formed part from the onset. At that time those advocating more intransigence competed with those advocating more flexibility. It is not clear where Zamanillo stood; for 20 years the right hand of adamant Fal, only some time later he emerged as supporter of the collaborative strategy, championed by Valiente. Within Carlism the anti-Francoist feelings were running high, with especially the Navarros and the Gipuzkoanos trying to sabotage his nomination; during the 1956 Montejurra gathering they tried to block his access to the microphone, and when he finally succeeded, they cut the cables. However, the collaborationists and Zamanillo consolidated their position; backed by the claimant, who conferred Carlist honors upon him, he was handling the link to Movimiento, a tricky task as the Carlist rank and file booed and jeered whenever the name of the Francoist state party was mentioned. Together with Valiente and Saenz-Díez he soon emerged as member of a new triumvirate running the party.

The new strategy seemed to work and in 1957 Zamanillo was rumored to land a ministerial job or a high position in Movimiento, the perspective which faded away once Arrese had been replaced with Solis. Undeterred, he kept advocating flexibility towards the regime as the best way to confront Juanistas, who should be beaten not "en los montes sino desde los cargos oficiales". In 1958 he was nominated secretario general, a new position reporting only to Valiente, and the same year got double-hatted as regional jefe of Castilla la Vieja. He cautiously endorsed introduction of the Carlist prince Carlos Hugo and taking advantage of his links with the regime officials intervened to spare him trouble, be it after the 1958 Montejurra, before the 1960 Montejurra, securing his residence permit in Madrid in 1960 and 1961 or launching the bid for Spanish citizenship for the Borbon-Parmas.

At the turn of the decades, Zamanillo's position in Carlism reached its climax. Though Valiente was officially nominated new Jefe Delegado, due to his requeté past Zamanillo enjoyed more prestige; he handed over the post of requeté leader as late as 1960. Within the party he was entrusted with disciplinary missions. When addressing gatherings at Montserrat and Montejurra he could have afforded to ignore suggestions of Movimiento and Carlist leaders alike. During aplecs advocating "religious unity consubstantial with national unity", since 1959 he organized "marchas al Valle de los Caídos", an initiative providing opportunity to fraternize with the Falangists and himself frequently wined and dined with the Movimiento officials, even though he was suspicious about genuine intentions of the regime. In 1961 Zamanillo was nominated to Consejo Nacional, which guaranteed seat in the Cortes, and in 1962 he was admitted by Franco.

Breakup (1962-1963)

Zamanillo's interventions facilitating Carlos Hugo's entry proved successful and in January 1962 the young prince settled in Madrid. He turned a group of his young entourage into Secretaría Privada, which in turn embarked on a number of new initiatives. Zamanillo viewed them as part of the collaborationist strategy and supported; in 1960 Semana Nacional de Estudios of AET in Valle de los Caidós he spoke about a possibilist evolution of the doctrine and engaged in Círculos Vázquez de Mella. The sympathy, however, was not reciprocal. Unlike the older generation, for whom Zamanillo was an icon of requeté, Carlos Hugo and his aides, like Ramón Massó and José María Zavala, were far more skeptical. They considered him an old-type man of the past, valiant but with scarce political intuition and tending to inactivity. Once the Hugocarlistas gained formal outposts and launched own initiatives, friendly but loose early relations were getting thorny. Initially it looked like a generational conflict, not helped by Zamanillo's unshakable sense of own authority. He was getting uneasy about what was becoming known as "camarilla" of the prince, the youth were skeptical about his power-hungry "requeté cohort".

In few weeks suspicion turned into a full-scale conflict, especially that upon closer contact Zamanillo developed doubts about Traditionalist orthodoxy of the Hugocarlistas. They also identified him as a chief obstacle in their path to power and got determined to remove it. Conscious of royal support they did not step back and provoked Zamanillo to resign from his post in the executive; he intended the move as a mere demonstration of protest. With his resignation awaiting royal decision, in the spring of 1962 he opposed structural changes proposed by Hugocarlistas and spoke out against "delfinismo", which puts "sons against fathers". At the same time he launched Hermandad de Antiguos Combatientes de Tercios de Requeté, an organization supposed to help in the imminent clash for power, and openly confronted new advancements of Carlos Hugo. The conflict materialized over few other issues yet did not seem unbridgeable until in September 1962 his resignation – to Zamanillo's shock and amazement and against the advice of Valiente – was accepted.

Since the fall of 1962 Zamanillo developed a furious anti-Hugocarlista activity; it culminated in a letter, denouncing Carlos Hugo as ignorant and subversive revolutionary. In 1963 Massó and his men prepared ground for final confrontation, marginalizing Zamanillo's supporters, floating rumors about his treason and mobilizing support of iconic personalities. Zamanillo played into their hands resigning from further functions, also in Hermandad. The climax came in June 1963, when on a party council the Hugocarlistas launched an all-out attack advancing a number of charges. In November Secretaría demanded that Zamanillo be expulsed; Don Javier had few doubts and Zamanillo was purged by the year-end. Hugocarlista strategy worked perfectly; disguising their progressive agenda they deflected the conflict from ideological confrontation to secondary issues, isolated their opponent, provoked him into unguarded moves, and removed the key person bent on preventing their intended control of Carlism.

Francoist (1964-1974)

In the early 1960s Zamanillo was already considered icon of collaborationism, as evidenced by his 1961 nomination to its Consejo Nacional. In 1962 Franco thought him a candidate for vice-minister of justice, nomination thwarted by Carrero Blanco, who denounced him – either erroneously or as part of own stratagem – as supporter of Carlos Hugo. Following expulsion from Carlism Zamanillo was welcome among the Movimiento hardliners. In 1964 he was awarded Gran Cruz del Mérito Civil, a visible sign of excellent relations with the regime. His nomination to Consejo was renewed in 1964, to be prolonged in 1967 and 1971; as consejero he had seat in the Cortes guaranteed.

Within the Francoist structures Zamanillo entered important though not front-row bodies. In 1964 he became secretary of Comisión de Ordenación Institucional, entrusted with working out a new recipe for Falangism; in 1967 he was secretary to its later incarnation, the section of "Principios fundamentales y desarollo político". In the Cortes he worked in commission drafting Ley Orgánica del Movimiento, an eventually abandoned attempt to ensure Falangist domination. In 1967 he grew to one of 4 secretarios of the diet, the function renewed also in 1971, and represented Spain in international inter-parliamentary bodies. In 1970 Zamanillo's status was acknowledged with Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Militár. In terms of officialdom his position climaxed in 1972, when Zamanillo entered Consejo de Estado.

In terms of impact on real-life politics Zamanillo found himself increasingly marginalized; he sided with the Falangist core, which during the 1960s was outmaneuvered by the technocratic bureaucracy. Though speaking with Franco "many times" and allegedly conceded to be right, he failed to influence the caudillo who allowed political changes that Zamanillo opposed, like liberalization of the labor law or the press law; the project which drew his particular enmity was the 1967 Law on Religious Liberties. On the other hand, he supported the 1966 introduction of Tercio Familiar as a step towards Traditionalist type of representation; claiming that backbone of Traditionalism was doctrinal rather than dynastical in 1969 he voted in favor of Juan Carlos as the future king. In late 1973 Zamanillo participated in one of the last hardline attempts to seize control, Comisión Mixta Gobierno-Consejo Nacional, dissolved soon afterward by Carrero Blanco.

Labeled "falso carlista" by Don Javier, Zamanillo kept considering himself a Carlist. He kept leading Hermandad of ex-combatants, periodically purging it of the most vocal Javieristas; at the turn of the decades he considered it a would-be platform to launch a new Carlist organization, a "Comunión without a king". The organization finally animated to this end was already existing Hermandad de Maestrazgo; Zamanillo presided over its Patronat Nacional in 1972 and in 1973 entered its collegial presidency. With Valiente and Ramón Forcadell considered a triumvirate running the group, he emphasized Falangist and Traditionalist commonality in the service of Spain and Franco. The organization failed to attract popular support and did not become a genuine Carlist counterweight to the newly emergent Partido Carlista.

Post-Francoist Traditionalist (1975-1980)

During the final years of Francoism Zamanillo engaged in the launch of a broad Traditionalist organization. Following the so-called Ley Arias of December 1974, which legalized political associations, he first tried to mobilize support by means of a new periodical, Brújula, gathering together "partidarios de la Monarquía tradicional, social y representativa". In June  1975 the initiative materialized with 25,000 signatures required as Unión Nacional Española; Zamanillo entered its Comisión Permanente and in early 1976 jointly with Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora its presidency, becoming also member of Junta Directiva. The association, in 1976 officially registered as political party, adhered to Traditionalist principles; Zamanillo explained its objectives as "lo que hay que hacer es un 18 de julio pacífico y político", played down differences with other right-wing groupings and advanced suggestions of a National Front, formed by UNE, ANEPA, UDPE and others. In May 1976 he co-organized Traditionalist attempt to dominate the annual Carlist Montejurra gathering, since mid-1960s controlled by the Hugocarlistas; the day produced violence, with two Partido Carlista militants shot.

Still member of the Cortes, when forming factions had been allowed Zamanillo joined Acción Institucional, the closest one to the hardline búnker. Having noticed with some surprise in May 1976 that "heritage of July 18 is no longer protected by state", in the diet he did his best first to obstruct works on a new law on political parties voting against its final version, and to water-down the draft on Ley Para la Reforma Política; in November 1976 he was among those who refused to commit "political suicide of the Francoist Cortes" and cast a "no" ballot during the plenary session; indeed he was already speaking openly about a suicidal governmental policy.

In gear-up to the elections in late 1976 UNE joined the Alianza Popular coalition and Zamanillo signed its founding manifesto. In parallel, apparently somewhat skeptical about the UNE format and definitely disillusioned about Juan Carlos, in February 1977 he co-founded a strictly Carlist organization, Comunión Tradicionalista, and entered its executive; dynastic leader of the party turned out to be Sixto, Traditionalist younger brother of Carlos Hugo. In the June 1977 elections Zamanillo ran for the senate on the UNE/AP list from Santander, but suffered heavy defeat. UNE was getting increasingly divided about the general strategy; its November 1977 General Assembly turned into mayhem. Zamanillo and his supporters demanded leaving AP; in the ensuing chaos, they staged a parallel session and elected a new party executive. The opposing faction of Fernández de la Mora appealed in court and won; in December 1977 Zamanillo was expulsed from UNE. He then focused on Comunión, which prior to 1979 elections joined the Unión Nacional alliance; this time Zamanillo did not run.

See also
 Carlism
 Spanish Civil War
 Carlo-francoism
 Spanish transition to democracy

Footnotes

Further reading

 Julio Aróstegui, Eduardo Calleja, La tradición recuperada: El requeté carlista y la insurrección, [in:] Historia Contemporanea 11 (1994), pp. 29–53
 Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 1975,
 Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo 1962-1977, Pamplona 1997,
 Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015
 Eduardo González Calleja, Contrarrevolucionarios, Madrid 2011,
 Jeremy Macclancy, The Decline of Carlism, Reno 2000,
 Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis UNED], Valencia 2009
 Miguel A. del Río Morillas, Origen y desarollo de Unión Nacional Española (UNE): la experiencia de la extrema derecha neofranquista de Alianza Popular (AP), [in:] Molinero, Tébar (eds.), VIII Encuentro Internacional de Investigadores del Franquismo CD-ROM 2013
 Miguel A. del Río Morillas, De la extreme derecha neofranquista a la derecha conservadora: los orígenes de Alianza Popular (1973-1979) [PhD thesis Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona], Barcelona 2013
 Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015
 José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez, Reaccionarios y golpistas. La extrema derecha en España: del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia (1967-1982), Salamanca 1994,
 Julian Sanz Hoya, De la resistencia a la reacción: las derechas frente a la Segunda República, Salamanca 2006,
 Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El final de una ilusión. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957-1967), Madrid 2016,
 Aurora Villanueva Martinez, Los incidentes del 3 de diciembre de 1945 en la Plaza del Castillo, [in:] Principe de Viana 212 (1997), pp. 629–650

External links
 Historical Index of Deputies
 paperclip on Zamanillo and Montejurra 1976
 Zamanillo registering Communion Tradicionalista in 1977
 Vizcainos! Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda

People from Santander, Spain
Carlists
FET y de las JONS politicians
Francoist Spain
Members of the Congress of Deputies (Spain)
People of the Spanish Civil War
20th-century Spanish lawyers
Spanish monarchists
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
Spanish Roman Catholics
Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish Republic

1903 births
1980 deaths


title: Apollo KH Hospital

text:
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References

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Hospitals in Vellore
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Hospitals established in 2003


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Team roster

Riders who joined the team for the 2014 season

Riders who left the team during or after the 2013 season

Season victories

Footnotes

References

2014 road cycling season by team
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2014 in Italian sport


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Cast
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References

External links

1999 films
Italian erotic drama films
Films directed by Salvatore Piscicelli
1990s erotic drama films
1999 drama films
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Living people
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People from Samburu County


title: Emerald Mound and Village Site

text:
The Emerald Mound and Village Site (Emerald Site) is a pre-Columbian archaeological site located northwest of the junction of Emerald Mound Grange and Midgley Neiss Roads in St. Clair County, Illinois. The site includes five mounds, two of which have been destroyed by modern activity, and the remains of a village. Middle Mississippian peoples inhabited the village, which was a satellite village of Cahokia. The largest of the mounds is a two-tiered structure that stands  high; its square base is  across, while its upper tier is  across. At the time of its discovery, the mound was the second-largest known in Illinois after Monks Mound at Cahokia.

The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 26, 1971.

References

External links

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in St. Clair County, Illinois
Middle Mississippian culture
Mounds in Illinois


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text:
Blood is an EP by the Polish death metal band Vader. It was released on 22 September 2003 in Europe via Metal Blade, and day after in Poland by Metal Mind. Japanese edition was released on 22 October 2003 by Avalon Marquee.

Tracks 1-2 were recorded and mixed in July 2003 at RG Studio in Gdańsk, Poland. Mastering took place at RG Studio in Gdańsk, Poland. Tracks 3-7 were recorded and mixed between February and March 2002 at Red Studio in Gdańsk, Poland during Revelations (2002) sessions, and mastered at Studio 333 in Częstochowa, Poland.

This is the last release with drummer Krzysztof Raczkowski, the first one with Marcin Nowak as bass player (without performing on the tracks), and featuring Jacek Hiro's performance, it is the only release with the participation of all members from Dies Irae.

Track listing

Personnel
Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes.

Charts

Weekly

Monthly

Release history

References

2003 EPs
Vader (band) albums
Metal Mind Productions albums
Metal Blade Records EPs


title: 2014 FDJ.fr season

text:
The 2014 season for  began in January at the 2014 Tour Down Under. As a UCI ProTeam, they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the 2014 UCI World Tour.

Team roster

Riders who joined the team for the 2014 season

Riders who left the team during or after the 2013 season

Season victories

References

2014 road cycling season by team
Groupama–FDJ
2014 in French sport


title: Edwin Amenta

text:
Edwin Amenta is an American sociologist best known for his study of social policy, social movements and the New Deal.

Career
Through his Political Mediation Theory, developed as a consequence of studying the Townsend Plan, an organization demanding old-age pensions during the Great Depression, and other New Deal-era movements, Amenta has influenced how scholars conceptualize, study, and explain social movement impacts. He is also known for theorizing the role of political institutions in policy-making. Amenta's recent work includes the development of a newspaper coverage database that allows scholars to test theories of social movement impacts across 32 major social movementss.

Amenta has written four books and more than 50 articles and book chapters. Bold Relief: Institutional Politics and the Origins of Modern American Social Policy (Princeton University Press, 1998) won the 1999 Distinguished Book award from the American Sociological Association section on Political Sociology. His article “Age for Leisure? Political Mediation and the Impact of the Pension Movement on U.S. Old-Age Policy" (with Neal Caren and Sheera Joy Olasky) won the 2006 Best Published Article Award from the American Sociological Association section on Collective Behavior and Social Movements.

Amenta's other books include When Movements Matter: The Townsend Plan and the Rise of Social Security (Princeton University Press, 2006) and The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012).

Amenta has served as the chair of the American Sociological Association Political Sociology section and Collective Behavior and Social Movements section, and he has received funding from the Russell Sage Foundation and the National Science Foundation.

Political Mediation Theory

Before Amenta, most work on the influence of social movements focused either on the internal characteristics of movements (membership, resources, organization, tactics) or their external environments (openness of the political system, elite alignments and alliances, and state repressive capacities). In his books Bold Relief and When Movements Matter and in a string of articles, Amenta’s political mediation model proffers a theory regarding interactions between the internal characteristics of movements and their external environments. Amenta argues that particular movement tactics work better in some contexts than in others, and his empirical work shows interactions between the assertiveness of movement tactics and short-term political contexts. Specifically, when elected officials and state bureaucrats are favorably disposed towards a movement, minimally-assertive tactics will suffice; but when elected officials and state bureaucrats are hostile towards a movement, assertive tactics are necessary. In addition, if elected officials are favorable but state bureaucrats are hostile, or vice versa, movement organizations must target the hostile parties rather than the favorable ones.

Selected bibliography

Books
 Amenta, Edwin, Kate Nash, and Alan Scott, eds. 2012. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology. Malden (MA): Wiley-Blackwell.
 Amenta, Edwin. 2007. Professor Baseball: Searching for Redemption and the Perfect Lineup on the Softball Diamonds of Central Park. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 Amenta, Edwin. 2006. When Movements Matter: The Townsend Plan and the Rise of Social Security. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
 Amenta, Edwin. 1998. Bold Relief:  Institutional Politics and the Origins of Modern American Social Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Articles
 Amenta, Edwin. 2014. "How to Analyze the Influence of Movements.” Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 43(1), 16-29.
 Amenta, Edwin, Neal Caren, and James E. Stobaugh. 2012. “Political Reform and the Historical Trajectories of U.S. Social Movements in the Twentieth Century.” Social Forces 90(4): 1073-1100.
 Amenta, Edwin, Beth Gharrity Gardner, Amber Celina Tierney, Anaid Yerena, and Thomas Alan Elliott. 2012. “A Story-Centered Approach to the Newspaper Coverage of High-Profile SMOs.” Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change 33: 83-107.
 Amenta, Edwin, Neal Caren, Sheera Joy Olasky, and James E. Stobaugh. 2009. “All the Movements Fit to Print: Who, What, When, Where, and Why SMOs Appeared in the New York Times in the Twentieth Century.” American Sociological Review 74(4): 636-56.
 Amenta, Edwin, Neal Caren, and Sheera Joy Olasky. 2005. “Age for Leisure? Political Mediation and the Impact of the Pension Movement on Old-Age Policy.” American Sociological Review 70(3): 516-38.
 Amenta, Edwin and Drew Halfmann. 2000. “Wage Wars: Institutional Politics, the WPA, and the Struggle for U.S. Social Policy.” American Sociological Review 65(4): 506-28.
 Amenta, Edwin and Michael P. Young. 1999. “Democratic States and Social Movements: Theoretical Arguments and Hypotheses.” Social Problems 46(2): 153-68.
 Amenta, Edwin, Drew Halfmann, and Michael P. Young. 1999. "The strategies and contexts of social protest: Political mediation and the impact of the Townsend Movement in California." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 4(1):1-23.
 Amenta, Edwin and Jane D. Poulsen. 1996. “Social Politics in Context: The Institutional Politics Theory and State-Level U.S. Social Spending Policies at the End of the New Deal.” Social Forces 75(1): 33-60.
 Cauthen, Nancy K. and Edwin Amenta. 1996. “Not For Widows Only: Institutional Politics and the Formative Years of Aid to Dependent Children.” American Sociological Review 61(3): 427-48.
 Amenta, Edwin, Kathleen Dunleavy, and Mary Bernstein. 1994. “Stolen Thunder? Huey Long's 'Share Our Wealth,' Political Mediation, and the Second New Deal.” American Sociological Review 59: 678-702.
 Amenta, Edwin. 1993. “The State of the Art in Welfare State Research on Social Spending Efforts in Capitalist Democracies since 1960.” American Journal of Sociology 99(3): 750-63.
 Amenta, Edwin, Bruce G. Carruthers, and Yvonne Zylan. 1992. “A Hero For the Aged? The Townsend Movement, the Political Mediation Model, and U.S. Old-Age Policy, 1934-1950.” American Journal of Sociology 98(2): 308-39.
 Amenta, Edwin and Yvonne Zylan. 1991. “It Happened Here: Political Opportunity, the New Institutionalism, and the Townsend Movement.” American Sociological Review 56(2): 250-65.
 Amenta, Edwin and Sunita Parikh. 1991. "Capitalists Did Not Want the Social Security Act: A Critique of the 'Capitalist Dominance' Thesis." American Sociological Review 56(1): 124-129.
 Amenta, Edwin and Bruce G. Carruthers. 1988. “The Formative Years of U.S. Social Spending: Theories of the Welfare State and the American States During the Great Depression.” American Sociological Review 53(5): 661-78.
 Skocpol, Theda and Edwin Amenta. 1985. “Did Capitalists Shape Social Security?” American Sociological Review 50(4): 572-5.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American sociologists
University of California, Irvine faculty
University of Chicago alumni
Indiana University Bloomington alumni


title: Regina (1987 film)

text:
Regina (trad. "Queen") is a 1987 Italian drama film co-written and directed by Salvatore Piscicelli.

Plot
Regina is a beautiful actress of forty in an existential crisis. During a party in the house of his agent Lalla he meets Lorenzo, a young man with whom he establishes a troubled relationship. Their relationship gradually consolidates, but in a sadomasochistic way: the violence and mutual humiliation between the two are continuous. Upon returning to the city after a vacation spent on an island, Regina no longer intends to see Lorenzo and closes herself in the house. But Lalla makes them meet again. In their dramatic encounter, Regina offends Lorenzo and injures her arm with a knife, telling him she would report him. Lorenzo takes the knife in his hand and hits Regina.

Cast
Ida Di Benedetto: Regina
Fabrizio Bentivoglio: Lorenzo
Giuliana Calandra: Lalla
Mariano Rigillo

See also
 List of Italian films of 1987

References

External links

1987 films
Italian drama films
Films directed by Salvatore Piscicelli
Italian black-and-white films
1987 drama films
1980s Italian-language films
1980s Italian films


title: Mullinhassig Wood

text:
Mullinhassig Wood is a Coillte-owned property, straddling the townlands of Aghavrin and Shanavagha,  north-west of Coachford village in County Cork, Ireland. Poulanassig Waterfall is located within the wood,  west of the entrance, and can be viewed from the water's edge, or from a path above. It is accessible to the public.

Etymology
Mullinhassig is an anglicised place name of the Irish Muileann an Easaigh, meaning 'mill of the waterfall'. In A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland (1837), Samuel Lewis describes the glen of Mullinassig as having "beautiful and romantic scenery", its sides "adorned with wood, and at its head a little mill, below which the river forms a cascade and a little lower falls into a beautiful lake". The "romantic glen of Mullinassig" is also said to derive its name from a mill. Liam Milner (1975) describes the "lovely waterfall of Mullinhassig", also interpreting Muileann Easaigh as "the mill of the waterfall".  This particular premises was a fulling mill, which in later times was converted to a creamery, and a private residence now occupies the site.

The 1842 surveyed OS map depicts a cataract, and correctly gives the name as Poulanassig. This is Poulanassig Waterfall, generally regarded as Mullinhassig Waterfall and incorrectly named on informational signage. "Mullinhassig Waterfall" actually adjoins the mill site to the north-west of Poulanassig, and is correctly depicted on the 1842 surveyed OS map. The 1901 surveyed OS map also correctly names Poulanassig waterfall, and refers to the glen as Mullinhassig.

Waterfalls
Three waterfalls have existed in this area, and two remain (Mullinhassig & Poulanassig waterfalls).  The Ordnance Survey (OS) name book (c. 1840) describes a small pond of water as 2 chains () north of Poulanassig in the River Clashgorrave, and at the mouth of which is (Mullinhassig) waterfall of about 18 feet. This pond was known as "Good's pond", as depicted on the 1842 surveyed OS map, and so named after the landowner who ran an irrigation stream from the pond to his land. The OS name book also describes a pond of water in the River Clashagorrave approximately 10 chains () south of Poulanassig, and, at its mouth, 12 foot "Poulachourane Waterfall". This pond was "Bowing's (Bowen's) Pond", constructed by Bowen of Oakgrove, with an irrigation stream leading from it to his land. This pond no longer exists and is now a wet, overgrown area, with a small stream running through. Neither does Poulachourane Waterfall exist, also depicted on the 1842 surveyed OS map.

The Irish Tourist Association survey of 1944 advises that (Poulanassig) waterfall is a thirty foot cascade of the Glashnagarriff River, and a "popular venue with visitors", and gives some local folklore. A mermaid in the form of a salmon is said to reside in the waterfall pool, who, if approached quietly in late evening, can be seen combing her hair on a stone "stool" to the left of the waterfall. If a stranger is sensed, she dives to the bottom of the pool. Near the brink of the waterfall is a boulder, said to be the mermaid's "table". Another version has the mermaid enticing unwary anglers to the bottom of the pool, where they spend the rest of their existence releasing fish from the hooks of fellow anglers. This is said to be the reason why no fish are caught there, though the pool is "full of salmon".

Wood

Mullinhassig Wood, a forested Coillte amenity of approximately , contains Douglas fir, oak, Sitka spruce and Japanese larch.

At the eastern end of the wood is a clapper bridge. Known locally as 'Aghavrin Clapper Bridge', this bridge crosses Glashagarriff River ( meaning 'rough rivulet') and is depicted as a foot bridge ("f.b.") on the 1841 and 1901 Ordnance Survey maps. Clapper bridges (from the Latin claperium meaning 'pile of stones') are composed of a series of stone piers or blocks, which support slabs, so as to form bridges. While the bridge appears to have been in use for many years, as of the early 21st century it had collapsed due to flood damage.

See also
Aghavrin Mass Rock
Crooke's Castle, Aghavrin

References

External links
 Coillte.ie - Mullinhassig woods

Waterfalls of the Republic of Ireland
Forests and woodlands of the Republic of Ireland
Landforms of County Cork


title: Follicular hyperplasia

text:
Follicular hyperplasia (FH) is a type of lymphoid hyperplasia and is classified as a lymphadenopathy, which means a disease of the lymph nodes. It is caused by a stimulation of the B cell compartment and by abnormal cell growth of secondary follicles. This typically occurs in the cortex without disrupting the lymph node capsule. The follicles are pathologically polymorphous, are often contrasting and varying in size and shape. Follicular hyperplasia is distinguished from follicular lymphoma in its polyclonality and lack of bcl-2 protein expression, whereas follicular lymphoma is monoclonal, and expresses bcl-2.

Signs & Symptoms
Lymphadenopathies such as follicular hyperplasia can show various symptoms such as fever, chills, night sweats, unexplained weight loss and prominent localizing symptoms are non age and non-gender specific.

Although human lymph nodes cannot be seen with the naked eye, if you press against the skin you can sometimes feel for swelling and pressure. Swelling of lymph nodes can range from pea sized to golf ball sized depending on the given condition. A person can have reactive lymph nodes throughout multiple areas of the body which can cause swelling, pain, warmth and tenderness.

Causes
The following are examples of potential causes for reactive lymphadenopathies, all of which have predominantly follicular patterns:
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Sjögren syndrome
 IgG4-related disease (IgG4-related lymphadenopathy)
 Kimura disease
 Toxoplasmosis
 Syphilis
 Castleman disease
 Progressive transformation of germinal centers (PTGC)

Microorganisms can infect lymph nodes by causing pain and inflammation including redness and tenderness. Bacterial, fungal and viral infections including Bartonella, Staphylococcal, Granulomatous, Adenoviral and Lyme disease are all associated with follicular hyperplasia.

Other autoimmune related diseases that are associated are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, dermatomyositis and Sjögren syndrome. Immunoglobulin G- related diseases are immune-mediated fibroinflammatory conditions that affect many organs in the body.  Chronic inflammatory disorders such as Kimura disease are also the outcome of inflamed or enlarged lymph nodes. Bacteria such as Treponema pallidum, or parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, can cause enlargement of the lymph nodes as well. Other related causes such as lymphoproliferative conditions known as Castleman disease, or progressive transformation of germinal centers cause lymph node enlargement. Environmental conditions  that may also play a role are animal or insect exposure, chronic medication usage and immunization status. The patient's occupational history such as metal work or coal mining may expose them to silicon or beryllium.

Follicular hyperplasia is common in children and young adults, but is not limited to any age; it is also common among the elderly and is non-sex specific. Children often experience reactive lymph nodes when they are younger due to new exposure of environmental pathogens, even without development of an infection. Clinically, follicular hyperplasia lymphadenopathy is usually restricted to a single area on the body, but can also be on several parts of the body as well. Follicular hyperplasia is one of the most common types of lymphadenopathies and can be associated with paracortical and sinus hyperplasia.

Mechanism
The specific pathology of follicular hyperplasia has not been fully understood yet. It is known, however, that a stimulation of the B cell compartment and by abnormal cell growth of secondary follicles are key factors to the pathology of follicular hyperplasia. This typically occurs in the cortex without disrupting the lymph node capsule. It has also been described that the condition may stem from primary reactive lymphoid proliferations that may be triggered by an unidentified antigens or some sort of chronic irritation by ultimately causing lymph node enlargement.

Lymph node enlargement can occur for many reasons. First of all, the lymph nodes function to act as a filter for the reticuloendothelial system. They contain multi-layered sinus by exposing B and T cell lymphocytes and macrophages and are found within the blood. When the immune system recognizes foreign proteins in order to mount an attack, it requires help from these blood cells. During this reaction the responding cell lines become duplicated in response to a foreign attack, and therefore increase in size. Node size is considered abnormal when it exceeds 1 cm, however this differs from children to adults.

Localized or specific adenopathy often occur in clusters or groups of lymph nodes that can migrate to various areas of the body. Lymph nodes are distributed within all areas of the body and when enlarged, reflect the location of lymphatic drainage. The node appearance can range from tender, fixed or mobile and discrete or matted together. It is important to note that reactive lymph nodes are not necessarily a bad thing, in fact they are a good indication that the lymphatic system is working hard. Lymph fluids can build up in lymph nodes as a way to trap harmful bacteria and other harmful pathogens in the body to prevent it from spreading to other areas.

Substances that are present within the interstitial fluids such as microorganisms, antigens or even cancer can enter lymphatic vessels by forming the lymphatic fluids.  Lymph nodes help filter these fluids by removing material towards the direction of blood circulation. When antigens are presented, the lymphocytes inside of the node trigger a response which can cause proliferation or cell enlargement. This is also referred to as reactive lymphadenopathy.

Diagnosis
Follicular hyperplasia can be distinguished among other diseases by observing the density of a lymph follicle on low magnification. Lymph nodes with reactive follicles contain extensions outside its capsule, follicles present throughout the entire node, obvious centroblasts and the absence or diminishing mantle zones. Immunohistochemistry can help distinguish a difference between a patient with follicular lymphoma to follicular hyperplasia. Reactive follicular hyperplasia does not express BCL2 proteins in B cell germinal centers and are absent light chain reaction in immunostaining and flow cytometry as well as absent IG rearrangements.

Localized, or specific lymphadenopathies should be evaluated for etiologies that are associated with lymphatic drainage patterns. During a complete lymphatic physical examination, generalized lymphadenopathy may or may not be ruled out.

BCL2 protein expression is usually absent in follicular hyperplasia but prominent in follicular lymphomas. A comparison with other stains that include germinal center markers such as BCL-6 or CD10 is useful to compare when determining a proper diagnosis. CD10 positive cells are metalloproteinase which activate or deactivate peptides through proteolytic cleavage.

An official diagnosis of follicular hyperplasia might include imagining such as a PET scan and a tissue biopsy, depending on the clinical location and also the location of lymphadenopathy. A common blood panel test may help rule out other possible diagnosis, such as lymphomas based on the number of red, white and platelet cells found in the blood. If the patient has low blood cell counts, this can be an indication of lymphoma. Another indication of lymphoma compared to follicular hyperplasia is high levels of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and C-reactive proteins (CRP). A lymph node biopsy may reveal an official diagnosis for lymphoma, by ruling out follicular hyperplasia which can be determined by the rate of proliferation.

Treatment
Factors that identify etiology of the patient include age, duration of lymphadenopathy, external exposures, associated symptoms and location on the body.

Beta blockers such as Atenolol or ACE inhibitors like Captopril, can cause certain lymphadenopathies for some individuals. Captopril is an analog to proline and completely inhibits angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) and as a result decreases angiostatin II production. It can also inhibit tumor angiogenesis through MMPs and endothelial cell migration, which can ultimately cause lymph node enlargement.

Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant that works by decreasing nerve impulses that are brought on by seizures. Some of the more serious side effects are allergic skin reactions and low blood cell counts. Other anticonvulsant medications, Phenytoin and Primidone, can also cause lymph node enlargement due to changes in the blood after drug administration. Other medications such as Pyrimethamine, Quinidine and Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole antibiotics also change blood chemistry after administration and can cause lymph node enlargement. Hydralazine and Allopurinol are medications that are prescribed to patients to lower their blood pressure and are vasodilators causing the blood cells to dilate.

A family history, regional exam and epidemiological cues are usually the most useful information to utilize for treatment options because it can help classify the patient's condition as either low risk, or high risk. Low risk, meaning the patient is not exposed to malignancy or serious disease and high risk means that they are. If the patient is not at risk for malignancy or serious illness, it is recommended for the physician to observe any changes or symptom resolutions within 3- 4 weeks. If the lymphadenopathy does not resolve the next step would be getting a biopsy. Proceeding a tissue sample, an effective treatment for follicular hyperplasia is surgical removal of the lesion after an initial conformation of the disease based on the patients biopsy results.

Prognosis
Typically follicular hyperplasia is categorized as a benign lymphadenopathy. This is usually almost always treatable, but only until it progresses into malignancy. Therefore, follicular hyperplasia patients tend to live a long life until their condition is either treated or goes away on its own. Follicular hyperplasia becomes problematic when left untreated by increasing the risks for developing various types of cancers.

Epidemiology
Follicular hyperplasia is one of the most common types of benign lymphadenopathies. It can be typically found in children and young adults however all ages are subject to follicular hyperplasia, including the elderly. Lymphadenopathies such as follicular hyperplasia, are usually localized but can also be generalized and are non gender specific. Over 75% of all lymphadenopathies are observed as local, usually involving specifically the head and neck regions. It has been estimated that patients who present lymphadenopathy has an estimated 1.1% chance of developing malignancy.

The rate of childhood malignancy associated with lymphadenopathy is low, however this increases with age. A majority of reported cases in children are usually caused by infections or benign etiologies. In one study, 628 patients underwent a nodal biopsy and resulted benign or self-limited causes found in nearly 79% in patients younger than 30 years of age. This was also the case for nearly 59% of patients between the ages of 31-59 years old and 39% in patients that were older than 50 years of age. Lymphadenopathies that last more than 2 weeks or over one year and does not develop progression of cancer cells have a low chance of neoplastic effects.

Current Research
During a recent 2019 study, a 51 year old woman was examined by medical professionals at the department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, to treat an existing condition which was an inflamed mass of cells noted in patient's bottom left gum line. A sample biopsy was obtained from the patient's mouth and the indicated results showed benign lymphoid tissues. Further investigation under a microscope revealed lymphocytic tissues composed of scattered lymphoid follicles with obvious germinal centers and well differentiated lymphocytes surrounded by defiant mantle zones. Immunochemical staining revealed positivity for lymphoid particles CD20 and CD79. This study was significant because they were able to diagnose a very rare case of follicular lymphoid hyperplasia derived from an unusual origin site of the mouth, however they were unable to determine the onset of her condition. It is important to note that after the mass was removed there was no signs of recurrence after the first year of removal.

References

Lymphocytic disorders


title: Ismet Rizvić

text:
Ismet Rizvić was born in Mostar in 1933, but spent much of his life, and all of his working life, in Sarajevo, where he studied the fine arts at the Pedagogical College. As a scholarship-holder, he spent time in London in 1966, studying the English watercolourists. He first exhibited his works with the Artists' Association in 1957. He was a member of the Visual Artists' Association of Bosnia & Herzogovina from 1963. During his thirty-five years' work as an artist, he tool part in numerous joint exhibitions and held ten solo exhibitions. In addition to those that are in this country, many of Rizvić's works are to be found in private collections worldwide. He died on 9 December 1992 in Sarajevo. Twelve years later, in 2004, a monograph on the artist Ismet Rizvić was published, with 384 pages including 237 reproductions of his works - and who know how much of the artist's love.

References

1933 births
1992 deaths
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriates in the United Kingdom
Artists from Mostar


title: Centralna energoremontna baza

text:
Centralna energoremontna baza is one of the largest enterprises on the Balkans focused on large electric power facilities maintenance in the energy industry. It is one of the oldest energy organizations in Bulgaria. It was set up in 1948.

Activities

CERB has specialized in manufacturing, diagnostics, maintenance and repair of all kinds of rotating electrical machines and transformers. CERB is the only organization in Bulgaria to transport heavy and oversized load with its own railroad wagon.

Projects

The Bulgarian enterprise maintain the electrical facilities of Bulgarian National Electrical Company (NEK EAD), Electricity System Operator (ESO), Energo-Pro, ČEZ, Mini Maritsa Iztok, LUKOIL Neftochim Burgas. It implements projects in the largest energy plants on the Balkans, including Public Power Corporation of Greece, METKA –Greece, ELEM Macedonia, KEK Kosovo, Elektroprivreda BiH- Bosnia and Herzegovina, Energo-Pro – The Czech Republic, among many others.

Production facilities

The company's capacities are located on 20 000 sq m area, including: 4 main manufacturing buildings (department for rotating electrical machines, transformers, transport and mechanical department); 2 laboratories (for analyzing and testing of transformers oil and control of metals centre); department for vibration analyses and dynamic balancing; as well as vocational training centre of welders.

Management and employees

Chairman of the Board of Directors of CERB is the Bulgarian energy expert and engineer Dimiter Beleliev. He has more than 15 years of management experience in the energy sector. As of  January 2014, CERB employs a staff of more than 150 engineers, technicians and other specialists.

Background

1948 CERB was set up in Sofia
1948 The electrical machines repair workshop opened
1956 The transformers repair workshop opened
1956 The mechanical workshop opened
1965 The transport department was set up
1975 The centre for welding and control of metals, the specialized sections for vibration analysis and dynamic balancing of rotating machines, and adjustment of the regulation of steam turbines was founded
1994 CERB became a joint stock company
2001 CERB was privatized

References

External links

 METKA Greece Official Website
 Elektroprivreda BiH Official Website
 KEK Kosovo Energy Corporation Official Website
 ELEM Macedonian Power Plants Official Website

1948 establishments in Bulgaria
Electrical engineering companies
Engineering companies of Bulgaria
Companies based in Sofia


title: Shannon Bloedel

text:
Shannon Bloedel was an American Paralympian sit-skier. She won an Olympic silver medal in the 1992 Paralympics. Bloedel then became a model for Nordstrom.

Description
An accident when she was aged ten left Bloedel without the use of her legs. She decided to ski whilst attending the University of Washington and joined the national team in 1987.

She won gold medals at the National Championships in the US and Canada in 1991. At the 1992 Winter Paralympics Bloedel took a silver medal at Albertville in the Giant Slalom coming second to Marit Ruth whose time was 2:36:78. Teammate Candace Cable of the USA came third.

Bloedel did some modelling of clothes. She became pregnant and retired from skiing to live with husband and children in Seattle.

References

Paralympic gold medalists for the United States
Alpine skiers at the 1992 Winter Paralympics
Living people
Sit-skiers
Skiers from Seattle
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Paralympics
People with paraplegia
American female alpine skiers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Paralympic medalists in alpine skiing
Paralympic alpine skiers for the United States
21st-century American women


title: Sasur Khaderi River

text:
Sasur Khaderi River is a tributary of Yamuna River in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. It is a small river that flows for around 40 kilometers via Makhaupur village. It was completely dried before it was revived in 2013. It comes under Fatehpur and kaushambi district and passes close to the town. The revival work was taken under the central government sponsored program, NREGA.

The River
The river in its final journey merges in Yamuna River on its left bank. The river flow dried up with encroachments on its banks since the 1990s.

References

External links
 Official project paper

Rivers of Uttar Pradesh
Tributaries of the Yamuna River


title: Sentimental Maniacs

text:
Sentimental Maniacs () is a 1994 Italian romantic comedy film. It marked the directorial debut of the actress and voice actress Simona Izzo, who won the David di Donatello for Best New Director. For her performance Monica Scattini won the David di Donatello for Best Supporting Actress, while Alessandro Benvenuti received the Ciak d'oro for Best Supporting Actor.

Cast

Ricky Tognazzi: Luca
Barbara De Rossi: Mara
Alessandro Benvenuti: Sandro
Monica Scattini: Serena
Veronika Logan: Giusy
Alessandro Giannini: Maurizio
Clelia Rondinella: Claudia
Pat O'Hara: Mamy

References

External links

1994 films
Italian comedy-drama films
1994 comedy-drama films
Films directed by Simona Izzo
1994 directorial debut films
1990s Italian films


title: Gender discrimination in the Canadian Military

text:
Women currently make up 14.8% of the Canadian Armed Forces, and are eligible to serve in all occupational specialties. The last occupational ban for females in the military was in 2001. In February 2018 the total representation of women who served in combat arms (crewman, artillery, artilleryman, infantryman, infantry, engineer, combat engineer, and armoured) was reported as 4.3%. No women currently serve in combat specialties within special operations forces. Females who obtain officer status are mainly concentrated in the personnel and nursing fields.

Historical overview of women in the Canadian Armed Forces

Women have played a role in the Canadian Forces for over 100 years. During World War II, women were restricted to non-combative positions such as nursing, cooking, communication, logistics, and administration. In 1971, following the recommendations from the Royal Commission on the Status of Women, the Canadian Armed Forces sought to expand the range of positions women could fill. Due to this expansion, women became employable as vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers, military police, and firefighters. When the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms came into force in 1985, the Canadian Armed Forces’ policies were amended to allow women to serve at sea, in army service battalions, field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons. By 1987, women were permitted to occupy direct combat posts on the ground and at sea.  While equality legislation was being passed, the defence minister conducted many trials on Service Women in Non- Traditional Environments and Roles, known as the SWINTER Trials. The minister sought to examine women's performance at positions typically reserved for males, as well as how the mixed gender group performed as a whole, in order to ascertain whether operative efficiency was undermined.

Efforts towards equality

Achieving equal opportunity through legislation

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms came into force in 1982. There have been no challenges to the equality rights guarantees of Section 15 of the Charter or commenced an action against the Canadian Armed Forces on gender discrimination charges.

The Canadian Human Rights Act
The Canadian Human Rights Act is considered quasi-constitutional legislation, and applies to federal government agencies and Crown corporations including the Canadian Armed Forces. It acts to prohibit discrimination on specified grounds, such as race, sex, age, religion, and in the context of employment and publicly available services.

Achieving Equal Opportunity Through Litigation
In Gauthier v. Canadian Armed Forces, three women brought claims before a Canadian Human Rights Tribunal alleging that the Canadian Armed Forces had refused them employment on the basis of their gender, and that this was inconsistent with the Human Rights Act. The Canadian Armed Forces conceded that their policies were discriminatory, but relied on section 15(1)(a) to argue that they should be granted an exception based on a bona fide occupational requirement.  They claimed that including women in certain specialized roles could undermine “operational effectiveness” and pose too much risk.

Isabelle Gauthier, a claimant working for the reserves, was refused a request to transfer location, because her desired location had already reached its 10% female quota.  Following the complaint, the Canadian Armed Forces modified their policy to allocate reserve force positions based on susceptibility to combat or operational duty rather than gender. The Tribunal ordered the Canadian Armed Forces pay to the complainant $1,000 for suffering and loss of dignity in being refused employment, and  $5,481 for lost wages.
Marie-Claude Gauthier, a second claimant, was qualified to be a marine engineering technician, but was not permitted entry since the trade was not open to women. She relied on sections 5a and 10 of the Canadian Human Rights Act, which forbid denying a service and depriving employment opportunities on the basis of a prohibited ground of discrimination. The tribunal ordered that the marine engineering technician program be open to women who meet the required educational level and have enrolled in the CAF.

Efforts towards greater substantive equality

By opening up all positions to female service members, the Canadian Armed Forces has taken a major step towards providing equal opportunity for women hoping to enter the military.  Nonetheless, the number of females in the Canadian military falls well below their most recent target of 25.1% female representation.   Other measures have been adopted that go beyond efforts aimed at achieving formal equality by accounting for biological differences between genders. The most often cited example of this differential treatment towards male and female soldiers has been with regards to the physical fitness evaluation for entry into the Canadian Armed Forces, where requirements are lowered substantially for female candidates.
A number of proactive initiatives are also underway that are intended to bring about a greater substantive equality for women through "the elimination of discriminatory practices and attitudes, rather than granting special privileges and status".

Recruiting

The Canadian Armed Forces employs a system whereby they periodically reassess representation goals for women in different roles, and monitor progress towards achievement of those goals.  They have recently begun an active recruiting campaign showing women in all Canadian Armed Forces positions in an effort to attract more women to combat roles.  Efforts are also made through outreach activities to create awareness regarding potential career opportunities amongst women professionals and students.  These, and other proactive measures are aimed at the recruitment, development, and retention of women in order to create a more diverse Canadian military.

The Defence Diversity Council and Advisory Groups

The Defence Diversity Council is a fundamental part of the effort to achieve diversity in the Canadian Armed Forces. This body is responsible for making recommendations to the Deputy Minister and Chief of Defense Staff on policies and practices pertaining to diversity.  Being a federally regulated employer, the Canadian Armed Forces are subjected to the provisions of the Employment Equity Act, and have set up four diversity advisory group for each of the four groups cited in that act as being susceptible to discriminatory practices. (including women).   The Defense Woman Advisory organization's primary objectives include consulting with women in the military so that they may “provide advice and insight to the leadership on issues relevant to their membership and implementation of employment equity”.  Both bodies are restricted to providing consultation and recommendations, as opposed to being direct participants in the policy and decision-making process.

Does gender discrimination still exist in the Canadian Military?

Fully integrating women into the Canadian Armed Forces has not been an easy task. Many of the issues still affecting female soldiers appear to be rooted in a conflict between sameness and difference.   Whereas the Canadian Military has demonstrated their willingness to accommodate gender differences in some instances, this is not always the case.  For example, both male and female candidates must carry a fifty-five pound rucksack for thirteen kilometres to meet the fitness requirements for basic infantry.   This presents more of a challenge for women because the shape of the rucksack is ill fitted for a female's physique. In this case, the Canadian Armed Forces adhered to the notion of sameness of treatment, whereby maleness was the norm and females were held to that standard.
Recent Canadian studies indicate that women in combat roles are still subjected to an environment of non-acceptance. One study suggests that this is the primary cause for women's attrition rates being four times higher than that of their male counterparts. Sexual harassment also constitutes a significant problem in the Canadian military, though the frequency of cited incidents has decreased since the 90's.  Several authors attribute these leftover discriminatory practices to a male-centric military culture, premised on the notion that the ideal image of a soldier is that of a physically strong, masculine war hero.  Concerns have been raised that this creates barriers to women's advancement that have become embedded into the military institution, and can therefore not be addressed through traditional measures of achieving equality.

Reverse discrimination
In an effort to ensure adequate diversity among its workforce, the Canadian Armed Forces has adopted the practice of discriminating against men when recruiting for certain trades.

Institutional reform as a potential path to improvement

Concerns over the efficacy of currently enforced equality measures in the military setting have led to the proposal of a new model for shaping policies and practices pertaining to military personnel focusing on diversity. The key characteristic of the diversity model is that “the organization, structure, and management of the military reflect the norms and values of civilian society”. Proponents of this model admit that implementation of this type of institutional reform is likely to prove challenging in a military setting, where combat effectiveness is paramount, and rank is typically governed by age and seniority.

References

Sexism


title: Li Wei-ling

text:
Li Wei-ling (born 4 October 1965) is a radio talk show host in Hong Kong. Apart from her experience as a journalist in Ming Pao, Next Media and Commercial Radio, she contributes column articles to AM730 and Ming Pao.

Career

Ming Pao career 1986 - 2001
Upon graduation in 1986, Li Wei-ling started her first journalist career in Ming Pao reporting about politics. Despite having no professional training, she possessed great news sense and made herself known in the industry very quickly by reporting many exclusive articles.

Next Media / Apple Daily career 2001 - 2004
Li Wei-ling joined Next Media as Apple Daily's deputy managing editor.

Commercial Radio Hong Kong career 2004 - 2014
Li joined Commercial Radio Hong Kong on 1 June 2004.

On 12 February 2014, CRHK announced immediate termination of the employment contract with Li. CRHK refused to comment on the termination of contract.

Li's office was forcibly cleared. During Li's hosting of talk radio on CRHK, her opinion always directed against the Hong Kong Government and the mainland China. While she was supported by the Hong Kong pan-democracy camp, her talk show was criticized by pro-establishment camp as "inadequate neutrality" and "extreme" opinion. On 13 February 2014, Li held a press conference telling her own feeling and claiming "the suppression of freedom of the press and freedom of speech by the CY Leung administration" was behind her dismissal.

While AFP was reporting the Committee to Protect Journalists report about the deterioration of the freedom of the press in Hong Kong, Li's dismissal was used as an example to confirm the concern about the status of the press freedom.

List of talk shows
 Green Paper Raiders ()
 Deep Talk ()
 The Tipping Point' ()
 On a Clear Day - Chaos ()
 On a Clear Day ()

References

1965 births
Hong Kong journalists
Talk radio hosts
Hong Kong democracy activists
Opinion journalists
Living people


title: Martí Gasull i Roig

text:
Martí Gasull i Roig (Barcelona, Catalonia, 2 April 1969 - Manaslu, Nepal, 23  September  2012) was a Catalan linguistic activist and a mountaineer, one of the founders of the Platform for the Catalan Language (Plataforma per la Llengua). He was fully involved in the organisation's coordination, becoming its ideologist. He combined his love for the Catalan language and culture with his great passion for mountaineering. On 23 September 2012, he died in an accident on Manaslu in Nepal. Martí Gasull i Roig work’s has been appreciated many times. The Government of Catalonia (Generalitat de Catalunya) posthumously awarded him the Cross of St George (Creu de Sant Jordi)on 9 October 2012. Barcelona City Council posthumously awarded him the Gold Medal for Cultural Merit on 18 December 2013. The Platform for the Catalan Language (Plataforma per la Llengua) created an award bearing his name that is given out annually to individuals and associations that work, as Martí did, tirelessly on behalf of the Catalan language.

References

1969 births
2012 deaths
Linguists from Catalonia


title: The Refugees (TV series)

text:
The Refugees is a 2015 drama television series created by Ramón Campos, Gema R. Neira, Cristóbal Garrido and Adolfo Valor. The series is a joint production of BBC Worldwide and Atresmedia that premiered on laSexta on 7 May 2015. It shows a rural community faced with millions of refugees from the future seeking shelter in the present.

Overview
Mankind is suffering the biggest exodus in history. Three billion people from the future have travelled to the present to escape from an imminent global disaster: a deadly mutation of a cold virus. All the refugees must obey two rules: they must not talk about the future and they must not contact their families.

The arrival of the refugees takes everyone by surprise, including the Cruz family. The series centres on their story, the story of Samuel, Emma and little Ani. A shift in their existence after the arrival of a mysterious refugee, Alex, who has an incredible mission that will change their lives, and in order to accomplish his mission, he will not hesitate to do whatever there is to be done: including breaking the rules.

Cast
The following is a list of cast members from the series:

Natalia Tena as Emma Oliver
Will Keen as Samuel "Sam" Cruz
David Leon as Alex
Dafne Keen as Ana "Ani" Cruz Oliver
Ken Appledorn as Luis
Jonathan Mellor as Óscar
Charlotte Vega as Sofía
Gillian Apter as Gloria
Morgan Symes as Victor
Benjamin Nathan-Serio as Cristian
Gary Piquer as Hugo
Brendan Price as Félix
Summer Gibbins as Sara
Julius Cotter as Man

Production
The television series is a BBC Worldwide and Atresmedia co-production with Bambú Producciones. Filming began in summer 2014.

Episodes
In Spain, the first and second episodes of The Refugees were broadcast simultaneously the same day on four television channels (Neox, Nova, laSexta and Antena 3) of Atresmedia. The premiere of The Refugees was watched by 4.37 million viewers. The rest of episodes aired on laSexta.

See also
 The 4400 and 4400 -  A ball of light deposits a group of 4400 people who vanished without a trace over the last century, having not aged a single day and with no memory of what happened to them.
 The Crossing - Refugees fleeing a war seek asylum in an American town—but they claim to be from America, 180 years in the future.
 Beforeigners - A "time migration" occurs all over the world, with people from the Stone Age, Viking Age, and the 19th century. Set in Oslo.

References

External links

English-language television shows
LaSexta original programming
Post-apocalyptic television series
British time travel television series
2015 Spanish television series debuts
2015 Spanish television series endings
2015 British television series debuts
2015 British television series endings
Television series by Bambú Producciones


title: Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy

text:
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy is a bilateral enlargement of the lymph nodes of pulmonary hila. It is a radiographic term for the enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes and is most commonly identified by a chest x-ray.

Causes
The following are causes of BHL:
 Sarcoidosis
 Infection
 Tuberculosis
 Fungal infection
 Mycoplasma
 Intestinal Lipodystrophy (Whipple's disease)
 Malignancy
 Lymphoma
 Carcinoma
 Mediastinal tumors
 Inorganic dust disease
 Silicosis
 Berylliosis
 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
 Such as bird fancier's lung
Less common causes also exist:
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Human immunodeficiency virus
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Adult-onset Still's disease

References

Medical signs


title: Frank Glaw

text:
Frank Rainer Glaw (born 22 March 1966 in Düsseldorf) is a German herpetologist working at the Zoologische Staatssammlung München. Glaw studied biology in Cologne from 1987, where he completed his diploma. Thereafter, he attended the University of Bonn, from which he graduated in 1999, after completing his Ph.D. thesis titled Untersuchungen zur Bioakustik, Systematik, Artenvielfalt und Biogeographie madagassischer Anuren about the frogs of Madagascar, supervised by Professor Wolfgang Böhme.

Since 1997, he has been the curator of herpetology at the Zoologische Staatssammlung München. Glaw's focus during and after his thesis work was the herpetofauna of Madagascar. Since the end of the 1980s, he has been working closely with Miguel Vences, currently professor for evolutionary biology and zoology at the Technische Universität Braunschweig. Together, they published A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar in 1992, a benchmark work on the amphibians and reptiles of Madagascar, which, supported by the World Bank, was translated into Malagasy and made freely available online. It is now in its third edition.

Glaw is a contributing author on over 200 descriptions of Madagascan taxa, such as the chameleon Brookesia micra and the microhylid frog Stumpffia pygmaea.

Several species are named after Frank Glaw: a species of chamaeleon, Calumma glawi; a species of protist, Eimeria glawi; and a species of stick insect, Glawiana glawi.

References

Works cited
 Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. .
 Glaw, Frank; Vences, Miguel (2007). A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar, Third Edition. Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlag. 496 pp. .

External links
 Miguel Vences:
 Zoologische Staatssammlung München:  www.zsm.mwn.de, 2005.

1966 births
German herpetologists
German curators
Herpetologists
Living people
University of Bonn alumni
Scientists from Düsseldorf
20th-century German zoologists
21st-century German zoologists


title: St Mary's Church, Glynde

text:
The Church of St Mary the Virgin is a Grade II* listed Anglican church in the village of Glynde in East Sussex. It was built in the 1760s by Richard Trevor, bishop of Durham, whose family seat was the adjacent Glynde Place.

History
There was a medieval church, which stood at an angle to the present building; little is known about it. A new church was built on the site by Richard Trevor, who was Bishop of Durham from 1752 to 1771, and a member of the Trevor family who owned Glynde Place. It was designed by Sir Thomas Robinson, who had worked for Richard Trevor on his Bishop's Palace in County Durham. The work was done by John Morris, a builder from the nearby town of Lewes.

The demolition of the old church, which was in a poor condition, began on 1 August 1763. The foundation and vault of the new church were built that year; the superstructure was built in 1764; the building was completed in 1765. The first service in the new church took place on Sunday 30 June of that year. A newspaper at the time reported that it is "a neat and elegant building, and is very decently ornamented."

Description
Sir Thomas Robinson had visited Italy and was enthusiastic about Renaissance architecture: the church is built in Palladian style.

The walls are faced with knapped flint and have an ashlar base. In the tympanum of the pediment above the west wall, the coat of arms of Richard Trevor is displayed in Portland stone. Above the pediment is a bell, housed in an open ashlar belfry.

The space inside is a perfect rectangle, except that the communion table is in a recess in the thickness of the east wall. There is a coved ceiling. Most of the interior details, including the box pews, are contemporary with the building. In 1841 a gallery, to accommodate more people, was built at the west end.

References

Grade II* listed churches in East Sussex
Church of England church buildings in East Sussex
Mary


title: Mitte 2

text:
Mitte 2
Is the third episode of a comedic series of novels by German writer Albrecht Behmel. The eponymous “Mitte” (“downtown”) is the first and most central borough of the German capital known for its lively art scene, clubs and bars.

Plot Introduction
Jenny Epstein has attracted a stalker, Fridjof, who is madly in love with her. She asks bumbling writer Albrecht for help. They swap their cell phones and thereby trigger a series of catastrophes and accidents during which Albrecht manages to attract a stalker for himself. He meets Mikki's step-mother, a wealthy jazz musician. She decides to help him finance a musical production but under the condition that Mikki marries and returns to his former job as a lawyer. What she doesn't know is that Mikki's current love-interest is her arch-rival, Margaud, another jazz-singer.

Autobiographical Issues
The author claimed that no real-life persons were depicted in the novel, including the protagonist and narrator, also called ‘’Albrecht’’ who has no surname in the series, even though obvious parallels exist.
Like the protagonist, the author was a resident of Berlin Mitte (1995-2012). Most of the locations, galleries, malls, shops and bars however are made up.

Series and Production
The series includes four novels, all called “Mitte” plus a prequel titled “Homo Sapiens Berliner Art”, first published by Schenk, Passau, purchased an re-published by Satzweiss of Saarland in 2013. As a homage to the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, the Mitte-series of novels is labelled "a trilogy in five parts". Behmel started the series in 2006.

See also

 Berlin Marathon
 Stalking
 Musical
 Alcoholism
 Rite of passage
 Modal realism

External links
 Amazon Title Page
 Goodreads
 Review  Literatur Cafe
 Blake Snyder
 Lovelybooks

Bibliography
 Berlin - Mitte, Schmiedecke, R. (2004).
 Street Scenes: Brecht, Benjamin and Berlin, Whybrow, N. (2004).

References

2013 German novels
Novels set in Germany
Novels set in Berlin
Picaresque novels
Series of books
Fictional families
Roman à clef novels


title: Kabara (title)

text:
Kabara  and or Magajiya is the title used by the matriarchal monarchs that ruled the Hausa people in medieval times. The Kano Chronicle gives the following list of matriarchal monarchs that was said to have culminated and ended with the rule of Daurama II, the last Kabara of Daura.

Kabaras
List of Kabaras:

Kufuru (also known as Kofano) (c. 700)
Ginu (also known as Gufano)
Yakumo (also known as Yakwano)
Yakunya (also known as Yakaniya)
Wanzamu (also known as  Waizam)
Yanbamu
Gizir-gizir (also known as Gizirgirit or Gadar Gadar)
Inna-Gari (also known as Anagiri)
Daurama (also known as Daura)
Ga-Wata (also known as Gamata)
Shata
Fatatuma (also known as Batatume)
Sai-Da-Mata (also known as Sandamata)
Ja-Mata
Ha-Mata
Zama
Sha-Wata (c. 1000)
Daurama II

References

Hausa people
History of Northern Nigeria
Sahelian kingdoms
Hausa history


title: Zeynep Murat

text:
Zeynep Murat Duran (born Zeynep Murat on September 15, 1983) is a European champion Turkish female Taekwondo practitioner. She is a member of İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi S.K.

Murat was born in Kayseri, Turkey. She studied physical education and sports at Erciyes University in her hometown.

At age 13, she began practising with the initiative of her father Mehmet Murat, who wanted her to become courageous. She was coached in the beginning for about one year by Arzu Tan, a former world champion.

Murat took part at the 2000 Korean Open Tournament in Chuncheon, at which she won the gold medal in the juniors category and was named "Most Technical Junior Woman Athlete". She took a gold medal at the 2000 World Cup in Lyon, France. In 2004, she became the European champion in Lillehammer, Norway. She won the silver medal at the 2005 World Taekwondo Championships in Madrid, Spain. The same year, she won another silver medal at the European Championships held in Riga, Latvia.

In 2007, Murat became again Turkish champion.

Achievements
  2000 World Cup - Lyon, France - 55 kg
  2000 Spanish Open - Valencia, Spain - 55 kg (junior)
  2000 European Championships - Patras, Greece - 59 kg
  2000 Balkan Championships - Athens, Greece - 51 kg
  2000 Korea Open - Chuncheon, South Korea - 55 kg (junior)
  2000 World Juniors and Youth Championships - Killarney, Ireland - 55 kg (youth)
  2001 World Cup - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam - 59 kg youth
  2001 World Championships - Jeju City, South Korea - 59 kg
  2002 European Championships - Samsun, Turkey - 59 kg
  2004 European Championships - Lillehammer, Norway - 59 kg
  2005 German Open - Bonn, Germany - 55 kg
  2005 World Championships - Madrid, Spain - 55 kg
  2005 Summer Universiade - Izmir, Turkey - 55 kg
  2005 European Championships - Riga, Latvia - 55 kg
  2006 German Open - Bonn, Germany - 59 kg

References

1983 births
Sportspeople from Kayseri
Erciyes University alumni
Turkish female taekwondo practitioners
Turkish female martial artists
İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor sportspeople
Living people
Universiade medalists in taekwondo
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Turkey
World Taekwondo Championships medalists
European Taekwondo Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2005 Summer Universiade
20th-century Turkish sportswomen
21st-century Turkish sportswomen


title: Bioderma

text:
Bioderma Laboratories is a privately owned French pharmaceutical company that specialises in medication for dermatological and hair/scalp conditions, as well as for Pediatry and cell regeneration. It was founded in 1977, in Aix en Provence, where its headquarters still reside. However, in 2001, the company opened its first specialised biometrology lab for skincare research and development in Lyon.
Its primary business sector is Dermatology, with products such as ABCDerm, Atoderm, Cicabio, Créaline, Hydrabio, Matriciane, Matricium, Sébium, White Objective, secure (skin care), Nodé (hair care) and Photoderm (sun care).

References

French companies established in 1977
Pharmaceutical companies of France
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1977
Companies based in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
French brands


title: Holy Trinity Church, Tulse Hill

text:
Holy Trinity Church, Trinity Rise, in the Tulse Hill area of the London Borough of Lambeth, is a Grade II Listed Building

The parish
During the first half of the 19th century, a significant proportion of the area now included in the parish was developed with substantial villas set in generous grounds. The parish of Holy Trinity was formed in 1856 from portions of the parishes of St Luke West Norwood, St Matthew Brixton and St Leonard's, Streatham.

In 1886, the population of the parish amounted to 6,302 and was served by three clergy. The total (morning and evening) attendance as a proportion of the parochial population at that time stood at 23.2%.

In 1901, the population of the area then included in the parish stood at 4,176. In the following year, there were two clergymen at Holy Trinity and total attendance at its services represented 22.6% of the parochial population.

Based on statistics from the UK census, the Diocese of Southwark estimates the population of Holy Trinity & St Matthias parish was 11,000 in 2001 and 13,700 in 2011.

John Sentamu, later Archbishop of York, was vicar of Holy Trinity Church for 13 years.

Building
Holy Trinity Church is built of load-bearing brickwork, faced with Kentish ragstone and has a slated roof. The architectural style is of the 14th-century style. The aisled nave, transepts and chancel with an apse are arranged so that no internal pillars block the congregation's view of the pulpit and altar. Entrance to the building is from the north side, under a tower which supports a broach spire of dressed bath stone. Three windows in the apse (north, east and south) are by the stained glass artist Clare Dawson, pupil and co-worker of M. E. Aldrich Rope.

References

External links
 Diocese of Southwark – Statistics for Holy Trinity & St Matthias Tulse Hill

Tulse Hill
Grade II listed churches in London
Tulse Hill
Churches completed in 1856
19th-century Church of England church buildings


title: Tianyin Pharmaceutical

text:
Tianyin Pharmaceutical () was set up in 1994 and now is based in Cheng Du, China. The company focuses on biopharmaceutical medicines, famous for its generics, traditional Chinese medicines. Most of the products are used in internal medicines, gynecology, hepatology, otolaryngology, urology, neurology, gastroenterology, and orthopedics. Chengdu Tianyin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. is the TPI’s subsidiary.

Products and services
In 2010, there were 56 Chinese medicines and pharmaceuticals produced by the company approved by the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA), 23 of which are listed in the National Medical Reimbursement List (NMRL) and seven are listed in the Essential Drug List (EDL) of China. Nearly half of the medicines are prescription medicines.

Major products are Ginkgo Mihuan Oral Liquid (GMOL, targeting cardiovascular indications), Benorylate Granules, Xiaoyanlidan Tablets, Qijudihuang Mixture, Qianggan Syrup, Kangjunxiaoyan capsule and others.

Research and development
Currently there are 17 products pending SFDA approval and engages in cooperation with many academic institutions in China, such as China Pharmaceutical University, Sichuan University, and Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicines.
In September 2013 Tianyin Pharmaceutical received the Official Certificate of GMP for both of its pre-extraction plant and formulation facilities by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) officials.
July. 2013, the company’s product Gingko Mihuan Oral Liquid (GMOL) was awarded Provincial Essential Drug List (PEDL) status at Guangdong Province. Before that, the company has included in the list in four provinces, namely Henan Province, Shandong Province, Sichuan Province and the City of Chongqing.

References

External links

Pharmaceutical companies established in 1994
Companies listed on NYSE American


title: Komaba Park

text:
is a park in Meguro, Tokyo, Japan located adjacent to the University of Tokyo, Komaba Campus.

History

The land was the site of the Komaba Agricultural College in the Meiji Era and then the location of the Tokyo Imperial University Faculty of Agriculture.

When the Tokyo Imperial University moved to its current location in Hongo, a land exchange was made with Maeda Family properties in Bunkyo, leading to the construction in 1929 of the landmark Tudor style residence for the 16th Marquis, Toshinari Maeda. Designed by architect Yasushi Tsukamoto, the western style residence was built of steel reinforced concrete to withstand earthquakes and served as the Marquis' family main residence.

A Japanese style garden annex was added in 1930 to provide accommodation and entertainment space for the many overseas visitors; the Marquis served from 26 July 1927 to 1 August 1930 as military attaché to Great Britain.

Requisitioned by SCAP from the end of the Second World War until 1957, the mansion served as the residence for General Ennis Whitehead, commander of the 5th Air Force, and later General Matthew Bunker Ridgway.

The grounds of the park also contain the Museum of Modern Japanese Literature.

Gallery

References

Parks and gardens in Tokyo
Meguro