title: Kirsten Owen

text:
Kirsten Owen (born November 22, 1969) is a Canadian-born English fashion model.

Career

Rise to prominence
After being scouted in Toronto, Owen began modelling at the age of 16. In 1987 she appeared on the cover of Elle in three different countries (Spain, France and Italy). However, after this amazing breakthrough, Owen did not immediately launch herself into modelling.  In fact, it was two more years before when she got another big break, appearing on the cover of the French version of Marie Claire magazine in July and October 1989 and on the cover of i-D magazine in 1990.  Later that year she also walked in Milan for Jil Sander's runway, while in early 1991, her face was once again featured on the cover of Elle, this time in an editorial.  After this, it would be another five years before Owen would work again.

When Owen once again began working it was in a show in Milan for Prada in February 1996.  After this, things began to pick up as she became the face of Helmut Lang and was again featured in an Elle editorial in January 1997.  A month later Kirsten found herself in demand as she walked in shows in Paris and New York for Chloe, Dries van Noten, Yohji Yamamoto, Calvin Klein, and Helmut Lang.  That same year Owen was featured in an editorial of Vogue Italia and appearears on the cover of the same magazine two months later. In 1999 she continued this success by becoming the face of Fendi.  Kirsten Owen was also on the catwalk of Milan and Paris in September of that year, also worked for Dolce & Gabbana, Lanvin, Yves Saint Laurent, and Louis Vuitton.

She signed a contract to become the face of Emanuel Ungaro, was in a print advertisement for Donna Karan, and was in a French Vogue editorial.  Her career continued to rise as over the next three years she walked for the likes of Givenchy, Jean Paul Gaultier, Chanel, Donna Karan, Marc Jacobs, Moschino, Rochas, and Burberry all in the early months of 2001.

Retirement and return to modelling
In 2001, Owen pulled back from modelling, only doing a couple of jobs in 2002 and 2003.  Three years later, in May 2006, she returned to the catwalk (at the age of thirty-six) to close the Paris show for Kenzo. While Owen had mostly retired,  she made a comeback in 2008 and returned to modelling as a primary face for Givenchy.  She also replaced Victoria Beckham to become the new face of Marc Jacobs and signed on with Calvin Klein to work on his new fragrance campaign "one." Owen also made an appearance on the runway at New York Fashion Week and featured in an editorial for i-D.

In 2010, she appeared again on the runway during Toronto Fashion Week for Joe Fresh.

References

Living people
1970 births
Female models from Ontario
The Lions (agency) models


The Society for the Promotion of Hospice Care () (SPHC) is a non-profit NGO that advocates and provides hospice and palliative care services in Hong Kong, China. It also conducts end-of-life research, education, and training.

The organisation’s subsidiaries – Jockey Club Home for Hospice (賽馬會善寧之家) and Jesse and Thomas Tam Centre (譚雅士杜佩珍安家舍) – provide palliative patient care and bereavement support respectively.

The current Chairman is Dr Hubert Chan.

History

Establishment
The need for end-of-life care in Hong Kong was identified in 1984, when Sister Gabriel O’Mahoney, then medical superintendent of Ruttonjee Sanatorium, invited Professor James Hanrathy of St Joseph's Hospice in the United Kingdom to a local hospice care conference sponsored by the Keswick Foundation. In 1986, SPHC was established by Sister Gabriel O’Mahoney, Dr Vincent Tse, Dr Yu Wing Kwong, Reverend Ralph Lee, and Reverend John Russell to advocate hospice care in Hong Kong.

SPHC originally operated from a 70-square-foot workstation in the old Ruttonjee Sanatorium where a small team of doctors, nurses, social workers, and pastoral care workers - many of whom were part-time staff - ran a hospice care outpatient clinic.

Bradbury Hospice
In 1992, SPHC opened Bradbury Hospice, Hong Kong’s first independent hospice, in the Shatin neighbourhood. For the first three years of operation, the 26-bed facility was funded entirely through public contributions. In 1995, SPHC transferred the management and control of Bradbury Hospice to the Hospital Authority, signifying the incorporation of hospice care into Hong Kong’s public health system.

Jessie and Thomas Tam Centre
In 1997, SPHC opened the Jessie and Thomas Tam Centre, the first community-based centre for bereavement support in Hong Kong. The centre provides services to the public free-of-charge with the support of charitable donations.

Jockey Club Home for Hospice
In 2012, SPHC commenced the construction of Jockey Club Home for Hospice (JCHH) following a grant of land by the Government of Hong Kong and funding by the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust. The 30-bed hospice opened in September 2017 and is located in Shatin, directly opposite Bradbury Hospice. The SPHC headquarters relocated to JCHH upon its completion.

Jockey Club Home for Hospice
Jockey Club Home for Hospice is an independent 30-bed hospice that provides 24-hour comprehensive, patient-centred palliative care for patients with life-limiting illnesses and their significant others. It adopts a family-oriented approach that emphasizes the involvement of family members in patient care. Active family participation will likely act as a future buffer against complicated grief and improve the quality of death.

JCHH is staffed with a multidisciplinary team of palliative doctors, nurses, personal care workers, allied health professionals, and social workers. Financial assistance is available to eligible underprivileged patients. Aside from patient care, the hospice is also used for professional training and educational programmes.

Facilities

 30 private ensuite rooms
 Garden
 Quiet Room
 Farewell Room
 Mortuary
 Pharmacy
 Play room
 Lecture theatre

Services

 In-patient care
 Home care
 Day care
 Bereavement support
 Physiotherapy
 Occupational therapy
 Clinical psychology
 Social work
 Aromatherapy
 Massage therapy
 Hypnotherapy
 Carer training

Education and training
SPHC uses education and training to promote and raise the standard of palliative care in Hong Kong. Since 2004, SPHC has organized the annual Hong Kong Palliative Care Symposium (香港紓緩照顧專業研討會).  In 2009, the 3G Quality Retirement Programme (3G 圓滿人生輔工課程) was initiated to promote healthy and productive aging among retirees. As of 2019, 22 3G courses have been completed. SPHC is the first palliative care training provider in Hong Kong and regularly offers classes on end-of-life care, bereavement support, and advanced care planning to both local and visiting participants.

Funding
SPHC is a self-financed organisation and does not receive government subventions or annual grants to support its administrative and operating expenses. Jockey Club Home is funded entirely through service income and voluntary contributions from individuals, companies, and charitable foundations.

Three signature fundraising events are held annually to help subsidize palliative care for the underprivileged:

Hike for Hospice
Hike for Hospice is an annual fundraising event first held in 1992. Hikers may participate under one of four categories – Individual, Team, Corporate Challenge, and Alumni Challenge. A longstanding tradition is the serving of Indian-style curry after the hike. The current Organizing Committee Chairman is Edward Naylor.

Light Up a Life Concert
Light Up a Life Concert is a fundraising event held annually at St. John’s Cathedral. The concert debuted in 1990 and featured festive music by the Hong Kong Welsh Male Voice Choir and the Island School Orchestra and Choir. Guests may also take part in a tree lighting ceremony in remembrance of the departed. The current Organizing Committee Chairman is Andrew Williamson.

Senior E-Sports and Experience Day
Senior E-Sports and Experience Day is an annual fundraising event organized in partnership with the Federation of Hong Kong Industries and the Hong Kong Cyberport Management Company Limited. The event was first held in 2018 and aims to promote happy and healthy aging through technology, specifically in the form of a football e-tournament for elderly participants.

Governance
The Executive Committee is the highest governing body of SPHC, consisting of 20 members and 4 co-opted members as of July 2019. New members are selected at the Annual General Meeting each December. The current Chairman is Dr Hubert Chan, who has held the position since 2017.

See also
Healthcare in Hong Kong
Nursing in Hong Kong

References

External links
 Official website (in English)
 YouTube channel (in Chinese)

Non-profit organisations based in Hong Kong
Hospice
Healthcare in Hong Kong
1986 establishments in Hong Kong
Nursing in Hong Kong
Medical and health organisations based in Hong Kong


title: Cătălin Bălescu

text:
Cătălin Bălescu (born January 6, 1962) is a Romanian visual artist and a university professor at the Department of Painting of The National University of Arts in Bucharest.

Bălescu is the rector of The National University of Arts in Bucharest (elected in 2012). He is a member of the permanent staff of the Doctoral Studies section within The National University of Arts in Bucharest, and has coordinated doctoral dissertations ever since 2010.

Cătălin Bălescu has been a member of The Visual Artists’ Union of Romania (U.A.P) since 1990.

Education
Cătălin Bălescu was born at Brad, Hunedoara County, Romania.  In 1986 he graduated from the “Nicolae Grigorescu” Plastic Arts Institute, where he had studied between 1981 and 1986. Prior to that, he had studied at the High School of Arts in Deva, Hunedoara, Romania.

Scientific and didactic activity
Cătălin Bălescu has been teaching at the Department of Painting of The National University of Arts in Bucharest since 1990. He started his academic career as an assistant professor, between 1990 and 1997, at the class of Professors Sorin Ilfoveanu, Florin Mitroi, Vasile Grigore.
In 1998 he became a university lecturer at the Department of Painting of The National University of Arts in Bucharest.
In 2003 Cătălin Bălescu became a doctor in visual arts (artis doctor), by successfully defending his thesis entitled Grammar Elements of Visual Art Imagery: ImageSyntax, published by Printech Publishing House, 2004, .

Between 2005 and 2009 he was an associate professor at the Department of Painting of The National University of Arts in Bucharest. In 2009 he earned his title of university professor.

During 1995–1996 Cătălin Bălescu coordinated the Studio 35 (Atelier 35) section of The Visual Artists’ Union of Romania( U.A.P) .

Ever since 1996 Cătălin Bălescu has been involved in organizing activities with students groups of the Department of Painting. From 1990 to 2000 he worked as a Scientific Secretary of the Department of Painting of The National University of Arts. Between 2000 and 2004 he was appointed Scientific Secretary of the Faculty of Fine Arts of The National University of Arts in Bucharest. In 2004 Cătălin Bălescu was appointed Scientific Secretary of the Senate of The National University of Arts in Bucharest, Romania.

As far as scientific activity is concerned, starting with 2004 Cătălin Bălescu has been the ARTLAB Director (i.e. of the Laboratory for Artistic Image Analysis and Creation), acknowledged by CA 37/2004 of The National Council of Scientific Research (the NCSR, i.e. the CNCS).

Among the research projects in which he has taken active part there is the Type A NCSR – 1/2000, Research Concerning Advanced Techniques of Artistic Imagery Analysis, carried out in partnership with the Department of Mathematics of the Faculty of Cybernetics of [Bucharest University of Economic Studies] (AES) (see The AES Informatics Review 17/2001).

From 2002 to 2004 Cătălin Bălescu participated in the PED Project/ CERES Program/National Plan for Development, entitled An Analysis Method of Fundamental Elements of ArtisticImagery, carried out in partnership with The National Institute for Research and Development in Optoelectronics NIOE 2000.
Between 2006 and 2008 Cătălin Bălescu was involved in a program of providing graduation equipment for laboratories, administered by The National Ministry of Education. In 2008 he got involved in theCEX 05D8-02-2 project entitled eMart-Cyber Museumof Arts Universities in Romania.

Cătălin Bălescu is a member of the JAQM Advisory Board (Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods).

Personal exhibitions

 2006 – at The Apollo Gallery in Bucharest, Romania
 2003 – at TheSimeza Gallery in Bucharest
 2000 – at TheSimeza Gallery in Bucharest
 1997 – at The Apollo Gallery in Bucharest
 1994 – at The Simeza Gallery in Bucharest

Group exhibitions (a selection)

 2013 – The Painting Salon, at The Visual Arts Center in Bucharest, Romania
 2013, May – Ten + (Zece +) at The Visual Arts Center in Bucharest
 2013, April – VENATURE XXV, at The Visual Arts Center in Bucharest
 2012 – UNARTE 012: The Department of Painting Exhibition, at The Museum of Arts in Cluj- Napoca, Cluj County, Romania
 2012 – Arts in Bucharest, at The Visual Arts Center in Bucharest
 2012 – Culture of Cosmos, at The Parliament Hall in Bucharest
 2012, January – Eleven + (Unsprezece +) at The Visual Arts Center in Bucharest
 2011 – Group Exhibition at The Plastic Artists Union Gallery in Iaşi, Iaşi County, Romania
 2011 – Thirteen (Treisprezece) at The Visual Arts Center in Bucharest
 2011 – …After Cremaster, at The Visual Arts Center in Bucharest
 2010 – Studio Instances II, at The Visual Arts Center in Bucharest
 2009 – TEN (ZECE), at The Visual Arts Center in Bucharest
 2009 – Studio Instances I, at The Visual Arts Center in Bucharest
 2008 – The Andalusian Dog, at The Artis Gallery in Bucharest
 2008 – Drawing Group Exhibition at The Simeza Gallery in Bucharest
 2003 – The Municipal Salon at The Artis Gallery in Bucharest
 2001 – Group Exhibition at The Căminul Artei Gallery, at the 1st Floor in Bucharest
 2001 – The National Arts Salon at The Exhibition Pavilion in Bucharest
 1999 – Time in Space Arts, at The Institute of Architecture in Bucharest
 1995 – Group Exhibition at The Apollo Gallery in Bucharest
 1995, March – Object vs. Objectivity, at the Studio 35 (Atelier 35) in Bucharest
 1995, February – New Avant-Garde vs. New Traditionalism, at the Studio 35 in Bucharest
 1995, January – Power vs. Powerlessness, at the Studio 35 in Bucharest
 1994, 1992, 1990, 1988, 1987 – Youth Exhibition, at The National Theater in Bucharest (TNB)
 1988 – The Annual Graphics Exhibition, at The Dalles Hall in Bucharest
 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993, 1992, 1985 – The Municipal Exhibition at The National Theater in Bucharest (TNB)
 1983 – Sketches, Students’ Exhibition, in Bucharest

International exhibitions

 2012 – The International Triennial of Drawing and Engraving –3rdEdition, Bangkok, Thailand
 2001 – The International Biennial of Drawing and Engraving, Taipei, Taiwan
 2000 – Yungersted&Brostrom Gallery, Copenhagen, Denmark
 1997 – The International Arts Biennial, Sharjah, Arabian Emirates Union
 1995 – Rhein Main Maritime Hotel, Darmstadt, Germany
 1995 – The Romanian Cultural Centers in Vienna (Austria), Budapest (Hungary), Venice (Italy)
 1995 – The International Painting Festival, CagnessurMer, France
 1990 – An Itinerant Exhibition; ISELP, Bruxelles; Botanique Gallery, Bruxelles, Belgium; The Romanian Library in Paris, France
 1989 – The International Miniature Festival, 4th Edition, Galleria Del Bello, Toronto, Canada

Prizes, awards, scholarships, grants

 1997 – Scholarship from The Italian Cultural Institute in Bucharest; traveling to study in Rome, Florence, Venice – Italy
 1993 – Tempus Scholarship for Bath College of Higher Education, UK
 1988 – Costin Petrescu Scholarship from the Plastic Artists Union, Romania

Articles, books, book illustration
 Zhang S., Neagu D. and Bălescu C., ”Refinement of Clustering Solutions Using a Multi-Label
Voting Algorithm for Neuro-Fuzzy Ensembles,” Procs. of The First International Conference on Natural Computation ICNC 2005 (Lipo Wang, Ke Chen, Yew S. Ong, eds.) Changsha, China, 2005, Springer Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNCS3612, pp. 1300 –1303,
 Zhang S. and Bălescu C., “A Multi-Label Voting Algorithm for Neuro-Fuzzy Classifiers Ensembles Applied for Visual Arts Data Mining,” Procs. of The 5th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications ISDA 2005, (HalinaKwasnicka, Marcin Paprycki, eds.), Wroclaw, Poland, 2005, IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 245–250,
 Zhang S., Neagu D., Bălescu C., “Knowledge Representation for Visual Art Data Mining,” The 6th 	Informatics Workshop for Research Students, Univ. of Bradford, 23 March 2005,pp. 198–202,
 Zhang S., Neagu D., Bălescu C., “Visual Art Data Mining: Knowledge Representation and a Case Study,” PREP 2005: The EPSRC Postgraduate Research Conference in Electronics, Photonics, Communications and Networks, and Computing Science at the University of Lancaster, March 30– April 1, 2005, pp. 295–296
 Bălescu, Cătălin, Graphic Design to the volume of Sorin Ilfoveanu, Studio Notes 1985 – 2009, Vols. I – VI, 2009
 Bălescu, Cătălin, Graphic Design to the volume of Sorin Ilfoveanu, Studio 1995 – 2010, UNARTE Publishing House, 2010,
 Bălescu, Cătălin, Graphic Design to the volume The Kalinderu Heritage: Ruins of a Museum, UNARTE Publishing House,
 Bălescu, Cătălin, General Editor & Project Coordinator, The National University of Arts Museum, UNARTE Publishing House, 2008,

References

Bibliography
 Cătălin Bălescu, President of UNARTE, invited to A Word about Culture, Radio România Cultural – https://web.archive.org/web/20150725232549/http://www.radioromaniacultural.ro/rectorul_unarte_catalin_balescu_invitat_la_vorba_de_cultura-9941
 CĂTĂLIN BĂLESCU, “Painting, The Simeza Gallery” – 1994 – 2000 – 2004 – UNARTE Publishing House, , 2007
 CĂTĂLIN BĂLESCU, “Painting, The Apollo Gallery” – 2006 – UNARTE Publishing House, , 2007
 Catalog of the National University of Arts in Bucharest, UNARTE Publishing House, , 2006 (member of the coordinating team of editors)
 Catalog of the National Salon of Arts 2006, edited by the Plastic Artists Union of Romania, financial support by AFCN,
 The UNARTE 011 Catalog, The Visual Arts Center, UNARTE Publishing House, Bucharest, 2011,
 The Catalog of The Thirteen Exhibition, The Visual Arts Center, UNARTE Publishing House, Bucharest 2011,
 The UNARTE 012 Catalog, The Visual Arts Center, UNARTE Publishing House, Bucharest 2011,
 The Arts in Bucharest Catalog,the 2nd Edition, The Visual Arts Center, UNARTE Publishing House, Bucharest 2011,
 The Arts in Bucharest Catalog, the 3rd Edition, The Visual Arts Center, UNARTE Publishing House, Bucharest 2012,
 The 11+ Exhibition Catalog, The Visual Arts Center, UNARTE Publishing House, Bucharest 2012,
 The 10+ Exhibition Catalog, The Visual Arts Center, UNARTE Publishing House, Bucharest, 2013,
 The CagnessurMer International Painting Festival Catalog, the 27th Edition, Ed. by The Ministry of Culture in France and UNESCO, 1995
 The 10th International Biennial Print and Drawing Exhibition Catalog, Ed. by Taipei Fine Arts Museum Council for Cultural Affairs Taiwan, Taipei, 2001
 The 3rdTrienniale International Print and Drawing Exhibition Catalog, Ed by Art and Culture Office Bangkok – Thailand, 2012
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140116094117/http://www.romanialibera.ro/cultura/arte-vizuale/un-secol-si-jumatate-de-invatamant-de-arta-322807.html
 The BIEFF 2013 International Festival Catalog, the online version – http://www.bieff.ro/upload/CatalogBIEFF2013.pdf
 Artist’s Works presented in auction – http://www.artnet.com/artists/catalin-balescu/past-auction-results
 Cătălin Bălescu’s Exhibition at the National Theater, by AncaVlada, The National Courier –
 Venature XXV, Mihai Plămădeală, Observatorul Cultural– http://www.observatorcultural.ro/ARTE-VIZUALE-Venature-XXV*articleID_28601-articles_details.html
 The New Rectors of Bucharest Universities,Adevarul – http://adevarul.ro/news/bucuresti/cine-noii-rectori-universitatilor-bucurestene-1_50bdeca87c42d5a663d022f0/index.html
 The National University of Arts in Bucharest at Its 150th Anniversary, Observatorul Cultural – http://www.observatorcultural.ro/*id_4916-news_details.html
 Quality Parameters in the Aesthetic Analysis of Artistic Image, The ESA Economic Informatic Review 17/2001 – https://web.archive.org/web/20140225055650/http://revistaie.ase.ro/content/17/cocianu.pdf

External links
 The National Museum of Arts of Romania – http://www.mnar.arts.ro
 The National Museum of Contemporary Art – http://www.mnac.ro
 Cătălin Bălescu’s Official Artist’s Site – http://www.balescu.com/
 The National University of Arts Official Site – http://www.unarte.org
 https://web.archive.org/web/20170913123319/http://iqinart.ro/
 http://www.3a.ro
 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Catalin_Balescu/stats/?pli=1&loginT=ULi-wXozrarQOX1mkklOQUBafJy83mrWzoQ8KFVzsA*&cp=re284_n_p2001&ch=reg

1962 births
Romanian artists
Living people
People from Brad, Hunedoara


title: Kirkwood, Kansas

text:
Kirkwood is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Kansas, United States.

History
Kirkwood had its start in about 1892 when Archie Kirkwood, a mining official, established a coal camp to which he added his name.

References

Further reading

External links
 Crawford County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Crawford County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Seine-et-Marne's 5th constituency

text:
The 5th constituency of Seine-et-Marne is a French legislative constituency in the Seine-et-Marne département.

Description

The 5th constituency of Seine-et-Marne is located in the North East of the department.

Like much of Seine-et-Marne the seat has a long tradition of electing conservative deputies. The current representative Franck Riester and his predecessor Guy Drut have both been mayors of Coulommiers.

Historic representation

Election results

2022

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2017

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2012

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2007

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2002

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1997

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Sources

Official results of French elections from 2002: "Résultats électoraux officiels en France" (in French).

5


title: Peradeniya Junction railway station

text:
Peradeniya Junction is a railway station on the Main railway line of Sri Lanka, situated between Kathaluwa and Koshinna railway stations. It is the 45th railway station on the Main line and situated about  away from the Colombo Fort Railway Station, at an elevation of about  above sea level. It is an important railway junction in Sri Lanka Railways' network, connecting the Main Line, which runs from Colombo to Badulla and the Matale Line, which runs from Peradeniya to Matale via Kandy.

History

Peradeniya railway station is one of the oldest railway stations in Sri Lanka, opening in 1867 when the rail line was extended from Ambepussa to Kandy, as a part of the first train route which connected Colombo to Kandy. Initially the station was not a railway junction station. On 15 January 1873 it became a junction station, with the construction of a rail line from Peradeniya to Gampola, resulting in the station being renamed the Peradeniya Junction Railway Station.

The station initially had two platforms and type of the railway junction was Y-shaped track arrangement, which meant that train routing from one line to the other line required the train to reverse. Sri Lanka Railways subsequently upgraded the junction railway network to its current Triangular track configuration, as well as constructing an additional platform separate from the main station. The result being that trains can be routed from any line to any other line, without reversing the train. The new third platform opened on 1 December 2008. Generally, Platform One and Two serve the trains of Matale line and Main line. Platform Three is used for inbound and outbound services to the Main line. The majority of all long distance and local trains stop at the station.

Timetable

Continuity

References

Railway stations in Kandy District
Railway stations on the Matale Line
Railway stations on the Main Line (Sri Lanka)
Railway stations opened in 1867
Rail transport in Central Province, Sri Lanka


title: Chitra-kavya

text:
Chitra-kavya  (picture-poetry) is an ancient Indian tradition of writing poetry in visual patterns by play of meaning (shabdalankāra) (based in brilliant flexible play of vowels, consonants, words and sound). It is the device of constructing verses that can be written out in the form of a lotus or of a chariot. This tradition developed into different forms such as the Yamaka Kāvyas where the letters are the same while the meanings are different in different lines; in the Mahakavyas like the  Kirātārjunīya and the Shishupala Vadha there are instances of verses with only a single letter of alphabet or only two letters, also there is the Niranunāsika, where no nasal sound appears, Rāmacarita narrates in the same set of verses the story of Rāma and of a king who patronised the poet. All these poems show the prodigious intellect of the poets and their control of the language effortlessly applied showing no obscurity in diction.

A Chitra-kāvya is created by composing a piece of verse specially designed to be fitted in a visual pattern or geometric arrangements; the reading of the verse is governed by the nature of the pattern used and can be read in different ways. This tradition is particularly suited to the Sanskrit Language in which because the meaning is syntax-independent, various kinds of visual arrangements of words are possible without loss or distortion of meaning.

Chitra-kāvyas provided inspiration to the writers and vaggeyakaras to model their works on similar lines. Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda is an excellent example of Chitra-kāvya. It influenced the development of the uparupaka forms in the succeeding period, and occupies a key position in the history of music and dance.

The term, Chitra (Sanskrit: चित्र) means – a picture, peculiar or variegated. In Sanskrit poetic parlance, Chitra-kāvya is the lowest category having no dhvani, deeper or suggested sense but charming only in its outer elements, diction or denotative sense or both. There are three varieties of Chitra-kāvya – a) Shabdachitra or verbal peculiarity, b) Arthachitra which consist of all figures of speech of sense, and c) Ubhayachitra exhibiting ingenuity both of words and sense.

The Chitra-kāvyas aim to generate a sense of wonder by resorting to unusual management of certain meters, innovative poetic structures, designs or patterns resembling objects or their movements that one commonly sees in life, so as to evoke poetic or emotive images where sounds of syllables and letters take a visible form.

Yudhisthiravijaya of Vasudeva, a Kerala poet, is one of the best Yamaka-kāvya in Sanskrit literature. Vasudeva was a Bhattāthiri of the pattattu family of Nambudiri Brahmins in the village of Perumanam. Sitāharana of Nārayana, one of the notable Yamaka-kāvya writers of Kerala, is written on the model of Yudhisthiravijaya of Vasudeva.

References

Poetry movements
Stanzaic form
Rhyme
Indian literature
Sanskrit words and phrases
Indian literary movements


title: Andrew Pullan

text:
Andrew John Pullan (1963 – 7 March 2012) was a New Zealand mathematician specialising in bio-electrical modelling. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand.

Academic career

After attending  Aorere College in Māngere, Pullan received a scholarship to the University of Auckland where he studied mathematics before moving to the engineering school to work on biomedical engineering finite-element models of the heart and models of electrical activity in the gastrointestinal tract. His 1988 doctoral thesis was titled Quasilinearised infiltration and the boundary element method with Professor Ian Collins as his supervisor. He was appointed head of department from 2008 to 2010. He died in March 2012 of metastatic melanoma.

Selected works
 New advances in gastrointestinal motility research
 Mathematically modelling the electrical activity of the heart : from cell to body surface and back again

References

External links
 Google scholar
 Blog

New Zealand mathematicians
Fellows of the Royal Society of New Zealand
University of Auckland alumni
Academic staff of the University of Auckland
1963 births
2012 deaths
People educated at Aorere College
James Cook Research Fellows


title: Cash on delivery

text:
Cash on delivery (COD), sometimes called payment on delivery, cash on demand, payment on demand or collect on delivery is the sale of goods by mail order where payment is made on delivery rather than in advance. If the goods are not paid for, they are returned to the retailer. Originally, the term applied only to payment by cash but as other forms of payment have become more common, the word "cash" has sometimes been replaced with the word "collect" to include transactions by checks, money orders, credit cards or debit cards.

Advantages and disadvantages for retailers
Advantages of COD for online or mail order retailers:
The customer does not need to own a credit card to purchase.
Impulse purchases may increase as payment is not due at the time of ordering.
The credibility of retailers may be increased because the consumer only has to pay when the item is delivered.

Disadvantages of COD for online or mail order retailers:
Orders might be returned as buyers are less committed to the purchase than if they had paid in advance (which led to the eventual elimination of C.O.D. with many TV offers in the United States and Canada by the early 1980s).
Logistics partners charge additional fees for COD orders.

Limits
Most operators impose a limit on the amount of money that can be collected per delivery or per day using COD services. Limits may be higher for non-cash payments. Canada Post, for instance, applies a limit of C$1,000 for cash, but C$5,000 for payment by check or money order.

Cash on delivery order management
Cash on Delivery (COD) is a widely practiced payment method in e-commerce, allowing customers to make payments for their orders in cash upon delivery. Managing COD orders involves a straightforward and reliable process to ensure seamless transactions between online retailers and customers.

Order Processing and Payment Status:

When a customer places an order with the cash on delivery option, the online retailer's administrative panel displays the payment status as "Pending." This status reflects the fact that the payment is yet to be collected from the customer.
Upon successful delivery of the ordered item, the delivery personnel collects the payment in cash from the customer. The online retailer is then responsible for updating the payment status to "Paid" on the admin panel. This update confirms that the payment has been successfully received for the order.
The handling of the shipping status may vary depending on the e-commerce platform being used. In some cases, the shipping status is automatically set to "Delivered" once the payment status is updated to "Paid." This process helps track the progress of the order, allowing both the retailer and the customer to verify that the item has been successfully delivered.
Upon placing an order with the COD payment method, customers receive an email confirming that their order has been created and is currently being processed. Subsequently, the merchant and customer communicate to determine the delivery time, manual payment methods, and other details.

Accounting
Cash accounting is an advantageous approach for eCommerce businesses handling Cash on Delivery (COD) payments, allowing revenue recognition only when the payment is received. With real-time revenue recognition, this method ensures accuracy in financial reporting, simplifies the accounting process, and provides a transparent view of the company's financial performance. By recording revenue upon successful collection of payment, cash accounting facilitates efficient management of COD orders, benefiting both the business and its stakeholders.

Popularity in the developing world
In some countries COD remains a popular option with internet-based retailers, since it is far easier to set up for small businesses and does not require the purchaser to have a credit card. Many small businesses prefer cash payment to credit card payment, as it avoids credit card processing fees. Some shops also offer discounts if paid in cash, because they can offer a better price to the consumer.

COD is a widely used model in India. The overwhelming majority of e-shopping transactions in the Middle East are COD. Sixty percent of online transactions in the UAE and Middle East are done by cash on delivery and this has also led to the growth of courier companies offering a COD service.

Cash on delivery is also the most preferred method in Eastern and Central Europe, where a large number of consumers refuse to pay in advance before receiving the product.

See also
 Avis de réception
 Parcel post
 Wrapper

References

External links

Payment methods in retailing
Payment systems
Payment terms
Postal systems


title: 2002 European Fencing Championships

text:
The 2002 European Fencing Championships were held in Moscow. The event took place from 3 to 8 June 2002.

Medal summary

Men's events

Women's events

Medal table

References
 Results at the European Fencing Confederation

2002
European Fencing Championships
European Fencing Championships
2002 in Moscow
Sports competitions in Moscow
International fencing competitions hosted by Russia
June 2002 sports events in Europe


title: Hildesheim Cathedral Museum

text:
The Hildesheim Cathedral Museum (German: Dommuseum Hildesheim) is the treasury and diocesan museum of Hildesheim, which illustrates over a thousand years of art and church history in Lower Saxony. It is located in historic rooms off the southern transept of the Hildesheim Cathedral. During the cathedral renovations of 2010, the nearby church of St Antonius and part of the cathedral cloisters were converted into display rooms for the museum.

The Hildesheim cathedral treasury is a collection of liturgical vessels, vestments, reliquaries, books and artworks of the highest quality, which has developed over the centuries. The Hildesheim Reliquary of Mary dates back to the beginning of the diocese and is connected to the cathedral's foundation story. Especially valuable pieces, including the gem-studded Cross of Bernward, the Bernward gospels, and the Ringelheim cross, were created during the prosperity of the diocese under Bishop Bernward († 1022), while the Ratmann Sacramentary was created in 1159 in connection with the beginning of his veneration as a saint. A bust reliquary and an arm reliquary of St Bernward date from the thirteenth century. From the baroque period comes magnificent monstrances and other gold and silver artworks. Many of these treasures are used to this day on important occasions in the cathedral calendar.

The Gobelins Artemisia came into the possession of the cathedral in 1727. It is being restored until 2015 and will have its own room in the reopened museum.

The efforts of Bishop Eduard Jakob Wedekin († 1870) converted the cathedral museum into a diocesan museum, containing religious artworks of the whole diocese and beyond. In particular he brought Gothic works from the parishes and his private collection into the cathedral treasury and organised their proper storage and display.

Gallery

Bibliography
 Marlis Stähli. Die Handschriften im Domschatz zu Hildesheim. Beschreibungen. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1984, , online
 Victor H. Elbern. Dom und Domschatz in Hildesheim. 2nd revised edition, Königstein i. T. 1991.
 Abglanz des Himmels. Romanik in Hildesheim (Ausstellungskatalog Hildesheim), ediuted by Michael Brandt, Hildesheim/Regensburg 2001.

References

External links

 Hildesheim Cathedral Museum website

Cathedral Museum
Cathedral Museum
Museums in Lower Saxony
Hildesheim
Religious museums in Germany
Christianity in Hildesheim
Church treasuries
Diocesan museums in Germany


title: 2014–15 Welsh League Cup

text:
The 2014–15 Welsh League Cup was the 23rd season of the Welsh League Cup, which was established in 1992. The twelve teams from the Welsh Premier League entered, along with fifteen from other divisions in the Welsh pyramid and one from England's Southern Football League Division One South & West. Four teams were given a bye into the Second Round. The New Saints won the competition for the sixth time after defeating Bala Town with 3–0 in the final.

First round
The matches were played on 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20 August and 9 September 2014.

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Second round
The matches were played on 2, 3, 10 and 17 September 2014.

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Third round
The matches were played on 23 and 24 September 2014.

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Semi-finals
The matches were played on 18 November 2014.

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Final
The match was played on Sunday 25 January 2015 at Latham Park.

References

External links

2014–15 Welsh League Cup results

Welsh League Cup seasons
League Cup
Wales


title: Otto Sverdrup Engelschiøn

text:
Otto Sverdrup Engelschiøn (30 October 1902 – 8 May 1982) was a Norwegian marketer, businessperson, resistance member and genealogist.

He was born in Kristiania as a son of consul-general Søren Dass Brodtkorb Sverdrup Engelschiøn (1867–1909) and Janka Hansen (1869–1935). In 1928 he married Gudrun Irgens Garmann.

Engelschiøn finished his secondary education in 1922 and graduated from the Royal Frederick University with the cand.jur. degree in 1926. He was an attorney from 1927, and also director of I. Sverdrup Engelschiøn which had the rights to distribute Swedish Tomten products in Norway. In 1929 it was merged with Norsk Barnengens Tekniske Fabrik. Engelschiøn spent the rest of his career in the company, from 1929 as director of the sales and marketing department and from 1948 to 1968 as co-owner.

In the 1930s he was a member of Nasjonal Samling. He left the party in the 1937 party split, continuing though in the Ragnarok group around national socialist Hans S. Jacobsen, and edited the magazine Ragnarok in 1940. In 1940, however, Norway was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany. Engelschiøn joined the resistance movement and was the head of intelligence in Milorg's District 13, Division 3 (Asker and Bærum) from 1943 to 1945. He received the Defence Medal 1940–1945 with rosette.

Engelschiøn chaired the Norwegian Genealogical Society from 1957 to 1968, and thereafter served as deputy chairman. He was also a bibliophile, chairing Bibliofilklubben twice as well as the contest jury for the Most Beautiful Book of the Year. Engelschiøn also issued a crime novel under a pseudonym.

He resided in Bærum. He died in 1982 and was buried at Haslum.

References

1902 births
1982 deaths
Businesspeople from Oslo
University of Oslo alumni
20th-century Norwegian lawyers
Norwegian marketing people
20th-century Norwegian businesspeople
Members of Nasjonal Samling
Norwegian magazine editors
Norwegian resistance members
Norwegian crime writers
Norwegian genealogists
Norwegian bibliophiles
People from Bærum
20th-century novelists
20th-century Norwegian writers
20th-century Norwegian historians


title: Kadiri Babu Rao

text:
Kadiri Babu Rao is an Indian politician from the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was the former Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the Kanigiri Assembly constituency representing Telugu Desam Party (TDP). He began his political career in the TDP in mid 1980s and later shifted to YSR Congress Party (YSRCP) in 2020.

Early life
Rao was born in Seelamvaripalli village, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, to Kadiri Venkata Narasaiah, a diamond merchant. He was educated near Seelamavaripalli before his family migrated to Hyderabad. He graduated with a BA degree from Nizam college, Hyderabad in 1981.

Career
Rao entered politics in 1980s and joined TDP, and developed a close association with Nandamuri Balakrishna. He aspired to contest the 2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from Kanigiri constituency, however TDP fielded him from Darsi Assembly constituency, but he lost to , Indian National Congress-backed independent contestant.

He later filed nomination to contest the 2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from Kanigiri on behalf of TDP. Upon objections raised by Mukku Ugra Narasimha Reddy, Congress' candidate to Kanigiri, of a missing signature of Rao on his filed affidavit, the nomination was rejected by the Election Commission of India.

He then contested the 2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election and won as the MLA from Kanigiri. He later strived to contest the 2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election again from Kanigiri. However, N. Chandrababu Naidu, TDP's president, did not facilitate it and fielded him from Darsi constituency. Despite rumours that Rao being upset over Naidu's decision and that he might contest from Kanigiri as an independent, he moved forward with Darsi constituency but lost the election to Maddisetty Venugopal of YSRCP.

After his 2019 defeat, Rao, dissatisfied over Naidu's decision, took a break from politics and TDP. Following reports of his plans to change his political alliance, he left TDP and joined YSR Congress Party in March 2020.

Other work
Rao established Kadiri Babu Rao Educational Society which is used to run Kadiri Baburao College of Agriculture & Horticulture in Prakasam district.

References

Telugu politicians
People from Prakasam district
Telugu Desam Party politicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019
YSR Congress Party politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
21st-century Indian politicians


title: 2014 Kazakhstan Super Cup

text:
2014 Kazakhstan Super Cup was a Kazakhstan football match that was played on 9 March 2014 between the champions of 2013 Kazakhstan Premier League, Aktobe, and the winner of the 2013 Kazakhstan Cup, Shakhter Karagandy.

This match was played on 9 March at the Astana Arena. Brazilian Danilo Neco scored the only goal of the match in the 68th minute and FC Aktobe won their third Super Cup.

Match details

See also
2013 Kazakhstan Premier League
2013 Kazakhstan Cup

References

FC Shakhter Karagandy matches
FC Aktobe matches
2014
Supercup


title: Monkey selfie copyright dispute

text:
Between 2011 and 2018, a series of disputes took place about the copyright status of selfies taken by Celebes crested macaques using equipment belonging to the British wildlife photographer David J. Slater. The disputes involved Wikimedia Commons and the blog Techdirt, which have hosted the images following their publication in newspapers in July 2011 over Slater's objections that he holds the copyright, and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), who have argued that the copyright should be assigned to the macaque.

Slater has argued that he has a valid copyright claim because as he engineered the situation that resulted in the pictures by travelling to Indonesia, befriending a group of wild macaques, and setting up his camera equipment in such a way that a selfie might come about. The Wikimedia Foundation's 2014 refusal to remove the pictures from its Wikimedia Commons image library was based on the understanding that copyright is held by the creator, that a non-human creator (not being a legal person) cannot hold copyright, and that the images are thus in the public domain.

Slater stated in August 2014 that, as a result of the pictures being available on Wikipedia, he had lost at least  in income and his business as a wildlife photographer was being harmed. In December 2014, the United States Copyright Office stated that works created by a non-human, such as a photograph taken by a monkey, are not copyrightable. A number of legal experts in the US and UK have argued that Slater's role in the photographic process may have been sufficient to establish a valid copyright claim, though this decision would have to be made by a court.

In a separate dispute, PETA tried to use the monkey selfies to establish a legal precedent that animals should be declared copyright holders. Slater had published a book containing the photographs through the self-publishing company Blurb, Inc. In September 2015, PETA filed a lawsuit against Slater and Blurb, requesting that the copyright be assigned to the macaque and that PETA be appointed to administer proceeds from the photos for the endangered species' benefit. In dismissing PETA's case, a federal district court ruled that a monkey cannot own copyright under US law. PETA appealed. In September 2017, PETA and Slater agreed to a settlement in which Slater would donate a portion of future revenues on the photographs to wildlife organizations. However, the court of appeals declined to dismiss the appeal and declined to vacate the lower court judgment. In April 2018, the appeals court ruled that animals cannot legally hold copyrights and expressed concern that PETA's motivations had been to promote their own interests rather than to protect the legal rights of the monkeys.

Background

Since 2008, British nature photographer David Slater had traveled to Indonesia to take photographs of the critically endangered Celebes crested macaques. In 2011 he licensed several images to the Caters News Agency who released them, along with a written promotional press release with quotes from Slater, for publication in the British media. On 4 July 2011 several publications, including The Telegraph and The Guardian, picked up the story and published the pictures along with articles that quoted Slater as describing the photographs as self-portraits taken by the monkeys, such as "Monkey steals camera to snap himself" (The Telegraph), and "a camera on a tripod" triggered by the monkeys (The Guardian). The articles also contained Slater quotes such as "He must have taken hundreds of pictures by the time I got my camera back." The following day, Amateur Photographer reported that Slater gave them further explanation as to how the photographs were created, downplaying the way newspaper articles had described them; Slater said reports that a monkey ran off with his camera and "began taking self-portraits" were incorrect and that the portrait was shot when his camera had been mounted on a tripod, with the primates playing around with a remote cable release as he fended off other monkeys.

Slater gave further description on his website and in other media accounts, saying he and a guide followed the monkeys for three days, gaining their trust on the second day. According to Slater, in his attempts to get photographs of the monkeys, he found that they were fascinated with the camera and the camera gear and kept playing with it, but they also kept trying to run off with the camera. Slater further stated in a 7 August 2014 Amateur Photographer follow-up article that "I wanted a close-up image but I couldn't do it. They were too nervous, so I had to get them [the monkeys] to come to the camera without me being there and get them to play with the release, which they did". He added: "They were looking at the reflection in the lens, which they found amusing". In an attempt to get a portrait of the monkeys' faces, Slater said he set the camera on a tripod with a large wide-angle lens attached, and set the camera's settings to optimize the chances of getting a facial close up, using predictive autofocus, motor drive, and a flashgun. Slater further stated that he set the camera's remote shutter trigger next to the camera and, while he held onto the tripod, the monkeys spent 30 minutes looking into the lens and playing with the camera gear, triggering the remote multiple times and capturing many photographs. The session ended when the "dominant male at times became over excited and eventually gave me a whack with his hand as he bounced off my back". Slater also said in a 28 July 2017 Vice magazine interview that some news outlets were misreporting how he obtained the selfie, but he went along with it because it was "a bit of fun and some good publicity for the conservation cause".

Copyright issues
On 9 July 2011, an editor on Wikimedia Commons, a site that only accepts media available under a free content license or in the public domain, uploaded the selfie photographs from The Daily Mail. The uploader asserted that the photographs were in the public domain as "the work of a non-human animal", adding that "it has no human author in whom copyright is vested". Slater discovered this a few days later and requested that the Wikimedia Foundation remove the photos. Initially, an administrator at Commons removed the images, but they were later restored after a community discussion on their copyright nature. Slater continued to challenge the foundation to remove the image. The foundation reviewed the situation, but made the determination that the images were in the public domain and denied Slater's request; in its transparency report for August 2014, the foundation stated "copyright cannot vest in non-human authors" and "when a work's copyright cannot vest in a human, it falls into the public domain".

Slater's conflict with the Wikimedia Foundation was covered by the blog Techdirt on 12 July 2011. Techdirt posted the photograph with a public domain license, arguing that the photograph was in the public domain because the monkey was not a legal person capable of holding a copyright, and Slater could not hold copyright to the photo because he was not involved in its creation. Afterwards, Caters News Agency issued a request for the photo to be removed, citing a lack of permission; however, in response to a reply by the blog's author, Mike Masnick, the representative stated that Masnick had "blatantly 'lifted' these photographs from somewhere – I presume the Daily Mail online", and continued to request its removal. Masnick claimed that even if it were capable of being copyrighted, the photo's use on Techdirt would be considered fair use under United States copyright law. He believed that "regardless of the issue of who does and doesn't own the copyright – it is 100% clear that the copyright owner is not yourself."

Slater counterargued in response to both the Wikimedia Foundation and Techdirt that he had made significant creative contributions to the monkey selfie photographs that would make the public domain argument moot. Slater told the BBC, "I became accepted as part of the troop, they touched me and groomed me ... so I thought they could take their own photograph. I set the camera up on a tripod, framed [the shot] up and got the exposure right ... and all you've got to do is give the monkey the button to press and lo and behold you got the picture." In a story published on or before 14 August 2014 on his own website, Slater said that the monkeys stealing the camera was a separate incident that occurred before the "selfies" were taken. Slater went on to say, "I put my camera on a tripod with a very wide angle lens, settings configured such as predictive autofocus, motorwind, even a flashgun, to give me a chance of a facial close up if they were to approach again for a play ... I had one hand on the tripod when this was going on, but I was being prodded and poked by would be groomers and a few playful juveniles who nibbled at my arms." In a November 2017 interview with the radio show This American Life, Slater said that he was holding the tripod with his fingers when the images were taken.

Expert opinions
Expert opinion on whether Slater owns the copyright on the photographs is mixed. On 21 August 2014 the United States Copyright Office published an opinion, later included in the third edition of the office's Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, released on 22 December 2014, to clarify that "only works created by a human can be copyrighted under United States law, which excludes photographs and artwork created by animals or by machines without human intervention" and that "Because copyright law is limited to 'original intellectual conceptions of the author', the [copyright] office will refuse to register a claim if it determines that a human being did not create the work. The Office will not register works produced by nature, animals, or plants." The compendium specifically highlights "a photograph taken by a monkey" as an example of something that cannot be copyrighted.

The intellectual property lawyers Mary M. Luria and Charles Swan said that because the creator of the photograph is an animal and not a person, there is no copyright on the photograph, regardless of who owns the equipment with which the photograph was created. According to the American legal scholar Jessica Litman, "No human author has rights to a photograph taken by a monkey ... The original monkey selfie is in the public domain". She said that the US Copyright Office was clarifying existing practice, and not creating a new policy. However, the American art lawyer Nicholas O'Donnell of Sullivan & Worcester LLP commented that "even if 'a photograph taken by a monkey' cannot be copyrighted by the monkey, it is not clear why that would categorically rule out any copyright for a human author in a work in which cameras are intentionally left in a place where some natural force or animal will cause them to snap a photo".

On 22 August 2014, the day after the US Copyright Office published their opinion, a spokesperson for the UK Intellectual Property Office was quoted as saying that, while animals cannot own copyright under UK law, "the question as to whether the photographer owns copyright is more complex. It depends on whether the photographer has made a creative contribution to the work and this is a decision which must be made by the courts."

The British media lawyer Christina Michalos said that on the basis of British law on computer-generated art, it is arguable that Slater may own copyrights on the photograph, because he owned and presumably had set up the camera. Similarly, Serena Tierney, of London lawyers BDB, stated, "If he checked the angle of the shot, set up the equipment to produce a picture with specific light and shade effects, set the exposure or used filters or other special settings, light and that everything required is in the shot, and all the monkey contributed was to press the button, then he would seem to have a passable claim that copyright subsists in the photo in the UK and that he is the author and so first owner." Furthermore, Andres Guadamuz, a lecturer in IP law at Sussex University, has written that existing European case law, particularly Infopaq International A/S v Danske Dagblades Forening, makes it clear that the selection of photographs would be enough to warrant originality if the process reflects the personality of the photographer. Iain Connor, a partner in Pinsent Masons, similarly said that the photographer could claim they had "put the camera in the hands of the monkey so [they had] taken some creative steps and therefore own the copyright," and that "if it's an animal that presses the button, it should be the owner of the camera that owns the copyright to that photo."

Wikimania 2014
The "Monkey-selfie" became a theme at Wikimania 2014 at the Barbican Centre in London. Conference attendees, including Wikipedia co-founder and Wikimedia Foundation board member Jimmy Wales, posed for selfies with printed copies of the macaque photograph. Reaction to these selfies and to pre-printed monkey posters was mixed. According to Wikipedia contributor Andreas Kolbe, writing in Wikipediocracy, Wales' action was criticized by some users on Twitter and Wikipedia "for what appeared like tactless gloating".

Naruto v. David Slater et al.

The macaque photographs appeared in a book titled Wildlife Personalities that Slater had published via San Francisco-based self-publishing company Blurb, Inc. On 22 September 2015, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) filed a lawsuit against Slater and Blurb in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California to request that the monkey, whom they named Naruto, be assigned copyright and that PETA be appointed to administer proceeds from the photos for the benefit of Naruto and other crested macaques in the reserve on Sulawesi. PETA did so by using the next friend principle, which allows persons to sue in the name of another person who is unable to do so. In November, Angela Dunning, the attorney for Blurb, noted that PETA may have been suing on behalf of the wrong monkey.

During a hearing in January 2016, US District Judge William Orrick III said that the copyright law does not extend its protection to animals. Orrick dismissed the case on 28 January, ruling that "if Congress and the president intended to take the extraordinary step of authorizing animals as well as people and legal entities to sue, they could, and should, have said so plainly." On 20 March 2016, PETA filed a notice of appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. On 12 July 2017, the court held an oral argument on the matter in San Francisco. On 4 August 2017, lawyers for all parties to the case informed the court that they expected to arrive at an out-of-court settlement in the near future, asking the court not to issue a ruling. The court on 11 August stayed the appeal to 8 September. An agreement between Slater, Blurb, and PETA was reached on 11 September 2017, in which Slater will donate 25 per cent of any future revenues from the monkey selfies to charities that protect the wildlife of monkeys like Naruto, but the court has not accepted this agreement as being a valid settlement. As part of their joint motion to dismiss the appeal and vacate the judgment, the parties have asked for vacatur, which would nullify the record in the lower court. The Competitive Enterprise Institute filed an amicus brief on 13 September 2017, urging the court to deny vacatur. The brief argues that since Naruto is not a party to the settlement, PETA does not have standing to move for vacatur.

In April 2018, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit denied the motions to vacate the case. On 23 April, the court issued its ruling in favor of Slater, finding that animals have no legal authority to hold copyright claims. The court also expressed concern with PETA's motivations and actions during the case that were aligned to promote their own interests rather than to protect Naruto, as they found PETA's actionsi.e. attempting to vacate the case when the group learned of the potential for landmark case law to be setto be troubling. The judges noted that their decision had to be considered in light of Cetacean Community v. Bush, a 2004 case heard by the Ninth Circuit that found, under some circumstances, animals could have some standing to seek legal action, and encourages that the Ninth Circuit should hold an en banc hearing to review their decision in Cetacean in light of the monkey selfie case. On 25 May, a Ninth Circuit judge made a call for the case to be heard en banc, potentially to overrule the Cetaceans Community precedent. The court requested the parties to provide briefs within 21 days on whether the en banc hearing should be granted and on 31 August, they declined to review the case.

Impact on Slater
Slater told BBC News that he had suffered financial loss as a result of the pictures being available on Wikimedia Commons. He said the photograph had made him £2,000 in the first year after it was taken, but that interest in purchasing it disappeared after it was used on Wikipedia. He estimated that he had lost £10,000 in income, and said it was "killing his business". Slater was quoted by The Daily Telegraph as saying, "What they don't realise is that it needs a court to decide [the copyright]." In January 2016, Slater stated his intention to sue Wikipedia for copyright infringement of his works.

By July 2017, Slater was reported to be having financial problems and was unable to pay his attorney. While he had originally made a few thousand pounds from the images, enough to recoup his travel costs to Indonesia, this income reduced to about "£100 every few months" when the Wikimedia Foundation refused to stop making the images available without his permission.

Slater was unable to travel to the July 2017 court hearing in the United States for lack of funds and said he was considering alternative careers as a dog walker or tennis coach. He said he was no longer motivated to take photographs, that he had become depressed, and that his efforts to "highlight the plight of the monkeys" had "backfired on my private life" and ruined his life. However, Slater said he was delighted by the impact of the photoshoot itself: "It has taken six years for my original intention to come true which was to highlight the plight of the monkeys and bring it to the world. No one had heard of these monkeys six years ago, they were down to the last thousands. ... The locals used to roast them, but now they love them, they call it the 'selfie monkey'. Tourists are now visiting and people see there is a longer-term benefit to the community than just shooting a monkey."

In May 2018, Condé Nast Entertainment acquired the rights from Slater to make a documentary film related to the monkey selfie dispute. The project was being overseen by Dawn Ostroff and Jeremy Steckler.

See also
 Animal ethics
 Animal-made art
 Animal rights
 Camera trap
 Monty the meerkat
 List of individual monkeys

References

External links

 Naruto v. Slater, et al., no. 16-15469 (9th Cir. 12 July 2017). Oral argument. (audio;video)
 Naruto v. Slater, et al., no. 16-15469 (9th Cir. 23 April 2018). (opinion of the court).
Jiang, Jialei (August 2019). "What Monkeys Teach Us About Authorship: Toward a Distributed Agency in Digital Composing Practices." Kairos. Retrieved 5 March 2020. (Commentary).
 Conn Ó Muíneacháin, "‘Monkey Selfie’ Photographer David Slater on his Fight with Wikipedia (audio)", www.technology.ie/ August 14, 2014. —Audio file.

2011 works
2011 in art
Animal rights
Visual arts by animals
Art by primates
Color photographs
Copyright law
Primates in popular culture
Indonesia–United States relations
United States District Court for the Northern District of California
Wikipedia controversies
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit cases
United States standing case law
2010s photographs
Selfies
Photography controversies
Individual monkeys


title: Johannes Østrup

text:
Johannes Elith Østrup (27 July 1867 – 5 May 1938) was a Danish philologist and professor at the University of Copenhagen where he served as rector from 1934 to 1935. In 1893, after a study tour in the Middle East, he rode on horseback back to Copenhagen, crossing much of Asia Minor and continental Europe.

Early life and education
Born in Copenhagen, Østrup was the son of farmer Hans Frederik Østrup. In 1890, he matriculated from Copenhagen's Metropolitan School (Metropolitanskolen) in Greek, Latin and Danish. In his own time, he had also read works on Sanskrit by the leading philologists of the day and had studied A.F. van Mehren's literature on Semitic languages. While still a student, in 1889 he published a collection of translations titled Arabiske Sange og Eventyr (Arabic Songs and Fairy Tales). When 24, he became the youngest student ever to receive a doctorate as a result of his Studier over Tusind og en Nat (Studies of A Thousand and One Nights).

Field studies in the Middle East
During the years 1891–1893, Østrup made a study trip to Egypt and Syria under primitive conditions, visiting the as yet little known Aneza Bedouin tribe. He rode an Arabian stallion some  through Egypt, Syria and Asia Minor and back to Denmark. His travels, including his 60-day return from Istanbul to Copenhagen on horseback in August 1893, are vividly described in his Skiftende Horizonter (Changing Horizons, 1894). The trips represented an important stage in his development, not only as he was able to assimilate modern Turkish language and the Arabic dialects of Egypt and Syria but above all because he became fully adapted to the Middle Eastern way of life, showing special interest in local customs and traditions rather than just in language. He openly admitted he far preferred field trips to library-based research.

Crossing through much of the Ottoman Empire along his way, Østrup met with several Young Turk politicians and leaders. In his memoirs, Østrup recounts his meeting with Talat Pasha in the autumn of 1910, one of the main perpetrators of the Armenian genocide of 1915. According to Østrup, during such meetings, Talat talked openly about his plans to "exterminate" the Armenians.

Academic career

In 1898, Østrup attempted to obtain van Mehren's professorship at the University of Copenhagen but was unsuccessful, apparently owing to his preference for modern Arabic dialects rather than the traditionally taught classical idiom. He became a lecturer on Semitic language and literature until 1918 when an extraordinary professorship in Islamic culture was created for him. Based on his own travels, he was able to teach the modern spoken dialects of Arabic and Ottoman Turkish. In 1934, he was appointed rector of Copenhagen University. His principal works include Contes de Damas (1897), a collection of Syrian folktales; the first translation directly into Danish of One Thousand and One Nights (Tusind og een Nats Æventyr, 1928) and Arabiens Historie (History of Arabia, 1933).

Heidelberg visit
Despite his early elitist orientations, Østrup showed no sympathy for antisemitism or for German national socialism in the 1930s. When on an official visit to Heidelberg in 1936, he refused to give the Nazi salute and avoided speaking German to his hosts. Instead he gave his address in Latin, the traditional language of academics, praising the achievements of the university and commenting on the illustrious Danes who had benefited from its curriculum. Exchanges with his hosts, however, cast some doubt as to how many of them had followed his presentation as they appeared mainly interested in discussing how National Socialism had combated Bolshevism.

Later life
Østrup was interested in Arabic coins. He spent several years cataloguing the large collection found in Terslev (Zealand) in 1911. The results were published posthumously in Catalogue des monnaies Arabes et Turques du Cabinet Royal des Médailles du Musée National de Copenhague (1938). Østrup was elevated to Commander of the Dannebrog, 2nd grade, in 1935. He died in Copenhagen on 5 May 1938 and is buried in Nødebo Cemetery.

See also
Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide

References

Bibliography

19th-century Danish philologists
20th-century Danish philologists
Danish orientalists
Danish Arabists
Academic staff of the University of Copenhagen
1867 births
1938 deaths
Witnesses of the Armenian genocide
Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog
Rectors of the University of Copenhagen


title: The Maverick Queen

text:
The Maverick Queen is a 1956 American Western film in Trucolor starring Barbara Stanwyck as the title character and Barry Sullivan as an undercover Pinkerton detective out to stop outlaws Butch Cassidy, the Sundance Kid, and the Wild Bunch. It was the first film made in Republic's widescreen process Naturama. The film is based on the novel of the same name by Zane Grey.

Plot
A stranger, calling himself Jeff Young, imposes on rancher Lucy Lee for a meal and a night's rest, then saves her from being robbed. Jeff helps deliver her cattle to town, where he encounters Kit Banion running her saloon, The Maverick Queen.

Kit is secretly in cahoots with the notorious Hole in the Wall Gang, led by Butch Cassidy and Sundance, and a jealous Sundance is angered when Jeff beats him at poker and attracts romantic interest from Kit, who offers Jeff a job as a faro dealer. He reveals he is actually Jeff Younger, a relative of the Younger Gang outlaws, and wants to help Kit and her associates with their illegal holdups.

Lucy is held captive by Sundance after a train robbery, and Jeff ends up killing him to save her. Holding off the other outlaws while their cabin is on fire, Jeff is helped by Kit, who is shot and dies in his arms. The posse arrives, whereupon Jeff confesses that he is actually a Pinkerton detective, working undercover to catch the thieves.

Cast
 Barbara Stanwyck as Kit Banion
 Barry Sullivan as Jeff Young / Younger
 Scott Brady as Sundance
 Mary Murphy as Lucy Lee
 Wallace Ford as Jamie
 Howard Petrie as Butch Cassidy
 Jim Davis as The Stranger, the real Jeff Younger
 Emile Meyer as Leo Malone
 Walter Sande as Sheriff Wilson
 George Keymas as Muncie
 John Doucette as Loudmouth
 Taylor Holmes as Pete Callaher
 Pierre Watkin as McMillan
 Joni James as Title Song Singer
 Jack Kenny as Barfly (uncredited)
 Ethan Laidlaw as Henchman (uncredited)

See also
 List of American films of 1956
 List of American films of 1955

External links

1956 films
1956 Western (genre) films
1950s historical films
American Western (genre) films
American historical films
American romantic drama films
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Joseph Kane
Films scored by Victor Young
Republic Pictures films
Trucolor films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films
Films based on works by Zane Grey


title: Lochar Thistle F.C.

text:
Lochar Thistle Football Club are a football club originating in 1969 from the villages of Locharbriggs and Heathhall in the town of Dumfries in Scotland.

They originally competed in the Dumfries & District Amateur Football League where they were First Division Champions on three occasions. The club also went on a record 42 game unbeaten League run between 2010 and 2012. They joined the South of Scotland Football League for the 2013–14 season. They play their home games at Wilson Park, Heathhall which accommodates approximately 1,000 spectators. The club was accredited in December 2015 with the Standard Level Quality Mark from the SFA and have maintained this level throughout the years.

The club have won The Potts Cup in 2015–16 season and were also the first winners of the Alba Cup in the 2016–17 season.

In 2009, 80 year old club stalwart, George Kirk was awarded Volunteer of the Year in Amateur football.

Lochar are currently managed by Chris Jardine ex Annan Athletic legend.

Honours
Alba Cup: 2016–17

SCFA Potts Cup: 2015–16

WDFA Cree Lodge Cup: 2022–23

External links
 Official website

Football clubs in Dumfries and Galloway
South of Scotland Football League teams


The 2014–15 First League of the Republika Srpska was the twentieth season of the First League of the Republika Srpska, the second tier football league of Bosnia and Herzegovina, since its original establishment and the thirteenth as a second tier league. It will begin on 18 August 2014 and end on 6 June 2015; a winter break where no matches are played will be in effect between 8 November 2014 and 13 March 2015. FK Drina Zvornik were the last champions, having won their one championship title in the 2013–14 season and earning a promotion to Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Fourteen clubs are participating in this session, ten returning from the previous session, one relegated from Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina, two promoted from two regional Second League of the Republika Srpska.

Changes from last season

Team changes

From First League of the RS
Promoted to Premier League
 Drina Zvornik

Relegated to two of 3 respective regional Second League of the RS
 Rudar Ugljevik (Second League of the RS – East)
 Modriča Maxima (Second League of the RS – West)
 Sloga Doboj (Second League of the RS – West)

To First League of RS
Relegated from Premier League
 Rudar Prijedor
 Leotar

Promoted from two regional Second League of the RS
 Vlasenica (Second League of the RS – East)
 Krupa (Second League of the RS - West)
 Tekstilac (Second League of the RS - West)

Stadions and locations

League table

Season statistics

Top goalscorers

See also
2014–15 Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2014–15 First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2014–15 Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup

References

Bos
2014–15 in Bosnia and Herzegovina football
First League of the Republika Srpska seasons


title: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (United Kingdom)

text:
The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was a department of the British Government responsible for the organisation, development, and encouragement of scientific and industrial research. At the outbreak of the First World War "Britain found ... it was dangerously dependent on enemy industries". At the request of the Board of Trade, the Board of Education prepared a White Paper under the chairmanship of Sir William McCormick. The DSIR was set up to fill the roles that the White Paper specified: "to finance worthy research proposals, to award research fellowships and studentships [in universities], and to encourage the development of research associations in private industry and research facilities in university science departments. [It] rapidly assumed a key role in coordinating government aid to university research. It maintained these roles until 1965. The annual budget during its first year, 1915, was £1,000,000.

History
Before the twentieth century, the government was little concerned with scientific enquiry. By 1914 there were a number of small governmental bodies with a specialised scientific interest, but little organised effort towards the application of discoveries made in fundamental research and no organisation concerned with the application of science to industry. The impetus to the establishment of the department was provided by the needs of the war effort. The initiative was taken by the President of the Board of Education who, in May 1915, presented to Parliament a white paper urging that a permanent organisation for the promotion of scientific and industrial research should be set up.

By order in council of 28 July 1915 authority for such an organisation was vested in a committee of the Privy Council consisting at first of six ministers and three other privy councillors in their personal capacities. This new Committee for Scientific and Industrial Research was to be assisted by an Advisory Council, which in turn was assisted by certain advisory committees. As a first step, a scheme was devised for encouraging groups of firms to set up co-operative industrial research associations. For this purpose, a lump sum of £1 million, the 'Million Fund', was voted and an Imperial Trust was set up to administer it.

Because of the close connection between education and research, the President of the Board of Education was nominated as vice-president of the committee of the Privy Council, and the committee's staff and accommodation were at first provided by the board. With the increasing importance of the industrial side of research, these initial arrangements soon became inadequate. Consequently, in December 1916 a separate Department of Scientific and Industrial Research was created, having its own parliamentary vote but responsible to Parliament through the Lord President of the Council.

Once the full four-tier organisation of the committee of the council, the Advisory Council, the Imperial Trust and the department was established. In 1928 the committee of council was reconstituted with an entirely ministerial membership; otherwise, the organisation survived with only small changes until the 1950s.

The department was responsible for the organisation, development and encouragement of scientific and industrial research and the dissemination of its results. It worked by encouraging and supporting scientific research in universities, technical colleges and other institutions, establishing and developing its own research organisations for investigation and research relative to the advancement of trade and industry, and taking steps to further the practical application of the results of research. It could make grants for the purposes of any of these functions.

The department was not responsible for research undertaken primarily to meet the requirements of national defence, nor did it cover all government activity in research for civil purposes. Large areas of research were the responsibility of other bodies – aviation, atomic energy, agriculture, health and medicine, meteorology – though it might undertake specific investigations on behalf of the responsible departments. The department encouraged and supported scientific research in universities and other institutions by means of grants for special research projects, research fellowships, studentships, grants to research associations and research contracts.

The department absorbed or created a number of research organisations, which included large laboratories for special fields of work. Existing institutions for which it assumed responsibility were the National Physical Laboratory from the Royal Society in 1918, the Geological Survey and Geological Museum from the Board of Education in 1919, the Road Experimental Station from the Ministry of Transport in 1933, the Laboratory of the Government Chemist (previously the Government Chemist's Department) in 1959, and the Tropical Products Institute from the Colonial Office in the same year.

Some research organisations founded by the department had functions defined in terms of a field of science or technology such as the Chemical Research Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory and the Hydraulics Research Station. Others were defined in terms of a practical objective, such as the Building Research Station, the Fire Research Station, the Forest Products Research Laboratory, the Fuel Research Station, the Radio Research Station, the Torry Research Station and the Water Pollution Research Laboratory. The British Museum Laboratory, established by the department in 1919, was transferred to the museum in 1930.

Three food research establishments, the Pest Infestation Laboratory, Low Temperature Research Station and Ditton Laboratory, passed to the Agricultural Research Council in 1959. From 1941 to 1945 the department was responsible for atomic energy research, in an organisation known as the Directorate of Tube Alloys. In the 1950s the department embarked on research in the human sciences in relation to the needs of industry, undertaken from 1953 to 1957 in collaboration with the Medical Research Council; in 1958 the department's research programme was transferred from its Headquarters Office to the new Warren Spring Laboratory.

The executive head of each research organisation was a director of research responsible to the head of the department. The director was provided with one or more research institutes or laboratories and with an advisory research board. The research boards were appointed by the lord president of the Council until 1956 and thereafter by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. The boards were responsible for advising the council on the programme of work to be undertaken, and to watch, comment and advise, and to report annually, on the progress of the approved programme.

A Scottish branch office of the department was opened in Edinburgh in September 1947, a Welsh office at Cardiff in 1953, and a Northern branch office at Newcastle upon Tyne in 1963. Late in 1954, the Lord President appointed a small committee under the chairmanship of Sir Henry Jephcott to enquire into the organisation and functioning of the department. Its recommendations were given effect in the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Act 1956, which abolished the advisory council and the Imperial Trust and vested executive power in a new Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.

The council, set up on 7 November 1956, was appointed by and responsible to the Lord President of the Council and was required to comply with any directions it might receive from a committee of the Privy Council for scientific and industrial research. In 1959 these functions of the lord president were transferred to the newly created Minister for Science.

The department was abolished by the Science and Technology Act 1965, which dispersed its functions over a number of government departments and other bodies. Those primarily concerned were the new Ministry of Technology, which became responsible for the application of scientific knowledge to industry and for the majority of the department's research establishments; the Department of Education and Science, which took over responsibility for overseas scientific liaison and the general advancement of scientific knowledge; and the new Science Research Council, which was now to deal with grants for university research and awards for postgraduate students.

Research laboratories
Administered by the DSIR prior to its disbandment in 1965:

 Building Research Station, Watford (from 1921) later renamed Building Research Establishment, and now simply BRE
 Fuel Research Station, Greenwich, moved 1959 to Stevenage and renamed Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL)
 National Physical Laboratory, Teddington (from circa 1917)
 Radio Research Station, Ditton Park (from 1924)
 Road Research Laboratory, Harmondsworth (from 1933), moved to Crowthorne, as of 2016 named Transport Research Laboratory
 National Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride (later transferred to the DTI)

References

External sources
Industrial Research And Development In The United Kingdom A Survey.

1915 establishments in the United Kingdom
1965 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Scientific and Industrial Research
Government agencies established in 1915
Government agencies disestablished in 1965
Organizations disestablished in 1965
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom


title: 2003 European Fencing Championships

text:
The 2003 European Fencing Championships were held in Bourges, France. The event took place from 29 June to 3 July 2003.

Medal summary

Men's events

Women's events

Medal table

References
 Results at the European Fencing Confederation

2003
European Fencing Championships
European Fencing Championships
European Fencing Championships
European Fencing Championships
Bourges
International fencing competitions hosted by France


title: Kiss Me

text:
Kiss Me may refer to:

Film
 Kiss Me (1929 film), a French silent comedy film
 Kiss Me (1932 film), a French comedy film
 Kiss Me (2011 film) or With Every Heartbeat, a Swedish drama film
 Kiss Me (2014 film), an American romantic drama film

Music

Albums
 Kiss Me (album), Japanese title for Mambo No. Sex, by E-Rotic, 1999, or the title song
 Kiss Me, Kiss Me, Kiss Me, by the Cure, 1987

Songs
 "Kiss Me" (C. Jérôme song), 1972
 Kiss Me (Empress Of song), 2023
 "Kiss Me" (Indecent Obsession song), 1992
 "Kiss Me" (Olly Murs song), 2015
 "Kiss Me" (Sixpence None the Richer song), 1998
 "Kiss Me" (Tin Tin song), 1982
 "Kiss Me", written by Noël Coward from the operetta Bitter Sweet
 "Kiss Me", by Cassie from Cassie, 2006
 "Kiss Me", by the Del-Vikings, 1968
 "Kiss Me", by EC2, 1990
 "Kiss Me", by Ed Sheeran from +, 2011
 "Kiss Me", by George Maharis, 1963
 "Kiss Me", by Johnny Burnette, 1958
 "Kiss Me", by Marvin & Johnny
 "Kiss Me", by Sabrina Salerno from Sabrina, 1987
 "Kiss Me", by Dermot Kennedy, 2022

Other uses
 Kiss Me, a brand of Isehan Cosmetics, launched in 1935

See also
 Kiss (disambiguation)
 Kiss Me, Kill Me (disambiguation)
 Kiss You (disambiguation)


title: CF Lorca Deportiva

text:
Club de Fútbol Lorca Deportiva is a Spanish football club based in Lorca, in the autonomous community of the Region of Murcia. Founded in 2012, it plays in , holding home games at Estadio Francisco Artés Carrasco, with an 8,100-seat capacity.

History
The club was founded after the dissolution of Lorca Atlético in 2012, by supporters who did not support La Hoya Lorca CF, as this team was based in the hamlet of La Hoya.

In its first season, despite being registered in Segunda Autonómica, the seventh division, it played one level above after filling a vacant place. After two promotions in three seasons, Lorca Deportiva made its debut in Tercera División in 2015. The club won the league but could not achieve promotion to Segunda División B. But it the next season the club finally managed to promote to the next category, Segunda División B.

In the 2018–19 season the club finished 2nd in the Group 13 of the Tercera División, but failed to promote to Segunda División B in the promotion playoffs. On July 11, 2019 Iván Urbano was appointed the new head coach of the club.

Season to season

2 seasons in Segunda División B
4 seasons in Tercera División
3 seasons in Tercera Federación/Tercera División RFEF

Current squad
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References

External links

Lorca, Spain
Football clubs in the Region of Murcia
Association football clubs established in 2012
2012 establishments in Spain
Phoenix clubs (association football)


title: Gargela apicalis

text:
Gargela apicalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Pagenstecher in 1900. It is found on the Bismarck Archipelago.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1900
Moths of New Guinea


title: 1824 in Scotland

text:
Events from the year 1824 in Scotland.

Incumbents

Law officers
 Lord Advocate – Sir William Rae, Bt
 Solicitor General for Scotland – John Hope

Judiciary
 Lord President of the Court of Session – Lord Granton
 Lord Justice General – The Duke of Montrose
 Lord Justice Clerk – Lord Boyle

Events
 19 April – brigantine Helen of Dundee, bound for Quebec, founders on what becomes known as Helen's Reef off Rockall with fatalities.
 17 May – the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway is authorised; construction begins the following month.
 24 May – the foundation stone for an oil-gas works at Tanfield in Edinburgh is laid by Sir Walter Scott, the company chairman.
 October – Edinburgh Academy, built to the design of William Burn, opens.
 10 October – Edinburgh Town Council makes a decision to found a municipal fire brigade under James Braidwood, the first in Britain.
 15–21 November – Great Fire of Edinburgh, starting in Old Assembly Close, kills 11 residents and 2 firemen, and destroys 24 tenements – leaving 400 families homeless – and other properties, including the spire of Tron Kirk.
 Blairquhan Castle near Maybole, rebuilt to the design of William Burn for Sir David Hunter-Blair, 3rd Baronet, is completed.
 Speyside Scotch whisky distilleries established: Balmenach, Glenlivet and Macallan. Also, Cameron Bridge distillery is established by Haig.
 The Foot-Ball Club is established in Edinburgh, one of the earliest known clubs organised to play any kind of football.
 The Northern Yacht Club, a predecessor of the Royal Northern and Clyde Yacht Club, is established in Rothesay.
 The Perth Golfing Society is formed.

Births
 24 February – John Dick Peddie, architect (died 1891)
 8 March – John Elder, marine engineer (died 1869 in London)
 21 March – James Samuel, railway engineer (died 1874 in London)
 4 July – Robert B. Lindsay, Governor of Alabama (died 1902 in the United States)
 21 October – John Ritchie Findlay, newspaper owner and philanthropist (died 1898)
 10 December – George MacDonald, writer, poet and Christian minister (died 1905 in England)
 17 December – John Kerr, physicist (died 1907)
 George Campbell, administrator in British India and Liberal politician (died 1892 in Cairo)

Deaths
 12 January – Walter Oudney, physician and explorer (born 1790; died in Africa)
 15 January – Francis Dundas, British Army general and governor of Cape Colony (born c.1759)
 17 January – James Brodie of Brodie, botanist, clan chief and politician (born 1744)
 31 March – Andrew Fyfe, anatomist (born 1754)
 15 May – Alexander Campbell, musician and writer (born 1764)
 19 December – Charles Smith, painter (born 1749)
 Approximate date – John Gunn, musician (born c.1765)

The arts
 Thomas Campbell's Miscellaneous Poems is published.
 James Hogg's novel The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner is published anonymously.
 William Knox's poetry collection Songs of Israel is published.
 Sir Walter Scott's novel Redgauntlet is published anonymously.
 Edwin Landseer visits Scotland for the first time to paint a portrait of Sir Walter Scott; he will return annually, concentrating on animal portraits.

See also

 1824 in Ireland

References

Scotland
1820s in Scotland


title: Gargela chrysias

text:
Gargela chrysias is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1897. It is found on Ambon Island in Indonesia.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1897
Moths of Indonesia


title: JQT

text:
JQT may refer to:

JQT (band), a Korean girl group
jQT (software), a JavaScript library


title: William R. Bond

text:
William Ross Bond (December 4, 1918 – April 1, 1970) was a United States Army brigadier general who was killed by an enemy sniper in 1970 while commanding the 199th Infantry Brigade in South Vietnam. General Bond also served in World War II with the Army Rangers and was a prisoner of war.

Early life and education
William Ross "Billy" Bond was raised in Maryland and Virginia. He graduated from the University of Maryland with a bachelor's degree in political science and history. He was also a graduate of the Army War College and other senior service schools.

US Army career
Bond enlisted in the Army in 1940. He participated in the Allied invasion of Sicily and later led his company in the Salerno landings in September 1943. On January 22, 1944, Bond's unit landed at Anzio. In a night attack at Cisterna, Bond was awarded the Silver Star, but was captured by the Germans and was held in a prisoner of war camp in Poland.

Bond began his first tour in South Vietnam in 1959 as a part of the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group.

In 1966, he became Chief of Staff. In 1969 he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.

Personal life
Bond married Theodora Sedgwick in 1960, a distant descendant of Union General John Sedgwick who was killed by a Confederate sharpshooter at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House in 1864.

Death
On April 1, 1970, during Operation Toan Thang IV Bond was killed by a sniper's bullet shortly after landing in his command helicopter to oversee an operation in Bình Thủy District,  north-northwest of Hàm Tân District.

His funeral was held at Arlington National Cemetery, after which he was buried in Sedgwick Pie at the Stockbridge Cemetery in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

See also
U.S Army general officers killed in action in the Vietnam War:
George W. Casey, Sr.
John A. B. Dillard
Richard J. Tallman
Keith L. Ware

References

1918 births
1970 deaths
United States Army generals
United States Army personnel of World War II
Burials in Massachusetts
Military personnel from Maryland
Military personnel from Virginia
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Sedgwick family
United States Army War College alumni
University System of Maryland alumni
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
American prisoners of war in World War II
United States Army personnel killed in the Vietnam War


title: Killiney Kopitiam

text:
Killiney Kopitiam is a Singapore-based chain of mass-market, traditional kopitiam (coffee shop) styled service cafes selling toast products (notably kaya toast), soft-boiled eggs and coffee.

Killiney Kopitiam was founded by Hainanese immigrants in 1919 and starting their business along the busy streets of Killiney Road. Formerly known as Kheng Hoe Heng Coffeeshop, it was later bought over by a regular customer Mr. Woon Tek Seng in 1992, a businessman who is also of Hainanese ancestry. He renamed it according to its location on Killiney Road.

See also
Ya Kun Kaya Toast
 Vegetarian and Vegan Restaurants in Singapore

References

External links
Official website

Food manufacturers of Singapore
Fast-food chains of Singapore
Coffeehouses and cafés in Singapore
Singaporean brands


title: Gargela subpurella

text:
Gargela subpurella is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1864. It is found in Sri Lanka.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1864
Moths of Sri Lanka


title: Islamia bendidis

text:
Islamia bendidis is a species of small freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Hydrobiidae.

Etymology
I. bendidis is named after the Thracian goddess Bendis.

Geographic distribution
I. bendidis is endemic to the island of Samothrace in Greece.

Conservation status
This species is currently classified by the IUCN as critically endangered and possibly extinct. At the time of its original description it was already considered highly threatened, as the freshwater springs and streams that constitute its habitat are being exploited to provide water for domestic purposes, and recent surveys have failed to find any specimens at any of the five locations it was known from.

See also
List of non-marine molluscs of Greece

References

Hydrobiidae
Islamia
Molluscs of Europe
Endemic fauna of Greece
Gastropods described in 1988


title: Gargela trilinealis

text:
Gargela trilinealis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1897. It is found on Fergusson Island in Papua New Guinea.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1897
Moths of New Guinea


title: A. Kasteyev State Museum of Arts

text:
The A. Kasteyev State Museum of Arts is the largest art museum in Kazakhstan, located in Almaty.

The museum opened on 16 September 1976, based on the collections of the Shevchenko Kazakh State Gallery (established in 1935) and the Republic Museum of Decorative and Applied Art (established in 1970). In 1984, the museum was renamed to honour the Kazakh artist Abilkhan Kasteev (1904–1973).

The museum has a collection of over 23,000 works, including historic and contemporary Kazakhstan art, works from the Soviet era (1920s–1990s), Russian artworks (17th to early 20th century), Western European art (16th–20th centuries), and art from East Asia (China, India, Japan, and Korea).

The Kasteyev museum is especially noted for its collection of late works of distinguished sculptor Isaac Itkind and Kazakh painting and sculpture, likely to be the largest in the world, including works by N. Nurmukhammedov, M. Kim, K. Yeserkeyev, K. Mullashev, T. Abuov and Y. Tolepbai.

History

In 1935, an exhibition called "The 15th anniversary of the formation of the Kazakh SSR" was organized by the Kazakh State Art Gallery (since 1935, named after TG Shevchenko). The gallery carried out work on the collection of works by Kazakh, Russian and foreign artists.

In 1970, the Museum of Folk Applied Art of Kazakhstan was organized, which collected, preserved, studied and promoted the products of Kazakh folk arts and crafts.

In 1976, the State Museum of Arts of the Kazakh SSR was established on the basis of the collections of the Kazakh State Art Gallery named after TG Shevchenko and the Museum of Applied Folk Art of Kazakhstan. Since the same year is located in a modern building (architect G. Novikov).

In 1982 the building of the museum was included in the list of historical and cultural monuments of the Kazakh SSR of republican significance and taken under state protection.

In 1984, the museum was named after the Kazakh artist, the founder of the Kazakh national school of painting Abilkhan (Abylkhana) Kasteev.

See also
 List of museums in Kazakhstan
 National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan

References

External links
 Museum website

1976 establishments in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Art museums established in 1976
Art museums and galleries in Kazakhstan
Buildings and structures in Almaty
Museums in Almaty


title: 2004 European Fencing Championships

text:
The 2004 European Fencing Championships were held in Copenhagen. The event took place from 29 June to 4 July 2004.

Medal summary

Men's events

Women's events

Medal table

References
 Results at the European Fencing Confederation

2004
European Fencing Championships
2004 European Fencing Championships
European Fencing Championships
2004 in Copenhagen
Fencing competitions in Denmark
July 2004 sports events in Europe


title: Manmohan Memorial Polytechnic

text:
Manmohan Memorial Polytechnic (MMP)  is a technical college located in Budhiganga-4, Morang, Province 1, Nepal. It is  away from Biratnagar, an industrial town in eastern Nepal.

The Polytechnic was established with an assistance of NRs.46 Crores from the Government of India under India-Nepal Economic Cooperation Programme with the name of former Prime Minister of Nepal Late Man Mohan Adhikari and is the first of its kind in the country. The college has status of partnership college of CTEVT (Council for Technical Education and Vocational Trainings, Nepal) but accredited by Government of Nepal as autonomous college. It offers Diploma in Engineering (IE) course in multiple disciplines. It also provides trainings to disadvantaged and unemployed groups of people in specific skills through short term modularized training programs.

The polytechnic started running in 2008 while it was formally inaugurated on November 2, 2009, by former Prime Minister of Nepal, Madhav Kumar Nepal.

The college provides various levels of programmes, up to now Diploma in Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics, Civil, Architecture and Electrical & Electronics.

In 2019 AD, Government of Province number 1 announced that Manmohan Technical University will be established and Manmohan Memorial Polytechnic will be its constituent college.

References

Engineering universities and colleges in Nepal
Buildings and structures in Morang District
Educational institutions established in 2008
2008 establishments in Nepal