title: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W203)

text:
The Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W203) is the internal designation for a range of compact executive cars manufactured and marketed by DaimlerChrysler from 2000 to early 2007, as the second generation of the C-Class — in sedan/saloon, three-door liftback (marketed as the SportCoupé and sub-designated CL203) and station wagon/estate (sub-designated S-203) body styles.

Design and development

Design work on the W203 C-Class began in mid-1994, with the final design being approved in December 1995 by the executive board. Design patents were filed on 20 April 1998 and 4 March 1999. Testing began in 1997, with development concluding in 2000. The second generation C-Class was unveiled on March 21, 2000, going on sale starting in September 2000. The sedan debuted with a range of inline-four and V6 petrol engines and inline-four and -five diesels. Most of the engines were carried over from the W202, but the C 320 was exclusive, offering . The diesels now featured common rail direct fuel injection and variable geometry turbochargers. Six-speed manual gearboxes were now standard for the entire range, except the C 320. There was a version of this car that was made in Korea.

Mercedes-Benz debuted a coupe variant in October 2000 (launching in 2001), labelled the C-Class SportCoupé and given the internal designation CL203 (see below). The US model, labeled C 230 Kompressor, became available for the 2002 model year with the M111.981 engine, a 1.8 -liter supercharged inline-four making  at 5500 rpm and  at 2500–4800 rpm. The third body variant, a station wagon codenamed S203 arrived in 2001. Then in 2002 for the 2003 model year, a new family of supercharged four cylinder engines, dubbed M271, debuted for the entire C-Class range. All of them used the same 1.8-litre engine, with different designations according to horsepower levels, including a version powered by natural gas. The C 230 Kompressor variant sported . The newer 1.8-litre was less powerful but smoother and more efficient than the older 2.3-litre engine ( compared to . For the C 240 and C 320, 4MATIC four-wheel drive versions were also offered in addition to rear-wheel drive.

Along with the C-Class Estate (wagon), the SportCoupé was discontinued in Canada and the United States after the 2005 model year. The SportCoupé continued on sale in other markets until 2008. From October 2000 until 2007, a total of 230,000 SportCoupé were built in the Bremen factory and in Brazil.

As of 20 Sep 2006, over two million C-Class vehicles (including sedan, station wagon and SportCoupé) had been sold since March 2000, with 1.4 million sedans since May 2000, 330,000 wagons since spring 2001, and 283,000 of SportCoupé since spring 2001. Over 30 percent of total sales occurred in Germany, and over 20 percent in the United States. The last W203 C-Class sedan was produced on 14 December 2006 at the Sindelfingen plant, although US-market sedans were made as late as March 2007.

Facelift

The C-Class W203 was refreshed in early 2004. In North America, the refresh took effect for the 2005 model year. The interior styling was changed in all three body styles. The instrument cluster was revised to display four chrome gauges with multifunction display in the middle. Center console revision with new radio and climate control designs were also included. A fully integrated iPod connection kit was available as was a better Bluetooth phone system made optional. For the North American market C230, the "sport" package was made standard which included AMG edition bumpers, side skirts, and a rear spoiler. The exterior had changes of different wheel designs, grills and clear lens headlights. New more aggressive front, rear bumpers and side skirting were also installed.

Several all-new M272 and the OM642 V6 engines were introduced later in the year. In North America, the changes took effect for the 2006 model year. The C230, C280, C350 replaced the C240 and C320, the new-generation six-cylinder engines developed substantially more power than the older versions, by as much as 24 percent, whilst also increasing fuel economy and reducing  emissions. The C230, C280 and C350 developed ,  and  respectively. The three-valve twin spark design was replaced by a four-valve design, now with variable valve timing. On the diesel side, Mercedes-Benz released a brand-new 3.0-litre V6. Fitted to the 320 CDI, the new diesel cut  emissions and fuel consumption over the old C270 CDI. The C220 CDI received a power increase from . In addition, the V6 engines also received the new seven-speed 7G-Tronic automatic transmission.

Engines

*Electronically limited

**For fleet vehicles, power is rated at  and torque is rated at  at 1,800 rpm

***Performance may vary in vehicles designated as "flexible fuel" or flex-fuel. Based on premium fuel. Performance may vary with fuel octane rating as specified in Operator's Manual.

1 Please see 2007 Operator's Manual C-Class

2Please see 2005 Operator's Manual C-Class

3Please see 2004 Operator's Manual C-Class

4Please see 2003 Operator's Manual C-Class

Flexible Fuel ("Flex-Fuel") models  (2003–2007)

C 320 (2003-2005)
Mercedes-Benz began offering their flexible fuel (flex-fuel) option in the C 320 Sedan, C 320 Sport Sedan, C 320 wagon, and C320 Sport Coupe from 2003 until 2005.

C 240 (2005)
Mercedes-Benz offered the flexible fuel (flex-fuel) option in the C 240 Sedan and Wagon in 2005 only.

C 230 (2007)
Mercedes-Benz later offered the flexible fuel (flex-fuel) option to the 2007 C 230 Sport Sedan.

AMG models  (2001–2007)

C 32 (2001–2003)

After the performance of the AMG models in the previous generation, Mercedes-Benz attempted to increase sales among high-end buyers by introducing two different AMG versions of the new model in 2001. To match the  BMW E46 M3 displacement and improve weight distribution, the C 32 AMG scaled back down to a 3.2-litre V6 engine with a twin-screw type supercharger (manufactured by IHI) to reach  and . Like its predecessors, it used a five-speed automatic, helping it to complete a  sprint in 5.2 seconds. The C 32 was mainly sold as a sedan (6,695 made), although a C 32 station wagon was available in European markets (1,556 made). The C 32 AMG Sportcoupe was only offered in 2002 and 2003 by request as an AMG STUDIO order with the production numbers unknown.

C 30 CDI (2002–2004)

Another version was the C 30 CDI AMG, using a 3.0-litre five-cylinder diesel engine, capable of  and . Like the C 32, it was available in all three body styles, but this diesel model did not reach sales expectations and was retired in 2004. The car's exterior resembled that of the C 32 AMG. To this day, it is the only diesel AMG ever offered.

C 55 (2004–2007)

Along with the mid-generation refresh of the C-Class in 2005, the C 32 AMG was also replaced, giving way to a new 5.4-litre naturally aspirated V8-powered C 55 AMG. This was an evolution of the V8 engine found in the previous E-Class, with power raised to  and torque climbing to . The C 55 AMG uses a V8 from the same engine family as the W202 generation C 43 AMG. Though maximum speed is still electronically limited to , the  time has dropped to 4.7 seconds. Unlike the less-powerful V6s in the rest of the Mercedes-Benz lineup, the C 55 AMG continued to use the five-speed automatic with AMG Speedshift. The C 55 shares its longer front end design with the CLK 55 AMG to accommodate the larger 5.4-litre engine. The C 55 AMG is one of two AMG models to feature different structure than its base Mercedes platform, the other being the W204 C 63 with its custom elongated engine bay. The C 55 was the first AMG C-Class to feature quad exhaust outlets and an external differential cooler. The Nürburgring Nordschleife lap time seen on List of Nürburgring Nordschleife lap times for the C 55 AMG is 8:22 compared to 8:37 for the C 32 AMG mainly due to the revised suspension and extra torque. The C 55 was mainly sold as a sedan with a portion of wagons being sold in European markets.

Coupe

2000–2008: SportCoupé (CL203)

Mercedes introduced the C-Class Sport-Coupé (codenamed "Peanut" ver. CL203) to Europe in October 2000 as a three-door hatchback coupe with a fastback profile, based on the regular W203 C-Class range. North American sales began in 2001 for the 2002 model year.

Whereas the C-Class sedan and wagon had the traditional Mercedes horizontal bar grille with the hood ornament, the coupé had a star-grille front end giving it a sportier look. The coupé also had a fastback roofline, an optional panoramic sunroof, and a functional rear spoiler to provide downforce at high speeds. The coupé was seven inches (178 mm) shorter overall than the sedan, while sharing the same wheelbase length.

Initial engines included the C 180 (129 PS), C 220 (143 PS), C 200 Kompressor, and C 230 Kompressor. In 2003, Mercedes-Benz added the C 180 Kompressor, the C 200 CGI in 2003, the  C32 AMG with  and  (only by special order from AMG STUDIO for the 2003 model year)) and finally the C 160 Kompressor in 2005. The C 230 SportCoupé was powered by a 2.3-litre supercharged, four-cylinder motor (M111) with output of  and  of torque, which was more powerful than the C 240 sedan's V6 engine, although it was coarse and noisy at the high end. In 2003 the M111 was replaced with a quieter and more efficient DOHC supercharged 1.8 liter four-cylinder engine (M271).

The C 230 Sport Coupe and the C 320 Sport Coupe were the two most inexpensive models in the Mercedes-Benz lineup of the United States and Canada at the time, although the resultant "inexpensive Mercedes" moniker was seen as undermining the marque which was traditionally composed of expensive cars. The C 230 base trim enabled the automaker to reach a lower price point than existing models sold in North America, although it lacked standard leather seats and a CD player which were amenities typically expected of German luxury imports, and adding those options made the car similarly as expensive as the BMW 325Ci Coupe and Audi TT both of which had better handling. The SportCoupé's liftback profile was seen as sleeker and more graceful while providing ample storage space, compared to its closest competitor in the BMW 3 Series Compact which was derisively regarded as a truncated regular 3 Series Coupé. Although the hatchback body style was declining in popularity among North American customers during the late 1990s, resulting in the first generation 3 Series Compact being pulled from that market in 1999 after a short sales run, Mercedes offered the SportCoupé for the 2002 model year onward alongside other W203 C-Class models. Mercedes found that the C-Class SportCoupé was a popular first Mercedes for new customers, 40% of whom reportedly return to subsequently buy more expensive models.

2008–2011: CLC-Class (CL203)

The SportCoupé was spun off into its own separate line called the CLC-Class in 2008. The car was presented at the 2008 Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Berlin, which took place from 27 to 31 January. The CLC was produced in Brazil at the company's plant in Juiz de Fora, close to the state border with Rio de Janeiro.

Although the CLC is still based on the W203 platform, it was refreshed with an updated front and tail inspired by the W204 series C-Class. The refresh reworked the rear and front along with some other refinements and new details (Mercedes claimed around 1,100 components), including a steering system borrowed from the SLK-Class and a revised suspension. Out of the sheetmetal of the CLC-Class, only the doors, roof and quarter panels were carried over from the C-Class Sportcoupé. The interior is still largely similar to the first-generation SportCoupé, although it did receive the Steering wheel from the facelifted W219 and an updated optional navigation system.

Some auto journalists noted that the improvements were limited in order to differentiate the CLC-Class and protect the status of the more lucrative marques in the lineup; one reviewer stated the "CLC does just about enough to introduce new customers to the world of Mercedes" and that it had the "feel of an authentic Mercedes-Benz, which is more than I’d say about the A-Class and B-Class front-wheel-drive hatchbacks". Due to the age of the W203 platform which "exudes a level of float and wallow" not found in the W204 C-Class, the CLC received mixed reviews against sportier rivals such as the BMW 1 Series coupé (a successful replacement of the 3 Series hatchback).

In 2009 the CLC 160 BlueEFFICIENCY was added to the range, and the CLC 230 was rechristened as the CLC 250.

Daimler AG decided that the CLC would not continue production. Instead, the W204 C-Class received a traditionally designed coupé added to the lineup for the 2012 model year, coinciding with the facelifted W204 sedan/saloon in the fourth quarter of 2011. The 2012 C-Class Coupe is positioned directly against the BMW 3 Series Coupé (later 4 Series). The A-Class would be redesigned to match up against the BMW 1 Series.

CLC-series engines

References

W203
W203
Cars introduced in 2000
Cars discontinued in 2011
2010s cars
Compact executive cars
Police vehicles
Latin NCAP large family cars
Cars of Brazil


title: La Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov)

text:
(St. Mark Passion) is a contemporary classical composition by Argentinian composer Osvaldo Golijov. It was finished in 2000 and is amongst Golijov's most well known compositions. It is famous for combining several Latin and African musical styles.

Composition

The work was commissioned by Helmuth Rilling, from the Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart in 1996 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of Johann Sebastian Bach. It was initially conceived to pay homage to Bach's St Matthew Passion, as part of a project called Passion 2000, in which Wolfgang Rihm, Sofia Gubaidulina, and Tan Dun also took part. All of the composers were asked to write their own version of the Passion, as long as they used the text.

At first, Golijov refused to take part in the project, because the Passion was meant to be a Christian composition, while Golijov himself was Jewish. Even though he was commissioned the composition in 1996, he started composing it two years later, while he studied the New Testament and the Catholic tradition. When Golijov presented the composition in rehearsals, Rilling himself asked him if "it was a Passion", for he was very surprised about the result.

The premiere took place in Stuttgart's  on September 5, 2000. For that performance, María Guinand conducted the Orquesta La Pasión and the Schola Cantorum de Venezuela, Luciana Souza and Reynaldo Fernández had the role of Afro-Cuban vocalist, while Samia Ibrahim played the soprano. It was greeted with a 25-minute standing ovation. The US premiere took place in Symphony Hall, Boston, and had the same performers except for the Boston Symphony Orchestra under the baton of Robert Spano.

It was dedicated to María Guinand and the Schola Cantorum de Venezuela, and was published by Boosey & Hawkes in 2006.

Structure

The composition is in two parts and takes approximately 87 minutes to perform. It is divided into 34 movements, even though movements 11 and 12 are blended together as one movement. The complete movement list is as follows:

 Part I

 Part II

Like Bernstein's Mass, this composition is primarily meant to be performed on stage. It is scored for a choir of minimum 54 voices, out of which 8 must be soloists as well; a very large percussion section, which should consist of a berimbau, caxixi, bongos, guataca, okónkolo, maracas, congas, shekere, itótele, bombo legüero, bass drum, timpani, bell, guiro, gua gua, cuica, quinto, surdo cortador, surdo resposta, surdo marcaçao, repnique, chimes, wind chimes, tamtam, tambourine, sea shells, spring drum, iyà, and cymbal; the rest of the Orquesta La Pasión, consisting of a guitar, a tres, an accordion, a piano, a cajón, a contrabass, and sound effects; finally, a last section which should consist of two trumpets in C, two trombones, 12 violins, 12 cellos, and 4 basses. A dancer is also required for performance, especially in instrumental sections.

All movements are joined by an attacca, except for movements 2 to 3, and 26 to 27. The score also has frequent stage indications for performers and a guide on how the sound system should be set up. The texts are extracted from Mark's Gospel, the Kaddish, Lamentations of Jeremiah, Psalms 113–119, and texts by Galician author Rosalía de Castro.

Critical reception

Even though the audience was shocked for the innovative character of the composition, it was very well received by public and critics, with a 25-minute standing ovation in the premiere. The New York Times and The Boston Globe called it "a work of genius". The latter also added that "the Pasión will stand as the first indisputably great composition of the 21st century." Alex Ross, from The New Yorker, said about the piece: "It drops like a bomb on the belief that classical music is an exclusively European art."

Arrangements

 In 2010, Gonzalo Grau, 2011 recipient of the European Composers’ Prize of the city of Berlin and close friend of Golijov, composed an arrangement suite in six movements for two pianos and orchestra, entitled Nazareno. It was commissioned by Katia Labèque, Marielle Labèque and the Orchestre de Paris and sponsored by the Orquesta de Castilla y León.

Recordings

Only two recordings of the Passion have been released to date:

 A 2001 recording by Hänssler performed by María Guinand, Orquesta La Pasión, and Schola Cantorum de Venezuela.
 A 2010 recording by Deutsche Grammophon, performed by Biella Da Costa, Jessica Rivera, Reynaldo González-Fernández, María Guinand, Orquesta La Pasión, and Schola Cantorum de Venezuela.

References

2000 compositions
Latin American music
Golijov
Gospel of Mark
Contemporary classical compositions


title: 1997–98 activists kidnappings in Indonesia

text:
The 1997/1998 activists kidnapping were abductions of pro-democracy activists which happened between the 1997 Indonesian Legislative Election and the fall of Suharto in 1998. The kidnappings took place in three different phases: before the May 1997 Indonesian legislative elections, two months before the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) session in March 1998 and in the period just before Soeharto's 21 May resignation. None of those abducted during the first and third period have reappeared. Some of the activists who were abducted in the second period have openly spoken about their experiences.

Background

New Order

The New Order () is the term coined by the second Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power in 1966. Suharto used this term to contrast his rule with that of his predecessor, Sukarno (dubbed the "Old Order," or Orde Lama). The term "New Order" in more recent times has become synonymous with the Suharto years (1965–1998).

Immediately following the attempted coup in 1965, the political situation was uncertain, but the Suharto's New Order found much popular support from groups wanting a separation from Indonesia's problems since its independence. The 'generation of 66' (Angkatan 66) epitomized talk of a new group of young leaders and new intellectual thought. Following Indonesia's communal and political conflicts, and its economic collapse and social breakdown of the late 1950s through to the mid-1960s, the "New Order" was committed to achieving and maintaining political order, economic development, and the removal of mass participation in the political process. The features of the "New Order" established from the late 1960s were thus a strong political role for the military, the bureaucratization and corporatization of political and societal organizations, and selective but effective repression of opponents. Strident anti-communism remained a hallmark of the regime for its subsequent 32 years.

Within a few years, however, many of its original allies had become indifferent or averse to the New Order, which comprised a military faction supported by a narrow civilian group. Among much of the pro-democracy movement which forced Suharto to resign in the 1998 Indonesian Revolution and then gained power, the term "New Order" has come to be used pejoratively. It is frequently employed to describe figures who were either tied to the Suharto period, or who upheld the practises of his authoritarian regime, such as corruption, collusion and nepotism (widely known by the acronym KKN: korupsi, kolusi, nepotisme).

Pro-democracy movement

In 1996 Suharto undertook efforts to pre-empt a challenge to the New Order government. The Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI), a legal party that had traditionally propped up the regime had changed direction, and began to assert its independence. Suharto fostered a split over the leadership of PDI, backing a co-opted faction loyal to deputy speaker of the People's Representative Council Suryadi against a faction loyal to Megawati Sukarnoputri, the daughter of Sukarno and the PDI's chairperson.

After the Suryadi faction announced a party congress to sack Megawati would be held in Medan on June 20–22, Megawati proclaimed that her supporters would hold demonstrations in protest. The Suryadi faction went through with its sacking of Megawati, and the demonstrations manifested themselves throughout Indonesia. This led to several confrontations on the streets between protesters and security forces, and recriminations over the violence. The protests culminated in the military allowing Megawati's supporters to take over PDI headquarters in Jakarta, with a pledge of no further demonstrations.

Suharto allowed the occupation of PDI headquarters to go on for almost a month, as attentions were also on Jakarta due to a set of high-profile ASEAN meetings scheduled to take place there. Capitalizing on this, Megawati supporters organized "democracy forums" with several speakers at the site. On July 26, officers of the military, Suryadi, and Suharto openly aired their disgust with the forums.

On July 27, police, soldiers, and people claiming to be Suryadi supporters stormed the headquarters. Several Megawati supporters were killed, and over two-hundred arrested and tried under the Anti-Subversion and Hate-Spreading laws. The day would become known as "Black Saturday" and mark the beginning of a renewed crackdown by the New Order government against supporters of democracy, now called the "Reformasi" or Reformation.

Kidnappings

The 1997/1998 activists kidnapping were abductions of pro-democracy activists which happened between the 1997 Indonesian Legislative Election and the fall of Suharto in 1998. The kidnappings took place in three different phases: before the May 1997 Indonesian legislative elections, two months before the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) session in March 1998 and in the period just before Soeharto's 21 May resignation. None of those abducted during the first and third period have reappeared. Some of the activists who were abducted in the second period have openly spoken about their experiences.

Kingsbury explains that the activists were kidnapped "by members of Kopassus, then controlled by Prabowo, but sections of the army generally tolerated and in some cases even encouraged student protest". As an anonymous activist who was kidnapped and then released expressed, many of them were poisoned in an airless room after their detention. "Like in an underground room," he uttered, adding he was constantly tortured during his imprisonment. "If I'm not mistaken, I was imprisoned for seven days.

The kidnappings started in the early months of 1997, after the campaign for general election began and members of the PDIP disappeared, and continued until the May 1998 riots extending the forced disappearances to members of Indonesia Students Solidarity for Democracy. Kontras, the Indonesian Commission for "the Disappeared" and Victims of Violence, on its report "Progress Case Activists kidnapping in 1998" notes that "the kidnapping of Pius Lustrilanang, Desmond J Mahesa, Haryanto Taslam, Mugiyanto, Aan Rusdianto, Faisol Reza, Rahardja W Jati and Nezar Patria encouraged civil community movement to demand responsibility from the military which was considered the perpetrator". Some of the victims were released, but 13 are still missing. That is the case of Suyat, Yani Afri, Sonny, M.Yusuf, Noval Alkatiri, Dedy Hamdun, Ismail, Bimo Petrus, Abdun Naser, Hendra Hambali, Ucok Siahaan, Yadin Muhidin and Wiji Thukul.

Darma Putra considers that this kidnappings had the goal of suppressing anti-government movements. As she notes, many of the activists who were later released have been afraid of revealing their experiences publicly because they still feel threatened.
In the profile published on Kontras's website,

"The victims were not only political parties, but also nearly all independent and community-based organizations. NGOs and student movements experienced cooptation and intimidation through increasingly brutal investigations, arrests and detentions. Some were done through "official" channels while others were conducted secretly and arbitrarily.

Victims

During the period 1997/1998, KONTRAS (Commission for the Disappeared and Victims of Violence) reported that 23 people had been abducted by the state. Out of those 23 activists, one person was found dead (Leonardus Gilang), 9 released by their captors and 13 others are still missing to this day. The kidnappings occurred during the years when General Wiranto was the Defense Minister/Armed Forces Commander General.

Released activists

The nine activists who were released are:

 Desmond Junaidi Mahesa, kidnapped at the Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Nusantara (Nusantara Legal Aid Institute), Jakarta, February 4, 1998.
 Haryanto Taslam.
 Rahardjo Walujo Djati, kidnapped at the RSCM (Hospital Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo) after a press conference at the Legal Aid Foundation KNPD, Jakarta, March 12, 1998.
 Pius Lustrilanang, kidnapped in front of RSCM (Hospital Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo) after a press conference for the Legal Aid Institute in Jakarta, February 2, 1998
 Faisol Reza, kidnapped in RSCM after press conference in Jakarta, March 12, 1998
 Nezar Patria, kidnapped in the block of apartments Klender, March 13, 1998.
 Aan Rusdianto, kidnapped in the block of apartmentents Klender, March 13, 1998.
 Mugianto, kidnapped in the block of apartments Klender, March 13, 1998.
 Andi Arief, kidnapped in Lampung, March 28, 1998.

Missing activists

The 13 activists who are still missing were members of various organizations, such as the People's Democratic Party or Partai Rakyat Demokratik, PDI Pro Mega, Mega Bintang, and students organisations:

 Petrus Bimo Anugrah, Airlangga University student and member of STF Driyakara; disappeared in Jakarta on March 30, 1998.
 Herman Hendrawan, Airlangga University student; disappeared after a press conference at the Legal Aid FoundationKNPD in Jakarta, March 12, 1998.
 Suyat, SMID activist; disappeared in Solo on February 12, 1998.
 Wiji Thukul, poet, activist from the organisation Jaker; disappeared in Jakarta on January 10, 1998.
 Yani Afri, driver, supporter of Megawati's PDI Pro Mega. After he joined the Mega Bintang coalition for the 1997 elections, he was arrested in Jakarta and disappeared on April 26, 1997.
 Sonny, driver. He was friends with Yani Afri and also supporter of Megawati's PDI Pro Mega; disappeared in Jakarta on April 26, 1997.
 Dedi Hamdun, businessman, active in the PPP and Mega Bintang 1997 campaign; disappeared in Jakarta on May 29, 1997.
 Noval Al Katiri, PPP activist; disappeared in Jakarta on May 29, 1997.
 Ismail; disappeared in Jakarta on May 29, 1997.
 Mundandar Ucok Siahaan, student, kidnapped during the Jakarta riots on May 14, 1998.
 Hendra Hambali, high school student; disappeared in Glodok, Jakarta, May 15, 1998.
 Yadin Muhidin, Sailing School student; arrested by North Jakarta Police and disappeared on May 14, 1998.
 Abdun Nasser, contractor; disappeared during the Jakarta riots on May 14, 1998.

Kopassus

Kopassus is an Indonesian Army special forces group that conducts special operations missions for the Indonesian government, such as direct action, unconventional warfare, sabotage, counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism, and intelligence gathering. Kopassus was founded on April 16, 1952. It gained worldwide attention after several successful operations such as Indonesian invasion of East Timor and hostage release of Garuda Indonesia Flight 206.

The Special Forces have been a subject of controversy due to their role in the activists kidnappings in the period between 1997 and 1998. Mugiyanto, one of the activists who was kidnapped, as stated that the kidnapping and torture were carried out by the Indonesian special forces (Kopassus). Mugiyanto was kidnapped in Jakarta when he was going to meet other activists when he was kidnapped on March 13, 1998. He informed Vice News of what happened in an interview conducted in front of Kopassus headquarters in Jakarta.

Mugiyanto was in Jakarta to meet with other pro-democracy activists to organize protests against the government when he was taken on March 13, 1998. VICE News caught up with him outside the Kopassus headquarters. The location has a special meaning, as he affirms that years after being kidnapped he realised that "it was the Kopassus headquarters that I had been taken to". He also states that "some activists were taken directly to Kopassus, but not in my case". This testimony proves the direct responsibility of the Special Forces in these events.

According to the Federation of American Scientists, during the Officers' Honorary Council, on August 21, 1998, three senior officers from Kopassus, including the unit's former commander, Major General Prabowo Subianto, were questioned. As a consequence, the Armed forces chief General Wiranto admitted the involvement of Kopassus in the activists kidnappings. A year later, on April 6, 1999, "a military court found 11 members of Kopassus guilty and handed them jail terms of up to 22 months". According to an article published by The Jakarta Post on April 17, 2002 Kopassus members "have also been accused of taking part in the mass violence that occurred in East Timor after the historic independence ballot in the former Portuguese colony in September 1999".

In his book "Power Politics and the Indonesian Military", Damien Kingsbury states that Kopassus has been identified with "the perpetration of state terror, including a wide range of covert anticivilian activities and related human rights abuses, and as having the strongest political orientation". On December 30, 2010, Jay Griffiths published in the article 'Indonesia's slow motion genocide', Griffits
stated that "Although the US Leahy Law forbids funding to military units that violate human rights, Kopassus is now being supported by President Obama, under the guise of fighting terrorism. The Kopassus document gives the lie to that, showing their systematic targeting of civilians."

Team Mawar

The Team Mawar (Team Rose) is a small unit within the Kopassus Group IV, part of the Indonesian Army. This team is the alleged mastermind behind the pro-democracy activists kidnappings.

These events took 11 members of the Team Mawar to the Military High Court (Mahmilti II) in April 1999. Bambang Kristiono (Commander of the Team Mawar) was sentenced to 22 months in jail and expelled from the army. The court also sentenced the Infantry Captain Fausani Syahrial (FS) Deputy Commander Multhazar, Infantry Captain Sulistiyo Budi Nugroho, Infantry Captain Julius Selvanus and Infantry Captain Budi Harto to 20 months in prison and discharged all of them from active service. However, years later Fausani Multhazar and Untung Budi Harto emerged as commanders of military districts in Central Java and the Maluku islands respectively. The officers appealed to the Supreme Court, whose verdict was never made public.

At the same time, six other soldiers were sentenced to one year and four months in prison but they kept their positions in the army. They were Infantry Captain Dada Hendra Yuda, Infantry Captain Djaka Budi Utama and Infantry Captain Fauka Noor Farid. Sergeant Sunaryo, Sergeant Sigit Sugianto and Sergeant Sukadi were sentenced to 1 year in prison. According to the confession of Mayor Bambang Kristiono, Commander of the Team Mawar, during the Military Tribunal, the person who ordered the activist abductions was Colonel Chairawan, but he was never brought to trial so it can not be confirmed.

An article published in 2007 by The South China Morning Post stated that "two members of the so-called Team Mawar have been promoted to important military posts". In the same article, Haris Azhar, from the Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence, said that "the Team Mawar case was another example of the political establishment's reluctance to settle human rights abuses and pursue meaningful reform of the TNI".

Group IV

Team Mawar is a small unit within the Kopassus Group IV, part of the Indonesian Army. KOPASSUS has expanded to five Groups, with Group IV specifically handling intelligence operations along with the KOPASSUS Joint Intelligence Unit [SGI]. This team is the alleged mastermind behind the pro-democracy activists kidnappings. Group IV comprises approximately 800 men who work with the Joint Intelligence Unit on interrogations and domestic clandestine operations. These operations include the majority of Kopassus' most controversial and politically problematic roles, such as 'deep cover' activities, agent running,assassinations,sabotage, intelligence, espionage and as agents provocateur. In particular, Group IV has focused on infiltrating what were deemed to be opposition groups, acting as agents provocateurs in order to legitimise official crackdowns.

Kingsbury notes that members of Group IV can be identified for growing their hair long, dress in nonconformist civilian clothes, set up secret cells based on groups of five, and sometimes carry out assassinations and other acts of terror. Also, they do not salute superior officers when outside their base. This group is also known for recruiting criminals as auxiliaries.

Aftermath

In 1998, many of the victims' families started to organise in order to ask the government for answers about the kidnappings. For this purpose, they created the Indonesian Association of Families of the Disappeared (IKOHI), and held meetings, public campaigns and actions with institutions in Indonesia and abroad. Due to their petitions, the government decided to conduct an investigation through The strong demand from the victims and the public finally had the government through its Commander of TNI (state army) to form the Council of Military Ethical Office (Dewan Kehormatan Perwira) to carry out an investigation.

The case was investigated by the National Commission on Human Rights under Law No. 26/2000 on Human Rights Court and the results were submitted to the Attorney General in 2006. The National Commission on Human Rights team was working on the cases of forced disappearance from October 1, 2005 until October 30, 2006.

Abdul Hakim Garuda Nusantara (Chairman of the National Human Rights Commission in 2006) requested the Attorney General to use the results obtained through the Commission to establish a team of investigators, as they had obtained sufficient preliminary evidence to prove the existence of crimes against humanity. An assistant to the ad hoc investigation team into the 1997–1998 disappearances, Lamria, said there a number of people out of the 13 activists that are still missing who are known to have been at the army's elite special forces Kopassus post located the Cijantung area of East Jakarta. They are Yani Afrie, Sony, Herman Hendrawan, Deddy Hamdun and Noval Alkatiri, who Faisol Riza and Pius Lustrilanang met before released.

The Commission concluded that there was evidence of human rights violations in the forced disappearance of activists during 1997–1998. This conclusion is based on the testimonies of 58 victims and community members, 18 retired members of the Police and a retired military. On December 22, 2006 the Human Rights Commission asked the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR-RI) to urge the President to deploy and mobilize all law enforcement officials to resolve the issue. The House Speaker Agung Laksono on February 7, 2007, also asked President Yudhoyono to order the Attorney General Abdul Rahman Saleh to conduct investigations and examinations based on the findings of the Commission to resolve the case.

In an interview with the Argentinian newspaper Tiempo, Haris Azhar, director of Kontras, explained that "it was not easy, but we managed to take the case to justice. In the end they investigated it in 2005 and after investigations all the material was delivered to the Attorney General, as established by the Human Rights Court law". In the same interview, Azhar pointed out that he had the chance to talk to the Attorney General, who told him that "this is not a matter of legal technicalities, but political support is needed from the president and I do not have it". According to Azhar, this situation comes from the fact that the president's position is on the same level as the head of the military, the police, the intelligence corps and does not have the courage to control the security forces.

2014 Controversy

After an article published by The Jakarta Post mentioning the possible responsibility of the presidential candidate Prabowo, he answered the newspaper with a letter stating that he had nothing to do with it. However, as explained by Kingsbury, in August 1998 Prabowo, who was then the commander of Kostrad, admitted his responsibility to a military investigation team. He confirmed that he had been responsible for a series of political kidnappings and disappearances, being later removed from his posts with and two other senior Kopassus officers. He was also dismissed from the army.

As reported by The Jakarta Post in June 2014, the Veterans Association chairman Gen. Agum Gumelar stressed that Prabowo told him that "he was ordered by former president Soeharto to kidnap the activists".

As a 2014 presidential candidate, Prabowo's past came under renewed scrutiny, with many organisations calling for him to step down. A coalition, which consisted of Imparsial, Kontras, the Setara Institute, and the Human Rights Working Group (HRWG), combined under the Civil Society Coalition Against Forgetting, visited the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) in Jakarta on May 7, 2014 to urge the commission to re-investigate Prabowo. A June 27, 2014 report indicated that an investigative journalist, Allan Nairn, had been threatened with arrest "for revealing the former general's role in human rights abuses."

2020 Controversy
On 25 September 2020, President Joko Widodo appointed six military officers to strategic posts within the Defense Ministry, including two former members of the infamous Tim Mawar.

See also

 May 1998 riots of Indonesia
 Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians

References

Bibliography

1997 crimes in Indonesia
1998 crimes in Indonesia
New Order (Indonesia)
Indonesia


title: Világszabadság

text:
Világszabadság ('World Freedom') was a weekly newspaper published from Budapest, Hungary from 1897 to August 3, 1919. It was linked to the Social Democratic Party of Hungary and was a key mouthpiece of the agrarian-socialist movement. It was the organ of the Magyarországi Földmunkások Országos Szövetségébe ('National Farm Workers Union of Hungary'). The newspaper was set up as a continuation of Földművelők Lapja. Sándor Csizmadia was the founding editor of the newspaper. Between 1899 and 1905 it was published irregularly.

See also
Der Feldarbeiter
Weltfreiheit

References

1897 establishments in Hungary
1919 disestablishments
Socialist newspapers
Newspapers published in Budapest
Hungarian-language newspapers


title: Jim Bretz

text:
Jim Bretz (born April 11, 1964) is an American baseball scout and former college baseball coach. He is the Northeast Scouting Director for the Detroit Tigers and was previously the head coach of UNC Asheville (1991–1994) and Hartford (1995–1997).

Playing career
Bretz played college baseball at Charlotte under head coach Gary Robinson from 1984–1987.  During this stretch, the 49ers had two 30-win seasons and made two Sun Belt Tournaments.  Bretz's teammates at Charlotte included future Major League umpire Fieldin Culbreth.

Coaching career

UNC Asheville
Bretz began his coaching career as an assistant at UNC Asheville from 1988–1990.  He was promoted to head coach for the 1991 season and held the position from 1991–1994.

Under Bretz, Asheville finished 5th in the Big South Conference in 1991 and 1992, appearing in the Big South Tournament in both seasons.  Its deepest tournament run came in 1991, when the team went 19-29.  It started the tournament 3-0, with wins over #3 Winthrop, #2 Augusta, and #4 Davidson.  In the championship round, however, it lost two games to top-seeded Coastal Carolina and finished as the tournament runner-up.  In Bretz's final two seasons, 1993 and 1994, the Bulldogs did not qualify for the conference tournament.  His overall record at Asheville was 73-114.

The Bulldogs had a player named to the All-Big South Team in each of Bretz's seasons, and three players signed professional contracts during his tenure.  Pitcher Marc Rosenbalm, who was named to the Big South's all-conference and all-tournament teams in 1991, signed a free agent contract with the Seattle Mariners following the season.  Jamon Deal and Eugene Faircloth were both selected in the 1992 MLB Draft and played in the minor leagues.

Bretz's coaching staffs at Asheville included Sammy Stewart, an ex-Major League pitcher attempting a comeback from cocaine addiction.  Stewart served as a volunteer assistant coach in 1991.  Bretz said of Stewart in a press interview: "I'd heard all about his drug and alcohol problems, but the guy just made a mistake. You could see in his face that he wanted to make a commitment. He's been a real inspiration to my kids."

Hartford
Prior to the start of the 1995 season, Bretz was hired as the head coach of Hartford, a position he held from 1995–1997.  Hartford athletic director Pat Meiser-McKnett said of the hire, "[Bretz] is a seasoned Division I coach who we believe understands the broad picture of college athletics. Jim also brings to the program a high level of energy and integrity."

In 1995, Bretz's first season, the Hawks went 14-25 (10-12 NAC).  Prior to the season, many players that had played for or been recruited by previous head coach Moe Morhardt quit the program.  The team played the season with a 16-man roster.  Bretz said of the season: "I got rid of some problems and some players cut themselves. We wanted to find out who was going to be the backbone of the team. ... We were planning for the future: 'This is how we'll play, conduct ourselves on the road and handle tough situations. We didn't have a chance to win. We had a five-man pitching staff. You have to give credit to the guys who stuck it out."

Hartford's best season under Bretz was 1996, when the team went 18-30-1 (10-14 NAC) and reached the NAC Tournament, where the Hawks finished third.  After losing their opener to top-seeded Delaware, Hartford defeated #5 Northeastern and #2 Maine before being eliminated by Drexel.  Following the 1997 season, in which Hartford missed the conference tournament, Bretz resigned for personal reasons.  His overall record in three seasons at Hartford was 48-78-1.

At Hartford, Bretz coached future Major Leaguer Earl Snyder, who played for the program from 1995–1998.  Snyder played for the Cleveland Indians in 2002 and the Boston Red Sox in 2004.  At Hartford, he set career records for home runs and RBI and was named to multiple all-conference and all-region teams.

Bretz was a proponent of changing college baseball's bat rules while at Hartford.  In 1996, the Richmond Times-Dispatch quoted him on the minus-5's then in use: "Across the board, something needs to be done. Somebody is going to get killed [because of metallic bats]. It's going to happen. I guess we'll keep buying those bats until it does."  In 1999, the NCAA adopted BESR standards to reduce the exit speed of baseballs off the bat.  The NCAA made further reductions in bats' liveliness in the years following these new standards.

Scouting career
Bretz began working as a scout in the 2000s.  He was the Northeast Supervisor for the Cleveland Indians from 2000–2001, and for the San Diego Padres from 2001-2015. He has held the same position for the Detroit Tigers since 2015.  His signees include Will Venable, Andy Parrino, Brad Brach,  Travis Jankowski, Luke Carlin, Nick Greenwood, Brett Kennedy, Brendan White, and Jason Foley.

Head coaching record
Below is a table of Bretz's yearly records as a collegiate head baseball coach.

Personal
Bretz's father, James, worked as a scout for the Pittsburgh Pirates, among several other areas of professional baseball.

Notes

References

Living people
1964 births
People from Lexington, North Carolina
Charlotte 49ers baseball players
UNC Asheville Bulldogs baseball coaches
Hartford Hawks baseball coaches
Cleveland Indians scouts
San Diego Padres scouts


title: Kausar Munir

text:
Kausar Munir is an Indian lyricist and screen writer in Bollywood.

Biography
Munir was born and brought up in Bandra, Mumbai. She graduated in English Literature from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai.

Munir married actor Nirmal Pandey in 1997 but they separated and divorced a few years later in 2000. She has been married to Naveen Pandita since 2001. They have a daughter Sophie Pandita.

Munir started working in media and started doing some research work. Munir is a lyricist who started her career in television with writing for the television serial Jassi Jaisi Koi Nahin. She went on to write Falak Tak for the film Tashan, followed by songs for Ishaqzaade, Ek Tha Tiger, Dhoom 3, Bajrangi Bhaijaan, Dear Zindagi.

She has also worked as a language consultant for the film English Vinglish. She has penned down several lyrics for Bollywood movies and is also working as script writer.

The official anthem for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup, "Live the game!, Love the game!", was written by Munir with music by Amit Trivedi and vocals from Sharvi Yadav and Anand Bhaskar. She incorporates the use of "Hinglish" at intervals, with the song mostly being in English.

Filmography
2023 Tumse Na Ho Payega (lyricist)
2023 Jawan (lyricist)
2023 Ghoomer (lyricist)
2023 Bawaal (lyricist)
2023 8 A.M. Metro (lyricist)
2023 Jubilee (lyricist)
2023 Mrs. Chatterjee vs Norway (lyricist)
2022 Qala (lyricist)
2022 Rocket Boys (Indian Web Series) (dialogue writer)
2022 Gehraiyaan (lyricist)
2021 83 (lyricist)
2021 Rashmi Rocket (lyricist)
2021 Shiddat (lyricist)
2020 Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl (lyricist)
2020 Guilty (lyricist)
2020 Yeh Ballet (lyricist)
2018 Jalebi (Writer)
2018 3 Dev (lyricist)
2018 Pad Man (lyricist)
2017 Secret Superstar (lyricist)
2017 Begum Jaan (Additional Screenplay, Dialogues, Lyrics)
2017 Meri Pyaari Bindu (lyricist)
2017 Qaidi Band (lyricist)
2016 Dear Zindagi (lyricist/additional writer)
2016 Raaz: Reboot (lyricist)
2016 Love Games (lyricist)
2016 Baarish Aur Chowmein (script and lyrics)
2015 Phantom (lyricist and dialogue writer)
2015 Bajrangi Bhaijaan (lyricist and dialogue writer)
2015 Shamitabh (lyricist)
2015 Tevar (lyricist)
2014 Heropanti (lyricist)
2014 Main Tera Hero (lyricist)
2014 Youngistaan (lyricist)
2014 Jai Ho (lyricist)
2013 Dhoom: 3 (lyricist)
2013 Bullett Raja (lyricist)
2013 Gori Tere Pyaar Mein (lyricist)
2013 Ishkq in Paris (lyricist)
2013 Nautanki Saala! (lyricist)
2012 Ajab Gazabb Love (lyricist)
2012 Ek Tha Tiger (lyricist)
2012 Ishaqzaade (lyricist)
2010 Anjaana Anjaani (lyrics: "Anjaana Anjaani")
2008 Tashan (lyrics: "Falak Tak")

Awards

Winner: G20 Women Achiever’s Award in Media 2023
Winner: Critics Choice Award for Best Dialogue.
(2022) for Rocket Boys (Sony Liv)

Winner: Laadli Award Woman Achiever in Media 2022
Winner: Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist(2022) for Lehra Do song in the movie 83
Winner: Nexa IIFA Best Lyricist Award(2021) for Lehra Do song in the movie 83
Nomination: Album of The Year Mirchi Music Awards (2017) for Secret Superstar
Nomination: Lyricist of The Year Mirchi Music Awards (2017) for "Maana Ke Hum Yaar Nahin (Duet)" from Meri Pyaari Bindu
Nomination: Best Lyricist Filmfare Awards(2016)
Nomination: Best Lyricist Screen Awards (2016)
Nomination: Best Lyricist Filmfare Awards (2014)
Nomination: Lyricist of The Year Mirchi Music Awards (2014) for "Suno Na Sangemarmar" from Youngistaan
Nomination: Album of The Year Mirchi Music Awards  (2012) for Ishaqzaade
Winner: Best Lyricist Stardust Awards (2014)
Winner: Best Lyricist Star Screen Awards (2014)
Winner : Best Lyricist Zee Cine Award(2013)
Winner : Standout Performance By Lyricist Stardust Award(2013)
Winner : Standout Performance By Lyricist Stardust Award(2009)

References

External links

Indian lyricists
Hindi-language lyricists
Indian women songwriters
Indian songwriters
Indian Muslims
Living people
Hindi-language writers
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Juan de Solórzano Pereira

text:
Juan de Solórzano Pereira (1575–1655) was a Spanish jurist who became oidor of Lima and was an early writer on the colonial law of the Spanish empire in the Americas.

Works
Disputatio de Indiarum jure sive de justa Indiarum occidentalium inquisitione (Madrid, 1629).
Disputationum de Indiarum iure, sive de iusta Indiarum occidentalium gubernatione (Madrid, 1639).
Politica indiana: sacado en lengua castellana de los dos tomos del derecho; govierno municipal de las Indias Occidentales (Madrid, 1647).
Emblemata centum regio-politica (Madrid, 1653).

References

External links

Barrientos Grandon, Javier (2003). Juan de Solórzano y Pereyra (1575-1655), retrieved: 2017-03-21.

1575 births
1655 deaths
University of Salamanca alumni
Academic staff of the University of Salamanca


title: Grace Nicholson

text:
Grace Nicholson (December 31, 1877 – August 31, 1948) was an American art collector and art dealer, specializing in Native American and Chinese handicrafts.  The space she originally designed for her shop is now home to the USC Pacific Asia Museum in Pasadena, California.

Early life and education
Grace Nicholson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, daughter of Franklin Nicholson and Rose Dennington Nicholson.  Her father was an attorney, and her mother trained as an educator.  Rose Nicholson died from complications following Grace's birth; when Grace was a teen, her father also died, and she was sent to live with her paternal grandparents.  They both died in 1901, leaving her an inheritance.

Nicholson attended Philadelphia High School for Girls, graduating in the class of 1896.  She briefly worked as a stenographer after high school.

Career

In 1901, using her inheritance, Nicholson moved to California, and soon opened a small shop in Pasadena, selling Native American handicrafts such as baskets and weaving. She hired crafters to teach traditional beadwork and other skills; she rented space to local artists. She traveled extensively in the rural western and Southwestern United States, worked with local dealers to build her collection, and corresponded with East Coast collectors to sell the objects.  She personally photographed and catalogued her holdings; she also built an extensive photographic record beyond the objects, especially of the Klamath River people, with whom she had frequent dealings. She developed longterm relationships with some favorite crafters, well beyond ordinary business dealings:  she paid for eye surgery for one ailing basketmaker, and paid college tuition for another young woman.

Nicholson acquired artifacts for sale, but also for major museums such as the Smithsonian Institution and the Field Museum in Chicago.  She lectured about "the Indian" to churches and civic groups. In recognition of her expertise, Nicholson was elected to the American Anthropological Association in 1904. As a member of the "Anthropological Society," she joined a tour group that visited horticulturist Luther Burbank in 1905, in Santa Rosa, California. In 1909, she was awarded a silver medal at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in Seattle, for a display of baskets and other artifacts.

In 1924, she designed a new building for her collections, which (reflective of changing fashions) had begun to focus on Asian art.  The architectural firm of Marston, Van Pelt & Maybury worked with Nicholson to realize her vision. Her design, nicknamed the "Treasure House," borrowed elements from buildings she had seen in China.  The building was opened as an art gallery and shop in 1925, although the interior garden courtyard was not completed until 1929.

The Los Angeles Times regularly included Nicholson's gallery in listings of local art events. Notable artists whose work was presented under her supervision include Honolulu-based Frank Montague Moore, Southwestern painter Joseph Henry Sharp, Danish silversmith Georg Jensen, William Victor Higgins, watercolorist Pop Hart, Emil Fuchs, Dutch cartoonist Gustave Verbeek, Grace Hudson, Agnes Lawrence Pelton, undersea painter Zarh Pritchard, and Irish-born illustrator Power O'Malley.  She hosted an especially eclectic display of European tapestries and Persian pottery in 1928.

Her building was deeded to the City of Pasadena in 1943, but she continued to live in her private apartment on the second floor until her death from cancer in 1948.

Personal life
Nicholson was an active charter member of the Zonta Club of Pasadena, and hosted meetings at her home, including a 1929 Christmas party attended by Amelia Earhart.

Legacy
Nicholson's papers and photographs were donated to the Huntington Library in 1968.  Nicholson's 1925 building is now home to the USC Pacific Asia Museum. Much of her private collection of artifacts was incorporated into the holdings of the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian.  Another large collection of items purchased from Nicholson was bequeathed to the Montclair Art Museum in New Jersey, by Florence Rand Osgood Lang.

A Grace Nicholson scholarship for women students who demonstrate artistic talent was established at Scripps College in 1951.

In 2010, over two hundred sacred and ceremonial items collected by Nicholson and purchased from her by George Gustav Heye were repatriated to the Yurok people, one of the largest repatriations in the history of the National Museum of the American Indian.

References

Museum people
1877 births
1948 deaths
People from Pasadena, California
People from Philadelphia


title: O Song-nam

text:
O Song-nam (; born July 16, 1982, in Pyongyang) is a retired amateur North Korean freestyle wrestler, who competed in the men's featherweight category. He finished sixth in the 55-kg division at the 2004 Asian Wrestling Championships in Almaty, Kazakhstan, and later represented his nation North Korea at the Summer Olympics a few months later. O also trained for the national wrestling team, under his personal coach Ri Ho-jin.

O qualified as a lone wrestler for the North Korean squad in the men's featherweight class (55 kg) at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, by receiving a wildcard invitation from the International Federation of Associated Wrestling (FILA). He lost his opening match 3–4 to the host nation's Amiran Kardanov, much to the delight of the home crowd inside Ano Liossa Olympic Hall. Despite a single defeat, O rallied his stretch to edge Armenia's Martin Berberyan off the mat (5–2), and then awarded a free pass to score another triumph, when his other opponent Harun Doğan did not show up on the final bout because of sustained injuries. Finishing second in the prelim pool and eighth overall, O's performance was not enough to advance him to the quarterfinals.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
North Korean male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for North Korea
Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Pyongyang
21st-century North Korean people


title: 26th South African Parliament

text:
The 26th South African Parliament was the fifth Parliament of South Africa to convene since the introduction of non-racial government in South Africa in 1994. It was elected in the general election of 7 May 2014 and consists of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces. The National Assembly contains 400 members, while the National Council of Provinces contains 90 members. Members of Parliament were sworn in on 21 May 2014. The 26th parliament first convened on 21 May 2014 to elect Jacob Zuma as the fifth democratically elected President of South Africa. It was formally opened by president Zuma's State of the Nation Address in a joint sitting on 17 June 2014.

13 Different political parties are represented in this parliament. The majority party in the 25th parliament, the African National Congress (ANC) retained its majority, although it was reduced to 249 (62%) seats, down from 264 seats out of 400 (66%), while the Democratic Alliance (DA) increased its lead of the opposition, taking 89 (22.23%) seats, up from 67 seats (16.75%) in the National Assembly of the 25th parliament. The Speaker of the National Assembly, Baleka Mbete and Chairperson of the National Council of Provinces, Thandi Modise, both of the ANC, were elected on 21 May 2014 by members of parliament. The presiding officers of parliament, Mmatlala Boroto, Cedric Frolick and Thoko Didiza were elected on 18 June 2014.

Mmusi Maimane was elected parliamentary Leader of the Opposition in a DA election in May 2014.

Parties represented

National Assembly

National Council of Provinces

Incidents
On 13 November 2014, MPs were involved in a physical altercation with police when EFF MP Ngwanamakwetle Mashabela refused to leave the podium after being instructed to when she called President Jacob Zuma a thief. Several DA and EFF MPs were shoved and pushed when trying to intervene with police in order to support Mashabela. DA chief whip John Steenhuisen said of the incident: “Four of my [DA] members, two of them women, have been assaulted by police. They are Terri Stander, Gordon Mackay, Denise Robinson and Dean Macpherson.”

On 12 February 2015, at a joint-sitting for this parliament's 2nd State of the Nation Address, violence broke out after the parliamentary security force was called into the chamber by the speaker of parliament to remove the EFF, who were questioning president Jacob Zuma on his Nkandla property during his address. Following the ejection of the EFF, the DA requested clarification on whether members of the South African Police Service entered the parliamentary chamber, which they claimed was a violation of the constitution. After the speaker of parliament told the DA that it was unclear who were and were not members of the police, all the DA MPs walked out of the sitting.

See also
 List of National Assembly members of the 26th Parliament of South Africa
 List of National Council of Provinces members of the 26th Parliament of South Africa

References

26th South African Parliament


title: Cascade AIDS Project

text:
Cascade AIDS Project (CAP) is a nonprofit organization based in Portland, Oregon, in the United States. Its mission is to prevent HIV infections, to "support and empower" people affected and by HIV/AIDS, and to eliminate stigma associated with the disease. Founded in 1983 and incorporated two years later, CAP is the "oldest and largest community-based provider of HIV services, housing, education and advocacy" in Oregon and Southwest Washington.

In 2017, Prism Health opened as an extension of CAP.

References

External links

 Cascade AIDS Project (CAP) at Portland State University (University Studies: Senior Capstone)
 Steve Duin blog: The Cascade AIDS Project responds by Steven Duin (March 26, 2014), The Oregonian

1983 establishments in Oregon
Charities based in Oregon
HIV/AIDS organizations in the United States
LGBT in Oregon
Organizations based in Portland, Oregon
Organizations established in 1983


title: Fényszóró

text:
Fényszóró ('Spotlight') was a weekly publication on theatre and films, published from Budapest, Hungary between 1945 and 1946. The publication had a socialist orientation. Béla Balázs became the editor of the weekly in the fall of 1945.

References

1945 establishments in Hungary
1946 disestablishments in Hungary
Defunct magazines published in Hungary
Film magazines
Hungarian-language magazines
Weekly magazines published in Hungary
Magazines established in 1945
Magazines disestablished in 1946
Magazines published in Budapest
Socialist magazines
Theatre magazines


title: Sad Girl (album)

text:
Sad Girl is the second solo album by alternative country musician Amy Allison. It was released on September 25, 2001 on Diesel Only Records in the United States, following its earlier release on Glitterhouse Records in Europe. It features contributions from Greg Leisz, Mike Daly (Whiskeytown), Will Rigby (dB's, Steve Earle), and Neal Casal.

Reception

No Depression wrote that the album's 12 songs "exhibit a directness of expression, a simple universality clearly achieved with considerable composing and life experience." A more mixed review in the New York Post criticized Allison's voice on the album as "a stuffed nasal style that makes every song sound like she should see a doctor."

Track listing
Listless and Lonesome
One Thing in Mind
Sad Girl
Everybody Thinks You're an Angel
It's Not Wrong
Family
Shadow of a Man
Sad State of Affairs
Where Did You Go?
Lost on You
Do I Miss You?
New Year's Eve

References

2001 albums
Amy Allison albums
Diesel Only Records albums


title: Plympton House

text:
Plympton House is the principal residence at the Plympton House Estate, in the parish of Plympton St Maurice, Devon, England. It is a Grade I listed country house, in the William and Mary tradition, near St Maurice's Church in Plympton, commenced by Sir George Treby (1643–1700) and completed  – 1720 by his son George Treby ( – 1742). The architect is unknown although accounts in 1720 refer to William Veale, mason. Its kitchen garden wall, southern boundary walls and gate piers and walls are Grade II listed.

The house has had three main uses in its 300-year history: firstly a family home; secondly an asylum; and thirdly a convent and residential care home. Having been disused for several years, in 2016 a new plan was announced to bring the estate back into regular use with a sensitive redevelopment plan, creating a community of 14 homes across the site.

Description

The main entrance is from Longcause to the south. Two pairs of tall stone gate piers (listed grade II) set in a concave red-brick boundary wall with up-swept coping (listed grade II) are surmounted by stone heraldic beasts. A second entrance to the estate, the West Gate from George Lane, passes the remains of the early 18th century stables and dairy barn to reach a courtyard on the west side of the house.

The south facade of the main building is of Portland stone and comprises two storeys above a basement. The central pediment is ornamented with a carved coat of arms, and the facade is articulated by rusticated quoins. Due to the lie of the land, the basement storey is exposed to view on the west side of the building, which is constructed in brick with stone quoins and segment-headed windows. Externally the house is largely unaltered since the early 18th century, except for the construction of a late 20th-century east wing which housed ensuite bedrooms for the care home and a modern west wing which housed accommodation for the nuns and the chapel.

North-west of the house are early 18th-century stables, a dairy barn, walled enclosures and courts, one of which formerly served as a wood yard.

Gardens

Early 18th-century walled garden enclosures surround the house. The main garden lies below the south facade of the house and is of about the same width as the building. It runs down to the principal entrance on Longcause. West of it, and parallel to it, lies the kitchen garden, between the north end of which and the south elevation of the stables is the Mount Garden. To the north of the house is a court, set into rising ground, which is laid down to grass. Parallel to the west facade of the house, and separated from it by a brick wall, is a narrow walk which extends the length of the kitchen garden, from which it is screened by a second high brick wall (listed grade II). At the north end of this walk a gate leads into the north-east corner of the Mount Garden which lies to the south-west of the house and to the north of the kitchen garden. This walled enclosure is dominated by a large mount  high, which occupies most of the area. The south face of the north wall of the Mount Garden is constructed with recessed arcading for espaliered fruit trees.

The walled kitchen garden lies to the south-west of the house and to the south of the Mount Garden. The rectangular area with its perimeter walk was originally subdivided into three sections by two internal walls running from east to west across it. The kitchen garden walls contain further recessed arcading for fruit trees. The north wall has been demolished. The present wall which screens the garden from George Lane is a late 20th-century reconstruction, necessitated by widening of the road beyond.

History
It has been suggested that the site of Plympton House was, until , a group of medieval strip fields, possibly with early origins but there is no direct evidence of pre-medieval activity on the site and no record of excavations appear on the NMR Excavation Index. Opinions differ as to whether the development of the medieval town reached as far east as the site. The pattern of burgage plots suggests that it did not but it might reasonably be expected that some development would have occurred to the east of the castle, in the vicinity of the church. A medieval leper hospital stood at the junction of George Lane and the Ridgeway but this is some way from the site. As related below, there were however buildings on the site before 1700, the most likely location being along the frontage at the lower end of George Street and into Longcause, and archaeological evidence of them may survive.

Treby family
The building of Plympton House was begun by Sir George Treby (1643–1700). He had been baptised at Plympton St Mary, the son of Peter Treby "Gent" and after attending Exeter College Oxford studied law at Middle Temple and was called to the Bar in 1671. He had a successful legal practice and became Member of Parliament for Plympton in 1676. He held other important offices and was knighted in 1680 but fell from favour in 1683 and took little part in public affairs until the landing of William of Orange in 1688, following which he rose rapidly again, becoming Lord Chief Justice in 1689. He died in December 1700 in his 58th year.

Sir George had decided to build a mansion near the house where he was born, believed to be the old manor house of Plympton Grange. Whether or not this was within the grounds of the present house is not clear. For some years in the late 17th century he assembled the site, acquiring land from several landowners. The site is on the east side of George Lane, then called Maudlin Street, which at the time had houses on either side. He had plans for the house and grounds and had cleared the site but had made little progress with the building work at the time of his death. His son, (also George) George Treby, who was later Secretary for War and a Privy Councillor, was then only 16 years old, but took over the project as soon as he was able, in about 1715.

The Treby family's estate in the environs of the ancient Borough of Plympton, the Rotten Borough parliamentary constituency of which was known as Plympton Erle, was expanded following the marriage of Judge Treby's father to his mother Joan Snelling, daughter of John Snelling of Chaddle Wood, Plympton (which mansion house survives today after early 1800s rebuilding), and co-heiress to her nephew Francis Snelling. The Treby family's large landholdings within and around the Borough gave them great influence over parliamentary elections, which they shared with the Strode family of Newnham, major local landowners. Of the landed estate formerly attached to Plympton House, only an early 18th-century formal garden of 3 hectares remains.

The estate was inherited by George Treby's eldest son, (also George) George Treby ( – 1761), also MP for Plympton Erle, who died unmarried, and then passed to his younger brother, Colonel George Hele Treby ( – 1763), who also died unmarried and also intestate. It then passed to his sister Charity Treby, daughter of the second George Treby, and wife of Admiral Paul Henry Ourry (1719–1783). Paul Ourry was the second son of Louis Ourry, a Huguenot refugee from Blois in France who had obtained British citizenship in 1713 and a commission in the British army. The estate was later inherited by her son Paul Treby Ourry (1758–1832), who in 1785 by royal licence assumed the surname and arms of Treby, becoming therefore "Paul Treby Treby".

Some time after the death of his mother in 1805, Paul Treby Treby moved to Goodamoor in Plympton St Mary parish and Plympton House was let to a succession of tenants. In 1811, Risdon described the house merely as the property of Paul Treby and in 1821 a guide book, The Panorama of Plymouth, says it was "at present uninhabited". There are conflicting accounts of this period but the house may have been unoccupied for as long as 40 years.

Asylum
It is reported a Dr Duck became a tenant around this time, using it as a private lunatic asylum. The identity of the mysterious Dr Duck is not clear but it seems that the asylum was set up in 1835 (possibly earlier) with Dr R. C. Langworthy as the proprietor and the 1841 tithe apportionment shows that Plympton House Gardens etc. and Back Lawn (the area north of the house up as far as the Ridgeway) with a total area of 7 3/4 acres, was owned by Laetitia Anne Treby and occupied by Richard Langworthy.

Records of the early years of the asylum in the 1844 report of the Metropolitan Commissioners in Lunacy describe appalling conditions for the patients and it was severely censured by the commissioners. The institution was described as a mansion and outhouses asylum, and it seems that the proprietor and his family lived in some style in the house, while the pauper lunatics (66 in 1844) were housed in the outbuildings, confined in squalid conditions as it seems were some of the private patients, of which there were 17 the same year.

Devon County Asylum was opened in July 1845 and by 1847 conditions had improved. By 1858 the asylum no longer received pauper patients.

In 1876 the Treby family sold the property to Mr Coplestone Lopes Radcliff, who intended to re-develop the land but died before he could proceed, whereupon his son sold it to Dr Charles Aldridge and it continued as an asylum. A prospectus of that date describes the running of the institution. It was promoted as "licensed for the accommodation of insane persons of both sexes of the higher and middle classes". Dr Aldridge was the resident physician and proprietor and Joseph Aldridge the resident superintendent and general manager. The prospectus declared that Plympton House was a hospital rather than a place of detention. Dr Aldridge and his family lived in the house and it was the intention that they should mix freely with the patients and dine with them, and various forms of recreation were provided for the patients.

Plympton House was acquired in 1921 by Dr J. C. Nixon who continued to use it as an asylum until 1933.

Convent and Residential Care Home
In 1933, coinciding with the sale of the house, it was described in an article in Country Life magazine with photographs. There is probably some artistic licence in the account but it describes the house and garden as having "scarcely been touched since the time it was built, threadbare but with all the bones of its formal garden still intact".

In 1934 the premises were acquired by The Sisters of St Augustine, who established a home for the mentally ill, renaming the house St Peter's Convent. The premises were enlarged over the years, becoming a care home for up to 50 patients, the three Sisters being assisted by 80 staff. Ordnance survey plans of the 1950s show few changes since the establishment of the convent.

By the 1960s the west boundary wall had been rebuilt, set back to allow the widening of George Lane. A recessed gateway had been formed and tree planting introduced replacing the yard to the west of the chapel garden. The chapel was described as such for the first time. A bank is clearly shown on the north side of the link to the chapel. The stable building had been demolished leaving the dairy. The building at the north end of the old service drive had been removed and the present mortuary building erected.

Subsequently, in the 1980s, a further two-storey extension was built between the chapel building and north walled garden to provide accommodation for the Sisters, the track to the north modified and a car park constructed to the west of the chapel garden. In the 1990s the s extension on the east side of the house was enlarged and remodelled, with associated landscape works including vehicle access from the south garden.

In 2012 St Peter's Care Home closed, when the 44 bedroom Plympton House, with significant modern additions including an accommodation block and a convent with its own chapel, in all 2984 sq.m (32118 sq.ft), was offered for sale with 5.6 acres of surrounding gardens.

Redevelopment
By 2015 Plympton House had no permanent use, with the only residents being a team from 'Protects By Occupation' to keep the building secure. In October 2015 a public consultation was launched with the object of bringing Plympton House back into use. The website stated: "The concept is to return the site to a low density residential usage that allows the main house to be restored to its former glory but in a way suitable for use in the 21st century, all the while enhancing the village of Plympton-St-Maurice."

On 31 May 2016 Plymouth City Council granted conditional planning permission for change of use from care home to residential property and a scheme to develop a selection of 14 exclusive three to six bedroom properties was launched. The redevelopment includes some conversions of existing estate buildings and some new builds. Some plots were reserved for self-builders, others were sold as finished properties. Plympton House itself remains as one residence with a private driveway and private gardens.

Further reading
Treby family papers, including diaries and estate records, West Devon Record Office, ref 2607 (1797–1858) , ref 864 (1724–1886)
Plympton House, listed building text
Country Life Magazine, 1933, article  on Plympton House.
Plympton House redevelopment heritage statement, October 2015

Sources
Pevsner, Nikolaus & Cherry, Bridget, The Buildings of England: Devon, London, 2004, p. 684, Plympton House

References

Country houses in Devon
Buildings and structures in Plympton, Devon
Grade I listed buildings in Devon


title: Grotte di Castellana railway station

text:
Grotte di Castellana is a railway station serving Castellana Caves, Italy. The station is located on the Bari–Martina Franca–Taranto railway. The train services and the railway infrastructure are operated by Ferrovie del Sud Est.

Train services
The station is served by the following service(s):

Local services (Treno regionale) Bari - Conversano - Putignano - Martina Franca

References

Railway stations in Apulia
Buildings and structures in the Province of Bari


title: Andrés Martinez (athlete)

text:
Andrés Martínez Ferrandis (10 June 1978 – 25 June 2015) was a Spanish sprinter and European medalist.  Martinez won the bronze medal, running the third leg, at the 1998 European Athletics Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay.

References

Spanish male sprinters
1978 births
2015 deaths


title: Castellana Grotte railway station

text:
Castellana Grotte is a railway station in Castellana Grotte, Italy. The station is located on the Bari–Martina Franca–Taranto railway. The train services and the railway infrastructure are operated by Ferrovie del Sud Est.

Train services
The station is served by the following service(s):

Local services (Treno regionale) Bari - Conversano - Putignano - Martina Franca

References

This article is based upon a translation of the Italian language version as at June 2014.

Railway stations in Apulia
Buildings and structures in the Province of Bari


title: Monster Musume

text:
is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Okayado. The series is published in Japan by Tokuma Shoten in their Monthly Comic Ryū magazine and by Seven Seas Entertainment in the United States, with the chapters collected and reprinted into eighteen tankōbon volumes to date. Monster Musume revolves around Kimihito Kurusu, a Japanese student whose life is thrown into turmoil after accidentally becoming involved with the "Interspecies Cultural Exchange" program.

An anime adaptation aired from July to September 2015, and is licensed by Sentai Filmworks under the title Monster Musume: Everyday Life with Monster Girls.

A light novel based on the series, titled Monster Musume – Monster Girls on the Job!, with Yoshino Origuchi, author of Monster Girl Doctor, as the writer, was published by Seven Seas Entertainment on August 29, 2020.

Synopsis

Setting

For years, the Japanese government had kept a secret: mythical creatures such as centaurs, mermaids, harpies, and lamiais are real. Three years before the start of the story, the government revealed the existence of these creatures and passed the "Interspecies Cultural Exchange Act". Since then, these creatures, known as "liminals", have become a part of human society, living with ordinary families like foreign exchange students and au-pair visitors, but with other duties and restrictions (the primary restrictions being that liminals and humans are forbidden from harming each other or procreating).

Plot
In Asaka, Saitama, Kimihito Kurusu is a normal student who initially has no connection to the exchange program. However, when coordinator Kuroko Smith delivers the very scared and embarrassed Miia to his door by mistake, he cannot bring himself to send her away and allows her to live at his home, taking advantage of his parents' extended absence. As the story continues, Kimihito meets and gives shelter to other female liminals, each of a different species. Some arrive more or less by accident, while others are forced upon him by Smith or simply insinuate themselves into the house. Before long, Kimihito finds himself in a hectic environment, struggling to live in harmony with his new housemates while dealing with both their constant affectionate/romantic advances and the dramas of helping them get along in the human world. The situation takes on a new twist after he is told that because of expected changes in the law dealing with human-liminal relationships, he is expected to marry one of the girls as a test case, thus increasing their competition for his attention. However, as time passes, other liminal girls become attracted to him and begin to vie for his attention, much to Kimihito's embarrassment and the annoyance of his housemates.

Media

Manga
Okayado, a pen name of Takemaru Inui, published the prototype for Monster Musume in Comic Ryu's Anthology Comic Kemomo 02, published by Tokuma Shoten, in 2011. He then reworked the story into a serialized publication, and the first chapter was published in Tokuma Shoten's seinen manga magazine Monthly Comic Ryū on 19 March 2012.  The first collected tankōbon volume was released on 13 September 2012.  The series moved to online-only serialization when Comic Ryū changed formats on 19 June 2018. The series has been licensed in English by Seven Seas Entertainment and in German by Kazé.

A four volume anthology of four-panel spin-offs with stories by Shake-O (Nurse Hitomi's Monster Infirmary), SaQ Tottori (Kyōkai Senjō no Limbo), and Cool-Kyou-Sinnjya (I Can't Understand What My Husband Is Saying, Komori-san Can't Decline), titled  was published by Tokuma Shoten between 12 August 2015 and February 2016.  Seven Seas Entertainment also licensed the spinoff.

Volume list
The series has been collected into eighteen volumes, all but the most recent of which have been republished in English.

Anime
In September 2014, the Monster Musume website ran a series of polls asking what readers would want to see in an anime adaptation.  This was followed in March by the announcement that a television series would begin airing in July 2015. The series, directed by Tatsuya Yoshihara and scripted by Kazuyuki Fudeyasu, was animated by the animation studio Lerche. It stars Junji Majima as the voice of Kurusu Kimihito, Sora Amamiya as Miia, Ari Ozawa as Papi, Natsuki Aikawa as Centorea, Mayuka Nomura as Suu, Haruka Yamazaki as Mero, Sakura Nakamura as Rachnera, Ai Kakuma as Lala, Yū Kobayashi as Ms. Smith, Momo Asakura as Manako, Rei Mochizuki as Zombina, Yurika Kubo as Tionisia, and Saori Ōnishi as Doppel.  The opening theme song, titled , is performed by the voice actresses for Miia, Papi, Centorea, Suu, Mero, and Rachnera; and the closing song, , is performed by the voice actresses for Ms. Smith, Manako, Tionishia, Zombina, and Doppel.

The series aired in Japan on Tokyo MX, Sun TV, KBS, BS11, and AT-X.  It is accompanied by a series of anime shorts, titled Hobo Mainichi OO! Namappoi Dōga (Almost Daily __! Sort of Live Video), which were streamed semi-daily on the Japanese video sharing site Niconico, the service that also streamed the series regular.  The shorts were available for a period of 24 hours, with compilation episodes being streamed on the weekends. The series was streamed by Daisuki in Central and Latin America, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines.  The series is also streamed by Crunchyroll in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, and Turkey. The series is licensed by Sentai Filmworks in North America.

An original anime DVD was released with the manga's eleventh volume on 11 November 2016. It was directed by Tatsuya Yoshihara and written by Kazuyuki Fudeyasu, with animation by Lerche. The OAD adapts chapter 17 of the manga, which was included in the fourth tankōbon volume. A second original anime DVD was released with the manga's twelfth volume on 13 April 2017. An English version was released on 25 July 2017.

Video games
Coinciding with the release of the first anime episode, it was announced that an online PC game adapted from the series would be released by DMM Games in 2015. The game was released on 21 December 2015.  At the height of its popularity, it had around 200,000 players. The game was shut down on 22 November 2016.

Reception
As of 1 September 2014, over a million copies of the tankōbon volumes had been sold.  The series reached 2.3 million copies in print on 13 February 2016.

The first ten volumes of the English translation have appeared on the New York Times Manga Best Sellers list, prior to the list's discontinuation:
Volume 1 stayed on the list for six weeks; for the first two weeks it ranked at number 1.
Volume 2 stayed on the list for seven weeks (ranking among the top 10 for five nonconsecutive); the first two weeks as number 2.
Volume 3 stayed for five weeks, ranking at number 1 for the first three weeks.
Volume 4 stayed for five nonconsecutive weeks, debuting at number 1.
Volume 5 stayed for three weeks, ranking at number 1 for the first two.
Volume 6 stayed for four weeks, beginning at number 2 on the first week, and peaking at number 1 on the second week.
Volume 7 stayed for seven weeks, debuting at number 1.
Volume 8 stayed for five nonconsecutive weeks, debuting at number 1.
Volume 9 stayed for four weeks, debuting at number 1.
Volume 10 stayed for two weeks, ranking at number 3 for the first.

Two volumes of the English translation of Monster Musume: I Heart Monster Girls have appeared on the New York Times Manga Best Sellers list:
Volume 1 stayed for three weeks, debuting at number 1.
Volume 2 stayed for two weeks, ranking at number 8 for the first.

See also

Rosario + Vampire, a monster manga series that predates Monster Musume debut
12 Beast, another manga series by the same author
Monster Girl Doctor, a light novel series by Yoshino Origuchi and Z-Ton

Notes

References

External links

2015 anime television series debuts
2017 anime OVAs
Anime series based on manga
Fantasy anime and manga
Harem anime and manga
Classical mythology in anime and manga
Legendary creatures in popular culture
Lerche (studio)
Paranormal romance comics
Romantic comedy anime and manga
Seinen manga
Sentai Filmworks
Seven Seas Entertainment titles
Animated television series about monsters
Television series based on classical mythology
Toho Animation
Tokuma Shoten manga
Works published under a pseudonym
Urban fantasy anime and manga


title: Andreias Calcan

text:
Andreias Cristian Calcan (born 9 April 1994) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Liga I club Universitatea Cluj.

Club career

Early years / Universitatea Cluj
Calcan started playing football in his hometown as a youngster for CSS Slatina under the command of Ion Pârvulescu, the coach who previously discovered two other significant Romanian players: Ionel Dănciulescu and Claudiu Niculescu. When he was fourteen he moved to Ardealul Cluj of Cluj-Napoca and in 2010 he joined FC Universitatea Cluj together with twelve other teammates. On 23 August 2013, Calcan made his debut in Liga I, the Romanian top football league, in a 6–0 away loss against FC Dinamo București.

Willem II
On 22 July 2016, Calcan moved abroad for the first time to sign a two-year contract with Dutch side Willem II.

Honours

Club
Universitatea Cluj
Cupa României runner-up: 2014–15

Viitorul Constanța
Cupa României: 2018–19
Supercupa României: 2019

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Footballers from Slatina, Romania
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Liga I players
Liga II players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea players
FC Viitorul Constanța players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Willem II (football club) players
FC Dordrecht players
Almere City FC players
Újpest FC players
Mezőkövesdi SE footballers
FC Argeș Pitești players
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary


title: Wando River (Victoria)

text:
The Wando River, a perennial river of the Glenelg Hopkins catchment, is located in the Western District of Victoria, Australia.

Location and features
The Wando River rises north of  and flows generally west, then south, before reaching its confluence with Macpherson Creek, a tributary of the Glenelg River, near the locale of Wando, north of . The river descends  over its  course.

See also

 List of rivers in Victoria

References

Glenelg Hopkins catchment
Rivers of Barwon South West (region)
Western District (Victoria)


title: Milan Mirosavljev

text:
Milan Mirosavljev (; born 24 April 1995) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a forward for Sutjeska.

Career

Club
Mirosavljev previously played with Polet Sivac, Hajduk Kula, Dolina Padina and PIK Prigrevica.

On 3 July 2019, Mirosavljev was released by Irtysh Pavlodar.

References

External links
 Milan Mirosavljev stats at utakmica.rs

1995 births
Sportspeople from Vrbas
Footballers from South Bačka District
Living people
Serbian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
FK Hajduk Kula players
FK Dolina Padina players
FK Proleter Novi Sad players
FK Budućnost Podgorica players
FK Vojvodina players
FC Irtysh Pavlodar players
FK Liepāja players
Serbian First League players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Montenegrin First League players
Kazakhstan Premier League players
Latvian Higher League players
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Montenegro
Expatriate men's footballers in Kazakhstan
Expatriate men's footballers in Latvia
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Montenegro
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Latvia


title: Young African Leaders Initiative

text:
The Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI) is an initiative of the United States Department of State. It was begun in 2010 by President Barack Obama. YALI is a programme aimed at educating and networking young African leaders with activities including the Mandela Washington Fellowship that brings them to study in the United States for six weeks, with follow-up resources, and student exchange programs. In 2014, the program was expanded to include four regional "leadership centers" in Ghana, Kenya, Senegal and South Africa.

500 participants in the Mandela Washington Fellowship arrived in the United States on June 16, 2014. In 2019, there were 700 fellows.

YALI Regional Leadership Center

As part of efforts to decentralize and to reach a large number of young leaders, the Young African Leaders Initiative program created regional leadership centers across the African continent known as the YALI Regional Leadership Center (RLC). Participants of the Regional Leadership Centers go through online and in-person training and are provided with professional development opportunities in these three track areas: Business and Entrepreneurship, Civil Society Management, and Public Policy and Management.

The Regional Leadership Center is located in West Africa, with centers in the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA), Accra, Ghana, and the Centre Africain d'Etudes Supérieures en Gestion (CESAG), Dakar, Senegal. The Accra Center has a satellite campus at the Administrative Staff College of Nigeria (ASCON), near Lagos, Nigeria. The center in Dakar, Senegal, is for French-speaking West Africans.

There is a YALI Regional Leadership Center for East Africans located at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya, which serves citizens of the following countries: Burundi, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.

The Southern African Regional Leadership Center is at University of South Africa (UNISA) School of Business Leadership (SBL), near Pretoria, South Africa, with a satellite campus at Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique, for Portuguese speakers.

References

External links
 Young African Leaders Initiative site

International development in Africa
United States Department of State


title: Chandeshwori Jatra

text:
Chandeshwori Jatra (चण्डेश्वरी जात्रा) is considered the largest festival in Kavrepalanchowk district, Nepal. It is celebrated for three days. It is the festival of Hindu goddess Chandeshwori or Parvati.

This festival is celebrated in the honor of the victory over the demon Chandasur on the first full moon day of the New Year's festival in the country.

See also
 List of Hindu festivals

References

External links

Festivals in Nepal
Kavrepalanchok District


title: The Book of Saladin

text:
The Book of Saladin is an historical novel by Pakistani-born British writer Tariq Ali, first published in 1998. The second in Ali’s Islam Quintet, the narrative purports to be the memoir of the 12th-century Muslim leader Saladin, or Salah al-Din, who famously captured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187.

Synopsis
Written as part memoir by Saladin and part biography by Jewish scribe Ibn Yakub, who is given permission to interview the great man’s wife and close associates, the novel tells the story of Salah al-Din, a Kurdish warrior who became a hero of the Muslim world due to his heroics against the Crusaders and was made Sultan of Egypt and Syria as a reward.
Parallels are drawn between the Egypt and Syria of the Middle Ages and the Middle East of the present day, with all of the disagreements and strife so familiar today.

External links
Tariq Ali discussing the Third Crusade and Saladin; BBC In Our Time Radio 4, with presenter Melvyn Bragg and Jonathan Riley-Smith, Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Cambridge University and author of many books on the Crusades, Carole Hillenbrand, Professor of Islamic History University of Edinburgh

Reviews
https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tariq-ali/the-book-of-saladin/
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/184304.The_Book_of_Saladin
http://www.historicalnovels.info/Book-of-Saladin.html

References

1998 British novels
Novels set in the Middle East
British historical novels
Novels by Tariq Ali
Novels set in the 12th century
Novels set during the Crusades
The Book
Verso Books books


title: Uday Singh (disambiguation)

text:
Uday or Udai Singh may refer to:

Udayasimha, Ruler of Jalore during c. 1204 – 1257
Uday Singh (born 1952), an Indian politician
Uday Singh (religious leader), religious leader of Namdhari Sikhs
Uday Singh (Fiji politician) (1938–2014), an Indo-Fijian politician
Uday Singh Taunque (1982–2003), an Indo-American Army soldier
Uday Pratap Singh, an Indian politician
Uday Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician), an Indian politician for Madhya Pradesh
Raja Uday Pratap Singh (born 1933), an Indian titular Raja of the former princely state Bhadri of Oudh from 1970 to present
Udal of Mahoba also Uday Singh, a heroic Indian warrior, contemporary of Prithviraj Chauhan
Uday Singh, fictional police inspector played by Danny Denzongpa in the 1982 Indian film Khule-Aam

See also
 Udai Singh (disambiguation)


title: Midsommarkrans

text:
A midsommarkrans (Midsummer wreath) is a ring-shaped wreath made of flowers and leaves. A midsommarkrans is usually worn during the Midsummer celebrations in Sweden. It is the traditional headgear of a Sommar i P1 host during the presentation show in early June. They are made to look festive and celebrate midsummer.

References

Culture of Sweden
Summer