title: Vanguardism

text:
Hisotorically, vanguardism is an aspect of communist or socialist revolutions, of which the 20th century has seen two major cases- those of China in 1949 and Russia in 1911. Ideologically, and in the context of Leninist revolutionary struggle, vanguardism relates to a strategy whereby the most class-conscious and politically "advanced" sections of the proletariat or working class, described as the revolutionary vanguard, form organizations to advance the objectives of communism. Those working class members and/ or organizations take actions to draw larger sections of the working class toward revolutionary politics and to serve as manifestations of proletarian political power opposed to the bourgeoisie.

Foundations

Vladimir Lenin popularised political vanguardism as conceptualised by Karl Kautsky, detailing his thoughts in one of his earlier works, What is to be done?. Lenin argued that Marxism's complexity and the hostility of the establishment (the autocratic, semi-feudal state of Imperial Russia) required that a close-knit group of individuals pulled from the working class vanguard to safeguard the revolutionary ideology within the particular circumstances presented by the Tsarist régime (Russian Empire) at the time. While Lenin wished for a revolutionary organisation akin to the contemporary Social Democratic Party of Germany, which was open to the people and more democratic in organisation, the Russian autocracy prevented this.

Leninists argue that Lenin's ideal vanguard party would have open membership: "The members of the Party are they who accept the principles of the Party program and render the Party all possible support." This party could be completely transparent, at least internally: the "entire political arena is as open to the public view as is a theatre stage to the audience". A party that supposedly implemented democracy to such an extent that "the general control (in the literal sense of the term) exercised over every party man in the politics brings into existence an automatically operating mechanism which produces what in biology is called the "survival of the fittest"". The party would be completely open while educating the proletariat to remove the false consciousness that had been instilled in them.

In its first phase, the vanguard party would exist for two reasons. Firstly, it would protect Marxism from outside corruption from other ideas, as well as advance its plans. Secondly, it would educate the proletariat in Marxism in order to cleanse them of their "false individual consciousness" and instill the revolutionary "class consciousness" in them.

If the party is successful in their goal, on the eve of revolution, a critical mass of the working class population would be prepared to usher forth the transformation of society. Furthermore, a great number of them, namely their most dedicated members, would belong to the party cadres as professional revolutionaries, and would be elected to leadership positions by the mass party membership. Thus the organisation would quickly include the entire working class.

Political party

A vanguard party is a political party at the fore of a population-wide political movement and of a revolution. In the praxis of revolutionary political science the vanguard party was composed of professional revolutionaries, first effected by the Bolshevik Party in the Russian Revolution of 1917. Lenin, the first leader of the Bolsheviks, coined the term vanguard party, and argued that such a party was necessary in order to provide the practical and political leadership that would impel the proletariat to achieve a communist revolution. Hence, as a political-science terminology, vanguard party most often is associated with Leninism; however, similar ideas (under different names) also are present in other revolutionary ideologies.

Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx presented the concept of the vanguard party as solely qualified to politically lead the proletariat in revolution; in Chapter II: "Proletarians and Communists" of The Communist Manifesto (1848), they said:

 The Communists, therefore, are, on the one hand, practically the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class parties of every country, that section which pushes forward all others; on the other hand, theoretically, they have over the great mass of the proletariat the advantage of clearly understanding the lines of march, the conditions, and the ultimate general results of the proletarian movement. The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all other proletarian parties: Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat.

According to Lenin, the purpose of the vanguard party is to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat; a rule of the working class. The change of ruling class, from the bourgeoisie to the proletariat, makes possible the full development of society. In early 20th-century Russia, Lenin argued that the vanguard party would lead the revolution to depose the incumbent Tsarist government, and transfer government power to the working class. In the pamphlet What is to be Done? (1902), Lenin said that a revolutionary vanguard party, mostly recruited from the working class, should lead the political campaign, because it was the only way that the proletariat could successfully achieve a revolution; unlike the economist campaign of trade union struggle advocated by other socialist political parties and later by the anarcho-syndicalists. Like Karl Marx, Lenin distinguished between the two aspects of a revolution, the economic campaign (labour strikes for increased wages and work concessions), which featured diffused leadership; and the political campaign (socialist changes to society), which featured the decisive revolutionary leadership of the Bolshevik vanguard party.

Marxism–Leninism

As he surveyed the European milieu in the late 1890s, Lenin found several theoretic problems with the Marxism of the late 19th century. Contrary to what Karl Marx had predicted, capitalism had become stronger in the last third of the 19th century. In Western Europe, the working class had become poorer the workers and their trade unions, although they had continued to militate for better wages and working conditions, had failed to develop a revolutionary class consciousness, as predicted by Marx. To explain that undeveloped political awareness, Lenin said that the division of labour in a bourgeois capitalist society prevented the emergence of a proletarian class consciousness, because of the ten-to-twelve-hour workdays that the workers laboured in factories, and so had no time to learn and apply the philosophic complexities of Marxist theory. Finally, in trying to effect a revolution in Tsarist Imperial Russia (1721–1917), Lenin knew the problem of an autocratic régime that had outlawed almost all political activity. Although the Tsarist autocracy could not enforce a ban on political ideas, until 1905—when Tsar Nicholas II (ruled 1894–1917) agreed to the formation of a national duma—the Okhrana, the Tsarist secret police, suppressed every political group seeking social and political changes, including those with a democratic program. To counter such political conditions, Lenin said that a professional revolutionary organisation was necessary to organise and lead the most class-conscious workers into a politically cohesive movement. Concerning the Russian class struggle, in the book What Is to Be Done? (1902), against the "economist" trend of the socialist parties (who proposed that the working class would develop a revolutionary consciousness from demanding solely economic improvements), Lenin said that the "history of all countries bears out that, through their own powers alone, the working class can develop only a trade-union consciousness"; and that under reformist, trade-union leadership, the working class could only engage spontaneous local rebellions to improve their political position within the capitalist system, and that revolutionary consciousness developed unevenly. Nonetheless, optimistic about the working class's ability to develop a revolutionary class consciousness, Lenin said that the missing element for escalating the class struggle to revolution was a political organisation that could relate to the radicalism of political vanguard of the working class, who then would attract many workers from the middling ranks of the reformist leaders of the trade unions.

It is often believed that Lenin thought the bearers of class consciousness were the common intellectuals who made it their vocation to conspire against the capitalist system, educate the public in revolutionary theory, and prepare the workers for the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat that would follow. Yet, unlike his Menshevik rivals, Lenin distinguished himself by his hostility towards the bourgeois intelligentsia, and was routinely criticised for placing too much trust in the intellectual ability of the working class to transform society through its own political struggles.

Like other political organisations that sought to change Imperial Russian society, Lenin's Bolshevik Party resorted to conspiracy, and operated in the political underground. Against Tsarist repression, Lenin argued for the necessity of confining membership to people who were professionally trained to overthrow the Okhrana; however, at its core, the Bolshevik Party was an exceptionally flexible organisation who pragmatically adapted policy to changing political situations. After the Revolution of 1905, Lenin proposed that the Bolshevik Party "open its gates" to the unhappiest of the working class, who were rapidly becoming political radicals, in order for the Party to become a mass political party with genuine roots in the working class movement.

The notion of a 'vanguard', as used by Lenin before 1917, did not necessarily imply single-party rule. Lenin considered the Social-Democrats (Bolsheviks) the leading elements of a multi-class (and multi-party) democratic struggle against Tsarism. For a period after the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks (now renamed the Communist Party) operated in the soviets, trade unions, and other working-class mass organisations with other revolutionary parties, such as Mensheviks, Social-Revolutionaries and anarcho-communists, and local soviets often elected non-Bolshevik majorities. Lenin did consider the Bolsheviks the vanguard insofar as they were the most consistent defenders of Soviet power (which he considered the dictatorship of the proletariat or 'Commune-state'). However, the situation changed drastically during the Russian Civil War and economic collapse, which decimated the working class and its independent institutions, and saw the development of irreconcilable conflicts between the Bolsheviks and their rivals. At the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1921, the Party made the de facto reality de jure by outlawing opposition parties and formalising single-Party rule.

The impetus for having a vanguard party was used by the Bolsheviks to justify their suppression of other parties. Their rationale was that since they were the vanguard of the proletariat, their right to rule could not be legitimately questioned. Hence, opposition parties could not be permitted to exist. From 1936 onward, Communist-inspired state constitutions enshrined the "father your own family and let your families live in a nation with society" rubric by giving the Communist parties formal leadership in society—a provision that was interpreted to either ban other parties altogether or force them to accept the Communists' guaranteed right to rule as a condition of being allowed to exist as an alternative party.

In the 20th century, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) continued regarding itself as the institutionalisation of Marxist–Leninist political consciousness in the Soviet Union; therein lay the justification for its political control of Soviet society. Article 6 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution refers to the CPSU as the "leading and guiding force of Soviet society, and the nucleus of its political system, of all state organizations and public organizations". The CPSU, precisely because it was the bearer of Marxist–Leninist ideology, determined the general development of society, directed domestic and foreign policy, and "imparts a planned, systematic, and theoretically substantiated virtuosity" to the struggle of the Soviet people for the victory of communism.

Nonetheless, the politics of the vanguard party, as outlined by Lenin, is disputed among the contemporary communist movement. Lenin's contemporary in the Bolshevik Party, Leon Trotsky, further developed and established the vanguard party with the creation of the Fourth International. Trotsky, who believed in permanent revolution, proposed that a vanguard party must be an international political party.

Other uses
Although Lenin honed the idea in terms of a class leadership forged out of a proletarian vanguard specifically to describe Marxist–Leninist parties, the term is also used for many kinds of movement shaping themselves as initially guided by a small elite. Theodor Herzl, the theorist of Zionism, believed legitimation from the majority would only hinder from the outset his movement and therefore advised that "we cannot all be of one mind; the gestor will therefore simply take the leadership into his hands and march in the van."

His principle antedated by some years the Leninist idea of Bolshevism as the vanguard of the revolution by characterizing the 'Zionist movement as a vanguard of the Jewish people.' The Youth Guard at the forefront of Zionist mobilization in the Yishuv likewise conceived of itself as a revolutionary vanguard, and the kibbutz movement itself is said to have thought of itself as a 'selfless vanguard'. It is occasionally used with of certain Islamist parties. Writers Abul Ala Maududi and Sayyid Qutb both urged the formation of an Islamic vanguard to restore Islamic society. Qutb discussed of an Islamist vanguard in his book Ma'alim fi al-Tariq (Milestones) and Maududi formed the radical Islamist party Jamaat-e-Islami in Pakistan whose goal was to establish a pan-Ummah worldwide Islamist ideological state starting from Pakistan, administered for God (Allah) solely by Muslims "whose whole life is devoted to the observance and enforcement" of Islamic law (Shari'ah), leading to the world becoming the House of Islam. The party members formed an elite group (called arkan) with "affiliates" (mutaffiq) and then "sympathizers" (hamdard) beneath them. Today, the Jamaat-e-Islami has spread wings to other South Asian countries with large Muslim populations, such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh and India. The literature of the Baháʼí Faith also frequently refers to those serving to raise the capacities of communities around the world as the "vanguard" of the Cause of Baha'u'llah

According to Roger Eatwell, some fascist parties have also operated in ways similar to the concept of a vanguard party.

See also
 Authoritarian socialism
 Dictatorship of the proletariat
 Maoism
 Foco
 Avant-garde
 Blanquism
 Democratic centralism
 Jacobinism
 Transitional government

References

Bibliography

Further reading
Arts
 Burger, Peter. Theory of the Avant-Garde. Theory & History of Literature Series. 135 pages. University of Minnesota Press, February 1, 1984. .
 Forster, Merlin H. and K. David Jackson, compilers. Vanguardism in Latin American Literature : An Annotated Bibliographic Guide. Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature Series. 232 pages. Greenwood Press, May 23, 1990. .
 Maerhofer, John. 2009. Rethinking the Vanguard: Aesthetic and Political Positions in the Modernist Debate, 1917-1962. New Castle: Cambridge Scholars Press.

Politics
 Vladimir Lenin What is to be done?
 Yevgeny Bugaev. What Is the Party? Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1986.
 Bakunin, Mikhail. "Letter to Albert Richard". August 1870. Reprinted in Bakunin on Anarchy, translated and edited by Sam Dolgoff. A. A. Knopf, 1st edition, 1972. . Retrieved May 17, 2005.
 Gray, Phillip W. 2020. Vanguardism: Ideology and Organization in Totalitarian Politics. London: Routledge.
 Mandel, Ernest. "Trotsky’s conception of self-organisation and the vanguard party". Originally published in French in Quatrième Internationale, No.36, pp. 35–49. November 1989. Translated by Mike Murray, marked up by Einde O’Callaghan for the Marxists’ Internet Archive. Retrieved May 24, 2005.
 Mitchell, Roxanne and Frank Weiss. Two, Three, Many Parties of a New Type? Against the Ultra-Left Line. Publisher: United Labor Press. 1977. Retrieved May 25, 2005.
 Slaughter, Cliff. "What is Revolutionary Leadership?". Labour Review. Socialist Labor League. 1964?. Retrieved May 17, 2005.

Polemics
 Mythology of the White-Led "Vanguard": A Critical Look at the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA. Anarchist People of Color website. Retrieved May 17, 2005.
 Cooper, Nick. Critique of Revolutionary Communism . Belgium Indymedia. Sep. 23, 2004. Retrieved June 3, 2005.

Communist terminology
Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Leninism
Political theories
Political parties
Revolution terminology
Stalinism


title: Forum Buenavista

text:
Forum Buenavista is a  shopping mall built atop the Buenavista Station in Colonia Buenavista, central Mexico City, where Avenida de los Insurgentes meets Eje 1 Norte. It was developed by GICSA, opened in 2009, and as of 2015 it was one of the ten largest malls in Greater Mexico City. While the train station and tracks occupy the ground floor, the mall occupies three floors above, stretching 400 meters from south to north.

It is anchored by the Sears, Fábricas de Francia, and Coppel department stores; Best Buy, Soriana hypermarket, Sanborns, Muebles Dico furniture, Cinépolis multicinemas, Old Navy, H&M, and more than 50 freestanding and food-court restaurants, including Applebee's and Chili's.

Criticism
The center has only one pedestrian entrance at its southwest corner, to the north of which the building fronts the city's iconic Avenida de los Insurgentes boulevard with a 500-meter-long parking garage, with entrances only for cars. Alejandro Hernández, editor of Arquine, stated that Forum Buenavista "is an example of architecture that does nothing but decompose its environment. It shows contempt for the city and its inhabitants, and creates an unforgiving and hostile cityscape for pedestrians. If Insurgentes, being 30 meters wide, is already unsettling for the pedestrian, then decorating its sides with car-prisons makes it the end of the pedestrian."

References

External links

Shopping malls in Greater Mexico City
Shopping malls established in 2009
Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City
2009 establishments in Mexico


title: Black Creek Group

text:
The Black Creek Group is a geologic group in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Late Cretaceous period.

Paleofauna
 cf. Deinosuchus rugosus
 cf. Coelosaurus antiquus
 cf. Dryptosaurus sp.
 cf. Lophorhoton atopus
 Hypsibema crassicauda - "Caudal vertebrae, fragmentary humerus, fragmentary tibia, metatarsal II."
 Leptoceratopsidae indet.
 Dromaeosauridae indet.

See also

 List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
 List of stratigraphic units with few dinosaur genera
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

 Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. .

Geologic groups of North Carolina
Campanian Stage
Cretaceous geology of North Carolina


title: Albemarle Group

text:
The Albemarle Group is a geologic group in North Carolina composed of metamorphosed mafic and felsic volcanic rock, sandstone, siltstone, shale, and mudstone. It is considered part of the Carolina Slate Belt and covers several counties in central North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ediacaran period in the Floyd Church member.

Description

All five members of the Albemarle Group are composed of metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The Albemarle Group covers parts of Anson, Davidson, Carbarrus, Montgomery, Randolph, Rowan, Stanly, and Union counties. It is part of the Carolina Slate Belt, which is characterized by metamorphic volcanic rich sedimentary rocks. The Albemarle Group falls in the Piedmont region of North Carolina.

History
Formations have been added, removed, and renamed several times since the Ablemarle Group was first proposed. The first three members were, from oldest to youngest, the Tillery Formation, the McManus Formation, and the Yadkin Greywacke. The McManus Formation name was abandoned, and the Cid Formation was proposed with two members: the Flat Swamp member and an unnamed mudstone member. Parts of the McManus Formation became the Millingport Formation with two members: the Yadkin Member (formerly the Yadkin Greywacke) and the Floyd Church member. Another revision abandoned the Millingport Formation name, and gave formation status to the Yadkin Formation and the Floyd Church Formation. The McManus terminology has been used by later papers, but had not been adopted by the USGS or the North Carolina Geological Survey.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Geologic groups of North Carolina


title: Chesapeake Group

text:
The Chesapeake Group is a geologic group in Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, and North Carolina. It preserves mainly marine fossils dating back to the Miocene and Pliocene epochs of the Neogene period. This group contains one of the best studied fossil record of Neogene oceans in the world. Professional Paleontologists and amateur fossil hunters alike collect from this group intensely. The Calvert Cliffs stretch the length of Calvert County, Maryland and provide the best continuous stretch of the Calvert, Choptank, and St. Marys Formations. Ward (1985) recommended including the Old Church Formation in this group.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Maryland
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Delaware
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Virginia

References

Geologic groups of North Carolina


title: Basuki Resobowo

text:
Basoeki Resobowo (Perfected Spelling: Basuki Resobowo; 18 February 1916 – 5 January 1999) was an Indonesian painter. Born to a transmigrant father in Sumatra, from a young age he showed interest in the visual arts but was taught to be a teacher. After a short time at a Taman Siswa school in Batavia (now Jakarta), he studied design and worked as a surveyor while producing sketches and book covers. He only acted in a single film, Kedok Ketawa, but remained close to the acting community, first as a set designer during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies then for Perfini in the early 1950s.

During the 1940s and 50s Resobowo became recognised as a painter, working with such artists as Trisno Sumardjo and Oesman Effandi. By the late 1950s he was head of the visual arts department of the Institute for the People's Culture. However, the political climate of Indonesia soon made Resobowo's leftist leanings dangerous, and he went into exile beginning in the 1960s, ultimately settling in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. There he wrote extensively on art until his death.

Early life
Resobowo was born on 18 February 1916 as the second child to Prawiroatmojo and his wife. Sources disagree as to where he was born. The Jakarta City Government's Encyclopedia of Jakarta states his place of birth as Palembang, West Sumatra, but Taman Ismail Marzuki's biography of the artists gives a birthplace of Bengkulu, with Palembang and Lampung as locations in which he lived as a child with his transmigrant family. As a child, he enjoyed drawing.

In order to become a teacher, Resobowo was sent to live with his uncle in the capital of the Dutch East Indies, Batavia (now Jakarta). There he attended a Dutch-run school for indigenes, the Europesche Largere School. After graduating, in 1930 Resobowo was sent to live with another uncle and started his studies at a Dutch-run middle school, or MULO. However, in his second year he moved to Yogyakarta, where he completed his education in a Taman Siswa-run school and was primed to be a teacher. One of his classmates in Yogyakarta was Sindoesoedarsono Soedjojono, and the two often painted together.

Resobowo returned to Batavia in 1933 and, for a short while, served as a teacher at a Taman Siswa school there. This return was only temporary, however, as between 1936 and 1938 he lived in Bandung, West Java, and studied design at a school established by the architect Ir. Roosseno. While in that city, Resobowo was active with the social organization Indonesia Muda, becoming the head of the Bandung Chapter and attending the group's 1937 conference in Surabaya.

Developing career
In 1938, Resobowo again returned to Batavia, finding a house in the Tangkiwood area of the city, in which many of the domestic film industry's stars lived. There he met such actors as Roekiah and her husband Kartolo; Resobowo, together with S. Toetoer, drew a portrait of her. Over the next several years Resobowo served as a surveyor in areas such as Sawangan and Pamengpeuk. In the meantime, he remained active in the visual arts, becoming a member of the Indonesian Visual Artists' Association ( or PERSAGI) and designing book covers, including to Armijn Pane's translation of Door Duisternis tot Licht (Out of the Darkness Comes the Light), a collection of Kartini's letters.

Union Films, a company established by ethnic Chinese businessmen, signed Resobowo to act in their first film, Kedok Ketawa, in 1941. Resobowo was cast as the painter Basuki, who must work with the "Laughing Mask" in order to save his lover Minarsih from a lecherous rich man. The studio emphasised Resobowo's education in order to draw audiences. Although this film was a critical success, Union's subsequent releases — beginning with Harta Berdarah (1941) - did not include Resobowo.

During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, which lasted from 1942 and 1945, Resobowo spent time working for the visual arts division of the Cultural Centre (in Indonesian, ; in Japanese, ), where he was tasked with writing radio broadcasts regarding the visual arts. However, he left this position in order to handle stage decor for various acting troupes, including Bintang Surabaya, Fifi Young's Pagoda, and Tjahaja Timur. While doing the decor for these troupes he would often travel with them, and in his spare time he would sketch their stars. He won best painting at a Cultural Centre competition in 1943, and as such he was compared to Basuki Abdullah and Affandi.

Indonesian independence
Indonesia proclaimed its independence on 17 August 1945, and Resobowo worked to spread this news. Together with M. Balfas, he designed posters related to Indonesian independence which he spread through the kampung of Jakarta (renamed during the occupation). He was also a member of the Menteng 31 group. However, when the returning Dutch colonial forces forced the republican government out of Jakarta in 1946, Resobowo left the city. He spent the remainder of the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949) in cities such as Yogyakarta, Madiun (where he sketched Lake Sarangan), and Sukabumi. When he was living in Madiun he worked with Sudjojono, Sudibio, and Trisno Sumardjo to establish the Young Indonesian Artists (, or SIM); he remained active with this group even after moving to Surakarta and Yogyakarta.

After the end of the revolution, Resobowo worked regularly with Trisno Sumardjo, Oesman Effandi, and Zaini. The painters held exhibitions in several cities, including Yogyakarta in 1952, Padang, Medan, and Bali. The four, as well as several other artists, were also commissioned to sketch historical figures for schoolbooks by the Familij Sarekat Compagnij.

Meanwhile, Resobowo joined Usmar Ismail's film company Perfini. Beginning with Darah dan Doa (1950), Resobowo became production designer; he also assisted Sitor Situmorang in polishing the script. With the company's next production, Embun (1951), Resobowo again worked on the script, the majority of which was penned by director D. Djajakusuma. For three further films, Enam Djam di Djogdja (1951), Dosa Tak Berampun (1951), and Terimalah Laguku (1952), he again served as artistic director. For his last film with the company, Tamu Agung (1955), Resobowo adapted Nikolai Gogol's The Government Inspector into an Indonesian context: the film focuses on the anticipation of the visit of a dignitary to a small isolated village in East Java.

In 1955 Resobowo ran in the legislative election, running for the Communist Party of Indonesia (, or PKI). Towards the end of the 1950s, Resobowo was selected to head the visual arts department of the Institute for the People's Culture (, or Lekra), a leftists organisation active in the arts and literature. He also contributed articles on the visual arts to such magazines as  Budaya, Harian Rakyat, Indonesia, Seniman, Zaman Baru, and Zenith.

Life in exile and death
Amidst a background of an increasingly unstable political situation in Indonesia, including conflicts between leftists (such as the PKI and Lekra) and rightists such as the military, in 1962 Resobowo left the country for China. The failed G30S coup of 1965, which was blamed on the Communists and followed by an anti-communist purge, left the artist unable to return to Indonesia. He lived in China until 1962, before moving to Germany and ultimately Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

During his over thirty years of exile, Resobowo wrote extensively. He published a graphic novel in two volumes, titled Cut Nyak Din, about the Acehnese warrior. He also wrote an autobiography, Riwayat Hidupku, as well as books such as Bercermin Di Muka Kaca and Karmiatun. He never abandoned his leftist leanings, writing in his 1994 book Seniman, Seni, dan Masyarakat (Art, Artists, and Society; the title taken from a 1947 essay by Sudjojono) that politics and art were inseparable, and that artists could only truly serve their society through Marxism. He likewise remained politically active, participating in a hunger strike in 1992 against the threatened executions of Ruslan Wijayasastra and other former PKI members.

Resobowo was only able to return to Indonesia in 1998, when he visited the country and met many of its artists. He returned to the Netherlands and died in Amsterdam on 5 January 1999, leaving two children and an ex-wife.

Legacy
The poet Chairil Anwar dedicated two poems to Resobowo. The first, "Sorga" ("Heaven"), was written in Malang on 25 February 1947 and included in Anwar's collection Deru Tjampur Debu. The second, "Sajak Buat Basuki Resobowo" ("A Poem for Basuki Resobowo"), was penned three days later and included in the anthology Tiga Menguak Takdir. When HB Jassin compiled Chairil Anwar Pelopor Angkatan '45, these two poems were combined as "Dua Sajak Buat Basuki Resobowo". English translations of these poems were published by Burton Raffel in 1970.

Monash University describes Tamu Agung as "brilliantly interweav[ing] modern political discourse (including a militant feminism that appears to have emerged with the Indonesian revolution) with archaic Javanese rhetoric, taken from the narratives of the Wayang (traditional Javanese shadow play)".

Resobowo's portrait of Soetomo is held in the Presidential Palace in Jakarta. The portrait was completed on government commission.

References

Works cited

External links

1916 births
1999 deaths
Male actors from the Dutch East Indies
Indonesian communists
Indonesian screenwriters
Indonesian art directors
20th-century Indonesian painters
20th-century Indonesian male actors
Members of the Lembaga Kebudajaan Rakjat
20th-century screenwriters


title: Jackson Group

text:
The Jackson Group is a geologic group in Arkansas and North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene to Neogene period. The area is where the type specimen of Basilosaurus, an ancient whale first thought to be a reptile, was found.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Geologic groups of Arkansas
Paleogene Arkansas
Paleogene geology of North Carolina


title: Dan River Group

text:
The Dan River Group is a geologic group in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Geologic groups of North Carolina


title: Liang Tong

text:
Liang Tong () is a Chinese American biochemist, structural biologist, and the current chair of the Biological Sciences Department at Columbia University.

Early life and education
Tong, Liang was born on October 29, 1963, in Dalian, China. Liang studied at Peking University, Beijing, from 1979 to 1983, and earned his bachelor's degree in chemistry, working in Dr. You-Qi Tang's lab. During his four years at Peking University, he became interested in multiple fields of studies, such as computer science, mathematics, chemistry and biology. It was during the same time that he developed an interest in structural biology, which enabled him to combine his diverse interests to create knowledge. He obtained his PhD (biophysical chemistry with focus on protein crystallography) in the United States at University of California Berkeley in 1989, and his mentor at UCB was Dr. Sung-Hou Kim. After earning his PhD, Liang worked as a post-doctoral research associate in Dr. Michael G. Rossmann's lab at Purdue University from 1989 to 1992.  During his time at Purdue University, Liang joined the Sigma Xi for his achievement in research.

Research and career
Liang started his career working in Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. in Ridgefield, Connecticut, working as a senior scientist from 1992 to 1995, and as a principal scientist from 1996 to 1997. In 1997, Liang was offered a faculty appointment at the department of biological sciences, Columbia University. Liang has been the department chair of the department of biological sciences since 2013, and he was recently named the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor in 2015. Until July 2018, Liang has published 239 papers and 38 reviews/book chapters.

Robust research in the field of biochemistry and structural biology has been going on the Liang Tong lab, and Liang is a dedicated and productive protein crystallographer. He participated or lead the solving of the structures of proteins and protein complexes including, but not limited to, the heterotrimer core of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae AMPK homologue SNF1, 5’-3’ exoribonuclease Rat1 and its activating partner Rai1, the a6b6 holoenzyme of propionyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, human symplekin-Ssu72-CTD phosphopeptide complex, histone mRNA stem-loop, human stem-loop binding protein and 3’hExo ternary complex, human phosphofructokinase-1, and the 500-kDa yeast acetyl-CoA carboxylase holoenzyme dimer using X-ray crystallography. In addition to structural studies, Liang also contributed to the understanding of the biological mechanisms and macro molecule interactions by combining a variety of biochemical and molecular biology approaches with structural analysis. In the study that characterized cyclic dinucleotide c-di-AMP as an allosteric regulator of metabolic enzyme function, chemical proteomics were used to define the c-di-AMP interactome of Listeria monocytogenes, enzyme kinetics study was used to show the inhibitory effect of c-di-AMP on LmPC, analysis of the structure of LmPC in complex with c-di-AMP further supported the interaction between LmPC and c-di-AMP, and experiments at the cellular level showed that metabolic balance mediated by c-di-AMP affected intracellular growth of L. monocytogenes by causing bacteriolysis within the host cytosol.

Current research in the Liang Tong's lab focuses on enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase, carnitine acyltransferase, AMP-activated protein kinase, and others.  These enzymes are important targets for drug discovery against obesity, diabetes and other human diseases. The goal of his research is to produce structural information on these enzymes and to understand their functions at the molecular level. The structural information will also lay the foundation for drug discovery against these targets. Another area of his research is on proteins involved in pre-mRNA 3'-end processing. Most eukaryotic mRNA precursors must undergo cleavage and polyadenylation in their 3'-ends before they can function as mRNAs.  This processing machinery contains more than 16 protein factors, which form several sub-complexes (CPSF, CSTF). The goal of his research is to understand the molecular basis of this important event.

References

21st-century American biologists
Living people
Columbia University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: 'Til I Hear You Sing

text:
"Til I Hear You Sing" is a song from the musical Love Never Dies, the 2010 sequel to the 1986 musical The Phantom of the Opera. It was originally performed by Ramin Karimloo as the Phantom during the London run and was recorded with him for the original London cast album. Ben Lewis performed the song in the Australian production and its 2012 live stage film and 2018 cast album.

Synopsis
The Phantom sings about how he has done next to nothing in the ten years since the events of the first musical took place. He now feels like he cannot be productive in any way until he hears Christine sing again. The Telegraph explains "the tortured hero longs to be reunited with his muse, Christine, with whom, the show reveals, he once shared a night of passion." He will never be happy until he hears Christine sing again.

As a result of some structural changes Andrew Lloyd Webber made to the show due to mixed reviews, it "comes at the very start of the show".

Critical reception
StageWhispers described it as a "vocally demanding opening prologue". AllMusic described this song, along with the title song, as "crafty/schmaltzy ballads". Gramophone wrote "Karimloo's Phantom seethes magnificently in his opening ballad 'Til I Hear You Sing". The BBC deemed it "the musical's most memorable song", and described Karimloo's performance as "full-blooded". Ckickey described it as " a genuinely stirring show-stopper", "prodigious", "pulsating", and a "great song". The Telegraph named it "one of the show's finest songs". The Stage deemed the number, along with Love Never Dies, as "stand outs". Reviewing the Australian version of the musical, The Herald Sun wrote the Phantom's "opening rendition of 'Til I Hear You Sing is thrilling and no song that follows meets this level." London Theatreland wrote "I did not leave the theatre humming "Till I Hear You Sing". But will people be humming "Till I Hear You Sing" in months, years to come? Of course, they will."  Gramaphone says the Phantom "seethes magnificently in his opening ballad ". Entertainment Weekly said "Instead of Music of the Night, we get a piercing succession of key changes through Til I Hear You Sing as [Erik] longs for Christine to be restored as his muse", concluding "his musical mastery has...largely deserted him". News.com deemed it "the show's strongest number...which remains the standout performance of the night until...the title song."

References

2010 songs
2010s ballads
Song articles with missing songwriters
The Phantom of the Opera


title: Cumnock Formation

text:
The Cumnock Formation is a Late Triassic-age geologic formation in North Carolina. It is found in the Sanford sub-basin of the Deep River Basin, the southernmost of the large Mesozoic basins forming the Newark Supergroup. It is the middle unit of the Chatham Group, overlying the Pekin Formation and underlying the Sanford Formation. Both of these encompassing formations are primarily red sandstone. The Cumnock Formation, on the other hand, represents a sequence of darker lacustrine (lake) or paludal (swampy/marshy) sediments deposited in a tropical climate. These primarily include shales and coal, with some thin layers of coarser sediment such as siltstone and sandstone.

The formation preserves some fossils, including a diverse assemblage of microvertebrates (tiny fragments of vertebrate fossils) from a quarry near Moncure, NC. Palynology and general geological characteristics suggest that the Cumnock Formation is equivalent in age to the Cow Branch Formation of the Dan River/Danville basin on the Virginia-North Carolina border. It has also been compared to the Stockton and Lockatong formations of the Newark Basin in the northeastern United States. Some authors even reduce the Cumnock Formation to a member of the Lockatong Formation, in a broad interpretation of the latter. The Cumnock Formation is probably early Norian in age based on comparisons to similar strata in the eastern United States, as well as early sections of the Chinle Formation further west.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Triassic geology of North Carolina


title: 2005 European Fencing Championships

text:
The 2005 European Seniors Fencing Championships were held in Zalaegerszeg, Hungary from 27 June to 3 July 2005.

Overview

Medal table

Results

Men

Foil individual

Épée individual

Sabre individual

Foil team

Épée team

Sabre team

Women

Foil individual

Épée individual

Sabre individual

Foil team

Épée team

Sabre team

References
 2005 European Seniors Fencing Championship official results
 Annual Report of the Executive Committee of the International Fencing Federation

E
Fencing
European Fencing Championships
Sport in Zalaegerszeg
International fencing competitions hosted by Hungary
European Fencing Championships
European Fencing Championships


title: Tar Heel/Coachman Formation

text:
The Tar Heel Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils, including amber dating back to the Cretaceous period. A locality known as Phoebus Landing, has been dated to 78.5-77.1 Ma.

Fish

Cartilaginous fish

Dinosaurs

Ornithopods
An indeterminate hadrosauroid is known from Stokes Quarry.

Ceratopsians

Theropods
Indeterminate theropods, ornithomimosaurs, and maniraptorans are known from Stokes Quarry.

References

Cretaceous geology of North Carolina


title: Peedee Formation

text:
The Peedee Formation is a geologic formation in North and South Carolina. A marine deposit, named for exposures along the Great Peedee River, it preserves belemnites and foraminifera fossils dating from the Late Cretaceous. The formation is notable for its occurrence of Belemnitella americana, known as the Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB), a long-standing standard in stable carbon isotope research.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Carolina
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

External links

Cretaceous geology of North Carolina
Cretaceous geology of South Carolina


title: Not Censorship, But Selection

text:
"Not Censorship But Selection" is a 1953 article written by Lester Asheim. It was initially published in the Wilson Library Bulletin, and has been influential in library professional standards relating to censorship and collection development. The full text of the article currently resides on the website of the American Library Association.

Overview
This seminal 1953 article on the difference between censorship and selection in libraries influenced later thought and formed the cornerstone of many intellectual freedom documents.

Summary
In the first section of the article Asheim goes over the difference of censorship of a book by the law or by a town, versus the choice of a librarian not to select something for her library.  He states that the librarian is not censoring because they are making a choice that only affects her specific institution, whereas the choice the censors are making affect an entire town or nation.  The librarian is not saying that the book cannot be circulated, only that she is not going to circulate it.  Patrons are still able to get it elsewhere.

Asheim then brings up the question of limited control.  He wonders if limited control, which the librarian has when choosing not to select a book, is any different from the limited control of the local pressure group.  He then concludes that it is different because the reasons and motives behind the choice are different.  He also believes that the patron who is being denied the book is affected differently depending on the intent of the person who is choosing to limit the book.  Asheim makes the analogy of the difference between someone’s leg being amputated by a doctor who is doing it because it is necessary, versus a leg being amputated by someone who is psychotic and is doing it because of a sick compulsion.  The man who has had his leg amputated by the psychotic knows the difference and is affected differently than if a doctor had done it out of a need to help his patient.

Because it is a physical impossibility to make all books equally accessible, selection by librarians is necessary. Asheim writes that some of the standards that librarians use for selecting books are the same standards that censors use to ban books.  For example, it is valid to use the intent of the author as a selection standard, however it can also be used to ban a book in which it is decided that the author's intent is pornographic or treasonable. The standards are subjective.  Therefore, the difference between selection and censorship is found in the way the standards are applied.

Asheim argues that the main difference between a selector and a censor is in their approach: the selector's is positive, the censor's is negative. The selector, seeking to preserve, looks to find reasons to keep a book.  The censor, seeking to ban, looks for reasons to reject a book.  Asheim says that the negative approach makes it inevitable that a book will be judged not in its wholeness but by isolated parts.  He writes that the selector's positive approach is demonstrated by the diversity of a library's collection that makes as much as possible accessible to patrons.  Further, he believes that the frequency of challenges to library holdings is in itself a testament to the difference between selection and censorship.

He writes that the censor uses external criteria to judge a book; for instance, the author's life may be examined and used as a way to reject a work.  The selector, on the other hand, uses internal values and judges a book by its own merit. He calls selection democratic and censorship authoritarian.  Finally, Asheim reminds that the confidence the public has in librarians is an earned confidence that can only be kept by staying true to the profession's ideals.  And one of these ideals is maintaining the essential difference between selection and censorship.

Influence
Asheim's article has influenced many in the library profession and authors continue to cite it when responding to the changing censorship landscape.  In 2002, Tony Doyle drew upon Asheim's article to talk about censorship in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks and June Pinnell-Stephens argued that Asheim's censorship/selection distinction is useful for understanding collection development and censorship in the digital age.  It has been argued that the dichotomy of "censorship" and "selection" has the effect of othering the censor. In 2010, Rickey Best cited Asheim in an article portraying academic libraries as bastions of intellectual freedom for maintaining access to materials that were frequently challenged in public libraries.

Reappraisal
In 1983, Asheim wrote a reappraisal of his own article to address the changing tactics of censors and to challenge the persistent assumption that librarians select materials based primarily on their personal tastes.  Asheim characterizes groups such as the Moral Majority as having recently (at the time of his writing) switched from attempting to have objectionable books removed to attempting to have books they approved of included to such an extent that the library's collection would be skewed to their perspective. In response, Asheim further emphasizes that segments of the library's patron base should not be allowed to impede each other's rights, and that the job of the librarian is to make selection choices with the library's entire community in mind. He also upholds his prior assertion that the best response to the problem of access is to add ideas rather than to remove them.

See also
 Book Censorship
 American Library Association

References

External links
 Full text of Not Censorship But Selection from the American Library Association.

Works about censorship
Information science
Library science publications
1953 essays


title: Cid Formation

text:
The Cid Formation is a metavolcanic rock and mudstone geologic formation in North Carolina. It consists of a lower unnamed mudstone member with intermittent volcanic flows and the Flat Swamp Member, which is characterized by pyroclastic flows. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ediacaran period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Ediacaran geology of North Carolina


title: List of presidents of the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)

text:
This is a list of presidents of the Assembly of the Republic, the unicameral legislative body of Portugal.

List
The colors indicate the political affiliation of each president.

See also
Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)

References and footnotes

Portugal, Assembly of the Republic


title: Millingport Formation

text:
The Millingport Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ediacaran period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Ediacaran geology of North Carolina


title: Bear Bluff Formation

text:
The Bear Bluff Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Neogene geology of North Carolina
Neogene geology of South Carolina


title: Chowan River Formation

text:
The Chowan River Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Neogene geology of North Carolina


title: Croatan Formation

text:
The Croatan Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Neogene geology of North Carolina


title: Duplin Marl

text:
The Duplin Marl is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Neogene geology of North Carolina


title: Eastover Formation

text:
The Eastover Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Neogene geology of North Carolina
Neogene geology of Virginia


title: Pamlico Formation

text:
The Pamlico Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period. The name was suggested by L.W. Stephenson in the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey journal in 1912

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Neogene geology of North Carolina


title: Pollocksville Formation

text:
The Pollocksville Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Neogene geology of North Carolina


title: Pungo River Formation

text:
The Pungo River Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Middle Miocene.

Economic significance

The Pungo River Formation is mined extensively for its phosphorite deposits.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Neogene geology of North Carolina


title: Trent Formation

text:
The Trent Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Neogene geology of North Carolina


title: Belgrade Formation

text:
The Belgrade Formation is a limestone geologic formation in North Carolina characterized by limestone coquina mixed with sand, and thinly laminated clays. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

Description
The Belgrade Formation is composed of two subunits: the Pollocksville member and the Haywood Landing member. The Pollocksville member is composed of unconsolidated oyster shells and sand. It was deposited in the Oligocene and early Miocene. The Haywood Landing member is composed of shelly sands and thinly laminated clays. The Belgrade Formation was originally considered part of an Eocene formation called the Trent Marl before it was identified as being deposited in the Miocene and split off.

Fossil content

Mammals

Reptiles

Fish

Invertebrates

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Paleogene geology of North Carolina


title: New Bern Formation

text:
The New Bern Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Paleogene geology of North Carolina


title: River Bend Formation

text:
The River Bend Formation is a limestone geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

Description

The River Bend formation is a limestone formation characterized by mollusc molds, barnacle hashes, bivalves, and sandy limestone layers. Fossils indicate that the formation was deposited during the middle to late Oligocene.

History

Originally, the River Bend formation was part of a limestone unit called the Trent Marl. Further research split off the Miocene Belgrade Formation from the Trent Marl and considered the River Bend formation as part of the Castle Hayne Limestone. The River Bend formation was then identified as an Oligocene limestone and broken out from the Castle Hayne Limestone. The Trent Marl nomenclature is no longer used.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Paleogene geology of North Carolina


title: Silverdale Formation

text:
The Silverdale Formation is a Miocene formation of biomicrudite (fine fragments of mollusk shells) in North Carolina, United States.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Paleogene geology of North Carolina
Silurian northern paleotropical deposits


title: Castle Hayne Limestone

text:
The Castle Hayne Limestone (also called the Castle Hayne Formation) is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It consists of cobble to pebble sized clasts, usually rounded, coated with phosphate and glauconite in a limestone matrix. The Castle Hayne Limestone is known for containing fossils dating back to the Paleogene period. It preserves many of North Carolina's renowned Eocene fossils. It is named after the locality of Castle Hayne in New Hanover county, though the formation itself stretches over several counties.

Description

The Castle Hayne Formation is divided into three submembers: the New Hanover member, the Comfort Member, and the Spring Garden Member. The New Hanover member is the oldest member and is characterizes by cobbles and pebbles, fine sand, glauconite, and phosphate in a fine limestone matrix. The most common fossils are shark and ray teeth. Index fossils place this member in the middle Eocene. The Comfort member lies above the New Hanover member. It contains bryozoa and sea urchin fossils and beds of glauconite and phosphate pebbles that mark breaks in deposition. The Comfort member was deposited in the late middle Eocene and is overlain by the Spring Garden member. The Spring Garden member is a siliceous rock cemented with calcite and containing detrital phosphate. Mollusc bivalves account for up to 75% of the composition in some areas and molds of molluscs shells filled with silica are common. Index fossils indicate this member was also deposited in the late middle Eocene.

Fossils

Invertebrates

Molluscs

Cephalopods

Vertebrates Fossils

Mammals

Cetaceans

Sirenians

Cingulates

Reptiles

Squamates

Turtles

Crocodilians

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Limestone formations of the United States
Paleogene geology of North Carolina


title: Horry Clay

text:
The Horry Clay is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Geologic formations of North Carolina


title: James City Formation

text:
The James City Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Geologic formations of North Carolina


title: Waccamaw Formation

text:
The Waccamaw Formation is a geologic formation in southeastern North Carolina and eastern South Carolina. It preserves fossils from the early Pleistocene epoch. The Waccamaw Formation contains two informal members: "upper" and "lower". The upper Waccamaw is ~2.0-1.8 million years old. The lower Waccamaw Formation is ~2.4-2.2 million years old.

The stratigraphic section preserves four transgressive pulses in the lower Waccamaw, and four in the Upper. The maximum sea level preserved is about 65 meters above the current level.

The molluscan fauna is quite diverse, nearly a thousand species have been reported.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Geologic formations of North Carolina


title: Flanner Beach Formation

text:
The Flanner Beach Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

Geologic formations of North Carolina


title: Shevchenkivskyi District

text:
Shevchenkivskyi District or Shevchenko Raion is a name of several urban raions (districts) in Ukraine. The name was commemorated to the memory of Taras Shevchenko.

It may refer to:

 Shevchenkivskyi District, Chernivtsi, an urban district in the city of Chernivtsi
 Shevchenkivskyi District, Dnipro, an urban district in the city of Dnipro
 Shevchenkivskyi District, Kharkiv, an urban district in the city of Kharkiv
 Shevchenkivskyi District, Kyiv, an urban district in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv
 Shevchenkivskyi District, Lviv, an urban district in the city of Lviv
 Shevchenkivskyi District, Zaporizhzhia, an urban district in the city of Zaporizhzhia

See also
 Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi Raion, a former raion in Cherkasy Oblast


title: 6 Years

text:
6 Years is a 2015 American romantic drama film written and directed by Hannah Fidell and starring Taissa Farmiga, Ben Rosenfield, Lindsay Burdge, Joshua Leonard, Peter Vack, and Dana Wheeler-Nicholson. Filmmakers Mark and Jay Duplass served as executive producers under their Duplass Brothers Productions banner. The film depicts two weeks in the relationship of college students Melanie Clark and Dan Mercer, as their 6-year romance turns violent.

The film had its world premiere at the South by Southwest Film Festival on March 14, 2015, and its European premiere at the Champs-Élysées Film Festival on June 13, 2015. 6 Years was released on video on demand platforms on August 18, 2015, by The Orchard, and was made available worldwide on Netflix on September 8, 2015.

Plot
A young couple, Melanie Clark and Daniel Mercer, experience joyful moments in their relationship, including having passionate sex. After a house party one night, Mel drives to Dan's house drunk. Berating her for being reckless, Dan tries to force Mel to stay the night. Mel reacts angrily and pushes him into a dresser, causing Dan to sustain a head wound. At the emergency room, Dan lies about how he got the injury, covering for Mel.

Dan interns at Austin-based record label Topo Records. His co-worker Amanda notices his injury; she points out how different the situation would look if it had happened to Mel and not him. Mel starts a job as a teaching assistant to Ms. Anders at an elementary school. One night, her friends ask how she and Dan keep things fresh, and Jessica suggests they should watch pornography. Dan later catches Mel watching a porn film.

The next day, they go for lunch with Dan's mother Joanne. Before Mel arrives, Joanne tells Dan that she and his dad will pay his rent if he chooses to move to New York City. A few nights later, Mel and Dan go to a pool party thrown by Mark. After Mel leaves, Dan kisses Amanda on an impulse. He apologizes, and they agree it is best to stay friends.

The next morning, Dan goes to Mel's house and she notices his odd behavior. He denies there's anything wrong. That night, Mel borrows Dan's phone at a party and sees a text from Amanda talking about their kiss. They break out into a physical fight, and, in an attempt to subdue Mel's lashing out, Dan holds her to the ground. The police show up and misunderstand the situation because Mel stays silent when Dan asks her to explain the situation to them. When she refuses to do so, the police arrest him. Dan is released the next morning, but refuses to speak to Mel.

Jason and Mark offer Dan a job at Topo Records' new office in Brooklyn. To celebrate, he goes to a bar with Amanda. She apologizes for sending him the text, and Dan informs her that he and Mel are on a break. Meanwhile, Mel attends a party with her friends, where she meets Will. After becoming intoxicated, Jessica and Will take her home. Jessica goes back to the party, but Will stays behind and attempts to rape Mel while she is semiconscious; she pushes him off and he leaves.

Mel tells Dan about Will and tearfully asks him to hold her. The two then go to Houston to help Mel's mother move out of her childhood home. While there, Dan visits his mom, who encourages him to go to New York. Later, Dan tells Mel about his job offer and she accuses him of only thinking of himself. He, in turn, calls her needy and Mel orders him to leave. Mel then worries that she has messed the relationship up for good. Her roommate Becca suggests that she should sleep on it and give Dan time to cool off.

Back at Dan's house, he and Amanda have sex. The next morning, Mel arrives to apologize and catches Amanda leaving. In the ensuing argument, Mel throws a glass across the room and Dan throws a punch at her, but diverts in the end thinking better of it, causing him to slam his hand into the wall. She pushes Dan into the broken shards, injuring his foot. At the hospital, Dan tells Mel he's sorry and that he no longer wants to go to New York and wants to stay with her.  Mel tells Dan that she thinks he should take the job and move to New York.  Dan rejects that suggestion and says he wants to stay.  Mel tells Dan that she loves him but it doesn't feel right.  Dan tells Mel that he doesn't want to break up but she then asks Dan to look her in the eyes and tell her that he loves her and wants to spend the rest of his life with her. Dan is unable to and instead says he's sorry.  Mel says okay and with that, reality starts to set in that their 6 year relationship is finished.

Cast
 Taissa Farmiga as Melanie "Mel" Clark
 Ben Rosenfield as Daniel "Dan" Mercer
 Lindsay Burdge as Amanda
 Joshua Leonard as Mark
 Dana Wheeler-Nicholson as Joanne Mercer
 Peter Vack as Will
 Jennifer Lafleur as Ms. Anders
 Molly McMichael as Jessica
 Alysia Lucas as Becca
 Jason Newman as Jason

Production

Pre-production
In June 2014, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Hannah Fidell had written and directed a relationship drama film, set for release in 2015. The feature was produced by Kelly Williams, Andrew Logan and Jonathan Duffy, and executive produced by Mark and Jay Duplass through their production company Duplass Brothers Productions. Fidell had been approached by Mark Duplass to make a film depicting a young couple experiencing domestic violence, which appealed to her. On June 12, 2014, after filming for the project was already complete, it was revealed that Taissa Farmiga and Ben Rosenfield play the leading roles, Melanie Clark and Dan Mercer, respectively. That same day, it was also reported that Peter Vack, Joshua Leonard, Jennifer Lafleur, and Lindsay Burdge have supporting roles in the film. Before filming began, Fidell and the two main actors (Farmiga and Rosenfield) went to the Berkshires in Massachusetts to study the script outline and develop their characters. The film was untitled during pre-production and filming; its official title, 6 Years, was announced by Fidell through her Tumblr blog on September 3, 2014. Will Brittain was originally attached to portray the role of Will, but had to drop out at the last minute.

Filming
Principal photography for the film lasted approximately three weeks in Austin, Texas. Production began on March 17, 2014, and was completed on April 6, 2014. Filming took place at locations including the West Campus neighborhood, the University of Texas at Austin, and Wooten Elementary School. In July 2014, re-shoots on the film took place. Fidell revealed that she only wrote a 40-page treatment for the film, including visuals and tonal references, instead of writing a full script. In addition, only a few prominent scenes were written with dialogue already prepared for the actors; in other scenes, improvisation was heavily used. Farmiga stated that, for the duration of production, the cast and crew lived together in the house used for Mel's home in the film, in order to become comfortable with each other due to the intimate nature of the film.

Post-production
Film editing began while the project was still in the production phase, with Sofi Marshall and Carlos Marques-Marcet serving as editors. Fidell stated that the editing process was difficult due to the frequent use of improvisation throughout the film, which made it hard for continuity in the story. Stuck On On provided sound post-production services. In January 2015, Fidell revealed on her Twitter that sound mixing was underway, and at South by Southwest, Fidell stated that post-production had been completed a few weeks before the film's premiere at the festival.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was set to be made available at some point by The Orchard, but went unreleased. Actors Joshua Leonard, Ben Rosenfield, and Jason Newman recorded a cover of the song "Get Me" by J Mascis (of Dinosaur Jr.) for the soundtrack; Rosenfield and Lindsay Burdge also recorded a cover of "Indian Summer" by Beat Happening.

Julian Wass was hired to score the music for the film, having previously composed the music for The Do-Deca-Pentathlon (2012), which was written and directed by 6 Years executive producers Mark and Jay Duplass.

Distribution

Marketing
The official poster art for 6 Years was released by the IMDb on July 24, 2015. The official trailer was released exclusively by Yahoo! Movies on July 30, 2015. On August 17, 2015, Vulture.com released the first seven minutes of the film.

Release
The film had its world premiere on March 14, 2015 at South by Southwest Film Festival. On March 15, 2015, Netflix acquired global distribution rights, with plans that have been accomplished to release it on the streaming service later in that year. The film subsequently screened at the Maryland Film Festival and the 2015 Champs-Élysées Film Festival. In the late June of 2015, The Orchard acquired the domestic rights to 6 Years, and released it on video on demand in the United States on August 18, 2015. The film began streaming worldwide through Netflix on September 8, 2015.

Home media
The film was released on DVD in the United States on April 12, 2016 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.

Reception

Critical response
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 69% approval rating based on 13 reviews, and an average rating of 6.61/10. The film was assigned a weighted average of 53 out of 100 from Metacritic, based on 5 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Eric Kohn and Nigel M. Smith of IndieWire cited the performances of Farmiga and Rosenfield as breakout talent at the 2015 South by Southwest. Kohn wrote, "Hannah Fidell, working with executive producers Mark and Jay Duplass, effectively broadens her range by borrowing the sibling directors' improvisatory style and ceding control to her two leads, whose heartbreaking performances imbue this familiar Austin-set narrative with a fiery edge." In their list of 25 performances they would like to see receive awards recognition, IndieWire highlighted Farmiga and Rosenfield's work in 6 Years. IndieWire also listed the film as number 7 on its "13 Most Criminally Overlooked Indies and Foreign Films of 2015".

Justin Chang of Variety wrote, "Although shot and performed in a determinedly raw, naturalistic register, this emotionally roiling portrait of two twentysomething Texas sweethearts too often veers toward melodramatic overstatement, inspiring little empathy or understanding despite the committed performances of promising young leads Taissa Farmiga and Ben Rosenfield." John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "A melodrama benefitting from excellent performances but suffering from a too-obvious script," while Ryland Aldrich of Twitch Film opined, "An indie drama through and through, Fidell has again succeeded in telling a tiny story and making it feel as big as the world. Her connection to these characters is infectious and impossible to ignore. It may be an emotional rollercoaster, but it is real, and the intimacy is undeniable."

Accolades

References

External links

2015 films
2015 independent films
2015 romantic drama films
American independent films
American romantic drama films
Duplass Brothers Productions films
Films directed by Hannah Fidell
Films shot in Austin, Texas
Films set in Austin, Texas
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


title: Conotalopia sematensis

text:
Conotalopia sematensis is a very small species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

Description
The size of the shell varies between 3 mm and 5 mm.

Distribution
This marine species  occurs off Japan.

References

 Oyama (1992), Revision of Yokoyama's type mollusca from the Tertiary and Quaternary of the Kanto Area
 Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y. (1999). Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan. Osaka. : Elle Scientific Publications. 749 pp.
 Sasaki, T. (2000), In: Okutani, T. (ed.), Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 55-83 (in Japanese).

External links
 To World Register of Marine Species
 Conotalopia sematensis
  Bishogai database: Conotalopia sematensis

sematensis
Gastropods described in 1942


The North American Energy Infrastructure Act () is a bill that would make changes to permitting requirements for pipelines and other energy infrastructure at international borders. Instead of obtaining a Presidential permit, sponsors of oil pipelines and electric transmission projects that cross international borders would be required to obtain a certificate of crossing from either the United States Secretary of State or the United States Secretary of Energy.

The bill was introduced and passed in the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

The North American Energy Infrastructure Act would prohibit any person from constructing, connecting, operating, or maintaining an oil or natural gas pipeline or electric transmission facility at the national boundary of the United States for the import or export of oil, natural gas, or electricity to or from Canada or Mexico without obtaining approval under this Act.

The bill would require the United States Secretary of Commerce, with respect to oil pipelines, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), with respect to natural gas pipelines, or the United States Secretary of Energy (DOE), with respect to electric transmission facilities, to approve a request for approval of construction, connection, operation, or maintenance unless it is not in U.S. national security interests.

The bill would declare that such an approval shall not be construed to constitute a major federal action for purposes of environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA).

The bill would make conforming amendments to the Natural Gas Act and the Federal Power Act.

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce on May 8, 2014. This is a public domain source.

H.R. 3301 would make changes to permitting requirements for pipelines and other energy infrastructure at international borders. In particular, the bill would eliminate the existing requirement on sponsors of such infrastructure to obtain a Presidential permit. Instead, H.R. 3301 would require sponsors of oil pipelines and electric transmission projects that cross international borders to obtain a certificate of crossing from either the Secretary of State or the Secretary of Energy. Under H.R. 3301, sponsors of natural gas pipelines would not be required to obtain a certificate of crossing.

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that implementing H.R. 3301 would have no significant net effect on the federal budget. Relative to current law, we expect that any changes to administrative costs incurred by agencies responsible for regulating energy infrastructure would not exceed $500,000 in any year, assuming the availability of appropriated funds. Enacting H.R. 3301 would not affect direct spending or revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply.

H.R. 3301 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments.

Procedural history
The North American Energy Infrastructure Act was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on October 22, 2013, by Rep. Fred Upton (R, MI-6). It was referred to the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce, the United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, the United States House Committee on Natural Resources, the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Energy and Power, the United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials, and the United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Public Lands and Environmental Regulation. On June 19, 2014, the bill was reported (amended) by the Committee on Energy and Commerce alongside House Report 113-482 part 1. On June 24, 2014, the House voted in Roll Call Vote 354 to pass the bill 238–173.

Debate and discussion
One of the effect of the legislation, if it were to pass, is that it would no longer be the President of the United States' responsibility to approve cross-border pipelines similar to the Keystone Pipeline, but the approval process for the Keystone Pipeline would not be changed.

President Barack Obama released a statement saying that the bill "would impose an unreasonable deadline that would curtail the thorough consideration of the issues involved, which could result in serious security, safety, foreign policy, environmental, economic, and other ramifications." Obama threatened to veto the bill.

The bill's supporters indicated that they were very frustrated with the lengthy, over five years long process that the Obama administration was using to consider the Keystone Pipeline. Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Fred Upton (R-MI) said that the bill "is a sincere effort to focus a targeted solution to lessons learned from the Keystone pipeline... No one can rightly argue that the current presidential permit process as the State Department is not broken, no matter what side of the climate debate you're on." Upton also argued that "we're creating a fair and transparent approval process for cross-border energy projects, putting them all on a level playing field for the benefit of North American energy security, lower energy prices, and jobs."

The United States Chamber of Commerce released a statement that they "strongly support" the bill because it would "be an important step in reforming this country's broken federal regulatory process, in order to create jobs and strengthen the economy."

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress

References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 3301
beta.congress.gov H.R. 3301
GovTrack.us H.R. 3301
OpenCongress.org H.R. 3301
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 3301
Congressional Budget Office's report on H.R. 3301
House Report 113-482 part 1

Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress


title: John Tahourdin White

text:
John Tahourdin White (1809–1893) was an English classical scholar.

Life
He was the second son of John White of Selborne in Hampshire. He matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on 28 January 1830, was elected an exhibitioner in the same year, and graduated B.A. in 1834, M.A. in 1839, and B.D. and D.D. in 1866. He was ordained deacon in 1834 as curate at Swynnerton in Staffordshire.

White was appointed reader at St. Stephen Walbrook in 1836, and acted as assistant master at Christ's Hospital from 1836 to 1869. In 1837 he became curate at St. Ann, Blackfriars, was ordained priest in 1839, and in 1841 was appointed curate at St. Martin Ludgate, serving until 1868, when he was instituted rector.

White died at 17 Cambridge Road, Brighton, on 17 December 1893.

Works
White published editions of Greek and Latin authors, including the Grammar School Texts. With Joseph Esmond Riddle he brought out in 1862 A Latin-English Dictionary, London, based on Ethan Allen Andrews's translation of Wilhelm Freund's Wörterbuch der lateinischen Sprache. Freund's Wörterbuch was published at Leipzig between 1834 and 1845, and Andrews's translation at New York in 1852. White and Riddle's Dictionary was later largely superseded by that of Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879). A College Latin-English Dictionary of intermediate size appeared in 1865, and a Junior Student's Complete Latin-English and English-Latin Dictionary in 1869.

White also edited Robert Lynam's History of the Roman Emperors (London, 1850, 2 vols.).

Theological publications

 St. Matthew's Gospel: with a vocabulary, London, 1887.
 St. Mark's Gospel: with a vocabulary, London, 1887.
 St. Luke's Gospel: with a vocabulary, London, 1888.
 St. John's Gospel: with a vocabulary, London, 1885.
 The Acts of the Apostles: with a vocabulary, London, 1885.
 St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans: with a vocabulary, London, 1886.

Notes

Attribution

1809 births
1893 deaths
19th-century English Anglican priests
English lexicographers
English classical scholars
People from Selborne
19th-century lexicographers


title: Nicola Alexandrovich Benois

text:
Nicola Alexandrovich Benois (2 May 1901 – 31 March 1988) was a stage designer, known for his work as principal scenographer and costume designer at La Scala in Milan.

Education and early career
Nicola was the son of Alexandre Benois, an influential artist, critic, historian and stage designer. He was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, where his father was the costume designer  of the Mariinsky Theatre, the imperial opera house. The family lived in their grand mansion near the opera house, which was built by his grandfather Nikolai Benois. Nicola studied art and design under his father before attending the Academy of Fine Arts in Saint Petersburg.

After working as scenographer and set designer for several of the Mariinsky opera and ballet productions, he emigrated from Russia to Paris, France in 1923. There he worked for Sergei Diaghilev as a set designer for several of the Ballets Russes productions.

Work at La Scala
Nicola later moved to Italy, following his father Alexandre Benois, and was invited by Alexander Sanin to design Khovanshchina at La Scala. His designs were well received and he was offered a position as a designer at Teatro dell'Opera di Roma.

In 1935, Nicola accepted the post of principal scenographer at La Scala. There he collaborated with Luchino Visconti, the powerful producer of La Scala, who insisted on genuine period jewelry and costumes for the performing stars. Benois was a master of period design.
His stage works are remarkable for their mastery of line, form and color scheme. Many are now exhibited as museum pieces and studied by designers worldwide. In all, he designed about 300 ballet and opera productions for theaters of Turin, Milan, Rome, and other cities worldwide. He died in 1988, in Codroipo, Italy.

References

External links

  Nikolai Alexandrovich Benois at artnet

1901 births
1988 deaths
La Scala
Russian designers
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France


title: BryanStars

text:
Bryan Odell (born May 22, 1990), better known by his online alias BryanStars, is an American former music interviewer, YouTube personality, musician, and artist manager. He is best known for his BryanStars Interviews series, where he interviews with popular artists in the alternative scene, including Black Veil Brides, Asking Alexandria, and Falling in Reverse.

Early life
Odell was born on May 22, 1990, in Japan, where he resided until he was eight years old. His family later relocated to Dallas, Texas, and then again to Nebraska when he was a teenager. He attended Lincoln East High School, where he graduated in 2008. In his senior year, his short film Energy Crisis in America, highlighting rising gas prices, won third place in the high school section of the StudentCam competition, hosted by C-SPAN.

He attended the University of Nebraska–Lincoln for two years, majoring in Broadcast Journalism. While in university, he did an internship where he would interview professional bands for a local television station.

Odell chose to drop out of university to focus his attention on his YouTube channel "BryanStars" after winning YouTube NextUp in 2011. Through the NextUp contest, YouTube aimed to foster creators on its platform. Odell and 25 other YouTubers received a $35,000 grant for their channel and a multi-day workshop in New York City with professional online bloggers. At the time, he had about 55,000 subscribers.

YouTube career
Odell is best known for his BryanStars Interviews, series on his YouTube channel, BryanStars. He primarily publishes interviews and music videos from bands of the rock and heavy metal scene.

During his career, Odell interviewed artists including Asking Alexandria, Blood On The Dance Floor, Millionaires, Never Shout Never, Motionless In White, Pierce the Veil, Black Veil Brides, All Time Low, Sleeping with Sirens, The Ready Set, One Ok Rock, Panic! at the Disco, Twenty One Pilots, Avenged Sevenfold, Escape the Fate, Suicide Silence, Disturbed, Creed, Hollywood Undead, Korn, Three Days Grace, Bullet For My Valentine, Cannibal Corpse, Chevelle, and Slipknot, as well as artists like Rob Zombie, Papa Roach, Cody Simpson, G-Eazy, Mitchel Musso and winners of American Idol. Odell has also interviewed record producer Matt Good and YouTube stars Shane Dawson, Michael Buckley and Dave Days. He has published more than 1000 band interviews and music videos to his YouTube Channel.

In 2013, BryanStars Interviews was voted by music fans as the "Best Music Blog" in the Alternative Press Reader's Choice Poll 2013. BryanStars Interviews was nominated for a Shorty Award for "Best Web Show" in 2014 along with Jerry Seinfeld's Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee. In 2014, retailer Journeys produced "This Is My Journey" segment about Odell that played in stores nationwide.

Never Shout Never incident
On June 3, 2012, Never Shout Never was interviewed by Odell in an interview that was being covered by The New York Times. Never Shout Never lead vocalist Christofer Drew Ingle was aware of The New York Times coverage of the interview. About halfway through the interview, Ingle cut Odell off, denouncing his show as "a joke" and his questions as "bullshit" with bassist Taylor MacFee also taking Odell's interview question papers from him, throwing them on the floor, and finding his questions to be annoying and irrelevant. As a result, the band abruptly ended the interview, leaving Odell in tears.

An outpour of support for Odell resulted from the incident. Numerous musicians such as Kellin Quinn of Sleeping with Sirens, Chris Fronzak of Attila, and Andy Biersack of Black Veil Brides came to Odell's defense. In a Stickam broadcast, Ingle expressed remorse for making Odell cry, later admitting that he had taken acid earlier the day of the interview.

Warped YouTube Program
In 2014, Odell was picked to be one of the "Warped YouTubers" with Damon Fizzy (also calling himself DeeFizzy), Johnnie Guilbert, CYR and Piddleass. The following year, Kevin Lyman (creator of Warped Tour) made Odell the official host of the tour. Odell worked with Warped Tour through 2015 as their official host on all social media, announcing over 100 bands for the tour.

Odell taught a class on the 2015 Vans Warped Tour called "YouTube 101" where he taught aspiring YouTubers how to pursue a career in social media.

My Digital Escape
Odell then founded "My Digital Escape," a collaborative project and YouTube channel featuring numerous smaller creators who shared a similar passion for music. While an active creator in My Digital Escape (MDE), Odell served as manager of the project as well. The channel stopped uploading in May 2016. The channel reached 800,000 subscribers and 100 million views. The channel prominently featured Odell, Johnnie Guilbert, Shannon Taylor (HeyThereImShannon), Luke Wale, Kyle David Hall, Alex Dorame and Jordan Sweeto. In 2016, My Digital Escape went on tour across the United States and visited 21 cities.

Musical endeavors
In 2016, Odell went into the studio with ZK Studios to record his debut EP. On March 21, 2016, BryanStars announced the release of a 5-track EP entitled "Follow Your Dreams". It was released on April 1, 2016, and charted on Billboard at #22 on the Alternative New Artist Album Chart, #59 on the New Artist Album Chart and #128 on the Indie Albums Chart.

BryanStars also collaborated with Social Repose on a cover of Bring Me The Horizon's "Follow You".

In November 2016, Odell announced that he would be releasing a second EP titled the "Picture Perfect EP". It was released on December 4, 2016.

BryanStars Tour
In 2012, Odell started the "BryanStars Tour", which toured throughout the United States. Odell created three BryanStars Tours from 2012 to 2013.

Personal life
Odell revealed his homosexuality on his YouTube channel in 2017. After considerable controversy later that same year due to being accused of covering up for convicted sex offender Austin Jones, Odell stepped back from his social media ventures, specifically his YouTube channels. He has not been active on any of his YouTube channels or social media since.

Awards and recognition
 2011: YouTube NextUp
 2013: Alternative Press Magazine — "Best Music Blog"
 2014: Shorty Award for "Best Web Show" — Nominated

Discography

Extended plays

Singles

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
American expatriates in Japan
American gay musicians
LGBT YouTubers
YouTubers from Texas
Musicians from Lincoln, Nebraska
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
Writers from Lincoln, Nebraska
21st-century American LGBT people
21st-century American musicians
LGBT people from Nebraska


title: 2014–15 Albanian Cup

text:
2014–15 Albanian Cup () was the sixty-three season of Albania's annual cup competition. Flamurtari were the most recent winners of the competition, that being their fourth first Cup trophy.

Ties are played in a two-legged format similar to those of European competitions. If the aggregate score is tied after both games, the team with the higher number of away goals advances. If the number of away goals is equal in both games, the match is decided by extra time and a penalty shoot-out, if necessary.

Preliminary round
In order to reduce the number of participating teams for the first round to 32, a preliminary tournament is played. In contrast to the main tournament, the preliminary tournament is held as a single-leg knock-out competition. Matches were played on 29 August 2014 and involved the teams from Kategoria e Parë and Kategoria e Dytë.

|-

|}

First round
All 28 teams of the 2014–15 Superiore and Kategoria e Parë entered in this round along with the two qualifiers from the preliminary round. The first legs were played on 1 October 2014 and the second legs took place on 22 October 2014.

|}

Kukësi advanced to the second round.

Veleçiku advanced to the second round.

Lushnja advanced to the second round.

Elbasani advanced to the second round.

Flamurtari advanced to the second round.

Partizani advanced to the second round.

Skënderbeu advanced to the second round.

Laçi advanced to the second round.

Apolonia advanced to the second round.

Kastrioti advanced to the second round.

Vllaznia advanced to the second round.

Teuta advanced to the second round.

Tirana advanced to the second round.

Pogradeci advanced to the second round.

Tërbuni advanced to the second round.

Bylis advanced to the second round.

Second round
All 16 qualified teams from First round progressed to the second round. The first legs were played on 5 November 2014 and the second legs took place on 19 November 2014.

|}

Flamurtari advanced to the quarter finals.

Skënderbeu advanced to the quarter finals.

Laçi advanced to the quarter finals.

Partizani advanced to the quarter finals.

Tirana advanced to the quarter finals.

Vllaznia advanced to the quarter finals.

Kukësi advanced to the quarter finals.

Apolonia advanced to the quarter finals.

Quarter-finals
All eight qualified teams from the second round progressed to the third round. The first legs were played on 4 February 2015 and the second legs took place on 18 February 2015.

|}

Skënderbeu advanced to the semi finals.

Laçi advanced to the semi finals.

Kukësi advanced to the semi finals.

Tirana advanced to the semi finals.

Semi-finals

|}

Kukësi advanced to the final.

Laçi advanced to the final.

Final

References

External links
 Official website
 Albanian Cup at soccerway.com

Cup
Albanian Cup seasons
Albanian Cup


title: Mahboub Maalim

text:
Mahboub Maalim (, ; born 1958) is a Kenyan diplomat. He was the executive secretary of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (2008-2019). He was appointed by the 12th Summit of IGAD Heads of State and Government that was held on 14 June 2008 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. He was reappointed for a second term on 11 July 2012.

A civil engineer by profession and a veteran rural development expert, he previously served as Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation in Kenya. He had also served as Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of State for Special Programs in the Office of the President.

IGAD Executive Secretary (2008 - 2019)
Maalim's appointment came at a time when IGAD was gaining visibility as a lead Regional Economic Community (REC) on peace, security and development agenda. IGAD was granted an observer status in the UN General Assembly in 2011 and subsequently at the World Trade Organisation's Committee for Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) in 2015.

In 2012, he led the launch of the IGAD Drought Resilience and Sustainability Initiative (IDDRSI) which provides a regional platform for a coordinated response to drought and other national emergencies with an emphasis on improving resilience of citizens inhabiting the region's vast arid and semi arid areas. IDDRSI encapsulates IGAD's earlier mission of combating drought and food insecurity when it was initially founded as the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) in 1986.

From 2013 to 2015, he oversaw the IGAD Mediation process for South Sudan that culminated with the signing of the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS) in August 2015. However, the mediation process and subsequent efforts of IGAD alongside the African Union, UN and global partners are yet to achieve lasting peace in South Sudan.

Following years of IGAD's involvement in stabilization efforts in Somalia, Maalim also led the establishment of a Special Envoy's office to Somalia in 2017.

IGAD has gone through a noticeable institutional expansion during Maalim's tenure with the establishment of numerous IGAD specialized institutions including:

 IGAD Security Sector Program (ISSP),  set up on 6 October 2011 to support IGAD Member State security institutions to combat terrorism, transnational organized crime and regional maritime security concerns;
 IGAD Center for Pastoral Areas and Livestock Development (ICPALD), set up in 2015 as a dedicated center for regional livestock and pastoral development;
 IGAD Centre of Excellence for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (ICEPCVE), set up in 2018 to combat concerns related to rising violent extremism in the region; and
 IGAD Sheikh Technical Veterinary School (ISTVS), adopted as an IGAD Specialized agency in 2011. It was formerly under the African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources (AU IBAR).

Education and career
Mahboub Maalim is a registered Civil Engineer with the Kenya Engineers’ Board and a member of the Institute of Engineers of Kenya (IEK). He earned a BSc. in Civil Engineering from the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical University College, Texas and subsequently an MSc in Civil Engineering in 1992 from the same university.

His early career included serving as an inspector and district water engineer with Ministry of Water and Irrigation. Between 1994 and 1996, he coordinated several multi-national projects under the office of the President, including the World Bank Financed Drought Recovery Project in the Arid Lands of Kenya.

He is a recipient of a number of awards and honours including the Order of Grand Warrior of Kenya (OGW) and Chief of Burning Spear of Kenya (CBS).

Maalim was appointed as Chairman of the Board of Directors of Kenya Power in on 9 January 2018.

In November 2019 he was replaced as executive director by Workneh Gebeyehu.

He is fluent in English, Kswahili and Somali.

References

Living people
Ethnic Somali people
Somalian diplomats
Somalian Muslims
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Guy François (painter)

text:
Guy François (1578 – 1650) was a French painter.

Biography
He was born in Le Puy and travelled to Italy, where he worked in the workshop of Carlo Saraceni in Venice during the years 1615–1619. He signed his works "Guido Francesco". He is known for religious works in the style of Caravaggio.

He died in Le Puy-en-Velay.

References

Guy François on Artnet

1578 births
1650 deaths
French painters
People from Le Puy-en-Velay
French expatriates in Italy


title: Dashlane

text:
Dashlane is a subscription-based password manager and digital wallet application available on macOS, Windows, iOS and Android. Dashlane uses a freemium pricing model with a subscription plan option.

Overview
Dashlane was founded on July 6, 2009, releasing their first software on May 23, 2012, that first included a password manager (encrypted using AES-256), which was walled behind a single master password. Over time, more features were introduced to the product such as:

 Multi-factor authentication
 Automatic form filling
 Password generation
 Digital wallet
 Security breach alert
 Virtual private network

Source code
The source code for the Android and the iOS app is available under the Creative Commons NonCommercial license 4.0.

See also
 List of password managers
 Cryptography

References

External links

Password managers
Cryptographic software
Nonfree unsigned Firefox WebExtensions
Internet Explorer add-ons
Google Chrome extensions
2012 software


title: Royal Fables

text:
Royal Fables is an exposition that presents art, design and fashion by patrons who belong to Indian royal families. It features traditional crafts as practiced in royal courts. Royal Fables features 30 royal and noble families engaged in keeping the art and craft of India alive.

Founded by Anshu Khanna who was awarded the Nari Shakti Puraskar in 2018 for her role in promoting and showcasing the legacy of artisanal karkhanas that is being revived by many young scions of royal families, Royal Fables began its journey in the year 2010 at DLF Emporio, the mecca of International luxury. Through the last ten years, Royal Fables has held successful shows in New Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Lucknow and Hyderabad in India and Morocco, Thailand, Vancouver, Surrey, Los Angeles, Dallas and Miami, overseas.

Royal Fables presents the Palace Atelier Collection developed by Princess Diya Kumari of Jaipur, enamel art by Princess Jyotsana Singh of Jammu & Kashmir, miniature art by Princess Vaishnavi Kumari of Kishangarh, Raja Ravi Varma Lithographs developed at Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum by Maharani Radhikaraje Gaekwad of Baroda and wildlife paintings by Princess Krishna Kumari of Panna amongst others.

References

External links
Timesofindia.indiatimes.com
Samachar.com
Elizabethdechambrun.com
Hindustantimes.com
Nationmultimedia.com
Indianembassy.in.th
Mea.gov.in

External links

Art exhibitions in India


title: Saite Oracle Papyrus

text:
The Saite Oracle Papyrus is a papyrus from the Late Period of Egypt that shows a man petitioning for his father to be allowed to leave the priesthood of his temple and join that of a neighboring city (Montu-Re-Horakhty). In the image, the precession of the god Amun-Re can be seen, with parts of his shrine visible above the carrying poles held by priests.

See also
 List of ancient Egyptian papyri

References

Egyptian papyri containing images


title: Jan Zimmer (disambiguation)

text:
Jan Zimmer may refer to:

 Ján Zimmer, a Slovak post-romantic composer (1926-1993)
 Hans Zimmer, a German film composer and music producer (b. 1957)
 Jean Zimmer, a German footballer (b. 1992)