title: John H. Van Evrie

text:
John H. Van Evrie (1814–1896) was an American physician and defender of slavery best known as the editor of the Weekly Day Book and the author of several books on race and slavery which reproduced the ideas of scientific racism for a popular audience. He was also the proprietor of the publishing company Van Evrie, Horton & Company. Van Evrie was described by the historian George M. Fredrickson as "perhaps the first professional racist in American history." His thought, which lacked significant scientific evidence even for the time, emphasized the inferiority of black people to white people, defended slavery as practiced in the United States and attacked abolitionism, while opposing class distinctions among white people and the oppression of the white working class. He repeatedly put "slave" and "slavery" in quotation marks, because he did not think these were the right words for enslaved Blacks.

Early life and medical practice
Van Evrie was born in 1814. In a 1949 article Sidney Kaplan wrote that he "received a medical degree somewhere. Whether he practiced is problematical; most of his time seems to have been spent as a pseudo-scientific, screwball propagandist of Copperheadism in New York."

Views

White superiority
Van Evrie believed black people were of "a separate species" from white people and that the boundaries between races were "absolutely impassable"; he brought this into line with the Bible's account of humanity's origin by proposing "a supernatural imposition at some subsequent period" (see Polygenism). He reinterpreted the Old Testament's account of Adam and Eve as a story of the origins of white people, and suggested that black people had their own separate beginnings. After Josiah C. Nott developed his theory of polygenesis in his Types of Mankind, Van Evrie applied them to the debate over slavery in Negroes and Negro "Slavery". There had been, in his view and that of Nott, not a single creation but rather multiple creations "in different places and of different forms to fit the needs of locality." Similarly, he reinterpreted the Golden Rule through a racial lens, arguing that one need only treat another as one would like to be treated if the other is of the same race as oneself.

Human skin color, in his view, was inevitable and irreversible, the product of a divine plan; he also believed that this meant that black people were permanently incapable of expressing emotion in the same way as white people. From this belief that black people could not express emotion, he concluded that they must also be unable to experience emotion to the same degree; and, as they were considered insufficiently sensitive to attain civilization, he believed that black people needed to remain enslaved. He also argued that black people's perceived inability to express emotions was proof of subhuman status. Van Evrie also believed that all black people shared certain uniform physical features (for example hair color, nose size and lip size), whereas these features were more varied among white people; he interpreted this to  be further evidence of white superiority. He used evidence from the new field of ethnology to support his belief in white superiority and found evidence for moral superiority and inferiority in racially defined physiognomical features, including black people's "cranial manifestation" (on which topic he quoted statistics published by Samuel George Morton), brain size and hair. Van Evrie wrote at a time which he believed to be the first instance in history in which racial difference, and racial superiority and inferiority, could be divined from the "minutest particle [or] the single globule of blood".

He claimed that God had adapted the "physical and mental structures" of black people so as to ensure they could only live in the tropics, that black people reached full mental development by the age of 15, that a black person's "strongest affection" was "love for [their] master", and that they possessed a "sudden, capricious, superficial and temporary" sex drive. Because of these "capricious affections" and their "feeble moral nature", Van Evrie thought that marriage between slaves would be "obviously unnatural, monstrous, and wicked." Van Evrie also thought that black people were by their nature unsuited to marriage and incapable of political participation. Though he saw black people as unsuited to social or political equality, he felt that under competent guardianship they could be socially useful.

Van Evrie praised the "blush of maiden modesty" found in the white woman, and asked "Can anyone suppose such a thing possible to a black face?" He also specifically argued that black women were naturally promiscuous and unscrupulous with regard to sex and relationships, and commented on black people's familial relations. Black mothers, Van Evrie claimed, tended to leave their children at a younger age than white mothers, and, unlike white mothers, were unable to kill their children in order to save them from imminent disasters, because the black woman's "maternal instincts are more imperative, more closely approximate to the animal". He also claimed that black mothers were liable to become indifferent to their children by the age of 15, and no longer recognize them by age 40.

His theory of black inferiority was also applied to all people of color, which led him to the conclusion that Confucius and other Ancient Chinese figures had in fact been white.

Slavery
Van Evrie argued that the presence of black people and Native Americans in the United States provided the basis for American democracy; it "led directly to the establishment of a new system based on foundations of everlasting truth—the legal and political equality of the race, or of all those whom the Almighty Creator has Himself made equal." In Negroes and Negro "Slavery" Van Evrie argued that slavery was a necessary condition for white freedom because it allows the elite to be free of manual labor and so to pursue education, which for Van Evrie was the foundation of freedom. "[T]he existence of an inferior race" in the United States, he wrote, ...resulted in the creation of a new political and social order, and relieved the producing class from that abject dependence on capital which in Europe, and especially in England, renders them mere beasts of burden to a fraction of their brethren. Citing the examples of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome as evidence, Van Evrie also contended that slavery in the United States was preferable to its antecedents in the classical world, as slavery in the U.S. was only imposed on those for whom it was a "natural" condition. In "Free Negroism" he argued that the benefits of slavery for the Northern white working class included lower commodity prices and less labor competition; he wrote that the "'slave' negro is the poor man's friend" while "the 'freed' negro is his bitter and unrelenting enemy".

He felt that "slavery" was an unsuitable descriptor for the position of black people in the antebellum South, as the word implied an unnatural relationship, whereas the institution of slavery, for Van Evrie, was "the most desirable thing in human affairs".  "The simple truth is," he wrote, that "there is no slavery in this country; there are no slaves in the Southern States." Van Evrie believed that slavery was divinely ordained as a part of nature: God had designed the races of humans for specific purposes, according to which slavery was the natural condition of black people; and white people, defined by certain physical features, were naturally fit to be masters. He saw the relationship between a slave and their master as resembling the relationship between a father and a child, and the law in the southern states as effectively preventing mistreatment. Black people, he argued, were useless "when isolated or separated from the white man", and free black people were in his view "destined to extinction"; slavery, in his view, was beneficial to the "civilization, progress, and general welfare of both races." To abolish slavery would, in his view, be cruel to black people who were the equivalent of "children forever" and "incapable of comprehending the wants of the future".

Nonetheless, Van Evrie did not believe that slavery would expand into Kansas, Nebraska, or the region north of the Ohio River, as these areas possessed climates "utterly uncongenial to the Negro constitution." He also believed that slavery would not survive in the northernmost slave states because white workers would emigrate to them. As a result, he argued that the South required an "outlet" for its excess black population, which would be produced through the expansion of slavery into the American tropics. He envisioned a slave society in the Caribbean, in which white people would live in the highlands and black people on the coast, and emphasized the importance of Cuba, which he demanded be seized by the U.S. before its slaves were emancipated by the Spanish colonial authorities.

Language
Van Evrie dedicated chapters in both Negroes and Negro "Slavery" and White Supremacy and Negro Subordination to establishing linguistic differences between white and black people; in the words of Amy Dunham Strand his arguments in this area "unambiguously [associated] language with racial essence." He claimed that black people possessed distinctive "vocal organs", leading to a "difference in language"; and that "the voice of the negro, both in its [physical] tones and its [grammatical] structure, varies just as widely from that of the white man as any other feature or faculty of the negro being." This difference, in Van Evrie's view, was so pronounced as to ensure that no black person could ever "speak the language of the white man with absolute correctness." He likened the difference between black and white speech to that between the calls of different animals, and argued that black people could only speak English at all because of an extraordinary "imitative instinct". Van Evrie saw this capacity to imitate white people as black people's "most essential feature". Van Evrie believed that in the absence of white people, black people would regress to their "native Africanism". Because all black language was for Van Evrie an imitation of white people's speech, he also believed black people to be incapable of producing music: "Music is to the Negro an impossible art, and therefore such a thing as a Negro singer is unknown."

Abolitionism and abolition
Van Evrie called abolitionism "free negroism". He wrote that abolitionists believed "that the negro is...a creature like ourselves except in color", which he rejected as a "foolish assumption". He considered anti-slavery sentiment to be a delusion derived from "European aristocrats who by holding up the imaginary wrongs to American slaves diverted attention from their own mistreatment of the white working class." He thought that abolition of slavery would result in black people being forced into unfair competition with whites, and that such an experiment would lead to the collapse of American democracy. He expected that after emancipation black people would live off white people's labor, increase taxes by becoming dependent on social programs, and push up commodity prices by refusing to work. He also believed that abolition would result in miscegenation on a larger scale, and accused abolitionists of promoting miscegenation. Shortly after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln he denounced an alleged abolitionist plot to disenfranchise white people in the South while enfranchising the black population.

White people
Van Evrie believed that the greatness of the United States could be attributed to the fact that its white peoples had mixed with one another while refusing to mix with black or Native people. He believed that the English settlers of the Colony of Virginia had valued class distinctions and believed some white men to be superior to others, but their contact with black people had led them to realize how alike and naturally superior they collectively were. This consciousness, Van Evrie argued, had given rise to the egalitarian ideas of the Revolutionary era.

His belief in the necessity of slavery was set against a critique of class privilege and social stratification in homogeneous white societies, including the perceived oppression of the working class and peasantry by the aristocracy in the United Kingdom, on grounds that the subordination of white people to other white people was unjust and "artificial". "The subordination of whites to whites," he wrote in the Day Book (then published as the Caucasian) in 1863, "is unjust and artificial. The English are ruled by those who are not naturally superior, while American democracy assures self-government of, by, and for naturally equal whites." He predicted that American ideas of equality would topple European despotisms, and condemned the oppression of the white working class by capitalists and their political allies in the northern United States. He feared that American civilization, which was defined by its adherence to the "natural" distinctions of race and not an artificial class hierarchy, was under threat not only from northern capitalists but also abolitionism, which he believed to be a monarchist plot originating in England. Fredrickson interpreted Van Evrie's Jacksonian rhetoric as being "calculated  to appeal to socially insecure whites in search of a compensatory foundation for personal pride and status ... He appealed to the psychological needs of such whites by asserting that all Caucasians had natural capacities that were literally identical—as did all Negroes, on a much lower level."

He believed that white immigrants to the United States had distinctive physiognomical features (for example "The coarse skin, big hands and feet, the broad teeth, pug nose etc. of the Irish and German laborer") but that these characteristics would fade over time as immigrants became indistinguishable from other Americans. Black people, though, were bound in Van Evrie's view to remain "as absolutely and specifically unlike the American as when the race first touched the soil and first breathed the air of the New World." By the 1860s he also came to view Irish immigrants as an important part of a pro-slavery coalition in the North.

Multiracial people and miscegenation
Van Evrie viewed white attitudes towards multiracial people as a central issue in the debate over slavery; his Negroes and Negro "Slavery" repeatedly warns of the dangers of "mongrelism". Because he viewed racial distinctions as "impassable" and racial categories as having immutable essences, he viewed miscegenation as a violation of nature. He held that "Mulattoism is an abnormalism—a disease" that left multiracial people "mercifully doomed to final extinction", and believed miscegenation to be "the most loathsome and most hideous of social miseries." Mixed people, he believed, were responsible for almost all crime and racial disorder and suffered a "diminishing vitality" and a "tendency to disease and disorganization", which Van Evrie called "muleism". "The nation," he feared, "weighed down by mulattoism ... would doubtless fall a conquest to some other nation or variety of the master race," and be colonized by Britain or another European power. He explained that the children of mixed couples "could no more exist beyond a given period than any other physical degeneration, no more than tumors, cancers or other abnormal growths or physical disease can become permanent." In Negroes and Negro "Slavery" Van Evrie sought to prove that the descendants of mixed couples become infertile after the fourth generation, a contention he borrowed from Nott. This eventual sterility ensured that mixed people would never be "of sufficient amount to threaten the safety or even disturb the peace of Southern society." In White Supremacy and Negro Subordination Van Evrie argued that "whites who abdicate their manhood [by having sex with black people] ... must be punished to even a greater extent than their hapless victims."

In Black Scare, his history of American racism in the late 20th century, Forrest G. Wood noted a central contradiction in Van Evrie's ideas about race: he believed simultaneously that mixing would lead to a race of people carrying characteristics of each race, and that it would lead to the decline of black characteristics in favor of white characteristics. Wood notes that Van Evrie was among a number of critics who did not think "it important to explain how race mixing reduced the offspring to the lowest common denominator on the one hand and raised the mulatto to a level approaching the white man's on the other."

Wood attributed Van Evrie and his contemporaries' opposition to miscegenation to two factors: concern for the perceived purity of white women, and fear that the white race would be diminished. Van Evrie believed that the "delicate" nature of white women in the South was the result of traditional southern attitudes toward race relations, that love across the racial divide was "eternally impossible," and that southern white women believed their "degradation and debauchment" to be the objective of the Union in the American Civil War. In 1983, literary critic Eric Sundquist wrote that Van Evrie had "anticipated ... the hysterical defense of southern womanhood that would become and remain the touchstone of white racism".

Indigenous people
Van Evrie believed the brains of the indigenous peoples of the Americas to be larger than those of black people but smaller than whites'. He argued that the past civilizations in Central and South America could not have been the work of Native people who lacked the brain size to be capable of migration, and were instead evidence that white people had inhabited the Americas earlier than previously thought, and had later migrated elsewhere.

The Democratic Party
Though Van Evrie was closely allied with the Democratic Party, during the Civil War he criticized his fellow Copperheads for their perceived failure to offer alternative political principles. In 1865 Van Evrie in the Weekly Day Book accused the New York World, a Democratic paper, of being secretly run by Republicans, and of claiming to be a Copperhead paper in order to embarrass Democrats. He also claimed that the World'''s editor Manton Marble was an abolitionist. After the war he called for the formation of a Democratic equivalent to the Republican Party's Union League.

Publications

Weekly Day Book (1848–1879)

Van Evrie was the proprietor of the Weekly Day Book, a newspaper which primarily existed to propagate white supremacist ideas. The Day Book's editorial policy, printed in its masthead, was "White Men Must Rule America." During the civil war, the front page of the Day Book carried the quotation "I hold that this government was made on the , by , for the benefit of  and ", words spoken by Stephen A. Douglas in the first of the Lincoln–Douglas debates of 1858.

The Day Book began publication in 1848 and briefly opposed slavery before changing its allegiances. Van Evrie edited the newspaper in the 1850s and early 1860s, in which time he gave his backing to John C. Breckinridge in the 1860 presidential election, supported the policies of President James Buchanan in its immediate aftermath, opposed the Crittenden Compromise and urged adherence to Dred Scott v. Sandford. In 1856 the Day Book reached the attention of future President Abraham Lincoln, whose notes for a speech showed he intended to read out and ridicule a clipping from the newspaper. From October 1861 to October 1863 the paper was published under the name The Caucasian. The Day Book opposed all efforts to improve the conditions of black people and sought "the utter rout, overthrow and extermination of Abolitionism from American soil." Van Evrie also used the newspaper to advertise his own publications.

The Day Book focused especially on developing Copperheadism among New York's working class, in particular Irish immigrants. It stirred up tensions among Irish Americans by claiming that the Republican Party would pursue policies benefitting black people at the expense of white immigrants. Wood described the Day Book as "New York City's rabid racist newspaper" and wrote that it "made the arousal of its excitable Irish readers almost an editorial policy." Wood also argued that appeals such as Van Evrie's played a role in race riots including the New York City draft riots of 1863.

In 1864, after U.S. Representative Samuel S. Cox delivered a speech denouncing miscegenation, the Day Book attacked Cox for paying lip service to the idea of abolition. Van Evrie argued that abolition would necessarily lead to "the mixing of blood" and that opposition to slavery necessarily meant support for "amalgamating with negroes." The Day Book later backtracked, explaining "we doubt not [that Cox] really means to be a Democrat." The same year, in response to a long leaflet published by the Democrats' Central Campaign Committee, Van Evrie, feeling that political texts "should be short, pithy and pointed", published his "Campaign Broadside No. 1—The Miscegenation Record of the Republican Party". The "Campaign Broadside" exhumed provocative arguments put forth in "Miscegenation" and linked them to Lincoln.

Though the Day Book was outspoken, its political influence was minimal: Van Evrie did not represent the Democratic Party, nor did he endorse candidates for office; the Day Book, as a weekly publication, did not publish as great a volume of invective as Copperhead dailies, and had frequent financial difficulties. The Day Book ceased publication in 1879.

Negroes and Negro "Slavery" (1853)Negroes and Negro "Slavery": The First an Inferior Race; the Latter Its Normal Condition was first published as a pamphlet in 1853 and reprinted in 1854. Described by Kaplan as Van Evrie's "magnum opus", Negroes and Negro "Slavery" was expanded into a book in 1861 and 1863. With its publication Van Evrie hoped to incite "The White Men of America", especially those of the working class, to resist any alteration to the racial status quo. Van Evrie's methodology involved examinations of multiple body parts leading toward the conclusions outlined in the subtitle. He contended that black people's skin was incapable of expressing emotion to the same extent as that of white people; that black people were incapable of performing music; that black people's fingers, brains, and nervous system lacked sensitivity but that they were overly sensitive in other areas; and that black people's physiology (specifically the balance between the head and body) was such that, in the words of William H. Tucker, "education would make it literally impossible for [them] to stand on their feet." Van Evrie viewed education for black people as an unnatural exertion which would result in bodies "dwarfed or destroyed". Alongside these physical characteristics, he cited animals' perceived different reactions to humans of different races, and allegedly differing brain sizes, as a justification for slavery and white supremacy (see also Phrenology and Neuroscience and intelligence § Brain size). The pamphlet version carried the endorsements of Jefferson Davis and J. D. B. De Bow. Van Evrie argued that the pamphlet had made a "profound impression" due to the "novelty" of its demonstration that truths about race had been "thrust out of sight by the mental dictation of the enemies of American institutions."

In her 2008 book Black Frankenstein, the literary critic Elizabeth Young argued that "monster metaphors" echoing the language of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein are a recurring theme in Negroes and Negro "Slavery", for example in Van Evrie's fear of "monstrous admixture" and his description of mixed children as "wretched progeny". Young reads Van Evrie's fears that abolition would result in miscegenation and that the products of miscegenation would become infertile as representing a fear that the United States would become "a nation of self-extinguishing monsters."

Subgenation (1864)
In December 1863 a booklet entitled Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro, advocating relationships between white and black people, was published anonymously. While the author appeared to be an overzealous Republican, it was in fact the work of two racists seeking to discredit the Republican Party.

In response, Van Evrie published a new edition of Negroes and Negro "Slavery" entitled Subgenation: The Theory of the Normal Relation of the Races and subtitled An Answer to "Miscegenation". Kaplan described "Subgenation" as "basically the old text with specific argument re ['Miscegenation'] thrown in." The style and format of "Subgenation" mimicked that of "Miscegenation". The title referred to "the natural or normal relation of an inferior to a superior race." In "Subjenation" Van Evrie declared racial inequality to be "the cornerstone of American Democracy and the vital principle of American civilization and human progress"; and asserted that the argument of "Miscegenation" was fatally undermined by Biblical proof that black and white people were not of the same species. He also argued that thousands of northern Democrats, including Cox and Clement Vallandigham believed in the doctrine of subgenation, but lacked "the courage to say it." The neologism "subgenation" (or "subjenation") was the result of an effort by Van Evrie and George Fitzhugh to create a new vocabulary for the emerging field of sociology. "Subgenation" was republished in 1866.

Abolition is National Death (1866)
After the civil war Van Evrie revised and reissued an earlier publication entitled Abolition and Secession under the new title Abolition is National Death as part of a series of anti-abolition tracts. In this text he argued that the transformation of slaves into citizens had dire implications for both the white race and the United States as a nation, as it would lead to racial conflict resembling that seen in the Haitian Revolution. Van Evrie predicted that this conflict would lead to black people becoming extinct in majority-white areas and white people vanishing in areas where black people were the majority: parts of the country would "become what Hayti is now, and as utterly lost to American civilization as if swallowed up by an earthquake." This was to be the "final end, the unavoidable result, the inexorable necessity, the unescapable doom of the American people."

White Supremacy and Negro Subordination (1868)

In 1867 Negroes and Negro "Slavery", stripped of references to miscegenation and "subgenation", was republished as White Supremacy and Negro Subordination or, Negroes A Subordinate Race and Slavery Its Normal Condition. The stated intention of the 1868 edition was to demonstrate "that the so-called slavery of the South was the Negro's normal or natural condition". Van Evrie also sought to capitalize on white opposition to the 14th Amendment, which granted civil rights to black people. White Supremacy and Negro Subordination focuses on white supremacy's paternalistic aspects. Here Van Evrie argues that black people possessed "wonderful imitative powers" and that the role of the slaveowner was primarily to set "a proper example". Van Evrie cites craniometry, physical anthropology, comparative anatomy and biological determinism in support of his argument that slaves were absolutely dependent on their masters. In White Supremacy and Negro Subordination Van Evrie also cited black people's perceived inability to grow beards and the "absolute resemblance" allegedly shared by all black people as further justification for slavery. The book also features several chapters detailing alleged similarities between black people and animals, and a preface in which Van Evrie lamented that Northerners "now rule the South by military force ... and are striving to 'reconstruct' American society on a Mongrel basis" (see Reconstruction Era).

Other publications
Van Evrie's "Free Negroism" was first published as the introduction to a book in the 1850s and later reproduced as a pamphlet published in five editions between 1862 and 1866, as well as in Lindley Spring's The Negro at Home. Excerpts were also reprinted in Democratic newspapers. In 1860 Van Evrie published a pamphlet edition of the Dred Scott decision, with a preface contending that the Supreme Court had found that the Declaration of Independence applied only to white people, and thus that it had "fixed the status of the subordinate race forever." The pamphlet included only the opinion of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, which Van Evrie declared to be "the most momentous event that has ever occurred on this continent" with the exception of the Declaration of Independence, and also featured an essay by the physician Samuel A. Cartwright emphasizing skull measurements as a sign of racial inferiority, comparing black people to orangutans and monkeys, and expressing a belief in the Curse of Ham. The Old Guard, a Monthly Journal Dedicated to the Principles of 1776 and 1787, edited by Charles Chauncey Burr, was published by Van Evrie, Horton & Company starting in 1862. Like the Day Book, The Old Guard maintained a focus on politics, in particular advocacy of white supremacy. In 1863 Van Evrie, Horton & Company published Cox's "Puritanism in Politics".

The series of anti-abolition tracts of which Abolition is National Death was part also included The Six Species of Men (1866) and The Abolition Conspiracy. The sixth of the Anti-Abolition Tracts, entitled "Soliloquies", featured a parody of a "political preacher", in which Van Evrie accused antislavery clergy of replacing the teachings of Christ with their own politics by creating a fictional minister who "forsook Christ and took up politics ... And I taught people to hate each other. And ... I preached the negro and Abolitionism instead of Christ and salvation." Also in 1866, Van Evrie published an unsigned pamphlet alongside a series of drawings intended to illustrate white superiority. Two years later the same piece was serialized under Van Evrie's name in The Old Guard. In 1868, Van Evrie's Democratic Alamanac devoted 20 pages to reprinting Bryan Edwards's narrative of the Haitian Revolution in an attempt to prove that the same "means and agencies" that had fomented the rebellion in Haiti were at work in the Republican Party. In the 1870s Van Evrie continued to advertise and distribute his own pamphlets under the title "The White Man's Political Library." James Hunt's pamphlet "On the Negro's Place in Nature" was published in the United States by Van Evrie.

Influence
Van Evrie's thought influenced the work of the writer Edward A. Pollard. After abolition Pollard had ceased to support slavery on grounds of tradition or paternalism, and turned instead to Van Evrie's theories of black biological inferiority, and endorsed Van Evrie's assertion that white democracy required total black subordination. He was also cited as an authority by Hinton Rowan Helper in his The Negroes in Negroland; the Negroes in America; and Negroes Generally. In 2010 the historian James Lander wrote that Van Evrie "may have achieved his stated desire to influence politicians rather than scientists." Van Evrie claimed that Stephen A. Douglas had distributed copies of Negroes and Negro "Slavery" among his constituents, and described Douglas as one politician who had "assented to the new doctrine in private, but declined the responsibility of standing by the truth in public". He also claimed to have converted Alexander H. Stephens to "the new doctrine" by presenting him with a copy of Negroes and Negro "Slavery".

In a 1934 article H. G. Duncan and Winnie Leach Duncan noted that Van Evrie aided the development of sociology "by becoming a source and inspiration for [George] Fitzhugh." Fitzhugh wrote a ten-page review of Negroes and Negro "Slavery" in which he argued that Van Evrie had provided "demonstrative reasoning, demonstrative proof, that the negro is of a different species, physically, from the white man ... he has demonstrated that the negro is physically, morally, and intellectually a different being (from necessity) from the white man, and must ever so remain". He also wrote that Van Evrie's thesis that "The negro is not a black-white-man" constituted "a new discovery and a new and important theory in physiological and sociological science."

In The Leopard's Spots'', his 1960 book on 19th-century scientific racism, the historian William Stanton described Van Evrie as one "whom appeared only on the periphery of the controversy to comment, cheer, or make impolite noises of disapproval" and wrote that he "did not influence the tide of [the] battle" over polygenism and monogenism. In 1998, historian Matthew Frye Jacobson wrote that Van Evrie's "contribution to the scientific discourse of race involved not substance but simply volume."

See also
 Louis Agassiz (1807–1873), Swiss-born theorist of polygenism who worked in the United States
 Thomas Dixon, Jr. (1864–1946), America's second professional racist

Notes

References

External links

 Free Negroism, at the Internet Archive

1814 births
1896 deaths
Physicians from New York (state)
American proslavery activists
19th-century American writers
19th-century American physicians
Proponents of scientific racism
Journalists from New York City
Writers from New York City
19th-century American newspaper editors
American political journalists
American social sciences writers
New York (state) Democrats
Copperheads (politics)
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers


title: British Bridge League

text:
The British Bridge League (BBL) was founded in 1931 by A. E. Manning Foster. It formerly selected bridge teams to represent Great Britain in European and World competitions and organised the Camrose Trophy, the Gold Cup, the Portland Cup and the Lady Milne Trophy.

In June 1999, the European Bridge League agreed that England, Scotland and Wales could compete as individual nations from 1 January 2000, rather than (as formerly) under the banner of Great Britain. (Other than in the Camrose Trophy, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland compete as one nation, Ireland, under the auspices of the Irish Bridge Union.)

With its responsibility for selecting a national team obsolete, the BBL was dissolved at the end of 1999 and was superseded in its organisational functions by Bridge Great Britain.

See also

 English Bridge Union

References

Contract bridge governing bodies
Sports organizations established in 1931
1931 establishments in the United Kingdom
Contract bridge in the United Kingdom


title: Julia Grant (disambiguation)

text:
Julia Grant (1826–1902), was the wife of U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant.

Julia Grant may also refer to:

 Julia M. Grant (1873–1944), philanthropist and widow of New York City mayor Hugh J. Grant
 Julia Dent Cantacuzène Spiransky-Grant (1876–1975), born Julia Dent Grant, author and historian
 Julia Grant (transgender activist) (1954–2019), British activist and author


title: Milnesium berladnicorum

text:
Milnesium berladnicorum is a species of Eutardigrade in the family Milnesiidae, native to Bârlad, Romania.  Brownish in color, the species grows to a length of 400 micrometers.  M. berladnicorum was named after the Berladnici, a tribe from Medieval Moldova.

References

Apochela
Invertebrates of Europe
Animals described in 2014


title: Flame of Hope (diabetes)

text:
The Flame of Hope is an eternal flame located in London, Ontario, Canada that honours Sir Frederick Banting's discovery of insulin, as well as all those who have been affected by diabetes. Simultaneously, it serves as a reminder that insulin manages diabetes but does not cure it; ultimately, it stands for the hope that a cure will soon be found.

The Flame will only be extinguished when a cure for diabetes is developed. The team responsible for finding the cure will be flown in to do so.

The Flame of Hope was kindled before 4,000 spectators by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother on July 7, 1989.

Location and construction
The Flame of Hope is located in London, Ontario. It sits front and center in Sir Frederick G. Banting Square, which is adjacent to Banting House National Historic Site of Canada.

The monument beneath the Flame was designed by Robert Geard. It is a 15-tonne, tapered monument made of onyx granite, and stands  tall. The monument is acid-rain-proof, and the Flame (with the help of coordinator George Prociw) is designed to withstand wind, rain, and snow, going at least  an hour.

It was completed with a natural gas system, and a low shield of granite for the Flame. To avoid chipping, the monument was lowered onto its resting place with ice cubes.

Events

There are many organizations and individuals that use the Flame of Hope as a symbol or namesake for their fundraising events. A few of these include:

The Flame of Hope Walk/Run for Diabetes is a recurring fundraising event with multiple dates and locations each year. It is organized by the PEI Region of Diabetes Canada. Participators choose between a 5km walk and a 5km fun run, neither of which are competitive.
The Flame of Hope Trail Ride was an annual event that has since been discontinued, that was run out of Elmira, Ontario. In the 2001-2002 year, it won the Melvin Jones Award.
Many Flame of Hope Golf Tournaments are held by Diabetes Canada, in locations such as Edmonton, Alberta, Copetown, Ontario, and Gibbons, Alberta.

Media

Within the same calendar year that the Flame of Hope was first lit, it was vandalized. A 26-year-old man admitted to smothering the monument with his jacket, ultimately smashing the ignition switches and burners, and causing $1,760 in damage. The Queen Mother sent a letter expressing her regret, and encouraging its re-kindling. The man responsible, who was remorseful, was sentenced to do community service, as well as pay for the repairs. The monument was upgraded to a more "tamper-proof" design.
The Dreamwalkers event, celebrating the 75th anniversary of the discovery of insulin, took place in October 1996. The celebration was held in London, Ontario, where participators walked from Victoria Park to Banting House. Once there, the crowd watched as Judge J. M. Seneshen re-dedicated the Flame of Hope. The Queen Mother also sent her personal greetings for the event, expressing her own hope that a cure for diabetes was close at hand.
The Royal Canadian Mint celebrated the anniversary of the day Banting was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine by issuing a $100, 14 karat gold coin. The coin was designed by the same man who created the loon design on the Canadian one dollar coin still in circulation today, Robert-Ralph Carmichael. The "insulin coin" depicts the Flame of Hope evolving into figures inspired by those on the medal for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; a theme reminiscent of respect for the past and hope for the future.

References

Buildings and structures in London, Ontario
Diabetes
Eternal flames
Monuments and memorials in Ontario


title: Jean-Marie Séguin

text:
Jean-Marie Séguin (January 27, 1929 – August 21, 2011) was an educator, insurance broker and politician in Quebec. He served as mayor of Hull from 1972 to 1974.

Séguin was born in Hull. He was a member of Hull city council from 1964 to 1975. Séguin served as head of the Communauté régionale de l'Outaouais from 1972 to 1974 and was head of the Société d'aménagement de l'Outaouais from 1987 to 1992. Séguin led the "No" campaign in the Outaouais during the first Quebec referendum on sovereignty held in 1980.

He died from cancer at the age of 82.

References

1929 births
2011 deaths
Mayors of Hull, Quebec
Deaths from cancer in Quebec
French Quebecers


title: Caffeine & Big Dreams

text:
Caffeine & Big Dreams is the second studio album by Canadian country music artist Kira Isabella. It was released on October 14, 2014, via Sony Music Canada. The album includes the singles "Quarterback", "Gone Enough" and "Shake It If Ya Got It".

Critical reception
Shenieka Russell-Metcalf of Top Country called the album "amazing," writing that it "shows off Kira's matured voice, growth as an artist and proves yet again that she is full of so much talent."

Track listing

References

2014 albums
Kira Isabella albums
Sony Music Canada albums


title: Bicho (album)

text:
Bicho (Polysemical term, meaning: any animal, except to men; a wild animal; or an insect or bug, in Portuguese. In the late 60s it became an endearment term, commonly used as slang in Brazil) is a 1977 studio album by Caetano Veloso. The album was recorded after Veloso spent a month with Gilberto Gil in Lagos, Nigeria, and the influence of African music such as Jùjú can be heard throughout the album.

Track listing

 Odara (Caetano Veloso) - 7:16
 Two naira Fifty kobo (Caetano Veloso) - 5:04
 Gente (Caetano Veloso) - 3:37
 Olha o menino (Jorge Ben) - 3:03
 Um índio (Caetano Veloso) - 2:56
 A grande borboleta (Caetano Veloso) - 1:12
 Tigresa (Caetano Veloso) - 6:21
 O Leãozinho (Caetano Veloso) - 3:06
 Alguém cantando (Caetano Veloso) - 2:43

References

1977 albums
Caetano Veloso albums
Música Popular Brasileira albums
PolyGram albums


title: Almondo Sewell

text:
Almondo Sewell  (born January 16, 1987) is a professional gridiron football defensive tackle for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at the University of Akron and attended Hargrave Military Academy before transferring to Trenton Central High School in Trenton, New Jersey. He has also been a member of the Edmonton Eskimos and Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League (AFL).

Professional career

Edmonton Eskimos
Sewell signed with the Edmonton Eskimos on May 27, 2011. He started the season on the reserve list and appeared in three games before being released on August 2, 2011.

Cleveland Gladiators
Almondo Sewell spent part of the 2012 season with the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League (AFL).

Edmonton Eskimos (II)
Sewell was signed by the Edmonton Eskimos on June 4, 2012. He signed a contract extension on December 19, 2013. Almondo Sewell established himself as one of the league's top defensive linemen: He was named a CFL All-Star in five consecutive seasons (2013-2017) and a CFL West All-Star in six consecutive seasons (2012-2017). Sewell received multiple contract extensions while with the Eskimos, re-signing on December 19, 2013, December 22, 2015 and October 12, 2018. On February 2, 2021, at age 34, Sewell posted on Twitter that he would not be re-signing with Edmonton, and would become a free agent on February 9. Through his nine years with Edmonton, Sewell amassed 282 tackles and 60 sacks in 139 regular season games, and was named a CFL All-Star six times, and divisional All-Star seven times.

Montreal Alouettes
On February 9, 2021, it was announced that Sewell had signed with the Montreal Alouettes. He played in all 14 regular season games where he had 19 defensive tackles and five sacks.

Personal life
He has a pet rabbit named Dusko. Sewell plans to join the Edmonton Police Service after his football career is over.

References

External links
Montreal Alouettes bio
Just Sports Stats
College stats
Akron Zips bio

1987 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
African-American players of Canadian football
Akron Zips football players
American football defensive tackles
Canadian football defensive linemen
Cleveland Gladiators players
Edmonton Elks players
Green Bay Blizzard players
Jamaican players of American football
Jamaican players of Canadian football
Montreal Alouettes players
People from Portland Parish
Players of American football from Trenton, New Jersey
Trenton Central High School alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people


title: Nicholas Bagenal (Welsh MP)

text:
Nicholas Bagenal or Bagenall (1629–1712) was an English MP for Anglesey, Wales.

Life
Nicholas Bagenal was born in Bath, Somerset, the son of Arthur Bagenal and Magdalene Trevor, daughter of Sir Richard Trevor of Trevalyn, Denbighshire. He was the grandson of Henry Bagenal, Marshal of the Army in Ireland. He owned estates at Plas Newydd in Anglesey and in Newry, County Down.

Bagenal was a commissioner of Assessment for Anglesey (1647–1648, 1660–1680), for Caernarvon (1660–1663, 1664–1680), and for Anglesey and Caernarvon (1689–1690). He was elected MP for Anglesey in 1661, and was a Deputy Lieutenant (1661–?1680, 1689–1712) and Custos Rotulorum for Anglesey (1689-1690). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1664.

Legacy
On Nicholas Bagenal's death with no surviving heirs, the family estates at Anglesey and Newry passed respectively to his cousins, Edward Bayly and Robert Needham, and ultimately to the Marquess of Anglesey and the Earl of Kilmorey. He had married twice, firstly to Sidney Grosvenor, daughter of Sir Richard Grosvenor of Eaton, Cheshire, without surviving issue. He married secondly to Lady Anne Charlotte Bruce, daughter of Robert Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury and Lady Diana Grey, with whom he had a son, Nicholas Bagenall who was smothered by his nurse at the age of two months, and a daughter, Elizabeth Bagenal, who also predeceased him.

References

1629 births
1712 deaths
Politicians from Bath, Somerset
English MPs 1661–1679
Fellows of the Royal Society


title: Gradient-domain image processing

text:
Gradient domain image processing, also called Poisson image editing, is a type of digital image processing that operates on the differences between neighboring pixels, rather than on the pixel values directly. Mathematically, an image gradient represents the derivative of an image, so the goal of gradient domain processing is to construct a new image by integrating the gradient, which requires solving Poisson's equation.

Overview

Processing images in the gradient domain is a two-step process. The first step is to choose an image gradient. This is often extracted from one or more images and then modified, but it can be obtained through other means as well. For example, some researchers have explored the advantages of users painting directly in the gradient domain, while others have proposed sampling a gradient directly from a camera sensor. The second step is to solve Poisson's equation to find a new image that can produce the gradient from the first step. An exact solution often does not exist because the modified gradient field is no longer conservative, so an image is found that approximates the desired gradient as closely as possible.

Image editing
For image editing purposes, the gradient is obtained from an existing image and modified. Various operators, such as finite difference or Sobel, can be used to find the gradient of a given image. This gradient can then be manipulated directly to produce a number of different effects when the resulting image is solved for. For example, if the gradient is scaled by a uniform constant it results in a simple sharpening filter. A better sharpening filter can be made by only scaling the gradient in areas deemed important.
Other uses include seamless image stitching, removal of unwanted details from an image, non-photorealistic rendering filters, image deblocking,
the ability to seamlessly clone one part of an image onto another in ways that are difficult to achieve with conventional image-domain techniques, and high-dynamic-range imaging
These gradient domain editing techniques can also be extended to moving images by considering a video clip to be a cube of pixels and solving a 3d Poisson equation.

Seamless image cloning

Digital compositing is a common task in image editing in which some or all of one photo is pasted into another photo. Traditionally this is done by pasting the pixel values from one image to the other. A well-trained artist can make a convincing composite using traditional techniques, but it usually requires time-consuming color correction and mask cutting to make it work. Alternatively, the pasting can be performed in the gradient domain: if the differences between pixels are pasted rather than the actual pixel values, there is sometimes much less user input needed to achieve a clean result.  The following example demonstrates the use of gradient domain image processing to seamlessly paste from one image to another.

Notice that both the hand and the eye shifted color slightly in the image reconstructed from the modified gradient. This happened because the solver was set to find the entire image. However, it is possible to add constraints so that only the pasted section is solved for, leaving the rest of the image unmodified. It is also worth noting that the gradient pictured above represents the derivative of only one color channel (red), and was rendered with colors representing the strength and direction of the gradient. In practice two grayscale gradient images are found per color channel, one representing the change in x and the other representing the change in y. Each color channel is solved for independently when reconstructing the final image.

References

Image processing


title: Mount Polley mine

text:
The Mount Polley mine is a Canadian gold and copper mine located in British Columbia near the towns of Williams Lake, and Likely. It consists of two open-pit sites with an underground mining component and is owned and operated by the Mount Polley Mining Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Imperial Metals. In 2013, the mine produced an output of  of copper, 45,823 ounces of gold, and 123,999 of silver. The mill commenced operations in 1997 and was closed and placed on care and maintenance in 2019. The company owns  of property near Quesnel Lake and Polley Lake where it has mining leases and operations on  and mineral claims on . Mineral concentrate is delivered by truck to the Port of Vancouver.

As of January 2020, Mount Polley's Proven and Probable Reserves were 53.8 million tonnes of ore grading 0.34% copper, 0.30 grams per tonne gold and 0.9 grams per tonne silver, equating to 400 million pounds of copper, 517,000 troy ounces of gold and 1.55 million troy ounces of silver.

Mount Polley Mining Company is targeting a September 2021 reopening to meet global demand for copper and gold. Mount Polley Mining Company estimates that the reopening of the mine will create 300 local jobs. Mount Polley is planning to reopen in the spring of 2022 to meet the global demand of copper and gold. The Mount Polley Mining Corporation estimates that the reopening of the mine will add 300 local jobs.

Mining operations
When operating, the Mount Polley mine moves 80,000-90,000 tonnes of material per day from the mine. This consists of 20,000 tonnes of ore.

Mount Polley does not require high-skilled labour for operations and hires and trains from the local communities of Big Lake, Horsefly and as far away as Quesnel and Williams Lake. Most workers come from communities near the mine.

Minerals
Mount Polley determines what qualifies as ore and what qualifies as waste using drilling and blasting. Ore is then sorted according to blast ball assays. High value sulfide ore is hauled to a crusher for processing at the on site plant. Chalcopyrite and bornite are the main copper-bearing minerals of value at the Mount Polley mine.

Processing

During operation, Mount Polley mine processes 20,000 tonnes of ore per day. The ore is sent for crushing, size reduction, and froth floatation.

Gold and Copper
During assaying, the value of copper and the value of gold in the ore is determined and a monetary value per tonne is placed on the material. When this value exceeds a particular threshold, workers start processing the material.

Subsequently, the material is processed through a mill where the minerals get floated. In particular, the copper and gold minerals both float and are then concentrated. This process, called upgrading, creates a concentrated material that is approximately 23% copper. Gold is also captured in the concentrate.

Transportation
Mount Polley ships material, concentrated by floating, by truck to Vancouver when it is sent overseas to buyers who then smelt and refine the material.

Staff
During operation, Mount Polley runs four shifts. There is a day shift and a night shift each running twelve hours. Around 370 workers work these shifts seven days on and then get seven days off. About 50 staff include administrators, supervisors, warehouse operators, engineers, geologists, assayers, technical personnel, and human resources.

Geology
The Mount Polley mineralization is classified as an alkalic porphyry copper-gold deposit. The deposits are located in the Quesnel trough, a Mesozoic volcanic arc in the Canadian segment of the North American Cordillera. Precious metal mineralization in the two Mount Polley deposits occur the felsic stock occurred during the Jurassic-Triassic period. The copper-gold mineralization occurs within crackle and inclusion breccias.

History

Pre-development
Placer mining, the mining of stream beds for minerals, was common practice in the area since the mid nineteenth century.

The Mount Polley ore deposit was discovered subsequent to an airborne magnetometer study completed by the Canadian government in 1964 which detected a significant reading for the surveyed map in the region of Polley Mountain. Investigating further, Karl Springer discovered an alkalic porphyry deposit there the same year.

Quintana Resources prospected the area in 1976, discovering numerous copper float boulders but let their claim to the property lapse in 1978. In 1980, E&B Exploration optioned the property from Highland Crow, a subsidiary of Teck. Through the early 1980s, the potential for gold mining on the site was explored due to the rising global price of the commodity.

The first feasibility study for the site was completed in 1991 and the first permits for developing the deposit were approved the same year. Financing from Imperial Metals however was not yet in place.

Mine opening
In 1997, the Mount Polley mine opened with the Cariboo pit being the first site developed. The tailings storage facility was also constructed the same year. In 2010, the underground portion of the mine was built and operations expanded.

During a mine closure between 2002 and 2005, a new location called the "White pit" was discovered in the northeast region of the site. The White pit is located 1.5 km northeast of the Cariboo and Bell pits and revealed the richest deposit on the site (10 million tonnes of .9% copper). The White pit's distance from the Cariboo pit necessitated new permitting.

Subsequent to the discovery of the white pit, after additional underground mining, another site was discovered and developed called "Martel".

Mount Polley Tailings Pond Breach

The Mount Polley mine's tailings facility experienced a dam breach and tailings spill that began 4 August 2014. The four square kilometre tailings pond spilled an estimated 25 billion litres of contaminated materials into Polley Lake, Hazeltine Creek, Quesnel Lake, and Cariboo River, a source of drinking water and major spawning grounds for sockeye salmon. Quesnel Lake is claimed to be the deepest fjord lake in the world, the third deepest lake in North America, and is the major tributary of the Fraser River.

According to Mount Polley mine records filed with Environment Canada in 2013, there were “326 tonnes of nickel, over 400 tonnes of arsenic, 177 tonnes of lead and 18,400 tonnes of copper and its compounds placed in the tailings pond,” in 2012.

By 8 August the  sized tailings pond had been emptied of the majority of "process water" from wich the crushed rock solids, or "tailings", gradually settle out. The slurry of tailings and process water carried felled trees, mud and debris and wore away the banks of Hazeltine Creek which flows out of Polley Lake and continued into the nearby Quesnel Lake. The spill emptied the tailings pond and caused Polley Lake to rise by .

Effects of Spill

Early reactions to the tailings spill expressed grave concern, but no fines or charges against Imperial Metals have been assessed.
On August 6, two days after the breach, the British Columbia Ministry of Environment issued a Pollution Abatement Order to Mount Polley Mining Corporation. The company submitted an action plan for the Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment, environmental monitoring. The company was required and did report weekly on the implementation of action plan measures.

A local state of emergency in nearby communities was initially declared in the interest of public safety with widespread water restrictions implemented and local equitable water distribution set up as a precautionary measure. Days later, some water use restrictions were removed for non-local residents, leaving a boiling water advisory, and narrowing the "Do Not Use" order to Polley Lake, Hazeltine Creek, and an area within  of the shoreline sediment deposit, where Hazeltine Creek runs into Quesnel Lake. Initial tests at five testing sites of the second water test run indicated zinc levels above chronic exposure limits for aquatic life,although rainbow trout toxicity test results from water collected at Quesnel Lake near the mouth of Hazeltine Creek on August 5 and 6 showed water was not toxic to rainbow trout.

Some tourism businesses in the adjacent surrounding areas remained open. Because the affected water system is salmon-bearing, there was a temporary closure of part of the Chinook salmon fishery by Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Complaints were filed with B.C.'s privacy commissioner regarding the release of environmental assessments and dam inspection reports after journalists found a report from 2010 and assessments from 1992 and 1997 in the public domain, the B.C. government has withheld subsequent reports.  Following the event, some First Nations activists held protests and set up blockades. Several local landowners and business operators affected by the spill have launched legal challenges to seek compensation for damages.

Investigation and Cause of Spill
On 18 August 2014, the British Columbia government ordered an independent engineering investigation into the pond breach and a third-party review of all 2014 dam safety inspections for every permitted mine's tailings pond in the province. The report found that the tailings dam collapsed because of its construction on underlying earth containing a layer of glacial till, which had been unaccounted for by the company's original engineering contractor.

The report investigated whether the piezometers measuring the water pressure on the dam had been located correctly,  as the last readings, 2 August 2014, did not show any changes in the water pressure.In 2010, Mount Polley Mining Corporation's (MPMC) engineering firm reported a  crack in the earthen dam while working to raise it, and that piezometers were broken, which were later fixed.

In 2018, three engineers who worked on the tailings storage facility were charged by their professional association with negligence or unprofessional conduct.

Clean Up Efforts
Clean up efforts have led to a reconstructed Hazeltine Creek, although the contaminated slurry that made its way into Polley Lake and Quesnel Lake remains in the waterways. A drinking water ban was lifted within weeks of the spill and regular water testing is being conducted by the B.C. government, the Mount Polley mine, the University of Northern British Columbia and local residents.

Other remediation and reconstruction efforts have included investigation on impacts to human health and safety and affected ecosystems while removing the tailings spill, reconstructing creek shorelines, installing fish habitats, and replanting trees and other local vegetation. Investigation by the remediation team showed elevated levels of selenium, arsenic and other metals.

Water management and treatment

The long-term water management plan for the Mount Polley mine site has been approved by an independent statutory-decision maker from the Ministry of Environment and is expected to be fully in place by fall 2017 and will replace the short-term water management plan that has been in place since 30 November 2015.

Mount Polley Mining Corporation submitted its formal permit amendment application, which included the long-term water management plan and supporting Technical Assessment Report, in October 2016. The documents were subject to extensive public consultation, including First Nations and local communities. The application also underwent a full technical review from the Cariboo Mine Development Review Committee (CMDRC), which includes representatives from provincial and federal agencies, First Nations, local governments (City of Williams Lake and Cariboo Regional District), and the community of Likely.

The Mount Polley Mining Corporation (MPMC) treats mine site water with water treatment plant technology by Veolia prior to release into Quesnel lake. The water is monitored for turbidity at 15 second intervals and water quality is assessed at Quesnel lake as part of MPMC's Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Plan. About 15,000 cubic meters of site water is discharged into Quesnel lake per day. This is below the 29,000 cubic meters threshold allowed under the mining corporation's permit. The water at Quesnel lake, Quesnel river, Polley lake, and Hazeltine creek are regularly monitored by the Ministry of Environment.

Remediation timeline
The Mount Polley Mining Corporation has invested more than $70 million into remediation efforts since the dam breach in 2014. No government funding has been spent on the clean-up or repair work at the site. The restoration and remediation strategy was carried out in four stages: impact reduction, post-breach environmental assessment, long-term health and environmental assessment, and implementation of work focused on remediation to prevent environmental and health impacts and to improve  the condition of the areas affected by breach.

2014
In August, MPMC submitted an interim erosion plan and a sediment control plan to mitigate ongoing erosion and sediment transport downstream, to control further flow from the tailings area, and to improve the quality of water flowing into Quesnel Lake. In the beginning of September 2014, a berm to prevent further spread of tailings was nearing completion and laid off workers, about 40 of the mine's approximately 300 workers demanded to reopen the mine. a spokesman at the Ministry of Mine said operations would require permits and approvals and could only go ahead after a rigorous review. The primary phase of the restoration and remediation strategy implemented work to reduce the environmental effect on Quesnel Lake.

2015
In June 2015, the Post-Event Environmental Impact Assessments Report was published as part of the second phase of the strategy. The report was submitted by Golder Associates to the Mount Polley Mining Corporation to determine the physical, biological, and chemical implications 6–8 months after the dam breach. The report detailed steps taken by the MPMC to stabilize the tailings storage facility by creating two rock berms inside the facility, to provide safe access to Hazeltine creek by reducing the elevation of Polley Lake behind the point of the blockage caused by the discharge of tailings effluent, and to stop inputs from the tailings storage facility. Specialists and environmental scientists and engineers were hired to study the impact of the spill from the tailings dam. This team studied where tailings effluent was deposited on land and in surrounding water environments, in particular how the bottom of Quesnel Lake was affected and how the structures of Hazeltine and Edney creeks had changed. Chemical studies studied soil, water and sediment changes, while biological studies were focused on the effect of aquatic plant and animal life, in particular those at the sediment layer. Biological assessment also studied soil-dependent biota in the areas surrounding Quesnel Lake and Polley Lake.

The Assessments Report determined nine areas requiring ongoing monitoring to determine localized strategies for remediation efforts in each location. These areas included the tailings storage facility, the Polley plug (a blockage area between the tailings effluent and Polley Lake), Polley Lake, upper Hazeltine creek, Hazeltine Canyon, lower Hazeltine creek, the mouth of Edney creek, Quesnel Lake, and Quesnel River.

The report concluded that Polley Lake, Hazeltine Creek and a small portion of Quesnel Lake were physically affected by the tailings dam breach. The chemical testing on the tailings mixture was determined to be relatively inert though it was found that a higher concentration of copper was contained in the effluent compared to before the breach. Biological testing found copper contained within lake sediment and within the water was not toxic to aquatic life. Soil testing of copper levels determined a level higher than provincial standards for the protection of invertebrates and plants but at far lower levels than the provincial standards for the protection of human health. Deep water analysis found copper to be at levels below the Provincial Water Quality Guideline. Despite the levels of copper present due to presence in the tailings, the report determined it was unlikely to be released from the tailings and therefore adverse effects were deemed unlikely.

The restoration of the shoreline of Hazeltine creek began to create a stable water flow and to begin the restoration of fish and associated wildlife habitats. This was preceded by floodplain grading and the determination of the physical land characteristics of the areas surrounding the shoreline. A flow study to determine an ideal range and the annual mean for natural habitats was completed before construction of rock weirs and habitat features. Planting on the floodplain, to continue over subsequent years had also begun. Repairs to the mouth of lower Edney Creek was completed connecting the waterway to Quesnel Lake. By the spring of 2015, remediation work had installed a new fish habitat at lower Edney Creek. Successful spawning of interior Coho, Kokanee and Sockeye Salmon was accomplished. By May, a new channel for Hazeltine Creek was completed.

On 13 July 2015, Interior Health, the regional public health authority, declared all water restrictions lifted and determined water sourced from Polley Lake and Hazeltine Creek safe for consumption and recreation from a health perspective. A review of the water, sediment and fish toxicology samples from the Ministry of the Environment determined no known risks to human health.

2016
A detailed site investigation was completed by Golder Associates in January 2016 as mandated by the Pollution Abatement Order issued by the British Columbia Ministry of Environment. This work was part of investigation and remediation work ongoing at the Mount Polley site. The detailed site investigation was completed to produce a Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) report and an Ecological Risk Assessment for the affected site.

The Post-Event Environmental Impact Assessment Report update was completed in June 2015 by Golder Associates.

Remediation work was conducted in tandem with investigative work done by Golder.

The Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) was completed by Golder Associates as part of that company's work toward implementing the Mount Polley remediation strategy. The produced report detailed current recreational and commercial uses of Polley Lake, Quesnel Lake, and Quesnel River and their environs including fisheries, swimming, boating, kayaking, canoeing, waterskiing, snowmobiling, and ice fishing. The report also noted the use of Quesnel Lake as a source of drinking water for nearby residences. As such the report investigated effect of the dam breach on human health, in particular subsistence land users, Quesnel Lake residents, and recreational land users.

The HHRA report found that soil, surface water, and the air did not contain contaminants of particular concern that were present or that exceeded contaminated site regulations. The sediment layer exceeded the regulatory standard for lead, while vegetation had copper and vanadium present, and aluminum, copper, and vanadium were present in the fish.

The HHRA report concluded that the risks were low to subsistence land users, recreational land users, loggers, and workers on site. Further, the human health risks associated with the tailings storage facility embankment breach were considered to be "very low". Groundwater did contain metals that exceeded drinking water standards including iron, manganese, arsenic, molybdenum, and sulfate. However, no wells that supply groundwater exist in the Hazeltine Corridor.

2017
The HHRA report was published in May. The Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) report was published in December and detailed the work done by Golder to understand the ecological significance of the tailings dam breach of 2014. The ERA report was completed as a component of the MPMC's remediation strategy to help inform rehabilitation work in affected areas. The ERA considered levels of metal contaminants in the soil, water, and sediment. Territorial and Aquatic risk assessments were concluded as part of the investigative work of the report. The report found excess concentrations of copper and vanadium in the soil however it was determined that the tailings were not acid generating and were unlikely to leach metals. The ERA determined the cause of some tree death post-breach and attributed a root smothering effect of the tailings effluent in the forested region. It was determined that tailings decreased soil aeration causing a poor environment for soil biota to support tree growth and survival. The food chain of local wildlife was modeled to determine if copper and vanadium exceeded standards. The cumulative dose according to these models was determined to be below a conservative threshold for most wildlife species. The report concluded low risk associated with copper and vanadium contamination. The bioavailability of the metals was likewise determined to be low. As part of the aquatic risk assessment, copper and arsenic were investigated in the sediment, while copper was the contaminant of potential concern investigated in the water of Polley Lake, Hazeltine Creek, Quesnel Lake, and Quesnel River. It was determined that copper levels decreased below the accepted guideline through 2015 in both lakes and Quesnel River, but not in Hazeltine Creek which was the site of active remediation and restructuring. The plants, water-column invertebrates, and fish in Polley Lake and Quesnel Lake are not expected to face long-term effects of the 2014 breach, according to ERA report. Likewise, risk to fish-consuming wildlife was also determined to be low. The deep ecological benthic ecosystem was also considered to have little risk from copper as a limiting factor in the recovery of these organisms at the sediment layer. The ERA concluded that ecological risks associated with metals released by the dam breach and tailings spill are low.

2018

Over 6 kilometers of new fish spawning and rearing habitats were installed in upper to middle Hazeltine Creek. The successful spawning of Rainbow Trout was later observed in 2018 and 2019 in upper Hazeltine Creek.

2019
The Remediation Plan was prepared by Golder Associates for the MPMC and was submitted to the British Columbia Ministry of Environment & Climate Change Strategy. This was the final requirement of the Pollution Abatement Order which was lifted on 12 September 2019. The Mount Polley Review Panel determined that the environmental effect of the dam breach and tailing spill was the physical disruption of the effluents rather than chemical. MPMC turned its remediation focus to restoring the physical state of the affected sites. The remediation efforts include ongoing planting of trees and shrubs that are native to the local ecosystem in the riparian and upland areas along Hazeltine Creek. The Mount Polley remediation efforts have replanted 600,000 trees and shrubs to date. The risk from chemical contamination on the site was determined to be low to very low in the relevant terrestrial and aquatic environments. Remediation efforts also repaired 400 metres of shoreline at Quesnel Lake and installed new fish habitats at that site. New wetlands were also installed at the site next to the tailings pond failure.

Government monitoring, impact, and inspection

In 2010, provincial government funding was cut for resource management. Preceding the dam breach, Mount Polley was inspected 2013, but not 2011 or 2012. Bill Bennett, Minister of Energy and Mines, said "there is no evidence that the government's missed inspections were related to the failure of the dam [in 2014]".

According to an Imperial Metals summary filed with Environment Canada in 2013, "there was 326 tonnes of nickel, over 400 tonnes of arsenic, 177 tonnes of lead and 18,400 tonnes of copper and its compounds placed in the tailings pond [last year]". At a community meeting on 5 August 2014, the president of Imperial Metals stated "we regularly perform toxicity tests and we know this water is not toxic to rainbow trout."

Water, sediment, and fish in Polley and Quesnel Lake are monitored by British Columbia government staff at the Ministry of Environment. Fish sampling in the months immediately proceeding the tailing spill revealed elevated levels of selenium that exceed guidelines for human consumption, though elevated levels of arsenic and copper were not considered a threat to human health. These levels were similar to levels found in 2013 before the tailings breach and considered likely due to local geology. Sediment testing near the tailings spill revealed elevated concentrations of copper, iron, manganese, arsenic, silver, selenium and vanadium. Yet, the government said tests in May 2014, prior to the tailings release, had shown elevated levels of the same elements. By 2016, Ministry of Environment testing determined zero exceedances of its guideline levels for contaminants for both aquatic life and drinking water in Quesnel Lake.

In the years after the tailing spill, the extent of the impact of the event has been largely determined. The British Columbia Ministry of Environment provides ongoing water monitoring of pH, conductivity, turbidity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total organic carbon, hardness, alkalinity, nutrients, general ions, total and dissolved metals at the site.

Care and Maintenance status
As of 31 May 2019, Mount Polley mine was put on care and maintenance status. Remediation work in the areas affected by the 2014 breach has been the focus of Mount Polley's staff from 2014 to 2019. While the mine's affected mining operations it does not impact the ongoing environmental monitoring and remediation programs.

Care and maintenance at the Mount Polley mine include management of the water treatment facilities and the operation of site water management systems, including pumps and ditches. Mount Polley monitors the stability of the tailings storage facility on a regular basis. Mount Polley employs 15 staff at the site while it operates in care and maintenance status.

The Mount Polley Mining Corporation has stated that it intends to re-open the mine as the price of gold makes mining operations more viable.

The company is focusing on a reopening date in Spring 2022.

Imperial Metals history
Imperial Metals & Power Ltd was incorporated in British Columbia in December 1959. The company owns the Mount Polley open pit copper mine and gold mine,  the Huckleberry open pit copper mine near Houston, British Columbia and the Ruddock Creek zinc/lead project, near Kamloops, British Columbia. In 2019, Imperial Metals sold its 70% stake in the Red Chris copper/gold mine to Newcrest for $804 million retaining a 30% interest in the mine.

Imperial Metals temporarily suspended operations of the Mount Polley mine in 2019 due to declining copper prices. Environmental remediation work continues at the site. The mine's closure affects 250 workers and is the second cessation of work due to global copper prices. The first such closure occurred in 2001 and lasted until 2005.

See also
List of copper mines
List of copper mines in Canada
List of gold mines in Canada
Gibraltar Mine
New Afton mine
Coleman Mine
Highland Valley Copper mine
Canadian Malartic Mine
LaRonde mine

References

External links
Web site of the review panel
Final report of the review panel
Mount Polley project site
Mount Polley Remediation
Government of British Columbia information site

Cariboo Regional District
Environmental testing
Environment of British Columbia
Geography of the Cariboo
Copper mines in British Columbia
Gold mines in British Columbia
Silver mining in Canada
Mining in British Columbia
Economy of British Columbia
Cleaning and the environment
Natural resource management
Mining and the environment
Environmental engineering
Water pollution in Canada
Disasters in British Columbia


title: The White Family

text:
The White Family is a novel by English author Maggie Gee, published in 2002 in London by Saqi Books. It was shortlisted for both the 2003 Orange Prize and the 2004 International Dublin Literary Award.

Plot introduction
It is set in Hillesden, a thinly disguised Willesden in north-west London. Alfred White, a park keeper, collapses while on duty, and his family gather round his hospital bed and reflect on issues of love, hatred, sex and death.

Reception
Maya Jaggi in The Guardian writes: "An audacious, groundbreaking condition-of-England novel that delves for the roots of xenophobic hatred and violence in the English hearth" and concludes, "The White Family is finely judged and compulsively readable. Its head-on scrutiny of the uglier face of fair Albion is the more impressive for its rarity in British fiction."
Hephzibah Anderson in The Observer is more critical: 'Gee is unflinching in her exploration of the causes and consequences of racism, but too often she delves beneath the skin of her archetypes to come up with near stereotypes, and for all that it aims at up-to-the-minute, the book remains curiously, naïvely dated. As White Teeth, that other multi-cultural Brent novel, showed, today's racial landscape is coloured less in blacks and whites than myriad shades of grey."

Sequel
Characters in The White Family appear in Gee's 2004 novel The Flood, set in an unspecified future date.

References

2002 British novels
Novels about racism
Novels set in London
Willesden


title: Borger Thomas

text:
Borger Thomas (born 15 February 1995) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Øygarden.

Playing career

Youth years
Thomas has Norwegian and British nationality. He spent his youth years in Bærum, joining the club at the age of 5. He was an outfield player until the age of 12, and played as a goalkeeper for Bærum's reserve team in the Norwegian Third Division at the age of 15.

Club
On 14 December 2011, he signed a three-year contract with Strømsgodset, after training with the club since August the same year. He featured in the match squad twice in both the 2012 and 2013 season, but did not play.

On 12 August 2013, he signed a loan deal with Drammen FK, in the Norwegian Third Division, for the remainder of the season.

He spent the 2014 season on loan to Stabæk in Tippeligaen He got his debut for Stabæk on 25 May in the 11th round match against Lillestrøm, since first choice Sayouba Mandé had left for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Unfortunately, he was sent off in the 4th minute, and his team proceeded to lose the match 1-5. After being suspended for the red card, he played the full match in the 13th round against Viking, when his team lost 1-4.

On 7 August 2015, he went on loan to HamKam in the Norwegian Second Division.

On 11 January 2016, he signed a half-season loan deal with Nybergsund. He went back on 31 December 2016.

Career statistics

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Arendal
Footballers from Agder
Footballers from Bærum
Norwegian men's footballers
Bærum SK players
Strømsgodset Toppfotball players
Stabæk Fotball players
Nybergsund IL-Trysil players
Hamarkameratene players
Åsane Fotball players
Øygarden FK players
Eliteserien players
Norwegian First Division players
Norwegian Second Division players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Norwegian people of British descent


title: 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 5

text:
The fifth competition weekend of the 2014–15 ISU Speed Skating World Cup was held in the Vikingskipet arena in Hamar, Norway, from Saturday, 31 January, until Sunday, 1 February 2015.

There were no world records set during the weekend, but Marina Zueva of Belarus set a national record as she finished second in the B division of the women's 3000 m on Sunday, and Elena Møller-Rigas of Denmark set new national junior records on both 1500 m and 3000 m.

Schedule
The detailed schedule of events:

All times are CET (UTC+1).

Medal summary

Men's events

 In mass start, race points are accumulated during the race. The skater with most race points is the winner.

Women's events

 In mass start, race points are accumulated during the race. The skater with most race points is the winner.

References

5
Isu World Cup, 2014-15, 5
Sport in Hamar


title: Sacky Shanghala

text:
Sakeus Edward Twelityaamena "Sacky" Shanghala (born 13 June 1977) is a Namibian lawyer and politician who served as the Minister of Justice from 8 February 2018 until November 2019 when he was forced to resign in the wake of the Fishrot scandal. He previously also served as Attorney General of Namibia from 2015 to 2018. Shanghala is a former chairperson of the Law Reform and Development Commission which he chaired between 2010 and 2015.

Early life and education
Shanghala was born on 13 June 1977 in Outapi in former Ovamboland. He is the son of retired ELCIN bishop Josephat Shanghala. His mother Ndamona was a nurse at Oshakati State Hospital; She died in the 1988 Oshakati bomb blast. Before completing his high school education at the Oshigambo High School, he got his basic education at International Primary School in Ongwediva. He studied at University of Namibia, where he graduated with B Juris and LLB degrees in 1998 and 2000 respectively.

Business career
In 2004 Shanghala and two partners trading as Hanganeni Investment Holdings won a government contract to supply fuel to National Petroleum Corporation of Namibia (NAMCOR), Namibia's national oil company. In 2021 The Namibian estimated that the deal got them 100 million N$ in private wealth. Until at least 2007, Shanghala was working as a lawyer for the Namibian government despite being on its payroll through his position in the Ministry of Justice.

After being appointed Attorney General, Shanghala "hit the ground running, and got busy working on reforming laws – mostly for his benefit."

Political career

Shanghala is a member of the South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) party. In 1997 while on an internship at the Namibia Non-Governmental Organisation Forum (Nangof), Shanghala met Hage Geingob, then Prime Minister of Namibia. Geingob hired him as special assistant shortly thereafter. He served in that position until late 2001. He then worked as the special advisor to the Attorney General. In 2010, he was appointed the chairperson of the Law Reform and Development Commission.

He became a member of Parliament in 2015 and was appointed Attorney General in the same year. In a cabinet reshuffle in February 2018, Shanghala became Minister of Justice.

Fishrot scandal

In November 2019 he was forced to resign his ministerial post over allegations that he took bribes in exchange for providing fishing quotas to the Icelandic fishing company Samherji, In December 2019 he was removed from the 6th National Assembly and from SWAPO's parliament list for the 7th National Assembly, for which the election had just concluded. He had been placed 53rd on the SWAPO party list of parliamentary candidates, which would have guaranteed his seat in parliament because SWAPO ended up winning 63 seats in 2019.

Part of The Fishrot Six, he and former fisheries minister Bernhardt Esau were arrested in late November 2019. Already in jail for over 5 months, Shanghala was removed from SWAPO's politburo, one of the party's top decision-making structures, in April 2021, after "absent[ing] himself or herself from three consecutive meetings".

References

External links
 https://www.facebook.com/pages/Namibia-Law-Reform-Development-Commission/331063310360092

Living people
SWAPO politicians
Attorneys-General of Namibia
Justice ministers of Namibia
1977 births
University of Namibia alumni


The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects () is a compendium of dictionaries for 42 local varieties of Chinese following a common format.
The individual dictionaries cover dialects spread across the dialect groups identified in the Language Atlas of China:

 Mandarin
 Northeastern Mandarin: Harbin dialect
 Ji–Lu Mandarin: Jinan dialect
 Jiao–Liao Mandarin: Muping dialect
 Central Plains Mandarin: Luoyang dialect, Wanrong dialect, Xi'an dialect, Xining dialect, Xuzhou dialect
 Lanyin Mandarin: Urumqi dialect, Yinchuan dialect
 Southwestern Mandarin: Chengdu dialect, Guiyang dialect, Liuzhou dialect, Wuhan dialect
 Lower Yangtze Mandarin: Nanjing dialect, Yangzhou dialect
 Jin: Taiyuan dialect, Xinzhou dialect
 Wu: Chongming dialect, Danyang dialect, Hangzhou dialect, Jinhua dialect, Ningbo dialect, Shanghai dialect, Suzhou dialect, Wenzhou dialect
 Hui: Jixi dialect
 Gan: Lichuan dialect, Nanchang dialect, Pingxiang dialect
 Xiang: Changsha dialect, Loudi dialect
 Min: Fuzhou dialect, Haikou dialect, Jian'ou dialect, Leizhou dialect, Xiamen dialect
 Yue: Dongguan dialect, Guangzhou dialect
 Hakka: Meixian dialect, Yudu dialect
 Pinghua: Nanning dialect
Each dictionary was prepared by specialists in the dialect, and opens with an introduction to the characteristics of the dialect.  The main body of each dictionary has between 7,000 and 10,000 entries.

References

2002 non-fiction books
Chinese dictionaries
Varieties of Chinese
Dialectology


title: Hednota acontophora

text:
Hednota acontophora is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1882. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Victoria and South Australia.

The wingspan is about 20 mm. The forewings are cream with a dark brown streak.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1882


title: Hednota ancylosticha

text:
Hednota ancylosticha is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by L. E. Koch in 1966. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Western Australia.

References

External links
Original description:

Crambinae
Moths described in 1966


title: Hednota argyroeles

text:
Hednota argyroeles is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1882. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from the Northern Territory and Queensland.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1882


title: Hednota asterias

text:
Hednota asterias is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1887, after the species was found in Australia.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1887


title: Hednota aurantiacus

text:
Hednota aurantiacus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1879. It is found in Australia.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1879


title: Bosarge Family Education Center

text:
The Bosarge Family Education Center in Boothbay, Maine, United States is an 8,200-square-foot facility at the Coastal Maine Botanical Gardens built in 2011. It has attained LEED Platinum certification, the highest level that USGBC offers, and has become known as Maine's "greenest building." A 45 kW photovoltaic panel array provides 100% of the energy required to run the building. The Northeast Sustainable Energy Association's (NESEA) awarded it the 2013 Net Zero Energy Building Award. The building was designed by Scott Simons Architects of Portland, Maine and Mclay Architects of Waitsfield, Vermont.

The center is named after benefactors Marie and Ed Bosarge.

Energy usage can be tracked publicly online.

Awards
 2013 AIA Maine Institutional/Commercial Citation Award
 2013 NESEA Zero Net Energy Award
 2012 AIA Vermont Award for Design Excellence

References

External links
 Coastal Maine Botanical Gardens

Buildings and structures in Lincoln County, Maine
Boothbay, Maine
Education in Lincoln County, Maine


title: Hednota bathrotricha

text:
Hednota bathrotricha is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1902. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1902


title: Hednota bifractellus

text:
Hednota bifractellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from South Australia, the Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1863


title: Badminton at the 1986 Asian Games – Men's team

text:
The badminton men's team tournament at the 1986 Asian Games in Seoul took place from 27 September to 29 September.

Schedule
All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)

Results

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

Final

Non-participating athletes

References
 Quarterfinals results
 Semifinals results
 Final results

Men's team


title: Hednota cotylophora

text:
Hednota cotylophora is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Turner in 1942. It has been recorded from Western Australia. It can also fly.

References

Crambinae
Moths described in 1942