title: Bundesartenschutzverordnung

text:
The Federal Species Protection Regulations, first adopted on 19 December 1986, is a set of federal regulations in Germany. These regulations protect wild plants and animals. They are the implementing rules promulgated by the government to give force to the Federal Nature Conservation Act which passed on 1 January 1977. With the passage of new legislation, it became necessary to update the regulations. The current version of these laws dates from 16 February 2005. Annex 1 of these regulations lists the protected plants and animals. The protected species should not be confused with the Red Lists of animal and plant species in danger of extinction.

References

Wildlife law
Nature conservation in Germany
Law of Germany
1986 in law
1986 in Germany


title: Music from Chicago

text:
Music from Chicago was a program broadcast on the DuMont Television Network from WGN-TV in Chicago on Sundays. The 30-minute show first aired April 15, 1951, and the last show aired June 17, 1951.

Episode status
As with most DuMont series, no episodes are known to exist.

Bibliography
David Weinstein, The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004)
Alex McNeil, Total Television, Fourth edition (New York: Penguin Books, 1980)
Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, Third edition (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964)

See also
List of programs broadcast by the DuMont Television Network
List of surviving DuMont Television Network broadcasts
The Music Show
This Is Music
Concert Tonight

References

External links

DuMont historical website

DuMont Television Network original programming
1951 American television series debuts
1951 American television series endings
1950s American variety television series
Black-and-white American television shows
Lost television shows
Chicago television shows


title: Lolly Wolly Doodle

text:
Lolly Wolly Doodle was an American company that manufactures women's and children's clothing for sale online. It was founded in 2008 in Lexington, North Carolina, and is now owned by investment firm Stage Fund. After investments by venture capitalists such as Revolution Growth, it expanded to include production facilities in New York City. Most of its products are sold through via Facebook.

History

2006–08: eBay
The company was founded in 2008 by Brandi Temple. Dissatisfied with the clothing options available for young girls in retail stores and reluctant to pay boutique prices, Temple began sewing clothes for her daughters.

Realizing she had an excess of fabric after a sewing session, Temple offered additional clothing items in the same style for sale on eBay, rather than let the material be wasted.

The company name, Lolly Wolly Doodle, was derived from a children's song "Polly Wolly Doodle" and was a nickname Temple used for her niece named Lolly. By the end of 2008, the eBay store was consistently supplementing Temple's household income, leading her to officially incorporate Lolly Wolly Doodle.

2008–10: Move to Facebook
In 2010, the company sent patterns to a Chinese company for quality evaluation, but the received dresses did not meet their standards. As a result, these dresses were offered at a discounted price on the company's Facebook page instead of their usual eBay store.

According to a 2013 interview with Bloomberg News, Brandi Temple said that they sold out the discounted dresses quickly on Facebook, generating more sales in one day than they typically did on eBay in a month. Consequently, the company transitioned their online store from eBay to Facebook.

2010–12: Expansion

As the company expanded, Temple considered selling the company due to its rapid growth. She was connected with New York venture capitalist Shana Fisher of High Line Venture Partners, an early supporter of successful startups like MakerBot, Vine and Pinterest. Fisher advised Temple that she had significantly undervalued the company, suggesting it could be worth as much as $100 million.

Fisher then invested $100,000 and organized a seed round of funding that raised $1.4 million. This capital enabled the move of LWD's production from Temple's home to a 4,000-square-foot former tire warehouse in Lexington.

Emily Hickey, formerly of HotJobs, joined as the company's chief operating officer. The company continued to grow, prompting a move to a 19,000-square-foot facility by September 2012. By then, LWD had amassed 300,000 Facebook fans.

2013–2017: Revolution investment
The success of Lolly Wolly Doodle on Facebook attracted attention from business and tech media, particularly as other businesses such as JCPenney pulled back their operations on the same platform. Kara Swisher noted LWD's innovative flash sale-like approach with just-in-time retail elements. In 2013 Business Insider listed the companies' founders, Brandi Temple and Emily Hickey, among its "30 Startup People To Watch This Year".

In June 2013, Steve Case, founder of AOL, invested $20 million in the company through his venture capital firm, Revolution LLC. Case and another former AOL executive, Donn Young, joined the Lolly Wolly Doodle board of directors. The funds were primarily used to move to a larger production facility and to launch a mobile app and extend sales to Instagram and Pinterest.

In 2013 the company generated $11 million in revenue. By 2014, it had four facilities and 250 employees. The primary focus for 2014 was developing customized software to optimize the company's operations.

In September 2017, Lolly Wolly Doodle was acquired by Dan Frydenlund, the CEO of Stage Fund.

2018: Outsourcing
Lolly Wolly Doodle discontinued manufacturing in Lexington, North Carolina, and moved most of the manufacturing overseas, and moved operation to other US cities, including Atlanta.

Business model
Despite selling through various online platforms, including its own website and other social networks, it is estimated that Lolly Wolly Doodle conducts about 80 percent of its business via its Facebook page. Since larger, established retailers have mostly been unable to generate significant sales from their Facebook presence, e-commerce analysts have studied Lolly Wolly Doodle's business model to understand its success.

Once an order is processed, the garment is manufactured using the just-in-time production method:

Donn Davis, a former America Online executive now on Lolly Wolly Doodle's board, says that Temple has "reinvent[ed] apparel much as Dell reinvented the PC industry. It's affordable custom [manufacturing] in real time with little inventory risk."

Analysts suggest that Lolly Wolly Doodle primarily benefits from the social feedback loop on Facebook, which significantly informs its marketing and inventory management strategies. The feedback from customers eliminates the need for traditional market research and informs the design choices, helping to identify successful designs and discard less popular ones. Popular designs move into larger-scale production, with some outsourced overseas. This approach minimizes overstock issues often faced by traditional retailers.

However, some observers note potential limitations. The model largely works due to Lolly Wolly Doodle's manageable scale, and the requirement for customers to post their email addresses in comments for orders could potentially invite inappropriate use of information. Despite these reservations, some other companies have adopted similar business models, demonstrating the potential broader application of this strategy.

Brands

The company uses the Lolly Wolly Doodle name for most of its lines. For girls, it makes primarily dresses and capri sets, with a few swimwear pieces. Boys' clothingis primarily shortalls, T-shirt sets and bathing trunks. An extensive babywear line is complemented with tops, skirts and dresses (primarily maxi length) for adult women.

The company also offers customized clothing via their Designed by Me service. Users of the website choose details of a girls' dress; it is then made and shipped to them within three weeks. A Facebook login is required.

See also

References

Online clothing retailers of the United States
Children's clothing retailers
Children's clothing brands
Manufacturing companies based in North Carolina
American companies established in 2008
Clothing companies established in 2008
Retail companies established in 2008
Davidson County, North Carolina
2008 establishments in the United States
2008 establishments in North Carolina


title: Patrocinio Gamboa

text:
Patrocinio Gamboa y Villareal (30 April 1865 – 24 November 1953) was a Filipino revolutionary notable for her participation in the Philippine Revolution. Gamboa is best known for making the Philippine flag hoisted during the inauguration of the revolutionary government of the Visayas in Santa Barbara, Iloilo.

Early life
Patrocinio Gamboa was born on 30 April 1865 in Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines to Fermín Gamboa and Leonila Villareal. She was baptized on 7 May 1865 at Jaro Church by Francisco Agüería, and her godmother was Severina Gamboa. Her wealthy parents provided private tutors for her education. Gamboa was an avid reader of Spanish classics and newspapers. She was also deeply influenced by the literary works of the Propaganda Movement. Being the daughter of a wealthy and prominent family, she was well known in the community. She was devoutly religious, independent-minded, and brave of heart.

Philippine Revolution against Spain

Among the first to join the revolution, Tia Patron was one of the organizers of the Comite Central Revolucionario de Visayas ("Central Revolutionary Committee of the Visayas"), which formed the nucleus of what later became the Revolutionary Government of the Visayas. She nursed wounded and sick soldiers in the battlefield. She also collected war contributions from the Chinese in Iloilo and gathered food and medical supplies, arms, and ammunition for the revolutionary forces. For this, she was considered as the “Heroine of Jaro.”

History mixes her story of heroism with comedy. On 17 November 1898, the revolutionary government of the Visayas was to be inaugurated. Such an occasion called for a flag. The women of Jaro prepared a replica of the flag made by Marcela Agoncillo for General Emilio Aguinaldo in Hong Kong. The problem lay in its delivery to the Santa Barbara headquarters of General Martin Delgado. Between the two towns were Spanish guards shooting anyone suspected as being in league with the revolutionary forces. They thoroughly inspected civilians passing along the roads. Gamboa and a young lieutenant, Honorio Solinap, volunteered for the task. Gamboa wrapped the revolutionary flag around her waist, concealing it within her garments. The two went off as a husband and wife delivering hay in a carriage. A saber, a gift of General Aguinaldo to General Delgado, lay concealed under the hay. The carriage came upon a roadblock and the two faced danger. To divert the attention of the guards, Gamboa staged a husband and wife quarrel with herself as a domineering wife, berating an unfortunate, weak husband. As she shouted and cursed the subdued man, she also pinched, bit and boxed him. They acted their parts so convincingly that the guards, overwhelmed with laughter, allowed them pass. They delivered the flag in time for the inaugural ceremonies.

Later life and death
Offered a lifetime pension by the colonial government, Gamboa declined, saying, “I give my services because I love my country. I do not ask any compensation for these services.” She died 24 November 1953 and was buried at the Balantang Veterans' Cemetery in Jaro. In her honor, a marker was installed in Jaro, Iloilo on 21 December 1980.

References

People of the Philippine Revolution
People from the Spanish East Indies
Women in war in the Philippines
People from Iloilo City
1865 births
1953 deaths
Women in war 1900–1945
Visayan people


title: Princeton Christian Fellowship

text:
The Princeton Christian Fellowship (PCF), formerly the Princeton Evangelical Fellowship (PEF), is a nondenominational Christian ministry at Princeton University whose purpose is "to help undergraduate and graduate students ... grow as believers and followers of Jesus Christ ... [and] to let the rest of the University community know the full message of Christianity so that others can come to believe and have faith in Jesus Christ."  Founded in 1931 by Dr. Donald B. Fullerton, a member of the Princeton University Class of 1913, the PCF is one of the oldest campus ministries of its type, predating the founding of Cru and Intervarsity by a decade or more.  PCF is one of the largest student organizations at Princeton University, and is currently led by the Rev. Chris Sallade, a member of the Princeton Class of 1994.

Early history

From 1825 until its demise amid controversy in 1930 the Philadelphian Society was the center of Evangelical religious life on campus.  This left a lack of organized evangelical ministry at Princeton and the next year a friend of Donald Fullerton called him worried over the hard time his son was having spiritually as a student.  Dr. Fullerton had previously served as a Plymouth Brethren missionary on the northwest frontier of British India, the border regions of modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan, but was forced off the mission field by ill health.  He made an attempt to return to the mission field in 1929, sailing out on the RMS Mauretania.  He prayed that God would turn the ship around if it was not His will that he return to the mission field.  While still in New York harbor the Mauretania collided with a car float forcing a return to dock and signaling to Dr. Fullerton that his days of overseas service were at an end.

This enabled Dr. Fullerton to respond to the request of his friend by starting to hold Bible classes on the campus, which replaced the defunct Philadelphian Society and which he would continue for fifty years.  These informal Bible classes grew into a formal organization in 1937, with PCF's first undergraduate president, A.G. Fletcher Jr. a member of the Princeton Class of 1938, announcing:A group of us have felt for a number of years the need on this Campus of a society with a fundamental Christian position ... [we] feel that the fine Christian tradition on which Princeton was founded is not entirely dead today and that there are still many undergraduates in the University whose senses are awake to the higher, eternal values in life, and who would welcome an opportunity to strengthen and reaffirm these convictions in a collective way through congenial fellowship with others holding similar views ... We wish to emphasize that the P. E. F. was not formed in opposition to any of the religious organizations already existing on the Campus.  Our intention has never been to oppose, but rather to supplement these other programs by supplying elements which we feel have been neglected.

A notable early member of PCF was Jack Whitcomb, led to faith as a freshman by Dr. Fullerton and a leading young earth creationist.  In 1947, the same year the PCF held its first alumni reunion, the fellowship hosted a showing of The God of Creation, a film created by the Moody Institute.  One member of the audience of two hundred was Albert Einstein to whom the young Dr. Whitcomb handed a Gospel tract.

Another notable PCF alumnus from its early decades is the noted Reformed theologian John Frame a member of the Princeton Class of 1960.  He said of his time in the fellowship that:
Fullerton and PEF cared deeply about people, spending hours in mutual prayer, exhortation, counseling, gospel witness ... And they made me a much better follower of Jesus.  I will never regret being part of this semi-Arminian, dispensationalist, separatist, tee-totaling, semi-victorious life, pietistic, biblicistic group called PEF.  And the greatest part of that experience was the godly example of Donald B. Fullerton.  He was not a perfect man, but I am yet today an imitator of his, since he imitated Jesus.

Growth and Change

The fellowship has grown steadily over time, with under 30 members in 1959, up to 70 by the 1978, and 150 by the late 90s. It now includes a dedicated graduate student ministry, the Graduate Princeton Christian Fellowship.  PCF's members have included several Princeton University valedictorians, salutatorians, and two young alumni trustees among recipients of many other university awards.  According to one source PCF's alumni include "prominent seminary professors, scientists, denominational leaders, influential authors, as well as missionaries in more than twenty-five countries.  As an independent group from a single university, the PCF has contributed more leaders to the Christian world than probably any other Christian college group."

PCF has a long tradition of baptizing students on Easter Sunday morning in conjunction with other campus ministries and under the authority of Stone Hill Church of Princeton.  The fellowship also has long associations with members of the Princeton faculty, most notably the work of Dr. James Rankin in mentoring students and playing piano and keyboard with the fellowship's worship team.

Over its more than eighty years of existence the PCF has seen many changes.  The hymn books of earlier years gave way to guitars and contemporary worship music.  Suits and ties have given way to shorts and flip-flops, and the introduction of coeducation to Princeton in 1969 ended the days when the fellowship was exclusively male.  Despite the many changes over the decades PCF continues to be cited by students and alumni as a principal life influence.  Dr. Justin Hastings of the Princeton Class of 2001 wrote at the end of his senior year:
The Princeton Evangelical Fellowship was the reason I came to Princeton ... Now, four years later, PEF is most assuredly the best thing to happen to me at Princeton ... PEF has prepared me morally and spiritually for life after Princeton, much more so than any class I've taken here over the past four years.

In the fall of 2017 the ministry changed its name to Princeton Christian Fellowship, due to the perception that the term 'evangelical' had too much of a political connotation rather than a theological one, with Boyce stating "There might be certain assumptions that all evangelicals are Republicans".

Notable alumni
John C. Whitcomb
Harry A. Hoffner
John Frame
Samuel T. Logan

References

External links
Princeton Christian Fellowship
Princeton Christian Fellowship Facebook Page
Remembering Donald B. Fullerton by John Frame.
Bill Boyce, Director of the Princeton Christian Fellowship

Princeton University
Christian organizations established in 1931
Evangelical parachurch organizations
Evangelical organizations established in the 20th century
Student religious organizations in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Princeton, New Jersey
Fellowships
Student societies in the United States


title: Chetolah, Kansas

text:
Chetolah is a ghost town in Ellis County, Kansas, United States.

History
Chetolah was founded in the 1880s when promoters laid out a town site and built a hotel, livery stable, and store. The Chetolah Town Site Company was incorporated in 1888 and then renamed the Chetolah Land and Town Company in 1889. The company had plans for a railroad connection, but no such connection was ever built.

The initial settlement was unsuccessful, but the town revived in the 1890s with the purported discovery of gold in the grey Carlile Shale of the surrounding hills. A three-year gold rush ensued, and the town grew as promoters attempted various schemes for recovering alleged traces of gold from the shales along the Smoky Hill River. The hotel reopened and a bridge was built across the river into the settlement.  Following failure of the gold rush, which both the first Kansas state geologist, Erasmus Haworth, and Thomas Edison had previously declared a hoax, Chetolah was abandoned and became a ghost town.  Today, very little remains of the settlement.

See also
 Smoky Hill City, Kansas

References

Further reading

 Gordon Marlatt, Gold Occurrences in the Cretaceous Mancos Shale, Eastern Utah, Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, 1991. (The Mancos Shale encompasses shale corelating with the Carlile Shale.)
 Lindgren, Waldemar, 1902, Tests for gold and silver in shales from western Kansas: U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 202, 21 p.
 Jessica C. Wheeler, Chetolah, Ellis County: Chetolah: One Place, Many Faces, Lost Kansas Communities, 2012.

External links
 Ellis County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Former populated places in Ellis County, Kansas


title: Mount Teneriffe

text:
Mount Teneriffe in central Victoria, Australia, is a distinctive granite formation,  above sea level (200m above plain level). It takes its name from the island of Tenerife in Spain.

Most of the area is within a nature conservation reserve with impressive granite outcrops at the foot of the mountain. Mount Teneriffe is one of the outliers of the Strathbogie Ranges formed from uplifted Devonian granite, the erosion of which has filled in the once deep valleys and basins of the Upper Goulburn, the Murray Valley and the Victorian Riverina with sediment. The hill is lightly timbered with scattered small trees on the summit. The site is accessed from Alexanderson Rd and then Jefferies Rd and Oak Valley Rd.

Some rock-climbing crags are present on the north west face, including Sparrow Slabs, Castle Rock, Eagle Rock, and Vertigo Block. Mt. Teneriffe was the site of the 1983 Australian Rogaining championship.

See also

 List of mountains in Victoria
 Strathbogie Ranges
 Great Dividing Range

References

Rock formations of Victoria (state)
Mountains of Victoria (state)
Mountains of Hume (region)


title: Paul Lederer

text:
Paul Lederer is the former CEO of Primo Group, and Chairman and co-owner of A-League club Western Sydney Wanderers.

Business
Lederer started his professional career by joining his uncle's manufacturing business in his early twenties. In 1985, Andrew Lederer started Primo Smallgoods by buying the Mayfair ham factory in Sydney and Paul Lederer became one of the first 38 new employees. Lederer inherited Primo Smallgoods when his uncle died in 2004. Between 2004 and 2015, Lederer served as CEO of Primo Smallgoods, until the company was sold in 2015 to JBS for 1.45 billion.

Lederer now heads the privately-owned Lederer Group. Since 2015 the Lederer Group has built a commercial property portfolio and has interests in dairy manufacture and supply.

Western Sydney Wanderers FC
In May 2014 Lederer was part of a four-member consortium that bought the licence to operate the Western Sydney Wanderers FC from 30 June 2014. In 2018, Lederer was elected the new chairman of the Australian Professional Football Club Association.

In 1986, Lederer's uncle, Andrew, was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for service to soccer.

Personal life
Lederer is married to Eva Marie and they have two children.

Net worth
In 2014,  the Business Review Weekly (BRW) Rich List assessed Lederer's net worth as 635 million. , The Australian Financial Review Rich List, which replaced the BRW List, assessed Lederer's net worth as 1.78 billion.

References

Living people
A-League Men executives
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hungarian emigrants to Australia
Australian business executives
Australian billionaires


title: Mikhail Lukin

text:
Mikhail Lukin (); born 10 October 1971) is a Russian theoretical and experimental physicist and a professor at Harvard University. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2018.

Early life
Mikhail "Misha" Lukin was born in Moscow, Russia. He studied physics and mathematics at MIPT, and he graduated in 1993. Following his graduation, he joined Texas A&M University where he wrote a research paper titled Quantum Coherence and Interference in Optics and Laser Spectroscopy that he used for his Ph.D. thesis. Between this and 1994 he was a visiting scientist to Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching, Germany. Later on he became a postdoc at Texas A&M University and then became a fellow, and later joint director, of the Institute for Theoretical Atomic and Molecular Physics a division of Center for Astrophysics  Harvard & Smithsonian. In 2001 he became an assistant professor at Harvard and three years later became its professor. In 2023, Lukin became the Joshua and Beth Friedman University Professor at Harvard University.

Research
In 2005 he proposed an idea to use quantum computing mail rather than Email which is already used by both Harvard and Boston Universities. He and Vladan Vuletic experimentally confirmed a new type of matter in which photonic molecules can be used to create a lightsaber-like technology.

In a 2013 interview with The Harvard Crimson he explained that he observed the matter the same way as it is in the movies, but unlike the movies the objects don't pass through each other but rather behave like solid objects.

Lukin is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America.

Awards
2000 – The Optical Society of America Adolph Lomb Medal
2009 – American Physical Society I. I. Rabi Prize in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
2021 – The Optical Society of America Charles Hard Townes Medal for pioneering theoretical and experimental contributions to quantum nonlinear optics and quantum information science and technology, and for the development and application of nanoscale quantum systems for sensing
2022 – American Physical Society Norman F. Ramsey Prize in Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, and in Precision Tests of Fundamental Laws and Symmetries

References

External links

Mikhail Lukin

1971 births
Living people
Russian physicists
Texas A&M University alumni
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology alumni
Harvard University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society


title: List of eggplant dishes

text:
This is a list of eggplant dishes. This list includes dishes in which the main ingredient or one of the essential ingredients is eggplant. Eggplant or aubergine is used in the cuisine of many countries. It is often stewed, as in the French ratatouille, or deep fried as in the Italian parmigiana di melanzane, the Turkish karnıyarık or Turkish and Greek musakka/moussaka, and Middle-Eastern and South Asian dishes. Eggplants can also be battered before deep-frying and served with a sauce made of tahini and tamarind. In Iranian cuisine, it is blended with whey as kashk e-bademjan, tomatoes as mirza ghasemi or made into stew as khoresh-e-bademjan. It can be sliced and deep-fried, then served with plain yogurt, (optionally) topped with a tomato and garlic sauce, such as in the Turkish dish patlıcan kızartması (meaning: fried aubergines) or without yogurt as in patlıcan şakşuka. Perhaps the best-known Turkish eggplant dishes are imam bayıldı (vegetarian) and karnıyarık (with minced meat).

Eggplant dishes

 , a pickled aubergine characteristic of "Manchega" cuisine from the Castile-La Mancha region of Spain, specifically from Almagro, a city in the Ciudad Real province of Spain.

 Eggplant parmigiana - Sicilian oven-baked dish consisting of eggplant, Parmesan cheese, mozzarella and tomato sauce
  – includes many dishes from various cultures

 Mesa’ah - Egyptian fried eggplant made with tomato sauce, garlic, and onions; eaten cold

 Pasta alla Norma

 Tepsi baytinijan – an Iraqi casserole dish consisting of eggplants, which are sliced and fried before placing in a baking dish, accompanied with meatballs, tomatoes, onions and garlic.

See also
 List of vegetable dishes
 List of foods

References

External links

 Traditional Recipe for Eggplant Parmesan from Dining Mosaic

Eggplant


title: David Slade (businessman)

text:
David Slade is the Australian Director of British multinational retailer Topshop and co-owner of A-League club Western Sydney Wanderers.

References

Living people
Australian soccer chairmen and investors
A-League Men executives
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: North Carolina Highway 461

text:
North Carolina Highway 461 (NC 461) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Its western terminus is at NC 561, passes through Winton and Cofield, and has its eastern end at an entrance to a Nucor steel plant east of Cofield.

Route description

NC 461 is a two-lane rural highway that begins at NC 561 in Saint John, and travels northeast, crossing NC 11 and having a concurrency with U.S. Route 13 (US 13). Following its split from US 13, it travels to NC 45 in Winton.  From Winton, and in concurrency with NC 45, it travels through Cofield, then splits just east of the village.  It continues north on Farmers Chemical Road, then east on River Road, ending at the entrance of Nucor Plate Mill, Hertford.

History
NC 461 was established in 1964 as a new primary routing from NC 561 in Saint John to US 13 south of Winton.  In 1999, NC 461 was extended east, with a short concurrency with US 13 it splits near Winton, where it follows along Old Highway 13 to NC 45, then in concurrency until Farmers Chemical Road, where it continues as a new primary spur to the steel plant.

Junction list

References

External links

 NCRoads.com: N.C. 461

461
Transportation in Hertford County, North Carolina


title: List of playground songs

text:
This is a list of English-language playground songs.

Playground songs are often rhymed lyrics that are sung. Most do not have clear origin, were invented by children and spread through their interactions such as on playgrounds.

List
 "99 Bottles of Beer"
 "Baby Bumblebee"
 "The Burning of the School"
"Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees"
 "Circle Circle Dot Dot"
 "Comet"
 "Do-Re-Mi"
 "Five Little Ducks"
 "Five Little Monkeys"
 "Great Green Gobs of Greasy, Grimy Gopher Guts"
 "Head, Shoulders, Knees and Toes"
 "Horsey Horsey"
 "If You're Happy and You Know It"
 "I'm a Little Teapot"
 "K-I-S-S-I-N-G"
 "Jingle Bells Batman Smells"
 "London Bridge Is Falling Down"
 "London's Burning"
 "Michael Finnegan"
 "Miss Susie"
 "My Ding-a-Ling"
 "One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
 "One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
 "On Top of Old Smokey"
 "Fast Food Song" (a song using the names of several fast food franchises)
 "Popeye the Sailor Man" (theme song from the 20th-century cartoon series)
 "Ring Around the Rosie"
 "Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
 "Sea Lion Woman"
 "See Saw Margery Daw"
 "Singing To The Bus Driver"
 "Stella Ella Ola"
 "Ten Green Bottles"
 "The Song That Never Ends"
 "There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly"
 "This Old Man" ("Knick-Knack Paddywhack")

See also
List of nursery rhymes
Counting-out game

Music-related lists

Lists of songs
Song forms


"The Evening and the Morning and the Night" is a science fiction novelette by American writer Octavia Butler. It was first published in Omni in May 1987, and subsequently republished in The Year's Best Science Fiction (fifth edition); in Best New SF 2; in Omni Visions One; in The Penguin Book of Modern Fantasy By Women; in Dark Matter: A Century of Speculative Fiction from the African Diaspora; in Daughters of Earth: Feminist Science Fiction in the Twentieth Century; in Crucified Dreams; in Butler's collection Bloodchild and Other Stories, and as a chapbook from Pulphouse Publishing.

Synopsis
Decades after the introduction of a cancer cure, the children of its users develop "Duryea-Gode Disease" (DGD), a genetic disease whose symptoms include dissociative states, obsessive self-mutilation, and violent psychosis. DGD patients can delay the onset of symptoms by means of rigid dietary restrictions. However, the intense social isolation they face, as well as the knowledge that the eventual onset of symptoms is inevitable, makes some of the second-generation patients wonder whether these efforts are worth it.

Lynn, the female protagonist, is a double DGD (she has the disease from both her parents), and learns how to deal with the disease and the oppression that she felt since she was growing up. She witnesses what DGDs are capable of when she visits Dilg, a retreat center where out-of-control DGDs are placed. At Dilg, instead of being restrained, the patients are engaged in making art and inventing technology.

In an afterword to the story, Butler described constructing DGD from the symptoms of three other genetic diseases: Huntington's disease, phenylketonuria, and Lesch-Nyhan disease, to which she added reactivity to pheromones and the delusion of being trapped in one's own flesh.

Themes

"The Evening and the Morning and the Night" presents an atmosphere governed by social exclusion due to the affliction of DGD. A DGD patient's requirement to wear an emblem marks them as a liability to standard social constructs. Since DGD is an illness that facilitates self-mutilation and maniacal episodes of violence, people tend to stay away from those affected by the disease. This distance created by others not affected by this disease naturally causes prejudice and marginalization. Ultimately, the emblem DGD carriers wear signifies a population oppressed not only by their own genetic mutation, but also by the rest of society.
Society thinks people with DGD can be problematic. Normal and sick humans are put in different groups, each with their own people. Each of the groups feel better interacting with their members. By law people with DGD are removed from their city and placed in a facility where disease sufferers are entrapped into their own world and labeled as if they were delinquents.

Reception
Evening won the 1987 Science Fiction Chronicle Reader Award and was nominated for the Theodore Sturgeon Award, the Nebula Award for Best Novelette and the Locus Award for Best Novelette.

Jo Walton has described Evening as "chilling and astonishing", while John Clute calls it "harrowing".

References

Further reading

 Bast, Florian. "I Hugged Myself": First-Person Narration as an Agential Act in Octavia Butler's "The Evening and the Morning and the Night.]" Black Intersectionalities: A Critique for the 21st Century. Published in print: 2014 Published Online: May 2014
 Hammer, Everett. "Determined Agency: A Postsecular Proposal for Religion and Literature-and Science." Religion and Literature 41.3 (2009): 91–98.
 Lavender, Isiah, III. "Digging Deep: Ailments of Difference in Octavia Butler's "The Evening and the Morning and the Night"." Black and Brown Planets: The Politics of Race in Science Fiction. Ed. Isiah Lavender, III. Jackson, MS: UP of Mississippi, 2014. 65–82.

1987 short stories
Works by Octavia Butler
Science fiction short stories
Self-harm in fiction


title: Scutellaria mexicana

text:
Scutellaria mexicana,  commonly known by variants on bladder sage or paperbag bush, is a shrub of the mint family Lamiaceae distinctive for its calyx lobes that develop into small bag- or bladder-like shells around the fruits.

Habitat and range
It is widespread in sandy and gravelly slopes, desert dry washes, and canyons in the southwestern deserts of North America, including in creosote bush scrub and Joshua tree woodland plant communities in the Mojave, Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts in southern California, Nevada, southwestern Utah, Arizona, western Texas, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California.

These bushes occupy a variety of habitats in their range, including washes, gravelly or sandy slopes, shrubland, and woodland, often growing intermixed with other shrubs. The range extends from the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada and the deserts of California, east to Texas and south into Mexico. They are relatively common; although both the foliage and flowers are sparse, the distinctive pattern of bags makes them easy to spot from a distance.

Description

Growth pattern
This plant takes the form of a rounded shrub, typically 50–100 cm high, sometimes larger.

Stems and leaves
The stems form a spreading rigid pattern, with the tips often becoming spine-like. The branching pattern is distinctive, with opposite side branches forming right angles to the main stem. The plant drops its leaves in dry conditions (drought deciduous).

The leaves are opposite, small, 3–15 mm long and 2–8 mm wide, ovate to elliptic, have smooth edges (entire), and with a very short or nonexistent petiole.

Inflorescence and fruit
The 2-lipped flowers develop in pairs facing away from each other; the upper lip is white to light violet and hairy, while the lower lip is 3-lobed and intense dark violet. The calyx starts out as simply a base to the flower, reddish-purple in shade, and then as the flower ages, it expands into its distinctive bag shape, 1–2 cm across, the dried flower eventually falling out of the hole in the end.

The fruit inside the dried calyx bags is composed of 4 nutlets. The plant drops its leaves in dry conditions (drought deciduous). The dried bags help with seed dispersal by wind.

Flowering is generally April through June, but the bags are durable and may last on the plant into winter, becoming dry and papery.

Etymology
The former genus name, "Salazaria", is after astronomer José Salazar y Larregui, Mexican commissioner for the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey of 1848–55.

References

External links
 Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
US Forest Service Fire Ecology
Photo gallery

mexicana
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of the South-Central United States
Flora of Mexico
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


title: The Worst (Jhené Aiko song)

text:
"The Worst" is a song by American recording artist Jhené Aiko released on her debut EP Sail Out (2013). The song was released as its second official single and serviced to rhythmic contemporary radio on January 14, 2014, through ARTium and Def Jam Recordings. "The Worst" was written by Aiko, Myron Birdsong and produced by Fisticuffs. The song offers a sample of the 2003 single "Excuse Me Miss" by Jay-Z.

"The Worst" is an R&B and PBR&B song that lyrically explores Aiko's regret towards falling in love with someone not right for her. Commercially, the song peaked at number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100. "The Worst" peaked at number one on the airplay Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop chart. "The Worst" won the Centric Award at the 2014 BET Awards. It was also nominated for Best R&B Song at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards.

An accompanying video directed by Danny Williams was released on November 11, 2013. The video depicts the aftermath of the murder of Aiko's boyfriend. Aiko performed the track on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, BBC Radio 1′s Future Festival and The Ellen DeGeneres Show. "The Worst" was remixed by Jaden Smith, Stormzy, T.I. and Kirko Bangz. The single was certified platinum by the RIAA.

Background
It was revealed in 2012 that Aikos debut EP would feature production from producer Fisticuffs, who helped produce the majority of Aiko's 2011 mixtape Sailing Soul(s). Critical reception
Writing on behalf of Consequence of Sound, BJ called the song "forgettable", continuing on to say that the song does not "stick". Ryan B. Patrick of Exclaim!'' also gave the song a negative review stating that "The Worst" lacks "weight" and does not achieve the "intended trance effect," instead disappearing into the "ether" like "smoke."

Commercial performance
On May 2, 2014 "The Worst" rose 3-1 on the Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart. With this achievement, Aiko became first female artist to top the chart as a lead with a debut single since Jazmine Sullivan reached the same feat with "Need U Bad" in 2008. The Worst also rose forty seven to forty three on the Hot 100.
The song peaked on the US Billboard Hot 100 at forty-three, becoming Aiko's first solo release to chart in the region, the song also peaked at number eleven on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs

Promotion
On November 11, 2013 Aiko debuted the song's accompanying music video. The video depicts Aiko being driven to murder due to her bad relationship, the video continues with Aiko sitting in her kitchen while her boyfriend lies on the floor. After committing murder, she makes herself a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, applies her makeup, and puts on her jewelry. She washes her hands of blood and calmly walks out of her house in lingerie to waiting cops. The video was described by Rap-Up as "dark and deadly." Aiko said the video depicted fantasy.

"I've never killed a guy, and I've never went to jail, but those are the things I have to get out of my head some way. It's writing a song and then turning my crazy thoughts into those moments where I'm like, I could really do that, but I'm not going to."

To promote the song Aiko performed it live on various occasions. On January 18, 2014 she performed the song on "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon," accompanied by The Roots. The performance was described as "emotional" by online publication Rap-Up. On January 22, 2014 she performed the song at BBC Radio 1′s Future Festival in Maida Vale, London along with her band wearing a flowy white dress. The following month on February 13, Aiko performed the song on Conan. On May 27, 2014 Aiko performed the single on the "Ellen DeGeneres Show, the performance featured the lights turned low, and Aiko barefoot.
On July 22, 2014 Aiko released a video of her preparing to go on tour and rehearsals. During the video she sang an acoustic rendition of the song along with her guitarist Jeff, during the video Aiko also performed "Stay Ready (What a Life)" and "To Love & Die".

Remixes
The song has been remixed by a variety of artists. The first came from fifteen-year-old rapper Jaden Smith, in which he lyrically deals with the "complexity of a relationship." British rapper Stormzy remixed the song and released the music video on January 26, 2014. American rapper T.I. remixed the song for "DJ MLK's Goodnight Don't Exist in ATL 4," during the song the rapper draws on his own relationships and "responds to his scorned lover." The song was later remixed by roy Ave who added a short verse to the song. American rapper Kirko Bangz release a cover version of the song which featured Bangz free styling, Bannz also released an accompanying video to his free style.

On May 18, The Robert Glasper Trio released an instrumental cover of the song as a promotional single for their upcoming album, "Covered".

Accolades
"The Worst" won the Centric Award at the BET Awards 2014, and was nominated for Best R&B Song at the 2015 Grammy Awards.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Radio adds

References

External links

2013 songs
2014 singles
Def Jam Recordings singles
Jhené Aiko songs
Songs written by Chad Hugo
Songs written by Pharrell Williams
Songs written by Jay-Z
Songs written by Jhené Aiko


title: Kerre Woodham

text:
Kerre Woodham (born ), formerly known as Kerre McIvor, is a New Zealand journalist, radio presenter, author and columnist. At the end of 2017 she was named as the replacement for Andrew Dickens on Newstalk ZB Sunday mornings beginning in 2018 and Leighton Smith on mornings beginning in 2019.

Career
Woodham studied journalism at Wellington Polytechnic. Her early career was in radio, working for Radio New Zealand for two years before moving into television, reporting for Video Dispatch. In 1986 Woodham began reporting for consumer affairs television programme Fair Go. After leaving the show in 1990 for a job as a breakfast radio host she then worked for TV3's Nightline. From 1994 to 1997 she appeared as a presenter on Heartland, which covered the New Zealand community. In 1998 she became the presenter for Ready, Steady, Cook which aired until 2005. Over the same period she was the presenter of a number of current affairs and topical items on New Zealand national television.

Woodham is also a columnist for the Herald on Sunday, a national newspaper.

In 2010, Woodham wrote her first book titled Short Fat Chick in Paris and followed it in 2011 with Short Fat Chick to Marathon Runner. Her third book, published in 2013 was Musings from Middle Age.

In 2016 she was presented with a Scroll of Honour from the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand for services to charity and New Zealand broadcasting.

Woodham was a contestant on the 2022 season of the dancing show Dancing with the Stars.

Personal life
Woodham married Tom McIvor on 2 February 2013. Following the breakup of their marriage, she returned to using her maiden name.

References

1960s births
Living people
New Zealand television presenters
Newstalk ZB
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Jech–Kunen tree

text:
A Jech–Kunen tree is a set-theoretic tree with properties that are incompatible with the generalized continuum hypothesis. It is named after Thomas Jech and Kenneth Kunen, both of whom studied the possibility and consequences of its existence.

Definition
A ω1-tree is a tree with cardinality  and height ω1, where ω1 is the first uncountable ordinal and  is the associated cardinal number. A Jech–Kunen tree is a ω1-tree in which the number of branches is greater than  and less than .

Existence
 found the first model in which this tree exists, and  showed that, assuming the continuum hypothesis and  , the existence of a Jech–Kunen tree is equivalent to the existence of a compact Hausdorff space with weight  and cardinality strictly between  and  .

References

Trees (set theory)
Independence results


title: List of polygamy court cases

text:
Polygamy is the state of being married to more than one person at the same time. It is illegal in many countries. The following is a list of polygamy court cases:

Canada
 Reference re: Section 293 of the Criminal Code of Canada, 2011 BCSC 1588 — court opinion that prohibition of polygamy is constitutionally valid.

France

 Montcho case (July 11, 1980, n°16596) — Allowed family reunification for polygamous households.

United Kingdom
 Hyde v. Hyde (1866) {L.R.} 1 P. & D. 130 — established the modern understanding and legal definition of marriage
 Bethell v. Hillyard (1885) 38 Ch.D. 220. [1885 B. 2119.] — a potentially polygamous marriage is void
 R v Smith 1994 15 Cr App R (S) 407 — used divorce papers to marry again
 R v Cairns [1997] 1 Cr App R (S) — used polygamy to circumvent immigration controls

United States
19th century
 Reynolds v. United States,
 Miles v. United States,  — established that the second wife may testify as to her husband's bigamy, because their marriage is not de jure
 Clawson v. United States,  — established cohabitation as unlawful
 Murphy v. Ramsey,  — Edmunds Act not ex post facto because charges were for continued cohabitation, not for the prior illegal marriage
 Clawson v. United States,  established that when the juror list is exhausted due to challenges of jurors for being supportive of polygamy, an open venire may be used, in which the U.S. Marshal summons jurors from the body of the judicial district
 Cannon v. United States,  — "cohabit" in criminal statue is "living together as husband and wife"
 Snow v. United States,
 Cannon v. United States,
 In re Snow,  — multiple convictions overturned, as cohabiting was a continuous offense, and cannot be charged separately for individual years of offence
 Ex parte Hans Nielsen,  — polygamy is not adultery
 Bassett v. United States,  — polygamous wives can be required to testify as they are not legally wives
 Davis v. Beason,  — upheld ban on voting and holding political office in the Idaho Territory for all members of organizations that teach or advocate polygamy
 Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States,  and
20th century
 Chatwin v. United States,  — underaged polygamous marriage with consent not prosecutable under the Federal Kidnapping Act
 Cleveland v. United States,  — polygamous marriage an "immoral purpose" under the Mann Act
 Musser v. Utah,  — polygamy not religious free speech
 In re Black, 3 Utah 2d 315 (1955) [283 P.2d 887] — raising children in a polygamist household is evidence of child neglect; the state can remove and retain custody of children while their parents unlawful cohabitation continues
 Potter v. Murray City, 760 F.2d 1065 (10th Cir. 1985) — "the State is justified, by a compelling interest, in upholding and enforcing its ban on plural marriage"
 Barlow v. Blackburn, 165 Ariz. 351, 356, 798 P.2d 1360, 1365 (App.1990) — "Barlow's practice of polygamy justif[ies] revoking or suspending his peace officer certification" as "Arizona's constitutional prohibition against polygamy is valid" and "Arizona's compelling state interest [...] justifies an infringement upon Barlow's religiously-motivated conduct"
 In re Adoption of W.A.T. (a.k.a. Johanson v. Fischer), 808 P.2d 1083 (Utah 1991) — "no legitimate basis for the courts to disqualify all bigamists (polygamists) as potential adopters"
 Barlow v. Evans, 993 F.Supp. 1390 (D.Utah 1997) — Fair Housing Act prohibition of religious discrimination does not provide protection for polygamists

21st century
 State of Utah v. Green (a.k.a. State v. Green, Utah v. Green), 2004 UT 76 [99 P.3d 820] — Utah's polygamy ban upheld
 Warren Jeffs prosecution
 Brown v. Buhman,  11-cv-0652-CW (2013) — the portions of Utah's anti-polygamy laws which prohibit multiple cohabitation ruled unconstitutional, but Utah allowed to maintain its ban on multiple marriage licenses.
 Carrick v. Snyder, 5:2015cv10108, case before Michigan's Eastern District Federal brought by the Rev. Neil Patrick Carrick holding that it is a violation of the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to prohibit clergy from performing same sex or polygamous wedding ceremonies.
Collier et al v. Fox et al,  1:15-cv-00083, case brought by Nathan Collier et al in Montana District Court, seeking a marriage license for Nathan Collier and Christine Collier.  Nathan Collier had a legal marriage with Victoria Collier. The case was denied as moot.
Mayle v. Orr et al, 17-cv-00449, brought by Kenneth William Mayle in U.S. District 7 (Northern Illinois) seeking to strike Illinois laws on Bigamy, Adultery, and Fornication based on religious beliefs, practice, and philosophies of Satanism and Thelema including Enochian Sex Magick. The complaint claims these laws violate the 1st and 14th amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The case was dismissed on 4/10/2017.  An attempt at an appeal was denied on 11/3/2017 based on a procedural error.

See also
 Legal status of polygamy
 Short Creek raid
 YFZ Ranch § April 2008 raid

References

Polygamy law
Polygamy


title: Bob Countryman

text:
Robert Dee Countryman (October 17, 1895 – November 6, 1964) was an American minor league baseball player and manager and college baseball head coach.

Countryman played in the minor leagues in 1914, from 1916-20 and from 1925-26 for the San Antonio Bronchos (1914), Fort Worth Panthers (1917), Houston Buffaloes (1918), Greenville Spinners (1919–1920), Galveston Pirates (1919), Mount Pleasant Cats (1925) and Palestine Pals (1926). He managed the Cats in 1925 and the Pals in 1926, replacing Jack Stansbury in the latter campaign. He served in World War I.

Countryman was head coach of the Rice Owls baseball team in 1922 and 1923 and the Texas A&M Aggies baseball team in 1928 and 1929. He had a career college coaching record of 28–31–3.

Countryman was born in Navasota, Texas and died in Houston, Texas on .

References

1895 births
1964 deaths
Baseball outfielders
Minor league baseball players
Minor league baseball managers
Rice Owls baseball coaches
Texas A&M Aggies baseball coaches
People from Navasota, Texas


title: Aruna Jayanthi

text:
Aruna Jayanthi is an Indian businesswoman and managing director of Capgemini's Asia Pacific and Latin America business unit. Previously, she held roles as their CEO of Business Services and CEO of Capgemini India. Jayanthi joined Capgemini in 2000 and was part of the core team that initiated and set up the firm's offshore capabilities in India, eventually heading up their global outsourcing services. Jayanthi has been chairperson of the board of governors of National Institute of Technology Calicut since November 2014.

Education
Jayanthi holds a master's degree in Management Studies in Finance from SVKM's NMIMS in 1984.

Awards
Jayanthi was listed among Fortune India's 'Most Powerful Women' in 2011 and 2012, and Business Today's 'Most Powerful Women in Business' in 2011-2015 and 2017-2018.

 She received an 'India Today Woman Award' in 2013. Jayanthi is also an executive council member of NASSCOM.

See also
 Roshni Nadar

References

External links
 Aruna Jayanthi

1964 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Mumbai
Indian chief executives
Indian women chief executives
National Institute of Technology Calicut chairpersons
Businesswomen from Maharashtra


title: Ji (surname 季)

text:
Jì is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written  in Chinese character. It is romanized as Chi in Wade–Giles, and Gwai in Cantonese. Ji is the 142nd most common surname in China, with a population of 960,000. It is listed the 134th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames.

Etymology
In ancient usage, the characters of meng (孟), zhong (仲), shu (叔) and ji (季) were used to denote the first, second, third and fourth eldest sons in a family. The Chinese character Ji 季 is composed of two parts: 禾 (grain) and 子 (son), and originally means "young grain". Later it acquired the meaning of "the youngest", and was frequently used in the name or title of the youngest son (or daughter) of a family. It is from this usage that the character became a surname. According to analysis based on the early 11th-century dictionary Guangyun, in Middle Chinese the character was pronounced [kwi].

Demographics
As of 2008, Ji 季 is the 142nd most common surname in China, shared by 960,000 people, or 0.077% of the Chinese population. It is concentrated in East China, including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai. Jiangsu province alone accounts for 44% of the people surnamed Ji 季, followed by Zhejiang with 10%.

Origins
The main origin of the Ji 季 surname is the state of Lu during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. Prince You was commonly called Ji You (季友) as he was the youngest son of Duke Huan of Lu. After the death of his older brother Duke Zhuang of Lu, Ji You helped Duke Zhuang's son to ascend the throne as Duke Xi of Lu, and he became Duke Xi's chief minister. He was the founding patriarch of the Jisun clan, the most powerful of the Three Huan clans that dominated the politics of Lu for centuries to come. His descendants adopted Jisun, which was later shortened to Ji, as their surname. This source of Ji 季 is a branch of Ji 姬, the ancestral surname of the dukes of Lu.

A second origin of the Ji surname was Jilian (季連), the first recorded ruler of the state of Chu. This origin of Ji is a branch of Mi 芈, the royal surname of Chu.

Several other states of the Zhou dynasty, such as Qi and Wei, also had noble lineages that adopted Ji 季 as their surname.

Later adoption
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, several Mongol and Manchu clans adopted the Ji surname, and many Ji-surnamed people in Northeast China are from this origin.

Notable people
 Ji You or Ji Chengzi (季成子; died 644 BC), Chief Minister of the state of Lu
 Jisun Xingfu or Ji Wenzi (季文子; died 568 BC), grandson of Ji You, Chief Minister of Lu
 Ji Bu (季布; 3rd century BC), a top general of Xiang Yu and later the Han dynasty
 Ji Zhenyi (季振宜; 1630–?), Qing dynasty official, writer, and collector
 Ji Zhichang (季芝昌; 1791–1860), Qing dynasty minister, general, and Governor of Shanxi province
 Ji Yunqing (季云卿; 1868–1939), Shanghai gangster assassinated for collaborating with the Japanese during WWII
 Ji Xianlin (季羨林; 1911–2009), prominent linguist, Indologist, palaeographer, and historian
 Ji Yunshi (季允石; born 1945), former Governor of Jiangsu and Hebei provinces
 Ji Jianye (季建业; born 1957), former Mayor of Nanjing
 Yun-Fei Ji or Ji Yunfei (季云飞; born 1963), painter
 Ji Mingyi (季铭义; born 1980), football player
 Timothy Kwai or Ji Tinggang (季霆剛; born 1983), Hong Kong politician
 Ji Xiaobing (季肖冰; born 1987), actor
 Ji Liping (季丽萍; born 1988), Olympic swimmer
 Ji Xiaoxuan (季骁宣; born 1993), football player
Ji Jiafu (季加孚; born 1959), surgical oncologist

References

Chinese-language surnames
Individual Chinese surnames


title: Otego, Kansas

text:
Otego is an unincorporated community in Jewell County, Kansas, United States.

History
A post office was opened in Otego in 1887, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1954.

Education
The community is served by Rock Hills USD 107 public school district.

References

Further reading

External links
 Jewell County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Jewell County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Red Sky Poetry Theatre

text:
Red Sky Poetry Theatre was the longest running live weekly poetry series and open mic in Seattle history.

Sunrise
Don Wilsun, who previously co-founded Dogtown Poetry Theater with Joe Scozzy, was a driving force in the founding of Red Sky Poetry Theatre. Along with Joe Keppler, Tom Parson, who also started the Bumbershoot Small Press Fair in 1977, and Judith Roche, whose home was used as a meeting place to plan Red Sky Poetry Theatre,  Wilsun formed the core of what would become Red  Sky Poetry Theatre. Prior to forming Red Sky Poetry Theatre, Wilsun held ad hoc readings which were simply called Poetry Theatre. Wilsun  named  his labor of love Red Sky because one day he was putting up flyers for his Poetry Theatre in the Pike Place Market and as he was doing so, saw an amazing red sunset. He wrote a poem at the Soup and Salad called Red Sky. It inspired him to name his Poetry Theatre, Red Sky. The first Red Sky Poetry Theatre reading was May 24, 1981.

Bill Shively, Joseph Keppler, Judith Roche, Matt Lennon, and Tom Parsons joined the Red Sky Poetry Theatre board in 1981 and were listed in the original incorporation documents as board members in 1982 with Don Wilsun as President and acting agent. Red Sky Poetry Theatre was a Non-profit Organization existing solely to promote and encourage poetry performance and Performance Art as well as other arts. Elliott Bronstein would join the board a short time later.

Trudy Mercer, an early editor of SkyViews, joined the Red Sky Poetry Theatre board in 1982, the same day Marion Kimes and Michael Hureaux were voted onto the board.

Kay Kinghammer, who performed in Burlesque Theatre and JT Stewart, who formerly taught at Seattle Central Community College, were also part of the early meetings to create Red Sky Poetry Theatre but never actually on the board.

	Other early affiliated authors not officially on the Red Sky Poetry Theatre board included Mark Svenvold, who recently did a presentation at the Modern Language Association about the influence of Red Sky Poetry Theatre on the Literary World. Charlie Potts, another well known author, would frequently read for Red Sky Poetry Theatre. Paul Hunter, who collaborated with Red Sky Poetry Theatre early on, would officially become a board member in 1993.  These authors added much to the early Red Sky Poetry Theatre creative process.

Bumbershoot
Charlie Burks, the coordinator of the first Bumbershoot Writers in Performance Competition in 1981, was not officially on the board but collaborated with Red Sky Poetry Theatre on a regular basis. Burks' influence on the collaborative efforts of Red Sky Poetry Theatre was substantial. The expression "Poet's Gymnasium", in the context of Red Sky Poetry Theatre as a forum for perfecting one's poetry, is attributed to Burks. Red Sky Poetry Theatre joined Burks in judging the Writers in Performance contests that would decide who, out of hundreds, would read at Bumbershoot. Bumbershoot Writers in Performance Competitions continue to this day, although without Red Sky Poetry Theatre. However, former board member Judith Roche coordinated the Bumbershoot Literary Arts Festival for One Reel after Red Sky Poetry Theatre discontinued the Bumbershoot Association.

Periodicals
Bill Shively edited the very first Open Sky in which writers and  visual artists of any sort could contribute 400 pages to be included in the magazine. Red Sky Poetry Theatre considered its collective efforts to be more conducive to the creative process, the whole being greater than the sum of its parts. Essentially, Open Sky wasn't edited so much as compiled. Shively's brainchild, Open Sky, eventually became a quarterly publication. The only person to submit to all twelve issues of Open Sky was author Dann O'Keefe. Open Sky became Open Sound in 1989 with 200 pages. Ezra Mark was the editor of the first Open Sound. Ezra Mark was later on the board of Subtext, another poetry series.

Shively created and edited the early SkyViews magazine which started out as a monthly newsletter with 'guest editors' but became a full-fledged poetry magazine shortly after the first issues. Charlie Burks added a 'Sunday Supplement' one month when he was guest editor that was much admired by the Pacific Northwest literary public. Trudy Mercer took over the compilation of this monthly magazine in 1984. Mercer published Redlines as well as working with Red Sky Poetry Theatre. SkyViews was renamed Parallel Discourse in 1989 with Phoebe Bosché and James Maloney as editors although it still referred to itself as SkyViews inside the first Parallel Discourse pages. Parallel Discourse soon spun off of Red Sky Poetry Theatre completely and was solely published by Bosché and Maloney.
Swale Magazine was edited by Bosché and Roberto Valenza but it was not actually a Red Sky Poetry Theatre publication. Swale was well received.

	Red Sky Poetry Theatre also had its own imprint called, of course, Red Sky Press. It published books of collected poets such as Red Sky Morning as well as publishing the Bumbershoot Anthology, a collection of the poems of the Bumbershoot Literary Contest performers, in 1984 and 1985. Visual Art was always part of the Red Sky Poetry Theatre milieu and many publications were replete with images such as the art of Keppler, Lennon, Roberto Valenza, or Grace Dager and many others. The line between poetry and visual art was consistently crossed as the two forms merged into something unique. There were many other publications by Red Sky Poetry Theatre affiliated authors that are too numerous to list.

Early history
When Don Wilsun withdrew from regular participation in Red Sky Poetry Theatre, the Secretary of State of Washington State listed Elliott Bronstein as the acting Agent for Red Sky Poetry Theatre and Marion Kimes as the acting President and Treasurer. Red Sky Poetry Theatre presented a continuous live poetry series for more than the 25 years that it was incorporated. This puts Red Sky Poetry Theatre on the same par as City Lights Books, which has been running a poetry series since 1953, and Nuyorican Poets Cafe, which has had a series since 1973. Red Sky Poetry Theatre still does occasional Red Sky Redux at the Hopvine Pub or venues such as the Richard Hugo House. Red Sky Poetry Theatre board membership changed much over the course of 25 incorporated years.

Red Sky Poetry Theatre held their first readings at the Soames Dunn Building in the Pike Place Market and continued there for more than a year, then moving to the Pike Development Authority meeting room for 6 months. From there, Red Sky Poetry Theatre stayed in the Pike Place Market and started reading in December, 1983 at the Soup and Salad Cafe overlooking Puget Sound. This was the first venue where people who weren't looking for Red Sky Poetry Theatre could come across them and walk in.

Michael Hureaux, who was an active member of Red Sky Poetry Theatre, was the instigator that convinced Red Sky Poetry Theatre to move to the Five-O Tavern on Capitol Hill in December 1984, thus changing the ambiance of the performance stage, when the Soup and Salad turned into the Soundview Cafe. Hureaux had already staged Poem People: Poetry Night at the Five-O Tavern and found the location conducive to poetry. (The Five-O later became the Hopvine Pub). The Five-O was an early venue for the fledgling Seattle Grunge Rock scene. It is among venues where the influence of Steven Jesse Bernstein, on Grunge first occurred. Bernstein had been reading at Dogtown Poetry Theater prior to Red Sky Poetry Theatre and was always an influence in Seattle and the West Coast.

Hureaux left the board in 1986 to pursue other interests, including becoming a member of the Choreopoets.

The renowned Pioneer Square Theater hosted Red Sky Poetry Theatre Works In Progress such as Charlie Burks "War Babies", in 1983 and 1984. Pioneer Square Theater continued working with Red Sky Poetry Theatre affiliated authors such as Roberto Valenza, although the connections with Red Sky Poetry Theatre were no longer direct.

In fact, Red Sky Poetry Theatre was so involved with the Seattle performance culture, that it was hard to tell where Red Sky Poetry Theatre ended and another organization began. Members worked with On the Boards performing in the 1982 Poetry Marathon to benefit Amnesty International. Matt Lennon hosted a monthly reading at the Comet Tavern, where Red Sky Poetry Theatre would cross pollinate with the Actor's Table. Joe Keppler hosted readings at the Greenwood Gallery before he left in 1983 to form "Poets, Painters, Composers" It was this flexibility which made it so easy to move venues as needed without harming the free-spirited, collaborative nature of  Red Sky Poetry Theatre.

Phoebe Bosché and Roberto Valenza became Red Sky Poetry Theatre board members in 1984 and were influential in taking Red Sky Poetry Theatre in new directions toward Performance Poetry. Bosché recently edited Art and Politics Now Cultural Activism in a Time of Crisis. Bosché currently publishes Raven Chronicles with Philip H. Red Eagle.

Valenza, was a flamboyant character, who along with Bernstein, Gary Heffern, and others, encouraged heckling of his readings. Heckling gave a spontaneity and comedic value to performances although many of the other readers frowned upon it.

The 1980s found Red Sky Poetry Theatre receiving grants from the King County Arts Commission,  the Allied Arts Foundation, the Seattle Arts Commission and 911 Media Arts Center, which allowed Red Sky Poetry Theatre to expand into other media.

Broadcasts
There were two radio shows affiliated with Red Sky Poetry Theatre in the early years, both on KRAB-FM from 1981 through 1983. There was Red Sky Radio hosted by Matt Lennon and Art Talk hosted by Don Wilsun.

Red Sky Poetry Theatre would branch off into Public Access Television hosted by TCI Cable in 1985 starting with the Paramount Poets by Alan Goodin and Martina Poth Goodin, both Red Sky Poetry Theatre board members since 1984. They would continue the tradition of video poetry with Cactus Poets, the show starting production in 1987.  Red Sky Poetry Theatre Live would air, also on TCI, in 1988. These three video poetry series aired frequently until 1992.

margareta waterman (lowercase intentional) would join the Red Sky Poetry Theatre board in 1989, bringing with her nine muses books and producing Manifest Arts, a series of Poetry and Performance Art broadcast on TCI. nine muses published many Red Sky Poetry Theatre authors. waterman left the board in 1994 to travel and perform around the country.

An Alternative To Loud Boats
Members of Red Sky Poetry Theatre were instrumental in creating An Alternative To Loud Boats, which was a Performance Art event that coincided with the Seattle Seafair Albert Lee Cup Hydroplane Races, started in 1985. It soon had a different theme every year such as 'Censorship' or 'Sanctuary' (from the first Iraq War). Between  1988 and 1991, Alternative to Loud Boats was helped along by grants from the King County Arts Commission written by Cydney Gillis of  Arts Focus. Arts Focus was a popular Seattle magazine dedicated to the Northwest literary and performance culture. Alternative to Loud Boats continued for ten years until 1994.

Musical collaboration
Many musicians worked with Red Sky Poetry Theatre, including Wally Shoup, who improvised saxophone on stage with poets and Michael Monhart, also a saxophonist. Pete Leinonen recorded many of the Red Sky poets along with The Pete Leinonen Band.  The Bill Shively Band, was a mainstay of Red Sky Poetry Theatre from the beginning. Don Wilsun, himself, played the congas and would often recite as he drummed. There are recordings of much of this work, as well as recordings of spoken word.

Influence in Seattle
For all of the influence Red Sky Poetry Theatre had on the West Coast and national literary world, it was still considered "underground" by the academic establishment. This was due to the controversial nature of many of the performers as Red Sky Poetry Theatre allowed anyone to openly state anything about the society within we live. Many of these performers would have no formal academic training. Not everyone liked this approach but it would prove to be paramount to the success of Red Sky Poetry Theatre.

Karen Finneyfrock was one of the Red Sky Poetry Theatre featured readers who would become MC of the Seattle Poetry Slam between 2001 and 2005. Red Sky Poetry Theatre poets were more cooperative at first and not competitive as the Slams were. (The only competitions Red Sky Poetry Theatre would do would be to decide who would be reading at the Bumbershoot Literary Festival. Hundreds applied.) Kathleen Daviduke AKA Katushka, a frequent reader at Open Mics, would win a  place in the 1992 Poetry Bus: The Metro Moving Poetry Series. Matthew Stadler also was a frequent featured reader. Ira Cohen, Sam Hamill and many other well known readers read at Red Sky Poetry Theatré. The list of influential or award winning poets who read at Red Sky Poetry Theatre is extensive.

While Red Sky Poetry Theatre was housed at the Ditto Tavern in the early 1990s, it had such an effect on the Belltown neighborhood that the local art magazine, Belltown's Brain Fever Dispatch would dedicate a full page to Red Sky Poetry Theatre for several months in the early 1990s.

Red Sky would continue with board members leaving and new members joining. Peter Sawicki AKA Tobeimean Peter would join the board in 1985 bringing his artistic flare to the Open Sky magazine with his images on the cover. Peter left the following year to pursue his art. Martina and Alan Goodin would leave in 1992 and Trudy Mercer, instrumental in the publication of early SkyViews and Open Sound, would leave in 1994. Stephen Thomas, who owned Cabaret Hegel which was a performance venue from 84 to 87, would become active in Red Sky Poetry Theatre. Although Thomas was not officially on the board, in 1981 he was a judge for the Bumbershoot Literary Competition. Thomas continued working closely with Red Sky Poetry Theatre until 1997. Steve Potter would join the Red Sky Poetry Theatre board in 1994 and stayed until the end.

Paul Hunter was an intrinsic member of the board, but left in 2004, the year before the last reading. Paul Nelson, who was also a DJ at KPLU-FM and KNDD-FM as well as other stations, would become a Red Sky Poetry Theatre board member in 1997. Nelson was on the board at the end.

Nelson, Bachman, Bart Baxter, another Red Sky Poetry Theatre board member from 1989 through 91, and board member Clarice Keegan were also on the board of the now disbanded Washington Poets Association.  Keegan had previously been on the Seattle Poetry Slam board before joining Red Sky Poetry Theatre.

Jesse Minkert would join the board in 1998 and stayed until the end.  Minkert recorded readings at the Globe Cafe and released a CD called Red Sky At Night: Poets in Seattle in 2002. Others associated with the Red Sky Poetry Theatre board at this time were Diane Westergaard, who was on the board for a year starting in 2004, Allison Durazzi, also on the board, Belle Randall, a frequent featured reader, David Lloyd Whited, whose book 3 & 1 was published by Red Sky Press, and many others continued the Red Sky Poetry Theatre tradition of an unfettered open mic.

Sunset
Don Wilsun, who according to Trudy Mercer was the 'Father of Red Sky Poetry Theatre', stayed on the board until 2001 although he started to participate much less after 1991. He died on May 8, 2003, taking with him much of the original Spirit of Red Sky Poetry Theatre. Wilsun's work is now in an Archive at the University of Washington.

Roberto Valenza left the World on January 19, 2010 leaving much of his work to the University of Washington.

Marion Kimes, the Grande Dame and guiding light of Red Sky Poetry Theatre, died on March 13, 2014.

Bill Shively, founding member of Red Sky Poetry Theatre, who formed the Bill Shively Band and others, died on September 28, 2014.

The works of everyone affiliated with Red Sky Poetry Theatre or nine muses books is being archived at the University of Washington. Most of this growing body of works by various authors, musicians, and artists has not yet been digitized. (A History about Red Sky Poetry Theatre written for that collection, contains inaccuracies which are corrected in this document.)

Red Sky Poetry Theatre went through many venues after it left the Five-O Tavern in the late 1980s. It moved to the Cause Celebre Cafe, also on Capitol Hill, for a few months, then moved to the Still Life Cafe in Fremont, 'The Center of the Universe'. It moved to Anna's Cafe briefly. From there Red Sky Poetry Theatre moved around but landed at Squid Row in the late 1980s. It showed in other venues, as well, moving in 1990 to the Ditto Tavern in Belltown, Seattle. Once the Ditto Tavern folded, Red Sky Poetry Theatre moved back up to Capitol Hill to the Globe Cafe. Robin Schultz, owner of the Globe Cafe, also published Poetry Around Press which published many Red Sky Poetry Theatre authors. In 2005, the Globe changed hands and the last continuous Red Sky Poetry Theatre reading was on October 23, 2005.

Paul Nelson, Teresa Bachman  AKA  Alley Greymond, who was on the Red Sky Poetry Theatre board between 1996 and 1998, Phoebe Bosché, and others have brought back Red Sky Poetry for occasional special events called Red Sky Redux.

References

Poetry festivals in the United States
Festivals in Seattle
Poetry organizations
Spoken word
Performance art festivals
Music of Seattle
Visual arts magazines published in the United States
Poetry literary magazines
1981 establishments in Washington (state)


title: Buffalo Soldiers (1997 film)

text:
Buffalo Soldiers is a 1997 American Western television film directed by Charles Haid and starring an ensemble cast including Lamont Bentley, Tom Bower, Timothy Busfield, Gabriel Casseus, Danny Glover, Bob Gunton, Keith Jefferson, Robert Knott, Carl Lumbly, Clifton Powell, Matt Ross, Glynn Turman, Michael Warren, and Mykelti Williamson. Set in 1880, the film tells the true story of the black cavalry corps known as the Buffalo Soldiers, who protected the Western territories after the end of the Civil War.

Buffalo Soldiers premiered on TNT on December 7, 1997. The film received three nominations at the 50th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1997 television films
1997 films
1990s historical drama films
African-American drama films
African-American Western (genre) films
American Civil War films
American Indian Wars films
American films based on actual events
American historical drama films
American drama television films
Films about American slavery
Films about racism in the United States
Films directed by Charles Haid
Films scored by Joel McNeely
Films set in 1880
Films set in New Mexico
Historical television films
TNT Network original films
Television films based on actual events
American Western (genre) television films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films


The Gil Evans Orchestra Plays the Music of Jimi Hendrix is an album of Jimi Hendrix's compositions by jazz composer, conductor and pianist Gil Evans. The music was arranged by Evans and members of his orchestra. The album was recorded in 1974 and performed by Evans with an orchestra featuring David Sanborn, Howard Johnson, Billy Harper, and John Abercrombie. The album was re-released with additional tracks on CD in 1988.

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4½ stars stating "Evans' arrangements uplift many of Hendrix's more blues-oriented compositions and create a memorable set that is rock-oriented but retains the improvisation and personality of jazz".

Track listing
All compositions by Jimi Hendrix
 "Angel" – 4:09 (arr. by Tom Malone)
 "Crosstown Traffic / Little Miss Lover" – 6:32 (arr. by Tom Malone)
 "Castles Made of Sand (arr. by Gil Evans) / Foxey Lady" (arr. by Warren Smith) – 11:26
 "Up from the Skies" [Take 1 – Original Master] – 9:16 (arr. by Gil Evans)
 "1983... (A Merman I Should Turn to Be)" – 7:32 (arr. by David Horowitz)
 "Voodoo Child" – 5:02 (arr. by Howard Johnson)
 "Gypsy Eyes" – 3:40 (arr. by Trevor Koehler)
 "Little Wing" – 5:33 Bonus track on CD reissue (arr. by Gil Evans)
 "Up from the Skies" [Take 2 – Alternate Take] – 9:53 (arr. by Gil Evans) Bonus track on CD reissue
Recorded in RCA's Studio B in New York City on 11 June (tracks 4 & 9), 12 June (tracks 2, 6 & 7) and 13 June (tracks 1, 3 & 5), 1974, and 14, 25 & 28 April 1975 (track 8)

Personnel
Gil Evans – piano, electric piano, arranger, conductor
Hannibal Marvin Peterson – trumpet, vocals
Lew Soloff – trumpet, flugelhorn, piccolo trumpet
Peter Gordon – French horn
Pete Levin – French horn, synthesizer
Tom Malone – trombone, bass trombone, flute, synthesizer, arranger
Howard Johnson – tuba, bass clarinet, electric bass, arranger
David Sanborn – alto saxophone, soprano saxophone, flute
Billy Harper – tenor saxophone, flute
Trevor Koehler – tenor saxophone, alto saxophone, flute, baritone saxophone, soprano saxophone, arranger
John Abercrombie, Ryo Kawasaki – electric guitar
Keith Loving – guitar
Don Pate – bass
Michael Moore – electric bass, acoustic bass
Bruce Ditmas – drums
Warren Smith – vibraphone, marimba, chimes, latin percussion
Sue Evans – drums, congas, percussion

References

1974 albums
Gil Evans albums
Albums arranged by Gil Evans
RCA Records albums
Jimi Hendrix tribute albums


title: Philip Pavia

text:
Philip Pavia (1911-2005) was a culturally influential American artist of Italian descent, known for his scatter sculpture and figurative abstractions, and the debate he fostered among many of the 20th century's most important art thinkers. A founder of the New York School of Abstract Expressionism, he "did much to shift the epicenter of Modernism from Paris to New York," both as founding organizer of The Club and as founder, editor and publisher of the short-lived but influential art journal It Is: A Magazine for Abstract Art. Reference to the magazine appears in the archives of more than two dozen celebrated art figures, including Picasso, Peggy Guggenheim, and art critic Clement Greenberg. The Club is credited with inspiring art critic Harold Rosenberg’s influential essay “The American Action Painters" and the historic 9th Street Show.

Sculpture

Pavia's spent two years studying architecture at Yale, before transferring to the Art Students League of New York in 1931 where he met life-long friend, fellow abstract expressionist Jackson Pollock. For the next few years, Pavia alternated between art studies in New York and traveling studies in Europe. In 1937, he finally settled in New York City permanently. Soon after, he was hired as WPA Federal Art Project artist, which he later described as an invaluable training ground for himself and for friends and contemporaries like Willem de Kooning, Landes Lewitin, Franz Kline, Jack Tworkov. The experience solidified their discipline and their dialogue, while also giving them ready access to others with a daily practice of making, and therefore thinking about, art.

By 1946, Pavia had started to show professionally, but he was, according to the Times, "something of a loner in his work, and arguably more of an original than some of his better-known contemporaries." As a result, Pavia's first major show was in the 1960s, and featured "tumbling blocks of coloured stone that echoed the effects de Kooning had achieved in his paintings, and which are perhaps," the Times underscored, "underrated for their originality."

In a 1971 article for the New York Times, Pavia explained his work this way:I like to get light to come out of the stone — that's the beauty of it.... I try to carve so as to convey the feel of the light simmering up along the piece and down.... Color and light make the marble real, otherwise it looks just like a balustrade. When I'm finished, the three pieces should go around like a carousel, like one big shaft.Best known for his large-scale abstract assemblages, Pavia also created figurative pieces. His most monumental work been installed on the grounds of several major public sites. In 1971, he was one of four chosen to help sculpt 10 pieces for New York City's first Sculpture Symposium at the Cooper Hewitt Museum of Design. In 1973, he showed a six-foot-tall bronze head of President Kennedy at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Other major installations included the 10-foot-high marble abstraction Wind, Sand and Stars, installed at New York's Cloisters Museum, and the Ides of March, which stood on Sixth Avenue, outside of the New York Hilton, for nearly 25 years. The Times described the latter piece as "four large, rough-hewn diamond shapes whose edges appeared to follow the viewer wherever he walked." Pavia's marble scatter sculpture "East Pediment, Sun-up" was exhibited at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. in 1966, before traveling to the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and its permanent home at the UB Art Galleries in Buffalo, New York in 2020.

Pavia also created large-scale abstract figuration, including "imaginary portraits of many members of The Club" in 1982. John Russell, writing for the New York Times, describes them as "... remarkably ''like,'' without being merely descriptive, and when the light falls on their polished surfaces, the sitters really look like people who are growing old in the service of art." In Pavia's final show, in 2005, he exhibited "12 colossal terracotta heads, executed in a menacingly primitive style [that] drew comparisons with the work of Giacometti."

The Club

Called an "outspoken avant-garde thinker" by the Boston Globe, Pavia founded The Club in 1948, envisioning regular debate among artists, writers and thinkers about issues in art during twice-weekly lectures, members-only panel conversations and other events. Established shortly after the war, The Club was, in part, a response by American artists intimidated by the modernists who had taken refuge in New York after the war: "[T]here were geniuses walking in the streets, you know. About 30 of them," Pavia told the New York Times in 2002. "They included Piet Mondrian, Max Ernst, Josef Albers, Marcel Breuer, Yves Tanguy, André Breton and Marcel Duchamp. Matisse came for a visit and everybody lined up to see him.... Eventually, the refugees moved uptown, and the Americans decided to take them on."

"''The Club'' was a schoolhouse of sorts," writes Devin M. Brown, reviewing Pavia's Club archives, "but it was also a theater, a gallery space, and a dancehall.... [T]he collection demonstrates how various media constantly overlapped whether simply through discussion or in performance. Concerts, dances, and theatrical pieces were all hosted there. Poets, composers, painters, sculptors, filmmakers, and critics all rubbed elbows and argued with each other about aesthetics at The Club’s many panel discussions...." Over time, Pollock rejected surrealism and Jungian imagery, then de Kooning followed suit. After a series of Club lectures on expressionism and abstraction, ideas from both started to merge, and America's first major home-grown abstract art movement was on its way.

"There was just blood on the floor every night," Pavia said once, describing the art fights that would result from panel debates. Debate topics spanned both art and philosophy, and frequently included "non-members like Hannah Arendt, Joseph Campbell and John Cage," while bringing together abstractionists and expressionists, which helped lend currency to the term "abstract-expressionism." Artists like Elaine de Kooning, Willem de Kooning, Barnett Newman, Robert Motherwell, Landes Lewitin, Aristodimos Kaldis, and Leo Castelli would attend meetings too. Devin M. Brown also cites Club Without Walls: Selections from the Journals of Philip Pavia, when recalling Pavia's observation, “If it wasn’t for our persistent gatherings, I am sure we would have all become loners and faded away.”

It is. A Magazine for Abstract Art

In 1956, Pavia resigned from The Club and, in the spring of 1958, published the first edition of the short-lived but influential art journal It is. A Magazine for Abstract Art, as another way to exchange ideas in the Arts. The magazine was used as a forum to discuss ideas of the day, and to champion both emerging artists, such as Allan Kaprow, Robert Rauschenberg, Helen Frankenthaler, and John Chamberlain and already established ones.

As a self-described "partisan publisher," Pavia also used it as a platform to advocate for neglected forms of art. For example, in 1959, in an open letter to Leslie Katz, the new publisher of Arts Magazine, he wrote:I am begging you to give the representational artist a better deal. The neglected representational and near-abstract artists, not the abstractionists, need a champion these days.Numerous high-profile artists supported the project, including Elaine de Kooning who spread word of the publication while serving as a judge on an art show and with local museums in New Mexico. Brooklyn Rail critic Phong Bui described the magazine's influence this way: "Although there were only six issues in its  entirety — with a circulation of 2,000 in the first five and 8,000 copies in the last, which was solely devoted to sculpture — It is is considered to be an indispensable document of American art of that period."

Interviews

 Bui, Phong. "The Club IT IS: A Conversation with Philip Pavia." Feb-March 2001: The Brooklyn Rail.
De Antonio, Emile. "Painters Painting" (1973, 116 min).
 Hooten, Bruce. "Oral history interview with Philip Pavia, 1965 Jan. 19." Archives of American Art.
 Potter, Jeffrey. "Meet Your Neighbor." Springs, NY, 1989. LTV Public Access Archives, East Hampton, New York. (1989, 29 min).
 Tatge, Catherine. "Robert Motherwell & The New York School: Storming the Citadel." (1991, 55 min).

Public Collections

 Albright-Knox Art Gallery
 Hofstra University Museum Outdoor Sculpture Collection
 National Academy of Design, The
 Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Museo dei Bozzetti (Pietrasanta, Italy)
 Museo della Scultura Contemporanea Matera (MUSMA, Italy )
 Renwick Gallery at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
 Whitney Museum of American Art

Awards and honors

 Honorary doctorate, Pennsylvania Academy of Painting and Sculpture, 1995
 Selected as one of the Artists of the Millennium for an exhibition at the United Nations, 1999
 Pollack-Krasner Foundation Grant, 2000
 Artists Equity Honoree, 2002
 Guggenheim Award for Sculpture, 2004

Personal life
Pavia was married to the painter, art critic and writer Natalie Edgar. The couple had two sons: His elder son Luigi died in 2012. His younger son Paul is also a sculptor.

References

External links
 Artsy
 Smithsonian American Art Museum
 Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Philip Pavia and Natalie Edgar archive of abstract expressionist art, 1913-2005

1911 births
2005 deaths
21st-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
21st-century American male artists
Artists from Connecticut
Abstract expressionist artists
People of the New Deal arts projects
Federal Art Project artists
Art Students League of New York alumni
Yale University alumni
21st-century publishers (people)
American magazine publishers (people)
American magazine founders


title: Amin Sweeney

text:
Amin Sweeney (December 13, 193813 November 2010) was a Malay linguist of Anglo-Irish descent. He was primarily known as the author of three volumes of The Complete Works of Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Munsyi and as the chief editor of the online literary journal Horizon Online, a prominent Indonesian literary magazine managed by Taufiq Ismail.

Amin Sweeney was born in England in 1938, and was sent by the British army to Malaya in 1958 to help stop the communist insurgency. Whilst in the army, he chose to live with the Malay soldiers and moved to Kluang from Melaka where he taught English. During his time as a lieutenant in the army, he taught himself Malay culture and Islamic studies. A year later he returned to London and converted to Islam in a London mosque.

Amin's interest in the Malay language and literature drove him to study at the University of London. In 1970, he completed his doctorate dissertation in Malay literature. He then became a lecturer and a professor at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (1970–1977). Afterwards, he was an advisor for graduate and postgraduate programs, Chairman of the Department of South and Southeast Asian Studies (1986–1991) and a member of the Executive Committee of the Centre for Southeast Asia Studies (1991–1998) at the University of California, Berkeley, US, until he retired and became an emeritus professor in 1998.

Amin lived in Cibeureum, near Cipayung, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia up to his death. Sweeney married several times. His wife Sastri Sunarti, is an editor at Horizon Online and an expert in Bahasa Indonesia; she was also the reason he moved to Jakarta. Sweeney had a daughter with Sastri, a son and a daughter from a previous marriage, and six grandchildren. When he died, he was in the process of becoming an Indonesian citizen from a Malaysian one.

Selected written works
As a scholar, he wrote many monographs and books. Among them were Malay Shadow Puppets (London, 1972), The Ramayana and the Malay Shadow-Play (Kuala Lumpur, 1972), Studies in Malaysian Oral and Musical Tradition (with William P Malm, Ann Arbor, 1974), An International Seminar on the Shadow Plays of Asia (with Goto Akira, Tokyo, 1976), Reputations Live On: An Early Malay Autobiography (Berkeley, 1980), Authors and Audiences in Traditional Malay Literature (Berkeley, 1980), A Full Hearing: Orality and Literacy in the Malay World (Berkeley, 1987), Malay Word Music (Kuala Lumpur, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1994), and Karya Lengkap Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Munsyi (The Complete Works of Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Munsyi, three volumes, Jakarta, 2005–2008).

References

1938 births
2010 deaths
Linguists from Malaysia
Academic staff of the National University of Malaysia
Malaysian military personnel
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of English descent
Malaysian people of Irish descent
University of California, Berkeley faculty