title: Archer City Formation

text:
The Archer City Formation is a geological formation in north-central Texas, preserving fossils from the Asselian and early Sakmarian stages of the Permian period. It is the earliest component of the Texas red beds, introducing an tropical ecosystem which will persist in the area through the rest of the Early Permian. The Archer City Formation is preceded by the cool Carboniferous swamp sediments of the Markley Formation, and succeeded by the equally fossiliferous red beds of the Nocona Formation. The Archer City Formation was not named as a unique geological unit until the late 1980s. Older studies generally labelled its outcrops as the Moran or Putnam formations, which are age-equivalent marine units to the southwest.

The sediments of the Archer City Formation reconstruct a coastal floodplain crossed by small meandering rivers and isolated ponds. The climate was hot and monsoonal, preserving a variety of paleosols and plant assemblages ranging from dry upland forests to moist riverside galleries. "Seed ferns" (Sphenopteris, Autunia, Odontopteris, etc.) and early conifers (Walchia, etc.) occupied drier soils, while marattialean ferns (Pecopteris, Asterotheca, etc.) and horsetails (Sphenophyllum, Annularia, Calamites, etc.) were prominent in more humid areas.

The Archer City Formation preserves a diverse fauna of fossil vertebrates in pond bonebeds across Archer and Clay counties. Many fossils are rare fragments of species which are better-preserved in younger parts of the red beds. Nevertheless, complete skeletons and important type specimens are also known from the formation. Some notable synapsids include Apsisaurus witteri, Edaphosaurus boanerges, Ophiacodon uniformis, and Dimetrodon milleri. Early reptiles such as Protorothyris archeri and Romeria spp. make up a small component of the terrestrial fauna. Amphibians are common in every niche, with examples such as Phonerpeton pricei, Neldasaurus wrightei, Edops craigi, Eryops megacephalus, and Pantylus cordatus, just to name a few. The rivers were roamed by Orthacanthus texensis (a xenacanth "shark") and Ectosteorhachis nitidus (a megalichthyid fish).

History and stratigraphy
Fossil bonebeds in the vicinity of Archer City were first investigated in detail by Alfred Romer and Llewellyn Price, starting in the late 1920s. At the time, these bonebeds were assigned to the Pueblo, Moran, or Putnam formations of the Cisco Group. The Archer City Formation was first named in a 1987 geologic map seeking to update the stratigraphy of North Texas. The formation and its stratigraphic placement were formalized in text a year later.

The formation outcrops in an arc from Montague County in the east, through Clay, Archer, and Young counties, as far as Throckmorton County in the west. It is most broadly exposed in Clay and Archer counties, including under its namesake of Archer City.

The Archer City Formation is a unit of the Bowie Group, lying above the Markley Formation and below the Nocona Formation of the Wichita Group. Some publications have labelled the Nocona Formation as the "Upper Archer City Formation", thus considering the Archer City Formation to be a unit of the Wichita Group. This proposal is not widely agreed upon. The Cisco Group and its constituent formations have been restricted to marine strata further south and west. Of these strata, the Archer City Formation is roughly equivalent in time to the uppermost Pueblo Formation, the Moran Formation, the Sedwick Formation, and the Santa Anna Branch shale (= Putnam Formation), from oldest to youngest.

Age
Based on correlations with coastal strata further west, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary is positioned near the top of the Markley Formation. This suggests that the Archer City Formation occupies most of the Asselian (299–293 Ma), the first global stage of the Permian Period. The plant fossils of the Archer City Formation also resemble those of Asselian Europe. The upper part of the Archer City Formation may extend into the succeeding Sakmarian stage (293–290 Ma). The Santa Anna Branch Shale and overlying Coleman Junction Limestone both preserve fossils of Sweetognathus merrilli, a conodont index fossil of the early Sakmarian. The Asselian and Sakmarian global stages are equivalent to the early-middle parts of the Wolfcampian regional stage.

Paleoenvironment
As with the rest of the Texas red beds, the Archer City Formation was deposited on a coastal plain between an inland marine basin in the west and patches of steadily eroding mountains in the north and east. Some of the mountains are still standing in the present day, such as the Wichita Mountains and Arbuckle Mountains, while others have been fully eroded or buried, such as the Texan portion of the Ouachita Mountains. The marine basin is formally known as the Midland Basin, a major component of the Permian Basin oil field. Rising sea levels through the Early Permian allowed the coastline to gradually transgress northward and eastward. The major bonebed sites of the Archer City Formation were probably 40–60 km (25–37 miles) away from the coast.

During the Permian, the area was near the equator, with a latitude of 0° to 5° N. Temperature estimates can be inferred for the Archer City Formation via δ18O records for hematite and phyllosilicate minerals in paleosols. These data points suggest soil temperatures of 31–35 °C (88–95 °F), significantly warmer than the cool and wet conditions of the Markley Formation. This fits with climate evidence from rapid sedimentary changes between the formations, as well as an increasingly patchy distribution of high-humidity flora. The Archer City Formation would have had a hot monsoonal climate, with moist or swampy areas shrinking to the vicinity of riverbanks and ponds during the dry season.

Geology
In terms of their lithologies, the Archer City and Nocona formations are nearly indistinguishable, with equivalent sets of fluvial and floodplain sediments. The vast majority of each formation is homogeneous red mudstone with small calcareous nodules. Fluvial sandstone beds and paleosols are also common. Fossils and other organic debris are concentrated into rare greyish claystone bonebeds, which correspond to perennial ponds. Most of the pond bonebeds are too small to continuously support an ecosystem of large aquatic vertebrates, suggesting that the carcasses may have been washed in from larger bodies of water.

Sandstone beds
By volume, the most prevalent sandstone beds are upwards-fining stacks of point bar, scroll-bar, and coarser channel fill deposits. These are all hallmarks of small meandering rivers, with channels only a few meters wide. Other common sandstone features include subdued, fine-grained crevasse splay deposits. The crevasse splays are often associated with plant fossils which have been remineralized by copper minerals.

Some sandstone beds are isolated straight channel fills, without corresponding riverbank deposits. These straight beds may reach 30 meters in width (though most are much narrower) and several kilometers in length. Coarser beds preserve sinuous megaripples while finer channels develop small climbing ripples towards the top. Straight channels would have formed during high-energy erosion events, but the climate was probably too moist for frequent flash floods.

Paleosols
Four different types of paleosol (labelled types E through H) have been identified in the Archer City Formation. Three (F, G, and H) first appear in this formation, while type E paleosols are retained from the underlying Markley Formation. All four continue to persist through the Texas Lower Permian up until an aridification event in the mid-Clear Fork Group. The paleosols are generally dark red or brown, with only intermittent gleying in the type E variety. The Archer City Formation mostly lacks the high-humidity paleosol varieties of the Markley Formation (types A through D).

Type E paleosols are silty or fine sandy soils with persistent mottling, hematite nodules, and few distinct horizons. They are a type of entisol, young soils corresponding to isolated, frequently disturbed areas with a high water table, such as riverbanks. Type F paleosols are alfisols, patterned with deep root casts and numerous horizons, including intermediate layers with calcareous nodules and smectite clay. They develop in stable forested uplands with a low water table and a semi-arid to subhumid climate (~70 cm of annual precipitation). Type G paleosols are similar, with sandy vertical cracks and abundant calcareous nodules. They qualify as vertisols, inundated and dried at a seasonal frequency along the margins of a floodplain. Type H paleosols have an even greater proportion of calcareous minerals, forming blocky crusts interspersed among chlorite- and mica-rich clay. They could be termed aridisols or (more broadly) inceptisols, deposited in dry upland areas free from the influence of groundwater.

Paleobiota

Synapsids

Reptiles

Temnospondyls

Other amphibians

Fish
Scales of indeterminate palaeoniscoids, spines of Xenacanthus, Hybodus, Ctenacanthus, and "Anodontacanthus americanus" (= Platyacanthus), and teeth of Barbclabornia luederensis, Helodus, Gnathorhiza, petalodonts, and cladodonts have also been reported from bonebeds of the Archer City Formation.

Plants
Plant fossils in the Archer City Formation are concentrated at two sites in Clay County: Kola Switch and Sanzenbacher Ranch. Both sites were discovered in 1940–1941 by Adolph H. Witte, a local geologist working for the WPA. Though Witte's original collections have been lost, he sampled the sites further in 1961, along with USGS geologists Sergius H. Mamay and Arthur D. Watt. On behalf of the USNM, Mamay led another expedition in 1990–1991.

The floral diversity of the Archer City Formation strongly overlaps with other Asselian-Sakmarian formations in the southwestern United States. These include the Bursum and Abo formations of New Mexico and the Neal Ranch Formation of West Texas. There are some notable differences, such as a lack of marattialean ferns in the Bursum Formation and a greater variety of swamp foliage in the Neal Ranch Formation. Many of the broader groups prevalent in these formations are equally abundant in the Rotliegend of Europe, even if only a few specific species (such as Autunia conferta) are common in both regions. Conversely, there is little similarity with swampy coal-bearing areas such as the Dunkard Group of the Appalachian Basin. This is most likely a consequence of local environmental factors rather than a turnover of plant diversity at the Permo-Carboniferous boundary.

Kola Switch
The Kola Switch site is divided into three different layers in a 1.4 meter (4.6 feet) thick interval, each with a different set of fossils. The lower bed is pale upwards-fining siltstone, the middle bed is dark shale with carbonaceous impressions, and the upper bed is greenish claystone.

The seed fern Sphenopteris germanica is the most abundant plant fossil in the lower bed. The conifer Walchia (W. cf. schneideri, W. piniformis) is also common, followed by the seed ferns Odontopteris (O. subcrenulata, O. osmundaeformis, O. cf. readii), and Autunia (A. conferta, A. naumannii). The plants tend to be adapted to low humidity; macrofossils of moisture-loving plants such as ferns and sphenophytes (horsetails) are very rare, despite the evidence for deposition in a slow stream channel. The most common palynomorphs are Columinisporites ovalis (sphenophyll spores), Potonieisporites spp. (conifer pollen), Colatisporites decorus (indeterminate pollen), and Vesicaspora (seed fern pollen).

Conversely, the middle bed is almost entirely marattialean ferns. These include Pecopteris cf. jongmansii, Aphlebia erdmannii, Asterotheca sp, and several more unnamed species. Sphenophytes such as Sphenophyllum are also present. Vesicaspora and Potonieisporites continue to make up a significant portion of the palynomorphs, though Knoxisporites cf. ruhlandii (indeterminate spores), Cyclogranisporites spp. (marattialean spores), and Punctatisporites spp. (marattialean spores) are even more dominant. The middle bed represents foliage washed into a nearby stagnant pond.

The upper bed has the greatest portion of sphenophytes, not just sphenophylls (Sphenophyllum cf. thonii) but also calamitaleans (Annularia carinata, Calamites). Otherwise, the floral diversity of the upper bed encompasses the same species as the other Kola Switch beds. The upper bed palynoflora is mostly Columinisporites ovalis, Colatisporites decorus, Vesicaspora, Potonieisporites, and the bisaccate pollen Platysaccus cf. saarensis. The combination of fossils from the lower and middle bed is peculiar considering their strongly different depositional environments.

Sanzenbacher Ranch
The Sanzenbacher flora occupies a narrow layer of greyish claystone coarsening upwards to buff-colored siltstone. The most abundant plants are dry-soil species of seed ferns and conifers. Seed fern species include Autunia conferta, Sphenopteris germanica, Neurodontopteris auriculata, Odontopteris subcrenulata, and Rhachiphyllum schenkii, among others. Walchia is the most common conifer, followed by Cordaites. Riparian plants are less common but far from rare, giving Sanzenbacher a 'mixed' ecosystem character similar to, but drier than, the upper bed of Kola Switch. Marattialean ferns such as Pecopteris and Asterotheca are occasionally prevalent. Sphenophytes include Calamites, Annularia spicata, and to a lesser extent species of Sphenophyllum. The most common palynomorphs are seed fern pollen (Vesicaspora, Wilsonites, Anguisporites), while conifer pollen (Potonieisporites) and spores are rarer. Still, the palynomorph diversity of Sanzenbacher is much greater than at Kola Switch.

See also

 Red Beds of Texas and Oklahoma
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas
 Permian

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Arroyo Formation

text:
The Arroyo Formation, sometimes termed the Lower Clear Fork Formation, is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Kungurian stage of the Permian period. It is the lower-most portion of the Clear Fork Group, part of a series of fossiliferous Permian strata in the south-central United States known as the red beds.

Geology
The Arroyo Formation is the oldest and most eastern component of the Clear Fork Group. It extends in a Northeasterly direction from Concho County up as far north as Wilbarger County. North of the Red River in Oklahoma, the equivalent formation is the upper Garber Formation and cave deposits of Richards Spur (formerly Fort Sill).

Southern area
The Arroyo Formation was first named by Beede and Waite (1918). The type locality was a series of marine limestone, shale, and gypsum deposits cropping out at Los Arroyos (formerly Los Arroyo), a specific arroyo in Runnels County a few miles west of Ballinger. Wrather (1917) observed the same geological sequence in Taylor County, although he named it the Abilene Formation, which was a preoccupied name rejected by Beede and Waite (1918). At first, Beede and Waite (1918) tentatively placed the Arroyo Formation in the Wichita (or Albany) Stage/Group, rather than the overlying Clear Fork Stage/Group. Subsequent authors, starting with Sellars (1932), have considered the Arroyo Formation the basal part of the Clear Fork Group. Olson (1989) called the portion of the Arroyo Formation below the Salt Fork of the Brazos River the "Southern area", contrasting it with the extensively studied "Classic area" further north.

"Southern area" deposits found north of Runnels County preserve a series of terrestrial mudstone layers interspersed with several distinct intervals of marine limestone, four of which having been named. These four limestone intervals are, from stratigraphically lowest to highest, the Rainey, Lytle, Kirby Lake, and Standpipe Limestones. The composition and appearance of these limestones can be variable, with some localities having fine-grained layers and others being practically marine conglomerate. These four limestone layers do not persist in the entirety of the "Southern Area", with the Standpipe Limestone terminating just north of Abilene. This makes it difficult to distinguish the boundary between the Arroyo and Vale Formation north of Taylor County, where it occurs shortly after the top of the Standpipe Limestone.

The limestone layers are often fossiliferous, preserving fossils from both marine organisms and reworked inland fauna. A diverse assortment of palaeoniscoid fish teeth and scales and bivalve shells are by far the most abundant fossils. Worm burrows and ostracods are also very common. Tetrapod remains include Dimetrodon teeth, unusually small "Lysorophus" (Brachydectes) vertebrae, skull fragments from small Diplocaulus and Trimerorhachis, a few Eryops components, and fragments from various microsaurs, possibly referable to Pantylus, Microbrachis, and/or Pelodosotis. Most of the bones belong to small animals, likely due to taphonomic bias due to ease of transportation. This is also a possible reason as for why found teeth from the freshwater lungfish Gnathorhiza, are much smaller and rarer than those from terrestrial deposits. Captorhinus, a common small animal in the "Classic area", is curiously absent. Shark remains include teeth from Orthacanthus and hybodonts. Marine invertebrates mostly belonged to shallow water or estuary niches, apart from a single poorly preserved nautiloid which likely drifted in from more open waters.

Fossils from terrestrial deposits (like stream conglomerate or red mudstone) are rare in the southern area, found at only a handful of sites in Haskell County and southwestern Baylor County. These fossils are probably from a later interval of the Arroyo Formation, a segment which would lie between the Kirby Lake and Standpipe Limestone layers further south. The fauna is similar to that of the "Classic area", with Diplocaulus, Dimetrodon, and Orthacanthus fossils being the most common and Eryops and Diadectes also known, albeit from much more fragmentary remains.

Northern ("classic") area
Between the Salt Fork Brazos and Red River, the Arroyo Formation preserves a terrestrial floodplain ecosystem found in outcrops in Baylor, Wilbarger, and Wichita counties. This area, which Olson (1989) termed the "Classic area", has been extensively studied for its Permian plant and animal fossils. The portions of the Arroyo Formation exposed in this area are among the oxidized Permian sediments collectively termed the Red Beds of Texas and Oklahoma. They are represented by Red clays, shales, and mudstones, with occasional layers of sandstone or conglomerate, as well as scattered carbonate nodules which become increasingly more common in younger levels. Some of the sandstone layers have been given informal names, such as the Red Tank and Brushy Creek Sandstone Members. Limestone layers are rare relative to the "southern area", and the diagnostic Taylor County layers are seemingly completely absent north of the Salt Fork, although a dolomite layer possibly equivalent to the Rainey or Lytle limestones has been reported. This dolomite layer, informally named the Craddock dolomite, has been known to preserve plant impressions as well as arthropod and tetrapod footprints.

With the absence of the characteristic Standpipe Limestone of the "southern area", Arroyo red beds in the "classic area" are difficult to differentiate from the overlying Vale Formation on a purely geological basis. A similar issue obscures the boundary between the Vale and Choza Formations, with the absence of the Bullwagon Dolomite which separates the two further south. As a result, sedimentologists generally do not distinguish the component formations of the Clear Fork Group, and simply prefer to call these northern red beds the Clear Fork Formation. Under this system, the Arroyo Formation would be roughly equivalent to the informal "Lower Clear Fork Formation".

Olson (1958) attempted to provide an informal geological boundary between the Arroyo and Vale based on the presence of an even red shale or mudstone layer. This layer is found along a northeastern-oriented line that bisected the Clear Fork area in the western part of Baylor County. This even layer, he argued, was formed by slow, brackish streams in a lowland delta close to sea level. Therefore, their presence may have been a result of the same marine transgression responsible for the Standpipe Limestone further south. Under this hypothesis, the Vale Formation could be found in stratigraphically higher areas west of the line, and the Arroyo formation would be east of the line. Nevertheless, Olson admitted that this boundary was imprecise due to the variable depth of the shales and the varying topography of the surrounding landscape.

The "classic area" of the Arroyo Formation is one of the most fossiliferous parts of the Texas Red Beds, and it is typically differentiated from surrounding formations by paleontologists on the basis of faunal differences. A large number of sites are known bearing either abundant plant or animal remains. The animal-bearing sites are among the most diverse Early Permian tetrapod assemblages in the world, with numerous remains of amphibians, pelycosaurs (mammal relatives), chondrichthyans (sharks), and eureptiles. The last and largest known species of edaphosaurid, Edaphosaurus pogonias, is known from the Arroyo, with the family going extinct soon afterwards. Other pelycosaurs, including Secodontosaurus, Varanosaurus, and several species of Dimetrodon, were abundant, though the abundance of Dimetrodon was retained in the Vale and Choza Formations. Captorhinids were the most common eureptiles in the Arroyo, represented by basal taxa such as Captorhinus and Labidosaurus. Captorhinids experienced a taxonomic turnover at the beginning of the Vale Formation, as advanced taxa like Labidosaurikos and Captorhinikos replace or evolve from the more primitive captorhinids soon after the red shale boundary between the two formations. The first specimens of the gracile eureptile Araeoscelis were discovered at the Craddock Bonebed, one of the most productive Arroyo Formation sites in Baylor County. Aquatic amphibians like Diplocaulus, Trimerorhachis, and Eryops are common. Terrestrial amphibians like Seymouria, Diadectes, microsaurs, and various dissorophoids (Acheloma, Broiliellus, Aspidosaurus, etc.) were present as well. Many of these terrestrial amphibians did not survive into the Vale Formation. Burrows containing aestivating Brachydectes, Gnathorhiza, and Diplocaulus are common in the middle part of the Arroyo Formation, likely indicating a period with a drier climate than the early or late Arroyo. The most common shark remains belong to Orthacanthus platypternus, although teeth from Xenacanthus luederensis are also known from some early Arroyo sites.

Paleobiota

"Lepospondyls"

Temnospondyls

Seymouriamorphs

Diadectomorphs

Synapsids

Eureptiles

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian System of North America
Permian geology of Texas
Kungurian
Sandstone formations of the United States
Shale formations of the United States
Fluvial deposits
Lacustrine deposits
Permian northern paleotropical deposits
Paleontology in Texas


title: Bead Mountain Formation

text:
The Bead Mountain Formation is a geologic formation in Texas, United States. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Belle Plains Formation

text:
The Belle Plains Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Bone Spring Formation

text:
The Bone Spring Formation is a geologic formation found in the Delaware Basin in Texas and New Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Leonardian Age of the Permian Period.

Description
The formation consists of dark gray deep marine limestone interbedded with shale and sandstone interpreted as turbidites. The total thickness is about . The base of the formation is largely concealed in the subsurface, and the formation is overlain by the Cutoff Shale. The formation grades laterally into the Victorio Peak Formation.

The uppermost shale beds of the formation have been assigned to the Avalon Shale.

Fossils
The formation contains fossils of the brachiopods Productus leonardensis, Marginifera cristobalensis, Pugnoides texanus, P.  bidentatus, and Composita mexicana; the ammonites Peritrochia erebus, Paracelites elegans, Agathiceras texanum, and Perrinites.

History of investigation
The formation was first designated the Bone Springs Limestone by Blanchard and Davis in 1929. It has subsequently been demoted to membership as the Bone Canyon Member of the Leonard Formation, renamed the Bone Spring Limestone, and most recently redesigned the Bone Spring Formation. The Cutoff Shale was removed as a separate formation in 1964.

Economic geology
The sandstones of the Bone Spring Formation are important petroleum reservoirs with estimated reserves in 1997 of 300,000–375,000 bbl. The formation lies deep in the subsurface in the Delaware Basin, where its shale facies is known as the Avalon Shale.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New Mexico
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas

Footnotes

References

Permian geology of Texas
Permian formations of New Mexico


title: Forrest railway line

text:
The Forrest railway line is a former branch railway in Victoria, Australia. It branched off the Warrnambool railway line at Birregurra, and ran through the foothills of the Otway Ranges to the town of Forrest.

It opened to Deans Marsh on 19 December 1889, and to Forrest on 5 June 1891. It had eight stations at opening: Whoorel, Deans Marsh, Arlett's Corner, Murroon, Dewing's Creek, Gerangamete, Barwon Downs, and Yaugher. On 21 September 1891, four stations were renamed: Arlett's Corner became Pennyroyal, Dewing's Creek became Barwon Downs, Barwon Downs became Yaugher, and Yaugher became Forrest. In the 1940 timetable, trains stopped at the same eight stations as in September 1891, with the train taking fifty minutes to get from Forrest to Birregurra. The line closed in March 1957.

The Forrest railway was a key means of transport for the Otway Ranges timber and coal industries. Prior to the opening of the Great Ocean Road, the Forrest railway, with connecting coaches at Deans Marsh, was also the primary means of reaching the coastal resort town of Lorne.

An extension of the line from Forrest to Barramunga was discussed from the 1890s until at least the 1910s. In 1904, it initially received the support of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Railways but, following an unfavourable report from an officer of the Railways Department, it did not proceed. Local campaigns for the extension continued for several years thereafter, but were unsuccessful.

The Birregurra-Forrest "Tiger" Rail Trail is a walking and cycling track which follows a section of the alignment of the former Forrest line.

Line guide

References

Closed regional railway lines in Victoria (state)
Transport in Barwon South West (region)


title: Briggs Formation

text:
The Briggs Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Camp Creek Formation

text:
The Camp Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Capitan Formation

text:
The Capitan Formation is a geologic formation found in western Texas and southeastern New Mexico. It is a fossilized reef dating to the Guadalupian Age of the Permian period.

The formation underlies El Capitan in Guadalupe Mountains National Park, and the formation and its associated basin, shelf margin, and backreef formations have been described as "the largest, best-preserved, most accessible, and most intensively studied Paleozoic reef complex in the world."

History of investigation
The Guadalupe Mountains were first described in the reports of 1849 and 1850 United States military expeditions to the area.  George Shumard was the first geologist to study the area, in 1855, and described an "upper white limestone" containing fossils. These included fusulinids and brachiopods, that were identified correctly by his brother, B.F. Shumard, as Permian in age. However, debate on whether the beds were Carboniferous or Permian in age continued until at least 1920. The work of Darton and Reeside in 1926 established the accepted framework for the stratigraphy of the area, and identified the Capitan Formation as late Permian in age.

The Capitan Formation itself was first named by G.B. Richardson in 1904 for exposures in the Guadalupe Mountains. Richardson was impressed by the great mass of seemingly uniform limestone, forming vertical cliffs over  tall, and noted that much of the limestone was dolomitized. He was also impressed with the abundant fossils found in the middle beds of the formation, forming a fossil assemblage unlike anything else known at that time. Richardson interpreted the Guadalupe Mountains as an east-dipping monocline with a fault on the steep western boundary, and believed El Capitan itself was a product of erosion.

Interest in the formation was rekindled by the discovery in May 1923 of the Big Lake oil field in Texas and the drilling of the first commercial oil well in southeastern New Mexico in 1924. This culminated in the publication by E. Russell Lloyd in 1929 of his interpretation of the Capitan Limestone and associated formations as a gigantic fossil coral reef. Lloyd traced the reef nearly to Carlsbad and noted that the dissimilarity of the formations on the two sides of the reef, now known as the basin and backreef shelf facies. Two months later, a “Symposium on Pennsylvanian and Permian stratigraphy of southwestern United States” appeared in the August, 1929 issue of the Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, which provided a flood of new details on the Capitan reef.

As part of that symposium, Philip B. King and R.E. King presented their conclusion that the Tessey, Gilliam, and Vidrio Limestones of the Glass Mountains of west Texas were correlative with the Capitan Formation, and redesigned them as members of the formation. However, by 1937, King had concluded that the Tessey Limestone was not part of the Capital Formation and removed it as a member. By 1942 he had restricted the definition of the Capitan Formation to reef limestone, consistent with the stratigraphic conventions in the Guadalupe Mountains, and removed the Gilliam and most of the Vidrio Limestone from the formation.

Description
The Capitan Formation consists of compact, massive, light grey to white limestone with minor dolomite. Its total thickness is . On the backreef side of the formation, the Capitan rests on the Goat Seep Dolomite and grades into and is overlain by the Artesia Group, while on the basin side, the Capitan rests on the Delaware Mountain Group and is overlain by the Castile Formation. The formation thus forms a narrow belt curving around the western side of the Delaware Basin that interfingers with backreef formations on the northwestern to southwestern side and with basin formations on the southeastern to northeastern side.

The formation is a giant fossil reef, extending at least from the Carlsbad area to the Glass Mountains of Texas. At its greatest development, the reef may have been built up to  above the sea floor.

Fossils
Richardson (1904) found that the upper and lower beds of the formation were relatively unfossiliferous, but the middle section contained an abundant fossil assemblage unlike any other known at that time.

Fusulinida
 Fusulina elongata

Porifera
 Numerous species

Anthozoa
 A few species

Bryozoa
 Acanthocladia
 Goniocladia

Brachiopoda
 Streptorhynchus
 Orthotetes
 Geyerella
 Orthothetina
 Chonetes
 Productus occidentalis
 P. subhotridus
 P. popei
 P. mexicanus
 Marginifera pileolus
 Spirifer mexicanus
 Spirifer sev sp.
 Martinia
 Squamularia guadalupensis
 Ambocoelia
 Spiriferina billingsi
 Hustedia meekana
 Pugnax swallowiana
 Rhynchonella indentata
 Terebratuloids
 Leptodus
 Richthofenia permiana

Mollusca
 Schizodus securas
 Aviculopecten
 Lima
 Camptonectes
 Streblopteria
 Myalina squamosa
 Myoconcha
 Indeterminate gastropods

King found that the Vidrio Limestone Member had been highly dolomitized, destroying most of its fossil contents, but he recognized fossils of coralline algae, cup corals, crinoid stems, fusulinids, echinoid spines, and brachiopods.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

Footnotes

References

Permian geology of Texas
Permian formations of New Mexico


title: Cathedral Mountain Formation

text:
The Cathedral Mountain Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also
 Geology of Texas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas
 Philip Burke King

References

Stratigraphy of Cathedral Mountain Formation

External links

Permian geology of Texas


title: Cerro Alto Limestone

text:
The Cerro Alto Limestone is a geological formation in Texas, USA. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Limestone formations of the United States
Permian geology of Texas


title: Cibolo Formation

text:
The Cibolo Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Putnam Formation

text:
The Putnam Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Me and Earl and the Dying Girl

text:
Me and Earl and the Dying Girl is a 2012 debut novel written by Jesse Andrews. The novel was released in hardcover by Amulet Books on March 1, 2012, and in paperback on May 7, 2013.

Plot
Greg Gaines is a senior at Benson High School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A social loner, he navigates high school life by gaining everyone's acquaintance but staying clear of any particular clique. His only real friend is Earl Jackson, a fellow student from a poor and broken family. Greg and Earl have been friends since childhood but Greg will only (cautiously) claim that they are coworkers. The two spend most of their time making films together. Greg and Earl keep their filming ventures a secret from their peers, fearing ridicule for their mediocre projects.

One day, Greg's mother tells him that his childhood friend, Rachel Kushner, is diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia. Greg's mother wants him to rekindle their friendship and make her feel better. Although Greg had only befriended Rachel to try to get closer to her more attractive friend, Leah Katzenberg, he realizes that he cannot argue with his mother and calls her.

One day at school, Greg gets a text from Rachel saying that she would be starting chemotherapy the next day. Although he and Earl are accidentally on drugs at that moment, they make it to Rachel's, where Greg introduces her to Earl. The three go out for ice-cream, and Earl invites Rachel to watch some of their films. Greg is furious but does not stop him.

At school, Greg begins to fall back in his studies and soon comes close to failing all of his subjects. He is pressured by his parents to seriously apply to a college, but Greg is unsure of which one to choose. He discusses it with Rachel, who tells him that he should apply to a film school. Meanwhile, word gets around Benson High that Greg and Rachel have become close. Madison Hartner, Greg's long-time crush, comes to hear of his films from Rachel and persuades him to make a movie for Rachel. Greg and Earl come up with different ideas (including documentary footage, confessionals, and puppetry), and the end result, entitled Rachel the Film, is a mashup of everything they try out. To Greg's horror, the film is shown to the entire school during an assembly. Upset by this, Greg stops going to school altogether and scratches all the DVDs of his films.

A few days after the screening, Rachel dies. Greg goes to Earl to talk about it and finds out that he too destroyed his copies of their movies, and is done with film-making for good. Greg tells him that he would be applying to film school instead of college. Earl is opposed to this, saying that Rachel's death shouldn't be affecting his future plans.

In the epilogue, Greg reveals that he wrote the book as an explanation to his prospective college, the University of Pittsburgh, about why he fell back on schoolwork during his last school year. After his conversation with Earl, he had decided to retire from film-making, but on writing down his experience, decides that he shouldn't. He realizes that he was always unhappy because he was trying to be someone he wasn't, but was content when he was just himself. He makes up his mind to apply to film school within the next six months. The book ends with him wondering if he should put Rachel in his next film.

Reception
Me and Earl and the Dying Girl was generally well-received by critics, including starred reviews from Booklist and Kirkus Reviews.

Booklist's Daniel Kraus wrote, "One need only look at the chapter titles ... to know that this is one funny book, highlighted by screenplay excerpts and Earl’s pissy wisdom. What’s crazy is how moving it becomes in spite of itself. The characters are neither smart or precocious ... But it’s this honest lack of profundity, and the struggle to overcome it, that makes Andrews’ debut actually kinda profound."

Kirkus Reviews stated the book "stands on its own in inventiveness, humor and heart."

A mixed review from Publishers Weekly stated, "This tale tries a little too hard to be both funny and tragic, mixing crude humor and painful self-awareness. Readers may be either entertained or exhausted by the grab bag of narrative devices Andrews employs ... In trying to defy the usual tearjerker tropes, Andrews ends up with an oddly unaffecting story." The outlet praised the audiobook's production, though, claiming, "The use of multiple voices textures the story and increases the entertainment value."

Further, Me and Early and the Dying Girl book has a 3.6/5 rating on Goodreads and 4/5 rating on the Barnes & Noble website.

Booklist included Me and Earl and the Dying Girl  on their 2012 "Top 10 First Novels for Youth" list, and Young Adult Library Services Association named on their 2013 Best Fiction for Young Adults list.

Censorship in the United States
Despite the positive reception, according the American Library Association's Office of Intellectual Freedom, Me and Earl and the Dying Girl was the seventh-most banned and challenged book in the United States in 2021 and tied for the tenth-most banned and challenged book of 2022. In late 2023 the book was removed from 20 library shelves in Cobb Country, Georgia; the school district administration said they presented, "highly inappropriate, sexually explicit content." President of the Cobb County Association of Educators said that media specialists were being interviewed about when and why they had bought the books and that the interviews may be a prelude to being fired.

Film adaptation

An adaptation based on the novel was filmed in Pittsburgh beginning June 2014, directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon, with an adapted screenplay by the author, and starring Thomas Mann, RJ Cyler, Olivia Cooke, Connie Britton, Nick Offerman, Molly Shannon, and Jon Bernthal. The film premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival, where it won both the Audience award (Dramatic) and the Grand Jury Prize (Dramatic).

References

External links
 Books Unbanned, Brooklyn Public Library

2012 American novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels about cancer
Novels set in Pittsburgh
American young adult novels
2012 debut novels
Amulet Books books


title: Choza Formation

text:
The Choza Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Vale Formation

text:
The Vale Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period. Diplocaulus recurvatus is one of the creatures discovered there.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Clyde Formation

text:
The Clyde Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Coleman Junction Formation

text:
The Coleman Junction Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Concha Formation

text:
The Concha Formation is a geologic formation in Texas and Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian Arizona
Permian geology of Texas


title: Cutoff Formation

text:
The Cutoff Formation is a geologic formation in Texas and New Mexico, US. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

Description
The Cutoff Formation consists of  feet of thin limestone beds interbedded with dark shale and sandstone. It grades northwards into the San Andres Formation and is likely correlative with the upper part of the Bone Spring Formation within the Delaware Basin. In age, the formation straddles the Cisuralian - Guadalupian boundary. It lies atop the Victorio Peak or Bone Spring Formation and is overlain by the Brushy Canyon Formation or Cherry Canyon Formation. Both these formations fill paleocanyons cut deeply in the Cutoff Formation, in some cases cutting clear through to the underlying Bone Springs or Victorio Peak beds.

The formation is interpreted as a deep basin formation deposited on a drowned shelf to basin topography. It contains numerous turbidite sequences.

Fossils
Limestone beds of the formation contain chonetid brachiopods (Chonetes) and gastropods. The formation includes a few massive limestone beds that contain a diverse assemblage of fossils, including fusulinids, corals, and crinoids. Other fossils include the shark Helicoprion, the ammonoids Pseudogastrioceras and Perrinites hilli, the nautiloid Foordiceras, and the fusulinid Parafusulina.

History of investigation
The unit was first designated as the Cutoff shaly member of the Bone Spring Limestone by P.B. King in 1942, for exposures on the west face of Cutoff Mountain near the New Mexico - Texas border.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas
Permian formations of New Mexico


title: Hess Formation

text:
The Hess Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Hueco Formation

text:
The Hueco Formation is a geologic formation in west Texas and southern New Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the early Permian period.

Description
The formation is composed most of massive gray fossiliferous limestone with some shale and sandstone, with a thickness in excess of . It overlies the Panther Seep Formation with a slight disconformity, and its base is typically a thick biostromal limestone bed. The formation unconformably underlies the Wilkie Ranch Formation. It intertongues with the Abo Formation in the southern San Andres Mountains.

In the Robledo Mountains, the Hueco is promoted to group rank and divided into (in ascending stratigraphic order) the Shalem Colony, Community Pit, Robledo Mountains, and Apache Dam Formations. In the Hueco Mountains, the uppermost formation is the Alacran Mountain Formation.

The Hueco Formation is contemporary with the Abo Formation and represents continued marine sediment deposition south of the prograding Abo deltas.

History of investigation
The formation was first defined by G.B. Richardson in 1904, but mistakenly thought to be Pennsylvanian in age. Nelson dated the formation as earliest Permian in the Franklin Mountains in 1940. Spencer G. Lucas et al. promoted the formation to group rank in 1998.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

Footnotes

References

Limestone formations of the United States
Permian formations of New Mexico
Permian geology of Texas


title: Hueco Canyon Formation

text:
The Hueco Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Lenox Hills Formation

text:
The Lenox Hills Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Moran Formation

text:
The Moran Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: San Angelo Formation

text:
The San Angelo Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period. It is one of the geologically youngest formations to preserve fossils of pelycosaurs.

Stratigraphy and age

The San Angelo Formation belongs to the Kungurian stage of the Cisuralian series. It underlies the Blaine Formation, which is either upper Kungurian or lower Guadalupian.

Fossil content
Everett C. Olson regarded the San Angelo Formation as preserving some of the oldest known therapsids, several of which he classified in a taxon he called Eotheriodonta. These taxa are now interpreted as caseids and sphenacodontids, not therapsids.

Synapsids

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Bibliography

Permian geology of Texas


title: Quartermaster Formation

text:
The Quartermaster Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Further reading
 R. Roth, N.D. Newell, and B.H. Burma. 1941. Permian pelecypods in the lower Quartermaster Formation, Texas. Journal of Paleontology 15(3):312-317

Permian System of North America
Permian geology of Texas
Changhsingian
Dolomite formations
Tidal deposits
Permian northern paleotropical deposits
Paleontology in Texas


title: Alpla HC Hard

text:
Alpla HC Hard is a handball club from Hard, Austria. They currently compete in the Handball Liga Austria.

History

In 1986, the handball division was separated from the ATSV Hard club, and subsequently the independent club HC 86 Hard was founded. Under the guidance of coach Zoltán Balogh, HC Hard reached the Austrian top flight in the 1997/98 season. In the 2002/03 season, HC Hard won the Austrian Championship for the first time under the guidance of coach Frank Bergemann. In the 2004/05 season, the club won its first victory in the Austrian Cup. The club moved to its new home in the Sporthalle am See in 2005. The club won the championship 7 times in total (2003, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2021), the cup 4 times (2005, 2008, 2014, 2018) and the Super Cup 5 times (2012, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021). In 2007/08, HC Hard reached the final of the EHF Challenge Cup, but won the final against Romanian UCM Sport Reșița with a score of 54:47 on aggregate.

Crest, colours, supporters

Naming history

Club crest

Kits

Sports Hall information

Arena: – Sporthalle am See
City: – Hard
Capacity: – 2400
Address: –  Seestraße 60, 6971 Hard, Austria

Team

Current squad

Squad for the 2022–23 season

Technical staff
 Head coach:   Hannes Jón Jónsson
 Assistant coach:   Benjamin Trautvetter
 Fitness coach:  Stefan Jäger
 Masseur:  Martin Maier
 Club Doctor:  Dr. Michael Fink

Transfers
Transfers for the 2022–23 season

Joining
  Nikola Stevanovic (RB) from  AEK Athens
  Frederic Wüstner (LB) from  TSV St. Otmar St. Gallen
  Sigtryggur Daði Rúnarsson (CB) from  Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja

Leaving
  Thomas Hurich (GK) (retires)
  Manuel Schmid (CB) (retires)
  Robin Kritzinger (RW) to  Bregenz Handball

Previous Squads

EHF ranking

Former club members

Notable former players

  Harald Beilschmied (2000–2001)
  Daniel Dicker (2014–2018)
  Wolfgang Filzwieser (2002–2007)
  Bernd Friede (1999–2008, 2010–2014)
  Guido Graf (1998–2002)
  Lukas Herburger (2011–2018)
  Maximilian Hermann (2018–2020)
  Michael Knauth (2008–2018)
  Roland Schlinger (2014–2017)
  Dominik Schmid (2008–2014, 2015–)
  Lukas Schweighofer (2018–)
  Nikola Stevanovic (2022–)
  Ibish Thaqi (2006–2007)
  Markus Wagesreiter (2005–2007)
  Robert Weber (2004–2008)
  Frederic Wüstner (2012–2018, 2022–)
  Gerald Zeiner (2013–2020)
  Boris Zivkovic (2011–2021)
  Srđan Predragović (2021–)
  Ivan Horvat (2018–)
  Bruno Kozina (2019–2020)
  Krešimir Kozina (2013–2015)
  Sigtryggur Daði Rúnarsson (2022–)
  Mārtiņs Lībergs (2003–2005)
  Risto Arnaudovski (2017–2019)
  Golub Doknić (2011–)
  Damian Wleklak (2007–2009)
  Stanislav Kulinchenko (2004–2007)
  Marko Krsmančić (2011–2015, 2020–2021)
  Mitar Markez (2014–2015)
  Luca Raschle (2009–)

Former coaches

References

External links

Handball clubs in Austria
Handball clubs established in 1986


title: Road Canyon Formation

text:
The Road Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

Definition
The formation is the defining unit for the Roadian stage of the Permian period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas
Permian geology of Texas

Kungurian
Limestone formations
Reef deposits
Shallow marine deposits
Permian northern paleotropical deposits
Paleontology in Texas
Formations


title: FIFA World Cup top goalscorers

text:
A total of over 2,700 goals have been scored in games at the Men's 22 final tournaments of the FIFA World Cup, not counting penalties scored during shoot-outs. Since the first goal scored by French player Lucien Laurent at the 1930 FIFA World Cup, almost 1,300  footballers have scored goals at the World Cup tournaments, of whom 101 have scored five or more.

The top goalscorer of the inaugural competition was Argentina's Guillermo Stábile with eight goals. Since then, only 25 players have scored more at all the games played at the World Cup than Stábile did throughout the 1930 tournament. The first was Hungary's Sándor Kocsis with eleven in 1954. At the next tournament, France's Just Fontaine improved on this record with 13 goals in only six games. Gerd Müller scored 10 for West Germany in 1970 and broke the overall record when he scored his 14th goal in a tournament match at a World Cup during West Germany's win in the 1974 final. His record stood for more than three decades until Ronaldo's 15 goals between 1998 and 2006 for Brazil. Germany's Miroslav Klose went on to score a record 16 goals across four consecutive tournaments between 2002 and 2014.

Of all the players who have played in the World Cup tournaments, only six have achieved an average of two goals or more per game played: Kocsis, Fontaine, Stábile, Russia's Oleg Salenko, Switzerland's Josef Hügi, and Poland's Ernst Wilimowski — the last of these scored four in his single World Cup game in 1938. The top 101 goalscorers have represented 30 nations, with 14 players scoring for Brazil, and another 14 for Germany or West Germany. In total, 67 footballers came from UEFA (Europe), 30 from CONMEBOL (South America), and only four from elsewhere: Cameroon, Ghana, Australia, and the United States.

Fontaine holds the record for the most goals scored in a single tournament, with 13 goals in 1958. The players that came closest were Kocsis in 1954, Müller in 1970 and Portugal's Eusébio in 1966, with 11, 10 and 9, respectively. The lowest scoring top scorer was in 1962, when six players tied at only four goals each. Across the 22 tournaments of the World Cup, 31 footballers have been credited with the most tournament goals, and no one has achieved this feat twice. Ten of them scored at least seven goals in a tournament, while Brazil's Jairzinho and Argentine's Lionel Messi were the only footballers to score at least seven goals without being the top goalscorer of the tournament in 1970 and 2022, respectively. These 31 top goalscorers played for 20 nations, the most (five) for Brazil. Another five came from other South American countries, with the remaining 21 coming from Europe.

In 2006, Ronaldo was the first to score 8 goals in knockout matches (excluding 3rd place playoff) at the World Cup in his 3 tournaments for Brazil, tied in 2022 by Kylian Mbappé. Mbappé became the first player to score 4 goals in World Cup finals with his hat-trick in 2022.

Overall top goalscorers

Timeline

Top goalscorers for each tournament

Goalscorers at multiple tournaments

Top goalscorers in final matches

Bold indicates winning final
Parentheses indicates no goals scored

See also
List of FIFA World Cup hat-tricks
List of FIFA World Cup own goals
All-time table of the FIFA World Cup

Notes

References

External links
FIFA World Cup statistics at FIFA.com
Statistics at RSSSF
Planet World Cup

Goalscorers
FIFA World Cup records and statistics
World Cup top scorers


title: Delaware Mountain Group

text:
The Delaware Mountain Formation is a geologic formation in the Delaware Mountains of Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Ross Mine Formation

text:
The Ross Mine Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Rustler Formation

text:
The Rustler Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: San Andres Formation, United States

text:
The San Andres Formation is a geologic formation found in New Mexico and Texas. It contains fossils characteristic of the late Leonardian (Kungurian) Age) of the Permian Period.

The formation is the most widely exposed Paleozoic formation in the state of New Mexico, cropping out in a zone  wide that extends from west Texas to central New Mexico and with additional exposures in the Zuni Mountains and Sangre de Cristo Mountains. It is also prominent in the subsurface in the San Juan Basin and in eastern New Mexico.

Description
The formation consists mostly of massive marine limestone. The limestone is typically cherty and poorly fossiliferous, but fossils are locally abundant. The total thickness is up to .

The formation is transitional with the underlying Glorieta Sandstone or Yeso Group. Where the basal sandstone beds are a minor component compared with marine limestone, these beds are assigned to the Rio Bonito Member of the San Andres Formation and no Glorieta Sandstone is mapped. Where the basal sandstones contain little or no marine limestone, the lower beds are mapped as Glorieta Sandstone and no Rio Bonito Member is mapped. This transition from clastic to marine beds represents a late Leonardian marine transgression that was the last to reach northern New Mexico for the next 150 million years. The remaining members are the Bonney Canyon Member, a relatively thin section of thin-bedded limestone with local gypsum beds, and the upper Fourmile Draw Member, which is primarily marine carbonates. The Fourmile Draw grades into the Brushy Canyon and Cherry Canyon Formations in the Delaware Basin and contains considerable gypsum in the Guadalupe Mountains. The entire San Andres Formation tends to become more dolomitic to the north.

The formation is conformably overlain by the Grayburg Formation or, where this is not present, unconformably by Triassic units.

Fossil content
The formation contains fossils of the gastropod Euomphalus, the scaphopods Plagioglypia canna and Dentalium mexicanam, and the bivalve Aviculipinna.

History of investigation
The beds making up this unit were first identified as an unfossiliferous limestone overlying the Manzano Group by Herrick in 1900. Herrick did not include the beds in the Manzano Group, but in 1909, W.H. Lee mistakenly concluded that it contained fossils indicating a Pennsylvanian age and added the formation to the Manzano Group, designated a type area at the northern end of the San Andres Mountains. However, when Boese established that the upper Manzano Group was actually Permian in age in 1920, the Manzano Group was abandoned and the San Andres Formation was assigned to the late Permian.

In 1922, N.H. Darton reported that the Yeso Formation and San Andres Formation were lithologically indistinguishable at some locations, and lowered both to member rank within his new Chupadera Formation. The Picacho Limestone of the Pecos River valley was correlated with the San Andres Formation by Lang in 1937, who abandoned the Picacho Limestone as a formation name. By 1937 the San Andres was being recognized as an important unit in the subsurface in eastern New Mexico and west Texas.

In 1942, P.B. King advocated for abandoning the Chupadera Formation and restoring the San Andres to formation rank. Needham and Bates formally designated a type section in 1943, at the same time removing the Glorieta Sandstone from the formation. V.C. Kelley divided the formation into members in 1971.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New Mexico
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in New Mexico
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Bibliography

Permian formations of New Mexico
Permian geology of Texas
Permian System of North America
Kungurian
Limestone formations of the United States
Dolomite formations
Reef deposits
Permian northern paleotropical deposits


title: Sedwick Formation

text:
The Sedwick Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Skinner Mountain Formation

text:
The Skinner Mountain Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Skinner Ranch Formation

text:
The Skinner Ranch Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Sullivan Peak Formation

text:
The Sullivan Peak Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Deutsche Shakespeare-Gesellschaft

text:
The Deutsche Shakespeare-Gesellschaft (German Shakespeare Society) was founded on the occasion of the 300th birthday of William Shakespeare on 23 April 1864. It was the first scientific and cultural association of its type in Weimar, and is one of the oldest functioning literary societies in the world.

References

Organisations based in Thuringia
Weimar
1864 establishments in Germany
Organizations established in 1864


title: Talpa Formation

text:
The Talpa Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Valera Shale

text:
The Valera Shale is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Shale formations of the United States
Permian geology of Texas


title: Vidrio Formation

text:
The Vidrio Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Wichita Formation

text:
The Wichita Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Nocona Formation

text:
The Nocona Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Petrolia Formation

text:
The Petrolia Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian geology of Texas


title: Word Formation

text:
The Word Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period. It is probably named for the Old Word Ranch in the Glass Mountains of Brewster County.

Defining formation
The Wordian age of the Permian Period is named for the Word Formation.

Subdivisions
The formation is subdivided into three members, from young to old:
 Appel Ranch - Wordian
 China Tank - Roadian
 Willis Ranch - Roadian

Fossil content
The limestone formation contains marine gastropods, brachiopods and ammonites.

Vertebrate paleofauna
 Helicoprion davisii

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Further reading
 M. Kelly and R. Zangerl. 1976. Helicoprion (Edestidae) in the Permian of West Texas. Journal of Paleontology 50(5):992-994
 G. A. Cooper and R. E. Grant. 1972. Permian brachiopods of west Texas, I. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 14:1-231
 R. L. Batten. 1958. Permian Gastropoda of the southwestern United States. 2. Pleurotomariacea: Portlockiellidae, Phymatopleuridae, and Eotomariidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 114(2):153-246
 E. L. Yochelson. 1956. Permian Gastropoda of the southwestern United States. 1. Euomphalacea, Trochonematacea, Pesudophoracea, Anomphalacea, Craspedostomatacea, and Platyceratacea. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 110(3):173-276
 A. K. Miller and W. M. Furnish. 1940. Permian ammonoids of the Guadalupe Mountain region and adjacent area. Geological Society of America Special Paper 26:1-242
 F. B. Plummer and G. Scott. 1937. Upper Paleozoic ammonites in Texas. The University of Texas Bulletin 3701:1-516
 R. E. King. 1931. The Geology of the Glass Mountains, Texas, Part II, Faunal summary and correlation of the Permian formations with description of Brachiopoda. The University of Texas Bulletin 3042:1-245
 G. H. Girty. 1909. The Guadalupian fauna. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 58:1-651

Geologic formations of Texas
Permian geology of Texas

Roadian
Reef deposits
Limestone formations
Shallow marine deposits
Permian northern paleotropical deposits
Paleontology in Texas
Formations


title: Estômbar e Parchal

text:
Estômbar e Parchal is a civil parish in the municipality of Lagoa, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Estômbar and Parchal. The population in 2011 was 9,004, in an area of 28.07 km2.

References

Parishes of Lagoa, Algarve
Towns in Portugal


title: Magdalena Formation

text:
The Magdalena Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas
Permian System of North America
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Neal Ranch Formation

text:
The Neal Ranch Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas
Permian System of North America
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Bevo HC

text:
Bevo HC is a Dutch handball club from Panningen, Limburg. The club was founded on 1 July 1987 after the merger of BEVO and Heldia. The men's team competes in the BENE-League in the season 2019-2020. The woman's team competes in eredivisie in the season 2019-2020.

Crest, colours, supporters

Kits

Accomplishments

Men
NHV Eredivisie:
Winners (1) : 2014
Runner-Up (3) : 2004, 2009, 2016

Dutch Handball Cup:
Winners (1) : 2018
Runner-Up (5) : 2001, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008

Dutch Supercup:
Winners (3) : 2004, 2007, 2014
Runner-Up (1) : 2018

External links
 Official website
 EHF Profile

Handball clubs in the Netherlands
Peel en Maas


title: Ugley Green

text:
Ugley Green is a small village in the district of Uttlesford in Essex, England. It is approximately  north-east from Bishops Stortford, and just to the west of the M11 motorway. The village is within the civil parish of Ugley, a smaller settlement  to the north.

The village contains two Grade II listed 19th-century houses, and a post-medieval house.

The village hall was built in 1920. Occupations in 1933 included four farmers, a carpenter, a stationer & sub-postmaster, a blacksmith, a gravel merchant, a beer retailer, a shopkeeper, a steward to Wades Hall, and the licensee of the White Hart public house. Wades Hall is the remaining wing of a larger house dating to the 16th century, Grade II listed, and approximately  northwest from the village.

See also
 Clavering hundred
 The Hundred Parishes
 Rude Britain

References

Villages in Essex
Uttlesford


title: The Physical World

text:
The Physical World is the second studio album by Canadian rock duo Death from Above 1979. It was released September 9, 2014, through Last Gang Records. The album was produced by Dave Sardy who has previously worked with artists such as Oasis, Red Hot Chili Peppers, LCD Soundsystem, and Nine Inch Nails.

History
The album was announced on June 11, 2014. The first single, "Trainwreck 1979", about the 1979 Mississauga train derailment, was released on July 8, and the second single, "Government Trash", was released on August 14. "Trainwreck 1979" impacted radio on August 5, 2014.

The album was a long-listed nominee for the 2015 Polaris Music Prize. It was named Rock Album of the Year for 2015 at the Juno Awards.

Track listing

Personnel
Death From Above 1979
 Jesse F. Keeler – bass, synthesizer, songwriting
 Sebastien Grainger – drums, vocals, songwriting

Additional personnel
 Dave Sardy – production, mixing recording
 Andy Brohard – engineering
 Cameron Barton – engineering
 Ryan Castle – engineering
 Show Group – design
 Eva Michon – photography
 Dennis Chow – "tattoo flash"

Charts

References

Death from Above 1979 albums
Albums produced by Dave Sardy
2014 albums
Last Gang Records albums
Warner Records albums
Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year albums


title: Initia HC Hasselt

text:
Initia Hasselt is a handball club from Hasselt, Belgium. They currently compete in the Belgian First Division.

Crest, colours, supporters

Kits

External links
 Official website
 EHF Profile

Handball clubs in Belgium


title: Banta Shut Formation

text:
The Banta Shut Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas
Neogene stratigraphic units of North America


title: Bridwell Formation

text:
The Bridwell Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Neogene geology of Texas


title: Clarendon Beds

text:
The Clarendon Beds is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas
Neogene stratigraphic units of North America


title: Coetas Formation

text:
The Coetas Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Neogene geology of Texas


title: Goliad Formation

text:
The Goliad Formation (Tg) is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Serravallian to earliest Pliocene stages (Clarendonian, Hemphillian and earliest Blancan in the NALMA classification) of the Neogene period, including the gomphothere Blancotherium among many other fossil mammals, reptiles, birds and fish.

The formation hosts uranium deposits and forms the Evangeline aquifer underneath the city of Houston.

Description
The Goliad Formation was described by Plummer in 1933, as consisting of three members; the Lapara Sand, overlain by the Lagarto Creek Beds, in turn overlain by the Labahia Beds with outcrop thicknesses ranging from . The Goliad Formation comprises claystone, sand, sandstone, marl, caliche, limestone, and conglomerates and reaches in certain areas a thickness of . The formation overlies the Fleming Formation and dates from the Clarendonian to the earliest Blancan. In the southwest of its range, the formation overlies the Catahoula and Gueydan Formations. The Goliad Formation is recognized regionally across the Texas coastal plain as an interval of dominantly fluvial siliciclastic strata that overlies the Miocene Fleming Formation and underlies Pleistocene terrace deposits. The formation is now interpreted as a basinward-thickening progradational wedge of Middle and Late Miocene age. Stratigraphic thicknesses in outcrop range from , but offshore the interval thickens to as much as .

Together with the Catahoula, Fleming and Oakville Formation, the Goliad Formation is part of the Gulf Coast aquifer, an extensive artesian aquifer that produces water primarily for irrigation and municipalities. The Evangeline aquifer is hosted by the Goliad Formation underlying the city of Houston. The formation hosts uranium deposits in the South Texas Uranium Province and is mined for caliche in Hidalgo County, Texas.

Fossil content
Tertiary mammal fossils from South Texas were first reported by Dumble (1894) as coming from the Lapara division, later the Lapara Beds (Dumble, 1903).

The following fossils have been reported from the formation:

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Bibliography

Geology

Paleontology

Further reading

 Weeks, A. W., 1945, Oakville, Cuero, and Goliad formations of Texas Coastal Plain between Brazos River and Rio Grande: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 29, p. 1721–1732
 E. H. Sellards. 1941. Final report covering the period from March 4, 1939 to September 30, 1941 for the state-wide paleontologic-mineralogic survey in Texas. A Federal Works Agency Work Projects Administration Project iii-85
 Anonymous. 1941. The ninth quarterly report covering the quarter ending June 30, 1941 for the state-wide paleontologic-mineralogic survey in Texas. A Federal Works Agency Work Projects Administration Project. O.P. No. 665-66-3-233. State Serial No. 300-88 1-41
 Anonymous. 1940. The seventh quarterly report covering the quarter ending December 31, 1940 for the state-wide paleontologic-mineralogic survey in Texas. A Federal Works Agency Work Projects Administration Project. O.P. No. 665-66-3-233. State Serial No. 300-88 1-44
 Anonymous. 1940. The sixth quarterly report covering the quarter ending September 30, 1940 for the state-wide paleontologic-mineralogic survey in Texas. A Federal Works Agency Work Projects Administration Project. O.P. No. 665-66-3-233. State Serial No. 300-88 1-44
 Anonymous. 1939. The second quarterly report covering the quarter ending September 30,1939 for the state-wide paleontologic-mineralogic survey in Texas. A Federal Works Agency Work Projects Administration Project. O.P. No. 665-66-3-233. State Serial No. 300-88 1-26
 Anonymous. 1939. The first quarterly report covering the quarter ending June 30,1939 for the state-wide paleontologic-mineralogic survey in Texas. A Federal Works Agency Work Projects Administration Project. O.P. No. 665-66-3-233. State Serial No. 300-88 1-22+

Geologic formations of Texas
Miocene Series of North America
Pliocene Series of North America
Neogene geology of Texas
Serravallian
Tortonian
Messinian
Clarendonian
Hemphillian
Blancan
Sandstone formations of the United States
Shale formations of the United States
Fluvial deposits
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of North America
Paleontology in Texas
Formations
Formations
Formations
Formations


title: Junior Fasano

text:
Junior Fasano is an Italian handball club from Fasano, that plays in the Serie A Gold.

History

In the early 1980s, the idea of Fasano Junior Sport Club having a handball department was born. The club started in the Serie D championship in the 1980-81 season. Its first president was Luigi Crescenzo. The club was promoted to the first division, Serie A, for the first time at the end of the 1998-99 season. The team will participate in the international cup for the first time in the 2007-2008 Challenge Cup. In 2014, the team coached by Francesco Ancona won the Italian Cup by beating Carpi 30-27. In 2014, the team also won the championship against SSV Bozen Loacker, and thus won the first league title in the club's history. During its history, it has won 4 national championships (in 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2023), 3 Italian Cups (in 2014, 2016 and 2017) and 1 Italian Super Cup (in 2016).

Crest, colours, supporters

Club crest

Kits

Sports Hall information

Arena: - Nuovo Palazzetto dello sport
City: - Fasano
Capacity: - 2200
Address: - 72015 Fasano, Province of Brindisi, Italy

Management

Team

Current squad

Squad for the 2023–24 season

Technical staff
 Head coach:  Vito Fovio
 Assistant coach:  Giuseppe Crastolla
 Fitness coach:  Željko Beharević
 Club doctor:  Dr. Domenico Ancona

Transfers

Transfers for the 2023–24 season

Joining
  Marko Knežević (CB) from  RK Jugović
  Tobias Torbjörnsson (LP) from  Halden Topphåndball

Leaving
  Carlo Sperti (RW) to  Pallamano Conversano
  Erik Östling (LP) to  Amo Handboll
  Albin Järlstam (CB) to  Riihimäki Cocks
  Dario Petrovski (CB) to  RK Konjuh
  Marxwell Masauna Otiri Frederiksen (LB)

Titles

 Serie A Gold
 Winner (4) : 2014, 2016, 2018, 2023
 Italian Cup
 Winner (3) : 2014, 2016, 2017
 Italian Super Cup
 Winner (1) : 2016

EHF ranking

Former club members

Notable former players

  Stefano Arcieri (2015-2017)
  Umberto Bronzo (2018-2019)
  Bruno Brzić (2013-2015)
  Giancarlo Costanzo (2009-2011, 2012-2015, 2017-2018)
  Nicolò D'Antino (2016-2018)
  Vito Fovio (1995-2002, 2013-2019, 2020-2022)
  Umberto Giannoccaro (2005-2015)
  Leonardo Lopasso (1986-2000, 2009-2011, 2012-2015)
  Pasquale Maione (2013-2018)
  Demis Radovčić (2016–2019)
  Carlo Sperti (2021-2023)
  Riccardo Stabellini (2022)
  Guido Riccobelli (2015-2016, 2018)
  Víctor Donoso (2018-2019)
  Petru Pop (1999–2000)
  Adrian Popovici (1999-2006)

References

External links

Handball clubs in Italy
Fasano
Handball clubs established in 1980


title: Elidon Demiri

text:
Elidon Demiri (born 13 May 1979, in Fier) is an Albanian football coach and former player, who most recently was manager of Apolonia Fier in the Albanian Superliga.

Managerial career
He succeeded Ernest Gjoka as manager of Apolonia in November 2012.

References

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Fier
Men's association football defenders
Albanian men's footballers
FK Apolonia Fier players
KF Bylis players
KF Teuta Durrës players
KF Besa Kavajë players
KF Skënderbeu Korçë players
KF Devolli players
Albanian football managers
FK Apolonia Fier managers


title: Goodnight Beds

text:
The Goodnight Beds is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas
Neogene stratigraphic units of North America


title: Oakville Formation

text:
The Oakville Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Neogene geology of Texas


title: 2013 Capital Football season

text:
The 2013 Capital Football season was the first season under the new competition format in the Australian Capital Territory.  The competition consisted of two divisions across the ACT, created from the teams in the previous structure. The overall premier for the new structure qualified for the National Premier Leagues finals series, competing with the other state federation champions in a final knockout tournament to decide the National Premier Leagues Champion for 2013.

League Tables

2013 National Premier League ACT

The 2013 National Premier League ACT season was played over 25 rounds, from March to August 2013.

Finals

2013 ACT Capital League

The 2013 ACT Capital League was the first edition of the new Capital League as the second level domestic association football competition in the ACT. 12 teams competed, all playing each team in their pool twice and the other pool once for a total of 16 rounds. Canberra FC B withdrew during the season, leaving Pool B with only five teams.

Pool A

Pool B

Finals

2013 Capital Football Division 2

The 2013 ACT Capital Football Division 2 was the first edition of the new Capital League Division 2 as the third level domestic association football competition in the ACT. 12 teams competed, all playing each team in their pool twice and the other pool once for a total of 16 rounds.

Pool A

Pool B

Finals

2013 Women's Premier League

Finals

Cup Competitions

2013 Federation Cup

2013 was the 51st edition of the Capital Football Federation Cup. In 2013, the Federation Cup, which is open to all senior men's teams registered with Capital Football, consisted of three rounds, quarter-finals, semi-finals and a final. NPL clubs entered the tournament in the third round. The Cup ran from 6 April 2013 (first round) till 28 August 2013 (final). Tuggeranong United clinched the 2013 Cup with a 3–2 victory in extra time over Cooma Tigers. Although not originally intended, the 2013 Federation Cup became the qualifying tournament to determine the FFA Cup ACT representative for the inaugural 2014 FFA Cup after holders Tuggeranong lodged a successful official appeal, supported by the other NPL clubs, to Capital Football in early 2014.

See also

Soccer in the Australian Capital Territory
Sport in the Australian Capital Territory

References

2013 in Australian soccer


title: Woods Hollow Formation

text:
The Woods Hollow Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas
Ordovician System of North America
Cambrian southern paleotropical deposits
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: El Paso Formation

text:
The El Paso Formation is a geologic formation that is exposed from the Permian Basin of New Mexico and Texas to southeastern Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

Description

The formation is composed of gray cherty dolomite, limestone, and smaller amounts of siltstone. The formation often has a mottled appearance. Total thickness is . It lies unconformably on the Bliss Formation, the Coronado Sandstone, or (in the Florida Mountains) Precambrian basement, and is overlain by the Montoya Group or Portal Formation.

Fossils
The formation is only sparsely fossiliferous, but contains fossils of echinoderms, gastropods, trilobites, sponge spicules, and Nuia. Rare ostracods, cephalopods, and brachiopods are also found, as is the trace fossil Planolites. Bioherms up to  high are found in the McKelligon Member, built up of siliceous sponges and receptaculitid Calathium.

History of investigation
The formation was first named by George Burr Richardson in 1904 for exposures in the Franklin and Hueco Mountains. All Ordovician beds of the Franklin Mountains were originally included in the formation. Richardson later (1908) mapped the formation into the Permian Basin and assigned the upper Ordovician beds to the Montoya Limestone. In 1965, Zeller divided the formation in southwestern New Mexico into the Sierrita and Bat Cave Members. Clemons (1991) divided the formation differently, into the Hitt Canyon, Jose, McKelligon, and Padre Members.

In 1964, R.H. Flowers proposed promoting the El Paso Formation to group rank and recommended several divisions into formations, based largely on biostratigraphy, such as the Big Hatchet Formation, the Cooks Formation, the Florida Mountain Formation, the Scenic Drive Formation, or the Victorio Hills Formation. However, this has not been widely accepted, and Greg H. Mack rejected both the promotion of the El Paso Formation to group rank and the designation of biostratigraphic zones within the El Paso as formations.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

Footnotes

References

Limestone formations of the United States
Ordovician formations of New Mexico
Ordovician geology of Texas
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: McKelligon Canyon Formation

text:
The McKelligon Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Ordovician geology of Texas
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Tirtha Bahadur Lama

text:
Tirtha Bahadur Lama () is a Nepali politician belonging to Nepali Congress. Lama, who is the minister for Drinking water, Energy and Irrigation of Bagmati province is currently serving as member of Bagmati Provincial Assembly. Lama was elected from Kavrepalanchowk 1(B).

Lama is also a former member of 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly. He won Kavre–1 seat in CA assembly, 2013 from Nepali Congress.

References

Nepali Congress politicians from Bagmati Province
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Members of the 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly
Members of the Provincial Assembly of Bagmati Province


title: Honeycut Formation

text:
The Honeycut Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Ordovician geology of Texas
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Tanyard Formation

text:
The Tanyard Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Ordovician geology of Texas
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Fort Peña Formation

text:
The Fort Peña Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Ordovician geology of Texas
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Gorman Formation

text:
The Gorman Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Ordovician geology of Texas
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Marathon Formation

text:
The Marathon Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Ordovician geology of Texas
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Katarzyna Juszczak

text:
Katarzyna Juszczak married Schillaci (born 4 March 1972 in Wrocław) is a retired amateur Polish-born Italian judoka and freestyle wrestler, who competed in the women's heavyweight category. She achieved top eight finishes in the 72-kg division at the World Championships (2002 and 2005), and also participated in two editions of the Olympic Games (1992 and 2004) under different banners.

She is the mather of the Italian judoka and paralympic Champion Carolina Costa.

Biography
Starting her sporting career as a judoka for AZS-AWF Wrocław, Juszczak made her official debut at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, where she competed in the women's 72 kg division. She ousted Ecuador's María Cangá in her opening match, before losing out to eventual Olympic champion Kim Mi-jung of South Korea by a powerful ippon within ten seconds.

Twelve years after her last Olympics, Juszczak qualified for her fresh Italian squad in the women's 72 kg class at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Earlier in the process, she finished second from the Olympic Qualification Tournament in Madrid, Spain to guarantee her place on the Italian wrestling team. She lost two straight matches each to eventual Olympic champion Wang Xu of China (0–5) and Canada's Christine Nordhagen (2–5), that left her on the bottom of the prelim pool, placing eleventh in the final standings.

Personal life
When Juszczak emigrated to Italy in 1999, she turned her sights to women's wrestling, and later trained full-time for Messina Wrestling Club () under her personal coach Francesco Costa. In 2005, after the death of her husband, she remained to live and work in the sporting environment in the city of Messina, later she married the former Italian Olympic wrestler Giovanni Schillaci, and together they trained their daughter Carolina Costa, who in 2019 is qualified in the judo at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

Achievements

See also
List of multi-sport athletes
Dual sport and multi-sport Olympians

References

External links

 Profile – International Wrestling Database

1972 births
Living people
Polish female judoka
Italian female sport wrestlers
Olympic judoka for Poland
Olympic wrestlers for Italy
Judoka at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Wrocław
Sportspeople from Messina
Italian female judoka


title: Theo Timmermans (footballer, born 1989)

text:
Theo Timmermans (born 15 September 1989) is a Dutch professional footballer who currently plays as a goalkeeper for SV Spakenburg. He formerly played professional football for SC Veendam and FC Volendam.

External links
 Voetbal International profile

1989 births
Living people
Dutch men's footballers
SC Veendam players
FC Volendam players
Eerste Divisie players
People from Opsterland
Men's association football goalkeepers
VV Sneek Wit Zwart players
Harkemase Boys players
Footballers from Friesland
SV Spakenburg players


title: LargeNetwork

text:
LargeNetwork (formerly Largeur.com) is a Swiss media agency and custom publisher.

History

LargeNetwork was created by the founders of the on-line magazine Largeur.com, which was launched in 1999. The agency soon expanded its activities into two main areas: supplying editorial content to various media organizations and creating magazines, books and websites for companies and other institutions (custom publishing). Over time, it developed a specialization in information strategy and design.

Journalists at LargeNetwork write original articles for Swiss publications such as L'Hebdo (of the Ringier group), the Tribune de Genève (Tamedia group) and PME Magazine (Axel Springer AG). Since 2003, the agency also produces magazines in collaboration with various companies and institutions.

Since 2009, LargeNetwork produces Le Renard sur la Lune, an annual guide to Geneva, for the city's public-transportation consortium Unireso. Geneva Public Transport subsequently adopted the guide's visual look for its own communications. In 2010, LargeNetwork began producing a daily page for the Swiss newspaper Tribune de Genève. Called "Aujourd'hui" ("Today"), the page targets active urban readers, offering ideas for daily activities each weekday.

Magazines

 Reflex (2006-), magazine of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (published in French and English).
 On Air (2009-), magazine of World Radio Switzerland (published in English).
 Swissquote (2010-), magazine of the on-line bank Swissquote (published in French and German; in English since 2013).
 Hémisphères (2011-), magazine of the University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland (published in French).
 In vivo (2013-), magazine of the University Hospital of Lausanne (published in French and English).
 Technologist (2014-), for the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, the Technische Universität München, the Technical University of Denmark and the Eindhoven University of Technology (published in English, French and German).

Awards

 Grand prix romand de la création 2010 in the "graphic design" category for On Air, the magazine of World Radio Switzerland.
 Grand prix romand de la création 2010 in the "photography" category for the work of the photographer Fred Merz for Le Renard sur la Lune.
 Best financial magazine at the Best of Corporate Publishing Awards 2010 for the Swissquote magazine.
 Chuard Prize 2011 of the "Centre romand de formation au journalisme et aux médias" for Geneviève Ruiz, a journalist at LargeNetwork.
 Gold medal in the "magazine" category of the European Design Award 2012 for the Hémisphères magazine.

Notes and references

See also
 List of magazines in Switzerland

External links

1999 establishments in Switzerland
Organisations based in Geneva
Magazines established in 1999
Mass media in Geneva


title: Caballos Novaculite

text:
The Caballos Novaculite is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geology of Texas
Devonian System of North America


title: 1835 in Scotland

text:
Events from the year 1835 in Scotland.

Incumbents

Law officers
 Lord Advocate – Sir William Rae, Bt until April; then John Murray
 Solicitor General for Scotland – Duncan McNeill; then John Cunninghame

Judiciary
 Lord President of the Court of Session – Lord Granton
 Lord Justice General – The Duke of Montrose
 Lord Justice Clerk – Lord Boyle

Events

 21 January – Airdrie Savings Bank opens its doors to business; it will remain as an independent trustee savings bank until 2017.
 29 May – the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland confirms the Veto Act which allows a majority of heads of families to exclude a presentee from a parish, legislation which is subsequently ruled as invalid.
 3 July – Slamannan Railway authorised.
 21 July – Paisley and Renfrew Railway authorised.
 Alloa Coal Company established as a partnership by William Mitchell and others to work coal pits in Clackmannanshire.
 Roderick Murchison names the Silurian period in geology.
 An edition of the Chronicle of Melrose edited by Joseph Stevenson is published in Edinburgh for the Bannatyne Club.

Births
 28 January – Robert Herbert Story, minister of the Church of Scotland and Principal of the University of Glasgow (died 1907)
 February – James Davis, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross (died 1893)
 9 February – John Malcolmson, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross (died 1902 in London)
 3 March – William Fraser Rae, journalist and author (died 1905 in England)
 19 March – Edmund Montgomery, philosopher, scientist and physician (died 1911 in the United States)
 29 March
 Madeleine Smith, socialite, accused in a murder trial (died 1928 in the United States)
 James Taylor, tea planter (died 1892 in Ceylon)
 5 April – Donald Cameron, 24th Lochiel, diplomat and Conservative politician (died 1905)
 3 May – Edward Hargitt, ornithologist and landscape painter (died 1895)
 18 May – Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 10th Baronet, soldier and clan chief (died 1936)
 28 May – James Small, laird (died 1900)
 17 June – James Brunton Stephens, poet (died 1902 in Australia)
 20 June – Andrew Tennant, pastoralist (died 1913 in Australia)
 11 July – John Macvicar Anderson, architect (died 1915 in London)
 15 July – Louisa Stevenson, campaigner for women's rights (died 1908)
 21 July – Robert Munro, archaeologist (died 1920)
 27 July – William Boyd Stewart, minister of the Baptist church and educationalist (died 1912 in Canada)
 18 August – Robert Murdoch Smith, military engineer, archaeologist and diplomat (died 1900)
 5 September – Thomas Cadell, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross (died 1919)
 2 October – James Stirling, steam locomotive engineer (died 1917 in Ashford, Kent)
 25 October – William McTaggart, marine painter (died 1910)
 15 November – Archibald Scott Cleghorn, businessman who marries into the royal family of Hawaii (died 1910 in Hawaii)
 25 November – Andrew Carnegie, steel magnate and philanthropist (died 1919 in the United States)
 13 December – Archibald Hamilton Charteris, minister of the Church of Scotland and theologian (died 1906)
 28 December – Archibald Geikie, geologist (died 1924 in England)
 James Park, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross (killed in action 1858 in India)
 Mungo Park, golfer (died 1904)

Deaths
 14 April – Joseph Grant, poet (born 1805)
 5 June – Sir William Honyman, Lord Armadale, landowner and judge (born 1756)
 5 August – Thomas M'Crie the elder, minister of the church and historian (born 1772)
 16 September – Henry Belfrage, minister of the Secession church (born 1774)
 2 October – John Mackay Wilson, writer (born 1804)
 1 November – William Motherwell, poet (born 1797)
 9 November – Michael Scott, author and autobiographer who wrote under the pseudonym Tom Cringle (born 1789)
 21 November – James Hogg, "the Ettrick shepherd", poet and novelist (born 1770)
 21 December – Sir John Sinclair, 1st Baronet, agriculturalist, politician, economist and statistician (born 1754)

The arts
 26 September – première of Donizetti's opera Lucia di Lammermoor in Naples.
 30 December – première of Donizetti's opera Maria Stuarda at La Scala in Milan.
 Hugh Miller publishes Scenes and Legends in the North of Scotland.

See also

 1835 in Ireland

References

Scotland
1830s in Scotland


title: Anahuac Formation

text:
The Anahuac Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Canoe Formation

text:
The Canoe Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Capote Mountain Tuff

text:
The Capote Mountain Tuff is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geology of Texas
Paleogene stratigraphic units of North America


title: Catahoula Formation

text:
The Catahoula Formation is a geologic formation in Texas and Louisiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Chambers Tuff

text:
The Chambers Tuff is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geology of Texas
Paleogene stratigraphic units of North America


title: Chisos Formation

text:
The Chisos Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas
Chisos Mountains

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Robert Duval

text:
Robert Duval (1510–1567), also referred as Robertus Vallensis, was a French alchemist. In 1886, John Ferguson stated that the De veritate et antiquitate artis chemicae by Duval stands out as 'the first history of chemistry.' This work was published in 1561, in Paris.

References

1510 births
1567 deaths
French alchemists
16th-century alchemists


title: Crockett Formation

text:
The Crockett Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Reklaw Formation

text:
The Reklaw Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas