title: Counter-Reformation in Poland

text:
The Counter-reformation in Poland () was the response (Counter-Reformation) of Catholic Church in Poland (more precisely, the Kingdom of Poland until 1568, and thereafter the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) to the spread of Protestantism in Poland (the Protestant Reformation). Counter-reformation in Poland lasted from the mid-16th century until the mid-18th century and ended with the victory of the Catholic Church, which succeeded in significantly reducing the influence of Protestantism in Poland.

History

Poland emerged as one of the main terrains of struggle between the Protestant Reformation movement and the Catholic Church's counter-reformation. Lutheranism was popular among German-descent townsfolk, and Calvinism among the nobility. A year after Luther made his theses public, they were preached in Danzig (Gdańsk), and soon spread over West Prussia province of Poland. From there Protestantism spread to East Prussia, Greater Poland, Lesser Poland and other Polish provinces, as well as Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1573 the Protestants, commanding a majority in the Sejm (parliament), scored a major political victory by passing a law of religious tolerance, the Warsaw Confederation. Towards the end of the 16th century, it can be estimated (through the number of parishes) that about a seventh of the Christian population in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were Protestant. In the 16th century, Poland was a haven for many refugees fleeing persecution from less tolerant parts of Europe, harboring not only Catholics and Protestants, but also people of Orthodox, Judaic and even Muslim faiths.

Soon after the words of Reformation reached Poland in the first half of the 16th century, Catholic authorities such as primate of Poland Jan Łaski and bishop and vice-chancellor Piotr Tomicki began issuing edicts condemning this movement, and garnered royal support for this course of action. In the second half of the century, key Polish counter-reformation figures included cardinal Stanislaus Hosius. bishop and royal secretary Martin Kromer, primate Stanisław Karnkowski and Jesuits Piotr Skarga and Jakub Wujek. Key dates and events marking the beginning of counter-reformation in Poland were the establishment of the regular papal nunciature mission in 1555 (beginning with the arrival of Luigi Lippomano), arrival of the Jesuit order in 1564, and the synod of Piotrków's acceptance of the Decrees of Trent in 1577.

At first the agents of counter-reformation in Poland focused on persuasion, though they also relied heavily on legal discrimination, particularly the anti-Reformation royal decrees of Sigismund I of Poland. The Catholic Church in Poland succeeded in subordinating the Eastern Orthodox Church through the Union of Brest-Litovsk (1595–1596). Jesuit schools gained significant renown at that time. From the 17th century, agents of counter-reformation became increasingly intolerant, succeeding in introducing censorship, including the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. Some Protestant denominations were banned, while others lost many churches and adherents. Construction of non-Catholic churches was banned in 1632. The pacifist Polish Unitarians (Polish Brethren) were expelled from Poland in 1658 for refusing to aid the country in the time of military need. In 1668 the Sejm made it illegal for Catholics to convert to another faith; in 1673 non-Catholics were forbidden to be ennobled. By the first half of the 18th century, Protestants were barred from most civil offices, including being elected to the Sejm.

Nonetheless, compared to many other European countries, the conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants was relatively peaceful. Non-Catholics were rarely sentenced to death for their beliefs; the most common punishments were fines or exile. Polish historian Janusz Tazbir coined a phrase "state without stakes", illustrating that the level of religious persecution and conflict in Poland was much lower than in most other European countries of that time, a fact that can be attributed to Protestant success in passing laws providing for religious toleration in the 16th century, and later, to the weakness of the Polish central state, which the resurgent Catholics were unable to use to implement more violent methods of conversion or reconversion (such as burning at the stake).  Many Protestant nobles converted back to Catholicism to increase their chances of receiving favorable positions from Catholic-leaning monarchs; others did so to prove that they were "patriots".

Many scholars agree that "Poland was one of the great successes of the Counter-Reformation" and cite Counter-Reformation in Poland as the main instance where the Roman Catholic Church successfully reversed gains of the Reformation. Others, however, such as Norman Davies, suggest that the triumph of the Counter-Reformation might have been exaggerated, and that at the very least not all Protestants were reconverted, nor was this the case with other denominations such as Eastern Orthodox.

Counter-reformation ended with the Repnin Sejm of 1768, which abolished legal discrimination against religious dissidents. Following further reforms at the Partition Sejm in 1773, the political rights of the remaining non-Catholics in the Commonwealth were largely restored, half a century or so before similar concessions were granted to Catholics in Protestant countries like Britain (1829) or Sweden (1849).

Reasons for success
Success of the counter-reformation in Poland can be attributed to the vigorous activities of the Jesuits and other monastical orders, and to the fact that the Polish kings of that period were primarily Catholic, and leaned towards either neutrality or clear support for the counter-reformation policies. Protestantism, too often treated instrumentally by the elites, also failed to find significant followings among the masses of Polish peasantry.  Lutheranism remained closely associated with German-speaking burghers, and the mid-17th century wars with Protestant Sweden also contributed to the rejection of Protestant identity by the Polish nobility, as many Protestants allied themselves with the invading Swedes, leading in the aftermath to all Protestants being seen as traitors. Finally, the Protestant sects were numerous and disorganized, lacking internal unity, whereas the Catholic response was much better organized.

Significance
Catholicism was able to become a part of Polish identity and Polish nationalism. It marked Poland as Antemurale Christianitatis, a country defending the borders of Catholic faith, thus clearly separating Poland from its mostly  Protestant, Orthodox and Muslim neighbors, It became one of the defining characteristics of the szlachta's (Polish nobility's) Golden Freedoms, and conversion to Catholicism was one of the elements of polonization of the Ruthenian nobility.

Critics of the Counter-Reformation argue that it had contributed to the Commonwealth's decline, by reducing its cultural pluralism, tolerance, and receptiveness to foreign ideas, and by bringing about a stagnation in the intellectual life.

See also
Tumult of Thorn (Toruń)
Franco de Franco, nearly executed for Protestantism

References

Further reading

External links
The Counter-Reformation in Lithuania

Counter-Reformation
16th century in Poland
Catholicism in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
History of Catholicism in Poland


title: Tongfu

text:
Tongfu may refer to:

 Olyphant & Co. (), was a merchant trading house or hong in 19th-century China
 Tongfu, Tongxiang (同福乡), a township in Tongxiang, Zhejiang Province, China
Tongfu (同夫, see tongqi),  a neologism for men who have married lesbian women


title: Babayan

text:
Babayan or Babaian () is an Armenian surname and may refer to:

 Agasi Babayan (1921–1995), Armenian film director, screenwriter, and actor
Araxie Babayan (1906–1993), Armenian chemist
 Boris Babayan (born 1933), Armenian supercomputer architect
 Grigori Babayan (born 1980), Kazakhstani footballer of Armenian descent
 Khachik Babayan (born 1956), Iranian violin player
 Roksana Babayan (born 1946), Soviet and Russian pop singer and actress
 Samvel Babayan (born 1965), Armenian general
 Sergei Babayan (born 1961), Armenian-American concert pianist
 Vahram Babayan (born 1948), Armenian composer, pianist and music theorist

Armenian-language surnames


title: Victory House

text:
Victory House, originally known as Permanent Buildings, is located on the corner of Harrison and Fox Streets in Marshalltown. The building is of great historical and architectural significance and is famous for having Johannesburg's first ever lift.

History
The building was originally built and named  Permanent Building by the South African Permanent Mutual and Investment Society which were founded in Kimberley in November 1883, the objective being to assist people of small means to acquire their own property, and to provide facilities for the deposit of savings where they could earn interest. The first branch opened in Johannesburg in 1889 and moved into the new five storey building, now called Victory House, in 1897.

Design
Victory House is the earliest example of Stucke's work. It is described as a bold, proud and handsome classical building. In Victory House Stucke combined and adapted various elements of different styles so skilfully that they can hardly be recognised, and thus formed a new composition in the so-called Creative Eclectic Style – an expression of the Victorian desire for a new style to meet the challenges of a new era. The building has many typical features of a Colonial Victorian building including corrugated iron roofing, decorative wrought iron ornamentation and red brickwork. Whilst the brickwork has been painted over, the outline is still visible.

Construction

Built just before the South African War, Victory House is the epitome of a Late Victorian commercial structure. It was the most prestigious building in Johannesburg and was the first to have a lift which had crowds gaping for weeks. The lift was a technological marvel, complete with a safety apparatus; it also boasted a polished oak cage and an upholstered seat. The lift was supplied by R Waygood of England. An early letter to the lift firm references the employment of a caretaker and the purchase of a bag of coal to operate the boiler which worked the hydraulic lift. The total cost of the original lift, boiler and engine was 1020 pounds. The staircase was made of cast iron, also made in England it was the first fireproof staircase in Johannesburg.

Historian Eric Rosenthal, whose father had his offices at Permanent Buildings, wrote of his father's encounter with Gandhi on the day the caretaker-cum-operator refused to convey Gandhi in the lift. Gandhi would not demean himself as to walk when the European was carried in the lift.

References

Bank buildings in South Africa
Buildings and structures in Johannesburg
Heritage Buildings in Johannesburg


title: Egbert Streuer

text:
Egbert Streuer (born 1 February 1954) is a Dutch former professional sidecar driver and arguably the most successful Dutch motorcycle racer of all time.

Assisted by passenger Bernard Schnieders he became world champion in 1984, 1985 and 1986. In the next five years, he was still in the final ranking in the top three. The sidecar class was at that time still a part of the world championship grand prix and there was a lot of competition. Streuers' main rivals were Rolf Biland, Steve Webster and Alain Michel. A total of 22 Grand Prix victories were achieved by Streuer, 15 with Bernard Schnieders.

Although Streuer and Schnieders had already celebrated triumphs in almost all circuits but would initially fail in their own hometown, to win. A victory at the Dutch TT was at one time more important than anywhere else in the world. In 1987, they finally went first across the finish line in their home GP. Streuer repeated this feat in 1991.

The first sidecar passenger of Streuer was Johan van der Kaap who participated between 1978 and 1980 in the Grands Prix. After van der Kaap quit for personal reasons in 1981, Bernard Schnieders took his place.

Schnieders stopped after the end of 1988 his place was taken by Geral de Haas which yielded two World Championship runner up places in 1989 and 1990. In 1991 and 1992 the Englishman Peter Brown took place in the chair but further successes were not to be.

Streuer not only known as a fast and safe driver, but also as a gifted technician. With his rugged beard and imposing moustache, he was a striking figure in the paddock, although he remained rather modest in the background. Streuer is father of 2015 Sidecar World Champion Bennie Streuer.

References

External links

Living people
1954 births
Dutch motorcycle racers
Sidecar racers
Sportspeople from Assen
20th-century Dutch people


title: Prabhu Linga Leelai

text:
The Prabhu Linga Leelai   Venpaas  in Tamil written by Siva Prakasar also called as 'Siva anuputhi selvar, 'Karpanai Kalangiyam', 'Thurai mangalam Sivaprakasar'. He compiled more than thirty original works and few more translation works from Kannada and Sanskrit.

Overview
Those  poems  were compiled as Venpa, Viruthan, Kalithurai, Agaval… It's a translation work. Prabhulinga Leelai, the work that the following translation comes from, chronicles the life and deeds of Allama Prabhu, a 12th-century Lingayata saint and teacher. There are two traditions regarding AllamaPrabhu's life. One sees himas a manifestation of Siva Himself who came to the world to teach the path of freedom.

The Original Version
"Prabhu Linga Leelai" is a 15th-century Lingayata work, written in Kannada and comprising 1,111 verses. It was originally composed when a Lingayata scholar,
Chamarasa, was challenged to produce a work that was greater than either the
Mahabharata or the Ramayana by vaishnava courtiers headed by arch rival Kumaravyasa. Shortly afterwards the troubled Chamarasa had a divine dream
in which Virabhadra, the son of Siva, asked him
to write a long poem on the Lingayata saints of the 12th century. Chamarasa subsequently composed the entire Prabhulinga Leelai
in eleven days. The book is based on the life and spiritual experiences of Allama Prabhu and his coequal Sharanas. The poet laureate presented it at the court of his king Deva Raya II where it was approved
by both the monarch and the vaishnava scholars who had challenged him.

Poet
Siva prakasar, Shaiva Siddhanta.
a Sage, Tamil Poet lived around  at the end of the 17th century. This great work was translated into Tamil by one Thuraimangalam Sivaprakasa Swamigal, in the 17th century. The author of the Tamil version, Siva prakasa Swamigal, had a strong connection with Tiruvannamalai. His father, Kumaraswami Desikar, used to come to Arunachala from Kanchipuram every year for the Deepam
festival. It is said that his three sons, of whomSivaprakasa Swamigal was the eldest, were all born by the grace of
Arunachala. When Sivaprakasa Swamigal grew up, he had a Guru in Tiruvannamalai —also called Sivaprakasa —whom he visited regularly. On his first Pradakshina of Arunachala, Sivaprakasa Swamigal composed Sonasaila Malai, a hundred-verse poem in praise of Arunachala.

Last Days
Sivaprakasa Swamigal died when he was  thirty-two.

Verses and Explanation
Sivaprakasa Swamigal follows this tradition in Prabhulinga Leelai. The other version of his life, which is found in a fifteenth-century biography by Harihara, describes a more normal upbringing in the family of a temple drummer. Whatever the truth of the matter, there is general agreement that he was one of the most eminent saints, poets and Gurus of the Lingayata school. More details of
his life will be given in the notes to the verses.

Each Venpa of  'Prabhu Linga Leelai' is generally named by the first few words of the poem. These are given first and a translation into verse given then:-

Translations
Some verses have been translated by Robert Butler, T.V. Venkatasubramanian and David Godman and an article appears in Advent 2005 issue of Mountain Path.

References

Tamil-language literature
Shaiva texts
Tamil philosophy
17th-century Indian books


title: Prince Mark Boley

text:
Prince Mark Boley (born 15 June 1989) is a Liberian former footballer who played as a midfielder and forward. He represented Liberia at the international level.

Club career
In 2010, Boley joined Kaya FC in the United Football League. He transferred to Stallion FC during the 2012 UFL season.

International career
In 2013, Boley accepted the call to play for the Liberian national team in the qualifying rounds of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He made his international debut for Liberia in the Confederation of African Football second round qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup on 7 September 2013 against the Angola national team.

Legal Issues
On 17 July 2019, Boley was convicted in Providence, Rhode Island of lying to immigration officials and providing false information on immigration documents. Boley had entered the United States on 24 July 2015, and had married a Rhode Island woman in an attempt to receive permanent resident status. Boley is scheduled to be sentenced in District Court on 27 November 2019.

References

External links

Liberian men's footballers
Liberia men's international footballers
Liberian expatriate men's footballers
1989 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
Feni SC players


title: Přemysl Kovář

text:
Přemysl Kovář (born 14 October 1985) is a former Czech footballer who last played as a goalkeeper for Slavia Prague.

Career
On 12 September 2016, Kovář joined Bulgarian club Cherno More Varna as free agent. In December 2016, he signed a 3-years contract with Slavia Prague.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Czech men's footballers
Czech Republic men's under-21 international footballers
1. FC Slovácko players
FC Slovan Liberec players
FK Viagem Ústí nad Labem players
FK Viktoria Žižkov players
FK Varnsdorf players
Hapoel Haifa F.C. players
PFC Cherno More Varna players
SK Slavia Prague players
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Israel
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
Czech expatriate men's footballers
Czech expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Czech expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Czech expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Czech First League players
Israeli Premier League players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Men's association football goalkeepers
People from Boskovice
Czech National Football League players
Footballers from the South Moravian Region


title: Marek Sitnik

text:
Marek Sitnik (born 20 April 1975 in Olsztyn) is a Polish former Greco-Roman wrestler, who competed in the men's heavyweight category. Sitnik won silver medals in the 90-kg division at both the 1993 and 1994 European Junior Championships, and later competed in two Olympic Games (2000 and 2004). Throughout his sporting career, Sitnik trained at Śląsk Wrestling Club in Wrocław, under his personal coach and mentor Jerzy Adamek.

Sitnik made his official debut at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, competing in the men's super heavyweight division (130 kg). Sitnik delivered a mediocre effort inside the ring after losing out three straight matches each to Turkey's Fatih Bakir by a sudden death point, Czech Republic's David Vála (0–3), and Israel's Yuri Evseichik, who eventually placed fourth at the end of prelim pool. Sitnik failed to advance further into the quarterfinals, as he finished seventeenth in the final standings.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Sitnik qualified for his second team, as a 29-year-old veteran, in the men's 96 kg class by rounding out the top eleven spots from the 2003 World Wrestling Championships in Créteil, France. He lost his opening match to Egypt's eventual gold medalist Karam Gaber, but redeemed himself to pull Kazakhstan's Asset Mambetov off the mat on his second bout with an effortless 3–0 decision. Facing off against the host nation's Georgios Koutsioumpas, Sitnik could not exert enough power to subdue him into the ring, as he lost the match by a single-point deficit. Finishing third in the prelim pool and fourteenth overall in the final standings, Sitnik's performance fell short to put him further into the game.

References

External links
Profile – International Wrestling Database
PKO Profile

1975 births
Living people
Olympic wrestlers for Poland
Wrestlers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Polish male sport wrestlers
Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Olsztyn


title: Neerotta Yamaha Anthathi

text:
The Neerotta Yamaha Anthathi is a collection of Thirty one stanzas (Venpaas) in Tamil written by Siva Prakasar also called as 'Siva anuputhi selvar, 'Karpanai Kalangiyam', 'Thurai mangalam Sivaprakasar' . Shaiva Siddhanta.

Overview
Those Thirty one poems  were compiled as four – four lines.

Poet
Siva prakasar, a Tamil Phiolospher, Sage, Poet lived at the end of 17th century. It is a collection of venpaas.

Historical Incidence to compile this book
On one of his journeys around Tamil Nadu, Sivaprakasa Swamigal went to Tirunelveli to meet and be taught by a pandit who was an expert on grammar. This teacher accepted him as his student after Sivaprakasa Swamigal had demonstrated his exceptional proficiency in this subject. The pandit taught him everything he knew, but when Sivaprakasa Swamigal tried to pay for this tuition, he refused, saying that he would like payment of a different sort.

This pandit had been having a bitter feud with another scholar. Sivaprakasa Swamigal's teacher said, 'Go to this man, defeat him in a contest of Tamil prosody, and as a condition of his defeat, make him prostrate to me'. Sivaprakasa Swamigal accepted the assignment, located the rival scholar, and challenged him to compose spontaneous verses, on a specified topic that they would both pick, that had no labial sounds in them.  That is to say, the verses had to be composed without any letters such as 'm' and 'p', which are sounded by putting the lips together. The scholar was unable to compose a single verse with this restriction, whereas Sivaprakasa Swamigal managed to produce thirty-one on the prescribed theme. The rival scholar accepted defeat and went to prostrate before Sivaprakasa
Swamigal's grammar teacher.

References

Tamil-language literature
Shaivism
Hindu texts
Hymns
Tamil philosophy
17th-century poetry books


title: Sivaprakasa Visagam

text:
The Sivaprakasa Visagam is a collection of poems in Tamil written by Siva Prakasar. Shaiva Siddhanta.

Overview
These Poems   are composed in favour of 'Sivagna Balaya Swamigal of Pomma Pura Aaddeenam.

Poet
Siva prakasar, a Tamil Phiolospher, Sage, Poet lived at the end of 17th century.

Pommair palayam and SivaPrakasar
Sivaprakasa Swamigal travelled widely all over Tamil Nadu temples. He met Santhalinga Swamigal along his way. They planned to see Mailam Murugan Temple. There they met Sivagnaana Balaya Swamigal. Perur Santhalinga Swamigal persuaded him to sing about  Sri Sivagnaana Balya Swamigal. But Siva Prakasar told him that He will sing and praise only Lord Muruga not about human beings. On that night Lord Muruga appeared in his dream and told him that I am the one raised again as Sivagnaana Balaya Swamigal. so nothing wrong to sing about him. He started singing the hymns on that day onwards.

Then Siva prakasa Swamigal became the First and Prime disciple of Sivagnaana Balaya Swamigal.

Verses and explanation
Great poet Sivaprakasar, who was blessed as 'Sivanuputhichelvar' by the grace of Aadhi Sivagnaana Balaya Swamigal has composed thirty two volumes of poetry in praise of Lord Shiva and Sri Sivagnana Balaya Swamigal.
In the following five works of significance, he explains us the wisdom of his guru, which he had experienced personally.

Books about Sivagna Bala Swamigal, Pommapura Aadeenam
 Sivaprakasa Visagam
 Sivagna Bala swamigal Thaalattu
 Sivagna Bala swamigal Thirupalli ezuchi
 Sivagna Bala swamigal Pillai Thamizh
 Sivagna Bala swamigal Nenjuvedu Thoothu
 * Sivagna Bala swamigal Kalambagam

References

Tamil-language literature
Shaiva texts
17th-century poetry books


title: Antoine Monnoyer

text:
Antoine Monnoyer (1670 – 1747), was a French painter.

Biography
He was born in Paris as the son and pupil of Jean-Baptiste Monnoyer. He is known for flower still lifes in the manner of his father and he was the teacher of Andien de Clermont. He is sometimes referred to as Baptiste (le jeune).
He died in Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

References

Antoine Monnoyer on Artnet

1670 births
1747 deaths
French painters
Painters from Paris


title: Pandemis chondrillana

text:
Pandemis chondrillana is a species of moth of the  family Tortricidae. It is found in France, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia, Asia Minor, Iran, Afghanistan, from Kazakhstan to Siberia, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and north-western China.

The wingspan is 17–24 mm for males and 20–27 mm for females. Adults have been recorded on wing from May to July.

The larvae feed on Rosa, Salix, Populus and Quercus species.

References

Moths described in 1860
Pandemis


title: Edward Stradling (1699–1726)

text:
Edward Stradling (30 March 1699 – 3 October 1726) was a Welsh politician.

The oldest son of Sir Edward Stradling, 5th Baronet (1672–1735), he was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1722, he was elected to the House of Commons of Great Britain as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Cardiff Boroughs, succeeding his father. He died in office in 1726, aged 27.

References

1699 births
1726 deaths
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Welsh constituencies
British MPs 1722–1727
Heirs apparent who never acceded


title: Ji (surname 己)

text:
Jǐ is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written  in Chinese character. It is romanized as Chi in Wade–Giles. One of the ancient ancestral names, Ji is an uncommon surname today. It is not listed in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames.

Ji 己 is one of the eight surnames of Zhu Rong, related to the Mi clan, which founded Chu, a major state during the Zhou dynasty. Scholar Li Xuanbo believes that the name originates from the clan's totem of snake. The Chinese character Ji 己 resembles a snake.

During the Zhou dynasty, branches of the Ji 己 clan established the minor states of Ju, Tan (郯), and Wen (温).

References

Chinese-language surnames
Eight surnames of Zhurong


title: George Phadagi

text:
George Muthundinne Phadagi (26 June 1952 – 13 May 2012), was a member of the African National Congress (ANC),former Member of Parliament, South African struggle stalwart, politician, mayor and former MEC. He served as the first mayor of Thohoyandou from 1994 to 1999, then member of the National Parliament from 2002 to 2008 and towards the end of his life was MEC of Public Works and MEC of Safety Security and Liaison in 2010 to 2011 and was political consultant to then Premier of Limpopo Cassel Mathale at the time of is passing in 2012.

Biography

Phadagi was born in Tswinga village in 1952 as the third born son of Muthelo and Nyamukamadi Phadagi.Phadagi's political journey started in the 1970s while he was still a student. George Phadagi started school in Tswinga Primary School and went to Lwamondo Secondary School to do Standard 6 to Standard 8. He then went to Mphaphuli Secondary School, where he did Standard 9 and Standard 10, and that is where he started to be involved in politics. He was the organiser of the South African Student Movement while at this school.

Teaching career

Phadagi went to train as a teacher at the Venda College of Education and completed his diploma in 1977. He organised a bus that transported ANC members to the funeral of the late Comrade Steve Biko in 1977.
He was one of the leaders of the historical Venda March that took place in 1977. He worked as a teacher at Holy Trinity School in Atteridgeville , where he also continued to be involved in politics. While working at Saulsridge he was selected by members of the party to go and study politics. He later trained as Umkhonto we Sizwe cadre together with other members of the party.
He was forced to join Tuata, a teacher union which worked cooperatively with the government at that time but was later expelled from the school because he defaulted on monthly contributions for the union. He also worked as a teacher at Wallmansthal High School. He was arrested for his involvement in politics and was represented by Mr Dikgang Moseneke, who was a well-known attorney at that time.
After his release from prison he went back to Venda to continue with his work as a teacher. He taught in Mphaphuli Secondary School, Muvhavha Secondary School, Murangoni Primary School and Guyuni Primary School. The reason behind his deployment to primary schools was to protect the high school students because he was going to influence them to join politics. He quit teaching and joined Metropolitan Insurance Company, where he continued to be active in politics.

Political career

George also held various political leadership roles within the ANC, including as chairperson of the Far North Region of the ANC, coordinator of the Northern Transvaal Co-ordinating Committee for the United Democratic Front (South Africa), Provincial Executive Committee member of the Northern Transvaal Region and as coordinator of the 1994 national elections as leader of the Sub-Regional Election Committee. He was appointed as the chairperson of ANC's Far North branch. In 1995 he was appointed as the mayor of Greater Thohoyandou during the Transitional Local Councils. He also served as a councillor in Thulamela Local Municipality.
The ANC sent him to Parliament in 2001, where he served on the Portfolio Committee on Communications. He also served on the Portfolio Committee on Provincial and Local Government from 2004 to 2009.

Phadagi served in various capacities within the government, including as a Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Public Works in Limpopo and MEC for Safety, Security and Liaison in 2010 and 2011 respectively.

Towards the end of his parliamentary activities Phadagi was involved in the development of school diaries, The Advertiser magazine and The Valley Messenger newspaper.
Phadagi had a wife Thinamaano, two sons, Siza and Thivhusiwi and two daughters Muthelo and Aiho.
his second wife was Violet Masindi, whom they had a daughter named Andza.

References

http://www.zoutnet.co.za/details/21-05-2012/struggle_stalwart_george_phadagi_passes_on/13090
http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2012/05/14/former-limpopo-mec-george-phadagi-dies
http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2012/05/13/former-limpopo-mec-george-phadagi-dies
http://www.sabc.co.za/news/a/342df4004b4d0f7ea1eff744a3d02150/Former-Limpopo-MEC-Phadagi-laid-to-rest-20121905
http://www.pa.org.za/hansard/2012/may/24/proceedings-of-the-national-assembly-thursday-24-2/motion-of-condolence-the-late-mr-m-g-phadagi
http://www.limpopoonline.co.za/index.php/news/885-george-phadagi-is-new-public-works-mec
https://tmant.wordpress.com/2012/05/18/rip-cde-muthundinne-george-phadagi/
http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/anc-sacp-at-loggerheads-over-ex-mecs-death-20120517/
http://www.gov.za/speech-limpopo-mec-public-works-mr-george-phadagi-behalf-limpopo-premier-cassel-mathale-during
 List of National Assembly members of the 24th Parliament of South Africa

1952 births
2012 deaths
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa
Members of the Limpopo Provincial Legislature


The BIT – Business Information Technology Institute in Mannheim, Germany is a computer science and information systems research institute and affiliated with University of Mannheim. Under the leadership of Franz Steffens, president of the Institute, BIT employs a staff of about 20 researchers. The BIT was established in Mannheim in 2007 and is still headquartered there. BIT is organized as a research group within the University of Mannheim and belongs to the Mannheim School of Computer Science and Mathematics. The institute addresses standard business application software and perceives itself as a mediator between science and enterprise practice.

Organization
The BIT Institute headed by Professor Dr. Franz Steffens. It is located on the 4th floor of the Haus Oberrhein directly by Mannheims river bank. The BIT is subdivided into 3 pillars:

 Application Development I (large scale industry) where BIT is engaged in: Template based SAP ERP rollout; Knowledge Management in the Intranet; Data migration in SAP ERP; Enterprise Management; Building of a global Internet Platform
 Application Development II (medium-sized business) where BIT is working on: Adoption of a company wide Business Intelligence solution under usage of SAP NetWeaver BW; Implementation of customized scenarios for the management and operational reporting from the following fields of activity: Supply Chain Management, Finance and Controlling, Sales/Distribution and Production
 Software Lab where BIT installs prototypes analyzing software products under consideration of: Functionality, Architecture, Usability and Integration

Research and Focus
The BIT Institute is focused on projects for organizational development and software rollouts in industry companies and projects in the area of developing standard business application systems with software vendors. The main focus of Research Group Information Systems is the comparative analysis of standard enterprise application systems, primarily under the consideration of technical and functional aspects. This includes systems concerning Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). Here, the BIT is engaged in several research areas that are divided into six different research clusters:

 Business Intelligence (BI)
 Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
 Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)
 Supply Chain Management (SCM)
 Supplier Relationship Management (SRM)
 Workflow Management (WfM)

See also
 Mannheim
 University of Mannheim

Notes and references

External links
 University of Mannheim
 Universität Mannheim (German webpage)

University of Mannheim
Research institutes in Germany


title: Unforgettable (2014 film)

text:
Unforgettable is a 2014 Indian Hindi drama film directed by Arshad Yusuf Pathan. The film stars  Iqbal Khan, Alka Verma and Hazel Crowney in lead roles. The film is based and shot in Dubai. It is a love story of Anand who is a car racer who loses his eyesight. Sujeet Shetty has scored the film's music. The film was released in India on 13 June 2014

Cast
  Iqbal Khan as Anand
 Alka Verma as Tara
 Hazel Crowney as Nisha
 Kiran Kumar as Vijay
 Shahbaaz Khan as Munshiji
 Usha Bachani as Nirmala
  Niall O'Brien as Niall O'Brien
 William Porterfield as Williams
 Armeena Khan as Ghazal Singer
 Sachin Khurana as Sameer

Original soundtrack

Unforgettable's music is composed by Sujeet Shetty.

References

External links

2014 films
2010s Hindi-language films


title: Backfischroman

text:
The Backfischroman (literal meaning: baked fish novel) (teenage girl novel) is a genre in German literature. It denotes a particular type of novel of the 19th and early 20th century, primarily aiming at adolescent girls as an audience.

In the 19th century, the now antiquated word Backfisch was  a common term to describe girls between the ages 13 and 16 or more general during puberty. The exact origin of the term is not known. Most likely it was taken from the identical word used by fishermen to describe small young fish in a catch, which were of less use. For the origin of this use, different explanations are offered in literature. One states that it is derived from the English word back, because those fish were often thrown back into the water. Another states an alternative literal meaning as baked fish and states that traditionally in cooking such small fish were only prepared by baking since they were considered not large enough for boiled or fried dishes.

The Backfischroman is usually told from a first-person perspective, with the main character being an adolescent girl of middle or higher class upbringing. She tends to be an open and friendly person, who pursues her own interests independently of society's norms and later after a learning process makes her own free decision to accept the role for a woman as wife and mother. Typical well known examples are Emmy von Rhoden's Der Trotzkopf (1885) and Clementine Helm's Backfischchens Leiden und Freuden (1863). Later examples like Else Ury's Nesthäckchen allow a bit more room and different topics for the female protagonist, being not quite as restrictive as before. This is due to changing attitudes from the Wilhelmine period (1871-1918) to the Weimar period (1918-1933). The terms Backfischroman and Backfischliteratur are not applied to girl literature from the middle of the 20th century onwards, which features an expanded range of topics and is less focused on traditional roles for women.

Translations
Der Trotzkopf has been translated into English twice, once under the title An Obstinate Maid (1898) by Mary E. Ireland and once as Taming a Tomboy (1898), likely by the Belgian-born naturalist and free-thought advocate Felix Leopold Oswald.

References

Further reading
Jennifer Drake Askey: Good Girls, Good Germans: Girls' Education and Emotional Nationalism in Wilhelminian Germany. Camden House (Boydell & Brewer), 2013, pp. 103–141 (Chapter "Mädchenliteratur I — Backfischbücher and Historical Novels")
David Ehrenpreis: The Figure of the Backfisch: Representing Puberty in Wilhelmine Germany. Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 67. Bd., H. 4 (2004), pp. 479–508 (JSTOR)
Elizabeth Harvey: Private Fantasy and Public Intervention: Girls' Reading in Weimar Germany. In: Jennifer Birkett (ed.), Elizabeth Harvey (ed.):  Determined Women: Studies in the Construction of the Female Subject, 1900–90. Springer 1991, , pp. 38-67
Gisela Wilkending: Mädchenliteratur der Kaiserzeit: zwischen weiblicher Identifizierung und Grenzüberschreitung. Metzler, 2003,  (German)
Hadassah Stichnothe: Liebe, Krieg und Sommerferien. Der weibliche Adoleszenzroman im historischen Überblick. Der Deutschunterricht, issue 2/16, pp. 14–26 (German)

Young adult literature
German literature
Literary genres


title: Routes into Languages

text:
The Routes into Languages project is a consortium of universities working together with schools and colleges to promote the study of languages.

The Routes brand and the activities associated with Routes into Languages are managed by the University Council of Modern Languages (UCML), a sector-wide association representing modern languages in the United Kingdom.

History of Routes into Languages (2006-2019)

Routes into Languages (RiL) was an initiative funded between 2006 and 2016 by the Higher Education Funding Council for England to promote the take-up of languages through cooperation between universities, schools and colleges in England. It was managed by the University of Southampton working with nine regional networks across the country. By the end of the funding period, this consortium network of 67 universities across England was working with some 2,300 schools and 87,000 young people, with a focus on those from less advantaged backgrounds.

From 2016, some of the original Routes consortia continued working with local schools, running a range of regional events and a highly successful Student Language Ambassador scheme.  They operated under the custodianship of Universities UK International (UUKi)  which worked with stakeholders within the modern languages community to transfer the ownership of the Routes brand and consortia to a sector-wide HE modern languages body.

Routes into Languages Cymru

Routes into Languages Cymru, in Wales, is currently funded by a group of Welsh Universities, the four Welsh regional education consortia, and the British Council. Routes Cymru supports the uptake and visibility of modern languages in schools across Wales and is organised around two hubs located in the Schools of Modern Languages at Cardiff University and Bangor University. To date, its focus has been on delivering and supporting schools-based activities intended to generate enthusiasm and interest in modern languages, above all in the secondary school sector, also moving to digital support and online promotion.

References

External links
 Routes into Languages website
 Page Facebook Routes into Languages
 LLAS website

College and university associations and consortia in the United Kingdom
Language education in the United Kingdom


title: Paul Dardé

text:
Paul Dardé (4 July 1888 - 29 December 1963) was a noted French sculptor. He spent his early career in Paris, and his later career in Saint-Maurice-Navacelles.

Biography
Dardé was born in Olmet near Lodève in Hérault. His primary schooling was at the Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes in Lodève until the age of 13. He then attended a seminary, considering an ecclesiastical vocation, but left after only two months. His artistic talents soon showed themselves and he chose sculpture as his preferred medium. He was taken under the wing of Max Theron, the engraver and professor of design at the Lycée in Lodève, who tutored him in design and engraving. After military service at Montpellier, he attended evening classes at the École des Beaux-Arts where he won several prizes and a grant to cover a trip to Italy. He spent time in Venice, Bologne, Florence and Rome. He lived a frugal life in order to prolong his stay. He returned to the Beaux-Arts de Paris and studied under Injalbert and Rodin who took him into his studio although he only stayed there for three days! One of his early works, "L'éternelle douleur" was executed in 1913 and can be seen today in the Musée d'Orsay. He was called into service (as a stretcher-bearer) in the 1914-1918 war and was wounded. His brother was killed in that war. He subsequently returned to Montpellier where he completed a sculpture of "Jeanne d'Arc" and several compositions for tombs in the cemetery at St Lazare. He then began working on a series of war memorials.

In 1920, he was awarded the Grand Prix National des Arts and his composition entitled "Faune" was put into the Musée Rodin, and then in the park of the Château de Vizille. In 1925 he exhibited at the Salon des Arts Décoratifs. In 1930 he completed a bust of Macbeth and a statue of a prehistoric man which was placed at the entry to the Musée des Eyzies. In 1931 his statue of René Quinton was inaugurated at Chaumes in Brie.

At the 1931 Salon he showed the works "Thais aux Enfers" and "Christ aux outrages". Despite these successes he had many problems and in 1935 left Paris leaving a trail of debts and as a consequence of his financial woes his works were seized and his studio put up for sale, which reportedly led him to develop a persecution mania. He set himself up in Saint-Maurice-Navacelles and worked on drawings with various themes; a Chanson de Roland, la Croisade des Albigeois, Dante, Macbeth, Hamlet, the Bible, Attila, les hommes préhistoriques et moyenâgeux, les Mongols, Tolstoï and Beethoven. Age and bad health forced him eventually to return to Lodève and he died in relative poverty there on 29 December 1963. He is buried in Olmet.

The war memorial at Lumel
The Lumel war memorial stands at the entrance to the Jean Hugo park in Lumel. The memorial lists no names and has two inscriptions:
"à la mémoire glorieuse de ses enfants de lunel"
"à tous ceux morts pour la france".

The war memorial at Le Bousquet-d'Orb
This memorial stands in the Place Pierre Masse and next to the Mairie. It lists the names of 73 men of Le Bousquet-d'Orb who died in the two World Wars.

The war memorial at Lodève
This is one of France's best known war memorials. Dardé's composition comprises a group of five women and two children and the body of a dead soldier. Four of the women stand at the rear whilst a fifth, possibly the widow or mother of the dead soldier, lies at his side. The children hold laurel leaves. The work stands in a public park, once the garden of the bishops of Lodève and near the old episcopal palace and the cathedral.

Dardé dresses four of the women in clothes worn in the different seasons-spring, summer, autumn and winter.  He tries to show the different social classes who all suffered losses in that most terrible war; all sectors of society were to lose loved-ones. Two children are added to symbolize "innocence". Dardé used Lens stone for the work. Work commenced in 1919 and the inauguration took place in 1930.

The war memorial at Clermont-l'Hérault
What could be taken as a mausoleum sits on a pedestal. It is reached by 11 steps of grey granite. They are arranged in two flights with the width slowly decreasing. The rear and sides of the mausoleum have false arched windows but at the front is an opening covered by an ornamental iron grille. Beyond this grille is a niche into which Dardé's composition has been placed. This comprises the body of a dead soldier who is watched over, not by an angel or a grieving wife or mother but by a nude woman who has been likened by some to a circus or cabaret performer. The sculpture was completed between 1924 and 1925 and the memorial was completed in 1931. It has always courted controversy. Perhaps the nature of the woman is some form of protest by Dardé. He was throughout his life a complex and troubled man.

The war memorial at Saint-Maurice-Navacelles

This limestone war memorial features a relief carving by Dardé of a French soldier of the 1914-1918 war. It could be described as a silhouette. It was executed in 1924. It lists the names of the 19 men of Saint-Maurice-Navacelles who died in the war.

The war memorial at Saint-Martin-de-Londres
The Dardé composition on the Saint-Martin-de-Londres war memorial includes the carving of a rifle, oak leaves and the Croix de Guerre. The memorial lists the 27 men of the parish who died in the war.

The war memorial at Soubès

This war memorial features a beautiful work by Dardé featuring a young woman weeping over a dead soldier. A complete contrast with the composition at Clermont-l'Hérault!

The War Memorial at Limoux
This is located by the Saint Martin cemetery wall in the avenue Fabre-d'Eglantine. Dardé's composition is unusual in that whilst it features the body of a dead soldier, the soldier is placed in a standing position! At his feet is a vanquished German Imperial eagle.

The memorial, erected in 1924, takes the form of an obelisk positioned on a pedestal. The pedestal is of granite whilst the obelisk is carved from Lens stone. The statue of the soldier stands at the front of the obelisk.

Statue on the tomb of the Milhaud family
Dardé carved a Cross for this tomb in the Saint-Maurice-Navacelles cemetery.

Sculptural work on the tomb of the family of Thomas Bonnate
This 1913 work, featuring a weeping woman, can be found in the Montpellier cemetery in the avenue Saint-Lazare. It is thought to be Dardé's first commission.

Sculptures in the Museum Fleury in Lodève
This museum has a permanent collection of Paul Dardé's work. Outside the museum is a copy of the famous statue of a Neandertal done by Paul Dardé in 1930 known as "L'homme de Cro-Magnon" although Dardé called it "L'homme primitif".

Statue of prehistoric man
This work is located at Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil in the Dordogne, a model named Homo sapiens neanderthalensis is present at Lodève (Hérault, France) in the Halle Dardé.

"Le Faune"
This work, carved from Euville stone and executed in 1920, stands in the garden of the Musée Rodin.

References

External links

1888 births
1963 deaths
20th-century French sculptors
20th-century French male artists
French male sculptors


title: Masters W45 5000 metres world record progression

text:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the 5000 metres W45 division of Masters athletics.

Key

References

Masters Athletics 5000 m list

Masters athletics world record progressions


title: Masters W50 5000 metres world record progression

text:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the 5000 metres W50 division of Masters athletics.

Key

References

Masters Athletics 5000 m list

Masters athletics world record progressions


title: Masters W55 5000 metres world record progression

text:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the 5000 metres W55 division of Masters athletics.

Key

References

Masters Athletics 5000 m list

Masters athletics world record progressions


title: Masters W60 5000 metres world record progression

text:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the 5000 metres W60 division of Masters athletics.

Key

Notes

References

Masters Athletics 5000 m list

Masters athletics world record progressions


title: 1984–85 FIBA European Champions Cup

text:
The 1984–85 FIBA European Champions Cup was the 28th season of the FIBA European Champions Cup club competition (now called EuroLeague). It was the first season of the competition that included the 3 point field goal. The Final was held at the Peace and Friendship Stadium in Piraeus, Greece, on April 3, 1985. Cibona won its first title, defeating Spanish side, Real Madrid, by a result of 87–78.

Competition system

 25 teams (European national domestic league champions, plus the then current title holders), playing in a tournament system, played knock-out rounds on a home and away basis. The aggregate score of both games decided the winner.
 The six remaining teams after the knock-out rounds entered a Semifinal Group Stage, which was played as a round-robin. The final standing was based on individual wins and defeats. In the case of a tie between two or more teams after the group stage, the following criteria were used: 1) number of wins in one-to-one games between the teams; 2) basket average between the teams; 3) general basket average within the group.
 The winner and the runner-up of the Semifinal Group Stage qualified for the final, which was played at a predetermined venue.

Preliminary round

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First round

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Second round

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Semifinal group stage

Final

April 3, Peace and Friendship Stadium, Piraeus

|}

Awards

FIBA European Champions Cup Finals Top Scorer
 Dražen Petrović ( Cibona)

References

External links
1984–85 FIBA European Champions Cup
 1984–85 FIBA European Champions Cup
 Men Basketball European Champions Cup 1985
 Champions Cup 1984–85 Line-ups and Stats

EuroLeague seasons
FIBA


title: Kerala Samyukta Socialist Party

text:
The Kerala Samyukta Socialist Party was a political party in the Indian state of Kerala. The KSSP was founded in 1968, as the two Samyukta Socialist Party ministers in the Kerala state government, P. K. Kunju and P. R. Kurup refused to heed a decision by the national party leadership to resign from their ministerial posts. They broke away from the SSP and formed the KSSP. K. Chandrasekharan was the chairman of KSSP. In May 1969 the majority of KSSP reconstituted itself as the Indian Socialist Party.

References

Political parties established in 1968
Political parties in Kerala
Socialist parties
1968 establishments in Kerala


title: Masters W65 5000 metres world record progression

text:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the 5000 metres W65 division of Masters athletics.

Key

References

Masters Athletics 5000 m list

Masters athletics world record progressions


title: Bussy Mansell

text:
Bussy Mansel or Bussy Mansell may refer to:
 Bussy Mansell (1623–1699)
 Bussy Mansel, 4th Baron Mansel (died 1750), Welsh peer, MP for Cardiff 1727–34, for Glamorganshire 1737–45


title: Masters W70 5000 metres world record progression

text:
This is the progression of world record improvements of the 5000 metres W70 division of Masters athletics.

Key

References

Masters Athletics 5000 m list

Masters athletics world record progressions


title: Pic des Spijeoles

text:
The Pic des Spijeoles is a French pyrenean summit, culminating at .

Toponymy
The name comes from gascon eths picholes (pronounced es pitcholes), meaning « smalls rills » ("spijeole" is an erroneous derivation).

Geography
It lies in the High Luchonnais near the spa town of Bagnères-de-Luchon, on the border of the hautes-Pyrénées and Haute-Garonne departments.

History
The first ascent by normal route was made by Henry Russell and guide from Luchon Firmin Barrau on June 30, 1880.

On September 6, 1906, luchonese pyreneist Marcel fell victim of a fatal fall at la brèche "gap" des Spijeoles.

Access
The Spijeoles ascension from the barns of Astau and the refuge d'Espingo (normal route) is quite long though without any real difficulty (aside from in foggy conditions). Even in Summer and in good weather conditions, it is reserved for skilled hikers. It offers a superb panorama on the central Pyrenees and la vallée de Luchon. The 2000 m climb often requires a sleep at le refuge d'Espingo.

See also
 List of Pyrenean three-thousanders

References

Mountains of the Pyrenees
Mountains of Hautes-Pyrénées
Landforms of Haute-Garonne
Pyrenean three-thousanders


title: Bactra bactrana

text:
Bactra bactrana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the Canary Islands, Sicily and Malta and in southern Spain, Portugal, southern Italy, France, Greece, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Asia Minor, Arabia, Iraq, Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, the Caspian area, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, India, the Republic of Congo, Madagascar, Sudan and Gambia.

The wingspan is 12–19 mm for males and 13–21 mm for females. The ground colour of the forewings is ochreous yellow with dense greyish sprinkling. The hindwings are brown. Adults have been recorded on wing in July in Europe.

The larvae feed on Poa species and Cynodon dactylon.

References

Moths described in 1901
Bactrini


title: Nat Robertson

text:
Nat Robertson (born 1963) is an American businessman and politician, who served as the mayor of Fayetteville, North Carolina, from December 2, 2013, through December 2017. Robertson had previously served in the Fayetteville City Council for eight years (four terms). Mayors of Fayetteville are elected to two-year terms.

Political career

Robertson, a member of the Republican Party, and the first Republican mayor elected since the 1970s, served as a member of the Fayetteville City Council for three-consecutive terms from 1989 until 1995. He also served on the city council for a fourth term from 1999 to 2001. Robertson first ran for mayor in 2011, but was defeated by incumbent Mayor Tony Chavonne, who won re-election to a fourth term.

In April 2013, incumbent Fayetteville Mayor Tony Chavonne announced that he would not seek re-election after four consecutive terms in office. Robertson soon announced his candidacy to succeed Chavonne. He narrowly defeated his opponent, city councilwoman and real estate agent Val Applewhite, in the mayoral election on November 5, 2013. Robertson received over 50% of the vote, while Applewhite placed a close second with over 49%. Voter turnout was more than 20%, which was considered high for an off-year Fayetteville municipal election.

Robertson was sworn into office on December 2, 2013, for a two-year term as mayor.

Governor of North Carolina, Pat McCrory, appointed Robertson to the Governor's Crime Commission during the spring of 2014. He began work on the commission during its June 2014 quarterly meeting.

In 2015, Robertson was reelected, again defeating Applewhite.

On April 17, 2017, Robertson announced his bid for a third term as mayor of Fayetteville. He was defeated for reelection that November by Mayor Pro Tem Mitch Colvin.

References

Mayors of Fayetteville, North Carolina
North Carolina city council members
North Carolina Republicans
Businesspeople from North Carolina
Elon University alumni
Living people
1963 births
21st-century American politicians


title: Saw Swee Hock

text:
Saw Swee Hock HFLSE (; sometimes written Saw Swee-Hock) (1931 – 16 February 2021) was a Singaporean leading expert in statistics, population, and economics, and was a noted philanthropist.

Education
Saw received his BA in 1956 and MA in 1960 from the University of Malaya in Singapore, now the National University of Singapore (NUS). He earned his PhD in statistics from the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1963.

Career
He began his academic career at the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur (1963-1969). He subsequently became founding professor of statistics at the University of Hong Kong (1969-1971) and professor of statistics at NUS (1975-1991). He was a professorial fellow at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore and a member of the NUS board of trustees.

Saw has been a member of more than 30 advisory panels and committees, including the United Nations Committee on Salary Adjustments and the International Statistical Institute, and was the first chairman of the National Statistical Commission of Singapore. He has held visiting positions in, among others, Princeton, Stanford, Cambridge and LSE. He has written or edited 49 books, 31 book chapters and over 110 articles on statistics, demography and economics.

Philanthropy
Saw was also known for his philanthropy. He was named one of the "48 Heroes of Philanthropy" in the Asia-Pacific Region by Forbes Asia Magazine in 2014. His largest reported donation was of US$24 million in 2011 to his alma mater, NUS, to establish the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health. He also contributed £2 million to his other alma mater, LSE, for the student centre building that bears his name and also supported the Saw Swee Hock Southeast Asia Centre.  He has made contributions to universities in Singapore, China, Hong Kong and the UK. His family made its money by investing in bungalows, in part with an inheritance from his businessman father-in-law.

Swee Hock’s contributions to the field of education include an endowment in 2004 to establish 12 annual bursaries for students studying for MBAs. He has also endowed several professorships at NUS including a donation in 2002 for the establishment of the Saw Swee Hock Professor of Statistics in the Department of Statistics and Applied Probability at NUS.

In 2016, Saw established the Saw Swee Hock Study Award at Yale-NUS College with three students from the Class of 2018 as recipients of the inaugural award.

Honors and awards
Saw has been awarded numerous honors in recognition of his academic achievements and his philanthropy. He was named honorary professor of Statistics at the University of Hong Kong, honorary professor at Xiamen University, and President's Honorary Professor of Statistics at NUS. He was made an honorary fellow at LSE and an honorary university fellow of the University of Hong Kong. He was conferred the Outstanding Service Award by NUS, the Singapore President's Award for Philanthropy, and the Public Service Medal by the Singapore Government in 2013. In 2015, he was conferred the Honorary Doctor of Letters by NUS and the Distinguished Alumni Leadership Award by LSE.

Personal life
He was married to Dr. Cheng Siok-Hwa, who was a faculty member of the Department of History at NUS and has published numerous books in her own right; the couple also co-authored various publications. They had two daughters and one son.

References

1931 births
2021 deaths
Singaporean statisticians
Honorary Fellows of the London School of Economics
National University of Singapore alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Date of birth missing
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Academic staff of the University of Malaya
Academic staff of the University of Hong Kong
Singaporean philanthropists


title: Mulberry, North Carolina

text:
Mulberry, North Carolina may refer to the following census-designated places:

Mulberry, Surry County, North Carolina
Mulberry, Wilkes County, North Carolina


title: HKUGA Primary School

text:
HKUGA Primary School (also called Hong Kong University Graduates Associate Primary School; ) is a private co-educational primary school located at No. 9 Yee Shing Street in Chai Wan, Hong Kong.

Overview
It was founded by the Hong Kong University Graduates Association in 2002. According to the Hong Kong Economic Times, the HKUGA Primary School is "one of the most sought-after DSS schools". Every year, the school receives roughly 6,000 admittance applications for 120 spots. Applicants go through three rounds of interviews. The interviews test group activities, reading, logical questions, conversations, and how familiar parents are with the school.

It is a Direct Subsidy Scheme (DSS) school. It is a through-train school () in which the primary school students proceed directly to the linked secondary school Hong Kong University Graduate Association College without going through the central allocation process. Author Ian Tsang cautioned parents to consider the considerable distance between the two schools: the primary school was in the Eastern District, while the secondary school was in the Southern District. The school emphasises reading and independent learning. Unlike the typical school which would have teachers teach different subjects, HKUGA Primary School follows the approach of having teachers each teach a single subject. The aim is to have the teachers specialise and become experts in their subject. It follows the  pedagogical approach in which students are taught how to read in English and Chinese and how to speak in Cantonese, English, and Mandarin. To reduce student stress, the school does not hold exams for students in the first and second grades.

See also
Education in Hong Kong
List of primary schools in Hong Kong

References

External links
Official website

Primary schools in Hong Kong
2002 establishments in Hong Kong
Hong Kong Island


title: Medical Image Understanding and Analysis conference

text:
Medical Image Understanding and Analysis  (MIUA) is a UK-based meeting for the communication of research related to image analysis and its application to medical imaging and biomedicine. The meetings provide an opportunity to present and discuss research in medical image understanding and analysis; a rapidly growing subject with ever increasing real-world applicability.

MIUA is collaborated with the BMVA. Medical Image understanding is an intrinsically interdisciplinary activity, drawing on expertise from computer science, engineering, physics, clinical practice and fundamental bioscience. Many researchers with an interest in MIUA topics will also belong to wider communities in each of these disciplines, which overlap, but are not congruent with, the MIUA community. See more information

Current and previous MIUA Chairs and Conferences

References

See also
BMVA Summer School
BMVC

Computer science conferences


title: Nokutela Dube

text:
Nokutela Dube (1873 – 25 January 1917) was the first South African woman to found a school. She cofounded the Ilanga lase Natal newspaper, Ohlange Institute and Natal Native Congress (the precursor to the South African Native National Congress) while she was married to John Langalibalele Dube. They both travelled to the United States, where Nokutela was described as a "woman of note". She died while estranged from her husband, who was then president of what would become the African National Congress. The school she co-founded was the place that Nelson Mandela chose as the location for his first ever vote in an election.

In 2017, Nokutela Dube was posthumously awarded South Africa's highest honour — the Order of the Golden Baobab — 100 years after her death.

Life
Nokutela Mdima was born in 1873 to Christian converts at a missionary station at Inanda, near Durban, South Africa. From 1881, she was taught by Ida Wilcox, who was part of a husband-and-wife team running the mission. Nokutela was a star pupil and an essay she wrote was published in Ida's home town in Minnesota as part of a regular report she made to the press. Nokutela's essay was used to show how the mission was inspiring children to learn English.

After leaving Inanda Seminary School, Mdima worked as a teacher, and married John Dube in 1894 in Inanda. John was the son of James Dube who was a minister at Inanda. The couple left South Africa in April 1896 and travelled to Britain, sailing for New York from Southampton in May 1896. By November their story was being reported by the New York Tribune. Her husband was not the only black South African to visit New York, but Nokutela was unusual because she was female. The Los Angeles Times included Nokutela in their feature series "Women of note" on 13 February 1898. The newspapers introduced them as Mr and Mrs John Lindley Dube, and described their pleasing appearance, her ankle-length dress and her husband's double-breasted suit. (This adopted name was the same as that of the missionaries, Daniel and Lucy Lindley, who had established the Inanda mission.) The change in presentation was presumably made to assist American readers who might find John's middle name difficult to pronounce. The papers reported that Nokutela would take a home-making course, while her husband would train to join the clergy. Their stated objective was to be more "effective missionaries to the heathen".

While the Dubes were in the US, they were inspired by the educator Booker T. Washington, but their main training came from the Union Missionary Training Institute, where 30 to 45 Christian missionaries from Europe, Asia, Australia, Arabia, and in this case, Africa studied. This Brooklyn establishment was able to exist because pastors and professors would volunteer their time. While she was in America, the Woman's Board of Missions published her essay "Africa – The Story of My Life", in 1898.

Ohlange

After returning to South Africa and teaching at Dube's old school at Inanda, they set up Ohlange High School. This was the first in the country to be established by black teachers. It was her husband who was offered the opportunity to use a farm that his cousin had bought, but it was Nokutela's links back to Mary Edwards, who led her old school, that helped the couple establish the farm that became the seminary.

Nokutela Dube taught music, cooking, housekeeping and tailoring, and also sang and played traditional instruments on fundraising tours. With her husband, she co-wrote Amagama Abantu (A Zulu Song Book), published in 1911. This book is regarded as a milestone in the creation of a new type of Zulu choral music. The Dubes described these secular songs as the first to combine Zulu and European traditions for the "Black Community". The first printing of this book records both John and Nokutela as joint authors in a plural form of isiZulu. John only once steps out of this form of address in the introduction to point out that the music is Nokutela's responsibility. Nokutela had musical abilities but she had also taken singing lessons from two teachers while in America. Nokutela described this as "better singing".

In addition to his literary works, the Dubes founded the first Zulu/English newspaper Ilanga laseNatali (The Sun of Natal) in 1903. The Dubes are credited with making the song "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" popular. It became part of the South African national anthem after Ohlange Institute's choir used it. The choir played it at the South African Native National Congress meeting in 1912. It was sung after the closing prayer, and in 1925 would be adopted as the official closing anthem of the African National Congress.

Nokutela and John Dube's failure to have children was seen to reflect badly on Nokutela and John fathered a child with one of their pupils. Nokutela in her own childhood had written of the importance and expectation that her people put on having children. A committee was set up to investigate her husband, but they took no action and Nokutela felt humiliated. The couple separated in about 1914, and Nokutela moved to the Transvaal, where she preached in rural communities before becoming ill with kidney disease. She returned to live with her husband in Johannesburg, and died in 1917 at the age of 44. Her funeral was attended by Pixley ka Isaka Seme and other prominent members of what was to become the African National Congress (ANC). She was buried in an unmarked grave with a reference number starting "CK", which stood for "Christian Kaffir".

Legacy
It is said that Dube inspired Lillian Tshabalala and others to found the club movement called "The Daughters of Africa", in Natal in 1932, modelled on the African-American women's club movement. The school that she co-founded with her husband was chosen by Nelson Mandela as the place where he wanted to cast his first vote in the first democratic elections in South Africa. However, Nokutela's contribution to South African education and the growth of what was to become the African National Congress was not well known. More recent research has identified that her failure to have children with John Dube contributed to not only the breakup of their marriage but it also meant her story was only known via stepchildren, nieces and nephews.

In 2012, Professor Chérif Keita of Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, made a film about Nokutela Dube, Ukukhumbula uNokutela – Remembering Nokutela, and campaigned to raise awareness of her work. A headstone was erected on her grave after it was located by Keita with the help of the Johannesburg Parks Service in 2009.

in August 2016, she was inducted into Freedom Park, the national shrine for heroes and heroines in Pretoria, South Africa.

In 2017, following Professor Keita's campaign for her recognition, Nokutela Dube was posthumously awarded South Africa's highest honour — the Order of the Golden Baobab — 100 years after her death.

In 2021, South African editor, creative consultant and archivist Asanda Sizani researched, edited and released a book that narrates Nokutela Mdima-Dube's life in multidisciplinary forms such as essays, music, art, poetry and interviews, titled Nokutela Mdima-Dube 1873–1917. Asanda Sizani then approached four women in the Arts to collaborate on what is now a multi-pronged project titled Amagama Ka Nokutela, meaning "Nokutela's words/names". The collective of collaborators are Florence Masebe, Busi Sizani and Siphokazi Jonas. In 2022, the collective Legacy Creates produced the short film Amagama ka Nokutela, premiered at the Zeitz MOCAA (Museum of Contemporary Art Africa) on 25 January 2022, the 105th anniversary of Nokutela's death.

References

External links

 "The story of Nokutela Dube". Prof. Chérif Keita speaking with Sakina Kamwendo, SAfm, 5 August 2015.
 Chérif Keita, "A Zulu Woman’s Encounter with the American Press: Nokutela Dube in New York", Media Lab Africa.
 "Ukukhumbula uNokutela," "Remembering Nokutela". YouTube, 31 December 2011.
 Ntombi Magwaza-Mtembu, "Remembering Nokutela Dube: time to implement the Freedom Charter", Independent Online, 25 January 2021.

1873 births
1917 deaths
20th-century South African educators
Newspaper founders
Recipients of the Order of the Baobab
People from KwaZulu-Natal
South African Congregationalists
South African schoolteachers
South African women educators
Zulu people


title: Celypha ermolenkoi

text:
Celypha ermolenkoi is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Ukraine, on the Crimea and in Kyrgyzstan.

The wingspan is 15–17 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in June.

References

Moths described in 1980
Olethreutini


title: List of Nihangs

text:
The Nihang () are an armed Sikh order. They are also referred to as Akali (lit. "the eternal").

Jathedars
 Baba Binod Singh
 Baba Darbara Singh
 Nawab Kapur Singh
 Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
 Akali Naina Singh
 Akali Phula Singh
 Akali Hanuman Singh
 Akali Prahlad Singh
 Akali Giana Singh
 Akali Teja Singh
 Akali Sahib Singh Kaladhari
 Akali Chet Singh
 Akali Santa Singh
 Akali Surjit Singh
 Akali Joginder Singh

Scholars
 Giani Gian Singh Nihang
 Akali Kaur Singh Nihang -
 Dharam Singh Nihang Singh - Nihang Author, Theologian and preacher

References

Nihang


title: Security perimeter

text:
Security perimeter may refer to:

 Access control
 Perimeter fence
 Police perimeter
 Perimeter security


title: Grand Quayrat

text:
The pic du Grand Quayrat is a French pyrenean summit, culminating at  in the vallée d'Oô (commune d'Oô near Bagnères-de-Luchon in the Haute-Garonne department, Midi-Pyrénées region).

Toponymy
Its name in Occitan , meaning "square", comes from the distinctive shape of the summit, roughly forming a right angle, from the north.

History
The Grand Quayrat became the second climbed three thousander in 1789, ascended by physician Henri Reboul, leading an expedition from the barnes of Astau.

References

Mountains of the Pyrenees
Landforms of Haute-Garonne
Pyrenean three-thousanders


title: Dapdap Elementary School

text:
Dapdap Elementary School is a public elementary school in the town of Tangalan. It is under the Department of Education, district of Tangalan, division of Aklan, Region VI.

History
The first  school in barangay  Dapdap was at the terrace of the house of Mr. Marcos E. Traje located at the lot of Mr. Salvador Antaran.  It was for S.Y. 1934-1935 when the first class was held and the school was named Dapdap Primary School.

Dapdap Primary School became Dapdap Elementary School in S.Y. 2003–2004 with a total land area of 4,882 sq. m.

See also
 List of schools in Tangalan
 Education in the Philippines

References

External links

 DepEd Region VI Website
 Data.gov Website
 MOOE for 2014
 Dapdap Elementary School Facebook Page

Schools in Aklan
1930 establishments in the Philippines
Educational institutions established in 1930


title: 1964 Australian Tourist Trophy

text:
The 1964 Australian Tourist Trophy was a motor race staged at the Longford Circuit in Tasmania, Australia on 29 February 1964. It was the eighth annual Australian Tourist Trophy race. The race was open to sports cars as defined by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS) in its Appendix C regulations, and it was recognized by CAMS as the Australian championship for sports cars. It was won by Frank Matich driving a Lotus 19B.

Results

Race statistics
 Race distance: 23 laps – 103½ miles
 Number of starters: not yet ascertained
 Number of finishers: not yet ascertained
 Race average: 101.25 mph
 Fastest lap: 2 minute 53.9 seconds, Frank Matich, (Lotus 19B)
 Best time on Flying Mile: 150 mph, Frank Matich, (Lotus 19B)

Stillwell was the first competitor to finish however he was disqualified for having received a push-start prior to the commencement of the race.

Coad was disqualified for a similar infringement.

References

Australian Tourist Trophy
Tourist Trophy
Motorsport in Tasmania


title: Illaenidae

text:
The Illaenidae are a family of trilobites in the order Corynexochida. 223 currently accepted species in 24 genera are known from the Ordovician. Some scholars include the Panderiidae in the Illaenidae, but this is not generally supported.

Distribution
Illaenus? priscus from Salair and Illaenus? berkutensis from the Malyi Karatau, Kazakhstan (both Lower Tremadocian), are both very poorly known and it remains uncertain to which family they could best be assigned. The first certain Illaenid is I. hinomotoensis from the Upper Tremadocian of North China and South Korea. The earliest species known from Laurentia (western Ireland) is I. weaveri, probably latest Floian. These early occurrences are from the tropics, but during the Darriwilian the family spread over southern Gondwana, and became cosmopolitan for the remainder of the Ordovician, although most genera had limited distributions.
The genus Stenopareia survived the Ordovician–Silurian extinction events and the family slightly rebounded with 26 species divided over three genera during the Silurian. Quadratillaenus tewoensis from North China is the youngest species known (Pridoli Epoch).

Genera
Bumastoides Whittington 1954
Cryptonymus Eichwald 1825
Deucalion Shtsheglov 1827
Dysplanus Burmeister 1843
Ectillaenus Salter 1867
Harpillaenus Whittington 1963
Hyboaspis Raymond 1920
Hydrolaenus Salter 1867
Illaenus Dalman 1827
Nanillaenus Jaanusson 1954
Octillaenus Salter 1867
Parillaenus Jaanusson 1954
Platillaenus Jaanusson 1954
Ptilillaenus Lu 1962
Rhodope Angelin 1854
Stenopareia Holm 1886
Thaleops Conrad 1843
Ulugtella Petrunina 1975
Zbirovia Snajdr 1956
Zdicella Snajdr 1956
Zetillaenus Snajdr 1957

References

Ordovician trilobites
Illaenina
Trilobite families


title: Transport in Andhra Pradesh

text:
Andhra Pradesh is well connected with various destinations in India, as well as other countries. It has road, rail, airways. With a long coast of Bay of Bengal and many sea ports, it flourishes in sea trade as well. The state has one of the largest railway junctions at Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam Port being one of the largest cargo handling seaport.

Road

Andhra Pradesh has an extensive road network of  with various types of roads such as, national highways, state highways, district roads etc. The road network of the state is maintained by Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation, under the Roads and Buildings Department of the state.

The state's road infrastructure is in deplorable condition, with little to no attempts at improvement. Even in areas frequented by top government officials, the roads are in a state of disrepair and have gone unnoticed .

National and state highways

The state has a total of  of national highways. NH 16 is the longest national highway with a length of  and runs from Srikakulam district to Nellore district. The highway forms a part of Golden Quadrilateral Project undertaken by National Highways Development Project and a part of AH 45 of Asian Highway Network.

Total network of state highways is . and  of major district roads. Out of  of other type of roads, there are  of roads in the urban local bodies and municipal roads cover .

Expressways
Some of the  highways are developed as Expressways in PPP model. Notable among these are:
 Vijayawada–Hyderabad Expressway
 NAM Expressway
 Bangalore-Vijayawada Expressway (DPR Preparation)

Bus

The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) operates bus services and is the primary mode of public transport in the state, which is owned by the state government. , it had a total of 11,918 buses with 970 bus shelters and connecting over 14,000 villages in over 3,000 routes. The headquarters of APSRTC is located at NTR Administrative Block of RTC House in Pandit Nehru bus station of Vijayawada.

Apart from government run APSRTC, there are also many private buses operating in the state. Auto rickshaws and cabs are also a common mode of transport, with the recent introduction of She Autos, driven by women.

Freight

The transport of goods in the state depends mainly on lorrys, mini trucks and auto rickshaws. APSRTC, as a joint venture with Alloy Nitrides Ltd. was established in the year 1976, used for transportation of unaccompanied luggage, parcel/packets by their buses.

Railways

Andhra Pradesh has a total railway route of 3703.25 km. The rail density of the state is 16.59 per , compared to an all India average of 20. The Howrah–Chennai main line which runs through the state is proposed to be upgraded into a high-speed rail corridor through the Diamond Quadrilateral project of the Indian Railways.

The railway network in Andhra Pradesh is under  South Central Railway, East Coast railway and South Western railway zones. Secunderabad,Hyderabad,Vijayawada,Guntakal and Guntur divisions are part of South Central Railway. Waltair and Khurda Road divisions are part of the East coast railway. Bangalore division is part of the South Western railway.

There are three A1 and twenty three A-category railway stations in the state. Visakhapatnam railway station has been declared the cleanest railway station in the country. The railway station of Shimiliguda was the first highest broad gauge railway station in the country.

Airports

Andhra Pradesh has three functional domestic airports and three international airports. The state has a customs airport at Visakhapatnam. It serves more than  passengers annually. It operates flights to Singapore, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, Thailand and domestic Services as Well. There are three domestic airports at Kadapa, Rajahmundry and Kurnool.

Vijayawada Airport, Visakhapatnam Airport and Tirupati Airport serve as international airports. There are plans to setup an airport in every district of Andhra Pradesh.

Visakhapatnam airport is the largest airport in the state and handles over 60% of the domestic traffic of the state. The total passenger traffic in the state stood at 1.48 million as of 2013.

Seaports

The state has a coastline of  and is the second longest in the country. The state has 14 Ports with a sum of  capacity. Visakhapatnam, Gangavaram and Krishnapatnam Ports are the three deep water ports. During 2014–15, the traffic handled at non-major ports in the state was . Government planned to develop new ports at Bhavanapadu, Narsapur, Ramayapatnam and Duggirajapatnam.

Inland waterways

Inland waterways are the most economical way of transporting goods in Andhra Pradesh. National Waterway 4 starts at Kakinada and travels through Eluru, Vijayawada cities in the state and ends at Puducherry near Chennai. As of 2014 a network of 888 km of National Waterway is available in the state. This waterway is scheduled to begin transport in December 2017.

References


title: Foya Airport

text:
Foya Airport  is an airport serving the town of Foya, in Lofa County, Liberia.

See also
 Transport in Liberia

References

 Great Circle Mapper - Foya
 Google Earth

Airports in Liberia
Lofa County


title: 2015 Men's World Open Squash Championship

text:
The 2015 PSA Men's World Squash Championship is the men's edition of the 2015 World Championship, which serves as the individual world championship for squash players. The event took place in Bellevue, Washington in the United States from 15 to 22 November 2015. Grégory Gaultier won his first World Championship title, defeating Omar Mosaad in the final.

Prize money and ranking points
For 2015, the prize purse was $325,000. The prize money and points breakdown is as follows:

Seeds

Draw and results

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 1

Section 2

See also
World Championship
2015 Women's World Open Squash Championship
2015 Men's World Team Squash Championships

References

External links
PSA World Championship official website
PSA World Championship page

World Squash Championships
Men's World Open Squash Championship
Squash tournaments in the United States
International sports competitions hosted by the United States
2015 in American sports
2015 in sports in Washington (state)
Bellevue, Washington
Sports competitions in Washington (state)
Squash in Washington (state)


title: Shinepukur Ceramics

text:
Shinepukur Ceramics is a ceramic manufacturing company based in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Incorporated in 1997, Shinepukur Ceramics went into commercial production at the end of 1999. In 2005, it became a subsidiary of Beximco group when the latter acquired the 100% share of the company.

In 2011, Shinepukur Ceramics were awarded the national export trophy by the Export Promotion Bureau for their export performances during 2009-2010. They also won the "Dun and Bradstreet Corporate Award 2010" in the ceramic category from Dun & Bradstreet Rating Agency Bangladesh Limited.

References

BEXIMCO group
Ceramics manufacturers of Bangladesh
Companies established in 1997
Bangladeshi brands
Manufacturing companies based in Dhaka


title: Thiodia torridana

text:
Thiodia torridana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Ukraine, Russia (southern Siberia, Amur-Zeya, Priamure, southern Primorsk, southern Sakhalin, Kuril Islands), Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan.

The wingspan is 16–20 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in June.

The larvae feed on Aster amellus, Succisa pratensis, Gnaphalium and Hieracium species. On Aster amellus, they mine the leaves. The mine has the form of a full depth broad corridor or elongate blotch. Most frass is concentrated in the first part of the mine and along the sides. The species overwinters in the mine. After hibernation, the larva leaves the mine and spins together some leaves from which it continues feeding. Larvae can be found from September to May.

References

Moths described in 1859
Eucosmini


title: Alain Michel (motorcyclist)

text:
Alain Michel (born 23 February 1953) in Montelimar is a French sidecar racer and motorcycle preparer. He is the only French World Sidecar Champion.

The career of Alain Michel  began on 2 wheels 1972. He also won this year's Cup Four Seasons category on a Honda 450 and finished in second place in the championship of France 500 national.

Considering this experience as inconclusive, he embarked on three wheels 1975 and in 1976 began to a career Grand Prix category sidecar in which he obtained some good results.

His first Grand Prix victory, he won in France at Paul Ricard in 1977, with Gérard Lecorre as a passenger. That year would be marked by a classic race in the rain at Silverstone (England) but would result in abandonment. They finished 5th in the World Championship.

In 1978, the team ended runner-up in the world with its new passenger Stuart Collins earned after two victories.

1979 a new "monkey" took place in the basket; Michael Burkhard. The crew had two victories at Mans and Assen and a 4th-place finish in the World Championship.

In 1980, 1981 and 1982 the crew won four victories, many podiums and finished respectively 2, 3 and 4 in the championships those years.

1984 with Jean-Marc Fresc in the "basket" and still the 3rd position in the world at the end of the season before having a "catastrophic" season 1985.

In 1986 Michel and Fresc struggled all season against the crew of Streuer and Schnieders. A 5th place at Hockenheim (Germany) because of a loose headphone lost the crew valuable points for the championship final, they would be perfectly equal on the number of points. But thanks to 5 wins against 2 to the French crew, it is the Dutch team that are world champions.

Undeterred, Alain Michel and Jean-Marc Fresc went on to fight in 1987 with 5 podiums in 1988 still 4th with 2 podiums, then 1989 3rd in the championship with three podiums.

In 1990 it is the dedication with his passenger Simon Birchall and the title of world champion sidecar, won on a LCR-Krauser.

Another season in 1991, the 16th at the highest level and Alain Michel finally hangs up the leathers and helmet. Meanwhile, during this period, he has won 9 titles of Champion of France in the category.

Among other activities, he continued for some time to be with the world of motorcycle racing, taking care to develop machines enduro, or designing with his friend Claude Fior, motorcycle Grand Prix suspension.

Honours
 World Champion 1990.
 Vice-world champion in 1978, 1981 and 1986.
 Champion of France (9 titles)
 16 seasons at the highest level.
 138 Grands Prix contested.
 77 Podiums.
 18 Wins.
 43 Pole positions and lap records.

References

External links
 http://www.f1network.net/main/s180/st33791.htm
 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alain_Michel_et_Jean-Marc_Fresc_sur_LCR_Krauser.jpg
 http://www.hahn-archiv.de/0492fb99e30dbf50a/index.html

French motorcycle racers
1953 births
Sidecar racers
Living people


title: Starlin

text:
Starlin may refer to:
Jim Starlin (born 1949), an American comic book writer and artist
Starlin Castro (born 1990), a professional Major League baseball player


title: Lockie's Topography of London

text:
Lockie's Topography of London gives a concise local description of and accurate direction to every square, street, lane, court, dock, wharf, public office, the metropolis, and its environs, including the new buildings to the present time, upon a plan never hitherto attempted. Written by John Lockie was an important gazetteer of London and published in 1810.

The book was prepared by Lockie from his survey designed for the insurer's Phoenix Fire-Office of Lombard Street, for whom he was the Inspector of Buildings. It was printed by S. Couchman of Throgmorton Street and sold by a variety of booksellers in London, who are listed on the title page. In the Preface, Lockie commented that it had taken him seven years of “assiduity and patient labor” to prepare the contents. Therefore, he hoped that it would receive the patronage of the public. Lockie went on to add that “the whole Work having been accomplished by his own personal Exertions, he is enabled to offer the fullest Assurances of the Accuracy of its Execution.”

The book was reprinted in facsimile form by the London Topographical Society in 1994.

See also
Edward Hatton (surveyor)

References

External links
Lockie's Topography of London at Google Books.
Lockie's Topography of London at the Internet Archive.

1810 non-fiction books
Books about London


title: Katthammarsvik

text:
Katthammarsvik () is a harbour settlement in Östergarn socken on the  island of Gotland, Sweden. As of 2005, it was in statistical terms defined as a småort (small locality) and has formerly, very briefly, held the status of a tätort (locality).

History
Katthammarsvik had a limestone industry consisting of several kilns that flourished after Gotland came under Swedish rule in 1645. Burnt lime, limestone and wood products were shipped from the harbour at Katthammarsvik.

Katthamra  Manor  (Katthamra gård) not far from the harbor, is of medieval origin but flourished and was expanded during the time of the limestone industry in the 18th and 19th century.

With 196 inhabitants, Katthammarsvik was defined as a småort (small locality) in 1990. After a rise in population to 220 in 1995, Statistics Sweden redefined it as a locality. In 2000, the population was down to 182 people and it was again defined as a small locality In 2005, the population had sunk to 176.

References

External links
 Katthamra Gård Official site

Populated places in Gotland County
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea


title: Beitar Nahariya F.C.

text:
Beitar Nahariya () is an Israeli football club based in Nahariya. The club currently plays in Liga Bet North A division.

History
The club was founded in 1962. In their first season of existence, they won their regional division of Liga Gimel and were promoted to Liga Bet. Up until the mid-1980s, Beitar, which has played mostly in the lower divisions of Israeli football,  was in the shadow of their local rivals, Hapoel Nahariya, which have played mostly in the second and third tiers of Israeli football. Things were changed in Nahariya as Hapoel were relegated from Liga Alef in the 1981–82 season, and did not return to this league ever since, whilst Beitar made history, by finally reaching Liga Alef in the 1985–86 season, where they finished runners-up in the North division, and qualified to the promotion play-offs, where they beat Hapoel Rishon LeZion 4–3 on aggregate (2–2, 2–1). Thus, the club made their second successive promotion within two seasons, from Liga Bet to Liga Artzit, the second tier of Israeli football at the time.

The club's spell in Liga Artzit lasted only one season, as they finished second bottom in the 1986–87 season, winning only four games, and relegated back to Liga Alef. After another relegation, to Liga Bet, the club folded in 1995.

The club had reformed in 2007 and joined Liga Gimel, the lowest tier of Israeli football, where they finished runners-up in the Upper Galilee division, and were promoted to Liga Bet. In the 2012–13 season, the club won the Liga Bet North A division with a margin of 13 points over the second-placed club, and promoted to Liga Alef.

In 2014–15, the club finished 15th in Liga Alef North, and relegated to Liga Bet.

Honours

League

Cups

External links
Beitar Nahariya The Israel Football Association

References

Nahariya
Nahariya
Association football clubs established in 1962
Association football clubs established in 2007
1962 establishments in Israel
2007 establishments in Israel


title: Rossa Mediterranea

text:
The Rossa Mediterranea is a breed of domestic goat from the Mediterranean island of Sicily, in southern Italy. It derives from the Damascus goat of Syria and the eastern Mediterranean, and is thus also known as the Derivata di Siria. It is raised mainly in Sicily, but also in Basilicata and Calabria in southern mainland Italy.

The Rossa Mediterranea is one of the forty-three autochthonous Italian goat breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep- and goat-breeders. Total numbers for the breed were recently estimated at about 56,000. At the end of 2013 the registered population was reported as 3385.

Use
The Rossa Mediterranea is a milk breed. Milk production per lactation for pluriparous nannies is approximately 570 kg, and may reach 750 kg. The milk has an average of 4.11% fat and 3.53% protein, and is used predominantly for cheese-making.

References

Goat breeds
Dairy goat breeds
Goat breeds originating in Italy


title: Sona Saila Maalai

text:
The Sona Saila Maalai is a collection of one hundred stanzas (Venpaas) in Tamil written by the 17th-century poet and philosopher Siva Prakasar.

The poems
The hundred poems  were compiled to illustrate various patterns of Tamil grammar. Each poem of Sona saila maalai  is generally named after its first few words.

Poet
Siva Prakasar, a Tamil philosopher, sage, and poet, lived at the end of 17th century.

References

Tamil-language literature
Hindu texts
Hymns
Sangam literature
Tamil philosophy
17th-century poetry books


title: Thiodia lerneana

text:
Thiodia lerneana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Spain, France, Austria, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Lithuania, Russia, Transural, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan.

The wingspan is 14–18 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in June.

References

Moths described in 1835
Eucosmini


title: List of schools in Tangalan

text:
Schools in Tangalan, Aklan, Philippines. (The list may not be complete)

Tangalan
Schools in Aklan


title: Chiloglanis micropogon

text:
Chiloglanis micropogon is a species of upside-down catfish native to Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola, where it occurs in the lower Congo river, the Kasai, Kwango, Dja and Lualaba rivers and Wagenia Falls (Stanley Falls). It also occurs in the Rungumba River, a tributary of Lake Tanganyika in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This species grows to a length of  TL.

References

External links

micropogon
Catfish of Africa
Freshwater fish of Angola
Fish of Cameroon
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1952


title: Eudiagogini

text:
Eudiagogini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae.

Genera
Aetherhinus – Aracanthus – Chileudius – Colecerus – Eucoleocerus – Eudiagogus – Eudius – Eudomus – Eurpsaces – Oligocryptus – Pororhynchus – Promecops

References

 LeConte, J.L. 1874: The classification of the rhynchophorous Coleoptera. The American naturalist, 8(7): 385–396.

External links

Entiminae
Beetle tribes


title: Monno Ceramics

text:
Monno Ceramic is a ceramic tableware manufacturing companies in Bangladesh. Based in Dhaka, the company was established in 1984 by the late Harunur Rashid Khan Monno.

References

Ceramics manufacturers of Bangladesh
Manufacturing companies based in Dhaka
Manufacturing companies established in 1985
Bangladeshi brands
1985 establishments in Bangladesh


title: Eustylini

text:
Eustylini is a primarily Neotropical weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae.

Taxonomy
The tribe Eustylini was named for the first time by Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire in 1863, although, when first named, the tribe (Groupe Eustylides, p. 205) only contained three genera: Aptolemus (currently in Naupactini), Brachystylus, and Eustylus.

In 1986 the Eustylini contained most of its current genera, mostly due to revised taxonomic placements made by Guillermo Kuschel. The latest additions were made by Franz in 2012 by transferring former members of other tribes including Geonemini, Phyllobiini, and Tanymecini.

The type species of some genera (Compsus, Diaprepes, Eustylus, Exorides, and Exophthalmus) were redescribed by Franz. Most species of Eustylini are only known from their original descriptions.

Description
A diagnosis for the tribe was offered by Girón 2020:

Distribution
Eustylini ranges from south-western USA to Argentina, with its highest diversity in the Caribbean, Central America and northern South America.

Genera
The tribe Eustylini currently includes 25 genera and 339 sdescribed species:

References

External links

Entiminae


title: Şenol Güneş Sports Complex

text:
The Papara Park, officially known as the Şenol Güneş Spor Complex Papara Park (Turkish: Şenol Güneş Spor Kompleksi), is a stadium located in Trabzon, Turkey. It opened to public on 18 December 2016 and has a capacity of 40,782 spectators.

It is the new home of Trabzonspor of the Süper Lig, replacing Hüseyin Avni Aker Stadium. It is named after the Turkish football manager and former goalkeeper of Trabzonspor and Turkey national football team, as well as former coach of the national team, Şenol Güneş.

In 2017, interactive monitors were installed in the stadium's press seats, which provides match streaming, player information, etc.

There are plans to connect the stadium to Trabzon's City Center with the new Trabzon Tram per a 2022 announcement by the region's mayor.

References

Football venues in Turkey
Trabzonspor
Sport in Trabzon
Sports venues in Trabzon
Sports venues completed in 2016
2016 establishments in Turkey