title: Killing of Michael Brown

text:
On August 9, 2014, 18-year-old Michael Brown was shot and killed by police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis.

Brown was accompanied by his 22-year-old male friend Dorian Johnson. Wilson, a white male Ferguson police officer, said that an altercation ensued when Brown attacked him in his police vehicle for control of Wilson's service pistol. The struggle continued until the pistol fired. Johnson said that Wilson initiated a confrontation by grabbing Brown by the neck through Wilson's patrol car window, threatening him and then shooting at him. At this point, both Wilson and Johnson state that Brown and Johnson fled, with Wilson pursuing Brown shortly thereafter. Wilson stated that Brown stopped and charged him after a short pursuit. Johnson contradicted this account, stating that Brown turned around with his hands raised after Wilson shot at his back. According to Johnson, Wilson then shot Brown multiple times until Brown fell to the ground. In the entire altercation, Wilson fired a total of twelve bullets, including twice during the struggle in the car. Brown was struck six times, all in the front of his body.

This event ignited unrest in Ferguson. Witnesses to the shooting claimed Brown had his hands up in surrender or said "don't shoot", so protesters later used the slogan "Hands up, don't shoot". A subsequent FBI investigation said that there was no evidence that Brown had done so. Peaceful protests and violent riots continued for more than a week in Ferguson; police later established a nightly curfew.
The response of area police agencies in dealing with the protests was strongly criticized by both the media and politicians. Concerns were raised over insensitivity, tactics, and a militarized response. Missouri governor Jay Nixon ordered local police organizations to cede much of their authority to the Missouri State Highway Patrol.

A grand jury was called and given evidence from Robert McCulloch, the St. Louis County Prosecutor. On , 2014, McCulloch announced the St. Louis County grand jury had decided not to indict Wilson. In March 2015, the U.S. Department of Justice reported the conclusion of its own investigation and cleared Wilson of civil rights violations in the shooting. It claimed that Wilson's account was "corroborated by bruising on Wilson's jaw and scratches on his neck, the presence of Brown's DNA on Wilson's collar, shirt and pants, and Wilson's DNA on Brown's palm", and claimed that witnesses who corroborated the officer's account were credible. The U.S. Department of Justice concluded that Wilson shot Brown in self-defense.

In 2020, St. Louis County prosecutor Wesley Bell spent five months reviewing the case with an eye to charge Wilson with either manslaughter or murder.  In July, Bell announced Wilson would not be charged.

Background

Michael Orlandus Darrion Brown (May 20, 1996 – August 9, 2014) graduated from Normandy High School in  eight days before his death, completing an alternative education program. At the time of his death, he was 18 years old,  tall, and weighed . He was an amateur rap musician who posted his songs on the popular music-sharing site SoundCloud under the handle "Big'Mike." He was two days from starting a training program for heating and air conditioning repair at Vatterott College technical school.

Darren Dean Wilson (born , 1986, in Fort Worth, Texas) was  tall and weighed about . Wilson's first police job was in the town of Jennings, Missouri, where he began working in 2009. With respect to this job, Wilson said to The New Yorker in 2015, "I'd never been in an area where there was that much poverty." The police force in Jennings was shut down by the town's city council in March 2011. In October 2011, Wilson began working for the Ferguson Police Department. In February 2013, Wilson won a commendation from the Ferguson Police Department after he apprehended a suspect who was later charged with possession of marijuana with intent to distribute and resisting arrest.

Brown's activities prior to the incident

Surveillance video which was publicly released in the 2017 documentary film Stranger Fruit shows Michael Brown walking into Ferguson Market and Liquor at 1:13 a.m., ten-and-a-half hours before he entered the store for the final time. The footage shows Brown handing a young clerk a brown package, believed by the filmmaker to be marijuana, and then receiving an unpurchased package of cigarillos from the store. After the video was rediscovered and made public in 2017, some, including Brown's family, said they believed Brown had left the package there for safekeeping and later returned to retrieve it. The store owner disputed this through an attorney who dismissed claims that the store traded him "cigarillos for pot." The lawyer claimed "[t]he reason he [Brown] gave it back is he was walking out the door with unpaid merchandise and they [the staff] wanted it back." The store's attorney said the video had been in the hands of Brown's family and law enforcement since the initial investigation, and said the video had been edited to remove the portion where the store clerk returned Brown's package to him. Following this, on March 13, 2017, unedited footage from the store was released by the St. Louis County prosecutor to try to settle questions.

Incident

At , Officer Wilson responded to a call about a baby with breathing problems and drove to Glenark Drive in Ferguson, east of Canfield Drive. About three minutes later and several blocks away, Brown was recorded on camera stealing a box of Swisher Sweets cigars and forcefully shoving a Ferguson Market clerk. At 11:53, a police dispatcher reported "stealing in progress" at the Ferguson Market and described the suspect as a black male wearing a white T-shirt running toward QuikTrip. The suspect was reported as having stolen a box of Swisher cigars. Brown and his friend, Dorian Johnson, left the market at about  At 11:57, the dispatch described the suspect as wearing a red St. Louis Cardinals hat, a white T-shirt, yellow socks, and khaki shorts, and that he was accompanied by another male. Ferguson Police Chief Thomas Jackson said that the incident with Brown stealing cigars had "nothing to do" with why Brown was stopped by Wilson prior to the shooting, and that the reason Brown and Johnson were stopped was because "they were walking down the middle of the street, blocking traffic."

At , Wilson reported he was back in service and radioed units 25 and 22 to ask if they needed his assistance in searching for the suspects. Seven seconds later, an unidentified officer said the suspects had disappeared. Wilson called for backup at 12:02, saying "[Unit] 21. Put me on Canfield with two. And send me another car."

Initial reports of what happened next differed widely among sources and witnesses, particularly with regard to whether Brown was moving towards Wilson when the shots were fired. At noon on , Wilson drove up to Brown and Johnson as they were walking in the middle of Canfield Drive and ordered them to move off the street. Wilson continued driving past the two men, but then backed up and stopped close to them. A struggle took place between Brown and Wilson after Brown reached through the window of Wilson's police SUV, a Chevrolet Tahoe.  Wilson was armed with a SIG Sauer P229 pistol, which was fired twice during the struggle from inside the vehicle, with one bullet hitting Brown's right hand. Brown and Johnson fled and Johnson hid behind a car. Wilson got out of the vehicle and pursued Brown. At some point, Wilson fired his pistol again, while facing Brown, and hit him with at least six shots, all in the front of his body. Brown was unarmed and died on the street. Less than 90-seconds passed from the time Wilson encountered Brown to the time of Brown's death.

An unidentified officer arrived on the scene and, 73-seconds after Wilson's call, asked where the second suspect was. Thirty-one seconds later, a supervisor was requested by Unit 25. At , an officer on scene radioed to dispatch for more units. Also at 12:07, the  County police were notified and county officers began arriving on scene at around  The  County detectives were notified at  and arrived about , with the forensic investigator arriving at about

Police dispatched 12 units to the scene by  with another 12, including two canine units, by  Gunshots were recorded in Ferguson police logs at , and by the ambulance dispatch again at , which led to the response of 20 more units from eight different municipal forces in the next 20 minutes. As the situation deteriorated, the police commanders had investigators seek cover and detectives assisted in crowd control. At , four canine units arrived on scene, and the SWAT team arrived at  The medical examiner began his examination of Brown at approximately  and concluded about half an hour later, with Brown's body being cleared to be taken to the morgue. At , Brown's body was signed in at the morgue by workers.

Investigations

Police

Michael Brown was fatally shot by Officer Wilson at about 12:02 p.m. The Ferguson Police Department was on the scene within minutes, as were crowds of residents, some expressing hostility toward the police. Paramedics covered the body with sheets. About  after the shooting, the Ferguson police chief turned over the homicide investigation to the St. Louis County Police Department (SLCPD). The arrival of SLCPD detectives took about , as they were occupied with another crime scene  away. On arrival at 1:30 p.m., they put up privacy screens around the body. Their investigation was slowed due to safety concerns regarding the sound of gunfire in the area and some hostile members of the crowd encroaching on the crime scene. An investigator from the St. Louis County Medical Examiner's office arrived at 2:30 p.m. Brown's body was removed at 4:00 p.m. Local residents criticized authorities for leaving Brown's body in the street for four hours in an action seen as demeaning and disrespectful.

Department of Justice
On , 2014, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) opened a civil rights investigation into the incident.  A spokeswoman for the FBI's St. Louis field office said the decision to open an investigation was not motivated by the protests and riots which had ensued. Forty FBI agents went door-to-door looking for potential witnesses who may have had information about the shooting.  Additionally, attorneys from the Civil Rights Division and from the United States Attorney's Office were participating in the investigation.

On , 2015, the federal investigation cleared Wilson of civil rights violations in the shooting. The investigation concluded there was no evidence upon which prosecutors could rely to disprove Wilson's asserted belief that he feared for his safety, that witnesses who contradicted Wilson were not credible, that forensic evidence and credible witnesses corroborated Wilson's account, and that the facts did not support the filing of criminal charges against Wilson. Credible witnesses did not support accounts that Brown had his hands up in surrender. He was not shot in the back. Forensic evidence showed he was moving toward Wilson. Numerous witnesses were found to have given accounts of actions they were unable to see from their vantage points, or to be recounting others' accounts.

2020 prosecutor review

A new St. Louis County prosecutor, Wesley Bell, spent five months in 2020 reviewing the case with an eye to charging Wilson with either manslaughter or murder.  In July, Bell announced he would not charge Wilson with any crime; Bell said he didn't "have the evidence to ethically bring a charge against Darren Wilson."

Grand jury hearing

The grand jury was made up of members who had been impaneled in May 2014 for a regularly scheduled term, to hear all cases put forward by the prosecuting attorney's office. There were three black jury members (one man and two women) and nine white jury members (six men and three women), an ethnic breakdown that roughly reflects the racial makeup of  County, which is about 30% black, and 70% white. On , 2014, the grand jury started hearing evidence in the case State of Missouri v. Darren Wilson, in order to decide whether a crime was committed and if there was probable cause to believe Wilson committed it.

There was intense interest focused on the grand jury. Robert P. McCulloch, the elected prosecuting attorney for  County, was in charge of the prosecution but did not participate in the direct handling of the grand jury hearing. It was handled by two Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys of McCulloch's office: Kathi Alizadeh and Sheila Whirley. McCulloch announced an unusual process: the grand jury would hear all the evidence, the proceedings would be transcribed, and the materials would be made public if the grand jury did not indict.

The grand jury took 25 days, over the span of three months, to hear more than 5,000 pages of testimony from 60 witnesses and then deliberate on whether or not to indict Wilson. Most grand juries complete their work in a matter of days. The grand jury was not sequestered during the process.

On the night of , Prosecutor McCulloch reported in a 20-minute press conference that the grand jury had reached a decision in the case and would not indict Wilson.

Following his announcement, McCulloch released thousands of pages of grand jury documents, with materials published on the internet for public perusal. The documents include transcripts of the proceedings, expert statements, and the testimony of some witnesses. On , more witness interviews and more than 50 brief audio recordings between the police dispatchers and responding police officers were released. On , a third release included the transcripts of witness interviews, including one with Dorian Johnson. A video of the two-hour interview of Johnson by FBI and county police was withheld.

Robert P. McCulloch was the main focus of much of the criticism throughout the process and well into its aftermath. Attorney Raul Reyes characterized McCulloch as not being impartial, as his father was a police officer killed in an incident with a black suspect and other members of his family served with the  Police Department.  A petition calling for McCulloch to recuse himself gained 70,000 signatures. Governor Jay Nixon declined to remove McCulloch and said doing so would potentially jeopardize the prosecution. McCulloch dismissed the claims of bias, and later said he regretted not speaking publicly about his background at the time.

Legal analysts raised concerns over McCulloch's unorthodox approach, saying this process could have influenced the grand jury to decide against indictment and that they were given too much material to assess. The analysts highlighted the significant differences between a typical grand jury proceeding in Missouri and how Wilson's case was handled.

Evidence

Shooting scene

Evidence presented to the grand jury showed that the shooting scene extended approximately  along Canfield Drive, near where it intersects Copper Creek Court. The two-lane street runs east to west, and has sidewalks and curbs on both sides. Immediately prior to the incident, Brown was walking eastbound on Canfield and Officer Wilson was driving westbound. Evidence at the scene was generally clustered around Wilson's patrol SUV on the western side of the scene and near Brown's body, which was in the eastern part of the area.

The  western area included Wilson's SUV, which was angled slightly toward the right curb with its left-rear corner on the center line. Evidence included two bracelets, a baseball cap, and two .40 caliber spent casings. One of these casings was found at the western edge of the scene and the other was located near the rear driver's side of the police vehicle. There were two groups of red stains near the driver's side of the vehicle and a left sandal was also located in the vicinity. The right sandal was approximately  east of the western area.

The eastern area, which was approximately  east of the western area, was about  wide. Brown's body was situated along the center-line of the road with his head oriented in a westerly direction. The distance from the driver's door of Wilson's SUV to Brown's head was about . Two groups of red stains were located at the extreme eastern edge of the scene, with the furthest under  from Brown's feet.

One apparent projectile was found near the body. There were ten spent  casings scattered on the south side of the road near Brown's body. The distribution of the casings, combined with most of the casings being east of the body, was consistent with Officer Wilson moving backward while firing. Blood spatter approximately  behind Brown's body suggested Brown was moving toward Wilson when Brown was killed.

DNA

Brown's DNA was found on Wilson's gun. His DNA was also found on the left thigh of Officer Wilson's pants and on the inside driver's door handle of Wilson's police SUV, the result of Brown's spilled blood staining Wilson's pants and the door handle. Wilson's DNA was found on Brown's left palm but was not found under Brown's fingernails or on his right hand.

Michael Graham, the St. Louis medical examiner, said blood was found on Wilson's gun and inside the car, and tissue from Brown was found on the exterior of the driver's side of Wilson's vehicle; this evidence was consistent with a struggle at that location. According to Judy Melinek, a San Francisco pathologist who commented on the case as an expert, the official autopsy, which said Brown's hand had foreign matter consistent with a gun discharge on it, supported Wilson's testimony that Brown was reaching for the weapon, or indicated the gun was inches away from Brown's hand when it went off.

According to the detective who performed tests on the gun, he had to decide whether to perform a DNA test or dust for fingerprints, because only one test can be performed without affecting the other. He found the gun stored in an unsealed envelope, contrary to the customary evidence-handling protocol. Documents released after the grand jury proceedings show Wilson washed blood from his hands and checked his own gun into an evidence bag, both actions described by media outlets as unorthodox procedures for such a case.

Autopsies
Three autopsies were performed on Brown's body, with all three noting Brown had been shot at least six times, including twice in the head. He received no shots in his back.

The county autopsy report described gunshot entry and exit wounds to Brown's right arm coming from both the front (ventral, palms facing forward) and the back (dorsal, palms facing backward).

County

The local medical examiner autopsy report released to state prosecutors said Brown was shot in the front part of his body. When Mary Case, the  County medical examiner, was asked to provide details, she declined to comment further, citing the ongoing investigation into Brown's death. The official county autopsy was later leaked to the  Post-Dispatch.

The narrative report of investigation from the office of the medical examiner of  agreed with Wilson's testimony. It noted Brown had sustained multiple gunshot wounds to the head, torso, and right arm, as well as a single gunshot wound to the inside of his right hand near his thumb and palm; it also noted Brown's body had abrasions to the right side of his face and on the back of his left hand.

The autopsy noted the absence of stippling, powder burns around a wound that indicate a shot was fired at a relatively short range. Michael Graham notes gunshot wounds within an inch of the body do not always cause stippling. Microscopic examination of tissue taken from Brown's thumb wound detected the presence of a foreign material consistent with the material which is ejected from a gun while firing. The gunshot wound to the top of Brown's head was consistent with Brown either falling forward or being in a lunging position; the shot was instantly fatal.

A toxicology test performed by a  University laboratory revealed the presence of THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, in Brown's blood and urine. This indicated he used marijuana within a few hours of his death, but not whether he was impaired when he died.

Independent

At the request of Brown's family, on  a preliminary autopsy was conducted by Michael Baden, a former chief medical examiner for the City of New York (1978–1979). This autopsy was limited because the previous county autopsy had washed, embalmed, and taken evidence off the body.

According to Baden's report, Brown was shot six times into his front: four of the bullets entered his right arm, one entered his right eye on a downward trajectory, and one entered the top of his skull. All of the rounds were fired from a distance of at least one foot. One of the shots shattered Brown's right eye, traveled through his face, then exited his jaw and reentered his collarbone. Brown could have survived the first bullet wounds, but the bullet that entered the top of his head resulted in a fatal injury.

Baden had no access to the clothing of the victim, and had not yet seen the x-rays showing where bullets were in the body. He could not determine if any gunpowder residue was on that clothing. Baden concluded there was too little information to forensically reconstruct the shooting. At least two commentators noted the results of both autopsies contradicted some aspects of some eyewitness accounts, which had reported Wilson shot Brown in the back and that Wilson shot Brown while holding Brown's neck. In later analysis, Baden reclassified one of Brown's chest wounds as an entry wound.

Baden was assisted by Shawn Parcells, who did not have a degree or credentials in medicine or pathology. Thomas Young, former Jackson County Medical Examiner, said Parcells gave out forensic pathology opinions when Parcells is not qualified to do so. Mary Case, who performed the initial autopsy, said Parcells' involvement could cause issues with the second autopsy. Parcells said all he did was assist Baden. In 2021, Parcells was convicted of six criminal charges relating to autopsies he illegally performed.

Federal
Attorney Genera Eric Holder ordered a third autopsy of Brown's body. Its findings matched the other two autopsies, but its detailed findings were initially withheld from the public due to the ongoing investigation. The federal autopsy report was among a group of documents released by the  County Prosecutor's Office on , two weeks after the grand jury chose not to indict Wilson.

Audio recording of gunshots
On , CNN released an audio recording purported to contain the sounds of the shooting. The recording was made by an anonymous third-party who happened to be recording a video-text message at the time of the incident. Glide, a video messaging service, confirmed the audio had been recorded on their site at  on the day of the shooting. The twelve-second recording contains a series of shots, a short pause, and then a second series of shots.

Forensic audio expert Paul Ginsberg says he heard six shots, a pause, and then four additional shots. Ginsberg said, "I was very concerned about that pause ... because it's not just the number of gunshots, it's how they're fired. And that has a huge relevance on how this case might finally end up." CNN's law enforcement analyst Tom Fuentes noted most accounts of the shooting say there was a single shot earlier in the incident near the vehicle that is not audible in the recording. The recording was also analyzed by SST, Inc., a company specializing in gunfire locator technology. That analysis found the sound of ten gunshots and seven gunshot echoes within seven seconds, with a three-second pause after the sixth shot. The company's analysis also said all ten rounds were fired from within a radius of , indicating the shooter was not moving.

Handling

The Washington Post said there were unorthodox forensic practices shown in the published testimony of Officer Wilson and other law enforcement officials. The article said Wilson washed blood off of his hands without photographing them first. It also said Wilson submitted his gun to evidence by himself, and that initial interviews of Wilson were conducted with other personnel present and were not taped. It described Wilson's face injuries after the shooting as photographed by a local detective at the Fraternal Order of Police building, instead of at Ferguson Police headquarters. An investigator with the  County Medical Examiner's office testified he decided not to take measurements at the crime scene nor did he photograph the scene, instead relying on photographs taken by the  County Police Department.

Witness accounts

Multiple witnesses saw part or all of the event and have given interviews to the media, testified to the grand jury, and were interviewed by the U.S. Department of Justice.  The witness accounts were conflicting on various points. David A. Klinger, a criminologist at the University of Missouri–, said eyewitness testimony often differs from witness to witness, a phenomenon commonly known as the Rashomon effect.

An Associated Press review of the grand jury found numerous problems in the witness testimony, including statements that were "inconsistent, fabricated, or provably wrong". Several of the witnesses admitted changing their testimony to fit released evidence, or other witness statements. Prosecuting attorney Robert McCulloch said, "I thought it was important to present anybody and everybody, and some that were, yes, clearly not telling the truth, no question about it."

The Department of Justice investigation into the shooting determined witnesses who corroborated Wilson's account were credible while those who contradicted Wilson's account were not. The witnesses that claimed Brown was surrendering or did not move toward Wilson were not credible; the report said their claims were inconsistent with the physical evidence, other witness statements, and in some cases prior statements from the same witness. No witness statements that pointed to Wilson's guilt were determined to be credible. Twenty-four statements were determined to lack any credibility, while eight which were found credible corroborated Wilson's account. Nine did not completely contradict nor corroborate Wilson's account. Several witnesses reported fear of reprisals from the community for providing evidence that corroborated Wilson's account.

Wilson's interview and testimony

Officer Wilson gave his account of the incident in an interview with a detective on , and in testimony before the grand jury in September. Wilson said he had just left a call involving a sick person when he heard on his radio that there was a theft in progress at a local convenience store. Wilson heard the description of the suspects and soon after observed two black males walking down the middle of the street. Wilson pulled up to them and told the two to walk on the sidewalk, and Johnson replied, "we're almost to our destination". As they passed Wilson's patrol SUV window, Brown said "fuck what you have to say".

Wilson then backed up about ten feet to where they were and attempted to open his door. After backing up, Wilson told the two to "come here", and Brown told him in reply, "what the fuck are you gonna do". Wilson shut the door and Brown approached him and he opened the door again "trying to push him back", while telling him to get back. Brown "started swinging and punching at me from outside the vehicle", and Brown had his body against the door. Wilson said the first strike from Brown was a "glancing blow", and at that point he was trying to get Brown's arms out of his face. This was when Brown turned to his left and handed Johnson several packs of the stolen cigarillos he had been holding. Wilson then grabbed Brown's right arm trying to get control, but Brown hit him in the face. Wilson said he "felt like a 5-year-old holding onto Hulk Hogan" while he attempted to restrain Brown when he reached through his police car window. Wilson said it "jarred" him back and he yelled at Brown numerous times to stop and get back. Wilson said he thought about using his mace and his baton, but he was unable to reach either of them. He then drew his weapon and pointed it at Brown and told him to stop or he would shoot him, while ordering him to the ground.

According to Wilson, Brown then said "you're too much of a fucking pussy to shoot me" and grabbed for his gun and twisted it, pointing it at him, into his hip area. Wilson placed his left hand against Brown's hand and his other hand on the gun and pushed forward with both his arms. The gun was somewhat lined up with Brown, and Wilson pulled the trigger twice, but the weapon failed to discharge. On the next try, the gun fired and Brown then attempted to hit him multiple times inside his vehicle. Wilson shot at Brown again, but missed, and Brown took off running east, while Wilson exited his vehicle and radioed for backup. Wilson followed Brown, yelling for him to stop and get on the ground, but he kept running. Brown eventually stopped and turned and made a "grunting noise" and started running at him with his right hand under his shirt in his waistband. Brown ignored Wilson's commands to stop and get on the ground, so Wilson fired multiple shots at him, paused, and yelled at him to get on the ground again, but Brown was still charging at him and had not slowed down. Wilson then fired another set of shots, but Brown was still running at him. When Brown was about eight to ten feet away, Wilson fired more shots, with one of those hitting Brown in the head, which brought him down with his hand still in his waistband. Wilson said two patrol cars showed up approximately fifteen to twenty seconds after the final shot. When his supervisor arrived, he was sent to the police station.

Wilson told detectives Brown had reached his right hand into his waistband and that the hand still appeared to be in the waistband after Brown was shot. The medical investigator at the scene of the shooting did not take any photographs and testified to the grand jury that Brown's left hand was under his dead body, near the waistband, and the right hand was extended outwards.

On , Wilson gave his first public interview about the shooting to ABC News' George Stephanopoulos.

Corroborating Wilson's testimony
Numerous witness accounts were consistent with Wilson's account and also agreed with the physical evidence at hand. Many witnesses corroborated that Wilson acted in self-defense during the event. A number of the witnesses who corroborated Wilson's account of events expressed fear and apprehension in testifying, saying they had been harassed or threatened by individuals from the Ferguson community. The following are a sample of the witnesses whose accounts aligned with Wilson's testimony.

Witness 102 was a 27-year-old biracial male. He said he saw Wilson chase Brown until Brown abruptly turned around. Brown did not put his hands up in surrender but made some type of movement similar to pulling his pants up or a shoulder shrug and then made a full charge at Wilson. Witness 102 thought Wilson's life was threatened and he only fired shots when Brown was coming toward him.

After the shooting, Witness 102 remained in the neighborhood for a short period of time, and corrected a couple of people who claimed Wilson "stood over [Brown] and shot while [he was] on the ground". In response, Witness 102 said Wilson shot Brown because Brown came back toward Wilson. Witness 102 "kept thinking" Wilson's shots were "missing" Brown because Brown kept moving. Witness 102 did not stay in the neighborhood for long, and left the area shortly afterward because he felt uncomfortable. According to the witness, "crowds of people had begun to gather, wrongly claiming the police shot Brown for no reason and that he had his hands up in surrender". Two black women approached Witness 102, mobile phones set to record, asking him to recount what he had witnessed. Witness 102 responded that they would not like what he had to say. The women responded with racial slurs, calling him names like 'white motherfucker'."

Witness 103, a 58-year-old black male, testified that from his parked truck he saw "Brown punching Wilson at least three times in the facial area, through the open driver's window of the SUV... Wilson and Brown [had] hold of each other's shirts, but Brown was 'getting in a couple of blows [on Wilson]'." Wilson was leaning back toward the passenger seat with his forearm up, in an effort to block the blows. Then Witness 103 heard a gunshot and Brown took off running. Wilson exited the SUV, appeared to be using his shoulder microphone to call into his radio, and chased Brown with his gun held low ... Brown came to a stop near a car, put his hand down on the car, and turned around to face Wilson. Brown's hands were then down at his sides. Witness 103 did not see Brown's hands up. Wanting to leave, Witness 103 began to turn his car around in the opposite direction that Brown had been running when he heard additional shots. Witness 103 turned to his right, and saw Brown "moving fast" toward Wilson. Witness 103 then drove away."

Witness 104, a 26-year-old biracial female, witnessed the end of the altercation from a minivan:

[Witness 104] saw Brown run from the SUV, followed by Wilson, who "hopped" out of the SUV and ran after him while yelling "stop, stop, stop". Wilson did not fire his gun as Brown ran from him. Brown then turned around and "for a second" began to raise his hands as though he may have considered surrendering, but then quickly "balled up in fists" in a running position and "charged" at Wilson. Witness 104 described it as a "tackle run", explaining Brown "wasn't going to stop". Wilson fired his gun only as Brown charged at him, backing up as Brown came toward him. Witness 104 explained there were three separate volleys of shots. Each time, Brown ran toward Wilson, Wilson fired, Brown paused, Wilson stopped firing, and then Brown charged again. The pattern continued until Brown fell to the ground, "smashing" his face upon impact. Wilson did not fire while Brown momentarily had his hands up. Witness 104 explained it took some time for Wilson to fire, adding that she "would have fired sooner". Wilson did not go near Brown's body after Brown fell to his death.

Witness 108, a 74-year-old black male, told detectives the police officer was "in the right" and "did what he had to do", and that statements made by people in the apartment complex about Brown surrendering were inaccurate. Witness 108 later told investigators he "would have fucking shot that boy, too", and mimicked the aggressive stance Brown made while charging Wilson. He explained Wilson told Brown to "stop" or "get down" at least ten times, but instead Brown "charged" at Wilson. Witness 108 also told detectives there were other witnesses on Canfield Drive who saw what he saw.

Witness 109, a 53-year-old black male, said he decided to come forward after seeing Dorian Johnson "lie" about the events on television. He said when Wilson asked the two boys to get out of the street, Brown responded something to the effect of "Fuck the police." Afterward, Wilson got out of his car and Brown hit him in the face. Witness 109 said he saw Wilson reach for his taser but dropped it and then grabbed a gun, after which Brown grabbed for Wilson's gun. According to 109, at one point Brown ran away from Wilson, but turned around and charged toward the officer. He said Wilson fired in self-defense, and did not appear to be shooting to kill at first.

Witness 113, a 31-year-old black female, made statements that corroborated Wilson's account. She said she was afraid of the "neighborhood backlash" that might come from her testimony, and feared offering an account contrary to the narrative reported by the media that Brown held his hands up in surrender. She also told investigators she thought Wilson's life was in danger.

Witness 136 was in his apartment using a video chat application on his mobile phone while the shooting occurred. After hearing the first few shots, he recorded the remainder of his chat on his phone and turned it over to the FBI. The recording is about 12 seconds long and captured a total of 10 gunshots. The gunshots begin after the first four seconds. The recording captured six gunshots in two seconds. After a three-second pause, a seventh gunshot is heard. A pause of less than one second gave way to the final three-shot volley within two seconds. The recording was not time-stamped. As detailed below, this recording is consistent with several credible witness accounts as well as Wilson's account, that he fired several volleys of shots, briefly pausing between each one.

Contradicting Wilson's testimony
Several witnesses who originally testified against Wilson were also interviewed by the prosecution. They admitted to lying under oath as to the truthfulness of their testimony. At least one witness took an account from a newspaper; this witness was later discredited by investigators during the process.

Witness 22, who originally claimed she saw Wilson kill Brown in cold blood, admitted she lied to investigators and never saw the incident at all. She said she was just passing along information which her boyfriend told her he saw. The court transcript reads:

Prosecutors also played the grand jury a 10-minute police interview with a man who claimed to have witnessed the shooting. They then played a phone call in which that man admitted he actually had not seen the incident at all. Another witness insisted another officer was with Wilson at the time of the shooting. By all other accounts, Wilson was the only officer present when he shot Brown. This witness described having a clear view of what transpired despite there being a building between the witness' location and where the incident took place.

Witness 35 said Brown was "on his knees" when Wilson shot him in the head. Under questioning, his testimony fell apart, and he admitted fabricating it.

Another witness described Brown on his hands and knees pleading for his life. After a prosecutor confronted the witness and told them what they had seen was not forensically possible based on the evidence, the witness later asked to leave.

Another witness—number 37—testified that, during a confrontation at Wilson's vehicle, Wilson shot Brown point blank in the chest—but Brown did not fall over and was not clearly bleeding as he ran away. This witness gave several different accounts of how many shots were fired. While he was further pressed for answers as to the truthfulness of his statements, he instead posed questions in return, refusing to elaborate on his statements.

Dorian Johnson
Johnson, a friend of Brown, who was with him that day, gave his account of the incident to media outlets in August. In media interviews, Johnson said Wilson pulled up beside them and said, "Get the fuck on the sidewalk." The young men replied they were "not but a minute away from [their] destination, and [they] would shortly be out of the street". Wilson drove forward without saying anything further and abruptly backed up, positioning his vehicle crosswise in their path. Wilson then allegedly tried to open his door aggressively and the door ricocheted off Brown and Johnson's bodies and closed back on Wilson. Wilson, still in his vehicle, purportedly grabbed Brown around his neck through the open window, and Brown tried to pull away, but Wilson is said to have continued to pull Brown toward him "like tug of war". Johnson said Brown "did not reach for the officer's weapon at all", and was attempting to get free, when Wilson drew his weapon and said, "I'll shoot you" or "I'm going to shoot", and fired his weapon hitting Brown. Following the initial gunshot, Brown freed himself, and the two are said to have fled. Wilson exited the vehicle, and allegedly fired several rounds at the fleeing Brown, hitting him once in the back. Johnson said Brown then turned around with his hands raised and said, "I don't have a gun. Stop shooting!" Wilson is said to have then shot Brown several more times, killing him.

In his testimony in September to the grand jury, Johnson said he and Brown had walked to a convenience store to buy cigarillos, but Brown instead reached over the counter and took them and shoved a clerk on his way out the door. Johnson testified that on their walk back home, Brown had the cigarillos in his hands in plain sight and two Ferguson police cars passed them, but did not stop. When Wilson encountered them, he told the two to "get the fuck on the sidewalk" and Johnson told him they would be off the street shortly as they were close to their destination. Johnson testified Wilson was the aggressor from the beginning and that for no apparent reason, he backed his vehicle up and tried to open his door, but Brown shut it, preventing him from getting out. Johnson said Wilson then reached out and grabbed Brown by the neck and the two were engaged in a "tug of war", and Wilson said "I'll shoot". Johnson said he never saw Brown hit Wilson and did not think Brown grabbed for Wilson's gun, but that a shot was fired. At that point, Johnson said they both ran and Wilson fired while Brown was running away, Brown turned around and "at that time Big Mike's hands was up, but not so much in the air, because he had been struck". Johnson told the jurors Brown said "I don't have a gun", was mad and tried to say again "I don't have a gun", but "before he can say the second sentence or before he can even get it out, that's when the several more shots came." In his testimony, Johnson maintained Brown did not run at Wilson prior to the fatal shots.

Early reaction and analysis

August 9–14
Peaceful protests and civil disorder broke out the day following Brown's shooting and lasted for several days. This was in part due to the belief among many that Brown was surrendering, as well as longstanding racial tensions between the minority-black population and the majority-white city government and police. As the details of the original shooting event emerged from investigators, police grappled with establishing curfews and maintaining order, while members of the Ferguson community demonstrated in various ways in the vicinity of the original shooting. On , a day of memorials began peacefully, but some crowd members became unruly after an evening candlelight vigil. Local police stations assembled approximately 150 officers in riot gear. Some people began looting businesses, vandalizing vehicles, and confronting police officers who sought to block off access to several areas of the city. Widespread media coverage examined the post-9/11 trend of local police departments arming themselves with military-grade weapons when dealing with protests. In the days following the shooting, state and federal officials weighed in on the matter. On , President Barack Obama offered his condolences to Brown's family and community. On , Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky said in an op-ed in Time Magazine, that the event was a tragedy and that police forces need to be demilitarized.

August 15–30
On , a report and video showing the robbery of a convenience store by Brown was released by the Ferguson Police Department. Brown was accompanied by his friend Dorian Johnson. The report and video were part of a packet that included information about the shooting afterward. The report containing frames of the surveillance footage showed Brown grabbing a box of cigarillos, followed by an apparent struggle or confrontation between Brown and a store clerk. The statutory deadline in the Sunshine Law, Missouri's equivalent of the federal Freedom of Information Act, was the cited reason for the release following requests by  Post-Dispatch, Judicial Watch and others.

The Department of Justice had urged the video not be released, saying a release would inflame tension. Missouri Governor Jay Nixon identified the release as an attempt to disparage Brown during the investigation that would inflame the community. Brown's family released a statement in which they condemn the way the police chief chose to disseminate information, calling it character assassination following the "execution-style murder" of their son.

The  release of information was criticized as part of an erratic and infrequent release of information by the police. Previously, the police withheld the name of the officer involved in the shooting, citing safety concerns following death threats against the unnamed officer.  The  County Police incident report lacked details. The Ferguson Police incident report was obtained by the ACLU after a request and subsequent lawsuit. Wilson did not file an incident report and there was no Ferguson Police use-of-force report related to the incident. The Ferguson Police Department refused to commit to a deadline for releasing a full autopsy report.

When the report and video were released, the police said Wilson had known Brown was a suspect in the robbery. In a media conference, Ferguson's chief of police Tom Jackson said the robbery was unrelated to the initial contact, and had nothing to do with Wilson stopping Brown and Johnson. Jackson later clarified Wilson recognized Brown as a suspect because he saw a box of cigars in his hand. Eugene O'Donnell, a former district attorney in New York City who now serves as a professor at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, said, while the police officer may have stopped Brown for jaywalking, Brown may have been thinking the officer knew about the robbery: "Obviously the cop's reaction is not affected, but what could be affected is [Brown's] reaction to the cop."

A Pew Research Center Survey published on August 18 suggested differences in American public opinion between whites and blacks. It indicated 80% of blacks and 37% of whites believed the shooting "raises important issues about race".

On , St. Louis held their annual Peace Fest, which had a particular focus on Mike Brown. In attendance was Mike Brown's father, Mike Brown Sr., as well as the parents of Trayvon Martin (an unarmed black teen who was shot and killed in Florida in 2012).

In August, Chief Jackson said Wilson had been injured in the incident.  Wilson's medical record shows his injuries were diagnosed as a facial contusion or bruise.

Brown's funeral was held on  and was attended by an estimated 4,500 people. Al Sharpton delivered one of two eulogies.

September–November 24

On , anonymous sources leaked to the  Post-Dispatch what they described as Wilson's grand jury testimony. The Justice Department issued a statement that it "considers the selective release of information in this investigation to be irresponsible and highly troubling. Since the release of the convenience-store footage, there seems to be an inappropriate effort to influence public opinion about this case." Wilson's defense team denied they were behind the leaks, saying they "[were] not in possession of any of the disclosed reports or the investigative report". The  County prosecutor spokesperson said his office would not investigate the leaks because they could not force journalists to divulge their sources, and "you can tell by the information they have that the leaks are not coming from the grand jury or the prosecutor's office." The leaks concerning grand jury testimony were condemned by the Justice Department as inappropriate effort to influence public opinion about this case. The leaks referred to evidence supporting Wilson's testimony and decreased the likelihood of an indictment whilst fanning the flames of angry protesters.

November 24–early December

Following the grand jury announcement, protests, some of them violent, broke out in Ferguson and other cities across the United States. Several Ferguson businesses were looted and fires set by protesters. Protests erupted in 170 cities across the U.S., including St Louis, Philadelphia, Seattle, Albuquerque, New York City, Cleveland, Los Angeles, Oakland, Minneapolis, Atlanta, Chicago, and Boston. Numerous media reports and legal experts criticized the process for failing to return an indictment in cases concerning law enforcement officers.

A December 2014 opinion poll by Washington Post-ABC News showed a majority of blacks do not believe that they receive treatment equal to whites by the police or the criminal justice system. Six out of ten white Americans believe the police treat races equally with roughly half of white Americans believing the criminal justice provides equal treatment, but there is a sharp partisan divide between white Americans. Conservative or Republican white Americans are far more likely to say whites and blacks receive equal treatment in the justice system than the liberal or Democratic white Americans.

March 2015
On , the U.S. Department of Justice announced Wilson would not be charged in the shooting.  Its report said "[t]here is no evidence upon which prosecutors can rely to disprove Wilson's stated subjective belief that he feared for his safety," and that accounts that Brown put his hands up are "inaccurate because they are inconsistent with the physical and forensic evidence".

President Obama reacted to the announcement, stating, "The finding that was made [by the Department of Justice] was that it was not unreasonable to determine that there was not sufficient evidence to charge Officer Wilson. That was an objective, thorough, independent federal investigation." He further added, "We may never know exactly what happened. But Officer Wilson like anybody else who is charged with a crime benefits from due process and a reasonable doubt standard."

June–July 2015
In a Gallup Poll taken in June and July 2015, 8% of black respondents answered that local police treat racial minorities "very fairly" while 44% of black respondents answered "fairly". In contrast, 29% of non-Hispanic white respondents answered that local police treat racial minorities "very fairly" while 49% of non-Hispanic white respondents answered "fairly". In the same poll, 38% of black respondents and 18% of non-Hispanic white respondents indicated a preference for "greater police presence in their local communities."

International reactions
Various heads of state and foreign news organizations have commented on the shooting and subsequent protests including the Chinese Xinhua News Agency, Germany's Der Spiegel, Egypt's Ministry of Foreign affairs, the Iranian Islamic Republic News Agency, protesters throughout the Middle East, the Russian Foreign Ministry, Spain's El Mundo, the British Metro, and others.

Amnesty International (AI) sent a team of human rights observers, trainers, and researchers to Ferguson. It was the first time the organization deployed such a team in the United States. In a press release, AI USA director Steven W. Hawkins said, "The U.S. cannot continue to allow those obligated and duty-bound to protect to become those who their community fears most." On , AI published a report declaring human rights abuses in Ferguson. The report cited the use of lethal force in Brown's death, racial discrimination and excessive use of police force, imposition of restrictions on the rights to protest, intimidation of protesters, the use of tear gas, rubber bullets, and long range acoustic devices, restrictions imposed on the media covering the protests, and lack of accountability for law enforcement policing protests.

Reactions to grand jury decision

The grand jury process was atypical because of significant and numerous departures from other normal grand jury proceedings. The American grand jury process operates in secret, with the proceedings, evidence and testimony rarely being released to the public in cases of no indictment. From the beginning, McCulloch desired to provide transparency to the process and had the proceeding transcribed with the intention of releasing the materials to the public if there was no indictment. Paul Cassell, former U.S. federal judge, said the investigative grand jury was unique because they were investigating with no assurance that any criminal conduct was present, in contrast to normal grand jury proceedings which have been screened for probable cause by a prosecutor. McCulloch's intentions to present all the evidence resulted in the proceedings which took far longer than regular grand juries which decide within days.

Earlier in the hearing, the prosecution presented a 1979 Missouri statute allowing officers to use deadly force "to effect the arrest or prevent the escape from custody [of a person]". Before the grand jury deliberated, jurors were told to disregard the previous instructions and use case law from the Tennessee v Garner ruling, which said it was unconstitutional for police officers to use deadly force to apprehend non-dangerous fleeing suspects. Missouri Attorney General Chris Koster, acknowledged the grand jury was given information based on the state law before being informed that deadly force cannot be used merely to prevent the escape of an unarmed suspect. MSNBC's Lawrence O'Donnell argued that this change amounted to a deliberate attempt by the prosecution to make it impossible to indict Wilson. Andrew F. Branca, a Massachusetts lawyer focusing on self-defense law, attributed O'Donnell's comments as a straw man because self-defense is a completely independent and sufficient justification for the use of deadly force. The  Public Radio later clarified that even if Wilson was indicted and convicted at trial based on the Garner ruling, the conviction could be challenged on the basis that Missouri law permitted the use of deadly force.

The prosecution's handling of the case received particular attention. Roger Parloff said prosecutors do not usually exclude truly exculpatory evidence and that prosecutors do not typically indict if they believe the accused is not guilty, disagreeing with the notion that McCulloch should have presented evidence with the purpose of obtaining an indictment. Jay Sterling Silver said the grand jury case indicated a conflict of interest between local prosecutors and police, as the former needs to maintain a good relationship with law enforcement. Mark O'Mara said the unusual process was to avoid arguments that the presentation was to effect a particular result, yet despite this McCulloch was still criticized for the decision. Paul Callan, former deputy chief of homicide in the Brooklyn District Attorney's Office, gave a layered response which asserted the choice to present all the evidence was unusual, but not unprecedented in controversial cases. Callan said some prosecutors use the grand jury process as political cover in cases which would not succeed at trial, and in cases in which subsequent investigations and civil lawsuits would raise further criticism. William Fitzpatrick, of the National District Attorneys Association, said it was not strange for prosecutors in police-involved cases to provide all available evidence and not ask for a specific charge and defended McCulloch's inclusion of evidence. Jeffrey Toobin agreed the exoneration may have been well-justified because a conviction would have been very unlikely at a trial, but the process that was used does not inspire confidence in the legal system. In a later interview, McCulloch defended the choice to include all evidence and not skew the presentation just for the sake of getting an indictment.

The New York Times described prosecutors' questioning of Wilson as "gentle" and said it contrasted with the sharp challenges to witnesses whose accounts seemed to contradict Wilson's, and reported this had led some to question whether the process was as objective as McCulloch had claimed. The Times reported prosecutors asked witness after witness if Brown appeared to be reaching for a weapon when confronting Wilson, though few of them said this. Furthermore, contradictions in testimony by Wilson and other law-enforcement officers were left unchallenged by prosecutors. CNN legal analyst Sunny Hostin criticized the prosecutors for asking softball questions during the cross examination of Wilson's testimony, and referred particularly to the fact that no witness could corroborate Wilson's story that he had warned Brown twice to lie down on the ground, and when asked, witnesses said they did not hear him say that.

After the grand jury's decision was announced, Brown's stepfather, Louis Head, turned to a crowd of demonstrators who had gathered, and yelled "Burn this bitch down", according to a New York Times video. Moments before, he had said "If I get up [on the platform] I'm gonna start a riot." He later apologized for the outburst.

Aftermath

By September 24, Ferguson Police Chief Thomas Jackson publicly apologized to the family of Michael Brown. By March 12, five months later, Thomas Jackson resigned from the Ferguson Police Department. On , Wilson resigned from the Ferguson police force with no severance, citing security concerns. Wilson's lawyer said Wilson "will never be a police officer again" as he does not want to put other officers at risk due to his presence.  The National Bar Association, an organization of African American lawyers and judges, made a complaint to the Missouri Department of Public Safety demanding Wilson's police officer license be revoked. Wilson's attempts to obtain employment as a police officer have been unsuccessful.

President Barack Obama announced the federal government would spend $75 million on body cameras for law enforcement officers, as one of the measures taken in response to the shooting.

According to the Associated Press' annual poll of United States news directors and editors, the top news story of 2014 was police killings of unarmed black people—including the shooting of Brown—as well as their investigations and the protests in their aftermath.

Roger Goldman, emeritus professor at Saint Louis University Law School, Flanders, a Saint Louis University law professor, and Senator Jamilah Nasheed seek the updating of Missouri state law to comply with the 1985 U.S. Supreme Court decision, Tennessee v. Garner.

The cover of The New Yorkers , 2015, issue depicted Martin Luther King Jr. linking arms with Eric Garner and Wenjian Liu, and joined by Trayvon Martin and Brown.

Funds for the Brown family and for Wilson were solicited on the internet, each accumulating hundreds of thousands of dollars in donations.

In August 2018, Prosecuting Attorney Bob McCulloch lost re-election to reformist Wesley Bell by double-digit margins, ending McCulloch's 28-year incumbency.

"Hands up, don't shoot"

"Hands up, don't shoot", or simply "hands up", is a slogan and gesture originating from the incident and was seen in demonstrations in Ferguson and throughout the United States. The gesture became a rallying cry against police violence.

On , 2015, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a report on the shooting, which said, "There is no witness who has stated that Brown had his hands up in surrender whose statement is otherwise consistent with the physical evidence" and "our investigation did not reveal any eyewitness who stated that Brown said 'don't shoot'."

Related incidents

On , two NYPD officers were shot and killed in their police car in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. The suspected gunman, Ismaaiyl Brinsley, posted days earlier on Instagram his intention to kill police officers in response to the killings of Brown and Eric Garner. The suspect, who had a long criminal record and had shot his girlfriend in the stomach a few hours earlier, entered the New York City Subway and committed suicide.

On , 2015, two police officers were wounded by gunfire outside the Ferguson police headquarters. The officers, one from nearby Webster Groves, the other from the  County Police, were providing security at a protest being staged outside the station. Two days later, 20-year-old Jeffrey L. Williams was arrested in connection with the shooting. Williams' attorney said, although Williams fired the shots, he was not aiming at the officers.

Eighteen-year-old Tyrone Harris (friend of Brown) was shot by police in Ferguson on August 9, 2015, one year after the shooting of Michael Brown. That same day, the Columbia (Missouri) Police Officers' Association (CPOA) proclaimed "Darren Wilson Day", calling Wilson an "innocent, but persecuted, officer" and insisted his ethnicity had nothing to do with their support of him. An ABC affiliate reported the post was shared nearly 60 times on the site before being removed. The CPOA then posted its support for Wilson and "all law enforcement officers who endure similar situations."

Task force on policing

In December 2014, president Barack Obama created a commission to make recommendations for broad police reform in the United States. The commission created by Obama released an interim report on , 2015, with numerous recommendations, including the recommendation that policy be created mandating "external and independent criminal investigations in cases of police use of force resulting in death, officer-involved shootings resulting in injury or death, or in-custody deaths".

DOJ investigation into the Ferguson Police Department
On , 2014, the U.S. Department of Justice began an investigation of the Ferguson, Missouri, police force to examine whether officers routinely engaged in racial profiling or showed a pattern of excessive force. The investigation was separate from the Department's other investigation of the shooting of Brown. The results of the investigation were released in a , 2015, report, which concluded officers in Ferguson routinely violated the constitutional rights of the city's residents, by discriminating against African Americans and applying racial stereotypes, in a "pattern or practice of unlawful conduct within the Ferguson Police Department that violates the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, and federal statutory law."

The report focused on the problem of issuing warrants for sometimes minor offenses. In many states, a chief cause for warrants is unpaid traffic tickets.

Brown family lawsuit
On , 2015, the Brown family filed a wrongful death lawsuit in state court against Wilson, Jackson, and the City of Ferguson, asking for damages in excess of $75,000 as well as attorney's fees. On , 2015, the lawsuit was moved from state court to federal court.

On , 2015, U.S. District Judge E. Richard Webber responded to defense motions by dismissing four of the seven counts of the lawsuit and declining to dismiss two other counts. On , 2017, Webber approved a settlement between Brown's parents and the city of Ferguson. Terms of the agreement, including the settlement amount, were sealed from the public.  A Ferguson city attorney revealed the city's insurance company paid $1.5 million.

Dorian Johnson lawsuit
On , 2015, Johnson filed a lawsuit in state court against Wilson, Jackson, and the City of Ferguson for being stopped by Wilson without probable cause, reasonable suspicion or legal justification to detain him. The lawsuit claimed that, according to the findings of the , law enforcement efforts focused on generating revenue rather than protecting the town's citizens. Johnson sought 25,000 in damages. On , 2015, the lawsuit was moved from state court to federal court. The court denied the defendants' motion to dismiss the case; they appealed, and a three-judge panel of the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court on July 25, 2017, allowing the lawsuit to go forward. The en banc Eighth Circuit reviewed and reversed the panel's decision on June 17, 2019, directing the district court to dismiss the case.

Appointment of Delrish Moss as police chief
On May 9, 2016, Delrish Moss, a Miami law enforcement veteran and expert in community relations, was sworn in as the first permanent African American chief in Ferguson. He said his challenges would include diversifying the police force and dramatically improving community relations.

Lezley McSpadden announces run for Ferguson City Council
On April 25, 2018, Brown's mother, Lezley McSpadden, announced to a Harvard University forum on police violence that she would run for City Council of Ferguson. She did not win.

In popular culture

The same month Brown was shot dead, American rappers The Game, Rick Ross, 2 Chainz, Diddy, Fabolous, Wale, DJ Khaled, Swizz Beatz, Yo Gotti, Curren$y, Problem, King  and recording group TGT released the song "Don't Shoot" as a tribute to Brown.

On De L'Amour — his final studio album released before his death in 2017 — the French rock and roll singer Johnny Hallyday sings "Dans la peau de Mike Brown", a song against racial crimes and in memory of Mike Brown.

On November 28, 2014, musician and filmmaker Richard Rossi was in the news regarding the controversy over the shooting of Michael Brown. Rossi wrote and recorded a protest song expressing his feelings about a grand jury's decision not to charge a white police officer in the death of the unarmed black teen in Ferguson, Missouri. "I wrote the song in five minutes as a way to express my emotions about the danger of trigger-happy police," Rossi said. "I filmed it on my laptop at my kitchen table and uploaded it to YouTube." Rossi uploaded the video on November 26, and provided the song's lyrics in the video description. Here is a sample from the song's beginning, printed in the Los Angeles Daily News: "Down at the courthouse on a Monday afternoon/Justice was thrown right out the window when a young white cop entered the room."

In Prince's song about the 2015 Baltimore protests, "Baltimore", he sings "does anybody hear us pray for Michael Brown or Freddie Gray?".

In 2015, actor Ezra Miller directed a short film titled The Truth According to Darren Wilson. In the film, Wilson recounts his version of events, ending in him being called into a room to tell it to investigators, implying that Wilson unlawfully murdered Brown, and that he later lied about the events of that day.

Brown's death is the subject of the song "What It Means" by Drive-By Truckers on their 2016 album American Band.

Iconographer Mark Dukes created the icon Our Lady of Ferguson in response to the shooting.

Poet Danez Smith published a poem entitled "not an Elegy for Mike Brown", written the night of the incident.

Seattle based rapper Macklemore mentions Wilson in the song "White Privilege II" from his second collaborative effort with producer Ryan Lewis, 2016's This Unruly Mess I've Made: "My success is the product of the same system that let off Darren Wilson – guilty"

English folk singer Reg Meuross included a song called "The Lonesome Death of Michael Brown" on his 2017 album Faraway People. The song's title acknowledges Bob Dylan's song against racism in the 1960s, "The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll", which describes the death in Baltimore of a bartender at the hands of a drunk patron, who struck her with a cane causing her to die of a brain hemorrhage.

Poet Nicole Sealey wrote The Ferguson Report: An Erasure, a book length erasure of the Ferguson Report  which comments on the Killing of Michael Brown and the subsequent Ferguson unrest. Her poem "Pages 22–29, an excerpt from the book, won a Forward Prize for Poetry in October 2021.

See also

 List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States
 Black Lives Matter
 List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
 List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States
 List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, August 2014
 Mothers of the Movement
 Killing of Alton Sterling
 Killing of Philando Castile
 Killing of Tamir Rice
 Killing of Walter Scott
 Murder of George Floyd
 Murder of Laquan McDonald
 Killing of Breonna Taylor

Notes

References

External links

 Surveillance video that police contend shows Michael Brown robbing a convenience store.
 Police Department incident report of contemporaneous convenience store robbery
 Chief of Ferguson Police Press Conference August 15, 2014
 Documents from the Ferguson grand jury
 Labelled grand jury testimony documents
 Video of statement at end of grand jury along with press conference and transcript of statement
 DOJ investigation report into shooting
 Michael Brown's family's civil lawsuit against Ferguson

2014 controversies in the United States
2014 in Missouri
African-American history of Missouri
African-American-related controversies
August 2014 events in the United States
Civil rights protests in the United States
Crimes in Missouri
Deaths by firearm in Missouri
Deaths by person in Missouri
Ferguson, Missouri
History of African-American civil rights
History of St. Louis County, Missouri
Law enforcement controversies in the United States
Law enforcement in Missouri
Mass media-related controversies in the United States
Race and crime in the United States
Self-defense


title: I've Got Your Number (Cy Coleman song)

text:
"I've Got Your Number" is a popular song composed by Cy Coleman with lyrics by Carolyn Leigh for the 1962 musical Little Me. It was originally introduced by Swen Swenson and Virginia Martin in the show.

American Theatre editor-in-chief Rob Weinert-Kendt wrote of the song in 2020, "It's got a sharp lyric by Carolyn Leigh and a wonderfully sneaky chart by Cy Coleman, a jazzman who happened to write for the musical theatre. The key to its success is in its marriage of those two elements; it's a song about essentially cornering someone, not with hostility or predation but with a certain teasing knowingness, as if to say, 'Drop the act, I'm onto you, we belong together,' and the song's harmonic structure keeps enacting a sort of unflustered, don't-change-the-subject move."

The song was performed frequently on TV variety shows of the 1960s, such as by Gwen Verdon and Danny Kaye on The Danny Kaye Show in 1964, Joey Heatherton on The Dean Martin Show in 1965, and Barbara Eden on The Andy Williams Show in 1966. It was also sung and danced by Dick Van Dyke and Mary Tyler Moore on "The Alan Brady Show Goes to Jail," a 1964 episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show.

Notable recordings
George Chakiris - a single release in 1962.
Tommy Leonetti - a single release in 1962.
Tony Bennett - included in his album I Wanna Be Around... (1963)
Vikki Carr - included in her album Color Her Great! (1963).
Peggy Lee - for her album In Love Again! 1964,
Gene Barry - a single release in 1965.
Marvin Gaye recorded in 1965 but not released until 2015 on the album Motown Unreleased 1965: Marvin Gaye.
Nancy Wilson - for her album From Broadway with Love (1966)
Ella Fitzgerald on her album Whisper Not
Jack Jones - on the American Hustle soundtrack (2013).

References

External links
 Joey Heatherton performs "I've Got Your Number" on The Dean Martin Show
 Dick Van Dyke and Mary Tyler Moore perform "I've Got Your Number" on The Dick Van Dyke Show

Peggy Lee songs
Vikki Carr songs
1962 songs
Songs with music by Cy Coleman
Songs with lyrics by Carolyn Leigh


title: Sharon Vennard

text:
Sharon Vennard (born 16 September 1961) is a British competitive archer who competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

Personal life

Vennard was born in Exmouth, Devon, England and now lives in Newtownards, County Down, Northern Ireland. She has osteoarthritis in her spine, causing her constant pain, and fibromyalgia which has resulted in her having mobility and balance problems. She has a BTEC qualification in Medical Laboratory Science.

Career
Vennard started her career as a recurve archer in 1997 and began representing Northern Ireland in 1998. However, her osteoarthritis - for which she underwent two spinal operations - severely curtailed her success, so she switched to compound archery around 2006. She went on to compete in the British Indoor and Euronations competitions for Northern Ireland between 2007 and 2010.

After being classified as a disabled archer in 2009, she joined the British Paralympic archery squad. She won gold medals in the team recurve events at the 2011 Stoke Mandeville Open and at the 2011 Para-Archery World Ranking Event, held in Nymburk, Czech Republic. At the 2011 World Championships, held in Turin, Italy, she was part of the British trio that finished 5th in the team recurve.

She was selected as part of a squad of thirteen British archers to compete in her first Paralympics at the 2012 Summer Games held in London, United Kingdom. In the women's individual recurve she qualified sixth after the opening ranking round, earning her a bye into the round of 16. In her first match she faced Javzmaa Byambasuren of Mongolia and won six sets to two. In the quarterfinal she competed against Yan Huilian the third seed from China and was beaten in straight sets, six to zero. In the women's team recurve Vennard competed alongside Kate Murray and Leigh Walmsley. They placed sixth in the ranking round with a combined score of 1549. The trio faced the South Korean team in the quarterfinals but were defeated 188-153 and eliminated from the competition.

Vennard trains at the City of Belfast Archery Club and is coached by Alistair Whittingham.

References

British female archers
Paralympic archers for Great Britain
1961 births
Living people
Archers at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
People from Exmouth
20th-century British women


title: Liubou Bialova

text:
Liubou Bialova (, born April 7, 1960) is a Belarusian weightlifter.

She has won gold medals in national, European and world championships and has set world records during her athletic career.  The President of Belarus honored her with the nation's top sports award, the "Honoured Master Sport the Republic of Belarus"
Bialova is an International Powerlifting Federation champion and world record holder in the bench press. She is a four-time gold medalist and European champion in bench press. She is a senior coach at the School of Olympic Reserve and athletics trainer-instructor for disabled people in Paralympics sport. Liubou Bialova is the Florida Champion of Senior Games in the bench press.

Early life and education
Bialova was born April 7, 1960, in Gomel, the Republic of Belarus, with brother Nicolai Grishanov (twin). She comes from a champion sports family: her brother was national champion in weightlifting and multiple champion in bodybuilding in the former Soviet Union.

Bialova pursued a sports education in addition to her sports career. In 1977 graduated high school #12 in Gomel. 1983 graduated Gomel Suhoi State Technical University. She completed sports-related studies and obtained degrees from various schools. A three-year study in Gomel Francyck Skarina State University (subject physical culture). 2002 Belarusian State Academy of Physical Culture.

Sports career

Bialova is a universal athlete, multi-world champion (IPF) and world record holder in bench press. She is a four-time gold medalist and European champion in bench press (|EPF). She is a senior coach at the School of Olympic Reserve and athletics trainer-instructor for disabled people in Paralympics sport.

Athletics
Her athletic achievements began early.  At 14 years of age she was third in the Former Soviet Union in Soviet pentathlon (crawl-swimming, sprint (running), throw-Javelin, long jump, cross country) were part of many stellar sports achievements from the early start.

Bodybuilding
Bialova took her experience to bodybuilding.  She was a three-time national bodybuilding champion of Belarus. She was awarded in the US for her performances. Bialova was awarded Weider Certificate of Merit from International Federation (IFBB) of Body Builders.

Powerlifting
Bialova was the first woman champion of the Republic of Belarus in powerlifting. A three-time champion of the Republic of Belarus.

Bench press (single lift)
Multiple National Bench-Press Champion of Belarus. Three-time World Champion (IPF) and World Record Holder in bench press. A four-time gold medalist and European champion in bench press (EPF).

Starts

Records

  Fed  Age cls  Wt cls   Body wt          Event                  Record        Date, Location, Meet

  IPF      O	 56	 55.5	  Bench press (single-lift)	  100	    December 2, 1994, Jarvenpaa
  EPF	  O	 60	 59.6	  Bench press (single-lift)	  115	    December 8, 1995, Budapest
  IPF      O	 56	 55.9	  Bench press (single-lift)	  110	    November 28, 1996, Silkeborg
  IPF	  O	 56	 56	  Bench press (single-lift)	  117.5	    December 7, 1999, Vaasa
  EPF	  O	 56	 55.8	  Bench press (single-lift)	  120	    August 15, 1997, Goteborg
  IPF	  O	 56	 56	  Bench press (single-lift)	  112.5	    December 7, 1999, Vaasa

Coach career

Bialova’s firsthand knowledge of sports as a champion athlete and in-depth education in sports, sports physiology, nutrition and peak performance gives her unique skills and experience. Her work with disabled and Paralympic (IPC) athletes sets her apart from other coaches and trainers.

Since 1977 she has worked as a coach in varied forms of athletics.
1984–1991 coach and swimming trainer for 1- to 6-year-olds.
1992–2013 as coach School of Olympic Reserve in powerlifting, bodybuilding, athletics trainer-instructor disabled and senior aged people.
Bialova was head coach of the women's national powerlifting team. Her students, in several sports, became national champions and participants of world and European championships.
Senior coach School of Olympic Reserve, Bialova has thirteen years working with athletes in wheelchairs. Bialova made an enormous contribution to the development of Paralympics in Republic of Belarus. She organized and conducted sport’s camps for wheelchair users. Participation in her training process allowed wheelchair users to overcome psychological barriers and inferiority issues that comes with disabilities. Her training abilities renewed abilities and capabilities of her students. They were able to move more freely and eliminate many barriers.

Bialova has many awards and commendations from public and government organization. She his great skills with able-bodied who simply look for a healthy and fit life style.  Her skills and training regimens have proven results for elite athletes training for peak performance. Bialova has a well-earned and well-deserved reputation for work with the elderly, impaired and disabled.

Honors and awards

 Three Gold Medalist World Champion (IPF) in Bench press (Single lift).
 Four Silver Medalist World Championships (IPF) in Bench press (Single lift).
 Bronze Medalist World Championships (IPF) in Bench press (Single lift).
 Four Gold Medalist and European Champion Bench Press (EPF).
 Two Silver Medalist Europe Championships (EPF) in Bench press (Single lift).
 Multiple National Powerlifting Champion of Belarus.
 Multiple National Bodybuilding Champion of Belarus.
 Awarded Weider Certificate of Merit International Federation (IFBB) of Body Builders.
 Awarded Certificate of Merit for work with disabled people in Belarus.

The President of Republic of Belarus (Decree  #445, September 14, 1998) awarded Bialova the highest sport award the country’s: “Honored Sport Master the Republic of Belarus”  for achieving excellence in sports, great personal contribution to the development of physical culture and sports.

References

External links
 All powerlifting
 Decree of the President of Republic of Belarus #445, September 14, 1998

1960 births
Living people
People from Gomel
Belarusian female weightlifters
Belarusian powerlifters


title: Nagcarlan Church

text:
The San Bartolome Apostol Parish Church (Saint Bartholomew, the Apostle Parish Church) is a Roman Catholic church in Nagcarlan, Laguna, Philippines. Its titular saint is Bartholomew and its feast day is celebrated every August 24.

History
Nagcarlan was first colonized in 1571 by Juan de Salcedo, grandson of Miguel López de Legazpi. It was founded by Franciscan priests Juan de Plasencia and Diego Oropesa in 1578. The church of Nagcarlan was first built from light materials such as nipa and wood in 1583 under the chaplaincy of its first priest, Tomas de Miranda who also pioneered the cultivation of wheat in the country. The church was dedicated to Saint Bartholomew. During Cristobal Torres' term, a second church made of stone and bricks was built in 1752. The multicolored stones and bricks of the church were offered by the people during its construction. The church was partially destroyed by fire in 1781. Immediate repair and reconstruction was done under the term of Anatacio de Argobejo and later by Fernando de la Puebla, who built the four-storey stone and brick bell tower. Further reconstruction using adobe and renovation (including elaborately designed tiles) in 1845 and addition of the choir loft on three strong arches was done under the supervision of Vicente Velloc. The Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery was built also in 1845 and the church rectory in 1850 under Velloc. In the 1990s, Monsignor Jose Barrion led a huge restoration project for the church.

Features

The tiered-wall Nagcarlan church generally falls under the Baroque style. The design of the facade has a semicircular arched main entrance along with semicircular windows and tall pedestals and columns  which are also present in the church's side entrance. The four-storey stone and brick bell tower has bells with the Franciscan coat of arms (crossed arms of Christ and St. Francis of Assisi) and Muslim inspired crenelations.

On popular culture
The church was featured in the 1974 movie "Kampanerang Kuba" starring Vilma Santos and its teleserye remake, an ABS-CBN television series starring Anne Curtis in 2005.

See also
 Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery

References

Bibliography

External links

Roman Catholic churches in Laguna (province)
Marked Historical Structures of the Philippines
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1752
18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the Philippines
Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Pablo


title: St. Mary's Cemetery (Lawrence County, Tennessee)

text:
St. Mary's Cemetery is a historic Roman Catholic cemetery in Lawrence County, Tennessee, United States, located off Rascal Town Road,  southeast of St. Joseph. The cemetery contains about 20 19th-century monuments and was still being used for burials as of the late 20th century. The cemetery and its white iron gate are the only remaining physical evidence of the 19th-century German Catholic settlement of St. Mary's. A number of the 19th-century monuments in the cemetery have German-language inscriptions. A small log church was built at the site in 1872 but was no longer standing as of 1984, when the cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

References

Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Lawrence County, Tennessee
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Lawrence County, Tennessee


title: Eddie Moegle

text:
Edgar Louis Moegle (July 11, 1896June 4, 1983) was an American football player. After serving in World War I, he played halfback for the University of Detroit in 1919 and for the Detroit Heralds and Detroit Tigers during the first and second regular seasons of the National Football League (NFL). He scored the first touchdown in the Heralds' first game of the first NFL season.

Early years
Moegle was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1896. During World War I, he served two years in the U.S. Army, enlisting in April 1917 and serving until May 1919.

Moegle played college football at halfback position for the University of Detroit during the 1919 college football season. He scored the game-winning touchdown in Detroit's 16–13 victory over Georgetown on October 26, 1919.

Professional football
In 1920, he played professional football for the Detroit Heralds during the first NFL regular season.  The Heralds opened their season with a game against the Cleveland Panthers, played at Navin Field on October 10, 1920. The Heralds won by a 40–14 score, and Moegle, the Heralds' starting right halfback, scored the team's first touchdown.

Later in the 1920 season, Moegle became the head coach, and left halfback, of the Detroit Maroons, a competing professional football team in Detroit. On December 5, 1920, the Maroons and Heralds played for the city championship. With Moegle playing at the left halfback position, the teams played to a 7–7 tie.

During the 1921 NFL season, Moegle played for the Detroit Tigers.

Family and later years
At the time of the 1920 U.S. Census in January 1920, Moegle was living in Detroit with his mother, Elizabeth, and was employed as a clerk in the post office.

After retiring from football, Moegle worked as a bank clerk and lived in Royal Oak, Michigan.  In his later years, he lived in Armada, Michigan, though he died at Bruce, Michigan, in 1983. He was buried at the Romeo Cemetery in Romeo, Michigan.

References

1896 births
1983 deaths
Detroit Heralds players
Detroit Tigers (NFL) players
Detroit Titans football players
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army soldiers
Players of American football from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan
People from Royal Oak, Michigan
Sportspeople from Macomb County, Michigan


title: HSH Class 31

text:
Class 31 was a fireless shunting steam locomotive, used at an oil refinery in Cerrik and operated between Cerrik and Papër. Not sure if the locomotive was operated by the factory or by Hekurudha Shqiptare, the railway company of Albania.

The locomotive was second-hand and originally built for pharmaceutical factory Wolff Walsrode for a factory in Bomlitz. It was sold to Albania in 1956. In the seventies it was sold to a factory in Ballsh. The locomotive was scrapped in October 2010

References

Steam locomotives of Albania
Standard gauge locomotives of Albania
Railway locomotives introduced in 1956


title: Bernard Zaslav

text:
Bernard Zaslav (April 7, 1926 – December 28, 2016) was an American viola soloist and chamber musician with an extensive recording and performance career. A founding member of The Composers Quartet in 1965, he went on to play with the Fine Arts Quartet, Vermeer Quartet, and the Stanford String Quartet. He has also performed and recorded as the Zaslav Duo with his wife, pianist Naomi Zaslav.

Early life and education
Zaslav was born in Brooklyn, New York and studied at the Juilliard School in 1946 as a violin student of Sascha Jacobsen and Mischa Mischakoff.

Career

Performing
After further study on the viola with Lillian Fuchs in 1957 at the Yale Summer School of Music at Norfolk, Connecticut, Zaslav continued his career, performing (on viola) with the Cleveland Orchestra under George Szell for two years, subsequently returning to New York to work as a freelance musician

Zaslav continued his career as violist of the Kohon String Quartet, the Composers String Quartet, the Fine Arts String Quartet, the Vermeer String Quartet, the Stanford String Quartet, and the viola/piano Zaslav Duo, together with his wife, Naomi Zaslav. In these ensembles he shared in commissioning, premiering, and recording new works by Elliott Carter, Milton Babbitt, Gunther Schuller, Ralph Shapey, Ruth Crawford Seeger, Roger Sessions, Ursula Mamlok, Henry Weinberg, Billy Jim Layton, Charles Wuorinen, Ben Johnston, Seymour Shifrin, Andrew Imbrie, Samuel Adler, John Downey, Karel Husa, Marc Neikrug, and William Bolcom. His discography comprises 131 works of chamber music and was released on the Vox, Turnabout, Laurel, Music & Arts, Nonesuch, Everest, Gasparo, CRI, Gallante, and Orfeo labels. The Kohon Quartet was awarded the Grand Prix du Disque for Chamber Music from the Académie Charles Cros for their recording of Alban Berg's String Quartet Op. 3 in 1964.

Zaslav performed on a viola made by Giovanni Battista Guadagnini in 1781 in Turin, Italy, and is described as the "ex-Villa". It is one of only ten violas attributed to that maker.

Teaching
Zaslav has served on the faculties of Columbia University, New York University, Brooklyn College, the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Northern Illinois University, and Stanford University.

Writing
Bernard Zaslav's memoir, The Viola in My Life: An Alto Rhapsody, was published in 2011 by Science and Behavior Books. The hardcover book includes 2 CDs compiled from his discography.

Recording
In 1993, Zaslav became a Resident Artist at the Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) at Stanford University, where he learned the digital recording and editing techniques to produce the Zaslav Duo's last series of five CDs for the Music & Arts label. The recordings have received Stereo Review's "Recording of Special Merit" and Devoteé magazine's "Debut Recording–Artist of the Year" designations.

Discography
Zaslav has recorded 131 works of chamber music for the Teldec, Orfeo, Columbia, Nonesuch, Everest, Laurel, Gasparo, Orion, Vox, CRI, and Music & Arts labels.

 w/ The Kohon String Quartet – (20 works) Berg, Alban. String Quartet, Opus 3.  LP – DL 730. Vox, 1962. (*Awarded Grand Prix du Disque for Chamber Music, Charles Cros Societé, Paris-1964)
 Hummel, Johann Nepomuk. Quintet for Clarinet and String Quartet, Maria von Weber, Carl – Quintet for Clarinet and String Quartet. The Kohon String Quartet, David Glazer, Clarinet. LP – DL 960. Vox, 1963.
 Dvořák, Antonín. String Quartet in A Major Op. 2, Quartet in a minor, Op. 16; Quartet in D minor, Op. 34; Quartet in E-flat Major, Op. 51; Quartet in C Major, Op. 61; Quartet in E Major, Op. 80; Quartet in F Major, Op. 96; Quartet in A flat Major, Op. 105; Quartet in G Major, Op. 106. LPs – SVBX 549–553. Vox, c. 1963.
 Brahms, Johannes. String Quartet, Op. 51, No 1; Quartet Op. 51, No 2; Quartet Op 67 No. 2; Robert Schumann. String Quartets Op. 41, Nos. 1–3.  LPs – VBX 42/SVBX 542. Vox, 1964.
 Ives, Charles. String Quartet No. 1 "A Revival Service," Quartet No. 2. LP  – DL 1120/STDL 501.120. Vox, 1965. (* Pioneer release)
 w/ The Composers String Quartet – (2 works) Johnston, Ben. String Quartet No. 2 and John Cage and Lajaren Hiller, HPSCHD.  LP – H 71224. Nonesuch Records, 1967.
 Weinberg, Henry. String Quartet No. 2 (with violist Bernard Zaslav), Kirchner, Leon, String Quartet No. 3 (with violist Jean Dupuoy). LP MS 7284. Columbia Records, 1970. (*Henry Weinberg received the Naumberg Foundation award for Chamber Music – 1967)åç
 w/ The Fine Arts String Quartet –  (66 works) Haydn, Joseph. String Quartetås, Op. 50, Nos. 1 through 6, "Unfinished Quartet," Op. 103 (Volume 7).  LPs – SVBX 595. Vox, 1968–1975.
 Haydn, Joseph. String Quartets, Op. 76, Nos. 1 through 6 (Volume 8). LPs –  SVBX 596. Vox, 1968 –1975.
 Haydn, Joseph. String Quartets, Op. 64, Nos. 1 through 6; Op. 2, Nos. 5 and 6; Divertimento, Op. "0” (Volume 9). LPs – SVBX 597. Vox, 1968–1975.
 Haydn, Joseph. String Quartets, Op. 74, Nos. 1 through 6, Op. 3, Nos. 1 through 6 (Volume 10). LPs – 598.Vox, 1968–1975.
 The Romantic Quartets  -Schubert, Franz. -String Quartet No. 13, Op. 29, Brahms, Johannes – String Quartet No. 3, Op. 67: LP 3266. Everest, 1970.
 Husa, Karel. String Quartet No. 2; String Quartet No. 3. (*Commissioned for the Fine Arts String Quartet, awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Chamber Music, 1969). LP 3290. Everest, 1971.
 Wuorinen, Charles. First String Quartet, Babbitt, Milton – String Quartet No. 3 (Both works commissioned by the Fine Arts Music Foundation of Chicago 1970–71). LP S34515. Vox BoxTurnabout, 1972.
 Wuorinen, Charles. First String Quartet, Babbitt, Milton – String Quartet No. 3. Reissue: CD 707. Music & Arts, c. 2005.
 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. String Quintet K. 174 in B-flat Major; Quintet K. 406 in C Minor; String Quintet K. 515 in C Major; String Quintet K. 516 inG Minor; String Quintet K. 593 in D Major; String Quintet K. 614 in E flatMajor. The Fine Arts String Quartet, w/ Francis Tursi, viola. LPs SBVX557. Vox, 1974.
 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. String Quintet K. 174 in B-flat Major; Quintet K. 406 in C Minor; String Quintet K. 515 in C Major; String Quintet K. 516 in G Minor; String Quintet K. 593 in D Major; String Quintet K. 614 in E flatMajor. The Fine Arts String Quartet, w/ Francis Tursi, viola. Reissue: CD1159–2. Music & Arts CD, 2005.
 Fine Arts Quartet 30th Anniversary Album -Shostakovich, Dmitri. String Quartet No. 3 in F, Op. 73, Sergei Prokofieff, String Quartet No. 2, Op. 92: (*The Fine Arts Music Foundation of Chicago). LP  GS 203, Gasparo, 1978.
 Shostakovich, Dmitri. String Quartet No. 3 in F, Op. 73, Sergei Prokofieff. String Quartet No. 2, Op. 92: Fine Arts Quartet 30th Anniversary Album. Reissue (*The Fine Arts Music Foundation of Chicago). CD GG 2024, Gasparo Gallante, 2006.
 “A Whitman Serenade.” – Adler, Samuel. String Quartet No. 6 The Fine Arts String Quartet, w/ Jan DeGaetani, soprano. LP record 608. CRI, 1979.
 The Fine Arts Quartet at WFMT Radio: Radio broadcast performances – Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus – String Quartet K. 458, Horn Quintet K. 407, Haydn, Joseph – String Quartets, Op. 1, No. “0;” Op. 2, Nos. 5 and 6; Op. 64, No. 6; Op. 76, No. 4 and 6; Op. 103, Op. 20, No. 5, Shifrin, Seymour – String Quartet No. 4, Husa, Karel – Quartet No. 3: The Fine Arts String Quartet, w/ Barry Tuckwell, French horn: Beethoven, Ludwig van. String Quartets Op. 18, No. 1, Op. 59, Nos. 1 and 2. CD1154 (8 CDs). Music & Arts, 2005.
 Downey, John. String Quartet No. 2, Johnston, Ben -String Quartet No. 4 “Amazing Grace,” (*commissioned by the Fine Arts Music Foundation of Chicago), Crawford-Seeger, Ruth – String Quartet. t. LP GS 205. Gasparo, 1980.
 Downey, John. String Quartet No. 2, Johnston, Ben-String Quartet No. 4“Amazing Grace,” (*commissioned by the Fine Arts Music Foundation of Chicago), Crawford-Seeger, Ruth – String Quartet.  Reissue: CD GG-1020. Gallante, 2006.
 w/ The Vermeer String Quartet  –  (8 works) Schubert, Franz. String Quartet No. 14 “Death and the Maiden;”  Quartetsatz in C minor.  LP and CD 6.24868 AZ. Teldec 1983.
 Dvořák, Antonín. String Quartet No. 10, Op 51, Verdi, Giuseppe – String Quartet in E mino. – CD 8.43105. Teldec 1983.
 Brahms, Johannes. Clarinet Quintet in B minor, Op. 115, The Vermeer String Quartet, w/ Karl Leister, Clarinet, LP S 068–831. Orfeo, 1983.
 Brahms, Johannes. Clarinet Quintet in B minor, Op. 115, The Vermeer String Quartet, w/ Karl Leister, Clarinet. CD C068–831A. Orfeo, 1983.
 Beethoven, Ludwig van. String Quartet No. 13, Op. 130/133. “Grosse Fuge” – LP 6.42982 AZ, CD ZK. Teldec 1984.
 Beethoven, Ludwig van. String Quartet No. 12, Op 127; No 16, Op. 135 (with violist Richard Young)  CD 8.43207 ZK. Teldec 1986.
 w/ The Stanford String Quartet – (6 works) Balcom, William. String Quartet No. 10; Johnston, Ben – String Quartet No. 9; Neikrug, Marc – String Quartet “Stars’ the Mirror.”  – CD LR–847. Laurel Records, 1992.
 Three Early 20th Century Quartets: Milhaud, Darius. String Quartet No. 7, Op. 87; Bridge, Frank -Quartet No. 1 in D minor; Fauré, Gabriel –  Quartet in E minor Op.121. CD 823. Music & Arts, 1993.
 w/ The Zaslav Duo:  Bernard Zaslav, viola. Naomi Zaslav, piano- (28 works) Berry, Wallace. Canto Lirico for Viola and Piano.  LP SD 282. CRI, c. 1967.
 French Music for Viola and Piano.  -Franck, Cesar, (arr. B. Zaslav). Sonata in A major; Milhaud, Darius – Sonatas #1, 2: LP  ORS 75186. Orion Master Recordings, 1976.
 Brahms, Johannes. Sonatas Op. 120, Nos. 1 and 2. LP GS-215. Gasparo, 1980.
 Brahms, Johannes. Sonatas Op. 120, Nos. 1 and 2 (reissue of above);  Franck, Cesar (arr. B. Zaslav), Violin Sonata in A major (reissue of Orion ORS 75186). CD 626. Music & Arts, 1990.
 Music for Viola and Piano  – Bloch, Ernst: Suite for Viola and Piano (1919); Five Sketches in Sepia for Piano; Suite Hëbraîque for Viola & Piano; In the Night, A Love Poem for Piano; Suite for Viola Solo; Meditation and Processional for Viola and Piano. CD 902, Music & Arts, 1995.
 “Dvořák’s Viola”  – Works of Antonín Dvořák transcribed for viola and piano by B. Zaslav. Op. 75, Four Romantic Pieces; Op. 94, Rondo; Op. 2 Four Songs; Op. 31, No. 4 – Song, “All ye that labour”; Op. 31, No. 5, Song, “All through the night”; Op. 100 – Sonatina in G;  Op. 68, #5 – Klid (Forest Silence); Op. 55, No. 4 – Song, “As My Mother Taught Me”; Op. 46, No. 2 – Slavonic Dance in g (Dvořák /Kreisler); Op. 11 – Romance – CD 953. Music & Arts, 1996.
 “A Viola Treasury”  – Franck, Cesar (arr. B. Zaslav), Sonata in A major (reissue of Music & Arts 626); Milhaud, Darius – Sonata no. 2, Op. 244; “La Bruxelloise” from QuatreVisages (reissue of Orion ORS 75186); Dvořák, Antonín – (arr. B. Zaslav), Songs Op. 31, No. 4 and Op. 31, No. 5, Op. 55 (reissue of Music & Arts 953); Bloch, Ernst – Meditation and Processional; Suite for Solo Viola (reissue of Music & Arts 902); Babbitt, Milton – Composition for Viola and Piano: CD 1151 Music & Arts, 2005.
“Brahms & Friends” – Brahms, Johannes, – Sonatas Op. 120, Nos. 1&2 (reissue of above); Joachim, Joseph -Variations for viola and piano, Op. 10; Reinecke, Carl – Phantasiestucke for viola and piano, Op. 43; von Herzogenberg, Heinrich – Legenden for viola and piano, Op. 62; Kiel, Freidrich – Drei Romanzen for viola and piano, Op.69; Fuchs, Robert – Sechs Phantasiestucke for viola and piano, Op. 117; Sitt, Hans – Albumblatter for viola and piano, Op. 39: CD 1087–(2) Music & Arts, 2006.
 Various Chamber Works – w/ Bernard Zaslav, viola  (3 works) The Art of Harold Gomberg – Britten, Benjamin. Fantasy Quartet for Oboe, Violin, Viola, and Cello, Op. 2: Harold Gomberg, oboe, Matthew Raimondi, violin, Bernard Zaslav, viola, Nathan Stuch, cello. LP VCS 10064.Vanguard Cardinal, 1967.
 Downey, John. What if?  A Dolphin;  Bernard Zaslav, viola, Daniel Nelson, tenor, Israel Bourakoff, alto flute, Pavel Burda, vibraphone & percussion, John Downey, piano –  LP ORS 77267. Orion, 1977.
 Downey, John. What if?  A Dolphin;  Bernard Zaslav, viola, Daniel Nelson, tenor, Israel Bourakoff, alto flute, Pavel Burda, vibraphone & percussion, John Downey, piano Reissue: CD  GSCD 276. Gasparo, 1989.
 w/ Selected Chamber Orchestra Recordings  – (8 works) In Dulci Jubilo – A Baroque Concert  – Leopold Stokowski, Cond. -Bach, Johann Sebastian.. Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring (from Cantata 147), Sinfonia (from the Christmas Oratorio), Sheep May Safely Graze (from Cantata 208); Antonio Vivaldi, Concerto Grosso in D minor, Op. 3, No. 10; Corelli, Arcangelo – Concerto Grosso in G minor, Op. 6, No. 8 LP BGS-70696. Bach Guild, 1967.
 w/ Esterhazy Orchestra – David Blum, Cond. – Haydn, Franz Joseph – Symphonies No. 60 (Il Distratto), No.70, No. 81 – Vanguard Classics-  CD OVC 5000
 Naomi Zaslav, Solo Piano (19 works) “The Intimate Brahms”  –  A treasury of 19 short piano pieces performed by Naomi Zaslav – Brahms, Johannes:  Intermezzo, Op. 76, No.3; Capriccio, Op.116, No. 7; Intermezzo, Op.117, No.2; Capriccio, Op. 116, No. 3; Intermezzo, Op. 119, No.1; Intermezzo Op. 119, No. 2; Intermezzo, Op. 117, No. 1; Capriccio, Op. 76, No. 1; Capriccio, Op. 76, No. 8; Intermezzo, Op.116, No. 4; Romance, Op. 118, No. 5; Intermezzo, Op.116, No. 6; Intermezzo, Op. 118, No. 2; Intermezzo, Op.76, No.4; Intermezzo, Op. 118, No. 6; Intermezzo, Op.76, No. 6; Intermezzo, Op.116, No. 2; Intermezzo, Op. 76, No. 7; Ballade, Op. 10, No. 1: CD 1031, Music & Arts 1998.

References

External links
Official website

1926 births
2016 deaths
American classical violists
American classical viola d'amore players
Musicians from Brooklyn
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century violists