title: Mariah Copeland

text:
Mariah Copeland is a fictional character from the American soap opera, The Young and the Restless, portrayed by Camryn Grimes. Introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps, the character made her first appearance on January 27, 2014. Grimes had previously played the role of Cassie Newman from 1997 to 2005, when the character was killed off.

Mariah first appears in Genoa City, hired by Victor Newman  to gaslight his former daughter-in-law Sharon Newman by posing as the ghost of Sharon's deceased daughter, Cassie, with whom she bears a remarkable resemblance. When the truth about her association with Victor is revealed, Sharon becomes drawn to a troubled Mariah, whom she moves into her home. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Mariah is the notorious ex-girlfriend of Tyler Michaelson; she is also linked to cult leader Ian Ward. While living with Sharon and Nick Newman, Cassie's adoptive father, Mariah develops an infatuation with Nick. It is soon discovered that Mariah is actually Cassie's twin sister and the daughter Sharon did not know she had. Her birth was kept secret, following Ian's arrangements for Mariah to be stolen at birth, and acted as a father figure to her for years. Mariah subsequently has relationships with Kevin Fisher—a dynamic which allowed Grimes to explore comic relief—and Devon Hamilton. She then develops feelings for her brother's girlfriend, Tessa Porter.

Phelps described Mariah as a "loose cannon," while Grimes has characterized her as a "bad girl with a heart" and more dimensional than what viewers would expect her to be. Reaction to Grimes' return to the soap opera has been positive. Mariah's relationship with another woman proved controversial due to the soap opera's conservative audience, with TV Insider reporting that a gag order prevented Grimes from discussing it with the press. Nonetheless, the storyline also received positive reception and earned Grimes the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2018, her second Daytime Emmy win.

Casting and creation
Camryn Grimes first appeared as the character on January 27, 2014. Grimes had previously portrayed the role of Cassie Newman, Mariah's twin sister, on the series from 1997 to 2005, when the character was killed off in a car accident. Grimes was seven when she originated the role of Cassie and, in 2000, became the youngest recipient of the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series. Over the years following her death, Grimes made several guest appearances as Cassie's ghost, which she played most recently from July 2013. Although "Ghost Cassie" continued to make numerous appearances to her mother Sharon Newman (Sharon Case), it became apparent in February 2014 on-screen that the character appearing was not a spirit, and was in fact a real person. Grimes later revealed that her return as Cassie's ghost was only slated to last four to six episodes.

When Grimes learned that she was no longer portraying Cassie's ghost but another character, the actress stated: "I heard rumors that the storyline might be changing, that somehow I would be continuing on the show. I had all these ideas going through my head but I was thinking of the obvious things, like maybe Cassie had a twin sister nobody knew about (...) But what the writers came up with is so much fun and so unexpected," stating that the new character had "potential to go all over the place". In March 2014, Grimes stated that she had little knowledge of the character, stating that it was "very much a reveal for me as it is for the audience" and "I am still learning new things about who the character is." The following month, it was revealed that the character's name was Mariah Copeland, the ex-girlfriend of already established character Tyler Michaelson (Redaric Williams). In May 2014, Grimes announced that she was now on contract with The Young and the Restless. In a featured interview with Soaps in Depth, Grimes stated: "Looking back after a year, it's kind of crazy to see how things have developed. I'm playing a completely new character and I'm under contract — I would never have guessed that a year ago it would've turned into this!"

Development

Characterization and portrayal

Mariah experienced an "emotionally deprived youth", and according to Grimes, acts a "little bitchy". Executive producer Jill Farren Phelps labelled Mariah as a "have-not", which is a "very powerful" driving force for her behavior. Soap Opera Digest noted the character to be mischievous. Grimes loves the "bite" and stated that she is a "bad girl with a heart". Mariah has a "sassy, sarcastic, dry humor".

Grimes has praised the show's writing team for giving her material that makes her return a "seamless transition". Explaining how the differences between Mariah and Cassie impact her portrayal, she said: "(...) as I've gotten older, you grow and your personality grows. I think I've honed in on what my thing is. A lot of me is very sarcastic and very dry, so I incorporate that. Now that I'm older and I have more sense of self, I try to incorporate who I am now, as opposed to who I was when I was playing Cassie. So Mariah is a fuller person."

Introduction

Upon the revelation that Cassie's "ghost" was an actual person hired by Cassie's adoptive grandfather, Victor Newman (Eric Braeden) to gaslight her mother Sharon, several connections which Mariah shared with other characters on the show's canvas came to light. Victor's intentions were to make his son, Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow) believe Sharon is mentally unstable and "seeing ghosts" so that he would not become romantically involved with her again. Grimes described the character as "ballsy" and found the nature of her relationship with her employee, Victor, to be surprising. Co-head writer Jean Passanante noted that the character's edge became clear in her interactions with Victor, finding it "startling and exciting". TV Guide characterized Mariah as a "scam artist" for her role in Victor's scheme against Sharon. However, Mariah became somewhat sympathetic towards Sharon, with Grimes stating that the audience would see a "more dimensional character than everybody would think". Grimes also stated that she likes how Mariah "is not Cassie", stating: "It would be fun to have her make some friends her own age. Nobody likes Mariah! And I'd like to explore just who she is. What is she good at? Does she have any talents? Is she a closeted photographer?" The actress is also not opposed to a love interest, but wishes they would "stay away from incest with Nick or Noah". Grimes pictures Mariah being paired with a "bad boy".

Executive producer Jill Farren Phelps stated that it was the soap's intention to make Cassie's doppelgänger turn out to be Mariah all along. She said: "As soon as Tyler even mentioned there was a Mariah, the writers new it would be Fake Cassie", stating that Mariah would now become a threat to Tyler's relationship with Abby Newman (Melissa Ordway). Phelps described Mariah as a "wild girl" as opposed to Cassie, who was a "good girl". Simultaneously, it was revealed that Mariah was connected to the "nefarious" and "evil" Ian Ward (Ray Wise). Phelps noted that both Mariah and Ian were both "plain bad", and that there would be a "much bigger picture to be revealed" in relation to their relationship. Writer Shelly Altman stated that, "It is clear that Ian cared for her differently than the way he relates to other people."

Crush on Nick

While living with Nick and Sharon, Mariah develops an "increasing interest" and crush on Nick and begins planning to seduce him, despite the fact that she is identical to his deceased daughter. She prepares a meal for Nick and begins wearing revealing outfits. Grimes, who portrayed Morrow's on-screen daughter for years, said that she "really did not think they would really go down that road, and then ... they really went down that road". In an interview with Soaps in Depth, Grimes stated: "I've known Joshua [Morrow] since I was 6! I kind of saw him as my own dad, so I would never, ever look at him that way. It's just not possible for me to think like that. At the end of the day, I am an actor, but it's not my favorite storyline. Of course, Josh thinks it's hysterical while I'm off cringing in the corner. I'm ready to gag, and he's laughing his head off!" She described Morrow as being like her father: "I saw him every day for the first 10 years of my life. They gave me hell because they saw how uncomfortable I was and they thought it was the funniest thing on the planet." Christian Today noted that Mariah was in "hot pursuit" of Nick. Mariah begins misinterpreting Nick's kindness to her. The peak of the story line involved a fantasy of Mariah's, in which she and Nick drew in for a kiss, before the shot ended. Grimes said, "We did this thing where I literally got so close to Joshua's face, and then they yelled 'Cut!' Then after that, I fell to the ground." Sharon soon catches Mariah dressed in "intimate apparel", and Mariah confesses to her "hidden motives" where Nick is concerned, inciting a major argument which results in a sickened Sharon throwing Mariah out. Speaking of the scenes where Sharon and Mariah engaged in a "war of words", Grimes stated that "Those were tough, because there was a lot of dialog, and it was scene after scene (...) it’s fun to get in a fight with somebody on-screen, especially when it’s that charged."

Maternity reveal
After being thrown out by Sharon, Mariah disappears and it is soon revealed that she has been kidnapped by Ian. Ian drugs Mariah and forces her to marry him. After being rescued by Nick and Sharon, Mariah learns that Sharon, "the woman she despises", is actually her biological mother, and does not handle the news well. Prior to the kidnapping, Nick tracked down the doctor (Dr. Hill) that delivered Cassie and learns that Sharon (a poor teenager at the time) was drugged after giving birth to her, and had in fact delivered twins. Helen Copeland (Karina Logue), a "bitter" woman who claimed to be Mariah's mother for her entire life, was the nurse present who bought the baby for Ian from Dr. Hill, who needed the money for gambling debts. Grimes explained that Mariah has had the "rug pulled from out under her" with this news, stating that "This has been a stressful time for her. I think any change or new information at this point, or anybody's perceived happiness, will be very upsetting, because she has been through so much." The actress also noted that Mariah finds herself in a state of limbo, "She is wandering about, and she is not really sure what she wants.  She is trying to determine if she is going to flee, because that is what she is so used to doing, or what is keeping her here.  I think right now she is trying to figure out where she belongs, and how she is going to take this next step." Mariah maintains that she wants nothing to do with Sharon, but they later forge a relationship. Grimes opined: "Mariah is smart and independent, but she has a lot of growing up to do. She needs to find her place in the world and reaching out to those around her—including her new family—will only help that process. I don't think Sharon and Mariah will ever stay mad at each other for too long."

Relationship with Kevin
After the revelation of learning Sharon was her mother, Mariah grows closer to Kevin Fisher (Greg Rikaart) who is also going through a rough patch. Grimes noted that Mariah is "figuring out where she stands in this new city, with this new family, having had the rug pulled out from under her about what she thought she knew about her past", describing her as being in a phase of "soul searching". The actress enjoys working with Rikaart, as they play "into a very real element" from both of their real personalities. She compared the characters of Kevin and Mariah, noting that they both "have a checkered past but good hearts". Grimes, who felt as if the series didn't know what to do with Mariah after revealing her as Cassie's twin, credited Mariah's longevity on the series to her relationship with Kevin. She said: "...that gave me a chance to do comedy (...) Comedy didn’t come naturally to me,
and a lot of what I learned, I learned from Greg."

Relationship with Tessa and sexuality

Upon learning from one of her co-stars that the writers were planning to make a character gay, Grimes recalled: "immediately, in my head, I went, 'It's going to be me.'" In August 2017, Mariah shares a kiss with Tessa Porter (Cait Fairbanks) in the midst of dating Devon Hamilton (Bryton James), while Tessa is involved with Mariah's brother, Noah. Despite their circumstances, the women realize they share a "powerful connection" with each other. The build-up of their attraction had previously consisted of "longing looks, meaningful pauses and a tender touch here and there". A same-sex relationship between Mariah and a new character named Tessa was one of the stories then-head writer and executive producer Sally Sussman Morina had pitched to CBS after being hired in September 2016. However, Sussman Morina did not consider it a "gay story", noting: "This is a love story; it's not a gay story. It's about falling in love with a person, not a gender. It is about Mariah and Tessa's self-discovery and it catches them both off guard. People fall in love unexpectedly for all sorts of reasons. Some they understand; some they don't." The network "enthusiastically approved" of the story, with Sussman Morina saying: "I think they saw the value and the freshness in the way it would be told. They did however note that they have a very conservative audience and this story may offend some people. CBS knows their audience very well, which could be the reason Y&R never did a story like this before, except in the early 70's when Bill Bell tried it and it was very negatively received." Mariah and Tessa's kiss marked the first time The Young and the Restless had delved into a relationship between two major characters of the same gender. Both women appear to be in denial about their feelings and become desperate to make their relationships with Devon and Noah work. After kissing Tessa, Mariah tells Devon that she loves him, although he does not say he loves her back. Mariah confides in Kevin about her feelings for Tessa, confessing that it's the deepest thing she has felt for anyone.

While it was speculated that the series had been "backing away" from Mariah and Tessa's romance, it ultimately received more focus in 2018. Grimes believed that it was always the writers' intention to revisit the couple, observing: "So much happened between Noah, Mariah, and Tessa that you couldn’t just jump into a relationship after all of that went down and she stole the notebook. There had to be a build." Due to same-sex relationships being "uncharted territory" on The Young and the Restless, Grimes also felt that this slow pacing was necessary; "you gotta take your time and do it right," she said.

Storylines

Sharon (Sharon Case), who months prior had been diagnosed as bipolar, stops taking her medication. In a bid to get her ex-husband Nick (Joshua Morrow) back, she alters the results of a DNA test he had conducted to make him believe that a now-adult Summer Newman (Hunter King) - his daughter with Phyllis Summers (Gina Tognoni) - was not his biological child. Cassie urges Sharon to come clean about this secret. Sharon starts taking her medication and attending therapy again, and her hallucinations of Cassie stop. Cassie appears months later to Sharon on her birthday, once again urging her to tell the truth.

"Cassie" begins watching Nick and Sharon through a window. Later, she breaks into Sharon's house and spells out the word "phantasm" in toy letters. "Cassie" continues to appear to Sharon around town, and Sharon is shocked when she can touch her. Sharon undergoes electroconvulsive therapy to stop seeing "visions" of Cassie. It is soon revealed that this was not Cassie, but someone who resembles her, hired by Cassie's grandfather Victor (Eric Braeden) to gaslight Sharon, so that Nick would stay away from her. Cassie's lookalike is also linked to Ian Ward (Ray Wise).

It is later learned that she is Mariah Copeland, Tyler Michaelson's (Redaric Williams) ex-fiancée. The truth about Victor hiring Mariah to gaslight Sharon is revealed. Sharon becomes drawn to Mariah and helps her resolve outstanding warrants for robbery in Portland. Nick, who is now involved with Sharon again, hires Mariah at his nightclub, The Underground, where she works alongside their son Noah Newman (Robert Adamson). Ian suggests that Mariah become closer to the Newmans, so she moves in with them and bonds with their daughter Faith Newman (Alyvia Alyn Lind).

However, Mariah's improving rapport with the family comes to an abrupt end when Sharon discovers that Mariah has been attempting to seduce Nick, and throws her out. After discovering that Sharon is in actuality her mother, and that she is truly Cassie's twin, Mariah moves back into Sharon's home, but remains bitter towards her. Mariah develops friendships with Kevin Fisher (Greg Rikaart) and Summer's husband Austin Travers (Matthew Atkinson). Later on at a Valentine's Day party at the Abbott cabin, Fenmore Baldwin drugs the punch. They all fall asleep and wake up hours later. Summer Newman has flashes of a bloody door stopper. They soon discover Summer's husband Austin is dead in the closet. Summer is convinced she killed him so they tell the cops Austin hit his head on ice.

The group (Abby Newman, Summer Newman, Fenmore Baldwin, Kevin Fisher and Mariah Copeland) get mysterious clues regarding the murder of Austin.
Weeks later, Abby gets hit in the park and ends up in the hospital. Sharon Newman gets framed for Austin's murder and receives a message on her mirror. She finds evidence and takes it to Avery Clark's office. Before she leaves, someone with black gloves knocks her out and places the evidence (a tire iron) in her living room.

Months later Sharon is cleared. Tobias Grey is at the club and interrupts a party the gang is at, badmouthing the Newmans and Abbotts about secrets. He is drunk and gets in a car accident before he has a chance to say who killed Austin. He dies in front of Mariah at the hospital.

From 2017 until 2018, Mariah was co-host of GC Buzz with Hilary Curtis (Mishael Morgan). Mariah and Hilary frequently sparred over the show as well as common love interest Devon Hamilton (Bryton James). Tensions came to a head when Hilary purposely tripped Mariah on live television. Mariah got Hilary back when she wrote the script for an event at the top of Newman tower and included Hilary's scheme, which Hilary inadvertently revealed to everyone in attendance. In July 2018, Hilary tragically died from a car accident, but while Hilary was still alive in the hospital, Mariah and Hilary were able to let go of all the bad things they had done to one another.

In early 2021, Mariah agrees to be the surrogate for Abby Newman (Melissa Ordway) and Chance Chancellor's baby. All seemingly goes well until she is kidnapped by an unknown person and she is currently being held at an undisclosed location against her will.

Reception
On-Air On-Soaps lauded the Grimes performance when she learned that Sharon was her mother, naming hers the "Power Performance of the Week". "Through all these emotional scenes it was Camryn Grimes who made the story plausible with her top-notch acting as she went from hurt, to angry, to betrayal, to disbelief, to completely lost, while the whole time keeping the character's harder edges." In the "Best and Worst of 2014" issue of Soaps in Depth, the magazine wrote of Grimes' return: "Sure, Mariah's storyline hasn't always made a ton of sense — Tyler's stalker sure chased him for a long time to give up on him so fast! But it's still great to have Cassie's former portrayer back in the fold." Soaps in Depth also praised Mariah's snark, including it on a list of "5 Things We're Loving Right Now" in March 2015. When referencing Mariah's attempt to seduce Nick, Aaron Hagey-MacKay of Global TV wrote: "Some people are just bad!"

Mariah and Tessa
Mariah and Tessa's kiss in August 2017 generated polarized reactions from viewers. While the soap opera had been criticized by journalists and fans of the genre for its reluctance to write LGBT stories, the storyline proved controversial with fans. Having been away from the daytime genre for a decade (a period in which other soap operas had featured LGBT characters), Sally Sussman Morina was "taken aback" by the negativity surrounding the kiss. However, it also received positive feedback on social media; Grimes responded to these reactions by writing: "Your strength is power, progress, and potential." Supporters of the couple dubbed them "Teriah". Michael Logan of TV Insider reported that network executives were "super skittish" about the storyline, and that there was a gag order banning Grimes and her co-stars from discussing it with the press. Logan posed the question, "Will a new day finally dawn in Genoa City?", observing that "there’s no getting around the fact that Y&R—the only current daytime soap without any out and proud LGBTQ characters—has been historically phobic when it comes to same-sex amour". Jeremy Helligar of HuffPost praised the show's depiction of Mariah and Tessa's feelings for one another as "just two women falling for each other and attempting to make sense of it without putting a label on it." Helligar remarked that "gender almost seems to be an afterthought" in the storyline, "It’s backing up an assertion some of us have been making forever: Two men or two women fall in love the same way a man and a woman do. Love is neither 'gay' nor 'straight.' Love is love, regardless of the gender(s) or sexual orientation of the people falling into it." Likewise, Helligar praised The Young and the Restless for not making race an issue in Mariah's relationship with Devon. In 2021, Lynette Rice of Entertainment Weekly—who observed Mariah and Tessa to be the only "full-time, same-sex couple in daytime right now"—highlighted viewers' appreciation of "how organically the relationship developed. There was no coming out story; instead, it followed two women who happened to fall in love."

The storyline earned Grimes her second Daytime Emmy Award, winning for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in April 2018. Grimes had submitted the scenes where Mariah confides in Sharon about her feelings for Tessa. The actress dedicated her acceptance speech to "everyone who dares to love truthfully". In August 2018, Grimes elaborated on receiving online backlash as a result of Mariah and Tessa's relationship, stating:

References

The Young and the Restless characters
Television characters introduced in 2014
American female characters in television
Fictional identical twins
Fictional bartenders
Fictional impostors
Fictional bisexual women
Fictional criminals in soap operas
Fictional LGBT characters in television
Fictional characters in a same-sex marriage
LGBT villains


title: Quaker Gardens

text:
Quaker Gardens can refer to:
Quaker Gardens, Islington, the former Quaker burial ground at Bunhill Fields, London
Quaker Gardens, New Jersey, an unincorporated community


title: Joel Root

text:
Joel Root (1770–1847) was an American sailor. He authored a journal of his around the world voyage while working as supercargo on the sealing ship Huron.

Biography
Among Root's earliest American ancestors who settled in Connecticut were Captain William Curtis (1618–1702) from Essex, England, and John Porter (1623–1688) and Mary Stanley (1631–1688) from Kent, England. On his father's side of the family his earliest American ancestors were John Root (1608–1684) from Northamptonshire, England, and Mary Francis Kilbourne (1619–1697) from Cambridge, England. Root's mother, Lucy Curtis Root, died when he was two, and when he was six, his father, Col. Elisha Root (1737–1776), died of dysentery while serving in the Revolutionary War army in West Chester, Connecticut.  Joel and his two sisters inherited their father's farm of one hundred twenty acres and the good country house in which they lived. He was then adopted and raised by his paternal grandfather, Jonathan Root (1707–1794), namesake of the Jonathan Root House in Southington, Connecticut, now listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Journey around the world on the brig Huron
Root sailed out of New Haven harbor in 1802 on the Huron with Captain David Montthrop (variant spelling Molthrop) in what he expected to be a lucrative adventure trading in seal furs. The port of New Haven was a frequent point of departure for sealing expeditions. The first recorded voyage to sealing grounds along the shores of the southern Pacific Ocean was that of Captain Daniel Greene from New Haven in 1790. Root's memoir, written in 1840, recounts his adventures and misadventures while engaged in sealing operations mostly on islands off the coast of Chile. He gives a "detailed account of efforts to take hair seal skins for the American market and fur seal skins for the Chinese trade, primarily from the islands of Mocha, St. Mary's and Masafuero [Mas a tierra], in the Juan Fernandez Islands." Masafuero was also known as Mas Afuero "further away," or Alexander Selkirk's Island, or the Robinson Crusoe Islands. Daniel Defoe based his novel Robinson Crusoe on the experiences of Alexander Selkirk's survival on the island between 1704 and 1709.

Root tells of navigation disagreements with the Captain of the brig Huron. He tells how he was cast ashore on the Indian inhabited coast of Peru, and he tells of his imprisonment by the Spanish at Concepción, Chile and difficulty with the Spanish government while sealing on the Island of Masafuero. The Huron made the long voyage home via China and Europe, trading along the way in Canton, China, Hamburg, Germany and St. Petersburg, Russia. Root and his party arrived back in the United States at New York, their first home port, on October 26, 1806, four years after their departure. He arrived home in New Haven on October 30, where his wife and seven daughters were in good health, having survived the smallpox epidemic, and were overjoyed to see him. From his travels, he presented gifts of fine fabric for the trousseau of each of his daughters, linens for his wife's linen closet, and China tea cups for each of the girls. His memoir was titled A Voyage Around the World 1802–1806.

There is no record of his going to sea again. When Root died at age 76, he was buried at Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven.

References

External links

1770 births
1847 deaths
American sailors
Writers from Connecticut
People from Southington, Connecticut
American memoirists
19th-century American writers
18th-century American writers
Memoirists from Connecticut


title: Abdi Department

text:
Abdi is one of three departments in Ouaddaï, a region of Chad. Its capital is Abdi.

See also

 Departments of Chad

References

Departments of Chad
Ouaddaï Region


title: Kancharapalem

text:
Kancharapalem is a locality in the city of Visakhapatnam, India. Kancharapalem is an old settlement of Visakhapatanam. It has the oldest railway locomotive shed, the first Industrial estate of Visakhapatnam, Govt. Industrial training Institute. Government polytechnic college (started in 1956) railway quarters, port and Navy quarters are located in this area. The oldest bridge in the town is located here known as Gnanapuram Bridge.

It is divided into many parts with community-specific localities like Gavara Kancharapalem, Golla Kancharapalem, Reddy Kancharapalem.

Transport
APSRTC Buses access in every part of the city.

Popular culture
The 2018 Telugu-language anthology film C/o Kancharapalem, is set and shot extensively in this locality.

References

Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam


title: Mohammed Wakil

text:
Mohammed Wakil (born 6 February 1965), the Minister of State for Power in Nigeria, resumed office on 5 March 2014. He is also a member of Nigeria's National Assembly, vice chairman of the People's Democratic Party (North East), and lawyer.

Early life
Wakil was born on 6 June 1965 in Damboa Local Government of Borno State and is a graduate of the law faculty of the University of Maiduguri, Borno State.

Political career
During the Obasanjo/Atiku first democratic term (Nigeria’s Fourth Republic) from 1999 to 2003, Wakil was majority leader in the House of Representatives of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. He was also Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Awards
Wakil was awarded Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON) and is a fellow of the  Nigerian Institute of Management, FNIM.

Personal life
Wakil is married to Hajiya Falmata Mohammed, and they have six children.

References

Living people
1965 births
University of Maiduguri alumni
Peoples Democratic Party members of the House of Representatives (Nigeria)


title: Butterfly Effect (Ashley Roberts album)

text:
Butterfly Effect is the debut solo studio album by American singer Ashley Roberts. It was released through Metropolis London on September 1, 2014. There are two singles released from the album: "Clockwork", on May 25, and "Woman Up" on August 25. It was produced by eight producers including Frankmusik.

Background
In 2003, Roberts joined girl group The Pussycat Dolls. They released many hits through the years, like: "Don't Cha", "Buttons", "When I Grow Up" and "I Hate This Part". Seven years later, in 2010, the group broke up and Roberts released her debut single "A Summer Place".

In 2012, she released two singles: promotional song "Yesterday" in November, and a song for digital download for debut album, entitled "All in a Day". In late 2013, Roberts met eight new producers for her debut album. One of the producers was Red Triangle. The album was finished in June 2014 and there were ten songs that Roberts chose for the album. There are two singles from the album: "Clockwork" which released on May 25, 2014, and "Woman Up" which released August 25, 2014.

Track listing

Chart performance

Release history

References

2014 debut albums


title: 13th Yokohama Film Festival

text:
The  was held on 8 March 1992 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.

Awards
 Best Film: A Scene at the Sea
 Best New Actor: Sabu – World Apartment Horror
 Best Actor: Hidekazu Akai – Ōte
 Best Actress: Jun Fubuki – Munō no Hito
 Best New Actress:
Hiroko Oshima – A Scene at the Sea
Hikari Ishida – Chizuko's Younger Sister, Aitsu, My Soul Is Slashed
 Best Supporting Actor: Koji Matoba – Shishiōtachi no Natsu, No Worries on the Recruit Front
 Best Supporting Actress:
Emi Wakui – My Sons, No Worries on the Recruit Front
Reona Hirota – Ōte, Yumeji
 Best Director: Takeshi Kitano – A Scene at the Sea
 Best New Director: Naoto Takenaka – Munō no Hito
 Best Film Score:  Joe Hisaishi – A Scene at the Sea, Chizuko's Younger Sister
 Best Screenplay: Toshiharu Marūchi – Munō no Hito
 Best Cinematography: Akihiro Itō – Ōte
 Best Art Direction: Noriyoshi Ikeya – Yumeji
 Special Jury Prize: Katsuhiro Ōtomo – World Apartment Horror – For succeeding in making animation film as well as feature film.

Best 10
 A Scene at the Sea
 Munō no Hito
 Ōte
 Rainbow Kids
 Chizuko's Younger Sister
 World Apartment Horror
 Kaze, Slow Down
 My Sons
 Yumeji
 Shishiōtachi no Natsu
runner-up. Nakibokuro

References

Yokohama Film Festival
1992 film festivals
1992 in Japanese cinema
Yoko
March 1992 events in Asia


title: In the Year of the Dragon

text:
In the Year of the Dragon is an album by pianist Geri Allen, bassist Charlie Haden and drummer Paul Motian recorded in 1989 and released on the German JMT label.

Reception

AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars, stating, "Fully realized, diverse, and balanced, this piano-bass-drums trio recording is one of the very best of its late-'80s era, loaded with great musicianship, surprises, and an accurate representation of these genius musicians' personalities and individualism blended into a complete whole. In the Year of the Dragon is highly recommended to all who appreciate superb musicianship coming together". The Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded it 3 stars, calling it "one of the best of the trio sets".

Track listing
All compositions by Geri Allen except as indicated
 "Oblivion" (Bud Powell) - 3:17
 "For John Malachi" – 3:30
 "Rollano" (Juan Lazaro Mendolas) - 4:10
 "See You at Per Tutti's" (Charlie Haden) - 5:55
 "Last Call" (Paul Motian) - 5:10
 "No More Mr. Nice Guy" – 7:01
 "Invisible" (Ornette Coleman) - 4:34
 "First Song" (Haden) - 5:38
 "In the Year of the Dragon" (Motian) - 7:55

Personnel
 Geri Allen - piano
 Charlie Haden - bass
 Paul Motian - drums
 Juan Lazaro Mendolas - flute (track 3)

References

1989 albums
Geri Allen albums
JMT Records albums
Instrumental albums
Collaborative albums


title: Preto (footballer, born 1981)

text:
João Luiz Ferreira da Silva (born 12 June 1981), known as Preto, is a Brazilian football forward who has played in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A for Portuguesa, Guarani and Goianiense.

Career
Preto had worked with manager Vágner Benazzi at Portuguesa in 2009 before re-uniting with him at Bragantino in 2012.

References

External links
 João da Silva at Kickersarchiv.de

1981 births
Living people
People from Novo Hamburgo
Brazilian men's footballers
Stuttgarter Kickers players
Stuttgarter Kickers II players
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Rio Grande do Sul


title: 14th Yokohama Film Festival

text:
The  was held on 7 February 1993 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.

Awards
 Best Film: Sumo Do, Sumo Don't
 Best New Actor:
Etsushi Toyokawa – 12-nin no Yasashii Nihonjin, Kira Kira Hikaru, Kachō Shima Kōsaku
Yoshiyuki Ōmori – Wangan Bad Boy Blue, Seishun Dendekedekedeke, Bokutō Kidan
 Best Actor: Masahiro Motoki – Sumo Do, Sumo Don't
 Best Actress: Yōko Minamino – Kantsubaki, Watashi o Daite Soshite Kisu Shite
 Best New Actress: Yuki Sumida – Bokutō Kidan
 Best Supporting Actor: Hideo Murota – Original Sin
 Best Supporting Actress:
Keiko Oginome – The Triple Cross
Misa Shimizu – Sumo Do, Sumo Don't, Future Memories: Last Christmas, Okoge
 Best Director: Masayuki Suo – Sumo Do, Sumo Don't
 Best New Director:
Katsuya Matsumura – All Night Long
Tadafumi Tomioka – Wangan Bad Boy Blue
 Best Screenplay: Masayuki Suo – Sumo Do, Sumo Don't
 Best Cinematography: Yasushi Sasakibara – Wangan Bad Boy Blue, Original Sin
 Special Prize: Kinji Fukasaku (Career)

Best 10
 Sumo Do, Sumo Don't
 The Triple Cross
 Seishun Dendekedekedeke
 Original Sin
 Kira Kira Hikaru
 Netorare Sōsuke
 The Games Teachers Play
 12-nin no Yasashii Nihonjin
 Wangan Bad Boy Blue
 Arifureta Ai ni Kansuru Chōsa
runner-up. Pineapple Tours

References

Yokohama Film Festival
1993 film festivals
1993 in Japanese cinema
Yoko
February 1993 events in Asia


title: 2014 FC Astana season

text:
The 2014 FC Astana season was the sixth successive season that the club playing in the Kazakhstan Premier League, the highest tier of association football in Kazakhstan. Astana were crowned Kazakhstan Premier League Champions for the first time, reached the Semi-finals of the Kazakhstan Cup and the Play-off Round of the Europa League before falling to Villarreal.

Squad

Transfers

Winter

In:

Out:

Summer

In:

Out:

Competitions

Premier League

First round

Results summary

Results by round

Results

League table

Championship Round

Results summary

Results by round

Results

Table

Kazakhstan Cup

UEFA Europa League

Qualifying rounds

Squad statistics

Appearances and goals

|-
|colspan="14"|Players away from Astana on loan:

|-
|colspan="14"|Players who appeared for Astana that left during the season:

|}

Goal scorers

Clean sheets

Disciplinary record

Notes
Notes

References

FC Astana seasons
Astana
Astana


title: 100 prisoners problem

text:
The 100 prisoners problem is a mathematical problem in probability theory and combinatorics. In this problem, 100 numbered prisoners must find their own numbers in one of 100 drawers in order to survive. The rules state that each prisoner may open only 50 drawers and cannot communicate with other prisoners. At first glance, the situation appears hopeless, but a clever strategy offers the prisoners a realistic chance of survival.

Danish computer scientist Peter Bro Miltersen first proposed the problem in 2003.

Problem

The 100 prisoners problem has different renditions in the literature. The following version is by Philippe Flajolet and Robert Sedgewick:

The director of a prison offers 100 death row prisoners, who are numbered from 1 to 100, a last chance. A room contains a cupboard with 100 drawers. The director randomly puts one prisoner's number in each closed drawer. The prisoners enter the room, one after another. Each prisoner may open and look into 50 drawers in any order. The drawers are closed again afterwards. If, during this search, every prisoner finds their number in one of the drawers, all prisoners are pardoned. If even one prisoner does not find their number, all prisoners die. Before the first prisoner enters the room, the prisoners may discuss strategy — but may not communicate once the first prisoner enters to look in the drawers. What is the prisoners' best strategy?

If every prisoner selects 50 drawers at random, the probability that a single prisoner finds their number is 50%. Therefore, the probability that all prisoners find their numbers is the product of the single probabilities, which is ()100 ≈ , a vanishingly small number. The situation appears hopeless.

Solution

Strategy

Surprisingly, there is a strategy that provides a survival probability of more than 30%. The key to success is that the prisoners do not have to decide beforehand which drawers to open. Each prisoner can use the information gained from the contents of every drawer they already opened to decide which one to open next. Another important observation is that this way the success of one prisoner is not independent of the success of the other prisoners, because they all depend on the way the numbers are distributed.

To describe the strategy, not only the prisoners, but also the drawers, are numbered from 1 to 100; for example, row by row starting with the top left drawer. The strategy is now as follows:

 Each prisoner first opens the drawer labeled with their own number.
 If this drawer contains their number, they are done and were successful.
 Otherwise, the drawer contains the number of another prisoner, and they next open the drawer labeled with this number.
 The prisoner repeats steps 2 and 3 until they find their own number, or fail because the number is not found in the first fifty opened drawers.

If the prisoner could continue indefinitely this way, they would inevitably loop back to the drawer they started with, forming a permutation cycle (see below). By starting with their own number, the prisoner guarantees they are on the specific cycle of drawers containing their number. The only question is whether any cycle is longer than fifty drawers - and only one cycle can possibly be too long, since at most one can comprise more than half of the total drawers.

Examples

The reason this is a promising strategy is illustrated with the following example using 8 prisoners and drawers, whereby each prisoner may open 4 drawers. The prison director has distributed the prisoners' numbers into the drawers in the following fashion:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! number of drawer
|  1   ||   2   ||   3   ||   4   ||   5   ||   6   ||   7   ||   8
|-
! number of prisoner
| 7 || 4 || 6 || 8 || 1 || 3 || 5 || 2
|}

The prisoners now act as follows:
 Prisoner 1 first opens drawer 1 and finds number 7. Then they open drawer 7 and find number 5. Then they open drawer 5, where they find their own number and are successful.
 Prisoner 2 opens drawers 2, 4, and 8 in this order. In the last drawer they find their own number, 2.
 Prisoner 3 opens drawers 3 and 6, where they find their own number.
 Prisoner 4 opens drawers 4, 8, and 2, where they find their own number. This is the same cycle that was encountered by prisoner 2 and will be encountered by prisoner 8.  Each of these prisoners will find their own number in the third opened drawer.
 Prisoners 5 to 7 will also each find their numbers in a similar fashion.

In this case, all prisoners find their numbers. This is, however, not always the case. For example, the small change to the numbers of swapping drawers 5 and 8 would cause prisoner 1 to fail after opening 1, 7, 5, and 2 (and not finding their own number):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! number of drawer
|   1   ||   2   ||   3   ||   4   ||   5   ||   6   ||   7   ||   8
|-
! number of prisoner
| 7 || 4 || 6 || 8 || 2 || 3 || 5 || 1
|}

And in the following arrangement, prisoner 1 opens drawers 1, 3, 7, and 4, at which point they have to stop unsuccessfully:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! number of drawer
|   1   ||   2   ||   3   ||   4   ||   5   ||   6   ||   7   ||   8
|-
! number of prisoner
| 3 || 1 || 7 || 5 || 8 || 6 || 4 || 2
|}

Indeed, all prisoners except 6 (who succeeds directly) fail.

Permutation representation

The prison director's assignment of prisoner numbers to drawers can mathematically be described as a permutation of the numbers 1 to 100. Such a permutation is a one-to-one mapping of the set of natural numbers from 1 to 100 to itself. A sequence of numbers which after repeated application of the permutation returns to the first number is called a cycle of the permutation. Every permutation can be decomposed into disjoint cycles, that is, cycles which have no common elements. The permutation of the first example above can be written in cycle notation as

and thus consists of two cycles of length 3 and one cycle of length 2. The permutation of the third example is accordingly

and consists of a cycle of length 7 and a cycle of length 1. The cycle notation is not unique since a cycle of length  can be written in  different ways depending on the starting number of the cycle. During the opening the drawers in the above strategy, each prisoner follows a single cycle which always ends with their own number. In the case of eight prisoners, this cycle-following strategy is successful if and only if the length of the longest cycle of the permutation is at most 4. If a permutation contains a cycle of length 5 or more, all prisoners whose numbers lie in such a cycle do not reach their own number after four steps.

Probability of success

In the initial problem, the 100 prisoners are successful if the longest cycle of the permutation has a length of at most 50. Their survival probability is therefore equal to the probability that a random permutation of the numbers 1 to 100 contains no cycle of length greater than 50. This probability is determined in the following.

A permutation of the numbers 1 to 100 can contain at most one cycle of length . There are exactly  ways to select the numbers of such a cycle (see combination). Within this cycle, these numbers can be arranged in  ways since there are  permutations to represent distinct cycles of length  because of cyclic symmetry. The remaining numbers can be arranged in  ways. Therefore, the number of permutations of the numbers 1 to 100 with a cycle of length  is equal to

The probability, that a (uniformly distributed) random permutation contains no cycle of length greater than 50 is calculated with the formula for single events and the formula for complementary events thus given by

where  is the -th harmonic number. Therefore, using the cycle-following strategy the prisoners survive in a surprising 31% of cases.

Asymptotics

If  instead of 100 prisoners are considered, where  an arbitrary natural number, the prisoners' survival probability with the cycle-following strategy is given by

With the Euler–Mascheroni constant , for

holds, which results in an asymptotic survival probability of

Since the sequence of probabilities is monotonically decreasing, the prisoners survive with the cycle-following strategy in more than 30% of cases independently of the number of prisoners.

Optimality

In 2006, Eugene Curtin and Max Warshauer gave a proof for the optimality of the cycle-following strategy. The proof is based on an equivalence to a related problem in which all prisoners are allowed to be present in the room and observe the opening of the drawers. Mathematically, this equivalence is based on Foata's transition lemma, a one-to-one correspondence of the (canonical) cycle notation and the one-line notation of permutations. In the second problem, the survival probability is independent of the chosen strategy and equal to the survival probability in the original problem with the cycle-following strategy. Since an arbitrary strategy for the original problem can also be applied to the second problem, but cannot attain a higher survival probability there, the cycle-following strategy has to be optimal.

History

The 100 prisoners problem was first considered in 2003 by Danish computer scientist Peter Bro Miltersen who published it with Anna Gál in the proceedings of the 30. International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP). In their version, player A (the prison director) randomly colors strips of paper with the names of the players of team B (the prisoners) in red or blue and puts each strip into a different box. Some of the boxes may be empty (see below). Every player of team B must guess their color correctly after opening half of the boxes for their team to win. Initially, Miltersen assumed that the winning probability quickly tends to zero with increasing number of players. However, Sven Skyum, a colleague of Miltersen at Aarhus University, brought his attention to the cycle-following strategy for the case of this problem where there are no empty boxes. To find this strategy was left open as an exercise in the publication. The paper was honored with the best paper award.

In spring 2004, the problem appeared in Joe Buhler and Elwyn Berlekamp's puzzle column of the quarterly The Emissary of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute. Thereby, the authors replaced boxes by ROMs and colored strips of paper by signed numbers. The authors noted that the winning probability can be increased also in the case where the team members don't find their own numbers. If the given answer is the product of all the signs found and if the length of the longest cycle is half the (even) number of players plus one, then the team members in this cycle either all guess wrong or all guess right. Even if this extension of the strategy offers a visible improvement for a small number of players, it becomes negligible when the number of players becomes large.

In the following years, the problem entered the mathematical literature, where it was shaped in further different ways, for example with cards on a table or wallets in lockers (locker puzzle). In the form of a prisoner problem it was posed in 2006 by Christoph Pöppe in the journal Spektrum der Wissenschaft and by Peter Winkler in the College Mathematics Journal. With slight alterations this form was adopted by Philippe Flajolet, Robert Sedgewick and Richard P. Stanley in their textbooks on combinatorics.

Variants

Empty boxes

At first, Gál and Miltersen considered in their paper the case that the number of boxes is twice the number of team members while half of the boxes are empty. This is a more difficult problem since empty boxes lead nowhere and thus the cycle-following strategy cannot be applied. It is an open problem whether in this case the winning probability tends to zero with growing number of team members.

In 2005, Navin Goyal and Michael Saks developed a strategy for team B based on the cycle-following strategy for a more general problem in which the fraction of empty boxes as well as the fraction of boxes each team member is allowed to open are variable. The winning probability still tends to zero in this case, but slower than suggested by Gál and Miltersen. If the number of team members and the fraction of boxes which are opened is fixed, the winning probability stays strictly larger than zero when more empty boxes are added.

David Avis and Anne Broadbent considered in 2009 a quantum theoretical variant in which team B wins with certainty.

The malicious director
In case the prison director does not have to distribute the numbers into the drawers randomly, and realizes that the prisoners may apply the above-mentioned strategy and guesses the box numbering the prisoners will apply (such as numbers indicated on the boxes), they can foil the strategy. To this end, they just have to ensure that their assignment of prisoners' numbers to drawers constitutes a permutation with a cycle of length larger than 50. The prisoners in turn can counter this by agreeing among themselves on a specific random numbering of the drawers, provided that the director does not overhear this or does not bother to respond by replacing numbers in the boxes before the prisoners are let in.

One prisoner may make one change
In the case that one prisoner may enter the room first, inspect all boxes, and then switch the contents of two boxes, all prisoners will survive. This is so since any cycle of length larger than 50 can be broken, so that it can be guaranteed that all cycles are of length at most 50.

Any prisoner who finds their number is free
In the variant where any prisoner who finds their number is free, the expected probability of an individual's survival given a random permutation is as follows:

Without strategy:

With the strategy for the original problem:

It is noteworthy that although we receive the same expected values, they are from very different distributions. With the second strategy, some prisoners are simply destined to die or live given a particular permutation, and with the first strategy (i.e., no strategy), there is "truly" a 1/2 chance for every permutation.

Monty Hall problem

In 2009, Adam S. Landsberg proposed the following simpler variant of the 100 prisoners problem which is based on the well-known Monty Hall problem:

Behind three closed doors a car, the car keys and a goat are randomly distributed. There are two players: the first player has to find the car, the second player the keys to the car. Only if both players are successful they may drive the car home. The first player enters the room and may consecutively open two of the three doors. If they are successful, the doors are closed again and the second player enters the room. The second player may also open two of the three doors, but they cannot communicate with the first player in any form. What is the winning probability if both players act optimally?

If the players select their doors randomly, the winning probability is only  (about 44%). The optimal strategy is, however, as follows:

 Player 1 first opens door 1. If the car is behind the door, the player is successful. If the keys were behind the door, the player next opens door 2; if instead the goat was behind the door, the player next opens door 3.
 Player 2 first opens door 2. If the keys are behind the door, the player is successful. If the goat was behind the door, the player next opens door 3; whereas if the car was behind the door, the player next opens door 1.

In the six possible distributions of car, keys and goat behind the three doors, the players open the following doors (in the green cases, the player was successful):

{| class="wikitable"
| || Car − Keys − Goat || Car − Goat − Keys || Keys − Car − Goat || Keys − Goat − Car || Goat − Car − Keys || Goat − Keys − Car
|-
| Player 1
| style="background:#B9FFC5;" | Door 1: Car
| style="background:#B9FFC5;" | Door 1: Car
| style="background:#B9FFC5;" | Door 1: Keys  Door 2: Car
| style="background:#FFCBCB;" | Door 1: Keys  Door 2: Goat
| style="background:#FFCBCB;" | Door 1: Goat  Door 3: Keys
| style="background:#B9FFC5;" | Door 1: Goat  Door 3: Car
|-
|-
| Player 2
| style="background:#B9FFC5;" | Door 2: Keys
| style="background:#B9FFC5;" | Door 2: Goat  Door 3: Keys
| style="background:#B9FFC5;" | Door 2: Car  Door 1: Keys
| style="background:#FFCBCB;" | (Door 2: Goat)  (Door 3: Car)
| style="background:#FFCBCB;" | (Door 2: Car)  (Door 1: Goat)
| style="background:#B9FFC5;" | Door 2: Keys
|}

The success of the strategy is based on building a correlation between the successes and failures of the two players. Here, the winning probability is , which is optimal since the first player cannot have a higher winning probability than that. In a further variant, three prizes are hidden behind the three doors and three players have to independently find their assigned prizes with two tries. In this case the winning probability is also  when the optimal strategy is employed.

See also
 Prisoner's dilemma
 Three prisoners problem
 Unexpected hanging paradox
 Random permutation statistics
 Golomb–Dickman constant

References

Literature

External links
 Rob Heaton: Mathematicians hate civil liberties - 100 prisoners and 100 boxes, 13 January 2014
 Oliver Nash: Pity the prisoners , 12 December 2009
 Jamie Mulholland: Prisoners in Boxes, Spring 2011 (PDF)
 MinutePhysics:  and , 8 December 2014
 Robert Feldt: Stochastic simulation in Julia to check the optimal strategy, 6 July 2022

Recreational mathematics
Probability theory paradoxes
Permutations


title: Philippine space program

text:
The space program of the Philippines is currently maintained by the Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) together with various agencies under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). The space program includes space research and development, and  is funded through the National SPACE Development Program (NSDP) by the DOST and received an initial budget of ₱1 billion in 2020.

The Philippines attempted to establish a formal space program in the 1960s, during the term of President Ferdinand Marcos. A joint-program with the United States was proposed for the purpose of monitoring typhoons in Asia. However such plans did not push through. The Philippine Communications Satellite was established in the same decade which provided satellite communications in Asia.

Development continued in the late 80s led by the private sector, with the country's first satellites, Agila-1 which was originally launched as an Indonesian satellite. A decade later, the Mabuhay Satellite Corporation entered into service Agila-2, the first Filipino-owned satellite to be launched to space, which deployed into orbit by Chinese Chang Zheng 3B rocket and was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in the Sichuan province on 20 August 1997.

It would be almost two decades before the Philippines would launch another satellite into space when government scientists from DOST and researchers from the University of the Philippines partnered with the Tohoku and Hokkaido Universities of Japan under the PHL-microsat program to launch Diwata-1, the first microsatellite designed and constructed by Filipinos and was deployed into orbit on from the International Space Station (ISS) on April 27, 2016.  The Philippines in cooperation with foreign space agencies such as NASA of the United States and JAXA of Japan were able to deploy develop and launch two additional small-scale satellites, Diwata-2 and Maya-1, with plans to launch additional satellites by 2022.

The Philippine space program was largely decentralized until the establishment of the Philippine Space Agency in 2019.

Organization

Prior to the creation of the PhilSA, several government agencies under the DOST ran the country's space program: namely, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), and the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). The DOST and the Manila Observatory crafted a 10-year masterplan in 2012 to make the Philippines a "space-capable country" by 2022. New programs and future space missions will be directed by the newly created Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA).

History

Origins

The Manila Observatory was established during the Spanish colonial period in 1865 and was the only formal meteorological and astronomical research and services institution in the Philippines and remained so until the creation of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) in 1972.

Marcos era
Efforts to establish a Philippine space program started as early as the 1960s, when the government built an Earth satellite receiving station. US President Lyndon Johnson discussed with then-Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos in 1966 about the possibility of establishing a joint US–Philippine space program to monitor storms in Asia. If such plans had pushed through it would have been the first time Asians would have gotten involved in space activities.

The Philippine Communications Satellite (Philcomsat) was established within the same decade when the Marcos government built an Earth satellite receiving station. Philcomsat was a founding member of Intelsat, an international satellite consortium. It also had an exclusive franchise for satellite communication in Southeast Asia, as well as in Korea and Japan. It was also responsible for providing the equipment which enabled people in Asia to watch the Apollo 11 launch, which took place on July 16, 1969. The wholly government-owned company became a private corporation in 1982. Marcos also by the virtue of Presidential Decree No. 286 created the Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation (PADC)  a Philippine state owned aerospace and defense technology corporation attached to the Department of National Defense, to establish a "reliable aviation and aerospace industry" in the Philippines, design, manufacture and sell "all forms" of aircraft, as well as to develop indigenous capabilities in the maintenance, repair, and modification of aviation equipment.

On April 23, 1980, the Philippines became one of the initial 11 signatories to the Moon Treaty.

PASI and Mabuhay's satellite ventures
In 1974, the Philippines planned to use satellites to improve communications. The leasing of satellites from Intelsat was considered but it was later decided to lease capacity from the Indonesian Palapa system. There were interests for a national communication satellite but initiatives to obtain one did not start until 1994, when the Philippine Agila Satellite Inc. (PASI), a consortium of 17 companies, was established to operate and purchase domestic satellites.

The Mabuhay Satellite Corporation (MSC), another consortium, was formed in the same year by PLDT, which was a former member of PASI. PLDT was the largest member of PASI before its departure from the consortium. MSC was composed of numerous domestic telecommunications and broadcasting companies, along with Indonesia-based Pasifik Satelit Nusantara and China-based Everbright Group.

Then, President Fidel V. Ramos expressed his desire for a Philippine satellite to be in orbit in time for the APEC Summit to be held in the country in November 1996.

MSC complied with the acquisition of Indonesian satellite Palapa B-2P from Pasifik Satelit Nusantara. The satellite was moved to a new orbital slot on August 1, 1996. The satellite was renamed Agila-1 and became the first satellite in orbit to be owned by the country.

MSC launched the country's second satellite, Agila-2, with the assistance of China. The communications satellite was launched through the Long March 3B at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center on August 19, 1997. The satellite was acquired by Asia Broadcast Satellite in 2011 and was renamed to ABS-3.

PHL-Microsat and Birds-2 programs

The DOST initiated the Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Microsatellite (PHL-Microsat) program to send two
microsatellites in 2016 and 2017. The effort is part of the country's disaster risk management program. A receiving station will also be built in the country. The efforts were part of a bigger project, together with seven other Asian countries aside from Japan and the Philippines, to create a network of about 50 microsatellites.

The first satellite under the PHL-Microsat program Diwata-1, the first satellite designed and assembled by Filipinos, with cooperation from Hokkaido University and Tohoku University. One of the major goals of the PHL-Microsat program is to boost the progress on the creation of the Philippine Space Agency. The satellite was deployed from the International Space Station on April 27, 2016. This satellite was succeeded on October 29, 2018, by Diwata-2, which was launched directly into orbit from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan.The first nanosatellite under the Birds-2 program, Maya-1 was also deployed from the ISS in the Japanese Kibo module along with two other satellites from Bhutan and Malaysia on August 10, 2018.

Creation of the Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA)
Despite these advancements, the country's space program still faced two primary challenges: insufficient funding and the lack of a centralized space agency. In the absence of a formal space agency, the DOST funded the National Space Development Program to set up the foundations of a future space agency.
President Rodrigo Duterte in February 2018 announced that a precursor to a space agency, the National Space Development Office, will be established. As of March 2018, there are seven pending bills in both the House of Representatives and the Senate seeking to establish the Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA). In the meantime, the DOST has agreed with the Russian space agency Roscosmos, "to proceed with negotiations of an intergovernmental framework agreement on space cooperation that will include use of Russian rockets to launch Philippine payloads such as micro-and nano-satellites as well as the establishment of a receiving station for the Global Navigation Satellite System" (GLONASS), Russia's alternative to American Global Positioning System (GPS)

In late January 2019, the Department of Science and Technology has said that the Philippines is already capable of founding its own space agency with a pending bill already passed in the House of Representatives and pending counterpart legislation already pending in the Senate. By this time since 2010, the science department has already spent  (or $144 million) for space research and development, aided 5,500 scholars, trained more than 1,000 space science experts, and established 25 facilities in various parts of the Philippines.

The Philippine Space Agency was established when the "Philippine Space Act" (Republic Act 11363) was signed into law by Pres. Duterte on 8 August 2019. The first head of Philippine Space Agency, Joel Marciano Jr. was appointed on December 5, 2019, by President Duterte. The agency is currently focused on developing additional micro and nano-satellites and has not discounted developing rocket launch capability in the long term. The satellite program of the DOST will also transition into the PhilSA's authority.

Maya-2, a nanosatellite under the Birds-4 program, was successfully launched on February 21, 2021.

List of Philippine satellites

Spaceport
The Philippines does not have a spaceport. In January 2022, Senators Manny Pacquiao and Koko Pimentel met with representatives of SpaceX and discussed the possibility of setting up a launch pad in Mindanao due to its proximity to the equator. Mati, Davao Oriental has been proposed by the Ateneo de Davao University as early as 2019 to be a potential site for a spaceport. PhilSa is still examining proposals for a launch site in Mati as of late 2021.

Space education

The Department of Science and Technology–Science Education Institute (DOST-SEI) launched the first Philippine Space Science Education Program (PESSAP) in 2004, to promote science and technology, particularly space science, as a field of study to the Filipino youth.

On October 5, 2017, high school students from St. Cecilia's College-Cebu, Inc. launched 3-feet solid propellant Model rockets for the World Space Week 2017 celebration in Cebu City. The same team was awarded a research grant by the Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD) in 2018 to design and develop the TALA hybrid rocket which can propel a can satellite  into the atmosphere. TALA, the first high-powered hybrid rocket developed in the Philippines successfully lifted off at 11:57 AM Saturday from Crow Valley Gunnery Range, Capas, Tarlac.  It was able to deploy its Can Satellite payload before going into fast descent and eventual deployment of its main parachute for safe landing.

The PHL-Microsat program offers a graduate program called Space Science and Tech Proliferation through Partnerships (Stepup).

Student-researchers and science faculty from St. Cecilia's College - Cebu, Inc. in partnership with Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD) successfully launched the first High-Altitude Balloon Life Support System "Karunungan" (HAB LSS Karunungan) in May 2018 at Minglanilla, Cebu, Philippines and floated above the Armstrong Line to simulate 'space like' conditions for future space flights.

Contemporary private ventures
In 2019, Orbital Exploration (OrbitX), a private firm was set-up which aims to research on the usage as biofuel like algae to propel space launch vehicles. The company also plans to develop its own "reusable" payload launch vehicle named "Haribon SLS-1".

Gallery

See also

 Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA)
 National SPACE Development Program (NSDP)
 Philippine Scientific Earth Observation Microsatellite (PHL-Microsat)
 Birds-2

References

Philippines


title: Philippine Space Agency

text:
The Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) is the national space agency of the Philippines.

The unified space agency is defined by the Philippine Space Act (Republic Act No. 11363) which was signed into law on August 8, 2019, by President Rodrigo Duterte, intended to manage and operate the decentralized space program of the Philippine government, which was handled by various agencies of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST).

History

Background

Prior to the creation of the agency, the Philippine space program had two primary challenges:

 insufficient funding; and
 lack of a centralized agency to manage the space program.

In the absence of a formal space agency, the DOST funded the National Space Development Program to set up the foundations of a future space agency. Several government agencies under the DOST had previously maintained the country's space program; namely the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), and the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). The DOST and the Manila Observatory crafted a 10-year masterplan in 2012 to make the Philippines a "space-capable country" by 2022. The scientists involved in the program's planning gave the media a copy of a draft bill written by Deocaris which they submitted to AGHAM Partylist Rep. Angelo Palmones of the 15th Congress (July 26, 2010 – June 6, 2013) for the enactment of what is to be known the "Philippine Space Act of 2012" (House Bill No. 6725).

In 2014, the country started a micro-satellite program where local engineers developed and produced the Diwata-1, Diwata-2 and Maya-1, which were all subsequently launched into space via foreign facilities. All three satellites were a success.

Legislative history
The Philippine Space Agency was proposed to be established through legislation particularly through the 17th Congress (July 25, 2016 – June 4, 2019)'s "Philippine Space Act of 2016" (House Bill No. 3637) and "Philippine Space Act" (Senate Bill No. 1211). On November 27, 2018, The House of Representatives passed the alternative bill, the "Philippine Space Development Act" (HB No. 8541), on the 2nd reading. "The bill also provides for a Philippine Space Development and Utilization Policy (PSDUP) that shall serve as the country’s primary strategic roadmap for space development and embody the country’s central goal of becoming a space-capable and space-faring nation in the next decade." DOST Secretary Fortunato dela Peña was in favor HB 8541.

In December 2018, HB 8541 was approved on the third and final reading with 207 affirmative votes with no votes against or abstentions. Under the bill, the agency was to be attached to the DOST. The bill also creates the Philippine Space Development Fund to be used exclusively for its operation. The astronomical space-related functions of the Department of Transportation (DOTr) and DOST will also be transferred to the Philippine Space Agency, under the bill.

The "Philippine Space Act" (Senate Bill No. 1983) was passed with 18 senators approving for the proposed legislation's passage with no negative votes in May 2019, hence dedicating ₱1bil from the current fiscal year's appropriation with subsequent funding from the General Appropriations Act, plus an additional ₱1bil from the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) and Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) with ₱2bil released annually. The Bicameral Committee ratified HB 8541 on June 4, 2019, placing the space agency under the Office of the President. The proposed legislation (a harmonization of HB 8541 & SBN 1983) was due for signing into law by President Rodrigo Duterte. The Senate info-page for Senate Bill 1983 reports presentation of the harmonized bill to the Presidential Malacañang Palace on July 9, 2019.

Formation
Duterte signed the "Philippine Space Act" (RA 11363) on August 8, 2019, and a copy was released to reporters on August 13.

In signing the new law, Duterte recognized the “urgent need to create a coherent and unified strategy for space development and utilization to keep up with other nations in terms of space science and technology.” thus established the agency

Following the Space Act's signing into law, DOST Secretary Dela Peña has written to the Office of the President to initiate the drafting of the implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of the space agency.

The first head of Philippine Space Agency, Joel Marciano Jr. was appointed on December 5, 2019, by President Duterte.

Although by law, PhilSA should hold its main office in Clark, the space agency decided to temporarily hold office in Quezon City at least until 2021. The space program started by the DOST in 2014 will also be transitioned to PhilSA.

Organization
The Philippine Space Council is the agency's principal advisory body. It is proposed that at least  will be allocated as PhilSA's headquarters and main research facility in an official site within the Clark Special Economic Zone in Pampanga and Tarlac with a target completion date of 2022. Additional facilities (launch sites, research and development) are also to be established in the future. The PhilSA announced in October 2021 that its headquarters, the National Space Center, would be built at New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac.

The agency is mandated to focus on six areas — national security and development, hazard management and climate studies, space research and development, space industry capacity building, space education and awareness, and international cooperation.

Philippine Space Council
The Philippine Space Council is the primary advisory body to the Director General. The council is headed by the President of the Philippines, who leads the council as its chairperson. The following is the composition of the space council:

Chairperson – President of the Philippines
Vice Chairpersons – Secretaries of Science and Technology and National Defense
Other members
Chair of the Senate Committee on Science and Technology
Chair of the House Committee on Science and Technology
Director General of the National Economic and Development Authority
Secretaries of Finance, Foreign Affairs, Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources, Trade and Industry, and Information and Communications Technology

Activities and program
According to the Department of Science and Technology, the Philippines already possesses enough infrastructure to run a dedicated space agency. Since 2010, it has spent ₱7.48 billion (or $144 million) for space research and development, aided 5,500 scholars, trained more than 1,000 space science experts, and established 25 facilities in various parts of the Philippines. It has also developed six small-scale satellites (Diwata-1, Diwata-2,  Maya-1, Maya-2, Maya-3, and Maya-4) and had them launched and deployed to space.
While the immediate goals of the agency will not involve launching rockets like with its United States and Japan counterparts National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), it is planned that the agency would pursue such goals in the long term.

See also

List of government space agencies

References

External links

Space agencies

Government agencies under the Office of the President of the Philippines
Government agencies established in 2019
2019 establishments in the Philippines


title: 15th Yokohama Film Festival

text:
The  was held on 13 February 1994 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.

Awards
 Best Film: All Under the Moon
 Best Film Score: Hajime Kaburagi – Tsuge Yoshiharu World: Gensenkan Shujin
 Best New Actor: Goro Kishitani – All Under the Moon
 Best Actor: Hiroyuki Sanada – We Are Not Alone, Nemuranai Machi: Shinjuku Same, Yamai wa Ki Kara: Byōin e Ikō 2
 Best Actress: Isako Washio – Bloom in the Moonlight
 Best New Actress:
Kyōko Toyama – Kōkō Kyōshi
Tomoko Tabata – Moving
 Best Supporting Actor: Masato Hagiwara – Kyōso Tanjō, All Under the Moon, A Class to Remember
 Best Supporting Actress:
Kaoru Mizuki – Gensen-Kan Shujin
Ruby Moreno – All Under the Moon
 Best Director: Yoichi Sai – All Under the Moon
 Best New Director: Toshihiro Tenma – Kyōso Tanjō
 Best Screenplay: Nobuyuki Isshiki – We Are Not Alone, Yamai wa Ki Kara: Byōin e Ikō 2, Graduation Journey: I Came from Japan
 Best Cinematography: Junichi Fujisawa – All Under the Moon
 Special Prize: Teruo Ishii – Tsuge Yoshiharu World: Gensenkan Shujin – For his career and for directing the film.

Best 10
 All Under the Moon
 Moving
 Sonatine
 We Are Not Alone
 Bloom in the Moonlight
 Tsuge Yoshiharu World: Gensenkan Shujin
 Nemuranai Machi: Shinjuku Same
 Byōin de Shinu to Iukoto
 Haruka, Nosutarujī
 Kyōso Tanjō
runner-up. J Movie Wars

References

Yokohama Film Festival
1994 film festivals
1994 in Japanese cinema
Yoko
February 1994 events in Asia


title: Aaj Ka Robin Hood

text:
Aaj Ka Robin Hood (Translation: Today's Robin Hood) is a 1988 Indian Hindi adventure-drama film directed and produced by Tapan Sinha. It stars Anil Chatterjee, Utpal Dutt, Nana Patekar, Rabi Ghosh and Satish Shah in lead roles. Music for the film was also scored by Tapan Sinha.

The shooting of the film was done in Ranka Palace, Garhwa, Jharkhand. The film won the 1988 Berlin International Film Festival award under UNICEF Jury Commendation.

Cast
 Utpal Dutt as Ram S. Jadhav
 Nana Patekar as  Ramdulaare S. Jadhav
 Rabi Ghosh
 Satish Shah as Ramdas S. Jadhav
 Anil Chatterjee
 Ritesh Talwar as Tetra Chedi Tushar
 Master Ravi as Ramkishan Ram Jadhav

References

External links

1988 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Indian adventure drama films
1980s Hindi-language films
1980s adventure drama films
1988 drama films
Robin Hood films
Films based on medieval legends


title: Võmmorski old tsässon

text:
Võmmorski old tsässon is a small Seto chapel in Võmmorski village, Setomaa Parish, Võru County in southeastern Estonia.  Tsässon was built about 1911 and was dedicated for Whitsunday, also known as Pentecost. It is situated in the middle of Võmmorski, on a crossroad south from the Piusa River.

General information

General information
In 2010, the building was disassembled for renovation and put under a cover. According to a dendrochronological research, probable time of building is around 1911 (Läänelaid et al. 2005), but deriving from the photos of 1926, it can be said that the shingle-roof is definitely older than 15 years. The building is not state-protected. Tsässon was renovated in 2013 with the help of the money received from a national programme for Estonian churches. The renovation was done by a company named Katusõkatja OÜ.

Building data

Võmmorski old tsässon is a pine cross-beam building, has a square floor plan and a gable roof, the outer measurements of which are 543 x 368 cm. The main part of the building is square (368 x 373 cm). The beams of the tsässon are unhewn from the inside as well as from the outside and are tied in the corners by halving. The building is small and has one interior room (12 m2) and an outer shelter (5 m2). In front of the tsässon is an open entrance-room that is supporting on posts and at the moment does not have a barrier. Two of the lower beam rows have remained and presumably the floor of the entrance-room as well. The entrance-room is missing a third beam from above on the end gable. The height of the building from the ground up to where the rafter and the wall unite is 195 cm and the height up to the ridge is 393 cm. In the notes of the 1974 expedition, it was said that the gable roof of the building is made of shingles and the timber boarding has decayed (Kupp 1974). The walls of the building are supported in the corners and in the middle of the beam rows on granite stones. The finishing on the ceiling and on the floor is original. The building has three round log floor boards that are hewn on top and support on the stones. In turn, sawn and planed flooring that is 18–27 cm wide supports on the boards. The size of the doorway is 156 x 137 cm. According to the inventory of 1974, the dimensions of the door of the tsässon were 1.40 m x 1.65 m, which is rather questionable, as the doorway is much smaller now. The door is fixed on tender-posts, lower beam row makes for the doorsill. The appearance of the door is not clear from the photograph from the beginning of the 20th century, but the width allows for the assumption that it might have been a two-way door. The other photo shows a one-sided door that supports on very wide tender-posts and probably opened on the inside. The act of inventory from 1974 puts the measurements of the window as 50 x 70 cm. It is also noted that the window has been nailed up with boards, there has not been a window at all during the last couple of years, all is left are jambs (Kupp 1974). The size of the opening is 56 x 72 cm. The exterior of the building has not changed much when compared to the photos from the beginning of the 20th century. There is no boarding in the tsässon. Roof material has been changed and two crosses that were on the roof have gone missing. The barrier from the boarded entrance-room has decayed, which used to be covered from the sides up to the gable and on the front almost to the head gable, leaving only about a 20 centimetre gap. In between of the middle support posts is an entrance with a fencing gate.

Furnishing

The furnishings inside the tsässon have perished. A wooden slat has remained on the side wall that once supported the icon shelf on the back wall. No pictures have remained. According to the 1974 data from the Dr. Fr. R. Kreutzwald Memorial Museum, the furnishings in the icon room have perished and the room is referred to as the lumber room (Kupp 1974).

References

Chapels in Estonia
Setomaa Parish
Buildings and structures in Võru County
Churches completed in 1911
1911 establishments in Estonia


title: EP2 (FKA Twigs EP)

text:
EP2 is the second extended play (EP) by English singer FKA Twigs, released on 17 September 2013 by Young Turks. The song "Water Me" was released as a promotional single in 2013.

Music videos
EP2 has a music video for every song appearing on the EP. The music videos were released between May and September 2013.

"How's That"
"How's That" is the first music video released from EP2. The video was released on 3 May 2013. The video depicts a computer generated body falling apart in thin air. The visuals were made by Jesse Kanda.

"Water Me"
"Water Me" is the second music video released from EP2. The video was released on 1 August 2013. The video consists of a close up of FKA twigs' face, bobbing frantically. She begins to cry and it "waters" her, causing her eyes to grow larger. The video went viral, reaching over sixteen million views on YouTube.

"Water Me" was directed by Jesse Kanda and FKA twigs. The executive producer was Juliette Larthe, and the head of production was Margo Mars, both from Prettybird. The producer was Shimmy. The cinematographer was Sy Turnbull. The stylist was Jean Paul Paula, and the makeup was by Bea Sweet.

"Papi Pacify"
"Papi Pacify" is the third music video released from EP2. The video was released on 13 September 2013. The video consists of FKA twigs and an uncredited male in various poses. The video was directed by Tom Beard and FKA twigs. It was edited by Ben Crook and produced by Cherise Payne. The cinematographer is Katie Swan. The makeup was done by Bea Sweet, the hair was done by Lok Lau, the nails were done by Michelle Humphrey, and the stylist was Jean Paul Paula.

"Ultraviolet"
"Ultraviolet" is the fourth and last music video released from EP2. The video was released 20 September 2013. Though it is classified as a music video, it is only an image of a kaleidoscope-view of FKA Twigs' mouth.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of EP2.

 Twigs – vocals (all tracks); production (tracks 2–3)
 Arca – production (all tracks); vocal production (tracks 3–4)
 Matt Colton – mastering
 Liam Howe – vocal production (tracks 3–4)

Charts

Release history

Notes

References

2013 EPs
Albums produced by Arca (musician)
FKA Twigs albums
Young (record label) albums


title: 16th Yokohama Film Festival

text:
The  was held on 22 January 1995 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.

Awards
 Best Film: Tokarefu
 Best Film Score: Shigeru Umebayashi – Tokarefu, Ghost Pub
 Best Actor: Eiji Okuda – Like a Rolling Stone
 Best Actress: Saki Takaoka – Crest of Betrayal
 Best Supporting Actor: Kōichi Satō – Tokarefu
 Best Supporting Actress: Shigeru Muroi – Ghost Pub
 Best Director: Junji Sakamoto – Tokarefu
 Best New Director: Takeshi Watanabe – Kyōjū Luger P08
 Best Screenplay: Yōzō Tanaka – Ghost Pub, Natsu no Niwa: The Friends
 Best Cinematography: Norimichi Kasamatsu – Yoru ga Mata Kuru, Angel Guts: Red Lightning, Angel Dust
 Best New Talent:
Shunsuke Matsuoka – 800 Two Lap Runners
Hinako Saeki – It's a Summer Vacation Everyday
Yui Natsukawa – Yoru ga Mata Kuru
 Special Prize: Azuma Morisaki – For his work.

Best 10
 Tokarefu
 Ghost Pub
 Crest of Betrayal
 800 Two Lap Runners
 Like a Rolling Stone
 119
 Nūdo no Yoru
 Natsu no Niwa: The Friends
 A Dedicated Life
 Yoru Ga Mata Kuru
runner-up. Kyōjū Luger P08

References

Yokohama Film Festival
1995 film festivals
1995 in Japanese cinema
Yoko
January 1995 events in Asia


title: Thatichetlapalem

text:
Thatichetlapalem is a suburb in Visakhapatnam, India. It is located close to other bigger suburbs such as Akkayyapalem and Kancharapalem.

References

Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam


title: PZ Telescopii

text:
PZ Telescopii, also known as HD 174429 or simply PZ Tel, is a young star in the constellation Telescopium. Based on parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of 154 light-years from the Sun. The star is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −4 km/s. It is too faint to be visible to the naked eye and is classified as a BY Draconis variable that ranges in apparent visual magnitude from  8.33 down to 8.63 over a period of . It is one of the closest and hence brightest pre-main-sequence stars to Earth.

PZ Telescopii has an effective surface temperature of around 5,338 K (the Sun has an approximate surface temperature of 5,778 K), a mass around 1.13 times, and diameter 1.23 times that of the Sun. The star has a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 69 km/s and a rotation period of . It is radiating about the same luminosity as the Sun. PZ Telescopii was originally considered to be a member of the Beta Pictoris moving group; however in a 2012 paper, James Jenkins of Universidad de Chile and colleagues used three methods to calculate its age and came up with a figure of around 24 million years—significantly older than the 12 million years of the association.

This star has an orbiting debris disk calculated to span from a radius of 35 to 165 astronomical units (AU), as well as a substellar companion with about 36 times the mass of Jupiter orbiting at a distance of about 16 AU, discovered in 2009. The companion, currently known as PZ Tel B, is thought to be a brown dwarf; however it is possible (though very unlikely) that it is an extremely large Jupiter-like planet, in which case it would be PZ Tel b, and the first such planet to be directly imaged. Preliminary orbital elements from 2016 give a best fit orbital period of 622.2 years with an eccentricity of 0.755.

The mass and orbit of this companion were updated in 2023 based on Hipparcos and Gaia astrometry, finding a somewhat lower mass, and an edge-on orbit that is eccentric but less so than previous results. It is now included in the NASA Exoplanet Archive since its nominal mass of  is below their upper limit of , although the margin of error is large enough that it is still possible that the mass exceeds .

References

External links

G-type subgiants
Circumstellar disks
BY Draconis variables
Brown dwarfs
Telescopium
CD-50 12190
174429
092680
Telescopii, PZ


title: EXPO Kraków

text:
The International Exhibition and Convention Centre EXPO Kraków is an exhibition and convention centre located in Kraków, Poland. It is the largest multi-purpose facility in the south of the country. It is owned and operated by Targi w Krakowie. It was opened on 14 May 2014.
EXPO Kraków is designed to accommodate trade fairs, congresses, concerts, banquets, product presentations, theatre performances, fashion shows and sports events. The building has a total usable surface area of  including two  high halls with a total capacity of  and 12 module conference rooms.

Facilities
The International Exhibition and Convention Centre EXPO Kraków has an area of .
The total usable surface area of  includes:
 Two exhibition halls with a total capacity of  (Wisla hall – , Dunaj hall – ) and a load bearing capacity of 40 kPA
 12 air-conditioned module conference rooms
 4 meeting rooms
 Lobby
 Restaurant
EXPO Kraków is also the headquarters of Targi w Krakowie. The parking lot in front of the building can accommodate more than 700 cars.

Events
Many events have been organised at EXPO Kraków. Among those organised by Targi w Krakowie are:
 International Dental Trade Fair in Kraków
 MOTO SHOW Kraków
 Trade Fair of Mobile Solutions and Technologies Mobile-IT
 International Trade Fair of Industrial Insulation
 Winter Tourism Trade Fair
 Skiing Stations and Winter Resorts Equipment
 International Sheet Metal Working, Joining and Coating Fair
 International Trade Fair of Machine Tools, Tools, Devices and Equipment for Material Processing
 International Book Fair in Kraków
 International Trade Fair of Hotel and Catering Equipment
 Food and Drinks for Catering Trade Fair
 International Wine Trade Fair in Kraków

References

External links
 Official website of EXPO Kraków
 Official website of Targi w Krakowie

Buildings and structures in Kraków
Convention centres in Poland
Event venues established in 2014
2014 establishments in Poland


title: Ethalia sanguinea

text:
Ethalia sanguinea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top-snails.

Description
A typical shell has a height of 10 mm and a diameter of 15 mm. The imperforate shell has a low-conoidal shape above, but is convex beneath. It is glossy and smooth except for fine growth lines and almost obsolete spirals. Its color is white, copiously marbled with purple-brown and pinkish above, with some opaque white spots, and a few indistinct articulated spiral lines. The base is white, with a pink central area. The 5½ whorls are convex. The body whorl is wide and narrowly rounded at the periphery. The ovate aperture is oblique. The lip is thin and simple, callused near the columellar insertion. The umbilicus is wholly filled by a red callous pad, roughened by several irregular vein-like grooves.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off Japan.

References

 Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y. (1999) Catalogue and Bibliography of the Marine Shell-Bearing Mollusca of Japan. Elle Scientific Publications, Yao, Japan, 749 pp.

External links
 To World Register of Marine Species

sanguinea
Gastropods described in 1905


title: Crucifer, Tennessee

text:
Crucifer is an unincorporated community in Henderson County, Tennessee, United States.

Crucifer was originally called "Cross Plains", and under the latter name was founded ca. 1835. A post office called Crucifer was established in 1836, and remained in operation until 1904.

Notes

Unincorporated communities in Henderson County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee


title: EP1 (FKA Twigs EP)

text:
EP1 is the debut extended play (EP) by English singer FKA Twigs. It was independently released in vinyl format on 4 December 2012. The EP was re-released under the Young label in Japan packaged with LP1 and as a standalone product in October 2016. On 16 December 2016 EP1 officially became available to stream and buy on all music services. It had also been repressed on 12-inch vinyl and re-released by Young the same day. The vinyl re-issue originally went unavailable on Amazon within less than a month, later coming back in stock on 19 February 2017.

Music videos
EP1 has a music video for every song appearing on the EP. The videos were directed by Grace Ladoja and FKA Twigs and released between July and December 2012.

"Weak Spot" is part one of four music videos. The video was released on 5 December 2012. The music video consists of a computer generated head. The visuals were made by Grace Ladoja, YouTuber rossisbudda, and FKA Twigs.

"Ache" is the part two of four music videos. The video was released on 8 August 2012. The music video consists of a male actor in a head suit.

"Breathe" is part three of four music videos. It was released on 5 December 2012. It was the last music video released from EP1. The video consists of FKA Twigs vandalizing a car, scratching the paint, and smashing the windows.

"Hide" is part four of the four music videos. The video was released on 10 July 2012 and was the first music video to be released from EP1. The video consists of twigs wearing nothing but a mesh bra and a red anthurium flower between her legs. It is age-restricted by YouTube.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of EP1.

 FKA Twigs – vocals; production
 Tic – production

Release history

References

2012 debut EPs
FKA Twigs albums


title: 1931 in Portugal

text:
Events in the year 1931 in Portugal.

Incumbents
President: Óscar Carmona
Prime Minister: Domingos Oliveira

Events
Madeira uprising
 Establishment of Avante!

Culture

Films
 Douro, Faina Fluvial
 A Severa

Sport
 Establishment of C.D. Arrifanense
 Establishment of F.C. Famalicão

Births
 16 February - Paulo Alexandre, singer
 8 March - Pires, footballer
 5 July - António de Macedo, filmmaker, writer, university professor, lecturer (died 2017)
 1 August - Isabel de Castro, actress (died 2005)
 13 September - Mário Torres, footballer (died 2020)
 15 September - José Pereira, footballer

Deaths
 24 August - Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, poet, playwright, naval officer (born 1856)

References

Portugal
Years of the 20th century in Portugal
Portugal


title: 2014 Women's Junior NORCECA Volleyball Championship

text:
The 2014 Girls' Youth NORCECA Volleyball Championship was the nine edition of the bi-annual women's volleyball tournament, played by nine countries from July 8–13, 2014 in Guatemala, Guatemala. USA and Cuba qualified to the 2015 Women's Junior World Championship.

Competing Nations

Pool standing procedure
Match won 3–0: 5 points for the winner, 0 point for the loser
Match won 3–1: 4 points for the winner, 1 points for the loser
Match won 3–2: 3 points for the winner, 2 points for the loser
In case of tie, the teams were classified according to the following criteria:
points ratio and sets ratio

First round

Pool A

Pool B

Pool C

Final round

Championship bracket

Classification 9

Quarterfinals

Classification 7-8

Semifinals

Classification 5-6

Classification 3-4

Final

Final standing

All-Star Team

Most valuable player

Best setter

Best Opposite

Best Outside Hitters

Best Middle Blockers

Best libero

External links
 NORCECA

International volleyball competitions hosted by Guatemala
Women's NORCECA Volleyball Championship
2014 in volleyball
2014 in Guatemalan sport


title: Twylight

text:
Twylight is an album by pianist Geri Allen recorded in early 1989 and released on the German Minor Music label.

Reception

AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars stating "This is a stunningly beautiful recording, marking a distinct progression for Allen, and her complete awareness of the world at large. It might take several listenings to get used to, but the ultimate reward of this high artistic achievement is limitless."

Pianist and composer Ethan Iverson wrote "the compositional integrity is striking," and commented: "Twylight has a concentrated offering of Allen's odd meter vamps that feel old and fresh at the same time. Over those vamps, Allen plays pretty chords, bluesy melodies, or jagged shapes. Everyone does this today, but at the time it was rousing call to arms."

Track listing
All compositions by Geri Allen
 "When Kabuya Dances" – 8:42
 "Shadow Series" – 6:06
 "Skin" – 1:43
 "A Place of Power" – 4:10
 "Twylight" – 1:11
 "Stop the World" – 4:06
 "Wood" – 2:36
 "Little Wind" – 4:22
 "Dream Time" – 3:44
 "Blue" – 4:11
 "Black Pools" – 4:29

Personnel
Geri Allen – piano, synthesizer
Jaribu Shahid – bass (tracks 1–4, 6–9 & 11)
Tani Tabbal – drums, djembe (tracks 1, 3, 6–9 & 11)
Sadiq Bey – congas, percussion (tracks 1, 4, 7, 8 & 11)
Eli Fountain – percussion (tracks 7, 8 & 11)
Clarice Taylor Bell – vocals (tracks 2 & 11)

References

1989 albums
Geri Allen albums
Instrumental albums


title: Abdirizak Bihi

text:
Abdirizak Bihi (, ) is a Somali-American social activist. Since 1996, he has been an organizer within the Somali community in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Bihi is the Director of the Somali Education and Social Advocacy Center. In this capacity, he has worked toward educating and training Somali leaders for civic action.

References

Living people
Ethnic Somali people
Somalian activists
Somalian emigrants to the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)