title: Layhill, Maryland

text:
Layhill is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, Layhill had a population of 5,764 in 2020.

History

Early history
A land patent for Lay Hill was issued on August 17, 1716. The size was recorded as . The Northwest Branch ran through the tract, and the Norwood Turnpike passed its entire length. As of 1879, several farms, including those of Abraham Van Horn and A.J. Cashell, were located there.

Oak Chapel
The Victorian-style church now called Oak Chapel was originally built in 1887. The fieldstone for the foundation was gathered by ox cart from neighboring land, while the timber was donated by George Bonifant Sr. from his nearby farm. A local saw mill made the boards. The chapel's cornerstone was laid on April 10, 1887. Lay Hill Methodist Episcopal Church, South was formally incorporated on October 26, 1886, and its first Board of Trustees consisted of George Bonifant, Andrew Johnson Cashell, John George Yewel Cashell, James William Godfrey, and Bennett Rufus Wilkerson. It was a congregation of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, which had been formed in 1845 after the Methodist Episcopal Church had banned the ownership of enslaved people.

Since its founding, Lay Hill shared its pastor with eleven other Methodist Episcopal churches in the area, and the pastor rode a horse between each of the churches. In 1904, the Colesville Charge was formed, with Lay Hill, Four Corners, and Colesville sharing one minister between them. In 1947, Lay Hill was appointed its own student minister.

The adjacent church cemetery was dedicated by the Mullican family for use by the poor. The oldest headstone in the adjacent church cemetery is dated 1873.

The church shortened its name to Lay Hill Methodist Church in 1939. It became Lay Hill United Methodist Church in 1965 at the time of the unification of the Methodist and Evangelical United Bretheran Churches. In 1968, the church filed articles of amendment to change its name to Oak Chapel Methodist Church, which it did in order to differentiate itself from the nearby Lay Hill Free Methodist Church on Bonifant Road, which had been founded in 1915. Two additions were made to the church, one in 1940 and one in 1970, both built lower on the hill so not to change the appearance of the church from the road.

Just to the north of the church was Lay Hill Academy, a one-room public schoolhouse that opened after an 1839 state law established guidance for education for the first time in Maryland. In 1890, the schoolhouse was demolished and replaced by a larger school building. The school closed in 1926 when Glenmont School opened. The church bought the old Lay Hill Academy schoolhouse in 1945, and it used it as a kitchen until 1957, when it was demolished.

Illegal brewery
On May 23, 1932, after weeks of investigation, Montgomery County police raided a house in Layhill and found a 20-horsepower steam boiler still and two barrels of mash. The police officers arrested Alfred Crum of Kensington, charging him with possession of paraphernalia for manufacturing of intoxicants. Crum was sentenced to four months imprisonment.

Proposed cemetery
In 1952, H. Glenn Garvin planned to establish a cemetery on Bel Pre Road between Georgia Avenue and Layhill Road. The Montgomery County Council denied the permit.

Rodeo
A group of business people from Wheaton sponsored daily rodeos and stampedes off Layhill Road between July 2 and July 5, 1954. It was called the Flying E Ranch Rodeo, and 130 cowboys and 200 head of cattle performed for spectators. Members of local churches complained to police about the beer drinking. Radie Evans, who operated the rodeo, had claimed to own the land for the rodeo when he applied for beer licenses. The land turned out to be owned by Helen McGarvey Saul instead, and Evans was arrested and charged with perjury.

Proposed drive-in theater
A drive-in move theater was planned at the corner of Layhill Road and Bel Pre Road in 1955. The planned  drive-in would have had the capacity for 1,300 cars. After opposition from some residents of the neighboring Manor Club Estates, the Montgomery County Board of Appeals denied the zoning exception for the drive-in.

Argyle Country Club
Argyle Country Club was originally located on Georgia Avenue in Petworth in the District of Columbia beginning in 1921. After selling its land to a developer, the club moved to Four Corners, Maryland, on September 30, 1923. The club operated in Four Corners until selling its land to be used for housing in 1945. Argyle Country Club reopened at its present Layhill location on June 28, 1947.

Residential development
The Layhill South neighborhood was developed in 1963. Layhill Village and Layhill Forest were built in 1965. The Strathmore at Bel Pre neighborhood was built in 1968. Chaddsford was developed in 1969. Argyle Village subdivision was developed in 1985 adjacent to Argyle Country Club. Parker Farm was developed in 1994.

Plaza del Mercado
Plaza del Mercado, a shopping center built by Ziegler Corporation, opened in October 1969. Original stores included Giant Food, Peoples Drug, McDonald's, and Hallmark Card Shop. Federal Realty Investment Trust bought Plaza del Mercado in October 2003. An Aldi grocery store opened there on December 1, 2016.

Widening of Layhill Road
In 1988, the Maryland State Highway Administration decided to widen Layhill Road. Residents were opposed when they learned that the widening would require destroying a 225-year-old 68-foot-tall oak tree that was a neighborhood landmark at the northwest corner of Layhill Road and Bel Pre Road. Forestry experts said the oak would not survive being moved across the street, and the State Highway Administration estimated that routing Layhill Road around the tree would cost $150,000. The plan continued, and the tree was cut down in October 1988.

Geography
Layhill is in eastern Montgomery County, bordered by Cloverly to the northeast, Aspen Hill to the northwest, Glenmont to the south, and Colesville to the southeast. The center of the community is the intersection of Maryland Route 182 (Layhill Road) and Bonifant Road/Bel Pre Road. MD 182 leads south  to Wheaton and north  to Olney. Rockville, the Montgomery county seat, is  to the west, and downtown Washington, D.C., is  to the south.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Layhill CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.56%, are water.

Education
Bel Pre Elementary School, Strathmore Elementary School, and Glenallen Elementary School serve Layhill's elementary school-aged children.

Argyle Middle School is located in Layhill; some of Layhill's students are zoned to Colonel E. Brooke Lee Middle School.

High school-aged students living in Layhill are generally zoned to John F. Kennedy High School.

Alternatively, through the Downcounty Consortium, students who live in Layhill may apply to attend Montgomery Blair High School, Albert Einstein High School, John F. Kennedy High School, Northwood High School, or Wheaton High School.

Barrie School, a private school, has been located in Layhill since September 8, 1958.

Transportation
The Intercounty Connector (Maryland Route 200) crosses the northern part of Layhill, with access from Exit 10 (MD 182).

The Glenmont Metro station is  south of Layhill. This underground station, which opened on July 25, 1998, is at the east end of the Red Line, and it has two large parking garages. From Glenmont, the Red Line heads south to downtown Silver Spring and to the District of Columbia before reentering Montgomery County and ending at Shady Grove.

Demographics

As of the 2010 census, there were 5,169 people and 1,659 households residing in the Layhill CDP. There were 1,775 housing units. The racial makeup of the community was 38.2% White, 34.9% African American, 0.2% Native American, 15.5% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race consist of 17.6% of the population.

There were 1,659 households, out of which 40.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.8% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 16.3% were non-families. 12.4% of all households were made up of individuals living alone, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.28, and the average family size was 3.56.

Of adults age 25 or older, 86% had a high school degree, 53% had a bachelor's degree, and 28% had a graduate degree. Civilian veterans were 8% of the population.

22% of residents were born in Maryland, 40% were born elsewhere in the United States, and 38% were born abroad. Of foreign-born residents, 58% were naturalized citizens of the United States. Of foreign-born residents, 37% were born in Latin American, 36% were born in Asia, 24% were born in Africa, and 3% were born in Europe.

Residents' ancestry includes Subsaharan African (10%), Irish (8%), English (7%), German (6%), American (4%), West Indian (3%), Polish (2%), Arab (2%), Swiss (2%), and Italian (1%).

Residents' method of commuting to work included driving alone (64%), carpooling (11%), and public transportation (20%); 4% worked from home. Residents' mean travel time to work is 38 minutes.

The median income for a household in the census area was $120,184, and the median income for a family was $123,832. 6.2% of the population and 5.0% of families were below the poverty line. 8.4% of those under the age of 18 and 1.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Points of interest
The Matthew Henson Trail starts at Layhill and continues for  to Rock Creek in Rockville.

The National Capital Trolley Museum, which opened in 1969, is nearby.

Wat Thai Temple, a Buddhist temple, has been located in Layhill since 1995.

References

External links

Census-designated places in Maryland
Census-designated places in Montgomery County, Maryland


title: Southern tree frog

text:
Southern tree frog may refer to:

 Southern brown tree frog, a frog native to Australia
 Southern foam-nest tree frog, a frog found in Africa
 Southern gray tree frog, a frog found in the United States
 Southern highland tree frog, a frog endemic to Mexico
 Southern laughing tree frog, a frog native to Australia
 Southern leaf green tree frog, a frog native to Australia
 Southern New Guinea tree frog, a frog endemic to Papua New Guinea

Animal common name disambiguation pages


title: 1982–83 Challenge Cup

text:
The 1982–83 Challenge Cup was the 82nd staging of rugby league's oldest knockout competition, the Challenge Cup. Known as the State Express Challenge Cup for sponsorship reasons, the final was contested by Featherstone Rovers and Hull F.C. at Wembley. Featherstone won the match 14–12, and is considered one of the biggest upsets in Challenge Cup final history.

Preliminary round

First round

Second round

Third round

Semi final

Final
Hull F.C. returned to Wembley as defending champions, having won the Challenge Cup for the second time in their history in the previous year. Hull went into the match as strong favourites, but were surprisingly defeated by their opponents Featherstone Rovers.

References

External links
Challenge Cup official website
Challenge Cup 1982/83 results at Rugby League Project

Challenge Cup
Challenge Cup
1983 in Welsh rugby league


title: New Orleans Burlesque Festival

text:
The New Orleans Burlesque Festival is an annual, three-day, burlesque festival held in New Orleans. The venues are the Civic Theatre, the Harrah's Casino, and House of Blues. The festival was founded in 2009 and is held in mid-to-late September.

2020 saw the festival go on hiatus and plans to return in 2021.

References

External links

Burlesque
Performing arts in Louisiana
Festivals established in 2009
2009 establishments in Louisiana
Festivals in New Orleans


title: Custos Rotulorum of County Waterford

text:
The Custos Rotulorum of County Waterford was the highest civil officer in County Waterford, Ireland. The position was later combined with that of Lord Lieutenant of Waterford.

Incumbents

1642–c.1643 Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork (died 1643)
1660–c.1698 Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington (also Custos Rotulorum of County Cork) (died 1698)
1769–1800 George Beresford, 1st Marquess of Waterford
c.1800–c.1826 Henry Beresford, 2nd Marquess of Waterford
1826–1839 George Thomas Beresford

For later custodes rotulorum, see Lord Lieutenant of Waterford

References

Waterford


title: French Women (film)

text:
French Women () is a 2014 French comedy drama film and the directorial debut of Audrey Dana. The film tells the stories of eleven women in Paris and features an ensemble cast including Isabelle Adjani, Alice Belaïdi, Laetitia Casta, Audrey Dana, Julie Ferrier, Audrey Fleurot, Marina Hands, Géraldine Nakache, Vanessa Paradis, Alice Taglioni and Sylvie Testud.

Plot

Story of 11 middle-aged women of different backgrounds find their lively distaff side within and outside the bonds of marriage, work and family life. The story is told through a prism of infidelity, insecurity, neurosis, boredom, frustration, menopause ...etc.

Cast
 Isabelle Adjani as Lili
 Alice Belaïdi as Adeline
 Laetitia Casta as Agathe
 Audrey Dana as Jo
 Julie Ferrier as Fanny
 Audrey Fleurot as Sophie
 Marina Hands as Inès
 Géraldine Nakache as Ysis
 Vanessa Paradis as Rose
 Alice Taglioni as Marie
 Sylvie Testud as Sam
 Laure Calamy as Cathy Bento
 Stanley Weber as James Gordon
 Alex Lutz as Jacques, Inès's husband
 Guillaume Gouix as Ysis's husband

Soundtrack
"The Seasons Lost Their Jazz" - Natalia Doco - 3:13
"The Good the Bad & the Crazy" - Imany - 2:48
"Try Again" (Theme) - Imany - 1:00
"Don't Be So Shy" - Sherika Sherard - 3:17
"Dropped Down" - Emilie Gassin - 3:10
"The Seasons Lost Their Jazz" (Theme) - Imany - 1:42
"Sitting on the Ground" - Axelle Rousseau - 3:16
"Try Again" - Imany, Emilie Gassin, Natalia Doco, Axelle Rousseau & Sherika Sherard - 3:19
"Don't Be so Shy" (Work in Progress) - Imany - 3:02
"The Good the Bad & the Crazy" (Jazz Theme) - Imany - 2:02
"The Seasons Lost Their Jazz" (Choral Version) - Imany, Natalia Doco, Axelle Rousseau & Sherika Sherard - 3:13
"The Good the Bad & the Crazy" (Movie Version) - Imany - 3:52

References

External links

2014 films
2014 comedy-drama films
2010s French-language films
French comedy-drama films
French feminist films
Films shot in Paris
Films set in Paris
Films directed by Audrey Dana
2014 directorial debut films
2010s French films
Films produced by Olivier Delbosc
Films produced by Marc Missonnier


title: Civil Aviation Department BS-1 Bharani

text:
The Civil Aviation Department BS-1 Bharani was a tandem seat trainer glider designed and built in India in the early 1960s.

Design and development
Several Civil Aviation Department aircraft were named after divisions (nakshatra) of the zodiac used in Hindu astrology; Bharani (भरणी) is one of these, literally meaning "the bearer". The glider named after it was a wood-framed aircraft, covered with fabric and plywood. It had a high cantilever wing with a single spar, ahead of which ply covering formed a torsion resisting box.  Behind the spar it was fabric covered. The leading edge was straight and unswept but forward sweep on the trailing edge both tapered the wing in plan and resulted in a forward sweep of 1° at the spar.  The wing had 1° of dihedral, wooden plain ailerons and wooden air brakes which opened above and below the wing.

The fuselage was a wood framed, ply covered semi-monocoque.  The tandem cockpit was ahead of the wing under a two piece canopy which merged into the upper wing, assisted by a small transparency in the leading edge to improve upward vision from the rear seat.  The forward part hinged sideways and the aft part rearwards. It had dual controls and instrumentation; oxygen supplies could be fitted if necessary. The tail unit had a straight edged, ply covered fin with a full, rounded, fabric covered rudder. Apart from some ply covering on the inner part of the tailplane the horizontal surfaces were also fabric covered. The leading edge of the straight tapered tailplane was well ahead of that of the fin.

The undercarriage was a fixed single monowheel, without a brake but assisted by a rubber-sprung nose skid which had a steel underside that could be replaced if damaged. There was also a small tail skid which was sprung with tennis balls.

The first flight was on 6 April 1962.  No Civil Aviation Technical School designs were produced by them, though some were produced by external companies provided with full plans by the School.  No production of the Bharani had been reported by late 1963.

Specifications

References

External links
NACA 643618 airfoil

1960s Indian sailplanes
Civil aviation in India


title: Frank Davies

text:
Frank Davies may refer to:
Frank Davies (rugby league), rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s
Frank Davies (footballer, born 1903) (1903–1970), Welsh footballer
Frank Davies (footballer, born 1910) (1910–1989), Australian rules footballer for South Melbourne
Frank Davies (footballer, born 1907) (1907–1993), Australian rules footballer for South Melbourne
Frank Davies (record producer) (born 1946), Canadian record producer

See also
Frank Davis (disambiguation)
Franklin Davies (disambiguation)
Francis Davies (disambiguation)


title: T. J. Lee

text:
T. J. Lee III (born March 20, 1991) is an American professional Canadian football defensive back for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

College career
Lee played college football for the Eastern Washington Eagles from 2010 to 2013. He played in 49 games where he recorded 182 tackles, four interceptions, and seven forced fumbles.

Professional career
Lee signed with the BC Lions on May 22, 2014. In his first season with the Lions Lee played in 8 games and contributed 24 tackles, 1 interception and 2 forced fumbles. He had a breakout season in 2015 when he played in 17 games and totaled 80 tackles, three sacks and four interceptions. Lee missed most of the following season after suffering an Achilles injury in late July. He was re-signed by the Lions only days before hitting the open market as a free agent in February 2017. Lee returned to a prominent role within the Lions defense in 2017, playing in 15 games, contributing 49 tackles, and four interceptions.

Lee was once again re-signed to a contract extension before becoming a free agent in February 2018. He became a CFL All-Star in 2018 with 81 tackles, three interceptions, two forced fumbles, and one touchdown. In 2019, he was the BC Lions Most Outstanding Defensive Player after contributing with 66 defensive tackles, six special teams tackles, four interceptions, and one forced fumble.

Lee returned to the Lions following the cancelled 2020 season and played in all 14 regular season games in the shortened 2021 season. He was once again a major component of the team, amassing 71 defensive tackles, 12 special teams tackles, four interceptions and one forced fumble. On January 11, 2022, he signed another contract extension with the Lions. On July 29, 2022, Lee played in his 100th regular season game, in a match against the Saskatchewan Roughriders.

References

External links
BC Lions profile

Living people
Eastern Washington Eagles football players
BC Lions players
Canadian football defensive backs
Players of American football from Houston
Players of Canadian football from Houston
American players of Canadian football
American football defensive backs
West Seattle High School alumni
1991 births


title: Franklin Davies

text:
Franklin Davies may refer to:

Franklin Davies in Spaghetti House siege
Franklin O. Davies, writer

See also
Frank Davies (disambiguation)
Franklin Davis (disambiguation)


title: Democratic Party (Macedonia)

text:
The Democratic Party (, Demokratska Partija, DP) was a political party in Macedonia.

History
The establishment of the party was announced by Petar Gošev in April 1993 after he left the Social Democratic Union, which he had previously headed. Gošev was joined by several former members of the League of Democracy, which was dissolved in May, as well as three other minor parties; Ilinden–Free Democrats, the Green Party and the Reform Party of Ohrid. A founding assembly was held on 27 June, and the party had three MPs going into the 1994 elections; Gošev, Mihail Panovski and Risto Jovanov.

The elections saw the party run on a platform of lower taxes and a privatisation voucher scheme. It finished in third place with 11% of the vote in the first round of voting, but boycotted the second round due to electoral irregularities, and as a result, failed to win a seat. Despite its protestations, the DP was accused of violating a ban on campaigning in the 48 hours prior to election day by putting up posters in Kumanovo, and was subsequently fined 25,000 denars.

In April 1997 the party merged with the Liberal Party to form the Liberal Democratic Party, with Gošev becoming its first leader.

Despite the merger, a faction of the DP ran in the 1998 elections as part of an alliance with the MAAK – Conservative Party and the Macedonian Alliance. However, the alliance received less than 1% of the vote in both rounds and failed to win a seat. The DP did not contest any further elections.

References

Defunct political parties in North Macedonia
Political parties established in 1993
Political parties disestablished in 1997


title: Xallas (river)

text:
The Xallas is a river originating in smaller tributaries in Galicia, Spain close to Xallas.

The river passes by close to Santa Comba and flows through several barrier lakes (Fervenz, Ponte Olveira, Castrelo, Santa Uxia). The river flows into the Atlantic Ocean close to the town of Ézaro.

See also

 List of rivers of Spain
 Rivers of Galicia

Rivers of Spain
Rivers of Galicia (Spain)


title: Viktor Muzhenko

text:
Viktor Mykolayovych Muzhenko (; born 10 October 1961) is a Ukrainian general who was the Chief of the General Staff and the commanding officer of the Armed Forces of Ukraine from 2014 to 2019.

Biography
In 1983 Muzhenko graduated from the Leningrad Higher Military Command School. He then served in the Soviet Union's Transcaucasian Military District in the mechanized and motorized infantry, ending up being a commander of a motorized infantry battalion in Armenia. In 1992 he moved to the Carpathian Military District where he till 2000 served as its commander. In 1996 Muzhenko graduated from the Academy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. From 2000 till 2003 he was chief of staff - deputy division commander of the Territorial Directorate "North". From April 2003 to July 2004 he served as chief of staff - first deputy commander of a mechanized brigade of Ukrainian peacekeeping contingent of the multinational force in Iraq. In 2005 Muzhenko graduated from the Faculty training of operational and strategic levels of the National Defence Academy of Ukraine. In 2005 he was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army Corps of Ukrainian Ground Forces, a post he held till 2010. In 2010–2012, he served as commander of the 8th Army Corps. On 10 May 2012 Muzhenko was appointed Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. On 24 August 2012 Muzhenko was awarded the rank of lieutenant general. Muzhenko was elected deputy of the Zhytomyr Oblast Council for the Party of Regions, but left the party in February 2014. 20 May 2014 decree of the Acting President Oleksandr Turchynov appointed him first deputy head of the counterterrorist center at the Security Service of Ukraine.

Muzhenko was appointed Chief of the General Staff by president Petro Poroshenko on 3 July 2014. (According to Poroshenko) at the time his predecessor Mykhailo Kutsyn was suffering from shell-shock and a concussion and was staying at a hospital (he had been wounded while combating the 2014 insurgency in Donbas). Muzhenko had also entered into combat in the Donbas region during the same operation.

Awards and decorations
 Order of Danylo Halytsky (2004)
 Medal "For Irreproachable Service"
 Defender of the Motherland Medal
 Medal "For Impeccable Service"
 Jubilee Medal "70 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
 Medal "For Distinction in Military Service"

References

External links

Profile at the Official Website of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence

1961 births
Living people
People from Zhytomyr Oblast
Pro-Ukrainian people of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
Soviet military personnel
Generals of the Army (Ukraine)
Recipients of the Order of Danylo Halytsky
Party of Regions politicians
Chiefs of the General Staff (Ukraine)
Ukrainian military personnel of the war in Donbas
Recipients of the Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, 3rd class


title: Democratic Party of Macedonia

text:
The Democratic Party (, Demokratska Partija na Makedonija, DPM) was a political party in Macedonia.

History
The party first contested national elections in 1994, when it ran in the parliamentary elections that year. It received 1.5% of the vote in the first round and 1% in the second. It won a single seat, taken by Tomislav Stojanovski. The 1998 elections saw it run in an alliance with the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). The alliance won four seats, all of which were taken by the LDP.

The DPM contested the 2002 elections alone, but received just 0.2% of the vote and remained seatless. It did not contest any further elections.

References

Defunct political parties in North Macedonia


title: Tomasz Dietl

text:
Tomasz Dietl (born 1 October 1950) is a Polish physicist, a professor and a head of Laboratory for Cryogenic and Spintronic Research at the Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences and professor of The Institute of Theoretical Physics at University of Warsaw. His research interest includes semiconductors, spintronics and nanotechnology. With over 20,000 citations he is considered one of the leading Polish physicists.

Career
He graduated from the University of Warsaw at the age of 23 (master's degree) and subsequently obtained his PhD from the Polish Academy of Sciences in 1977. He obtained a habilitation in 1983 and the title of professor in 1990. Since then he has been working in the Institute of Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences. In 2009, he became a member of the Polish Academy of Learning (PAU) as well as the Warsaw Scientific Society (WTN). He worked as a visiting professor at the Johannes Kepler University Linz (1991–92, 1996–98), Joseph Fourier University (1993-2000) and Tohoku University.

In 2006, he received Poland's top science award, Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science, "for developing the theory, confirmed in recent years, of diluted ferromagnetic semiconductors, and for demonstrating new methods in controlling magnetization."

Personal life

He is the son of economist Jerzy Dietl. He is married and has two children.

Honours and awards
 Gold Cross of Merit (1990)
 Maria Skłdowska-Curie Award of the Polish Academy of Sciences (1997)
 Alexander von Humboldt Research Award (2003)
 Fellow of the Institute of Physics, UK (2004)
 Europhysics Prize (with Hideo Ohno and David Awschalom), European Physical Society (2005)
 Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science (2006)
 Marian Smoluchowski Medal of the Polish Physical Society (2010)
 Member of Academia Europaea (2011)
 Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta, (2013)
 Fellow of the American Physical Society (2015)

Most influential publications

 Dietl T., Ohno H., Matsukura F., Cibert J., Ferrand D., Zener Model Description of Ferromagnetism in Zinc-Blende Magnetic Semiconductors, Science (2000)

See also
Science in Poland

References

External links
 Some information about Dietl - Foundation for Polish Science webpage
 Professor Dietl's homepage

1950 births
Living people
20th-century Polish physicists
Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
21st-century Polish physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society


The 2014–15 Miami Hurricanes men's basketball team represented the University of Miami during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Hurricanes, led by fourth year head coach Jim Larrañaga, played their home games at the BankUnited Center and were members of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The team had wins at Duke, Syracuse and Florida, all on the road. They finished the season 25–13, 10–8 in ACC play to finish in a tie for sixth place. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the ACC tournament where they lost to Notre Dame. They were invited to the National Invitation Tournament, where they defeated North Carolina Central, Alabama, Richmond and Temple to advance to the NIT championship game where they lost to Stanford.

Previous season

The Hurricanes finished the season 17–16, 7–11 in ACC play to finish in tenth place. They advanced to the second round of the ACC tournament where they lost to NC State.

Departures

Incoming transfers

2014 recruiting class

Roster

Schedule and results

|-
!colspan=12 style=| Exhibition

|-
!colspan=12 style=| Non-conference Regular Season

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#005030; color:white;"| ACC Regular Season

|-
!colspan=12 style=| ACC tournament

|-
!colspan=12 style=| National Invitation Tournament

Rankings

References

Miami Hurricanes men's basketball seasons
Miami
MIami
Miami Hurricanes men's basketball team
Miami Hurricanes men's basketball team


title: Cheek, Texas

text:
Cheek is an unincorporated community, southwest of Beaumont in central Jefferson County, Texas, United States. In 1906, it was established by John R. Cheek. Although an identifiable community remains with a population of 550, the area is included within  Beaumont city's jurisdiction.

Location
Cheek is located within Precinct 4 of Jefferson County.  Precinct 4 is divided into four zones.
Zone 1 and Zone 2 describe the area known as Cheek.
Zone 1
Boyt Road Area:
 Kidd Rd to Boyt Rd
 Boyt Rd from Blossom Rd to Deshotel Rd
 Martel Height Area:
 Lawhon Rd from Gums St to Bluebird Way
 Lawhon Rd from South China to Hwy 365
Zone 2
Township of Cheek:
Blewett Rd from Avenue C to Industrial Rd

History
The Gulf & Interstate Railway Company, later amended to The Gulf & Interstate Railway Company of Texas, was chartered by C. J. and N. C. Jones on May 19, 1894. Its intent was to improve economic  development by connecting Port Bolivar, on one of the headlands to Galveston Bay, with the Red River. By 1896, the Gulf and Interstate Railroad to Beaumont stopped in Bolivar Point, allowing local farmers to ship their produce to market on iced rail cars. Previously, produce was taken to Galveston by boat. Trains connecting to Galveston were taken across the bay on a barge. The railway was completed only to Beaumont by 1897, according to Reed and Zlatkovich; although the hurricane in 1900 destroyed more than twenty-eight miles of the road between Beaumont and Port Bolivar, and it was repaired in 1904.

In 1906, John R. Cheek established a stop for the Gulf and Interstate Railway to provide services for farmers and passengers midway between Beaumont and Winnie. The area was inhabited largely by rice farmers who used the Beaumont Irrigating Company's canal, which cut through Cheek and irrigated the surrounding farms. The Cheek Common School District, organized in 1907 and bolstered by the construction in 1939 of a new school building by the Public Works Administration. In 1912, J.R. Cheek supervised Cheek & Heyman Lumber Co as was common for leaders of railroad operations to also hold key positions at lumber mills of the time. By 1925, Cheek's population was estimated to be forty. The post office was discontinued in 1928. By the 1970s a large Goodyear and Gulfco plant were located nearby.

Religion
Cheek has hosted a variety of religious worship centers over the years.  New Bethel Baptist Church originating in 1957 and St. Martin de Porres Catholic Church originating in 1962 are two of the oldest establishments located in the heart of the community.  Currently, both congregations actively offer regular worship services and venues for special celebrations.

Education
Cheek Elementary School was supported by the local community in the 1940s and beyond as an independent school  district. The
school served as a community center for the surrounding area.  Later Cheek School was incorporated into the South Park School District of Beaumont. The Cheek School no longer exists.

Primary education is provided by the following:
Hardin-Jefferson Independent School District for students in west and northwest regions
Hamshire-Fannett Independent School District for students in south and southeast regions
Beaumont Independent School District for students in north and northeast regions

Business economy
With large rice fields, cattle farmlands, and ever evolving natural resource extracting, Cheek is rich in resources. The community hosts a variety of businesses.
Goodyear Plant
Doug Nelson Café
Monument Constructors
Kidd Road Store
Gulf Coast Machine & Supply
Clark Pillow Co
Texas Coastal Credit Union

Law and government
Cheek is served by the Jefferson County Sheriff's Office.

Cheek Volunteer Fire Department And Ambulance Service is located at 8523 Kidd Rd and is operated by community leaders.

On April 9, 2002, Everette “Bo” Alfred was sworn in as Jefferson County Commissioner of Precinct 4, where Cheek is included as Zone 1 and Zone 2. Cheek hosts the Precinct 4 Service Center where the former Fanshire Elementary School was converted to meet the needs of the community.

Such services include:
Maintenance of roads and bridges
Constructing driveways and installing culverts
Signage and striping of roads
Ditching
Grass cutting
Elections
Public health fair
Southeast Texas Super Seniors
Summer nutrition program

Entertainment
There are often weekend events for everyone to enjoy.  Rodeos, Zydecos, and trail rides account for some of the areas larger gatherings and festivities where nationally renowned artists often join in the celebrations.

Local places of entertainment:
Laday Rodeo Arena
Bassett's Ranch
Crenshaw Old Barn Orchard
Clifton Steamboat Museum

References

http://www.co.jefferson.tx.us/prct4/page3.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053848/http://atsfrr.net/resources/welborn/spv0786.htm
http://www.treetexas.com/research/railroad/?action=view&cid=24
https://web.archive.org/web/20121102153630/http://www.co.galveston.tx.us/Museum/point_bolivar_history.asp
http://www.josephites.org/parish/tx/omom/story/
https://books.google.com/books?id=cy4wAQAAMAAJ&dq=Gulf+and+Interstate+Railway+of+Texas+cheek&pg=PA162

Unincorporated communities in Jefferson County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas


title: Blonde or Brunette

text:
Blonde or Brunette is a surviving 1927 silent film comedy directed by Richard Rosson, produced  by Famous Players–Lasky and released by Paramount Pictures. It stars Adolphe Menjou, Greta Nissen and Arlette Marchal.

Copy held at Library of Congress.

Cast
Adolphe Menjou as Henri Martel
Greta Nissen as Fanny
Arlette Marchal as Blanche
Mary Carr as Grandmother
Evelyn Sherman as Mother-in-Law
Emile Chautard as Father-in-Law
Paul Weigel as Butler
Henry Sedley as Turney
Andre Lanoy as Hubert
Henri Menjou as Detective

See also
 Blonde versus brunette rivalry

References

External links
 Blonde or Brunette @ IMDb.com
synopsis AllMovie.com

1927 films
1927 comedy films
American silent feature films
Silent American comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Richard Rosson
1920s English-language films
Paramount Pictures films
1920s American films


title: Joan Dickinson

text:
Joan Dickinson is a contemporary American artist, writer, director, curator, and educator. Her creative practice combines visual and performance art, photography, writing, farming and environmental restoration, astrology, ceremony, and palliative care. Dickinson holds a doctorate (2012) from the Literary Arts program at the University of Denver.

History

Early Work

Dickinson (see selected work list below re Hula, Black Cake, Big Goddess Powwow, Mental Beauty/Enduring Affection) along with others (Iris Moore, Lawrence Steger, Matthew Owens, to name just a few) was part of an experimental arts scene that flourished in Chicago during the late 1980s through the early 2000s taking place, primarily, in night clubs including Club Lower Links, Lounge Ax, Cabaret Metro;  experimental performance venues such as Links Hall and Hot House; and alternative, non-profit galleries including Randolph Street Gallery, and N.A.M.E.).

Around this time, Dickinson also worked as a production artist and graphic designer on such varied projects as two of Peter Sellars' operas, Tannheuser and The Death of Klinghoffer and
Biosphere 2 in Oracle, Arizona.

Site-specific, Land, and Place-based Work

For a twelve-year period, Joan lived on a 300-acre wetland sanctuary in rural McHenry County, Illinois, where she created a series of eight immersive, dense, and ambitious works including Hunter’s Moon, Flower, The Architecture of Honey, Drove Road,  and Devotion  each based in the surrounding landscape(s), many unfolding over the period of a year and culminating in an event in which performers, actors, musicians, installations, objects, movements and actions, texts, sunsets, and meals converged. Documentation and writing from several of these projects are featured in an extensive photo-essay in TDR/The Drama Review (Jan.,1998, MIT Press).

In roughly the same time period and continuing into the present day, other work, including a long-term collaboration with the performance group, Goat Island, has been presented in various contemporary art spaces and theaters including Institute of Contemporary Arts in London, 3rd Eye Center & Center for Contemporary Arts in Glasgow, PS 122 in New York City, Highways Performance Space in Santa Monica, Illinois State Museum in Springfield, and many locations in Chicago including the Lyric Opera, the Chicago Cultural Center, Hyde Park Art Center, Randolph Street Gallery, the Lurie Garden at Millennium Park, and the Museum of Contemporary Art. Other venues include Experimental Sound Studio, Club Lower Links, Cabaret Metro, and, in Denver, Platte Forum, Counterpath Press, and Common Name Farm.

With Goat Island

Dickinson's multifaceted practice includes a significant and long-time collaboration with internationally renowned Goat Island, manifest most recently in “goat island archive – we have discovered the performance by making it" a cross disciplinary retrospective including an exhibition, archives, a performance series, and symposia at the Chicago Cultural Center in Spring 2019.

With Randolph Street Gallery

Beginning in 1989 and continuing until early 1997, Dickinson worked at Randolph Street Gallery (RSG), the erstwhile alternative arts space in Chicago (1979-1998). Initially, Dickinson was a member of the committee responsible for performance programming, and then from 1993 and until her resignation, Dickinson directed all live events working in both curatorial and production capacities. Of the fifty or more artists and writers produced by RSG during these years, many have gone on to national and international recognition including Quraysh Ali Lasana, Nancy Andrews, Ron Athey, Sadie Benning, Jaap Blonk, Lynn Book, Mwata Bowden, Janet Cardiff, William Close, Richard Elovich, Coco Fusco, Goat Island, Essex Hemphill, In the Flesh (Series), John Malpede, Eileen Myles, Natsu Nakajima, Achy Obejas, Matthew Owens, Guillermo Gomez Pena, Pomo Afro Homos, Marlon Riggs, Root Wy’mn Theater Company,

Sacred Naked Nature Girls Carolee Schneeman, Laetitia Sonami, Patricia Smith, Spiderwoman Theater, Lawrence Steger, That Time of the Months (Series),
Rose Troche, Gregory Whitehead, Michael Zerang.

Selected Work
 The Nocturnal Farmer's Almanac for Common Name Farm (2022 - ongoing)
 Goat Island Retrospective/Exhibition + Performances + Symposium (2019)
 The Cooking School of the Air (2012-2019)
 Coming in from the North (2007-2016)
 The Dream of the Owl Sisters (performance + book; 2013-2015)
 "Mule Deer Are Everywhere in the West" from A Poetic Inventory of Rocky Mountain National Park (2012)
 "Lindow Man" from Fat Boy Review (2011)
 With All that She Is She Desires to Give Great Pleasure (2007–2009)
 Degrees of Wildness/The Charioteer (2006)
 The Language of Birds (2005)
 Atmosphere (2005)
 In the Palace of the Night Heron (2004)as part of Bird Brain with Jennifer Monson
 Devotion (2001–2002)
 Drove Road (1999–2000)
 The Architecture of Honey (1997–1998)
 Flower (1996–1997)
 Hunter’s Moon (1995–1996)
 Hula (1994)
 Big Goddess Powwow (1994-1996)
 Black Cake (1993)
 White Castle (1993)
 Mental Beauty/Enduring Affection (1992)
 We Got A Date (1989); Can’t Take Johnny to the Funeral (1991) as part of Goat island Performance Group

References

External links

 www.thearchitectureofhoney.com
 www.thedreamoftheowlsisters.org

Living people
American performance artists
American women performance artists
American women writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
American women curators
American curators


The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol, commonly abbreviated as CIWA or CIWA-Ar (revised version), is a 10-item scale used in the assessment and management of alcohol withdrawal. Each item on the scale is scored independently, and the summation of the scores yields an aggregate value that correlates to the  severity of alcohol withdrawal, with ranges of scores designed to prompt specific management decisions such as the administration of benzodiazepines. The maximum score is 67; Mild alcohol withdrawal is defined with a score less than or equal to 10, moderate with scores 11 to 15, and severe with any score equal to or greater than 16.

CIWA-Ar
The CIWA-Ar is actually a shortened, improved version of the CIWA, geared towards objectifying alcohol withdrawal symptom severity. It retains validity, usefulness and reliability between raters. This revised version is the most commonly used scale in alcohol withdrawal, and was developed at the Addiction Research Foundation (now Centre for Addiction and Mental Health).

Scale
The ten items evaluated on the scale are common symptoms and signs of alcohol withdrawal, and are as follows:
Nausea and vomiting
Tremor
Paroxysmal sweats
Anxiety
Agitation
Tactile disturbances
Auditory disturbances
Visual disturbances
Headache
Orientation and clouded sensorium

Scoring
All items are scored from 0–7, with the exception of the orientation category, scored from 0–4. The CIWA scale is validated and has high inter-rater reliability. A randomized, double blind trial published in JAMA in 1994 showed that management for alcohol withdrawal that was  guided by the CIWA scale resulted in decreased treatment duration and total use of benzodiazepines. The goal of the CIWA scale is to provide an efficient and objective means of assessing alcohol withdrawal. Studies have shown that use of the scale in management of alcohol withdrawal leads to decreased frequency of over-sedation with benzodiazepines in patients with milder alcohol withdrawal than would otherwise be detected without use of the scale, and decreased frequency of under-treatment in patients with greater severity of withdrawal than would otherwise be determined without the scale.

See also
 AUDIT

References

External links
CIWA Score for Alcohol Withdrawal format
CIWA Score for Alcohol Withdrawal  online calculator
Alcohol Addiction in India
Alcohol Addiction in India
Alcohol Addiction in India
The Essential Handbook of Treatment and Prevention of Alcohol Problems

Alcohol abuse screening and assessment tools


title: Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui

text:
Perkasa Alam Syarif Lamtui or Badr ul-Alam Syarif Lamtui ul-Mutaawi Jamal ul-Lail (died after 1712) was the nineteenth sultan of Aceh in northern Sumatra and ruled briefly in 1702-1703.

Perkasa Alam was the son of an Arab of sayyid ancestry, Ibrahim Jamal ul-Lail. A somewhat doubtful source mentions him as the nephew of a previous ruler, Sultana Kamalat Syah (r. 1688-1699). When his older brother Badr ul-Alam Syarif Hasyim Jamaluddin abdicated in 1702 a short interregnum followed. It was only after Badr ul-Alam's death in the same year that the parties agreed to enthrone Perkasa Alam.

He was not long on the throne, however. In order to improve the financial position of the court he introduced new taxes and reimposed duties on British traders. The Britons present in Aceh asked for exemption which was refused. British ships then blockaded the port and fired on villages situated at the estuary of the Aceh River. Meanwhile the orang kayas (grandees) and uleëbalangs (chiefs) were dissatisfied with the new levies imposed on the land. Taking advantage of the beleaguered situation of Perkasa Alam they launched a revolt. A son of his predecessor, Alauddin, secured his deposition in June 1703. Two months later he ascended the throne under the title Jamal ul-Alam Badr ul-Munir. Perkasa Alam later stayed in the village Pasanga on the east coast of Aceh. In 1712 he was attacked and expelled by 7,000 troops dispatched by Jamal ul-Alam Badr ul-Munir. He was eventually captured in Tranigain and seems to have been kept in captivity by the new ruler.

References

Literature

 Coolhaas, W.P., ed. (1976) Generale missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, Deel VI: 1698-1713. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff.
 Crecelius, D. and Beardow, E.A. (1979) 'A Reputed Acehnese Sarakata of the Jamal al-La'il Dynasty', Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 52, pp. 51-66.
 Djajadiningrat, Raden Hoesein (1911) 'Critische overzicht van de in Maleische werken vervatte gegevens over de geschiedenis van het soeltanaat van Atjeh', Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 65, pp. 135-265.
 Lee Kam Hing (1995) The Sultanate of Aceh: Relations with the British, 1760-1824. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

Sultans of Aceh
1710s deaths
18th-century Indonesian people
17th-century Indonesian people


title: Doris Fuchs (scientist)

text:
Doris Fuchs (born 1966 Düsseldorf) is a German Political Scientist and Professor of International Relations and Sustainable Development at the University of Münster.

Fuchs received her Ph.D. in Political Science & Economics at Claremont Graduate University in California and completed her Habilitation at the University of Munich. She was a lecturer and researcher at the University of Michigan, Louisiana State University, the University of Munich, the HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management as well as the University of Stuttgart.

Research interests

Fuchs’ main research interests lie in the areas of sustainable development and international political economy. She specializes in conceptual topics such as power (especially structural and discursive power), sustainable consumption and financialization. Empirically, she focuses on environmental, energy, and agrifood policy, in particular. One of her central research interests is the political influence of non-state, especially economic, actors on ecological and social sustainability, in multi-level governance.

Selected publications
 Fuchs, Doris, Richard Meyer-Eppler, and Ulrich Hamenstädt. 2013. "Food for Thought: The Politics of Financialization in the Global Agrifood System”. Competition & Change 17(3): 219-233.
 Fuchs, Doris, Agni Kalfagianni, Jennifer Clapp, and Lawrence Busch. 2011. "Private Agrifood Governance. Values, Shortcoming and Strategies“. Agriculture and Human Values 28 (3): 335-344.
 Clapp, Jennifer, and Doris Fuchs (Eds.). 2009. Corporate Power in Global Agrifood Governance. Challenges and Strategies. Boston: MIT Press.
 Fuchs, Doris. 2007. Business Power in Global Governance. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
 Fuchs, Doris, and Sylvia Lorek. 2005. "Sustainable Consumption Governance. A History of Promises and Failures“. Journal of Consumer Policy 28 (3): 261–288. Reprinted in Dauvergne, Peter (Ed.).   2013. Environmental Politics. Houndmills: Edward Elgar, 652-679.

References

External links
 List of Publications

1966 births
Living people
German political scientists
University of Michigan faculty
Women political scientists


title: 2017 Atlanta mayoral election

text:
The 2017 Atlanta mayoral election occurred on November 7, 2017, with a runoff election held on December 5, 2017.  Incumbent mayor Kasim Reed, a member of the Democratic Party who had been in office since 2010, was ineligible to run for reelection due to term limits.

A total of 14 candidates qualified for the November 7 non-partisan election.  However, no candidate revived a majority, so a runoff was held between Keisha Lance Bottoms and Mary Norwood, the top two finishers, on December 5.  On election night, unofficial results suggested that Keisha Lance Bottoms had narrowly won, but Norwood called for a recount.

The election was first certified on December 11, 2017, and had Bottoms winning by a margin of 823 votes.  This margin was less than the 1 percent threshold needed to avoid a mandatory recount.  The recount, which occurred on December 14, resulted in Norwood gaining five votes and Bottoms losing six in Fulton County, while the vote totals in DeKalb County remained the same.  The election was re-certified on December 17 after Fulton County accepted the new results.  Norwood officially conceded the race on December 21, and Lance Bottoms was inaugurated as the 60th mayor of Atlanta on January 2, 2018.

Candidates

Declared
 Peter Aman, former Chief Operating Officer of Atlanta
 Rohit Ammanamanchi, Georgia Institute of Technology graduate
 Keisha Lance Bottoms, Atlanta City Councilmember (District 11)
 John Eaves, Fulton County Chairman, District 7, At-Large
 Vincent Fort, Georgia State Senator
 Kwanza Hall, Atlanta City Councilmember (District 2)
 Laban King, co-founder of the real estate investment firm, Millennial Global Investments
 Ceasar Mitchell, Atlanta City Council President
 Mary Norwood, Atlanta City Councilmember (Post 2 At Large) and candidate for Mayor in 2009
 Cathy Woolard, former Atlanta City Council President
 Glenn Wrightson

Failed to qualify
 Alex Barrella, cartoonist

Dropped out
 Al Bartell, Certified Mediator. Dropped out August 22, 2017.
 Margaret Kaiser, Georgia State Representative, District 59, 2007–2016. Dropped out October 25, 2016.
 Michael Sterling, former Executive Director of the City of Atlanta Workforce Development Agency. Dropped out October 24, 2017

Endorsements

Polling

Results

General election

Runoff

See also
 Mayor of Atlanta
 2017 United States elections

References

External links
Campaign official websites
Campaign website for Peter Aman
Campaign website for Alex Barrella
Campaign website for Keisha Lance Bottoms
Campaign website for John Eaves
Campaign website for Vincent Fort
Campaign website for Kwanza Hall
Campaign website for Laban King
Campaign website for Ceasar Mitchell
Campaign website for Mary Norwood
Campaign website for Michael Sterling
Campaign website for Cathy Woolard

2017
Atlanta
Atlanta
Atlanta
2017 in Atlanta


title: Audrey Parker

text:
Audrey Parker may refer to:

Audrey Parker (Haven), fictional character in Haven
Audrey Parker-Nichols, fictional character in Drake & Josh
Audrey Parker (The 4400), fictional character in The 4400


title: Pussy (Iggy Azalea song)

text:
"Pussy" (stylized as "Pu$$y") is a song by Australian rapper Iggy Azalea, taken from her debut mixtape, Ignorant Art (2011).  Azalea uploaded the song's music video on YouTube in August 2011, where it subsequently went viral, helping to propel the young rapper to prominence. Azalea has performed the track regularly since its release as a part of her live shows setlist, including on her 2014 The New Classic Tour.

Background and development
"Pu$$y" was recorded in Los Angeles in 2011, where Azalea had been residing since 2010 after migrating from Australia to Miami in prior years to pursue her rap career, and was produced by Chordz 3D and Fuego from D.R.U.G.S., the production team behind her debut mixtape Ignorant Art. The intro of the track, featured on the mixtape and Azalea's original self-released video version, contains a dialogue between Eddie Murphy and Grace Jones from their 1992 romantic comedy film Boomerang.

In October 2011, Chordz 3D, a member of D.R.U.G.S., said of the song: "I knew Iggy was a star from the moment I met her. When we did 'Pu$$y', I knew we were on to something, and it would be just a matter of time before the world  what I saw. I’m grateful that the response has been positive so far." Azalea talked about the attention received by the release: "I definitely have a plan but I didn't contrive to put out 'Pu$$y' and think that people would super hate it, or that it would open up these doors, because it's so out of the box that I just didn't think that it'd really go like that. I definitely have a master-plan that I'm trying to accomplish, which by the way has nothing to do with vaginas." Explaining the concept behind it, Azalea added, "The song is pretty forward but I don't really relate what I say to my personal life ... I'm talking about that just because I, personally as a female, think that it's so ridiculous that there's this double standard where I can't say that, or if I do say it it's this or that," she reflected, "I said it because of that, and not because I'm super kinky and want everybody to know about my great vagina."

The song originated from her remix of Gucci Mane's 2011 song "Gucci Two Times." Azalea explained, "I really liked the song, but it was a remix thing. I wanted to make like a part two, I wanted to do it again, bigger and better, have a real video and so that's why I decided to do that, it was kind of an ongoing experiment." She elaborated in an earlier interview saying, "The song 'Pu$$y' comes from the Gucci Mane 'Two Times' remix that I did on my YouTube page and that was kind of just a joke we would say in the studio ... and I was like 'Someone should put that as a line on their song', and no one would ever do it," leading her to create her own version entitled "Pussy Two Times". "It's so funny to me because that song wasn't even about vaginas, it just happened to get on my crotch, but it's actually saying 'you're all pussies' ... I just did it [the video] because people obviously like vaginas, so I'll do it there but it's so weird to me to see the part two actually be about 'pussy'."

During an interview in early 2012, Azalea also talked about the perception people had of her sexually-charged imagery, "So much of what I do that’s controversial in America wouldn't be a big deal back home. America is a highly sexualized society but people are afraid to admit what they like. When people tell me that I have to be sexy that’s demeaning, not powerful. To a lot of people, a powerful, sexy woman is vulgar. When I first came out people said, she only raps about her vagina. I'm not a vagina rapper! [Laughs.] I talk about many other things. The video [for 'Pu$$y'] could’ve been way more sexual. I held back because I didn’t think people could handle it. [Laughs.]" Talking about her upcoming debut album, she pointed out, "For me, the type of topics that I really like to address in my music are ones that are relevant to women – love and breakup or, I have songs like 'Pu$$y', which is like surface level stuff but really it's just kind of wanting to feel powerful as a woman."

Critical reception
Matt Jost of RapReviews.com commented that "while there's a lot to be analyzed in that clip, the song 'Pu$$y' is a straight up rap tune, from the opening snippet of Grace Jones in Boomerang to a rapper talking about her private parts." HipHopDX noted "the mere title of the song is enough to catch anyone's interest, and catty content to match" and "as the musical approach sorts itself out, Iggy has steadily provided raw power, mixed with a bit of 'I don't give a fuck.'" In 2015, NME named "Pu$$y" one of Azalea's ten best songs, writing that it is "the crux of her problematic pop allure."

Music video
The "Pu$$y" music video was shot in the territory of street gang Rollin 60s in Los Angeles, California, and features Azalea and her friends suggestively slurping ice creams. It was controversial for the prominent casting of a young boy while Azalea raps about her sexual prowess. After the release, she explained he's the son of a friend who was also in the video and couldn't find a babysitter, bringing him along to the set.

"I felt guilty afterwards, because it was a natural thing. I didn't plan, it wasn't contrived for me to put children in the video," she said. "The kid's mom is in the video, and she came to set – I asked her to come, everybody in the video is my friend or family in real life – and she was like 'I can't get a babysitter for [him]' and I said 'Bring [him], because he's like my little play cousin, I love that kid!'" she continued, "and so he came, and you know how kids are, they don't realize what's going on around them and he kept jumping in the video, he always wants piggybacks ... and they're like 'just leave him in the shot' and he totally swagged it ... he stayed, they picked the shots he was in. There was actually a lot of shots without [him] because [he] wasn't supposed to be in it and so when it came out like that I was like 'you know what, fuck it!'"

Azalea uploaded the video without permission from the producers in August 2011, forcing it off YouTube temporarily. Azalea's version of the video is introduced by the rapper and a friend in a nocturne rooftop setting, where she expresses frustration over having already filmed it "seven weeks ago," concluding, "So I asked myself 'what would Tupac do?' – leak the video." The ending also uses clips from another viral YouTube video called "Kittens inspired by kittens" where a little girl voices over pages from a book about cats. "Pu$$y" was directed by Falkon and produced by Blk Bart. Their final version of the video was released later in 2011 with additional post-production and does not include the intro of Azalea and her friend, the Boomerang dialogue in the opening scene nor the "Kittens inspired by kittens" sample.

During an interview at 102.7 KIIS FM in August 2013, while talking about her creative control, Azalea revealed the video was based on the 1995 American film Friday, "[That movie] made me do 'Pu$$y.' ... The ice cream truck, the cereal, all that ... just being on the porch, just the fact that Friday kind of happened just on a neighborhood, and I wanted to do with that video something that is interesting but nothing really happens, and you're at the front of a house and what could go on as you pass by, and that was from Friday."

References

2011 songs
Iggy Azalea songs
Dirty rap songs
Music video controversies
Songs about sexuality


title: Israeli Military Governorate

text:
The Israeli Military Governorate was a military governance system established following the Six-Day War in June 1967, in order to govern the civilian population of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula and the western part of Golan Heights. The governance was based on the Fourth Geneva Convention, which provides guidelines for military rule in occupied areas. East Jerusalem was the only exception from this order, and it was added to Jerusalem municipal area as early as 1967, and extending Israeli law to the area effectively annexing it in 1980. During this period, the UN and many sources referred to the military governed areas as Occupied Arab Territories.

The Egypt–Israel peace treaty led Israel to give up the Sinai Peninsula in 1982 and transform the military rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank into the Israeli Civil Administration in 1981. The Western part of Golan Heights was unilaterally annexed by Israel from Syria the same year, thus abolishing the Military Governorate system entirely.

Establishment
The Six-Day War began on June 5, 1967, with Israel launching surprise strikes against Egyptian air-fields in response to the mobilization of Egyptian forces on the Israeli border. A period of high tension had preceded the war. In response to PLO sabotage acts against Israeli targets, Israel raided into the Jordanian-controlled West Bank and initiated flights over Syria, which ended with aerial clashes over Syrian territory, Syrian artillery attacks against Israeli civilian settlements in the vicinity of the border followed by Israeli responses against Syrian positions in the Golan Heights and encroachments of increasing intensity and frequency into the demilitarized zones along the Syrian border, and culminating in Egypt blocking the Straits of Tiran, deploying its troops near Israel's border, and ordering the evacuation of the U.N. buffer force from the Sinai Peninsula.

Within six days, Israel had won a decisive land war. Israeli forces had taken control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. The resulting expansion of territory led to the establishment of a military government on those territories to run the affairs of Arab populations falling under Israeli military rule. Overall, Israel's territory grew by a factor of three, including about one million Arabs placed under Israel's direct control in the newly captured territories. Israel's strategic depth grew to at least 300 kilometers in the south, 60 kilometers in the east, and 20 kilometers of extremely rugged terrain in the north, a security asset that would prove useful in the Yom Kippur War six years later.

Governance

Effectively, from June 1967, Israel has exercised military rule in subjected territories of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights, based on the Fourth Geneva Convention, which specifies international law for military rule in occupied areas. East Jerusalem was the only exception from this order, and it was effectively added to Jerusalem municipal area as early as 1967, and extending Israeli law to the area (effectively annexing it).

Dissolution or Transformation
The military government's authority was effectively cancelled with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, which led it to give up the Sinai Peninsula in 1982 and rename the military rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank as the Israeli Civil Administration in 1981, which is run by the Israeli Ministry of Defense. The creation of a civil administration for the West Bank and Gaza Strip was included within the Camp David Accords signed by Egypt and Israel in 1978. The nature of this civil administration body was defined in Military Order No. 947, by the 1981 military government of the West Bank and Gaza. The Western part of Golan Heights was effectively annexed to Israel the same year, thus abolishing the Military Governorate system entirely.

The West Bank

Even before the end of the 1967 June War, Israel invested all "powers of government, legislature, appointment and administration in relation to the region or its inhabitants" in the hands of the Military Governor. General Chaim Herzog announced on 7 June 1967, that all previously existing laws would remain in force, save in cases where they conflicted with the rights of Israel as Occupying Power to ensure security for both its forces and public order. Israel justified the retention of what it considered the Jordanian maintenance of British occupation regulations, believing them consonant with Article 64 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which properly concern the treatment by a hostile power of the occupied population. The Jordanian position is that Israel is not heir to its laws in this regard in that they were abolished decades earlier. Called on to adjudicate between competing claims, the United Nations, in its Special Committee Report of 1970, stated that the Mandatory Defence (Emergency) Regulations of 1945, which the British themselves subsequently repealed, did not constitute a warrant for applying them to the Palestinian Territories since they were invalid, in conflicting with the protocols of the Fourth Geneva Convention.

The Israeli Military Governorate instituted to rule the territories was dissolved in 1982 and replaced by the Israeli Civil Administration, which is actually an arm of the Israeli army. Set up in November 1981 under military order no. 947, it has a mandate which stipulates that the function of the body is to "administer the civil affairs in the area [West Bank]... for the welfare and benefit of the population and for provision and operation of public services, considering the need to maintain proper administration and public order in the area." The creation of this new body unleashed a wave of protest in the first few months of 1982, repressing which caused more Palestinian casualties than had occurred in the preceding 15 years of occupation. From 1967 to 2014, the Israeli administration issued over 1,680 military orders regarding the West Bank. Though formally the IDF was obliged to be neutral, it was drawn into the politics of the conflict, caught between the administration of the occupied people and the defense of settlements, which were originally thought of as a military burden whose defense should be left to the settlers, but whose early militias were salaried, trained, and furnished with arms by the IDF, which now operates to defend them.

By the time of the Oslo Accords, 47% of West Bankers were refugees, and 11% of the total population dwelt in refugee camps. As part of Ariel Sharon's strategy, the Civil Administration had extended to all areas of the West Bank the Village Leagues (rawabit al-qura) originally developed only for the Hebron area in 1978. These were used to circumvent direct political representation. Elections themselves, even for union officials, had been banned in the wake of the 1976 municipal elections which turned in an overwhelming majority of nationalist candidates, and most of the mayors where eventually dismissed, with some suffering deportation. The Village Leagues by contrast were supposed to resolve disputes and promote rural development, but stoked peasant resentments against Palestinian urban centres and were manned, according to George Bisharat, with men from the lower middle class many of whom had reputations for laziness and criminal pursuits, who were harshly criticized as quislings collaborating with Israel, which furnished them with militias and Uzi machine guns that they purportedly used to intimidate civilians.

In the Accord, Palestinian authorities were given a limited zone of autonomy in a restricted number of areas. Various analysts have argued that the agreement saw Israel outmanoeuvring the local Palestinian delegation, which had led the Intifada, by getting the PLO representatives abroad to relinquish demands the West Bank and Gaza opposition insisted on – an end to settlements and the formation of a Palestinian state – and thereby securing their own return. They were thus allowed to assume political and economic authority within the territories which they had never managed to achieve alone. Thus the Palestinian Authority itself is often viewed as a Quisling regime, or Israel's proxy, since Israel remains in total control of all three zones. Peter Beinart calls it Israel's "subcontractor". For Edward Said, Meron Benvenisti and Norman Finkelstein, the agreement merely delegated to the PLO a role as "Israel's enforcer", continuing the occupation by "remote control", lending a form of legitimacy to Israel's claims to possess "rights" in what then became in its view "disputed territories", despite the international consensus Israel was under an obligation to withdraw from all of the land it held as occupying power. In Finkelstein's reading, it ratified an extreme version of the Allon Plan. Others speak of Israel outsourcing the occupation.

The Palestinian Authority also underwrote an agreement which absolved Israel of liability for recompense for all omissions to, or violations of, its obligations as an occupying power committed during the previous three decades of Israeli military rule. Indeed, were Israel convicted of any crime for that period, the burden of Israel paying reparations would fall on the Palestinian authorities who would be obligated to reimburse Israel. The Accords further weakened the Palestinian cause, it has been argued, because it undermined the strength of the Palestinian position by transforming negotiations into endless bargaining between unequal parties.

In an analysis by the Israeli think tank Molad in 2017, it is noted that Israel deploys from 50% to 75% of its active IDF forces in the West Bank. The deployment consists of seven regional brigades, assisted by auxiliary combat battalions, together with Israel's Border Police, the IAF and various special units. Their function is not to counter what Israel defines as terrorism – only 20% perform that task – but to defend settlements, which require 80% of those reserves to undertake guard duty. In Hebron alone some 2,000 soldiers, an entire infantry division, together with 3 border police companies, serve in rotation to protect the settlement of from 500 to 800 Israelis established in that city. Molad's conclusion is that defending settlements has a negative impact on Israel's security.

See also
 Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT)

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
 Official COGAT/MATPASH Website

Law of Israel
Politics of Israel
Israel Defense Forces
History of Palestine (region)
20th century in Jordan
20th century in Egypt
20th century in Israel
Military occupation
States and territories established in 1967
States and territories disestablished in 1981
1967 establishments in Asia
1981 disestablishments in Asia


title: Monte Pedroso

text:
Monte Pedroso is a granite summit close to Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

Being the highest peak in the vicinity of Santiago it offers excellent views over the town.
Close to the summit spiral-like engravings from Stone or Bronze Age have been found.

External links
 http://www.artifexbalear.org/petroglifos.htm

Galician Massif
Mountains of Galicia (Spain)


title: Amasya trials

text:
The Amasya trials in 1921, were special ad hoc trials, organized by the Turkish National Movement, with the purpose to kill en masse the Greek representatives of Pontus region under a legal pretext. They occurred in Amasya, modern Turkey, during the final stage of the Pontic Greek genocide. The total number of the executed individuals is estimated to be ca. 400-450, among them 155 prominent Pontic Greeks.

Background

The Ottoman genocide policy against the Pontic Greek populations was initiated after the outbreak of World War I (1914), mostly through deportation and forced death marches. This policy of extermination was intensified, after accusations that the Pontic Greek communities supported the Russian army. As a result, the Ottoman authorities deported thousands of local Greeks to the interior of Anatolia. The Ottoman genocide policy took a more violent form in 1917, when Greece entered World War I. A large number of the deported populations died from disease, exhaustion and epidemics during death marches. Those who managed to survive the marches were either raped, subject to forced islamization or murdered. Meanwhile, Turkish irregular band (cete) leaders, like Topal Osman, notorious from his role in the Armenian genocide, were dispatched against the Greeks of Samsun province in 1916.

The same policy continued after the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), where groups of irregular Turkish bands acted with the support of the Turkish nationalists of Mustafa Kemal and committed massacres in the Pontus region in 1920–21.

Trials
The Turkish nationalists' aim was to conduct summary trials and executions of the Pontic Greek elite. Thus they would be able to exterminate the main representatives of the Greek community of the Black Sea coastal area under a legal pretext, as part of the still active genocide policy. These "Independence tribunals" were conducted in Amasya, a town in the interior of Anatolia, far from any foreign consulate, in order to avoid the presence of western representatives, since this was considered an "inner case".

From December 1920 the Turkish nationalists started to arrest en masse various Greek representatives from all parts of the Pontus region and imprisoned them in Amasya. The trials began in the end of August 1921, however, no concrete evidence was ever found to link the accused with anti-Turkish activity. There were only abstract claims that some of them supported the Russian army during World War I. In the same fashion, the Turkish nationalists felt offended when they realised after investigation that the jerseys of the local Greek soccer team Pontus Metzifon displayed the colors of the Greek flag (blue and white).

The trials were presided by Emin Bey Gevecioğlu, solicitor from nearby Samsun. After summary proceedings, where insults and berating comments were shouted at the accused persons by the judge, the verdict for the vast majority of them was death, with the pretext that they organized the independence of Pontus. The sentences were handed down immediately.

From August 20 to September 21, 1921, 177 Greeks of the Pontus region were hanged as a result of these proceedings. The exact total number of those executed by the Amasya trials is unknown, while estimations vary from 400 to 450 persons. On 25 September 1921, a local Turkish newspaper, published a list of 155 prominent Pontic Greeks who were hanged in the central square of Amasya.

Those sentenced to death were politicians, businessmen, journalists and religious figures of the local Greek community. Among them was the local assistant bishop of Amasya, Euthemios Zelon, who died in prison from typhus. Nevertheless, the court sentenced him to death posthumously and his dead body was hanged in the central square of the town together with the others.

Aftermath and reactions

The trials and the executions in Amasya by the Turkish movement of Mustafa Kemal succeeded in the extermination of the Pontic Greek elite under a legal pretext, while the total death toll of the Pontic Greek community, as a result of the Ottoman and Turkish policies, from 1915 to 1923, is estimated from 353,000 to 360,000.

Reactions for the atrocities committed occurred both inside and outside Turkey. The hanging of Matthaios Kofidis in Amasya, former member of the Ottoman parliament, who opposed any form of armed resistance movement against the Turkish authorities, caused anger even among the Muslim population of Trebizond, who refused to collaborate with the Turkish nationalists, thus saving the lives of several local Greeks.

Protests were reported in Greece and the United Kingdom. Moreover, countries which had been at that time in alliance with the Turkish nationalists, like France and Italy, also condemned the atrocities. The issue of the extermination of the Pontic Greek population was also raised in the United States Congress on December 22, 1921, by Senator William H. King.

Sentenced to death
Matthaios Kofidis, businessman and politician, former member of the Ottoman parliament.
Nikos Kapetanidis, journalist and newspaper publisher.
Pavlos Papadopoulos, director of the Ottoman bank of Samsun.
Iordanis Totomanidis, director of the tobacco monopoly in Bafra.
Dimosthenes Dimitoglou, banker.
Teachers and students of the Mertsivan Anatolia High School, some of them were players of the school's soccer team "Pontus Merzifon". Three of the teachers killed were a Ch. Evstathiades, a G. Lamprianos, and a D. Theocharides.
Euthemios Zelon, assistant metropolitan bishop of Amasya.
Platon Aivazidis, protosyncellus of Amasya.
Georgios Th. Kakoulidis, merchant.

In absentia
Chrysanthos, metropolitan bishop of Trebizond, latter archbishop of Athens.
Karavaggelis Germanos, metropolitan bishop of Amasya.
Laurentios, metropolitan bishop of Chaldia.

See also
Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915
 Outline and timeline of the Greek genocide

References

Sources

Abuse of the legal system
History of Amasya
Greek genocide
History of Amasya Province
Ottoman Pontus
Sivas vilayet
Public executions


title: Alexander Joseph Daiwaille

text:
Alexander Joseph Daiwaille (21 January 1818 – 1888) was a Dutch portrait painter.

Daiwaille was born at Amsterdam, and his father was the painter Jean Augustin Daiwaille. Alexander specialized in painting portraits, like his father, although he later in life painted landscapes. He traveled and worked all around the Netherlands and Germany, including Hilversum (1833-1834), Kleve (1834-1835), Nijmegen (1835-1836), The Hague (1836-1839), and back to Kleve (1840-1848), where he worked with his brother-in-law the landscape painter Barend Cornelis Koekkoek. Daiwaille then moved and settled in Brussels where he lived until his death in 1888.

References

Attribution:

1818 births
1888 deaths
19th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Dutch portrait painters
Painters from Amsterdam
19th-century Dutch male artists


title: Mother & Child (Etrog)

text:
Mother & Child is an abstract sculpture by Sorel Etrog.

Exhibitions

There are three examples of this sculpture on display in the United States:
 At the University of Chicago in Chicago, IL ().
 At the Franklin D. Murphy Sculpture Garden at the University of California, Los Angeles in  Los Angeles, CA ().
 At the Annmarie Sculpture Garden in Solomons, MD ().

Citations

References

Abstract art
Bronze sculptures in California
Bronze sculptures in Illinois
Bronze sculptures in Maryland
Buildings and structures completed in 1962


title: Casey Robertson

text:
Casey Caldwell (née Robertson; born 24 February 1981) is a former rugby union player for . She represented Canterbury and Southland at provincial level. She played prop before switching to number eight, in 38 tests for the Black Ferns, she had played 16 at prop and 22 as a loose forward.

Robertson made her international debut on 13 May 2002 against Germany at Barcelona.

Robertson was part of the  sides that won the 2002, 2006, and 2010 Rugby World Cup's. In July 2013, she was part of the series tour to England. In 2014, she appeared in her fourth World Cup where the Black Ferns finished in their lowest placing of fifth.

References

External links
 Black Ferns profile

1981 births
Living people
New Zealand women's international rugby union players
New Zealand female rugby union players
Rugby union number eights
Place of birth missing (living people)
Canterbury rugby union players
Southland rugby union players


title: 1380 in Ireland

text:
Events from the year 1380 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Lord: Richard II

Deaths
 Donell Ó Dubhda, King of Ui Fiachrach Muaidhe.
 Milo Sweetman, Archbishop of Armagh.

References


title: Hernandez v. Mesa

text:
Hernandez v. Mesa was a pair of United States Supreme Court cases (582 U.S.  (2017) and 589 U.S.  (2020)) in which the court held that the precedent established under the 1971 Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents decision did not extend to claims based on cross-border shootings.

The case centered on the 2010 shooting of a Mexican teenager on the Mexican side of the Mexico–United States border by a U.S. Border Patrol agent who was standing on the U.S. side of the border at the time he fired his weapon. The case, heard through the Fifth Circuit, had reached the Supreme Court twice, first in 2017 and again in 2019. Both times, the Fifth Circuit ruled that the agent could not be sued for his actions. At the time of the 2017 hearing, the Supreme Court had just ruled in Ziglar v. Abbasi, another case involving Bivens which introduced special considerations for these types of cases; and the Supreme Court reversed the Fifth Circuit's decision in Hernandez and remanded the case to be reheard on the basis of Ziglar. On its appeal in 2019, the Court decided the situation was an international one that required a diplomatic solution to be set by Congress rather than a civil one determined by the courts, and upheld the Fifth Circuit's ruling.

Background

Case history

On June 7, 2010, Jesus Mesa Jr., a U.S. Border Patrol agent, shot and killed Sergio Adrián Hernández Güereca in the cement culvert separating Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, and  El Paso, Texas. At the time of the shooting, Hernández Güereca, a 15-year-old Mexican boy, was standing on the Mexican side of the Mexico–United States border, while the agent was on the American side. Hernández Güereca and several other boys had been playing around in the culvert running up to touch the fence on the U.S. side of the border and then running back into Mexico. The agent claimed after the shooting that he had used deadly force because the boys had been throwing rocks at him. Cell phone video contradicted that claim.

The shooting led to a protracted court case which has examined whether the due process clause of the 5th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protected Hernández Güereca's life even though he was not standing on U.S. soil, and whether Mesa could claim qualified immunity for his actions as a U.S. law enforcement officer.

Initial consideration in lower courts

The Mexican government indicted Mesa for murder for the killing, but the U.S. refused to extradite him to Mexico. The U.S. Department of Justice investigated the incident, but declined to prosecute Mesa.

Hernández Güereca's parents alleged that Mesa's actions violated his civil rights under the Fourth and Fifth amendments, and filed a claim citing the Bivens precedent, a 1971 Supreme Court case that established an implied cause of action for violations of civil rights by federal agents. The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas initially dismissed the case. However, a panel of judges for the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals concluded that Hernández Güereca had 5th Amendment rights, and that these rights had been violated when Mesa killed him. The panel further said that Mesa could not claim qualified immunity for his actions, as "no reasonable officer would have understood Agent Mesa's alleged conduct to be lawful." There was then a rehearing by the full panel en banc in the Fifth Circuit, which reversed the prior panel and unanimously reaffirmed the District Court's dismissal of the case, saying that regardless of whether Hernández Güereca had 5th Amendment rights or not, Mesa was entitled to qualified immunity because he could not have been aware that his actions would not qualify for immunity under the circumstances, since there had not been prior case law to settle the issue.

At the Supreme Court

First consideration and its aftermath
The case was then heard by the U.S. Supreme Court in February 2017.

Majority opinion
In June 2017, the Supreme Court reversed part of the Court of Appeals's ruling and requested reconsideration by the Court of Appeals to address Hernández Güereca's claim of 4th Amendment rights and the impact of another Supreme Court decision that was reached at about the same time in the case of Ziglar v. Abbasi. Neil Gorsuch did not participate in the consideration or decision of the case, as he had joined the court after the case was heard.

Dissents

Justice Clarence Thomas filed a dissent, as did Stephen Breyer, who was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Thomas said he would have restricted the application of the prior rulings to not apply to cross-border actions and would have simply affirmed the ruling of the Court of Appeals. Breyer and Ginsburg said that since the incident occurred in a border zone of overlapping jurisdiction in which both governments had a management responsibility, and since Mesa also could not have known for certain whether Hernández Güereca was a U.S. citizen or not, his actions should be judged as if they had occurred within the United States.

Reconsideration in lower court
The Court of Appeals then again upheld the dismissal of the case by the lower court.

Second consideration
The case reached the Supreme Court for a second time in November 2019. On behalf of the Trump Administration, the Department of Justice filed an amicus brief arguing that such actions of border agents should be immune from liability even if the entire incident had clearly occurred within the United States "ten miles from the border". The Mexican government filed an amicus brief saying that failing to provide an effective remedy when fundamental rights were violated would undermine U.S. human rights obligations, saying that "A nation's obligations to respect human rights do not stop at its borders but apply anywhere that the nation exercises effective control."

Majority opinion
The Court issued its decision on February 25, 2020, which upheld the Fifth Circuit decision. Writing for a 5–4 majority, Justice Samuel Alito ruled against Hernandez and held that the Court's precedent under Bivens did not extend to cross-border shootings. The Court concluded that the petitioners Bivens claim arose under a new and significantly different context (a cross-border shooting) than in previous claims by other defendants and also concluded that expanding Bivens would interfere with the executive branch's lead role in setting foreign policy and also interfere with border security. The majority opinion also stated that the Supreme Court would violate constitutional separation of powers by extending Bivens to additional categories of cases and that it is up to the United States Congress to design a remedy for this type of case.

Concurrence

Writing separately, Justice Clarence Thomas concurred with the majority opinion but also said that Bivens may have been wrongly decided and should be discarded as a precedent. In his concurrence, he said that in recent years the Supreme Court has been less and less willing to create or expand implied causes of action beyond what Congress has explicitly authorized by statute. He cited as an example Alexander v. Sandoval, a 2001 case in which the Supreme Court rejected the idea that a court could create an implied private right action under a regulation enacted under title VI of the Civil Rights Act. He asserted that adhering even to a limited form of Bivens risks usurping the power of the legislature.

Dissent

Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg wrote a dissent, which was joined by Justices Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan. In her dissent, Ginsburg stated that the circumstances of the cross-border shooting were not in fact a "new" context under the Bivens analysis and that the majority opinion was incorrect in suggesting that foreign policy or national security would be impaired by allowing the litigation to go forward. She referred to the strong similarities between the current case as well as the circumstances under the original Bivens case, as well as the fact that the United States has the authority to govern the conduct of its U.S. Border Patrol officers.

See also
 Shooting of José Rodríguez

References

External links
SCOTUSblog coverage

2010 in Texas
2010 in Mexico
2020 in United States case law
International incidents
Mexico–United States border
People shot dead by law enforcement officers
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit cases
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court


title: Lithops amicorum

text:
Lithops amicorum  is a small succulent plant with white flowers, one of the smallest in the genus.  It was named for the group of four friends who discovered it. It was collected by Desmond T. and Naureen A. Cole on 3 May 2004. After recent molecular analysis it was recombined to be a subspecies of Lithops karasmontana rather than its own species.

Description
Lithops amicorum is a candidate for the smallest Lithops, typically 10–15 millimeters in diameter.  Its leaves are whitish-grey, the translucent windows on the top faces marked with grey islands.  Some plants have subtle dots or lines, sometimes reddish markings.  The fleshy succulent leaves occur in pairs, with one new pair growing each year and the older pair drying up.  L. amicorum typically forms clumps with 2–4 leaf pairs.

The flowers of L. amicorum are white and fairly small.  The capsules are also small and nearly always have five locules.

Known only from three colonies near Aus, L. amicorum is a Namibian endemic.

Cultivar
Lithops amicorum has one named cultivar, 'Freckled Friend'.  'Freckled Friend' is a pattern-cultivar which has darker and more prominent markings than typical for the species.

References

amicorum
Endemic flora of Namibia


The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) is an international association of professionals involved with impact assessment, including both social impact assessment and environmental impact assessment.

History
The United States' National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law on 1 January 1970.  It requires federal agencies to integrate environmental values into their decision-making processes by considering the environmental impacts of their proposed actions and reasonable alternatives to those actions.  To meet NEPA requirements, U.S. federal agencies prepare a detailed statement known as an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).  It was the enforcement of this piece of legislation that provided the impetus for the creation of IAIA.

In 1980, Charlie Wolf, Fred Rossini, and Alan Porter chaired an all-day session on integrated impact assessment for the American Association for the Advancement of Science's (AAAS) annual conference in San Francisco.

During one of the sessions at the 1980 AAAS conference, Rossini, Porter, and Wolf discussed creating an impact assessment association.  The discussion continued over dinner in Chinatown.  At the end of the meal, fortune cookies were served.  The piece of paper inside Wolf's cookie read "you will do well to expand your business" – and the decision to begin the International Association for Impact Assessment was made.  The intent was to bring together all who were responsible for and figuring out how to conduct assessments which would meet the NEPA requirements for Environmental Impact Assessment.

IAIA was incorporated in 1980 in the state of Georgia, US, where Porter lived and worked.  Its first meeting was held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in January 1981.  Porter was the first executive director, serving from 1981 to 1988.
Maurie Voland of Belhaven, North Carolina, US, took over as executive director in 1988 and served in a part-time position until 1995.  The headquarters of IAIA moved to North Dakota State University (NDSU) in Fargo, North Dakota, in 1995, when the board appointed Rita Hamm as its executive director.  In 1999, the IAIA Headquarters moved off of the NDSU campus to its current independent location at 1330 23rd Street South, Suite C, Fargo, North Dakota, US.

Organization
The IAIA headquarter operates with six full-time employees.

Direct membership

IAIA has members from over 120 countries, and anybody can join as a member and/or renew membership online. Individual membership costs $55 for students and $110 for other individuals. Membership comes with a subscription to the IAPA Journal and the IAIA Newsletter, as well as other benefits.

Affiliates

IAIA has affiliates in over ten countries, including Cameroon, Poland, Germany, Ghana, Italy, South Korea, Mozambique, New Zealand, Nigeria, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and Canada (multiple affiliates).

Publications

IAIA publishes Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, a quarterly journal comprising peer-reviewed research articles, professional practice articles, and book reviews of recently published titles. IAIA also publishes a newsletter and other downloadable publications.

Events
The Annual Conference of the International Association for Impact Assessment has been held around 40 times.

Reception and impact

The IAIA has been cited by United States Government agencies in their evaluation of the impact of various activities. For instance, the United States Department of Energy and the United States Environmental Protection Agency both list the IAIA as a non-profit organization to consult for environmental impact assessment. IAIA prepared a monograph on social impact assessment for the National Marine Fisheries Service in 1993/1994. Delaware Health and Social Services cited an IAIA paper in its fact sheet on health impact assessment.

The World Health Organization lists the IAIA among the "Other organizational links" in the arena of impact assessment. WHO and IAIA also co-sponsored a conference on health impact assessment. Experts from the International Association for Impact Assessment also played an important role in designing the World Bank's Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) materials.

References

External links

International professional associations


The 2004 Huntingdonshire District Council election took place on 10 June 2004 to elect members of Huntingdonshire District Council in Cambridgeshire, England. The whole council was up for election after boundary changes reduced the number of seats by 1. The Conservative Party stayed in overall control of the council.

Election result

Ward results

By-elections between 2004 and 2006

References

2004 English local elections
2004
2000s in Cambridgeshire


title: Honda CB150R

text:
The Honda CB150R Streetfire is a CB series  single-cylinder standard/naked bike made by Astra Honda Motor in Indonesia since late 2012. It is positioned above the more economical Verza in Astra Honda Motor's sport motorcycles lineup.

History
The CB150R was introduced by Honda at the Jakarta Motorcycle Show in November 2012. The first model was sold from December 2012 until August 2015, before the second model arrived. The second model was introduced along with the Sonic 150R underbone. This model is equipped with a newer engine configuration. In July 2018, the CB150R received a minor cosmetic update.

2012–2015

In November 2012, the CB150R was introduced at the Jakarta Motorcycle Show. The bike shared its engine with the CBR150R, but with a different tuning and mounted in a diamond truss frame. The engine is claimed to have a maximum power output of  @ 10,000 rpm and maximum torque of  @ 8,000 rpm. It is also claimed to have a 0– acceleration in 10.6 seconds and a top speed of .

Performance

2015–present
In August 2015, Astra Honda Motor released a fully updated version of the CB150R, along with the Sonic 150R. Updates includes newer engine configuration, different body design, all-LED lighting system, and all-digital instrument panel design.

In July 2018, the CB150R got a minor update. This update includes a slightly reworked bodywork, updated undercowl design (SE variant only), detachable aluminium rear footstep, wavy disc brake, revised handlebar position and an addition of passing lamp button.

In May 2021, the CB150R is equipped with inverted front suspension fork as standard.

Performance
Some performance tests listed here were conducted by Otomotif tabloid from Indonesia in September 2015.

Specifications

References

External links

2022 Honda CB150R

CB150R
Standard motorcycles
Motorcycles introduced in 2012


title: Code page 770

text:
Code page 770 (also known as CP 770) is a code page used under DOS to write the Estonian, Lithuanian and Latvian languages.

Character set
The following table shows code page 770. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as code page 437.

References

770


title: HD 191760

text:
HD 191760 is a star in the southern constellation of Telescopium. It has a yellow hue but is too dim to be visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 8.26. The star is located at a distance of approximately 296 light years from the Sun based on parallax, but is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −30 km/s.

The stellar classification of G3IV/V is consistent with a star that is evolving onto the subgiant branch, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core. It is roughly four billion years old with a modest projected rotational velocity of 2.3 km/s. The star is 28% more massive than the Sun and 62% as large. The metallicity, or abundance of heavier elements, is higher than in the Sun. The star is radiating 2.7 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,794 K.

Planetary system

Using the ESO HARPS instrument, in 2009 it was found to have a brown dwarf at least 38 times as massive as Jupiter orbiting at an average distance of  in a period of 506 days. This is an unusual distance from the star that has been termed the 'brown dwarf desert'. The upper limit on the mass of this object is 28% of the mass of the Sun ().

References

G-type subgiants
Brown dwarfs
Telescopium
Durchmusterung objects
191760
099661


title: Ulam matrix

text:
In mathematical set theory, an Ulam matrix is an array of subsets of a cardinal number with certain properties. Ulam matrices were introduced by Stanislaw Ulam in his 1930 work on measurable cardinals: they may be used, for example, to show that a real-valued measurable cardinal is weakly inaccessible.

Definition

Suppose that κ and λ are cardinal numbers, and let  be a -complete filter on . An Ulam matrix is a collection of subsets  of  indexed by  such that
If  then  and  are disjoint.
For each , the union over  of the sets , is in the filter .

References

Set theory


title: Martin Dent (academic)

text:
Martin Dent, OBE (11 July 1925 – 2 May 2014) was an English academic who was the co-founder with retired diplomat William Peters of Jubilee 2000;  an international coalition movement in over 40 countries that called for cancellation of third world debt by the year 2000.

The son of Geoffrey and Marian Dent, he was born in Harlow, Essex and was educated at Eton College,  Trinity College, Cambridge, where he gained a degree in history and economics and Worcester College, Oxford. After national service in the Garhwal Rifles regiment of the Indian Army he was a colonial civil servant in Nigeria where he helped to quell unrest and became a hero to the Tiv people. He then spent the rest of his career from 1963 to 1990 as a lecturer in the Department of Politics at Keele University. He received the Gandhi International Peace Award from the Gandhi Foundation in recognition of his efforts and of the success of the Jubilee 2000 campaign.  In 1992 he was the Liberal Democrat General Election candidate for Stoke-on-Trent Central constituency  and served as councillor for East Valley ward of Stoke-on-Trent City Council between 2002 and 2004.

References

1925 births
2014 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Academics of Keele University
Officers of the Order of the British Empire