title: Symphony No. 1 (Penderecki)

text:
The Symphony No. 1 by Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki was composed in 1973. It was published by Polish Music Publishing House and Schott Music and has never been expanded or revised.

Composition

The composition was commissioned by Perkins Engines, one of the best known gas engine manufacturers in Peterborough, as part of a series of Annual Industrial Concerts. Penderecki started composing it in 1972. It would eventually premiere at Peterborough Cathedral on 19 July 1973, with the composer conducting the London Symphony Orchestra. Three months after its world premiere, it was performed in the composer's own country, at the Warsaw Autumn Festival by the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra under Witold Rowicki.

By the time the composition was finished, Penderecki stated that "I was then attempting to make a reckoning of my two decades' worth of musical experience – a time of radical, avant-garde seeking. It was the summa of what I could say as an avant-garde artist", claiming that the compositional style that he had been developing over the previous 15 years had reached its natural conclusion.

Structure

The symphony consists of four continuous movements which take approximately 30 to 35 minutes to perform. This composition is scored for a large orchestra, consisting of 3 flutes (2 & 3 doubling piccolos), 3 oboes (3rd doubling cor anglais), 3 clarinets, bass clarinet, 3 bassoons (3rd doubling contrabassoon), 5 horns, 3 trumpets, 4 trombones, tuba, timpani, 5 percussionists playing 2 triangles, gong, 4 cymbals, 2 tam-tams, 6 tom-toms, 2 bongos, 2 congas, wooden drum, bass drum, woodblock, claves, ratchet, guiro, whip, vibraslap, 5 crotales, iron bar, 5 bells, glockenspiel, 5 Almglocken, harmonium, harp, celesta, piano and strings.  The movement list is as follows:

 I. Archi 1
 II. Dynamis 1
 III. Dynamis 2
 IV. Archi 2

References

Symphonies by Krzysztof Penderecki
1973 compositions
Contemporary classical compositions


title: Vincenzo Marinelli

text:
Vincenzo Marinelli (5 June 1820 – 18 January 1892) was an Italian painter, known best for his Orientalist canvases based on his travels in Greece, Crete, Egypt, and Sudan.

Biography

Marinelli was born in San Martino d'Agri near Potenza. His father was a surgeon and a dedicated Jacobin. At the age of 17, he moved to Naples to complete his literary and scientific studies. By the age of 22, he dedicated himself to painting, and studied under Costanzo Angelini at the Royal Institute of Fine Arts of Naples. Obtaining a scholarship from the Province of Basilicata, from 1842 to 1848, he studied in Rome at the Academy under Tommaso Minardi.

Returning to Naples after the restoration, he traveled through Greece working for Otto, King of Greece. He visited the Greek isles, and painted for the Cathedral of Rethymno in Crete. He then traveled to Egypt, where he completed works for the Ottoman Khedive, Muhammad Sa'id Pasha, accompanying him on a nine-month trip to Sudan. Back in Naples in 1859, ten years later he was invited to the inauguration of the Suez Canal, he returned to Egypt and traveled up to the first cataract of the Nile.

Again returning to Italy, he won a contest in 1875 to become Professor of design and figure at the Royal Institute of Fine Arts a Naples, and in 1881, upon the death of Domenico Morelli, he was named professor of painting of Royal Institute. He taught from 1865 to 1887 at the Royal Educandato Femminile Regina Maria Pia. He died in Naples on 18 January 1892.

Among his works are: Parnassus and Great Poets of Antiquity in 17 life size canvases for the Royal Palace in Athens; two large altarpieces: Assumption of the Virgin and Baptism of Christ in the Jordan for the Cathedral of San Antonio of Padua in Rethymno; a canvas of recollecting his trip to Sudan, Khedive Said Pasha ordering the caravan to form, Ballo dell' ape nell Harem (Dance of the Bee in the Harem), and le Baiadere exhibited in 1862 at the first International Exposition of London; Cleopatra and her handmaidens receive Antonio; Cesare Mormile addresses the people rebelling against the decrees of the Inquisition; Un episodio del Cantico dei cantici; Il ritorno del tappeto dalla Mecca; and The Kamsin once in the Gladstone House at Liverpool; Henry IV at Canossa; Un corteo nuziale arabo and Una fiera di schiavi nel deserto.

His Ballo dell'ape garnered notoriety in prior centuries for its exotic and sensuous tone; modern attention is likely more to be disturbed by the depiction of an African courtesan, likely a slave, dancing half-naked for her Arab ruler.

For his Ferrante Carafa riding through the streets of Naples with Masaniello, the popular hero, seated on the horse behind him (1870, Exhibition at Parma), awarded a gold medal at the Exhibition of Parma and a thousand lire by the Ministry of Public Education. For this latter work, he was awarded the cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy and the painting was moved to the Pinacoteca of the city of Turin.

See also
List of Orientalist artists
Orientalism

References

1820 births
1892 deaths
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Painters from Naples
Orientalist painters
People from the Province of Potenza
19th-century Italian male artists


title: Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014)

text:
Verizon Communications Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission, 740 F.3d 623 (D.C. Cir., 2014), was a case at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit vacating portions of the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010, which the court determined could only be applied to common carriers and not to Internet service providers. The case was initiated by Verizon, which would have been subjected to the proposed FCC rules, though they had not yet gone into effect. The case has been regarded as an important precedent on whether the FCC can regulate network neutrality.

Background

Back in 2007, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) censured Comcast for violating the Commission's network neutrality principles when it interfered with its users' access to peer-to-peer networking applications. This resulted in the court challenge Comcast Corp. v. FCC in 2010, in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia held that the FCC did not have ancillary jurisdiction over the content delivery choices of Internet service providers under the language of the Communications Act of 1934.

In that ruling, the Circuit Court hinted that it would accept separate jurisdictional arguments under other provisions of the 1934 Communications Act or the 1996 Telecommunications Act. This prompted the FCC to establish new rules regarding non-discriminatory delivery of Internet content in late 2010. Because of the ruling in the Comcast case, those new rules were presented in reference to other provisions of the statutes, mostly Section 706 of the 1996 Act, as well as other types of ancillary authority via Title II and VI of that Act. The updated rules were released in December as the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010. These rules would forbid cable broadband and DSL Internet service providers from blocking or slowing online services or applications. It would also prohibit mobile carriers from blocking VoIP applications such as Skype or blocking websites in their entirely, though those mobile restrictions were fewer than those on cable and DSL.

The industry was unhappy with those new rules as well, with Verizon taking the lead in another court challenge just one month later. Verizon requested judicial review of the 2010 Open Internet Order, again at the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia, with a charge that the FCC had again surpassed its regulatory authority.

Circuit court ruling
The matter of FCC jurisdiction over the content delivery choices of Internet service providers rests on the classification process outlined in the Communications Act of 1934. The Commission determines if a company or product in its regulated industry qualifies as a "telecommunications service", which must follow common carrier rules under Title II of the Act, most notably a requirement to never discriminate against particular content or users; or as an "information service", which must follow much more lenient rules under Title I of the Act. (There are other classifications that are not relevant for the network neutrality dispute.) The court noted that the FCC had already classified cable broadband Internet, and later wireless Internet, as an "information service" per this process as far back as 2002.

As noted by the court, its task was "not to assess the wisdom of the Open Internet Order regulations, but rather to determine whether the Commission has demonstrated that the regulations fall within the scope of its statutory grant of authority." The court then deconstructed the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010 into its constituent parts. The court vacated two parts of the order, determining that the FCC did not have the authority to impose network neutrality restrictions without classifying network providers as common carriers. Since the Commission had previously classified broadband providers as "information services" and not as "telecommunications services," such companies could not be ordered to practice non-discrimination under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934.

A different part of the order, in which the FCC ordered all Internet service providers to provide transparent information on their network blocking policies, was upheld by the court because it was not contingent upon operators being classified as common carriers. Additionally, the court found that Section 706 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 "vests the FCC with affirmative authority to enact measures encouraging the deployment of broadband infrastructure." The court also agreed with the FCC that broadband providers represent a threat to Internet openness and could hinder future development without at least rules similar to those in the Open Internet Order. Thus, the court hinted that the FCC could require Internet service providers to exercise network neutrality by reclassifying them as "telecommunications services" that were in turn required to act as common carriers.

As a result of this ruling, most of the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010 was invalidated and vacated as a violation of the Commission's authority under the 1934 and 1996 Acts. The exception was the transparency provision.

Concurring/dissenting opinion
Judge Laurence H. Silberman wrote his own opinion, concurring in part and dissenting in part. Silberman was in general agreement with the majority that the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010 "impermissibly subjects broadband providers to treatment as common carriers." Of significance is Silberman's statement that the FCC has the authority to take "measures that promote competition in the local telecommunications market or other regulating methods that remove barriers to infrastructure investment." This has been interpreted to mean that the FCC has the authority to challenge state laws restricting municipal broadband, which became controversial in the following years.

Reactions

Industry developments
Immediately following the decision, several major telecommunications firms issued statements agreeing with the ruling. For example, Verizon stated the ruling will result in more innovation and more choice for consumers. AT&T stated that their commitment to network neutrality will not diminish. Time Warner Cable stated that their commitment to deliver the best service will not be compromised. As part of the Comcast/NBC merger, Comcast was required to follow the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010 for seven years. The company reiterated this commitment after the trial.

Shortly after the ruling, Netflix updated its ISP speed rankings with data showing that average access speed via Verizon FiOS traffic had dropped down between December 2013 and January 2014, just before the ruling. Ars Technica found this to be suspicious. Pointing to Netflix's performance change, several news outlets pointed out that the battle over non-discriminatory Internet access began to shift from network neutrality frameworks to private peering deals between service providers, which had not been covered by the FCC Open Internet Order of 2010.

Academic and news commentary
Multiple news outlets claimed that the Verizon ruling was the death of network neutrality in the United States. Since the court upheld the FCC's authority to regulate broadband providers to encourage nationwide broadband deployment, agreeing with the Commission's interpretation of Section 706 of the 1996 Telecommunications Act, some legal observers believed this should allow the FCC to reclassify broadband providers as "telecommunications services" and therefore subject them to common carrier regulations. Legal scholar Annemarie Bridy predicted that the case would force the FCC's hand in reclassifying broadband providers as "telecommunications services," something which the FCC had thus far resisted doing. Legal scholar Susan P. Crawford wrote that the FCC should move to regulate broadband providers as common carriers in order to preserve network neutrality in the United States.

In response to the FCC's decision to not appeal the Verizon ruling but to establish new rules, James P. Tuthill, an attorney and lecturer at UC Berkeley School of Law, criticized the decision as the agency could have appealed to the Supreme Court, and that court would likely accept the case because of the significance of the issues and per a direct request by a federal agency. He also predicted that even if the FCC proposed new rules, they would be challenged by the industry and overturned based on the unchallenged Verizon precedent, so "simply calling a rose by another name will not change what it is, and the courts won't buy it."

Other commentators had mixed reactions to the ruling. April Glaser, a staff activist at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, noted that the ruling could significantly restrict the FCC's potential approaches toward network neutrality regulation. Conversely, others believed that the ruling gave the FCC too much power, to the point at which it could restrict innovative network management strategies by ISPs that might be requested by users.

Public and government reactions
In January 2014, in response to the ruling, a campaign was launched on the White House's petition site, urging President Obama to direct the FCC to reclassify ISPs as common carriers. The petition received more than 105,000 signatures. The Obama administration replied to the petition, stating that although the President "vigorously supports" a robust, free, and open Internet, he was not able to direct the FCC to do anything because the FCC is an independent agency.

In February 2014, Tom Wheeler, then chairman of the FCC, issued a statement responding to the court's decision and laying out the Commission's intentions for the future of network neutrality. Wheeler stated that the Commission would not appeal the Verizon ruling, but would take the court's advice on reclassification of Internet service providers in the interests of non-discriminatory content delivery. The FCC then opened a new proceeding asking for public comment, and in April the Chairman announced that he would be circulating a draft network neutrality-oriented Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on the matter.

In 2015, the FCC reclassified Internet service providers as "telecommunications services" under the Communications Act of 1934, as had been suggested by the judges in the Verizon ruling. This led to yet another Circuit court challenge from the industry, United States Telecom Association v. FCC, in 2016.

References

External links
 Verizon v. FCC, 740 F.3d 623 (D.C. Cir. 2014)
 Preserving the Open Internet final rule in the Federal Register

Federal Communications Commission litigation
History of the Internet
2014 in United States case law
Net neutrality
Computer case law
Broadcast case law
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit cases
Verizon Communications litigation


title: Gustavo Romero Tercero

text:
Gustavo Romero Tercero (born December 16, 1971), also known as "The Valdepeñas Killer," is an incarcerated Spanish murderer and rapist.

Early life
Gustavo Romero married young in Valdepeñas, to Yolanda Saez, and they had two children. Saez was pregnant with the second child at the time of the first murders in 1993. Romero had a long history of sexual obsession, voyeurism and domestic violence against his wife and children. Nevertheless, he was not considered a threat by those outside his home. One of his favorite voyeurism spots was Valdepeñas's public park, where he spied on couples kissing with little regard for being seen by them.

The 'Crime of the Sweethearts'
On June 18, 1993, Romero ambushed Ángel Ibáñez (24) and his girlfriend Sara Dotor (20) as they left the park and ordered them to go to an uninhabited, dark area next to a railway. He was armed with a double-bladed navaja and he pointed it to Ibáñez's throat. Once there, Romero demanded the couple's money and Ibáñez handed him his wallet. When Dotor said that she recognized Romero (he was the nephew of her brother's employer), Romero stabbed Ibáñez multiple times in his left arm and thorax. He continued doing so after Ibáñez was already dead. Dotor ran away, following the railway's fence in direction to Valdepeñas's train station. After 85 meters, Romero caught up with her and delivered a single stab to the back of her neck that paralyzed her. He turned her over, molested her, inserted his fist in her vagina, and eventually beat and stabbed her in the thorax until she died. Romero took some of Dotor's clothes and threw them in the Jabalón river, then disposed of the blade in an orchard's waterwheel some 100 meters from his residence. Saez testified later that Romero came back home at 1:25 AM and that, in the following days, he got rid of the clothes he was wearing that night and of two knives he used to carry. She suspected him from the beginning but did not report him to authorities. Five days later, Romero left Valdepeñas for Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

Murder of Rosana Maroto
Romero returned to Valdepeñas in 1997. He became friends with Dotor's brothers and would often ask how the investigation of their sister's murder was going. Over the following year, Romero worked putting up plasterboard, at a meat packing factory, and as a cook in a roadside brothel. Around 16:30 of June 25, 1998 Romero finished his shift at the brothel and left in his car. He drove on unpaved country roads only because he did not own a driver's license. While driving on a road called "La Membrilla" (not to be confused with the town of the same name), he happened upon 21-year-old Rosana Maroto, who was cycling from her home in Valdepeñas to her father's country home, seven kilometers away. Maroto studied Art History in Ciudad Real and had returned to Valdepeñas only two days before, following the end of the school year. She had no relationship with Romero.

According to Romero, he hit Maroto by accident, exited the car, and tried to resuscitate her without success. He believed that she was dead, and fearing that this would out him as the murderer of Ibáñez and Dotor, he resolved to put Maroto in the car's trunk and the bicycle in the backseat, and throw both in different water wells in the country. After disposing of the bicycle, he drove to an abandoned farmstead and began to undress Maroto. She then regained consciousness and asked what had happened and demanded to have her bicycle back. Again according to Romero, a discussion ensued and he ended strangling her with her shoelaces and throwing the body in an empty well that he covered with large stones. Though Maroto's body was largely skeletonized when it was recovered in 2003, Romero's DNA was found on it, which led to Romero being charged with rape and the prosecution stating that he had run Maroto over deliberately with the intention of raping her. Romero denied the charge, but he later testified that Maroto had agreed to practice fellatio and other sexual acts voluntarily in the farmstead. The Court did not believe this allegation.

Maroto's disappearance gained notoriety in Spain when her backpack was found three days later in the area where she disappeared. It contained her running shoes, walkman and a cap smeared with her vomit. Police also found blood with male DNA in the backpack, which was kept from the public. Maroto's family met Prime Minister Aznar and the Ministry of the Interior offered 25 million pesetas for clues leading to the arrest of the murderer. In 2000, Maroto's bicycle was found in a well 300 meters from the place where the backpack was found. By 2003, Police had searched 300 of over 1000 wells located around Valdepeñas, but the one with the body (four kilometers away from the abduction site) was not among them.

Arrest and sentence
Saez reported Romero to the authorities in 2003, after he assaulted her and told her afterward that he didn't care about the consequences because he had already killed several people. While being held in Herrera de la Mancha prison for domestic violence, Romero was informed that two witness testimonies and a DNA match tied him to the 1993 murders and the 1998 disappearance, respectively. Romero immediately collapsed and admitted to all three murders. Following his testimony, the Police's Special Operations Group retrieved the 1993 murder weapon and Maroto's body from their respective locations.

On April 22, 2005, Romero was sentenced to over 103 years in prison: 30 years in maximum prison for each murder, with the aggravating circumstances of premeditation and extreme cruelty; 12 for one rape, and 4 years, 2 months and 1 day in minimum prison for robbery. He was acquitted of the charge for Dotor's rape and another charge for Maroto's abduction. In addition, Romero was banned from Valdepeñas for 10 years after his incarceration, could not contact the victims families for 5 years, and was forced to compensate them with 900,000 euro total.

Other possible murders
Police explored the possibility that Romero had attacked other women in Ciudad Real and the Canary Islands during the time he had resided there. Special interest was given to the murders of 15-year-old Inmaculada Arteaga in Campo de Criptana in 2001 and 31-year-old Juani Díaz-Flores in Herencia on Valentine's Day, 2003. Both murders were attributed later to different criminals.

See also
Murder of Eva Blanco
Joaquín Ferrándiz Ventura
List of serial killers by country

External links
 Gustavo Romero Tercero in Criminalia

References

1970 births
1993 murders in Spain
1998 murders in Spain
20th-century Spanish criminals
Living people
People convicted of murder by Spain
Spanish people convicted of murder
Spanish rapists
Spanish serial killers


title: NME Albums and Tracks of the Year, 2011

text:
The NME Album of the Year and Single Of The Year were announced on 23 November 2011. It was the 38th countdown of the most popular albums and tracks of the year, as chosen by music reviewers and independent journalists who work for the magazine and for NME.com.

Albums

Countries represented
 = 25
 = 18
 = 3
 = 1
 = 1
 = 1
 = 1
 = 1

Singles

Artists with multiple entries

3 Entries
Metronomy (7, 11, 41)

2 Entries
The Vaccines (14, 28)
Austra (34, 46)
Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds (49, 50)

Countries represented
 = 27
 = 15
 = 3
 = 3
 = 2
 = 1
 = 1
 = 1

References

New Musical Express
British music-related lists
2011 in British music


title: Wilberne Augusmat

text:
Wilberne Augusmat is a Haitian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Violette in the Ligue Haïtienne.

References

External links

Living people
1994 births
Haitian men's footballers
Haiti men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
People from Saint-Marc


title: Chiquito Peak

text:
Chiquito Peak, is a summit in the Cuyamaca Mountains of San Diego County, California, United States. It located is north of Interstate 8 and about  west of Descanso.

References

Cuyamaca Mountains
Mountains of San Diego County, California
Mountains of Southern California


title: Parioglossus

text:
Parioglossus is a genus of dartfishes native to the Indian and Pacific oceans.

Species
There are currently 21 recognized species in this genus:
 Parioglossus aporos Rennis & Hoese, 1985 (Poreless dartfish)
 Parioglossus caeruleolineatus T. Suzuki, Yonezawa & Sakaue, 2010
 Parioglossus dotui Tomiyama, 1958
 Parioglossus formosus (H. M. Smith, 1931) (Beautiful hover goby)
 Parioglossus galzini J. T. Williams & Lecchini, 2004
 Parioglossus interruptus T. Suzuki & Senou, 1994 (Interrupted dartfish)
 Parioglossus lineatus Rennis & Hoese, 1985 (Lined hover goby)
 Parioglossus marginalis Rennis & Hoese, 1985
 Parioglossus multiradiatus Keith, P. Bosc & Valade, 2004
 Parioglossus neocaledonicus Dingerkus & Séret, 1992
 Parioglossus nudus Rennis & Hoese, 1985 (Naked hover goby)
 Parioglossus palustris (Herre, 1945) (Borneo hoverer)
 Parioglossus philippinus (Herre, 1945) (Philippine dartfish)
 Parioglossus rainfordi McCulloch, 1921 (Rainford's dartfish)
 Parioglossus raoi (Herre, 1939) (Rao's hover goby)
 Parioglossus senoui T. Suzuki, Yonezawa & Sakaue, 2010
 Parioglossus sinensis J. S. Zhong, 1994
 Parioglossus taeniatus Regan, 1912 (Taeniatus dartfish)
 Parioglossus triquetrus Rennis & Hoese, 1985
 Parioglossus verticalis Rennis & Hoese (Vertical hover goby)
 Parioglossus winterbottomi T. Suzuki, Yonezawa & Sakaue, 2010

References

Gobiidae
Taxa named by Charles Tate Regan
Marine fish genera


title: Charles Hérold Jr.

text:
Charles Hérold Jr. (born 23 July 1990) is a Haitian footballer who plays as a right winger for Jarabacoa FC in the Liga Dominicana de Fútbol.

International career

International goals
Scores and results list Haiti's goal tally first.

Honours

Club
 Cibao
CFU Club Championship (1): 2017

Individual
Ballon d'Or Haïtien (1): 2011

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Haitian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Tempête FC players
Liga Dominicana de Fútbol players
Cibao FC players
Ligue Haïtienne players
Haiti men's international footballers
Haitian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in the Dominican Republic
Haitian expatriate sportspeople in the Dominican Republic
People from Gonaïves
2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup players


title: Alpina (disambiguation)

text:
Alpina is a German automobile manufacturing company.

Alpina may also refer to:
Alpina (moth), a genus of moth
Alpina Productos Alimenticios, a Colombian dairy, food, and beverage company
Alpina snowmobiles, an Italian brand of snowmobile manufactured by Alpina s.r.l
Alpina Žiri, a Slovenian shoe company
Alpina, a hamlet in Lewis County, New York
Alpina Watches, a Swiss watchmaking company owned by Frederique Constant Holding SA

See also
 Alpine (disambiguation)
 Alpini (disambiguation)
 Alpino (disambiguation)
 Porta Alpina, a proposed Swiss underground railway station
 Via Alpina, a network of five long-distance hiking trails in Europe


title: List of Montenegro national handball team players

text:
Almost 50 different players participated for Montenegro men's national handball team from 2007 until today. Among former players of Montenegro, there are Alen Muratović, Petar Kapisoda, Draško Mrvaljević, Goran Đukanović, Vladimir Osmajić, Goran Stojanović, Blažo Lisičić, Marko Dobrković and others.

Most matches for Montenegrin national team played Igor Marković, Zoran Roganović and Mladen Rakčević. Most goals for Montenegrin national team scored Draško Mrvaljević, Zoran Roganović and Mladen Rakčević.

Majority of players who represented Montenegrin national team were born in Cetinje and during their youth played for the most successful Montenegrin club RK Lovćen.

Performance in the Montenegro national team

Below is the list of all players which participated in the Montenegrin national handball team. Data is only for official matches (qualifiers, European Championship, World Championship). For more information, there is a List of official matches of the Montenegro handball team.

Coaching history* Data is only for official matches (qualifiers, European Championship, World Championship). For more information, there is a List of official matches of the Montenegro handball team''

See also
 Montenegro men's national handball team
 List of official matches of the Montenegro handball team
 Handball Federation of Montenegro
 Montenegro women's national handball team

Handball in Montenegro
Montenegro
Handball


title: Charles McDonnell

text:
Charles McDonnell may refer to:

 Charles McDonnell (police officer) (1841–1888), American police captain in the New York City Police Department
 Charles Edward McDonnell (1854–1921), American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church
 Charles James McDonnell (born 1928), American Roman Catholic titular bishop
 Charles J. McDonnell (born 1928), U.S. Army officer


title: Trinity Church (Nevada City)

text:
Trinity Church is an Episcopal Church located in Nevada City, California, within the Episcopal Diocese of Northern California.

History
On April 21, 1854, The Right Reverend William Ingraham Kip, Bishop of California, held the first Episcopal Church service in Nevada City. A group of Episcopalians formed a congregation and a year and a day later, the Parish of the Holy Trinity was formally organized and incorporated.

The first Trinity Church was constructed at the corner of Main and Church Streets at a cost of $4000. It was dedicated in March 1863. During a conflagration in November of the same year, Trinity Church caught fire and only the bell and stained glass window could be salvaged.

The congregation decided that their church must be moved away from the centre of the city to avoid any more fires. In 1869 a new site was purchased on Aristocracy Hill, a few hundred yards away across a valley from the former site and which was never affected by Nevada City's fires. It had been the site of Washington School, the first school in Nevada City when it was little more than a mining camp, but the growing population made a new school necessary.

Built in a New England style at a cost of $5000, Trinity Church was dedicated on November 2, 1872. The stained glass window rescued from the fire was installed above the altar, and the bell was hung in the tower. The church has been at this new location at the corner of Nevada and High Streets ever since. It is said to have been modeled on St. James's Episcopal Church in Sonora, California.

References

 Trinity Church website
 	THE HISTORICAL MARKER DATABASE

Episcopal church buildings in California


title: Symphyotrichum dumosum

text:
Symphyotrichum dumosum (formerly Aster dumosus) is a species of flowering plant of the family Asteraceae commonly known as rice button aster and bushy aster. It is native to much of eastern and central North America, as well as Haiti and Dominican Republic. It is a perennial, herbaceous plant that may reach a height of .

Description
Symphyotrichum dumosum is a perennial, herbaceous plant that grows up to  high.

Flowers

Symphyotrichum dumosum is a late-summer and fall blooming perennial, with flower heads opening August–October. The flower heads are about  diameter when in bloom and grow in open and much-branched paniculiform arrays. Each has many tiny florets put together into what appear as one.

Involucres and phyllaries
On the outside the flower heads of all members of the family Asteraceae are small bracts that look like scales. These are called phyllaries, and together they form the involucre that protects the individual flowers in the head before they open. The involucres of Symphyotrichum dumosum are cylinder-bell in shape and usually  long.

The phyllaries are appressed or slightly spreading. The shape of the outer phyllaries is oblong-oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, and the innermost phyllaries are linear. They are in  strongly unequal rows, meaning they are very staggered and do not end at the same point, and they are hairless.

Florets
The 15–33 ray florets are blue, pink, purple, or white, with a length averaging  and width of . Ray florets in the Symphyotrichum genus are exclusively female, each having a pistil (with style, stigma, and ovary) but no stamen; thus, ray florets accept pollen and each can develop a seed, but they produce no pollen.

The 15–30 disk florets start out as pale yellow and turn pink with age. They are in the shape of a narrow funnel and are shallow at  in depth. The disk florets are each made up of , collectively a corolla, which open into 5 lanceolate lobes comprising less than  of the depth of the floret. Disk florets in the Symphyotrichum genus are bisexual, each with both male (stamen, anthers, and filaments) and female reproductive parts; thus, a disk floret produces pollen and can develop a seed.

Chromosomes
Symphyotrichum dumosum has a chromosome number of x = 8. Diploid and tetraploid cytotypes with respective chromosome counts of 16 and 32 have been reported.

Taxonomy
This species was long known as Aster dumosus before it was moved into its current genus due to a phylogenetic analysis performed by American botanist Guy L. Nesom. The genus Aster has been narrowed considerably in scope in recent years, due to new information about the relationships of the species in the group.

Symphyotrichum dumosum is classified in the subgenus Symphyotrichum, section Symphyotrichum, subsection Dumosi. It is one of the "bushy asters and relatives." The word Symphyotrichum has as its root the Greek , which means "coming together," and , which means "hair." The specific epithet (second part of the scientific name)  is Latin neuter case of  and means "full of thornbushes" and "bushy" (rare).

Infraspecies
Although the following infraspecies are no longer accepted varieties according to Catalogue of Life (COL), Plants of the World Online (POWO), and World Flora Online (WFO), they were accepted  by USDA PLANTS Database, NatureServe, and Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). The autonym is Symphyotrichum dumosum var. dumosum.

Symphyotrichum dumosum var. gracilipes
Symphyotrichum dumosum var. pergracile
Symphyotrichum dumosum var. strictior
Symphyotrichum dumosum var. subulifolium

Distribution and habitat

Distribution
Symphyotrichum dumosum has a recorded native presence in the wild in the Canadian province of Ontario, and in the United States in all states east of the Mississippi River except Vermont, as well as west of the Mississippi River in Iowa, Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana. It is also native on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.

It is an introduced species in New Brunswick, and in the countries of Belgium, France, Great Britain, Poland, Romania, and Switzerland. It is not on the European Union's List of invasive alien species of Union concern.

Habitat
Symphyotrichum dumosum is categorized on the United States National Wetland Plant List (NWPL) with Wetland Indicator Status Rating of Facultative (FAC), choosing wetlands or non-wetlands and adjusting accordingly.

Conservation
, NatureServe lists Symphyotrichum dumosum as Secure (G5) worldwide with notation that the global status was last reviewed in 1985. Some North American province and state statuses are as follows: Presumed Extirpated (SX) in Iowa, Possibly Extirpated (SH) in Maine, Critically Imperiled (S1) in Pennsylvania, Imperiled (S2) in Ontario and Ohio, and Vulnerable (S3) in New York and Florida.

Gallery

Notes

Citations

References

dumosum
Flora of the United States
Flora of Ontario
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


title: 1999 Pukapuka-Nassau by-election

text:
The 1999 Pukapuka-Nassau by-election was a by-election in the Cook Islands electorate of Pukapuka-Nassau. It took place on 29 September 1999.

At the 1999 election, incumbent Inatio Akaruru held the seat by a single vote. The result was challenged by the Democratic Alliance Party and declared invalid. A by-election was held, but was subsequently found to be invalid as a result of discrepancies in voter registrations, precipitating the 2000 Pukapuka-Nassau by-election.

References

By-elections in the Cook Islands
1999 elections in Oceania
1999 in the Cook Islands


title: Yeni Álvarez

text:
Yeni Álvarez is a Cuban-American actress. She is best known for her role as Anita in the Spanish-language situation comedy series Los Beltran.

Personal life
Álvarez was born in Cuba, but left the country with her family to Miami, Florida, when she was ten. She married actor Mark DeCarlo on November 24, 2012.

Filmography

Television
Los Beltrán (2001) – Anita Beltrán
Resurrection Blvd. (2001) – Tiffany
Line of Fire (2003) – Juana Contrera
Static Shock (2004) – Aquamaria (voice)
Judging Amy (2004)
Without a Trace (2005) – Sophia
Summerland (2005) – Paramedic
Crossing Jordan (2005) – Paramedic
Criminal Minds (2005) – Aide
Glenn Martin, DDS (2010) – Mercedes (voice)
Ben 10: Ultimate Alien (2011) – Dr. Borges (voice)
Get Blake! (2015) – Carmen de la Cruz (voice)

Video games
Freedom: First Resistance (2000) – Angel Sanchez
Total Overdose (2005) – Angel / Hooker
Lego Marvel Super Heroes (2013) – Black Widow / Mystique / Jean Grey / Dark Phoenix
The Lego Movie Videogame (2014) – Wyldstyle
Heroes of the Storm (2015) – Lt. Rosa Morales

References

External links

Living people
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Hispanic and Latino American actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American actresses


title: Burton House (Newberry, South Carolina)

text:
The Burton House is a historic plantation-style house in Newberry, South Carolina, United States.  Constructed shortly before the Civil War, it features a range of architectural details in classical architectural style.  Although it changed owners in its early years, it was owned by members of the namesake Burton family for approximately a century, and it has been named a historic site.

Although located in the city of Newberry, the house is built in the style of plantation houses in the countryside: it features Neoclassical components, although in a diminished and vernacular mode.  The house is a two-story rectangle with a central portico dominating the facade.  Square wooden pillars support each story of the portico, while pilasters in a similar style are placed at the portico's junctions with the main body of the house.  As a second-story door provides access to the second story of the portico, the space between pillars and pilasters is filled with an unadorned balustrade.  Multi-pane transom lights are placed above both the main entrance and the second-story door to the portico, in addition to sidelights around the main entrance.  Topping the house is a gabled roof, which culminates in a pediment atop the portico.  The entire house is a wooden building comprising nearly , although only about  are finished.  Three fireplaces are located throughout the building, which is underlain by a crawlspace.

Although the precise date of construction for the Burton House is unknown, it was constructed circa 1857.  From 1856 until 1858, the property was owned by one of Newberry's first men, William Walter Houseal, a merchant who was elected to hold local office.  Thirty years after Houseal sold the property, it was bought by James A. Burton, who was active in the sale of insurance; a 1921 city directory records him as selling both real estate and fire insurance from an office on Caldwell Street, while still living in the house on Glenn Street.  Burton's descendants owned the property into the 1980s, although it has since passed out of the family.

In November 1980, the Burton House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture; it was part of a group of Newberry locations added to the Register together as part of a multiple property submission.  It is one of twenty-four individual properties and historic districts listed on the National Register in the city of Newberry and the surrounding area.

References

Houses completed in 1857
Houses in Newberry County, South Carolina
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Neoclassical architecture in South Carolina
Wooden houses in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Newberry County, South Carolina
1857 establishments in South Carolina


title: Chemal FC

text:
Chemal FC, before August 2022 known as ASC Tidjikja is a Mauritanean football club based in Nouakchott the capital of Mauritania. The club plays in the Mauritanean Premier League.

Stadium
Currently the team plays at the 10000 capacity Stade Olympique (Nouakchott).

Titles
Coupe du Président de la République
Runners-up (1): 2015
Coupe de la Ligue Nationale
Winners (1): 2018
Runners-up (1): 2017

References

https://www.ffrim.org/super-d1/classement

External links
Soccerway
Web site

Football clubs in Mauritania


title: 2014 American League Wild Card Game

text:
The 2014 American League Wild Card Game was a play-in game during Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2014 postseason played between the American League's (AL) two wild card teams, the Oakland Athletics and the Kansas City Royals. It was held at Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City, Missouri, on September 30, 2014. The Royals won by a score of 9–8 in 12 innings, and advanced to play the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the 2014 American League Division Series. The game was televised by TBS and broadcast on ESPN Radio.

The game tied the then record for the longest (by innings) "winner-take-all" game in postseason history, shared with Game 7 of the 1924 World Series. This record was subsequently broken by the 2018 National League Wild Card Game.

Background
Since 2012, two wild card spots are available in each league for the two teams with the best record that do not win their respective division. For the 2014 American League, the two spots were given to the Kansas City Royals and the Oakland Athletics. This was the second postseason meeting between the Athletics and Royals, having first met in the 1981 ALDS (Athletics won the series 3–0).

Kansas City Royals

Despite preseason predictions that were generally bleak, the Royals won 89 games in the regular season, which represented the team's most wins since the 1989 season.  Despite falling as far as seven games behind the division-leading Detroit Tigers well into the season, the Royals went on a hot streak during the latter half of the regular season, giving them a playoff berth as a wild card team. The 2014 American League Wild Card game represented the Royals' first postseason appearance since 1985.

Oakland Athletics

In contrast to the Royals, who had a better second half of the season, the Athletics had one of the best records in Major League Baseball early in the season, but slumped towards the end of the season.  The Athletics also made several major trades to gain players like Jason Hammel and Jon Lester to bolster the team. Despite the late struggles, Oakland still won 88 games and secured a wild card spot, making 2014 the third straight season the team had made the playoffs.

Game results

Line score

The one-game playoff was touted as a duel between the Royals' James Shields and the Athletics' Jon Lester, but neither starting pitcher would earn a decision in the game. Oakland's Brandon Moss homered early off of Shields with Coco Crisp on base, giving the Athletics a 2–0 advantage; Kansas City halved the lead in the bottom of the first when Billy Butler singled to score Nori Aoki. Lorenzo Cain and Eric Hosmer had RBI hits for the Royals in the third inning, vaulting Kansas City to a 3–2 lead. In this third inning, Oakland catcher Geovany Soto left the game with a thumb injury sustained in a play at the plate. Soto had started the game because he would be more adept at controlling the running game of the Royals. This would come back to haunt the Athletics later in the game. The fourth and fifth innings were scoreless, but a big sixth inning gave Oakland a large lead. Sam Fuld singled to lead off the inning, and Shields was relieved by Yordano Ventura after walking Josh Donaldson. Ventura's first batter, Moss, belted a three-run home run to give the Athletics a 5–3 lead. After Ventura was relieved by Kelvin Herrera, Derek Norris and Crisp singled in two additional runs.

Both Oakland and Kansas City batted fruitlessly in the seventh inning, and Royals relief pitcher Wade Davis recorded three straight outs in the top of the eighth. In the bottom of the eighth, with Kansas City six outs away from having their season ended, the Royals manufactured a productive inning of their own. Alcides Escobar singled, and then stole second base with Nori Aoki at the plate. Lorenzo Cain singled, scoring Escobar. Cain stole second base himself with Eric Hosmer batting; Hosmer was then walked, at which point starting pitcher Jon Lester was relieved by Luke Gregerson.  Nerves seemed to get the better of Gregerson, who allowed Billy Butler to single and score Cain, and then allowed Hosmer to score from third base on a wild pitch. After walking Alex Gordon, Gregerson struck out the next two batters to preserve the Athletics' lead, but the Royals had narrowed the score to 7–6.

Closer Greg Holland took the mound for Kansas City and was somewhat shaky, walking three batters, but mustered the three required outs without major damage, and Kansas City took their one-run deficit to the bottom of the ninth.

Oakland's closer, Sean Doolittle, pitched in relief of Gregerson. Pinch-hitter Josh Willingham hit a bloop single and was replaced by pinch-runner Jarrod Dyson. Dyson moved to second base on a successful bunt from Alcides Escobar, and then stole third with Aoki at bat. Aoki hit a deep sacrifice fly to right field for the second out of the inning, but Dyson was able to jog home, tying the game at 7–7 and completing the Royals' four-run comeback. Cain lined out to end the inning for Kansas City.

Brandon Finnegan, who only three months earlier had pitched for TCU in the College World Series, began a strong inning of work in the tenth, replacing Greg Holland and recording three outs in quick succession. The Royals advanced Eric Hosmer to third base with two outs in the bottom of the tenth, but Salvador Pérez grounded out, putting a Royals victory on hold.

Finnegan again pitched well in the top of the 11th, allowing only one hit and striking out Brandon Moss, who had already hit two home runs. Kansas City's offense produced in the bottom of the 11th a situation identical to that of the tenth; the winning run stood  away with two outs, but Jayson Nix struck out to end the inning. Finnegan began the 12th inning by walking Josh Reddick, who advanced to second on a sacrifice bunt by Jed Lowrie. Finnegan was then relieved by Jason Frasor. Pinch-hitter Alberto Callaspo of Oakland took a wild pitch from Frasor, allowing Reddick to go to third base.  Callaspo then hit a line drive to left field, scoring Reddick. The new pitcher Frasor quickly stopped the bleeding by retiring Derek Norris and Nick Punto, but the Athletics had retaken the lead, 8–7.

Lorenzo Cain failed to get the bottom of the 12th off to a promising start for Kansas City when he grounded out.  The Oakland Athletics were two outs away from advancing to the ALDS. However, Hosmer nursed a lengthy at-bat into a deep hit off the left field wall that was poorly fielded, allowing him to reach third base. Christian Colon then managed an infield single to tie the game again, scoring Hosmer. Oakland pitcher Dan Otero was replaced by Fernando Abad, who threw to only one batter, Gordon, who popped out. Abad was then relieved by Jason Hammel. Christian Colon, still on first base, stole second (the seventh steal of the game for the Royals) with Pérez at the plate, after a pitchout was dropped by Derek Norris. Pérez (who was 0-for-5 at this point) then singled down the line to left field, the ball narrowly missing the outstretched glove of Josh Donaldson. Colon scored, ending the marathon game with a Royals victory and a ticket to the ALDS against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

Aftermath
Kansas City would run the table on their way to the AL pennant, sweeping Los Angeles in three games of a five-game series and the Baltimore Orioles in four games of a seven-game series before losing in seven games to the San Francisco Giants in the 2014 World Series.  This victory would be the first of four extra-inning victories for the Royals in the 2014 Postseason.

Many Royals fans consider it the most iconic in their franchise's history because of the incredible four-run comeback by Kansas City. Making it sweeter for certain Royals fans was their bitter feelings towards the Athletics, who had played in Kansas City from 1955 to 1967 before owner Charles O. Finley moved the franchise to Oakland. It was also the Royals' first playoff game in 29 years.

The loss continued a streak in which the Athletics lost a game in which they could have won to advance to the next round. They had previously lost Game 5 in the ALDS in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2012, and 2013. The Athletics are the most recent team to be within three outs of advancing in the playoffs and lose the round. They would not return to the postseason again until the 2018 AL Wild Card Game.

This was only the second game in MLB playoff history where a team lost after being within three outs of winning a playoff round in more than two innings in the same game, after Game 6 of the 2011 World Seiries.

References

External links

2014 American League Wild Card Game at Baseball Reference

American League Wild Card Game
Kansas City Royals postseason
Oakland Athletics postseason
American League Wild Card Game
2010s in Kansas City, Missouri
Major League Baseball Wild Card Game
American League Wild Card Game


title: Wiesław Romanowski

text:
Wiesław Romanowski (born August 18, 1952) is a Polish journalist and publicist, opposition activist in Communist Poland, and diplomat.

During the  Martial law in Poland he was interned (1981-1982) for his oppositional activities.

1998-2005, reporter of Polish TV in Ukraine.

Filmography
Romanowski is a screenwriter, director, and producer of over 10 documentary films.
 1995 – Moskwa jak las (together with Andrzej Drawicz)
 1995 – Sprawa polityczna
 1996 – Dwie historie
 1997 – Pudełka Stalina (Stalin's Boxes; a documentary about the visit to the archives of the FSB, where he was allowed to see the boxes with the cases of Poles repressed in the Soviet Union during Stalin's times
 1998 – Znak pokoju
 2002 – Nie chcę tego oglądać
 2005 – Dom na wzgórzu
 2005 – Przystanek wolność ("Station Liberty"), about the Orange Revolution
 2008 – Feliks znaczy szczęśliwy ("Felix Means Happy"), about Felix Dzerzhinski

Books
 Ukraina. Przystanek Wolność ("Ukraine. Station Liberty"), Wydawnictwo Literackie 2006,
 Bandera. Terorysta Z Galicji ("Bandera. A Terrorist from Galicia"), Wydawnictwo Demart 2012,

References

1952 births
Living people
20th-century Polish journalists
21st-century Polish journalists
Polish male writers
Polish screenwriters


title: 2013 JX28

text:
(also known as ) is an Atira asteroid, a type of Aten asteroid, that orbits entirely within Earth's orbit. It orbits very close to the Sun, having the eighth smallest semi-major axis of any minor planet in the Solar System. At its closest, it is only  from the Sun, but more than 100 minor planets have a smaller perihelion distance.

Despite being officially classified as a near-Earth object,  has a MOID (minimum orbit intersection distance) with Earth of ~0.067 AU, making it highly unlikely to ever hit Earth. For comparison, the Moon orbits Earth at about 1/26th this distance.

Physical characteristics
 has an absolute magnitude (H) of 20.1, which means it is rather small, with the size being approximately 300 meters based on an assumed albedo of 0.15. Its albedo is not known, so a size estimate is not certain. Assuming the albedo is between 0.05 and 0.25, it is somewhere between 260–580 meters in diameter.

163693 Atira, an asteroid with an orbit similar to , for comparison, has an absolute magnitude of 16.28 and is notably larger.

Close approaches
As a near-Earth object,  often comes within ] of Earth. On 29 April 2014, it traveled to 0.0843 AU from Earth, about 33 times further than the Moon. Below is a list of close approaches until 2100 where  travels closer than 0.1 AU to Earth.

References

External links

Minor planet object articles (unnumbered)
20060525
20130511


title: FK Partizani Tirana B

text:
KF Partizani B is the B team of Albanian football club Partizani.

History

Partizani reserves (1948–1949)
On 3 October 1948, the Albanian Football Association launched a new format for the Albanian Superliga and Albanian First Division as they adopted the western format of an autumn to spring league competition. A reserve team representing Partizani Tirana was created following this announcement, and they competed in 1948–49 Albanian First Division, where they won their first 5 games in a row before the competition was cancelled on 31 March 1949 by the Albanian Football Association due to Soviet pressure to leave the western format and return to the Soviet league format. The league was cancelled with Partizani Tiranë B in 1st place out of 8 teams and Partizani dissolved their reserve team soon after, as they finished with a record of 5 wins out 5 and a goalscoring record of 25 scored and 5 conceded.

FC Nacional (2003–2004)
In 2003, Partizani took over local side FC Nacional Tiranë and used it as a reserve side in the 2003–04 Albanian Second Division.

Partizani B (2013–present)
On 15 March 2013, Partizani B defeated IDS Tirana 8–1 away from home in an Albanian Third Division Group B game, making it the club's biggest ever victory. However, this record was broken a couple of months later on 1 May against FK Gostima in a 13–2 victory again away from home. FK Partizani B gained promotion to the Albanian Second Division

During the 2015–16 campaign in the Albanian Second Division, Partizani B began the season inconsistently, winning just 6 of their first 14 games before going on to win 7 of their last 8 games, ending the season on a 16-game unbeaten run which earned them a runners up sport in Group A of the Second Division and a place in the Albanian First Division playoffs. They faced the First Division Group A second bottom side Sopoti Librazhd in the playoff which was original scheduled for 19 May 2016 at the Niko Dovana Stadium in Durrës but was later moved to the Elbasan Arena in Elbasan, where the game ended in a 4–1 win for Partizani B following goals from Lauren Ismailaj, Jurgen Vatnikaj and a brace from Ardit Jaupaj. Partizani B won the game and celebrated promotion to the First Division, but Sopoti Librazhd filed a complaint to the Albanian Football Association arguing that Patizani B had mainly used players from the Partizani first team, including Labinot Ibrahimi and Ylber Ramadani who had featured in the first team against Teuta Durrës the day before. The Albanian FA decided to revoke Partizani B's promotion as they awarded the game to Sopoti Librazhd 3–0 due to Partizani B having broken the rules by featuring Ibrahimi and Ramadani, as a player is not allowed to feature for both the first and reserve team of any club within 24 hours. However, due to stricter licensing measured enforced by the Albanian FA, First Division side Adriatiku Mamurras failed to meet the conditions to remain in the league and their place was given to Partizani B who were able to meet the necessary criteria, making them the only reserve team to have competed in the second tier of modern Albanian football.

Current squad

Honours
Albanian Third Division
2012–13

Staff
President: Gazment Demi
Manager: Marko Pelinxhi
Assistant manager:Shahin Berberi
Academy director: Genc Tomori
Under 17s manager: Nikolin Çoçlli
Under 12s manager: Evis Çelmeta
Head scout: Ilir Bushati

References

Football clubs in Albania
Association football clubs established in 2013
2013 establishments in Albania
Football clubs in Tirana
B Team
Albanian Third Division clubs
Reserve team football in Albania
Kategoria e Dytë clubs


title: KYCT

text:
KYCT may refer to:

 KYCT (FM), a radio station (92.7 FM) licensed to serve Shasta Lake, California, United States
 KTTE, a defunct radio station (90.1 FM) formerly licensed to serve Humboldt, Nebraska, United States, which held the call sign KYCT in 2014
 KLXZ, a radio station (91.3 FM) licensed to serve Ruidoso, New Mexico, United States, which held the call sign KYCT from 2006 to 2013


title: Crooke's Castle, Aghavrin

text:
Crooke's Castle is an ornamental tower or folly in Aghavrin townland,  north-west of Coachford village, County Cork, Republic of Ireland. It was built in the early 19th century by Thomas Epinetus Crooke of nearby Aghavrin House, who served during the Napoleonic Wars, mainly on board HMS Shamrock, a Royal Navy blockade ship. It is included on the Record of Protected Structures maintained by Cork County Council.

The structure is referred to as a 'tower' located on Carrigaknubber Rock as per the 1842 surveyed OS map and named as 'Aghavrin Castle' in both the Ordnance Survey (OS) name book (c. 1840) and the 1901 surveyed OS map. The OS name book describes it as in the southern part of Aghavrin about  north-east of the boundary with Rockgrove (townland). Locally, it is nowadays referred to as 'Crooke's Castle'.

Early Irish ordnance survey maps indicate structures named 'tower' often located in or around a country-house demesne. These were mostly built in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries, and sited in prominent positions to act as 'eye-catchers', and to afford good views from the tower itself. Many were used for tea parties, when tea drinking became fashionable in the eighteenth century.

In A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland (1837), Lewis describes the demesne of Ahavrin as small but well planted, and refers to 'an isolated rock at its southern extremity' upon which 'stands a picturesque castellated tower, surmounted by a light and graceful turret'. The OS name book describes it as a tower or turret, built by Captain Crooke on Carrigacnubber rock, generally known as 'Ahavrin Castle', and referred to by Herbert Gilman as the 'Admiral's Folly'. The Archaeological Inventory of county Cork describes it as a ruined square three-storey tower (2m x 2m), having rectangular window opes with hood-mouldings, and an embattled parapet. It is also described as having a slim circular projection on the south-east corner with slit windows, rising higher than the tower, and also having an embattled parapet.

The Irish Tourist Association survey of 1944 states that it was erected 100 to 120 years previously, cost £100, and was built by Commodore Crooke of the British Navy. The survey holds that 'Crook's Tower' would be a more accurate description, and that it consisted of two narrow sections with the cylindrical portion slightly higher than the rectangular element. It was observed to stand on a high rock in a reasonably level country area, and a distinctive landmark from the road. It was partly ruinous but the circular staircase could still be negotiated.

The tower is not accessible to the public and is located on private property. A short distance to the south-west and of presumed earlier date is a mass rock, Aghavrin Mass Rock, which was used for worship during penal times.

References

External links
 1842 surveyed OS map (maps.osi.ie)
 1901 surveyed OS map (maps.osi.ie)
 acrheritage.info

Folly buildings in the Republic of Ireland


title: Stacey Allaster

text:
Stacey Ann Allaster  (born July 12, 1963) was the Chairman and CEO of the Women's Tennis Association from 2009 to 2015.

Early life
Allaster was born in Windsor, Ontario and grew up in Welland, Ontario. She started playing tennis at age 12. She attended Notre Dame College School and received her Bachelor of Arts in Economics and Physical Education from the University of Western Ontario in 1985 and a Master of Business Administration from the Richard Ivey School of Business in 2000.

Career
Allaster was a member of the Welland Tennis Club, where she learned how to play tennis. She also taught tennis to children and adults. After graduating from university, she worked for the Ontario Tennis Association as membership sales co-ordinator and director of player development.

She became the Vice President of Sales and Marketing and Tournament Director of the Rogers Cup. On January 1, 2006, she was appointed to be the President of Women's Tennis Association, a newly created role in the organization.

In July 2009, Allaster was promoted to be the chairman and CEO of the WTA Tour, succeeding Larry Scott.

In 2011, the WTA Board of Directors extended Allaster's CEO contract through 2017.

While serving as CEO, the WTA secured one billion dollars in diversified contracted revenues. Allaster also oversaw the partnership of an international media agreement.

On September 22, 2015 Allaster announced her retirement as chief executive of the WTA citing a personal change in priorities. The transition took effect October 2, 2015. On October 5, 2015, Steve Simon, the Tournament Director of the BNP Paribas Open was announced to succeed Allaster as the new WTA chairman and CEO.

Personal life
Allaster currently resides in St. Petersburg, Florida with her husband, John Milkovich and their children, Jack and Alex. Jack and Alexandra were adopted from Kemerovo, Russia.

References

External links
Women's tennis CEO Stacey Allaster on equal pay, sexy tennis garb, and Venus
Advantage, Allaster: How this Canadian rose to the top
CEO Stacey Allaster works to widen WTA Tour's global appeal
Tennis: Courting favour

Living people
Canadian sports executives and administrators
Sportspeople from Welland
Sportspeople from Windsor, Ontario
University of Western Ontario alumni
Sportspeople from St. Petersburg, Florida
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
WTA Tour
1963 births
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Companions of the Order of Canada


title: The Husband She Met Online

text:
The Husband She Met Online is a television film that premiered on Lifetime on October 26, 2013.

Plot
Rachel Maleman (Meredith Monroe) is an event planner at a hotel in Philadelphia. She previously dated her co-worker John Anderson (Brett Watson), however, she broke off their 3-year relationship after he got drunk and cheated on her at a work convention. She also works alongside her roommate/best friend, Laura (Krista Morin). Rachel begins online dating and meets Craig Miller (Jason Gray-Stanford), a wealthy businessman who runs his mother's real estate company. The two start going on dates where Craig charms Rachel with his extravagant gestures and playful personality, however, John still has feelings for Rachel. Despite Rachel concealing her new boyfriend from John, he finds out since he saw them at the hotel bar together, along with other clues like Craig sending Rachel a bouquet of her favorite flowers. John reveals this knowledge during an early dinner with Rachel where he again genuinely implores her to take him back, which Rachel tells him she'll consider. Rachel had lied to Craig about the dinner, but he was suspicious and spied on her, also escalating to stalking her outside her house and having his tech guy bug Rachel's computer so he can monitor her emails. Overcome with jealousy, Craig sends his brother Ryan (Damon Runyan) to kill John, telling him John is a friend of his ex-girlfriend's out to ruin them. A private investigator named Jerry Berman (Bill Lake) is hired by the father of one of Craig's ex-girlfriends, Dominique (Allison Brennan), who went missing. She was murdered by Craig when she told him that she was pregnant. He investigates another woman that Craig dated, Melissa (Sophie Gendron); she was assaulted by Craig, and he paid her to drop the charges against him and tell the authorities she lied about Craig hitting her. After dating Rachel for a while with John out of the picture, Craig proposes to her. While wedding dress shopping, Craig stops by the boutique and picks out/purchases the dress he wants Rachel to wear, ignoring her and Laura's opinions. Craig also asks his fiancée to move in with him, quit her job, and start her own event planning business under him, so that he can spend more time with her. Jerry stops by Rachel's office and fills her in about Craig's ex-girlfriends, but when she raises these concerns to Craig, he only acts dismissive and claims that people always lie about his family to get money out of them. After calling various resources and discussing matters with Laura, Rachel becomes uncertain about marrying Craig and confronts him about all he's been hiding. They get into an argument and when Rachel says she wants a break from Craig, he tackles her to the bed and handcuffs her to it for the night. The next morning, Ryan stops by to drop off Rachel's dress and she screams for him to help, but Craig ushers him out of the bedroom to explain himself. Ryan tries to talk Craig out of the plot, but soon gets fed up and leaves, telling his brother to handle his own mess. Craig then explains to Rachel that she must call her boss and quit, because they're immediately getting married at a courthouse and then flying to Belize. He says if she tries to run or get help in any way, he will kill Laura (who was revealed to be pregnant by an ex-boyfriend) and make it look like an accident. He also makes Rachel abandon her dog, Cody, at the side of the road - he is soon rescued whilst Rachel and Craig are wed at the courthouse. A veterinarian calls Laura about Cody being found, which confuses her since when Rachel called her, she claimed she and Craig were bringing Cody on their sudden honeymoon. Due to her suspicions, she tells Jerry about what's happened. Ryan, who was drowning in guilt after killing John, tells Jerry about Craig's plans. With reinforcements close behind, Jerry confronts Craig at his airport with a gun aimed at him, but Craig grabs Rachel and points a gun at her. During the stand-off, Rachel elbows Craig and manages to escape his grasp, with Jerry shooting him several times. He dies and Rachel tearfully removes her ring. About a year later, Rachel, Laura, Cody and Laura's young daughter are peacefully enjoying their time at a park.

Cast
 Jason Gray-Stanford as Craig Miller
 Meredith Monroe as Rachel Maleman
Brett Watson as John Anderson
Damon Runyan as Ryan Miller
Krista Morin as Laura
 Bill Lake as Jerry Berman
 Mimi Kuzyk as Dorris Miller
Stephen MacDonald as Kevin
Sophie Gendron as Melissa
Allison Brennan as Dominique

References

External links

2013 drama films
Films about weddings
Films set in Philadelphia
Lifetime (TV network) films
American drama television films
2013 films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


title: Dark Enlightenment

text:
The Dark Enlightenment, also called the neo-reactionary movement (sometimes abbreviated to NRx), is an anti-democratic, anti-egalitarian, reactionary philosophical and political movement. In 2007 and 2008, software engineer Curtis Yarvin, writing under the pen name Mencius Moldbug, articulated what would develop into Dark Enlightenment thinking. Yarvin's theories were elaborated and expanded by philosopher Nick Land, who first coined the term Dark Enlightenment in his essay of the same name. The term "Dark Enlightenment" is a reaction to the Age of Enlightenment and apologia for the public view of the "Dark Ages".

The ideology generally rejects Whig historiography—the concept that history shows an inevitable progression towards greater liberty and enlightenment, culminating in liberal democracy and constitutional monarchy—in favor of a return to traditional societal constructs and forms of government, including absolute monarchism and other older forms of leadership such as cameralism.

In July 2010, Arnold Kling, an adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute, coined the term "neo-reactionaries" to describe Yarvin and his followers.

Overview
Neo-reactionaries are an informal community of bloggers and political theorists who have been active since the 2000s. Steve Sailer is a contemporary forerunner of the ideology, which also draws influence from philosophers such as Thomas Carlyle and Julius Evola.

Central to Land's ideas is a belief in freedom's incompatibility with democracy. Land drew inspiration from libertarians such as Peter Thiel, as indicated in his essay The Dark Enlightenment. The Dark Enlightenment has been described by journalists and commentators as alt-right and neo-fascist. A 2016 article in New York magazine notes that "Neoreaction has a number of different strains, but perhaps the most important is a form of post-libertarian futurism that, realizing that libertarians aren't likely to win any elections, argues against democracy in favor of authoritarian forms of government."

Andy Beckett stated that "NRx" supporters "believe in the replacement of modern nation-states, democracy and government bureaucracies by authoritarian city states, which on neoreaction blogs sound as much like idealised medieval kingdoms as they do modern enclaves such as Singapore."

According to criminal justice professor George Michael, neoreaction seeks to save its ideal of Western civilization through adoption of a monarchical, or CEO model of government to replace democracy. It also embraces the notion of "acceleration", first articulated by Vladimir Lenin as "worse is better", but in the neoreaction version, the creation and promotion of ever more societal crises hastens the adoption of the neoreactive state instead of a communist one.

Other focuses of neoreaction often include an idealization of physical fitness; a rationalist or utilitarian justification for social stratification based on intelligence, based on either heredity or meritocracy; an embrace of Classical philosophy, and traditional gender roles.

When approached by The Atlantic political affairs reporter Rosie Gray, Yarvin attempted to troll her on Twitter, and blogger Nick B. Steves said that her IQ was inadequate to the task of interviewing him and that, as a journalist, she was "the enemy".

By mid-2017, NRx had moved to forums such as the Social Matter online forum, the Hestia Society, and Thermidor Magazine.

In 2021, Yarvin appeared on Fox News' "Tucker Carlson Today", where he discussed the United States' withdrawal from Afghanistan and his concept of the "Cathedral", which he claims to be the current aggregation of political power and influential institutions that is controlling the country.

Criticism
Journalist Andrew Sullivan argues that neoreaction's pessimistic appraisal of democracy dismisses many advances that have been made and that global manufacturing patterns also limit the economic independence that sovereign states can have from one another.

In an article for The Sociological Review, after an examination of neoreaction's core tenets, Roger Burrows deplores the ideology as "hyper-neoliberal, technologically deterministic, anti-democratic, anti-egalitarian, pro-eugenicist, racist and, likely, fascist", and ridicules the entire accelerationist framework as a faulty attempt at "mainstreaming... misogynist, racist and fascist discourses." He criticizes neoreaction's racial principles and for their brazen "disavowal of any discourses" advocating for socio-economic equality and, accordingly, considers it a "eugenic philosophy" in favor of what Land deems "hyper-racism".

Relation to the alt-right
Some consider the Dark Enlightenment part of the alt-right, representing its theoretical branch. The Dark Enlightenment has been labelled by some as neo-fascist, and by University of Chichester professor Benjamin Noys as "an acceleration of capitalism to a fascist point." Land disputes the similarity between his ideas and fascism, claiming that "Fascism is a mass anti-capitalist movement," whereas he prefers that "[capitalist] corporate power should become the organizing force in society."

Journalist and pundit James Kirchick states that "although neo-reactionary thinkers disdain the masses and claim to despise populism and people more generally, what ties them to the rest of the alt-right is their unapologetically racist element, their shared misanthropy and their resentment of mismanagement by the ruling elites."

Scholar Andrew Jones, in a 2019 article, postulated that the Dark Enlightenment (i.e. the NeoReactionary Movement) is "key to understanding the Alt-Right" political ideology. "The use of affect theory, postmodern critiques of modernity, and a fixation on critiquing regimes of truth," Jones remarks, "are fundamental to NeoReaction (NRx) and what separates it from other Far-Right theory". Moreover, Jones argues that Dark Enlightenment's fixation on aesthetics, history, and philosophy, as opposed to the traditional empirical approach, distinguishes it from related far-right ideologies.

Historian Joe Mulhall, writing for The Guardian, described Nick Land as "propagating very far-right ideas." Despite neoreaction's limited online audience, Mulhall considers the ideology to have "acted as both a tributary into the alt-right and as a key constituent part [of the alt-right]."

See also

 Authoritarian capitalism
 Democracy: The God That Failed
 Intellectual dark web
 Natural order (philosophy)
 New Right (South Korea)
 Sadaejuui
 Paleolibertarianism
 Paleoconservatism
 Post-truth
 Reactionary modernism
 Right-wing antiscience
 Social constructionism
 Social Darwinism

References

External links

Alt-right
Reactionary
Counter-revolutionaries
Far-right politics
Fascism
Paleoconservatism
Paleolibertarianism
Political theories
Schools of thought
Monarchism


title: Malcolm Storry

text:
Malcolm Storry (born 13 January 1948) is an English actor with extensive experience on stage, television, and film. Amongst many roles, he is perhaps best known for 'Yellin' in The Princess Bride,  HM Customs Chief Bill Adams on The Knock, and Clive Tishell in Doc Martin.

Storry was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire. He has had an extensive career in theatre, TV, and film, including such roles as Sir Francis Drake in Elizabeth: The Golden Age, Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream for the National Theatre, and many roles for the Royal Shakespeare Company including Prospero and Caliban in The Tempest and Macduff and Banquo in Macbeth.

Selected filmography

References

External links

Living people
20th-century British male actors
1948 births
21st-century British male actors


title: 2000 Pukapuka-Nassau by-election

text:
The 2000 Pukapuka-Nassau by-election was a by-election in the Cook Islands electorate of Pukapuka-Nassau. It took place on 28 September 2000.

The by-election was caused by the invalidation of the 1999 Pukapuka-Nassau by-election. The Cook Islands Parliament subsequently passed an Electoral Amendment Act providing for a second by-election and the re-registration of voters in the electorate. The election was contested by two candidates, and won by the Democratic Alliance Party's Tiaki Wuatai.

References

By-elections in the Cook Islands
2000 elections in Oceania
2000 in the Cook Islands


title: Celtworld

text:
Celtworld was an educational amusement park, heritage interpretation centre and tourist attraction in Tramore, County Waterford, Ireland. It operated from 1992 to 1995 before closing due to financial difficulties.

Development

Funding
The total start-up cost for the project was more than £4.5 million (approximately €5.7 million). With building costs of between £90 and £110 per square foot, it was reputed to be the most expensive construction project in Ireland. Tramore Fáilte, an arm of the South East Regional Tourism Organisation, provided £737,000 toward start-up costs, in addition to term loans and leasing arrangements of approximately £575,000.  The project also attracted a European Union Structure Fund Grant of £1.81 million.

Private sector investment of £1.5 million was provided by Vectravision, Kentz, and British firm International Tourism Projects Ltd. Bank loans provided a further £600,000 of capital. A further £230,000-£250,000 was funded by 63 Business Expansion Scheme (BES) investors, which included employees of the Bank of Ireland, Kentz, and Tramore Fáilte. There were 67 investors in total. The 2.5-acre site was purchased from Tramore Fáilte for £400,000. The company was incorporated as Celtworld Limited on 30 November 1990, opening in May 1992 with 15 full-time and 15 part-time employees.

Design
The Art Deco interior was designed by artist Jim Fitzpatrick. The building was planned as a wet-weather attraction.  It was clad with aluminium and was not air conditioned, which led to uncomfortable conditions in warm weather.

Features

Theatre
Celtworld's main feature was a 25-minute show which involved a revolving auditorium, the largest such theatre in Europe at that time. Visual effects included animated artwork, computer-generated imagery, lasers, holograms, and animatronics. It was presented as a "Crystal Time Chamber" which allowed visitors to travel back to Celtic times. Every turn of the revolving theatre brought visitors to 1 of 6 presentations, which involved a range of mythical and legendary characters such as a daughter of Noah, Tuatha Dé Danann, Fomorians, Partholón, Lugh, Balor, and Cú Chulainn. The experience was narrated by Tuan mac Cairill. Historical figures such as vikings and Saint Patrick were also included.

 Presentation 1 – Cessair and Fir Bolg from Lebor Gabála Érenn
 Presentation 2 – Fir Bolg fighting Tuatha Dé Danann
 Presentation 3 – Battle between Lugh and Balor
 Presentation 4 – The childhood of Cú Chulainn
 Presentation 5 – Táin Bó Cúailnge
 Presentation 6 – Fionn mac Cumhaill and the Fianna

Otherworld
After the theatre show, visitors entered the interactive Celtic Otherworld exhibition.  This area included quizzes, information on women in Irish mythology, ogham stones, Aos Sí, an £18,000 replica Book of Kells, and an artificial tree with talking animatronic human heads.  The exit was via a gift shop.

Closure
Celtworld experienced early trading difficulties and a financial consultant was appointed to review the company. 270,000 people were expected to attend each year but the project attracted less than 50% of its target. It received a loan from Bord Fáilte in late 1993 but business did not improve. Celtworld closed in September 1995 with losses of over £4 million. More than £2 million had been spent on set-up, promotion, and consultancy fees. The centre's failure has been attributed in part to its unchanging audiovisual presentations, which failed to attract adequate repeat visitors. Bord Fáilte Director General Matt McNulty claimed that the project's failure was due to its design as a wet-weather facility. Its opening season saw unseasonably warm, dry weather which led to low attendance.

Its failure led to discussion in Dáil Éireann, the Irish parliament, where Kathleen Lynch questioned the then Minister for Tourism and Trade, Enda Kenny about its closure.

Allegations by Prime Time and Marketplace
The RTÉ One current affairs television shows Prime Time and Marketplace made a series of allegations around the business. Specifically, according to the programmes, business expansion scheme (BES) investors were unclear about the existence of significant contracts between affiliated businesses of the key shareholders and Celtworld. The shows claimed that Tramore Fáilte, a Bord Fáilte subsidiary, had inflated the value of the land it provided, implying that Tramore Fáilte had a deliberate strategy to obtain a substantial shareholding for little money. The programmes also claimed that a separate report to Bord Fáilte revealed that £100,000 of the £265,000 in expenses expended by Tramore Fáilte on behalf of Celtworld—for which Tramore Fáilte effectively earned shares—did not relate to the Celtworld project.Bobby Molloy questioned Minister Kenny over the closure and allegations which had been made.

The Minister denied the accusations, saying the assertions were untrue because both of the relevant material contracts were specifically disclosed in the BES placement document and were open for inspection, The land in question was professionally assessed, and the BES placement document made explicit mention of this appraisal, the Minister noting that it was not recognized as acceptable spending and hence had no influence on the EU grant aid. According to Bord Fáilte, the matter of the £100,000 was brought up by an impartial consultant it hired to assess the project and was later dismissed as having no merit by the board of Celtworld.

The Minister detailed how plans for business expansion naturally involve some risk. This was mentioned at least three times in the BES placement document, where it was suggested that interested investors seek the counsel of attorneys, accountants, tax advisors, or other relevant experts to aid them in their own commercial evaluation of the project. Bord Fáilte believes that Celtworld did not fail as a result of the concerns expressed on "Marketplace" regarding the internal transactions amongst shareholders. It ultimately failed instead because it was unable to draw in the volume of business required for existence and profitability.

Aftermath
The property was placed on the market with the condition that it could only be used for tourism or leisure activities, which limited its potential sale price. The site went on sale in September 1995 at an asking price of £600,000 and was due to be sold to a Northern Ireland consortium in January 1996 for £475,000. However, by February 1996 the Irish Times reported that the sale had fallen through.  A Cork based property developer, Mr P J Hegarty, then bought the location in April 1996 for £442,500.  In 1997, the site was sold to Butlin's Mosney owner Phelim McCloskey for £380,000. McCloskey developed a robotic dinosaurs exhibit which closed after less than a year.

A European Commission investigation was due to report in 1997 but as of 1999 had not been completed. In 1999, McCloskey obtained planning permission for 30 short-term holiday apartments on the site.  Permission was granted by An Bord Pleanála, controversially over-ruling a Waterford County Council decision to reject an original proposal for 36 apartments. In 2000, Ambience Catering Limited, led by Vince Power, purchased the site for "just under £50,000" and developed a 20,000 square feet music venue named South with a capacity of 2,200 guests, at a cost of €3 million.  The venue opened in 2001 but closed soon afterwards. Celtworld Limited was dissolved on 15 July 2005.

The site was sold in May 2006 to Volute Properties Limited, who received planning permission for a mixed-use development with Dunnes Stores as anchor tenants. This proposal fell through and the building was demolished in 2008. By 2020, it had been redeveloped as an Aldi supermarket.

Media and popular culture
Celtworld was featured in the 1994 RTÉ Television short drama "Gypsies".

References

Amusement parks in Ireland
Defunct amusement parks
Tourist attractions in the Republic of Ireland
1992 establishments in Ireland
1995 disestablishments in Ireland
Amusement parks opened in 1992
Amusement parks closed in 1995


title: Privacy Commissioner (New Zealand)

text:
The Office of the Privacy Commissioner (New Zealand) administers the Privacy Act 2020. The Privacy Commissioner is entrusted to protect personal information of New Zealanders in accordance with the Privacy Act. Current Privacy Commissioner, Michael Webster, began his role in July 2022.

The Privacy Commissioner oversees personal information held by agencies in both the public and private sectors. This is achieved through monitoring compliance with the 13 Information Privacy Principles. Amid his varied responsibilities, the Commissioner administers a complaint system and issues Codes of Practice or rules for particular industries, contexts and sectors. Most cases involve investigation, conciliation and settlement. Serious breaches are referred to the Human Rights Review Tribunal. The Commissioner inherently considers international obligations and worldwide developments in privacy protection.

History

The now repealed Privacy Commissioner Act 1991 established the role of the Privacy Commissioner. The Commissioner had a principal role in the development of the Privacy Bill 1993, which passed into law as the Privacy Act 1993 and established the revised Office of the Privacy Commissioner.

In March 2018, the Privacy Bill was introduced to Parliament. The Bill was passed by New Zealand Parliament in June 2020 and the Privacy Act 2020 came into law on 1 December 2020. The Privacy Act 2020 significantly updates the 1993 Act. Many of the changes are based on recommendations from the New Zealand Law Commission's 2011 review of New Zealand's privacy laws.

List of privacy commissioners

The Office of Privacy Commissioner has been held by:
Sir Bruce Slane, KNZM CBE (1993–2003)
Dame Marie Shroff, DNZM CVO (2003 – February 2014)
John Edwards (17 February 2014 – 31 December 2021)
 Michael Webster (since 5 July 2022)

Privacy Act 2020

The Privacy Act 2020 is primarily concerned with information privacy; other aspects of privacy are protected by the common law right to privacy in New Zealand. The Act controls the collection, use, disclosure, storage and granting of access to personal information by agencies. Personal information covers any information about an identifiable natural person.

The key changes in the Privacy Act 2020 include:

 new criminal offences
 introduction of compliance orders
 binding access determinations
 controls on the disclosure of information overseas
 mandatory notification of harmful privacy breaches
 the law now explicitly applies to overseas-based entities that carry on business in New Zealand.

The Privacy Act was originally enacted in 1993 in an era of heightened national awareness for human rights, and sits alongside the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 and the Human Rights Act 1993. The Privacy Act similarly addressed international concerns, acknowledging privacy obligations under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

The Privacy Act extended protection to "any person or body of persons whether corporate and unincorporate," in both the public and private sectors. Inclusion of the private sector was considered revolutionary. The Commissioner thus oversees government departments, companies, religious organisations, and schools. Some limited exemptions to the Privacy Act exist: the sovereign, the House of Representatives, courts and tribunals acting in judicial capacity, news media activities, and individuals holding personal information for private use.

The Information Privacy Principles (IPPs), monitored by the Commissioner, are based on guidelines established by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1980. The IPPs cover:
 Collection of personal information (principles 1 – 4);
 Storage and security of personal information (principle 5);
 Requests for access to and correction of personal information (principles 6 – 7);
 Accuracy of personal information (principle 8);
 Retention of personal information (principle 9);
 Use and disclosure of personal information (principles 10 – 11);
Cross border disclosures (principle 12); and
 Using unique identifiers (principle 13).

In ANZ National Bank Ltd v Tower Insurance, the High Court held the privacy principles require that personal information can only collected be for "a lawful purpose and is necessary for that purpose." The principles do not outline their practical application, giving the Commissioner flexibility to deal with varying fact situations as they arise.

In exceptional circumstances, when the Privacy Commissioner is satisfied the public interest outweighs privacy protection, agencies can be authorised to use personal information in a manner that would usually breach the IPPs or other provisions under the Act.

Roles, functions and powers
The Office of the Privacy Commissioner is an independent Crown entity, funded by the state but acts independently of government or Ministerial control. In addition to monitoring compliance with the IPPs and PRPPs, the Commissioner's roles are extensively outlined in Section 13 of the Privacy Act. The central focus is to better protect the privacy of individuals, and includes:
Legislation and policy; reporting to the Prime Minister on "legislative, administrative, or other action," and examining proposed legislation involving the collection or disclosure of personal information;
Compliance; auditing personal information held by agencies, investigating and reporting on complaints, and inquiring into possible infringements;
Education and awareness; a user-friendly website, training workshops, and monitoring developments in data processing technologies;
Monitoring government information matching programmes;
Issuing Codes of Practice; which modify the privacy principles for different industries;
Liaison and development with international counterparts; especially in the Asia-Pacific region; and
Undertaking any other function, power or duty; conferred by the Privacy Act or any other enactment.

Functions listed elsewhere in the Act include consultation with the Ombudsman, Health and Disability Commissioner and the Inspector General of Intelligence and Security, and publishing personal information directories. The Commissioner is conferred functions in several other enactments, which can be categorised as:
Complaints investigation;
Scrutiny or approval of information disclosure arrangements;
Consultation with other agencies;
Codes of Practice;
Information matching; and
Advice on privacy impact assessments.

Complaints and decisions
The Privacy Commissioner can investigate potential breaches of the IPPs, PRPPs, or other Privacy Act provisions, on his or her own initiative or on receipt of a complaint. The onus is on the complainant to establish that an agency's action both breached a privacy principle and caused harm. Harm can include financial loss, adverse effect on rights or interests, or a significant injury to feelings. Breaches of principles 6 and 7, the refusal to grant access to or allow correction of information, need not establish harm as these situations are considered interferences per se. The Commissioner can decide to take no action based on issues of time, triviality, bad faith, or if another course of action is more appropriate.

Should the Commissioner decide to pursue a complaint, his role is both investigatory and conciliatory. With this mediation rather than litigation focus, the Commissioner can call "compulsory mediation conferences," and seek a resolution agreement and assurance of non-recurrence. Both parties to a complaint must be informed of the commencement of proceedings and the result of an investigation. The Commissioner has no power to force compensation payments from an agency, dismiss an employee or prosecute anyone.

In the 2019/2020 year, the Commissioner closed 769 investigation files. Outcomes mostly included information being released or partly released, followed by the giving of assurances, an apology, a change of policy, correction of information, and monetary payment. The majority of complaints involved a breach of the IPPs, ahead of the Health Information Privacy Code. The actions of government agencies, including education providers and local authorities, trigger most complaints, followed by health sector agencies.

Where settlement is unobtainable or an agency repeatedly contravenes prior assurances, the Commissioner may refer the complaint to the Director of Human Rights Proceedings. The Director has the discretion to determine whether the Human Rights Review Tribunal should institute proceedings. Aggrieved individuals may also self-refer proceedings before this body. If satisfied of privacy interference, the Tribunal may issue a declaration, grant orders restraining repeated interference or requiring specific acts be performed, award compensatory damages up to $350,000 NZD, or give another appropriate remedy. Where the powers of the Tribunal are exceeded, remedial instructions may be referred to the High Court or extended remedial powers conferred on the Tribunal by written agreement between the parties. Case notes and Tribunal decisions are published on the Commissioner's website.

The Commissioner does not operate a system of binding precedent in the outcomes of his decisions, instead considering each case independently. The IPPs, except principle 6, and the PRPPs are not enforceable in a law court. The Privacy Act however does not preclude complainants from taking court action for a breach of the common law right to privacy where the Commissioner has dealt with a statutory complaint on the same issue.

Codes of Practice
As the IPPs are generally worded, the Commissioner may issue more specific Codes of Practice for different "industries, agencies activities or types of personal information." The codes modify the application of the Privacy Act, including less or more stringent rules than contained in the privacy principles, as is appropriate. Extensive advertisement, consultation and invitation for submissions are stipulations. Codes must be approved as delegated legislation by the House of Representatives. Thereafter the codes become enforceable under the Act and the same complaints process applies. Further remedies may be available for breaches of legislation related to a particular industry. The Privacy Commissioner commends the codes as a flexible means of regulation, more readily capable of amendment or revocation than legislative provisions. The current Codes of Practice include:

 Health Information Privacy Code 2020
 Telecommunications Information Privacy Code 2020
 Credit Reporting Privacy Code 2020
 Civil Defence National Emergencies (Information Sharing) Code 2020
 Justice Sector Unique Identifier Code 2020
 Superannuation Schemes Unique Identifier Code 2020.

International
New Zealand's Privacy Commissioner participates internationally to promote global co-ordination in privacy protection. Such forums include the Global Privacy Assembly, APEC’s Cross Border Privacy Arrangement, and the Global Privacy Enforcement Network. The Commissioner's Annual Report 2013 emphasised the need for cross-border protection given the accessibility of private information online.

In December 2012, New Zealand gained international approval for its privacy protection from the European Commission. The Commission stated that the Privacy Act and common law "cover all the basic principles necessary for an adequate level of protection for natural persons, and also provide for exemptions and limitations to safeguard important public interests." The invaluable role of the Commissioner, commended for the position's independence and adequate powers to protect individual privacy, was also noted.

See also

 Netsafe

References

External links

Privacy Act 1993
New Zealand Law Commission Review on Privacy
First Periodic Review of the Operation of the Privacy Act 1993 Report: Necessary and Desirable (15 May 2008)
Marie Shroff interviewed about the changing face of privacy on Radio New Zealand
Privacy Commissioner Appointment on Office of the Privacy Commissioner News & Publications
Privacy Commissioner's Annual Report 2013 – A Year of Rapid Change

New Zealand
New Zealand independent crown entities
1993 establishments in New Zealand


title: Cuyapaipe Mountain

text:
Cuyapaipe Mountain or Cuyapaipe Peak () is the tallest summit in the Laguna Mountains of San Diego County, California at an elevation of .  It is located within the Ewiiaapaayp Indian Reservation of the Ewiiaapaayp Band of Kumeyaay Indians (formerly Cuyapaipe Band of Mission Indians).

References

Laguna Mountains
Mountains of San Diego County, California
Mountains of Southern California


title: Petr Mainer

text:
Petr Mainer (born September 10, 1992) is a Czech professional ice hockey centre

Mainer made his Czech Extraliga debut playing with Piráti Chomutov debut during the 2013–14 Czech Extraliga season.

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Czech ice hockey centres
Sportovní Klub Kadaň players
Piráti Chomutov players
Ice hockey people from Plzeň
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden


title: Mulford Expedition

text:
The Mulford Biological Exploration of the Amazon Basin was a scientific expedition to the Amazon conducted in 1921. It was organized by Henry Hurd Rusby, who at age 64, was a well known explorer, a professor at Columbia University, and a staff member at the New York Botanical Garden. He hired Orland Emile White, a staff member at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, to assist with collection and handling of plant specimens. The expedition was financed by the H. K. Mulford Company, a pharmaceutical company.

Its mission was to explore the Amazon Valley from the headwaters of the Quime River in Bolivia to the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil. The expedition left La Paz, Bolivia, in July 1921. Rusby was forced to leave the expedition due to neuritis, an infected tooth, and his age; however, White and Martín Cárdenas continued to collect. The expedition lasted eight months, but never reached the Amazon.

Expedition
News from 1921:

The expedition leaves the field in March 1922:

Results
The botanists returned with over 2,400 collections representing more than 1,500 species of plant life.  Their collections included a large amount of orchids, termites, economic plants and seeds.  Rusby worked through most of the samples himself identifying six new genera and 257 new species.  The main collection from the expedition are located at the New York Botanical Garden and at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

During the expedition, Gordon MacCreagh wrote a book about its trials and tribulations. White Waters and Black was published in 1923.

Members
 Henry Hurd Rusby, director
 William M. Mann, entomologist
 Orland Emile White, botanist
 Nathan Everett Pearson, ichthyologist
 Walter Duval Brown
 Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
 Gordon MacCreagh
 G. S. McCarty
 Martín Cárdenas

References

See also
 Search Results: Mulford Expedition at the Smithsonian Institution

South American expeditions