title: Frankfurt Main Cemetery

text:
The Frankfurt Main Cemetery (German: Hauptfriedhof) is the largest cemetery in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It was opened in 1828. The cemetery is located directly adjacent to two Jewish cemeteries—the Old Jewish Cemetery (opened together with the Main Cemetery in 1828) and the  (opened in 1928)—and together they form one of the largest cemetery areas in Germany. The cemetery is noted for its many monumental graves, its garden architecture and as the site of the graves of many notable individuals.

History

The Frankfurt Main Cemetery was planned as the replacement of St. Peter's Cemetery, which had been the main cemetery of the city since the 16th century. At the time, today's Main Cemetery was located outside of the city. The plans were met with resistance in the population. In particular, the still influential patrician families did not want to abandon their monumental family tombs at St. Peter's Cemetery. They only relented when larger monumental graves were also permitted on the new cemetery, contrary to the initial plan.

Notable graves
The references are to the graves' locations (Gewann unless otherwise noted).

A
 Wolfgang Abendroth (1906–1985), jurist
 Wilhelm Heinrich Ackermann (1789–1848), educator
 Franz Adickes (1846–1915), Mayor of Frankfurt 1890–1912
 Justinian von Adlerflycht (1761–1831), jurist and politician
 Theodor W. Adorno (1903–1969), philosopher
 Wilhelm Altheim (1871–1914), painter
 Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915), physician
 Alois Ammerschläger (1913–1995), businessman
 Rudi Arndt (1927–2004), Mayor of Frankfurt 1972–1977
 Hans von Auerswald (1792–1848), General and politician, E243

B
 Bertha Bagge (1859–1939), painter, J 61
 Karl Ballenberger (1801–1860) painter, F 47
 Anne Bärenz (1950–2005), jazz musician V 774
 August de Bary (1874–1954), physician, D
 Albrecht Becker (1840–1911), architect, J 120
 Jakob Becker (1810–1872), painter, F 143
 Peter Becker (1828–1904), painter, F 1889
 Wilhelm Amandus Beer (1837–1907), painter C 260
 Johann Adam Beil (1790–1852), senator and founder of the cemetery, C7
 Maria Belli-Gontard (1788–1883), author, Gruft 43
 Matthias Beltz (1945–2002), musician, XIII GG48
 Willy Berking (1910–1979), composer, Gedenkstätte E an der Mauer 339a
 Family von Bethmann, bankers B an der Mauer 362 + 400
 Ernst Beutler (1885–1960), literature, scholar, C214a
 Conrad Binding (1846–1933), founder of the Binding-Brauerei, F 816–817
 Friedrich Landolin Karl Freiherr von Blittersdorf (1792–1861), Baden politician and diplomat, an der Mauer 106
 Jakob Hermann Bockenheimer (1837–1908), surgeon, E an der Mauer 539a
 Fritz Boehle (1873–1916), painter and sculptor, X II 1
 Johann Friedrich Böhmer (1795–1863), historian, A 239
 Family Bolongaro, businessmen, an der Mauer 432
 Friedrich Bothe (1869–1952), historian, IV 171
 Rudolf Christian Böttger (1806–1881), chemist, J 751a
 Otto Brenner (1907–1972), businessman, E 1479b
 Antonie Brentano (1780–1869) and spouse Franz Brentano (1765–1844), merchant, Gruft 48
 Willi Brundert (1912–1970), Mayor of Frankfurt 1964–1970, II 204a
 Adolf von Brüning (1837–1884), founder of Hoechst AG, J an der Mauer 606–609
 Margarete Buber-Neumann (1901–1989), publisher, F 1908
 Carl Peter Burnitz (1824–1886), painter, E 724
 Rudolf Burnitz (1789–1849), architect, An der Mauer 516
 Rudolf Heinrich Burnitz (1827–1880), architect, An der Mauer 516

C–D
 Liesel Christ (1919–1996), actress, J 296
 Emil Claar (1847–1930), theatre director, I 183
 Hermine Claar-Delia (1848–1908), actress, I 183
 Philipp Otto Cornil (1824–1907), painter and art historian, D 12
 Sophie Cossaeus (1893–1965), actress, F 1459
 Philipp Jakob Cretzschmar (1786–1845), physician and founder of the Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, D 244/45
 Hermann Dechent (1850–1935), priest, A 282
 Franz Karl Delavilla (1884–1967), graphic artist, I 1354
 Jakob Fürchtegott Dielmann (1809–1885), painter, J 548
 Fritz Dietz (1909–1984), merchant, an der Mauer 410a

E–F
 Ludwig Edinger (1855–1918), physician, II GG 21
 Anna Edinger (1863–1929), women's rights activist, II GG 21
 Tilly Edinger (1897–1967), paleontologist, II GG 21
 August Euler (1868–1957), minister of aviation, IV 120
 Louis Eysen (1843–1899), painter, an der Mauer 555a
 Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur (1780–1857), jurist, General and military painter, D 86
 Karl Konstanz Viktor Fellner (1817–1866), Mayor of Frankfurt, D an der Mauer 164
 Anselm von Feuerbach (1775–1833), jurist, C an der Mauer 105
 Johann Karl von Fichard (1773–1829), historian, C a.d.Mauer 79
 Karl Flesch (1853–1915), politician  E 47a
 Berthold Freudenthal (1873–1929), jurist V 74a
 Leo Frobenius (1873–1938), Africa researcher, C 424

G–H
 Mausoleum Gans, built 1909 for Friedrich Ludwig von Gans IV
 Leo Gans (1843–1935), businessman, III GG 9
 Else Gentner-Fischer (1883–1943), opera singer, II 34
 Robert Gernhardt (1937–2006), author, A 1103
 Hermann Goepfert(1926–1982), painter, XIII 361
 Georg Goltermann (1824–1898), composer, D an der Mauer 153
 Familie Gontard, B Gruft 44
 Karl Graebe (1841–1927), chemist, D 75
 Günther Groenhoff (1908–1932), XIV 219b
 Georg Friedrich von Guaita (1772–1851), Mayor of Frankfurt, C 8
 Karl Gutzkow (1811–1878), author, D 272a
 Philipp Friedrich Gwinner (1796–1868), Mayor of Frankfurt, B an der Mauer 399
 Adolf Haeuser (1857–1938), industrialist, II 192
 Ferdinand Happ (1868–1952), poet, A 159a
 Eduard Ludwig von Harnier (1800–1868), Mayor of Frankfurt, E an der Mauer 359a
 Georg Hartmann (1870–1954), businessman, II 34
 Hans Hartz (1943–2002), songwriter, XIV 9
 Samuel Friedrich Hassel (1798–1876), singer and actor, A 24
 Heinrich Hasselhorst (1825–1904), painter, F 1820
 Eva Heller (1948–2008), author
 Philipp Helfmann (1843–1909), businessman, E 774
 Johann Friedrich Christian Hess (1785–1845), architect, D 457
 Friedrich Hessemer (1800–1860), architect, F II
 Kurt Hessenberg (1908–1994), composer G 540
 Karl Heussenstamm (1835–1913), Mayor of Frankfurt, G 428
 Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden (1793–1866), Mayor of Frankfurt, D 216 an der Mauer
 Wilhelm Hill (1838–1902), composer, E 131
 Joseph Hoch (1815–1874), lawyer and founder of the Hoch Conservatory, Gruft 39
 Heinrich Hoffmann (1809–1894), author (Struwwelpeter), G an der Mauer 541
 Wilhelm Hollbach (1893–1962), Mayor of Frankfurt, I 1118
 Adolph von Holzhausen (1866–1923), F an der Mauer 184
 Anton Ulrich von Holzhausen (1754–1832), Mayor of Frankfurt, F an der Mauer 137
 Heinrich Holzmann (1879–1962), businessman, II GG3
 Johann Philipp Holzmann (1805–1870), businessman, F 568
 Arthur Hübscher (1897–1985), author and chairman of the Schopenhauer Society, A 24a (next to Arthur Schopenhauer)
 Ricarda Huch (1864–1947), author, II 204
 Wilhelm Friedrich Hufnagel (1754–1830), theologian, C Reihe 12/37

I–L
 Johannes Janssen (1829–1891), historian, E 562
 Wilhelm Jordan (1819–1904), author, F 946
 Rudolf Jung (1859–1922), historian, G 1500
 Heinz-Herbert Karry (1920–1981), politician, XIV 202
 Anton Kirchner (1779–1835), historian, D 60
 Johanna Kirchner (1889–1944), political activist, I 242
 Heinrich Kleyer (1853–1932), businessman, II 191
 Ferdinand Karl Klimsch (1812–1890), painter, V 428
 Karl Ferdinand Klimsch (1841–1926), painter, V 428
 Walter Kolb (1902–1956), Mayor of Frankfurt A 55a
 Friedrich Krebs (1894–1961), Mayor of Frankfurt, XII 646
 Georg Ludwig Kriegk (1805–1878), historian, E 93
 Armin K.W. Kutzsche (1914–1995), physician, C
 Ludwig Landmann (1868–1945), Mayor of Frankfurt, A 290
 Jakob Latscha (1849–1912), businessman, J 463a
 Familie Julius Lejeune, B 106
 Theodor Lerner (1866–1931), journalist, A 47
 Felix Maria Vincenz Andreas Fürst von Lichnowsky (1814–1848), politician, E 243 (memorial)
 Bruno Liebrucks (1911–1986), philosopher, IV 207
 Alexander Linnemann (1839–1902), architect, F 1356
 Rose Livingston (1860–1914), philanthropist, F an der Mauer 460b
 Eugen Lucius (1834–1903), chemist, F 2046, 2047
 Carl Luley (1887–1966), actor, XIII 618

M–N
 Erwin Madelung (1881–1972), physicist, A 609
 Charlotte Mahler (1894–1973), surgeon, II GG 31
 Ernst Majer-Leonhard (1889–1966), school leader, E
 Carl Malß (1792–1848), poet, A Reihe 94/98
 Albert Mangelsdorff (1928–2005), jazz musician, XV 31
 Friedrich Nicolas Manskopf (1869–1928), wine merchant, D 294
 Edwin von Manteuffel (1809–1885), General, Altes Portal (memorial)
 Ernst May (1886–1970), architect, A 274
 Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Meister (1827–1895), industrialist, an der Mauer 450
 Cécile Charlotte Sophie Mendelssohn Bartholdy née Jeanrenaud (1817–1851), wife of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, E 172
  (1881–1960), industrialist and philanthropist, II GG 10, 11
 Wilhelm Merton (1848–1916), Industrialist, II GG 10,11
 Albert von Metzler (1839–1918), banker, C 88
 Johann Friedrich von Meyer (1772–1849), senator, an der Mauer D 176
 Johannes von Miquel (1828–1901), Mayor of Frankfurt, D 297
 Alexander Mitscherlich (1908–1982), author, J 1049
 Margarete Mitscherlich (1917–2012), physician, J 1049
 Franz Joseph Molitor (1779–1860), author, F 250
 Walter Möller (1920–1971), Mayor of Frankfurt, II 202c
 Tycho Mommsen (1819–1900), philologist, F 1608
 Carl Morgenstern (1811–1893), painter F 864
 Johann Friedrich Morgenstern (1777–1844), painter, A 101
 Johann Georg Mouson (1812–1894), businessman, V 163
 Victor Müller (1830–1871), painter, an der Mauer 542a
 Daniel Heinrich Mumm von Schwarzenstein (1818–1890), Mayor of Frankfurt, A 84
 Ernst Franz August Münzenberger (1833–1890), art collector, B 141
  (1827–1916), photographer, C Gruft 24
 Karl Jonas Mylius (1839–1883), architect, C Gruft 24
 Josef Neckermann (1912–1992), B an der Mauer 380–81
 Christian Ernst Neeff (1782–1849), physician, an der Mauer 62
 Ludwig von Neher (1850–1916), architect, II GG 69
 Peter von Oubril (1774–1848), Russian diplomat, Gruft 13

P–R
 Alfons Paquet (1881–1944), journalist, A 276a
 Marie Paquet-Steinhausen (1881–1958), painter A 276a
 Johann David Passavant (1787–1861), art historian F 589
 Theodor Petersen (1836–1918), chemist, A 61
 Camille Armand Jules Marie, Prince de Polignac (1832–1913), American General, C Gruft 30
 Max Quarck (1860–1930), politician, E 743
 Meta Quarck-Hammerschlag (1864–1954), politician, E 743
 Joseph Joachim Raff (1822–1882), Swiss composer, D 298
 Ludwig Rehn (1849–1930), surgeon, V 143
 Marcel Reich-Ranicki (1920–2013), literature critic, XIV 34 UG
 Teofila Reich-Ranicki (1920–2011), artist, XIV 34 UG
 Countess Emilie von Reichenbach-Lessonitz née Ortlepp (1791–1843), wife of the Elector of Hesse, Mausoleum, F 1
 Carl Theodor Reiffenstein (1820–1893), painter, G 372
 Ferdinand Ries (1784–1837), composer and student of Beethoven
 Sebastian Rinz (1782–1861), C 155
 Friedrich Roessler (1813–1883), an der Mauer 444
 Ludwig Rottenberg (1864–1932), composer, II GG29
 Friedrich Rumpf (1795–1867), architect, an der Mauer 269a
 Eduard Rüppell (1794–1884), African researcher, F 155a

S
 Gottfried Scharff (1782–1855), merchant and Mayor of Frankfurt, B an der Mauer 330
 Friedrich Schierholz (1840–1894), sculptor, J 634 Plan Nr.158
 Adolf Schindling (1887–1963), senator, III
 Dorothea Schlegel née Mendelssohn (1763–1839), author, B 180
 Matthias Jacob Schleiden (1804–1881), botanist, J 751b
 Peter Schmick (1833–1899), architect, an der Mauer 465a
 Johann Friedrich Moritz Schmidt-Metzler (1838–1907), physician, C 90
 Pauline Schmidt (1840–1856), C 148
 Eduard Schmidt von der Launitz (1797–1869), sculptor, an der Mauer 398a
 Victor Schmieden (1874–1945), surgeon XIV 33
 Otto Scholderer (1834–1902), painter F 185a
 Arthur Moritz Schoenflies (1853–1928), XIV 403
 Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860), philosopher, A 24
 Norbert Schrödl (1842–1912), painter, I 531
 Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring (1755–1830), anatomist, an der Mauer 178
 Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt (1901–1986), politician, II 268
 Johann Baptist von Schweitzer (1833–1875), politician, Gruft 32
 Hermann Senf (1878–1979), architect, VII 231a
 Lutz Sikorski (1950–2011), politician, D 550
 Albert Steigenberger (1889–1958), IV 125
 Wilhelm Steinhausen (1846–1924), painter, E 577a
 David Stempel (1869–1927), II 220
 Adolf Stoltze (1842–1933), poet, II GG 23
 Friedrich Stoltze (1816–1891), journalist, J 306,
 Ignatz Stroof (1838–1920), chemist, I 212
 Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel (1886–1944), General, an der Mauer 402b (memorial)

T–Z
 Alfred Teves and family, businessman, II 135
 Gustav Treupel (1867–1926), physician, V
 Abisag Tüllmann (1935–1996), photographer, F 1763
 Siegfried Unseld (1924–2002), publisher, II 203
 Franz Volhard (1872–1950), physician, V 311
 Friedrich Karl Waechter (1937–2005), cartoonist, J 1066
 Walter Wallmann (1932–2013), Mayor of Frankfurt, XIV, 32
 Beda Weber (1798–1858), German Benedictine professor, author, and member of the Frankfurt Parliament, B 141, 142
 Arthur von Weinberg (1860–1943), businessman, II GG 29, 29a, 30
 Marianne von Willemer (1784–1860), Goethe's love interest, D 261
 Franz Xaver Winterhalter (1805–1873), painter, C 123/124
 Johann Georg August Wirth (1798–1848), author, A 98–88
 Paul Wolff (1887–1951), physician, II GG 17a
 Julius Ziehen (1864–1925), educator D 228
 Johann Nepomuk Zwerger (1796–1868), sculptor D 256

References

Literature
 Victor von Brauchitsch, Helga von Brauchitsch: Zum Gedenken – Grabmale in Frankfurt am Main. Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1988, .
 Peter Braunholz, Britta Boerdner, Christian Setzepfandt: Der Frankfurter Hauptfriedhof. Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, .
 Ebba D. Drolshagen: Der melancholische Garten: Ein Spaziergang über den Frankfurter Hauptfriedhof. Heinrich und Hahn, Frankfurt am Main 2006, .
 Ebba D. Drolshagen: Der melancholische Garten: Der Frankfurter Hauptfriedhof und seine Grabdenkmäler im 19. Jahrhundert. Fricke, Frankfurt am Main 1987, .
 Bettina Erche: Der Frankfurter Hauptfriedhof. Supplement-Band zur Denkmaltopographie Stadt Frankfurt am Main. Henrich, Frankfurt am Main 1999, .
 Friedhofsverwaltung der Stadt Frankfurt am Main – Grünflächenamt – Abteilung Friedhofsangelegenheiten: Der Friedhofswegweiser – Informationen, Hinweise, Standorte, Historie, Anschriften, Inserate. Mammut-Verlag, Leipzig, 2012.

External links

Buildings and structures in Frankfurt
Religion in Frankfurt
Tourist attractions in Frankfurt


title: Rands, Iowa

text:
Rands is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Iowa, in the United States.

History
Rands was founded in 1891. Rands' population was 12 in 1902.

References

Unincorporated communities in Calhoun County, Iowa
Unincorporated communities in Iowa


title: Eréndira Ibarra

text:
Eréndira Ibarra (born September 25, 1985) is a Mexican actress and casting director, known for Sense8 (2015–18), Las Aparicio (2015), The Matrix Resurrections (2021) and Ingobernable (2017).

Personal life
Ibarra is the daughter of producer Epigmenio Ibarra, and studied at the artistic studio in Casa Azul. She is bisexual, and has been married to Venezuelan model Fredd Londoño since 2010. They have one son, Rocco (born 2017).

Filmography

Film

Television roles

References

External links

21st-century Mexican actresses
1985 births
Mexican film actresses
Living people
Actresses from Mexico City
Bisexual actresses
Mexican bisexual people
Mexican LGBT actors


title: Héctor Acosta (singer)

text:
Héctor Elpidio Acosta Restituyo, better known as Héctor Acosta "El Torito" (Héctor Acosta "The Little Bull") or simply Héctor Acosta, is a Dominican singer of Merengue and bachata music. Acosta was the lead singer for the Dominican band Los Toros Band (The Bull Band). They were mostly a merengue band who in the late 1990s started to perform bachata songs which would gain huge success. In the mid-2000s he continued as a solo artist and would gain bigger success with hits like "Me Voy", "Con Que Ojos", "Tu Primera Vez", "Me Duele La Cabeza", "Levántate", "Amorcito Enfermito", among others.  Some of his hits have reached number one on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart. He has released seven studio albums in which three of them have been certified gold in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Early life
Acosta was Bonao, Monseñor Nouel, Dominican Republic on May 23, 1967. He is the song of Elpidio Acosta, a school teacher and Seferina Irene Restituyo. He is the oldest of two brothers. At an early age, he was involve in music as he was part of a church choir in his hometown. This would help him in his singing, even though he originally was trying to pursue a career in baseball.

In 1982, he participated in a voice festival contest by a local radio station named Novel Radio. He won first prize in the contest. This would eventually lead him to a career in music.

Career

Early career (1982-1989)
Acosta would form La Renovación Quisqueyana (The Quisqueyan Renovation/Renewal) along with members from the church choir he was apart of. This group had characteristics similar to another merengue group Los Paymasi. Two years later, Acosta left the group to join another group called Los Gentiles (The Gentle Ones), who were considered the most refined group in the city of Bonao at the time. In the late 1980s, Acosta would work for Dominican merengue band Los Hermanos Rosario (The Rosario Brothers). He work as a back-up vocalist and covered for one of its members, Toño Rosario, who at the time took a leave of absence due to legal issues. Also, Acosta's voice at the time resembled Toño's voice. He would eventually meet the band's manager Gerardo Díaz, known as El Toro (The Bull) who would eventually also become his manager as he would convince Acosta to be part of the band that would be known as Los Toros Band. Acosta would leave The Rosario Brothers to be the lead singer of Díaz's band.

Los Toros Band (1990-2006)
In 1990, Los Toros Band (The Bull Band) was formed and released their debut album Se Soltaron Los Toros (The Bulls Have Released Themselves). The album gained huge success on radio. On May 4, 1991, Acosta would officially start doing presentations as the lead vocalist and leader of the band and would start making appearances at concerts, parties, and on TV shows. Since then, they gained success with multiple merengue hits. Later on they would release bachata songs that would eventually establish the group to be seen as a bachata band as well, thus giving them international fame in the process. In 2006, he would depart the band to pursue a solo career. Prior to his departure there were issues between him and the record label Los Toros Records (The Bull Records), which was owned by Gerardo Díaz and his brother Juan Pablo Díaz. From late 2005 to early 2006, Acosta was in a legal battle to get out of his contract. Also, the group was not allowed to perform live or the record label would sue them. Eventually, an agreement was made and Acosta was no longer a member of Los Toros Band.

Solo career (2006-Present)
In late 2006, he released his debut solo album Sigo Siendo Yo (I Continue Being Me). Its lead single "Me Voy" ("I'm Leaving") was written by Romeo Santos and it peaked at number 48 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart. In 2008, Acosta released his second album Mitad / Mitad (Half / Half) and it features a cover of Jorge Celedón's song "Sin Perdón" which became a number one hit on the Tropical Songs chart. In the same year, Acosta and Celedón performed a duet titled "Me Vió Llorar" ("Saw Me Weep") which also reached number one on the Tropical Songs chart. The album was certified gold by the RIAA for shipping 30,000 copies in the US. His next albums Simplemente... El Torito (Simply The Little Bull) (2009) and Oblígame (Obligate Me) (2010) were also certified gold for shipping 50,000 and 30,000 copies respectively. Oblígame received a Latin Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Tropical Album. In 2012, he released his fifth studio album Con El Corazón Abierto (With an Open Heart) and its lead single "Tu Veneno" ("Your Venom") became his third number-one single on the Tropical Songs chart. Acosta is considered one of Dominican music's greatest musicians.

Discography

The following is his discography list:

Studio albums
 Sigo Siendo Yo (2006)
 Mitad / Mitad (2008)
 Simplemente... El Torito (2009)
 Oblígame (2010)
 Con El Corazón Abierto (2012)
 Merengue Y Sentimiento (2015)
 Este Soy Yo (2022)

Live albums
 Tipico (2004) - J&N Records

Compilation albums
 The Ultimate Bachata Collection (2010)
 The Ultimate Merengue Collection (2011)
 La Historia... Mis Exitos (2014)
 Los Número Uno (2019)

DVDs
 En Vivo (2008)
 Una Noche Con El Torito (2010)

References

20th-century Dominican Republic male singers
21st-century Dominican Republic male singers
Dominican Republic male songwriters
Latin music songwriters
Merengue musicians
Bachata singers
Spanish-language singers
People from Bonao
Living people
1967 births


title: Synod of Maynooth

text:
Synod of Maynooth (1875) was the second national synod of the Catholic Church in Ireland since the passing of the Catholic Emancipation Act, the first was the 1850 Synod of Thurles. It was the first synod to be held in Maynooth College. The synod was presided over by Cardinal Paul Cullen, and seen the church in Ireland become more centralised

Of the twenty seven prelates of the church who attended the synod twenty one were educated at Maynooth, Gerald Molloy and William Walsh acted as assistant secretaries to the council, with the principal part in drafting its decrees. The synod sanctioned an appeal to fundraise for the development of the College Chapel in Maynooth. The bishops also issued a letter condemning drunkenness although did not endorse temperance. The synod reiterated the Pope Pius IX strictures, and condemned Fenianism.

The synod commenced on 31 August and closed on 20 September 1875, the decrees were not published until they were approved of by the Holy See in 1876 and its provisions were formally promulgated in June 1876.

See also

 Roman Catholicism in Ireland

References

History of Catholicism in Ireland
Synods of Ireland
St Patrick's College, Maynooth


title: Richard, Iowa

text:
Richard is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Iowa, in the United States.

History
Richard (formerly Richards)  was laid out and platted in June 1900. It was named for its founders, E. A. and Bessie P. Richards.

References

Unincorporated communities in Calhoun County, Iowa
Unincorporated communities in Iowa


title: Eymundsson

text:
Eymundsson is Iceland's oldest bookstore, established in 1872. It operates 15 locations around Iceland and offers a wide selection of books, magazines and various gift items. Many of their storefronts also include a coffeehouse. The store offers Iceland's largest selection of foreign books and Icelandic literature in English.

History
Sigfús Eymundsson, a photographer and a bookbinder founded "Bókaverslun Sigfúsar Eymundsson" in 1872. In 1886 Sigfus founded Eymundsson publishing and in coming years he would publish many of Iceland's poets, including Hannes Hafstein and Bólu-Hjálmar. Sigfus was the first to import typewriters and money safes. He was also the first Icelander to publish and sell postcards, using his own photos as material.

In 1920 Eymundsson bought the house on Austurstræti 18. Today Eymundsson's store still stands on this spot, in house built in 1960.

References

External links

Bookstores of Iceland
1872 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Iceland


title: James Carse

text:
James Carse may refer to:

James Alexander Carse (born 1958), Zimbabwean cricketer
James Howe Carse (c. 1819–1900), British Australian oil painter
James P. Carse, American religious writer


title: Tetulia Corridor

text:
The Tetulia Corridor is a proposed  passage that would connect the political subdivision of Chopra in North Dinajpur district to the towns of Jalpaiguri and Mainaguri in Jalpaiguri district in the Indian state of West Bengal, through Tetulia Upazila Debangarh Union in Bangladesh.  The government of India has taken up the opening of the corridor with the government of Bangladesh. The corridor would reduce the travel distance by about  and facilitate easier access to Northeast India.

History

Since the partition of India, the country's only access to its northeast has been the narrow Siliguri Corridor, vulnerable to natural disasters like landslides.  Article VIII of the India-Bangladesh Trade Agreement, signed in 1980, states, "The two governments agree to make mutually beneficial arrangements for the use of their waterways, railways and roadways for commerce between the two countries and for passage of goods between two places in one country through the territory of the other". Based on this provision India allowed a Bangladesh-to-Bangladesh passage called Teen Bigha Corridor through its territory, initially for a limited duration each day, and eventually, through a lease agreement, for 24 hours a day, starting in September 2011. Afterwards, politicians in the region stepped up efforts to persuade Bangladesh to reciprocate and grant access to India through its territory.

The government of Bangladesh has not decided on the issue, and the proposal remains pending. Local leaders demanded that the Indian government initiate negotiations on the issue, and to settle it along with Indo-Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement.

Benefits
The corridor would reduce the travel distance by  from the Indian "mainland" to the Indian northeast. It would thereby likely enhance commerce in the region, as well as facilitating Indian administration of Jalpaiguri district by making it easier to reach from the state capital.

External links
 Map of India-Bangladesh border links

Notes

Geography of Bangladesh
Borders of India
Borders of Bangladesh
Panchagarh District
Geography of Rangpur Division
Geopolitical corridors


title: One Chance (video game)

text:
One Chance is a Flash game developed by Dean Moynihan and released on Newgrounds on December 2, 2010. It has been frequently cited in video games literature as an interesting and moving use of permadeath mechanic (permanent death).

In the game, the player controls a scientist who has created a cancer-attacking "cure"; when it is released in a gas form it begins to cause the extinction of all life by unexpectedly targeting all living cells, rather than just cancer cells. The player is given six days to create an antibiotic, after which point one of several endings may be achieved depending on the choices made. A web browser cookie prevents the game from being played more than once.

Plot
Players assume the role of a Dr. John Pilgrim, who has a wife named Penny and a daughter named Molly. Pilgrim is the leader of a small group of scientists who have discovered what seems to be the cure for cancer, titled E48K15. They soon realize that the experimental cure doesn't just kill cancer cells, but all living cells as well. The cure is released into the air, and the player is given 6 days to save the Earth.

Gameplay
WhatGamesAre describes the gameplay as that of "a simple adventure game where you can walk around, talk to people and open doors. Every day the game changes the scenario up a little bit and reinforces the message of how much time is left. In the end... the results are stark and affecting." There are multiple endings, and some reviewers asked readers to share their own personal experiences on how they chose to spend their last 6 days on Earth before the ceasing of all life.

The game's name refers to the player's inability to replay it upon completion; refreshing the page after finishing the game brings the player back to the ending received. However, this can be circumvented by playing the game on a different website, using a different computer, or clearing the Internet browser's cookies; Moynihan discourages these workarounds, and feels that they detract from the game's impact.

Reception
WhatGamesAre praised the unpredictability of the game, saying,  "At several points the game then surprises you. You think you have it figured out, and then something changes and it sneaks past your defences. You might feel appalled or just freaked out that this little Flash game is somehow getting to you, and you may well feel conscientious and even guilty about the situation that the game places you in." It added that "The biggest flaw with One Chance is that it is only good for one play through...The other game-side flaw is that there is no sense of a solution." Alternatively, Destructoid spoke positively of inability to replay, stating, "There's a problem with branching paths and moral decisions in videogames: even if they are meaningful (few are), players can usually bypass the system by using multiple save files or other means to go in for another attempt and a different outcome", adding that the game had a very good system to prevent people from "cheating".

See also
 You Only Live Once (2009)

References

External links

Flash games
Permadeath games
Puzzle video games
2010 video games
Single-player video games


title: First Battle of Picardy

text:
The First Battle of Picardy  took place during the Race to the Sea  and the First Battle of the Aisne  The "race" was a Franco-British counter-offensive, which followed the Battle of the Frontiers (7 August – 13 September) and the German advance into France during the Great Retreat, which ended at the First Battle of the Marne  The term describes reciprocal attempts by the Franco-British and German armies to envelop the northern flank of the opposing army, through Picardy, Artois and Flanders.

The first outflanking attempt resulted in an encounter battle in Picardy. The French Sixth Army attacked up the Oise river valley towards Noyon, as the Second Army assembled further north, ready to attempt to advance round the northern flank of the German 1st Army. Both French armies managed to advance successively on a line from Roye to Chaulnes, until the German 6th Army and other reinforcements arrived from Lorraine and halted the French advance. Both sides then attempted another flanking move to the north, which merged into the Battle of Albert .

Background

Strategic developments
General Erich von Falkenhayn replaced Colonel-General Helmuth von Moltke the Younger as Chief of the German General Staff on 14 September, when the German front in France was being consolidated in Lorraine and on the Aisne. The open western flank beyond the 1st Army and the danger of attacks from the National redoubt of Belgium, where the Siege of Antwerp had begun on 20 August, created a dilemma in which the German positions had to be maintained, when only offensive operations could lead to decisive victory. Appeals for the reinforcement of the Eastern Front could not be ignored and Falkenhayn cancelled a plan for the 6th Army to break through near Verdun and ordered that it move across France to the right wing of the German armies. The flank of 1st Army was at Compiègne, beyond which there were no German forces until Antwerp. Falkenhayn could reinforce the 1st Army with the 6th Army, send it to Antwerp or divide the army by reinforcing the 1st Army and the Antwerp siege with part of the army, while the rest operated in the area between.

Falkenhayn chose to move the 6th Army to Maubeuge and outflank the Franco-British left wing, withdrawing the 1st, 7th Army and 2nd Army to La Fère, Laon and Reims while the 6th Army was redeploying. The 3rd Army, 4th Army and 5th Army were to defend if the French attacked and attack to the south-west beginning on 18 September. General Karl von Bülow and Colonel Gerhard Tappen of the Operations Branch of the  (OHL, Supreme Army Command) objected, because the time needed to move the 6th Army, would concede the initiative to the French and recommended an attack by the 1st and 7th armies, with reinforcements from the armies to the east for an offensive from Reims, Fismes and Soissons, since the French could redeploy troops on undamaged railways and the risk of separating the 1st and 2nd armies again would be avoided. Falkenhayn cancelled the retirement and ordered the 6th Army to assemble at St. Quentin. An attack south of Verdun to capture forts on the Meuse and encircle Verdun from the south and an attack from Soissons to Reims would prevent the French from moving troops to the flanks.

Tactical developments

First Battle of the Aisne

On 10 September, Joffre ordered the French armies and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to advance and exploit the victory of the Marne. For four days, the armies on the left flank advanced and gathered up German stragglers, wounded and equipment, opposed only by rearguards. From  Joffre ordered outflanking manoeuvres by the armies on the left flank but their advance was too slow to catch the Germans. The Germans ended the retirement on 14 September, on high ground on the north bank of the Aisne and began to dig in, which reduced the French advance from  to a few local gains. French troops had begun to move westwards from Lorraine on 2 September, using the undamaged railways behind the French front, which were able to move a corps to the left flank in  On 17 September, the French Sixth Army attacked from Soissons to Noyon, at the westernmost point of the French flank, with the XIII and IV Corps, supported by two divisions of the 6th Group of Reserve Divisions, after which the fighting moved north to Lassigny and the French dug in around Nampcel.

The German armies attacked from Verdun westwards to Reims and the Aisne on 20 September, cut the main railway from Verdun to Paris and created the St Mihiel salient at the Battle of Flirey  south of the Verdun fortress zone. The main German effort remained on the western flank, which was revealed to the French by intercepted wireless messages. By 28 September, the Aisne front had stabilised and the BEF began to withdraw on the night of  with the first troops arriving in the Abbeville area on the night of  The BEF prepared to commence operations in Flanders and join with the British forces which had been operating in Belgium since August.

Prelude

Northward redeployments

The German IX Reserve Corps had arrived from Belgium by 15 September and the 6th Army was expected to complete a move from Lorraine from  Next day the corps joined the right flank of the 1st Army, for an attack to the south-west with the IV Corps, IX Reserve Corps and the 4th and 7th cavalry divisions. The 2nd Army commander Bülow, ordered Kluck the 1st Army commander, to cancel the offensive and withdraw the two corps behind the right flank of the 1st Army. On 16 September, the 2nd and 9th cavalry divisions were dispatched from the Aisne front as reinforcements but before the retirement began, the French XIII and IV corps on the left flank of Sixth Army, with the 61st and 62nd divisions of the 6th Group of Reserve Divisions, began to advance along the Oise and met the right flank of the German 1st Army between Carlepont and Noyon, on 17 September. On the right flank, the French 17th and 45th divisions attacked near Soissons and gained a foothold on the plateau of Cuffies, just north of the city.

On 18 September, the French advance was stopped on a south-east to north-west line at Carlepont on the south bank of the Oise and Noyon on the north bank, which ended the first French outflanking move. Joffre dissolved the Second Army in Lorraine and sent General Noël de Castelnau and the Second Army headquarters to the north of the Sixth Army, to take over the IV and XIII Corps, along with the 1st, 5th, 8th and 10th Cavalry divisions of the French II Cavalry Corps (General Louis Conneau) from the Sixth Army. The XIV Corps was transferred from the First Army and XX Corps from the original Second Army, to assemble south of Amiens, screened by the 81st, 82nd, 84th and 88th Territorial divisions, to protect French communications. The new French Second Army prepared to begin an advance on 22 September, on a line from Lassigny north to Roye and Chaulnes around the German flank.

On 21 September, Falkenhayn met Bülow and agreed that the 6th Army should concentrate close to Amiens and attack towards the Channel coast and then envelop the French south of the Somme in a  (decisive battle). The XXI Corps, which had moved from Lunéville on 15 September and the I Bavarian Corps, which marched from Namur, arrived during 24 September but were diverted against the French Second Army as soon as they arrived, to extend the front northwards from Chaulnes to Péronne on 24 September, to attack the French bridgehead and drive the French back over the Somme.

Battle

22–26 September

The French Second Army crossed the Avre on a line from Lassigny northwards to Roye and Chaulnes but met the German II Corps from the 1st Army, which had arrived from the Aisne front, where new entrenchments had enabled fewer men to garrison the front line. The corps moved into line on the night of  on the right flank of the IX Reserve Corps. Despite the assistance of four divisions of the II Cavalry Corps (Lieutenant-General Georg von der Marwitz), the Germans were pushed back to a line from Ribécourt to Lassigny and Roye, which menaced German communications through Ham and St. Quentin. On 21 September, the German XVIII Corps had begun a  forced march from Reims and reached Ham on the evening of 23 September. On 24 September, the XVIII Corps attacked towards Roye and with the II Corps, forced back the French IV Corps. To the north, the French Second Army reached Péronne and formed a bridgehead on the east bank of the Somme, which exhausted the offensive capacity of the army.

Joffre sent the XI Corps, which was the last French reserve, to the Second Army and began to withdraw three more corps as reinforcements. The German XXI and I Bavarian corps recaptured Péronne and forced the Second Army west of the Somme, where the French managed to dig in on good defensive ground, from Lassigny to Roye and Bray. The German II Cavalry Corps moved north to make room for the II Bavarian Corps on the north bank of the Somme, which had marched from Valenciennes. On 25 September, a German attack near Noyon pushed back the Second Army. French reinforcements attacked again and from  a general action took place along the Western Front, from the Vosges to Péronne, after which the main effort of both sides took place further north, at the Battle of Albert  The German offensive took very little ground and after a lull the Germans renewed the offensive against the Second Army, which was driven back from Lassigny to a line from Ribecourt on the Oise, to Roye west of Chaulnes and the plateau north of the Somme, between Combles and Albert. On 1 October, the Germans attacked at Roye in the centre of the Second Army front and on 5 October, another attack at Lassigny was repulsed; on 7 October a French counter-attack between Chaulnes and Roye took

Aftermath

Analysis

The French had used the undamaged railways behind their front to move troops more quickly than the Germans, who had to take long detours, wait for repairs to damaged tracks and replace rolling stock. The French IV Corps moved from Lorraine on 2 September in  and assembled by 6 September. The French had been able to move troops in up to  per day and use hundreds of motor-vehicles, which were co-ordinated by two staff officers, Commandant Gérard and Captain Doumenc. The French had been able to use Belgian and captured German rail wagons and the domestic telephone and telegraph systems. The initiative held by the Germans in August was not recovered and all troop movements to the right flank were piecemeal.

Until the end of the Siege of Maubeuge  only the single track from Trier to Liège, Brussels, Valenciennes and Cambrai was available. The line had to be used to supply the German armies, while the 6th Army had to be carried in the opposite direction, limiting the army to forty trains a day, when it took four days to move a corps. Information on German troop movements from wireless interception enabled the French to forestall German moves but the Germans had to rely on reports from spies, which were frequently wrong. The French resorted to more cautious infantry tactics, using cover to reduce casualties and a centralised system of control, as the German army commanders followed contradictory plans. The French did not need quickly to obtain a decisive result and could concentrate on conserving the army.

Subsequent operations

The German II Bavarian Corps and the XIV Reserve Corps pushed back a French Territorial division from Bapaume and advanced towards Bray and Albert. From  the French XXI Corps and X Corps north of the Somme, with support on the right flank by the 81st, 82nd, 84th and 88th Territorial divisions (General Joseph Brugère) and the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 10th Cavalry divisions of the II Cavalry Corps (General Louis Conneau), defended the approaches to Albert. On 28 September, the French were able to stop the German advance on a line from Maricourt to Fricourt and Thiépval. The German II Cavalry Corps was stopped in the vicinity of Arras by the French cavalry. On 29 September, Joffre combined X Corps, which was  north of Amiens, the II Cavalry Corps south-east of Arras and the  (General Louis de Maud'huy), which had a Reserve Division in Arras and one in Lens, into a new Tenth Army.

Notes

Footnotes

References

Books

Encyclopaedias

Further reading

External links

 First Battle of Picardy

Picardy
Picardy
1914 in France
Race to the Sea
Picardy
Picardy
Picardy
September 1914 events


title: Robert Conroy (politician)

text:
Robert Conroy (1811 – April 5, 1868) was an Irish-born business owner and politician in Quebec. He served as mayor of Aylmer from 1858 to 1860 and from 1866 to 1868. He was considered one of the most prosperous hotel operators and lumber barons in the Ottawa Valley during the 1850s.

Born in Magherafelt in County Londonderry, Conroy arrived in the Ottawa region in 1830. In 1834 (some sources say 1838) he built the British Hotel in Aylmer. Conroy partnered with John Egan, Charles Symmes and Harvey Parker in the operation of a steam-powered flour mill. He was also a partner with Egan, Richard McConnell and Joseph-Ignace Aumond in the Bytown and Aylmer Union Turnpike Company which completed the Britannia Road (later known as the Aylmer Road) connecting Bytown, Hull and Aylmer to aid in the transport of lumber. Conroy built a sawmill in the Aylmer area which formed the nucleus for the development of the village of Deschênes, now a neighbourhood in the city of Gatineau. Conroy was one of the prominent timber kings of his era who were consulted by the Canadian government during the development of the Crown Timber Act of 1849, which was the first legislation in Canada regulating the use of forest resources on Crown lands. He was a director of the Ottawa Association of Lumber Manufacturers and held extensive timber cutting rights on the Madawaska River and other parts of Renfrew County, Ontario. Conroy was president of the Madawaska River Improvement Company, formed to build timber slides and other structures to aid in the transport of logs on that river. During the 1850s, he bought the Aylmer Hotel, later the Auberge Symmes, from Charles Symmes. He also operated a general store in Aylmer.

Conroy served as a captain in the militia for Ottawa County and was a prominent member of the local Masons. When the Prince of Wales visited Aylmer in 1860, Conroy was a member of the group that drafted the address of welcome.

He married Mary McConnell in 1837 and, in 1841, they moved into an apartment in the British Hotel, where they lived until 1845 when construction of his first home was completed. Conroy died in office at the age of 56 and his wake was held at the British Hotel.

Some sources say that the assassin of Thomas D'Arcy McGee fled to Aylmer to hide himself among those gathered for Conroy's wake.

His son William later also served as Aylmer mayor and another son Robert Hughes Conroy served as mayor of Hull South.

Conroy's former residence has been designated as a heritage building by Quebec.

Conroy Island, an island in the Ottawa River, was named after Robert Conroy and his family.

References

1811 births
1868 deaths
Mayors of places in Quebec
Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople
Irish emigrants to Canada


title: Sherwood, Iowa

text:
Sherwood is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Iowa, in the United States.

History
Sherwood was originally called Mosely, and under the latter name was platted in 1899. It was later renamed Sherwood when the post office was established.

References

Unincorporated communities in Calhoun County, Iowa
Unincorporated communities in Iowa


title: 1994 Liverpool City Council election

text:
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on 5 May 1994.  One-third of the council was up for election and the Labour party retained leadership of the council as a minority administration.

After the election, the composition of the council was:

Election result

Ward results

Abercromby

Aigburth

Allerton

Anfield

Arundel

Breckfield

Broadgreen

Childwall

Church

Clubmoor

County

Croxteth

Dingle

Dovecot

Everton

Fazakerley

Gillmoss

Granby

Grassendale

Kensington

Melrose

Netherley

Old Swan

Picton

Pirrie

St. Mary's

Smithdown

Speke

Tuebrook

Valley

Vauxhall

Warbreck

Woolton

References

1994
1994 English local elections
1990s in Liverpool


title: David Wessels

text:
David Wessels (born 1982), is a South African-Australian professional rugby union football coach. He is currently the head coach of the Melbourne Rebels team that compete in the Super Rugby competition. He was previously head coach at the Western Force, and co-head coach of the Perth Spirit in Australia's National Rugby Championship. South African born, Wessels is a naturalised Australian citizen.

Wessels was born in Cape Town, South Africa, he then moved to Johannesburg where he attended St Stithians College before enrolling at Cape Town University. He was a defensive consultant to the Super Rugby team the Stormers in 2008 and 2009, before being appointed as an assistant coach at UCT (Ikeys) in the Varsity Cup from 2009 to 2011.

He moved to Australia as a defensive consultant to the Brumbies under head coach Jake White in 2012, and had a significant influence on the rejuvenated Brumbies with the team conceding the fewest points in the Australian Conference and the second least in the Super Rugby competition. He joined the Western Force as the senior assistant coach for the 2013 Super Rugby season. Wessels was appointed, alongside Kevin Foote, as co-head coach of the Perth Spirit for the inaugural season of Australia's National Rugby Championship in 2014.

Wessels became the caretaker head coach of the Western Force for the last three games of 2016, before being appointed as head coach for the 2017 Super Rugby season.

Following the Australian Rugby Union's decision to exclude the Force from Super Rugby after the 2017 season, Wessels joined the Melbourne Rebels as head coach in September 2017, signing a two-year deal with the team. He coached the team for three and a half seasons before departing ahead of the Super Rugby Trans-Tasman competition in 2021.

References

Living people
South African rugby union coaches
Australian rugby union coaches
1982 births
Western Force coaches
Melbourne Rebels coaches


title: Wightman, Iowa

text:
Wightman is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Iowa, in the United States. It has a population of less than 500 individuals.

History
Wightman was platted in 1903 when the Chicago Great Western Railroad was extended to that point. It was named for one of its founders, R. C. Wight.

Wightman's population was 35 in 1925.

References

Unincorporated communities in Calhoun County, Iowa
Unincorporated communities in Iowa


title: Aleksandar Simović (footballer)

text:
Aleksandar Simović (; born 30 January 1992) is a Serbian football midfielder.

References

External links

 Aleksandar Simović stats at utakmica.rs

1992 births
Living people
Footballers from Belgrade
Men's association football midfielders
Serbian men's footballers
FK BSK Borča players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece


title: Cultural competence in healthcare

text:
Cultural competence in healthcare refers to the ability for healthcare professionals to demonstrate cultural competence toward patients with diverse values, beliefs, and feelings. This process includes consideration of the individual social, cultural, and psychological needs of patients for effective cross-cultural communication with their health care providers. The goal of cultural competence in health care is to reduce health disparities and to provide optimal care to patients regardless of their race, gender, ethnic background, native languages spoken, and religious or cultural beliefs. Cultural competency training is important in health care fields where human interaction is common, including medicine, nursing, allied health, mental health, social work, pharmacy, oral health, and public health fields.

The term cultural competence was first used by Terry L. Cross and colleagues in 1989, but it was not until almost a decade later that health care professionals began to be formally educated and trained in cultural competence. In 2002, cultural competence in health care emerged as a field and has been increasingly embedded into medical education curricula and taught in health settings around the world since then.

Definitions
Cultural competence is a practice of values and attitudes that aims to optimize the healthcare experience of patients with cross cultural backgrounds. Essential elements that enable organizations to become culturally competent include valuing diversity, having the capacity for cultural self-assessment, being conscious of the dynamics inherent when cultures interact, having institutionalized cultural knowledge, and having developed adaptations to service delivery reflecting an understanding of cultural diversity. By definition, diversity includes differences in race, ethnicity, age, gender, size, religion, sexual orientation, and physical and mental ability. Accordingly, organizations should include these considerations in all aspects of policy making, administration, practice, and service delivery.

Cultural competence involves more than having sensitivity or awareness of cultures. It necessitates an active process of learning and developing skills to engage effectively in cross-cultural situations and re-evaluating these skills over time. Cultural competence is often used interchangeably with the term cultural competency. Multicultural competency is a more encompassing term that includes the ability to function effectively in cross-cultural interactions with a wide range of different cultural groups. Acquiring cultural competence is a continuous process.

Other terms relating to cultural competence include cultural responsiveness, cultural humility, cultural intelligence, and cultural safety. Cultural responsiveness involves recognizing the unique cultural identity of each client and exploring the differences as well as being open to valuing clients’ knowledge and expertise. Cultural humility is the process by which providers participate in the process of self-reflection and self-critique devoted to being life-long learners or practitioners to further address power differences between professionals and clients and a commitment to respect the clients’ values. Cultural intelligence relies on cultural metacognition (knowledge of your own attitudes and values) and encompasses the ability to interact effectively with culturally different clients. Cultural safety relates to the assumptions of power held by health providers of particular groups of people that have been historically marginalized. Providers must recognize their own beliefs, attitudes, and culture to foster a safe, trusting, and respectful experience for their clients to encourage trust and empowerment.

Awareness
The awareness aspect of cultural competence relates to the consciousness of one's personal reactions to people who look or exhibit different practices from cultural norms. According to the American Sociological Association, culture itself is understood as the languages, customs, beliefs, rules, arts, knowledge, collective identities, and memories shared by members of a social group that form the foundations of motives or actions. In measuring cultural competence in health care, one must recognize their own implicit biases toward patients or employees. Lack of awareness causes cultural discrimination during patient care. An analysis by researchers at UC San Francisco, UC Berkeley, and Stanford University found that almost one in five patients with chronic conditions over the age of 54 reported feeling discrimination within health care in a national survey that took place between 2008 and 2014.

Attitude
Paul Pedersen, a pioneer in multicultural competence, theorized a framework of culturally competence practices that consisted of three factors: awareness, knowledge, and skills. The Diversity Training University International (DTUI) included an attitude component that is delineated from the other factors increasing the analysis of general biases and beliefs as a scheme in one's daily life. This differs from an exercise that forces students to examine their own values and beliefs of cultural differences.

Knowledge
The problem of cultural incompetency lies in the lack of familiarity of the cultural and social experiences of the patient. Social psychologist Patricia Devine and her colleges conducted research that found that low-scorers on a cultural familiarity test tended to exemplify more discriminatory actions or speech in cross-cultural interactions. When awareness, attitudes, and knowledge are given prominence in these encounters, ethnocentrism, racism, and inequitable relations are no longer present.

Knowledge of culture also includes awareness of the structural, social, and environmental barriers that give meaning to certain actions in patients' lives. In the Cross-cultural Counseling Inventory, practitioners are examined by their understanding of "the current socio-political system and its impact on the client". In 2017, there was an estimated 20.5 million Black, Hispanic, and Native Americans living below the poverty line. Without taking aspects like socioeconomic status, immigrant status, and environment into consideration, physicians often resort to stereotyping or biases in their behavior.

Skills
The skills aspect of cultural competence involves implementing the practices of cultural knowledge, sensitivity, and awareness into daily experiences with patients. One aspect of developing skills is learning respectful and effective communication strategies whether within an organization or between individuals. Learning communication practices includes examining communication through body language and other non-verbal cue as some gestures may have extreme variations and meanings from one culture to another. Developing skills is an active process that requires reexamining one's own internal belief system.

Cultural competence in various settings

Healthcare system
A healthcare system, sometimes referred to as health system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver healthcare services to meet the health needs of target populations. A culturally competent health system not only recognizes and accepts the importance of cultural diversity at every level but also assesses the cross-cultural relations, stays vigilant towards any changes and developments resulting from cultural diversity, broadens cultural knowledge, and adapts services to meet the needs that are culturally-unique.

As more and more immigrants are coming to America, healthcare professionals with good cultural competence can use the knowledge and sensitivity that they obtain in order to provide holistic care for clients from other countries, who speak foreign languages. The challenges for American healthcare systems to meet the health needs of the increasing number of diverse patients are becoming very obvious. The challenges include but are not limited to the following:
 Sociocultural barriers
 Poor cross-cultural communication
 Language barriers
 Attitudes toward healthcare
 Beliefs in diagnosis and treatment
 Lack of cultural competence in the design of the system

Leadership and workforce
In response to a rapid growth of the population of minority groups in the United States, healthcare organizations have responded by providing new services and undergoing health reforms in terms of diversity in leadership and workforce. Despite improvements and progress seen in some areas, minorities are still underrepresented within both healthcare leadership and workforce.

Clinical practice
To provide culturally sensitive patient-centered care, physicians should treat each patient as an individual, recognizing and respecting his or her beliefs, values and care seeking behaviors. However, many physicians lack the awareness of or training in cultural competence. With the constantly changing demographics, their patients are increasingly getting diverse as well. It is utterly important to educate physicians to be culturally competent so that they can effectively treat patients of different cultural and ethnic backgrounds.

Ignorance of these cultural differences could manifest in discomfort for the patient, subpar healthcare, incorrect diagnosis, and even racism, all which lower patients’ access to quality healthcare. Studies stress culturally sensitive training and education programs in healthcare settings that will impart to physicians how culture can affect healthcare treatment. Additionally, when interacting with patients of different cultures, specifically East Asian culture, it is important to “bridge the health care system with more traditional Eastern medical care… entail[ing] education for health professionals as part of a broader curriculum on providing culturally competent care.”  Within western healthcare, there are also large amounts of inaccuracies and misperceptions of health risks for different minority groups, which could be addressed through further linguistically and culturally appropriate health education.

Implicit bias aimed towards certain races or ethnicities is frequent in the healthcare field, specifically in the United States, commonly with Black Americans, Hispanic Americans, and American Indians. Subconscious discrimination occurs regardless of the advancement of disease prevention in the United States, as shown by the significantly high mortality rates of the groups mentioned earlier in the paragraph. This discrimination is shaped by attitudes of healthcare professionals, who often differ in effort and type of treatment based on the race and physical appearance of a patient. Carrying over to the diagnosis and treatment of minority patients, the disparities in quality of healthcare increase the likelihood of developing diseases such as asthma, HIV/AIDs and other life-threatening diseases. For example, a study that focused on the treatment and diagnosis differences between black women and white women in regards to breast cancer indicated this discrimination against minorities and its effects. Furthermore, the study indicated that "white women are more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer, [and] Black women are more likely to die from it."

The differences in responses from healthcare professionals to black patients versus white patients is drastic, indicated by subconscious negative perceptions of various races. In a study that evaluated physicians' immediate assumptions made about different races "two-thirds of the clinicians subconsciously formed a bias against Blacks (43% moderate to strong) and Latinos (51% moderate to strong)". Without intentionally concocting stereotypes about patients, these clinicians are indirectly negatively affecting the patients they mistreat. To remedy this, the study expresses support for clinicians to form a stronger connection with each patient and to focus on the patient at hand, rather than considering their race or background. This will help to prevent negative attitudes and tones when speaking with patients, creating a positive atmosphere that allows for equal environments and treatments for all patients, regardless of race or physical appearance.

These subconscious negative perceptions of different races could also potentially lead to mistrust of western healthcare by minority populations. Mistrust of the government or Western medicine is a big reason that many immigrant/minority populations do not seek out healthcare, leading them to believe that equitable, affordable, quality healthcare is not a resource that is available to them. A program called Minnesota Immunization Networking Initiative (MINI) was started “in 2006 to reduce vaccination barriers of underserved populations” like African-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, etc. MINI succeeded in increasing vaccination and trust within these communities. Their success came from engaging the community, establishing strong partnerships with service providers, and actively involving and communicating with community partners, and holding clinics in trusted community facilities. Other research studies have also recommended that providers build trust with clients by making efforts to establish relationships with patients and “keeping in mind unique cultural profiles."

In response to the increasingly diverse population, several states (WA, CA, CT, NJ, NM) have passed legislation requiring or strongly recommending cultural competency training for physicians. In 2005, New Jersey legislature enacted a law requiring all physicians to complete at least 6 hours of training in cultural competency as a condition for renewal of their New Jersey medical license, whether or not they actively practice in New Jersey. Physicians' responses to this CME requirement varied, both positively and negatively. But the overall feedback was positive towards the outcomes of participation in and satisfaction with the programs. The United States also passed federal legislation on Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Standards (CLAS), which is legislation aimed at reducing healthcare inequities like those in refugee health in the United States through culturally competent care.

In order to provide culturally competent care for their diverse patients, physicians should at the first step understand that patients' cultures can influence profoundly how they define health and illness, how they seek health care, and what constitutes appropriate treatment. They should also realize that their clinical care process could also be influenced by their own personal and professional experiences as well as biomedical culture. Dr. Like pointed out in one of his articles that "in transforming systems, transcultural nurses, physicians, and other health care professionals need to remember that cultural humility and cultural competence must go hand in hand."

Community Health Clinics
Because of insurance, costs, and a variety of other reasons, the types of services needed to meet the needs of minority communities are not usually offered at private hospitals. Federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) are legally mandated to provide primary care for medically underserved communities, and thus are ideal settings to implement and provide culturally and linguistically inclusive services to immigrant communities.

Community Health Centers, at their most basic level, provide low to no cost primary medical care to low-income, minority, and underserved communities. They are usually located in underserved communities and neighborhoods, with the idea to increase access, reduce travel and wait times, and to combat gentrification. They were meant to be of the people, by the people.

In an Integrated Care Model that allows clients to get an all-in-one-experience, the CHC model was unique in that it offered a wide range of auxiliary services   in addition to primary care, such as dental, behavioral, social services, etc. CHC's also “pride themselves equally on providing community-accountable and culturally competent care aimed at reducing health disparities associated with poverty, race, language, and culture”, as seen by their offered translation, interpretation, transportation, and social services. According to research, CHC's have successfully increased health service utilization in low-income areas, as well as lowered hospital admissions and readmissions (a positive metric) compared with other major providers of primary care in these areas.

Occupational Therapy
Occupational therapists are a valued member of healthcare among the allied health professions and can offer a unique contribution to the improvement of cultural competence. In healthcare, occupational therapists work with a variety of individuals across the lifespan with a variety of diagnosis or impairments in a client-centered approach to use meaningful activities or interventions to improve their quality of life and promote independence. Due to the client-centered approach, occupational therapists have the opportunity to develop trusting relationships with clients and use an individual's client factors related to beliefs and values while being culturally sensitive to their needs and desires for their own outcomes in treatment. Occupational therapists develop an individualized effective intervention plan based on understanding the client's values and beliefs of health and illness.
The therapist-patient relationship is very important in occupational therapy to promote the client's engagement in purposeful activities and meaningful occupations from the client's cultural view. Therefore, learning about culture, applying cultural knowledge and reflecting on culture is crucial to reach the ultimate goals of the treatment plan successfully with equity and justice.

A useful resource that is available to assist with improving cultural competence is listed on the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) website and provides more extensive definitions of various cultural terms and cultural competence toolkits which provide resources and information regarding specific groups of individuals that can be helpful in improving cultural competence in practice as an occupational therapist.

Research
Cultural competence in research is the ability of researchers and research staff to provide high quality research that takes into account the culture and diversity of a population when developing research ideas, design, and methodology. Cultural competence can be crucial for ensuring that the sampling is representative of the population and therefore application to a diverse number of people. It is important that a study's subject enrollment reflect as closely as possible the target population of those affected by the health problem being studied.

In 1994, the National Institutes of Health established policy (Public Law 103-43) for the inclusion of women, children, and members of minority groups and their subpopulations in biomedical and behavioral clinical studies. Overcoming challenges to cultural competence in research also means that institutional review board membership should include representatives of large communities and cultural groups as representatives.

Medical education
The critical importance of training medical students to be future culturally competent physicians has been recognized by accrediting bodies such as the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) and other medical organizations such as American Medical Association (AMA) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM).

Culture is definitely beyond ethnicity and race. Healthcare professionals need to learn about the tolerance of other's beliefs. Professional care is about meeting patients' needs even if they do not align with the caretaker's personal beliefs. Discovering one's own beliefs and their origin (from upbringing or modeling of parents, for example) helps understand what is believed and moderates actions at times when others are cared for with different beliefs. As a result, it is essential for healthcare professionals to practice cultural competence and recognize the differences as well as cultural sensitivities to provide holistic care for the patients.

According to the LCME standard for cultural competence, "the faculty and students must demonstrate an understanding of the manner in which people of diverse culture and belief systems perceive health and illness and respond to various symptoms, diseases, and treatments." In response to the mandates, medical schools in the U.S. have incorporated teaching cultural competency in their curricula. A search on cultural competency in the curriculum of a medical school revealed that it was covered in 33 events in 13 courses in spring 2014. A similar search was performed on health disparities yielding 16 events in 10 courses covering the topic.

The cultural competence curriculum is intended to improve the interaction between patients and physicians and to assure that students will possess the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that enable them to provide high quality and culturally competent care to patients and their families as well as the general medical community.

A "visual intervention" was completed to educate healthcare professionals on the dangers of subconscious discrimination toward minority groups in order to lessen the common discrimination certain races or ethnicities face in a healthcare setting. This study allowed for physicians to focus more on the problems of their patients, and truly listening to their issues. By creating a supportive space that fosters a strong channel of communication, the study targeted the lack of connection between healthcare professionals and patients due to either language barriers or the patient's mistrust in the professional.

Patient education
Patient-Physician communication involves two sides. While physicians and other healthcare providers are being encouraged or required to be culturally competent in delivery of quality healthcare, it would be reasonable to encourage patients as well to be culturally sensitive and be aware that not all health care providers are equally competent in cultures. When it comes to illness, cultural beliefs and values affect greatly a patient's behavior in seeking healthcare. They should try their best to communicate their concerns relating to their beliefs, values and other cultural factors that might affect care and treatment to their physicians and other healthcare providers. If effective communication is unlikely achieved, then they should be provided with language assistance and interpretation services. Recognizing that patients receive the best care when they work in partnership with doctors, the General Medical Council issued guidance for patients "What to expect from your doctor: a guide for patients" in April 2013.

Health promotion advertising campaigns. Communication campaigns are attempts to inform or influence behaviors in large audiences to produce noncommercial benefits to individuals and society. Health communications designed for the general audience may not reach many due to cultural and language barriers. Cultural competence is analyzing, detecting and correcting these barriers. A one size fits all approach is not optimal for cultural competence. Instead, specific community organizations would know best about their own specific concerns. Care should be taken to not make the intended audience feel targeted. Public health advertising that features models who belong to their own group may cause a "Why us?" reaction.
Public health advertising featuring minorities does not generate this backlash effect when the advertising appears in community-based publications mostly read by the featured group.
Examples: In March 2022, Houston Health Department (HHD)  announced minority-owned, Houston-based media and creative business firm 9thWonder Agency  as its partner to help reduce vaccine hesitancy.

Nursing
The core functions of a nurse rely on conversation and communication, which is directly impacted by the ability to speak or understand the language and culture of the patient. However, there are limited interventions for nurses to effectively manage language discordance. One study aimed to understand the components of nursing that are impacted by language discordance and the interventions that have been successfully used to overcome these barriers. The authors analyzed 299 studies and 24 met the selection criteria. The selection criteria included whether the studies addressed the topic of language discordance and the languages the studies were published in. The studies were mainly qualitative and were not large, numerical experiments. The majority, 20 out of 24, of the studies only focused on using interpreter services, whether they are professional or ad-hoc. While the risks of ad-hoc interpreters are clearly posed in the studies, the nurses regularly resort to ad-hoc interpreters when professional interpreters are not available. The authors recommend that each health care service plan and implement processes and systems to give nurses the tools, training, or resources they need to effectively carry out their job, specifically when communicating with patients who do not speak the same first language as them. Nevertheless, this study provides another angle to support the argument that interpreters and resources to mitigate the risks of language barriers are urgent for not just the diverse patient, but also for the clinicians who want to provide the best possible care.

Challenges to cultural competence

Language barriers
Linguistic competence involves communicating effectively with diverse populations, including individuals with limited English proficiency (LEP), low literacy skills or are not literate, disabilities, and individuals with any degree of hearing loss. According to the U.S. Census in 2011, 25.3 million people are considered limited English proficient, accounting for 9% of the U.S. population. Hospitals frequently admit LEP patients for treatment. With cultural and linguistic barriers, it is not surprising that it is hard to achieve effective communication between the health care providers and the LEP patients. Results from a 2019 systematic review of the literature found that overcoming the English-language barrier for LEP patients is a factor connected with improving patient health outcomes. Even so, in 2021, 25 million people who spoke Spanish received a third less health care than those that spoke English or other Americans.

The National Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) Standards in Health and Health Care developed by the Office of Minority Health (OMH) are intended to advance health equity, improve quality and help eliminate health care disparities. The three themes of the fifteen CLAS standards areGovernance, Leadership, and workforce; Communication and Language Assistance; and Engagement, Continuous Improvement, and Accountability. The standards clearly emphasized that the top levels of an organizational leadership hold the responsibility for CLAS implementation, and that language assistance should be provided when needed, and quality improvement, community engagement, and evaluation are importance.

Research emphasizes the need for culturally and linguistically sensitive services in providing healthcare to immigrant/minority populations, and studies show that interpreters and translation services could decrease linguistic barriers for minorities in clinical health settings. Communities who don't speak the dominant language would have a hard time accessing and understanding healthcare, especially when it comes to insurance. Immigrant communities might face even higher barriers to access because of cultural differences and not knowing how things work. In these cases, interpreters and language services are especially important.

Variability in interpreter use
Though the standard of interpreter use in medical discourses has been perceived to be the solution for cross-linguistic encounters within the hospital flow, a close analysis of the social role of the translator uncovers varying effects on the quality of care and accuracy of medical advice. A previous study of 83 U.S. public and private hospitals reported an average of 11 percent of the patient population requiring interpreter services. At one particular hospital, only seven full-time Spanish-English interpreters were hired to attend to the linguistic needs of 33,000 patients in need of Spanish interpretation. The high demand but low value for this position generates interpreters who may be ill-fit for the responsibility, consistently running late and not having the adequate training to perfectly translate the patient's needs or the doctors orders. Ad hoc translators were found to display a higher level of error frequency in their patient interactions with 77% of the translations being found to some level of inaccuracy. This is relatively higher compared to professional medical translators. Ad hoc translators are nurses, family members, or other available bilingual staff that are utilized on the spot for translation purposes. However, in the same study, professional translators were still found to exhibit error in 53% in their evaluated interactions. In a review of 28 in-site research studies conducted, use of professional interpreters was associated with overall improved clinical care in four categories: communication, utilization, clinical outcomes, and satisfaction. Of the twenty-eight, only six were found to have an overall patient rating of "satisfactory" or higher in the context of their clinic care with the use of a professional translator.

One of the big problems with language services is that it is maintained by the hospitals and clinics, and is the first to be cut in financial strain. Health insurance also does not reimburse the use of interpreters. It is shown from these studies that professional translation and interpreter services, coupled with language education, are not enough to overcome these cultural and linguistic hurdles. Clough et al. suggests that “culturally competent guidance provided by navigators from a patient's own ethnic community [patient navigators] might play a major role in overcoming barriers to healthcare.”

Community Navigators (also known as community health workers, patient navigators, health advocates, and a variety of other names)  are healthcare workers who are trained to provide culturally appropriate support to populations with historically limited access to healthcare.  Community Navigators work as the bridge between patients and providers, and help patients overcome language barriers, financial barriers, unfamiliarity with the healthcare system, cultural and religious differences, and more. In studies, Community Navigators have been found to improve primary outcomes relating to chronic disease management. For example, in studies, Community Navigators at Federally Qualified Health Clinics helped improve the cancer diagnosis and screening process and timeline among underserved, vulnerable populations. Many clinical practices, especially Federally Qualified Health Clinics, employ Community Navigators.

Cultural barriers

Diversity
One factor that impinges on delivery culturally competent care is the degree in which the leadership and workforce of the physician population reflect the rates of minority groups in the United States. Research has shown that for minority patients, racial similarity between patient and physician correlates with a greater sense of patient satisfaction. On a study conducted on a cohort of 147,815 primary care physicians, the Black, Hispanic, and Native American groups together constituted 13.4 percent of the population as compared. However, since 2018, these groups comprised a total of 33 percent of the population of the United States. Despite the small pool of Black and Hispanic physicians, studies show that 25 percent of Black patients participating in a study and 23 percent of the Hispanic patients had primary care physicians that coincided with their racial identity. Given their connections and experiences, minority health professionals are more likely to develop care models that more effectively meet the needs of the communities they serve. The lack of diversity and sociocultural awareness risks the chance of stereotyping patients or having lack of attentiveness to the individual needs of their patients.

A study of Asian American children showed that ethnic match between mental health provider and client increased the likelihood that the client would utilize the services, the number of sessions attended, and the functioning score at discharge, as well as decreased the likelihood the client would drop out of treatment. According to studies, a diverse and socially inclusive workforce is incredibly important. Thomson writes that direct provider-patient communication increases the chances of the patient's customs and beliefs being understood and taken into account during treatment, leading to better care.

Europe

International migration is a global and complex phenomenon. Many European countries, including Belgium, are experiencing increasing population diversity arising from international immigration. Labor migrants, past colonial links, and, for some countries, their strategic position in the European Union are factors contributing to this diversity. Leadership and Cultural Competence of Healthcare Professionals 2015

Routine medical care in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland is being increasingly impacted by the cultural and linguistic diversity of an ever more complex world. Both at home and as part of international student exchanges, medical students are confronted with different ways of thinking and acting in relation to health and disease. Despite an increasing number of courses on cultural competence and global health at German-speaking medical schools, systematic approaches are lacking on how to integrate this topic into medical curricula. Cultural Competence and Global Health: Perspectives for Medical Education – Position paper of the GMA Committee on Cultural Competence and Global Health 2018

See also

 Community-based participatory research
 Culturally relevant teaching
 Ethnocentrism
 Global health
 Health status of Asian Americans
 Health system
 Intercultural competence
 Medical ethics
 Purnell Model for Cultural Competence

References

49.  American Occupational Therapy Association. (2020). Cultural Competency Tool Kits. Retrieved
July 30, 2020 from https://www.aota.org/Practice/Manage/Multicultural/Cultural-Competency-Tool-Kit.aspx

50.  American Occupational Therapy Association. (2014). Occupational therapy practice
framework: Domain and process (3rd ed.). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(Suppl. 1), S1– S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2014.682006

51. Ekelman, B., Vanina, D. B., Bazyk, J., & Bazyk, S. (2003). Developing cultural competence in occupational therapy and physical education. Journal of Allied Health. Vol 32, Issue 2. 131–7.

52. Odawara, E. (2005). Cultural competency in occupational therapy: Beyond a cross-cultural view of practice. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. Vol. 59. (p 325–334).

Further reading

 Competency: Select Web Resources (Rutgers University Libraries)
 Ebola Outbreak 2014 - 2015: Health Information Guide (Archive)
 National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities
 NJDOH OMMH Report 2014 - A Condensed Blueprint for Advancing and Sustaining CLAS Policy and Practice

External links
 National Center for Cultural Competence (NCCC)
 Think Cultural Health (Office of Minority Health, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services)

Determinants of health
Cultural competence


title: Berea, Iowa

text:
Berea was an unincorporated community in Eureka Township, Adair County, Iowa, United States.

History

Berea was founded along the banks of the Middle Nodaway River; it was named after the Ancient Greek city of Berea. The community was founded by Ned Brown and Alexander Broadfoot, who were early  settlers, and its peak population was around 100 residents.

A post office called Berea was established in 1894, and remained in operation until 1908. In 1905, the community was reported to have a population of 40, with a general store, a pharmacist, a creamery, a blacksmith and a wagonmaker. The Berea Store was built in June 1909, replacing an earlier store which had been destroyed by fire.

In 1915, Berea was described as a village, with the Berea Horse Company being a noted business, owned by brothers Isaac Brown and A.R. Brown. At that time, Berea had a town band which performed at community events. Around that time, Berea's population was estimated at 50 residents.

The Berea Gospel Hall was built in 1929.

The Rock Island Railroad passed through nearby Anita and Adair, and it was for this reason that Berea began to decline. A school still operated at Berea in the 1930s, but most other services had closed by this time. In 1936, the Berea School closed due to lack of pupils, and by the 1940s, the community was called a "ghost village". By that time, Berea had only a general store, the closed school, and the Berea Gospel Hall.

The Berea Store was purchased by the Arnold family in 1950.

Berea still appeared on state maps as late as 1960.

References

Unincorporated communities in Adair County, Iowa
Unincorporated communities in Iowa


title: Benavente Municipality

text:
Benavente Municipality may refer to:

Benavente, Portugal
Benavente, Zamora, Spain


title: Sudhir Kumar Giri

text:
Sudhir Kumar Giri was an Indian politician belonging to the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was elected to the Lok Sabha the lower house of Indian Parliament from Contai constituency, West Bengal in 1980,1989,1991,1996 and 1998.He was elected to the West Bengal Legislative assembly from Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency) in 1987.

References

External links
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website

1933 births
Lok Sabha members from West Bengal
India MPs 1980–1984
India MPs 1989–1991
India MPs 1991–1996
India MPs 1996–1997
India MPs 1998–1999
2008 deaths
People from Purba Medinipur district


title: Zama Dlamini

text:
Zama Dlamini is a goalkeeper. He plays for Royal Eagles.

References

External links

Living people
1991 births
Men's association football goalkeepers
South African men's soccer players
Mpumalanga Black Aces F.C. players
Thanda Royal Zulu F.C. players
Mamelodi Sundowns F.C. players
Royal Eagles F.C. players
Witbank Spurs F.C. players
Chippa United F.C. players
Highlands Park F.C. players
Baroka F.C. players
Royal AM F.C. players
South African Premier Division players
National First Division players


title: Richard Frankel (producer)

text:
Richard Frankel is an American theatrical producer and general manager who has been producing and managing on and off-Broadway since 1970.  He has been working in partnership with Tom Viertel, Steve Baruch, and Marc Routh since 1985.

Biography
Richard Frankel was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1947. He is of Jewish descent. His work in the theatre began at the age of 16 in a hotel nightclub, and he worked for The Barry Farber Show on WOR AM in New York while a student at Brooklyn College. After serving for two years in the Peace Corps in Ethiopia, he worked as a stage manager and technician in New York and Europe, including at La Mama Experimental Theatre Club and the Public Theater in New York and the Mickery Theatre in Amsterdam. Upon returning to the United States in 1973, he worked off-Broadway and in regional theaters as a stage manager, administrator, press agent and marketing director, and in 1981 became managing director of Circle Repertory Company.

In 1985, he formed Richard Frankel Productions and together with partners Tom Viertel and Steve Baruch produced Penn & Teller's first off-Broadway show, which first brought them to national attention. The show was critically acclaimed, and the new-formed producing partnership subsequently presented Penn & Teller on national tour and on Broadway.

In 1991 Marc Routh was added as a producing partner and they together produced a string of successful Off-Broadway shows including Driving Miss Daisy, Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune and Love Letters. In 1994 Richard Frankel Productions and Marc Routh, along with others, produced Stomp. The Viertel/Routh/Baruch/Frankel partnership's early Broadway projects included Angels in America Part One and Part Two, The Sound of Music, and Smokey Joe's Cafe, which would go on to become Broadway's longest-running revue.

In 2000, Frankel and his partners were selected by Mel Brooks to serve on the team of producers for The Producers. The musical would go on to break the all-time Tony Awards records by earning twelve awards in 2001, winning the Tony Award in all categories for which it was eligible. Frankel's partnership followed this success with another hit when they opened Hairspray in 2003. Other Broadway productions included the John Doyle-directed revivals of Sweeney Todd and Company, the Patti LuPone-led revival of Gypsy, and the Catherine Zeta-Jones-led revival of A Little Night Music.

During this time period, Frankel and his team also produced in London, including transfers of their Broadway mountings and new productions, and across Asia as part of a partnership with Broadway Asia, owned by Routh. They also operated the Arts Theatre in London from 2000 to 2005.

In 2008, Frankel formed Frankel Green Theatrical Management with his long-term general managing partner Laura Green in order to expand general management services. Apart from shows produced by Frankel and his partners, the company managed the Broadway productions Rock of Ages, Finian's Rainbow, and Forever Tango. Green left the company in 2013 to become the Production Manager of Paper Mill Playhouse.

In 2012, Frankel and his partners Viertel, Baruch, and Routh announced plans to build and produce a new cabaret space 54 Below. The space opened on June 2, 2012, with a two-week engagement by Patti LuPone.  It has gone on to play over one thousand shows by over two hundred artists, as well as earning many cabaret awards.

Frankel is married to playwright Kathleen Clark, with whom he has two children, Clark and Elisabeth, in addition to his son, Joshua, from his first marriage.

Credits

Broadway

 The Parisian Woman (2017)
 The Encounter (2016)
 Penn & Teller On Broadway (2015)
 Forever Tango (2013)*
 Leap of Faith (2012)
 Finian's Rainbow (2009)*
 Rock of Ages (2009)*
 A Little Night Music (2009)
 Burn the Floor (2009)
 The Norman Conquests (2009)
 Gypsy (2008)
 Young Frankenstein (2007)
 Company (2007)
 Sweeney Todd (2006)
 Little Shop of Horrors (2003)
 Hairspray (2003)
 The Producers (2001)
 The Rocky Horror Show (2000)*
 Swing! (1999)
 The Sound of Music (1998)
 Forever Tango (1997)
 A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (1996)°
 Smokey Joe's Cafe (1995)
 What's Wrong With This Picture? (1994)*
 Damn Yankees (1994)°
 Angels in America: Perestroika (1994)°
 Angels in America: Millennium Approaches (1993)°
  Penn & Teller: The Refrigerator Tour (1991)
 Love Letters (1989)
 Penn & Teller (1987)

Off-Broadway

 Murder Ballad (2013)
 Old Jews Telling Jokes (2012)
 Standing on Ceremony (2011)
 The Fantasticks (2006)
 Family Secrets*
 The Water Coolers (2002)
 My Old Lady (2002)
 Surviving Grace (2002)*
 Mnemonic (2001)
 If Memory Serves (1999)
 Three-For-All (1997)
 Tap Dogs (1997)
 Inside Out (1994)
 Stomp (1994)

 Das Barbecu (1994)
 Later Life (1993)
 Jeffrey (1993)
 Bubbe Meises, Bubbe Stories (1992)
 Marvin's Room (1992)
 Penn & Teller Rot in Hell (1991)
 Song of Singapore (1991)
 Love Letters (1989)
 The Cocktail Hour (1989)
 Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune (1987)
 Driving Miss Daisy (1987)
 Sills & Company (1986)
 Penn & Teller (1985)

* General Managed only
° Produced only

London (Producing)

 Young Frankenstein (2017)
 Endgame (2009)
 Hairspray (2007)
 Little Shop of Horrors (2006)
 Porgy and Bess (2006)
 Simply Heavenly (2005)
 Guys and Dolls (2005)
 A Life in the Theatre (2005)
 Don Carlos (2005)
 Some Girl(s) (2005)
 The Producers (2004)

 The Woman in White (2004)
 Calico (2004)
 Democracy (2003)
 This is Our Youth (2002)
 Dolly West's Kitchen (1999)
 Smokey Joe's Cafe (1996)
 Oleanna (1993 & 2004)
 Driving Miss Daisy (1988)
 Becket
 Marvin's Room

Awards

Tony Awards
 The Norman Conquests (2009)
 Company (2007)
 Hairspray (2003)
 The Producers (2001)
 Angels in America: Perestroika (1994)
 Angels in America: Millennium Approaches (1993)

Olivier Awards
 Hairspray (2008)
 The Producers (2005)

Drama Desk Awards
 The Norman Conquests (2009)
 Company (2007)
 Sweeney Todd (2006)
 Hairspray (2003)
 The Producers (2001)
 Mnemonic (Unique Theatrical Experience, 2001)
 Angels in America: Perestroika (1994)
 Angels in America: Millennium Approaches (1993)
 Marvin's Room (1992)

Lortel Awards
 Lifetime Achievement (2012)
 Mnemonic (Unique Theatrical Experience, 2001)
 The Mystery of Irma Vep (1999)
 The Cocktail Hour (1989)

Outer Critics Circle Awards
 Marvin's Room (1992)
 Song of Singapore (1992)
 Driving Miss Daisy (1987)

References

External links

 Richard Frankel Productions

Living people
American theatre managers and producers
1947 births
Brooklyn College alumni
Jewish American theatre producers


title: Fisk, Iowa

text:
Fisk is an unincorporated community or ghost town in Adair County, Iowa, United States.

History

Fisk was established near the center of Richland Township.

The first post office in Fisk was established in 1870.

By 1901, Fisk was home to a creamery (the Blue Grass Creamery), a school, and the Fisk Post Office. However, with the introduction of Rural Free Delivery, the Fisk Post Office closed. In 1918, Fisk was described thusly: "In Richland township, Adair county. 10 miles sw of Greenfield, the judicial seat, and 6 w of Orient, the nearest railroad station and banking point, whence mail is supplied by rural delivery." The directory went on to list two general stores: those of A.B. Creighton, and J.J. Perkins.

In 1902, Fisk's population was 37, and in 1924, the population was reported as 28.

A school and church were still located in Fisk in 1951.

References

Unincorporated communities in Adair County, Iowa
1870 establishments in Iowa
Populated places established in 1870
Unincorporated communities in Iowa


title: Miss Dynamite (TV series)

text:
Miss Dynamite (Spanish: Señorita Pólvora), is a television series produced by Teleset for Sony Pictures Television and Televisa, which will be broadcast in the Latin American by TNT. It is the story of a Beauty Queen, who gets involved in a hit, which led to the premature death of her father.

It stars Camila Sodi as Valentina, Iván Sánchez as Miguel and José María de Tavira as Vicente.

Plot
Señorita Pólvora follows Valentina, a young, beautiful and wealthy woman who falls for a hit man and thus discovers that the love of her life, and her own family, belong to one of the most powerful of Mexico drug cartels. The chronicle of their explosive life and its gradual descent into the world of crime.

Series overview

Cast

Main
 Camila Sodi as Valentina Cárdenas
 Iván Sánchez as Miguel Galindo / M8
 José María de Tavira as Vicente Martínez
 Saúl Lisazo as Octavio Cárdenas
 Hugo Stiglitz as Isidoro Hernández
 José Sefami as Elías Vásquez
 Mauricio Isaac as Ramiro Aguilar
 Paulina Gaitán as Noemí Loaiza / Lady Beretta
 Mara Cuevas as Ivonne Marín
 Mario Zaragoza as Saúl Pedreros
 Alex Durán as Morgan
 Emilio Savinni as Salomón Flores
 Francisco "Pakey" Vázquez as Capitán Darío Montoya
 Anilú Pardo as Coronel Guadalupe Imperial
 Claudette Maillé as Alicia Cortés / La Pantera
 Rodrigo Murray as Rafael Ortíz
 Camila Selser as Zoé Suárez
 David Medel as Marcos Pineda
 Miguel Conde as Carlos "Carlitos" Mariscal
 Oka Giner as Emilia Marín
 Dino García as Jacinto Marín
 Eréndira Ibarra as Tatiana Hucke

Recurring
 Max Flores as Ricardo
 Rodrigo Virago as Germán Castillo

Broadcast
The series premiered on March 16, 2015 on TNT Latin America.

Soundtrack

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
Colombian telenovelas
Sony Pictures Television telenovelas
2015 telenovelas
2015 Mexican television series debuts
2015 Colombian television series debuts
2015 Mexican television series endings
2015 Colombian television series endings
2015 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
Works about Mexican drug cartels


title: Chuck Delich

text:
Major Charles "Chuck" Delich is a retired American ice hockey player and coach. His association with The Air Force Academy also includes being a commissioned officer until his military retirement in 1993.

Career
Chuck Delich entered the Air Force Academy in the fall of 1973, joining the hockey club and immediately making an impact on the program. Delich led the Falcons in both Goals and Points in each of his four seasons, becoming not only the club's all-time leader in both (by a wide margin), but remains the NCAA's leading goal-scorer at the Division I level. Delich was twice named team MVP and served as co-captain in his senior season.

Delich began his active service after graduating but was able to return to Colorado Springs in 1981 to rejoin the hockey team as an assistant coach. Working under his former coach John Matchefts for four years, Delich was chosen as his successor and began serving as head coach in 1985. As had happened under Matchefts, Delich's tenure saw about as many winning seasons as not but he was able to shepherd the team through twelve seasons despite having few local opponents and not being part of an athletic conference. During the early part of his career Chuck was able to coach his younger brother Joe and in 1993, while still coach, Delich retired from military service as a Major. Delich stepped down as coach after the 1996–97 season, turning the reigns over to Frank Serratore.

Delich has been honored for his career several times including having the team MVP renamed in his honor a year after his retirement and being inducted into the Air Force Athletic hall of fame in 2011.

Career statistics

Head coaching record

References

External links

1955 births
Air Force Falcons men's ice hockey coaches
Air Force Falcons men's ice hockey players
American ice hockey coaches
American men's ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey coaches from Minnesota
Living people
People from Eveleth, Minnesota
United States Air Force Academy alumni
Ice hockey players from Minnesota
Military personnel from Minnesota


title: Jordan Jovanović

text:
Jordan Jovanović (; born 27 January 1992) is a Serbian footballer, who plays as a midfielder for Železničar Pančevo.

References

External links

 Jordan Jovanović stats at utakmica.rs

1992 births
Living people
People from Smederevska Palanka
Men's association football midfielders
Serbian men's footballers
FK BSK Borča players
FK Teleoptik players
FK Javor Ivanjica players
FK Mačva Šabac players
FK Radnički Pirot players
Serbian First League players
Serbian SuperLiga players