title: Walter Holmes

text:
Walter Holmes (died April 29, 1932) was a murderer who was executed in Kentucky's electric chair.

Crime and arrest
Holmes, a black man originally from Chicago, Illinois, murdered a farmer, 55-year-old Thomas Tillery, on April 3, 1931, by shooting him with two accomplices, Walter Dewberry and Charles Rodgers. The trio had been on a crime spree across Kentucky committing a series of robberies and assaults in Louisville, Fulton County, and some sections of southern Illinois. When first apprehended, they tried to claim that the three of them committed a robbery while an unknown man fired the shot that murdered Tillery, but no such man was ever found, and only Holmes, Rodgers, and Dewberry went to court.

Trial
The trial began on April 28, 1931, amid great racial tension. Dewberry's black attorney was beaten by a mob that felt angered by Dewberry's choice of a black civil rights attorney over a white court-appointed attorney; Dewberry's attorney requested a change of venue because of the violent atmosphere, but this was denied, and on May 3, 1931, Holmes, Dewberry, and Rodgers all received death sentences for their crimes.

The executions of the three convicts were scheduled for April 29, 1932, but Dewberry was given a stay of execution, so on that date, only Holmes and Rodgers were executed.

Execution
Walter Holmes was 31 years old when he was executed on the same night as his accomplice, 23-year-old Charles Rodgers, and another man, 23-year-old A.B. Cooksey, who was put to death for a completely unrelated murder of Police Chief John Ashby from Madisonville. The executions took place in the Kentucky State Penitentiary in Eddyville, where Kentucky's electric chair was located.

While Cooksey and Rodgers were described as having gone to their deaths calmly and without incidence, Holmes did not. The day before the execution, Holmes had caused trouble for prison staff; he stabbed a guard with a homemade knife. On the day of the execution, after Cooksey and Rodgers had been executed, when guards went to Holmes's cell to take him to the execution chamber, he threw water on them. Then he brandished an iron pipe that he had broken off of a water pipeline and threatened the guards with it. After 90 minutes, the warden ordered the guards to throw tear gas bombs at Holmes. After three were used, Holmes surrendered and left his cell, smoking a cigarette.

Dewberry was eventually executed in the same electric chair over a year later, on November 10, 1933.

References

1932 deaths
American people executed for murder
Criminals from Illinois
20th-century executions by Kentucky
People executed by Kentucky by electric chair
20th-century executions of American people
People convicted of murder by Kentucky
Executed African-American people
Year of birth missing
20th-century African-American people


title: Sailing at the 2010 Asian Games – Women's 470

text:
The women's 470 competition at the 2010 Asian Games in Shanwei was held from 14 to 20 November 2010.

Schedule
All times are China Standard Time (UTC+08:00)

Results

References

External links

Women's 470
470 class sailing competitions


title: Naranpura Assembly constituency

text:
Naranpura is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Ahmedabad district. This seat came into existence after 2008 delimitation and it is one of the seven assembly seats which make up Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency.

List of segments
This assembly seat represents the following segments,

 Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 11, 12, 13, 14.

Members of the Legislative Assembly

Election results

2022

2017

2012

See also
 List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
 Ahmedabad district
 Sarkhej Assembly constituency

References

External links

Assembly constituencies of Gujarat
Ahmedabad district


title: Bob Davis (businessman)

text:
Robert J. ("Bob") Davis (born 1956) is a managing partner of Highland Capital Partners. He is the former chief executive officer of Lycos, which he led since its inception and through its acquisition by Terra at the peak of the dot-com bubble.

Early life and education
Davis was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts in 1956. At the age of 10, Davis sold newspapers at a street corner and sold from mail order catalogs as a teenager.

In 1979, he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration from Northeastern University, graduating with highest honors. In 1985, he received an MBA from Babson College. In 1999, he received an Honorary Doctorate of Commercial Sciences from Bentley College. He also received an Honorary Doctorate from Northeastern University in 2000.

Career
From January 1982 to January 1993, Davis worked for Wang Laboratories, a computer manufacturer, as Director of United States Commercial Sales and Marketing and Director of Worldwide Marketing. From January 1993 to June 1995, Davis served as Vice President of Sales at Cambex Corporation, a manufacturer of computer-related products.

Since its inception in June 1995, Davis served as the President and CEO of Lycos. In 1996, 9 months after Lycos was founded, he led the company to the fastest initial public offering in history. Lycos was one of the first profitable internet businesses. As CEO of Lycos, he led the company to acquire more than a dozen websites including Wired.com, HotBot, Tripod.com, WhoWhere, Quote.com, and Matchmaker.com. Davis led the company through its acquisition by Terra for $12.5 billion in stock in 2000. After the Terra acquisition, he served as the CEO of Terra Lycos, the combined company.

In 2001, Davis left Terra Lycos to join Highland Capital Partners, a venture capital firm. He has served on the boards of John Hancock Financial, Ticketmaster, Lycos, Lycos Europe, Fastclick, Children's Hospital Boston, and the Rivers School.

Books
In 2001, Davis wrote a book called Speed is Life: Street Smart Lessons from the Front Lines of Business, which was published by Currency, an imprint of Crown Publishing Group. The memoir focused on practical advice for operating a company. Davis donated his proceeds from the book to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.

External links
 Technology and Global Democratization, a C-Span interview with Bob Davis on matters relating to internet commerce and regulation, July 2000.

References

1956 births
American computer businesspeople
American technology chief executives
American venture capitalists
Babson College alumni
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Living people
Northeastern University alumni


title: Clepsis illustrana

text:
Clepsis illustrana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Sweden, Finland and the Near East. It has also been recorded from Canada.

The wingspan is 15–20 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing in May and July.

References

Moths described in 1936
Clepsis


title: George Marsh (Medal of Honor)

text:
Sergeant George Marsh (died June 18, 1915) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Marsh received his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor. Marsh's medal was won for capturing a stockade and saving a bridge over the Elk River in Tennessee on July 2, 1863. He was honored with the award on September 17, 1897.

Marsh was born in Brookfield, Illinois, where he entered service, and was buried in Ottawa, Illinois.

Medal of Honor citation

See also
 List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M–P

References

19th-century American people
1915 deaths
Year of birth unknown
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Brookfield, Illinois
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients


title: Stay with Me till Dawn

text:
"Stay with Me till Dawn" is a 1979 single by Judie Tzuke from her debut album Welcome to the Cruise. Written by Tzuke and Mike Paxman and produced by John Punter, the song was Tzuke's only Australian and UK top 40 single, charting at number 8 and 16 respectively.

Background
"Stay with Me till Dawn" was co-written by Mike Paxman, who Tzuke had met in 1975 and had released a Tony Visconti-produced single called "These are The Laws" (as "Tzuke and Paxo") on Visconti's label, Good Earth Records. In 1977, Tzuke saw Rocket Records (Elton John's label)' David Croker, played him a few songs including "Stay with Me till Dawn" and was promptly signed by the label. The pair proceeded to spend around six months or so recording her début album at Air Studios in London and "Stay with Me till Dawn"'s John Punter-produced parent album Welcome to the Cruise.

The song charted at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart, and Tzuke appeared on Top of the Pops on 12 July, 26 July and 9 August 1979 to promote the track. All four of her subsequent chart entries failed to peak higher than number 92 on the UK Singles Chart, rendering her a one-hit wonder.

The song was rerecorded for her 1991 album Left Hand Talking; the album came out on Columbia Records, and it would not be until December 1999 that Elton John would return the copyrights of the albums she released on his label. In 2002, "Stay with Me till Dawn" was chosen by the British public as the thirty-ninth best song to have come out of Britain over the previous fifty years (between 1952 and 2002). The song has also appeared on the live albums Road Noise, and Over the Moon and on the compilation album Seventies Power Ballads. In addition, Mylo sampled the track for the song "Need You Tonite" from his debut album Destroy Rock & Roll.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Lucid version
In September 1999, UK house music duo Lucid released a cover of "Stay with Me till Dawn" with Clare Canty providing the vocals. It peaked at No. 25 on the UK Singles Chart in October 1999, and remained on the chart for two weeks.

Track listing
UK CD single
 "Stay with Me till Dawn" (Lucid's Radio Edit) - 4:08
 "Stay with Me till Dawn" (Translucid Remix) - 6:48
 "99°F" - 6:49

References

1977 songs
1979 singles
1999 singles
British soft rock songs
Songs written by Judie Tzuke
Song recordings produced by John Punter
The Rocket Record Company singles


title: Nikol Assembly constituency

text:
Nikol is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Ahmedabad district and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

List of segments

This assembly seat represents the following segments

 Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 31, 34, 35.

Members of the Legislative Assembly

Election results

2022

2017

2012

Source

See also
 List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
 Ahmedabad district

References

External links

Assembly constituencies of Gujarat
Ahmedabad district


title: Tarkanian

text:
Tarkanian, Tarkanyan, Tarkhanian or Tarkhanyan (Armenian: Թարխանյան) is an Armenian surname that may refer to:

Danny Tarkanian (born 1961), American Armenian real estate and small business owner, son of Jerry
Jerry Tarkanian (1930–2015), American college basketball coach of Armenian ancestry

See also
Tarkan (disambiguation)

Armenian-language surnames


title: Kakatiya Kala Thoranam

text:
Kakatiya Kala Thoranam (also called Warangal Gate) is a historical arch in the Warangal district, of the Indian state of Telangana. The Warangal Fort has four ornamental gates which originally formed the gates to the destroyed great Shiva temple which are known as Kakatiya Kala Thoranam or Warangal Gates. The architectural feature of these historical arches of the Warangal Fort has been adopted as the symbol of the Kakatiya Dynasty and has been officially incorporated as the Emblem of Telangana for the state of Telangana.

The arch was built around 12th century during the rule of the Kakatiya dynasty. The Monument was included in the "tentative list" of UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Monument was submitted by the Permanent Delegation of India to UNESCO on 10/09/2010.

History

The Kakatiya Kala Thoranam, or arch, is an extensive ornamented stone sculpture; reflective of four identical gates in the Warangal Fort, which was part of the great Swayambhusiva temple of Shiva in the fort built by Ganapati-deva (1199-1262) during the 12th century. His daughter Rudrama Devi and Pratap Rudra II of the Kakatiya Dynasty added more fortifications to the fort which was laid in three concentric circles. The four gateways (char kaman) were part of the temple which was destroyed by the Muslim invader Jauna Khan during the 1323 invasion, as a part of their policy followed after their victories over territories, to desecrate Hindu temples. The great temple of which the gates were integral is said to be comparable to the size and splendor of the Rudra Mahalaya Temple at Siddhpur in Gujarat.

Features

A depiction of the arch forms the main symbol in the Emblem of Telangana for the state of Telangana. This logo or emblem, in English, Telugu and Urdu is portrayed with a combination of green and gold, representing "Bangaru Telangana" (meaning: "Golden Telangana"). Also inscribed on the logo are the names of the Government of Telangana in English, and as "Telangana Prabhutvam" in Telugu and as "Telangana Sarkar" in Urdu. At the base of the logo there is an inscription in Sanskrit which says "Satyameva Jayate" (meaning: Truth shall triumph).

The central part of the fort, identified as the archaeological zone, contains the ruins of the great Swayambhusiva temple, now seen with only the free-standing "Entrance Portals", or gates on the four sides, all being similar in design. Each gate has twin pillars with angled brackets over which lies the huge lintel; the height of this gate being . The gates have extensive intricate carvings of "lotus buds, looped garlands, mythical animals, and birds with foliated tails". They do not depict any religious symbols, said to be the reason for its preserved condition for not being destroyed by Muslim invaders. The gates at the northern and southern ends are  apart. The eastern and western gates are at a distance of  apart.

Replicas
A replica of the gateway has been installed at Narsingi.

References

Bibliography

History of Telangana
Monuments and memorials in Telangana
Arches and vaults in India
Cultural heritage of India
World Heritage Sites in India
Hanamkonda district
Tourist attractions in Warangal
Destroyed temples
Religious structures destroyed by Muhammad bin Tughluq


title: Juan Soffici

text:
Juan Soffici was an Argentine film editor. He was known for his work in the late 1930s and early 1940s for Lumiton.

Selected filmography
Cadetes de San Martín (1937)
La chismosa (1938)
 Three Argentines in Paris (1938)
Such Is Life (1939)
The Model and the Star  (1939)
Margarita, Armando y su padre (1939
Muchachas que estudian (1939)
 Isabelita (1940)
 Honeymoon in Rio (1940)
The Englishman of the Bones (1940)
Medio millón por una mujer (1940)
 I Want to Be a Chorus Girl (1941)
 You Are My Love (1941)
El tesoro de la isla Maciel (1941)
Persona honrada se necesita (1941)
Adolescencia (1942)

References

External links

Argentine film editors


title: Quintus Marcius Tremulus

text:
Quintus Marcius Tremulus was a Roman plebeian magistrate. He was first elected in 306 BC with Publius Cornelius Arvina.  In his first consulate Tremulus led wars, which were won with ease, against the Hernici and Anagni.  When Tremulus returned to Rome an equestrian statue dedicated to him was erected in front of the Temple of Castor.

He was elected consul in 288, again with the same colleague Publius Cornelius Cossus Arvina.

He was likely the father of Quintus Marcius Philippus.

References

4th-century BC Roman consuls
3rd-century BC Roman consuls
Tremulus, Quintus


title: Naroda Assembly constituency

text:
Naroda is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Ahmedabad district.

List of segments
This assembly seat represents the following segments,

 Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 23, 24, 27, Ahmedabad Cantonment (CB).

Members of the Legislative Assembly

Election results

2022

2017

2012

2007

2002

1998

See also
 List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
 Ahmedabad district

References

External links

Assembly constituencies of Gujarat
Ahmedabad district


title: Acoustic Sheep

text:
Acoustic Sheep is an American producer of audio headphones headquartered in Erie, Pennsylvania. The company manufactures SleepPhones, a sleep aid headphone, and RunPhones, a breathable headband with built in headphones designed to not fall out like earbuds.

History
Acoustic Sheep was founded by Dr. Wei-Shin Lai and her husband Jason Wolfe in 2007.

In April 2013 Acoustic Sheep successfully funded an Indiegogo campaign raising $7,955 from their goal of $5,000.

By 2014, SleepPhones had been sold in over 50 countries.

In 2015 and again 2016 the SleepPhones were demonstrated at the Consumer Electronics Show. In 2015 the product won a design award at the show, and by the end of the year move than half a million headphone sets had been sold.

In 2016 Wei-Shin was named Pennsylvania Businessperson of the Year by the US Small Business Association.  Also in 2016, the company began selling its products on the Grommet website.

References

Companies based in Erie, Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
American companies established in 2007
2007 establishments in Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies established in 2007


title: Clepsis laetitiae

text:
Clepsis laetitiae is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Spain.

The wingspan is 19–22 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from April to May.

The larvae feed on Vella pseudocitysus sub. pseudocitysus.

Etymology
The species is named for Leticia Soria Ruiz-Ogarrio.

References

Moths described in 1997
Clepsis


title: E. W. Foy

text:
Ernest "E.W." Foy (February 6, 1937 – June 7, 2014) was an American college and high school basketball coach.

Biography
Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, and raised in Osyka, Mississippi, Foy graduated from Osyka High School in 1955, graduated Southwest Mississippi Community College in 1957, and attended William Carey University on a basketball scholarship, obtaining a BS degree in math with a minor in health and physical education. He later earned a Master of Science degree from LSU in 1969.

Foy's first teaching and coaching position was at Baton Rouge Junior High School from 1959 until 1962. In September 1962, he became head coach, going on to lead an undefeated basketball team to the 1968 State 4-A Championship. He was named Coach of the Year. In 1969, he became head coach at Southeastern Louisiana University. In the 1972–1973 season, he led the Lions to its first conference title in the school history and was named Gulf South Conference Coach of the Year. From 1974 until 1977, he served as head coach at McNeese State University, guiding the Cowboys to its first Southland Conference Championship. He was also named Coach of the Year.

In 1977, he moved to McComb, Mississippi to own and operate the Western Auto Associate Store. In 2000, he became the head coach of the boys' basketball team at Parklane Academy, which went to the state play-offs for the first time in ten years. In 2012, he ended his coaching career at the Amite School Center in Liberty, Mississippi.

Awards
 SMJC Sports Hall of Fame (1980)
 Mississippi Association of Community College Sports Hall of Fame (2012)
 William Carey University Sports Hall of Fame (2012)

Death
On June 7, 2014, Foy died in Summit, Mississippi, at the age of 77. He was survived by Betty Jane Beregi Foy, his wife of 57 years, and their three children.

References

External links
 Obituary
 E.W. Foy at Sports Reference

1937 births
2014 deaths
Basketball coaches from Louisiana
Basketball players from New Orleans
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Louisiana State University alumni
McNeese Cowboys basketball coaches
Southeastern Louisiana Lions basketball coaches
Southwest Mississippi Community College alumni
Sportspeople from New Orleans
People from McComb, Mississippi
American men's basketball players


title: Thakkarbapa Nagar Assembly constituency

text:
Thakkarbapa Nagar is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Ahmedabad district and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

List of segments

This assembly seat represents the following segments,

 Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 22, 25, 26.

Members of the Legislative Assembly
2022 - Kanchanben Vinubhai Radadiya, Bharatiya Janata Party

Election results

2022

2017

2012

See also
 List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
 Ahmedabad district

References

External links

Assembly constituencies of Gujarat
Ahmedabad district


title: Iguatemi S.A.

text:
Iguatemi is the third largest  Brazilian firm working within the fields of creation, planning, development, and administration of shopping centers after BRMalls and Multiplan.
Iguatemi has shareholdings in 16 shopping malls, 1 premium outlet and 3 office towers that account for 657.000 m² of gross leasable area (GLA). Such space is used by 3.004 stores that welcome approximately 10 million customers per month.

The firm is controlled by Grupo Jereissati in the businesses of shopping centers and outlets.

History
In May 1979 Iguatemi Empresa de Shopping Centers SA was established. In the same year, Iguatemi purchased the construction firm Construtora Alfredo Matias SA, one of the owners of Iguatemi São Paulo, Brazil's oldest mall.
In May 1980, the company Iguatemi opened the shopping mall Iguatemi Campinas in the countryside of São Paulo. Three years later, in 1983, the firm opened  Iguatemi Porto Alegre.

Iguatemi's expansion had a boost in the 1990s with the openings of the shopping centers Praia de Belas in 1991; Shopping Market Place in São Paulo in 1995, which represents the firm's second mall in São Paulo; Iguatemi Rio in 1996, the firm's first mall in Rio de Janeiro which was sold to Ancar Ivanhoé in 2012;  Iguatemi Caxias do Sul in 1996, the firm's third enterprise in the state of Rio Grande do Sul; and finally Iguatemi São Carlos in 1997. Iguatemi Florianópolis was opened in 2007, the same year in which the firm held its IPOat Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA). In the following years, the firm opened Iguatemi Alphaville (2011), JK Iguatemi (2012), Iguatemi Ribeirão Preto (2013), Iguatemi Esplanada (2013), and Iguatemi Rio Preto (2014). JK Iguatemi, opened in June 2012, was a partnership of Iguatemi Empresa de Shopping Centers and WTorre Empreendimentos Imobiliários JK Iguatemi welcomed the first stores of GAP, Miu Miu, Hermès and Sephora in Brazil. In March 2014, WTorre sold its sharehold in the enterprise to Iguatemi Empresa de Shopping Centers and Fundo TIAA-CREF. Nowadays, Iguatemi holds 64% of JK Iguatemi and Fundo TIAA-CRE 36% of it.

In 2013, Iguatemi started its operations in the business of premium outlets by purchasing 41% of Platinum Outlet in Novo Hamburgo. Furthermore, the company announced the construction of two outlets, the first one in Nova Lima (MG) and the second one in Tijucas (SC). Also in 2013, Iguatemi became responsible for the administration of the shopping center Pátio Higienópolis in the city of São Paulo. In 2014, Iguatemi was elected for the seventh time in a row one of Brazil's most valuable brands. The study was conducted by Brand Analytics and Iguatemi was selected as the 22nd most valuable Brazilian brand.

Shopping centers owned by the firm

São Paulo
Iguatemi São Paulo - São Paulo
Market Place - São Paulo
JK Iguatemi - São Paulo
Iguatemi Alphaville - Barueri
Iguatemi Campinas - Campinas
Iguatemi São Carlos - São Carlos
Iguatemi Rio Preto - São José do Rio Preto
Iguatemi Ribeirão Preto - Ribeirão Preto
Iguatemi Esplanada - Sorocaba
Galleria Shopping - Campinas

Distrito Federal
Iguatemi Brasília - Brasília

Rio Grande do Sul
Iguatemi Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre
Praia de Belas Shopping - Porto Alegre
I Fashion Outlet Novo Hamburgo - Novo Hamburgo

Santa Catarina
I Fashion Outlet Santa Catarina - Tijucas

Shopping malls run by Iguatemi
Pátio Higienópolis

External links

References

Shopping center management firms
Real estate companies of Brazil
Companies listed on B3 (stock exchange)


title: County of Flanders

text:
The County of Flanders was one of the most powerful political entities in the medieval Low Countries, located on the North Sea coast of what is now Belgium. Unlike its neighbours such as the counties of Brabant and Hainaut, it was within the territory of the Kingdom of France. The counts of Flanders held the most northerly part of the kingdom, and were among the original twelve peers of France. For centuries, the economic activity of the Flemish cities such as Ghent, Bruges and Ypres made Flanders one of the most affluent regions in Europe, and also gave them strong international connections to trading partners.

Up to 1477, the core area under French suzerainty was west of the Scheldt and was called "Royal Flanders" (Dutch: Kroon-Vlaanderen, French: Flandre royale). Aside from this, the counts, from the 11th century onward, held land east of the river as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire: "Imperial Flanders" (Rijks-Vlaanderen or Flandre impériale). The county joined its Low Country neighbours within the Burgundian Netherlands from 1384, which eventually complicated its relationship with France. Most of the county became part of the Empire after the Peace of Madrid in 1526 and the Peace of the Ladies in 1529.

By 1795 the entire Austrian Netherlands, the successor of the Burgundian Netherlands, was acquired by France under the French First Republic, and this was recognized by treaty in 1797. After the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, these territories, including most of the old county of Flanders, passed to the newly established United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which was split up between 1830 and 1839 into the modern countries of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The territories of the old county are now the only part of the late medieval French kingdom outside of modern-day France, Catalonia having been renounced in 1258.

Etymology
The term Flanders originally referred to the area around Bruges. It is first mentioned in the biography of Saint Eligius (–660), the Vita sancti Eligii. The work was written before 684 but has been known only since 725. This work mentions only the place "in Flandris".

A germanic etymology for "Flanders" and "Flemish" (Dutch: Vlaanderen, Vlaams) was proposed by Maurits Gysseling in 1948, working based upon an article by René Verdeyen in 1943.

According to this proposal the terms Flanders and Flemish are likely derived from words derived from Proto-Germanic *flaumaz, meaning stream, current, flood or eddy. Based on this, it is proposed that there was a proto-Germanic term *flaumdra which referred to waterlogged land. According to Toorians, the strength of this proposal is that it would describe the salt marshes and mud flats of this low-lying coastal region. It was regularly inundated, before the development of dykes which started around 1050. However, a weak point of the proposal is that the Germanic wordforms which it requires are not found in any records of Dutch or its dialects. Comparison was instead based upon Old High German flewen and flouwen, and Old Norse flaumr.

Geography

The geography of the historic County of Flanders only partially overlaps with the present-day region of Flanders in Belgium, but even there, it extends beyond the present provinces of West Flanders and East Flanders. Some of the historic county is now part of France and the Netherlands. The land covered by the county is spread out over:
 Belgium:
 two of the five Flemish provinces: West Flanders and East Flanders
 part of the Flemish province of Antwerp: the land of Bornem
 part of the Walloon province of Hainaut: Tournaisis and the region around Moeskroen (that belonged to West Flanders until 1962)
 France:
 French Flanders (in the Nord departement)
 the French westcorner: the region around Dunkirk, Bergues and Bailleul, an area where Flemish used to be the main language
 Walloon Flanders, where the Picard language, closely related to French, was spoken.
 Artois (in the Pas-de-Calais department): removed from Flanders in 1191 and created as independent county in 1237
 Netherlands:
 Zeelandic Flanders, a region between Belgium and the Western Scheldt in the southern part of the modern province of Zeeland, which from 1581 formed part of the Generality Lands under control of the Dutch Republic.

Flag and arms

The arms of the County of Flanders were allegedly created by Philip of Alsace, count of Flanders from 1168 to 1191; a climbing or rampant black lion on a gold field. In the story about the Battle of the Golden Spurs, the arms and its corresponding battlecry Vlaendr'n den leeuw ("Flanders, the Lion!") plays a crucial role in the forming of a Flemish consciousness, which was popularised in the 19th century by the book De Leeuw van Vlaanderen by Hendrik Conscience. As a result, the arms of the county live on as arms of the Flemish Community.

It is said that Philip of Alsace brought the lion flag with him from the Holy Land, where in 1177 he supposedly conquered it from a Saracen knight, but this is a myth. The simple fact that the lion appeared on his personal seal since 1163, when he had not yet taken one step in the Levant, disproves it. In reality Philip was following a West-European trend. In the same period lions also appeared in the arms of Brabant, Luxembourg, Holland, Limburg and other territories. It is curious that the lion as a heraldic symbol was mostly used in border territories and neighbouring countries of the Holy Roman Empire. It was in all likelihood a way of showing independence from the emperor, who used an eagle in his personal arms. In Europe the lion had been a well-known figure since Roman times, through works such as the fables of Aesop.

History

Prehistory and antiquity
The future county of Flanders had been inhabited since prehistory. During the Iron Age the Kemmelberg formed an important Celtic settlement. During the times of Julius Caesar, the inhabitants were part of the Belgae, a collective name for all Celtic and Germanic tribes in the north of Gaul. For Flanders in specific these were the Menapii, the Morini, the Nervii and the Atrebates.

Julius Caesar conquered the area around 54 BC and the population was partially romanised from the 1st to the 3rd century. The Roman road that connected Cologne with Boulogne-sur-Mer was used as a defense perimeter. In the south the Gallo-Romanic population was able to maintain itself, while the north became a no-mans land that also suffered from regular floods from the North Sea.

In the coastal and Scheldt areas Saxon tribes gradually appeared. For the Romans, Saxon was a general term, and included Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Erules. The coastal defense around Boulogne and Oudenburg, the Litus Saxonicum, remained functional until about 420. These forts were manned by Saxon soldiers.

From their base land Toxandria the Salian Franks further expanded into the Roman empire. The first incursion into the lands of the Atrebates was turned away in 448 at Vicus Helena. But after the murder of the Roman general Flavius Aëtius in 454 and Roman emperor Valentinianus III in 455, the Salic Franks encountered hardly any resistance. From Duisburg, king Chlodio conquered Cambrai and Tournai, and he reached the Somme. After his death two Salic kingdoms emerged. Childeric is recorded in 463 as king of Tournay and ally of the Romans against the Visigoths. He was also administrator of the province of Belgica Secunda. His son Clovis I conquered from 486 on all of Northern France.

Early Middle Ages
The abandoned coast and Scheldt region had been partially repopulated since the 4th century by Saxons and Franks from the east of the Rhine that retained their Germanic culture and language. In the 5th century Salic Franks settled in present-day Northern-France and Wallonia, primarily around the cities of Courtrai, Tournai and Bavay. They adapted to the local Gallo-Romanic population. From the 6th century on the no-mans-land farther north was filled by Franks from the Rhinelands and other Germanic groups from the Netherlands and Germany.

The first wave of immigration in the present day Flemish territory was accompanied by limited Christianisation. In the wake of the immigrants, missionaries tried to convert the heathen population, but had little success. The bishoprics were reinstated, usually with the same natural borders of the Late-Roman era; the Silva Carbonaria separated the Bishopric of Cambrai from the Bishopric of Tongeren, while the Scheldt again became the border between the bishoprics of Cambrai and Tournai. Vedast and Eleutherius of Tournai were assigned to reinstate the bishoprics of Arras and Tournai. However, these bishoprics failed to survive independently. In the late 6th century the bishopric of Arras was connected to that of Cambrai, and at the start of the 7th century the same was done to the bishoprics of Tournai and Noyon.

At the end of the 6th century, the duchy of Dentelinus was created in the north of what would later constitute Neustria. The duchy presumably included the bishoprics of Boulogne, Thérouanne, Arras, Tournai, Cambrai and Noyon: thus, the northwestern region between the North Sea and the Silva Carbonaria, an area the outlines of which were very similar to the later Flanders. The duchy was primarily intended to serve as a military and strategic deterrent against Frisian and Saxon invasions, and was a cornerstone in the military defense of the Merovingian Empire. In 600, Chlothar II (584–628) was forced to temporarily cede the duchy to Austrasia, but after the restoration of the Austrasian dual-monarchy in 622–623, the duchy was returned.

7th century

At the end of the 6th and the 7th century a new inflow emerged from the western Pas-de-Calais. This area had been germanised in the 5th century and descendants of the Saxons and Franks had settled in future Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant. New groups of germanic settlers also came in from the Netherlands and Germany. Their new settlements often received the name of their germanic leader, with '-inga haim' added. -Inga haim meant 'the settlement of the tribe of X'. For example: Petegem comes from Petta-inga-haim, which meant 'the settlement of the tribe of Petta'.

The colonisation and germanisation of Flanders took place primarily in the 6th and 7th centuries. In the 7th century the population-level had risen sufficiently to start rebuilding the religious, military and administrative infrastructure. In the area of linguistics, the situation stabilised so that a large, bilingual region with a linear language border could emerge in the 8th century. In Pas-de-Calais, which had been densely populated a long time, a language barrier had emerged in the 6th–7th century, but in the 9th century a romanisation-movement started that has continued until the present day.

The Christianisation attempts in the 6th century by bishops like Eleutherius and Vedast had largely failed. Thus, in the 8th century a different strategy was chosen. A new Christianisation attempt was made under influence from king Dagobert I. He appointed several devoted missionaries from the southern parts of his kingdom to his royal domains in the northern parts of his kingdom. The missionaries were tasked with founding monasteries and abbeys there, that were to serve as centers of Christianity in a pagan region. From these centers, the conversion of the local populace could be started.

In 649 Audomar founded an abbey at Sithiu (the Abbey of Saint Bertin) and in 680 Aubertus founded the Abbey of St. Vaast near Arras. The Christianisation of the population was mainly the work of missionaries like Amandus (St. Bavo's Abbey and St. Peter's Abbey in Ghent) and Eligius (coastal region and Antwerp). In his 'vita', Eligius makes the first mention of the word 'Flanders', when he toured the area around 650.

During the 7th century the first Gaue or pagi were created in the Flemish territories. Gaue were administrative subdivisions of the civitates. The Gaue from the 7th and 8th century would form the basis of the county of Flanders. The pagus Tornacensis dates from , and from the 7th century we know of the 'pagus Cambracinsis' in 663, the pagus Taroanensis from 649 and the pagus Bracbatensis at the end of the century. From the 8th century we know of the pagus Rodaninsis from 707, the pagus Gandao from the first quarter of the 8th century, the pagus Mempiscus from 723 and the pagus Flandrensis from around 745. Lastly, the pagus Austrebatensis and the pagus Curtracensis are also counted as Merovingian gaue.

Carolingians

In 751 the Carolingian Mayors of the Palace succeeded in removing the Merovingians from power and obtaining the throne for themselves. The last Merovingian king, Childeric III, was placed in captivity at the later Abbey of Saint Bertinus in St. Omer, and his long hair, a symbol of royal power, was cut off.

Charlemagne succeeded his father Pepin the Short in Neustria and Austrasia, and after the death of his brother Karloman he was able to reunite the entire Frankish Empire. Though he resided in Aachen, he spent much time travelling through his territories. In 811 he inspected the fleet that he had ordered built in Boulogne and Ghent, to protect against Viking invasions.

The region comprising future Flanders was, from an economic point of view, a flourishing region, with a series of ports along the Scheldt river: Ghent, Tournai, Valenciennes, Cambrai and Lambres at Douai on the Scarpe and a number of seaports: Quentovic, Boulogne and Isère portus, a port at the mouth of the Yser. Moreover, the region included a number of rich abbeys, such as Abbey of Saint Bertin, Saint Bavo's Abbey, Saint-Amand Abbey and the Abbey of St. Vaast.

Charlemagne was succeeded by his son Louis the Pious. Even during Louis' life his three sons started fighting over his heritage. They eventually concluded multiple treaties, of which the Treaty of Verdun, signed in 843, would be the definitive treaty. These treaties created East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia. West Francia, inherited by Charles the Bald, included the original county of Flanders, that spanned roughly between Oudenburg, Aardenburg and Torhout.

After the Middle-Frankish kings died out, the rulers of the West and East-Frankish Kingdoms divided the Middle-Frankish kingdom amongst themselves in the treaty of Meerssen in 870. Now Western Europe had been divided into two sides: the solid West Francia (the later France) and the loose confederation of principalities of East Francia, that would become the Holy Roman Empire.

In the north these two powers were separated by the Scheldt river, which had previously separated West Francia from Middle Francia. This separation remained unchanged until the times of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

Growth in the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries (864–1071)

Militarily, economically and politically, Europe went through a deep crisis. The Vikings invaded from the north, the Magyar from the east and the Saracens from the south. All left trails of destruction. The central authorities of the two Frankish kingdoms were unable to organise an effective defensive, causing the population to lose faith and trust in their far-removed rulers. In the wake of this power vacuum, local powerful individuals saw their chance. Often these individuals were the descendants of people associated with Charlemagne.

The county of Flanders originated from the Gau of Pagus Flandrensis, led by the Forestiers dynasty, who had been appointed by Charlemagne, who had made a small contribution by uniting small feudal territories in the higher parts of the Flemish Valley. The forestiers dynasty also strengthened the hold of the church on the relatively desolate area.

The first Margrave (Count) of Flanders was Baldwin I, who became count in 862, and a romantic anecdote is connected to this: Baldwin eloped with the daughter of the Frankish king Charles the Bald, Judith of West Francia. Judith, who had previously been married to two English kings, refused her father's command to return to him. After mediation by the pope, the Frankish king reconciled with his son-in-law, and gave him the title of margrave, and the corresponding feudal territories as dowry. Margrave was primarily a military appointment and some versions of the story theorize that King Charles made Baldwin Margrave in the hope that he would be killed by the Vikings.

Initially the French kings meant to secure the safety of the northern French border from Viking invasions with this act. The counts, however, made good use of the crisis situation by incorporating the surrounding plundered territories into the county. The counts expanded the influence of the original Flemish pagus over the years over all territories south and west of the Scheldt river, including presentday the lordship of the Four Amts, Zeelandic Flanders, the burgraviate of Aalst to the east and the County of Artois to the south, which remained part of Flanders until it became a separate county in 1237. After that date, the county of Artois at various times still came under the dominion of the count of Flanders as a separate title, until it was absorbed by the French crown.

Prosperity in the 12th and 13th century (1071–1278)

The House of Flanders remained in power until 1119, when Baldwin VII of Flanders died heirless, and the county was inherited by Charles the Good, of the House of Denmark. He abandoned the title "Marquis of Flanders", which had been used alongside the comital style since the 10th century. The counts of Flanders were the last French lords using the title marquis, which would not be used again in France until 1504. After a short interlude under William Clito of Normandy (1127–1128), the county went to Thierry of Alsace of the House of Alsace. Under Thierry (1128–1168) and his successor Philip of Alsace, Flanders' importance and power increased.

In the second half of the 12th century, the county went through a period of great prosperity when Philip of Alsace managed to incorporate the County of Vermandois into Flanders through the inheritance of his wife. The territories he controlled now came to within 25 kilometers of Paris, and were larger than the territories his feudal lord, the French king, directly controlled.

During the rule of the House of Alsace, cities developed and new institutions were formed. The ports of Gravelines, Nieuwpoort, Damme, Biervliet, Dunkirk, and Mardijk were founded, as well as Calais by Philip's brother Matthew of Alsace. Aside from colonisation, the ports also functioned to reduce the silting of the rivers Aa, Yser and Zwin, which were endangering the accessibility of Saint-Omer, Ypres and Bruges. Biervliet also served as a counter to Hollandic influence.

Trade partners included England, the Baltic countries and France over sea, and the Rhineland and Italy over land. The wool trade with England was of special importance to the rising cloth industry in Flanders. The wealth of many Flemish cities (as their Belltowers and cloth halls testify) came from the drapery industry. Aside from this, the grain trade with England and through Holland with Hamburg were also important. Saint-Omer became the most important transit-port for French wine in the 12th century. These were the centuries of the breakthrough of the Flemish merchants, with their trade with England, the Baltic area and South-West France, as well as the land routes to the Rhineland and Italy though later only the yearly fairs of Champagne. Flanders's flourishing trading towns made it one of the most urbanised parts of Europe.

In 1194, Baldwin I of Constantinople of the House of Hainaut, succeeded the House of Alsace.

The crisis of the 14th century (1278–1384)
In 1278 Guy of Dampierre, of the House of Dampierre, became count of Flanders. The king of France wanted to definitively conquer Flanders, and started the Franco-Flemish War (1297–1305). Increasingly powerful in the 12th century, the territory's autonomous urban centres were instrumental in defeating the French invasion attempt, defeating the French at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302. But finally the French prevailed at the battle of Mons-en-Pévèle and with the subsequent treaty of Athis-sur-Orge (1305) Flanders lost  Lille, Douai, and Orchies to France and had to pay exorbitant fines but retained their independence as a fief of the French kingdom. During this period, Flanders experienced a period of relative prosperity with its strong cloth industry and diverse artwork. Trade in Flanders was so extensive that statues of the Madonna and Child were made in Flanders with ivory, which was accessible only by the Indian Ocean trade networks.

Flemish prosperity waned in the following century, however, owing to widespread European population decline following the Black Death of 1348, the disruption of trade during the Anglo-French Hundred Years' War (1338–1453), and increased English cloth production. Flemish weavers had gone over to Worstead and North Walsham in Norfolk in the 12th century and established the wool industry.

The Burgundian 15th century (1384–1506)

Through his marriage with Margaret of Dampierre in 1369, Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, made an end to the independence of Flanders. Flanders became the possession of the House of Valois-Burgundy, that ruled over the Burgundian State. In 1449 the city of Ghent revolted against duke Philip the Good. In 1453 Philip crushed the rebels at the battle of Gavere, ending the revolt.

The cities of Ghent and Bruges had previously operated virtually as city-states,
and upon the death of duke Charles the Bold attempted to re-assert this position by means of the Great Privilege that they wrested from Mary of Burgundy, Charles' daughter and successor. In 1482 this last Burgundian ruler died, making her young son Philip I of Castile of the House of Habsburg the new count, and her husband Maximilian I of Austria the regent. The Flemish cities staged two more revolts, but these were ultimately subdued by the armies of the Holy Roman Empire.

The 1493 Treaty of Senlis established peace between France and the Habsburgs; per the terms of the treaty, Flanders would henceforth be a territory of the Holy Roman Empire.

The seventeen provinces in the 16th century (1506–98)

Under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (born in the Flemish city Ghent), Flanders became a member of the Burgundian Circle. The county was later involved in the Guelders Wars.

Through the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549, the County of Flanders was officially detached from France. It became an independent territory of the Holy Roman Empire. This constitutional act made Flanders part of the Seventeen Provinces, that constituted the Low Countries and from then on would be inherited as a whole.

The Low Countries held an important place in the Empire. For Charles personally, they were the region where he spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the rich cities, they were also important for the treasury. Lordship transferred to the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg with Philip II of Spain, and after 1556 belonged to the Kings of Spain.

It was in Steenvoorde (In French Flanders) in 1566 that the Beeldenstorm broke loose. The Beeldenstorm spread through all of the Low Countries and eventually led to the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War and the secession of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. Originally Flanders cooperated with the northern provinces as a member of the Union of Utrecht, and also signed the Act of Abjuration in 1581, but from 1579 to 1585, in the period known as the "Calvinist Republic of Ghent", it was reconquered by the Spanish army.

The Spanish 17th century (1598–1713)

Flanders stayed under Spanish control. Through the efforts of the French king Louis XIV, the entire southern part of Flanders was annexed by France, and became known as South-Flanders or French Flanders. This situation was formalised in 1678 at the Treaty of Nijmegen.

The Austrian 18th century (1713–89)

After the extinction of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs, the Austrian branch of the Habsburgs became counts of Flanders. Under Maria Theresa of Austria, the Austrian Netherlands flourished.

Last years (1789–97)
In 1789 a revolution broke out against emperor Joseph II. In 1790 the county of Flanders and a separate province called West Flanders, which constituted the territories given back by France to the Emperor, were two of the founding members of the United States of Belgium. Just like the other parts of the Austrian Netherlands, the county of Flanders declared its independence. This took place on the Friday-market at Ghent on 4 January 1790. The "Manifest van Vlaenderen" was drawn up by Charles-Joseph de Graeve and Jean-Joseph Raepsaet.

The county of Flanders officially ceased to exist in 1795, when it was annexed by France, and divided into two departments: Lys (present day West Flanders) and Escaut (present day East Flanders and Zeelandic Flanders). Austria confirmed its loss in the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio.

After the French Revolution the county was not restored, and instead the two departments continued their existence as the provinces of East and West Flanders in the Unitarian United Kingdom of the Netherlands and later, after the Belgian Revolution, in Belgium.

Count of Flanders title
From 1840 onwards, the title "Count of Flanders" has been appropriated by the monarchy of Belgium. As a rule it was given to the second in line of succession to the Belgian throne. The title of count of Flanders was abolished by royal decision on 16 October 2001.

Important treaties and battles which involved the County of Flanders
 Battle of Cassel (1071)
 Battle of Axpoele in 1128
 Peace of Peronne in 1199
 Battle of Bouvines in 1214
 Peace of Melun in 1226
 Battle of West-Kapelle in 1253
 Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302
 Battle of Arke in 1303
 Battle of Zierikzee in 1304
 Battle of Mons-en-Pevele in 1304
 Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge in 1305
 Battle of Cassel (1328)
 Battle of Westrozebeke in 1382
 Eighty Years' War from 1568 to 1648
 Pacification of Ghent in 1576
 Union of Utrecht in 1579
 Act of Abjuration in 1581

See also
 History of Flanders

References

Notes

Bibliography
  (1948): "Vlaanderen, oorspronkelijke ligging en etymologie", in Album Prof. Dr. Frank Baur p. 192–220, Leuven.
  (1960): Toponymisch woordenboek van België, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West-Duitsland (voor 1226), Tongeren.
  (1977–1983): Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, Fibula-Van Dishoeck, Haarlem,
  (2006): Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden, HBuitgevers, Baarn,
  (1943): Korte geschiedenis van het ontstaan van het graafschap Vlaanderen van Boudewijn de IJzeren tot Robrecht den Fries, Brussels – The Hague.
  (1941–1942): "Het ontstaan van het vorstendom Vlaanderen", Belgisch tijdschrift voor filologie en geschiedenis, XX, 553–572 en XXI, 53–93.
  (1944): Vlaanderen onder de eerste graven, Antwerp.
  (1992): Medieval Flanders, London,
  (1949–1958): Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden, Haarlem – Antwerp.
  (1942): "De graven van Vlaanderen en hun domein, 864–1191", Wetenschappelijke Tijdingen, VII, 25–32.

External links

 Maps (900–1350)
 Summary of the French expansionism into Flanders

1380s in the Burgundian Netherlands

Flanders
Former provinces of France
History of Flanders
Flanders, County of
862 establishments


title: Industrial Extraction

text:
Industrial Extraction is the process by which harmful air contaminants are removed from the work place for the protection of employees and the environment.

In the UK, the Health and Safety Executive has implemented COSHH regulations to ensure all industrial workplaces protect the health of their employees via effective Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV).  This policy is now being mirrored in other parts of the world including China and North America.

Harmful air contaminants can be particles, gases or vapours and/or combinations or all three. ‘Particles’ include dusts, fumes, mists and fibres.

Extraction systems
Extraction systems to remove airborne particles from industrial workplaces have been in use for a number of years.

Centrifugal systems
Centrifugal systems are used in a wide range of manufacturing applications in industries including aerospace, automotive, medical, defence and food production. These systems use a perforated drum with specially designed vanes which rotate at very high speeds. Oil mist is drawn into the unit and impacts on the vanes at high velocity and specially designed synthetic pads assist the collection process and filter out stray solid particles.

The centrifugal force then pushes the oil to the unit’s outer case where it drains back to the machine for re-use or collection and clean air is returned to the workshop through the top of the unit. The dangerous particles have been removed and employees are protected from the potential health hazards associated with breathing in polluted air.

References

Industrial processes
Ventilation


title: Bapunagar Assembly constituency

text:
Bapunagar is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Ahmedabad district and a segment of Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency.

List of segments

This assembly seat represents the following segments,

 Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 21, 28, 29.

Members of the Legislative Assembly

Election results

2022

2017

2012

References

External links

Assembly constituencies of Gujarat
Ahmedabad district


title: Gharchistan

text:
Gharchistan or Gharjistan was a medieval region on the north bank of the Murghab River, lying to the east of Herat and north of Hari River.

References

Sources

Geographic history of Afghanistan
Historical regions of Iran


title: María Teresalina Sánchez

text:
María Teresalina Sánchez, F.M.M. (13 July 1918 – 27 October 1947) was a Spanish Franciscan Religious Sister who served as a missionary to Kashmir. She was murdered on the grounds of St. Joseph's Catholic Church in Baramulla by invading tribesmen during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. She is considered the first Christian martyr in Jammu and Kashmir.

Early life
She was born Joaquina de Z. Sánchez on July 13, 1918, in the village of Sondika, Biscay, called Bidegain, into a large family of seventeen children. While still an infant, her parents entrusted her upbringing to a community of the Daughters of the Cross in Bilbao. At eleven years of age she became a boarder in the teaching college in Orduña run by the Sisters of the Company of Mary, Our Lady, where she volunteered until the end of her studies at the Missionary Center of Bilbao.  In 1936, at the age of 18, she thought of becoming a Carmelite nun, but doing so was impossible due to the Spanish Civil War then raging in Spain. She then began to work as a nurse in the municipal hospital of Bilbao, but in May 1937 she went into exile with her family as a result of the fight, settling in  Cambo-les-Bains in southern France.

While there, Sánchez came to know the Franciscan Missionaries of Mary, a missionary religious congregation founded in India. After having read the biography of a member of the congregation, Sister Maria Assunta Pallotta, who had died in China at age 27 while nursing the sick during an outbreak of typhus, she decided to enter the congregation.  Due to the illness and death of her father and other circumstances, however, she did not enter until 1940, after the family returned to Spain, where she was admitted as a candidate at the convent in Pamplona. At her admission to the novitiate of the congregation, she was given the religious name of Maria Teresalina.

Missionary life
Through years of religious formation and work on her nursing skills, she was preparing herself for mission work. For this she prayed that she might be like a sponge from which one could squeeze "even the last drop". After her profession of perpetual vows in the congregation, she was sent to the overseas missions with 44 other Spanish Franciscan Missionaries of Mary, fulfilling a dream that she had cherished for a long time.  The group left for Kashmir on 16 April 1947.

The Sisters arrived at the mission of Baramulla about 9 August 1947.  Their base of operations was a convent attached to a hospital.  Sánchez began her health ministry serving the poor of the community.  She provided healthcare to the local people and visited the homebound in the community. During this time she began to study English, Urdu, and Kashmir. She thrived in this situation, and was quickly appointed as the Assistant Superior.

Martyrdom
Shortly after their arrival, the Sisters found themselves in the middle of the Kashmir conflict: both India and Pakistan wanted possession of Kashmir because of its strategic position. Although a neutrality pact was in effect, Pakistan invaded the region anyway. The mission compound became a sanctuary for hordes of refugees fleeing the violence. Tribesmen from Northern Frontier, (what is today known as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) took advantage of the situation and attacked, wrecking everything on their passage. While heading to Srinigar, they attacked Baramulla, which was on the route to that city, where they looted the church and convent, stealing everything that appeared to be valuable. They went to the hospital and began to destroy everything inside, whereupon they met the Mother Superior. The mercenaries pulled off her eyeglasses, ring, and veil. Sánchez interceded, speaking up for her Superior. At that moment the mercenaries shouted: "Kill them!" She put herself in front of the Superior to defend her and received three bullet wounds.  The shots hit her in the lung, abdomen, and leg. The mercenaries then dragged her to a room in the hospital that had already been sacked.

While the mercenaries prepared to kill the others, Sehrab Hayat Khan, the head of Afridi tribesman contingent arrived  and issued a counter-order, to which the mercenaries revolted. They aimed their rifles towards him saying to lay off or he will be killed.  Sehrab khan had been educated in a Catholic college led by the Presentation Sisters in Peshawar and then Bishop Cotton school Simla(he explained that he was "not likely to forget their [the Catholic Sisters'] kindness"). In the meanwhile the Afridi contingent arrives and seeing their head of contingent on gunpoint they immediately surrounded the mercenaries, to which they surrendered. Khan saw what he considered a great mistake, he asked pardon of the Sisters. Khan along with his tribseman and other sisters went to save the others.

As there was no possibility of attending to the wounded, the community of Sisters surrounded Sánchez, who was quickly losing blood. Her wounds were very serious and it was not possible to save her. she endured a long agony of ten hours, losing blood "until the last drop" as her motto had stated, in acute pain that could not be alleviated due to a lack of sedatives. She only asked for help occasionally when the pain moved nearer, from her leg to her stomach. Her last words were: "It is already ended… I offer my life for the conversion of Kashmir." Two days later she received Christian burial in a grave dug in the convent garden, with no coffin.

Legacy
Besides Sánchez, five other people were killed by the tribesmen, both staff and patients, including a British officer and his wife, who was in labor at the time. The sacking of the Catholic mission was extensively reported in the Western press. News articles suggested that rape had taken place. The government of India publicised the attack along with its war with Pakistan. Soon after this, the Pakistani tribes were evicted from Baramulla and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru himself visited the town.
Her remains are now buried in the convent cemetery of the mission. There have been repeated requests by the nuns at Baramulla that Mother  Teresalina should be considered for canonisation - but so far without success.

References

External links
The text of Andrew Whitehead's article on the death of Mother Teresalina and her memorialization
Franciscan Missionaries of Mary, Province of Australia:  "Our History"
"Total recall: Mission violated" "...A.J. Philip  retells the story based on Andrew Whitehead’s book on the sacking of Baramula"
Book Reviews - A Mission in Kashmir & In Search of a Future Reviewed by D. Suba Chandran, June 10, 2010
The full text of Andrew Whitehead's 'A Mission in Kashmir' which is largely about the Baramulla massacre

1918 births
1947 deaths
People from Greater Bilbao
Third Order Regular Franciscans
Spanish nurses
Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in India
Female Roman Catholic missionaries
People of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
Deaths by firearm in India
Burials in India


title: 1975–76 Liga Española de Baloncesto

text:
The 1975–76 season was the 20th season of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto. Real Madrid won the title.

Teams and venues

First stage

Second stage

Title group

Relegation group

Stats Leaders

Points

References

ACB.com
Linguasport
1975–76 Spanish Basketball Federation competition archive

Liga Española de Baloncesto (1957–1983) seasons

Spanish


title: List of hotels in Nigeria

text:
The following is a list of notable hotels in Nigeria.

Hotels in Nigeria

Unsorted
 Bogobiri House
 Dolphin Estate – a gated community in Ikoyi, Lagos that also hosts several hotels like Oakwood Park Hotel, Casa Hawa-Safe Court, Le Paris Continental Hotel and Pelican

See also
 Lists of hotels – hotel list articles on Wikipedia

References

External links

 *
Nigeria


title: Amraiwadi Assembly constituency

text:
Amraiwadi is one of the 182 assembly constituency of Gujarat. It is located in Ahmedabad District. This seat came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

List of segments
This assembly seat represents the following segments

 Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 32, 33, 41

Members of Legislative Assembly
2019 - Jagdish Patel, Bharatiya Janata Party

Election results

2022

2019 Bypoll

2017

2012

References

External links

Assembly constituencies of Gujarat
Ahmedabad district


title: Clepsis moeschleriana

text:
Clepsis moeschleriana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae first described by Maximilian Ferdinand Wocke in 1862. It is found in Kyrgyzstan, Russia and North America, where it has been recorded from Alaska to Newfoundland, south in the mountains to New Hampshire, Colorado and Utah. The habitat consists of alpine and subalpine areas.

The wingspan is 15–23 mm. The forewings vary from pale white to reddish brown. The hindwings vary from off white to grey. Adults have been recorded on wing from May to June in Russia and from June to August in North America.

The larvae feed on Delphinium barbeyi.

References

Moths described in 1862
Clepsis


title: The Clouds (Manchester band)

text:
The Clouds were a Greater Manchester-based indie band signed to Chris and Julia Nagle's 'Wobble Records'. They recorded a John Peel session in 1991 and appeared live on
Mark Radcliffe's 'Hit the North' BBC Radio 5 show in the same year. The band received some regional and national radio airplay and appeared live as a support act with World of Twist (1991), Intastella (1991) and Flowered Up (1991) as well as in their own right at venues in the North West. For the duration of the time they were signed to Wobble Records, the band were made up of:
 Simon Dickinson (Lead Vocal / Guitar)
 Simon Maguire (Guitar)
 Timothy Jones (Bass Guitar)
 Dave Drennan (Keyboards)
 Simon Moss (Percussion)

Early years
The band was formed after the three remaining members of the 'Dillen Experience' Tim Jones, Simon Moss and Simon Dickinson were joined by Ex 'Dillen Experience', 'Rig' and 'Resonance' keyboard player Dave Drennan. They were joined by Simon Maguire (previously in Sale band 'The Sewage') shortly afterwards.  They signed to Wobble Records following regular plays of a demo featuring "Moon Llama" to clients and staff at Strawberry Studios where Dave Drennan was employed. Three of the group were called Simon, which led to an array of obligatory pseudonyms, including Vincent Van Void, Sonic Windpipe, Balloon, Doctor Kecks, Bruce Starbuck, The Beast and Jimmy Goggles.

Releases
Two EPs were released on Wobble Records — "Moon Llama" and the follow-up "Bingo Clubs Millennium Ball"

The band also recorded tracks for an album that was never released — "Poll Tax Blues", "Druids Sacrifice of the Autumnal Equinox", "Osmosis", and "Touch of the Sun".

Courtesy of Wobble Records, vocalist and guitarist Simon Dickinson also played guitar and sang on the Mighty Force track "Playbeast" which featured on their 1992 album, Hypnovel.

The "Moon Llama EP" was recorded in down time at Strawberry Studios in Stockport. "Bingo Clubs Millennium Ball EP" was recorded at Courtyard Studios in Stockport.

The band stopped playing live and recording in 1992. They got together again circa 1997 for a one-off show at the Roadhouse in Manchester. This line-up did not feature rhythm guitarist Simon Maguire or keyboard player Dave Drennan, but did include Eldon Snelgrove (real name) on percussion and keyboards. They then re-formed briefly in 2012, playing four shows; at the North London Tavern (Kilburn, London), Power's Bar (Kilburn, London), Affstock (Chelmsford) and the Ruby Lounge (Manchester). The only absentee from the 2012 line-up was Simon Maguire.

Current activity
Following the demise of the Clouds, Simon Dickinson went on to form Buzzwagon with bass player Tim Jones and ex 'This Years Blonde' drummer Eldon Snelgrove, re-recording The Clouds' "Touch of the Sun". Simon Dickinson now writes and records as Hamfist and collaborates with drummer Simon Moss who records in his own right as Sonic Windpipe.

References
New Musical Express, 10 August 1991, Page 6
City Life Magazine, 29 August - 11 September 1991, Page 29
Ett Noll Ett, Issue 17, 1992, Page 35, , Swedish
Melody Maker (Gig Review - Manchester Boardwalk), 29 June 1991, Page 16
Melody Maker (The Clouds), 27 April 1991, Page 12, Author: John Robb
Melody Maker (Gig Review, Leeds Duchess of York), 31 August 1991, Page 27
City Life Magazine (EP Review), 20 May - 4 June 1992, Author Chris Sharrat
Manchester Evening News (Sun Shining on the Clouds), 23 May 1992
New Musical Express (But Cirrusly), 13 July 1991, Page 8, Author: Penny Anderson
New Musical Express (EP Review), 27 July 1991, Page 22
International Musician, Volume 17 - No 11, October 1991, Page 7
Manchester METRO News (As Lonely as a Cloud), 5 June 1992, Page 33
Manchester Evening News (Clouds Control), 12 July 1991, Page 12, Author: Terry Christian
When Does the Mind Bending Start? The Life and Times of World of Twist, July 2022, Page 231, Author Gordon King (ISBN 978-1-788-70538-7)

External links

Musical groups from Greater Manchester
English musical quintets


title: Dariapur Assembly constituency

text:
Dariapur is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Ahmedabad district.

List of segments

This assembly seat represents the following segments,

 Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 2, 3, 4, 16.

Members of Legislative Assembly

Dariapur-Kazipur constituency

Dariapur constituency

Election results

2022

2017

2012

See also
 List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
 Ahmedabad district

References

External links

Assembly constituencies of Gujarat
Ahmedabad district


title: Martin Elliott

text:
Martin John Elliott (born 8 March 1951) is a British surgeon. He is presently (appointed 2022) Provost of Gresham College, taking over from Simon Thurley.  Elliott was 37th Professor of Physic at Gresham College from 2014 to 2018, where he is also Emeritus Professor and Fellow.  He delivered a series of free public lectures on The Heart of the Matter, "to explore [...] the challenging medical, ethical, financial and political issues of our time."

He is Emeritus Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery at University College London, a post to which he was appointed in 2004.

Since 2017 he has been a non-executive director of The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, and since 2017 he has been a non-executive director of Children's Health Ireland in Dublin.

He is a senior advisor to PA Consulting and a member of the Industry Advisory Council of Novartis UK. He is a trustee of Epilepsy Research UK.

Early life
Elliott was born on 8 March 1951 in Sheffield, England. He attended King Edward VII School in Sheffield from 1962 to 1968 before studying medicine at Newcastle University.

Career
Elliott held professorial house surgeon and physician posts at the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle upon Tyne before becoming a Demonstrator in Anatomy at Newcastle University in 1974. He then spent a year in Southampton as an SHO before returning to Newcastle to join the surgical training rotation scheme.  He was appointed Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1978 and Senior Registrar (and academic ‘First Assistant) in Cardiothoracic Surgery the same year.

Concurrent with this post he conducted research into The Metabolic Consequences of Cardio-Pulmonary Bypass and was awarded a Doctorate in Medicine (MD) by Newcastle University in 1983.

He became fascinated by the treatment of congenital heart disease and was appointed Senior Registrar in Paediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery at The Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London in 1984, training with Professor Marc de Leval and Mr. Jaroslav Stark.

Elliott was appointed a consultant paediatric cardiothoracic surgeon at Great Ormond Street Hospital in 1985 a post he held until 2019. He was appointed Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery at University College London in 2004.

At Great Ormond Street, Elliott led the Cardiothoracic and Critical Care Directorate from 2000 to 2010 and became Co-Medical Director on 11 June 2010, replacing Robert Evans. He held this post until 2015.

In 2000, Elliott established a team to treat children with severe tracheal disease with a particular interest in long-segment tracheal stenosis.  This team grew to become the world-renowned National Service for Severe Tracheal Disease in Children, and pioneered several innovative therapies including slide tracheoplasty, stenting and later transplantation. His team performed the first stem-cell-supported tracheal transplant in a child.

Elliott also led the Thoracic Transplantation Service at Great Ormond Street from 2000 to 2010.

From 2018 through 2020, Elliott was a member of the China Tribunal, a people's tribunal established to assess allegations of forced organ harvesting and other severe human rights abuses in Chinese detention camps.  The judgment of the Tribunal, that China was guilty beyond reasonable doubt, was published in 2020.

From 2017 to 2022 Elliott was Chief Medical Officer of Allocate Software Ltd.

Other research work
Elliott is known for his research into the pathophysiology of cardiopulmonary bypass, particularly ultrafiltration and modified ultrafiltration and for work on the treatment of tracheal disorders in children.  He established the European Congenital Heart Defects Database in the early 1990s, which was the forerunner of the EACTS and STS registries. He was also founding president of the International Nomenclature Society for CHD.

With the rest of the team at Great Ormond Street, he was engaged in successful work to improve teamwork using human factors research with Formula 1 teams and with the aviation industry. He became involved with Formula 1 by noticing similarities between teams dealing with pitstops and the transfer of patients from theatre to intensive care.

Elliott is widely published with over 300 peer-reviewed articles and many book chapters. He has delivered over 450 invited lectures worldwide, and has taught surgery and operated throughout the world, training many of the world's leading paediatric cardiothoracic surgeons.  He has held visiting professorships throughout the world. He was the 2015 Hunterian Orator at The Royal College of Surgeons of England

He has provided evidence to the Bristol Inquiry, about the Bristol heart scandal in the 1990s, and the Francis Inquiry related to the importance of information provision for quality improvement.

Scholarships and awards
1973 The Goyder Scholarship for Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Newcastle upon Tyne

1982 The Charles Hahn European Young Research Workers Prize Silver Medal (Stockholm)

2008 NHS Platinum Clinical Excellence Award

2011 One of 'Britain's Top 50 Surgeons', The Times, December

2012 JH Gibbon Lifetime Achievement Award of the American Society for Extracorporeal Technology (AMSECT)

2012 One of 'Britain's Top Paediatric Doctors', The Times, December

2014 One of NHS's 'Top 50 Innovators', Health Service Journal

2015 The Hunterian Medal from the Royal College of Surgeons of England

2015 The Olaf AF Acral Medal from the Swedish Surgical Society

Personal life
Elliott is married to Lesley, a former hospital and research manager. They had two sons, Becan, a filmmaker, and Toby who died in 2009 age 26 of SUDEP about which Elliott has spoken publicly.

Elliott enjoys reading, watching sport, playing tennis, cycling and walking the dog in his spare time. He and Lesley have an allotment to grow vegetables.

References

British cardiac surgeons
Physicians of Great Ormond Street Hospital
British paediatric surgeons
Professors of Gresham College
Academics of University College London
1951 births
Living people
People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield


title: Nana Kwaku Bonsam

text:
Nana Kwaku Bonsam (born 20 August 1973), whose name, "Bonsam" translates literally as "Devil", is a well known Ghanaian witch doctor and fetish priest.

Bonsam gained international notoriety when he claimed to put a voodoo curse on the Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo. Before taking his present name, he was originally called Stephen Osei Mensah, a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the village of Afrancho. In 1992, when he was aged 19, he suffered severe burns in a gas explosion, after which his life underwent a transformation. Ptah Amissah-Aidoo changed his life. The controversial priest also claimed, in a self-made video, that he was responsible for the death of Pastor TB Joshua, after he was fought spiritually.

References

External links

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1973 births
Living people
Ghanaian animists
People from Ashanti Region
Former Seventh-day Adventists


title: Jamalpur-Khadiya

text:
Jamalpur and Khadiya are two adjacent areas in Ahmedabad district in Gujarat. The two areas used to have a separate Vidhan Sabha seat for themselves. But this seat came into existence after 2008 delimitation after merging erstwhile Jamalpur and Khadiya seats.

Jamalpur area is home to a very crowded marker.

See also
 Jamalpur-Khadiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

References

Ahmedabad district


title: Gymnastics at the 2003 SEA Games

text:
At the 2003 SEA Games edition, Gymnastics was divided into three sub-categories: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, and aerobics. The artistic gymnastics was held from December 5 to December 8, the rhythmic gymnastics from December 9 to December 11, and the aerobics gymnastics on December 12. All events were held at the Quần Ngựa Sports Palace, in Hanoi, Vietnam.

Medalist

Artistic gymnastics

Men's events

Women's events

Rhythmic gymnastics

Aerobics gymnastics

Results

Artistic gymnastics

Men's events

Team all-around
December 5

Individual all-around
December 6

Floor
December 8

Pommel horse
December 8

Rings
December 8

Vault
Qualification
December 5

Final
December 8

Parallel bars
December 8

Horizontal bar
December 8

Women's events

Team all-around
December 5

Individual all-around
December 6

Vault
Qualification
December 5

Final
December 8

Uneven bars
December 8

Balance beam
December 8

Floor
December 8

Rhythmic gymnastics

Women's events

Team all-around
9 December

Team competition is only for countries with at least 3 participating/entries of gymnasts. Only gymnasts competing in at least 3 apparatus can compete for the all-around qualifications; with the top three highest scores counted. Team competition also served as qualification for the event finals. Three gymnasts per team compete on each event, and the best ten of the scores out of twelve scores count.

Individual all-around
10 December

Hoop
11 December

Ball
11 December

Clubs
11 December

Ribbon
11 December

Aerobics gymnastics

Single Men
12 December

Single Women
12 December

Mixed doubles
12 December

Trios
12 December

Medal table
Legend

References

External links
Official website (archived)

Gymnastics
2003
Southeast Asian Games
International gymnastics competitions hosted by Vietnam


title: Florin Tănase

text:
Florin Lucian Tănase (; born 30 December 1994) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a forward or an attacking midfielder for Saudi Professional League club Al-Okhdood and the Romania national team.

He started out as a senior in the third league at Voluntari, where he was loaned from Viitorul Constanța in 2013. Tănase went on to appear in over 80 games in all competitions for the latter, before transferring to FCSB in 2016.

Internationally, he made his full debut for Romania in a 1–0 friendly victory over Albania in May 2014, aged 19.

Club career

Viitorul Constanța
On 23 February 2014, aged 19, Tănase scored his first Liga I goal in Viitorul Constanța's 2–1 away win against Dinamo București.

FCSB
On 8 August 2016, FC Steaua București signed Tănase on a five-year deal for a reported €1.5 million transfer fee, with his former club retaining 25% interest on a future move. He was assigned the number 10 jersey and scored on debut four days later, his goal aiding to a 2–0 away victory over Botoșani.

Tănase netted his first European goal for the Roș-albaștrii on 2 August 2017, in the UEFA Champions League third qualifying round 4–1 away victory over Viktoria Plzeň. In the 2020–21 Liga I season he scored 24 times, becoming the league's top scorer and being named in the Team of the Year.

On 25 April 2022, Tănase managed the first hat-trick of his professional career in a 4–0 away victory over his former team Viitorul Constanța, now named Farul. He finished as the Liga I top scorer for the second year in a row, after netting 20 times.

Al Jazira
On 6 August 2022, Emirati club Al Jazira announced the signing of Tănase after meeting his €3 million release clause.

Al-Okhdood
On 5 August 2023, Tănase joined Saudi Pro League club Al-Okhdood on a free transfer.

International career
On 31 May 2014, Tănase earned his first cap for Romania in a 1–0 win over Albania by entering as an 83rd-minute substitute for Alexandru Maxim. He appeared intermittently for the nation in the following years, as he only scored his first goal on 25 March 2021, in a 3–2 defeat of North Macedonia in the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifying stage.

Style of play
Tănase is a versatile footballer who can occupy several positions along the front-line, but has stated that prefers to be deployed as an advanced playmaker. Romanian manager and former player Gheorghe Hagi regarded him as one of the most promising talents of his generation; in spite of that, Tănase has been accused by opponents and media alike of excessive diving, especially during his time at FCSB.

Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Romania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Tănase goal.

Honours

Viitorul Constanța
Liga I: 2016–17

FCSB
Cupa României: 2019–20
Supercupa României runner-up: 2020

Individual
Liga I top scorer: 2020–21, 2021–22
Liga I Team of the Season: 2020–21, 2021–22
Digi Sport Liga I Player of the Month: December 2017

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
People from Găești
Footballers from Pitești
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football wingers
Liga I players
Liga III players
UAE Pro League players
Saudi Pro League players
FC Viitorul Constanța players
FC Voluntari players
FC Steaua București players
Al Jazira Club players
Al-Okhdood Club players
Romania men's under-21 international footballers
Romania men's international footballers
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia


title: 1980 VFA season

text:
The 1980 Victorian Football Association season was the 99th season of the top division of the Australian rules football competition, and the 20th season of second division competition. The Division 1 premiership was won by the Port Melbourne Football Club, after it defeated Coburg in the Grand Final on 21 September by eleven points; it was Port Melbourne's 13th Division 1 premiership, the first of three premierships won in a row between 1980 and 1982, and the fourth of six premierships won in nine seasons from 1974 until 1982. The Division 2 premiership was won by Brunswick; it was the club's second Division 2 premiership, and was won in its first season since relegation from Division 1.

Rule changes
The Association introduced a number of on-field and off-field rule changes in the 1980 season.

Seconds competition scheduling
For the first time, Association Seconds matches were for the first time played as curtain-raisers to Firsts matches. When the seconds competition was established in the 1920s, scheduling was such that the seconds played at the same time as the firsts, with the seconds playing at home when the firsts played away and vice versa. In the 1960s, as the firsts gradually migrated from a Saturday competition to a Sunday competition, the seconds had remained a Saturday competition, still playing at home on alternate weekends to the firsts but on different days. Now, for the first time, the seconds were played as curtain-raisers; and, also for the first time, the seconds became a Sunday competition.

As a result, the seconds finals became curtain-raisers to the firsts finals; this had happened previously when both competitions were Saturday competitions. However, one consequence was that the lightning premiership, which had occupied the curtain-raiser time-slot since 1972, was discontinued.

Grounds sharing
In the pre-season, Brunswick asked the Association for permission to sublet its home ground, Gillon Oval, to the Juventus soccer club, which was playing in the Victorian soccer competition. Brunswick was struggling financially due to a declining supporter base and sponsorship, and could barely afford to operate; but, it had arranged a deal with the Brunswick Council for a ten-winter lease of Gillon Oval which was financially viable for the club only if it could sublet the ground to Juventus on alternate weekends.

The Association had historically operated under strict ground control rules which required clubs to have access to their grounds throughout the winter: these rules served the practical purpose of ensuring the seconds had a venue to use on weekends when the firsts played away; and, served the strategic purpose of tying up the best suburban venues to maintain a competitive advantage over rival codes, most notably soccer and rugby. These ground control rules were most strictly enforced in 1959 when Prahran was expelled from the Association because the Victorian Rugby Union was given access to Toorak Park. Given this history, the notion of allowing ground-sharing with a soccer club would be a significant change in policy for the Association. However, as more Association clubs, particularly in areas like Brunswick with high migrant populations where the popularity of soccer and apathy towards football were at their highest, encountered financial hardships and struggled with ground rent, the Association recognised that it could no longer maintain this hardline approach. As such, on 21 March, the Association voted 16–4 to grant wider permission for ground sharing amongst its clubs.

Order-off rule
The Association adopted an order-off rule, allowing umpires to order a player to leave the field as punishment for high severity indiscretions. In practice, players were ordered off for some but not all reportable offences. Under the rules, a player would be ordered from the field for fifteen minutes of game time and could not be replaced, such that the team played one man short over this time – and indeed, in a Seconds match late in the season, Prahran's score was annulled after a headcount revealed that they had erroneously replaced the ordered off player.

Division 1
The Division 1 home-and-away season was played over 18 rounds; the top four then contested the finals under the Page–McIntyre system. The finals were played at the Junction Oval.

Ladder

Finals

Awards
The leading goalkicker for the season was Fred Cook (Port Melbourne), who kicked 101 goals during the home-and-away season and 112 goals overall.
The J. J. Liston Trophy was won by Stephen Allender (Port Melbourne), who polled 32 votes. Allender finished ahead of Phil Neilson (Camberwell), who was second with 27 votes, and Derek King (Caulfield), who polled 23 votes.
Port Melbourne won the seconds premiership. Port Melbourne 16.19 (115) defeated Coburg 10.13 (73) in the Grand Final, played as a curtain-raiser to the seniors Grand Final between the same teams on 21 September.

Division 2
The Division 2 home-and-away season was played over eighteen rounds; the top four then contested the finals under the Page–McIntyre system; all finals were played on Sundays at Toorak Park.

Ladder

Finals

Awards
The leading goalkicker for the Division 2 home-and-away season was Peter McKenna (Northcote) who kicked 98 goals and did not participate in finals. The leading goalkicker across the whole season including finals was Paul Angelis (Waverley), who finished with 100 goals; he was equal-third with Kevin Leece (Werribee) in the home-and-away season with 90 goals, behind McKenna and Peter Neville (Mordialloc, 95 goals).
The J. Field Medal was won by Kevin Sait (Yarraville). Jeff Edwards (Northcote) was second.
Williamstown won the seconds premiership. Williamstown 21.22 (148) defeated Brunswick 19.13 (127) in the Grand Final, played as a curtain-raiser to the senior Grand Final on 7 September.

Notable events

Discussions with the Victorian Football League
During the 1980 season, the Association executive engaged in a series of discussions with Victorian Football League executives over a number of football control issues in Victoria. It was the first time the League and the Association had engaged in any productive collaborative discussion since their relationship soured in the aftermath of North Melbourne's move to Coburg in 1965.

Of primary importance to the League was Sunday football. The Association had begun playing matches on Sundays in 1960, and by 1980, Victorian state government rules allowed for almost all sports except for horse racing and League football to be played on Sunday. The League was keen to break into the Sunday market, and proposed to play a game at both the Melbourne Cricket Ground and VFL Park each Sunday – but the Association gained a lot of value from its status as the highest level Sunday football competition. Both political parties in state government were sympathetic to the Association's cause, so an agreement between the League and Association was the only thing likely to sway the government's opinion. The League brought a number of concessions to the table in its efforts to negotiate with the Association, including:
No telecasts of Sunday League games
Reconsidering its push to play televised matches on Sundays outside Victoria – Sunday League games had been played in Sydney since 1979 and moving games to Brisbane was also under consideration
The League to financially compensate the Association for lost gates
Offering the Association access to VFL Park for matches, including finals
Supporting the Association's attempts to join the Australian Football Championships night series.

The Association, which had been suffering a decline in finances and popularity since the mid 1970s, was keen to discuss a number of football control issues and options which it thought could help its viability. Among the agenda items were:
Re-establishing a reciprocal transfer agreement between the League and Association
Seeking support for the Association to rejoin the National Football League, ten years after its expulsion for breaking the transfer agreement it previously had in place
A potential amalgamation between the League Reserves competition and the Association Division 1. Under the proposal, Division 1 would expand to twelve teams, and each would be affiliated with a League club; League players who were not selected in their senior teams would then become available to play with their Association club, instead of the Reserves. Association gates had suffered dramatically in the late 1970s, and one contributing factor was that the number of former League players who had transferred to Association clubs had dropped, so it was thought that an affiliation arrangement could help by bringing more high-profile players back to the Association.
The establishment of a new Victorian Metropolitan Football League, to replace the Victorian Football Union as the administrative body for all levels of football in Melbourne – in much the same way that the Victorian Country Football League administered country football. Early proposals included promotion and relegation from the city's suburban leagues into and out of the Association second division, revised zoning rules affecting the League clubs, and more unified control.

Ultimately, none of these ideas was adopted in the immediate term. The Association discussed the League's proposal for Sunday football at a Board of Management meeting, but voted against it by an overwhelming 22–3 margin, agreeing that Sunday football was one of the Association's only valuable assets and it could not be given up. Negotiation on all other initiatives broke down shortly thereafter. However, despite its lack of tangible outcomes, the discussions were valuable as signalling an improvement in the relationship between the competitions, and they were notable as the first time that an amalgamation between the League reserves and the Association seniors had been seriously discussed – a structural change which ultimately took place twenty years later, prior to the 2000 season.

Interleague matches
In 1980, the Association played two of its highest-profile interstate matches for more than a decade, with matches against the Northern Tasmanian Football Association and the South Australian National Football League. The team was captained by Fred Cook (Port Melbourne) and coached by Mick Erwin (Prahran).

The Association's 30-point loss against the S.A.N.F.L. impressed many observers, as the latter had been expected to win comfortably.

Scoreboard rigging controversy
In the final round of the Division 1 home-and-away season, Camberwell Football Club officials caused controversy by intentionally displaying incorrect around-the-grounds scores on their scoreboard. Camberwell hosted Dandenong at the Camberwell Sports Ground in the final round, and both teams needed to win and see other results fall favourably to achieve their goals: for Dandenong, it needed to win and see Prahran lose to Preston to finish fourth; for Camberwell, it needed to win and see Frankston lose to Caulfield to avoid relegation. The Camberwell–Dandenong match was close, and Dandenong led by three points at three-quarter time, but the around-the-grounds scores showed Prahran comfortably ahead of Preston, ostensibly ending Dandenong's chances of reaching the finals. Camberwell 17.14 (116) went on to defeat Dandenong 16.15 (111) by five points.

It was only after the game that Dandenong officials discovered that the displayed score of the Preston–Prahran match had been false: Preston had actually led by seven goals at three-quarter time, and ended by winning by 68 points, Preston 32.15 (207) d. Prahran 21.13 (139). Dandenong officials were incensed, with coach Ray Biffin and secretary Lionel Farrow claiming that the false scores had taken away Dandenong's incentive to try its best in the final quarter against Camberwell and, given the close result of the game, probably cost it a finals berth. In response, Camberwell secretary Ron Elleray confirmed the scoreboard rigging was intentional, and was entirely unrepentant, saying "it was gamesmanship, and if they were silly enough to fall for it, that's their bad luck."

Prahran's and Dandenong's losses opened the door for Sandringham to secure fourth, which it did with a 20-point win against Geelong West. Despite its win, Camberwell was unable to avoid relegation, as Frankston defeated Caulfield. Frankston officials were also suspected of potential scoreboard rigging, as Frankston Park announcers had announced at three-quarter time that Camberwell led Dandenong by 20 points, when in fact Camberwell trailed by three points; Caulfield officials noted that the announcement may have spurred Frankston, then leading by 17 points, on to its 34-point victory, but Caulfield made no official complaint and Frankston, unlike Camberwell, denied the misinformation was intentional.

The Association executive committee was unimpressed with Camberwell's actions. In October, Camberwell was fined $20 for its misconduct, although the Association put on the record that it would have fined the club $500 if its constitution had allowed it to do so.

Other notable events
On 13 April, Prahran trailed Sandringham by 42 points at half time, but recovered to win the match by six points, Prahran 22.12 (144) d. Sandringham 20.18 (138).
On 27 July, Ian Fairley (Williamstown) kicked eight goals against Box Hill in his senior debut, at the age of only 15 years 9 months; despite the performance, he was dropped from the senior team the following week, to ensure he remained eligibile to play finals for the thirds.
The Association trialled the use of two field umpires for the first time during the finals matches in both divisions; home-and-away matches continued to be controlled by a single field umpire through the year.

See also
List of VFA/VFL premiers

References

Victorian Football League seasons
VFL


title: William Holbech (MP for Banbury)

text:
William Holbech (1748 – 6 July 1812) was an English politician from Warwickshire. He sat in the House of Commons of Great Britain for two years in the 1790s.

He was the oldest son of Hugh Holbech of Whitley Hall and his wife Catherine, daughter of Col. Robert Cornewall. He was educated at Rugby School, Eton College, and Trinity College, Oxford.  In 1772, he married Anne, the daughter of William Woodhouse, from Lichfield; they had five sons and two daughters.

In 1771, aged 23, he inherited (from his uncle William Holbech) his grandfather's estates at Farnborough Hall, Warwickshire, Mollington, Oxfordshire and Radston, Northamptonshire.

He was elected at a by-election in 1794 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Lord Guilford's family borough of Banbury.  However, at the next election in 1796, Lord Guilford imposed his own candidate.

References

1748 births
1812 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1790–1796
People from Warwickshire
People educated at Rugby School
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford


title: Danilimda Assembly constituency

text:
Danilimda is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Ahmedabad district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes.

List of segments
This assembly seat represents the following segments,

 Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) Villages – Piplaj, Shahwadi, Saijpur – Gopalpur
 Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – 30, 38, 40.

Members of the Legislative Assembly

Election candidate

2022

Election results

2022

2017

2012

See also
 List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly
 Ahmedabad district

References

External links

Assembly constituencies of Gujarat
Ahmedabad district