title: Yao Yi

text:
Yao Yi (姚顗) (866 – November 8, 940), courtesy name Bozhen (伯真) (per the Old History of the Five Dynasties) or Baizhen (百真) (per the New History of the Five Dynasties), was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period states Later Liang, Later Tang, and Later Jin, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Later Tang's final emperor Li Congke.

Background
Yao Yi was born in 866, during the reign of Emperor Yizong of Tang.  He was from the Tang dynasty capital Chang'an.  His great-grandfather Yao Xiqi () served as an advisor to a prefectural prefect; his grandfather Yao Hongqing () served as a prefectural prefect; and his father Yao Jing () served as a principal of the imperial university.  Yao Yi himself was described as unintelligent, but magnanimous, in his youth.  He did not pay attention to his appearance.  As a result, people did not respect him, except for the hermit Sikong Tu (), who had previously served an official in the imperial administration, and Sikong gave a daughter to him in marriage.  It was said that Yao was kind and trusting, such that his household servants and concubines were easily able to cheat him of money.  While he would realize this, he did not rebuke them in person.  He also was a poor handler of money, not understanding its value well, so he did not accumulate any wealth.

Late in Tang, Yao followed the people in moving to the eastern capital Luoyang.  (This was probably a reference to the forced relocation of the imperial court from Chang'an to Luoyang when the major warlord Zhu Quanzhong the military governor (Jiedushi) of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) forced Emperor Yizong's son Emperor Zhaozong to move the capital there, to put Emperor Zhaozong under firmer control; if so, it would be in 904.)  The next year, Yao passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi class, although if he carried any offices during these final years of Tang's existence, it was not recorded in history.

During Later Liang
Zhu Quanzhong subsequently forced Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor Emperor Ai to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and establishing Later Liang.  During the Zhenming era (915–921) of Zhu Quanzhong's son and successor Zhu Zhen, Yao served successively in a number of offices, progressively higher—Xiaoshu Lang (), a copyeditor at the Palace Library; magistrate of Dengfeng County (登封, in modern Zhengzhou, Henan); You Bujue (), a low-level consultant at the legislative bureau (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng); Libu Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Libu); then the dual offices of imperial scholar (翰林學士, Hanlin Xueshi) and Zhongshu Sheren (), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau.

During Later Tang
In 923, Later Liang's rival Later Tang's emperor Li Cunxu, who claimed to be the legitimate successor to Tang and viewed Later Liang as an illegitimate usurper state, launched a surprise attack on the Later Liang capital Daliang, capturing it.  Zhu Zhen committed suicide, ending Later Liang and allowing Later Tang to take over its territory.  Li Cunxu believed that a number of Later Liang officials from aristocratic families, who served Later Liang despite their families' long allegiance to the Tang state, should be exiled for what he viewed as disloyalty.  Yao Yi was one of the ones targeted, and he was exiled to Fu Prefecture (復州, in modern Tianmen, Hubei) to serve as the military advisor to its prefect.  However, he was recalled from exile after about a year, and, in 926, during the reign of Li Cunxu's adoptive brother and successor Li Siyuan, he was made Zuo Sanqi Changshi (), a high-level consultant at the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng).  Subsequently, he served successively as deputy minister of defense (兵部侍郎, Bingbu Shilang), deputy minister of civil service affairs (吏部侍郎, Libu Shilang), and Shangshu Zuo Cheng (), one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng).

In 934, Li Siyuan's adoptive son Li Congke became emperor (after overthrowing Li Siyuan's biological son Li Conghou).  At that time, the leading chancellors were Liu Xu and Li Yu, but they were often arguing with each other and not getting much done in terms of governance.  Li Congke was not happy about this situation and considered replacing them.  When he consulted with his close associates, they recommended Yao, Lu Wenji, and Cui Jujian ().  Because Yao, Lu, and Cui each had their strengths and weaknesses, Li Congke could not decide on whom to commission.  He therefore wrote their names on pieces of paper and placed the paper in a crystal bottle.  After offering incense to heaven, he used chopsticks to take the paper out of the bottle.  Lu's name was taken out first, followed by Yao.  He therefore commissioned Lu and Yi as chancellors (with Lu's commission coming first).  In the commission, Yi received the titles of Zhongshu Shilang (中書侍郎, deputy head of the legislative bureau) and the chancellor designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ().

It was said that Yao was not a capable chancellor.  One example was his involvement in the selection of officials for civil service.  The old Tang system was that the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Libu) would select officials in three stages, with the minister of civil service affairs handling one stage and each of the two deputy ministers handling one stage; an official would only be commissioned after going through the three stages.  Late in Li Siyuan's reign, then-chancellor Feng Dao advocated merging the three stages into one—arguing that, at that time, the Later Tang realm was no longer as large in territory or population as the unified Tang, such that only several hundred officials were to be selected each year, and that the three-stage selection process was time-wasting and inefficient.  Li Siyuan thus merged the three stages into one, and have the minister and deputy ministers of civil service affairs select officials together.  When Yao and Lu became chancellors, they again divided the process into three stages, such that it became drawn out again.  The candidates were stuck with nothing to do during the selection process, and they often tried to intercept chancellors in public to complain.  Yao did nothing about it, and Li Congke had to intercede himself and abolish the three-stage process again.

During Later Jin
In 936, Li Congke was overthrown by his brother-in-law Shi Jingtang, who established Later Jin.  Shi removed Yao Yi from his chancellor position and made him the minister of justice (刑部尚書, Xingbu Shangshu).  He was shortly after made the minister of census (戶部尚書, Hubu Shangshu) instead.  He died in 940 and was given posthumous honors.  Because he was so ill-equipped to manage his money affairs, at the time of his death, his family did not even have sufficient funds to hold a proper funeral for him.  They had to first pawn their possessions and sell the mansion in order to do so.  It was said that the intelligentsia praised him for his honesty but blamed him for his foolishness.

Notes and references

 Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 92.
 New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 55.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 272, 279, 280.

866 births
940 deaths
Politicians from Xi'an
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) government officials
Later Tang chancellors
Later Jin (Five Dynasties) government officials


title: St Hugh's College, Tollerton

text:
St Hugh's College (also referred to as Tollerton Hall and Roclaveston Manor) was a Roman Catholic minor seminary in Tollerton founded by the Diocese of Nottingham. The manor house dates to 1792, and the college was founded on the premises in 1948. It closed in 1986 and is a Grade II listed building.

Tollerton Hall
Tollerton Hall was reconstructed on multiple occasions since the eighteenth century. In 1792, it was a large house with an estate of several hundred acres. In 1864, Whites Directory stated that the grounds were 'extensive and tastefully laid out with shrubs and flowers, with a fine piece of water with a small woody island'.

In the nineteenth century, several Gothic Revival towers, turrets, pinnacles and battlements were added. After 1929, it ceased to be a private house and the owners turned it into a residential sports club and hotel.

During World War II it was requisitioned by the government and used for training for the D-Day landings by the British Royal Army, the RAF and American paratroopers. After the landings, it was used a prisoner of war camp where German and Italian prisoners were guarded by the Polish Army. In 1946, the hall was derelict and decaying.

St Hugh's College
In 1946, it was bought by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nottingham to be used as a minor seminary. It was opened by the Archbishop of Westminster, Cardinal Bernard Griffin in 1948. Originally, it only accepted boys from the age of 11 years and older who were Roman Catholic. In 1969, it allowed non-Roman Catholic boys to start at the school. It was staffed by a mixture of diocesan priests, Franciscan nuns and lay teachers.

Roclaveston Manor
In 1980, the estate occupied about 118 acres of park, woods and arable farm land. In 1986, it was sold by the diocese. Much of the Gothic Revival stonework had removed for safety reasons because of stonework decay. It is currently owned by The Oval Group, as their headquarters and offices. Former students of the school refer to themselves as 'Old Hugonians'.

See also
Listed buildings in Tollerton, Nottinghamshire

Gallery

References

External links

 Old Hugonian site
 The Oval Group

Tollerton
Tollerton
1948 establishments in England
1986 disestablishments in England


title: Ricardo Ffrench-Davis

text:
Ricardo Ffrench-Davis (born 27 June 1936) is a Chilean economist. He is Professor of the Department of Economics and the Instituto de Estudios Internacionales at the University of Chile. Along with a few other Chilean students, Ffrench-Davis got the chance to study at the University of Chicago in the 1960s. He earned his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Chicago in 1971. Although the students were later named Chicago Boys, Professor Ffrench-Davis was a critic of the neo-liberal policies implemented in Chile by the Pinochet dictatorship.

From 1964 to 1970, Ffrench-Davis was Deputy Manager of the Central Bank of Chile. He was Co-founder of the think tank Center for Economic Research on Latin America (CIEPLAN) where he acted as Vice-President from 1976 to 1990. Between 1990 and 1992, he was Director of Research and Chief Economist, of the Central Bank of Chile, when Chile designed the successful countercyclical regulation of the external accounts. From 1992 to 2004 he became Principal Regional Adviser at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL/ECLAC)

Ffrench-Davis was awarded the National Prize for Humanities and Social Sciences from the State of Chile in 2005. He was Chairperson of the Committee for Development Policy of the United Nations in 2007–2010; in 2004–2010 he represented Presidents Ricardo Lagos and Michelle Bachelet in the International Initiative to Fight Hunger and Poverty, launched by Brazil, Chile, France and Spain.

References

1936 births
Living people
20th-century Chilean economists
21st-century Chilean economists
Development economists
Academic staff of the University of Chile
University of Chile alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Christian Democratic Party (Chile) politicians


title: Sachi Sri Kantha

text:
Sachi Sri Kantha (born 8 May 1953) is a Sri Lanka-born scientist, historian and bilingual author. He has been residing in Japan since 1986, and became a naturalised Japanese citizen in 2016.

Education

A native of Point Pedro, Sri Lanka, Sachi Sri Kantha received his early education in 1960s at the Colombo Hindu College (Bambalapitiya and Ratmalana) and at the Aquinas University College, Colombo. In 1972, he entered University of Colombo and graduated in zoology in 1976. During his undergraduate days, he was active in Tamil student drama circle, and held the presidency of University of Colombo Tamil Society during 1974–75, when it celebrated its Golden Jubilee. Subsequently, he earned his master's degree in biochemistry from University of Peradeniya (1980). While at this university, Sri Kantha also actively engaged students in Tamil dramas by directing a few in cultural festivals. For doctoral studies, Sri Kantha left for USA in 1981 and earned his first Ph.D. in Food Chemistry from University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign (1986). Then, he moved to Japan as a Monbusho scholar at the University of Tokyo during 1986–88 and was awarded a second Ph.D. in Marine Biochemistry in 1989.

Career

During his second post-doctoral stint (1989–90) at the then Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Sri Kantha collected material for his first reference book. Prostitutes in Medical Literature: an annotated bibliography (1991). David Friedrichs, reviewing this work for the American Reference Books Annual 1992, indicated, "Currently, of course, there is intense concern with prostitution as a source for the transmission of AIDS. Accordingly, the extensive list of relevant items will be exceptionally useful to researchers." Vern Bullough and Lilli Sentz annotated this book as, "Is somewhat broader than the title indicates and includes general and history, anthropology, sociology, psychology and mental health. Particularly good on sexually transmitted diseases." After moving to Japan in 1991 to join the group of Osamu Hayaishi (1991–94) at the Osaka Bioscience Institute, Sri Kantha worked on his second reference book, An Einstein Dictionary (1996).  This work received mixed reviews. While George Eberhart recommended ‘this volume is useful as a quick fact-finder’ and Laurie Brown found it ‘more interesting reading, because of its colorful entries and extensive bibliography and index’, C.D. Hurt criticized it for ‘inequalities in the typeface fonts between the main text and disconcerting tables’
Since 2000, Sri Kantha joined the academia as an associate professor at the Gifu University and had continued his career as visiting professor at the Kyoto University Primate Research Institute (2002–05) and Gifu Pharmaceutical University (2006–10). He returned to the Center for General Education, Gifu University, again as an associate professor, from 2010 to 2016, and continued as a visiting professor at the United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGSAS), Gifu University, teaching science paper writing and researcher ethics for graduate students, until 2018. In 2000, he received recognition in the reference work Contemporary Authors series.

Scientific contributions
In 1991, Sri Kantha wrote a paper on the nomination nepotism in the awarding of Nobel prizes, claiming that many prizes given between 1901 and 1937 were not based solely on merit but rather were motivated by preference in the German research community.

In 1992, Sri Kantha published a paper on the prolific productivity of eight prominent scientists, among whom three (Paul Karrer, Giulio Natta and Herbert C. Brown) were chemistry Nobel laureates. As these scientists have published over 1,000 research publications, he gave a humorous tag Kilo Base Goliaths (KBGs) for these super achievers in the laboratory. While commenting on this paper, Marsh Tenney  added that among physiologists, Swiss physiologist Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777) should hold the record for writing some 13,000 scientific papers, but I suspect that number more correctly includes his poems and other short pieces that were not scientific. Nonetheless, after they are properly accounted, the record is still astonishing. Recently John Ioannidis and his colleagues  had proposed an almost identical phrase ‘hyper-prolific authors’ for the same group of super achievers, identified as ‘Kilo Base Goliaths’, by Sri Kantha in 1992.

In 1996, Sri Kantha proposed a new term ‘galactic organism with distinct intelligence’ (GODI), for extraterrestrial forms, with which humans can make contact. This is because, among the other two popular acronyms, unidentified flying object (UFO) projects a sense of mysticism and extraterrestrials (ET) do not distinguish clearly distinguish microorganisms without intelligence and intelligent human-like life forms. He also identified that the bottleneck factor in inter-stellar travel by humans was the current rocket velocity of 28,000 km/h. This needs to be increased 3,600 fold to reach the one-tenth speed of light for inter-stellar travel.

Sri Kantha also published a novel hypothesis on the premature death of chemist-inventor and philanthropist Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) in 1997. Commenting on this hypothesis, K.M. Reese wrote, ‘Kantha bases his hypothesis in part on the memoirs of Ragnar Sohlman, Nobel’s personal assistant during the last three years of his life. He also drew on Nobel’s letters and recent knowledge of nitroglycerine poisoning.

After studying a cluster of 35 centenarian scientists, Sri Kantha proposed in 2001 that such centenarian scientists are an unusual cluster first formed in the 20th century. When K.M. Reese annotated the Lancet letter of Sri Kantha in his weekly column to the Chemical and Engineering News, many American readers contributed the names of chemists and inventors who did become centenarians in the 20th century. Furthermore, in 2003, while being affiliated to the Primate Research Center of Kyoto University, Sri Kantha posed a somewhat controversial query, ‘Is somnambulism a distinct disorder of humans and not seen in non-human primates?’ Answer to this question still eludes primatologists, geneticists and medical researchers.

In 2016, Sri Kantha proposed a four-fold classification on love bites or monkey bites based on trauma grade. These are, type 1 (consensual sex play), type 2 (consensual sex play sliding into sexual aggression), type 3 (sexual aggression of hetero variety) and type 4 (self biting of auto variety). While type 1 is the most discussed occurrence among willing partners, other three types may become serious and need medical attention.

Influenced by the scientometric contributions of Eugene Garfield, Sri Kantha had also puiblished on the scientific productivity and unusual creativity of some elite scientists including Alfred Nobel, Albert Einstein, Karl Landsteiner, Sigmund Freud, Bertrand Russell, Francis Crick, James Watson, William Masters, Alex Comfort, and Wardell Pomeroy. Sri Kantha had also studied the little known facets on medical themes from the works of Shakespeare, Gogol, Mahatma Gandhi, Ryunosuke Akutagawa, and Junichiro Tanizaki.

Work as a biographer

In 2005, Sri Kantha published his 640-page biography book on Velupillai Prabhakaran (1954-2009), the leader of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). It was entitled, ‘Pirabhakaran Phenomenon’. According to him, ‘Though the book is entitled as ‘Pirabhakaran Phenomenon’, what I have attempted was also a recent history of Eelam Tamils since 1975.’ For his advocacy of the Eelam state, Sri Kantha had received a derisive sobriquet ‘A Tangential Tamil sniper’ from Sri Lankan historian Michael Roberts  For this dubious honor, Sri Kantha’s response was published in the Ilankai Tamil Sangam site.

Since December 2012, Sri Kantha is currently serializing a biography on M.G. Ramachandran (aka MGR, 1917-1987), the renowned stage-cinema actor and Tamil Nadu chief minister, in a Tamil ethnic community website. Among all the biographies published on MGR in either Tamil or English so far, this biography offers committed attention and analysis of MGR’s filmography (1936-1978) of four decades.

Books by Sri Kantha
 Prostitutes in Medical Literature: An Annotated Bibliography, Bibliographies and Indexes in Medical Studies, No.6, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1991, 256 pp.
 An Einstein Dictionary, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1996, 298 pp.
 Atlas of Neuroactive Substances and Their Receptors in the Rat, edited by Masaya Tohyama and Koichi Takatsuji, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998, 337 pp. . (translator from Japanese to English)
 Pirabhakaran Phenomenon, Lively Comet Imprint, Gifu City, Japan. 2005, 641 pp, .

Books referring to Sri Kantha
 Bullough, Vern L and Lilli Sentz (Ed). Prostitution – A Guide to Sources, 1960-1990, Garland Publishing Inc., New York, 1992. .
 Calaprice, Alice (Ed). The New Quotable Einstein, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2005. .
 Dobson, Roger. Death Can be Cured and 99 Other Medical Hypotheses, Cyan Communications Ltd, London, 2007. .
 Kabdebo, Thomas and Neil Armstrong. Dictionary of Dictionaries and Eminent Encyclopedias, Bowker-Saur, West Sussex, 2nd ed, 1997.
 Rappoport, Leon. Punchlines: The Case for Racial, Ethnic and Gender Humor, Praeger Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, 2005. .
 Sugimoto, Kenji. Dai Tsui Seki-Einstein No Tensai No 大追跡‼　アインシュタインの天才脳, Kodansha Sophia Books, Tokyo, 2001. . (in Japanese).
 Boutheina Boughnim Laarif. W.H.Auden's ‘The Healing Fountain’ read through A.Aviram's Theory of Poetic Rhythm, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastleupon Tyne, UK, 2017. .
 Colin Beckley and Ute Bonillas. The Evolution of Diversity, Think Logically Books, 2017. .
 Bengt Ljunggren and George W. Bruyn. The Nobel Prize in Medicine and the Karolinska Institute - The Story of Axel Key and Alfred Nobel, Karger, Basel 2002. .
 R. Kannan. MGR - A Life, Penguin Random House India Ltd, Gurgaon, 2017, .

References

External links

 (ResearchGate profile)
 (Correspondence with Dr. Eugene Garfield
 University of Illinois Ph.D. thesis

1953 births
Alumni of Aquinas College of Higher Studies
Alumni of Colombo Hindu College
Alumni of the University of Peradeniya
Alumni of the University of Sri Lanka (Colombo)
Academic staff of Kyoto University
Living people
People from Northern Province, Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Tamil academics
Sri Lankan Tamil people
Sri Lankan biologists
University of Illinois College of Agriculture, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences alumni
Japanese people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent


title: Aphaenogaster praerelicta

text:
Aphaenogaster praerelicta is an extinct species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae known from a solitary Late Oligocene to Early Miocene fossil found in Mexico.  At the time of description A. praerelicta was one of three Aphaenogaster species known from Mexico.

History and classification
Aphaenogaster praerelicta is known from a solitary fossil insect which is an inclusion in a transparent chunk of Mexican amber along with three flies, two springtails, a wasp, and some pollen grains.  Mexican amber is recovered from fossil bearing rocks in the Simojovel region of Chiapas, Mexico.  The amber dates from between 22.5 million years old, representing the youngest sediments of the Balumtun Sandstone, and the 26 million year old La Quinta Formation.  This age range straddles the boundary between the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene and is complicated by both formations being secondary deposits for the amber: the age range represents only the youngest that it might be.  The amber was produced by either of two extinct Hymenaea species,  Hymenaea mexicana or Hymenaea allendis, both of which were initially described from fossil flowers included in Mexican amber.  The fossil is part of the amber collection of George Poinar Jr., which at the time of description, was housed at the University of California, Berkeley.

The fossil ant was first studied by paleoentomologist Maria De Andrade of the University of Basel. De Andrade's 1995 type description of the new species was published in the German journal Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie).  The specific epithet praerelicta is a combination of the Latin "prae"  meaning before and "relicta", the species name for the modern Aphaenogaster relicta of Haiti, to which A. praerelicta is most similar.  A. praerelicta is one of two species described by De Andrade in the 1995 paper: the other species Aphaenogaster amphioceanica was found in Dominican amber.  Three l species of Aphaenogaster are currently known from Mexico, the fossil A. praerelicta, A. ensifera and A. mexicana.

Description
The Aphaenogaster praerelicta specimen is a well-preserved worker caste adult with an estimated body length of approximately .  The overall coloration of A. praerelicta is a brown tone, with the legs and posterior borders of the tergites shading slightly lighter.  The body has numerous long thick hairs which range from fully erect to lying down against the exoskeleton.  The head widens towards the posterior edge and lacks the "neck" which is seen in A. amphioceanica.  While the hollows where the antennae were attached to the head capsule are small, the antennae of A. praerelicta are unknown, as they were lost before the specimen was entombed.  The head capsule has numerous deep anatomizing ridges over which a strong reticulation is superimposed.   The propodeum is notable in having two spines  long that point upwards and backwards and another set of spines at the humeral angle closer to the head.  The combination of no "neck", short humeral spines and long posterior spines on the propodeum are unique.  The character combination is similar to that of several modern North American species and A. relicta of Hati.

References

praerelicta
Miocene insects
Fossil ant taxa
Fossils of Mexico
Fossil taxa described in 1995
Mexican amber
Prehistoric insects of North America


title: Hungary women's national goalball team

text:
Hungary women's national goalball team is the women's national team of Hungary.  Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment.  The team has taken part in international competitions.

IBSA World Games

2011 Antalya

The team competed in the 2011 IBSA World Games from 1 to 10 April 2011, in Antalya, Turkey, organised by the Turkish Blind Sports Federation.  There were fifteen men's and fourteen women's teams.  They placed sixth of seven teams in Group X, and were twelfth in the final standings.

Regional championships

The team has competed in the IBSA Europe goalball region.

Six teams took part in the 2010 IBSA European Championships Goalball Women B tournament held in Eskişehir, Turkey in July. The team finished fourth.

Competitive history

The table below contains individual game results for the team in international matches and competitions.

References

Goalball women's
National women's goalball teams
Hungary at the Paralympics
European national goalball teams


title: Hindukush (disambiguation)

text:
Hindu Kush is a mountain range in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Hindukush or Hindu Kush may also refer to:

 Hindukush (Jowzjan) a location in Jowzjan Province, northern Afghanistan
 Hindukush, Iran, a village in Karchambu-e Shomali Rural District, Iran

See also
 Hindukush Kafir people, an ethnic group native to the Nuristan region of eastern Afghanistan
 Kush (disambiguation)
 Kushi (disambiguation)


title: State Fire Service

text:
State Fire Service (, PSP) is a professional fire fighting service in Poland. It is subordinate to the Polish Ministry of Interior and Administration. The modern State Fire Service is based on the 1992 legislation.

State Fire Service covers the entire territory of Poland. In all the second-level units of local government and administration in Poland - powiat (county, district) -, fire brigades operate district headquarters (Komenda Powiatowa Państwowej Straży Pożarnej), city headquarters in bigger cities (Komenda Miejska Państwowej Straży Pożarnej) with command posts and dispatch centers alongside one or several fire stations (Jednostka Ratowniczo-Gaśnicza JRG). They are subject to 16 provincial headquarters (Komenda Wojewódzka Państwowej Straży Pożarnej).

Professional firefighters (PSP) respond immediately after the alarm and are often assisted by volunteers associated in Voluntary Fire Service (Ochotnicza Straż Pożarna, OSP) with more than 15,700 fire stations in nearly every bigger settlement.

History
Pursuant to Article 2 of the Act of February 4, 1950. on fire protection and its organization, for the first time in the history of Polish fire protection, the Voivodeship Fire Brigade Headquarters was established. The voivodeship level commands were headed by the Voivodeship Fire Comandants and the commanders of the Warsaw and Łódź fire brigades. These commanders, at the request of the Commander-in-Chief of the Fire Service, were appointed and dismissed (Article 4.2) by the Minister of Public Administration - then competent for internal affairs. Soon, however, the Legislative Sejm passed the Act of April 19, 1950. on changing the organization of the supreme state authorities in the field of municipal management and public administration. This act brought, among others, the abolition of the Ministry of Public Administration and the creation of the Ministry of Municipal Economy in its place. The competences of the new ministry were defined by the Council of Ministers in its regulation of June 3, 1950. They included e.g. matters belonging to the abolished Ministry of Public Administration, and thus in the field of fire protection.

In 1972, parallelly with the administrative reform in Poland, field fire brigades, the most visible changes concerned the brigades gathered in the Association of Volunteer Fire Brigades (ZOSP). This was manifested in the creation, or in principle, in the reconstruction of the communal link of this association (Resolution No. 7 of the ZOSP ZG of November 6, 1972 on the appointment of commune boards) and the establishment of the function of the social commander of the commune fire brigade (based on the resolution of the Council of Ministers of September 25, 1974).

In 1973 fire brigade commands were subordinated to voivodes, city presidents and heads of communes (). These became units equivalent to the departments of voivodeship offices and poviat level offices. As a result, voivodeship and poviat commanders began to be responsible for the implementation of tasks in the field of fire protection before voivodes, presidents or commune chiefs. These changes entered into force on December 9, 1973.

Pursuant to Article 43.3. Act of June 12, 1975. on fire protection, changes were made to the content of Art. 2.3. Decree of December 27, 1974 on the service of fire officers and the procedure for appointing the voivodeship fire brigade commander was specified. It said that the state administration body of the voivodeship level, i.e. the voivode competent for the territory, appointed the voivodeship commander of the fire brigades from among the candidates presented to him by the commander in chief of the fire brigades. The essence of this procedure was the agreement of the parties.

Structure
National Headquarters of the State Fire Service (Warsaw)
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Białystok
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Gdańsk
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Gorzów Wielkopolski
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Katowice
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Kielce
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Kraków
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Lublin
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Łódź
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Olsztyn
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Opole
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Poznań
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Rzeszów
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Szczecin
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Toruń
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Warszawa
 Voivodeship Headquarters in Wrocław
Each Voivodeship Headquarters supervises District Headquarters (335 in 2019) and fire-fighting units.

The State Fire Service operates 5 fire academies:
 Main School of Fire Service
 Central School of State Fire Service in Częstochowa
 School of Aspirants of the State Fire Service in Kraków
 School of Aspirants of the State Fire Service in Poznań
 Non-commissioned Officers School of the State Fire Service in Bydgoszcz

Voluntary Fire Service

In Poland local inhabitants may create a Voluntary Fire Brigade (Ochotnicza Straż Pożarna, OSP) under proper law. Such departments may receive financial assistance from the government for purchasing equipment or training the staff. In certain areas of Poland almost every town and village has a volunteer fire department. Volunteer fire departments are usually fully integrated into the National Fire and Rescue System (Krajowy System Ratowniczo-Gaśniczy, KSRG). Any call to the fire emergency number is routed to the nearest State Fire Service (PSP) station in powiat (Komenda Powiatowa PSP) that coordinates the forces in the area. After the alarm, the volunteers arrive to the fire station and then respond to the emergency.

Ranks and rank insignia

Source:

Firefighters from State Fire Service (PSP, JRG) use red helmets. Firefighters from Voluntary Fire Service (OSP) use white helmets.

See also
 Ochotnicza straż pożarna w Polsce Volunteer Fire Brigade (Polish)
 Warsaw Fire Guard (Defunct)
 Zakładowa straż pożarna Factory Fire Guards (Polish)

References

External links

 Official homepage, English language version

1992 establishments in Poland
Organizations established in 1992
Fire departments
Government agencies of Poland


title: Anders Magnus

text:
Anders Magnus (born 10 April 1952) is a Norwegian journalist, author and television reporter.

Magnus was born in Oslo and took the cand.mag. degree in 1976. He was hired in the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) in 1978, and after tenures in Bergens Tidende from 1982 to 1992 and TV 2 from 1992 to 1998 he returned to NRK in 1998. He served as the NRK correspondent covering all of Africa from 1998 to 2002, and later as correspondent covering Asia from 2010 to 2014.

He has authored several books, including Min afrikanske reise (My African journey; 2004) about his time in Africa.

References

1952 births
Living people
Norwegian journalists
Norwegian television presenters
Norwegian television news anchors
NRK people
TV 2 (Norway) people
Norwegian television reporters and correspondents
Norwegian expatriates in China
Norwegian expatriates in the United States


title: MidBoss

text:
MidBoss is an American video game and media production company that was founded by members of the GaymerX team as they expanded beyond GaymerX into other ventures, specifically Gaming in Color and 2064: Read Only Memories.

On March 26, 2018, Matt Conn stepped down as CEO of MidBoss after allegations of sexual abuse, underpaying workers, and workplace harassment. Cade Peterson was tapped as the new CEO in April 2018.

2064: Read Only Memories

2064: Read Only Memories is a cyberpunk adventure game, released for Microsoft Windows, macOS, SteamOS, Linux and Ouya on October 6, 2015, and on PlayStation 4 on January 17, 2017. It was successfully funded for $64,378, via Kickstarter on December 12, 2013.

Gaming in Color

Gaming in Color is a documentary film that focuses on queer gamers and industry workers, and the movement to include LGBTQ characters and themes in video game narratives. This project also received funding through a Kickstarter campaign in May 2013, and was distributed by Devolver Digital into wide release on major platforms on May 19, 2015.

GaymerX
MidBoss was the governing body that ran the first three years of GaymerX, an LGBTQ-oriented gaming and geek culture, or gaymer, convention, with panels primarily focused on LGBTQ issues and debates in the gaming industry, founded by Matt Conn, before they became a 501c3 non-profit in late 2015. It was founded in February 2012 and launched its Kickstarter on August 2, 2012 with a goal of $25,000. It hit its goal within 5 days and ended up raising just over $91,000. The first convention happened on August 3 and 4, 2013 in San Francisco, California.

References

Video game companies of the United States
Companies based in San Francisco
Video game companies established in 2012
American companies established in 2012
2012 establishments in California
Video game development companies


title: List of national capitals by latitude

text:
This is a list of official national capitals by latitude, including territories and dependencies, non-sovereign states including associated states and entities whose sovereignty is disputed. Sovereign states are shown in bold text.

See also

 List of capital cities by elevation
 List of national capitals by population
 List of national capitals by area

Footnotes

References

Capitals, National
Latitude
National capitals


title: Frederick Anthony Donaghy

text:
Frederick Anthony Donaghy, M.M. (January 13, 1903 – February 5, 1988) was an American-born Catholic missionary and bishop. As a member of the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America (Maryknoll), he was assigned to missions in China.  He served as the Bishop of Wuzhou from 1956-1975.

Early life and education
Frederick Donaghy was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, to James and Rose (King) Donaghy and was one of six children.  His brother William became a Jesuit and served as president of the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts.  Frederick Donaghy graduated from Holy Cross  in 1925 and started his studies for the priesthood at St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore.  He professed vows in the Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America in 1928 and was ordained a priest on January 27, 1929.

Priesthood
His first mission assignment was to Kaying and he became fluent in the Hakka dialect. He was engaged in pastoral work and taught in the minor seminary. He was then assigned to Tsungow where he spent seven years.  On July 20, 1939 Pope Pius XII appointed him as the Titular Bishop of Setea and Vicar Apostolic of Wuzhou.

Episcopacy
Donaghy was consecrated by Bishop James Cassidy of Fall River on September 21, 1939. The principal co-consecrators were Bishop James Walsh, M.M., the Superior General of Maryknoll, and Auxiliary Bishop Richard Cushing of Boston.  During World War II, Donaghy remained in Wuchow and was involved with relief work. Donaghy was appointed the first bishop of Wuzhou by Pope Pius XII on April 11, 1946.  The Communists took over Wuchow three years later.  He was interned for six months and then placed under house arrest before he was expelled from China in 1955.  Donaghy was then named Dean of Miaoli and Group Superior for Maryknoll in Taiwan, Hong Kong and the Philippines.  He served as Regional Superior of the Formosa-Hong Kong Region for two terms. Donaghy established the Congregation of the Sisters of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary.  They are the first local congregation of religious sisters that were founded in Taipei.  He attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council.  He continued to be recognized as the diocesan bishop of Wuchow until his resignation was accepted by Pope John Paul II in 1983.

Later life and death
Donaghy continued to live and work in Taiwan until 1987 when his decline in health forced his retirement to the St. Teresa Residence at Maryknoll in New York.  He died there on February 5, 1988, at the age of 85.  His funeral was celebrated at Maryknoll and he was buried, as he had wished, in the West Mountain Cemetery in Miaoli, Taiwan.

References

1903 births
1988 deaths
People from New Bedford, Massachusetts
College of the Holy Cross alumni
American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent
Maryknoll bishops
American Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in China
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in China
20th-century American Roman Catholic titular bishops
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
American expatriates in China
Catholics from Massachusetts


title: 2064: Read Only Memories

text:
2064: Read Only Memories is a cyberpunk adventure game developed by MidBoss. It was directed by John "JJSignal" James, written by Valerie Amelia Thompson and Philip Jones, and features an original soundtrack by 2 Mello.

It was originally released on computer platforms as Read Only Memories in October 2015, and the title was later updated coinciding with its PlayStation 4 release in January 2017.

The game was heavily inspired by Snatcher, Rise of the Dragon, Gabriel Knight, and other 1980s and 1990s adventure games.

Plot
The game's plot is set during the Christmas season in 2064 in Neo-San Francisco, California. Parallax has created a line of products called "Relationship and Organizational Managers" (ROMs), a line of personal assistant robots that have overtaken smartphones and computers. The player takes on the role of a journalist trying to track down their kidnapped friend and Parallax engineer Hayden Webber. They are aided by Turing, who is Hayden's creation and the world's first sapient machine, a self-modifying robot that can learn and grow emotionally.

In the early morning of December 21, Turing (Melissa Hutchison) breaks into the journalist's apartment and reveals that Hayden has been kidnapped by unknown assailants. The two embark on a search and are assisted by locals TOMCAT (a hacker and associate of Hayden's), Lexi Rivers (a police detective), and Jess Meas (an attorney). Turing and the journalist are assaulted during a search of Hayden's apartment, and end up meeting Doctor Yannick Fairlight (Adam Harrington), who is the disgruntled former CEO of Parallax. After his lead to activist group The Human Revolution turns up empty, TOMCAT performs a search on Parallax's network and uncovers encrypted security camera footage showing Hayden being murdered.

Turing is shaken but declares to dispense justice and uncover who is responsible. The story then splits depending on which lead the player follows. In the Media arc, suspicious tampering with news articles leads to a string of connected murders in journalism. In the Flower arc, more information about Hayden is delivered by Vincent Mensah (Xavier Woods), a Parallax engineer fleeing the country. It is learned that the news tampering was being done by the rogue Baby Blue program, an AI created by Parallax that would feed on every user's personal data through their ROMs and tailor search results for them. Parallax intended to shut down Baby Blue, but it is hiding on the integrated meshnet that all ROMs use, and Vincent reveals that a larger and more sinister AI called Big Blue is about to launch on Christmas Day.

Rather than intervene to solely shut down the AI, Turing, the journalist, and TOMCAT plot to upload Turing's original source code, written by Hayden and adapted by Turing's processes, to the meshnet using the Big Blue program, essentially granting the self-modifying sapience to all ROMs worldwide. During the mission into Parallax's server farm (carried out by the journalist, Turing, Lexi Rivers, and Dr. Fairlight's assistant Leon Dekker), Dekker incapacitates Lexi and reveals himself to be a combat android. He attempts to stop the protagonist's plan, to preserve Big Blue's power and manipulate Fairlight back onto the Parallax board, but is killed by Turing.

Dependent on whether the player successfully captured Turing's source code and the status of the player's relationship with Turing, the game splits into four endings. In the All Good Things ending, Turing successfully overrides Big Blue and all ROMs download the patch in the morning, attaining the same level of sapience as Turing. If this ending is achieved, the game continues into a bonus endless post-game chapter. In The Sacrifice ending, the group accomplishes the same goal of sapience for all ROMs, but Turing's hardware was too badly damaged by Dekker in the previous fight and Turing dies after the upload process. In A New Blue, Turing is disgruntled by the player's poor treatment and reveals their own plot before the upload. Turing transfers their personality complex to Big Blue instead, leaving their physical form lifeless and granting themselves omnipotence on the meshnet, severing ties with the humans who they aligned with before. In Complicity, Turing is unconvinced that they're doing the right thing and afraid to die for the cause, canceling the mission at the last moment and leaving the player to live with TOMCAT.

Development
Read Only Memories was funded through Kickstarter where it raised $64,378 from November 12 to December 12, 2013.  The game participated in Ouya's Free The Games Fund which doubled the raised funds for a period of console exclusivity to what is now the Razer Forge platform. A Linux port of the game was planned if the Kickstarter reached $82,064, but that goal was not met. However, MidBoss announced a Linux version in a later Kickstarter update, nonetheless. The game released on October 6, 2015, on Windows, OS X, and Linux.

Read Only Memories is described as a queer-inclusive video game, and its developers are also involved with the GaymerX series of LGBTQ video gaming conventions. Setting the game in the future, MidBoss aimed to posit a future where LGBTQ characters face less discrimination, allowing queer characters to be presented on equal terms with straight counterparts. Speaking with Gamasutra, producer Matt Conn said, "instead of waiting for Sony and other big companies to include gay characters in their games as more than just tokens, we should just do it ourselves." The player can specify which personal pronouns the game refers to them as: he, her, they, xe, ze, or a custom player-entry pronoun set.

The game is built in Unity and uses a Twine-like scripting language to manage game logic.  Director John James cites Bubblegum Crisis and Phantasy Star IV among the game's visual inspirations.  A playable demo of the game was shown at the March 2014 Game Developers Conference, and a demo was released to the public in November 2014.

Ports and re-release
Soon after the initial release of Read Only Memories, MidBoss began work on a console port for the game titled Read Only Memories: DX, as well as a mobile version called Type-M. It was later announced that the mobile version would be put on hold, and the console port would now be called 2064: Read Only Memories. The new version was promoted for its inclusion of full voice acting (featuring Melissa Hutchison, Dave Fennoy, Erin Yvette, Sarah Anne Williams, Adam Harrington, Terry McGovern, Erin Fitzgerald, Todd Bridges, Xavier Woods, and others), as well as improvements to the game's puzzles, and updates to the story. 2064 featured new conversations between characters as well as two new locations in the post-game chapter.

It was released on PlayStation 4 on January 17, 2017, and it updated for free for computer owners to the new version and title on the same day. The game also featured a cameo voice role by Jeff Lupetin, who portrayed protagonist Gillian Seed in the English version of Hideo Kojima's Snatcher. A physical media version was released for PS4 on optical disc by Limited Run Games on November 17, 2017, and was limited to 6,192 copies within 3 cover variants of 2,064 per variant. A PlayStation Vita port was released on December 9, 2017, followed by a Nintendo Switch port on August 14, 2018.

Reception

The game received generally positive reviews from video game critics. The narrative, characters, and presentation were lauded while some were critical of the gameplay, puzzles, and user interface. The Escapist gave the game a 4/5 and stated "it's more like a Telltale game, Phoenix Wright, and Snatcher had some sort of millennial cyberpunk baby." In the Kotaku review, Heather Alexandra wrote, "Ultimately, Read Only Memories provides a clumsy but resonant experience. What it lacks in thematic substance or technical challenge, it makes up for in emotional content, a lush setting, and memorable characters." GamesRadar+ spoke about the inspirations from classic adventure games, concluding it's "more than just a rehash - it stands on its own as a potent exploration of identity and class politics, wrapped up in a gripping mystery full of colorful and charming characters." RPGSite mentioned the diversity of the cast, noting "it's one of the most emotionally heartfelt, authentic, and joyful journeys one can take in the medium and a celebration of everyone, no matter where you come from or how you identify.'

DualShockers mentioned the new voice acting in the 2064 version, noting "Turing's voicework is especially good, and needs to be since they're your partner and most talkative of the cast. Tomcat, Lexi, Chad, and especially Dekker near the end, all give wonderful performances full of compelling emotion that helped me grow attached to their character," while being more critical of the puzzles, stating they "can be a toss-up between frustrating and satisfying."

The 2064 version was nominated for "Best Writing" at the 2018 Webby Awards.

Sequel

On June 12, 2019, MidBoss announced that a sequel titled Read Only Memories: Neurodiver was in development and was originally scheduled for release in 2020. This was delayed to Q1 2022. It will release for Windows PC, Mac, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch. A tie-in comic written by Sina Grace and published by IDW Publishing is scheduled for release in August 2021.

References

External links

2015 video games
Android (operating system) games
Cyberpunk video games
First-person adventure games
Indie games
Kickstarter-funded video games
LGBT-related video games
Linux games
MacOS games
Nintendo Switch games
Ouya games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Vita games
Video games adapted into comics
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Video games set in San Francisco
Video games set in the 2060s
Windows games
Xbox One games
Single-player video games
IOS games


Ukrainian Bandy and Rink bandy Federation (Ukrainian: Українська федерація хокею з м'ячем та рінк-бенді (УФХМР)) known by the abbreviation, "UBRF", is the governing body for the sports of bandy and rink bandy in Ukraine. The UBRF was founded in 2007 and is based in Dnipro. The federation became a member of the Federation of International Bandy (FIB) in 2008. In 2012 the organization made progress and developed its modern orientation towards the growth of bandy in the Ukraine.

Within Ukraine, there are a number of regional bandy federations under the national federation. Since 2012, the national Ukrainian championship for bandy has been played every year. The first men's national bandy championship of the independent Ukraine took place on February 26, 2012 in Severodonetsk, in the Luhansk region.

At the club level, an international rink bandy club competition called Dniprobandy is organized by the Ukrainian Bandy and Rink bandy Federation.

The men's Ukraine national bandy team participated for the first time in the Bandy World Championship for men at the 2013 Bandy World Championship.
At the 2016 tournament, Ukraine reached the semi-final of Division B, capturing the bronze medal. The Ukraine women's national bandy team competed internationally for the first time at the 2023 World Bandy Championship.

History
In terms of licensed athletes, bandy is the second largest team winter sport in the world among male participants. The history of bandy in Ukraine dates back to 1920:

The champion of Mykolaiv in 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924 was the bandy team of the , the Mykolaiv Yacht Club. In the winter season of 1921/22, bandy also appeared in Kharkiv. The first winners of the Kharkov Championship in 1923 and 1924 were the teams of O.L.S. and O.F.K. named after Balabanov, respectively. In 1924, a bandy team of railway workers appeared in the city of Lyman.

In 1922, the people of Mykolaiv and Kharkiv unsuccessfully took part in the championship of the RSFSR (on February 22, Mykolaiv lost to Moscow 0:31, and Kharkiv to Saratov 0:16). In 1924, also unsuccessfully, the Kharkiv players made their debut in the championship of the USSR (defeat against the future champion of the Moscow national team 0:13). However in 1928 during the Winter Physical Education Festival in Moscow from February 2 to 9, the Ukrainians (USSR national team) took 2nd place in the USSR championship (the highest achievement in history) losing in the match to the championship of Leningrad 0:5.

In 1927, the first women's bandy teams appeared in Kharkiv:

In the post-war years, bandy in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic gave way somewhat to ice hockey. Ukrainian teams rarely participated in the championships of the USSR and did so without much success. In particular, in the 1950s, Kharkiv "Traktor" played two seasons each in the 1st and 2nd groups, Kyiv "Bolshevik" ("Iskra") spent a season in the 1st and 2nd groups, two seasons in Lokomotiv from Dnipro played in the second group, and Shakhtar from Kadyiv and (in class "B") House of Officers from Vinnytsia, the winner of the Ukrainian SSR Cup in 1955, played one season in the second group.

In the 1960s and 1980s, "Avangard" (Budy), which also repeatedly became the champion of the Ukrainian SSR, took part in the Union championships in the second group.

Due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the men's and women's team had to withdraw from the World Championships. The Kharkiv rink "Saltivskyi lid", which hosted the Ukrainian Rink Bandy Cup 2021, got hit by a Russian rocket attack. Severodonetsk, the city of the first Ukrainian bandy championship and the home of the only Ukrainian bandy referee of the World Championships, Artem Zuyenko, was occupied in the summer of 2022. From September 2022, the training of bandy teams started at the "Ice Arena" in Dnipro for men, young boys and girls.

Notable players
 , Suzdalev Yuriy Vasyliovych

See also
 Ukraine national bandy team
 Ukraine women's national bandy team
 List of Ukrainian bandy champions

References

External links
 Ukrainian Bandy and Rink bandy Federation, in English

National members of the Federation of International Bandy
Bandy
Bandy in Ukraine


title: Paolo Isnardi

text:
Paolo Isnardi (c. 1536 - 5 May 1596) was a late-Renaissance choirmaster and composer.

Biography
Isnardi was musically educated by Francesco Manara at the Ferrara Cathedral.  Although he spent most of his life residing in Ferrara, he spent some time at both Venice and Mantua between the years 1560 and 1570.  He was married to the sister of poet Annibale Pocaterra, Lucrezia.  He most likely received some patronage from Guglielmo Gonzaga.  It was in 1560 that his first published work, Primo libro di madrigali, was printed.  On the recommendation of Luigi d'Este, another patron, he was appointed successor to the recently deceased Francesco dalla Viola as maestro di capella at the Ferrara Cathedral, although he likely did not take up this post until 1573.  1572 saw the publication of what is probably his best-known work, Lamentations Hieremiae prophetae.  The following year he published a volume entitled Missae quatuor vocum.  In addition to his duties at the cathedral, he also was active at the Duke's court of Ferrara as musical head.  Because his music was classified as nonconformist, he was forbidden to perform his music at the Ferrara Cathedral unless he had explicit permission of the local see chapter.  This kerfuffle does not seem to have affected his employment, nor the further publications of his works, as Il lauro secco was published in 1582, Il lauro verde in 1583, another set of lamentations, Lamentationes et benedictus, in 1584, and Giardino de musici ferraresi in 1591.  He remained chapel maestro at Ferrara until his death in 1596.

Style
Isnardi wrote several lamentations, madrigals, masses, and psalms.  These were published between 1561 and 1598.  His main musical technique is that of parody, although this technique is notably absent from his Mass for two choirs.  He has been credited with being among the first to use Tridentine form for the Dies Irae portion of his requiems.

References

1536 births
1596 deaths
Renaissance composers
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers


title: Danièle Nouy

text:
Danièle Nouy is a French public servant who served as Chair of the Supervisory Board at the European Central Bank from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2018. In this capacity, she was regarded as the effective head of the Single Supervisory Mechanism.

Early life and education
Nouy grew up in Brittany and later studied political science and law.

Career
Nouy worked at Banque de France from 1976 to 1996. She later served as secretary general of the French Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority from 9 March 2010 to 31 December 2013.

As head of the Supervisory Board, Nouy later oversaw the implementation of the Single Supervisory Mechanism. For her nomination, Mario Draghi, president of the European Central Bank, declared, “The appointment of the Supervisory Board Chair marks an important milestone as the ECB establishes a single supervisory mechanism for banks in the euro area. Mrs. Nouy brings almost 40 years of experience in banking supervision. Her appointment will allow the Supervisory Board to take up its work soon and put in place all organisational requirements with the aim of assuming our supervisory responsibilities starting on 4 November 2014.”

Other activities
 European Investment Bank (EIB), Member of the Appointment Advisory Committee

References

1950 births
Businesspeople from Rennes
Living people
20th-century French businesswomen
20th-century French businesspeople
Nationality missing
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
Officers of the Legion of Honour
21st-century French businesswomen
21st-century French businesspeople


title: Yuryi Liadov

text:
Yuryi Liadov (; born 3 December 1987) is a Belarusian biathlete. He was born in Minsk. He competed at the Biathlon World Championships 2012 and 2013, and at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in sprint and pursuit.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Minsk
Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Belarusian male biathletes
Olympic biathletes for Belarus
Paralympic sighted guides


title: Alexander Heinrich Gebhard von Zastrow

text:
Colonel Alexander Heinrich Gebhard von Zastrow (20 August 1768 in Kolpin – 23 June 1815 in Namur) was a Prussian officer during the Napoleonic Wars.

Biography
Von Zastrow was mortally wounded during the storming of Namure on 20 June 1815 leading the Prussian 6th Brigade in an attack on the French rearguard.

Family
Von Zastrow was married to Mathilde von Blankenstein (1777–1868). They had a notable son:
 Heinrich (1801–1875) who became a Prussian general and served in the Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-German War

Notes

References

1768 births
1815 deaths
Prussian Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars


title: Viggo Johansen (journalist)

text:
Viggo Johansen (born 19 August 1949) is a Norwegian television presenter.

He has been a newspaper journalist in Dagbladet and worked for TV 2, but is best known from the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation.

He served as their correspondent in Brussels from 1993 to 1997, before he was appointed as magazine editor in 1998, news editor (among others of Dagsrevyen) in 1999 and finance editor in 2001. From 2002 to 2009 he presented his own programme, Redaksjon 1. He continued with his own Saturday night show, Viggo på lørdag.

In the 1960s and 1970s he played football for Vålerengen. His son Victor Johansen became a professional footballer.

References

1949 births
Living people
Norwegian journalists
NRK people
Norwegian television reporters and correspondents
Norwegian men's footballers
Vålerenga Fotball players
Men's association football players not categorized by position


title: Disconnected (Greymachine album)

text:
Disconnected is the debut album by experimental music act Greymachine, featuring Justin Broadrick, Aaron Turner, Dave Cochrane and Diarmuid Dalton. Produced by Broadrick, it was released on 4 August 2009 via Turner's own record label, Hydra Head Records. In February 2018, Disconnected was reissued as a limited 2xLP with unique artwork and clear vinyl.

The track "Vultures Descend" was released as a limited edition promotional single on 12 May 2009.

Musical style

Regarding Disconnected's style, Broadrick said:

According to AllMusic's Phil Freeman, the songs on Disconnected, "most of which run in the eight to nine-minute range, all feature a heavy combination of huge beats, sludgily dissonant guitar riffs, industrial electronics, and raw-throated howls." "Droning soundscapes layered into weighted guitar riffs, feedback and general noise" are also present on the record. These take influence from various genres of experimental music, including noise music, no wave and free jazz. The album is also indebted to its members' earlier work on records, like Godflesh's Streetcleaner, Isis's Celestial, Ice's Under the Skin, and God's The Anatomy of Addiction. Nevertheless, according to Iann Robinson of CraveOnline, the record still retains "a punk rock influence born from The Stooges or The Screamers." Sonic Youth, Sun Ra and Throbbing Gristle were reported to be additional influences and likes.

Critical reception

Phil Freeman of AllMusic praised the album, stating, "Disconnected is likely to be a one-off, given the astonishingly busy schedules its members keep, but it's no mere diversion; if you're a fan of Broadrick or Turner, it's one for the permanent collection." Iann Robinson of CraveOnline described the album as "a pure and true testament to real experimentation", while also stating that "[in a] musical world that breeds as much apathetic mediocrity as the current one does a noisy enema like Greymachine's Disconnected is a welcome friend." Cam Lindsay of Exclaim! wrote, "Greymachine's compositions move at a slower rate, bringing the brutality with a doom-filled heaviness that asphyxiates with an impenetrable wall of noise built by scraping riffage and floating effects." Nevertheless, he also stated that "While it shows Broadrick can still find that harsh realm he cut his teeth on, Disconnected doesn't live up to the massive potential Greymachine had on paper."

George Pacecho of About.com expressed his distaste of the album, saying, "Disconnected, the resulting spawn of this much-talked-about collaboration, seems to be of a far less genre-defining nature". Cosmo Lee of Pitchfork criticized the album, stating, "Greymachine wastes the talents of Broadrick and Turner." He also commented that "the album feels like a collection of demos – for a Godflesh remix EP, perhaps, or for Broadrick's earlier beat-oriented projects like Techno Animal or Ice."

Track listing

Personnel
Credits adapted from Disconnected liner notes

Justin Broadrick – drums, electronics, guitar, vocals, programming, mixing, production
Dave Cochrane – bass
Diarmuid Dalton – bowed bass, electronics
Aaron Turner – electronics, guitar, vocals, layout design

References

External links
Greymachine – Disconnected on Hydra Head Records

2009 debut albums
Hydra Head Records albums
Greymachine albums


title: Trick skiing

text:
Trick skiing is a type of skiing where stunts are performed on skis.  It may refer to:

Freestyle skiing, when the tricks are performed on snow
Waterskiing, when the tricks are performed on water

Skiing


title: 2011 Dover District Council election

text:
Elections to Dover District Council in Kent, England were held on 5 May 2011. The whole council was up for election. The previous election for the District Council was held in May 2007.

Election result
The Conservatives retained overall control, albeit with a reduced majority. Labour captured four seats from the Conservatives, who themselves took two from the Liberal Democrats, eliminating the latter from the council. Although Labour had recovered some seats, they did not restore their position as before the previous election in 2007.

Seat gains/losses are in relation to the previous whole council election in 2007.

Ward results
Only Labour offered candidates in all wards (but not all seats); the Conservatives left the field clear for an independent to oppose Labour in Town and Pier (unsuccessfully). The Liberal Democrats stood in only five wards (ten in 2007), nowhere being particularly popular in terms of votes except in the ward where they lost their only two seats. Unusually, UKIP did not put forward any candidates. There were several independent or local interest candidates.

Successful candidates are in bold; defending incumbents are indicated by "*". Percentages are of the total number of votes cast (In multiple member wards, each voter may vote for each vacancy, i.e., in a three-member ward each voter has three votes).

References

2011
2011 English local elections
2010s in Kent


title: Wikstroemia johnplewsii

text:
Wikstroemia johnplewsii, common name Hiva Oa ohelo, is a plant species endemic to the island of Hiva Oa in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia. It is found at relatively high altitudes in the mountains, at elevations over 600 m. The only other member of the genus reported from the Marquesas is W. coriacea (sometimes erroneously called W. foetida). Wikstroemia coriacea has narrower leaves and smaller inflorescences than. W. johnplewsii.

Wikstroemia johnplewsii is a shrub or small tree up to 5 m tall. Leaves are sessile (=without petioles), thick and leathery, dark green on upper surface but much lighter below, elliptic to broadly ovate, up to 8 cm long. Peduncles are usually 12–32 mm long, sometimes up to 40 mm. Inflorescence is an elongate raceme up to 40 mm long at flowering time, with 9-27 flowers. Flowers are tubular, greenish-yellow, up to 9 mm long.

The species is named for NTBG (National Tropical Botanical Garden) contributor John Harry Rice Plews, who funded much of the field research.

References

johnplewsii
Plants described in 1998
Endemic flora of the Marquesas Islands


title: Hindukush (Jowzjan)

text:
Hindukusch () is a location near BajgirAqcha  () in Aqcha District, Jowzjan Province in northern Afghanistan. The settlement is situated 6 km from Aqchah near Aqcha south of the settlement Haidarabad () and is about 65 km from Balkh (ancient town).

References

Jowzjan Province


title: Melanis

text:
Melanis is a genus in the butterfly family Riodinidae present in the Neotropical realm.

Species
Melanis aegates (Hewitson, 1874)
M. a. aegates present in Bolivia
M. a. albugo (Stichel, 1910) present in Paraguay
M. a. araguaya (Seitz, 1913) present in Brazil
M. a. cretiplaga (Stichel, 1910) present in Paraguay and Argentina
M. a. lilybaeus (Stichel, 1926) present in Brazil
M. a. limbata (Stichel, 1925) present in Brazil
M. a. melliplaga (Stichel, 1910) present in French Guiana and Suriname
Melanis alena (Hewitson, 1870) present in Brazil
Melanis boyi (Stichel, 1923) present in Brazil
Melanis cephise (Ménétriés, 1855)
M. c. cephise present in Nicaragua and Mexico
M. c. acroleuca (R. Felder, 1869) present in Mexico
M. c. huasteca J. & A. White, 1989 present in Mexico
Melanis cercopes (Hewitson, 1874) present in Bolivia
Melanis cinaron (C. & R. Felder, 1861) present in Colombia, Brazil and Peru
Melanis cratia (Hewitson, 1870)
Melanis electron (Fabricius, 1793)
M. e. electron present in French Guiana, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela
M. e. auriferax (Stichel, 1910) present in Brazil
M. e. epijarbas (Staudinger, 1888) present in Brazil
M. e. herellus (Snellen, 1887) present in Curaçao
M. e. melantho (Ménétriés, 1855) present in Panama, Guatemala and Nicaragua
M. e. pronostriga (Stichel, 1910) present in Colombia and Brazil
M. e. rabuscula (Stichel, 1910) present in Brazil and Peru
Melanis herminae (Zikán, 1952) present in Brazil
Melanis hillapana (Röber, 1904)
M. h. hillapana present in Bolivia and Peru
M. h. corinna (Zikán, 1952) present in Brazil
M. h. cratippa (Seitz, 1913) present in Brazil
M. h. impura (Stichel, 1910)
Melanis hodia (Butler, 1870) present in Venezuela
Melanis leucophlegma (Stichel, 1910) present in Peru
Melanis lioba (Zikán, 1952) present in Brazil
Melanis lycea Hübner, 1823 present in Brazil
Melanis marathon (C. & R. Felder, [1865])
M. m. marathon present in Venezuela and Colombia
M. m. assimulata (Stichel, 1910) present in Colombia
M. m. charon (Butler, 1874) present in Brazil
M. m. stenotaenia Röber, 1904 present in Peru
Melanis melandra Hübner, [1819] present in Suriname
Melanis melaniae (Stichel, 1930) present in Brazil
Melanis opites (Hewitson, 1875) present in Brazil
Melanis passiena (Hewitson, 1870) present in Colombia
Melanis pixe (Boisduval, [1836])
M. p. pixe present in the US at Texas and Mexico
M. p. corvina (Stichel, 1910) present in Colombia
M. p. sanguinea (Stichel, 1910) present in Panama and Costa Rica
Melanis seleukia (Stichel, 1910) present in Brazil
Melanis smithiae (Westwood, 1851)
M. s. smithiae present in Bolivia and Brazil
M. s. xarifa (Hewitson, [1853]) present in Colombia and Venezuela
Melanis unxia (Hewitson, [1853]) present in Brazil
Melanis vidali (Dognin, 1891) present in Ecuador
Melanis volusia (Hewitson, [1853]) present in Brazil
Melanis xenia (Hewitson, [1853])
M. x. xenia present in Brazil
M. x. ambryllis (Hewitson, 1874) present in Paraguay and Bolivia
Melanis yeda (Zikán, 1952) present in Brazil

Sources
Melanis sur funet

External links
tableau des Melanis sur butterflies of america
Melanis dans Melanis smithiae de learn about butterflies
TOL

Riodininae
Riodinidae of South America
Butterfly genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


title: Christian Borch

text:
Christian Borch (born 2 June 1944) is a Norwegian television presenter and news anchor.

He was born in Bergen, but grew up in Holmenkollåsen. In his younger days he worked at sea and studied law, but ended these pursuits to become a journalist in Morgenbladet. Hired in Morgenbladet in 1965, he went on to Norges Eksportråd in 1969 and the Federation of Norwegian Industries in 1970. From 1974 to 1978 he had his second spell in Morgenbladet, as news editor.

He was hired in the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation in 1978, and in the early 2000s he served as news anchor for Dagsrevyen. In 2004 he won a Gullruten award for best news or sports anchor. In 2010 he took over as presenter of the foreign affairs special Urix together with Annette Groth.

His first wife, with whom he had two daughters, died of cancer at the age of 42. He was later married to actress Elsa Hvinden for thirteen years. He is now in a relationship with French citizen Joséphine Sconza. She still being in divorce proceedings with ex husband. They reside at Slemdal.

References

1944 births
Living people
Television people from Oslo
Journalists from Oslo
Morgenbladet people
NRK people
Norwegian television news anchors
Norwegian television presenters
20th-century Norwegian people


title: 1996 Leeds RLFC season

text:
The 1996 Leeds RLFC season was the club's the first season in the newly formed Super League. Coached by Dean Bell, the club competed in Super League I and finished in 10th place. The club also competed in the 1996 Challenge Cup, and were knocked out in the semi-finals by Bradford Bulls. At the end of the season, the club changed its name to Leeds Rhinos.

Table

Squad
Statistics include appearances and points in the Super League and Challenge Cup.

Transfers

In

Out

References

External links
Official site: Rhinos Statistics
Leeds - Rugby League Project

Leeds Rhinos seasons
Leeds
Rugby


title: Bluebird (comics)

text:
Bluebird, in comics, refers to:

Bluebird (Marvel Comics), a supporting character in Marvel Comics' Spider-Man series
Bluebird (DC Comics), a supporting character in DC Comics' Batman series

See also
Bluebird (disambiguation)


title: Ahti Toivanen

text:
Ahti Toivanen (born 5 January 1990) is a Finnish biathlete. He was born in Polvijarvi. He competed at the Biathlon World Championships 2011, 2012 and 2013, and at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in sprint and individual.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Finnish male biathletes
Olympic biathletes for Finland


title: Pegaeophyton

text:
Pegaeophyton is a plant genus in the family Brassicaceae.

Species
Pegaeophyton angustiseptatum Al-Shehbaz, T.Y. Cheo, L.L. Lu & G. Yang
Pegaeophyton minutum H. Hara
Pegaeophyton nepalense Al-Shehbaz, Arai & H. Ohba
Pegaeophyton purii (D.S.Rawat, L.R.Dangwal & R.D. Gaur) Al-Shehbaz
Pegaeophyton scapiflorum (Hook.f. & Thomson) C.Marquand & Airy Shaw
Pegaeophyton sulphureum Al-Shehbaz
Pegaeophyton watsonii Al-Shehbaz

References

Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae genera
Taxa named by Heinrich von Handel-Mazzetti


title: Pegaeophyton nepalense

text:
Pegaeophyton nepalense is a plant species reported from Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and Xizang (= Tibet). It is found high in the Himalayas at elevations of over 4000 m (13,000 feet).

Pegaeophyton nepalenseis a very small perennial herb rarely more than 2 cm tall, with an underground caudex and a rosette of leaves above ground. Leaves have relatively long petioles up to 14 mm long. Blades are ovate to almost round, up to 4 mm wide. Flowers number 3-8 per plant, up to 3 mm across, with white petals. Fruits are egg-shaped to almost spherical, up to 2 mm across, each with 2-4 seeds. It grows among moss, under rocks by streams, and alpine grasslands.

References

Brassicaceae
Flora of Nepal
Flora of Sikkim
Flora of Bhutan
Flora of Tibet


title: Emsland Gymnasium

text:
Emsland Gymnasium is a Gymnasium (secondary) school in Rheine, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was founded in 1853.

History

Founded as a girls' school, the school became co-educational in 1972.

Notable alumni
Monika Hermanns, judge
Gerda Hövel, Member of the Parliament of Lower Saxony
Gudrun J. Klinker, computer scientist
Rita Süssmuth, politician and former President of the Bundestag

External links
Emsland Gymnasium

Schools in North Rhine-Westphalia
1853 establishments in Germany
Educational institutions established in 1853
Rheine


title: Giles Academy

text:
The Giles Academy (formerly the Giles School) is a mixed secondary school located in Old Leake in the English county of Lincolnshire.

History
Giles Secondary Modern School opened its doors to students on Wednesday 10 January 1962. It was built by J.T. Barber of Boston. The school was named after Lt-Col Sir Oswald Giles, who was the chairman of Holland County Council for 18 years; he was knighted in the 1955 Birthday Honours; he died on Tuesday 4 August 1970, aged 82.

It was previously a foundation school administered by Lincolnshire County Council. The new school boasts modern facilities and equipment after a £125,000 investment.

On 1 September 2010, the Giles School converted to academy status and was renamed the Giles Academy. However the school continues to coordinate with Lincolnshire County Council for admissions.

The Giles Academy offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils. The school previously offered sixth form education for students to study from a range of A Levels and further BTECs. In 2005, the school was awarded a specialism in visual arts. As a result, all key stage 4 students are required to undertake at least one art and design related subject for their GCSE studies.

In November 2015, the school finished constructing a new swimming pool and held an opening ceremony with former student and former Olympic swimmer Melanie Marshall.

In 2016, after 24 years of leadership, Executive Headmaster Chris Walls (the 3rd headteacher in over 50 years of the school's history) retired. Previous Deputy Headmaster Ian Widdows was named as his replacement. Since the departure of Widdows several years later, Lucy Conley has served as the school's headteacher, with Katie Belcher taking on the role of Head of School.

Controversies
In October 2009, the Giles Academy was fined after an unsupervised art student suffered severe burns to her hands after plunging them into a bucket of plaster of paris. After 12 operations, the student lost all her fingers on one hand, but managed to keep two on the other.

In July 2012, a transgender student was briefly banned from sitting GCSE exams after arriving in a girl's uniform. In response, the student presented the headmaster, Chris Walls, with a copy of the UK's Equality Act. Despite this, the student, Ashlyn Parram, was segregated from everyone else taking the exam.

On February 14, 2020, following numerous poor reports from Ofsted, a termination warning notice was served to the Giles Academy. The report highlighted a number of concerns raised by Ofsted, accusing school leaders of "lack[ing] capacity to improve the school" and describing a culture of "low expectation and low aspiration".

In response to the Ofsted reports and termination warning notice, local news websites began to claim the school was "failing" amidst rumours that the sixth form would be shutting down. The school had only received 30 applications for students wanting to attend sixth form the following academic year.

Notable alumni
 Melanie Marshall (born 1982) Former Olympic athlete, European Gold medal winning swimmer, now coach to Olympic Gold medal winner Adam Peaty
 Brian Bolland (born 1951), cartoonist
Lewis Brooks (born 1987), former professional football player for Boston United, Boston Town and England U-18
Confidential (born 1998) Music artist/singer-songwriter

References

External links
Giles Academy official website

Academies in Lincolnshire
Borough of Boston
Educational institutions established in 1962
1962 establishments in England
Secondary schools in Lincolnshire


The Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe, known locally as the Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, is a Catholic place of worship in Puerto Vallarta on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. It is open daily, with services in English available on Saturdays and mass in both Spanish and English on Sundays. The Church, built between 1930 and 1940, was constructed on the original foundations of a chapel initially dedicated to Lady Guadalupe in 1901. The Church is dedicated to Our Lady of Guadalupe, also known as the Virgin Mary. She is the patron saint of Mexico and is considered a religious symbol of Catholic faith and female empowerment. Her feast day on 12 December is also the date of her first apparition. To celebrate this festival (fiesta), many individuals in the Mexican community display altars in their homes consisting of a painting of Our Lady of Guadalupe surrounded by flowers, candles, and other individual touches. During this time, members of many churches, including the church in Puerto Vallarta, light fireworks after the evening rosary leading up to 12 December, the day in 1531 that La Virgen de Guadalupe had her first interaction with a Mexican man named Juan Diego, which essentially established Catholicism in Mexico. She is depicted as a dark-skinned woman whose dialect is Nahuatl, which is Juan Diego's native language. Originally classified as a symbol of religion and faith, her significance in current times surpasses her role in Catholicism. Today, some see her as a figure of Mexican patriotism and liberation.

Location
Mexico is the third largest country in Latin America after Brazil and Argentina. The country is ethnically and regionally diverse, with socioeconomic divisions between each region. Mexico is a nation characterised by extremes of affluence and poverty, with few citizens classified as middle class. There is no official religion in Mexico due to the separation between church and state, however, more than 80% of individuals identify as Roman Catholic. The Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe known locally as the Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, is located in Puerto Vallarta, a resort town on the Pacific coast of Mexico in the state of Jalisco. Originally commended as a place of culture and sanctity, Puerto Vallarta has transformed into a tourist region  and a place for recreation. Puerto Vallarta is known as a vibrant place of celebration and festivities as well as its beaches, marine life and resorts.

History

The history of Our Lady of Guadalupe and ultimately Catholicism in North America surrounds the origin story of the Guadalupian Event that took place in December 1531. Juan Diego, an indigenous Mexican man was 57 years old when he encountered and interacted with La Virgen de Guadalupe. He has been labelled the "Messenger of Hope". This occurrence took place on Tepeyac, a hill to the north of today's Mexico City where the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe is located. According to tradition, this interaction took place on a winter's day in 1531 as Juan Diego was crossing the hill. Lady Guadalupe initially asked Juan Diego to build a house (casita) on the hill. He reported this twice to the local bishop who asked him for proof. It was then the lady appeared again to Juan Diego and asked him to collect flowers—"a strange request because flowers were not in season in December". He found an array of Castilian roses and assembled them into a cloak (tilma) which he returned to the bishop as evidence. The legend says that as he presented the cloak to the bishop, it fell to the ground and they saw an image of La Virgen de Guadalupe she had left imprinted on it. Juan Diego did not hesitate to spread the news of his encounter with the "Holy Mary of Guadalupe" and became a missionary known variously as "the humble and obedient Indigenous", "Our Lady's Visionary" and "The humble Ambassador of the Virgin". It is through the sharing of Juan Diego's encounter that Christianity was introduced and spread in Mexico.

Saints

The Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Puerto Vallarta is a Catholic place of worship dedicated to the patron saint of Mexico, Our Lady of Guadalupe. A patron saint is the designated protector of a society, church or place and is venerated as an intercessor before God. Pope Pious XII acclaimed our Lady of Guadalupe "Empress of the Americas" in 1945 and she is a symbol of Mexican culture and its liberation. According to Mexican religious tradition she is the mother of God and humanity. It is through her interaction with Juan Diego that Catholicism began in Mexico, providing a new era of religious belief whose roots lay in the Aztec polytheistic culture and belief in the Aztec mother goddess Tonantzin. It was in the sixteenth century that the growth of the cult of Our Lady of Guadalupe began, and the creation of poems and sermons honouring her, and the first artistic interpretations of her image were created expressing a new cultural idiom for Mexico. Her feast day lies on 12 December and is a commemoration of the date in 1531 that she first appeared to Juan Diego. Our Lady of Guadalupe offered a different style of devotion, "She didn't say, go to church or say the rosary" instead she proclaimed that if followers "love me, trust me and believe in me" she will respond.

Art and architecture

Art

The first image of Our Lady of Guadalupe dates back to the origins of her interaction with Juan Diego, when her image was miraculously discovered underneath a coat. In traditional paintings, artworks and tapestries, she is depicted as a dark-skinned woman atop a crescent moon with angels  at her feet. Baltasar de Echave is the painter of Virgin of Guadalupe (1606), the oldest signed and dated artwork of the patron saint. Other artists have painted copies of Virgin of Guadalupe, such as Nicolás Enríquez's painting in 1773 which is the most widely venerated sacred image in New Spain. The original tilma that with the image of the virgin still exists and is in the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City on Tepeyak Hill.  In the Puerto Vallarta church, there is a replica image of Our Lady of Guadalupe that people revere, painted by Ignacio Ramirez in 1945, this oil painting is in the church's forefront above the altar.

Architecture

The Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe (Puerto Vallarta) is in the centre of the town square. It was built between 1930 and 1940. The church is not based on a sophisticated design but is an encapsulation of the parish priest's ideas and the rustic townscape of the past. The church has a neoclassical structure, and the crown seated above the main building is indicative of baroque style European temples. The original church crown eroded because of weather and was restored in 1981, however, in 1995 it was damaged by a strong earthquake and replaced with a temporary fibre glass structure. In 2009, Carlos Terres, a Jaliscan artist, sculptured and rebuilt a replacement for the crown. The church's towers reflect the renaissance age. In parish documents, Father Luis Ramirez refers to the Church as, "an expression of village art, which symbolises the authentic urban look of Puerto Vallarta".

Celebrations

The most prominent celebration is that of Our Lady of Guadalupe. This is a fiesta held on the 12 December to commemorate the first apparition of her sighted by Juan Diego. It has been celebrated on this date every year for the past 400 years. Many churches, including The Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Puerto Vallarta, celebrate the event by setting off fireworks after the evening rosary usually for 10 days leading up to 12 December. Depending on the specific district there are towns that organise parades and or processions that follow altars of Lady Guadalupe carried by the faithful and include children who dress either as Juan Diego or the Virgin Mary. In Puerto Vallarta, the celebration trails down the cobblestone street from Juarez Street to the Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Businesses, food stands, families and religious unions form a line that occupies the celebratory laneway. There are commonly mariachi bands and traditional dancers involved in the festivities. To celebrate this event, Mexican homeowners will usually create a shrine in honour of the patron saint, covering and surrounding the memorial with flowers, candles, individual torches and other trinkets. Catholic Christian citizens usually awake before sunrise on 12 December to sing of the virgin in local churches and cathedrals. This is followed by a communal feast of traditional Mexican meals such as atole and prozole which is a corn-based drink and a pork and hominy stew, both customary meals consumed on her feast day. This day is considered a yearly opportunity for Mexican citizens both, religious and non-religious, to celebrate their culture and faith.

Significance
Our Lady of Guadalupe has also been perceived as a symbol of Mexican female liberation and power, and has simultaneously been heavily associated with feminist theology. Feminist theology promotes equality between men and women, the creation of peace and implementation of justice in religion. She has often been considered a symbol of maternity, female empowerment and social justice and has been celebrated by women not only in Mexico but in other places of Latin America and the United States.

The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire was not only a revolt and a conquest of people, but it was simultaneously a conquest of women, captured by force and used for gift exchange and or trade. For Mexican-American women today,   Our Lady of Guadalupe remains a symbol of dignity and an affirmation of those lives who are questioned. Moreover, the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire was not only a time for military defense but also the overrule of old traditions, rituals and gods that were considered pagan. To the indigenous people, Our Lady of Guadalupe is more than a symbol of life and hope, she provides them with hope of salvation. Depicted as a virgin, she encapsulates feminist and maternal attributes and remains a powerful symbol of motherhood, feminism and social justice. Today, Lady Guadalupe who was originally a symbol of Catholicism, has surpassed religious ties and it is intertwined with the culture and civilization of Mexico. Extending beyond the confines of Mexico, in the United States of America she has been utilized as an icon of social justice appeals to those in society who lack power. She stands for life, health and hope and is considered not only a supernatural mother but also a natural mother who symbolizes both political and religious aspirations. Ultimately, Our Lady of Guadalupe is a collective representation of Mexican society and reflects the emotions and relationships of Mexican life.

See also
 List of churches under the patronage of Our Lady of Guadalupe
Roman Catholic Marian Churches

References

Works cited

External links

19th-century architecture
Buildings and structures in Puerto Vallarta
Centro, Puerto Vallarta
History of Catholicism in South America
Neoclassical church buildings in Mexico
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Our Lady of Guadalupe


The Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Ivory Coast (Église Évangélique Presbytérienne de Côte d'Ivoire  in French) is a confessional Presbyterian denomination in Ivory Coast.

Originally, members of the church were Korean diplomats, businessmen, and others residing in Ivory Coast in the early 1980s. In 1986, pastor In-chul Kim founded the first Korean church in Abidjan. He was succeeded by pastor Sang Ho Kwak following his departure in 1990.  On January 6, 1994 an assembly was held in the Korean Presbyterian Community to define the constitution and bylaws. In 1996 Rev. Peak was set by the Korean Presbyterian Church in America to the Abidjan-based church. Later the church begun to expand to all regions of the country through the tremendous work of indigenous ministers like Yao Kassi Paul at Abobo, KOFFI at Bouaké, METCHE Samuel at Dabou, KOUAKOU Naka at Cocody Riviera Palmeraie and HAÏBA at Bingerville. The church has 26 congregations and 133 house fellowships in the country. Churches are in Abidjan, Anyama, Abobo, Abengourou, Aboisso, Bingerville, Dabou, Duékoué, Divo, Danané, Issia, N'Douci, Sassandra, San Pedro, Yopougon and Yaobou. The church is headed by Rev. Peter Peak since 1994.

The churches are banded into districts, namely the South District, the West Central District, the West District, East District and Southwest District.

In 2000, by the initiative of Pastor KOUAKOU Naka, YAO Kassi Paul and ADAHOU Solomon, the Evangelical Presbyterian Theological Institute in Ivory Coast was founded by missionaries from South Korea. After three years of training 11 pastors received their diplomas to serve the 160 Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Ivory Coast.

The headquarters of the church located in Abidjan, Cocody 2 Plateaux .

The church wants to start evangelisation efforts in Niger, Burkina Faso and the neighbouring countries.

The church is a member of the World Reformed Fellowship.

References

External links
 Official website

Members of the World Reformed Fellowship
Presbyterian denominations in Africa
Churches in Ivory Coast
1997 establishments in Ivory Coast


title: Second VA-95 (U.S. Navy)

text:
The second VA-95 was an Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy, and was the second of three unrelated squadrons to bear that designation. It was established on 26 March 1952, and disestablished on 1 April 1970. The squadron's nickname was the Skyknights from 1957 to 1963, and the Green Lizards thereafter.

Operational history
January 1963: The squadron participated in cross deck operations with the British carrier HMS Hermes (R12) while operating in the western Pacific.
May 1963: Following the military losses of Lao neutralists to the Pathet Lao on the Plain of Jars, Laos,  transited to the South China Sea to support possible operations in Laos.
November 1964–April 1965: The squadron participated in support for photo reconnaissance missions and conducted strikes against targets in Laos.
7 February 1965: Following the Attack on Camp Holloway in Pleiku, South Vietnam, the President ordered Operation Flaming Dart, a reprisal strike against North Vietnam. The squadron’s target was the Vit Thu Lu Barracks. However, the strike turned back due to poor weather conditions.
11 February 1965: Squadron aircraft participated in Flaming Dart II, retaliatory strikes against the Chanh Hoa military barracks near Đồng Hới, North Vietnam.
March 1965: The squadron participated in Operation Rolling Thunder strikes against the Phu Qui ammunition depot in North Vietnam.
April 1966: The squadron departed Norfolk, Virginia, en route to Vietnam as part of an air wing composed only of attack squadrons.
September 1969: Following a coup that overthrew the Libyan monarchy  cut short its visit to Cannes, France, and departed for operations in the Ionian Sea. The United States later extended diplomatic recognition to the new Libyan government.

Home port assignments
The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown:
 NAS Alameda – 26 Mar 1952
 NAS Moffett Field – 08 Mar 1962
 NAS Lemoore – 01 Apr 1963
 NAS Alameda – 04 Aug 1968

Aircraft assignment
The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown:
 F6F-5 Hellcat – 21 Apr 1952
 AD-1 Skyraider – 19 May 1952
 AD-4NA Skyraider – 03 Jul 1952
 AD-4 Skyraider – Sep 1952
 AD-4L Skyraider – Oct 1952
 AD-6 Skyraider – Oct 1953
 AD-7 Skyraider – Sep 1956
 A-4C Skyhawk – 15 Jul 1965
 A-4B Skyhawk – 05 Dec 1965
 A-4C Skyhawk – Sep 1968

See also
 VA-95 (U.S. Navy)
 Third VA-95 (U.S. Navy)
 Attack aircraft
 List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons
 History of the United States Navy

References

Attack squadrons of the United States Navy
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons


title: Stiff Competition

text:
"Stiff Competition" is a song written by Rick Nielsen that first appeared on Cheap Trick's 1978 album Heaven Tonight.  It is famous for the sexual double entendres in the lyrics, and subsequently appeared on live and compilation albums.  In the UK, "Stiff Competition" was the B-side to Cheap Trick's second single from Heaven Tonight, "California Man."

Music and lyrics
Some of the lyrics to "Stiff Competition" express standard love song sentiments such as looking hard in the loved one's eyes.  However, many of the lyrics are double and even triple entendres involving genitalia.  Rolling Stone critic Mitchell Schneider describes the song as "phallocentric," citing lyrics such as "The bigger they are — the harder they fall." Writer Rick Nielsen described it as an "erotic fantasy" stating:

"I see it as male and female genitals marching like whole armies and whole corps of these going around and talking with each other.  So the male says to the female 'I look hard in your eyes' and all that stuff, it was love at first sight' - I mean maybe these appendages, or lack of appendages, depending on what your gender is, maybe they have these sort of feelings, maybe there is a little brain under yonder!  So I try to put myself in that position..."

On another occasion, Nielsen stated that the song could have been called "The War Song of the Marching Penises," and noted that people come up with even more meanings after analyzing the song.

Musically, the guitar riff is based on that of The Who's "Won't Get Fooled Again."  In turn, the riff from "Stiff Competition" was the basis for that on The Beastie Boys' single "She's on It."  Rolling Stone critic Mitchell Schneider also sees a resemblance between the harmonies on "Stiff Competition" and those on The Beatles' "I Feel Fine."

Producer Tom Werman claimed that he did little with the song in preparing the recording.

Reception
Critic Bryan Wawzenek describes "Stiff Competition" as finding the band "in rip-roaring form," praising the "growling" vocal and guitar from Robin Zander and Nielsen, respectively, as well as the "driving pace." Village Voice critic Susin Shapiro describes Zander's vocal performance on the song as "great." Ira Robbins and Michael Sandlin of Trouser Press describe "Stiff Competition" as "leering" saying that the song "paraphrases arena rock."  Reviewing its appearance on the multi-artist compilation album Metal Age: The Roots of Metal, Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine describes it as a "melodic" form of heavy metal.

Other appearances
"Stiff Competition" was left off the original release of the 1979 live album Cheap Trick at Budokan, but it did appear on the 1994 follow up Budokan II.  On this version, author Mike Hayes praised Zander's "venomous" vocal, Nielsen's "gargantuan" guitar riff, and drummer Bun E. Carlos' "big beat prowess.".

Nielsen performed the song with the Foo Fighters on the Late Show with David Letterman.

References

Cheap Trick songs
1978 songs
Songs written by Rick Nielsen
Song recordings produced by Tom Werman