title: Hodoyoshi 4

text:
Hodoyoshi-4 is a Japanese micro-satellite launched in 2014. The satellite is built in 0.5x0.6x0.7m box-shape bus, optimized for piggy-back launch.
All instruments are powered by solar cells mounted on the spacecraft body and two stub wings, with estimated electrical power of 50W. For orbit-keeping, a "miniature" (5 kg dry weight) ion thruster with specific impulse 1100s and operating power 20W is integrated into the body. The satellite was developed under the Funding Program for World-Leading Innovation R&D on Science and Technology.

Launch
Hodoyoshi-4 was launched from Dombarovsky (air base) site 13, Russia, on 19 June 2014 by a Dnepr rocket. Two-side communication with Earth was successfully achieved at 2nd pass over ground station.

Mission
The satellite is intended primarily for technology verification in space, main test piece being Earth observation telescope with nominal 6.7m GSD at 650 km altitude.

Secondary mission is measurements of water level in rivers to monitor floods by using Store&Forward System. Third mission is Hosted Payload. Hosted Payload mission consisted of 10 cm-cubic boxes on which users could install their own apparatuses for their own applications. Project members asked users in private partnership in order to explore new market of satellite utilization. One of the apparatuses was space message display system. Electronic message display was installed which operators could change characters on the display by sending commands from the ground station. Users can take photos of their messages with the view of the earth from the window.

See also

 2014 in spaceflight
 Hodoyoshi 3

References

External links

 Nano-Satellite Center, University of Tokyo
 Hodoyoshi and UNIFORM satellites tracking

Earth observation satellites of Japan
University of Tokyo
Spacecraft launched in 2014
Spacecraft launched by Dnepr rockets


title: Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone

text:
5α-Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone (abbreviated as DHDOC), also known as 21-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one, is an endogenous progestogen and neurosteroid. It is synthesized from the adrenal hormone deoxycorticosterone (DOC) by the enzyme 5α-reductase type I. DHDOC is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, as well as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, and is known to have anticonvulsant effects.

Chemistry

See also
 Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC)
 5α-Dihydroprogesterone (DHP)
 Hydroxydione

References

Neurosteroids
Pregnanes
Progestogens
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators


title: YNg-28

text:
YNg-28 was a YNg-1-class net laying ship of the United States Navy.  Her primary purpose was to maintain gates in harbor net defensive systems.

YNg-28 was laid down in 1942 by the Dravo Corporation Neville Island, Pennsylvania and allocated to the 11th Naval District.

Pacific Theater operations
She was shifted to the Pacific Theater some time between 1942 and 1945.  In late 1944 she was reportedly towed from San Francisco to Hawai'i, then from Hawai'i to Ulithi Atoll before finally being towed to Buckner Bay (Nakagusuku Wan) off Okinawa's east coast as part of the Invasion Fleet supporting the Battle of Okinawa.  She was present off Okinawa during Typhoon Louise in October 1945, where she sustained an unknown amount of damage.  YNg-28 likely returned to the 12th Naval District and was removed from service in late 1945 or early 1946.

Decommissioning
YNg-28 was placed out of service and struck from the Naval Register at unknown dates.  The vessel was scrapped in 1975.

References

World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
1942 ships


title: Ma Man-kei

text:
Ma Man-kei  (; October 1919 – May 26, 2014) was a Chinese-Macanese businessman, tycoon, entrepreneur and politician. A strong supporter of the Chinese Communist Party, Ma was a proponent of the transfer of sovereignty over Macau from Portugal to the People's Republic of China, which took place in 1999. Ma was Vice Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference's (CPPCC) eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh sessions, beginning in 1993.

Ma was born in 1919 in Nanhai County, Guangdong. He moved to Hong Kong and opened his first business during the late 1930s. He later to Macau in the 1940s and expanded his business. He aided the Chinese Communist Party during the 1950s by importing commodities from Macau and Hong Kong to mainland China.

Ma served as the Vice Chairman of the committee which drafted the basic laws for the Macau Special Administrative Region and had a hand in the territory's transfer. He was also President of the Macau Chamber of Commerce for life. Ma was a former member of the Legislative Assembly of Macau.

Ma was also the chairman of the Chinese Literature Foundation. Deng Xiaoping penned the title for one of Ma Man-kei's poems in 1998.

In 2001, Ma was one of the first recipients of the Grand Lotus Medal of Honour.

Ma died at a Beijing hospital on May 26, 2014, at the age of 95, where he had been hospitalized with heart disease for several years. His funeral was held at the Macau Forum.

Minor planet 228158 Mamankei is named in his honor.

References

1919 births
2014 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Macau
Macau businesspeople
Macau politicians
People's Republic of China politicians from Guangdong
Politicians from Foshan
Businesspeople from Guangdong
Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Chinese emigrants to British Hong Kong


title: 20syl

text:
Sylvain Richard (born 17 February 1979), better known by his stage name 20syl (pronounced "vain-seel", ), is a French rapper, disc jockey and producer. He is a composer and MC in the group Hocus Pocus, member of beatmaker collective of DJs C2C, one half of the Hip Hop/Electronic duo AllttA and quadruple world champion DMC Team. He published his first EP, Motifs, in 2014, followed by Motifs II in 2015.

During his career, he also produced for artists and groups such as Diam's, Disiz, Kohndo, Slum Village, Fabe, Scred Connexion, Nakk, Sully Sefil, and is involved in projects such as Just Us vol.1 or Original Bombattak.

Biography
Richard, originally a graphic designer, graduated from the Graduate School of Fine Arts in Nantes Métropole. He began his musical career in his bedroom at his parents' house in Rezé.

In 1995, Richard and Cambia released their first mixtape, Première Formule. Recorded in a makeshift studio, the first self-produced cassette was sold in the courtyard of their school. In 1997, they associated with DJ Greem, a high school friend of Richard's, to form the group Hocus Pocus, and released their first album as a trio, Seconde Formule, in 1998. Hocus Pocus mixes elements specific to hip-hop (scratches, samples, rap) to an instrumental sound influenced by jazz, soul and funk. Alongside Hocus Pocus, they created in collaboration with DJ Atom and DJ Pfel, a group called C2C (also known as "Coups2Cross"). C2C was the world champion DMC team four years in a row from 2003 to 2006. They found the collaboration of two MCs and a DJ did not work on stage and went their separate ways; Richard continued his production as 20syl and DJ Greem invested specifically in C2C.

In 2001, Richard worked again with DJ Greem and Cambia on stage as Hocus Pocus. The same year, they created the label On & On and released the maxi Sick, which sold around 4000 copies. Three years later, they released the album 73 Touches (in reference to the number of piano keys). Largely influenced by jazz, they refer to Miles Davis and Billie Holiday. Mathieu Lelièvre on keyboard, Hervé Godard on bass and David Le Deunff on guitar complement the trio. The same album was reissued in 2006 with a new version of Sick and six new titles.

The album Place 54, released in October 2007, increased their willingness to create acoustic hip-hop. For this album, they signed with the label Motown France to promote and distribute it. The album was well received and attracted interest from mainstream TV and radio. In 2008, Hocus Pocus was nominated for a Victoires de la Musique award in the category "Urban Music Album of the Year".

Richard published his first solo EP, Motifs, on the 9 June 2014; the site sourdoreille.net considers this EP as "a real gem" whilst wordplaymagazine.com praises Richard's style as "frankly remarkable". His second EP, Motifs II, was published on 11 May 2015. Regarding the cover of Motifs II Richard explains: "For the first volume, I played on the contrast between the zebra and the checkerboard. For this one, I wanted another animal. I like animals with a solemn air, which release an aesthetic force. When I came across this owl, I found him mysterious and chic. I also chose the motif of the opposition in the checkered plumage. It is a way to symbolize the two aspects of my music: electronic and organic. This refined and enigmatic image raises questions."

In July 2015 in Nantes, Richard presented the U, an interactive musical skateboard ramp (in collaboration with the collective Herrmutt Lobby). herrmuttlobby.com says regarding U "The skater is the musician and the ramp is the instrument. He composes and decomposes the rhythm, he breaks down initial binary arrangements, making the digital human again for a moment." In September 2015 The Apple Keynote used a piece of Richard's music to promote the functionality of Siri on the Apple Watch in their "Choose Colorfully" advertisement. In late 2015, Richard published a remix of the PLPS song How I Feel. In January 2016, he published his first year production entitled Inertia. Also in January 2016, he published a remix of the song Walk Walk by Yael Naim.

In 2015 he formed the group AllttA (A Little Lower Than The Angels) with the Californian rapper Mr. J. Medeiros. Their debut album, titled The Upper Hand, was released on February 17, 2017. Their sophomore album, titled Facing Giants, was released on December 1, 2017.  The first part of their third album Curio was released on May 12, 2023, with the second coming on 29 September 2023.

Discography

Singles

 2016 : "Inertia (for the charity compilation AMAL)"
 2021 : "Bagarre"

EPs
 2014 : Motifs
 2015 : Motifs II

Albums

 2020 : 36 (Beats & Types)

Remix albums
 1999 : 20syl's Remix Tape

Collaborations and remixes
 2002 : 20syl – "On and On" (from the mixtape 1son2rue by Cut Killer)
 2006 : Sixième Sens feat. 20syl, Prince d'arabee, Orelsan, Gringe – "Herbes de Provinces"
 2007 : Mr. J. Medeiros feat. 20syl – "Amelie" (from the album Of Gods and Girls by Mr. J. Medeiros)
 2012 : Mr. J. Medeiros feat. Shad – "Pale Blue Dot" (20syl Remix)
 2012 : Oxmo Puccino feat. Orelsan, Greg Frite, Busta Flex, Grodash, Youssoupha, Dabaaz, 3010 & 20syl – "Le sucre pimenté" (Remix)
 2013 : Kraked Unit – "Chinese Puzzle" (20syl Remix)
 2013 : Rihanna – "Stay" (20syl You Can't Be Serious Remix)
 2013 : Gush – "Sieblings" (20syl Remix)
 2013 : Moongaï – "Cosmofamille" (20syl Remix)
 2013 : "Game, Set & Match"
 2013 : Electro Deluxe – "Devil" (20syl Remix)
 2013 : "Blitz the Ambassador" feat. 20syl, Emicida & Y'akoto – Respect Mine
 2013 : Elodie Rama – "City of Hope" (20syl Version)
 2013 : Dtwice – "Devil's Tune" (20syl Remix)
 2013 : "Misteur Valaire" – Don't Get Là (20syl Remix)
 2013 : "Room Bang" (Grems feat. 20syl)
 2013 : "My Heart"(Letters to the Sun feat. 20syl)
 2014 : Gregory Porter – "Liquid Spirit" (20syl Remix)
 2014 : 20syl & Kafutchino – "Kouign Amann" (from the album La Boulangerie, Vol. 3 – La Fine Equipe & Friends by La Fine Equipe)
 2014 : Ed Sheeran – "Thinking Out Loud" (20syl Remix)
 2014 : Shuko feat. CL Smooth & 20syl – "The Same"
 2014 : "Yelle" – Complètement fou (20syl Remix)
 2014 : Game Set & Match II (created for the 2014 BNP Paribas Masters international tennis tournament)
 2014 : V052 V1M (Jakarta Records album Summer In Jakarta)
 2014 : Coin Banks feat. 20syl, Tab-One, Anders & The Ruby Horns – "Thomas Lawrence" (from the EP Heads by Coin Banks)
 2014 : Pigeon John – "Boomerang" (feat. 20syl)
 2014 : "Bet Dap Goom Bown" (BoomBap Festival Beat)
 2014 : "The Drops" – Atalante (20syl Remix)
 2014 : "Obsession" (Fixpen Sill & 20syl)
 2014 : Schoolboy Q – "The Purge / Rapfix Cypher" (20syl Remix)
 2014 : Kyla La Grange – "Cut Your Teeth" (20syl Remix)
 2014 : "10YRS" (Hip OPsession 10th Anniversary Track)
 2014 : Seinabo Sey – "Younger" (20syl Remix)
 2014 : King Krule – "Easy Easy" (20syl Remix)
 2014 : Kendrick Lamar – "Sing that Shit" (20syl Juicy Remix)
 2015 : Moar & Sarsha Simone – "Gonna Do Me" (20syl Remix)
 2015 : Ibrahim Maalouf – "Red and Black Light" (20syl Remix)
 2015 : PLPS – "How I Feel" (20syl Remix)
 2016 : Yaël Naim – "Walk Walk" (20syl Remix)
 2016 : ODESZA – "It's Only" (feat. Zyra) (20syl Remix)
 2016 : The Geek x Vrv feat. Mirror Signal – "I Don't Wanna Know" (20syl Remix)
 2016 : Everydayz, Phazz – "Almeria" (20syl Remix)
 2018 : AllttA – "Bucket" (20syl Remix)
 2018 : thebandknives & AllttA – "thebandknives x AllttA"
 2018 : Electro Deluxe – "Keep my Baby Dancing" (20syl Remix)
 2018 : Inüit – "Tomboy" (20syl Remix)
 2019 : La Fine Équipe, Grems & 20syl – "Nobu" (from the album 5Th Season by La Fine Equipe)
 2019 : Electric guest – "Dollar" (20syl Remix)
 2019 : Parrad feat. AllttA – "Flag Pole"
2020 : AllttA – "Ampersand"
2020 : Thaïs Lona – Best Part (Daniel Cesar cover) (20syl Remix)
2021 : Brent Faiyaz – "Circles" (20syl Remix)
2021 : AvA – "Regarde Moi" (Prod. 20syl & Grégoire Vaillant)
2022 : La Chica – "Agua" (20syl Remix)
2022 : Too Many T's & 20syl – "Roots"
2022 : Beyoncé – "Break My Soul" (20syl Remix)
2022 : Thaïs Lona – "B.N.D" (20syl Remix)
2023 : Miscellaneous & Coeur Nwar feat. 20syl & Mr. J. Medeiros – "Bump This" (from the album Chiaroscuro by Miscellaneous & Coeur Nwar)
2023 : Alligatorz – "Pra Ver Você Sambar" (20syl Remix)
2023 : AllttA – "Savages" (contains AI-generated feature by Jay-Z)

Collaborative albums
 1996 : Première Formule (mixtape, with Hocus Pocus)
 1998 : Seconde Formule (self-produced album, with Hocus Pocus)
 2001 : Flyin' Saucer (with C2C)
 2002 : Flyin' Saucer II (with C2C)
 2002 : Acoustic HipHop Quintet (maxi, with Hocus Pocus)
 2002 : Conscient (maxi, with Hocus Pocus)
 2002 : On and On Part II (maxi, with Hocus Pocus)
 2003 : Flyin' Saucer III (with C2C)
 2005 : 73 Touches (with Hocus Pocus)
 2007 : Place 54 (with Hocus Pocus)
 2010 : 16 pièces (with Hocus Pocus)
 2012 : Down the Road (EP, with C2C)
 2012 : Tetra (LP, with C2C)
 2016 : Touch Down, Pt. I (EP, with AllttA)
 2016 : The Woods (EP, with AllttA)
 2016 : AllttA (EP with AllttA)
 2017 : The Upper Hand (LP, with AllttA)
 2017 : Facing Giants (LP, with AllttA)

References

http://earmilk.com/2016/03/24/saga-blu-and-20syl-get-up-without-the-happy-pills-premiere/
http://djbooth.net/artists/20syl
http://www.tsugi.fr/magazines/2016/06/29/20syl-j-medeiros-hip-hop-allttarnatif-17896

1979 births
Living people


title: Long-legged frog

text:
Long-legged frog may refer to:

 Long-legged cricket frog (Zakerana syhadrensis), a frog in the family Dicroglossidae native to India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh
 Long-legged wood frog (Rana macrocnemis), a frog in the family Ranidae found in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia, Turkey, and Turkmenistan

Animal common name disambiguation pages


title: Kayman's Gate

text:
Kayman's Gate (, Kaiman Dorakada) was an entrance to the former Colombo Fort located at the foot of the Wolvendaal Hill in the Pettah district of Colombo, Sri Lanka. A historic free-standing bell tower still stands at the site, now at the intersection of Main and 4th Cross Streets.

History

The second Colombo Fort was constructed by the Portuguese in 1554 as a fortification of their trading post at Colombo, and captured by the Dutch in 1656. Under the Portuguese, the fort's principal entrance at the eastern rampart was Porta Reinha ("Queen's Gate"), a large tunnel guarded by drawbridge and moat. "Kayman's Gate" comes from the Dutch word kaaiman, crocodile. During that period, mugger crocodiles were found in large numbers in the Beira Lake, and would congregate in the moat to eat rubbish thrown out by the city dwellers within the fort. The south-north canal linking Beira Lake to the sea via the moat was later named St. John’s River, and then, after being filled in during the British occupation, St John Street. Konings Straat (literally "King's Street"; originally the Portuguese Roa Directo, and now Main Street), linked the old city of Pettah with the fort, and terminated at Kayman’s Gate. By 1870, the fort and its structures were almost completely demolished. Until the late 19th century, colonial rulers used the site of Kayman's Gate for public hangings.

The Kayman's Gate bell purportedly dates back to the 16th century, where it originally hung in a Portuguese church dedicated to Saint Francis in the Royal City of Kotte. Although Kotte was abandoned in 1565, the Dutch later reoccupied it and found a bell amidst the ruins of the church. This bell was relocated to a newly-constructed bell tower at Kayman’s Gate, where it was used as a curfew bell ‘to mark the closing of the Castle’s gates and lights out’. Following the demolition of the fort's walls, the bell was used to summon the worshippers to prayer and praise at the Wolvendaal Church, with the bell tower becoming part of the church's property.

Kayman's Gate is referenced in the song Paru Palamen, written by Sunil Edirisinghe.

References

Bell towers
Buildings and structures in Colombo
Tourist attractions in Colombo
Archaeological protected monuments in Colombo District


title: Way Out West (song)

text:
"Way Out West" is the debut single by Australian band the Dingoes. It was released in October 1973 and peaked in the top 40 of the Australian Kent Music Report singles chart, reaching number 26 in Melbourne. The song became the band's signature tune.

Lyrics
The song explains the life of mining in Australia, telling the story of a man who has left his job and wife in the city to work for a company drilling for oil and enjoys "living and a working on the land".

Charts

James Blundell and James Reyne version

Australian country artists James Blundell and James Reyne covered the song and released it as a single in 1992. Their version became a hit in Australia the same year, peaking at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart. It was the highest-charting single for both singers. Their version set in the key of G. At the APRA Music Awards of 1992, the song won Country Song of the Year.

Chart performance
"Way Out West" debuted at number 28 on 29 March 1992. The next week, it entered the top 10, then reached its peak of number two on 26 April. It remained in the top 10 for four more weeks and the top 50 for a further three weeks.

Track listing
CD and cassette single
 James Blundell and James Reyne – "Way Out West" (3:59)
 James Blundell – "She Won't Let You Down" (3:08)
 James Reyne – "Long Yard Rider" (1:54)

Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the Australian CD single and The Best liner notes.

Studios
 Recorded at Metropolis Studios (Melbourne, Australia)
 Mixed at Studios 301 (Sydney, Australia)

Personnel
 The Dingoes – writing
 James Blundell – vocals
 James Reyne – vocals, acoustic guitar, production, arrangement
 Paul Gildea – guitars
 Mark Punch – additional guitar
 Brett Goldsmith – bass
 Lee Borkman – keyboards
 Davey Porter – drums
 Justin Brady – harmonica
 Garth Porter – mixing
 Ted Howard – mixing
 Doug Brady – engineering

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Other versions
Adam Brand and the Outlaws covered the song on the 2016 album Adam Brand and the Outlaws.

References

1973 singles
1973 songs
1992 singles
APRA Award winners
EMI Records singles
James Blundell (singer) songs
James Reyne songs
Mushroom Records singles


title: Inger's frog

text:
Inger's frog is a common name for several species of frogs and may refer to:

 Inger's robber frog (Strabomantis ingeri), species in the family Craugastoridae found in Colombia and possibly Venezuela
 Inger's wart frog (Limnonectes ingeri), species in the family Dicroglossidae found in Borneo


title: Henry Graff

text:
Henry Franklin Graff (August 11, 1921 – April 7, 2020) was an American historian who served on the faculty of Columbia University from 1946 to 1991, including a period as chairman of the History Department.

Graff specialized in the history of the Presidency of the United States and of American foreign relations.  His pioneering “Seminar on the Presidency,” one of Columbia's most popular courses, was attended by President Harry Truman in 1959 and President Gerald Ford in 1989.  Graff has twice served as chairman of the Pulitzer Prize jury in American history.

In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Graff to the National Historical Publications Commission, and in 1993 President Bill Clinton appointed Graff to the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Review Board. In 2005, Graff received an honorary doctor of letters degree from Columbia in recognition of his contributions to the field of American history, service to presidents and to the university.

He died from complications brought on by COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Early life and education
Graff was born on August 11, 1921, in New York City, the son of Florence B. Morris and Samuel F. Graff, a salesman in the garment district in New York City. His parents were natives of New York, and of German Jewish extraction.  He had a twin sister, Myra Balber.

Graff attended George Washington High School and graduated from City College of New York, where he received a B.S.S. degree, magna cum laude, in 1941. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He was studying for his master's at Columbia, as the first Jewish student in the History Department of the university, in 1942 when he enlisted in the army. He earned the degree later, and returned to teach at Columbia in 1946 and earned his Ph.D. in 1949.

Graff recounted stories from his life here.

Military service
Graff enlisted in the army shortly after Pearl Harbor, and rose from private to first lieutenant in the Signal Corps prior to his discharge in 1946.  As a result of studying Japanese at Columbia, he served as a Japanese language officer and cryptanalyst in the Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) (predecessor of the National Security Agency).  In this role, he read foreign codes and ciphers, particularly the now famous Purple code.

In November 1943, Graff translated part of a now-famous message – well recalled in histories of the remarkable code-breaking successes of the American and British – that proved invaluable to the Allied planners in England. It had been sent by Lieutenant General Hiroshi Oshima, the Japanese ambassador to Germany, to the Japanese foreign minister in Tokyo, recounting in intimate detail what the ambassador had seen of German preparations in north France to repel the expected cross-Channel invasion force. He also translated a message from Japan to the Soviet Union, detailing Japan's plan to get out of the war. He received a War Department Citation and the Army Commendation Medal for his service.

BBC noted in its documentary Hiroshima that Graff translated an intercepted communique from the Japanese to the Soviet Union, making Graff the first American to know of Imperial Japan's imminent surrender.

Career
Upon returning to civilian life, Graff taught for a semester in the History Department of City College before joining the faculty of Columbia University in 1946.  He remained on the faculty of Columbia until he retired in 1991, serving for a period as chairman of the Department of History.

In addition to Columbia, Graff was a visiting professor at Vassar College, and he has lectured on many other campuses, including those of the service academies. He has been the distinguished speaker at the United States Air Force Academy, and the Sol Feinstone Memorial Lecturer at the Jewish Theological Seminary.

Graff twice served as chairman of the Pulitzer Prize jury for American history and also served as chairman of the jury for the Bancroft Prize.

Graff was a historical consultant to Time magazine, CBS and ABC for various publications and television programs. In 1989, 1993, 1997 and 2001, he was a commentator on the coverage of the Presidential inauguration on ABC, with Peter Jennings.  In 2005, Graff was a commentator for George W. Bush's second inauguration on the Public Broadcasting Service. He served similarly on the CBS network in April 1994 during its coverage of the funeral of President Richard Nixon, anchored by Connie Chung, and with Peter Jennings on ABC during its coverage of the D-Day anniversary commemoration on June 6, 1994.

Graff served for years as a member of the board of directors of the Rand McNally Company.  He also served on the board of trustees of the Columbia University Press.

Graff's professional societies and affiliations included the American Historical Association, the Organization of American Historians, the Society of the Historians of American Foreign Relations, P.E.N.), and the Authors Guild. He was a Fellow of the Society of American Historians. He was also a member of the Century Association and the Council on Foreign Relations.

Government service
Graff served for six years on the National Historical Publications Commission (1965–1971), to which he had been appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson.  Beginning in 1971 he served for a number of years on the Historical Advisory Committee of the United States Air Force, by appointment of the Secretary of the Air Force.

In 1993 he was nominated by President Clinton and confirmed by the Senate for membership on the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Review Board, which submitted its report to the President in 1998.

Books
Graff is the author or editor of more than a dozen books, primarily on topics in American history, including several widely used text books.

His first book was Bluejackets with Perry in Japan, published by the New York Public Library in 1952.

With legendary historian and professorial colleague Jacques Barzun, Graff co-authored The Modern Researcher. First published in 1957 and now in its Sixth Edition (2004), it is frequently described as "the classic work on research and editing."

Graff's best-known general work is The Tuesday Cabinet: Deliberation and Decision on Peace and War under Lyndon B. Johnson, which was based on extensive conversations over a period of years with the President and his principal advisers, chiefly on the subject of the Vietnam War.

A well-established standard reference work is Graff's The Presidents: A Reference History (1984). On invitation, Graff presented successive editions of the book to Presidents Reagan, Clinton and George W. Bush for placement in the White House Library.

Graff is the author of Grover Cleveland, a volume in the American Presidents series edited by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr (2002).

Graff is also the author of widely used high school and junior high school American history textbooks:  America, The Glorious Republic; This Great Nation: A History of the United States; The Free and the Brave; The Call of Freedom (with Paul Bohannan); The Promise of Democracy (with Paul Bohannan); and The Adventure of the American People (with John A. Krout).

Other publications
Graff wrote extensively for leading historical and popular journals and magazines. His book reviews frequently appeared in The New York Times Book Review; his articles on the Presidency and on international affairs appeared in The New York Times Magazine and on the op-ed pages of The New York Times and The Los Angeles Times. He contributed many articles to the Dictionary of American Biography and to other encyclopedias and compilations, including the Encyclopedia of the American Presidency and Scribner’s Encyclopedia of American Lives for which he wrote biographies of famous baseball players.

Graff was chairman of the editorial board of Constitution magazine and was a member of the editorial advisory board of the four-volume Encyclopedia of the American Presidency published by Simon & Schuster in 1994. He was on the editorial board of the Presidential Studies Quarterly.

Awards and honors
Graff has been honored with Columbia's Great Teacher Award, and with the Mark Van Doren Award, bestowed by the student body of Columbia College for distinguished teaching and scholarship.  He received City College's Townsend Harris Medal in recognition of distinguished post-graduate achievement in his chosen field.

In 1990 he was honored with the Kidger Award of the New England History Teachers' Association for distinction as a teacher and author.

Graff was honored with a senior fellowship at the Freedom Forum Media Studies Center (formerly the Gannett Foundation Media Center) at Columbia for the academic year 1991–1992, in order to work on his book of essays on the presidency, entitled "The Role of the Press in Shaping the Persona of the Presidency.”

In 1997 he received the President's Medal of George Washington University - the university's highest award – in honor of his accomplishments as a historian, teacher, and mentor. On March 16, 1997 (Freedom of Information Day) he received the James Madison Award of the American Library Association "as a champion of the right to know" and for his work as a member of the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Review Board.

In 2000 the Westchester Community College Foundation honored him with its Lifetime Achievement Award for his scholarship in American history and the American presidency.

The Kaul Foundation in 2001 bestowed on him its Award for Excellence in Education and for serving "the highest ideals of scholarship as a historian" and expert on the American presidency and American diplomatic history.

In 2005, he received an honorary Litt.D. degree from Columbia University.

Personal life
Graff married the former Edith Krantz on June 16, 1946. She died on May 23, 2019. They had two daughters (Iris Morse and Ellen Graff), five grandchildren and five great-grandchildren. They lived in Scarsdale, Westchester County, New York.

He died at a hospital in Greenwich, Connecticut, on April 7, 2020, at the age of 98 from complications of COVID-19.

Works

References

External links

1921 births
2020 deaths
City College of New York alumni
American people of German-Jewish descent
United States Army personnel of World War II
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Columbia University faculty
Military personnel from New York City
Writers from New York City
American twins
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Jewish American historians
Historians of American foreign relations
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut
Historians from New York (state)
20th-century American male writers


title: French submarine Doris (Q135)

text:
Doris was a Circé-class coastal submarine of the French Navy, in service from 1928 until May 1940, when she was sunk off the Dutch coast by the German coastal submarine . The wreck was rediscovered by Dutch divers in 2003.

Construction and commissioning

Doris was ordered as part of the 1923 naval program. Laid down by Chantiers de la Gironde at Bordeaux, France, on 1 February 1924 with the pennant number Q135, Doris was launched on either 25 or 26 November 1927, according to different sources. Sources disagree on her commissioning date, some claiming that she was commissioned on 26 May 1928 and one that she began her official acceptance tests that day and was not commissioned until 10 January 1930, when she was at Toulon, France.

Service history
When World War II began with Nazi Germany′s invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, Doris was part of the 13th Submarine Division of the 5th Submarine Squadron in the 1st Flotilla of the 2nd Squadron along with her sister ships , , and  at Toulon. France entered the war on 3 September 1939.

In 1940, the Allies made plans to intervene in Norway to prevent the shipment of iron ore from Sweden to Germany via Narvik on the Norwegian coast. Twelve French submarines, including the four submarines of the 13th Division, were to participate in the operation as the 10th Submarine Flotilla under the overall command of Royal Navy Vice Admiral Max Horton. Accordingly, Calypso and Thétis got underway from Bizerte, Tunisia, on 23 March 1940 and proceeded to Harwich, England, where the French Navy submarine tender  was to support them as they patrolled the Heligoland Bight and the southern North Sea in support of the Norway operation. The Allies′ plans for Norway took on greater urgency on 9 April 1940, when Germany began Operation Weserübung, its invasion of Norway and Denmark. Circé arrived at Harwich on 14 April.

Sources provide differing accounts of Doris′s arrival to join the rest of her division at Harwich. According to one, she set out from Harwich on her first war patrol in the Heligoland Bight on 19 April 1940, while others claim that she did not arrive at Harwich from France until 20 April. Just after beginning her first patrol from Harwich, her port diesel engine seized. Her crew could not repair the engine at sea, and the loss of the engine made it impossible to operate the main air compressor that supplied compressed air to her ballast tanks, preventing her from surfacing again if she dived. She limped back to Harwich on one engine, but the technicians aboard Jules Verne also could not repair the engine. The French submarines had found limited facilities available to them at Harwich and had to rely largely on Jules Verne and spare parts sent from Cherbourg in France for repairs, some of which never were completed. In Doris′s case, repairs were not even possible in France, as no spare parts for her German-made engine were available in France.

Despite having only one functioning diesel engine — cutting her maximum surface speed in half — and no ability to resurface after diving, Doris received orders on 6 May 1940 to prepare to sortie for a patrol in the North Sea off the coast of the Netherlands north of the Frisian Islands in anticipation of a possible German invasion of the Netherlands. Her commanding officer, Capitaine de corvette Jean Favreul, gathered the crew that day and informed them that the patrol was important enough for them to attempt to carry it out, but told them that he did not expect Doris to survive it. They all nonetheless agreed to conduct the patrol, many of them writing farewell letters to their relatives that night. At 15:20 on 7 May 1940, Doris got underway in company with the French submarine  and the British submarine  to join ten other submarines — four French, four British, and two Polish — off the coast of the Netherlands in an area where the Allies believed that German submarines were operating. With numerous neutral vessels operating in the vicinity, and given the proximity of the Royal Netherlands Navy base at Den Helder in the still-neutral Netherlands, the Allied submarines had orders from Horton not to attack any vessel without firmly establishing its identity as enemy.

Loss
During the night of 8–9 May 1940, the German submarine , under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang Lüth, sighted what Lüth identified as a 1,000-ton submarine on the surface  from Den Helder at a range of . Lüth′s approach to an attack position was spoiled temporarily when the submarine changed course, but he eventually reached a firing position and fired two G7a torpedoes at the submarine at a range of . Fifty-two seconds later, U-9′s crew heard a loud explosion and observed a fireball that reached  in height. The submarine disappeared within a minute of the explosion. U-9 subsequently searched the area and found nothing but an oil slick. On 9 May 1940, a German communique announced Lüth′s sinking of an Allied submarine in the North Sea. Lüth reported that the submarine sank at .

Doris was expected to return to Harwich at 15:00 on 13 May 1940 but did not respond to messages asking her to confirm her expected time of arrival. On 15 May 1940, Horton announced that Doris presumably had been sunk by a German submarine with the loss of all 45 men on board — her entire 42-man crew and three Royal Navy liaison personnel. However, the possibility that Doris had been sunk by a mine was kept open until after the conclusion of World War II, when a postwar examination of German records confirmed that U-9 had sunk Doris.

Lüth claimed to have sighted Doris at 23:50 on 8 May and that his torpedoes hit her at 00:14 on 9 May, and many sources place the sinking of Doris on 9 May. However, the crew of Amazone, operating on the surface  away, observed and heard three explosions in the direction of Doris′s patrol area at 23:18 French time on 8 May 1940, and 8 May is the likely date of Doris′s loss.

Discovery of wreck
In 2003, Dutch divers Hans van Leeuwen and Ton van der Sluijs put to sea to investigate an obstruction on the seabed in the North Sea. After anchoring their sloop to it, they began their dive and quickly identified the obstruction as the wreck of a submarine at a depth of . They measured its length at , only slightly longer than Doris′s actual length. Over the course of a number of dives, they surveyed the wreck, finding Doris′s hull missing from a point  aft of her conning tower. Her deck gun lay on the seabed  forward of her conning tower and to port of her hull. Her two external torpedo launchers were to starboard, one  from the hull and the other  from the bow. A deck winch that had been mounted above the engine room was on the seabed just forward of the bow, and a great deal of small debris was strewn around the wreck. Van Leeuwen and van der Sluijs recovered a number of objects from the debris field, including a copper plate with French wording on it and a  air valve housing marked with the name "Doris."

About two months after their first dive on the wreck, the men reported it to French authorities. Over a five-day period in November 2003, the French Navy minehunter  determined the wreck's exact position as  and used sonar to discover that the apparently missing after section of the hull is buried under  of sand. In a 15-hour operation complicated by the presence of a great number of buried fishing nets and lines in the vicinity, Cassiopée also recovered Doris′s deck gun from the sea floor to assist in confirming the wreck's identity. The wreck was formally identified as that of Doris on 3 December 2003.

Commemoration
 On 16 July 2004, a memorial ceremony took place at sea above the wreck aboard the French Navy patrol boat , accompanied by the Royal Netherlands Navy submarine . Van Leeuwen and van der Sluijs and representatives of the French, Royal, and Royal Netherlands navies attended aboard Pluvier.
 On 27 November 2004, a memorial ceremony took place at the submarine base at Brest, France, in the presence of the families of the lost crewmen, with van Leeuwen and van der Sluijs again in attendance.
 Doris′s deck gun is on display at Brest as a memorial.
 A commemorative plaque is on display in the church of Berlancourt, France, in memory of Georges Rebouté, an enlisted member of Doris′s crew lost in the sinking.

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Dossier du naufrage de la Doris (in French), Marine nationale, 2004.
 .
 .
 .

Further reading
 Robert C. Stern, The Hunter Hunted: Submarine versus Submarine : Encounters from World War I to the Present, Naval Institute Press, 2007, , Google Print, p.72-73 (translation of Lüth log and discussion of Doris sinking)
 Paul E. Fontenoy, Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact, ABC-CLIO, 2007, , Google Print, p.184 (details of Circé class and end fates of all four submarines of that class)

External links
 Doris specs at uboat.net
 Images

Circé-class submarines (1925)
Ships built in France
1927 ships
World War II submarines of France
Lost submarines of France
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea
Maritime incidents in May 1940
Submarines sunk by submarines
Warships lost in combat with all hands


title: Amalia Miranzo

text:
Amalia Miranzo Martínez (31 October 1939 – 20 June 2014) was a Spanish politician from the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. In 1977 she was elected as member of the Senate Constituent Cortes, being the only female Socialist politician to do so. She also served as member of the Senate of Spain in its two first legislatures (1979–1986).

References

1939 births
2014 deaths
People from Cuenca, Spain
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Members of the Senate of Spain
20th-century Spanish politicians
20th-century Spanish women politicians


title: Type 12

text:
Type 12 may refer to:
Type 12 frigate, a ship class of three ship classes of the Royal Navy
Belgian State Railways Type 12, a class of 2-4-2 steam locomotives built 1888–1897
Datsun Type 12, a car produced by the Nissan corporation
Porsche Type 12, a German automobile project produced in 1931
NMBS/SNCB Type 12, a class of 4-4-2 steam locomotives built in 1938–1939
Type 12 Surface-to-Ship Missile, Japanese surface-to-ship missile
Type 12 torpedo, Japanese anti-submarine torpedo

See also
Class 12 (disambiguation)


title: Gilbert F. Robbins

text:
Gilbert F. Robbins was the mayor of Providence, Rhode Island, from 1887 to 1889.

Early life
Robbins was born in Burrillville, Rhode Island, to a family of farmers. He attended public schools until age 17, at which time he attended the academy at East Greenwich, where he studied "good hand-writing and ... book-keeping."
Upon finishing his studies, he joined brother-in-law Serril Mowry's ready-made clothing business. The firm, Mowry, Robbins & Company, was successful.

Robbins was interested in politics and rose through the ranks. He was elected to the Common Council from the 7th Ward in 1879, then to the General Assembly. By 1883 he was president of the Board of Aldermen.

Mayor of Providence

As president of the Board of Aldermen, Robbins became acting mayor of Providence upon the death of Thomas A. Doyle. He won re-election in 1887 and 1888.

During his tenure, he oversaw construction of a cable car tramway on Providence's East Side and electrification of city streets.

Personal life
Robbins married Susan Olive Arnold Whipple, daughter of Manning Arnold, of Burrilville, in 1866. They had no children. He was a Freemason and Universalist.

He died on September 27, 1889, of heart failure and is buried at Swan Point Cemetery.

References

External links
 Providence Mayors Providence City Website

1838 births
1889 deaths
Mayors of Providence, Rhode Island
Rhode Island Republicans
Burials at Swan Point Cemetery
American Universalists
American Freemasons
19th-century American politicians


title: Diabetic foot ulcer

text:
Diabetic foot ulcer is a breakdown of the skin and sometimes deeper tissues of the foot that leads to sore formation. It may occur due to a variety of mechanisms. It is thought to occur due to abnormal pressure or mechanical stress chronically applied to the foot, usually with concomitant predisposing conditions such as peripheral sensory neuropathy, peripheral motor neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease.  It is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, and it is a type of diabetic foot disease. Secondary complications to the ulcer, such as infection of the skin or subcutaneous tissue, bone infection, gangrene or sepsis are possible, often leading to amputation.

Wound healing is an innate mechanism of action that works reliably most of the time. A key feature of wound healing is stepwise repair of lost extracellular matrix (ECM) that forms the largest component of the dermal skin layer. But in some cases, certain disorders or physiological insult disturbs the wound healing process. Diabetes mellitus is one such metabolic disorder that impedes the normal steps of the wound healing process. Many studies show a prolonged inflammatory phase in diabetic wounds, which causes a delay in the formation of mature granulation tissue and a parallel reduction in wound tensile strength.

Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers should include: blood sugar control, removal of dead tissue from the wound, wound dressings, and removing pressure from the wound through techniques such as total contact casting. Surgery in some cases may improve outcomes. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may also help but is expensive.

It occurs in 34% of people with diabetes during their lifetimes, and it is associated with a high morbidity and mortality with 84% of all diabetes-related lower-leg amputations associated with a diabetic foot ulcer formation.

Risk factors
Risk factors implicated in the development of diabetic foot ulcers are infection, older age, diabetic neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, cigarette smoking, poor glycemic control, previous foot ulcerations or amputations, and ischemia of small and large blood vessels. Prior history of foot  disease, foot deformities that produce abnormally high forces of pressure, callus at pressure areas  renal  failure, oedema, impaired ability to look after personal care (e.g. visual impairment) are further risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer.

People with diabetes often develop diabetic neuropathy due to several metabolic and neurovascular factors. Peripheral neuropathy causes loss of pain or feeling in the toes, feet, legs, and arms due to distal nerve damage and low blood flow. Autonomic neuropathy causes Sudomotor dysfunction and dryness of the skin. Blisters and sores may appear on numb areas of the feet and legs, such as metatarsophalangeal joints and the heel region, as a result of pressure or injury which may go unnoticed and eventually become a portal of entry for bacteria and infection.

Pathophysiology

Extracellular matrix
Extra cellular matrix (or "ECM") is the external structural framework that cells attach to in multicellular organisms. The dermis lies below the epidermis, and these two layers are collectively known as the skin. Dermal skin is primarily a combination of fibroblasts growing in this matrix. The specific species of ECM of connective tissues often differ chemically, but collagen generally forms the bulk of the structure.

Through the interaction of a cell with its extracellular matrix (transmitted through the anchoring molecules classed as integrins) there forms a continuous association between the cell interior, cell membrane and its extracellular matrix components that helps drive various cellular events in a regulated fashion. Wound healing is a localized event involving the reaction of cells to the damage sustained.

The cells break down damaged ECM and replace it, generally increasing in number to react to the harm. The process is activated, though perhaps not exclusively, by cells responding to fragments of damaged ECM, and the repairs are made by reassembling the matrix by cells growing on and through it. Because of this, extracellular matrix is often considered as a 'conductor of the wound healing symphony'. In the Inflammatory phase, neutrophils and macrophages recruit and activate fibroblasts which in subsequent granulation phase migrate into the wound, laying down new collagen of the subtypes I and III.

In the initial events of wound healing, collagen III predominates in the granulation tissue which later on in remodeling phase gets replaced by collagen I giving additional tensile strength to the healing tissue. It is evident from the known collagen assembly that the tensile strength is basically due to fibrillar arrangement of collagen molecules, which self-assemble into microfibrils in a longitudinal as well as lateral manner producing extra strength and stability to the collagen assembly. Metabolically altered collagen is known to be highly inflexible and prone to break down, particularly over pressure areas. Fibronectin is the major glycoprotein secreted by fibroblasts during initial synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins. It serves important functions, being a chemo-attractant for macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells.

The basement membrane that separates the epidermis from the dermal layer and the endothelial basement membrane mainly contains collagen IV that forms a sheet and binds to other extracellular matrix molecules like laminin and proteoglycans. In addition to collagen IV, the epidermal and endothelial basement membrane also contains laminin, perlecan and nidogen. Hyaluronic acid, a pure glycosaminoglycan component, is found in high amounts in damaged or growing tissues. It stimulates cytokine production by macrophages and thus promotes angiogenesis. In normal skin chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan is mainly found in the basement membrane, but in healing wounds they are up-regulated throughout the granulation tissue especially during the second week of wound repair where they provide a temporary matrix with highly hydrative capacity. Binding of growth factors is clearly an important role of perlecan in wound healing and angiogenesis. Poor wound healing in diabetes mellitus may be related to perlecan expression. High levels of glucose can decrease perlecan expression in some cells, probably through transcriptional and post-transcriptional modification. Wound healing phases especially, granulation, re-epithelization and remodelling exhibit controlled turnover of extracellular matrix components.

Altered metabolism
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder and hence the defects observed in diabetic wound healing are thought to be the result of altered protein and lipid metabolism and thereby abnormal granulation tissue formation. Increased glucose levels in the body end up in uncontrolled covalent bonding of aldose sugars to a protein or lipid without any normal glycosylation enzymes. These stable products then accumulate over the surface of cell membranes, structural proteins and circulating proteins. These products are called advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) or Amadori products. Formation of AGEs occurs on extracellular matrix proteins with slow turnover rate. AGEs alter the properties of matrix proteins such as collagen, vitronectin, and laminin through AGE-AGE intermolecular covalent bonds or cross-linking. AGE cross-linking on type I collagen and elastin results in increased stiffness. AGEs are also known to increase synthesis of type III collagen that forms the granulation tissue. AGEs on laminin result in reduced binding to type IV collagen in the basement membrane, reduced polymer elongation and reduced binding of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.

Impaired NO synthesis
Nitric oxide is known as an important stimulator of cell proliferation, maturation and differentiation. Thus, nitric oxide increases fibroblast proliferation and thereby collagen production in wound healing. Also, L-arginine and nitric oxide are required for proper cross linking of collagen fibers, via proline, to minimize scarring and maximize the tensile strength of healed tissue. Endothelial cell specific nitric oxide synthase (EcNOS) is activated by the pulsatile flow of blood through vessels. Nitric oxide produced by EcNOS, maintains the diameter of blood vessels and proper blood flow to tissues. In addition to this, nitric oxide also regulates angiogenesis, which plays a major role in wound healing. Thus, diabetic patients exhibit reduced ability to generate nitric oxide from L-arginine. Reasons that have been postulated in the literature include accumulation of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor due to high glucose associated kidney dysfunction and reduced production of nitric oxide synthase due to ketoacidosis observed in diabetic patients and pH dependent nature of nitric oxide synthase.

Structural and functional changes in fibroblasts
Diabetic ulcer fibroblasts show various morphological differences compared to fibroblasts from age matched controls. Diabetic ulcer fibroblasts are usually large and widely spread in the culture flask compared to the spindle shaped morphology of the fibroblasts in age-matched controls. They often show dilated endoplasmic reticulum, numerous vesicular bodies and lack of microtubular structure in transmission electron microscopy study. Therefore, interpretation of these observations would be that in spite of high protein production and protein turnover in diabetic ulcer fibroblasts, vesicles containing secretory proteins could not travel along the microtubules to release the products outside. Fibroblasts from diabetic ulcer exhibit proliferative impairment that probably contributes to a decreased production of extracellular matrix proteins and delayed wound contraction and impaired wound healing.

Increased matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) activity
In order for a wound to heal, extracellular matrix not only needs to be laid down but also must be able to undergo degradation and remodeling to form a mature tissue with appropriate tensile strength. Proteases, namely matrix metalloproteinases are known to degrade almost all the extracellular matrix components. They are known to be involved in fibroblast and keratinocyte migration, tissue re-organization, inflammation and remodeling of the wounded tissue. Due to persistently high concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in diabetic ulcers, MMP activity is known to increase by 30 fold when compared to acute wound healing. MMP-2 and MMP-9 show sustained overexpression in chronic non-healing diabetic ulcers. Balance in the MMP activity is usually achieved by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP). Rather than absolute concentrations of either two, it is the ratio of MMP and TIMP that maintains the proteolytic balance and this ratio is found to be disturbed in diabetic ulcer. In spite of these findings, the exact mechanism responsible for increased MMP activity in diabetes is not known yet. One possible line of thought considers Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) as an active player. Most MMP genes have TGF-β inhibitory element in their promoter regions and thus TGF–β regulates the expression of both MMP and their inhibitor TIMP. In addition to the importance of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, all phases of wound healing are controlled by a wide variety of different growth factors and cytokines. To mention precisely, growth factors promote switching of early inflammatory phase to the granulation tissue formation. Decrease in growth factors responsible for tissue repair such as TGF-β is documented in diabetic wounds. Thus, reduced levels of TGFβ in diabetes cases lower down the effect of inhibitory regulatory effect on MMP genes and thus cause MMPs to over express.

Biomechanics
Complications in the diabetic foot and foot-ankle complex are wider and more destructive than expected and may compromise the structure and function of several systems: vascular, nervous, somatosensory, musculoskeletal. Thus, deeper comprehension of the alteration of gait and foot biomechanics in the diabetic foot is of great interest and may play a role in the design and onset of preventive as well as therapeutic actions.

Briefly, the effect of diabetes on the main structures of the foot-ankle complex can be summarised as:
 effects on the skin: skin – and the soft tissues immediately underneath the skin – undergo greater compression and shear loading than usual, thus explaining the onset of tissue damage so deeply correlated to traumatic ulceration processes. Besides this, skin of the diabetic foot loses autonomic nervous control and consequently reduced hydration, making it less elastic and thus more vulnerable to the action of increased mechanical stress;
 effects on tendons and ligaments: protein glycosylation and the resulting collagen abnormalities lead to greater transversal section – i.e. thickening – of tendons and ligaments and a greater coefficient of elasticity. Particularly affected by this process are Plantar Fascia and Achilles Tendon. Both causes lead to increased stiffness of those structures;
 effects on cartilage: similar to what happens to tendons and ligaments, cartilage changes its composition mainly due to the modification of collagen fibers. This increases its stiffness and decreases the range of motion of all joints in the foot and ankle.
 effects on muscles: Diabetes mellitus causes severe damage to nerve conduction, thus causing a worsening in the management of the related muscle fibers. As a consequence, both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the foot-ankle complex are damaged in structure (reduction of muscle volume) and function (reduction of muscle strength);
 effects on the peripheral sensory system: impaired nerve conduction has a dramatic effect on the peripheral sensory system since it leads to loss of protective sensation under the sole of the foot. This exposes the diabetic foot to thermal or mechanical trauma, and to the late detection of infection processes or tissue breakdown;
 effects on foot morphology (deformities): due to most of the above alterations, a significant imbalance of peripheral musculature and soft tissue occur in the foot which seriously alters its morphology and determines the onset of foot deformities. Most common deformities of the diabetic foot are represented by a high longitudinal arch (rigid cavus foot), hammer toes and hallux valgus. A completely different morphologic degeneration is represented by neuropathic arthropathy, whose analysis is not part of this discussion.

Diagnosis
Assessment of diabetic foot ulcer includes identifying risk factors such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy, noting that 50 percent of people are asymptomatic, and ruling out other causes of peripheral neuropathy such as alcohol use disorder and spinal injury. Diabetic foot ulcers are often misdiagnosed in patients with undiagnosed skin malignancies, especially high-risk in elderly patients.

The location of the ulcer, its size, shape, depth and whether the tissue is granulating or sloughy needs to be considered. Further considerations include whether there is malodour, condition of the border of the wound and palpable bone and sinus formation should be investigated. Signs of infection require to be considered such as development of grey or yellow tissue, purulent discharge, unpleasant smell, sinus, undermined edges and exposure of bone or tendon.

Classification
Diabetic foot ulcer is a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot ulcers are classified as either neuropathic, neuroischaemic or ischaemic.

Doctors also use the Wagner Grades to describe the severity of an ulcer. The purpose of the Wagner Grades is to allow specialists to better monitor and treat diabetic foot ulcers. This grading system classifies Diabetic foot ulcers using numbers, from 0 to 5.

Wagner Grades 0 through 5 are as follows:
 0. No diabetic foot ulcer is present, but there is a high risk of developing one.
 1. A surface ulcer involves full skin thickness, but does not yet involve the underlying tissues.
 2. A deep ulcer penetrates past the surface, down to the ligaments and muscle. There is no abscess or bone involved yet.
 3. A deep ulcer occurs with inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue or an abscess. This can include infections in the muscle, tendon, joint, and/or bone.
 4. The tissue around the area of the ulcer (limited to the toes and forefoot) has begun to decay. This condition is called gangrene.
 5. Gangrene has spread from the localized area of the ulcer to become extensive. This involves the whole foot.

Prevention

Steps to prevent diabetic foot ulcers include frequent review by a foot specialist and multidisciplinary team, good foot hygiene, diabetic socks and shoes, as well as avoiding injury. Foot-care education combined with increased surveillance can reduce the incidence of serious foot lesions.

There is no high quality researches that evaluate complex intervention of combining two or more preventive strategies in preventing diabetic foot ulcer.

Monitoring and prediction
People with loss of feeling in their feet should inspect their feet on a daily basis, to ensure that there are no wounds starting to develop. Monitoring a person's feet can help in predicting the likelihood of developing ulcers.

A common method for this is using a special thermometer to look for spots on the foot that have higher temperature which indicate the possibility of an ulcer developing. At the same time there is no strong scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of at-home foot temperature monitoring.

The current guideline in the United Kingdom recommends collecting 8-10 pieces of information for predicting the development of foot ulcers. A simpler method proposed by researchers provides a more detailed risk score based on three pieces of information (insensitivity, foot pulse, previous history of ulcers or amputation). This method is not meant to replace people regularly checking their own feet but complement it.

Footwear
Diabetic shoes, insoles and socks are personalised products that relieve pressure on the foot in order to prevent ulcers. The evidence for special footwear to treat foot ulcers is poor but their effectiveness for prevention is well-established. Design features of footwear that are effective in reducing pressure are arch supports, cushioned cut-outs around points at risk of damage, and cushioning at the ball of the foot. Technology for measuring the pressure within the shoes is recommended during designing diabetic footwear.

People with loss of feeling in their feet should not walk around barefoot, but use proper footwear at all times.

Treatment
Foot ulcers in diabetes require a multidisciplinary team that may include the primary care doctor, a diabetes nurse specialist, a tissue viability nurse, podiatrists, vascular surgeons, diabetes specialists and surgeons. An aim to improve glycemic  control, if poor, may slow disease progression. When osteomyelitis is suspected to be involved in the foot, but not evidenced on an x-ray, an MRI scan should be obtained. In those with a high likelihood of osteomyelitis, a combination of x-ray and being able to probe to bone can reliably diagnose osteomyelitis without the need for more advanced imaging. A bone biopsy with culture is the gold standard for diagnosing osteomyelitis.

With regards to infected foot ulcers, the presence of microorganisms is not in itself enough to determine whether an infection is present. Signs of an infection such as erythema, purulence, fluctuance, swelling, warmth, or discharge should also be present.  The most common organism causing infection is staphylococcus. The treatment consists of debridement, appropriate bandages, managing peripheral arterial disease and appropriate use of antibiotics (against pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus, streptococcus and anaerobe strains), and arterial revascularization if necessary.

Antibiotics
The length of antibiotic courses depend on the severity of the infection and whether bone infection is involved but can range from 1 week to 6 weeks or more. Current recommendations are that antibiotics are only used when there is evidence of infection and continued until there is evidence that the infection has cleared, instead of evidence of ulcer healing. Choice of antibiotic depends on common local bacterial strains known to infect ulcers. Microbiological swabs are believed to be of limited value in identifying causative strain. Microbiological investigation is of value in cases of osteomyelitis. Most ulcer infections involve multiple microorganisms.

There is limited safety and efficacy data of topical antibiotics in treating diabetic foot ulcers.

Wound dressings
There are many types of dressings used to treat diabetic foot ulcers such as absorptive fillers, hydrogel dressings, and hydrocolloids. There is no good evidence that one type of dressing is better than another for diabetic foot ulcers. In selecting dressings for chronic non healing wounds it is recommended that the cost of the product be taken into account.

Hydrogel dressings may have shown a slight advantage over standard dressings, but the quality of the research is of concern. Dressings and creams containing silver have not been properly studied nor have alginate dressings. Biologically active bandages that combine hydrogel and hydrocolloid traits are available, however more research needs to be conducted as to the efficacy of this option over others.

Total contact casting
Total contact casting (TCC) is a specially designed cast designed to take weight of the foot (off-loading) in patients with DFUs. Reducing pressure on the wound by taking weight of the foot has proven to be very effective in DFU treatment. DFUs are a major factor leading to lower leg amputations among the diabetic population in the US with 85% of amputations in diabetics being preceded by a DFU. Furthermore, the 5 year post-amputation mortality rate among diabetics is estimated at 45% for those with neuropathic DFUs.

TCC has been used for off-loading DFUs in the US since the mid-1960s and is regarded by many practitioners as the "reference standard" for off-loading the bottom surface (sole) of the foot.

TCC helps patients to maintain their quality of life. By encasing the patient's complete foot — including the toes and lower leg — in a specialist cast to redistribute weight and pressure from the foot to the lower leg during everyday movements, patients can remain mobile. The manner in which TCC redistributes pressure protects the wound, letting damaged tissue regenerate and heal. TCC also keeps the ankle from rotating during walking, which helps prevent shearing and twisting forces that can further damage the wound.

Effective off loading is a key treatment modality for DFUs, particularly those where there is damage to the nerves in the feet (peripheral neuropathy). Along with infection management and vascular assessment, TCC is vital aspect to effectively managing DFUs. TCC is the most effective and reliable method for off-loading DFUs.

A 2013 meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration compared the effectiveness of non-removable pressure relieving interventions, such as casts, with therapeutic shoes, dressings, removable pressure relieving orthotic devices, and surgical interventions. Non-removable pressure relieving interventions, including non-removable casts with an Achilles tendon lengthening component, were found to be more effective at healing foot ulcers related to diabetes that therapeutic shoes and other pressure relieving approaches.

TCC systems include TCC-EZ (Integra LifeSciences) and Cutimed Off-loader (BSN Medical).

Hyperbaric oxygen
In 2015, a Cochrane review concluded that for people with diabetic foot ulcers, hyperbaric oxygen therapy reduced the risk of amputation and may improve the healing at 6 weeks. However, there was no benefit at one year and the quality of the reviewed trials was inadequate to draw strong conclusions.

Negative pressure wound therapy

This treatment uses vacuum to remove excess fluid and cellular waste that usually prolong the inflammatory phase of wound healing. Despite a straightforward mechanism of action, results of negative pressure wound therapy studies have been inconsistent. Research needs to be carried out to optimize the parameters of pressure intensity, treatment intervals and exact timing to start negative pressure therapy in the course of chronic wound healing.

There is low-certainty evidence that negative pressure wound therapy would improve wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers.

Other treatments
Ozone therapy – there is only limited and poor-quality information available regarding the effectiveness of ozone therapy for treating foot ulcers in people with diabetes.

Growth factors - there is some low-quality evidence that growth factors may increase the likelihood that diabetic foot ulcers will heal completely.

Continuous diffusion of oxygen (CDO) - CDO delivers continuous oxygen to an occluded, moist wound site at much lower flow rates of 3–12 mL/h for 24 h 7 days a week for up to several weeks or months, depending on the wound status.

Phototherapy - there is very weak evidence to suggest that people with foot ulcers due to diabetes may have improved healing. There is no evidence to suggest that phototherapy improves the quality of life for people with foot ulcers caused by diabetes.

Sucrose-octasulfate impregnated dressing is recommended by the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot Ulcer (IWGDF) for the treatment of non-infected, neuro-ischaemic diabetic foot ulcers that do not show an improvement with a standard of care regimen

Autologous combined leucocyte, platelet and fibrin as an adjunctive treatment, in addition to best standard of care is also recommended by IWGDF However, there is only low quality evidence that such treatment is effective in treating diabetic foot ulcer.

There is limited evidence that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor may not hasten the resolution of diabetic foot ulcer infection. However, it may reduce the need for surgical interventions such as amputations and hospitalizations.

It is unknown that whether intensive or conventional blood glucose control is better for diabetic foot ulcer healing.

A 2020 Cochrane systematic review evaluated the effects of nutritional supplements or special diets on healing foot ulcers in people with diabetes. The review authors concluded that it's uncertain whether or not nutritional interventions have an effect on foot ulcer healing and that more research is needed to answer this question.

Skin grafting and tissue replacements can help to improve the healing of diabetic foot ulcer.

A 2021 systematic review concluded that there was no strong evidence about the effects of psychological therapies on diabetic foot ulcer healing and recurrence.

Epidemiology
Approximately 34% of people with diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes) will develop a foot ulcer in their lifetime. 18.6 million people worldwide will develop a foot ulcer each year. 15-20% of moderately to severely infected foot ulcers eventually lead to amputation, and the mortality rate of diabetic foot ulcers is 30% at 5 years with a mortality rate of 70% in those with a foot ulcer who receive an above the foot amputation. Foot ulcers and amputations are associated with a reduced quality of life. In the United States; Black people, Native Americans, Hispanics and those living in rural areas or those with a lower socioeconomic status have an increased rate of amputations due to diabetic foot ulcers.

Approximately 8.8 percent of hospital admissions of diabetic patients are for foot related problems, and such hospital admissions are about 13 days longer than for diabetics without foot related admissions. Approximately 58% of ulcers recur within 3 years and up to 65% recur within 5 years, sometimes at a different location that the original ulcer. Diabetic foot disease is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputations.

Research

Stem cell therapy may represent a treatment for promoting healing of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic foot ulcers develop their own, distinctive microbiota. Investigations into characterizing and identifying the phyla, genera and species of nonpathogenic bacteria or other microorganisms populating these ulcers may help identify one group of microbiota that promotes healing.

The recent advances in epigenetic modifications, with special focus on aberrant macrophage polarisation is giving increasing evidences that epigenetic modifications might play a vital role in changing the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer in the near future.

References
97.^ Jayesh Kakar https://savelegs.com/negative-pressure-wound-therapy-in-foot-infections-in-diabetics-effect-on-duration-of-antibiotic-therapy-method-negative-pressure-wound-therapy-has-be/External links

Diabetes
Foot diseases


title: List of saints from Oceania

text:
This page is a list of saints, blesseds, venerables, and Servants of God from Oceania, as recognized by the Roman Catholic Church. These people were born, died, or lived their religious life in any of the states or territories of Oceania.

The region of Oceania was the last continent where the Catholic Church arrived. Consequently, it is the continent with the fewest saints.

List of saints

The following is the list of saints, including the year in which they were canonized and the country or countries with which they are associated.

 Peter Chanel, Marist priest (1954, Wallis and Futuna)
 Father Damien, priest of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (2009, Hawaii)
 Mary MacKillop, founder of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (2010, Australia)
 Pedro Calungsod, layman (2012, Guam)
 Marianne Cope, Franciscan sister (2012, Hawaii)

List of blesseds

 Diego Luis de San Vitores, Jesuit priest (Guam)
 Giovanni Battista Mazzucconi, PIME priest (Papua New Guinea)
 Peter To Rot, layman (Papua New Guinea)

List of venerables
 Suzanne Aubert, religious (New Zealand)
 Alain-Marie Guynot de Boismenu, bishop with the Sacred Heart Missionaries (Papua New Guinea)

Other open causes
Others have been proposed for beatification, and may have active groups supporting their causes. These include:

 Leopoldina Burns
 Eileen O'Connor
 B. A. Santamaria
 Martyrs during World War II, including:
 Sister Teresia, a sister from Papua New Guinea with the Daughters of Mary Immaculate who died in 1946 as a result of torture by the Japanese occupiers.
 Sister Cicilia and ten other native Marianist sisters who died in service during the Japanese occupation in air raids, POW camps, or otherwise.
 Magdalena Aiwaul, a native from Tumleo Island who wished to join the Missionary Sisters Servants of the Holy Spirit and was shot aboard the Japanese destroyer Akikaze after being arrested with the Sisters.
 Bishop Joseph Loerks (or Lörks), German Vicar Apostolic of Central New Guinea (now the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wewak), also shot aboard the Japanese destroyer Akikaze.
 Forty-six or more others, companions of the above, also shot aboard the Japanese destroyer Akikaze.
 Charlie, Allan and Dora Mathies; Jimi Johnson; Elsie Kraemer; Paula; and two unnamed teenagers, laypeople working at the missions of Papua New Guinea killed aboard the Yorishime Maru.
 Arthur C. Duhamel, Marist, killed on Guadalcanal.
 James Gerard Hennessey, killed aboard the Montevideo Maru.
 Marist brothers Augustine (Frederick Gerard Mannes), Donatus and Ervin, missing during the occupation of the Solomon Islands.
 Vernon Francis Douglas, a New Zealand Columban priest killed by Japanese soldiers in 1943 in the Philippines having demonstrated outstanding priestly fidelity (especially to the Seal of Confession).

See also
Roman Catholicism in Australia
Roman Catholicism in New Zealand
Roman Catholicism in Papua New Guinea
Roman Catholicism in Guam
Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu
Roman Catholicism in Wallis and Futuna
List of American saints and beatified people
List of saints of the Canary Islands

References

External links
 "Hagiography Circle"
 "Brother Augustine"

Lists of saints by place


title: Tamai Kobayashi

text:
Tamai Kobayashi (born 1966 in Japan) is a Canadian writer, who won the Dayne Ogilvie Prize for LGBT writers in 2014.

Kobayashi was co-editor with Mona Oikawa of All Names Spoken, an anthology of lesbian writing published by Sister Vision Press in 1992. She later published two short story collections, Exile and the Heart (1998) and Quixotic Erotic (2003), before publishing her debut novel, Prairie Ostrich, in 2014. In addition, she wrote the short film Short Hymn, Silent War, directed by Charles Officer, and her short story "Panopte's Eye" appeared in the 2004 science fiction anthology So Long Been Dreaming.

Her first short film, Later, In the Life, is about two older lesbians, whose friendship is affected when one of them starts dating.

She was also a founding member of Asian Lesbians of Toronto.

Works
All Names Spoken (1992, )
Exile and the Heart (1998, )
Quixotic Erotic (2003, )
Prairie Ostrich (2014, )

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Canadian women screenwriters
21st-century Canadian novelists
Canadian women novelists
Japanese emigrants to Canada
Canadian women short story writers
Canadian LGBT rights activists
Canadian lesbian writers
Canadian LGBT novelists
Canadian writers of Asian descent
21st-century Canadian women writers
20th-century Canadian short story writers
21st-century Canadian short story writers
20th-century Canadian women writers
Canadian Film Centre alumni
21st-century Canadian screenwriters
Lesbian screenwriters
Lesbian novelists
21st-century Canadian LGBT people
20th-century Canadian LGBT people


title: Wart (disambiguation)

text:
A wart  is a small, rough growth resembling a cauliflower or a solid blister.

Wart may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Wart (character), a fictional frog in Nintendo games
 Wart, the principal character in T. H. White's 1938 novel The Sword in the Stone
 Molester's Train: The Wart, a 1996 Japanese pink film
 WART-LP, a low-power radio station (95.5 FM) licensed to serve Marshall, North Carolina, United States

Other uses
 Azariah Wart (1822–1900), New York assemblyman
 Wart Castle,  a Swiss heritage site

See also
 Freek van der Wart (born 1988), Dutch short track speed skater
 Henry van Wart (1784–1873),  American who became British by special act of Parliament, founded the Birmingham Stock Exchange, and served as one of Birmingham's first aldermen
 Isaac Van Wart (1762–1828), American militiaman in the Revolutionary War, one of the three men who captured British Major John André


title: Florent (restaurant)

text:
Florent was an all-night diner in the Meatpacking District of Manhattan that opened in 1985 and closed in 2008.

History
Florent was located at 69 Gansevoort Street, one of the few remaining cobblestone streets in New York City. In 1985 Florent Morellet took over the R&L Restaurant, which had opened in 1943, and renamed it Florent. The following January, a reporter for New York magazine referred to it as "New York's hottest downtown eating spot".

Florent was a hub of gay New York. Morellet was diagnosed HIV-positive in 1987 and used to post his T-cell count on the restaurant's wall menu along with the daily specials. It attracted a highly eclectic clientele. It was also known for its Bastille Day celebrations, which started in 1989, the year of the French bicentennial. Other major annual celebrations were Halloween, New Year's Eve, and Oscar Night. Morellet campaigned for the preservation of the neighborhood and became known as "Unofficial Mayor of the Meatpacking District"; he preferred "Unofficial Queen".

The graphic design for the restaurant was designed by Tibor Kalman and Douglas Riccardi from M&Co, in exchange for free meals; examples are now in the MoMA design collection.

Florent Morellet, the eponymous owner of the restaurant, is the youngest son of French conceptual artist, Francois Morellet.

Erica De Mane, the food journalist and cookbook writer, began her cooking career at Florent in 1985.

Florent closed on June 29, 2008, after the landlord raised the rent considerably. In the last weeks, Morellet held five parties themed after the stages of grief.

Films
In May 2011, Magic Lantern released Florent: Queen of the Meat Market, a documentary history of the restaurant directed by David Sigal.

, Alan Cumming is planning to co-produce with Sigal and star in a Showtime biography of Morellet focusing on Florent.

See also
 List of French restaurants

References

External links
 Florent: Queen of the Meat Market on the Internet Movie Database

Defunct French restaurants in Manhattan
Defunct diners in the United States
Diners in New York (state)
Meatpacking District, Manhattan
1985 establishments in New York City
Restaurants established in 1985
2008 disestablishments in New York (state)
Restaurants disestablished in 2008


title: Trio de Ouro

text:
Trio de Ouro (Gold Trio) was a Brazilian vocal group formed by Herivelto Martins in 1937. They performed regularly at the Cassino da Urca. The trio was composed of two men and one woman, who, through the years, included Dalva de Oliveira, Noemi Cavalcante (briefly), Lourdinha Bittencourt (until her death), and finally, Shirley Dom.

Successes

Filmography

References

Brazilian musical groups
Performing groups established in 1937
Vocal trios


title: Sunnydale, Kansas

text:
Sunnydale is an unincorporated community in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States.  It is located at Hillside St and 101st St N.

History
A post office was opened in Sunnydale (also historically Sunny Dale) in 1877, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1901.

Education
The community is served by Valley Center USD 262 public school district.

References

Further reading

External links
 Sedgwick County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Sedgwick County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Deimos-2

text:
Deimos-2 is a Spanish remote sensing Earth observation satellite built for Elecnor Deimos under an agreement with Satrec Initiative, a satellite manufacturing company in South Korea.

The Earth observation system was developed by Elecnor Deimos, who managed the engineering, ground segment, integration, tests, launch contract and LEOP, in collaboration with Satrec Initiative, who provided the platform and the payload. The platform is based on DubaiSat-2 launched in 2013, with a larger battery pack intended to last for at least 7 years. The satellite was purchased by Urthecast in 2015, together with Deimos-1 and Deimos Imaging, the division of Elecnor Deimos that was in charge of the operation of both satellites.

Deimos-2 was owned by Deimos Imaging, who operated iand commercialises its data. In 2021, the company GEOSAT acquired Deimos-1 & 2, and renamed them to GEOSAT-1 & 2, respectively.

See also

 2014 in spaceflight

References

External links
 GEOSAT-2/Deimos-2 Imagery User's Guide

Spacecraft launched in 2014
Satellites of South Korea
Satellites of Spain
Earth imaging satellites
Spacecraft launched by Dnepr rockets


title: Kewanee Group

text:
The Kewanee Group is a geologic group in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Geologic groups of Indiana


title: Lampasas Group

text:
The Lampasas Group is a geologic group in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Geologic groups of Indiana


title: McLeansboro Group

text:
The McLeansboro Group is a geologic group in Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Geologic groups of Indiana


title: Raccoon Creek Group

text:
The Raccoon Creek Group is a geologic group in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Geologic groups of Indiana


title: Shehu Abubakar

text:
Shehu Usman Abubakar (c. 1938 – May 27, 2014) was a Nigerian traditional leader who served as the 10th Emir of Gombe from January 1984 until his death in May 2014. Abubakar Led the creation of Gombe State, one of Nigeria's 36 states, in 1996. He was also the Chairman of the Council of Emirs and Chiefs since 1984.

Early life and education
Abubakar was born in the Doma area of Gombe in 1938. He was the fifth son of the 9th Emir of Gombe, Mallam Abubakar Umar. He attended  Elementary School and Bauchi Middle School. Abubakar graduated from the Barewa College, Zaria, secondary school in 1966.

Career
Abubakar began his professional career at the former Gombe Native Authority as an engineering assistant. He then worked at the Technical Training Centre, Kaduna Institute of Administration. Abubakar also joined the staff of two former northern Nigerian state governments: the former North-Eastern State government and the government of the now-defunct Bauchi State, where he became the Permanent Secretary of Parastatals, Local governments, Animals, Forestry and Establishment.

He also served as the permanent secretary and two-time member of the National Universities Commission (NUC).

Personal life
Emir Shehu Abubakar died at Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, where he had been undergoing treatment for cancer, on May 27, 2014, at the age of 76. He was buried on the grounds of the Gombe palace.

The late Shehu Abubakar's son, Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar, was appointed as the new Emir of Gombe in early June 2014.

References

1930s births
2014 deaths
Emirs of Gombe
Nigerian royalty
People from Gombe State
Barewa College alumni


title: Borrichia arborescens

text:
Borrichia arborescens is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name tree seaside tansy. It is native to the Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Jamaica, Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Bermuda, the Florida Keys, and other islands in the region. It is found on rocky and sandy coasts, in both beaches and marshes.

Borrichia arborescens produces yellow flower heads in late spring and summer. Despite its common name, it is only a shrub reaching heights of 5 feet (150 cm).

Hybrids with Borrichia frutescens are known where the two species come into contact.

References

Flora of the Caribbean
Plants described in 1759
Flora of the Yucatán Peninsula
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


title: Cristina Bergoglio

text:
Cristina Bergoglio (born 1967) is an Argentine artist, writer, and architect, and the niece of Pope Francis.

Born in Córdoba, Argentina, Bergoglio studied at the Taller de Pintura de María Finochietti in Argentina from 1983 to 1986, and received her Titulación Superior (higher qualifications) in urban architecture from the National University of Córdoba in 1996. Her first exhibitions were in the late 1980s. In 1997, she moved to Spain, where she attended the Taller de Pintura Emma Gans in Madrid, and the Taller del Prado academy in Madrid, later becoming a teacher at that institution, until 2007.

Her paintings tend to portray large metropolises such as New York City, Miami, Porto, London, and Madrid, and she usually works with acrylic and oil painting techniques. In June, 2014, her works were displayed in an exhibit at the Conrad Hotel in the Brickell neighborhood of Miami. In 2017, she was one of twenty artists with works featured in a charitable exhibit and auction at the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, and in 2018, her works were shown at the Doorway Gallery in Dublin, Ireland. Her showing in Dublin, including paintings of the city that she had prepared for the occasion, coincided with a visit to Ireland by Pope Francis, though the gallery exhibition was planned a year before the Pope's visit was announced.

In 2019, Bergoglio was the subject of a documentary short, Escribir con el pincel (Write with the brush) screened at the Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences of Spain. In 2020, she was one of eleven artists to be included in an exhibition titled "Once de 10" at Espacio 36 in Zamora, Spain.

As of 2020, Bergoglio resides in Spain. In her personal life, she has described herself as spiritual but not religious, and has stated, "I'm not afraid to say I see the church as outdated, and that's why I believe life has put my uncle to renew this certain system of thought that was getting stagnated". In one interview, she indicated that she has only met Pope Francis once, where she "gifted him with a painting of the city of Assisi in Italy", and that she had not sought to meet him again out of "respect [for] his job as a spiritual messenger", and due to her own busy schedule. In addition to painting and teaching, she has written pieces for several magazines, and published several  books, Vivir Renaciendo (Live Reborn)., The 20 Freedoms of Being, Entrar en lo Extraordinario en tiempos del corona (Go into the extraordinary in times of the coronavirus), and y Que la ciudad sea contigo (May the city be with you).

References

External links

Biography at Taller del Prado
Artistic License: Cristina Bergoglio, The Gloss
https://authorcentral.amazon.com/gp/profile

1967 births
Argentine artists
Argentine painters
Argentine writers
Argentine architects
People from Córdoba, Argentina
National University of Córdoba alumni
Living people


title: Molester's Train

text:
is a Japanese pink film series. Academy Award–winning director Yōjirō Takita started the series in 1982. By 1997, there had been 25 films made in the series. In their pioneering English-language work on Japanese erotic cinema, the Weissers write that "most of the episodes are reminiscent of early American nudie-cuties, especially the voyeuristic titty-flicks like Russ Meyer's Eve and the Handyman and Immoral Mr Teas, or Herschell Gordon Lewis' Adventures Of Lucky Pierre." The 1993 installment Nasty Behavior, which was directed by Hisayasu Satō and featured Yumika Hayashi, had an austere tone that was in direct contrast to the light, comic tone of the previous films in the series.

List
 Get on from the Back! (1989)
 Nasty Behavior (1993)
 Housewife: Madam Is a Pervert (1994)
 Molester's Train: The Wart (1996)
 Suggestive Indecent Hips (2005)
 Sensitive Fingers (2007)
 Melody of Wriggling Fingers (2008)

Awards
Get on from the Back! won several awards at the 1989 Pink Grand Prix ceremony, including Seventh Best Film, Best Actress for Yuka Ishihara, and Best Screenplay for Kyōko Godai. The Pink Grand Prix named Nasty Behavior the second best film of 1993, and Housewife: Madam is a Pervert the fourth best of 1994. The Wart received an Honorable Mention at the 1996 ceremony, and Maako Mizuno was given one of the Best New Actress Awards for her performance in the film. Suggestive Indecent Hips won the Bronze Prize at the 2005 Pink Grand Prix ceremony and was chosen Best Film of the Year by Film Treasures magazine In 2007, the Pink Grand Prix gave Sensitive Fingers several awards, including Best Film and Best New Actress for Miki Arakawa. Melody of Wriggling Fingers was named Ninth Best Film at the 2008 ceremony.

References

Pornographic film series


title: Theodore Summerland

text:
Theodore Summerland (September 6, 1853 – December 5, 1919) was the Los Angeles County Assessor in 1894–1903 when the California Supreme Court decided that the assessor was not entitled to commissions on the taxes that he collected. He also served two terms on the Los Angeles City Council and was on the California Railroad Commission.

Personal
Summerland was born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania on September 6, 1853. In 1862 he and his family joined his father in Marysville, California, where the latter had been living for several years. They later moved to Santa Clara, California, where Theodore completed secondary school.

He married Estelle Unger of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, in Los Angeles on July 3, 1907. She had a son, Rex Unger, from a previous marriage.

Theodore Summerland was a Presbyterian, a Republican, and was the first exalted ruler of Elks Lodge No. 99.

The Los Angeles Times reported that it was Summerland's custom "whenever a circus came to town to buy 200 tickets and take all the poor boys he could find. He always went along himself to see that they got their popcorn, peanuts and red lemonade."

Summerland died on December 5, 1919, at Clara Barton Hospital in Los Angeles after a short illness. He was survived by his wife, who was living in San Francisco. Interment was in the Elks' plot in Inglewood Park Cemetery.

Vocation
Summerland was a life insurance agent in private life.

In 1889-92 he was on the Los Angeles City Council, representing the 8th Ward. He ran for the Republican nomination for mayor in 1892, but lost in the convention to J. Q. A. Tufts, even though Summerland had led on the first ballot.

He was later elected Los Angeles County assessor and served 1894–1903.<ref>California Blue Book (1909), cited at www.JoinCalifornia.com]</ref> In 1896 Summerfield was on the losing end of a California Supreme Court decision that he was not entitled to a commission for his collection of road, poll and personal property taxes that he had collected in the city and then submitted to the County of Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Times explained:
Assessors in all counties but those of the second class are allowed these commissions, but the [state] statute expressly exempts counties of the second class [as Los Angeles County was then].... The commissions, had they been allowed, would have amounted to $10,000 a year, in addition to the $3600 a year which is the regular salary of the Assessor.

In September 1898, Summerland was engaged in an altercation with another "well-known" politician, W.S. Redding, and was struck on the head with a walking stick, resulting in a "bad gash" to the scalp. The Los Angeles Herald'' reported that "For some time past there has been ill feeling between the men. . . .[who met in the Hollenbeck [Hotel] last evening, and lost no time talking, but mixed things up in savage style. Each of the participants claims that the other was the aggressor."

In 1902 he was again elected to the council, this time from the 4th Ward, and he served two terms, until 1906. During 1904-06 he was City Council president.

Summerland was named to the State Railroad Commission, and in 1915 he was a candidate for the county Board of Supervisors from the 4th District.

Further reading
 Summerland's staff presents him with a gold watch

References

1853 births
1919 deaths
Insurance agents
Politicians from Carlisle, Pennsylvania
California Republicans
Los Angeles City Council members
19th-century American politicians
People from Marysville, California


title: Davis Formation

text:
The Davis Formation is a geologic formation in Indiana and Missouri. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Missouri

References

Cambrian Indiana
Cambrian Missouri
Cambrian southern paleotemperate deposits
Cambrian southern paleotropical deposits


title: Eau Claire Formation

text:
The Eau Claire Formation is a geologic formation in the north central United States. It preserves trilobite fossils from the Cambrian Period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Cambrian United States
Dolomite formations
Cambrian Kentucky
Cambrian Illinois
Cambrian Indiana
Cambrian Michigan
Cambrian Ohio
Cambrian geology of Wisconsin
Cambrian System of North America
Cambrian southern paleotemperate deposits
Cambrian southern paleotropical deposits


title: Muldraugh Formation

text:
The Muldraugh Formation is a geological formation in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Carboniferous Indiana
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Perth Limestone

text:
The Perth Limestone is a geologic formation in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Carboniferous Indiana
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Petersburg Formation

text:
The Petersburg Formation is a geologic formation in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Carboniferous Indiana
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Roaring Creek Coal

text:
The Roaring Creek Coal is a geologic formation in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Carboniferous Indiana


title: Rockford Limestone

text:
The Rockford Limestone is a geologic formation in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Carboniferous Indiana
Carboniferous southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Staunton Coals

text:
The Staunton Coals is a geologic formation in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Carboniferous Indiana


title: Beech Creek Formation

text:
The Beech Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Carboniferous Indiana
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Big Clifty Formation

text:
The Big Clifty Formation is a geologic formation in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

In Illinois and Kentucky, the Big Clifty is referred to as the Big Clifty Sandstone and has been assigned to the Golconda Formation.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Carboniferous Indiana
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Block Coal Formation

text:
The Block Coal Formation is a geologic formation in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Carboniferous Indiana
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Brazil Formation

text:
The Brazil Formation is a geologic formation in Indiana consisting of shale, sandstone, clay, and coal. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period

Description

The Brazil Formation was named in 1902 for the city of Brazil, located in Clay County, Indiana. It originally included rocks between the bottom of the Petersburg Coal and the top of the Mansfield Sandstone. In 1922, a new survey resulted in restrictions to include only rocks between the Lower Block Coal Member and what was at the time called Coal II. In 1976, it was amended again to include rocks between the upper part of Minshall Coal Member and the lower part of Lower Block Coal Member.

The formation is made up of shale, sandstone, clay, and coal. Thickness is measured between 40 and 90 feet.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Carboniferous Indiana
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Carbondale Formation

text:
The Carbondale Formation is a geologic formation in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Carboniferous Indiana
Carboniferous Illinois
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Carwood Formation

text:
The Carwood Formation is a geologic formation in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Carboniferous Indiana
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Edwardsville Limestone

text:
The Edwardsville Limestone is a geologic formation in Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Indiana

References

Carboniferous Indiana
Carboniferous southern paleotemperate deposits