title: United States v. Belmont

text:
United States v. Belmont, 301 U.S. 324 (1937), was a dispute between the federal executive branch and the State of New York over property rights to a deposit from a former Russian corporation with August Belmont & Company, a private New York City banking firm.  Belmont established executive predominance over state laws and constitutions in the sphere of foreign policy, and allocated the constitutional power for initiating executive agreements solely to the president of the United States.

Background
During the Russian Revolution, Petrograd Metal Works, a Russian corporation, deposited a sum of money with August Belmont & Company, a private banker in New York City.  On November 6, 1917, the Bolsheviks took control of Russia. With the establishment of the Communist regime, they issued several decrees, which inter alia (among other things) ratified confiscation of private properties without compensation.  The Decree of June 15, 1918 was enacted exclusively to outline nationalization of manufacturing companies; a portion of it reads as follows:

In an effort to preserve their estates, fugitive business owners had relocated their assets to foreign banks. This impeded Soviet attempts to retrieve those deposits, mainly because they had to negotiate with foreign tribunals which consistently inclined toward the former owners.

The United States' non-recognition of the Communist state precluded the Soviet government from filing disputes in U.S. courts.  Likewise, as a result of Soviet nationalization, the U.S. could not seek any legal remedies from the Soviet nation.  In an attempt to recover the losses due to Russian communalization, President Franklin D. Roosevelt began negotiations with the Communist state.  On November 16, 1933, the President held his first annual dinner party, with Soviet Commissar of Foreign Affairs, Maxim Litvinov, as his guest.  During this event, he presented Litvinov prepared drafts with conditions under which the U.S. was willing to recognize Soviet Russia.  The same day, both officials signed their exchanged notes, later known as the Roosevelt–Litvinov Accords.  Along with a section acknowledging the Communist state, this document permitted the U.S. government to collect all amounts "due or that may be found to be due" deposited in the U.S. banks by former owners of Russian corporations, provided that the Soviet government was "to be duly notified in each case of any amount realized by the Government of the United States from such release and assignment."  Within the nine years of litigations, the United States Department of Justice successfully recovered nearly ten million dollars in Soviet funds.  One of its victories was the case of United States v. Belmont, in which the Supreme Court allowed the U.S. Government to recover Petrograd's deposits, holding that the presidential agreement with Russia superseded the laws of the State of New York; petitioner's complaint to recover deposited sum constituted a cause of action against the respondents, duly-appointed executors of Belmont's will.

Procedural history
The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York dismissed the case, and the Second Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court's decision, holding that the case in question should be decided according to New York State laws, not federal, for: (1) the deposit was placed in the state of New York; (2) titles are a matters of state laws; and (3) pursuant to the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and the New York Civil Practice Act § 977-b, petitioner's claim could not have been recognized at least "until after the expiration of the period within which creditors or stockholders may claim it."

Holding
On May 3, 1937, the United States Supreme Court unanimously reversed the Circuit Court's decision in holding: (1) The president has the power to initiate executive agreements with foreign states without the advice or consent of the Senate; (2) The executive agreements are binding over state constitutions, laws, and policies; and (3) The United States Constitution is not extraterritorial, except in respect to U.S. citizens.

Opinion of the Supreme Court
Delivered by Justice Sutherland:

"Governmental power over external affairs is vested exclusively in the national government;" state laws, constitutions, and policies are irrelevant in disputes concerning international agreements between two governments, and therefore, "no state can prevail against the international compact." Although under Article II §2 of the United States Constitution, treaties require the advice and consent of the Senate, "international compact, as this was, is not always a treaty," and it does not require participation of the Senate. The public policy of the United States, declared by the U.S. Constitution, prohibits confiscation of private property without just compensation. The U.S. Constitution, statutes, and policies, however,  "have no extraterritorial operation," except in respect to U.S. citizens. The actions of the Soviet government toward its citizens are not a matter for U.S. judicial review; such nationals shall seek remedy with their own nation's courts and government. The Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution is not an issue here, for the respondents have no interests in that matter beyond that of a custodian. This decision, however, does not consider the status of adverse claims; it only holds that petitioner's complaint "alleges facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against the respondents."

Concurrence
Delivered by Justice Stone, joined by Justice Brandeis and Justice Cardozo:

The concurrence agreed with the holding, but it did not follow the path by which this decision was reached. While it supported the Court's decision allowing the U.S. Government to recover Petrograd's deposits, it disagreed with the majority's claim that the United States had greater rights than its transferor, and that the President, by mere executive action, had the right to alter the laws and policies of any state in which the debtor of an assigned claim might reside.

See also
Bricker Amendment#Legal background

References

Sources

External links

United States foreign relations case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Hughes Court
1937 in United States case law


title: List of Canvas 2: Niji Iro no Sketch episodes

text:
Canvas 2: Niji Iro no Sketch is a 24-episode anime television series directed by Itsuro Kawasaki, based on a Japanese visual novel called Canvas 2: Akane Iro no Palette, which has made transitions into many media other than an anime, such as manga, light novels, and drama CDs. The anime is produced by studio ZEXCS, and aired on a Japanese network called TV Kanagawa from October 3, 2005 to March 27, 2006. Canvas 2: Niji Iro no Sketch is licensed in North America by Kadokawa Pictures USA. The episodes were sold in two separate box sets, containing twelve episodes each.

The episodes were simulcast on Crunchyroll, an American international online community focused on streaming East Asian media. The episodes are named after various different colors.

The opening theme is "Plastic Smile" by Honey Bee (Yuria), and the ending theme is "NA NA IRO" by Sweets Tankentai.

Canvas 2: Niji Iro no Sketch (2005–06)

References

External links
Official anime site

Canvas 2: Niji Iro no Sketch


title: Matthew Clarke (footballer, born 1996)

text:
Matthew Edward Barkell Clarke (born 22 September 1996) is an English professional footballer who plays as a central defender for Championship club Middlesbrough.

Club career

Ipswich Town
Born in Barham, Suffolk, Clarke joined Ipswich Town academy as an U7 and signed a scholarship with the club in the summer of 2013. He was included in the main squad for the pre-season in the following year.

Clarke made his professional debut for the club on 12 August 2014, starting as a left back in a 1–0 Football League Cup away loss against Crawley Town. On 11 September he signed a two-year professional deal with the club.

Portsmouth
In July 2015, Clarke went on a trial at Portsmouth, signing a six-month loan deal with the club on 3 August.

On 2 September 2015, Clarke signed a new two-year contract at Ipswich Town, contracting him to the club until June 2017. His loan deal at Portsmouth was subsequently extended until the end of the season in January 2016.

Clarke signed a permanent three-year deal with Pompey on 1 July 2016, after a swap with Ipswich for Adam Webster was agreed. Despite suffering an injury at the end of the 2015–16 campaign which ruled him out of the opening weeks of the new campaign, he established himself as one of Portsmouth's most reliable performers as they won the 2016–17 League Two title. His partnership with Christian Burgess ensured that Portsmouth conceded the fewest league goals over the course of the season, letting in just 40 goals in 46 matches.

On 14 February 2018, after remaining a regular starter, Clarke extended his contract until 2020.

Clarke was in the winning squad for Portsmouth in the EFL Trophy Final on 31 March 2019.

Brighton & Hove Albion
On 21 June 2019, Clarke's departure from Portsmouth was announced, with the centre-back signing a four-year deal at Brighton & Hove Albion for an undisclosed fee.

Derby County (loans)
On 2 August 2019, Clarke joined Derby County on a season-long loan. Three days later, Clarke made his debut for Derby in their opening game of the season in a 2–1 away win against Huddersfield. He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–0 win against Hull City on 18 January 2020. He made 37 appearances for Derby during the 2019–20 season, with his performances earning him the Derby County Player of the Year award.

On 26 August, it was revealed that Clarke would return to Derby on a further season-long loan deal for the 2020–21 season. He made 42 appearances in his second season including in the last game as The Rams safety was taken to the wire, ensuring their Championship status after a 3–3 home draw to Sheffield Wednesday on the final day of the season. Rotherham's draw with Cardiff City meant Derby were safe with Rotherham and Sheffield Wednesday relegated.

West Bromwich Albion (loan)

On 13 July 2021, Clarke signed for West Bromwich Albion on loan for the 2021–22 season. He made his debut on 14 August, starting and playing 84 minutes of the 3–2 home victory over Luton Town. He helped keep a clean sheet four days later, playing the whole match of the 4–0 victory against Sheffield United at The Hawthorns. He was named as the club's Player of the Season for 2021–22, his fourth successive such award across three clubs. On 7 May, on Clarke's final appearance on loan at West Brom he scored his first and only goal for the club with a composed finish slipping the ball under Barnsley goalkeeper Jack Walton, in the 4–0 home victory with The Baggies ending the campaign in 10th place.

Middlesbrough
On 25 August 2022, Clarke joined Championship club Middlesbrough for an undisclosed fee.

Career statistics

Honours
Portsmouth
EFL League Two: 2016–17
EFL Trophy: 2018–19

Individual

Portsmouth Player's Player of the Season: 2017–18
Portsmouth Player of the Season: 2017–18, 2018–19
2018–19 EFL Trophy Final Man of The Match: 2019
PFA Team of the Year: 2018–19 League One
Derby County Player of the Year: 2019–20
West Bromwich Albion Player of the Year: 2021–22

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
People from Barham, Suffolk
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Ipswich Town F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
English Football League players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Footballers from Suffolk


title: Portugal at the 2014 European Athletics Championships

text:
Portugal competed at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, held in Zürich, Switzerland, from 12 to 17 August 2014. The national delegation consisted of 44 competitors (22 men and 22 women) – its largest ever at the European Athletics Championships – who took part in 27 events.
Marathon runner Jéssica Augusto finished third in the women's event to secure Portugal's only medal.

Among the medal hopefuls competing at these Championships were 2012 medalists Ana Dulce Félix (gold in women's 10,000 metres), Patrícia Mamona (silver in women's triple jump) and Sara Moreira (bronze in women's 5000 metres). Félix was not able to defend her title and finished outside the top 10. while Mamona failed to qualify for the final. Moreira finished 5th in the 10,000 metres and 6th in the 5000 metres.
Also competing were former European men's 100 and 200 metres champion Francis Obikwelu and former Olympic and World men's triple jump winner Nelson Évora. Obikwelu participated in the 4 × 100 metres relay and helped the team qualify for the final, where they failed to finish. Évora also qualified for the final, finishing in the 6th place.

Medalists

Results
Key
Q=Qualified by standard; q=Qualified by performance; NR=National record.

Men's events

Track and road

Field

Women's events

Track and road

Field

References
Results

Citations

Nations at the 2014 European Athletics Championships
2014
European Athletics Championships


title: Karinkallathani

text:
Karinkallathani is a town in Perinthalmanna taluk of the Malappuram district of the Indian state of Kerala.

Geography

Karinkallathani is situated in between Perinthalmanna and Mannarkkad at the border of the Malappuram and Palakkad districts, along the National Highway 213 (Kozhikode-Palakkad), which crosses the Thootha-Vettathur Road in Karinkallathani.

Name

The name Karinkallathani is derived from the Malayalam word athani, also known as chumaduthangi, which is a heavy stone bench used in the market for supporting the weight of goods in olden days.

Economy

A petrol station of the Indian Oil Corporation serves the traffic on the Palakkad-Kozhikode National Highway, which passes through Karinkallathani. Important shops are Safa Jewellery, Karayil Fancy and Home Needs, Vasantham Sarees, K  COMPANYand Aminia Furniture Shope. St. Mary's hospital is located west of the village near Maruti Auto.

Leading banks are the Federal Bank, the Thazhekkod Co-Operative Urban Bank and the State Bank of Travancore.

Demographics

Major language spoken is Malayalam. Hindi and English are also widely understood and spoken as official languages, while Tamil and Arabic are less commonly used.

The population is predominantly Muslim, along with a sizeable Hindu population and small Christian population. Karinkallathani also has a small number of Tamils, mainly from rural districts of Tamil Nadu and migrants from North Indian states like Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh etc. who are engaged in labour and construction work.

Culture
Karinkallathani village is a predominantly Muslim populated area.  Hindus exist in comparatively smaller numbers.  So the culture of the locality is based upon Muslim traditions.  Duff Muttu, Kolkali, and Aravanamuttu are common folk arts of this locality.  There are many libraries attached to mosques giving a rich source of Islamic studies.  Most of the books are written in Arabi-Malayalam which is a version of the Malayalam language written in Arabic script.  People gather in mosques for the evening prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers discussing social and cultural issues.  Business and family issues are also sorted out during these evening meetings.

The Hindu minority of this area keeps their rich traditions by celebrating various festivals in their temples.  Hindu rituals are done here with a regular devotion like other parts of Kerala.

Transportation
Karinkallathani village connects to other parts of India through Perinthalmanna town and Mannarkkad  town.  The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum

The nearest Railway station is at Angadippuram (15 km)
The nearest major railway station is at Shoranur (30 km). The nearest airport is Calicut International Airport (56 km).

Religion
Jama Masjid is the main mosque of the village. Sree Panamkurrissi Kshethram is a Hindu temple south east of the village.

Schools
 Fatimah Memorial High School
 ECS computer education
 Winstud Academy Karinkallathani
 AIS English Medium School (Vettathur Rd)

References

Cities and towns in Malappuram district
Perinthalmanna area


title: List of songs recorded by Big L

text:
The following is a list of songs recorded by American rapper Big L.

Big L


title: Arabella Chapman

text:
Arabella Chapman (1859–1927) was an African-American woman who is best remembered for being the first student to graduate from upstate New York's Albany School for Educating People of Color, later known as Albany High School.

Biography
She was born free in Jersey City, New Jersey. By 1870, her family had migrated to Albany, New York, where Chapman would be raised in that city's thriving African-American community. She first attended Wilberforce School, before going on to Albany Free Academy (now Albany High School). In 1877, she became the first African American to graduate from the Free Academy, and by 1880, she was teaching music. Her marriage to Clarence Miller led Chapman to leave Albany, traveling with Miller to North Adams, Massachusetts, where he would be employed as a waiter and she would raise their children.

Chapman created two photographic albums in the 1870s and 1880s. These albums survive in the collection of the University of Michigan's William L. Clements Library. They are rare items that document Chapman's personal and political vision. The photographic portraits included those of notable figures such as Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, and John Brown. Most striking are the portraits of Chapman herself, along with her family and friends. Through Chapman's careful curatorship, the albums convey a sense of how African Americans constructed their social and cultural worlds in the post-Civil War era.

Chapman's photo albums were exhibited in the 2013–14 exhibition, Proclaiming Emancipation, at the University of Michigan as examples of how the memory of the Civil War, Emancipation, and citizenship was constructed by ordinary people.

Arabella Chapman's photo albums have been curated as part of an on-line exhibit, The Arabella Chapman Project at arabellachapman.com.

References

External links
 Arabella Chapman's photo albums at the University of Michigan's William L. Clements Library
 The Arabella Chapman Project at arabellachapman.com

African-American historians
Historians from New York (state)
American women historians
19th-century African-American women writers
19th-century American writers
19th-century American women writers
19th-century African-American writers
1859 births
1927 deaths
Writers from Albany, New York
19th-century American photographers
Academics from New Jersey
20th-century African-American academics
20th-century American academics
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American women writers
20th-century African-American writers


title: Joseph P. O'Neill

text:
Joseph P. O'Neill (born July 18, 1947) is a veteran American Democratic Party strategist in Washington, D.C. He is president and CEO of Public Strategies Washington, Inc. (PSW), an independently owned public affairs firm. Former White House Press Secretary Mike McCurry is a partner at the firm.

Personal life and education
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, O'Neill received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Government from Harvard College in 1969 and his Masters in Public Affairs from the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin in 1973. He served on the faculty of the LBJ School of Public Affairs from 1973 to 1975. O'Neill and his wife Linda reside in Bethesda, Maryland. They have three children, Susannah, Patrick and Kathleen.

Career
O'Neill founded Public Strategies Washington, Inc. in 1991, and has worked with a number of corporations, trade associations, and government entities on a wide range of issues, including tax policy, health care, defense and financial services.

Prior to founding PSW, O'Neill was President of the National Retail Federation (NRF), one of the country's largest industry trade associations.

In his public career, O'Neill is most closely associated with former U.S. Senator and Treasury Secretary, Lloyd Bentsen, serving as his chief of staff in the U.S. Senate from 1980 to 1985 and as campaign manager and chief of staff for Bentsen in the Dukakis-Bentsen presidential campaign of 1988.
O'Neill also served as head of transition for Senator Bentsen subsequent to his selection by President Bill Clinton in 1992 as the country's 69th Secretary of the Treasury.

O'Neill was named UT Austin's 2016 Outstanding Alumnus, an award recognizing an alumnus/a of the Graduate School for academic or professional achievements since graduating from the university.  O’Neill was honored at the Graduate School’s Convocation on Saturday, May 21, 2016.  LBJ School Dean Angela Evans noted, “Joe has sought excellence at every step of his career and the School and the university are fortunate to have such a dedicated partner as a key leader in our alumni community. Even with such an outstanding background, Joe remains one of the most modest, kind, and service-oriented individuals with whom I have had the pleasure to work. We congratulate him on this prestigious award and well-deserved recognition.”

Board affiliations
O'Neill has served on a variety of corporate boards, including serving as lead director for Dallas based Affiliated Computer Services prior to its acquisition by Xerox for $6.4 billion in 2009. O'Neill also served on the board of CareerStaff Unlimited and serves on the boards of Supplemental Health Care Inc, T-Rex Services, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation. O'Neill also serves as chairman of the advisory board for the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, which launched a Washington Center.

References

Living people
Harvard College alumni
1947 births
Businesspeople from Boston
Politicians from Boston
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs alumni
American chief executives
University of Texas at Austin faculty
American company founders
People from Bethesda, Maryland
American political consultants
Political chiefs of staff
American campaign managers


title: Rahul Sharma (Gujarat police)

text:
Rahul Sharma is an ex Indian Police Service (IPS) officer of the Gujarat cadre turned practicing lawyer with Gujarat High Court. He was inducted into the service in 1992. He played a crucial role in policing operations during the 2002 Gujarat riots. He was seconded to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in 2004, and served there for the next three years. Later, he served as the DIG (armed unit) at Rajkot, Gujarat until seeking voluntary retirement from active service in 2015.

Personal life
Rahul Sharma is a 1992 Gujarat cadre ex-IPS officer. He received a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT-K) in 1987. He also has a degree in law. Followed by the untimely death of his wife in 2013, he took retirement from the police service and started serving as a lawyer at Gujarat High Court.

2002 Gujarat riots

Bhavnagar
When the 2002 Gujarat riots broke out on 28 February 2002, Sharma was the Superintendent of Police (SP) in Bhavnagar district, heading a 180-strong police force. He became widely known as one of the few district police chiefs to have "responded vigorously" to control the violence.

On the third day of the violence (2 March), a mob of about 10,000 people tried to set fire to a madrasa on the outskirts of Bhavnagar, a residential Muslim school sheltering 400 students.  Sharma issued orders to open fire on the mob, causing injuries and some fatalities, thereby dispersing the mob and averting a disaster.  Subsequently, he transferred the children to a safer location inside the city.  His timely action was praised by L. K. Advani, the then Union Home Minister, in India's Parliament as well as in his autobiography.  On the other hand, Narendra Modi, the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, was angry, according to Kingshuk Nag, complaining that he was "trying to seek cheap publicity and act like a hero."

Sharma's actions also angered the state home minister Gordhan Zadafia, who is reported to have said that "the ratio of deaths" due to police firing was "not proper," meaning that more Hindus than Muslims died due to police firing in Bhavnagar. Sharma also refused to release 21 miscreants arrested for attack on a mosque, as requested by BJP politicians.  Local Gujarati newspapers complained that Hindus were not able to avenge the Godhra train burning.  Sharma was transferred out of field operations on 24 March and posted as the deputy commissioner of police (DCP) in Ahmedabad's control room.

Crime Branch and Call Data Records
In his new role as the deputy commissioner in Ahmedabad, Sharma was asked to assist the Crime Branch of Ahmedabad in investigating the Gulberg Society and Naroda Patiya cases.  Noting the allegations of complicity by police officers and political leaders in the riots, he suggested that their mobile phone records be examined to ascertain their movements.  Accordingly, mobile phone 'call data records' (CDR) were requested from the local phone companies Idea Cellular and Vodafone India.  The Crime Branch chief, P. P. Pandey, asked Sharma to process the data himself since it was his idea, which required him to copy the data onto his home computer. Before he could complete the processing, Sharma was transferred out of his post again, in early July.  He said that he handed over the CD's containing the data to Pandey through a messenger, but they became untraceable afterwards.  Several years after the event, the Gujarat government claimed that Sharma did not submit the CDs and charged him with misconduct.

Since Sharma had a copy of the data on his home computer, he was able to copy it to CD's and submit it to the Nanavati-Shah commission and the Banerjee Committee in 2004, and the Supreme Court-appointed Special Investigation Team later in 2008.  The advocate Mukul Sinha representing Jan Sangharsh Manch asked for a copy of the CD from the Banerjee Committee and received it. This enabled lawyers, activists and victims to cite the data, implicating a number of political leaders and police officers, including Maya Kodnani, Jaideep Patel, Babu Bajrangi, police inspector K. K. Mysorewala and senior police officers M. K. Tandon and P. B. Gondia.  Calls were also found to have been exchanged with the Home Minister Gordhan Zadafia and the Chief Minister's office in the midst of riots.
But the Special Investigation Team did not take action against the senior police officers and politicians.

Nanavati Commission Report
The Nanavati-Shah commission report on the riots has raised a finger of suspicion over the role of Rahul Sharma (among others) in the riots.

Activism
Sharma along with Jan Sangharsh Manch organized a rally for civil rights for Dalits in general and to protest the flogging of Dalit youths at Una, Gujarat in particular in August 2016.

Recognition
In 2012, Sharma was awarded the Satyendra K. Dubey Memorial Award by the IIT-K alumni for having distinguished himself with highest professional integrity.

Politics
In Jun 2017, he declared to float a political party i.e. Smart Party along with some of his friends to contest upcoming assembly elections.

References

Sources

Indian police officers
Living people
2002 Gujarat riots
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Andrea Sella

text:
Andrea Sella (born February 1961) is a chemist and broadcaster based at University College London where he is a Professor of Inorganic Chemistry.

He studies rare-earth metals  and collaborates with several research groups on hydrogen storage, carbonitrides, and nanotube insertion chemistry. He has been involved in numerous television documentaries, including the 2010 BBC documentary Chemistry: A Volatile History, which was nominated for the 2010 British Academy Television Awards in the category Specialist Factual. In 2014 he presented "My Family and other Ibex" and "Urine Trouble: What's in our Water" on BBC Radio 4. He has been a guest on Melvyn Bragg's In Our Time and appeared regularly on radio programmes like Start the Week, Weekend, Newshour, the Today Programme and the Infinite Monkey Cage. He has been consultant and contributor for the BBC World Service's series "Elemental Economics" presented by Justin Rowlatt.

Early life
He was born in Milan, Italy, in 1961, but grew up in New York, USA, and Nairobi, Kenya.

He studied chemistry at Trinity College, University of Toronto, as an undergraduate and started research for a PhD under Professor Robert H. Morris on molecular hydrogen compounds. He completed a PhD in Chemistry from 1986-90 at Balliol College, Oxford studying with Professor Malcolm Green.

Career
He was appointed Lecturer at UCL in 1990. He was awarded an EPSRC Senior Media Fellowship from 2007 to 2012. He was promoted to Professor in 2012. His research interests include the molecular chemistry of the lanthanides, the confinement of elemental phosphorus inside carbon nanotubes, and the synthesis and properties of layered carbonitrides.

His monthly column in the Royal Society of Chemistry's Chemistry World, "Classic Kit", with guest contributions by his Masters student, Talitha Humphrey, explores the history of chemistry through the lens of scientific apparatus.

He is also well known for science demonstrations for both school children and adults. He sits on the Scientific Advisory Board of the Cheltenham Science Festival.

He was awarded the 2014 Michael Faraday Prize from The Royal Society for "his excellent work in science communication".

Since February 2014, he has been a frequent guest speaker in a BBC World Service radio programme called "Elements". He explains how chemical elements behave, react, and how they are used. In the programme that aired on 16 September 2016 featuring thorium, he temporarily replaced Justin Rowlatt as the host.

He has also presented several programmes on BBC Radio 4 and BBC World Service.

References

1961 births
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
English chemists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Italian expatriates in England
Academics of University College London
University of Toronto alumni
Living people
21st-century chemists
Rare earth scientists


title: James L. Adams

text:
James "Jim" L. Adams (October 2, 1921 – August 6, 2014) was an American politician who served as a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1955 to 1974.

Background
Born in Iron Mountain, Michigan, Adams moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota as a child. He served in the United States Army Corps of Engineers during World War II and later attended the Dunwoody College of Technology. Adams worked as an electrician. Adams then served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1955 to 1974 as a Democrat.

He died in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Notes

1921 births
2014 deaths
People from Iron Mountain, Michigan
Politicians from Minneapolis
Military personnel from Minneapolis
American electricians
Democratic Party members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
United States Army personnel of World War II


title: Siberian Express (horse)

text:
Siberian Express (January 25, 1981 – June 13, 1996) was an American-bred French-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He made an immediate impact as a two-year-old in 1983, leading from the start to win the Group One Prix Morny on his second racecourse appearance. He went on to be placed in the Prix de la Salamandre and the Dewhurst Stakes and was rated the second best colt of his generation in France. In the following year he won the Poule d'Essai des Poulains, but the rest of his form as a three-year-old was relatively undistinguished. After two unsuccessful runs as a four-year-old he was retired having won three of his eleven races and being handled by four different trainers. He had a mixed record as a breeding stallion, but sired one exceptional performer in the multiple Grade I winner In Excess.

Background
Siberian Express was a "big, strong, rangy, most impressive-looking" grey horse bred in Kentucky by Spendthrift Farm. His sire, Caro, was a top-class performer (rated 133 by Timeform), whose wins included the Poule d'Essai des Poulains, Prix Ganay and Prix d'Ispahan, before becoming a very successful breeding stallion. Caro's other progeny included Madelia, Crystal Palace, Cozzene Theia and Winning Colors. Siberian Express's dam Indian Call made no impact as a racehorse but became a successful broodmare producing the Bowling Green Handicap winner Erwin Boy. Indian Call's great-grandmother Durazna was also the ancestor of the Irish St. Leger winner Leading Counsel and the Eclipse Award winner Ajina.

As a yearling, the colt was offered for sale at Keeneland in July 1982 and was bought for $230,000 (equivalent to $ in ) by the Buckram Oak Farm on behalf of the Lebanese businessman and horse breeder Mahmoud Fustok. He was sent to France here he was initially trained by Mitri Saliba.

Racing career

1983: two-year-old season
Siberian Express made his racecourse debut in a maiden race over 1200 metres at Deauville Racecourse in August 1983, and led from the start to win by six lengths. Later that month, he was moved up sharply in class to contest the Group one Prix Morny over the same course and distance in which he was matched against the Prix Robert Papin winner Masarika and the Windsor Castle Stakes winner Defecting Dancer. Starting at odds of 5.3/1 and ridden by Alfred Gibert, he made an exceptionally fast start and was never seriously challenged, winning by two lengths from Ti King. Following his victory he was highly praised in the French press, being jocularly compared to the new TGV high-speed train service.

On 18 September Siberian Express started the 4/10 favourite for the Group One Prix de la Salamandre over 1400 metres on soft ground. He appeared poised to allay fears that he would be unsuited by the course as he led from the start and looked the certain winner entering the final 200 metres. In the closing stages, however, he tired badly and was caught and beaten half a length by the François Boutin-trained Seattle Song, a colt who went on to win the Washington, D.C.International. On his final appearance of the season, Siberian Express was sent to England to contest a strong renewal of the Dewhurst Stakes over seven furlongs at Newmarket Racecourse. Starting the 4/1 third favourite and led for five furlong being overtaken and finished third, beaten half a length and six lengths by El Gran Senor and Rainbow Quest.

1984: three-year-old season
For his three-year-old season, Siberian Express was transferred to the stable of André Fabre. On his debut as a three-year-old, he ran in the Prix de Fontainebleau over 1600 metres at Longchamp in April and finished tired in third place behind Mendez and Nikos. Over the same course and distance, but on much firmer ground, he started third favourite, behind Mendez and Rousillon for the Group One Poule d'Essai des Poulains. Looking impressive before the race, he tracked the pacemakers in the early stages before taking the lead entering the straight. He always looked likely to prevail and held off the challenges of Green Paradise (also trained by Fabre) and Mendez to win by three quarters of a length and a short neck. An unusual feature was that grey horses finished first second and third in a Group One race.

Siberian Express did not reappear until August, when he was matched against older horses for the first time in the Prix Jacques Le Marois at Deauville Racecourse. Racing on his favoured firm ground, he started favourite but finished third behind  Lear Fan and Palace Music. In the Prix du Moulin at Longchamp in September, he again failed to show his best form on soft ground, finishing sith of the seven runners behind Mendez. After the Moulin, Fabre was reportedly asked to become Fustok's private trainer. He declined the offer and Siberian Express was transferred to the stable of Roger Wojtowiez. The change brought no improvement as, on his final appearance of the season, he finished last of the ten runners behind Procida in the Prix de la Forêt in October.

1985: four-year-old season
Siberian Express switched stables once again as a four-year-old, when he was trained by George Mikhalides. After finishing third on his seasonal debut he ran fifth, three lengths behind the filly Vilikaia in the Prix de la Porte Maillot over 1400 metres at Longchamp in June.

Assessment
In the International Classification for 1983, Siberian Express was rated the fifth-best two-year-old in Europe behind El Gran Senor, Rainbow Quest, Lear Fan and the Prix de Condé winner Long Mick. The independent Timeform organisation gave him a rating of 122, nine pounds below their top-rated two-year-old El Gran Senor. In the following year, Siberian Express was rated eighteen pounds behind El Gran Senor, and eleven pounds behind Darshaan who was the highest-rated French-trained three-year-old. Timeform were less harsh, placing him eleven pounds behind their Horse of the Year El Gran Senor with a rating of 125. His Timeform rating deteriorated to 105 in 1985.

Stud record
Siberian Express was retired from racing in 1985 and began his stud career in 1986 at the Derisley Wood stud near Newmarket, Suffolk at a fee of £9000.

By far the best of his progeny was In Excess, who showed moderate form in Europe before excelling in the United States where his wins included the Woodward Stakes, Whitney Stakes, Metropolitan Mile and Suburban Handicap. In Excesss also sired the Santa Anita Derby winner Indian Charlie. The rest of Siberian Express's stud record was unremarkable, but he sired a few other good winners including Ancestral Dancer (Premio Regina Elena), Green's Bid (Woodcote Stakes) and Current Express (EBF Novices' Handicap Hurdle Final).

Pedigree

References

1981 racehorse births
1996 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in France
Thoroughbred family 13-c


title: Hoot Gibson (basketball)

text:
Ward B. "Hoot" Gibson Jr. (December 5, 1921 – February 1, 1958) was an American professional basketball player. He played for several teams in the National Basketball League (NBL) and National Basketball Association (NBA).

Gibson was killed in a car accident in his hometown of Des Moines, Iowa when he lost control of the vehicle he was driving and hit a tree. He was survived by his wife, Vonnie.

NBA career statistics

Regular season

References

External links

1921 births
1958 deaths
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Des Moines, Iowa
Boston Celtics players
Centers (basketball)
Creighton Bluejays men's basketball players
Denver Nuggets (1948–1950) players
Power forwards (basketball)
Road incident deaths in Iowa
Tri-Cities Blackhawks players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Waterloo Hawks players


title: HEADstrong Foundation

text:
The HEADstrong Foundation is a charitable, non-profit organization that offers financial, residential, and emotional support to families affected by cancer. The Foundation is based just outside of Philadelphia, where patients often travel seeking care and leaving their homes behind. The HEADstrong Foundation supports cancer patients and their families with peer support, comfort kits, financial help and lodging for families who have no place to stay while in the Philadelphia area.

The charity was founded in 2006 by Nicholas "Head" Colleluori, who was diagnosed with B-cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma during his sophomore year of college. Colleluori was a student-athlete playing men's lacrosse at NCAA Division 1 Hofstra University when he was diagnosed with large B-cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. He had to leave Hofstra in order to undergo chemotherapy, radiation, a stem cell transplant, and other experimental treatments. He died in 2006, the same year the Foundation was started.

References

Bibliography

External links
 HEADstrong Official Website
 USILA HEADstrong Cancer Awareness Month
 HEADstrong Foundation: Our Impact
 Mount Saint Mary's University Men's Lacrosse Raises Over $7,000 for HEADstrong
 MLL Announces Burn Cancer Week Supporting HEADstrong Foundation

Cancer organizations based in the United States
Organizations established in 2006


title: You're Dead!

text:
You're Dead! is the fifth studio album by American music producer Flying Lotus (Steven Ellison), released on October 6, 2014 by Warp Records. Flying Lotus recorded the album at his home in Los Angeles, using Ableton Live and other instruments and software. Like his previous two albums Cosmogramma and Until the Quiet Comes, You're Dead! features extensive contributions from Thundercat, who plays bass guitar on nearly every track and provides vocals on several. It also features guest performances from Angel Deradoorian, Niki Randa, Kendrick Lamar, Snoop Dogg, and Thundercat, along with Captain Murphy, Flying Lotus' rapper alter ego.

You're Dead was promoted with the single "Never Catch Me", which was nominated for Best Dance Recording at the 2016 Grammy Awards. Mainly an instrumental album, You're Dead! is described as electronic, jazz fusion and hip hop. The album received widespread acclaim from critics, and peaked at number one at the US Dance/Electronic Albums and at number 19 at the US Billboard 200.

Background and recording
Ellison and Thundercat developed the concept of the album. He said in an interview with Los Angeles Times:  Originally conceived as a double album, Ellison worked on the album soon after finishing his previous album, with the intent of creating "the fastest, hardest, most intense jazz record". Like his previous album, Until the Quiet Comes, he used both Ableton Live and live instruments to make the album. His music gear included Moog Voyager, Fender Rhodes, and Wurlitzer electric pianos, as well as a Gibson guitar, a Carvin Legacy 3 all-tube 3-channel amp head, a bank of six Moogerfooger analog effects modules and two Technics SL-1200 turntables. Daddy Kev, who mastered the album, said that You're Dead! had the largest dynamic range of any of Ellison's work.

Music
You're Dead! is an electronic, jazz, jazz fusion and hip hop album. It is also a concept album about death and afterlife. In an interview with Electronic Musician, Ellison said, "It's like, 'Hey, you're dead, who knows what's next, but our spirits live forever, and you lived through the good and bad sh*t,' not, 'Hey, you're dead, it's over.'" The album has complex melodies, syncopated rhythms, and textured productions.

"Theme", initially called "Jodorowsky", was the song that led into the concept of the album. "Cold Dead" started with an iPhone voice memo. "Stirring" is a homage to Ellison's friend Nick Terry, who had then-recently died. "Coronus, the Terminator" was the first song Ellison made in his new home; "Siren Song" was written for Pharrell. "Eyes Above" has a beat that he created with FKA Twigs and Niki Randa. "The Beyond", dedicated to "an unborn child", is inspired by Fantastic Planet. According to Ellison, "Fkn Dead" was the most difficult song on the album to make, but the arrangement for "Turkey Dog Coma" was the most complex. In "The Boys Who Died in Their Sleep", Ellison raps, under his alias Captain Murphy, about "being comfortable in a cloud where nothing ever happens", while naming OxyContin, Vicodin and Xanax.

Artwork
The cover art for You're Dead! was designed by Japanese manga artist Shintaro Kago on the cover and inner sleeve, with further art being utilised in the accompanying live show. Much of the drawings featured men and women being disfigured and mutilated in unrealistic, hi-tech ways with a significant amount of gore and nudity.

Release
The album's title and release date were announced on July 22, 2014. On October 7, 2015, Flying Lotus released a deluxe version of the album containing the instrumentals and the previously Japanese exclusive bonus track "Protector".

Critical reception

You're Dead! was met with widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 88, based on 36 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 8.4 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.

Andy Kellman of AllMusic stated, "Like his great aunt, and his great uncle John Coltrane, Ellison has created exceptionally progressive, stirring, and eternal art." Clayton Purdom of The A.V. Club stated, "You're Dead! is his most confidently structured work yet." Matthew Bennett of Clash stated, "This, his fifth album, is also an overt ode to limbo, the halfway house of consciousness and true death. And this is where all 19 tracks dwell, in between the failing light of traditional jazz and the bursts of neon emitted from his polyrhythmic, nocturnal electronica." Adam Kivel of Consequence of Sound stated, "The album works best as a single, unified listen." In a glowing review for The Guardian Paul MacInnes said, "There's always been a sense that Ellison was stretching for a new musical vernacular, one that would continue the lineage of free jazz (he is the great-nephew of Alice Coltrane). This album suggests he might have found it." Chris Cottingham of NME stated, "You're Dead! is a madly inventive record, one that takes hip-hop and jazz as starting points, beats them both to death and then brings them back to life in an almost unrecognisable form." Logan Smithson of PopMatters stated, "You're Dead! is arguably his most imposing album thus far."

Nate Patrin of Pitchfork stated, "Flying Lotus has the notion that death should be the only limiting factor, and when he's put out a work that wrings beauty out of that very thing, what's the point of fearing anything?" Will Hermes of Rolling Stone stated, "Ellison makes the boldest, most fully engaged fusion of the hip-hop-laptop era." Franklin Jones of Slant Magazine stated, "While it may not be clear where we're headed throughout the album, Ellison maneuvers through the bedlam with such confidence that it's not just easy to get swept up in his grand vision of the Great Beyond, but to return for repeat visits." Michael Blair of XXL applauded the album overall saying, "The genius of Flying Lotus, which has been invariably present throughout his preceding releases, but most especially on You’re Dead!, is that he has an incredible ability to both illustrate and extract exceptional amounts of emotion, without saying much at all." Staff writer at Exclaim! Stephen Carlickm described the album as, "Excitingly new yet classically evocative, You're Dead! is contemplative but never boring, an example of genre cross-pollination that transcends novelty and, occasionally, time and space as well." Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic in his column for Cuepoint, citing "Turkey Dog Coma" and "Ready err Not" as highlights and writing, "The problem isn't that it's less than the sum of its parts—the problem is that there is no sum, only parts".

Accolades

Commercial performance
The album debuted at number 19 on the US Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 17,000 copies in the United States. In its second week, the album dropped to number 67 on the chart, selling 5,000 copies, bringing its total album sales to 22,000 copies.

Track listing
All tracks produced by Flying Lotus.

Notes
 "Dead Man's Tetris" features uncredited vocals by Earl Sweatshirt

Sample credits
 "Turtles" contains a sample of "L'Uccello Dalle Piume Di Cristallo" composed and performed by Ennio Morricone.
 "Obligatory Cadence" contains a sample of "Green Dew" composed by C. Staker, performed by The French Ensemble.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

Musicians

 Flying Lotus – keyboards , sampling , backing vocals , percussion , synthesizers , vocals
 Justin Brown – drums
 Ronald Bruner – drums
 Taylor Cannizzaro – strings
 Brandon Coleman – keyboards
 Gene Coye – drums
 Laura Darlington – flute , vocals
 Angel Deradoorian – vocals , backing vocals
 Arlene Deradoorian – backing vocals
 Miguel Atwood Ferguson – strings
 Taylor Graves – keyboards
 Herbie Hancock – keyboards
 Kimbra Johnson – vocals
 Kendrick Lamar – vocals
 Jeff Lynne – guitar
 Deantoni Parks – drums
 Niki Randa – backing vocals , percussion , vocals
 Andres Renteria – percussion
 Brendon Small – guitar
 Snoop Dogg – vocals
 Thundercat – bass guitar , guitar , backing vocals , vocals
 Kamasi Washington – saxophone , keyboards

Production

 Flying Lotus – producer
 Daddy Kev – mastering
 Derek "MixedByAli" Ali – vocal mixing for Kendrick Lamar
 Rich Costey – mixing
 Martin Cooke – assistant engineer
 Nicolas Fournier – assistant engineer
 Mario Borgatta – mixing assistant

Design
 Stephen Serrato – design
 Shintaro Kago – illustrations

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Notes

References

2014 albums
Albums produced by Flying Lotus
Concept albums
Flying Lotus albums
Jazz fusion albums by American artists
Instrumental hip hop albums
Warp (record label) albums


title: Raju Kaji Shakya

text:
Raju Kaji Shakya () is a Nepalese football manager and former footballer who captained the Nepal national football team. He is current manager of New Road Team.
Born in July 1960 in Dharan, Nepal, he has also served as head coach of Nepal national football team.

Career
Shakya started playing Professional football from 1975. His international career involved playing for the Nepal national football team from 1981 to 1997, where he served as captain from 1981–1997. Also, he has played professional football in Bangladesh league.

In 1987, Shakya led Nepal in three notable international friendlies, against USSR and East Germany in 1987 and West Germany in 1989.

Coaching career
From 1991 to 1993, Shakya attended Futuro (a FIFA-accredited coaching course) as part of the Coca-Cola World Football Development Programme in Nepal. In 1998, he later gained an FA international coaching B-licence accredited by UEFA in England. 4 years later, Shakya gained further qualification with the AFC coaching C-licence in Nepal.

Shakya began coaching the Nepal national football team's U-14 squad for the 2004 AFC U-14 Football Festival. After this, Shakya attended a short-term course for football coaching accredited by the German NOC and German Football Association in Nepal (2004). Finally, 4 years later Shakya gained an international C-licence from the Japan Football Association in 2008.

In May 2013 Shakya extended his contract with Machhindra Football Club to continue as head coach so that he would remain in charge for the rest of the season.

In 2013, Shakya was appointed as the interim coach for Nepal national football team, until Jack Stefanowski was re-instated as head coach.

In October 2014 Shakya was appointed head coach of Three Star Club, which he took as defending champions to the 35th edition of the Governor's Gold Cup as defending champions. They however lost to Sikkim FA because of an extra time own goal.

In January 2015 Shakya was appointed head coach of Manang Marshyangdi Club replacing Nabin Neupane. Neupane wasn't sacked but rather will now act as Shakya's assistant coach for the upcoming 2014-15 Nepal Redbull national league.

He was appointed head coach of New Road Team.

Honours

Club
ANFA Cup (1): 1981
 Nara Trophy (1): Unknown
 Birthday Cup (1): Unknown
 Tribhuvan Challenge Shield' (1): Unknown
 Mahendra Gold Cup (2): Unknown Amatay Gold Cup (1): Unknown Rupak Smirti Cup (1): Unknown Coco-Cola Cup Kathmandu (1): Unknown Tillotama Gold Cup (1): Unknown Mahatma Buddha Gold Cup (1): Unknown Bikash Running Cup (1): Unknown Karuwa Cup (1): Unknown Shahid Smarak A Division Football League (1): 1995
 National Games (1): Unknown Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup (4): 1981, 1990, 1991, 1992
 All India Brigade of Gurkha Gold Cup (1): 1982
 Sanjay Gandhi Gold Cup (1): 1983
 Jingmisingi Gold Cup (1): 1990

National team
South Asian Games Gold Medal (2): 1984, 1993
South Asian Games Silver Medal (2): 1987, 1999
South Asian Games Bronze Medal (1): 1985

Individual
Most Valuable Player of the Year (1): 1992
The Statesman Society Award (1): Unknown''Player of the Year - Nepal Jaycees (1): 1993Player of the Year - Nepal Journalist Association (1): 1993Rupak Best Player Award - ANFA (1): 1996Lifetime Achievement Award - ANFA''' (1): 2005

References

External links
 Official website

See also
Hari Khadka
All Nepal Football Association

1960 births
Living people
People from Dharan
Sportspeople from Kathmandu
Nepalese men's footballers
Nepal men's international footballers
Nepalese football managers
Nepal national football team managers
Men's association football forwards
Expatriate men's footballers in Bangladesh
Nepalese expatriate men's footballers
South Asian Games gold medalists for Nepal
South Asian Games silver medalists for Nepal
South Asian Games bronze medalists for Nepal
South Asian Games medalists in football
Footballers at the 1994 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Nepal


title: Grit (TV network)

text:
Grit is an American free-to-air television network owned by the Katz Broadcasting subsidiary of the E. W. Scripps Company. The network features classic westerns, both TV series and films.

The network is available in many media markets via the digital subchannels of free-to-air television stations and on the digital tiers of select cable providers through a local affiliate of the network.

Originally, Katz sold the network to affiliated TV stations via ad split, but by October 2015 had moved to paying carriage fees in exchange for distributing the network's ad inventory.1 Grit used direct response advertising as a meter of viewers before switching to Nielsen rating C-3.3  It is available on Dish Network, DirecTV Stream, Sling TV, and U-verse TV.

History
Grit was announced by Katz Broadcasting along with a sister network Escape on April 3, 2014, with a formal launch scheduled for that summer with initial affiliates announced at this time being Univision Communications owned stations. On August 11, 2014, Katz announced that the two networks would launch simultaneously on August 18, 2014. Grit launched at Noon Eastern Time on that date, with the 1952 film High Noon as the network's inaugural broadcast, leading off a week-long festival of John Wayne films.

Katz estimated, based on direct response advertising business by September 2015, the network had over 250,000 prime time viewer and available in 91 million homes and 81% of the country. At that time, Grit along with its sister network, Escape, were signing up for national ratings from Nielsen. Previously handling the network's direct response advertising, Marathon Ventures would continue after the change over with advertising and sponsorship sales.

Following Scripps' acquisition of Ion Media on January 7, 2021, a previous agreement for the network to air on the subchannels of Univision Communications-owned-and-operated stations, was nullified. The network then moved to the stations of Ion Media and Inyo Broadcast Holdings (which acquired stations Scripps could not) as a subchannel, doing so by March 1, 2021 replacing the Ion Plus, Shop Ion and Qubo channels.

Programming
Grit's program schedule features westerns such as Death Valley Days, Laramie, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, and Tales of Wells Fargo, along with various western films.

Katz Broadcasting president and CEO Jonathan Katz based the demographic-targeted concept of Escape and Grit after Bounce TV, a network Katz co-founded with Martin Luther King III and Andrew Young in 2011 that is targeted at African-American audiences. Katz stated Grit and Escape are "the country’s first ever male-centric and female-centric broadcast networks," featuring different programming from other classic television multicast networks that Katz referred to as "generic brands with generic names, created by studios to serve the studios."

Movies
Grit's program schedule features an extensive library of films through multi-year program licensing agreements with several major film studios: Warner Bros. Pictures, Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Shout! Factory, and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (including 20th Century Studios titles).

Grit Xtra
Grit also operates Grit Xtra, an Internet FAST streaming service that carries older Western movies and TV series.

Affiliates
As of June 2016, Grit has current or pending affiliation agreements with television stations covering approximately 78% of the United States.

When the network was first announced, Grit entered into an affiliation agreement with Univision Communications, which launched the network in 24 markets served by a station owned by the group or operated through local marketing agreements with Entravision Communications – giving Grit affiliates in 12 of the 20 largest U.S. television markets (including markets such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Dallas-Fort Worth). The network immediately sought carriage on the digital subchannels of television stations owned by other broadcasting companies, on June 17, 2014, Katz signed group deals to carry Grit on stations owned and/or operated by Raycom Media in 26 markets (Raycom was merged into Gray Television at the start of 2019).

On July 17, 2014, Katz announced affiliation deals with the Cox Media Group to carry Grit on WFTV in Orlando and KMYT-TV in Tulsa, as well as Press Communications-owned KJWP in the Philadelphia market, and Citadel Communications-owned stations in Providence (WLNE-TV) and Lincoln (KLKN). It also expanded its affiliation deal with Univision Communications to add stations in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and Phoenix to the network's originally announced Univision-owned charter affiliates.

On October 9, 2014, the Sinclair Broadcast Group announced that it would carry the network on stations it owns and/or operates in 47 markets. The deal lasted for three years, and Sinclair dropped the network on their stations from February 2017 until the start of 2018 in preference for their co-owned network with MGM (and Grit's most direct competitor), Charge!.

On November 16, 2015, Katz announced an affiliation deal with Media General adding the network to five more markets.

On June 15, 2016, Katz announced more affiliation deals with Nexstar Broadcasting Group and Cordillera Communications's KATC-TV.

Following Scripps' acquisition of Ion Media in January 2021, Scripps moved many of its subchannels, including Grit, to Ion-owned stations.

List of affiliates
Starting December 8, 2018

Former affiliates

See also
 INSP (TV network)

References

External links

 Grit Xtra

Television networks in the United States
Men's interest channels
Television channels and stations established in 2014
Classic television networks
Nostalgia television in the United States
2014 establishments in the United States
Grit (TV network)
E. W. Scripps Company


title: Ion Mystery

text:
Ion Mystery (formerly Escape and Court TV Mystery, stylized as ESCAPE and MYSTERY; formerly branded on-air as Mystery) is an American free-to-air television network owned by the Katz Broadcasting subsidiary of the E. W. Scripps Company. It focuses primarily on mystery, true crime, and police/legal procedural programs.

It is available in several media markets via the digital subchannels of terrestrial television stations and on the digital tiers of select cable providers through a local affiliate of the network.

History
Katz Broadcasting announced the formation of Escape and sister network Grit on April 3, 2014, with a formal launch scheduled for that summer. When the network was first announced, Katz Broadcasting entered into an affiliation agreement with Univision Communications, which planned to launch Grit in 22 markets served by a station owned by the group or operated through local marketing agreements with Entravision Communications – giving Grit affiliates in 17 of the 20 largest U.S. television markets (including markets such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Dallas-Fort Worth). The network immediately sought carriage on the digital subchannels of television stations owned by other broadcasting companies.

On August 11, 2014, Katz announced that the two networks would launch simultaneously on August 18. Escape launched at 12:00 p.m. Eastern Time on that date, with the 1981 film Body Heat as the network's inaugural broadcast.

On August 1, 2017, in an expansion of the company's existing interest, the E. W. Scripps Company announced it would purchase a 95% majority stake in Katz Broadcasting's assets (Escape, Grit, and Laff as well as the managerial rights for Bounce TV parent Bounce Media, LLC) for $292 million. Although Scripps assumed ownership of the group upon the purchase's completion on October 2, Katz will remain headquartered in Marietta, Georgia as an autonomous division of its new corporate parent.

On September 30, 2019, Escape was rebranded as Court TV Mystery, serving as an extension to the Court TV brand.

Following Scripps' acquisition of Ion Media in 2021, many of its digital subchannels, including Court TV and Court TV Mystery, were moved over to Ion-owned affiliates and on Scripps stations, were separated from stations also carrying Court TV, causing viewer confusion regarding the channel positions and carriage status of the two networks. The network was subsequently rebranded to Ion Mystery on February 24, 2022, with the "Ion" brand now more established regarding procedural dramas in general, including Ion Mystery's overall programming, whereas Court TV is more associated with its news division.

Programming on Ion Mystery

Current programming
 Bones
 Cheaters
 Corrupt Crimes
 Crime 360
 Crime Stories
 CSI
 CSI: Miami
 Da Vinci's Inquest
 Forensic Files
 I Killed My BFF
 Leverage
 Leverage: Redemption
 Manhunters: Fugitive Task Force
 Murderous Affairs
 NCIS: New Orleans
 Scorpion
 Swift Justice with Nancy Grace

Upcoming programming
 Major Crimes (2023)

Former programming
 American Greed
 Born Behind Bars
 Crime Watch Daily
 CSI: New York
 The First 48
 Law & Order
 Scandal
 Someone They Knew with Tamron Hall
 Unsolved Mysteries

Programming
Ion Mystery mainly features a mix of procedural crime dramas and mystery series, as well as off-network reality-based crime re-enactment series and some films.

Originally, the network had a specific focus on true crime programming directed explicitly towards women. Katz Broadcasting president and CEO Jonathan Katz based the demographic-targeted concept of the Escape and male-targeting Grit on Bounce TV, a network Katz co-founded with Martin Luther King III and Andrew Young in 2011 that is targeted at Black audiences; Katz stated Escape and Grit would be "the...first-ever (adult) male-centric and female-centric broadcast networks," featuring different programming from other classic television multicast networks that Katz claimed were "generic brands with generic names, created by studios to serve the studios" (referring to NBCUniversal's Cozi TV and Sony's getTV, and indirectly to Weigel Broadcasting's MeTV, which was independently created but licenses programming from several studios).

Movies
Ion Mystery carries a broad roster of crime drama and mystery film releases from the 1980s to the 2000s (including theatrical feature films, made-for-TV movies, and documentaries) on Saturdays and Sundays. The network's movie lineup relies primarily on an extensive library of titles through multi-year program licensing agreements with several major film studios, including Reel One Entertainment, Multicom Entertainment Group, Sonar Entertainment, Warner Bros. Pictures (distributed through Warner Bros. Television Distribution), Universal Pictures (through NBCUniversal Television Distribution), Paramount Pictures (through Trifecta Entertainment & Media), and Sony Pictures Entertainment (through Sony Pictures Television).

Television series
The majority of Ion Mystery's schedule consists of off-network reality-based crime re-enactment series. Shortly before the network's launch, on August 1, 2014, the network acquired the syndication rights to three true crime series – Forensic Files, Snapped, and the Dennis Farina run of Unsolved Mysteries – through respective deals with Trifecta Entertainment & Media, NBCUniversal Television Distribution, and Cosgrove/Meurer Productions for its initial schedule.

In May 2016, the network acquired the syndication rights to American Greed and Corrupt Crimes, under agreements with NBCUniversal Television Distribution and Bellum Entertainment. In conjunction, Katz announced the network's entry into original programming by entering into a production agreement with Bellum to develop five true crime shows for first-run broadcast on the network; these programs included Lady Killers (about women killing someone close to them), Murderous Affairs (centering on "lethal love affairs"), It Takes a Killer (which profiles infamous murders), Deep Undercover (a series hosted by Joe Pistone, that profiles real-life undercover missions), and They Kill for It (which deals with passion-motivated and fully planned killings). Among the five announced shows, however, only Deep Undercover actually aired, due to various issues which did not involve Escape or Katz, but Bellum unable to produce the shows as talent was unpaid for previous Bellum productions, and their refusal to continue working with any further Bellum-involved productions; that company went bankrupt, then out of business, in 2019.

On December 6, 2017, Katz signed a multi-year licensing agreement with Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution to acquire the syndication rights to Cold Case. The 2003–10 CBS crime drama – the first scripted program acquisition for Escape – joined the network on January 1, 2018 with a twelve-episode marathon, before being added to its regular schedule the following night (January 2). Several other series, including John Doe, Killer Instinct, and the original Law & Order have since been picked up by the network, along with the Canadian series DaVinci's Inquest, a mainstay of syndication since the mid-2000s.

Affiliates

, Ion Mystery has current or pending affiliation agreements with 165 television stations in 65 media markets (including 24 of the top 30), covering 86% of all households in the United States (or 268,780,687 Americans with at least one television set). Originally, Katz sold Escape and sister network Grit to prospective affiliate stations under an advertising split structure; by October 2015, the company had shifted to having affiliates pay carriage fees to provide Escape and Grit programming, in exchange for a share of the network's ad inventory; the company also initially utilized direct response advertising as a metric for viewership for Escape. In September 2015, Katz enrolled Escape and sister network Grit to begin having their viewership measured under the Nielsen national ratings, in addition to switching to the Nielsen rating C-3 ratings metric for advertising.

When the network was first announced, Katz Broadcasting entered into an affiliation agreement with Univision Communications, which planned to launch Escape in 22 markets served by a station owned by the group or operated through local marketing agreements with Entravision Communications – giving Escape affiliates in 17 of the 20 largest U.S. television markets (including markets such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Dallas-Fort Worth). The network immediately sought carriage on the digital subchannels of television stations owned by other broadcasting companies; on June 17, 2014, Katz signed group deals to carry Escape on stations owned and/or operated by Raycom Media in six markets.
On July 17, 2014, Katz announced affiliation deals with the Cox Media Group to carry Escape on WAXN-TV in Charlotte, North Carolina and KMYT-TV in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It also reached a deal with PMCM TV, LLC to carry Escape and Grit on KJWP in the Philadelphia market, and with Citadel Communications to carry the network on its stations in Providence (WLNE-TV) and Lincoln (KLKN). Katz also expanded its affiliation agreement with Univision Communications to add Univision-owned stations in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and Phoenix to the group's originally announced Escape charter affiliates. At the network's introduction in August 2014, Escape had affiliation agreements with television stations in 33 media markets (including stations in 23 of the 50 largest Nielsen markets), with an approximate estimated reach of 50% of all television-equipped households in the United States.

On May 18, 2015, the E. W. Scripps Company signed a multi-year agreement with Katz Broadcasting to expand distribution of Escape and sister networks Grit and Laff, which extended Escape's availability to 70 million homes (covering 60% of the U.S.), adding the network to Scripps-owned stations in markets such as Detroit (WMYD); Indianapolis (WRTV); Kansas City (KMCI-TV), Cincinnati (WCPO-TV), and Milwaukee (WTMJ-TV). On November 16, 2015, Katz announced new affiliation deals with Media General and Tribune Media adding the network to eight more markets, including Seattle (KCPQ), Grand Rapids (WXSP-CD), Albuquerque (KASY-TV), St. Louis (KTVI), and New Orleans (WGNO). Additional agreements were reached on June 15, 2016, that brought Escape to stations owned and/or operated by Nexstar Broadcasting Group (as well as subsidiaries Mission Broadcasting and White Knight Broadcasting) and for Cordillera Communications's KVOA/Tucson. By January 2017, Escape had affiliates covering over 76% of all U.S. households with at least one television set.

References

External links

Television networks in the United States
Women's interest channels
Television channels and stations established in 2014
2014 establishments in the United States
E. W. Scripps Company
True crime


title: Sue Kunitomi Embrey

text:
Sue Kunitomi Embrey (January 6, 1923–May 15, 2006) was a teacher, activist and long-time chair of the Manzanar Committee, which established the annual Manzanar pilgrimage and obtained National Historic Site status for the former concentration camp.

Early life and education
Born Sueko Kunitomi, the sixth of her Japanese immigrant parents' eight children, Embrey was delivered by a mid-wife at the Kunitomi family's home in the Little Tokyo neighborhood of downtown Los Angeles. She attended the (largely Japanese American) Amelia Street School, and like many other Nisei she would go to Japanese language school each day after her regular classes. At fourteen, her father was killed in a truck accident. The family got by on the debts owed to Mr. Kunitomi, which Embrey's mother would collect from friends and neighbors. This went on until Mrs. Kunitomi took out a loan and opened a small grocery store in 1941. Embrey graduated from Lincoln High School later that year and postponed going to college to help her mother with the family business. She was working at the store when news of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor came over the radio on December 7, 1941.

After President Franklin Roosevelt authorized the eviction of Japanese Americans from the West Coast with Executive Order 9066, Embrey's mother was forced to sell the family store at a loss, and one of her brothers moved to Manzanar early, responding to government calls for volunteers to help construct the camp. Embrey, then nineteen, arrived in Manzanar in early 1942 with her mother and six remaining siblings. She worked first at the camp's camouflage net factory, then took a job as a reporter with the Manzanar Free Press and ultimately became the newspaper's managing editor.

Career
In 1943, she was given clearance to leave camp and moved by herself to Madison, Wisconsin, where she took a job at a mail order company after being denied entrance to the University of Wisconsin, having been told that a Japanese American on campus would endanger a war-related project then taking place at the school. Embrey relocated again in 1944, joining her two older brothers in Chicago.

Embrey returned to Los Angeles in 1948 to care for her mother, and briefly worked for the L.A. County Department of Education before transferring to the Health Department. She joined the Democratic Club and the Nisei Progressives, where she met Garland Embrey, whom she married in 1950. Her husband's political activities during the McCarthy era resulted in frequent encounters with the FBI, but he was able to secure a teaching position at West Los Angeles Community College, where he taught for twenty years. With the support of her husband, who took on joint responsibility for caring for the couple's two children, Embrey began attending California State University part-time and graduated with a bachelor's degree in English in 1969. She received her Master's in Education from the University of Southern California in 1972 and soon after began teaching for the Los Angeles Unified School District. She pushed for an inclusion of the history of the Japanese American incarceration in grade school and college classrooms, and became active in various labor organizations like the United Teachers of Los Angeles, the Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance, United Farm Workers, and UCLA's Labor Center. In 1969, Embrey attended the first Manzanar pilgrimage and spoke publicly about her wartime experiences. The following year, she co-founded the Manzanar Committee with Warren Furutani. Eventually she became chair of the Committee, organizing the annual pilgrimage for thirty-six years, leading the campaign to have Manzanar dedicated as a California historic landmark in 1972 and as a National Historic Site in 1992, and working with the National Park Service to develop the interpretive site.

Embrey died May 15, 2006, of kidney failure at a Los Angeles Hospital. She was 83.

References

Further reading

External links
Manzanar Committee
Manzanar Committee – official blog
Manzanar National Historic Site, National Park Service

1923 births
2006 deaths
American people of Japanese descent
Japanese-American internees
Japanese-American civil rights activists


title: Seerat Kapoor

text:
Seerat Kapoor is an Indian actress, model, choreographer and dancer who predominantly works in the Telugu cinema. She began her career as an Assistant Choreographer. She made acting debut in 2014 Telugu film Run Raja Run.

Early life
Kapoor was born on 3 April 1993 in Mumbai, India. Her father, the late Vineet Kapoor was a hotelier and her mother, Neena Sihota Kapoor, is an air hostess with Air India. Kapoor was educated at Mumbai's Podar International School, Santa Cruz and completed her pre-university course at R. D. National College, Bandra. She subsequently enrolled for a Bachelor Of Arts degree in Mass communication, but quit it due to scheduling conflicts with her acting.

At the time, she was at the peak of her dance career, which she began at age 16 for Bollywood choreographer; Ashley Lobo, The Danceworx, Mumbai. Kapoor was a full-time dance instructor at the academy. In the course of her journey, Kapoor worked on Rockstar and was brought on board as Assistant Choreographer.

Intrigued by modelling, she trained as an actor at her cousin's grandfather's institution, Roshan Tanejaa School Of Acting. In 2014, Kapoor debuted in Run Raja Run.

Career
In 2011 Kapoor have worked as assistant choreographer in Rockstar film. she announced in 2014 that she would appear in Run Raja Run opposite Sharwanand, directed by Sujeeth. Run Raja Run was a commercial success.

In 2015 Madhu B. and N.V. Prasad signed her to play Ganga in the action film Tiger. Set against the backdrop of Varanasi, the film also starred Sundeep Kishan and Rahul Ravindran. Her next release (2015) came alongside Sumanth Ashwin in the R. Shamala directed romantic comedy, Columbus, produced by Ashwani Kumar Sahdev. Kapoor's performance was applauded as the highlight of the film in the role of Neeraja.

In October 2017, she completed filming Raju Gari Gadhi 2 opposite Nagarjuna and was filming Touch Chesi Chudu opposite Ravi Teja and Allu Sirish's Okka Kshanam. Her latest release was on Netflix titled Krishna and His Leela (2020)

Kapoor endorsed several brands and products, including Vivel, Engage Cologne Sprays, Apollo Tyres for Dibakar Banerjee, Mahindra gusto and Intex with Farhan Akhtar. She is currently shooting for big screen project of Dil Raju’s Production.

Other work
In addition to acting and dancing, Kapoor is a trained Indian Classical singer from Rajesree School Of Music from age 12. She is also a fitness enthusiast.

Filmography

Music videos

References

External links

Living people
21st-century Indian actresses
1993 births
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Telugu cinema
Female models from Mumbai
Indian dance teachers
Actresses from Mumbai


title: List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Cameroon

text:
This is a list of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Cameroon.

See also
 Lists of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Africa
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Gabon
 Geology of Cameroon

References

Further reading
 J. D. Congleton. 1990. Vertebrate Paleontology of the Koum Basin, Northern Cameroon, and Archosaurian Paleobiogeography in the Early Cretaceous. Department of Geology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas xv-245
 L. J. Flynn and M. Brunet. 1989. Early Cretaceous vertebrates from Cameroon. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9(3, suppl.):21A
 L. J. Flynn, A. Brillanceau, M. Brunet, Y. Coppens, J. Dejax, M. Duperon-Laudoueneix, G. Ekodeck, K. M. Flanagan, E. Heintz, J. Hell, L. L. Jacobs, D. R. Pilbeam, S. Sen and S. Djallo. 1987. Vertebrate fossils from Cameroon, West Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7(4):469-471
 L. L. Jacobs, K. M. Flanagan, J. Dejax and M. Brunet. 1986. Dinosaur footprints from the Lower Cretaceous of Cameroun, west Africa. In D. D. Gillette and M. G. Lockley (eds.), First International Symposium on Dinosaur Tracks and Traces, Abstracts with Program 16
 S. Kiel and K. Bandel. 1999. The Pugnellidae, a new stromboidean family (Gastropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 73(1/2):47-58
 M. J. Ntamak-Nida, B. Ketchemen-Tandia, R. V. Ewane, J. P. Lissock, and P. Courville. 2006. Nouvelles données sur les Mollusques et autres macro-organismes campaniens de Sikoum (Centre-Est du sous bassin de Douala-Cameroun): intérêts bio-chronologiques et paléo-écologiques. Africa Geoscience Review 13(4):385-394
 R. A. Reyment. 1955. The Cretaceous Ammonoidea of southern Nigeria and the southern Cameroons. Geological Survey of Nigeria Bulletin 25:1-112

Cameroon

Cameroon geography-related lists
Fossil


title: 8 Star Motorsports

text:
8 Star Motorsports LLC is a sports car racing team founded by racing driver Enzo Potolicchio in 2012. The team currently races in the United SportsCar Championship PC class and the Cooper Tires Prototype Lites L1.

History

2013
After a business and racing career in Venezuela Enzo Potolicchio emigrated to the US in 2011. He founded 8 Star Motorsports in November 2012. 8 Star Motorsports raced full-time in the 2013 IMSA Prototype Lites season. The team fielded several Venezuelan drivers. Seventeen-year-old Christian Potolicchio scored the best results. The son of the team principal scored one podium finish and ended sixth in the final standings. The team made their debut in the PC class of the American Le Mans Series at the 2013 Petit Le Mans. Sean Rayhall and Oswaldo Negri finished the Oreca FLM09 second in class.

The team also raced in the LMGTE Am class of the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship. Team principal Enzo Potolicchio and Rui Aguas raced all rounds of the championship supported by various drivers. The Ferrari 458 Italia won its class at the 2013 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps and 2013 6 Hours of Shanghai. At the 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans the team finished second in class. The team led several laps and finished tenth.

2014
For 2014 the team joined the newly formed United SportsCar Championship in the PC class. Sean Rayhall, graduating from the IMSA Lites, joined the team full-time. The team fielded two cars at the 2014 24 Hours of Daytona. The car driven by Enzo Potolicchio, Tom Kimber-Smith and Michael Marsal finished tenth overall, second in class.

Rayhall and Luis Diaz scored the team's first win in United SportsCar Championship at Virginia International Raceway and repeated one race later at Circuit of The Americas. 8Star finished 2nd in the PC Teams Championship.

2015
For 2015 8 Star Motorsports joined the Indy Lights ranks. Scott Hargrove joined the team during pre-season testing and in the first two rounds during the Grand Prix of St. Petersburg. The Canadian scored a fourth and a sixth place in both races. Sean Rayhall took over the racing seat from Hargrove. Rayhall raced a partial season. The American won two races, at the Grand Prix of Indianapolis and Mid-Ohio. At the end of the season 8 Star Motorsports sold all its Indy Lights assets to Team Pelfrey.

In the IMSA Lites championship 8 Start Motorsports solely competed at Sebring International Raceway. Christian Potolocchio retired both races.

Motorsports results

24 Hours of Le Mans results

Complete Indy Lights results

References

External links
Official website

American Le Mans Series teams
Auto racing teams in the United States
FIA World Endurance Championship teams
Companies based in Broward County, Florida
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship teams
Indy Lights teams
24 Hours of Le Mans teams


title: 32nd (Midland) Anti-Aircraft Brigade

text:
The 32nd (Midland) Anti-Aircraft Brigade was an air defence formation of Anti-Aircraft Command in Britain's Territorial Army (TA) from 1936 to 1955, charged with defending the East Midlands of England.

Origin
The formation was raised on 1 November 1936 at Normanton House, Derby, as 32nd (South Midland) Anti-Aircraft Group, forming part of 2nd Anti-Aircraft Division. It comprised anti-aircraft (AA) 'brigades' of the Royal Artillery (RA) and AA battalions of the Royal Engineers (RE), but when the RA redesignated its brigades as regiments in 1938, the group adopted the more usual title of 32nd (Midland) Ant-Aircraft Brigade in November 1938. On first formation the brigade comprised the following units:
 69th (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Brigade RA (TA) – Heavy Anti-Aircraft (HAA) unit formed at Birmingham in 1936 by conversion of the 6th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment
 HQ, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 199th Anti-Aircraft Batteries
 40th (The Sherwood Foresters) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, RE (TA) – Searchlight unit formed at Chesterfield in 1936 by conversion of the 6th Battalion, Sherwood Foresters
 HQ, 358th, 359th, 360th, 361st Anti-Aircraft Companies
 42nd (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, RE (TA) – Searchlight unit formed at Nottingham in 1936 by conversion of 7th (Robin Hood Rifles) Battalion, Sherwood Foresters
 HQ, 366th, 367th, 368th, 369th Anti-Aircraft Companies
 44th (The Leicestershire Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, RE (TA) – Searchlight unit formed at Leicester in 1936 by conversion of the 4th Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment
 HQ, 374th, 375th, 376th, 377th Anti-Aircraft Companies
 45th (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, RE (TA) – Searchlight unit formed at Birmingham in 1936 by conversion of the 5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment
 HQ, 378th, 379th, 380th, 381st Anti-Aircraft Companies

All these units had previously been infantry battalions of the former 46th (North Midland) Division, which had been converted into 2 AA Division in 1935.

Second World War

Mobilisation
With the continued expansion of AA defences, especially after the Munich Crisis of 1938, new formations appeared, culminating in the creation of Anti-Aircraft Command, responsible for all TA air defence units in the UK. As a result of this expansion, some existing units transferred from 32 AA Bde to the new formations, while newly formed units replaced them, although the brigade remained within 2 AA Division. On the outbreak of war its order of battle was as follows:
 68 AA Regiment RA – HAA unit formed in 1936 by conversion of 62nd Field Brigade, Royal Artillery, also from 46th Division
 200 & 220 (Derby) AA Btys at Derby
 276 & 277 AA Btys at Nottingham
 42 (Robin Hoods) AA Battalion RE – see above
 44 (Leicester) AA Battalion RE – see above
 50 (Northamptonshire Regiment) AA Battalion RE – formed in 1937 by conversion of 4th Bn Northamptonshire Regiment
 400, 401, 402, 403 AA Coys
 32nd Anti-Aircraft Brigade Company, Royal Army Service Corps

Battle of Britain and Blitz
In 1940 the RE AA battalions were transferred to the RA, and that summer the AA regiments of the RA were redesignated Heavy Anti-Aircraft (HAA) to distinguish them from the new Light Anti-Aircraft (LAA) units being formed.

Order of Battle 1940–41

During The Blitz of 1940–41, 32 AA Bde controlled the following AA units defending the East Midlands:
 78 (1st East Anglian) HAA Regiment (part) – formed in 1937 by conversion of 84th (1st East Anglian) Field Brigade, RA; split into detachments during Battle of Britain; concentrated into 40 AA Bde by May 1941
 113 HAA Regiment (part) – new unit raised November 1940;113 HAA at RA 39–45 split into detachments during Blitz; concentrated into new 66 AA Bde by May 1941
 359, 362, 366, 391 HAA Btys
 27 LAA Regiment – raised in Northern Command before September 1939; 'left July 1941 for Eighth Army
 107, 113, 149 LAA Btys
 38 LAA Regiment (part) – raised in Northern Command before September 1939
 64 LAA Regiment (part) – raised November 1940
 41st (5th North Staffordshire Regiment) Searchlight Regiment – formed at Stoke-on-Trent in 1936 by conversion of 5th Bn North Staffordshire Regiment from 46 Division
 362, 363, 364, 365 S/L Btys
 44 Searchlight Regiment – see above
 374, 375, 376, 377 S/L Btys
 58 (Middlesex) Searchlight Regiment – formed in 1938 as a duplicate of 36 (Middlesex) Searchlight Regiment
 344, 425, 426 S/L Btys
 511 S/L Bty – attached to 10 AA Division

Mid-War
The Blitz ended in May 1941, but occasional raids continued. The brigade's order of battle was now predominantly composed of searchlight (S/L) units. AA Command redeployed its S/L units during the summer of 1941 into 'Indicator Belts' of radar-controlled S/L clusters covering approaches to the RAF's Night-fighter sectors, repeated by similar belts covering AA Command's Gun Defence Areas (GDAs). Inside each belt was a 20-mile deep 'Killer Belt' of single S/Ls cooperating with night-fighters patrolling defined 'boxes'. The pattern was designed to ensure that raids penetrating deeply towards the Midlands GDAs would cross more than one belt, and the GDAs had more S/Ls at close spacing. The number of LAA units to protect Vital Points such as airfields was growing, albeit slowly.

In June 1941, Lieutenant-Colonel T.R. Anderson, MC, who had seen active service on the Western Front and in Mesopotamia during the First World War, and had commanded 2 S/L Rgt during the Battle of France, was promoted to brigadier to command 32 AA Bde. During his command he worked closely with Group Captain Basil Embry commanding RAF Wittering Sector to defend the industrial Midlands, but died on 7 August 1943, which Embry attributed to overwork.

Newly formed units joining AA Command were increasingly 'mixed' ones into which women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service were integrated. At the same time, experienced units were posted away for service overseas. This led to a continual turnover of units, which accelerated in 1942 with the preparations for Operation Torch.

Order of Battle 1941–42
During this period the division was composed as follows (temporary detachments omitted):
 136th HAA Rgt – new regiment formed October 1941
 182, 409 (Suffolk), 432 HAA Btys
 198 HAA Bty – to new 165 HAA Rgt July 1942
 468 HAA Bty – joined from 78th (1st East Anglian) HAA Rgt July 1942
 64th LAA Rgt – from 66 AA Bde Autumn 1941; to War Office control for Operation Torch August 1942
 191, 193, 285 LAA Btys
 458 LAA Bty – new battery joined February 1942; to new 138th LAA Rgt July 1942
 120th LAA Rgt – converted from 86th S/L Rgt;  joined September 1942
 11, 393, 394, 395 LAA Btys
 134th LAA Rgt – new regiment joined April 1942; left June 1942
 192, 230, 275, 287 LAA Btys
 41st S/L Rgt
 362, 363, 364 S/L Btys
 365 S/L Bty – to 83rd S/L Rgt January 1942
 44th S/L Rgt – to 66 AA Bde December 1941
 374, 375, 376, 377 S/L Btys
 58th S/L Rgt
 344, 425, 426 S/L Btys
 511 S/L Bty – to 30th (Surrey) S/L Rgt January 1942
 60th (Middlesex) S/L Rgt – from 41 AA Bde January 1942; left and converted to 126th LAA Rgt March 1942
 371, 429, 430, 431 S/L Btys
 65th (Essex Regiment) S/L Rgt – from 41 AA Bde Autumn 1941
 444, 445, 446 S/L Btys
 32 AA Bde Signal Office Mixed Sub-Section (part of No 2 Company, 2 AA Division Mixed Signal Unit, Royal Corps of Signals)

When the AA Divisions were disbanded in 1942, 32 AA Bde came under the command of 5 AA Group, based in Nottingham, and remained with it until the end of its wartime service.

Late war
At the end of 1942, 120th LAA Rgt left for mobile training, and in the early part of 1943 41st (5NSR) S/L Rgt moved to the Humber defences and 58th (Middlesex) S/L Rgt left for 41 AA Bde. Although 43rd (5th Duke of Wellington's Regiment) S/L Rgt joined, by March 1943 32 AA Bde had been reduced to one battery of 136th HAA Rgt (the others being distributed to other brigades) and the six S/L batteries of 43 and 65 S/L Rgts. All these units had left by August 1943, after which the brigade was entirely composed of Mixed (M) units, including some armed with Z Battery rocket projectiles that were partly manned by members of the Home Guard.

Order of Battle 1943–44

From August 1943 the brigade had the following composition:
 127th HAA Rgt – from 2 AA Group Autumn 1943; to 40 AA Bde November 1943
 396, 411, 422, 433 HAA Btys
 139th (M) HAA Rgt – to 63 AA Bde February 1944
 483, 484, 485, 518 (M) HAA Btys
 161st (M) HAA Rgt – from 63 AA Bde August 1943
 447, 478, 558 (M) HAA Btys
 593 (M) HAA Bty – left by April 1944
 172nd (M) HAA Rgt – to 63 AA Bde August 1943; returned February 1944; to 65 AA Bde May 1944
 517, 570, 573 (M) HAA Btys
 582 (M) HAA Bty – joined by February, left by March 1944
 668 (M) HAA Btys – left by March 1944
 81st LAA Rgt – from 8 AA Group March, to 2 AA Group April 1944
 199, 261, 307 LAA Btys
 15th (M) 'Z' AA Rgt
 120, 180, 181, 219 (M) 'Z' Btys
 16th (M) 'Z' AA Rgt – joined from 39 AA Bde April 1943
 126, 195, 227 (M) 'Z' Btys

'Z' AA Rgts were redesignated AA Area Mixed Rgts in April 1944

Order of Battle 1944–45

The composition of 32 AA Bde remained stable during the summer of 1944. Then in October there was a further reorganisation:
 161st (M) HAA Rgt
 447, 478, 558 (M) HAA Btys
 182nd (M) HAA Rgt
 588, 592, 594 (M) HAA Btys
 6th AA Area Mixed Rgt
 146, 183, 209 (M) 'Z' Btys
 15th AA Area Mixed Rgt
 120, 180, 181, 219 (M) 'Z' Btys
 16th AA Area Mixed Rgt
 126, 195, 227 (M) 'Z' Btys
 32nd AA Area Mixed Rgt
 170, 20, 207, 225 (M) 'Z' Btys

By this time, the brigade's HQ establishment was 8 officers, 7 male other ranks and 22 members of the ATS, together with a small number of attached drivers, cooks and mess orderlies (male and female). In addition, the brigade had a Mixed Signal Office Section of 5 male other ranks and 19 ATS, which was formally part of the Group signal unit.

Disbandment
During the Summer of 1944 London and South-East England had been bombarded with V-1 flying bombs. Once the launching sites were overrun by 21st Army Group, the Luftwaffe began launching them from aircraft over the North Sea. 5 AA Group had to reorganise its defences, stripping HAA guns from inland sites and moving them to the coast of East Anglia. AA Command was also suffering a personnel shortage, as fit men were posted to make up losses in 21st Army Group fighting in North West Europe.

In November 1944 all the brigade's units left except 15th and 16th AA Area Mixed Rgts, which were joined by 9th (Londonderry) HAA Rgt (24, 25, 26 HAA Btys) returned from service in the Italian Campaign. Then at the end of the year the Home Guard was stood down and all the Z Btys disappeared. By the beginning of 1945 the brigade only had four AA Area Mixed Rgt HQs (2nd, 15th, 16th, 17th) left under its command. It was briefly joined on 1 January by 72nd (Middlesex) S/L Rgt at Hatfield Militia Camp near Doncaster, which consolidated the personnel of 72nd, 80th and 82nd S/L Rgts while they awaited posting elsewhere.

32nd AA Brigade HQ was disbanded on 31 January 1945.

Postwar
The Brigade was reformed in the TA in 1947, still based at Derby, but renumbered as 58 AA Brigade (TA), with the following composition:
 262 (North Midlands) HAA Regt at Derby – formerly 68 (North Midland) HAA (see above)
 526 HAA Regt at Derby – formerly 26 LAA Regiment
 528 LAA Regt at Nottingham – formerly 28 LAA Regiment
 575 (6th Battalion, The Sherwood Foresters) S/L Regt at Chesterfield – formerly 149 LAA, and before that 40 S/L (see above)
 577 (The Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters) S/L Regt at Nottingham – formerly 42 S/L (see above)

In 1954, 262 and 526 HAA Regiments amalgamated as 262 Regiment. Then on 10 March 1955, AA Command was disbanded and a number of AA units were disbanded or merged. From 58 AA Bde, 262 HAA Regiment became P (North Midland) Battery of a new 438 LAA Regiment (which also included the former Leicester and Northampton Searchlight Regiments, see above), while 528 and 577 Regiments merged into 350 Regiment in Nottingham. Finally, the brigade was placed in suspended animation on 31 October 1955, and completely disbanded on 31 December 1957.

Footnotes

Notes

References
 Basil Collier, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957.
 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, .
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984, .
 Monthly Army Lists.

 Sir Frederick Pile's despatch: "The Anti-Aircraft Defence of the United Kingdom from 28th July, 1939, to 15th April, 1945" London Gazette 18 December 1947
 Brig N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, .
 Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927.

Online sources
 British Army units from 1945 on
 British Military History
 Orders of Battle at Patriot Files
 Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth (Regiments.org)
 The Royal Artillery 1939–45

Military units and formations established in 1936
Air defence brigades of the British Army
Anti-Aircraft brigades of the British Army in World War II
Military units and formations in Derbyshire
Military units and formations in Derby
Military units and formations disestablished in 1957


title: Norderneyer Seegatt

text:
The Norderneyer Seegatt or (officially) Norderneyer Seegat is a gat in the southern North Sea.

The gat runs in a north–south direction between the East Frisian Islands of Juist to the west and Norderney to the east. There are two marked shipping channels for craft navigating from the North Sea into the Norderneyer Seegatt. From the west the gat is approached along the Schluchter and from the east the Dovetief. The Norderneyer Seegatt is subject to marked morphological changes as a result of tidal action, so that the location and depth of the channels changes continuously.

External links
 Information about the Norderneyer Seegat at www.wattenschipper.de
 Norderney at www.skipperguide.de

Wadden Sea
Juist
Norderney


title: Mourning and Melancholia

text:
Mourning and Melancholia () is a 1917 work of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis.

In this essay, Freud argues that mourning and melancholia are similar but different responses to . In mourning, a person deals with the grief of losing of a specific love object, and this process takes place in the conscious mind. In melancholia, a person grieves for a loss they are unable to fully comprehend or identify, and thus this process takes place in the unconscious mind. Mourning is considered a healthy and natural process of grieving a loss, while melancholia is considered pathological.

It has been argued by some writers that Freud's description of mourning in this work is not compatible with current models of mourning.

References

Essays by Sigmund Freud
1917 documents
German-language books


title: List of Doncaster Rovers F.C. seasons

text:
This is a list of seasons played by Doncaster Rovers Football Club in English football, from 1891 to the present day.

Key

Key to league record
 Level = Level of the league in the current league system
 Pld = Games played
 W = Games won
 D = Games drawn
 L = Games lost
 GF = Goals for
 GA = Goals against
 GD = Goals difference
 Pts = Points
 Position = Position in the final league table
 Top scorer and number of goals scored shown in bold when he was also top scorer for the division. Number of goals includes goals scored in play-offs.

Key to cup records
 Res = Final reached round
 Rec = Final club record in the form of wins-draws-losses
 PR = Preliminary round
 QR1 (2, etc.) = Qualifying Cup rounds
 G = Group stage
 R1 (2, etc.) = Proper Cup rounds
 QF = Quarter-finalists
 SF = Semi-finalists
 F = Finalists
 A (QF, SF, F) = Area quarter-, semi-, finalists
 W = Winners

Seasons

Notes

References

Seasons

Doncaster Rovers
Doncaster Rovers F.C. Seasons