title: Andreas Pinkwart

text:
Andreas Pinkwart (born 1960) is a German politician and academic who served as State Minister for Economic Affairs, Digitization, Innovation and Energy in the governments of Ministers-President Armin Laschet and Hendrik Wüst of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2017 to 2022. He previously was the Dean of HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management and holder of the Stiftungsfonds Deutsche Bank Chair of Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship.

Education
Pinkwart was born in Neunkirchen-Seelscheid, North Rhine-Westphalia. After finishing his Abitur (A-levels) in 1979 Pinkwart took on an apprenticeship with Dresdner Bank in Cologne. He subsequently studied Economics and Management Science in Münster and Bonn, receiving his Diplom-Volkswirt in 1987. With his dissertation "Chaos und Unternehmenskrise" (chaos and a business crisis) he attained the title Dr. rer. from the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn. It was published as edition 116 of the series Beiträge zur betriebswirtschaftlichen Forschung.

Career

Early beginnings
Pinkwart's political career is closely knit to the FDP (Free Democratic Party). He joined the party in 1980, at the age of 19. From 1988 to 1990 he was part of the FDP's scientific staff and from 1991 onwards he was first secretary to the chairman of the FDP's parliamentary group in the Bundestag, Hermann Otto Solms.

Pinkwart's career in Higher Education began 1994 at the College of Higher Education in Düsseldorf, where he was professor of Economics and Management Science. From 1998 onwards a professorship at the University of Siegen followed, where Pinkwart taught Business Administration with focus on SMEs.

In 2002, Pinkwart succeeded Jürgen Möllemann as chairman of the FDP in North Rhine-Westphalia, an office he held until 2010. From 2003, he also served as one of the national party's deputy chairmen under the leadership of Guido Westerwelle.

Member of the German Parliament, 2002–2005
From 2002 to 2005 Pinkwart was a Member of Parliament (German Bundestag), where he was part of the FDP parliamentary group led by Wolfgang Gerhardt. He served as his parliamentary group’s spokesperson on the Finance Committee between 2002 and 2004 and later as the group’s spokesperson on the national budget. From 2004, he also led the Bundestag group of FDP parliamentarians from North Rhine-Westphalia, one of the largest delegations within the FDP parliamentary group.

Deputy Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia, 2005–2010
From 2005 until 2010, Pinkwart served as State Minister for Innovation, Technology and Research and Deputy Minister-President of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, under the leadership of Minister-President Jürgen Rüttgers. In this capacity, he was also a Member of the Federal Council (Bundesrat of Germany). During his time in office, the state government tried hard to win new research institutions to be set up in North Rhine-Westphalia; eventually, the Max Planck Society set up its Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing in Cologne, and the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres based a new German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases in Bonn.

Following the 2009 federal elections, Pinkwart was part of the FDP team in the negotiations with Chancellor Angela Merkel’s CDU/CSU on a coalition agreement. He led his party's delegation in the working group on education and research policy; his co-chair of the CDU/CSU was Annette Schavan.

Return to academia
At the beginning of 2011 Pinkwart became a senior research fellow at the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies (AICGS) at the Johns Hopkins University, Washington D.C. His research project as fellow focused on the roles of universities as entrepreneurial hubs and engines of innovation in the U.S. and Germany. From 2011 he served as Dean of HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management and the first holder of the Stiftungsfonds Deutsche Bank Chair of Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship.

State Minister for Economic Affairs, 2017–2022
Following the 2017 state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia, Pinkwart was part of the FDP team in the negotiations with Armin Laschet’s CDU on a coalition agreement. He led his party's delegation in the working group on economic affairs and energy policy; his co-chair of the CDU was Hendrik Wüst.

From 2017 to 2022, Pinkwart served as State Minister for Economic Affairs, Digitization, Innovation and Energy in the government of Minister-President Armin Laschet. In this capacity, he was also one of the state's representatives on the Bundesrat, where he served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs; the Committee on Economic Affairs; and the Committee on Urban Development, Housing and Regional Planning.

In the negotiations to form a so-called traffic light coalition of the Social Democrats (SPD), the Green Party and the FDP following the 2021 federal elections, Pinkwart led his party's delegation in the working group on digital policy; his co-chairs from the other parties were Jens Zimmermann and Malte Spitz.

Pinkwart was nominated by his party as delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2022.

In November 2022, Pinkwart announced that he would resign his parliamentary seat and leave active politics.

Political positions
Following the 2010 state elections, Pinkwart ruled out a center-left coalition between the SPD, the FDP and the Green Party even though the three parties would have been able to achieve a majority in the state parliament.

On energy policy, Pinkwart is widely regarded to be a critic of the country’s energy transition as envisioned by former chancellors Gerhard Schröder and Angela Merkel. In 2017, he held that he wanted to preserve the use of fossil fuels and place greater restrictions on where wind turbines can be built. In 2018, he demanded at least 10 billion euros ($11.5 billion) in structural support if coal-fired power stations are phased out.

Other activities

Corporate boards
 Deutsche Bank, member of the advisory board (2011-2017)
 Evotec AG, member of the supervisory board (2011-2014)
 NRW.BANK, Ex-Officio member of the supervisory board (1998-2011; 2017–2022)

Non-profits
 Bertelsmann Stiftung, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2023)
 Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), member of the board of trustees
 German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), member of the board of trustees
 Jackstädt Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation Research, University of Wuppertal, member of the advisory board
 Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences (MPI MiS), Member of the Board of Trustees
 Rationalisierungs- und Innovationszentrum der Deutschen Wirtschaft, member of the board of trustees
 Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm, member of the board of trustees
 Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective, member of the editorial board
 German Association of University Professors and Lecturers (DHV), member
 German Academic Association for Business Research (VHB), member
 RAG-Stiftung, member of the board of trustees (2012-2014)

Recognition
 Royal Norwegian Order of Merit (2007)
 Order of Merit of North Rhine-Westphalia (2012)
 University of Kent Innovation in Academia Award for Science and Business (2017)

Personal life
Pinkwart is married and has two children. The family lives in Witterschlick.

References

External links
Pinwart's Official biography at HHL

1960 births
Academic staff of the University of Siegen
Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia
Members of the Bundestag 2002–2005
Free Democratic Party (Germany)
Living people
Members of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
Members of the Bundestag for the Free Democratic Party (Germany)


title: European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

text:
The European College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia (ECVAA) is one of 25 veterinary specialist colleges recognized by the European Board of Veterinary Specialization, comprising more than 35 distinct specialties.

History
ECVA was inaugurated on 1 January 1995 and was formally registered in the Netherlands on May 22, 1997 as a non-profit organization. Application for de facto recognition was possible until 31 December 1997. During this period 44 de facto specialists were appointed. The first exam took place in 1997.

In 2003 ECVA acquired full recognition-status by the European Board of Veterinary Specialization (EBVS) and has continued to grow since then. The name of the College was changed to the European College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia (ECVAA) in 2007.

Membership
In order to become an EBVS European Specialist in Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, veterinarians need to fulfil the following requirements: (1) have worked as a veterinarian in general practice for two years or have completed a rotating internship, which covers different specialties for at least one year, (2) have successfully completed a three year specialized postgraduate training programme in anesthesia, analgesia and intensive care coordinated by an ECVAA Diplomate, (3) have published two peer-reviewed articles in internationally recognized scientific journals and submitted a case log and two case reports and (4) have successfully passed the written and practical/oral parts of the qualifying examinations.

Diplomates of the European Colleges have to pass a re-validation process every five years to retain the European Specialist title. As of March 2020, there have been 227 members recognized ECVAA Diplomates. The current president is Matthew Gurney.

Function
ECVAA and the Association of Veterinary Anesthetists, of which all Diplomates of ECVAA are members are the main scientific organizations consulted by EU and national authorities for their expert opinion on matters related to veterinary anesthesia and analgesia, protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes etc.

ECVAA contributes substantially to animal welfare, not only by alleviating pain and stress of the animals, but also by assisting Animal Welfare Associations in various ways. Diplomates have also been consulted to provide specialist opinion during the registration process of veterinary drugs in the National and European Medicines Agencies.

Past and current presidents

See also
 American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia

External links

Veterinary organizations


title: Homburg–Neunkirchen railway

text:
The Homburg–Neunkirchen railway is a two-track, electrified railway main line in the German state of Saarland. It connects Homburg on the Mannheim–Saarbrücken railway (historically called the Pfälzische Ludwigsbahn— Palatine Ludwig Railway) and Neunkirchen on the Nahe Valley Railway (Nahetalbahn).

Historically, the Homburg–Bexbach section was in Bavaria and was built as part of the Palatine Ludwig Railway. The Wellesweiler– Neunkirchen section was built as part of the Neunkirchen–Neunkirchen-Heinitz railway, which served collieries in an area that was then part of Prussia.

Route
The Palatine Ludwig Railway divides into two branches in Homburg Hauptbahnhof. Originally, the route ran to Bexbach, where it connected to the Prussian colliery branch line to Neunkirchen, which was later connected to the Nahe Valley Railway.

The modern route of the Palatine Ludwig Railway was built in 1866/7 from Homburg to St. Ingbert and extended to Saarbrücken in 1879.

History
On 10 January 1838, a provisional company was formed to build the line from Rheinschanze (renamed Ludwigshafen in 1865) to Bexbach. On 30 March of that year, the company was formally established as the Bayerische Eisenbahngesellschaft der Pfalz-Rheinschanz-Bexbacher Bahn (Bavarian Railway Company of the Palatine-Rheinschanz–Bexbach Railway). In May 1844, the company was finally renamed as the Palatine Ludwig Railway Company.

From the end of March 1845, the construction of the line was directed by Paul Camille von Denis, at that time one of the leading pioneers of Germany's railways. It served primarily as a means for transporting Saar coal from the Bexbach area for the Bavarian government to the port and trading centre of Rheinschanze. The line was named after the Bavarian King Ludwig I. In addition, it was agreed to connect Rheinschanze to the Bavarian Rhine district, by means of a branch from the line at Schifferstadt to Speyer.

The section from Homburg to Bexbach, which was located on Bavarian territory, opened on 6 June 1849. Bexbach station is the oldest, still existing station in the Saarland.

The Prussian section of the line from Neunkirchen to Wellesweiler was put into operation on 20 October 1850.

In July 1856, the line was duplicated over its entire length between Ludwigshafen and Neunkirchen.

After the First World War the Saar came under the administration of the League of Nations. So in 1920, this line came under the administration of the Saar Railway (Saareisenbahn). With the inclusion of the Saar region in Germany in 1935, the line was taken over by Deutsche Reichsbahn.

Developments after the Second World War (1945)
After the Second World War, the line returned to its own administration, this time called the Railways of the Saarland (Eisenbahnen des Saarlandes, EdS). The EdS was incorporated in Deutsche Bundesbahn in 1957 with the inclusion of the Saarland in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Notes

Railway lines in the Saarland
Railway lines opened in 1849
1849 establishments in Germany


title: Fort Caswell Historic District

text:
Located in North Carolina on the Atlantic Coast, the Fort Caswell Historic District encompasses 2 sites, 43 buildings, and 23 structures; it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. The fort itself was occupied by various branches of the U.S. armed forces for most of the period between 1836 and 1945 and is now a part of the North Carolina Baptist Assembly, a Christian retreat, owned and operated by the Baptist State Convention of North Carolina.  It is accessible by the public to a limited extent per the conditions set forth by the Assembly’s Director.

Geography

Sited on the eastern tip of Oak Island in Brunswick County, NC, the fort juts into the confluence of the Cape Fear River and the Atlantic Ocean.  The district's boundaries also extend a little over 1/2 mile south into the Atlantic Ocean and east into the Cape Fear River in recognition of the fort's association with blockade runners during the Civil War and its role in hunting down German submarines during World War II.  The rifle range site is located a little over two miles to the west-northwest of the fort in the Town of Caswell Beach.  Typical of coastal southeastern North Carolina, the natural topography of the site is flat, roughly ten feet above sea level with a wide sandy beach along its southern boundary. Grass covers most of the area, with Yaupon Holly and  Live Oaks trees liberally spread throughout the district.

History

Named after former governor Richard Caswell, the original pentagonal fortification of  brick walls and large earthworks was completed in 1836 at a cost of $473,402. With over 61 gun emplacements, it guarded the mouth of the Cape Fear River in defense of Wilmington, then an important port 20 miles upriver and, at the time, the state's largest city.  In 1861, it was seized twice by a group called the "Cape Fear Minutemen", who were subsequently ordered by Governor John Willis Ellis to return it to the keeper of the fort, the only man stationed there by the U.S. Army at the time.

When the state finally seceded, the new Confederate Army made it, along with nearby Fort Fisher, one of the most elaborate defensive system in the world at that time. (Fort Fisher guarded the other inlet to the Cape Fear River).  This system, along with swift blockade runners, kept Wilmington's port open longer than any other. No fewer than six plans were devised to capture the fort, but its imposing defenses and the Frying Pan Shoals just offshore deterred them; the Union Army then diverted its attention to Fort Fisher.  After a massive Union assault captured Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865, orders came to spike Fort Caswell's guns, burn the barracks, and explode the magazines.  On January 17, the magazines were ignited, exploding approximately 100,000 pounds of powder (reports at the time state that the blast could be heard as far as 100 miles away in Fayetteville).  As a result of the explosion, one whole wall of the fort was destroyed.  The loss of the Confederacy's last port was a major factor in Robert E. Lee's decision to surrender at Appomattox

The U.S. Army built a full military reservation on the site in the 1890s complete with coastal artillery batteries, and most of the buildings currently extant as well as the sea wall were constructed during this period.  During World War I, the fort along with the discontiguous Fort Caswell Rifle Range served as a army training facility.  In 2020, a pictorial story of the rifle range along with extensive biographic sketches of all WW I Brunswick County veterans became available.  Abandoned after World War I, from 1937-1941 the fort was unsuccessfully converted into a resort, with the gun emplacements used as swimming pools (two artesian wells produced hot mineral water to fill the pools). In 1941, the Navy purchased the fort for use as a patrol/anti-submarine base during World War II. The Baptist State Convention of North Carolina bought the property in 1949 as surplus for $86,000.

References

Further reading

External links
 Fort Caswell (website)

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Caswell
Caswell
Colonial Revival architecture in North Carolina
Queen Anne architecture in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Brunswick County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Brunswick County, North Carolina
1949 establishments in North Carolina
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places


title: Thomas Sedgwick Whalley

text:
Thomas Sedgwick Whalley (1746–1828) was an English cleric, poet and traveller.

Life
Born in Cambridge, he was the third son of John Whalley, Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge, who married the only child of Francis Squire, canon and chancellor of Wells Cathedral; his mother died at Winscombe Court, Somerset, on 14 September 1803, aged 96. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge, matriculating in 1763, graduating B.A. in 1767, M.A. in 1774, and in the Church of England being ordained deacon in 1770 and priest in 1772.

In March 1772 Edmund Keene, Bishop of Ely, presented Whalley to the rectory of Hagworthingham in the Lincolnshire fens, considered an unhealthy location; and made it a condition that he should never reside there. For over 50 years the duties were discharged by a curate. About 1825 Whalley built a parsonage-house for the benefice. He was appointed on 22 August 1777 to the prebendal stall of Combe (13) in Wells Cathedral, and retained it until 1826.

About 1776 Whalley purchased the centre house in the Crescent at Bath and entertained there and at Langford Court. He associated with the set around Anna, Lady Miller at Bath Easton, and wrote verses for her. Frances Burney described him in her diary as "immensely tall, thin and handsome, but affected, delicate, and sentimentally pathetic". In the summer of 1783, for financial reasons, he and his wife broke up their establishments in England and went abroad. Langford Court, after being let for many years, was sold in 1804. Whalley spent the spring and winter for a long period in southern France, Italy, Switzerland, and Belgium. At Paris in 1783 his appearance drew from Marie-Antoinette the compliment of "Le bel Anglais". He often spent the summer at Mendip Lodge (Langford Cottage), on the Mendip hills, where the grounds had grottos and terrace walks. Sarah Siddons visited him there.

Whalley was awarded a DD from the University of Edinburgh on 10 July 1808. Next winter he bought a house in Baker Street, London, and for some years lived there in great style. After the peace of 1814 he went abroad again. On his return in 1818 he purchased the centre house in Portland Place, Bath.

In 1825 Whalley bought the lease of a house at Clifton, and in 1828 he left England, for the last time. A few weeks after his arrival at La Flèche in France he died there of old age, on 3 September 1828, and was buried in the consecrated ground of the Roman Catholic church, a sarcophagus of dark slate with Latin inscription marking the spot. He was a patron of painting; a picture of The Woodman, by Barker of Bath, was painted for him, and, at his request, Sir Thomas Lawrence made a crayon drawing of Cecilia Siddons, his god-daughter.

Works
Whalley kept journals of his continental experiences. Two volumes were edited in 1863 by Hill Wickham, rector of Horsington. They contain letters from Hester Piozzi, Sarah Siddons, and Anna Seward (lengthy). His other writings included:

 Edwy and Edilda [anon.]; a poetic tale in five parts, 1779; republished in 1794, with six engravings by a "young lady" (the daughter of Lady Langham).
 The Castle of Montval, a tragedy in five acts, 1781; 2nd edit., with a dedication to Mrs. Siddons, 1799; it was played at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in 1799.
 The Fatal Kiss, a poem [anon.], 1781; in the style of Aphra Behn, according to the Monthly Review.
 Verses addressed to Mrs. Siddons on her being engaged at Drury Lane Theatre, 1782.
 Mont Blanc, a poem, 1788.
 Poems and Translations, circa 1797. This was assigned to him in Literary Memoirs (1798).
 Kenneth and Fenella, a legendary tale, 1809.

Hannah More was a neighbour in the Mendips. Whalley supported her action over the school at Blagdon in an anonymous pamphlet, Animadversions on the Curate of Blagdon's Three Publications, 1802.

Family
Whalley married, on 6 January 1774, Elizabeth, only child of Edward Jones of Langford Court in Burrington parish, Somerset, and widow of John Withers Sherwood, with whom he obtained a large fortune. She died on 8 December 1801. In May 1803 he married a Miss Heathcote, a lady of property in Wiltshire; she died at Southbroom House, near Devizes, on 10 or 11 October 1807. In 1813 he married the widow of General Horneck (thought to be Charles Horneck who died at Bath on 8 April 1804). He discovered that she was heavily in debt, and they agreed to separate. She received from Whalley a settlement and a house in Catherine Place, Bath.

Notes

Attribution

1746 births
1828 deaths
18th-century English Anglican priests
19th-century English Anglican priests
English diarists
English male poets
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
English male non-fiction writers


title: Gene Jones (actor)

text:
Gene Jones is an American character actor, who appeared in No Country for Old Men (2007), The Hateful Eight (2015) and The Sacrament (2013), with the latter earning him a nomination for a Fangoria Chainsaw Award as Best Supporting Actor.

Filmography

References

External links

21st-century American male actors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male film actors
American male television actors
Place of birth missing (living people)


title: Heatball

text:
Heatball is a brand name for an incandescent lamp. The brand was used as part of a scheme by Siegfried Rotthäuser, a mechanical engineer from Essen in Germany, to stimulate discussion of EU Regulation 244/2009. This Regulation forbade the importation or sale of light sources with energy efficiency worse than 'Class C' after September 2012 as part of the phase-out of incandescent light bulbs.

The scheme's declared purpose was to sell incandescent lamps as small heating elements for winter, or for use in chicken coops. The scheme was covered by several members of the international press.

History

In April 2010, two brothers Rudolf and Siegfried Rotthäuser Hannot started selling incandescent lamps over the Internet. They referred to them as Heatballs and sold each as small heating device with a price of €1.69. Thirty cents per unit sold would be donated to a project to protect the rain forest, which, according to Rotthäuser, would benefit the climate more than the ban. Within a few days, the initial stock of 4,000 units was sold out and orders of 40,000 units outstanding. The second batch was ordered but the shipment was held back on 16 November 2010 by the customs officials at Cologne Airport.

Awards
 2011: IQ Award

See also
 Easy-Bake Oven, a toy that originally used incandescent lamps as the heat source.

References

External links
 Homepage to the Project
 Heatball – das Comeback der Glühbirne. ZDF heute, 21 October 2010
 L. Becker, E. Körner: Heatball ersetzt Glühlampe. ZDF, 24 October 2010 (In the ZDF sending Volle Kanne)

Incandescent light bulbs
Heaters


title: Dada Dhuniwale Thermal Power Plant

text:
Dada Dhuniwale Thermal Power Plant is a planned coal based thermal power project located at village Goradia in Khandwa district in Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of Madhya Pradesh Power Generation Company Limited.

Capacity
Its planned capacity is 1600 MW (2x800 MW). The project is yet to start due to non availability of coal linkage.

References

Coal-fired power stations in Madhya Pradesh
Khandwa district
Proposed power stations in India


title: Promod

text:
Promod is a French women's ready-to-wear retailer operating in France, Belgium, Switzerland and Luxembourg. The clothing brand can be found in their own shops, or in concessions inside larger retail shops.

Promod was founded as a family boutique in 1975 by Francis-Charles Pollet, one of the heirs of the founder of La Redoute where he spent the first part of his career. The brand established exclusively in France and Belgium until 1990, when started to develop more internationally and opened a subsidiary in Spain, followed by others mainly in Europe.

In 2014, Promod had over 1,066 stores in 52 countries with gross sales exceeded 1 billion euros.

In 2016, a decline in the profitability of foreign operations led the company to eliminate 130 jobs and close international franchise partnerships that led to the closure of about 500 stores mainly in Europe, which accounted for half of the total number of Promod stores.

In September 2018, Patrice Lepoutre left the management of the group in favor of Julien Pollet.

References

External links

Official website

Clothing companies of France
Clothing companies established in 1975
Companies based in Hauts-de-France
Retail companies established in 1975


title: Changpi Lake

text:
The Changpi Lake () is a lake in Sanxing Township, Yilan County, Taiwan.

History
The lake used to be cavalry stable area for the Imperial Japanese Army during the Japanese rule of Taiwan.

Geography
Changpi Lake is located at an altitude of about 190 meters. The major land forms around the land include the subtropical forest that surrounds it. The lake has water all year round but it changes levels according to the seasons. The lake area is equipped with various recreational facilities such as camping area, barbecue area, playground, trails etc.

See also
 Geography of Taiwan

References

Lakes of Yilan County, Taiwan


title: Southport Historic District (Southport, North Carolina)

text:
Southport Historic District is a national historic district located at Southport, Brunswick County, North Carolina.  The district encompasses 161 contributing buildings, 3 contributing sites, and 1 contributing object.  Over half of the structures in the historic district date from the 1885-1905 period.  It includes residential, commercial, and institutional buildings and is considered the best example of a Victorian coastal town in North Carolina.  Notable buildings include the River Pilots Tower and Building (1940s), Frying Pan Lightship (20th century), Fort Johnston Officers Quarters (c. 1805-09), Walker-Pike House (c. 1800-20), Brunswick Inn (c. 1859), Fort Johnston Hospital (c. 1852-1860), Former Brunswick County Court House (c. 1854), Saint Philips Episcopal Church (c. 1860, 1894–96), Trinity Methodist Church (1888-1890), and the Adkins-Ruark House (1890).

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

Gallery

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Brunswick County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Brunswick County, North Carolina
Houses in Brunswick County, North Carolina


title: Sanjiv Chaturvedi

text:
Sanjiv Chaturvedi (born 31 December 1971) is an Indian Forest Service (IFoS) officer posted as Chief Conservator of Forest (Research) at Haldwani in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand. Chaturvedi was a Chief Vigilance Officer (CVO) at AIIMS, New Delhi from 2012 to 2014, and served in the government of Haryana from 2005 to 2012.

Professional life in Brief

Chaturvedi graduated as an electrical engineer in 1995 from the Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, situated at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. He became an Indian Forest Service (IFoS) officer 2002 with Haryana cadre and later got transferred to Uttarakhand Cadre.

Chaturvedi was a whistleblower in the Haryana Forestry case, which occurred under the regime of Bhupinder Singh Hooda and Kiran Chaudhary. He was a whistleblower later in larger scams in the health sector during his tenure as chief vigilance officer of AIIMS. Chaturvedi made a number of decisions during his management of the Corbett Tiger Reserve, and undertook conservation and research projects in the state of Uttarakhand.

Career in Haryana

As an IFS officer in Haryana. Chaturvedi served there from August 2005 to June 2012 in Kurukshetra, Fatehabad, Jhajjar and Hisar, where he publicised corruption in mining, licensing, fake herbal park, fake plantation and instances of illicit felling and poaching in protected areas. Collectively known as the Haryana Forestry case, it involved Haryana chief minister Bhupinder Singh Hooda, forest minister Kiran Chaudhary and several other senior politicians and officers.

Kurukshetra posting

Chaturvedi's first posting was in Kurukshetra, where he registered a first information report against contractors for large-scale, illicit tree felling and poaching of hog deer in the nearby Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary. He was reprimanded by the Principal Secretary (Forests) and transferred to Fatehabad on 30 May 2007. The contractors were linked with the Hansi-Butana canal project and were associates of the chief minister. In his report, Chaturvedi noted serious violations of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 and a number of Supreme Court orders in undertaking construction work inside a wildlife sanctuary without statutory approvals. Although Chaturvedi's actions angered the government, an NGO later filed a case before the Supreme Court's Central Empowered Committee; the committee upheld all charges and fined the government of Haryana 1 crore.

Fatehabad posting

In Fatehabad, Chaturvedi found that large amounts of public money were spent on private land to develop an herbal park. The land belonged to local Congress member Prahlad Singh Gillakhera, who became Chief Parliamentary Secretary of Forest after winning the MLA election. Gilakhera was reportedly close to Haryana Forest Minister Kiran Chawdhry. A July 2007 letter from the Haryana Principal Chief Conservator of Forests to Chaturvedi said that the Forest Minister was "annoyed" because work on the herbal park had been stopped.

On 3 August 2007, Haryana Chief Minister Hooda, suspended Chaturvedi without specifying a reason. On 14 September of that year, the government issued a charge sheet to dismiss him from service. The suspension order was revoked on 3 January 2008 by President Pratibha Patil, who also censured the Hooda government. The Hooda government did not withdraw the charge sheet against Chaturvedi and forest minister Kiran Choudhry returned the file for further comments. The Hooda government blocked Chaturvedi's promotion by keeping the charge sheet pending for over three years, and later had to compensate him and concede in writing that he had been framed.

Soon after Chaturvedi's suspension, corruption in the herbal park was brought to the Supreme Court by the NGO Ekta Parishad. The Haryana government was required to transfer management of the land to the Haryana Forest Department under section 38 of the Indian Forest Act of 1927.

Jhajjar posting

When his suspension was lifted by the president in January 2008, Chaturvedi was assigned to a non-cadre post. After objections from the Central Administrative Tribunal, he was posted as a divisional forest officer (DFO) in Jhajjar in January 2009 and exposed a fake-plantation scheme the following month in which a large sum of public money had been embezzled; as a result, 40 forest staffers were charged and 10 were suspended. Chaturvedi suspected that senior officers were involved, and requested an investigation.

Subsequently, Chaturvedi started facing harassment in form of bogus cases. In 2012, the Hooda government charged Chaturvedi with neglecting plantation maintenance. The charge was dismissed by the president of India in October 2013, who called it "unsustainable". After a central-government inquiry, the OSD of the Chief Minister of Haryana was found to be involved in the charge.

Hisar posting

The Haryana Chief Minister's Office transferred Chaturvedi to the Hisar division in August 2009, and Chaturvedi exposed another fake-plantation scheme. In January 2010, he sealed a plywood unit for colluding with senior forest officers to pay just ₹26,000 instead of ₹2,200,000 as a license fee. In May 2010, when Chaturvedi went abroad for 18 days of official training, the Chief Minister's Office declared his post vacant. After a month without a job, Chaturvedi was appointed a DFO (Production) in the division.

Harassment by Haryana govt and presidential intervention

Chaturvedi reported harassment after exposing corruption. Several false criminal cases were filed against him, including theft of a Kachnar tree and abetting a suicide. During his tenure as an officer in Haryana, Chaturvedi was transferred 12 times in five years.

Alleging harassment by the Haryana state government, Chaturvedi complained to President Pratibha Patil in 2010; Patil referred his case to the Cabinet Secretariat, who directed the Ministry of Environment and Forests to convene a two-member panel to study the accusations. The inquiry found merit in Chaturvedi's allegations that year and referred the case to the CBI, whose preliminary analysis found his allegations worthy of investigation. The ministry then referred the case to the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) and recommended a CBI investigation.

The president's order censured the Haryana state government for harassing Chaturvedi by blocking his promotion and transferring him. This was based on the panel report, which reprimanded minister Kiran Choudhry; the Chief Minister's Officer on Special Duty, R. R. Beri, and Chief Parliamentary Secretary Prahalad Singh Gillakhera,. The Hooda government rejected the ministry's findings and asked it to re-examine the case, a request which was denied.

In March 2013, the Hooda government accused Chaturvedi of inefficiency and recommended his dismissal. In October 2013, the President Pranab Mukherjee dismissed the charge in October of that year, censuring the government of Haryana. The Hooda government then attempted to downgrade Chaturvedi's appraisal report, which was reversed by the president. Between 2008 and 2014, the president issued four orders supporting Chaturvedi and reversing the Hooda government.

Obstruction by Haryana govt against cadre relocation

In May 2012, Chaturvedi was selected by the central government as a deputy secretary at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (AIIMS) under the Union Health Ministry. Haryana's Hooda government refused to release him, however, despite repeated requests from the central government's health ministry and the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). The latter released Chaturvedi on 29 June 2012, despite the Hooda government's objection.

Supreme Court case

Based on the CVC and CBI reports, the central government asked the Haryana government to issue a notification of the CBI investigation in March 2012; the state government refused to issue the notification. Chaturvedi petitioned the Supreme Court for a CBI investigation, and notices were issued to the central government, the CBI and the Haryana government in November 2012. In an October 2014 Supreme Court affidavit, the CBI expressed its willingness to investigate. In April of that year, the Haryana Bhupinder Singh Hooda petitioned the central government in the Punjab and Haryana High Court to rescind its orders. In April 2017, the investigation had not begun.

The high court fined Chaturvedi 50,000 in February 2018 (saying that he had not filed a reply to the petition), but it was set aside by a Supreme Court bench headed by Chief Justice Deepak Misra on 19 February. The central government stated in an affidavit to the high court that month that when All India Services officers work in state governments, their discipline remains with the central government. The high court dismissed Haryana's challenge to the central-government inquiry panel in August 2019 because, according to Article 131 of the Constitution of India, a dispute between the central government and a state must be heard by the Supreme Court; the Haryana case was similar to Chaturvedi's 2012 Supreme Court case.

In June 2018, an official in the secretariat of Haryana's Forest Branch filed a police complaint against the chief minister because documents related to Chaturvedi's case were removed and returned by the chief minister's office. The Haryana government transferred the secretariat official who had filed the complaint. Chaturvedi threatened to petition the high court if no action was taken against those responsible for the disappearance of the documents. It was later reported that despite the Haryana advocate general's opinion that Chaturvedi's high-court case should be withdrawn, the state maintained it for over two years.

Sanjeev Tomar death case

Sanjeev Tomar, a Haryana forest-range officer, was found dead in December 2009 after the initiation of anti-corruption proceedings against him by Sanjiv Chaturvedi. His father, Rampal Singh Tomar, initially told police that his son had died of natural causes. He later changed his statement, saying that Sanjeev had committed suicide because of harassment by Chaturvedi and a subsequent suspension. According to the Jhajjar superintendent of police, Chaturvedi had nothing to do with Tomar's suicide; he was disturbed by corruption and dowry cases against him. A number of special investigation teams (SIT) cleared Chaturvedi. According to the SIT reports, Tomar committed suicide because of an anti-corruption inquiry and litigation by his wife; he had been living with another woman.

In February 2015, the Punjab and Haryana High Court recommended a new SIT to probe allegations that Tomar committed suicide due to harassment by Chaturvedi; this was based on a petition filed by Rampal Singh Tomar. Chaturvedi challenged the order to form an SIT. His counsel argued that the case had already been investigated by four SITs and reviewed by senior police officers, who found no evidence of harassment. He stated that forming a new SIT would hound an officer who had exposed several scams. The court accepted the petition in April 2015, recalled its order, and dismissed Rampal Singh Tomar's petition.

Intelligence Bureau report

The Intelligence Bureau (IB) prepared a report about alleged threats and harassment to Chaturvedi. When he sought a copy of the report under the RTI Act, the bureau denied it on the grounds that it was an exempt organization under section 24 of the act. The CIC decision was challenged by the Intelligence Bureau in June 2016 in the Delhi High Court, which had granted a stay and issued notices to Chaturvedi. The hearing was concluded in May 2017, and the judgment was issued in August 2017. The Delhi High Court upheld the CIC orders and dismissed the Intelligence Bureau's petition, paving way for Chaturvedi to access the IB report. The court ruled that under the RTI Act, corruption and human-rights violation are not exempt from disclosure.

Career in Delhi

AIIMS Delhi

On 29 June 2012, Chaturvedi was made deputy secretary and chief vigilance officer of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. As a CVO, Chaturvedi's cases included counterfeit drugs; financial irregularities in construction projects; corruption in recruitment purchase of medical equipment, doctors making unauthorized foreign trips, contracts with security companies, single-bid tendering, computerization purchases, pension-fund corruption and sexual harassment. During his tenure, police seized banned drugs worth 60 million from a vehicle delivering to an on-campus pharmacy owned by an Indian National Congress MLA. Health minister Ghulam Nabi Azad signed two internal reports which called Chaturvedi's CVO work  "outstanding". Chaturvedi began about 200 corruption cases as AIIMS CVO; sanctions were imposed in 78 cases, charges were brought in 87, and over 20 were referred to the CBI for criminal investigation. They included cases against senior IAS officer Vineet Chawdhry of the Himachal Pradesh cadre (a previous deputy), Director (Administration) and former deputy director (Administration) Shailesh Yadav, a senior IPS officer, senior faculty members, former Registrar V. P. Gupta and former Chief Administrative Officer Attar Singh.

As a result of Chaturvedi's investigations, the CBI registered cases and recommended action against Vineet Chawdhry. According to a June 2017 India Today investigative report, Union Health Minister J. P. Nadda was found to have suppressed an investigation of what the report called a ₹7,000 crore scam. The India Today reports included reports from the CBI and a parliamentary committee. Opposition parties accused Nadda of links to senior IAS officer Vineet Chawdhry, with whom he had worked in Himachal Pradesh.

The CBI found in October 2015 that AIIMS director M. C. Mishra and other school officials were involved in corruption in the purchase of medical items, and recommended action against them to the health ministry. The bureau presented a January 2018 forgery case under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 against AIIMS officials as a result of Chaturvedi's May 2014 report. In September 2013, the CBI laid a criminal case concerning fraudulent payments and financial irregularities in allocating a security contract. It was found later that Chaturvedi's corruption cases involving senior IAS and IPS officers and the AIIMS' director and senior officials were hushed up after his removal by Nadda's health ministry.

In August 2014, Chaturvedi was relieved as CVO. He wrote in a 16 August letter to incoming health minister Harsh Vardhan of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) that his removal was the result of a campaign by corrupt officials. Chaturvedi was supported by AIIMS staff (who wrote to the prime minister requesting his reinstatement) and the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), who staged demonstrations. The media and the AAP alleged that the BJP's Nadda removed Chaturvedi on behalf of Vineet Chaudhary, an IAS officer from Himachal Pradesh. Chaturvedi had accused Chaudhary of bending rules to extend tenure to an engineer supervising works worth 3,700 crore. Nadda had reportedly proposed removing Chaturvedi in a letter which received 20 signatures within 24 hours. Chaturvedi had accused two security-contractor firms of serious violations, one of which was owned by the BJP's Rajya Sabha MP R. K. Sinha.

Health and family welfare minister Harsh Vardhan said that Chaturvedi was removed because he was ineligible for the CVO post, and the government decision had no male fides. However, the media reported that Nadda had written several letters advocating Chaturvedi's removal and demanded a halt to his corruption cases; a meeting between Nadda and Vardhan for that purpose was documented. Nadda reportedly wrote four letters between May 2013 and June 2014 requesting Chaturvedi's removal, which occurred after a change of government.

Media reports exposed records related to earlier attempts to remove Chaturvedi, despite a May 2014 report from the Union Health Secretary and the Health Ministry CVO that his performance was "exemplary" and his integrity "absolute". After intervention by a parliamentary committee, the prime minister's office directed the cabinet secretary to monitor and report further efforts to remove him.

After Chaturvedi's removal, prime minister Narendra Modi asked Vardhan for a report. Health secretary Lov Verma said that AIIMS did not have an independent CVO, and Chaturvedi had been given additional responsibilities as an "internal arrangement." DNA reported that facts about Chaturvedi's appointment and removal were omitted from Verma's report, and he was made CVO by an AIIMS order.

After Nadda became health minister in November 2014, his ministry attempted to revise Chaturvedi's appraisal report until Nadda was stopped the following June by the Central Administrative Tribunal following a petition by Chaturvedi to promote him to director (selection grade) as scheduled; he was promoted retroactively, from 1 January. In August 2015, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare accused the health ministry of ignoring AIIMS corruption and criticised the replacement of a dedicated CVO post with a ministry CVO. That month, Chaturvedi said that he was disappointed with the Modi government for not acting on the corruption cases.

By December 2015, Chaturvedi was still employed at AIIMS but his assigned tasks had been removed by the central government without explanation. The following July, Chaturvedi filed an affidavit in the Delhi High Court that the ministry had taken no action on his AIIMS corruption cases. After being stripped of his duties during the 2015–2016 fiscal year (a move that challenged in the Supreme Court), Chaturvedi received an "unsatisfactory" performance evaluation.

AIIMS support

After Chaturvedi was removed, AIIMS faculty members circulated a petition to bring him back; about 250 faculty members and researchers wrote to Prime Minister Modi to reinstate him as CVO and conduct an inquiry into his removal. Chaturvedi also received support from the AIIMS student union and employees.

Public interest litigation

In February 2015, the Delhi High Court issued notices to the central government and Union Health Minister J. P. Nadda in response to public interest litigation (PIL) filed by Prashant Bhushan demanding a CBI investigation of pending corruption cases and Chaturvedi's removal as CVO. The court had sought a status report from the CBI on corruption exposed by Chaturvedi. In April 2018, the court issued notices to the central government seeking their reply on the improper closure of corruption cases by the health ministry (headed by Nadda) during the PIL.

Conflict with central vigilance commissioner

Chaturvedi wrote to the president in July 2017 requesting a suspension and Supreme Court inquiry of Central Vigilance Commissioner K. V. Chaudhary under Section 6 of the CVC Act, 2003, citing CBI reports recommending action against AIIMS officials and faculty members on corruption charges which were summarily closed by Chaudhary. Chaturvedi further alleged that the CVC did not exercise his disciplinary authority in closing the cases. In response to Chaturvedi's RTI application about action taken on his complaint to the president about the CVC, the central government's Department of Personnel and Training (DoP&T) said that there were no guidelines to deal with such complaints.

In January 2019, the central government said that guidelines to handle such complaints were being framed and complaint will be processed only after guidelines are framed. This was criticized by the opposition Congress Party, which charged the central government with hiding behind technicalities to justify its inaction against Chaudhary.

Zero appraisal

Chaturvedi received a zero grading in his annual performance report (APAR) for the 2015-16 fiscal year (the year he received the Ramon Magsaysay Award) from Nadda and his subordinates. His previous appraisals had been outstanding, and in 2014 the health secretary rated his performance as exemplary. The central government had deprived him of work after his petition was accepted by the Supreme Court in September 2016. A March 2017 Intelligence Bureau report called Chaturvedi a "diligent officer". Within four months of Chaturvedi's zero rating, Uttarakhand's BJP government rated him outstanding for the 2016-17 fiscal year. When Chaturvedi appealed his zero rating to the Uttarakhand High Court in June 2017, the court (led by Chief Justice K. M. Joseph) sent the case to a tribunal. The court's order was criticized by the legal fraternity, since it had previously heard service-related cases. The Nainital Central Administrative Tribunal rejected the Cabinet Secretary's request to remove his name from the case related to Chaturvedi's zero appraisal.

The Uttarakhand High Court called the central government's attitude towards Chaturvedi "vindictive" in August 2018, and imposed 25,000 in court costs. In February 2019, the Supreme Court of India upheld the Uttarakhand High Court's judgment and fined AIIMS 25,000.

Judgements and PMNRF donation

In June 2019, the High Court of Uttarakhand issued contempt notices for non-payment of judgements to the Union Health Secretary and AIIMS director. The central government paid Chaturvedi the following month, and in August, he donated it to the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund (PMNRF). In his letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Chaturvedi expressed surprise that public funds could be used for vindictive litigation and asked Modi to create a fund for other honest officers facing harassment and retaliation.

Judicial recusals

Since April 2019, five judges have recused themselves from Chaturvedi's cases. Supreme Court justices Ranjan Gogoi and U. U. Lalit recused themselves from the Haryana Forestry case, and a Shimla Court judge recused himself in April 2018 from a criminal defamation case filed against Chaturvedi by Himachal Pradesh Chief Secretary Vineet Chawdhary. Central Administrative Tribunal chair L. Narasimha Reddy recused himself from all of Chaturvedi's cases in a 29 March 2019 order, citing "unfortunate developments" and calling them "a rare case". Reddy had been cited for contempt by the High Court of Uttarakhand for disobeying their order on a petition filed by Chaturvedi, but his contempt proceeding was stayed by the Supreme Court in March 2019.

In January 2021, Chairman of Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), Justice L. Narsimha Reddy recused himself from the case filed by Sanjiv Chaturvedi, against the Central Government challenging lateral entry and 360 degree appraisal system introduced for officers at the level of Joint Secretary and above. In February 2021, in the same case, another judge of CAT, Delhi, Justice RN Singh recused himself on the ground that he had earlier appeared as a counsel representing Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) in a case filed by Chaturvedi.

In May 2021, a division bench of Uttarakhand High Court consisting of Chief Justice, recused himself from hearing case of Chaturvedi. The order didn't mention any reason at all.

In another development in March 2023, a division bench of Supreme Court, headed by Justice M.R. Shah, referred the matter of Chaturvedi to a larger bench regarding the issue of deciding the jurisdiction of high courts to hear appeal against orders of Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT). Judgement was reserved on 26 April in year 2022 and pronounced later on 3rd March 2023, after a lapse of ten months.

Prime Minister's intervention

The Wire cited RTI documents that Prime Minister Narendra Modi had discussed Chaturvedi's removal with Health Minister Harsh Vardhan on 23 August 2014. That day, Union Health Secretary Luv Verma wrote to the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister that the Prime Minister had phoned the union Health minister and a report to the Prime Minister would follow. Although the content of the conversation was unclear, Chaturvedi was then stripped of his responsibilities, received a zero appraisal and faced several lawsuits. After the phone call, the prime minister's office unsuccessfully sought comments or a report from the health ministry about Chaturvedi's allegations. In 2013, the prime minister's office had intervened to resolve his case concerning differences between the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) and the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT). In February 2019, Chaturvedi wrote to Prime Minister Modi asking him to disclose details of Modi's phone conversation with Harsh Vardhan.

Campaign against black money

In August 2017, Chaturvedi submitted a 16-point RTI application to the prime minister's office for information on funds brought into India by the Modi government and deposited into citizen accounts. During the 2014 parliamentary elections, the BJP promised to deposit 15 lakhs of foreign money into the account of every citizen. Chaturvedi also sought information on corruption complaints against Modi government ministers, a copy of the inquiry report and action taken on the complaints by the prime minister. Although the prime minister's office initially refused to provide the information, the Central Information Commission (CIC) ordered the prime minister's office to do so within 15 days on 16 October 2018. In its 12 November response, the prime minister's office said that providing details would be "cumbersome exercise" and "disproportionately divert the resources of the office" under Section 7 (9) of the RTI Act, 2005. The office also refused to provide information about money brought in from abroad, saying that its disclosure would affect a black-money investigation and citing Sections 8(1)(h) and 24 of the RTI Act. The denial by the PMO was questioned by Shiv Sena. and Chaturvedi called the fight against corruption a second freedom struggle, which has been studied in several publications.

In November 2018, Chaturvedi filed a non-compliance complaint against the prime minister's office with the Central Information Commission under Section 18 of the RTI Act. The complaint was heard in April and June 2019; in an 18 June order, the CIC ruled that the prime minister's office was incorrect in its justification. However, it agreed with the PMO that disclosure of the information would impede an ongoing investigation.

In July and September 2019, the Delhi High Court dismissed Chaturvedi's case. A Supreme Court division bench, hearing a special leave petition filed by Chaturvedi against the Delhi High Court rulings, issued a notice to the PMO in January 2020.

Defamation case against Chaturvedi

A defamation case was filed against Chaturvedi by Vineet Chawdhary in a Shimla court concerning Chaturvedi's August 2014 letter to the Himachal Pradesh Chief Secretary, which contained a list of pending departmental and CBI investigations of Chawdhary. Chawdhary was deputy director (administration) at AIIMS New Delhi from 2010 to 2012, and was the subject of a number of complaints about financial irregularities and abuse of power. After the lower court issued a summons, Chaturvedi approached the Shimla High Court to quash the proceedings on the grounds that providing information on pending cases was part of his duties as AIIMS CVO.

In an April 2018 order, the Shimla High Court refused to intervene; the judge hearing the case recused himself for personal reasons. Chaturvedi challenged the defamation case in the Supreme Court, which overturned the Himachal Pradesh High Court ruling the following month and asked it to re-hear the case.

Delhi Government invitation

In 2015, the Aam Aadmi Party planned to appoint Chaturvedi as chief of the Delhi anti-corruption bureau. On 17 and 28 February 2015, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal wrote to Cabinet Minister of Environment and Forests Prakash Javdekar asking for the deputation of Chaturvedi to Delhi as an officer on special duty. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) directed the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to consent to Chaturvedi's deputation to the Delhi government.

In October 2015, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare gave its consent. This was followed by the government of Uttarakhand, and a court directed the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) to make a decision by 1 May 2016. The Uttarakhand government withdrew its consent in January 2016, restoring it shortly afterwards. The court directed the ACC to make a timely decision. In July 2016, ACC rejected Chaturvedi's transfer because he had not completed the requisite cooling-off period between deputations. In a letter to the prime minister that month, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal said that a cooling-off period is not required for personal staff appointments and requested the deputation for the public good.

Career in Uttarakhand

In October 2012, Chaturvedi applied for a change of cadre from Haryana to Uttarakhand on the grounds of extreme hardship, including frequent transfers, a suspension and false cases. The state governments and the Ministry of Environment and Forests also recommended a cadre change in July 2014 to the Appointment Committee of Cabinet (ACC), headed by the prime minister. On 28 January 2015, the ACC ordered fresh NOCs from both state governments. The order was challenged by the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), which stayed and then quashed it in May 2015 and gave the ACC two months to approve the cadre change; on 13 August 2015, the cadre change was approved.

Uttarakhand forest conservator

After completing his four-year tenure at AIIMS New Delhi, Chaturvedi joined the Uttarakhand cadre on 29 August 2016 and was promoted to Conservator of Forest in November of that year. The state government was confused about his posting, and after three months he was ordered to a post as Officer on Special Duty (OSD) of the government of Uttarakhand to supervise state cases in the National Green Tribunal (NGT). The state government cancelled the Delhi posting within 24 hours at a press conference called by Chief Minister Harish Rawat, who said that Chaturvedi would receive a posting of his choice in Uttarakhand. After Chaturvedi requested assignment to the anti-corruption wing, he was appointed Conservator of Forest (Research) on 12 May 2016. The reversal was criticized by state political activists.

Research projects

Chaturvedi initiated projects on the impact of climate change on rhododendron bloom, changes in the tree line, and carbon sequestration of broad-leaved species. A research study to gather data on aspects of human-wildlife conflict, Uttarakhand's most significant problem, was also initiated. The patenting of two medicinal species was begun. Chaturvedi began a conservation program for fern species, and a project for the conservation and propagation of species in the state's alpine meadows. The state government planned to patent kasani after a Defence Research and Development Organization unit corroborated its medicinal properties with Chaturvedi's research wing. Chaturvedi initiated projects researching 17 tree species which yield dye, tannin and gum.  Steps were taken to conserve rare and threatened Himalayan plant species by requiring that at least 10 percent of such species be planted annually statewide.

A project was initiated to conserve wild mushrooms growing in the Devban region. In November 2018, the Uttarakhand government approved Chaturvedi's proposal to conserve Himalayan flora. Tulips were successfully grown in Haldwani.

A conservation project for grass species in the state was initiated, A Palmatum for conservation of various palm species was established in Haldwani. and efforts were made to conserve historically important tree species. A project was begun to conserve 127 orchid species in the Gori Valley, and a rare species of macaque was reported in the state's Pithoragarh region. A study was conducted on the impact of climate change on the Himalayan pika.

The Forest Department began a project to plant chinar trees, otherwise found in Kashmir, in Uttarakhand.
In October 2019, another project was initiated to conserve the state's wild fruits and spices. Two months later, a project was begun in Nainital district to establish India's first moss garden and showcase moss species. In March 2020, Jurassic Park was established in Haldwani for Jurassic vegetation, including ginkgo biloba, fern, cycads, mosses, conifers and horsetails. A Buddha Garden was established the following month in Haldwani, showcasing 13 tree species linked to Gautama Buddha (including the ashoka tree under which he was reportedly born, the peepal tree under which he attained enlightenment and the sal tree under which he died).  India's first Moss garden was finally inaugurated in November 2020. It is spread over an area of 10 ha and has more than thirty species of Moss and bryophytes.

Chaturvedi released a report in May of that year on 1,145 plant species (endemic and threatened) conserved by Uttarakhand's research wing, including trees, medicinal herbs, orchids, bamboo, ferns, grasses, shrubs, cactus, palm, Alpine flowers, moss, algae and lichens.

For the 2020 World Environment Day on 5 June, Chaturvedi inaugurated Uttarakhand's largest biodiversity park. The  park contains about 500 plant species, including trees, medicinal herbs, cactus, orchids, palm, bamboo and vines. Its approximately 45 different sections include Jurassic Park (showcasing Jurassic vegetation), a soil museum, a weather station, driftwood, pebble art and medicinal-plant extracts. That month, India's first Lichen Park was opened in Munsyari, Pithoragarh district. The  park contains about 80 species of lichen.
In July 2020, a Ramayana Garden was opened in Haldwani. The  garden contains forest types and plant species described in Valmiki's Ramayana. Connecting nature and literature, poems about nature by Robert Frost, Sumitranandan Pant, Mirza Ghalib, Gulzar, Tagore and Ruskin Bond are displayed in the state's biodiversity conservation centers.

In December 2020, India's first pollinator park was inaugurated in Haldwani. Spread over an area of 4 acres (1.62 ha), it has 40 different pollinator species.

In January 2021, an arboretum consisting of around 200 species of trees and shrubs, representing biodiversity of Shiwali Hills, which is basically Outer Himalayas was inaugurated. In February 2021, First Forest Healing Centre of India was inaugurated at Ranikhet. Inspired from Japanese system of forest bathing and ancient Indian traditions, it intends to promote activities of tree hugging, forest walking, forest meditation and sky gazing, to augment healing process.

On the eve of World Environment Day in 2021, a comprehensive report of Flora conserved by Research Wing was released. Report contained details of 1576 plant species out of which 73 were threatened and 53 were endemic. It was stated that this report is being released to counter concept of plant blindness.

In June 2021, a unique garden called Bharat Vatika was unveiled, prepared by Research Wing under Sanjiv Chaturvedi and inaugurated by schoolgirls. It contained all the State trees of 28 States and 5 Union Territories of India, brought together at one place for the first time anywhere in country. As per 'Times of India' report, it took massive efforts to collect plants from far away States, from roads, railways and by air.

In July 2021, first Cryptogamic garden of India, was inaugurated, in Dehradun District of Uttarakhand, at an altitude of 9000 ft. Developed by Research Wing, it displays more than 70 species of Cryptogams.

In July 2021, first orchid conservation Centre of North India was got inaugurated in Mandal. spread over an area of 3 acres, It has 70 different orchid species.

In August, research wing reported a new subspecies of Orchid-Celephenthra erecta, which was a new addition to list of Indian flora.

In August 2021, highest altitude herbal garden of India, developed by research wing under Chaturvedi, at an altitude of 11000 ft was got inaugurated. Spread over an area of 3 acres, it has 40 different species, divided into four sections. It is located at Mana, near Indo-China border.

In September, biggest open-air fernery of India, was inaugurated at Ranikhet, displaying around 120 different fern species.

In September, the biggest Palm Garden of North India, displaying around 90 different palm species, was inaugurated in Haldwani.

In October, biggest aromatic garden of India, displaying 140 different aromatic species, was inaugurated at Lalkuan. Developed on area of 3 acres, it has 8 different sections and a Tulsi Vatika.

In November, first grass conservatory of India, was got inaugurated in Ranikhet. Spread over an area of 3 acres, it has around 90 different grass species.
In December 2021, first biodiversity gallery of Uttarakhand was inaugurated at Haldwani. Its main feature was 101 icons of flora and fauna to display unexplored aspects of Uttarakhand Biodiversity apart from 8 other sections.

In September 2021, a team of research wing of Uttarakhand Forest department discovered a rare carnivorous plant -Utricularia Furcellata ,in Mandal valley, which was first reporting of this plant in western Himalya. The discovery was published in June 2022 issue of prestigious Journal of Japanese Botany.

In August 2022, research wing opened first of its kind Himalayan spice garden in Ranikhet. This garden spread over an area of 4 acres, exclusively showcases more than 30 species of Himalayan region.

Champawat forest scam

In September 2017, Chaturvedi was ordered by the Uttarakhand government to investigate irregularities in the Champawat Forest Division. He discovered the illegal cutting of pine trees, and a resin scam in which money earmarked for resin collection was diverted. After Chaturvedi's investigation, the state government planned to charge divisional forest officer A. K. Gupta. In February 2020, Gupta was suspended.

Arbitrator

In January 2018, the Chandigarh Housing Board appointed Chaturvedi arbitrator of a construction dispute. In March 2019, he donated his fee to a welfare fund for families of CRPF personnel killed in the Pulwama attack the previous month.

Corbett Tiger Reserve director

Chaturvedi was director of the Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve in May and June 2019. During his tenure, he conducted a study indicating that tigers killed about 13 elephants monthly for a five-year period; nine tigers and five leopards were also killed. An order was issued banning VIP treatment and safaris for executive and judiciary officials. A crackdown was launched on fake websites using the reserve's name, and closure notices were issued to about fifteen websites for legal violations. An order was passed to facilitate booking for ordinary tourists. A new zone was proposed for tourists, including portions of the Ram Ganga river in the reserve. A proposal was made for the use of tourism revenue from tiger reserve for local people (as ordered in guidelines issued by National Tiger Conservation Authority) and shared access for nearby hotels and resorts. A fossil museum was proposed after the discovery of a two-million-year-old elephant fossil in the reserve. In November 2021,Sanjiv Chaturvedi was appointed as Enquiry officer to enquire into charges of large scale violations of forest and wildlife laws and charges of illicit felling  into construction works in Corbett Tiger Reserve. However, he withdrew himself from Enquiry subsequently citing 'contradictory statements of senior state government functionaries over his appointment and asked that in future he may be appointed to enquire into any corruption case only if State Government and Department have real intentions to actually punish the real culprits.

Issues with election commissioner

In December 2019, election commissioner Ashok Lavasa wrote an op-ed article in an English-language newspaper on the difficulty of being honest. In response to the article, Chaturvedi wrote a lengthy rebuttal citing Lavasa's handling of his deputation to the Delhi government. Citing court orders passed against the handling of his case by Lavasa, Chaturvedi called his article a "complete travesty". In a February 2020 story, the Huffington Post cited Lavasa's handling of Chaturvedi's case in attempts by the central government to prevent his transfer to the Delhi government.

In Person Appearances
In September 2021 a division bench of Uttarakhand High Court led by Chief Justice, in a detailed order, allowed Sanjiv Chaturvedi to argue his case in person. In the order, High Court appreciated his ‘legal knowledge’, ‘critical analysis of law’, and ‘erudite arguments’ and said that court has reached to the conclusion that both on facts as well as law points, he is in a position to argue his own case in person.

Later on, in October 2021, Sanjiv Chaturvedi won main case, arguing against Central Government regarding issue concerned to his service matter.

Awards and recognition

 Manjunath Shanmugam Integrity Award (2009), for his work in Haryana
 S. R. Jindal Prize (2011) for his "crusade against corruption"
 Ramon Magsaysay Award for leadership (2015): for "his exemplary integrity, courage and tenacity in uncompromisingly exposing and painstakingly investigating corruption in public office, and his resolute crafting of program and system improvements to ensure that government honorably serves the people of India."

Chaturvedi donated his Magsaysay Award to the AIIMS for treatment of poor patients. AIIMS returned his check in November 2015, and he wrote another check to the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund (PMNRF) with a letter to Prime Minister Narendra Modi accusing J. P. Nadda of bias against him. The Prime Minister's Office initially rejected the donation, saying that it could not accept donations with conditions, but accepted it after Chaturvedi clarified that he had not imposed any conditions.

Chaturvedi has been invited by the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy in Hyderabad, Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administrative in Mussoorie, and Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy in Dehradun to lecture senior officers and probationers on anti-corruption strategies.

See also
 Vijay Shankar Pandey, whistle blower IAS
 Anil Swarup, IAS
 Ashok Khemka, whistle blower IAS from Haryana cadre

References

1974 births
Living people
Indian civil servants
Indian government officials
Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Prayagraj alumni
University of Allahabad alumni
Uttarakhand cadre civil servants


title: Liu Fei, Prince of Jiangdu

text:
Liu Fei (; 169–128 BCE), posthumously known as King Yi of Jiangdu (), was the King/Prince of Jiangdu (reigned 153–128 BCE), an autonomous kingdom within the Han Empire of Chinese history, in modern-day Jiangsu province. He was a son of Emperor Jing and a half-brother of Emperor Wu. Originally King of Runan, he was awarded the Kingdom of Jiangdu for his role in suppressing the Rebellion of the Seven States. Dong Zhongshu, the prominent Confucian scholar, served as his Prime Minister.

Liu Fei's mausoleum has been excavated by archaeologists from the Nanjing Museum, who unearthed numerous artifacts, including 100,000 coins, dozens of chariots, and the only jade coffin to have survived intact in Chinese archaeology.

Biography
Liu Fei was one of the fourteen sons of Emperor Jing of Han (reigned 157–141 BCE). With the exception of crown prince Liu Che, who later ascended the throne as Emperor Wu, Emperor Jing created all his other sons kings with their own fiefdoms. Liu Fei was made the King of Runan, with its capital at Shangcai, in modern-day Henan province. His mother was Consort Cheng, a concubine of Emperor Jing, who also gave birth to Liu Yu, Prince of Lu, and Liu Duan, King of Jiaoxi.

In 154 BCE, rulers of seven kingdoms, led by Liu Pi, the King of Wu, rebelled against the Han dynasty. Liu Fei, then a strong 15-year-old, volunteered to join the fight against the rebels. Emperor Jing awarded him the seal of the general, and let him lead an army to attack Wu, the main rebel kingdom. The rebellion was suppressed after a few months. The following year, Emperor Jing created the kingdom of Jiangdu in part of the former territory of Wu and made Liu Fei its king. Wu's capital Guangling (present-day Yangzhou, Jiangsu) became the capital of Jiangdu. In addition, he was awarded the banners of the Son of Heaven for his contribution in the suppression of the rebellion.

In 129 BCE, during the reign of Emperor Wu, the Xiongnu nomadic empire attacked the Han. Liu Fei volunteered to join the counterattack against Xiongnu, but his request was denied by the emperor.

According to the Han historian Sima Qian, Liu Fei built many palaces and towers, and his life "was marked by extreme arrogance and luxury". He valued physical prowess, and invited strong men to his court from everywhere. He also employed the influential Confucian scholar Dong Zhongshu as his Prime Minister.

Death and aftermath
Liu Fei died in 128 BCE, after 26 years of reign as King of Jiangdu. He was given the posthumous title King "Yi" (易), meaning "willing to change". His son, crown prince Liu Jian, succeeded him as king. Liu Jian was said to lead a debauched life, once having an orgy with ten women above his father's tomb. He also took Lady Nao, his father's favoured concubine famed for her beauty, as his own consort.

In 121 BCE, Liu Jian was involved in the plot of rebellion by Liu An, King of Huainan, and Liu Ci, King of Hengshan. After the plot was discovered, all three committed suicide, and their kingdoms were abolished. Jiangdu came under direct imperial rule and was reorganized as Guangling Commandery.

Mausoleum
Liu Fei's mausoleum has been located in present-day Xuyi County, Jiangsu province. Because it was threatened by quarrying, archaeologists from the Nanjing Museum performed a "rescue excavation" of the site from 2009 to 2011, and published the excavation report in 2014. The complex includes three major tombs, eleven subsidiary tombs, two horse-and-chariot pits, and two pits for weapons. It is surrounded by an enclosure wall, which was originally  long on each side.

Although the site has been looted in ancient times, archaeologists still unearthed more than ten thousand artifacts: gold, bronze vessels, weapons, a zither with jade pegs, lamps of various shapes, a silver basin inscribed with the name of the Kingdom of Jiangdu, and a kitchen with food. Other findings include a treasury holding more than 100,000 banliang coins, and dozens of model chariots and several life-sized ones.

Liu Fei's coffins were damaged and his body was missing, but fragments of his jade burial suit were found. The most important find was from an adjacent tomb, labeled M2, which contained the only jade coffin known to have survived intact in China.

One of the eleven attendant tombs contained items inscribed with the surname Nao (淖). Its occupant was probably related to Liu Fei's consort Lady Nao.

References

169 BC births
128 BC deaths
2nd-century BC Chinese people
Han dynasty imperial princes


title: The Sentry (Fabritius)

text:
The Sentry is an oil-on-canvas painting by Dutch artist Carel Fabritius, created in 1654. Its dimensions are 68 by 58 cm (27 by 23 in). The work is in the collection of the Staatliches Museum in Schwerin. It represents a resting sentry and a dog.

The painting was cleaned in 2004. During this treatment, old overpainting dating to the eighteenth century or earlier was removed, revealing a second soldier whose legs are visible below the arch at left. In 2005, the art historian Bart Cornelis wrote: "Although the painting looks brilliant after treatment, one cannot help feeling that part of its charm has gone, now that the splendid isolation of the soldier has been lost by the sudden appearance of another soldier .... Whoever overpainted this detail at such an early stage in the picture's history seemed to have understood that he could actually strengthen the composition."

Art historian Laura Cumming writes, "The Sentry is the most enigmatic of Fabritius's scant few works.... This is a public painting of inward emotion; a civic guard with a private mind.... He might be a deserter, outsider or anti-hero. Fabritius withholds his story, almost to the point of abstraction".

References

External links

1654 paintings
Paintings by Carel Fabritius
Dogs in art


title: Tado°

text:
tado° GmbH is a German technology company headquartered in Munich (Germany) and a manufacturer of home thermostats and air conditioning controls.

History
tado° was founded in Munich by Christian Deilmann, Johannes Schwarz and Valentin Sawadski in September 2011.
The company name is derived from the Japanese salutation "tadaima" ("I'm back home") and "okaeri" ("Welcome back") since geofencing was the first key feature of the tado° system in 2011.
The company's first product, tado° Heating, was launched in November 2012 in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, and in 2013 in the United Kingdom.

In July 2014, tado° closed a €10 million ($13.6m) funding round from, among others, Target Partners and Shortcut Ventures.

The company's second product, tado° Smart AC Control, for intelligent cooling, was launched in Europe and the USA in June 2015. The launch event took place in New York City.

Products

Besides reducing energy consumption and increasing savings, the thermostat considers the residents' overall comfort. tado° detects the absence or presence of residents via their smartphones, and then adjusts the heating automatically. Weather forecasts and the heating properties of a home such as insulation are taken into account.

One challenge for tado° is the heterogeneous heating landscape in Europe and the integration and support of their control interfaces. By 2014, over 5,000 different heating systems can be controlled by tado° Heating.

In June 2015, tado° launched its second product, the Smart AC Control. It is not a thermostat. It turns any air conditioning unit into a smarter device. tado° Smart AC Control uses a smartphone's location to be able to determine whether the resident is at home and automatically turns the AC on or off. The air conditioner can also be manually operated via the Smart AC Control using the tado° app.

In August 2017, tado° announced the integration of Google Assistant, allowing customers who both own a tado° system and a Google Assistant device to control their Tado system via voice commands. For example, available voice commands are "What's the humidity in the bedroom?" or "Lower the bedroom temperature by 2°C".

References

Manufacturing companies based in Munich
Home automation
German brands


title: Stanislaw Trabalski

text:
Stanislaw Bronislaw Boleslaw Trabalski (born 25 October 1896 in Leipzig, died 12 November 1985) was a German politician (SPD, USPD, SED).

Life

His parents, Franciszek Trabalski and Maria Trąbalski, born Mackowiack, had immigrated from Poland in 1888. His father was active already active in Poland as a socialist. In 1901 he moved with his parents returned to Poland Katowice. From 1902 Stanislav visited the middle and high school. Even at that young age he realized how detrimental can be a household name because he was labeled due to the political activities of his father as a "stranger, and Red." His teachers, the Catholic priest and former sergeant, he held bad memories. Since his father since 28 December 1902 the newspaper "Gazzetta Robotnica" had brought out, and Stanislaw, like all other family members also help in producing the newspaper. As early as age nine, he was sometimes used to quite delicate tasks. So he did, for example, a call to the crouching soldiers not to participate in the battles of the Revolution, smuggled into the barracks. The growing to-do Cossacks did not suspect that a child would be used for such tasks. In 1912 the family returned to Leipzig. Since his parents not afford the school fees for another visit to the school where he was forced to look for an apprenticeship. The dues to be paid monthly by Stanislaw 300 marks had to be on the weekends through temporary jobs earn as a projectionist in some movie theaters in Leipzig. On 15 December 1915 he received the draft for military service. He had a short basic training in the 7th Telegraph Battalion in Dresden, to the Western Front. Here he was commanded to a technical unit. Amid hail of grenade he had to telephone lines that were shot repeatedly repaired. When he was witness to an inhuman endurance command, he was able to thwart its implementation by means of capping a telephone line. On 6 June 1916 in the "Hell of Verdun," he was wounded by a grenade in the leg. A planned amputation, he was able to withdraw and came to a Kriegslazaret to Weimar. On 30 June 1917 he was discharged as unfit for service. Then he worked as an auditor for counter Thuringia. When he interfered with officers staff the food profiteering, he was released. Finally he found a job at Carl Zeiss in Jena. In 1919, after a brief stay in Leipzig, the revolutionary turned Trabalski Center, Berlin. There, he volunteered on behalf of his Leipzig colleagues at the former People's Representatives Emil Barth where he could live for some time. The demilitarization Ordinance from the government forced him back to Leipzig, where he was obliged to resume the labour  in which he was engaged on the day war broke out. In 1921 he married Margaret Lipinski, the daughter of Richard Lipinski. 1923, his son Charles Trabalski was born, who was later to become member of the parliament for the SPD in North Rhine-Westphalia. Trabalski was the father of seven children. Stanislav's grave is located on the southern cemetery Leipzig.

Political career
Trabalski 1909 was a member of the youth workers in Katowice, 1912, the entry made in the SPD. 1914 to 1916 he completed his military service and was wounded. In 1916 Trabalski became a member of the Spartacus League, in 1917, he joined the USPD, 1922 back to the SPD. In 1918 he became a member of the Workers' and Soldiers in Weimar and Leipzig in 1919.

In his politically active period between the world wars was Trabalski also volunteer workers in the Education Institute, such as 1928-1933 Secretary of the consumer co-Plagwitz Leipzig and 1932/1933 Member of the Iron front in the fight against the Nazis. In the period from 1933 to 1945 he was arrested seven times. During the months of October and November 1939 he was arrested together with Erich Schilling and Heinrich Fleißner. There were procedures for high-treason, but were adjusted. Among other things, he spent 6 weeks in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp inhaftiert. Trabalski it was mainly due to Fleissner, according to their joint custody, contacts with social-democratic-minded friends like Carlo Mierendorff and Julius Leber produce liver in Berlin. In early 1944, and said Trabalski and Fleißner the former mayor of Leipzig, Carl Friedrich Goerdeler, assist him in removing the NAZI Regimges. They demanded beside the military coup and the elimination of Nazi dictatorship, a "co-determination rights of the workers in all state and economic functions." After the failed attempt to assassinate Hitler on 20 July 1944 Trabalski, Fleißner, Erich Zeigner and other Leipzig Solzialdemokraten were deported again in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.

Post-war period
On 3 July 1945, Trabalski chosen as co-founder of the SPD in Saxony, as chairman of the SPD district board of Saxony, in 1946 he was a member of the SED District Board West Saxons, although he felt massive resentment against the forced merger of the SPD and the KPD into the SED. His fiercest opponent was Otto Buchwitz, who called him "Krawalski". Together with Rudolf Eckert Frederick Rudolph and Felix Kaden he defended himself against Bolshevism. In an interview with Paul Lobe, in autumn 1945, he shared this with, however, that for fear of arrest by the Soviets of 20,000 Social Democrats, the Social Democratic leadership not able see the unification process to counter resistance. Even as the Nazis was also Stanislaw Trabalski the Stalinist SED critics as a nuisance. Therefore, it granted in 1948 and placed it in front of his house "because of threat to world peace" court. He was still first parity Chairman of the SED district leadership. Until 1948 he was a member of the SED state secretariat and was responsible for the party establishments. In October 1948, was arrested for Trabalski and a half years on 1 November 1950 in the border re-arrested. Until 1954 followed the conviction: Due to the offense of "war and boycott agitation", he received six and a half years in prison but was pardoned in 1956 by an initiative of the British Labour Party. Then he no longer engaged in political offices. He became a member of the Bibliographical Institute in Leipzig, but was further observed and repeatedly arrested. Operate as well as to last from 1960 to 1961 for alleged "social democracy".<ref>Martin Broszat und Hermann Weber :SBZ Handbuch</ref> A total of eight years, he sat for his political convictions in the Bautzen prison, Waldheim, Sachsenhausen and Bützow.

 Legal processing
The sentence of 29 April 1954, in which he was sentenced to sechseinhal years in prison, is at the request of his son Charles Trabalski by the 30th District Court of Rostock September 1996, was repealed as unconstitutional the state law

 Rehabilitation
The newly established, emerged from the SED to PDS - Today "The Left", decided at a meeting on 20-21. January 1990, among other things, people who the bloody terror of Stalin in the Soviet Union have fallen victim to rehabilitate. The Arbitration Commission of the PDS has rehabilitated 48 people politically, who suffered under Stalinist persecution and imprisonment, or been murdered. "In the interest of the renewal of the party and on the basis of the then applicable statute lift all sanctions in the past expressed party." Furthermore, subjects who received the late 40s and early 50s of the 20th Century excluded because of their past affiliation with the SPD under the stigma of "social democracy" as a so-called Schumacher agents from the SED and arrested, or in connection with the fictional spy, Noel Field, and the Stalinist show trials in Hungary against László Rajk and others in Bulgaria Traicho Kostov and against others and against Rudolf Slánský in Czechoslovakia, and others were also persecuted by the SED as alleged agents of imperialism or imprisoned. These include, among others rehabilitated a total of 28: Leo Bauer, Alfred Drögemüller, Max Emendörfer, and Willi Kreikemeyer

 Quotations
On 20 November 1952, when Stanislaw was imprisoned in Berlin Hohenschönhausen, the so-called U-boat prison, he wrote in a letter:

'''[...] I was bullied difficult [...]. To my family, I could not write since my arrest. Have said that I had fled to the West. [...] It was more cruel than the Nazis. "
Here are the most difficult time of my stay began with the goal to get me to die. Cells in the basement with no windows hot to 45 degrees with built-noise apparatus of cells with double bunks about 1.20 m long and cold air intake [...] no sleep or nod of the day; cell checks every three minutes. By the end of June 1953 all medical treatment was withheld. "Newly elected as district chairman of the SPD on 26 August 1945 in his opening speech, quoted from <ref>Harold Hurwitz:

The political culture of the population and the new beginning of conservative politics

, Volume 4, Part 1

</ref>However regrettable it is that we were not able to take power themselves, but I must still find that Nazism would have been even without the arrival of the Allies in Germany can not last long. "''
From an interview with Beatrix Bouvier Wrede of 22 November 1973

"Although I was against the principle of association, were my motives for the continued partisan cooperation as follows: I was standing in front of the other problem on a regional party, the party dissolved.
Heinrich Fleissner warned against this risk was unt it really helps that the district board agreed to the merger date. Fleissner said that a party resolution was not to answer, because otherwise detained thousands of officials. The former camp had a very high mortality rate, so that was also uncertain whether the Funtionäre would ever come out alive again. [...].

Literature
 Michael Rudloff: Trabalski Stanislaw (1896–1985): a biography between the political systems, in: "There are such pests is also available in Leipzig," London [ua], 1997, . pp. 13–68.
 Beatrix Wrede-Bouvier: Off! Socialists in the Soviet Occupation Zone and the GDR 1945-1953, Bonn 1996, .
 Beatrix Wrede-Bouvier, Horst-Peter Schulz: "...but, the SPD has ceased to exist", 1991; , S. 203-226.
 Andreas Malycha: On the way to the SED, 1996;
 Mike Schmeitzner, Michael Rudloff: History of social democracy in the Saxon parliament, in contributions to the history of the labor movement, trafo verlag Dr. Wolfgang Weist, Berlin 40. Jahrgang 1998; ISSN 0942-3060

References
 car Günther Lehner: Soviet Military Tribunals: The condemnation of German civilians 1945-1955, Böhlau Verlag Cologne Weimar, 2003, p. 327f.
 Mike Schmeitzner, Michael Rudloff: History of Social Democracy in the Saxon parliament, in contributions to the history of the labor movement, publishing transformer Dr. Wolfgang Weist, Berlin 40th Born in 1998, ISSN 0942-3060, p. 135
 Martin Broszat and Hermann Weber: Handbook SBZ
 District Court of Rostock, in order to rehabilitate the Lord's Stanislav Trabalski of 30 September 1996 - PRO II 174 / 96 - 385 RHS 52/96 - Prosecutor Rostock
 Quoted from: Mike Schmeitzner / Michael Rudloff: History of Social Democracy in the Saxon parliament. In: Contributions to the history of the labor movement, transformer verlag, Berlin 40th Born in 1998 ISSN 0942-3060, page 56
 Quoted from: Harold Hurwitz: The political culture of the population and the new beginning of conservative policy, Volume 4, Part 1

Notes

External links
 Stanislaw Trabalski Stanislaw Trabalski in the Archives of Social Democracy
 DER SPIEGEL vom 05.03.1949 Do you think the enemy class?
 Interview mit Manuel Reichardt, Enkel von Otto Buchwitz, vom 8. Mai 2009
 Bundesunmittelbare Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts
 Fumigate the nests of the shoemaker agents from. Leipziger Volkszeitung vom 15.November 1950
 Contributions to the history of the labor movement PDF - Datei

German politicians
1896 births
1985 deaths
Politicians from Leipzig
German Army personnel of World War I
German people of Polish descent


title: 2005 Asian Archery Championships

text:
The 2005 Asian Archery Championships was the 14th edition of the event. It was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in New Delhi, India from 4 to 10 November 2005 and was organized by Asian Archery Federation.

Medal summary

Recurve

Compound

Medal table

References

External links
 Results

Asian Championship
A
A
Asian Archery Championships


title: Zolotitsa

text:
The Zolotitsa () is a river in Primorsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia. It flows into the White Sea at the Winter Coast. The length of the river is , and the area of its drainage basin is .

References

Rivers of Arkhangelsk Oblast
Drainage basins of the White Sea