title: History of Lamborghini

text:
Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury automobiles. Lamborghini's production facility and headquarters are located in Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy. Italian manufacturing magnate Ferruccio Lamborghini founded the company in 1963 with the objective of producing a refined grand touring car to compete with offerings from established marques such as Ferrari. The company's first models were introduced in the mid-1960s and were noted for their refinement, power and comfort. Lamborghini gained wide acclaim in 1966 for the Miura sports coupé, which established rear mid-engine, rear wheel drive as the standard layout for high-performance cars of the era.

Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade, but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis. Ferruccio Lamborghini sold ownership of the company to Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer and retired in 1974. The company went bankrupt in 1978, and was placed in the receivership of brothers Jean-Claude and Patrick Mimran in 1980, who purchased the company for US$3 million, renaming it Nuova Automobili Lamborghini SpA. As CEO and President, Patrick Mimran invested heavily in the company's expansion, and was later credited as being the man who saved Lamborghini. Under his management, Lamborghini's model line was expanded from the Countach to include the Jalpa entry-level sports car and the LM002 high performance off-road vehicle.

Patrick Mimran sold Lamborghini to the Chrysler Corporation in 1987 for US$25 million. After replacing the Countach with the Diablo and discontinuing the Jalpa and the LM002, Chrysler sold Lamborghini to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group's Audi division. New products and model lines were introduced to the brand's portfolio and this increased productivity for the brand.

1963–1972 – Ferruccio Lamborghini

Early 1950s – Start-up and 350GT

Prior to founding his company, Lamborghini had commissioned the engineering firm Società Autostar to design a V12 engine for use in his new cars. Lamborghini wanted the engine to have a similar displacement to Ferrari's 3-litre V12; however, he wanted the engine to be designed purely for road use, in contrast to the modified racing engines used by Ferrari in its road cars. Autostar was led by Giotto Bizzarrini, a member of the "Gang of Five" of Ferrari engineers, who had been responsible for creating the famous Ferrari 250 GTO, but left the company in 1961 after founder Enzo Ferrari announced his intention to reorganise the engineering staff. The engine Bizzarrini designed, known today as the Lamborghini V12, had a displacement of 3.5 litres, a 9.5:1 compression ratio, and a maximum output of  at 9,800 rpm. Lamborghini was displeased with the engine's high revolutions and dry-sump lubrication system, both characteristic of the racing engines he specifically did not wish to use; when Bizzarrini refused to change the engine's design to make it more "well-mannered", Lamborghini refused to pay the agreed-upon fee of 4.5 million Italian lire (plus a bonus for every unit of brake horsepower the engine could produce over the equivalent Ferrari engine). Lamborghini did not fully compensate the designer until ordered to do so by the courts, a terrific irony considering variants of Bizzarrini's V12 design were used by Lamborghini automobiles for nearly half a century, from 1963 to 2010.

The first Lamborghini chassis design was penned by Italian Giampaolo Dallara of Ferrari and Maserati fame, together with a team that included Paolo Stanzani, then a recent college graduate and Bob Wallace, a New Zealander who was known at Maserati for his keen sense of chassis handling and excellent feedback and developmental skills. The body was styled by the then-relatively unknown designer Franco Scaglione, who was selected by Ferruccio Lamborghini after passing over highly regarded names including Vignale, Ghia, Bertone, and Pininfarina.

Lamborghini designed and built the 350GTV in only four months, in time for an October unveiling at the 1963 Turin Motor Show. Due to the ongoing disagreement with engine designer Giotto Bizzarrini, a working powerplant was not available for the prototype car in time for the show. The car went on display in Turin without an engine under its hood; according to lore, Ferruccio Lamborghini had the engine bay filled with bricks so that the car would sit at an appropriate height above the ground, and made sure that the bonnet stayed closed to hide the missing engine. The motoring press gave the 350GTV a warm response.

Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A. was officially incorporated on 30 October 1963. Ferruccio Lamborghini purchased a  property at Via Modena, 12, in the township of Sant'Agata Bolognese, less than  from Cento. This location was close to the centre of Italy's automobile industry and provided easy access to skilled labour and facilities. The township was chosen as the location for the factory due to a favorable financial agreement with the city's communist leadership, who promised Lamborghini a 19% interest rate on the company's profits when deposited in the bank, in addition to charging zero tax on the profits. As part of the agreement, the factory would be required to unionise its workers.

Despite the favorable press reviews of the 350GTV, Ferruccio Lamborghini decided to rework the car for production as the design did not receive a much greater response from the general public. The production model, which would be called the 350GT, was restyled by Carrozzeria Touring of Milan, and a new chassis was constructed in-house. Bizzarrini's V12 engine would be detuned for mass production, rated at  rather than the designer's intended . The completed design debuted at the 1964 Geneva Motor Show, once again garnering positive reviews from the press. Production began shortly afterwards, and by the end of the year, cars had been built for 13 customers; Lamborghini sold each car at a loss in order to keep prices competitive with Ferrari's. The 350GT remained in production for a further two years, with a total of 120 cars sold.

1965–1966 – 400GT and Miura

In 1965, Giampaolo Dallara made improvements to the Bizzarrini V12, increasing its displacement to 3.9 litres, and its power output to  at 6,500 rpm. The engine was first installed in the 400GT, essentially a 350GT with a larger engine. At the 1966 Geneva Auto Show, Lamborghini introduced the 400GT (2+2), a stretched revision of the 350GT/400GT that had 2+2 seating and other minor updates. The 400GT 2+2, like its predecessors, was well received by the motoring press. The revenue from sales of the 2+2 allowed Lamborghini to increase the labour force at his factory to 170 employees, and expand services offered to customers.

During 1965, Dallara, Stanzani, and Wallace invested their personal time into the development of a prototype car that they envisioned as a road car with racing pedigree, capable of winning on the track as well as being driven on the road by enthusiasts. They hoped to sway Ferruccio Lamborghini away from the opinion that such a car would be too expensive and distract from the company's focus. When finally brought aboard, Lamborghini allowed his engineers to go ahead, deciding that the car, known internally as the P400, would be useful as a potential marketing tool, if nothing more.

The car's rolling chassis, featuring an unusual transversely mounted mid-engine layout, was displayed at the Turin Salon in 1965, impressing showgoers. A version with bodywork styled by Bertone designer Marcello Gandini was finished only days before its debut at the 1966 Geneva motor show. As had happened three years earlier at the debut of the 350GTV, an ill-fitting engine meant the prototype's engine bay was filled with ballast, and the engine compartment was kept locked. The favorable reaction to the P400 at Geneva led Lamborghini to slate the car for production by 1967, under the name Miura. The Miura's layout and styling would become the standard for mid-engine two-seat high-performance sports cars, a trend that continues today.

Lamborghini now had an offering that positioned the fledgling automaker as a leader in the world of sports cars, while the 400GT was the sophisticated road car that Ferruccio Lamborghini had long desired to build. By end of 1966, the workforce at the Sant'Agata factory had expanded to 300, and enough deposits were made by prospective buyers to begin the final development of the Miura in 1967. The first four cars produced were kept at the factory, where Bob Wallace continued to improve and refine the car. By December, 108 cars had been delivered.

1967–1968 – Islero replaces 400GT, Stanzani replaces Dallara

Production of the 400GT continued, with Ferruccio Lamborghini seeking to replace the four-year-old design. Lamborghini commissioned Touring, which had styled the 350GT and the 400GT, to design a possible replacement based on the same chassis. Touring's 400 GT Flying Star II did not win Lamborghini's approval. Giorgio Neri and Luciano Bonacini, of Neri and Bonacini coachbuilders in Modena, produced their own design, the 400GT Monza, which was rejected as well. Facing mounting financial difficulties, Touring would close its doors later that year.

Ferruccio Lamborghini turned to Bertone designer Mario Marazzi, who had formerly worked at Touring. Together with Lamborghini's engineers, he developed a four-seater concept named the Marzal. The car rode on a stretched version of the P400 chassis and was powered by an in-line six-cylinder engine that was made from one-half of Lamborghini's V12 design. Despite an innovative design that featured gullwing doors and enormous glass windows, Lamborghini rejected the design. Eventually, a toned-down version became the Islero 400GT. While the car was not the full four-seater that he desired, Ferruccio Lamborghini thought the car represented a well-developed gran turismo product. It failed to attract buyers, with only 125 cars produced between 1968 and 1969.

New versions of the Miura arrived in 1968; the Miura P400 S (more commonly known as the Miura S) had a stiffened chassis and more power, with the V12 engine now developing  at 7,000 rpm. At the 1968 Brussels auto show, the automaker unveiled the Miura P400 Roadster (more commonly called the Miura Spider), an open-top version of the coupé. Gandini, by now effectively the head of design at Bertone, had paid great attention to the details, particularly the problems of wind buffeting and noise insulation inherent to a roadster. For all of Gandini's hard work, sales manager Ubaldo Sgarzi was forced to turn potential buyers away, as Lamborghini and Bertone were unable to reach a consensus on the size of a theoretical roadster production run. The one-off Miura Spider was sold off to an American metal alloy supplier, who wanted to use it as a marketing device. 1968 was a positive time for all of Ferruccio's businesses, and Automobili delivered 353 cars over the course of the year.

In August 1968, Giampaolo Dallara, frustrated with Ferruccio Lamborghini's refusal to participate in motorsport, was recruited away from Sant'Agata to head the Formula One programme at rival automaker De Tomaso in Modena. With profits on the rise, a racing programme would have been a possibility, but Lamborghini remained against even the construction of prototypes, stating his mission as: "I wish to build GT cars without defects – quite normal, conventional but perfect – not a technical bomb." With cars like the 400GT and the Islero, his aim to establish himself and his cars as equal or superior to the works of Enzo Ferrari had been satisfied. Dallara's assistant, Paolo Stanzani, replaced him as technical director.

1969 – Espada and union trouble

Bertone was able to persuade Lamborghini to allow them to design a brand-new four-seater. The shape was penned by Marcello Gandini, and a bodyshell was delivered to Ferruccio for inspection. The businessman was less than pleased with the enormous gullwing doors that Gandini had included, and insisted that the car should have conventional doors instead. The car that resulted from the collaboration was debuted at the 1969 Geneva show with the name Espada, powered by a 3.9-litre, front-mounted evolution of the factory's V12, generating a power output of . The Espada was a success, with a total production run of 1,217 cars over ten years of production.

In 1969, Automobili Lamborghini encountered problems with its fully unionised work force, among which the machinists and fabricators had begun to take one-hour token stoppages as part of a national campaign due to strained relations between the metal workers' union and the Italian industry. Ferruccio Lamborghini, who often rolled up his sleeves and joined in the work on the factory floor, was able to motivate his staff to continue working towards their common goal despite the disruptions.

Throughout that year, Lamborghini's product range, then consisting of the Islero, the Espada, and the Miura S, received upgrades across the board, with the Miura receiving a power boost, the Islero being upgraded to the "S" trim, and the Espada gaining comfort and performance upgrades, which allowed it to reach speeds of up to . The Islero was slated to be replaced by a shortened yet higher-performing version of the Espada, the Jarama 400GT. The 3.9-litre V12 was retained, its compression ratio increasing to 10.5:1.

1970–1971 – Jarama, Urraco, prototype Countach, and financial woes

By the time the Jarama was unveiled at the 1970 Geneva Motor Show, Paolo Stanzani was at work on a new clean-sheet design, which would use no parts from previous Lamborghini cars. Changes in tax laws and a desire to make full use of the factory's manufacturing capacity meant that the Italian automaker would follow the direction taken by Ferrari, with its Dino 246 and Porsche, with its 911, and produce a smaller, V8-powered 2+2 car, the Urraco. The 2+2 body style was selected as a concession to practicality, with Ferruccio acknowledging that Urraco owners might have children. The single overhead cam V8 designed by Stanzani generated a power output of  at 5,000 rpm. Bob Wallace immediately began road testing and development; the car was to be presented at the 1970 Turin motor show.

In 1970, Lamborghini began development of a replacement for the Miura, which was a pioneering model, but had interior noise levels that Ferruccio Lamborghini found unacceptable and nonconforming to his brand philosophy. Engineers designed a new, longer chassis that placed the engine longitudinally, further away from the driver's seat. Designated the LP 500 for its 4.97-litre version of the company's V12, the prototype's body was styled by Marcello Gandini at Bertone. The car was presented at the 1971 Geneva Motor Show, alongside the final revision of the Miura, the P400 SuperVeloce. Completing the Lamborghini range were the Espada 2, the Urraco P250, and the Jarama GT.

As a world financial crisis began to take hold, Ferruccio Lamborghini's companies began to run into financial difficulties. In 1971, Lamborghini's tractor company, which exported around half of its production, ran into difficulties. Cento, Trattori's South African importer, cancelled all its orders. After staging a successful coup d'état, the new military government of Bolivia cancelled a large order of tractors that was partially ready to ship from Genoa. Trattori's employees, like Automobili's, were unionised and could not be laid off. In 1972, Lamborghini sold his entire holding in Trattori to SAME, another tractor builder.

1972 – Ferruccio sells control of the company
The entire Lamborghini group was now finding itself in financial troubles. Development at the automaker slowed; the production version of the LP 500 missed the 1972 Geneva Show, and only the P400 GTS version of the Jarama was on display. Faced with a need to cut costs, Paolo Stanzani set aside the LP 500's powerplant, slating a smaller, 4-litre engine for production. Ferruccio Lamborghini began courting buyers for Automobili; he entered negotiations with Georges-Henri Rossetti, a wealthy Swiss businessman and friend of Ferruccio's, as well as the owner of an Islero and an Espada. Ferruccio sold Rossetti 51% of the company for US$600,000, thereby relinquishing control of the automaker he had founded. He continued to work at the Sant'Agata factory; Rossetti rarely involved himself in Automobili's affairs.

1973–1977 – Rossetti

The 1973 oil crisis plagued the sales of high performance cars from manufacturers around the world; the rising price of oil caused governments to mandate new fuel economy laws, and consumers to seek smaller, more practical modes of transportation. Sales of Lamborghini's exotic sports cars, propelled by high-powered engines with high fuel consumption, suffered. The political unrest in late-seventies Italy was also a contributing factor, with the domestic market collapsing as well-heeled customers chose less ostentatious cars after a number of high-profile kidnappings and assassinations.

In 1974, Ferruccio Lamborghini sold his remaining 49% stake in Lamborghini Automobili to René Leimer, a friend of Georges-Henri Rossetti.

Having severed all connections with the cars and tractors that bore his name, Lamborghini retired to an estate on the shores of Lake Trasimeno, in the province of Perugia in central Italy, where he would remain until his death.

The car shown as the LP 500 in 1971 entered production in 1974 as the Countach LP 400, powered by a smaller, 4.0-litre V12. The first production model was delivered in 1974. In 1976, the Urraco P300 was reworked into the Silhouette, featuring a targa top and a 3.0-litre V8. Its build quality, reliability, and ergonomics all worked against it, as did the fact that it could only be imported into the U.S. via the "grey market". Only 54 were produced. The Countach was also hampered by its lack of direct participation in the American market until the LP 500S version, introduced in 1982.

At the 1977 Geneva Motor Show, Lamborghini unveiled its first prototype military vehicle, the "Cheetah", powered by a rear-mounted Chrysler V8 engine. However, the only prototype was not destroyed during testing as rumoured, but performed poorly and as such lost the contract. The resources used to develop the Cheetah were diverted from the BMW M1 which ultimately led to the cancellation of the contract from BMW.

1978–1986 – Bankruptcy and Mimran

As the years passed, Lamborghini's situation worsened; the company entered bankruptcy in 1978, and the Italian courts took control. In 1980, the Swiss brothers Jean-Claude and Patrick Mimran, famed food entrepreneurs with a passion for sports cars, were appointed to administer the company during its receivership. During administration, the automaker reworked the failed Silhouette into the Jalpa, which was powered by a 3.5-litre V8 that had been modified by former Maserati great, Giulio Alfieri. More successful than the Silhouette, the Jalpa came closer to achieving the goal of a more affordable, livable version of the Countach. The Countach was also updated, finally allowing it to be sold in the U.S. with the introduction of the LP 500S model in 1982.

By 1980, the company was officially in the hands of the Patrick Mimran as CEO. He began a comprehensive restructuring programme, injecting large amounts of capital into the floundering automaker. The Sant'Agata facilities were rehabilitated, and a worldwide hiring campaign to find new engineering and design talent began in earnest.

The immediate results of the investment were good. The Countach LP 5000 Quattrovalvole, whose engine generated a power output of , was introduced in 1984; further work on the failed Cheetah project resulted in the introduction of the LM002 sport utility vehicle in 1986. The company, looking towards the foreseeable future, displayed the Countach Evoluzione, a prototype sports car almost completely made of carbon fibre, to the international press in 1987. The Evoluzione was shown during its testing schedule, which ended with its destruction in a crash test. In 1987, Patrick Mimran decided to sell the company to Chrysler Corporation.

1987–1993 – Chrysler

On 24 April 1987, in an acquisition spearheaded by Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca, Chrysler Corporation took control of Nuova Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A., paying US$25.2 million to the Mimrans. The Mimran brothers were the only owners of Lamborghini to ever make money owning the company at the time, having sold it for many times the dollar amount they paid for it six years earlier.

Iacocca, who had previously orchestrated a near-miraculous turnaround of Chrysler after the company nearly fell into bankruptcy, carried out his decision to purchase Lamborghini with no challenges from the board of directors. Chrysler executives were appointed to Lamborghini's board, but many of Lamborghini's key members remained in managing positions, including Alfieri, Marmiroli, Venturelli, Ceccarani and Ubaldo Sgarzi, who continued in his role as head of the sales department. To begin its revival, Lamborghini received a cash injection of US$50 million from its new owner. Chrysler was interested in entering the "extra premium" sports car market, which Chrysler estimated at about 5,000 cars per year, worldwide. Chrysler aimed to produce a car to compete with the Ferrari 328 by 1991, and also wanted the Italians to produce an engine that could be used in a Chrysler car for the American market.

Chrysler made the decision to take the company into motorsport for the first time; the effort to develop engines for Grand Prix teams would be known as Lamborghini Engineering S.p.A. The new division was based in Modena, and was given an initial budget of US$5 million. Danielle Audetto was chosen to be the manager and Emile Novaro the president; their first recruit was Mauro Forghieri, a man with a stellar reputation in the world of motorsport, who had formerly managed Ferrari's Formula 1 team. Forghieri set about designing a 3.5-litre V12 engine, independent of road-car engine design undertaken at Sant'Agata.

At the time, Lamborghini was working on a successor to the Countach, the Diablo. The Diablo's original design had been penned by Marcello Gandini, the veteran who had penned the exterior appearances of the Miura and the Countach while working for coachbuilder Bertone. However, Chrysler executives, unimpressed with Gandini's work, commissioned the American car-maker's own design team led by Tom Gale to execute a third extensive redesign of the car's body, smoothing out the trademark sharp edges and corners of Gandini's original design; Gandini was unimpressed with the finished product. The Diablo had been intended for introduction in time for September 1988, when Lamborghini would celebrate its 25th anniversary; once it was clear that mark would be missed, a final version of the Countach was rushed into production instead.

By the end of 1987, Emile Novaro had returned from his long recovery, and used his authority to halt Chrysler's increasing interference in the development of the Diablo. Much to the chagrin of the Fighting Bull, Chrysler exhibited a four-door concept car at the Frankfurt Auto Show, badged as a 'Chrysler powered by Lamborghini'. The Portofino was poorly received by the motoring press and Lamborghini's employees alike, but it went on to become the inspiration for the Dodge Intrepid sedan.

In April 1988, the Bertone Genesis, a Quattrovalvole V12-powered, Lamborghini-branded vehicle resembling a minivan was debuted at the Turin motor show. The unusual car, intended to gauge public reactions, was abandoned, a misfit in both Lamborghini's and Chrysler's product ranges. The Genesis had been commissioned alongside the new "baby Lambo" that would replace the Jalpa, occupying the then-empty space below the Diablo in Lamborghini's lineup. The project had been allocated a $25 million budget, with the prospect of selling more than 2,000 cars per year.

The Diablo was unveiled to the public on 21 January 1990, at an event at the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo. The Diablo was the fastest car in production in the world at the time, and sales were so brisk that Lamborghini began to turn a profit. The company's U.S. presence had previously consisted of a loosely affiliated and disorganized private dealer network; Chrysler established an efficient franchise with full service and spare parts support. The company also began to develop its V12 engines for powerboat racing. Profits increased past the $1 million mark in 1991, and Lamborghini enjoyed a positive era.

The uptick in fortunes was to be brief; in 1992, sales crashed, as the US$239,000 Diablo proved ultimately to be inaccessible to American enthusiasts. With Lamborghini bleeding money, Chrysler decided that the automaker was no longer producing enough cars to justify its investment.

1994–1997 – Indonesian and Malaysian Ownership

Chrysler began looking for someone to take Lamborghini off its hands, and found it in a holding company called MegaTech. The company was registered in Bermuda and wholly owned by Indonesian conglomerate SEDTCO Pty., headed by businessmen Setiawan Djody and Tommy Suharto, the youngest son of then-Indonesian President Suharto. By February 1994, after US$40 million had changed hands, Lamborghini had left American ownership, and MegaTech took over the automaker, its Modena racing engine factory, and the American dealer interest, Lamborghini USA. Djody, who also owned a 35% stake in troubled American sports car manufacturer Vector Motors, thought Vector and Lamborghini might be able to collaborate to improve their output. Michael J. Kimberly, formerly of Lotus, Jaguar and executive vice-president of General Motors, was appointed president and managing director. After reviewing the entire Lamborghini operation, Kimberly concluded that the company needed to expand its offerings from more than just one or two models, and provide a car accessible to American car enthusiasts. He implemented a marketing strategy to raise awareness of Lamborghini's heritage and mystique. In 1995, Lamborghini produced a hit, when the Diablo was updated to the top-end SuperVeloce model. But in 1995, even as sales were climbing, the company was restructured, with Tommy Suharto's V'Power Corporation holding a 60% interest, MyCom Bhd., a Malaysian company controlled by Jeff Yap, holding the other 40%.

Never leaving the red despite its increase in sales, in November 1996 Lamborghini hired Vittorio di Capua as president and CEO, hoping that the veteran of more than 40 years at auto giant Fiat S.p.A. could finally make the sports car maker profitable again. Di Capua immediately launched cost-cutting measures, letting go of a number of company executives and consultants, and overhauling production in order to achieve a 50 percent gain in productivity. In 1997, Lamborghini finally passed its break-even point, selling 209 cars, thirteen more than it needed to be profitable. Di Capua also leveraged the Lamborghini name and identity, implementing aggressive merchandising and licensing deals. Development of the "baby Lambo" finally began, moving forward with a US$100 million budget.

1998–Present – Audi

1998–2007 – Reorganisation, Murciélago, and Gallardo

The financial crisis that gripped Asia in July of that year set the stage for another ownership change. The new chairman of Volkswagen AG, Ferdinand Piëch, grandson of Volkswagen's founder, Ferdinand Porsche, went on a buying spree through 1998, purchasing Bentley, Bugatti and Lamborghini. Volkswagen subsidiary Audi AG acquired Lamborghini in September 1998 for around US$110 million. Audi spokesman Juergen de Graeve told the Wall Street Journal that Lamborghini "could strengthen Audi's sporty profile, and on the other hand Lamborghini could benefit from [Audi's] technical expertise."

The troubled Italian automaker was reorganised, becoming restructured into a holding company, Lamborghini Holding S.p.A., with Audi president Franz-Josef Paefgen as its chairman. Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. became a subsidiary of the holding company, allowing it to focus specifically on designing and building cars while separate interests took care of the company's licensing deals and marine engine manufacturing. Vittorio Di Capua originally remained in charge, but eventually resigned in June 1999. He was replaced by Giuseppe Greco, another industry veteran with experience at Fiat, Alfa Romeo, and Ferrari. The Diablo's final evolution, the GT, was introduced in 1999 but not exported to the U.S. due to its low-volume production thus making it uneconomical to go through the process of gaining emissions and crashworthiness approval. During the Diablo's 11-year series production run, Lamborghini produced 2,900 examples.

In much the same way that American ownership had influenced the design of the Diablo, Lamborghini's new German parent played a large role in the development of the Diablo's replacement. The first new Lamborghini in more than a decade, known internally as Project L147, represented the rebirth of Lamborghini, and was named, fittingly, for the bull that originally sired the Miura line and had inspired Ferruccio Lamborghini almost 40 years before: Murciélago. The new flagship car was styled by Belgian Luc Donckerwolke, Lamborghini's new head of design.

The Murciélago was updated in 2005, now having a more powerful engine generating  and being named the LP 640, thus marking the return of the LP (Longitudinal Posteriore) naming convention. The new model would also mark the debut of the new single-clutch transmission called E Gear which used pedals mounted on the steering column to change gears. This transmission would eventually replace the manual transmission in the coming years. The Murciélago was not meant to compete in racing events but privateer racing teams would develop their own racing variants which would prove successful in motorsports.

Under German ownership, Lamborghini found stability that it had not seen in many years. In 2003, Lamborghini followed up the Murciélago with the smaller, V10-equipped Gallardo, intended to be more accessible and more livable than the Murciélago. The Gallardo would spawn several variants in the subsequent years of production which included the Spyder (convertible version), the Balboni (a low cost, rear-wheel-drive variant) and the Superleggera (a lighter and powerful track-focused version).

In 2007, Wolfgang Egger was appointed as the new head of design of Audi and Lamborghini, replacing Walter de'Silva, who was responsible for the design of only one car during his appointment, the Miura Concept of 2006.

2008–2010 – Reventón, production peak, end of Murciélago production run, Gallardo update

Towards the end of the 2000s (decade), Lamborghini produced a number of revisions of the Murciélago and Gallardo. Lamborghini introduced the Reventón, a limited-edition derivative of the Murciélago featuring a newly designed body with more angular styling, and a roadster the following year. The final update to the Murciélago came in 2009 with the introduction of the LP 670–4 SV ("SuperVeloce").

After ten years of Murciélago series production, Lamborghini produced the 4,000th example, an LP 670–4 SV destined for China, in February 2010. Lamborghini produced the last Murciélago, number 4,099 on 11 May 2010, but did not officially mark the end of production until six months later on 5 November 2010.

The Gallardo received a facelift in 2008, now having a more aggressive design and new LED head lamps and tail lamps, inline with Lamborghini's new design language. The engine was also overhauled, now being a 5.2-litre uneven firing unit and generating  in the base model, which was called the LP 560-4. The variants would follow up with the update as well and the Gallardo would now use the company's new single-clutch E Gear transmission debuted on the Murciélago LP 640.

Lamborghini achieved its highest ever yearly sales figure in 2008, selling 2,430 vehicles. During this decade the Asia-Pacific market became more important to the company's sales performance, growing to represent 25 percent of Lamborghini's overall worldwide sales. Despite the strength of the Asia-Pacific market, the effects of the world financial crisis that began in 2007 caused Lamborghini's sales to drop almost 50% below their 2008 peak to 1,515 vehicles in 2009 and 1,302 vehicles in 2010. CEO Stephan Winkelmann predicted in 2009 that poor sales figures for sports cars would continue through 2011; history would prove him right.

2011–present – Aventador, end of Gallardo production, Huracán and Urus

The Aventador, the  replacement for the Murciélago, debuted on 1 March 2011 at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show. The Aventador was the first new Lamborghini Automobile in 10 years having an angular design language and an entirely new V12 engine thus signifying the retirement of the original Lamborghini V12 engine designed by Giotto Bizzarrini.

The Aventador would continue to evolve in its production years, with a roadster version introduced in 2012 having two removable roof panels.

In 2013, the Veneno was introduced which was Lamborghini's interpretation of a racing prototype meant for the road. The sharp, angular designed body was based around the Aventador's monocoque and mechanical components. A roadster variant would follow up in 2014, fewer than 10 units would be sold at US$4,500,000 each, making it one of the most expensive Lamborghini automobiles ever produced.

In 2013, Lamborghini celebrated its 50th anniversary by introducing a special model of the Aventador, the Aventador LP 720-4 50° Anniversario. 200 units in total of coupé and roadster variants were produced. As the name signifies, the engine was upgraded to generate . The body work was also modified and the car had new front and rear bumpers along with special exterior colours.

In 2015, a light weight, powerful and trackfocused iteration of the Aventador called the Aventador SV (Super Veloce) was introduced. The Aventador SV featured more aggressive bumpers and power was increased from 700PS[690 hp] to 750PS[740 hp]. The SV would also spawn a roadster variant introduced later that year. It would ultimately be discontinued in 2017.

The Centenario introduced in 2016 was a celebration of Ferruccio Lamborghini's 100th birthday. It would follow up the principles set by the Veneno using an even aggressive design language in its own right. The car saw the use of the world's largest rear diffusers ever incorporated into a production automobile. The Centenario saw the debut of Lamborghini's four-wheel steering system and torque vectoring. A Roadster version would follow up later in the year, 40 units of the Centenario were produced in total.

The Aventador was updated in 2017 and was now called the Aventador S LP 740-4. The engine was modified and now generated a power output of . The Roadster variant would also be updated as well. The four-wheel steering and torque vectoring system would also be used on the S version aside from exterior updates.

The ultimate track focused iteration of the Aventador called the Aventador Super Veloce Jota (SVJ) was introduced in 2018 and used Lamborghini's Aerodynamica Lamborghini Attiva (ALA) system which uses active aerodynamics to increase downforce generated by the car. The SVJ generates 40 percent more downforce than the SV. It also reclaimed the Nurbürgring Nordschleife lap record form the Porsche 911 GT2 RS by setting a lap time of 6:44.97 with Lamborghini test driver Marco Mapelli behind the wheel achieved by using the Pirelli Trofeo R tyres available with the car as an option.

Lamborghini introduced the Lamborghini Gallardo LP 570–4 Super Trofeo Stradale at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show.

In 2012–2013, towards the end of its production, subsequent limited editions of the Gallardo would be unveiled, including the Sesto Elemento (Sixth Element), a limited edition car based on the Gallardo Superleggera with a newly designed body and aesthetics for track use only.

Production of the Gallardo ended on 25 November 2013, after 14,022 examples had been produced. At the time of its discontinuation, the Gallardo was the highest selling Lamborghini model, with almost half of all Lamborghini automobiles ever produced being Gallardos.

The Gallardo's replacement, the Huracán LP610-4, was announced in December 2013, and made its worldwide debut at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show. The Huracán presents significant improvements over the Gallardo, such as a power output increase to , a  time of 3.2 seconds, a top speed of  and the use of a dual-clutch transmission. The convertible version, called the Huracán Spyder would follow up at the 2015 Frankfurt Motor Show followed up by the low cost, rear wheel drive LP580-2 coupé and convertible models in 2016, having the V10 engines detuned to  while remaining in par with performance as the "base" LP610-4 models. The most powerful iteration of the Huracán, the LP640-4 Performante, was unveiled at the 2017 Geneva Motor Show having the power increased to  and using the forged carbon fibre body components from the Sesto Elemento in order to achieve a  time of 2.9 seconds and a top speed as high as . along with achieving a lap time of 6:52.01 on the Nürburgring Nordschleife, with Marco Mapelli behind the wheel, making it one of the world's fastest production car around the track, only to be beaten by the Porsche 911 GT2 RS later that year which set a lap time of 6:47.03

Introduced as a concept at the 2012 Pebble Beach Concours D'Elegance, the Urus would be unveiled in its production form in 2017. It would be the second off-road vehicle produced by the company since the LM002 which was introduced under the Mimran ownership. The Urus is based on a Volkswagen platform and shares its engine with the Porsche Cayenne but uses its own distinctive technologies such as using the biggest carbon ceramic brakes to ever be fitted on a vehicle. The Urus was first styled as a concept by Fillipo Perini, the company's former chief designer but would later be refined by Mitja Borkert, the current chief designer of Lamborghini. The design language of the Urus is heavily influenced by the Aventador.

On 3 September 2019, Lamborghini would unveil its first hybrid automobile called the Sián FKP 37. The first half of the name meant "flash of lightning" in Italian, a name befitting to the new model due to the technology it used while the second half was a tribute to late Volkswagen Group Chairman Ferdinand Piëch with "FKP" being the initials of his name and "37" being the last two digits of his birth year. The Sián used the ultimate iteration of the V12 engine from the Aventador SVJ, but would combine it with an electric motor powered by a supercapacitor (in essence, an enlarged version of the supercapacitor used in the Aventador's starter motor) to store energy. The supercapacitor was used due to its ability to more efficiently store electrical energy than a conventional lithium ion battery. The capacitors would be charged by the car's regenerative braking system instead of a conventional power outlet. While the role of electric motor would be limited to only aid in parking the car and to counter the effects of deceleration, the Sián FKP 37 would be the brand's first entry in the more mainstream hybrid market and would proclaim itself to be the most powerful Lamborghini automobile.

In July 2020, the company announced the production of the 10,000th unit of the Urus.

In July 2021, the company announced the end of the line of the Aventador. It announced that there will soon be a new electric car replacing it. The last Lamborghini Aventador is the 2022 Lamborghini Aventador Ultimae.

See also

 Automobili Turismo e Sport
 Bizzarrini
 De Tomaso
 Iso Rivolta
 List of Lamborghini automobiles

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Lamborghini
Lamborghini
Lamborghini


title: Latham Withall

text:
Latham Augustus Withall OBE (1853 – 16 January 1925) was a British architect who practised in Adelaide, South Australia from 1876 to 1888. His middle name is frequently rendered as "August".

He served a five-year apprenticeship with Thomas Chatfield Clarke FRIBA.

He arrived in Adelaide, South Australia sometime before 1876, and by August 1878 was proprietor of the Royal Hotel, Port Augusta.

While in Adelaide he was in partnership with Ernest H. Bayer 1879–1884, then with their draftsman Alfred Wells.
Work with Wells included the Adelaide Arcade and Thebarton Town Hall in 1885, and the Jubilee Exhibition Building in 1886. After Withall and his family returned to England in 1888, Wells and the firm designed the new (1892) Stock Exchange Building, and the Angas and Allen Campbell Buildings of the Adelaide Children's Hospital.

Withall was the architect of the Fox and Anchor, a Grade II listed public house at 115 Charterhouse Street, Farringdon, London, built in 1898.

Sometime before 1905 he left Suffolk (Reigate, Surrey?) for Perth, Western Australia, where he began working as a construction engineer for the Water Supply Department. In 1915 he volunteered for service with the First AIF, and returned to England, where he worked as architectural superintendent of the Australian military hospitals in Essex with the rank of Captain, service for which he was accorded an OBE in the 1919 Birthday Honours. He died in London.

Family
Withall married Louisa Margaret Reed in Adelaide on 18 April 1876. Their children included:
Adelaide Withall (26 January 1877 – ) married Archie W. Woodyatt in Reigate on 10 October 1901
Richard Henry Withall (10 May 1879 – ) awarded Military Medal
Letitia Withall (30 August 1881 – )
Osborn Withall (27 January 1884 – 1972) returned to South Australia, married Lily Augusta Hall ( – 1976) of Unley on 28 March 1911, lived at "Challana", Streaky Bay
Latham Withall (10 August 1886 – 23 March 1971) returned to Australia, living in Jolimont, later East Melbourne; married Mabel Pearson; enlisted with the 1st AIF November 1917, promoted S/Sgt with Ordnance Corps; was director of Associated Chambers of Manufactures of Australia.

References

Public house architects
South Australian architects
1853 births
1925 deaths
Members of the Order of the British Empire


title: Kalili

text:
Kalili may refer to:

John Kalili (–1855) was a judge and politician in the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Hamana Kalili (1882–1958) was a Hawaiian fisherman who is popularly credited as being the originator of the Shaka sign.
Maiola Kalili (1909–1972), Olympic swimmer and older brother of Manuella Kalili.
Manuella Kalili (1912–?), Olympic swimmer and younger brother of Maiola Kalili.


title: Xapo

text:
Xapo Bank is a private bank headquartered in Gibraltar, which operates globally and is licensed as a  virtual asset currency provider by the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission. The company originally established to offer a bitcoin wallet service that combined cold storage vaults with a bitcoin-based debit card. In 2021, Xapo exited the United States market.

History

Xapo Bank's founding CEO and entrepreneur Wences Casares became interested in bitcoins because of the frequent financial fluctuations in his native Argentina. He has said that his family's finances were “devastated as the economy (in Argentina) rocketed from inflation to deflation to devaluation.” Casares believes that digital currencies such as bitcoin “could solve the disjointed nature of our world economy.”

In 2011, Casares bought his first bitcoins but couldn't find a way to store them, so he built a ‘vault’ for his own use. Friends, and later financial institutions, soon asked Casares if they could store their bitcoins in his vault. This became the foundation for Xapo, which was founded in late 2013 by Casares and COO Federico Murrone. Xapo opened its products to the public in March 2014.

Casares said Xapo was founded with the aim of making the bitcoin currency more secure and accessible. The Xapo Wallet operates through a mobile app and online and includes the ability to transfer funds to and from the Xapo Vault. In April 2014, Xapo introduced a debit card that will link to the user's Xapo Wallet and will function like a standard debit card, except that it is backed by bitcoins instead of traditional currency.

Prior to Xapo, Casares founded and later sold online brokerage firm Patagon to Banco Santander for $750 million. He also launched the first Internet provider in his home country of Argentina in 1994.

In May 2015 Xapo Bank moved its headquarters from Palo Alto, California to Zug, located in the Zurich metropolitan area of Switzerland. That year LifeLock, which acquired Lemon, a company led by eventual Xapo founder Casares, alleged in a suit that Casares developed the source code for Xapo using Lemon's resources. In July 2017, Xapo was granted a European e-money license in Gibraltar allowing it to provide electronic fiat money custodial and transfer services.

In July 2018 Xapo Bank was awarded a BitLicense by the New York State Department of Financial Services and with it formal approval to operate in the state of New York as a regulated Bitcoin business. The company relinquished its license in January 2022.

In 2019, Coinbase acquired Xapo Bank's institutional custody business.

Security
The Xapo Bank Vault consists of physical servers located around the globe that the company says is protected by biometric scanner access, 24-7 video surveillance, and armed guards. Casares claims that Xapo “is the first bitcoin vault fully protected and insured against hacking and bankruptcy.”

Investors
Xapo announced $20 million Series A funding in March 2014. The funding round was led by Benchmark, with participation from Fortress Investment Group, Pantera Capital, and Ribbit Capital. Benchmark partner Matt Cohler said the VC firm backed Xapo in part because Xapo “is led by one of the most important people in the bitcoin ecosystem, it’s insured and has investors from both Silicon Valley and Wall Street.” The company has raised a total of $40 million as of August 2014.

See also

 Bitcoin

References

Bitcoin companies
Private banks
Banks of Gibraltar
Chinese companies established in 2014
Financial services companies established in 2014


title: Olive Kilifi

text:
Olive Onelani Kilifi (born September 28, 1986) is an American rugby union player, who plays prop for the United States national rugby union team and for the Utah Warriors of Major League Rugby (MLR).

Kilifi attended Tyee High School in Seatac, Washington.

He debuted for the U.S. national team during the end of year tests in November 2013, earning two substitute appearances. Kilifi started in both of the March 2014 qualifying matches against Uruguay for the 2015 World Cup, and was at that time considered among the U.S. team's best scrummagers.

In early 2016, Kilifi signed for the Sacramento Express of the newly formed PRO Rugby competition, but the competition folded after the 2016 season.

Kilifi began playing with the Seattle Seawolves of Major League Rugby in 2018 and is currently a 2-time champion, winning back-to-back Major League Rugby titles in the 2018 and 2019 seasons. He was traded to the Utah Warriors in 2021.

Kilifi also represented USA Rugby in the 2015 England and 2019 Japan Rugby World Cups.

References

1986 births
American rugby union players
Living people
Rugby union props
Sportspeople from Seattle
Sacramento Express players
Seattle Seawolves players
United States international rugby union players
Utah Warriors players
2015 Rugby World Cup players
2019 Rugby World Cup players


title: Sea When Absent

text:
Sea When Absent is the fourth studio album by American indie rock band A Sunny Day in Glasgow. It was released on June 24, 2014 by Lefse Records.

The recording of Sea When Absent was financed through the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter. The album could be streamed through Pitchforks Advance service from June 16 to June 23, 2014.

Recording
While it was widely reported that the members of A Sunny Day in Glasgow were never in the same room while making Sea When Absent, the band has clarified that this was not the case. Band member Ben Daniels said: "I think that's an angle that's kind of over-played, because for most of the recording we were all definitely in the same room. We live in different cities, but we would meet up in Philadelphia to go to the studio together. Then we'd go back to where we lived, and keep working on it, so there was a little bit of both."

Critical reception

Pitchfork accorded Sea When Absent a "Best New Music" designation; reviewer Lindsay Zoladz found that A Sunny Day in Glasgow had produced a more sonically abrasive work than their previous releases, "but without abandoning the ambiance that makes them so distinct."

Track listing

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

A Sunny Day in Glasgow
 Ben Daniels
 Annie Fredrickson
 Jen Goma
 Adam Herndon
 Josh Meakim
 Ryan Newmyer

Additional musicians

 David Kain – trumpet
 Joseph Kille – violin
 St. Spanky's Children's Choir for the Deaf – choir vocals

Production

 Ben Daniels – mixing, additional recording
 Jen Goma – additional mixing and recording
 Thomas Kee – mastering
 Josh Meakim – additional mixing and recording
 Jeff Zeigler – recording, additional mixing

Design

 Ben Daniels – photography
 Sabrina Franz – photography
 Annie Fredrickson – photography
 Adam Herndon – design, layout
 Ever Nalens – photography
 James Rickman – photography
 Corey Jacob Williams – photography

Charts

References

External links

2014 albums
A Sunny Day in Glasgow albums
Albums recorded in a home studio


title: Hand and Shears

text:
The Hand and Shears is a Grade II listed public house at 1 Middle Street, Smithfield, London.

It is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.

It was built in the early-mid 19th century.

It was named after the former Bartholomew Fair, held at Smithfield for centuries, at which the Lord Mayor of London would come and cut a piece of cloth with a pair of shears to announce that the fair had begun.

References

Grade II listed pubs in the City of London
National Inventory Pubs
Smithfield, London


title: Ji (surname 姞)

text:
Jí is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written  in Chinese character. It is romanized as Chi in Wade–Giles, and Gat in Cantonese. One of the Eight Great Surnames of Chinese Antiquity, Ji 姞 is an uncommon surname today. It is not listed in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames.

The Ji clan is said to have descended from the Yellow Emperor. Bo Tiao (伯儵), a leader of the clan, was enfeoffed at Southern Yan (南燕, in modern Weihui, Henan). His descendants later dropped the 女 radical from their surname, which became Ji 吉, which is now the 195th most common surname in China.

Besides Southern Yan, branches of the Ji 姞 clan also established the minor states of Mixu (密须) and Bi (偪) during the Zhou dynasty.

References

Chinese-language surnames
Individual Chinese surnames
Chinese-language surnames not found in the Hundred Family Surnames
Eight Great Surnames of Chinese Antiquity


title: Hayko (disambiguation)

text:
Hayko (in Armenian Հայկո) or Haigo in Western Armenian is an Armenian first name derived from the Armenian given name Hayk (in Armenian Հայկ), Haig in Western Armenian.

Hayko may refer to:

Hayko (1977–2021), Armenian pop singer who represented Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007.
Hayko Cepkin (born 1978), Turkish musician, singer, songwriter of Armenian descent
Hayko Mko (born 1976), Armenian comedic duo made up of Hayk Marutyan (Hayko) and Mkrtich Arzumanyan (Mko)
HT Hayko (born 1985), Armenian rapper
Spitakci Hayko (born 1974), Armenian rabiz singer, also known by the mononym Hayko

See also
Hayk (Armenian: Հայկ) or in Western Armenian Hayg, also known as Haik Nahapet, legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation

Armenian masculine given names
Masculine given names


title: The Yes-Men

text:
The Yes-Men were a high energy rock band from Melbourne Australia formed by Sean Greenway in 1995. Musically the band played a powerful Australian style of rock’n’roll, very close to the pulse of Radio Birdman and Sonic's Rendezvous Band but with a harder edge and more full-on production. Sean Greenway died unexpectedly in January 2001 and with his passing The Yes-Men ceased to exist.

Background

Greenway was pretty much a mainstay of the burgeoning Melbourne underground rock scene in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He started his career as a teenager in Foot and Mouth and then formed God with whom he had much success. God (often stylized as GOD) was a rock 'n' roll band from Melbourne, together from 1986 to 1989 and comprising Joel Silbersher, Tim Hemensley, Sean Greenway and Matthew Whittle.  All members were 15-16 at the time of the band's formation.  Prior to God's formation, Hemensley had been a member of Royal Flush (with Roman Tucker, later of Rocket Science), Greenway and Whittle were members of Foot and Mouth, and Silbersher had his own radio show on 3RRR.

The debut 7" single My Pal by God from 1987 is their best known track.  It got very favourable reviews and sold in the thousands (which was a lot then for an independent band).  It became an independent classic and cover versions have been recorded by several bands, including Magic Dirt, The Hollowmen, Bored!, A Death In The Family and Bum (from Canada).

Following God, Greenway formed the Freeloaders with ex-members of the peripatetic The Philisteins. This lineup of the Freeloaders released a couple of singles through Dog Meat Records before Greenway left in 1995 and began a new project he would eventually call The Yes-Men.

History

Greenway wrote most of the first Yes-Men songs and began recording these songs prior to even having a band to perform them. He recruited Sydney based musician Stewart Leadfinger Cunningham as lead guitarist and began rehearsing and arranging the songs with him during visits to Sydney and when Cunningham was in Melbourne (Cunningham was then playing in Asteroid B-612 and Brother Brick and would visit Melbourne every 6 weeks to play gigs). The first recording sessions for The Yes-Men involved Greenway and long time friend Matthew Whittle(ex-God) laying down bass, guitar and drum tracks at Birdland Studios in Prahran whilst Cunningham would lay down his parts when he was in Melbourne. These earlier recordings would eventually surface on the 2005 posthumous self-titled album 'The Yes-Men' (aka El Peligro Ha Comenzado).

Eventually Mark Hurst (ex- Guttersnipes) was recruited as permanent drummer and Tas Blizzard (Seaweed Gorillas. The Meanies) became the band's first genuine bass player. The addition of these two seasoned musicians solidified the band into a genuine and powerful live band for the first time. This line up recorded the bulk of the Prosody album in fits and spurts through 1997 and 1998 at Birdland studios. Due to the other commitments of the band's members and the fact that Cunningham was based in Sydney the band played live sporadically but managed three trips to Sydney/NSW and regular spots with the Powder Monkeys(who were very generous in their support of the band). The Yes-Men supported The Hellacopters at The Tote Hotel in 1999 with singer Nicke Royale becoming a big fan of The Yes-Men's music. This support led to The Yes-Men's first album Prosody being released in Europe through The Hellacopters White Jazz record label. It is probably fair to say that The Yes-Men are more widely known and loved among European rock fans than in their home country because of this European release and The Hellacopters support.

In late 1998 Jay Curley (ex-The Proton Energy Pills, Tumbleweed) replaced Tas Blizzard on bass and the final tracks (Fawlty Rocks, Fratricide, I Won't Run and Casting Stones) were recorded. The album, titled Prosody was finally finished after almost 4 years of lead up work and sporadic recording. Greenway agreed to have Melbourne record label Stolen Records release the album in Australia on vinyl and CD. White Jazz Records in Sweden would release the album in Europe with the band slated to support the Hellacopters on a Euro tour down the track. The album Prosody was and still is critically acclaimed but fate would step in to thwart the band moving further forward in two ways. The White Jazz label got into legal difficulties and failed to fully support and promote the album. Then on 21 January 2001, the band's leader and founder Sean Greenway died from an accidental heroin dose. It was mocking destiny. Shortly before, the band had begun to collect their first international appreciation thanks to an album, "Prosody" that showed their great skills in writing rough and soulful songs and then it was all over.

A memorial gig was organised for 4 February at the Tote Hotel in Melbourne and the following bands played...The Mystaken, Joel Silbersher and Charlie Owen, The Onyas, The Seminal Rats, The Powder Monkeys, Rocket Science, The Casanovas and The Yes Men with Simon Faulkner of The Splatterheads doin the vocals and Matthew Whittle on guitar. The proceeds of the memorial gig were used to finish off some leftover recordings and eventually a second posthumous album of material was released in 2005 as El Peligro Ha Comenzado on vinyl through Bang! Records and as a self-titled CD album through Butcher's Hook Records.

In 2013 Bang! Records re-issued the now very sought after Prosody album.

Personnel

Sean Greenway - Vocals/Guitar

Stewart ‘Leadfinger’ Cunningham - Guitar/Backing Vocals

Mark Hurst - Drums

Tasman Blizzard - Bass Guitar (1995-1988)

Jay Curley - Bass Guitar (1998-2000)

Matthew Whittle - Drums/Bass (filled in at various gigs and recording sessions during the band's existence)

Discography
 Prosody, Album 1999 Stolen Records, White Jazz Records
 The Yes-Men,  Album 2005 Bang! Records, Butcher's Hook Records (released on vinyl through Bang! Records as 'El Peligro ha Comenzado')
 The Great Charade, 7" Single 2001 Pitshark Records
 Fratricide/Swept Back 7" Single 1999 007 Records
 Prosody (Re-issue), Album 2005 Bang! Records

Compilations
 Anglo Girl Desire, Flattery Radio Birdman Tribute Vol 2, 2000 Get Hip Records

In popular culture

Songs originally written and recorded by The Yes-Men have been covered by Swedish band The Hellacopters who included a version of Acid Reign as part of the digital only version of their last album Head off in 2008. Australian band Leadfinger recorded Swept Back (By the Tide) in 2008 and Leaving was included on their 2011 album, We Make the Music.

References

General
  Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality.

Specific

 Stranded: The Secret History of Australian Independent Music 1977-1991, Clinton Walker, Pan MacMillan, 1996, .

External links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Mil1Zdzge0&list=UU6qo3HG2PCV8JjmV-Po3F_g (The Yes-Men - Live in 2000)
http://sonsofthedolls.blogspot.com.au/2012/05/yes-men-yes-men.html
http://sonsofthedolls.blogspot.com.au/2012/05/yes-men-prosody.html
https://myspace.com/yesmenrock
http://www.leadfinger.com.au
https://www.facebook.com/godrock
 God (Australian band)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8Jfl1jC2dw (Hellacopters - Acid Reign)

Musical groups established in 1995
Australian punk rock groups
Australian indie rock groups
Australian post-grunge groups
Musical groups from Melbourne


title: The Punch Tavern

text:
The Punch Tavern is a Grade II listed public house at 98–100 Fleet Street, Holborn, London.

The pub previously on this site was called the Crown and Sugar Loaf, but was renamed as the Punch Tavern in the 1840s, as Punch magazine had its office nearby at that end of Fleet Street. It was rebuilt by the architects Saville and Martin in two phases, first the main part area of the pub and its Fleet Street frontage in 1894–95, and then its Bride Lane frontage with a "Luncheon Bar" behind in 1896–97.

Gallery

References

Grade II listed pubs in the City of London
Buildings and structures in Holborn


title: Alipurduar subdivision

text:
Alipurduar subdivision is an administrative division of the Alipurduar district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Geography

Subdivisions
Alipurduar district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:

Administrative units
Alipurduar subdivision has 8 police stations, 6 community development blocks, 6 panchayat samitis, 66 gram panchayats, 338 mouzas, 337 inhabited villages, 1 municipality and 20 census towns. The municipality is: Alipurduar. The census towns are: Sisha Jumrha, Uttar Madarihat, Jaigaon, Mechiabasti, Uttar Satali, Uttar Latabari, Jagijhora Barabak, Jateswar, Parangarpar, Falakata, Paschim Jitpur, Chechakhata, Alipurduar Railway Junction, Bholar Dabri, Birpara, Samuktola, Sobhaganj, Laskarpara, Dakshin Rampur and Uttar Kamakhyaguri. The subdivision has its headquarters at Alipurduar.

Police stations
Police stations in the Alipurduar subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:

Gram panchayats
The subdivision contains 66 gram panchayats under 6 community development blocks:

 Madarihat Birpara block consists of ten gram panchayats, viz. Bandapani, Hantapara, Madarihat, Totopara Ballalguri, Birpara–I, Khayarbari, Rangalibajna, Birpara–II, Lankapara and Shishujhumra.

 Alipurduar I block consists of 11 gram panchayats, viz. Banchukamari, Parorpar, Shalkumar–I, Vivekananda–I, Chakowakheti, Patlakhawa, Shalkumar–II, Vivekananda–II, Mathura, Purba Kanthalbari and Tapsikhata.

 Alipurduar II block consists of 11 gram panchayats, viz. Chaporer Par–I, Mahakalguri, Samuktala, Turturi, Chaparerpar–II, Majherdabri, Tatpara–I, Bhatibari, Kohinoor, Parokata and Tatpara–II.

 Falakata block consists of 12 gram panchayats, viz. Dalgaon, Dhanirampur–II, Guabarnagar, Mairadanga, Deogaon, Falakata–I, Jateswar–I, Parangerpar, Dhanirampur–I, Falakata–II, Jateswar–II and Shalkumar.

 Kalchini block consists of 11 gram panchayats, viz. Jaigaon–I, Jaigaon–II, Dalshing Para, Malangi, Satali, Mendabari, Latabari, Chuapara, Kalchini, Garopara and Rajabhatkawa.

 Kumargram block consists of 11 gram panchayats, viz. Chengamari, Khoardanga–I, Newland Kumargram Sankos, Turturikhanda, Kamakhyaguri–I, Khoardanga–II, Valka Barabisa–I, Kamakhyaguri–II, Kumargram, Raidak, Valka Barabisa–II.

Blocks
Community development blocks in the Alipurduar subdivision are:

Education
Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Alipurduar subdivision/ Alipurduar district, with data for the year 2013-14.

Educational institutions
The following institutions are located in the Alipuduar subdivision:
Alipurduar University was established in 2018 at Alipurduar.
Alipurduar College was established in 1957. Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers courses in arts, science and commerce.
Alipurduar Mahila Mahavidyalaya was established in 2007. Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers courses in arts.
Vivekanada College was established at Alipurduar in 1985. Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers courses in arts and science.
Lilabati Mahavidyalaya was established at Jateswar in 2013. Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers courses in arts.
Falakata College was established at Falakata in 1981. Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers courses in arts.
Saheed Kshudiram College was established at Kamakhyaguri in 1996. Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers courses in arts and science.
Nani Bhattacharya Smarak Mahavidyalaya was established in 2000 at Mangalbari, PO Jaigaon. Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers courses in arts.
Pijushkanti Mukherjee Mahavidyalaya was established at Sonapur in 2015. Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers courses in arts.
Birpara College was established at Birpara in 1986. Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers courses in arts and commerce.
Samuktala Sidhu Kanhu College was established at Samuktala in 2010.  Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers courses in arts.

Healthcare
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Alipurduar subdivision/ district, with data for the year 2012-13.:

.* Excluding nursing homes.

Medical facilities
Medical facilities in the Alipurduar subdivision are as follows:

Hospitals: (Name, location, beds)
Alipurduar Subdivisional Hospital, Alipurduar M, 250 beds
Alipurduar Jail Hospital, Alipurduar, 9 beds
Alipurduar Railway Hospital, Alipurduar, 111 beds
Birpara State General Hospital, Birpara, 100 beds
Rajabhatkhawa Railway Hospital, Rajabhatkhawa, Kalchini CD block, 2 beds

Rural Hospitals: (Name, CD block, location, beds)
Falakata Rural Hospital, Falakata CD block, Falakata, 30 beds
Kamakhyaguri Rural Hospital, Kumargram CD block, Kamakhyaguri, 30 beds
Madarihat Rural Hospital, Madarihat-Birpara CD block, Madarihat, 30 beds
Uttarlatabari Rural Hospital, Kalchini CD block, Kalchini, 30 beds
Pachkalguri Rural Hospital, Alipurduar I CD block, Pachkalguri, 30 beds
Jasodanga Rural Hospital, Alipurduar II CD block, Jashodanga, 30 beds
Bhatibari Rural Hospital, Alipurduar II CD block, Bhatibari, 20 beds

Primary Health Centres : (CD block-wise)(CD block, PHC location, beds)
Kumargram CD block: Kumargram (6), Barabisa (PO Kumargram) (6).
Falakata CD block: Chhoto Salkumar (4), Jateswar (6).
Madarihat CD block: Madhyarangali Bazar (PO Gopal Bagan) (10), Sishujhuara (PO Sishubarihat) (6), Totopara (10).
Kalchini CD block: Satali (PO Satali Mondalpur) (4), Jaigaon (?)
Alipurduar I CD block: Munshipara (PO Salkumarhat) (4), Silbarihat (10).
Alipurduar II CD block: Samuktala (10), Turturi (4).

References

Subdivisions of West Bengal
Subdivisions in Alipurduar district
Alipurduar district


title: John Davy (journalist)

text:
John Charles Davy  (8 August 1927 – 28 October 1984) was a British journalist and science editor for The Observer, lecturer, vice-principal of Emerson College and Anthroposophist.

Biography

Early life

John Davy was born to the journalist couple Charles and Doris Davy in London. He had a younger brother who, as he did, became a journalist.  From the early 1930s onwards, both parents were intimately connected to the work of Anthroposophy. Charles Davy wrote a number of books, amongst others The Three Spheres of Society (1946) on Social threefolding, while Doris Davy wrote travelogues and children’s books. Her main interest, however, was in biodynamic farming and she edited the journal of the BD movement, "Star and Furrow", for many years.

The two boys attended Abbotsholme School in N. England, strongly influenced by the pedagogical ideas of Kurt Hahn but John asked to spend his last year of schooling at Michael Hall, in Forest Row. Here he was taught by Cecil Harwood and Francis Edmunds, both of whom remained connected with him in his anthroposophical work for the rest of his life.

His military service he spent in Vienna as a member of the Intelligence Corps from 1945 – 1947, where his main task was the interrogation of refugees. He studied at Cambridge University and immediately thereafter met his future German wife, Gudrun zur Linden, whom he followed to Germany in order to learn German. He worked there as woodsman, taught English at the Waldorf School in Stuttgart and finally obtained a scholarship to study for a year at the University of Freiburg.

Science correspondent

Quite unexpectedly, he received an offer from The Observer in London to act as their first science editor. Under the chief editorship of David Astor, the paper showed great openness to new socio-political, scientific and ecological ideas. He accepted, married and moved to Forest Row in Sussex, commuting to London every day.

His duties entailed reporting on the newest scientific developments of the 1950s: the computer, the beginnings of space travel, on latest developments in psychological theory, the discovery of the structure of DNA and much more. Through his 16 years with The Observer Davy came to know personally most of the great inventors and discoverers of his time. In acknowledgement for his achievements he received the Order of the British Empire, having contributed greatly to the international recognition of figures like Rachel Carson (Silent Spring), E.F. Schumacher (Small Is Beautiful), Ivan Illich (Deschooling Society), David Bohm and others, drawing attention to many of the dangerous developments of modern civilisation.

In the course of these years, John Davy was often requested to hold lectures and write articles relating to the Anthroposophical work. For professional reasons, he published this work under the pseudonym "John Waterman", adopting the pen name of his father "Charles Waterman".

Emerson College
In 1962 Francis Edmunds had founded Emerson College in Forest Row, in pursuit of an ideal to bring young people from all over the world together, enabling them to receive a comprehensive training in thought, art and handcrafts on an anthroposophical basis. From the start he had wanted to include John Davy as his co-worker in the project, a position Davy accepted in 1969.

He became assistant-director of the college, with the primary responsibility for development  and course of the Foundation Year. His particular fields were the development of scientific method and viewpoint; its strengths and limitations; their relationship to other means of perception, in particular to the work of the artist and thirdly, methods of working together in groups with the aim of deepening our phenomenological understanding of nature.

Besides directing the work of the College, he had become increasingly engaged in the work of the Anthroposophical Society in Great Britain. For many years he had worked together with Cecil Harwood and other British anthroposophists to re-unify the General Anthroposophical Society, from which the British Society had separated in 1935. This was finally achieved in 1963. After Harwood’s death his responsibilities within the leadership of the Society increased greatly. Besides this, he was invited on a large number of lecture tours internationally, particularly to Canada and the USA. Here he paid particular attention to invitations from a large number of universities and other non-anthroposophical institutions where people wanted to hear about Rudolf Steiner, the method and results of his research and its further development.

In April 1984 when he was unexpectedly diagnosed with cancer and died in October of that year.

Published works
 Work Arising from the Life of Rudolf Steiner, Rudolf Steiner Press, London 1975.
 Hope, Evolution, Change. Hawthorn Pr (Hawthorn House) 1990.
 Matter and Mind - Imaginative participation in Science. Lindisfarne Pr 1991.

References

British male journalists
1984 deaths
Anthroposophists
1927 births
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Abbotsholme School
People from Forest Row


title: HMS Netley (1807)

text:
HMS Netley was originally the French privateer brig Déterminé, which the Royal Navy captured in 1807 and took into service. She was lost at sea on the Leeward Islands station in 1808.

French career and capture
Déterminé was a privateer brig commissioned in Bayonne in October 1803, that made her first cruise in October–November. She was recommissioned at Bordeaux circa 1805.

Lloyd's List (LL) reported on 12 August 1806 that the French privateer Déterminée had captured Betsey, Selby, master, and sent her into Cayenne. Betsey had been sailing from the Cape Verde islands to Suriname, and the capture took place nearer to Surinam.

 captured Déterminée, of Guadeloupe, on 18 January 1807 in the Atlantic Ocean 100 leagues () east of Barbados after a chase of 16 hours. Déterminée was pierced for 20 guns but carried 14, and had a crew of 108 men. Her captors took Déterminée into .

The British took Déterminée into service as HMS Netley.

Fate
Netley was under the command of Lieutenant Charles Burman when she sank on 10 July 1808 when a squall caused her to capsize off Barbados. Of her crew of about 60 only a midshipman and eight crewmen survived until the 16-gun brig-sloop  rescued them.

Citations

References

1803 ships
Brigs of the Royal Navy
Maritime incidents in 1808
Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean


title: Rhinotragus analis

text:
Rhinotragus analis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville in 1833.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1833


title: Rhinotragus antonioi

text:
Rhinotragus antonioi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Clarke in 2012.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 2012


title: Rhinotragus apicalis

text:
Rhinotragus apicalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1844.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1844


title: Rhinotragus bizonatus

text:
Rhinotragus bizonatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1911.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1911


title: Rhinotragus conformis

text:
Rhinotragus conformis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné and Fragoso in 1990.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1990


title: Rhinotragus dorsiger

text:
Rhinotragus dorsiger is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Ernst Friedrich Germar in 1824.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1824


title: Rhinotragus festivus

text:
Rhinotragus festivus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Perty in 1832.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1832


title: Rhinotragus longicollis

text:
Rhinotragus longicollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1880.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1880


title: Rhinotragus lucasii

text:
Rhinotragus lucasii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomson in 1860.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1860


title: Rhinotragus monnei

text:
Rhinotragus monnei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Clarke in 2012.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 2012


title: Adriana Valdés

text:
Adriana Valdés Budge (born October 3, 1943 in Santiago, Chile) is a Chilean writer essayist.

Biography
Valdés studied at the Catholic University of Chile. She taught literature at that University (1965–1975) and, after 25 years working for the United Nations, went back to postgraduate teaching on arts at the University of Chile for some years after 2002.

She writes on visual arts and literature.  Two collections of her essays were published in book form, in 1996 and 2006. With Pedro Lastra she co-edited the posthumous book of Enrique Lihn, "Diario de muerte", in 1989. She was named a Fellow of the Chilean Academy of Language in 1993. In 2010 she became the first woman to serve as deputy director of the Academy. She was reelected to this position in 2013.

She received the 2010 Altazor Award in literary essay category for her book Enrique Lihn: vistas parciales, and in 2013 was short-listed for the same award for her book on "De ángeles y ninfas", on Aby Warburg and Walter Benjamin. Along with Alfredo Jaar, she published Studies on Happiness, Barcelona, 1999. She has edited a book on the painter Roser Bru (1996) and two books about the artist Alfredo Jaar:  Jaar/SCL/2006  and Venezia, Venezia (2013).

In 2018 she received the Santiago Municipal Literature Award in the Essay category for Redefinir lo humano: las humanidades en el siglo XXI.

Books

 Composición de lugar.  Escritos sobre cultura. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria, 1996.
 Memorias visuales. Arte contemporáneo en Chile.  Santiago: Metales Pesados, 2006.
 Enrique Lihn: vistas parciales. Santiago: Palinodia, 2008.
 Señoras del buen morir (poetry). Santiago: Orjikh, 2011.
 De ángeles y ninfas. Conjeturas sobre la imagen en Warburg y Benjamin. Santiago: Orjikh, 2012.

References

External links
 Speech welcoming Pedro Lastra (video, in Spanish)
 with Adriana Valdés (video interview in Spanish)

1943 births
Writers from Santiago
Chilean people of Spanish descent
Living people
Chilean essayists
Chilean women essayists
20th-century Chilean women writers
20th-century Chilean poets
21st-century Chilean women writers
21st-century Chilean poets
Chilean women poets


title: Rhinotragus martinsi

text:
Rhinotragus martinsi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Penaherrera-Leiva and Tavakilian in 2003.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 2003


title: Rhinotragus robustus

text:
Rhinotragus robustus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Penaherrera-Leiva and Tavakilian in 2003.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 2003


title: Rhinotragus sulphureus

text:
Rhinotragus sulphureus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Giesbert in 1991.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1991


title: Rhinotragus trilineatus

text:
Rhinotragus trilineatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by White in 1855.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1855


title: Wéverton (footballer, born 1992)

text:
Wéverton Gomes Souza, simply known as Wéverton (born 8 March 1992), is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Maltese club Pembroke Athleta as a forward.

Club career
Born in Três Lagoas, Wéverton graduated from Londrina's youth setup, and made his first-team debut on 25 January 2012, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 4–0 home routing against Paranavaí, for the Campeonato Paranaense championship. He scored his first goal on 20 January of the following year, netting his side's last of a 4–2 home success against Toledo CW, also in the State Leagues.

On 19 August 2013, after being tracked by Corinthians and Palmeiras in the previous months, Wéverton left Londrina and joined Série B side América Mineiro. He made his debut for Coelho late in the month, starting in a 0–2 home loss against Joinville.

Wéverton finished the campaign with eleven appearances, and after finding his chances limited in 2014, he moved to Portuguesa. After appearing sparingly for the latter (which eventually suffered relegation), he returned to Londrina on 20 November 2014.

References

External links
Wéverton at playmakerstats.com (English version of ogol.com.br)

1992 births
Living people
Footballers from Minas Gerais
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série D players
Maltese Premier League
Londrina Esporte Clube players
América Futebol Clube (MG) players
Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players
Atlético Clube Goianiense players
Esporte Clube Tigres do Brasil players
Toledo Esporte Clube players
Coimbra Sports players
FC Cascavel players
Brusque Futebol Clube players
Mosta F.C. players
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Malta
Expatriate men's footballers in Malta
People from Três Lagoas
Footballers from Mato Grosso do Sul


title: Rhinotragus trizonatus

text:
Rhinotragus trizonatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Blanchard in 1832.

References

Rhinotragini
Beetles described in 1832


title: William Palmer Ladd

text:
William Palmer Ladd (1870–1941) was an American Episcopal priest, liturgical scholar, and seminary dean.

Biography
Ladd was born on May 13, 1870, in Lancaster, New Hampshire. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Dartmouth College in 1891 and a Bachelor of Divinity degree from the General Theological Seminary in 1897. Ladd was ordained deacon on June 11, 1897, and priest on June 11, 1898.

After work as a parish priest in the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire, he served as professor of church history (1904–1941) at Berkeley Divinity School, of which he later became dean (1918–1941). The school had been founded in Middletown, Connecticut, but Ladd worked to move it to New Haven, home of Yale University, believing connection with a major university and presence in an urban center were better suited to training of clergy.

As Dean of Berkeley, Ladd was seen as an inspiring if sometimes controversial figure. Socialist in sympathies, he chaired a major review of child welfare for the state of Connecticut. He was responsible for bringing to the USA a number of sympathetic Anglican thinkers as visiting professors including Percy Dearmer and Geoffrey Studdert Kennedy.

Ladd died on July 1, 1941, in New Haven.

Influence
Ladd was active in the dissemination of Liturgical Movement principles in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. His book Prayer Book Interleaves, published only after his death, was based on columns that had appeared in the Episcopal Church magazine The Witness. It was reprinted in 1957 with a new introduction by his student Massey H. Shepherd and then again in the centenary year of his appointment as Dean of Berkeley.

Shepherd himself and others including Urban T. Holmes III viewed Ladd as the instigator of the processes of reform that ultimately led to the adoption of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer.

See also

 Social Gospel

Bibliography
 Prayer Book Interleaves:  Some Reflections on How the Book of Common Prayer Might Be Made More Influential (1943)

References

Footnotes

Works cited

External links

1870 births
1941 deaths
American Episcopal priests
Anglican liturgists
Dartmouth College alumni
People from Lancaster, New Hampshire


title: Aden Kirk

text:
Aden Kirk (born 3 March 1992) is an English professional darts player who competes in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events. Aden is also a published children's book author with Austin Macauley Publishers

Career
In 2014, Kirk reached the last 64 in two of the six UK Open qualifiers to enter the event in the first round stage. He beat Conan Whitehead 5–4 and Gerwyn Price 5–2 to face 16-time world champion Phil Taylor in the third round. In Kirk's first televised match he caused one of the biggest shocks in the history of darts by winning 9–7. He then played Peter Wright, who had been the World Championship runner-up at the beginning of the year, and continued his amazing run by taking out two ton-plus finishes and coming back from 5–3 down to triumph 9–5. In the fifth round Kirk and Brendan Dolan shared the first 14 legs, before the Northern Irishman won the match with two 13 dart legs. Kirk earned £5,000 for his run in the tournament, by far the biggest of his career to date. In July, Kirk reached the final of the 12th Challenge Tour event of the year where he was edged out 5–4 by Brett Claydon.

In April 2015, Kirk won the third Development Tour event of the year. He saw off Jamie Lewis 4–3 in the semi-finals and Benito van de Pas 4–1 in the final. Kirk reached the last 16 of a PDC event for the first time since his UK Open exploits at the 15th Players Championship with victories over William O'Connor, Justin Pipe and Ronny Huybrechts, before he lost 6–1 to Peter Wright.

Kirk won 2016's 11th Development Tour event by beating Keegan Brown 4−3 in the final. He also reached the final of the 16th event and lost 4−1 to Dean Reynolds. He finished third on the Order of Merit, but won a two-year Tour Card after first placed Reynolds decided to remain in the BDO.

World Championship results

PDC
2019: 1st round (lost to Gabriel Clemens 0–3)

References

External links

Living people
Professional Darts Corporation former tour card holders
English darts players
1992 births
Sportspeople from Nottingham


title: Alfons Karabuda

text:
Alfons Karabuda, born 2 December 1967 in Stockholm, Sweden, is a Swedish composer and EU cultural politics personality.

Karabuda is the president of ECSA (European Composer and Songwriter Alliance), executive chairman of SKAP (the Swedish Association of Composers, Songwriters & Lyricists) and expert in the field of artistic rights to the UN Human Rights Council. He is the president of the UNESCO founded IMC (International Music Council), member of the board of The Royal College of Music in Stockholm, Musiksverige (Music Sweden) and STIM (The Swedish Performing Rights Society) and Svensk Musik (Swedish Music). Karabuda is also chair of the Polar Music Prize Award.

As expert to the UN Human Rights Council, Karabuda was part of producing the first ever UNHRC report on artistic rights in 2013. The report was followed by new reports during 2014.

As the president of ECSA, Karabuda has been a driving force in getting the EU to decide on the new Copyright Directive in 2019 and the formation of a European–American collaboration between the music creator organisations ECSA and SGA (Songwriters Guild of America). The organisations have focused on the global issues of artistic rights, free speech and authors' rights (in America, copyright), in joint actions such as the Fair Trade Music Initiative  and 2019 making promoting a legal entity with authors in governance to administer online mechanical rights in the US.

As a member of the executive board of STIM, and during 2014 as acting CEO, Karabuda has focused on developing international strategy, improving distribution systems and adjusting the organization to the new EU directive on collective rights management.

Karabuda's parents, Günes and Barbro Karabuda, were journalists and filmmakers. His sister Denize Karabuda is an actor and director. The Karabuda children grew up traveling during their parents' many assignments, to which Karabuda himself credits his cultural political involvement.

Karabuda works in the areas of TV, film and theatre through his publishing company Naomi Musikförlag & Filmproduktion. Among his customers are SVT, SR, BBC, Zentropa and Stockholms Stadsteater.

Human rights
Karabuda is the president of ECSA, joint to Biggest International campaign Freemuse for Iranian musician mehdi rajabian and filmmaker Hossein Rajabian, he was signed by the following of the ARJ group.

"Spring party" bribery charges

Since the thirties Skap and affiliated musical organisations has invited members and Stockholm cultural workers and stakeholders to what has been commonly known as "spring parties", where prizes were awarded, live music performed and food and drinks served. In 2014, Sveriges Radio broadcast a program about a series of Christmas and spring parties organised by Skap and FST, and made a case that the parties were designed to influence decision makers within Swedish cultural politics and institutions. Alfons Karabuda and six other Swedish cultural personalities was thus accused of bribing the public officials who chose to attend the parties and was cleared of all charges by a unanimous Tingsrätt, which moved the case to Svea Hovrätt where a divided court in October 2018 convicted Karabuda and FST executive chairman Martin Q Larsson. The case was consequently appealed to the Högsta Domstolen (Supreme Court of Sweden) where a formal appeal was granted on the 22 of May 2019 and on the 17 of March 2020 the Supreme Court answered and the stated fact that the events are not to be considered undue benefits. The Supreme Court ruled that no crime was committed and that the prosecuted individuals and organisations are completely exonerated and that all legal costs are to be paid by the government.

Selected projects

Television
Bookmark Childhood – BBC
LinSilk Road/Turqoise – NOS TV3
The World Heritage Expedition – NOS TV3
Desert’s Blue Eye, Aral – Academy Production
AuDeLá de l'Lointaine – E.G.E TV

Film
Fruen på Hamre – Zentropa
Violbukten – SFI/Filmteknik/Oberon & Son
Skyernes Skygge Rammer Mig – Zentropa
Helten Henning – Arena Film

Theatre
Stora landsvägen – Stockholms Stadsteater
Toten Insel – Stockholms Stadsteater
Dickie Harding – Sveriges Radio
Förhör 63-11 – Sveriges Radio
Häxorna – Sveriges Radio

References

External links
 MusicWeek: "Alfons Karabuda named new acting STIM CEO"
 Billboard Magazine: "STIM Appoints New Acting CEO"
 Wall Street Journal: "Fortify Copyrights, Europe Artists Say"
 Freemuse: "Freedom of Speech debated on Creators Conference"
 EFN TV: "The Swedish Music Wonder"
 Sweden Abroad – Ministry for Foreign Affairs: "Dancing on the (Glass) Ceiling"
 UN Human Rights Council: The right to freedom of artistic expression and creativity (A/HRC/23/34)
 MyNewsdesk: "Alfons Karabuda to EU Presidency: 'Strong rights for the individual creator is key'"
 MyNewsdesk/Sounds in Europe: "Our Digital Agenda for Europe"
 Content is King - official website

1967 births
Swedish composers
Swedish male composers
Living people
People convicted of corruption


title: A Midsummer Night's Sweetness

text:
"A Midsummer Night's Sweetness" () is a song by rapper San E and After School's Raina. It was released on June 12, 2014.

Promotions
San E and Raina had their first live stage on Mnet's M! Countdown on June 12, 2014, followed by MBC's Music Core on June 14, 2014.

Chart performance
After its release on the June 12, "A Midsummer Night's Sweetness" achieved number 1 on all ten major music charts, including Olleh, Bugs, Daum, Naver, Soribada, Genie, Mnet, monkey3, Cyworld, and MelOn.

The song debuted at number 6 on the weekly Gaon Digital Chart, and the following week it rose three spots to number 3. For the week of June 22–28 the song charted at number 1. For the month of July the song charted at number 1 on the monthly Gaon Digital Chart.

Track listing

Charts

Credits and personnel
Raina - vocals
San E - rap

References

External links

2014 songs
2014 singles
Gaon Digital Chart number-one singles


title: Ramon Santos

text:
Ramón Pagayon Santos (born 25 February 1941) is a Filipino composer, ethnomusicologist, and educator known for being the Philippines' foremost living exponent of contemporary Filipino classical music, for work that expounds on "the aesthetic frameworks of Philippine and Southeast Asian artistic traditions," and for finding new uses of indigenous Philippine instruments.

A University Professor Emeritus of the composition and theory department at the College of Music of the University of the Philippines Diliman, he was proclaimed National Artist of the Philippines for music in 2014.

Work as ethnomusicologist
In 1976, Santos began doing fieldwork among folk religious groups in Quezon, collecting and documenting their music. He later also did similar fieldwork among the Ibaloi, Mansaka, Bontoc, Yakan and Boholano peoples.  The Philippines' National Commission on Culture and the Arts notes that as a result, Santos' compositions beginning in this period in his professional life were characterized by "the translation of indigenous musical systems into modern musical discourse."

Compositions
Some of Santos' compositions include:
 Rituwal ng Pasasalamat,
 Likas-An,
 Badiw as Kapoonan,
 Awit ni Pulau,
 Daragang Magayon,
 Ta-O,
 Sandiwaan,
 Nagnit Igak G’nan Wagnwag Nila (Alingawngaw ng Kagitingan),
 Kulintang, and
 Panaghoy

Recognition
Santos was made a Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres in 1987.

He was one of six people added to the roster of National Artists of the Philippines in 2014.

See also
 José Maceda
 Lucrecia Kasilag

References

1941 births
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
National Artists of the Philippines
University of the Philippines alumni
Indiana University alumni
University at Buffalo alumni
Living people
People from Pasig
Filipino classical composers
Filipino music educators
Musicians from Metro Manila