The Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in Children's Programming was an Emmy award given to performers in television programming aimed towards children. During the 1970s and 1980s, guest performers in dramatic specials and regular performers on children's series competed in the same category. However, starting in 1989, separate categories for performances in children's series and performances in children's specials were created and used until after 2007 when all categories related to Children's Specials were dropped.

The youngest Emmy nominee, Jodelle Ferland, was nominated in this category in 2001 at the age of six. The youngest Emmy winner, Bindi Irwin, won in 2008 at age nine.

In November 2021, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences announced that all Daytime Emmy categories honoring children's programming will be retired in favor of a separate Children's & Family Emmy Awards ceremony, to be held starting in 2022.

Winners and Nominees
Winners in bold. For "Individual Achievement" categories, only nominees relevant to this page are listed.

Outstanding Individual Achievement in Children's Programming
1975
 Bill Cosby - Highlights of Ringling Brothers and Barnum Bailey Circus (NBC)
 Robert Keeshan - Captain Kangaroo (CBS)
1978
 Tom Aldredge - The CBS Festival of Lively Arts for Young People ("Henry Winkler Meets William Shakespeare") (CBS)
1979
 Jack Gilford - Big Blue Marble ("Hello in There") (SYN)
 Geraldine Fitzgerald - Special Treat ("Rodeo Red and the Runaways") (NBC)
 Jim Henson, Frank Oz, Caroll Spinney, Jerry Nelson, Richard Hunt - Sesame Street (PBS)
1980
 Maia Danziger - ABC Afterschool Special ("The Late Great Me! Story of a Teenage Alcoholic") (ABC)
 Butterfly McQueen - ABC Afterschool Special ("Seven Wishes of a Rich Kid") (ABC)
 Melissa Sue Anderson - ABC Afterschool Special ("Which Mother Is Mine?") (ABC)
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 Robert Keeshan - Captain Kangaroo (CBS)
 René Auberjonois - CBS Library ("Once Upon a Midnight Dreary") (CBS)
1981
 Danny Aiello - ABC Afterschool Special ("A Family of Strangers") (ABC)
 Bill Cosby - Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids (CBS)
 Ken Howard - The Body Human ("Facts for Boys") (CBS)
 Marlo Thomas - The Body Human ("Facts for Girls") (CBS)
 Scott Baio - ABC Afterschool Special ("Stoned") (ABC)
 Hal Linden - Animals, Animals, Animals ("Llama") (ABC)
 Julie Andrews - The CBS Festival of Lively Arts for Young People ("Julie Andrews' Invitation to the Dance with Rudolf Nureyev") (CBS)
 Bill Bixby - Once Upon a Classic ("A Tale Of Two Cities") (PBS)

Outstanding Performer in Children's Programming
1982
 Robert Keeshan - Captain Kangaroo (CBS)
 Mike Farrell - The Body Human ("Becoming a Man") (CBS)
 Cicely Tyson - The Body Human ("Becoming a Woman") (CBS)
 Rita Moreno - CBS Library ("Orphans, Waifs and Wards") (CBS)
1983
 Cloris Leachman - ABC Afterschool Special ("The Woman Who Willed a Miracle") (ABC)
 Kevin Dobson - CBS Afternoon Playhouse ("Help Wanted") (CBS)
 Lynn Redgrave - CBS Afternoon Playhouse ("The Shooting") (CBS)
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 Molly Picon - Young People's Specials ("Grandma Didn't Wave Back") (SYN)
1984
 Dick Van Dyke - CBS Library ("The Wrong Way Kid") (CBS)
 Carrie Snodgress - ABC Afterschool Special ("Andrea's Story: A Hitchhiking Tragedy") (ABC)
 Robert Keeshan - Captain Kangaroo (CBS)
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
1985
 John Carradine - Young People's Specials ("Umbrella Jack") (SYN)
 Scott Baio - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("All the Kids Do It") (CBS)
 Betty Buckley - Special Treat ("Bobby and Sarah") (NBC)
 Richard Pryor - Pryor's Place (CBS)
 Lily Tomlin - Pryor's Place (CBS)
1986
 Pearl Bailey - ABC Afterschool Special ("Cindy Eller: A Modern Fairy Tale") (ABC)
 Michael York - ABC Afterschool Special ("Are You My Mother?") (ABC)
 Beau Bridges - ABC Afterschool Special ("Can a Guy Say No?") (ABC)
 Drew Barrymore - ABC Weekend Specials ("The Adventures of Con Sawyer and Hucklemary Finn") (ABC)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
1987
 Madeline Kahn - ABC Afterschool Special ("Wanted: The Perfect Guy") (ABC)
 Adolph Caesar - ABC Afterschool Special ("Getting Even: A Wimp's Revenge") (ABC)
 Ruth Buzzi - The Berenstain Bears (CBS)
 Paul Reubens - Pee-wee's Playhouse (CBS)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
1988
 Philip Bosco - ABC Afterschool Special ("Read Between The Lines") (ABC)
 Uta Hagen - ABC Afterschool Special ("Seasonal Differences") (ABC)
 James Earl Jones - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Soldier Boys") (CBS)
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 Paul Reubens - Pee-wee's Playhouse (CBS)

Outstanding Performer in a Children's Special
1989
 Dana Barron - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("No Means No") (CBS)
 Betty Buckley - ABC Afterschool Special ("Taking a Stand") (ABC)
 Whoopi Goldberg - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("My Past Is My Own") (CBS)
 Lori Loughlin - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("No Means No") (CBS)
 Chad Lowe - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("No Means No") (CBS)
1990
 Greg Spottiswood - Looking for Miracles (Disney Channel)
 Elizabeth Bliss - ABC Afterschool Special ("Torn Between Two Fathers") (ABC)
 Elizabeth Franz - ABC Afterschool Special ("A Town's Revenge") (ABC)
 Viveca Lindfors - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("A Matter of Conscience") (CBS)
 Zachary Bennett - Looking for Miracles (Disney Channel)
1991
 Joanne Vannicola - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Maggie's Secret") (CBS)
 Robyn Lively - ABC Afterschool Special ("The Less Than Perfect Daughter") (ABC)
 Richard Murphy - ABC Afterschool Special ("The Perfect Date") (ABC)
 Lycia Naff - ABC Afterschool Special ("The Perfect Date") (ABC)
 Christopher Rydell - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Lies of the Heart") (CBS)
1992
 Josh Hamilton - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Abby, My Love") (CBS)
 Stephanie Yu and Z. Wright - 3-2-1 Contact ("Secrets of the Code") (PBS)
 Alison Bartlett - ABC Afterschool Special ("It's Only Rock & Roll") (ABC)
 Matt McGrath - ABC Afterschool Special ("It's Only Rock & Roll") (ABC)
 Cara Buono - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Abby, My Love") (CBS)
1993
 Dina Waters - Lifestories: Families in Crisis ("Public Law 106: The Becky Bell Story") (HBO)
 Stephanie Yu and Z. Wright - 3-2-1 Contact ("Get Busy: How Kids Can Save The Planet") (PBS)
 Monica Calhoun - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Different Worlds: A Story of Interracial Love") (CBS)
 Duane Martin - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Different Worlds: A Story of Interracial Love") (CBS)
 Noelle Parker - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Different Worlds: A Story of Interracial Love") (CBS)
1994
 Justin Whalin - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Other Mothers") (CBS)
 Don Murray - ABC Afterschool Special ("Montana Crossroads") (ABC)
 Christopher Miranda - ABC Weekend Special ("William Saroyan's The Parsley Garden") (ABC)
 Meredith Baxter - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Other Mothers") (CBS)
 Joanna Cassidy - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Other Mothers") (CBS)
1995
 Hal Linden - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("The Writing on The Wall") (CBS)
 Peter Billingsley - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("The Writing on The Wall") (CBS)
 Aeryk Egan - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("The Writing on The Wall") (CBS)
 Missy Crider - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Love in the Dark Ages") (CBS)
 Ben Affleck - Lifestories: Families in Crisis ("A Body to Die For: The Aaron Henry Story") (HBO)
 Alan Thicke - The Trial of Red Riding Hood (Disney Channel)
1996
 Kate Burton - ABC Afterschool Specials ("Notes for My Daughter") (ABC)
 Kristen Cloke - ABC Afterschool Special ("Long Road Home") (ABC)
 Grace Johnston - ABC Afterschool Special ("Notes for My Daughter") (ABC)
 Lindsay Crouse - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Between Mother and Daughter") (CBS)
 C. Fraser Press - CBS Schoolbreak Special ("Stand Up") (CBS)
 Patti LuPone - The Song Spinner (Showtime)
1997
 Donna Murphy - Lifestories: Families in Crisis ("Someone Had to be Benny") (HBO)
 Sam McMurray - ABC Afterschool Special ("Teenage Confidential") (ABC)
 Michael Shulman - Lifestories: Families in Crisis ("Someone Had to be Benny") (HBO)
 Paul Winfield - The Legend of Gator Face (Showtime)
 Brent Carver - Whiskers (Showtime)
1998
 Robert Ri'chard - In His Father's Shoes (Showtime)
 Louis Gossett Jr. - In His Father's Shoes (Showtime)
 Pat Carroll - The Royale (AMC)
1999
 Jordan Kiziuk - The Island on Bird Street (Showtime)
 Kenneth Welsh - Edison: The Wizard of Light (HBO)
 Michal Suchánek - Edison: The Wizard of Light (HBO)
 Diahann Carroll - The Sweetest Gift (Showtime)
 Keith David - The Tiger Woods Story (Showtime)
2000
 James Earl Jones - Summer's End (Showtime)
 Debbie Reynolds - A Gift of Love: The Daniel Huffman Story (Showtime)
 Marc Donato - Locked in Silence (Showtime)
 Bonnie Bedelia - Locked in Silence (Showtime)
 Hume Cronyn - Sea People (Showtime)
2001
 Ossie Davis - Finding Buck McHenry (Showtime)
 Ellen Burstyn - Mermaid (Showtime)
 Jodelle Ferland - Mermaid (Showtime)
 Peter Falk - A Storm in Summer (Showtime)
 Alfre Woodard - The Wishing Tree (Showtime)
2002
 Kelsey Keel - My Louisiana Sky (Showtime)
 Kevin Clash - Elmo's World: The Wild Wild West (PBS)
 Juliette Lewis - My Louisiana Sky (Showtime)
 Hume Cronyn - Off Season (Showtime)
 Stephen Rea - Snow in August (Showtime)
2003
 Ben Foster - Bang Bang You're Dead (Showtime)
 Tom Cavanagh - Bang Bang You're Dead (Showtime)
 Bernadette Peters - Bobbie's Girl (Showtime)
 Vanessa Williams - Our America (Showtime)
 Gregory Hines - The Red Sneakers (Showtime)

Outstanding Performer in a Children/Youth/Family Special
2004
 Gena Rowlands - The Incredible Mrs. Ritchie (Showtime)
 James Caan - The Incredible Mrs. Ritchie (Showtime)
 Rubén Blades - The Maldonado Miracle (Showtime)
 Peter Fonda - The Maldonado Miracle (Showtime)
 Mare Winningham - The Maldonado Miracle (Showtime)
2005
 Stockard Channing - Jack (Showtime)
 Jane Alexander - Carry Me Home (Showtime)
 Ron Silver - Jack (Showtime)
 Hume Cronyn - A Separate Peace (Showtime)
2006
 James McDaniel - Edge of America (Showtime)
 Tim Daly - Edge of America (Showtime)
2007
 Eion Bailey - Life of the Party (Lifetime)
 Kera O'Bryon - Assignment Discovery ("Christmas and the Civil War") (Discovery Channel)
 Elijah Wood - Saving a Species ("The Great Penguin Rescue") (Discovery Kids)

Outstanding Performer in a Children's Series (1989-2014)
1989
 Jim Varney - Hey Vern, It's Ernest! (CBS)
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 Barbara Billingsley - Muppet Babies (CBS)
 Sonia Manzano - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Ringo Starr - Shining Time Station (PBS)
1990
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 Barbara Billingsley - Muppet Babies (CBS)
 Paul Reubens - Pee-wee's Playhouse (CBS)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
1991
 Tim Curry - Peter Pan & the Pirates (FOX)
 Edward Asner - Captain Planet and the Planeteers (TBS)
 Whoopi Goldberg - Captain Planet and the Planeteers (TBS)
 Paul Reubens - Pee-wee's Playhouse (CBS)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
1992
 Shari Lewis - Lamb Chop's Play-Along (PBS)
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
 Sonia Manzano - Sesame Street (PBS)
 George Carlin - Shining Time Station (PBS)
1993
 Shari Lewis - Lamb Chop's Play-Along (PBS)
 John Astin - The Addams Family (ABC)
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
 Jerry Nelson - Sesame Street (PBS)
1994
 Shari Lewis - Lamb Chop's Play-Along (PBS)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
 Ruth Buzzi - Sesame Street (PBS)
 George Carlin - Shining Time Station (PBS)
 Lynne Thigpen - Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (PBS)
1995
 Shari Lewis - Lamb Chop's Play-Along (PBS)
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
 Martin P. Robinson - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Lynne Thigpen - Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (PBS)
1996
 Shari Lewis - Lamb Chop's Play-Along (PBS)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
 Angela Bassett - Storytime (PBS)
 James McDaniel - Storytime (PBS)
 Lynne Thigpen - Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (PBS)
1997
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 Bill Nye - Bill Nye the Science Guy (PBS)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Lynne Thigpen - Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (PBS)
1998
 Bill Nye - Bill Nye the Science Guy (PBS)
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
 Caroll Spinney - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Lynne Thigpen - Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (PBS)
1999
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 Bill Nye - Bill Nye the Science Guy (PBS)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Caroll Spinney - Sesame Street (PBS)
2000
 Shari Lewis - The Charlie Horse Music Pizza (PBS)
 Bill Nye - Bill Nye the Science Guy (SYN)
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
2001
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
 Steve Burns - Blue's Clues (Nickelodeon)
 Donna Pescow - Even Stevens (Disney Channel)
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
2002
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
 Donna Pescow - Even Stevens (Disney Channel)
 Fred Rogers - Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (PBS)
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Mary-Kate Olsen - So Little Time (ABC Family)
2003
 Shia LaBeouf - Even Stevens (Disney Channel)
 Noel MacNeal - Bear in the Big Blue House (Disney Channel)
 Donna Pescow - Even Stevens (Disney Channel)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
2004
 Jeff Corwin - Jeff Corwin Unleashed (NBC)
 Lynne Thigpen - Bear in the Big Blue House (Disney Channel)
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 David Rudman - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Michelle Trachtenberg - Truth or Scare (Discovery Kids)
2005
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Donovan Patton - Blue's Clues (Nickelodeon)
 Jeff Corwin - Jeff Corwin Unleashed (Discovery Kids)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
2006
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Sara Paxton - Darcy's Wild Life (NBC)
 J.D. Roth - Endurance (NBC)
 Julianna Rose Mauriello - LazyTown (Nickelodeon)
2007
 Caroll Spinney - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 LeVar Burton - Reading Rainbow (PBS)
2008
 Bindi Irwin - Bindi the Jungle Girl (Discovery Kids)
 Jack Hanna - Jack Hanna's Into the Wild (SYN)
 John Tartaglia - Johnny and the Sprites (Disney Channel)
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Rachel Coleman - Signing Time! (PBS)
2009
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Bindi Irwin - Bindi the Jungle Girl (Discovery Kids)
 Leslie Carrara - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Christopher Knowings - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Martin P. Robinson - Sesame Street (PBS)
2010
 Joey Mazzarino - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 David Rudman - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Caroll Spinney - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Christopher Knowings - Sesame Street (PBS)
2011
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Caroll Spinney - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Leslie Carrara - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Eric Jacobson - Sesame Street (PBS)
2012
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Caroll Spinney - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Dakota Goyo - The Haunting Hour: The Series ("Flight") (The Hub)
 Leslie Carrara - Sesame Street (PBS)
2013
 Kevin Clash - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Jeff Corwin - Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin (ABC)
 Joey Mazzarino - Sesame Street (PBS)
 David Rudman - Sesame Street (PBS)
2014
 Jessica Honor Carleton - Green Screen Adventures (MeTV)
 Katie Douglas - Spooksville (HUB Network)
 Leslie Carrara - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Joey Mazzarino - Sesame Street (PBS)
 David Rudman - Sesame Street (PBS)

Outstanding Performer in a Children's or Pre-School Children's Series (2015-2016)
2015
 Margot Kidder - The Haunting Hour: The Series ("Mrs. Worthington") (Discovery Family)
 Leslie Carrara-Rudolph - Sesame Street (PBS)
 Jessica Honor Carleton - Green Screen Adventures (MeTV)
 Mason Cook - R. L. Stine's The Haunting Hour: The Series ("Grandpa's Glasses") (Discovery Family)
 Joey Mazzarino - Sesame Street (PBS)
2016
 Jessica Lundy - The Inspectors (CBS)
 Jadiel Dowlin - Annedroids (Amazon)
 Addison Holley - Annedroids (Amazon)
 Sean Michael Kyer - Odd Squad (PBS)
 Terry Serpico - The Inspectors (CBS)

Outstanding Performer in a Children's, Pre-School Children's or Family Viewing Program
2017
 Isaac Kragten - Odd Squad (PBS)
 Adrianna Di Liello - Annedroids (Amazon)
 Ryan Dillon - Sesame Street (HBO)
 Addison Holley - Annedroids (Amazon)
 Jack McBrayer - Odd Squad: The Movie (PBS)

Outstanding Performer in a Children's, Preschool Children's or Educational and Informational Program
2018
 Dove Cameron - Liv and Maddie: Cali Style (Disney Channel)
 Kristos Andrews - This Just In (POP)
 Ed Asner - A StoryBots Christmas (Netflix)
 Michela Luci - Dino Dana (Amazon)
 Raven Symone - Raven's Home (Disney Channel)

Outstanding Performer in a Children's, Family Viewing or Special Class Program
2019
 Michela Luci - Dino Dana (Amazon)
 Bill Cobbs - Dino Dana (Amazon)
 Bret Green - The Inspectors (CBS)
 Edward Norton - Ask the StoryBots (Netflix)
 Kimberly Persona - Miss Persona (YouTube)
 Hannah VandenBygaart - ReBoot: The Guardian Code (Netflix)

Outstanding Principal Performance in Daytime Program
2020
 Ryan Dillon - Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (HBO)
 Liana Liberato - Light as a Feather (Hulu)
 Damian Toofeek Raven - The Chadwick Journals: Oren (Amazon Prime Video)
 Jordan Rodrigues - Light as a Feather (Hulu)
 Brianne Tju - Light as a Feather (Hulu)

Outstanding Limited Performance in a Daytime Program
2020
 Bill Cobbs - Dino Dana: Dino Flyer (Amazon Prime Video)
 Maria Bamford - Ask the StoryBots: How Do Eyes See? (Netflix)
 Kathleen Gati - A Mermaid for Christmas (Amazon Prime Video)
 Alice Kremelberg - The Feels (YouTube.com)
 Sara Ramirez - The Feels (YouTube.com)

Outstanding Limited Performance in a Children’s Program
2021

 Lupita Nyong'o - Bookmarks: Celebrating Black Voices: Lupita Nyong'o Reads Sulwe (Netflix)
 Alicia Silverstone - The Baby-Sitters Club (Netflix)
 Jennifer Barnhart - Sesame Street (HBO)
 Derek Gaines - Helpsters: Isaac Ice (Apple TV+)
 Tom Wilson - Sydney to the Max (Disney Channel)

Outstanding Principal Performance in a Children’s Program
2021

 Jace Chapman - The Healing Powers of Dude (Netflix)
 Emilie Cocquerel - The New Legends of Monkey (Netflix)
 Ryan Dillon - Sesame Street (HBO)
 Nathan Lovejoy - Gabby Duran & the Unsittables (Disney Channel)
 Tyler Sanders - Just Add Magic: Mystery City (Amazon Studios)

Outstanding Younger Performer in a Children’s Program
2021

 Sophie Grace - The Baby-Sitters Club (Netflix)
 Issac Ryan Brown - Raven's Home (Disney Channel)
 Sky Katz - Raven's Home (Disney Channel)
 Navia Robinson - Raven's Home (Disney Channel)
 Christian J Simon - Sydney to the Max (Disney Channel)

Programs with multiple awards
16 awards
 Sesame Street
5 awards
 Lamb Chop's Play-Along
3 awards
 Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
2 awards
 Dino Dana

Multiple wins
9 wins
 Kevin Clash
6 wins
 Shari Lewis
5 wins
Caroll Spinney
3 wins
 Fred Rogers
2 wins
 LeVar Burton

References

Children's Programming
Awards established in 1975
Awards disestablished in 2007
Children's television awards


title: Æthelstan A

text:
Æthelstan A () is the name given by historians to an unknown scribe who drafted charters (or diplomas), by which the king made grants of land, for King Æthelstan of England between 928 and 935. They are an important source for historians as they provide far more information than other charters of the period, showing the date and place of the grant, and having an unusually long list of witnesses, including Welsh kings and occasionally kings of Scotland and Strathclyde.

The Æthelstan A charters commence shortly after King Æthelstan conquered Northumbria in 927, making him the first king to rule the whole of England. The diplomas give the king titles such as "King of the English" and "King of the Whole of Britain", and this is seen by historians as part of a rhetoric which reflected his master's claim for a new status, higher than previous West Saxon kings.

The diplomas are written in elaborate Latin known as the hermeneutic style, which became dominant in Anglo-Latin literature from the mid-tenth century and a hallmark of the English Benedictine Reform. Scholars vary widely in their views of his style, which has been described as "pretentious" and "almost impenetrable", but also as "poetic" and "as enduringly fascinating as it is complex".

Æthelstan A ceased to draft charters after 935, and his successors returned to a simpler style, suggesting that he was working on his own rather than being a member of a royal scriptorium.

Background
After the death of Bede in 735, Latin prose in England declined. It reached its lowest level in the ninth century, when few books and charters were produced, and they were of poor quality. King Æthelstan's grandfather, Alfred the Great (871–899), embarked on an extensive programme to improve learning, and by the 890s the standard of Latin in charters was improving. Few charters survive from the reigns of Alfred and his son, Edward the Elder (899–924), and none from 909 to 925. Until then, charters had generally been plain legal documents, and King Æthelstan's early diplomas were similar.

Until about 900, diplomas appear to have been drawn up in varying traditions and circumstances, but in later Anglo-Saxon times (c. 900–1066) charters can be more clearly defined. According to Simon Keynes:
In this period, a diploma can be characterised as a formal and symbolic record, in Latin, of an occasion when the king, acting in a royal assembly, and with the consent of the ecclesiastical and secular orders, created an estate of "bookland" at a specified place, and conveyed it on the privileged terms defined by the "book", or diploma, to a named beneficiary. This act of establishing a particular estate as bookland, so that it could be held henceforth on these privileged terms, could be performed only by the king, in a royal assembly; but the diploma itself served hereafter as the title-deed for the land in question. It established that the land was to be held, with its appurtenances, free from the imposition of worldly burdens, with the exception of military service, bridge-work and fortress-work, and with the power to give it to anyone of its owner's choosing.

Identity of Æthelstan A
In the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries there was a debate among historians as to whether late Anglo-Saxon charters were produced by a royal chancery or by monasteries on behalf of beneficiaries. In the 1910s, W. H. Stevenson argued that charters in different areas of England were drawn up by the same hand, which would be unlikely if they were drawn up locally, supporting the case that the writers were royal clerks. The German scholar Richard Drögereit followed this up in 1935 by examining original charters between 931 and 963, and identified three scribes from their handwriting, whom he called Æthelstan A, Æthelstan C and Edmund C. Other charters which only existed in copies he allocated to these and other scribes on the basis of their style. In 2002 Keynes listed twenty "Æthelstan A" charters, of which two are original and the rest copies.

The boundary clauses of the Æthelstan A charters were written in correct Old English, so it is unlikely that he was of foreign origin. The witness lists of the Æthelstan A charters consistently place Bishop Ælfwine of Lichfield in Mercia in a higher position than his rank warranted. King Æthelstan was probably brought up in Mercia, and in Sarah Foot's view he was probably intimate with Ælfwine before King Edward's death; as Ælfwine disappeared from the witness lists at the same time as the Æthelstan A charters ended, she suggests that he may have been Æthelstan A. Keynes thinks it more likely Æthelstan A was a king's priest from Mercia, who acquired his learning in a Mercian religious house and respected Ælfwine as a fellow Mercian; that Æthelstan A entered Æthelstan's service before he became king and was in permanent attendance on him. David Woodman also considers a Mercian origin likely, pointing out that some Mercian ninth-century charters have borrowings from Aldhelm, an important source of Æthelstan A's style. Woodman also puts forward the alternative idea that Æthelstan A had a connection with Glastonbury Abbey in Wessex, which appears to have been a centre of learning at this time, and certainly housed many of the texts which informed Æthelstan A's idiosyncratic Latin style.

Significance of the charters

The first charter produced by Æthelstan A in 928 described the king as rex Anglorum, "king of the English", the first time that title had been used. By 931 he had become "king of the English, elevated by the right hand of the Almighty to the throne of the whole kingdom of Britain". Some charters were witnessed by Welsh kings, and occasionally by the kings of Scotland and Strathclyde, signifying acceptance of Æthelstan's lordship. In Keynes's view, it cannot be a coincidence that the charters commenced immediately after the conquest of Northumbria, and Æthelstan A's primary aim was to display the "grandeur of Æthelstan's kingship". Foot argues that the king's inner circle quickly seized on the potential of the conquest for "ideological aggrandizement of the king's public standing". To Keynes, the diplomas "are symbolic of a monarchy invigorated by success, developing the pretensions commensurate with its actual achievements and clothing itself in the trappings of a new political order." He sees the fifty years from 925 to 975 as "the golden age of the Anglo-Saxon royal diploma".

Before 928 charters had been produced in various ways, sometimes by royal priests, sometimes by other priests on behalf of the beneficiaries. Æthelstan A was solely responsible for the production of charters between 928 and 934. King Æthelstan thus took unprecedented control over an important part of his functions. In 935 Æthelstan A shared the work with other scribes, and he then apparently retired. His charters have exceptionally long witness lists, with 101 names for a grant by the king to his thegn Wulfgar at Lifton in Devon in 931, and 92 for a grant to Ælfgar at Winchester in 934. The witness lists of King Æthelstan's father and grandfather were much shorter, with the longest in Alfred the Great's reign having only 19 names. In John Maddicott's view the long lists in Æthelstan's reign reflect a change of direction to larger assemblies. The king established a novel system, with his scribe travelling with him from meeting to meeting, and a uniform format of charters. The dating clause showed the regnal year, the indiction, the epact, and the age of the moon. In Keynes's view: "Nothing quite like them had been seen before; and they must have seemed magnificent, even intimidating, in their formality and their grandeur." A unique feature is that three charters in favour of a religious community require it to sing a specified number of psalms for the king, indicating a particular interest in psalmody by the king or scribe.

Frankish annalists usually recorded a king's location at Easter and Christmas, but this was not a practice of English chroniclers, and the only period in the tenth and eleventh centuries for which historians can construct a partial itinerary of the king's movements is provided by the location of assemblies recorded in Æthelstan A's charters of 928 to 935. Other charters rarely named the place of assembly, apart from a group in the 940s and early 950s known as the "alliterative" charters.

In 935 a new simplified format was introduced by other scribes, apparently while Æthelstan A was still active, and became the standard until the late 950s. This coincided with the disappearance of Wulfstan I, Archbishop of York from the witness lists, and greater prominence of the Bishops of London and Bishop of Winchester, and the new format may have reflected a change of outlook at court. As charters were no longer written in Æthelstan A's distinctive style when he ceased producing them, it is likely he was working on his own rather than heading a royal scriptorium.

Style of the charters
The standard of Latin prose improved in the tenth century, especially after about 960, when the leaders of the Benedictine reform movement adopted the elaborate and ornate style of Latin now called by historians the hermeneutic style. Use of this style, influenced especially by Aldhelm's De virginitate, dates back to King Æthelstan's reign. Æthelstan A  borrowed heavily from Aldhelm; he would not copy whole sentences, only a word or a few words, incorporating them in a structure reminiscent of Aldhelm's works. In Woodman's view, "Æthelstan A" varied the language in each charter out of a delight in experimentation and to demonstrate his literary ability.

The florid style of seventh-century Irish texts known as Hiberno-Latin was influential on the Continent due to the work of Irish missionaries in Europe. Some works were known to English writers such as Aldhelm in the same century, but it is likely that Æthelstan A learnt of them from continental scholars such as Israel the Grammarian, who brought texts influenced by Hiberno-Latin to King Æthelstan's court.

Woodman states that: "whilst it is true that the main impetus for the literary revival of Latin prose occurred from the mid-tenth century, the beginnings of this style of Latin can actually be found rather earlier and in the most unlikely of places. In fact it is diplomas of the 920s and 930s that are the first to display this distinctive Latin in its most exuberant form." According to Scott Thompson Smith Æthelstan A's diplomas "are generally characterised by a rich pleonastic style with aggressively literary proems and anathemas, ostentatious language and imagery throughout, decorative rhetorical figures, elaborate dating clauses, and extensive witness lists. These are clearly documents with stylistic ambitions." Few listeners would have understood them when they were read out at royal assemblies. In Charter S 425 of 934, the second of the two originals to survive, Æthelstan A wrote (in Smith's translation):
The wanton fortune of the deceiving world, not lovely with the milky-white radiance of unfading lilies but odious with the galling bitterness of woeful corruption, raging with venomous jaws tears with its teeth the sons of fetid flesh in the vale of tears; although with its smiles it may be alluring to the unfortunate, it brazenly leads down to the lowest depths of Acherontic Cocytus unless the offspring of the High-Thunderer should intervene. And so because that ruinous [fortune] mortally fades away in its failing, one must especially hasten to pleasant fields of ineffable joy where the angelic music of hymnal jubilation and the mellifluous scent of blooming roses are sensed as sweet beyond measure by good and blessed noses and heard by ears as the delights of musical instrument without end.

In S 416 of 931, the first original to survive, after the boundary clause in Old English, he reverted to Latin for the anathema against anyone who set aside the charter:
If, however, God forbid, anyone swollen with diabolic spirit should be tempted to diminish or annul this brief document of my arrangement and confirmation, let him know that on the final and great day of judgment, when the archangel's shrill trumpet rings out, when graves burst open by themselves and give up the bodies now revived, when every element trembles, with the traitor Judas, who is called "son of perdition" by the Sower's merciful Offspring, he is to perish in eternal confusion within the hungry flames of unspeakable torments.

Some scholars are not impressed. Michael Lapidge describes Æthelstan A's style as "pretentious", and according to Mechtild Gretsch the diplomas
are composed in almost impenetrable Latin. Their proems consist of long convoluted sentences, parading an ostentatious display of Greek and glossary-based vocabulary and containing numerous unmistakable verbal reminiscences of Aldhelm's writings. Nothing similar had previously been attempted in Anglo-Saxon diplomatic and although, later in the tenth century, other charters affecting the hermeneutic style were composed, the ferocious lexical and syntactical difficulties of these Æthelstan charters were never to be surpassed.

On the other hand, Drögereit describes Æthelstan A's style as having a "poetic quality", and Woodman describes him as an "author of no little genius, a man who not only overhauled the legal form of the diploma but also had the ability to write Latin that is as enduringly fascinating as it is complex." In Woodman's view: "Never before had the royal diploma's rhetorical properties been exploited to such a degree and it seems no coincidence that these documents appeared following King Æthelstan's momentous political conquest of the north in 927."

List of charters
Keynes listed the Æthelstan A charters in Table XXVII of his Atlas of Attestations. The charters are in the script called "Square minuscule ('Phase II')", with a Latin text and the boundary clause in the vernacular.

Charters

See also
Anglo-Saxon charters

Notes

References

Sources

 (Translation on Kemble: The Anglo-Saxon Charters Website)

10th-century births
10th-century deaths
10th-century writers in Latin
Anglo-Saxon writers
Grammarians of Latin
Medieval linguists
Place of birth unknown
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
10th-century English writers


title: The Blue Giraffe

text:
"The Blue Giraffe" is a science fiction story on the concept of mutation by American writer L. Sprague de Camp. It was first published in the magazine Astounding Science-Fiction for August, 1939. It appeared in book form in the anthology Adventures in Time and Space (Random House, 1946) and later in the anthologies World of Wonder (Twayne, 1951), The Science Fiction Bestiary (Thomas Nelson, 1971),  Androids, Time Machines and Blue Giraffes (Follett, 1973), Isaac Asimov Presents the Great Science Fiction Stories: Volume 1, 1939 (DAW Books, 1979), Isaac Asimov Presents The Golden Years of Science Fiction (Bonanza Books, 1983), and An Anthropomorphic Century (FurPlanet Productions, 2015). The story has been translated into Italian, French and German.

Plot summary
Athelstan Cuff, an English immigrant to America, finds his son, Peter, distraught on having learned he is adopted. He reassures the boy that it makes no difference, and at Peter's urging explains why he never had natural children.

In 1976, before coming to America, Cuff is a park official in southern Africa. He is called to a wildlife preserve in the Okavango River Delta by George Mtengeni, the local warden, to investigate the sighting of a strange blue giraffe. Once on the scene, he learns that the mystery extends far deeper. Together with Mtengeni, he observes not just the animal in question but another giraffe with a goat-like beard, only six feet long, a green hippopotamus with pink spots, and a two-headed rhinoceros. Other creatures are so mutated their very survival is threatened, and Mtengeni is concerned about the long-term prospects of the animal population.

Establishing camp in the bush, the two are separated when the warden goes out into the night for firewood and Cuff, hearing what he takes for a native woman's scream from another direction, heads off to investigate. He finds the woman treed by a buffalo and rescues her, only to realize he has now lost his way and cannot relocate the camp. The woman, Ingwamza, undertakes to lead him back to her village. When daylight comes and Cuff can finally see her clearly, he discovers Ingwamza too is a mutation; despite her generally human proportions, she has greenish-yellow hair, a short tail, and the head of a baboon. Startled, he accidentally shoots himself in the foot.

Now dependent on Ingwamza for survival, Cuff allows her to lead him onward despite his horror. They soon arrive at the village of the Fene Abantu, or baboon people. There, Cuff is introduced to their chief, Ingwamza's father Indlovu. The chief explains what he knows about himself and his people. He was the first of their race; the others of the tribe are all his descendants. His first memories are of the black man who taught him to speak, Stanley H. Mqhavi, who worked for "the machine man", a white man named Heeky. Heeky was called the machine man for some sort of device he had built and operated at the edge of the Chobe Swamp. When Heeky died, Mqhavi tried leading Indlovu and his progeny back towards civilization, but became lost in the delta and died after admonishing his charges never to go near the machine. The Fene Abantu have lived in the delta ever since.

Cuff realizes "Heeky" must have been Hickey, a scientist known to have disappeared in the region back in the 1940s. He deduces that Hickey must have been experimenting on the animals with radiation, and his device, never deactivated, has continued to affect the germ plasm of any who wander near it, until their altered descendants have finally attracted outside notice.

Simultaneously, Cuff learns he has a personal problem. Not only is he trapped in the baboon people's village until he recovers, but Indlovu has decided to honor him by marrying him to Ingwamza. His succor comes in the form of Cukata, Ingwamza's former lover, who sneaks into Cuff's hut by night intending to kill his rival. Convincing Cukata he has no wish to come between them, Cuff persuades the creature to help him escape instead. Accordingly, Cukata spirits Cuff out and provides him transportation in the form of Soga, one of a herd of mutated crocodiles the tribe retains as mounts. He also tells him where he can find Hickey's machine.

On the back of Soga, Cuff succeeds in reaching Hickey's old headquarters and turning off his machine. The creatures of the region are now safe from further mutation. But Cuff himself is still in danger from the pursuing Fene Abantu, led by the offended Indlovu. Facing imminent recapture, he is rescued at the last moment by Mtengeni, who has also been searching for him. Under the protection of Mtengeni's rifle, Cuff resolves his differences with Indlovu.

Later, however, Cuff realizes that in approaching and deactivating Hickey's device, he himself must have gotten a full dose of radiation, damaging his own germ plasm. Hence he can never risk having children for fear of producing monsters, and that, as he tells his son Peter, is why he chose to adopt.

Reception
In the analysis of the science fiction historians Alexei and Cory Panshin, the story typified an attitude of de Camp's that was remarkable for the genre of the time: "In the proto-ecological universe projected by de Camp, to be human ... was a natural state of being which we might share with a wide variety of creatures. ... [D]e Camp was capable of imagining what previously would have been thought of as lesser beings–[such as] a tribe of mutated baboons in 'The Blue Giraffe' (Astounding, Aug 1939) ... as being as decent, rational and civilized as most men manage to be, and maybe even more so."

Jamie Todd Rubin, reviewing the issue of Astounding in which the story originally appeared, writes, "Of all the stories in the issue, de Camp’s is the best written. There is no feeling of pulp writing or story-telling. It is a smooth tale that comes alive in your imagination so that you feel like you are right there with the characters on their journey. Abou[t] the only weakness in the story was the ending, which returns to the father and his adopted son. I didn’t think the ending lived up to the full potential of the story, and almost would have liked to seen the beginning and ending left off, and just go on the wonderful journey through the African wilderness."

Relation to other works
Other uses of intelligent non-human primates by de Camp can be found in his earlier short story "Living Fossil" (1939) and the later novel Genus Homo (1950) written in collaboration with P. Schuyler Miller. Another instance of his use of a "lower" species raised to intelligence by scientific means can be found in his later novella The Virgin of Zesh (1953). De Camp reuses the plot elements of the protagonist gaining sanctuary with a nonhuman race, facing an unwelcome marriage, and being saved by the reluctant bride's betrothed in his later novel The Pixilated Peeress (1991). In that novel Thorolf Zigramson, the hero, is adopted into a tribe of "trolls" (remnant Neanderthals), whose chief seeks to cement the alliance by the same expedient attempted by Indlovu in "The Blue Giraffe."

Notes

Short stories by L. Sprague de Camp
1939 short stories
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Africa in fiction


title: 2014 Hama offensive

text:
The 2014 Hama offensive, codenamed Ghazwat Badr al-Sham al-Kubra, was a military operation launched by Syrian rebels during the Syrian Civil War in the northern parts of Hama Governorate, in an attempt to reach the Hama Military Airport and the provincial capital of the province. It was also launched in an attempt to cut the supply line to Aleppo, especially after the rebels seized the village of Rahjan.

Although the offensive was initially met with success, the Army quickly launched a counter-offensive on 26 August, resulting in the recapture of all territory lost to the rebels since 26 July and the takeover of new territory previously held by the rebels.

Rebel offensive
On 26 July, the rebels in Hama province captured the town of Khitab, Rahbeh village, Khitab arms depots and army base. The next day, clashes continued between pro-government forces and rebels in the western sides of Qamhana town and in the villages of al-Sher and al-Majdal in the western countryside of Hama near Maharda. On 28 July, rebels killed six soldiers and captured the "Btesh" checkpoint in Tarabih, located nine kilometers north of Hama military airport. During their advance, the rebels began striking the airport with Grad missiles. Meanwhile, new Army reinforcements arrived in the area. As the rebels advanced, they were able to cut off the road linking Hama city to a string of government-controlled Christian and Alawite villages in the west of the province.

On 29 July, government forces recaptured Salba and Tall Mallah on the Hama–Suqaylabiyah road.

On 9 August, a pro-government source claimed that the Army thwarted a rebel attack on a garrison in Mhardeh. On 13 August, according to the pro-opposition SOHR, rebels recaptured the southwestern part of the town of Mork, while the Army began retreating to the outskirts of the town. However, fighting continued in the town the next day.

At the same time, rebels captured the Tall al-Sheyha and the village of Arzeh, killing at least 12 soldiers, and placing themselves within 3–4 km of Hama Military Airport. According to the SOHR, the rebels lost six fighters that day. They lost another five fighters (including a battalion commander) the next day. On 16 August, rebels captured the al-Madajin checkpoint, while they were forced to retreat from al-Shayha village and Tall al-Sheyha due to heavy bombardments on the region. The rebels managed to recapture the hill later that day, destroying a tank in the progress. All five crew members were reportedly killed.

On 18 August, a Syrian fighter jet was shot down by rebels near the Hama airport. The pilot was reportedly killed in the act. Rebels tried to enter the village of Qbayyat during the night, resulting in heavy clashes with pro-government fighters and soldiers.

Army counter-attack

The next day, Syrian forces regained control over the village of Um Hurayzah in the eastern countryside of Hama, while they also managed to advance towards Arze village. Seven rebels were killed during the day. On 20 August, the Army made new gains near the city of Halfaya, while two rebel commanders were killed during the day.

Rebels capture Halfaya

On 22 August, a rebel brigade commander was killed near the village of al-Shiha, while the Al-Nusra Front sent reinforcements (consisting of two convoys) from Aleppo to the south of Halfaya city. The next day, new reinforcements from Al-Nusra Front arrived near Mhardeh city and in the Halfaya area in preparations for the start of the battle for Mhardeh.

On 23 August, a rebel attack on the Mhardeh power station was repelled. The next day, rebel forces, primarily composed of Al-Nusra fighters, captured the city of Halfaya. On 25 August, government troops recaptured the "Btesh" checkpoint but had to abandon it once again due to heavy rebel shelling.

New Army counter-attack

At this point, no less than 1,500 fighters from the Al-Nusra Front grouped in Halfaya and around Mhardeh, with the assault force personally led by the group's leader Abu Mohammad al-Jawlani. According to a source within Nusra, the Free Syrian Army rejected the idea of storming the Christian majority city of Mhardeh and hence the large number of reinforcements brought from Aleppo. Before the assault, al-Jawlani gave a speech to his fighters to boost morale. At the same time, military special forces reinforcements, known as the "Tiger Forces", arrived from Aleppo province, along with their commander, Col. Soheil Al-Hassan.

On 26 August, the rebel attack on Mhardeh was launched and fighting raged for the numerous checkpoints defending the city. The same day, Army units captured rebel positions near the village of Shar'aya, as well as the village itself.

On 27 August, rebels captured a number of soldiers near Arzeh, while fighting in the village itself was renewed later in the day.

On 28 August, the Army captured Tall al-Sheyha hill and advanced in Bateesh, Arzeh and Khitab. The rebels used the hill to bombard the airport in previous days. Later in the day, the "Btesh" checkpoint was once again reported to be government-held but coming under rebel fire. By this point, the rebel attack on Mhardeh was seen as to have failed following the military counterattack during which government troops recaptured checkpoints along the road leading to Halfaya.

Two days later, the pro-government Al-Masdar News site reported the NDF forces, supported by the reinforcements, repelled a rebel infiltration attempt near the Mhardeh power plant.

On 7 September, the Army recaptured Arzeh, while 17 rebels (including a commander) were killed in fighting along the frontline. Al-Masdar News also claimed the Army recaptured Deir Hamra, near the airport. The next day, rebels captured the Seher Hill checkpoint, while Army units advanced in the Sen Seher - Zor al Qse’eyyi area and the village of Zor Bel Hsein.

On 9 September, the Army recaptured Khitab, Zor Bel Hsein, Zor al Masaleq, Zor al Jdid and Kherbet al Hjame, and the Rahbat Khitab military base, while according to Al-Masdar News, Army and NDF units also seized the villages of Al-Samama and Qamaha and two neighborhoods in Halfaya. An al-Nusra Front commander was killed near Halfaya during the day's fighting. With government troops regaining control of these villages and the rebels pushed back, Hama military airport was no longer threatened.

The next day, Syrian and Iranian forces recaptured the southern part of Halfaya city, the "Btesh" checkpoint and the farmlands of Btesh. On 11 September, the military made further advances in Halfaya leaving a large part of the area under government control. In the evening, the Army secured Halfaya.

On 13 September, government troops captured a further three towns in Hama province, including Taibet al-Imam, Lweibdah and Zour Abo Zaid, and inflicted "gross losses" among opposition fighters, just two days after they fully recaptured Halfaya. In addition, on 15 September, the Army seized captured Zalaqiyat, and the next day, seized Jadidah, Jalma, Tall Melh, Kafr Hawad and Tremseh. Thus, government forces reached the outskirts of the rebel stronghold of Al-Lataminah.

On 17 September, the rebels recaptured Tall Melh, Zalaqiyat Tremseh and Jalma after they infiltrated the villages. During the fighting, 28 soldiers were killed. The military also reportedly managed to seize the southwest entrance of Al-Lataminah. Over the next two days, government troops regained control of Tall Melh, Tremseh and Jalma after killing at least 29 rebel fighters. They then proceeded to fortify Tall Melh, Jadidah and Abu Zaher against any further infiltration.

On 19 September, the Army also captured the villages of Abu Redeh and Hasraya. The day before, a rebel media activist declared the rebel offensive that started in late July to be over.

Aftermath – Army capture of Mork

On 30 September, the Army captured the villages of al-Buwaydah and al-Masasnah. According to a military source, over 25 Al-Nusra militants were killed in the fighting, including an aide of Abu Mohammad Al-Jolani.

On 6 October, the Army captured Al-Jabin, as well as two other towns.

On 23 October, government forces took back total control of the strategically important city Mork, nine months after it was seized by rebels and their al-Qaeda allies. The same day, the Syrian army captured Tal Itmeen after clashes with rebels who were retreating from Mork. One week later, the SAA also captured Tall Sayid, northeast of Kafr Zita.

On 4 November, SAA took control of Qabr Farat and Al-Kareem near the border of Idlib.

Strategic analysis

The rebel offensive forced government forces to step up their troop presence in the area, which would limit the Army's capabilities in other areas, such as Aleppo, according to a rebel commander. The aim of the rebel offensive was to capture the military airport and stop the Air force from manufacturing barrel bombs, which were being manufactured at the base and used for many months to strike opposition-controlled areas across Syria.

See also

 Battle of Mork

References

Hama offensive 2
Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Free Syrian Army
Hama offensive 2
Hama offensive 2
Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Syrian government
Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving Quds Force


title: Conversations on a Sunday Afternoon

text:
Conversations on a Sunday Afternoon is a 2005 South African documentary directed by Khalo Matabane. The 80-minute film blends documentary and fiction as it explores the subject of refugees and immigrants living in South Africa, and the diversity of post-Apartheid South African society.

References

External links
 Conversations on a Sunday Afternoon on Internet Movie Database

Best Documentary Africa Movie Academy Award winners
South African documentary films
2005 films
2005 documentary films
Immigration to South Africa
Documentary films about immigration


title: Sturia

text:
Sturia is a genus of ceratitid ammonoids from the Lower Triassic with an ammonitic suture.

Sturia produced a robust, laterally compressed, high whorled, involute shell; whorls strongly embracing. the surface is without ribs or constructions but does have sharp spiral lines. the suture is ammonitic, deeply digitate;  lobes and saddles narrowly V-shaped overall. The ventral lobe is divided, 1st lateral lobe is larger than the second, which is followed by  a series of auxiliary lobes decreasing in size toward the umbilicus.

J.P Smith, 1932, included Sturia in the Thalassoceratidae, but only tentatively.   The American Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, 1957, includes Sturia in the Ptychitidae, along with such genera as Ptychites, Discoptychites, Aristoptychites, and Parasturia. Sturia is now included in the Sturiidae, established by Kipsarova. 1958, for genera such as already mentioned Sturia, Parasturia, and Discoptychites, notably distinct from genera retained in the Ptychitidae, like Ptychites.

References

 Arkell, W.J. et al., 1957. Mesozoic Ammonoidea. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part L. Geological Society and University of Kansas Press.
 Smith, J.P. 1932. Lower Triassic Ammonoids of North America. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 167.
 Sturia in Fossilworks.

Ceratitida genera
Triassic ammonites
Ammonites of Europe


title: Jessica Taylor (athlete)

text:
Jessica Taylor (born 27 June 1988 in Manchester) is a British track and field athlete who competes in the heptathlon. At the 2014 Commonwealth Games held in Glasgow, Taylor represented England and finished third in the women's heptathlon.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
English heptathletes
British female athletes
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for England
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Sportspeople from Manchester
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Skåne Stags

text:
The Skåne Stags Rugby League Football Club was the first rugby league club formed in Sweden.

The sport of rugby league was introduced in Sweden in 2007, which led to the Sweden national rugby league team playing in international competitions.  The Swedish team initially struggled, but experienced an upturn in results with the founding of Skåne Stags and Kungsbaka Broncos in 2013.

The club played in the Pan Scandinavian league, with Copenhagen RLFC and Kungsbacka Broncos until 2014, when they were crowned champions.

In 2015 the Skåne Stags will play in the Sweden National Rugby League competition, known as the Sweden 'Impact Prowear' League due to sponsorship.
Skåne will join the Kungsbacka Broncos and two newly formed clubs, Sodertalje Storm and Stockholms Kungar.

Honours
Major titles

'''Other titles

References

External links

Rugby league teams
Rugby league in Sweden
Sports clubs and teams in Skåne County
Rugby clubs established in 2013
2013 establishments in Sweden
Euro XIII


title: H.R. 3109 (113th Congress)

text:
A bill to amend the Migratory Bird Treaty Act to exempt certain Alaskan Native articles from prohibitions against sale of items containing nonedible migratory bird parts, and for other purposes () was a proposed law that would have allowed Alaskan Natives to make and sell traditional handicrafts such as masks, jewelry, clothing, and hunting equipment that are made from parts of migratory birds, particularly feathers.

H.R. 3109 was introduced and passed in the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. It was not passed in the Senate, and expired at the conclusion of the 113th United States Congress.

Background

The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 (MBTA), codified at , is a United States federal law, first enacted in 1916 in order to implement the convention for the protection of migratory birds between the United States and Great Britain (acting on behalf of Canada). The statute makes it unlawful without a waiver to pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill or sell birds listed therein ("migratory birds").  The statute does not discriminate between live or dead birds and also grants full protection to any bird parts including feathers, eggs and nests. Over 800 species are currently on the list. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issues permits for otherwise prohibited activities under the act.  These include permits for taxidermy, falconry, propagation, scientific and educational use, and depredation, an example of the latter being the killing of geese near an airport, where they pose a danger to aircraft.

Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

H.R. 3109 would amend the Migratory Bird Treaty Act to provide that nothing in such Act prohibits possessing, selling, bartering, purchasing, shipping, and transporting any authentic Alaskan Native article of handicraft or clothing on the basis that it contains a nonedible migratory bird part. Makes such exemption inapplicable with respect to any handicraft or clothing containing any part of a migratory bird that was taken in a wasteful manner.

H.R. 3109 would define "authentic Alaskan Native article of handicraft or clothing" to mean any item that is composed of natural materials and produced, decorated, or fashioned by an Alaskan Native (Indian, Aleut, or Eskimo who resides in Alaska), in the exercise of traditional Alaskan Native handicrafts, without the use of any pantograph or other mass copying device, including any weaving, carving, stitching, sewing, lacing, beading, drawing, or painting.

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Natural Resources on July 30, 2014. This is a public domain source.

H.R. 3109 would amend the Migratory Bird Treaty Act to allow Alaskan Natives to make and sell traditional handicrafts such as masks, jewelry, clothing, and hunting equipment that are made from parts of migratory birds, particularly feathers. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that implementing the bill would not have a significant effect on the federal budget.

Because enacting the legislation could reduce revenues and associated direct spending from civil and criminal penalties, pay-as-you-go procedures apply. However, CBO estimates that any such effects would be negligible.

H.R. 3109 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would not affect the budgets of state, local, or tribal governments.

Procedural history
H.R. 3109 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on September 17, 2013 by Rep. Don Young (R, AK-0). It was referred to the United States House Committee on Natural Resources and the United States House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs. On September 8, 2014, the bill passed the House in a voice vote.

Debate and discussion
In testimony before Congress, a spokesperson for the United States Department of the Interior (DOI) stated that it "does not support H.R. 3109." According to the spokesperson, "in 1886, 5 million birds were estimated to be killed for their feathers." The goal of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act was to end "the commercial trade in birds and their feathers that, by the early years of the 20th century, had devastated populations of many native bird species." The Department did acknowledge, however, "the economic and cultural need in Alaska Native communities to improve their quality of life with opportunities to benefit from their unique handicrafts and other traditional items."

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress

References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 3109
beta.congress.gov H.R. 3109
GovTrack.us H.R. 3109
OpenCongress.org H.R. 3109
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 3109
Congressional Budget Office's report on H.R. 3109
 Migratory Bird Treaty on Cornell's U.S. Code Collection
 List of bird species covered under the Migratory Bird Treaty
 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's guide to U.S. laws protecting migratory birds (including the Migratory Bird Treaty)

Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress
Bird conservation
Alaska Natives and United States law


title: Jim Madaffer

text:
Jim Madaffer (born March 4, 1960) is an American businessman, entrepreneur, and former politician. He served two terms as Chief of staff to a City Councilmember and was elected to the San Diego City Council from 2000 to 2008. Jim has also served in a variety of leadership roles including Deputy Mayor. He was appointed to the California Transportation Commission by Gov. Jerry Brown and also serves on the board of the San Diego County Water Authority. In 2019, Madaffer was appointed by Gov. Gavin Newsom to the Colorado River Board of California. Jim currently serves as CEO of Madaffer Enterprises, Inc., a public policy and government relations firm.

City Council
Madaffer began his career in government by serving as chief of staff to San Diego Councilwoman Judy McCarty from 1993 to 2000. He was re-elected in 2004 Jim was appointed to serve as Deputy Mayor in 2005 following the resignation of Mayor Dick Murphy.

Madaffer led the effort to pass a city law that required all new buildings to have automated external defibrillators. The law was passed in November 2008. He also co-founded San Diego Project Heart Beat in 2001, which helps distributes automated external defibrillators. Madaffer led the effort to pass a city law that required all new buildings to have automated external defibrillators. The law was passed in November 2008. Madaffer also was instrumental in working with Senator Ben Hueso in passing Senate Bill 287 (Hueso) which mandates AEDs in all new buildings over a certain size in the State of California.

In 2015, while traveling home with his wife, Robin, he stumbled across a jogger who was down – he pulled over his car and removed the AED he carries in his vehicle. Jim attached the device to the man's chest and began delivering electric pulses, saving his life. He was later honored by the American Red Cross for his heroic lifesaving efforts.

Business career
After leaving the City Council due to term limits, he started his own government relations firm, Madaffer Enterprises Inc. He also owned four community newspapers, Mission Times Courier, Mission Valley News, La Mesa Courier and Seaside Courier, before selling them for an undisclosed amount in 2014.

He serves on the advisory board for Keenan & Associates.

Education

He attended San Diego State University and studied business.

San Diego County Water Authority

Madaffer is an active board member of the San Diego County Water Authority. He has served as a member since 2012 and is a part of numerous committees such as the Legislative, Public Outreach, and Imported Water. Madaffer was appointed as vice-chair in 2016 and eventually Board Chair in 2018. Madaffer led efforts by the Water Authority to minimize rate increases, develop an agriculture water rate program, and to enhance communication with board member agencies. He fulfilled his two-year term and still serves as a board member.

California Transportation Commission

In 2014, Jim was appointed to the California Transportation Commission by Governor Jerry Brown. At the commission, Madaffer was appointed to chair the Road Charge Technical Advisory Committee. This group worked to create a program to replace the gasoline tax in California.  The California Road Charge Technical Advisory Committee was established in 2014 by Senate Bill 1077 (DeSaulnier - Chapter 835, Statutes of 2014). SB 1077 created the California Road Charge Pilot Program and tasked the Chair of the commission, in consultation with the California State Transportation Agency (CalSTA) to convene a fifteen-member Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) to study alternatives to the gas tax, gather public comment, and make recommendations to CalSTA regarding the design of a road charge pilot program. CalSTA published the Road Charge Pilot Program Report on December 8, 2017. The Commission included their recommendations regarding the pilot program in its annual report to the Legislature.  Madaffer resigned from the Commission in January 2019 to devote his efforts as Chair of the San Diego County Water Authority. He was then appointed by the commission as a public member to the Road Charge Task Force which he continues to serve on today.

References

1960 births
Living people


title: Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 105 kg

text:
The men's 105 kg weightlifting event was the second-heaviest men's event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, limiting competitors to a maximum of 105 kilograms of body mass. The competition took place on 30 July at 7:30 pm. The event took place at the Clyde Auditorium. By winning the gold medal, David Katoatau became the first medalist from Kiribati at the Commonwealth Games.

Result

References

Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: St Mary's Church, Wingham

text:
St Mary's Church, Wingham, is an Anglican parish church in Wingham, Kent. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.

History and architecture
The church dates from the early 13th century, however many elements of the church vary in date. The east sections, the chancel and transeptal chapels, all belong to the late 13th century. The tower as well as the transepts date to the 14th century, while the nave and south aisle belong to the mid 16th century. John Newman goes into more detail: the earliest features of the church are the west arches of the north chapel (all now being blocked), as well as the south transept, all being built in the late 12th century. The north and west walls of the north chapel contain reused Early Norman masonry. By around the turn of the 13th century, the church had grown to include an aisled nave, as well as either transepts or chancel chapels. Benjamin Ferrey's provided restoration work on the church between 1874 and 1875, however this work dealt only on the chancel in the east.

The chancel and transepts were rebuilt as a result of the college foundation process. This can be best studied in the architecture of the south transept; the window of the shallow east projection is unrestored. The window was three-light, featuring three circles in the head, each being enclosed by three pointed trefoils. The chancel arch and the chancel's east window were restored during Ferrey's 1874-1875 work. The north chapel was originally duplicated from the south transept; both chapels open into the chancel through identical arches in an Early English style. There exists a two-storey eastward extension of the north transept, dating to the 15th century; the north window of this extension is timber, possibly dating to the 18th century. The chancel windows stand upon a continuous string course, retaining their original houd moulds. The east piscina and the triple sedilia are cinquefoiled, featuring flattened arches upon detached shafts, as well as moulded caps and bases.

The west tower begun construction during the late 13th century; this is evident in the remains of the lancets in the lower stage. The spire is recessed and dates to the 14th century; it reaches a height of 63 feet, and is built in a Hertfordshire style. Angle buttresses are present almost to the top. A stair-turret is built into the northwest of the tower. The west window is renewed. There is a tower arch high up, on octagonal responds with the capitals dotted with four-petalled flowers.

Rebuilding of the nave and the south aisle began in the late 15th century, with the 14th-century south porch being retained as a two-storey structure, minus its upper floor. The north aisle however was not rebuilt, giving the church its current unique shape. The walls of these reconstructed sections are of knapped flint and are carefully laid; triangular stones can be found set into the south wall. This reconstruction work was continued slowly, and last until well after the Dissolution of the Monasteries; there are regular bequests to the rebuilding recorded between 1526 and 1562. Work was underway during the 1540s, however in 1555 money meant for the rebuilding was embezzled by a local beer brewer. This resulted in the arcade being completed in timber instead of the intended stone: the piers are unmoulded posts, braced weakly. At some point before the 19th century, the braces were dressed up in plaster so as to look like Doric columns; during Ferrey's restoration work the braces were undressed again.

Fittings
The church possesses a 15th-century stone reredos, purportedly from Troyes; above are five scenes of the Passion of Christ, and below is the Last Supper and Adoration of the Kings; the lower two occupy the same length as the Passion scenes above. The base to a 15th-century rood screen is present. There are four misericords on the north side, as well as three on the south side; the latter are older, probably dating to the early 14th century. The chancel's south window contains early 14th century grisaille glass in the head. The east window contains stained glass dating to 1919, depicting multiple brightly coloured scenes of the Passion.

Monuments

A monument to Charles Tripp (died 1624) exists in the south chapel, in the form of a tablet that is largely identical to that of another monument in St James the Great, Elmsted. A monument to Sir Thomas Palmer (dated to 1624) lies in the east of the north chapel; this was sculpted by Nicholas Stone. A monument was erected for the Oxenden family, dated to 1682 and free-standing in the centre of the south transept. A monument to a second Thomas Palmer (died 1656) exists in the north chapel; this monument was erected in 1718. A double tablet monument was erected for Streynsham Master (died 1718) exists in the north chapel. A tablet monument to Thomas Cinder (died 1719) is erected in the south aisle. A more recent monument was erected for William Miller (died 1861).

St Mary's College, Wingham

In 1282 a College of Canons was founded by John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury. The college originally consisted of a Provost and six canons, and they used St Mary's as their church. It survived as a collegiate institution until the dissolution of colleges and chantries in 1548.

Provosts of Wingham

Organ

The church has three manual pipe organ dating from 1886 by Forster and Andrews. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

Parish Status

The church is part of a joint benefice which includes:
St Nicholas' Church, Ash
All Saints' Church, Chillenden
Elmstone Church
Holy Cross Church, Goodnestone
St Mildred' Church, Preston-next-Wingham
All Saints Church, West Stourmouth

References

External links
 A Church Near You - St Mary the Virgin
 Historic England - Church of St Mary, Wingham

Church of England church buildings in Kent
Grade I listed churches in Kent
Former collegiate churches in England
Diocese of Canterbury


title: Surfboard (Antônio Carlos Jobim song)

text:
"Surfboard" is an instrumental song by Antônio Carlos Jobim. The song was composed by Jobim on Ipanema beach after buying a surfboard for his son. Initially released on his US album The Wonderful World of Antonio Carlos Jobim in 1965, the song was re-recorded by Jobim for the albums A Certain Mr. Jobim (1967) with Claus Ogerman and 1995's Antonio Brasileiro.

The song had been performed by many artists on their albums but did not appear as a single until 1969 when it was recorded by Brazilian keyboardist Walter Wanderley on the album When It Was Done. The song was also recorded by Herbie Mann in 1996. Being an instrumental composition, Surfboard has no lyrics but was recorded vocally in a scat singing version by The Swingle Singers on Mood Swings 2003.

References

Songs with music by Antônio Carlos Jobim
1965 songs


title: John Janisch

text:
John Albert Janisch (March 15, 1920  – August 29, 1992) was an American professional basketball player. Janisch played for the Detroit Falcons, Boston Celtics, and Providence Steamrollers in the Basketball Association of America. He also played for the Flint Dow A.C.'s in the National Basketball League.

BAA career statistics

Regular season

References

External links

1920 births
1992 deaths
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Indiana
Boston Celtics players
Detroit Falcons (basketball) players
Flint Dow A.C.'s players
Forwards (basketball)
Guards (basketball)
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Providence Steamrollers players
Valparaiso Beacons men's basketball players


title: Kentucky Heritage Council

text:
The Kentucky Heritage Council is a state agency in Kentucky that oversees and administers all the historic preservation and incentive programs in Kentucky, including the National Register of Historic Places.  The Council also maintains an archive of historical documents.

The Council is under the Tourism, Arts, and Heritage Cabinet for the Kentucky state government. The State Historic Preservation Officer and Executive Director is Craig Potts. Sixteen Council members are appointed by the governor to serve four year terms.

The Council has an archive of survey forms, maps, photographs, and other images of historic structures and archaeological sites in the state.

Council programs include the Kentucky Crossroads Rural Heritage Development Initiative, an rural preservation/economic development partnership with Preservation Kentucky. The Kentucky Archaeological Survey, a partnership with the University of Kentucky Department of Anthropology, promotes the preservation of archaeological sites and educates the public about protecting these resources.

See also
Kentucky Arts Council

References

Heritage Council
History of Kentucky
Tourism in Kentucky


title: Graham Candy

text:
Graham James Candy (born 1 April 1991) is a singer-songwriter and actor from New Zealand. In 2013 he moved to Berlin, Germany to begin his music career.

Candy’s first collaboration with German DJ and producer Alle Farben, "She Moves" (2014), gained him quick popularity with his quirky, high-range vocals, as well as his first gold single. He is currently signed with BMG Rights Management and the Berlin-based label Crazy Planet Records. In 2014, Candy also made his feature-film debut with a lead role in Queen of Carthage, alongside Keisha Castle-Hughes and Shiloh Fernandez.

History

Early life
Born and raised in Auckland, Candy is the youngest of four children. His artistic career was established at a young age through a combination of music, dance and acting. Candy started Ballroom and Latin dancing at the age of 6 and with his dance partner, went on to gain titles as juvenile, junior and youth champion in both New Zealand and Australia. At age 12, Candy was introduced to the film industry as the photo double for the character "Edmund" in The Chronicles of Narnia – The Lion The Witch and The Wardrobe. Candy attended Rangitoto College where his love of the arts was cultivated. He was part of the school's winning team at the National Stage Challenge competition, a member of the National Champions barbershop choir, and winner of AMI Showdowns "best supporting actor" for his role in the high school production "Seussical". At aged 17, Candy went on a school exchange to Saint Ann's School, Brooklyn to further develop his creative talents. In 2007 Candy played Troy in NYTC's production of Disney's High School Musical - which became the fastest selling locally produced show in Auckland to that date. In 2008, Candy gave songwriting a go, and entered the Play It Strange songwriting competition for secondary school students. His song "Lasts Forever" was awarded 7th place. Mike Chunn – the founder of Play it Strange has helped direct Candy's music career ever since.

2009–2012
In 2009, Candy stopped dancing to study acting, but at the end of the year he left to pursue music with band "The Lost Boys". In the 2009 New Zealand Battle of the Bands, they reached the top ten with their song "Hot Air Balloon". After accepting a role in the short film Go the Dogs, directed by Jackie van Beek, Candy returned to film and the stage gaining two NAPTA "best supporting actor" awards for his roles in the stage production of Footloose and Spring Awakening. Shortly after, Shiloh Fernandez (Evil Dead, Red Riding Hood) was introduced to Candy and he was signed for his first lead role in a feature film as Candy in Queen of Carthage, directed by Mardana Mayginnes.

Candy commenced his solo music career in 2012 by playing in Auckland's bars and pubs. He helped establish live music venue, The Portland Public House as the in-house musician and event manager. Candy immersed himself in the local music community and was given this opportunity to play for audiences that included the likes of Everclear and the Black Keys, and play with musicians including Mumford and Sons and Daniel Bedingfield. In January 2013, Rachael Watson (Spin 33 Records) introduced Candy to Matthias Müller of Crazy Planet Records (Germany), which led to a solo career in Germany.

2013–2014
Since relocating to Berlin, Candy has collaborated with the German indie-pop band Abby, DJ Alle Farben and electro-swing musician Parov Stelar. His melodies have received positive reviews with the release of his first single "13 Lords", and his featured vocals on Parov Stelar's "The Sun". He achieved prominence with his vocals featured on two tracks, "She Moves" and "Sometimes", on Alle Farben's debut album "Synthesia". "She Moves" peaked at #9 in Germany and was moderately successful in Austria, Switzerland, Netherlands and Belgium. The single was remixed by Bakermat and Goldfish.
Candy's debut EP was released in 2014.

2015–Present
On 4 March 2016, Candy released his first single off his debut album Plan A called "Back Into It". Plan A was scheduled to be released on 6 May 2016.

Discography

Albums
 Plan A (2016)

Singles

As lead artist
 "13 Lords" (2014)
 "Holding Up Balloons" (2015)
 "Back Into It" (2016)

As featured artist

Other appearances

Filmography
 2004: Photo double for the character "Edmund" in The Chronicles of Narnia — The Lion The Witch and The Wardrobe
 2011–13: Shorts: Go the Dogs / Harrowing of Hell / Asyrinthium / Inoganic
 2012: Queen of Carthage as Graham
 2012: Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away
 2013: Power Rangers Megaforce (TV Series, as a singer in the episode Dream Snatcher)

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
New Zealand male singer-songwriters
New Zealand singer-songwriters
New Zealand male actors
Entertainers from Auckland
21st-century New Zealand male singers
Saint Ann's School (Brooklyn) alumni
New Zealand expatriates in Germany


title: Third Army Corps (Spanish–American War)

text:
The Third Army Corps was a unit of the United States Army raised for the Spanish–American War. After the declaration of war, General Order 36 of May 7, 1898 approved the organization of eight "army corps," each of which was to consist of three or more divisions of three brigades each.

Each brigade was to have approximately 3,600 officers and enlisted men organized into three regiments and, with three such brigades, each division was to total about 11,000 officers and men. Thus the division was to be about the same size as the division of 1861, but army corps were to be larger. The division staff initially was to have an adjutant general, quartermaster, commissary, surgeon, inspector general and engineer, with an ordnance officer added later. The brigade staff was identical except that no inspector general or ordnance officer was authorized.

General Order 46 of May 16, 1898 assigned commanding officers and training camps to the new corps. Major General James F. Wade was named as commander of Third Army Corps, which was to assemble at Camp Thomas, Georgia.

Brigadier General Royal T. Frank (USV) was assigned to command on September 4, and at the same time the corps was transferred to Anniston, Alabama, although a small detachment remained at Camp Thomas.

The corps was "discontinued" on October 7, 1898, many of its regiments having already mustered out.

References

Military units and formations of the United States in the Spanish–American War
Military units and formations established in 1898


title: McDaniel v. Paty

text:
McDaniel v. Paty, 435 U.S. 618 (1978), was a United States Supreme Court case that struck down the last remaining state restriction against religious ministers holding elected office.

Background
Paul A. McDaniel was a Baptist minister in Chattanooga, Tennessee who gained prominence in his lifetime as an activist within the community. He filed as a candidate to be a delegate to the 1977 Tennessee State Constitutional Convention. His opponent, Selma Cash Paty, successfully challenged his candidacy based on a state law that forbade ordained ministers from elected office.

Decision
In an 8–0 decision, the court ruled that the state law violated both the First and Fourteenth Amendments. A modified version of the statute, prohibiting "ministers of the Gospel" from serving in the Tennessee legislature, remains as Article IX, Section 1. of the Tennessee State Constitution.

The Tennessee Constitutional Amendment 4, or the Remove Religious Minister Disqualification Amendment, was proposed as a measure on the November 2022 ballot to remove this restriction. In accordance with state constitutional law, the proposed amendment was submitted to the state legislature in both the 2019–2020 and 2021–2022 sessions. The measure was ratified by the voters.

References

External links

History of Chattanooga, Tennessee
United States free exercise of religion case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
1978 in religion
1978 in United States case law


title: Allegre, Kentucky

text:
Allegre () is an unincorporated community located in Todd County, Kentucky, United States.

References

Unincorporated communities in Todd County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky


title: Doaktown Consolidated High School

text:
Doaktown Consolidated High School is located in Northumberland County, New Brunswick. Doaktown Consolidated High School is in the Anglophone West School District.  The school now known as the Doaktown Elementary School, still contains the Doaktown Public Library as well as the gymnasium. The old elementary school building has been condemned for many years. The largest graduating class at the school was in 2000 with a student total of 40 and 2020 marks their 20th graduation anniversary.

See also
 List of schools in New Brunswick
 Anglophone West School District

References

Schools in Northumberland County, New Brunswick
English-language high schools in New Brunswick
Middle schools in New Brunswick


title: Neuromatrix

text:
The neuromatrix theory of pain states that the perception of painful stimuli does not result from the brain's passive registration of tissue trauma, but from its active generation of subjective experiences through a network of neurons known as the neuromatrix. The theory was proposed by Ronald Melzack in 1990.

Recent research has identified the anterior cingulate cortex as a critical part of the neuromatrix.

Criticism
Criticism of this concept stem from its lack of conceptual originality. For example:

See also

 Gate control theory

References

Pain


title: Grønnegade

text:
Grønnegade (lit.: Green Street) is a street in the Old Town of Copenhagen, Denmark, running northeast from Gammel Mønt to Gothersgade where it turns into Borgergade. It is part of Copenhagen's most exclusive shopping area, located northwest of Kongens Nytorv.

History
The street name Grønnegade, then as Grønægade, is already registered in 1377, making it one of the oldest street names in Copenhagen which still exist today. In the Middle Ages, it was a grassy path that passed through an area with private gardens and undeveloped sites. From at least 1689, a closed passageway, later referred to as Smids Gang, extended from the north side of the street. Another narrow alleyway, Peder Madsens Gang, connected Grønnegade to Østergade. Its buildings were demolished in 1873 to make way for the wider street Ny Østergade.

Notable buildings
The oldest buildings in the street are No. 26, 27 and 39 which date from before 1700, although they have all undergone later alterations.

References

External links

Streets in Copenhagen


title: 3D-printed spacecraft

text:
3D printing began to be used in production versions of spaceflight hardware in early 2014, when SpaceX first flew a flight-critical propulsion system assembly on an operational Falcon 9 flight.
A number of other 3D-printed spacecraft assemblies have been ground-tested, including high-temperature, high-pressure rocket engine combustion chambers and the entire mechanical spaceframe and integral propellant tanks for a small satellite.

A 3D printed rocket engine successfully launched a rocket to space in 2017, and to orbit in 2018. An almost 90% 3d-printed rocket was launched to space on 23 March 2023 but failed to achieve orbit.

History

3D printing began to be used in production versions of spaceflight hardware in early 2014.  In January of that year, SpaceX first flew a "Falcon 9 rocket with a 3D-printed Main Oxidizer Valve (MOV) body in one of the nine Merlin 1D engines". The valve is used to control flow of cryogenic liquid oxygen to the engine in a high-pressure, low-temperature, high-vibration physical environment.

In 2015–2016, other 3D-printed spacecraft assemblies were ground-tested, including high-temperature, high-pressure rocket engine combustion chambers and the entire mechanical spaceframe and propellant tanks for a small satellite of a few hundred kilograms.

In June 2014, Aerojet Rocketdyne (AJR) announced that they had "manufactured and successfully tested an engine which had been entirely 3D printed."  The Baby Banton engine is a  thrust engine that runs on LOX/kerosene propellant.
By March 2015, AJR had completed a series of hot-fire tests for additively manufactured components for its full-size AR-1 booster engine.

The new United Launch Alliance Vulcan launch vehicle—with first launch no earlier than 2019—is evaluating 3D printing for over 150 parts: 100 polymer and more than 50 metal parts.

By 2017, a 3D printed rocket engine had successfully launched a rocket to space, when on 25 May 2017 an Electron rocket launched to space from New Zealand that was the first to be powered by a main stage rocket "engine made almost entirely using 3D printing." The Electron's first successful orbital launch was on 21 January 2018.

The Terran 1 methane-oxygen rocket manufactured by Relativity Space is about 90% 3D-printed by weight. The company launched the rocket for its first test flight on 23 March 2023 though it ended in a failure. Following a successful liftoff, it failed to reach orbit after an anomaly in the upper stage engine following separation.

Applications

Rocket engines
The SuperDraco engine that provides launch escape system and propulsive-landing thrust for the Dragon V2 passenger-carrying space capsule is fully printed, and was the first fully printed rocket engine.  In particular, the engine combustion chamber is printed of Inconel, an alloy of nickel and chromium, using a process of direct metal laser sintering, and operates at a chamber pressure  at a very high temperature.  The engines are contained in a printed protective nacelle to prevent fault propagation in the event of an engine failure.
The SuperDraco engine produces  of thrust.
The engine completed a full qualification test in May 2014, and is slated to make its first orbital spaceflight in 2018 or 2019.

The ability to 3D print the complex parts was key to achieving the low-mass objective of the engine.  It is a very complex engine, and it was very difficult to form all the cooling channels, the injector head, and the throttling mechanism. ... [The ability] "to print very high strength advanced alloys ... was crucial to being able to create the SuperDraco engine."

The rocket engine for the Electron launch vehicle is made nearly entirely using 3D printing.

Spacecraft structure

By 2014, 3D printing had begun to be used to print the entire mechanical structure and integral propellant tanks of a small spacecraft.

References

Spacecraft
Spaceflight technology
Spacecraft


title: Sharon Grove, Kentucky

text:
Sharon Grove is an unincorporated community located in Todd County, Kentucky, United States.

History
At one time, the community was also known as Frog Level.

In 1974, the community's local chapter of the Lions Club, with some aid from the Pennyrile Area Development District and Army soldiers from Fort Campbell, were involved in a project to establish the Sharon Grove Community Park on Mount Sharon Road. It was built on a 12-acre plot of land that included a natural cave.

Geography
Sharon Grove is located in the northeastern portion of Todd County just west of its border with Logan County. The community is located along Kentucky Route 106 about  northeast of Elkton, and about  southwest of Lewisburg.

Education
Sharon Grove had an educational institution that operated as an all-grade school, which was converted solely into an elementary school in the late 1930s. Sharon Grove Elementary housed students in grades 1-8 until the end of the 1987-88 academic year.

Since 1988, students in the community currently attend the institutions of the Todd County Schools system. North Todd Elementary, located between Allegre and Claymour is the closest institution to the area; it is a feeder to Todd County Central Middle and High Schools in Elkton.

Post office
Prior to 1996, Sharon Grove had a locally-operated post office using ZIP code 42280.

References

Unincorporated communities in Todd County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky


title: Meerbusch Challenger

text:
The Meerbusch Challenger (known as Tennis Open Stadtwerke Meerbusch for sponsorship reasons) is a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It is currently part of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. It is held annually at Sportpark Büderich – am Eisenbrand in Meerbusch, Germany since 2013.

Past finals

Singles

Doubles

External links
ITF Search

ATP Challenger Tour
Clay court tennis tournaments
Maserati Challenger
Tennis tournaments in Germany


title: Two Weeks (FKA Twigs song)

text:
"Two Weeks" is a song by English singer FKA Twigs from her debut studio album, LP1 (2014). The song was released digitally on 24 June 2014 as the album's lead single. It was also released on 12-inch vinyl on 29 July 2014, featuring the song "Pendulum" as a B-side.

Critical reception
"Two Weeks" was met with acclaim from music critics. The song was chosen upon release as Pitchforks "Best New Track". Patric Fallon described it as "a beguilingly straight-laced cut of silken R&B" and "a commanding blast of raw sexual power." He also stated, "FKA twigs is larger than life here, knocking on the doors of great contemporary pop singers—Ciara, Mariah, and even Aaliyah, to name a few—with her breathy falsetto and magnetic presence." Pitchfork later placed it at number three on its 100 Best Tracks of 2014 list and at number 64 on its 200 Best Tracks of the Decade So Far list. In January 2015, "Two Weeks" was ranked at number two on The Village Voices annual year-end Pazz & Jop critics' poll, after Future Islands' "Seasons (Waiting on You)".

"Two Weeks" was also included in the book "1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die".

Music video

The music video was directed by Nabil Elderkin and premiered on 24 June 2014. In the video, FKA Twigs portrays a giant goddess surrounded by miniature dancers, also played by Twigs. The entire video consists of one long dolly-out shot. The video was nominated for Best Visual Effects and Best Cinematography at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards. It remains her most viewed video on YouTube, standing at 34 million views as of January 2023.

In popular culture
The song has been featured in the USA Network series Mr. Robot, the CW series The Originals and the Starz series Hightown and Power. It serves as the opening theme of the second season of the Brazilian telenovela Hidden Truths.

It was also featured in a Burberry men's fragrance commercial with Adam Driver.

Track listings
Digital download
"Two Weeks" – 4:08

Limited edition 12-inch single
A. "Two Weeks" – 4:08
B. "Pendulum" – 4:59

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of LP1.

 FKA Twigs – vocals, additional production, Tempest
 Arca – additional programming, synth
 John Davis – mastering
 Emile Haynie – drums, instruments, production, recording
 Joseph Hartwell Jones – vocal recording
 David Wrench – mixing

Charts

Release history

References

2014 singles
2014 songs
FKA Twigs songs
Music videos directed by Nabil Elderkin
Song recordings produced by Emile Haynie
Songs written by Emile Haynie


The Sistema Quintanarroense de Comunicación Social (SQCS, English: Quintana Roo Social Communication System) is the state broadcaster of the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, founded on January 30, 1985. It operates several television and radio stations in the state.

Radio
The SQCS entered radio with a three-station AM network, with transmitters at Chetumal, Cancún and Felipe Carrillo Puerto broadcasting on 860 kHz. The first of the three to come to air was XECTL-AM "Radio Chetumal", still in operation, which signed on May 4, 1985. XECCN-AM 860 in Cancún, known as Radio Caribe, took to the air on June 24 that year, and the radio service extended to Felipe Carrillo Puerto with Radio Chan Santa Cruz XECPR-AM the next year. The SQCS later added a fourth AM station when it built Radio Riviera XERRIV-AM 1180 in Playa del Carmen. XECCN and XERRIV no longer operate.

The state government obtained permits for new FM services in 2000. XHCBJ-FM 106.7 Cancún, branded as Caribe FM, signed on for the first time on October 9, 2000. It was joined on September 24, 2001 by XHCHE-FM 100.9 Chetumal and on October 3, 2002 by XHPYA-FM Playa del Carmen "Riviera FM".

As part of a major power hike from 1,000 to 30,000 watts, XECPR moved from 860 to 660 kilohertz in 2000. In 2005, the Cancún radio tower was blown down by Hurricane Wilma; XHCBJ operated on low power for twelve years until its frequency change to 101.9 MHz on February 5, 2018. The frequency change was carried out in order to clear 106-108 MHz as much as possible for community and indigenous radio stations.

SQCS currently operates five radio services, including two AM and three FM stations:

Television
Like many state networks, public television in Quintana Roo grew as a byproduct of local optouts from the Instituto Mexicano de la Televisión (Imevisión). Beginning in 1984, local programming began airing for 30 minutes a day on the Imevisión transmitter in Chetumal. In 1985, after the creation of the SQCS, these programs began to be carried statewide, and the next year, the local opt-out was expanded to an hour.

On July 25, 1986, XHLQR-TV channel 7 (plus offset) took to the air in Chetumal, known as Siete Más Televisión. It currently broadcasts on three transmitters, in Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Cancún and Chetumal.

|-

|-

All SQCS transmitters are assigned virtual channel 4.

At its height, SQCS had five analog transmitters: Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Cancún, Chetumal, Playa del Carmen and José María Morelos.

While SQCS does broadcast local programming including a statewide newscast, it primarily retransmits the national educational and cultural programming of Canal Once under an agreement with that network that has been in place since 1991.

References

External links

Public television in Mexico
Public radio in Mexico


title: Jerry Kelly (basketball)

text:
Gerard Allan Kelly (June 14, 1918 – July 23, 1996) was an American professional basketball player. His career took him to the American Basketball League, Basketball Association of America, and Eastern Professional Basketball League between 1944 and 1949.

BAA career statistics

Regular season

References

External links

1918 births
1996 deaths
American men's basketball players
Boston Celtics players
Guards (basketball)
Marshall Thundering Herd men's basketball players
Paterson Crescents players
Providence Steamrollers players

Basketball players from New York City


title: Bryant Turner Jr.

text:
Bryant Turner Jr. (born November 25, 1987) is a former Canadian football defensive lineman. He made his professional debut with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in 2011. He played college football at UAB.

Professional career

Winnipeg Blue Bombers
Bryant Turner signed with Winnipeg on May 9, 2011. On December 19, 2013, the Blue Bombers added two years to Turner's contract, extending his contract through the 2016 season. Following five seasons with the Bombers Turner was released by Winnipeg on March 22, 2016.

BC Lions
On April 6, 2016, Bryant Turner signed a one-year contract with the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League.

Statistics

References

External links
 Canadian Football League profile

 UAB profile

1987 births
Living people
UAB Blazers football players
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title: Dick Van Orden

text:
Merton Dick Van Orden (February 24, 1921 – December 9, 2018)  was a rear admiral in the United States Navy. He was in the class of 1945 at the United States Naval Academy, but due to World War 2 he and the rest of his class graduated in 1944. He served as Chief of Naval Research from 1973 to his retirement in 1975. Van Orden died of cancer in 2018, aged 97.

References

1921 births
United States Navy admirals
2018 deaths
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War II