title: Naming in the United States

text:
The United States has very few laws governing given names. This freedom has given rise to a wide variety of names and naming trends. Naming traditions play a role in the cohesion and communication within American cultures. Cultural diversity in the U.S. has led to great variations in names and naming traditions and names have been used to express creativity, personality, cultural identity, and values.

Naming laws
Traditionally, the right to name one's child or oneself as one chooses has been upheld by court rulings and is rooted in the Due Process Clause of the fourteenth Amendment and the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment, but a few restrictions do exist. Restrictions vary by state, but most are for the sake of practicality. For example, several states limit the number of characters that can be used due to the limitations of the software used for official record keeping. For similar reasons, some states ban the use of numerical digits or pictograms. A few states ban the use of obscenity. There are also a few states, Kentucky for instance, that have no naming laws whatsoever.

Despite the freedom that Americans have regarding names, controversies do exist. In 2013, Tennessee judge Lu Ann Ballew ruled that a baby boy named Messiah must change his name to Martin stating "it's a title that has only been earned by one person ... Jesus Christ." The decision was overturned in chancery court a month later and the child retained his birth name. Ballew was fired and a disciplinary hearing was scheduled on the basis that the name change order violated Tennessee's code of Judicial Conduct. No laws exist banning the use of religious names and judges are required to perform their duties without regard to religious bias.

Names with diacritics or non-English letters
One naming law that some find restrictive is California's ban on diacritics such as in José, a common Spanish name. The Office of Vital Records in California requires that names contain only the 26 alphabetical characters of the English language, plus hyphens and apostrophes.

Some states (for example, Alaska, Hawaii, Kansas, North Carolina, Oregon) allow diacritics and some non-English letters in birth certificates and other documents. There can be problems for persons with such names when moving to a state where such characters are banned and they have to renew their documents.

There is no law restricting the use of diacritics informally and many parents get around the restrictions by doing so.

Some city names contain diacritics, even in US states that forbid diacritics in people's legal names (see List of U.S. cities with diacritics).

Foreigners whose last name contains diacritics or non-English letters (e.g. Muñoz, Gößmann) may experience problems, since their names in their passports and in other documents are spelled differently (e.g., the German name Gößmann may be alternatively spelled Goessmann or Gossmann), so people not familiar with the foreign orthography may doubt the authenticity of the ID.

Names with symbols and capital letters in a non-initial position
In many U.S. states, hyphens and apostrophe are the only two symbols personal names can officially contain. In some computer systems and in the machine-readable zone of a passport, they are omitted. (Mary-Kate O'Neill → Mary Kate ONeill)

Some names are spelled with a capital letter in the middle (LeVar Burton, Richard McMillan). In the machine-readable zone of a passport, the name is spelled only in capitals (LEVAR, MCMILLAN).

African-American names

Many African Americans use their own or their children's names as a symbol of solidarity within their culture. Prior to the 1950s and 1960s, most African-American names closely resembled those used within European American culture. With the rise of the civil rights movement, there was a dramatic rise in names of various origins. One very notable influence on African-American names are Arabic names that entered the popular culture with the rise of The Nation of Islam Politico-Religious Movement among African Americans with its focus on civil rights. These popular names such as "Aisha" and other Arabic names such as Jamal and Malik are now also commonly used by African Americans regardless of religion.

Many names of French origin entered usage at this time as well. Historically French names such as Monique, Chantal, André, and Antoine became common within African American culture. Names of African origin began to crop up as well. Names like Ashanti, Tanisha, Aaliyah, and Malaika have origins in the continent of Africa.

By the 1970s and 1980s, it had become common within the culture to invent new names, although many of the invented names took elements from popular existing names. Prefixes such as La/Le, Da/De, Ra/Re, or Ja/Je and suffixes such as -ique/iqua, -isha, and -aun/-awn are common, as well as inventive spellings for common names. The name LaKeisha is typically considered American in origin, but has elements pulled from both French and African roots. Other names like LaTanisha, JaMarcus, DeAndre, and Shaniqua were created in the same way. Punctuation marks are seen more often within African-American names than other American names, such as the names Mo'nique and D'Andre.

Even with the rise of creative names, it is also common for African Americans to use biblical names such as Daniel, Michael, David, James, Joseph, and Matthew as well as European names like Christopher. These names were among the most common names for African-American boys in 2013.

Surnames as given names
Using surnames as a first name is increasingly popular in the United States, although the origin of this practice is unclear. In one of her books about Southern culture, Marlyn Schwartz reports that it has long been common for southern families to use family surnames as first names. The Baby Name Wizard author Laura Wattenberg explains that the practice became popular in the early 20th century as poor immigrants chose names they associated with the sophistication of English aristocracy and literature, many of them surnames.

Regardless of origins, many names that are now considered first names in the U.S. have origins as surnames. Names like Riley, Parker, Cooper, Madison, Morgan, Cameron, and Harper originated as surnames. Names that originate as surnames typically start out their lifespan as androgynous names before developing a common usage as either a masculine name or a feminine name. Tyler and Taylor had approximately the same usage for both boys and girls when they came onto the charts before diverging. Tyler is now typically given to boys while Taylor is more often given to girls.

Names inspired by popular culture
Without laws governing name usage, many American names pop up following the name's usage in movies, television, or in the media. Children may be named after their parents' favorite fictional characters.

Samantha was a rare name in the United States until the 1870s, after the publication of a novel series by Marietta Holley with Samantha as main character. The name became popular again in the 1960s, as the comedy television show Bewitched had a lead character named Samantha.

Prior to the 1984 movie Splash, Madison was almost solely heard as a surname, with occasional usage as a masculine name. The name entered the top 1000 list for girls in 1985 and has been a top 10 name since 1997.

In 2014, the name Arya, the name of a character on the popular series Game of Thrones, saw a dramatic rise to the 216th most popular girls name.

Names in popular culture fare better as inspiration if they fit in with current naming trends. When Barack Obama was inaugurated as president in 2009, his name had a surge in popularity, but still has not made it into the top 1000 names in the United States. His daughter Malia, on the other hand, jumped over 200 spots to the 191st spot that year. While Barack is much more influential than his daughter, Barack is a name with a sound unlike other top American names. Malia is Hawaiian, but sounds similar to top names like Amelia and Sophia. Names that fit current naming trends and have prestige attached to them fare especially well. The name Blair surfaced as a girl's name in the mid-1980s after being featured on The Facts of Life as the name of the wealthy character Blair Warner. Blair had previously been used infrequently and mostly as a masculine name. When the series aired, the perceived prestige of the name escalated and fit into the surname name trend.

Some names have a variety of factors that inspire their popularity. The name Bentley was inspired by the luxury car brand, but got a further boost by the show Teen Mom when reality star Maci Bookout used the name for her son. The already popular name Tiffany had a rise in usage following the popularity of the singer Tiffany in the mid-1980s.

In 2020, after the death of basketball player Kobe Bryant and his teenage daughter Gianna Bryant, the names Kobe and Gianna both experienced a massive rise in popularity. Kobe experienced a 175% boost in popularity, while Gianna experienced an even bigger boost in popularity of 216%, placing it at the 24th place of the top 100 most popular girls' names for 2020, according to BabyCenter.

Religion

Religious names are extremely popular in the United States. Most of the popular names are rooted in the Christian Bible, but other religions are represented, such as in the popular name Mohammed. Names like Jacob, Noah, Elijah, John, Elizabeth, Leah, and Jesús consistently rank very high. Some parents choose names for their religious significance, but there are also many parents who choose names based in religion because they are family names or simply because they are culturally popular. Other popular names are inspired by religion in other ways such as Nevaeh, which is Heaven spelled backwards. Christian, Faith, Angel, Trinity, Genesis, Jordan, Zion, and Eden are names which reference religion.

Gender

Research suggests that American parents are more likely to use established, historical names for boys and are much more likely to name boys after relatives and ancestors. Boys' names, on average, are more traditional than girls' names, and are less likely to be currently fashionable. This trend holds true across racial lines. There is a much quicker turnover within girls' names than boys'. Parents of girls are much more likely to demonstrate their creativity in the naming of their daughters than their sons. In Alice Rossi's 1965 study of naming conventions, she theorizes that the gender differences in naming strategies exist because of the perceived roles of men and women in society. "Women play the more crucial role in family and kin activities, while men are the symbolic carriers of temporal continuity of the family."

Gender name usage also plays a role in the way parents view names. It is not uncommon for American parents to give girls names that have traditionally been used for boys. Boys, on the other hand, are almost never given feminine names. Names like Ashley, Sidney, Aubrey, Courtney, and Avery originated as boys' names. Traditionally masculine or androgynous names that are used widely for girls have a tendency to be abandoned by the parents of boys and develop an almost entirely female usage.

There has been a rise in the usage of gender-neutral names for both girls and boys, according to a study by the baby name website Nameberry. Sixty percent more babies of both genders received gender-neutral names in 2015 than in 2005, according to the study.

Other factors

Research has demonstrated that a number of factors come into play when it comes to naming strategies.  This seems to be true across racial lines. Also, higher socioeconomic status (SES) families tend to choose different names than lower SES families. Over time, the lower SES families gravitate toward those names. As those names catch on with the lower SES families, higher SES families abandon them. The name Ashley was popular among higher SES families in the early 1980s, but by the late 1980s was most popular with lower SES families. The name Madison, which was in top 10 from 1996 to 2014, is used largely by lower socioeconomic status families.

Political status also seems to impact naming strategies. A study on babies born in 2004 in California found that conservatives were less likely to give their children unusual names than liberals. This holds true even across racial and socioeconomic lines. Among families who had less than a college education, political leanings made no major difference in naming trends, however, the study found that the less education the parents had, the more likely they were to use an uncommon name or spelling. But among caucasian families with a college education, conservative families chose different names than liberal families. College educated liberals were more likely to choose unusual names than college educated conservatives.

While they both were more likely to choose unusual names, high SES college-educated liberals had different naming strategies than low SES families. Low SES families tended to choose invented names or invented spellings, while high SES liberals chose established names that are simply culturally obscure like "Finnegan" or "Archimedes." In contrast, high SES conservatives tended to choose common historical names.

Trends
Baby name trends change frequently for girls and somewhat less frequently for boys.  Boys' names tend to be more traditional, but Liam, Aiden, Logan, Mason and Jayden are currently (as of the late 2010s) seeing a spike in popularity. One recent trend is place names: London, Brooklyn, Sydney, Alexandria, Paris, and Phoenix are all seeing a spike in popularity as of the 2012 report by the Social Security Administration. Most place names are used for girls, but some are used for boys as well, such as Dallas (originally a surname). Other place names like Kenya, China, and Asia have been used by African Americans for years.

Names containing "belle" or "bella" are very common, such as Isabella or Annabelle. Names that end in an "a" like Sophia, Mia, Olivia, and Ava are also very common for baby girls. Popular names inspired by nature include Luna (moon in some Romance languages), Autumn, Willow. Parents who desire more traditional names for girls choose names such as Elizabeth and Eleanor, both in top 50 (as of 2017). For boys, traditional names such as William, James, Benjamin, Jacob, Michael, Daniel, Matthew, Henry, Joseph are very popular, and so are names strongly associated with religion, such as Noah.

Diversity among American names also seems to be increasing. In the 1950s, most babies were given a few very common names, with nicknames used to distinguish the various people with the same name. In the decades since, the number of names being used has increased dramatically. It is also more common for minorities to use traditional cultural names for their children and for themselves that are obscure in the United States. It used to be common to choose names that were likely to fit in with the larger American culture. This applied to both given names and surnames. Research suggests that fewer immigrants change their names today upon moving to America than they once did. Princeton University sociologist Douglas Massey believes that immigrants felt less pressure to change their names "during the 1970s and 1980s, as immigration became more a part of American life and the civil rights movement legitimated in-group pride as something to be cultivated".

San Diego State University professor Jean Twenge believes that the shift toward unique baby names is one facet of the cultural shift in America that values individuality over conformity.

See also
 African American culture
 Hispanic American naming customs
 American Name Society
 Family name
 Given name
 List of most popular given names by state in the United States
 Nicknames
 Legal name
 Jewish name
 Personal name
 Anthroponymy

References

External links
 Naming Baby: The Constitutional Dimensions of Parental Naming Rights at George Washington Law Review

Given names
American culture
African-American culture
United States


title: Old Believers (Latvia)

text:
The Christian Union of Latvian Orthodox, generally known as the Old Believers (), was a political party in Latvia in the inter-war period. It was led by .

History
The Latvian Old Believers' Central Committee (Latvijas vecticībnieku centrālā komiteja) first contested national elections in 1922, winning a single seat in the 1st Saeima.

In the  1925 elections, the Vecticībnieki won two seats, which were retained when the United List of Old Believers (Apvienotais vecticībnieku saraksts) won two seats in the 1928 elections. However, both seats were lost when Vecticībnieki failed to win a single seat in the 1931 elections of 4th Saeima.

A second Old Believers group ran as the Orthodox, Old Believers and United Russian Organisation's List (, PVKOS) in the 1925, 1928 and 1931 elections winning some seats.

References

Defunct political parties in Latvia
Russian political parties in Latvia
Eastern Orthodox political parties
Old Believer movement


title: Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu

text:
(; abbreviated UMK; ) is an annual music contest organised by the Finnish public broadcaster Yle. UMK began in 2012 as the new  format for the Eurovision Song Contest, replacing the original Finnish Eurovision selection  which had been held since 1961.

Winners

Seasons

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2012

The final took place on 25 February 2012 at the Helsinki Ice Hall in Helsinki where the six finalist songs were performed and the viewers selected a winner. The show featured interval performances by The Rasmus, Anna Abreu, and 2011 Finnish entrant Paradise Oskar. The first of two rounds of televoting selected "När jag blundar" performed by Pernilla Karlsson, "Laululeija" performed by Stig and "Lasikaupunki" performed by Ville Eetvartti as the three super finalists. In the second round of televoting, Pernilla Karlsson and the song "När jag blundar" was the winner.

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2013

The final took place on 9 February 2013 at the Barona Areena in Espoo where the eight finalist songs were performed and the jury and viewers selected a winner. The show featured interval performances by Teflon Brothers and Stig, last year's Eurovision Song Contest entrant Pernilla Karlsson, 2007 Eurovision entrant Hanna Pakarinen, Emma Salokoski and Suvi Teräsniska. After combining the jury (50%) and televote (50%), Krista Siegfrids and the song "Marry Me" emerged as the winner.

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2014

The final took place on 1 February 2014 at the Barona Areena in Espoo where the eight finalist songs were performed and the combination of votes from the jury and public televote selected a winner. In addition to the performances from the competing artists, the winner of UMK 2013, Krista Siegfrids, performed her single "Cinderella" during the interval. Softengine was the winner of the competition with the song "Something Better".

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2015

It was confirmed that Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu would return in 2015, for its fourth series. Three semi-finals were held on 7 February, 14 February, and 21 February 2015 while the final was held on 28 February 2015. It was held at the YLE TV Studios.

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2016

It was confirmed that Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu would return in 2016, for its fifth series. Three semi-finals were held on 6 February, 13 February, and 20 February 2016 while the final was held on 27 February 2016. Like the previous year, it was held at YLE TV Studios.

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2017

It was confirmed that Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu would return in 2017, for its sixth series. Unlike previous years, there were no semi-finals, only a single final held on 28 January 2017 at the Espoo Metro Areena, and the show used international juries instead of Finnish juries.

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2018

Yle selected Saara Aalto internally to represent Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018. Aalto performed three songs and the winning song was selected by viewers and international juries. The show was held on 3 March 2018 at the Espoo Metro Areena.

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2019

The 2019 edition took place on 2 March 2019. Yle announced on 29 January 2019 that they had internally selected Darude to perform three songs, similarly to how Saara Aalto's song was selected in the previous edition.

Darude performed three songs, featuring vocalist Sebastian Rejman, and the winning song was selected by viewers and international juries. The show was held on 2 March 2019 at Logomo in Turku.

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2020

The 2020 edition was held on 7 March 2020 in Tampere.

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2021

The 2021 edition was held on 20 February 2021 in Tampere.

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2022

The 2022 edition was held on 26 February 2022 at Logomo.

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2023

The 2023 edition was held on 25 February 2023 at Logomo in Turku.

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2024

The 2024 edition is set to be held on 10 February 2024 at the Nokia Arena in Tampere.

References

External links

2012 Finnish television series debuts
Eurovision Song Contest selection events
Music competitions in Finland
Recurring events established in 2012
Singing talent shows
Finnish music television series
Finnish reality television series
2010s Finnish television series
Winter events in Finland
Yle original programming


title: S. 1963 (113th Congress)

text:
The bill To repeal section 403 of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 () is a bill that would repeal the provision of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 that makes changes to the cost of living allowance to military veterans.

The bill was introduced in the United States Senate during the 113th United States Congress.

Provisions of the bill
According to the Congressional Research Service, this bill "repeals a provision of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 that reduces the cost-of-living adjustment to the retirement pay of members of the Armed Forces under age 62." That provision was one of the budget saving measures which would have saved $6 billion. The cut, which would begin in December 2015, would be a one percent below inflation cut to the cost of living benefits to working-age veterans who are not disabled.

Proposed amendments
One proposed amendment, from Senator Kelly Ayotte (R-NH) would outlaw illegal immigrants claiming a child tax credit. On February 11, 2014, it was considered unlikely that this would pass, although Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid did say he would allow a vote on the amendment.

Other proposed amendments have focused on closing some offshore tax loopholes in order to pay for the bill.

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, a public domain source.

Section 403 of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 () reduced the annual cost-of-living adjustment for annuities paid to certain military retirees and survivors by up to 1 percent. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated that section 403 would reduce direct spending by $6,235 million over the 2014-2023 period. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 exempted disability retirees and certain survivors from this reduction of one percent, which reduced the savings associated with that provision to $5,662 million over that same period. S. 1963 would repeal section 403 of P.L. 113–67. Relative to CBO's February 2014 baseline, we estimate that enacting S. 1963 would increase direct spending by $6,813 million; $5,662 million through 2023, plus $1,151 million in 2024.

For this proposal, the increase in spending subject to appropriation represents an increase in discretionary accrual payments to the Military Retirement Trust Fund. While those payments count against discretionary budget caps, they are intragovernmental transactions, and the exact amounts would be determined by the Department of Defense Office of the Actuary.

Pursuant to section 604 of H. Con. Res. 25, the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2014, and section 311 of S. Con. Res. 70, the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2009, CBO estimates that S. 1963 would increase direct spending by more than $5 billion in at least one of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2024.

Procedural history
S. 1963 was introduced into the United States Senate on January 27, 2014, by Sen. Mark L. Pryor (D, AR). On February 10, 2014, the Senate voted 94–0 to end the debate on whether or not to consider the bill, meaning that they would move forward and begin considering the bill during the rest of that week.

Debate and discussion
On February 10, 2014, Republicans indicated that they would not support the bill as it was written that day and insisted that the bill needed to contain an offset to counteract the additional $6 billion that would be spent if the bill was passed.

Senator Pryor, who introduced the bill argued that "there is no question that we need to cut our spending, but we must do it responsibly... We cannot balance the budget on the backs of our service members."

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress
Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013

Notes/References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas S. 1963
beta.congress.gov S. 1963
GovTrack.us S. 1963
OpenCongress.org S. 1963
WashingtonWatch.com S. 1963
Congressional Budget Office's Cost Estimate of S. 1963

Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress


title: Felix Skowronek

text:
Felix Skowronek (August 21, 1935 – April 17, 2006) was an American flutist and professor of music.

Education
Skowronek studied in Seattle with Fred H. Wing and Frank Horsfall, and for a few summers with Donald Peck.   He later studied with William Kincaid at the Curtis Institute of Music.

Career
Skowronek played principal flute for the Seattle Symphony (1956–57 and 1959–60), Seventh Army Symphony (1957–59), Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra (1960–66), and St. Louis Symphony (1966–68), and was a member of the Casals Festival orchestra in Puerto Rico. He was a founding member of the Soni Ventorum Wind Quintet.

He became a member of the faculty of the Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico, followed by the University of Washington. He also served as president of the National Flute Association and Seattle Flute Society.

He was a leading figure in the revival of wooden Boehm-style flutes in the USA. He was an expert in the use of various hardwoods in flute manufacturing. He was also a consultant with Verne Q. Powell Flutes Inc. in its attempt to reintroduce the wooden flute to the United States on a major scale.

References

External links

Felix Skowronek memorial website

American classical flautists
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
University of Washington faculty
20th-century American musicians
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century flautists
1935 births
2006 deaths


title: Timeline of web search engines

text:
This page provides a full timeline of web search engines, starting from the WHOis in 1982, the Archie search engine in 1990, and subsequent developments in the field. It is complementary to the history of web search engines page that provides more qualitative detail on the history.

Timeline

See also
 Timeline of Google Search

References

Web search engines
Web search engines


title: Lighthouses on the Isle of Arran

text:
Three lighthouses can be found around the shores of the Isle of Arran in the Firth of Clyde. One is located on the island of Pladda in the south and the other two can be found on Holy Island in Lamlash Bay to the east of Arran. All three are still in service and maintained by the Northern Lighthouse Board. They are now fully automatic since the electrification of both lighthouses on Holy Isle in 1977.

History
Until up to the appointment of the Commissioners of the Northern Lighthouses (later Northern Lighthouse Board) by royal act in 1786, just 4 lighthouses existed in the whole of Scotland. Over the course of the following 200 years, the NLB expanded greatly and is now responsible for 206 lighthouses, 163 buoys, 29 beacons, 2 supply and maintenance ships and a variety of other traditional and modern navigational aids. For a long time, lighthouses mostly burned wood, coal and candles before oil became predominant. Oil was mostly used in the form of whale oil and colza oil before the introduction of kerosene in the mid 19th century and eventually electricity.  Mainland stations excepted, lights were mostly staffed by 3 lighthouse keepers with 3 colleagues on shore leave on a 4 weeks on 4 weeks off rotation. Keepers were expected to be on duty at night to supervise the proper function of the lights, keep a 24-hour watch for fog and maintain and service the station during daytime. A first programme of automation in the early 20th century reduced the numbers necessary to staff a station and many lighthouse keepers were made redundant. In the 1980s and 1990s, all Scottish lighthouses were eventually fully automated and the process was completed in 1998.

Lighthouses

Pladda
Pladda lighthouse is a white tower with a height of 29 metres. It is the oldest of the Arran lighthouses and situated on the Isle of Pladda just off the Southern tip of the Isle of Arran. Pladda lighthouse is not only the oldest lighthouse around Arran but also one of the oldest lighthouses in Scotland. Pladda lighthouse was built in 1790 by Thomas Smith and showing a lower light from a small lantern 20 feet below the main light to allow seafareres to distinguish Pladda from other lighthouses close by, notably those on the Mull of Kintyre, Cumbrae and Copeland at the Irish coast. The lighthouse was rebuilt between 1821 and 1830. Pladda was one of Northern Lights' lighthouses where paraffin as a new fuel together with multiple wicks were tested successfully in 1870. This allowed substantial savings with a simultaneous increase in power between 10% and 100%. Fog signals were introduced in the 1870s as well. In 1901, the formerly fixed light was changed to a more powerful group-flashing which was Northern Light's plan for most Scottish lighthouses at the time. Pladda lighthouse operates fully automatic since 1990.
Pladdas position is 55° 25.512'N, 005° 07.113'W. Its light flashes Fl.(3)30s40m23M.

Holy Isle, Inner lighthouse
The Inner lighthouse on Holy Isle faces the east coast of the Isle of Arran at the south entrance of Lamlash Bay. The lighthouse was built in 1877. With automation at the beginning of the 20th century, one lightkeeper was made redundant. At the same time, an oil tank was set up on the pier at Holy Isle. The oil was then pumped to the light house by air pressure where before, oil barrels had to be landed and then rolled to the oil cellar and pumped by hand into the cisterns.  In 1977, the Holy Island lighthouses were electrified, fully automated and classified as unattended at the same time.  Holy Isle Inner lighthouse is 23 m high and white. In 1894, the lighthouse keepers saved the captain and crew of the "Ossian".
The light Fl.G.3s14m10M and is obscured from east of 147 and north of 282.

Holy Isle, Outer or Pillar Rock lighthouse
Pillar Rock lighthouse is the youngest of the three lighthouses around the Isle of Arran and was built in 1905 on the southwestern shore of Holy Isle to the east of Arran in Lamlash Bay. It was the Northern Lighthouse Board's first square lighthouse. Together with Holy Isle's Inner lighthouse, Pillar Rock was electrified in 1977 and operates fully automatic since.
The light Fl(2)20s38m25M.

See also

 List of lighthouses in Scotland
 List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses

References

Isle of Arran
Lighthouses in Scotland


title: DTOX

text:
DTOX is a mobile smartphone app marketed as an aid for people with addictions. The company that makes and sells the app was founded in 2012 by Rae Dylan, a substance abuse counsellor.

Users have access to a day counter that calculates their detox period, daily messages of encouragement, a tracking feature that helps monitor cravings and mood, and a photo journal that keeps a visual record of their progress. Users can use DTOX to record specific emotions at any period during the day. Users can remain anonymous or choose to connect with other DTOX users for support and collaboration. There is also a "fan club" option where a user can sign up family members, sponsors, and coaches for emails updating the user's progress.

References

External links

Internet properties established in 2012
Health care software


title: 2001 Arab Club Champions Cup

text:
The 2001 Arab Club Champions Cup edition, called Prince Faisal bin Fahd Cup, was won by Qatari side Al Sadd SC, the hosts. It was the 17th tournament and was held from 28 November to 12 December 2001.

Participants

Preliminary stage

Zone 1 (Gulf Area)
Qualification from GCC Champions League held in Al Ain on 2001.

Al-Ain qualified but withdrew the tournament, Al-Rayyan replaced it

Zone 2 (Red Sea)
The qualifying tournament took place in Jeddah.

Al-Ahli Jeddah and Al-Ahli Sana'a' advanced to the final tournament.

Zone 3 (North Africa)
First Round

Second Round

MC Oran advanced to the final tournament.

Zone 4 (East Region)
The qualifying tournament took place in Amman. Nejmeh was disqualified from the qualifying tournament because the fifa has frozen the activity of the Lebanese Football Association.

Al-Faisaly and Hutteen advanced to the final tournament.

Final tournament

Venues

Group stage
The eight teams were drawn into two groups of four. Each group was played on one leg basis. The winners and runners-up of each group advanced to the semi-finals.

Group A

Group B
Al-Faisaly SC withdrew from the tournament after the first match after contesting the referee falsely, the result was annulled.
Al Rayyan SC replaced Al Ain SC who withdrew from the tournament.

Knock-out stage

Semifinals

Final

Winners

References

External links
 17th Arab Club Champions Cup 2001 – rsssf.com
 السد يحرز بطولة الأندية العربية الـ17 لأبطال الدوري  – Al Jazeera

2001
2001–02 in Qatari football
2001–02 in Algerian football
2001–02 in Saudi Arabian football
2001–02 in Syrian football
2001–02 in Jordanian football
2001–02 in Tunisian football
2001


title: Algorithmic program debugging

text:
Algorithmic debugging (also called declarative debugging) is a debugging technique that compares the results of sub-computations with what the programmer intended. The technique constructs an internal representation of all computations and sub-computations performed during the execution of a buggy program and then asks the programmer about the correctness of such computations. By asking the programmer questions or using a formal specification, the system can identify precisely where in a program a bug is located. Debugging techniques can dramatically reduce the time and effort spent on debugging.

Overview

Program debugging is an extremely common part of software development. Until the 1980s the craft of program debugging, practiced by every programmer, was without any theoretical foundation. In the early 1980s, systematic and principled approaches to program debugging were developed. In general, a bug occurs when a programmer has a specific intention regarding what the program should do, yet the program actually written exhibits a different behavior than intended in a particular case.
One way of organizing the debugging process is to automate it (at least partially) via an algorithmic debugging technique. The idea of algorithmic debugging is to have a tool that guides the programmer along the debugging process interactively: It does so by asking the programmer about possible bug sources.
The algorithmic debugging technique constructs an internal representation of all computations and sub-computations performed during the execution of a buggy program (an execution tree). Then, it asks the programmer about the correctness of such computations. The programmer answers "YES" when the result is correct or "NO" when the result is wrong. Some algorithmic debuggers also accept the answer "I don't know" when the programmer cannot give an answer (e.g., because the question is too complex). Thus, the answers of the programmer guide the search for the bug until it is isolated by discarding correct parts of the program. The algorithmic debugging process finds one bug at a time. In order to find different bugs, the process should be restarted again for each different bug.

Origins, current and future directions

Algorithmic debugging was first developed by Ehud Shapiro during his PhD research at Yale University, as introduced in his PhD thesis, selected as a 1982 ACM Distinguished Dissertation. Shapiro implemented the method of algorithmic debugging in Prolog (a general purpose logic programming language) for the debugging of logic programs. In case of logic programs, the intended behavior of the program is a model (a set of simple true statements) and bugs are manifested as program incompleteness (inability to prove a true statement) or incorrectness (ability to prove a false statement). The algorithm would identify a false statement in the program and provide a counter-example to it or a missing true statement that it or its generalization should be added to the program. A method to handle non-termination was also developed.
The research and development in the field of algorithmic debugging has made major improvements over the original algorithms for debugging Prolog and other and extended the ideas to other language paradigms such as functional languages and object oriented languages.
Three decades since its introduction, algorithmic debugging is still an active field of computer science research  and will probably remain so for decades as no panacea is in sight.

References

Debugging


title: Ja saapuu oikea yö

text:
Ja saapuu oikea yö (English title: Hush) is a 2012 Finnish thriller film directed by Jyri Kähönen. The story evolves around two young lovers who plan to murder the girl's father.

Cast
Jarkko Niemi as Sakari
Jemina Sillanpää as Veera
Martti Suosalo as Aarne
Kaija Pakarinen as Marja
Antti Virmavirta as Olli

References

External links

2012 films
2012 thriller films
Finnish thriller films
2010s Finnish-language films


title: Romania in Antiquity

text:
The Antiquity in Romania spans the period between the foundation of Greek colonies in present-day Dobruja  and the withdrawal of the Romans from "Dacia Trajana" province. The earliest records of the history of the regions which now form Romania were made after the establishment of three Greek townsHistria, Tomis, and Callatison the Black Sea coast in the 7th and 6th centuries BC. They developed into important centers of commerce and had a close relationship with the natives. The latter were first described by Herodotus, who made mention of the Getae of the Lower Danube region, the Agathyrsi of Transylvania and the Sygannae of Crişana.

Archaeological research prove that Celts dominated Transylvania between the middle of the 5th century and the end of the 3rd century BC. The Bastarnaea warlike Germanic tribesettled in the regions to the east of the Carpathian Mountains around 200 BC. Confrontations between the natives and the Roman Empire began in the late 1st century BC. Among the former, the Dacianswho were closely connected to the Getaerose to eminence under King Burebista ( 80–44 BC). He unified the tribes dwelling between the Middle Danube, the Northern Carpathians, the Dniester and the Balkan Mountains into a powerful, but ephemeral empire. It disintegrated into at least four parts after his death. Large territories to the north of the Lower Danubethe lands between the Tisa, the Northern Carpathians, the Dniester and the Lower Danubewere again unified for less than two decades by King Decebalus of the Dacians (87–106 AD).

Modern Dobrujathe territory between the Lower Danube and the Black Seawas the first historical region of Romania to have been incorporated in the Roman Empire. The region was attached to the Roman province of Moesia between 46 and 79 AD. The Romans also occupied Banat, Oltenia and Transylvania after the fall of Decebalus and the disintegration of his kingdom in 106. The three regions together formed the new province of Dacia. The new province was surrounded by "barbarian" tribes, including the Costoboci, the Iazyges and the Roxolani. New Germanic tribesthe Buri and the Vandalsarrived and settled in the vicinity of Dacia province in the course of the Marcomannic Wars in the second half of the 2nd century.

Background

Hoes, coulters and other tools made of antler were unearthed at nine "Schela Cladovei" settlements along the Lower Danube, suggesting that cultivation of plants began in the lands now forming Romania between around 9500 and 7500 BC. Animal husbandry appeared 1500 or 2000 years later with the arrival of a new populationthe bearers of the "Gura Baciului-Cârcea/Precriş culture"from the southern parts of the Balkan Peninsula. They lived in pit-houses and used chiseled stone tools. They decorated their fine pottery with geographical figures and produced clay figurines.

The antrophomorphic figurines of the "Hamangia culture", which flourished in the region between the Lower Danube and the Black Sea until around 4000 BC, are outstanding representatives of Neolithic art. In addition to figurines, colored pottery featured the "Cucuteni-Trypillian culture" of Muntenia, northeastern Moldavia and southern Transylvania. "Cucuteni-Trypillian" settlements, which often covered an area reaching , flourished until around 2000 BC. Production of copper tools and artifactspins, hooks, and pendantsand the use of gold can also be demonstrated from the last centuries of the Stone Age.

Practically nothing is known of the languages spoken by the locals in this period. Historiansfor instance, Vlad Georgescu and Mihai Roteasay that the spread of Indo-European languages began in the period between 2500 and 2000 BC. Fortified settlements and the great number of weaponsarrowheads, spears and knife bladesunearthed in them show that the stability featuring the Stone Age cultures of "Old Europe" came to an end in the same period.

Coexistence of a great number of transitory cultures, including the "Coțofeni" and "Glina cultures" characterized the first centuries of the Bronze Age. Metallurgy developed in the following period; deposits containing thousands of bronze tools, weapons and jewels from between around 2000 and 1500 BC were unearthed at many places, including Uioara de Sus and Șpălnaca in Transylvania. Finds of amber delivered from the coast of the Baltic Sea and weapons produced in Mycenaean Greece show the importance of trading with these distant regions of Europe. From around 1100 BC, a homogenization of pottery decorations and the development of new archaeological cultures can be detected. These new cultures spread over large territories; for instance, the "Basarabi culture" flourished in the wider region of the Lower Danube. The sporadic use of iron also began around 1100 BC, but it only became widespread about 350 years later.

Before the Romans

Greek colonies

Ionian colonists from Miletus founded Histria, the first Greek town on the Black Sea coast of present-day Romania. According to Eusebius of Caesarea's Chronicle, this happened in 657 BC. Archaeological findsmainly potterysuggest that the first Greek colonists settled in Histria between the 650s and 620s BC. The second colony, Tomis was also founded by settlers from Miletus who arrived in the 7th or 6th century BC. However, the sparseness of archaeological evidence from the first centuries of the history of Tomis implies that it was initially administered from Histria. The third Greek town, Callatis was founded by Dorian colonists from Heraclea Pontica in the second half of the 6th century BC.

Inscriptions from Histria and Callatis prove that the townsfolk preserved their ancestral traditions for more than half a millennium. They maintained the ancient denominations for their tribes, magistrates, and public bodies, and remained faithful to cults taken from the motherland. The three colonies developed into important centers of trade in olive oil, wine, fine pottery and jewelry. A level of houses and temples destroyed proves that an unidentified enemyaccording to the scholar Paul MacKendrick, Scythianstook and sacked Histria in the late 6th century BC.

Initially, the constitution of Histria was an oligarchy, but, as Aristotle recorded, "it ended in the rule of the populace". MacKendrick writes that this change from the rule of aristocratic families to democracy occurred around 450 BC. Thereafter an assembly and council administered Histria; their members were elected by the free male citizens of the town. Callatis also became a democracy in the second half of the 5th century BC. According to MacKendrick, the fragment "KA…" in an inscription listing the Greek towns paying tribute to Athens refers to Callatis, proving that the town became a member of the Delian League.

For defensive purposes, both Histria and Callatis were surrounded by walls: the former in the 4th and 2nd centuries BC, the latter in the 4th century BC. King Lysimachus of Thrace forced Histria to accept his suzerainty in the 310s BC, and Celts sacked the town in 279 BC. Histria and Callatis attempted to take the port of Tomis, but they were defeated around 262 BC.

Getae

The natives of the Lower Danube region came to the attention of classical authors after the establishment of Greek colonies along the Black Sea shore. In the early 5th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus's Europe referred to two local tribes, the Crobydae and the Trixae. Sophocles wrote of a local ruler named Charnabon in his Triptolemos. Herodotus was the first writer who thoroughly described the tribes dwelling to the north of the Lower Danube. He wrote of the Getae in connection with King Darius I of Persia's campaign against the Scythians in about 513 BC. According to Herodotus, the Getae, "the most courageous and upright Thracian tribe, offered stiff resistance", but the Persians defeated and enslaved them. He also described the Getae's belief in the immortality of the soul and their practice of human sacrifices in order to send messages to their principal god, Zalmoxis.

The "Ferigile-Bârseşti" group of cremation tumuli appeared in the foothills of the Southern Carpathians in this period. These graves yielded artifactspottery, weapons and jewelrywhich reveals the influence of Scythian, Illyrian and Thracian art on the locals. Greek amphorae found in the native settlements unearthed at Zimnicea and other places prove that the locals were involved in the trading of wine between the Greek colonies and the regions over the Carpathian Mountains. For instance, the natives at Priscu Crăşani used amphorae produced in the Aegean islands of Thasos, Rhodes and Cos. They lived in wattle-and-daub huts. Silver artifacts (including a helmet and a cup) from the princely tomb unearthed at Agighiol, and the gold helmet found at Coțofănești evidence the wealth accumulated by native chieftains through their connections with the Greek colonies in the 4th century BC.

The "Getae beyond Haemus" who "border on the Scythians" paid tribute to the neighboring Odrysian kings in the 5th century BC, according to Thucydides. He adds that the Getae, who were mounted archers, supported King Sitalkes of the Odyssians against Athens in 429 BC. In 335 BC, according to Arrian, Alexander the Great launched a one-day raid across the Lower Danube against the Getae who could not prevent him from crossing the river. In connection with the raid, Arrian refers to "a deep cornfield" of the Getae and makes mention of their "poorly fortified" city.

After Alexander the Great's death, Lysimachus of Thrace ruled the northern regions of the Balkan Peninsula. He waged wars against King Dromichaetes of the Getae, but could not defeat him. The latter even captured Lysimachus and forced him to withdraw his troops from the lands between the Lower Danube and the Haemus in 292 BC. The subsequent history of Dromichaetes and his realm are unknown.  According to the historian Vlad Georgescu, Dromichaetes's kingdom disintegrated into smaller polities. Inscriptions from Histria prove that in the 3rd century BC the Greeks paid tribute to local chieftains, including the Getic Zalmodegicus and Rhemaxos, in exchange for their protection against raids by other neighboring "barbarians".

Syginnae
The Syginnae, who had "small, short-faced, long-haired horses", according to Herodotus, were the bearers of the "Szentes-Vekerzug culture". This archaeological culture, which is featured by bridles and bits made of iron, flourished in the plains along the river Tisa from around 600 to the second half of the 4th century BC. The Syginnae's ethnic affiliation remained uncertain, but they were neither Thracians nor Scythians, according to the historian Timothy Taylor. Their territory was surrounded by rural settlements, including the villages of the "Sanislău-Nir culture" in Crişana, which suggests that the Syginnae were immigrants who forced the local population to accept their rule.

Agathyrsi

Herodotus writes that the Mureș River "rises in Agathyrsian territory", proving that this tribe of warriors dominated large territories in Transylvania in the late 5th century BC. Inhumation graves unearthed at Aiud, Blaj, Ciumbrud, and other sites along the rivers Mureș and Târnava yielded artifacts, both metal work and pottery, with analogies in sites attributed to the Scythians in the Pontic steppes. However, the identification of the Agathyrsi as a Scythian tribe is controversial, because the making of their artifacts, especially their swords, found in Transylvania differs from the technique applied in the Pontic steppes. The Agathyrsi's "way of life" was actually "similar to that of the Thracians", as it was emphasized by Herodotus himself.

Quivers decorated with metal crosses, mirrors and other featuring artifacts of the "Agathyrsian territory" appeared in the easternmost regions of the plains along the River Tisa around 500 BC, suggesting that the Agathyrsi expanded their rule over these territories in the subsequent century. Although Aristotle in his Problems still referred to the Agathyrsi, stating that they "sang their laws, so as not to forget them", thereafter no written source makes mention of them. Their cemeteries ceased to be used around 350 BC. Whether the Agathyrsi were assimilated by other tribes, or abandoned their lands, cannot be decided.

Celts

In the period between 450 and 200 BC, the vast territory between the Atlantic Ocean and the Eastern Carpathians experienced the spread of the "La Tène culture". It is without doubt that this culture emerged in a Celtic-speaking population, but it cannot be decided whether its spread was only the consequence of migrations or acculturation also contributed to it. In Transylvania, the arrival of the Celts is exclusively evidenced by archaeological finds, because no documents refer to this event. Isolated graves yielding "La Tène" metalworkhelmets, weapons and horse harnessprove that the first Celtic groups settled in Crişana and Transylvania after around 335 BC.

"La Tène" settlements were consisted of semi-sunken huts, each with a nearby storage pit.
Large "La Tène" cemeteries were unearthed, for instance, at Ciumeşti, Orosfaia, and Pişcolt. Their inhabitants practiced both inhumation and cremation burials, and in the latter case the ashes were placed into a pit or an urn. Their unearthed artifacts, mainly pottery, also point at the cohabitation of groups preserving different traditions in the same settlements. About 10% of the graves yielded weapons, proving the existence of a class of warriors. For instance, at Ciumeşti a helmet decorated with a raven from the early 3rd century BC was found. "La Tène" cemeteries disappeared from Transylvania around 175 BC.

Bastarnae

The Bastarnae settled in the region between the rivers Siret and Dniester around 200 BC. According to Livy, their army crossed "the Danube with a large body of infantry and cavalry" in 179 BC to support King Philip V of Macedonia in his wars in the Balkan Peninsula. Strabo, Pliny the Elder and Tacitus list them among the Germanic peoples, but the latter also writes that they intermarried with the nomad Sarmatians.

Rustoiu identifies the Bastarnae as the bearers of the "Poieneşti–Lukašovka culture" of the regions to the east of the Carpathian Mountains, but this identification is not universally accepted. For instance, "Poieneşti–Lukašovka" settlements were inhabited by a sedentary population, but the historian Malcolm Todd says that the mobility of the Bastarnic warriors suggests that they were mustered by a nomad or semi-nomad people. Besides ceramics featuring the culture, "Poieneşti–Lukašovka" sites yielded pottery with analogies in Dacian and Celtic sites.

Towards Roman occupation

Greek colonies

Callatis, Histria and Tomis accepted the suzerainty of King Mithridates VI of Pontus around 110 BC. His expansionist policy clashed with the interests of the Romans who had by that time started to advance in Southeastern Europe. The governor of the Roman province of Macedonia, Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus forced Callatis to sign a treaty of alliance with the Roman Empire in 72 or 71 BC. According to MacKendrick, it is plausible that Histria and Tomis concluded a similar treaty with the Romans around the same time, because the empire needed their ports for naval bases in the Black Sea.

The three towns made an anti-Roman alliance with the Bastarnae, the Getae and other "barbarian" tribes in 61 BC. They inflicted a decisive defeat on the Roman armies which were under the command of Gaius Antonius Hybrida, Proconsul of Macedonia. King Burebista of the Dacians subjugated the three Greek colonies in about 50 BC. An inscription from the same time refers to the "second founding" of Histria, implying that it had been nearly destroyed during the previous wars.

Callatis, Histria and Tomis regained their freedom after the death of Burebista in 44 BC. However, their independence became nominal and they accepted Roman protectorate after the expedition of 27 BC by Marcus Licinius Crassus in the lands between the Lower Danube and the Black Sea. The Roman poet, Ovid spent his last years in exile in Tomis between 9 and 17 AD. His poems evidence that barbarian attack was a constant menace for the townsfolk in this period.

Dacians

The earliest records of the Dacians are connected to their conflicts with the Roman Empire in the 2nd century BC. Strabo writes, in his Geographica, that their language "is the same as that of the Getae". He adds that the distinction between the Getae and the Dacians is based on their location: the Getae are "those who incline towards the Pontus and the east," and the Dacians are "those who incline in the opposite direction towards Germany and the sources of the Ister".

Archaeological findscremation graves yielding horse bits, curved daggers or sica, swords and other weaponsevidence the development of a military elite in the territories to the north of the Lower Danube in the 3rd-1st centuries BC. Tumuli with similar grave goods appeared in the same region and expanded towards southwest Transylvania and southern Moldavia from around 100 BC. The military character of the new elite is proven by the frequent raids against the neighboring territories, primarily in Thrace and Macedonia, from the 110s BC, which provoked counter-attacks by the Romans. For instance, Frontinus writes of Marcus Minucius Rufus's victory over "the Scordiscans and Dacians" in 109 BC, and Florus says that Gaius Scribonius Curio, Proconsul of Macedonia "reached Dacia, but shrank from its gloomy forests" in 74 BC.

The native tribes of the wider region of the Lower Danube were for the first time united under King Burebista who ruled from around 80 or 70 BC. He defeated the Boii and the Taurisci, who dwelled in the Middle Danube region, around 60 BC, subdued the Scordisci and made plundering raids against Thracia, Illyricum and Macedonia in the subsequent years. In the middle of the 1st century BC, his empire was bordered by the Middle Danube, the Northern Carpathians, the Black Sea and the Balkan Mountains. Its center was located in the Orăştie Mountains where Burebista had a number of fortifications erected. This forts were built by Greek craftsmen who introduced the use of chiseled stone.

Strabo writes that Burebista "had as his coadjutor Deceneus, a wizard", who assisted him to stabilize his rule among the Dacians. Deceneus reformed the cult of Zalmoxis. He persuaded the Dacians "to cut down their vines and to live without wine", according to Strabo. The 6th-century historian, Jordanes, who preserved information originally recorded by Dio Chrysostom, writes that Deceneus "chose from among" the Dacians "those that were at that time of noblest birth and superior wisdom and taught them theology, bidding them worship certain divinities and holy places". These pilleates or tarabostes formed the ruling stratum of the Dacian society; the commoners were called capillati or comati.

Strabo writes that Burebista "was deposed" during an uprising. The year of Burebista's fall cannot exactly be determined, but most historians write that he was assassinated in 44 BC. Strabo narrates that after Burebista's death his empire fall apart and four (later five) smaller polities developed in its ruins. The names of some of their kings were recorded by Roman writers. For instance, Dicomes, "the king of the Getae, promised to come and join" Mark Antony "with a great army", according to Plutarch.

A new empire dominated by the Dacians emerged in the reign of Decebalus who ruled from 87 AD. In the first year of his reign, he defeated a Roman army sent against Dacia in retaliation of a plundering raid in the Roman province of Moesia. Although the Romans defeated Decebalus in the Battle of Tapae in 88, he concluded a favorable peace treaty with the Roman Empire. It not only acknowledged Decebalus's status as rex amicus or client king, but the Romans also gave "large sums of money" to him "as well as artisans of every trade pertaining to both peace and war", according to Cassius Dio. Taking advantage of his treaty with the Romans, Decebalus improved the defenses of his kingdom. He also expanded his rule over the neighboring territories in the next decade. After these conquests, Decebalus's multiethnic empire was bordered by the Tisa, the Northern Carpathians, the Dniester and the Lower Danube, according to Gábor Vékony.

Bastarnae

Cassius Dio narrates that the Bastarnae "crossed the Ister and subdued the part of Moesia opposite them" in 29 or 28 BC. Marcus Licinius Crassus in short routed them. In the first decades of the next century, the Sarmatians who arrived from the Pontic steppes became the dominant power of the regions up to that time inhabited by the Bastarnae.

Roman provinces and the neighboring tribes

Lower Moesia

The year when the lands between the Lower Danube and the Black Sea, including the three Greek colonies of Callatis, Histria and Tomis, were annexed by the Roman Empire is uncertain. According to the historians Kurt W. Treptow and Marcel Popa, this happened in 46 AD. In contrast, Coriolan Horaţiu Opreanu writes that the territory was only integrated in the province of Moesia in the reign of Emperor Vespasianus (69–79). When Moesia was divided into two parts in 86, the territory became part of Lower Moesia. The new province was administered by former consuls who commanded two Roman legions, the Legio V Macedonica and the Legio I Italica.

The region flourished under Antoninus Pius who had the roads repaired. On the other hand, an inscription written in Greek from the village of Scraptopara evidences that the locals were complaining of the heavy taxation and the irksome duty of accommodating the Roman soldiers. The walls of Callatis and Tomis were reinforced after the Costoboci had marched through the region in 170. After the end of the Marcomannic War, Emperor Marcus Aurelius had 12,000 free Dacians settled in the province.

Dacia Trajana

The peaceful relationship between the Roman Empire and Decebalus's realm came to an end after Emperor Trajan ascended the throne in 98. He waged two wars against the Dacian king in the first decade of the 2nd century. After Trajan's First Dacian War, which lasted from 101 to 102, Decebalus was forced to approve of the stationement of Roman garrisons in Dacian territory, for instance at Drobeta, Romula and Tibiscum. During the Second Dacian War, the Romans annihilated the Dacian kingdom. Its core territoriesBanat, Oltenia and Transylvaniawere transformed into a new Roman province named Dacia in 106. The Romans also occupied Muntenia and the southern parts of Moldavia, which were annexed to the province of Moesia, but they withdrew from these territories in 119.

Under Emperor Trajan a procuratora former consulruled the province. He commanded two legions, the Legio XIII Gemina and the Legio IV Flavia Felix. The Roman territories to the north of the Lower Danube were divided into three provincesUpper Dacia, Lower Dacia, and Dacia Porolissensisin the reign of Emperor Hadrian. He also withdrew the Legion IV Flavia Felix from the province. Upper Dacia, where the only Roman legion stationed in the next century, was administered by former praetors; the two other provinces were ruled by governors from the ordo equester. During the Marcomannic Wars, a new legionthe Legio V Macedonicawas transferred to Dacia. Thereafter the two legions stationed in the three provincesnow named Dacia Apulensis, Dacia Malvensis, and Dacia Porolissensiswere under the command of a former consul, the Propraetor of the Three Dacias.

Eutropius writes that Emperor Trajan transferred "vast numbers of people from all over the Roman world to inhabit the countryside and the cities", because "Dacia had, in fact, been depopulated" during the Second Dacian War. Indeed, inscriptions prove that the colonists came from many parts of the Roman Empire, but especially from Pannonia and Noricum. Although evidence of the presence of the natives after the establishment of the province is scarce, archeological sites at Boarta, Cernat, and other places in southern Transylvania prove the survival of rural communities.

The exploitation of natural resourcesprimarily mining of copper, gold, iron, lead, salt, and silverhad a preeminent role in the economy of Dacia province. Archaeological research also revealed the existence of workshops producing pottery, weapons, glass for the local market. Roads built for military purposes also contributed to the development of long-distance trade.

Dacia became subject of frequent plundering raids by the Carpi and other neighboring tribes from the 230s. Literary sourcesfor instance, Eutropiuseven recorded that "Dacia, which had been added beyond the Danube by Trajan, was lost" in the reign of Gallienus (260-268). From around 259, no inscriptions prove the presence of the two legions at their headquarters in Apulum and Potaissa. The Romans officially abandoned the province under Emperor Aurelius (270-275) who "led away both soldiers and provincials, giving up hope that it could be retained", according to the Historia Augusta.

Sarmatians

Costoboci

The Costoboci were a free Dacian group mentioned in the 1st and 2nd centuries in Roman sources.  Their territory"the land of the Costoboci", according to Cassius Diowere located northwest of Dacia province. According to the archaeologist Gheorghe Bichir, the Costoboci were the bearers of the "Lipiţa culture", but this identification has not been universally accepted by scholars. A Roman inscription recorded the name of a rex Coisstobocensis ("king of the Costoboci") Pieporus, suggesting that he was an ally of the empire.

During the Marcomannic War, the Costoboci plundered the Roman provinces in the Eastern Balkans as far as Eleusis in 170. The governor or Dacia, Sextus Cornelius Clemens persuaded the Germanic Hasdingi to invade and occupy their land around 171. This was the last record of the Costoboci who disappeared from the sources. Gheorghe Bichir writes that many of them settled among the Carpi.

Germanic tribes

The Marcomannic Wars, which lasted from 162 to 180, caused a series of population shifts along the eastern frontiers of the Roman Empire. The Buri were the first Germanic people who invaded Dacia. The governor of Dacia, Sabinianus defeated them in 180. Pottery and weapons featuring the "Przeworsk culture" appeared in Apa, Boineşti, Medieșu Aurit and other sites to the northwest of Dacia province in the last decades of the 2nd century. Their spread point at the arrival of the Hasdingi, who settled in these regions after their conquest of "the land of the Costoboci". "Przeworsk" pottery, weapons and other artifacts were also found at Roman forts in Dacia, suggesting a close contact between the German tribesmen and the Romans.

A new enemy of the Roman Empire, the Goths emerged in the Pontic steppes in the first half of the 3rd century. According to their own tradition recorded by Jordanes, their migration from present-day Poland to the northern coasts of the Black Sea was a gradual process. Their first raid against the Roman Empire occurred in 238. They laid siege to Histria and forced the Romans to grant them an annual subsidy. Jordanes narrates that "some of the Taifali and Astringi, and also three thousands of the Carpi" joined the Goths during their invasion of Dacia and Moesia in 250, suggesting that the Goths had by that time become the predominant power among the tribes dwelling in the vicinity of the Roman Empire's Lower Danube frontier.

Carpi

The natives dwelling to the east of the Carpathians were collectively known as Carpi from the 3rd century. Written sources, inscriptions and literary works, evidence that the Carpi were a powerful enemy of the Roman Empire up until the 250s. For instance, Petrus Patricius recorded that they stated that they were "stronger than the Goths" when the Romans agreed to pay an annual tribute to the latter.

Afterwards

References

Sources

Primary sources

Aristotle: Problems, Books 1–19 (Edited and Translated by Robert Mayhew) (2011). President and Fellows of Harvard College. .
Eutropius: Breviarium (Translated with and introduction and commentary by H. W. Bird) (1993). Liverpool University Press. .
Herodotus: The Histories (A new translation by Robin Waterfield) (1998). Oxford University Press. .
Livy: Rome and the Mediterranean (Translated by Henry Bettenson with an Introduction by A. H. McDonald) (1976). Penguin Books. .
"Ovid: Tristia" In Ovid: The Poems of Exile – Tristia and the Black Sea Letters (Translated with an Introduction by Peter Green) (2005), pp. 1–106. University of California Press. .
"The Anabasis by Arrian". In Arrian: Alexander the Great – The Anabasis and the Indica (A new translation by Martin Hammond) (2013), pp. 1–225. Oxford University Press. .
The Gothic History of Jordanes (in English Version with an Introduction and a Commentary by Charles Christopher Mierow, Ph.D., Instructor in Classics in Princeton University) (2006). Evolution Publishing. .
The History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides (2013). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. .
The Politics of Aristotle (Translated, with Introduction, Analysis and Notes by Peter L. Phillips Simpson) (1997). The University of North Carolina Press. .

Secondary sources

Ancient history of Romania


title: Second VA-54 (U.S. Navy)

text:
Attack Squadron 54 (VA-54) was an attack squadron of the U.S. Navy. Originally established as Bomber Fighter Squadron VBF-153 on 26 March 1945, redesignated Fighter Squadron VF-61A (VF-16A) on 15 November 1946, redesignated VF-152 on 15 July 1948, and VF-54 on 15 February 1950. It was finally redesignated VA-54 on 15 June 1956. The squadron was disestablished on 1 April 1958. It was the second squadron to be designated VA-54, the first VA-54 was disestablished on 1 December 1949.

The squadron's insignia changed several times over its lifetime, ending up as a devil's head with naval aviation wings. Its nickname was the Copperheads until 1951, and Hell's Angels thereafter.

Operational history
 29 June 1950: VF-54 was deployed aboard  in the Western Pacific when the Korean War broke out on 25 June. The carrier was ordered north from the Philippines and the squadron’s aircraft conducted a sweep along the western coast of Taiwan due to the concern that the North Korean invasion of South Korea might be a prelude to an invasion of that island by the Chinese Communists.
 3 July 1950: The squadron participated in its first combat strikes since its establishment in 1945. These strikes were the first made by carrier aircraft in the Korean War. VF-54’s F4Us struck targets in Pyongyang, North Korea.
 15 September 1950: VF-54 provided air support for the Battle of Inchon.
 26 July 1954: VF-54’s AD-4 Skyraiders were on a search and rescue mission looking for survivors, rafts or debris from the 1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown, when they were attacked by two Chinese LA-7 fighter aircraft. Two of the squadron’s AD-4s, along with an F4U, shot down the two LA-7s 13 miles southeast of Hainan Island.
 September 1957: , with VA-54 embarked, operated in the vicinity of Taiwan in response to a buildup of Chinese Communist forces on the mainland opposite Taiwan.
 Dec 1957: The squadron began the transition from propeller aircraft to jets.

Home port assignments
The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown:
 NAS Wildwood – 26 Mar 1945
 NAAS Oceana – 01 Jun 1945
 NAS Norfolk – 02 Jul 1946
 NAS Alameda – 11 Aug 1946
 NAS Sand Point – 4 May 1948
 NAS Alameda – 28 Jun 1948
 NAS San Diego – 01 Dec 1949
 NAS Miramar – 19 May 1952

Aircraft assignment
The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown:
 F4U-1 Corsair – 26 Mar 1945
 F4U-4 Corsair – 04 Jun 1945
 F6F-5 Hellcat – 10 Sep 1945
 F8F-1 Bearcat – 21 Oct 1947
 F8F-2 Bearcat – May 1949
 AD-4 Skyraider – 01 Dec 1949
 F4U-4B Corsair – 14 Dec 1949
 AD-1/4 Skyraider – Mar 1951
 AD-6 Skyraider – Dec 1954
 AD-5 Skyraider – Dec 1954
 AD-7 Skyraider – Jan 1957
 F9F-8B Cougar – Dec 1957

See also
 Attack aircraft
 History of the United States Navy
 List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons

References

Attack squadrons of the United States Navy
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons


title: Velicham

text:
Velicham () is a 1987 Indian Tamil-language film written and directed by Sundar K. Vijayan, starring Karthik and Ranjini. It was released on 14 January 1987. According to Sundar, the film did okay business at the box-office.

Plot

Cast

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Manoj–Gyan. The song "Thulli Thulli Odum" became popular.

References

External links

1980s Tamil-language films
1987 films
Films scored by Manoj–Gyan


title: Katja of Sweden

text:
Katja Ingergard Geiger (born Karin Ingegerd Hallberg; 12 January 1920 – 25 January 2017), better known as Katja of Sweden, was a Swedish fashion designer.

Early life and career
After studying art and design at Konstfack and Beckmans in Stockholm, Sweden, Karin moved to New York City in 1946 to study fashion design at Parson's School of Design.

There she married movie producer and director Rod E. Geiger who at the time was producing movies for Roberto Rossellini. Katja and her husband launched the Katja of Sweden brand in the late 1940s. Katja became close friends with Rosselini's wife Ingrid Bergman, and named a blouse after her that became a fashion hit.

She was the designer for Arthur Sportswear which used contractors including those in the Bronx which employed 50 seamstresses turning out her products.  Being close friends with Charlie Chaplin, and Edward Dmytryk who was one of the Hollywood Ten,  the Hollywood blacklist ordeal got Mr. Geiger in hot water.

The couple moved to Huaröd in Sweden in 1953, where the label "Katja of Sweden" became a fashion sensation which lasted for over twenty years. In 1975, they moved back to New York City, where Katja began designing home textiles, bed sheets, and kitchenware. "Katja shops" opened up in Macy's department store and Cannon Mills manufactured her designs under license.  In the 1980s advertisements featuring Bob Hope and Larry Hagman sleeping in "Katja sheets" ran with the tagline "Two of the Most Famous Names in America Sleep Together"

In 1995, the Geigers moved back to Sweden to be closer to family.  Rod Geiger died in 2000.
Katja's clothes are now part of the permanent collection of the Museum "Kulturen" in Lund, Sweden. She died on 25 January 2017 at the age of 97.

Awards

 1950: US Designer of the Year

References

External links

Further reading

1920 births
2017 deaths
Swedish fashion designers
Swedish women fashion designers
Konstfack alumni
Swedish expatriates in the United States
People from Bjuv Municipality


title: Calusa Nature Center and Planetarium

text:
Calusa Nature Center and Planetarium is a non-profit environmental education organization in Fort Myers, Florida.

Located on 105 acres, the Center includes a natural history museum with live native and teaching animals, and exhibits about the animals, plants and environment of Southwest Florida.  The 44'(13.4-meter) diameter planetarium seats 90 and features fulldome full-surround planetarium shows 7 days/week, changing the shows on a monthly basis; they have a collection of meteorites in their display area. The planetarium presents evening laser shows quarterly and Calusa Nature Center and Planetarium staff do educational outreach to local schools and civic groups. There are three nature trails, the planetarium, a butterfly house, and a raptor aviary with rehabilitated (but un-releasable) birds of prey. There is also a gift shop, meeting space, classroom, and picnic areas.

References

External links
Calusa Nature Center website

Buildings and structures in Fort Myers, Florida
Nature centers in Florida
Tourist attractions in Fort Myers, Florida
Planetaria in the United States
Museums in Lee County, Florida
Natural history museums in Florida


title: Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade – Men's triple jump

text:
The men's triple jump event at the 2001 Summer Universiade was held at the Workers Stadium in Beijing, China on 30–31 August.

Medalists

Results

Qualification

Final

References

Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade
2001


title: Joker's Closet

text:
Joker's Closet is an online shoe retailing company in Toronto, Canada. Customers can choose the colors they want for its ready-made designs.

Description

Joker's Closet was launched in April 2013 by Toronto designer Ashley Ebner, who studied design at the London College of Fashion.

The brand was named after the Joker playing card, which allows multiple possibilities.

Customers can make their own choice of colors for the designs on the website. The shoes are made and delivered in three to four weeks.

Joker’s Closet showed in collaboration with Korean designer Lie Sang Bong at Paris Fashion Week in October 2013,  at New York Fashion Week on 12 February 2014, and at Seoul Fashion Week.

In June 2014 Joker's Closet became an official shoe designer for Beyoncé's On the Run Tour (Beyoncé and Jay-Z).

In February 2015 Joker's Closet became shortlisted by WGSN The Global Fashion Awards for Best E-Shop.

References

Shoe designers
Canadian fashion designers
Online retailers of Canada
Canadian companies established in 2013
2013 establishments in Ontario


title: The Yellow Crucifixion

text:
The Yellow Crucifixion is a 1943 painting by Marc Chagall. It was painted in 1943 and is on display at Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris, France.

Description
The piece reworked many themes that first occurred in Chagall's more famous artwork White Crucifixion whereby the suffering of Jewish victims of the Holocaust was communicated through the image of Jesus Christ as a Jew.

Jesus is not the central image of this picture, and instead shares the canvas with a large green Torah scroll and angel. This positioning emphasises the Jewish character of Jesus in this work, supported by Jesus wearing a Jewish prayer shawl (tallit) and tefillin.

The surrounding details are scenes from the programs occurring in Europe. There is a burning shtetl to the right, surrounded by distressed looking figures. Below this is found a Jew wearing traditional Jewish clothing (and a placard) and a fleeing woman with her child. The latter scene is reminiscent of the story of Jesus’ flight to Egypt as a child.

Another theme that has been reworked into the Yellow Crucifixion, which first appeared in the White Crucifixion, is the presence of a ship. The significant difference is that in this painting, the ship is shown sinking into the waters. This is undoubtedly an allusion to the Struma disaster in 1942. The fact that Jesus is looking down on the ship, watching the passengers, is said to convey the artist's own passage to New York City from Europe that took place by ship.

Other details include fish leaping out of the sea and a goat.

Influence
Reformed theologian Jürgen Moltmann mentions this painting as being his muse while writing The Crucified God, a book which has been called a Christian theology after Auschwitz:

"In front of me hangs Marc Chagall’s picture Crucifixion in Yellow. It shows the figure of the crucified Christ in an apocalyptic situation: people sinking into the sea, people homeless and in flight, and yellow fire blazing in the background. And with the crucified Christ there appears the angel with the trumpet and the open roll of the book of life [Rev 14.6]. This picture has accompanied me for a long time. It symbolizes the cross on the horizon of the world, and can be thought of as a symbolic expression of the studies which follow."

See also
 List of artworks by Marc Chagall

References

1943 paintings
Angels in art
Paintings depicting the Crucifixion of Jesus
Paintings by Marc Chagall
Fish in art
Goats in art
Ships in art
Paintings in the Musée National d'Art Moderne
Musical instruments in art


title: Camp Gordon Johnston Museum

text:
The Camp Gordon Johnston Museum is a historical museum of World War II history and artifacts. It is located at 1873 Highway 98 West in Carrabelle, Florida, across the highway from Carrabelle Beach, one of the several beaches on which troops practiced amphibious landings. The museum highlights the history of Camp Gordon Johnston, focusing especially on the quarter of a million soldiers who received training in amphibious operation in Carrabelle. The museum's exhibits include vehicles, photographs and thousands of artifacts including uniforms, mess kits and soldiers' war souvenirs. It is open from 11:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. on Tuesday through Saturday and it is closed on Sunday and Monday.

The museum is owned by the Camp Gordon Johnston Association, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Randy Usher serves a president of the Camp Gordon Johnston Association.

References

External links

Museums in Franklin County, Florida
World War II museums in the United States
Military and war museums in Florida


title: Dhool Parakuthu

text:
Dhool Parakuthu is a 1993 Indian Tamil-language film directed by L. Raja, starring Raghuvaran in lead role.

Plot

Dhool Parakuthu is the story of Raghuvaran, a man with golden heart loved by Ramya Krishnan. Raghuvaran's family get killed by Malaysia Vasudevan and his henchmen. Now Raghuvaran wants to take law in his hand, but he is stopped by his police officer friend Ravi Raghavendra. Will Raghuvaran completes his revenge form the climax.

Cast

Raghuvaran
Ramya Krishnan
Sindhuja
Ravi Raghavendra
Malaysia Vasudevan
S. S. Chandran
Senthil
Kovai Sarala

References

External links

1993 films
1990s Tamil-language films


title: Joe Busillo

text:
Giuseppe Busillo (born May 13, 1970) is a former professional ice hockey player. Busillo represented Italy in the 1998 and 2006 Winter Olympics.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Eisbären Berlin players
HC Alleghe players
HC Varese players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Kölner Haie players
Manchester Storm (1995–2002) players
Olympic ice hockey players for Italy
Oshawa Generals players
Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds players
Schwenninger Wild Wings players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in England
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Italy
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany


title: Lungotevere Castello

text:
Lungotevere Castello is the stretch of Lungotevere that links Piazza di Ponte Sant'Angelo to Piazza dei Tribunali, in Rome (Italy), in the rioni Borgo and Prati.

The Lungotevere takes its name from the Mausoleum of Hadrian, better known as Castel Sant'Angelo, erected by Emperor Hadrian between 134 and 139.

Several churches, then demolished or no more existing, formerly rose in the area: among them, Sant'Antonio della Mole Adriana, Sant'Angelo de Castro Sancti Angeli, the Chapel of the Holy Rosary and San Tommaso de Castro Sancti Angeli.

In the environs of the castle there was an estate, called Arenaccio (Italian for "Bad Strand") due to the vicinity to the strand of river Tiber: it was employed for military and circus performances.

Notes

Bibliography

Castello
Streets in Rome R. XIV Borgo
Streets in Rome R. XXII Prati
Castello


title: Gosling's bunting

text:
Gosling's bunting (Emberiza goslingi), also known as the grey-throated bunting, is a species of bird in the family Emberizidae. It is found in Africa from Mauritania and Senegal to south-western Sudan and north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Its natural habitats are dry savannah, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland.

It was previously considered conspecific with the cinnamon-breasted bunting.

References

Gosling's bunting
Birds of West Africa
Gosling's bunting


title: Friedemann Witecka

text:
Friedemann Witecka, (August 31, 1951 Freiburg im Breisgau) is a German guitarist, multi-instrumentalist, songwriter and music producer

Life and work
Friedemann made his first appearances in his native town, at the former Southwest Radio and Talentschuppen TV between 1967 and 1970. In 1979 he released his first album The Beginning of Hope in which musicians such as Wolfgang Dauner, Lenny MacDowell, Thomas Heidepriem and singer Anne Haigis participated.

His albums Indian Summer (1987) and Aquamarine (1990) reached six-digit sales figures and were also successful in the United States. With around 550,000 records sold, he heard claims to be the most successful musicians of his genre.

The acoustic quality of his albums (CD and SACD) is often used for testing of systems engineering. In 1997 the readers of Audio (magazine) chose the CD Aquamarine as the "best audiophile CD of all times". For more than 10,000 copies sold of the album The Concert (2012) he received a German Jazz Award.

In its full tone music publisher and his record label Biber Records he released his own works and music of colleagues like Bonnie Dobson, Grant Geissman, Ralf Illenberger, Rüdiger Oppermann, Thomas Rabenschlag, Büdi Siebert, Christoph Stiefel and Klaus Weiland. It produces mainly instrumental and "hand-made music" the styles of New Age and Fusion.

Discography

Studio albums
Songs For A Beginning (1977)
The Beginning Of Hope (1979)
Voyager  (1983)
Goun & Friedemann - Les Oiseaux De Nuit (1985)
Indian Summer (1987)
Serah & Friedemann - Flight Of The Stork (1988)
Aquamarine (1990)
Patrick Largounez & Friedemann - Les Plaisirs De La Vie (1992)
Legends Of Light - Music For The Ancient Land Of Belenos (1995)
Passion And Pride (1999)
Beauty And Mystery Of Touch (2000)
Short Stories (2002)
The Concert (2005)
Memory Lane (2008)
Saitensprung (2007)
Echoes Of A Shattered Sky (2012)

Compilation albums
Voyager In Expanse (1986)
New Moon (1988)
On A Personal Note (1997)
Best - The Sun At Midnight (2002)
The Master Tracks (2015)

References

External links
 Friedemann at Vollton Musikverlag
 Friedemann discography at AllMusic

Living people
1951 births
German guitarists
German male guitarists


title: John S. Cate

text:
John S. Cate (March 25, 1839 – October 11, 1906) was an American business executive and politician who served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, a member of the Board of Selectmen, and as Mayor of Everett, Massachusetts.

Early life
Cate was born on March 25, 1839, in Tamworth, New Hampshire.

Business career
Cate was engaged in the manufacture of roofing materials, and was also involved in the real estate business.

Political offices
From 1887 to 1889 Cate served as a member of the Everett, Massachusetts Board of Selectmen.  In 1889 Cate was elected as a Republican, (over Independent Republican Thomas Leavitt who had earlier lost the Republican nomination to Cate), to the Massachusetts House of Representatives.  In the legislature of 1899 Cate served on the Committee on Street Railways.

Death
Cate died, on October 11, 1906, at his summer home in West Ossipee, New Hampshire.

References

1839 births
1906 deaths
Mayors of Everett, Massachusetts
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People from Tamworth, New Hampshire
People from Ossipee, New Hampshire
19th-century American politicians


title: Louise Prockter

text:
Louise Prockter is a planetary scientist and former supervisor of the Planetary Exploration Group at the Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory. In 2016 the Universities Space Research Association (USRA) announced the appointment of Prockter as Director of the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) in Houston, Texas, effective September 6, 2016. She was the first woman to serve as LPI Director and led the LPI from 2016 to 2020. She is currently Chief Scientist, Space Exploration Sector, at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.

Education
Prockter did her undergraduate work at Lancaster University in England and got her master's degree from Brown University. She went on to get Ph.D. in planetary geology at Brown University in 1999.

Career
Prockter has worked on a number of NASA missions, both formally and informally. She was on the imaging team for the Galileo Europa Mission (GEM), the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) mission, and the MErcury Surface, Space Environment, GEochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission to Mercury. For the MESSENGER mission, she has served as the Instrument Scientist for the Mercury Dual Imaging System, Co-Investigator, and Deputy Project Scientist.
Prockter is Principal Investigator for Trident, a flyby mission to Triton, one of four mission concepts selected for further study under NASA's ninth Discovery-class mission call.

References

Living people
Planetary scientists
Women planetary scientists
Alumni of Lancaster University
Brown University alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Lunar and Planetary Institute


title: Atriolum

text:
Atriolum is a genus of colonial tunicates in the order Aplousobranchia. These are marine animals found attached to the seabed or some other surface.

Species
The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species in the genus:

Atriolum bucinum  Kott, 2001
Atriolum eversum  Kott, 2001
Atriolum glauerti  (Michaelsen, 1930)
Atriolum lilium  Kott, 2001
Atriolum marinense  Kott, 2001
Atriolum marsupialis  Monniot, 1989
Atriolum quadratum  Monniot & Monniot, 1996
Atriolum robustum  Kott, 1983
Atriolum tubiporum  Kott, 2001

References

Aplousobranchia
Tunicate genera


Corporal Larry E. Smedley National Vietnam War Museum is located in Orlando, Florida, in Orange County, Florida.
3400 N. Tanner Rd, Orlando, FL 32826.
Exhibitions include Vietnam War artifacts, equipment, and photographs. The museum's collection includes an A-4 Skyhawk, a "River Rat" patrol boat, a commemorative wall, Bell UH-1 "Huey" Dustoff helicopter, patriotic art, and a Vietnam War mural. The museum is named for the late  Larry E. Smedley, a Marine corporal who led his squad courageously against numerically superior forces and was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously.

References

External links
Corporal Larry E. Smedley, National Vietnam War Museum website

Museums in Orlando, Florida
Military and war museums in Florida
Vietnam
Vietnam War museums