title: Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests

text:
The Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests were a series of controlled-descent flight tests conducted by SpaceX between 2013 and 2016. Since 2017, the first stage of Falcon 9 missions has been routinely landed if the rocket performance allowed it, and if SpaceX chose to recover the stage.

The program's objective was to reliably execute controlled re-entry, descent and landing (EDL) of the Falcon 9 first stage into Earth's atmosphere after the stage completes the boost phase of an orbital spaceflight. The first tests aimed to touch down vertically in the ocean at zero velocity. Later tests attempted to land the rocket precisely on an autonomous spaceport drone ship (a barge commissioned by SpaceX to provide a stable landing surface at sea) or at Landing Zone 1 (LZ-1), a concrete pad at Cape Canaveral. The first ground landing at LZ-1 succeeded in December 2015, and the first landing at sea on a drone ship in April 2016. The second landed booster, B1021, was the first to fly again in March 2017, and was recovered a second time.

Landings of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters

Overview
The first landing test occurred in September 2013 on the sixth flight of a Falcon 9 and maiden launch of the v1.1 rocket version. From 2013 to 2016, sixteen test flights were conducted, six of which achieved a soft landing and recovery of the booster:
 flight 20 (Orbcomm OG2 M2) safely touching down on the LZ-1 ground pad upon first attempt in December 2015;
 flight 23 (CRS-8) finally achieving a stable landing at sea in the Atlantic on the drone ship Of Course I Still Love You in April 2016 after four previous attempts ended in destruction of the booster upon impact;
 flights 24 (JCSAT-14) and 25 (Thaicom 8) returning at higher speed from GTO missions at sea on a drone ship in May 2016;
 flight 27 (CRS-9) returning to LZ-1 in July 2016;
 flight 28 (JCSAT-16) landing on a drone ship in August 2016;

Since the January 2017 return to flight, SpaceX has stopped referring to landing attempts as "experimental", indicating that they have become a routine procedure (see Iridium-1 and CRS-10 press kits of 2017, compared with CRS-9 and JCSAT-16 of 2016). , 14 routine landings have been performed ( success) and three missions were launched in expendable configuration, not attempting to land.

The first-stage descent tests were part of the larger SpaceX reusable launch system development program, which included a large amount of new technology development activities and earlier low-altitude test flights at the SpaceX facility in McGregor, Texas in preparation for the high-altitude high-velocity testing of landing test phase of the program. The overall objective of the program is to privately develop reusable rockets using vertical-landing technology so as to substantially reduce the cost of space access.

Traditionally, the first stages of orbital carrier rockets have been discarded in the ocean once the ascent was complete. Achieving routine recovery and reuse of the launch vehicles could dramatically reduce the cost of access to space.

History

From the beginning, Elon Musk wanted the first stage of SpaceX launch vehicles to be recoverable, and all Falcon 1 launches and the first two Falcon 9 launches had parachutes. However the boosters burned up on reentry, before the parachutes even deployed. This meant a different approach had to be taken. Experimental prototypes were built and flown during 2012 to 2014 to test the idea of propulsive landings and gain experience.

SpaceX first announced in March 2013 that it would instrument and equip subsequent Falcon 9 first stages as controlled-descent test vehicles, able to propulsively decelerate towards a soft touchdown over the water surface. The company expected to begin these flight tests in 2013, with an attempt to return the vehicle to the launch site for a powered landing no earlier than mid-2014.

In the event, SpaceX did perform their first controlled-descent test flight in 2013 but continued the over-water testing well into 2015. Following analysis of telemetry data from the first controlled descent in September 2013, SpaceX announced that a large amount of new technology passed their real-life test objectives, and that coupled with the technology advancements made on the Grasshopper prototype, they were now ready to test the full EDL process to recover the first stage. The rocket was "able to successfully transition from vacuum through hypersonic, through supersonic, through transonic, and light the engines all the way and control the stage all the way through [the atmosphere]".

This second EDL test took place during the third cargo resupply mission for NASA in April 2014. SpaceX attached landing legs to the first stage, decelerated the stage through atmospheric re-entry and attempted a simulated landing over water, following the separation of the second stage carrying the Dragon capsule to the ISS. The first stage was slowed down sufficiently to perform a soft touchdown over the Atlantic Ocean.
SpaceX announced in February 2014 that they intended to continue over-water tests of the first stage until mastering precision control of the vehicle from hypersonic speed all the way through subsonic regimes.

Subsequent tests, starting with the CRS-5 mission in January 2015, attempted to land the first stage on an autonomous spaceport drone ship stationed off the Florida coastline or in the Pacific Ocean depending on launch site.
The ships were used for six landing attempts, two of which succeeded in April and May 2016. Meanwhile, the first attempt to land on solid ground at Cape Canaveral occurred on December 21, 2015, and succeeded flawlessly.

Post-mission test plan

The post-mission Falcon 9 test plan for the earliest flight tests called for the first stage to perform a retro-propulsion burn in the upper atmosphere to slow it down and put it on a descent ballistic trajectory to its target landing location, followed by a second burn in the lower atmosphere before the first stage reached the water. SpaceX announced in March 2013 that it intended to conduct such tests on Falcon 9 v1.1 launch vehicles and would "continue doing such tests until they can do a return to the launch site and a powered landing". The company said it expected several failures before it could land the vehicle successfully.

In detailed information disclosed in the Falcon 9 flight 6 launch license for the CASSIOPE mission, SpaceX said it would fire three of the nine Merlin 1D engines initially to slow the horizontal velocity of the rocket and begin the attempt at a controlled descent. Then, shortly before hitting the ocean, one engine would be relighted in an attempt to reduce the stage's speed so that it could be recovered. , SpaceX said the experiment had approximately a ten percent chance of success.

SpaceX did not perform controlled-descent tests on all Falcon 9 v1.1 flights, as payloads going to GTO did not leave enough fuel margin.
In September 2013, SpaceX announced that the CRS-3 mission of April 2014 (fourth flight of Falcon 9 v1.1) would be the second test of the descent test profile.

Whereas the early tests restarted the engines only twice, by the fourth flight test, in September 2014, SpaceX was reigniting the engines three times to accomplish its EDL test objectives (although only three of the nine engines were used): a boost-back burn, a reentry burn, and a landing burn.  The boost-back burn limits downrange translation of the used stage; the reentry burn (from approximately  altitude) is used to control the descent and deceleration profile at atmospheric interface; and the landing burn completes the deceleration from terminal velocity to zero at the landing surface.

Test flights

Ocean touchdown attempts

Flight 6
The first propulsive reentry, descent, and ocean-surface touchdown test occurred on September 29, 2013, on Falcon 9 flight 6, the maiden launch of the Falcon 9 rocket, version v1.1. After the three-minute boost phase and separation of the second stage with the CASSIOPE and nanosat payloads, the rocket's first stage was reoriented backwards and three of the nine Merlin 1D engines were reignited at high altitude to initiate a deceleration and controlled descent trajectory to the surface of the ocean. The first phase of the test "worked well and the first stage re-entered safely". However, the stage began to roll because of aerodynamic forces during the atmospheric descent and the roll rate exceeded the capabilities of the first stage attitude control system (ACS) to null it out. The fuel in the tanks "centrifuged" to the outside of the tank and the single engine involved in the low-altitude deceleration maneuver shut down. SpaceX was able to retrieve some first-stage debris from the ocean. The company did not expect to recover the first stage on this flight, nor on the first several powered-descent tests, as predicted in their March 2013 announcement.

This first experimental descent was considered successful, achieving substantial test milestones and collecting a great deal of engineering data, despite losing the stage into the ocean. SpaceX tested a large amount of new technology on this flight, and, combining those results with the advances made on the Grasshopper demonstrator, the company now believed it had "all the pieces of the puzzle".

Flight 9
The second test of controlled-descent hardware and software on the first stage occurred on April 8, 2014, and became the first successful controlled ocean soft touchdown of a liquid-rocket-engine orbital first stage.
The first stage included landing legs for the first time which were extended to simulate a landing upon touchdown, and the test utilized more powerful gaseous Nitrogen control thrusters to control the aerodynamic-induced rotation that had occurred on the first test flight.  The first stage successfully approached the water surface with no spin and at zero vertical velocity, as designed.

During the second test, the first stage was traveling at a velocity of  at an altitude of  at the time of the high-altitude turn-around maneuver, followed by ignition of three of the nine main engines for the initial deceleration and placement onto its descent trajectory. The "first stage executed a good re-entry burn and was able to stabilize itself on the way down. ... [The] landing in [the] Atlantic [ocean] was good! ... Flight computers continued transmitting [telemetry data] for eight seconds after reaching the water" and stopped only after the first stage went horizontal.

The major modifications for the second first stage controlled-descent test flight included changes to both the reentry burn and the landing burn as well as adding increased attitude control system (ACS) capabilities.

SpaceX had projected a low probability of stage recovery following the flight test due to complexity of the test sequence and the large number of steps that would need to be carried out perfectly. The company was careful to label the entire flight test as "an experiment". In a press conference at the National Press Club on April 25, Elon Musk said that the first stage achieved a soft touchdown on the ocean but due to rough seas, the stage was destroyed.

Flight 10
The third test flight of a returned first stage was July 14, 2014, on Falcon 9 flight 10. Whereas the previous test reached a target landing area some hundreds of kilometers off the Florida coast, this flight aimed for a boost-back trajectory that would attempt the ocean touchdown much nearer the coast, and closer to the original launch location at Cape Canaveral.  Following the third controlled-descent test flight, SpaceX expressed confidence in their ability to successfully land in the future on a "floating launch pad or back at the launch site and refly the rocket with no required refurbishment."

Following the first stage loft of the second stage and payload on its orbital trajectory, SpaceX conducted a successful flight test on the spent first stage. The first stage successfully decelerated from hypersonic speed in the upper atmosphere, made a successful reentry, landing burn, and deployment of its landing legs, and touched down on the ocean surface. The first stage was not recovered for analysis as the hull integrity was breached, either upon touchdown or on the subsequent "tip over and body slam".
Results of the post-landing analysis showed that the hull integrity was lost as the -tall first stage fell horizontally, as planned, onto the ocean surface following the landing.

Flight 13

The fourth test flight of a returned first stage, with a planned ocean touchdown, occurred on Falcon 9 flight 13 which was launched on September 21, 2014. and the first stage flew a profile approaching a zero-velocity at zero-altitude simulated landing on the sea surface.  SpaceX made no attempt to recover the first stage, since earlier tests had confirmed that the 14-story tall first stage would not survive the tip-over event into the sea.  The booster did run out of liquid oxygen.

One month later, detailed thermal imaging infrared sensor data and video were released of the controlled-descent test.  The data was collected by NASA in a joint arrangement with SpaceX as part of research on retropropulsive deceleration technologies in order to develop new approaches to Mars atmospheric entry.  A key problem with propulsive techniques is handling the fluid flow problems and attitude control of the descent vehicle during the supersonic retropropulsion phase of the entry and deceleration.  All phases of the night-time flight test on the first stage were successfully imaged except for the final landing burn, as that occurred below the clouds where the IR data was not visible.
The research team is particularly interested in the  altitude range of the SpaceX "reentry burn" on the Falcon 9 Earth-entry tests as this is the "powered flight through the Mars-relevant retropulsion regime" that models Mars entry and descent conditions.

Flight 15

SpaceX had planned to make the sixth controlled-descent test flight and second landing attempt on their drone ship no earlier than February 11, 2015. Landing a returning rocket at sea would have been a "potentially historic rocket launch and landing", as such a feat "was unheard of" five years earlier.

According to regulatory paperwork filed in 2014, SpaceX plans had called for the sixth test flight to occur on a late January 2015 launch attempt. However, after the completion of the fifth test flight, and with some damage being incurred by the drone ship in the botched landing, it was not clear whether the sixth test would still be feasible only a few weeks later.
This issue was resolved within days of the ship's return to Jacksonville, and by January 15, SpaceX was unambiguous about its plans to attempt a landing of the first stage following the boost phase of the Deep Space Climate Observatory mission.

However, in a statement by SpaceX, the drone ship was in conditions "with waves reaching up to three stories in height crashing over the decks". Additionally, one of the four thrusters that keep the barge in a constant position had malfunctioned, making station-keeping difficult. For these reasons, the post-launch flight test did not involve the barge, but instead attempted a soft touchdown over water.

The test was successful, and the first stage of the Falcon 9 landed "nicely vertical" with an accuracy of 10 meters from the target location in the ocean.

Therefore, this test represented the fifth ocean touchdown, and the sixth overall Falcon 9 first stage controlled-descent test.

Flight 46 and 48
Flight 46 and 48 were both boosters on their second flight that were not recovered due to the older Block 3 design only being capable of two flights. Instead of having an uncontrolled descent, SpaceX softly landed both boosters in the water to test high energy landing techniques without the risk of damaging a drone ship. On flight 48, the booster survived landing and stayed intact after tipping over. Unplanned recovery was discussed but the booster broke up before it could be attempted.

Landing attempts

, SpaceX has attempted 178   landings of a first stage on a solid surface, 167  of which have succeeded (93.8%), with 139 out of 144 (96.5%)  for the Falcon 9 Block 5 version.

In July 2014, SpaceX announced that the fifth and sixth controlled-descent test flights would attempt to land on a solid surface, merging the lessons from the high-altitude envelope expansion of the first four controlled-descent flights over water with the low-altitude lessons of the F9R Dev testing in Texas. At that time, the "solid surface" was not further described, and was later revealed to be a seafaring barge dubbed an autonomous spaceport drone ship.

Many of the test objectives were achieved on the first attempt, including bringing the stage to the specific location of the floating platform and collecting a large amount of test data with the first use of grid fin control surfaces for more precise reentry positioning. However the touchdown on the corner of the barge was a hard landing and most of the rocket body fell into the ocean and sank; SpaceX published a short clip of the crash. It would take four more attempts to achieve the first barge landing at sea on flight 23. Meanwhile, ground landing succeeded on the first attempt with flight 20 on December 21, 2015.

In October 2014, SpaceX clarified that the "solid surface" would be a floating platform constructed from a barge in Louisiana, and confirmed that they would attempt to land the first stage of the fourteenth Falcon 9 flight on the platform.
For the landing to succeed, the -wide span of the rocket landing legs must not only land within the -wide barge deck, but would need to also deal with ocean swell and GPS errors.
In late November, SpaceX revealed that the landing barge would be capable of autonomous operation and would not need to be anchored or moored; it was hence called an autonomous spaceport drone ship.  three of these ships had been built, two of which were operational.

Flight 14
This fifth controlled-descent test flight was anticipated by the specialized press as a historic core return attempt. It incorporated for the first time in an orbital mission the grid fin aerodynamic control surfaces that had previously been tested only during a low-altitude, low-speed test with the F9R Dev1 prototype vehicle in early 2014.
The addition of grid fins, with continuation of the control authority obtained from gimbaling the engines as on previous test flights, was projected to improve the landing accuracy to , a thousand-fold improvement over the four previous test flights which landed within  of their target coordinates. Prior to the flight, SpaceX projected that the likelihood of success on the first try was 50 percent or less.

The first test flight for this new hardware occurred on January 10, 2015, on the CRS-5 mission for NASA. The controlled-descent flight started approximately three minutes after launch, following the second stage separation event,
when the first stage was approximately  high and moving at a velocity of .

The SpaceX webcast indicated that the boostback burn and reentry burns for the descending first stage occurred, and that the descending rocket then went "below the horizon," as expected, which eliminated the live telemetry signal, so that the retropropulsive landing attempt was not shown live.  Shortly thereafter, SpaceX released information that the rocket did get to the drone ship as planned, but "landed hard ... Ship itself is fine. Some of the support equipment on the deck will need to be replaced."
Musk later elaborated that the rocket's flight-control surfaces had exhausted their supply of hydraulic fluid prior to impact.
Musk posted photos of the impact while talking to John Carmack on Twitter. SpaceX later released a video of the impact on Vine.

Flight 17
A seventh test flight of the first stage controlled-descent profile occurred on April 14, 2015, on Falcon 9 flight 17, which carried CRS-6 to the International Space Station. This was SpaceX's second attempt to land on a floating platform. The first stage was fitted with grid fins and landing legs to facilitate the post-mission test.

An early report from Elon Musk suggested that the first stage made a hard landing on the drone ship.
Musk later clarified that the bipropellant valve was stuck, and therefore the control system could not react rapidly enough for a successful landing.
On April 15, SpaceX released a video of the terminal phase of the descent, the landing, the tip over, and the resulting deflagration as the stage broke up on the deck of the ASDS.

Flight 20: first landing on ground pad

The first attempt to land the first stage of Falcon 9 on a ground pad near the launch site occurred on flight 20, the maiden flight of the Falcon 9 Full Thrust version, on the evening of December 21, 2015. The landing was successful and the first stage was recovered.
This was the first time in history that a rocket first stage returned to Earth after propelling an orbital launch mission and achieved a controlled vertical landing.

SpaceX applied to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) US regulatory authority to perform its eighth booster controlled-descent test culminating with a landing attempt at the Landing Zone 1 facility (formerly Launch Complex 13) that SpaceX had recently built at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
The FAA cleared SpaceX to attempt this landing after assessing that it would inflict minimal damage on the environment.
Additionally, NASA planned to close the NASA Causeway near the launch and landing site and significantly increase the size of exclusion zones during the launch and landing attempt.
Both options to attempt landing on the ground pad or on the drone ship at sea remained open until the day of the launch. The final decision to return the booster to Cape Canaveral was made based on a number of factors, including weather at the potential landing sites.

Flight 20 took off at 20:29 EST on December 21, 2015 (01:29 UTC on December 22, 2015). About 9 minutes and 45 seconds later, the first stage landed vertically on the pad.

SpaceX did not fly the Falcon 9 flight 20 first stage again. Rather, the rocket was inspected and moved back to the launch pad a few miles north to perform a static fire test. After the hot fire test, the vehicle was evaluated in detail by SpaceX to assess capabilities for reflight of the launch vehicle design after future landings.

On December 31, SpaceX announced that no damage had been found on the stage and that it was ready to fire again.
On January 15, 2016, SpaceX conducted the static fire test on the recovered booster and reported a good overall outcome, except for some thrust fluctuations in one of the outer engines (engine 9). Elon Musk reported that this may have been due to debris ingestion.

This booster has been on display outside of SpaceX headquarters in Hawthorne, California since August 20, 2016.

Flight 21
Flight 21, the final launch of a Falcon 9 v1.1, carried the Jason 3 payload. At one point this was the first possible opportunity for an attempt to land the first stage on land,
but the launches were reordered following the loss of Falcon 9 flight 19 in June 2015. Jason-3 was successfully launched on January 17, 2016, and while the first stage managed to slow down towards a soft landing, the lockout collet on one of the landing legs did not latch correctly, which caused the rocket to fall over and explode after touching down.
Elon Musk noted that ice buildup on the collet from the high-humidity launch conditions may have led to the failure of the latch.

Flight 22
On March 4, 2016, Falcon 9 flight 22 launched the  heavy SES-9 communications satellite,
the rocket's largest payload yet targeting a highly-energetic geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). Consequently, the Falcon 9 first stage followed a ballistic trajectory after separation and re-entered the atmosphere at high velocity with very little fuel to mitigate potential aerodynamic damage.

Therefore, SpaceX did not expect to successfully land its Falcon 9 booster on its sea barge, the Of Course I Still Love You, positioned in the Atlantic Ocean. Elon Musk confirmed in a tweet that the landing attempt had failed.

Flight 23: first landing on a drone ship

On April 8, 2016, Falcon 9 flight 23, the third flight of the full-thrust version, delivered the SpaceX CRS-8 cargo on its way to the International Space Station while the first stage conducted a boostback and re-entry maneuver over the Atlantic Ocean. Nine minutes after liftoff, the booster landed vertically on the drone ship Of Course I Still Love You,  from the Florida coastline, achieving a long-sought-after milestone for the SpaceX reusability development program.

This stage, serial number B1021, was refurbished and flown again in March 2017 for the SES-10 mission, setting another milestone in the development of reusable rockets.

Flight 24: first return from GTO mission

On May 6, 2016, Falcon 9 flight 24 delivered the JCSAT-14 satellite on a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) while the first stage conducted a re-entry burn under ballistic conditions without prior boostback. Following the controlled descent through the atmosphere, the booster executed a short landing burn  as it approached the drone ship Of Course I Still Love You, and succeeded in landing vertically. This second landing at sea was more difficult than the previous one because the booster at separation was traveling about  compared to  on the CRS-8 launch to low Earth orbit. Pursuing their experiments to test the limits of the flight envelope, SpaceX opted for a shorter landing burn with three engines instead of the single-engine burns seen in earlier attempts; this approach consumes less fuel by leaving the stage in free fall as long as possible and decelerating more sharply, thereby minimizing the amount of energy expended to counter gravity. Elon Musk indicated this first stage may not be flown again and will instead be used as a life leader for ground tests to confirm future first stage rockets are good.

Flight 25
On May 27, 2016, Falcon 9 flight 25 delivered THAICOM 8 to a supersynchronous transfer orbit; despite high re-entry speed, the first stage again landed successfully on the SpaceX drone ship.  The landing crushed a "crush core" in one leg, leading to a notable tilt to the stage as it stood on the drone ship.

Flight 26
On June 15, 2016, Falcon 9 flight 26 successfully delivered the Eutelsat 117W B and ABS 2A satellites into GTO. The first stage conducted a re-entry burn and successfully deployed its grid fins, before attempting a landing on the barge. The landing failed in its final moments due to low thrust on one of the first stage engines, caused by the exhaustion of its liquid oxygen fuel supply. That caused the engines to shut down early while the first stage was just above the drone's deck, causing a landing failure.

Flight 27
In the early hours of July 18, 2016, Falcon 9 flight 27, carrying the Dragon spacecraft for the CRS-9 mission was followed by a successful landing of the first stage at Landing Zone 1, Cape Canaveral.

Flight 28
On August 14, 2016, the Falcon 9 flight 28 successfully propelled the Japanese JCSAT-16 telecommunications satellite to a geosynchronous transfer orbit. The first stage re-entered the atmosphere and landed vertically on the Of Course I Still Love You drone ship that was located in the Atlantic Ocean.

Transition to routine reuse

SpaceX continued to return a number of first stages in both ground and sea landings to clarify the procedures needed to re-use flown boosters. The company had hoped to begin offering pre-flown Falcon 9 rocket stages commercially by the end of 2016, but the first re-used booster eventually took off on March 30, 2017, with the SES-10 mission. The booster performed well and was recovered a second time.

In January 2016 Musk evaluated the likelihood of success to approximately 70 percent for landing attempts in 2016, hopefully rising to 90 percent in 2017; he also cautioned that the company expected "a few more RUDs", referring to the term Rapid Unscheduled Disassembly, a humorous euphemism for destruction of the vehicle. Musk's prediction were close to the actual numbers, as five out of eight flown boosters () were recovered in 2016, and 14 out of 14 () in 2017. Three GTO missions for heavy payloads were flown in an expendable configuration, not equipped for landing. Five boosters were flown a second time in 2017, marking the beginning of routine reuse of boosters. In 2018 and 2019, more than half of the missions were flown with reused boosters, by 2021 over 90% of the flights reused boosters from previous flights.

See also

 SpaceX reusable launch system development program
 List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches
 List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters

References

External links
 Video of CRS-3 first-stage landing test, April 2014:  low quality, corrupted data and higher quality, after video frames recovered by open-source recovery effort by NSF team.
 On-board camera video of ORBCOMM Mission-1 first-stage landing test: Falcon 9 First Stage Return : ORBCOMM Mission, SpaceX-released video of the controlled descent test, July 2014.
 Chase-plane camera video of ORBCOMM Mission-1 first-stage landing test: Falcon 9 First Stage Reentry Footage from Plane, SpaceX-released video of the controlled descent test, released August 14, 2014.

Engineering projects
SpaceX launch vehicles
Articles containing video clips
2013 in spaceflight
2014 in spaceflight
2015 in spaceflight
Falcon 9


title: Sergief Island

text:
Sergief Island is an island in the Alexander Archipelago, Alaska, located east of Mitkof Island and north of Kadin Island near the mouth of the Stikine River. It lies within the Tongass National Forest.

Islands of Alaska
Islands of the Alexander Archipelago
Islands of Wrangell, Alaska


title: Berkeley (1913)

text:
Berkeley was a car manufacturer that traded in 1913, building 18 hp cars. The engine was quoted as a 75x100, 1764 cc unit of unknown origin and the nominal list price was £120. Little else is known of them.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom


title: The Squeaky Wheel

text:
The Squeaky Wheel (a nickname given by radio listeners) is a utility shortwave radio station that broadcasts a distinctive sound.
From around 2000 until 2008 the station's attention tone was a high-pitched two tone signal that vaguely resembled a squeaky wheel. From 2008 the channel marker changed to two different tones in a short sequence repeated with a short silent gap. The frequencies were 5473 kHz (day) and 3828 kHz (night). Several times voice messages in Russian military format have been reported. The exact transmitter site is unknown, but is thought to be near Rostov-on-Don, Russia. The signal strength is weak in Central Europe and the signal sometimes even disappears for days in the noise.

Other frequencies observed are 3650 kHz, 3815 kHz, 5474 kHz, and 5641 kHz.

The Enigma designation is S32 with S indicating Slavic language. However, from 2000 to 2005 it was designated XSW when voice on the station was unknown.

References

External links
 The Squeaky Wheel on Priyom.org
 The Squeaky Wheel

Numbers stations
Radio in Russia
Radio stations established in 2000
2000 establishments in Russia


title: Tom Higham

text:
Tom or Thomas Higham may refer to:
Tom Higham (rugby league), player for the Sydney Roosters in 1966
Tom Higham, half of Aquilo, UK music duo
Tom Higham, designer of Triumph Bonneville T140D Special motorbike
Thomas Higham (archaeologist), archaeologist
Thomas Higham, 18th-century squire of Cold Higham, Northamptonshire, England


title: Thericleidae

text:
The Thericleidae are a family of grasshoppers within the order Orthoptera and superfamily Eumastacoidea. They have exceptionally stubby antennae even for the Caelifera, with most species have a characteristic "horse-headed" look in profile.

The family occurs in Africa, most members living in small trees and shrubs rather than forbs or grasses.

The type genus is Thericles Stål, 1875. They are obscure insects, not well known to the public, but nonetheless have a few common names, including "monkey grasshoppers", whether because of the head shape, or because they are very agile in leaping about among the twigs of the trees they inhabit, is not clear. They also are called "bush hoppers", a name they share with the closely related Euschmidtiidae.

Subfamilies and selected Genera
 Afromastacinae Descamps, 1977
 Afromastax Descamps, 1977
 Clerithes Bolívar, 1914
 Barythericleinae Descamps, 1977 (monotypic)
 Barythericles Descamps, 1977
 Chromothericleinae Descamps, 1977
 Acanthothericles Descamps, 1977
 Chromothericles Descamps, 1977
 Dimorphothericles Descamps, 1977
 Loxicephalinae Descamps, 1977 (monotypic)
 Loxicephala Descamps, 1977
 Plagiotriptinae Bolívar, 1914
 Phaulotypus Burr, 1899
 Plagiotriptus Karsch, 1889
 Socotrella (insect) Popov, 1957
 Thericleinae Burr, 1899
 Lophothericles Descamps, 1977
 Thericles Stål, 1875
 incertae sedis
 Smilethericles Baccetti, 1997

References

Orthoptera families
Caelifera


title: Night Zero (The Strain)

text:
"Night Zero" is the first episode of the American television series The Strain. It first aired on FX on July 13, 2014.

Plot
A disturbance inside the cargo hold of an inbound jet to JFK International Airport alarms the flight crew. Upon landing, the plane immediately loses all contact with ground control and all but one window shade are drawn. It is feared everyone aboard is incapacitated, possibly by a contagion or some other mechanism. The CDC Canary team, headed by Dr. Ephraim Goodweather, is called to investigate. Goodweather and Dr. Nora Martinez enter the plane, finding all passengers seemingly dead. They also discover strange parasitic worms on the plane and fear an Ebola-like plague could break out. Four people are unexpectedly found alive, including the pilot, Doyle Redfern, though none know what happened. While at JFK, Goodweather is approached by Abraham Setrakian, an elderly Armenian Harlem pawnbroker who insists the victims' bodies must be destroyed and the elaborately carved, coffin-like cabinet that was removed from the stricken plane's hold must not leave the airport. An airport official is attacked and killed by an enormous human-like creature that uses a throat appendage to suck out blood, before smashing his head. Meanwhile, recently paroled Gus Elizalde is hired by Mr. Eichhorst, a mysterious man connected to Eldrich Palmer, a wealthy and powerful entrepreneur. Gus is to retrieve the cabinet from the airport, and Eichhorst assures him there will be no difficulty in removing it. When Eph and Nora discover the cabinet missing, they are unaware that Jim Kent, their CDC co-worker, allowed its release from the quarantine area after seeing a business card given to Gus by Eichorst. A pathologist examines several of the bodies, finding perfectly made incisions in their necks and strange growths on their hearts. While
Examining a heart, the pathologist witnesses numerous worms come out from it before he is attacked by the now risen corpses of the victims. As Gus drives the coffin into the city, Emma, one of the deceased passengers arrives home into the arms of her grieving father.

Production
In September 2012, it was announced that FX had acquired the rights to The Strain trilogy of novels by Guillermo del Toro and Chuck Hogan, and ordered a pilot episode to be directed and executive produced by del Toro and co-written by del Toro and Hogan. Carlton Cuse would help develop the project and serve as executive producer and showrunner on the series, which was envisioned as having a limited run of three to five seasons.

The pilot episode began principal photography on September 17, 2013, in Toronto, Canada. The 13-episode series order was announced on November 19, 2013. The airport scenes were filmed at Toronto International Airport, and the interior airplane scenes were filmed on the same set used in Stoll's previous film Non-Stop. The pilot adapts the first 150 pages of the first novel, which is 300 pages long. The remainder of the first season comprises an expanded version of the novel's second half.

Lauren Lee Smith was originally cast as Kelly Goodweather, but was replaced by Natalie Brown two weeks before production on the pilot began. John Hurt played Abraham Setrakian in the original version of the pilot. Principal photography was postponed to accommodate Hurt's shooting schedule. Hurt dropped out after filming, and was replaced by David Bradley for the series; del Toro reshot Hurt's scenes with the new actor.

Reception
Early reviews followed the episode's world premiere at the ATX Television Festival in Austin, Texas in June 2014. Writing for the International Business Times, Amanda Remling called it "one of del Toro's most jaw-dropping creations yet", praising the focus on suspense rather than gore, and favorably compared the "insane" closing sequence to the "mind-blowing deaths" on Game of Thrones and The Walking Dead. Meredith Borders of Badass Digest said that the pilot looked "incredibly cinematic and, frankly, expensive", but opined that it would have benefited from a longer runtime and slower pace. She said that the episode was not necessarily scary, but "a lot of fun", with moments that were "incredibly gory in a way that will make the most ardent grue-lover clap with glee". She praised the cast, particularly Corey Stoll, who had her "rooting for a complicated character in the first sixty seconds of our acquaintance with him".

Elizabeth Harper of The Escapist wrote that the episode had "the look and feel of del Toro's work" and was particularly reminiscent of Pacific Rim, "spinning a brightly colored world inhabited by an equally vibrant cast of characters." She said that the characters, while not "entirely unique", display "quirks that give them life beyond simple stereotypes", and wrote that the moody and dramatic lighting, while unnatural, added to the supernatural feeling and created a fittingly stylized world.

References

External links

2014 American television episodes
American television series premieres
Works by Guillermo del Toro


title: Getting Her Man

text:
Getting Her Man is a 1924 silent film comedy starring Ora Carew. The independent Renown Pictures released the film. A print is preserved at the Library of Congress.

Cast
 Ora Carew as Doris Stanton
 Jay Morley as Ben Daniels
 Arthur Wellington as Warren Bates
 Hal Stephens as Bates' assistant

References

External links

1924 films
American silent feature films
1924 comedy films
Silent American comedy films
American black-and-white films
1920s American films


title: Acanthothericles

text:
Acanthothericles is a genus of thericleid orthopteran. It includes the following species:

 Acanthothericles bicoloripes Descamps, 1977 — Morogoro pretty grasshopper
 Acanthothericles rubriventris Descamps, 1977

Both species are found in Tanzania.

References

Caelifera genera


title: List of honours received by Sepp Blatter

text:
Joseph "Sepp" Blatter (born 10 March 1936) is a Swiss sports administrator who, from 1998 to 2015, served as the eighth president of FIFA, the world governing body of association football. Before being banned from football for eight years in 2015, Blatter has received numerous honours and awards from nation states, sport governing bodies, special interest groups, universities, and cities.

Individual honours
Individual honours awarded to Blatter include the American Global Award for Peace, and the title of "International Humanitarian of the Year" and the "Golden Charter of Peace and Humanitarianism" from the International Humanitarian League for Peace and Tolerance.

Blatter's efforts for peace have also won him a limited edition watch, the "Dove of Geneva" made by the Swiss watchmakers Quinting.

Blatter has also received Soccerex's "Tenth Anniversary Soccerex Merit Award" and the 'Best World Sports award' from the Graduate School of Business Administration in Zurich, Switzerland, and the South African Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality's 'Golden Key Recognition Trophy'.

Foreign honours
Appointments

Honorary degrees
University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, 2011
De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom, 2005 withdrawn 22 December 2015
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 2006
International University, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007
Azerbaijan State Academy of Physical Training and Sport, Baku, Azerbaijan
An honorary diploma from the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev.

Honorary citizenships
East Timor made Blatter an honorary citizen in 2011. Blatter has also been awarded honorary citizenships from the cities of Bangkok (2006), Guatemala City and Managua in 2011. Blatter was appointed an honorary citizen of Visp, his hometown in southwestern Switzerland, in 2006.

Sports association honours
Honours from sport governing bodies and associations awarded to Blatter include the Order of Olympic Merit from the International Olympic Committee, the 'Global Award for Peace' from the International Amateur Athletic Association, and honorary memberships of the German Football Association, Swiss Football Association, the Swiss Olympic Association, and Real Madrid C.F. Blatter has also been awarded the 'Necklace of Honour' from the Ecuadorian Football Federation in 2010, the Asian Football Confederation's Diamond of Asia Award in 2006 and UEFA's Order of Merit in Diamond in 2004.

References

Blatter, Sepp
honours


title: Artie Resnick

text:
Arthur Resnick (born 1937) is an American songwriter, record producer and musician.  His most successful songs as a writer include "Under the Boardwalk" (co-written with Kenny Young), "Good Lovin'" (co-written with Rudy Clark), and "Yummy Yummy Yummy" (co-written with Joey Levine).

Biography
Resnick grew up in New York City and attended Valley Forge Military Academy.

He had his first success as a songwriter in 1961 with "Chip Chip", a top 10 hit for Gene McDaniels co-written by Resnick, Jeff Barry and Clifford Crawford.<ref name=musicvf>[http://www.musicvf.com/songs.php?page=artist&artist=Arthur+Resnick&tab=songaswriterchartstab  Arthur Resnick credits, MusicVF.com]; retrieved June 18, 2014.</ref>

Another early success was "Under the Boardwalk", co-written with Kenny Young and a US no. 4 hit for The Drifters in 1964. It was covered by The Rolling Stones in 1964 and was released as a single-only in Australia, South Africa and Rhodesia. It peaked at no. 1 in the first two and at 2 in Rhodesia. It appeared on their albums 12 X 5 and The Rolling Stones No. 2.

Resnick and Young also wrote "One Kiss for Old Times Sake" and "A Little Bit of Heaven", both hits for Ronnie Dove in 1965. With Rudy Clark, Resnick co-wrote "Good Lovin'"; first recorded by The Olympics, it became a US no.1 hit for The Young Rascals in 1966.

In 1966 he formed a recording group, The Third Rail, with his wife Kris — also a successful songwriter — and Joey Levine.  Their single "Run Run Run" reached no.53 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1967, and that same year the LP Id Music was released on Epic Records.  Resnick and Levine established a songwriting and producing partnership as part of the Super K Productions bubblegum pop empire set up by Jerry Kasenetz and Jeffry Katz, writing hit songs for the Ohio Express ("Yummy Yummy Yummy", "Chewy Chewy", and "Mercy"), and the Kasenetz-Katz Singing Orchestral Circus ("Quick Joey Small").Artie Wayne, "Play Me Something Bubblegummy...", Artie Wayne on the Web, October 29, 2006; retrieved June 18, 2014.  He also released a single, "Balloon Man", under his own name on White Whale Records in 1969.

In 1994, Resnick, together with Mark Barkan and Robert Harari, co-wrote and co-produced an album of horror-themed songs, Scaree Tales'', which was also performed on Broadway.

Resnick, and his co-writer on "Under The Boardwalk" and "Sand In My Shoes," Kenny Young, were nominated for induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2012.

References

1937 births
Living people
American male songwriters
Songwriters from New York (state)


title: Radar Operations Center

text:
The Radar Operations Center (ROC) is a National Weather Service (NWS) unit that coordinates the development, maintenance, and training for the NEXRAD weather radar network. It is located at the National Weather Center (NWC) in Norman, Oklahoma and run by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the Department of Commerce with partners at the Department of Defense and the Department of Transportation.

ROC consists of four branches: Applications, Engineering, Operations, and Program. ROC also works with the Federal Aviation Administration's Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) network.

See also
 Warning Decision Training Division (WDTD)
 National Weather Service Training Center (NWSTC)
 National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL)

References

External links
 Radar Operations Center (ROC)
 ROC Facebook, Twitter, Youtube
 Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology (OFCM)
 NWS Change Management Section: NEXRAD
 NWS Engineering Management Reporting System (EMRS)

National Weather Service


title: Cone Island, Alaska

text:
Cone Island is a small island in the Alexander Archipelago of Alaska, situated south of Revillagigedo Island near Ketchikan.

Islands of Alaska
Islands of the Alexander Archipelago


title: John Casti

text:
John L. Casti (born 1943) is an author, complexity scientist, systems theorist, mathematician and entrepreneur.

As an author
Over the course of his extensive career, Casti has dedicated himself to writing across a variety of fields. Casti has written more than 120 scientific articles, seven technical monographs and textbooks on mathematical modeling. He was also the former editor of the journals Applied Mathematics & Computation and Complexity.

Casti has written 14 popular books on science. These include Paradigms Lost: Images of Man in the Mirror of Science, which addresses several of the most puzzling controversies in modern science; Searching for Certainty: What Scientists Can Know About the Future, a volume dealing with problems of scientific prediction and explanation of everyday events like the weather, stock market price movements and the outbreak of warfare; and Complexification, a study of complex systems and the manner in which they give rise to counterintuitive, surprising behavior.  In addition, he published Would-Be Worlds in 1996, a volume on computer simulation and the way it promises to change the way scientific exploration is conducted.

Meanwhile, Dr. Casti has also written three popular volumes on mathematics: Five Golden Rules: Great Theories of 20th-Century Mathematics---and Why They Matter, a sequel, Five More Golden Rules, and Mathematical Mountaintops: The Five Most Famous Problems of All Time, published and later recalled by Oxford University Press. In 1992, he published Reality Rules, a two-volume text on mathematical modeling. As a matter of fact, Casti's contributions to mathematical writing have garnered accolades. In 1989, his written work Alternate Realities: Mathematical Models of Nature and Man was awarded a prize by the Association of American Publishers in a competition among all scholarly books published in mathematics and the natural sciences.

In recent years, Casti has shifted his literary focus to science fiction. In 1998 he published The Cambridge Quintet, a volume of scientific fiction involving Ludwig Wittgenstein, Alan Turing, J. B. S. Haldane, C. P. Snow and Erwin Schrödinger in a fictional dinner-party conversation centered about the question of the uniqueness of human cognition and the possibility of thinking machines. More recently, his published books include Art & Complexity, a volume edited with A. Karlqvist, as well as a short volume on the life of Kurt Gödel published in 2003 titled Gödel: A Life of Logic. In the same year he published the volume, The One, True, Platonic Heaven, which addresses in a fictional format the question of the limits to scientific knowledge. The volume on art and complexity sparked off a continuing interest in the interrelationship between complex systems and artistic forms of all types, which is reflected in a set of papers currently in preparation addressing the complexity of scientific theories regarded as artistic forms.

In other literary pursuits, he published a neo-noir thriller entitled Prey for Me in 2020.

Plagiarism
In 2002, Casti's newest book, Mathematical Mountaintops, was recalled by Oxford University Press due to "rampant plagiarism". According to the New York Times, in the book, Casti had "lifted" passages and images from mathematicians and writers such as Thomas Callister Hales, William Dunham, Barry Arthur Cipra, and Simon Singh

In another incident two years later, Casti retracted one of his articles, "Losing games for your winning play", that had been published in the journal Complexity. In the retraction notice, Casti admitted that it had been "... plagiarized in its entirety from the article by Erica Klarreich, 'Playing Both Sides' in the January/February issue of The Sciences." Casti apologized to Klarreich, as well as to Paul Davies, for plagiarizing their work.

Mathematician
As a mathematician and researcher, Casti received his Ph.D. under Richard Bellman at the University of Southern California. He worked at the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California, and served on the faculties of the University of Arizona, New York University and Princeton University, before moving to Vienna in 1973 to become one of the first members of the research staff at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, Austria. In 1986, he left IIASA to take up a position as a professor of operations research and system theory at the Technical University of Vienna. He also served as a member of the External Faculty of the Santa Fe Institute in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, from 1992 to 2002, where he worked extensively on the application of biological metaphors to the mathematical modeling of problems in economics, finance and road-traffic networks, as well as on large-scale computer simulations for the study of such networks.

His primary research interests have shifted somewhat in recent years from the natural sciences to the exploration of questions in the social and behavioral realm. One thread has been exploration of the relationship between the social "mood" of a population and its biasing effect on actions and behaviors. In this direction, his 2010 book, Mood Matters: From Rising Skirt Lengths to the Collapse of World Powers, addresses the directions and patterns of social causation and their implications for future trends and collective social events, such as styles in popular culture, the outcome of political processes, and even the rise and fall of civilizations. His most recent book is X-EVENTS: The Collapse of Everything, which addresses the underlying cause of extreme events generated by human inattention, misunderstanding, error, stupidity, or malevolent intent.

Entrepreneur

Casti formed two companies in Santa Fe and London in 2000, Qforma, Inc. and SimWorld, Ltd, respectively, devoted to the employment of tools and concepts from modern system theory for the solution of problems in business and finance, as well as health care. Qforma merged with SkilaMederi in June 2013. In early 2005 he returned to Vienna, where he co-founded The Kenos Circle, a professional society that aims to make use of complexity science in order to gain a deeper insight into the future than that offered by more conventional statistical tools.

For several years, Professor Casti was a Senior Research Scholar at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Laxenburg, Austria, where he created an initiative for the study on Extreme Events in Human Society. In January 2012, he left IIASA to form a new research institute in Vienna, The X-Center, devoted to the study of human-caused extreme events. The X-Center has now expanded to a network of affiliated X-Centers in Helsinki, Tokyo, Seoul, New York and Singapore. Since early 2013, Dr. Casti has been serving as a senior research fellow at the Center for Complex Systems and Enterprises at the Stevens Institute of Technology in the USA. Casti co-founded X-Events Dynamics LLC in 2017 to focus on extreme events in business and government.

Bibliography

  (Withdrawn for plagiarism, 2002.)

References

Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Writers from Santa Fe, New Mexico
Mathematicians from Vienna
University of Southern California alumni
1943 births
American male writers
People involved in plagiarism controversies
Santa Fe Institute people
American expatriates in Austria


Acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase-1 (ALCAT1) is a polyglycerophospholipid acyltransferase of the endoplasmic reticulum which is primarily known for catalyzing the acylation of monolysocardiolipin back into cardiolipin, although it does catalyze the acylation of other polyglycerophospholipids.

Overall reaction:
monolysocardiolipin(MLCL) + acyl-CoA = cardiolipin + CoA

ALCAT1 is widely distributed throughout the body, with the highest concentrations being in the heart and liver.

Mechanism
ALCAT1 shares similar mechanism with other acyltransferases that facilitates biosynthesis of esters from acyl-CoA and alcohol. In the first step, the free hydroxyl group on monolysocardiolipin is deprotonated to make a good nucleophilic attacker.

Biological Function
A cardiolipin molecule achieves optimal biochemical functionality when all four fatty acyls it incorporates are linoleic. This composition of fatty acyl is also known as tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin (TLCL). However, newly synthesized cardiolipin, also known as nascent cardiolipin, does not have such fatty acyl composition. Nascent cardiolipin has to go through a remodeling process, which involves deacylation to monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), then re-acylation back to cardiolipin (ideally TLCL). When first discovered, ALCAT1 was believed to be a member of the group of enzymes that facilitates this important re-acylation of MLCL to TLCL. However, after comparing its activity with other members within this group, including MLCLAT and Tafazzin (TAZ), new theories have been proposed to correlate ALCAT1 activity with oxidative stress and aging.

Relation to Oxidative Stress and Aging

While competing against MLCLAT and Tafazzin (TAZ) in re-acylation of MLCL back to cardiolipin, ALCAT1 has much worse selectivity in linoleic acyl. ALCAT1 occasionally remodels cardiolipins with very-long-chain fatty acyls, such as docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic, leading to cardiolipins with not only non-optimal functionality compared to that of tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin (TLCL), but also vulnerability to oxidation. Subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction leads to more oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and consequently faster depletion of physiological cardiolipin due to oxidation. Moreover, the activity of ALCAT1 is up-regulated by oxidative stress, which closes the loop of a vicious cycle that is implicated in the  pathogenesis of various age-related diseases.

In animal studies, knockout of ALCAT1 improved cardiac function and inhibited the injury of the heart and kidney in mice with myocardial infraction. An increase of ALCAT1 level has been observed in skeletal muscles of denervation rats. Deficiency of ALCAT1 gene prevented mitochondrial fragmentation from oxidative stress and increased the thickness of the skeletal muscle fibers. Additionally, inhibition of ALCAT1 prevented SOD1 protein aggregation and attenuated skeletal muscle atrophy in SOD1 transgenic mice.

Clinical Significance

Accumulating evidence suggests that over-expression of ALCAT1 is involved in pathological cardiolipin remodeling and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Up-regulated expression of ALCAT1 can increase the fraction of cardiolipins with aberrant acyl compositions including enrichment of cardiolipins with docosahexaenoic acid, leading to tetralinoleoyl cardiolipins (TLCL) depletion. That renders cardiolipins high sensitivity to oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction associated with various metabolic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, coronary heart disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Therefore, ALCAT1 is suggested as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of these diseases.

References

EC 2.3


title: List of Hungarian sportspeople

text:
This is a partial list of Hungarian sportspeople. For the full plain list of Hungarian sportspeople on Wikipedia, see :Category:Hungarian sportspeople.

Athletics

Rudolf Bauer
Ibolya Csák
József Csermák
Nándor Dáni
Lajos Gönczy
Olga Gyarmati
Gyula Kellner
Antal Kiss
Balázs Kiss
Jolán Kleiber-Kontsek
József Kovács
Zoltán Kővágó
Gergely Kulcsár
Anita Márton
Angéla Németh
Imre Németh
Miklós Németh
Krisztián Pars
Sándor Rozsnyói
Márta Rudas
Elemér Somfay
István Somodi
Béla Szepes
Alajos Szokolyi
Annamária Tóth
Gyula Zsivótzky

Boxing
Zoltán Béres
István Kovács
György Mizsei
László Papp

Canoeing

Attila Ábrahám
Attila Adrovicz
Ferenc Csipes
Kinga Czigány
Rudolf Dombi
Éva Dónusz
Natasa Dusev-Janics
Krisztina Fazekas Zur
László Fidel
Zsolt Gyulay
Csaba Horváth
Gábor Horváth
Zoltán Kammerer
Rita Kőbán
Roland Kökény
György Kolonics
Katalin Kovács
Danuta Kozák
Tamás Kulifai
Erika Mészáros
Dániel Pauman
Imre Pulai
András Rajna
Botond Storcz
Gabriella Szabó
Dávid Tóth
György Zala

Equestrian
József von Platthy

Fencing

Péter Abay
  Peter Bakonyi (1933–1997)
Imre Bujdosó
Dezső Földes
Jenő Fuchs
Oszkár Gerde
Ferenc Hegedűs
Géza Imre
Ernő Kolczonay
Iván Kovács
Csaba Köves
Krisztián Kulcsár
Tímea Nagy
József Navarrete
György Nébald
Bence Szabó
Gyöngyi Szalay-Horváth
Áron Szilágyi
Péter Tóth
Gábor Totola
Ildikó Újlaky-Rejtő
Lajos Werkner

Figure skating
Andrea Kékesy
Ede Király
László Nagy
Marianna Nagy
Krisztina Regőczy
Emília Rotter
András Sallay
László Szollás

Football

 Tibor Bábik
 Gyula Bádonyi
 Endre Bajúsz
 Tibor Baranyai
 József Braun
 Gábor Brlázs
 József Bujáki
 László Cseke
 Richárd Csepregi
 Domenico D'Alberto
 Attila Dorogi
 Tamás Filó
 Emil Gabrovitz
 Tamás Györök
 Ladislav Izsák
 Tibor Kalina
Adolf Kertész (1892–1920)
 Gyula Kertész (1888–1982)
Vilmos Kertész (1890–1962)
 Ádám Kisznyér
 Szilárd Kovács
 Tamás Lapsánszki
 Péter Lelkes
 Dániel Lettrich
 László Megyesi
 Kálmán Menyhárt
 Ferenc Szilveszter
 Imre Taussig
 József Ursz
Antal Vágó
 Viktor Valentényi

Gymnastics
Krisztián Berki
Szilveszter Csollány
Anikó Ducza-Jánosi
Márta Egervári
Vid Hidvégi
Ágnes Keleti
Margit Korondi
Olga Lemhényi-Tass
Katalin Makray
Henrietta Ónodi
Ferenc Pataki
István Pelle

Judo
József Csák
Éva Csernoviczki
Imre Csösz
Bertalan Hajtós
Tibor Kincses
Antal Kovács
András Ozsvár
József Tuncsik
Miklós Ungvári

Modern pentathlon
Ádám Marosi
János Martinek
Attila Mizsér

Rowing
József Csermely
Károly Levitzky
Antal Melis
Zoltán Melis
György Sarlós
Antal Szendey
Róbert Zimonyi
Béla Zsitnik

Sailing
Szabolcs Detre
Zsolt Detre

Swimming

Péter Bernek
Attila Czene
László Cseh
Ferenc Csik
Tamás Darnyi
Krisztina Egerszegi
Márta Egerváry
Károly Güttler
Andrea Gyarmati
Dániel Gyurta
Gergely Gyurta
Alfréd Hajós
Zoltán Halmay
Katinka Hosszú
Zsuzsanna Jakabos
Géza Kiss
Ágnes Kovács
Éva Risztov
Norbert Rózsa
Tünde Szabó
Éva Székely
Evelyn Verrasztó

Tennis
József Asbóth
Tímea Babos
Zsuzsa Körmöczy
Ágnes Szávay
Balázs Taróczy
Andrea Temesvári

Wrestling
Péter Farkas
Gábor Hatos
Garry Kallos
Tamás Lőrincz
Péter Módos
Attila Repka
Richárd Weisz

See also
Sport in Hungary
Hungary at the Olympics
Hungary at the Paralympics

Hungary

Sports


title: Ryan Higgins (English cricketer)

text:
Ryan Francis Higgins (born 6 January 1995) is a professional cricketer who plays for Middlesex.

He is a right-handed batter who bowls right arm medium pace.

Born in Harare, Zimbabwe, he attended Ruzawi School, before moving to the UK, where he began his career with Middlesex, making his professional debut in the 2014 NatWest t20 Blast against Somerset in 2014. His first-class debut came against Yorkshire three years later, and at the end of the 2017 season, he signed for Gloucestershire on a three-year contract. In September 2019, Higgins was shortlisted for the Professional Cricketers Association, Players Player of the Year award.

In April 2022, he was drafted by the Welsh Fire for the 2022 season of The Hundred.

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
Zimbabwean emigrants to the United Kingdom
Welsh Fire cricketers
Cricketers from Harare


title: Achnatherum roshevitzii

text:
Achnatherum roshevitzii (Roshevich's achnatherum) is a species of grass that is endemic to Azerbaijan, and is only known from the Quba District. It occurs on sandy grasslands in lower montane areas. This species is threatened by overgrazing and hay making activities, and there are no conservation measures in place.

References

roshevitzii
Bunchgrasses of Asia
Endemic flora of Azerbaijan
Vulnerable flora of Asia


title: 2014 Diamond Tour

text:
The 2014 Diamand Tour was a women's bicycle race in Nijlen, Belgium. It was held on 15une over a distance of . It was rated by the UCI as a 1.2 category race.

Results

References

2014 in Belgian sport
Cycle races in Belgium
Women's road bicycle races
2014 in road cycling


title: Rich Iott

text:
Richard Bradley "Rich" Iott (born October 25, 1951) is a President at Braeburn Entertainment, Ltd  and was the 2010 Republican nominee for United States Representative for Ohio's 9th District. A lifelong resident of Ohio, he is a former grocery executive, and is now a film producer and an active investor in a number of small businesses.

Early life and education
Iott is the son of grocers Wallace "Wally" Iott and Jeanette Iott of Toledo, Ohio. He attended parochial grade school and graduated from Sylvania High School (now Northview) in 1969. Iott wanted to enlist in the military during the Vietnam War era, but was refused due to a heart murmur. He attended Hillsdale College, but did not graduate.

Career
He worked in the family grocery business, which grew to be the Seaway Food Town regional chain of 75 supermarkets and drug stores. He started out in clerk jobs in 1966 then moved up into management, becoming the President of the corporation in 1989. He was CEO from 1996 until the business was merged with Spartan Stores in 2000.

Since leaving the grocery business, Iott has become involved with start-up companies, ranging from 3D imaging to salsa making. He is also a filmmaker, producing over thirty feature films, mainly as an executive producer, between 2007 and the present, including films for the SyFy Channel, Lifetime Channel, a 3D family film Call of the Wild and the multiple award-winning  Beautiful Boy starring Michael Sheen and Maria Bello. He was co-founder of Toledo's Black Swamp International Film Festival in 2009 and is also a member of the Producers Guild of America (PGA).

Military service
Beginning in 1982, Iott served in the Ohio Military Reserve (OHMR), a State Defense Force that is trained to provide logistics and resource support during disasters or threats to homeland security. Iott is a graduate of the United States Marine Corps Command and General Staff College and the United States Air Force Air War College. He also holds a parachutist rating from both the Israeli Defense Force and the Army of The Netherlands. He retired at the rank of Colonel in April 2016 after more than 32 years of service. His last assignment was as the Deputy Commander of the OHMR. Iott is the recipient of the State of Ohio Distinguished Service Medal.

Community service
Iott has been on numerous community boards over the years including the Toledo Zoo, the Toledo Chamber of Commerce, St. Ursula Academy, St. John's Jesuit, Erie Shores Council of the Boy Scouts, and St. Luke's Hospital. He was Chairman of the Ohio Council of Retail Merchants. As president of the Iott Foundation, Iott funded the construction of a three-story expansion of St. Ursula's all-girls Catholic high school in 2006; The Iott Center at St. John's Jesuit, an all-boys Catholic high school in 2009, and the Iott Scout Shop at the new Erie Shores Council, B.S.A. headquarters in 2013.

2010 U.S. House campaign

Iott began his run for Congress as an independent, announcing his candidacy in late January 2010. Of his lack of political experience, Iott said, "That is exactly my qualification," and, "I am not a politician, never have been, and don't intend to become one." Following complaints by members of the Tea Party movement that having a conservative independent and a conservative Republican on the November ballot would split the vote, Iott dropped his independent candidacy and ran in the Republican primary against Jack Smith, a retired Toledo police chief and Vietnam veteran. Iott defeated Smith on May 4, with 12,668 votes to Smith's 4,729.

Iott's opponent in the general election was Democratic nominee Marcy Kaptur; initially Libertarian candidate Jeremy D. Swartz who withdrew so the Libertarian Party of Ohio replaced him by appointing Joseph Michael Jaffe. Several media outlets described Iott as a Tea Party favorite. His campaign was largely self-financed, with $823,100 in loan contributions coming from Iott as of June 30, 2010. As of September 30, Iott had raised and spent $1.5 million, with approximately $1.4 million in candidate self-financing through loans.

Iott lost the election to incumbent Democrat Marcy Kaptur by 35,822 votes. He won Ottawa and Lorain counties, split Erie county and lost Lucas county. This represented a 59%-41% victory.

"Who Killed Food Town" controversy
The Marcy Kaptur Campaign maintained that Iott was unfit for office because he had "run the company into the ground", "took the money and ran", and put "5,000 people out of work". This was promoted through an intense television, radio, newspaper, and social media campaign, with the assistance of the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) union local. Reporters Lara Seligman, Michael Morse and Eugene Kiely of FactCheck.Org released a well researched story on September 17, 2010, which stated that the allegations were all false and misleading.

The article said "the company prospered during the years that Rich Iott served as president and CEO, from 1996 to 2000. In July 1999, the company reported its best ever third-quarter financial results. During the fiscal 1999 third quarter, the company reported that sales increased 8.3 percent to $167.3 million, up from $154.6 million the year before. The company opened three new stores between 1998 and 1999."

In October 1999, the Cleveland Plain Dealer described Seaway Food Town as a "well run" hometown grocery store that would be attractive to larger companies at a time when the industry was consolidating. "In the last six months, the company's stock has jumped 130 percent, coming off a fiscal year that saw earnings jump 8 percent to $167.3 million. And from 1994 to 1998, earnings catapulted 300 percent on revenues that increased only 14 percent during the same period."

FactCheck.Org goes on to say it was "wrong to blame Iott for "closing our neighborhood stores," and it goes too far in blaming him for "costing 5,000 people their jobs." Although he was a major player in the decision to merge Food Town with Spartan Stores, there is no evidence that he was involved in the decisions to close Food Town stores. In the end, the ad's summary charge — that Iott "doesn't create jobs, he sells them off" — misrepresents what happened to Food Town and its employees, and who was responsible for it." Spartan did not close the stores until 2003 - three years after Iott had left the company.

The Toledo Blade, the local newspaper, also drew the same conclusions, giving Representative Kaptur the chance to recant or revise her allegations. She chose, instead, to stand by her statements.

Waffen-SS reenactment controversy
Iott received national media attention in October 2010 when it was reported in The Atlantic that he was a member of a Waffen-SS reenactment group that portrays the German SS Division Wiking (German for 'Viking'). The Atlantic also published two pictures of Iott dressed as an SS man that were replicated virally on the internet and by other news sources. Iott told The Atlantic that his interest was historical and that he absolutely does not agree with the tenets of Nazism. He said he joined because reenactments were a hobby and a father-son bonding experience, and that he has participated in a range of reenactments over the years including as a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War, and as American soldiers in World War I and II. Iott's campaign said the candidate had not engaged in any reenactments for about five years.

According to the Toledo Free Press, Iott joined the group in 2002 and was listed on the membership rolls through 2008. In response to the ensuing criticism, Iott said he never intended disrespect towards anyone through his reenactments, and later said the story was a coordinated character assassination attempt by his opponent to distract from the issues. Swastikas were found painted on several of Iott's campaign lawn signs on October 13, 2010, with Iott accusing the Kaptur campaign of "inciting these hateful actions".

A Holocaust survivors' group said that Iott's wearing of the SS uniform was "disgraceful", and the Republican Jewish Coalition called Iott unfit for office. A local rabbi predicted the reaction would be negative and would not be limited to Jewish people. The JTA News Service noted that Iott had not apologized. Some Republican leaders distanced themselves from Iott in the wake of the controversy. House Republican whip Eric Cantor, who is Jewish, told Fox News that he repudiated and did not support Iott's actions. The National Republican Congressional Committee removed Iott from its website list of preferred "contenders". A Jewish friend and movie business partner of Iott offered a defense, calling Iott one of the most pro Jewish and pro Israel people he knows. Toledo City Councilman Rob Ludeman said he was not withdrawing his support of Iott because of one incident in the past. The Lucas County GOP chief continued to back Iott, emphasizing that the county Republican Party organization did not condone Nazis, and adding the claim that this was nothing more than politically motivated mudslinging and an attempt to split the party. U.S. House Minority Leader John Boehner continued to solicit funds for Iott's campaign through his Freedom Project PAC. A Freedom Project spokesman said Boehner was not concerned about the reenactments turning off voters or donors.

Endorsements
The pro-life Susan B. Anthony List Candidate Fund endorsed Iott on July 13, saying he would be a supporter of pro-life issues. The political action committee of the National Federation of Independent Business endorsed Iott on September 23, based on Iott's positions on health care, taxes, and regulation. The Council for Citizens Against Government Waste (the lobbying arm of the Citizens Against Government Waste) endorsed Iott on October 6, saying he had signed the PAC's "No Pork Pledge" and was committed to fiscal conservatism, cutting taxes, and reducing the size of government. Other endorsements came from the Change the Congress in 2010 PAC and the Gun Owners of America Political Victory Fund which gave him a grade of A. Iott received a grade AQ from the NRA Political Victory Fund, which is an A based on how he answered the NRA's questionnaire,

Selected political positions
According to his campaign website, as a candidate Iott advanced these political positions in 2010:
 He stated he would vote to repeal the 2010 health care reform legislation because he believes it is unconstitutional, a "job killer", and will lead to rationing. He stated he would vote for tort reform and would vote to make it possible for people to buy insurance across state lines.
 He opposes the cap and trade energy bill and is in favor of market-driven solutions to energy problems.
 He believes the government bailouts were unconstitutional, a waste of taxpayer money, and a violation of free market principles.
 He pledged never to ask for earmarks when elected to Congress.
 He believes the Social Security system needs to be reformed, but does not believe in privatizing it, increasing the retirement age, changing recipients' benefits, or raising taxes.
 He believes in sealing the borders and deporting all illegal immigrants who come to the attention of law enforcement, and supports Arizona's controversial immigration legislation, Arizona SB 1070.
 He believes that the Iraq War was a success, and supports an escalation of the War in Afghanistan.
 He supports America's participation in international free trade agreements.
 He believes that same-sex marriage is immoral but that making it illegal is a civil violation of equal rights.
 He supports Israel's right to self-defense and says America has an obligation to support it; he opposes a Palestinian state formed by taking land from Israel and a divided Jerusalem, and believes that the UN has become irrelevant.

References

External links
 Rich Iott official site

 Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
 Rich Iott on FactCheck.org

 Rich Iott official blog site
 Rich Iott Rich Iott Entertainment site
 Rich Iott Rich Iott On Spoke

Living people
1951 births
American food industry business executives
Ohio Republicans
Politicians from Toledo, Ohio
Catholics from Ohio


title: Little Green Island (Alaska)

text:
Little Green Island is an island directly south of within the Chugach National Forest in Prince William Sound, Alaska. It lies directly south of Green Island, after which it is named, and north-west of Montague Island.

References

Islands of Alaska
Islands of Chugach Census Area, Alaska
Islands of Unorganized Borough, Alaska


title: Dennis Johnson (disambiguation)

text:
Dennis Johnson (1954–2007) was an American basketball player.

Dennis or Denis Johnson may also refer to:
Denis Johnson (inventor) ( – 1833), British coachmaker and bicycle-maker
Dennis Johnson (politician) (born 1949), American politician
Denis Johnson (1949–2017), American author
Dennis Johnson (defensive tackle) (1951–1997), American football defensive lineman for the Washington Redskins and Buffalo Bills
Dennis Johnson (linebacker) (born 1958), former American football linebacker for the Minnesota Vikings and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Dennis Johnson (fullback) (born 1956), former American football fullback for the Buffalo Bills and New York Giants
Dennis Johnson (defensive end) (born 1979), former American football defensive end  for the Arizona Cardinals and San Francisco 49ers
Dennis Johnson (running back) (born 1990), American football running back
Dennis Johnson (athlete) (1939–2021), Jamaican sprinter
Dennis Johnson (composer) (1938–2018), American mathematician and composer

See also
Dennis Johnsen (born 1998), Norwegian professional footballer
Denis Johnston (1901–1984), Irish writer
Dennis Jonsson (born 1983), Swedish football defender
Dennis Jonsson (speedway rider) (born 1991), Swedish speedway rider


title: Maria Zilda Bethlem

text:
Maria Zilda Bethlem (born October 20, 1951), also known as Maria Zilda, is a Brazilian actress. She is known for the role of Verônica in the Rede Globo telenovela Vereda Tropical.

She won the Best Actress Award at the 1993 Brasília Film Festival for her performance in Vagas para Moças de Fino Trato, also winning the same award at the 2000 Gramado Film Festival for her role in Eu Não Conhecia Tururu.

She was married to television director Roberto Talma, with whom she had her younger son, filmmaker Raphael Vieira. She is also the mother of politician Rodrigo Bethlem from a previous marriage. Rodrigo is the father of her granddaughter, Vitória. In October 2013, it publicly revealed its marriage, that occurred in 2008, with the architect Ana Kalil. In May 2017, she announced that she is separated, during an interview with TV Fama program.

Filmography

References

External links

1951 births
20th-century Brazilian actresses
21st-century Brazilian actresses
Actresses from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian film actresses
Brazilian stage actresses
Brazilian television actresses
Brazilian LGBT actresses
Living people


title: Holm Putzke

text:
Holm Putzke (1973) is a professor for criminal law at the University of Passau, Germany.

Education and career
Putzke studied law at the Faculty of Law of the University of Bochum and passed the First State Examination in Law 1997, followed by the Second State Examination in Law in 2002. In 2003 he received the PhD in law and 2009 the Master of Laws (LL.M.) at the Jagiellonian University of Kraków/Poland. From 2002 until 2003 he was a graduate teaching assistant at the chair of criminal law, criminal procedure law and general legal philosophy (Professor Dr. Rolf Dietrich Herzberg) at the Faculty of Law, University of Bochum (research in and teaching of criminal law, criminal procedure law and juvenile criminal justice) and from 2003 until 2010 an associate professor at the chair of criminology, criminal policy and police science at the faculty of law, University of Bochum (researcher and lecturer for criminal law, criminal procedure law and juvenile criminal justice). Since 2010 Putzke is a professor (tenured) and works also as a criminal defence lawyer.

He is a member of the advisory boards of the Institute for Secular Law and the Giordano Bruno Foundation. Putzke worked as an expert for the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (2005), and for the project Juveniles' Rights in Criminal Procedure and Guarantees to their Practical Implementation in Kazakhstan on behalf of the Soros Foundation—Kazakhstan (2005), and on behalf European Union in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2003) and Estonia (2003) as well.

Main interests
Putzke's main fields of interest are criminal law, criminal procedural law, criminal law relating to young offenders and relating to economic offenses, and criminology.

Legality of male circumcision
In 2012, Putzke became known  for his work on the legality of male circumcision. On May 7, 2012, a court in Cologne, Germany ruled that circumcision was "inflicting bodily harm on boys too young to consent", deciding that the practice contravenes the "interests of the child to decide later in life on his religious beliefs". This worldwide discussed decision based on the article "Die strafrechtliche Relevanz der Beschneidung von Knaben" ("Criminal Relevance of Circumcising Boys"), published by Holm Putzke in 2008. This article was the first one in Germany which broach the issue; his article had a significant influence for the whole discussion about circumcision as criminal assault in Germany. Putzke's 2008 article set the stage for Germany's legal view of infant circumcision. In the article, he stated, "There are no compelling arguments which can justify a religious circumcision of minors. Without effective consent, the assault is illegal. A physician should refuse to perform a circumcision if it is not medically indicated." In the wake of Germany's controversial ruling, Putzke has been in the media spotlight, receiving threats of drowning and forcible circumcision. Putzke’s work swayed significant the current debate in Germany.

Putzke argues "that medically unnecessary operations should be delayed until a patient is capable of deciding whether to have a part of his genitals cut off".

Bibliography (selection)

Reinhard Merkel; Holm Putzke (2013). After Cologne: male circumcision and the law. Parental right, religious liberty or criminal assault?. In: Journal of Medical Ethics (JME), p. 444–449 .

Holm Putzke; Joerg Scheinfeld; Gisela Klein; Udo Undeutsch (2009). Polygraphische Untersuchungen im Strafprozess. Neues zur faktischen Validität und normativen Zulässigkeit des vom Beschuldigten eingeführten Sachverständigenbeweises. In: Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft 121 (2009), p. 607–644 .
Holm Putzke (2008). Die strafrechtliche Relevanz der Beschneidung von Knaben. Zugleich ein Beitrag über die Grenzen der Einwilligung in Fällen der Personensorge. In: Festschrift für Rolf Dietrich Herzberg, p. 669–709. PDF; 7,12 MB. . Translation: Criminal Relevance of Circumcising Boys. A Contribution to the Limitation of Consent in Cases of Care for the Person of the Child. PDF; 142 KB, translated by Katharina McLarren.

References

External links

 Website from Professor Dr. Holm Putzke at the University of Passau
 Website from Professor Dr. Holm Putzke

Living people
Jurists from Saxony
1973 births
Academic staff of the University of Passau


title: Acianthera hondurensis

text:
Acianthera hondurensis is a species of orchid native to the Atlantic slope of Mexico, Belize and Central America, and is found at elevations of 35–500 m. It is an epiphyte found in humid and riverine forests. It is likely affected by human activities such as agriculture and urban development, but can be found in protected areas such as Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve in México and Laguna Lachuá National Park and Chocón Machacas Protected Biotope in Guatemala.

References

hondurensis
Orchids of Mexico
Orchids of Belize
Orchids of Central America
Flora of Honduras


title: Green Island (Aleutian Islands)

text:
Green Island is immediately west of Adak Island in the Andreanof Islands group of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. There are at least three islands named "Green Island" within Alaska.

Islands of Alaska
Islands of Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska
Islands of Unorganized Borough, Alaska


title: George Cumming (politician)

text:
George Cumming (20 November 1752  – 1 May 1834) was a Scottish politician. He sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom for two periods between 1803 and 1826.

A brother of Sir Alexander Cumming-Gordon, he served with the British East India Company before becoming a financial speculator in London.

He was elected at a by-election in 1803 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Inverness Burghs,
succeeding his brother in the family-controlled seat.
He stood down at the 1806 general election in favour of a relative, Francis Grant. However, control of the seat slipped from his family, and he was defeated when he stood again in 1807.

After an agreement between the rival factions, he was re-elected in 1818 and 1820, and held the seat until 1826.

References

External links

1752 births
1834 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
British East India Company people


title: List of titles and honours of Leonor, Princess of Asturias

text:
Leonor, Princess of Asturias, has received titles, decorations, and honorary appointments as heir presumptive to the throne of Spain.

Titles and styles

As child of Felipe, Prince of Asturias, Leonor was born Infanta of Spain, the title given in Spain to the offspring of the Spanish monarch and the heir of the throne, the Prince or Princess of Asturias. This title carries the dignity of "Royal Highness." After her father accession to the throne, on 19 June 2014 Leonor became Princess of Asturias, Princess of Girona, Princess of Viana, Duchess of Montblanc, Countess of Cervera and Lady of Balaguer, the traditional titles of the heir to the Spanish Crown.

 31 October 200519 June 2014: Her Royal Highness Infanta Leonor of Spain
 19 June 2014present: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Asturias
In former Crown of Aragon territories: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Girona
In former Kingdom of Navarre territory: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Viana

She is also the Duchess of Montblanc, Countess of Cervera and Lady of Balaguer.

Honours
National honours (Shown in order in which appointments were made, not order of precedence)

Military ranks
  Spanish Army
 19 September 2023present: Officer Cadet

Notes

See also
 List of titles and honours of Juan Carlos I of Spain
 List of titles and honours of Queen Sofia of Spain
 List of titles and honours of Felipe VI
 List of titles and honours of Queen Letizia of Spain
 List of honours of the Spanish royal family by country

References

Lists of titles by person of Spain
Spanish monarchy


title: Meconematinae

text:
Meconematinae is a subfamily of the bush crickets, with a worldwide distribution (but very limited representation in Antarctica and North America).

Tribes and genera
In the Orthoptera Species File, the following are listed:

Meconematini
Authority: Burmeister 1838

subtribe Acilacridina
Authority: Gorochov, 2017 - southern Africa
 Acilacris Bolívar, 1890 includes subgenus Aroegas Péringuey, 1916
 Africariola - monotypic: Africariola longicauda Naskrecki, 1996
 Ovonotus Naskrecki & Guta, 2019
 Paracilacris Chopard, 1955
subtribe Meconematina
distribution: mostly Europe & Asia
 Alloxiphidiopsis  Liu & Zhang, 2007
 Amyttosa  Beier, 1965
 Borneratura  Gorochov, 2008
 Brachyamytta  Naskrecki, 2008
 Breviratura  Gorochov, 2008
 Caprixizicus Gorochov, 2022
 Kamerula  Gorochov, 2017
 Leptoteratura  Yamasaki, 1982
 Meconema  Serville, 1831 - Europe
 Naskreckia  Gorochov, 2017
 Odonturisca  Gorochov, 2008
 Parakamerula  Gorochov, 2017
 Proamytta  Beier, 1965
 Rhinoteratura Gorochov, 1993
 Subtilodecma Gorochov, 2022
 Xiphidiola  Bolívar, 1906
 Xiphidiopsis  Redtenbacher, 1891
 Xizicus  Gorochov, 1993
subtribe not assigned

 Anepitacta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 (genus group: Africa)
 Abaxinicephora Gorochov & Kang, 2005
 Acosmetura  Liu, 2000
 Afroconema  Gorochov, 1993
 Afromeconema  Massa, 1997
 Allicyrtaspis  Shi, Bian & Chang, 2013
 Allocyrtopsis  Wang & Liu, 2012
 Alloteratura  Hebard, 1922
 Amytta  Karsch, 1888
 Amyttacta  Beier, 1965
 Amyttella  Beier, 1965
 Amyttopsis  Beier, 1965
 Aphlugiolopsis  Wang, Liu & Li, 2015
 †Archixizicus  Gorochov, 2010
 Asymmetricercus  Mitoki, 1999
 Athaumaspis  Wang & Liu, 2014
 Borneopsis  Gorochov, 2016
 Canariola  Uvarov, 1940
 Cecidophagula  Uvarov, 1939
 Chandozhinskia  Gorochov, 1993
 Cononicephora  Gorochov, 1993
 Cosmetura  Yamasaki, 1983
 Cyrtaspis  Fischer, 1853
 Cyrtopsis  Bey-Bienko, 1962
 Decma  Gorochov, 1993
 Dinoteratura  Gorochov, 1998
 Doicholobosa  Bian, Zhu & Shi, 2017
 †Eogrigoriora - monotypic †E. gracilis Gorochov, 2010
 Eoxizicus Gorochov, 1993
 Epiproctopsis - monotypic E. silvamontana Gorochov, 2016
 Euanisous  Hebard, 1922
 Euxiphidiopsis  Gorochov, 1993
 Exoteratura  Gorochov, 2002
 Gibbomeconema  Ishikawa, 1999
 Gonamytta  Beier, 1965
 Grigoriora  Gorochov, 1993
 Indokuzicus  Gorochov, 1998
 Indoteratura  Ingrisch & Shishodia, 2000
 Kinkiconocephalopsis  Kano, 1999
 Kuzicus  Gorochov, 1993
 Macroteratura Gorochov, 1993
 Megaconema Gorochov, 1993
 Microconema Liu, 2005
 Microconocephalopsis  Tominaga & Kano, 1999
 Nefateratura  Ingrisch & Shishodia, 2000
 Neocononicephora  Gorochov, 1998
 Neocosmetura Xin, Wang & Shi, 2020
 Neocyrtopsides Chang, Wang & Shi, 2021
 Neocyrtopsis  Liu & Zhang, 2007
 Neoxizicus  Gorochov, 1998
 Nicephora  Bolívar, 1900
 Nigrimacula Shi, Bian & Zhou, 2016
 Nipponomeconema  Yamasaki, 1983
 Omkoiana  Sänger & Helfert, 2002
 Orophilopsis  Chopard, 1945
 Paracosmetura  Liu, 2000
 Parakuzicus  Ingrisch & Shishodia, 2000
 Paranicephora  Gorochov, 2001
 Paraphlugiolopsis  Bian & Shi, 2014
 Phlugiolopsis  Zeuner, 1940
 Pseudocosmetura  Liu, Zhou & Bi, 2010
 Pseudokuzicus  Gorochov, 1993
 Pseudoteratura  Gorochov, 1998
 Pseudothaumaspis  Gorochov, 1998
 Pulchroteratura  Tan, Gorochov & Wahab, 2017
 Shikokuconocephalopsis  Kano, 1999
 Shoveliteratura  Shi, Bian & Chang, 2011
 Sinocyrtaspiodea  Shi & Bian, 2013
 Sinocyrtaspis  Liu, 2000
 Sinodecma  Shi, Bian & Chang, 2011
 Sinothaumaspis  Wang, Liu & Li, 2015
 Sinoxizicus  Gorochov & Kang, 2005
 Sumatropsis  Gorochov, 2011
 Taiyalia  Yamasaki, 1992
 Tamdaora Gorochov, 1998
 Teratura  Redtenbacher, 1891
 Tettigoniopsis  Yamasaki, 1982
 Thaumaspis  Bolívar, 1900
 Xiphidonema  Ingrisch, 1987
 Zaxiphidiopsis Gorochov, 1993 (monotypic)

Phisidini
Authority: Jin, 1987 - pan tropical

 subtribe Arachnoscelidina Gorochov, 2013
 Arachnoscelis Karny, 1911 – S. America
 Breviphisis Gorochov, 2017 - Madagascar
 Longiphisis Gorochov, 2017 - Madagascar
 Poecilomerus Karny, 1907 - Madagascar
 Supersonus Sarria-S., Morris, Windmill, Jackson & Montealegre-Z., 2014 – S. America
 subtribe Beiericolyina Jin, 1992
 Beiericolya Kaltenbach, 1968 – Pacific islands
 Estrinia Karny, 1926 – Australia & Pacific islands
 Meiophisis Jin, 1992 – Australia & PNG
 Neophisis Jin, 1990 – Indo-China through to Pacific Islands
 Oceaniphisis Jin, 1992 –Pacific islands
 Paraphisis Karny, 1912  – Australia & PNG
 subtribe Phisidina Jin, 1987
 Afrophisis Jin & Kevan, 1991 - Africa
 subgenus Afrophisis Jin & Kevan, 1991
 subgenus Jinkevania Gorochov, 2017
 Biproctis : B. anatomensis Jin, 1992 – Vanuatu
 Brachyphisis Chopard, 1957 – Indian Ocean Islands
 Carliphisis Jin, 1992 – Malesia
 Comorocolya Hugel, 2012 – Comoros
 Comorophisis Hugel, 2012 – Comoros
 Decolya Bolívar, 1900 -India
 subgenus Decolya Bolívar, 1900
 subgenus Eusrilankana Özdikmen, 2010
 Kevanophisis Jin, 1992 : K. ponapensis Kevan, 1992 – Pacific Islands
 Malagasyphisis: M maromizaha Hugel, 2012 - Madagascar
 Oediphisis: O. petalispina Jin, 1992 - Sulawesi
 Paradecolya Jin, 1992 – Indian Ocean Islands
 Phisis Stål, 1861 – Malesia through to Pacific Islands
 Rodriguesiophisis Hugel, 2010 R. spinifera (Butler, 1876) – Rodrigues Island endemic
 Seselphisis Hugel, 2012 – Seychelles

Phlugidini
Authority: Eichler, 1938 - pan tropical

 Anisophlugis  Chamorro-Rengifo & Olivier, 2017
 Asiophlugis  Gorochov, 1998 - S.E. Asia
 Austrophlugis  Rentz, 2001
 Cephalophlugis  Gorochov, 1998
 Indiamba  Rentz, 2001
 Lucienola  Gurney, 1975
 †Miophlugis  Gorochov, 2010
 Neophlugis  Gorochov, 2012
 Odontophlugis  Gorochov, 1998
 Papuaphlugis  Gorochov, 2012
 Paraphlugiola  Cadena-Castañeda & Gorochov, 2014
 Phlugidia  Kevan, 1993
 Phlugiola  Karny, 1907
 Phlugis  Stål, 1861
 Stenophlugis  Gorochov, 2012
 Speculophlugis Woodrow, 2019

References

External links

Tettigoniidae
Orthoptera subfamilies


title: NZ Independent Coalition

text:
The NZ Independent Coalition is a former political party in New Zealand. The party was founded in January 2014 by Brendan Horan. Horan was expelled from New Zealand First in December 2012 following accusations of taking money from his dying mother's bank account and spending it on gambling. Horan acted an independent Member of Parliament after expulsion, and proposed starting a party in January 2013. In February 2014, the party registered a logo with the Electoral Commission. On 18 June 2014, it applied for registration. The party was registered on 24 July.

The party launched its campaign on 29 July 2014 with a slogan of "safe children, safe whanau, safe society", and promising higher pensions and the removal of tertiary education fees. On 19 August, it announced its party list. The party emphasised electorate representation, and MPs were required to poll their electorates on major issues and vote accordingly.

In the New Zealand General Election, held in September 2014, the party did not win any electorate seats, or enough percentage of the party vote to stay in Parliament. It attracted 872 voters, or 0.04% of total New Zealand voter share. The party was deregistered by the Electoral Commission on 20 May 2016.

Electoral results

References

External links

Political parties in New Zealand
Political parties established in 2014
2014 establishments in New Zealand


title: Long Service Medal, Silver

text:
The Long Service Medal, Silver was instituted by the President of the Republic of Venda in 1985, for award to all ranks for twenty years exemplary service.

The Venda Defence Force
The 900 member Venda Defence Force (VDF) was established upon that country's independence on 13 September 1979. The Republic of Venda ceased to exist on 27 April 1994 and the Venda Defence Force was amalgamated with six other military forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

Institution
The Long Service Medal, Silver was instituted by the President of Venda in 1985. It is the middle award of a set of three medals for long service, along with the Long Service Medal, Gold and the Long Service Medal, Bronze.

Venda's military decorations and medals were modelled on those of the Republic of South Africa and these three medals are the approximate equivalents of, respectively, the Good Service Medal, Gold, the Good Service Medal, Silver and the Good Service Medal, Bronze.

Award criteria
The medal could be awarded to all ranks for twenty years of exemplary service.

Order of wear

Since the Long Service Medal, Silver was authorised for wear by one of the statutory forces which came to be part of the South African National Defence Force on 27 April 1994, it was accorded a position in the official South African order of precedence on that date. The position of the Long Service Medal, Silver in the official order of precedence was revised twice after 1994 to accommodate the inclusion or institution of new decorations and medals, first in April 1996 when decorations and medals were belatedly instituted for the two former non-statutory forces, the Azanian People's Liberation Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe, and again upon the institution of a new set of honours on 27 April 2003.

Venda Defence Force until 26 April 1994

Official VDF order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Long Service Medal, Gold.
 Succeeded by the Long Service Medal, Bronze.
Venda official national order of precedence:
 Preceded by the National Force Long Service Medal, 20 Years.
 Succeeded by the Police Medal for Loyal Service.

South African National Defence Force from 27 April 1994

Official SANDF order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Silver of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
 Succeeded by the Union Medal of the Union of South Africa.
Official national order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Police Star for Faithful Service of the Gazankulu Homeland.
 Succeeded by the Police Medal for Loyal Service of the Republic of Venda.

South African National Defence Force from April 1996

Official SANDF order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct, Silver of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
 Succeeded by the Service Medal in Silver of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
Official national order of precedence:
 Preceded by the Police Star for Faithful Service of the Gazankulu Homeland.
 Succeeded by the Police Medal for Loyal Service of the Republic of Venda.

The position of the Long Service Medal, Silver remained unchanged, as it was in April 1996, when a new set of honours was instituted on 27 April 2003.

Description
Obverse
The Long Service Medal, Silver is a medallion struck in silver, 38 millimetres in diameter, depicting the Coat of Arms of the Republic of Venda.

The suspender is in the form of a pair of crossed elephant tusks and is different on the full-size and miniature medals. On the full-size medal, the ends of the tusks reach to approximately the eleven o'clock and one o'clock positions on the medallion, while on the miniature medal, as depicted, they reach to approximately the ten o'clock and two o'clock positions on the medallion.

Reverse
The reverse is inscribed "MENDELE WA VEHNKHXELA YA TSHIFHINGA TENILAFEY MHXWANA YA FUMBILE", the number of years service.

Ribbon
The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide, with a 4 millimetres wide blue band and a 10 millimetres wide green band, repeated in reverse order and separated by a 4 millimetres wide white band.

Discontinuation
Conferment of the Long Service Medal, Silver was discontinued when the Republic of Venda ceased to exist on 27 April 1994.

References

Military decorations and medals of Venda
Long service medals
Awards established in 1985
Awards disestablished in 1994
1985 establishments in Africa
1994 disestablishments in Africa


title: Acilacris

text:
Acilacris is a genus of "false shieldback"  bush crickets or katydids in the subfamily Meconematinae, found in southern Africa.

Subgenera and species
Acilacris contains two subgenera, Acilacris and Aroegas:

Acilacris (Acilacris) Bolívar, 1890
 Acilacris furcatus Naskrecki, 1996 — Mt. Coke false shieldback
 Acilacris kristinae Naskrecki, 1996 — Kristin's false shieldback
 Acilacris obovatus Naskrecki, 1996 — Limpopo false shieldback
 Acilacris tridens Bolívar, 1890 - type species

Acilacris (Aroegas) Péringuey, 1916
 Acilacris dilatatus (Naskrecki, 1996) – dilated false shieldback
 Acilacris fuscus (Naskrecki, 1996) – brown false shieldback
 Acilacris nigroornatus (Péringuey, 1916) – black-spotted false shieldback
 Acilacris rentzi (Naskrecki, 1996) – Rentz's false shieldback

Note: A. incisus is now Ovonotus incisus (Naskrecki, 1996)

References

Meconematinae
Orthoptera of Africa
Tettigoniidae genera


title: Sault Canal Emergency Swing Dam

text:
The Sault Canal Emergency Swing Dam is an all-metal structure built by the Dominion Bridge Company in 1896. It sits along the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal, to protect against the rush of water that would occur if something ever damaged the Sault locks. It operates by swinging over the canal and dropping wicket gates into the water. The Emergency Dam was put to the ultimate test on June 9, 1909, when the freighter Perry G. Walker crashed into the upstream lock sending a torrent of water crashing into the downstream lock. The Perry G. Walker and another ship the "Assiniboia" were sent back into the St. Marys River and another ship that was heading upstream out of the locks the "Crescent City" hit the channel wall. The swing dam proved its worth by slowing down the torrent of water.

This example of emergency swing bridge is the last of nine ever built. Other examples were previous in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, USA and in the Panama Canal.

References

Dams in Ontario
Dams completed in 1896
Buildings and structures in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
Transport in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario