title: History of the Japanese in Seattle

text:
There is a population of Japanese Americans and Japanese expatriates in Greater Seattle, whose origins date back to the second half of the 19th century. Prior to World War II, Seattle's Japanese community had grown to become the second largest Nihonmachi on the West Coast of North America.

History

Early years
Japan emerged from self-imposed isolation during the Meiji Restoration, and began to officially sponsor emigration programs in 1885. As a result, the period from the 1880s to the early 1900s brought a wave of Japanese immigration to the Seattle area. One early catalyst for this immigration was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 which, along with a spate of anti-Chinese violence (culminating in the Seattle riot of 1886), led to the departure of nearly all Chinese from the Seattle area.  The departure of Chinese laborers opened the door for Japanese immigrants to fill the labor void.

In 1896, when the Nippon Yusen Kaisha steamers began traveling between Japan and Seattle, there were about 200 ethnic Japanese living in Seattle. By 1910, that population had grown to 5,000. The Japanese Consulate, which had  established an office in Tacoma in 1895, moved to Seattle in 1901.

Early Japanese immigrants consisted of mostly single males hoping to  amass a fortune before returning to Japan. Many of these men were younger sons from families who, due in large part to the Japanese practice of primogeniture, were motivated to establish themselves independently abroad.  These first generation Issei immigrants came primarily from small towns and rural areas in the southern Japanese prefectures of Hiroshima, Yamaguchi, Kumamoto, and Fukuoka, a pattern that continued up to the Asian immigration ban in 1924.

A majority of the men that came during this period found work in the surrounding canneries, railroads, and the massive logging industry around the Seattle area. These labor-intensive jobs did not provide the kind of rapid economic advancement they had planned on for their short three to five year stays. Because most of the initial Japanese immigrants during this period had only planned to stay temporarily, the early community was unstable with a ratio of 5 men to every woman and very little social, economic, or religious support.

Anti-Asian sentiment and legislation
Long before the events of World War II, Japanese immigrants to the Seattle area faced considerable racism, much tied to labor disputes that created a divide with the predominantly white population. These tensions were often inflamed by news outlets and politicians leading to petitions for Japanese exclusion and public demonstrations opposed to the import of Japanese labor. Community struggles were further exacerbated by the forced segregation and expulsions of Asian immigrants, who were unable to rent or purchase homes in West Seattle, Magnolia and other Seattle area neighborhoods.

The region's first anti-Japanese organization was formed in 1894, and succeeded in expelling many of the 400-500 Japanese laborers from the White River Valley area south of Seattle.  The Anti-Japanese League of Washington was formed in 1916 and campaigned in support of alien land laws in Washington.  By the early the 1920s, the Washington state legislature had succeeded in passing an alien land law that prohibited the Issei from owning land.  The constitutionality of this act was challenged, but ultimately upheld by the United States Supreme Court in the 1922 decision Yamashita v. Hinkle.

In 1907, the Gentlemen's Agreement between the governments of Japan and the U.S. ended the immigration of Japanese laborers, though it did allow the immigration of spouses and children of Japanese immigrants already in the United States.  Prior to 1908, around seven out of eight ethnic Japanese in the continental United States were men.  By 1924, due to the spousal immigration allowance, the ratio had changed to approximately four women to every six men. The Immigration Act of 1924 subsequently banned the immigration of all but a few token Japanese.

Community growth

Federal laws prohibiting Asian immigrants from naturalization, coupled with alien land laws and residential segregation barriers, made it difficult for ethnic Japanese to find housing for their families outside the central Seattle port area. Formidable occupational barriers also existed.  Both Issei and their Nisei descendants were unable to gain entry into trade unions, and jobs outside the immigrant community other than for menial and unskilled labor were rare even for college graduates.

Due in large part to these difficulties, many Japanese immigrants relied on their own communities for livelihood and support. They were successful in establishing a Nihonmachi, or Japantown, in the International District of Seattle and in downtown Tacoma by the 1900s. The Nihonmachi became the heart of the Japanese community with bathhouses, barbers, laundries, and entertainment. By 1919, there were more than 200 Japanese operated hotels in Seattle. A number of ethnic Japanese families were raised in Nihonmachi hotels and apartments, as well as in back rooms behind shop storefronts.   Over time, Seattle's Japantown became informally known as the area bounded by Yesler Way on the north, 4th Avenue on the west, Dearborn Street on the south, and 14th Avenue on the east.

In July 1902, the Seattle Japanese Language School was opened under the name of Nipponjinkai Juzoku Shogakko (Elementary School attached to the Japanese Association). The establishment of this school was followed by language schools opening in Fife in 1909 and another in Tacoma by 1911. The creation of these schools illustrated the desire of Japanese immigrants to pass on their language and culture to later generations.

Seattle's Japantown was a vibrant, bustling community by the early 1920s. The Immigration Act of 1924 and the Great Depression, however, had a dampening effect, leading to significant departures both to California and back to Japan. Nevertheless, as the second generation (known as Nisei) began to grow, the Japanese immigrants who had once planned to return to Japan after only a few years, had begun seeing themselves as settlers.  By the 1930s the ethnic Japanese population living in Seattle had reached 8,448, out of a total city population of 368,583 meaning that, "Japanese were Seattle's largest non-white group, and the fourth-largest group behind several European nationalities." Prior to World War II, Seattle's  Nihonmachi had become the second largest Japantown on the West Coast of North America.

East of Lake Washington, Japanese immigrant labor helped clear recently logged land to make it suitable to support small scale farming on leased plots.  During the 20th century, the Japanese farming community became increasingly well established.  Prior to World War II, some 90 percent of the agricultural workforce on the "Eastside" was of Japanese ancestry.

World War II
Within days of the December 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the FBI began arresting Seattle area Japanese teachers, priests, and other community leaders.  Not long after, on February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued and signed Executive Order 9066, clearing the way for the mass incarceration of all persons of Japanese ancestry on the American West Coast in inland concentration camps.

Seattle's Japanese community received almost no active support during this time.  Among the few exceptions included University of Washington President Lee Paul Sieg, who took a leadership role in advocating for and facilitating the transfer of Nisei students to universities and colleges outside the West Coast to help them avoid being interned. In spite of his efforts, about 450 students were caught up in the oncoming internment and were forced to interrupt (often permanently) their education.  Walt and Milly Woodward of the Bainbridge Island Review were the only West Coast editors to openly criticize Executive Order 9066.  They would continue to advocate for members of the Bainbridge Island Japanese community during the war and help welcome them upon their eventual return. Tacoma mayor Harry P. Cain was one of only two elected officials on the West Coast to publicly oppose the government's internment of 110,000 Japanese Americans, in stark contrast to Washington congressional members Henry M. Jackson and Warren Magnuson.  Jackson in particular, strongly advocated for the removal and exclusion of ethnic Japanese from the Pacific Coast both during and even after the war.

By the end of March, 1942, all ethnic Japanese residents on Bainbridge Island had been removed and sent to the Manzanar camp in California.  Most of the remaining 9,600 Japanese Americans from the Seattle area were forced to live behind barbed wire in converted livestock stalls and parking lots on the Puyallup Valley Fair grounds for several months while the War Relocation Authority oversaw the construction of longer term concentration camps further inland. The temporary assembly center in Puyallup was given the name Camp Harmony.  Because of the internment, many members of the Japanese community permanently lost their businesses and residences. Most members of the Seattle area Japanese community that had been incarcerated at Camp Harmony were sent in groups by rail to the Minidoka Relocation Center in Idaho later in 1942, following the completion of that camp's construction.

As the war wound down, camp internees were allowed to return to the Pacific Coast, with those who chose to come back to Seattle staying in churches, other persons' residences, and the Seattle Japanese Language School building as they attempted to rebuild their lives. Seattle area residents who had been interned at Minidoka (sometimes referred to as "Hunt Camp") named their temporary home at the language school the "Hunt Hotel." Japanese exclusion groups flared up in the Seattle area in response to the return of the internees, but after encountering some community resistance, eventually disappeared.  Nevertheless, returning Japanese often encountered overt racism.  On the Eastside, only eleven families chose to return.  On Bainbridge Island, about half of the relocated Japanese community made the decision to come back, where they received a notably more positive reception than elsewhere on the West Coast.

Internment education and ceremonies
In 1978, the initial Day of Remembrance (observing the day that Executive Order 9066 was signed), was held at the former site of the Puyallup Assembly Center.  This was the site where more than 7,000 people of Japanese descent from Western Washington and Alaska were held before being transported to more permanent concentration camps further inland.

In 1981, Seattle was one of ten cities in which public hearings were held by the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, in which public testimonies were heard and recorded regarding the Japanese American internment.

The Nikkei Heritage Association of Washington started the "Omoide" education program to memorialize the incarceration of the Japanese people. In 2008 UW held an honorary graduation ceremony, The Long Journey Home, for the Japanese who had seen their studies cut short, with 200 former students, most of whom were in their 80s at the time, and family members of former students present. Tetsuden Kashima, an ethnic studies professor of the university, presented the degrees.

The Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial, built in memory of Japanese Americans interned from Bainbridge Island, was completed and opened to the public in 2011.

Economy

Early Japanese settlers worked in coal mines, canneries of salmon products, railroad construction areas, and sawmills. Later, service industries and businesses opened within the Nihonmachi, often aided by the traditional cooperative financing approach known as tanomoshi.

In 1889 Manjiro Morita founded a salmon fishing business(Seattle), In 1896, Manjiro Morita ran the first inn in Seattle called Cosmo House. Along with being the first Japanese individual to be a landowner in Seattle, He went on to be recognized with Masajiro Furuya as a great Japanese American achiever by the North American times, a Japanese American newspaper started in Seattle.

First established in 1913, the Seattle midwife association has included Japanese and Japanese American midwives, and has been recorded back to a 1918 photo of the Japanese portion of the Seattle midwives association which included practitioners and their children. In King County in 1920 there was 36 licensed Japanese immigrant midwives, 40 in the state, one of the largest industries for Japanese immigrant women labor outside of agriculture.

By the 1920s farms owned or tended by ethnic Japanese families had produced about 75% of the produce and half of the milk generated in the Seattle area. This included farms in Bellevue and the White River valley. Seattle's Pike Place Market was the point of sale of much of the produce. By the start of World War I, Japanese truck farmers occupied about 70% of the market stalls.

Founded in 1928 in Tacoma, the Asian supermarket chain Uwajimaya closed during the Japanese American internment. It reopened in Seattle's International District following the end of World War II. Uwajimaya opened its first branch in Bellevue, Washington in 1978 and opened another branch in Renton, Washington in 2009.

First opening in 1904, Seattle's restaurant Maneki was built to resemble a three-story Japanese castle and could seat up to five hundred customers. It was at this elaborate structure that the future Japanese prime minister Takeo Miki once worked while supporting himself as a student. During World War II, when the ethnic Japanese community had been removed from the city, the castle-like building was looted and vandalized. Too badly damaged to be restored, the restaurant reopened after the war in its current location in Seattle's International District on a much more modest scale.

Seattle's Bush Garden restaurant was once considered a destination dining establishment, attracting visits from celebrities and politicians as well as locals. During the 1950s, its owners introduced tatami rooms in which diners could eat at floor level, but with a hidden pit where diners could extend their legs (a now not uncommon feature). In the 1970s, the restaurant became home to perhaps the first karaoke bar in the United States. A similar claim was made for Maneki.

Nintendo of America has been headquartered in Redmond, Washington since 1982.

Print media
Seattle's first Japanese newspaper, the Report, was issued in 1899 and remained in circulation until about 1904.

Founded in 1902 by first generation immigrants and investors Kiyoshi Kumamoto, Kuranosuke Hiraide, Juji Yadagai, and Ichiro Yamamoto, the North American Post became one of the region's main Japanese newspapers. Originally called Hokubei Jiji (The North American Times), it was the country's third Japanese American newspaper. Before world war 2, had a daily circulation of about 9,000 copies. this included circulation of the newspaper through Spokane, Vancouver BC, Portland, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Tokyo. At the start of world war 2, the north American times publisher, Sumio Arima, was arrested by the FBI. The paper was discontinued on March 14, 1942, when the incarceration of local Japanese American families began. After the war, the North American Times was revived in December 1946 as “The North American Post".Other daily Japanese papers in Seattle before World War II included Asahi Shinbun (launched in 1905) and Taihoku Nippo (The Great Northern Daily News, launched in 1910).

In 1928, James Sakamoto and his wife Misao founded the Japanese American Courier, the first Japanese American newspaper published entirely in English. Aimed specifically at the American-born Nisei, the Courier reported on Japanese affairs while encouraging its readers to assimilate into "Americanized" society.  The Courier was instrumental in promoting and organizing Nisei sporting events, publicizing and encouraging Nisei social groups, and helping establish the civil rights organization that would become known as the Japanese American Citizens League. By 1940, its circulation had grown to 4,275 readers.

Not long after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, all Seattle area Japanese newspapers ceased publication. Once the war ended, as people were released from the camps, some Japanese-language media started to reappear.  In June 1946, the North American Post was revived, and its editor in chief was the same person (Sumio Arima) who published Hokubei Jiji before the war. Its publishers were the former editor of the Takoma Jijo, Sadahiko Ikoma, and Kunizo Maeno.

Education

Established in 1902, Seattle's Nihon Go Gakko (the Seattle Japanese Language School) is now operated by the Japanese Cultural & Community Center of Washington (JCCCW; ワシントン州日本文化会館 Washington-shū Nihon Bunka Kaikan). It is the continental United States's oldest Japanese language school. At its peak, prior to World War II, nearly 2,000 students attended the school, spending two hours there a day, five days a week following regular schooling.

A Japanese school was opened in Bellevue in 1918. Built in 1922, Tacoma's Nihon Go Gakko in the pre-World War II era served as Tacoma's Japanese language school.

Elementary schooling for Nisei children from Seattle's Nihonmachi primarily took place at Seattle's Main Street School and, later, Bailey Gatzert under the stewardship of its revered principal Ada Mahon, on up until World War II.

In the years preceding the American entry into World War II, Broadway High School on Seattle's Capitol Hill had the highest percentage of Japanese Americans of all Seattle high schools, with Nisei comprising about 25 percent of the student body in 1942. From 1938 to 1941, Japanese Americans had been valedictorians and salutatorians at the school. The removal of all ethnic Japanese students as part of the Japanese American Internment during World War II had a major impact on the school, and Broadway High School's final graduation ceremony took place only a few years later in 1946.

The Seattle Japanese School is a supplementary Japanese school, designated by the Japanese Ministry of Education (MEXT), which holds its classes in Bellevue.

Historic buildings and gardens
Opened in December 1892 by Masajiro Furuya, the Furuya company was both a grocery store and a tailor shop, the company grew over the years to include Furuya Construction Company, along with expansions in Portland, Oregon; Tacoma, Washington; Vancouver, B.C., later noted as Pacific Northwest's most successful Japanese import/export business. In 1907 Masajiro Furuya, founded the Japanese Commercial Bank, which among others consolidated with his early businesses into Pacific Commercial Bank and Pacific Holding Company. Today the Furuya Building, bought by Masajiro Furuya in 1900 to adjust to working demands and expand his empire, stays standing after some reconstruction as a monument of Japanese American history in Seattle

Founded before 1907, the Seattle Dojo is the oldest judo dojo in the United States. Members included Kenji Yamada, who won the 1954 and 1955 individual US National Judo championship titles, and helped the Seattle Dojo win first place in the team competition at the US Judo Nationals in 1955.

Built in 1909, the Nippon Kan Theatre was a former Japanese theater. It served as a de facto Japanese community center in Seattle prior to World War II. It was busy several nights a week with actors and musicians from Japan, movies, concerts, judo and kendo competitions, and community meetings. The building is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Built in 1910, the Panama Hotel was essential to the Japanese community as it housed businesses, sleeping quarters for residents and visitors, restaurants, and one of several sentō (Japanese bathhouses) in Seattle during the early twentieth century.  The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2006, and in 2015 it was designated a National Treasure by the National Trust For Historic Preservation.

Started in 1927, Kubota Garden is a Japanese garden in the Rainier Beach neighborhood of Seattle, Washington.

The Seattle Japanese Garden, completed in 1960, is located in the Madison Park neighborhood. During their October, 1960 stop in Seattle, the Japanese Crown Prince Akihito and Crown Princess Michiko visited the newly opened garden. Together, they planted a cherry tree and a white birch, the latter a symbol () of the Princess's family.

At the entrance to Seattle's Seward Park, in a wooded island filled with flowers between the circular entrance and exit road, is a taiko-gata stone lantern (tōrō) that was a gift of friendship from the City of Yokohama, Japan. It was given to the city in 1931 in gratitude to Seattle's assistance to Yokohama after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. Also near the entrance to Seward Park was a Japanese style wooden torii, originally built for Seattle's Potlatch festival in 1934. The wooden torii was later removed in the mid-1980s due to decay, and a replacement made with stone columns and timber cross beams was completed by 2021 and formally dedicated in 2022.

Religion
Built in 1941, the Seattle Betsuin Buddhist Temple (a Jōdo Shinshū temple) replaced an earlier Seattle Buddhist Church building (completed in 1908) that had been torn down as part of the Yesler Terrace project. Other Buddhist temples in the Seattle area include the Japanese Zen Buddhist temple Dai Bai Zan Cho Bo Zen Ji, which opened in 1983.

Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America, the first Shinto shrine built in the mainland United States after World War II, merged with Kannagara Jinja in 2001 and was located in Snohomish County's Granite Falls. It closed in 2023.

Culture and institutions

The Japanese American Citizens League, the oldest and largest Asian American civil rights organization in the United States, held its first national conference in 1930 in Seattle.

Founded in 1996, Densho is a nonprofit organization based in Seattle, Washington, which collects video oral histories and documents regarding Japanese American internment in the United States during World War II.

Kip Tokuda, who served as a representative in the Washington State Government, worked to build the Japanese Cultural and Community Center of Washington (JCCCW; ワ州日本文化会館 Wa-shū Nihon Bunka Kaikan) in 2003. The JCCCW dedicated to preserving, promoting and sharing Japanese and Japanese American history, heritage and culture.

The first recorded Bon Odori festival in Seattle was held in 1932. It's an annual event featuring food, cultural displays, and dancing, and is held along the street in front the Seattle Betsuin Buddhist Temple during the summer. Other long running Bon Odori festivals in the Puget Sound region include those held in Tacoma and the White River Valley.

The annual Seattle Cherry Blossom and Japanese Cultural Festival began in 1976 to commemorate the gift of 1,000 cherry trees given to Seattle by Japan's Prime Minister Takeo Miki. Miki had spent some of his student years at the University of Washington in the 1930s.

Since 1984, an annual floating lantern memorial dedicated to the victims of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and all other victims of war has been held at Seattle's Green Lake on August 6.

Geographic distribution

In 2010, 7,829 ethnic Japanese resided in the city of Seattle while a total of 20,652 ethnic Japanese resided in King County.

As of the year 2000, many ethnic Japanese in the Seattle area lived in the Eastside region. That year 70% of the employees of the members of the Japanese business association Shunjū (春秋) Club resided in that region, according to the organization's figures.

Notable residents
 Kichio Allen Arai (c. 1901–1966), an architect
 Paul Chihara (born 1938), composer
 Masajiro Furuya (1862–1938), a banker, merchant, and manufacturer
 Gordon Hirabayashi (1918–2012), American sociologist, best known for the court case which bears his name, Hirabayashi v. United States.
 Taky Kimura (1924–2021), martial artist
 Kyo Koike (1878–1947), poet, physician, and founder of the Seattle Camera Club
 Fujitaro Kubota (1879–1973), gardener and philanthropist
 Aki Kurose (1925–1998), teacher and social-justice activist
 Mich Matsudaira (1937–2019), a businessman and civil rights activist.
 Lori Matsukawa (born 1956), television news journalist
 Fujimatsu Moriguchi (1898–1962), businessman who founded Uwajimaya
 Tomio Moriguchi (born 1936), businessman and civil rights activist
 Shota Nakajima (born 1989), celebrity chef
 William K. Nakamura (1922–1944), soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 Kenjiro Nomura (1896–1956), artist
 Apolo Ohno (born 1982), Olympic gold medalist in short track speed skating
 Frank Okada (1931–2000), artist
 John Okada (1923–1971), author
 Yuji Okumoto (born 1959), actor
 James Sakamoto (1903–1955), pioneering journalist, and one of the founding members of the Japanese American Citizens League
 Bell M. Shimada (1922–1958), fisheries scientist
 Monica Sone (1919–2011), author whose autobiographical memoir describes her life as a Nisei in Seattle during the 1920s and 1930s, and at Minidoka
 Ichiro Suzuki (born 1973), ten time All-Star for the Seattle Mariners
 Kamekichi Tokita (1897–1948), painter and diarist
 Kip Tokuda  (1946–2013), Washington State representative
 George Tsutakawa (1910–1997), sculptor and painter
 Kenji Yamada (1924–2014), two-time U.S. National Judo champion
 Minoru Yamasaki (1913–1986), architect
 Takuji Yamashita (1874–1959), 1902 University of Washington Law School graduate and civil rights activist

See also

 Japanese Gulch

References

Further reading
 Fiset, Louis. Camp Harmony: Seattle's Japanese Americans and the Puyallup Assembly Center. University of Illinois Press, 2009. , 9780252076725. See entry - Google Books
 Lee, Shelley Sang-Hee. Claiming the Oriental Gateway: Prewar Seattle and Japanese America (Asian American History & Culture). Temple University Press, 2011. , 9781439902158.

 Shibazaki, Ryoichi. "Seattle and the Japanese—United States Baseball Connection, 1905-1926" (Master's Thesis). University of Washington, 1981.
 Takami, David. Divided Destiny: A History of Japanese Americans in Seattle. University of Washington Press, 1998.
 "Report on Designation Seattle Japanese Language School" (Archive). Seattle Landmarks Preservation Board.

External links
 Japanese Cultural & Community Center of Washington
 Japan-America Society of the State of Washington
 Map of Seattle Japantown
 The North American Post

History of Seattle
Seattle

Japanese-American history


title: Bionic (King Adora song)

text:
"Bionic" is the fifth single by British glam rock band King Adora. Originally released as a part of a double a-side in 2000, the re-recorded single was released on 14 May 2001 on Superior Quality Recordings and reached number 30 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the band's second and final Top 40 single. The song would be included on the band's debut album Vibrate You and was frequently played at their live shows.

Background

Recording and re-release
"Bionic" was one of the first songs written by King Adora and appeared on their debut single release, "Bionic/The Law". The band were unhappy with the original version of the song, saying "no disrespect to the first producer (Chris Sheldon), we just felt it needed a little bit more balls behind it really and we tried to deliver it a bit better and make it a better record, it was always one of our favourite songs". As drummer Dan Dabrowski stated, the decision to re-release the song was made because "a lot more people deserve to hear it. I mean, we only released it as a first single". The re-recorded version of the song was produced and mixed by John Cornfield at Sawmills Studios in Cornwall.

B-sides
The single was accompanied by two b-sides, "Don't Trust The Ones You Love" and "Freak". Both songs were recorded at DEP International Studios in Birmingham and were produced by the band and Dan Sprigg, with engineering from Jamie Travers. Both songs were played live during 2001 and at the band's 2010 reunion gigs.

Video
The "Bionic" release was accompanied by King Adora's fourth music video, directed by Ben Hume-Paton. The video features the band (all wearing bionic implants) performing the song in a disused factory setting.

Reception
NME gave the song a poor review, saying "this particular incarnation of 'heavy indie' for people who would never admit to listening to Rawk! could have been recorded at any time in the last twelve years, encased as it is in that peculiarly timeless and sterile MTV sheen".

Track listing

CD 1
 "Bionic"
 "Don't Trust The Ones You Love"
 "Bionic" (Absolute Zero remix)

Enhanced CD 2
 "Suffocate"
 "Freak"
 "Bionic" (video)

7"
 "Bionic"
 "Don't Trust The Ones You Love"

Personnel
 Matt Browne – vocals, rhythm guitar
 Martyn Nelson – lead guitar
 Robbie Grimmit – bass
 Dan Dabrowski – drums

Production
 Bionic – Produced and mixed by John Cornfield, engineered by Mark Thomas
 Don't Trust The Ones You Love, Freak – Produced by King Adora and Dan Sprigg, engineered by Jamie Travers

References

2001 singles
King Adora songs
2001 songs


title: Smarketing

text:
Smarketing is the process of integrating the sales and marketing processes of a business. The objective is for the sales and marketing functions to have a common, integrated approach.

Smarketing aims to promote the product or service to potential buyers and at the same time integrate this process with the sales department's activities. Sales and marketing departments should meet frequently and  agree on a common terminology, and using data throughout the entire sales and marketing process to identify good prospects and to follow up on how well they are followed up. Smarketing works best when a firm does closed loop reporting by tracking its success with particular prospects from the marketing stage through direct sales efforts. According to one source, Smarketing began around 2000 as a result of improved web browsing capabilities.

See also
Marketing
Sales

References

Marketing techniques
Selling techniques
Direct marketing


title: Born to Lose/Kamikaze

text:
"Born To Lose/Kamikaze" is the sixth single by British glam rock band King Adora. A double a-side, the single was released on 19 May 2003 on MH Records and reached number 68 on the UK Singles Chart. Singer Matt Browne revealed the band were "shocked" at the chart placing, which was achieved without promotion or press support. Both songs would be re-recorded for the band's 2004 second album, Who Do You Love?

Background

Writing and recording
Born To Lose (originally titled Bulimic) was among the first batch of songs King Adora wrote for their second album in the autumn of 2001. The song was recorded as part of a 17-track demo for record label Superior Quality Recordings and was also recorded for a BBC Radio 1 live session at Maida Vale Studios towards the end of the year. Despite the band intentionally "stripping back" their sound on their new material after the "futuristic, electro-elements" included on Vibrate You, Born To Lose utilised a mellotron, which would be used as part of a backing track for the live and recorded versions of the song. Kamikaze was debuted on the band's November 2002 UK tour. Both songs were produced by Paul Talbot and engineered by Gareth Williams. The band later claimed that they "weren't exactly happy" with the mixes and subsequently both songs were re-recorded for their second album, Who Do You Love?, released in March 2004.

Themes
Born To Lose originally had its title changed from Bulimic because the song "isn't just based around bulimia, it has other themes of addiction and themes from the perspective of women", with Matt Browne also commenting that he "didn't want Bulimic to be thought of as Big Isn't Beautiful mark two". The song was also inspired by Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar.

Track listing

CD
 "Born To Lose"
 "Kamikaze"

Personnel
 Matt Browne – vocals, rhythm guitar
 Martyn Nelson – lead guitar
 Robbie Grimmit – bass
 Dan Dabrowski – drums

Production
Produced by Paul Talbot, engineered by Gareth Williams

References

2003 singles


title: 2014 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series

text:
2014 Sevens Grand Prix Series is the 13th round of the Sevens Grand Prix Series (formerly known as the European Sevens Championship) for rugby sevens organised by the FIRA – Association of European Rugby.

Series

Lyon

Moscow

Manchester

Bucharest

Grand Prix standings

Note: England finishes above Russia due to tiebreaker of highest point difference.

References

External links
FIRA AER web Site

Grand Prix Series
2014
International rugby union competitions hosted by Russia
International rugby union competitions hosted by Romania
International rugby union competitions hosted by England
International rugby union competitions hosted by France
2013–14 in European rugby union
2014–15 in European rugby union
2013–14 in French rugby union
2014–15 in English rugby union
2014 in Russian rugby union
2014 in Romanian sport


title: Drag/9" of Pure Malice

text:
"Drag/9" Of Pure Malice" is the seventh single by British glam rock band King Adora. A double A-side, the single was released on 24 November 2003 on Discovery Recordings and reached number 85 on the UK Singles Chart. The single was the only to be taken from the band's second album Who Do You Love?, released in March 2004.

Background

Writing and recording
"Drag" and "9" Of Pure Malice" were debuted on King Adora's May 2003 UK tour supporting the "Born To Lose/Kamikaze" single. The single was originally slated for a July 2003 release, which was later pushed back until November after the band signed to Discovery Recordings. While writing their second album between 2001 and 2003, the band intentionally "stripped back" the sound of their new material, with singer Matt Browne commenting "we wanted (Drag) to sound like that and we wanted something musically that would fit the song’s lyrics. It has a very glammy, T. Rex-style element to it". Browne also stated that Drag was always intended to be the lead single for Who Do You Love?, saying "we felt that it was an exciting enough comeback single to do". Both songs were recorded with Nigel Clark at Hijack Studios in Redditch during 2003.

Themes
Browne revealed that "Drag is kind of a modern day version of what The Kinks did with Lola, that whole one person by day, another by night (thing) has always fascinated me. I just developed it into a disturbing love story and a celebration of glamour". The band also said Drag "is a celebration of both dressing up and overcoming bigotry about gender blurring". Bassist Robbie Grimmit joked that 9" Of Pure Malice "reminds me somewhat of myself. I assume that's where Maxi got the lyrics from!".

B-side
The single was released with one B-side, "Love's Like Suicide". The song was co-produced by the band and Dan Huffman at Bridge Studios in the West Midlands and was never performed live.

Reaction
R*E*P*E*A*T fanzine commented that "Drag" incorporated "neo-T. Rex-isms" and "9" Of Pure Malice" is "just over two minutes of glorious, raucous sleaze". LeftLion called "9" Of Pure Malice" a "gutsy adrenaline-fuelled classic".

Track listing

CD
 "Drag"
 "9" Of Pure Malice"
 "Love's Like Suicide"

7"
 "Drag"
 "9" Of Pure Malice"

Personnel
 Matt Browne – vocals, rhythm guitar
 Martyn Nelson – lead guitar
 Robbie Grimmit – bass
 Dan Dabrowski – drums

Production
 Drag, 9" Of Pure Malice – Produced and mixed by King Adora and Nigel Clark
 Love's Like Suicide – Produced and mixed by King Adora and Dan Huffman

References

2003 singles
King Adora songs
2003 songs


title: Khorasaniha Synagogue

text:
Khorasaniha Synagogue is a synagogue located in the Zartosht street in Valiasr street in Tehran, Iran.

History
In 1349 SH (1970–1971 AD) Mashhadi Jews often used the Levian Synagogue. However, with an increase in Mashhadi Jewish population the need for a separate synagogue increased. With the help of several other synagogues such as Levian, Yousefzadeh, and Rafie Nia, the land was purchased. The building is constructed on  of land and contains four floors with a capacity of up to 400 people. Rabbi Eliahu ben Haim has been the chief Rabbi of the synagogue for many years.

References

Synagogues in Tehran


title: National colours of Israel

text:
The national colours of Israel are azure and white as seen on the flag of Israel.

History
Blue and white are perceived as patriotic colours in the State of Israel and the Jewish world. Blue and white are used in flags, symbols, etc. Eg: Blue-White (Blau-Weiss) Zionist youth moment in Germany and Blue and white (He) patriotic song.
Book of Numbers mentions in 15:38, it states that the Israelites were commanded to put fringes on the corners of their garments, and to put a cord of blue border upon these fringes.

See also
 Blue and White (political alliance)
 Blue in Judaism
 National colours
 National symbols of Israel

References

National colours
National symbols of Israel


title: John Hughes (1790–1857)

text:
John Hughes  (2 January 1790 – 13 December 1857) was an English author.

Life
Born 2 January 1790, he was the only child of Thomas Hughes, D.D., deputy clerk of the closet to George III and George IV, vicar of Uffington, Berkshire, and canon of St. Paul's Cathedral, by his wife Mary Anne, daughter of the Rev. George Watts, vicar of Uffington; she was an early friend of Sir Walter Scott. John Hughes was educated at Westminster School and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1812 and M.A. 1815.

About 1820 Hughes went to live at Uffington, but on the death of his father, thirteen years later, moved to Donnington Priory, Berkshire. He died at Brompton on 13 December 1857, aged 67.

Works
Hughes's main publications were:

 An Itinerary of Provence and the Rhone made during the year 1819, with etchings by the author, London, 1822, noted by Scott in the preface to Quentin Durward; and
 an edition of The Boscobel Tracts, Edinburgh and London, 1830; 2nd edit. Edinburgh and London, 1857.

Hughes was known as a scholar and linguist, draughtsman and wood-carver. He gained an Oxford prize for Latin verse, and recited an English ode when the Duke of Wellington and the united sovereigns visited Oxford in 1814. He was the author of the macaronic Oriel grace-cup song Exultet mater Oriel. He also published Lays of Past Days, 1850, an ode recited in the Theatre, Oxford, 1814; and Pompeii (an ode) [1820?].

Views in the South of France (1825) engraved by William Bernard Cooke contained illustrations after sketches made by Hughes.

Family
Hughes married, 14 December 1820, Margaret Elizabeth, second daughter of Thomas Wilkinson, of Stokesley Hall, Yorkshire; they had a family of six sons and one daughter. The second son was the author Thomas Hughes who wrote an account of the eldest son, George Edward Hughes of Donnington Priory, in Memoir of a Brother; it contains some of John Hughes's letters to his sons. The daughter became known as the administrator Jane Senior.

Notes

Attribution

External links

1790 births
1857 deaths
English travel writers
English book editors
English male poets
19th-century English poets
19th-century English male writers
English male non-fiction writers


title: Who Do You Love? (album)

text:
Who Do You Love? is the second studio album by King Adora. It was released on 29 March 2004 and failed to chart. The album proved to be the band's final release before their breakup in September 2005.

Background

Writing and recording
King Adora began writing their second album while still touring their debut album in 2001. A 17-track demo of new material was recorded in October 2001 at the request of their record label, Superior Quality Recordings. In October, singer Matt Browne commented that "the new album is a progression from the last one. The tunes are there and it rocks a lot harder. It's kind of the album we would have done first, but we don't mind that it's the second one". The band played new songs Tokyo Honey, Born To Lose, Asleep, The Chase, Love So Volatile and Come live on the final gigs of the Vibrate You tour, which wrapped in December 2001. In a statement later that month, the band revealed they were recording a new single (rumoured to be Tokyo Honey) and would be embarking on a tour in February 2002. The tour failed to materialise, but the band announced in mid-March that they would soon begin recording the album. No updates were provided about the sessions, but a further new song, Death By Rock 'N' Roll, was debuted at a gig in Horsham in June. Despite being dropped by Superior Quality Recordings in mid-2002, the band embarked on a UK tour in November, premiering new songs Kamikaze and Maniac Love. More new songs were premiered on a UK tour to promote the Born To Lose/Kamikaze single in May 2003, including Drag, Depression, Boy For Rent and 9" Of Pure Malice.

The band recorded the album Hijack Studios in Redditch with Dodgy singer Nigel Clark throughout 2003. In addition to the material played at their live shows, brand new songs Sweet Abandon and Fear And Loathing were recorded during the sessions. Born To Lose and Kamikaze were re-recorded for the album because the band "weren't exactly happy" with the original single versions. Mellotron made its first appearance on a King Adora album, played by Mark Wallace. Sasha Vallely provided vocals for Love So Volatile, while guitarist Martyn Nelson played piano on Sweet Abandon. Following the completion of the album, the band put the record out to the highest bidder and subsequently signed a deal with Discovery Recordings for its release.

Musical style and influences
The band's style on the album is rooted in their traditional glam rock, punk rock and hard rock sound. Matt Browne stated that Drag was a "kind of a modern day version of what The Kinks did with Lola" and had "a very glammy, T. Rex-style element to it". Browne described 9" Of Pure Malice as "upbeat rock". The singer also stated that the band had intentionally "stripped back" their sound and that the album was "not just where we were with Vibrate You, but where we are now".

Title and themes
The album title Who Do You Love? is taken from the lyrics of the opening track, Drag. Themes present on the album include sex, drugs, rock 'n' roll, depression and bulimia. Born To Lose had its title changed from Bulimia because Browne felt the song "was about more than just bulimia, but all types of self control, self obsession and addiction. It also gathered inspiration from Plath's The Bell Jar and that continual female struggle in patriarchal hell".

Legacy
The band look back on the album with mixed opinions. Bassist Robbie Grimmit was positive, saying "the end quality wasn't as good as it could have been, but I think the songs are certainly there". Martyn Nelson felt the album was depressing, while Matt Browne believed that there were some good songs, but said the album "is not recorded well, is not thought out well and sounds like a band that are on their way down". BBC radio DJ Steve Lamacq commented that the sound of Who Do You Love? was not far away from The Darkness, a glam rock band who were successful in 2003 and 2004.

Track listing

Personnel
Matt Browne – vocals, guitar
Martyn Nelson – guitar, piano
Robbie Grimmit – bass
Dan Dabrowski – drums
Sasha Vallely – vocals on Love So Volatile
 Mark Wallace – mellotron on Born To Lose, Sweet Abandon & Fear And Loathing.

Production
 Produced and mixed by King Adora and Nigel Clark

Singles
2003: Drag/9" Of Pure Malice (25 November 2003)

Tour
Despite playing the bulk of the material from Who Do You Love? live throughout 2001, 2002 and 2003, King Adora's tour to support the album did not begin in earnest until November 2003, when they embarked on a UK tour to support the Drag single. Setlists in the early part of the tour were divided between new songs from Who Do You Love? and the singles released from Vibrate You. Sweet Abandon was debuted at a pre-release gig for the album in London on 23 March 2004 and would be played at most dates through to the end of the tour. The album was supported with a month-long UK tour in April and May 2004. Love So Volatile returned to the setlist in April 2004, having not been played live since December 2001. The band played the only mainland European gig of their career in July, appearing alongside Kaiser Chiefs, Mystery Juice and Goldblade at the Fender Fest in Moscow, Russia. New songs Revenge (later recorded and released by The High Society), Backstage and a cover of Nancy Sinatra's These Boots Are Made For Walkin' were added to the set towards the end of the year.

 1^ Fender Fest.

References

2004 albums
King Adora albums


title: Rowland Alston (1782–1865)

text:
Rowland Alston (7 June 1782 – 21 November 1865) was an English Whig politician.

He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Hertfordshire from 1835 to 1841. He lived at Pishiobury, Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire.

References

1782 births
1865 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Hertfordshire
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841


title: Molla Hanina Synagogue

text:
Molla Hanina Synagogue is one of the smallest and oldest synagogues in Tehran. It is located in the historic Jewish neighborhood of Oudlajan. The land of the synagogue has an area of just . The synagogue was created in the 19th century AD during the time of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar. Molla Hanina Melamed Yazdi is known to have created the synagogue. Molla Hanina died in 1283 SH (1904–1905 AD) and the synagogue was managed by the council since then. The synagogue was also a precursor of the Dr. Sapir Hospital and Charity Center which is the only Jewish hospital in Tehran, as Dr. Sapir used to treat patients in one of the rooms of the synagogue. Today the population of Jews in Oudlajan is relatively low and the synagogue is only open on Sabbaths.

References

Synagogues in Tehran
Buildings of the Qajar period


title: Maldita Castilla

text:
Maldita Castilla (lit. "Maledict Castile"), known in North America and PAL regions as Cursed Castilla, is a unique 16-bit arcade action video game developed by Locomalito and released in December 2012. The game is primarily based on myths from Spain, European folklore, and cavalry novels. Maldita Castilla was developed as a tribute to Ghosts'n Goblins.

Gameplay
The original version of the game features six levels, 40 enemy types, and 4 bosses.

Defeating the boss enables the player to advance to the next level. Each of the game's levels corresponds to an era of history, and each has four different endings that vary depending on the tasks performed by the player.

The extended edition of Cursed Castilla features brand new content, including a total of 8 game stages, 48+ enemy types, and 19 final bosses. The player can get 15 unlockable achievements and go through 4 different endings.

Plot
The action takes place around the year 1081, when an ancient demon hears Moura's laments for her fallen love and uses her tears to create a magic key, which unleashes demons into the Kingdom of Castile. King Alfonso VI of León orders Don Ramiro, Quesada, Don Diego, and Mendoza, to Tolomera to end the demonic nightmare that looms over the kingdom. As the demons get to his comrades, however, Don Ramiro must fight alone to rescue them and bring peace to the land.

Development
Castilla is Spanish for Castile (a place of historic significance in Spain), while maldita, meaning "cursed" (also meaning "damned" or "maledict"), is used as an exclamation of anger at times of difficulty or danger. The game was inspired by Amadis of Gaul, a sixteenth-century Spanish chivalric romance.

The gameplay is inspired by the games Shinobi and Ghost and Goblins.

The original version of the game was released in December 2012 as a free download.

The audio of the game is meant to emulate the Yamaha YM2203 sound chip and there are effects to simulate the visual display of a Cathode-ray tube television.

The game can be downloaded for free from the website of its author, Juan Antonio Becerra, who uses the pseudonym "Locomalito". The chiptune music was composed by Gryzor87, who was able to bring the unique feeling of the Sega Genesis sound chip.

In 2016, Juan Antonio Becerra signed an agreement with Abylight Studios to bring Locomalito titles, including Maldita Castilla, to consoles. Cursed Castilla extended edition includes brand new game stages, bosses, and enemies, as well as new songs from the original soundtrack and remastered audio.

The original game was developed in GML, the programming language used in GameMaker, which supports PC, PS4, Xbox One, and mobile, but not Nintendo 3DS. In order to port Cursed Castilla to Nintendo 3DS in the most efficient time possible, Abylight used the C++ Code generated by GameMaker to export the native mode and linked it to their own compatible API. The rest of the graphics, sounds, path, and elements were obtained by their development team from the GameMaker data files.

Abylight maximized the 3D features of the console by working on all the elements of Cursed Castilla to give an immersive experience and feeling of depth. Instead of reallocating secondary elements of the UI to the bottom screen of the Nintendo 3DS, the console was transformed into something similar to an arcade machine with controllers that are 100% functional.

Release
Cursed Castilla was released on Xbox One in July 2016, on Windows in October 2016, and on Playstation 4 in America and Japan in December 2016 and shortly after in Europe in January 2017.

In May 2017, Eastasiasoft Limited with Abylight Studios released a physical Limited Edition of Cursed Castilla for Playstation 4. This includes the game disc and numbered certificate, among others, which was made available at the online retailer Playasia.

In July 2017, Cursed Castilla was released to Nintendo 3DS, and features the new coin-op mode and a stereoscopic 3D effect. Abylight Studios teamed up again with Eastasiasoft to bring the game to PlayStation Vita, and it was released in September 2017 in America and November 2017 in Europe. Aside from the digital release on the PlayStation Store in November 2017, a physical Limited Edition was exclusively released at the online retailer Playasia, making it the second physical release of the game after the PS4 Limited Edition.

In January 2019, Cursed Castilla was released for the Nintendo Switch on the Nintendo eShop. The game runs at 60fps for the console’s docked and handheld mode.

In October 2019, Cursed Castila was ported to iOS, where players can play in landscape or portrait orientation using the touch screen or a controller. It also features Game Center achievements and leaderboards, among others. The game was released for Apple TV in 2021.

In May 2021, the Cursed Castilla Collector’s Edition, which includes an exclusive physical copy of the game for the Nintendo Switch and other collectible items, was released by Abylight Studios through their online Abylight Shop and across game stores in Spain, as well as through Limited Run for the United States.

Reception

Maldita Castilla was well received by Spanish press with reviewers giving the game high scores.

Four reviewers for Famitsu gave the 3DS version scores of 7, 7, 7, and 8 for a total of 29 out of 40.

Nintendo Life gave the 3DS version of the game a 9/10. They gave the switch version a 8/10.

IGN Italia gave the game an 8.5 out of 10 and IGN España gave the game an 8 out of 10.

M! Games gave the Xbox One version of the game a 79 out of 100.

The Games Machine gave it 7.9 out of 10.

Eurogamer praised and recommended the game.

See also
 Pharaoh Rebirth

References

External links
Maldita Castilla page
DeLaC Aventuras. Review and adventure material in Spanish

2012 video games
Abylight Studios games
Freeware games
GameMaker Studio games
Linux games
Locomalito games
Nintendo 3DS games
Nintendo Switch games
Ouya games
Platformers
PlayStation 4 games
Single-player video games
Video games based on mythology
Video games developed in Spain
Video games set in Spain
Video games set in the 11th century
Video games with Steam Workshop support
Windows games
Xbox One games


title: The Singing Stone

text:
The Singing Stone is a young adult novel by O. R. Melling that follows a modern-day girl named Kay as she travels to Ireland and travels back to Bronze-Age Ireland. She alongside Aherne of the Tuatha Dé Danann must find the lost treasures of the Tuatha Dé Danann to combat the upcoming invasion. The novel was first published in 1984. It has sold over 25,000 copies.

The book was shortlisted for the Ruth Schwartz Children's Book Award in 1987.

Plot

Reception
The Globe and Mail described it as "a lively adventure exhibiting more than a little ingenious sleight-of-mind magic".

References

1984 Canadian novels
Novels set in Ireland
Canadian fantasy novels
Young adult fantasy novels
Novels about time travel


title: Ezra Yaghoub Synagogue

text:
Ezra Yaghoub Synagogue is one of oldest synagogues in Tehran, located in the Oudlajan neighborhood. The synagogue was created in the 19th century AD during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar and has been repaired and restored many times since then. The synagogue was created in 1273 SH (1894–1895 AD) in an area of . Ezra Yaghoub, for whom the synagogue is named, was a prominent Iranian Jewish merchant and was the first person to make business contact with the city of Manchester in England. After passing at forty, his widow spent most of his fortune on charity for the Iranian Jews. The building has been placed on the list of historic buildings in the Cultural Heritage, Handcrafts and Tourism Organization since 1383 SH (2004–2005  AD).

References

Synagogues in Tehran
Buildings and structures in Tehran
Orthodox synagogues
Orthodox Judaism in the Middle East
Buildings of the Qajar period
Synagogues completed in 1894


title: Schwertlied

text:
"Schwertlied" ("Sword Song") is a poem by Theodor Körner, written shortly before his death in battle on 26 August 1813.

Historic context
Theodor Körner was a famous poet during his lifetime, and was appointed poet to the court at the Vienna Burgtheater. He nonetheless gave up his civilian life and joined the Lützow Free Corps, a Prussian military unit composed of volunteers from all over Germany.

As a soldier, Körner wrote several patriotic poems, like "Lützows wilde, verwegene Jagd" and the "Schwertlied". Several hours after having written the "Schwertlied" Körner fell in battle near Gadebusch (Mecklenburg), and consequently became a national hero in Germany.

Content

"Schwertlied" functions as paean of warrior spirit. Therein, Körner describes the relationship between a soldier and his sword as if the weapon were his bride thirsting for blood. In the end, he draws the sword, as battle awaits him, thus making the marriage legal before God ("At last / Hath truly God allied / The right hand to the bride.").

Settings
The poem was set to music by Carl Maria von Weber in 1814 (op. 42 Nr. 6, J. 169).

Franz Schubert set the poem as a part-song (or cantata) for voice, unison choir and piano, on 12 March 1815 ( 170). It was first published in 1873, and in the 1894 edition of Series XX, Volume 2 of Franz Schubert's Works it was published as No. 54.

See also
Theodor Körner (opera)
Lützows wilde, verwegene Jagd

References

German patriotic songs
German poems
Part songs by Franz Schubert


title: Double Form

text:
Double Form (14 February 1975 – 22 April 1983) was an Irish-bred British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. A specialist sprinter, he showed promise as a two-year-old in 1977, and improved to become a high-class performer in 1978. He won only one race as a three-year-old but was placed in several major sprints. In 1979 he improved again to become the highest-rated sprinter in the United Kingdom, winning the Temple Stakes, King's Stand Stakes and Haydock Sprint Cup in England and the Prix de l'Abbaye in France. He was the first horse to win both the King's Stand Stakes and the Prix de l'Abbaye. He was retired to stud where he was an immediate success but died on 22 April 1983.

Background
Double Form was a "big, strong, good-looking" bay horse with no white markings bred in Ireland by his owner Baroness Thyssen. He was sired by Habitat, an American-bred, British-raced miler who became one of the leading European stallions of the 1970s and 1980s. His other progeny included Habibti, Marwell, Rose Bowl, Flying Water, Homing and Sigy and he was the British Champion broodmare sire on three occasions. Double Form's dam, Fanghorn was placed in the Poule d'Essai des Pouliches and was also the dam of Gradiva, the ancestor of the Irish Derby winner Soldier of Fortune. Baroness Thyssen sent the colt into training with Fulke Johnson Houghton at Blewbury in Wiltshire. Double Form usually raced in blinkers

Racing career

1977: two-year-old season
Double Form began his racing career in the Granville Maiden Stakes over six furlongs at Ascot Racecourse in July. Ridden by Lester Piggott he was given an easy introduction and finished sixth of the fourteen runners behind Nutibara. The colt then suffered from a skin problem and did not appear again until October, when he ran in the Burr Stakes over seven and a half furlongs at Lingfield Park Racecourse in October. Starting favourite, he won comfortably from Whitstead, from whom he was receiving eight pounds.

1978: three-year-old season
In the spring of 1978, Double Form was considered a classic contender, but after finishing third in the Greenham Stakes he was unplaced when tried over one mile in the 2000 Guineas. After the Guineas, Double Form was brought back to shorter distances. He won only one of his remaining eight races but established himself as a high-class sprinter. Double Form's sole victory came in May when he won the Great Eastern Handicap at Newmarket Racecourse, carrying a big weight to victory over six furlongs. He finished second to Persian Bold, when ridden by Lester Piggott in the Heron Stakes over seven furlongs on 3 June and then ran second in the Cork and Orrery Stakes at Royal Ascot, beaten half a length by the Irish filly Sweet Mint. In July he was moved up to Group One class and finished third behind Solinus and Sanedtki in the July Cup having looked a likely winner approaching the final furlong. In the Stewards' Cup at Goodwood Racecourse, Double Form was allotted a weight of 131 pounds an unusually high weight for a three-year-old and finished second to the 50/1 outsider Ahonoora, to whom he was conceding 19 pounds. In October he was sent to France for the Group One Prix de l'Abbaye over 1000 metres at Longchamp Racecourse. Ridden by John Reid he started the 29/1 outsider of the seven runner field but produced his best performance of the year to finish third, beaten three lengths and half a length by Sigy and Solinus. On his final appearance of the season he ran poorly when finishing unplaced behind Absalom in the Vernons Sprint Cup.

1979: four-year-old season
Double Form began his third season with an easy win over six furlongs at Thirsk Racecourse and then finished second to Vaigly Great in the five furlong Palace House Stakes at Newmarket, beaten one and a half lengths. At Sandown in May, the colt recorded his first Group race success in the Temple Stakes, beating Ahonoora by a length, with the filly Greenland Park a length and a half away in third place. In June at Royal Ascot, Double Form was moved back up to Group One level for the King's Stand Stakes, in which he started at odds of 12/1 and ridden by John Reid. The field included Vaigly Great, Ahonoora, Golden Thatch (Ballyogan Stakes, Greenlands Stakes), Devon Ditty (Cheveley Park Stakes, Flying Childers Stakes) and King of Macedon (Prix Maurice de Gheest). The race was dominated from the start by Golden Thatch, Double Form and Ahonoora. When Golden Thatch weakened a furlong from the finish, Double Form went to the front and held off the persistent challenge of Ahonoora to win by three-quarters of a length.

Double Form was aimed at the July Cup over six furlongs at Newmarket, but was withdrawn after contracting a viral infection, and did not appear again until the William Hill Sprint Championship at York Racecourse in August. He appeared to be less than fully fit and finished fourth behind Thatching, Ahonoora and Abdu, but was promoted to third after the winner was disqualified for causing interference in the closing stages. In September, Double Form started at odds of 11/4 for the Vernons Sprint Cup and won by three lengths from Ahonoora. He was ridden in this race by the veteran Geoff Lewis, who had been persuaded by Fulke Johnson Houghton to postpone his retirement to take the ride. After the race Lewis said; "It was well worth it, it's wonderful to go out on a winner in a big race like this". Double Form's final race was the Prix de l'Abbaye on 7 October. Although the King's Stand Stakes and the Abbaye were the only two Group One races in Europe open to three-year-olds and older horses, no sprinter had previously completed the double. Double Form started 3.9/1 second favourite behind Thatching, with the other contenders including King of Macedon, Sigy, Ahonoora, Adraan (Prix d'Arenberg, Prix du Bois), Greenland Park and Kilijaro. Making the most of a favourable inside draw, Reid sent Double Form into an early lead and looked likely to win easily 400 metres from the finish. In the closing stage however, he began to tire but ran on "most bravely", and in a very close finish he prevailed by a head and a nose from Kilijaro and Greenland Park, with the Irish filly Baby Brew half a length away in fourth.

Assessment
In 1977, the independent Timeform organisation awarded Double Form a rating of 110 p, the "p" indicating that he was expected to make significantly more than normal improvement: in their annual Racehorses of 1977, they described him as "a colt of tremendous potential". In the following year he was rated 123 by Timeform, seven pounds below their best sprinter Solinus. In the official International Classification, he was rated six pounds below Solinus and thirteen pounds behind the top-rated three-year-old Ile de Bourbon. In 1979 Timeform praised Double Form for his "grit and determination" and awarded him a rating of 130, making him their highest-rated British-trained sprinter, one pound behind the Irish-trained Thatching. The International Classification rated him five pounds inferior to Thatching and eight pounds behind Ile de Bourbon, making him the ninth-best older horse in Europe. In the Gilbey Champion Racehorses awards, based on points awarded for performances in major races, Double Form was named Champion Sprinter of 1979.

Stud record
Double Form was retired from racing to become a breeding stallion at the Airlie Stud, near Dublin at a fee of £4,000 in 1980. He had little opportunity to establish, himself, dying on 22 April 1983 at the age of eight, after severing a main artery when covering a mare. He showed considerable promise in his brief stud career, siring Huntingdale, Timeform's top-rated two-year-old of 1985 and Double Schwartz a sprinter who emulated his sire by winning the Prix de l'Abbaye in 1986.

Pedigree

References

1975 racehorse births
1983 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Thoroughbred family 14-c


title: Rooky Ricardo's Records

text:
Rooky Ricardo's Records is a record store in the Lower Haight district of San Francisco, California, which features mainly soul music 45 rpm records. Dick Vivien, the sole proprietor and owner of Rooky Ricardo's, has been an inspiration to local musicians and disc jockeys in the San Francisco area for 25 years.

References

Companies based in San Francisco
Music retailers of the United States


title: Rånekampen

text:
Rånekampen ("The hog ridge") is a mountain in Nathorst Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a height of 1,185 m.a.s.l. The mountain is located south of Van Mijenfjorden, and is surrounded by the mountains of Vengefjellet, Lundgrenfjellet and Steindolptoppen, and the glaciers of Langlibreen, Steindolpbreen, Vengebreen, and Rånebreen. The valley of Langlidalen separates Rånekampen from the mountains of Langlifjellet and Sven Nilssonfjellet.

References

Mountains of Spitsbergen


title: Napoletana goat

text:
The Napoletana is a breed of domestic goat from the area south of Naples, in Campania in southern Italy. It is raised on the slopes of Vesuvius, on the slopes of the Monti Lattari, and in the Agro Nocerino Sarnese which lies between them. The origin of the breed is unknown. It may derive from goats of African origin imported to the area in the early years of the twentieth century; the alternative name Torca Nera, "black Turkish goat", suggests an origin in the Mediterranean basin.

The Napoletana is one of the forty-three autochthonous Italian goat breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep- and goat-breeders; the herdbook was established in 2002. The Napoletana was in the past numerous. By the early 1980s the population had fallen substantially, to . At the end of 2013 the registered population was reported as 71.

Use

The milk yield of the Napoletana is high. In a lactation of 165 days it averages  litres for primiparous and  litres for pluriparous nannies. The milk has 4.7% fat, 3.4% protein and contains 5% lactose. Kids are usually slaughtered at a weight of .

References

Goat breeds
Dairy goat breeds
Meat goat breeds
Goat breeds originating in Italy
Ark of Taste foods


title: The Summer King (novel)

text:
The Summer King is a fantasy novel by O. R. Melling about twin sisters and the Irish fairy world. It was first published on June 30, 1999, and is the second book in the Chronicles of Faerie series, the first being The Hunter's Moon, the third being The Light-Bearer's Daughter, and the fourth and last being The Book of Dreams.

Plot
Laurel attempts to figure out the circumstances of her twin sister Honor's death. Laurel believes that Honor's death may have been caused by fairies. In order to find out more, Laurel takes on the quest that Honor had promised to complete for a fairy named Faerie.

References

The Chronicles of Faerie series
1999 Canadian novels
1999 fantasy novels


title: Rah-e Danesh Synagogue

text:
Rah-e Danesh Synagogue is a synagogue located near Yusefabad street in Tehran, Iran.

History
In the decade of the 1340s SH (1961–1971 AD) the number of Jews in the Yusefabad neighborhood increased dramatically. Thus a group of Jews decided to create the Synagogue in the Yusefabad street in twentieth alley. The synagogue, which also contains a Jewish school, was built in an area of . The synagogue experienced major reconstruction in 1388 SH (2009–2010 AD).

References

Synagogues in Tehran


title: List of NCAA Division I lacrosse programs

text:
The following is a list of the 77 schools who field men's lacrosse teams and the 129 schools who field women's lacrosse teams in NCAA Division I competition, plus three schools that have planned to begin fielding Division I women's lacrosse teams in 2025.

Conference affiliations are current for the upcoming 2024 NCAA lacrosse season.

Future conference moves noted in this page reflect lacrosse seasons, which take place in the calendar year after a conference change takes effect.

Men

Women

Future women's teams

Footnotes

See also
 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship
 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship all-time team records
 NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship appearances by school
 NCAA Division I Women's Lacrosse Championship
 College lacrosse
 List of NCAA Division II lacrosse programs
 NAIA lacrosse

References

Lacrosse
Programs
Lacrosse programs

NCAA Division I women's lacrosse teams
NCAA Division I programs


title: Renée Lemaire

text:
Renée Lemaire (1914–1944) was a Belgian nurse who volunteered her service at an American military aid station during the Siege of Bastogne in December 1944. She was killed during a German air raid on Christmas Eve in 1944.

Early life
Renée Bernadette Émilie Lemaire was born on 10 April 1914 in Bastogne to Gustave Lemaire and Bertha Gallée.  Her parents owned a hardware store in Bastogne.  She had two sisters, Gisèle and Marguerite.  Lemaire had been a nurse in Brussels during the war. Renée Lemaire was the fiancée of a Jew arrested in Brussels by the Gestapo earlier in the year.

World War II
In December 1944, Renée Lemaire returned to Bastogne to visit her parents, and was trapped when the Germans launched their Ardennes offensive on December 16, 1944. Along with nurse Augusta Chiwy, she volunteered at an aid station for the American 20th Armored Infantry Battalion on December 21, 1944. In a commendation request from Battalion Surgeon Dr. Jack T. Prior, Lemaire was described as "cheerfully accepted the Herculean task and worked without adequate rest or food...", that she "changed dressings, fed patients unable to feed themselves, gave out medications, bathed and made the patients more comfortable...", and "her very presence among those wounded men seem to be an inspiration to those whose morale had declined from prolonged suffering."

On December 24, 1944, around 8:30PM, Germans bombed the building where the aid station was located. According to a column in a Belgian newspaper, the aid station in the basement of the Sarma Store on rue de Neufchateau was demolished. Lemaire managed to evacuate six soldiers from the burning building, but died while attempting to save a seventh wounded.  Dr. Prior recovered her remains, and brought them back to her parents wrapped in a white parachute.

Band of Brothers
In the Band of Brothers episode "Bastogne", a Belgian nurse named Renée (portrayed by Lucie Jeanne) and a Congolese nurse named Anna (portrayed by Rebecca Okot) were shown working tirelessly with American medics, including Eugene Roe, to help wounded soldiers. Historical accounts of Lemaire do not mention Roe.

See also
 Augusta Chiwy
 Siege of Bastogne

References

Bibliography

External links

1914 births
1944 deaths
Belgian nurses
Belgian civilians killed in World War II
Deaths by airstrike during World War II
World War II nurses


title: Louise Pentland

text:
Louise Alexandra Pentland (born 28 April 1985) is an English beauty, motherhood and lifestyle vlogger, blogger, YouTube personality and author. She is also known by her online pseudonym SprinkleofGlitter or SprinkleofChatter, although she publicly disavowed these usernames in favour of using her own name in 2016.

Early life
Pentland was born and raised in Northampton. When she was seven years old, her mother died from metastatic breast cancer, which Pentland goes into detail about in her October 2015 video, "My Pink Hair Story". Her father later remarried and Pentland suffered mental and physical abuse from her stepmother. While at school at Northampton High School, Pentland experienced bullying. Pentland graduated with a Bachelor of Science with Honours in Psychology and Biology from Liverpool John Moores University in 2006.

Career
Pentland was working in a number of office roles when she began writing a craft and interior DIY blog named "Sprinkle of Glitter".

Pentland began her YouTube channel, also named "Sprinkle of Glitter", in January 2010.  At first the channel covered beauty, fashion and lifestyle, as well as her pregnancy; it has since expanded to include motivational and advice videos. In August 2012, Pentland began a second channel named "Sprinkle of Chatter", where she uploads lifestyle vlogs. Pentland has broadcast many collaborations on her channel with other YouTubers, including: Zoe Sugg, Joe Sugg, Alfie Deyes, Louis Cole, Tanya Burr, Tyler Oakley, Troye Sivan, Grace Helbig, Phil Lester, Dan Howell, Caspar Lee, Jim Chapman and others.

As of August 2016 Pentland's main YouTube channel has over 2.5 million subscribers and over 150 million video views; her second channel "Sprinkle of Chatter" has over 1 million subscribers and over 85 million views. Pentland is influential in social media, with over 1 million followers on Twitter and Instagram.

Pentland has identified as a feminist and interviewed Labour Party leader Ed Miliband during the 2015 United Kingdom general election.

In 2014 she began Q&A sessions with her viewers at YouTube conventions named Glitter Time. On 2 November 2014 she performed a pilot of her LouiseLIVE stage show in Northampton, her home town, and went on to take it on tour around the UK.

On 1 September 2016, after her divorce, she announced in the blog post  Why I'm 'Quitting' My Youtube Channel and the video Finishing with Sprinkle of Glitter that she will be quitting her YouTube channel as it is now, and change to something more 'adult', as she feels she has grown up a lot since the start of her channel, and it's time for something new and something she feels is more 'Louise Pentland', instead of 'SprinkleofGlitter'.

Published works
Life with a Sprinkle of Glitter was published in July 2015 by Simon & Schuster. The following month Pentland published Sprinkle of Glitter 2016 Diary: Have the Best Year of Your Life! through Faber and Faber.

Bonnier Zaffre acquired rights to two novels in 2016. The first, Wilde Like Me, was published in June 2017. The sequel, Wilde About The Girl, was published in August 2018. The third and final book in the series, Wilde Women, was published in September 2019.

In March 2020, Bonnier Books announced a three-year portfolio of books written by Pentland, including a memoir on motherhood, scheduled to be released in August 2020; in addition to an adult fiction book, to be published in 2021, and two children's books, due in 2022 and 2023, respectively.

Podcasting
In November 2019 Pentland announced her own podcast, Mothers' Meeting with Louise Pentland, with episodes focusing on "offering insight into the parenting styles, personal struggles, and points of view of some of Britain's best loved mums". The first episode featured Angela Scanlon and Emily Norris, and subsequent guests have included Konnie Huq, Katie Piper and Nadia Sawalha.

Personal life
Pentland studied BSc Psychology and Biology at Liverpool John Moores University. There she met Matt Watson, a teacher, whom she married on 4 September 2010; their daughter, Darcy Jane Watson, was born in 2011. Pentland and Watson separated in mid-2014, but both stated in 2015 that they remained on good terms. Pentland is currently in a relationship with Liam O'Neill; they have a daughter, Pearl Jane Pentland, born in 2018. Pentland and O'Neill announced their engagement in March 2020.

Bibliography

References

External links

1985 births
Alumni of Liverpool John Moores University
English bloggers
English feminists
English women writers
English YouTubers
Living people
People from Northampton
English video bloggers
Women video bloggers
Beauty and makeup YouTubers
British women bloggers
Lifestyle YouTubers
YouTube vloggers
Shorty Award winners
21st-century English women


title: Morena Dam

text:
Morena Dam is a rockfill dam across Cottonwood Creek, a tributary of the Tijuana River, in southern San Diego County, California in the United States. Originally completed in 1912 and raised several times afterward, the dam is one of the oldest components of the city of San Diego's municipal water system, providing between  of water per year. It is one of the few facilities in the San Diego water supply system that relies entirely on local runoff.

There is a small lakeside settlement just east of Morena Reservoir called Morena Village. It makes up part of the census-designated place (CDP) of Campo.

Dimensions
Morena Dam is located in the Cleveland National Forest at the headwaters of Cottonwood Creek, about  east of downtown San Diego. The dam is  high from the riverbed and  long, with a height of  from the foundations. Altogether the dam contains  of earth and rock fill. At its full height, the reservoir can hold  of water, covering . The drainage area above the dam is  and includes the tributary Morena Creek, for which the dam and reservoir are named.

Water is released via a  long tunnel, fed by an intake tower that can draw up to  water from different elevations of the reservoir. The spillway is located on the north side of the dam and has a crest  long, topping out at  above sea level. Flood flows through the spillway are controlled by steel flash gates  high. The spillway has a capacity of approximately .

Usage
Morena Reservoir, also known as Lake Morena, serves primarily for long-term storage of winter flood flows in Cottonwood Creek, and is the uppermost of a chain of three reservoirs – Lower Otay, Barrett and Morena – that provide water to the city of San Diego. Water released from Morena Dam travels several miles down Cottonwood Creek to Barrett Lake, where it is diverted to Lower Otay via the  long Dulzura Conduit. From Lower Otay Reservoir the water enters the Otay Water Treatment Plant, before flowing into the municipal water network. The entire project is known as the Cottonwood-Otay Water System.

Originally providing the city's main water supply, it was relegated to a secondary role after the city began importing water from the Colorado River in 1939. The reservoir now provides a backup water supply that is drawn down during dry years, when stored local water provides a much cheaper alternative than imported water – costing $240 per acre-foot whereas Colorado River water typically costs about $800 per acre-foot. On average, Morena provides only about 3 percent of the city's total supply.

As Morena Reservoir has a larger surface area and thus greater evaporative losses than Barrett Lake, the city generally prioritizes storage in Barrett. Water is moved downstream from Morena as often as possible, if storage space is available in the lower reservoir. In addition, the watershed above Morena generally does not produce enough runoff to fill the reservoir, except in very wet years. Inflows average  per year, or barely a fifth of the storage capacity. As a result, Morena only reaches spillway level about once per decade.

History
The dam was first proposed in the 1880s by the Southern California Mountain Water Company, which envisioned a system of reservoirs and connecting pipelines to transport water from the Tijuana and Otay river basins to San Diego. A bond issue was approved in 1896 for construction of the Morena Dam, which would form the highest and most remote of the reservoirs. Construction began in fall 1896, directed by San Diego city engineer Edwin Capps. The initial construction was fraught with problems caused by leakage and poor engineering, and work stopped in April 1898. It was not until May 1909 when construction resumed, under engineer Michael O'Shaughnessy. The job was finally finished in 1912, at a cost of about $1.5 million.

The city of San Diego purchased the dam from Mountain Water Company in 1914. Since then, it has been raised several times to increase its capacity –  in 1917,  in 1923,  in 1930 and  in 1946. The spillway was rebuilt and widened in 1946 to increase its safety margin in floods.

Because the dam was built in a high mountain area with some of the highest annual rainfall in San Diego County, it was anticipated that its reservoir would fill every year. However, the early 1900s saw continuous drought conditions in Southern California, and the reservoir did not fill to more than a third of its capacity in the first few years of operations. It was not until 1916 (see below) when Morena reached capacity for the first time.

The "Rainmaker"
In 1916, the city of San Diego hired Charles Hatfield, a man known as the "Rainmaker", who had offered to fill Morena Reservoir at a cost of $10,000. Although the city council doubted his ability, Hatfield was hired and set to work "rainmaking" on January 1. By January 10, flooding rains began to fall throughout San Diego County. Rising at a peak rate of two feet (0.6 m) per hour, Morena Reservoir filled and spilled on January 26, a mere  from the top of the dam. In the rest of the county, flooding washed out bridges, inundated neighborhoods and killed over 50 people. The city subsequently deemed the rains an "act of God" and determined that if Hatfield were to collect the fee for filling Morena reservoir he would also have to pay for the damages caused by the rains. Hatfield never took the money.

References

External links
Lake Morena County Park
Daily water levels table for Morena and other San Diego County lakes

Dams in California
Dams completed in 1912
Rock-filled dams
United States local public utility dams
1912 establishments in California


title: Boutique Blends Cigars

text:
Boutique Blends Cigars, formerly the Habana Cuba Cigar Company, is an American manufacturer of premium hand-rolled cigars based in Miami, Florida. The company was established in 1996 during the American cigar boom as the non-Cuban manufacturer of the historic Cuban "Oliveros" brand. The company was sold in 2002 to a new ownership group consisting of the Cuban-born Rafael Nodal (born 1964), his wife Alina Cordoves Nodal, and Hank Bischoff.

In addition to products made under the Oliveros label, Boutique Blends is the maker of the brand names King Havano, Swag, and Aging Room. The name Boutique Blends was adopted as a new name for the company in February 2012 as part of a general repositioning of the firm away from flavored cigars and towards a premium, small batch, unflavored product. In 2013, Boutique Brands' Aging Room Quattro F55 Concerto cigar was named the "No. 2 Cigar of the Year" by the influential glossy magazine Cigar Aficionado. In 2019, the handmade Aging Room Quattro Nicaragua Maestro, produced in collaboration with Tabacalera A.J. Fernandez, was named "No. 1 Cigar of the Year".

Company history

Establishment

The Habana Cuba Cigar Company was established in 1996 in Miami Lakes, Florida, as the non-Cuban licensee of the historic Cuban brand Oliveros. The American cigar market was entering the 5th year of a massive cigar boom, marked by demand outstripping supply at the wholesale and retail levels and the launch of many new brands to capitalize on a very favorable manufacturing climate. Habana Cuba Cigar Company launched the Oliveros brand for the American market as a flavored cigar, contracting production from Milton Germosen in the Dominican Republic.

The timing of the company's launch was not propitious, however, as in 1997 the supply of premium cigars began to surpass demand as the cigar fad faded. Millions of unsold cigars began to accumulate in inventory and the cigar boom gave way to a protracted retrenchment of the market, or "bust." Hubana Cuba Cigar and Oliveros soldiered on in the difficult market, turning to sellers on the internet for its primary distribution. The main distributor of the company's product was a website operated by Rafael Nodal and Hank Bischoff which specialized in the sale of the creations of small brands based in the Miami area.

As its most important sellers Nodal and Bischoff were not long in becoming formal advisors to Habana Cuba Cigar Company. In 2002 the owners of the company decided to sell the Habana Cuba Cigar Company. Rafael Nodal and Hank Bischoff, together with Nodal's wife, Alina Cordoves Nodal, herself the Cuban-born daughter of a second-generation tobacco distributor, entered into partnership and purchased the firm.

New ownership and a new emphasis

At the time of the 2002 acquisition, the portfolio of Habana Cuba Cigar Co. consisted of flavored cigars, with a handful of unflavored products such as the Oliveros Classic and the Oliveros Gran Reserva. The company's new owners soon discontinued their retail website in order to better concentrate their efforts on building wholesale distribution of the Oliveros brand.

Over time it became clear that the brand's foray into manufacture of flavored cigars — a market dominated by inexpensive machine-made products produced by large tobacco corporations — was an unprofitable way forward and that a more likely path to profitability and growth lay in the production of premium handrolled cigars. The Habana Premier Selection, a new premium product called constructed from high-quality Nicaraguan tobaccoand manufactured under contract by Perdomo, was introduced. This marked the first time that a brand not called "Oliveros" was produced by the company.

In 2005 another new brand typified by a thick ring gauge was launched, called XL for Men. Instead of marketing the fat cigars to a specialized subset of experienced smokers, the brand was launched as an item for a mass market. An inability to maintain consistent quality and taste was an ongoing issue for the company and the size of the product relative to the rest of the market in that year further marginalized the brand's appeal.

Rafael Nodal recalled the failed XL for Men effort in a 2014 interview:

"XL for Men was not a successful line.... [W]e did everything wrong.... We should have marketed it as a niche product. At the time, cigars rarely went to 60 ring [0.9375 inches in diameter]. Now, it's normal. We may have been ahead of our time with the ring gauges, but we didn't have the necessary knowledge to execute it properly."

A more successful new product followed, a line called Oliveros King Havano. The cigar, developed with the aid of esteemed Nicaraguan tobacco grower Nestor Plasencia, was a Nicaraguan puro and gained a following which enabled the production of 300,000 units — the most successful release for Oliveros to date. The line was released both through physical "brick-and-mortar" tobacco shops and through the mass marketing of the catalog trade, a decision later regarded by company founder Rafael Nodal as a mistake, since it ultimately undermined the perceived value of the line.

Habana Cuba Cigar Co. next moved further into the production of specialized, small batch production with the launch of its next product line, a brand called Swag. In contrast to the Nicaraguan-made King Havano, the company returned to the Dominican Republic for production of the new line, contracting manufacture to José "Jochi" Blanco and his Tabacalera La Palma. The spicy line made use of Cuban seed and was a puro — containing 100% Dominican leaf. The new line was well received by consumers and reinforced the company's decision to move from mass market to boutique premium production.

The company moved even deeper into small batch production in 2011 with the launch of its Aging Room brand, a line which made use of premium aged Dominican tobacco and which was produced in even more limited quantities than its Swag products.

Launch of Boutique Brands

In 2012 the company's repositioning as a maker of small batch, premium cigars was further solidified with adoption of a new name, Boutique Blends Cigars. The announcement of the new company name was made on February 21 at the Pro Cigar trade show and festival in Santiago, Dominican Republic.

Boutique Blends received a major boost in the cigar world that same year, when the company's Aging Room Small Batch M356, a spicy ligero-laced cigar, made the list of the Top 25 Cigars of 2011 in Cigar Aficionado magazine. This was followed two years later with an even greater triumph, when the Aging Room Small Batch F55 was named the No. 2 Cigar of the Year for 2013 by that same magazine.

Strategic Alliance with Altadis

On May 15, 2017, Boutique Blends announced it was entering into a strategic alliance with Altadis USA by which Altadis would now handle sales and distribution for Boutique Blends portfolio. As a part of that alliance, Rafael Nodal would also join the Altadis USA executive team handling quality and production innovation across the whole Altadis portfolio.

Product lines

 Oliveros Flavors
 Oliveros Classic
 Oliveros Gran Reserva
 Oliveros Eight Zero (2007)
 Oliveros King Havano
 Oliveros Sun Grown Reserve
 XL for Men
 Swag
 Aging Room
 Kopi Luwak
 Vista de Cuba

See also
List of cigar brands

References

External links
 Official company website, www.oliveroscigars.com/

Companies established in 1996
Cigar manufacturing companies


title: 1978 in Portugal

text:
Events in the year 1978 in Portugal.

Incumbents
President: António Ramalho Eanes
Prime Minister: Mário Soares (until 28 August), Alfredo Nobre da Costa (from 28 August to 22 November), Carlos Mota Pinto (from 22 November)

Events
 23 January - Establishment of the II Constitutional Government of Portugal.
 29 August - Establishment of the III Constitutional Government of Portugal.
 22 November - Establishment of the IV Constitutional Government of Portugal.

Culture
Portugal participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 with Gemini and the song "Dai li dou".

Sports
In association football, for the first-tier league seasons, see 1977–78 Primeira Divisão and 1978–79 Primeira Divisão.
Establishment of the 1ª Divisão de Andebol Feminino.
Establishment of the Portuguese Handball Third Division.
17 and 24 June - 1978 Taça de Portugal Final

References

Portugal
Years of the 20th century in Portugal
Portugal


title: Somalal Shah

text:
Somalal Shah (14 February 1905–1994) was an Indian painter and art teacher. Born in Kapadvanj and educated in Bombay and Calcutta, he spent three decades painting and teaching art in Bhavnagar in Saurashtra, Gujarat.

Early life
Shah was born to a shopkeeper Chunilal and Jekorben on 14 February 1905 in Kapadvanj, Gujarat, India. He studied briefly at Gujarat College in Ahmedabad in 1925 and Kalavant Karkhana in Baroda. He joined Sir J. J. School of Art, Bombay in 1926 but left for Ahmedabad after a year. He studied under Pramod Chattopadyaya from 1926 to 1928. He further studied at Indian Society of Oriental Art, Calcutta established by Abanindranath Tagore where he studied under Kshitindranath Majumdar.

Career
On Ravishankar Raval's advice, he joined Dakshinamurti, an educational institute established by Nanabhai Bhatt, as an arts teacher. Dakshinamurti published a portfolio of fifteen paintings titled Rang Rekha in 1934–35. In Bhavnagar State, the royal family of Bhavnagar became his patron. Dakshinamurti moved out of Bhavnagar in 1939. So Somalal taught briefly at Kumarshala and Gharshala until 1943. He joined Alfred High School in 1944 on request of the royals of Bhavnagar state. He taught arts there for two decades. He retired in 1960 and moved to Ahmedabad.

He died in 1994 in Ahmedabad.

Style
He attempted to use European techniques on Indian subjects. He also worked in styles of Indian miniature paintings and the Bengal revivalist movement. He avoided heavy oil colour strokes and muted sepia tones. As he studied in Culcutta, he was greatly influenced by Nandalal Bose and Abanindranath Tagore. He used a wash technique which later became his signature style. He lived in Saurashtra region of Gujarat for almost three decades where his works depicted the culture and people of the region. He also illustrated the book on the birds of Kutch and Saurashtra. His paintings were natural and realistic with great attention to the details. He was a fond of wash technique of painting.

Jyoti Bhatt and Khodidas Parmar were his students.

Awards
He was awarded the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak in 1949. In 1990, he received the Ravishankar Raval State Award for Arts by the Government of Gujarat. In 1988, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation felicitated him. He was also the recipient of an award from the Gujarat Lalit Kala Akademi.

References

External links
Esther David, The Maya of Colours

1905 births
1994 deaths
Indian male painters
People from Kheda district
20th-century Indian painters
Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak
Painters from Gujarat
20th-century Indian male artists


title: The Light-Bearer's Daughter

text:
The Light-Bearer's Daughter is a fantasy novel by O.R. Melling. It was published on March 1, 2001, and is the third book in the Chronicles of Faerie series, the first being The Hunter's Moon, the second being The Summer King, and the fourth and final being The Book of Dreams.

Plot
In this book, a young girl named Dana from Ireland runs away from home when her father informs her that they are moving to Canada. Her mother disappeared when Dana was small. Dana begins to discover more about the world of Faerie and learns the reasons behind her mother's disappearance.

References

 Kirkus reviews

The Chronicles of Faerie series
2001 Canadian novels
2001 fantasy novels


title: Thomas M. Burgess

text:
Thomas Mackie Burgess (June 6, 1806 – October 17, 1856) was an American politician. He served as second mayor of  Providence, Rhode Island from 1841 to 1852.

Early life
Burgess was born in Providence and graduated Brown University, class of 1822. After graduation, he began to study law, but abandoned this pursuit to become a successful merchant.

Political career
When Providence became a city in 1832, Burgess was elected one of the original members of the Providence Common Council. On the death of the first mayor, Samuel W. Bridgham, in February 1841, Burgess was elected his successor and re-elected annually until 1852.

He was mayor during the Dorr Rebellion (1841–42), a violent free-suffrage movement that promoted voting rights for all men regardless of property ownership. This was a turbulent time when Rhode Island had two separate governors vying to run the state concurrently.

Railroad career
Burgess was president of the Providence, Warren and Bristol Railroad Company. And/or he served as the President of the Boston and Providence Railroad Company.

Personal life

Burgess enjoyed spending winters in Charleston, South Carolina, where he made many lifelong friends.

He married Eliza Howard of Providence in 1831.

Was paralyzed by stroke about two and a half years before his death, then died of a second stroke. He died at his residence, 108 South Main Street, Providence, October 17, 1856.

References

External links

 Mayors of the City of Providence

1806 births
1856 deaths
Politicians from Providence, Rhode Island
Mayors of Providence, Rhode Island
Brown University alumni
Burials at North Burying Ground (Providence)
19th-century American politicians


title: Refuge des Sarradets

text:
Le refuge des Sarradets, or refuge de la Brèche de Roland is a mountain refuge in the Pyrenees. It is located in Gavarnie, near la brèche de Roland, in the Pyrenees National Park, at  high.

Etymology
The refuge took its names from le col des Sarradets () located just a few meters north-west and from le col de la Brèche de Roland located above it.

History
The cirque de Gavarnie is one of the biggest sites in the Pyrenees and one of the most frequented. The well-known brèche de Roland gives access to the summits of the circus, to the Monte Perdido, to the Taillon, to the Aragonese valleys also. Excursionists who used to bivouac in the sector contentaient de l'abri Gaurier ou Villa Gaurier : a cave located in the wall, near la Fausse brèche, at the foot of pic Bazillac, discovered and arranged by abbot Ludovic Gaurier in 1906, who gave it its name and which was later arranged in 1911 by le Club alpin français, but which remained a stark comfort.

The need of a larger and more comfortable refuge was felt for a long while, when Robert Ollivier launched the project in 1942. The construction started in 1951, on the draughts of architect from Tarbes J. Martin. It was of a new kind at the time, in what can be considered as the third period of pyrenean refuges (housing style with shallow roofs and widely opened windows), in local ashlar and a copper-leaf-covered roof. It offered 60 places arranged in two dormitories of bunk-beds couchettes and a guide bedroom. Built by Castells enterprise of Bagnères-de-Bigorre, it was inaugurated in 1956 by Maurice Herzog, president of the Club alpin français. It was the first modern post-war refuge in the Pyrenees. In 1970, the refuge capacity extended to 90 places.

Access
One can get there from Gavarnie : either by the route to the col des Tentes, then by the port de Boucharo on the Franco-Spanish border, or from the cirque de Gavarnie by l'échelle des Sarradets.
Other access : from Pouey-Aspé by le vallon des Tourettes, or even from Spain, by la brèche de Roland.

Infrastructures
Le refuge des Sarradets offers 57 places and a restaurant service in the main season (May to September), 30 places out of season.

References

External links
 refuge website

Pyrenees
Geography of Hautes-Pyrénées