title: John James Tayler

text:
John James Tayler (1797–1869) was an English Unitarian Minister.

Background
The eldest son of James Tayler (1765–1831) by his wife Elizabeth (1774–1847), daughter of John Venning of Walthamstow, he was born at 12, Church Row, Newington Butts, in Surrey, on 15 August 1797. His father, was Unitarian minister successively at Walthamstow, Southwark, and Nottingham; and made him a Latinist. Tayler's father, following the death of his father, Richard Tayler (†1784), himself a non-conformist minister, was adopted by Andrew Kippis (1725–1795), editor of the Biographia Britannica (1778) who assumed the role of guardian and tutor and helped him about 1788 enter New College at Hackney (where, Kippis was appointed one of the tutors, together with Richard Price, Joseph Priestley, and Gilbert Wakefield). Tayler wrote in his obituary of his father, that "domestic occurrences" had prevented him from completing his course at Hackney and he continued his studies in private, under the direction of Dr. Kippis. "At the recommendation of Kippis he officiated at Nottingham, as a supply, for several months, in 1793 or 1794; after which he preached for some time at Walthamstow, where in 1795, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Mr. John Venning, of that place. In the beginning of 1797, he succeeded the Rev. Thomas Jervis, as sole minister of St. Thomas's Meeting-house, Southwark."

At Hackney his classical tutor was Gilbert Wakefield (1756–1801), and Tayler attributed his father's "exact and solid knowledge" of the Greek and Latin languages to Wakefield's influence. Tayler's father also "took a lively interest in the discoveries of natural philosophy; and works on chemistry and physiology". In 1802 his father moved to Nottingham as one of the Ministers of the High Pavement Chapel a post he held until 1831.

In the spring of 1808 his father started a school situated in his own home. Tayler refers to "the expenses of a large and increasing family" as the main reason for doing so- Tayler had two brothers, Andrew and William and three sisters Emily, Elizabeth and Clara. It was this first schooling that had a profound effect on him, and it was his father's pronounced "philological habits" that "led to a scrupulous and anxious habit of mind in matters of minute accuracy" that made a deep and lasting impression on the young Tayler who was closely taught by his father.

Education
Manchester College, York

In September 1814 he entered Manchester College, York, then under the triumvirate of Charles Wellbeloved (1769–1858) the principal, William Turner (1788–1853) tutor in mathematics and philosophy and John Kenrick (1788–1877) tutor in classics and history. After his father, probably the greatest influence on the young Tayler was Kenrick. His father, at first sceptical of Manchester College, took a very keen interest and closely watched his education at York, personally negotiating with Kenrick about the structure of some of his sons lessons. By March 1816, he was already aware of the plans his father had made for him to study at the University of Glasgow, "It is now determined that my father—intends me to spend my next session at Glasgow, before I enter in my third year here."

University of Glasgow

From November 1816 at Glasgow University it was a further triumvirate of teachers, George Jardine (1742–1827) professor of logic, John Young (1750?–1820), professor of Greek, the so-called 'Pseudo-Johnson', and the philosopher James Mylne (1757–1839) who influenced him. His correspondence at this time with his childhood friend, the Persian scholar Samuel Robinson (1794–1894), who would later translate Friedrich Schiller's Wilhelm Tell (1824), reveal details of the lectures. Following his graduation as B.A. at Glasgow he returned to Manchester College, York, and as early as November 1818 he was made aware of John Kenrick's "wish to spend a complete year abroad at some German university"

Career
Classical Tutor at Manchester College, York

He was appointed classical tutor at York (1819–1820) as Kenrick's substitute. During this time he was "thinking of becoming a physician as well as a dissenting minister” receiving an undisclosed offer from his friend the economist and antiquary, Robert Hyde Greg (1795–1875). Later that year he visited Edinburgh (where it appears he met Thomas Southwood Smith (1788–1861) the Unitarian minister who had also studied medicine, and graduated MD in 1816. By August 1820 whilst visiting George William Wood (1781–1843) at Platt, near Manchester, the questioning of combining the two subjects had moved on to a simple choice between the two. Dr.Peter Mark Roget, the physician and lexicographer, and Dr.William Henry, both advised Tayler against the choice of medicine.

Mosley Street Unitarian Chapel, Manchester 1821

The position at Mosley Street Unitarian chapel, Manchester was facilitated for him, and on 4 October 1820 Tayler became minister, in succession to William Hawkes (1759–1820), at Mosley Street Chapel, Manchester, where he was ordained on 20 April 1821. It was not a difficult choice moving to Manchester (lodging at first as a guest at John Gooch Robberds' (1789–1854) home). Manchester was a place, he wrote "where the Dissenters enjoy a degree of weight and respectability above any other part of the kingdom, and where some of them are men most distinguished for science and literature, and who consequently would form most valuable associates for a young man eager for intellectual improvement." It was upon Mosley Street Chapel's sixty-eight pews, that the elite of Manchester's commercial and industrial middle class sat listening to him.  He was elected a member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society on 26 January 1821. Later that year he met Thomas Belsham (1750–1829) in August 1821. He also took private lessons in Classics, History, belles Lettres, at No. 7, Dickenson-Street, to supplement his income. In April 1822, Tayler began a series of lectures at the rooms of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, George-Street, entitled On the Rise and Progress of our National Poetry.

With Wordsworth in the Lake District
In July 1826 July Tayler met William Wordsworth in the Lake District (Ambleside, Rydal). In July 1830 he wrote to his wife "I am solacing myself with Wordsworth. Do you know I shall become a thorough convert to him. Much of his poetry is delicious, and I perfectly adore his philosophy. To me he seems the purest, the most elevated and the most Christian of poets. I delight in his deep and tender piety, and his spirit of exquisite sympathy with whatever is lovely and grand in the breathing universe around us." In September 1827 Tayler contemplated applying as a candidate for the professorship of the English language and literature in the newly founded London University (University College London) that would acquire the nickname 'The Godless Institution of Gower Street'.

The 'apologist of infidelity'
Tayler delivered a radical sermon "On Communion with Unbelievers" on 30 March 1828 that acquired some notoriety, The Manchester Chronicle (5 April) branded him an "apologist of infidelity" and the clerical establishment in the pages of The Congregational Magazine described him as the "arch-fiend", who in proposing to welcome Free-thinkers into his church had revealed "the hideous and malignant features of the apostate spirit". At the beginning of May 1831, the tragic news of the loss of his brother Andrew at sea, en route to Calcutta, hastily brought on his father's death some weeks later on 15 May. At the time of his father's funeral (at which John Kentish, a fellow student from New College, Hackney, gave a sermon), Tayler was also approached to become the minister of the New Meeting Congregation at Birmingham, a position which he turned down.

Tayler's name repeatedly appears in the Intelligence sections of Unitarian periodicals and for nearly thirty years he was actively involved in innumerable social and reform activities in Manchester and regularly attended meetings. The Manchester Ministry to the Poor; Manchester District Sunday-School Association; The Lancashire and Cheshire Presbyterian Association and the British and Foreign Unitarian Association (BFUA), founded in 1825. He was a member of the Manchester Athenaeum, and he was also closely involved with the Royal Manchester Institution. In February 1846 he submitted a plan for "rationalizing and organizing the lecture programme" at the Royal Manchester Institution which the RMI Council approved of and instituted the following year. He was a member of the Chetham Society and regularly used its library and he was a member of the Philological Society. He was a member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He sustained his ministry in Manchester for 33 years, moving his congregation (1 September 1839) to Upper Brook Street Chapel, a magnificent building designed by Sir Charles Barry, and the first specimen of Gothic architecture built for Unitarians.

Tayler had begun to study German at Manchester College, York as early as 1815, he was probably encouraged by Kenrick who later actually taught German at York. By February 1823 there is confirmation of his competence in German in a letter to his uncle Richard Tayler: "I have so far mastered German, as to be able to read the language with pleasure, and can use my knowledge of it profitably in referring to difficult books, connected with my other studies". In 1830 he published two articles on the German philosopher and theologian Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) in the Monthly Repository Some Account of the Life and Writings of Herder, two years later he published four articles entitled Herder's Thoughts on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind. In these articles, Tayler had translated passages from almost all of the twenty books of Herder's major work the Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit, blissfully unaware of Thomas Otton Churchill's earlier translation from 1800. His study and knowledge of Herder's works, following Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834), William Taylor of Norwich (1765–1836), Thomas De Quincey (1785–1859) and his close personal friend Henry Crabb Robinson (1775–1867), was probably the most wide-ranging in England of the nineteenth century. He is one of Herder's most important and neglected English interpreters of the 19th century.

Travel and Study in Germany 1834–35
In 1834–35 Tayler spent a year in Germany travelling together with his family, studying at first at the University of Göttingen, here Tayler met the two leading intellectual figures in the theological faculty: Gottfried Christian Friedrich Lücke (1791–1855) and Johann Karl Ludwig Gieseler (1792–1854). He regularly attended Lücke's seminars "four afternoons in the week on the Kritik and Hermeneutik of the New Testament" as well as a lecture of Gieseler's on Ecclesiastical History every morning, except Sundays."  He also attended the lectures and seminars of Heinrich Ewald (1803–1875).  "At two I go to another lecture, on the Archaeology of the Old Testament and the History of the Jews by Professor Ewald. I am exceedingly pleased with Ewald and his lectures.—he was a favourite pupil of the late Eichhorn's, whose department he now fills..." At Göttingen he also went to the early morning lectures of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840) and spoke highly of his daughter who "has been very kind in her attentions to us." Georg Friedrich Benecke (1762–1844)- who had taught Coleridge German when he was at Göttingen (September 1798- July 1799)- introduced Tayler to Karl Otfried Müller (1797–1840) professor of ancient literature. Tayler heard him lecture on Greek antiquities in the morning followed by his lectures on Pindar. Afterwards, Tayler often walked with his wife, sister and the children at midday when they all had dinner"

Early 1835 he studied at the University of Bonn, where he and his family lodged at the house of the historian and philosopher Christian August Brandis (1790–1867), who had been the close friend of Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834) and Barthold Georg Niebuhr(1776–1831). He attended his lectures on Greek philosophy. He met Georg Benjamin Mendelssohn (1794–1874), the grandson of Moses Mendelssohn, a Privatdozent who was lecturing on ancient and modern geography. At Bonn he attended lectures on early Roman history by August Wilhelm Schlegel (1767–1845), seminars presided over by the theologian Karl Immanuel Nitzsch (1787–1868); also courses given by Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker (1784–1868), the German philologist, archaeologist and librarian- who at this time was giving a course on the interpretation of paintings and bas-reliefs, "illustrative of the Epic cyclus of ancient fable."  He heard Johann Christian Wilhelm Augusti (1771–1841) known for his 'Der kleine Koran' (1798) and who together with Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette had published a new translation of the Old Testament (1809), as well as Johann Martin Augustin Scholz (1794–1852), professor of theology in the Catholic faculty, who was preparing a new edition of the Greek Testament."To most of these excellent men," at Bonn, Tayler wrote afterwards, he was indebted "for the kind attentions and many hours of valuable instruction...".

He met many leading theologians, philosophers and historians and he wrote a series of letters addressed to his Mosley-street congregation in Manchester about his on-going studies and travels. On his return he published in the Unitarian The Christian Teacher in six parts, his Retrospect of a Twelvemonth Passed in Germany (1836). Their lively anecdotal form coupled with profound insights into "the German mind", enthused other Unitarians-including many of his students- to follow the same route to Germany. "Trinitarianism" he wrote, "so far at least as the distinct personality of the Holy Spirit is concerned, is very generally given up by the most learned divines in Germany":

Manchester College and return to Manchester 1840
In 1840 Manchester College was moved from York back to Manchester (its place of origin), under the name of Manchester New College, and Tayler became professor of ecclesiastical history. He held also a theological professorship from 1852. At a Meeting of the Trustees (25 May 1853) he was asked to accept the offices of Principal and Professor of Ecclesiastical History. Manchester New College transferred to London in connexion with University College at University Hall, and was thus affiliated to the University of London for the next 13 years. Tayler had hoped for an arrangement "which would enable me to reside permanently in Manchester, and yet preserve my connection with the College as a Lecturer, for a term every session; and more than one overture have I made to that effect." But this did not transpire, Tayler and his family moved to London and lived at 22, Woburn Square, for the next seven years, within easy reach of the college in Gordon Square. He delivered his inaugural address at University Hall, London, on Friday 14 October.; from 1857 he ran the whole of the theological department, apart from religious philosophy and Hebrew.

Probably influenced by his friend and colleague Francis William Newman (1805–1897), Tayler's engagement for abolitionist and nationalist causes was considerable. In June 1850 he had given a "Speech on the Question of American Slavery" at Altrincham, in Cheshire, later that year in November 1850 Tayler set up an 'Hungarian Fund' and shows himself politically engaged for Magyar exiles resident in Manchester. The secretary of Lajos Kossuth(1802–1894) had asked Tayler to "get up a Memorial" for the deliverance of Kossuth and his companions from their confinement in Turkey. Tayler writes: "Our Hungarian friends are dispirited; Kossuth and his companions are dying by inches of hardship." By February 1851 Tayler's Hungarian memorial with some 800 names was eventually presented to Lord Palmerston by Thomas Milner-Gibson (1806–1884), the latter who "was cold and cautious, and not very encouraging"  In July Tayler was on the platform at a public meeting held in the Town Hall, Manchester on the captivity of Kossuth, and gave an impassioned speech.  Indeed, Tayler understood the nationalist struggles of Kossuth and the Italian Giuseppe Mazzini(1805–1872) and their writings as "the earnest and impassioned eloquence of the most energetic assertors of freedom and progress" – here was also the presence of a religious element, not "the work and conventional phraseology of a church or sect, but deep and thrilling undertones...caught from the inspiration of prophets and apostles of an older day" Kossuth and Mazzini were "breathing the living spirit of Christ". This was inescapably a form of political theology that wholeheartedly embraced nationalism. And when Tayler claimed that Kossuth and Mazzini were currently: "promoting the moral and spiritual advancement of the human race", it was too much for other Unitarians, the Rev. B. Mardon at a meeting of the Trustees objected strongly to Tayler's politicisation of his lectures. On 27 April 1855 he delivered a lecture addressed to the Secularists at the Literary Institution, John Street, Fitzroy Square, London, obtaining praise from George Holyoake (1817–1906)

From 1853 Tayler was a trustee of Dr. Williams's foundations. In October 1854–55 Tayler taught a course in Moral Philosophy at Bedford-square Ladies' College, London, founded in 1849 by Elizabeth Jesser Reid (1789–1866) who Tayler had known since 1838.

Further Travel and Study in Germany 1856–62
In 1856 Tayler visited Heidelberg in Germany where he met amongst others, Baron Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen, the historian Friedrich Christoph Schlosser and the theologian David Friedrich Strauss (1808–1874), the author of Das Leben Jesu, a work that Tayler wrote "which shook the whole Theological World like an earthquake, though it was only an explosion of elements that had long been fermenting under Hegelian influence in the school of Tübingen, and might therefore have been predicted." He documented a further historical account of the transformation of theology in Germany in three articles Letters on Religion in Germany. Written from Heidelberg (1856). Once again in Germany in the summer of July–August 1857 he spent part of his holidays at Düsternbrook, Kiel, and visited the university where he met the philologist Georg Curtius (1820–1885), the classical geographer Peter Wilhelm Forchhammer (1801–1894) who presented Tayler with a monograph of his on Achilles; Madame Dorothea Hensler (née Behrens) the friend of Niebuhr― she was the sister of his first wife―  as well as the theologian Dr. Carl Peter Matthias Lüdermann. He praised the university library pursuing his studies very diligently working "every morning till dinner". In 1858 he attended the 300th anniversary celebration of the founding of the University of Jena. In 1862, accompanied by his daughter Hannah, Tayler was again in Germany, Thuringia, Leipzig, Dresden and Coburg. At Koblenz, he slept at the hotel Zum Weissen Ross at Ehrenbreitstein- in the identical rooms he and his wife had taken back in 1835. He spent the summer months at Bad Liebenstein in the Thuringian forest (six weeks) with excursions to Wilhelmsthal, near Eisenach, and visits to Coburg, Hof and Leipzig. In Leipzig he met Constantin von Tischendorf (1815–1874), who showed him the original codex Sinaiticus, he also made a tour of Brockhaus the publishers.

During 1859–60, after the death of Edward Tagart, he was one of the ministers of Little Portland Street chapel, together with James Martineau in what was called a "joint pastorship". Henry Crabb Robinson was an attendant. On 9 February 1858, a deputation of English Presbyterian Ministers of London and Westminster, presented an address of congratulation to Queen Victoria at Buckingham Palace, on the occasion of the dynastic marriage (25. 1. 1858) of the Princess Royal, Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa (1840–1901) to Prince Frederick William of Prussia (1831–1888). Tayler personally addressed Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1819–1861). A few days later Tayler waited on the Prussian ambassador, Count Albrecht von Bernstorff (1809–1873), to deliver a spirited Anglo-German address to the married couple. Throughout July–August 1859, Tayler was with his family in the Lake District; he attended at Rydal Mount the sale auction of Wordsworth's books (primarily to buy books for Henry Crabb Robinson); on 14 August he climbed Skiddaw mountain () and Tayler and his daughter Hannah were involved in a serious road accident (26 August). From May to June 1860 Tayler was seriously ill— a weak and sensitive stomach, with frequent feelings of nausea— at Heathside Cottage, Northend, Hampstead. In October, together with his wife, who was also poorly, they were convalescing at Eastbourne, Sussex, he wrote that he was still recovering having "swallowed enough of quinine, iodine and nitric acid during the last two months to disorder one's natural system completely." In what was one of the coldest Decembers in London (at Hyde Park it had measured −17C ) he announced his retirement from Little Portland Street Unitarian chapel. He visited the Netherlands(University of Leyden) and Belgium in 1867. Tayler was present at the meeting at Sion College (15 February 1868) where the Dean of Westminster, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815–1881) gave his lecture on The Connection of Church and State.

Journey to Transylvania
In April 1868 Tayler received an invitation to attend the approaching tercentenary of the Unitarian Church in Transylvania (The oldest Unitarian community in Europe, was at Thorla in Transylvania) and at the age of seventy-one he left London (accompanied by his daughter) on 30 June, bound for Transylvania "proceeding by Brussels, Cologne, Coblentz, [through Würtzburg and Bamberg]and Heidelberg.He continued via Vienna, Budapest, Klausenburg and in August was in Gyéres. On his way to Transylvania, writing from the Frankische Schweitz we possess a Unitarian credo of Catholic spirit, some eight months before his death, where Tayler revealed himself a follower of Richard Baxter (1615–1691) a 'Baxterian', thankful for having been born and bred into a Presbyterian Church "which has never made anything fundamental in Christianity, but the spirit of Christ himself" he wrote to his friend James Martineau: ”I consider Baxter to have been the first who introduced the essence of this grand faith, as the bond of all true Church life, into this country; and look on our Presbyterian forefathers, not excluding Priestley and Price, with Dr. Channing and yourself, as his genuine and consistent followers- only developing the germs which he left behind him.”

Death and Commemoration

By 8 November he was back in Hampstead, London. Following his return from this Transylvanian journey, according to Thom, “A languor marked him from that time, with the not unfrequent look of one whose mind was far away.”

On 28 May 1869 he died in Hampstead, and on 3 June he was buried at Highgate Cemetery, beside his wife and son.

There is a window dedicated to him in Rosslyn Hill Chapel, Hampstead, on the east side in the middle with the following inscription:
"In memory of the Revd John James Tayler, B. A. Principal and Professor of | Manchester New College, London. Born August 16th 1797. Died May 18th 1869. His scholarly attainments, his comprehensive views, his catholic spirit, and his far-seeing wisdom all known by his writings. This window is placed here by friends and fellow worshipers as a tribute to his simple and elevated character, saintly virtues, large humanity tender sympathies and child-like devotion. His life was a persuasive to piety; his memory lifts up the heart to a better world."

Family
Tayler married (6 January 1825) Miss Hannah Smith (died 16 February 1862), the daughter of the banker Timothy Smith of Icknield, Birmingham.

Their first child, Hannah Elizabeth (1826?-†11 February 1899) was probably born early 1826; the following year a second child, John Hutton Tayler (1827–1854). On 8 July 1838, their 3rd child, a daughter, was born at Blackpool, and died the following year on 22 March 1839.

The novelist, Elizabeth Gaskell, married to the Unitarian William Gaskell, who was at Cross Street Unitarian Chapel, Manchester, gave a humorous account of Hannah's pregnancy and birth.

Works
Besides sermons and addresses, Tayler published:

Some Remarks on the Nature of Genius. By the Rev. John James Tayler, A. B. One of the Secretaries of the Society.(Read 31 October 1823.  In: Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. Second Series. Volume IV, 1824, pp. 373–426.
Some Account of the Life and Writings of Herder. In: The Monthly Repository, Vol. IV,1830, pp. 729–738; 829–843.
Herder’s Thoughts on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind.In: The Monthly Repository, Vol. VI,1832, Art. I. pp. 34–42; Art. II. 86–97; Art. III. 165–178; Art. IV. 217–233.
On the moral education of the people: a discourse, preached on the evening of 1 December 1833 : with an appendix, containing extracts from M. Victor Cousin's report to the French government on the state of popular education in Germany. London; Manchester: Rowland Hunter : Robert Robinson, 1833.
On the Relation of Theology to General Science and Literature. In: The Christian Teacher, Vol. 1,1835, pp. 12–23. [11] [signed: ‘Göttingen, 10 November 1834.’]
Recollections of Schleiermacher. In: The Christian Teacher, Vol. 1, 1835, pp. 253–263; 272–281. [‘Abridged with his own footnotes from ‘Erinnerungen an Dr. Friederic Schleiermacher von Dr. Friederic Lücke,’ from the ‚Theologische und Kritiken’ ]
Conclusion of a Sermon, preached, on occasion of the Festival of the Reformation, in the University Church of Göttingen, by Julius Müller, University Preacher, and extraordinary Professor of Theology. In: The Christian Teacher, Vol. 1, 1835, pp. 535–539.
Retrospect of a Twelvemonth Passed in Germany. In: The Christian Teacher, Vol. 2, (1836), pp. 49–58;65–72;201–210;292–301;385–395;457–465.
 Forms of Prayer for Public Worship, 1839; 1851
 A Retrospect of the Religious Life of England: or the Church, Puritanism, and Free Inquiry, (London: John Chapman, 1845); (2nd ed. rev.,1853); 1876 (edited by James Martineau).
Socialist and Communist Theories. In: The Prospective Review, 1848, Vol. 4, (Christian Teacher Vol. X.), July, Number XV, Art. III., pp. 351–390.[Reviews of works by : Lorenz von Stein (1815–1890)‚Karl Grün(1817–1887), Victor Prosper Considerant (1808–1893), Charles Fourier (1772–1837), Hippolyte Renaud (1803–1874), Louis Blanc (1811–1882) and the English 'Redemption Society']
Speech on the Question of American Slavery. [Thursday 19 June 1851] In: The Christian Reformer, Vol. 7,1851, pp. 437–438.
Christian Aspects of Faith and Duty, 1851; 1855; in German by J. Bernhard, Gotha, 1869; second series, 1877.
Inaugural address, at the opening of the first session of Manchester New College, in connection with University College, delivered in University Hall, on Friday, 14 October 1853. London,1853
The Rev. J. J. Tayler’s Lecture to the Secularist. In: The Reasoner & London Tribune. A Weekly Secular Newspaper, No. 6. Sunday, 6 May 1855, pp. 42–43. [Originally delivered at the Literary Institution, John Street, Fitzroy Square, Friday, 27 April.]
Mr. Tayler on Religion in Germany, Heidelberg, 8 September 1856 In: The Christian Reformer, Vol. 12,1856, pp. 577–583; 651–660; 705–719.
Two Lectures; being the introduction to a course on the early history of Christianity. London,1857.
Hegel’s Philosophy of History In: The National Review, Vol. 7, Nr. XIII.—July 1858, pp. 99–124.
The Pentateuch: And Its Relation To The Jewish And Christian Dispensations. By Andrews Norton, Late Professor of Sacred History, Harvard University. Mass. Edited By John James Tayler, B.A. Member of the Historico-Theological Society of Leipsic, and Principal of Manchester New College, London. London, 1863.
The Church and Theology of Germany during the Nineteenth Century. In: The National Review, Vol. 18, 1864, January, Art. VIII, pp. 191–230. [a review of ‘Kirchengeschichte des neuenzehnten Jahrhunderts, von Dr. Ferdinand Christian Baur. Tübingen, 1862.’]
Strauss's New Work on the Life of Jesus. In: The Theological Review: A Journal of Religious Thought and Life, Vol. 1, 1864, No. III. July, pp. 335–365.
 An Attempt to ascertain the Character of the Fourth Gospel; especially in its relation to the three first. By John James Tayler, B.A., Member Of The Historico-Theological Society Of Leipsic, and Principal of Manchester New College, London., 1867[it was dedicated to his former teacher John Kenrick: "To THE REV. JOHN KENRICK, M.A., F.S.A., Etc., for more than thirty years classical and historical tutor in Manchester New College, York; known to the learned by his acute and thorough researches into the history and mythology of the ancient world: not as claiming his assent to conclusions which he may not accept, but as a feeble though sincere expression of the love of scholarly honesty in the pursuit of truth, which it was the constant aim of his instructions to inspire this attempt to elucidate an important critical question, is, with every sentiment of respect and gratitude, inscribed by his friend and former pupil, the author]; 2nd ed. 1870 (edited by James Martineau).
Letters Embracing His Life of John James Tayler, B.A., Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Biblical Theology, And Principal of Manchester New College, London. Edited By John Hamilton Thom. In Two Volumes: with Portrait. Williams & Norgate, | 14, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London; And 20, South Frederick Street, Edinburgh. 1872.His friend and colleague, John Hamilton Thom separated the two volumes of Tayler's selected letters, published in 1872, into four distinct periods of his life:

1) To the time of his Marriage: 1797–1825.

2) From his marriage to his appointment of professor of Ecclesiastical history in Manchester New College, 1825–1840.

3) From his Professorship in Manchester New College, to his removal with the college to London 1840–1853.

4) Residence in London, as Principal and professor of Ecclesiastical History and of Doctrinal and Practical Theology in Manchester New College, to his Decease. 1853–1869.
Thom also published here an incomplete bibliography of his works: See Appendix. List of Mr. Tayler's Publications, [330]-336.

Tayler wrote memoirs of John Eddowes Bowman and John Gooch Robberds. He was one of the editors (1845–54) of the Prospective Review, to which he contributed; he wrote also in The Theological Review and other periodicals.

Notes

Attribution

1797 births
1869 deaths
English Unitarians
English magazine editors
Clergy from Surrey
English male non-fiction writers
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society


title: Ernst Weissert

text:
Ernst Weissert,  born 20 July 1905 in Mannheim Germany and died 2 January 1981 in Stuttgart was a teacher, general secretary of the Anthroposophical Society in Germany and co-founder and director of the Bund der Freien Waldorfschulen (Federation of free Waldorf schools), the Hague Circle and the Friends of Waldorf Education.

Childhood and Studies
Ernst Weissert was born in Mannheim and was strongly influenced by its architecture,  theatre and the art prevailing there. His father was a teacher at the Mannheim Hilfsschule (Mannheim special school) as well as tutor to wealthy Jewish families. Ernst went to the local state school and later the Karl-Friedrich-Gymnasium. At the age of 13, he lived through the end of World War I and the accompanying revolution, which led him to join the liberal party. In 1919/20, he began to take part in the events of the left wingers and the so-called “Wandervögel” (Birds of Passage) where he forged friendships with young people that would become decisive for his future as they were seeking a life of truth and spiritually aware community. He began to act in theatre, first as an extra at the national theatre, then in principal roles in productions of his high school, and was preparing himself for life as an actor.

He met Rudolf Steiner, attending his lectures in Mannheim already at the age of 17 and, upon matriculating, he visited the second Teachers Conference of the Waldorf School in Stuttgart, where he encountered the educational impulse of Rudolf Steiner. Spontaneously, he decided upon a profession as a teacher. In 1924 he became a member of the Anthroposophical Society and of the pedagogical working group in Tübingen, in which students prepared themselves to teach at the Waldorf School. In the same year he took part in the three-week-long Drama Course and the Karma lectures of Rudolf Steiner in Dornach.

In 1926 Ernst Weissert pursued studies in Philology, and Archaeology in Heidelberg, but interrupted these to accompany a German family to Athens as personal tutor. There he got to know the director of the German Archaeological Institute, Ernst Buschor, a decisive meeting for his life. After this period, in which he immersed himself in everything Greek, above all in classical sculpture, he returned home to the Archaeological Institute in Heidelberg. In 1928 he met and married there a woman of German and Greek origin and soon fathered his first son. In 1930, he completed his studies and separated from his wife.

Waldorf teaching
Soon after this he moved to Berlin. There he got to know his second wife, Elisabeth Caspari, and over the years had nine sons and three daughters with her. At Easter 1931, he began to teach at the Rudolf Steiner School in Berlin – initially Greek, Latin, French and Gymnastics, later as a Class teacher. The political situation for Elisabeth and Ernst Weissert was becoming difficult, as Elisabeth came from a noted Jewish family. In summer of 1937, when all teachers at private schools were required to take an oath of allegiance to Hitler, the College of Teachers of the Rudolf Steiner School decided of themselves to close the school. Ernst Weissert gave 85 of the children, amongst them 30 Jewish children, an orientation course for their new situation and thereafter began to work as a private tutor. On charges of “continuing to practice a forbidden pedagogy”, he was arrested by the Gestapo, but was released after a few weeks. In 1943 his wife and children were evacuated and in 1944 he himself moved to Tübingen until he received his call-up orders, which he was able to change to service in the Medical Corps in Ulm.

Immediately after the War, Weissert took over the public school in Weilheim with 82 children, and after Easter 1946 joined the Waldorf school in Stuttgart-Uhlandshöhe as high school teacher for the subjects German, History and History of Art. For 19 years he lived with his family in one of the modest prefabricated buildings on the school grounds that had been donated by the United States Armed Forces, continuing to teach at the school until 1968.

He actively participated in the rebuilding of the Anthroposophical Society in Germany from 1946 onwards, being elected onto its executive in 1959 and acting as one of its General Secretaries from 1961 to 1978.

The “Bund der Freien Waldorfschulen
This German federation of schools had been hurriedly organised in 1933 to act as negotiating partner for the nine Waldorf schools in their dealings with the German authorities in Berlin at the time. It was now reconstituted by Ernst Weissert and Erich Schwebsch, who took on the leadership until his death in 1953. After this, the leadership was taken on by Ernst Weissert, and from 1969 onwards, he worked for the Federation on a full-time basis. At that time, there were 29 member schools. When the 1970s brought with them the rapid increase in new schools all over the world, he called on the School's movement to “leave behind us everything that is dated and wakefully grasp what is of the future.”

In his article “Pädagogische Religion” (Educational Religion), he describes how the capacity for creative teaching can begin to grow: “The teacher must always ask himself how he can develop a sense of closeness to the child.” He has to “strive to develop a spiritual-educational sense of touch”. “This sense of touch, or child-sense gradually opens an attitude of soul that is full of devotion, love, commitment.” And this “devotion in the face of the Young, the Growing, turns into the art of dealing with human beings as a spiritual task of the twentieth century.

Founding initiatives
The initiatives founded by Ernst Weissert were far-reaching. With the annual Teacher’s Conferences he tried to bring progress to the school movement and at the same time to connect it with its origin. Starting in 1950, the first public Summer Conferences were organised, which became the Parent-Teacher Conferences as of 1956. In these the entire aspect of the school movement could be experienced – something he knew how to portray in an inspiring manner.

The Newsletter for Teachers (Lehrerrundbrief); the Educational Research Unit (Pädagogische Forschungsstelle); the “Gründunswilligen-Treffen”, a meeting of all new initiatives desiring to found a Waldorf school, are all to be led back to his initiative. For the international schools movement he suggested the Hague Circle and, in order to serve as an international perceptive and support organisation, he founded the Friends of Waldorf Education in 1971

His role in German education
Professor Hellmut Becker,  erstwhile director of the Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung in Berlin, refers to him as the “father of the Steiner/Waldorf schools” in his obituary in “Die Zeit”: .””

“In the Third Reich the Steiner schools – just as they are today in the DDR – were forbidden. After 1945, Erich Schwebsch and Ernst Weissert together with many other friends rebuilt the movement once again. By 1968 there were already 29 schools, from 1971 until today (1981) the number has risen from 35 to 70. (…) The father of seventy schools not only affected the course of these schools right up to the year 1981, when the light of his eyes had already nearly dimmed, with unbroken vitality and inspiration; he at the same time raised his own 13 highly gifted children, who today all stand successfully in professional life. When I advised him 15 years ago to devote himself exclusively to his leadership function within the Bund der Freien Waldorfschulen and to, at least stop teaching, he answered me, “If I only organise, I stop living. I have to be able to look into the eyes of the children. I have to teach – then I can also organise the teaching of others.”

‘Many Germans regard the Waldorf school as a sectarian school. One should know that the large mass of Waldorf parents – presumably around 90% - are non-anthroposophists who entrust their children to this school movement because they are enthusiastic about the educational work done and because their children are happy there. It has not been easy for the school movement. Because of its fundamental attitude against educational selection – children in Waldorf schools are promoted according to their age – it was difficult to fit them into the state examination system.

Professor Becker describes how in negotiations with the different educational departments, Ernst Weissert and his colleagues achieved that through a bridging class at the end of a Waldorf schooling, students would be able to enter the state matriculation, in which they performed with better than average results.

“But Ernst Weissert also contradicted the accusation of sectarianism in another manner. While still working together with Erich Schwebsch, he led the schools movement into a working community with Jesuits and Moravians, with private boarding schools and Montessori schools. The Association of Free Schools (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Freier Schulen) that all the private schools belong to today, is indicative of the overcoming of the concept of sectarianism.” He saw to it that the Waldorf schools did not remain in a ghetto of the like-minded but exercised their influence beyond the borders of their own schools. He was also the central contact “for the international Waldorf schools, from Scotland to New York, from Stockholm to South Africa.” .””

External links
 The History and Development of the Friends of Waldorf Education – Founded by Ernst Weissert.
 Article Research and Training Internet Portal Anthromedia.

Further reading
 Matthias Weißert: Wir waren dreizehn. Geschichte und Geschichten einer großen Familie, Muschel Verlag Köln 2012

References

Waldorf education
1981 deaths
Anthroposophists
1905 births
German educators


title: Un homme libre (1973 film)

text:
Un homme libre (released in English as A Free Man) is a 1973 feature film written by Roberto Muller and Pierre Uytterhoeven and directed by Roberto Muller himself and starring French singer Gilbert Bécaud and actress Olga Georges-Picot.

Synopsis
Henri Lefèvre (Gilbert Bécaud) abandoned by his wife Nicole (Olga Georges-Picot) pours all his affection for his daughter (Sophie Bunoust-Roquère). He also falls in love with an American (played by Pam Huntington) which creates tensions between father and daughter as she is jealous of his father's new love interest.

Cast
Gilbert Bécaud as Henri Lefèvre
Olga Georges-Picot as Nicole Lefèvre
Sophie Bunoust-Roquère as Henri Lefèvre's daughter
Pam Huntington as "L'Américaine"
Clotilde Joano as the antiquarian
Christiane Minazzoli as sales girl
Charles Gérard as Félix
Michel Duplaix	as Michel Duplaix

External links

1973 films
1970s French-language films
Films scored by Francis Lai
French drama films
1970s French films


title: LDCF

text:
LDCF may refer to:

 In mathematics, the leading coefficient of a polynomial
 Least Developed Countries Fund of the United Nations
 Liberal Democrat Christian Forum, a British political organization
 Lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor, a protein
 Lycée Dar Chaaben el Fehri, a school in Tunisia


title: Genesis (Matthew Shell and Arun Shenoy song)

text:
Genesis  is an instrumental jazz single released by Matthew Shell and Arun Shenoy on April 25, 2013.  It features the Canadian violinist Ian Cameron and guest musicians from around the world. In an interview  on Hybrid Jazz by Trish Hennessey, Shenoy talks about The Violin Song (from Shenoy’s album Rumbadoodle) being an inspiration for Shell to reach out to Shenoy, for the song originally written by Shell and based on a funk piano and guitar groove.  The accompanying music video  was created by Jason Baustin, of Travestee Films   by combining footage from the recording sessions in Armenia, India, Germany, and various locations in the U.S.

In 2014, the song was featured on the soundtrack of the documentary The Politics of Fashion: DC Unboxed

Track listing

Production and Personnel
The following personnel were involved in the recording

 Matthew Shell - Arranger, Composer, Engineer, Mixing, Primary Artist, Producer
 Arun Shenoy	- Arranger, Composer, Primary Artist
 Ian Cameron	- Composer, Violin
 Vahagn Stepanyan - Keyboards, Piano
 Sebastian Wyrobisch - Drums
 Teo Lee - Bass
 Jonathan Wesley - Arranger, Keyboards, String Arrangements
 Alexander Brusencev - Drum Engineering
 Emily Lazar - Mastering
 Conrad Osipowicz - Engineer
 Jason Baustin - Editing, Video Director

See also

 Arun Shenoy
 Matthew Shell

References

2013 songs
2013 singles


title: Charles P. McCarver

text:
Charles Pickney McCarver (c. 1851 in Jackson County, Tennessee – September 28, 1892) was an American Democratic politician who served as the Mayor of Nashville, Tennessee from 1888 to 1890, resigning before the end of his term.

Personal life
McCarver had three children.

References

1850s births
1892 deaths
Tennessee Democrats
Mayors of Nashville, Tennessee
People from Jackson County, Tennessee
19th-century American politicians


Euvaldo Lodi Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IEL Rio) is the equivalent of the Brazilian Euvaldo Lodi Institute, created by the National Confederation of Industry along with the Industry Social Service (SESI) and the National Industrial Training Service in 1969. Except it only covers Rio de Janeiro state, instead of all the Brazilian territory.

The main goal of IEL Rio is to unite academy and institutes of science and technology with industry. Amongst its objectives, there are development of entrepreneurship programs in order to promote the creation of new leaderships and the adoption, in the graduation curriculum, of disciplines about the entrepreneurial action.

The politician Euvaldo Lodi and the engineer Roberto Simonsen were honored by industry thanks to their work: while the first one gave its name to IEL, the second one became the name of "a stutides and research institute of the Industry Federation of São Paulo State, which comprehends in its structure the COPS – Superior Council of Political and Social Guidance".

Notes

References

External links
 Instituto Euvaldo Lodi – National IEL (in Portuguese)
 Confederação Nacional da Indústria – CNI (in Portuguese)
 Lei 11.788 / 2008 – The internship law (in Portuguese)
 Endeavor Brazil (in Portuguese)
 Genesis Institute

Education companies of Brazil


The North East Institute of Management Science (NEIMS) in Jorhat, India is a management school affiliated to Dibrugarh University.

Courses

Diploma
DHM (Diploma in Hotel Management)
DAHTM (Diploma in Airlines, Hospitality and Tourism Management)

Bachelor Degree
BHMCT (Bachelor of Hotel Management and Catering Technology)
BBA (Bachelor Degree in Tourism Management)
B.Ed.(Bachelor of Education)
BTM (Bachelor of Tourism Management)

Master Degree

MBA in Hotel Management
Master of Tourism Management (MTM)
Master of Social Work (MSW)

Facilities

Library
Career Counselling
Computer lab
Boys Hostels
Girls Hostel
Gymnasium
Playground

External

References

Universities and colleges in Assam
Education in Jorhat district
Dibrugarh University
Educational institutions established in 2000
2000 establishments in Assam


title: Castration cell

text:
A castration cell is a basophilic cell with a large vacuole found in the anterior pituitary after castration, effective (drug) castration, or long-term use of alcohol.

References

Cells


title: Robert Saleh

text:
Robert Saleh (born January 31, 1979) is an American football coach who is the head coach for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). A defensive coach for much of his 20-year coaching career, Saleh has served as an assistant coach for the Houston Texans, Seattle Seahawks, Jacksonville Jaguars, and San Francisco 49ers from 2005 to 2020, holding his first defensive coordinator position with the 49ers from 2017 to 2020. Saleh has appeared in two Super Bowls, one each with the Seahawks and 49ers, winning one in 2014 with the Seahawks. Following the 2020 season, he left the 49ers to become the Jets' head coach.

Early years
Born to Lebanese immigrants in Dearborn, Michigan, Saleh is a 1997 graduate of Fordson High School He attended Northern Michigan University in Marquette from 1997 to 2001, where he earned a degree in finance and was a four-year starter for the Wildcats, earning all-conference honors as a tight end.

Saleh's brother David was in the South Tower during the September 11 attacks in 2001 and saw the fireball from the initial plane's impact on the North Tower from the building's 61st floor. After ignoring calls by the public intercom within the South Tower to return to their offices, he'd made it down to the 24th floor before the second plane hit, this time around 50 floors above in his tower. He safely made it to the lobby and was able to escape to safety. Saleh credits this in providing the spark for him to pursue his dreams of coaching football.

Coaching career

College
Saleh began his coaching career at the collegiate level in 2002. He spent four years working as a defensive assistant with Michigan State University (2002–03), Central Michigan University (2004) and the University of Georgia (2005).

Houston Texans
In 2005, Saleh was hired as an intern with the Houston Texans, working with the defensive unit. In February 2006, he was retained in Gary Kubiak's staff as a defensive quality control coach under defensive coordinator Richard Smith. In January 2009, he was promoted to assistant linebackers coach.

Seattle Seahawks
In February 2011, Saleh was hired as the defensive quality control coach for the Seattle Seahawks under Pete Carroll. He spent three seasons with the Seahawks, including their 2013 championship season when they defeated the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII. During this span the defense was known as the Legion of Boom.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Following the Seahawks' 2013 championship, Saleh was named linebackers coach for the Jacksonville Jaguars under head coach Gus Bradley. Saleh would not be retained under new head coach Doug Marrone.

San Francisco 49ers
On February 13, 2017, Saleh was named defensive coordinator for the San Francisco 49ers under new head coach Kyle Shanahan. Shanahan and Saleh previously served as assistant coaches for the Houston Texans from 2006–2009.

During the 2019 season, the 49ers defense was sixth in the league in forced turnovers (27), second in total defense (281.8 yards per game), first in passing defense (169.2 yards per game), and fourth in sacks (48). This was the first time since 2003 that the 49ers finished in the top 10 in both scoring and yards per game. Saleh helped lead the team to a 13–3 record and a Super Bowl LIV berth, where they lost to the Kansas City Chiefs.

New York Jets
On January 14, 2021, Saleh signed a five-year contract to become the head coach of the New York Jets.

On September 12, 2021, Saleh lost in his head coaching debut against the Carolina Panthers by a score of 19–14. Saleh went on to win his first game as a head coach on October 3 in a 27–24 win against the Tennessee Titans in overtime. In his first season as head coach, the Jets finished 4–13, missing the playoffs for the eleventh consecutive year.

Head coaching record

Personal life
Saleh and his wife, Sanaa, have five sons and two daughters.

Saleh is of Lebanese descent. Upon his hiring by the Jets, he became the first Muslim head coach in NFL history.  He is also the fourth Arab-American head coach of the NFL, after Ed Khayat (Philadelphia Eagles 1971–72), Rich Kotite (Philadelphia Eagles 1991–94), and Abe Gibron (Chicago Bears 1972–1974), who are all of Lebanese descent as well.

Saleh and his wife both speak Arabic.

Saleh was the best man at Green Bay Packers' head coach Matt LaFleur's wedding, as the two became close while working as graduate assistants at Central Michigan in 2004 and as assistant coaches for the Houston Texans from 2008–2009.

References

External links
 New York Jets bio

1979 births
Living people
American people of Lebanese descent
American Muslims
Northern Michigan Wildcats football players
Michigan State Spartans football coaches
Central Michigan Chippewas football coaches
Georgia Bulldogs football coaches
Houston Texans coaches
Seattle Seahawks coaches
Jacksonville Jaguars coaches
San Francisco 49ers coaches
National Football League defensive coordinators
Coaches of American football from Michigan
Players of American football from Michigan
New York Jets head coaches
Sportspeople from Dearborn, Michigan
Sportspeople of Lebanese descent


title: Composition (fine)

text:
Compounding is a legal procedure whereby a criminal or delinquent avoids prosecution in a court of law, potentially leading to the confiscation of his estate or some other punishment, in exchange for his payment to the authorities of a financial penalty or fine.  The agreement so reached is termed a composition.  The term is from the Latin verb compono, "I put together, join" (supine compositum). In general legal terminology, a "composition" is "an agreement not to prosecute in return for a consideration". It was commonly used by the victorious Parliamentarians against the Royalists after the English Civil War, for which purpose the Committee for Compounding with Delinquents was established in 1643. Another historical agreement was the Ausgleich, Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, or Composition of 1867.

See also
Bankruptcy, compounding with creditors

References

Fines


title: Ray Cawley

text:
Ray Cawley (born 1944) is an Irish retired Gaelic footballer who played as a goalkeeper for the Cork senior football team.

Born in Cork, Cawley first played competitive football during his schooling at Coláiste Chríost Rí. He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Cork minor team, before later joining the under-21 side. He made his senior debut during the 1963 championship. Cawley went on to play for the team for just two seasons. He was a Munster runner-up on one occasion.

At club level Cawley enjoyed a decade-long career with Nemo Rangers. He also lined out for Curragh Camp.

Throughout his inter-county career, Cawley made just 3 championship appearances for Cork. His retirement came following the conclusion of the 1964 championship.

Honours

Team

Cork
Munster Under-21 Football Championship (1): 1963
All-Ireland Minor Football Championship (1): 1961
Munster Minor Football Championship (1): 1961

References

1944 births
Living people
Dual players
Nemo Rangers Gaelic footballers
Nemo Rangers hurlers
Curragh Camp Gaelic footballers
Cork inter-county Gaelic footballers
Gaelic football goalkeepers
People educated at Coláiste Chríost Rí


title: Rory M. McVeigh

text:
Rory M. McVeigh is an American sociologist, Nancy Reeves Dreux Chair professor of sociology and director of the Center for the Study of Social Movements and former chair (2007-2016) of the department of sociology at the University of Notre Dame. From 2015 through 2020 he served as one of the lead editors of the American Sociological Review, the flagship journal of the American Sociological Association. He is widely cited in the field of social movements, particularly right-wing movements. He also edited the academic journal Mobilization from 2008 through 2015 and is the current the co-editor of the academic blog Mobilizing Ideas.

Career

McVeigh received his bachelor's in sociology from the University of Arizona in 1991 before moving on to University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, where he received a master's in sociology 1993 and a Ph.D. in sociology in 1996. During his time at Chapel Hill, McVeigh was an associate editor of the academic journal Social Forces. He then took the position as assistant professor of sociology at Skidmore College from 1997 through 2002 and then at the University of Notre Dame. At Notre Dame, he was promoted to associate professor with tenure in 2005 and to full professor in 2009. In 2017, he became the Nancy Reeves Dreux Chair Professor of sociology.

McVeigh's 2008 co-authored article Red Counties, Blue Counties, and Occupational Segregation by Sex and Race received an honorable mention for the 2008 American Sociological Association Political Sociology Best Article Award.

McVeigh's book, entitled The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan:  Right-Wing Movements and National Politics was published by the University of Minnesota Press in 2009. The book went on to be reviewed by over a dozen academic journals and news outlets. According to reviewers Heidi Beirich and Kevin Hicks, "The work offers a sophisticated new explanation of the quick rise of an organization that, at its height, numbered more than three million."

In 2009, McVeigh became the editor of the academic journal Mobilization: An International Quarterly a post he held until 2015.

Along with co-editors Omar Lizardo, and Sarah Mustillo, McVeigh edited the American Sociological Review from 2015-2020 , the flagship journal of the American Sociological Association. This is the top journal in the field of Sociology, and the editorship rotates every five years.

McVeigh's second book, entitled The Politics of Losing: Trump, the Klan, and the Mainstreaming of Resentment, was published by Columbia University Press in 2019.

References

American sociologists
University of Notre Dame faculty
University of Arizona alumni
University of North Carolina alumni
Academic journal editors
Living people
1959 births
American Sociological Review editors


title: John Glanville Gill

text:
John Glanville Gill was an American Unitarian minister, scholar in history, and civil rights activist. While working on research for his dissertation about Elijah Parish Lovejoy, an editor and abolitionist, he lived and worked in Alton, Illinois in the mid-1940s. There he worked with other ministers to try to integrate public schools, raise awareness about racial discrimination, and end segregation practices.

Formative years
Born in Louisville, Kentucky, on November 22, 1909, John Glanville Gill earned a B.A. at the University of Wisconsin (where he convinced Alexander Meiklejohn to delay his departure so he could study with him in the University of Wisconsin Experimental College that Meiklejohn had founded); and an S.T.B. (Bachelor of Sacred Theology) at Union Theological Seminary in New York City, where he studied under Reinhold Niebuhr. He earned a Ph.D. in history at Harvard University, writing a dissertation on Elijah Parish Lovejoy, martyr in 1837 to abolitionism and freedom of the press.

As a scholar studying pre-Civil War history in Alton, Illinois, John Gill moved to the city in 1944. He served as minister of its First Unitarian Church and carried out research on his subject. A century earlier, Lovejoy had changed from a position as a moderate newspaper editor who wanted to "hear both sides", becoming more anti-slavery and ultimately being fatally shot in a riot to suppress his newspaper. Like Lovejoy, Gill was transformed by his experience in Alton from an academic into a civil rights activist.

Activism in Alton
Like many other Illinois communities after World War II, Alton openly flouted state law by maintaining segregated public schools below the high school level. In daily life, African Americans were discriminated against in numerous ways, by de facto kinds of segregation: they had to sit in the balcony at the movie theater, they were not allowed to try on clothes at downtown stores before purchase, and they could not eat at the lunch counter of Kresge's Variety Store.

Gill found these violations unacceptable. He initiated discussion groups in an attempt to improve race relations. In 1946, Gill delivered the keynote address at the 18th annual Lincoln-Douglas Dinner held at the former  Booker T. Washington Center. Gill believed that Alton's ministers could play a critical role in transforming the community. He joined the Alton Council of Churches, which sponsored an annual training institute for religious leaders at Shurtleff College. Gill served as dean of this institute in 1947.

Led by Gill, Alton's civil rights activists mounted a major challenge to Alton's segregated schools in 1950, attempting to enroll 175 African-American children at five all-white grade schools and two all-white junior high schools. Gill organized fellow ministers to help supervise the demonstration and protect the children. Local racists were enraged and staged Ku Klux Klan burnings of crosses at Salu and Riverfront parks. Gill refused to be intimidated and spoke against segregation of the public schools from his pulpit. He was one of eighteen ministers who signed a statement condemning racism that was published in The Alton Telegraph.

Extending the legacy of Elijah Parish Lovejoy
 In 1947, three years after moving to Alton, Gill earned his Ph.D. at Harvard for his thesis entitled "The Issues Involved in the Death of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, Alton, 1837." That work was developed and published as Tide Without Turning: Elijah P. Lovejoy and Freedom of the Press (1958), the first biography of Lovejoy.

Following Gill's activism and burnings staged by protesters against his efforts to integrate schools, the congregation of the First Unitarian Church in Alton decided that Gill was too controversial. A quorum met in 1950 and voted by 46 to 25 not to renew his contract as minister. Alton's desegregation struggle and Gill's dismissal were the topic of an article in the January 22, 1951, issue of Time magazine.

Nearly a half century later, Lovejoy scholar Rev. Robert Tabscott organized a Service of Recognition for Gill. It was held on February 20, 1995, at the First Unitarian Church of Alton, to offset Gill's dismissal so many years before.

The Alton Telegraph wrote in a review of Gill's book, "Merton Dillon and Paul Simon wrote Lovejoy biographies in the 1960s, but Gill's Tide Without Turning: Elijah Lovejoy and Freedom of the Press remains the definitive work on the martyred newspaper editor. Only Gill who, like Lovejoy, had also endured persecution while fighting for dignity and freedom in the River Bend could have written such a book."

Gill died on October 23, 1979, in Washington, D.C.

References

1909 births
1979 deaths
Harvard Divinity School alumni
Religious leaders from Louisville, Kentucky
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) alumni
People from Alton, Illinois
American Unitarian clergy
20th-century Unitarian clergy
American civil rights activists
20th-century American clergy


The Industry Social Service of the State of Rio de Janeiro comprehends SESI's work in Rio de Janeiro state. The institution focuses in improving work environments, quality of life and education levels of collaborators from Rio de Janeiro's enterprises. Through programs and mobile units, it carries out actions related to health, education, sports, leisure, culture, occupational health, work safety and environmental protection. These activities are aimed at workers and companies, as much as to society in general. SENAI Rio's history is parallel to the Brazilian industrial development and its designation accompanies Rio de Janeiro's changes, as when it became a capital and was renamed Guanabara state.

Fields of action
SESI Rio's programs and unities are meant for industry workers, their families and Rio de Janeiro´s population as a whole. In companies, the institution focuses attention on the socially responsible management aiming Brazilian's competitive advantage and sustainable development. Besides the quality of life of workers. In a general way, SESI Rio works in four major fields:

Education
 General Education/Equivalency Diploma (G.E.D.), preschool, family promotion (to better the worker's social life and family income through courses) and SESI Rio School

Health
 Medical assistance, occupational health, odontology and health education

Sports/Leisure
 Sporting, artistic and social activities, employee participation in championships, as in the case of Jogos SESI do Trabalhador (Worker's SESI Game), with contests in regional, state and national stages;, support of sporting activities in general (as the population's participation in swimming circuit and athletes' training for the Olympics.)

Culture
 SESI Cultural Rio program fosters creative industry in Brazil, offering attractions ranging from music shows to artistic awards.

Programs

Due to its social function, SESI Rio focuses on two specific pillars in the state: education and health. Some of the entity's programs are:
 SESI Mathematics: dedicated for high school students and teachers, this program aims to improve the teaching and learning of mathematics in Brazil in an interactive and playful way;
 SESI Citizenship: takes education, culture, health, sports, leisure and food education to the residents of Rio de Janeiro's pacified communities;
 Global Action: along with Rede Globo, it provides public utility services and actions in specific areas (health, education, leisure and culture) for Rio de Janeiro's inhabitants;
 SESI in Action: reduced version of "Global Action", is mainly focused on providing services in underserved communities, in partnership with other institutions;
 MBA in Entrepreneurial Management: course offered by the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro for the managers of public schools and of Rio de Janeiro's SESI/SENAI network;
 Basic education: includes kindergarten, elementary and middle school with technical course, in addition to professional education;
 Evaluation in action: evaluates students entering and leaving SESI School, indicating how the student has evolved throughout school life;
 Transform project: partnership with Rio de Janeiro´s City Halls to improve the quality of life of its residents through the education of low-income youth and capacitation;
 Continuing education: includes updating classes in Portuguese (orthography, reading and grammar) and in mathematics (numbers, operations and algebra);
 Brazilian Sign Language (Libras): transmits the initial knowledge of the language through conversation in basic communication situations;
 Pre Enem: studies focused on the Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio, in order to facilitate the access of low-income students to postsecondary education.

Mobile units

The mobile units are trailers and vans with office structure to take up to companies health care for employees. Units can be dental, occupational health and x-ray.

History

Until the early 1940s, Brazil was an agricultural, rural and dependent on imported manufactured goods economy. Gradually the industrial sector was being equipped, but it was still difficult to meet all the needs of the worker. Further during the Second World War. Then, in 1946 (post-war), the private sector exercised its social function and created SESI. It was industry legitimizing social service. On the same date, its National Department formed the Regional Division of Rio de Janeiro. It was "the beginning of Brazilian industrialization and a new cycle of development that sought to guarantee the country a place in the new international environment."

Industrialization
Between the 50s and the 70s the economy has changed, with the goal of building an industrialized and competitive society. In 1953, Rio de Janeiro's Regional Division becomes the Federal District's Regional Department, with jurisdiction on the federal capital. But when the Federal District is transferred to Brasília and Guanabara State is created, in 1960, it receives the name of Guanabara State's Regional Department. It turns out that, in 1974, then-President Ernesto Geisel decided to merge the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro (preserving the name of the latter), returning to Rio its status of the state capital. It is precisely in this time of transition, between 1974 and 1979, that it is created the Regional Department of the State of Rio de Janeiro, current SESI Rio.

The so called "lost decade”
During the 80s, dubbed "the lost decade" by economists, SESI Rio "increased in 328% the number of its services in the areas of Food, Entertainment, Health, Education, Service and Community Actions, ie, from 4.2 million to 18 million people."

The 1990s
In the 90s, the policy of expanding through the interior has been strengthened with the installation of units in approximately 10 municipalities.

The 2000s
In the 2000s the focus has changed to:
 Expertise in Corporate Social Responsibility, with focus on hearing the demands of stakeholders (e.g. employees, consumers, community, government and environment);
 Creation of a network of alliances between similar entities;
 Increase in the number of Mobile Units;
 Appreciation of the sport (as leisure and social inclusion) through championships;
 Creation of distance learning courses for personal qualification.

In recent years, SESI Rio has sought to strengthen its programs for the welfare and quality of life of the citizens of Rio de Janeiro state.

See also

 Education
 Sesinho

Notes

References

External links
 Student Guide: the social work profession (in Portuguese)
 Federal Council of Social Service (CFESS)
 SESI Cidadania (in Portuguese)
 SESI Matemática (in Portuguese)
 FIRJAN System
 Global Action – Rede Globo (in Portuguese)
 SESI Rio
 SESI School (in Portuguese)
 SENAI Rio

Social inclusion
Business organisations based in Brazil
Industry in Brazil
Education in Brazil


title: Altzomoni

text:
Altzomoni is a volcanic peak located in the State of Mexico. Situated between the volcanoes Popocatépetl and Ixtaccíhuatl in the northern portion of the Paso de Cortés, Altzomoni rises  above sea level. It is located inside Izta-Popo Zoquiapan National Park.

The area is used as a base for those climbing Ixtaccíhuatl. It also is recognizable for its large television tower, used by Televisa for the transmission of analog television to Puebla and Cuernavaca.

The Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México also maintains an atmospheric observatory on the mountain.

Television
Three digital television stations are based on the same tower. While each of them primarily serves Puebla, Cuernavaca and the state of Tlaxcala, they are licensed to Altzomoni:

XEX-TDT (channel 42)
XHTM-TDT (channel 36)
XHATZ-TDT (channel 47)

Each of these stations has digital facilities which are on Televisa's tower in Puebla.

References

Mountains of Mexico
Landforms of the State of Mexico
Landforms of Puebla
Landforms of Morelos
Volcanoes of the State of Mexico


title: José Casado

text:
José David Casado García (born 14 January 1988) is a Spanish footballer.

Club career
In July 2014, he signed a 2-year contract with Spartak Trnava. He made his league debut for them on 13 July 2014 against Zlaté Moravce.

References

External links

 Futbalnet Liga profile
 Eurofotbal profile

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Almería
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
CD Comarca de Níjar players
SCR Peña Deportiva players
Nemzeti Bajnokság II players
Kazincbarcikai SC footballers
Slovak First Football League players
2. Liga (Slovakia) players
3. Liga (Slovakia) players
TJ OFC Gabčíkovo players
FC Spartak Trnava players
FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce players
MFK Zemplín Michalovce players
FK Slavoj Trebišov players
Liga I players
Liga II players
FC Botoșani players
SSU Politehnica Timișoara players
Czech First League players
FK Příbram players
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovakia
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in the Czech Republic


title: Salah ben Youssef

text:
Salah Ben Youssef (; October 11, 1907 – August 12, 1961) was a Tunisian politician and one of the key leaders of the Tunisian national movement.

Early life and advocacy of independence
Born in Maghraoua, a small village near Midoun on Djerba, to a family of wealthy and influential merchants. He trained to be a lawyer, but became involved in politics where he was prized for his personal qualities. This would later lead to his ascension to being Habib Bourguiba's protégé.

He began his political career as the Secretary General of the Neo-Destour Political Party, a post where he played a role of key organizer during Bourguiba's exile. In August 1950, he was appointed as the Tunisian Minister of Justice in the government of Mohamed Chenik. Charged with bringing the Tunisian request for statehood to the United Nations, which was gathered in Paris in March 1952, he barely escaped arrest and deportation. He then traveled across the world for more than three years, during which he was received by Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India, and Zhou Enlai, Premier of the People's Republic of China. Meanwhile, Bourguiba signed agreements with France on  establishing internal autonomy for Tunisia.

Confrontation with Bourguiba

Ben Youssef deplored the autonomy agreements, which took place without him, as "a step backwards and a setback". In his view, the wholesale evacuation of French Troops from the entirety of Tunisian territory was an indisputable prerequisite for genuine national independence.

Whereas Ben Youssef was previously a loyal friend of Bourgiba, when he returned to the country on June 1, 1955, he became Bourghiba's arch-enemy. According to Ben Youssef, his adversary was capable of practicing a "policy of denial and betrayal" of the Tunisian People and concerning the Algerian War. Having returned to Tunisia from Cairo on September 13, he began to organize unrest throughout the country.

Those aligned with Bourguiba, the "Bourguibists", and those aligned with Ben Youssef, the Youssefists, began to have numerous meetings to denounce and strike down the position of the opposing party. Convened on October 8, under Bourguiba's leadership, the Neo-Destour caucus decided to open session and thereupon demand that Ben Youssef be expelled from the party. Stripped of his roles and excluded from the party following the congress convened from November 15 to 19, Ben Youssef continued to campaign in the south of Tunisia where he organized a number of gatherings up to the end of November which resulted in clashes with Bourguiba supporters. He remained committed to his activism up until January 1958.

Exile and Assassination
On two occasions, in January 1957 and in November 1958, Ben Youssef was sentenced to death. However, he was able to escape on January 28, allowing him to avoid the realization of those sentences. Pursued, he fled to Tripoli, Libya and then to Cairo, Egypt where he was able to take advantage of a temporary estrangement between Bourghiba and Nasser. However, soon his presence became bothersome. He went to Zurich, Switzerland where he received Bourghiba one last time on March 3, 1961. Realizing that the relationship between Bourghiba and himself would forever be intractable, Ben Youssef, who was afflicted by eczema on his legs, took up residence in a hotel in Wiesbaden, West Germany on June 2, 1961, in order to use the local thermal baths. On August 12, he was assassinated in a Frankfurt hotel by two accomplices.

Some published sources advance the argument that the leaders of the conspiracy to eliminate Ben Youssef were Bourguiba himself, his wife Wassila Ben Ammar, Mohamed Masmoudi, Hassen Belkhodja, Taïeb Mhiri and Béchir Zarg Layoun. The Minister of the Interior Mehiri would have requested the use of two persons that Zarg Layoun had just recruited to see the plan through. After the work of The Truth and Dignity Commission, the Criminal Chamber specialized in transitional justice cases in the First Instance Court of Tunis began its work on May 16, 2019, with the following as accused: The Presidency of the Republic, the Presidential Guard, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Embassy of Tunisia in Germany, Germany, Habib Bourguiba, Bashir Zarg Layoun, Hsan Ben Abdelaziz Ouerdeni, Abdallah Ben Mabrouk Ouardeni, Mohamed Ben Khalifa Mehrez and Hmida Ben Tarbout. Noted that the case is classified because of the death of Habib Bourguiba, Bashir Zarg El Ayoun and Hsan Ouerdeni. For Abdallah Ouardeni and Khalifa Mehrez; They remain not found. Hmida Ben Tarbout was auditioned by the commission.
The plan consisted of making Ben Youssef believe that these were officers of the Tunisian Armed Forces who wanted to see him in order to inform him of and request his presence in a Tunisian Coup d'État

Less than twenty days after the conclusion of the Bizerte crisis and basking in patriotic fervour of the Tunisian people, Bourghiba judged that the moment had come to remove his principal political rival. Once Ben Youssef arrived in Frankfurt, he left his wife Soufia in a café on the Kaiserstrasse and went towards the Hotel Royal, situated on the same street. It was there that the two henchmen met him and brought him with them to their room to go over the plan for the coup d'état. One of them shot him at close range around 16:30. It was only three hours later that Soufia discovered her husband bathing comatose in his blood. He was taken to the University Hospital Frankfurt where he died around 22:45 without ever regaining consciousness

He was sent back to Cairo and entombed there, but his remains were later repatriated to Tunisia and re-interred in the Martyr's Square at Jellaz Cemetery. His widow Soufia only returned to Tunisia on December 22, 1987, after more than thirty years of exile in Cairo. She was received on January 2, 1988, by the President of Tunisia Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali. She died in 2016. In April 2012, Al Jazeera Documentary Channel put out a film produced by the Tunisian Jamel Dallali about Ben Youssef's life, titled Salah Ben Youssef, un crime d'État (which translates to "Salah Ben Youssef, a Crime of the State").

His granddaughter, Leila Ben Youssef, is an athlete who performs pole vaulting.

Bibliography
 Omar Khlifi, L'assassinat de Salah Ben Youssef, éd. MC-Editions, Carthage, 2005. .

References

1907 births
1961 deaths
Government ministers of Tunisia
Assassinated Tunisian politicians
People murdered in Germany
Neo Destour politicians
People from Djerba
1960s assassinated politicians


title: Elisa Lucinda

text:
Elisa Lucinda (born February 2, 1958) is a Brazilian actress, singer, poet, writer and journalist. Born in Cariacica, Espírito Santo, she studied poetry between the age of 11 and 17. Lucinda attended journalism school at Vitória, when she worked writing for newspapers and in a news program. Lucinda was 27 when she decided to move to Rio de Janeiro to become an actress; however, her poetry was more successful. After selling poems and hand-written books, she attracted attention from stage and television directors, debuting on Rede Manchete's telenovela Kananga do Japão in 1989.

Work
The poet Elisa Lucinda talks about love, pain, passion, frustration, birth, death; these universal themes that accompany the despair and hope of us all. But her poetry doesn’t shy away from dealing with social problems that are quite Brazilian. Racism, sexism, mistreatment of the poor.

Selected filmography
 Kananga do Japão (1989)
 Que sera, sera (2002)
 Mulheres Apaixonadas (2003)
 Páginas da Vida (2006)
 The Last Stop (2012)
 Manhãs de Setembro (2021)

References

External links

1958 births
20th-century Brazilian actresses
Brazilian journalists
20th-century Brazilian poets
20th-century Brazilian women singers
20th-century Brazilian singers
20th-century Brazilian women writers
People from Espírito Santo
Living people
Brazilian women poets


title: Irvin C. Miller

text:
Irvin Colloden Miller (February 19, 1884 – February 27, 1975) was an American actor, playwright, and vaudeville show writer and producer.  He was responsible for successful theater shows including Broadway Rastus (1921), Liza (1922), Dinah (1923), which introduced the wildly popular black bottom dance, and Desires of 1927 starring Adelaide Hall.  For thirty years he directed the popular review, Brown Skin Models, influenced by the Ziegfeld Follies but exclusively using black performers.  "In the 1920s and 1930s, he was arguably the most well-established and successful producer of black musical comedy."

Biography
Miller was born in Columbia, Tennessee, the son of the editor of the Nashville Globe, a black weekly newspaper.  Irvin's younger brothers Flournoy Eakin Miller (1885-1971) and Quintard Gailor Miller (1895-1979) also became theatrical performers and producers.

Irvin studied at Fisk University in Nashville, graduating in 1904.  The following year, he started performing with the Pekin Stock Company in Chicago, where he appeared in Colored Aristocrats, written by his brother Flournoy with his stage partner Aubrey Lyles.  He then moved to New Orleans and performed with Scott's Black American Troubadours, with whom he wrote a successful musical play, Happy Sam from Bam.

In 1913 he began touring in vaudeville with singer Esther Bigeou; they later married.  Miller and Bigeou divorced in 1918, and he married chorus girl Blanche Thompson the following year.

After his marriage in 1913, Irvin returned to Chicago, Irvin Miller performed with Kid Brown's company and wrote a musical comedy, Mr. Ragtime, in which he performed.  He then wrote a new show, Broadway Rastus, first performed in Philadelphia in 1915.  It was highly successful, and brought Miller fame.  The show moved to Atlantic City where it featured performers including Leigh Whipper and Lottie Grady, and included music by W. C. Handy.  Productions of Broadway Rastus continued on a regular basis until the late 1920s.

His next show, Put and Take (1920), with music by Spencer Williams, was a failure and he returned to performing in vaudeville with Emmett Anthony, at the same time as writing a show, Liza, in which he performed with Anthony.  The show opened in 1922 and was a success, "credited as the first black musical comedy owned and produced on Broadway entirely by black capital." In 1923, he wrote and produced the highly successful stage show Dinah, which introduced the Black Bottom dance craze.  Within months, the dance was being performed in society balls in New York.

Miller "specialized in revues featuring beautiful showgirls, snappy dancing, and comedy".  It has been said of him that he "had a unique ability to locate pretty girls and talented performers for his shows; and he gave Black audiences exactly what they wanted when they came to the theatre."

In 1925, Miller started an annual show, Brown Skin Models, inspired by the Ziegfeld Follies but glorifying attractive black women.  The show toured the country with great success for forty weeks a year, and during the Second World War toured army camps as part of the United Service Organizations (USO).  Although the shows included song, dance, and comedy, the focus was on the models themselves, who "did not necessarily sing or dance [but] merely appeared in costume, walked across the stage, and posed."

The show was hailed by the Chicago Defender as a radical departure from stereotyped plantation song and dance shows, and according to researcher Elspeth Brown presented "a public, commercialized sexuality that made claims on both New Negro modernity and upper-class, artistic signifiers to rewrite the meanings of black femininity."  Miller continued to produce versions of the show, with his wife Blanche Thompson, who was one of the leading models, until he retired around 1955.

A succession of other shows were produced in his name from the 1920s until the mid-1940s, of variable quality and some having minimal input from Miller himself.  In 1927-28 alone he mounted ten different shows for the Theater Owners Booking Association (TOBA).  He was adept at gaining publicity, for instance by proposing to build a home for unmarried chorus girls and their children.  He also helped establish the Official Theatrical World, a directory of African-American performers, and in 1929 became President of the Florence Mills Theatrical Society.  The following year he appeared in the all-black film Dark-Town Scandals Revue, produced by Oscar Micheaux.  In 1930, he staged his brother Flournoy Miller's successful show, Shuffle Along.

He settled in Benton Harbor, Michigan, in the 1940s, and died in nearby St. Joseph in 1975, aged 91; reports stating that he died in 1967 are in error.  Blanche Thompson died in 1987.

References

1884 births
1975 deaths
Vaudeville performers
Blackface minstrel managers and producers
American theatre managers and producers
People from Columbia, Tennessee


title: Manchester Congo Mouilla

text:
Manchester Congo Mouilla or simply Manchester is an African football club based in Republic of the Congo.

The team plays in the Congo Second Division.

Stadium
The team plays at the Stade Alphonse Massemba-Débat.

Performance in CAF competitions
 CAF Cup: 2 appearances
2002: First Round
2001: First Round

Notable players
Barel Mouko

References

Football clubs in the Republic of the Congo
Sports clubs and teams in Brazzaville


title: Byejoe

text:
byejoe is a baijiu () brand produced and marketed by byejoe USA, headquartered in Houston, Texas. Baijiu is the national spirit of China. It literally means "white spirit" or "white wine", and is the most consumed spirit in the world by volume. byejoe is the first widely marketed baijiu in the United States specifically targeting the western consumer.

About Baijiu

Baijiu signifies a wide variety of all Chinese spirits. It is typically distilled from sorghum or wheat, but can also be made from corn, barley, oak, or peas. Baijius can range from 30% ABV to 60% ABV, and are typically classified by aroma category: light, strong, sauce, or rice aroma.

Baijiu has been an integral part of Chinese drinking culture for thousands of years and is always served with meals, included in celebrations, and consumed when conducting business negotiations. According to data from the International Wine & Spirit Research Group, baijiu is by far the world's largest spirit category, with 11 billion liters of baijiu consumed in 2012, accounting for one-third of the alcohol consumed in the world.

About byejoe
byejoe is a light aroma baijiu distilled from 100% red sorghum. byejoe is distilled in China, then imported into the United States in small batches. After it is imported into the United States, it goes through a natural filtration process and is then bottled for consumption.

byejoe is certified Kosher

Flavors

byejoe is available in 2 flavors.  The unflavored, byejoe red, is the original baijiu and is 40% ABV. The second variation is known as byejoe dragon fire and is 35% ABV. dragon fire is the original baijiu infused with dragon fruit, lychee, and hot chilis.

Both flavors are available nationwide through the company's e-commerce site.  byejoe is also available in bars, restaurants, and liquor stores in the following states:  California, Florida, Texas, and New York.

Awards and Tasting Notes
byejoe has earned 13 gold medals in both tasting and packaging design categories for its flavors byejoe red and byejoe dragon fire. This includes 1 Triple Gold, 2 Double Golds, and 10 Gold Medals.

2013 Awards for byejoe red
 Double Gold:  Packaging and Design, San Francisco World Spirits Competition
 91 "Excellent Highly Recommended": Tasting, Ultimate Spirits Challenge
 Gold:  Tasting, Beverage Tasting Institute

2014 Awards for byejoe red
 Triple Gold:  Tasting, MicroLiquor Spirit Awards
 Gold:  Packaging and Design, MicroLiquor Spirit Awards
 Gold: Tasting, Denver International Spirits Competition
 Gold: Tasting, Beverly Hills International Awards Competition
 Gold: Tasting, Craft Spirit Awards

2014 Awards for byejoe dragon fire
 Double Gold: Tasting, Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America
 Gold: Tasting, Denver International Spirits Competition
 Gold: Tasting, Beverly Hills International Spirits Competition
 Gold: Tasting, MicroLiquor Spirit Awards
 Gold: Packaging and Design, MicroLiquor Spirit Awards

References

External links
 www.byejoe.com

Baijiu
Alcoholic drink brands


title: Mulan River

text:
The Mulan River or Creek is a river in Fujian, China, which drains into Xinghua Bay on the Taiwan Strait between the East and South China Seas. It is the largest river in Central Fujian.

References

Rivers of Fujian


title: Bormina

text:
The Bormina is an indigenous breed of domestic goat from the Valtellina, in the northern part of the province of Sondrio, in Lombardy in northern Italy. It is particularly associated with the area of the comune of Bormio, from which its name derives. Because of the reddish colour of its coat and its clear Swiss markings (, white stripes on the face, white legs, belly and peri-anal area), it may also be call the Frisa Rossa. It is raised mainly in the Valtellina but is also reported from the Lario and from the area of Varese. It does not have official recognition in Italy, and breed numbers are very low. Management is extensive: the animals are kept on high alpine pasture in the summer months, and brought under cover in winter.

History

The origins of the Bormina are unknown. It may derive from Toggenburg stock from north-east Switzerland imported to the Valtellina in 1941 and 1942 for its high productivity of milk, and cross-bred with local strains, or may have arisen from older traditional long-term cultural interchange. The Bormina also shows similarity to the Bionda dell'Adamello breed from the Val Camonica.

The Bormina is not officially recognised as a breed, and is not among the forty-three autochthonous Italian goat breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep- and goat-breeders. It is, however, reported to the DAD-IS database of the FAO. Numbers were reported at 100 in 1992; there is no more recent data. The breed is under competitive pressure from the Frisa Valtellinese or Frontalasca, which is raised in the same geographical area.

Use

The Bormina is an excellent dairy breed.

References

Goat breeds
Meat goat breeds
Goat breeds originating in Italy


title: 2006 in Spain

text:
Events in the year 2006 in Spain.

Incumbents
 Monarch: Juan Carlos I
 Prime Minister: José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero

Regional presidents

 Andalusia: Manuel Chaves
 Aragón: Marcelino Iglesias
 Asturias: Vicente Álvarez Areces
 Balearic Islands: Jaume Matas
 Basque Country: Juan José Ibarretxe
 Canary Islands: Adán Martín Menis
 Cantabria: Miguel Ángel Revilla
 Castilla–La Mancha: José María Barreda
 Castile and León: Juan Vicente Herrera
 Catalonia: Pasqual Maragall (until 28 November), José Montilla (starting 28 November)
 Extremadura: Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra
 Galicia: Emilio Pérez Touriño
 La Rioja: Pedro Sanz
 Community of Madrid: Esperanza Aguirre
 Region of Murcia: Ramón Luis Valcárcel
 Navarre: Miguel Sanz
 Valencian Community: Francisco Camps
 Ceuta: Juan Jesús Vivas
 Melilla: Juan José Imbroda

Events
March 27: Spain's sixth terrestrial television broadcaster, La Sexta, starts programming.
November 28: Ciberobn, a public research consortium is founded.
December 30: A bombing at the Barajas Airport in Madrid kills two people and injures twenty. ETA claims responsibility.

Births
 April 20: Dean Berta Viñales, Spanish motorcycle rider (d. 2021)

Deaths
March 25: Rocío Durcal, singer and actress
June 1: Rocío Jurado, singer and actress
November 26: Isaac Gálvez López, cyclist

See also
 2006 in Spanish television
 List of Spanish films of 2006

References

Spain
Years of the 21st century in Spain


title: Goondah railway station

text:
The Goondah railway station is a disused railway station in Goondah, New South Wales, Australia on the Main South Line  from Sydney.

Tramway: Goondah-Burrinjuck line

During 1907 work commenced on the Barren Jack Reservoir. A  tram line was constructed adjacent to the station to carry supplies to the construction site  away.

Deviation
When the railway was duplicated, the first station was replaced by one on a new alignment.

References

Railway stations in Australia opened in 1891
Railway stations closed in 1975
Disused regional railway stations in New South Wales
Main Southern railway line, New South Wales
Railway stations in Australia closed in the 1970s