title: Rural Health Workforce and The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

text:
Throughout the United States, many rural communities are faced with severe
healthcare workforce shortage issues. These regions often consist of a larger percentage of medically underserved individuals, in conjunction with fewer physicians, nurses, and other healthcare workers. The shortage of healthcare workers negatively impacts the quality of medical care due to decreased access to health services as well as an increase in workload placed on providers. Healthcare systems in rural communities generally have fewer personnel and infrastructure, creating substantial healthcare disparities among the United States population. Rural communities tend to have a higher incidence of chronic diseases, infant and maternal morbidity, and occupational injuries. These communities also consist of individuals who tend to be older and have a lower socioeconomic status, which directly relates to the high rate of uninsured individuals. Ethnic minorities are also increasing in number throughout rural areas, further adding to the size of healthcare disparities.

Barriers to health care
The healthcare workforce has a significant impact on the utilization of healthcare within a rural community.  Access barriers to health care, predominantly in the form of geography, can necessitate significant travel time as well as increased costs to obtain basic, primary care. Shortages in the healthcare workforce lead to overcompensation for providers due to a larger patient load, with more chronic disease management, along with overtime fees. Primary care physicians tend to be closer to retirement on average, demonstrating that these shortages are expected to worsen and pressure will only increase among the existing workforce. Due to the lack of specialists in rural areas, primary care physicians are expected to perform a greater number of procedures on a larger mix of patients. This shortage also decreases teaching and training opportunities for new providers which makes rural areas less attractive to new physicians and other medical professions from entering the workforce. These factors also make it difficult to retain medical providers and maintain existing infrastructure in terms of hospitals and clinics.
The labor shortage in terms of health care is expected to increase due to the overall aging of the population. The excess volume of patients add to providers’ workloads that are already face with limited resources. This detrimental combination effectively hinders the delivery of timely and appropriate health services. The healthcare workforce in the rural population, with smaller populations dispersed across a larger area, makes the existing and expected shortages more likely to have far-reaching, medically devastating impacts.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
President Barack Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) on March 23, 2010. The enactment of the ACA introduced healthcare reform throughout the United States. Some of the key objectives of the ACA are to improve quality and lower healthcare costs, create new consumer protections, and improve access to healthcare.
In order to achieve these objectives, widespread reforms have been instituted. Included among the ACA's many areas of focus is the rural healthcare workforce. Many of the provisions are intended to strengthen the healthcare workforce in rural areas, specifically addressing the limited access to healthcare providers. The approaches used to address this issue include: the development of national strategies to address workforce shortages and support state and community programming; training and development of healthcare providers in rural areas; and financial incentives including grant and bonus payments.

Overview of ACA provisions
Specific examples of ACA provisions addressing the development of national strategies to deal with workforce issues; training and development of healthcare providers in rural areas; and financial incentives including grant and bonus payments are listed below:

Workforce issues: create positions and maximize current supply
Section 5503: redistributes unused residency positions. Hospitals located in areas with a higher ratio of people living in a Health Professional Service Area to the total population will be given greater priority for an increase in residency positions. 75% of positions must be in primary care or general surgery.
Section 3502: establishes grant programs to support care coordination through medical homes.
Section 5509: establishes programs to support the clinical training of current non-physicians.

Training and development
Section 1501 (1): authorizes grants to medical schools to recruit and provide focused training and experiences to students likely to practice medicine in HPSAs.  The grant aims to recruit students most likely to practice in rural areas.
Section 5403: amends the Area Health Education Center (AHEC) program. AHEC addresses workforce shortages by supporting physician recruitment and retention from medically underserved populations and those from rural and medically underserved areas.
Sections 5301, 5508 (b): reauthorize PHSA Section 747. They increase support for primary care training programs, provide traineeships to students, residents, and faculty; support the development of innovative academic units in primary care. They authorize grants to support the development of expansion of teaching health centers.

Financial incentives
Sections 5207, 5508(b), 1051 (n), 10503: expand the existing program, which provides scholarships and loan repayment to primary, dental, mental, and behavioral health care providers who practice in Health Professional Service Areas for a minimum of 2 years.
Sections 5202, 5208, 5309, 5308, 5310, 5404, 10510 (e): allow for student loan, grant, and scholarships for undergraduate and graduate nursing education and retention, loan repayment for nurse faculty, a new nurse-managed health clinic program, and grants to help minority individuals complete associate or advanced degrees in nursing.
Section 5204: creates a new program that provides up to $35,000 in loan repayment for public health professionals in pursuit of a public health degree if the individual serves full-time for a minimum of three years at a federal, local, or tribal public health agency. Health Professional Shortage Areas fall in this group.
Sections 5501, 5203: allow for Medicare 10% bonus for physicians who meet specific requirements and provide certain primary care and general surgery services.

Financing the ACA provisions
In order to ensure the provisions described above are successfully implemented, the ACA has authorized various levels of funding in the ongoing future. Implementing each provision will rely on Congress to effectively allocate the funds authorized by the ACA. Some of the key provisions and their financing structures are outlined below:

Section 3502 - Community Health Team Grants for Medical Homes
Authorizes such sums as may be necessary (no specific years).

Section 1501(l) - Rural Physician Training Grants
Authorizes the appropriation of $4 million annually from FY 2010 through 2013.

Section 5403 - Expanding Area Health Education Centers (AHECs)
Appropriates $125 million from FY 2010 to 2014, and no less than $250,000 per AHEC annually (limited to 12 years for a program and 6 years for a center).

Section 5301 - Title VII Primary Care Training & Enhancement Programs
Authorizes $750,000 annually from FY 2010 through 2014 for capacity building grants to establish academic units in primary care and enhance interdisciplinary training.
Authorizes $125 million for FY 2010, and necessary sums from FY 2011 to 2014 to provide 5-year grants to hospitals, med schools, etc. for primary care education and training. 15% of the appropriated amount must go towards PA training programs.
Appropriates $25 million for FY 2010 and $50 million annually for FY 2011 and 2012 to provide grants for academic health centers to expand Title VII primary care residency programs.
Appropriates $230 million from FY 2011 to 2015 to cover the direct/indirect expenses incurred by academic health centers for training residents in primary care.

Section 5316 - Family Nurse Practitioner Training Demonstration
Authorizes the appropriation of necessary sums annually from FY 2011 through 2015. Funding for each grant should not exceed $60,000.

Sections 5207, 5508 (b), 1051 (n), 10503 - National Services Health Corps
Authorizes $320 million in FY 2010, $414 million for FY 2011, $535 million for FY 2012, $691 million for FY 2013, $893 million for FY 2014, and $1,155 billion for FY 2015.

Sections 5202, 5305, 5308-12 - Title VIII Nurse Workforce Development Programs
Authorizes $338 million in FY 2010 from the original $243.872 million provided, and necessary sums from FY 2011 to 2016.

Section 5204 - Public Health Care Workforce Loan Repayment Program
Authorizes $195 million for FY 2010, and necessary sums from FY 2011 to 2015.

Challenges
There are several key challenges to providing better health care in rural America. The ACA attempts to resolve these challenges by insuring more rural Americans, increasing access to care, and resolving the workforce shortage in rural areas. The effects of the ACA in regard to rectifying these challenges have yet to be determined.

Population factors
Providers in rural areas face many disadvantages, including the fact that the United States population living in rural areas tend to be older, poorer, and uninsured in comparison to their urban counterparts. Rural Americans are also more likely to suffer from chronic illnesses.  At the same time, rural America is experiencing an out-migration of its younger population and the rural healthcare workforce is aging.

Lack of resources
Rural hospitals tend to have fewer resources than urban hospitals and usually have a fewer number of beds. These hospitals often are understaffed or face problems due to poorly trained staff. Rural hospitals are also forced to offer a broad variety of services since these community hospitals are often the only healthcare providers in their area. Providing a mix of services puts a strain on the hospital because it is not able to focus on providing one service well, but instead must concentrate on providing as many services as possible.

Dependence on public funding
Patients at rural hospitals tend to be older and are often low-income individuals. This means that rural hospitals depend heavily on government assistance from Medicare and Medicaid, with nearly 60% of rural hospital gross revenues coming from these programs. This makes rural hospitals incredibly vulnerable to policy changes. Often Medicare and Medicaid funding is not sufficient to cover all rural hospital patients, which is a problem that is compounded by a high rate of uninsured individuals in the community. When rural employees do not provide health insurance, rural hospitals must absorb the costs.

Insufficient access to capital
A lack of capital means that rural hospitals often do not have the means to meet patient's needs. Rural hospitals lag behind their urban counterparts when it comes to ability to acquire new technologies, replace aged equipment, and improve operational effectiveness. Insufficient access to capital leads to rural hospitals falling behind urban hospitals in terms of quality performance and patient outcomes.

References

Affordable Care Act


title: Gar Kandi, Sistan and Baluchestan

text:
Gar Kandi (, also Romanized as Gār Kandī and Gar Kandī; also known as Kār Gandī) is a village in Polan Rural District, Polan District, Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 311, in 69 families.

References

Populated places in Chabahar County


title: Gar Kandi Rasul Bakhsh Bazar

text:
Gar Kandi Rasul Bakhsh Bazar (, also Romanized as Gār Kandī Rasūl Bakhsh Bāzār; also known as Gar Kandī) is a village in Polan Rural District, Polan District, Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 418, in 78 families.

References

Populated places in Chabahar County


title: Nordic Folkboat Gold Cup

text:
The Nordic Folkboat Gold Cup is a sailing race in Nordic Folkboat held annually in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, or Germany. The cup is subject for competition between yacht clubs competed in regular fleet racing style with individual crew. If any yacht club manages to win the cup for six times, the club wins it to keep it forever. It has been conquered forever three times, by Kjøbenhavns Amatør-Sejlklub in 1974 and by Kerteminde Sejlklub in 1982 and 1994. Luckily both yacht clubs have donated the cup back to continue the tradition of the prestigious cup. With the lack of a World Championships, the Gold Cup is the most prestigious event in the class.

The yacht club with the most inscriptions is Kerteminde Sejlklub, with 17, and most individual wins have Danish Erik Andreasen, with 6. Danish crew have won 42 times, German crew have won 9 times, and Swedish crew have won once. The highest number of participants was in 1984, when 96 crew participated (of which eight from the United States).

The upcoming editions will be held in Warnemünde in 2015, Helsinki 2016, Kerteminde 2017.

History
The first cup was set up 1963 by the senator Alfred Hagelstein of Lübeck. In the beginning races were held in Lübeck-Travemünde area or in Denmark and the first yacht club to reach six wins would keep the cup.

In 1978 the first race was held in Sweden, and in 2016 the first race will be held in Finland.

Editions

Winning yacht clubs

See also
 Gold Cup

References

One-design sailing competitions
Sailing competitions in Europe
Recurring sporting events established in 1963
Nordic Folkboat


title: Polan, Iran

text:
Polan (, also Romanized as Polān; also known as Dasht-e yārī, Dashtīāri, Mīr Bāzār, and Miri Bazār) is a city in, and the capital of, Polan District of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. It also serves as the capital of Polan Rural District.

At the 2006 census, its population was 1,002 in 199 households, when it was a village. The following census in 2011 counted 1,167 people in 297 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 1,044 people in 283 households.

After the census, the village of Polan was elevated to the status of a city.

References

Chabahar County

Cities in Sistan and Baluchestan Province

Populated places in Chabahar County


title: M. ehrenbergii

text:
M. ehrenbergii may refer to:

 Manta ehrenbergii, an eagle ray
 Morpheis ehrenbergii, a Mexican butterfly


Commentary on Edward Snowden's disclosure is part of the reactions to global surveillance disclosures made by Edward Snowden.

Executive branch
On June 8, 2013, Director of National Intelligence (DNI) James R. Clapper denounced as "reckless" the disclosures of "intelligence community measures used to keep Americans safe." He condemned the leaks as having done "huge, grave damage" to the U.S. intelligence capabilities.

Later that month, U.S. President Barack Obama was dismissive of Snowden, saying, "I'm not going to be scrambling jets to get a 29-year-old hacker." In early August, Obama said that Snowden was no patriot and that Americans would have been better off if they had remained unaware of the NSA surveillance activities that Snowden revealed. Obama also said that he had "called for a thorough review of our surveillance operations before Mr. Snowden made these leaks.... My preference, and I think the American people's preference, would have been for a lawful, orderly examination of these laws; a thoughtful fact-based debate that would then lead us to a better place."

On August 4, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Martin Dempsey said on the weekly ABC interview show This Week that Snowden "has caused us some considerable damage to our intelligence architecture. Our adversaries are changing the way that they communicate."

In September, DNI Clapper acknowledged that Snowden may have done a public service and started a needed debate about the balance between privacy and security.
"As loath as I am to give any credit for what's happened here, which was egregious, I think it's clear that some of the conversations that this has generated, some of the debate, actually probably needed to happen," he said. "It's unfortunate they didn't happen some time ago, but if there's a good side to this, that's it."

On January 29, 2014, DNI Clapper gave public testimony to a session of the Senate Intelligence Committee. He asked that "Snowden and his accomplices" return the purloined NSA documents. When Clapper was asked whether the word "accomplices" referred to journalists, Clapper's spokesperson Shawn Turner responded, "Director Clapper was referring to anyone who is assisting Edward Snowden to further threaten our national security through the unauthorized disclosure of stolen documents related to lawful foreign intelligence collection programs."

Former executive branch officials
In late June 2013, Former US President Jimmy Carter said: "He's obviously violated the laws of America, for which he's responsible, but I think the invasion of human rights and American privacy has gone too far ... I think that the secrecy that has been surrounding this invasion of privacy has been excessive, so I think that the bringing of it to the public notice has probably been, in the long term, beneficial."

Earlier that month, former Vice President Dick Cheney suggested that Snowden might be a spy working for the Chinese government.

Some former U.S. intelligence officials speculated that Chinese or Russian intelligence agents might have gleaned additional classified material from Snowden, a view shared by some former Russian agents. Snowden, however, told journalist Glenn Greenwald in July, "I never gave any information to either government, and they never took anything from my laptops."

Stewart Baker, a former NSA general counsel in the early 1990s, said at a July 18, 2013 hearing, "I am afraid that hyped and distorted press reports orchestrated by Edward Snowden and his allies may cause us – or other nations – to construct new restraints on our intelligence gathering, restraints that will leave us vulnerable to another security disaster."

Former CIA and NSA chief General Michael Hayden in late June 2013 welcomed the public debate about the balance between privacy and security that the leaks had provoked: "I am convinced the more the American people know exactly what it is we are doing in this balance between privacy and security, the more they know the more comfortable they will feel." In September 2013, Hayden stressed the indisputable legality of "what the NSA is doing" and called Snowden a "troubled young man", albeit "morally arrogant to a tremendous degree"; he also said about his prospects in Russia: "I suspect he will end up like most of the rest of the defectors who went to the old Soviet Union: Isolated, bored, lonely, depressed -- and most of them ended up alcoholics."

Speaking at the University of Connecticut on April 23, 2014, former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton insinuated that she found Snowden's motives suspicious. "When he emerged and when he absconded with all that material, I was puzzled because we have all these protections for whistle-blowers. If he were concerned and wanted to be part of the American debate, he could have been," she said. "But it struck me as—I just have to be honest with you—as sort of odd that he would flee to China, because Hong Kong is controlled by China, and that he would then go to Russia—two countries with which we have very difficult cyberrelationships, to put it mildly." Clinton added, "I think turning over a lot of that material—intentionally or unintentionally—drained, gave all kinds of information, not only to big countries, but to networks and terrorist groups and the like. So I have a hard time thinking that somebody who is a champion of privacy and liberty has taken refuge in Russia, under Putin's authority."

Congress
Reactions to Snowden's disclosures among members of Congress initially were largely negative. Speaker of the House John Boehner and senators Dianne Feinstein and Bill Nelson called Snowden a traitor, and several senators and representatives joined them in calling for Snowden's arrest and prosecution.

Representative Thomas Massie was one of few members of Congress to question the constitutional validity of the government surveillance programs and suggest that Snowden should be granted immunity from prosecution. Senator Rand Paul offered tentative support for Snowden, saying they were reserving judgment on Snowden until more information about the surveillance programs and about Snowden's motives were known. Senator Paul said, "I do think when history looks at this, they are going to contrast the behavior of James Clapper, our National Intelligence Director, with Edward Snowden. Mr. Clapper lied in Congress in defiance of the law, in the name of security. Mr. Snowden told the truth in the name of privacy." Paul later called Snowden a "civil disobedient", like Martin Luther King Jr., but who faced life imprisonment. Representative John Lewis made comparisons between Snowden and Gandhi, saying the leaker was appealing to a "higher law".

Senator Bill Nelson, "What Edward Snowden did amounts to an act of treason." Similar comments have also been made by Rep. Peter T. King, Rep. John Boehner, and Sen. Dianne Feinstein.

On July 25, the US Senate Committee on Appropriations unanimously adopted an amendment by Senator Lindsey Graham to the "Fiscal Year 2014 Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill" that would seek sanctions against any country that offers asylum to Snowden.

In response to the information release by Snowden, Rep. Justin Amash (R-Mich.) and Rep. John Conyers (D-Mich.) proposed an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act to curtail the NSA gathering and storage of the personal records, but the House rejected it by a narrow margin of 205–217. Amash subsequently told Fox News that Snowden was "a whistle-blower. He told us what we need to know."

On the Sunday ABC interview show This Week, Rep. Dutch Ruppersberger, D-Maryland, of the United States House Select Committee on Intelligence was asked by Raddatz, "Are efforts being thwarted in trying to get information for members of Congress?"  He replied,

...[S]ince this incident occurred with Snowden, we've had three different hearings for members of our Democratic Caucus, and the Republican Caucus, where General Alexander has come with his deputy, Chris Inglis, to ask any questions that people have as it relates to this information. And we will continue to do that because what we're trying to do now is to get the American public to know more about what's going on....But we can do better. I have to educate my caucus more, the Democratic Caucus. And we're trying to declassify as much as we can.

U.S. Senator John McCain (R-AZ) said on the August 11 edition of Fox News Sunday that Snowden had become a hero to young Americans, as he reminded them of the Jason Bourne character. McCain attributed it to generation change and a lack of confidence in the federal government. "Right now there's kind of a generational change," he said. "Young Americans do not trust this government."

Gordon Humphrey, the conservative Republican senator for New Hampshire from 1979 to 1991, expressed support for Snowden. Glenn Greenwald revealed that Humphrey, a former member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, had been in contact with Snowden via email. Humphrey told Snowden, "Provided you have not leaked information that would put in harms way any intelligence agent, I believe you have done the right thing in exposing what I regard as massive violation of the United States Constitution." Humphrey cited Snowden as a "courageous whistle-blower".

Tom McClintock (R-Calif) came out in favor of amnesty for Snowden, saying

I think it would be best if the American government granted him amnesty to get him back to America where he can answer questions without the threat of prosecution... We have some very good laws against sharing secrets and he broke those laws. On the other hand, he broke them for a very good reason because those laws were being used in direct contravention of our 4th Amendment rights as Americans.

Arizona Senator John McCain criticized politicians who voted in favor of the PATRIOT Act, but were outraged by the NSA spying on phone calls by saying, "We passed the Patriot Act. We passed specific provisions of the act that allowed for this program to take place, to be enacted in operation. Now, if members of Congress did not know what they were voting on, then I think that that's their responsibility a lot more than it is the government's."

Public
Glenn Greenwald, one of the journalists who received the documents, praised Snowden for having done a service by revealing the surveillance on the American public. John Cassidy of The New Yorker called Snowden "a hero" and said that "in revealing the colossal scale of the US government's eavesdropping on Americans and other people around the world, [Snowden] has performed a great public service that more than outweighs any breach of trust he may have committed." CNN columnist Douglas Rushkoff also called Snowden's leak an act of heroism. Amy Davidson, writing in The New Yorker, was thankful for the "overdue" conversation on privacy and the limits of domestic surveillance.

American political commentators and public figures such as Noam Chomsky, Chris Hedges, Michael Moore, Cornel West, Glenn Beck, Matt Drudge, Alex Jones, Andrew Napolitano, Oliver Stone, Michael Savage, and Stephen Walt praised Snowden for exposing secret government surveillance.

Other commentators were more critical of Snowden's methods and motivations. Jeffrey Toobin, for example, denounced Snowden as "a grandiose narcissist who deserves to be in prison". Writing in The New Yorker, Toobin argued that the programs exposed were not illegal, therefore Snowden was not a whistleblower. Further, Toobin questioned "whether the government can function when all of its employees (and contractors) can take it upon themselves to sabotage the programs they don’t like".

The editors of Bloomberg News argued that, while the government ought to prosecute Snowden, the media's focus on Snowden took attention away from issues of U.S. government surveillance, the interpretations of the Patriot Act, and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) court actions, all of which are "what really matters in all this." Greenwald accused the media in the U.S. of focusing on Edward Snowden instead of on wrongdoing by Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper and other U.S. officials. In an op-ed, author Alex Berenson argued that the federal government should have flown a representative to Hong Kong to ask Snowden to give testimony in front of the U.S. Congress and offer him a fair criminal trial, with a view to preventing further unintended disclosures of classified information to other countries.

Cybersecurity scholar Peter Singer divided the material disclosed by Snowden into three categories: "smart, useful espionage against enemies of the United States; legally questionable activities that involved US citizens through backdoors and fudging of policy/law; un-strategic (stupid) actions targeting American allies that has had huge blowback on US standing and US business." It was postulated that these were differing ways people viewed Snowden, which could explain why he was so polarizing. Singer also spoke of a "double legacy" from the NSA revelations released by Snowden: "One, it's hollowed out the American ability to operate effectively in ensuring the future of the internet itself, in the way we would hope it would be. That has huge long-term consequences. And the second is, it's been and will be a hammer-blow to American technology companies. The cloud computing industry, for example, had a recent estimate that they'll lose $36 billion worth of business because of this."

Public opinion polls
Surveys conducted by news outlets and professional polling organizations found that American public opinion was divided on Snowden's disclosures, and that those polled in Canada and Europe were more supportive of Snowden than respondents in the U.S.

United States

2013
June 10–11, 2013: Gallup poll showed 44 percent of Americans thought it was right for Snowden to share the information with the press while 42 percent thought it was wrong.
June 12–16: USA Today/Pew Research poll found that 49 percent thought the release of information served the public interest while 44 percent thought it harmed it. The same poll found that 54 percent felt a criminal case should be brought against Snowden, and 38 percent disagreed.
June 12–16: The Washington Post-ABC News poll cited 43 percent of respondents saying Snowden ought to be charged with a crime, while 48 percent said he ought not.
June 17–18: Rasmussen Reports asked Americans to describe Snowden in a single word. Twelve percent said he was a hero, 21 percent called him a traitor, 34 percent said he fell somewhere in between, and 29 percent said it was too early to tell.
June 15–July 1: The Economist/YouGov poll tracked public opinion over three consecutive weekends, comparing results from June 15–17, June 22–24 and June 29–July 1. Asked their view of Snowden, respondents indicating "favorable" rose from 40 percent to 42 percent then down to 36 percent. "Unfavorable" grew steadily from 39 percent to 41 percent to 43 percent. Those supporting his prosecution increased from 27 percent to 34 percent and held there; those opposed steadily declined from 32 percent to 31 percent to 25 percent.
July 1–2: The Huffington Post/YouGov poll found that 38 percent of Americans thought Snowden did the wrong thing, 33 percent said he did the right thing, and 29 percent were unsure.
July 17–21: NBC News/The Wall Street Journal Survey found that 11 percent of Americans viewed Snowden positively while 34 percent had a negative view.
June 28–July 8: Quinnipiac University Polling Institute survey found that 55 percent of Americans regarded Snowden as a whistleblower while 34 percent saw him as a traitor. When Quinnipiac repeated the poll from July 28–31, the results were unchanged.
July 28–29: Among likely U.S. voters surveyed by Rasmussen Reports, 32 percent considered Snowden a traitor who endangered lives and national security, whereas 11 percent called him a hero.
November 14–17: The Washington Post-ABC News poll found a significant shift in opinion as to whether or not Snowden ought to be charged with a crime. In contrast to the same organizations' June poll, November's results showed 52 percent favoring his prosecution (up from 43 percent) and 38 percent opposed (down from 48 percent). Similarly, when asked whether, irrespective of his being charged with a crime, Snowden was right or wrong to disclose the NSA intelligence-gathering efforts, 37 percent said he was right and 55 percent said he was wrong. All told, nearly two to one (60 percent versus 32 percent) thought Snowden's disclosures had harmed U.S. national security.

2014
January 15–19: USA Today/Pew Research poll reported little change from the previous June on the question of the government pursuing a criminal case against Snowden, with 56 percent in favor and 32 percent opposed. The poll found that people younger than 30 offered the least support for prosecution, being evenly divided at 42 percent in favor and 42 percent opposed. Over all age groups, opinion was also nearly equally divided as to whether or not Snowden's disclosures had served the public interest: 45 percent said yes, while 43 percent said Snowden harmed the public interest.
January 18–20: The Economist/YouGov poll likewise found Americans evenly split, with 43 percent viewing Snowden favorably and 41 percent unfavorably; 46 percent approving his leaks and 43 percent disapproving; 28 percent supporting his prosecution and 29 percent opposed.
January 22: CBS News poll revealed a larger split (almost 3:1) as to whether or not Snowden ought to stand trial for his actions, with 61 percent in favor and 23 percent saying he should be granted amnesty. CBS News also differed from Pew Research on the issue of whether or not Snowden's disclosures had been good for the country, with 40 percent saying yes and 46 percent saying it had been bad. When asked to come up with a word that best describes Snowden, nearly a quarter of respondents volunteered either "traitor" or a similar word questioning his loyalty to his country, while 8 percent said he is "brave" or "courageous" or "a hero." Just 2 percent volunteered that he is a "patriot" or "patriotic," and another 2 percent said "terrorist."
January 22–25: NBC News/The Wall Street Journal Survey found continued low public approval for Snowden, with 23 percent supporting what he did, 37 percent opposing it, and 39 percent expressing no opinion.
March 26–28: The Huffington Post/YouGov poll found that 31 percent thought Snowden was right to leak top-secret information about government surveillance programs to the media, while 33 percent believed he was wrong; 45 percent favored his prosecution, with 34 percent opposed; and 35 percent would support a presidential pardon, with 43 percent opposed.
May 20: NBC News asked viewers to weigh in via Twitter on whether they thought Snowden was a "patriot" or "traitor." Prior to airing its Snowden interview, viewers were closely split on the matter; after the program aired, 60 percent said they considered him a patriot.
May 29: A YouGov survey found that 55 percent of Americans thought Snowden was right to leak details of the PRISM program. Twenty percent of Americans aged 16–34 thought Snowden's actions were wrong, while 41 percent of those 55 and over held this view.
June 1: An NBC News poll of registered voters found that 34 percent opposed Snowden's leaks, 24 percent backed him and another 40 percent had no opinion. Among those who closely followed the story, 49 percent opposed his actions and 33 percent supported them. "These overall numbers," said NBC News, "are essentially unchanged from a January 2014 NBC News/Wall Street Journal [poll], when 23 percent of registered voters said they supported Snowden's actions, versus 38 percent who opposed them."
July 2:  A poll conducted by cloud storage service Tresorit, showed that 55% of all Americans supported Edward Snowden's disclosures, whereas only 29% were against them.
July 14: Pew Research Center found worldwide opposition to U.S. eavesdropping and a decline in the view that the U.S. respects its people's personal freedoms, but little evidence that America's overall image had been severely damaged. While the majority of Americans and others condoned spying on suspected terrorists, they agreed it is unacceptable to spy on American citizens.

Canada and Europe
In a June 2013 Emnid survey, 50 percent of Germans polled considered Snowden a hero, and 35 percent would hide him in their homes.

In October 2013, 67 percent of Canadians polled considered Snowden a hero, as did 60 percent of UK respondents.

In an April 2014 UK YouGov poll, 46 percent of British people thought that newspapers reporting on the materials given to them by Snowden was good for society, while 22 percent thought it was bad for society and 31 percent didn't know.

Media
On January 1, 2014, the editorial board of The New York Times praised Snowden as a whistleblower and wrote in favor of granting him clemency, arguing that while Snowden may have broken the law, he had "done his country a great service" by bringing the abuses of the NSA to light. "When someone reveals that government officials have routinely and deliberately broken the law," they wrote, "that person should not face life in prison at the hands of the same government." The Times cast doubt on the claim made by Snowden's critics that he had damaged national security, and concluded with a request to President Obama to discontinue the "vilification" of Snowden and to give him "an incentive to return home." The article garnered an unusual amount of blowback for an editorial, with responses from multiple media outlets. The Guardian called for a pardon in an editorial coincidentally published the same day, saying Snowden should be allowed to return home with dignity.

In a January 4, 2014 article, Peter Baker of The New York Times laid out the polarization of opinions throughout the U.S. and the impetus toward clemency gained by public reaction to Snowden's revelations. Yet despite a growing backlash against government surveillance, Baker noted, calls for leniency had made little headway in the White House, Justice Department, or national security establishment.

In September 2016, the editorial board of The Washington Post characterized the issue of whether Snowden deserved a presidential pardon as "a complicated question" to which the president's answer should be "no". The editors of the Post credited Snowden for "necessary reforms" brought about by his revelations of en masse collection of telephone data by the NSA, but stressed Snowden's separate leak of information about the agency's PRISM program and other "basically defensible" intelligence operations as reasons why he should face trial, saying that Snowden hurt his credibility as "an avatar of freedom" by accepting asylum in Russia. The editors of the Post dismissed calls from human-rights organizations for clemency because of Snowden's "noble purposes" and the policy changes resulting from the leaks, and urged the president not to pardon Snowden despite the Post itself being responsible for publishing some of the leaked material. According to The Guardian, the editorial stunned many American journalists. Glenn Greenwald, one of the journalists to whom Snowden had initially leaked the classified documents, characterized the Post editorial as "an act of journalistic treachery" and "cowardice", noting that the Post had accepted a Pulitzer Prize for publishing Snowden's leaks concerning PRISM and the other operations mentioned in its editorial.

Non-governmental organizations

After Amnesty International met Edward Snowden in Moscow in mid July 2013, the organization said:

What he has disclosed is patently in the public interest and as a whistleblower his actions were justified. He has exposed unlawful sweeping surveillance programmes that unquestionably interfere with an individual’s right to privacy. States that attempt to stop a person from revealing such unlawful behaviour are flouting international law. Freedom of expression is a fundamental right.

Widney Brown, Senior Director of Amnesty, feared that Snowden would be at "great risk" of human rights violations if forcibly transferred to the United States, and urged no country to return Snowden to the US. Michael Bochenek, Director of Law and Policy at Amnesty International deplored the US pressure on governments to block Snowden's asylum attempts, saying "It is his unassailable right, enshrined in international law".

Human Rights Watch said that if Snowden were able to raise the issue of NSA mass surveillance without facing espionage charges, he would not have left the United States in the first place. Human Rights Watch writes that any country where Snowden seeks asylum should consider his claim fairly and protect his rights under international law, which recognizes that revealing official secrets is sometimes justified in the public interest.

Navi Pillay, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, said: "Snowden's case has shown the need to protect persons disclosing information on matters that have implications for human rights, as well as the importance of ensuring respect for the right to privacy".

Transparency International, International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms and Vereinigung Deutscher Wissenschaftler awarded Snowden the German Whistleblowerpreis 2013.

The Humanist Union awarded him the Fritz Bauer Prize 2013.

Whistleblowers
Daniel Ellsberg, the whistleblower and leaker of the top-secret Pentagon Papers in 1971, stated in an interview with CNN that he thought Snowden had done an "incalculable" service to his country and that his leaks might prevent the United States from becoming a surveillance state. He said Snowden had acted with the same sort of courage and patriotism as a soldier in battle. In an op-ed the following morning, Ellsberg added that "there has not been in American history a more important leak than Edward Snowden's release of NSA material ... including the Pentagon Papers." Ray McGovern, a retired CIA officer turned political activist, agreed with Ellsberg and added, "This time today I'm feeling much more hopeful for our democracy than I was feeling this time yesterday."

William Binney, a whistleblower who disclosed details of the NSA's mass surveillance activities, said that Snowden had "performed a really great public service to begin with by exposing these programs and making the government in a sense publicly accountable for what they're doing."  After Snowden cited a conversation with a "reliable source" about allegations that the US was "hacking into China", Binney felt he was "transitioning from whistle-blower to a traitor."

Thomas Drake, former senior executive of NSA and whistleblower, said that he feels "extraordinary kinship" with Snowden. "What he did was a magnificent act of civil disobedience. He's exposing the inner workings of the surveillance state. And it's in the public interest. It truly is."

WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange hailed Snowden as a "hero" who has exposed "one of the most serious events of the decade – the creeping formulation of a mass surveillance state." After charges against Snowden were revealed, Assange released a statement asking people to "step forward and stand with" Snowden. Following President Obama's assurances that changes are planned for the NSA surveillance program, Assange said in a written statement that Obama had "validated Edward Snowden's role as a whistle-blower".

Shamai Leibowitz, who leaked details about an FBI operation, said that the legal threats and "smear campaign" against Snowden are a "grave mistake" because "If the government really wanted to keep more secrets from coming out, they would do well to let this man of conscience go live his life in some other country."

In October 2013, four US whistleblowers and activists visited Moscow to present Snowden with an award for truth-telling titled The Sam Adams Award for Integrity in Intelligence.

References

Global surveillance
Edward Snowden
Controversies by person


title: Indicator vector

text:
In mathematics, the indicator vector or characteristic vector or incidence vector of a subset T of a set S is the vector  such that  if  and  if

If S is countable and its elements are numbered so that , then  where  if  and  if

To put it more simply, the indicator vector of T is a vector with one element for each element in S, with that element being one if the corresponding element of S is in T, and zero if it is not.

An indicator vector is a special (countable) case of an indicator function.

Example
If S is the set of natural numbers , and T is some subset of the natural numbers, then the indicator vector is naturally a single point in the Cantor space: that is, an infinite sequence of 1's and 0's, indicating membership, or lack thereof, in T.  Such vectors commonly occur in the study of arithmetical hierarchy.

Notes

Basic concepts in set theory
Vectors (mathematics and physics)


title: Museum of the Sea (Uruguay)

text:
The Museum of the Sea, opened in 1996, is a museum of natural history located in La Barra, in the department of Maldonado, Uruguay. It occupies about  and is divided into four large halls, which are open to the public all year round.

Overview
The museum contains over 5,000 specimens of marine fauna, all of which are clearly labelled. Among these specimens are whale skeletons, sea urchins, starfish and turtle shells. In addition, there are old photographs and an old bathing machine used by women in the early days of the 20th century, as well as telescopes and blunderbusses of the period. There is also an exhibit about the most famous pirates. This huge collection of objects, exhibits, photographs and stories is the work of the museum's creator, Pablo Etchegaray. This self-taught collector began his collection of marine-related items many years ago.

Exhibit halls
The Museum of the Sea is composed of four museums in one. In the Museum of the Sea, everything is related to marine life: whale skeletons, seashells, a deep sea room, interactive exhibits, an area where children can draw their own pictures, a section devoted to pirates and another to treasure. The Beach Resort Museum shows the history of holiday resorts, some of which are now city neighbourhoods, such as Pocitos and Carrasco, while others are tourist destinations, such as Punta del Este, La Paloma, Piriápolis, Atlántida, Mar del Plata and Copacabana. The Nostalgia Museum holds collections of vintage objects such as jars, tins, radio sets, medical remedies, photographs, and beach-related items such as beach umbrellas and pails that were used decades ago. Three collections and 38,000 specimens of insects are exhibited in the Insectarium. Most of the specimens are beetles, but there are also moths, cicadas, and grasshoppers, among other species.

References

External links
 Museum of the Sea website

1996 establishments in Uruguay
Museums established in 1996
Museums in Uruguay
Natural history museums
Maritime museums
Buildings and structures in Maldonado Department


title: A. ehrenbergi

text:
A. ehrenbergi may refer to:

 Anemeca ehrenbergi, a Mexican butterfly
 Atys ehrenbergi, a sea snail

See also

 A. ehrenbergii (disambiguation)


title: Labour Representation Committee (1900)

text:
The Labour Representation Committee (LRC) was a pressure group founded in 1900 as an alliance of socialist organisations and trade unions, aimed at increasing representation for labour interests in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Labour Party traces its origin to the LRC's foundation.

Formation

In 1899, a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, Thomas R. Steels, proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, and the proposed conference was held at the Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street, London on 26 and 27 February 1900. The meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations — trades unions represented about a half of the unions and one third of the membership of the TUC delegates. The LRC is the direct predecessor of the modern British Labour Party.

In addition to various trade union leaders, organisations present at this conference were the Independent Labour Party (ILP), the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) and the Fabian Society, After a debate all the 129 delegates passed Keir Hardie's motion to establish "a distinct Labour group in Parliament, who shall have their own whips, and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interests of labour." This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and represent the working-class population. To make this possible the Conference established the LRC. This committee included two members from the ILP, two from the SDF, one Fabian, and seven trade unionists.

Operation
It had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the difficult task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 "Khaki election" came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively; total expenses for the election only came to £33 and between them they won 62,698 votes. Only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful; Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby.

Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, a dispute between strikers and a railway company that ended with the union being ordered to pay £23,000 damages for a strike. The judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. The apparent acquiescence of the Conservative Government of Arthur Balfour to industrial and business interests (traditionally the allies of the Liberal Party in opposition to the Conservative's landed interests) intensified support for the LRC against a government that appeared to have little concern for the industrial proletariat and its problems.

In the 1906 election, the LRC won 29 seats—helped by a secret Gladstone–MacDonald pact in 1903 between Ramsay MacDonald and Liberal Chief Whip Herbert Gladstone that aimed to avoid splitting the opposition vote between Labour and Liberal candidates in the interest of removing the Conservatives from office.

Historian Eric J. Evans argues:
The MacDonald–Gladstone pact proved to be a turning point. It gave the LRC a bridgehead in parliament, with twenty-nine of its candidates elected in 1906. By the end of 1910, the Labour party (as it was known from 1906) had forty-two MPs....With the benefit of hindsight, the MacDonald-Gladstone pact looks to have been a tactical disaster for the Liberals....On deeper investigation, Gladstone's decision is defensible and might even have been the best option.

The Labour Party

On 15 February 1906, at their first meeting after the election, the group's Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name "The Labour Party" formally.

Keir Hardie, who had taken a leading role in getting the party established, was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party (in effect, the Leader), although only by one vote over David Shackleton after several ballots. In the party's early years the Independent Labour Party (ILP) provided much of its activist base as the party did not have individual membership until 1918 but operated as a conglomerate of affiliated bodies. The Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement.

The Labour Party itself regarded 2000 as its centenary year, though it also marked the founding of the party with the singing of "The Red Flag" in parliament at the end of Commons business on 9 February 2006.

Archive
The People's History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries. Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, which holds the collection of the Labour Party, with material ranging from 1900 to the present day.

Chairmen of the LRC
The following served as Chairman of the LRC:
1900-01 Frederick Rogers
1901-02 Allen Gee
1902-03 Richard Bell MP
1903-04 John Hodge
1904-05 David Shackleton MP
1905-06 Arthur Henderson MP

Election results

References

External links

Defunct political party alliances in the United Kingdom
Political parties established in 1900
Defunct social democratic parties in the United Kingdom
Social Democratic Federation
History of the Labour Party (UK)


title: Nanshiang railway station (Taiwan)

text:
Nanshiang () was a railway station on the Taiwan Railways Administration Linkou line located in Guishan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.

History
The station was opened on 28 November 2005 but was then closed on 28 December 2012.

Nearby stations
Taiwan Railways Administration
  <-- Linkou line -->

See also
List of railway stations in Taiwan

2005 establishments in Taiwan
2012 disestablishments in Taiwan
Defunct railway stations in Taiwan
Railway stations opened in 2005
Railway stations closed in 2012
Railway stations in Taiwan opened in the 2000s


title: Polkan, Iran

text:
Polkan (, also Romanized as Polkān) is a village in Polan Rural District, Polan District, Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 230, in 48 families.

References

Populated places in Chabahar County


title: Séamus Cullinane

text:
Séamus Cullinane (1933 – August 2002) was an Irish hurler who played as a left wing-back for the Galway senior team.

Born in Cahernashelleeney, Claregalway, County Galway, Cullinane first played competitive hurling whilst at school at St. Mary's College. He arrived on the inter-county scene when he first linked up with the Galway minor team. He made his senior debut in the 1954 championship. Cullinane went on to play a bit part for Galway over the next few years, however, he enjoyed little success in terms of silverware. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.

As a member of the Connacht inter-provincial team at various times, Cullinane enjoyed little success in the Railway Cup. At club level he was a four-time championship medallist with Castlegar.

Throughout his career Cullinane made just two championship appearances for Galway. His retirement came following the conclusion of the 1958 championship.

In retirement from playing, Cullinane became involved in team management and coaching. At club level he was a selector when Athenry reached their first championship decider in 1977.

Honours

Player

Castlegar
Galway Senior Club Hurling Championship (4): 1952, 1953, 1957, 1958

References

1933 births
2002 deaths
Castlegar hurlers
Galway inter-county hurlers
Connacht inter-provincial hurlers
Hurling selectors


title: Rank, Iran

text:
Rank (, also Romanized as Rānk) is a village in Polan Rural District, Polan District, Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 304, in 54 families.

References

Populated places in Chabahar County


title: Bundi, Iran

text:
Bundi (, also Romanized as Būndī; also known as Bondī) is a village in Talang Rural District, Talang District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 182, in 36 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Pterygoalar ligament

text:
The pterygoalar ligament extends from the lamina of the lateral pterygoid to the undersurface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.

See also
Pterygospinous ligament

References

Joints


title: Cheb, Iran

text:
Cheb (; also known as Cha‘ab) is a village in Talang Rural District, Talang District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 640, in 111 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: William MacArthur (British Army officer)

text:
Lieutenant-General Sir William Porter MacArthur  (11 March 188430 July 1964) was an Irish-born British Army officer and medical doctor. He served as Commandant of the Royal Army Medical College from 1935 to 1938, and Director General Army Medical Services from 1938 to 1941. His specialism as a medical doctor was tropical medicine and he served as president of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene from 1959 to 1961.

Early life
The son of John Porter MacArthur and Margaret Rainey MacArthur (), MacArthur was born on 11 March 1884, in Belmont, Belfast. He attended Bangor Grammar School and studied medicine at Queen's College, Belfast. He graduated as a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery from the Royal University of Ireland in 1908 and began his year of house officer rotations at the Royal Victoria Hospital.

As a child, MacArthur showed a keen interest in the Irish language, using family visits to Cloughaneely, Marble Hill and Tory Island to learn from the native speakers. He became a fluent speaker and attended the Belfast Feis of 1902. In 1906, while at Queen's College, he became a founding member and first president of the Queen's College Gaelic Society. He retained a close connection with the society throughout his life and was the guest of honour at the society's golden jubilee in 1956.

Military career
In January 1909, MacArthur was commissioned into the Royal Army Medical Corps, British Army as a lieutenant on probation. He was confirmed as a lieutenant in July 1910 and earned a diploma in public health at the University of Oxford in the same year. In 1911, MacArthur completed his Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree and he was posted to Mauritius as a specialist sanitary officer. This posting gave him hands-on experience of tropical medicine, a field of work he would come to specialise in. He was promoted to captain on 30 July 1912 and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland (FRCPI) in 1913.

MacArthur returned to the United Kingdom with the outbreak of World War I in 1914. From 1915 he served on the Western Front until he received a stomach wound in the Battle of the Somme and returned home in 1916. He did not return to front line service. Towards the end of the war, he worked to establish the Army School of Hygiene in Blackpool, where he served as the first commanding officer and chief instructor from 1919 to 1922. During this time he continued his own studies at the London School of Tropical Medicine, earning a Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in 1920.

He served as Professor of Tropical Medicine at the Royal Army Medical College in two periods from 1922 to 1929 and from 1932 to 1934. On leaving the college in 1929 he was appointed consulting physician to the army, a role in which he continued alongside his college duties until September 1934. On 16 September he became Deputy Director General of the Army Medical Services for a year before returning to the college as Commandant and Director of Studies from 26 September 1935 to February 1938.

On 1 March 1938 he was simultaneously promoted to Lieutenant-general and appointed Director General, Army Medical Services a role in which he served until 1941. This placed him as the head of all the British Army medical units for the first years of the Second World War. With tensions rising in Europe, MacArthur recognised that the medical service was unprepared for conflict and ordered the stock piling of medical equipment in 1938. This earned him a reprimand from a parliamentary committee for breaching instructions on managing his budget, but his foresight was recognised with the outbreak of war the following year.

MacArthur struggled with the demands of administering such a complex organisation in war time and retired from active service with ill health in 1941.

Following the war he served as Colonel Commandant of the Royal Army Medical Corps from 1946 to 1951.

Personal life
While stationed in Mauritius, MacArthur married Eugenie Therese Antelme in 1914. They had two sons; the youngest of which was Ian MacArthur, a Conservative politician and Member of Parliament.

Honours and decorations
For his service on the Western Front, MacArthur was mentioned in despatches in November 1915 and made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order on 1 January 1916. Following the war, he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) on 3 June 1919. In the 1938 New Year Honours, MacArthur was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). In the 1939 King's Birthday Honours, he was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB).

MacArthur was awarded honorary Doctorates of Science from both Queen's University Belfast in 1935 and University of Oxford in 1949.

References

Bibliography

External links
Generals of World War II

1884 births
1964 deaths
Royal Army Medical Corps officers
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Military personnel from Belfast
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Medical doctors from Belfast
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland
Presidents of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army lieutenant generals
British Army generals of World War II
British expatriates in British Mauritius
Military doctors from Northern Ireland


title: Kannaal Pesavaa

text:
Kannaal Pesavaa ( Should I talk through my eyes) is a 2000 Indian Tamil-language film directed by Raj Khanna. The film featured Arun Kumar alongside Suvalakshmi, while Goundamani and Senthil play supporting roles. The film, which had music composed by Deva, opened in August 2000.

Cast
Arun Kumar as Arun
Suvalakshmi as Poongodi
Goundamani as Crendan
Senthil as Nelson Mandela
Vinu Chakravarthy
Manorama
Mansoor Ali Khan
Nizhalgal Ravi
King Kong
Alphonsa
K. S. Ravikumar
Lavanya as Sandhya (a fan of Arun)

Soundtrack
The soundtrack of the film includes 7 songs which were composed by Deva and lyrics written by M. Raaj Khanna.

Release
Initially scheduled for an April release in 2000, the film was delayed due to the presence of bigger budget films. The film opened in August 2000 to mixed reviews, with a critic noting "Bland is a word that can be used to describe every aspect of the rest of this movie" and that "there is nothing here that makes an impact or is memorable".

References

2000 films
2000s Tamil-language films


title: Menace Beach (band)

text:
Menace Beach are a five-piece indie rock band from Leeds, England.

Ryan Needham from the band, is also a member of Yard Act.

Biography
Menace Beach were formed by core members Ryan Needham (currently the bass player in Leeds band Yard Act) and Liza Violet (formerly of Department M) in 2012.  Although the band have a revolving cast of musicians, it has invariably included Nestor Matthews (previously of Sky Larkin), Matt Spalding and Nick Chantler (of Seize The Chair). They have also played with MJ of Hookworms, Robert Lee of Pulled Apart By Horses and Paul Draper of Mansun, who provided backing vocals and guitar on their BBC Radio 6 Music Marc Riley session. Brix Smith of The Fall and Brix & the Extricated performed on two tracks on their third album, Black Rainbow Sound. As a consequence of their notable members, the band have been called a supergroup.  Menace Beach have released on Too Pure and French label Desire, but are currently signed to Memphis Industries; they released their third album with them in 2018. They have previously been produced by MJ of Hookworms at his Suburban Home Studio, and their video for Drop Outs was animated by Tom Hudson of Pulled Apart By Horses. The band have had coverage from NME, Drowned In Sound, This Is Fake DIY, Rough Trade and The Guardian.

Discography

Studio albums

Ratworld – Memphis Industries (2015)
Lemon Memory – Memphis Industries, CD/LP/MP3 (2017)
Black Rainbow Sound – Memphis Industries, CD/LP/MP3 (2018)

EPs

Dream Out – Desire Records, Cassette (2012)
Drop Outs/Tastes Like Medicine – Too Pure Singles Club release, 7" (2013)
Tastes Like Medicine – Alcopop! Records Compilation Appearance (2013)
Lowtalker – Memphis Industries, 12"/MP3 (2014)
Super Transporterreum – Memphis Industries, 12"/MP3 (2015)
Holidays Are Heavy - Memphis Industries, 7" (2015)

References

External links

Indie rock groups from Leeds
Musical groups established in 2012
Memphis Industries artists
2012 establishments in England


title: Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade – Men's discus throw

text:
The men's discus throw event at the 2001 Summer Universiade was held at the Workers Stadium in Beijing, China on 28 and 29 August.

Medalists

Results

Qualification

Final

References

Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade
2001


title: Kach, Qasr-e Qand

text:
Kach (; also known as Kūchū-ye Pā’īn) is a village in Talang Rural District, Talang District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 376, in 89 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Kuchu, Iran

text:
Kuchu (, also Romanized as Kūchū; also known as Gāchū, Kuchau, Kūcheh, Kūchow, and Kūshū) is a village in Talang Rural District, Talang District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 241, in 51 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Kachal, Iran

text:
Kachal () is a village in Talang Rural District, Talang District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 86, in 22 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Centre for Science and Policy

text:
The Centre for Science and Policy (CSaP) at the University of Cambridge exists to improve links between academics and policy makers. Its main focus is on improving policy makers' access to scientific and engineering research, both to allow policy makers to make the best use of the available scientific evidence, and ensure that academics are better informed about public policy. The Centre attempts to achieve this goal by running three programmes:
 Policy Fellowships, which allow elected Fellows to create networks with academics to help them address questions in their own policy work
 Policy Challenges, which attempt to provide new perspectives on specific areas of public policy through collaborations between academics and policy makers
 Professional Development, which is designed to introduce early career researchers to policy-making through workshops, internships and government secondments.
Notable Policy Fellows include NESTA Chief Executive Geoff Mulgan, DG CONNECT Director-General Robert Madelin, and Chief Executive of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation Julia Unwin.

CSaP hosts visiting research fellows to research the science-policy interface. The first Visiting Research Fellow was Professor Charles Kennel, who began his fellowship on 16 January 2014.
CSaP was founded in 2009 under Founding Director Dr. David Cleevely. Dr. Robert Doubleday has been Executive Director since July 2012, taking over from Dr Chris Tyler (latterly Director of the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology). It holds its annual conference at the Royal Society of London in April each year. CSAP also hosts an annual lecture, which in 2017 was given by Professor Chris Whitty, then Chief Scientific Adviser at the Department of Health.

CSaP's role in aiding policy makers was noted by Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament Julian Huppert in his science policy proposals drafted in 2012.

See also

 David Cleevely
 Charles Kennel

References

External links
 Centre for Science and Policy web-site
 Centre for Science and Policy on Twitter
 Cambridge Public Policy

Science policy in the United Kingdom
Science and Policy, Centre for
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Innovation in the United Kingdom
Science and technology in Cambridgeshire
Science education in the United Kingdom


title: Mahogany Jones

text:
Charyse Lois Marshall (born August 8, 1978), better known by the stage name Mahogany Jones, is an American inspirational female rapper, singer, songwriter, community activist, and arts educator with InsideOut Literary Arts. Born in Mt. Vernon, New York, United States, she later moved to California as a child, then back to New York City before deciding to permanently reside in Detroit, Michigan in 2004. She is most noted for her appearance on BET's 106 & Park Freestyle Fridays as the first four-time undefeated champion in 2001. She is also known around the world as a Hip-hop Ambassador having served as a cultural ambassador with American Music Abroad and other programs under the United States Department of State Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs in 2012 and 2013.

Freestyle Friday
The test of her skills as an emcee and her rise to notoriety came when Toni Blackman suggested that Mahogany Jones compete in a rap battle on the cable network BET's program 106 & Park in a new segment known as Freestyle Friday. Prior to Jones, there had been no female rappers that managed to compete without losing. Feeling the pressure, Mahogany made a bargain with God before appearing on the show to use her new emcee skills to glorify him if he allowed her to win. To everyone's amazement, but her own, she won her battle, not once, but four times in a row. However, to uphold her promise to God, Jones stepped away from the competition leaving the show as the only four time undefeated champion and first undefeated female champion.

Music ambassador
January 2012, at the behest of her mentor, Toni Blackman, Mahogany Jones applied for American Music Abroad, a cultural diplomacy program built on the legacy of the Jazz Ambassadors program and facilitated by American Voices on behalf of the U.S. State Department. Jones assembled a four-person ensemble called Mahogany Jones- Live with Lauren "L Boog" Johnson on percussion, Rosalyn Welch as background vocalist, DJ Sean Blu, who is a Pepsi DJ, and herself as the headliner and main vocalist. The group was one of 12 ensembles selected out of nearly 300 applicants to travel abroad and represent the nation. Mahogany Jones-Live performed in Washington, D.C. as part of their tour before flying to Africa to perform in Botswana, Uganda, Rwanda, Zambia, and Ethiopia. While there, Jones taught workshops with local artists, headlined the Amaka Arts Festival in Zambia, appeared on radio shows, performed for students as Livingstone-Kolobeng College and National University of Rwanda, as well as for dignitaries and Vice President of Zambia and his family.

In 2013, American Voices asked Jones to serve as a performer - instructor with their Y.E.S. Academy in Iraq, Jones taught hip-hop theater and emceeing classes alongside Broadway performer, Michael Parks and break dancer, Cricket. The academy was located in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, however Mahogany also performed at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq during the trip.

Discography

Albums
 Morphed (2008)
 Pure, Vol. 1 (2014)
 Sugar Water (2016)
 Floating (2020)

Compilations
 Bridge Wars (Queensbridge Records) 2011

References

Living people
1978 births
21st-century American rappers


title: 1936 Madison Square Garden speech

text:
The 1936 Madison Square Garden speech was a speech given by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt on October 31, 1936, three days before that year's presidential election. In the speech, Roosevelt pledged to continue the New Deal and criticized those who, in his view, were putting personal gain and politics over national economic recovery from the Great Depression. The speech was Roosevelt's last campaign speech before the election.

Synopsis
Roosevelt had to wait around 15 minutes for the enthusiastic crowd at Madison Square Garden to calm down before commencing his speech.

Most of the speech outlined Roosevelt's economic policies. He reviewed some of the successes from his first term in the presidency, and explained how he saw critics and opponents of the New Deal as hampering economic recovery, especially to the detriment of working-class people. In expressing how strongly his administration would continue to promote New Deal policies, he paraphrased John Paul Jones, stating that "we have only just begun to fight."

With World War II a few years away, Roosevelt expressed his desire for peace at home and abroad in the face of "war and rumor of war."

Perhaps the most memorable line of the speech came when Roosevelt described forces which he labeled "the old enemies of peace: business and financial monopoly, speculation, reckless banking, class antagonism, sectionalism, war profiteering." He went on to claim that these forces were united against his candidacy; that "They are unanimous in their hate for me — and I welcome their hatred."

Analysis
Roosevelt was able to state his goals so plainly because of his strong electoral position. His strong rhetoric, such as his suggestions that he would "master" the "forces" against him, worried some of his business supporters and the elements of the American business community that backed the Democratic Party and the New Deal. Nevertheless, Democrats held large majorities in both houses of Congress, and Roosevelt would go on to win the presidential election held three days later, in one of the greatest blowout elections in American history. While some contemporary forecasts of the election predicted a much closer contest, most opinion polls pointed to victories in the popular vote and the Electoral College for Roosevelt.

The speech has been called by some historical observers a moment when Roosevelt "abandoned the characteristic balance of his addresses and focused his feelings in a stinging attack."

Legacy
The Madison Square Garden speech is regarded as a powerful expression of American liberalism. Historian Kenneth S. Davis called the speech "one of the great political speeches in American history."  Political analysts have compared the straightforwardness of Roosevelt's rhetoric, such as the "I welcome their hatred" comment, with the relative timidity of later politicians, such as Barack Obama; psychologist Drew Westen made such an argument in The New York Times. Historians, however, have pointed out that Roosevelt delivered the speech in much more favorable political conditions than later politicians have had to face.

References

External links

Full text of the speech from the American Presidency Project
Audio excerpt from the speech
Audio of the entire speech

1936 in American politics
1936 in New York City
1936 speeches
Madison Square Garden
Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt
1936 United States presidential election


title: Future of StoryTelling

text:
Founded in 2012 by Charles Melcher, Founder and CEO of Melcher Media, Future of StoryTelling (FoST) produces content throughout the year, including the two-day, invitation-only FoST Summit; storytelling workshops; curated exhibitions with local and international organizations; a monthly newsletter, FoST in Thought, and the bi-weekly FoST Podcast. FoST also teaches, consults, and helps with storytelling for companies such as NBCUniversal, Microsoft, Ford, and others.

FoST Summit
Launched in 2012 as a one-day, invitation-only summit for 300 people, the FoST Summit went on to expand to a week-long summit and festival for nearly 6,000 people. The event encourages attendee participation via small roundtable discussions led by experts from the worlds of business, technology, marketing, academics, and other fields; hands-on creative workshops; immersive performances; and exhibitions of storytelling projects and technologies. Past FoST Summit speakers, workshop leaders, and performers have included former Vice President Al Gore; Hamilton creator Lin-Manuel Miranda; Disney animator and director Glen Keane; Angela Ahrendts, former SVP of Retail at Apple; author Margaret Atwood; filmmaker Darren Aronofsky; choreographer Bill T. Jones; Vimeo CEO Anjali Sud; and Todd Yellin, VP of Product at Netflix.

The FoST summit takes place at Snug Harbor Cultural Center on Staten Island, an architecturally and historically significant site that was built in the mid-1800s as a home for retired sailors. Attendees meet in lower Manhattan and are transported by private ferry across New York Harbor to the 83-acre waterfront campus.

FoST Podcast
Launched in 2020 and hosted by FoST founder and CEO Charles Melcher, the bi-weekly FoST Podcast features conversations with storytellers from diverse backgrounds. Past guests have included former Vice President Al Gore, author Margaret Atwood, actor Neil Patrick Harris, musician Jacob Collier, political commentator and activist Van Jones, writer and producer Wendy Calhoun, actor Rainn Wilson, and Oskar Eustis, Artistic Director of the Public Theater.

FoST in Thought Newsletter
FoST produces a monthly digital newsletter, FoST in Thought, which features articles on trends and breakthroughs in the storytelling world, as well as news from FoST and its community members and a calendar of immersive storytelling events taking place around the world.

FoST Films
Since its founding, FoST has produced an ongoing series of short films featuring its Summit speakers and other leaders from the storytelling world speaking about their areas of interest, such as interactive theater, immersive journalist, artificial intelligence, and the neuroscience of empathy. Past subjects have included Disney animator Glen Keane, former GE Vice Chair Beth Comstock, architect Bjarke Ingels, filmmaker Chris Milk, Niantic CEO John Hanke, journalism pioneer Nonny de la Peña, and Scott Trowbridge, Portfolio Creative Executive for Disney Imagineering.

Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library
In 2019, FoST was engaged as the official Executive Storytellers for the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library in Medora, North Dakota, which is currently scheduled to open to the public in 2025. In this role, FoST runs all aspects of the institution's storytelling. In addition to managing the exhibits inside of the building, FoST also oversees all of the programming and activities emanating from the Library. FoST has also produced several pieces of print collateral for the Library, including a "Request for Qualifications," which was sent to select firms who were being considered for the Library's international architecture competition. Subsequently, FoST produced a digital “Request for Proposal” for the same competition as well as an extensive “Story Guide”—a reference book, onboarding tool, and style guide for current and future Library collaborators.

References

Storytelling events


title: Kaldan, Iran

text:
Kaldan (, also Romanized as Kāldān and Kaldān) is a village in Talang Rural District, Talang District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 162, in 35 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Machik, Iran

text:
Machik (, also Romanized as Machīk) is a village in Talang Rural District, Talang District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 62, in 13 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Different Kinda Different

text:
Different Kinda Different is an album by American pop singer Johnny Mathis, released on June 16, 1980, by Columbia Records. It included covers of two standards ("Deep Purple", "Temptation") and two recent hits ("I Will Survive", "With You I'm Born Again"). It also continued the trend of recording duets with a female singer; for this project Paulette McWilliams (using the mononym Paulette) shared vocal duties on two of the six new songs.

The album was retitled All for You for its release in the UK, where it made it to number 20 during an eight-week run on the album chart that began the following month, on July 12. Different Kinda Different made its first appearance on Billboard magazine's Top LP's & Tapes chart in the issue dated August 9, 1980, and remained there for five weeks, peaking at number 164.

The title track from the album entered Billboard'''s list of the 100 most popular R&B songs in the US in the August 9 issue as well and got as high as number 81 during its four weeks there.

ReceptionBillboard wrote, "His vocals are elegantly fluid, and the two duets with Paulette are especially fine. Mathis does fine cover versions of 'With You I'm Born Again', 'Deep Purple', and 'I Will Survive'."

Track listing

Side one
 "Different Kinda Different"  performed with Paulette  (Marilyn McLeod, Pam Sawyer) – 3:25
 "With You I'm Born Again" from Fast Break (Carol Connors, David Shire) – 4:03
 "I'll Do It All for You" performed with Paulette  (Roger Cook, Steve Davis) – 3:29
 "Never Givin' Up on You" (Steve Dorff, Jack Gold, Gary Harju, Larry Herbstritt) – 3:15
 "Deep Purple" (Peter DeRose, Mitchell Parish) – 3:31

Side two
 "I Will Survive" (Dino Fekaris, Freddie Perren) – 3:59
 "Paradise" (Teddy Randazzo) – 3:07
 "The Lights of Rio" (Arnold Goland, Jack Gold) – 3:50
 "Love Without Words" (Sammy Cahn, John Lewis Parker) – 3:32
 "Temptation" from Going Hollywood (Nacio Herb Brown, Arthur Freed) – 3:14

For the All for You album in the UK, a cover of "Three Times a Lady" was inserted at the end of side one, but the order of the original 10 songs was unchanged. This additional track would make its US debut on Mathis's 1981 compilation The First 25 Years – The Silver Anniversary Album.

2017 CD bonus tracks
This album's CD release as part of the 2017 box set The Voice of Romance: The Columbia Original Album Collection included "Three Times a Lady" as one of five bonus tracks, the other four of which had not been available before:
"In Love with Love" (Jimmy Scott) – 3:19
"Time for Love" (Don Ferris, Jack Lloyd) – 4:23
"Wondering Why" (Ainsworth Prasad, Tamra Smith) – 3:38
"When Am I Going to Get Over You" (unknown) – 3:30
"Three Times a Lady" (Lionel Richie) – 4:15

Recording dates
From the liner notes for The Voice of Romance: The Columbia Original Album Collection:
July 18, 1979 – "Deep Purple"
November 27, 1979 – "In Love with Love", "Time for Love", "Wondering Why"
December 6, 1979 – "When Am I Going to Get Over You"
February 28, 1980 – "I'll Do It All for You", "Love Without Words", "Never Givin' Up on You"
March 5, 1980 – "I Will Survive", "Paradise", "Temptation"
April 7, 1980 – "Different Kinda Different", "The Lights of Rio", "Three Times a Lady", "With You I'm Born Again"

Song information

The Billy Preston-Syreeta duet "With You I'm Born Again" was written for the 1979 film Fast Break and reached number four on Billboard magazine's Hot 100, number two on its list of the 50 most popular Adult Contemporary songs in the US, number 86 on its R&B chart, and number two in the UK.  Larry Clinton & His Orchestra's recording of "Deep Purple" with Bea Wain on vocal spent nine weeks at number one in Billboard'' in 1939. "I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor lasted for three weeks at number one pop and four weeks in the top spot in the UK in addition to making it to number four R&B and number nine Adult Contemporary; the song also earned the Grammy Award for Best Disco Recording and Platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America. And Bing Crosby had the most successful version of the three different recordings of "Temptation" that charted early in 1934 when he peaked at number three.

Personnel
From the liner notes for the original album:
Johnny Mathis – vocals
Paulette McWilliams – vocals ("Different Kinda Different", "I'll Do It All for You")
Jack Gold – producer
Gene Page – arranger, conductor (except as noted)
Victor Vanacore – arranger, conductor ("I Will Survive")
Dick Bogert – engineer
Jo-Anne Steinberg – production coordinator
David Vance – photographer
Nancy Donald – design
Gary Herbig – saxophone solo ("I'll Do It All for You")
Ernie Watts – saxophone solo ("Deep Purple")
Chris Bennett – carnival girl ("The Lights of Rio")
Mixed at  A&M Recording Studios, Hollywood, California

References

Bibliography

1980 albums
Johnny Mathis albums
Albums arranged by Gene Page
Columbia Records albums
Albums recorded at A&M Studios


title: Talang, Iran

text:
Talang (, also Romanized as Teleng; also known as Taland and Telenk) is a village in, and the capital of, Talang Rural District of Talang District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran.

At the 2006 National Census, its population was 374 in 70 households, when it was in Polan District of Chabahar County. The following census in 2011 counted 437 people in 94 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 547 people in 138 households, by which time the Talang Rural District had been separated from the county and became a part of the newly established Qasr-e Qand County as Talang District.

References

Qasr-e Qand County

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Luftrausers

text:
Luftrausers is a shoot 'em up video game developed by Netherlands-based indie developer studio Vlambeer and published by Devolver Digital for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux, PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita. It was released in March 2014 and ported to Android by General Arcade on May 28, 2015. A demake of the game, titled LuftrauserZ, was developed by Paul Koller for Commodore 64, Commodore 128 and Commodore 64 Games System, and released by RGCD and Vlambeer on December 8, 2017.

Gameplay
Luftrausers is an airplane-based shoot 'em up. Unlike traditional shoot 'em ups, in which the direction of the player craft is fixed, Luftrausers allows 360 degrees of motion, more akin to a multidirectional shooter. However, the player's main weapon can only fire from the front, forcing the player to take into account the position and angle of the airplane. Players must take into account the momentum of their plane while flying, using gravity and drift to maneuver as much as forward propulsion.

There is no health bar: player health is indicated by a circle around the aircraft that shrinks as damage increases and naturally regenerates when not firing the weapon.

Aircraft can be customized with dozens of combinations of engines, weapons, and hulls that affect the soundtrack as much as the gameplay. Each weapon part comes with sets of challenges that give objects to strive for, on top of the arcade nature of the game.

Development
 Jan Willem Nijman of Vlambeer started Luftrausers while on the airplane home from the March 2012 Game Developers Conference (GDC) in San Francisco. Polygon reported that he was inspired by the "beauty of his view" and did not have on-flight television. At the time, Vlambeer was finishing development on Ridiculous Fishing, a game whose development was marked by a high-profile struggle with a similar, subsequent game known as a clone.

Luftrausers is an update of Luftrauser, an earlier, free Flash game created by Vlambeer's Rami Ismail, artist Paul Veer, and composer Kozilek in the GameMaker: Studio engine and was ported to pure C++ by Michel Paulissen via his Dex converter tool. Vlambeer originally announced the game for release in Q2 2013 on PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita, having chosen those platforms due to their positive working relationship with Sony. In the weeks before the expected release, the Bangalore-based Rubiq Lab released a similar airplane dogfight game called SkyFar in April 2013 and Vlambeer contacted Apple and Google to intervene so as to avoid "another clone war". Rami Ismail's backpack containing "everything Vlambeer" including electronics and the game's code was stolen during E3 2013. Although their work was backed up, Ismail described the theft as "a giant pain".

The game was simultaneously released on Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation Vita (via Steam and the Humble Store) on March 18, 2014, being published by Devolver Digital. The game's two-and-a-half-year development cycle was profitable within three days of its release. On December 20, 2014, the game was ported to Amazon Fire TV by General Arcade.

Reception

The game received "generally favorable" reviews on all platforms, according to video game review score aggregator Metacritic.

Jake Valentine of GameZone gave the PC version nine out of ten, saying, "I could talk more and more about how enjoyable Luftrausers is, how exciting the gameplay is, how easy re-starting the game after death can be, how addicting and exhilarating the experience is, but at the end of the day, you can kill a battleship by flying your plane through it." EGMNow gave the PlayStation 3 version nine out of ten, saying, "Hearkening back to a bygone era of simple-yet-deep arcade games where you played for score, not story, Luftrausers takes basic ideas in concept and execution and turns them into hours of challenging, chaotic fun." Push Square gave the same PS3 version eight stars out of ten, calling it "a tremendously well polished action arcade package." Edge gave the PC version eight out of ten, saying that it was "surprisingly tactical". PCGamesN gave the same PC version eight out of ten, saying, "Simple in almost all respects, Luftrauser is one of Vlambeer's biggest triumphs because it strips back everything in the name of exposing the fun at the centre of the game. It's almost as if the designers were engineers of the rauser itself; reducing weight and tweaking fuel lines to ensure the most effective deliverer of death possible." USgamer gave the same PC version a score of four out of five, saying, "Vlambeer improves on one of its smaller, free releases with Luftrausers, expanding an excellent dogfighting game with a ton of customization and a great soundtrack. Short play sessions means it's the perfect game to play on the bus, between classes, or even during your boring meetings. Just don't scream out loud and pump your fist in the sky when you finally beat your high score. That's rude."

The Escapist gave the Vita version four-and-a-half stars out of five, saying, "Despite a few issues with its end game challenges, Luftrausers is a surprisingly addictive, challenging arcade game that will keep you glued to your Vita for game after game after game." Digital Spy gave the same Vita version four stars out of five, saying, "From frustrating beginnings to high-score runs involving nukes and boosts, Luftrausers is a game packed with a surprising amount of depth, infinite replayability, and truly satisfying risk versus reward gameplay." The Digital Fix gave the PC version eight out of ten, calling it "an entertaining blast." Metro gave the PlayStation 3 version eight out of ten, saying, "The spirit of the arcade will never die thanks to games like this, as Vlambeer demonstrate their mastery of minimalist action." However, 411Mania gave the PC version six out of ten, saying that it was "what a modern arcade game ostensibly is: small, bite-sized bits of gameplay that is broken up by countless deaths over and over. Unlocking new plane parts is fun in the game and there is some merit to just flying around the level blowing up various ships and planes. However, the surrounding nature of the game, such as it not explaining itself very well, and the obscure way things happen in a round, or even what the mission objectives are, can bring the game down."

Giant Bomb awarded the game Best Music of 2014. At the 2014 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR) awards the game was nominated for Control Precision.

References

External links

 Luftrausers at Devolver Digital
 Luftrauser at (Not) Vlambeer

2014 video games
Android (operating system) games
Devolver Digital games
Indie games
Linux games
MacOS games
Multidirectional shooters
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation Vita games
Retro-style video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the Netherlands
Video games scored by Jukio Kallio
Vlambeer games
Windows games


title: Vaddu

text:
Vaddu may refer to:
 Vaddu, India
 Vaddu, Iran


title: Blade Show

text:
The Blade Show is an annual tradeshow for the cutlery industry. It is the largest event of its type in the world. The show is owned by Caribou Media Group and is hosted by Blade Magazine. The event has over 1,000 exhibitors and is the host for inductees into the annual Cutlery Hall of Fame. It also hosts the annual Blade HQ Balisong Competition, BladeSports International Cutting World Championships, Blade University, Knife of the Year Awards, and a variety of knifemaking classes and demos. The event takes place every year over the course of several days and brings in knifemakers and knife companies from all parts of world.

History
The first Blade Show was held in 1982 as the American Blade Convention and Show in Cincinnati, Ohio. The magazine who hosted the show was known as 'American Blade' at the time. In 1983 it became known as "The American Blade Collector's Show". In 1984 the name became "The Blade Super Show". In 1986 the show relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee. In 1988, the name was changed to the Blade Show & Cutlery Fair and it became loosely referred to as the Blade Show. In 1993 the show moved to Atlanta, Georgia and officially became known as Blade Show hosted by BLADE Magazine. In 2018, the show went under the ownership of Caribou Media Group.

Cutlery Hall of Fame
Every year, the Blade Show admits a new person into the "Cutlery Hall of Fame".  The Cutlery Hall of Fame is composed of knifemakers, authors and persons who promote knife making, Bladesmithing, and Knife collecting.  Each year, the living members of the Cutlery Hall Of Fame nominate and vote on the latest inductee to join their ranks.
Henry D. Baer - Knifemaker, President of Schrade Knives and namesake of the "Uncle Henry" brand of pocketknives.
Dewey Ferguson - Author
Bo Randall - Knifemaker
James B. Lile - Knifemaker
 M.H. Cole - Knifemaker and Author
 Al Buck - Founder of Buck Knives
 William R. Williamson - Scholar and collector of Bowie knives
 Pete Gerber - Founder of Gerber Legendary Blades
 Bob Loveless - Knifemaker
 William F. Moran -  Bladesmith
 Jim Parker - Knifemaker
 George Herron - Knifemaker  1932-2007
 Frank Buster - Knifemaker
 Frank Forsyth
 A.G. Russell - Knifemaker
 Ken Warner - Author
 Jim Bowie - Father of the Bowie knife
 Maury Shavin
 Hubert Lawell
 William Scagel - Knifemaker
 Gil Hibben - Knifemaker
 Harry McEvoy - Author
 Buster Warenski - Knifemaker
 Albert M. Baer - Founder of Schrade Knives
 Col. Rex Applegate - Knife designer, author
 B.R. Hughes - Author
 Bruce Voyles - Author
 Bernard Levine - Author
 Houston Price - Author
 Bill Adams - Author
 Jim Weyer - Author and photographer
 Chuck Buck - Knifemaker - Buck Knives
 Blackie Collins - Knifemaker
 Frank Centofante - Knifemaker
 Ron Lake - Knifemaker
 Sal Glesser - Designer, Founder of Spyderco
 Joe Drouin - Knife Collector
 Bob Schrimsher - Knifemaking Supply
 Rudy Ruana - Knifemaker
 D¹Alton Holder - Knifemaker
 Michael Walker - Knifemaker, Inventor of the Walker linerlock
 George "Butch" Winter - Author
 Tim Leatherman - Inventor of the multi-tool knife and founder of Leatherman Tools
 Dan Dennehy - Knifemaker, Founding Member of the Knifemakers' Guild
 Ken Onion - Knifemaker and inventor of the SpeedSafe Mechanism
 Al Mar - Knifemaker, founder of Al Mar Knives
 Paul Bos - Master heat treater - Buck Knives
Carl Elsener III (2011) - Knifemaker - Victorinox
Kit Carson (2012) - Knifemaker
Wayne Goddard (2013) - Knifemaker and Author
Goldie Russell (2014) - Knifemaker
Chris Reeve (2015) - Knifemaker and inventor of the Integral Lock
CJ Buck (2016) - Knifemaker - Buck Knives
Jim Batson (2017) - Knifemaker - Benchmade Knife
Les de Asis (2017) - CEO - Benchmade Knife
Phil Lobred (2018) - Knife Collector
Dan Delavan (2018) - Knife Retailer - Founder California Custom Knife Show
Tony Bose (2019) - Knifemaker
Mel Pardue (2019) - Knifemaker
Steve Shackleford (2019) - Editor-in-Chief - Blade Magazine
Joe Keeslar (2020) - Knifemaker
Jim Sornberger (2020) - Knifemaker
Jay Hendrickson (2021) - Knifemaker
Beverly and Billy-Mace Imel (2021) - Knifemakers

See also
SHOT Show

References

Trade shows in the United States


title: Vaddu, Iran

text:
Vaddu (, also Romanized as Vaddū) is a village in Talang Rural District, Talang District, Qasr-e Qand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 114, in 25 families.

References

Populated places in Qasr-e Qand County


title: Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade – Women's discus throw

text:
The women's discus throw event at the 2001 Summer Universiade was held at the Workers Stadium in Beijing, China on 29 and 30 September.

Medalists

Results

Qualification

Final

References

Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade
2001 in women's athletics
2001


title: Kambel-e Soleyman Rural District

text:
Kambel-e Soleyman Rural District () is in the Central District of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Kambel-e Soleyman.

At the National Census of 2006, its population was 21,803 in 4,285 households. There were 33,482 inhabitants in 7,163 households at the following census of 2011. At the most recent census of 2016, the population of the rural district was 38,268 in 8,854 households. The largest of its 74 villages was Komb-e Moradabad, with 12,906 people.

References

Chabahar County

Rural Districts of Sistan and Baluchestan Province

Populated places in Chabahar County