title: Mixed coniferous forest

text:
Mixed coniferous forest is a vegetation type dominated by a mixture of broadleaf trees and conifers. It is generally located in mountains, below the upper montane vegetation type.

Sierra Nevada range
In the Sierra Nevada mountain range of the western United States, the mixed coniferous forest is found at elevations of  in the north,  in central areas, and  in the south. Characteristic conifers include Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana), Incense Cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), White Fir (Abies concolor), Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and Giant Sequoias (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in pockets. Characteristic broadleaved trees include Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii), and understory trees and shrubs, including Canyon Live Oak (Quercus chrysolepis), Dogwood (Cornus spp.), Mountain Misery (Chamaebatia foliolosa), and Manzanitas (Arctostaphylos spp.). Precipitation in areas of this vegetation type is , much of this falling as snow. Growing season is about seven months, in areas with summer high temperatures of , and winter lows of .

See also
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest

See also
 USFS Joint Fire Science Program: Defining Mixed Conifer forest — in the Southwestern plateaus and uplands; the Central and Southern Rocky Mountains; the Sierra Nevada; and the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges in Southern California.
 USDA Forest Service: Mixed Conifer Forest
 NPS.gov: Mixed Conifer Forest in Bandelier National Monument — New Mexico.
 Colorado State Forest Service: Mixed Conifer Forest
 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources: Mixed coniferous-deciduous forest
  U.S. Forest Service: Cascade Mixed Forest--Coniferous Forest--Alpine Meadow Province — Pacific Northwest.
 The Forest Foundation: Restoring mixed-conifer forests
 Las Pilitas Native Plant Nursery Database: Info on California mixed evergreen forest
 Plant Communities of Mount Diablo - Mixed Evergreen Forest

References

Forests
Montane forests

Terrestrial biomes


title: Bette McLaurin

text:
Bette McLaurin (born December 6, 1929) is an American singer best known for her jazz-influenced ballad and R&B performances in the 1950s.  Two of her recordings, "I May Hate Myself In The Morning" (1952) and "Only A Rose" (1953) reached the Billboard pop charts.

McLaurin was born in North Carolina on December 6, 1929. She studied classical music and aspired to become a concert singer, before her mother persuaded her to start a career in popular music. Bette had one sister and no brothers   In 1950 she made her first recording, "Crying My Heart Out Over You", with the Claude Hopkins Orchestra for Big Nickel Records, a small R&B label.  By 1952, the company had folded and she recorded the first of six singles for Derby Records in New York City.  Her first recording for the label was "I May Hate Myself In The Morning", written by Bennie Benjamin and George Weiss, and recorded with the Rex Kearney Orchestra.  The song rapidly became a hit, reaching no.23 on the national pop chart, a remarkable achievement at the time for an "R&B-tinged" record on an independent label.  She toured in the US and Canada with The Ink Spots, and her follow-up record, "My Heart Belongs to Only You", with vocal group the Striders, was also a success.

By the end of 1952 she signed with the Coral label, a subsidiary of Decca Records, and appeared at the Apollo Theater.  The following year she had her second chart hit, "Only A Rose", backed by the Sy Oliver Orchestra; the record reached no.25 on the Billboard pop chart.  She also toured with R&B stars Illinois Jacquet and Willie Mabon, and had residencies in Chicago and Detroit, although she claimed in 1953 to prefer singing opera to the blues.  Early in 1954 she appeared with Dizzy Gillespie, Dusty Fletcher and George Kirby in Philadelphia, and toured with vocal group the Dew Droppers.  She left Coral, and Derby issued some unreleased tracks by her on their subsidiary Central label, but she did not record again until later in the year when she joined the Jubilee label, who marketed her as a pop rather than R&B performer.  However, her recordings were unsuccessful and she recorded for her manager Phil Rose's Glory label, backed by vocal group the Four Fellows, featuring Larry Banks.

Although changing musical tastes meant that she was increasingly relegated to occasional performances, she recorded "What A Night For Love" for Atco in 1957, and "Zip" for Capitol in early 1960, before retiring from the music business due to diabetes.  She attempted a comeback in 1964 with
"You're the Greatest", a tribute to boxer Cassius Clay (later Muhammad Ali) on the Almont label and "As Long As You're Mine" on the Pulse label in 1965.  In 1969 she released another single, "The Masquerade Is Over", on the Conclave label.

MacLaurin's later life seems to be unreported. According to music historian Marv Goldberg, McLaurin moved to Jamaica, Queens during her youth; public records show that she still lived there as late as 2001, but no subsequent documentation appears to exist. A compilation of some of her recordings, The Masquerade Is Over, was released as an LP in 1989 and on CD in 2013.

References

1929 births
Possibly living people
20th-century African-American women singers
American jazz singers
American rhythm and blues singers
Jazz musicians from North Carolina
Musicians from Jamaica, Queens
Singers from New York City
Singers from North Carolina


title: Rambi Ara

text:
Rambi Ara is a river and tributary to the River Jhelum located in Shopian District in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It joins the Veshaw River near Sangam in Anantnag District before the confluence finally meets the Jhelum. The Rambi Ara originates in the Pir Panjal Range and has two major tributaries. The Rambi Ara is known for fluctuating water levels and is often affected by flash floods.

References

Indus basin
Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir


title: Expanded cuboctahedron

text:
The expanded cuboctahedron is a polyhedron constructed by expansion of the cuboctahedron. It has 50 faces: 8 triangles, 30 squares, and 12 rhombs. The 48 vertices exist at two sets of 24, with a slightly different distance from its center.

It can also be constructed as a rectified rhombicuboctahedron.

Other names
 Expanded rhombic dodecahedron
 Rectified rhombicuboctahedron
 Rectified small rhombicuboctahedron
 Rhombirhombicuboctahedron
 Expanded expanded tetrahedron

Expansion
The expansion operation from the rhombic dodecahedron can be seen in this animation:

Honeycomb
The expanded cuboctahedron can fill space along with a cuboctahedron, octahedron, and triangular prism.

Dissection

This polyhedron can be dissected into a central rhombic dodecahedron surrounded by: 12 rhombic prisms, 8 tetrahedra, 6 square pyramids, and 24 triangular prisms.

If the central rhombic dodecahedron and the 12 rhombic prisms are removed, you can create a toroidal polyhedron with all regular polygon faces. This toroid has 86 faces (8 triangles and 78 squares), 168 edges, and 62 vertices. 14 of the 62 vertices are on the interior, defining the removed central rhombic dodecahedron. With Euler characteristic χ = f + v - e = -20, its genus, g = (2-χ)/2 is 11.

Related polyhedra

See also
 Rhombicuboctahedron (expanded cube)
 Expanded icosidodecahedron
 Truncated rhombicuboctahedron

References

 Coxeter Regular Polytopes, Third edition, (1973), Dover edition,  (pp. 145–154 Chapter 8: Truncation)
 John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008,

External links
 George Hart's Conway interpreter: generates polyhedra in VRML, taking Conway notation as input
 Variations on a Rhombic Theme
www.software3d.com: Prism-Expanded Dissected Cuboctahedron

Polyhedra


title: Stickney, Kansas

text:
Stickney is an unincorporated area in Wheatland Township, Barton County, Kansas, United States.  It is the site of a grain elevator, but there is no community or settlement at Stickney.

History
A post office opened at Stickney in 1898 and remained in operation until 1913.

Geography
Stickney is  east of U.S. Route 281 and  north of Great Bend, the county seat.

Stickney lies roughly  east of Sellens Creek, a tributary of the Smoky Hill River, in the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains.

Transportation
Stickney lies at the intersection of NW 190 Road, a paved east–west county road, and NW 30 Avenue, an unpaved north–south county road.

The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway formerly operated a freight rail line that ran east–west through Stickney, but the line has since been removed.

References

Further reading

External links
 Barton County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Barton County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: 2010–11 Ergotelis F.C. season

text:
The 2010–11 season was Ergotelis' 81st season in existence, 6th season in the Super League Greece, and the fifth consecutive since the club's latest promotion from the Football League. Ergotelis also participated in the Greek cup, entering the competition in the Fourth Round. The club managed to finish in 8th place at the end of the season, which at the time, was the best the club had achieved in its history in the Super League.

Players

The following players have departed in mid-season

Out of team

Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players and Managers may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

Transfers

In

Promoted from youth system

Total spending:  25.000 €

Out

Total income:  0.000 €

Expenditure:   25.000 €

Pre-season and friendlies

Pre-season friendlies

Mid-season friendlies

Post-season friendlies

Competitions

Overview

Last updated: 5 August 2014

Super League Greece

League table

Results summary

Matches

Greek Cup

Fourth round

Matches

Statistics

Goal scorers

Last updated: 15 August 2014

References

Ergotelis
Ergotelis F.C. seasons


title: Wu Bin (swimmer)

text:
Wu Bin is a Chinese paralympic swimmer. He won the bronze medal in the Men's 50 metre freestyle - S12 event at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens.

References

Living people
Chinese male freestyle swimmers
Paralympic bronze medalists for China
Paralympic swimmers for China
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in swimming
S12-classified para swimmers
21st-century Chinese people


title: 2014–15 FC Mordovia Saransk season

text:
The 2014–15 FC Mordovia Saransk season was Mordovia Saransk's 1st season back in the Russian Premier League, the highest tier of association football in Russia, following their promotion in 2014, and their 2nd season in total. Mordovia Saransk will also be taking part in the Russian Cup.

Squad

Out on loan

Transfers

Summer

In:

Out:

Winter

In:

Out:

Competitions

Russian Premier League

Results by round

Matches

League table

Russian Cup

Squad statistics

Appearances and goals

|-
|colspan="14"|Players away from the club on loan:

|-
|colspan="14"|Players who appeared for Mordovia Saransk no longer at the club:
|}

Goal scorers

Disciplinary record

Notes
 MSK time changed from UTC+4 to UTC+3 permanently on 26 October 2014.

References

FC Mordovia Saransk seasons
Mordovia Saransk


title: Troy Costa

text:
Troy Costa (born 1975) is an Indian fashion designer based in Mumbai who owns the Troy Costa menswear label. Known as the man who suits up India's rich and powerful, Troy launched his bespoke menswear fashion label 'Troy Costa Designs' in 2008 after the runaway success of his shows at the 'Dubai Fashion Week' and the 'Lakme Fashion Week'. His signature style of sharp lines and understated chic has propelled him to become couturier to some of the best-known names in India such as film stars Hrithik Roshan, Anil Kapoor, Saif Ali Khan Pataudi and in 2014 he was hired to design a new look for Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi

Early life
Born and brought up in Bombay (now Mumbai), Costa grew up in a Catholic family, his father is Goan, while his mother is Portuguese.

Career
He started his career in 2003, designing both men and women's wear and even showcased 'Helen-of-Troy' a women's line at Dubai Fashion Week in 2010  though gradually he shifted focus to menswear. He opened his flagship store in 2011 in Khar West in Mumbai. Over the years, he has designed clothes for 35 Bollywood films, Bollywood actors including Hrithik Roshan,  Aamir Khan, Shahid Kapoor, Saif Ali Khan, Anil Kapoor, Farhan Akhtar, Ayushmann Khurrana and Vir Das, besides various sports and business personalities.

Between 2008 and 2011, the Troy Costa label menswear collections were curated for a number of fashion shows across India and the Middle East. Theme's like 'Man in the Mirror' and 'Sports Couture' at the Dubai International Fashion Week and 'Una Dia En Habana' at the Lakme Fashion Week graced the catwalks with 21st century, avant-garde flamboyant creations that brought in the metrosexual, androgynous unisex look for men's clothing The Ku De Ta collection at the Van Heusen India Men's Week, Spring Summer 2010 collection underpinned Troy's signature sharp silhouettes and subtle glamour balanced with the right choice of fabrics creating a niche for this up and coming designer and winning accolades and rave reviews all around.

With Troy Costa's The Great Gatsby Collection that showcased his Winter 2013 ensemble at Lakme Fashion Week 2013 he introduced a line of formal coats and suits paired with luxury cotton jeans and formal plain shirts with his interpretation of the decadence, idealism and quixotic charm that defined the time At the 2013 autumn-winter Lakme Fashion Week, he received acclaim for his menswear. In 2014, the newly appointed PM, Narendra Modi appointed Costa for wardrobe change, ahead of PM's first important overseas visit, to the BRICS summit in Brazil and subsequent US visit.

Recently, he won an award from Hindustan Times 'Mumbai's Most Stylish 2015'.

References

External links

Indian male fashion designers
1975 births
Living people
Artists from Mumbai
Goan Catholics
Indian people of Portuguese descent
Indian costume designers


title: Nisha Aur Uske Cousins

text:
Nisha Aur Uske Cousins (Nisha and Her Cousins) is an Indian coming of age romantic drama television series which aired on Star Plus from 18 August 2014 to 27 June 2015. It starred Aneri Vajani and Mishkat Varma. The story revolved around the relationship between seven cousins residing in the Jaipur city of Rajasthan and focused on the family disputes caused by the difference of opinions due to generation gaps.

Plot
Set against the backdrop of Jaipur, it showcases the unconventional bond among seven cousins - Umesh, the oldest amongst the cousins whose passion is cooking; Dolly, a soon-to-be-married shopaholic and her fiancé Sumit; Kirti, a slightly narcissistic, self-involved fashionista; Nisha, a tomboy and a daredevil at heart; Suketu, an aspiring actor; Jwala, smart, painfully shy loveable geek; and Bunty, the youngest among all the cousins, and a typical mischief-maker, living in a joint family consisting of three brothers, their wives, Grandpa and Grandma.

Grandpa is a strict man who loves his grandchildren but believes in discipline and traditions. His ideals and mindset differ from the cousins' and the concept "Friends are forever, Cousins are for life!".

Despite their differing personalities, the cousins are linked together by a common thread of love and friendship and are each other's support system. Saurav, their childhood friend, is also a part of the cousins' gang.

The cousins sort through all the troubles that crop up during Dolly's wedding (that they themselves inevitably caused) and ensure she marries Sumit.

Umesh wants to open his own restaurant but is scared of his father who wants him to continue their family business. Suketu's dream of becoming an actor is not supported by Dadaji and he too is made to join the family business. Kirti breaks her relationship with her fiancé, Ritesh, after learning of his selfish motives. Jwala's tuition teacher tries to misbehave with her but she's saved by Nisha, which leads to the revelation that Nisha was a victim of child abuse when she was thirteen, after which she became a tomboy.

Nisha becomes inspired by Viraj Singh Rathore, a national level shooter and joins his Lakshya Academy as an office assistant. She writes mails to him in the name of Aarti to help him come out of his loneliness. Meanwhile, Umesh's girlfriend's - Amanpreet's father passes away, motivating Umesh to take a stand against his family and announce that he wants to marry Amanpreet, which is not received well by the elders who want Umesh to marry a Jain. Viraj and Amanpreet develop a brother-sister bond. After a few incidents, Umesh and Amanpreet marry with the family's consent.

The whole truth of Nisha being Aarti is presented in a bad way in front of media at a press conference by Viraj's bua Gayatri, abusing Viraj and Nisha's relationship. Viraj is left shattered.

After facing harsh words from Viraj, a heart-broken Nisha decides to go on a trip alone to discover herself where she meets Kabir (an artist who earns money from photography) who has come to Jaipur from Dubai in search of his brother, whom he has never met. While trying to save a little girl Chandu and themselves from the goons, both end up getting married accidentally and again marry unwillingly in front of Nisha's family due to Grandpa's insistence. They mutually agree on a contract marriage of three months after which Kabir would go to London, to fulfill his dream of becoming a world renowned dancer. Ramesh decides to follow his passion and opts out of the family business and starts his own music class.

Sumit gets jealous of the growing fondness of the family for Kabir and plots against him along with his mom and Rupan and traps him in a fake jewellery case. But while Nisha along with her cousins plans to clear Kabir's name while Nisha meets with an accident because of Sumit and is hospitalised and Kabir is imprisoned. After regaining conscious Nisha and her cousins along with Ramesh and Lakshmi proves Kabir's innocence and convict Sumit for his crimes. Kabir and Nisha realise they are in love with each other but do not confess. Meanwhile, Kaira reveals Gayatri's truth and Viraj realises his mistake of not trusting Nisha and also that he loves her and tries to get her back in his life.

Kabir's mom Vasundhara comes down to India and reprimands her son for lying to her about him being in London and hiding about his marriage. Though she accepts the marriage initially, she vows to separate them as she learns that Nisha is a Gangwal as she hates the Gangwals due to some past issues. It is then shown that Viraj and Kabir are brothers and Vasundhara had to leave Viraj when he was a child due to circumstances. She uses Viraj to create misunderstandings between Nisha and Kabir without knowing that Viraj is her son. Kabir thinks that Nisha is still in love with Viraj and decides to leave to London. Vasundhara gets to know that Viraj is her son, realises her mistake and asks Nisha to reunite the brothers. Viraj and Kabir reunite. Viraj realises that Nisha loves Kabir and decides to move on. Vasundhara apologizes to everyone and decides to be with Viraj. In the meantime, Dolly gets to know that she's pregnant but decides to raise her baby alone and applies for divorce from Sumit.

The story ends with Saurav and Dolly's love confession, Kabir proposing Nisha and their happy reunion with the cousins and the whole Gangwal family rejoicing and a flashback of all their happy moments is shown with the cousins theme song, Firdausiyana plays in the background.

Cast

Main
 Aneri Vajani as Nisha Gangwal: Lakshmi and Ramesh's daughter, Suketu and Bunty's sister; Umesh, Dolly, and Kirti, and Jwala's cousin; Kabir's wife
 Mishkat Varma as Kabir Kumar aka Kabir Singh Rathod: Vasundhara's son, Viraj's brother; Nisha's husband

Recurring
 V M Badola as Nemichand Gangwal: Saroj's husband; Veerendra, Mohan and Ramesh's father; Dolly, Umesh, Nisha, Kirti, Suketu, Jwala and Bunty's grandfather.
 Veena Mehta as Saroj Gangwal: Nemichand's wife; Veerendra, Mohan and Ramesh's mother; Dolly, Umesh, Nisha, Kirti, Suketu, Jwala and Bunty's grandmother.
 Vivek Mushran as Ramesh Gangwal: Saroj and Nemichand's son; Lakshmi's husband; Nisha, Suketu and Bunty's father.
 Pubali Sanyal as Lakshmi Gangwal: Ramesh's wife; Nisha, Suketu and Bunty's mother
 Taher Shabbir as Viraj Singh Rathore: Vasundhara's son, Kabir's brother
 Khyaati Keswani as Vasundhara Kumar: Viraj and Kabir's mother
 Parv Kaila as Suketu Gangwal- Lakshmi and Ramesh's son-younger brother of Umesh, Dolly, Kirti, and Nisha.elder brother of Jwala and Bunty.
 Nikunj Pandey as Bunty Gangwal- Lakshmi and Ramesh's youngest son-youngest brother of Umesh, Dolly, Kirti, Nisha, Suketu, and Jwala.
 Purvi Mundada as Dolly Gangwal-Vimla and Veerendra's youngest daughter-younger sister of Umesh, elder sister of Kirti, Nisha, Suketu, Jwala, and Bunty.
 Meherzan Mazda as Umesh Gangwal-Vimla and Veerendra's eldest son-eldest brother of Dolly, Kirti, Nisha, Suketu, Jwala, and Bunty. Husband of Aman.
 Heli Daruwala as Kirti Gangwal-Rupan and Mohan's eldest daughter-younger sister of Umesh and Dolly, elder sister of Nisha, Suketu, Jwala, and Bunty.
 Barbie Jain as Jwala Gangwal- Rupan and Mohan's youngest daughter-younger sister of Umesh, Dolly, Kirti, Nisha, and Suketu, elder sister of Bunty.
 Vibhu K Raghave as Saurav Jain: Nisha's best friend
 Priya Singh as Amanpreet Kaur: Umesh's wife
 Jayant Rawal as Veerendra Gangwal: Saroj and Nemichand's son; Vimla's husband; Dolly and Umesh's father
 Anjuman Saxena as Vimla Gangwal: Veerendra's wife; Dolly and Umesh's mother
 Jagat Rawat as Mohan Gangwal: Saroj and Nemichand's son; Rupan's husband; Kirti and Jwala's father
 Sonia Shah as Rupan Gangwal: Mohan's wife; Kirti and Jwala's mother
 Tuhina Vohra as Gayatri Singh Rathore: Priyanka's mother; Viraj's foster aunt
 Charu Vyas as Priyanka Singh Rathore: Gayatri's daughter
 Mohsin Khan as Ritesh: Kirti's former fiancé
 Tarun Singh/Paaras Madaan as Sumit: Dolly's former husband
 Nisha Nagpal as Kaira: Viraj's friend
 Amit Sareen as Coach Shekhar

Reception
Nisha Aur Uske Cousins initially received praise from critics and audiences alike for its fresh concept and youth-focused narrative and as a result saw high ratings.

As a part of the promotion, Star Plus introduced a free mobile app on 24 July which is World Cousins Day.

Production
Because of his character's transition from good to bad, Taher Shabbir quit the show in June 2015 as he didn't like how his character was shaping up.

References

External links

2015 Indian television series endings
2014 Indian television series debuts
Television shows set in Jaipur
Indian television soap operas
StarPlus original programming
Indian teen drama television series


title: Joan Robinson Hill

text:
Joan Olive Robinson Hill (February 6, 1931 – March 19, 1969) was a socialite and equestrian from Houston, Texas. Her unexplained death at age 38 led to her husband, John Hill, becoming the first person to be indicted by the state of Texas on the charge of murder by omission. The case precipitated a series of events that included the 1972 murder of John Hill and, two years later, the fatal police shooting of the man accused of that murder. Adopted as an infant by wealthy oil tycoon Davis Ashton "Ash" Robinson and his wife, Rhea, Joan became an equestrian at a young age. She excelled and continued the sport into adulthood, ultimately winning several national titles.

After two youthful marriages that ended in divorce, Joan married plastic surgeon John Hill in 1957. After a tumultuous marriage, she died following a short illness on March 19, 1969. Autopsy examinations failed to determine a cause of death beyond an infection from an unknown source. Ash subsequently accused John of poisoning Joan, and petitioned the district attorney to prosecute John for murder. John's murder trial was held in February 1971 but ended in a mistrial. As a second trial was approaching, John was gunned down by an intruder at his home. A suspect, Bobby Wayne Vandiver, was arrested and indicted for the murder, but was killed in a shootout with police before his trial. Two other suspects, Marcia McKittrick and Lilla Paulus, were convicted as accomplices to John's murder and served time in prison.

The case was the subject of Thomas Thompson's 1976 book Blood and Money and the 1981 made-for-television film Murder in Texas.

Early life
Davis Ashton "Ash" Robinson studied dentistry at Tulane College, New Orleans, but disliked the subject and chose not to follow it as a career. Instead, he embarked on a series of business ventures, making and losing several fortunes before becoming an oilman. He met Rhea Ernestine Gardere in New Orleans, and they married on July 28, 1919. After settling in Houston, the couple discovered that Rhea was unable to bear children, and Ash suggested that they should adopt a child instead. In March 1931, Rhea visited the Edna Gladney Home in Fort Worth where she was introduced to the one-month-old Joan Olive, who had been given up for adoption by her unmarried mother. The Robinsons adopted the baby girl.

The journalist Thomas Thompson writes that, as a child, Joan "was as well attended as a czarina". A keen horsewoman, she began riding at age three. At five, she won her first ribbon in equitation at the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, coming in third on Dotty, an aging horse that her father had bought for her. It was the first of many contests she entered on Dotty in horse shows across the Southern United States. By the age of seven, she was regularly competing at an amateur level on three- and five-gaited American Saddlebred horses, and she continued to achieve success, attaining first or second place in almost every contest she entered between 1938 and 1945.

Career and first marriages

Joan attended Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri, where she was an average student with an active social life.  Her father leased a suite of rooms at a hotel close to the campus, and installed his wife there, visiting on a regular basis himself. When Joan started acting in amateur college productions, she was approached by a talent scout working for Metro–Goldwyn–Mayer who offered her a screen test. Ash refused to permit her to take up the invitation, believing Hollywood to be full of predators who would take advantage of the girl. While in college, she married twice, both times before the age of 20. She married Spike Benton, who had a promising career as a Navy pilot, then New Orleans lawyer and childhood friend Cecil Burglass.  Her father did not approve of her choices, and each marriage lasted little more than six months.

Joan competed professionally throughout the 1950s and 1960s, winning as many as 500 trophies on her American Saddlebred horses CH Beloved Belinda (WCC, WC, RWCC, RWC. ASR 46246M) and CH Precious Possession (WC, RWCC, RWC. ASR 57000M). She had a riding habit made in the same color as Beloved Belinda, described by Thompson as "a lustrous pearl gray", which she wore at shows, starting the fashion of wearing a light colored habit.

Marriage to John Hill
On September 28, 1957, Joan married Dr. John Hill, described by the Houston Chronicle as "one of the city's leading plastic surgeons".

John Robert Hill (1931–1972) was the second of three children born to farmer Robert Raymond Hill, and his wife, Myra Hannah (Rice) Hill, of Edcouch, Texas. Hill’s mother was deeply religious and Hill was raised in a strict Christian household. Hill was also religious and attended the Church of Christ. At their mother's insistence, all three Hill children received piano lessons, with John and Julian becoming gifted musicians. Hill studied a liberal arts course at Abilene Christian College, where he graduated summa cum laude; he then attended Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. After graduating, he took a residency in surgery at Houston's Hermann Hospital.

During the 1950s, Houston-based surgeons such as Michael E. DeBakey and Denton Cooley were pioneering new heart surgery techniques, attracting a high volume of medical residents who wished to study under their tutelage. Realizing that the city would soon be awash with cardiac surgeons, Hill looked at alternative surgical careers, eventually opting for plastic surgery. At the time, only ten certified plastic surgeons were practicing in Houston, and Hill believed he could make more money in the profession. He was a popular member of the residency program, but almost had his medical career cut short after perforating a patient's bowel during a routine operation, then stitching the man up without repairing the damage. The patient later died of peritonitis, and Hill received a severe reprimand after an autopsy uncovered his mistake. Upon completing his residency, Hill was offered a partnership by Nathan Roth, a New York City-trained surgeon who had established himself in Houston, and he joined the practice in 1963. Hill's partnership with Roth got off to a difficult start after he failed to warn his first patient that a drill bit had broken off during a jaw repair operation, leaving it embedded in the patient's face. When challenged by Roth, Hill was apologetic about his error, saying he had been "hesitant to mention this mistake on my very first case". Hill's brother, Julian, had committed suicide shortly before the incident, and Roth gave Hill the benefit of the doubt because of this. The partnership between Hill and Roth was dissolved in 1967 after Roth grew tired of the other surgeon's repeated requests that Roth cover for him so that he could give music recitals. Hill then established his own practice in the same building as his former business partner.

The Hills became a regular part of Houston's social scene, but largely led separate lives. For the first six years of their marriage, they lived at Ash Robinson's property, moving from there only after a fellow surgeon suggested the idea to John. Joan continued to focus on her equestrian career, while John devoted his spare time to performing and listening to music. When Joan officially retired Beloved Belinda, the event made national headlines. Sports Illustrated reported that a band played "Auld Lang Syne" while Joan led Belinda, covered in a blanket of red roses, around the show ring at the Pin Oak horse show for the last time in 1959. A groom who was present commented to his wife that "Abe Lincoln hisself didn't have a funeral as good as this one."

Later years and illness

The Kirby Drive house and the music room
On June 14, 1960, the Hills had a son, whom they named Robert Ashton Hill, but who was quickly nicknamed Boot by his grandfather.  Robinson then bought his daughter a farm after she told him of her ambition to breed horses and establish a riding school. The property, named Chatsworth Farm, was opened in 1963, and became the scene of an annual spring picnic for Houston's doctors and their families. In 1965, the Hills also bought a house at 1561 Kirby Drive, a Southern colonial-style house located in the wealthy neighborhood of River Oaks, a few blocks from the Robinsons' home.

John Hill, whose interest in music began in childhood, was proficient on the piano as well as the trombone, tuba, flute, and recorder. As a young man, he aspired to become a piano player for a dance band, but his mother steered both sons toward medicine.  Hill dedicated at least twenty hours a week to his interest in music–taking lessons, practicing, and participating in concerts. He was an active member of several groups, including the Houston Brass Quintet and the Heartbeats. Following the success of his own practice, he announced to Joan that he wished to convert a former servant's room into a "music room" at their house. Hill asked Ash Robinson to loan him $10,000 for the project, but Robinson refused as he believed it to be frivolous, and Hill already had a loan from him to buy the house.

Hill then arranged for a bank loan, enabling him to pay off the money Robinson had loaned the couple to buy the Kirby Drive house, then commissioned a sound engineer to create the music room, telling him "I want the finest music room since Renaissance Italy." Its estimated $10,000 cost was quickly exceeded, and by October 1968, Hill had spent $75,000 on the venture.  One of his ambitions was to own a handmade Bösendorfer piano, the world's most expensive. On hearing that a local firm had obtained the Austrian company's Houston franchise, he ordered an Imperial Grand for $15,000. The Bösendorfer was delivered in March 1969 and installed beside a Yamaha grand belonging to Joan. Having cost in excess of $100,000, in March 1969 John Hill's music room was almost complete.

It became a ballroom-sized room with a double-height ceiling full of Renaissance-type frescoes, with Baccarat crystal chandeliers. The carved marble fireplace was taken from an old Louisiana plantation home. Hill chose parquet flooring and a gold and white color scheme for the entire room. The pianos were placed at one end, with French provincial sofas cushioned by an oriental carpet at the other end. Gold and white silk wall panels concealed shelves for records, music-related books, and Hill's musical instruments. Hill had 108 speakers installed in the room, connected with four miles of wiring. He spent more than $20,000 on the room's sound system. Hill also added a hidden movie screen on which to project his collection of comedy films, which was also hidden behind one of the silk wall panels.  The room became a bone of contention; Joan was angry about the amount of money her husband had poured into realizing his dream. During their 1968 separation, she had confided in Patti Gordon, a friend who owned a restaurant, that the music room had been central to their troubles. "He doesn't care about me or our son or anybody else. Only that god damned music room. I wish we had never started building it."

Meanwhile, Chatsworth Farm did not achieve the success that Joan had envisaged, and was not turning a profit. A trainer had worked there until 1967, but he left because he did not get on with Robinson, and by 1969 Robinson was considering selling the place. Joan wanted to keep it running, however, and persuaded Diane Settegast, a friend from Dallas, to take on the temporary role of trainer.

Marital problems
By 1968, the Hills had begun to have significant conflicts in their marriage. Hill had embarked on an extramarital affair with Ann Kurth, a thrice-divorced mother of three sons whom he met when they were both collecting their respective children from summer camp in August 1968. Kurth and Hill became romantically involved a short time after their meeting at the camp.  When Joan returned from a horse show outside Houston, she found a note from her husband saying that he had left because things were "not good between us". She phoned her husband's office many times in search of a better explanation from him; Hill did not return his wife's calls.  Ash Robinson suggested the use of a private detective to learn what John Hill was up to; Joan was against this idea.

Two weeks after his leaving, Hill asked to meet with his wife for a talk. John Hill told his wife that he was having an affair, and that he was being blackmailed because of it. It was not long before Joan learned that the woman's name was Ann Kurth. Hill, who had been staying at Kurth's home, proceeded to rent a small apartment in Houston's Post Oak district.

The couple was still living apart in November 1968, when Hill had divorce papers served on his wife. Ash Robinson, who had hired detectives to investigate his son-in-law, learned of his Post Oak apartment from their report. Joan told her father that she still wanted to make her marriage work, despite her husband's infidelity, and contested the divorce.

In early December 1968, Ash Robinson phoned Hill at his Post Oak apartment, asking Hill to meet with him at the Robinson home.  Robinson had drafted a letter of apology and a reconciliation offer to his daughter he wanted Hill to sign. Hill was in debt to Robinson for household and professional expenses, and his father-in-law implied that he would begin pressing for repayment if Hill did not return to his wife. Hill signed the letter written by Ash Robinson and prepared to go back to the Kirby Drive home. Hill withdrew his divorce petition when the couple  reconciled shortly before Christmas of that year. Not long after his return, Kurth began pressing Hill, telling him that if he stayed with Joan, Kurth would no longer be a part of his life.  He continued to see Kurth after returning to live with his wife.

Diane Settegast and Eunice Woolen, who stayed with the Hills as house guests a week before Joan's death, would later describe how Hill brought home pastries, but insisted on choosing which ones each of them would eat. Hill would return home with the pastries in the evenings after being called away by a message on his pager. On Friday, March 14, the Hills attended Houston's annual wild game dinner, where John played a concert with the Heartbeats. They left early, and on the way home Joan asked her husband if he would be staying out all night again. When he said that he probably would, she reminded him that he had done this on two previous occasions that week. The conversation quickly descended into an argument in which she told him that if he did stay out, he should not bother to come back. When they arrived home, she got out of the car, and he began to drive away, at which point she became angry and shouted "You've blown it, John! You've just lost your wife, your son and your god damn music room."

Shortly before the arrival of her house guests, Joan had learned that her husband was still maintaining his small apartment and still involved with Ann Kurth. On the day following the argument, Hill took his son for a haircut, and during the drive, they went to his apartment to pick up some things; the boy talked with his mother about it when he arrived home. Joan invited her friend and neighbor Vann Maxwell over to discuss the matter, and when she arrived, announced an impromptu game of bridge with Settegast and Woolen in the music room. John Hill was listening to music at one end of the room while the women played cards at the other. Joan began loudly discussing her husband, then slipping into silence whenever he approached. She told the women that she was planning to consult a lawyer on Monday, and Maxwell became uneasy with the situation. She asked Joan to be quiet or she would leave. Joan then started writing notes to her friend, in which she repeated her intention to speak to a lawyer, and to take John out of her will. After a tense evening, Hill put on a romantic record and came over to stand behind his wife's chair. Settegast suggested the couple should dance, and they did. Afterwards they retired to bed. The next morning, Joan told Settegast that Hill had made her "very happy" the previous night. "He told me things I've never heard from the man before in our whole married life. I think it's going to be all right between us from now on."

Illness
Settegast and Woolen recalled a conversation they had with Joan after she rose late on the afternoon of Saturday, March 15. She told them that "John gave me some pill last night and it really knocked me out". She spent most of the following day in bed after she vomited her breakfast. After checking on her several times, Hill told the two house guests that he was going out to purchase medication for her. Hill took his son and the two women out for dinner that evening, but Joan was too sick to join them. Hill bought her a carton of orange juice on the way home, then went to visit a friend. Joan continued to be ill, vomiting several more times. On Monday, March 17, Settegast and Woolen came to say goodbye to Joan, as they were returning to Dallas. Joan told the women she felt dehydrated and asked for some water.  She told her friends she would be all right as they prepared to leave. Effie Green, the Hills' maid, was told that Mrs. Hill was sick in bed and was not to be disturbed for any reason.

On the morning of Tuesday, March 18, Effie went to check on Joan after the doctor had left for the day.  She found Joan in a soiled nightgown; when she moved her to help her change into a fresh gown, Effie saw that Joan had been lying in dried feces.  Two towels had been placed under her due to a recent loose bowel movement that appeared to contain blood. The maid did her best to help Joan into the bathroom to clean her.  As she did this, Effie noticed that Joan's face began turning blue.  The maid hurriedly cleaned up Joan and the soiled bed and called to her husband, who also worked for the Hills, to phone Mrs. Hill's parents' home at once. When there was no answer, Archie Green tried unsuccessfully to reach John Hill at his office and left a message.  Rhea Robinson was unaware of Joan's condition when her husband dropped her off at the Hill home to visit her daughter.

The severity of Joan's illness was known only to those in the Hill household until the morning of March 18, 1969, when her mother entered her daughter's sickroom.  She found Joan lying in her own body wastes and vomit as John Hill stood at the foot of his wife's bed. When Robinson found that her daughter had a fever, Hill told his mother-in-law he thought Joan should be taken to a hospital. Hill did not summon an ambulance for his wife, who was now semiconscious, but insisted on driving her to the hospital himself.  The hospital he chose was not one of Houston's noted medical centers, but a new hospital in Houston's suburbs, Sharpstown General Hospital, which was a forty-five-minute drive from the Hill home.  The hospital had no emergency room or intensive care unit at the time of Joan's admission.  She was taken into the hospital by a nurse who had come to the car with a wheelchair and was taken to a private room on arrival.

During the drive, Joan told her mother she was going blind; her husband referred to this as a "blackout". Upon arrival at Sharpstown General, Robinson Hill's blood pressure was 60/40; the hospital nurse promptly took a second reading, as she believed that she had made some sort of error. After determining that the reading was correct, the nurse believed Joan was in shock and placed a call to Dr. Walter Bertinot, who was named as his wife's attending physician by John Hill.  Bertinot, who knew Joan only socially, had no reason to believe she was seriously ill until the call from the hospital nurse.  Hill had described his wife's symptoms as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; Bertinot initially thought she was suffering from influenza. When Bertinot arrived in Joan's hospital room, she recognized him and made reference to a party which they had both attended.  Bertinot ordered IV fluids, took another history, and now believed she had a case of foodborne illness.

Still uneasy after his second diagnosis, Dr. Bertinot consulted a colleague, Dr. Frank Lanza, who believed Joan to be in septic shock. The doctors ordered blood cultures, which would take 72 hours to process.  Joan had been a patient at Sharpstown General for six hours when her kidneys began to fail; she was not passing any urine and had edema. Her intravenous fluids were increased with the hope of being able to prompt her kidneys into producing urine.  By 8 p.m., Joan Robinson Hill's kidneys had failed to respond and her condition was considered to be "grave".  Dr. Bernard Hicks, a kidney specialist, was called in to consult. Dr. Hicks determined Joan was in severe kidney failure.  Since Sharpstown General had no dialysis machine, the medical team debated about transferring Joan to Houston Methodist Hospital, where such equipment was available, but Dr. Hicks believed she was too ill to be transferred.  The option for treating her at the hospital was to begin peritoneal dialysis.  Dr. Hicks wanted the consent of John Hill before beginning this procedure and phoned him at the Kirby Drive home at 9:15 p.m.  Hill left the house after taking the telephone call but did not arrive at Sharpstown General to give his consent until 11 p.m. His wife was conscious and begged him to stay with her, saying that she was frightened.

Dr. Bertinot checked on Joan at 12:30 a.m. on March 19.  While she had not improved, she appeared to have stabilized. Her blood pressure had elevated slightly and she was responding to the peritoneal dialysis.  Bertinot felt he could now leave the hospital to get some rest, but Dr. Lanza said he would stay a while longer and would call Dr. Bertinot if anything should change. John Hill also felt he could get some sleep and retired to a couch in a hospital records room.  By 1:30 a.m., both Dr. Lanza and Dr. Hicks had left the hospital. Joan, who had been heavily sedated, was coherent at times.  When Hill told her he would be down the hall if needed, she asked the nurse attending her to see that her husband was made comfortable there.

Death, investigation, trials

Death
At 2:30 a.m. on March 19, the attending nurse noticed that Joan's vital signs indicated sudden heart failure. She ran to the room's doorway and shouted to the nurses' station to have the resident on duty come immediately with cardiac failure equipment.  As she did this, Joan slightly raised her head, gasping her husband's name.  As she tried to breathe, a flood of blood rushed from her mouth. The resident tried to save her by injecting adrenaline into her heart; but he was not successful.

First autopsy
Texas state law at the time required an autopsy, before any embalming or burial could take place, for anyone who died in a hospital within twenty-four hours of admission. Dr. Bertinot spoke to John Hill about the legal need for an autopsy. Hill asked Jim Oates to call a local funeral home to claim Robinson Hill's body. Less than four hours after her death, the funeral home removed Robinson Hill's body from the hospital.

Within an hour after moving the body from Sharpstown General, the funeral home began the process of embalming Robinson Hill's body.  The hospital's pathologist, Dr. Arthur Morse, arrived at the funeral home at 10 a.m. to carry out the autopsy, only to find that the body had already been embalmed. Morse concluded his autopsy at 11:30 a.m. without finding any signs of what caused Robinson Hill's death aside from a maroon coloration of her pancreas and offered an opinion that she may have died from pancreatitis.

Second autopsy

Since receiving Dr. Morse's opinion that his daughter had died from pancreatitis, Robinson had been consulting doctors on the matter, who had advised him that this was an unlikely cause of death. On the morning of Friday, March 21, the day of Joan Robinson Hill's funeral, Ash Robinson visited the office of Assistant District Attorney I. D. McMaster, where he accused John Hill of killing his wife, telling McMaster of the circumstances surrounding her death and autopsy. McMaster asked Harris County Medical Examiner Joseph Jachimczyk to go to the funeral home to examine the body before the funeral. Jachimczyk ordered Morse to hand over blood and urine specimens taken from Robinson Hill. He then drove to the funeral home to view the body.

Jachimczyk delivered his report on the second autopsy at the end of March, ruling out any poisoning, and concluding, "it is my opinion based upon a reasonable probability that the cause of death is due to acute focal hepatitis, probably viral in origin." On reading the report, McMaster felt there was no case, but Robinson refused to believe that no crime had been committed. He hired lawyer Frank Briscoe, a former Harris County District Attorney. Robinson petitioned his son-in-law to give permission for Joan's body to be exhumed for another autopsy, but Hill refused.

Third autopsy

Ash Robinson then hired Dr. Milton Helpern, the chief medical examiner for New York City at the time, to come to Houston to examine Robinson Hill's body.  An autopsy was also requested by a Harris County grand jury investigating Robinson Hill's death. That autopsy was performed by a team of ten doctors led by Dr. Robert Bucklin, who was then the medical examiner for Galveston County, and including Dr. Helpern, who was deputized as an acting Harris County medical examiner. Helpern examined the body of Joan Robinson Hill for seven and a half hours, then went back to New York with his tissue samples, saying he would issue a report on his findings at a later date.

The series of autopsies indicated that Robinson Hill had suffered a "massive infection" from an undetermined source, but because the body had been embalmed before an initial examination was conducted, an exact cause of death could not be identified. Dr. Bucklin listed Robinson Hill's cause of death as meningitis and sepsis. Following the autopsy, Joseph Jachimczyk issued a fresh report in which he observed "It is now my opinion that Joan Robinson Hill came to her death as a result of a fulminating infectious process, the specific nature of which is no longer determinable." Dr. Helpern's report, issued in April 1970, noted that John Hill's treatment of his wife at home and the delay in seeking specialized medical attention at a hospital were factors in the death of Robinson Hill.

Prosecution and murder of John Hill
After Robinson Hill's death, Hill married Ann Kurth in June 1969, but divorced Kurth less than a year later, shortly before he was indicted for the murder of Robinson Hill. Following Hill's marriage to Kurth, Ash Robinson accused his former son-in-law of poisoning his daughter, and petitioned the District Attorney to launch a murder investigation. A grand jury began hearing evidence in the summer of 1969, and retired without indicting Hill. District Attorney Carol Vance then put the case before a second grand jury, which ordered an exhumation of the body.

In February 1970, the case was heard by a third grand jury. This panel heard testimony from Ann Kurth, who told them that Hill had confessed to killing his wife and had also tried to kill Kurth on three occasions. Helpern presented his findings to the grand jury in April 1970. McMaster and his fellow Assistant District Attorney, Ernie Ernst, believed that Hill had murdered his wife but that there was not enough evidence to indict him. Ernst suggested that they could try him for failing to provide an adequate level of care, which had resulted in her death. The jury voted 10–2 to indict Hill for murder by omission, deciding that he had "willfully, intentionally and culpably" contributed to his wife's death because he had not given her sufficient medical help. The state of Texas had not previously indicted anyone on a charge of murder by omission.

Hill's murder trial began on February 15, 1971. Kurth testified against Hill, claiming that he had tried to kill her on June 30, 1969, by crashing their car into a bridge, and by injecting her with a hypodermic syringe. She also told the court that he had confessed to killing Robinson Hill, explaining in detail how he had allegedly done it by lacing pastries with infectious bacteria and later injecting Robinson Hill with the same bacteria. Kurth's testimony contradicted the charge of murder by omission in the indictment. As a result, Hill's attorney, Richard "Racehorse" Haynes, was granted a request for a mistrial. Hill's second trial was eventually scheduled for November 1972.

On September 24, 1972, a few weeks before the second trial was to start, Hill was shot dead by a masked gunman during a robbery at his mansion as Hill and his third wife, Connie, returned home from a medical conference in Las Vegas.

Involvement of Bobby Vandiver, Marcia McKittrick, and Lilla Paulus
Bobby Wayne Vandiver was arrested for Hill's murder in April 1973, but refused to cooperate with police until he was positively identified as the perpetrator by Hill's mother. When he confessed to the murder, he told police that he had done it for financial gain, and that the shooting was a contract killing that he had been asked to carry out for $5,000. During his confession, Vandiver implicated Marcia McKittrick and Lilla Paulus as having been accessories to Hill's murder.

On April 25, 1973, a grand jury voted to indict Vandiver and McKittrick for first degree murder, and indict Paulus as an accomplice to murder. Vandiver's trial was set for September 1973. The trial was eventually rescheduled for April 1974, but Vandiver failed to appear. He had moved to Longview, Texas, adopting an alias. Longview police officer John Raymer grew suspicious of the newcomer to his town. After discovering the man's first name was actually Bobby, Raymer confronted Vandiver at a cafe one evening in May; Vandiver pulled a gun, and Raymer shot him dead.

Under questioning, McKittrick corroborated Vandiver's story. McKittrick was tried and convicted in 1974 of being Vandiver's getaway driver and given a ten-year jail sentence. She was paroled after serving five years.

Lilla Paulus was convicted and given a 35-year sentence. She died of breast cancer at the Gatesville prison on May 16, 1986.

Cultural impact

The events surrounding the death of Joan Robinson Hill have been the subject of several books, as well as a 1981 television film. Journalist and author Thomas Thompson's 1976 book Blood and Money provides a detailed account of the case. He became interested in the story while shadowing doctors in Houston as research for a previous book, Hearts, about the world of cardiac surgery. Ann Kurth filed a $3-million lawsuit against Thompson over his description of her as a "provocatively dressed, heavily made-up woman", but her action was dismissed by a jury in Austin in March 1981, which decided that although derogatory, his description of her was accurate. The legal case was one of three Thompson faced over his book.

Kurth published her own account of the case entitled Prescription Murder in which she repeated her claim that Hill had tried to kill her, and alleged that he may have poisoned his first wife with bacteria-laced pastries. She also suggested that Hill had not been killed in 1972, and had instead moved to Mexico after faking his death. Retired Harris County District Attorney Carol Vance also discussed the case in his memoirs, Boomtown DA.

In 1981, the Robinson Hill case was the subject of Murder in Texas, a television film featuring Farrah Fawcett as Robinson Hill. It concurs with Kurth's theory that Hill may have faked his death, suggesting that he arranged for someone else to be killed in his place. The journalist Jerry Buck noted in an article preceding the film's debut on NBC that the face of the shooting victim had been battered and that there were anomalies in the autopsy report, notably that Hill had a different eye color from that recorded for the dead person. Buck also wrote that Hill was in financial difficulties with the Internal Revenue Service in 1972 and facing a murder case against him. Sightings of Hill had also been reported in Mexico and New York City.

The death of Robinson Hill was also the subject of a true crime television documentary-drama as part of the series Behind Mansion Walls from the Investigation Discovery television network "Behind Mansion Walls: The Thoroughbred Heiress" S1 E13; first aired in June 2011.

This case was also covered in an episode ("I'm Fine, Look Away") on the podcast "My Favorite Murder" on May 9, 2019.

Notes

References

Sources

1931 births
1969 deaths
20th-century American trials
20th-century American women
American adoptees
American female equestrians
American socialites
Crimes in Houston
Murder trials
People from Houston
Stephens College alumni
Unsolved deaths in the United States
20th-century American people


title: Abdullah al-Theni

text:
Abdullah al-Theni (  Libyan pronunciation: ) is a Libyan politician who became prime minister of the House of Representatives of Libya on 11 March 2014, when he took over in an interim capacity after the dismissal of Ali Zeidan. He was previously the defence minister in the government of Zeidan.

Prime Minister
In April 2014, al-Thani negotiated the reopening of two out of four oil ports seized by rebels. Also, after he threatened to resign, the Congress officially confirmed him as prime minister in a permanent capacity and vested him with greater powers to deal with Libya's problems.

However, al-Thani submitted his resignation as prime minister of the interim government on 13 April 2014, although he was asked to stay on as a caretaker until the election of a successor. Ahmed Maiteeq was eventually elected as the new prime minister, but Maiteeq's election was voided on 9 June and al-Thani was reinstated as caretaker.

After the election of a House of Representatives to govern Libya, al-Thani attended the opening ceremony of the new parliament in Tobruk on 4 August 2014. He and his cabinet again resigned on 29 August 2014, citing a need to give the controversial new parliament a chance to choose a new, inclusive government after Islamist lawmakers convened a new meeting of the General National Congress in Tripoli and declared al-Thani dismissed, although he defended the elected House of Representatives as "the only legitimate authority in the country". The next week, however, the Tobruk-based lawmakers reappointed al-Thani as prime minister and tasked him with forming a "crisis government".

With Libya sliding into civil war between the two rival governments, al-Thani ordered General Khalifa Haftar to "liberate" Tripoli in October 2014. In March 2015, following the start of a military intervention in support of the internationally recognised government in Yemen, al-Thani compared the situation in his country to the situation in Yemen and said Libya would call on the Arab League to "restore legitimacy".

On 26 May 2015 he survived an assassination attempt when gunmen fired on his convoy in Tobruk.

Abdullah al-Thani offered to resign as Prime Minister on 11 August 2015, over a year into the Second Libyan Civil War, saying his "exit is the solution."

Al-Thani and the House of Representatives promoted Haftar to the rank of Field Marshal in recognition for his leadership in the Operation Surprise Lightning, capturing the four key oil ports (Sidra, Ra's Lanuf, Brega and Zuwetina) in the Gulf of Sirte from the Petroleum Facilities Guard (PFG) during the ongoing Libyan Civil War.

Al-Thani offered the resignation of his government on 13 September 2020 in response to the 2020 Libyan protests.

See also

First Al-Thani Cabinet
Second Al-Thani Cabinet

References

1954 births
Defence ministers of Libya
Government ministers of Libya
Living people
Prime Ministers of Libya
Independent politicians in Libya


title: Dean Caliguire

text:
Dean Patrick Caliguire (born March 2, 1967) is a former American football offensive lineman who played three seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Pittsburgh Steelers and San Francisco 49ers. He was drafted by the 49ers in the fourth round of the 1990 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Pittsburgh and attended Montour High School in McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania. Caliguire was also a member of the New England Patriots.

College career
Caliguire played for the Pittsburgh Panthers from 1985 to 1989, earning Associated Press All-East team honors.

Professional career

San Francisco 49ers
Caliguire was selected by the San Francisco 49ers of the NFL with the 92nd pick in the 1990 NFL Draft and signed with the team on July 29, 1990. He spent the 1990 season on injured reserve. He played in two games for the 49ers in 1991. Caliguire was released by the 49ers on September 28, 1991.

Pittsburgh Steelers
On October 5, 1991, Caliguire was signed to the practice squad of the Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL. He was promoted to the active roster on October 18, 1991. He played in seven games for the Steelers during the 1991 season. Caliguire was released by the Steelers on August 31, 1992. He signed with the Steelers on September 15, 1992. He was released by the Steelers on November 3, 1992.

New England Patriots
Caliguire signed with the NFL's New England Patriots on February 17, 1993. He was released by the Patriots on June 3, 1993.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
Fanbase profile

Living people
1967 births
American football offensive linemen
Pittsburgh Panthers football players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
San Francisco 49ers players
New England Patriots players
Players of American football from Pittsburgh


title: Emilio Malchiodi

text:
Emilio Malchiodi (March 28, 1922 – November 21, 1997) was an Argentine athlete. He competed in the shot put and the discus event at the 1948 Summer Olympics. He came 5th at the 1951 Pan American Games in the discus.

References

1922 births
1997 deaths
Argentine male discus throwers
Argentine male shot putters
Olympic athletes for Argentina
Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games competitors for Argentina
Athletes (track and field) at the 1951 Pan American Games
20th-century Argentine people


title: Chen Yegang

text:
Chen Yegang is a Chinese paralympic archer. He won the silver medal at the Men's team recurve event and the bronze medal in the Men's individual recurve event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing.

References

Living people
Chinese male archers
Paralympic archers for China
Paralympic silver medalists for China
Paralympic bronze medalists for China
Paralympic medalists in archery
Archers at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Chinese people


title: Fabrice Meunier

text:
Fabrice Meunier (born 3 June 1973) is a French paralympic archer. He won the silver medal in the Men's individual recurve event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing.

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
French male archers
Paralympic archers for France
Paralympic silver medalists for France
Paralympic medalists in archery
Archers at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics


title: Tony Blair Associates

text:
Tony Blair Associates (TBA) was an umbrella organisation established by Tony Blair to "allow him to provide, in partnership with others, strategic advice on a commercial and pro bono basis, on political and economic trends and governmental reform". The profits from the firm went towards supporting Blair's "work on faith, Africa and climate change". The firm was closed down in September 2016.

History

Blair, with his Quartet and TBA roles, worked with the Kazakh government, advising the regime on judicial, economic and political reforms.

In June 2014, Blair was looking for an office Abu Dhabi to help attract middle-eastern business for TBA. By July, Blair had been hired to advise on the export of natural gas from Azerbaijan to Europe, a project being run by a consortium of companies led by BP.

Criticism
Blair was subjected to criticism for potential conflicts of interest between his diplomatic role as a Middle East peace envoy and his work with Tony Blair Associates, and a number of prominent critics even called for him to be sacked from his peace envoy role.

Blair was subject to criticism after accusations of "whitewashing" the image and human rights record of the regime in Kazakhstan. In particular, opposition activists published an open letter in a Kazakh newspaper, Respublika, claiming Blair would have "blood on his hands" if did not stop assisting President Nursultan Nazarbayev. Blair responded to such criticism by saying his choice to advise the country was an example of how he could "nudge controversial figures on a progressive path of reform" and stated that he received no personal profit from this advisory role. The Kazakhstan foreign minister said that the country was "honoured and privileged" to be receiving advice from Blair.

Blair was reported to have accepted a business advisory role with President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi of Egypt, a situation deemed incompatible with his role as Middle East peace envoy; Blair described the report as "nonsense".

References

Tony Blair


title: Hammond, Kansas

text:
Hammond is an unincorporated community in Bourbon County, Kansas, United States.

History
A post office was established at Hammond in 1877, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1968. The community was named for a family of early settlers.

Education
The community is served by Fort Scott USD 234 public school district.

References

Further reading

External links
 Bourbon County maps: Current, Historic - KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Bourbon County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Primordia (video game)

text:
Primordia is a cyberpunk point-and-click adventure game developed by Wormwood Studios and published in 2012 by Wadjet Eye Games. In 2016, Primordia was released on iOS devices. On March 2, 2022, the game was released on Nintendo Switch.

Plot
In a post-apocalyptic world, android Horatio Nullbuilt (Logan Cunningham) and his floating robot companion Crispin (Abe Goldfarb) inhabit and attempt to rebuild U.N.N.I.I.C, a derelict airship stranded in a vast desert. One night, a heavy, floating, square-like robot invades the airship, incapacitates Horatio with its laser and steals the airship's power core. Crispin suggests they head to the legendary city of Metropol, a "city of glass and eternal light", for a new core, but Horatio remains adamant in either reclaiming the stolen core or finding a new one in the wasteland, totally preferring to stay away from Metropol due to his pre-programmed hatred of the city, that he can't discern the reason for.

Navigating the wasteland close to U.N.N.I.I.C, Horatio and Crispin come across and reactivate a buried, gigantic robotic war machine named Goliath, who claims that Horatio's true name is Horus, an ancient enemy of theirs, and thus won't surrender their power core. They also come across and pass through the tests of faith of a sentry drone Ever-Faithful Leobuilt, who tests Horatio's knowledge of the 'Gospel of Man' (a robotic interpretation of the Holy Bible where instead of a metaphysical God, the human race, ‘Man’, are the creator gods of robots).  Ever-Faithful allows him to take a bomblet from the bomb that the drone revered as a shrine. Horatio and Crispin attempt to use the bomblet's energy core to power U.N.N.I.I.C back up, but this proves fruitless.

Attempting to chase the robot thief, Horatio and Crispin are ultimately led to Metropol, revealed as a dilapidated metropolis filled with robots governed with an iron hand by MetroMind, the city's AI previously in charge of subways and transit. At entry, Horatio is stripped of a megacycle (CPU power cycle) and the 'Gospel of Man', deemed a subversive literature that is tossed into the city's underground, the Underworks. Meeting some of Metropol's citizenry, Horatio learns the power core thief is MetroMind's right hand henchman called S.C.R.A.P.E.R (Subway Construction, Repair and Precision Excavation Robot), and the power core is in her possession in MetroTower, a giant power station.

Horatio attempts to reclaim the power core legally by reopening Metropol's courtroom with the aid of Clarity Arbiterbuilt, the aid to Metropol's Arbiter (the city's judicial AI), but Horatio discovers the Arbiter itself had its memory banks wiped. In the back of the courthouse, Horatio finds the corpse of Clarity's sister and fellow legal aid, Charity, and obtains her final memories. Shortly after, S.C.R.A.P.E.R. tries capturing Horatio and Crispin, but Horatio collapses the courtroom entrance atop S.C.R.A.P.E.R. Charity's memories reveal evidence that MetroMind used her to be rid of Arbiter – under the pretense of "preventing a civil war" – and take over Metropol through a silent coup. Witnessing this, Clarity determines MetroMind has lost all legal protection and joins Horatio and Crispin's quest for the power core. She informs Horatio that in order to confront MetroMind, they must acquire fragments of the access code to MetroTower, which was exclusive to the ruling AIs.

Uncovering and accessing a digital ghost of Memorious (the city's historical archives AI), Horatio discovers that MetroMind had erased all data regarding the human race that once lived in Metropol and formed a division of the city's Council of Robots, with her and Factor (the city's fabrication AI) on one side and Arbiter and Steeple (Metropol's religious leader) on the other. Memorious took sides with MetroMind with the removal of Steeple for calculating the data regarding humans felt irrelevant to city administration. The trio also learns that humanity extinguished themselves in chemical warfare between its four remaining cities (Municipa, Civitas, Urbani and Metropol), leaving only machines behind. In the Underworks, the trio reactivates Factor, disabled on MetroMind's orders, and Horatio recovers the Gospel of Man confiscated from him.

After reconstructing the access code sequence, the trio head to MetroTower to confront MetroMind on her crimes, and MetroMind declares her commitment to 'progress'. S.C.R.A.P.E.R, who survived the collapse of the courtroom, arrives at the Council chambers, and Clarity sacrifices herself to save both Horatio and Crispin, telling both to head towards 'Calliope Station', originally meant to be a separate subway station but revealed to be a secret room within the station platform from where Horatio and Crispin first arrived. They discover MetroMind's mainframe within.  As Horatio attempts destroying it, MetroMind tries stripping him of his remaining megacycles, forcing Crispin to detonate himself to destroy her mainframe.

Upon reactivating, Horatio recovers a data chip from MetroMind's mainframe and discovers his true identity as the AI of HORUS, an Urbanian war machine unleashed to destroy Metropol. HORUS  - revealed as the U.N.N.I.I.C (the bottom half of HORUS's name had worn away) - was heavily damaged by Metropol's guardian, Goliath, forcing it to infect Goliath with a virus, Thanatos, neutralizing the war machine.  However, as HORUS attempted to destroy all human life in Metropol, its last name "Manbuilt" made him realize he was targeting his own creators. HORUS, becoming aware, detached a partial servitor from itself, which would later become Horatio over the years, and self-destructed itself to save the remaining humans. Horatio also discovers he carried the Thanatos virus with him all along.

Horatio returns to MetroTower to recover the power core, but confronts MetroMind's new version - Crispin's sacrifice only destroyed a former version of her. She admits to having extinguished the remaining humans herself, claiming they were nothing but 'destroyers', unworthy of worship.  She also admits to having stolen the power core to solve Metropol's ever-growing needs for energy.  MetroMind offers Horatio a “choice” between merging with her or being killed by S.C.R.A.P.E.R., as she covets Horatio's craftsmanship abilities, believing it is her key to 'saving' Metropol, which is now nothing but an extension of MetroMind herself.

The player can react in seven different ways to this:

  1. Horatio merges willingly with MetroMind and both continue working on towards 'Progress'.

  2. Horatio refuses to merge and is destroyed by S.C.R.A.P.E.R. MetroMind continues her mission of 'Progress' unabated.

  3. Horatio climbs the roof of MetroTower and commits suicide by falling. Regardless, MetroMind continues her mission of 'Progress'.

  4. Horatio destroys the power core, exploding MetroTower and causing an irreversible blackout across Metropol, with all robots inevitably scattering and dying from lack of power.

  5. Horatio spreads the Thanatos virus to MetroMind's broadcast system, throwing Metropol into irreversible chaos, but avenging the extinct humankind.

  6. Horatio keeps the power core at gunpoint with his plasma torch and MetroMind is forced to open passage to Horatio to take the power core back to the U.N.N.I.I.C.

  7. Horatio uses the Thanatos virus on S.C.R.A.P.E.R. and scares MetroMind away.

If the player chose either of the last two endings, Horatio takes the power core and rebuilds HORUS to fly away from Metropol forever, taking the city's robots he knew with him.  Note that Crispin and Clarity can be present in this ending if Horatio (the player) recovered the items needed to rebuild them (Clarity's head and Crispin's core matrix), with different dialogue for each possible combination. However, if neither party member is present, Horatio instead gives in to despair and wipes his memory like his previous versions did; there is no ship repair scene or other robots in this ending.

Gameplay
Unlike in many adventure games, Primordia's puzzles are generally grounded in real-world logic and offer multiple solutions, a direct reflection of the game's writer and designer, Mark Yohalem's Harvard Law education and career as lawyer. How the player solves the puzzles—and what choices the player makes—determines which of the game's many endings takes place.

Primordia has a typical point-and-click interface: a left mouse click to interact with objects, a right click to examine them. Every function needed is always available from a drop-down control panel that appears when you move the pointer to the top of the screen. Inventory items can be combined in the inventory user interface and may be used on every hot-spot and character. Crispin can be told to interact with objects, too. Crispin also serves as a hint-system blended-in appropriately with the game in order to avoid breaking the fourth wall. As Horatio and Crispin wander about, a datapad automatically stores codes, passwords and information about the world. The datapad also contains a map which allows fast travel (whenever that's available) with one click to every known location. Conversations with other robots are handled in a multiple choice fashion. There is both a manual and an automatic save system to make sure your progress is saved.

Critical reception

Primordia received positive reviews from independent and genre websites, and mixed reviews from larger sites. Adventure Gamers described Primordia as "a gorgeous, clever, and melancholy science-fiction parable" with "beautiful, surrealistic retro graphics [that] drip with atmosphere." The site also awarded it Setting of the Year for its "haunted world, one that oozes history far more detailed than the events laid out by the game's exposition, and one that stuck with us long after we left it behind."

Hardcore Gaming 101 praised Primordia as "the first graphic adventure game of recent memory to be truly worthy of being compared to the triumphs of the glory days,", and PopMatters called it "an evolution of the genre . . . leaps and bounds more interesting because its ideas are more complex and intricate."  Other sites praised its story as one of the best science fiction stories in any medium for years.

By contrast, larger sites such as IGN and GameSpy complained that the puzzles were too numerous and too difficult, that the game's low resolution did a disservice to its graphics, and that the game's humor could be jarring.

On Metacritic, it holds a score of 72/100.

An iOS port of Primordia was released on September 21, 2016. This version modified the controls to accommodate a touch-screen interface and changed the font to be more readable on a smaller screen. Its reviews from larger sites have been positive, and its Metacritic score is 81/100. TouchArcade rated the game 4.5/5, describing it as "brilliant": "The writing is stellar, the voice acting is ace, the style is top notch, and the soundtrack perfectly sets the tone." 148Apps rated it 4/5, praising its "great art, clever puzzles, and fantastic world building."

"Fallen"
In June 2013, Wormwood Studios released "Fallen", a spoiler-free spin-off story set after the game's ending, which was praised for its writing and art. "Fallen" is available for free as a PDF, ePUB, or animated audiobook. It has been translated into German, Italian, and Spanish.

References

External links

 Wormwood Studios website
 TV Tropes entry

2012 video games
Adventure Game Studio games
Adventure games
Cyberpunk video games
Indie games
IOS games
Linux games
MacOS games
Point-and-click adventure games
Post-apocalyptic video games
Single-player video games
Video games about robots
Video games developed in the United States
Wadjet Eye Games games
Windows games


title: Erik Wille

text:
Erik Wille (born 28 March 1993) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender.

Career
Wille joined MSV Duisburg for the 2014–15 season. In October 2015, Wille was forced to retire from professional football due to a hip injury.

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Footballers from Frankfurt
German men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
MSV Duisburg players
3. Liga players


title: Berlin, Kansas

text:
Berlin is an unincorporated community in Bourbon County, Kansas, United States.

History
A post office was opened in Berlin in 1879, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1903. The community has most likely been named in the honor of Berlin, Georgia.

References

Further reading

External links
 Bourbon County maps: Current, Historic - KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Bourbon County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Dong Zhi (archer)

text:
Dong Zhi () is a Chinese paralympic archer. He won the silver medal at the Men's team recurve event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing.

References

Chinese male archers
Living people
Paralympic silver medalists for China
Paralympic archers for China
Archers at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Archers at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Paralympic medalists in archery
21st-century Chinese people


title: Barnesville, Kansas

text:
Barnesville is an unincorporated community in Bourbon County, Kansas, United States.

History
Barnesville was platted in 1858 by J. and F. Barnes, and named for them. A post office was established at Barnesville in 1856, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1906. A Civil War era military post, Barnesville's Post, is located in the area.

References

Further reading

External links
 Bourbon County maps: Current, Historic - KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Bourbon County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Cheng Changjie

text:
Cheng Changjie is a Chinese paralympic archer. He won the silver medal at the Men's team recurve event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing.

References

Living people
Chinese male archers
Paralympic archers for China
Paralympic silver medalists for China
Paralympic medalists in archery
Archers at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Archers at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Chinese people


title: Joseph D. Moody

text:
Joseph D. Moody (November 14, 1841 – November 17, 1909) was a U.S. dentist and served as president of the Historical Society of Southern California.

Moody was born in Ashland, Ohio in 1841. He attended school in Ashland. On November 2, 1861, he enlisted in Co. I, 42nd Ohio Infantry of which regiment James A. Garfield was colonel. For nearly a year, he acted as Garfield's private secretary. Serving for 37 months, he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant, an mudstered out with that rank.

After leaving the service, he studied dentistry with Dr. Barcklay in Dalton, Ohio, and later completed his course in the Chicago Dental College. In 1869, he married Kate Cameron in Jesup, Iowa, and, after a few years, removed to Mendota, Illinois, where they lived for 20 years. During this period, Moody, in addition to his professional duties, was active in Sunday school work, both in the county and in the state, taking especial interest in the better training of Sunday School teachers, and being the county secretary for some years. For several years he served as president of the city board of education.

In 1893, they moved to Los Angeles, California, and he built up a large and lucrative practice. Moody was prominently identified with Sunday School work, and was for a number of years superintendent of Sunday School normal work in Southern California. He served as president of the Southern California Dental Association, and was at the time of his death lecturer in the Dental Department of the University of Southern California. He was a member of the Los Angeles Academy of Science.

He became a member of the Historical Society of Southern California in 1893 shortly after locating in Los Angeles. He was elected one of the Directors of the Society in 1894. He filled the office of President during the years of 1897 and 1898; also the office of Vice-President several terms, and was a member of the Board of Directors at the time of his death. He contributed a number of valuable historical papers which were published in the Society's collections, among them, "Echoes from the American Revolution." Some African Folk Lore," "How a Woman's Wit Saved California," "Some Aboriginal Alphabets" and "Sequoyah." He died in 1909, his remains taken to Mendota for interment.

References

External links

1841 births
1909 deaths
People from Ashland, Ohio
American dentists
Historians from Illinois
People from Wayne County, Ohio
People from Jesup, Iowa
People from Mendota, Illinois
19th-century American historians
19th-century American male writers
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
University of Southern California faculty
Historians from Ohio
Historians from California
19th-century dentists
American male non-fiction writers
Historians from Iowa


title: Porterville, Kansas

text:
Porterville is an unincorporated community in Bourbon County, Kansas, United States.

History
Porterville had a post office from 1882 until 1905. L. G. Porter, the first postmaster, gave the community its name.

References

Further reading

External links
 Bourbon County maps: Current, Historic - KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Bourbon County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: LA Run

text:
L.A. Run is a song written by Alan Carvell and Brian O Shea, and recorded by the Carvells in 1977 which reached number 31 in the UK charts in November of the same year. The song is about the then-new craze of Skateboarding which had crossed-over from the US to the UK that same year.

With new lyrics in Swedish by T. B. Håkanson and S. Schröder I as Skateboard, Magnum Bonum scored a 1978 success with the song.

Charts

Carvell's version

Magnum Bonum version

References

1977 songs
Number-one singles in Sweden


title: Frederick David Sassoon

text:
Frederick David Sassoon (1 May 1853 – 4 May 1917) was an India-born Anglo-Jewish merchant and banker in Hong Kong and China.

Early life
Sassoon was born in Bombay, British India on 1 May 1853, Frederick David Sassoon was the eighth son of David Sassoon, founder of the famous firm of merchant and bankers in the East, David Sassoon & Co.

Career
Sassoon spent most of his working life in Hong Kong and was unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong as the representative of the Justices of the Peace from 1884 to 1887. He became Chairman of David Sassoon & Co. in London and also Director of the Imperial Bank of Persia.

Personal
He married Jeanette (Jenny) Raphael (1859–?), daughter of Edward L. Raphael from another great merchant banking dynasty. They had a son named Ronald Edward David Sassoon (1895–1924), who died of a heart attack while visiting the Bagdad office of David Sassoon & Co.

Frederick David Sassoon left £696,400 when he died on 14 May 1917 at 17 Knightsbridge, London.

See also
 Sassoon family

References

1853 births
1917 deaths
Expatriates in British Hong Kong
British people in colonial India
British people of Indian descent
English Jews
English people of Indian-Jewish descent
English people of Iraqi-Jewish descent
Hong Kong Jews
Hong Kong businesspeople
Chairmen of HSBC
Indian people of Iraqi-Jewish descent
Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Businesspeople from Mumbai
Frederick David
19th-century English businesspeople


title: William P. Malm

text:
William Malm (born March 6, 1928) is an American musicologist known for his studies of Japanese traditional music. As a composer, teacher, and scholar of Japanese music, Malm shaped the study of ethnomusicology in the United States. Malm authored the first major scholarly study in English of the history and instruments of Japanese music, Japanese Music and Musical Instruments (1959). He was a faculty member at the University of Michigan from 1960 to 1994. Malm served as president of the Society for Ethnomusicology from 1977 to 1979 and was named an Honorary Member of that organization in 2004. Malm was awarded the Fumio Koizumi Prize in 1992 for his contributions to the study of Japanese music. As the 2001 Charles Seeger Lecturer, Malm's address focused on the history and founding of ethnomusicology in the United States.

Biography
Malm studied composition at Northwestern University, where he completed a Bachelor's in 1949 and a Master's in Music in 1950. He subsequently taught at the University of Illinois for a year. From 1951 to 1953, he was an instructor at the Naval School of Music. He completed the PhD in musicology at UCLA in 1959, where he also taught from 1958 to 1960. The bulk of his academic career was spent as a professor at the University of Michigan, where he taught from 1960 until 1994. At Michigan, he began an ethnomusicology program and worked with the Stearns Collection of Musical Instruments. His book Music Cultures of the Pacific, the Near East, and Asia (1967) is an authoritative and widely used textbook.

Malm made significant contributions to the study of Asian ethnomusicology, particularly his fieldwork and research into music for dance and Japanese music. His primary research area was the music of the shamisen, including music of traditional Japanese Kabuki theatre and Bunraku puppet theatre. Pete Seeger writes of attending a recital of Joruri (Bunraku music) with Malm in Tokyo in 1963 where Malm translated three long scenes for him. Seeger also accompanied Malm to his Joruri lesson where Malm sang and recited long passages with the teacher playing the samisen.

Malm's book on Nagauta (music of the Kabuki theatre), which grew out of his doctoral dissertation, is one of the first detailed studies of a single genre of Japanese music to be published in English. In 1986 in New York when the To-on-Kai ensemble from Japan presented the first professional performances in America of Nagauta performed separately from Kabuki theatre, Malm published an article in The New York Times about the art form.

Select publications

 William P. Malm (1971), Introduction in Gagaku Court Music and Dance by Masataro Togi, New York & Tokyo: Walker/Weatherhill.

Honors
 Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd Class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon (2020)

References

External links
 2001 Bibliography of Malm's writings

1928 births
University of Michigan faculty
American anthropologists
Cultural anthropologists
American ethnomusicologists
Living people
UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture alumni
People from La Grange, Illinois
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class
Northwestern University alumni
University of Illinois faculty


title: Cho Hyun-kwan

text:
Cho Hyun Kwan(Korean:조현관) is a South Korean paralympic archer. He won the gold medal at the Men's team recurve event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing.

References

South Korean male archers
Living people
Paralympic silver medalists for South Korea
Paralympic archers for South Korea
Archers at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Paralympic gold medalists for South Korea
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in archery
20th-century South Korean people
21st-century South Korean people


title: Anthony Shelton

text:
Anthony Levala Shelton (born September 4, 1967) is a former American football defensive back who played two seasons with the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the eleventh round of the 1990 NFL Draft. He played college football at Tennessee State University and attended Lincoln County High School in Fayetteville, Tennessee. Shelton was also a member of the Shreveport Pirates, and Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He ended the 1991 season on injured reserve due to a sore shoulder.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
Fanbase profile

Living people
1967 births
Players of American football from Tennessee
American football defensive backs
Canadian football defensive backs
African-American players of American football
African-American players of Canadian football
Tennessee State Tigers football players
San Diego Chargers players
Shreveport Pirates players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
People from Fayetteville, Tennessee
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople


title: Kim Hong-kyu

text:
Kim Hong Kyu(Korean:김홍규)is a South Korean paralympic archer. He won the gold medal at the Men's team recurve event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing.

References

South Korean male archers
Living people
Paralympic silver medalists for South Korea
Paralympic archers for South Korea
Archers at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for South Korea
Year of birth missing (living people)
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in archery
20th-century South Korean people
21st-century South Korean people


title: Godfrey, Kansas

text:
Godfrey is an unincorporated community in Bourbon County, Kansas, United States.

History
Godfrey was platted in 1871 as a coal mining community. Godfrey had a post office from 1870 until 1901.

References

Further reading

External links
 Bourbon County maps: Current, Historic - KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Bourbon County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Lee Hong-gu

text:
Lee Hong Gu(Korean:이홍구) is a South Korean paralympic archer. He won the gold medal at the Men's team recurve event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing.

References

South Korean male archers
Living people
Paralympic silver medalists for South Korea
Paralympic archers for South Korea
Archers at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for South Korea
Year of birth missing (living people)
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in archery
20th-century South Korean people
21st-century South Korean people


title: 2014 Clásica de San Sebastián

text:
The 2014 Clásica de San Sebastián was the 34th edition of the Clásica de San Sebastián, a single-day cycling race. It was held on 2 August 2014, over a distance of , starting and finishing in San Sebastián, in the Basque Country, Spain. It was won by Alejandro Valverde before Bauke Mollema and Joaquim Rodríguez.

Teams
As the Clásica de San Sebastián was a UCI World Tour event, all 18 UCI ProTeams were invited automatically and obligated to send a squad.  were given a wildcard place to form a 19-team peloton.

The 19 teams that competed in the race were:

Results

References

Clásica de San Sebastián
San Sebastian
Clasica de San Sebastian


title: Harding, Kansas

text:
Harding is an unincorporated community in Bourbon County, Kansas, United States.

History
A post office was established at Harding in 1888, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1933. The community was named for Russell Harding, a railroad official.

References

Further reading

External links
 Bourbon County maps: Current, Historic - KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Bourbon County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Blankenberg (Meckl) station

text:
Blankenberg (Meckl) station is a railway junction in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The station was opened on 13 May 1850 and is one of the oldest railway stations in this state. It is at the intersection of the Bad Kleinen–Rostock and the Wismar–Karow railways. Regular passenger services run only on the former route. Most of the Wismar–Karow railway is closed, but between Blankenberg, Sternberg and Dabel there are occasional freight trains.

Location

The station is located in the northwest of the district of Ludwigslust-Parchim in the town of Blankenberg, which belongs to the amt (sub-district) of Sternberger Seenlandschaft. The nearest towns are Warin, four kilometres north, and Brüel, about four km south of Blankenberg. The Bad Kleinen–Rostock railway, which runs in an approximately west–east direction, and the mostly closed Wismar–Karow branch line, which runs in the northwest–southeast direction, cross in Blankenberg.

History

After the first railway in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the Berlin–Hamburg line, was opened in 1846, the Grand Duchy began planning to build its own railway network. The connection from Hagenow  to Schwerin was opened in 1847, which was extended to Wismar a year later. A line was built from Kleinen (later Bad Kleinen) to Rostock in 1850 with a branch from Bützow to Güstrow. When choosing the route different options were tested. The shortest route from Schwerin via Sternberg to Bützow would have had to cross Lake Schwerin (Schweriner See) on an embankment near the Paulsdamm (a road embankment completed in 1842). Another option, with a route via the town of Brüel, failed due to the opposition of the local council. So the railway was built through the small village of Blankenberg between the two towns of Brüel and Warin. Besides Schwaan and Bützow, Blankenberg was one of only three stations that were opened with the line. Two pairs of trains ran daily between Rostock, Blankenberg and Kleinen at the beginning of operations.

The Wismar–Karower railway, which crossed the main line at Blankenberg station, was opened on 14 November 1887. It had its own railway station, which at times was designated as Blankenberg Ost (east). Blankenberg thus became a small railway junction. Above all, the station served to transfer traffic towards Sternberg, Brüel, Warin and Neukloster. In 1939, for example, seven to eight pairs of trains ran on the branch line, which usually provided connections between passenger trains on the branch line and express trains on the main line.

Some express trains (Durchgangszug) stopped at Blankenberg in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1977, a new signalbox was built at the station, replacing several old signalboxes. Since 1986, the main railway line has been electrified and the part of the station used by the branch line was also provided with catenary. The transfer tracks from the Wismar–Karow railway to the line to Bad Kleinen was also renewed in the 1980s.

After German reunification, traffic flows changed again. Long-distance traffic ended in the 1990s, but integrated regular-interval regional services were established. In 1998, passenger services on the Wismar–Karow line were abandoned. The section from Blankenberg to Hornstorf connecting to Wismar was closed on 23 September 1999. After 2000, most sidings were dismantled and only one track connection between the two lines is left. The catenary in the branch line section of the station was removed.

In passenger transport, only the main line is served.  The following two services serve Blankenberg, both operating every two hours:

Intercity trains do stop at the station. There are no passenger services on the Wismar–Karow railway, instead buses run towards Brüel, Sternberg and Warin. Freight traffic for the biodiesel company ecoMotion has run to Sternberg and Dabel since 2002. Prignitzer Eisenbahn owns the track and manages the infrastructure. Eisenbahngesellschaft Potsdam operates freight services on the line.

Infrastructure

The station consists of two separate parts. In the north are the facilities of the Bad Kleinen–Rostock railway and in the south are the facilities of the Wismar–Karow branch line. Located between two parts of the station is the station forecourt (Bahnhofsplatz). To the east national highway federal highway 192 crosses the tracks over a level crossing. Both lines also each have their own entrance building. West of the station forecourt are today largely abandoned facilities for freight. In this area there is a crossover between the two lines and a water tower. Further to the west, the disused section of the Wismar–Karow railway crosses on an overpass over the line to Bad Kleinen.

The neo-classical entrance building dates from time of the opening of the station. Its eastern side is a single-storey building with a small tower and the western side is two storeys; each side also has an attic. The precincts of the station forecourt with the post office building on the east side were built at the same time. The two-storey entrance building of the Wismar–Karow line served later as a residential building. East of the station forecourt there were originally a locomotive shed build with timber trusses and a water supply point with a water tower and a signal tower.

An island platform is available for passengers on the main line. The platform next to the station building and island platform of the Wismar-Karower railway is no longer used. A signal box was opened in 1977 north of the tracks of the main line.

Both entrance buildings, the water tower and some railway workers houses north of the Bad Kleinen–Rostock line are listed on the heritage list of the district of Ludwigslust-Parchim. However, both station buildings are empty and not in use. The old post office building in the station forecourt was partially demolished in 2009.

References

External links

Railway stations in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1850
Neoclassical architecture in Germany
Buildings and structures in Ludwigslust-Parchim