title: Vulcan Society

text:
The Vulcan Society, founded in 1940, is a fraternal organization of black firefighters in New York City.

History

Early black recruits to the fire department
Following the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ("separate but equal") Supreme Court decision and the 1898 election of Governor Theodore Roosevelt, employment opportunities for black men began to slowly expand. On December 6, 1898, a man named William H. Nicholson was assigned to Brooklyn's Engine Company 6 veterinary department to feed the horses and shovel manure. Engine Company 6 was established in 1869, the year of Nicholson's birth, when it was located at 14 High Street before subsequently relocating, in 1892, to 189 Pearl Street. Engine Company 6, originally a part of the Brooklyn-Queens Fire Department, was inducted into the New York City Fire Department on January 18, 1898, renumbered Engine Company 106 on October 1, 1899, and was again renumbered to its present designation Engine Company 206 on January 1, 1913. Nicholson is known as the first black, New York City fireman of the paid New York City Fire Department, however in 1818 a female slave named Molly Williams had been in the service of Oceanic Engine Company of the old Volunteer Fire Department of New York. According to retired Battalion Chief Wesley Augustus Williams, "Nicholson did not work as a firefighter but was assigned to take care of the horses."

The second black fireman was appointed to the department on September 21, 1914, two years after William Nicholson retired and died. He was John H. Woodson (born 1886), a native of Virginia like Nicholson before him. Woodson's former occupation is listed as mail messenger. John Woodson, like Nicholson, entered the department in his late twenties (Woodson was 28, Nicholson 27). This is a pattern that continues to exist today among minorities appointed to the department. Fireman Woodson, unlike his predecessor, was assigned to Ladder Company 106 in the Greenpoint Section of Brooklyn, to perform regular fire-fighting duties. Woodson had just completed his second year as a fireman when he was awarded a Class III medal for valor (September 22, 1916), and he received a Class "B" citation July 30, 1918. Fireman Woodson transferred to Engine Company 5 in Manhattan from Ladder Company 106, Brooklyn, on May 1, 1918. He spent four months in Engine 5 before transferring to Engine Company 298 in Queens. It was in Engine Company 298 that he spent the majority of his career in the department – August 1, 1918 to March 1, 1934, though he worked in two other companies, Engine 238 and Engine 303 (both in Queens) before retiring on February 1, 1936.

Fireman Woodson had been a member of the department approximately four and a half years when he read an article in The Chicago Defender, a weekly newspaper for black readers, of the impending appointment of another black fireman to the New York City Fire Department, and he wrote to Wesley Williams on January 6, 1919. It was evident that Woodson felt unable to enter that inner circle of companionship enjoyed by his brother white firemen. He wrote that, as a "race" man, he felt it was his duty to inform the newcomer of the conditions which existed in the department at that time. He went on to say that the new fireman would find "quite a lot of jealous and narrow minded men" in the department. On the subject of race relations he warned: "Don't force your friendship on anybody and if there is an argument don't join them; just say I'm neutral." "If they speak of our race before you, in your presence, as, 'Niggers', pay no attention – go and do something or take a newspaper and read." However, he concluded his letter, "With best wishes for success and a pleasant career in the Fire Department".

Wesley Augustus Williams
Wesley Williams was a champion amateur weight lifter, and achieved a perfect score of 100% in the physical examination to enter the department. He was the one candidate of the 2,700 competing to score a 100% on the entrance physical examination and only the second man in the history of the department to gain a perfect score. Five years after entering the department in 1924, Williams won the heavyweight boxing championship at a weight of 185 lbs.

Williams was interviewed in 1976, when aged eighty, by Vulcan Society historian John L. Ruffins. Williams was a well-educated grammar school graduate. Following his retirement from the department on April 1, 1952, he remained as active in the business affairs and social life of Harlem. Williams recalled how appreciative he was to receive the letter from Fireman John Woodson a few days before he was appointed in 1919, and commented on how accurately Woodson had stated the facts and the problems he was to face.

Williams had been placed number 13 on the civil service list for appointment as Fireman, New York City Fire Department. Even with his exceptionally high standing on the civil service list it was necessary to present character references. Williams' father was the head Red Cap at Grand Central Station and had developed a personal relationship with the Vanderbilts, the Goulds and the Morgans who were the owners of the railroads and passed through the terminal frequently. Those who signed character references for the young Wesley included former president Theodore Roosevelt. Williams claimed that a previous employer of his father, Mr. Thawley, a millionaire and a heavy contributor to Tammany Hall, was instrumental in letting the "powers that be" (including the fire commissioner and the chief of the department) know that Wesley Williams was in the fire department to stay.

Williams was assigned to Engine Company 55, located at 363 Broome Street, Manhattan, in a predominantly Italian section. When Williams reported for duty on January 10, 1919, the captain retired to avoid the stigma of being the captain of a company where a black fireman was to perform duty. In addition, each man in the company attempted to transfer, stating that they did not wish to work and sleep in the same firehouse with a black man. The department believed if any transfers were permitted, it would have been impossible to keep any fireman in the company, as a result all transfers were denied for at least one year. Fireman Williams was both ignored and ostracized and was given no direct instructions as to his duties or responsibilities. The company was now without a captain and five or six months passed before a replacement was assigned.

When attending his first major emergency, Fireman Williams was ordered to take the nozzle of the hose line down into the cellar. The rest of the company was behind him to assist in moving the hose and to back him up. After the company had moved into place in the smoky cellar a series of explosions occurred and flames rolled over the probationary fireman's head in waves as he operated the nozzle and directed the stream. The company, including the officer, retreated to the street, leaving the probationary fireman in the cellar to extinguish the fire alone. Battalion Chief Ben Parker, on discovering that the probationary man was still in the cellar, chastised the company and the officer for their actions. Fireman Williams established a reputation as a courageous fireman who would not back out in the face of adverse conditions.

Segregation within the fire department
The bed assigned to Wesley Williams was later to be the same bed assigned to any black fireman in any firehouse where he was assigned to perform duty. In Engine 55 it was the bed next to the toilet. No white fireman used the bed, even though the bed linen was changed after each man finished a night tour. This "black bed" became a source of bitter contention for many years in many firehouses.

Through his previous experience as a parcel post truck driver, Williams had become proficient in the operation of motor vehicles. It was at this point in the history of the department, horses were being replaced by two-wheel Christie tractors, thus motorizing both steamers and aerial trucks. An 84-hour work week came into being, a system that was to remain practically unchanged until 1939 when the three-platoon eight-hour plan was adopted. The shortage of firemen who possessed the mechanical ability to operate the new gasoline-driven tractors led to Williams being asked to take the apparatus out of quarters and then back it in. He executed the maneuver so expertly he was assigned as the apparatus driver. This assignment caused much resentment against Williams among the members of Engine 55. It prompted Assistant Chief of Department Patty Walsh to comment that "Of all the men in this Department, he (The Captain) had to pick that man to drive the apparatus!" Tradition dictated that the Motor Pump Operators should be the senior most experienced members of a fire company; the fact that Wesley Williams had little seniority, coupled with the fact that he was black, was not offset by the fact that he was the best qualified to operate the apparatus.

He did however have the run of the quarters, and found the roof to be unoccupied. There in the hose tower, where the wet hoses were hung after a fire he built a gym and kept a bookcase and this was where he spent his off hours exercising and studying fire manuals. The tower was quiet, it extended from above the firehouse roof to the cellar. It was in this small private gym that he continued his routine of physical fitness. An excellent swimmer, when uptown he spent time in the Harlem YMCA where he was schooled in the 'Manly Arts' by some of the sports best, old time prize fighters including Sam Langford, Joe Jeanette and Panama 'Al' Brown. When he was finally called to the cellar of engine co 55, it was not to discuss the merits of gloves vs knuckle. It was to settle a difference of opinion, in the then accepted manner. Whoever left the cellar first was vindicated. Having worked on the sand bag and punching bag until he was proficient led him to have an unfair advantage over the other firemen and having never failed to come out of the cellar first, the message was clear that he could box. In 1924 he entered the FDNY boxing tourney and became the heavyweight champ, only then was it revealed that he was a natural lefty and had a mean left hook that took everyone by surprise.

On Sunday morning, October 19, 1920, a year and ten months after Williams had entered the department, he was walking with his father on St. Nicholas Avenue in Harlem on his way to work. As the two men passed 187 St. Nicholas Avenue they noticed Ladder Company 40 had responded to a fire and had already placed a portable ladder against the front of the fire building. As he and his father approached the building, flames could be seen licking out of the front windows and smoke was partially covering the front of the building. Ladder Company-40's wooden hand-operated aerial ladder was being maneuvered into position against the building so that 19-year-old William Thomas, trapped at a window, could be rescued. After sizing up the situation, Williams ascended the ladder in an effort to assist. As the tip of the aerial ladder approached the panic stricken youth, he made a desperate lunge for it and was successful in grasping the ladder but his grip faltered. As he was beginning to fall, Fireman Williams leaped from the ladder he was standing on, caught the aerial ladder with one hand and the falling Thomas with the other, thus preventing his fall to the street. After carrying the young man to the street and safety, Williams re-ascended the ladder and assisted in the rescue of five other children. The rescue was witnessed by two reporters, and became the subject of an article entitled, "NY's Only Colored Fireman Saves Six From Burning Building".

When Fireman Williams reported to duty and recounted the rescue to his captain, the latter told him that it was in the line of duty and that he would not write it up for submission for a department citation. On another occasion, he and another fireman discovered a fire in a loft building at Spring and Lafayette Streets. Working together, they were able to rescue people from the burning building. Again the captain refused to forward a recommendation; however, the fireman who shared in the rescue reported the particulars to the captain of his company, Ladder 13, who ensured that he received recognition of the performance of an heroic act.

When Williams was promoted to lieutenant in 1927 he was assigned to the same Engine 55 where he had been a fireman, even though it was traditional to assign a newly appointed officer to a firehouse other than where he served as a fireman. The original plan was to assign the first black officer to headquarters and give him a desk job but Lieutenant Williams strongly objected, saying, "I took orders from white officers; white firemen will have to learn to take orders from a colored officer." The day Williams was promoted and assigned as an officer in Engine 55, Fireman John O'Toole walked out of the firehouse, an action that made him immediately AWOL. When Lieutenant Williams admonished an officer for misconduct, charges had to be preferred against the fireman for failure to obey an order. A heavy fine was imposed by the trial commissioner, and the results of the trial were published in the Department Orders; this was official notification that when Lieutenant Williams, like any other officer, issued an order, it was to be obeyed. Seven years after his first promotion, Wesley Williams was promoted to captain in 1934.

Williams had become the company commander of the same firehouse he had entered 15 years ago. During his tour of duty in Engine 55 Wesley Williams had many near escapes in the area known as "Hell's Hundred Acres". Four years after his promotion to captain, Williams was again promoted, this time to Battalion Chief in 1938; he remained in the area because he was assigned to the 3rd Battalion on Mercer Street.

The Vulcan Society
The period from 1936 to 1939 was one of expansion for the fire department. The 1936 sessions of the state legislature adopted bills limiting the hours of duty of all members of the department below 'the Grade of Chief of department to one eight-hour tour in each 24 hours, with one day off each week. The system was launched on March 1 and was completed at the end of 1939. The reduction in hours from 84 a week to 48 necessitated a considerable personnel increase.

The four black firemen who were members of the department in 1936 looked forward to the appointment of 16 additional black firemen who were on the civil service list that was to expire in December 1937. One of these black pioneers was fireman Walter Thomas. He was appointed on December 14, 1937, and served as a member of Ladder Company 41 in west Harlem. Thomas attended evening sessions at the City College of New York (CCNY) from which he graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1936, later obtaining his master's degree from CCNY in 1959. Upon his retirement he began a new career as a teacher in the New York public school system.

He later wrote about his experiences, including what he called the "Jim Crow bed", saying:

"In some houses it was proposed to put a screen up to separate this bed from the rest of the dormitory. In other houses the bed was placed next to the toilet. Not only were those considerations humiliating and tending to perpetuate a "place" for the Negro, but this bed situation limited the colored fireman to certain tours, certain vacations, and continually presented him as a candidate for the worst assignment of his tour. In one Company the Negroes weren't allowed to use the same table as the white firemen used. In many companies they weren't invited to use the table but could use it by themselves if they were so bold as to use it. In other companies the colored firemen weren't allowed to contribute money for the commissary—the common stock of sugar, milk, butter, coffee, tea, salt, pepper, mustard, etc.; and other company owned goods.

In many of the houses the most menial porter-type of work was assigned to the Negro fireman. This is the work necessary for the maintenance of quarters. The toilet cleaning, furnace tending, ash removal or whatever work that was considered uninviting was surely to be assigned to the colored fireman. This pattern was followed when assignments to positions on the apparatus were made, and it was an unwritten law that no Negro should drive or be a tillerman high up on the rear of the ladder truck; nor should he operate the pump, neither should he carry certain tools.

One of the toughest jobs on the hook and ladder truck is the assignment to the extinguisher, known as the "can". Filled, it weighs close to thirty-five pounds. Considering the weight of a man's boots, heavy work coat and helmet, the extinguisher becomes a formidable load to run up five flights of stairs, and then into a smoke and heat filled room to try to put out a fire. This was almost inevitably the assignment for the Negro fireman."

However, in many companies there were white firemen and officers who would not participate in this discriminatory conduct. By December of 1937 there were 20 black firemen; by the Fall of 1940 there were fifty-odd black firemen. There was fierce competition for the $3,000 per year job and all but the most qualified Black men were eliminated. Young blacks with the depression era still fresh in their consciousness, who would have become professionals in a healthy economy, turned instead to the fire department and the civil service for employment. At first, when the new group of black firemen experienced psychological tyranny and emotional brutality, Chief Williams visited their respective officers and tried to enlist their aid to correct injustices through moral persuasion. The chief was performing the Herculean task of ambassador; without portfolio. It was abundantly clear that the course of action to follow was the formation of an organization of black firemen.

Chief Williams said, "The men must organize and fight their battles themselves. I was the only officer at that time and did not want the weight of my office to overshadow the will of the body." He therefore decided never to hold office in the newly formed organization. The Vulcan Society of the New York City Fire Department came into being in 1940.

After the society had gained the official blessing of fire headquarters, it was criticized by some sections of the black community who felt forming such an organization was self-segregating. In many ways, the isolation of blacks, one and at the most two, in scattered firehouses made the struggle against existing inequities and injustice extremely difficult. However, the society took the view that firehouses with an all-black complement, including officers, would result in the department being segregated for many years to come, with a resultant loss of opportunity for promotions.

In December 1944, the society conducted a survey throughout the department to determine how widespread were the discriminatory acts and attitudes against black firemen. The verification of a definite pattern of racial discrimination was followed by a hearing before the City Affairs Committee of the New York City Council, initiated by the society. At this public hearing, the society accused the fire department of conscious and deliberate discrimination against black firemen and of permitting the assignment of black firemen to Jim Crow beds in at least twenty firehouses. Subtle changes were subsequently effected, as black firemen began to be assigned as motor pump operators, chauffeurs and tillermen, having become eligible through seniority and experiences. Progress was slow because the policy change was not on an administrative level but was left to the individual company captain.

In 1946, Frank J. Quayle Jr. was appointed Fire Commissioner. Quayle had been a Democratic Party leader in Brooklyn and had gained first hand experience in settling racial and religious group problems among postal employees during his administration as postmaster of Brooklyn. One of Commissioner Quayle's first acts was to meet heads of the department organizations and offer to meet with their committees to discuss their problems. Black firemen continued to make progress under the next administration, that of Fire Commissioner Jacob B. Grumet, formerly a Supreme Court judge and president of the Anti-Defamation Society. The Jim Crow bed became an obsolete practice, and the Vulcan Society continued to grow in numbers as more black firemen were appointed to the department.

From its founding year, 1940, the Vulcan Society played an active role both within the department and in the community. During its early years, it conducted fire prevention programs in the Harlem area placing fire prevention where it was most needed. This program was staffed by off-duty members and was a tangible means of repaying the community for its unwavering support. Recruiting campaigns began in 1946 when the first organized attempt to bring minorities into the department was instituted. Among other early activities was the presentation of a substantial financial contribution to Fire Commissioner Quayle in June 1946 to purchase laboratory equipment for the new Fire Department Medical Clinic.

In the same year, the Vulcan Society participated in a campaign to secure the appointment of a black man to the New York City Board of Education. As the years passed and more black men entered the department, the society increased its community involvement and formed links with the New York City Police Department "Guardians", who were attempting to gain recognition as an official police department fraternal organization. Other civic involvement included submission of proposed amendments to the Multiple Dwelling Law in 1947 directed to the prevention of loss of life in tenement fires. In addition, basketball games were organized between the Vulcan Society and the Guardian Society, the proceeds of which were donated, $1,200 in 1948 and, $10,000 in 1949 to Sydenham Hospital in Harlem. Throughout the 1950s the society made steady progress by adding more members and more officers to its membership rolls. It also was the first organization to become a lifetime member of the NAACP.

Vulcan Fire Commissioner

Robert O. Lowery was appointed a fireman in 1941 and assigned to a firehouse in Harlem; five years later he was designated a fire mashal. The fire marshal's office was the first headquarters assignment black firemen received; in minority areas the investigation of the cause of fires and the apprehension of arsonists was often greatly facilitated by the assignment of minority marshals. Lowery was one of four black firemen in the late 1940s who held this assignment. In the first year as a marshal he received a commendation from Chief Magistrate Edgar Bromberger for the arrest of a man responsible for 30 acts of burglary and arson in Harlem. In 1960 Lowery received a special fire department citation for the capture' of an armed arsonist and in 1961 he was appointed Acting Lieutenant in the Bureau of Fire Investigation in recognition of his outstanding record. During this time Lowery was an active member of the Vulcan Society, serving as its president from 1946 to 1950, 1953 and 1954, 1957, and from 1959 to 1963.

In 1963 a vacancy occurred in the department in the position of Deputy Fire Commissioner. The Vulcan Society petitioned Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. to place a black voice in the policy-making echelon of the department. To bring to the mayor's attention the community's support for such an appointment, a petition was circulated that initially contained the signatures of over 20,000 New York City residents. Mayor Wagner appointed Robert. O. Lowery as Deputy Fire Commissioner on November 19, 1963.

In an article in the New York Times of Wednesday, November 25, 1965, then mayor-elect John V. Lindsay is quoted as saying he had been considering Lowery as a potential fire commissioner even before the mayoral election. On January 1, 1966, Robert O. Lowery became the first black fire commissioner of a major city in the United States.

First female president
In 2015 Regina Wilson was elected as the Vulcan Society's first female president in 2015. NYFD Academy instructor Wilson was a 16-year veteran and a member of Engine Co 219 in Park Slope, Brooklyn. She was also the only woman in the class of '99 and one of 10 African-American women in a force of 10,000 in the FDNY. She succeeded Vulcan Society president John Coombs, who cited her election as a historic moment for the organization.

Medals

In 1965 the FDNY Medal for Valor named for Batt. Chief Wesley Williams was first awarded during medal day ceremonies. Winners:

 George J Jablonsky, 1965
 Joseph H. Gates, 1966
 Michael Maye, 1967
 William J. Tursellino, 1968
 Edward J. Fusco, 1969
 Richard C. Donovan, 1970
 Chester P. Checkett, 1971
 Richard J. Rittmeyer, 1972
 Harold N. Taylor, 1973
 Charles F.Magrath II, 1974
 Thomas F. Kelly II, 1975
 George W. Hear, Jr., 1976
 Harrison Mckay, 1977
 Albert A. Inglese, 1978
 Thomas J. Potter, 1979
 Ralph L. Oliver, Jr., 1980
 James J. Corcoran, 1981
 James F. Stark, 1982
 Edward P.Moriarty, 1983
 John R. Mcallister, 1984
 Dennis W. Williams, 1985
 Richard P.Kearns, 1986
 Sheldon George 1992
 Carl G. Havens, 1991
 James D. Smith, 2012
 Michael Perrone, 2014

Other awards issued:

 Darrell S. Dennison, 2006, Thomas A. Wylie Medal
 Brian E. Pascascio, 2007, Arthur J Laufer Memorial Medal

Lawsuits

In 2002, the Vulcan Society sued to get more minorities hired, finally prevailing when the new mayoral administration declined to appeal the judges ruling. For seven years the Vulcans and seven affected class members litigated the appointment of minority candidates to positions in the FDNY. The presiding judge ruled in their favor, and the Bloomberg administration appealed. The new DiBlasio administration opted to accept the judges ruling without admitting wrongdoing in the case, which resulted in a $98 million settlement.

The District Court for the Eastern District of New York selected Mark S. Cohen as court-appointed monitor to oversee the hiring of minorities in the Fire Department of New York as part of the settlement. This victory for the Vulcans and for New York City heralded the end of discrimination in appointments to the FDNY. The lawsuit over test #6019 was decided on the legal theory of disparate impact.

The NYPD has advanced in its diversity hiring over the past 30 years, highlighting the extent to which the FDNY lags in this regard. Currently the makeup of the NYPD is 52% white, 27% Hispanic and 16% black. The FDNY's ranks are 86% white, 9% Hispanic and 5% Black, according to the department's latest figures. Fire commissioner Daniel Nigro ordered the termination of a 17-year veteran firefighter for allegedly creating a "hostile work atmosphere" at the firehouse where he worked. Part of the promise of Commissioner Nigro when he was appointed was that diversity would be a hallmark of his tenure at FDNY.

References

Further sources
Smith, Terrence (Nov 24th, 1965) Lindsay selects negro as first fire commissioner, New York Times
United States of America and Vulcan Society, Inc. v. City of New York
Goldberg, D. ""Blacks and the Bravest": Black Firefighters in the FDNY" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History, Hyatt Regency, Buffalo, New York USA <Not Available>. 2013-12-17 from http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p32402_index.html
Goldberg, David (2020). Black Firefighters and the FDNY: the struggle for jobs, justice, and equity in New York City. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Ethnic fraternal orders in the United States
Firefighters associations in the United States
Organizations based in New York City
African-American firefighting organizations
African-American history in New York City
African-American organizations
New York City Fire Department


title: 2007 Torridge District Council election

text:
The 2007 Torridge District Council election took place on 3 May 2007 to elect members of Torridge District Council in Devon, England. The whole council was up for election and independents lost overall control of the council to no overall control.

Election result
The Conservatives gained 7 seats, while independents lost 9 seats to mean that no group had a majority on the council, with both the Conservatives and independents finishing on 13 councillors. The Conservative gains came after the number of candidates the party fielded increased from 4 at the 2003 election to 22 in 2007. Among the independents to lose their seats was the council leader Pat Ferguson, who was defeated in Bideford South  after having previously represented Three Moors ward.

Meanwhile, the Liberal Democrats increased by 1 to 8 seats and the Greens also gained 1 seat to have 2 councillors. 7 councillors were elected unopposed, the highest number in the country at the 2007 local elections. Overall turnout at the election was 42.1%, up from 38.4% in 2003.

Following the election the leader of the Conservative group on the council, James Morrish, became the youngest leader of the council at the age of 34.

Ward results

By-elections between 2007 and 2011

Hartland and Bradworthy
A by-election was held in Hartland and Bradworthy ward after the death of the longest serving councillor in Torridge, Bill Pillman, who had first stood for the council in 1976. The seat was gained for the Liberal Democrats by Brian Redwood by a majority of 469 votes.

Holsworthy
Independent Pam Johns won a by-election in Holsworthy with a majority of 66 votes after the death of Liberal Democrat councillor Des Shadrick.

References

2007
2007 English local elections
2000s in Devon


title: Bergaris halim

text:
Bergaris halim is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found on Sulawesi in Indonesia.

References

Moths described in 2011
Zeuzerinae


title: List of Brazilian films of 1945

text:
A list of films produced in Brazil in 1945:

See also
 1945 in Brazil

External links
Brazilian films of 1945 at the Internet Movie Database

Brazil
1945
Films


title: Charles Dilly

text:
Charles Dilly (1739–1807) was an English publisher and bookseller.

Life
He was born 22 May 1739 at Southill, Bedfordshire, in a yeoman family. After making a short trip to America, he returned to London, his elder brother Edward, took him into partnership, and the business was carried on under their joint names. The brothers published James Boswell's Life of Johnson (first three editions), Tour to the Hebrides, and An Account of Corsica, Lord Chesterfield's Miscellaneous Works, and other standard books.

They were also hospitable at The Poultry, and gave dinners described in the memoirs of the period. Samuel Johnson was frequently their guest, and had his famous meeting with John Wilkes at their table, 15 May 1776; with whom he dined a second time with them, 8 May 1781. Other frequent guests were Richard Cumberland, Oliver Goldsmith, John Hoole, Vicesimus Knox, Samuel Parr, Joseph Priestley, Isaac Reed, Samuel Rogers, Sutton Sharpe and James Thomson were among the frequent dinner guests.

On the death of his brother Edward in 1779, Charles Dilly continued the business alone, and kept up the social life for which the two had been famous. He was invited to become an alderman for the ward of Cheap in 1782, but retired in favour of Boydell. A plea of nonconformity excused him from the office of sheriff of London. In 1803 he was master of the Stationers' Company.

Last years
After a prosperous career of more than 40 years, Dilly retired in favour of Joseph Mawman, who had been in business in York. He continued literary dinner-parties at his new house in Brunswick Row, Queen Square, and lived there a few years before his death, which took place at Ramsgate, while on a visit to Richard Cumberland, on 4 May 1807. He was buried 12 May, in the cemetery of St. George the Martyr, Queen Square. He left a fortune of nearly £60,000.

Politics

Edward and Charles Dilly were seen as radical publishers. Charles Dilly, a dissenter, belonged to the Club of Honest Whigs circle, and was a member of the Society for Constitutional Information.

Notes

Attribution

1739 births
1837 deaths
Publishers (people) from London
English Dissenters
People from Southill, Bedfordshire


title: Northern Ireland Labour Party election results

text:
This article lists the Northern Ireland Labour Party's election results in UK parliamentary elections.  Except where noted, candidates were endorsed by the British Labour Party.

Summary of general election performance

Election results

1923 general election

Midgley contested the election for the Belfast Labour Party, forerunner of the Northern Ireland Labour Party

1924 general election

Midgley was not endorsed by the British Labour Party.

1931 general election

By-elections, 1935–1945

1945 general election

By-elections, 1945–1950

1950 general election

1951 general election

By-elections, 1951–1955

1955 general election

By-elections, 1955–1959

1959 general election

By-elections, 1959–1964

1964 general election

1966 general election

1970 general election

February 1974 general election

October 1974 general election

1979 general election

References

F. W. S. Craig, Chronology of British Parliamentary By-elections 1833-1987
UK General election results February 1974, Richard Kimber's Political Resources
UK General election results October 1974, Richard Kimber's Political Resources
UK General election results May 1979, Richard Kimber's Political Resources

Northern Ireland Labour Party
Election results by party in the United Kingdom


title: Chairish

text:
Chairish is a curated online marketplace for high-end vintage home furnishings and art.

History
The company was founded by former fashion marketing executive Anna Brockway and travel industry executives Gregg Brockway (co-founder at Hotwire and TripIt, Andrew Denmark (co-founder at TripIt) and Eric Grosse (co-founder at Hotwire) in March 2013. According to the founders, sustainability is a top priority among most consumers, and millennials believe the resale market plays a big role in sustainability. Chairish accepts furniture and decor with no minimum listing price. Listing items is free, and the seller keeps up to 80 percent of the final sale. In January 2019, Chairish announced the acquisition of New York-based Dering Hall, an "online discovery platform" for contemporary furniture brands and interior designers. In 2020, the company launched the Chairish Podcast hosted by journalist Michael Boodro. In 2021, the company acquired Pamono, a major European marketplace. In 2021, the company released its first Home Furnishings Resale Report, a study of the resale of home furnishings industry. In January 2023, the company launched The Chairish Art Gallery, a brick-and-mortar retail experience within the New York luxury department store Bergdorf Goodman.

Funding
The company raised a $3.2 million round of funding in July, 2013,  $4 million in August 2014 and $6.5 million in June 2015, primarily from O'Reilly AlphaTech Ventures (OATV) and Azure Capital Partners. In March 2017, the company announced a new round of $8.5 million led by Altos Ventures with support from return investors OATV and Azure Capital Partners. In 2020, Chairish announced a round of Series B funding of $33 million led by Austin, Texas–based firm Tritium Partners.

Technology
On March 9, 2017, the company launched an in-app augmented reality feature, designed to allow buyers to visualize items in the context of their own home. Subsequently, the Chairish app was named a 2017 Webby Honoree in the Mobile Site & Apps Category for Shopping.

Awards
In 2018, the company ranked No. 388 on the Inc. 500 list of fastest-growing companies. and No. 38 in Entrepreneur's Best Entrepreneurial Companies in America. The company was named to Newsweek’s Best Online Shops list in 2020 and 2022. In 2020, co-founder Anna Brockway was named a Top Woman in Retail by the Women in Retail Leadership Circle. In 2023, she was a recipient of a John Jay Award from Columbia College.

References

Retail companies established in 2013
Home decor retailers
Online retailers of the United States


title: Bergaris jacobsoni

text:
Bergaris jacobsoni is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found on the Southeast Asian islands of Sumatra and  Borneo.

References

Moths described in 1957
Zeuzerinae


title: Lost in Cyco City

text:
Lost in Cyco City is the debut studio album by Canadian rock band Sumo Cyco. The album was released independently in Canada on June 10, 2014.

The band has released eight singles and music videos to promote the record.

Track listing
All songs written by Skye Sweetnam and Matt Drake except where noted.

Release history

References

2014 debut albums
Sumo Cyco albums


title: Elizabeth Dowdeswell

text:
Violet Elizabeth Dowdeswell  (née Patton; born November 9, 1944) is a Canadian public servant who currently serves as the lieutenant governor of Ontario, the 29th since Canadian Confederation. As lieutenant governor, Dowdeswell is the viceregal representative of the Crown in Right of Ontario and the first in over seven decades to serve under two different Canadian sovereigns. She is also the longest-serving lieutenant governor in Ontario's history.

Early life
Violet Elizabeth Patton was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on November 9, 1944. She moved with her family to Canada in 1947, settling in rural Saskatchewan. Her father, Desmond Granville Patton (1920–2008), was a minister of the United Church of Canada. Dowdeswell married at a young age but soon divorced. She attended the University of Saskatchewan and Utah State University, and she later became a teacher and university lecturer.

Career
Dowdeswell left teaching and entered public service as a special assistant to Saskatchewan's deputy education minister for two years (1976-78), then worked as deputy minister of culture and youth during the New Democratic Party government of Allan Blakeney. She was then dismissed, along with other deputy ministers, after the Progressive Conservative government of Grant Devine took power in 1982.

She held various positions in the federal public service during the 1980s, working at one point as assistant deputy minister at Environment Canada with responsibility for the Atmospheric Environment Service and negotiating the Framework Convention on Climate Change. She also led a public inquiry into Canada's unemployment benefits program and federal water policy.

In 1992, Dowdeswell was selected to lead the United Nations Environment Programme in Nairobi, Kenya, serving a full four-year term and a one-year extension until she resigned in 1998.

From 1998 to 2010, she was an adjunct professor at the McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health at the University of Toronto, while also serving as founding president and CEO of the Nuclear Waste Management Organization. From 2010 until her appointment as Lieutenant Governor, she was the president and CEO of the Council of Canadian Academies.

As lieutenant governor

Dowdeswell was appointed as lieutenant governor by Governor General David Johnston on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper, who selected Dowdeswell from a shortlist devised by the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments. On September 23, 2014, she was sworn in during a ceremony held at Queen's Park in Toronto. She is the third woman to serve in the position, after Pauline Mills McGibbon and Hilary Weston.

Dowdeswell declared in her installation address that she would not immediately espouse a particular area of focus during her time as lieutenant governor. Instead, she said she would engage the people of Ontario, listening to their concerns and ideas. She has since adopted sustainability and "Ontario in the world" as personal themes. In addition, Dowdeswell has called herself Ontario's unofficial "Storyteller-in-Chief".

According to annual reports published on her office's website, Dowdeswell has conducted, on average, more than 700 public engagements yearly as lieutenant governor, as well as numerous visits abroad to the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Denmark. She has visited all of Ontario's provincial electoral districts.

On September 22, 2022, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced the addition of Dowdeswell, alongside other Canadian lieutenant governors, to the country's so-called stop list banning entry to Russian territory.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
As as lieutenant governor in Canada, Dowdeswell is entitled to be styled "The Honourable" for life and "Her Honour the Honourable" while in office.

Honours

Appointments
  May 24, 2012: Officer of the Order of Canada (OC)
  November 26, 2014: Dame of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (DStJ)
 November 26, 2014present: Vice Prior of the Priory of Canada of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (while in office)
  September 23, 2014: Member of the Order of Ontario (OOnt)
 September 23, 2014present: Chancellor of the Order of Ontario (while in office)

Medals
  June 18, 2012: Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal
  2022: Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal (Nova Scotia)

Other awards
 November 18, 2020: Louie Kamookak Medal of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society

Honorary appointments
  September 23, 2014present: Colonel of the Regiment of The Queen's York Rangers (while in office)
  September 23, 2014: Honorary Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police

Honorary degrees
Dowdeswell has received several honorary degrees from various universities in Canada and Europe. These include:

Arms

Footnotes

References

External links

 Lieutenant Governor of Ontario

1944 births
Canadian educators
Canadian women educators
Canadian women viceroys
Canadian women diplomats
Lieutenant Governors of Ontario
Living people
Northern Ireland emigrants to Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from County Antrim
Royal Canadian Geographical Society fellows
Saskatchewan civil servants
United Nations Environment Programme
Under-Secretaries-General of the United Nations
University of Saskatchewan alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Utah State University alumni
Women in Ontario politics
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians
Canadian officials of the United Nations


title: List of Brazilian films of 1946

text:
A list of films produced in Brazil in 1946:

See also
 1946 in Brazil

External links
Brazilian films of 1946 at the Internet Movie Database

Brazil
1946
Films


title: Janus Motorcycles

text:
Janus Motorcycles is an American manufacturer of small-displacement motorcycles in Goshen, Indiana. The company was founded in 2011 by Richard Worsham and Devin Biek, and has been delivering motorcycles since 2013. Worsham and Biek got started repairing, restoring, and tuning vintage, pedal-type mopeds through Biek's company, Motion Left Mopeds, a manufacturer of aftermarket performance parts for vintage two-strokes. The moped business led to their interest in small, lightweight bikes, and helped develop business relationships with local component vendors.

Models

Halcyon 50

The company's first model, the Halcyon 50, was a hard-tail motorcycle with a long, low tank, sprung seat, and wide handlebars, and 6-speed gearbox. Optional leather saddlebags and other upgrades were sold with the bike. It had a TIG-welded, rigid, double-cradle tubular steel frame, based on the Norton Featherbed. The engine was a water-cooled 50cc two-stroke based on the Derbi Senda engine, which Janus said had , allowing a claimed top speed of . It had front and rear drum brakes. Apart from the engine, forks, and hubs, everything on the bike was manufactured locally.

Total production of Halcyon 50 motorcycles was forty-three units.

Halcyon 250 and Phoenix 250

In 2015, Janus introduced two new models built around a new 250cc four-stroke power plant. The Halcyon 250 was an update on the original Halcyon 50 with a completely redesigned frame, wheels, hydraulic disc brakes, but a similar aesthetic looking back to early motorcycles from the 1920s and 1930s. The second model, called the Phoenix 250, was a sportier model featuring grand-prix inspired lines and full suspension, a long "Dunstall" style fuel tank with knee slots and a café racer seat. In April 2017, Janus introduced the Gryffin 250, a scrambler-inspired motorcycle with off-road capability. All three models share the same "featherbed" style double-cradle frame, and proprietary leading-link front suspension.

The difficulty of meeting pollution limits with two-stroke engines led to replacing the 50cc Derbi engines with a 250cc four-stroke single-cylinder engine imported from China. Janus said the two models reach a top speed of  with the  at 7,000 rpm and  @ 5,500 rpm engine. The company says the bikes' curb weights are about  for the Halcyon and  for the Phoenix . Janus claims an EPA-calculated fuel economy of 77 miles per gallon.

In January 2018, Janus announced that it had received 49-state EPA emissions certification for all models, followed by the announcement of California ARB certification in May of the same year.

On August 19, 2022 in a YouTube video Janus announced the discontinuation of the Phoenix 250 model.  Total production of the Phoenix 250 reached seventy-nine units.

As of September 2022 total Halcyon 250 production was greater than nine hundred units.

Gryffin 250

In 2018 Janus released the Gryffin.  Using the same engine as the Halcyon and Phoenix 250 models the Gryffin was designed to handle the occasional dirt or gravel road.

As of September 2022 total Gryffin 250 production was one hundred twenty-three units and climbing.

Halcyon 450

In March 2021, Janus unveiled a new Halcyon model, the Halcyon 450.  Current owners of Janus motorcycles were given an early preview and opportunity to purchase one of the first ten units produced through an auction format.  These units are referred to as 'First Edition' models and include the following special features: hand stamped serial number, engraved fuel cap with serial number, signed and numbered chain guard, and a signed and numbered first edition print.  Additionally the 'First Edition' models include Janus' deluxe tank upgrade, double pinstripe, second mirror, saddlebags, polished exhaust, and wheel pinstripes at no additional charge.  The public release of the Halcyon 450 occurred on March 8, 2021.  Stylistically the model continues in the design footsteps of the Halcyon 50 and Halcyon 250.  The power-plant for the Halcyon 450 is a SWM designed 445cc single cylinder engine.  The engine is produced in China under the guidance of SWM employees.  The engine features electronic fuel injection, four valves operated by an overhead cam, and dual exhaust.  Janus states the Halcyon 450 is capable of speeds of ninety miles per hour.  MSRP of standard Halcyon 450 motorcycles is $13,500.  The minimum bid for 'First Edition' motorcycles was set at $17,500.

As of October 30th, 2023, The Better Business Bureau (BBB) has given Janus Motorcycles an F rating (its lowest rating) for its failure to address customer complaints related to mechanical failures and warranty issues. www.bbb.org/us/in/goshen/profile/motorcycle-manufacturers/janus-motorcycles-0352-90095663/

Notes

References

External links

Motorcycle manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Elkhart County, Indiana
Goshen, Indiana


title: Bergaris lutescens

text:
Bergaris lutescens is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Malaysia, Myanmar and on Borneo. The habitat consists of lowland forests, including dry heath forests.

The ground colour of the fore- and hindwings is dull orange. On the hindwings, the spaces between the veins are uniform grey.

Subspecies
Bergaris lutescens lutescens
Bergaris lutescens griseola (Roepke, 1957) Malaysia

References

Moths described in 1957
Zeuzerinae


title: 1992 UCLA Bruins football team

text:
The 1992 UCLA Bruins football team represented the University of California, Los Angeles in the 1992 NCAA Division I-A football season.

Schedule

Roster

Season summary

USC

Barnes 16/28, 385 Yds
Stokes 6 Rec, 263 Yds

Awards and honors
 All-Americans: Carlton Gray (CB, consensus), Vaughn Parker (OT, second team)
 All-Conference First Team: Carlton Gray (CB), Vaughn Parker (OT)

References

UCLA
UCLA Bruins football seasons
UCLA Bruins football


title: Justin Carmack

text:
Justin Matthew Carmack (March 12, 1981 – July 20, 2000) was an American child actor, known for his appearance in the television series  Full House.

He died on July 20, 2000, in a car accident in Los Angeles, California. He was buried in the Santa Ana Cemetery.

Filmography

Television

Film

References

External links

1981 births
2000 deaths
American male child actors
American male film actors
Road incident deaths in California
20th-century American male actors


title: Black Lake (Barager Township)

text:
Black Lake is a lake in geographic Barager Township in the Unorganized North Part of Algoma District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is part of the Great Lakes Basin, lies entirely within Lake Superior Provincial Park, and is the source of the Coldwater River, which is its primary outflow at the east. The Coldwater River flows to Lake Superior.

See also
List of lakes in Ontario

References

Other map sources:

Lakes of Algoma District


title: 2014–15 Polish Cup

text:
The 2014–15 Polish Cup was the sixty-first season of the annual Polish football knockout tournament. It began on 19 July 2014 with the first matches of the extra preliminary round and ended on 2 May 2015 with the Final, in which Legia Warsaw defeated Lech Poznań for a record 17th title. As winners, Legia qualified for the qualifying tournament of the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League.

Zawisza Bydgoszcz were the defending champions, having won their first title in the previous season, but were eliminated in the last 32 by Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała.

Participating teams

Source: 90minut.pl
Notes:
 Following the takeover of the I Liga team Kolejarz Stróże by Limanovia Limanowa, the club w decided to waive their spot in the preliminary round. The Polish FA ruled that the withdrawal is effective also for the first round spot ceded to Limanovia by Kolejarz.
 Warta failed to register for the competition.

Round and draw dates

Source: 90minut.pl

First Preliminary Round
The draw for this round was conducted at the headquarters of the Polish FA on 26 June 2014. Participating in this round are 16 regional cup winners and 36 teams from the 2013–14 II Liga. The matches were played on 19 and 20 July 2014.

! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|19 July 2014

|-
! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|20 July 2014

|}
Notes
Note 1: Limanovia failed to register for the competition.
Note 2: Warta failed to register for the competition.

Second Preliminary Round
The draw for this round was conducted at the headquarters of the Polish FA on 26 June 2014. The matches were played on 26 and 27 July 2014.

! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|26 July 2014

|-
! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|27 July 2014

|-
! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|No match
|-
|style="text-align:right; background:#d0f0c0;"| Wisła Puławy (3)
|style="text-align: center; " colspan=2 rowspan=2|bye to the next round
|-
| style="text-align:right; background:#d0f0c0;"| Stal Rzeszów (4)
|}

First round
The draw for this round was conducted at the headquarters of the Polish FA on 26 June 2014. The matches were played on 12 and 13 August 2014. Joining in this round are the 18 teams from 2013–14 I Liga.

|-
! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|12 August 2014

|-
! ! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|13 August 2014

|}
Notes
Note 1: Following the takeover of the I Liga team Kolejarz Stróże by Limanovia Limanowa, the club decided to waive their spot in the first round.

Bracket

Round of 32
The draw for this round was conducted at National Stadium, Warsaw on 14 August 2014. Participating in this round are the 16 winners of the first round along with the 16 teams from 2013–14 Ekstraklasa. The matches were played on 23, 24 and 25 September 2014.

! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|23 September 2014

|-
! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|24 September 2014

|-
! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|25 September 2014

|}

Round of 16
Competing in this round are the 16 winners from the previous round. The draw for this round was conducted at National Stadium, Warsaw on 14 August 2014. Matches were played on 15, 28, 29 and 30 October 2014.

! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|15 October 2014

|-
! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|28 October 2014

|-
! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|29 October 2014

|-
! colspan="3" style="background:cornsilk;"|30 October 2014

|}

Quarter-finals
The 8 winners from Round of 16 competed in this round.The matches will be played in two legs. The first leg took place on 12 February, 3 and 4 March 2015, while the second legs were played on 5, 17, 18 and 19 March 2015.The draw for this round was conducted at National Stadium, Warsaw on 14 August 2014.

|}

First leg

Second leg

Semi-finals
The 4 winners from the Quarterfinals competed in this round.The matches will be played in two legs. The first leg took place on 1 April 2015, while the second legs were played on 8 and 9 April 2015.The draw for this round was conducted at National Stadium, Warsaw on 14 August 2014.

|}

First leg

Second leg

Final
The Polish cup Final is being held at the National Stadium, Warsaw on 2 May 2015.

References

See also
 2014–15 Ekstraklasa

Polish Cup
Cup
Polish Cup seasons


title: Ponerology

text:
In theology, ponerology (from Greek πονηρός ponērós, "evil") is the study of evil. Major subdivisions of the study are the nature of evil, the origin of evil, and evil in relation to the Divine Government.

Karl Immanuel Nitzsch outlined his System der christlichen Lehre (System of Christian Doctrine) into three major rubrics: Agathology, or the Doctrine of the Good; Ponerology, or the Doctrine of the Bad; and Soteriology, or the Doctrine of Salvation. He further subdivided ponerology into the topics of Sin and of Death

See also
Theodicy
 Political ponerology is an interdisciplinary study of social issues primarily associated with Polish psychiatrist Andrzej Łobaczewski.

References

Ethical issues in religion
Good and evil
Theology


title: Bergaris malayica

text:
Bergaris malayica is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Malaysia and on Borneo and Sumatra. The habitat consists of lowland forests, including mangrove, swamp or alluvial forests.

References

Moths described in 1957
Zeuzerinae


title: Bergaris ruficeps

text:
Bergaris ruficeps is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Vietnam.

References

Moths described in 1929
Zeuzerinae


title: Bergaris solovievi

text:
Bergaris solovievi is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Vietnam.

References

Moths described in 2011
Zeuzerinae


title: Peter Prendergast (hurler)

text:
Peter Prendergast (1924 - 14 July 1991) was an Irish hurler who played as a centre-back for the Kilkenny senior team.

Born in Thomastown, County Kilkenny, Prendergast first arrived on the inter-county scene when he first linked up with the Kilkenny senior team, making his debut in the 1947 championship. Prendergast was a regular member of the team over the next few years. During that time he won one All-Ireland medal and two Leinster medals. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on one occasion.

Prendergast also represented the Leinster inter-provincial team, however, he never won a Railway Cup medal. At club level he won one championship medal with Thomastown.

Honours

Team

Thomastown
Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1946

Kilkenny
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1947
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1947 1950

References

1924 births
1991 deaths
Thomastown hurlers
Kilkenny inter-county hurlers
Leinster inter-provincial hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners


title: Crab Orchard Mountains Group

text:
The Crab Orchard Mountains Group is a geologic group in Georgia, United States. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Geologic groups of Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Lee Group

text:
The Lee Group is a geologic group in Georgia, United States. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Geologic groups of Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Alum Bluff Group

text:
The Alum Bluff Group is a geologic group in the states of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

Age
Period: Paleogene to Neogene
Epoch: Late Oligocene to Early Miocene
Faunal stage: Chattian through Hemphillian ~23.03–5.33 mya, calculates to a period of

Location
The Alum Bluff Group replaces the Hawthorn Group west of the Apalachicola River with occurrences in Bay, Calhoun, Holmes, Jackson, Liberty, Okaloosa, Walton, and Washington counties. It is younger than the Torreya Formation to the east based on superpositioning.

The Alum Bluff Group outcrops beneath a thin overburden in the western panhandle from river valleys in Okloosa County eastward to western Jackson County.

Lithology
The group is composed of clays, sands and shell beds. These vary from fossil bearing sandy clays to sands, clays, and carbonate beds absent of fossil content with glauconite and phosphate mica which is common. The coloration is from cream to olive gray with mottled reddish brown in the weathered sections. The sands are soft and very fine to coarse with sporadic gravel while carbonate lenses are quite hard. Permeability of the sediments are generally low and are part of the intermediate confining unit/aquifer system.

Subdivision
The Alum Bluff Group are defined by the stratigraphic position and mollusks contained within. The group includes:
 Chipola Formation
 Oak Grove Sand
 Shoal River Formation
 Choctawhatchee Formation
 Jackson Bluff Formation

The Alum Bluff Group has a residuum on Miocene sediments and undifferentiated sediment of the Miocene. This consists of reddish brown, variably sandy clay with inclusions of variably fossiliferous, silicified limestone. The residuum includes Lower to Upper Miocene and younger weathered sediments.

Fossils
Mollusks both herbivorous and carnivorous in equal percentages.
Filter feeders at ~7%

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Finch, J., Geological essay on the Tertiary formation in America: American Journal of Science, v. 7, p. 31–43, 1823.

Further reading
Berkenkotter, Richard D,  Application of statistical analysis in evaluating bedded deposits of variable thickness—Florida phosphate data (United States. Bureau of Mines. Report of investigations, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines (1964)
 Gardner J.A. (1937). The molluscan fauna of the Alum Bluff Group of Florida. Part VI. Pteropoda, Opisthobranchia and Ctenobranchia (in part). United States Geological Survey Professional Paper. 142-F: 251–435, pls 37–48

Geologic groups of Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Hawthorne Group

text:
The Hawthorne Group is a geologic group in Georgia, United States. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Geologic groups of Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Pax Labs

text:
Pax Labs (formerly Ploom and stylized as PAX Labs) is an American electronic vaporizer company founded in 2007 that markets the Pax vaporizers. The company developed the Juul (pronounced jewel) e-cigarette. Juul Labs was spun out as a separate company in 2017.

History

The company was founded by James Monsees and Adam Bowen in 2007 under the name Ploom. , it has distribution in the United States and Canada and has received $46.7 million in "series C" funding from various sources. In August 2016, Tyler Goldman became the CEO of Pax. Monsees left Pax in July 2017. Bowen left Pax in June 2017. Goldman left Pax in 2017. Bharat Vasan served as CEO from February 2018 until September 2019.

The company has been involved with Japan Tobacco International. It markets the Pax vaporizers, starting with the Pax by Ploom. As Pax Labs, Inc., the company then introduced the Pax 2 and can be used with loose-leaf tobacco or cannabis. In November 2016, the Pax 3 was released, featuring compatibility with both extracts and plant matter, new tools and accessories, and a complementary smart phone app. The same month, Pax also introduced an extract-based vaporizer called the Era, which operates by heating a concentrated cannabis liquid held in very small containers.

Pax closed a $420 million equity round in April 2019, which valued the company at $1.7 billion. In June 2019, Pax announced it had signed agreements with four Canadian pot stocks to supply it with cannabis extracts, resins, and distillates for its PAX Era pen-and-pod vape system. Those four companies were Aurora Cannabis, Aphria, OrganiGram Holdings and The Supreme Cannabis Company.

Juul

In June 2015, the company introduced Juul, a type of e-cigarette that utilizes nicotine salts that exist in leaf-based tobacco, for its key ingredient. They were given a US patent for their nicotine salt preparation in 2015. The nicotine salts are said to create an experience more like smoking than other e-cigarettes on the market. The e-cigarette is shaped like a USB flash drive and recharges using a magnetic USB deck. Each cartridge (called a Juul pod) contains about the same amount of nicotine as one pack of cigarettes and delivers approximately 200 hits.

Juul attempts to deliver a nicotine peak in five minutes, similar to a traditional cigarette. Mango was among the five most popular flavors, but it is no longer available in the United States where now only menthol and tobacco flavors are sold. A Juul starter kit sells for about $49.99. Given the high nicotine concentrations in Juul, the nicotine-related health consequences of its use by young people could be more severe than those from their use of other e-cigarette products.

In 2017 Juul Labs was spun out of Pax Labs as an independent company. Tyler Goldman, former CEO of Pax Labs, was named CEO of Juul after the spin-off.

PAX Vaporizer

PAX 1
Originally released in 2012, the PAX 1 was the first of the dry herb vaporizers to be sold by Ploom before the company became known as PAX Labs.

PAX 2
The second PAX vaporizer was released on March 10, 2015. This model of the PAX line featured a smaller design than the original device.

PAX 3
In November 2016, the third PAX device was released. This was the first model to allow the use of both dry herbs and cannabis concentrates (via use of a concentrate insert). The PAX 3 delivers the same temperature range as the PAX 2; from . The PAX 3 offers improved temperature adjustability, down to the precise degree. The PAX 2 only offered four pre-determined temperature settings within this range. The PAX 3 features wireless connectivity to smartphones via the PAX application.

PAX Era
Released alongside the PAX 3 in late 2016, the PAX Era was the first cannabis vaporizer to use proprietary PAX Pod cartridges. Similar in design to PAX Labs' previous device, the Juul, the PAX Era uses food-grade polycarbonate cartridges which are filled with pure cannabis oil. Like the PAX 3 vaporizer, the PAX Era may be wirelessly connected to smartphones via the PAX application.

PAX Era Pro
PAX introduces its Era Pro vaporizer, an update to the original Era model. Compared to its predecessor, the Pro edition features several add-ons, including ExpertTemp technology, pod memory, haptic feedback, and a UL-certified battery. The PAX Era Pro works with pre-filled cannabis oil PAX pods and has a temperature range from .

References

External links

Electronic cigarette manufacturers
Tobacco companies of the United States
American companies established in 2007
Manufacturing companies established in 2007
2007 establishments in California
Manufacturing companies based in San Francisco


title: The Mel Blanc Show

text:
The Mel Blanc Show was a radio situation comedy in the United States. It was broadcast on CBS from September 3, 1946 to June 24, 1947.

Format
Although Mel Blanc "did countless character impersonations on other radio programs, as well as being the voice of many cartoon characters," he used his natural voice in this program and played himself – except that instead of being an entertainer, the Mel Blanc character in the show was "the bumbling owner of a fix-it shop that was never able to fix anything." The show's one regular outlet for another Blanc voice was the character Zookie, a stuttering helper. One website noted, however, "Many episodes required Mel to impersonate an exotic foreigner or other stranger in town, ostensibly for carrying out a minor deception on his girlfriend's father, but of course simply as a vehicle for him to show off his talents."

The June 1947 issue of Radio Mirror magazine provided an insight into the program with this comment in its Recommended Listening column under "Tuesday night": "At 8:30, you'll have to make a choice between the Mel Blanc Show (CBS) and Date with Judy (NBC). If it's impossible-situations-made-to-seem-real that you like, you'll choose Mel and his girl and his fix-it shop".

One old-time radio website commented, "Mel Blanc's natural – and exceptional – voice talent was unquestionably the series' greatest selling factor; and Mel got to show his acting and timing chops to a far greater degree with his own situation comedy."

A signature expression of the program was "ugga-ugga-boo, ugga-boo-boo-ugga," the password for Blanc's (the character's) lodge, the Benevolent Order of Loyal Zebras. Other recurring catchphrases included Mr. Colby's threat to Mel, "I'll break every bone in your body!" and Mr. Cushing's weepy "But I don't know why I'm telling you all this; it's just that I've got no one to talk to!"

Characters and cast
The Mel Blanc Show featured several veteran actors of old-time radio in addition to Blanc as himself and Zookie. The regular characters and actors were as follows:

Others who often appeared in the program were Bea Benaderet, Leora Thatcher, Earle Ross, Jerry Hausner, Elvia Allman, Sandra Gould, and Jim Backus. The announcer was John "Bud" Hiestand. Victor Miller and his orchestra were the musicians.

Limited success
A review in the trade publication Billboard seemed to portend the program's demise. The review focused on the April 1, 1947, episode, commenting: After more than five months ... the Mel Blanc program still seems to be groping. Probably most responsible for its failure to come anywhere near the show-type average, or to top programs aired opposite, is the scripting, the production contributing to a lesser extent. Writers seem to have been misled by Blanc's vocal versatility into trying to introduce too many odd characters ...

After citing a number of specific examples, the reviewer concluded:Blanc still has great potentials [sic]. If Colgate [the sponsor], Sherman-Marquette [the advertising agency] or the writers can find the right formula, plus a production with pace, the show will get the cohesion it lacks now. As it stands, it'll take a lot of doing to edge the Hooper higher.

Less than two months later, the same publication announced the end of The Mel Blanc Show. Billboard's May 24, 1947, issue contained a story that reported, "Fate of the Mel Blanc show has reportedly been sealed by bank-roller Colgate-Palmolive Peet, who is understood to have ordered the show dropped at end of the current cycle, June 24." The story briefly referred to "a general retrenchment program now being mulled" by the company.

The Digital Deli Too website cited another factor in the program's fate as follows: There's no question that Blanc's truest fans would have loved simply 25 minutes of Mel Blanc reading a telephone book in various dialects. But that's not how CBS and Colgate billed The Mel Blanc Show; it was promoted as a situation comedy-variety show, competing with at least twelve other similar situation comedy-variety programs of the era--many of them very highly rated.

The program did, indeed, end its run June 24, 1947.

References

External links
 42 streaming episodes of The Mel Blanc Show from Archive.org
 Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs: The Mel Blanc Show
 Mel, the Lion-Hearted – a "story written for Radio Mirror (in which) you meet Mel Blanc just as he's heard in his Fix-It Shop program ..."

1940s American radio programs
American comedy radio programs
1946 radio programme debuts
1947 radio programme endings
CBS Radio programs


title: Vicksburg Group

text:
The Vicksburg Group is a geologic group in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Geologic groups of Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Barnwell Group

text:
The Barnwell Group is a geologic group in Georgia, United States. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Geologic groups of Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Cascades de Karfiguéla

text:
The Cascades de Karfiguéla or the Banfora Cascades (also Karfiguela Falls, Tagbaladougou Falls, or Banfora Falls) are a series of waterfalls along the Komoé River in Southwestern Burkina Faso. They are located about 12 km northwest of Banfora and constitute one of the most important tourism sites in Burkina Faso. The Cascades Region gets its name from the waterfalls. The flow of the falls peaks during the rainy season from June to September.

References

External links

Comoé Province
Waterfalls of Burkina Faso
Tourist attractions in Burkina Faso


title: Athikkottai (Thiruvarur)

text:
Athikkottai is a village under Serumangalam Panchayats in Needamangalam Panchayats Union and Mannargudi Taluk, Tiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu, India. The main activities of this village is agriculture. Other villagers are working in Singapore and Malaysia. More than 1100 people live in this village, with 90% of them belonging to Kallar (Mukkulathor) community.

References

Villages in Tiruvarur district


title: Clinchfield Formation

text:
The Clinchfield Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Paleogene Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Blue Bluff Formation

text:
The Blue Bluff Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Paleogene Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Bridgeboro Limestone

text:
The Bridgeboro Limestone is a geologic formation in Georgia and Florida. The limestones and sandstones of the formation preserve fossils dating back to the Early Oligocene of the Paleogene period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Florida
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Florida

References

External links

Geologic formations of Georgia (U.S. state)
Geologic formations of Florida
Paleogene Georgia (U.S. state)
Paleogene Florida
Paleogene stratigraphic units of North America
Oligocene Series of North America
Rupelian Stage
Limestone formations of the United States
Shallow marine deposits
Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)
Paleontology in Florida


title: Chattahoochee Formation

text:
The Chattahoochee Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Geologic formations of Georgia (U.S. state)
Neogene Florida


title: Gosport Sand

text:
The Gosport Sand is a geologic formation in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Paleogene Georgia (U.S. state)
Paleogene Alabama


title: Lisbon Formation

text:
The Lisbon Formation is a geologic formation in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is predominantly sandstone deposited during the Paleogene Period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Paleogene Mississippi
Paleogene Georgia (U.S. state)
Paleogene Louisiana


title: Tallahatta Formation

text:
The Tallahatta Formation is a geologic formation found on the surface in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi. It is also located in the subsurface of Kentucky. The Tallahatta formation is part of the Claiborne Group and contains four members: the Basic City Shale in Mississippi, the Holy Springs Sand Member in Mississippi, the Meridian Sand Member in Alabama and Mississippi, and the Neshoba Sand Member in Mississippi.   It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period, specifically the Eocene.

History
As early as 1823, the rocks that would later become the Tallahatta Formation was referred to as "Buhrstone", a type of porous limestone. Other terms used to describe this rock were "Siliceous Claiborne" in Mississippi and the "Choctaw buhrstone" in Alabama. These rocks became known as the Tallahatta Formation in 1898, in honor of the Tallahatta Hills in Choctaw County, Alabama. Originally, the Winona Formation was considered part of the Tallahatta as the Winona Sand Member before it was split off as a separate formation. No submembers exist in Georgia or Florida for this formation. In South Carolina, the basal member of the Claiborne Group is called the Conagree Formation, which correlates to the Tallahatta Formation. It has been proposed that the Tallahatta Formation in Georgia be renamed the Conagree Formation.

Members

Basic City Shale
The Basic City Shale Member gets its name from Basic, Mississippi. It is also called the Basic Claystone or Basic Clay Member. It is a siliceous shale interlaminated with beds of sandstone and siltstone. It is described as "sparingly fossiliferous"  and contains signs of bioturbation. It was deposited in a near-shore, quiet marine environment. It overlays the Meridian Sand Member.

Holly Springs Sand Member
The Holly Springs Sand Member takes its name from Holly Springs, Mississippi. It was originally considered a member of the Wilcox Formation in Mississippi and is dominated by coarse grained, cross bedded sand. The name was abandoned, upgraded to a formation, and added as a member of the Tallahatta Formation. It is still considered a separate formation in Missouri as part of the Wilcox Group.

Meridian Sand Member
The Meridian Sand Member was named for Meridian, Mississippi and is a very coarse to medium, nonfossiliferous sand. It was also called the Meridian Formation, the Meridian Sand, or the Meridian Buhrstone, and is not always grouped as part of the Tallahatta Formation and some earlier works considered it part of the Wilcox Group. It is the oldest member of the Tallahatta Formation and is thought to represent a fluvial deposition.

Neshoba Sand Member
The Neshoba Sand Member was named for Neshoba Co., Mississippi and is a non-fossiliferous sand.  It was considered part of the Winona Formation, but was separated out due to its low glauconite concentration and the presence of an unconformity. The sand grains grow steadily coarser from top to bottom, and is thought to represent a marine regression depositional environment.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Mississippi
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Paleogene Georgia (U.S. state)
Paleogene Alabama
Paleogene Mississippi


title: Flint River Formation

text:
The Flint River Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Paleogene Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Jacksonian Formation

text:
The Jacksonian Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Paleogene Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Moodys Branch Formation

text:
The Moodys Branch Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Paleogene Georgia (U.S. state)
Paleogene Alabama
Paleogene Louisiana
Paleogene Mississippi
Paleogene Florida


title: Tobacco Road Formation

text:
The Tobacco Road Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Paleogene Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Twiggs Clay

text:
The Twiggs Clay is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Paleogene Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Hatchetigbee Bluff Formation

text:
The Hatchetigbee Bluff Formation is a geologic formation in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Mississippi. The youngest unit of the Wilcox Group preserves fossils dating back to the Ypresian stage of the Eocene period, or Wasatchian in the NALMA classification. The formation is named for Hatchetigbee Bluff on the Tombigbee River, Washington County, Alabama.

Wasatchian correlations

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alabama
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Louisiana
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Mississippi
 Paleontology in Alabama
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Louisiana
 Paleontology in Mississippi

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Smith, E.A., and Johnson, L.C., 1887, Tertiary and Cretaceous strata of the Tuscaloosa, Tombigbee, and Alabama Rivers: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 43, 189 p.

Geologic formations of Alabama
Geologic formations of Georgia (U.S. state)
Geologic formations of Louisiana
Geologic formations of Mississippi
Eocene Series of North America
Paleogene Alabama
Paleogene Georgia (U.S. state)
Paleogene Louisiana
Paleogene Mississippi
Ypresian Stage
Wasatchian
Limestone formations
Sandstone formations of the United States
Shale formations of the United States
Siltstone formations
Shallow marine deposits
Paleontology in Alabama
Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)
Paleontology in Louisiana
Paleontology in Mississippi


title: Endoxyla acontucha

text:
Endoxyla acontucha is a species of moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Australia (including Queensland) and New Zealand.

References

Moths described in 1903
Endoxyla (moth)


title: Marks Head Formation

text:
The Marks Head Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia that preserves fossils dating back to the Burdigalian stage of the Miocene period.
It is notable for its resemblance to the head of Mark Zuckerberg, the CEO and Founder of Facebook.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Bibliography
 A. E. Pratt and R. M. Petkewich. 1989. Fossil vertebrates from the Marks Head Formation (Early Miocene) of Southeastern Georgia. Georgia Journal of Science 47(1):20-20

Geologic formations of Georgia (U.S. state)
Geologic formations of Florida
Miocene Series of North America
Neogene Georgia (U.S. state)
Neogene Florida
Burdigalian
Sandstone formations
Phosphorite formations
Shallow marine deposits
Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Oak Grove Formation

text:
The Oak Grove Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Neogene Georgia (U.S. state)
Neogene Florida


title: Echoes of the Marseillaise

text:
Echoes of the Marseillaise: Two Centuries Look Back on the French Revolution is a book by Eric Hobsbawm first published in 1990 by Verso Books. It was written just after the bicentenary of the French Revolution in 1989 which was accompanied by a large outpouring of new scholarship. The recent anti-communist revolutions of 1989 further polarised commentators between those who saw them as a culmination or embodiment of French revolutionary ideas and those who saw it as their emphatic repudiation.

Hobsbawm analyses the Revolution primarily from the perspective of how it has been subsequently interpreted over the course of the two centuries since it occurred, and examines the way that it has been re-written based on contemporary ideologies. In particular, Hobsbawm writes polemically in opposition to what he sees as the dominant trajectory in writing about the Revolution during his era: that of a revisionism which downplayed the successes of the Revolution and stressed instead its violence, rapacity and destructiveness. He argues, for instance, that the bicentenary was "largely dominated by those who, to put it simply, do not like the French Revolution and its heritage".

Hobsbawm's view is that for many in the nineteenth century, the Revolution was seen as a bourgeois precursor of potential future proletarian revolutions. He argues further that many Marxists, chiefly from 1917 to the 1960s used it as an example of a much longer-term reading of political change but that in the 1970s and 1980s  (after the first major work of revisionism by Alfred Cobban written in the Cold War milieu of the 1950s) many historians began to argue that the Revolution achieved only limited results which were outweighed by extravagant costs. In his eyes, this shift of interpretation was a false one, and his work concludes that the Revolution was a crucial event not only for what it achieved in itself, but in terms of its longer-term patrimony to history. He concludes that "Liberty, equality and fraternity, and the values of Reason and the Enlightenment - the values on which modern civilisation has been built, since the American Revolution - are more needed than ever" and, finally, that the Revolution improved the world, and did so on a permanent basis.

See also
Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (1989)

References

1990 non-fiction books
Books by Eric Hobsbawm
20th-century history books
History books about the French Revolution
Verso Books books


title: Floyd Shale

text:
The Floyd Shale is a geologic formation in Alabama and Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Geologic formations of Georgia (U.S. state)
Shale formations of the United States
Oil fields in Texas
Oil-bearing shales in the United States
Natural gas fields in the United States
Carboniferous Georgia (U.S. state)
Mississippian United States
Carboniferous System of North America
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Vandever Shale

text:
The Vandever Shale is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Carboniferous Georgia (U.S. state)
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Rockcastle Sandstone

text:
The Rockcastle Sandstone is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Carboniferous Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Crab Orchard Mountains Formation

text:
The Crab Orchard Mountains Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Carboniferous Georgia (U.S. state)
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Walden Sandstone

text:
The Walden Sandstone is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Carboniferous Georgia (U.S. state)
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Conasauga Formation

text:
The Conasauga Formation is a geologic formation in Georgia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Georgia (U.S. state)
 Paleontology in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

Cambrian Georgia (U.S. state)
Cambrian southern paleotemperate deposits