title: Metal Supermarkets

text:
Metal Supermarkets is a Canadian retailer of small-quantity metals, cut to the customer's desired size, with no minimum order quantities. Metal Supermarkets operates a franchising network of 118 locations in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as an e-commerce website, making it the largest supplier in the small quantity metals industry and the only one with international reach. It also owns the FlannelJax franchise of axe throwing venues.

Founded in Mississauga, Ontario, Metal Supermarkets is headquartered in Toronto, with support offices in Leicester, England and Sydney, Nova Scotia. The current President and CEO is Stephen Schober and the Chief Operating and Development Officer is Andrew Arminen.

History
Metal Supermarkets was established in 1985 as a single location in Mississauga by William H. Mair, who saw an untapped market in offering small quantities of metal, which many large metal suppliers could not satisfy. Therefore, Metal Supermarkets adopted a business model based on cut-to-size metals and no minimum order size.

Metal Supermarkets began franchising in 1987, eventually expanding into the United Kingdom in 1994 and the United States in 1996. In 2007, Metal Supermarkets acquired and integrated Metal Express, a similar American metal supplier. Metal Supermarkets opened its 100th location in 2020.

Products and services
Metal Supermarkets supplies various metals, including various alloys, rolled metals, aluminium, brass, copper, steel, and tool steel, among others, in various shapes and grades such as bars, beams, sheets, and pipes, which can be cut to a size desired by the customer. Franchises can supply more uncommon metals for customers on request. Metal Supermarkets also offers metal cutting, shearing, notching, and fabrication services.

Locations

Canada
The first Metal Supermarkets store was established in Mississauga, Ontario by William Mair in 1985 and still operates today. In 1987, Metal Supermarkets began franchising and opened its second location in Scarborough, Ontario, before expanding to additional provinces. Presently, Metal Supermarkets operates 25 locations across Canada in Ontario, British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia.

United Kingdom
Metal Supermarkets opened their first British store in 1994 in Birmingham. Metal Supermarkets presently operates 8 stores across the UK.

United States
Metal Supermarkets opened their first American store in 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia, followed in 1997 by additional stores in Buffalo, New York; Cincinnati, Ohio; and Dallas, Texas. The company's 100th store was in San Diego, California, opened in 2020. Metal Supermarkets presently operates 85 stores across 34 U.S. states.

Awards
 In 2018, Metal Supermarkets President and CEO Stephen Schober was elected a Director of the Canadian Franchise Association.
 In 2021, Metal Supermarkets was in the Franchise Dictionary Magazine's Top 100 Game Changers for 2021.
 In 2021, Metal Supermarkets was ranked the 381st best franchise in Entrepreneur's annual Franchise 500 list.

Community involvement
Metal Supermarkets supports skilled trades and vocational education, and advocates for greater awareness of industry shortages and better industry experience among youth. Franchises also allow high school students to gain industry experience through cooperative education, donate metal to local schools, and advocate for trades as viable and in-demand career paths.

In 2019, Metal Supermarkets conducted a survey on students' perception of trade careers. The survey revealed a negative perception of vocational education and the lack of awareness for careers in trades.

Since 2022, Metal Supermarkets has also provided scholarships to trade school students.

References

Companies based in Ontario
Privately held companies of Canada
Franchises
Retail companies of Canada
Metal companies of Canada
Retail companies established in 1985
1985 establishments in Ontario


The Trauma Systems and Regionalization of Emergency Care Reauthorization Act () is a bill that would amend the Public Health Service Act to authorize funding for public and private entities that provide trauma and emergency care services and for the administration of the Federal Interagency Committee on Emergency Medical Services (FICEMS).

The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

Background
Four trauma programs authorized by the Affordable Care Act are reauthorized by this legislation. The leading cause of death for people are 1-44 is traumatic injury.

Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

The Trauma Systems and Regionalization of Emergency Care Reauthorization Act would amend the Public Health Service Act to authorize appropriations for trauma care programs through FY2019. The bill would require that not more than 50% of amounts remaining for a fiscal year after FY2014 (after allocation for administrative purposes or for improvement of emergency medical services in rural areas) be allocated for competitive grants to support pilot projects for emergency care and trauma systems.

The bill would require the inclusion of standards and requirements of the American Burn Association in trauma care modifications of a state plan for providing emergency medical services.

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Energy and Commerce on April 3, 2014. This is a public domain source.

H.R. 4080 would amend the Public Health Service Act to authorize funding for public and private entities that provide trauma and emergency care services and for the administration of the Federal Interagency Committee on Emergency Medical Services (FICEMS).

The bill would authorize the appropriation of $24 million a year for each of fiscal years 2015 through 2019. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that implementing the bill would cost $101 million over the 2015-2019 period, assuming appropriation of the authorized amounts. Pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply to this legislation because it would not affect direct spending or revenues.

The bill contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act.

Procedural history
The Trauma Systems and Regionalization of Emergency Care Reauthorization Act was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on February 25, 2014 by Rep. Michael C. Burgess (R, TX-26). The bill was referred to the United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce and the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Health. The bill was reported (amended) on May 20, 2014 alongside House Report 113-459. The House voted on June 24, 2014 to pass the bill in a voice vote.

Debate and discussion
The Trauma Center Association of America (TCAA) supported the bill, calling it "vital legislation." According to the TCAA, the bill would "reauthorize two important grant mechanisms, the Trauma Care Systems Planning Grants and the Regionalization of Emergency Care Systems. The first supports state and rural development of trauma systems and the second funds pilot projects to design, implement, and evaluate innovative models of regionalized emergency care."

The Emergency Nurses Association (ENA) supported the bill, lobbying in its favor during a week-long lobbying visit to Capitol hill May 6-12. The ENA lobbied for "$28 million in funding for these critical trauma and emergency medical service programs" to help "develop comprehensive trauma systems and prevent further trauma center closures." According to the Trauma Center Association of America, there were at least 21 trauma centers that closed over the last decade and only eight states have what they would consider to be "fully developed trauma systems."

The Society of Trauma Nurses (STN) also advocated in favor of the bill, encouraging its members to persuade their representatives to co-sponsor the bill.

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress
Emergency medical services in the United States

References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 4080
beta.congress.gov H.R. 4080
GovTrack.us H.R. 4080
OpenCongress.org H.R. 4080
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 4080
Congressional Budget Office's report on H.R. 4080

Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress


title: Aljaž Krefl

text:
Aljaž Krefl (born 20 February 1994) is a Slovenian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Slovenian PrvaLiga side Olimpija Ljubljana.

Club career
Krefl joined Olimpija Ljubljana from Rudar Velenje in June 2015.

On 8 February 2017, he was sent on loan to the Serbian side Spartak Subotica.

International career
Krefl has been a member of the Slovenian under-21 team.

Honours
Olimpija Ljubljana
Slovenian PrvaLiga: 2015–16, 2017–18, 2022–23
Slovenian Cup: 2017–18, 2022–23

References

External links
NZS profile

1994 births
Living people
Slovenian men's footballers
Slovenia men's youth international footballers
Slovenia men's under-21 international footballers
Slovenian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
NK Rudar Velenje players
NK Šmartno 1928 players
NK Olimpija Ljubljana (2005) players
FK Spartak Subotica players
NK Aluminij players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Slovenian Second League players
Serbian SuperLiga players
Expatriate men's footballers in Serbia
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Serbia


title: Saron Chapel, Aberaman

text:
Saron was a Welsh Independent (Congregationalist) chapel in Davies Street, Aberaman, Wales, formed as an initiative of the David Price of Siloa, Aberdare, soon after the development of Aberaman as an industrial settlement as a result of the activities of Crawshay Bailey and David Davis, Blaengwawr. Saron was claimed to be the largest chapel in the Cynon Valley although Calvaria, Abercynon, Ebenezer, Trecynon and Siloa, Aberdare all had a similar capacity.

Foundation and early history
The history of the cause at Saron can be traced to meetings held from November 1846 at a house in Cardiff Road, Aberaman, where Thomas Jones, minister of Adulam, Merthyr Tydfil had come to live and keep a school. At this time, the village of Aberaman was at a very early stage in its development as an industrial centre and, as workers frequently migrated in and out of the area the membership of the nascent church fluctuated. Soon, however the house became too small and the congregation moved to the nearby Lamb and Flag. The premises were owned by one Thomas Howells, but the holding of meetings in a public house, although far from unusual in those days, led to a split among the members and the meetings reverted to the house of Thomas Jones. When he died in January 1848 the future of the church was uncertain.

However, at this stage, the intervention of David Price, minister of Siloa, Aberdare was crucial in the formation of a permanent Independent church at Aberaman, which was inaugurated later in 1848. In 1849, Joshua Thomas of Bethlehem, Llangadog, accepted a call to minister the church and in that year, in the wake of a religious revival which coincided with a cholera outbreak in the Glamorgan and Monmouthshire valleys, around 120 new members were accepted at Saron. A new building was urgently required and, shortly afterwards land was leased at Abergwawr Farm from Dr James Lewis Roberts and Jennett Roberts and a chapel built which was consecrated in 1850. The building costs in 1849–50 were £719. At this time there were 218 members at Saron.

The Pastorate of John Davies, 1854–63
Once the cholera outbreak was over the membership at Saron declined as many of those who had sought religious solace when in fear of the disease now withdrew. In this atmosphere remaining members fell out amongst themselves, a number left for other churches and, ultimately, in August 1852, Joshua Thomas terminated his ministry at Saron. William Edwards, minister of Ebenezer, Trecynon, temporarily took on responsibility for Saron until a call was extended to the Rev John Davies of Llanelli, Breconshire, in June 1854. After some months'  hesitation, Davies accepted and commenced his ministry in November of that year.

The arrival of the new minister immediately revived the cause at Saron. Although a branch of Saron was opened at Moriah Aman, Cwmaman, leading to the transfer of 29 members the existing building was found to be too small and a decision was taken to extend the building. This took place in 1856 at a cost of £220 to provide seating capacity for 900 people. This work cost £953, and the church debt was £1200, as the cost of building the original chapel had not been cleared. However, the debt was rapidly reduced, and in the early 1860s, the spacious Saron Hall was built behind the chapel at a cost of £300, and by 1865 the debt was largely cleared.

It was no small feat for an industrial community composed in the main of manual labourers to raise over £2000 in little over fifteen years. Saron did benefit, however, from the religious revival of 1859–60, when some 50 new members were being admitted each month. During this time, members of Saron had a part to play in the formation of the Tabernacle English Congregational Church, Aberdare

John Davies had been a success at Aberaman and, in June 1863, he received a call from the church at Mount Stuart Square, Cardiff, and he ended his ministry at Saron on 14 June 1863.

Later Nineteenth Century
A further renovation took place in 1890 at a cost of £1,600.

R. Rowlands was minister from 1864 until 1891 and H.P. Jenkins from 1893 until 1922.

Later history
The longest serving minister at Saron was Glannant Jones who served for 42 years from 1931 until 1973. Heulwen Evans ALCM was the organist from 1960 until 2000.

The chapel was well-maintained into the twenty-first century but eventually closed due to a dwindling congregation. It was later reopened as Saron Chapel, Independent Baptist Church. The first service was November 5, 2014 under the new pastor, an American missionary, Dr. B.J. Stagner Jr. The church was renamed to Calvary Independent Baptist Church Cynon Valley in 2022.

References

Bibliography

External links

Entry at Coflein
Website of current Saron Chapel, Independent Baptist Church

Chapels in Rhondda Cynon Taf


title: List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ohio

text:
This article contains a list of fossil-bearing stratigraphic units in the state of Ohio, U.S.

Sites

See also

 Paleontology in Ohio

References

Ohio
Paleontology in Ohio
Stratigraphy of Ohio
Ohio geography-related lists
United States geology-related lists


The 2008–09 Kent State Golden Flashes men's basketball team represented Kent State University in the 2008–09 college basketball season. The team was coached by Geno Ford and played their home games in the Memorial Athletic and Convocation Center. They are members of the Mid-American Conference. They finished the season 19–15, 10–6 in MAC play.

Roster

Schedule and results
Source:

|-
!colspan=9 style=| Regular season

|-
!colspan=9 style=| 2009 MAC tournament

|-
!colspan=9 style=| 2009 CIT

References

Kent State Golden Flashes men's basketball seasons
Kent State Golden Flashes
Kent State
Kent State
Kent State


title: Enis Saramati

text:
Enis Saramati (born 19 April 1994) is a Slovenian football attacking midfielder who plays for German Bayernliga club SV Donaustauf.

References

External links
NZS profile

1994 births
Living people
Slovenian men's footballers
Slovenia men's youth international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
NK Rudar Velenje players
NK Šmartno 1928 players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Slovenian Second League players
Bayernliga players
Slovenian expatriate men's footballers
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany


title: List of Orlando City SC seasons

text:
Orlando City SC is the name for two related soccer teams based in Orlando, Florida. Orlando City SC (2010–2014) competed in USL Pro before its expansion to MLS, joining as Orlando City SC in 2015. This is a seasons list of the two iterations of the franchise, with totals including statistics from both teams.

Key
Key to competitions

 Major League Soccer (MLS) – The top-flight of soccer in the United States, established in 1996.
 USL Pro – The third division of soccer in the United States from its 2010 establishment through 2017. The league has been successively known as USL and USL Championship and is now the second division of American soccer since its status elevation in 2017.
 U.S. Open Cup (USOC) – The premier knockout cup competition in U.S. soccer, first contested in 1914.
 CONCACAF Champions League (CCL) – The premier competition in North American soccer since 1962. It went by the name of Champions' Cup until 2008.

Key to colors and symbols

Key to league record
 Season = The year and article of the season
 Div = Division/level on pyramid
 League = League name
 Pld = Games played
 W = Games won
 D = Games drawn
 L = Games lost
 GF = Goals for
 GA = Goals against
 GD = Goal difference
 Pts = Points
 PPG = Points per game
 Conf. = Conference position
 Overall = League position

Key to cup record
 DNE = Did not enter
 DNQ = Did not qualify
 NH = Competition not held or canceled
 GS = Group stage
 R1 = First round
 R2 = Second round
 R3 = Third round
 R4 = Fourth round
 R5 = Fifth round
 Ro16 = Round of 16
 QF = Quarterfinals
 SF = Semifinals
 F = Final
 RU = Runners-up
 W = Winners

Seasons

1. Avg. attendance include statistics from league matches only.
2. Top goalscorer(s) includes all goals scored in League, Playoffs, U.S. Open Cup, MLS is Back Tournament, CONCACAF Champions League, FIFA Club World Cup, and other competitive continental matches.

International competitions

Matches

By competition

By country

By club

Notes

References

Seasons
Orlando City
Orlando, Florida-related lists
Orlando City SC seasons


title: Welcome to My Life (disambiguation)

text:
"Welcome to My Life" is a 2004 song by Simple Plan.

Welcome to My Life may also refer to:

 Welcome to My Life (Jonathan Fagerlund song), a 2009 song by Swedish singer Jonathan Fagerlund from his album Welcome to My World
 Welcome to My Life, a 2009 song by Sunrise Avenue
 "Welcome to My Life" (Empire of the Sun song), a 2016 song by the Australian electronic music duo Empire of the Sun
 Welcome to My Life (film), a 2017 documentary about Chris Brown
 Welcome to My Life, a 2015 pilot by Elizabeth Ito for Cartoon Network


title: Wazobia FM Port Harcourt

text:
Wazobia FM 94.1 is a Nigerian Pidgin English radio station in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. It was founded in 2007 and belongs to Globe Communications Limited.

Renowned for its humorous approach to broadcasting, the station airs a mixture of news, features, sport, music (from popular Nigerian music, hip hop, highlife to world music and reggae), talk shows, topical issues and interviews.

Shows
Go Slow Yarn
Coolele Zone
Oga Madam
Wake Up Show

Presenters
Akas Baba
Ehidiana
Lolo 1
OPJ
Jeta
Porico
Smart Don
Benten
Omo Talk
Pickin
Igho Williams
Gbenga

See also

List of radio stations in Port Harcourt
Media of Nigeria

References

External links

Radio stations established in 2007
Radio stations in Port Harcourt
Privately held companies of Nigeria
Companies based in Port Harcourt
World music radio stations
2007 establishments in Nigeria
Wazobia FM


title: Bill Rogers (educationalist)

text:
Dr Bill Rogers is an Education consultant. He is the founder of the Rogers Education Consultancy.

Career
A teacher by profession, Rogers now works as an educational consultant at all levels of education - primary, post-primary and tertiary.

He has also worked with other consultancies to provide in-services, lecture-programs and in-school workshops with teachers throughout Australia, the United Kingdom, Europe and Asia.

He has written several books about education for SAGE Publications, ACER and Scholastic Australia.

In particular, he has provided guidance on dealing with disruptive and challenging behaviour in classrooms.

Academic honours
Rogers is a Fellow of the Australian College of Education, an Honorary Life Fellow at Leeds Trinity and an Honorary Fellow at the Melbourne University Graduate School of Education.

References

Australian educators
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)


The International Safety Equipment Association (ISEA) is a trade association of manufacturers of personal protective equipment and other safety equipment, with its offices in Arlington, Virginia.  More than 100 companies are members. The ISEA is the secretariat organization for several American National Standards Institute technical standards for products such as high visibility clothing, eye protection, hard hats, chemical and dust protection, hand protection, and others; formerly this role was filled by the American Society of Safety Engineers.

The organization was founded in 1933 as the Industrial Safety Equipment Association. It adopted its current name in 2000. Since 2002 it has had a Web site accessible to the public and member organizations. In addition to technical standards development and market research, the organization also provides representation of the safety products industry to the American government.

References

External links
  Official website

Trade associations based in the United States
Organizations based in Arlington County, Virginia
Safety organizations


title: Brett Jones (songwriter)

text:
Brett Jones is an American singer, songwriter, and music publisher from Warm Springs, Georgia, United States, working in country music. He has had over one hundred songs recorded, including fourteen top ten hits and five number one hits.

Jones signed a publishing deal with a company owned by country music singer Ronnie Milsap. His first top twenty hit came in 1995 with Confederate Railroad’s “When and Where.” He owns Crazytown Productions/Big Borassa Music, in which he looks over many of his own catalogs such as Big Borassa Music, Jonesbone Music, and Brett Jones Music. As of 2012, his catalogs and himself as an artist were signed to ole, a rights management company. Jones, as an artist, also released his own CD called Life’s Road  in 2009 and followed with Cowboy Sailor in July 2014.

Singles
Singles that Jones has co-written include:

References

American country songwriters
American male songwriters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Meriwether County, Georgia
Songwriters from Georgia (U.S. state)


title: Zarh Pritchard

text:
Walter Howlison Mackenzie "Zarh" Pritchard (26 March 1866 – 29 August 1956) was a British-American artist, known for painting underwater landscapes while underwater, using a diving suit and waterproof materials.

Early life and education
Walter Howlison Mackenzie Pritchard was born in Madras, India, to British and Irish parents.  As a schoolboy in Scotland he read Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne, and later stated it was an influence on his underwater pursuits.  Before becoming an artist, he briefly studied medicine, and worked in London, where he designed a sea-themed costume for Sarah Bernhardt.

Career

Pritchard used modified diving gear to paint underwater, setting up an easel at depths up to fifty feet, and using oil crayons and canvases specially treated to work in that environment. Pritchard traveled the world looking for new underwater scenes, with trips to Bermuda, Tahiti, the Philippines, Santa Barbara, Brazil, and several locations in the Mediterranean Sea. He described the colors underwater as extraordinarily intense, "so bright you step back from them", and the fish as "inquisitive".  In another  interview, Pritchard mentioned ideas for further novelty:  he hoped someday to rig underwater electric lighting for "the most interesting effects".  Art critic and longtime admirer Antony Anderson of the Los Angeles Times found his work "remarkable", and declared that "Truly, he is one artist among many thousands when it comes to imagination and inventiveness". Pritchard himself rejected the label of "artist", saying "I am not an artist at all, I am a naturalist who happens to be a painter."

In his lifetime, Pritchard's works were displayed both as art and as natural science documents, notably at the Galerie Georges Petit in Paris, at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and in Pasadena at the Grace Nicholson gallery.  Among other collectors, Albert I, Prince of Monaco and Sir Joseph Duveen purchased works from Pritchard. Another admirer, naturalist William Beebe, said, "My ideal room would be one with several paintings of Mr. Pritchard's on each wall."

Personal life
Pritchard bought a home near Bishop, California in 1914, but abandoned it sometime in the 1930s, and refused to pay taxes for the property; it burned down in 1942.

Pritchard died in Austin, Texas in 1956, age 90.  He was buried at the Austin Memorial Park Cemetery.

Legacy
Pritchard's "Bream in 25 Feet of Water Off the West Coast of Scotland" (1910) is in the collection of the Brooklyn Museum. His "Sunset on Granite Crags, Near Bishop Creek" is in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.  Three of Pritchard's paintings were part of a marine-themed exhibition at the Charles H. Scott Gallery in Vancouver, British Columbia in 2012.

References

American artists
Environmental artists
1866 births
1956 deaths
British people in colonial India
British emigrants to the United States


title: Ultimate Pro Wrestling

text:
Ultimate Pro Wrestling (UPW) was a California-based independent pro wrestling company owned and operated by Rick Bassman, that operated from 1999–2007.

The company had working relationships with Pro Wrestling Zero1 and World Wrestling Entertainment. It served as a developmental company for WWE, where they would scout wrestlers and send others for training, from 2006 to 2007. Some of the major names to go on to stardom are, John Cena, Samoa Joe, The Miz and Christopher Daniels. The promotion was featured on a Discovery Channel special called Inside Pro Wrestling School.

Notable alumni
Deceased individuals are indicated with a dagger (†).
 Melina Perez/Kyra
 Rick Bassman
 B-Boy
 Mike Bell †
 The Blue Meanie
 Jack Bull
 Cheerleader Melissa
 Christian
 Melissa Coates †
 Steve Corino
 Christopher Daniels
 Tommy Dreamer
 Edge
 Scott Hall †
 Head Bitch in Charge
 Jon Heidenreich
 Molly Holly
 Horshu
 Tom Howard
 Ivory
 Tony Jones
 Evan Karagias
 Al Katrazz
 Frankie Kazarian
 Mike Knox
 Konnan
 Paul London
 Scott Lost
 Jerry Lynn
 Juventud Guerrera
 The Miz
 Michael Modest
 Donovan Morgan
 Chris Mordetzky
 Kevin Nash
 Nova
 Sean O'Haire †
 Human Tornado
 Shinjiro Otani
 Diamond Dallas Page
 Chuck Palumbo
 Adam Pearce
 The Prototype (John Cena)
 Psicosis
 Daniel Puder
 Tyler Reks
 Puma
 Quicksilver
 Road Warrior Animal †
 Road Warrior Hawk †
 Ricky Reyes
 Davey Richards
 Rikishi
 Rocky Romero
 Ruckus
 Joey Ryan
 Keiji Sakoda
 Samoa Joe
 Scorpio Sky
 Skulu †
 Babi Slymm
 Ken Shamrock
 Bison Smith
 Spanky
 Jimmy Snuka
 Solo Snuka
 Masato Tanaka
 Chase Tatum †
 Sylvester Terkay
 Rob Van Dam
 Brett Wagner
 Tommy Drake

Tag Teams:
 The Ballard Brothers (Shane and Shannon) and Cheerleader Melissa
 Los Cubanitos (Ricky Reyes and Rocky Romero)
 Edge and Christian
 Evolution (Frankie Kazarian and Nova)
 Hardkore Inc. (Adam Pearce, Hardkore Kidd, and Al Katrazz)
 Kevin Nash and Scott Hall
 The Road Warriors (Hawk and Animal)
 Chuck Palumbo and Sean O'Haire
 Team Emblem (Keiji Sakoda, Masato Tanaka, and Shinjiro Otani)

Championships

 UPW Heavyweight Championship
 UPW Lightweight Championship
 UPW Tag Team Championship
 UPW Southern California/Shoot Championship
 UPW No Holds Barred Championship
 NWA/UPW/Zero1 International Junior Heavyweight Championship

UPW Heavyweight Championship
The UPW Heavyweight Championship was a championship contested for by Heavyweight wrestlers in Ultimate Pro Wrestling.

UPW Lightweight Championship
The UPW Lightweight Championship was a championship contested for by Cruiserweight wrestlers in Ultimate Pro Wrestling.

UPW Tag Team Championship
The UPW Tag Team Championship was a secondary title contested for in Ultimate Pro Wrestling.

UPW Southern California Heavyweight Championship
The UPW Southern California Heavyweight Championship was a secondary title contested for in Ultimate Pro Wrestling.

UPW No Holds Barred Championship
The UPW No Holds Barred Championship was a secondary title contested for in Ultimate Pro Wrestling.

UPW Internet Championship
The UPW Internet Championship was a secondary title contested for in Ultimate Pro Wrestling.

UPW Women's Championship

See also
List of independent wrestling promotions in the United States

References

External links
 www.wrestling-titles.com/us/ca/s/upw
 www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/upw

Pro Wrestling Zero1
Sports in California
Independent professional wrestling promotions based in California
WWE


title: Radkey

text:
Radkey is an American punk rock band from St. Joseph, Missouri formed in 2010 by brothers, Dee, Solomon, and Isaiah Radke.

History
Radkey consists of three home-schooled brothers from St. Joseph, Missouri. Isaiah Radke (bass), Solomon Radke (drums), and Dee Radke (lead vocals and guitar) who formed their family-titled band in 2010, and played their first show in 2011 when they opened for Fishbone. With their dad, Matt Radke, as their manager, they have since played with the likes of the Foo Fighters, Jack White, Cozy Danger, The Offspring, Descendents, Local H, Black Joe Lewis, Titus Andronicus and performed at festivals like SXSW, Riot Fest, Afropunk, Japan's Punkspring the U.K.’s Download Festival, and Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. They have released two EPs since their inception: 2012’s Cat & Mouse with Adrian Grenier’s Wreckroom Records and 2013's Devil Fruit on Little Man Records.
The band worked with Ross Orton (Arctic Monkeys, Drenge) to release their latest single, "Feed My Brain" and the team released their debut LP Dark Black Makeup in August 2015 The music video for their song "Glore" was featured near the ending of the episode "Shapes" of Off the Air on Adult Swim. Their debut album was re-released in 2016 under a new name, 'Delicious Rock Noise' and featuring two bonus tracks. In 2020, the group released their follow up album, Green Room.

Performances

Radkey's first chance to play Afropunk Fest in 2011 was cancelled due to Hurricane Irene. The band would then return to Brooklyn to play Afropunk in 2012. September 25, 2012 the trio tracked the single and video, Cat & Mouse, for Wreckroom Records. The band had their first Daytrotter session January 30, 2013. Radkey's performances at SXSW 2012 attracts the attention of NY Times reporter Jim McKinley. On April 18, 2013, Radkey releases Spirals & N.I.G.G.A. (Not Okay) on Replay Records single 7" Following SXSW 2013, radio producer for Zane Lowe introduces the music to Zane's program; Zane Lowe debuts two tracks - Spirals and Cat & Mouse on his show May 2, 2013. June 4, 2013 Radkey releases Cat & Mouse EP on Wreckroom Records. Radkey was invited to play at Download Festival in the UK - Summer 2013. While in Europe the band attracted critical press with NME, both in print and online. Radkey then went on to record their second EP, Devil Fruit,with Joel Nanos at Element Studios Kansas City, Missouri. The EP is mixed by Rory Attwell (Palma Violets, The Vaccines). The band then hits the road for their US tour in support of NAAM. September 24, 2013 radkey's video, Romance Dawn, debuts on NME. Directed by Shaun Hamontree (MK12 design crew, video for Common 'Go', Jack White & Alicia Keys 'Another Way to Die', Title design for Quantum of Solace, The Kite Runner and Stranger than Fiction).

October 1, 2013 the band appeared on Jools Holland to perform Out Here in My Head. The trio continued touring in late 2013 in support of Drenge, Black Joe Lewis and Red Fang. Following their tour, the band recorded their latest single, Feed My Brain, and the track, Digging the Grave, with Justin Mantooth at Westend Studio, KC, MO - mixed by Ross Orton. In early 2014 Radkey was featured in a print edition of NME. In fall of 2014 Radkey went on tour with Rise Against and Touché Amoré

The band toured in Europe and North America through 2015. The band predominantly toured North America through 2016. The band played at Rock on the Range festival in Columbus, Ohio in May 2017. In summer of 2018 Radkey went on tour with Jack White. In late 2018 they toured with British punk rock and psychedelic band The Damned.

Members
 Dee Radke - lead vocals, guitars
 Isaiah Radke - bass, backing vocals
 Solomon Radke - drums, backing vocals

Discography

LPs
Delicious Rock Noise (2016)
Green Room (2020)

EPs
Cat & Mouse (2013)
Devil Fruit (2013)
No Strange Cats (2019)

Singles
"Romance Dawn" (2013)
"Feed My Brain" (2014)
"Romance Dawn (UNKLE Reconstruction)" (2014)
"Dark Black Makeup" (2015)
"Marvel" (2016)
"Not Smart" (2016)
"You Can't Judge a Book by the Cover" (2017)
"Basement" (2018)
"St. Elwood" (2018)
"Rock & Roll Homeschool" (2018)
"Junes" (2018)
"Portraits" (2019)
"Bend" (2020)
"Ain't No Sunshine" (2020)
"Seize" (2020)
"Underground" (2020)

References

External links

African-American punk rock musical groups
American musical trios
American punk rock groups
Another Century Records artists
Musical groups established in 2010
Sibling musical trios
Rock music groups from Missouri


title: Jin Moyu

text:
Jin Moyu (; 1918 – May 26, 2014), also known as Aisin Gioro Xianqi (), was a Chinese educator and the last surviving Manchu princess. She was the 17th and youngest daughter of Shanqi, the 10th heir to the Prince Su peerage of the Aisin Gioro clan, the imperial clan of the Qing dynasty, which ended with the Xinhai Revolution in 1911.

Background
Jin was born in Lüshun in 1918, seven years after the fall of the Qing dynasty. Both her father and mother died when she was just four years old. She was raised by her three stepsisters after her parents' deaths. She lived in Japan as a student. However, Jin chose to move back to Beijing when she was nineteen years old to pursue a career as either a journalist or entertainer. She settled for a position with a Japanese firm instead.

Jin's elder sister Yoshiko Kawashima was a Japanese spy who was executed by the Chinese Nationalist Government as a traitor in March 1948. Jin's elder brothers lost most of the Aisin Gioro family fortune in 1948 after the Chinese Civil War. The brothers fled to British Hong Kong, leaving Jin to take care of her six nieces and nephews, as well as Jin's own daughter and the family's elderly nanny. Nearly destitute, Jin sold most of the possessions in her family home. She also earned additional income by selling knitted jumpers and taking out loans.

Jin opened her own restaurant specialising in Sichuan cuisine in 1952. She married Chinese artist Ma Wanli in 1953 (Jin was Ma's third wife). Jin left her restaurant around the time of her wedding and took a position with the country's central translation agency.

In February 1958, Jin was arrested at her home and imprisoned, due solely to her being a descendant of the former imperial family. She remained in prison for 15 years, until her release as a forced farm labourer in 1973. She struggled for several years. In 1978, Jin wrote a letter to Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping pleading for a job. Deng gave her a new job soon after.

During the 1980s, Jin began planning to create a Japanese language school in China. She and her second husband opened a school in Hebei in 1996.

Jin died at a hospital in Beijing on May 26, 2014, at the age of 95.

References

1918 births
2014 deaths
Aisin Gioro
Manchu people
Qing dynasty princesses
Prisoners and detainees of the People's Republic of China
People from Dalian
Educators from Liaoning


title: List of Brazilian films of 1981

text:
A list of films produced in Brazil in 1981:

See also
1981 in Brazil
1981 in Brazilian television

References

External links
Brazilian films of 1981 at the Internet Movie Database

Brazil
1981
Films


The Geneva International Peace Research Institute (GIPRI, French: Institut international de recherches pour la paix à Genève) is a non-governmental organisation based in Geneva.

It was founded in 1980 and its aim is to understand wars in order to better avoid them.

Publications
The Cahiers du GIPRI are the main publication of the GIPRI:
 Cahier du GIPRI n°1 (2004), Droit, éthique et politique, Abdou Diouf, Aminata Dramane Traoré, Denis Collin.
 Cahier du GIPRI n°2 (2004), Frontières entre police et armée, Michel Liechti, Giovanni Arcudi, Marisa Vonlanthen.
 Cahier du GIPRI n°3 (2005), Guerre en Irak, crise internationale – les dimensions historiques, politiques et juridiques d’un conflit, Jean-Pierre Stroot, Gabriel Galice (dir.).
 Cahier du GIPRI n°4 (2006), Capitalisme, système national/mondial hiérarchisé et devenir du monde, Michel Beaud.
 Cahier du GIPRI n°5 (2007), Scénarios d’avenir pour le Burundi et l’Afrique des Grands Lacs, Angelo Barampama, Roger Eraers (dir.).
 Cahier du GIPRI n°6 (2007), La guerre est-elle une bonne affaire?, Mayeul Kaufmann, Claude Serfati, Gabriel Galice, Jacques Fontanel.
 Cahier du GIPRI n°7 (2009), Les causes des guerres à venir, Gabriel Galice (dir.).
 Cahier du GIPRI n°8 (2010), Quel avenir pour l’Irak?, Yvonne Jänchen (dir.).
 Cahier du GIPRI n°9 (2013), Regards croisés sur la guerre et la paix, Gabriel Galice (dir.).

Occasionally, the GIPRI also publishes Special Reports or Special Editions:
 Bulletin Spécial (2003), Le GIPRI et l’Irak, Gabriel Galice, Nicolas Sarkis, Laurent Calligé, Jean-Pierre Stroot.
 Hors-Série (2008), De l’Eau et de la Paix – Conflit et Coopération Israélo-palestiniens, Laurent Calligé (dir.).

Notes and references

See also
 Maison de la paix
 Geneva Institute for Democracy and Development
 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

External links
 Official website

Research institutes in Switzerland
Organisations based in Geneva
Organizations established in 1980


title: Kevin Kaufman

text:
Kevin Kaufman is a director and executive producer of television series and feature films. He created the first The Real Housewives of Orange County, the most successful franchise in cable TV history, and directed and produced the 2016 feature film Ace the Case: Manhattan Mystery, starring Academy Award winner Susan Sarandon, and Ripley Sobo, star of Danny Boyle's Steve Jobs.

Film and television credits include:

 G.O.A.T.s  The Greatest of All Time with photographer Walter Iooss, three hours of never before told stories from Kobe Bryant, Tiger Woods, Derek Jeter, Chris Evert, Joe Montana, Jack Nicklaus, Ken Griffey, Jr., Joe Namath, and Kelly Slater, through the lens of Walter Iooss, the greatest sports photographer ever. Premiered on ESPN, ABC, and ESPN2.
 Ace the Case: Manhattan Mystery, the feature film starring Oscar winner Susan Sarandon, Broadway's Ripley Sobo, and Lev Gorn.  Written and directed by Kevin Kaufman, distributed by Gravitas Ventures.
 Gotti: Godfather and Son, the 4-hour Gotti family story never before told by John A. Gotti, brother Peter Gotti and sister Angel Gotti, which premiered in June 2018 on A&E. "This fascinating documentary series uses interviews with John Gotti Junior, police documents and family photos to give us a glimpse into the inner workings of the Mafia. Find out how a son of the most famous gangster in America turned into a man who now wants nothing to do with organized crime.” Reported Ira Rosen, producer for 60 Minutes.
 The Perfect Murder, the highly rated series now in its fifth season on Investigation Discovery
 Ms. Homicide for LMN
 The Real Housewives of Orange County.  The first season and original spark that started it all for Bravo, with Jeana, Lauri, Vicki, Jo, and Kimberly helping make television history.
 The 100 Scariest Movie Moments mini-series for Bravo, winner of the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Award for Best TV Presentation in 2004.
 The 22-episode series I Married a Mobster for Investigation Discovery
 Watching the Detectives and DEA Files for A&E
 The Greatest Fashion Icons in Film for TLC
 Family Pickle for RLTV, winner of the Cablefax Award for Best Show or Series Reality – Professions in 2013 and the New York Festivals Gold World Medal for Best Reality TV Drama in 2013. CableFax reported, "While many reality shows depend on contrived situations and producer-incited scuffles, this one does go “old school” by simply following around the eccentric family behind NYC's famous Carnegie Deli."

Kaufman produced and directed the feature documentary, The Palladium: Where Mambo Was King, which also aired on Bravo and won the Imagen Award for Best Television Documentary in 2003; and also wrote, directed, and produced the 1991 feature film Romeo & Julia, which won the Silver Award at the Houston International Film Festival.

References

External links

American television directors
American television producers
American film producers
American documentary film directors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Distributed Data Management Architecture (DDM) is IBM's open, published software architecture for creating, managing and accessing data on a remote computer. DDM was initially designed to support record-oriented files; it was extended to support hierarchical directories, stream-oriented files, queues, and system command processing; it was further extended to be the base of IBM's Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA); and finally, it was extended to support data description and conversion.  Defined in the period from 1980 to 1993, DDM specifies necessary components, messages, and protocols, all based on the principles of object-orientation. DDM is not, in itself, a piece of software; the implementation of DDM takes the form of client and server products. As an open architecture, products can implement subsets of DDM architecture and products can extend DDM to meet additional requirements.  Taken together, DDM products implement a distributed file system.

Distributed applications

The designers of distributed applications must determine the best placement of the application's programs and data in terms of the quantity and frequency of data to be transmitted, along with data management, security, and timeliness considerations. There are three client–server models for the design of distributed applications:

 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) copies or moves whole files or database tables to each client so they can be operated on locally.  This model is appropriate for highly interactive applications, such as document and spreadsheet editors, where each client has a copy of the corresponding editor and the sharing of such documents is generally not a concern.
 Thin client applications present the interface of an application to users while the computational parts of the application are centralized with the affected files or databases.  Communication then consists of remote procedure calls between the thin clients and a server in which uniquely designed messages specify a procedure to be called, its associated parameters, and any returned values.
 Fat client applications perform all application processing tasks on client systems, but data is centralized in a server so that it can be managed, so that it can be accessed by any authorized client application, so that all client applications work with up-to-date data, and so that only the records, stream sections, or database tables affected by an application are transmitted. Client application programs must be distributed to all clients that work with the centralized data.

The DDM architecture was initially designed to support the fat client model of distributed applications; it also supports whole-file transfers.

Benefits provided by DDM architecture

The DDM architecture provides distributed applications with the following benefits:
 Local/remote transparency. Application programs can be easily redirected from local data to remote data.  Specialized programs that access and manage data in remote systems are not needed.
 Reduced data redundancy. Data need be stored in only one location in a network.
 Better security. By eliminating redundant copies of data, access to the data in a network can be better limited to authorized users.
 Data integrity. Updates by concurrent local and remote users are not lost because of conflicts.
 More timely information. Users of multiple computers in a network always have access to the most recent data.
 Better resource management. The data storage and processing resources of a network of computers can be optimized.

History

DDM architecture is a set of specifications for messages and protocols that enable data distributed throughout a network of computers to be managed and accessed.

Initial efforts

IBM's Systems Network Architecture (SNA) was initially designed to enable the hierarchical connection of workstations to IBM mainframe computers. The communication networks available at the time were rigidly designed in terms of fixed connections between a mainframe and its suite of workstations, which were under the complete software control of the mainframe computer. Other communications between mainframes was also in terms of fixed connections used by software defined for specific purposes. As communication networks became more flexible and dynamic, generic peer-to-peer communications were desirable, in which a program on one computer could initiate and interact with a program on a different computer.

When IBM's SNA Advanced Program to Program Communications (APPC) architecture was defined in the early 1980s, it was also apparent that APPC could be used to provide operating system services on remote computers.  An SNA workgroup pursued this idea and outlined several possible distributed services, such as file services, printer services, and system console services, but was unable to initiate product development. APPC software was not yet available on mainframes and, more basically, mainframes were still viewed primarily as stand-alone systems. As a result, work on distributed services was suspended by the SNA work group.

Members of the SNA work group from IBM's Rochester, Minnesota development laboratory were convinced that a business case existed for distributed services among the mid-range computer systems produced in Rochester. A primitive form of distributed file services, called Distributed Data File Facility (DDFF) had been implemented to connect the IBM System/3, IBM System/34, and IBM System/36 minicomputers. Further, the IBM System/36 and the IBM System/38 computers were being sold to customers in multiples and there was a clear need to enable, for example, the headquarters computers of a company to interact with the computers in its various warehouses. APPC was implemented on these systems and used by various customer applications. The idea of distributed operating system services was then revived as the Golden Gate project and an attempt made to justify its development. This attempt also failed; the whole idea of distributed services was too new for IBM product planners to be able to quantify the value of software that interconnected heterogeneous computers.

However, one Golden Gate planner, John Bondy, remained convinced and persuaded management to create a department outside of the normal control of the Rochester laboratory so that there would be no immediate need for a predefined business case.  Further, he narrowed its mission to include only support for Distributed Data Management (DDM), in particular, support for record-oriented files. He then convinced an experienced software architect, Richard A. Demers, to join him in the tasks of defining DDM architecture and selling the idea of DDM to the IBM system houses.

The first year of this effort was largely fruitless as the IBM system houses continued to demand up-front business cases and as they insisted on message formats isomorphic to the control block interfaces of their local file systems. Further, as Personal Computers began to be used as terminals attached to mainframe computers, it was argued that simply enhancing the 3270 data stream would enable PCs to access mainframe data.

During this period, Demers designed an architectural model of DDM clients and servers, of their components, and of interactions between communicating computers. Further, he defined a generic format for DDM messages based on the principles of object-orientation as pioneered by the Smalltalk programming language and by the IBM System/38. This model made it clear how DDM products could be implemented on various systems.
See How DDM works.

In 1982, the System/36 planners became convinced there was a sufficient market for DDM record-oriented file services.

DDM level 1: Record-oriented files

The generic format of DDM messages had already been designed, but what specific messages should be defined? The System/36 file system had been defined to meet the record-oriented needs of third generation programming languages (3GLs), such as Fortran, COBOL, PL/I, and IBM RPG, and so had the System/38 file system and the Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) file system of the IBM mainframe computers. And yet, their actual facilities and interfaces varied considerably, so what facilities and interfaces should DDM architecture support? See record-oriented files.

The initial work on DDM by the Golden Gate project had followed the lead of the File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM) international standard for distributed files, but it was very abstract and difficult to map to local file services.  In fact, this had been one of the barriers to acceptance by the IBM system houses. Kenneth Lawrence, the system architect responsible for System/36 file services, argued that it would be better to define messages that at least one IBM system could easily implement and then let other systems request whatever changes they needed.  Naturally, he argued for support of System/36 requirements.  After a year of failure to sell the idea of DDM to other IBM system houses, Lawrence's arguments prevailed.

Richard Sanders joined the DDM architecture team and worked with Lawrence and Demers to define the specific messages needed for System/36 DDM. Progress in the definition of DDM encouraged System/38 to also participate. This broadened the scope of DDM record-file support to meet many of the requirements of the System/38's advanced file system.

Files exist in a context provided by an operating system that provides services for organizing files, for sharing them with concurrent users and for securing them from unwarranted access. In level 1 of DDM, access to remote file directories was not supported beyond the transmission of the fully qualified name of the file to be used. Security and sharing, however, were required. Sanders did the design work in these areas.  Sanders also defined specific protocols regarding the use of communication facilities, which were incorporated in a component called the DDM Conversational Communications Manager. Initially implemented using APPC, it was later implemented using
TCP/IP.

With the completion of the System/36 DDM product, Lawrence worked with programmers from the IBM Hursley Park, UK laboratory to adapt much of the System/36 DDM server programming for use in the IBM Customer Information Control System (CICS) transaction processing environment, thereby making CICS a DDM server for both the MVS and VSE mainframe operating systems. Lawrence also worked with programmers from the IBM Cary, North Carolina laboratory to implement a DDM record-oriented client for IBM PC DOS.

Level 1 of DDM Architecture was formally published in 1986.  At the time of this announcement, IBM presented an Outstanding Technical Achievement Award to Kenneth Lawrence, an Outstanding Contribution Award to Richard Sanders, and an Outstanding Innovation Award to Richard Demers.

 In this article, System/38 will be henceforth used to refer to the System/38 and its successors: the IBM AS/400 (which merged the functionality of the System/36 and the System/38), the IBM iSeries, and the IBM Power Series (which merged the iSeries with the IBM RS/6000, IBM's RISC/UNIX-based server and workstation product line).

DDM level 2: Hierarchical directories and stream-oriented files

With the increasing importance of the IBM PC and the Unix operating system in network environments, DDM support was also needed for the hierarchical directories and stream-oriented files of the IBM Personal Computer running IBM PC DOS and the IBM RS/6000 running IBM AIX (IBM's version of Unix).  See Stream-oriented files.

DDM Architecture Level 2 was published in 1988. Jan Fisher and Sunil Gaitonde did most of the architecture work on DDM support for directories and stream files.

DDM level 3: Relational database services

In 1986, IBM marketed four different relational database (RDB) products, each built for a specific IBM operating system.  Scientists at IBM's Almaden Research Laboratory had developed System/R*, a prototype of a distributed RDB and they felt it was now time to turn it into marketable products. However, System/R* was based on System/R, a research prototype of a RDB, and could not be easily added to the IBM RDB products.
See
for a discussion of RDBs in a distributed processing environment.

Roger Reinsch from the IBM Santa Theresa Programming Center lead a cross-product team to define a Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA).  He enlisted:

 Representatives from each of the four IBM RDB products.
 Bruce Lindsay, a System/R* researcher,
 Paul Roever (from the IBM Sindelfingen, Germany laboratory), who had developed a specification for describing data called the Formatted Data: Object Content Architecture (FD:OCA).
 Richard Sanders and Richard Demers from the DDM architecture team to define appropriate models, messages and protocols.

In 1990, DDM Architecture Level 3 and DRDA were published at the same time. Both DDM and DRDA were designated as strategic components of IBM's Systems Application Architecture (SAA). DRDA was implemented by all four of the IBM RDB products and by other vendors.

Awards were given to key participants in the design of DRDA. Richard Sanders received an Outstanding Contribution Award and Roger Reinsch and Richard Demers received Outstanding Innovation Awards.

DDM level 4: Additional Services

The Distributed File Management (DFM) project was initiated to add DDM services to IBM's MVS operating system to enable programs on remote computers to create, manage, and access VSAM files. John Hufferd, the manager of the DFM project looked to the DDM Architecture team for a means of converting the data fields in records as they flowed between systems.  Richard Demers took the lead on this issue, aided by Koichi Yamaguchi from the DFM project.
See Data description and conversion.

The following additional services were defined by Richard Sanders, Jan Fisher and Sunil Gaitonde in DDM architecture at Level 4:

 For DFM, storage management and user-defined file attributes.
 For DRDA, two-phase commitment control protocols for application directed distributed units of work.
 Queues, which can be created, cleared or deleted in a remote server. Queue entries are application defined records that are added to or received from a queue. See DDM Queues.
 System Command Processor, a Manager to which commands defined by a server's host system, can be sent for execution.
 Multi-tasking Communications Manager, which enables multiple client agents to communicate with corresponding server agents using a single conversation between the client and server systems.
 Sync Point manager coordinates logical units of work in multiple DDM servers. Two-phase commitment protocols ensure coordinated resource recovery when any logical unit of work fails.

DDM architecture level 4 was published in 1992.

DDM level 5: Library services

Architecture work on DDM level 5 consisted of support for

 mainframe Partitioned Data Sets, which are files consisting of an internal directory and multiple members; in effect, they are libraries of similar files.
 Personal Computer Libraries, which consolidate access to files in multiple folders in a single library.
 further enhancements to DRDA.

Jan Fisher was the architect responsible for DDM level 5, which was published by the
Open Group, rather than IBM.
Shortly thereafter, the IBM DDM architecture group was disbanded.

Inside DDM

DDM architecture is a formally defined and highly structured set of specifications.  This section introduces key technical concepts that underlie DDM.

How DDM works

DDM architecture defines a client/server protocol; that is, a client requests services from a server which interacts with its local resources to perform the requested service, the results of which, data and status indicators, are returned to the client.  The above diagram illustrates the roles of DDM clients and servers in relation to local resources. (The common terminology of clients and servers is used here, but in DDM architecture, a client is called a Source Server and a Server is called a Target Server.)
 An application program interacts with a local resource, such as a file, by means of programming interfaces provided by a local resource manager (LRM). But if the desired resource is in a remote computer, DDM is used to mediate the interaction. The application program continues to use the interfaces provided by its LRM, but they are redirected to a DDM client.  DDM architecture does not specify how this redirection is to occur as it does not support a directory of remote resources.  One method of redirection used by several DDM file-oriented products is to have the application open a special local file, called a DDM File by the System/38, that provides location and access information about the remote file. Redirection to the DDM Client then occurs.
 DDM Architecture defines Manager level entities for files, relational databases, access methods, etc. A Client Resource Manager (CRM) polymorphically supports the functional interfaces defined by the client system's LRM.  Its primary function is to generate appropriate linearized DDM command and data objects for each functional interface. (See DDM messages.) These objects are sent to the server resource manager (SRM) of the remote DDM server. Actually, though, they are routed through DDM  client and server Agents and Communications Managers.
 The DDM Client Agent puts a linearized command into an RQSDSS envelope and linearized objects into linked OBJDSS envelopes. (See DDM messages.) The Client Agent interacts with the Server Agent to create a path for the messages it receives from the CRM to flow to the SRM. If the application program needs to interact with only a single remote resource, this is straightforward.  However, it is possible for the application program to concurrently interact with multiple resources of varying kinds that reside on multiple remote systems. The Client Agent represents the application program in all cases and routes messages on separate virtual paths to each resource.
 The Client Communications Manager interacts with the ServerCommunications Manager to implement a conversational protocol of the form "I talk while you listen, and then you talk while I listen." Various telecommunication protocols can be used, including IBM's SNA APPC and the Internet's TCP/IP protocol.
 DDM messages transmitted to the Server Communications Manager are passed to the Server Agent on the path specified by the message, and it forwards the messages to the SRM on the same path. If the Server Agent is interacting with a single client on a single path, this is straightforward. However, the Server Agent can interact with multiple clients on multiple paths.
 The Server Resource Manager (SRM) parses DDM messages and determines what it must do to perform the request.  It may use one or more of the functional interfaces of the server system's corresponding Local Resource Manager (LRM).
 The SRM accumulates the data and status indicators from the LRM and generates appropriate linearized objects and reply messages, which it  passes to the Server Agent.
 The Server Agent packages the replies and objects into RPYDSS and OBJDSS envelopes and forwards them to the Server Communication Manager, which sends them to the Client Communication Manager and the Client Agent on the same path as the original command.
 The Client Agent removes the reply and objects from their respective RPYDSS and OBJDSS envelopes and passes them to the Client Resource Manager.
 The Client Resource Manager parses the returned object and reply messages and maps them as expected by the original LRM's functional interface for return to the application program.

Object-orientation

DDM architecture is object-oriented. All entities defined by DDM are objects defined by self-defining Class objects. The messages, replies and data that flow between systems are serialized objects. Each object specifies its length, identifies its class by means of a DDM codepoint, and contains data as defined by its class.  Further, its class specifies the commands that can be sent to its instances when an object resides in a DDM client or server, thereby encapsulating the object by a limited set of operations.

Structurally, DDM architecture consists of hierarchical levels of objects, each level manifesting emergent properties at increasingly higher levels.
 A field is a string of bits that encodes a number, character or other data entity. Instances of a Field subclass are encapsulated by the operations that can be performed by its class; for example, arithmetic operations on integer fields.
 An object is a self-identifying entity consisting of one or more fields encapsulated by a defined set of operations. Objects at this level were inspired by the kernel object classes of the Smalltalk programming language
 A scalar object consists of a single field, as encoded and described by the object's class. Scalar objects are used as the parameter values of command and reply objects. They are also used as the values of object attributes, such as an object's length in DDM documentation. The encoding methods used for the values of these scalar objects are fully defined by DDM architecture.
 A mapped object consists of one or more fields, such as the fields of an application defined record.  The encoding methods and the alignment of these fields is not defined by DDM architecture; instead, it is defined by application program declaration statements and the encoding and alignment methods of its programming language.
 A collection object is a container for objects, as defined by the collection's class. Examples of collection objects are DDM Commands and Replies.
 A manager is a self-identifying entity that provides an environment for the storage and processing of objects.  A manager is encapsulated by the operations defined by its class. Together, a set of managers implements the overall processing environment of a DDM client or server. Manager entities at this level were inspired by the System Objects of the System/38 operating system.  The Managers defined by DDM include: Dictionary, Supervisor, Agent, Directory, File(s), Access Method(s), Relational Database, SQL Application Manager, Queue, Lock Manager, Security Manager, Recovery Manager, System Command Processor, Communication Manager(s).
 A server is a self-identifying entity that provides an environment for storage and processing of managers, as either a client or a server, in a distributed processing environment. Examples are clients and servers specialized for distributed file or distributed relational database management.

While DDM architecture is object-oriented, the DDM products were implemented using the languages and methods typical of their host systems. A Smalltalk version of DDM was developed for the IBM PC by Object Technology International, with appropriate Smalltalk classes automatically created from the DDM Reference Manual.

Subsets and extensions

DDM is an open architecture. DDM products can implement subsets of DDM architecture; they can also create their own extensions.

The DDM 'Exchange Server Attributes' command is the first command sent when a client is connected with a server.  It identifies the client and specifies the managers the client requires and the level of DDM architecture at which support is required.  The server responds by identifying itself and specifying at what level it supports the requested managers. A general rule is that a product that supports Level X of a DDM manager must also support Level X-1 so that new server products connect with older client products.

Subsets of DDM can be implemented to meet varying product requirements:
 as a client, a server or both. For example, DDM/PC is only a client, CICS/DDM is only a server, and System/38 DDM is both a client and a server.
 to support specific managers, such as record-oriented files, stream-oriented files, relational databases (as part of DRDA), or any combination thereof. For example, MVS Database 2 provides client and server support for only the subset of DDM required by DRDA.
 to support only selected commands of a manager, such as the ability to load and unload records from a sequential file.
 to support selected parameters of a command, such as the 'Return Inactive Records' parameter of the 'Get Record' command.

When a DDM client is connected to a known DDM server, such as a System/38 client to a System/38 server, DDM architecture can also be extended by adding
 new product-specific managers.
 new commands to an existing DDM manager.
 new parameters to a DDM command or reply message.
Such extensions can be defined within DDM's object-oriented framework so that existing DDM message handling facilities can be used.

DDM messages

In a purely object-oriented implementation of DDM, clients and servers and all of their contained managers and objects exist in a memory heap, with pointers (memory addresses) used to interconnect them. For example, a command object points to each of its parameter objects. But a command cannot be transmitted from a client to a server in this way; an isomorphic copy of the command must be created as a single, contiguous string of bits. In the heap, a command consists of the size of the command in the heap, a pointer to the command's class, and pointers to each of the command's parameter objects.  Linearized, the command consists of the total length of the linearized command, a code point identifying the command's class, and each of its linearized parameter objects. DDM architecture assigns unique code points to each class of object. This straightforward technique is used for all objects transmitted between client's and servers, including commands, records, and reply messages.

All of these linearized objects are put into envelopes that enable the client and server agents to coordinate their processing.  In DDM architecture, these envelopes are called Data Stream Structures (DSS).  Commands are put into a Request DSS (RQSDSS), replies are put into a Reply DSS (RPYDSS), and other objects are put into an Object DSS (OBJDSS). There can be only one command in a RQSDSS and only one reply in RPYDSS, but many objects, such as records, can be put into an OBJDSS.  Further many OBJDSSes can be chained to a RQSDSS or a PRYDSS to accommodate as many objects as necessary. A DSS consists of the total length of the DSS, a flag byte identifying the type of DSS, a request identifier, and the linearized objects in the DSS.  The request identifier ties an RQSDSS with subsequent OBJDSSes from the client, such as the records to be loaded into a file by the Load File command. The request identifier also ties the RQSDSS from the client with a RPYDSS or the OBJDSSes from the server to the client.

Documentation

The DDM Reference Manual consists of named Menu, Help, and Class objects. The subclasses of DDM class Class are described by variables that specify
 the superclass of the class.  Classes are defined by an inheritance hierarchy; for example, Record File is a subclass of File which is a subclass of Manager and inherits their data and commands. Class Çlass and its subclasses are self-describing by çlass commands and class variables, including:
 a title that briefly describes the class.
 the status of the class relative to ongoing work on DDM architecture.
 descriptive text and graphics relating the class to its components and its environment.
 the data (Fields, Objects, Managers, etc.) encapsulated by instances of the class.
 the commands that can be sent to its instances.

These objects can contain references to other named objects in text and specifications, thereby creating hypertext linkages among the pages of the DDM Reference Manual. Menu and Help pages form an integrated tutorial about DDM.  The paper version of the DDM Reference Manual Level 3 is bulky, at over 1400 pages, and somewhat awkward to use, but an interactive version was also built using internal IBM communication facilities.  Given the relatively slow speed of those communication facilities, it was primarily of use within the IBM Rochester laboratory.

In addition to the DDM Reference Manual, a General Information document provide's executive level information about DDM, and
a Programmer's Guide summarizes DDM concepts for programmers implementing clients and servers.

DDM file models

Three general file models are defined by DDM architecture: record-oriented files, stream-oriented files and hierarchical directories.

The following services are provided by DDM architecture for managing remote files:
 creating, clearing, and deleting files,
 copying, loading, and unloading the data of a file,
 locking and unlocking files,
 obtaining and changing file attributes,

Record-oriented files
Record-oriented files were designed to meet the data input, output, and storage requirements of third generation (3GL) programming languages, such as Fortran, Cobol, PL/I, and RPG. Rather than have each language provide its own support for these capabilities, they were incorporated into services provided by operating systems.

A record is a series of related data fields, such as the name, address, identification number and salary of a single employee, in which each field is encoded and mapped to a contiguous string of bytes.  Early computers had limited input and output capabilities, typically in the form of stacks of 80 column punched cards or in the form of paper or magnetic tapes. Application records, such as  employee data records, were  sequentially read or written a record at a time and processed in batches. When direct access storage devices became available, programming languages added ways for programs to randomly access records one at a time, such as access by the values of key fields or by the position of a record in a file. All of the records in a file can be of the same format (as in a payroll file) or of varying formats (as in an event log). Some files are read-only in that their records, once written to the file, can only be read, while other files allow their records to be updated.

The DDM record-oriented file models consist of file attributes, such as its creation date, the date of last update, the size of its records, and slots in which records can be stored. The records can be of either fixed or varying length, depending on the media used to store the file's records. DDM defines four kinds of record-oriented files:

 Sequential files, in which records are stored in consecutive slots.
 Direct files, in which individual records are stored in a slot of the file determined by the value of a field of the records.
 Keyed files, in which records are stored in consecutive slots and for which a secondary order is maintained by means of an index of the values of key fields contained in the records.
 Alternate index files, in which a separate index of the values of key fields is based on an existing sequential, direct, or keyed file.

DDM architecture also defines a variety of access methods for working with record-oriented files in various ways.  An access method is an instance of the use of a file created by means of an OPEN command that connects itself to the file after determining if the client is authorized to use it. The access method is disconnected from a file by means of a CLOSE command.

An access method keeps track of the record being currently processed by means of a cursor. Using various SET commands, the cursor can be made to point to the beginning or end of the file, to the next or previous sequential record of the file,  to the record with a specific key value, or to the next or previous record as ordered by their keys.

Multiple instances of access methods can be opened on a file at the same time, each serving a single client. If a file is opened for update access, conflicts can occur when the same record is being accessed by multiple clients.  To prevent such conflicts, a lock can be obtained on an entire file. Also, if a file is opened for update a lock is obtained on a record by the first client to read it and released when that client updates it. All other clients must wait for the lock's release.

Stream-oriented files
Stream-oriented files consist of a single sequence of bytes on which programs can map application data however they want. Stream files are the primary file model supported by Unix and Unix-like operating systems and by Windows. DDM defines a single stream file model and a single stream access method.

The DDM stream file model consists of file attributes, such as its creation date and the size of the stream and a continuous stream of bytes. The stream can be accessed by means of the Stream Access Method. Application programs write data onto portions of the stream, even if that data consists of records. They keep track of the location of data items in the stream in any way they want. For example, the data stream of document files is defined by a text processing program such as Microsoft Word and that of a spreadsheet file by a program such as Microsoft Excel.

A Stream access method is an instance of use of a stream file by a single client. A cursor keeps track of the position of the current byte of the sub-stream in use by the client. Using various SET commands, the cursor can be made to point to the beginning or end of the file, to any specific position in the file, or to any positive or negative offset from the current position.

Multiple instances of the Stream access method can be opened on a file at the same time, each serving a single client. If a file is opened for "update" access, conflicts can occur when the same sub-stream is being accessed by multiple clients. To prevent such conflicts, a lock can be obtained on an entire file. Also, if a file is opened for update a lock is obtained on a sub-stream by the first client to "read" it and released when that client "updates" it. All other clients must wait for the lock's release.

Hierarchical directories

Hierarchical directories are files whose records each associate a name with a location. A hierarchy occurs when a directory record identifies the name and location of another directory. Using DDM client and server products, a program can create, delete and rename directories in a remote computer.  They can also list and change the file attributes of remote directories. The records in a directory can be sequentially read by using the DDM Directory Access Method.  The files identified by directory records can be renamed, copied, and moved to a different directory.

DDM queues
Queues are a communication mechanism that enables generally short term communication among programs by means of records. A DDM queue resides in a single system, but it can be accessed by programs on multiple systems. There are three subclasses of DDM queues that can be created on a target system by means of distinct creation commands:

 First-in-first-out queues, an asynchronous pipe between enqueuing and dequeuing programs.
 Last-in-first-out queues, a pushdown stack.
 Keyed queues, a fan-out mechanism where selected entries can be dequeued by key value.

The DDM queue model consists of queue attributes, such as its creation date, the number of records the queue can contain, and the length of the records. The records in a queue can be either fixed or varying length.

Unlike the DDM file models, it is not necessary to open an access method on a queue. Programs can add records to a queue and receive records from a queue as determined by the class of the queue. Programs can also clear records from a queue, stop operations on a queue, list the attributes of a queue, and change the attributes of a queue. Programs can also lock a queue or individual records in a queue to inhibit contention from other programs. All other clients must wait for the lock's release.

Relational databases

A relational database (RDB) is an implementation of the Structured Query Language (SQL) that supports the creation, management, querying, updating, indexing and interrelationships of tables of data. An interactive user or program can issue SQL statements to a RDB and receive tables of data and status indicators in reply.  However, SQL statements can also be compiled and stored in the RDB as packages and then invoked by package name. This is important for the efficient operation of application programs that issue complex, high-frequency queries. It is especially important when the tables to be accessed are located in remote systems.

The Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA) fits nicely into the overall DDM framework, as discussed in Object-Orientation. (However, DDM can also be viewed as a component architecture of DRDA since other specifications are also required ). The DDM manager-level objects supporting DRDA are named RDB (for relational database) and SQLAM (for SQL Application Manager).

Data description and conversion

Transparency is a key objective of DDM architecture. Without recompilation, it should be possible to redirect existing application programs to the data management services of a remote computer.  For files, this was largely accomplished by DDM clients at the interface/functional level, but what about the data fields in a record?  Complete transparency requires that client application programs be able to write and read fields as encoded by their local data management system, regardless of how any remote server encodes them, and that implies automatic data conversions.

For example, IBM mainframe computers encode floating point numbers in hexadecimal format and character data in EBCDIC, while IBM Personal computers encode them in IEEE format and ASCII. Further complexity arose because of the ways in which various programming language compilers map record fields onto strings of bits, bytes, and words in memory.  Transparent conversion of a record requires detailed descriptions of both the client view and the server view of a record. Given these descriptions, the fields of the client and server views can be matched, by field name, and appropriate conversions can be performed.

The key issue is obtaining sufficiently detailed record descriptions, but record descriptions are generally specified abstractly in application programs by declaration statements defined by the programming language, with the language compiler handling encoding and mapping details. In a distributed processing environment, what is needed is a single, standardized way of describing records that is independent of all programming languages, one that can describe the wide variety of fixed and varying length record formats found in existing files.

The result was the definition of a comprehensive Data Description and Conversion architecture (DD&C), based on a new, specialized programming language, A Data Language (ADL), for describing client and server views of data records and for specifying conversions. Compiled ADL programs can then be called by a server to perform necessary conversions as records flowed to or from the server.

DD&C architecture went further and defined a means by which programming language declaration statements can be automatically converted to and from ADL, and thus from one programming language to another. This capability was never implemented because of its complexity and cost. However, an ADL compiler was created and ADL programs are called, when available, to perform conversions by DFM and by the IBM 4680 Store System. However, it is necessary for application programmers to manually write the ADL programs.

Implementing products

DDM products by IBM

The following IBM products implemented various subsets of DDM architecture:
 IBM System/370
 MVS (MVS/SP, MVS/ESA)
 Database 2 - DRDA client and server
 CICS - record file server within the CICS transaction processing environment. Discontinued in CICS for z/OS V5.2 and later.
 VM (operating system) (VM/SP, VM/ESA)
 SQL/DS - DRDA client and server
 DOS/VSE
 CICS - Record file server within the CICS transaction processing environment. Discontinued in CICS for z/VSE V2.1 and later.
 z/OS
 Distributed File management - Record file server
 Database 2 - DRDA client and server
 System/36
 System Support Program - Record file client and server
 System/38 and its successors: AS/400, iSeries, and Power Series
 Record file client and server
 Directory and stream file client and server
 DRDA client and server
 IBM Personal Computer
 PC DOS
 Netview/PC - Directory and stream file client and server
 DDM/PC - Directory and stream file client.
 PC Support/36 - Directory and stream file client.
 PC Support/400 - Directory and stream file client.
 Personal System/2 - OS/2
 PC/Support/400 - Stream file and directory client and server
 DRDA client and server
 IBM 4680 and IBM 4690 Store Systems
 Record file client and server
 Directory and stream file client and server
 RS/6000 AIX
 DRDA client and server

DDM products by other vendors

For a complete list of the products that have implemented DRDA, see the Open Source DRDA Product Identifier Table.

See also
Record-oriented filesystem

References

Distributed computing architecture
Distributed computing
Distributed file systems
File sharing software
Peer-to-peer computing
Application layer protocols
Systems Network Architecture


title: List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kentucky

text:
This article contains a list of fossil-bearing stratigraphic units in the state of Kentucky, U.S.

Sites

See also

 Paleontology in Kentucky

References

Kentucky
Paleontology in Kentucky
Stratigraphy of Kentucky
Kentucky geography-related lists
United States geology-related lists


title: Edward Thomas Wakefield

text:
Edward Thomas Wakefield (1821–1896) was a British barrister, and landowner in Ireland.

Life
Wakefield was born in Leeson Street, Dublin in 1821.  He obtained his B.A. from Trinity College, Dublin on 16 May 1846, and moved to London to practise as a barrister.

The first mention of estates in Ireland was on 12 June 1884 when he was in dispute with his tenants over peat rights.  The tenants of his Lurgan estate described him as an absentee landlord.  The estate included Portadown House.

Wakefield died at Margate on 21 June 1896.

Wakefield v Buccleuch

In 1865 E. T. Wakefield bought Chapman's Lot, Askam near Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire, from Thomas Sharpe.  The intention was to build an ironworks for the Furness Iron and Steel Co, in which he was a partner, and also a housing estate on his own account.  There was an iron mine working here on a lease from the Duke of Buccleuch.  When the inevitable subsidence became apparent, Wakefield sought to establish:

a, that the duke was not entitled to ore under his land and
b, that the duke was not entitled to cause surface damage on his land.

Wakefield won his case in 1867 but the verdict was overturned in the House of Lords in 1870.

Wife and children
On 7 October 1863, Wakefield married Florence Wharton at the British embassy in Munich.

Other interests
In 1846 Wakefield presented a petition on behalf of the Aborigines' Protection Society and in 1856 became a trustee of the National Savings Bank.  In 1857 he addressed the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science on the amendment of law on transfer of land, in September 1858 he addressed the Kendal Scientific Institute on "Poetry as a means of education considered principally in relation to the working classes" and in 1862 he addressed the Literary and Scientific Institute on "The American war, its causes and consequences".

In 1859 he became secretary for the Metropolitan Free Drinking Fountain Association and produced the design for their first fountain.  His book on the subject is still in print.

In May 1862 he became a trustee of the National Association of British Miners.

He became a minister of the United Methodist Free Churches in August 1883 and was a member of the Primitive Methodist church society.

References

1821 births
1896 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
English ironmasters
Irish barristers
British landlords
19th-century English businesspeople


title: Mario Mariani

text:
Mario Mariani (born 6 October 1970) is an Italian pianist, composer, and performer.

Early life and education
Born in Pesaro, Italy, Mario Mariani graduated in Piano at the Conservatorio Gioachino Rossini in 1995.

Career
After creating the experimental band Broz Ensemble, he began to write movie soundtracks for highly appreciated Italian directors and artists, including Vittorio Moroni, Gianluigi Toccafondo and Matteo Pellegrini. He also writes musics for TV advertisings for clients like Microsoft, Toyota, Ferrero, Tele2 and Fiat.

He composed two different editions of the main theme for the prestigious Mostra Internazionale d’Arte Cinematografica of Venice’s Biennale in 1999-2001 and 2005-2007.

Strongly recognizable for his personal and eclectic approach on piano, Mario Mariani imagines his instrument as an orchestra, with a style that goes from contemporary music to theatrical performances, often in collaboration with actors and visual artists like Giuliano Del Sorbo, Massimo Ottoni and Graziella Galvani. He calls his style “transpersonal instantaneous composition”.

In 2008 he won the first prize at Novaracinefestival for Best Soundtrack  with the movie “under my garden” by Andrea Lodovichetti.

In 2010 he brought a grand piano into a cave called “Grotta dei Prosciutti”, on the top of a mountain called Monte Nerone, living there for a whole month and offering one free concert each night.

He created a unique festival named “Teatro Libero del Monte Nerone” (Free theatre of Monte Nerone) that takes place every August since 2011 in the middle of a wood between Marche and Umbria.

With his second piano solo album “Elementalea” (2011) he starts his own label named “Zingaroton”. Mariani played since 2013 Danny Elfman’s scores Beetlejuice and Scissorhands and Bernard Hermanns Psycho score.

Composer

Theatre
2013 "Amleto" by Pietro Conversano – prod. AMAT Marche
2013 "Encephalon" by Niba, Mario Mariani, Andrea Bartola (prod. Tada')
2010 "La terza vita" by Amandio Pinheiro prod. 50N - Rome
2008 "Tempesta" by Giovanni Ferri prod.ass.culturale Arte/altro
2008 "Il poema dei monti naviganti" with Roberta Biagiarelli, regia. A.Marinuzzi prod. Babelia,CSS Friuli Venezia Giulia, Regione Piemonte
2008 "Il cattivo ladrone" by Leonardo Manera prod. Festival Crucifixus
2004 "Coèfore" di Eschilo regia di M.Conti with Anna Maria Guarnieri prod.Teatro Stabile Marche/Biennale di Venezia/Orestiadi Gibellina
2003 "Il Borghese Gentiluomo" by Molière regia di Giampiero Solari con Giorgio Panariello prod. Teatro Stabile Marche - Teatro Nuovo Milano
2002 "Viaggio nelle muse" da Shakespeare regia di Paola Galassi prod. Teatro Stabile Marche
2002 "Aspetto e spero" di Leonardo Manera regia Paola Galassi prod. Zelig/Bananas
2002 "L’usignolo, non l’allodola" di J.Johnston regia di Paola Galassi prod. Teatro Stabile Marche
2002 "Gusci" da Kafka regia Francesco Calcagnini prod. Accademia Belle Arti - Urbino
2002 "Pantagruele" regia Sante Maurizi prod. La Botte e il Cilindro - Sassari
2001 "Il pasto dell’orco" regia di Fabrizio Bartolucci prod. Teatro Stabile in Rete - TSR
2001 "Dialogo della vecchia gioventù" by Gianni D’Elia regia. F.Calcagnini - Accademia Belle Arti - Urbino
2000 "Crimini esemplari" by Max Aub regia F.Calcagnini prod. Broz Ensemble / Accademia Belle Arti - Urbino
1996 "A dispetto dei santi" regia di F.Calcagnini prod. Accademia Belle Arti - Urbino
1995 "Esercizi spirituali in luogo pubblico" (prod. Incertimomenti)
1994 "Le città invisibili" da Italo Calvino regia F.Calcagnini/S.Maurizi prod. La Botte e il Cilindro - Sassari
1993 "Orazero" (prod. Incertimomenti)

Cinema
2013 " Se chiudo gli occhi non sono più qui" (100') by Vittorio Moroni – prod. 50N/Rai Cinema
2013  "Italian movies" (90’)  by Matteo Pellegrini – prod. Eagle Pictures
2009  "Eva e Adamo" (90’)  by Vittorio Moroni – prod. 50N
2007  "Le ferie di Licu" (90’) by Vittorio Moroni prod. 50N/Raicinema
2007  "Sotto il mio giardino" (20’) by Andrea Lodovichetti. prod.Centro Sperimentale Cinematografia
2006 "Il matrimonio negato" by Antonio Ciano prod. Nuvola Film
2004 "Tu devi essere il Lupo" (90’) by Vittorio Moroni prod. Metafilm
2003 "Sulle tracce del gatto" (50’) by Vittorio Moroni e Andrea Caccia prod. Mikado
2002 "Il naso storto" (20’) by Antonio Ciano prod. Nuvola Film
2002 "Da lontano" (8’) by Mauro Santini
2001 "Cainà" by Gennaro Righelli (1922) (65’) film muto
2001 "Di ritorno" (12') by Mauro Santini
2001 "Dietro i vetri" (6’) by Mauro Santini
2001 "Dal cortile" (4') by Mauro Santini
2000 "L’incontro" (52’) Film TV by Vittorio Moroni (Altamarea Film)
2000 "A mille ce n'è" (15') by Paola Bocci (Altamarea Film)
1997 "Tourbillon"(13’) by Matteo Pellegrini (Altamarea Film)
1997 "Girotondo" (5’) by Matteo Pellegrini (Altamarea Film)
1996 "5 aprile" (11’) by Matteo Pellegrini (Altamarea Film)

Silent cinema
Mario Mariani works intensively and from a long time with silent movies. After his debut in the 90’s with Pesaro’s Mostra Internazionale del Nuovo Cinema within Silent Cinema retrospective, when he plays (always improvising) on David Wark Griffith, Carl Theodor Dreyer, Robert Wiene, Fritz Lang, Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, George Melies, Dziga Vertov. The only written music is the original soundtrack for the silent Italian movie Caina (1922, Gennaro Righelli).

The “A Silent Christmas”  project is composed by 4 silent movies based on Christmas (A Christmas Carol, A Trap for Santa Claus [1925, by Kleinschmidt], A winter straw ride).
In 2014 he realized the music for piano and organ for “Life and Passion of Jesus” by Ferdinand Zecca.

Animated films
2013 "Hospice Seragnoli Onlus" (2'38) by Magda Guidi e Mara Cerri
2012 " Tonda's Wonderland" (2’45) by Magda Guidi e Mara Cerri
2009  "7 Sigle per la 45°Mostra Internazionale del Cinema di Pesaro" by M.Santini
2005 "Sigla 62° Mostra del Cinema di Venezia" by F. Ghermandi prod. La Biennale di Venezia
2004 "Unicri" spot sociale ONU di Gianluigi Toccafondo prod.Lanterna Magica
2003 "Cafè l’amour" (10’) by Giorgio Valentini prod. Motus Film
1999-2001  "Sigla Mostra del Cinema di Venezia" by Gianluigi Toccafondo /Biennale Venezia
1999 "Pinocchio" (6’) by Gianluigi Toccafondo (prod. Toccafondo/La Sept Arte)
1999 "Sipario Ducale" (10’) by Gianluigi Toccafondo e Massimo Salvucci
1998 "La Sagra" (2’30) by Roberto Catani
1998 "Errante Erotico Eretico" (1’) by Stefano Franceschetti e Cristiano Carloni
1996 "Bambini e TV" (30’’) by Gianluigi Toccafondo (prod. Mixfilm)
1996 "Prague International Marathon" (30’’) by Gianluigi Toccafondo (Mixfilm)
1996 "On the skin" (50’’) by Mauro Caramanica (prod. Bruno Bozzetto Film)
1996 "Majestic Presence" (50’) by Letizia Geminiani
1995 "Vertigine" (5’45’) by Mauro Caramanica
1994 "La boxe" (27’’) by Gianluigi Toccafondo

Spot TV and commercials
2011 "Soul Kitchen" for Lube prod. Greenbubble
2004 "Toyota Corolla Verso" prod. Cineteam Rome
2003 "Dixan" agenzia DDB - Milano
2002 "Ferrero Looney Tunes" ag. Pubbliregia
2002 "Parmalat Joy" ag. McCann-Erickson
2002 "Ferrero Rocher" prod. Mercurio Cinematografica
2002 "Libri Repubblica" ag. Lowe Lintas Pirella Gottsche
2001 "Fiat Punto" with Flavio Ibba
2001 "Tele2" ag. Ogilvy
2001 "Microsoft Office XP" prod. McCann- Erickson
2001 "AcmeFilmworks Showreel" (Los Angeles - California)
2000 "Conad" Campagna Natalizia Supermercati
1999 "Stream" Canale Viaggi 2 serie di spot regia G.Toccafondo
1998 "B.P.M" by Matteo Pellegrini (Altamarea Film)
1997 "New Penny" (Max Mara) ag. Boxallaseconda
1997 "Stefanel"30’’ Campagna Stefanel ag. Boxallaseconda

Orchestra, operatic and chamber music
2010 "Bolero 2.0" per orchestra - commissione Filarmonica Marchigiana
2006 "Il parlatore eterno", opera lirica; prima es. 28 Giugno 2006 Rassegna Lirica Torelliana – Teatro della Fortuna – FANO
2006 "LUZ" per orchestra; prima es. 20 Aprile 2006 Fil. Marchigiana,dir.M.Mariotti
2006 "Die Wolf-Gangsters" for young criminals orchestra – comm.Musicamorfosi
2005 "Il Colombre" per orchestra scolastica – prima es. Teatro Smeraldo Milano,
2003 "A Passo di Gatto " per Banda prima esecuzione: Cartoceto  9 Agosto 2003
1998 Isabella by Azio Corghi, opera – collaborazione e arrangiamento "sezioni Rock"
1998 "The Masterpie®ce" per flauto rinascimentale e quartetto d’archi: prima esecuzione: Boston - New England Conservatory 24 Settembre 1998
1994 "Am I or not a serious composer?" per due flauti prima es.  17 Maggio 1994-Auditorium "La Vela" – Urbino
1993 "Acqui" per pianoforte e 14 strumenti ad acqua prima es. 14 Luglio 1993 Festival Ville e Castella - Frantoio del Trionfo - Saltara

Discography
2012 "Elementalea" (piano solo) – Ala bianca/Zingaroton
2011 "Intemporanea" (ensemble) Heliopolis Edizioni.
2011 "Utopiano" (Piano solo) Vivirecords CD
2009 "Eva e Adamo" (Colonna sonora) CD Ed. CAM
2007 "Le ferie di Licu" (Colonna sonora) CD Ed. CAM
2005 "Tu devi essere il lupo" (Colonna sonora) CD Ed. CAM
1996 BROZ ENSEMBLE – (compositore e leader) – LM Records CD
1989 CAPILLARY – PTS  (compositore e co-leader) – Minotauro –(vinile; ristampa in CD 1996)

References

External links

The composer in the cave

Youtube Channel

Italian composers
Italian male composers
1970 births
Living people
Italian male pianists
21st-century pianists
21st-century Italian male musicians