The 2nd (Seaham) Durham Artillery Volunteer Corps was a part-time unit of Britain's Royal Artillery raised in County Durham by the Vane-Tempest family during an invasion crisis in 1860. It became a permanent part of the Volunteer Force and later the Territorial Force, and fought as field artillery on the Western Front in World War I. Before World War II it became an anti-aircraft unit that served in the Battle of Britain, the Blitz and in the Far East where it converted to medium artillery in the Burma Campaign. Postwar, it continued to serve in the air defence role in the Territorial Army until 1955.

Origin
The enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many Rifle, Artillery and Engineer Volunteer units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. One such unit was the Seaham Artillery Volunteers formed at Seaham in County Durham on 14 March 1860, which became the 2nd (Seaham) Durham Artillery Volunteer Corps' (AVC). From 1863 the 1st, 3rd (South Shields) and 4th (Hartlepool) Durham AVCs were attached to it; the 1st and 3rd were attached to other units in 1873 and the 4th became independent in 1886.

The town of Seaham had been largely built by Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, who owned Seaham Colliery and constructed Seaham Harbour. In 1860, his widow, Frances Vane, Marchioness of Londonderry, equipped a company raised for the 2nd Durham AVC from the colliery. Two further companies were raised by the Mann brothers, local timber merchants, and a fourth from the bottlemakers of John Candlish's Londonderry Bottle Works.

The unit continued to rely on the colliery and the Vane-Tempest family. The 3rd Marquess's second son, Earl Vane (later 5th Marquess), a former Lieutenant in the 1st Life Guards, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant on 26 March 1864. There was controversy in 1867 when his younger brother, Lord Ernest McD. Vane-Tempest, was allowed to serve in the unit, despite having been cashiered from the Regular Army. On 24 June1869, when the number of companies and officers was increased, Lord Ernest was appointed as second Lt-Col and Earl Vane's sons, Charles, Viscount Seaham and the Hon. Henry Vane Tempest – aged 17 and 15 respectively – as Major and 1st Lieutenant. (Another of Earl Vane's brothers, Lord Adolphus Vane-Tempest, commanded the 3rd (Sunderland) Durham Rifle Volunteer Corps.) Viscount Seaham (later 6th Marquess), became Lt-Col Commandant in turn, and was still in command of the unit when it transferred to the Territorial Force, before becoming Honorary Colonel.

From 5 May 1866, the corps was officially allowed to include '(Seaham)' in its title, and in 1868 four new batteries were added from around the West Rainton area. These were originally to have formed a separate 5th (Rainton) Durham AVC, but the personnel raised were placed in the 2nd, and the new officers were gazetted to the 2nd on 24 June 1869.

By 1870, the unit had reached a strength of 12 batteries, including batteries at Silksworth and Old Durham. From 1 April 1882, the Durham AVCs became part of the Northern Division of the Royal Artillery, changing to the Western Division in 1889, when the subtitle was added to the unit's official designation.

As well as manning fixed coast defence artillery, some of the early Artillery Volunteers  manned semi-mobile 'position batteries' of smooth-bore field guns pulled by agricultural horses. But the War Office refused to pay for the upkeep of field guns for Volunteers and they had largely died in the 1870s. In 1888 the 'position artillery' concept was  revived and some Volunteer companies were reorganised as position batteries to work alongside the Volunteer infantry brigades. On 14 July 1892 the 2nd Durham Volunteer Artillery were reorganised as 1 position battery and 10 companies:
 No 1 Battery at Seaham Harbour and South Colliery
 Nos 2–4 Companies at Seaham Harbour
 Nos 5–6 Companies at Seaham Colliery
 No 7 Company at Silksworth
 Nos 8-9 Companies at West Rainton
 Nos 10–11 Companies at Durham (the Old Durham Bty moved to Gilesgate)

The Seaham Colliery Disaster of 1880 killed 36 NCOs and men of the 2nd Durham AVC. In 1900, a new company was raised at Gilesgate and moved to Brandon in 1901. A cadet company was formed at Seaham in September 1898 but was disbanded in 1903. Between 1860 and 1908, some 2 per cent of the 2nd Durham AVC's men transferred to the Regular Royal Artillery.

The Artillery Volunteers were transferred to the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA)in 1899 and with the abolition of the RA's divisional structure in 1902 they were redesignated, the Seaham unit becoming the 2nd (Seaham) Durham RGA (Volunteers).

Territorial Force

When the Volunteers were subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 2nd Durham RGA (V) was to have formed the 2nd and 3rd Durham Btys and the Ammunition Column of the III (or 3rd) Northumbrian (County of Durham) Brigade, in the Royal Field Artillery. The 1st Durham Bty was to have come from the 1st Durham RGA (V), and the 4th Durham RGA (V) was to have become part of a new Durham and Yorkshire RGA, but these arrangements were changed in 1910. The two batteries from the 2nd Durham RGA (V) at Seaham and Durham were renumbered 1st and 2nd, and the 3rd battery and part of the ammunition column came from the 4th Durham RGA (V) (the rest of which became a new Durham RGA)

The new unit had the following organisation:

III Northumbrian (County of Durham) Brigade, RFA
 HQ, Drill Hall, Seaham Harbour
 1st Durham Battery, Drill Hall, Seaham Harbour
 2nd Durham Battery, City of Durham
 3rd Durham Battery, Armoury, Ward Street, West Hartlepool
 3rd Northumbrian (County of Durham) Ammunition Column, Drill Hall, Seaham Harbour

The three batteries were each equipped with four 15-pounder guns. The brigade was part of the Northumbrian Division of the TF. The Commanding Officer (CO) was Major (RA) and Temporary Lt-Col (TF) J.F.I.H. Doyle, appointed 6 June 1914.

World War I

Mobilisation

In late July 1914, the units of the Northumbrian Division were at their annual training camp in North Wales. On 3 August, they were ordered to return to their respective headquarters, where at 17.00 next day they received orders to mobilise. This was particularly difficult for the divisional artillery, which had to gather requisitioned horses and mules and fit them with harness, and collect ammunition from Ordnance stores. The units went to their war stations along the coast, where there were numerous alerts. In October, the division became part of Central Force in Home Defence and manned the Tyne Defences.

On the outbreak of war, TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and the large majority of the Northumbrian Division accepted. On 15 August the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate battalions, brigades and divisions were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas.

1/III Northumbrian Brigade

Ypres
The Northumbrian Division trained hard while manning the Tyne Defences, and orders to proceed to France to join the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) arrived on 16 April 1915. The division completed its concentration in the area of Steenvoorde on 23 April and went straight into action the next day in the Second Battle of Ypres. Casualties among the infantry were heavy during the fighting to stabilise the British line (Battle of St Julien 24–28 April), but the divisional artillery did not take part. Part of the divisional artillery first went into action at the Battle of Frezenberg Ridge (8–13 May), but again 1/III Northumbrian Brigade was not involved.

The Northumbrian Division officially became the 50th (Northumbrian) Division on 14 May. For the next 10 days, the situation was quiet apart from desultory artillery fire (the BEF was short of artillery ammunition) but on 24 May the Germans launched another serious attack accompanied with gas (the Battle of Bellewaarde Ridge). The 50th Division had been split up to reinforce other formations and the infantry were heavily engaged for two days, but with ammunition being scarce there was little the gunners could do to support them.

Over the following months the division was concentrated and took over its own section of the line south of Ypres, with its own artillery in support. However, when the division was relieved from its first spell in the line on 31 May, the 1/III Northumbrian Brigade was ordered to relieve a brigade of the 3rd Division on 6–7 June, and thus remained in action longer. The 50th Division supported an attack by the 3rd Division on Bellewaarde Ridge on 16 June. The bombardment of the enemy trenches began at 02.50, but 50th Division's 15-pounders (known to the gunners as 'pip-squeaks') only fired for 10 minutes due to shortage of ammunition.

By the end of July, the division had moved to the Armentières sector, where the 1/III Northumbrian Brigade was at first in reserve. The division stayed in this quiet sector until mid-November, when it moved to Merris. On 25 November 1915, the brigade was re-equipped with four modern 18-pounder guns to each battery, replacing the obsolete, short-ranged 15-pounders.

In December 1915, the division returned to the Ypres Salient, in the Hill 60 sector, with the divisional artillery distributed around Zillebeke Lake, in appalling conditions. 1/III Northumbrian Brigade occupied positions between Trois-Rois and Woodcote House, near Blauwepoort Farm and near French Farm. There was almost constant low-level fighting until the division was relieved at the beginning of April 1916 and moved to the Wytschaete sector. Here the Observation posts (OPs) on Mont Kemmel gave the gunners some advantage.

During May 1916, the BEF's artillery was reorganised. The 1/III Northumbrian Brigade was numbered as CCLII Brigade RFA (252nd Brigade) and the batteries were lettered A, B and C. The brigade formed a fourth battery, D, which was exchanged with D Bty from the IV Northumbrian Brigade (CCLIII or 253rd Brigade), equipped with 4.5-inch howitzers. This battery, which originally came from LXI Brigade in Guards Division, became D (H) Bty. The brigade ammunition columns were merged into the divisional ammunition column.

Somme

The 50th (Northumbrian) Division was not involved in the Somme Offensive until its third phase (the Battle of Flers–Courcelette). The CCLII Brigade, under Lt-Col F.L. Pickersgill, moved into position at Contalmaison on 19 August 1916, while the infantry took over the front line between 7 and 10 September. The attack was to be delivered on 15 September, preceded by three days' bombardment by the divisional artillery during which the 4.5-inch howitzers pounded the enemy defences during daylight and fired harassing gas shell at night, while the 18-pounders fired shrapnel all night to disrupt repair parties. The infantry attacked behind a creeping barrage of 18-pounder shells, the first time the divisional artillery had fired one. It started 150 yards (140 m) ahead of the British front line at Zero hour (06.20) and then advanced at 50 yards per minute until 200 yards (180 m) beyond the first objective, where it paused for an hour, providing a protective curtain of fire while the infantry reorganised. This procedure was then to be repeated for the second and third objectives. CCLII Brigade, with one battery of CCL Brigade attached, fired the right-hand portion of the divisional barrage, supporting the advance of 4th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers. (On other parts of the front the attacking infantry were supported by Mark I tanks.)

The 4th Battalion Northumberland Fusiliers (N.F.) took their first and second objectives (Hook Trench and the Starfish Line), but the 47th (1/2nd London) Division to the right was unable to capture High Wood, and the Fusiliers suffered severe flanking fire from that dominant position. The 4th Battalion N.F. was driven back to Hook Trench, where it consolidated a position. D (H) Battery of CCLII Brigade fired obsolete 4.5-inch shrapnel shell for the last time: noting that a stubbornly held machine gun post in High Wood would have required a large amount of high explosive (HE) fire to get a direct hit, the battery commander, Maj R.M. Knolles ordered the last 12 rounds of shrapnel to be fired. 'The 11th round was a beautiful low burst which totally destroyed the machine-gun detachment, and from the O.P. the 1st Division infantry were soon seen making good the north-western face of the wood'.

The efforts of the 50th Division assisted the 47th Division in finally capturing High Wood. An attempt to continue the attack the following morning after a 15-minute intense bombardment was a failure. It took a week of fighting for the division to reach its final objective.

The division made further piecemeal advances during the Battle of Morval (25–28 September) and then made another setpiece attack at the Battle of the Transloy Ridges at 15.15 on 1 October. The barrage laid down by the divisional artillery was described by participants as 'a perfect wave of fire without any gaps', and by a Royal Flying Corps observer as 'a most magnificent barrage. The timing ... was extremely good. Guns opened simultaneously ... As seen from the air the barrage appeared to be a most perfect wall of fire, in which it was inconceivable that anything could live'. The creeping barrage also acted as a smokescreen, and infantry advancing close behind it were onto their objectives with few casualties.

On the night of 3/4 October, the division was relieved, but the artillery remained in the line, supporting other formations. The division returned on 24 October for an attack on the Butte de Warlencourt, which was several times delayed. 151st (Durham Light Infantry) Brigade finally attacked on 5 November, supported by all available guns. Because the infantry could only move slowly through the mud, the barrage advanced at only 25 yards (23 m) per minute. Although the 9th Bn Durham Light Infantry crept forward behind the barrage and took their objective, the rest of the assault bogged down. After strong German counter-attacks the infantry had been pushed back to their start line by 13.00 on 6 November, despite the efforts of the gunners to break up the counter-attacks. Further lodgements made in the enemy positions on 14 November were also driven back, and the divisional artillery was relieved that night. The task of hauling the guns out of the mud was particularly onerous.

On 16 November, a further reorganisation of field artillery was carried out, when the four-gun 18-pounder batteries were increased to six guns each. B/CCLII Battery was split up, Right Section joining A/CCLII and Left Section joining C/CCLII, which was then redesignated B/CCLII. D (H)/CCLII Battery continued with just four howitzers. However, in January 1917 the whole brigade was broken up and transferred: A/CCLII Bty became C Bty in CCXLII (242nd, formerly III South Midland) Army Field Brigade and B/CCLII became C Bty in LXXII (72nd) Army Field Brigade on 20 January; D (H)/CCLII had already been split up on 16 January, R Section going to D (H)/CCL (250, the former I Northumbrian) and L Section to D (H)/CCLI (251, the former II Northumbrian). The two remaining Northumbrian field brigades fought on with 50th Division to the end of the war. The army field brigades were moved from one higher formation to another as required, CCXLII ending the war with the First Army and LXXII with the Third Army.

2/III Northumbrian Brigade
The 2nd Line TF units of the Northumbrian Division slowly assembled around Newcastle upon Tyne, where the 2nd Northumbrian Divisional HQ opened in January 1915. By May 1915, all the division's Home Service men had been transferred to separate units and thenceforth the 2nd Line units had the role of training drafts for the 1st Line serving in France. While under training, they were responsible for defending the stretch of coast from Seaham Harbour through Sunderland to Newcastle. The 2nd Northumbrian Division was numbered the 63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division on 16 August. In November 1915 the division moved into winter quarters around York and Doncaster.

In May 1916, the RFA brigades were reorganised, 2/III Northumbrian becoming CCCXVII (317th) Brigade, RFA and the batteries becoming A, B and C. The 63rd Divisional Artillery then moved to Heytesbury to train on Salisbury Plain for overseas service. However, the decision had been made to break up the weak 63rd (2nd Northumbrian) Division and its number was transferred to the Royal Naval Division, veterans of the Antwerp and Gallipoli, now arriving on the Western Front. Since the RN Division had no artillery of its own, the 63rd Divisional Artillery was now assigned to it.

The brigade disembarked at Le Havre on 3 July 1916. On 3 August it was reorganised:
 A Bty (2/1st Durham Bty and R Section 2/3rd Durham Bty) – 6 x 18-pounders
 B Bty (2/2nd Durham Bty and L Section 2/3rd Durham Bty) – 6 x 18-pounders
 C Bty (2/3rd EastRiding and R Section of 2/2nd East Riding from CCCXVI Brigade, the former 2/II Northumbrian Brigade) – 6 x 18-pounders
 D (H) Bty (1/5th Kent (H) Bty, originally from IV Home Counties (223) Brigade, joined from CCCXVI Brigade) – 4 x 4.5-inch howitzers

The 63rd (RN) Division's first major action on the Western Front was the Battle of the Ancre (13–15 November 1916), when the division attacked with the support of all available artillery, securing only partial success.

On 24 January 1917, D (H) Bty was joined by R Section of D (H)/CCCXV (2/I Northumbrian) Brigade (the former 525th (H) Bty), making it up to six howitzers.

The brigade then served with the 63rd (RN) Division to the end of the war, taking part in the following actions:
 Operations on the Ancre (20 January–27 February 1917)
 Actions of Miraumont (17–18 February) The 63rd (RN) Division attacked on the north bank of the Ancre on 17 February. The divisional artillery and an army field brigade with 54 × 18-pounders and 18 × 4.5-inch howitzers provided covering fire, with three field batteries from the 62nd Division further north, to place a protective barrage along the northern flank. The creeping barrage moved at  in four minutes, and the German strong-points were quickly overcome. The objective was reached by 06.40 and the defensive flank established, a final German strong-point being captured at 10.50. No German counter-attack was made until the next day, which was stopped by artillery fire.

 Battle of Arras
 Second Battle of the Scarpe (23–24 April)
 Battle of Arleux (28–29 April)
 Third Battle of Ypres
 Second Battle of Passchendaele (26 October–5 November)
 Welch Ridge (30–31 December)

 German spring offensive
 Battle of St Quentin (21–28 March 1918)
 First Battle of Bapaume (24–25 March)
 Battle of the Ancre (5 April)
 Hundred Days Offensive
 Battle of Albert (21–23 August)
 Battle of the Drocourt–Quéant Line (2–3 September)
 Battle of the Canal du Nord (27 September–1 October) On 27 September the plan was for the 63rd (RN) Division to advance from Mœuvres and secure the first and second objectives for XVII Corps before the 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division passed through to capture the third objective. The artillery available included four divisional and four army field brigades: the 18-pounders of seven of these fired the creeping barrage and the eighth a Smoke screen, while the 4.5-inch howitzers fired a standing barrage on chosen targets and then advanced  in front of the creeping barrage. The division's infantry successfully crossed the Canal du Nord and reached the first objective astride the Hindenburg Support Line. Here they were held up by machine gun fire from a sugar factory, and a request for an artillery 'crash' on it at first received no answer. Fresh orders then arrived for an hour's bombardment from 13.15 followed by a second creeping barrage. The second attack was immediately successful until held up at Anneux and Graincourt-lès-Havrincourt (the second objectives), where another barrage was fired to help the 57th Division onto the final objectives.
 Second Battle of Cambrai (8 October)
 Capture of Niergnies (8 October)
 Battle of the Selle (20 October) – the 63rd (RN) Divisional artillery supported the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division
 Passage of the Grande Honnelle (7 November) – the division crossed and advanced rapidly behind a barrage to secure Audregnies and mop up the Bois d'Audregnies.

When the Armistice with Germany came into force on 11 November, the 63rd (RN) Division had advanced as far as Harveng near Mons. After the Armistice, the division moved back to Valenciennes, where key personnel such as miners left for early demobilisation. The whole division was disbanded in April 1919.

Interwar
The 3rd Northumbrian reformed and merged with the Northern Cyclist Battalion to form the 3rd (Northumbrian) Medium Brigade, RGA in February 1920. When the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921, the brigade and its batteries were renumbered:

55th (Northumbrian) Medium Brigade, RGA
 HQ at Drill Hall, The Green, Sunderland
 217th (Durham) Medium Bty (Howitzer) at Drill Hall, The Green, Sunderland
 218th (Durham) Medium Bty (Howitzer) at Drill Hall, Seaham Harbour
 219th (Durham) Medium Bty (Howitzer) at the Armoury, West Hartlepool
 220th (Durham) Medium Bty at Drill Hall, Seaham Harbour

The unit continued to be attached to the 50th (Northumbrian) Divisional area as 'Army Troops'. In 1924, the Royal Field Artillery and Royal Garrison Artillery were subsumed into the Royal Artillery (RA). In these postwar years, the medium artillery was still equipped with wartime 60-pounders and 6-inch howitzers.

On 1 October 1932, 219 (Durham) Med Bty transferred to the 54th (Durham & West Riding) Medium Brigade and was replaced in 55th Med Brigade by 152 Heavy Bty from Tynemouth Heavy Brigade, which converted to medium artillery.

In the 1930s, the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of TA units to that role. The 55th (Northumbrian) Medium Brigade became the 63rd (Northumbrian) AA Brigade on 10 December 1936, and reorganised as three batteries (152 Medium Bty transferred to 64th (Northumbrian) AA Brigade). The unit formed part of the 30th (Northumbrian) AA Group in the 2 AA Division.

63rd (Northumbrian) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, RA
 HQ at Drill Hall, The Green, Sunderland
 176th (County of Durham) Anti-Aircraft Bty at Drill Hall, The Green, Sunderland
 177th (County of Durham) Anti-Aircraft Bty at Drill Hall, Seaham Harbour
 178th (County of Durham) Anti-Aircraft Bty at Drill Hall, The Green, Sunderland

On 1 February 1938 an additional battery, 220 AA Bty, was formed for 63rd AA Brigade by conversion of 186 and 216 Medium Btys from 54th Medium Brigade. However, it was transferred to a new 85th (Tees) AA Brigade forming at Middlesbrough as part of the expansion of the TA following the Munich Crisis. It was replaced in 63rd AA Brigade on 1 November 1938 by another new battery, 269 AA Bty at Seaham Harbour, formed by conversion of B Company, 6th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry. On 1 January 1939 the RA replaced its traditional unit designation 'Brigade' by the modern 'Regiment', which allowed the 'AA Groups' to take the more usual formation title of 'Brigades'.

World War II

Mobilisation and Phoney War
The TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October. As international tensions increased, the TA's AA strength grew rapidly, all the AA defences came under the control of a new Anti-Aircraft Command in February 1939.

In June 1939. a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected gun positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations. The 63rd (Northumbrian) AA Rgt was still with the 30th AA Brigade tasked with defending Tyneside, but it was now in the 7th AA Division.

Immediately after mobilisation, equipment was critically short. In August 1939, the 7th AA Division had no modern Heavy AA (HAA) guns, and only a few of the old 3-inch guns that were intended for the Light LAA role. Luckily, the months of the Phoney War that followed mobilisation allowed AA Command to address its equipment shortages. Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) with 3-inch, 3.7-inch or 4.5-inch HAA guns were established around northern cities including Newcastle and Tyneside. By 11 July, the 7th AA Division had 54 HAA guns in the Tyne GDA, manned by the 63rd and 64th (Northumbrian) HAA Rgts.

On 1 June 1940, along with other AA units equipped with 3-inch or larger guns, the 63rd was designated a Heavy AA Regiment.

Battle of Britain and Blitz

Tyneside, Wearside, and Teesside were important strategic targets because of their high concentrations of heavy industry and ports. During the early part of the Battle of Britain, German day and night air raids and mine laying began along the East Coast of England, intensifying through June 1940. The first major raid on Newcastle came on 2 July. Thereafter the Luftwaffe concentrated on Royal Air Force sites in the South of England, with occasional raids on the North East, such as the period 12–15 August.

On 15 August, in the belief that the defences of NE England had been denuded, 65 Heinkel He 111 bombers of Kampfgeschwader 26, escorted by 35 Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighters of Zerstörergeschwader 76, attacked Tyneside from bases in Norway. The bombers were picked up on radar and ambushed by fighters of No. 13 Group RAF before they reached the coast. Those bombers that succeeded in breaking through then split into two groups, one being engaged by the guns of the Tyne GDA the other by the Tees GDA. Bombs were widely scattered and only at Sunderland was any major damage inflicted. kg 26 lost 8 bombers and 7 fighters for no loss to the RAF, in 'one of the most successful air actions of the war'.

The Battle of Britain was followed by the Luftwaffes night Blitz on London and other industrial cities during the winter of 1940–41. Again, NE England escaped the worst of this, nevertheless hundreds of people died during the Newcastle Blitz and there were notable air raids on Tyneside on 9 April and Sunderland on 25 April.

Throughout this period, the 63rd (Northumbrian) HAA Rgt remained in the 30th AA Brigade part of the 7th AA Division.

Ceylon and India

The main Blitz ended in May 1941, but occasional raids continued. Newly formed units joined AA Command, allowing experienced units to be posted away for service overseas. The regiment sent a cadre of experienced officers and other ranks to 207th Training Regiment at Devizes to provide the basis for a new 410 Bty; this was formed on 16 January 1941 and joined 124th HAA Rgt. It provided a further cadre for 443 HAA Bty formed on 12 June 1941 at 211th HAA Training Rgt, Oswestry, which joined 130th (M) HAA Rgt.

63rd (Northumbrian) HAA Rgt came under direct War Office control in December 1941 preparatory to embarking for overseas. The war establishment for an HAA regiment overseas was three batteries, so 176th (County of Durham) HAA Battery left the regiment and joined a new 146th HAA Rgt formed in the 30th AA Brigade in January 1942. (It later served in the campaign in North West Europe with that regiment.)

The 63rd (Northumbrian) HAA Rgt sailed from the UK in May 1942 and travelled to Ceylon. It arrived in Colombo on 29 July 1942 with 177th, 178th and 269th HAA Btys (24 x 3.7-inch) commanded by Lt-Col C.H. Wright. Ceylon, and particularly the naval base at Trincomalee, had come under air attack in April and was still threatened by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service, and the AA defences were being expanded. On 24 October the regiment came under the command of The 1st (Royal Marine) AA Brigade, then on 21 March under a new 24th AA Brigade. On 24 April 1944, the unit embarked for India, where it moved to Jubbulpore.

63rd (Northumbrian) Medium Battery
However, the reduction in Japanese air power and the manpower crisis in South East Asia Command was leading to a reduction in AA units. On arrival, the regiment was placed in suspended animation and many of its gunners sent for infantry training. The remainder were reduced to battery strength and converted to become the 63rd (Northumbrian) Medium Battery in a newly formed 'C' Medium Rgt, designated the 87th Medium Rgt from 18 August. The 63rd Medium Bty also absorbed 154 HAA Bty from 53rd (City of London) HAA Rgt.

At first, the new regiment was under the command of the 9th AA Brigade at Poona then at Secunderabad. At the end of December, it arrived at Ranchi, the base of operations for the Burma Campaign, under the 101st Lines of Communication (LoC) area. In late March 1945, the regiment moved up through Gauhati and came under the command of the 256th LoC Sub Area when it reached Kohima on 30 March. Here, the 63 Med Bty was detached from the regiment and moved into Burma.

Equipped with 5.5-inch guns the battery came under the command of IV Corps of the Fourteenth Army for the campaign towards Rangoon. At first it was attached to the 19th Indian Division engaged in mopping up and providing flank guards in difficult country. IV Corps got to within  of Rangoon before being held up. The city was then taken by an amphibious assault (Operation Dracula) on 1 May.

Although the 87th Medium Rgt was disbanded in May 1945, the 63rd (Northumbrian) Bty continued its independent existence, attached to the 17th Indian Division and then the 7th Indian Division. Shortly after the fall of Rangoon, IV Corps had been placed under the newly activated Twelfth Army, responsible for mopping up the remaining Japanese forces in Burma. It carried this out until the end of the war including the Battle of the Sittang Bend, which involved severe fighting as the Japanese forces attempted to break out. This ended on 3 August. The Surrender of Japan was broadcast on 15 August.

The 63rd Medium Battery was at the time in Rangoon, where, on 17 August, it came under the command of the 52nd (London) HAA Rgt (the original parent unit of the 154th HAA Bty), which had just arrived and joined IV Corps.

Postwar
When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the regiment reformed with its HQ at Livingstone Road, Sunderland, as the 463 (Durham) HAA Rgt, and on 1 October the following year it became a 'Mixed' unit, indicating that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into it. Once again, it formed part of the 30th AA Brigade, which had been renumbered as the 56 (Northumbrian) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, with its HQ at Washington, Co Durham.

AA Command was disbanded in 1955 and there were wholesale disbandments and mergers among the TA's AA units. On 10 March 1955, the 463rd HAA Rgt amalgamated with the Sunderland-based 582nd (7th Durham Light Infantry) Light Anti-Aircraft/Searchlight Rgt to form the 463rd (7th Durham Light Infantry) Light Anti-Aircraft/Searchlight Rgt, with R Battery contributed by the former 463rd HAA Rgt while the rest of the regiment continued Durham Light Infantry traditions.

Insignia
Around 1865, the unit wore a pouch belt plate comprising an oval strap surmounted by a crown and bearing the words 'SEAHAM VOLUNTEER ARTILLERY', surrounding three gun barrels in pale derived from the arms of the Board of Ordnance.

Honorary Colonels
The following served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:
 Lt-Col and Hon Col Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry, KG, GCVO, CB, VD, former Commanding Officer, appointed (to III Northumbrian Brigade, RFA) on 7 December 1910.
 Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry, KG, MVO, commissioned into the unit in 1895 before entering Royal Military College, Sandhurst and seeing active service with the Royal Horse Guards during World War I, appointed (to 55th Medium Brigade, RGA) on 13 August 1920

Footnotes

Notes

References

 Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .
 Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .
 Ian F.W. Beckett, Riflemen Form: A Study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908, Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982, .
 Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 100th Edn, London, 1953.
 Basil Collier, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom, London: HM Stationery Office, 1957.
 Richard Collier, Eagle Day: The Battle of Britain, August 6–September 15, 1940, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1966/Pan Books, 1968, .
 Col John K. Dunlop, The Development of the British Army 1899–1914, London: Methuen, 1938.
 Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds & Lt-Col R. Maxwell-Hyslop, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol V, 26th September–11th November, The Advance to Victory, London: HM Stationery Office, 1947/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1993, .
 Capt Cyril Falls, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1917, Vol I, The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battle of Arras, London: Macmillan, 1940/London: Imperial War Museum & Battery Press/Uckfield: Naval and Military Press, 2009, .
 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Western Front 1914–18, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986, .
 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, .
 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Far East Theatre 1939–1946, London: Brasseys, 2002, .
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984, .
 Norman E.H. Litchfield, The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, .
 Norman Litchfield & Ray Westlake, The Volunteer Artillery 1859–1908 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges), Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1982, .
 Brig N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55, London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994,
 Edward M. Spiers, The Army and Society 1815–1914, London: Longmans, 1980, .
 Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927 (RA sections also summarised in Litchfield, Appendix IV).
 Ray Westlake, Tracing the Rifle Volunteers, Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010, .
 Maj-Gen S. Woodburn Kirby, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War Against Japan Vol II, India's Most Dangerous Hour, London: HM Stationery Office, 1958/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, .
 Maj-Gen S. Woodburn Kirby, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The War Against Japan Vol V, The Surrender of Japan, London: HM Stationery Office, 1969/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, .
 Everard Wyrall, The Fiftieth Division 1914–1919, 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military, nd, .

External sources
 Mark Conrad, The British Army, 1914 (archive site)
 British Army units from 1945 on
 British Artillery in World War 2
 British Military History
 The Long, Long Trail
 Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)
 The Regimental Warpath 1914–1918 (archive site)
 Royal Artillery 1939–1945
 Graham Watson, The Territorial Army 1947

Durham
Military units and formations in County Durham
Seaham
Military units and formations established in 1860
Military units and formations disestablished in 1955


title: Gökhan Yavaşer

text:
Gökhan Yavaşer (born January 1, 1978 in Sivas) is a retired amateur Turkish freestyle wrestler, who competed in the men's light heavyweight category. He produced a remarkable tally of four career medals, including a bronze in the 84-kg division at the 2005 Summer Universiade in İzmir, and also represented his nation Turkey at the 2004 Summer Olympics, finishing fifteenth in the process. Throughout his sporting career, Yavaser trained full-time as a member of the wrestling squad for Gebze Belediyesi SC İzmit, under his personal coach and mentor Turan Ceylan.

Yavaser emerged himself into a sporting fame at the 2004 European Championships in Ankara, where he ousted his Georgian rival Revaz Mindorashvili in the final match 3–2, and ran off the mat for the gold medal in front of the home crowd.

Four months later, Yavaser qualified for the Turkish squad in the men's 84 kg class at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Earlier in the process, he placed seventh from the 2003 World Wrestling Championships in New York City, New York, United States to earn a spot on the Turkish wrestling team to the Games. Yavaser lost his opening match 6–0 to Ukraine's Taras Danko, but soared smoothly with an easy victory over Armenia's Mamed Aghaev, who was immediately disqualified for infringing the rules of the tournament. Placing second in the pool and fifteenth overall, Yavaser failed to advance to the quarterfinals.

At the 2005 Summer Universiade in İzmir, Yavaser enchanted the home audience inside the hall, as he turned down South Korea's An Jae-Man on the ring for the bronze medal with an astounding 3–2 score. The following year, Yavaser continued his medal streak with a silver in the same class at the European Championships in Moscow, before taking off his two-year break from wrestling to focus on personal commitments.

In 2009, Yavaser came out of retirement to pick up a bronze medal over Poland's Radosław Marcinkiewicz in the 84-kg class at the European Championships in Vilnius, Lithuania.

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Olympic wrestlers for Turkey
Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Sivas
Turkish male sport wrestlers
Universiade medalists in wrestling
Universiade bronze medalists for Turkey
European Wrestling Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2005 Summer Universiade
20th-century Turkish people
21st-century Turkish people


title: Leif Larsen (cyclist)

text:
Leif Larsen (born 30 September 1942) is a former Danish cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1942 births
Living people
Danish male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Denmark
Cyclists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Odense
Cyclists from the Region of Southern Denmark


title: Jens Sørensen (cyclist)

text:
Jens Sørensen (4 April 1941 – 21 November 2020) was a Danish cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1941 births
2020 deaths
Danish male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Denmark
Cyclists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from Copenhagen


title: Jens Sørensen

text:
Jens Sørensen may refer to:

 Jens Sørensen (canoeist) (born 1949), Danish canoeist
 Jens Sørensen (cyclist) (born 1941), Danish cyclist


title: Roman Catholic Diocese of Naples

text:
The Diocese of Naples was a Roman Catholic diocese in southern Italy, the see being in Naples. A Christian community was founded there in the 1st century AD and the diocese was raised to the level of a Metropolitan Archdiocese in the 10th century, becoming the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples.

See also
 Catholic Church in Italy
 List of bishops and archbishops of Naples

References

Former Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy
Christianity in Naples
Dioceses established in the 1st century


The Unauthorized Saved by the Bell Story is a 2014 American television film that aired on Lifetime on September 1, 2014. It was directed by Jason Lapeyre, produced by Harvey Kahn and written by Ron McGee. The teleplay for the film was based on the 2009 Dustin Diamond book, Behind the Bell.

The film is the first film of the Unauthorized series, followed by The Unauthorized Full House Story, The Unauthorized Beverly Hills, 90210 Story and The Unauthorized Melrose Place Story (all in 2015).

Background
In 2009, actor Dustin Diamond wrote Behind the Bell, a memoir that purported to reveal what life was like on the set of Saved by the Bell, NBC's 1989–93 Saturday morning teen sitcom.

BuzzFeed's Jarrett Wieselman reported that "hours of brand-new interviews [were] conducted for this film (obtained independently of Diamond and his book)."

Plot
The Unauthorized Saved by the Bell Story delves into the experiences of six unknown young actors placed into the Hollywood spotlight, exposing the challenges of growing up under public scrutiny while trying to maintain the squeaky-clean image of their popular characters both on and off-screen.

Cast
 Sam Kindseth as Dustin Diamond
 Taylor Russell as Lark Voorhies
 Dylan Everett as Mark-Paul Gosselaar
 Tiera Skovbye as Elizabeth Berkley
 Alyssa Lynch as Tiffani-Amber Thiessen
 Julian Works as Mario Lopez
 Ken Tremblett as Dennis Haskins
 Andrew Moxhamas as Peter Engel
 Kendall Cross as Sharon Harris
 Manny Jacinto as Eric

Broadcast
The film premiered on September 1, 2014 on Lifetime and M3.

Home release
The Unauthorized Saved By The Bell Story was released on DVD in Region 1 on November 4, 2014. and on DVD in Region 4 on April 20, 2016

Reception

The Unauthorized Saved by the Bell Story received negative reviews from critics and has a score of 33% on Metacritic.

Variety was critical of how it placed emphasis on exaggerated dramatic events rather than depicted events as they happened, saying "So it turns out The Unauthorized Saved by the Bell Story is really just Lifetime for Sharknado."

Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast was also highly critical of the film, saying "The Unauthorized Saved By the Bell Story is really an avant-garde meta examination of Saved By the Bell. That it is a dramatic deconstruction of the worst elements of the hit '90s children's series. That the bad acting, wooden dialogue, elementary plotting, and impotent dramatic tension are actually an artistic wink at those very elements in the original series."

Pilot Viruet of The A.V. Club criticised how the film's ending hinted at a sequel, saying "The Unauthorized Saved By The Bell Story doesn't make a compelling case for a sequel. It doesn't even make a case for its own existence."

Entertainment Weekly called the film "horrendous and unmoving time-waster" and compiled a list of one-hundred elements it depicted that they found to be unconvincing. TV Guide compiled a similar list of eight elements and said that it "seemed more parody than biopic"

After the film aired, many fans of Saved by the Bell expressed their disdain for it on Twitter.

References

External links

American television films
Saved by the Bell
American films based on actual events
Films set in 1988
Films set in 1989
Films set in 1990
Films set in 1991
Films set in 1992
Films set in 1993
2014 films
Lifetime (TV network) films


title: Kurt vid Stein

text:
Kurt vid Stein (born 17 November 1935) is a Danish former cyclist. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1964 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1935 births
Living people
Danish male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Denmark
Cyclists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from Copenhagen


title: League of Jewish Women (Germany)

text:
The League of Jewish Women in Germany (, JFB) was founded in 1904 by Bertha Pappenheim. Pappenheim led the JFB throughout the first twenty years of its existence, and remained active in it until her death in 1936. The JFB became increasingly popular through the 20th century. At its peak in 1928, the organization had 50,000 members from 34 local branches and 430 subsidiary groups. At the time, the JFB was Germany's third largest Jewish organization, with 15-20% of Jewish women in Germany becoming members.

Growth out of the Women's Movement
The JFB followed the 1899 founding of the German Evangelical Women's Association (), as well as the founding in 1903 of the German Catholic Women's Association (). It was the part of the period of activity some call "First-wave feminism", in which women in some countries, including Germany, led movements aimed to increase women's rights. The foundation of the JFB shaped a distinct movement situated at the intersection of German society and Jewish tradition. From 1907 the JFB was a member of the Union of German Feminist Organizations (, BDF), which had been developed as an umbrella organization for the various women's associations.

Goals and work
The JFB was a community with a primary interest of improving women's experiences in the Jewish community. It was open about its desire to bring women into closer contact with Jewish tradition. Many members of the organization came from relatively assimilated Jewish families who had drifted far from tradition, and some were encouraged by their husbands to further conceal their Jewish identities. Some of these women reacted by developing a feminist practice of tzedakah, or the charitable giving mandated by Jewish law. The philanthropic contributions from local women's organizations supported centralized social outreach as well as the maintenance of relationships with international collaborators. This work led to the founding of the Central Office for the Welfare of Jews in Germany (ZWSt) in 1917.  The organization, particularly in its early years, focused on fighting for women's right to vote within the Jewish community.  The organization made combating antisemitism a main priority, even though it put less emphasis on the issue as many Jewish men's groups. The JFB provided social and educational resources for Jewish women and strove to end  what was defined as "female slavery", prostitution, and moral degradation in Germany and abroad. Pappenheim traveled to Eastern Europe on various occasions, which motivated her to push the organization toward combating prostitution and improving the lives of Jewish women in Eastern Europe. The JFB shifted its efforts away from helping Jewish women abroad at the outbreak of World War I. After World War I, JFB struggled to appeal to younger Jewish women, and mainly prioritized Jewish issues over feminist issues.

Role during World War I
The JFB, like many other woman's organization in the BDF (), mobilized to assist the war effort on the home front. The JFB collaborated with the Red Cross to provide first aid services on the home front as well as in military hospitals. The JFB also helped support wives and families of soldiers who died in the war.

Members
 Rahel Straus
 Margarete Tietz

References

Further reading
 Lara Daemmig and Marion Kaplan: Juedischer Frauenbund (The League of Jewish Women), Jewish Women's Archive,
 Marion A. Kaplan: Jüdisches Bürgertum, Frau und Familie im Kaiserreich. Hamburg 1997, .
 Marion A. Kaplan: Die jüdische Frauenbewegung in Deutschland, Organisation und Ziele des Jüdischen Frauenbundes 1904–1938. Hamburg 1981, .
 Jutta Dick und Marina Sassenberg: Jüdische Frauen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Lexikon zu Leben und Werk. Reinbek bei Hamburg 1993, .
 Inge Stephan (Hrsg.): Jüdische Kultur und Weiblichkeit in der Moderne. Köln, Weimar, Wien 1994, .
 Julius Carlebach (Hrsg.): Zur Geschichte der jüdischen Frau in Deutschland. Berlin 1993, .
 Arno Herzig: Jüdische Geschichte in Deutschland. Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. München 1997, .
 Yvonne Weissberg: Ein ethnisches Netzwerk. Der Jüdische Frauenbund in Köln 1933-1939. In: Ariadne. Forum für Frauen- und Geschlechtergeschichte. Heft 61 (Mai 2012), S. 40-47.
 Ariadne. Forum für Frauen und Geschlechtergeschichte (Hg.): „Jüdisch-sein, Frau-sein, Bund-sein“. Der Jüdischer Frauenbund 1904-2004. Heft 45-46 (Juni 2004).
 Gudrun Maierhof: Selbstbehauptung im Chaos. Frauen in der jüdischen Selbsthilfe 1933-1943. Frankfurt a.M. 2002.

External links
 Lara Daemmig: Kampf um Gleichberechtigung: Der Jüdische Frauenbund in Berlin at HaGalil (in German)
 "Kochbuch für die jüdische Küche", digitized cookbook published by the League of Jewish Women at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York

1904 establishments in Germany
Organizations established in 1904
1939 disestablishments in Germany
Organizations disestablished in 1939
Feminist organisations in Germany
Jewish Nazi German history
Social history of Germany
Jewish feminism
Jewish organisations based in Germany
Jewish women's organizations
Defunct Jewish organizations


title: Slavoj Černý

text:
Slavoj Černý (4 March 1937 – 31 December 2020) was a Czech cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1937 births
2020 deaths
Czech male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Czechoslovakia
Cyclists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
People from Bílina
Sportspeople from the Ústí nad Labem Region


title: Kdump (Linux)

text:
kdump is a feature of the Linux kernel that creates crash dumps in the event of a kernel crash. When triggered, kdump exports a memory image (also known as vmcore) that can be analyzed for the purposes of debugging and determining the cause of a crash. The dumped image of main memory, exported as an Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) object, can be accessed either directly through  during the handling of a kernel crash, or it can be automatically saved to a locally accessible file system, to a raw device, or to a remote system accessible over network.

Internals

In the event of a kernel crash, kdump preserves system consistency by booting another Linux kernel, which is known as the dump-capture kernel, and using it to export and save a memory dump. As a result, the system boots into a clean and reliable environment instead of relying on an already crashed kernel that may cause various issues, such as causing file system corruption while writing a memory dump file. To implement this "dual kernel" layout, kdump uses kexec for "warm" booting into the dump-capture kernel immediately after the kernel crash, using kexec's ability to boot "over" the currently running kernel while avoiding the execution of a bootloader and hardware initialization performed by the system firmware (BIOS or UEFI). A dump-capture kernel can be either a separate Linux kernel image built specifically for that purpose, or the primary kernel image can be reused on architectures that support relocatable kernels.

The contents of main memory (RAM) are preserved while booting into and running the dump-capture kernel by reserving a small amount of RAM in advance, into which the dump-capture kernel is preloaded so none of the RAM used by the primary kernel is overwritten when a kernel crash is handled. This reserved amount of RAM is used solely by the dump-capture kernel and is otherwise unused during normal system operation. Some architectures, including x86 and ppc64, require a small fixed-position portion of RAM to boot a kernel regardless of where it is loaded; in this case, kexec creates a copy of that portion of RAM so it is also accessible to the dump-capture kernel. Size and optional position of the reserved portion of RAM are specified through the kernel boot parameter , and the  command-line utility is used after the primary kernel boots to preload a dump-capture kernel image and its associated initrd image into the reserved portion of RAM.

In addition to the functionality that is part of the Linux kernel, additional userspace utilities support the kdump mechanism, including the  utility mentioned above. Besides the official utilities, which are provided as a patch to the kexec's suite of userspace utilities, some Linux distributions provide additional utilities that simplify the configuration of kdump's operation, including the setup of automated saving of memory dump files. Created memory dump files can be analyzed using the GNU Debugger (), or by using Red Hat's dedicated  utility.

History
kdump functionality, together with kexec, was merged into the Linux kernel mainline in kernel version 2.6.13, which was released on August 29, 2005.

See also

 debugfs a Linux kernel's RAM-based file system specifically designed for debugging purposes
 kdump (BSD) a BSD utility for viewing trace files generated by the ktrace utility
 Linux kernel oops a potentially non-fatal deviation from correct behavior of the Linux kernel
 ProcDump a utility for creating core dumps of applications based on performance triggers

References

External links

 Kdump, a Kexec-based Kernel Crash Dumping Mechanism, IBM, 2005, by Vivek Goyal, Eric W. Biederman, and Hariprasad Nellitheertha
 Using Kdump for examining Linux kernel crashes, June 21, 2017, by Pratyush Anand
 Kdump: Usage and internals, Red Hat, June 2017, by Pratyush Anand and Dave Young

Free software programmed in C
Linux kernel features
Unix programming tools


title: Farjad Nabi

text:
Farjad Nabi () is a Pakistani writer, film producer, director, cinematographer and documentary maker. His 2013 feature film Zinda Bhaag, co written and co directed with Meenu Gaur, became the first Pakistani film in over fifty years to be submitted for Oscar consideration in the 'Foreign Language Film Award’ category at the 86th Academy Awards He rose to prominence in 1997, when his debut film Nusrat has left the building...But When? won the Second Best Film Award at Film South Asia, Kathmandu. In 1999 his second film
No One Believes the Professor entered the Film South Asia festival and won the Best Film Award.

Personal life
Farjad was born to Muslim parents in 1969 in Lahore, Pakistan.

Work and career
Nabi is a Lahore-based director who has directed award-winning documentaries including Nusrat has Left the Building… But When? and No One Believes the Professor. He has also documented the work of Lahore film industry's last poster artist in The Final Touch. Nabi has produced and presented a musical documentary on interior Sindh called Aaj ka Beejal for BBCUrdu. Since then he has been recording the dying breed of gallivants (story singers) in the Lahore region. His Punjabi stage plays Annhi Chunni di Tikki (Bread of Chaff & Husk) and Jeebho Jani di Kahani (The Story of Jeebho Jani) has been recently staged and published. He is presently working on a documentary film and monograph along with Meenu Gaur on the Lahore film industry also known as Lollywood.

Zinda Bhaag

In 2013 Farjad co-directed  Zinda Bhaag with Meenu Gaur, Under Meenu's husband Mazhar Zaidi's film production Matteela Films which earned him a critical acclaimed and recognition in film world. In an interview he describe the inspiration of film: "When we heard stories shared by friends and family members who had risked everything to do the 'dunky,' we were fascinated by these stories; [however], one question still rankled in us. It was, "Why do men risk their lives to do the 'dunky'?" Our research had dispelled the notion that it is a pure economic question. The truth is there is no one answer. Men do want to change their lives overnight, especially young men who find all legitimate doors closed for them. At the same time, it is almost a tradition which has been followed through generations. further adding he said, "Meenu and I have been collaborating on many projects. We have done documentaries, music videos and scripts together. Right now we have a couple of documentaries we want to finish. One is called The Ghost of Maula Jutt, which is about the rise and decay of Lollywood."
Zinda Bhaag became one of the highest-grossing of Pakistan and has won many accolades and recognition including an official selection for Best Foreign Language Film at 86th Academy Awards however was out of the competition for the final race. Zinda Bhaag was only the third Pakistani film in 50 years to get recognition at the Oscars, after 1959's The Day Shall Dawn and 1963's The Veil.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
Mass media people from Lahore
Pakistani film directors
Pakistani film producers
1969 births


title: 44th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery

text:
The 44th Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) raised during  World War I. It manned heavy Railway guns supporting the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front from 1916 to 1918, seeing action on the Somme, at Vimy Ridge and at Cambrai. A distant successor unit continues in the present-day Royal Artillery.

Mobilisation
On the outbreak of war in August 1914, units of the part-time Territorial Force (TF) moved into their war stations. The Tynemouth Royal Garrison Artillery was a 'defended ports' unit tasked with manning the defences of the River Tyne. By October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of siege artillery to be sent to assist the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Soon TF coast defence units that had volunteered for overseas service were supplying trained gunners to serving RGA units and providing cadres to form complete new units. 44th Siege Battery was formed on 12 July 1915 at Sheerness from a cadre provided by the Tynemouth RGA and Regular RGA coastal gunners brought back from the garrisons of Gibraltar and Malta. Formally, it was a New Army ('Kitchener's Army') unit rather than TF or Regular.

Service
The battery was sent out to the Western Front to man two 12-inch railway howitzers, disembarking at Le Havre on 25 January 1916. On 16 February it was allocated to XIII Corps in Fourth Army, which was preparing for that summer's 'Big Push' (the Battle of the Somme). The battery came under 21st Heavy Artillery Brigade on 12 March and spent the next few weeks constructing dugouts first at Morlancourt and then at Méaulte. On 9 April the battery reported that it had 'Rigged up a haystack with wire netting and straw over No 1 gun position'. It was also digging trenches for buried communication cables. In early May it came under the command of XV Corps, a headquarters that had returned from Egypt and now took over XIII Corps' section of the line for the forthcoming offensive.

Somme

On 2 June the battery brought up its No 1 gun and got it into position during the night under its 'haystack'. On 14 June No 2 gun was got into position near Vivier Farm. On 16 June No 1 gun fired four rounds for registration against Mametz Church. On 24 June both guns fired for registration, No 2 at Fricourt Farm. Then on 26 June the battery joined in the preliminary bombardment for the attack on 1 July. The two howitzers each fired 45–68 rounds per day at Fricourt and Fricourt Farm; at one point No 1 gun crew achieved seven rounds (each weighing ) in 11  minutes. The recoil was so great that the railway embankment from which No 1 gun was firing began to settle, and it had to cease fire until the Royal Engineers (RE) could shore it up. Despite the weight of shelling the first day's assault on Fricourt was a failure, and its capture had to be completed on 2 July.

While No 1 gun fired at Contalmaison, No 2 gun moved near to Bray-sur-Somme on 5 July, then No 1 moved alongside on 8 July. The bombardment of the German second line began on 11 July: No 1 blew up an ammunition store while No 2 was reported to have set fire to Martinpuich Church and to have destroyed an anti-aircraft gun. The attack on the second line (the Battle of Bazentin Ridge) went in on 14 July and the guns fired on Martinpuich and Bazentin-le-Petit.

Over the next three months of the Somme offensive 44th SB continued to engage targets such as High Wood, Delville Wood, Switch Trench, Guillemont, and Ginchy, each the scene of bitter fighting. Firing was often in cooperation with observation balloons and occasionally with aircraft. On 31 August the No 1 gun (No 10 in order of manufacture) was showing signs of wear and was allocated its last 50 rounds. It was replaced by gun No 34 on 6 September, but this lasted only 152 rounds before it suffered torn rifling and was also condemned on 15 September during the Battle of Flers–Courcelette. While No 2 gun continued firing at Gueudecourt, No 1 was sent to Le Havre for replacing. No 2 gun was condemned on 27 September for scoring of the barrel after 1956 rounds fired, but gun and mounting No 40 arrived on 30 September as the battery's new No 1 gun.

XV Corps' participation in the Somme Offensive ended with the Battle of Le Transloy (1–18 October), after which 44th SB was transferred to 69th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG) on 23 October. It continued firing at various targets until the end of the year.

Vimy
The practice at this stage of the war was to switch batteries and HAG headquarters around as required. 44th Siege Battery moved to 23rd HAG on 27 January 1917, then on 3 February it got orders for an immediate move, joining I ANZAC Corps with Fifth Army on 6 February for the Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917. Next it was with First Army, first with 55th HAG, then from 18 March with 26th HAG.

First Army was preparing for its part in the forthcoming Arras Offensive, the attack on Vimy Ridge planned for 9 April. The role of heavy howitzers was clarified in early 1917, when it was recognised that they were best suited for counter-battery (CB) fire against well-protected enemy guns. For Vimy there were dedicated CB groups with observation aircraft, beginning 20 days before the attack (Z minus 20) with systematic fire, then from Z minus 10 switching to more vigorous destruction of all known enemy batteries, telephone exchanges and observation posts. First Army's commander, Gen Henry Horne was himself a gunner and took personal command through his Major-General, Royal Artillery, Maj-Gen H.F. Mercer, of the heaviest 15-inch and 12-inch guns. 26th HAG was firing in direct support of the Canadian Corps attacking on Vimy Ridge itself. The huge weight of artillery, including 'some of the most accurate counter-battery fire of the war', together with the dash of the Canadians ensured the success of the attack.

Successes dwindled as the Arras offensive continued, though the guns continued their support. In May 44th SB brought CB fire and direct bombardment onto Mericourt. But CB fire could work both ways: on 28/29 May the battery suffered two men wounded and cartridge dugouts destroyed by enemy guns.

Cambrai
44th Siege Battery continued its CB duties from June to October 1917, then between 12 and 18 November it was transported to join 90th HAG with Third Army, preparing for the Battle of Cambrai. The massed guns were kept silent until the surprise attack was launched in 20 November, but their positions and targets were accurately surveyed so that they could fire 'off the map' without need for prior registration. The 'super heavy' artillery group  fired concentrations on the villages behind the lines, 44th SB firing on Havrincourt, Flesquières and Graincourt, major objectives for the attack. The attack was a great success, but its exploitation was disappointing. 44th Siege Bty switched to the command of 58th HAG on 25 November during the fighting for Bourlon Wood and then the German counter-attacks that wiped out the gains of Cambrai.

Battles of 1918

44th Siege Battery remained with Third Army during the winter of 1917–18, under 87th HAG from 15 December to 26 February 1918. In early 1918 the BEF changed its heavy artillery organisation. The HAGs became permanent RGA brigades, but the heaviest guns (including 44th SB's railway howitzers) remained unbrigaded under the direct command of Army HQs. The battery operated under Third, First, Fifth  and Fourth Armies during the German spring offensive and Allied Hundred Days Offensive of 1918. As the fighting became more fluid the heaviest artillery became less useful, the railway guns in particular being dependent on the rate at which the RE could repair the destroyed lines in the battle zone. When hostilities ended in November, 44th SB was operating under Fifth Army.

Postwar
Unusually for a New Army unit, 44th Siege Battery was not disbanded after the Armistice with Germany but continued in the postwar Regular Army. On 24 July 1919 it absorbed the Home Service details of No 84 Company RGA at Plymouth (the rest of the company having been converted into 130th Siege Battery in 1916 and disbanded in 1919). It was then converted into a medium artillery battery in XI Brigade, RGA. On 13 January 1920 it absorbed the former 60th Siege Battery and later that year the battery and brigade were redesignated as 16th Medium Battery in 4th Medium Brigade.

From 16 August 1921 16th Med Bty was considered to be the successor to 84 Company, RGA, originally formed in 1757, and on 13 November 1934 it was awarded the Honour Title 'Gibraltar 1779–83' in recognition of that company's service during the Great Siege of Gibraltar.

On 1 June 1924 the RGA was subsumed into the Royal Artillery (RA), and in May 1938 the brigade was redesignated 4th Medium Regiment, RA. Just before the outbreak of war in 1939 the RA's medium regiments were each reorganised into two large batteries, and 16th Bty served throughout World War II as part of the linked 14/16 Medium Bty. 4th Medium Rgt served in the Battle of France, Tunisian Campaign and Italian Campaign. 16 Battery was unlinked in the 1947 reorganisation of the RA, and resuscitated with new personnel to become 22 (Gibraltar 1779–83) Observation Battery ('Locating Battery' from 15 June 1951) in 52 Observation Regiment, later as an independent battery.

Today, 22 (Gibraltar 1779–83) Battery forms part of 32 Regiment Royal Artillery.

Notes

References
 Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 4: The Army Council, GHQs, Armies, and Corps 1914–1918, London: HM Stationery Office, 1944/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, .
 Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1916, Vol I, London: Macmillan,1932/Woking: Shearer, 1986, .
 Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds & Lt-Col R. Maxwell-Hyslop, History of the Great War: Military Operations, France and Belgium 1918, Vol V, 26th September–11th November, The Advance to Victory, London: HM Stationery Office, 1947/Imperial War Museum and Battery Press, 1993, .
 Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Western Front 1914–18, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1986, .
 Maj-Gen B.P. Hughes, Honour titles of the Royal Artillery, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1975.
 J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984, .

 Lt-Col M.E.S. Lawes, Battery Records of the Royal Artillery, 1859–1877, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1970.

External sources
 British Army units from 1945 on
 Mark Conrad, The British Army, 1914 (archive site)
 Royal Artillery 1939–1945 (archive site)

Royal Garrison Artillery
Siege batteries of the Royal Garrison Artillery
Military units and formations established in 1915
Artillery units and formations of World War I


title: Ferdinand Duchoň

text:
Ferdinand Duchoň (born 13 February 1938) is a former Czech cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1938 births
Living people
Czech male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Czechoslovakia
Cyclists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Brno


title: Edigeison Gomes

text:
Edigerson Gomes D'Almeida (born 17 November 1988) is a Bissau-Guinean professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for the Guinea-Bissau national team.

Early life
Gomes was born in Guinea-Bissau and moved to Portugal at the age of 6 with his mother. However, when he was 11, he moved with his father and Danish stepmother to Denmark.

Club career
Gomes started his professional football career when he was promoted to the Danish club Herlev IF's senior squad within the 2011–12 league season.

Gomes made his professional debut with Esbjerg in the qualifying of the Europa League in a match against Kairat 17 July 2014. Four days later, he appeared in his first top level match in the Superliga, in a 1–0 victory against Randers.

On 21 January 2015, Gomes transferred to Chinese Super League side Henan Jianye.

Left without club, Gomes trained with his former club, HB Køge, in 2020. He signed a short deal with the club on 21 May 2020 for the rest of the season. In July 2020, he signed a new one-year deal with Køge. In May 2021, Gomes once again signed a contract extension with Køge, this time until the end of 2022. However, on 31 January 2022 it was confirmed, that Gomes' contract had been terminated by mutual agreement.

International career
Gomes represented Denmark Olympic at the 2016 Summer Olympics as one of the three allowed players with no age limit. At the end of May 2017, he agreed to play officially for Guinea-Bissau. He made his international debut on 10 June 2017 and scored the only goal of the match against Namibia.

Personal life
Gomes also holds Portuguese and Danish citizenship.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Bissau
Bissau-Guinean men's footballers
Men's association football central defenders
Henan F.C. players
Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar players
Chinese Super League players
Úrvalsdeild karla (football) players
Guinea-Bissau men's international footballers
Bissau-Guinean expatriate men's footballers
Bissau-Guinean expatriate sportspeople in China
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Bissau-Guinean expatriate sportspeople in Iceland
Expatriate men's footballers in Iceland
Bissau-Guinean emigrants to Denmark
Naturalised citizens of Denmark
Danish men's footballers
Herlev IF players
HB Køge players
Esbjerg fB players
Danish 1st Division players
Danish Superliga players
Olympic footballers for Denmark
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Danish people of Bissau-Guinean descent


title: Hollinger, Nebraska

text:
Hollinger is an unincorporated community in Furnas County, Nebraska, United States.

History
Hollinger was named by the railroad.  A post office was established in Hollinger in 1905, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1944.

References

Populated places in Furnas County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska


title: Jan Chlístovský

text:
Jan Chlístovský (born 15 May 1934) is a former Czech cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1934 births
Living people
Czech male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Czechoslovakia
Cyclists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Prague


title: Josef Volf

text:
Josef Volf (born 11 January 1939) is a former Czech cyclist. Volf was born in Brno and his profession was an officer. His sporting career began with Dukla Brno. He competed in the team pursuit at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1939 births
Living people
Czech male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Czechoslovakia
Cyclists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Brno


title: Cultural & Museum Centre Karonga

text:
The Cultural & Museum Centre Karonga (CMCK), commonly called Karonga Museum, is a cultural centre and museum in Karonga District, northern Malawi.

Background
The Karonga Museum was officially opened by then President Bingu wa Mutharika in November 2004

The centre's mission is to preserve and promote Karonga's natural and cultural heritage. The fossil discoveries of Dinosaurs & Early humans & pre-historic remains displayed at the museum provide insights into human origins and the history of life on earth.

Collections
The collection, preservation and display of the artefacts is undertaken by the Department of Antiquities, under the Department of Culture, in the Ministry of Information, Tourism, and Culture in conjunction with the Uraha Foundation. The emphasis of the Cultural Exhibition component is on community participation, local traditional and community leaders were urged to assist in assembling the different collections for exhibition.

The museum has a central exhibition which is dominated by the 130-million-year-old fossil of the Malawisaurus, which was discovered 45 km south from the centre site.

Outreach
The centre has a cultural activity area which provides a meeting place for the people of Karonga and their visitors. Still under construction, the building is a site for all sorts of cultural events such as drama, dance performances, music and choir events.

Its display & panorama area features 240 million years of Karonga history - from dinosaurs to democracy, including prehistoric landscapes, animals & early humans and their way of life, archaeological records, history of slave trade, colonial times, Malawi under Dr. Banda, culture and traditions of Karonga people.

Programmes
The Center for Field Research co-operates in international projects. With its unique concept the Karonga Cultural & Museum Center is a key factor for promoting appreciation of Malawi's Cultural & Natural heritage by educational development and research.

The buildings
The building that houses the Cultural Centre and the museum was constructed in 2004 for K30 million (US$276,000) was inspired by the excavated bones of the Malawisaurus that is the feature at the museum. During 2014, weather damage threatened the collection of fossils and other artefacts held at the centre. An appeal for K30million (US$) was made in order to repair the Onduline roof.

The building was designed by British Architect Kevin M Davies (BA (Hons) Dip Arch (Comm) RIBA ARB MIA
Director & Chartered Architect), and is one of his most cherished projects.

References

External links
  Cultural & Museum Centre Karonga (CMCK)- The Warm Heart of Malawi

Museums with year of establishment missing
Museums in Malawi
Heritage organizations
Local museums
Buildings and structures in Northern Region, Malawi


title: Sean Hedger

text:
Sean Hedger (born   1974) is an Australian professional rugby union coach. He is currently an assistant coach of the Super Rugby team the Melbourne Rebels. He was appointed as head coach of the Melbourne Rising for the inaugural season of Australia's National Rugby Championship in 2014.

Hedger began his professional rugby coaching career with the Queensland Reds as the co-ordinator of their Rugby College, before assuming the role of head coach of their rugby programme from 2003 to 2005. He was also an assistant coach of Australia Under-21 in 2004. In mid 2005, Hedger re-located to Japan, fulfilling multiple coaching roles with Top League team, Kobelco Steelers, over five years. In 2010, he became assistant coach of Kyuden Voltex for a season, before accepting the role of head coach.

He then returned home to Australia, where he was appointed as head coach of the ARU's National Academy for New South Wales. He joined the Melbourne Rebels as the club's attack coach for the 2014 Super Rugby season. After the launch of the National Rugby Championship, he was appointed as head coach of the Melbourne Rising team to play in the new competition.
In October 2015, Hedger departed as coach of Melbourne Rising, having accepted the position of Director of Rugby with Bond University Rugby Club in his native Queensland.

Hedger's coaching role models are Alastair Clarkson and Darren Lehmann.

References

External links

Living people
Australian rugby union coaches
1974 births


title: Jelar Formation

text:
The Jelar Formation or Jelar breccia is a stratigraphic unit in Croatia. It is a coarse-grained carbonate-breccia of Paleogene age. The breccia was deposited syntectonically during the development of the Dinaride Thrust Belt. The clasts are Mesozoic in age.

References

Geology of Croatia


title: Richard Jefferies (businessman)

text:
Richard David Keith Jefferies, DSO (2 December 1920 – 9 October 2013) was a decorated junior officer in the Australian Army during the Second World War, and a businessman in the post-war years. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order as a lieutenant following his involvement in the Battle of Buin Road on 19 March 1945.

After his discharge from the army, Jefferies worked in the movie theatre business in Sydney, was at one point managing director of AMF Bowling Australia, and, from 1972, owned and operated a number of bowling and roller skating businesses across Queensland and New South Wales.

References

1920 births
2013 deaths
20th-century Australian businesspeople
Australian Army officers
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Businesspeople from Queensland
People from Armidale
People from Toowoomba
Military personnel from New South Wales


title: Frank Lascelles (pageant master)

text:
Frank William Thomas Charles Lascelles (30 July 1875 – 23 May 1934) was a British pageant master and artist, known as the "man who staged the Empire."

Early life
Lascelles was born in the Oxfordshire village of Sibford Gower with the surname of Stevens, the son of Rev. Edward Thomas Stevens, the village priest. He was educated at the village school before attending Keble College, Oxford, where he became the most notable member of Oxford's dramatic society. After leaving the university without a degree, he worked as an actor in London between 1904 and 1906 at Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree's His Majesty's theatre. It was during this time that he changed his name from Stevens to Lascelles.

Career
Lascelles staged his first pageant in 1907. The Oxford Historical was a success, despite initial reservations by the University authorities and a student riot. The following year he organised the celebrations for the Tercentenary of Canada at Quebec City. Lascelles enlisted the services of the Iroquois and was made an honorary chief under the name of Tehonikonraka, "the man of infinite resource". In 1909 he Master of Pageantry at the celebration of the opening of the Union Parliament of South Africa in Cape Town. The following year he organised the Pageant of London, performed by a cast of 15,000. In 1912 Lascelles was Master of the Pageant at the Coronation Durbar at Calcutta with the participation of over 300,000 Indians and British Army troops. In 1923 he was Master of the Harrow Pageant and the following year Master of the Bristol Pageant (Cradle of the Empire) and the Pageant of Empire at the British Empire Exhibition. Lascelles' imperial triumphs earned him the epithet "the man who staged the empire".

He was also a sculptor, and among his subjects were the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Connaught, Earl Grey and the Aga Khan. Several of his sculptures are displayed in prominent positions across the former Empire. He sculpted a memorial to his mother in the church at Sibford Gower, as well as painting a Roll of Honour. He also contributed prose and verse to periodicals. In 1932 the Earl of Darnley compiled Our Modern Orpheus, a volume of essays paying tribute to Lascelles.

Personal life

Lascelles was always anxious to hide his humble origins. He assumed the title "Lord of the Manor" in Sibford Gower, Oxfordshire, where he devised a novel "manor house" for himself. He was well-connected, and regularly entertained guests such as Ivor Novello, who wrote the popular song Keep the Home Fires Burning while staying with Lascelles in Sibford.

Towards the end of his life, ill health restricted Lascelles' finances and he died in poverty on 23 May 1934 in rented rooms in Brighton. He never married.

References

1875 births
1934 deaths
State ritual and ceremonies
20th-century British sculptors
19th-century British male actors
British male stage actors
Alumni of Keble College, Oxford
People from Oxfordshire
19th-century British sculptors
British male sculptors
19th-century British male artists
20th-century British male artists


title: Bobby Shmurda

text:
Ackquille Jean Pollard (born August 4, 1994), known professionally as Bobby Shmurda, is an American rapper. Along with Rowdy Rebel, Shmurda is considered a pioneer of Brooklyn drill music. He rose to international fame in 2014 when his song "Hot Nigga" peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100.  The success of the single led to Shmurda signing a deal with Epic Records. His debut EP, Shmurda She Wrote, was released in November 2014.

In December 2014, New York City Police arrested Shmurda and charged him, along with several other members of GS9, with conspiracy to murder, weapons possession, and reckless endangerment. In 2016, he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to seven years in prison, which was reduced to five years after receiving credit for the two years he already served awaiting trial. After over six years in prison, Shmurda was released from Clinton Correctional Facility in February 2021. His release was widely celebrated across the hip-hop community.

Early life
Ackquille Pollard was born in Miami, Florida. His mother is African-American and his father is Jamaican.  His mother moved to East Flatbush from Florida after his father's incarceration.
Pollard had run-ins with the law while living in Brooklyn, including fifteen months spent in detention for probation violation and being arrested on gun charges that were later dropped. According to his 2014 indictment, Pollard was the ringleader of a criminal enterprise called "GS9" that regularly entered into disputes with criminal gangs, was responsible for murders and non-fatal shootings, and engaged in drug trafficking along Kings Highway to East Flatbush.

Career
The first song that he remixed was Crime Mob's "Knuck If You Buck"; however, he did not receive any  attention until 2014, with the release of his song "Hot Nigga". The song uses the instrumental from Lloyd Banks' 2012 song "Jackpot". The song and its accompanying music video went viral shortly after being uploaded to YouTube in the spring of 2014. Shmurda's signature "Shmoney dance", which he performs in the video, soon became an internet meme and was featured in numerous popular Vines from the latter half of 2014; it was also replicated by Beyoncé and Jay-Z during their On the Run Tour and by Canadian rapper Drake while hosting the 2014 ESPY Awards, among other celebrities. Freestyles over the instrumental were made by a number of rappers after its release, including Juicy J, French Montana, Lil' Kim, Gunplay, and T.I. Following the song's viral success, Shmurda was signed to Epic Records, and the song was officially released as his debut single under Epic. The song topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop songs chart, and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100, eventually being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The music video received over 649 million views on YouTube as of July 2020. The song's official remix—featuring guest vocals from Fabolous, Chris Brown, Jadakiss, Rowdy Rebel, Busta Rhymes, and Yo Gotti—was released on September 4, 2014. A reggae remix of the song was also released in August 2014 that featured Junior Reid, Mavado, Popcaan, and Jah X. Shmurda also became known for his song "Bobby Bitch" which peaked at number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100. His debut EP, Shmurda She Wrote, was released on November 10, 2014.

Shmurda's debut studio album with Epic Records was scheduled for release in 2016 and was going to be produced by Jahlil Beats. It was postponed, however, due to his imprisonment. In February 2017, Shmurda freestyled for rapper Meek Mill and claimed that he was still writing music while in prison. The following year, Shmurda featured on fellow rapper 6ix9ine's single "Stoopid", phoning in his verses over the prison telephone. The single peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Shmurda made his first concert performance appearance since being released from prison at Rolling Loud Festival in Miami, Florida on Friday, July 23, 2021.

On September 3, 2021, Shmurda released his first single since his release from jail, "No Time for Sleep (Freestyle)". On March 27, 2022, after years of conflict with Epic Records, Bobby Shmurda's request for release was approved and finalized.

Criminal conviction
On June 3, 2014, Shmurda was arrested and charged with felony criminal possession of a weapon. Police say they saw him flashing the gun in an apartment, and when they went to investigate he tried to hide it in a couch. He was set free on US$10,000 bail. On December 17, 2014, police arrested Shmurda and charged him with conspiracy, reckless endangerment, and drug and gun possession; charges against the others included murder, attempted murder, assault, and drug dealing.  Shmurda pleaded not guilty and was held on $2 million bail. Police said they had been investigating the gang for murder and shooting indiscriminately at crowds in public places long before Shmurda rose to fame. Police said Shmurda was "the driving force" in a gang also known as GS9 (standing for "Grimey Shooters," "Gun Squad" or "G Stone Crips."), the name of his label, as they dealt crack cocaine and waged deadly battles with rival gangs for territory. He faced a maximum sentence of 8–25 years.

James Essig, head of the NYPD unit that made the arrests, said Shmurda's songs and videos were "almost like a real-life document of what they were doing on the street." In his song "Hot Nigga", Shmurda rapped that "I been selling crack since like the fifth grade" because "Jaja taught me"; Shmurda also rapped about his crew's past and future murders. Shmurda has asserted that the lyrics represent his real life in several interviews, though the Supreme Court of New Jersey recently ruled that lyrics cannot be read at trial as evidence unless they have a "strong nexus" to a specific crime. During his jail time, Shmurda was involved in a fight suspected to be related to the Bloods vs. Crips rivalry.

Between late June and early July 2015, the rapper and his ex-girlfriend were caught by officials after smuggling a knife into Rikers Island jail. Both were charged with two counts of promoting contraband, in addition to one count of criminal possession of a weapon in the fourth degree, which could result in an additional seven-year sentence. Shmurda appeared in the Bronx Supreme Court to face his charges of prison contraband plus 25 years for his previous charge in late 2014. He and his ex-girlfriend pleaded not guilty to the contraband charge, but Shmurda was still facing a maximum sentence of 25 years for the drug and gun charges.

Conviction
On September 9, 2016, as part of a plea deal, Shmurda pleaded guilty to one count of third-degree conspiracy and one count of weapons possession, and was sentenced to seven years in prison. Under the deal, Shmurda could not appeal the sentence, but was to be given credit for two years served, leaving five years left on his sentence, followed by five years of probation. His lawyer, Alex Spiro, expected that with good behavior Shmurda would only serve approximately three and a half years. In early 2017, Shmurda was given a four-year sentence for sneaking a makeshift knife (shiv) into his cell. The sentence was to run concurrently to his ongoing seven-year sentence, so that he would not face any additional prison time.

Incarceration
Shmurda was first imprisoned in Rikers Island. He was involved in numerous incidents while incarcerated. In May 2015, Shmurda took part in a brawl that included members from the Bloods and Crips street gangs. In November 2016, Shmurda was involved in a brawl between several inmates that led to him losing phone privileges for an unnamed period of time and being subject to solitary confinement for a month. In 2017, he was moved to Clinton Correctional Facility in upstate New York, to finish his sentence in protective custody.

Images of Shmurda while incarcerated surfaced online after three years served of the five-year sentence.

Release

A hearing in the week of August 18, 2020 denied Shmurda parole.

Shmurda's conditional release date was set to December 11, 2020, after serving his full sentence, by his parole board. However, after a review by the Department of Corrections, Shmurda's credit for good institutional behavior was restored, qualifying him for conditional release on February 23, 2021, with the rest of his sentence to be served on parole.

Shmurda was released on February 23, 2021 under supervision by fellow community members in Kings County, New York. He will be under parole until the end of his full sentence on February 23, 2026. Rapper Quavo picked up Shmurda from prison on February 23, 2021, after stating in an interview with Billboard that he was "...personally (gonna go) pick up Bobby Shmurda."

Discography

Mixtapes

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Guest appearances

Notes

References

1994 births
Living people
21st-century African-American musicians
21st-century criminals
21st-century American rappers
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
American male criminals
American musicians of Jamaican descent
American prisoners and detainees
American rappers of Jamaican descent
Criminals from Brooklyn
Criminals from New York City
Crips
East Coast hip hop musicians
Epic Records artists
Drill musicians
Gangsta rappers
People from Flatbush, Brooklyn
Prisoners and detainees of New York (state)
Rappers from Brooklyn


title: 1821 in Scotland

text:
Events from the year 1821 in Scotland.

Incumbents

Law officers
 Lord Advocate – Sir William Rae, Bt
 Solicitor General for Scotland – James Wedderburn

Judiciary
 Lord President of the Court of Session – Lord Granton
 Lord Justice General – The Duke of Montrose
 Lord Justice Clerk – Lord Boyle

Events
 15 January – Sumburgh Head Lighthouse in Shetland, designed by Robert Stevenson, is first illuminated.
 28 April – foundation stone for the Melville Monument in St Andrew Square, Edinburgh, is laid.
 18 July – thief David Haggart is hanged in Edinburgh, aged 20, for the murder of a Dumfries tolbooth keeper in 1820, leaving an autobiography, The life of David Haggart, and phrenologist George Combe's Phrenological observations on the cerebral development of David Haggart.
 14 August – Trinity Chain Pier opens at Trinity, Edinburgh.
 16 October – the School of Arts of Edinburgh, a predecessor of Heriot-Watt University, is established by Leonard Horner for the education of working men.
 The Royal Scottish Society of Arts is founded as The Society for the Encouragement of the Useful Arts in Scotland by David Brewster.
 The publisher T&T Clark is established in Edinburgh by Thomas Clark.
 William Hooker (botanist) publishes Flora Scotica; or, A description of Scottish plants.
 Robert Owen's Report to the County of Lanark, of a plan for relieving public distress and removing discontent is published in Glasgow.

Births
 10 March – Màiri Mhòr nan Òran, Gaelic poet (died 1898)
 15 March – William Milligan, theologian (died 1893)
 11 April – James Campbell Walker, architect (died 1888)
 26 April – Robert Adamson, pioneer photographer (died 1848)
 16 June – Old Tom Morris, golfer (died 1908)
 19 June – George Whyte-Melville, sporting novelist (died hunting 1878 in England)
 1 August – James Gowans, architect (died 1890)
 17 October – Alexander Gardner, photographer (died 1882 in the United States)
 13 December – Joseph Noel Paton, painter (died 1901)
 29 December – John Francis Campbell, Celtic folklorist and inventor (died 1885 in France)

Deaths
 2 April – James Gregory, physician (born 1753)
 15 June – John Ballantyne, publisher (born 1774)
 4 October – John Rennie the Elder, civil engineer (born 1761; died in London)
 8 November – Charles Murray, actor (born 1754 in England)
 6 December – John Taylor, medical missionary (died in Persia)
 Isabel Pagan, poet (born c.1741)

The arts
 John Galt's novels Annals of the Parish and The Ayrshire Legatees are published.
 Jane Porter's novel The Scottish Chiefs is published.
 Sir Walter Scott's novel Kenilworth is published anonymously.

See also

 1821 in Ireland

References

Scotland
1820s in Scotland


title: James Richardson (1819–1892)

text:
James Richardson (1819 – 15 November 1892) was a Canadian businessman, founder of James Richardson and Sons, Limited, politician, and a colleague and personal friend of Sir John A. Macdonald. James had two sons: George Armstrong Richardson and Henry Westman Richardson.

James died on 15 November 1892 leaving a business enterprise that survives today as James Richardson and Sons, Limited, the largest grain firm in the British Commonwealth. It is a privately-owned agribusiness that is also involved with real estate, energy exploration, and food processing.

He is buried in Cataraqui Cemetery in Kingston, in the same cemetery as John A. Macdonald.

Early life
James Richardson was born in 1819 in Aughnacloy, Northern Ireland to Daniel Richardson and Janet Armstrong. He emigrated to Canada in approximately 1823 and at the age of ten years moved to Kingston. His business interests started in tailoring and soon moved to grain and potash speculation. In 1844, based on an advertisement in the 17 January 1844 Chronicle & Gazette, he and "Little" started their own merchant tailor's business on Princess Street in Kingston. The advertisement indicated that their specialties included "broad cloths, plain and figured beavers, cassimeres, doe skine [sic], tweeds, fancy and clan tartans, and an assortment of vestings". And those cloths were promised to be "made to order in the latest and most approved fashionable styles, on moderate terms, and at the shortest possible notice".

James Richardson & Sons, Limited

Richardson lived above his merchant tailor's shop where he accepted grain as payment for some of his tailoring work. Sometime between the 1840s and the late 1860s, Richardson focused solely on the grain trade. In 1857, he founded James Richardson and Sons, Limited The firm purchased "a wharf and warehouse on the Kingston waterfront" in 1868 becoming the first to export grain from Kingston. The 1871 Canada Federal Census lists James' occupation as "grain dealer". In the 1873–74 Kingston Directory, the business was referred to as "Richardson & Sons, Grain Dealers, Commercial Wharf, Foot of Princess St.". At this time his sons, George Algernon Richardson and Henry Westman Richardson became managing partners in the business. In 1880, the Richardsons built the first grain elevator in Kingston with a capacity of 60,000 bushels.

Richardson exported grain to several countries in Europe and South America. As early as 1855, Richardson had been shipping grain to Liverpool to help feed British troops during the Crimean War. He also traded in many other commodities and invested in other businesses in the Kingston area such as the Kingston and Pembroke Railway, and the Kingston Railway Company. His firm took an interest in the promising mining operations north of Kingston in the area of Canada known as the Canadian Shield.

In the 1880s, the firm acquired mineral rights to a feldspar and mica mine in Frontenac County, near Godfrey, known as the Richardson Feldspar Mine. Not mined until 1900, the mine became the largest feldspar producer in Ontario.

In 1892, James' wife became owner and executor of the firm. Later, ownership of the firm was to be transferred to their children, already full partners in the firm. George became president of the company, serving from 1892 through 1906, when his brother Henry, became president and served until 1918.

Political life
As a lifelong Conservative and former Alderman of the Victoria Ward, Richardson established a relationship with John A. Macdonald. "It was Sir John Macdonald's wish, on more than one occasion, that Mr. Richardson should stand as Conservative candidate for Kingston." MacDonald stated, "The Richardsons are and always have been strong and influential friends of mine." James' son, Henry Westman Richardson, became a Canadian Senator for the Kingston Senatorial Division and a member of the Standing Committee on Railways, Telegraphs and Harbours.

Queen's University
The Toronto Daily Mail reported that James was "one of the most liberal benefactors" of Queen's University . James' grandson, James Armstrong Richardson, Sr., son of George Armstrong, became the chancellor of University in 1929 and was noted for donating funds that built the Richardson Memorial Stadium in honor of his brother, Captain George Taylor Richardson who died on the battlefield in World War I.

References

External links
 Dictionary of Canadian Biography

1819 births
1892 deaths
Businesspeople from Ontario
Richardson family
People from Aughnacloy, County Tyrone
Businesspeople from County Tyrone
Irish emigrants to pre-Confederation Canada


title: Andrew Cant (bishop)

text:
Andrew Cant (1649–1730) was a clergyman of the Scottish Episcopal Church.

Life

He was the younger son of Rev Alexander Cant minister of Banchory  and was born in the manse there.

He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen graduating with an MA in 1668 and ordained in 1671 as Second Charge of South Leith Parish Church. In 1679 he became minister of Trinity College Church in Edinburgh, one of the most prestigious positions of the time. He left in 1689 for his political views. It is unclear what he did from 1689 to 1722.

He was consecrated college bishop (i.e. a bishop without a diocese) as Bishop of the Non-jurant Church in Glasgow on 17 October 1722 by Bishop John Fullarton.

He died on 21 April 1730.

Family

His uncle was Andrew Cant minister of Trinity College Church 1673 to 1675, and this certainly helped in his being created minister there. His uncle was Principal of the University of Edinburgh.

In 1694 he married Margaret Thomson, second daughter of James Thomson, Clerk of the Exchequer, and widow of William Stevenson, merchant. Their daughter Jean Cant married John Gordon an Edinburgh burgess and merchant.

Publications

Sermon Preached on 30 January 1703 on the Anniversary of the Execution of Charles I
Sermon Preached on 30 January 1715 on the Anniversary of the Execution of Charles I

References

1649 births
1730 deaths
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
College bishops