The 2014–15 UConn Huskies men's basketball team represented the University of Connecticut in the 2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Huskies were led by third-year head coach Kevin Ollie. The Huskies split their home games between the XL Center in Hartford, Connecticut, and the Harry A. Gampel Pavilion on the UConn campus in Storrs, Connecticut. The Huskies were members of the American Athletic Conference. They finished the season 20–15, 10–8 in AAC play to finish in a tie for fifth place. They advanced to the championship game of the American Athletic tournament where they lost to SMU. They were invited to the National Invitation Tournament where they lost in the first round to Arizona State.

Previous season
The Huskies finished the 2013–14 season with a record of 32-8 overall, including 12–6 in American Athletic play. They lost in the championship game of the 2014 American Athletic Conference men's basketball tournament to Louisville. They received at-large bid to the 2014 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament which they beat Saint Joseph's and Villanova in the second and third rounds, Iowa State and Michigan State in the sweet sixteen and elite eight to make it to the final four, where they beat the Florida Gators in the national semifinal round and the Kentucky Wildcats in the 2014 National Championship Game. Shabazz Napier was named the tournament's MOP.

Departures

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#002868; color:white;"| Exhibition

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!colspan=12 style="background:#002868; color:white;"| Regular Season

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#002868;"| AAC Tournament

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#002868;"| National Invitation Tournament

Rankings

References

UConn Huskies men's basketball seasons
Connecticut
Connecticut
2014 in sports in Connecticut
2015 in sports in Connecticut


title: Lambert Barnard

text:
Lambert Barnard, also known as Lambert Bernardi (c.1485–1567), was an English Renaissance painter.

Origins and style
Barnard's place of birth is unknown. All of his extant works can be found in and around Chichester. His son, Anthony Barnard (1514–1619), and grandson, Lambert, and two descendant generations of painters (both also named Lambert) followed his path and remained in the city.

Barnard worked in dry fresco and with oil on board. His style is characterized by the use of rich colours, heavy black outline, and lavish gilding. His work often suffered from heavy over-painting that obscured the delicacy of his hand, but it is still possible to see his knowledge of contemporary European practice. This hints that he might have served an apprenticeship with a Franco/Flemish workshop before c.1513, entering into the service of Robert Sherborn, Bishop of Chichester from 1508 to 1536. Barnard maintained a small workshop with an apprentice boy, John Foster, and his son, Anthony Barnard, who may also have worked alongside his father in the cathedral on his last commission. Records indicate that in 1533, at Bishop Sherborne's request, the Dean and Chapter of Chichester Cathedral granted Barnard an annual payment in recognition of "his long and good service." Following the bishop's death in 1536, Barnard remained in his tenement in East Street, Chichester, living on his annuity, occasionally updating his work on the portraits of kings and bishops, and making repairs to other works in the cathedral.

Works
Over the next twenty years in collaboration with the bishop, Barnard executed several works, the foliage and heraldry themed vaults of Chichester Cathedral (from c.1513); a domestic wall painting in the Vicar's Close in Chichester; a series of "The Nine Ladies Worthy", or "Heroines of Antiquity" referred to as "The Amberley Panels" (c.1526) for one of the bishop's residences, Amberley Castle; the Italianate heraldic ceiling of the Tudor Room of the Bishop's Palace in Chichester (c.1524–1528)  and his most important work, " Chichester Cathedral Charter History Paintings" (1533). This latter is a large scheme originally displayed in the south transept of Chichester Cathedral and depicts its early foundation at Selsey with the West Saxon King Caedwalla granting the See of Selsey to St Wilfrid and secondly, its continuation at Chichester showing Henry VIII Confirming to Bishop Sherborn the Royal Protection of Chichester Cathedral. These two conjoined panels are framed above an attached series of roundels of portrait heads of the early kings and queens of England and hang in the south transept. Following the collapse of the cathedral spire in 1861 the rest of the scheme, a Catalogus Episcopi, painted roundels of the Bishops of Selsey and Chichester, was moved to the north transept. In its entirety it also offers a commentary on the historic authority of the Roman Catholic Church in England and the political events leading up to the changes of the Reformation. The recent dating of this scheme in 1533 makes it an original statement hugely important to the history of English art.

Other works
Barnard appears to have spent his working life within Chichester and its immediate area. However, around 1532, he was employed by Sherborn's colleague and executor Thomas West, 9th Baron De La Warr, to decorate the vaults of nearby Boxgrove Priory with West's family heraldry; he may also have been the "Mr. Barnard" responsible for supplying a now lost altarpiece of the Conception for the high altar of St Margaret's Church, Westminster in 1545.

There is a copy of John Lydgate's "Troy Book and Siege of Thebes" in the British Library. The book was originally made for Sir William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke, at some time before 1462, and partially illustrated with eight miniatures. The decoration was  completed, between 1516 and 1523, with a further seventeen miniatures that have been attributed to Barnard. However the evidence for this has been inconclusive, with the antiquarian Edward Croft-Murray describing any connection as "very tentative".

As English paintings of the early sixteenth century that were produced outside the ambiance of the royal court, Lambert Barnard's surviving work is rare and should be seen as an important indicator of English regional painting of that time.

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

1485 births
1576 deaths
16th-century English painters
English male painters
People from Chichester


title: Chongqing Zoo

text:
Chongqing Zoo () is a zoo in the city of Chongqing, China, about 8 km (5 miles) southwest from the city centre.

Overview
The zoo is located at Yangjiaping on Xijiao Road in the Jiulongpo District of Chongqing. It was built in 1953 and officially opened to the public in 1955. The zoo covers an area of 45 hectares (111 acres).

The zoo is an important base for the protection of and research on wild animals.
It exhibits rare species including giant pandas, red pandas, the very rare South China tiger and white tiger, and the African elephant.

The main entrance of the zoo is close to Zoo station on Line 2 of the Chongqing Rail Transit.

The zoo was previously accredited by the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).

Gallery

See also
 Zoo station
 List of zoos

References

External links

 Chongqing Zoo website

Jiulongpo District
Buildings and structures completed in 1953
1955 establishments in China
Zoos established in 1955
Zoos in China
Zoo
Zoo


title: Macy's Recordings

text:
Macy's Recordings (Queen of Hits) was a Houston-based record label that released recordings of popular musicians around the southern United States.  In April 1949, they famously recorded Lester Williams' song "Winter Time Blues" on their R&B series which became a hit.  They would go on to record country and Cajun music as well.

History

The record label was started by husband and wife, Charles D. Henry and Macy Lela Henry, whom worked alongside supervisor Steve Poncio.  Poncio worked as general manager for Macy's in 1946 and then founded United Record Distributing Company in 1949.  Macy ran a department store based in Houston, Texas (unrelated to the famous New York department store) and in 1948, they began distributing records for other labels, such as Modern Music, including their back catalog material. and even had an office in Dallas.  In 1949, they decided to create their own label to sell and distribute from their store.  They created the Macy's Record Distribution Company and they used Bill Holford's ACA Studios in Houston to record the music.  The place was known for its high quality sound.

Their first recordings released were with Jim Reeves. However, they would make their mark on blues music in 1949 by recording Lester Williams' song "Winter Time Blues" and then in 1950, they would sign and record Clarence Garlow, releasing a version of his song "Bon Ton Rolla". The company would hire other dealers to distribute their music in Nashville, Atlanta and New Orleans.

These artists would go on to record other songs for Macy. Macy's didn't fare well in the marketplace despite the quality of their music. They were competing against other Houston brands such as Duke-Peacock, D Records, Starday, Freedom, Sittin' In With and Gold Star. By June 1951, many of their signature artists moved to Modern Records and Aladdin Records ending the Macy's label production.  The catalog is currently owned by Fivepin Music based in Toronto.

Artists
 Jim Reeves, 1949
 Clarence Garlow, 1949
 Smokey Hogg, 1950
 Hubert Robinson, 1950
 Lester Williams, 1949
 Harry Choates,

Discography

Compilations
 Cat N Around (#875512 KrazyKat/Interstate, 1997)
 Texas Hillbilly: The Best of Macy's Hillbilly Recordings (ACRCD125 Acrobat, 2006)
 Queen Of Hits: The Macy's Recordings Story (ACRCD228 Acrobat, 2011)

References

Defunct record labels of the United States


title: Tom Dockrell

text:
Thomas R. Dockrell (1924-2012) was an American ice hockey player and coach for Colgate. Dockrell spent one season as Red Raiders coach before the program was dropped after the 1950–51 season. While the program was reestablished six years later, Dockrell was not retained. Dockrell served in the Army Air Force during World War II and was a member of the US AAU Team that was disqualified from competition at the 1948 Winter Olympics.

Head coaching record

References

External links

1924 births
2012 deaths
Colgate Raiders men's ice hockey players
Colgate Raiders men's ice hockey coaches
Sportspeople from Melrose, Massachusetts
Ice hockey coaches from Massachusetts
People from Stoneham, Massachusetts
American men's ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Ice hockey players from Massachusetts


title: Hernán Lara Zavala

text:
Hernán Lara Zavala (born 28 February 1946) is a Mexican novelist, literary critic and academic at the National Autonomous University of Mexico.

He was educated at the National Autonomous University of Mexico and the University of East Anglia (MA, 1981). He was awarded the José Fuentes Mares National Prize for Literature in 1995. In 2010 he was awarded the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language prize.

Works

1981: De Zitilchén
1987: El Mismo Cielo
1989: Las Novela En El Quijote
1990: Charras
1992: Contra El Angel
1992: Tuch Y Odilón
1994: Después Del Amor Y Otros Cuentos
1995: Equipaje De Mano
1997: Cuentos Escogidos
1998: Viaje Al Corazón De La Península
2008: Península, Península
2010: El Guante Negro Y Otros Cuentos

References

1946 births
Living people
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
Academic staff of the National Autonomous University of Mexico
Mexican novelists
Male novelists
20th-century Mexican writers
20th-century Mexican male writers
21st-century Mexican writers
Academics from Mexico City
Writers from Mexico City
Mexican literary critics


title: Antonio Colinas

text:
Antonio Colinas Lobato is a Spanish writer (poet, novelist, journalist, translator, essayist) and intellectual who was born in La Bañeza, León, Spain on January 30, 1946.  He has published a variety of works, but is considered to be above all a poet.  He won Spain's National Prize for Literature in 1982, among several other honors and awards.

Awards and honors

1976 - Premio de la Crítica de poesía castellana for Sepulcro en Tarquinia
1982 - Premio Nacional de Literatura (National Prize for Literature (Spain)) for the anthology Poesía, 1967-1980
1996 - Mención Especial del Premio Internacional Jovellanos de Ensayo for Sobre la Vida Nueva
1998 - Premio Castilla y León de las Letras
1999 - Premio Internacional Carlo Betocchi for his work as a translator and scholar of Italian literature
2001 - Premio de la Academia Castellana y Leonesa de Poesía
2005 - Premio Nacional de Traducción, given by the Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Italia, for his translation of the complete poetry of Nobel-Prize winner Quasimodo
2006 - "Alubia de Oro", award giving him the title of "Personaje Bañezano del Año 2006", created by the weekly publication El Adelanto Bañezano
2006 - Premio Leonés del Año 2006 (given by Cadena Ser)
2008 - Pregonero Vitalicio de la Feria del Libro de Salamanca
2011 - Hijo Adoptivo de Salamanca
2012 - X Premio de la Crítica de Castilla y León
2014 - XV Premio de las Letras Teresa de Ávila
2016 - XXV Premio Reina Sofía de Poesía Iberoamericana
2019 - IX Premio Dante Alighieri
2019 - Premio LericiPea “alla Carriera” 2019 ad Antonio Colinas
2023 - Honorary Doctorate from the University of Salamanca

Individual Books of Poetry

Junto al lago. Salamanca: Cuadernos para Lisa, 2001. (Written in 1967)
Poemas de la tierra y de la sangre. León: Diputación Provincial, 1969.
Preludios a una noche total. Madrid: Rialp, col. Adonais, 1969.
Truenos y flautas en un templo. San Sebastián: C.A.G. de Guipúzcoa, 1972.
Sepulcro en Tarquinia. León: Diputación Provincial, col. Provincia, 1975. *2nd edition: Sepulcro en Tarquinia. Barcelona, Lumen, Col. El Bardo, 1976. *3rd edition: Sepulcro en Tarquinia (poema w/ 6 drawings by Montserrat Ramoneda). Barcelona: Galería Amagatotis, 1982. *4th edition: Sepulcro en Tarquinia, poem w/ prologue by Juan Manuel Rozas. Segovia: Pavesas, 1994. *5th edition: Sepulcro en Tarquinia (poem with illustrations by Ramón Pérez Carrió). Pedreguer (Alicante): Collection “Font de La Cometa”, 1999. *6th edition: Sepulcro en Tarquinia (commemoration of the first edition (1975-2005) w/ CD of the poet's voice).  Madrid: Visor Libros, 2005. *7th edition: Sepulcro en Tarquinia (poem, illuminated by the artist Javier Alcaíns). Mérida: Editora Regional de Extremadura, 2009.
Astrolabio. Madrid: Visor Libros, 1979.
En lo oscuro. Rota (Cádiz): Cuadernos de Cera, 1981.
Noche más allá de la noche. Madrid: Visor Libros, 1983. *2nd edition: Noche más allá de la noche. Valladolid: Fundación Jorge Guillén, 2004.
La viña salvaje. Córdoba: Antorcha de Paja, 1985.
Diapasón infinito (w/ illustrations by Perejaume). Barcelona: Tallers Chardon y Yamamoto, 1986.
Dieciocho poemas. Ibiza: Caixa Balears, 1987.
Material de lectura. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1987.
Jardín de Orfeo. Madrid: Visor Libros, 1988.
Libro de las noches abiertas (w/ 16 illustrations by Mario Arlati). Milan: Peter Pfeiffer, 1989.
Blanco / Negro (con 5 ilustraciones de Mario Arlati, ed. bilingüe). Milan: Peter Pfeiffer, 1990.
Los silencios de fuego. Barcelona: Tusquets, col. Marginales, 1992.
La hora interior. Barcelona: Taller Joan Roma, 1992.
Pájaros en el muro / Birds in the wall (bilingual, w/ 3 illustrations by Barry Flanagan). Barcelona: Taller Joan Roma, 1995.
Libro de la mansedumbre. Barcelona, Tusquets, col. Nuevos Textos Sagrados, 1997.
Córdoba adolescente. Córdoba: CajaSur, col. Los Cuadernos de Sandua, 1997.
Amor que enciende más amor. Barcelona: Plaza y Janés, 1999.
Nueve poemas. Salamanca: Celya, col. Aedo de Poesía, 2000.
Tiempo y abismo. Barcelona: Tusquets, col. Nuevos Textos Sagrados, 2002.
L'amour, el amor (w/ poems by Michel Bohbot; illustrations by Irriguible). Paris: Editions du Labyrinthe, 2002.
Obscur hautbois de brume (bilingual anthology by Françoise, et al. Contains Noche más allá de la noche). Bruxelles: Le Cri, 2003.
Seis poemas (commentary by Luis Miguel Alonso). Burgos: Instituto de la Lengua de Castilla y León, 2003.
Treinta y ocho poemas (tribute to Antonio Manso). Madrid: Real Casa de la Moneda, 2003.
En Ávila unas pocas palabras. Valladolid: El Gato Gris, 2004.
Respirar adentro (w/ photos by Gianfranco Negri-Clementi). Milan: Scheiwiller, 2006.
Trilogía de la mansedumbre (edition not sold). Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, 2006.
Donde la luz llora luz. Valladolid: El Gato Gris, 2007.
Riberas del Órbigo (w/ photos by Manuel Raigada). La Bañeza (León): Ayuntamiento de La Bañeza, 2007.
Desiertos de la luz. Barcelona: Tusquets, 2008.
Catorce retratos de mujer. Salamanca: El Zurguén, 2011. *2nd edition: Catorce retratos de mujer. Cuenca: Segundo Santos Ediciones, 2011.  *3rd edition: Catorce retratos de mujer (w/ 14 illustrations by Cis Lenaerts). Ibiza: Edicions H. Jenniger, 2011.
Canciones para una música silente. Madrid: Siruela, 2014.
En los prados sembrados de ojos. Madrid: Siruela, 2020.

Poetic Anthologies

Poesía, 1967-1980. Madrid: Visor Libros, 1982.
Poesía, 1967-1981. Madrid: Visor Libros, 1984.
El río de sombra: Poesía 1967-1990. Madrid: Visor Libros, 1994.
El río de sombra: Treinta años de poesía, 1967-1997. Madrid: Visor Libros, 1999.
La hora interior: Antología poética 1967-2001. Salamanca[?]: Junta de Castilla y León, 2002.
El río de sombra: Treinta y cinco años de poesía, 1967-2002. Madrid: Visor Libros, 2004.
En la luz respirada (critical edition of Sepulcro en Tarquinia, Noche más allá de la noche, and Libro de la mansedumbre). Edited by José E. Martínez). Madrid: Cátedra, 2004.
La luz es nuestra sangre. León: Edilesa, 2006.
Antología. Tenerife: Caja Canarias, 2007.
Nueva ofrenda. Cáceres: Colección Abezetario, 2009.
Obra poética completa. Madrid: Ediciones Siruela, 2011.
Obra poética completa. México DF: Fondo de Cultura Económica/Conaculta, 2011.

Narrative, Essay, and Other Prose

Viaje a los monasterios de España. Barcelona: Planeta (“Biblioteca Cultural RTV” Collection), 1976. (New edition: León: Edilesa, 2003)
Un año en el sur: para una educación estética. Madrid: Trieste, 1985.
Larga carta a Francesca. Barcelona: Seix Barral, 1986.
Días en Petavonium. Barcelona: Tusquets Editores, 1994.
El crujido de la luz. León: Edilesa, 1999.
Huellas. Valladolid: Castilla Ediciones, 2003.
Cerca de la Montaña Kumgang. Salamanca: Amarú Edciones, 2007.
Leyendo en las piedras. Madrid: Siruela, 2007.
El sentido primero de la palabra poética. Madrid: Siruela, 2008.
"El hombre que odiaba los árboles." In Narraciones de la Escuela. Ed. Isabel Cantón. Barcelona: Editorial Davinci, 2009.

Critical Bibliography on Antonio Colinas’s Works: Books, Articles, Press

Agustín Fernández, Susana. Inventario de Antonio Colinas. Burgos: Fundación Instituto Castellano y Leonés de la Lengua, 2007.
Alonso Gutiérrez, Luis Miguel. El corazón desmemoriado: Claves poéticas de Antonio Colinas. Salamanca: Diputación Provincial de León, 1990.
Alonso Gutiérrez, Luis Miguel. Antonio Colinas: un clásico del siglo XXI. León: Universidad de León, 2000.
Amusco, Alejandro.  "Inteligencia es belleza."  Rev. of Sepulcro en Tarquinia by Antonio Colinas.  El Ciervo 25, No. 276 (Jan. 1976): 29-30.
Calleja Medel, Gilda Virginia. Antonio Colinas, traductor. León: Universidad de León, 2001.
Carnicero, Luis.  Sobre el contemplar: Antonio Colinas: "Poesía vivida y vida ensoñada". León: Letras de Venatia, 2007.
Fellie, Maria C. Antonio Colinas: Poetry and Life (1967-1988), A Critical Introduction to the Foundational Poetic Works. Dissertation. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2016.
Fellie, Maria C.  Antonio Colinas: The Re-Writing of ‘Sepulcro en Tarquinia’ in Larga carta a Francesca.  Thesis. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.
Fellie, Maria C. "'Venus sobre las aguas’: Simonetta Vespucci, Cover Art, and Antonio Colinas's Obra poética completa (2011)." Romance Notes 60, no. 3 (2020): 513-525. https://doi.org/10.1353/rmc.2020.0049.
de la Fuente, Manuel. "Antonio Colinas, poesía como un bálsamo para tiempos de crisis." ABC 24 February 2011.
Llamazares, Julio.  "La poesía de Antonio Colinas."  El viaje hacia el centro. Madrid: Calambur, 1997. 103-109.
López Castro, Armando. El hilo del aire: Estudios sobre Antonio Colinas. Universidad de León, 2017.
Lucas, Antonio. "A pesar de todo, mi visión del mundo siempre es esperanzada." Interview of Antonio Colinas. El mundo 4 June 2014.
Martín-Estudillo, Luis.  "Europa en el imaginario poético de la España contemporánea (1966-2006): del utopismo ansioso al desencanto crítico.”  Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 87.7 (2010): 801-819.
Martínez Cantón, Clara Isabel. Métrica y poética de Antonio Colinas. Seville: Padilla Libros, 2011.
Martínez Fernández, José Enrique. "Introducción" to En la luz respirada by Antonio Colinas. Madrid: Cátedra, 2004. 13-131.
Matas Caballero, Juan, & Antonio-Odón Alonso Ramos (editors). Antonio Colinas: Nuevos géneros, nuevos caminos. Fundación Conrado Blanco, Casa de la Poesia - Fondo Cultural Antonio Colinas, 2022.
Matas Caballero, Juan, & Antonio-Odón Alonso Ramos (editors). La obra poética de Antonio Colinas: Origen y universalidad. Fundación Conrado Blanco, Casa de la Poesia - Fondo Cultural Antonio Colinas, 2021.
Moliner, Luis. Respirar: La palabra poética de Antonio Colinas. Madrid: Devenir, 2007.
Nana Tadoun, Guy Merlin.  Antonio Colinas o la escritura como aventura circular: Poesía y transtextualidad desde su trilogía final (1992-2002). Dissertation. U de Salamanca, 2008.
Olivio Jiménez, José. "Prólogo: La poesía de Antonio Colinas." Antonio Colinas: Poesía, 1967-1980. Madrid: Visor, 1982. 7-33.
Pritchett, Kay.  "Antonio Colinas’s Larga carta a Francesca: A Lacanian Approach to Its Formal Construction." Hispania 74.2 (1991): 262-268.
Pritchett, Kay, ed.  "Antonio Colinas."  Four Post-Modern Poets of Spain: A Critical Introduction with Translations of the Poems.  Fayetteville, AR: U of Arkansas P, 1991. 187-223.
Puerto, José Luis. "Antonio Colinas: La poesía como itinerario de purificación." El viaje hacia el centro. Madrid: Calambur, 1997.  41-70.
Riaño, Peio H.  "Tiritas para el paraíso." Público (online newspaper) February 20, 2011. Madrid.
Rodríguez Marcos, Javier. "Antonio Colinas: 'Hemos cometido el error de reducir la poesía a lo intelectual'." El País 12 May 2014.
Rozas, Juan Manuel. "Mi visión del poema 'Sepulcro en Tarquinia'." Ínsula 508 (April 1989): 1-2.
Santiago Bolaños, María Fernanda. "Antonio Colinas: Fuego que emerge de las ruinas del templo." El viaje hacia el centro. Madrid: Calambur, 1997. 117-128.

References

External links
Official Website of Antonio Colinas
Friends of Antonio Colinas, Facebook fan page

1946 births
Living people
Spanish essayists
20th-century Spanish poets
People from La Bañeza
Spanish translators
Spanish journalists
20th-century translators
Spanish male poets
Male essayists
20th-century essayists
20th-century Spanish male writers


title: John Fraser (footballer, born 1953)

text:
John Fraser (born 12 July 1953) is an English former footballer who played as a full back in the Football League for Brentford and Fulham.

Career

Fulham
After being spotted playing for his school team, Fraser entered the youth system at First Division club Fulham at the age of 14 in 1967. He began his career as a midfielder, but switched to full back under reserve team manager George Cohen and signed his first professional contract in 1971. He made his senior debut during the 1971–72 Second Division season and gradually built on his appearance record year-by-year to play 25 games during the 1974–75 season. An injury to Les Strong allowed him a place in the starting lineup for the 1975 FA Cup Final, which was lost 2–0 to West Ham United. Fraser fell out of favour with manager Alec Stock during the 1975–76 pre-season and departed the club at the end of the season. He made 65 appearances and scored one goal as a first team player at Craven Cottage.

Brentford
Fraser dropped to the Fourth Division to sign for Fulham's neighbours Brentford in July 1976 on a free transfer. He was a near ever-present during the 1976–77 season and was used in a utility role by manager Bill Dodgin Jr, playing both full back positions and on the wing. He was a regular until a groin injury ruined a successful 1977–78 season, in which he helped the Bees to automatic promotion to the Third Division by filling in at the midfield and at inside forward. He rejected a new contract and departed Griffin Park early in the 1980–81 season, despite having missed just four matches of the previous season. Fraser made 131 appearances and scored seven goals during three seasons with Brentford.

Oxford City
Fraser closed out his career in non-League football with Isthmian League First Division club Oxford City. He made 42 appearances and scoring one goal during the 1980–81 season before retiring from football.

Personal life
Fraser completed The Knowledge while a Brentford player and became a black cab driver after retiring from football.

Career statistics

Honours
Brentford
 Football League Fourth Division fourth-place promotion: 1977–78

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
Men's association football fullbacks
English men's footballers
Fulham F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
English Football League players
Oxford City F.C. players
Isthmian League players
Men's association football utility players
British taxi drivers
Footballers from Greater London


title: 2014–15 Ayr United F.C. season

text:
The 2014–15 season was Ayr United's 2nd season in League One and their 3rd consecutive season in the third-tier of Scottish football. Ayr also competed in the Scottish Cup, League Cup and the Challenge Cup.

Summary

Management
Ayr began the season under the management of Mark Roberts, who continued to operate in a player-manager role. On 15 December, Roberts was removed from his position as manager after a poor run of form, with his assistant Andy Millen placed in temporary charge. On 5 January 2015, Ian McCall was appointed as Ayr United's new manager.

Competitions

Pre season

Scottish League One

Scottish League Cup

Scottish Cup

Scottish Challenge Cup

Player statistics

Squad, appearance and goals

Players with a zero in every column only appeared as unused substitutes.

League table

Overall

Last Updated: 3 September 2015

Results summary

Results by round

Transfers

Players in

Players out

References

Ayr United F.C. seasons
Ayr United F.C.


title: Meliandou

text:
Meliandou is a village in Guéckédou Prefecture, in the Nzérékoré Region of southern Guinea. Medical researchers believe that the village was the location of the first known case of Ebola virus disease in the epidemic in West Africa. The patient zero of Ebola was a two-year-old boy who died in 2013. The boy's pregnant mother, sister, and grandmother also became ill with symptoms consistent with Ebola infection and died. People infected by those victims later spread the disease to other villages.

Prior to the Ebola outbreak, the villagers sold their farm produce to the nearby town of Guéckédou. , they found themselves unable to sell their products anymore.

See also
 Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea

References

External links
 High-resolution map of Meliandou area provided by European Union for ReliefWeb

Populated places in the Nzérékoré Region
2014 in Guinea
Health in Guinea
Index cases


title: John Fraser (footballer, born 1938)

text:
John Fraser (15 September 1938 – 2011) was a footballer from Northern Ireland who played in the Football League for Sunderland, Portsmouth and Watford.

References

1938 births
2011 deaths
Men's association football wingers
Glentoran F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Margate F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Durban City F.C. players
English Football League players
Association footballers from Belfast
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland


title: Syrians in Lebanon

text:
Syrians in Lebanon () refers to the Syrian migrant workers and, more recently, to the Syrian refugees who fled to Lebanon during the Syrian Civil War. The relationship between Lebanon and Syria includes Maronite-requested aid during Lebanon's Civil War which led to a 29-year occupation of Lebanon by Syria ending in 2005. Following the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War, refugees began entering Lebanon in 2011. Lebanon's response towards the influx of refugees has been criticized as negative, with the Lebanese government leaving them undocumented and limited and attacks on Syrian refugees by Lebanese citizens which go unaddressed by authorities. Despite the strained relationship between the Syrians and Lebanese, taking into consideration only Syrian refugees, Lebanon has the highest number of refugees per capita in the world, with one refugee per four nationals. The power dynamic and position of Syria and Lebanon changed drastically in such a short amount of time, it is inevitable that sentiments and prejudices prevailed despite progressions and changes in circumstance.

From the years of 2011–2016, there was an influx of over 1.5 million refugees from Syria to the neighboring country of Lebanon. Attempting to aid this number of people on top of Palestinian and Iraqi refugees from the past, created further economic and politic destruction for the country. Economically, Lebanon was overspending on the 1.5 million people who arrived since 2011. Politically, the Lebanese felt the need to choose a side in the Syrian war. In hopes to eliminate these issues, in 2016 the Lebanese government who has never had border laws created a border law banning people from entering the country without proper documentation (Gonzalez).

Background
While both Lebanon and Syria were under Ottoman rule until 1918,  what was then known as Mount Lebanon became home to Maronite Christian and Druze minorities who immigrated from all over the region, including modern day Syria. These religious differences, as well as the relative isolation due to the mountainous terrain, accompanied with the fact that Mount Lebanon maintained a self-governing status in the Ottoman Empire, were some of the main factors that led to the division of the two countries under the French Mandate from 1923, following a period of uncertainty in the region.

After both Lebanon and Syria gained independence from the French in the 1940s, they maintained their own autonomy (although Syria did not officially recognize Lebanon's independence until 2008) until 1976 when Syria occupied Lebanon as part of the Arab Deterrent Force under the premise of resolving the dispute of the Lebanese civil war. Although Taif Accord was signed in 1989, putting an official end to the civil war, Syrian forces remained in Lebanon. Syria's role in Lebanon changed over the years of the civil war from an intervention to an occupation. After the Taif Accord was signed, Syrian forces remained in Lebanon under the justification of Israel's failure to withdraw, as per the accord.  AN estimated 35,000 (by the year 2000) Syrian troops remained in Lebanon. The Syrian occupation of Lebanon lasted until 2005. During the Syrian occupation, the government under Hafez al-Assad, extending to Bashar al-Assad after 2000, the Syrian government carried out infringements of human rights, including the detention of Lebanese citizens in Syrian-occupied Lebanon without trial and torturing them without rights for legal council. In light of those who went missing during, what the Human Rights Watch described as, a "terror campaign" of censorship and fear inflicted on the Lebanese citizens, a negative sentiment to develop within the Lebanese population against Syria.

Following the end of the Syrian occupation, many Syrians have immigrated to Lebanon in search of work and better living standards. Movement between the two countries was relatively easy as an ID card was enough to cross the border.

As a result of the civil war in Syria commencing in 2011 between the government of President Bashar al‑Assad and rebel groups, refugees began entering Lebanon in large numbers, and quickly. This sudden influx of refugees has resulted in the overpopulation of existing camps and cities as well a drain on resources. This sudden and urgent circumstance led to tension between Lebanese citizens and Syrian refugees. The Lebanese government did not make an attempt to account for these refugees; it instead blocked aid to them in a passive dissent to their immigration. Border crossing restrictions were issued for Syrians crossing into Lebanon, which only led to the movement of asylum seekers shifting to illegal smuggling.

Statistics

According to the UNHCR, there were over one million Syrian refugees who had been registered in Lebanon in 2016. Nevertheless, this figure is likely largely underestimated since the UNHCR has stopped registering new Syrian refugees since May 2015, and it doesn't include individuals awaiting registration. Hence, precise figures of the number of Syrian people in Lebanon don't exist currently. Recent estimates were as high as 1,500,000 people.

As of 30 November 2018, the official distribution of registered refugees is as follows:

Of the registered refugees, 55.6% are under the age of 18.

Along with Syrians, the influx of refugees due to the conflict includes 35,000 Lebanese returnees and 31,502 Palestinian refugees from Syria.

Given the estimated population of Lebanon at 5.9 million, the 1.5 million Syrian refugees make Lebanon the country with the highest number of refugees per capita – with one refugee for every four nationals. Syrian refugee statistics documented by the UNHCR were ordered to cease in 2015 by the Lebanese government, the reason behind this is uncertain.

Most Syrian refugees rent apartments, partly due to the absence of formal refugee camps. More than 80% of them rent accommodation in 1700 locations countrywide at an average price of $200 a month. The rest of them – whose percentage keeps increasing due to the deepening vulnerability – had to settle in unfinished buildings, garages, abandoned sheds, work sites and tents in informal settlements.

Chronology of the registration of Syrian refugees post 2011
The exact number of refugees is difficult to pin down, but national politicians have used the refugee question for electoral purposes, in particular in the context of the campaign for the general elections scheduled in 2018.

 January 2014 – Prime Minister Najib Mikati declare that 900,000 “conflict refugees” came to Lebanon, “approaching a quarter of the population.”
 April 2014 – UNHCR states that Syrian refugees in Lebanon have passed the 1-million mark.
 May 2015 – UNHCR stops the registration of new refugees and asylum seekers. The peak number of 1.2 million then decreased to 1 million by 2017, as a share of officially registered refugees were resettled, departed or died.
 September 2015 – Gebran Bassil, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Lebanon, referred to refugees as a burden, arguing that the one-million figure doesn’t account for all concerned: "it's 1.5 [million Syrians] plus 500,000 Palestinians so 45–50% of the population."
 October 2017: Esther Pinzari, UNHCR protection officer, explained Syrian refugees total 1 million in Lebanon. The Lebanese government, in the meantime, puts the number over 1.5 million, claiming that even that number is an understatement.
 November 2017: Major General Abbas Ibrahim, the head of General Security, states that the total number of refugees exceeds 2.5 million, including all nationalities.

Naturalization and Syrians
Excessive restrictions were placed on Lebanese citizenship due to the importance of the countries demographic in running political operations. However, Armenian and Assyrian refugees came to Lebanon in 1915 from present-day southeastern Turkey, following the Armenian and Assyrian genocide. And when Lebanon was formed after Ottoman rule subsided, these Armenians and Assyrians were given citizenship to Lebanon. Also, under the Syrian-occupied Lebanon in 1994, the government naturalized over 154,931 foreign residents, of Palestinian (mostly Palestinian Christians) and Syrian (mostly Syrian Sunnis and Christians) descent. The purpose of these naturalization was to sway the elections to a pro-Syrian government. This allegation is based on how these new citizens were bused in to vote and displayed higher voting rates than the nationals did.

On June 1, 2018, the notoriously anti-naturalization Lebanese president, Michel Aoun signed a naturalization decree granting citizenship to a reported 300 individuals. These individuals come for various backgrounds and religions, however all of them are in one way wealthy and have ties to Syrian president, Bashar al-Assad.

Ethnic groups
Although the majority of Syrians in Lebanon are Arabs (including Palestinians residing in Syria), there exists various ethnic and religious minorities, namely Syrian Armenians, Syrian Turkmen and Syrian Kurds.

Palestinians

This group consists of descendants of Palestinian refugees who were displaced from Palestine during the 1947–1949 Palestine war to Syria, and then from Syria to Lebanon because of the Syrian civil war that started in 2011. These Palestinians have been met with favor from existing Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. In January 2015, more Palestinians refugees were recorded to be in Syria than in Lebanon, including the already existing refugees preceding 2011, although in light of the European Migrant Crisis, the numbers have allegedly dropped with many fleeing to Europe and a few to Lebanon.

Turkmen

In October 2015, the Syrian independent newspaper Zaman Al Wasl reported that 125,000 to 150,000 Syrian Turkmen refugees arrived in Lebanon, now outnumbering the Turkish minority of Lebanon. Many of them settled in the small village of Kaweishra known for its Turkish identity. The Turkish government has previously sent out food aid specifically for Turkmen refugees in Lebanon.

In 2018 the number of Syrian Turkmen in Lebanon had increased to approximately 200,000.

Kurds
Following the unification of Syria and Egypt in 1958 which resulted in strong Arab nationalism, oppressive measures were taken against Kurds in Syria. This led to a wave of Syrian Kurds resettling into Lebanon. More recently, due to the influx of refugees from the Syrian civil war, a large number of Kurds sought asylum in Lebanon where there was already a significant and well-integrated Kurdish population, despite being underrepresented. Estimates vary on the exact number of Kurdish asylum seekers due to the fact that they are legally registered no differently than Arab Syrians, though some sources estimate the number to be as high as 500,000, almost half of all documented Syrian refugees.

Armenians

Due to the strong support of Armenian institutions and communities in Lebanon, Syrian Armenians have had a relatively smooth integration in Lebanese society. This includes the fact that almost all Syrian-Armenian children are able to study for free in Armenian schools in Lebanon and have an integrated and parliament-represented foundation to rely on. Most sources estimate the number of the displaced population at around 10,000 people.

Difficulties

Immigration policies
The Lebanese government has historically maintained an open-door policy towards Syrian refugees despite the absence of formal obligation. The UNHCR states that the Lebanese government has never signed the 1951 Refugee Convention which secures a refugee who belongs "to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion." Therefore, there exists no international laws which Lebanon must abide by in dealing with the refugees. Adhering to the convention would mean that Lebanon was obligated to provide asylum to refugees and grant refugees the right to access courts, elementary education, and travel documents. Moreover, the refugees are entitles to receive the same public services and treatment in the labor market that Lebanese citizens do. Therefore, when faced with a large quantity of Syrian refugees entering Lebanon, the government had the ability to carry out its goals, which were to return those refugees back to Syria and discourage permanent residence.

Although Syrian refugees began entering Lebanon in 2011, it was not until 2014 that the government began introducing policies regarding Syrian refugee immigration. During the three year open-border policy, an estimated 1.5 million Syrians fled to Lebanon without defined policy or legal framework, leaving many of them with limited options . It is arguable that the establishment of policies regarding Syrians immigrating to Lebanon in 2014 was directly aimed at reducing the number of Syrians migrating to Lebanon, and driving them to return to Syria due to the difficult circumstances. In 2018 Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and Lebanese President Michel Aoun united with the intention "to accelerate [Syrian Refugees] return home".

Hostility and prejudice
The 29-year Syrian occupation of Lebanon created negative sentiment in the Lebanese people towards Syrians. According to the Human Rights Watch (HRW), the Syrian armed forces detained, without trial, thousands of Lebanese citizens, many of whom not only remained arrested, but were transported to Syrian prisons in violation of international law. Coupled with the kidnapping and assassination of critics to the Syrian regime, what HRW described as a terror campaign, resulted in the Lebanese press censoring any sentiments against Syrian policies in Lebanon. In July 1991 forty supporters of Michel Aoun were arrested in Kesrouan for handing out leaflets that criticized President Hrawi, another fifty-eight were arrested after holding demonstrations in Ashqout to name a few instances. The families of the detained reported that as well as denying legal council and family visitation rights, Syrian forces tortured those imprisoned. This mistreatment of citizens by the Syrian forces only ended as recently as 2005, allowing almost 6 years only before a forced integration of Syrians equivalent to one fourth of the population. The resentment towards Syria is disputed amongst political parties, often debating whether diplomatic and commercial relations between Lebanon and Syria should even be considered.

Negative sentiment from the Lebanese public is not limited to the negative history. In June 2016 a series of deadly suicide bombings occurred in al-Qaa saw causing 5 deaths. This was responded to with raids of refugee camps resulting in 100 arrests, after-which only three people were persecuted, two of which were Syrians with links to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS). This was a factor leading up to the implementation of curfews in refugee camps. The response to these attacks was negativity to Syrian refugees despite the fact that public deceleration that those charged with the bombing were not refugees. In July of the same year, at least 200 people gathered in Beirut to march against racism towards Syrian refugees. From the ministry of foreign affairs to the interior ministry under the banner "all against racism" demonstrators were met by negative comments by Lebanese citizens due to them supporting Syrian refugees. The willingness to believe that the Syrian refugees bring

There is also a fear of a spillover of the Syrian Civil war into Lebanon which makes citizens unwilling to act as hosts. As early as 2012, the religious fractions that drove the civil war in Syria began to spark assault rifle shootings in open roads and demonstrations including burning tires against the governments willingness to appease Damascus.

The precedent of refugees in Lebanon are the Palestinians. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was a significant presence in Lebanon and operated in Palestinian refugee camps. From 1968 onward, they carried out military operations against Israel, who would retaliate by conducting raids against Lebanese villages, bringing chaos and destruction to Lebanon. In 1970, following their expulsion from Jordan, the PLO's presence in Lebanon increased and the control they had over parts of the country became more significant. Clashes with the Lebanese army and Christian militias occurred, leading to the involvement of other Lebanese parties and foreign powers that supported the Palestinians, ultimately escalating into the civil war that Syria used to occupy Lebanon. In light of the events, it is not unreasonable for citizens and politicians to be weary of what refugees bring with them, providing a camp could lead to an outcome such as that of Palestinian camps, which are still not under Lebanese jurisdiction to this day.

Despite the reasoning and rationality for any prejudice, the outcome has been alleged and documented mistreatment of Syrian refugees by authorities, through unwarranted arrest, and civilians.

Refugees in Lebanon

Refugees in Lebanon

Fleeing to Lebanon in 1948 following the Arab-Israel War and having nowhere to return to till present day, as of January 2015, there were 452,669 registered Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. 2010 saw a sudden migration of Palestinian Refugees to Europe from Lebanon, contributing to the European migrant crisis. Palestinian refugees fleeing from Lebanon to European countries has been argued to be a consequence of the migration of Syrian refugees in such large bulk reducing the standard of life and overshadowing them in funding. Palestinian refugees were not welcomed easily, the 1951 Refugee convention was not signed, at least in part, to avoid responsibility of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, and for Lebanon to maintain the autonomy to decide the actions the government wishes to take regarding displaced persons.

Armenian and Assyrian refugees came to Lebanon in 1915 from present-day southeastern Turkey, following the Armenian and Assyrian genocide. At the time, Mount Lebanon was a Mutasarrifate within the Ottoman Empire that held a unique self-governing status. The Armenian and Assyrian refugees found it as a safe haven given its semi-autonomous state and because of the religious beliefs that they shared with the majority. When Lebanon was formed after Ottoman rule subsided, these Armenians and Assyrians were given citizenship to Lebanon, they are represented in the parliament and have integrated into society in Lebanon.

Syrian refugees in Lebanon

As the numbers of Syrians in Lebanon have grown, so have tensions; the attitude towards reception of Syrians in Lebanon quickly became opposed to. The influx of Syrians into Lebanon has resulted in economic, political, social and religious tensions in Lebanon. Curfews have been put into place in some cities and villages to ensure public safety following attacks on police and members of the military by religious Syrian extremist groups. Many Lebanese citizens fear that there is a possibility of Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon, especially after Syrian Sunni Muslim extremist groups executed of Lebanese soldiers in August 2014 as part of the Battle of Arsal.

In the 2017 Lebanon Crisis Response Plan (LCRP) Lebanon makes clear the rights it maintains in light of the influx of Syrian 'refugees',

Lebanon maintains its position as not being a state for refugees despite the Palestinian and Armenians residing in the country as displaced individuals. Syrians seeking shelter have been met with a "no camp" policy from the government which lead them to rent cheap land and even rooms in previously existing Palestinian refugee camps.

The large majority of Syrian refugees in Lebanon are Sunni Muslims.

Resolution

Returning to Syria
With Bashar al-Assad regaining support and control, refugees have begun returning to Syria, both individually and with the aid of Damascus. Lebanon urges refugees to return to Syria, claiming that they are unable to accommodate 25% of its population in refugees. The UNHCR advises against the return of Syrian refugees under the circumstances in Syria, this was responded to by a freeze on residency applications for UNHCR staff This approach has led to the argument that Lebanon is beginning to 'force' refugees back to Syria despite the potential danger of doing so.

Aid

The Lebanese government and NGO's provide assistance to the displaced refugees. Medair, a Swiss NGO, provides aid to Syrian refugees in Lebanon through various means. Housing is supported through distribution of shelter kits and improvements of living conditions for the refugees who have found a place to stay; healthcare, mapping, and hygiene also fall under the contributions of Medair to refugees in Lebanon. Caritas Lebanon is another NGO that aids refugees under the Catholic Church. Providing resources in the form of settlements to over 100 families of Syrian refugees in Lebanon; Caritas navigated the Lebanese governments not permitting formal refugee camps by providing materials that could be added to existing structures to create shelter for the refugees.

See also

 Lebanon–Syria relations
 Lebanese people in Syria

References

Arcos González, Pedro, Zeinab Cherri, and Rafael Castro Delgado. 2016. "The Lebanese-Syrian Crisis: Impact Of Influx Of Syrian Refugees To An Already Weak State". Risk Management And Healthcare Policy Volume 9: 165–172. Dove Medical Press Ltd. doi:10.2147/rmhp.s106068.

 "2014 UNHCR country operations profile- Lebanon." UNHCR. UNHCR, Web, 11 November 2014.
 Goodspeed, Peter. "Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon continues to build." The Star. The Star, 26 November 2014. Web.
 "Lebanon: At least 45 Local Curfews Imposed on Syrian Refugees." Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch, 10 October 2014. Web. 19 November 2014.
 "Lebanon: Rising Violence Targets Syrian Refugees." Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch, 30 December 2014. Web. 10 November 2014.
 "Lebanon: Rising Violence Targets Syrian Refugees." Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch, 30 December 2014. Web. 10 November 2014.
 Pan, Ester. "MIDDLE EAST: Syria and Lebanon." Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, 18 February 2014. Web. !2 November 2014.
 THE ASSOCIATED PRESS "Lebanon to Bar Syrian Refugees." The New York Times. The New York Times, 24 October 2014. Web. 19 November 2014.

Arabs in Lebanon
Ethnic groups in Lebanon
Middle Eastern diaspora in Lebanon
Syrian emigrants to Lebanon
Lebanon
Refugees of the Arab Winter
Refugees of the Syrian civil war
Refugees in Asia
Lebanon
Lebanese involvement in the Syrian civil war


title: Daigou

text:
Daigou () is an emerging form of cross-border exporting in which an individual or a syndicated group of exporters outside China purchases commodities (mainly luxury goods, but sometimes also groceries such as infant formulas) for customers in China. Daigou shoppers typically purchase the desired goods in a region outside China, after which they post the goods to China or carry them in their luggage when they return to China. The goods are then sold for profit in China.

Daigou activities can be conducted illegally, or legally, using loopholes to circumvent import tariffs imposed on overseas goods.

Sales
Daigou sales across sectors total $15 billion annually. In 2014 the value of the daigou business just in luxury goods increased from CN¥55 billion to CN¥75 billion yuan (US$8.8 billion to $12 billion).

Daigou purchases are often made in luxury brand boutiques in major fashion cities like Paris, London, New York City, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Seoul. Some daigou operators use Weibo and WeChat to communicate with their clients.
The large demand for daigou service is due to  perceived high import tariffs on luxury goods and concern over unsafe products, especially food safety problems, Daigou shoppers can provide assurance that the products which consumers in China order are genuine and safe to use. Shoppers often have personal connections with the people in China who order from them.

A 2015 survey of Chinese online luxury shoppers found that 35% have used daigou to purchase luxury goods online, while only 7% used the website of the brand they are buying, or think they are buying.
Approximately 80% of Chinese luxury purchases are made abroad.

Negative impacts

Daigou syndicates can be involved in hoarding and stockpiling of goods in large quantities, often infuriating local customers for the shortage of goods and disruption incurred to the markets.

In June 2019 naval personnel from a Chinese warship berthed in Sydney Harbour, Australia were photographed unloading boxes of baby formula and other products from a large van to carry onto the ship.

In January and February 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, China's United Front organized successful Daigou in numerous countries to help China import 2.5 billion pieces of epidemic safety equipment, including over two billion safety masks. The Australian subsidiaries of Country Garden and Greenland Holdings had their employees gather medical supplies which were subsequently airlifted to Wuhan, exacerbating these shortages in Australian hospitals. Jorge Guajardo, Mexico’s former ambassador to China, suggested that China was evidently hiding the extent of a pandemic that endangered the world while covertly securing PPE at low prices, as this “surreptitious” operation left “the world naked with no supply of PPE.”

Such actions have prompted several governments to take actions against Daigou smuggling and hoarding. Starting from 2012, the New Zealand government has been regularly cracking down and sometimes outright banning unauthorized export of consumer goods through unregistered channels. Australian retailers have imposed multiple restrictions on Daigou purchases of baby formula.

Some Daigou service providers fraudulently sell counterfeit products that have been altered to appear purchased abroad from legitimate sources.

Responses from China

On January 1, 2019, China officially rolled out a new e-commerce law, the first of its kind to directly regulate Daigou activities. Under the new law, all Daigou participants will be legally required to register as e-commerce operators and acquire licenses in both China and the country where they shop, making their business subject to taxation in both China and the region where they purchased goods. Any e-commerce platform and seller could be fined 2 million yuan and 500,000 yuan respectively, and possibly face criminal charges, if they are found guilty of smuggling, tax evasion and willful violation of the new e-commerce law.

See also
Parallel trading in Hong Kong

References

External links

JINGDAILY: daigou

Retail processes and techniques
Smuggling
Chinese business terms
Tax evasion
Tax avoidance
Chinese-speaking people by occupation
Sales occupations
Retailing-related crime


title: Calthorpe, Norfolk

text:
Calthorpe is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Erpingham, in the North Norfolk district, in the county of Norfolk, England. The village is located  west of the village of Erpingham,  north of the nearest town of Aylsham and is   north of the nearest city of Norwich. The nearest railway station is at Gunton for the Bittern Line which runs between Sheringham, Cromer and Norwich and is  from the village. The nearest airport is Norwich International  south of the village. In 1931 the parish had a population of 143.

Etymology
The village name devolved from Old Scandinavian language and has the meaning of outlying farm or small hamlet owned by a man named Kali.

Description
It was once a parish itself but was amalgamated into the civil parish of Erpingham in the re-organisation of Norfolk parishes on 1 April 1935. The village and its parish church are centred on a crossroads of Wall Road which runs from Wolterton and Erpingham, and Scarrow Beck Lane which runs north to south through the village and links Wickmere to the north with Ingworth.

Domesday Book
Calthorpe is mentioned in Domesday Book of 1086, where it is called Calatorp or Caletorp. The main landholders of the parish were Roger Bigod, The Abbot of Saint Benedict of Holme and Breton called Tihel of HellÈan. Before 1066 it was held by Godwin of Scottow and was valued at £4 but at the time of the survey the value was listed as £6. The manor was 8 furlongs in Length and 5½ in width and had a taxable value of 9½ pennies. Saint Benedict holdings had 7 smallholders, 7 villages, 1 plough in Lordship, 3 mens ploughs, 4 acres meadow, woodland Pannage for 15 pigs, 1 mill and one third of another. In the Domesday survey fractions were used to indicate that the entry, in this case the second mill, was on an estate that lay within more than one parish. The survey list Guerri and Osbort as being tenants of Tihel of HellÈan. Within these tenant holdings there were 8 smallholders, 3 villagers, 1 plough owned by the lord of the manor, 1½ men's ploughs, 6 acres of meadow, woodland Pannage for 15 pigs, One third of a mill. 3 cobs, 1 head of cattle, 10 pigs and two beehives.

Landmarks and structures

Manor houses
Within the parish of Calthorpe, there is documented evidence of several manor houses dating from the medieval period but all traces have now disappeared and their exact locations are not known. The names of three have been recorded as Calthorpe Hall, Hook Hall and Kybald Hall all of which are referred to in medieval documents and in White's gazetteer of 1845.

The parish church of Our Lady and Saint Margaret
The church standing today was first built in the medieval period although there are remnants of an earlier Norman church within the building. The Norman church replaced an earlier church. Most of the remaining church was built in the 13th century. The church tower was built in the 13th century and is unbuttressed and faced in knapped flint work. Internally the tower has a low arch with several courses of mouldings which finish into the impost. The chancel dates from the 13th century with the nave being re-built sometime in the 15th century. Originally there was a porch on the south elevation doorway now gone. On the north elevation is the door used today which has a recess above the door on the inside which once contained a Saint Christopher as was the practice of placing the saint opposite the main entrance to welcome the parishioners and travellers to the church. The timber roof of the nave dates from the medieval period and is constructed with rows of Arch-braced trusses. The nave has four early English triple lancets perpendicular windows of which only one has any decoration. The widow in the chancel was installed in 1822. The octagonal font dates from the 15th century and sits on a pedestal with four lions, one to each corner with double tracery panel between each hunched lion. The octagonal bowls panels are also decorated with tracery with the underside of the bowl supported by carved demi-figures of angels. The font is topped with a red and green brightly decorated cover which towers above the font. The cover originates from the parish church of Saint Andrews at Buxton. The church is a Grade II listed building (English Heritage Building ID: 224484).

First World War Memorial Plaque
Set into the wall of the church to the left of the main door is a memorial plaque to the men of the parish of Calthorpe who gave there life during the 1914 – 1918 World War. The inscription reads
IN MEMORY OF THE MEN OF THIS PARISH WHO LOST THEIR LIVES IN THE WAR 1914~1918 THIS TABLET IS PLACED BY THE PEOPLE OF CALTHORP
The men listed here are all on the plaque
Alfred Allard
William Anderson
Arthur Brett
Barney Burgess
John Burton
Basil Horner
William Horner
Joseph Newstead
Jack Wright
R.I.P.

Calthorpe Watermill
The Domesday survey recorded that there were two watermills in Calthorpe although there were no documented evidence reference the watermills until 1249. By that date there was only one watermill south of the village on the River Bure. The watermill was constructed from timber and needed constant maintenance, a situation which was documented by the rectory accounts. The mill's situation made access difficult and this eventually lead to the mill falling into disrepair until in 1453 it is recorded as having collapsed.

Gallery

References

External links

Villages in Norfolk
Former civil parishes in Norfolk
Erpingham


title: Hot pepper challenge

text:
The hot pepper challenge (also ghost pepper challenge or chili pepper challenge) is an Internet viral video fad, consisting of a food challenge that involves filming oneself while eating and swallowing a chili pepper that is high on the Scoville scale and known for its piquant (spicy-hot) qualities, in particular the cayenne pepper, Thai pepper, habanero, ghost pepper, and the Trinidad moruga scorpion pepper; the video is then uploaded to the Internet. Hot pepper challenges have been featured on television series, including Man v. Food.

The Internet videos generally show the different stages the participant goes through. In the introduction, the challenger introduces themselves and states the proposed challenge, shows the pepper, and discusses its qualities. The challenger often takes precautionary measures like setting out a large quantity of milk, which helps relieve and cope with the burning sensation in the mouth and throat. Then the pepper (or food item containing it) is eaten. After a short while, an extreme burning sensation and profuse sweating are experienced by the challenger, caused by the pepper's capsaicin and related capsaicinoids. Sometimes vomiting and hallucinations (e.g., reduced vision) are induced by eating the pepper.

The challenge has resulted in a small number of reported cases of problems or health scares. In one such instance, in September 2016, five 11- to 14-year-old school students from West Milton, Ohio, were hospitalized after 40 of them ate ghost pepper as part of a challenge and suffered apparently allergic reactions. There is also an account of a 47-year-old California man who was sent to an emergency department after consuming a hamburger topped with ghost pepper puree in an eating contest; doctors found that he had ruptured his esophagus (Boerhaave syndrome) from excessive vomiting, and that his left lung had collapsed from the pressure of stomach fluid and food material entering his abdominal cavity through the tear in his throat.

Even the hottest peppers are not literally toxic in reasonable quantities; research has suggested that it would take around 3 pounds (1.36 kg) of the highest-Scoville peppers, like ghost pepper, to kill a 150-pound (68 kg) adult. However, there are documented fatalities from cardiac arrest caused by the pain and panic induced by pepper spray, the main ingredient of which is oleoresin capsicum, a concentrated capsaicin wax extracted from chili peppers. Allergic reactions to the substance itself, especially asthma attacks, are more common. These were also reported in the Ohio school's ghost pepper incident.

References

Challenges
Competitive eating
Chili peppers
Viral videos


title: Highfields School

text:
Highfields School may refer to:

Highfields School, Matlock, a secondary school in Matlock.

Highfields School, Wolverhampton, a secondary school in Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England

Highfields Private School, Cornwall, a former independent school in Redruth, Cornwall.

See also
The Highfield School
Highfields (disambiguation)


title: The Canoe and the Saddle

text:
The Canoe and the Saddle (1862) is a novelized adventure memoir by the American author Theodore Winthrop (1828–1861). It vividly describes  Washington state’s landscape and natural resources as well as the tumultuous relationship between Winthrop and the Native American people he interacted with.

The Canoe and the Saddle presents a picturesque image of the Pacific Northwest and later inspired travelers, activists, and artists. Conflicting themes of nature and evolving civilization are at odds with each other in this novel with Winthrop's belief that “preservation of the civilized world resided within its wildness-but only if that wildness could be kept at arm’s length.” (Lindholdt 11).

Winthrop's literary depiction of the Northwest, particularly Washington Territory, earned him great popularity. The town of Winthrop, Washington took on his name in 1890 as well as Mount Rainier’s Winthrop Glacier due to his detailed descriptions of the landscape in his book. The Winthrop Hotel in Tacoma, Washington, was also named in his honor.

References

Lindholdt, Paul. "Theodore Winthrop." Columbia: The Magazine Of Northwest History 21.1 (2007): 5–11.
Winthrop, Theodore. The Canoe and the Saddle: A Critical Edition. [1862.] Ed. and introd. Paul J. Lindholdt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006.
Lindholdt, Paul. "Theodore Winthrop finishes his tour of Washington Territory at Port Townsend on August 21, 1853."

1862 American novels
American adventure novels


title: List of museums in Sierra Leone

text:
Below is a list of museums in Sierra Leone.

List
 Sierra Leone National Museum
 Sierra Leone Peace Museum
 Sierra Leone National Railway Museum

See also
 List of museums

External links
 Museums in Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone
Museums
Sierra Leone
Museums


title: Walter Dann

text:
Walter Dann (born ) is a Canadian Wheelchair Athletics Athlete who has competed in the 1968, 1972 and the 1976 Summer Paralympics. He won silver in the Men's 4x60m Wheelchair Relay (with F. Henderson, B. Simpson and Eugene Reimer) and the Novices 60m Wheelchair Dash C.

He was born in Vancouver, before moving to Halifax, Nova Scotia. He contracted polio when he was three. He won the highest badge in scouting when he was 15.

See also

Canada at the 1968 Summer Paralympics

References

Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic silver medalists for Canada
Paralympic track and field athletes for Canada
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Canadian male wheelchair racers
Athletes from Vancouver


title: Camalote, Belize

text:
Camalote is a village located along the George Price Highway in Cayo District, Belize. It lies approximately five kilometers west of Belmopan.

Demographics
At the time of the 2010 census, Camalote had a population of 2,562 people in 560 households. Of these, 45.7% were Mestizo, 36.1% Creole, 8.6% Mixed, 2.0% East Indian, 2.0% Mopan Maya, 1.8% Ketchi Maya, 1.1% Garifuna, 0.8% Caucasian, 0.6% Asian, 0.3% Mennonite, 0.2% African and 0.7% others.

References

Populated places in Cayo District
Cayo South


title: 2014 Pan American Sports Festival

text:
The I Pan American Sports Festival (Spanish: Festival Deportivo Panamericano) was a multi-sport event held between 11 July and 30 September 2014 in Mexico.  The Festival was organized by the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO).

Venues
The Festival was held at various locations throughout Mexico.

The Games

Participating nations

Sports

Aquatic sports

Canoeing

Gymnastics

Roller skating

Medals table

Source: Official website (archived)

References

External links
 Official website

2014
Pan American Sports Festival
Multi-sport events in Mexico
International sports competitions hosted by Mexico
Pan American Sports Festival
Qualification tournaments for the 2015 Pan American Games
Pan American Sports Festival
Sports festivals in Mexico
2010s in Mexico City
Pan American Sports Festival
Pan American Sports Festival
Pan American Sports Festival


title: Winthrop Jones

text:
Walter Winthrop Humphreys Jones (1917–1999), better known as Winthrop Jones, was an architect and painter. Jones was the father of conservation photographer Alison M. Jones  and Pamela (aka Pippi) Jones Cunningham, housewife.  During a 40-year career in architecture, he designed schools, public buildings, and other facilities in New Jersey.

Early life and education
Jones was born on January 30, 1917, and he grew up in Morristown, New Jersey. After attending the Morristown School (now Morristown-Beard School) in Morristown, New Jersey, Jones graduated from the Indian River School in New Smyrna, Florida. During his time at the Morristown School, he played as a forward for the hockey team. Jones played for the 1933-1934 Morristown School hockey team that went on an overseas tour in Europe to play teams from Switzerland, Germany, and France. The team received a personal message of good luck from President Franklin Roosevelt prior to setting sail for the trip.

After high school, Jones completed a bachelor's degree in architecture at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia. He also took coursework at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York and the Newark College of Engineering (now the New Jersey Institute of Technology) in Newark, New Jersey. Jones did his post-graduate studies in architectural construction and engineering at the New York Structural Institute.

Architectural career
Jones designed buildings for the campuses of Bordentown Military Institute in Bordentown, New Jersey and the Purnell School in Pottersville, New Jersey. He also designed the Hunterdon County, New Jersey Administration Building in Flemington, New Jersey, the Free Public Library of Passaic Township, New Jersey, and an addition to the Church of the Holy Spirit in Lebanon, New Jersey.

The artistic style of Jones influenced Alison M. Jones's engagement in conservation photography. Describing her father's role in her work in The Hunterdon Review, Alison Jones stated, "My father, Winthrop H. Jones, was an architect and painter who constantly framed the world for me. He taught me to see details and graphic forms without my ever really knowing what was happening. It wasn't until I was in my forties that I realized that I had a natural sense of composition and a need to capture the way I saw the world".

Jones also influenced the architectural career of New Jersey architect Susan Rochelle. The book Hunterdon Folks: Everyday People in Small Business, how They Got There, and what They Do to Make America Great states: "Ms. Rochelle started out in interior design, graduating in 1980 from Centenary College with a degree in the subject. W. Winthrop Jones advised her to go for a degree in architecture, so she got her master's. She's licensed in both New Jersey and Pennsylvania, currently working on projects in both states." h

Among Winthrop's employees was William Turnbull, of Moore Lyndon, Turnbull, Whittier, architects of Sea Ranch in northern California. Also Lawrence C. Apgar Jr. An addition at the DuPont estate Winterthur in Delaware was a notable project in the office which Larry assisted Winthrop on.

Military career
During World War II, Jones served in the U.S. Navy. He served as an officer in the combat Information center on board the U.S.S. Chenango, an escort carrier. After receiving a promotion to the rank of commander, Jones returned to working as an architect at the conclusion of the war.

Notable ancestry of the Jones Family
Jones descended directly from colonial leader John Winthrop, who served as governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Jones also descended from Colonel David Humphreys, who served as an aide de camp to George Washington. During Washington's presidential administration, Humphreys served as American Minister to Portugal and Spain.

Elizabeth Jones descended from Captain John Pray, another aide de camp to George Washington. She also descended from Lewis Morris, a colonial governor of New Jersey.

References

1917 births
1999 deaths
Architects from New Jersey
Artists from New Jersey
People from Morristown, New Jersey
20th-century American architects
Morristown-Beard School alumni


title: Chief Administrator of the Courts

text:
The New York State Chief Administrator of the Courts (or Chief Administrative Judge of the Courts if a judge) oversees the administration and operation of the New York State Unified Court System. They are appointed by the Chief Judge of New York with the advice and consent of the Administrative Board of the Courts. They are assisted by the Office of Court Administration.

List of Chief Administrative Judges
Recent Chief Administrative Judges:

Richard J. Bartlett, 1974–1979
Herbert J. Evans, 1979–1983
Robert J. Sise, 1983–1985
Joseph W. Bellacosa, 1985–1987
Albert M. Rosenblatt, 1987–1989
Matthew T. Crosson, 1989–1993
E. Leo Milonas, 1993–1995
Jonathan Lippman, 1996–2007
Ann Pfau, 2007–2011
A. Gail Prudenti, 2011–2015
Lawrence K. Marks, 2015–present

References

External links
 Rules of the Chief Administrator of the Courts in the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations
 Office of Court Administration on Open NY (https://data.ny.gov/)

New York (state) state courts
Court administration


title: 1996 Davis Cup World Group

text:
The World Group was the highest level of Davis Cup competition in 1996. The first-round losers went into the Davis Cup World Group qualifying round, and the winners progressed to the quarterfinals and were guaranteed a World Group spot for 1997.

The United States were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the quarterfinals.

France won the title, defeating Sweden in the final, 3–2. The final was held at the Malmö Isstadion in Malmö, Sweden, from 29 November to 1 December. It was the French team's 8th Davis Cup title overall.

Participating teams

Draw

First round

Italy vs. Russia

South Africa vs. Austria

Switzerland vs. Germany

France vs. Denmark

India vs. Netherlands

Sweden vs. Belgium

Czech Republic vs. Hungary

United States vs. Mexico

Quarterfinals

Italy vs. South Africa

France vs. Germany

India vs. Sweden

Czech Republic vs. United States

Semifinals

France vs. Italy

Czech Republic vs. Sweden

Final

Sweden vs. France

References

External links
Davis Cup official website

World Group
Davis Cup World Group
Davis Cup


title: Mamta Kaash

text:
Mamta Kaash (born 29 March 1964) is an actress and producer who has worked in television, radio and theatre in the UK. Born in India, she is the daughter of a journalist for the BBC World Service.

As an actress, she is perhaps best known for her roles in the BBC1 medical dramas Casualty, in which she played Dr Beth Ramanee, and Angels, as Nargis Khan. In 1985, she appeared in the long-running Yorkshire Television soap opera Emmerdale Farm. She also appeared in the Scottish soap opera River City, playing the role of Hana Malik. Mamta also played the role of Mahatma Gandhi's adopted daughter Abha Chatterjee in the British television series Lord Mountbatten: The Last Viceroy

Theatre roles have included Moti Roti Puttli Chunni at Theatre Royal Stratford East (1993) and MAA at the Royal Court Theatre (1995). More recently, Kaash has focused on work as a producer. In 2013 she once again collaborated with director Gareth Jones as a co-producer of the film Delight, an awards nominee at the Moscow International Film Festival.

Awards
Kaash won Best Actress award at the 1989 Cannes Festival International de Programmes Audiovisuels for her performance in the five-part BBC2 drama Shalom Salaam, a role for which she received widespread critical acclaim, with the drama also winning best screenplay for writer/director Gareth Jones.

References

External links

Interview on Holby TV
British Film Institute filmography

1964 births
Living people
British television actresses
Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom
20th-century British actresses
British actresses of Asian descent


title: Northeast China folk religion

text:
Northeast China folk religion is the variety of Chinese folk religion of northeast China, characterised by distinctive cults original to Hebei and Shandong, transplanted and adapted by the Han Chinese settlers of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang (the three provinces comprising Northeast China) since the Qing dynasty. It is characterised by terminology, deities and practices that are different from those of central and southern Chinese folk religion. Many of these patterns derive from the interaction of Han religion with Manchu shamanism.

Prominence is given to the worship of zoomorphic deities, of a "totemic" significance. In the region the terms shen  ("god") and xian  ("immortal being") are synonymous. Figures of ritual specialists or shamans perform various ritual functions for groups of believers and local communities, including chūmǎxiān ( "riding for the immortals"), dances, healing, exorcism, divination, and communication with ancestors.

History

The formation of northeast China's folk religion and shamanism can be traced back to the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), when a large number of Han Chinese settled in the northeast of China mixing with Manchus. Either in the Qing period, and in the later Republic of China (1912-1949) and subsequent People's Republic, the worship of zoomorphic deities and the practice of chumaxian had bad relationship with the governments, which considered it "feudal superstition" ( fēngjiàn míxìn) and banned through different decrees.

The popular worship of animal gods began to resurface in the 1980s, and soon also the chumaxian practice was revived. In the 2010s there have been attempts to protect chumaxian under the policy of "intangible cultural heritage".

Japanese scholarship and Shinto similarities

The study of northeast China's folk religion owes much to the scholarly enterprise that the Japanese conducted on the subject during the period of Manchukuo (1932–1945) that they established after they occupied Manchuria. Unlike Japanese-occupied Korea and occupied Taiwan, Manchuria was conceived as an autonomous nation, not to be assimilated into Japan, but rather to be modeled after the latter's social and religious structure keeping an independent identity.

Ōmachi Tokuzo (1909-1970), a pupil of Yanagita Kunio (the founder of academic ethnography in Japan), conducted field research on local religion in Manchuria through the war years. He later acted as the head of the Society for the Study of Manchurian Customs, producing an impressive body of research on local religion in Manchuria and north China. Ōmachi identified the rural village, each with a Tudishen shrine, as the fundamental unit of northeast China's local religion and of the religious character of the Han Chinese race. He also studies local Chinese goddess worship and the great similarity and integration of the Han and the Manchus. Ōmachi does not appear to have supported the institution of Shinto shrines in Manchurian villages, which in Korea and Taiwan were intended for the spiritual transformation of the locals into Japanese citizens by their integration into Shinto communities.

Another scholar, Tokunaga Takeshi, sought to demonstrate the spiritual unity of Japan, Manchuria and China by highlighting the similarities between ancient religious structures of the three nations:

Japanese ancient shrines are of the kannabi (popularly known as Mt. Fuji-style) shape. There are many of these in Manchuria, as well ... [The artifacts] develop from the same agrarian culture and philosophy as Japanese Shinto (kannagara no michi) ... Modern [Chinese] matron temples have these elements, as well. Therefore, since the temples were built later, it is thought that matron worship was grafted onto this earlier pattern of belief.

Other scholars studied the similarities between local and Japanese shamanisms. The Manchukuo generally promoted a racially centered spiritual revival, that is an ethnic religion for each of the races inhabiting Manchuria. For example, under the suggestions of  that the Mongols "need(ed) a new religion, specifically a new god" they promoted the worship of Genghis Khan that continues today in northern China. The Shinto shrine of Kalgan (now Zhangjiakou, Hebei) incorporated Genghis Khan worship and was opened to local Mongols.

Characteristics

Deities

Besides common Chinese deities such as Guāndì ( "Lord Guan", the Marshal God of Loyalty & Justice), people of north China and Manchuria also have distinctive zoomorphic deities, and the worship of clusters of goddesses is popular. The gods are ordained in hierarchies, a pattern inherited from the Chinese Confucian lineage system. Fox deities have a very important position, with evident parallels in the Japanese cult of Inari Ōkami. Usually at the head of the pantheon are placed the "Great Lord of the Three Foxes" ( Húsān Tàiyé) and the "Great Lady of the Three Foxes" ( Húsān Tàinǎi).

The Five Great Immortals ( Wǔdàxiān) are deities who reproduce cosmological structures of common Chinese theology. The cult generally includes: 1) Húxiān ( "Fox Immortal") or Húshén ( "Fox God"), the most important deity in northeast China; 2) Huángxiān ( literally "Yellow Immortal") the Weasel God, who holds the position of the Yellow Deity of Chinese theology; 3) Shéxiān ( literally "Snake Immortal"), also called Liǔxiān ( "Immortal Liu") or Mǎngxiān ( "Python (or Boa) Immortal"), who can represent the Dragon God, Fuxi and Nüwa; 4) Báixiān ( "White Immortal") is the Hedgehog God; and 5) Hēixiān ( "Black Immortal") who can be the Wūyāxiān ( "Crow Immortal") or the Huīxiān ( "Rat Immortal").

While the Fox God and the Weasel God always remain the two prominent members of the cult of the zoomorphic deities, the other positions vary in some regions including the Tiger, the Wolf, the Hare and the Turtle Gods. Other areas host the worship of the Leopard, the Mole, the Toad and the Rabbit Gods. In certain counties of Hebei they are reduced to four ( Sìdàxiān) including the Fox, the Weasel, the Hedgehog and the Snake Gods.

Common Chinese deities are associated to the cult of the zoomorphic gods. For instance, Huáng Dàxiān ( "Great Yellow Immortal") is popular in north and northeast China, he is totally different from Wong Tai Sin and has no relation to Taoism as in southeastern China, the deity is rather identified as the Weasel God.

Local terminology distinguishes the animal gods as the middle way between the shàngfáng shénxiān ( "everlasting gods") gods of the greater cosmos important in Taoism, that are only worshipped and do not take possession of shamans; and the yīnxiān ( "underworld gods"), deceased beings who became gods through self-cultivation (ancestors and progenitors). In northeastern Taoism, besides the Fox Gods, the pantheon is headed by a goddess, the "Black Mother" ( Hēi māmā).

Shamanism
Northeastern shamans consider themselves to be "disciples" (dìzǐ ) of the gods rather than mere channels of communication between the gods and the human world. Another name used to refer to these ritual masters is xiāngtóu ( "incense heads"). Their practice is generally called chumaxian (), which means "the gods who take action" or more literally "riding for the immortals", a definition which implies that the gods and their disciples act as an organic whole, and in their action, form and content they express themselves together.

There are two types of possession that the northeastern shamans experience in terms of consciousness: quánméng ( "complete unconsciousness", in which the disciple is not aware of what happens and what the god says) and bànméng ( "semi-unconsciousness", in which the disciple is aware of what happens during the possession).

They also practise a communication with ancestors through an ecstatic experience called guòyīn ( "passing to the underworld"). This is part of the practices of both chumaxian and related communal rites of broader Chinese local religion.

Northeastern Chinese shamanism shares similarities with Southern Chinese mediumship (jitong), Japanese Shinto practices, and various other shamanisms in the region (Tungus and Manchu shamanism, Mongolian shamanism, Korean shamanism, broader Siberian shamanism). Historically it is the result of the encounter of Han Chinese and Manchu cultures, especially the Han cult of the fox and Manchu "wild ritual" (wuwate, Chinese: yějì ).

Northeastern Chinese shamans are predominantly women, like the shamans of Northeast Asian shamanism, while Southern Chinese mediums are almost exclusively men. Moreover, while northeastern shamans are usually independent from formal religious institutions, southern medium specialists often collaborate with Taoist priests. Another distinction is that while Southern Chinese mediums can acquire their role through training, and they are possessed mainly by Taoist and strictly  Chinese Deities, northeastern shamans are "chosen" or "ordained" by gods themselves (through mo, "sickness") as in other shamanic traditions, and their gods are animal totems. When a future disciple is chosen, she experiences mo ("sickness").

Places of worship and shaman halls
In northeast China terminology for religious places and groups may follow the common Chinese model, with miao () defining any "sacred precinct" dedicated to a god. However, a different terminology exists and temples may be called xiāntáng ( "hall of the immortals") or tángzi (), the latter name inherited from the temples of the bolongzi (Chinese: jiājì , "ancestral ritual") of Manchu shamanism. Shamans also hold "immediate halls" of worship (lìtáng ) in their houses.

Folk religious sects

Since Chinese Buddhism and professional Taoism were never well developed in northeast China, the religious life of the region has been heavily influenced by networks of folk salvationist sects and Confucian churches, characterised by a congregational structure and a scriptural core. During the Japanese occupation they weren't studied, but their role as a moral catalyser for the Han race was emphasised.

The Yiguandao ( "Consistent Way") had a strong presence in the area, but were especially the Guiyidao ( "Way of the Return to the One") and the Shanrendao ( "Way of the Virtuous Man", which social body was known as the Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue) to have millions of followers in Manchuria alone. Shanrendao remains widespread even after the Maoist period and the Cultural Revolution, and headquarters of the Church of the Way and its Virtue have been re-established in Beijing in the 2010s. In more recent decades northeast China has also seen the rise of the Falun Gong, which was founded in the 1990s in Jilin.

During the period of Manchukuo also many Japanese new religions, or independent Shinto sects, proselytised in Manchuria establishing hundreds of congregations. Most of the missions belonged to the Omoto teaching, the Tenri teaching and the Konko teaching of Shinto. The Omoto teaching is the Japanese near equivalent of Guiyidao, as the two religions have common roots and history.

See also
 Chinese ancestral worship
 Chinese Buddhism
 Chinese folk religion
 Chinese salvationist religions
 Manchu shamanism
 Chinese spiritual world concepts
 Shen (Chinese religion)
 Shinto
 Taoism

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 .

Chinese folk religion in Asia
Northeast China


title: Din klara sol går åter opp

text:
Din klara sol går åter opp is a song with lyrics by Johan Olof Wallin, from 1814. Being a Christian morning hymn about Sunrise, it was a common morning prayer song in the Swedish primary school for decades. Johan Georg Christian Störl is often credited as composer of the tune.

The song has also been used as film soundtrack for the 1987 film "More About the Children of Noisy Village". The hymn is also sung during the school scenes in 1920 in the 2020 television series Mirakel.

In English, the hymn is called Again, Thy Glorious Sun Doth Rise.

Publication
1819 års psalmbok as number 420 under the lines "Med avseende på särskilda personer, tider och omständigheter: Morgon och afton: Morgonpsalmer".
Sjunga med oss, Mamma! 1, 1892, as "Morgonpsalm"
Sionstoner 1889 as number 535.
Metodistkyrkans psalmbok 1896 as number 41 under the lines "Morgon och afton".
Svensk söndagsskolsångbok 1908 as number 265 under the lines "Morgon och afton".
Svenska Missionsförbundets sångbok 1920 as number 671 under the lines "Morgon och afton".
Svenska Frälsningsarméns sångbok 1922 as number 15 under the lines "Inledningssånger och psalmer ".
Svensk söndagsskolsångbok 1929 as number 243 under the lines "Morgon och afton".
Frälsningsarméns sångbok 1929 as number 544 under the lines "Högtider och särskilda tillfällen - Morgon och afton".
Musik till Frälsningsarméns sångbok 1930 as number 544.
Sionstoner 1935 as number 710 under the lines "Morgon och afton".
1937 års psalmbok as number 420 under the lines "Morgon".
Psalmer för bruk vid krigsmakten 1961 as number 420 verserna 1-4.
Frälsningsarméns sångbok 1968 as number 648 under the lines "Speciella Sånger - Morgon och afton".
Den svenska psalmboken 1986 as number 176 under the lines "Morgon".
Lova Herren 1988 as number 767 under the lines "Morgon".

References

Swedish Christian hymns
Religion and education
Songs written for films
1814 songs
Lutheran hymns


title: Mieczysław Ryś-Trojanowski

text:
Mieczysław Ryś-Trojanowski  (October 21, 1881 in Krośniewice – April 4, 1945 in Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp) was a General brygady of Polish Army in the Second Polish Republic.

Ryś-Trojanowski was born in a patriotic Polish family: his father Szymon fought in the January Uprising. After high school, Mieczyslaw went to Kraków, to study at Jagiellonian University. There he got in touch with patriotic organizations, which fought for the independence of the nation (see Partitions of Poland). Rys-Trojanowski participated in the Revolution of 1905, during which he was arrested on suspicion of attempting to kill Russian governor of Warsaw (see Congress Poland). In 1908 he moved to Austrian Galicia, where he became one of key members of the Union of Active Struggle, and organizer of local branches of the Riflemen's Association.

Promoted to the rank of officer, Ryś-Trojanowski fought in the Polish Legions in World War I, participating in all major battles of the unit, including the Battle of Kostiuchnowka. On November 1, 1916, he was named commandant of the 5th Legions' Infantry Regiment. In July 1917, after the so-called Oath Crisis, Rys-Trojanowski was imprisoned in Beniaminow. Later, he was kept in German camps at Rastatt, Holzminden and Werl.

In early November 1918, Ryś-Trojanowski became commandant of Chełm Military District and Chełm Infantry Regiment (later renamed into 35th Infantry Regiment), with which he fought in the Polish–Soviet War. On May 20, 1920, Ryś-Trojanowski was transferred to the 17th Infantry Brigade, and on September 2 of that year he was named commandant of the 9th Infantry Division, remaining in this post until late July 1926.

On December 1, 1924, President Stanislaw Wojciechowski upon request of Minister of Military Affairs Władysław Sikorski, promoted Rys-Trojanowski to the rank of General brygady. On July 31, 1926, President Ignacy Mościcki named Rys-Trojanowski commandant of Military District Nr 9 in Brzesc nad Bugiem. In 1935, he was transferred to Warsaw, becoming commandant of Military District Nr 1.

Rys-Trojanowski remained in this post until the Invasion of Poland (September 1, 1939). On September 4 he left Polish capital, tasked with creation of Prusy Army. Due to rapid German advance, this army was not created: Rys-Trojanowski involved himself with creation of Warszawa Army. He personally visited checkpoints on roads east of Warsaw, controlling the evacuation of civil servants, police officers and army personnel.

In mid-September, he helped with creation of Lublin Army, gathering soldiers scattered in northern Lesser Poland, Podlasie and eastern Mazovia. On September 20, after Soviet invasion of Poland, Rys-Trojanowski fled to Hungary, where he remained until March 1944. He was a very active member of Polish organizations in Hungary, cooperating both with Home Army and Hungarian headquarters.

On March 19, 1944, upon the invasion and occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany, Rys-Trojanowski was arrested and sent to Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. He was murdered there on April 4, 1945.

Promotions
 Captain: September 29, 1914,
 Major: June 15, 1915,
 Lieutenant colonel: 1918,
 Colonel: May 22, 1920,
 General brygady: December 1, 1924.

Awards
 Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
 Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta,
 Cross of Independence with Swords.
 Golden Cross of Merit.

1881 births
1945 deaths
People from Krośniewice
People from Warsaw Governorate
Polish generals
Polish legionnaires (World War I)
Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War
Polish military personnel of World War II
Polish prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Commanders of the Virtuti Militari
Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)


title: Sierra Leone National Museum

text:
The Sierra Leone National Museum, previously known as the Sierra Leone Museum and the Museum of the Sierra Leone Society, is the national museum of Sierra Leone. it is located at the junction of Siaka Stevens Street and Pademba Road, in central Freetown.

Origin
The origin of the Sierra Leone National Museum in Freetown dates back to before the country's independence. The Monuments and Relics Commission, chaired by the retired Creole doctor M. C. F. Easmon, was set up by a 1946 ordinance "to provide for the preservation of Ancient, Historical, and Natural Monuments, Relics, and other objects of Archaeological, Ethnographical, Historical or other Scientific Interest". In 1953, Governor Sir Robert Hall encouraged the formation of the Sierra Leone Society and then challenged its members, mainly colonial expatriates and the Creole elite of the city, to establish a museum. In 1955, he offered the old Cotton Tree Telephone Exchange as a temporary location for the museum for a nominal rent. The place was refurbished, and the Sierra Leone Museum or Museum of the Sierra Leone Society was officially opened on 10 December 1957 by Sir Milton Margai, the chief minister.

History since independence
Sierra Leone gained its independence from the UK in 1961. The Sierra Leone Society ceased to exist in 1964. In 1967, the year it became the national museum the Monuments and Relics Commission was granted the authority to "acquire, maintain and administer the Sierra Leone Museum founded by the Sierra Leone Society".

The government has rarely provided much support, and the museum still occupies its original, "temporary" location. The German embassy in Freetown provided funds for an extension, opened in 1987, to mark the bicentennial of the founding of Freetown. The acting chief curator is Josephine Kargbo.

Collection

In 2013, the museum displayed the only known photograph of the Temne guerrilla leader Bai Bureh, who in 1898 started a war against the British.

University College London's "Reanimating Cultural Heritage: Digital Repatriation, Knowledge Networks and Civil Society Strengthening in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone" project, in conjunction with the Sierra Leonean Ministry of Cultural Affairs, the National Museum and other organizations and museums, has digitised 2000 objects from the museum, along with objects from other sources.

See also
 List of museums in Sierra Leone
 List of national museums

References

Further reading

1957 establishments in Sierra Leone
Museums established in 1957
National Museum
National museums
Buildings and structures in Freetown