title: Khem Birch

text:
Khem Xavier Birch (born September 28, 1992) is a Canadian professional basketball player who last played for the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Pittsburgh Panthers and the UNLV Runnin' Rebels.

High school career
Birch played varsity basketball for St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic High School in Russell, Ontario before playing out the remainder of his high school career at The Winchendon School in Winchendon, Massachusetts and Notre Dame Prep in Fitchburg, Massachusetts.

College career
In 2011–12, Birch played college basketball at the University of Pittsburgh, with the Pittsburgh Panthers. He then, in 2012, transferred to UNLV, where he played with the UNLV Runnin' Rebels. As a junior, in the 2013–14 season, he averaged 10.2 rebounds per game, which was the third highest in the Mountain West Conference, while also averaging 3.8 blocks per game, which was the second highest in the Mountain West Conference. During his college career, he averaged 8.9 points, 7.8 rebounds, 0.8 assists in 25.4 minutes per game in 69 games.

In April 2014, he entered the NBA draft, foregoing his final year of college eligibility.

Professional career

Sioux Falls Skyforce (2014–2015)
After going undrafted in the 2014 NBA draft, Birch joined the Washington Wizards for the 2014 NBA Summer League. On September 14, 2014, he signed with his first NBA team, the Miami Heat. However, he was later waived by the Heat on October 25, 2014. On November 3, 2014, he was acquired by the Sioux Falls Skyforce, as an affiliate player. On February 4, 2015, he was named to the Futures All-Star team for the 2015 NBA D-League All-Star Game. In the 2014–15 NBD-D League season, he averaged 11.1 points per game, 9.5 rebounds per game, 1.2 assists per game, 1.8 blocks per game, and 0.7 steals per game, in 52 games played.

Uşak Sportif (2015–2016)
On June 30, 2015, Birch signed to play in Turkey, with Uşak Sportif of the Turkish Super League (BSL). The following month, he joined the Brooklyn Nets for the 2015 Orlando Summer League and the New Orleans Pelicans for the 2015 Las Vegas Summer League. He went on to play with Uşak during the 2015–16 season, and he averaged 27.0 minutes, 10.5 points, 9.1 rebounds, 0.5 assists, 1.3 blocks, and 0.5 steals per game, in 32 games played in the Turkish Super League 2015–16 season.

Olympiacos (2016–2017)
On June 14, 2016, Birch signed to play in Greece, on a 2-year €1.1 million net income contract, with the defending Greek Basket League champions, Olympiacos. With Olympiacos, he averaged 15.7 minutes, 5.7 points, 5.0 rebounds, 0.4 assists, 0.8 blocks, and 0.6 steals per game, in 33 games played in the Greek Basket League 2016–17 season. He also averaged 18.1 minutes, 7.3 points, 5.6 rebounds, 0.3 assists, 1.0 blocks, and 0.5 steals per game, in 37 games played in the EuroLeague 2016–17 season.

On July 10, 2017, Birch opted out of his contract with Olympiacos, in order to sign in the NBA.

Orlando Magic (2017–2021)
On July 27, 2017, Birch signed with the Orlando Magic.

On March 14, 2019, Birch recorded a double-double, tying his career-high with 13 points, 11 rebounds, one assist, and two steals in a 120–91 win against the Cleveland Cavaliers.

On July 10, 2019, Birch re-signed with the Magic on a 2-year contract.

On March 26, 2021, Birch had his best game of his career when he netted new career-highs with 14 points, 15 rebounds and four steals with four assists and two blocks in a 112–105 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers.

On April 8, 2021, Birch was waived by the Magic.

Toronto Raptors (2021–2023)
On April 10, 2021, Birch signed with the Toronto Raptors for the remainder of the 2020-21 season, making his debut the next day during a 102–96 loss to the New York Knicks, getting four points and five rebounds in 18 minutes of action. Three days later, Birch tied his career-high with 14 points, six rebounds, one assist, one steal and two blocks in a 117–112 win against the San Antonio Spurs. On April 26, he tied his career-high again with 14 points, six rebounds, one assist, two steals and two blocks in a 112–96 win against the Cleveland Cavaliers. The next day, Birch had his first double-double with the Raptors, getting 13 points and 14 rebounds, nine of which were offensive rebounds, in a 116–103 loss against the Brooklyn Nets. On April 29, he scored a career-high 20 points, making a career-high two three-pointers while adding nine rebounds, four assists, two steals and a block in a 121–111 loss to the Denver Nuggets.

On August 6, 2021, Birch re-signed with the Raptors for 3 years and just over $20 million, keeping him with the team through the 2023–24 season.

On February 9, 2023, Birch was traded, alongside a 2024 first-round pick and two future second-round picks, to the San Antonio Spurs in exchange for Jakob Poeltl. He did not appear in a single game for the team, and was waived prior the start of the following season.

Canadian national team
Birch was a member of the junior national teams of Canada. With Canada's Under-18 junior national team, he played at the 2010 FIBA Americas Under-18 Championship, where he won a bronze medal. He is also a member of the senior men's Canadian national team. With Canada's senior national team, he played at the 2016 Manila FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament.

Birch represented Canada at the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup in China.

Career statistics

NBA

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Orlando
| 42 || 0 || 13.8 || .540 || – || .689 || 4.3 || .8 || .4 || .5 || 4.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Orlando
| 50 || 1 || 12.9 || .603 || .000 || .699 || 3.8 || .8 || .4 || .6 || 4.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Orlando
| 48 || 24 || 19.2 || .510 || .000 || .653 || 4.6 || 1.0 || .4 || .5 || 4.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Orlando
| 48 || 5 || 19.8 || .450 || .190 || .741 || 5.1 || 1.1 || .7 || .6 || 5.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Toronto
| 19 || 17 || 30.4 || .556 || .290 || .636 || 7.6 || 1.9 || .8 || 1.2 || 11.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Toronto
| 55 || 28 || 18.0 || .485 || .000 || .746 || 4.3 || 1.1 || .5 || .5 || 4.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Toronto
| 20 || 0 || 8.1 || .594 || .500 || .800 || 1.3 || .4 || .3 || .3 || 2.2
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 282 || 75 || 17.1 || .520 || .200 || .698 || 4.4 || 1.0 || .5 || .5 || 5.0

Playoffs

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2019
| style="text-align:left;"| Orlando
| 5 || 0 || 18.4 || .556 || — || .857 || 6.2 || .8 || .2 || 1.0 || 5.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2020
| style="text-align:left;"| Orlando
| 5 || 0 || 17.8 || .500 || — || .909 || 5.0 || 1.4 || .2 || .0 || 4.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2022
| style="text-align:left;"| Toronto
| 6 || 4 || 10.5 || .500 || .500 || — || 1.5 || .5 || .2 || .2 || 3.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 16 || 4 || 15.3 || .521 || .500 || .889 || 4.1 || .9 || .2 || .4 || 4.3

EuroLeague

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2016–17
| style="text-align:left;"| Olympiacos
| 37 || 21 || 18.1 || .624 || – || .643 || 5.6 || .3 || .5 || 1.0 || 7.3 || 10.8
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 37 || 21 || 18.1 || .624 || – || .643 || 5.6 || .3 || .5 || 1.0 || 7.3 || 10.8

College

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2011–12
| style="text-align:left;"| Pittsburgh
| 10 || 6 || 15.0 || .571 || – || .545 || 5.0 || .0 || .2 || 1.9 || 4.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2012–13
| style="text-align:left;"| UNLV
| 26 || 15 || 21.8 || .563 || – || .642 || 5.7 || .6 || .7 || 2.6 || 7.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2013–14
| style="text-align:left;"| UNLV
| 33 || 32 || 31.4 || .510 || – || .693 || 10.2 || 1.2 || .6 || 3.8 || 11.5
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 69 || 53 || 25.4 || .531 || – || .668 || 7.8 || .8 || .6 || 3.1 || 8.9

Personal life
Birch was born in Montreal on September 28, 1992. He has three brothers. He later attended high school at St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic High School in Russell, Ontario. Birch grew up a fan of the Toronto Raptors, watching their games on television and even driving five hours with his father to Toronto to watch a live game at the Air Canada Centre. He has been married since 2018 and has a daughter born in 2019.

References

External links
Twitter

Euroleague.net profile
Eurobasket.com Profile
FIBA profile
Greek League profile
Greek League profile
UNLV Runnin' Rebels bio

1992 births
Living people
2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup players
Anglophone Quebec people
Basketball players from Montreal
Black Canadian basketball players
Canadian expatriate basketball people in Greece
Canadian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Canadian expatriate basketball people in Turkey
Canadian men's basketball players
Centers (basketball)
Lakeland Magic players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
National Basketball Association players from Canada
Olympiacos B.C. players
Orlando Magic players
People from Russell, Ontario
Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball players
Power forwards (basketball)
Sioux Falls Skyforce players
Toronto Raptors players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
UNLV Runnin' Rebels basketball players
Uşak Sportif players


title: WhoIsParadise

text:
Marcus "Paradise" Dawes (born 23 February 1973), also known by his stage names Paradise and whoisPARADISE, is a British rapper, poet, songwriter and community activist. He is the co-founder and frontman of the Brixton-based hip hop group, the 57th Dynasty.

Raised in the United States, he spent his childhood and teenage years in New York City. Mentored by the Black Panthers as a youth, Paradise's lyrics frequently use social and political themes inspired by personal experiences. During The 57th Dynasty's early years, Paradise's lyrics contributed to their rebellious and spiritual tone. His debut and sophomore albums with the group, The Spoken Word (1996) and Boro 6 Vol. 2 - A Dynasty Truly Like No Other (2002) are considered landmark albums.

Outside the group, he is former Director at Young People Matter charity and resides as its Senior Project Coordinator. As a label executive, brand consultant and songwriter, he has worked with artists such as Amplify Dot, Coldsteps, Noni Zondi, Estelle and JJC. His writing & production credits include Alan Kasirye, Arrow Benjamin, Big Brovaz, Krafty Kuts, KRS-One, Omar, Silvastone, Skinnyman, Sounds of Blackness, Stereo MCs and DJ Tim Westwood. Paradise is widely known for his community activism and concern for youth. He has organized and performed in several benefit concerts and at high-profile events including the African Music Awards. In British press, Paradise is referred to as  He has received several awards and nominations for both his music and community work. He is a philanthropic performing artist, having worked with the YMCA, Black Cultural Archives, VH1, RESEO (the European Network of Opera Education), The Metropolitan Black Police Association, British Black Music and the Sickle Cell Society.

Early life
Born in London, England, Dawes is of mixed background—his mother is of Jamaican descent, while his father is of West African descent, hailing from Sierra Leone. He often states his ethnicity as "Westward - West Indian, West African and being born and raised in the two major cities of the West [London and New York]".

An only child until his teens, Dawes was raised by his mother and grandmother after the family migrated to the United States from the United Kingdom in 1979. The family originally settled in the ethnically divided Jewish and Italian neighborhoods of the East Bronx. Dawes graduated from Martin L. King High School in Manhattan. He previously attended John F. Kennedy High School, Evander Childs High School and Harry S. Truman High School, none of which he remained at for longer than one semester. In Junior High School, Dawes adopted the name "Paradise", a nickname received for his exploits with women. At Martin L. King High School, Dawes was accepted into the Academy of Finance programme which upon completing, he accepted an internship at accounting firm Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Company (KPMG). In his music, he refers to having been kicked out of school, involved in selling illicit drugs, and serving time in prison. He has also referred to his introspective style of rap as prison poetry.

Music career

Beginnings
Paradise's entertainment career began in the late 1990s, upon returning to the UK after 18 years stateside. Paradise met producer/label owner, Charlie Parker in Brixton and the two began production work, creating the singles "M.O.N.E.Y.", "Et Tu", "Boomerang" and "Crown Jewels". Together, they laid the groundwork for what would eventually become the award-winning 57th Dynasty. Their rapper/producer combination achieved chart success and rave reviews. The two performed throughout the UK and Europe releasing singles under Charlie's fledgling record label, Fas Fwd Entertainments.

1998 − 2001: Boro 6 Mixtape and The Spoken Word

In 1998, Fas Fwd Entertainments released the Boro 6 Mixtape which debuted a talented roster of Brixton artists who, under Paradise's watchful eye, were forming into a supergroup. With no major label deal, the fledgling label and group set to selling the mixtape themselves. The eight-track recording features The Fas Fwd Allstars' "BORO 6 freestyle (4,3,2,1)" over LL Cool J's "4, 3, 2, 1" instrumental, the result was a hit with local pirate radio. The Boro 6 Mixtape served as a sampler showcasing the talents of the Fas Fwd Entertainments roster many of whom would become members of The 57th Dynasty. Popular songs, "Pattern 57", "Lil Bro", and "Words, Power & Sound" featured on the mixtape which began as an EP.

In 2001, Fas Fwd Entertainments released the highly acclaimed debut album, The Spoken Word by The 57th Dynasty. Headed by Paradise, the group were nominated Best Hip hop Act at the 1999 MOBO Awards. Echoes called the album a British landmark whilst CD Universe called it an extremely impressive debut album.

2002 − 2004: Boro 6 Vol. 2 - A Dynasty Truly Like No Other

In 2002, The 57th Dynasty released their second album, Boro 6 Vol. 2. The album featured notable appearances from Estelle, Ace (Ace and Vis), Funky DL, and Scor-zay-zee (Out Da Vil). Boro 6 Vol. 2 delivered on a unique hi-bred production value dubbed 'mix n blend'; a fusion of Hip hop, Reggae and Jazz. Noteworthy hits from this album included "Brethren and Sistren", "Rough Life", "If", "Hooligans", "Ghetto Gold", "Break Free" and "Hold Strong", the latter two both featuring Estelle. The group appeared on BBC Radio 1's DJ Tim Westwood's UK Hip Hop 2002 Vol. 1 album as well as embarking on a national tour. In 2003 the group were nominated, Best Hip Hop Act at the Urban Music Awards. It was around this time that group members began to cite creative differences. The group's third album, DIY Ethic was ever released.

Solo career
Throughout his career as a solo artist, Paradise writes and independently releases music. In 2001 he worked with Krafty Kuts to create "Who's Da Man" for the Vinnie Jones starred, Mean Machine film soundtrack. He recorded and co-executive produced the critically acclaimed "U Must Learn, UK", featuring KRS-One, Skinnyman, and MCD, produced by Charlie Parker. Paradise wrote and recorded the UK Garage song "2 Step Flavas" with chart topping producers Trick Or Treat who previously charted at (#16) with a remix of "Let Me Be Your Fantasy". "2 Step Flavas" was exclusively purchased by Go! Beat sublabel FTL and received rave reviews. Paradise recorded a PSA for VH1's Music First in addition to filming a pilot programme for MTV entitled Bite Size.

Paradise worked with JJC and various artists to craft the UK remix of the "We Are Africans" Afro beats song-series which featured Sway and Femi Kuti and showcased regional artists from the US, UK, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe, and Ghana. He has worked with a wide range of artists from across Africa including award-winning afro beats producer Silvastone (Sierra Leone / Ghana), Sha (Ghana), Noni Zondi (South Africa) and Magnum (Nigeria). In 2012, Paradise executive produced #Two4Se7enEP. The accompanying Black History themed music video was screened at Latimer Creative Media's Youth Film showcase, UK Urban Webfest and Tight Shorts.

Philanthropy

The recipient of numerous leadership awards, Paradise lends his voice, time and expertise to many worthy causes. He remains a powerful advocate for social inclusion, intervention, education, youth and community in and around the world. He has worked to build a stronger Britain by advocating for curriculums of inclusion within a quality education system, partnering with like-minded organisations to strengthen the socio-economic conditions of BAME communities, and striving to make London a sustainable city for generations to come. His VH1 PSAs typify his passion and spirit towards Hip hop [culture] and education, in which he says the future of our next generation that's very important to me.

Paradise trained and mentored emerging talent from the surrounding Nairobi slums as part of documentary power-house, Roundtable Films' social issues and political entertainment documentary series, Kenya Rise Up. His voluntary work to raise the profile of the conditions and increase the demand for services for people with sickle cell and thalassaemia saw him invited to the Houses of Parliament with Dawn Hill and Baroness Howells.

Hip H'opera
In 2006 Paradise teamed with  Glyndebourne Opera House for the critically acclaimed hip hopera, School 4 Lovers. The production premiered at Glyndebourne and toured Finnish National Opera and Estonia. Hilary Finch of The Times said Paradise controlled a Cosi fan tutte such as Glyndebourne has never seen before. In The Independent, four-star review, Michael Church wrote Donnie is played by the charismatic Paradise, who sets up exactly the right buzz of expectation.

The Good Samaritan Music Project
Motivated to address rises in youth homicides, Paradise created his own philanthropic music endeavour, "The Good Samaritan Music Project" in 2005. In 2006 he recruited influential hip hop artists, KRS-One and Skinnyman to contribute to the project's debut single, "U Must Learn [UK]". The song was heralded as a hip-hop classic following in the traditions of Tribe Called Quest, Boogie Down Productions, The Roots, Public Enemy and Jurassic 5.

Black Cultural Archives and Stockwell Matters
In 2014, Paradise worked alongside members of the newly formed Black Cultural Archives' Youth Forum on their first event - "#Checkurselfie", which explored the past, present and future of campaigning through photography as part of a five-year partnership between the Victoria & Albert Museum and Black Cultural Archives titled Staying Power. Later that year, he spearheaded "Stockwell Matters", a winning People's Millions, National Lottery campaign. The partnership between Big Lottery Fund and ITV saw "Stockwell Matters" receive the greater number of votes in a televised public competition broadcast on the network's London regional news. Paradise's televised interview was viewed by approximately 150,000 people. "Stockwell Matters" is seen as the sequel to "Our Place: Community Matters"; funding made available by the Department for Communities and Local Government also secured and successfully managed by Dawes on behalf of Young People Matter Charity.

One Spirit
Alongside fellow 57th Dynasty co-founder, Charlie Parker, Paradise is a mentor and facilitator on the Hackney Music Development Trust's (HMDT), BBC Children in Need sponsored, One Spirit project. The project supports young offenders, helping them towards successful rehabilitation and pathways to training, education and employment. The project is delivered inside HMP Feltham Young Offenders Institute which Paradise likens to New York's own adolescent building on Rikers Island. The project has been featured in a televised BBC Children In Need Appeal.

The Black Panthers
Paradise met imprisoned Black Panther/Black Liberation Army member, Teddy Jah Heath in Auburn maximum security prison. For the alleged kidnapping of a drug-dealer, Heath was serving life imprisonment, convicted by an all-white jury of 1st degree kidnapping and conspiracy, attempted grand larceny and 3rd degree criminal possession of a weapon. Paradise describes Heath as a friend, mentor, political prisoner and revolutionary inspiration.

The political education received from Heath can be seen and heard in much of Paradise's music and social endeavours such as the Young People Matter annual Black History programme which takes at risk London youth to the International Slavery Museum, Liverpool. In 2014, Paradise joined forces with Brixton Pound to commemorate local hero and community activist Olive Morris.

Recognition
In 1999, 57th Dynasty were nominated for Best Hip Hop Act at the 1999 MOBO Awards. Subsequent nominations came in 2000 and 2003 from the UK Hip Hop Awards and Urban Music Awards respectively, with Paradise's group winning Best Hip Hop Act (2000). In 2011, Paradise won Runner-Up "Community Campaigner" at South London Press Our Heroes Awards. The following year, he shared a "Highly Commended" win with corporate partner, Hyde Housing at the Race for Opportunity, Business in The Community Awards for his leadership role in their diverse youth employment programme. In 2013, the One Spirit project was added to the Youth Justice Board's effective practice library.

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
English male songwriters
British community activists
Black British male rappers
Rappers from London
English male rappers
Musicians from Brixton


title: Chandresh Patel Kordia

text:
Chandresh Patel Kordia  (born 1952) is an Indian politician who is a leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party and a former member of Lok Sabha. He was elected to Lok Sabha five times from Jamnagar.

References

1952 births
Lok Sabha members from Gujarat
People from Jamnagar
India MPs 1989–1991
India MPs 1991–1996
India MPs 1996–1997
India MPs 1998–1999
India MPs 1999–2004
Living people
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat


title: High Ball Stepper

text:
"High Ball Stepper" is an instrumental track performed by American musician Jack White. It was released as a promotional single from his second studio album, Lazaretto, on April 1, 2014. The song charted in several countries. It was also used for some intros that were used for the US Soccer Team at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.

Track listing
Third Man — TMR-272

Charts

Release history

References

2014 songs
Songs written by Jack White


title: Reba (season 1)

text:
The first season of Reba, an American television sitcom series, aired on The WB from October 5, 2001 to May 10, 2002. The series revolves around the titular character Reba Hart, who deals with her ex-husband, his new girlfriend, and her pregnant daughter Cheyenne and her husband and highschool sweetheart Van Montgomery, as well as raising her two youngest children Kyra and Jake. The series features an ensemble cast including Reba McEntire as Reba Hart, Christopher Rich as Brock Hart, Joanna García as Cheyenne Hart Montgomery, Steve Howey as Van Montgomery, Scarlett Pomers as Kyra Hart, Mitch Holleman as Jake Hart, and Melissa Peterman as Barbra Jean Hart.

The series was created by Allison M. Gibson and executive produced by Gibson, Mindy Schultheis, Michael Hanel, Donald Beck, Christopher Case and Pat Bullard. The show was broadcast during 2001–02 television season on Fridays at 9 pm. The season garnered strong ratings for The WB, averaging 4.2 million viewers. The entire season was released on DVD in North America on December 14, 2004.

Cast and characters
The first season consisted of seven cast members who received star billing. Reba McEntire starred as the titular character Reba Hart, the wisecracking single mother who keeps her family together amidst chaos. Christopher Rich portrays Brock Hart, Reba's vain ex-husband who leaves her for his dental hygienist. Melissa Peterman played Barbra Jean Booker, Brock's pregnant new wife who tries constantly to befriend Reba. Joanna García starred  Reba's daughter and teen mother Cheyenne Hart Montgomery. Steve Howey portrayed high school football star and Cheyenne's husband and father of her child, Van Montgomery. Scarlett Pomers played Kyra Hart, Reba and Brock's rebellious and sarcastic daughter. Mitch Holleman starred as Jake Hart, Reba and Brock's youngest and only son.

In addition to the series regulars, several recurring characters appeared throughout the season. Nell Carter, who starred in the 1980s NBC sitcom Gimme a Break!, appeared in the first three episodes as Dr. Susan Peters, the court ordered therapist appointed to the Hart family. Julia Duffy recurred in the season as Mrs. Hodge, the principal at Cheyenne's high school who objects to Cheyenne being at school while pregnant. Park Overall made several appearances in the season as Reba's best friend Lori Ann, who openly despises Brock and Barbra Jean.

Episodes

Home media

United States ratings

Season 1 averaged 4.2 million viewers and finished as the 129th most watched show of the 2001–02 television season.
All episodes aired at 8:00 pm Fridays on The WB.

References

2001 American television seasons
2002 American television seasons
Reba (TV series) seasons


The Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of San Juan del Valle is a minor basilica of the Catholic Church located in San Juan, Texas, United States. It is also a national shrine under the direction of the Diocese of Brownsville.

History
The Rev. Jose Maria Azpiazu, O.M.I., pastor of the parish of St. John the Baptist in San Juan, began fostering a devotion to Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos after he was made pastor in 1949. He commissioned an artist in Guadalajara, Mexico, to reproduce the statue of the Virgin that was venerated at San Juan de los Lagos. He placed the completed statue in the San Juan chapel.

Upon the approval of Bishop Mariano S. Garriaga of Corpus Christi a new church and shrine dedicated to the Virgin of San Juan were built in 1954. On October 23, 1970, a low-flying airplane crashed into the shrine and exploded into flames. The shrine was destroyed with the exception of the tower, which still stands to the south of the new shrine. Although there were people in the shrine, the pilot of the plane, Francis B. Alexander, was the only one killed. The loss was estimated at $1.5 million ($6.7M today). The Rev. Patricio Dominguez, O.M.I., and the sacristan Pedro Rodriguez rescued the statue of Our Lady of San Juan del Valle. A diocesan priest, the Rev. Ron Anderson, saved the Blessed Sacrament from the fire. The shrine's dining room became the temporary home for the statue. The most busy days for the Basilica are Saturdays and Sundays when the church sees the highest number of pilgrims. The mass time are as follows for the weekend. Saturday 11:30 and 5:30 pm. Sunday 7:00 AM-SPANISH, 9:00 AM-ENGLISH, 10:30 AM-BILINGUAL, 12 Noon-SPANISH, 1:30 PM-SPANISH, 3:00 AM-ENGLISH, 7:00 PM-SPANISH.

Brownsville Bishop John J. Fitzpatrick separated the shrine from the parish. Plans were made to build a parish church on the site of the former shrine and build a larger shrine church on the same property just to the north. The ground breaking for the new shrine was held on November 27, 1976. Cardinal Humberto Medeiros of Boston was present for the dedication along with Bishop Fitzpatrick and an estimated crowd of 50,000 people on April 19, 1980. Outdoor Stations of the Cross made up of 30 life size bronze statues were placed along a 3/4 mile path and were dedicated on October 16, 1993. The mural, Jesus Presents his Mother, on the shrine's exterior wall was blessed on February 2, 1995. The shrine itself was designated a national shrine by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops on March 24, 1998. Pope John Paul II designated the shrine as a minor basilica on June 12, 1999.

References

External links
Roman Catholic Diocese of Brownsville
Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos

Christian organizations established in 1954
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1980
Our Lady of San Juan del Valle
Roman Catholic Diocese of Brownsville
Roman Catholic churches in Texas
1954 establishments in Texas
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States


title: Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)

text:
The Herzegovina uprising (), also known as Vukalović's Uprising, was an uprising fought by ethnic Serbs in the Herzegovina region against the Ottoman Empire between 1852 and 1862. It was led by chieftain Luka Vukalović.

Background
After the execution of Ali-paša Rizvanbegović, who had made efforts to promote agriculture and recuperate the economy of the Herzegovina Eyalet under his rule, the eyalet was abolished and merged into the Bosnia Eyalet.

In March 1852, Ottoman general Omar Pasha (Omer-paša) decided to disarm the Herzegovinians, which sparked an outrage in the region. The chieftain of the Herzegovinians was Luka Vukalović. The refusal of giving up arms resulted in minor fights between Vlasi from Herzegovina and Turks (local Slavic Muslims), which in turn resulted in an uprising, which Vukalović would lead.

Uprising

The uprising began in winter 1852/53, when the Grahovljani, Banjani and Drobnjaci refused to pay the Turks a debt. As the actions against Montenegro by the Ottomans began, the East Herzegovinian clans fought alongside Montenegrins. Although there weren't major actions in the period of 1853–57, there wasn’t peace. Austria evidently interfered in the actions of Vukalović, as it would help Montenegro, and the French consulates followed the uprising. The uprising was boosted in December 1857, after Knez Danilo started backing the rebels, bitter at the Porte because of its statements in the Paris Congress in 1856.

After the Battle of Grahovac on May 1, 1858, when Montenegrin and Herzegovinian rebels defeated the Turks, Knez Danilo titled Vukalović the voivode of Zubac, Kruševica, Dračevica and Sutorina, giving him some autonomy.

The Porte agreed on appeasement, it carried out a border with Montenegro, thus recognizing the independence of Montenegro. As the great part of East Herzegovina, except Grahovo, part of Banjani, Drobnjaci, Župa and Nikšič Rudina was left under Ottoman rule, Vukalović continued the uprising. This strongly echoed in Bosnia, in particular the revolts in Bosanska Krajina and Posavina in 1858.  Afraid that the uprising would spill over in its territory, Austria increased its tackling of Vukalović, helping in different ways even the Turks.

Vukalović in his requests didn't only deal with economical problems of Herzegovina, but marking the fight for national liberation, seeking for Herzegovina to join Montenegro. This character of uprising sparked the interest of the great powers of Europe, whom consulate representatives worked on giving Vukalović to the Ottoman government. Vukalović continued fighting against the Turks, and after the violent death of Knez Danilo in 1860, inspired by the unification of Italy which was led by Garibaldi.

Since 1861, Omer-paša tried in many ways to end the uprising, unsuccessfully.  But when Montenegro, after a defeat to the Turk in August 1862, promised that it wouldn't help the rebel movement in Herzegovina, Vukalović understood this as the people had been strained and then wrote to Omer-paša, who promised amnesty for all rebels.

Aftermath
Omer-paša promised Vukalović that he would continue his office as voivode of Zubac, Kruševica, Dračevica and Sutorina, but this was not held, he instead appointed him bimbaša of 500 pandurs who would secure peace along the borders. When he saw that the Ottomans didn't give their promises of relief on feudal duties and tax cuts, he tried in 1865 to once again start an uprising, but without any help, was unsuccessful. Vukalović left his birthplace and migrated to Russia, where he died in 1873.

See also
Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53)
Epirus Revolt of 1854

References

Sources

  "The Uprisings in Herzegovina, 1852-1862"

Serb rebellions against the Ottoman Empire
1850s in the Ottoman Empire
1860s in the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman–Serbian Wars
Principality of Serbia
Principality of Montenegro
Rebellions in Bosnia and Herzegovina
19th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina
History of the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
19th-century rebellions
Rebellions in Montenegro
Wars involving Bosnia and Herzegovina during Ottoman period


title: Straight Outta Compton (film)

text:
Straight Outta Compton is a 2015 American biographical drama film directed by F. Gary Gray, depicting the rise and fall of the hip hop group N.W.A and its members Eazy-E, Ice Cube, Dr. Dre, MC Ren, and DJ Yella. Members of N.W.A were involved in the production of the film, including Ice Cube and Dr. Dre as producers, as was Eazy-E's widow, Tomica Woods-Wright. MC Ren and DJ Yella served as creative consultants. Ice Cube is played by his real-life son, O'Shea Jackson Jr., who made his film debut. Corey Hawkins portrays Dr. Dre, Jason Mitchell is Eazy-E, Neil Brown Jr. is DJ Yella, and Aldis Hodge is MC Ren. Paul Giamatti stars as N.W.A's manager Jerry Heller.

Talks of an N.W.A biopic began in 2010 by New Line Cinema. Several directors were approached including Craig Brewer, Peter Berg, and John Singleton before Gray was eventually confirmed in April 2012. Much of the cast signed on in June 2014 and principal photography began that August, taking place around Los Angeles and Compton, California. The production faced several controversies, including casting call issues and several acts of violence on set. The film is dedicated to Eazy-E who died from HIV in 1995.

Released on August 14, 2015, Straight Outta Compton received positive reviews from critics with praise for its performances (particularly Jackson's and Mitchell's), direction, screenplay and musical sequences, though many criticized the historical inaccuracies. The film was also a box office success, making over $201 million on a production budget of $28–$50 million.

Straight Outta Compton was chosen by the National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 2015 and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. Additionally, the film won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture at the 47th NAACP Image Awards. It inspired Dr. Dre's third studio album, Compton, which debuted at no. 2 on the US Billboard 200 album chart a week prior to the film's release. The soundtrack album, featuring music by N.W.A, debuted at no. 1 on the Rap Albums chart and reached no. 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Heller filed a lawsuit against the filmmakers, protesting his depiction and claiming that parts were taken from his autobiography without permission.

Plot

In 1986, Compton, California has become a chaotic dystopia due to street gangs, drug dealers, and police brutality. One night, Eazy-E narrowly evades a police raid at a crack house. The following day, Dr. Dre is struggling with what he wants to do in life and is confronted by his mother for missing a job interview. Meanwhile, Ice Cube is a high school senior aspiring to become a rapper. Intrigued by Cube's "reality raps" reflecting on the crime, gang violence, and police harassment that they and other African Americans have endured recently, Dre convinces Eazy to fund a startup record label, Ruthless Records, with Dre as record producer. When their song "Boyz-n-the-Hood" is rejected by a New York rap group, Dre convinces Eazy to perform it instead. It becomes a local hit, and Eazy, Cube, Dre, DJ Yella, and MC Ren form the group N.W.A ("Niggaz Wit Attitudes").

Eazy accepts Jerry Heller's offer to manage N.W.A and co-run Ruthless, and Priority Records offers N.W.A a record deal. While recording their debut album, Straight Outta Compton (1988), the group is harassed by police due to their race and appearance, prompting Cube to compose a diss track—"Fuck tha Police"—towards the police. Heller, having witnessed the altercation and being disgusted by the officers, allows the track without hesitation. The album becomes a controversial hit due to its explicit lyrics, and the group's style is dubbed gangsta rap by the press. During a 1989 concert tour, the FBI demands N.W.A to not perform "Fuck tha Police" because it encourages violence against law enforcement. Police in Detroit forbid them from performing the song, but they perform it anyway. The concert stalls, and the police arrest the group, resulting in a riot.

Heller delays the individual members' contracts with Ruthless, and when he insists that Cube should sign without legal representation, Cube quits the group. His debut solo album, AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted (1990), is released, but when Priority Records is unable to pay him his advance on his next album, he wrecks the label head's office.

When N.W.A heavily insults Cube on their next record, 100 Miles and Runnin' (1990), he responds with the diss track "No Vaseline", criticizing them and Heller. This, combined with Cube's association with the Nation of Islam, outspoken criticism of the Los Angeles Police Department in the wake of the beating of Rodney King, and a starring role in the 1991 film Boyz n the Hood, make him even more famous and controversial.

Dre hires the imposing Bloods gang member Suge Knight as his manager after Knight proves that Heller has been underpaying him. Dre leaves N.W.A to form Death Row Records with Knight, who has his men threaten Heller and beat Eazy-E to pressure them to release Dre from his contract with Ruthless. Dre enjoys his newfound freedom and begins working with other rappers, including then-newcomer Snoop Dogg. His debut solo album, The Chronic (1992), sells over five million copies and is critically acclaimed, even as he becomes concerned about Knight's violent behavior and the community is rocked by the 1992 Los Angeles riots.

Eazy, whose fortunes and health have declined, is devastated by the comparative success of his former bandmates. Learning that Heller has been embezzling money from Ruthless from the beginning, he fires him and decides to rekindle his friendships with Cube and Dre, who agree to an N.W.A reunion. During the reunion, Eazy collapses and is admitted to the hospital, where he is diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. Amid emotional visits from his bandmates, Eazy dies on March 26, 1995, and is mourned by fans.

Dre parted ways with Knight and Death Row a year later to form his own label, Aftermath Entertainment. Clips shown during the film's credits highlight Cube's subsequent roles as a film actor and Dre's career as a producer and entrepreneur. Several famous rappers credit Dre with helping to launch their careers, and Beats Electronics, which he co-founded, was bought by Apple Inc. in 2014 for $3 billion.

Cast
 O'Shea Jackson Jr. as O'Shea "Ice Cube" Jackson
 Corey Hawkins as Andre "Dr. Dre" Young
 Jason Mitchell as Eric "Eazy-E" Wright
 Neil Brown Jr. as Antoine "DJ Yella" Carraby
 Aldis Hodge as Lorenzo "MC Ren" Patterson
 Paul Giamatti as Jerry Heller
 Marlon Yates Jr. as Tracy "The D.O.C." Curry
 R. Marcos Taylor (credited as R. Marcus Taylor) as Marion "Suge" Knight
 LaKeith Stanfield as Calvin "Snoop Dogg" Broadus
 Alexandra Shipp as Kimberly Woodruff
 Corey Reynolds as Alonzo Williams, club owner and member of Dr. Dre and DJ Yella's pre-N.W.A group World Class Wreckin' Cru
 Tate Ellington as Bryan Turner, head of Priority Records
 Sheldon A. Smith as "Warren G" Griffin III
 Carra Patterson as Tomica Wright, Eazy-E's girlfriend and eventual wife.
 Elena Goode as Nicole Threatt, Dr. Dre's wife
 Keith Powers as Tyree Crayon, Dr. Dre's half-brother
 Mark Sherman as Jimmy Iovine, CEO of Interscope Records
LaDell Preston plays Jerome "Shorty" Muhammad, member of Ice Cube's post-N.W.A group Da Lench Mob
 Cleavon McClendon as Anthony "Sir Jinx" Wheaton, a member of Ice Cube's pre-N.W.A group C.I.A.
 Rogelio Douglas, Jr. as Carlton "Chuck D" Ridenhour of The Bomb Squad, producers of Ice Cube's solo album AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted
 Steve Turner as "Keith Shocklee" Boxley, member of The Bomb Squad
 Tyron Woodley as Terry "T-Bone" Gray, member of Ice Cube's post-N.W.A group Da Lench Mob
 Marcc Rose as Tupac Shakur, with Darris Love providing the character's voice
 F. Gary Gray as KDAY disc jockey Greg Mack
 Brandon Lafourche as Kim "Arabian Prince" Nazel
 Demetrius Grosse as Rock
 Matt Corboy as Journalist

Production

Development
In March 2009, it was announced that the film was in development at New Line Cinema, with S. Leigh Savidge and Alan Wenkus writing, and Tomica Woods-Wright, Ice Cube, and Dr. Dre set to produce the film. In May 2010, it was announced Andrea Berloff would write a draft of the screenplay. In September 2011, John Singleton told The Playlist that he was in talks to direct the film, saying: "I can't talk about it too prematurely about the stuff I'm doing because nothing's come to fruition yet, but Cube and I are talking about doing the N.W.A. story. The script is really, really good, and so we're just figuring it out. New Line really wants to make it."

Also in September 2011, F. Gary Gray, Craig Brewer, and Peter Berg were in talks to direct the film. In April 2012, Gray was selected as director. Gray had worked with Ice Cube on the film Friday and Dr. Dre on the film Set It Off. He has also directed some of their music videos. By 2013 the film was picked up by Universal Studios, who, in December of that year, hired Jonathan Herman to write a new draft of the script and brought in Will Packer to executive produce, alongside Adam Merims, Alan Wenkus David Engel, Bill Straus, Thomas Tull, and Jon Jashni.

Casting
Casting calls began in the middle of 2010. There had been rumors of Lil Eazy-E playing his late father Eazy-E, and Ice Cube's son and fellow rapper O'Shea Jackson Jr. playing his father as well. Ice Cube said of the movie, "We're taking it to the nooks and crannies, I think deeper than any other article or documentary on the group," he said. "These are the intimate conversations that helped forge N.W.A. To me, I think it's interesting to anybody who loves that era and I don't know any other movie where you can mix Gangster Rap, the F.B.I., L.A. Riots, HIV, and fucking feuding with each other. This movie has everything from Daryl Gates and the battering ram."

On February 21, 2014, director Gray announced a March 9, 2014 open casting call for the film in Gardena, California, via his Twitter account. There were also open casting calls in Atlanta and Chicago. Rapper YG auditioned to play MC Ren in the film. The project was scheduled to start filming in April 2014, but was pushed back due to casting delays.

On June 18, 2014, Universal officially announced that the N.W.A biopic Straight Outta Compton would be released theatrically on August 14, 2015. It was also confirmed that Ice Cube's son, O'Shea Jackson Jr., would play a younger version of his father in the film. O'Shea Jr. joined Jason Mitchell and Corey Hawkins who portrayed group members Eazy-E and Dr. Dre respectively. In early July 2014, casting directors for the film issued a casting call for extras and vintage cars in the Los Angeles area. The casting call release stated that filming would begin in August 2014. In July 2014, it was confirmed Aldis Hodge would portray MC Ren and Neil Brown Jr. would play DJ Yella. On August 15, 2014, Paul Giamatti joined the cast to play N.W.A's manager Jerry Heller. On August 26, 2014, LaKeith Stanfield joined the cast to play Snoop Dogg.

On June 16, 2015, Ice Cube revealed that a "Tupac scene" had been shot for the film. Entertainment Weekly reported that the role of Tupac Shakur in the film would be played by newcomer Marcc Rose who was once rumored to be cast by John Singleton in his unmade Tupac biopic. Rose later reprised the role of Tupac in the first and only season of the true crime drama series Unsolved.

Casting of female extras
On July 16, 2014, a casting call for extras for Straight Outta Compton was released on the Sande Alessi Casting Facebook page. The casting call was looking for African-American girls for the film using an A-D ranking scale. Though the "A girls" category was looking for "classy" women of all colors, the "B through D" categories were very explicitly linked with skin-tone. As the women get less attractive, the casting call wants the women's flesh tone to be darker, with the lowest listing calling for "African American girls. Poor, not in good shape. Medium to dark skin tone."

The casting call was accused of colorism, sexism, and racism in the categorizing of black women. A representative for Sande Alessi Casting said the ad was an "innocent mistake" and when it comes to casting "poor" people, they are also looking for women of various skin tones and body types. As for the A, B, C, D grouping system, Sande Alessi Casting says "it's the usual method [they] use to look for different types of people for any project and it wasn't meant to offend anyone."

Filming
Straight Outta Compton was filmed in Compton, California and Los Angeles, California. Principal photography began on location in Compton on August 5, 2014. In early September 2014, principal exterior shooting on a large post-riot set was observed on Laurel Canyon Boulevard in North Hollywood. While shooting in California, the production spent $50 million in the state and received the California Film & Television Tax Credit.

Costume designer Kelli Jones says "the script was literally changing the entire time we were shooting, I mean literally the entire time. There would be days where I would get a call on Friday and they were like 'oh by the way we've moved the pool party scene to Monday' and the pool party scene had like 400 people and I needed to get '80s bathing suits, so there wasn't a single weekend where  were not working. It was insane!" Production Designer Shane Valentino says "We had 130 sets which is a lot of sets to try and deal with."

Violence on set
Seven days into filming in Compton, a drive-by shooting took place directly in front of the cast and crew members while they were on the set. A group of men standing outside the Compton Courthouse flashed gang signs at a passing car and passengers in the car opened fire on the group. No one affiliated with the film was injured, but one other person near the set was shot. Despite the incident, filming continued to take place as planned in the city.

On January 29, 2015, Suge Knight was involved in a hit-and-run incident that left one man dead and another hospitalized. After an argument on the Straight Outta Compton film set, witnesses claim that Knight followed the men to a burger stand parking lot in Compton, and that the collisions looked intentional. Security footage video was released online in early March showing Knight running over both men but which Knight's attorney said helps his client's self-defense claim. Terry Carter, co-founder (along with Ice Cube) of Heavyweight Records and a friend of Knight, was the man killed. The second victim, filmmaker Cle Sloan, suffered a mangled foot and head injuries. Knight was arrested for the incident. In October 2018, he pleaded no contest to voluntary manslaughter in the case in a Los Angeles courtroom and was sentenced to 28 years in prison.

In October 2017, transcripts from a grand jury hearing earlier in the year indicated Knight allegedly gave multiple menacing warnings to director F. Gary Gray during filming. Although Gray would testify he did not recall any calls or texts threatening his safety (a move Deputy District Attorney Cynthia Barnes referred to as intentional perjury out of fear), Knight was allegedly angry at his depiction in the film and that he was not compensated for his portrayal.

Release

Marketing
In December 2014, during a show in Sydney, Australia, Ice Cube gave concertgoers a sneak peek at a trailer for Straight Outta Compton. When an executive producer of the film, Will Packer, was asked if Cube told him he was going to show the trailer or did he "just put it out there?", Packer responded, "Cube does what he does." He added, "Cube is the man. We back him. And I love the fact that it's out there and it's getting the response that it's getting, that's what I'll say."

On February 8, 2015, Universal released the first official trailer for Straight Outta Compton. The red band trailer was preceded by an introduction featuring N.W.A members Dr. Dre and Ice Cube. A second global trailer for Straight Outta Compton was released on April 1, 2015, and was attached with theatrical screenings of Universal's Furious 7.

On August 7, 2015, to help promote the film, Beats by Dre launched a new app through the website StraightOuttaSomewhere.com. The app allows users to create a meme by uploading a picture with the "Straight Outta" logo and fill in the blank with a location of their choice. Some people did proclaim that they were "Straight Outta" a certain city or locale, while others uploaded funny images and phrases. In under 24 hours, over 78,000 "Straight Outta" images were downloaded on social media sites and over 6 million downloads were generated before the film's opening day. Inquisitr.com proclaimed, "It's a successful viral photo campaign that is definitely bringing attention to the movie Straight Outta Compton."

Security concerns
Straight Outta Compton premiered on August 10, 2015, at the entertainment complex LA Live in Los Angeles, California. An earlier report by LA Weekly said that the LAPD was "beefing up its presence" for the event; The Hollywood Reporter said that organizers had tripled security. Due to concerns surrounding the violence in the film, it was reported that movie theaters hired extra security during the film's opening weekend and Universal Studios would reimburse them. Universal denied that it would reimburse them, but would partner with theaters seeking "support". No major incidents were reported at showings during the film's opening weekend. Some critics said it was because of the extra security at some theaters, while others argued that it showed the extra security was unnecessary.

Home media
Straight Outta Compton was released on Digital HD on January 5, 2016, by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment and on Blu-ray and DVD on January 19, 2016. The Blu-ray and DVD includes both the theatrical version and an Unrated Director's Cut which featured 20 additional minutes of the film.

Universal Pictures announced a 4K Blu-ray release including both cuts of the film to be released on February 6, 2018.

Reception

Box office
Straight Outta Compton grossed $161.2 million in the United States and Canada and $40.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $201.6 million. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $91.1 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.

In the United States and Canada, the opening weekend projections were continuously revised upwards, starting from $25 million and going as high as $45 million. The film made $5 million from Thursday night shows, which began at 7 p.m. in 2,264 theaters. After its strong Thursday night showing, Universal was able to add nearly 500 theaters for the film's opening weekend. Straight Outta Compton made $24.1 million on its opening day, the fourth biggest August opening in history.

It finished first at the box office in its opening weekend earning $60.2 million from 2,757 theaters and ahead of the week's other new release The Man from U.N.C.L.E. 46% of its opening weekend audience was African American while 23% was non-Hispanic White and 21% Hispanic. Its opening weekend total was the fifth-best August opening weekend of all time (behind Guardians of the Galaxy, The Bourne Ultimatum, Rush Hour 2 and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles) the highest in August for an R-rated film (surpassing American Pie 2) and the highest for a musical biopic.

It also set the record for best opening by a film with an African American director, until it was passed by Gray's own The Fate of the Furious in April 2017. After a strong first full week showing ($84.7 million), Universal added the film to over 200 additional theaters. The film grossed $26.4 million in its second weekend and again finished first at the box office, ahead of the week's new releases Sinister 2, Hitman: Agent 47, and American Ultra.

On August 27, 2015, Straight Outta Compton became the highest grossing musical biopic of all time in the United States with $120.9 million, passing the 2005 Johnny Cash biopic Walk the Lines $119.5 million total (it was then passed itself on December 1, 2018, by Bohemian Rhapsodys $162 million). The film grossed $13.1 million in its third weekend and, once again, finished first at the box office ahead of the week's new releases War Room, No Escape and We Are Your Friends.

On September 18, 2015, the film's domestic gross crossed $157.5 million, surpassing Keenen Ivory Wayans' Scary Movie ($157 million) to become the all-time highest domestic grossing film from a black director in the United States. This record was surpassed by Gray's own The Fate of the Furious in April 2017. By September 21, 2015, the film had grossed $188 million worldwide to become the all-time highest grossing music biopic, surpassing Walk the Line's $186.4 million worldwide gross, again, past itself by Bohemian Rhapsody in November 2018.

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 89% based on 248 reviews with an average rating of 7.40/10. The site's consensus reads, "Straight Outta Compton is a biopic that's built to last, thanks to F. Gary Gray's confident direction and engaging performances from a solid cast." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film 3.5 stars out of 4, calling the film "enthralling" and "energized", praising the cast for delivering "strong, memorable work that transcends mere imitation." He called the film "one of the better musical biopics of the last 20 years". Lou Lumenick of the New York Post, also awarding the film a 3.5 out of 4, called it "one of the summer's most entertaining and provocative movies", finding it "surprisingly candid" about the negatives in N.W.A's career for a film produced by Ice Cube and Dr. Dre themselves.

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone, also giving the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praised the picture for its honesty in its portrayal of the group and complemented Jackson's performance as Ice Cube, as well as the supporting cast, finding Mitchell's Eazy-E "award-caliber". He did wish that the film elaborated more on the group's troubles involving misogyny, homophobia, and the media. Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal found the group's musical performances to be "far and away the most appealing parts of the picture." However, he criticized the film for slowing down towards the end, particularly when it gets "ploddingly sentimental" once it focuses on the decline and death of Eazy-E.

Scott Foundas of Variety praised director Gray for taking familiar biopic paces and bringing a "richness of observation to the table that transcends cliche." He also praised the film for its "high but never overindulgent" style and the attention to detail in the production, ranging from the "exhaustively researched" screenplay to the "meticulous care" involved in assembling the film's soundtrack. He stated, "if Compton is undeniably of the moment, it's also timeless in its depiction of how artists and writers transform the world around them into angry, profane, vibrant and singular personal expression." Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune stated, "Straight Outta Compton at its best evokes the heady atmosphere of Crenshaw Boulevard and what the group's success meant to Compton, and vice versa. When the songs themselves take center stage the movie works. What remains in the wings constitutes another, fuller story."

In a mixed review, Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times felt that the film attempted to take on more storylines than it could handle, also criticizing how bloated it becomes towards the end regarding Heller, though he did praise Giamatti's performance. Jordan Hoffman of The Guardian also criticized the film's second half for being "cheesy" and "[playing] it too safe". Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C, feeling it had to rely on its timeliness for its thematic weight, and saying the film "simplifies N.W.A.'s arc to a gangster-movie knock-off about three friends from way back when who are driven apart by bad influences." Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post noted the film's "lack of interest in process and personality" compared to the concurrently-released music biopic Love & Mercy, writing: "it's no contest as to which Giamatti picture is the better depiction of the actual music-making process."

Historical accuracy
Straight Outta Compton stays fairly close to the overall truth of how N.W.A. came together, while the exact details are sometimes re-arranged.

 In the film, the formation of N.W.A happens after Dre punches a man who attacks his little brother one night. He is arrested, and Eazy bails him out of jail. According to recorded N.W.A lore, Dre did land in jail, but it was over unpaid tickets on his Mazda RX7. He paged Eazy to bail him out and, to return the favor, agreed to produce a track for a record label Eazy wanted to start.
 In the film, Cube and Dre's first show together takes place at local club. Dre is DJing there with Yella in a puffy, lavender jacket and warns Cube that the crowd will be tough. Cube wins over the crowd with "Gangsta Gangsta". Eazy and MC Ren are the only Crips in a crowd of mostly Bloods. The show actually happened at a Compton skating rink in which there was an overwhelming presence of Bloods. Cube did perform "Gangsta Gangsta", but mostly did dirty parodies of popular tracks. Dre's costumes were reserved for his first group World Class Wreckin' Cru.
 In the film, "Boyz-n-the-Hood" almost doesn't happen because HBO doesn't like the lyrics. In real life, HBO did recoil at the song and walked out on the session.
 In the film, Heller hears "Boyz-in-the-Hood" and asks Eazy to go into business together. They later form Ruthless Records and Heller lands N.W.A a deal with Priority Records after a show in a roller rink. In his 2007 memoir "Ruthless", Heller (who was not involved with the film) says that it was Eazy who sought him out, not the other way around, and he even paid a mutual acquaintance $750 to make an introduction. The Priority deal went down the week after N.W.A played a successful show at a local roller rink.
 In the film, NWA is brutally harassed by racist cops who hate rappers for looking like gangbangers as an outraged Heller looks on in shock. Soon afterward Cube writes some lyrics, Dre gives his approval, and they quickly begin recording "Fuck tha Police". In real life, members of N.W.A did get harassed by cops outside of Audio Achievements while recording Straight Outta Compton in 1987. But Cube had the concept for "Fuck tha Police" long before Dre was on board, despite Dre's own frustrations with law enforcement.
 In the film, Ice Cube finally quits N.W.A after voicing his displeasure over his contract status with Heller and Eazy. In his book, Heller claims the group voted Cube out at the end of their first tour because of his griping about proper compensation. Ice Cube has said he thought it was ridiculous that Eazy and Heller were driving luxury cars and living in mansions while he still lived with his parents. But departing N.W.A. was not an easy decision. He secretly consulted with publicist Pat Charbonnet (who isn't portrayed in the film), who facilitated his solo deal with Priority Records.
 In the film, Knight and his goons beat up Eazy to get him to release Dre from the label. Dre has denied knowing of Knight's plans that night in 1991. In real life, Suge Knight told Eazy-E that he had kidnapped Jerry Heller and was holding him prisoner in a van. This did not convince Eazy-E to release Dr. Dre and The D.O.C. from Ruthless, and Suge Knight threatened Eazy-E's family. He gave Eazy-E a piece of paper that contained Eazy's mother's address, telling him, "I know where your mama stays." Eazy-E finally signed Dr. Dre and The D.O.C.'s releases, officially ending N.W.A. In his book, Heller corroborates the movie's assertion that Eazy-E wanted to retaliate by killing Knight. He also claims that Knight wanted three Ruthless artists—Dre, D.O.C., and Dre's girlfriend Michel'le (whom Knight later married)—released from their contracts so they could sign with Knight and Sony. A lawsuit against Dre, Knight, and Sony was later settled out of court.
 Dre witnesses Knight and his gangbanger buddies intimidating a man in his underwear with a dog in the Death Row Records offices, then leaves in protest and leads cops on a dramatic high-speed chase that ends with his arrest. Dre told The Hollywood Reporter that the scene really happened: "I was like, 'What the f— is going on?' I was ready to leave anyways. This was the extra push. The guy in the underwear? All this shit actually happened." Dre was sentenced to eight months in prison for drunk-driving his Ferrari through Beverly Hills in the late-night, 90-mph chase.
 In the film, Eazy is visited in the hospital by Dr. Dre. Ice Cube arrives to see him too, but can't bring himself to enter Eazy's room. In real life, DJ Yella remained close to Eazy throughout the post-N.W.A breakup. Yella was also the only member of N.W.A to attend Eazy's funeral.
 In the film, Cube and his new group Da Lench Mob are suddenly attacked by unidentified assailants. In reality, Cube's dispute was with Above the Law. He and their rapper/producer Cold 187um had already fought at an Anaheim show earlier that year, and Cube brought along Da Lench Mob partly as protection. Shorty from Da Lench Mob threw the first blow. It was a wild showdown, with tables flying and shiners administered. But, Cube wasn't involved. When it began, he was speaking on a panel.
 Towards the movie's end, Eazy asks Cube about reuniting NWA. Cube says he's down if Jerry Heller isn't involved, and Eazy fires the manager shortly after. Eazy then brings the reunion idea to Dre, who is 100% on board. In reality, Eazy and Cube did speak of an NWA reunion not long before Eazy was diagnosed with AIDS. But, Dre hadn't committed to it. In fact, Cold 187um says he wasn't planning on producing any new NWA tracks.

Reactions from the depicted
On June 10, 2015, MC Ren took to Twitter to voice his displeasure at the lack of exposure his character had in the Straight Outta Compton trailer, saying "Man fuck these bitches at universal pictures leaving me out the movie trailers  to rewrite history" and "When you have bitches work on a hip hop film that don't know shit about hip hop this is what happens. How the hell  leave me out after all the work I put into them records." After the film's release, Ren tweeted, "True fans know my role in the group as far as lyrics are concerned, don't let the movie fool you about my contribution to the group." He later praised the filmmakers saying, "Congrats to the cast and crew. Great job of telling our story."

Despite being a founding member, Arabian Prince's contribution to the group has been ignored in the movie, and his character has a brief, uncredited cameo in the film when the album cover for 'Straight Outta Compton' is shown momentarily. While going on record that he personally harbored no ill will towards the producers, Arabian Prince did note that it led to numerous inquiries and interview requests as to the possible reasons for such a revisionist approach. According to Arabian Prince, "Maybe for 50% of the [movie] scenes, I was there in real life, on stage, or in the studio. A lot of N.W.A's early music production was done with my equipment."

On August 24, 2015, Alonzo Williams referred to the film as "a great fusion of fantasy and reality", after admitting that he enjoyed the film. He disputed the accuracy of the scenes where he forbade gangsta rap from being played at his club, saying that the members of N.W.A had not started gangsta rap at that point. He also commented on the scene when Dr. Dre was bailed out of jail by Eazy-E, saying that Dr. Dre had been jailed several times for non-payment of parking fees and that he had an argument with Dre after having bailed him out of jail numerous times. When Alonzo refused to bail Dre out another time, Eazy-E bailed him out instead. Alonzo claimed that it was he who introduced Eazy-E to Jerry Heller and that contrary to how it was depicted in the movie, he was supportive of Boyz-n-the-Hood, unlike most others at the time.

Lawsuit from Heller
On October 30, 2015, Heller filed a 12-claim lawsuit in the Superior Court of Los Angeles against NBCUniversal, director F. Gary Gray, Legendary Pictures, the screenwriters of the film, Ice Cube, Dr. Dre and the estate of Eazy-E. As well as protesting his depiction in the film, Heller claimed that a significant amount of the film's content had been taken from his autobiography without permission. The defendants countered with a request that Heller's defamation charges be dismissed. In December 2018, two years after Heller's death, a judge dismissed the lawsuit.

Omissions
On August 17, 2015, Michel'le, Dr. Dre's former girlfriend and mother of one of his children, did an exclusive interview with Vlad TV. In the interview, the former Ruthless and Death Row Records artist ponders her and Dre's abusive relationship and she states that she was aware she was not included in the Straight Outta Compton film. "Why would Dre put me in it? I mean 'cause if they start from where they start from I was just a quiet girlfriend who got beat up and told to shut up."

On August 18, 2015, Gawker published an editorial by Dee Barnes titled "Here's What's Missing from Straight Outta Compton: Me and the Other Women Dr. Dre Beat Up." Barnes notes that Dr. Dre had repeated instances of physical abuse to female associates during his time in N.W.A, including the infamous January 1991 beating of Barnes in the bathroom of Po Na Na Souk nightclub. In the film, these incidents were never acknowledged. She further notes that important women from the era with close and historically important ties to N.W.A (J. J. Fad, Yo Yo, Tairrie B, etc.) were absent from the film. In the end, most women portrayed in the film are partying groupies, and Barnes felt that it could have also acknowledged the female MCs who contributed to N.W.A's and individual members' successes.

Gerrick D. Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times revealed the Barnes incident was originally included in an earlier version of the film's script. On August 21, 2015, Dr. Dre responded, apologizing to "the women I've hurt. I deeply regret what I did and know that it has forever impacted all of our lives." The next day, Apple Inc., which bought Beats Electronics for $3 billion in 2014 from Dr. Dre and made him an executive, weighed in on the abuse allegations to offer their support to Dre. The company said in a statement, "Dre has apologized for the mistakes he's made in the past and he's said that he's not the same person that he was 25 years ago."

On August 26, 2015, Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times criticized the film for leaving out the story of the all-female rap group J. J. Fad and how some in the media claim the group was responsible for "forging a path for the breakout success of N.W.A".

Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg dissing Eazy-E in "Dre Day", Eazy-E's retaliation "Real Muthaphuckkin G's" and its guest rappers Dresta and B.G. Knocc Out are never portrayed in the film.

Accolades
The film received numerous award nominations, including one for Best Original Screenplay at the Oscars.

Music

Compton

On August 7, 2015, Dr. Dre released the album Compton: A Soundtrack by Dr. Dre exclusively on Apple Music and the iTunes Store at first and later released on other digital music platforms and in CD and vinyl form. Though not an official soundtrack to the film Straight Outta Compton, Dr. Dre said this album would be "inspired by the movie". Dre said on The Pharmacy (his Beats 1 radio show) that during principal photography of Straight Outta Compton, "I felt myself going to the studio and being so inspired by the movie that I started recording an album." He added, "It's an 'inspired by' album. It's inspired by Straight Outta Compton."

Part of Straight Outta Compton's successful opening has been attributed to Compton: A Soundtrack, Dr. Dre's first collection of original music since his 1999's 2001 album, which was released a week prior to the film's premiere and debuted at No. 2 on the US Billboard 200 charts and No. 1 on the iTunes charts. Dr. Dre said he would donate royalties from his album to the city of Compton for a new performing arts facility.

Soundtrack

An official soundtrack album to the film entitled Straight Outta Compton: Music from the Motion Picture was released on January 8, 2016 by Universal Music Enterprises. It features songs mainly by N.W.A, but also has songs by Ice Cube, Eazy-E, Dr. Dre featuring Snoop Dogg, and others.

See also
List of black films of the 2010s
List of films that most frequently use the word "fuck"
List of hood films
The Defiant Ones, topic-related 2017 documentary

Notes

References

External links

 Official screenplay

2015 biographical drama films
2015 crime drama films
American gangster films
2015 films
African-American films
African-American biographical dramas
2010s musical drama films
American crime drama films
American musical drama films
Biographical films about musicians
Crime films based on actual events
Cube Vision films
Compton, California in fiction
Drama films based on actual events
Films scored by Joseph Trapanese
Films about drugs
Films about music and musicians
Films about musical groups
Films about race and ethnicity
Films about racism in the United States
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in 1986
Films set in 1987
Films set in 1988
Films set in 1989
Films set in the 1990s
Films set in 1990
Films set in 1991
Films set in 1992
Films set in 1993
Films set in 1995
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Los Angeles
2010s hip hop films
Hood films
American gang films
HIV/AIDS in American films
Legendary Pictures films
N.W.A
New Line Cinema films
Films about police misconduct
Universal Pictures films
Will Packer Productions films
Films directed by F. Gary Gray
Films produced by Ice Cube
Films with screenplays by Andrea Berloff
Criticism of police brutality
West Coast hip hop
Obscenity controversies in film
Works subject to a lawsuit
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


title: Ranasan State

text:
The Ranasan State was a small princely state belonging to the Mahi Kantha Agency of the Bombay Presidency during the era of the British Raj. It had its capital in Ranasan village, Talod municipality, Sabarkantha district of present-day Gujarat State.

History
The state was ruled by the Rehvar clan of the Hindu Parmar dynasty of Rajputs.

Ranasan State was merged with Baroda State under the Attachment Scheme on 10 July 1943. Finally, Baroda State acceded to the Indian Union on 1 May 1949.

Rulers
The rulers of Ranasan State bore the title 'Thakur'.

.... – ....                Rajsinhji
.... – ....                Sursinhji Rajsinhji
.... – ....                Garibdasji Surinhji
.... – ....                Adesinhji Garibdasji
.... – 1768                Bharatsinhji Adesinhji
1768 – 1802                Khumansinhji Bharatsinhji          (d. 1802)
1802 – 1828                Makansinhji Khumansinhji           (d. 1828)
1828 – 18..                Raisinhji Makansinhji
18.. – 1879                Vajesinhji Sartansinhji            (b. 1814 – d. 1879)
1879  – 1842                Lalsinhji Narsinhji
1842 – 18..                Sartansinhji Karansinhji
18..-  5 February 1890         Hamirsinhji Vajesinhji             (d. 1890)
 5 February 1890 – 28 April 1914  Kishorsihji Jiwatsinhji            (b. 1869 – d. 1914)
28 Apr 1914 –  5 August 1917  Prathisinhji Fatehsinhji           (b. 1881 – d. 1917)
 5 August 1917 – 1938         Takhatsinhji Fatehsinhji           (b. 1883 – d. 1938)
 2 December 1938 – 1947         Jashwantsinhji Takhatsinhji        (b. 1916 – d. 1964)

See also
List of Rajput dynasties and states
Mahi Kantha Agency

References

Sabarkantha district
Princely states of Gujarat
1943 disestablishments in India
Rajputs


title: Dykema

text:
Dykema is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Carolyn Dykema (born 1967), American politician
Craig Dykema (born 1959), American basketball player
Peter W. Dykema (1873–1951), American music educator

Surnames of Frisian origin


title: List of wrongful convictions in the United States

text:
This list of wrongful convictions in the United States includes people who have been legally exonerated, including people whose convictions have been overturned or vacated, and who have not been retried because the charges were dismissed by the states. It also includes some historic cases of people who have not been formally exonerated (by a formal process such as has existed in the United States since the mid 20th century) but who historians believe are factually innocent. Generally, this means that research by historians has revealed original conditions of bias or extrajudicial actions that related to their convictions and/or executions.

Crime descriptions marked with an asterisk indicate that the events were later determined not to be criminal acts. People who were wrongfully accused are sometimes never released.

By February 2020, a total of 2,551 exonerations were mentioned in the National Registry of Exonerations. The total time these exonerated people spent in prison adds up to 22,540 years. Detailed data from 1989 regarding every known exoneration in the United States is listed. Data prior to 1989, however, is limited. By 2020, twenty individuals had been exonerated while on death row due to DNA evidence.

Before 1900

1900s

1910s

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

See also
 Capital punishment debate in the United States
 Capital punishment in the United States
 Innocent prisoner's dilemma
 List of exonerated death row inmates
 List of miscarriage of justice cases
 List of United States death row inmates
 List of women on death row in the United States
 Overturned convictions in the United States
 Race in the United States criminal justice system
 Wrongful executions in the United States

References

Further reading
Jed S. Rakoff, "Jailed by Bad Science", The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 20 (19 December 2019), pp. 79–80, 85. According to Judge Rakoff (p. 85), "forensic techniques that in their origin were simply viewed as aids to police investigations have taken on an importance in the criminal justice system that they frequently cannot support. Their results are portrayed... as possessing a degree of validity and reliability that they simply do not have." Rakoff commends (p. 85) the U.S. National Academy of Sciences recommendation to "creat[e] an independent National Institute of Forensic Science to do the basic testing and promulgate the basic standards that would make forensic science much more genuinely scientific."

External links
The National Registry of Exonerations
Exoneration profiles at Innocence Project

Overturned convictions in the United States
Abuse of the legal system
False confessions
Overturned convictions
Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons
Trials in the United States


title: Septembers of Shiraz

text:
Septembers of Shiraz is a 2015 American drama film directed by Wayne Blair and written by Hanna Weg. It is based on the 2007 novel The Septembers of Shiraz by Dalia Sofer. The film stars Adrien Brody, Salma Hayek, Shohreh Aghdashloo, Anthony Azizi, Bashar Rahal and Alon Aboutboul. The film was released on June 24, 2016, by Momentum Pictures.

Plot

During the first months after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, wealthy Jewish Iranian gemologist Isaac Amin is suddenly arrested at his office in Tehran by the Revolutionary Guards who take him to prison.

During his prison days,  Isaac meets fellow prisoners of different backgrounds, who are tortured and finally prosecuted. In interrogation sessions, his interrogator Mohsen, once torturing him with a lit cigarette and having him lashed, refers to the injustice of being affluent and to the justice that the revolution is bringing to the oppressed.

After the guards scare him by putting him before a firing squad and shooting around his body, he says to Mohsen that he is ready to pay all his savings to the new Islamic regime in order to have a chance at freedom. After emptying his bank account, Mohsen declares him free and leaves him alone in the street.

Isaac goes to his office, now deserted, and recovers a hidden pack of diamonds from behind a brick in the wall. As he prepares to leave, he sees Morteza, a former employee of the office and son of their housekeeper Habibeh. He had already directed the stealing of Isaac'sgems and office equipment, wandering in the corridor.

Morteza asks for more and shows Isaac a letter of compliment that Shahbanu had written to him, as blackmail. Isaac tells him that he is now a contributor to the revolution and can eliminate Morteza with a single phone call. Morteza leaves.

Isaac is referred to a human smuggler and pays him in diamonds worth over 150,000 to smuggle them out of Iran. In the meantime, Morteza gives the letter to Mohsen at a Revolutionary Guards office but is himself arrested for earlier stealing the stones from Amin´s premises.

The Amin family start their treacherous journey at dawn the next morning. First, Isaac bypasses a checkpoint, getting chased on motorcycle and shakes the last by braking hard so the rider crashes his bike into the bumper so he flies headfirst over the car. At the rendezvous, they are driven in their Mercedes until they change to an old pickup through a rough road.

Now night, they go on horseback and through the forest to the border, but are stopped by a crew alerted by Morteza. They ring Mohsen, who tells the rebels to let the Amins go. When alone, he reflects over the letter and burns it. Isaac and his family make it over the border to Turkey.

Cast
Adrien Brody as Isaac Amin
Salma Hayek as Farnaz
Shohreh Aghdashloo as Habibeh
Anthony Azizi as Mehdi
Bashar Rahal as Komiteh Member
Alon Aboutboul as Mohsen
Wadih Dona as Rostam
Nasser Memarzia as Mansoor
Navid Navid as Morteza
Velislav Pavlov as Hossein
Jamie Ward as Parviz Amin
Ariana Molkara as Shirin

Production
On February 7, 2014, Salma Hayek and Shohreh Aghdashloo joined the cast. On April 9, 2014, Adrien Brody joined the cast. Principal photography began on June 9, 2014. The film was shot in Bulgaria.

Release
The film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on September 15, 2015. It was selected as the opening night film for the San Diego International Film Festival on September 30, 2015. The film was released on June 24, 2016, by Momentum Pictures.

Reception
Septembers of Shiraz received middling to negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 31%, based on 13 reviews, with an average rating of 4.20/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 16 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating overwhelming dislike.

References

External links

2015 films
American drama films
2015 drama films
Iranian Revolution films
Films directed by Wayne Blair
Films produced by Gerard Butler
Films shot in Bulgaria
Films set in Iran
Films set in Tehran
Films set in 1979
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


title: Jay S. Rosenblatt

text:
Jay Seth Rosenblatt (November 18, 1923 – February 16, 2014) held the position of emeritus professor of psychology at Rutgers University-Newark. At the time of his retirement in 2005, he was the Daniel S. Lehrman Professor of Psychobiology. He was a scientist, psychotherapist and painter.  His scientific research largely established the study of neonate learning and especially mother-offspring behavior throughout the maternal cycle.  For the latter work, he was known in developmental psychobiology as the "father of mothering".  He received several honors and awards during his career, including election to the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Biography

Personal
Rosenblatt was born in the East Bronx, which is part of New York City, New York, the youngest of three children. His mother, a housewife, immigrated from Russia to flee from the pogroms of the early 20th century; his father, a furrier, arrived from Austria as a teenager.

In high school, the Works Progress Administration allowed him to study art and especially painting. During World War II he was a camouflage artist and he continued to paint the rest of his life. He married Gilda Rosenblatt (née Rosen) who died in 1999.  He then married Pat Rosenblatt.  He had two children Daniel and Nina.

Academic
In 1946, after the army, Rosenblatt entered New York University. There he met T. C. Schneirla who influenced the direction his scientific interests and research would take.  Schneirla convinced Rosenblatt that the study of animal behavior would broaden his understanding of human behavior and that it was interesting in itself.  He began his research on the role of hormones and experience on the sexual behavior of male cats. Supported by Schneirla, he began his doctoral work in 1958 at the American Museum of Natural History study of early learning in kittens.  He discovered that kittens could orient to home by 3 to 4 days of age and that they formed nipple attachment preferences by 1 to 2 days of age.  This was contrary to learning paradigms of that time, which assumed that animals could not learn at very young ages.
In the 1950s, while an assistant professor at the City College of New York, he became a person of interest for the House Un-American Activities Committee, which was conveyed to the City College of New York.  Subsequently, his contract was not renewed he went to Rutgers University at Newark where he joined the Institute of Animal Behavior the Institute of Animal Behavior founded by Daniel S. Lehrman who he had been friends with during graduate school.

In 1972, he became director of the Institute of Animal Behavior at Rutgers University-Campus at Newark by unanimous vote after the death it founder Daniel S. Lehrman and remained its director for more than 17 years. He served as dean of the Graduate School of Rutgers University-Newark. He also served as editor for Advance in the Study of Behavior for more than 10 years. In 2005, he retired as Daniel S. Lehrman Professor of Psychobiology.  After his retirement, he continued to work at the Rutgers University-Campus at Newark until 2012.

He was viewed as a successful mentor by those who knew him:

Painter

As a teenager, Rosenblatt apprenticed in the studio of Ben Wilson under the Works in Progress Administration. Wilson had a major impact on him, Rosenblatt would later say of Wilson "I saw that he was thoughtful and deeply sincere in his work and that he would be supportive of my becoming a painter." He would keep in contact with Wilson for 63 years until Wilson died in 2005. Rosenblatt's painting was influenced not only by Wilson but also by painters such as Georges Braque, Paul Cézanne, and Pablo Picasso.  The content of his paintings was influenced by Judaism and Marxism.  Many of his paintings were political focusing on war and The Holocaust. Another major theme of his paintings were of mothers and their children, which would mirror his scientific interest in maternal behavior as a scientist.  For example, in his painting "Mother and older Child," both of his subjective and scientific perspectives of mother-child relationships are expressed, evoking both discomfort and comfort in the viewer. He never became a professional painter, but Rutgers University held a show in the late 1990s for 56 of his paintings.

Psychoanalysis and clinical psychologist
Rosenblatt met psychoanalyst Max Hertzman while he was a teaching assistant at City College of New York. He was interested in psychoanalysis because he wanted to understand better "intrapsychic events" in himself and his clients.  He also wanted to find out if psychology as he understood it could be applied to real people, which led him to take a job at the Pediatric Psychiatry Clinic at Brooklyn Jewish Hospital.  There he diagnosed children with emotional and psychological disorders.  He discovered that his formal training in psychology helped him to understand the children he diagnosed.

Scientist
Rosenblatt's research in developmental psychobiology focused on early neonate learning and maternal behavior.  It explored these processes using multiple levels of analysis, using multiple techniques, and from multiple perspectives (i.e., proximal, functional, comparative, and evolutionary).

Neonate learning
In the 1960s, Rosenblatt experimentally demonstrated that learning in newly born animals occurred earlier than had been thought possible (see Rosenblatt, Turkewitz, and Schneirla, 1969).  His early work with kittens showed that early learning in neonates initially involved single sensory modalities such as tactile, thermal, and olfactory sensory modalities.  As development proceeded these sensory modalities are integrated and learning becomes multimodal.  His early work with kittens demonstrated these developmental processes of early learning and set the stage for a new field of research that focuses on neonatal learning in naturalistic contexts (see Rosenblatt, 1971; Rosenblatt, Turkewitz, and Schneirla, 1969).

The discovery of early learning in neonates was, according to Rosenblatt, serendipitous. It occurred while he was studying cats in the 1950s and when he was weighing kittens on a daily basis.  He noticed that when he returned the kittens to their home environment (without their mother present), they returned to their home corner faster and faster each day.  The kittens' eyes had not yet opened during this time and so they were blind to any visual stimuli.  The only way they could find the corner they had been in is by learning the olfactory characteristics of that area in their home environment where they had been nursed (see Rosenblatt, 1983; Rosenblatt, Turkewitz, and Schneirla, 1969).

Maternal behavior
He did his seminal work on maternal behavior during the late 1960s through the 1970s. This work consisted of two major themes: behavioral transitions in maternal cyclic patterns of behavior and the coupling of mother-offspring behavior during these maternal cycles (Rosenblatt, 1970).  His work on maternal behavior, starting in the 1960s, focused primarily on the rat as an animal model.  He identified three important phases in
maternal cyclic patterns of behavior: the first phase spans conception through most of pregnancy, the second begins towards the end of pregnancy and continues through birth, and the third is the maintenance phase, which extends from the postpartum phase to weaning.  He began his research by describing the phenomena associated with each of these phases of the mother-offspring cyclic patterns of behavior.  His studies also determined the role of sensory factors in mother and offspring behavior.  He investigated physiological, hormonal, and affective mechanisms and their feedback in maternal and offspring cyclic patterns of behavior (Rosenblatt, 1980).  It is because of Rosenblatt's early study of maternal behavior, the coupling of mother-offspring behavior, and his conceptualization of these behavioral processes as occurring in phases that he is often called "father of mothering" or "father of maternal behavior" within the field of psychobiology.

Rosenblatt's 1967 study of the induction of maternal behavior is considered by many in his field to be his most famous study. In that study he showed that the neural basis of parental care is independent of pregnancy and birth. He found that he could induce maternal behavior in virgin female rats during a 6 to 8 day period by continuously exposing them to rat pups. He also found that female rats that were ovariectomized or hypophysectomized could also be induced to exhibit maternal behavior via the continuous exposure to rat pups.  Although the hormonal and physiological processes that occur during pregnancy and birth enhance maternal behavior, maternal behavior has an already developed neural basis in the brain.

Honors and awards
He received several honors and awards during his career.
In 1971, he was elected as a fellow of the Animal Behavior Society.
In 2004, he was elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
In 1986, a volume of the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences was published in honor of Jay S. Rosenblatt for his contributions to the field of animal behavior.
In 1987, he received a Doctorate honoris causa from the University of Gothenburg and, in 1997, he received a Doctorate honoris causa from the National University of Distance Education.

Selected bibliography
During his career, Rosenblatt published over 160 articles and chapters.

References

1923 births
2014 deaths
American Museum of Natural History
20th-century American psychologists
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Rutgers University faculty