title: Rhyme Skool with Katrina Kaif

text:
Rhyme Skool is a two-part audio CD album of common nursery rhymes narrated by Bollywood actor Katrina Kaif. The album was produced by KM Music Conservatory and the Saregama Production Company.  A. R. Rahman supervised the music, which was composed and orchestrated by his students at the KM Music Conservatory.

Background
"Rhyme Skool" was the first audio CD released by KM Music Conservatory after its launch in 2008. All the scores were recorded, mixed, and mastered at the Audio Media studio in Chennai, where Rahman's main orchestrations were conducted. The album was based on well-known nursery rhymes. The album's official release was held in 2010 at the Intercontinental Hotel in Mumbai. In 2011, the production company launched the second album in the series, Rhyme Skool Vol 2.

Students of the KM Conservatory recorded the album under the guidance of guitarist John Anthony, along with Sivamani and A.R. Rahman.

Personnel

Primary musicians
 John Anthony        - Guitars
 Keith Peters        - Bass
Dinesh Subasinghe- Violin, Ravanahatha, Ektara
 Annad Veer Singh    - Harmonica
 Ganeshan S          - Percussion
 Vashish Trivedi     - Flute
 Jerry Silvester Vincent - Keyboards/Programming

Music arrangers
Neehar Dabade
Jerry Silvester Vincent
Ganesan S
Rachinthan Trivedi
Sanjay Sathyan
Ankana Arockiam
Santosh Kumar
Mannmohan Taneja

Vocals
Adithi Deborah
Mugdha Hasbanis
Harshitha Krishnan
Yashwant Gocha
Dinesh Rahate
Ashrita Arociam
Neehar Dabade
Deepmala
Ritesh

Track listing

References

A. R. Rahman albums
2010s spoken word albums
Albums recorded in India
2010 albums
Nursery rhymes
Children's music albums


title: Mahommedella

text:
Mahommedella is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae. It contains only one species, Mahommedella rungsi, which is found in Morocco.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Cossinae
Monotypic moth genera
Cossidae genera


title: Dolore

text:
The Dolore () is a French river in the Auvergne region. It originates in the monts du Livradois and joins the Dore, left bank; hence it is a sub-affluent of the Loire. It is  long.

Geography
The Dolore originates at Fournols, in the Livradois range.
It flows southward until Saint-Bonnet-le-Chastel. It then turns east, before joining the Dore, left bank, downstream of Arlanc.

The entire river valley is part of the Livradois-Forez Regional Natural Park.

Communes
Heading downstream, the river fares through :
 Fournols, Chambon-sur-Dolore, Saint-Bonnet-le-Chastel, Novacelles, Saint-Sauveur-la-Sagne, Mayres, Arlanc.

Affluents
 Ruisseau des Moches
 Ruisseau du Forestier
 Ruisseau de la Farge (sometimes charted 'la Palle')
 Ruisseau de la Queue
 Ruisseau des Palles
 Ruisseau des Mons
 Ruisseau de la Combe
 Ruisseau de Beligeon

Hydrology
Levels were recorded from 1965 to 2008 at Mayres, with a discharge of ,  from its confluence with la Dore.

The river has well-marked seasonal debital variations. High waters are in winter and spring especially, with average monthly scores of , from December to May (peak in April). The rate drops considerably in June to , and the rate remains low through September, when it declines to . These monthly scores can also however vary yearly or over short periods.

Àt low water, the rate can drop to , equivalent to , after a five-year dry period.

Given the narrowness of the basin, floods can be quite important, which can reach maximal debits of 14, 21, 26, 31 and  for periods of 2, 5, 10, 20 or 50 years respectively. The MID recorded at Mayres on August 1, 1980, was of  and rose to a daily total of  on March 18, 1988.

The basin has a yearly precipitation of , which is above the national average of  and even higher compared to the Loire at about . The average debit hence reached 16.8 L/s/km².

Ecology
Lush in trout, a fair part of the river is included in the Natura 2000 programme, a small colony of Freshwater pearl mussel still present.
Though it suffers little from industrial, domestic or agricultural pollution, the resinous reforestation of its banks has led to acidification of its waters and spawn clogging.

References

Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Rivers of France
Rivers of Puy-de-Dôme


title: Tropical Storm Hagibis (2014)

text:
Tropical Storm Hagibis was a tropical storm that, along with the southwest monsoon, brought heavy rainfall to the Philippines for nearly a week in June 2014. The storm formed on June 13 and dissipated on June 18. Hagibis made landfall on June 15, causing damage estimated to be US$198 million. Hagibis is a Filipino word, meaning fast or swiftness.

Meteorological history

On June 11, 2014, a broad, poorly-defined area of low pressure formed over the South China Sea. Extensive, though disorganized, deep convection accompanied the system. Situated within a region of low to moderate wind shear and weak outflow, slow development ensued. By June 13, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the disturbance as a tropical depression. A monsoonal system, the depression featured an extensive circulation with the strongest winds well away from the center, contrary to most tropical cyclones. A scatterometer pass revealed winds up to 65 km/h (40 mph) within a banding feature to the east of the storm's center by the evening of June 13. In accordance with this, the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm 1407 and assigned the name Hagibis to the cyclone. Despite the presence of gale-force winds, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) deemed the system to be below storm intensity and only issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert early on June 14, indicating that it was likely to become a tropical cyclone within 24 hours. Thereafter, the tropical storm-force winds contracted to within 130 km (80 mi) of the center, indicative of a more tropical than monsoonal system. As such, the JTWC initiated advisories on the system as Tropical Storm 07W.

Early on June 15, Hagibis made landfall over southern China, and it subsequently weakened to a tropical depression. On the morning of June 16, both agencies issued their final warnings on Hagibis as it weakened further to a land depression. Its remnants still continued to move northward, but by June 17, the remnants of Hagibis curved eastwards due to the jet stream. Later that day, the remnants entered moved back over warm waters, and accompanied by low vertical wind shear, and the storm re-intensified. The JMA upgraded Hagibis to a tropical storm once again, and both the JTWC and the JMA re-initiated advisories on the system. Early on June 18, Hagibis transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, and its circulation was absorbed by a developing extratropical storm to the north on June 21. The system moved out of the basin early on June 23.

Impacts

Philippines
Although Hagibis did not enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), it did threaten the Philippines by enhancing the southwest monsoon, bringing torrential rainfall to the country. Due to extreme rainfall since Tropical Storm Mitag on June 10, the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) declared the official start of the rainy season. It was reported that 17 towns in Maguindanao province were flooded. As a result, a total of more than 90,000 people were affected.

Extreme rainfall continued to affect the country until June 27, when a tropical disturbance affecting northern Luzon ceased.

China
Hagibis made landfall over southern China at 04:50 UTC on June 15. Torrential rain continued to bring flooding until June 22, as the southwest monsoon weakened. No people were killed, and total economic losses in Mainland China were counted to be CNY 1.23 billion (US$198 million).

See also

Other tropical cyclones named Hagibis
Tropical Storm Mitag (2014) – enhanced the southwest monsoon with Hagibis, which brought heavy rainfall to the Philippines
Typhoon Usagi (2013) – made landfall at the same place

References

External links

JMA General Information on Tropical Storm Hagibis (1407) from Digital Typhoon
JMA Best Track Data for Tropical Storm Hagibis (1407)
JMA Best Track Data (Graphics) for Tropical Storm Hagibis (1407)
JMA Best Track Data (Text)

07W.HAGIBIS  from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

2014 Pacific typhoon season
2014 disasters in the Philippines
2014 disasters in China
Typhoons in the Philippines
Typhoons in China
Western Pacific tropical storms
Hagibis


title: Cyphostemmin B

text:
Cyphostemmin B is an oligostilbene found in Cyphostemma crotalarioides (Vitaceae). It is a resveratrol dimer.

References

Resveratrol oligomers
Stilbenoid dimers


title: Museum of Love

text:
Museum of Love is an American band formed by LCD Soundsystem drummer Pat Mahoney together with Dennis McNany. Their first song "Down South" was released in July 2013, followed by "Monotronic" in October 2013. Their first full-length album was released on October 14, 2014 by DFA Records. The duo released a new song "Marching Orders", their first in four years, in November 2018. They released another new song called "Cluttered World" in March 2021.

Their second studio album Life of Mammals is scheduled to be released in July 2021.

Discography
Patrick Mahoney and Dennis McNany aka Museum of Love of "Dross Glop 4" remix of "My Machines" by Battles feat Gary Numan (April 21, 2012) Warp Records
"Down South" digital release (July 2013) DFA Records
"Monotronic" digital release (October 2013) DFA Records
"Dingbat" (featuring Museum Of Love) Shit Robot DFA Records
Museum of Love LP (October 2014) DFA Records
Museum Of Love "The Remixes" digital only DFA Records
"Never Let It End" b/w Hardway Brothers Remix Limited Edition white label 12" DFA Records
"Monotronic" b/w "Who's Who Of Who Cares" (Baldelli & Dionigi Remix) DFA Records
Museum of Love remix of Zoé "Camara Lenta" (2015) Capitol Latin
Museum of Love remix of Mark E "Midnight Equatic" from "Sky Horn EP" (2016) Public Release
"What Follows" (featuring Museum of Love) Shit Robot / What Follows DFA Records

References

Musical groups established in 2013
Musical duos from New York (state)
2013 establishments in New York City


title: Dustin Jinka

text:
Dustin Jinka (born 28 April 1986) is a South African former professional rugby union player whose regular position was scrum-half. In 2016, Jinka became the head coach of Swedish Allsvenskan side Hammarby.

Career

Youth and amateur rugby

Following his performances at club rugby level for university side  (and their second team, Victorians), Jinka was called into the  squad for the 2006 Under-21 Provincial Championship. He was named in their senior side for the 2007 Vodacom Cup competition, but was never involved in a matchday squad. He was once again included in the Western Province U21 side for the Under-21 Provincial Championship in 2007.

After an unsuccessful trial at the  at the start of 2008, he returned to club rugby with Tygerberg in the Western Province Super League A. He then had a spell playing club rugby in Ireland for De La Salle Palmerston, before he returned to the Western Province to join Hamiltons for the 2009 season.

Jinka had a standout season with Hamiltons, being rated as one of their star players and helping the side win the National Club Championship in 2009, scoring 101 points. He was also subsequently voted as the National Club Championship Player of the Year for 2009.

Western Province

After another trial with the  at the start of 2010,  Vodacom Cup coach Jerome Paarwater included Jinka in the squad for the 2010 Vodacom Cup competition. Although he didn't come off the bench in their opening match of the season against the , he made his first class debut in their next match against the  by coming on as a very late replacement. He made his first start two weeks later in their match against the , kicking a conversion in a 29–0 victory. His first try came a few weeks later in their match against the , scoring just five minutes after coming on as a substitute to help his side to a 29–23 victory. In total, he scored seven points in five appearances in the competition.

Blue Bulls

At the conclusion of the Vodacom Cup in 2010, Jinka moved to Pretoria to join the . He made his Currie Cup debut for the Blue Bulls during the 2010 Currie Cup Premier Division match against the  at Loftus Versfeld. He made just one start (against the ) and three substitute appearances during the season.

During the 2011 Vodacom Cup, Jinka was included in the squad for all eleven matches in their season and made four starts and played off the bench on three occasions. He also scored his first points for the Blue Bulls, kicking a penalty and a conversion in their 23–25 loss to the . He was included in the  squad for the 2011 Super Rugby season, but, despite being named on the bench for their matches against the , the  and the , he never made an appearance.

Jinka started the Blue Bulls' first four matches of the 2011 Currie Cup Premier Division season, but just made four more appearances for the remainder of the season and being an unused substitute six times.

Eastern Province Kings / Return to Hamiltons

At the start of 2012, Jinka had an unsuccessful trial with Port Elizabeth-based side the . and he returned to his former club side Hamiltons, where he played club rugby for the next two seasons.

Griquas

Jinka made a return to provincial rugby in 2014, when he joined Kimberley-based outfit . He made seven appearances for them during the 2014 Vodacom Cup competition, contributing 19 points which consisted of seven conversions in his only start in their match against the  and a try in their match against the .

References

South African rugby union players
Living people
1986 births
Rugby union players from Cape Town
Rugby union scrum-halves
Blue Bulls players
Griquas (rugby union) players
Western Province (rugby union) players
Hamilton RFC, Sea Point players


title: Camelot, Kirkham

text:
Camelot is a heritage-listed former residence, race horse stud and homestead and now large home located at Kirkham Lane in the south-western Sydney suburb of Narellan in the Camden Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by John Horbury Hunt and built from 1881 to 1888. It is also known as Camelot and Kirkham. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Camelot was completed in 1888 in the Late Victorian style and has been used as a television and film location.

History
This area was originally home to the Muringong, southernmost of the Darug people. In 1805 John Macarthur established his property at Camden where he farmed merino sheep. In 1810, explorer John Oxley was granted  nearby, which he named Kirkham, after his birthplace in Yorkshire. Oxley had a homestead and stables built in 1816 (today this is in separate ownership, across Kirkham Lane) and, probably sometime later, a Mill. Oxley died in 1828 in straitened economic circumstances, his widow and children were granted  by the Executive Council, although she was refused a pension. The house was demolished in 1882; the heritage-listed stables, which date from 1816, are all that remain.

The existing Camelot was designed by the Canadian-born architect John Horbury Hunt for James White, New South Wales politician and great-uncle of Patrick White. It was completed in 1888 on the site of Oxley's old Kirkham Mill, and partly on its foundations. Folklore has it that the house was financed by the winnings from one of James White's horses, called Chester, which won the 1877 Melbourne Cup.

James White bought the property in the mid 1870s and it became his primary race horse-stud. White was a highly successful breeder, his horses won five A.J.C. Derbys, five A.J.C. Sires' Produce Stakes, five V.R.C. St Legers and six V.R.C. Derbys between 1877 and 1890. The attention paid to the design and construction of the stables by White and Hunt reflects the important part horse racing played in the White family. His wife, Emily Elizabeth, whom he married in 1856, shared his passion for racing. Prior to moving to Kirkham, as it was then known, White was educated at the King's School, Parramatta. On his father's death, James managed Edinglassie, Timor and Boorooma. In 1848 James leased Belltrees, in partnership with brothers Francis and George. Management of the property was so successful that they purchased Belltrees in 1853. The partnership continued to buy properties in the Upper Hunter region. In around 1860 James White bought Martindale, near Muswellbrook, where he lived for a number of years. By 1864 he was a magistrate and in December of the same year was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the Upper Hunter. His main political interests were railway expansion, taxes on luxuries and an interest in free selection. In 1868 White resigned from parliament to tour England and the United States. While he was away his brothers, on behalf of the partnership, continued to buy properties. On his return he ran for the seat of Upper Hunter again, but was defeated.

His first association with architect John Horbury Hunt was in about 1873 when Horbury Hunt carried out large scale extensions to newly purchased Cranbrook, Rose Bay. In the following year James White entered the Legislative Council and took on a range of committee positions, including the Royal Society and was a founding member of the natural history Linnean Society of NSW, the Agricultural Society of NSW, the Horticultural Society of NSW, the Union Club, the Animals' Protection Society of NSW, the Warrigal Club and a director/chairman of the Mercantile Bank of Sydney. In light of his passion for racing, he was a long-time member of the Australian Jockey Club and became chairman in 1880 and then again between 1883 and 1890. White must have been impressed by Hunt's extensions to Cranbrook as he engaged Hunt in 1888 to build him a "rural seat" at Kirkham. Allegedly, the finances for Kirkham came from the prize money of one of White's most successful horses, Chester. In early 1890 White began selling his race horses and retiring from committees. He died at Cranbrook on 13 July 1890, perhaps never having lived in Hunt's creation at Kirkham. The property was left to his wife, who sold it about ten years later to the Faithfull Anderson family. Their interest may have been the success White had achieved with his horse stud, given they also had interests in horse racing.

In  Faithfull-Anderson family bought the property. It was originally called Kirkham, but the name was changed to Camelot by a new owner, Frances Faithful-Anderson, wife of William Anderson, who bought the house in the 1890s. When she saw the house, she was reminded of lines in Tennyson's poem The Lady of Shalott, which make a reference to Camelot. The youngest daughter of William Pitt Faithfull, Mrs. Frances Lillian, lived there for much of her life and died there in 1948. Before the Great Depression Mrs. Faithfull Anderson frequently hosted large parties, but her inability to keep a large staff during the Depression saw the end of these gatherings. She was remembered for the energy, enthusiasm and generosity she brought to the large number of local causes she was involved in, including the Camden Branch of the Red Cross, the Women's Voluntary Services and the Country Women's Association. In the lead-up to World War II Mrs. Faithfull Anderson realised that aircraft would be needed to adequately defend Australia. With this purpose in mind, she offered the Government a donation to buy several aircraft and, as a result, a training facility was established nearby.

The mansion was bought in 1999 by the current owners, Camden businessman, Brendan Powers and his wife, Rachel.

Camelot was used extensively as a location in the 2013 - 2018 television series A Place to Call Home, in which it was known as Ash Park. It was also used in the 2008 Baz Luhrmann film Australia.

Description

Garden
A large late 19th century garden with early 20th century alterations surrounding an important country house designed by the architect Horbury Hunt.

The garden, consisting of shrubberies, flower garden, drive and vegetable gardens is enclosed within a large olive hedged rectangle. A subtly curving drive leads from the entrance gates (originally from Yaralla, Concord, re-erected at Camelot) along the northern boundary of the garden along the northern front of the house where it widens into a forecourt, then continues to the stables at the south-west corner.

The eastern, garden front, of the house overlooks a gently sloping lawn and terra-cotta edged flower and rose beds, separated from the drive by a hedge and picket fence. Beyond this garden, to the east, are the remains of further lawns and shrubberies (the "Duck Pond" and 'the Pleasance') now completely overgrown. Beyond the house are the remains of the orchard and vegetable gardens.

Building complex
Stables 1816 (Oxley)
Cottage 1881 (Horbury Hunt for James White) Race Horse breeder (plus Kirkham stables to north)
 Stables & Smoke House (brick domed structure) (Horbury Hunt for White)
 Cottage (Horbury Hunt, 2 storey)
 House/Mansion (Horbury Hunt for White)
 Faithfull-Anderson family bought the property.

Camelot was the last of the "red brick" buildings by John Horbury Hunt, who favoured brick as a building material. The main building is distinguished by a large number of bay windows, chimneys, kitchen stacks, balconies, gables, turrets and stepped wings. It is complemented by a beehive-shaped smoke house, an octagonal aviary that started life as a hen's house, and the largest stables ever designed by the architect. There is also a gardener's lodge that is considered a notable building in its own right. The house is set off by an extensive Victorian-style garden and has been described as "a monument to the skill of its creator." Camelot is a complex consisting of a cottage, "rural seat", stables and a smoke house. The stables are a remnant related to the earlier homestead built by Surveyor-General John Oxley. The homestead itself has been demolished.

After James White purchased the property a two-storey brick cottage, attributed to John Horbury Hunt, was constructed by 1881. The cottage consists of two bedrooms, over three rooms on the ground floor. A two-storey kitchen block, with verandah, was added later.

In 1888 White employed Hunt to design him a "rural seat". Reynolds and Hughes describe it as a "highly individual two-storey house facing north-east". It was constructed on the site of the old Oxley Mill, reusing stone in the basement kitchen and service areas. The roof line is exceedingly complex, with numerous shapes and gables, "including a faceted wing, a curved Hipped bay and a collection of tall chimney stacks". This collection is augmented by multiple chimneys, including an industrial sized kitchen stack unique to Camelot. A smaller coned tower was added by the Faithfull Anderson family after they purchased the property in 1900.

Internally, a small vestibule opens into a large entrance hall, leading to the dining room and faceted drawing room - both with verandahs. Opposite, the morning room features a faceted bay, again unique to Hunt's other designs. The rear of the ground floor is single storey, with a lantern roof, under which is the ballroom, complete with musicians' alcove. Another usual feature of Camelot is the main staircase. The landing projects beyond the external wall and forms the base of a semicircular tower, terminating in a candle-snuffer roof, complete with finial.

New stables were also constructed, located between Camelot and the cottage. These are the largest designed by Hunt. The stables feature a "majestic church-like roof" and a timber planked floor, to allow for more efficient cleaning. The beehive smokehouse located nearby was probably Hunts work also.

Condition

As at 21 January 2015, apart from the lawns and flower beds directly around the house and drive, the garden is extremely overgrown and almost impossible to plot.

Modifications and dates
Stables 1816 (Oxley)
Cottage 1881 (Horbury Hunt for James White) Race Horse breeder (plus Kirkham stables to north)
 Stables & Smoke House (brick domed structure)(Horbury Hunt for White)
 House/Mansion (Horbury Hunt for White)
 Faithfull-Anderson family buy property.
The Servants' Quarters have been recently restored and had their joinery repaired and reinstated.

Heritage listing
As at 22 June 2016, Camelot is one of the finest country houses with associated buildings designed by architect John Horbury Hunt, remaining in excellent condition and virtually unaltered. It is surrounded by a large late 19th century garden with early 20th century alterations. The landscape value of its mature planting, the completeness of its layout and the association with one of the most exceptional late 19th century houses in Australia is also significant.

Camelot (Kirkham) was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

Camelot is of State significance through its association with race horse breeding. James White used Camelot as his primary stud and raised several Derby winners, including Nordenfeldt, Trident, Ensign, Dreadnought and Singapore. White built his stud on colts sired by Martini Henry, breed in New Zealand and Chester from E.K. Cox.

White did much to advance horse racing in Australia, the culmination of this being his election as chairman of the Australian Jockey Club in 1880 and again between 1883 and 1890. On the track White's horses, between 1877 and 1890, won five A.J.C. Derbys, five A.J.C. Sires' Produce Stakes, five V.R.C. St Legers and six V.R.C. Derbys.

The Anderson Faithfull family also had interests in race horses and may have continued to use Camelot as a stud.

The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.

Camelot is of State significance through its associations with James White. White had substantial influence in New South Wales through his positions in the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly, as a magistrate, and as a member of numerous committees, including the Australian Jockey Club. White did much to promote horse racing and was a highly successful breeder.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

Camelot is a distinctive and unusual house, described as a "fairy castle", designed by John Horbury Hunt. It features a complex roof-line of gables and turrets, as well as unique internal elements, including the main staircase. The interior also features stained glass by Lyons, Wells, Cottier & Co. The stables are highly ornate, for their function, and yet were designed along the most practical lines.

The Camelot mansion and associated gardener's lodge, stable, gardens and grounds are also listed on the Camden Council local government list of the NSW State Register; and on 21 March 1978 the Camelot mansion, gardener's lodge and stables were listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate.

Gallery

See also

Australian residential architectural styles

References

Bibliography

Attribution

External links

 Colour photos of Camelot

Houses in Sydney
New South Wales places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate
Houses completed in 1888
1888 establishments in Australia
John Horbury Hunt buildings
Narellan, New South Wales
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Homesteads in New South Wales
Horse farms in Australia
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register


title: Rick Timmo

text:
Frederick "Rick" Timmo (born 27 July 1947 in Napier, New Zealand) is a former motorcycle speedway rider.

Career
Timmo had his first rides at Napier, where he spent three years before being advised by Colin McKee to try his luck in England. McKee fixed a trial for Timmo at Hackney but promoter Danny Dunton signed him up for Oxford Cheetahs for the 1967 British League season. He stayed at Oxford for a number of years and became a fans favourite.
Barry Briggs, another Kiwi, tried to tempt Timmo to ride for Swindon Robins but he declined.

In the season 1968–69, Timmo toured with the British Lions in New Zealand. His performance made him a favourite and he would go on to ride for his home country against England, Australia and Sweden.

His career was prematurely ended when he had a nasty crash at a grasstrack meeting and broke his femur.

Retirement
Retiring from speedway he returned home to Napier where he set up a business – Timmo Motorcycles. His son, Spencer, became a speedway rider for Mildenhall Fen Tigers and Newcastle Diamonds, and now races cars in the UK.

References

Living people
1955 births
Sportspeople from Napier, New Zealand
New Zealand motorcycle racers
New Zealand speedway riders
Oxford Cheetahs riders


title: Willem Benson

text:
Willem Benson (1521–1574), was a Flemish Renaissance painter.

He was born in Bruges as the son of Ambrosius Benson, and was the brother of Jan, and the father of Ambrosius II.
Benson's works are confused with Adriaen Isenbrant, and he was sometimes called Guillaume or Guillermo.
He died in Middelburg.

References

Willem Benson on Artnet

1521 births
1574 deaths
Flemish Renaissance painters
Artists from Bruges
Painters from Antwerp


title: Design Master Denshi Mangajuku

text:
The  is a touchscreen handheld game console developed by Bandai and released in Japan in 1995 during the fifth generation of video game consoles.

Overview
On March 3, 1995 Bandai released a new portable gaming console geared towards children. It was called the Bandai Design Master Denshi Mangajuku (電子 漫画 塾), the first touch screen console ever created.

Nine cartridges were made for the system, although only eight were released to retail. Only four of the cartridges are games, with the rest being design cartridges which contain sprites of licensed characters you can use in the games by connecting the design cartridge onto an additional port on the game cartridge. The games themselves are basic and are either RPG battle games, or simple drawing programs.

In August 2020, the video game preservation group "Gaming Alexandria" made dumps and scans of the system and all of its nine available cartridges.

Cartridges

Games
 Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon SS Illustration Club
 Dragon Ball Z Taisen-gata Search Battle
 Dungeon Diver
 Rockman X3 Buster Battle

Designs
 Dragon Ball Z
 From TV Animation Slam Dunk
 Super Street Fighter 2
 Rockman X3 Buster Battle

Unreleased
 Weekly Shonen Jump Special

References

External links
 Database entry at The Video Game Kraken (Accurately compiled website)

Discontinued handheld game consoles
Handheld game consoles
Fifth-generation video game consoles
Bandai consoles


title: Chapuis-Dornier

text:
Chapuis-Dornier was a French manufacturer of proprietary engines for automobiles from 1904 to 1928 in Puteaux near Paris. Between 1919 and 1921 it displayed a prototype automobile, but it was never volume produced.

Engine manufacture
Chapuis-Dornier engines were used by cyclecars such as :

Able,
A.S. (Voiturettes Automobiles A.S),
A.S. (Towarzystwo Budowy Samochodów), (article)
Benjamin,
B.N.C. (Bollack Netter and Co),
C.A.R. (Costruzioni Automobili Riuniti), (article)
Classic (Compagnie Générale des Voitures à Paris), (article)
Corre La Licorne,
Delage
Derby, (article)
Doriot, Flandrin & Parant (D.F.P.),
Doriot-Flandrin,
Dupressoir (article)
Fadin (Fabbrica Automobili Officine Trubetzkoy), (article)
Automobiles Favier (article)
Fordinette (J. Depreux) (article)
Fox, (article)
G.A.R. (Verza Automobili), (article)
G.A.R. (Gardahaut), (article)
Gobron,
Gobron-Brillié
G.N.L. (Newey)
Gordon Newey
I.E.N.A. (Industria Economica Nazionale Automobili di Tommasi & Rizzi),
Induco (Automobiles Induco),
Kevah (Kévah)
La Gazelle, (article)
Le Gui, (article)
Le Roll, (article)
Louvet, (article)
Madou, (article)
Marguerite, (article)
Marshall-Arter  (article)
Meldi, (Officine Meccanica Giuseppe Meldi) (article)
MS, (article)
Newey
O.P., (article)
Patri, (article)
Rabœuf, (article)
Automobiles Rally,
Reyrol, (article)
Sidéa, (Société Industrielle des Automobiles Sidéa) (article)
SAM, (Società Automobili e Motori) (article)
Sénéchal (article)
S.P.A.G. (article)
Speidel, (article)
S.U.P.  (article)
TAM, (article)
Tic-Tac, (F. Dumoulin) (article)
Tuar, (Garage Moderne) (article)
Vaillant (Cyclecars Vaillant) (article)
Zévaco. (SA des Voiturettes et Cyclecars) (article)

Automobile manufacture
Between 1919 and 1921 Chapuis-Dornier displayed a prototype automobile at the Paris salons, equipped with a 3-litre, four cylinder engine, but this never resulted in volume production.

References

David Culshaw & Peter Horrobin: The Complete Catalogue of British Cars 1895-1975. Veloce Publishing plc. Dorchester (1997).

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Cyclecars
Auto parts suppliers of France
French companies established in 1904


title: Jansel Ramírez

text:
Jansel Rafael Ramírez Feliz (born September 25, 1983 in Santo Domingo) is an amateur Dominican Republic Greco-Roman wrestler, who competed in the men's featherweight category. Considered one of the Caribbean's top Greco-Roman wrestlers in his decade, Ramirez has claimed two bronze medals in the 55 and 60-kg division at the Pan American Games (2007 and 2011), and also represented the Dominican Republic at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Ramirez is also a member of the wrestling club for the Dominican Republic National Team, under his personal coach and mentor Alexis Camué.

Ramirez qualified as a lone wrestler for the Dominican Republic squad in the men's 55 kg class at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, by receiving a wild card invitation from the International Federation of Associated Wrestling (FILA). He lost two straight matches, one to Japan's Masatoshi Toyota due to the ten–point superiority limit, and the other to Hungarian wrestler and eventual winner István Majoros with a 5–0 decision, leaving Ramirez on the bottom of the pool and placing last out of twenty-two wrestlers in the final standings.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Dominican Republic male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers for the Dominican Republic
Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Wrestlers at the 2011 Pan American Games
Sportspeople from Santo Domingo
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the Dominican Republic
Pan American Games medalists in wrestling
Wrestlers at the 2015 Pan American Games
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for the Dominican Republic
Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for the Dominican Republic
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in wrestling
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
20th-century Dominican Republic people
21st-century Dominican Republic people


title: Oskar A. Munch

text:
Oskar Andreas Munch (7 July 1928 – 1 February 2017) was a Norwegian businessperson. He started his career in the company of his father, Sverre Munck, and eventually became chairman of Elektrisk Bureau and Asea Brown Boveri.

Personal life
Oskar Andreas Munck was born in Bergen as the son of businessman Sverre Munthe-Kaas Munck (1898–1970) and Elisa Margrethe "Lisken" Anthonisen. In 1950 he married Eldrid Berg Johnsen, a daughter of director Olav Johnsen.

Career
He finished his secondary education in 1947, and studied at the University of Grenoble and in the United States. From 1952 to 1955 he was manager in Bergenhus Canning Company before being hired in his father's eponymous company in 1955. He became manager in Munck International in 1956, mercantile director in Sverre Munck in 1960 and chief executive officer from 1963 to 1971. He was also deputy chairman of the board from 1963 and chairman from his father's death in 1970. From 1971 he was the chief executive of Bergen Industri-Investering.

In the 1960s and 1970s he steadily became a board member of more and more corporations. He was a board member of Bergens Mekaniske Verksteder from 1962, Vesta and Investa from 1966; Bergen Industri-Investering, National Industri, Merinospinneriet, Elektro-Generator, Nera, De Forenede Ullvarefabrikker and Fortex from 1968, Hygea from 1970; Anker Batterifabrikker from 1971 and Honey-Bull from 1972. He was also a consul for Brazil and decorated as an Officer of the Order of Rio Branco.

In 1973, while still heading Bergen Industri-Investering, he also came on the executive board of Elektrounion. He started planning a takeover of Elektrisk Bureau (EB), but this did not come to fruition. Instead, Investa where he was a board member bought Elektrisk Bureau, and after that, EB bought Elektrounion and incorporated that company in 1986. EB was shortly after bought by Asea Brown Boveri (ABB). Munch chaired Elektrisk Bureau from 1986 and ABB from 1989, later chairing the corporate council.

Munch chaired the Norwegian Export Council from 1981 to 1987 and was a council member in Det Norske Veritas and the Guarantee Institute for Export Credits. He was also a board member of IBJ Schrøder Bank, New York from 1986 to 1996, and chaired International Pipeline Products and Roche Norge. In the cultural sphere, Munch chaired the National Theatre Friends Association. In 1988 he was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav.

He moved to Oslo in 1976 and resided in Ullern.

Munch died on 1 February 2017, aged 88.

References

1928 births
2017 deaths
Businesspeople from Bergen
Norwegian expatriates in France
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
Grenoble Alpes University alumni


title: Shooting Stars (1950 film)

text:
Shooting Stars is a 1950 British documentary film about movie stars directed by Ray Densham. It was one of the earliest productions from Anglo-Amalgamated.

References

External links
Shooting Stars at BFI

1950 films
1950 documentary films
British documentary films
Documentary films about the cinema of the United Kingdom
Documentary films about actors
1950s English-language films
1950s British films


title: Eboli railway station

text:
Eboli is a railway station in Eboli, Italy. The station is located on the Battipaglia–Metaponto railway. The train services are operated by Trenitalia.

Train services
The station is served by the following service(s):

Intercity services Rome - Naples - Salerno - Taranto
Regional services (Treno regionale) Naples - Salerno - Potenza - Metaponto - Taranto

References

This article is based upon a translation of the Italian language version as at June 2014.

Railway stations in Campania
Buildings and structures in the Province of Salerno

Railway stations in Italy opened in 1863


title: Sungaya

text:
Sungaya is a monotypic genus of stick insects, containing the species Sungaya inexpectata. Its common name is the sunny stick insect, derived from the less commonly used sungay stick insect. The genus name refers to the locality of the holotype, i.e. the region where the insect was first collected. The species name is derived from the Latin as "inexpectatus" and means "unexpected".

Discovery and occurrence
Oliver Zompro collected the first specimen of this species, a nymph, on 8 September 1995 near Mount Sungay in the province of Batangas-associated township Talisayon on the Philippine island of Luzon. She died a short time later due to a failed molting during transport. On October 7, 1995, he was almost at the same location where he collected an adult female. Zompro discovered more females in 1999 near the Taal Lake on ferns. The first males were discovered in 2008 by Orlando L. Eusebio, S. A. Yap and A. R. Larona, also on Luzon, more precisely at Mount Cayapo of the Mariveles Mountains in Baranggay Alangan in of the province of Bataan in the associated township Limay.

Features
The females reach a length of  and a weight of about five grams. At the end of the abdomen they have a beaked secondary ovipositor, which surrounds the primary ovipositor. The nymphs and the freshly moulted imago of the stock known since 1995 are very light (beige). With increasing age, the adult females become darker and darker (light brown to black brown). The females of the sexual stocks found since 2008 are much more contrasting in color. Mostly dark brown to black tones dominate which are complemented by light brown areas and black or white bandages on the legs or body. Females are particularly noticeable with a white vertical line over their entire body. Females rarely appear in which green tones dominate the basic color. Unlike the white or black markings, this green color is not inherited, but rather caused by certain environmental influences.

The slimmer males remain significantly smaller at  to  in length. They are also light brown or medium brown and show on the meso- and metanotum an often indistinct, lengthwise line of different widths, which, depending on the basic color, can be dark brown (on a light background) or light brown (on a dark background) can. In the habitus they strongly resemble the males of the sister genus Trachyaretaon.  Both sexes are wingless and on top with proportionate short and blunt spines, with a spine crown on the back of the head and the four spines on the meso- and metanotum particularly eye-catching. These are a bit more pointed in the males and often surrounded by a brown diamond pattern, especially in the light-colored females.

Reproduction
The species reproduces both sexually and by parthenogenesis. The first offspring of the wild-caught female collected on October 7, 1995 laid the amphora-shaped, roughly  long and  wide, relatively large eggs approximately every two weeks in groups of 10 to 12 eggs in the ground. Later generations laid their eggs individually into the damp earth. Meanwhile, females are known to leave their eggs just fall to the ground. After 4 to 6 months the nymphs hatch, which are already  long when they hatch. While the nymphs of the original stock, as well as their fresh adult females, are very bright, the newly hatched nymphs of most of the sexually breeding stocks are often rather dark gray instead. Later, the female nymphs in particular show astonishing color variability. For example, animals are known whose basic color is dominated by green tones in the last stages before the imaginal molt. The entire development from first instar to adult takes about three to four months.

Sungaya spec. 'Lowland' was hybridized with an as yet undescribed Obrimini species from Negros, which at the time was called Trachyaretaon spec. 'Negros'. The two accidentally created females grew into adults, but turned out to be infertile and did not produce any eggs.

Taxonomy
Zompro described the species and genus in 1996 based on the two specimens found in 1995. The adult female was declared as holotype of the species, the recently collected female nymph and two offspring of the holotype as paratypes. All four are deposited in his collection, which, according to him, is affiliated with the Zoological Museum of the Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel, although it is not available there. In a later publication, of which Zompro is the editor, it is announced that the holotype will be given to the Museum of Natural History of the University of the Philippines in Los Baños, where also the first two males collected by Eusebio, Yap and Larona are deposited. The genus name refers to the place where the holotype was found. The species name is derived from the Latin  "inexpectatus" and means "unexpected". In their genetic analysis based studies to clarify the phylogeny of the Heteropterygidae was shown by Sarah Bank et al that in addition to the species originally described, there as Sungaya inexpectata (Sungay "Highland"), there are two or three other species that have not yet been described. According to this, a breeding stock from Benguet would be regarded as a sister species to Sungaya inexpectata to be described. The males described by Ireneo L. Lit, Jr. and Eusebio 2008, in Bank et al as Sungaya sp. 2 (Limay "Lowland"), also belong to a different species. Its sister species, and thus probably also an independent species, is the last imported  Sungaya  sp. 'Ilanin Forest' from Morong, Bataan.

Terraristic
The first of the adult wild-caught females captured by Zompro lay only four eggs before it died. From these three hatched nymphs, two of which grew into adult females. For years, the entire culture was produced asexually from these females. This first breeding stock is now referred to as "Highland", Sungay "Highland" or "Bantangas" and is only very rarely kept. The sexual stock, known since 2008, has since been imported several times and is known as "Lowland" or Limay "Lowland". The different stocks introduced as "Lowland" were crossed with one another before attention was paid to stocks of the same origin. Therefore, a new stock from the same region was brought into breeding, which was called Sungaya inexpectata 'Ilanin Forest' or better Sungaya sp. 'Ilanin Forest' and is genetically clearly different from the original 'Lowlands'. Another introduced stock called Sungaya inexpectata 'Benguet' or better Sungaya sp. 'Benguet' is kept and bred of pure origin.

The animals need temperatures of  and a humidity between 60 and 80 percent. They are most active at night. During the day they sit camouflage themselves on their food plants, which preferably have similar colors as the animals themselves. In addition to guava leaves (Psidium), the easily obtainable leaves of bramble, hazel, European beech, hornbeam, Norway maple, ivy, dogwood, ash, as well as numerous other leaves are eaten, making them suitable for terrarium keepers are very straightforward. Their food plant branches should be kept in narrow-necked vases in the terrarium and placed about every two days sprayed with water using a spray bottle. For oviposition, a good five inches high layer of damp humus-sand mixture should cover the ground. The eggs can be left in the ground or for better control can be transferred to a simple incubator.

The species that is one of the most frequently kept Phasmatodea species is listed by the Phasmid Study Group under PSG number 195.

Gallery

References

Phasmatodea
Insects of the Philippines
Insects described in 1995
Monotypic insect genera


title: Kawardha State

text:
Kawardha State () was one of the princely states in the Central Provinces of India during the period of the British Raj.  The capital of the state was Khairagarh town, in Kabirdham district of Chhattisgarh state. The Bhoramdeo Temple is located less than 20 km to the west of the main town.

History

Kawardha State was founded in 1751. According to legend its name would have originated in Kabirdham, Kabir's see, the current name of the district. In former times many Kabir panth adherents resided in the town. The rulers were Gonds of the Raj Gond dynasty.
Kawardha State's last ruler, Thakur Lal Dharamraj Singh, signed the accession to the Indian Union on 1 January 1948, so the state territory was merged into Bombay State, following its splits first assigned to Madhya Pradesh, finally to Chhattisgarh.

Ruling Thakurs
The rulers of the princely state of Kawardha bore the title Thakur.
 1751 – 1801             Mahabali Singh
 1801 – 1848             Ujiyar Singh
 1848 – 1852             Tok Singh
 c.1860             Baijnath Singh
 186?. – 1863            Ram Singh
 1863 – 1864             Bahadur Singh
 1864 – 1891             Rajpal Singh      (b. 1849 – d. ....)
 1891 – 1920             Jadunath Singh    (b. 1885 – d. 19..)
 4 February 1920 – 15 August 1947  Lal Dharamraj Singh  (b. 1910 – d. 1959)

See also
 Eastern States Agency
 Chhattisgarh Division
 Political integration of India

References

Princely states of Madhya Pradesh
States and territories disestablished in 1948
History of Chhattisgarh
Kabirdham district
Central Provinces
1948 disestablishments in India

ca:Kawardha


title: Oberrieden (Bad Sooden-Allendorf)

text:
Oberrieden is a village in the northern part of Hesse, Germany. First recorded mention was in 1150. Since 1971 it belongs to the town of Bad Sooden-Allendorf.

Location
The village of Oberrieden lies in the Werra valley near the Hoher Meißner, right on the boundary with Thuringia, almost at Germany's geographical centre, 33 km east of Kassel. The Bebra-Göttingen railway touches the village in the east.

Neighbouring villages
Oberrieden borders in the east on the community of Lindewerra (Thuringia's Eichsfeld district), in the south on the village of Ellershausen, in the west on the village Hilgershausen and in the north on the villages of Werleshausen and Wendershausen (town of Witzenhausen).

Gallery

External links
 Homepage of Oberrieden
 Bad Sooden-Allendorf

Werra-Meißner-Kreis


title: Thymus integer

text:
Thymus integer is a strongly aromatic, sprawling, gnarled subshrub generally less than 10 cm high. It produces white to dark rosy purple flowers between March and June.

Habitat
This plant is often found on dry, rocky, igneous hillsides at altitudes of 100–1700 meters.

Distribution
A Cyprus endemic, it is common in the Troödos Mountains and the Akamas area.

References

External links
 http://botany.cz/en/thymus-integer/
 http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Thymus/integer
 http://kypros.org/Projects/Laona/cyprus_thyme.html
 http://www.stridvall.se/flowers/gallery/Lamiaceae_2/715_10
 http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/101213/view

integer
Endemic flora of Cyprus
Herbs
Plants described in 1844


title: Puqin Kancha

text:
Puqin Kancha (other spellings Poken Kancha, Poquencancha) is an archaeological site near Cusco in Peru. It is situated in the Cusco Region, Cusco Province, Santiago District. The site consists of a wall on the mountain Puqin (Puquin). Puqin Kancha is protected by the Peruvian state by General Law No. 28296.

References

Archaeological sites in Cusco Region
Archaeological sites in Peru


title: El-Buss refugee camp

text:
El-Buss camp () – also transliterated Bass, Bas, or Baas with either the article Al or El respectively – is one of the twelve Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, located in the Southern Lebanese city of Tyre. It had been a refuge for survivors of the Armenian genocide from the 1930s until the 1950s, built in a swamp area which during ancient times had for at least one and a half millennia been a necropolis. In recent decades it has been "at the center of Tyre’s experience with precarity" and "a space that feels permanent yet unfinished, suspended in time."

Territory

El Buss is located in the North-Eastern part of the Sour municipality. While Tyre as a whole is commonly known as Sour in Arabic, its urban area comprises parts of four municipalities: Sour, Ain Baal, Abbassieh and Burj El Chamali. The two latter ones are close to El-Buss. Burj El Shimali, about 2 km to the East of El-Buss also hosts a Palestinian refugee camp, while the gathering of Jal Al Baher to the North and the neighbourhood of Maashouk 1 km to the East are informal settlements for Palestinian refugees. To the South of El Buss camp - separated through a wall and the remaining water pools of the original marshland - is the vast archaeological site of El-Buss, which is popular with tourists.

The camp covers a total area of approximately 1 square kilometer. At its Northern side the camp borders the main roads at the entry to the Tyre peninsula and to its Eastern side the North-South Beirut-Naqoura Sea Road. Hence, it is severely affected by heavy traffic jams at the crossroads, especially during peak hours at the El Buss roundabout. The camp has a number of entrances for pedestrians, but only one - on the South-Eastern side - for vehicles. Entry and exit there is controlled at a checkpoint by the Lebanese Armed Forces. Foreign visitors have to present permits from Military Intelligence to them."although it is a labyrinth of tiny alleys crisscrossing each other haphazardly, it is much less crowded and daunting than some of the other camps across the country."

A 2017 census counted 687 buildings with 1,356 households in el-Buss. Most of the buildings are concrete block shelters, considered to be of poor quality. While the building situation in the eastern part around the former Armenian camp is dense, the western part of the camp has developed in a more informal manner. The many businesses, especially mechanical workshops for cars, on the Northern side along the main road integrate the outer fringe of the camp into the townscape. However,"Though very much a part of the city’s urban fabric, El-Buss remains a peripheral space".And as Tyre like all of Southern Lebanon has been marginalised throughout modern history, El Buss camp is actually even"peripheral within the periphery".

History

Pre-modern history of the site

Ancient history

Phoenician times
El Buss refugee camp is located in a historical site that dates back at least three thousand years. A Phoenician cremation cemetery from the Iron Age was uncovered in an area of some 500 square meters in the southeastern corner of the camp, the first discovery of its kind and with about 320 excavated urns the most densely occupied Phoenician cemetery known in the Levant. El Buss was the principal graveyard for the maritime merchant-republic city-state of Tyre in its most expansive and prosperous era for almost four hundred years. It thus offers unique windows into the Phoenician past:

The cemetery was established at the end of the tenth century BCE on what was then a sea-beach at the edge of the coast opposite of what was then the island city of Tyre. The beach originally also bordered the southern edge of an ancient creek delta. The landscape shifted though over the centuries and millennia. Hence, the creek bay turned into a lagoon, separated from the sea by a sand bar:  "Paleobotanical and faunal analyses of the sand sediment in the area show that the creek became a lake during the ninth and eighth centuries B.C.E."The most common type of burial in this necropolis was made up of twin-urns with the remains of the same individual - one containing the ashes and the other the bones mixed personal possessions, as well as two jugs and a bowl for drinking. About a fifth of the discovered urns with bone remains contained a scarab-amulet. The researchers, led by Professor María Eugenia Aubet from the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, also excavated a few stelae which bore inscriptions and human masks sculpted from terracotta. Some of them are considered to be masterpieces and on display at the National Museum of Beirut.

Altogether, one has to imagine a beach with such personalised gravestones sticking out of the sand, with a view on the fortified island city. Aubet concludes: "The structure of the cemetery at Tyre is in some ways reminiscent of the European urnfields, in which apparently little formal differentiation according to the sex, age, and content of the burials can be seen, although their structure in fact conceals genuine social asymmetries. [..] Rather than an 'egalitarian' society for Tyre, we should probably speak of an egalitarian ideology, appropriate to a wholly urban and sophisticated society, characterized by the relative simplicity and lack of ostentation of its funeral customs. A communal ideology that concealed differences of wealth and power is evident. [..] with only limited evidence of social stratification, such a conclusion should be regarded as tentative and subject to refinement on the basis of further and future excavations at Tyre."

Hellenistic times

In 332 BCE, Alexander the Great had an isthmus of about 1.000 meters length constructed in 332 BCE to breach the fortifications of offshore-Tyre. This causeway increased greatly in width because of extensive silt depositions on either side over the centuries. The growing tombolo linked the original island permanently to the adjacent continent and made the city a peninsula. As a consequence of this man-made metamorphosis of the Tyrian coastal system, the Phoenician graves in El Buss were buried under sediments of clay and sand. After almost two and a half millennia, they are now at more than 3.5 m under the ground level of El Buss.

Before the landscape changed though, the Phoenician funerary site of El Buss was still used during the Hellenistic era. In addition, the area just neighbouring to the North, now known as Jal Al Bahr, became a burial ground, as recent excavations have shown. To the South of it, a sanctuary dedicated to the Olympian deity of Apollo was constructed, possibly still at the end of the Hellenistic era or latest in the first century CE:

Roman times

In 64 BCE the area of "Syria" finally became a province of the late Roman Republic, which was itself about to become the Roman Empire. Tyre was allowed to keep much of its independence as a "civitas foederata".

Various sources in the New Testament state that Jesus visited Tyre (Gospel of Luke 6:17; Mark 3:8 and 7:24; Matthew 11:21–23 and 15:21). According to many believers in later centuries, he sat down on a rock in the Southern part of El Buss and had a meal there. Scientific analyses from archaeological excavations indicate that an olive grove planted was inside the Roman necropolis at the beginning of the Christian era.

In the early second century CE, Emperor Hadrian, who visited the cities of the East around 130 CE, conferred the title of Metropolis on Tyre: "great city" mother of other cities. Subsequently, a triple-bay Triumphal Arch, an aqueduct from the springs of Ras al-Ain some six kilometers to the South and the Tyre Hippodrome were constructed. The arch was 21 meters high and became the gateway of the Roman town. At its side pillars were erected that were more than four meters high and carried the water canal alongside the road into the town on the peninsula. The hippodrome is the largest (480m long and 160m wide) and best-preserved Roman hippodrome after the one in Rome. The amphitheater for the horse-racetrack could host some 30.000 spectators. During the third century CE, the Heraclia games – dedicated to the deity Melqart-Heracles (not to be confused with the demigod Heracles, hero of the 12 labors) – were held in the hippodrome every four years.

Meanwhile, between the first and fourth centuries CE, one of the largest known cemeteries of the region grew in El Buss with more than forty tomb complexes, at least 825 graves and the physical remains of almost 4,000 individuals. The marble sarcophagi, which were imported from Greece and Asia Minor, and the other tombs of the monumental necropolis spread on both sides of the road leading to the triumphal arch over a kilometer in length. It is unclear how far the burial grounds extended, but researchers argue that large parts of the modern camp could well have been part of the necropolis. Whereas the Phoenician funeral practices of an egalitarian ideology concealed social differences, the Roman graves did the opposite:"The tombs of Tyre [..] demonstrate that the coming of Rome was not just a new economic and military reality but also caused social and cultural changes, which were acted out in part in the cemetery. [..] Through the display of socioeconomic position and civic and group identity, the tombs played an important and new role in the definition of social groups, and perhaps in the renegotiation of the boundaries of these groups.

Byzantine period (395–640)

In 395 Tyre became part of the Byzantine Empire and continued to flourish. Likewise, the necropolis in El Bus grew further to be arguably one of the largest in the world, though many graves were "reused". A main road of some 400m length and 4,5m width paved with limestone was constructed there during Byzantine times. Another arch, smaller than the Roman triumphal arch, was erected some 315 meters to the East.

At the entrance to the oldest monument in the El Buss site - the Apollo Shrine from the 1st century BCE - a fresco was found that has been dated to 440 CE and is "possibly the earliest image of the Virgin Mary" worldwide. Close by, two churches with marble decorations were built in the 5th and early 6th century CE respectively, when construction in ancient Tyre reached its zenith.

Over the course of the 6th century CE, starting in 502, a series of earthquakes shattered the city and left it diminished. The worst one was the 551 Beirut earthquake. It was accompanied by a Tsunami and destroyed the Great Triumphal Arch in El Buss. In addition, the city and its population increasingly suffered during the 6th century from the political chaos that ensued when the Byzantine empire was torn apart by wars. The city remained under Byzantine control until it was captured by the Sassanian shah Khosrow II at the turn from the 6th to the 7th century CE, and then briefly regained until the Muslim conquest of the Levant, when in 640 it was taken by the Arab forces of the Rashidun Caliphate.

Medieval times

Early Muslim period (640–1124)
As the bearers of Islam restored peace and order, Tyre soon prospered again and continued to do so during half a millennium of Caliphate rule. The Rashidun period only lasted until 661. It was followed by the Umayyad Caliphate (until 750) and the Abbasid Caliphate. In the course of the centuries, Islam spread and Arabic became the language of administration instead of Greek.

Although some people reportedly continued to worship ancient cults, the necropolis of El Buss and the other installations there were abandoned still in the 7th century CE and quickly covered by sand dunes.

At the end of the 11th century, Tyre avoided being attacked by paying tribute to the Crusaders who marched on Jerusalem. However, in late 1111, King Baldwin I of Jerusalem laid siege on the former island city and probably occupied the mainland, including El Buss, for that purpose. Tyre in response put itself under the protection of the Seljuk military leader Toghtekin. Supported by Fatimid forces, he intervened and forced the Franks to raise the siege in April 1112, after about 2.000 of Baldwin's troops had been killed. A decade later, the Fatimids sold Tyre to Toghtekin who installed a garrison there.

Crusader period (1124–1291)

On 7 July 1124, in the aftermath of the First Crusade, Tyre was the last city to be eventually conquered by the Christian warriors, a Frankish army on the coast - i.e. also in the El Buss area - and a fleet of the Venetian Crusade from the sea side. The takeover followed a siege of five and a half months that caused great suffering from hunger to the population. Eventually, Tyre's Seljuk ruler Toghtekin negotiated an agreement for surrender with the authorities of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Under its new rulers, Tyre and its countryside - including El-Buss - were divided into three parts in accordance with the Pactum Warmundi: two-thirds to the royal domain of Baldwin and one third as autonomous trading colonies for the Italian merchant cities of Genoa, Pisa and - mainly to the Doge of Venice. He had a particular interest in supplying silica sands to the glassmakers of Venice and so it may be assumed that El Buss fell into his interest sphere. It has to be assumed that at least the Southern part of El Buss was populated, since the Savior Church was built during the crusaders era in a place of the former hippodrome where Jesus supposedly sat down on a rock and had a meal. Hundreds of pilgrims left their signatures on its walls.

Mamluk period (1291–1516)
In 1291, Tyre was again taken, this time by the Mamluk Sultanate's army of Al-Ashraf Khalil. He had all fortifications demolished to prevent the Franks from re-entrenching. After Khalil's death in 1293 and political instability, Tyre lost its importance and "sank into obsurity." When the Moroccan explorer Ibn Batutah visited Tyre in 1355, he found it a mass of ruins. Many stones were taken to neighbouring cities like Sidon, Acre, Beirut, and Jaffa as building materials. It may be assumed that this was true for the ancient ruins of El Buss, especially the Roman-Byzantine necropolis, aquaeduct and hippodrome as well, as far as they had not been buried underneath sand dunes already. The aquaeduct became the "lone witness to the city’s glorious past."

Modern history

Ottoman rule (1516-1918)

The Ottoman Empire conquered the Levant in 1516, yet Tyre remained untouched for another ninety years until the beginning of the 17th century, when the Ottoman leadership at the Sublime Porte appointed the Druze leader Fakhreddine II of the Maan family as Emir to administer Jabal Amel (modern-day South Lebanon) and Galilee in addition to the districts of Beirut and Sidon. It is not known whether the area of El Buss was part of his development projects. However, as he encouraged Shiites and Christians to settle to the East of Tyre,  Fakhreddine laid the foundation of modern Tyre demographics as many of those settlers – or their descendants respectively – later moved to the town, thus providing the socio-political context for the subsequent erection of El Buss camp.

In 1764, the French geographer Jacques Nicolas Bellin published a map of Greater Tyre which included the ruins of the aquaeduct in El Buss, but no settlements. Around 1786, Bellin's fellow countryman Louis-François Cassas visited the place and drew a painting of the ruins of the aquaeduct.

In 1878, the London-based Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) – led by Herbert Kitchener at the beginning of his military career – mapped Tyre and its surroundings. It described the area of Birket el Bass – north of the aquaeduct – as a "ruined birket" (water reservoir or pool) and as "dry."  A map from a 1906 Baedeker travel guide designated the area as a "Swamp" though.

French Mandate colonial rule (1920–1943)

On the first of September 1920, the French colonial rulers proclaimed the new State of Greater Lebanon under the guardianship of the League of Nations represented by France. Tyre and the Jabal Amel were attached as the Southern part of the Mandate. The French High Commissioner in Syria and Lebanon became General Henri Gouraud.

In 1932, the colonial authorities offered a piece of land of some 30,000 square meters in El Buss to the Jabal Amel Ulama Society of Shia clerics and feudal landlords to construct a school there. However, such plans were not realised due to internal divisions of the local power players and a few years later the French rulers attributed the swampy area to survivors of the Armenian Genocide, who had started arriving in Tyre already in the early 1920s, mostly by boat. A branch of the Armenian General Benevolent Union had been founded there in 1928.

It is unclear when exactly the camp for Armenian refugees was set up. According to some sources it was in 1935–36, when also another camp was built in Rashidieh on the coast, five kilometres south of Tyre city. However, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) states that El Buss camp was constructed in 1937, whereas the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN HABITAT) dates it to 1939.

During the following years - neither the exact dates are known nor the Christian denominations - an Armenian chapel and a church were constructed in El Buss camp. The defunct chapel is nowadays part of an UNRWA school building, while the church of Saint Paul belongs to the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre and is still in service.

On 8 June 1941, a joint British-Free French Syria–Lebanon campaign liberated Tyre from the Nazi-collaborators of Marshal Philippe Pétain's Vichy regime.

Post-Independence (since 1943)
Lebanon gained independence from French colonial rule on 22 November 1943. The Maronite political leader Émile Eddé – a former Prime Minister and President – reportedly suggested to the Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann that a Christian Lebanon"should relinquish some portions of the no longer wanted territory, but to the Jewish state-in-the-making. It could have Tyre and Sidon and the 100,000 Muslims living there, but when he put the matter to Weizmann, even he balked at what he called a gift which bites'."

1948/9 Palestinian exodus

When the state of Israel was declared in May 1948, Tyre was immediately affected: with the Palestinian exodus – also known as the Nakba' – thousands of Palestinian refugees fled to the city, often by boat. El-Buss was one of the first sites which was assigned to the Palestinian refugees as a transit camp. The majority of the first wave of Palestinians who arrived in El-Buss were Palestinian Christians from Haifa and Akka. Most of them only found shelter in tents there.

Soon the camp was overcrowded and more camps were set up in other parts of the country. Initially, Armenians and Palestinians cohabited in the camp.  In the course of the 1950s, the Armenian refugees from El Buss were resettled to the Anjar area, while Palestinians from the Acre area in Galilee moved into the camp. Many of them were apparently agriculturalists. Before UNRWA opened its first school in El Buss, children received education under the roof of the church or chapel.

In 1957, large-scale excavations of the Roman-Byzantine necropolis in El Buss started under the leadership of Emir Maurice Chéhab (1904-1994), "the father of modern Lebanese archaeology" who for decades headed the Antiquities Service in Lebanon and was the curator of the National Museum of Beirut. The works stopped in 1967 and because of the political turmoil that followed Chehab could not take them up again. Publication of his research materials was never completed either. The whereabouts of most of the finds and the excavation documentation are unknown.

In 1965, residents of El Buss gained access to electricity.

After the Six-Day War of June 1967 another wave of displaced Palestinians sought refuge in South Lebanon. In the following year, El Buss camp had 3,911 registered inhabitants. As Tyre greatly expanded during the 1960s due to an increasing a rural-to-urban movement and many new buildings were constructed on the isthmus of the peninsula, El Buss became physically more integrated into the city. The solidarity of the Lebanese Tyrians with the Palestinians was especially demonstrated in January 1969 through a general strike to demand the repulsion of Israeli attacks on Palestinian targets in Beirut.

At the same time though, the arrival of civilian refugees went along with an increasingly strong presence of Palestinian Militants. Thus, clashes between Palestinians and Israel increased dramatically: On 12 May 1970, the IDF launched a number of attacks in South Lebanon, including Tyre. The Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon escalated further after the conflict of Black September 1970 between the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF) and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).  The PLO leadership under Yasir Arafat relocated to Lebanon, where it essentially created a state within a state and recruited young fighters - known as fedayeen - in the refugee camps.

The 1973 October Yom Kippur War signalled even more Palestinian military operations from Southern Lebanese territory, including Tyre, which in turn increasingly sparked Israeli retaliation.

In the following year, the Iran-born Shiite cleric Sayed Musa Sadr who had become the Shia Imam of Tyre in 1959, founded Harakat al-Mahroumin ("Movement of the Deprived") and one year later – shortly before the beginning of the Lebanese Civil War – its de facto military wing: Afwaj al-Muqawama al-Lubnaniyya (Amal). Military training and weaponry for its fighters was initially provided by Arafat's PLO-faction Fatah, but Sadr increasingly distanced himself from them as the situation escalated into a civil war:

Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990)
In January 1975, a unit of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) attacked the Tyre barracks of the Lebanese Army. The assault was denounced by the PLO as "a premeditated and reckless act". However, two months later, a PLO commando of eight militants sailed from the coast of Tyre to Tel Aviv to mount the Savoy Hotel attack, during which eight civilian Hostages and three Israeli soldiers were killed as well as seven of the attackers. Israel retaliated by launching a string of attacks on Tyre "from land, sea and air" in August and September 1975.

Then, in 1976, local commanders of the PLO took over the municipal government of Tyre with support from their allies of the Lebanese Arab Army. They occupied the army barracks, set up roadblocks and started collecting customs at the port. However, the new rulers quickly lost support from the Lebanese-Tyrian population because of their "arbitrary and often brutal behavior".

By 1977, the UNRWA census put the population of El Buss camp at 4,643. As their situation deteriorated, emigration to Europe increased. At first, a group of graduates went to what was then West-Berlin, because entry via East-Berlin did not require travel visa. Many settled there or in what was then West-Germany:"They concentrated on working in the catering and the construction sectors. They still, however, maintained close connections with their country of departure by sending money to their families remaining in Lebanon. When they acquired German citizenship or valid residence permits they were able to visit their families in Lebanon. Afterwards, as their savings grew, they were able to facilitate the arrival of close relatives (e.g., brother, parent, sister). In many cases, their integration into German society was further enhanced by marriage with Germans."At the same time, most of the Christian population gradually moved out of the camp. Allegedly, many of them were granted Lebanese citizenship by the Maronite ruling class in a demographic attempt to compensate for the many Lebanese Christians who emigrated.

In 1977, three Lebanese fishermen in Tyre lost their lives in an Israeli attack. Palestinian militants retaliated with rocket fire on the Israeli town of Nahariya, leaving three civilians dead. Israel in turn retaliated by killing "over a hundred" mainly Lebanese Shiite civilians in the Southern Lebanese countryside. Some sources reported that these lethal events took place in July, whereas others dated them to November. According to the latter, the IDF also conducted heavy airstrikes as well as artillery and gunboat shelling on Tyre and surrounding villages, but especially on the Palestinian refugee camps in Rashidieh, Burj El Shimali and El Bass.

1978 South Lebanon conflict with Israel
On 11 March 1978, Dalal Mughrabi – a young woman from the Palestinian refugee camp of Sabra in Beirut – and a dozen Palestinian fedayeen fighter sailed from Tyre to a beach north of Tel Aviv. Their attacks on civilian targets became known as the Coastal Road massacre that killed 38 Israeli civilians, including 13 children, and wounded 71. According to the United Nations, thePLO "claimed responsibility for that raid. In response, Israeli forces invaded Lebanon on the night of 14/15 March, and in a few days occupied the entire southern part of the country except for the city of Tyre and its surrounding area."Nevertheless, Tyre was badly affected in the fighting during the Operation Litani. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) targeted especially the harbour on claims that the PLO received arms from there and the Palestinian refugee camps. El Buss suffered extensive damage from Israeli air and navy attacks. "On 15 March 1978, the Lebanese Government submitted a strong protest to the Security Council against the Israeli invasion, stating that it had no connection with the Palestinian commando operation. On 19 March, the Council adopted resolutions 425 (1978) and 426 (1978), in which it called upon Israel immediately to cease its military action and withdraw its forces from all Lebanese territory. It also decided on the immediate establishment of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). The first UNIFIL troops arrived in the area on 23 March 1978."However, the Palestinian forces were unwilling to give up their positions in and around Tyre. UNIFIL was unable to expel those militants and sustained heavy casualties. It therefore accepted an enclave of Palestinian fighters in its area of operation which was dubbed the "Tyre Pocket". In effect, the PLO kept ruling Tyre with its Lebanese allies of the National Lebanese Movement (NLM), which was in disarray though after the 1977 assassination of its leader Kamal Jumblatt.

Frequent IDF bombardments of Tyre from ground, sea and air raids continued after 1978. In January 1979, Israel started naval attacks on the city. The PLO reportedly converted itself into a regular army by purchasing large weapon systems, including Soviet WWII-era T-34 tanks, which it deployed in the "Tyre Pocket" with an estimated 1,500 fighters.

On 27 April 1981, the Irish UNIFIL-soldier Kevin Joyce got kidnapped by a Palestinian faction from his observation post near the village of Dyar Ntar and, "according to UN intelligence reports, was taken to a Palestinian refugee camp in Tyre. He was shot dead a few weeks later following a gun battle between Palestinians and UN soldiers in south Lebanon."

The PLO kept shelling into Galilee until a cease-fire in July 1981.  On the 23rd of that month, the IDF had bombed Tyre.

As discontent within the Shiite population about the suffering from the conflict between Israel and the Palestinian factions grew, so did tensions between Amal and the Palestinian militants. The power struggle was exacerbated by the fact that the PLO supported Saddam Hussein's camp during the Iraq-Iran-War, whereas Amal sided with Teheran. Eventually, the political polarisation between the former allies escalated into violent clashes in many villages of Southern Lebanon, including the Tyre area.

1982 Israeli invasion
Following an assassination attempt on Israeli ambassador Shlomo Argov in London the IDF started an invasion of Lebanon on 6 June 1982, which heavily afflicted Tyre once again: Shelling by Israeli artillery and air raids killed some 80 people on the first day across the city. The Palestinian camps were bearing the brunt of the assault, as many guerillas fought till the end. Though El Buss was less affected than other camps, a contemporary United Nations report found that half of the houses in the camp were either badly damaged or destroyed during the invasion. The Advisory Committee on Human Rights of the American Friends Service Committee termed the destruction of homes in El-Buss "systematic". As a consequence, the drive to emigrate from El-Buss increased further:"Some of the refugees, in particular those who were injured or whose dwellings were completely destroyed, sought to leave Lebanon indefinitely. Connection between internal migration and international migration was effected at that time. Denmark and Sweden agreed to accept these refugees. Germany too continued to receive some of them. The migratory field thus extended to new countries further north, whilst Germany, the previous principal recipient country, now became primarily a country of transit towards Scandinavia."In 1984, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) declared Tyre, including el Buss, a World Heritage Site in an attempt to halt the damage being done to the archaeological sites by the armed conflict and by anarchic urban development.

1985-1988 War of the Camps: Amal vs. PLO

Under the growing pressure of suicide attacks by Hezbollah, the Israeli forces withdrew from Tyre by the end of April 1985 and instead established a self-declared "Security Zone" in Southern Lebanon with its collaborating militia allies of the South Lebanon Army (SLA). Tyre was left outside the SLA control though and taken over by the Amal Movement under the leadership of Nabih Berri:"The priority of Amal remained to prevent the return of any armed Palestinian presence to the South, primarily because this might provoke renewed Israeli intervention in recently evacuated areas. The approximately 60,000 Palestinian refugees in the camps around Tyre (al-Bass, Rashidiya, Burj al-Shimali) were cut off from the outside world, although Amal never succeeded in fully controlling the camps themselves. In the Sunni 'canton' of Sidon, the armed PLO returned in force."Tensions between Amal and Palestinian militants soon escalated once again and eventually exploded into the War of the Camps, which is considered as "one of the most brutal episodes in a brutal civil war": In September 1986, a group of Palestinians fired on an Amal patrol at Rashidieh. After one month of siege, Amal attacked the refugee camp in the South of Tyre.  It was reportedly assisted by the Progressive Socialist Party of Druze leader Walid Jumblatt, whose father Kamal had entered into and then broken an alliance with Amal-founder Musa Sadr, as well as by the pro-Syrian Palestinian militia As-Saiqa and the "Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command". Fighting spread and continued for one month. By that time some 7,000 refugees in the Tyre area were displaced once more: On December 3, El Buss was taken over by Amal, as it "overran the unarmed camps of El Buss and Burj el-Shemali, burning homes and taking more than a thousand men into custody."

At the same time, many Lebanese Shiite families who were displaced from the Israeli-occupied southern "security zone" started building an informal neighbourhood on the Western side next to the camp. Meanwhile, emigration for Palestinians from El Bus to Europe became increasingly difficult, since favourite destinations like Germany and Scandinavia adopted more restrictive asylum policies:"A transnational field emerged with the circulation of information, and, to a lesser extent, of people, between the Palestinians still residing in Al Buss and those of Europe."In the late 1980s, "clandestine excavations" took place in the Al-Bass cemetery which "flooded the antiquities market". In 1990, a necropolis from the Iron Age was discovered in El Buss "by chance".

Post-Civil War (since 1991)

Following the end of the war in March 1991 based on the Taif Agreement, units of the Lebanese Army deployed along the coastal highway and around the Palestinian refugee camps of Tyre, including El-Buss.

The patterns of emigration changed through the 1990s, as European border regimes further tightened: "The geographical extension of the migratory field widened and touched countries such as the United Kingdom and Belgium. The three principal host countries (Germany, Sweden, and Denmark) continued to play a central role in this migratory system, but increasingly as transit countries."At the end of the decade, UNRWA estimated the population to be 9,498.
In 1997, Spanish-led archaeological excavations started at El-Buss. They were conducted for eleven years and exposed an area of some 500 square meter of cremation graves.

In 2005 the Lebanese government abolished long-standing limitations for residents of El Buss to add a storey to their house. After the lifting of such spatial restrictions the camp witnessed a densification in its buildings.

During Israel's invasion in the July 2006 Lebanon War, El Buss was apparently less affected than other parts of Tyre, especially compared to the badly hit Burj El Shemali. However, at least one building close to the necropolis was hit by Israeli bombardments which also caused damage to a part of the frescoes of a Roman funerary cave. This may have been the area of the Maronite Saint Paul's church on the Eastern edge of the camp since a commemorative plaque there notes that the religious building was damaged by Israeli air strikes on 12 July and later rebuilt with funding from the Emir of Qatar.

When the Palestinian refugee camp of Nahr El Bared in northwestern Lebanon was largely destroyed in 2007 because of heavy fighting between the Lebanese Army and the militant Sunni Islamist group Fatah al-Islam, some of its residents fled to El Buss.

In 2007/8, fresh water, wastewater, and stormwater systems were rehabilitated, apparently by UNRWA. Until then, the sewage networks in el Buss were above the ground. While the quality of life was improved by those measures, it may be argued that they were also"affirming these structures’ permanence within a broader context of suspended time."
In September 2010, three people were reportedly wounded after a dispute between clerics loyal to either Fatah or Hamas resulted in armed clashes. A study by the German leftwing Rosa Luxemburg Foundation found that while Fatah is the leading faction in the camp and thus dominates the ruling Popular Committee, a host of other parties have supporters there as well, both secular and religious ones. Apart from Hamas they are the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), the Palestinian People's Party, the Palestinian Liberation Front (PLF), the Arab Liberation Front (ALF), the al-Nidal Front, the Islamic Jihad Movement, the Shabiha-militia, Ansar Allah and the al-Tahrir party.

According to UN estimates, more than 500 refugees who fled from the Syrian civil war settled in El Buss. Low-cost housing made El Buss a prime choice for them. Most were Palestinians who arrived soon after the beginning of the armed conflict in 2012, adding "another dimension of precarity to life in the camp".

As of June 2018, there were 12,281 registered refugees in the El Buss camp, though this does not necessarily represent the actual number as many have left over the years, Northern Europe, and UNRWA does not track them. In fact,"the camp is not very lively; most of its people live abroad".

Economy
According to a 2016 study by UN HABITAT, residents of El-Buss mainly work in construction and other technical jobs, particularly in the metal workshops along its Northern side, though many of them are apparently owned by Lebanese. In addition, many men work as day labourers in seasonal agriculture, mainly in the citrus plantations of the Greater Tyre plains area. However, levels of unemployment are high."Emigration and a desire to escape the confines of the camp pervade life in El-Buss. It is a topic that occupies most conversations and is the ultimate goal of the youth that live in the camp."The French anthropologist Sylvain Perdigon – who lived in the El Buss camp in 2006/2007 and has been a lecturer at the American University of Beirut (AUB) since 2013 – found through his fieldwork that these precarious labor conditions make emigration the only "thinkable, desirable route" away from a dead-end future for many residents. According to his findings, the preferred destination for them is Germany.

Education
UNRWA’s Al Chajra middle school in El-Bass camp provides education for up to 900 students. There are three other schools as well and about five kindergartens. While some children attend educational institutions outside of the camp, others who live outside the camp commute to el Buss to go to school there.

In August 2019, the 17-year-old Ismail Ajjawi – a Palestinian graduate of the UNRWA Deir Yassin High School in El Buss – made global headlines when he scored top-results to earn a scholarship to study at Harvard, but was deported upon arrival in Boston despite valid visa. He was readmitted ten days later to start his studies in time.

Health care
El Buss is considered unique among the twelve Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon in that there is a Lebanese public hospital within its boundaries. Located at its Eastern edge, it was reportedly constructed before 1948 and has been used mostly by Lebanese patients, especially members of the military forces. There is also a clinic operated by UNRWA, and medical laboratory for essential tests, including an X-Ray machine. Some non-governmental organisations, both local and international ones, offer health services, for instance helping children with disabilities.

Cultural life

El Buss is also considered to be unique among the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon that it hosts the Maronite church of Saint Paul, which is attended both by Palestinian and Lebanese Christians. This fact, along with the Lebanese public hospital, has been said to contribute to a higher degree of integration between Lebanese and Palestinians. The number of houses inhabited by Palestinian Christians, which reportedly used to be around 40 percent of the population in El Buss during earlier years, was apparently down to about 15 by 2011 though. There is apparently still a tiny number of Armenians living in the camp as well.

The most common mural in El Buss though is the Palestinian flag, in contrast to the flags of Amal and Hezbollah which dominate the visual-spatial landscape in Tyre. Also omnipresent in the public sphere of the camp are images of the late PLO leader Arafat and of Palestinian fighters killed in the armed resistance against the occupation as martyrs, usually combined with pictures of the Dome of the Rock in JerusalemOther common themes dealing with Palestinian identity are spray-painted images depicting narratives about the traumatic displacement events of the Nakba and life in the diaspora. Some feature Handala, the iconic symbol of Palestinian defiance created by cartoonist Naji al-Ali, who worked as a drawing instructor at Tyre's Jafariya School during the 1960s.

Perdigon has researched another kind of a cultural phenomenon that he describes as "fairly ordinary" amongst many Palestinians in Lebanon, especially in El Buss and Rashidieh, which happens to be an ancient burial site as well. This phenomenon - which is known as Al Qreene - haunts people in their dreams through different forms, interrupts their lives and is especially feared for causing miscarriages. Perdigon lays out one exemplary case from El Buss:"Lamis, my 45-year-old neighbor and landlady when I was living in al-Bass, had an especially long and painful engagement with al-Qreene [..]. Lamis’s mother 'had her' (i.e., al-Qreene) when she gave birth to her. Were it not for her vigilance at the time, Lamis 'would not have lived' (gheyro ma be’ish), although the price to pay was that she 'carried' al-Qreene from her mother (ijat menha iley . . . hemelet al-Qreene). Lamis started to directly confront al-Qreene herself at the onset of her first pregnancy. She lost four unborn children over the years to the frightful entity, who burst in on the scene of her dreams alternatively as '''an ugly old woman' and a mob of militiamen. Three of those losses coincided with brutal episodes of forced displacement the household suffered during the War of Lebanon (1975–90). In the very last instance in the early 1990s, al-Qreene came (ijat) in the shape of Lamis’s very own husband, who had died a few weeks before at the age of 37 from nervous exhaustion (an account confirmed by the neighborhood consensus) upon repeatedly finding himself unable to sustain his family in the context of laws and decrees excluding Palestinians from legal employment. In this uncannily familiar appearance, al-Qreene snatched away from her one of the twins (the male) she was carrying in her womb.''"

Galleries

El Buss archaeological site

The Roman-Byzantine necropolis

Sarcophagi

Church mosaics

The Triumphal Arch

The Hippodrome

See also
Armenians in Lebanon
Palestinians in Lebanon

References

Populated places in Tyre District
Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon
Populated places established in 1935


title: Outback Challenge

text:
The Outback Challenge is an off-roading event that takes place in the sheep stations surrounding Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. It is an amateur event where competitors in specially built four-wheel drives compete in a number of trials which address all aspects of off-roading, including navigation, vehicular recovery, vehicle maintenance and bush survival as well as off-road driving skills.

The first Challenge started in 1999, and has attracted competitors from all over Australia and overseas with competitors from New Zealand, Malaysia, United States, Great Britain, France and the Canary Islands taking part. The event was discontinued in 2011 and replaced by Australian Outback 4x4 Extreme, but was discontinued after its first year. The event will return in 2014 under new management in October, away from its traditional May date.

Winners

References

External links
 Official website

Off-roading
Off-road vehicles
Off-road racing
Auto races in Australia
Recurring sporting events established in 1999
Australian outback
1999 establishments in Australia


title: Beijerinckia derxii

text:
Beijerinckia derxii is a nitrogen fixing strain of bacteria from the genus of Beijerinckia.

References

External links
Type strain of Beijerinckia derxii at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Beijerinckiaceae
Bacteria described in 1957
Martinus Beijerinck


title: Mobile Suit Gundam-san

text:
, commonly referred to as Gundam-san, is a Japanese  yonkoma (4-panel) parody gag manga series by Hideki Ohwada. A part of the Gundam media franchise, it is a parody of the original Mobile Suit Gundam anime series, featuring Amuro Ray, Lalah Sune, and Char Aznable as main characters. It has been serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's seinen manga magazine Gundam Ace since June 2001 and collected in fourteen tankōbon volumes.

The manga has spawned an anime television series adaptation by Sunrise. The series of animated shorts was broadcast on the BS11 network between July 6 and September 28, 2014.

Overview
The manga is a parody of the original Mobile Suit Gundam and features most of its characters for its yonkoma strips. In addition, there are several "sub-stories" featured in the manga tankōbon, including , which features anthropomorphic versions of the mobile suits from Mobile Suit Gundam, and , which dramatizes the story of the creation of the Gundam franchise and features Yoshiyuki Tomino as well as other staff and cast members. On January 24, 2014, Kadokawa released two tankōbon volumes collecting Gundam Sousei chapters as a separate manga titled . At Anime NYC 2019, Denpa announced that they would publish The Men Who Created Gundam in English, with the omnibus volume released on June 7, 2022.

Publication
Gundam-san began as a fan created yonkoma series on Ohwada's personal website prior to being officially published in Gundam Ace in 2001. The manga was also serialized in the seinen magazine Comic Charge from the magazine's inception to its cancellation in 2009; in the magazine Kerokero Ace; and in the 4-Koma Nano Ace from 2011. The first collected volume was released on August 24, 2005 and the latest—the 14th—was released on April 26, 2016.

Another series,  was serialized in Kerokero Ace starting 2007. Its collected volume was released on January 22, 2009.  was released on August 21, 2010. Another book, which included Kotowaza Gundam-san stories, subtitled , was released on December 21, 2011. A Kotowaza Gundam-san , including Naruhodo and Yappari and the proverbs appeared in the anime series, was released on October 25, 2014.

Additionally, a box of mini books and goods about the character Comet Chick was released on July 24, 2007. Also, a fanbook, which included a special story, was released on February 24, 2010.

Anime adaptation
The 13-episode anime television series adaptation was broadcast between July and September 2014 in the BS11 (during the Gundam Selection program) and Tokyo MX networks.  Episodes are about 3 minutes each.  The show was first announced in a Gundam Ace issue in June 2014.  Mankyū directed and wrote the screenplay for the anime. Sao Tamado was the character designer.  Tohru Furuya and Keiko Han returned as cast members but did not reprise their original roles from Mobile Suit Gundam as Amuro Ray and Lalah Sune, respectively.  Instead all of the roles were cast to new voice actors.

Episode list
13 episodes are released on television, while the additional extra episodes (including event premieres) are included in the DVD/Blu-Ray release of the anime.

Reception
Three volumes of the series have been featured on the top 10 of Oricon's weekly chart of the best-selling manga; volume 4 peaked at the fifth spot, while volume 5 ranked ninth, and volume 6 reached the sixth place. Volumes 7, 8 and 9 also reached the chart but at 15th, 29th and 36th place respectively.

The anime DVD and Blu-Ray reached the Oricon's list at the 23rd and 16th place respectively.

References

External links

Anime series based on manga
Bandai Namco franchises
Comedy anime and manga
Gundam anime and manga
Kadokawa Dwango franchises
Kadokawa Shoten manga
Shōnen manga
Sunrise (company)
TV Tokyo original programming
Yonkoma


title: Sport and Speed

text:
Sport and Speed is a 1952 documentary directed by Ray Densham and starring Eamonn Andrews.

References

External links
Sport and Speed at BFI

1952 documentary films
1952 films
1950s English-language films
British sports documentary films
1950s British films


title: Nilukshi Fernando

text:
Nilukshi Fernando (born April 19, 1984) is a Sri Lankan actress. She made her debut as a teenager in Vasanthi Chathurani's Sadgunakaraya in 2007. She was crowned most upcoming actress for her performance in this teledrama, at the Rajya Sammana Ulela that year. Her most acclaimed role in the small screen was that of 'Sandesi' in 'Sanda' opposite Pathum Rukshan in 2013. She was crowned Raigam Best Actress Award for her performance in this teledrama, at the 10th Raigam Tele Award Festival that year.

Latest teledramas
 Seya - Swarnavahini
 Eran landu - Rupavahini

References

Living people
1984 births
Sri Lankan film actresses
Sinhalese artists
Sri Lankan television actresses


title: Miodet

text:
The Miodet is a  stream in the Auvergne region. It originates in the Livradois and joins the Dore (left bank), whereby it is a sub-affluent of the Loire.

Geography
The Miodet originates at  above sea level, at Saint-Éloy-la-Glacière, near the Bois de Mauchet, elevation . It runs almost entirely through wooded areas. It first runs south, before turning north-west at le sommet du Grun du Bois, elevation . It is joined by le ruisseau des Martinanches at Saint-Dier-d'Auvergne, then veers north-east. It runs north shortly before its confluence with the Dore on the left bank.

It is located in the Livradois-Forez Regional Natural Park.

Affluents
The Miodet has 3 recorded tributaries:

le Croizat
les Martinanches
les Palles

Communes
The course of the steam runs by or through :

 Saint-Éloy-la-Glacière
 Auzelles
 Brousse
 Saint-Jean-des-Ollières
 Estandeuil
 Saint-Dier-d'Auvergne
 Domaize
 Saint-Flour

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Rivers of Puy-de-Dôme


title: Carnarechinus

text:
Carnarechinus clypeatus is a species of sea urchins of the Holasteroida order.

This species was described on the basis of fragmentary and poorly preserved material from Philippines, hence its taxonomic status is still unclear. Molecular phylogeny indicates it may be a basal member of the Urechinina.

References
 Carnarechinus at the Natural History Museum

Holasteroida
Monotypic echinoderm genera
Echinoidea genera