title: Mitochondrial optic neuropathies

text:
Mitohondrial optic neuropathies are a heterogenous group of disorders that present with visual disturbances resultant from mitochondrial dysfunction within the anatomy of the Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGC), optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract. These disturbances are multifactorial, their aetiology consisting of metabolic and/or structural damage as a consequence of genetic mutations, environmental stressors, or both. The three most common neuro-ophthalmic abnormalities seen in mitochondrial disorders are bilateral optic neuropathy, ophthalmoplegia with ptosis, and pigmentary retinopathy.

Signs and Symptoms
The generalized, common presentation for this broad and inclusive group of diseases is painless, bilateral loss of visual acuity and pallor of the optic disc accompanied with varying degrees of dyschromatopsia and central/cecocentral scatomas. On examination the pupillary responses may be sluggish to light. One would not expect to find an afferent pupillary defect because optic neuropathies are often bilateral and symmetric. The optic disc may appear mildly hyperemic with small splinter hemorrhages on or around the disc, or may appear nearly normal. Optic atrophy typically develops later and may appear mild. In later stages the optic atrophy can become severe, which indicates less opportunity for recovery.

The duration of onset can vary between immediate and insidious, owing to the specific etiology.  Two key features may be helpful in distinguishing acquired from inherited optic neuropathies:  absence of a family history and simultaneous involvement of both eyes; the former more commonly characterized by these two features.

Causes
Because this grouping of diseases is of heterogenic origin, the causes can be singular or additive consequences of genetic, toxic, or nutritional stress.

Mitochondria are maternally inherited, so a genetic defect in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is passed on from mother to child.  Mitochondria, however, depend on other proteins that are encoded by nuclear genes, constructed in the cytoplasm and then transported into the mitochondria.  So it follows that, while an mtDNA point mutation are inherited through the mother, defects in nuclear DNA, even those affecting the mitochondria, will be transmitted in Mendelian fashion.

Optic neuropathies that are acquired can be the result of several processes. These include prolonged use of certain antibiotics or anti-tuberculosis medications, exposure to certain toxic chemicals, and situations that contribute to poor consumption or decreased absorption of nutrient-dense foods.

A possible synergism between genetic and acquired mitochondrial optic neuropathies has been suggested and there are only a few case reports to support this phenomenon, requiring further research and demonstration of evidence to corroborate these findings

Nutritional optic neuropathies
Nutritional deficiency may be the cause of a genuine optic neuropathy, sometimes associated with involvement of the peripheral nervous system, called peripheral neuropathy. Loss of vision is usually bilateral, painless, chronic, insidious and slowly progressive. Most often, they present as a non-specific retrobulbar optic neuropathy. Patients may notice that colors are not as vivid or bright as before and that the color red is washed out. This normally occurs in both eyes at the same time and is not associated with any eye pain. They might initially notice a blur or fog, followed by a drop in vision. While vision loss may be rapid, progression to blindness is unusual. These patients tend to have blind spots in the center of their vision with preserved peripheral vision. In most cases, the pupils continue to respond normally to light.

Again, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in nutritional optic neuropathies is common to all mitochondrial optic neuropathies: it affects biochemical pathways involved in cell energetic production, correction of oxidative stress and quenching of free radicals. Specific deficiencies of cyanocobalamin, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and pyridoxine, folic acid, and other proteins with sulfur-containing amino acids may play a role.

Months of depletion are usually necessary to deplete body stores of most nutrients and a nutritional optic neuropathy may be present in a patient with or without obvious evidence of under-nutrition.  An individual suffering from starvation could be easily recognized as a person who is undernourished due to their cachectic corporal appearance. However, a not so obvious individual may be the recipient of a gastric bypass surgery, a procedure that may lead to vitamin B12 deficiency from poor absorption. The optic neuropathy associated with pernicious anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency can be seen amongst individuals who obtain adequate caloric input from foods low in nutritional and micronutrient density (see Food desert).

Additionally, nutrient-poor diet may also be low in anti-oxidants, substances critical to preventing the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS).  ROS are a natural bi-product of the mitochondrial production of ATP.  As such, if they are allowed to accumulate without being neutralized, they could damage the very mitochondria from which they are being produced.

There is documentation of nutritional optic neuropathy among undernourished Allied prisoners of war of the Japanese during World War II. After four months of food deprivation, some of the prisoners developed sub-acute vision loss in both eyes in addition to experiencing pain in their extremities and hearing loss. Their visual loss did not correlate well with malnutrition and that not all prisoners experienced the loss of vision.

Toxic optic neuropathies (TON)
Toxic optic neuropathy refers to the ingestion of a toxin or an adverse drug reaction that results in vision loss from optic nerve damage. Patients may report either a sudden loss of vision in both eyes, in the setting of an acute intoxication, or an insidious asymmetric loss of vision from an adverse drug reaction. The most important aspect of treatment is recognition and drug withdrawal.

Among the many causes of TON, the top 10 toxins include:
Medications
Ethambutol, rifampin, isoniazid, streptomycin (tuberculosis treatment)
Linezolid (taken for bacterial infections, including pneumonia)
Chloramphenicol (taken for serious infections not helped by other antibiotics)
Isoretinoin (taken for severe acne that fails to respond to other treatments)
Ciclosporin (widely used immunosuppressant)
Acute Toxins
Methanol (component of some moonshine, and some cleaning products)
Ethylene glycol (present in anti-freeze and hydraulic brake fluid)

Metabolic disorders may also cause this version of disease. Systemic problems such as diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, and thyroid disease can cause optic neuropathy, which is likely through buildup of toxic substances within the body. In most cases, the cause of the toxic neuropathy impairs the tissue's vascular supply or metabolism. It remains unknown as to why certain agents are toxic to the optic nerve while others are not and why particularly the papillomacular bundle gets affected.

Combined Mitochondrial Optic Neuropathies

Tobacco Alcohol Ambylopia (TAA)
TAA is an old term for a constellation of elements that can lead to a mitochondrial optic neuropathy.  The classic patient is a man with a history of heavy alcohol and tobacco consumption. Respectively, this combines nutritional mitochondrial impairment, from vitamin deficiencies (folate and B-12) classically seen in alcoholics, with tobacco-derived products, such as cyanide and ROS.  It has been suggested that the additive effect of the cyanide toxicity, ROS, and deficiencies of thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and b12 result in TAA.

Cuban Epidemic of Optic Neuropathy
Between 1992 and 1993, in the Cuban Epidemic of Optic Neuropathy, nearly 50,000 people in Cuba were affected with optic neuropathy, sensory and autonomic peripheral neuropathy, neural deafness, and in a few cases, myelopathy. The most common pattern of symptoms consisted of severe weight loss, fatigue and a subacute loss of vision.  On the fundus, an objective sign was noted: a wedge defect of the temporal optic disc and the loss of the corresponding Papillomacular bundle. Most of the patients reported high consumption of alcohol particularly homemade rum and smoking cigarettes. This was associated with severe deficiencies of protein and vitamin intake, in particular of vitamin B12  and folate. This picture of vitamin deficiencies was exacerbated by low levels of methanol present in homemade rum. It was thought that the Cuban epidemic may have been caused by the chronic accumulation of formate from methanol metabolism in a population with severe folic acid depletion and the accumulation of cyanide from cigarette smoke. This conclusion was supported by evidence of improvement in visual acuity on prompt and daily administration of cyanocobalamin (3 mg) and folate (250 mg) along with dietary supplementation.

Hereditary Optic Neuropathies
The inherited optic neuropathies typically manifest as symmetric bilateral central visual loss. Optic nerve damage in most inherited optic neuropathies is permanent and progressive.

Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)

LHON, as the name suggests, is an inherited mutation that results in acute or subacute vision loss, displays incomplete penetrance and predominantly affects young males. Onset is usually between the 2nd and 4th decade of life, and usually presents with rapid vision loss in one eye followed by involvement of the second eye (usually within months). Visual acuity often remains stable and poor (below 20/200) with a residual central visual field defect. Patients with the m.14484/ND6 mutation are most likely to have visual recovery.

Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA)

DOA is an autosomal dominant disease caused by a defect in the nuclear gene OPA1. A slowly progressive optic neuropathy, usually presents in the first decade of life and is bilaterally symmetrical. Examination of these patients shows loss of visual acuity, temporal pallor of the optic discs, centrocecal scotomas with peripheral sparing, and subtle impairments in color vision.

Behr’s syndrome

This is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early-onset optic atrophy, ataxia, and spasticity.

Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT)

This disease is a heterogenous group of inherited neuropathies, stemming from a MFN2 mutation, in which both motor and sensory nerves are affected, resulting in distal limb weakness, sensory loss, decreased deep tendon reflexes, and foot deformities.  Affected individuals develop progressive optic nerve dysfunction starting later in childhood.

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP)

HSP is marked by slowly progressive lower limb spasticity and weakness.  HSP can be classified into pure and complicated forms, depending on whether additional clinical features are present besides spastic paraplegia, such as optic atrophy, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, extrapyramidal deficits, and cognitive decline.

Friedreich's ataxia (FA)

FA is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathological GAA trinucleotide repeat expansions in the FXN gene. The encoded protein frataxin is directed to the mitochondrial inner membrane and is involved in the assembly of iron-sulphur cluster, which are a critical component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes.

In a recent study of 26 patients with confirmed FA, all patients had evidence of optic nerve dysfunction, although only five were visually symptomatic.  The optic neuropathy differed from that of LHON or DOA, displaying a pattern of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) loss and no preferential involvement of papillomacular bundle.

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies
Includes Mitochondrial Encephalitis Lactic Acidosis Seizures (MELAS), myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF), maternally inherited Leigh syndrome (MILS), and mitochondrial neurograstrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE), all of which can all develop optic neuropathies, although it is usually a secondary feature overshadowed by more prominent neurological features.

Overlapping phenotypes
As our understanding of mitochondrial diseases improves a degree of similarity and overlap are seen within this group of disorders. For example, in some OPA1 carriers, patients will develop neurological features indistinguishable from HSP while others develop a pattern of peripheral neuropathy with a similar disease course to CMT, and still others will develop a prominent cerebellar syndrome consistent with FRDA.

Pathophysiology
Even though dysfunction of the mitochondria can be either congenital or acquired, both causes share a common pathophysiology: an impairment of oxidative phosphorylation within the mitochondria, which leads to a decrease of ATP production and a simultaneous increase in ROS.

These mitochondria are made within the central somata of the retinal ganglion cell, transported down axons, and distributed where they are needed. Efficient transportation of mitochondria depends on multiple factors, including their own energy production, the integrity of the cytoskeleton and its protein components (tubulin, etc.), and adequate myelination of the axons. Any dysfunction of these systems may be of pathological relevance for optic neuropathies with primary or secondary involvement of mitochondria.  Genetic mutations, toxic insult, and nutritional depletion can all have a negative impact on the structure and function of mitochondria within the optic system, resulting in this type of neuropathy.

Diagnosis
A thorough history is essential and should cover family history, diet; drug/toxin exposure social history, including tobacco and alcohol use; and occupational background, with details on whether similar cases exist among coworkers. Treatment of any chronic disease such as pernicious anemia should always be elucidated.

In most cases of nutritional/toxic optic neuropathy, the diagnosis may be obtained via detailed medical history and eye examination.  Additionally, supplementary neurological imaging studies, such as MRI or enhanced CT, may be performed if the cause remains unclear.

When the details of the examination and history indicate a familial history of similar ocular or systemic disease, whether or not there is evidence of toxic or nutritional causes for disease, certain genetic tests may be required.  Because there are several congenital causes of mitochondrial dysfunction, the patients history, examination, and radiological studies must be examined in order to determine the specific genetic tests required.  For example, 90% of cases of Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) are associated with three common mtDNA point mutations (m.3460G>A/MT-ND1, m.11778G>A/MT-ND4, m.14484T>C/MT-ND6) while a wider range of mtDNA mutations (MT-ND1, MT-ND5, MT-ND6; http://www.mitomap.org/) have been associated with overlapping phenotypes of LHON, MELAS, and Leigh syndrome.

Treatment
Treatment is dependent upon diagnosis and the stage at which the diagnosis is secured.  For toxic and nutritional optic neuropathies, the most important course is to remove the offending agent if possible and to replace the missing nutritional elements, orally, intramuscularly, or intravenously.  If treatment is delayed, the injury may be irreversible. The course of treatment varies with the congenital forms of these neuropathies.  There are some drug treatments that have shown modest success, such as Idebenone used to treat LOHN.  Often treatment is relegated to lifestyle alterations and accommodations and supportive measures.

Epidemiology
Those diseases understood as congenital in origin could either be specific to the ocular organ system (LHON, DOA) or syndromic (MELAS, multiple sclerosis).  It is estimated that these inherited optic neuropathies in the aggregate affect 1 in 10,000

Of the acquired category, disease falls into further etiological distinction as arising from toxic (drugs or chemicals) or nutritional/metabolic (vitamin deficiency/diabetes) insult. It is worth mentioning that under-nutrition and toxic insult can occur simultaneously, so a third category may be understood as having a combined or mixed etiology. We will refer to this as Toxic/Nutritional Optic Neuropathy, whereby nutritional deficiencies and toxic/metabolic insults are the simultaneous culprits of visual loss associated with damage and disruption of the RGC and optic nerve mitochondria.

References

Eye diseases


title: Iron Sky (disambiguation)

text:
Iron Sky is a 2012 Finnish science fiction comedy film.

Iron Sky may also refer to:

 Iron Sky: The Coming Race the sequel
 Iron Sky: Invasion, a video game based on the film
 "Iron Sky" (song), 2014 song by Paolo Nutini
 "Iron Sky", single by Mega City Four, 1993


title: Alberto Gori

text:
Alberto Gori, OFM (; 9 February 1889 in San Piero Agliana, Italy – 25 November 1970 in Jerusalem, West Bank) was a Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem and Custodian of the Holy Land.

Biography

Alberto Gori was born in San Piero Agliana in the Province of Pistoia. He belonged to the Tuscan province of the Franciscan church of Saint Bonaventure. Gori was ordained on 19 July 1914 in San Miniato al Tedesco. During World War I he served in the Italian army. After the war he was sent by his superiors to Palestine, where he entered the service of the Custody of the Holy Land.

In the Holy Land, he worked at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, and then in Aleppo in Syria, as a school principal. In 1937 Gori was elected by the General Definitory Franciscan Order Custodian of the Holy Land. He held his office during World War II. The British mandate, who ruled over Palestine - did not remove him from office, although being Italian, it should be, as others of his countrymen, interned or expelled from the area of the Near East. Gori did not arouse any suspicion. As Custodian Gori rebuilt the shrines of the Visitation in Ein Karem (was immortalized in a fresco in the main altar) and the miracle of Resurrection at Nein. He accepted the offer of Custody land on the Mount of Beatitudes, Sea of Galilee and the surrounding Hittin hills. In 1937, he inaugurated the new Mosaic on Calvary at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. A year later he erected the building seminary on Mount Tabor. As Custodian Gori allowed to conduct archaeological excavations in Ein Karem (St. John in the wilderness), Emmaus (Arabic. El-Qubejbeh) and Al-Eizariya (Arabic. Lazari). Under his rule were established missions in Ink Zik (Ghassanieh) and Halluz in Syria, and was established the existence of mission work among the Copts in Egypt. Gori, being a curator, has served as a mediator in the Arab-Israeli conflict after World War II  and sought the right to freedom of religion for Christians in the Israeli government. In 1947, he visited the Church of the Holy Sepulchre beside former Vice President Henry Wallace of the United States.

In 1949, Gori was elected Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. He officially ingressed into Jerusalem on 18 February 1949. As patriarch he has created several new parishes (Beit Sahoor, Gaza, Nour, Irbed and Khirbeh). Gori also contributed to the development of the female congregation of the Sisters of the Rosary, building them up 8 new monasteries. He took part in the Second Vatican Council.

Patriarch Gori died on 25 November 1970 in Jerusalem. He was buried in the Chapel of St. Joseph in the basement of the Latin Patriarchate.

References

Bibliography

 Basilio Talatinian OFM, I custodi di Terra Santa dal 1937 al 2004. Appendice agli Acta Custodiae Terrae Sanctae per la ricorrenza del 50º anniversario dell’edizione degli stessi ACTA (1956 - 2005), Jerusalem 2005, str. 3-20.
 Paolo Pieraccini, A biographical profile of Bishop Alberto Gori

External links
Alberto Gori on Catholic-hierarchy.org

1889 births
1970 deaths
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem
Custodians of the Holy Land
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Israel


title: Hautes Plaines

text:
The Hautes Plaines ("High Plains", ), also known in French as Hauts Plateaux, is a steppe-like natural region located in the Atlas Mountains in northern Algeria. It stretches more than  in an east northeast – west southwest direction from northeastern Morocco to the Aures. It is a high plateau area consisting of undulating, steppe-like alluvial plains lying between the Tell and Saharan Atlas ranges.

Geography
The Hautes Plaines region averages between 1,100 and 1,300 m in elevation in the west, dropping to 400 m in the east. The climate is characterized by very dry summers and cold winters. Generally the climate is so dry that these plains are sometimes thought of as part of the Sahara.

The plateau area is covered by alluvial debris formed when the mountains eroded. An occasional ridge projects through the alluvial cover to interrupt the monotony of the landscape.

Water collects during the wet season on its level terrain, forming large shallow salt lakes which become salt flats as they dry. The largest of such lakes is the Chott Ech Chergui with a length of about 160 km located in the central section of the plains. The Hodna region, with the Chott el Hodna lies at the eastern end of the Hautes Plaines.

The main towns of the plateau are Bordj Bou Arreridj, Sétif, Tiaret, Djelfa and M'sila. The limits of the plains are not clearly defined, but administratively the territory falls within the following Algerian provinces:

 Eastern part: The plateau on this side falls within the provinces of Sétif, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Batna, Khenchela, Tébessa and Oum El Bouaghi.
 Central part: Djelfa, Laghouat, M’Sila and Tissemsilt provinces.
 Western part: Tiaret, Saida, Naâma and El Bayadh provinces.

Agriculture includes grazing of sheep and goats on grass in better-watered high plateau areas and the cultivation of some crops such as dry-land barley.

See also
Geography of Algeria
Hodna

References

External links
 Persée : L'évolution du nomadisme dans les hautes plaines
 Introduction: Les hautes plaines de l'Est de l'Algérie

Cultural regions of Algeria
Geography of Algeria
Natural regions of Africa
Geography of Bordj Bou Arréridj Province
Geography of Batna Province
Geography of Djelfa Province
Geography of El Bayadh Province
Geography of Khenchela Province
Geography of Laghouat Province
Geography of M'Sila Province
Geography of Naâma Province
Geography of Oum El Bouaghi Province
Geography of Saïda Province
Geography of Sétif Province
Geography of Tébessa Province
Geography of Tiaret Province
Geography of Tissemsilt Province


title: Andreas Krause (admiral)

text:
Andreas Krause (born 11 October 1956) is a Vizeadmiral (vice admiral) of the German Navy of the Bundeswehr, and he served as Inspector of the Navy. He previously served as a U-boat officer, as a staff officer in the Bundeswehr and NATO, as commander of the German Navy's 1st Flotilla and the Maritime Task Force for the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, and as Deputy Inspector of the Navy.

Military career

Training and early service
Krause joined as the German Navy as an enlisted member, and after training to be a commissioned officer was promoted to Leutnant zur See in July 1979. In 1976, he attended the University of the Bundeswehr Hamburg, where he graduated with a pedagogy degree in 1981. Subsequently, he trained to be a U-boat officer. Between 1981 and 1986, Krause served as a watch officer aboard U-boats as well as a cadet platoon commander on the training ship Deutschland. In January 1982, Krause received a promotion to Oberleutnant zur See, and in 1985 he was promoted to Kapitänleutnant. A year later, in 1986, he took over as commander of the Type 206 U-boat , serving until 1988. Between 1989 and 1990, he went through tactical officer training for naval operations, the "B" course on anti-submarine warfare.

Service as a staff officer
Krause took the 32nd Naval Staff Course at the Bundeswehr's Staff College in Hamburg, graduating in 1992 and subsequently was promoted to Korvettenkapitän (lieutenant commander). Thereafter, he served until 1993 as staff officer for operational planning in the Navy's U-boat flotilla. From 1993 to 1996 he held various posts in the Naval Staff and the Staff of the Armed Forces at the Federal Ministry of Defence in Bonn. During this time he was promoted to Fregattenkapitän (commander) in April 1995. From 1996 to 1999 he commanded the U-boat training center in Eckernförde.

After leaving the training center command, he was a unit head at NATO Joint Headquarters North East from 1999 to 2001, in Karup, Denmark. During this time, he was promoted to Captain (Kapitän zur See) in April 2000. In 2001, he returned to Bonn to serve as a unit head for the Naval Staff. Krause remained in the Defence Ministry, serving as deputy head of the staff department for task forces in the Staff of the Armed Forces from 2003 to 2004.

Service as an admiral
In November 2004, Krause was promoted to Flottillenadmiral (flotilla admiral), and took over the post of leader of the staff department for concepts, planning, and management in the Naval Staff. On 1 July 2006, he became the first commander of the Navy's 1st Flotilla, in Kiel. From October 2006 to March 2007, he was additionally commander of the Maritime Task Force for the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, in charge of a multinational force of 19 vessels and about 1,500 personnel. In April 2007 Krause became the Director of the German Navy's newly formed Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters (COE CSW). With the establishment of this office, the German Navy intended to respond to the shift in focus of naval operations from the high seas to coastal areas.

On 1 October 2008, Krause took the post of Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff of the Fleet Command in Glücksburg, and was promoted to Konteradmiral (rear admiral). On 27 August 2009, Krause took over the command of the Joint Operations Staff of the Ministry of Defense, providing support to the General Inspector of the Bundeswehr on operational matters. On 1 January 2012, he was promoted to Vizeadmiral (vice admiral), and appointed deputy commander of Allied Maritime Command Naples, serving until April 2013. On 1 August 2013, he was appointed Deputy Inspector of the Navy at the Navy Command in Rostock, the second-in-command of the German Navy. He took over from Axel Schimpf as Inspector of the Navy on 28 October 2014 until he relinquished the role in 2021 to his successor, Kay-Achim Schönbach, and retired.

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
Vice admirals of the German Navy
NATO military personnel
U-boat commanders
Military personnel from Lübeck
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
Recipients of the Badge of Honour of the Bundeswehr
Chiefs of Navy (Germany)
Helmut Schmidt University alumni


title: Andreas Krause

text:
Andreas Krause may refer to:
Andreas Krause (admiral) (born 1956), German Navy admiral
Andreas Krause (footballer born 1957), East German football midfielder
Andreas Krause (footballer born 1967), German football defender and poker player
Andreas Krause Landt (born 1963), German publisher


title: Victor Ramos (boxer)

text:
Victor Ramos (born 14 April 1970) is a retired East Timorese boxer. He was one of the first athletes to represent East Timor at the Olympic Games, when he competed at the Men's lightweight Boxing event at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, though he technically competed as an individual athlete because East Timor was newly independent and had not yet been formally recognized by the International Olympic Committee.  He was also the flag bearer for the Independent Olympians at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Ramos was one of the ten East Timorese athletes who received training in Darwin prior to his participation in the Sydney Olympic Games. However, he lost in round 1 against Ghanaian boxer Raymond Narh and did not advance any further.

Besides competing in the 2000 Summer Olympics, Ramos also competed in the 1997 Southeast Asian Games, where he won a bronze medal representing Indonesia.

The Sydney Olympics followed East Timor's declaration of independence from Indonesia in 1999, and the ensuing violence, and Ramos, like many other East Timorese, fled into the hills with his parents and siblings to escape from the violence.

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
People from Bobonaro District
East Timorese male boxers
Olympic boxers for East Timor
Boxers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2002 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for East Timor
Lightweight boxers


title: Waylla Q'awa

text:
Waylla Q'awa Aymara waylla Stipa obtusa, a kind of feather grass, q'awa little river, ditch, crevice, fissure, gap in the earth, "stipa brook" or "stipa ravine", also spelled Huaylla Khaua) is a mountain in the Andes of Bolivia, west of the Uyuni salt flat. It is situated in the Potosí Department, Daniel Campos Province, Llica Municipality, Canquella Canton.

See also
 Ch'alla Qullu
 Waylla
 List of mountains in the Andes

References

Mountains of Potosí Department


title: Let's Eat (TV series)

text:
Let's Eat () is a 2013 South Korean television series starring Lee Soo-kyung, Yoon Doo-joon, Shim Hyung-tak and Yoon So-hee. It aired on tvN from November 28, 2013 to March 13, 2014 for 16 episodes. The series is about four single people who are brought together by their love of food.

Synopsis
Four single people: happily divorced paralegal Lee Soo-kyung (Lee Soo-kyung), mysterious gourmand Goo Dae-young (Yoon Doo-joon), design student and former rich girl Yoon Jin-yi (Yoon So-hee), and petty lawyer Kim Hak-moon (Shim Hyung-tak). Who enjoy living alone, except for that pesky problem that dining out is not designed for one. At Jin-yi's request, she, Soo-kyung and Dae-young start eating out together and thus get involved in each other's lives.
Let's Eat depicts the daily life and romance of a single woman when a murder case occurs in her neighborhood. Lee Soo-Kyung  is a 33-year-old single woman. She divorced when she was in her 20's and now lives alone. She always wants to carry herself with dignity, but she loses self-control when she is near gourmet foods. Koo Dae-Young is a gourmet, especially talented with describing the taste of foods. He often lies when he opens his mouth, but he is usually considerate of others.

Cast

Main
 Lee Soo-kyung as Lee Soo-kyung
A chief secretary at a lawyer's office who craves food and often attempts to always follow the law. She's arrogant, rude, sassy, and tends to be a know-it-all, but she has a kinder side. She begins to show feeling for Dae-young.
 Yoon Doo-joon as Goo Dae-young
The mysterious neighbor who seems to always catch the hearts of the young ladies. He seems to be an expert on food, and likes to show it also.
 Shim Hyung-tak as Kim Hak-moon
Soo-kyungs's boss who acts rude, arrogant, and mean, but he actually has an obsessive crush on Soo-kyung.
 Yoon So-hee as Yoon Jin-yi
The new quirky young lady whose parents lives the States, and she quickly made friends with Dae-young.

Recurring
 Lee Do-yeon as Oh Do-yeon
 Jang Won-young as Choi Kyu-sik
 Jung Soo-young as Park Kyung-mi
 Hong Eun-taek as Choi Deok-young
 Feeldog as Hyun Kwang-suk
 Choi Dae-sung as Laundromat boss
 Jung Tae-sung as Hak-moon's nephew

Special appearances
 Park Young-seo as man on Soo-kyung's blind date (ep. 1)
 Lee Yong-nyeo as Bae Mi-ja (ep. 1)
 Lee Sang-woo as Kim Sung-soo, divorce client (ep. 8)
 Nam Nung-mi as Soo-kyung's mother (ep. 8-9)
 Kang Ye-bin as woman on Hak-moon's blind date (ep. 9)
 Heo Gu-yeon as Dae-young's father (ep. 10)
 Choi Phillip as Catholic church oppa, Soo-kyung's third ex-boyfriend (ep. 11)
 Lee Yong-joo as basketball team captain, Soo-kyung's second ex-boyfriend (ep. 11)
 Lee Yoon-mi as pet shop owner (ep. 11)
 Nam Chang-hee as dog owner (ep. 12)
 Sam Hammington as president of soy sauce crab restaurant (ep. 12)
 Kim San-ho as Hak-moon's restaurant owner friend (ep. 13)
 Choi Sung-joon as assailant (ep. 14)
 Jung Eun-pyo as police officer (ep. 14)
 Jung Kyung-ho as housing agency employee (ep. 15)
 Lee Il-hwa as Kwang-suk's mother (ep. 16)
 Uhm Hyun-kyung as restaurant customer eating delicious food (ep. 16)
 Kim Hyun-sook as Lee Young-ae, cafe customer (ep. 16)
 Ra Mi-ran as Manager Ra, cafe customer (ep. 16)
 An unknown Siberian Husky that scared Mr. Kim (ep. 12)

Production
The drama features eating scenes of the characters who live alone. Park Joon-hwa, producer-director of the drama, said "The drama focuses on building relationships between strangers through having a meal and ultimately relieving their solitude. It portrays the process of how people improve relations via food", and further explained that "Korean dramas have lots of eating scenes in which conflict erupts or settles down".

Ratings
 In this table,  represent the lowest ratings and  represent the highest ratings.
 N/A denotes that the rating is not known.

Sequel
A second season titled Let's Eat 2 aired in 2015, but only Yoon Doo-joon reprised his role as Goo Dae-young, who moves to Sejong City and befriends new neighbors played by Seo Hyun-jin and Kwon Yul.

The third season Let's Eat 3 aired in 2018 with Goo Dae-young, in his 30s, revisiting foods he loved in his 20s with former college classmate Lee Ji-woo (Baek Jin-hee) & their memories of the past.

References

External links
 Let's Eat official tvN website

2013 South Korean television series debuts
TVN (South Korean TV channel) television dramas
Korean-language television shows
2014 South Korean television series endings
Television series by CJ E&M
South Korean cooking television series
South Korean romance television series
South Korean comedy television series


title: Margaret Dick

text:
Margaret Isabella Brownlee Dick (14 September 191825 September 2008) was a pioneering Australian microbiologist.  She is best known for her role as Chief Microbiologist at Kraft Foods Australia and for the development of a methodology for safe food production. She was the first woman to be elected as a Fellow of the Australian Institute of Food Science and Technology.

Biography
Dick was born in Melbourne to immigrant Scottish parents, Margaret and James Dick. She was the youngest of the four children in the family. She descended from a long line of engineers on her paternal side, including her grandfather, father and all of her uncles. Her mother was a housewife and tailor, while both of her sisters became teachers. Dick's maternal grandfather worked as an accountant.

The family moved from South Africa to Australia in 1914. Her parents decided to move to Australia due to her father's risk of miner's phthisis and the start of the Great War.

Education
Dick was educated at Kew State School, Mont Albert Central School (the leading central school in Melbourne at the time) and Melbourne Girls' High School. Her parents made financial sacrifices so that she and her siblings could attend the best schools. She graduated from the University of Melbourne in 1941 with a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology, Dietetics, and Biochemistry. Upon graduating with a bachelor's degree, she found work in a medical microbiology laboratory in Adelaide, working under the supervision of several physicians.

Career
Shortly after, Dick returned to Melbourne where she won a role with the Kraft Walker Cheese Company (later Kraft Foods) as assistant to the senior microbiologist.

While working at Kraft, she developed and introduced new microbiological methods into Australia for measuring a range of B group vitamins and amino acids. This research led to her completion of her Master of Science degree in 1955, which was awarded by the University of Melbourne.

She began working for Kraft Foods in 1942 and continued her work for them for 40 years. By 1949, she earned the title of Senior Microbiologist and eventually she would become the Chief Microbiologist for the entire company. She set the microbiology standards for all of the company's products and became an authority on bacteriophage interaction with cheese starters and the occurrence of Staphylococci in dairy products. She outlined and employed the protocols (from a microbiological perspective) for food product monitoring and equipment and employee surveillance that eventually became HACCP (Hazard Analysis by Critical Control Points) standards. She also assisted in the determination of a more effective methodology to test for penicillin in cow's milk. Her last few months of work before retirement, she helped set up a microbiology laboratory in Tanzania. According to Allen, she was an internationally revered expert in the field.

Dick served on a number of committees including:
 Australian Dairy Produce Standards Organization
 Australian Defense Forces Food Standards
 NH&MRC Sub-Committee on Microbiological Food Standards
 Standards Association of Australia.
 Biological Advisory Committee of the National Association of Testing Authorities
She was the only person to serve on the microbiological subcommittee of the National Health and Medical Research Council food standards committee for the entire 25-year duration that it existed.

Final years
Dick never married. She died peacefully at her home in Mornington. She was survived by her niece and nephews.

Selected publications
 "The Thermal Stability of Folic (Pteroylglutamic) Acid" appeared in Immunology & Cell Biology, May 1948
 "The Microbiological Assay of Folic Acid" appeared in the Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science, May 1948
 "Fermentation of Food" was presented at the Academy of Science

Awards and recognitions
In 1970, she won the Australian Institute of Food Science and Technology's Award of Merit. That same year, she became their first woman fellow. She became a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering in 1977. In 2001, Dick was awarded a Centenary Medal for her contributions to food science and technology.

References

External links
 Margaret Dick interviewed by Hazel de Berg for the Hazel de Berg collection [sound recording], National Library of Australia
 Margaret Isabella Brownlee Dick (1918 - 2008), Encyclopedia of Australian Science
 Miss Margaret Dick (1918-2008), Interviews with Australian Scientists, Australian Academy of Science

1918 births
2008 deaths
Australian microbiologists
Women microbiologists
Australian women scientists
University of Melbourne alumni
20th-century Australian women scientists
University of Melbourne women
Scientists from Melbourne
Australian people of Scottish descent
People educated at Mac.Robertson Girls' High School


title: Siege of Perekop (1736)

text:
The siege or storming of Perekop () on June 1 (OS: 20 May), 1736, was part of  the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739). Russian field marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich (known in Russia as Minikh) successfully stormed the fortifications at the Isthmus of Perekop and left the Tatar fortress Fortress Or Qapi (known as Perekop Fortress in Russian) in ruins. This was a serious, if not mortal, blow to the independence of the Crimean Khanate and left the Tatar fortress in ruins. As a result, the Russian Empire for the first time gained access into the Crimean Peninsula. This was a serious blow to the independence of the Crimean Khanate.

Minikh feigned a false attack on the right flank, and the major attack on the fight flank broke through the fortifications. The army proceeded to the capital of the Khanate, Bakhchisaray, and Akmescit (now Simferopol). However epidemic, epizooty, and mutiny in the army forced Minikh to leave Crimea.

References

Military operations involving the Crimean Khanate
1736 in the Russian Empire
Conflicts in 1736
1736 in the Ottoman Empire
Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)
Perekop (1736)
Perekop (1736)


title: Anaheim Packing House

text:
The Anaheim Packing House is a  gourmet food hall in Downtown Anaheim, California, United States. Along with the Packard Building, a renovated 1925 Mission Revival style building, and a farmer's market, it makes up a shopping center called the Anaheim Packing District. The Packing House opened on May 31, 2014, and is located in a renovated 1919 former Sunkist citrus packing house built in Spanish Colonial Revival style. It is one of the few remaining packing houses in Orange County, and the only one in Anaheim. The packing house was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Anaheim Orange and Lemon Association Packing House in 2015.

References

External links

Anaheim Packing District

Food halls
Packing houses
Buildings and structures in Anaheim, California
Tourist attractions in Anaheim, California
Food markets in the United States
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in California
Industrial buildings completed in 1919
History of Anaheim, California
National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, California
1919 establishments in California
2014 establishments in California
Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Shopping malls in Orange County, California
Shopping malls established in 2014
Orange production


title: Siege of Perekop

text:
Siege of Perekop may refer to:

 Siege of Perekop (1689), by Russia, failed; see Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689
Siege of Perekop (1736), by Russia, success
Siege of Perekop (1771), by Russia, success; see Or Qapi
Siege of Perekop (1920), by Bolsheviks during Russian Civil War, success
Siege of Perekop (1941), by Nazi Germany during World War II, success; see LIV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)
Siege of Perekop (1944), by Soviet Union during World War II, success; see Crimean offensive

See also
 (1663)


title: Dixie Flyer (train)

text:
The Dixie Flyer was a premier named passenger train that operated from 1892 to 1965 via the "Dixie Route" from Chicago and St. Louis via Evansville, Nashville, and Atlanta to Florida. However, the train continued until 1969 as an Atlanta to Florida operation, run solely by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and its successor, the Seaboard Coast Line. The Flyer's route varied in early years, but by about 1920 was set as follows:

 Chicago and Eastern Illinois (C&EI), Chicago (Dearborn Station) to Evansville (Louisville and Nashville Railroad Station), or
 Louisville and Nashville (L&N), St. Louis to Evansville section
 Louisville and Nashville, Evansville to Nashville (Nashville Union Station)
 Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis (NC&StL), Nashville to Atlanta (Atlanta Union Station)
 Central of Georgia (CofG), Atlanta to Albany (Albany Union Station), via Macon
 Atlantic Coast Line (ACL), Albany to Jacksonville
 Florida East Coast (FEC), Jacksonville to Miami, or
 Atlantic Coast Line, Jacksonville to Tampa and Sarasota, and Jacksonville to St. Petersburg sections

History
After the NC&StL acquired the lease of the Western and Atlantic Railroad in 1890, it began promoting its passenger business from northern connections through Tennessee, and in early 1892 christened its existing trains 1 and 2 from Nashville to Atlanta as the Dixie Flyer, with through Pullman Palace sleeping cars from Nashville to Jacksonville; these at first were routed south of Atlanta via the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway (controlled by the Southern Railway), and later rerouted via the CofG and ACL.

In 1899, the NC&StL made an agreement with the Illinois Central (IC) to handle passengers via the IC from Chicago and from St. Louis, via Fulton, Kentucky and Martin, Tennessee on the Dixie Flyer with limited stops and a fast schedule.  In 1908, the Chicago traffic was rerouted via the CE&I from Chicago to Evansville, and the L&N from Evansville to Nashville; during World War I, the L&N also took over the traffic from St. Louis to Evansville.  Soon after the war ended, the route south of Atlanta to Jacksonville was settled on the CofG to Macon and Albany, and from there via the ACL via Tifton and Waycross.  In Jacksonville, through Pullmans were handed over to the FEC for Miami or to other ACL trains for Tampa and other west coast (Gulf of Mexico) points.

At the height of the Florida land boom in 1925, the popular Dixie Flyer was split into three sections:  the all-Pullman Dixie Flyer from Chicago/St. Louis to Florida; the coaches and Atlanta and Augusta sleepers were carried on the second section, named the Dixie Express; mail and express went by the third section, the Dixie Mail.  Following the collapse of the Florida boom and the effects of the Great Depression, services were cut back in the 1930s, with the Flyer handling both coaches and Pullmans.

A short-lived Jacksonville-Yellowstone National Park Pullman route was created in the summer of 1925, carrying a sleeper via the Dixie Flyer to St. Louis, via the Wabash to Kansas City, and via the Union Pacific to West Yellowstone.

By the postwar 1940s, the Florida East Coast Railway route along the coast was carried by the Atlantic Coast Line's Miamian. The other sections to St. Petersburg, Tampa and Sarasota were covered by ACL local trains. By the mid-1950s, the Atlantic Coast Line terminated the route at Jacksonville, including the sleeping cars. Passengers wishing to continue on the traditional Florida East Coast route to Miami would need to transfer to the ACL's East Coast Champion.

The Dixie Flyer was discontinued north of Atlanta by December 1965, From 1965 the Atlantic Coast Line RR (and then its successor, the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad) kept the train running on the route from Atlanta Union Station south to Jacksonville, on an overnight schedule, but without sleeping cars. The train was finally discontinued by December 1969. Like many other passenger trains a victim of plummeting ridership in the face of airline and highway competition.

Major stops
The following were major stops. Precise stops are in the diagram map at the right.
Chicago
St. Louis (the Chicago and St. Louis branches converged in Evansville)
Terre Haute
Evansville
Nashville
Tullahoma
Chattanooga
Dalton
Atlanta
Albany
Jacksonville
West Palm Beach
Fort Lauderdale
Miami

Separate connecting Atlantic Coast Line branches from Jacksonville served Gainesville, Orlando, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Sarasota and Fort Myers.

Dixie Route trains

Other trains from the Midwest to Florida using the Dixie Route included:
 Dixie Flagler (streamliner)
 Dixiana
 Dixie Limited
 Dixieland
 Dixie Express
 Dixie Mail
 Southland (diverged from the Dixie Flyer route at Albany, Georgia, where it followed the Perry Cutoff to reach Tampa and St. Petersburg)

References

External links

 "Dixie Flyer," NC&StL Preservation Society, accessed 23 August 2014.  Includes photos, time tables, and newspaper accounts of the train's discontinuance.

Named passenger trains of the United States
Night trains of the United States
Passenger trains of the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad
Passenger trains of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad
Passenger trains of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway
Passenger trains of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
Passenger trains of the Florida East Coast Railway
Passenger trains of the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad
Passenger rail transportation in Florida
Passenger rail transportation in Georgia (U.S. state)
Passenger rail transportation in Illinois
Passenger rail transportation in Indiana
Passenger rail transportation in Missouri
Passenger rail transportation in Tennessee
Railway services introduced in 1892
Railway services discontinued in 1969


title: Instrumentals (Nels Cline Singers album)

text:
Instrumentals is the debut album by The Nels Cline Singers led by American guitarist Nels Cline which was released in March 2002 on the  Cryptogramophone label.

Reception

The Allmusic review by Thom Jurek awarded the album 4½ stars out of 5, stating "This is one of Cline's strongest and most innovative efforts". All About Jazz stated "Jazz fans without an ear open to rock rhythms, energy music, or punk sensibility will almost certainly fail to appreciate what the Nels Cline Singers have done on Instrumentals. But Cline doesn't really care about that. His music is a defining statement of identity, a cry from the heart without pretense or ambiguity. For the open-minded, this record will stack up as one of the very best of the year. It's deep, exciting, and viscerally satisfying". Pitchfork Media's Sam Ubl stated "While Instrumentals suffers a bit in comparison to Cline's previous studio work with the huge Destroy All Nels Cline ensemble, it's mostly because the three-piece lineup curtails some of the wild tonal exploration done on that record. Don't fret, though, these folks still have an awful lot going for them". JazzTimes' Ron Wynn noted "There's certainly a lot to admire about what Nels Cline is doing on much of Instrumentals, but there's just too much chaos during those segments that don't work".

Track listing
All compositions by Nels Cline
 " A Mug Like Mine" - 9:03
 "Cause for Concern" - 4:22
 "Suspended Head" - 6:42
 "Harbor Child" - 6:11
 "Lowered Boom" - 6:47
 "Lucia" - 12:38
 "Ghost of the Piñata" - 7:47
 "Blood Drawing" - 15:27
 "Slipped Away" - 7:52

Personnel
The Nels Cline Singers
 Nels Cline – electric guitar, electric 12 string guitar, baritone guitar
 Devin Hoff – contrabass
 Scott Amendola – drums, percussion, effects, loops

References

2002 albums
Nels Cline Singers albums
Cryptogramophone Records albums


title: List of saltwater lakes of China

text:
There are thousands of lakes in the People's Republic of China, including 945 saltwater lakes and 166 salt lakes. Salt lakes and saltwater lakes are listed down there.

The Database of Chinese Lakes provided data on China's salt lakes. Changes in water level, environment, and human activities may increase or decrease the size of each lakes over time.

The Five Largest Salt lakes

Five Largest Saltwater Lakes
The five largest saltwater lakes in China include:

Dried or Divided Salt Lakes

Other Saltwater Lakes

References

See also
List of lakes of China

Saltwater


title: Pak 57

text:
The Pak 57 was a Swiss anti-tank gun used by the Swiss army.

Development
After the second World War, Switzerland sought to retrofit its armed forces, their anti tank guns at the time were mostly older German 75mm guns that were not sufficient for their needs. The Pak 57 and Pak 50 designs were the first domestic designs intended to replace them. The Pak 57, though slightly heavier than the Pak 50, had a very short barrel for an anti-tank gun and was much lighter than foreign designs such as the 90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3.  The HEAT round could penetrate  of armor at .

Both the Pak 50 and Pak 57 served with the Swiss fusilier battalions.

Notes

References

Artillery of Switzerland
Anti-tank guns of the Cold War


title: Sheri Jesiel

text:
Sheri Jesiel (born April 15, 1958) was a Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives. She represented the 61st district from her appointment in July 2014 to replace the outgoing State Representative JoAnn D. Osmond until her loss to Joyce Mason in the 2018 general election. The 61st district is based in Northern Lake County and includes Zion, Winthrop Harbor, Beach Park, Old Mill Creek, Gurnee and Antioch.

Representative Jesiel served on the Appropriations-Elementary & Secondary Education, Appropriations-Human Services, Business Growth & Incentives, Human Services, Mass Transit and Personnel & Pensions Committees.

In the 2014 election, she defeated Loren Karner with 58% of the vote to Karner's 42%. In the 2016 race, she topped challenger Nick Ciko 57% to 43%. She lost the 2018 general election to Joyce Mason.

References

External links
Illinois General Assembly Site

Living people
1958 births
People from Lake County, Illinois
Carthage College alumni
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Women state legislators in Illinois
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians


title: Comparison of music education software

text:
The following comparison of music education software compares general and technical information for different music education software.

For the purpose of this comparison, music education software is defined as any application which can teach music.

General

Operating system compatibility
This section lists the operating systems on which the software supports. There may be multiple versions of a player for different operating systems.

Features

Extended features

Instruments supported

See also
 Online music education
 List of music software
 List of educational software

References

Education music software comparison
Music
Music education


title: St Hugh's Stakes

text:
|}

The St Hugh's Stakes is a Listed flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old fillies. It is run at Newbury over a distance of 5 furlongs and 34 yards (1,037 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in August.

The race was awarded Listed status in 2003.

Records
Leading jockey since 1988 (4 wins):
 Oisin Murphy -  Shumookhi (2018), Zoetic (2020), Tardis (2021), Miaharris (2023)

Leading trainer since 1988 (3 wins):
 Richard Hannon Sr. – Bocas Rose (1988), Amazing Dream (1998), Cake (2007)

Winners since 1988

See also
 Horse racing in Great Britain
 List of British flat horse races

References
 Racing Post:
 , , , , , , , , ,
 , , , , , , , , ,
 , , , , , , , , ,
 , ,

Flat races in Great Britain
Newbury Racecourse
Flat horse races for two-year-old fillies


title: Casamero Pueblo

text:
Casamero Pueblo is an archaeological site including the partially excavated and stabilized ruins of an 11th-century Ancestral Puebloan community in Prewitt, New Mexico in McKinley County. It was an outlier of Chaco Canyon. It is on the Trail of the Ancients Scenic Byway.

Geography
The ruins are located on McKinley County Road 19, near Tecolote Mesa. Tecolote means "owl", and the red sandstone mesa has a formation that looks like the eyes of an owl.

History

Casamero Pueblo was an outlier of Chaco Canyon between about 1000 to 1125. Built with core-veneer masonry, the pueblo has 22 rooms on the ground floor and may have had 6 rooms on the second story. The settlement had 37 or more additional sites, many masonry dwellings, and a Great Kiva. Andrews Ranch, an outlier within the vicinity, was connected to the pueblo via a Chacoan road.

Between 1966 and 1967 the pueblo was excavated. The masonry was subsequently stabilized.

Facilities
The ruins are open throughout the year and are accessed via a short trail from the parking lot.

References

Buildings and structures in McKinley County, New Mexico
Native American history of New Mexico
Oasisamerica cultures
Parks in McKinley County, New Mexico
Pre-historic cities in the United States
Puebloan buildings and structures


title: Roopal Patel

text:
Roopal Patel is an Indian American luxury fashion consultant.

Early life

Roopal Patel was born in United States to Indian parents. Both her parents are immigrants. Her father is a doctor.

Career
Roopal Patel reports to Tracy Margolies, the chief merchant at Saks Fifth Avenue. Roopal was recently appointed as the Fashion Director at Saks Fifth Avenue. Roopal resigned as Senior Fashion Director at Neiman Marcus. She started her own luxury fashion consulting company in 2012  Now, one of her many clients is the [[Council of Fashion Designers of America#CFDA {FASHION INCUBATOR} program|CFDA {FASHION INCUBATOR} program]].
She was also a market editor at style.com. Roopal has been an advocate of bright colors in the fashion industry.

References

External links
 Official Website

American people of Indian descent
American businesspeople
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women


title: Parc de Choisy

text:
The Parc de Choisy is a public park located in the 13th arrondissement of Paris, near the Quartier Asiatique between avenue de Choisy, rue George-Eastman, rue Charles-Moureu,  and rue du Docteur-Magnan.  It was created in 1937.  The nearest metro station is Tolbiac.

History

The Parc de Choisy (1937), like the Square Saint-Lambert in the 15th arrondissement (1933),  was built on the site of a former gas factory.  The designer was Édouard Crevel (1880-1969), who had become chief architect of the city of Paris in 1935.  He was also the architect of the George Eastman Dental Institute (), a dental college, next to the park.  After World War II, he became architect of the Ministry of Reconstruction, rebuilding structures destroyed or damaged during the war.

Like other Paris parks of the 1930s,  Most of the park was built as a modern version of the French formal garden of the 18th century, rather than the picturesque style of the parks of the Second Empire and the Third Republic.  The Eastman Institute, at one end of the park, played the rôle of the château with which the central alley and rows of trees were aligned. Like a French formal garden, it had broad lawns and a large basin of water with fountains.  The edges of the park were given more natural groves of trees, winding paths and a small stream, in the more traditional Second Empire style.

Features of the Park

The park is a large rectangle between two avenues, with a Latin cross of paths lined by trees.  The brick structure of the Eastman Institute is at one end, with the basin and fountains in front of it.  One alley crosses the park from east to west,  meeting the grand esplanade.  Unlike the traditional formal French garden, the densest groves of trees are close to the "château", rather than at the most distant end.  The park features a rich assortment of flowerbeds.

The park, like most Paris parks of the 1930s, has an open-air theater at one end. and two large playgrounds, with concrete structures in the style of the period.  Near the entrance of the park on avenue Choisy,  there is a round table made of porphyry which came from the Pavilion of Finland at the 1937 Paris Exhibition.

References

Notes and citations

Bibliography

Parks and open spaces in Paris
13th arrondissement of Paris


title: Gerber Reservoir

text:
Gerber Reservoir is an irrigation impoundment created by Gerber Dam.  It is located in southern Klamath County, Oregon, United States.  The reservoir covers .  The dam and reservoir are named in honor of Louis C. Gerber, an early pioneer who owned much of the land flooded by the reservoir.  Today, the reservoir and surrounding property is owned by the United States Government.  It is administered by the Bureau of Reclamation and the Bureau of Land Management.  Gerber Reservoir is a popular outdoor recreation site with two campgrounds along its west shore.

History
Native Americans occupied sites around what is now Gerber Reservoir for perhaps 6,400 years before the first European settlers arrived in the area.  Ancient campsites have been found in the area of Gerber Reservoir.  Family bands of Klamath and Modoc peoples used these sites from early spring through fall for hunting, fishing, and plant gathering activities.

Louis C. Gerber (1854–1930) and his family were among the first whites to settle in the area.  In the mid-1880s, Gerber used the Swamp Act to acquire  along Miller Creek on the high plateau northeast of the Langell Valley. In 1895, he filed a homestead claim on an adjacent  parcel.  By 1915, Gerber had also purchased 20 abandoned homesteads in the same area.  He consolidated all these properties into the Gerber Ranch.  In 1923, Gerber sold  to the United States Government.  This area was flooded when the Bureau of Reclamation completed the Miller Creek impoundment dam in June 1925.  Both the dam and the reservoir it created were named in his honor.

During World War II, the island in the middle of Gerber Reservoir was used as a United States military bombing range. Today, ospreys and pelicans nest on the island.

Watershed
Gerber Reservoir is located on the east side of the Cascade Range in southern Oregon.  The reservoir's water comes from Miller Creek and its tributaries.  In addition to Miller Creek, Barnes Creek, Barnes Valley Creek, and Ben Hall Creek are year-around tributaries of the reservoir.  There are also a number of ephemeral tributaries that dry up in summer.  The reservoir's outlet is Miller Creek, as it flows over Gerber Dam.  From there, the water flows southwest through Miller Creek Canyon to the Langell Valley, where it runs into the Lost River.

The watershed that drains into Gerber Reservoir covers .  There are three primary vegetation zones that make up the watershed:  coniferous forest, juniper woodlands, and shrub-steppe.  There are also some meadow lands within the pine forest zone and in riparian areas along drainages that empty into the reservoir from the north and south.  The watershed to the north, south, and west of the reservoir are pine forest.  The area east of the reservoir is mostly juniper woodlands. The areas immediately surrounding the reservoir are shrub-steppe.

The vegetation in the coniferous forest is dominated by ponderosa pine.  Other tree species found in the watershed are lodgepole pine, sugar pine, white fir, and incense cedar.  The forest understory include mountain mahogany, big sagebrush, low sagebrush, rabbitbrush, bitterbrush, and manzanita.  Other common forest plants include ceanothus, huckleberry, snowberry, blue elderberry, chokecherry, twinberry, and serviceberry.  Flowering plants include lupine, vetch, asters, biscuitroot, balsamroot, wild strawberry, yarrow, and dandelion.  Grasses found in the forested areas include Idaho fescue, intermediate wheatgrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, bottlebrush squirreltail, and Thurber needlegrass.  Invasive species include Kentucky bluegrass and cheatgrass brome.  There are also quaking aspen in the upland meadows areas dispersed within the pine forest portion of the watershed.

Juniper woodlands are drier forest areas with shallow, sandy soil.  Western juniper is the dominant species.  The understory is similar to the pine forest with big sagebrush and bitterbrush widely distributed.  Mountain mahogany, low sagebrush, rabbitbrush, and gray horsebrush are common in some areas.  Grasses include Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, bottlebrush squirreltail, granite prickly-phlox, western needlegrass, and Sandberg bluegrass.

The shrub-steppe areas around Gerber Reservoir are generally dominated by big sagebrush with low sagebrush common in rocky areas.  Other vegetation includes rabbitbrush, spiny hopsage, wax currant, balsamroot, desert parsley, willow dock, blazing star, sunflower, plains mustard, tarweed, manna grass, buckwheat, and ryegrass.

Environment
Gerber Reservoir is an irrigation impoundment created by Gerber Dam.  The reservoir covers .  It is approximately  long and  wide.  The reservoir has a branching shape with shallow arms that follow various watershed drainages.  There is one permanent island in the middle of the reservoir.  The reservoir has an average depth of  with a maximum depth of .  Its elevation is  above sea level.

While very few aquatic plants live in the shallow branches, the reservoir is still very productive.  Its trophic state is classified as eutrophic.  A combination of suspended inorganic matter and phytoplankton growth limit the water's transparency.  In the main part of the reservoir, the water is deep enough for thermal stratification.  In the deeper thermal layers, there is less oxygen than is found near the surface.

The reservoir is in the rain shadow of the Cascade Range.  As a result, the weather in the Gerber area is typical of high plateaus in the northern Basin and Range Province.  It is characterized by ample sunshine, low precipitation, and wide temperature ranges.  Low humidity causes rapid evaporation.  As a rule, winters in the Gerber area are long and summers mild.

The annual average high temperature at Gerber Reservoir is .  The warmest month is normally July, which has an average high of .  The annual average low temperature is .  January is normally the coldest month, with an average low of .  Gerber gets an average of  of precipitation per year, much of it coming as snow.  Precipitation occurs mainly in the winter with smaller amounts in the fall and spring.  Summers are generally dry except during localized thunderstorms.  The prevailing winds are from the west and south.

Ecology

The meadows near the reservoir have camas and tufted hairgrass.  Wetlands along the reservoir shoreline have sedge, cattails, bulrushes, arumleaf arrowroot, pond lily, sago pondweed, widgeon grass, sego lily, burr weed, and tule.  There are also willows in riparian areas along drainages that empty into the reservoir.

The reservoir's game fish includes white crappie, yellow perch, bluegill, brown bullhead, largemouth bass, rainbow trout, brown trout, and brook trout.  The crappie and perch are particularly sought after by anglers.  Crappies over  long are common.  The largest crappie ever caught at the reservoir weighed well over , an Oregon state record.  Perch up to  long are also common at Gerber.  Other fish found in the reservoir include tui chub, blue chub, speckled dace, and shortnose sucker.

In addition to fish, the reservoir provide habitat for a wide variety of bird species.  Birdwatchers can see waterfowl, songbirds, and birds of prey in the Gerber area.  Common waterfowl include western grebe, red-necked grebe, common loon, hooded merganser, common merganser, trumpeter swan, Canada goose, snow goose, black tern, American coot, and a number of duck species.  Other water-dependent birds found at the reservoir include sandhill crane, great blue heron, black-crowned night heron, American bittern, snowy egret, American white pelican, American avocet, long-billed curlew, willet, Virginia rail, spotted sandpiper, and common snipe.

In the forest around the reservoir, there are black-billed magpies, common ravens, Brewer's blackbirds, northern flickers, rock doves, and mourning doves as well as downy woodpecker. Several owl species are found near the reservoir.  These include the great horned owl, great grey owl, barn owl, and screech owl.  Other bird species common to the area are Steller's jay, pinyon jay, scrub jay, American robin, hermit thrush, western bluebird, mountain bluebird, western meadowlark, horned lark, Cassin's finch, sagebrush sparrow, lark sparrows cedar waxwing, brown creeper, mountain chickadee, dark-eyed junco, red-breasted nuthatch, yellow-rumped warblers, red crossbill, northern oriole, green-tailed towhee, Lazuli bunting, plain titmouse, purple martin, cliff swallow, rock wren, Hammond's flycatcher, American dusky flycatcher, western kingbird, brown-headed cowbird, pine siskin, sage thrasher, and two hummingbird species.  The reservoir also attracts birds of prey including prairie falcon, northern goshawk, Cooper's hawk, red-tailed hawk, turkey vulture, osprey, golden eagle, and bald eagles.

The mixed conifer forest, juniper woodlands, and shrub-steppe zones around the reservoir are home to numerous mammals, both large and small.  It is estimated that approximately 4,900 mule deer winter in the Gerber Reservoir area.  In addition to mule deer, the larger mammals include pronghorn, Roosevelt elk, coyote, American black bear, bobcat, and cougar.  Some of the small mammals found in the Gerber area are badger, raccoon, porcupine, striped skunk, western spotted skunk, marten, mink, long-tailed weasel, black-tailed jackrabbit, mountain cottontail, and pika.  Rodents common to the area include western gray squirrel, golden-mantled ground squirrel, least chipmunk, western harvest mouse, Great Basin pocket mouse, and northern grasshopper mouse.  There are also five bat species found in the Gerber area.

Reptiles found in the Gerber area include both snakes and lizards.  The snakes species are common garter snake, western terrestrial garter snake, striped whipsnake, gopher snake, rubber boa, and western rattlesnake.  Lizards include western fence lizard, sagebrush lizard, short-horned lizard, and western skink. There are four amphibians that live in or around Gerber Reservoir: the Pacific tree frog, Oregon spotted frog, western toad, and the long-toed salamander.

Recreation
The Bureau of Land Management actively manages the area around Gerber Reservoir.  Over the years, two campgrounds have been developed at the reservoir.  Together, they provide a wide range of facilities including potable water, restrooms, campsites, picnic tables, cooking grills, boat ramps, floating docks, and fish cleaning stations.  Garbage collection and a recreational vehicle dump station are also provided.  Fees are charged for camping and day use at both campgrounds.  There are also some primitive campsites near the reservoir.  There is no fee for using the undeveloped camp sites.

There are two campgrounds at Gerber Reservoir with a total of 50 developed campsites.  Both of the campgrounds are located along the west shore of the reservoir.  They are open year around.  However, the campground facilities are only maintained during the summer, from mid-May to mid-September.  Gerber North campground has 25 campsites, as does Gerber South campground.  During the summer, the reservoir is a popular place for fishing, boating, canoeing, and kayaking.  There are also trails near the lake for hiking and mountain biking.  The Gerber Watchable Wildlife Tour has nine wildlife viewing stations near the reservoir.  In addition, Gerber Reservoir is a stop on the Klamath Basin Birding Trail.

There are a number of archeological sites near the reservoir.  It is against Federal law to disturb or remove artifacts from these sites.  Visitors who happen upon an archeological sites are asked to contact the Bureau of Land Management office in Klamath Falls.

Location
Gerber Reservoir is located in Klamath County, Oregon.  It is  east of Klamath Falls and  west of Lakeview, Oregon, off of Oregon Route 140. To get to the Gerber Reservoir campgrounds from Klamath Falls, take Route 140 east to Dairy, Oregon.  At Dairy, turn south onto Oregon Route 70 and travel  to Bonanza, Oregon.  From there, continue on East Langell Valley Road for ; then turn left onto Gerber Road. Follow Gerber Road for  to the Gerber recreation area.

See also
 List of lakes in Oregon

References

External links

Lakeview Bureau of Land Management District

Reservoirs in Oregon
Bureau of Land Management areas in Oregon
Lakes of Klamath County, Oregon
1925 establishments in Oregon


title: Charing (disambiguation)

text:
Charing is a village in Kent, England

Charing can also refer to:

Charing, Georgia, a community in the United States
Charing, Tibet, a village in Tibet
Charing (painting), also known as Una Mestiza
Charing, London, former village now known as Charing Cross


title: Results of the 1992 Victorian state election (Legislative Council)

text:
|}

This is a list of Legislative Council results for the Victorian 1992 state election. 22 of the 44 seats were contested.

Results by province

Ballarat

Central Highlands

Chelsea

Doutta Galla

East Yarra

Eumemmerring

Geelong

Gippsland

Higinbotham

Jika Jika

Koonung

Melbourne

Melbourne North

Melbourne West

Monash

North Eastern

North Western

Silvan

South Eastern

Templestowe

Waverley

Western

See also

 1992 Victorian state election
 Members of the Victorian Legislative Council, 1992–1996

References

Results of Victorian state elections


title: I pirati della Malesia

text:
I pirati della Malesia may refer to:
 I pirati della Malesia (novel), an 1896 novel by Emilio Salgari
 I pirati della Malesia (1941 film), a 1941 film starring Massimo Girotti
 I pirati della Malesia (1964 film), a 1964 film starring Steve Reeves


title: Malaysia at the 1995 SEA Games

text:
Malaysia competed in the 1995 Southeast Asian Games held in Chiang Mai, Thailand from 9 to 17 December 1995.

Medal summary

Medals by sport

Medallists

Football

Men's tournament
Group A

Women's tournament
Group stage

Gold medal match

References

1995
Nations at the 1995 SEA Games


title: Broad-ringed white-eye

text:
The broad-ringed white-eye (Zosterops eurycricotus) or Kilimanjaro white-eye is a bird species in the family Zosteropidae. It is found in northeast Tanzania.

The broad-ringed white-eye was formerly considered a subspecies of the montane white-eye, now Heuglin's white-eye (Zosterops poliogastrus).

References

broad-ringed white-eye
Endemic birds of Tanzania
broad-ringed white-eye
Taxa named by Gustav Fischer


title: Te-tsun Yu

text:
Te-tsun Yü (1908–1986) was a Chinese botanist, specialising in Spermatophytes and Phanerogams, particularly in the Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China, which have the most diverse flora in China.

Education
Yu was taught by Hu Xiansu.

Career
Yu was a co-founder of the Kunming Institute of Botany. He worked as editor of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae and director of the Institute of Botany at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

He was a prolific collector of plant specimens in Yunnan, making expeditions into the largely unexplored mountains in the north west of the province. Thousands of specimens he collected were exported to Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts and Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh who funded the expeditions in 1937.

In 1979 he toured the United States as part of a delegation from the Botanical Society of the People's Republic of China in reciprocal arrangements with the Botanical Society of America. This collaboration led to the Flora of China Project which started shortly after Yu's death and was first published in 1994.

He compiled "The Botanical Gardens of China" (Published: 1983 by Science Press, Beijing, ) which contains many colour photographs and maps of each botanical garden.

References

External links
 http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/index.html Flora of China Project

20th-century Chinese botanists
Chinese gardeners
Chinese taxonomists
Beijing Normal University alumni
1908 births
1986 deaths
Biologists from Beijing
Members of the Jiusan Society


title: The Celestial Septet

text:
The Celestial Septet is an album by The Nels Cline Singers and Rova Saxophone Quartet which was released in March 2010 on the  New World label.

Reception

The Allmusic review by François Couture awarded the album 4 stars out of 5, stating "a thrilling record, and one of Rova's most artistically successful collaborations... The Celestial Septet features a high level of amalgamation between the two ensembles and, honestly, one wishes for this combination to carry on. Rova and Nels Cline Singers are more than compatible; they complement each other's compositions".

Track listing
All compositions by Larry Ochs except as indicated
 "Cesar Chávez" (Scott Amendola) - 12:46
 "Trouble Ticket" (Steve Adams) - 12:27
 "Whose To Know [For Albert Ayler]" - 25:22
 "Head Count" - 2:21
 "The Buried Quilt" (Nels Cline) - 15:58

Personnel
The Nels Cline Singers
 Nels Cline – guitar
 Devin Hoff – bass
 Scott Amendola – drums

Rova Saxophone Quartet
 Bruce Ackley - soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone
 Steve Adams - alto saxophone, sopranino saxophone
 Larry Ochs - tenor saxophone, sopranino saxophone
 Jon Raskin - baritone saxophone, alto saxophone, sopranino saxophone

References

2010 albums
Nels Cline Singers albums
Rova Saxophone Quartet albums
New World Records albums
Septets


title: Corriere Adriatico

text:
Corriere Adriatico is a regional newspaper which is one of the oldest publications in Italy. It has been in circulation since 1860. The headquarters of the paper is in Ancona.

History and profile

Corriere Adriatico was established in 1860. The paper is among the newspapers published in the Marche region. Specifically, it is based in Ancona. During the Fascist rule in Italy Corriere Adriatico was controlled by the National Fascist Party (FNP).

Since 2004 the owner has been the Caltagirone Editore Group which also owns Il Mattino and Il Messaggero, among others. Corriere Adriatico is published by a company with the same name.

Corriere Adriatico launched a color version in 2006. There are five editions of the paper, which are distributed in Ancona, Pesaro, Macerata, Ascoli Piceno and Fermo. It has also the online and digital versions.

The paper includes sections of news, sport, regular columns and promotional initiatives.

On its 150th anniversary of the establishment a commemorative stamp was published by the post of Italy.

Corriere Adriatico sold 19,400 copies in 2007.

See also
 List of newspapers in Italy

References

External links

1860 establishments in Italy
Daily newspapers published in Italy
Fascist newspapers and magazines
Italian-language newspapers
Mass media in Ancona
Newspapers established in 1860


title: Trimaster

text:
Trimaster was a Japanese scale model manufacturer based at Fujieda City, active from 1987 to 1991.

The company focused exclusively on the Luftwaffe aircraft in 1:48 scale, mostly rare variants and prototypes. Trimaster's kits were among the most detailed and complex at the time, including white metal castings, metal tubes, wires, vinyl tires and photo etched parts. Their prices were also extremely high for the time (about 55 USD) and the company went out of business as a result.

Hong Kong based Dragon acquired Trimaster's molds and re-released the kits in a simpler and more affordable format, replacing most metal parts with plastic. Lettering of the Dragon's "Master Series" resembles the original Trimaster's logo font.

In March 2020, Dragon announced its Trimaster Collection. This series, reissued in original box design, commemorates Trimaster's importance and its past contributions.

Product lines
MA-1 Focke-Wulf Fw 190D-9 "Langnasen Dora"
MA-2 Focke-Wulf Fw 190D-12
MA-3 Heinkel He 162A-2 (with BMW 003E engine)
MA-4 Heinkel He 162A-2 (without engine)
MA-5 Focke-Wulf Fw 190F-8
MA-6 Focke-Wulf Fw 190A-8
MA-7 Focke-Wulf Fw 190A-8/R11 Nachtjäger
MA-8 Focke-Wulf Fw 190A-8/R8 Rammjäger
MA-9 Focke-Wulf Ta 152H-1
MA-10 Messerschmitt Me 262A-1a/U4 (Polkzerstörer with 50mm cannon)
MA-11 Messerschmitt Me 262A-2a/U2 (Schnellbomber with clear nose)
MA-12 Messerschmitt Me 262A-1a/Jabo
MA-13 Messerschmitt Me 163B-1a Komet
MA-14 Messerschmitt Me 163S (two-seat trainer)
MA-15 Focke-Wulf Fw 190D-12 Torpedoflugzeug
MA-16 Messerschmitt Me 262A-1a Nachtjäger (single seat)
MAZ6800 Focke-Wulf Ta 152C-0 (resin parts for nose and wings)

References

External links
 Trimaster at Scalemates

Model manufacturers of Japan
Defunct companies of Japan
Toy companies established in 1987
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1991
Japanese companies disestablished in 1991
Japanese companies established in 1987


title: Mark Robinson (journalist)

text:
Mark Robinson is an Australian sports journalist. He is the chief football writer for Melbourne's Herald Sun newspaper, appears on the 1116 SEN radio station's pre-match Australian Football League (AFL) discussion and co-hosts Fox Footy's AFL 360 television program.

Career
A junior footballer for the Horsham Saints in Horsham, Robinson began covering football in 1992. Throughout his career he has predominantly covered Australian rules football and has been the chief football writer for the Herald Sun since 2012 following the retirement of Mike Sheahan.

Robinson has co-hosted the AFL 360 television program on Fox Footy since 2010.

Robinson was a panelist on many of the 1116 SEN radio station's shows, including The Run Home and match day AFL discussion until the end of the 2017 season

In 2018, Robinson joined 3AW as a panelist on the Sunday Sport show alongside Daniel Harford and Jimmy Bartel.

In the latter half of 2021, Robinson experienced multiple cardiac episodes which required medical attention, including open-heart surgery.

Controversies and feuds
Robinson has been rumoured to have been involved in a variety of verbal and physical altercations with several fellow journalists, including Damian Barrett, Andy Maher and Michael Warner.

In June 2017, Robinson tweeted about Collingwood footballer Alex Fasolo when his struggles with severe depression became known, suggesting that the quickness of Fasolo's recovery was an indication he was faking his illness. He later deleted the tweet and apologised for what he said, with the Collingwood president later saying that Robinson ignored the club's medical advice when contacting Fasolo.

References

Journalists from Melbourne
Australian radio personalities
Australian rules football commentators
Australian sports journalists
Living people
Sandhurst Football Club players
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Bendigo


title: Wu Faxian

text:
Wu Faxian (; 1915–2004) was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army. In 1930 he became a soldier of Chinese Red Army, two years later he joined the Chinese Communist Party. He participated in five Counter-Encirclement Campaigns, Long March, Battle of Pingxingguan, Liaoshen Campaign and Pingjin Campaign.

In 1955 he was granted the military rank of lieutenant general. Wu was a subordinate of Lin Biao, in 1965 he became the commander of People's Liberation Army Air Force. After Lin's failed coup, he was imprisoned as part of the post-Lin purges. In 1973, he was stripped of all titles and Party membership. In 1981 he was declared guilty as a member of the Lin Biao group and sentenced to 17 years in prison. However, due to good behavior and his past meritorious service, as well as ailing health, he was released later the same year when he was given a house, car and a monthly pension as his party membership and titles were restored. He was given a state funeral when he died in 2004 which was attended by many former subordinates as well as representatives from the PLA.

References

1915 births
2004 deaths
People of the Cultural Revolution
People from Ji'an
People's Liberation Army generals convicted of crimes
Members of the 9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Commanders of the People's Liberation Army Air Force
People's Liberation Army generals from Jiangxi


title: Count of Hermannstadt

text:
The Count of Hermannstadt, also Count of Sibiu or Count of Szeben (), was the head of the Transylvanian Saxons living in the wider region of Hermannstadt (now Sibiu in Romania) in the 13th and early 14th centuries. The counts were royal officials, appointed and dismissed by the Kings of Hungary.

Origins

Jurisdiction

List of the Counts of Hermannstadt

Thirteenth century

Fourteenth century

References

Sources

Hungarian nobility
Political office-holders in Transylvania
Medieval Transylvania


title: Jiang Xingquan

text:
Jiang Xingquan (; born 5 June 1940) is a retired Chinese professional basketball player and coach. He is the current consultant to head coach of Liaoning Flying Leopards in the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). He is considered one of the most famous Chinese basketball coach, and is known for his strict rules and ability to promote young players.

Playing career
Jiang graduated in 1958 from Shenyang Sport University. Between 1960 and 1970, he played for the Liaoning basketball team, and stepped up as the team's head coach in 1970.

Coaching career

Clubs
Jiang was appointed by the Xinjiang Flying Tigers in 2002 in the second tier league. He led the team to promote into the Chinese Basketball Association. The team ranked fifth both in 2002-03 and 2003-04 seasons as rookie team.

He moved to side with his hometown team Liaoning Panpan in 2004, and managed for two seasons. For the 2004-05 season, Liaoning ranked top in the north division.

In 2006, he joined Zhejiang Wanma Cyclones, and helped the team entering the playoffs.

In 2007, Jiang returned to Xinjiang. This time the team made impressive progress, entering CBA finals for 3 consecutive seasons since 2008. He was sacked in 2011, but re-appeared shortly as the interim coach later that year.

In 2013, Jiang moved to Guangdong to join Foshan Dralions until 2015.

In 2017, he was appointed as the consultant of Zhejiang Golden Bulls.

In 2020, he returned to Liaoning as consultant.

National team
In 1990, Jiang became the head coach of China men's national basketball team. From 1991 through 1995, the team won 3 ABC Championships, and had impressive performance in the 1994 FIBA World Championship, entering quarter-finals, which was the best result among China national team's history, and was considered the best achievement in his national team coaching career. In 1999, Jiang returned to Chinese men's basketball team, and won his fourth FIBA Asian Cup as the head coach. However, the team did not perform well in the 2000 Sydney Olympics, which led to his resignation. He returned shortly in 2003, and again won his fifth Asian title.

References

1940 births
Chinese basketball coaches
Basketball players from Liaoning
Chinese men's basketball players
Living people
Olympic coaches for China


title: Aversion to happiness

text:
Aversion to happiness, also called fear of happiness, is an attitude towards happiness in which individuals may deliberately avoid experiences that invoke positive emotions or happiness. Aversion to happiness is not a recognized mental health disorder on its own, but it can contribute to and/or exacerbate existing mental health issues.

Mohsen Joshanloo and Dan Weijers identify four reasons for an aversion to happiness:
 a belief that happiness will cause bad things to happen
 that happiness will cause you to become a bad person
 that expressing happiness is somehow bad for you and others
 that pursuing happiness is bad for you and others.
For example, "some people—in Western and Eastern cultures—are wary of happiness because they believe that bad things, such as unhappiness, suffering, and death, tend to happen to happy people." Empirical studies show that fear of happiness is associated with fragility of happiness beliefs, suggesting that one of the causes of aversion to happiness may be the belief that happiness is unstable and fragile. Research shows that fear of happiness is associated with avoidant and anxious attachment styles. A study found that perfectionistic tendencies, loneliness, a childhood perceived as unhappy, belief in paranormal phenomena, and holding a collectivistic understanding of happiness are positively associated with aversion to happiness.

Cultural factors
One of several reasons why fear of happiness may develop is the belief that when one becomes happy, a negative event will soon occur that will taint that happiness, as if punishing that individual for satisfaction. This belief is thought to be more prevalent in non-Western cultures. In Western cultures, such as American culture, "it is almost taken for granted that happiness is one of the most important values guiding people's lives". Western cultures are more driven by an urge to maximize happiness and to minimize sadness. Failing to appear happy often gives cause for concern. The value placed on happiness echoes through Western positive psychology and through research on subjective well-being.

These findings "call into question the notion that happiness is the ultimate goal, a belief echoed in any number of articles and self-help publications about whether certain choices are likely to make you happy". Also, "in cultures that believe worldly happiness to be associated with sin, shallowness, and moral decline will actually feel less satisfied when their lives are (by other standards) going well", so measures of personal happiness cannot simply be considered a yardstick for satisfaction with one's life, and attitudes such as aversion to happiness have important implications for measuring happiness across cultures and ranking nations on happiness scores.

Aversion to happiness can be thought of as a specific example of ideal affect (described by affect valuation theory), whereby cultures vary in the extent to which they value the experience of different emotions.

See also
 Display rules
 Emotions and culture
 History of emotions

References

Positive psychology
Culture
Emotions
Happiness
Phobias


title: Illusion (ZE:A EP)

text:
Illusion is the first Korean EP released by K-POP group ZE:A. The album was released on August 9, 2013.

Background
On August 5, 2013 Star Empire Entertainment released an audio teaser for Illusion's title track The Ghost Of Wind. Later, on August 9, a video teaser of the music video was released. The song Step By Step was released as a pre-release single.

The comeback with the EP Illusion marked the return of ZE:A's leader, Moon Junyoung, after being away from promotional activities due to a leg injury.

Promotion

Illusion promotions began on August 8, 2013 with a showcase and mini-fanmeet. The following day televised music show promotions started with a performance on KBS' Music Bank.

The title track off Illusion, The Ghost Of Wind, peaked at number 21 on the Gaon Charts and is the highest position any ZE:A has reached since their debut single, Mazeltov. The album itself peaked at number six on the Gaon charts, selling roughly 41,221 albums before it fell from the top 100.

A Japanese single version of Illusion was released on November 28, 2013. Both a Japanese and Korean music video of Step By Step were released on November 1, 2013 to promote its release.

Track listing

Japanese single track listing

References

External links
Music Daum Page
Music Daum Page (Japanese Single)

ZE:A albums
2013 EPs


title: Karl-Adolf Zenker

text:
Karl-Adolf Zenker (19 July 1907 – 27 March 1998) was an officer in the Kriegsmarine during World War II. He served as a member of the Naval Historical Team and later became commander (Inspector of the Navy) of the post-war German Navy.

References
 Sander-Nagashima, Johannes Berthold (2006). Die Bundesmarine 1955 bis 1972: Konzeption und Aufbau. München, Germany: Oldenbourg Verlag. .

External links

1907 births
1998 deaths
Reichsmarine personnel
Kriegsmarine personnel
Bundesmarine admirals
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross
Vice admirals of the German Navy
Chiefs of Navy (Germany)


title: Midland Rail Heritage Trust

text:
The Midland Rail Heritage Trust was founded on 28 April 2004 by a group of railway enthusiasts to preserve and promote the Midland Railway line and the steam locomotives that worked it. It is based at the Old Railway Yards, Pococks Road, Springfield. The Trust is a member of the Federation of Rail Organisations of New Zealand. The Trust is also the owner and sole shareholder of the Midland Railway Company (NZ) Limited. As of 2021, Mainline Steam Heritage Trust's Christchurch depot was moved to here after the owner of the old depot in Middleton asked them to move on.

History
The Trust was formed in April 2004. It was incorporated under the Charitable Trusts Act 1957 on 27 May 2004.

In 2005 three locomotives that had been dumped in the Grey River at Omoto were recovered. They were Uc 369, Uc 370 and La 312. White Bus Family Production's had obtained the resource consent for the recovery and gave Uc369 and Uc370 to the Trust on the understanding that should the Trust fold then ownership would return to it. Ownership of La 312 was retained by White Bus Family Production.

Also in 2005 a pair of diesel shunters from the Islington Freezing works were donated to the Trust, and a 15 tonne gantry crane and equipment from the Otira Railway Workshop was acquired. In 2008 track was obtained from the old Burnham Army Camp siding. The lines from the old railway yard were connected to the Kiwirail network in January 2010. Through 2011 with the help of four workers from a Work and Income job scheme buildings were repaired and track work was undertaken.

The Trust's secretary in 2012 was Simon Walker. At that time the club made a submission to Parliament opposing the Gambling (Gambling Harm Reduction) Amendment Bill as they considered it would remove a source of funding from charitable gaming trusts that the club used.

Locomotives and rolling stock

Locomotives

 The MRHT has also in their care is the tender body from U 194.

Carriages

Wagons

References

External links
 MRHTs official website

Museums established in 2005

Heritage railways in New Zealand
2004 establishments in New Zealand


title: Rhodopseudomonas julia

text:
Rhodopseudomonas julia is a bacterium from the genus of Rhodopseudomonas which was isolated from a sulfur spring from the Golovin Volcano on the Kunashir Island in Russia.

References

External links
Type strain of Rhodopseudomonas julia at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Nitrobacteraceae
Bacteria described in 1993


title: Kup Rural LLG

text:
Kup Rural LLG is one of the Local Level Government of Kerowagi District in the Chimbu Province, Papua New Guinea.

It is made up of three Tribes, the first one is Kumai, these are the people who lives close to the LLG and share border with the Jiwaka, the second one Gurikunana, and lastly is Bari. The Kumais lives near to the Waghi Valley so their land is very fertile to grow food crops. The Gurikunana people live up to the bush on rocky mountains with the Baris where they enjoy their own lives hunting in the big jungle.

Wards
 Kumga
 Kumai Bonmeku
 Yuri
 Kuma Deingeku
 Kuma Kindingapam
 Endugla Nanginku
 Endugla Kunaunaku 1
 Endugla Kunaunaku 2
 Yopa
 Bandi No. 2
 Bandi No. 1

References

Local-level governments of Chimbu Province


title: NBA championship ring

text:
In the National Basketball Association (NBA), a championship ring is awarded to members of the team that win the annual NBA Finals.
Rings are presented to the team's players, coaches, and members of the executive-front office. The Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics are tied for the most rings overall with 17 per team. Phil Jackson is the coach with the most championship rings and Bill Russell has the most as an NBA player (11 each).

History
NBA championship rings have been awarded since the first NBA Finals in 1947. In the modern era, the rings are handed to the defending champions during the team's first home game each season.

Design
NBA championship rings are silver or gold and include the following features:
Team name and symbol
Year the team won the championship
Player name
NBA logo
"World Champions"

Players and coaches with the most championships
List of NBA players with most championships
List of NBA championship head coaches

See also

MLS Cup ring
World Series ring
Super Bowl ring
Stanley Cup ring
Championship ring
List of NBA champions
Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy

References

External links
NBA.com: List of champions

Championship rings
Championship ring
Championship ring


title: Kenna Partners

text:
Kenna Partners is one of Nigeria's leading law firms with its Head Office in Lagos, and branch offices in both Abuja and Enugu. The firm is fully registered with the African Financial Corporation.

History
Founded in 1993 as Kenna & Associates, the firm underwent a restructuring to become Kenna Partners Barristers and Associates in 2011 and fully incorporated with Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC)). In the year 2013, the firm celebrated its 20th anniversary with the presentation of a book titled ‘Law & Society’ authored by Fabian Ajogwu SAN (Principal Partner in the firm) and presented by Dr Christopher Kolade CON.

The firm's client list includes public and privately held commercial businesses and financial institutions as well as governments and state-owned entities.

Practice Areas
The firm is structured into three main Groups – Commercial Law (corporate & investment dealings) Group, Energy & Natural Resources Practice Group, Civil Litigation and Dispute Management Group.

 Alternative Dispute Resolution & Litigation
 Banking Law, Investments & Corporate Finance
 Communications, Media and Technology
 Corporate & Commercial Law
 Criminal Law
 Energy & Natural Resources
 Environmental Law
 Intellectual Property
 Labour & Employment
 Privatization & Regulatory Law
 Non Profit & Charitable Organisations
 Trustee & Estate
 Real Estate
 Intermodal Carriage

Publications
The firm continue to contribute immensely to legal development practice in Nigeria through authoring of notable books that were  published by Center for Commercial Law Development (CCLD) in Nigeria. Some of which are:

 Solanke, Folake and Ajogwu, Fabian (2016), Oral & Written Advocacy: Law & Practice, Commercial Law Development Services (CLDS), , Lagos, Nigeria, 302 pages
 Ajogwu, Fabian and Kenna Partners (2015), Trade & Investments in Nigeria: Legal & Regulatory Aspects, Commercial Law Development Services (CLDS), , Lagos, Nigeria, 436 pages
 Ajogwu, et al, (2015), Company Secretary’s Guide on Corporate Governance, Commercial Law Development Services (CLDS), , Lagos, Nigeria, 329 pages
 Ajogwu, Fabian and Oscar Nliam (2014): Petroleum Law and Sustainable Development, Eds. Center for Commercial Law Development (CCLD), Lagos, Nigeria
 Ajogwu, Fabian and Kenna & Associates (2007), Legal & Regulatory Aspects of Business (Issues in doing business in Nigeria) Eds. Center for Commercial Law Development (CCLD), Lagos, Nigeria
 Ajogwu, Fabian (2007), Corporate Governance in Nigeria: Law and Practice, Eds. Center for Commercial Law Development (CCLD), Lagos, Nigeria
 Ajogwu Fabian (2013), Law & Society Eds. Center for Commercial Law Development (CCLD), Lagos, Nigeria (Published to marked 20th Anniversary of the firm)

Notable Cases and Transactions
The firm continue to represent Nigeria Government on some notable cases among which includes:
 BPE Opposes motion to stop power station privatization.
 Federal Government of Nigeria vs Sanusi (suspended Governor of Central Bank of Nigeria)
 ECOWAS Court Dismisses N84 Billion Suit Against the Federal Govt

References

Law firms of Nigeria
Companies based in Lagos
Nigerian companies established in 1993
Law firms established in 1993