title: Dahlia pinnata

text:
Dahlia pinnata (D. × pinnata) is a species in the genus Dahlia, family Asteraceae, with the common name garden dahlia. It is the type species of the genus and is widely cultivated.

Description
Dahlia pinnata is a perennial herbaceous plant with a rhizome and tuberous roots, reaching a height of 70 to 120, rarely 160 centimeters. The stem is erect being branched only in the inflorescence.  The leaves are usually simple, with leaflets that are ovate and 5–10 cm long. The plant is slightly shaggy.

The two to eight flower heads have a diameter of 6 to 10 centimeters on 5 to 15 centimeters long stems. The eight florets have a length of 3 to 5 centimeters, are ovate and coloured pink to deep purple.

Dahlias are mid-year to late-year season flowers that grow in a lot of various colors and forms.

Taxonomy
Hansen and Hjerting in (1996) demonstrated that Dahlia pinnata should more properly be designated D. x pinnata. D. x pinnata was shown to actually be a variant of D. sorensenii that had acquired hybrid qualities before it was introduced to Europe in the sixteenth century and formally named by Cavanilles. The original wild D. pinnata is presumed extinct.

Distribution and habitat
It is, geographically, located in Northern/ Central America and they tend to grow at borders. The plant occurs in Mexico in the mountains around Mexico City.

Ecology
The flowering period extends from July to October.

Pests and diseases
Dahlias tend to attract quite a bit of insects, some which are dangerous and harmful to their survival. Insects like slugs, earwigs, the red spider, snails, caterpillars, aphids, and thrips threaten dahlias because they can eat the petals, leave slime trials, leave tattered petals, etc. Dahlias can also become infected with the following diseases: Sclerotinia disease, fungal diseases, mildew, Botrytis, Crown Gall, etc. If dahlias do become infected with these they can wilt, have spots on the leaves, the leaves can get irregular coloring/ patterning, etc.

Cultivation
Used as an ornamental plant, and was cultivated by the Aztecs before the discovery of America, and was introduced to Spain in 1798. Modern dahlias are often the product of hybridisation between D. pinnata and D. coccinea.
As cutflowers, dahlia have a long lifespan.

Besides being used for their outside appearance, dahlias tend to be used for their medicinal properties as well. This plant's roots contain some "nutritious inulin stored inside them" and they even have "antibiotic compounds concentrated in the skin of the tubers." This was so much so that this garden dahlia was before such an "important root crop and medicinal plant among the pre-Columbian Indians of central Mexico, Yucatan and Guatemala."

Dahlias prefer rich soil (pH level estimated at around 6.5- 7.5) with enough organic matter. The roots must be kept moist since they are very shallow rooted which means they usually become dry fairly frequently and quickly. They bloom around mid-summer through the beginning of winter, they are able to survive a light frost, but anything colder/harsher than that, they will not be able to keep thriving. When the harsh weather of winter is approaching, the dahlias should be dug up and stored in a safer place for them.

Many dahlia pinnata types can grow from seeds but more often they are cultivated by division of the tuberous roots or by stem cuttings. Providing the flower with some kind of plant food (mulch, growing media, nutrient food, etc.) can really make the dahlia healthier and more likely to survive.

References

External links

 Catalogue of Life
 Tela Botanica
 Dahlia pinnata

pinnata
Endemic flora of Mexico
Flora of Central Mexico
Garden plants of North America
Plant extinctions since 1500
Taxa named by Antonio José Cavanilles
https://ptduttablogspot.in/2023/09/30/d/(opens in a new tab)


title: Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)

text:
The following is a timeline of the Syrian civil war from August to December 2014. Information about aggregated casualty counts is found at Casualties of the Syrian Civil War.

August 2014

4 August
The Lebanese Army stated that 14 soldiers had been killed and 22 were missing after alleged clashes with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant fighters on the Syrian border.

7 August
Rebel militants withdrew from the Lebanese town of Arsal after a ceasefire with the Lebanese army.

8 August
ISIS forces captured two towns – Akhtarin and Turkmanbareh – and several villages north of Aleppo, after battles with other rebel groups.

18 August
By mid-August 2014, ISIL was the most successful group in Syria, controlling the main areas of Syrian oil and gas fields.

19 August
The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria posts a video of their beheading of American journalist James Wright Foley, who had been kidnapped in 2012.

21 August
The Syrian opposition accused the Syrian army of launching a chemical attack on the Jobar neighborhood of Damascus, killing at least six civilians.

22 August
The United Nations estimated that the death toll in Syria had doubled to at least 191,000 in the past year.

24 August
ISIS forces captured the Tabqa airbase from the Syrian military.

26 August
Al-Qaeda affiliate Al-Nusra Front retook the Syria border crossing with Israel-occupied Golan at Quneitra, with shells dropping across the border. An IDF officer was wounded and Israel shelled two Syrian bases.

Syrian airstrikes reportedly hit an area near the embattled Beqaa town of Arsal.

27 August
The UN Human Rights Council issued a report accusing both IS militants and Syrian government forces of committing war crimes in Syria.

An artillery shell fired from the Syrian Army from Qunetira injured an Israeli army officer. Rebel forces captured the Syrian side of the Quneitra Israel-Syria border pass after heavy fighting.

28 August
An unidentified rebel group captured 43 Fijian peacekeepers on the Golan Heights.

Syrian rebels captured the Syrian-Israeli border crossing.

Syrian fighter jets launched a precise attack on an IS HQ in the city of Mohasan, during a meeting between military leaders and sharia judges. The attack resulted in the death of most leaders inside, while others were wounded. Another airstrike occurred against an IS camp near Baath Dam, killing and wounding dozens of insurgents. According to SOHR, ISIS executed 160 Syrian soldiers between 27 and 28 August.

29 August
The United Nations estimated that three million Syrians live as refugees overseas while another 6.5 million are displaced within Syria, and stated that "almost half of all Syrians have now been forced to abandon their homes and flee for their lives".

September 2014

1-6 September
The Syrian Army began shelling al-Nusra Front positions in the Qunetira border post. On 2 September, ISIL revealed that it had killed Steven Sotloff. On 3 September, the Syrian Army killed Malek al Tal, a senior al-Nusra commander in the Qalamoun region in Syria. He was responsible for the kidnapping of several Christian nuns in Syria earlier in the year.

Also, ISIS launched an attempt to capture the Deir ez-Zor military airport, but the attempt was repelled while the army launched airstrikes on ISIS positions. ISIS lost at least 47 fighters. On 5 September the Syrian Air Force killed 18 IS fighters during airstrikes on the city of Raqqa.

The ISIL killed a Lebanese soldier in the town of Arsal. Also, the Syrian Air Force carried out several airstrikes in Raqqa targeting an Islamic court and a training camp. The Syrian Air Force also targeted a bakery, killing dozens of civilians.

9 September
Syrian Army units retreated from the Khan al Hallabat area, after rebels advanced there. At the same time, rebels captured Tell al-Mal, which connects the Quneitra and Daraa provinces. Rebels also captured Al-Mal, al-Taiha, Aqraba, and the border village of Kafar Nasig east of the hill. At this point, according to the SOHR, rebels controlled about 70% of the Quneitra Governorate.

10 September
In a televised address to the nation, The President of the United States Barack Obama outlined a broad campaign against ISIL. For Syria, the strategy involves airstrikes against ISIL coupled with arming and training Syrian rebels.

12 September
The Syrian Army re-took control of the town of Halfaya in the Hama Province, after expelling al-Nusra fighters from the town.

14 September
David Haines was killed by ISIL. Also, the Free Syrian Army announced that they would not be joining the coalition to fight IS without a guarantee that the US is committed to the Syrian Arab Army overthrow.

15 September
Syrian Arab Army and Syrian Special Forces destroyed a bridge over the Euphrates river used by ISIL. A number of IS fighters were killed during the operation.

18 September
IS fighters seized around 21 villages in Northern Syria from Kurdish fighters. The villages were located near Ayn-Al-Arab (Kobani).

22 September
Bombing raids by an American-led International Coalition (Bahrain, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates) targeted ISIS and Al Qaeda's Khorasan franchise, escalating the war to a new level. The airstrikes in Aleppo on the Khorasan group killed at least 50 militants, who were mostly not Syrian, and also a few women and children.

By 22 September, ISIL had taken around 100 villages from Kurdish fighters in Kobani and they were besieging the city of Kobani.

23 September
The al-Nusra Front claimed that its leader Abu Yousef al-Turki was killed the air strikes.

Israel shot down a Syrian Air Force Sukhoi Su-24 that had allegedly infiltrated its air space.

24 September

Coalition aircraft began targeting oil installations controlled by the ISIL, mostly located in Al Hasakah, Abu Kamail, and Deir el-Zour.

25 September

More than 20 Syrian rebel groups signed an agreement to unite in the fight against the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and President Bashar al-Assad's forces.

The Syrian army retook control of the village of Adra, located near Damascus. In Deir-Ezzur, the Syrian republican guard killed over 80 ISIL fighters in the Al-Haweeqa area. IS was also withdrawing from the Tabqa airbase in Raqqa after being hit by several airstrikes from coalition jets as well as the Syrian air force.

26–27 September

ISIL resumed its siege of Kobani with a full-scale assault from the west, east and south of the city. US-led coalition air strikes targeting ISIL fighters besieging Kobani were reported on 27 September 2014. An ISIL building and two "armed vehicles" were destroyed at the Kobani border crossing, according to the Pentagon.

29 September
With more errant shells landing on Turkish territory, the Parliament in Ankara begins debating a possible invasion, while the Army begins massing ordinance on the border with Syria.

30 September
Following American airstrikes, Kurdish Peshmerga take a vital border crossing at Rabia. ISIS suffers damaged equipment and delayed advances due to American air superiority, buying the Kurds in northern part of Syria time to recover.

October 2014

1 October
At least 45 people (including 41 children) are killed and 56 injured by a suicide bomber attack on the Akrameh al-Makhzumi elementary school in Homs.

3 October
The Syrian army started an offensive on areas north of Aleppo. According to the Syrian state news agency, the Syrian army captured a few villages north of Aleppo, including the city of Handarat. It was later reported that rebel forces recaptured Handaraat.

4 October
The Kurdish city of Kobane in the Raqqa governate is on the brink of catastrophe as ISIS fighters besiege the city.

5 October
18,000 Palestinians are facing life-threatening shortages of water in the Yarmouk Camp neighborhood of Damascus.

6 October
ISIL fighters advanced in the Kurdish town of Kobani with heavy fighting inside the city. It is unclear if some parts of the city are captured, but ISIS fighters planted their flags on some buildings inside the city.

7 October
Kurds clash violently with Turkish police over failure to help Kurds under siege in the Syrian border city of Kobani under siege by ISIL forces. At least fourteen people have died in the clashes.

8 October
At least 19 Kurdish civilians were killed while protesting against the government's inaction in defending Kobani from ISIS advances.

Opposition fighters seize Al Harra hill, south of Damascus, after fighting with Assad forces, seizing large quantity of arms and ammunition.

10 October
ISIL push to capture the town of Kobani. The town has served as the headquarters of the Kurdish resistance. Reports say ISIS controls nearly 40% of the city. Kurdish leaders requested foreign intervention in an attempt to repel the assault on the town. 12,000 civilians are reported trapped in the city. The Syrian delegate to the UN requested foreign aid, particularly from Turkey, to evacuate the citizens, who will likely face massacre in the event of an ISIS takeover.

11 October
The Syrian army continues its offensive in Damascus and on 8 October captured the town of Al-Rayhan near Duma, and on 11 October Ayn Tarma, a decisive blow to the already exhausted Jaysh Al-Islam fighters.

Turkey agrees to allow the training of 2,000 Syrian opposition forces on its soil as Islamic State militants approach to within 1 mile of the centre of the border city of Kobani.

12 October
Despite the capture of their headquarters in Kobane, Kurdish fighters continue a fierce resistance. Coalition airstrikes continue to pound the area, but ISIS is unrelenting in their attempts to capture the city.

Meanwhile, in the eastern province of Deir al-Zor, ISIS clashed with the Syrian army.

16 October
Shahba Mall in Aleppo was bombed and caused heavy damage which causes the mall to become permanently closed. According to Syrian activists, activists believed that bombing was did by the air force that was loyal to Bashar al-Assad government.

18 October
After heavy fighting inside the city of Kobane, Kurdish fighters with support of coalition airstrikes managed to push back IS fighters from most of the city. In the meantime, the Syrian Army continued its offensive north of Aleppo, capturing a glass factory, a cement plant, and the village of Al-Jubeileh near the Aleppo Central Prison. The Syrian Army now has all main supply lines to Aleppo under its control.

22 October
The Syrian Air Force claims to have shot down two of the three fighter jets operated by ISIL in northern Syria.

23 October
After months of fighting, the Syrian army captured Morek, a strategic town on the highway linking the cities of Hama and Aleppo.

27 October
U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon reports to the Security Council that the organization has observed the Israeli Defence Forces interacting with, at "terrorist bases," and supplying weapons to rebels, including Al Nusra.

November 2014

1 November
Turkey breaks from its policy of preventing Kurdish fighters from entering Syria and allows 150 Iraqi Peshmerga to cross into Kobanê.

3 November
 3 November – Islamic State militants claim to have captured the Jahar gas fields in Homs, the second gas field they have captured in a week.

5 November
 11 children are killed by mortar fire at a school in Damascus.

9 November
Nusra Front and other local rebels capture the southern city of Nawa from Syrian Arab Army forces after months of fighting.

16 November
ISIL claims to have executed American hostage Abdul-Rahman Kassig.

23 November
ISIL downs one of Syrian Arab Army fighter planes over the city of Deir Ezzor. According to SOHR, the Syrian Arab Army plane had carried out twenty airstrikes over the town the previous night, but it was the first time that ISIS had succeeded in bringing one down.

Almost 100 people were killed and many more critically injured in at least 10 Syrian government airstrikes in Raqqa, according to SOHR. Targets included the city's al-Hani Mosque and the public souk, or market.

25 November
Syrian Air Force raids on the city of Raqqa kill at least 36 people.

28 November
According to the New Straits Times (a government-controlled Malaysian newspaper), activists and opposition figures indicate the demise of the Revolution to topple Assad, calling the revolt a failure.

According to a Kurdish official and activists, ISIL raids Kobani from a base in Turkey.

29 November
Heavy fighting in Kobani kills at least 40 fighters from both ISIL and Kurdish forces.

30 November
The pro-regime warplanes carry out aerial bombardments on the residential building in the cities of Jassem, Tafas, killing at least 20 civilians including women and children, and one civilian respectively.

Coalition forces launch over 30 airstrikes on Raqqa, the de facto capital of ISIL. No real positive outcomes according to reports by YPG fighters on the ground: "US air strikes are useless and we only have support from Kurdish fighters and Shia militias."

December 2014

1 December
The United Nations World Food Program suspended a food program for 1.7 million Syrian refugees after donor countries fail to meet their commitments.

6 December
17 rebel leaders in southern Syria signed a joint defense pact in order to project a more united front and receive increased backing from Western and Arab backers.

The Syrian Army repelled an ISIL offensive on the Deir ez-Zor air base, resulting in at least 119 casualties total.

7 December
The Israeli Air Force bombed two Syrian Armed Forces bases near Damascus and the town of Dimas, according to Russian and Syrian sources.

8 December
The United Nations asked for $16.4 billion to fund humanitarian assistance programs in 2015 with Syria, Iraq, Sudan and South Sudan the areas of greatest need.

9 December
Rebels in northern Syria announced that the US has stopped paying them, which will affect over 8,000 rebel fighters deployed in Hama and Idlib.

Three Turkish Army soldiers died by gunfire in the town of Ceylanpinar. The local Turkish governor begins an investigation of whether the gunfire came from the Syrian side of the border.

10 December
A senior US State Departement official stated that the country's armed opposition would not be able to militarily defeat the Assad government.

14 December
After months of violent clashes with Jaysh Al-Islam, the Syrian army declared the East District of Jobar under complete fire control. As a result of this progression, approximately 800 Jaysh Al-Islam militants are now trapped inside Jobar, with almost nowhere to retreat.
Meanwhile, the Syrian army continues its offensive in Aleppo by capturing Al-Manasheer, the Al-Bureijj Stone Quarries, and the Wood Factory in the Industrial District near the Al-Jandoul Roundabout in northeast Aleppo.

A battle between Bashar al-Assad loyalist forces and Islamist rebels in Aleppo Governorate left 34 rebels dead and 3 loyalist fighters captured.

15 December
Nusra Front and other rebels captured two military bases at Wadi Deif and Hamidiyeh in the Idlib province from government forces, after two years of fighting.

16 December
Around one hundred Syrian soldiers and eighty Islamist fighters die in a two-day battle for Wadi Deif, with the Islamic Front capturing over 120 government soldiers.

19 December
Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu says that Turkey may begin training and equipping moderate Syrian opposition fighters before March 2015.

In the five-part video series 'The War Next Door,' a VICE journalist goes behind the scenes with the IDF unit which gathers wounded Syrian rebel fighters in the dead of night and brings them to Israel for treatment.

24 December
A Royal Jordanian Air Force warplane crashed, and its pilot was captured by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant militants near Raqqa.

25 December
Videos surfaced of a ceremony honoring the unification of the rebels, who come from groups like the Islamic Front, the Mujahedeen Army, Fastaqim Kama Umirt—a unit of the Free Syrian Army—and the Asala wa-al-Tanmiya Front. The rebels in the northern part of the country advanced in key battlegrounds near Aleppo over the weekend as several groups merged and renamed themselves the Levant Front. It marked the first time since 2012 that rebel groups have officially collaborated to take on President Assad's forces.

31 December
The Italian coast guard boarded and regained control of a cargo ship that had been sabotaged and abandoned by human traffickers carrying nearly 1,000 passengers, mostly Syrian refugees, that was in imminent jeopardy of crashing into land.

References

Timelines of the Syrian civil war

2014 in Syria
Lists of armed conflicts in 2014


title: Percy Bentley (British Army officer)

text:
Percy Bentley MC & Three Bars (18 January 1891 – 8 July 1956) was an officer in the British Army in the First World War. He was one of four soldiers to be awarded the Military Cross four times, all in the First World War.

Early life
Bentley was born in Knottingley, Yorkshire, where his family were auctioneers and valuers and involved with local politics.  He was educated at The King's School, Pontefract and then Sedbergh School, where he joined the Officer Training Corps.  He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Territorial Army in October 1910, joining the 5th Battalion of the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry (KOYLI), and was promoted to lieutenant in May 1914.

First World War
Following the outbreak of the First World War, he was sent to France with his battalion in April 1915, in the 148th (3rd West Riding) Brigade of the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division. His battalion was moved to the 187th (2/3rd West Riding) Brigade of the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division in February 1918.

He served as the battalion adjutant from 1915 to 1919, and was promoted to the rank of temporary captain in June 1915  and then substantive captain in June 1916. He was wounded in 1915, and then suffered from rheumatism in late 1916, was wounded by a shell at Passchendale in 1917, and suffered from colitis in 1918.

He was awarded the Military Cross (MC) on four occasions. He was awarded his first MC in December 1916, was awarded a first Bar in September 1918, a second Bar in November 1918, and a third Bar in January 1919 for his actions at the Battle of Havrincourt in September 1918. Two other officers received their third Bar in the same January 1919 edition of the London Gazette, Humphrey Arthur Gilkes and Charles Gordon Timms, emulating Francis Victor Wallington whose third Bar was gazetted on 13 September 1918.

His brother Captain Will Bentley and his cousin Lieutenant Henry Bentley also served with the KOYLI during the war.

Later life
He married Francis Ann Poskitt in 1917.  She was the sister of the Roman Catholic priest Henry Poskitt, later Bishop of Leeds.

He resigned his commission in 1922 and returned to Bentley, leaving the army in order to join the family business.  He commanded the guard of honour at the British Legion Conference held at Scarborough in 1928.

He was elected to serve as a Conservative representative on the Pontefract Borough Council from 1922 to 1945, and then from 1946 to 1949.  He also served on the West Riding County Council, as an Alderman from 1933 to 1939. He was Mayor of Pontefract in 1930–31.

His wife died in 1955, and Bentley died at home the following year.  He was survived by a son and three daughters.

References

 A very gallant gentleman, Captain Percy Bentley, Knottingley and Ferrybridge Local History
 For conspicuous gallantry: winners of the Military Cross and bar during the Great War, Scott Addington, p. 347-348

1891 births
1956 deaths
British Army personnel of World War I
King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry officers
People from Knottingley
Recipients of the Military Cross
Military personnel from Yorkshire


title: Seth Williams (defensive back)

text:
Seth Williams (born October 24, 1986) is an American football defensive back who is currently a free agent. Williams played college football at the University of Richmond. The Richmond Spiders won the NCAA Division I FCS championship in 2008. He has been a member of the New York Giants, Ottawa Redblacks, Montreal Alouettes, New Orleans VooDoo and Tampa Bay Storm.

Professional career

New York Giants
Williams was signed by the New York Giants on April 26, 2010. He was waived by the Giants on September 4, 2010 and signed to their practice squad on September 5.
Williams was released by the New York Giants on September 9, 2010.

Montreal Alouettes
Williams signed with the Montreal Alouettes on January 20, 2011. He recorded 98 tackles from 2011 to 2012. He was signed to a two-year deal by the Alouettes on February 14, 2013. He was the Alouettes Most Outstanding Rookie in 2011.

He was released by the Alouettes on June 21, 2013.

Williams missed the entire 2013 season while recovering form an ankle injury.

Ottawa Redblacks
Williams was signed by the Ottawa Redblacks on March 4, 2014. He was released by the Redblacks on August 18, 2014.

New Orleans VooDoo
William was assigned to the New Orleans VooDoo of the Arena Football League (AFL) on March 6, 2015. He became a free agent after the 2015 season.

Tampa Bay Storm
On March 1, 2016, Williams was assigned to the Tampa Bay Storm. On April 7, 2016, Williams was placed on reassignment.
On May 4, 2016, Williams was assigned to the Storm again.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
NFL Draft Scout

Living people
1986 births
American football cornerbacks
Canadian football defensive backs
African-American players of American football
African-American players of Canadian football
Richmond Spiders football players
Montreal Alouettes players
Ottawa Redblacks players
New Orleans VooDoo players
Tampa Bay Storm players
Players of American football from Fayetteville, North Carolina
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people


title: Anita Straker

text:
Anita Straker  is a British mathematics educator who became president of the Mathematical Association for the 1986 term.

After teaching maths in schools, Straker became a maths advisor for the county of Wiltshire in the UK and then a school inspector. She went on to pioneer computers in schools from within the UK Department for Education and Employment.

In the 1980s the only primary school software available was American, so she started writing her own programs. She wrote the educational text adventure games Mallory Manor (1983), Merlin's Castle (1984), Zoo (1984), Martello Tower (1986) and Puff (1986) for the BBC Micro.

In the 1990s, she designed the National Numeracy Strategy for primary school children in the UK for which she was honoured with the CB and the OBE.

She has written several maths textbooks.

References

British mathematicians
Women mathematicians
Mathematics educators
British educational theorists
Video game developers
Living people
Women video game developers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Low (Juicy J song)

text:
"Low" is a song by American rapper Juicy J featuring Lil Bibby, Young Thug, and Nicki Minaj. It was released on August 7, 2014, intended as the first single from the former's fourth studio album. However, it fared poorly commercially and was thereby removed from the project. "Low" was written by Juicy J, Nicki Minaj, Lil Bibby, Dr. Luke, Rock City, and Cirkut. It was produced by Dr. Luke and Cirkut. The song received positive reception from music critics, most of it for Nicki Minaj's appearance. A music video directed by Benny Boom was created to promote the single.

Background and release
On August 6, 2014, Juicy J announced that the first single from his fourth studio album would be released on August 7, 2014, would be titled "Low", and would feature guest appearances from Nicki Minaj, Lil Bibby and Young Thug. In the same announcement he also showed the single cover art. On August 7, 2014, a snippet version of "Low" went online hours before the full song was released for digital download.

In an interview with Bullett Media, Juicy J spoke about the collaboration with Minaj, Bibby and Thug: "I never told anybody I had a record with Bibby or Young Thug or Nicki Minaj. The day before I dropped it, I was like, 'Yo! Guess what?' And a lot of my fans on Twitter were like, 'What?' I was like, 'I'm dropping a new single tomorrow with Lil Bibby, Young Thug, and Nicki Minaj.' They couldn't believe it. That's what I'm doing. I'm shocking people."

Critical reception
"Low" garnered a positive reception from music critics. Rick Florino of Artistdirect.com gave praise to the song's beat and the lyrics from all three rappers, calling it "another bona fide anthem from the king of all things." Joey DeGroot of Music Times praised the production and likened Nicki's Minaj's verse more than Juicy J's, saying, "While Juicy's rhymes are pretty laidback, Nicki's completely blow everything apart, spitting furiously with her trademark taunt." Brennan Carley of Spin also credited the song to Minaj's appearance, saying she "demonstrates her lyrical prowess with rhymes like, "I'm fly every day but a bitch ain't trippin' / You be on that bull, you be on Scottie Pippen."

Music video
Directed by Benny Boom, the video features the rappers at a barbecue cookout and an empty warehouse with vehicles and speakers with colored smoke coming out of them. Young Thug does not appear in the video. The video premiered online on August 21, 2014.

Track listing

Charts

References

External links

2014 singles
2014 songs
Juicy J songs
Nicki Minaj songs
Young Thug songs
Music videos directed by Benny Boom
Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke
Songs written by Theron Thomas
Songs written by Timothy Thomas
Songs written by Dr. Luke
Songs written by Nicki Minaj
Songs written by Juicy J
Songs written by Young Thug
Songs written by Cirkut
Kemosabe Records singles


title: Alberto Sotio

text:
Alberto Sotio (... - fl. 1187), also Alberto Sozio, was an Italian painter and illuminator of medieval art from Spoleto, active during the second half of the twelfth century.

Biography
Alberto Sotio is considered the central figure of the twelfth century Spoleto school of painting. The master's signature (with handwriting Sotio), was found on the crucifix of the Cathedral of Spoleto in the lower part of the figure of the skull of Adam under the image of Christ with the date 1187, and even further down and precisely on the end of the cross read a fragment of the text A. D. MCLXXXVII. M.... Opus. Alberto. Sotii .... A precious work and in perfect conservation. He is also attributed some of the frescoes in the former church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Spoleto. A fragment from a crucifix attributed to him is a rare example of an early Italian painting, executed on parchment affixed to a wooden panel. This suggests that he may have also worked as a manuscript illuminator. He is also credited with the fragment of the Madonna in Maestà, now preserved in the Pinacoteca di Brera.

Notes

References

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
12th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Gothic painters
Manuscript illuminators


title: Badminton at the 1986 Asian Games – Men's doubles

text:
The badminton men's doubles tournament at the 1986 Asian Games in Seoul took place from 30 September to 4 October.

Schedule
All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)

Results

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

References
 1st round results
 2nd round results
 Quarterfinals results
 Semifinals results
 Final results

Men's doubles


The Arkadelphia Commercial Historic District encompasses the historic commercial core of Arkadelphia, Arkansas, the county seat of Clark County.  Arkadelphia was settled in 1842, and its commercial district is located in one of the older parts of the city, near the Ouachita River.  Most of the buildings were built between c. 1890 and c. 1920, and are built out of brick and masonry; the oldest building in the district is estimated to have been built in 1870.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.  The district consists of two blocks of Main Street, between 5th and 7th Streets, and three blocks of Clinton Street, between 6th and 9th Streets.  A number of buildings in the district were destroyed by an F-5 tornado which struck the town in 2009.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Clark County, Arkansas

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Neoclassical architecture in Arkansas
Buildings and structures completed in 1890
Geography of Clark County, Arkansas
Buildings designated early commercial in the National Register of Historic Places
National Register of Historic Places in Clark County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Arkadelphia, Arkansas


title: Michel Légère

text:
Michel Légère (b. August 10, 1943) is a Quebec lawyer, former civil servant and politician. He served as mayor of Hull from 1981 to 1991.

Born in Pictou, Nova Scotia, Légère studied at the University of Ottawa and was called to the Bar of Quebec in 1970. He married Monique Lacerte. He served in several federal government departments, including Environment Canada, the Privy Council Office and Transport Canada. From 1978 to 1981, he practised law. In 1979 and again in 1980, he was an unsuccessful New Democratic Party candidate in the Hull federal riding, losing each time to Liberal Gaston Isabelle. He was a professor at the University of Ottawa from 1992 to 1993. He ran unsuccessfully for the Parti Québécois in the Hull provincial riding in 1994, losing to Liberal Robert LeSage.  Légère is credited with inspiring the development of the Quebec Route Verte bicycle network and later served as president of Vélo Québec. He was president of Gatineau's ombudsman office for five years. Légère was named to the Order of Gatineau in 2012.

References

1943 births
Living people
People from Pictou County
Mayors of Hull, Quebec
University of Ottawa alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ottawa
New Democratic Party candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Parti Québécois candidates in Quebec provincial elections
Acadian people


title: Berladnici

text:
The Berladnici (; ; ; ) were a supposed medieval people living along the northeastern Black Sea coast. While their ethnicity is unclear, it included runaways from Kievan Rus' who left those lands due to feudal oppression. Peasants as well as boyars dissatisfied with the rulers purportedly settled in the vicinity of the city of Bârlad as well as the river of the same name in eastern Romania, as well as on the lower Don River.

History
The Berladnici are first mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle. The text recounts the 1159 war between Prince Yaroslav of Halych and his cousin Ivan Berladnic, during which the latter fled to "the Cumans in towns near the Danube and allied with him many Cumans and Berladnici being over 6,000 people". In 1161, The Berladnici captured the port of Oles at the mouth of the Dnieper river, which caused severe damage to Rus' merchants. They were occupied mainly with fishing, hunting, and crafting. They practiced robbery, often working alongside Cumans in raids against the cities of Rus'. Berladnici nobility consisted of landowners and knyazes refugees who tried to create a state along the lower Danube.

According to Professor Victor Spinei, written sources exclude the existence in the 12th-century of a Romanian territory subordinate to the Principality of Halych. On the other hand Spinei contends that the archaeological evidence from that era does not reveal any typological or quantitative differences between the Bârlad area and the lands in the center and south of Moldova.

There is no mention of the Berladnici after the 13th century. The Ipatiev Chronicle mentions a group of "Galician exiles" led by voivode Yuri Domazhyrych and boyar Volodymyr Derzhykray who come as allies of Kievan Rus' during the Battle of the Kalka River which some interpret to mean the Berladnici.

A small number of historians see in the Berladnici's libertine lifestyle a prototype of the Ukrainian Cossacks who developed in the 15th - 18th centuries.

See also
 Blakumen
 Bolokhoveni
 Brodnici
 Foundation of Moldavia
 Romania in the Early Middle Ages

References

Sources

Further reading

The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (An annotated translation by George A. Perfecky) (1973). Wilhelm Fink Verlag.

Eastern Romance people
Bolokhovians
Medieval Romania
Medieval Ukraine
12th century in Romania
13th century in Romania
12th century in Ukraine
13th century in Ukraine
13th century in Kievan Rus'


title: Dave Laurion

text:
Dave Laurion is a retired American ice hockey player and coach. He was on the coaching staff of Alaska-Fairbanks for over a decade, serving as both assistant and head coach for the varsity program.

Head coaching record

References

External links

1960 births
Alaska Nanooks men's ice hockey coaches
American ice hockey coaches
American men's ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey coaches from Minnesota
Living people
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey players
People from International Falls, Minnesota
Ice hockey players from Minnesota


title: Palmer Cemetery

text:
Palmer Cemetery, originally known as the Kensington Burial Grounds, was established around 1732 in the Fishtown section of Philadelphia.

The cemetery holds the remains of many of the original families of Kensington such as the Cramp and Shibe Families. There are veterans of every war buried here, beginning with the American Revolutionary War. There are markers for veterans of the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.

The cemetery is also home to one of the first memorials to local World War I Veterans (1921). The exact number of burials is unknown, but it is estimated that 40,000 to 50,000 people are buried in Palmer Cemetery.  The cemetery is maintained by volunteer trustees who oversee its operation and preservation.

Palmer Cemetery is a 501c3 Non profit. All donation are used for the care and preservation of the historic grounds.

History

The cemetery is named for the founder of Kensington, Philadelphia, Captain Anthony Palmer, its actual name is the Kensington Burial Grounds. Palmer was originally from England, and came to America from Barbados around 1700–1705. He became a sizable landowner in the area north of the city of Philadelphia (The Northern Liberties). Using proceeds from the sale of the Hope Farm estate (present-day Port Richmond), which included three slaves named Abraham, Hannibal, and Phillis, he purchased the "Fairman Estate" in about 1730, which consisted of 191.5 acres of land along the Delaware River.  The Fairman Mansion was located at the current Penn Treaty Park where William Penn made his famous treaty with the Lenni-Lenape Indians. This is where Anthony Palmer laid out the town of Kensington. It is believed that Palmer gave a small parcel of land in his town, to be used as a 'free burial ground" for the people of Kensington. If you lived within the original boundaries, you were allowed to be buried in the burial grounds.

Anthony Palmer was a member of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania from about 1710. He began his political career as a judge, and eventually, as senior member of council, he would become President of Council and Acting Provincial Governor of Pennsylvania in 1747–48.  Palmer died in 1749 and was buried in the Christ Church Burial Grounds located at 2nd and Market Streets. (As with many old cemeteries, the exact location of the Palmer Family Grave is unknown.) Anthony Palmer's will did not mention the land for the cemetery. The cemetery land was mentioned in the will of his daughter, Thomasina Keith, who died shortly after her father. In 1765 a "deed of trust" was formally filed in the City of Philadelphia. The trust stated that the grounds were to be used for a burial grounds for the residents of Kensington and managed by trustees from the community. The deed of trust named the original six trustees and the rules they were to follow in managing the burial grounds.

In 1975, a receiving vault built in 1870 of brick and marble exploded and was destroyed due to the build-up of kerosene fumes and the activity of juvenile delinquents.

In July 2012, the cemetery was recognized by the Philadelphia Historical Commission as a historic city landmark.

Notable burials
 Manuel Eyre (1736–1805), colonel in the Continental Army and shipbuilder
 John Hewson (1744–1821), textile artist and Revolutionary War Hero

References

External links

 Palmer Cemetery – official site

1732 establishments in Pennsylvania
Cemeteries established in the 18th century
Cemeteries in Philadelphia
Bridesburg-Kensington-Richmond, Philadelphia


title: Fish in the Dark

text:
Fish in the Dark is a play by Larry David that focuses on fifteen characters as they deal with a death in the family. The play premiered on Broadway in 2015.

History
Larry David got the idea for the play from his friend and lawyer Lloyd Braun. After Braun's father died, David went to visit him.  Lloyd said "We’re sitting shiva, and Larry’s over the first day at my house, and I was telling him a whole bunch of stories of what had gone on for the last few days, because some were crazy and hilarious, like a relative flying in from wherever ’cause they want to be in show business. It’s an outlet for me. We start talking about how it’s incredible material. Larry says, 'It’s a Broadway play.'"

Synopsis
The play opens in a hospital waiting room.  Sidney Drexel, the family patriarch, is dying and assorted family members are coming to pay their last respects—and squabble over everything from which son will have to take care of Mom to who gets Dad's Rolex watch. Brothers Norman Drexel and Arthur Drexel are visiting their father in the hospital, along with Norman's wife Brenda and Arthur's girlfriend Michelle. Brenda is upset because she fears that her mother-in-law Gloria will live with them should the ill father die.

Broadway production
Previews for the play started on February 2, 2015 at the Cort Theatre, with the official opening on March 5.  Jason Alexander took over the role of Norman Drexel  and Glenne Headly took over the role of Brenda Drexel on June 9, 2015. Direction is by Anna D. Shapiro  with original music by David Yazbek.

The play was originally scheduled to end on July 7, then extended to July 19, 2015 and was extended again to August 1, 2015.

The play took in $13.5 million in advance sales at the box office,  the highest advance for any spring production on Broadway and, according to  The New York Times, beat the previous record for a play, $13.05 million for the 2013 revival of Harold Pinter's Betrayal.

Cast
Norman Drexel was originally played by Larry David; Jason Alexander took the role on June 9, 2015.
Brenda Drexel was originally played by Rita Wilson; Glenne Headly took over the role on June 9, 2015.
Gloria Drexel played by Jayne Houdyshell
Fabiana Melendez played by Rosie Perez
Arthur Drexel played by Ben Shenkman
Stewie Drexel played by Lewis J. Stadlen
Diego Melendez played by Jake Cannavale
Rose Canter played by Marylouise Burke
Sidney Drexel played by Jerry Adler
Michelle played by Jenn Lyon
Greg played by Jonny Orsini
Natalie Drexel played by Molly Ranson
Nurse Ramirez played by Maria Elena Ramirez
Jessica Drexel played by Rachel Resheff
Doctor Meyers played by Joel Rooks
Jay Leventhal played by Jeff Still
Harry Kanter played by Kenneth Tigar
Doctor Stiles played by Richard Topol

Critical reception
The Broadway production received mixed reviews. The curtain.up reviewer noted "His first play, actually a direct descendant of his popular HBO sitcom 'Curb Your Enthusiasm', attracted twenty-two producers willing to mount it with a cast of eighteen at a time when even seasoned playwrights are asked to write for small casts. They also reached deep enough into their pockets to pay for three set changes, with one that even includes an elevator. And right those producers were. Fish in the Dark reeled in more than $14m in advance ticket sales. And the less than ecstatic initial reviews don't seem to have affected the demand for tickets. No matter that David has chosen to tie his stage debut to the retro sixties at a time when even Neil Simon's once all over Broadway comedies have lost their laugh-a-minute, ticket selling pull.... David's less original and nuanced play will keep the cash registers ringing as long as he's on stage to dish up the gags."

References

External links

American plays
Broadway plays
2015 plays


title: Ouachita River Bridge (Arkadelphia, Arkansas)

text:
The Ouachita River Bridge is a steel Parker through truss bridge carrying Arkansas Highway 7 and Arkansas Highway 51 across the Ouachita River at Arkadelphia, Arkansas.  The trusses of the bridge were manufactured in 1933 by the Luten Bridge Company, and were first used to carry Highways 7 and US 67 over the Caddo River.  That bridge was disassembled in the 1950s, and the trusses were stored until used to build this bridge in 1960.  The main trusses span , while the approaches combined measure , giving the bridge a total length of .  The deck is concrete laid on steel girders and is  wide.  It is one of two crossings of the Ouachita River in Clark County.

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. It is scheduled to be replaced in late 2018.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Clark County, Arkansas
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas

References

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Bridges completed in 1933
Buildings and structures in Arkadelphia, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Clark County, Arkansas
Relocated buildings and structures in Arkansas
Steel bridges in the United States
Parker truss bridges in the United States
Bridge (Arkadelphia, Arkansas)
1933 establishments in Arkansas
Luten bridges


title: List of earthquakes in 1927

text:
This is a list of earthquakes in 1927. Only magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquakes appear on this list. Lower magnitude events are included if they have caused death, injury, or damage. Events which occurred in remote areas will be excluded from the list as they wouldn't have generated significant media interest. All dates are listed according to UTC time. China and Japan both saw great destruction caused by earthquakes in March and May. The China earthquake in particular had nearly 41,000 deaths. Yunnan Province, China had its fair share of earthquakes. Ukraine had several earthquakes with one on September 11 causing deaths. The West Bank region had a destructive tremor in July.

Overall

By death toll

 Note: At least 10 casualties

By magnitude

 Note: At least 7.0 magnitude

Notable events

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

References

1927

1927


title: Hydra Club

text:
The Hydra Club was a social organization of science fiction professionals and fans.  It met in New York City during the 1940s and 1950s.

History
It was founded October 25, 1947 in the apartment of Judith Merril and Frederik Pohl on Grove Street in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York.  As nine founders were present, the club took its name from the legendary nine-headed monster, the Hydra.

Among its members were  Lester del Rey, David A. Kyle, Frederik Pohl, Judith Merril, Martin Greenberg, Robert W. Lowndes, Philip Klass, Jack Gillespie, David Reiner, L. Jerome Stanton, Fletcher and Inga Pratt, Willy Ley, George O. Smith, Basil Davenport, Sam Merwin, Harry Harrison, Jerome Bixby, Groff Conklin, Bea Mahaffey, Murray Leinster, Jack Coggins, Avram Davidson and J. Harry Dockweiler.

An article by Merril about the club in the November 1951 Marvel Science Fiction was accompanied by Harry Harrison's drawing caricaturing 41 members:

 Basil Davenport
 Bruce Elliott
 Charles Dye
 Damon Knight
 Daniel Keyes
 David A. Kyle
 Evelyn Harrison
 Fletcher Pratt
 Frank Belknap Long
 Frederik Pohl
 Fredric Brown
 George C. Smith
 Groff Conklin
 H. Beam Piper
 H. L. Gold
 Hans Stefan Santesson
 Harry Harrison
 Isaac Asimov
 James A. Williams
 Jerome Bixby
 Judith Merril
 Katherine MacLean Dye
 L. Jerome Stanton
 L. Sprague de Camp
 Larry T. Shaw
 Lester Del Rey
 Lois Miles Gillespie
 Margaret Bertrand
 Martin Greenberg
 Olga Ley
 Oswald Train
 Philip Klass
 Richard Wilson
 Robert W. Lowndes
 Sam Bowne
 Sam Merwin, Jr.
 Theodore Sturgeon
 Thomas S. Gardner
 Walter I. Bradbury
 Walter Kubilius
 Willy Ley

Harrison's caption adds, "The remaining twenty-odd members showed up too late at the meeting."

References

External links
 About the Hydra Club by Frederik Pohl
 Key to the Hydra Club by Mike Glyer in File 770

Science fiction fandom


title: Hamid Moghadam

text:
Hamid Moghadam (born August 26, 1956) is an Iranian-American business executive and philanthropist. In 2011 Moghadam orchestrated the combination between AMB, a firm he co-founded in 1983, and ProLogis to create Prologis, the largest logistics real estate company in the world. Moghadam currently serves as Prologis Chairman and CEO, with Prologis operating as a global logistics real estate investment trust (REIT) and S&P 100 company.

Early life and education

Born in 1956 in Iran, he grew up in Tehran, where his father was a businessman. In 1969 he attended school in Switzerland. In 1973, he entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he received Bachelor and Master of Science degrees in engineering. In 1980 Moghadam received an MBA from the Stanford Graduate School of Business in California.

Career

Founding Abbey, Moghadam & Company
After business school, Moghadam started his career at Homestake Mining Company. He later joined John McMahan Associates. In 1983, he and Douglas Abbey founded Abbey, Moghadam & Company in San Francisco, California. Although they planned to provide investment advisory services, according to Forbes, they soon became known for instead "helping investors revive underperforming assets." They were joined by T. Robert Burke in 1984 and established AMB Institutional Realty Advisors, later named AMB Property Corp., with initial investments in office, industrial and community shopping centers.

Going public with AMB
In the late 1980s, AMB changed its investment strategy to focus on industrial parks and shopping centers in infill trade areas, with the company beginning to exit the office market in 1987. During the collapse of the office building market in the late 1980s, this shift in assets helped the company avoid significant financial repercussions. AMB launched its first private equity fund in 1989, which focused on industrial and retail properties. AMB consolidated several of its investment funds in 1997 and went public as an REIT. In late 1997, AMB closed its IPO with more than US $2.8 billion in assets.

Throughout 1999, Moghadam "made a series of moves that pared the company of most of its retail holdings, following the notion that e-commerce would become the high-margin road of the future." Selling its retail business around 1999 to focus solely on the industrial sector, starting that year AMB sold nearly $1 billion in retail assets to institutional investors and reallocated funds into warehouses in and around major consumption areas. By the end of 1999, AMB was the second-largest industrially focused REIT in the United States, with a total market capitalization of $3.5 billion. President and CEO of AMB Property Corporation, he became AMB chairman in 2000. AMB made its first overseas investment in 2002, developing a facility for Procter & Gamble in Mexico City. In 2002, AMB initiated an international expansion program focused on buying and developing distribution facilities near global trade hubs, particularly in growth markets such as Latin America, Asia, and Europe. AMB added an internal development division in 2004.

Creation of Prologis
In 2011 Moghadam arranged the combination between AMB and ProLogis to create Prologis, the largest logistics real estate company in the world. With a market cap of approximately $24 billion and corporate headquarters remaining in California, the new Prologis had around $46 billion in assets under management (AUM) and clients such as DHL, Home Depot Inc., Unilever, and FedEx. ProLogis CEO Walter Rakowich and Moghadam were appointed as the new company's co-CEOs, with Moghadam becoming the sole CEO at the start of 2013. He oversaw IPOs in Japan in 2013 and Mexico in 2014.

Prologis continues to operate as a publicly traded real estate investment trust (REIT) on the S&P 100, operating logistics and distribution facilities for customers in various industries in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. In 2018 he oversaw its acquisition of DCT Industrial Trust for $8.4 billion, and in 2020, acquisitions of Liberty Property Trust for $13 billion and Industrial Property Trust for $4 billion, then Duke Realty in 2022 for $23 billion. The company's platform totals 1.2 billion square feet that is owned, managed or under development in 19 countries, with about $196 billion in assets under management. Moghadam frequently appears on major television networks to talk about the real estate industry, including CNBC, Bloomberg TV, and Fox Business Network, as a real estate industry expert.

Industry boards and committees
In the 1990s, he joined the MIT Center for Real Estate's advisory committee, and became a founding member of The Real Estate Roundtable as vice chairman of the National Realty Committee. He served as a trustee of the Urban Land Institute, and joined the executive committee of its board of directors. He was also the chairman of National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT) in 2004.

Philanthropy
Moghadam has served on various philanthropic and community boards in the San Francisco Bay Area. He served on the boards of Town School for Boys, the California Academy of Sciences, and the Bay Area Discovery Museum, and he was chairman of the Young Presidents Organization's Northern California chapter.

Previously a trustee of Stanford University, Moghadam is currently a board member of the Stanford Management Company, and was its former chairman. He and his wife established the Moghadam Family Professorship in the Stanford Graduate School of Business, where he serves on the advisory council, after endowing the Stanford Hamid and Christina Moghadam Program in Iranian Studies in 2006, which focuses on undergraduate courses related to Iran.

Awards and recognition
Moghadam was named EY's 1998 Real Estate Award Winner for the Northern California Region. In 2005, Moghadam was presented with an Industry Leadership Award from the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (NAREIT). He received a Lifetime of Building Award from the Commercial Real Estate Development Association (NAIOP) in 2007, and also that year he received the Wisconsin Alumni Center's Vision Setter Award. Moghadam received the EY National Entrepreneur of the Year Overall Award in 2013, as well as the Ellis Island Medal of Honor from the National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations Foundations, Inc. (NECO). Harvard Business Review named him one of the 100 Best-Performing CEOs in the World three times, and a number of industry publications have named him their CEO of the Year.

Personal life
Moghadam and his wife Christina have a son together. In American politics, as of 2016, Moghadam had endorsed both Republicans and Democrats.

References

External links
Hamid R. Moghadam - Prologis

American chief executives
21st-century American businesspeople
American real estate businesspeople
California Republicans
Living people
Businesspeople from Tehran
Stanford University alumni
Stanford University trustees
Philanthropists from California
Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area
1956 births
American company founders
Real estate and property developers
Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in the United States
Iranian emigrants to the United States


title: The Spring of the White-Legged Woman

text:
The Spring of the White-Legged Woman () is a poem written in 1873 by the famous Bulgarian poet Petko Slaveykov.

The story is about a beautiful Bulgarian girl, Gergana. While she is at the fountain to get some water, an Ottoman vizier sees her, and tries to persuade her to follow him to Istanbul. She tells him that even if she followed him, she wouldn't love him as much as she loves her beloved Bulgaria, her parents, and her beloved Nicola. The vizier orders that a fountain be built to commemorate Gergana's courage. The builders, however, immure Gergana within the fountain; this ensures the durability of the fountain, which is also her memorial.

This is one of the most studied and examined works in the Bulgarian literature and many books have been written on the subject. Most critics embrace the theory that Gergana is the symbol of the Bulgarian woman, her strength and willpower.

References

Bulgarian poems
1873 poems


title: Žan Cankar

text:
Žan Cankar (born 13 November 1990) is a footballer from Slovenia.

Career
He has played for SG Drautal and other Austrian lower league clubs. He returned to Slovenia in February 2023 to play for 4th-tier side Kresnice.

References

External links
NZS profile

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Ljubljana
Men's association football fullbacks
Slovenian men's footballers
Slovenia men's youth international footballers
NK IB 1975 Ljubljana players
NK Ivančna Gorica players
NK Krka players
NK Radomlje players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Slovenian Second League players
Austrian 2. Landesliga players
Slovenian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Austria


title: Nosco Plastics

text:
Nosco Plastics, Inc. (commonly called NOSCO, the mark used on its molded products) was the plastics molding division of National Organ Supply Company created in 1934 to make plastic parts for electric organs and was located at 1701 Gaskell Avenue, Erie, Pennsylvania, 16503.  Beginning in 1948 with the implementation of the newly developed screw injection molding process, NOSCO quickly became a major early producer of tiny plastic toys called "slum" (very cheap prizes that are bought in bulk, sometimes for as little as $1 a gross or less) sold to wholesalers as carnival merchandise, used by the millions as prizes in packages of Cracker Jack popcorn confection, and mail-order flats that were heavily advertised in American comic books as "100 Toy Soldiers for $1" by E. Joseph Cossman & Company.  NOSCO also held a number of patents on plastic molded products including mechanical toys, storage containers, pallets, and medical syringes.

History

Early Erie beginnings
Harry Auch and John Hallas, of the Haskell Company, went to Erie, Pennsylvania, in 1920 to join Anton Gottfried, Henry Kugel, and Kugel's son Harry Kugel in the formation of a metal organ pipe manufacturer called National Organ Supply.  The NOSCO Division was created to manufacture injection molded plastic parts for electric organs in 1934. But NOSCO would become a major player as a manufacturer of tiny plastic toys used as prizes, mail-order merchandise, and carnival "hooch" with the invention of the screw injection method of molding plastics implemented in 1948.

The Modernistics
In the 1940s, NOSCO produced some of its first non-organ items in the molded plastic figures by New York designer Don Manning. They were stylistic pre-war art deco versions of animals such as camels, deer, dogs, elephants, giraffes, horses, storks, and unicorns. Many are marked "USA" and some are marked "Don Manning". Some larger ones are marked "Designed Don Manning". The larger molds were eventually copied by the Breyer Molding Company and were issued as the "Golden Buck" and the "Golden Doe" (often referred to by collectors as the Modernistic Buck and Doe). Smaller, roughly 2" versions of some of the same designs were sold as tchotchkes and as bar drink markers—including an antelope, camel, deer, dog, elephant, stork, horse, monkey, squirrel, and swan.

Levin Brothers: early NOSCO wholesalers
The first set of 12 screw injection molded NOSCO toys was advertised for sale as carnival merchandise in Cincinnati newspaper "The Billboard". A 1/6th page advertisement in the February 7, 1948 issue with the title "Brand New, Low Cost Plastic Slum (Give-aways)" that shows "Lifelike animals that appeal to young and old alike. Stand 2" high on a flat, firm base. Molded in five bright, eye-catching colors. Never before has quality slum been priced so low."  The ad only says to write for jobbers who sell these items.  NOSCO did not sell its products to the general public. One of the major wholesalers for NOSCO slum was Terre Haute, Indiana based Levin Brothers with ads in "The Billboard" beginning in the February 21, 1948 issue.  One Levin Brothers listing beginning May 29, 1948 stated "Nosco Plastic Animal Standups" were being offered for $0.95 a gross.

Cossman: comic book heroes
Milton Levine, later creator of the mail-order cult classic Ant Farm and founder of Uncle Milton toys, formed a partnership with his brother-in-law E. Joseph Cossman to get into the plastic toy industry, a business Levine had read would be a post-war growth industry. Together they formed E. Joseph Cossman & Company (aka Cossman & Levine Co.) which contracted with NOSCO to make flat toy soldiers for mail order that they advertised originally as "100 Toy Soldiers for $1" (later $1.25, $1.75, and $1.98) which was advertised in nearly every American comic book of the time. The "100 Cowboys and Indians" set was another popular series sold by Cossman which came in an illustrated box with a unique die-cut "pop-out, build-it-yourself" diorama.
The "3 Ring Circus" mail order offer of plastic flats was not as big a seller according to Levine.  The "100 Cowboys and Indians" and the "3 Ring Circus" flat standups were found as individual prizes in packages of Cracker Jack.

"Now that's a Cracker Jack!"
From 1948 through 1960, The Cracker Jack Company at 4800 West 66th Street, Chicago, Illinois, the largest toy buyer in the world at the time, used many millions of NOSCO toys as prizes in its caramel coated popcorn confection. These include the "Animal Stand-ups" (CJ Archive #Z-1111) that were marketed by the Levin Brothers as well as the "100 Cowboys and Indians" set of 12 different figures (CJ Archive #Z-1137) and "3 Ring Circus" set of 12 different figures (CJ Archive #Z-1154) marketed as mail order items by Cossman & Levine. Other sets made by NOSCO for Cracker Jack include Alphabet Animals set of 26 (Z-1179), People (Occupations) Stand-ups (Z-1124), Spacemen Stand-ups set of 10 (Z-1227), a set of 16 double-sided Stand-ups (Z-1144), and Zodiac Coins set of 12 disks (Z-1182).

NOSCO toys
A 21-inch plastic train with a wind up motor was advertised in the April 8, 1950 of The Billboard. The retail price was $5.00.

Hot'See Hot Rod was a big hit for NOSCO in 1952 and was featured in the November issue of Life magazine. It featured a clear plastic motor housing where moving pistons could be seen simulating the action of an engine.  NOSCO employees Bruno C Roehrl and Harold S Cloyd invented the mechanism and clear plastic housing that simulated the piston action, patent number US2726482 filed May 8, 1951 and granted December 13, 1955.

NOSCO followed up the same year with an airplane toy when pushed the wheels would turn a cog that ran the engine with working pistons and rotating propeller. Bruno C. Roehrl filed the patent number US2671983 on July 13, 1951, and it was granted on March 16, 1954.

"Happy Harry" musical pull toy was featured in the November 23, 1953 issue of Life. The 11-1/2" long car played a tune when pushed or pulled and sold for $2.49 retail.  NOSCO employee Bruno C Roehrl invented the "Music box cylinder and comb" used in "Happy Harry", patent number US2787927 filed April 8, 1953 and granted April 9, 1957.

NOSCO sold to Holgate Brothers
In 1959, Nosco was sold to Holgate Brothers, also of Erie Pennsylvania. Only two years later, in May 1961, Holgate and its subsidiary Nosco Plastics were bought out by another plastic injection molding company, White Eagle International, Inc, of Midlands, TX. A Kane Republican newspaper article at that time noted that Nosco, which had plants in Erie, PA, and Los Angeles, CA, made components for “appliances, pharmaceutical, air conditioning, radio, television, aeronautics, and automotive industries.” There was no mention of toys, so presumably Nosco's toy production likely ceased with the Holgate buy-out or even before. By May 1962, the same newspaper was reporting the demise of Holgate, alluding to the closing of their factory. In 1964, a further merger of Nosco and Holgate was announced with “the name of the surviving corporation [being] Nosco Plastics.” Nosco Plastics was closed in 1977, and the property and machinery were sold at public auction. White Eagle International hung on until 1983 when it, too, ceased operations.

See also
 Cracker Jack
 Milton Levine
 Prize (marketing)

References

Plastics companies of the United States
Defunct toy manufacturers
Toy brands
Toy soldier manufacturing companies


title: German submarine U-630

text:
German submarine U-630 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.
She was laid down on 23 August 1941 by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg as yard number 606, launched on 12 May 1942 and commissioned on 9 July 1942 under Oberleutnant zur See Werner Winkler.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-630 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Brown, Boveri & Cie GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-630 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one twin  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
The boat's career began with training at 5th U-boat Flotilla on 9 July 1942, followed by active service on 1 April 1943 as part of the 3rd Flotilla for the remainder of her service.

In one patrol she sank two merchant ships, for a total of .

Convoy HX 231
Convoy HX 231 set out across the Atlantic on 30 March 1943, only one U-tanker,  was at sea, and she had sixteen U-boats queuing up to be topped up. These boats formed the wolfpack Löwenherz.

On 4 April  attacked and damaged both the  British motor vessel Shillong and  British steamer Waroonga. U-630 is credited with finishing off both wounded vessels on the following day.

Fate
U-630 was sunk on 6 May 1943 in the North Atlantic in position , by depth charges from . All hands were lost.

Wolfpacks
U-630 took part in four wolfpacks, namely:
 Löwenherz (1 – 10 April 1943)
 Lerche (10 – 15 April 1943)
 Specht (22 April – 4 May 1943)
 Fink (4 – 6 May 1943)

Summary of raiding history

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
1942 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1942
Submarines lost with all hands
U-boats sunk in 1943
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk by British warships
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
World War II submarines of Germany
Ships built in Hamburg
Maritime incidents in May 1943


title: List of Doncaster Rovers F.C. managers

text:
Below is a list of all Doncaster Rovers managers that have taken the reins since the appointment of Billy Calder in 1920. In the 41 years prior to Calder, the team was selected by club committee, a standard practice by football clubs at the time. After Brian Flynn was appointed Director of Football, Paul Dickov became the club's 40th full-time manager.

Managers

References

Doncaster Rovers