title: Serial (Bad) Weddings

text:
Serial (Bad) Weddings  () is a 2014 French comedy film directed by Philippe de Chauveron, and starring Christian Clavier and Chantal Lauby.

It is the first installment in the Serial (Bad) Weddings film series, and was followed by Serial (Bad) Weddings 2 in 2019, and by Serial (Bad) Weddings 3 in 2022.

Plot
Claude Verneuil, a Gaullist notary, and his wife Marie, a Catholic bourgeois from Chinon, are parents of four daughters: Isabelle, Odile, Ségolène, and Laure. The three eldest are already married to men, each one of a different religion and a different ethnic origin: Isabelle married Rashid Ben Assem, an Algerian Muslim lawyer, Odile married David Benichou, a Sephardi Jew entrepreneur, and Ségolène married Chao Ling, a Han Chinese banker who is open to all religious beliefs. The Verneuils pretend to accept their sons-in-law but have had a hard time hiding their discomfort at accepting people into the family from outside the community. A family meeting is spoiled because of the awkwardness and clichés about race and religion, expressed as much by the father as by the sons-in-law, who even exchange insulting views to and about each other.

The Verneuils, in despair, put all their hope in their youngest daughter Laure, that she will bring home a Catholic partner, going so far as to arrange an "accidental" meeting with Xavier, a young Catholic man who works in finance. However, Laure reveals that she had already chosen a partner named "Charles", a Catholic, and wishes to marry him. Laure's parents are overjoyed and readily forgive his occupation as a comedian and actor. On the first meeting, however, they are shocked when they discover that the man to whom their daughter is engaged is a black West African from the Ivory Coast. Claude begins to sink into depression and spends his time cutting down trees and fishing. Meanwhile, the three sons-in-law get together and plan to stop Laure's marriage out of fear that their friendship will be threatened by a fourth member.

When the Verneuils meet with the Kofis, Marie and Charles' mother Madeleine get along well, but Claude finds that Charles' father André is an intolerant, tough, stingy military man and extremely resentful of the former white colonisation and white nationalism in Africa. Both the groom's and bride's party come head to head and the fathers' disapproval and racist views heat up the situation. On the day before the wedding, André and Claude go fishing and unexpectedly find common ground in their dislikes, as both are Gaullists (Charles de Gaulle), and develop a friendship. After catching a large pike, the two go to a restaurant, get drunk with wine and are arrested at a pâtisserie after making racist comments. Laure is notably upset at this and boards a train, deciding to abandon the marriage; André and Claude catch the train and persuade Laure to marry Charles. Laure agrees and the film ends with a happy marriage and a night of the family dancing coupé-décalé.

Cast

 Christian Clavier as Claude Verneuil
 Chantal Lauby as Marie Verneuil
 Medi Sadoun as Rashid Ben Assem
 Ary Abittan as David Benichou
 Frédéric Chau as Chao Ling
 Noom Diawara as Charles Kofi
 Pascal N'Zonzi as André Kofi, Father of Charles
 Salimata Kamate as Madeleine Kofi, Mother of Charles
 Tatiana Rojo as Viviane Kofi, Sister of Charles
 Frédérique Bel as Isabelle Ben Assem Verneuil
 Julia Piaton as Odile Benichou Verneuil
 Émilie Caen as Ségolène Ling Verneuil
 Élodie Fontan as Laure Verneuil
 Élie Semoun as the Psychologist
 Loïc Legendre as the Priest of Chinon
 David Salles as a gendarme
 Axel Boute as the young "albino" person in cell

Production
Although set in Chinon, the film was mainly filmed in Paris and in Normandy. A few shots of the castle in Chinon were taken on 10 December 2013.

Reception

Critical response
In France, the film received positive reviews with an average grade of 4.2/5 from AlloCiné from over 9,200 votes on May 30, 2014 as well as press critics giving the film an average grade of 3.7/5 from 7 reviews. Le Figaro called it a "triumph," "a phenomenon" and "hilarious."

However, reviews in the English-speaking world were less positive; the movie received mixed reviews in the UK and was panned in the US. The National Post stated that the film's humor failed because "it sometimes strays across the good-taste divide and into actual racist remarks, played straight. Secondly (and far more importantly in a comedy) it often isn’t funny at all." Variety magazine adds that the film has been criticized for "perpetuating racist stereotypes and feeding into France's ambient xenophobia." According to The Hollywood Reporter, "the majority of the jokes are extremely heavy-handed – the Jew calls the Arab 'Arafat' and then is karate-chopped by the Asian."

Because of the film's controversial content, it had little global distribution. The Telegraph reported that, "British and American cinema-goers will not get to see a hugely popular French comedy because it has been rejected by film distributors who deem it politically incorrect and possibly racist."

Box office
The film attracted over 200,000 viewers in 621 cinemas on the first day. The film received the "Label des spectateurs UGC" two months before its release. Other French successes such as The Intouchables and The Artist have also received this award. The film grossed a total of US$174.1 million internationally. In France, the film had 13.2 million admissions, making it a large commercial success.

In other media
One of the tracks from the film "Fatima" is one of the tracks in Just Dance 2015.

Remakes
This film was unofficially remade in Malayalam as Happy Sardar in 2019.

Sequel

In February 2017 a sequel was confirmed for a release in France on 30 January 2019. The story was set to be about Claude and Marie scheming to make their sons-in-law stay in France. The sequel titled Serial (Bad) Weddings 2 was released in 2019  and is about the Catholic Verneuil family and their four daughters, three who have married men of different faiths and one who married a black man.

Accolades

See also
 Lists of highest-grossing films in France

References

External links

2014 films
2014 comedy films
Films shot in Paris
Films about immigration
Films about racism
Films about weddings
Films about families
Films set in France
French comedy films
2010s French-language films
Films about interracial romance
French interfaith romance films
Multiracial affairs in Europe
Films about sisters
Films directed by Philippe de Chauveron
2010s French films


title: Alva, Gotland

text:
Alva is a populated area, a socken (not to be confused with parish), on the Swedish island of Gotland. It comprises the same area as the administrative Alva District, established on 1January 2016.

Geography
Alva is the name of the socken as well as the district. It is also the name of the small village surrounding the medieval Alva Church, sometimes referred to as Alva kyrkby. It is situated in the south part of Gotland.

, Alva Church belongs to Alva-Hemse-Rone parish in Sudrets pastorat, along with the churches in Hemse and Rone.

References

External links

Objects from Alva at the Digital Museum by Nordic Museum

Populated places in Gotland County


title: Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard

text:
Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard () (d. November 27, 771) was a member of the Muhallabid family who served as a provincial governor for the Abbasid Caliphate during the reigns of Abu al-'Abbas (r. 749–754) al-Mansur (r. 754–775). His appointment to Ifriqiya in 768 marked the beginning of nearly three decades of Muhallabid rule there, but he was unable to maintain order in the province and was killed during a major Kharijite rebellion.

Career
'Umar was a supporter of the Abbasid Revolution and fought during the Siege of Wasit. Following the Abbasid victory against the Umayyads, he was appointed to a number of governorships. Under Abu al-'Abbas he was governor of al-Basrah until 750 and was subsequently appointed to al-Bahrayn. Following the ascension of al-Mansur, he was appointed twice more to al-Basrah, from 755 to 757 and from 759 to 760.

In 760 'Umar was appointed to al-Sind, which was under the control of 'Uyaynah ibn Musa al-Tamimi. When the latter refused to relinquish his authority, 'Umar attacked him and besieged him for eleven months, until 'Uyaynah agreed to depart from the region and return to al-Mansur. While in al-Sind, 'Umar secretly sided with the movement of Muhammad the Pure Soul and gave assistance to Muhammad's son 'Abdallah when the latter arrived in the region; when al-Mansur became aware of this, he managed to avoid punishment after a member of his household volunteered to take the blame in his place.

In 768, following the killing of al-Aghlab ibn Salim at-Tamimi, the governor of Ifriqiya, 'Umar was dismissed from Sind and appointed to that province instead. Arriving in al-Qayrawan with five hundred horsemen, he won over the city leaders by acting generously toward them, and the first three years of his governorship were peaceful.

Kharijite rebellion and death
After receiving orders from al-Mansur, 'Umar went to Tubna in order to strengthen its defenses, and left Habib ibn Habib al-Muhallabi as his deputy in al-Qayrawan. While he was at Tubna, however, the Berbers rose in rebellion, and Habib was killed while attempting to suppress them. Encouraged by their success, the Berbers gathered around Tripoli and placed themselves under the leadership of the Ibadi Abu Hatim Ya'qub ibn Habib al-Ibadi. When the governor of Tripoli requested assistance, 'Umar dispatched an army against the rebels, but Abu Hatim defeated it and forced it to withdraw to Qabis.

At this point, the rebellion spread throughout the entire province, and a large Kharijite coalition headed by the Sufri Abu Qurra al-Ifrani, 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam, Abu Hatim, 'Asim al-Sidrati al-Ibadi and others advanced upon Tubna and placed it under siege. Despite being badly outnumbered by the rebels, 'Umar was able to extricate himself from the situation by bribing Abu Qurra's men to go home and defeating Ibn Rustam in battle. The remaining Kharijite forces under Abu Hatim decided to abandon Tubna and departed for al-Qayrawan, which they surrounded and besieged for eight months.

'Umar initially remained in Tubna, which he fortified in anticipation of a future attack. News eventually reached him, however, that al-Qayrawan was running critically low on supplies, so he left a garrison in Tubna and advanced against the rebels. The Berbers responded by attacking him en route and forcing him to temporarily withdraw to Tunis, but he was eventually able to make his way into al-Qayrawan, bringing with him food, mounts and other provisions.

Following 'Umar's arrival in al-Qayrawan, Abu Hatim returned to set up a new siege of the city, and fighting between the two sides recommenced. As the siege wore on, the situation in the city quickly worsened; food again became scarce and the defenders were forced to eat their animals. 'Umar himself decided to lead a sortie against the rebels, but he was defeated and killed. Following his death, the surviving defenders struck an agreement with Abu Hatim and withdrew to Tubna, allowing the Berbers to storm al-Qawrawan and enter it.

Notes

References

771 deaths
Abbasid governors of Sind
Abbasid governors of Ifriqiya
Muhallabids
Year of birth unknown
Medieval Arabs killed in battle
8th-century Arab people
8th-century people from Ifriqiya


title: Colin Ford (curator)

text:
Colin John Ford  (born 1934) is a British photographic curator, historian of photography, and former museum director. He has written a number of books on the history of photography.

Life
Ford was educated at University College, Oxford University. He began his career in the theatre. He has been a director and broadcaster. Between 1972 and 1982 he was Keeper of Film and Photography at the National Portrait Gallery, London. He then became the first director of the UK National Museum of Photography, Film and Television in Bradford (later to become the National Media Museum). From 1992 he was Director of the National Museums and Galleries of Wales.

Ford has interviewed contemporary photographers such as Don McCullin. He also gives lectures on the history of photography.

Until 2010, he was Chairman of the Kraszna-Krausz Foundation. He is Vice-President of the Julia Margaret Cameron Trust and Chairman of the Peel Entertainment Group.

Books

 An Early Victorian Album: The Photographic Masterpieces of David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson (1974).
 The Cameron Collection: An Album of Photographs by Julia Margaret Cameron (1975).
 Portraits (1982).
 Eyewitness: Hungarian Photography in the 20th Century: Brassaï, Capa, Kertész, Moholy-Nagy, Munkásci, Royal Academy of Arts (2011), with Péter Baki. .

Awards and legacy
Ford is a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).

The Royal Photographic Society established the annual Colin Ford Award in 2003 for contributions to curatorship, named after Colin Ford as the first director of the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television.

There are several photographs of Ford in the National Portrait Gallery (London) collection, including works by Arnold Newman, Norman Parkinson, and Cheryl Twomey.

References

External links
 Eyewitness With Curator Colin Ford on YouTube

1934 births
Living people
Alumni of University College, Oxford
British broadcasters
British theatre directors
British curators
British historians
Photography curators
Historians of photography
People associated with the National Portrait Gallery
Directors of museums in the United Kingdom
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Place of birth missing (living people)
People associated with Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales


title: Sheila Vogel-Coupe

text:
Sheila Vogel-Coupe (1928 – 25 November 2022) was the oldest sex worker in the United Kingdom. Some reports from 2014 stated that, at the age of 85, she was the oldest sex worker in the world.

She was born in 1928, the granddaughter of Polish-Jewish immigrants. She was widowed twice. Her first husband was Jimmy Vogel. Her second husband, Noel Coupe, an aeronautical engineer who died in 2001. She was the grandmother of The X Factor contestant Katie Waissel. Twice-widowed, Vogel-Coupe started escorting in 2010 at the age of 81. In 2014, she was entertaining up to ten clients per week at £250 an hour. Channel 4 released a documentary about her entitled My Granny the Escort, about Vogel-Coupe and two other elderly sex workers.

Vogel-Coupe died on 25 November 2022, at the age of 93.

References

1929 births
2022 deaths
Date of birth missing
Place of birth missing
English female prostitutes
English Jews
English people of Polish-Jewish descent


title: Mark Ferguson (handballer)

text:
Mark Ferguson (born 21 May 1990) is an Irish handballer, currently playing for Lughnasa HC.

Achievements
 Irish Senior League:
 Final 4: 2011–12, 2012–13,
 IOHA Cup:
 Semifinalist:  2012-13

References

External links
EurohandballSite
Olympichandball.org

Eurohandball.com
 Eurohandball.com
Eurohandball.com
Eurohandball.com

1990 births
Living people
Irish male handball players


title: John H. Hughes (politician)

text:
John Henry Hughes (April 1, 1904 – October 13, 1972) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
He was born on April 1, 1904, in Syracuse, New York. He graduated from Syracuse University, and in 1928 from Syracuse University College of Law. He was admitted to the bar in 1929, and practiced law in Syracuse. He married Mary Lorraine Porter (1914–1976), and they had three children.

Hughes was a member of the New York State Senate from 1947 until his death in 1972, sitting in the 166th, 167th, 168th, 169th, 170th, 171st, 172nd, 173rd, 174th, 175th, 176th, 177th, 178th and 179th New York State Legislatures. He was Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary from 1966 to 1972.

He was an alternate delegate to the 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960 and 1964 Republican National Conventions.

He died on October 13, 1972; and was buried at St. Mary's Cemetery in DeWitt, New York.

References

1904 births
1972 deaths
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
Politicians from Syracuse, New York
Syracuse University College of Law alumni
20th-century American politicians
Lawyers from Syracuse, New York
20th-century American lawyers


title: Andre Paras

text:
André Alonzo Forster Paras (born November 1, 1995) is a Filipino actor, model, dancer, singer, and former professional basketball player. He is the son of former PBA player Benjie Paras and brother of Kobe Paras. He is the best known for his role as Chad Jimenez in the film adaptation of Diary ng Panget. Paras is most seen in GMA Network and most known for playing the role of Bradley Castillo in the hit melodrama The Half Sisters. After the success of The Half Sisters, Paras and Barbie Forteza paired again in That's My Amboy which aired on 2016.

Early life and career
Paras was born on November 1, 1995 in Los Angeles to a PBA legend Benjie Paras and former actress Jackie Forster. He also has a younger brother, Kobe, a basketball player who plays for the Altiri Chiba in the Japanese B.League.

Paras played for La Salle Greenhills in high school. In college, he played for the University of the Philippines (UP) Fighting Maroons like his father. In 2014, Paras transferred from University of the Philippines to San Beda College with the intention of playing for the San Beda Red Lions. After a year of studying in UP and playing as a rookie for the UP Fighting Maroons, he opted to transfer for not being able to balance his studies and acting career due to his hectic work schedule in his drama series The Half Sisters. He also said that although it was his dream to study in UP, he didn't want to have a bad reputation in the university.

Paras then pursued an acting career.

Professional career

Imus Bandera (2018–2019)
Paras played for the Imus Bandera for the 2018–2019 season of MPBL.

Blackwater Bossing (2021–2022)
Paras selected 27th overall pick at the PBA Season 46 draft. Before the start of the 47th PBA season, he took a leave of absence from Blackwater to pursue acting.

Career statistics

PBA

|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Blackwater
| 19 || 9.4 || .526 || .083 || — || 1.5 || .2 || .0 || .3 || 2.2
|-class=sortbottom
| align="center" colspan=2 | Career
| 19 || 9.4 || .526 || .083 || — || 1.5 || .2 || .0 || .3 || 2.2

College

Showbiz career

GMA Network
Paras debut series became one of his biggest breaks when he appeared in the fantasy-drama series Elena M. Patron's Blusang Itim in a supporting role. He became a GMA Network contract artist in 2011 and a regular performer in Sunday All Stars.

In 2022, Paras resumed his showbiz career with an appearance on the drama-fantasy show, Daig Kayo ng Lola Ko. He also joined the broadcast panel for NCAA Season 98.

VIVA Films
In 2014, together with co-stars Nadine Lustre, James Reid and Yassi Pressman, Paras starred as Chad Jimenez in the Diary ng Panget, a 2014 Filipino teen romantic comedy film based on the popular best-selling book of the same name written and published on Wattpad by Denny R.

Filmography

Film

Television

TV dramas

Variety shows

Reality show

Game show

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 https://www.gmanetwork.com/sparkle/artists/andreparas

1995 births
Living people
Filipino men's basketball players
Filipino male child actors
Filipino male film actors
Filipino male television actors
VJs (media personalities)
Filipino television variety show hosts
GMA Network personalities
Viva Artists Agency
Basketball players from Quezon City
UP Fighting Maroons men's basketball players
Centers (basketball)
American sportspeople of Filipino descent
Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League players
Blackwater Bossing draft picks
Power forwards (basketball)
Blackwater Bossing players
American men's basketball players


title: Vicko Krstulović

text:
Vicko Krstulović (27 April 1905 – 28 September 1988) was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary, the most prominent Partisan military commander from Dalmatia during World War II, and a post-war communist politician. He was an illegal communist activist during the 1920s and 1930s in Split at a time when communist sympathizers were brutally persecuted by the Yugoslav monarchy. As an officer in the Partisans during World War II, he was in charge of creating and organising the resistance movement in Dalmatia. In Socialist Yugoslavia, he worked in various government offices and was remembered for his work and contribution to his native Split.

Early years (1905–1918)

Vicko Krstulović was born on 27 April 1905 in Split during the former Austria-Hungary empire. He was born to a labour family. His father worked in the Split fields as an agriculturist. Vicko was introduced in politics thanks to his father who was a social democrat. His father was the first person to carry the red flag during the Labour Day parade in Split.

When his father was mobilised for World War I, Vicko was forced to carry on his work in the fields. His father returned from the war with an illness which prevented him from doing hard work. At that time, Vicko would hide people in his fields that escaped mobilisation for the war. Vicko like most Split residents supported the Kingdom of Serbia and was a fierce opponent of the Austria-Hungary empire which ruled Dalmatia with repression.

Communist revolutionary

Illegal political activism (1919–1937)
After the war, Vicko expected much from the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes but it proved to be a disaster. In 1919, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was founded and Vicko was attracted by its ideas. In 1920, after the Communists won a large number of the city's in the local elections, the government banned them from acting legally and they became a forbidden party.

At that time in 1920, Vicko became a member of the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia. He worked as an illegal and was obligated to spread forbidden communist material around the city (mostly books). In 1922, he officially joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.
He became a member of the Dalmatian communist committee where he helped organise secret meetings, welcome foreign communist activists to the city and hide them. He also helped in organising Trade unions.

In the 1930s, his house was under raid by the police and he was arrested for dispatching illegal material. He was tortured and sentenced to prison. During that time, his mother died from illness after which he swore on her grave that he will avenge her.

Secretary of the Provincial committee of Communist party of Croatia for Dalmatia (1938–1941)
During the 1930s, the head of the Dalmatian communists was called Jelaska. He used the communists party in the city for his own pleasure and was neglecting the organisation. Vicko argued that he didn't expand the activity to the Dalmatia hinterlands which would prove devastating in later years. In 1937, Vicko attended a meeting in Zagreb where the League of Communists of Croatia was established.

In 1939, Vicko was made the secretary of the Dalmatian communists. At the time, he was working at the Split shipyard. Vicko began organising the party and expanding it. He welcomed high-ranking members of the party such as Josip Broz Tito, Edvard Kardelj and Rade Končar. He organised labour strikes in Split and managed to strengthen the party.

In 1940, Vicko attended the 5th state conference of the Communist party of Yugoslavia where the defence of Yugoslavia's independence and the mobilisation of the masses in the struggle to solve the internal social and national problems was discussed.
Vicko was one of the organisers for the 1941 Tripartite Pact protests in Split. When the Invasion of Yugoslavia began, Vicko urged party members to join the army and fight against the fascist and collaborators. When it was clear that Yugoslavia was losing, the party members were told to hide as many weapons as possible for the upcoming armed guerilla resistance.

World War II

Organising the first partisan detachments (1941)
After Yugoslavia lost the war, the Dalmatian coast along with Split was occupied by the Italian army. On 10 April 1941, the German puppet state and Italian protectorate called Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was established in Zagreb. Soon after, Vicko Krstulović went to Zagreb for a meeting where the communist party planned an armed resistance. Since Vicko was the Dalmatian committee secretary, he was obligated to prepare and lead the resistance in Dalmatia. He was given only a few months to prepare.

Vicko expressed his concerns. He believed that it was impossible to prepare in such a low amount of time but he was forced to do so. In August 1941, a few partisan detachments were sent from Dalmatian city's with the most notable one being the 1st Split Partisan Detachment which was made of 44 fighters. They went from Split to the Dalmatian hinterlands. Their goal was to reach the Dinara mountains and connect with the resistance movement in Bosnia. The detachment was quickly spotted by the Ustaše militia and Italian army and engaged in combat. After a few hours of fighting, they were outnumbered by the Italian and Ustaše forces and were forced to surrender.
25 fighters were captured and 13 fighters escaped back to Split. The 24 partisan prisoners were sentenced to death by NDH court in Sinj and executed by the Italians and Ustashe on 26 August 1941 at Ruduša near Sinj.

The rest of the partisan detachments that went from Dalmatia also failed. Most of them were forced to retreat from the hinterlands. Vicko Krstulović later received a letter from the Central committee for Communist party of Croatia where he was blamed for the failure of those actions but he replied that it was their fault. The Central committee for Communist party of Croatia sent Rade Končar to help Krstulović organise another attempt of reaching the Dinara mountains.

Commander of the Dalmatian partisan units (1941–1943)
In November 1941, Vicko managed to reach the Dinara mountains and he became the commander of the Dinara partisan detachment. That meant that all of the partisan units in Dalmatia were gradually coming under his command. The partisans in Dalmatia fought mostly against the Italian army, Ustaše militia, Croatian Home Guard and the Chetniks. They used guerrilla warfare. At first, they would use road ambushes against enemy vehicles and steal as many weapons and ammo as possible. They also attacked Ustaše guard posts in small villages. In 1942, the area around Muć was the first major liberated territory in Dalmatia. Vicko Krstulović became the commander of the 4th operational zone of Supreme HQ of Croatia in April 1942. The 4th zone was the entire territory of Dalmatia west from river Neretva.

He also started creating national liberation committees in various liberated villages. They were created for the purpose of installing the new partisan government. He also worked hard on ensuring the arrival of new partisan recruits from the coastal areas and islands of Dalmatia.

Vicko also helped the local resistance movement in Herzegovina called Starac Vujadin. They were Serb fighters who were under the threat of the Ustaše militia and Home guard. Vicko knew there was a danger of them joining the Chetniks so he tried to keep them with the partisans. Vicko knew the importance Serbian settlers in Dalmatia at that time because they made more than half of the Dalmatian partisans. The Serbs were under the constant threat from the Ustaše government and the Italians knew that so they would send them to Split as refugees and then they would be mobilised in the Chetniks who were allies with the Italian army.
Vicko helped organise the partisan resistance in Bukovica which was near the Chetnik-Italian controlled area of Kninska Krajina.

In July 1942, Vicko went to the mountain Cincar to attend a meeting with the Supreme HQ of the National liberation army of Yugoslavia and the commander in chief, Josip Broz Tito. Vicko was given orders to create partisan brigades for the upcoming actions.
In August 1942, he joined the liberation of Livno in Bosnia. There he created a Dalmatian liberation committee which would ensure better connections with the other committee branches in Dalmatia.

By the end of 1942 and beginning of 1943, there were 5 new brigades created in Dalmatia. On 13 February 1943 in Imotski, the 3rd, 4th and 5th Dalmatian brigade merged into the 9th Dalmatian Division under the leadership of Vicko Krstulović.

Battle for the Wounded (February–April 1943)
In the beginning of 1943, the Germans launched the Fourth Enemy Offensive. Their goal was to surround and destroy the partisan forces in western Bosnia and in other parts of Independent State of Croatia. Josip Broz Tito along with the Supreme HQ decided to evacuate the entire area and cross the Neretva river. They were meant to reach Montenegro.

Vicko Krstulović and the 9th Dalmatian division were given a hard task to protect the flanks facing Jablanica and Neretva from the difficult and craggy terrain of Imotski and Biokovo. The division faced heavy attacks from the Germans, Italians, Ustashe and Chetniks. The enemy used heavy aviation, tanks and artillery which gradually forced all 3 partisan brigades to slowly retreat to the right shore of the Neretva river.

While the 9th division was under critical pressure from the enemy and forced to stay in the hills above Neretva, they were still obligated by the orders of Tito and the HQ to take and move the Central hospital and heavy wounded through the mountain terrain of Dinara, Bikovo, Kamešnica and Dalmatia. Vicko refused to accept those orders because he knew they were impossible and suicidal.

After a meeting with the 9th division command, he went to see Tito in the village of Gračanica. He was determined that the only way to save the wounded was to cross the Neretva river on the right shore and go to Montenegro. After hours of talking, Vicko was allowed to continue his plan. He crossed the river with the 9th division and the Central hospital. They moved through the mountain range of Prenj and territory of Glavatičevo to the Boračko Lake. The fighters and wounded suffered from Typhoid fever, Hypothermia and Starvation. The 9th division ended their 2-month long campaign with the liberation of the town Nevesinje.

On 14 April 1943, the 9th Dalmatian division was disbanded in the Kifino village due to a big number of wounded and deceased fighters. The order was given by Tito and the Supreme HQ. Vicko believed that it was a big mistake to disband the division. He thought that it was a conspiracy against the Dalmatian partisans.

Battle of the Sutjeska (May–June 1943)
After the 9th division was disbanded, Vicko joined the Supreme HQ and Tito. The entire Yugoslav liberation army was heading to cross the Sutjeska river. The Axis rallied 127,000 land troops and 300 aeroplanes for the Fifth Enemy Offensive. Their goal was to eliminate Tito and central partisan forces.

Vicko and the Supreme HQ went through the Durmitor massive between the Tara and Piva rivers in the mountainous areas of northern Montenegro. Vicko travelled with his family and with the famous poet Vladimir Nazor. They faced heavy fog and slippery terrain in the mountains. The area was Chetnik controlled and food supply was extremely low.
In the early morning, they managed to cross the Sutjeska river under heavy rain and German mortar shelling. When the weather cleared that day, German aviation started advancing.

The partisans and HQ quickly advanced between Gornje and Donje Bare to the Hrčavka river. They were under German fire and Vicko almost lost his entire family. Tito was also wounded from an aviation bomb. The Supreme HQ managed to reach Miljevina. They settled there and were almost liquidated by a German task force but the partisans managed to react first and execute the Germans. The HQ managed to reach the Red Rocks at Romanija and Vicko at that point lost connection with them so he went to the 2nd Dalmatian brigade HQ.

Return to Dalmatia and the 1st liberation of Split (August–September 1943)
In the beginning of August 1943, Vicko was with Tito and the Supreme HQ at a party conference of the 1st Proleter brigade in Petrovo polje. Vicko was determined to go back in Dalmatia along with the 1st and 2nd Dalmatian brigade because he knew that the Italians were collapsing after the Allied invasion of Sicily.

He held a private conversation with Tito and managed to convince him of his plans. He was given only the 1st Dalmatian brigade because the 2nd brigade was going to Montenegro. After that, Tito relieved him of his commanding duty and made him responsible only for political assignments on the field. Vicko believed that he was being punished for disobeying his orders at Neretva.

Vicko returned to Dalmatia on 22 August 1943 with the 1st brigade and the 4th operational zone was again established. He became the zone commander but was limited to only political work.
On 3 September 1943, the Armistice of Cassibile was signed and Italy capitulated, but the Italians were still holding Split and refused to surrender to the partisan forces.
After days of negotiations, the partisans finally got in contact with general Emilio Becucci. On 16 September 1943, the surrender of the Italian army was signed at the hotel Park in Split. General Koča Popović and Ivo Lola Ribar signed the treaty in the name of the Yugoslav army. After that, Split officially became the biggest liberated city in occupied Europe. Vicko entered Split along with the other high-ranking partisan officers on 10 September. On that day, Vicko and Ivo Lola Ribar started negotiating with general Becucci for the immediate handover of all weapons from the Italian army.

At that time, the Sixth Enemy Offensive was under way and the German forces were gradually coming closer to occupying the Dalmatian coast which was abandoned by the Italians. The partisans started transporting weapons and ammo from the city to the hinterland before the Germans occupy the city.

The 1st Proletarian Brigade and the other partisan units were holding the Klis-Sinj line against the enemy. Tito gave the order that the Germans were to be stopped from entering Split for as long as possible. The Germans were surrounded in Klis, Sinj and Dicmo but the partisan units were badly synchronised due to a lack of communication. A great number of volunteers from Split joined the partisans and they were able to cover the loss in numbers. The 1st Proletarian brigade managed to repeal the German reinforcements in Imotski but the enemy kept reinforcing even more. The partisans saw a chance of conquering the larger Split area and repealing the Germans from it. The partisan units launched an offensive on Dicmo and Sinj but they all failed. The Germans quickly started a counter-offensive and began advancing on Split.

The 4th operational command gave the order to evacuate all weapons, military equipment, and personnel to Dinara. Vicko and Ivo Lola Ribar left Split and went through Kaštela to Muć and Cetina. They made contact with the 4th Krajina division and managed to deliver the Italian equipment. On 25 September 1943, the partisans left their battle positions and on 27 September, the German forces entered Split.

Political work and the 2nd liberation of Split (1943–1944)
In October 1943, the 8th Dalmatian Corps took control of the 4th operational zone and Vicko was restricted to political work at ZAVNOH and AVNOJ. On 29 November 1943, Vicko attended the famous 2nd AVNOJ meeting in Jajce where the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia was established. It was the highest governing body of the new Yugoslav republic. Vicko was elected as a member of AVNOJ.

By late 1943, Vicko was stationed on the Adriatic island of Vis which was occupied by the Commonwealth and American troops. He worked on the transport of injured soldiers and civilians to Italy and El Shatt in Egypt. He called Tito to join him on Vis where he could be safe from enemy attacks but Tito rejected the idea. In May 1944, Tito and the Supreme HQ were targets of a German airborne assault in Drvar. Tito barely escaped from the German breach and was quickly transported to Vis by the British. Vicko was present during the Treaty of Vis signing between Tito and the royal government representative, Ivan Šubašić.

In September 1944, the 8th Dalmatian corps began with the offensive on Dalmatia. By mid-October, they managed to reach Split and liberate most of the Dalmatia region. On 21 October, the 2nd liberation of Split was underway. The Germans used heavy artillery from Klis to slow them from the north but the Yugoslav Navy managed to offload reinforcements just east of Split. The main assault began on 25 October and the partisan troops managed to defeat the German-Ustashe war machine in a day. On the morning of 26 October 1944, fighters of the 10th brigade from the 20th partisan division entered and liberated Split for the 2nd and final time.

On 27 October, Vicko Krstulović was the first to arrive in Split by boat with the famous composer Ivo Tijardović. He was greeted by a big crowd in the Split port. This marked the end of Vicko's war campaign.

Postwar political career

Political functions in Federal Yugoslavia
In December 1944, Vicko was made the commissioner for industry and trade of ZAVNOH. He stayed in Split during the first few months of liberation. In April 1945, he became the minister of internal affairs of the newly established Federal State of Croatia.
He moved to Zagreb after the Ustashe government fled from it in May 1945. In January 1946, he became the minister of labour and maritime affairs in the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia. He then moved to Belgrade with his family.

In April 1951, he became the president of the regional committee CP Croatia for Dalmatia and in February 1952, he became the President of the Presidium of the Croatian Parliament which was at the time the highest governing body in SR Croatia. After his term ended, he became the member of the Federal Executive Council in February 1953.

From 1954 to 1958, he was the committee president in the SR Croatia parliament and a representative in the parliament from 1945 to 1963.
From 1963 to 1967, he was the president of the budget committee in the Federal assembly and a representative in the assembly from 1945 to 1967.

Unrealised ideas and criticism of the state policy
Vicko Krstulović was one of the designers of the SR Croatia coat of arms. Thanks to him, the sea was put in there. He also did much for his native Split and Dalmatia. As a committee president of Dalmatia, he was sent to Split in order to stop the chaos which was being done there. He helped on creating transportation systems in Split and connecting it more with the rest of the country.

Vicko represented the idea that the new railway should go from Sarajevo to Split, and not to Kardeljevo but his idea was rejected. Vicko wrote the Adriatic Orientation of Yugoslavia. It was a book about the sea potential that Yugoslavia has and how it should be used. He tried to persuade Tito on reading it but it was never seriously taken.

Vicko criticised the new direction of the Communist party of Yugoslavia. He was against changing the party name in 1952 to League of Communist. He believed that the party was rejecting its revolutionary path and that it was starting to accept a bureaucratic-dogmatic way of functioning. He knew that the party was slowly becoming open to extreme careerism and it was ignoring all the old party members. The party members who were longer in the party than Tito were especially ignored and put aside.

Vicko was later relieved of any important political duty after he made remarks that Tito and the other old guard officials should retire and leave the country to younger generations.

Final years
Vicko spent his last years of life in his native Split. He was still active in social life and he still gave interviews to journalists. In September 1988, he was admitted to the Military hospital in Split for treatment but during a routine therapy session, the doctors used electrical equipment not knowing he had a pacemaker. On 28 September 1988, Vicko Krstulović died due to medical complications.

After his death, his son Vladimir Krstulović gave all of Vicko's possessions and archives to the Historical museum in Belgrade.

Private life
Vicko was married to Lucija Krstulović and had 4 children: Maksim, Nataša, Viborg and Vladimir. His wife and 3 children, Maksim, Nataša and toddler Viborg were with him during the Battle of Neretva and Sutjeska. During the long marches between those battles, his son Maksim fell off a horse and injured his arm which would leave permanent damage. His daughter Nataša suffered from typhoid fever at Neretva and almost died during the crossing of the river. His fourth and youngest son Vladimir was born after the war.

Maksim Krstulović became a painter and critical intellectual who wrote articles that were more to the left than the Yugoslav politics was at the time. He caused controversy and in 1974, he was killed at his apartment in London. The killer was never caught but some suspect that it was done by the Yugoslav State Security Administration.

His youngest son Vladimir Krstulović was responsible for the publishing of Vicko's memoirs in 2012.

References

Politicians from Split, Croatia
People from the Kingdom of Dalmatia
League of Communists of Croatia politicians
Yugoslav Partisans members
Government ministers of Yugoslavia
Recipients of the Order of the People's Hero
Croatian people of World War II
1905 births
1988 deaths
Burials at Lovrinac Cemetery
Recipients of the Order of the Hero of Socialist Labour
Members of the Central Committee of the 4th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia


title: Sebastian Balthasar

text:
Sebastian Balthasar (Cologne, Germany, 30 August 1996) is a German racing driver.

Career

Karting
Balthasar started his racing career in the 2009 karting season. He became third in the Rotax Max Challenge Germany. A year later he entered the Ciao Thomas Knopper Memorial, the ADAC Kart Championship, the German Junior Kart Championship and the 21° Trofeo Andrea Margutti, with a tenth place as his best result. He continued karting throughout 2011 and '12, again entering the German Junior Karts, besides racing in the DMV Kart Championship and the Euro Wintercup.

Formula racing
Balthasar made the switch to formula racing in 2012, when he entered the ADAC Formel Masters, as the teammate of Alessio Picariello, which he would race again in 2014. With a best result of 4th, he finished 13th in the championship. He then entered the 2012-13 MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship season, finishing 19th.

Things changed when he entered the 2013 German Formula Three season, finishing only 10th in the ATS Formel 3 Cup, but winning the ATS Formula 3 Trophy. Finally, in 2014 he is competing in FA1, part of Acceleration 2014.

Racing Record

Career Summary

Complete Formula Acceleration 1 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP3 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Cologne
German racing drivers
German Formula Three Championship drivers
ADAC Formel Masters drivers
MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship drivers
German GP3 Series drivers

24H Series drivers
Hilmer Motorsport drivers
Performance Racing drivers
Lamborghini Super Trofeo drivers
Racing drivers from North Rhine-Westphalia


title: Calcium azide

text:
Calcium azide is a chemical compound with the formula .

Production
It can be obtained from a distilled reaction between hydrazoic acid and calcium hydroxide.

Safety
Calcium azide is sensitive to impact, in which it may detonate and ignite.

References

Azides
Calcium compounds


title: Prairie Queen Recreation Area

text:
Prairie Queen Recreation Area is located in northcentral Sarpy County, Nebraska, U.S. and approximately  west of downtown Omaha. Prairie Queen consists of between  of parkland of which  will is an artificial reservoir. The recreation area opened in 2015 as part of Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District efforts to provide flood control and improve recreation opportunities. The recreation area is near Werner Park and served by a road with bicycle lanes.

Prairie Queen Recreation Area is part of ongoing flood control initiatives, with dam construction and water impoundments creating fishing opportunities and increasing wetlands. Groundbreaking for the recreation area was held in 2012 and the project was budgeted at 14.5 million dollars. The recreation area  has a boat ramp, picnic areas and  of hike/bike paths. Prairie Queen Recreation Area is named after a one-room-schoolhouse that stood on the site that was used from the years 1884 to 1957. After that the school was used as the Papillion Grange Hall until 2002.

Project partners include Papio-Missouri River Natural Resource District, City of Papillion, Sarpy County, Nebraska and the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission.

External links
 Official site

References

Protected areas of Sarpy County, Nebraska
Protected areas of Nebraska


title: Darol Froman

text:
Darol Kenneth Froman  (October 23, 1906 – September 11, 1997)  was the deputy director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1951 to 1962. He served as a group leader from 1943 to 1945, and a division head from 1945 to 1948. He was the scientific director of the Operation Sandstone nuclear tests at Enewetak Atoll in the Pacific in 1948, and assistant director for weapons development from 1949 to 1951.

Early life
Darol Kenneth Froman was born in Harrington, Washington, on October 23, 1906, the son of a farmer. His family moved to Canada in 1910. He entered the University of Alberta in Edmonton, which awarded him the degrees of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in 1926 and Master of Science (M.Sc.) the following year.

He was a summer student at the University of Chicago in 1926 and 1927 before enrolling as a graduate student in 1928. He completed his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) thesis there on  A Photographic Method of Determining Atomic Structure Factors in 1930, under the supervision of Arthur Compton. It was subsequently published in the Physical Review.

After graduating from the University of Chicago, Froman became a lecturer at the University of Alberta from 1930 to 1931, and was lecturer and assistant professor of physics at Macdonald College at McGill University in Montreal from 1931 to 1939. During the summer months he joined Joyce C. Stearns at Mount Blue Sky or Echo Lake Park to study cosmic rays.

World War II

After the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Froman joined the McGill group working on radar and waveguides. In 1941 he became head of the Mount Evans High Altitude Laboratory, working on cosmic ray research, and taught physics at the University of Denver from 1941 to 1942. He joined the Navy Radio and Sound Laboratory in 1942.

Later that year Froman joined the Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago,  where he witnessed the start up of Chicago Pile-1, the world's first nuclear reactor, in December 1942. He was one of the earliest arrivals at the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, where he was head of the P-4 (Electronic) Group in Robert Bacher's P (Physics) Division. When the Laboratory was reorganized to concentrate on an implosion-type nuclear weapon in August 1944, he became head of the G-4 (Electric Method) Group in Bacher's G (Gadget) Division.

His wife, Ethel N. Froman, worked as a support staff at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project.

Later life
Froman remained at Los Alamos after the war, replacing Bacher as head of G Division (now renamed M Division) in 1945. In 1948, he was the scientific director of the Operation Sandstone nuclear tests at Enewetak Atoll in the Pacific. He was assistant director for weapons development from 1949 to 1951. He served as the associate technical director, later renamed deputy director, from 1951 until he retired in 1962. As such he was second only to the director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Norris E. Bradbury, and he worked closely with Bradbury, Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam on the design of the hydrogen bomb. He was also heavily involved with Project Rover, the project to develop a nuclear thermal rocket.

Froman became a consultant professor for the University of New Mexico in 1947. He was also chairman of the board for First National Bank of Rio Arriba, scientific director of Douglas Aircraft, director of development for Espanola Hospital, and a member of the Science Advisory Committee on Ballistic Missiles for the Secretary of Defense. He was a fellow of the American Physical Society and American Nuclear Society and a member of the New York Academy of Sciences and the Association of Los Alamos Scientists. He was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)  by the University of Alberta in 1964. Froman was married with two daughters, Kay and Eva. He died in Phoenix, Arizona, on September 11, 1997.

In 2009,  Danny B. Stillman, a former head of intelligence at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Thomas C. Reed, a weapons designer at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and a Secretary of the Air Force, published a book titled The Nuclear Express, in which they presented unsubstantiated allegations that an unnamed American scientist, easily identified as Froman, was a KGB spy who gave the Teller-Ulam design to the Soviet Union. "The allegation that Froman was a spy", noted Robert Norris, "is likely to come as surprise to his colleagues and to many others." In a review of Nuclear Express, Norris, Jeremy Bernstein and Peter Zimmerman concluded that it "is an unreliable, often wrong, history of the proliferation of nuclear weapons."

Notes

References

1906 births
1997 deaths
People from Lincoln County, Washington
20th-century American physicists
University of Alberta alumni
Academic staff of the University of Alberta
University of Chicago alumni
Manhattan Project people
Fellows of the American Physical Society


title: History of the Germany national football team

text:
The history of the Germany national football team began in 1908, when Germany played its first international match. Since then, the Germany national football team has been one of the most successful football teams, winning four World Cups and three European Championships.

History

Early years

On 18 April 1897, an early international game on German soil  was played in Hamburg when a selection team from the Danish Football Association defeated a selection team from the Hamburg-Altona Football Association, 5–0.

Between 1899 and 1901, prior to the formation of a national team, there were five unofficial international matches between different German and English selection teams, which all ended as large defeats for the German teams. Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association (DFB), the first official match of the Germany national football team was played on 5 April 1908, against Switzerland in Basel, with the Swiss winning 5–3. Coincidentally, the first match after World War I in 1920, the first match after World War II in 1950 when Germany was still banned from most international competitions, and the first match in 1990 with former East German players were all against Switzerland as well. Germany's first championship title was even won in Switzerland.

At that time the players were selected by the DFB, as there was no dedicated coach. The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz, a school teacher from Mannheim, who served in the role from 1926 to 1936. The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression, but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition. After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Sepp Herberger became coach. In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the Breslau Elf (the Breslau Eleven) in recognition of their 8–0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau, Lower Silesia (now Wrocław, Poland).

After Austria became part of Germany in the Anschluss of March 1938, that country's national team – one of Europe's better sides at the time due to professionalism – was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup. As required by Nazi politicians, five or six ex-Austrian players, from the clubs Rapid Vienna, Austria Vienna, First Vienna FC, were ordered to join the all-German team on short notice in a staged show of unity orchestrated for political reasons. In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June in France, this "united" German team led 1–0 against Switzerland, but managed only a 1–1 draw. After leading 2–0 in the replay, held again in Paris, they lost 2–4 in front of a hostile crowd. That early yet undefeated (the replay being considered a tie-breaker like a penalty shootout) exit in the round of 16 stood as Germany's worst ever World Cup result (excluding the 1930 and 1950 tournaments in which they did not compete), until Germany's group stage exit at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. They appeared in all other World Cups and advanced to the final eight, or better.

During World War II, the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942, when national team games were suspended, as most players had to join the armed forces. Many of the national team players, and even ethnic German players from other national teams like Ernst Willimowski, were gathered together under coach Herberger as Rote Jäger through the efforts of a sympathetic air force officer trying to protect the footballers from the most dangerous wartime service.

Three German teams
After the Second World War, Germany was banned from competition in most sports until about 1950, with none of the three new German states, West Germany, East Germany and Saarland, entering the 1950 World Cup qualifiers, since the DFB was only reinstated as full FIFA member after this World Cup.

West Germany
As in most aspects of life, the pre-war traditions and organizations of Germany were carried on by the Federal Republic of Germany, which was referred to as West Germany. This applied to the restored DFB which had its headquarters in Frankfurt am Main and still employed coach Sepp Herberger. With recognition by FIFA and UEFA, the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team. Neighbouring Switzerland was once again the first team that played West Germany in 1950, with Turkey and Republic of Ireland being the only non-German speaking nations to play them in friendly matches during 1951.

After only 18 post war games in total, West Germany qualified for the 1954 World Cup, having prevailed against Norway and the "third German state", the Saarland.

Saarland

The Saar protectorate, otherwise known as Saarland, was split from Germany and put under French control between 1947 and 1956. Saarland did not want to join French organizations and was barred from participating in pan-German ones. Thus, they sent separate teams to the 1952 Summer Olympics and also to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers, when Saarland finished below West Germany but above Norway in their qualification group, having won in Oslo. Legendary coach Helmut Schön was the manager of the Saarland team from 1952 until 1957 when the territory acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany. He went on to coach the championship-winning team of the 1970s.

East Germany

In 1949, the communist German Democratic Republic was founded in the Soviet-occupied eastern part of the country. A separate football competition emerged in what was commonly known as East Germany. In 1952 the Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR (DFV) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field. They were the only team to beat the 1974 World Cup winning West Germans in a highly symbolic event for the divided nation that was the only meeting of the two sides. East Germany went on to win the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and German reunification in 1990, the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB.

Das Wunder von Bern

West Germany, captained by Fritz Walter, met in the 1954 World Cup some of the teams they had played in friendly matches, namely Turkey, Yugoslavia and Austria. When playing favourites Hungary in the group stage, with good chances to qualify for the next round even in case of defeat, coach Sepp Herberger did not field his best players, saving them from the experience of a 3–8 loss. West Germany would go on to meet Hungary again in the final, facing the legendary team of Mighty Magyars again, which had gone unbeaten for 32 consecutive matches. In a shocking upset, West Germany came back from an early two goal deficit to win 3–2, with Helmut Rahn scoring the winning goal with only six minutes remaining. The success is called "The Miracle of Bern" (Das Wunder von Bern). The unexpected victory created a sense of euphoria throughout a divided postwar Germany. The triumph is credited with playing a significant role in securing the postwar ideological foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Memorable losses: Wembley goal and Game of the Century
After finishing fourth in the 1958 World Cup and reaching only the quarter-finals in the 1962 World Cup, the DFB had to make changes. Following examples set abroad, professionalism was introduced, and the best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga. In 1964, Helmut Schön took over as coach, replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years.

In the 1966 World Cup, West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semifinal, facing hosts England at Wembley Stadium. Wolfgang Weber's last-minute goal took the game into extra time, a goal claimed to be controversial by the English, with the ball appearing to hit the hand of a German player as it travelled through the England penalty area before he prodded it in. The first extra time goal by Geoff Hurst, nicknamed Wembley-Tor (Wembley goal) in Germany, is still controversial after all this time. As the Swiss referee did not see the situation properly, the opinion of the Soviet linesman Tofik Bakhramov who believed that the ball bounced back from the net rather than the crossbar led to one of the most contentious goals in the history of football. While the Germans pushed hard to tie the game, spectators entered the field in the final seconds, and Hurst scored another controversial goal giving England a 4–2 win.

West Germany gained a measure of revenge in the 1970 World Cup by knocking England out in the quarter-finals 3–2, having been 2–0 down, before they suffered another memorable extra time loss, this time in the semi-final against Italy at Estadio Azteca. Karl-Heinz Schnellinger scored during injury time to level the match at 1–1, and during extra time, both teams held the lead at one time. Memorably, Franz Beckenbauer remained on the field even with a dislocated shoulder, his arm in a sling strapped to his body, as West Germany had used up their two allowed substitutions. Eventually won 4–3 by Italy, this match with five goals in extra time is one of the most dramatic in World Cup history, and is called "Game of the Century" in both Italy (Partita del secolo) and Germany (Jahrhundertspiel). While the exhausted Italians lost to Brazil, West Germany went on to claim third place by beating Uruguay 1–0, and Gerd Müller finished as the tournament's top scorer with 10 goals.

World Cup title on home soil

In 1971, Franz Beckenbauer became captain of the national team, and he led West Germany to great success as they became both the European and World Champions. They won the European Championship on their first try at Euro 1972, defeating the Soviet Union 3–0 in the final. Then, as hosts of the 1974 World Cup, they won their second World Cup, defeating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final at the Olympiastadion in Munich.

Two matches in the 1974 World Cup stood out for West Germany. The first group stage saw a politically charged match as West Germany played a game against East Germany. Both teams already were qualified for advance to the next round, and the East Germans won 1–0. The West Germans adjusted their line up after the loss and advanced to the final which was the other outstanding match, against the Johan Cruijff-led Dutch team and their brand of "Total Football". Cruijff was brought down early in the German penalty area following a solo run before any of the German players had even touched the ball, and the Dutch took the lead from the ensuing penalty with just a minute gone on the clock. However, West Germany managed to come back, tying the match on a penalty scored by Paul Breitner, and winning it with Gerd Müller's goal just before half-time. A second goal by Müller was ruled offside.

Late 1970s and early 1980s
West Germany failed to defend their titles in the next two major international tournaments. They lost to Czechoslovakia in the final of Euro 1976 in a penalty shootout by a score of 5–3 after the match finished 2–2, with Uli Hoeneß famously kicking the ball sky high. Since that loss, Germany has not lost a penalty shootout in major international tournaments. In fact, until Lukas Podolski's shot was saved by the Serbian goalkeeper Vladimir Stojković during group play of the 2010 World Cup, the last penalty missed by a German player dates back to the 1982 World Cup semifinals when the French goalkeeper Jean-Luc Ettori saved Uli Stielike's shot.

In the 1978 World Cup, Germany was eliminated in the second group stage after losing 2–3 to Austria, who had already been eliminated from the round of 16. Schön retired as coach afterward, and the post was taken over by his assistant, Jupp Derwall.

West Germany's first tournament under Derwall was successful, as they earned their second European title at Euro 1980 after defeating Belgium 2–1 in the final. West Germany then reached the final of the 1982 World Cup, though not without difficulties. They were upset 1–2 by Algeria in their first match, but managed to advance to the second round with a controversial 1–0 win over Austria. Then, in the semifinal against France, they came back from down 1–3 during extra time to tie the match 3–3 and won the following penalty shootout 5–4. In the final, they were defeated by Italy 1–3.

During this period, West Germany also had one of the world's most productive goal scorers in Gerd Müller, who racked up fourteen goals in two World Cups (1970 and 1974). His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament, behind France's Just Fontaine and Hungarian Sándor Kocsis. Though Müller's all-time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006, it took Ronaldo three tournaments to do so (1998, 2002, and 2006) before Germany's Miroslav Klose surpassed the mark with 16 goals, scored over four tournaments (2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014).

Beckenbauer's triumph as coach

After West Germany were unexpectedly eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984, Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as coach. In the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, West Germany had a slow start to the tournament thanks partly to the hot climate and high altitude- conditions that were for the most part foreign to nearly all of the European teams. In the warm, rainy aridity and high altitude of Querétaro they drew with Uruguay 1–1, were beaten 2–0 by a flying Denmark side and beat Scotland 2–1, finishing runner up behind Denmark in their group. They then traveled to the intense heat and humidity of Monterrey to face Morocco, which they won 1–0 and then to face the hosts Mexico. After a goalless draw, West Germany won on penalties 5–4, and they would then travel to the tropical heat, rain and altitude of Guadalajara to face a strong Michel Platini-led French side- a rematch between the two sides after a classic duel during the previous World Cup in Spain. West Germany held their nerve to beat the French 2–0, and they then traveled to the 7,380 ft altitude of Mexico City to face a Diego Maradona-led Argentina in the final at the famous Azteca Stadium. Argentina took a 2–0 lead but Karl-Heinz Rumenigge and Rudi Voller tied the game in the second half, but Argentina scored a 3rd in the 85th minute and West Germany finished as runners-up for the second consecutive tournament. In Euro 1988, West Germany's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands, as the Dutch gained revenge of their loss in 1974 by beating them 2–1 in the semifinals.

In the 1990 World Cup, West Germany finally won their third World Cup title in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance. Captained by Lothar Matthäus, they defeated Yugoslavia (4–1) where Matthäus scored a goal from the halfway line; they then confidently thumped the United Arab Emirates (5–1) and drew with Colombia 1–1, all in Milan. In the Round of 16, they then played bitter rivals the Netherlands in Milan, which proved to be a bad-tempered, ugly game that was somewhat reflective of the whole tournament. Striker Rudi Völler and Dutch midfielder Frank Rijkaard were both sent off by the temperamental and emotionally aggressive Argentine referee after arguing and violently tackling each other in the span of a few minutes, including a blatant handball by a furious Voller. Goals by Jürgen Klinsmann and Andreas Brehme meant that Germany went on to win 2–1, and then in their quarter-final match they beat Czechoslovakia 1–0 in Milan. For their semi-final they went to play England in Turin, which proved to be a closely contested match between two equally skilled sides. Brehme scored a fluke goal early in the second half, but England's Gary Lineker equalized later in the second half and the match ended 1–1, but West Germany went on to win 4–3 on penalties, and the Germans were on the way to a final rematch against Argentina in Rome. West Germany won an ugly and difficult match 1–0, with the only goal being a penalty scored in the 85th minute by Andreas Brehme after Klinsmann was fouled in the Argentine penalty box. Beckenbauer, who won the World Cup as the national team's captain in 1974, thus became the second person ever (preceded only by Mário Zagallo) to win the World Cup as both player and coach, and the first as both captain and coach. West Germany were also the tournament top scorers, scoring 14 goals.

Olympic football

Prior to 1984, Olympic football was an amateur event, meaning that only non-professional players could participate. Due to this, West Germany was never able to achieve the same degree of success at the Olympics as at the World Cup, with the first medal coming in the 1988 Olympics, when they won the bronze medal. It took Germany 28 years to participate at the Olympics again in 2016, this time reaching the final and winning a silver medal. West Germany also reached the second round in both 1972 and 1984. On the other hand, due to having an ability to field its top-level players who were classified as amateurs on a technicality East Germany did better, winning a gold, a silver and two bronze medals (one representing the United Team of Germany).

Recording of the players from the former GDR and champion at UEFA Euro 1996 in England (1990–1998)

In February 1990, months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the draw for the 1992 European Championship qualifying tournament saw East Germany and West Germany drawn together in Group 5. After West Germany's 1990 World Cup win, with assistant Berti Vogts taking over as the national team coach, the retiring Beckenbauer infamously predicted that the German team, with additional former East Germans to choose from, would be invincible for years to come. The reunification of Germany was confirmed in August to take effect on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the former GDR to the Federal Republic of Germany. The members of the East German association Deutscher Fußball-Verband acceded to the DFB in November, while the 1990–91 seasons would continue, with the restructuring of leagues scheduled for 1991–92. The first game with a unified German team, including former East German internationals such as Matthias Sammer and Ulf Kirsten, was against Switzerland on 19 December.

In Euro 1992, Germany reached the final, but lost 0–2 to surprise winners Denmark. As the defending champions in the 1994 World Cup, this tournament proved to be rough for the German squad, who hadn't changed much since the 1990 World Cup, but they were still a strong side: Matthaus was still captaining the team and Klinsmann, Brehme, Voller and Ilgner were retained. The German squad beat Bolivia 1–0 in the tournament's opening match and they drew with Spain 1–1, playing both matches in Chicago. Then, they traveled down to the intense 35 °C (95 °F) heat of Dallas to play South Korea, a match they won 3–2 with Klinsmann scoring 2 goals. After this victory, midfielder Stefan Effenberg was sent home by Vogts after he gave an obscene hand gesture to German fans and journalists after being substituted out during the 75th minute. Germany then advanced to the Round of 16, and they beat European rivals Belgium 3–2 in Chicago; Voller scored 2 goals in the first half. And then, a low point in German football came about. The tough German squad then went to Giants Stadium just outside New York City to play Bulgaria in the quarter-finals, and they were upset 1–2 by the lowly ranked team, even though they led for the first part of the match after Matthaus scored from a penalty 2 minutes into the second half. But Bulgarian star player Hristo Stoichkov scored in the 75th minute, and the German team effectively fell apart, and this allowed Yordan Letchkov to score 3 minutes later, and the Germans were never able to equalize. Vogts returned home to face a barrage of criticism, although he stayed on as manager.

Reunified Germany won their first major international title at Euro 1996, becoming the European champions for the third time. They defeated hosts England on penalty kicks (6–5 after a 1–1 draw) in the semifinals and the Czech Republic 2–1 in the final, a match decided by a golden goal scored by Oliver Bierhoff. Matthias Sammer won the Ballon d'Or in 1996 for his performances for Germany and Borussia Dortmund.

However, in the 1998 World Cup, Germany were again eliminated by a less-heralded opponent in the quarterfinals, this time in a 0–3 defeat to Croatia. Vogts stepped down afterwards and was replaced by Erich Ribbeck.

Twice disappointing after the group stage at UEFA Euro, 2002 World Cup final and 2006 World Cup at home soil (1998–2006)
Ribbeck soon found himself faced with the issue of an ageing squad, several members of which chose to retire after their World Cup exit, leaving him relying on the remaining members of the Euro 1996-winning team, and untested new players. Despite this, the team won their UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying group relatively comfortably, albeit with automatic qualification not being definitively secured until their final group game.

In Euro 2000, the aging team went out in the first round after failing to win any of their three matches, including an embarrassing 0–3 loss to an understrength Portugal side (who had already advanced to the next round), and their first competitive loss against England (who themselves performed poorly at the tournament, losing both of their other matches) since the 1966 World Cup final. Ribbeck resigned amid strong public criticism and was replaced temporarily and then permanently by Rudi Völler – after planned successor Christoph Daum was involved in a drug scandal.

Coming into the 2002 World Cup, expectations of the German team were low due to poor results in the qualifiers. This included not directly qualifying for the finals for the first time. The team nonetheless dealt a thrashing to Saudi Arabia 8–0 in their first match. In the knockout stages, riding on the heroics of Oliver Kahn and Michael Ballack they produced three consecutive 1–0 wins against Paraguay, the United States, and co-hosts South Korea, setting up a final against Brazil, the first World Cup meeting between the two. Unfortunately Ballack was suspended for the final due to accumulated yellow cards and Kahn was injured during the final proper. In a hard-fought match, Germany thus lost 0–2. Nevertheless, Miroslav Klose won the Silver Boot and German captain and goalkeeper Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball, the first time in the World Cup's history that a goalkeeper was named the best player of the tournament, as well as the Yashin-Award for the best goalkeeper in the tournament.

Germany failed to build on their success in 2002 and again exited in the first round of Euro 2004, this time drawing their first two matches and losing the third. As was the case in 2000, the team exited losing to an understrength side that had already advanced, in this case the Czech Republic. Even though Germany dominated the match, they could not score, losing to a Czech goal scored on the break. Völler resigned afterwards, denouncing the constant media criticism in a famous TV interview. The national team had to find their third new coach in six years after having had only six coaches in the previous 75 years. When prospective candidates including Ottmar Hitzfeld and Otto Rehhagel turned down the job, former national team player Jürgen Klinsmann, who had never held any coaching jobs before, was appointed. In similar style to Beckenbauer's former role as team manager without a coaching license, the experienced Joachim Löw from Stuttgart was appointed to assist him.

Klinsmann made Michael Ballack the captain following Euro 2004. Klinsmann's main task was to lead the national team to a good showing at the 2006 World Cup being hosted in Germany.

Prior to the start of the tournament, hopes were not as high for Germany as in previous tournaments (even in Germany itself), even though it was the host nation. Critics pointed out the apparent lack of quality players in the squad and coach Klinsmann's decision to live in America rather than Germany. However, Germany won the opening game of the World Cup against Costa Rica 4–2. They continued to develop both confidence and support across the group stage, conceding no further goals as they beat Poland 1–0 and Ecuador 3–0, with Miroslav Klose scoring twice and Lukas Podolski adding another in the last match. Germany finished on top of their group with three wins. The team went on to defeat Sweden 2–0 in the round of 16, with Lukas Podolski netting both goals in only 12 minutes, from assists by Miroslav Klose.

Germany faced favorites Argentina in the quarter-finals, a team that Germany had not defeated since the 1990 World Cup. Germany's clean sheet streak was broken shortly after half time as Argentina scored first to grab a 0–1 lead. However, Michael Ballack's cross, flicked on by Tim Borowski, allowed Klose to head in the equalizer with 10 minutes to spare. During the subsequent penalty shootout, goalkeeper Jens Lehmann saved two shots while his teammates all converted their shots to win the shootout 4–2. After the game, the Argentinians started a brawl, which later resulted in a match ban for midfielder Torsten Frings after Italian television networks showed video footage of him participating in the fight.

Expectations rose in Germany following these results, with many thinking that a record eighth appearance in the World Cup final was possible even though a starter was missing and the players were tired after already playing a tough 120 minutes against Argentina. In the semifinal match against Italy, the match went to extra time again, and hopes grew high that another penalty shootout would take the team to the final match in Berlin. However, despite Klinsmann's focus on fitness, the speed and concentration of the German players faded, and they conceded two goals in the final ninety seconds of extra time.

Despite having their dreams of playing in the final dashed, Klinsmann's squad quickly recovered their composure, and journalists noted the team's upbeat mood in the practices leading up to the third-place match. Three starters, including captain Michael Ballack, would not be available for the third place match, and their opponent Portugal's goalkeeper, Ricardo, had up to that point conceded only one goal in regular play. Nonetheless, Germany thoroughly defeated Portugal 3–1, at one point leading 3–0 due to Bastian Schweinsteiger's two goals and an own goal, also off his shot, by Portugal's Petit.

With this victory, Germany ended the World Cup on a high, not only with the 3–1 win over Portugal in the battle for third place, but also with several awards: Miroslav Klose was awarded the Golden Boot for his tournament-leading five goals, becoming the first player from the united Germany to earn it, and fellow striker Lukas Podolski won the 'Best Young Player' award. Furthermore, four of Germany's players (Jens Lehmann, Philipp Lahm, Michael Ballack, and Miroslav Klose) were selected for the tournament All-Star Team. In addition, with 14 goals scored, the German side scored more goals than any other team in the tournament. After the tournament, over 500,000 people honored the team by giving them a hero's welcome at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin.

No more than second place (2006–2012)
Germany's entry into the Euro 2008 qualifying round was marked partially by the promotion of Joachim Löw to head coach, since Klinsmann retired in spite of a public outcry for him to continue managing the Mannschaft. Löw did not have the sweeping charisma of his predecessor, but the reputation of being a shrewd and capable tactician. He quickly became notable for continually introducing talented young players into his team, leading to a continuous rejuvenation of the squad. In a group with the Czech Republic and the Republic of Ireland, Germany qualified comfortably, defeating San Marino in a record 13–0 away win along the way.

For the final tournament, Germany were placed into Group B alongside Poland, Croatia and longtime rivals Austria. Germany defeated Poland 2–0 but suffered an ignominious 1–2 defeat to Croatia, compounded by a red card for Bastian Schweinsteiger for an aggressive off-the-ball incident. Germany entered the knockout round with a victory over Austria in the last match of group play. The only scorer of the game was Michael Ballack, who scored in the 49th minute with a powerful long-distance free-kick that was later chosen as the German Goal of the Year. Their quarterfinal opponent was Portugal. Germany started well and took an early lead after Schweinsteiger converted a cross from Lukas Podolski. Miroslav Klose made it 2–0 after heading in a free kick by Schweinsteiger. Portugal responded with a goal right before halftime, but Germany reclaimed their two-goal lead in the second half when Schweinsteiger assisted another header, this time by Michael Ballack. Germany saw out the rest of the match comfortably, conceding a late consolation goal, leaving the final score at 3–2.

Germany went into their semifinal match against Turkey as the favourites. However, the team put up a nervous and shaky performance, falling behind due to Uğur Boral's goal in the 22nd minute. Bastian Schweinsteiger equalised, and Miroslav Klose put Germany ahead with less than twelve minutes left only for Semih Şentürk to level the score in the last minutes of the match. Just as the game was heading for extra time, defender Philipp Lahm cut inside past Colin Kazim-Richards, exchanged passes with Thomas Hitzlsperger, and stole in at the near post to score in the final minute, sending Germany into the final against Spain.

Spain were the heavy favourites but Germany was believed to be one of the few sides able to challenge them. Spain controlled the game and took the lead through Fernando Torres. Germany ended up losing the match 0–1, finishing as the runners-up of the tournament.

For the qualification for World Cup 2010, Germany were placed in a group with Azerbaijan (led by former Germany coach Berti Vogts), Finland, Liechtenstein, Russia, and Wales. Germany comfortably qualified as top of the group with 8 wins and two draws (both against Finland).

The 2010 World Cup draw, which took place on 4 December 2009, placed Germany in Group D, along with Australia, Serbia, and Ghana. Throughout the tournament, Germany impressed by playing an attractive, attacking style of football. On 13 June 2010, they played their first match of the tournament against Australia and won 4–0. They lost their second match 0–1 to Serbia. Their next match against Ghana was won 1–0 by a goal from Mesut Özil. Germany went on to win the group and advanced to the knockout stage. In the round of 16, Germany defeated England 4–1, England's highest World Cup loss to date. At 2–1, however, the game controversially had a goal by Frank Lampard disallowed, despite video replays that showed the ball beyond the goal line. In the quarterfinals, Germany defeated Argentina 4–0; this match was also celebrated striker Miroslav Klose's 100th international cap and the match in which he tied German legend Gerd Müller's record of 14 World Cup goals, one behind the all-time record of 15 World Cup goals, which is held by Ronaldo of Brazil. In the semi-final on 7 July, Germany lost 1–0 to Spain, in an almost flashback to the finals of Euro 2008. Germany played Uruguay for Third Place, as in 1970, and won the match 3–2 on 10 July.

Germany scored the most with a total of 16 goals in the 2010 World Cup, in comparison, the winning nation Spain scored only 8 goals. The German team became the first team since Brazil in 1982 to record the highest goal difference in a World Cup without winning it. In an internet poll, Germany was voted the World Cups Most Entertaining Team, although FIFA discontinued the official award. German youngster Thomas Müller won the Golden Boot with the most goals and assists scored (succeeding teammate Miroslav Klose), and he was also given the Best Young Player Award (succeeding teammate Lukas Podolski).

The German team reflected the changing demographic of Germany. It was significantly multicultural, as 11 of the players in the final 23-man World Cup Finals roster were eligible to play for other countries, despite 10 of the 11 being born or raised in Germany. The 11th, Cacau, arrived from Brazil in his late teens. Despite this transition, Germany kept the traditional strength as a team that excels when playing at major tournaments with a well-attuned team. Prior to the World Cup the Mannschaft lost in a friendly to England 2–1, another friendly against Argentina 1–0, and less than a year after the World Cup Germany lost against Australia 2–1. While losing on home soil in friendlies, Germany decisively thrashed all these three teams in the tournament in South Africa, scoring four goals in each match.

Germany qualified top of Group A in qualification for UEFA Euro 2012 with a record of 10 wins out of ten matches against Kazakhstan, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, and Azerbaijan.

The draw for the final tournament took place on 2 December 2011 at the Ukraine Palace of Arts in Kyiv, Ukraine. Germany was placed in group B along with Portugal, Netherlands, and Denmark, thus making it the group of death.

As the only team to have won all three group matches, Germany went on to defeat Greece in the quarter-final and set a historic record in international football of 15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches. In the semi-final match against Italy, despite high expectations, Germany was unable to break the record to defeat Italy in any competitive matches.

World championship title in Brazil and group elimination in Russia (2012–)

On 30 July 2011 at the 2014 FIFA World Cup preliminary draw, Germany were placed in Group C. They commenced their qualifying campaign in late 2012 in a group that featured contenders Sweden, Republic of Ireland, Austria, Faroe Islands and Kazakhstan.

The draw for the 2014 FIFA World Cup finals placed Germany in Group G along with Portugal, Ghana, and the United States. The German Football Association constructed a purpose-built training base, Campo Bahia, for their stay in Brazil. Germany started the tournament with a 4–0 defeat of Portugal, with Thomas Muller scoring a hat trick. They drew their next match with Ghana 2–2. Miroslav Klose tied Ronaldo's record of fifteen World Cup finals goals in the match. Germany won their final game against the United States 1–0. They played Algeria in the round of 16 in a rematch of their encounter in 1982. Germany prevailed 2–1 after extra time. They then defeated France 1–0 in the quarterfinals. They faced Brazil in the semi-finals where they won a decisive 7–1 victory. Klose scored the second goal of the game, surpassing Ronaldo for the record of most goals in the World Cup. Germany defeated Argentina 1–0 in the final on 13 July and obtained its fourth title.

Group G

After finishing first in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group D, Germany managed to win their group ahead of Poland, Northern Ireland and Ukraine. In the knock-out stages, they overcome Slovakia with a 3–0 win, then they won against Italy 6–5 in a penalty shootout (after a 1–1 draw) for the first time in a major tournament. Their journey ended in the semi-finals after a 2–0 loss against the host-nation France, the French first competitive win against Germany in 58 years.

Having qualified as the 2014 World Cup Champion, the German coach Joachim Löw decided to participate in the competition with a young team captained by Julian Draxler. The team won their group ahead of Chile, Australia and Cameroon. Then, they won against Mexico 4–1 in the semi-finals to progress to the final. Unexpectedly, the young team managed to win Germany their first FIFA Confederations Cup title ever after a 1–0 win against Chile at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg.

Despite winning their 10 matches in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. Germany went out from the World Cup group stage. Their first exit in the first round for the first time since 1938, after two losses and only one win. The first match was against Mexico, the team which they beat in the FIFA Confederations Cup a year earlier, the match ended with a 1–0 win for the Mexicans, the German first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup against Algeria. The second match was against Sweden which ended in a 2–1 win, thanks to Toni Kroos's 95th-minute goal. In the last match, Germany needed a "one-goal" win against South Korea to reach the next round, but two late goals during second-half stoppage time from South Korea made the defending champion leave the competition with only bad memories.

Germany, known in German as a "Tournament Team" (), came to the 2018 tournament without their 2014 heroes Mario Götze and André Schürrle. The retirement of key players such as Philipp Lahm, Bastian Schweinsteiger, and Miroslav Klose meant the loss of leading players. During the tournament, poor performances by main players such as Thomas Müller and Sami Khedira, as well as wrong team selection by the coach Joachim Löw were the main factors in the devastating early exit. Moreover, complacency and lack of sharpness of the attacking players were obvious according to former player and coach Jürgen Klinsmann.

Germany finished second in Group F, behind France and ahead of Portugal and Hungary. In the round of 16, they lost 2–0 against England at Wembley Stadium, which was their last match under coach Joachim Löw.

Under new coach Hansi Flick, Germany was eliminated in the group stage for the second time in a row, as they finished third in their group behind Japan and Spain.

Competition records

FIFA World Cup record

*Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
**Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won.
***Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil.

UEFA European Championship record

*Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
**Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won.
***Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil.

FIFA Confederations Cup record

*Denotes draws including knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.
**Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won.
***Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil.
Note All tournaments from 1950 to 1990 inclusively were competed as West Germany.

Men's Honours

Major competitions
FIFA World Cup
 Champions (4): 1954, 1974, 1990, 2014
 Runners-up (4): 1966, 1982, 1986, 2002
 Third place (4): 1934, 1970, 2006, 2010
 Fourth place (1): 1958

UEFA European Championship
 Champions (3): 1972, 1980, 1996
 Runners-up (3): 1976, 1992, 2008
 Third place (3): 1988, 2012, 2016

Summer Olympic Games
 Gold Medal (1): 1976
 Silver Medal (2): 1980, 2016
 Bronze Medal (3): 1964, 1972, 1988
 Fourth place (1): 1952

FIFA Confederations Cup
 Champions (1): 2017
 Third place (1): 2005

Women's Honours

Major competitions
FIFA Women's World Cup
 Champions (2): 2003, 2007
 Runners-up (1): 1995
 Fourth place (2): 1991, 2015

UEFA Women's Championship
 Champions (8): 1989, 1991, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013
 Runners-up (1): 2022
 Fourth place (1): 1993

Summer Olympic Games
 Gold Medal (1): 2016
 Bronze Medal (3): 2000, 2004, 2008

Previous squads

 FIFA World Cup squads
 1934 FIFA World Cup squad
 1938 FIFA World Cup squad
 1954 FIFA World Cup squad
 1958 FIFA World Cup squad
 1962 FIFA World Cup squad
 1966 FIFA World Cup squad
 1970 FIFA World Cup squad
 1974 FIFA World Cup squad
 1978 FIFA World Cup squad
 1982 FIFA World Cup squad
 1986 FIFA World Cup squad
 1990 FIFA World Cup squad
 1994 FIFA World Cup squad
 1998 FIFA World Cup squad
 2002 FIFA World Cup squad
 2006 FIFA World Cup squad
 2010 FIFA World Cup squad
 2014 FIFA World Cup squad
 2018 FIFA World Cup squad
 2022 FIFA World Cup squad

 UEFA European Football Championship squads
 UEFA Euro 1972 squad
 UEFA Euro 1976 squad
 UEFA Euro 1980 squad
 UEFA Euro 1984 squad
 UEFA Euro 1988 squad
 UEFA Euro 1992 squad
 UEFA Euro 1996 squad
 UEFA Euro 2000 squad
 UEFA Euro 2004 squad
 UEFA Euro 2008 squad
 UEFA Euro 2012 squad
 UEFA Euro 2016 squad
 UEFA Euro 2020 squad

 FIFA Confederations Cup squads
 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup squads
 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup squads
 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup squads

Managers

 Notes

 Includes matches won or lost on penalty shoot-outs.
 Record includes periods of pre-division Germany (1936–1942 – 70 matches: 42 wins, 13 draws, 15 losses) and West Germany (1950–1964 – 97 matches: 52 wins, 14 draws, 31 losses; no national team matches and no national coaches between 1942 and 1950).

Captains
This is the list of Germany captains since Germany's first participation in a World Cup in 1934 (current as of 23 November 2014).Note: the column "games" signifies overall games as captain, not overall caps. East German captains are not included. Captained games outside the player's main period are also included.

Tournament records
 Most World Cups played in: Lothar Matthäus – 5 (All-time record tied with Mexico's Antonio Carbajal)
 Most World Cup match appearances: Lothar Matthäus – 25 (All-time record)
 Most World Cup goals: Miroslav Klose – 16 (All-time record leading goalscorer)
 Most European Championship match appearances: Philipp Lahm – 14
 Most European Championship goals: Jürgen Klinsmann – 5

Notes

References

Germany national football team
Germany
National football team


title: Toffa Cotonou FC

text:
Toffa Cotonou is a football club of Benin, based in the town of Cotonou. They played in the Beninese first division, the Benin Premier League.

In 1995 the team has won the Benin Premier League.

Achievements
Benin Premier League: 1
1995

Performance in CAF competitions

Stadium
Currently the team plays at the 15000 capacity Stade Charles de Gaulle.

Current squad

References

External links
CAF

Football clubs in Benin


title: Ulster Unionist Party election results

text:
This article lists the Ulster Unionist Party's election results in UK parliamentary elections.

Summary of general election performance

Election results

1922 general election

1923 general election

1924 general election

By-elections, 1924–1929

1929 general election

1931 general election

1935 general election

By-elections, 1935–1945

1945 general election

By-elections, 1945–1950

1950 general election

By-elections, 1950–1951

1951 general election

By-elections, 1951–1955

1955 general election

Although Grosvenor failed to win Fermanagh and South Tyrone, he was declared elected after the winning candidate was found to be ineligible.

By-elections, 1955–1959

Although Beattie failed to win Mid Ulster, he was declared elected after the winning candidate was found to be ineligible, but was then in turn disqualified as ineligible.  A new by-election was held, which the Ulster Unionist Party did not contest.

1959 general election

By-elections, 1959–1964

1964 general election

1966 general election

By-elections, 1966–1970

1970 general election

February 1974 general election

October 1974 general election

1979 general election

By-elections, 1979–1983

1983 general election

By-elections, 1983–1987

1987 general election

By-elections, 1987–1992

1992 general election

By-elections, 1992–1997

1997 general election

By-elections, 1997–2001

2001 general election

2005 general election

2010 general election

Candidates stood as part of Ulster Conservatives and Unionists - New Force.

By-elections, 2010–2015

2015 general election

2017 general election

By-elections, 2017–2019

2019 general election

References

F. W. S. Craig, Chronology of British Parliamentary By-elections 1833-1987
UK General election results February 1974, Richard Kimber's Political Resources
UK General election results October 1974, Richard Kimber's Political Resources
UK General election results May 1979, Richard Kimber's Political Resources

Ulster Unionist Party
Election results by party in the United Kingdom


title: Sailing at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's Mistral

text:
The men's Mistral competition at the 2010 Asian Games in Shanwei was held from 14 to 20 November 2010.

Schedule
All times are China Standard Time (UTC+08:00)

Results
Legend
DNC — Did not come to the starting area
DNF — Did not finish

References

External links

Men's Mistral
Mistral One Design class sailing competitions


title: Józef Motyka

text:
Józef Motyka (23 March 1900 in Kąclowa – 6 July 1984 in Lublin) was a Polish botanist and lichenologist.

Education
He obtained his PhD in 1925 at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow for his studies on the ecology of saxicolous lichens (growing on or living among rocks) in Europe.

Early career
Afterwards, he spent several years researching the large lichen genus Usnea, culminating in the publication of a two-volume monograph during 1936–38. During the Second World War he was employed in the Botanical Garden in Lwow. In 1944 he returned to his birthplace, Kąclowa, and began teaching at the Gymnasium in nearby Grybów. A year later Motyka was appointed as Director of the Plant Geography and Systematics department at the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, and soon after became an associate professor. For the next decade he worked largely on the distribution and ecology of vascular plants.

Publications
Returning to work on lichens in the mid-1950s, Motyka studied Poland's lichen flora and published papers on the families Parmeliaceae, Cladoniaceae, Acarosporaceae, Umbilicariaceae, and Thelocarpaceae. He became a full Professor in 1960. He eventually published a total of four textbooks, six monographs, 54 papers, and two general-audience books.

Motyka's draft manuscripts on the lecanoroid lichens were published posthumously in 1995–1996 by his daughter Maria Motyka-Zgłobicka and J. Sieminska, in a four-volume work titled Lecanoraceae. This massive work introduced more than 220 new species, and over 300 new combinations. However, there were several problems in Motyka's text, such as the use of outdated generic concepts, little discussion of why taxonomic decisions were made, and omissions of important information for many of the newly described species. For these reasons, Helge Thorsten Lumbsch and colleagues made a formal proposal to consider this work opera utique oppressa—a suppressed work that is not taxonomically valid.

Recognition
Motyka was awarded the Polonia Restituta and Golden Cross of Merit for his academic work.

Eponymous species
Several lichens have been named in honor of Józef Motyka:
Alectoria motykae D.Hawksw.
Alectoria motykana Bystrek
Ramalina motykana Bystrek
Usnea motykae Räsänen
Usnea motykana Bystrek & Wójciak

See also
 :Category:Taxa named by Józef Motyka

References

1900 births
1984 deaths
Jagiellonian University alumni
People from Nowy Sącz County
20th-century Polish botanists
Polish lichenologists