title: Path integrals in polymer science

text:
A polymer is a macromolecule, composed of many similar or identical repeated subunits. Polymers are common in, but not limited to, organic media. They range from familiar synthetic plastics to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins. Their unique elongated molecular structure produces unique physical properties, including toughness, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form glasses and semicrystalline structures. The modern concept of polymers as covalently bonded macromolecular structures was proposed in 1920 by Hermann Staudinger.
One sub-field in the study of polymers is polymer physics. As a part of soft matter studies, Polymer physics concerns itself with the study of mechanical properties and focuses on the perspective of condensed matter physics.

Because polymers are such large molecules, bordering on the macroscopic scale, their physical properties are usually too complicated for solving using deterministic methods. Therefore, statistical approaches are often implemented to yield pertinent results. The main reason for this relative success is that polymers constructed from a large number of monomers are efficiently described in the thermodynamic limit of infinitely many monomers, although in actuality they are obviously finite in size.

Thermal fluctuations continuously affect the shape of polymers in liquid solutions, and modeling their effect requires using  principles from statistical mechanics and dynamics. The path integral approach falls in line with this basic premise and its afforded results are unvaryingly statistical averages. The path integral, when applied to the study of polymers, is essentially a mathematical mechanism to describe, count and statistically weigh all possible spatial configuration a polymer can conform to under well defined potential and temperature circumstances. Employing path integrals, problems hitherto unsolved were successfully worked out: Excluded volume, entanglement, links and knots to name a few. Prominent contributors to the development of the theory include Nobel laureate P.G. de Gennes,  Sir Sam Edwards, M.Doi,  F.W. Wiegel and H. Kleinert.

Path integral formulation

Early attempts at path integrals can be traced back to 1918. A sound mathematical formalism wasn't established until 1921. This eventually lead Richard Feynman to construct a  formulation for quantum mechanics, now commonly known as Feynman Integrals.
In the core of Path integrals lies the concept of Functional integration. Regular integrals consist of a limiting process where a sum of functions is taken over a space of the function's variables. In functional integration the sum of functionals is taken over a space of functions.  For each function the functional returns a value to add up.
Path integrals should not be confused with line integrals which are regular integrals with the integration evaluated along a curve in the variable's space.
Not very surprisingly functional integrals often diverge, therefore to obtain  physically meaningful results a quotient of path integrals is taken.

This article will use the notation adopted by Feynman and Hibbs, denoting a path integral as:

with  as the functional and  the functional differential.

Ideal polymers

One extremely naive yet fruitful approach to quantitatively analyze the spatial structure and configuration of a polymer is the free random walk model. The polymer is depicted as a chain of point like unit molecules which are strongly bound by chemical bonds and hence the mutual distance between successive units can be approximated to be constant.
In the ideal polymer model the polymer subunits are completely free to rotate with respect to each other, and therefore the process of polymerization can be looked at as a random three dimensional walk, with each monomer added corresponding to another random step of predetermined length.
Mathematically this is formalized through the probability function for the position vector of the bonds, i.e. the relative positions of a pair of adjacent units:

With  standing for the dirac delta. The important thing to note here is that the bond position vector has a uniform distribution over a sphere of radius , our constant bond length.

A second crucial feature of the ideal model is that the bond vectors  are independent of each other, meaning we can write the distribution function for the complete polymer conformation as:

Where we assumed  monomers and  acts as a dummy index. The curly brackets { } mean that  is a function of the set of vectors

Salient results of this model include:

End to end vector square average

In accordance with the random walk model, the end to end vector average vanishes due to symmetry considerations. Therefore, in order to get an estimate of the polymer size, we turn to the end to end vector variance:  with the end to end vector defined as: .

Thus, a first crude approximation for the polymer size is simply .

End to end vector probability distribution

As mentioned, we are usually interested in statistical features of the polymer configuration. A central quantity will therefore be the end to end vector probability distribution:

Note that the distribution depends only on the end to end vector magnitude. Also, the above expression gives non-zero probability for sizes larger than , clearly an unreasonable result which stems from the limit taken  for its derivation.

Governing differential equation

Taking the limit of a smooth spatial contour for the polymer conformation, that is, taking the limits  and  under the constraint  one comes to a differential equation for the probability distribution:

With the laplacian  taken in respect to actual space. One way to derive this equation is via Taylor expansion to ) and

One might wonder why bother with a differential equation for a function already analytically obtained, but as will be demonstrated, this equation can also be generalized for non-ideal circumstances.

Path integral expression

Under the same assumption of a smooth contour, the distribution function can be expressed using a path integral:

Where we defined

Here  acts as a parametrization variable for the polymer, describing in effect its spatial configuration, or contour.

The exponent is a measure for the number density of polymer configurations in which the shape of the polymer is close to a continuous and differentiable curve.

Spatial obstructions

Thus far, the path integral approach didn't avail us of any novel results. For that, one must venture further than the ideal model. As a first departure from  this limited model, we now consider the constraint of spatial obstructions. The ideal model assumed no constraints on the spatial configuration of each additional monomer, including forces between monomers which obviously exist, since two monomers cannot occupy the same space. Here, we'll take the concept of obstruction to encompass not only monomer-monomer interactions, but also constraints that arise from the presence of dust and boundary conditions such as walls or other physical obstructions.

Dust

Consider a space filled with small impenetrable particles, or "dust".  Denote the fraction of space excluding a monomer end point by  so its values range:  .

Constructing a Taylor expansion for , one can arrive at the new governing differential equation:

For which the corresponding path integral is:

Walls

To model a perfect rigid wall, simply set    for all regions in space out of reach of the polymer due to the wall contour.

The walls a polymer usually interacts with are complex structures. Not only can the contour be full of bumps and twists, but their interaction with the polymer is far from the rigid mechanical idealization depicted above. In practice, a polymer will often be "absorbed" or condense on the wall due to attractive intermolecular forces. Due to heat, this process is counteracted by an entropy driven process, favoring polymer configurations that correspond to large volumes in phase space. A thermodynamic adsorption-desorption process arises. One common example for this are polymers confined within a cell membrane.

To account for the attraction forces, define a potential per monomer denoted as: . The potential will be incorporated through a Boltzmann factor. Taken for the entire polymer this takes the form:

Where we used  with  as Temperature and  the Boltzmann constant.  In the right hand side, our usual limits   were taken.

The number of polymer configurations with fixed endpoints can now be determined by the path integral:

Similarly to the ideal polymer case, this integral can be interpreted as a propagator for the differential equation:

This leads to a bi-linear expansion for  in terms of orthonormal eigenfunctions and eigenvalues:

and so our absorption problem is reduced to an eigenfunction problem.

For a typical well like (attractive) potential this leads to two regimes for the absorption phenomenon, with the critical temperature  determined by the specific problem parameters  :

In high temperatures , the potential well has no bound states, meaning all eigenvalues are positive and the corresponding eigenfunction takes the asymptotic form :
 with  denoting the calculated eigenvalues.
The result is shown for the x coordinate after a separation of variables and assuming a surface at .
This expression represents a very open configuration for the polymer, away from the surface, meaning the polymer is desorbed.

For low enough temperatures , there exist at least one bounded state with a negative eigenvalue. In our "large polymer" limit, this means that the bi-linear expansion will be dominated by the ground state, which asymptotically  takes the form:

This time the configurations of the polymer are localized in a narrow layer near the surface with an effective thickness

A wide variety of adsorption problems boasting a host of "wall" geometries and interaction potentials can be solved using this method.
To obtain a quantitatively well defined result one has to use the recovered eigenfunctions and construct the corresponding configuration sum.

For a complete and rigorous solution see.

Excluded volume

Another obvious obstruction, thus far blatantly disregarded, is the interactions between monomers within the same polymer. An exact solution for the number of configurations under this very realistic constraint has not yet been found for any dimension larger than one. This problem has historically came to be known as the excluded volume problem. To better understand the problem, one can imagine a random walk chain, as previously presented, with a small hard sphere (not unlike the "specks of dust" mentioned above) at the endpoint of each monomer. The radius of these spheres necessarily obeys ,  otherwise successive spheres would overlap.

A path integral approach affords a relatively simple method to derive an approximated solution: The results presented are for three dimensional space, but can be easily generalized to any dimensionality.
The calculation is based on two reasonable assumptions:
 Statistical characteristics for the volume excluded case resemble that of a polymer without excluded volume but with a fraction  occupied by small spheres of an identical volume to the hypothesized monomer sphere.
 These aforementioned characteristics can be approximated by a calculation of the most probable chain configuration.
In accordance with the path integral expression for  previously presented, the most probable configuration will be the curve  that minimizes the exponent of the original path integral:

To minimize the expression, employ calculus of variations and obtain the Euler–Lagrange equation:

We set .

To determine the appropriate function , consider a sphere of radius , thickness  and profile  centered around the origin of the polymer. The average number of monomers in this shell should equal .

On the other hand, the same average should also equal  (Remember that  was defined as a parametrization factor with values ). This equality results in:

We find  can now be written as:

We again use variation calculus to arrive at:

Note that we now have an ODE for  without any  dependence.
Although quite horrendous to look at, this equation has a fairly simple solution:

We arrived at the important conclusion that for a polymer with excluded volume the end to end distance grows with N like:

,  a first departure from the ideal model result: .

Gaussian chain

Conformational distribution

So far, the only polymer parameters incorporated into the calculation were the number of monomers  which was taken to infinity, and the constant bond length . This is usually sufficient, as that is the only way the local structure of the polymer affects the problem. To try and do a bit better than the "constant bond distance" approximation, let us examine the next most rudimentary approach; A more realistic description of the single bond length will be a Gaussian distribution:

So like before, we maintain the result: . Note that although a bit more complex than before,  still has a single parameter - .

The conformational distribution function for our new bond vector distribution is:

Where we switched from the relative bond vector  to the absolute position vector difference: .

This conformation is known as the Gaussian chain. The Gaussian approximation for  does not hold for a microscopic analysis of the polymer structure but will yield accurate results for large-scale properties.

An intuitive way to construe this model is as a mechanical model of beads successively connected by a harmonic spring. The potential energy for such a model is given by:

At thermal equilibrium one can expect the Boltzmann distribution, which indeed recovers the result above for .

An important property of the Gaussian chain is self-similarity. Meaning the distribution for  between any two units is again Gaussian, depending only on  and the unit to unit distance :

This immediately leads to  .

As was implicitly done in the section for spatial obstructions, we take the suffix  to a continuous limit and replace  by . So now, our conformational distribution is expressed by:

The independent variable transformed from a vector into a function, meaning  is now a functional. This formula is known as the Wiener distribution.

Chain conformation under an external field

Assuming an external potential field , the equilibrium conformational distribution described above will be modified by a Boltzmann factor:

An important tool in the study of a Gaussian chain conformational distribution is the Green function, defined by the path integral quotient:

The path integration is interpreted as a summation over all polymer curves  that start from  and terminate at .

For the simple zero field case  The Green function reduces back to:

In the more general case,  plays the role of a weight factor in the complete partition function for all possible polymer conformations:

There exists an important identity for the Green function that stems directly from its definition:

This equation has a clear physical significance, which might also serve to elucidate the concept of the path integral:

The product    expresses the weight factor for a chain which starts at , passes through  in  steps, and ends at  after  steps. The integration over all possible midpoints  gives back the statistical weight for a chain starting at , and terminating at . It should now be clear that the path integral is simply a sum over all possible literal paths the polymer can form between two fixed endpoints.

With the help of  the average of any physical quantity  can be calculated. Assuming  depends only on the position of the -th segment, then:

It stands to reason that A should depend on more than one monomer. assuming now it depends on  as well as  the average takes the form:

With an obvious generalization for more monomers dependence.

If one imposes the reasonable boundary conditions:

then with the help of a Taylor expansion for , a differential equation for  can be derived:

With the help of this equation the explicit form of  is found for a variety of problems. Then, with a calculation of the partition function a host of statistical quantities can be extracted.

Polymer field theory

A different new approach for finding the power dependence  caused by excluded volume effects, is considered superior to the one previously presented.

The field theory approach in polymer physics is based on an intimate relationship of polymer fluctuations and field fluctuations.  The statistical mechanics of a many particle system can be described by a single fluctuating field. A particle in such an ensemble moves through space along a fluctuating orbit in a fashion that resembles a random polymer chain. The immediate conclusion to be drawn is that large groups of polymers may also be described by a single fluctuating field. As it turns out, the same can be said of a single polymer as well.

In analogy to the original path integral expression presented, the end to end distribution of the polymer now takes the form:

Our new path integrand consists of:

 The fluctuating field
 The action : with  denoting the monomer-monomer repulsive potential.
  which satisfies the Schrödinger equation:

with  acting as an effective mass determined by the dimensionality and bond length.

Note that the inner integral is now also a path integral, so two spaces of function are integrated over - the polymer conformations -  and the scalar fields .

These path integrals have a physical interpretation. The action    describes the orbit of a particle in a space dependent random potential  . The path integral over   yields the end to end distribution of the fluctuating polymer in this potential. The second path integral over    with the weight  accounts for the repulsive cloud of other chain elements. To avoid divergence, the   integration has to run along the imaginary field axis.

Such a field description for a fluctuating polymer has the important advantage that it establishes a connection with the theory of critical phenomena in field theory.

To find a solution for  ,  one usually employs a Laplace transform and considers a correlation function similar to the statistic average  formerly described, with the green function substituted by a fluctuating complex field. In the common limit of large polymers (N>>1), the solutions for the end to end vector distribution correspond to the well developed regime studied in the quantum field theoretic approach to critical phenomena in many body systems.

Many-polymer systems

Another simplifying assumption was taken for granted in the treatment presented thus far; All models described a single polymer. Obviously a more physically realistic description will have to account for the possibility of interactions between polymers. In essence, this is an extension of the excluded volume problem.

To see this from a pictorial point, one can imagine a snap shot of a concentrated polymer solution. Excluded volume correlations are now not only taking place within one single chain, but an increasing number of contact points from other chains at increasing polymer concentration yields additional excluded volume. These additional contacts can have substantial effects on the statistical behavior of the individual polymer.

A distinction must be made between two different length scales. One regime will be given by small end to end vector scales . At these scales the chain piece experiences only correlations from itself, i.e., the classical self-avoiding behavior. For larger scales  self-avoiding correlations do not play a significant role and the chain statistics resemble a Gaussian chain. The critical value  must be a function of the concentration. Intuitively, one significant concentration can already be found. This concentration characterizes the overlap between the chains. If the polymers just marginally overlap, one chain is occupied in its own volume. This gives:

  Where we used

This is an important result and one immediately sees that for large chain lengths N, the overlap
concentration is very small. The self-avoiding walk previously described is changed and therefore the partition function is no longer ruled by the single polymer volume excluded paths, but by the remaining density fluctuations which are determined by the overall concentration of the polymer solution. In the limit of very large concentrations, imagined by an almost completely filled lattice, the density fluctuations become less and less important.

To begin with, let us generalize the path integral formulation to many chains.
The generalization for the partition function calculation is very simple and all that has to be done is to take into account the interaction between all the chain segments:

Where the weighed energy states are defined as:

With  denoting the number of polymers.

This is generally not simple and the partition function cannot be computed exactly.
One simplification is to assume monodispersity which means that all chains have the same length. or, mathematically: .

Another problem is that the partition function contains too many degrees of freedom. The number of chains  involved can be very large and every chain has internal degrees of freedom, since they are assumed to be totally flexible. For this reason, it is convenient to introduce collective variables, which in this case is the polymer segment density:

 with  the total solution volume.

 can be viewed as a microscopic density operator whose value defines the density at an arbitrary point .

The transformation  is less trivial than one might imagine and cannot be carried out exactly. The final result corresponds to the so-called random phase approximation (RPA) which has been frequently used in solid-state physics. To explicitly calculate the partition function using the segment density one has to switch to reciprocal space, change variables and only then execute the integration. For a detailed derivation see. With the partition function obtained, a variety of physical quantities can be extracted as previously described.

See also

 File dynamics
 Kuhn length
 Important publications in polymer physics
 Persistence length
 Polymer characterization
 Random coil
 Worm-like chain

References

Condensed matter physics
Polymers
Polymer physics


title: Sinbad Formation

text:
The Sinbad Formation is a geologic formation in Utah initially named and described by James Gilluly and J. B. Reeside Junior in the 1920s. It is known for preserving fossils dating back to the Early Triassic epoch.

Originally described as the Sinbad Limestone Member, it was one of four members in the San Rafael Swell including also the Black Dragon Member, Torrey Member and Moody Canyon Member. The Sinbad Limestone Member was considered a portion of the greater Moenkopi Formation. It was recently elevated to formation rank, as the Sinbad Formation, and referred to the Thaynes Group.

The Sinbad Formation is made up of beds of yellowish-gray limestone, dolomite, quartz sandstone, siltstone and, conglomerate rock. These beds range in thickness from  to  and hold fossils of Meekoceras ammonoid fauna from the Olenekian stage (Smithian substage). The area was once covered in shallow seawater that deposited sediments and marine life that would later comprise the sandstone formation. The formation has been researched and characterized by scientists since its initial discovery in 1928. In addition to research performed on the formation's geology and fossil stores scientists have also prospected the area for oil and other valuable natural resources. Although the formation appears to have characteristics of an oil reserve the Sinbad Formation has not undergone significant drilling.

Geography

The Sinbad limestone is found in two locations near the junction of the Green and Colorado Rivers. It is found within the Moenkopi formations in the San Rafael Swell, Capital Reef, and the northern part of Circle Cliffs.

Geology
Through the Triassic period, the Colorado Plateau in which the Moenkopi resides was covered sometimes by the epicontinental sea that both eroded and deposited rock fragments, including those of other major geologic formations. Named by Gilluly and Reeside in 1928, the Sinbad unit stands out in a siliceous clastic sequence as a lone carbonate unit, a conspicuous feature shared by the Thaynes group to the west that has caused its membership to the San Rafael Swell to be questioned. However, its noticeably different composition allows for easy identification of formations in an area that is otherwise difficult to subdivide. Sinbad's southeastern boundaries are difficult to locate, where the carbonate that characterizes the formation becomes sandy and hard to trace. In many places, the Sinbad member overlaps with the Black Dragon and Torrey members, and their limestone, siltstone and sandstone beds interweave.

The Sinbad member consists of three layers: the basal, fossil bearing unit, the middle calcilutite part, and a top dolomitized calcarenite layer. It is a combination of limestone and five to twenty percent siltstone depending on the location. The makeup and location of the formation gives it viability as an oil reservoir. The formation is primarily composed of limestone, siltstone, and dolomite. It is due to this makeup that the formation has potential as an oil reservoir. The viability as a reserve depends upon the fractures and connectivity throughout the formation.

The Sinbad ranges in color from orange to yellow to gray, and is made up of benches and cliffs depending on the thickness of the dolomite and limestone.  Calcareous siltstone is also present, along with minerals quartz, feldspar, muscovite, limonite, hematite and pyrite. These minerals appear as silt, sand, impurities, and void fillings. The Sinbad's lithologic make up causes it to weather platy or massive depending on the rock structure.

Bimodal currents are suggested by herringbone cross-stratification, in the Sinbad's sedimentary rock, and the formation includes sets of planar-wedge cross-stratification. The formation is thicker in the northwest margins, and its thickest exposed segment is 103 feet, though it is usually less than 10 feet thick. The Sinbad member can seen around the perimeter of mesas up to 2 square miles large.

Fossils

The Sinbad Limestone gastropod fauna is notable as it offers the most diverse array of known Early Triassic fauna in one location. It has 16 genera and 26 species, 22 of which were unknown in 1986 and consists of large amounts of embryonic shells and unidentifiable species in coquinas. A few species of pelecypods found here, but the collection is not as diverse as that of the gastropods. In addition, a handful of Ammonite, sponges, and echinoderms specimens have been identified in the Sinbad Limestone Formation. Conodonts are present in the formation but have not been previously studied. The Sinbad formation demonstrates the reaches of the Early Triassic sea. Many types of ripple marks and trace fossils from animals moving through the sediment can be found in the area.

The majority of the research done on Sinbad and the underlying Black Dragon member of the San Rafael Swell is done by Dr. Ron Blakey.

Natural resources
The Sinbad Limestone of the greater Moenkopi formation lies at the Northern end the San Rafael Swell in the state of Utah.
Portions of the San Rafael Swell region, including the Sinbad Limestone, have been prospected for oil and other minerals as early as 1918 and more recently in 2007. The Sinbad Limestone formation and the greater San Rafael Swell region have been shown to host four main geological resources: oil and gas, gypsum, and uranium and vanadium minerals. The formation can be considered a potential producer of oil, although it is not large enough to be considered as a major source.

Gypsum deposits
Although some Gypsum exists in the Sinbad Limestone formation the supply is limited and the resource is only found in small veins and formations. The gypsum resources in the San Rafael area as a whole are quite large, with beds ranging from 6 to 30 feet deep. Gypsum was not mined and sold in the area at the time of discovery due to the distance to market; the travel expenses would have made the venture too costly.

Uranium deposits

Uranium and vanadium mineral resources of the San Rafael Swell region vary, and multiple prospecting missions for the ore found no significant deposits in the Sinbad Limestone formation.

Oil and gas reservoirs

Oil and gas resources have been found throughout the San Rafael Swell region including deposits in the Sinbad Limestone formation. The initial oil prospecting period from 1918 to 1922 found oil and gas deposits in the limestone formation. Although oil has been produced from the Sinbad Limestone formation in small quantities from a well at Grassy Trail Creek Field the Sinbad Formation as a whole has not been heavily drilled. Recent prospecting missions have shown the presence of ooids and oolite shoals in the microfacies of the Sinbad Limestone formation. Limestone formations perform well as oil reservoirs, and studies have encouraged further exploration of the Sinbad Limestone for oil resources.

Other resources

Local communities have taken sandstone blocks for building from the Sinbad Formation in the past. Other resources including small volumes of copper and larger volumes of gravel have been taken from the surrounding area in the past.

Tourism

The easternmost limit of the Lower Triassic Sinbad Limestone formation lies in Canyonlands National Park, Utah. Other portions of the Sinbad Limestone formation and the San Rafael Swell region host hikers and mountain bikers on variety of trails and roads. Some of the most popular trails include Wedge Overlook, Little Wild Horse and Bell Canyon Loop, Horseshoe Canyon, and the San Rafael Reef.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Utah
 Moenkopi Formation
 Paleontology in Utah

References

Triassic geology of Utah


title: Virgin Formation

text:
The Virgin Formation is a geologic formation in Utah. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period (Spathian substage).

Description
The Virgin Formation consists of gray to yellowish gray to greenish gray limestone, occasionally fossiliferous, alternating with greenish yellow to reddish brown to gray shale or siltstone. The limestone beds are up to  thick.  Total thickness of the formation is up to . About 30% of the total section of the formation is limestone.

The formation rests on the "lower red member" of the Moenkopi Group and underlies the Shnabkaib Member of the Moenkopi Group. More recently, the Virgin Formation is interpreted as a formation of the Thaynes Group.

The formation is interpreted as having been deposited in a near-shore shallow marine environment.  The lower part shows cyclic sedimentation, while the upper part of the formation to the southeast was deposited in lagoons in an arid climate while marine deposition continued to the north.

Fossils
The formation contains marine fossils, including crinoids, pelecypods, gastropods, worms, crustaceans, and the ammonoid Tirolites. The latter is characteristic of the early Spathian stage of the Early Triassic.

History of investigation
The unit was first named as the Virgin limestone member of the Moenkopi Formation in 1922, by Harvey Bassler and John Reeside. The unit was promoted to formation rank (and the Moenkopi Formation to group rank) in southwestern Utah) by S.J. Poborski in 1954.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Utah
 Paleontology in Utah

References

See also

Triassic geology of Utah


title: Rock Point Formation

text:
The Rock Point Formation is a geologic formation in New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. It preserves fossils dating back to the late Triassic.

Description
The formation is up to 70 m thick and is mostly reddish-brown and grayish-red massive siltstone and fine sandstone beds. It is the uppermost portion of the Chinle Group wherever it is exposed. In the Chama basin, its base is placed at the first persistent sandstone bed above the mudstones of the Petrified Forest Formation. Its contact with the overlying Entrada Sandstone is sharp.

Fossils
The Whitaker quarry of Ghost Ranch, New Mexico is believed to be located in the Rock Point Formation, although these beds have also controversially been assigned to the Owl Rock Formation. This quarry has also been referred to as the Coelophysis quarry due to preserving a large number of specimens of the early theropod dinosaur Coelophysis bauri.

History of investigation
The unit was first named by J.W. Harshbarger, C.A. Repenning, and J.H. Irwin in 1957, who assigned Herbert E. Gregory's (1917) "A" division of the Chinle Formation to the Wingate Formation as the Rock Point Member. It was named for Rock Point School, located near the type exposures at Little Round Rock. J.H. Stewart and coinvestigators argued in 1972 that the unit has more affinity with the Chinle, and R.F. Dubiel assigned the Rock Point to the Chinle in 1989. The unit has created an unusual amount of controversy, but Spencer G. Lucas and coinvestigators raised it to formation rank within the Chinle Group in 2005.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Utah
 Paleontology in Utah

Footnotes

References

Triassic Arizona
Triassic geology of Utah
Triassic formations of New Mexico


title: Gianfranco Pannone

text:
Gianfranco Pannone is an Italian film and television director.

Biography
After graduating in Cinema history and criticism at La Sapienza University of Rome, he graduated in Directing at the CSC (National Cinema School). Between 1990 and 1998, he directed and produced the documentary films Piccola America, Lettere dall’America and L’America a Roma, which together make up the Trilogy of America; and later Latina/Littoria (2001), a French-Italian documentary-film, which was awarded the prize for the best non-fiction work at the Torino Film Festival in 2001 and in 2003 at the Mediterranean Film Festival – Rai Award. Among his short and medium-length films are Kelibia/Mazara (1998, co-directed with T. Ben Abdallah), Pomodori (1999), Sirena operaia (2000), Viaggio intorno alla mia casa (2001), Venezia, la città che affonda (2001, co-directed with M. Visalberghi), Pietre, miracoli e petrolio, Benvenue chez Casetti (2006). Also the feature film 100 anni della nostra storia (2006, co-directed with Marco Puccioni), made it to the final five of David di Donatello in 2007; the docu-series Cronisti di strada (2007) and, in recent years, the shorts Immota manet (2009), Linee di confine (2010), Aprilia (2011). Le pietre sacre della Basilicata (2012), Graziano e le sue donne (2013) Io che amo solo te (2004) is his fiction feature film . His last documentary films are: Il sol dell’avvenire (2008), which was conceived and written with John Fasanella and was presented as a special event at the International Film Festival of Locarno, at Viennale in 2008, at the International Documentary Film Festival of London and in the final five of Nastri D’Argento in 2009; ma che Storia..., a montage film produced by Cinecittà Luce and presented during the International Venice Film Festival in 2010, as well as in many cities across the world as representative of the 150th anniversary of the Unification of Italy; Scorie in libertà (2011-2012), presented in the International section of Cinemambiente Torino Festival in 2012 and, as a special event, at the Festival del Nuovo Cinema di Pesaro in the same year. The documentary Ebrei a Roma was presented as a Special Event at the Rome International Film Festival in 2012. This year he has completed the medium-length Trit cme la bula and the feature Sul vulcano.

His works have earned him awards, have allowed him to participate in many Italian and international festivals and are aired on major European television. Pannone has also directed several shows as a theatre director, including, Guerra civile in 2006, presented in the same year at the Festival Dei Due Mondi in Spoleto. He is co-founder of Doc/It  and he is an active member of the association 100autori.

He teaches documentary filmmaking at Dams in Roma Tre University and documentary direction at CSC – National Cinema School in Rome and in L'Aquila. He has also conducted numerous workshops on documentary writing and directing. He has been editor of the Docdoc column in the online journal ildocumentario.it and he has written several essays and books about cinema, including Il sol dell’avvenire – Diario di un film politicamente scorretto (with Giovanni Fasanella) edited by Chiarelettere, L’officina del documentario (with Mario Balsamo) edited by Cdg, and Docdoc – 10 anni di cinema e altre storie edited by Mephite-Quaderni di Cinemasud. He is responsible for the Open Eyes Section, dedicated to international documentaries, within the Med Film Festival in Rome.

Filmography
 La giostra (cm. di finzione per Csc), 1989
 Lettera da Roma (doc. breve per Csc), 1990
 Piccola America (film doc. lg), 1991
 Bambini a Napoli (doc. breve), 1993
 Lettere dall’America (doc. mm), 1995
 Kenia (doc. cm), 1996
 Ritorno a Littoria (doc. cm), 1997
 Ombre del Sud (doc. antologico), 1997
 Le leggi dimenticate (doc. breve), 1997
 L’America a Roma (film doc. lg), 1998
 Kelibia/Mazara (corto di fiction, in co-regia con Tarek Ben Abdallah), 1998
 Gli ultimi giorni di Ciano (doc. breve), 1998
 Il tempio di Venere e  Roma (doc. breve, in co-regia con Antonio Pettinelli), 1999
 Pomodori (doc.mm), 1999
 Così vicini, così lontani (doc. breve, in co-regia con Tarek Ben Abdallah), 1999
 Anna delle saline (doc. breve), 1999
 Viaggio intorno alla mia casa (doc. mm), 2000
 Ferie: gli italiani e le vacanze (doc. breve), 2000
 Sirena operaia (doc. mm), 2000
 Venezia, la città che affonda (doc. mm, in co-regia con Marco Visalberghi), 2001
 Latina/Littoria (film doc. lg), 2001
 Cerimonie: gli italiani, la Chiesa, lo Stato (doc. breve), 2002
 Toscana: lungo il fiume (doc. breve), 2002
 Pietre, miracoli e petrolio (doc. mm), 2004
 Io che amo solo te (film di finzione lg), 2004
 Dal dagherrotipo al digitale (doc. breve), 2005
 Benvenue chez Casetti (doc. seriale per Visages d’Europe), 2006
 100 anni della nostra storia (film doc. lg, in co-regia con Marco Piccioni), 2006
 Cronisti di strada (doc. in tre puntate), 2007
 Una Questi…one poco privata (doc. breve), 2007
 Il sol dell'avvenire (film doc. lg), 2008
 Immota manet (doc. breve), 2009
 Linee di confine (doc. breve), 2010
 Agnelli, l’America a Torino (doc. mediometraggio), 2010
 ma che Storia... (film doc. lungometraggio), 2010
 Aprilia, 75 anni di vita 150 anni di Storia (doc. breve), 2011
 Scorie in libertà (film doc. lg), 2012
 Ebrei a Roma (doc mm), 2012
 Le pietre sacre della Basilicata (cm), 2012
 Trit ‘me la bula (doc mm), 2013
 Sul vulcano (film lungometraggio), 2014

Awards
 Premio della giuria al Festival del Cinema di Roma, 1993
 Premio Bizarri, 1999
 Premio miglior documentario italiano al Torino Film Festival, 2001
 Premio miglior documentario al Leone d'oro, 2015

Bibliography

Simone Brioni. “Transnationalism and Nostalgia: Gianfranco Pannone’s ‘Trilogy of America’”. Journal of Italian Cinema and Media Studies 4.3 (2016), pp. 403–419.

References

External links

 Complete Filmography on Cinemaitaliano

Italian film directors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Valmy Group

text:
The Valmy Group is a geologic group in Idaho. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Idaho
 Paleontology in Idaho

References

Geologic groups of Idaho
Ordovician Idaho
Ordovician System of North America


title: Seven Devils Group

text:
The Seven Devils Group is a geologic group in Idaho. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Idaho
 Paleontology in Idaho

References

Triassic System of North America
Geologic groups of Idaho


title: Thaynes Group

text:
The Thaynes Group, Thaynes Formation in older literature, is a geologic group in eastern Idaho, western Wyoming, Utah and eastern Nevada. It includes the Sinbad Formation, Virgin Formation and Shnabkaib Formation. The Thaynes Group is of marine origin. Its formations are interbedded with layers of the non-marine Moenkopi Group.

It preserves fossils dating back to the Early Triassic epoch (Olenekian stage). The Lower Limestone Member contains the Paris biota lagerstätte, one of the first diverse assemblages of the Mesozoic era.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Idaho
 Paleontology in Idaho
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nevada
 Paleontology in Nevada
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Utah
 Paleontology in Utah
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Wyoming
 Paleontology in Wyoming

References

Geologic groups of Idaho
Geologic groups of Nevada
Geologic groups of Utah
Geologic groups of Wyoming
Triassic System of North America


title: Madera Group

text:
The Madera Group is a group of geologic formations in northern New Mexico. Its fossil assemblage dates the formation to the middle to late Pennsylvanian period.

Description
The group consists primarily of marine limestones, and it is exposed in the Sandia Mountains, the Lucero Uplift (), the western Jemez Mountains, the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, and in the Manzano Mountains.

The lower section of the group tends to be a gray limestone and the upper an arkosic limestone, and these have been divided into the La Pasada Formation and Alamitos Formation in the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains. In the Manzano Mountains, the Madera has been divided into the Los Moyos, Wild Cow, and
Bursum Formations. Another proposed division in the southeastern Sangre de Cristo Mountains is into the Porvenir and Alamitos Formations.

Barry Kues and Katherine Giles have recommended the division of the Madera Group into the Gray Mesa Formation and Atrasado Formation in its western and southern exposures, which extend from the Nacimiento Mountains through the Lucero Uplift to the Los Robles Mountains. For the eastern exposures of the Sandia and Manzano Mountains and Estancia Basin, they recommend division into the Los Moyos Formation and Wild Cow Formation. They recommend abandoning the name Madera Group in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. More recently, Spencer G. Lucas and coinvestigators have recommended abandoning the names Los Moyos Formation and Wild Cow Formation and using Grey Mesa Formation and Atrasado Formation throughout the Madera Group.

The group is underlain at most locations by the Sandia Formation, with its base typically placed at the first massive marine limestone bed above the shales of the Sandia Formation. It is overlain everywhere by the Abo Formation or its equivalents, with the transition typically gradational, with the base of the Abo placed at the top of the last massive marine limestone bed below the fluvial redbeds typical of the Abo. The transitional zone between the Madera Group and the Abo Formation is sometimes assigned to the Bursum Formation, which is not included in the Madera Group.

Fossils
The exposures near Jemez Springs include some of the richest brachiopod fossil beds in North America. Crinoid stems and bryozoans are also part of the fossil assemblage. The formation is also exposed in the canyon of Rio Grande del Rancho south of Talpa, New Mexico, where brachiopods, crinoids, rugose coral, and graptolite fossils can be found. The fossil assemblage dates the Madera Group to the middle to late Pennsylvanian.

History of investigation
In 1903, C.R. Keyes applied the name, Madera limestone, to what he identified as upper Carboniferous beds in the Sandia Mountains. The unit was named for the town of La Madera. The name was subsequently applied to Pennsylvanian marine limestones throughout central and northern New Mexico. D.A. Myers first proposed that the unit be raised to group rank in 1973.

The Pennsylvanian stratigraphy of New Mexico has historically been unusually complex and inconsistent, with dozens of names for groups, formations, and members. Kues and Giles recommended that the name Madera Group be applied to similar exposures of shelf and marginal basin beds of Desmoinean (upper Moscovian) to early Virgilian age found from north-central and central New Mexico south along the west side of the Orogrande Basin as far as the Caballo and Robledo Mountains.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New Mexico
 Paleontology in New Mexico

Footnotes

References

Carboniferous formations of New Mexico
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits
Geologic groups of New Mexico


title: Charles Wheaton Elam

text:
Charles Wheaton Elam, Sr. (March 18, 1866 - September 5, 1917), was a Democratic politician from his native Mansfield, a small city in DeSoto Parish in northwestern Louisiana, USA.

References

1866 births
1917 deaths
People from Mansfield, Louisiana
Louisiana State University alumni
Louisiana lawyers
Democratic Party members of the Louisiana House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American Episcopalians


title: Cyrtodactylus yakhuna

text:
Cyrtodactylus yakhuna, also known as the northern Sri Lanka gecko, spotted bow-fingered gecko, blotch bow-fingered gecko, or demon gecko, is a species of gecko endemic to northern Sri Lanka.

Habitat and distribution
It is a dainty, ground-dwelling gecko from the dry plains of the north, below 300m of Sri Lanka. Known areas of occurrence lies in the North East and North Central Provinces (ssp. yakhuna) and North West Provinces (ssp. zonatus), in localities such as Mannar, Puttalam, Puliyankulam, Polonnaruwa, Giritale, Sigiriya, and Menikdena.13-KADIGAWA (NIKAWERATIYA).

Description
Its body is stout, cylindrical, and covered with small, granular scales. Scales on the venter overlap. The tail is heavy, tapering, and regenerated tail is turnip-shaped. Supralabials 9-10. Infra-labials 7-9. Subcaudal scales are not distinctly enlarged.
The dorsum has two cross rows of dark blotches. In subspecies G. y. yakhuna, the blotches consist of two sub-rectangular marks, with intervening light areas with numerous black spots. In subspecies G. y. zonatus, the blotches are two dark brown transverse rows of large cross bands, which are equal to or shorter than the light interspaces.
The tail has dark bands.

Ecology and diet
It inhabits deciduous and scrub forests. It is crepuscular, hiding under rotting timber and leaves during the day and emerging at dusk to forage on small arthropods, such as termites.

Reproduction
Four eggs are laid at a time, in the month of January. Incubation period is 95 days.

References

External links
 Srisalike.com

yakhuna
Reptiles of Sri Lanka
Endemic fauna of Sri Lanka
Reptiles described in 1945


title: GestureWorks Gameplay

text:
GestureWorks Gameplay was a utility created by Ideum using its GestureWorks technology to enable a variety of touch and gesture controls for games on Windows 8 devices. The software was discontinued as of June 7, 2016.

The Gameplay utility was used to create and use touchscreen controllers for PC games running on Windows 8 without the need for an external controller or mouse and keyboard.
Users could select from a wide variety of onscreen buttons and gesture controls that may be mapped to keyboard and mouse commands used within the game. Accelerometer support was also available for many devices. In addition to providing a control overlay on mobile devices, Gameplay was compatible with Android devices so that gamers could use their Android device with Bluetooth as a controller for their PC games. Gameplay controls were highly customizable and some aspects of the controls such as button size and location could even be adjusted during gameplay while the controller was in use.

In addition to allowing users to create their own controllers, there was a library of pre-built controllers authored by Gestureworks Gameplay and members of the community, containing more than 250 virtual controllers. Gameplay was available through Steam.

GestureWorks Gameplay received favorable reviews from Penny Arcade's Gabe (Mike Krahulik), and Tom's Hardware. The Behemoth games reviewed GestureWorks Gameplay as a good new way to make their popular Castle Crashers game tablet-friendly, and The Behemoth project manager Emil Ayoubkhan says GestureWorks Gameplay is "a perfect fit" for bringing their game to tablet PCs. The technology was also featured in a keynote speech at the Intel Developer Forum in 2013.

References

External links
 "GestureWorks"
 "GestureWorks Gameplay Wiki"

Display technology companies
Companies based in Albuquerque, New Mexico


title: Listed buildings in Walgherton

text:
Walgherton is a civil parish in Cheshire East, England.  It contains three buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings, all of which are listed at Grade II.  This grade is the lowest of the three gradings given to listed buildings and is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest".  The parish is rural, and the listed buildings consist of two timber-framed houses and a pair of former lodges to a country house.

References

Citations

Sources

Listed buildings in the Borough of Cheshire East
Lists of listed buildings in Cheshire


title: William Roxby Beverly

text:
William Roxby Beverly or Beverley (c.1810–1889) was an English theatrical scene painter, known also as an artist in oils and watercolour. William John Lawrence, writing in the Dictionary of National Biography, considered him second only to Clarkson Stanfield among British scene painters of the 19th century.

Early life
He born around 1810 at Richmond, Surrey into a theatrical family, one of four sons and one daughter of William Roxby (1765–1842), an actor-manager, whose took the stage name of William Roxby Beverl(e)y (the name deriving from the town of Beverley, for which the family had great affection); he was the youngest, Henry Roxby Beverley, Robert Roxby and Samuel Roxby being elder brothers. Under his father's management of the Theatre Royal, Manchester, in 1830, he painted a notable scene of the "Island of Mist" for the dramatic romance The Ice Witch, or the Frozen Hand, an early play of John Baldwin Buckstone. The effect is thought to have been achieved by the use of gauze.

When in 1831 his father and his brothers Samuel and Robert Roxby took over the control of the Durham circuit, Beverley joined them, and for a few seasons played heavy comedy besides painting scenery. In December 1838 he was engaged to paint the major portion of the scenery for the pantomime of Number Nip (E. L. Blanchard) at Edinburgh, where his main contribution was a moving diorama, depicting scenes from William Falconer's poem The Shipwreck. On 16 September 1839 his brother Harry Beverley assumed the control of the Victoria Theatre in London for a short time, and there he painted for the first time in London, executing the scenery for the pantomime of Baron Munchausen.

In December 1842 Beverly was engaged as principal artist by John Knowles of the Theatre Royal, Manchester; and 1845 he executed an act drop for the new Theatre Royal that remained in use for 25 years. His scenery for the opera Acis and Galatea was seen there in June 1846.

London engagements
Earlier in 1846 Beverly had been engaged by John Medex Maddox as principal artist at the Princess's Theatre, London. In July the scenery for the revival of James Robinson Planché's Sleeping Beauty was from his brush, as were the backgrounds in the Christmas pantomime The Enchanted Beauties of the Golden Castle. In Easter 1847 he provided ingenious transformations for a revival of A Midsummer Night's Dream. While still continuing his association with the Princess's, Beverly worked for the Lyceum Theatre under Lucia Elizabeth Vestris and Charles James Mathews (1847–55), where Planché compared him with the stage mechanician William Bradwell. His outstanding success was in The Island of Jewels of December 1849, when building on the work of Bradwell, he pioneered the transformation scene. His scenery at the Lyceum for Planché's Good Woman in a Wood (Christmas 1852), and for Once upon a time there were two Kings (Christmas 1853), was praised by G. H. Lewes and Henry Morley.

In 1851 Beverly had some hand in the "Great Holy Land Diorama", the largest exhibited up to that time; it was at St George's Gallery, Hyde Park Corner. In the autumn of that year he accompanied Albert Richard Smith to Chamonix, and drew sketches from which he executed his dioramic views for "The Ascent of Mont Blanc", presented by Smith at the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, on 15 March 1852. After a time this diorama was expanded by views of the River Rhine, an old pleorama by Carl Wilhelm Gropius that Smith salvaged from a site in Birmingham.
While still engaged at the Lyceum Beverly was in 1853 appointed scenic director at the Italian opera, Covent Garden Opera House, in succession to Thomas Grieve. There he was painter for Rigoletto on 16 May, and for many years provided the scenery for the chief operas produced under Frederick Gye. Beverley's association with Drury Lane began under Edward Tyrrel Smith in 1854, and lasted, with few breaks, through the successive managements (Falconer, Chatterton, and Sir Augustus Harris) to 1884. He took on Hawes Craven to assist with the work in both places. Others to whom he gave practical training were Samuel Bough and George Augustus Sala.

For some years Beverly continued to work for other theatres at the same time. At Christmas 1855 he provided almost all the scenery both at Drury Lane and at Covent Garden. In December 1862 his brush was employed to excellent advantage on the Princess's Theatre pantomime of Riquet with the Tuft. At Drury Lane during the next few years he designs some major Shakespeare revivals, and an elaborate production of Comus. From 1868 to 1879 he apparently worked exclusively for Drury Lane. In October 1868 he painted views of London in Jacobean times for Andrew Halliday's King o' Scots.

Later years
On the death of his brother Robert Roxby in 1866, the theatres of the old Durham circuit passed into Beverly's hands; he lost money on them. In September 1873 he provided backgrounds for a spectacular revival of Antony and Cleopatra. In June 1874 he painted scenery for Michael William Balfe's opera Il Talismano, and a little later for Lohengrin. In September 1876 he was responsible for the scenery for Richard III at Drury Lane, in October 1880 for Mary Stuart (Lewis Strange Wingfield from Schiller) at the Royal Court Theatre, and in the following December for the Covent Garden pantomime of Valentine and Orson.

In March 1881 Beverly provided the scenery for Michael Strogoff (Henry James Byron) at the Adelphi Theatre. In this play still-life accessories were, for the first time on the British stage, harmonised with the background, after the manner of the French cycloramas. At the same house in March 1883 he painted for the Storm-beaten of Robert Williams Buchanan, and in the October following for the opera of Rip Van Winkle at the Royal Comedy Theatre.

In 1884 Beverley painted a panorama of the Lakes of Killarney, which was an integral feature of George Fawcett Rowe's play of The Donagh at the Grand Theatre, Islington. Besides working in the same year for the Savoy Theatre and the Princess's he furnished some of the scenery for Whittington and his Cat at Drury Lane at Christmas, and next year was one of the painters for Aladdin there.

After 1884 failing eyesight led Beverly into enforced idleness. He died at Hampstead on Friday, 17 May 1889. At the Haymarket Theatre on 30 July 1890 a morning performance was given for the benefit of his widow.

Works

Beverly also painted to exhibit, with watercolour being his preferred medium. He showed at the Royal Manchester Institution, in the 1820s and 1830s, and again in later life. Between 1865 and 1880 he exhibited 29 pictures at the Royal Academy, most of them seascapes. His last picture seen there was Fishing Boats going before the Wind: Early Morning, was exhibited in 1880. His work has been compared to that of Richard Parkes Bonington.

William Roxby Beverley is believed, from the fact that he was living in the right area of London at the right time, to be the William Beverley who was the first to discover a magic knight's tour of the chessboard. He sent it to his friend the mathematician Henry Perigal in 1847, who in turn sent it to the editors of the Philosophical Magazine where it was published in August 1848.

Notes

External links

Attribution

1810 births
1889 deaths
English watercolourists
English scenic designers
People from Richmond, London
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
19th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century English male artists


title: Oquirrh Group

text:
The Oquirrh Group is a geologic group in Utah. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Utah
 Paleontology in Utah

References

Carboniferous geology of Utah
Geologic groups of Utah
Carboniferous System of North America


title: Pogonip Group

text:
The Pogonip Group is an Ordovician period geologic group located in southern Nevada and in Utah.

Geology
Its subunits in Nevada, from youngest/later to oldest/earlier, are:
Goodwin Limestone —  thick
Ninemile Formation —  thick
Antelope Valley Limestone —  thick

It preserves fossils dating back to the Early Ordovician stage of the Ordovician period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nevada
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Utah

References

Geologic groups of Nevada
Geologic groups of Utah
Lower Ordovician Series
Ordovician geology of Nevada
Ordovician geology of Utah
Ordovician System of North America


title: Choquet game

text:
The Choquet game is a topological game named after Gustave Choquet, who was in 1969 the first to investigate such games. A closely related game is known as the strong Choquet game.

Let  be a non-empty topological space. The Choquet game of , , is defined as follows: Player I chooses , a non-empty open subset of , then Player II chooses , a non-empty open subset of , then Player I chooses , a non-empty open subset of , etc. The players continue this process, constructing a sequence  If  then Player I wins, otherwise Player II wins.

It was proved by John C. Oxtoby that a non-empty topological space  is a Baire space if and only if Player I has no winning strategy. A nonempty topological space  in which Player II has a winning strategy is called a Choquet space. (Note that it is possible that neither player has a winning strategy.) Thus every Choquet space is Baire. On the other hand, there are Baire spaces (even separable metrizable ones) which are not Choquet spaces, so the converse fails.

The strong Choquet game of , , is defined similarly, except that Player I chooses , then Player II chooses , then Player I chooses , etc, such that  for all . A topological space  in which Player II has a winning strategy for  is called a strong Choquet space. Every strong Choquet space is a Choquet space, although the converse does not hold.

All nonempty complete metric spaces and compact T2 spaces are strong Choquet. (In the first case, Player II, given , chooses  such that  and . Then the sequence  for all .) Any subset of a strong Choquet space which is a  set is strong Choquet. Metrizable spaces are completely metrizable if and only if they are strong Choquet.

References

Descriptive set theory
Topological games


title: Celone/San Nicola d'Arpi Airfield

text:
Celone/San Nicola d'Arpi Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Italy.  It was located 10 kilometers north of Foggia, in the Province of Foggia. The airfield was abandoned and dismantled after the end of the war in 1945.

History
Celone/San Nicola d'Arpi Airfield was an Italian Air Force (Regia Aeronautica) facility, built before World War II. With the surrender of Fascist Italy to the Allies on 3 September 1943, the German Luftwaffe seized control of the field upon hearing of Italy's capitulation. The Luftwaffe sent a squadron of Kampfgeschwader 26, with some Heinkel He 111 medium bombers and Junkers Ju 52 transports to the field; however, Allied forces seized control of the Tavoliere plain in late September/October and occupied the airfield.

The American Army Corps of Engineers rebuilt the facility into a heavy bomber-capable airfield. A 6,000' x 100' runway was laid over pierced steel planking, oriented 14/32. A second (unfinished) runway east of the main runway was used as a crash strip. There were two perimeter tracks, and several other loop taxiways each containing about 100 aircraft parking hardstands, both of the double loop for bombers and single frying pan type for fighters. There may have been some temporary hangars and buildings; however, it appears that personnel were quartered primarily in tents, and most aircraft maintenance took place in the open on hardstands. It also had a steel control tower.

The major tenant of the airfield was the USAAF Fifteenth Air Force 463d Bombardment Group, which arrived from Lakeland Army Airfield, Florida on 9 March 1944. It was equipped with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers. Celone was shared with the 2 Wing, South African Air Force, with two squadrons of B-24 Liberators 31 and 34 Squadrons.

The 463d Bomb Group consisted of four squadrons:
 772d Bombardment Squadron
 773d Bombardment Squadron
 774th Bombardment Squadron
 775th Bombardment Squadron

From Celone the "Swoose Group", as the 463d was called operated chiefly against strategic objectives. Attacked such targets as marshaling yards, oil refineries, and aircraft factories in Italy, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Greece. It received two Distinguished Unit Citations, the first for bombing oil refineries in Ploesti on 18 May 1944. When clouds limited visibility to such an extent that other groups turned back, a second DUC was received for three damaging enemy attacks to bomb tank factories in Berlin on 24 March 1945. The 463d also participated in the invasion of Southern France in August 1944 by striking bridges, gun positions, and other targets.

A notable mission of the South African 2 Wing was supporting the 1944 Warsaw Uprising with air drops of munitions and other supplies The SAAF also participated in the tricky operations in dropping mines into the River Danube in Northern Europe to thwart German attempts to use river barges to carry oil supplies from the Romanian oilfields into Germany. Other duties included being sent to assist Italian Partisans in the Italian Alps. As can be imagined, flying conditions here were hazardous in maintaining ground contact in mountainous areas.

Both the SAAF and the 463d departed after the end of the war, the 463d sending the Air Echelon to Pisa Airport where they were converted into transports by Air Transport Command for moving personnel back to the United States. The Ground Echelon of the 463d was inactivated at Celone on 25 September 1945. after its personnel were sent back to the United States over the summer of 1945. Sometime after that departure, the engineers moved in and dismantled the facility.

Today Celone Airfield has been returned to agriculture; however, extensive scarring of the landscape remains, showing various dispersal pads and taxiways and other features.

See also
 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress airfields in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations

References

Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Italy
Airfields of the Fifteenth Air Force during World War II
Airports established in 1943


title: Royal National Children's Foundation

text:
The Royal National Children's Foundation (RNCF) is a British charity which helps children facing abuse, neglect or trauma at home by providing them with the opportunity to move into a supported education environment. The RNCF currently enables nearly 400 vulnerable and disadvantaged children to attend state and independent boarding schools and day schools. As well as paying school fees, the RNCF also funds counselling, educational school trips and holidays for vulnerable children, many of whom have never had a holiday.

History
The RNCF is the successor charity to an organisation founded as an orphanage by Dr Andrew Reed in 1827. From 1842 (when Queen Victoria became the first Patron), it was successively known as the Infant Orphan Asylum, the Royal Infant Orphanage, the Royal Wanstead School, and the Royal Wanstead Children's Foundation. The school was based at Wanstead on the edge of Epping Forest in grand buildings that today house the Snaresbrook Crown Court. The charity was merged in December 2010 with the Joint Educational Trust (JET), with which it has been closely collaborating for some 25 years. JET was founded in the 1970s by a group of prep school head teachers. The first JET chairman was wartime hero Group Captain Douglas Bader.

The Royal National Children's Foundation no longer operates its own boarding schools but helps to support vulnerable children at a range of boarding schools throughout the United Kingdom. These young people have one or no active parents and have suffered some degree of abuse, neglect, fear and disruption in their home, family or school environment such as to be seriously prejudicial to their normal development.

RNCF has supported 3,000 vulnerable, disadvantaged children at some 150 different boarding schools since the closure of its own schools in 1971. It describes this work as Assisted Boarding but it also supports some vulnerable children (up to the age of 13) at independent day schools.

Today
It funds the schooling of these beneficiaries by putting together packages with the support of other charities and the schools themselves. In this way, RNCF leverages its own funds some seven times, so that a RNCF grant of £4,000 can effectively secure the fees for a vulnerable young person at an independent boarding school for a whole year. Coupled with the charity's low administrative costs, this helps ensure that a very large proportion of all donations and legacies go direct to paying fees for these disadvantaged young people.

The Royal National Children's Foundation helps to support some 400 children at more than 100 state and independent boarding and prep day schools. These children benefit from the high levels of pastoral care and individual attention available especially at many boarding schools. Royal National supports its beneficiaries for either the duration of their secondary schooling or until they no longer need the charity's support. In many cases, therefore, the charity is supporting these vulnerable young people for 7–8 years. The charity's invested endowment helps underwrite its commitment and ensures the continuity of schooling and care for young people who have already  suffered so much disruption in their short lives.

Between 2001 and July 2016, the RNCF's Chairman was Colin Morrison, a publisher who was formerly a beneficiary of the charity. Morrison was succeeded by Kevin Parry.

The RNCF's Patron is the Princess Royal. During a speech at the charity's annual conference in 2010, The Princess Royal said: "Boarding school will , by no means, suit every child vulnerable or not. But our case studies show that, for the right child in the right school at the right time, Assisted Boarding really can help transform a young person's life and prospects. I commend the Royal National Children's Foundation as a highly-effective charity deserving of support."

RNCF has been active in campaigning for the Government to recognise and incentivise the 'vital welfare role' of boarding schools at a time when (he says) the number of boarding places has declined by up to 40% in less than 25 years. It has also called for local authorities to use 'foster boarding' to help solve the acute shortage of carers. He has advocated that local authorities could more readily recruit as foster parents some working couples where the children were in boarding schools. RNCF has said: "It's not for all children, and not for all foster carers, but it's an idea to consider when local authorities are trying to secure the future of a child in care. Boarding schools can and should be part of the solution for many more vulnerable children than they are currently. Modern boarding schools have so much to offer vulnerable children."

The charity's "Breaking Through" research for the charity shows how – over the long term – these Assisted Boarders tend to be among their schools' star performers across a range of social, emotional and academic criteria. He ascribes at least some of this success to the way in which these young people grasp their "golden opportunity" with both hands: they appreciate their good fortune in being able to develop a promising new life after a particularly troubled start.

In 2011, Colin Morrison launched the Assisted Boarding Network to promote the effectiveness of Assisted Boarding for vulnerable young people in the care of local authorities. The Network, which is now being jointly promoted both by the RNCF and Buttle UK, was launched at a Westminster conference in June 2012, addressed by Tim Loughton, the Under Secretary of State for Children & Families and by Lord (Andrew) Adonis his predecessor in the former Labour government. The conference was attended by representatives from more than 60 local authorities throughout England and Wales.

The Foundation is now seeking increases in donations, legacies and subscriptions to help it expand Assisted Boarding. It is also seeking to persuade more grant-making charities and other organisations to help provide long-term support for these vulnerable children.

With the merger of Royal Wanstead Children's Foundation and the Joint Educational Trust (JET) — to form the Royal National Children's Foundation — the charity declared its aim to increase to 500 the number of vulnerable young people supported within five years. The appeal was launched with a dinner in February 2011 hosted by The Princess Royal at Buckingham Palace.

The RNCF has offices at King Edward's School, Witley and the Cobham, Surrey campus at Reed's School, another charitable institution founded in the early 19th century by Dr Andrew Reed. The Directors of the charity are Mrs Christine Hughes (Director of Operations) and David Bassom (Director of Marketing and Fundraising). Kevin Parry is the Chairman of the RNCF. Presidents of the charity include: the Archbishops of Canterbury, York and Westminster, Lord Adonis, and the Bishop of London.

References

External links
 RNCF website
 Friends of Royal Wanstead School

Royal charities of the United Kingdom
Children's charities based in the United Kingdom
1827 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1827


title: Black Prince Limestone

text:
The Black Prince Limestone is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Carboniferous Arizona
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Escabrosa Limestone

text:
The Escabrosa Limestone is a geologic formation in Arizona left behind from an ancient sea from some 330 million years ago. Layers of the sediment left by the sea hardened into a what is called a "strata." It has preserved fossils dating back to the Mississippian subperiod.

Rainwater has seeped into the limestone, eroding and dissolving the rock into walkable passageways. These are called the "Kartchner Caverns" and are considered a living cavern since they are still growing.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Carboniferous Arizona
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Naco Formation

text:
The Naco Formation is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Pennsylvanian subperiod.

Fossils from the Kohls Ranch locality of Gila County, Arizona, include bivalve and gastropod molluscs, brachiopods, bryozoans, crinoids, cnidarians and sharks teeth.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Geologic formations of Arizona
Carboniferous Arizona
Pennsylvanian Series
Carboniferous System of North America
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Paradise Formation

text:
The Paradise Formation is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Carboniferous Arizona
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Watahomigi Formation

text:
The Watahomigi Formation is a geologic formation in the Grand Canyon region of Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Geologic formations of Arizona
Natural history of the Grand Canyon
Carboniferous Arizona
Carboniferous System of North America


title: Fyns Hoved

text:
Fyns Hoved is a bight of northeastern Funen, Denmark, curving south to form the approach to Odense Fjord. It is the northernmost point of Hindsholm and is thus Funen's northernmost point, dividing the Kattegat and the Great Belt. The eastern side of the bight between Fyns Hoved and Skoven,  to the south, is irregular, with a beach and hills behind it, and to the south of the bight is a small, shallow bay, Korshavn Bay, with the Korshavn Light in the vicinity. The bay is a natural harbour used by many yachtsmen.

Fyns Hoved is located in the dry Great Belt region, where rainfall is about  per year compared to the national average of  per year. This makes it hospitable to plants that are more common in the dry areas of southern Europe. The area is frequented by many shore birds and is also a resting place for migrating birds, and harbour porpoises can be seen offshore. Numerous artists such as Theodor Philipsen, Johannes Larsen and Fritz Syberg have found inspiration in the light and the scenery.

There are many stone walls in the area; these date back to 1810, when the seven farmers in the village of Nordskov decided to divide the area between them so that they would each have one northern and one southern strip of land. The seven cottagers had to content themselves with sharing one strip.

During the German occupation, barracks, a radar installation and artillery on Fyns Hoved guarded the entrance to the Great Belt.

References

Geography of Odense
Bights (geography)


title: Amole Arkose

text:
The Amole Arkose is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Cretaceous Arizona


title: Lowell Formation

text:
The Lowell Formation is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Geologic formations of Arizona
Cretaceous Arizona
Aptian Stage
Paleontology in Arizona


title: Mural Limestone

text:
The Mural Limestone is a geologic formation of the Bisbee Group in Arizona and Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Mexico
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

External links

Geologic formations of Arizona
Cretaceous System of North America
Geologic formations of Mexico
Cretaceous Mexico


title: Cintura Formation

text:
The Cintura Formation is a geologic formation in the northeastern Sonora of Arizona and Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

Description

The Cintura Formation is divided into 3 stratigraphic members which represent deltaic depositional elements: the basal Marquechi Member, medial San Marcos Member and the uppermost San Juan Member. The delta is thought to have prograded southward and have an immediate source to its north based on paleocurrents and provenance data.

Fossil content

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Cretaceous Arizona


title: Toreva Formation

text:
The Toreva Formation is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Cretaceous Arizona


title: Molly Gibson Formation

text:
The Molly Gibson Formation is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Cretaceous Arizona


title: Martin Formation

text:
The Martin Formation is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Devonian Arizona
Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Percha Formation

text:
The Percha Formation is a geologic formation in southern New Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Famennian Age of the late Devonian period.

Description
The formation consists mostly of black to gray shale and minor limestone. It rests on a regional unconformity, so that the underlying formation may be the Fusselman Formation, the Sly Gap Formation, or the Onate Formation. It underlies the Lake Valley Limestone, Caballero Formation, Escabrosa Limestone, or other Mississippian formations. Total thickness is about .

The formation is divided into two members. The Ready Pay Member (formerly  lower Percha) is mostly black fissile shale nearly devoid of fossils and with a total thickness of about . The  Box Member  (formerly  upper Percha), which is much less limited in areal extent, is about  of gray to green calcareous shale with limestone nodules and beds. It is highly fossiliferous.

Fossils
The base of the formation contains fossils of arthrodiran fish, shark teeth, late Fammenian conodonts, brachiopods, and corals. The Box Member contains fossils of brachiopods, crinoids, bryozoans, sponges, corals, and late Fammenian conodonts.

History of investigation
The formation was first named as the Percha Shale by C.H. Gordon in 1907 for exposures at Percha Creek. However, a type section was not designated until 1945, by F.V. Stevenson. Stevenson also divided the formation into the lower Ready Pay Member and the upper Box Member. D. Schumacher and coinvestigators mapped the formation into southeastern Arizona and renamed it the Percha Formation in 1976.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New Mexico
 Paleontology in New Mexico

Footnotes

References

Devonian formations of New Mexico


title: Boris Continuum Complete

text:
Boris Continuum Complete is a special effects plug-in package that works in conjunction with Adobe Creative Suite, including CS6, Avid editing and finishing systems such as Sony Vegas Pro, and Apple Final Cut Pro. Its effects are divided into 16 different categories: 3D Objects, Art Looks, Blur & Sharpen, Color & Tone, Film Style, Image Restoration, Key & Blend, Lights, Match Move, Particles, Perspective, Stylize, Textures, Time, Transitions, and Warp. The latest version, Boris Continuum Complete 9, was released on March 20, 2014. [1]

History
The initial Boris Continuum Complete package was created in 1995 and as a software based DVE solution for emerging NLEs. Ever since the package has expanded to include camera and light features as well.

Latest Features

FX Browser™

The FX Browser™ allows you to browse the entire BCC effects library either as a stand alone application or by trying each effect individually. The browser has a built-in browsing history that displays recent searches. The demonstrated effects are applied to moving video samples.

The Transition Group

BCC 9 delivers 24 new transitions groups: Blobs Wipe, Lens Distortion Wipe, Rings Wipe, Blur Dissolve, Lens Flare Dissolve, Ripple Dissolve, Checker Wipe, Lens Flare Round, Tile Wipe, Composite Dissolve, Lens Flare Spiked, Tritone Dissolve, Damaged TV Dissolve, Lens Flash, Twister, Film Glow Dissolve, Light Wipe, Vector Blur Dissolve, Flutter Cut, Rays Dissolve, Vignette Wipe, Grid Wipe, Ribbon Wipe, Water Waves Dissolve.

The Film Group

Added BCC Vignette. Adds luminocity and defocus controls.

BCC 2-Strip Color. Mimics the looks of classic Hollywood Films.

The Image Restoration Group

BCC Magic Sharp. Sharpens blurry images.

BCC Lens Correction. Removes fish-eye warp.

The Stylize Group

BCC Grunge and BCC Edge Grunge add grit, grime, and atmosphere to titles and clips.

The Keying and Composite Group

BCC Chromakey Studio. Creates junk mattes, green screen smoothing, final matte cleanups, chroma keying, light wraps, and color correcting.

The Lights Group

BCC Laser Beam. Engraves titles or and adds trace-on effects onto footage with fog and glows.

The Perspective Group

BCC Pan & Zoom. The rotates images in 3D and manages cropping and adjustment.

Performance Speed

Filters tested in Avid Windows platform

Effects
The latest version of Boris Continuum Complete features the following effects:

References

External links
Creative Cow Media100 Community Forums

Adobe Inc.


title: Gardner Canyon Formation

text:
The Gardner Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Jurassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Jurassic Arizona


title: Katie Morag (TV series)

text:
Katie Morag (Scottish Gaelic: Ceitidh Morag) is the television adaptation of the series of books by Mairi Hedderwick. The programmes follow the adventures of Katie Morag whose life on the fictional Scottish island of Struay is full of stories of jealousy, bravery and rivalry and peopled by an annoying little brother, busy shopkeeper parents, a perfectly perfect best friend and a couple of grandmothers who between them know everything about everything. The series was produced by Move On Up with support from BBC Scotland and commissioned by the BBC's CBeebies and CBBC channels. It also airs on the BBC's Gaelic channel BBC Alba and BBC One Scotland. Don Coutts directed the series which Margaret Matheson produced and Lindy Cameron executive produced and edited. Katie Morag is also available on BBC iPlayer for over a year.

Series one
The series was shot on the Isle of Lewis between May and August 2013 at BBC Alba's studios in Stornoway and on location around the island. It comprised 26x15 minute episodes (6 of which were part of a sub-series called Grannie Island's Ceilidh) and began its run on Cbeebies on 3 November 2013.

Some episodes were repeated on BBC One Scotland in a Sunday afternoon slot between April and May 2014.

Series two
In June 2014, it was announced that Katie Morag would be returning for a second series. Cheryl Taylor, Controller of CBBC, said: "This is the first time that CBBC and CBeebies have co-commissioned a series and I am really pleased to be working so closely with CBeebies. The exclusive episodes to be shown on CBBC will allow us to develop more multifaceted storylines for the older CBBC audience."

Series two was filmed once more on Lewis, between 21 July and 13 September 2014, and comprised 3x15 minute episodes, 9x20 minute episodes and 1x30 minute episode. The first episode was aired on CBBC on 19 December 2014.

Production

Writing
The  series was scripted by a team comprising Sergio Casci, Stuart Hepburn, Martin McCardie, Jan Storie, and Louise Wylie. They used the method of Team Writing For TV. This ensures that the concepts of theme, tone and narrative coherence are successfully carried across the large number of episodes of a long running TV Series. Crucially,  it requires all writers to be present at all storylining sessions, and for detailed beat outlines to be created by the entire storylining team.

Casting
Casting for the series included a casting call in Stornoway, Lewis in March 2013. The casting team also held extensive auditions in Glasgow and Edinburgh. The part was eventually won by seven-year-old Cherry Campbell from Glasgow (whose grandmother was born, and still lives, on Lewis). Campbell took part in the Stornoway auditions. Director Don Coutts said, "We were looking for someone with energy, humour and courage to play the feisty wee character of Katie Morag and we think that Cherry has all three of these attributes in spades!"

Locations

The series is filmed on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides. Although the fictional Island of Struay is based on Coll in the Inner Hebrides, the producers felt Lewis had the necessary infrastructure to create the series. Executive producer Lindy Cameron further explained, "It was important to us to try and keep as much of this production in the Highlands as we were able. By making good use of all the innate facilities and skills that Lewis has to offer us we hope that the benefit to the Island, and to all of the Hebrides, will be great."
The locations include the remote village of Tolsta Chaolais (the McColl Shop and Post Office); Tabost, Lochs (Grannie Island's croft); Laxay Boathouse, Laxay (Uncle Matthew's Hut); Cnoc School, Knock; Dal Mor Beach; Bhaltos Pier (Ferry pier, and lady Artists house); Maivaig Pontoon; Shawbost Beach; Reef Beach; Carloway FC (shinty pitch).

Music
The soundtrack for the series was created by acclaimed Scottish musician, composer and producer Donald Shaw.

The soundtrack was released as an mp3 download on 1 January 2016.

Gaelic
The series has been dubbed into Scottish Gaelic, for broadcast on BBC Alba. Known as Ceitidh Mòrag, the series began on 7 January 2014.

Cast and characters

Main cast
Cherry Campbell/ Kate Macmillan as Katie Morag McColl
Kimberley Bremner as Katie Morag double
Finlay Macmillan/Peter Macmillan as Liam McColl
Annie Louise Ross as Grannie Island
Gail Watson as Isobel McColl
Kenneth Harvey as Peter McColl
Barbara Rafferty as Grandma Mainland
Angus Peter Campbell as Neilly Beag
Anna Hepburn as Mrs. Baxter

Recurring characters
Jim Sturgeon as Matthew McColl
Sean Scanlan as Grandad Island
Steven McNicoll as Mr Mackie
Francesca Dymond as Mrs Mackie

Guest actors
Greg Hemphill as Donald John Cameron
Kari Corbett as Candice Kennedy
Cal Macaninch as Mr Cavendish
Shauna Macdonald as Mrs Cavendish
Findlay Napier as Uncle Sven
Hamish Napier as Uncle Sean
Kaitlyn Anne Woodard as Baby Flora Anne McColl

Episodes

Series one
 Katie Morag Delivers the Mail 3 November 2013
 Katie Morag and the Two Grandmothers 3 November 2013
 Katie Morag and the Old Teacher 10 November 2013
 Grannie Island's Ceilidh: The Big Smelly Goat 10 November 2013
 Katie Morag and the New Boy 17 November 2013
 Katie Morag and the Halloween Pirate 17 November 2013
 Katie Morag and Izzy 24 November 2013
 Grannie Island's Ceilidh: Stone Soup 24 November 2013
 Katie Morag and the Special Delivery 1 December 2013
 Katie Morag and the Tiresome Ted 1 December 2013
 Katie Morag and the Mysteries 8 December 2013
 Grannie Island's Ceilidh: Little Izzy 8 December 2013
 Katie Morag and the Two Peas 15 December 2013
 Katie Morag and the New Year Party 15 December 2013
 Katie Morag and the Baking Day Secret 16 February 2014
 Katie Morag and the Grumpy Grannie 16 February 2014
 Katie Morag and the Big Boy Cousins 23 February 2014
 Grannie Island's Ceilidh: Granpa's Bowl 23 February 2014
 Katie Morag and the Seals Singing 2 March 2014
 Grannie Island's Ceilidh: Annie Jessie and the Merboy 2 March 2014
 Katie Morag and the Hill Race 9 March 2014
 Grannie Island's Ceilidh: Hugh Handy 9 March 2014
 Katie Morag and the Big Picture 16 March 2014
 Katie Morag and the Brochan Bus 16 March 2014
 Katie Morag and the Wedding - Part 1 23 March 2014
 Katie Morag and the Wedding - Part 2 23 March 2014

Series two
 Katie Morag and the Golden Treasure 19 December 2014
 Katie Morag and the Family Tree 1 February 2015
 Katie Morag and the Dancing Class 1 February 2015
 Katie Morag and the Sick Sheep 8 February 2015
 Katie Morag and the Carrot Competition 8 February 2015
 Katie Morag and the Big Shinty Match 15 February 2015
 Katie Morag and the Day of Birthdays 15 February 2015
 Katie Morag and the Struay Star 22 February 2015
 Katie Morag and the Road to Grannie Island's 22 February 2015
 Katie Morag and Uncle Matthew's Hut 1 March 2015
 Katie Morag and the Grand Concert 1 March 2015
 Katie Morag and the Big Balloon 8 March 2015
 Katie Morag and the Worst Day Ever 4 April 2015

Reception

Critical reception
The first series was met with widespread critical acclaim. Martin Chilton in The Telegraph wrote, "The series is lovely and celebrates the sense of community so intrinsic to the stories."

In The Times, Helen Rumbelow suggested viewers, "Draw the curtains, pour a whisky and enjoy one of the most realistic child performances of the decade, the butchest grandma on screen, and the best Hebridean landscape in the world. It's as close as you can get to not watching TV without having to give up TV."

Awards
Katie Morag won two British Academy Children's Awards for 2014: Best Drama, and Best Performance, Cherry Campbell (Katie Morag).
It was also nominated for Best Writer, Sergio Casci (Lead writer).

The series repeated its 2014 success at the British Academy Children's Awards scooping the award for Best Drama once again in 2015.

Katie Morag won Best Children's Programme at BAFTA Scotland British Academy Scotland Awards in 2014.

The series won Best Children's Programme or Series at the 2014 Freesat Free TV Awards. The judges said, "Beautifully and authentically shot, it was a key move by its host channel into scripted drama, delivering self contained stories that felt sweet and, more importantly, real to their young audience."

It also won the Royal Television Society Scotland Children's Award at the inaugural RTS Scotland awards ceremony in 2014. The judges said, “This programme is innovative and daring in its adaptation of an iconic property. At the heart of it is an exceptional performance from the lead character.”

The series won Best New Kids Series at the 2015 Kidscreen Awards in Miami.

In April 2016 it was announced that Katie Morag had been awarded a prestigious Peabody Award. The American-based Peabody Awards were established in the 1940s as a radio equivalent to the Pulitzer Prize, and have since grown steadily to recognise excellence in a wide range of electronic media. Only around 25 awards are presented each year from over 1,000 global entries, and to win a Peabody, a programme must receive the unanimous approval of all sixteen Peabody Board members. Announcing winners on the award website, members said of the Katie Morag TV series: “Mairi Hedderwick's popular books about a feisty, wee, red-headed girl (the splendid Cherry Campbell) and the Scottish island community she's growing up in are exquisitely realised in this series. Timeless, perhaps old fashioned, but never precious or blindly idyllic, Katie Morag deals honestly and gracefully with death, loss, rivalry and other serious themes.”

DVD releases
The DVDs of series one were released over the autumn of 2014.

DVD boxsets of series one and series two were subsequently released in 2015.

References

External links

Katie Morag Cbeebies Page
Cbeebies Grown-ups: Katie Morag - Behind the scenes
 Lindy Cameron, Katie Morag, BBC Writers Room, 23 January 2017

2010s British children's television series
2013 British television series debuts
2015 British television series endings
Television shows based on children's books
BBC children's television shows
English-language television shows
Television series about children
Television shows set in Scotland
British preschool education television series
2010s preschool education television series
CBeebies
Television series by BBC Studios
Peabody_Award-winning_television_programs


title: Big Sandy Formation

text:
The Big Sandy Formation is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Neogene Arizona


title: Milk Creek Formation

text:
The Milk Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Neogene Arizona


title: Muddy Creek Formation

text:
The Muddy Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

Distribution and General Expression
The following description is from USGS Bulletin 798 by C. R. Longwell in 1928:
In all the large intermontane valleys adjacent to the Muddy Mountains and neighboring ranges there are thick clays or silts and associated deposits that have been relatively little disturbed by crustal deformation. As a rule they form belts from a fraction of a mile to several miles wide on each side of present stream valleys, above which the clay outcrops rise to a maximum height of approximately 600 feet. Adjacent to the high lands they feather out, lapping up on the older rocks. Between the Muddy and Virgin Mountains the area occupied by the clays is from 9 to 12 miles wide. South of St. Thomas this large area is divided into two nearly equal belts by Virgin River, and to the north the clays are cut by the converging Muddy and Virgin Valleys, each of which leaves a comparatively narrow strip of the deposits bordering the mountains. Between the streams the clays occupy a large triangular area extending more than 15 miles to the Mormon Mountains. In California Wash, the clay exposures extend a maximum of more than 10 miles to the ranges on the west, and they form wide belts bordering Meadow Valley Wash and the upper part of Muddy Creek. They have invaded St. Thomas Gap in places, and in the broad Grand Wash Valley they are exposed wherever the surface waste has been sufficiently dissected. In a word, the intermontane areas occupied by clays are nearly equal to the areas of the mountain ranges. However, these broad belts do not show continuous clay outcrops, for the clays are largely covered by a veneer of varying thickness formed from more recent waste that was used in building aggradation levels at several altitudes. The clays are conspicuous beneath the waste in the sides of the large valleys and small washes and in extensive badland tracts where the later capping has been stripped away.
Owing to many interbedded layers of sandstone more or less firmly cemented, the clays tend to stand in steep fronts along wash courses. The edges of the sandy layers are visible in all sections, standing out as narrow shelves or forming a horizontal banding almost concealed by clay carried from above and plastered on the slope by infrequent rains. In detail the carved surfaces have an intricate but typical pattern, many times repeated. Steep slopes are dissected into long parallel spurs, and these subdivide repeatedly into steep spurs of many orders, all with rounded upper surfaces and separated by V-shaped trenches. From a distance the spurs resemble irregular columns. In places they are interrupted by persistent shelves formed on sandstone layers of unusual resistance, below which the typical patterns reappear.

Gallery

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Neogene geology of Nevada
Neogene Arizona


title: Onyx Marble

text:
The Onyx Marble is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

 Onyx stone comprises different minerals, including quartz, feldspar, and agate.

Neogene Arizona


title: Quiburis Formation

text:
The Quiburis Formation is a geologic formation in Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.  It was entered into the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arizona
 Paleontology in Arizona

References

Neogene Arizona


title: Harvest (1937 film)

text:
Harvest () is a 1937 French drama film directed by Marcel Pagnol, starring Fernandel, Orane Demazis, Marguerite Moreno and Gabriel Gabrio. The narrative revolves around a farming village where only three inhabitants remain, but they are told that if only one of them, Panturle, manages to find a wife, the village will be able to prosper again. The film is based on the 1930 novel Second Harvest by Jean Giono. It was released in France on 28 October 1937 and in the United States on 2 October 1939.

Cast
 Fernandel as Urbain Gédémus
 Gabriel Gabrio as Panturle
 Orane Demazis as Irène Charles, "Arsule"
 Marguerite Moreno as Zia Mamèche, "la Mamèche"
 Robert Le Vigan as the brigadier
 Henri Poupon as Panturle's farmer friend
 Odette Roger as Alphonsine
 Milly Mathis as Belline

Reception
Frank Nugent of The New York Times described Harvest as "a film of utter serenity and great goodness, so reverently played and so compassionately directed that it is far less an entertainment work than it is a testament to the dignity of man and to his consonance with the spinning of the spheres. Such faults as it possesses are mechanical; uneven editing, particularly in the early scenes; skimping of a few sequences that might have received more attention; attenuation of others that could have been cut. The flaws are obvious enough, yet they should not count too seriously against the work as a whole and still less seriously when one appreciates that the editing was on this side of the water (for space and time requirements) and cannot properly be held against Marcel Pagnol, its director, producer and adapter."

See also
 1939 in film
 Cinema of France

References

1937 films
Films based on French novels
Films based on works by Jean Giono
Films directed by Marcel Pagnol
Films set in France
Films shot in France
French drama films
1930s French-language films
Films scored by Arthur Honegger
1937 drama films
French black-and-white films
1930s French films
Pan trilogy