title: Duty (film)

text:
Duty is the eighth and final episode of the British TV series Hornblower, based on the 1962 book Hornblower and the Hotspur by C.S. Forester. It was released on 6 January 2003, a day after episode 7: Loyalty.

The series received four nominations for the 2004 56th Primetime Emmy Awards: Outstanding Miniseries, Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or Movie, Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special and Outstanding Single-Camera Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or Movie, although it is not clear whether they were for Duty or Loyalty or both.

Plot
Commander Horatio Hornblower, captain of HMS Hotspur, and Maria Mason are married. Admiral Pellew arrives and gives Hornblower his next mission: HMS Grasshopper, commanded by old friend Captain Bracegirdle, has gone missing while on patrol off the coast of France. Hornblower is to find her. Pellew gives Hornblower permission to sleep ashore so he can be with his bride on their honeymoon night.

The next day, Hornblower sets sail. As a wedding gift, Pellew gives Hornblower his steward, James Doughty, an accomplished cook, who replaces Styles. On a stormy night, Hotspur rescues the passengers of a small boat in danger of sinking off the coast of France, including a man claiming to be Swiss and his American wife. The man's strong French accent raises the suspicions of Hornblower and his crew. The American woman tells Hornblower that they saw a ship become stranded just to the north of them.

Hornblower finds Grasshopper grounded and much of the crew drowned. The rest were killed defending their captain from French troops. Hornblower and his men are attacked by French troops under the command of Wolfe, who was exposed as a traitor in Loyalty. They find Bracegirdle among the casualties, alive and distraught at the loss of his ship and crew. After rescuing Bracegirdle, they return to the waiting Hotspur.

Back in England, Pellew has received orders from the Admiralty to find a young couple, a Frenchman and the daughter of a wealthy American merchant, who are somewhere at sea near France. Off the French coast, Wolfe's French troops try but fail to take Hotspur, though Wolfe escapes. Under questioning by Hornblower, the "Swiss" passenger confesses he is Jérôme-Napoléon Bonaparte, the younger brother of Napoleon. Bracegirdle suggests returning to England, with their valuable passengers right away, but Hornblower chooses to complete Bracegirdle's original mission of investigating French military activities on shore. The crew, especially Styles, deeply resent their French passengers. Back in England, Pellew learns from a diplomatic service official that Napoleon's brother and his heiress wife are aboard Hotspur.

Hornblower, Bracegirdle, and their reconnaissance party discover quantities of French maritime cannons hidden ashore but cannot discern the reason. Bracegirdle goes off alone to find out more; he discovers why the cannons are hidden but is killed by the French before he can reach Hornblower with the information.

Hornblower reports to Pellew, who informs him that the diplomatic service has quarantined Hotspur to keep Jérôme-Napoléon's presence in England a secret: no one can disembark or board, captain included. Stranded on shore Hornblower takes the opportunity to spend three days with Maria.

Hornblower is then ordered to take Jérôme-Napoléon to France and to transfer his wife Betsy to another ship that will take her home to her father in America. Hornblower orders Doughty to make the couple a good meal. Doughty learns Styles has placed a dead rat in the stew he is taking them. This leads to a fistfight during which Doughty accidentally strikes Midshipman Orrock, an offense punishable by death according to the Articles of War. Doughty is clapped in irons.

Hornblower explains to Jérôme-Napoléon that he must go ashore alone. Jérôme reluctantly agrees in the hope of persuading his older brother to welcome his wife. The next day Hornblower and Bush go ashore and discover that the cannons they found earlier had been removed from three frigates anchored in a bay, freeing up enough space to transport 1000 soldiers each. The plan is for Wolfe and 3,000 French soldiers to invade Ireland. Hornblower takes Hotspur through a dense fog in dangerously shallow water to attack the departing frigates. He fires upon and disables the first. The other two run aground and collide with each other. Wolfe falls onto Hotspur, where he is killed after trying to shoot Hornblower.

On Christmas Day, Hotspur rendezvous with Liberty, which will take Betsy to America. Hornblower summons Doughty to the captain's quarters, hints that Liberty is close enough for him to reach by swimming, then leaves him alone and unguarded to make an escape. Later, it is revealed that Napoleon is pressuring the Pope to annul his brother's marriage. Pellew informs Hornblower that he has been promoted; according to long-standing tradition, when a commander-in-chief retires, he is permitted to promote one midshipman, one lieutenant, and one commander. Pellew uses his third promotion to advance Hornblower from commander to post-captain. Hornblower receives further good news from Maria: she is pregnant.

Cast

Ioan Gruffudd as Commander/Captain Horatio Hornblower
Robert Lindsay as Admiral/Admiral of the Fleet Pellew
Paul McGann as 1st Lieutenant William Bush
Paul Copley as Matthews, Boatswain
Sean Gilder as Styles, Steward
Lorcan Cranitch as Wolfe
Tony Haygarth as Master Prowse
Julia Sawalha as Maria Mason Hornblower
Barbara Flynn as Mrs. Mason
Ron Cook as Steward James Doughty
Jonathan Forbes as Midshipman Charles Orrock
Jonathan Coy as Captain Bracegirdle
Jim Carter as Etheridge
David Birkin as Jérôme
Camilla Power as Betsy
Timothy Deenihan as Maguire
Richard Syms as Parson

References

External links

2003 television films
2003 films
2000s historical films
2000s war films
Films based on British novels
Films based on historical novels
Films based on military novels
Films set in France
Films set in the 1800s
Films set on ships
Napoleonic Wars naval films
Hornblower (TV series)
Seafaring films
War television films


title: Alberta Winter Games

text:
The Alberta Winter Games (AWG) is a Canadian provincial multi-sport event hosted in the province of Alberta. It is the winter portion of the multi-sport Alberta Games, which also involves the Alberta Summer Games and is strictly for amateur athletes. The inaugural year for the Alberta Winter Games was in 1976 and was hosted in Banff, Alberta.

This event is held independently from the national Canadian event, the Canada Winter Games. Since 2000, the Alberta Winter Games and the Alberta Summer Games have been held every two years in the same calendar year, a change made in order to help to align the Alberta Games' cycle with the Canada Games.

Sports

A total of 19 sports are a part of the Alberta Winter Games and include the following:

  Ringette

  Synchronized Swimming

  Amateur Wrestling

Events by year

2010

2012

2014

2016

See also
Canada Games
Canada Summer Games
Canada Winter Games
Western Canada Summer Games
BC Games
BC Summer Games
BC Winter Games
Saskatchewan Games
Manitoba Games
Ontario Games
Quebec Games

External links
 Website

Sports competitions in Alberta
Winter multi-sport events
Winter multi-sport events in Canada
1976 establishments in Alberta


title: Chad Valley (musician)

text:
Hugo Manuel, better known by his stage name Chad Valley, is an English electronic recording artist and singer. He has released two EPs, various singles and three full-length albums, Young Hunger, Entirely New Blue and Imaginary Music in 2018.

Career
Manuel began Chad Valley as a solo project alongside the Oxford-based band Jonquil which he heads. In 2010, he released his eponymous debut EP via Cascine, which consisted of four tracks. His second EP, Equatorial Ultravox, was released in 2011 leading to wider recognition for Manuel. Neil Ashman of Drowned in Sound described this release as "wistful in tone, but it's no nostalgia trip and summer or not it's a consistently blissful and thrilling EP that bodes well for any forthcoming album."

In 2012, Manuel released his first full-length album, Young Hunger, his longest release as Chad Valley and which involved contributions from many other artists including Twin Shadow, El Perro del Mar and Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs. Under the Radar described the album as "[making] little attempt to veil his affection for the zillion-dollar, slickly produced, mammoth-sized pop albums of the 1980s; the results are as charming and imaginative as one may have come to expect from one of the blogosphere’s most buzzed-about artists." On the album's extensive use of collaboration with other artists, Manuel stated "It was always the intention to have loads of guests from the very beginning. As a way to involve more people than anything else; because I think it's hard, as a solo musician, to not get really introspective. I'd done two EPs worth of introspection; songs that were just me and my thoughts, written and produced by me with lyrics by me. It was all a little too me-centric, and I'm not too comfortable with that. So, I wanted to have other voices in there to widen the palette." Pitchfork stated "The many guests on Young Hunger prevent the album from getting too bogged down in schmaltz, adding color and texture to the record."

Discography

Studio albums
 Young Hunger (2012)
 Entirely New Blue (2015)
 Imaginary Music (2018)
 The Starlight Night (as Hugo Manuel) (2020)

EPs
 Chad Valley (2010)
 Equatorial Ultravox (2011)

Singles
 Now That I'm Real (How Does It Feel?) (2011)
 Shell Suite & Remixes (2011)
 Fall 4 U (2012)
 Tell All Your Friends (2012)
 Up & Down (Vince Clarke Remix) (2013)
 I Owe You This (2013)
 True'' (2015)

References

Living people
Remixers
English male singers
Musicians from Oxfordshire
Year of birth missing (living people)
Cascine artists


title: Rock Hill Cotton Factory

text:
Rock Hill Cotton Factory, also known as Plej's Textile Mill Outlets, Ostrow Textile Mill, and Fewell Cotton Warehouse, is a historic textile mill complex located at Rock Hill, South Carolina.  The mill was built in 1881, and is a two-story, 12 bay by 16 bay, brick factory. It features a three-story tower at the main entrance.  A number of additions have been made to the building. The Fewell Cotton Warehouse is a one-story, brick and wood frame warehouse built before 1894.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, with a boundary increase in 2008. The building is now used as a retail and office place known as the Cotton Factory Plaza.

References

External links
The Rock Hill Cotton Factory - Photos & History

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Industrial buildings completed in 1881
Buildings and structures in Rock Hill, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Rock Hill, South Carolina
Warehouses on the National Register of Historic Places
Cotton mills in the United States
1881 establishments in South Carolina


title: John Bickley House

text:
The John Bickley House is an early 19th-century house at 64 Vanderhorst St., Charleston, South Carolina. The construction date for the house has been the subject of debate for many years, but the current consensus places the date as after 1824. John Bickley bought the property upon which the house stands in 1824 for $707.94, and in 1826, the house was placed in a trust for his wife, Mary Desel. The low price for the large lot (even by the standards of that period) and the transfer to the trust suggest that the house was built for Bickley. Bickley was a lumber factor who also planted rice at Woodstock Plantation in Goose Creek, South Carolina. The two-and-a-half-story Flemish bond, brick house sits on a high basement with a two-story piazza along the south facade that wraps to each side. In both interior and exterior details, the house reflects the Regency style.

Former South Carolina Gamecock football equipment manager, Peter Zervos,  grew up in this house.

References

Houses in Charleston, South Carolina


title: Slander (1916 film)

text:
Slander is a lost 1916 American silent drama film starring Bertha Kalich. It was directed by Will S. Davis was produced and distributed by Fox Film Corporation.

Cast
Bertha Kalich as Helene Ayers
Eugene Ormonde as Richard Tremaine
Mayme Kelso as Tremaine's Wife
Edward Van Sloan as Joseph Tremaine
Robert Rendel as Harry Carson
Warren Cook as Doctor
Charles Peyton as Tremaine's Valet (credited as C. Peyton)
T. Jerome Lawler as John Blair

References

External links

1916 films
American silent feature films
Lost American drama films
Fox Film films
Films directed by Will S. Davis
1916 drama films
American black-and-white films
Silent American drama films
1916 lost films
English-language drama films
1910s American films
1910s English-language films


title: Helen Prest-Ajayi

text:
Helen Prest-Ajayi,  formerly Prest-Davies, (née Prest, born 17 September 1959) is a Nigerian lawyer, writer and former beauty queen.
Helen was raised in England. She attended the International School Ibadan for her advanced levels and Obafemi Awolowo University for her undergraduate studies in Law prior to her pageantry. After she was crowned Miss Nigeria at the age of 19 in 1979, she represented Nigeria at the Miss World pageant and furthered her education at King's College London, earning an LLM. She was also active as a columnist in the 1990s.
She is currently the CEO of Media Business Company.
She is the granddaughter of the Nigerian founding father Chief Arthur Prest and daughter of politician Chief Michael Godwin Prest. She has three daughters. She married her first husband businessman Jimmy Davies in 1988.

Personal life
Helen Prest stopped practising law due to health issues and became a writer and has authored many books which include "The Complete English Guide".She was bereaved of her partner Dr Tosin Ajayi on April 26, 2020.

References

Miss Nigeria winners
International School, Ibadan alumni
Living people
Obafemi Awolowo University alumni
Alumni of King's College London
1960 births
Miss World 1979 delegates
Nigerian women lawyers
Itsekiri people
Nigerian people of British descent


title: Stephen Rendell March

text:
Stephen Rendell March (1851 – 1935) was a merchant and politician in Newfoundland. He represented Bay de Verde in the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1885 to 1889 as a Reform member.

The son of Stephen March, he was born in Old Perlican and was educated at the Wesleyan Academy. March married Alma Agnes Bailey. With his brother Nathaniel, he ran S. March & Sons, the company established by his father. He retired from business in 1916 following the death of his brother.

References

Members of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
1935 deaths
1831 births
Newfoundland Colony people


title: Yohan Brouckaert

text:
Yohan Brouckaert (born 30 October 1987) is a Belgian footballer who plays for Tournai.

References

External links
 Yohan Brouckaert on Eurofotbal

1987 births
Living people
Belgian men's footballers
Belgian Pro League players
Challenger Pro League players
Men's association football midfielders
Royal Excel Mouscron players
Royale Union Tubize-Braine players
K.V. Oostende players
Oud-Heverlee Leuven players
K.S.V. Roeselare players
R.W.D. Molenbeek (2015) players
Royal FC Mandel United players
R.F.C. Tournai players
People from Mouscron
Footballers from Hainaut (province)


title: Little Cuyahoga River

text:
The Little Cuyahoga River is a 17.4 mile-long tributary of the Cuyahoga River in the U.S. state of Ohio. Located in southeastern Summit County and southwestern Portage County, its 61.7 square mile watershed drains portions of Akron, Tallmadge, Springfield Township, Lakemore, Mogadore, Brimfield Township, Suffield Township, and Randolph Township.

See also
List of rivers of Ohio

References

Rivers of Ohio
Cuyahoga River
Rivers of Summit County, Ohio
Rivers of Portage County, Ohio


title: Critical edition (opera)

text:
A critical edition of an opera has been defined by American musicologist Philip Gossett as "an edition that bases itself wherever possible on the very finest and most accurate sources for an opera. That means that it must study the entire performance history of a work."

Gossett continues:
In some cases of course we have an autograph manuscript, and that helps us, but it is also where many of the problems start, because composers are known to have made mistakes in their autograph manuscripts. And therefore we are required—we feel it is necessary—to intervene and to correct errors that sometimes have been perpetrated on these works by printed editions from the beginning, so they are just mistakes in the old editions, simple mistakes.

The emergence of critical editions of many works from the 19th-century Italian operatic repertory did not begin until the 1950s and resulted from the revival of interest from that time forward in the bel canto era—early 1800s to approximately 1850 and known as the primo ottocento—written by Gioachino Rossini, Vincenzo Bellini, Gaetano Donizetti, and Giuseppe Verdi, in addition to many other relatively minor composers who composed many works. But, as musicologist Ellen Rosand also notes, "the editing of operatic works from the 17th century, the 18th century and 19th century provides many considerable challenges.

In an online essay – "What is a critical edition?: Answers to Questions You Never Thought to Ask" – which focuses primarily on Rossini, musicologist Patricia Brauner of the Center for Italian Opera Studies at the University of Chicago explains several different aspects of a critical edition, including the process of producing published editions and the ultimate value of them for performers and conductors.

Musicologists such as Gossett and Roger Parker represent parallel approaches to the works of the Italian bel canto era. The former is now General Editor of The Critical Edition of the Works of Giuseppe Verdi at the University of Chicago's Center for Italian Opera Studies – in addition to being an acknowledged expert in preparing critical editions of the operas of Rossini – while the other is Professor of Music at King's College London and editor of many of the operas of Donizetti, as well as having written extensively on Verdi. He is the founding co-editor (with Arthur Groos) of the Cambridge Opera Journal, and he continues as General Editor (with Gabriele Dotto, who headed the editorial division of Ricordi until 2001) of The Critical Edition of the Operas of Gaetano Donizetti published by Casa Ricordi of Milan.

Gossett clarifies how the existence of these editions may affect performances:
We don’t believe that everybody has to perform just what we do, because that’s not what they did in the nineteenth century, not what composers did or expected, but we do think that performers should base their work on the finest editions possible, and that’s what we try to produce.

The pioneering work of the major Italian music publishing house, Casa Ricordi, reveals how extensive the company's involvement in restoring the work of 19th-century composers Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, and Verdi has been. Since 2007, the German publishing house Bärenreiter-Verlag has been producing editions of Rossini's operas, having become the successor to the Fondazione Rossini Pesaro, which produced many editions between 1979 and 2005. Today, many are still published by Ricordi in Europe and in the US by the University of Chicago.

References
Notes

Sources
Gossett, Philip (2006), Divas and Scholar: Performing Italian Opera, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Parker, Roger, "The Critical Editions of Gaetano Donizetti's Operas" on ricordi.it
Rosand, Ellen (1998), "The 17th Century" in Sadie (ed.), Vol. Two.
Rosand, Ellen (1998), "18th century", in Sadie (ed), Vol. Two
Sadie, Stanley (1998), "The 18th Century" in Sadie (ed.), in Vol. 2,
Sadie, Stanley (ed.) (1998), "Editors", Sections 1 to 3, in Sadie, The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. Two. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc.

External links
 "Complete Editions and Editions of Selected Works" on baerenreiter.com
 Website of the American Institute of Musicology
 Center for Italian Opera Studies, University of Chicago

Textual scholarship
Opera scholarship


title: Bleachery Water Treatment Plant

text:
Bleachery Water Treatment Plant is a historic water treatment plant located at Rock Hill, South Carolina.  It was built in 1930, and is a one-story brick building and filtration/purification facility in the Colonial Revival style. The city of Rock Hill passed a bond issue to build Bleachery Water Treatment Plant, to support the Rock Hill Printing and Finishing Company investment by M. Lowenstein Company of New York.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Industrial buildings completed in 1930
Buildings and structures in Rock Hill, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Rock Hill, South Carolina
Water treatment facilities


title: Faramarz Tamanna

text:
Dr. Faramarz Tamanna (, born in Herat, Afghanistan) is a university professor, writer, an Afghan politician and the chancellor of the University of Afghanistan in Kabul. He was Director General of the Center for Strategic Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan). He holds his PhD from Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi, India) in International Studies.

Before Being Presidential candidate, Dr. Tamanna has previously worked as Director General of the Center for Strategic Studies of the Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and before that was the Deputy Spokesperson at this Ministry. He has held other positions in Afghan diplomatic missions including Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) abroad. He, also, has taught in several universities.

Tamanna also registered as a candidate for the 2019 Afghan Presidential Elections. Tamanna was the youngest candidate and finished fifth in the elections. His campaign slogan was "Wisdom and Development". Tamanna has given a series of television interviews.

He is the author of five books (Afghanistan's Foreign Policy on Regional Cooperation, US Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan, Afghanistan's Peace and Security Dilemma, Political Development in Afghanistan, and Foreign Policy of Afghanistan: Dynamism, Scope and Actions) and tens of articles covering security and international relations.

Education
Faramarz took his PhD in international relations from Jawaharlal Nehru University, India in November 2014. He took his MA in International Relations from Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran.

Books
US Foreign Policy towards Afghanistan (2009), research institute of Strategic studies Publications, Tehran.
Afghanistan's Foreign Policy on Regional Cooperation (2014), Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kabul.
Afghanistan's Foreign Policy: Dynamism, Scope and Actions (2020), University of Afghanistan, Kabul.
Afghanistan's Peace and Security Dilemma (2021), University of Afghanistan, Kabul.
Political Development in Afghanistan (2021), University of Afghanistan, Kabul.

Articles
"Afghanistan's Foreign Policy Towards Second Circle: Islamic World", in Andisha Scientific Quarterly, Kabul: Summer 2016.
"Human security in Afghanistan", in Strategic Studies Quarterly, Kabul: Winter 2011.
"The conceptual change in Interactor concept in International Relations", in Homeira Moshirzadeh and Nabiollah Ebrahimi, Conceptual changes in International Relations, Tehran: center for strategic studies, 2012.
"The role of Afghanistan in Iran-Pakistan relations", in Tayebeh Vaezi, Iran- Pakistan strategic relations, Tehran: Center for Strategic Studies, 2012
A Review on "London International Conference 2010 on Afghanistan", a Column on website  "Farda News", 23/02/2010,
"GHZA Crises and the Future of UN Peacemaking Policy in International Relations", Ettela'at Newspaper, Jan 3–4, 2010.
"Reviewing of new events in Afghanistan and the future of negotiation between Afghan Government with Taliban", 2009.
"Assessment of Iranian political parties about Iran-America negotiation and the future of this issue", 2009.
"Assessment of Iranian political parties about Iranian nuclear program" 2009.
"Development of Inter-actor concept in international relations", Kabul, Peiman-e Melli daily, Sep 2008. (Also published in strategic study quarterly, research institute of Strategic studies Tehran, 2008.)
"Afghanistan's Security Threats and the Iranian Foreign Policy", Research Centre of the Iran Parliament, July 2008.
"Reviewing of effective factors in Indo-Iranian strategic relations", Research Centre of Iran Parliament, July 2008.
"The new Afghanistan and the Afghan-Iranian relations", Tehran: research institute of Strategic studies, 2008.
"The ECO Countries policy to fight against Global finance crises" (to be published)
"The 8 years of The USA and NATO presence in Afghanistan", Ettela'at Newspaper, Jan 3, 2008.
"Unbalancing of security system in South Asia and terrorism growth in Afghanistan", 2008.
"Nature and the roots of terrorism's emerge", 2008.
"Reviewing of Iranian foreign policy in Persian Gulf region and Egypt", 2008.
"Critique and assessment of point of view of Iran and Russia about Gas OPEC initiative", 2008
"Security concept in Constructivism School," Strategic Research Quarterly, no 13–14,  Kabul: Ministry of foreign affairs,  2007.
"Regional" Peace Jirga" and confidence-building in Afghan- Pakistan relations", Tehran: E'temad daily, Aug 2007.
"Realism Theory in International Relations", Strategic Research Quarterly, Kabul: Ministry of foreign affairs, 2007.
"United States' strategy in Afghanistan after sep. 11", Tehran: Ettelaa't daily, 2007
"Cultural challenges and internalizing of human rights in Afghanistan". 2007.
"United States' foreign policy after the Cold War", 2007.
"Globalization and its effect on the theorizing of opposite theories in international relations", Kabul: Ministry of foreign affairs, 2006.
"From the carpet of "Knowledge" to the distinction of 'Livelihood'", Hari Quarterly Magazine, 2002.
Articles translated from English to Dari:
Theo Farrell, "Constructivist Security Studies: Portrait of a Research Program," in International Studies Association, Blackwell Publishing, UK, 2002, pp. 49–72.
David Held, "Violence, Law, and Justice in a Global Age," in Leonard, Mark, Re-Ordering the World, London: The Foreign policy Center, pp. 56–72.
Paul Wapner, "The Normative Promise of Nonstate Actors: A Theoretical Account of Global Civil society," in P. Wapner and L. Ruiz, eds., Principled World Politics, Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 261–274.

Conferences and presentations
Speaker on international/Afghanistan related issues, at many international conferences in Nepal, India, China, Germany, United States of America, Turkey, Russia, Tajikistan, Belgium, etc.
Leading speech on The New International System and its requirements for Afghanistan's Foreign Policy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kabul, Afghanistan, Oct. 2010.
Leading speech: Seminar on the 2008 Presidential Election of Afghanistan and The future of this country's role in international relations, Institute for the West study. Tehran, Iran, 2009.
Leading speech: The First scholarly Seminar on "Evaluation of the Principles of Foreign Policy of Afghanistan", Herat University, Afghanistan, Nov. 2008.
Leading speech: seminar on NATO's role in security and stability of Afghanistan, Andishe-sazan-e Noor Research Institute, Tehran, Iran, 2008.
Scientific interview: "USA and NATO's Policy against Terrorism in Afghanistan", Fars News Agency, (also with Jawedan News Agency), 6 Nov 2008.
Leading speech: seminar on the USA strategy in Afghanistan, the research institute of Strategic studies 2007.
Speech: Conference on Reviewing the Security and Stability in Afghanistan, Tehran University, Iran, 2007.
Leading speech: Seminar on the Security issues in Afghanistan, Andishe-sazan-e Noor Research Institute, Tehran, Iran, 2007.
Speech: Conference on Comparison between Constitutions of Afghanistan and Iran, Rafsanjan University, Iran, 2005.
Participation: AL ALAM TV Live Program on Afghanistan First Presidential Election. {Mr. Hafiz Manssoor and Sattar Sirat (Two Antagonists) also participated from Kabul via video conference.} 2004.
Leading speech: Conference on Dialogue among Civilization, National University, Tehran, Iran, 2001.

References

1977 births
Afghan politicians
Living people
People from Herat
Government ministers of Afghanistan


title: The Marine 4: Moving Target

text:
The Marine 4: Moving Target (also known as The Marine 4 and The Marine: Moving Target) is an American action film starring Mike "The Miz" Mizanin and Summer Rae. The film was directed by William Kaufman and it is the fourth installment in The Marine film series, and the second to include Mizanin. The film was released digitally on April 10, 2015 and released direct-to-DVD and Blu-ray on April 21, 2015.

Plot

Jake Carter, a former U.S Marine, is now working at Hawthorne Global Security, a private security agency led by Robert Daniels. He and a few other men are waiting at the airport for the arrival of whistleblower Olivia "Liv" Tanis, an IT engineer who used to work for Genesis Defense Corporation, one of the largest defense contractors of the United States. Liv's got intel on traitors inside Genesis and they've been hired by the Department of Justice to protect Liv until she takes official custody.

While they are en route for Liv's custody, their convoy is ambushed by a group of mercenaries hired by the corrupt military on Genesis, led by South African Mercenary Simon Vogel. The mercenaries manage to kill Daniels and his men except for Jake, who takes Liv and manages to escape and outrun the mercenaries by stealing their car. The duo head to the safe house.

Once there, Liv grabs Jake's gun and says that she needs Jake's keys to go to the police station. Learning that one of the convoy might be a renegade, Jake is mistrusted because she doesn't know him but Jake asserts that if she goes alone, she will be ambushed. Jake convinces her that he is a former marine. Later, Nathan Miller and Ethan Smith, members of the Department of Justice, arrive at the safe house. Ethan suddenly shoots Nathan in the head after he tells the information of Simon Vogel and the incident. Ethan turns out to be working with Vogel. He then searches for Liv while putting Jake on gunpoint. Liv escapes the house as the alarm goes off, and Ethan is distracted, causing Jake and Ethan to fight. Whilst fighting, the group of mercenaries arrive at the house. Liv and Jake manage to outrun them using a boat.

After departing from the boat, they walk beside the stream, planning the next move. Liv still mistrusts Jake, so Jake states that the mercenaries will not stop until they manage to kill Liv. Still not convinced, Liv hits Jake on the head with a rock, knocking Jake out. Liv runs to the highway and hitchhikes a trailer truck to go to the nearest police station. Meanwhile, Jake recovers and follows the trail left by Liv. Jake sees a passing police car, which helps him locate the police station, where Liv is heading to.

At the police station, Liv complains that mercenaries are trying to kill her and is taken in custody. Shortly, Jake arrives at the police station and demands where she is. The police detective, Det. Paul Redman, who's trying to verify Jake's identity turns out to be talking to Ethan on the phone without knowledge of him working with the mercenaries, who tells him to keep Jake and Liv, both in custody till he arrives. The officers arrest both Jake and Liv. Ethan and the mercenaries arrive there. He goes inside the police station first, followed by an attack by the mercenaries, for which he was totally unprepared for. They then proceed to engage in a gunfight with the surviving officers. Jake and Liv obtain keys to the handcuffs from a dead officer. Jake then puts her somewhere safe and joins the gunfight. The four remaining officers including Redman are killed while trying to escape. The two manage to run from them but the mercenaries see them escape, ensuing a chase. The duo soon lose them, yet again.

Jake and Liv spend the night in the woods. The next morning, Jake calls Vogel on his phone upon their arriving at the woods. An extended shootout begins, killing all the mercenaries except Vogel. In the ensuing chaos, Ethan holds Liv captive but the latter breaks free, allowing Jake and Ethan to fight. As Ethan gains the upper hand, Liv shoots him in the head. Suddenly, Vogel shoots Jake in the shoulder, temporarily stunning him. Unbeknownst to Vogel, Liv was able to find enough signal and finishes uploading the information of the corrupt military team to a dozen of news sites. Vogel then hits her. Jake, now recovered, tackles Vogel, snaps his neck, and kills him.

A few days later, Liv states that six members of the Genesis Defense Corporation are being indicted for treason and conspiracy. Liv gives a brand new tuxedo to Jake due to Jake losing his previous one earlier. Liv kisses Jake and boards the plane nearby. Jake watches as the plane flies away.

Cast

 Mike "The Miz" Mizanin as Jake Carter
 Melissa Roxburgh as Olivia Tanis, the whistleblower
 Josh Blacker as Simon Vogel, former South African Special Forces soldier and Mercenary Leader
 Matthew MacCaull as Ethan Smith, DOJ mole
 Summer Rae as Rachel Dawes, Vogel's accomplice
 Paul McGillion as Det. Redman
 Roark Critchlow as Nathan Miller, DOJ official
 Craig Veroni as Robert Daniels, team lead at Global Hawthorne Security

Production
In February 2014, The Miz announced that he would reprise his role of Jake Carter in the third sequel to The Marine and would be co-starring with Summer Rae, who became the first ever WWE Diva to appear in a WWE Studios film. Filming started in April 2014 in Squamish, British Columbia and with principal photography ending in May 2014.

Sequel
The fifth film The Marine 5: Battleground was announced with Mizanin reprising his role of Jake Carter. The cast features Mizanin's wife Maryse Ouellet, Heath Slater, Curtis Axel, Bo Dallas, and Naomi.

Home media
The Marine 4: Moving Target was only released on DVD in 2015 in the UK, and it has never been released on Blu-ray.

References

External links

2015 films
2015 action films
20th Century Fox direct-to-video films
American action films
Direct-to-video sequel films
2010s English-language films
Films set in British Columbia
Films set in Washington (state)
Films shot in Vancouver
Films about the United States Marine Corps
WWE Studios films
Films directed by William Kaufman
2010s American films


title: Prosecutor-General of Sweden

text:
The Prosecutor-General of Sweden () is the department head for the Swedish Prosecution Authority responsible for the daily operations, the highest-ranked prosecutor in the country, and the only public prosecutor in the Supreme Court. The Office of the Prosecutor-General () is responsible for legal development, the agency's operations in the Supreme Court, and administrative tasks. The Legal Department of the Prosecutor-General () has an overall responsibility for the operations in the Supreme Court and key international issues. The office was established in 1948, when the Chancellor of Justice's task as chief prosecutor was transferred to the Prosecutor-General.

The Prosecutor-General is organized under the Ministry of Justice and appointed by the Government, though without belonging to the spoils system, and can only be dismissed under special circumstances described in the Letters Patent Act, with support from the Swedish National Disciplinary Offence Board ().

List of Prosecutors-General
There have been eight Prosecutors-General in Sweden, since the office was created in 1948.

 Maths Heuman, 1948–1960
 Emanuel Walberg, 1960–1966
 Holger Romander, 1966–1978
 Magnus Sjöberg, 1978–1989
 Torsten Jonsson, 1989–1994
 Klas Bergenstrand, 1994–2004
 Fredrik Wersäll, 2004–2008
 Anders Perklev, 2008–2018
 Petra Lundh, 2018–

See also
 Supreme Court of Sweden
 Crime in Sweden

References

Heads of Swedish State agencies
1948 establishments in Sweden
Legal professions
Law enforcement agencies of Sweden


title: Sathish Sivalingam

text:
Sathish Sivalingam (born 23 June 1992) is an Indian weightlifter who won gold medals in the men's 77 kg weight class at both the 2014 and the 2018 Commonwealth Games. He is supported by the GoSports Foundation through the Rahul Dravid athlete mentorship programme.

Early life
Sathish was born in Sathuvachari, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India to Sivalingam and Deivanai. His father Sivalingam an ex-serviceman who won gold medals at national level and now works as a security guard at VIT University, Vellore. Sathish did his schooling in Government Higher Secondary School, Sathuvachari. He works as a clerk in Southern Railways Chennai.

Career
At the 2018 Commonwealth Games he won gold medal in 77 kg category. He lifted 144 kg in snatch games record and 173 kg in clean and jerk.

At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, Sivalingam won the gold medal in the men's 77 kg, with 149 kg snatch, and 179 kg clean and jerk lifts, totalling 328 kg. His lift of 149 kg in the snatch, set a new games record.

Sathish qualified for the 2016 Rio Olympics in the Men's 77 kg category, where he finished 11th in the field of 14 lifters.

Achievements
Commonwealth Games

Commonwealth Championships

See also
List of people from Vellore

References

External links

Living people
Indian male weightlifters
1992 births
Weightlifters from Tamil Nadu
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India
Weightlifters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Olympic weightlifters for India
Weightlifters at the 2016 Summer Olympics
People from Vellore district
Commonwealth Games medallists in weightlifting
Tamil sportspeople
Weightlifters at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for India
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Buøy IL

text:
Buøy Idrettslag is a Norwegian sports club from Buøy, Stavanger, Rogaland. It has sections for association football and gymnastics.

The men's football team plays in the Fourth Division, the fifth tier of Norwegian football. It formerly had a long stint in the Third Division from 2002 to 2010. It even contested a Playoff to the 2. Divisjon in 2003, but narrowly lost to Sandnes FK.

References

Official site

Football clubs in Norway
Association football clubs established in 1909
Sport in Stavanger
1909 establishments in Norway


title: Reina Mundial del Banano 2014

text:
Reina Mundial del Banano 2014 is the 30th edition of the traditional contest of Reina Mundial del Banano. It will held in Machala, Ecuador on September 27, 2014. At the end of the event Manou Volkmer, Reina Mundial del Banano 2013 from Germany will crown her successor as Reina Mundial del Banano 2014. 18 contests all around the World will be compete for this title.

Results

Placements

Special awards

Contestants
 All the 18 contestants in this competition:

Notes

Returns

Withdraws

Crossovers

Miss World
2011: : Antonella Cecilia Kruger (Top 36-Beach Beauty; Top 20-Top Model; Top 20 Beauty With A Purpose)

Miss International
2013: : Xiao-Wen Chen
's representative

Miss Intercontinental Pageant
2013: : Emine Aliu
's representative

Miss Queen Intercontinental
2014: : Hellen Morales (Winner)

Miss Latin America
2015: : Ilse Renate Klug (TBA)

Reinado Internacional del Café
2014: : Stefani Palma (Miss Congeniality)

Miss Caraïbes Hibiscus
2010: : Axel Carolina López Aldana (1st Runner-Up)

Miss Teen Universe
2012: : Sasha Nikyta Kam (Winner)

Miss Mesoamérica
2013: : Hellen Morales
2014: : Stefani Palma

Reina Internacional de los Mares y el Turismo
2012: : Antonella Cecilia Kruger (Winner)

External links
 Complete List of Contestants and mode details on Pageantopolis

2014 beauty pageants
Beauty pageants in Ecuador


title: Arthur Nash (businessman)

text:
Arthur Nash (June 26, 1870 – October 30, 1927) was an American business man, author, and popular public speaker who achieved recognition in the 1920s when he determined to run his newly purchased sweatshop on the basis of the Golden Rule, and his business prospered beyond all expectation.

More than anything else, he was a man of faith. I do not mean faith in creeds or theology ... I do not mean the faith that is a surrender to reason or a refuge for mental indolence and mediocrity. But I do mean the faith that Christ meant exactly what he said when he pronounced the Golden Rule as the rule and guide for the lives of men.
—Champe S. Andrews, National Folding Box Company
Whenever there is anything wrong with human relationships in this world, it is because they are out of harmony with the law which was revealed by the Great Teacher of Galilee ... "Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them, for this is the law and the prophets."
—Arthur Nash

Childhood and education
The eldest of nine children, Arthur Nash was born in 1870 in a log cabin on the Cloverleaf railroad, about five miles from Kokomo, in Tipton County, Indiana. His parents, Evermont "Mont" and Rachel Mitchell Nash, were strict Seventh-day Adventists, sending their son to religious school when he was thirteen years old. Nash graduated from high school at Greentown, Indiana, and then from the Adventist Theological Seminary in Battle Creek, Michigan. Ordained in 1894, he subsequently took a position as an instructor at the Adventist school for ministers and missionaries in Detroit.

Soon after he began teaching in Michigan, Nash befriended an elderly woman, Agnes "Mother" d'Arcambal, founder of The d'Arcambal Home of Industry for Discharged Prisoners, visiting her every week for eight or nine months. The elders of Nash's church informed him that d'Arcambal had rejected Adventist teachings years earlier. They pressed him to admit that according to Adventist doctrine which forbade Sunday worship, d'Arcambal, who had been holding Sunday services at the home, could not, therefore, be saved in death. Nash reacted by abandoning his faith, his family, and his religious ambitions, becoming a train hopping hobo, itinerant worker, and conflicted atheist.

Early years
In his autobiography, The Golden Rule in Business, Nash wrote; "For four or five years I wandered about the Middle West, doing odd jobs here and there ... I never cared two straws which way a freight train was headed ... or what it was I did to keep body and soul together." He lugged bricks, did plastering work, labored in a broom factory, and with a bridge-construction gang—all the while studying Thomas Paine and Robert Ingersoll, endeavoring to bolster his contempt for religion. Eventually Nash found his way back to Detroit, where, with the help of some locals, he opened a laundry, and then married Y.W.C.A. boarding school superintendent, Maude Lena Southwell, calling her his "life partner." Described by Nash as being "possessed by a strong, robust faith," under Maude's influence, Nash came to view his arguments as being not against Christianity itself, but against its misinterpretation. He reentered the ministry with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), and in 1900, accepted the pastorate of a small church in Bluffton, Ohio. But Nash's rekindled career in religious work ended with "bewildering suddenness," when, in a funeral sermon, he extolled the many virtues of a kindhearted but professedly unreligious man, recently departed. The Disciples of Christ called for Nash's resignation forthwith.

Marriage and children
Married Elizabeth Carlston, June 25, 1894

William Albert Nash, born January 9, 1890

Married Maude Lena Southwell, April 9, 1899

Ralph M. Nash, born April 21, 1900
Grace Nash Straehlev, born 1902

Career
With a wife and three children to support, Nash was persuaded by a group of Chicago clothing salesmen to join their crew, and it soon became apparent that he made a better salesman than preacher. In 1909, he moved his family to Columbus, Ohio, and began manufacturing men's clothing to sell direct to the consumer. By 1913, Nash had a dozen outside salesmen in his employ, and had begun to show a profit, when the Great Flood of 1913 all but ruined him financially. He found security for a seven hundred dollar note he owed the bank, and obtained permission from his creditors to move his inventory.

In June 1916, with the United States positioning to enter World War I, the A. Nash Company was incorporated with a capital of sixty thousand dollars, and opened for business in Cincinnati's depressed garment and textile market. With an office, cutting room, but no working factory of his own, Nash supplied his customers with made-to-order men's suits by having the garments cut at his facility, and then contracting their manufacture to an Austrian man who leased floor space from Nash in the Power Building on East 8th Street.

Expanded description
In early 1917, with his son, William, already fighting with the Canadian Corps in France, Nash was approached by the pastor of the First Universalist Church in Cincinnati, and asked to fill in as preacher on a Sunday upcoming—the pastor stating he would select the subject for Nash's sermon. Having himself been challenged by Nash regarding Christianity's role in what Nash called, "the frightful carnage going on in Europe," the pastor asked Nash to go and talk to his people about what, in Nash's opinion, was the matter with Christianity. Just as he was preparing for his verbal "assault" on the Christian faith, Nash received word that William had been seriously wounded in the Battle of Vimy Ridge. When Nash's youngest son, Ralph, heard that his brother was, "hanging between life and death in a hospital in England," he immediately joined up with the Marines. His factory unequipped to handle government contracts, Nash became so discouraged that he almost closed up shop, spending most of his time selling Liberty bonds, and other war work. By the time the Armistice was signed, he had all but suspended business operations.

Distraught at having two sons involved in a war to which he viscerally objected, Nash experienced his darkest hour. Though he still thought himself an atheist, his mind harkened back to the teachings of his youth. In his own words: "Under great agony of soul I was finally driven to my knees, and there was torn from my heart perhaps the first real prayer that I had ever uttered. It was, 'O God, if there is a God, show me the way and I will walk in it.'" He reread the gospels—a text he had once virtually committed to memory—to gain a deeper understanding of "what it really was Jesus sought to establish, what to teach, [and] what, if anything, to condemn." Nash discovered that the Golden Rule governed Jesus' life and was the central theme to all of his teachings. He concluded that Jesus' "chief concern was the establishment of the principles of the kingdom of God on earth," through the application of the Golden Rule, as expressed in Matthew 7:12. This realization caused Nash to undergo a complete change of heart regarding the theme of his upcoming sermon. For more, see Philosophical and religious views.

Business takes off

The year 1919
Shortly after the Armistice, which effectively ended the war, the Austrian, who wished to return to Europe and see to his mother, offered Nash the purchase of his small factory, which consisted of three or four tables, a few tools and machines, and twenty-nine workers. Nash agreed, and the transaction was completed at the beginning of 1919. Subsequently, and upon examination of his new business's payroll, he was "dumbfounded" to discover that he had bought a sweatshop." As he consulted his family, the idea of raising wages was mentioned. William—just home from the war—protested that the company had lost four thousand dollars the previous fiscal year, therefore any significant new payroll expense would put them swiftly out of business. Nash, who had begun giving talks on the Golden Rule around town, informed his fellow stockholders that he would rather close up shop than exploit the men and women in his employ. Calling his workers together, including a woman of nearly eighty who had been earning four dollars per week sewing on buttons, another woman with kyphosis (hunchback), earning the same, and two Austrians with no English, Nash said to them, in part:

First, I want you to know that Brotherhood is a reality with me. You are all my brothers and sisters, children of the same great Father that I am, and entitled to all the justice and fair treatment that I want for myself. And so long as we run this shop [which to Nash meant three or four months longer] God being my helper, I am going to treat you as my brothers and sisters, and the Golden Rule is going to be our only governing law. Which means, that whatever I would like to have you do to me, were I in your place, I am going to do to you.

Then he raised both women's wages from four dollars per week, to twelve—tripling their pay with a two hundred percent increase. And having established the precedent, he worked all the way through his wage-sheet to the pressers whose weekly pay was eighteen dollars, raising them to twenty seven—a higher wage scale than had ever been paid in comparable shops in the city. In hopes he would have enough money left over after liquidating equipment and surplus fabric and then making up stockholder losses, Nash turned attention away from his business and toward Indiana, where he went in search of a small farm on which to retire.

Two months later, a friend in serious financial need sparked Nash's visit to his bookkeeper to inquire how much cash he could command, and he was astounded to discover that his newly acquired factory had more than tripled its business from the previous year. When Nash questioned his employees, he learned that after he had raised their wages and departed their company, "the little Italian presser" had addressed his fellow workers, saying that if he was boss and had just raised everyone's wages as Nash had, he would want everyone to "work like hell"—and that's just what they did. Nash shelved the idea of buying a farm and instead caught a train for New York to purchase more fabric.

In 1919, the year Nash took over the little sweatshop, America experienced the greatest wave of labor unrest in its history, with more than four million workers striking (though A. Nash Company workers never staged a walk-out). Anti-union sentiment swept the country's business community, and Nash was determined not to further antagonize it. His factory was small, one of the smallest concerns in Cincinnati, his workforce largely inexperienced, and he required credit with bankers and suppliers, and so he concluded that his should remain an open shop. Though many accused Nash of standing with the anti-union movement, according to Philip I. Roberts—who, for a posthumous edition of Nash's autobiography, wrote of the four years intervening between its publication and Nash's death—this is "an absolute mistake."

Nash called it, "the year of strikes, [and] industrial upheavals," especially in the garment and textile industries known for their underpaid, underfed, "pauper labor." Clothing prices skyrocketed, and production slowed to a near halt. Five other garment firms housed along with Nash's in the Power Building participated in Cincinnati's fourteen-week-long clothing workers strike. During the first week of the strike, which lasted from March through mid-June, A. Nash Company employees had to fight their way across picket lines. The remainder of the strike, for reasons Nash said he could not explain, his workers were able to cross unmolested, and were even treated courteously by the pickets. That year Nash's company did $525,678.43 worth of business, as compared to $132,190.20 the year previous, and by July, had outgrown its floor space in the Power Building, and moved into the vacated Joe Magnus Whisky Distillery building, also on East 8th. Going from one floor, to six, and hesitant to advertise, Nash told his employees that if they liked their jobs, to spread the word to their friends and neighbors, and then bring them into the factory and train them themselves. Nash's workforce quickly grew six hundred percent, without a single want ad.

The year 1920
At the end of February, after absorbing the fifty thousand dollar expense of moving his factory, and giving his employees a series of raises that culminated at twenty percent, Nash found it was costing his company less to make a suit than it had before the payroll increases. When he proposed a profit-sharing plan to his workers, they opted to take theirs in wages. But they surprised Nash when the highest paid among them relinquished their claim to a considerable sum by petitioning management to base shared profits on time worked instead of on wages drawn."

In July, the public was accused of going on a non-buying strike when the American Woolen Company shut down more than half of its mills due to the cancelation by struggling clothing factories of over one hundred thousand dollars worth of woolen and textile orders. Across the country, six hundred thousand needle workers were put out of their jobs. Unemployment had reached serious proportions, and in the fall Nash's employees once again presented management with a resolution, this time volunteering to take four weeks' vacation so that unemployed workers of Cincinnati might be given work in their place. Of this resolution, Nash wrote, "I was moved as I have seldom been moved ... It demonstrated that the Golden Rule had indeed become the lifeblood of our plant." That year the A. Nash Company did $1,580,700.46 worth of business—more than triple that of the year before— and Nash began issuing stock dividends to his employees.

The year 1921
Despite the Depression of 1920-21—while industrial activities were shrinking and many businesses failing—the A. Nash Company again reached factory capacity and bought Cincinnati's vacant Moerlein Brewering Company bottling works, located on the southeast corner of Henry and Elm. Neither the bottling works, nor the converted distillery, were well adapted to the purpose of a clothing factory, and before extensive remodeling took place, Nash came under much criticism for not providing adequate facilities for his workers, especially the women.

The Amalgamated
Cincinnati's clothing workers strike of 1919 was largely financed through the general treasury of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (A.C.W.A., or simply, "the Amalgamated"). Local 113 (tailors), which had been chartered in 1915, and Local 188 (pressers), whose charter in March 1919, precipitated the fourteen-week-long strike, united with Local 189 (cutters) on August 27, to form the Cincinnati Joint Board of the A.C.W.A., and by 1921, while Nash split his attention between public speaking and developing his newly acquired bottling plant into a clothing factory, the Joint Board focused its attention on organizing the Nash factories for the union.

On December 8, at Nash's invitation, the Amalgamated's president, Sidney Hillman, met with Nash in a hotel room in New York. Nash described for Hillman the awkward and false position he felt himself in, finding his Golden Rule experiment used as an argument against unionizing other factories. Nash invited Hillman to Cincinnati to address a meeting of his workers Christmas week, with a view toward bringing the union in. When Nash returned to Cincinnati on December 10, he found that during his absence the Joint Board had distributed two "scurrilous bulletins" inside his factories. That same day, Nash wrote to Hillman and rescinded the invitation, citing the resentment that had been aroused among his workers. Nash went on to express his sincere regret, but also his faith in "the eternal destiny," wishing Hillman every success in his great work. Nash had no sooner signed the letter than his presence was requested at "a great mass meeting" called by his employees, wherein they presented him with a resolution calling for the immediate resignation of any A. Nash Company employees from the ranks of the Amalgamated, or else forfeit their jobs. Nash went on record as saying, "I am opposed to this open shop movement, although the A. Nash Company is not unionized. So long as the present avaricious organizations of capital continue, I can conceive of no worse condition of abject servitude than for labour to be unorganized." From that time until the end of his life, Nash spent a large portion of his time traveling around the country preaching the Golden Rule to businessmen's and social welfare organizations, "with fiery oratory and sincere fervor."

The year 1922
The September issue of Success magazine featured an article by Ruth White Colton, who, posing as a widow, was hired on at the A. Nash Company under the alias of "Hattie Clark." She spent two weeks as an undercover factory worker, journaling her experiences—one of which was witnessing, along with a thousand of her co-workers assembled in the plant's cutting room, the marriage of Nash's son, William, to the company secretary, Bertha Fisher.

About six months prior to Colton's journalistic investigation, a man by the name of John Sydell held up and robbed the A. Nash Company cashier of the plant's weekly payroll. When he was pronounced guilty, concern for Sydell's wife and four young children prompted a discussion between Nash and his employees on how they might be of service to the family. Colton was present at the factory meeting when it was decided Mrs. Sydell would be put on the company payroll at $20 per week, provided she agreed to use the money to make a good home for her children. And it was "Hattie Clark" that all six hundred workers present voted should deliver the money to Mrs. Sydell each week, and make sure that it was spent correctly. During this meeting, immediately following the vote, Colton revealed her true identity.

Among other favorable observations, Colton wrote of Nash being opposed to overtime work. Having already reduced the workday to eight hours and the workweek to forty, he was studying ways to further reduce the hours of female workers, whom he claimed, "had the additional burdens of the home to carry." Nash obtained permission to include Colton's article in his autobiography, which he would publish the following year. In it, Colton described a constant process of growth, development, and expansion—both spiritual and material—as the greatest feature of what she called, "this remarkable experiment." She reported that every change in economic or social policy in the factory had come either at a worker's suggestion, or through a discussion between employer and employee.

Not all publicity that year was favorable, however. Survey contributor, S. Adele Shaw, provided an eyewitness account of shabby and unsanitary conditions in the Nash factory on East 8th. In an article appearing in the Survey's March 18 issue, Shaw cited overflowing trash receptacles, poor lighting, and odiferous plumbing problems. Though complaints about the facilities—especially for the female workers—were not without precedent, Shaw also pointed out that there was no mechanism for employee representation in management in the Nash shops, and that semi-annual mass meetings were, "without exception," called by management, whose agenda was then imposed upon the workers. The latter report stands in stark contrast to Colton's, who described factory meetings as informal, as being called “from time to time,” and most often "by one of the lesser members of the family.” The A. Nash Company was a "true Industrial Democracy," Colton wrote—one she had actually participated in.

A special train was sent from Cincinnati to the National Association of Specialty Salesmen's annual convention at Cedar Point in July, bearing Nash (who was the association's president) and two hundred and fifty of Nash's employees. Delegations from New York, Boston, and Philadelphia were in attendance at the Sandusky gathering, with Nash the most prominent figure. Colton was in charge of the event's publicity.

The year 1923
In early spring, it was reported that Nash had established a vegetarian cafeteria for his 2,100 employees, having hired a dietician from the Washington Institute to plan well-balanced meals that created "brains as well as brawn." Though there is no evidence that Nash himself practiced abstaining from meat once he left the Adventist faith, he credited his parents' (both then in their mid-70s) longtime vegetarianism for their longevity.

In July, Nash announced the 35-hour work week for women, stating that, "it was an insult to the Master himself to talk about building the kingdom of heaven on earth when women workers are bending over machines for forty hours a week," and instead of reducing the wage scale, he established a minimum wage of fifty cents an hour.

Before the year's end, Nash's autobiography, The Golden Rule in Business was published, with the final chapter, "Something Attempted, Something Done"—the transcript of a speech he delivered to the student body of Harvard Business School four days before his manuscript was due to the publishers—included at the last minute. The following excerpts are from that speech:

... there is a difference in the spiritual sense between "organization" and "organism," and I believe that in most of the organization work that we have tried to do in this world we have made a mechanism out of it; and human beings, who are spiritual beings, do not fit as cogs into a thing that is worked out on an architect's plan ... It doesn't work that way.
The fundamental thing in industrial economics, as well as in all phases of human relationships, is to adjust all conditions so as to develop human beings of "full stature" ... In other words, ability, energy, and wealth should be devoted to the development of men and women.
I believe that any system of economics or sociology or business teaching to be unsound that does not start on this fundamental basis: that the men and women connected with it are the important, the vital, asset of that business, and that their development ... is the important and the fundamental thing on which to build any institution.
... in the philosophy of Jesus and in His philosophy, alone, is centred the hope of the world. Remember, I am not talking about any of the fifty-seven varieties of philosophy extant about Him; I am talking about His philosophy, and therein lies all the difference. I am talking about the marvelous revelation of sociology, psychology and theology He gave the world, which He summed up, and put into one sentence ... : "Therefore, all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets." In that, and that alone, lies the hope of mankind.

The year 1924
In January, Nash received a call from a reporter who was covering the story of Cincinnati nurse, Olivia Stone, who, in a crime of passion had shot and killed her lover, Brooklyn lawyer, Ellis G. Kinkead. Stone was acquitted by a jury, but found the court of public opinion another matter altogether. Though a free woman, she was reduced to her last dollar and turned away from her friends and her profession; she told the reporter that there was "nothing left but to die." "Send her to my office," Nash responded, and he gave Stone a job as a visiting nurse for his factories.

An article in a Bradford, Pennsylvania, newspaper in October encouraged every employer and employee in the city to attend the first of four meetings of "unusual interest," organized by the Board of Commerce. Nash was expected to lecture on how it was possible to combine an honest endeavor and a great spiritual principle, "and transform a group of common people into a most uncommon fellowship."

Nash had lowered prices, raised wages repeatedly, reduced both the workday and the workweek, and stabilized employment. And yet the money kept coming in. Knowing that his share of a stock dividend would soon make him a millionaire, Nash raised the question to the public; "Who had produced this wealth, [and] in consequence to whom did it belong?" Thousands upon thousands of letters poured in, "most of them begging letters," Nash wrote, "some pathetic, some humorous, many ridiculous." Father Keefer, a Catholic priest Nash had never met, stopped by his office and tried to convince Nash that it would be wrong in God's eyes were he to give the money away. In May, Nash distributed to his employees his share of a dividend (that would have paid him $1,200,000), transferring to them, in five years time, control of the company. Nash believed his employees were entitled to these profits because their labors had made the money; he felt, in fact, that he would be, "the arch fiend of the ages," were he to personally appropriate the riches.

There is very little mention of Nash's relationship with his parents beyond his early break with them. In September 1924, however—to celebrate their fifty-fifth wedding anniversary—Evermont and Rachel were photographed visiting their famous son, "for the first time in seven years."

The year 1925
In January, the J.C. Penney Company hosted a great Mercantile convention at the Ambassador Hotel in Atlantic City. Six special Pullman trains were required to carry the attendees from around the country to the three-day event. Nash was listed among the notable speakers, along with Mr. James Cash Penney.

Addressing the Universalist Laymen's Association at New York's Hotel Commodore, also in January, Nash offered up a check for $1,000, stating he would add $20,000 more per year, for five years, if other churchmen of any denomination would raise $900,000. This fund was meant to advance the brotherhood movement in the United States, regardless of denomination or creed.

Making a habit of attending all the sessions of the general religious conventions wherein he was invited to speak, Nash came to the conclusion that sectarianism seemed to be the universal law with churches. This perplexed him, prompting him to join the Universalists. He became a trustee of their general convention. Under Nash's leadership, the lay members of the Universalist Church, who believed that great opportunities for constructive spiritual progress existed in Turkey, gave $25,000, with the promise of $50,000 more each year for five years, to what would be known as the Turkish-American Club. Nash founded and endowed the Brotherhood of Man movement in Turkey with $100,000 of his own money, intended to promote amity between young Turks and their Christian neighbors. Missionary work was organized, having as its objective the brotherhood of man, without any one religious sect predominating.

How the union came
By 1925, the A. Nash Company had become the largest producer of direct-to-consumer clothing in America, doing $12,000,000 worth of business, and making history as the fastest growing industry the country had ever seen. One of the nation's best known orators, Nash was called "the most famous layman in the United States,"—having delivered addresses in nearly every state in the union. Invitations to speak at religious, civic, and industrial functions poured in, and as his company and workforce grew, Nash felt compelled to spend more and more of his time out in the field. Deprived of his personality and direct influence, morale in Nash's company began to suffer. Subordinate executives "failed to maintain either the standard of their chief's idealism, or the equity consequent upon its adoption," and soon favoritism, discrimination, and shoddy workmanship reared their ugly heads.

"Something of all this," Roberts wrote, "Nash either knew or sensed." So Nash decided to place his problems before a group of local ministers, explaining that it was impossible to provide the same mentoring and oversight—with his payroll numbering in the thousands—as he had been able when his company was small. He asked the ministers to take whatever organization "the Church has for establishing the Kingdom of God in industry," and go through his factories thoroughly to discover everything that is "not in harmony with the principles and teachings of Jesus." When one of the ministers accused Nash of knowing full well the church had no such organization, Nash demanded of them, "What, then, is the job of the church?" Nash concluded that if organized religion couldn't do the job of helping him protect the interests and welfare of his workers, he would have to look elsewhere."

In February, Frank Rosenblum, general executive board member of the Amalgamated, met with general organizers, Jack Kroll, Emilio Grandinetti, and Celestine Goddard, to decide on a new method for organizing the Nash workers. Goddard was put in charge of a plan that included directing negative publicity toward the working conditions in Nash's factories. In July, in Olivet, Michigan, the claims of the Amalgamated were put before a council of churchmen by Hillman and the union's economic advisor, Leo Wolman, and as a result of this conference, the first effective contacts between Nash and the union were established.

On December 1, in a private Washington, D.C. meeting that had been initiated by Hillman, Nash accused him of sponsoring the "guerilla warfare" the Joint Board had carried out against the A. Nash Company in the four years since their failed meeting in New York. Hillman not only denied this, he denied knowledge of the actions in question. Nash returned to Cincinnati armed with Hillman's written disavowal, which said, in part:

Some of those who represented us in Cincinnati, moved by excessive zeal and often by ignorance, were led to make reckless and inaccurate statements which put the organization in the light of denying those universal principles of conduct embodied in the Golden Rule ... The work of the organized labor movement as the Amalgamated sees it, is to bring the precepts of the Golden Rule into the daily working lives of the masses of men and women.

On Tuesday, December 8, four years to the day since his New York meeting with Hillman, Nash gathered his employees—most of whom where anti-union—and urged them to join with the Amalgamated. The next day, A. Nash Company foremen and junior supervisors held anti-union meetings in the factories, whipping up unrest and uncertainty among the workers. On Thursday, December 10, in a move that attracted nationwide attention, Nash assembled his executive heads and all of his thousands of employees—more than 80% of them female—for a great mass meeting at the Shubert Theater in Cincinnati to hear Hillman make the case for the Amalgamated. Hillman's speech was at first met with approval, but when a company executive addressed the crowd, a great deal of animosity toward the union was exhibited. In a dramatic struggle Nash described as, "the supreme hour of his life," he appealed to his employees. Addressing them as "Fellow-workers," he challenged them, in part: "Are we to be pointed to as an example, and quoted as an argument, why avaricious organizations should be allowed to exploit their labour, and grind their dollars out of the very sweat and blood of our brothers and sisters in their factories; or shall we join with this great group of organized workers, who are striving to loose the bonds of wickedness, lift the burdens of the heavy-laden and let the oppressed go free?" He even went so far as to commit to his workers that if unionization did not turn out as Hillman had promised, Nash would personally ask them to rescind their decision. A vote was taken, and by the next day, with "three thousand new members in the ranks of the labor movement ... the seas subsided, calm again reigned supreme, and the union was established."

On Friday, December 11, a luncheon in honor of Nash and Hillman—attended by more than seventy of the city's foremost business, civic, educational, and religious leaders—was held at Cincinnati's Business Men's Club. The faith the two leaders had shown one another was praised, along with their faith in democracy, and, "the fine example they had shown to American industry." Addressing the group, Nash expressed fear of the deadening effect of organization as an end in itself, rather than a means to an end. Though he believed the Golden Rule would one day be enough, with industrial conditions as they were, experience had persuaded him that the trade-union was, "an essential means to brotherhood." United States courts of appeals judge, Julian Mack, appealed to the group to marshal public opinion behind an experiment he regarded as, "the highest promise to American industry and to industrial democracy throughout the world."

Last two years
1926 opened with nearly four thousand regular workers on Nash's payroll, and a sales force of about two thousand scattered around the country. On January 7, the agreement between the Amalgamated and the A. Nash Company was ratified at Cincinnati's Emery Auditorium. The Amalgamated's experts, drawn from 140,000 of its most experienced workers, advised Nash on the technical details of production as well as the routing layout of his factories. And the union made many other changes that helped Nash stabilize his business, increase his profit margin, and accumulate reserves to safeguard his company from future economic vicissitudes. Jeffrey Wattles, author of, The Golden Rule, wrote: "The union's technical competence, which Nash had previously rejected as deadening, proved most helpful." Wattles went on to explain that, "many techniques of scientific management that [Nash] had scorned as mere mechanical substitutes for human cooperation were introduced, and he found that they in fact constituted the very extension and application of the golden rule itself."

On December 26, 1926, Nash published the first of fifty-two issues of The Nash Journal, a weekly magazine filled with editorials, inspirational quotes and tidbits of wisdom, business advice, company happenings, and news of the world—including much about Turkey, brotherhood, race relations, religious tolerance, home and family life, and women's rights. Through its pages, Roberts wrote, Nash, "could find free expression." In answer to the anticipated question, "What is this?" Nash had the following printed on the cover of the magazine's first issue:

In dedicating the journal to the task of making Universal Brotherhood a reality in this world, we shall constantly urge:
First— That the strong and the wise shall help the weak and the unwise, until the weak and unwise shall become strong and wise.
Second— We shall uncompromisingly urge and work for equality of opportunity for all, and special privilege to none.
Third— We dedicate this Journal to the principle of opposition to war, and dominance merely by power of force, whether that force be military or economical, whether in industrial relationships or internal relationships.
Fourth— While taking no partisan stand in politics, we shall not hesitate to ally all of our resources with any political movement that proves itself to be for the furtherance of the ideas and principles for which we stand.
Fifth— The Journal shall always plead for and exercise tolerance in the field of religion. We shall not interest ourselves in changing the religion of any man. We shall constantly urge that any man live up to the highest ideals of his religion.

In the second issue, Nash wrote one of the journal's most frequently quoted articles, in which he said:

Whatever success has come to The A. Nash Company, in living the Golden Rule, has come, because there has been just enough business knowledge to enable us to live it to just that degree, and whenever we have failed in exercising the very highest and keenest business judgment on a truly ethical basis, it has been because we did not have sufficient insight to understand our obligation measured by the Golden Rule. In other words, perfect and infallible living of the Golden Rule would require infallible mentality and undaunted courage. This we do not claim ... However, we are more and more convinced of the immutability and the infallibility of the Golden Rule, as we approach nearer and nearer to the ability to live it.

The two years following unionization of Nash's company were the busiest in his life. He labored fervently, giving countless addresses at innumerable functions. "The tax upon his physical resources," Roberts wrote, "was appalling." In the summer of 1927, it was Nash's friends who convinced him to seek medical care. Soon it seemed the crises had been averted, but it later came to light that Nash had secretly continued suffering agonizing attacks of angina pectoris.

In late October, Nash appointed Herbert R. Bloch chairman of his entire organization and named ten more men to his board of management—one of them, Jack Kroll, business agent of the Amalgamated. Gathering the eleven together, he told them that he would be going on a "long vacation," and effective immediately, gave them complete authority to act in his stead.

Death and afterward
On Saturday, October 29—less than a week after forming his management board—Nash, at the insistence of his physicians, was taken to Cincinnati's Good Samaritan Hospital. The next day he claimed to be feeling better, expressing hope that he would soon resume his business duties. But later that same day, Sunday, October 30, he was seized by a fatal heart attack.

On November 2, funeral services, attended by "a great throng," were held at the Masonic Temple in Walnut Hills. "It was difficult—" observed Roberts, "well-nigh impossible—for large numbers of those present to even approximately realize that a personality so impressive and as vigorous ... should have been so swiftly silenced." Only those who had been near and dear to Nash participated in the service proper, among them, Joseph Fort Newton, who said of his friend; "Arthur Nash was a man lovable in his manliness, altogether admirable in his domestic relations, loyal in his friendships, prophetic in his citizenship, gentle in strength, wise and winsome in counsel, exquisite in sympathy, rich in insight, broad and tolerant in understanding, a true man." Also speaking at the funeral, the Amalgamated's president, Sidney Hillman, said of Nash:

He belonged to that small group of employers who believe that the human material is a vastly different thing from the mere physical material with which they work ... When recognition of the union in his shop became possible, he rested neither night nor day until he had inspired confidence, both in the Nash shops, and in their union representatives. He gave his loyalty to collective bargaining with every fiber of his being, and such bargaining meant just one thing—absolute and unqualified relations of trust and honor with the union ... It is true that he preached in order to spread the gospel of service he believed in. But he did more. More important than all his principles ... was the fact that he practiced what he preached ... Arthur was a true humanitarian, to whom the welfare of all his fellows was a matter of vital personal concern. He has left humanity richer for his having lived, and yet, in another sense, poorer for his having gone from us. A spirit, however, has gone out from the man that Death has not power to still. What Arthur Nash believed in and tried to achieve has not died, and the only fitting way for us to honor his memory is to strive tirelessly to realize the higher civilization which he longed so much to see before he closed his eyes on this earthy scene.

When a bank trust officer applied to administer Nash's estate in probate court on November 9, it was disclosed that Nash had left no will. Nash's personal worth at the time of his death was estimated at about one million dollars. Without a will, under Ohio law Maude would receive one third, the remainder to be divided among other heirs.

The last issue of The Nash Journal, "In Memoriam," was published on November 28, 1927, with transcripts of eulogies and many other glowing tributes to Nash—of which the following snippets are a sample—gracing its pages:

He proved in his factory what he somehow knew, that Catholic, Protestant, Jew, and unbeliever know alike how to love, how to be friends, how to stand by one another in a great undertaking. Our differences are theological and racial rather than of the soul. Never have racial and religious prejudice been so rebuked ... than by the Nash experiment. —Worth M. Tippy, of the Federal Council of Churches
No one of his friends can remember an instance where he showed a love of money for its own sake. From the crucifix which he ever carried in the pocket of his vest, he had learned another lesson. A divine philosophy drove deeply into his heart that his was a stewardship in service of the master. —Augustine Walsh, O.S.B, Former pastor, St. Andrews Church, Cincinnati.
It has been said and, as I believe, quite truly, that Arthur Nash literally gave his life for the great and splendid experiment in human brotherhood of which his clothes-factory was but the outward and visible symbol. —Philip I. Roberts
The words he spoke, the deeds he lived, are recorded in the eternal ethers. A new invention will in time reproduce them, in film ... —May Cornell Stoiber, Unity Center leader

In 1929, the September fifth issue of the Kokomo Tribune carried a story reporting the sale by Ralph Nash, his mother, and his two siblings of more than two million dollars worth of A. Nash Company stock. The stock transfer, which occurred less than two months before the stock market crash of 1929, passed complete control of the company to the buyer, Cincinnati brokers, W.E. Fox & Co. Claiming the purchase was made as an investment, the new owners denied plans to merge Nash's company with another manufacturing house, or to offer Nash company stock—whose total value was estimated at about four million dollars at the time—to the public.

Philosophical and religious views
 At the beginning of his business venture—though Nash thought the Golden Rule right—he saw it as impractical idealism, and was skeptical that a business could be successfully operated on that principle. When prosperity came, Nash believed he had been given too much credit, and that his real role had been merely to provide an opportunity for the operation of the Golden Rule in industry.
 Nash came to regard the last clause of Matthew 7:12, "for this is the law and the prophets," as the most important phrase of the verse, believing Jesus was in effect stating; "this is the beginning and ending of my gospel." The Golden Rule, for Nash, summed up the whole of Jesus' teachings.
 "The application of the philosophy of Jesus, as it is summed up in the Golden Rule is the solution to the troubles of the world, whether industrial, political, or spiritual," Nash stated before a Presbyterian conference in Milwaukee. He went on to call strikes, "a social cancer caused by oppression in industry," pointing out that industry placed supreme emphasis, "where supreme value does not reside."
 When asked, "Do you think I could apply the Golden Rule in my business?" Nash answered, "You might just as well resolve to fly through the air without an airplane as to resolve to live the Golden Rule without proper equipment. Indispensable to that equipment is the right attitude toward one's fellows. So long as they are 'dubs' and 'foreigners,' it is impossible."
 Nash wrote; "The Golden Rule is the divine law governing human relationships, accepted by all religions and proclaimed by all prophets and teachers of every creed. It is the only infallible, workable, industrial and economic law in the universe today."
 "The laws of God governing human relationships," Nash stated, "are as fixed and unalterable as the law of gravitation itself."
 Nash diagnosed the trouble with Christianity as sectarianism he described as, "denominational cussedness rather than consciousness." He told of preachers, when he was a boy, who, rather than devoting their time to discoursing on brotherly love, gave most of their efforts to defending their own church's creed, while harshly criticizing the creeds of others, "and the more that they lambasted other creeds," Nash said, "the more it pleased their congregations."
 Nash's anti-war views are exemplified in The Nash Journal article entitled, "The Abolition of War": "all that is necessary to abolish war is that the nations of each should come together and unanimously agree that this horrible wasting of lives and economic values should never again be resorted to as a method of settling international difficulties, because it settles nothing."
 Nash did not believe in time clocks.
 Referring to those whom he said, "take human beings and make machines of them to speed up production," Nash told a convention of southern business men, "Build a wall higher than Babylon around your city, and write on it 'Efficiency engineers keep out!
 Nash regarded the accumulation of great wealth as incompatible with living by the Golden Rule.
 The Dictionary of American Biography printed of Nash: "[He was] a shrewd business man, with a flair for leadership and a full understanding of the value of the publicity secured by his speeches, Nash was by nature and training a sincere and aggressive evangelist. To him the 'Golden Rule in Business' was a religion, and not merely a successful advertising slogan."
 Arthur Nash: "If we can't have clothes without taking the mothers of the next generation, we can go without them [clothes, that is]."
Nash forever insisted that no system or group action could take the place of individual effort. He believed that the will to serve, rather than the will to govern and control, must be the individual aim and motive of all group members, or else end up with "nothing other than an aggregation of illiberality and the pooled selfishness of units."
 Philip Roberts: "The truth of the whole matter lay in the moral rather than the industrial stratum of the situation."

Notes/further reading
Boyles, Cheryl Suffelette (2013). A Man Golden: A Screenplay Based on the Life of Golden Rule Arthur Nash.
Chilton, Bruce D. (2008). The Golden Rule: Analytical Perspectives. University Press of America. .
Chilton, Bruce D. (2009). The Golden Rule: The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions. New York: Continuum International Publishing. .
DePuy, E. Cora (1891). Pebbles and Pearls: Sketches of the Life Work of Mrs. Agnes L. d'Arcambal. Agnes L. d'Arcambal.
Gensler, Harry J. (2013). Ethics and the Golden Rule. New York: Routledge. .
Josephson, Matthew (1952). Sidney Hillman: Statesman of American Labor. New York: Doubleday.
Nash, Arthur (1923). The Golden Rule In Business. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company.
Wattles, Jeffrey (1996). The Golden Rule. New York: Oxford University Press. .

Archival sources

Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America records, 1914–1980, 1920–1950, Collection Number 5619 (207.5 linear ft.) are housed at the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Martin P. Catherwood Library at Cornell University.

References

1870 births
1927 deaths
People from Tipton County, Indiana
People from Greentown, Indiana
American chief executives


title: Laurelwood Cemetery

text:
Laurelwood Cemetery is a historic cemetery located at Rock Hill, South Carolina. It was established in 1872, and was the first municipal cemetery of Rock Hill. It contains over 11,414 marked grave sites and includes variety of funerary art including a few raised stone tombs and a number of obelisks, table markers, spheres, and other forms. The cemetery also includes a Confederate monument and a memorial to veterans of the World War I.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.

References

External links

Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
1872 establishments in South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Rock Hill, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Rock Hill, South Carolina


title: Reza Moghadam

text:
Reza Moghadam is a British-Iranian economist who has been Vice-Chairman for Global Capital Markets at Morgan Stanley since October 2014. Until July 2014, he was the International Monetary Fund’s front man for dealing with European policy makers and institutions during the eurozone crisis. During his twenty-year career at the IMF he dealt first-hand with many crises—in  emerging markets, in the advanced countries of the Eurozone and with the Fund’s own restructuring.

Personal life and education
The eldest of three children, Reza Moghadam was born in Borojerd in Western Iran on 4 May 1962 and raised in Tehran. His family moved to London when the Islamic revolution broke out in 1979. In 1982 he was admitted to Oxford University  where he studied mathematics at Magdalen College. While there, he was elected president of the student union (Junior Common Room) and created and ran the first Magdalen College Arts Festival. Following a master's degree at the London School of Economics and Political Science, he went on to the University of Warwick for his PhD in Economics; his doctoral thesis was on wage determination.
He is a passionate cyclist and a supporter of the Chelsea Football Club.

Early career
While studying for his PhD, Moghadam taught economics at the Universities of Warwick as well as in London and Bristol. During this time he worked with Colin Carter on the renovation of the LSE’s Phillips Machine, a 60-year-old hydraulic model of the British economy used to demonstrate visually the workings of open economy macroeconomic theory. The machine is now on permanent display at the London Science Museum.
From 1990 to 1992, he worked as an Economist for Coopers and Lybrand, focusing on labor market, regulatory and privatization issues.

International Monetary Fund career
Moghadam joined the IMF in 1992 in its elite Economist Program.  Moghadam started in the European Department, where he got to deal with the fall-out from the collapse of the communist states, German reunification, and the implosion of the exchange-rate mechanism. He then transferred to the Asia and Pacific Department in 1997 just as Thailand devalued its currency, the first domino of the Asian Crisis. As the IMF resident representative in Bangkok, he was the IMF’s man on the ground helping ensure the flow of international assistance to Thailand and advising the government. Returning to IMF headquarters in Washington in 2000, Moghadam headed the missions to Thailand and Indonesia before turning to new crises in Argentina, Brazil and Turkey – in his capacity as adviser to Anne Krueger, then the IMF’s First Deputy Managing Director. In 2003, Moghadam became Turkey mission chief at a time when its program was off track, inflation out of control and a newly- elected government was trying to find its feet in the build-up to war in Iraq. Moghadam’s re-making of the programme laid the foundation for the country’s subsequent economic success.  Recalling those years, Kemal Dervis, the then finance minister of Turkey, recently referred to Reza Moghadam as "one of the top economists in the world" and a "sometimes tough negotiator".

In 2005, Moghadam was picked by Managing Director Rodrigo de Rato as chief of staff. When de Rato quit in 2007, incoming boss Dominique Strauss-Kahn, asked Moghadam to stay on.
In September 2008, just as the Lehman crisis was gathering steam, Moghadam was appointed head of the pivotal Policy Development and Review Department (PDR), which was turned by Strauss Kahn into the Strategy, Policy and Review (SPR) department tasked with spearheading the modernization of the institution.  "Dominique Strauss-Kahn is publicly portrayed as the man who transformed the Fund. But inside the Fund they say that it was Reza Moghadam, who experienced the street rioting during the Asian crisis, who truly transformed the organization."  "Moghadam's job is to make sure that everything remains structured and yet constantly in flux to suit the crisis of the day. Moghadam is a sort of secretary general for the Fund. He introduces internal and external reforms and proposes new groups and strategies."

In November 2011, with the euro-area crisis deepening, Christine Lagarde who had taken over the helm of the IMF in July, asked Moghadam to become the Director of the European Department.  The change garnered praise from many analysts who saw it as a move to heighten the IMF’s profile in dealing with the worsening crisis in Europe.
"He [Moghadam] is seen as a very credible and powerful insider," Eswar Prasad, a former IMF official and a senior fellow at Brookings Institution in Washington, told the Reuters news agency. "It shows that the IMF intends to be much more assertive in playing a prominent role in Europe and Reza Moghadam is somebody who is seen as being able to move the Fund to that more aggressive position."  From then on, he was the key architect of the Fund’s strategy in dealing with crises in Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Cyprus  and later Ukraine; he was also at the forefront of the policy dialogue with Italy  and the Euro-area. Commenting on his tenure, Benoit Coeuré, the European Central Bank executive board member responsible for Brussels policy said  "He did not tell us Europeans what we wanted to hear but what we needed to hear, which is exactly fund’s role.""Reza’s departure is indeed a pity, as he always steered a totally straight course. And he does not blink," added Thomas Wieser, the head of the EU’s powerful euro working group, who occasionally tangled with Moghadam.

Communication and engagement

Videos
 "Deflation" versus "Lowflation" in the Euro Area, 4 March 2014: http://www.imf.org/external/mmedia/view.aspx?vid=3291843394001
 Europe on the Mend? 25 September 2013: http://www.imf.org/external/mmedia/view.aspx?vid=2693791836001
 More traditional video-interviews are also available here: http://www.imf.org/external/mmedia/view.aspx?st=Keyword&variable=moghadam

Selected blogs
 Euro Area- Q&A on QE
 Euro Area — "deflation" versus "lowflation"
 How Real Is The Recovery In The Euro Area How Real Is The Recovery In The Euro Area?
Other blogs are available here http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/bloggers/reza-moghadam/

Speeches and articles
 Sustaining the Recovery: Strategies and Policies for Growth and Stability, 2014 http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2014/061014.htm
 Maastricht and the Crisis in Europe: Where We’ve Been and What We’ve Learned, 2013: http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2014/021214.htm
 Europe’s road to integration, Finance and Development, March 2014: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2014/03/moghadam.htm

Academic work
 Relative Wage Flexibility in Four Countries, 1989, with Christopher A. Pissarides (winner of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Economics)
 Are wages forward-looking? 1989, with Simon Wren-Lewis
 Wage Determination : An International Perspective, 1990
 Turkey at the Crossroads: From Crisis Resolution to EU Accession  Occasional Paper No. 242; 2005
 Hungary: Economic Policies for Sustainable Growth IMF Occasional Paper No. 159; 1998
 Unemployment Hysteresis, Wage Determination, and Labor Market Flexibility: The Case of Belgium With van Rijckeghem, Caroline IMF Working Paper No. 94/150, 1994
 Why is Unemployment in France So High? IMF Working Paper No. 94/58, 1994
 Labor Market Issues in Belgium: An International Perspective; IMF Working Paper No. 93/32, 1993
 Capital and Trade as Engines of Growth in France - An Application of Johansen's Cointegration Methodology (with Coe, David T.); IMF Working Paper No. 93/11, 1993

References

 https://www.imf.org/external/np/bio/eng/rm.htm
 http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/the-third-mans-man/
 http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/the-third-mans-man/
 https://www.flickr.com/photos/lselibrary/3983651036/
 https://www.unimelb.edu.au/culturalcollections/research/collections10/06_Corkhill-MONIAC10.pdf
 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0270.1989.tb00703.x/abstract
 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0270.1991.tb00781.x/abstract
 http://www.imf.org/external/np/adm/rec/job/econpro.htm
 http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/the-third-mans-man/
 Tearing Down Walls. The International Monetary Fund 1990-1999, by James M. Boughton, 2012, Chapter 1, page 513
 http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19980915/25855374.html
 "IMF Mission Head Recalls Tough Choices, Good Cooperation", The Nation (Bangkok), 10 July 2007.
 https://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2005/050505.htm and http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9e421cc0-e4b5-11d8-8b18-00000e2511c8.html#axzz38hcUOXYN
 http://www.brookings.edu/events/2014/06/03-european-elections-future-europe#/full-event/ min. 1.30 and http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2014/06/03%20europe%20elections/20140603_european_elections_transcript.pdf
 http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/the-third-mans-man/
 https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2008/pr08122.htm
 http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2008/061808.pdf para. 10
 http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/money-is-power-an-inside-view-of-the-imf-s-massive-global-influence-a-721158-3.html
 https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2011/pr11417.htm
 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-16/imf-europe-chief-antonio-borges-quits-one-year-into-job-amid-debt-crisis.html
 http://iran-times.com/imf-sends-anglo-iranian-to-try-to-fix-europe-mess/
 https://archive.today/20140905055311/http://www.undpi.org/Euro-crisis-2011/Greece-May-Need-Further-Bailout-Says-IMF-s-Reza-Moghadam.html
 http://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/imf-wanted-senior-bondholder-bail-in-for-ireland-1.1676854
 http://famagusta-gazette.com/cyprus-finmin-meets-with-us-treasury-secretary-p21627-69.htm
 https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2014/pr1487.htm
 Reuters
 http://europeansting.com/2013/12/10/the-eurogroup-offered-a-cold-reception-to-imfs-director-for-europe/

1962 births
Living people
British economists
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Iranian emigrants to the United Kingdom
International Monetary Fund people
Iranian officials of the United Nations


title: Rajwinder Kaur (judoka)

text:
Rajwinder Kaur (born 2 April 1984) is an Indian judoka. She won the bronze medal in the +78 kg weight class at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland.

In 2018, she competed in the women's +78 kg event at the Asian Games held in Jakarta, Indonesia.

References

External links

Living people
Indian female judoka
1984 births
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India
Sportspeople from Jalandhar
Sportswomen from Punjab, India
Judoka at the 2014 Asian Games
Judoka at the 2018 Asian Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in judo
21st-century Indian women
21st-century Indian people
Martial artists from Punjab, India
Judoka at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Asian Games competitors for India
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games