title: Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000

text:
Knox v. Service Employees International Union, 567 U.S. 298 (2012), is a United States constitutional law case.  The United States Supreme Court held in a 7–2 decision that Dianne Knox and other non-members of the Service Employees International Union did not receive the required notice of a $12 million assessment the union charged them to raise money for the union's political fund.  In a tighter 5–4 ruling, the court further held that the long-standing precedent, the First Amendment requirement that non-union members covered by union contracts be given the chance to "opt out" of special fees was insufficient.  Setting new precedent, the majority ruled that non-members shall be sent notice giving them the option to opt into special fees.

Background
Under Abood v. Detroit Board of Education (1977) states may allow unions to charge nonmember workers “fair share” fees to prevent the free rider problem of nonmembers benefiting from a union's collective bargaining gains.  Nonmembers must annually opt out of paying full union membership dues after the union sends a Hudson notice of what portion of the dues is chargeable to collective bargaining costs.  California is one of the states that allow for such an “agency shop”.

Arnold Schwarzenegger won a recall election against California Governor Gray Davis in November 2003.  Governor Schwarzenegger then proposed a broad fiscal reform agenda and called a 2005 special election to pass several ballot proposition and initiative constitutional amendments.  One of these, Proposition 75 would have required union nonmembers to affirmatively opt into paying full union dues instead of needing to opt out.

Service Employees International Union Local 1000 is the largest labor union in California, with bargaining rights for half of all California state employees.  In June 2005 SEIU sent out its annual Hudson notice, giving nonmembers thirty days to opt out of union dues and only pay a fair share fee.  Shortly after the opt out deadline expired SEIU mailed a notice to all workers announcing an emergency fee to build a “Political Fight Back Fund”. The fee was then automatically deducted from all workers’ subsequent paychecks until after the 2006 California gubernatorial election.  On November 1, 2005 plaintiff state employees filed a class action lawsuit in Sacramento Federal District Court alleging SEIU's emergency fee compelled plaintiffs’ speech in violation of the First Amendment.

SEIU's Political Fight Back Fund along with an alliance of other public sector unions expended $24 million campaigning against Schwarzenegger's fiscal reform, with the California Teachers Association expending an additional $56 million and going so far as to mortgage its Sacramento headquarters to fund more campaign spending.  Schwarzenegger likewise spent nearly $8 million of his own fortune campaigning.  The tenor was highly divisive, with Schwarzenegger calling his opponents “stooges” and at one point Warren Beatty leading a bus full of public employees to follow the governor and shout down his events.

Proposition 75 and all Governor Schwarzenegger's other fiscal reform agenda initiatives were defeated by wide margins.  It had been the most expensive election in California history.  As the results came out in Sacramento the president of the California Professional Firefighters union waived a broom over his head while state employees chanted “sweep, sweep, sweep”.

In March 2008 District Court Judge Morrison England granted plaintiffs’ summary judgment against SEIU, finding it “hard to imagine” a clearer example of political purposes than when actually spending funds on an election campaign. On appeal the Ninth Circuit panel reversed and remanded with an order to grant summary judgment against plaintiffs, with former Chief Judge J. Clifford Wallace authoring a lengthy dissent.  Plaintiffs petitioned the United States Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari and the petition was granted.

Plaintiffs then filed their opening brief.  Instead of filing a reply brief, SEIU mailed a ten-page booklet to the 28,000 plaintiffs offering terms and conditions for a full refund, even including a $1 bill.  SEIU then moved to dismiss the case as moot.

Opinion of the Court
Writing for the Court in a 7-2 ruling, Justice Alito first finds the case is not moot.  Alito disregards SEIU's refund offer, finding such maneuvering “must be viewed with a critical eye”.  Furthermore, SEIU's refund offer contained so many “unnecessarily complicated” conditions and caveats that Alito feels it might still be improper.  As such, Alito feels he must proceed to the constitutional question.

Alito begins by correlating First Amendment protection of compelled funding with compelled speech and compelled association.  He reads precedent as allowing compulsory fees funding private speech only when a compelling state interest requires the comprehensive regulation of a mandatory association and the fees are necessary for the regulatory purpose.

Questioning the necessity of compulsory union fees Alito writes “acceptance of the free-rider argument as a justification for compelling nonmembers to pay a portion of union dues represents something of an anomaly—one that we have found to be justified by the interest in furthering “labor peace.”  He finds this anomaly is “a remarkable boon for unions” and that it only came about as a “historical accident”.

Alito is unwilling to extend the anomaly of compelling ordinary union dues to further compelling extraordinary union fees.  The SEIU Political Fight Back fee had, then, extracted a forced loan out of the nonmembers, coercing them to fund a political campaign they disagreed with and only offering to return the funds after the campaign had been won.  This particularly troubles Alito with regard to Proposition 75 because “the effect of the SEIU’s procedure was to force many nonmembers to subsidize a political effort designed to restrict their own rights”.

Finally, SEIU had argued that its Political Fight Back fee was not political because for a public employees union “lobbying the electorate” is part of contract negotiations.  Alito is not persuaded, finding this definition of contract negotiations “would effectively eviscerate the limitation of use of compulsory fees to support unions’ controversial political activities.”  The Court therefore holds unions cannot impose extraordinary fees on nonmembers without first receiving nonmembers’ affirmative consent.

Concurrence in Judgment
Justice Sotomayor, joined by Justice Ginsburg, concur in the judgment only.  Sotomayor agrees that the SEIU Political Fight Back fee was for political activities and that nonmembers could not be forced to pay for political activities without being provided an opportunity to opt out.  Sotomayor cannot agree, however, that the First Amendment allows such fees only after nonmembers opt in.

Because neither the question presented, briefed, or argued disputed the constitutionality of requiring nonmembers to opt out of fees, Sotommayor does not feel the Court has the power to make affirmatively opting into fees a constitutional requirement.  Because what is chargeable and nonchargeable to nonmembers is uncertain, Sotomayor feels the “majority’s answer to its unasked constitutional question is not even clear.”

Dissent
Justice Breyer, joined by Justice Kagan, dissent.  Breyer agrees with SEIU that “lobbying the electorate” is a contract negotiation. As support, the San Francisco native cites a California statute permitting unions to engage in political lobbying. Agreeing with Sotomayor that the majority answered an unasked constitutional question, Breyer believes the majority's opt in requirement is “directly contrary to precedent.”  Finally, Breyer laments that the majority's opinion is “virtually guaranteed” to “play a central role in the ongoing, intense political debate” regarding Right to Work laws.

Reactions
The editors of the New York Times disliked the outcome, decrying that "the legal approach is indistinguishable from politics."  Erwin Chemerinsky called Knox the term's "biggest sleeper case".  Chermerinsky would latter write that Knox should be read to increase union political power.    Michael Dorf disliked Justice Alito's "broadly anti-union rhetoric".  Students on the Harvard Law Review called the case "undoubtedly represents a watershed moment in the field of union campaign finance" and welcomed "a restraint on government power to rig the marketplace of ideas".

The court would soon extend First Amendment protections against unions in Harris v. Quinn (2014).  California Proposition 32 again failed to limit union payroll deductions in the 2012 general election.

See also
Janus v. AFSCME
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving the First Amendment

References

External links

 http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/knox-v-service-employees-intl-union-local-1000/

2012 in United States case law
United States public employment trade union case law
United States Free Speech Clause case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
United States Supreme Court cases
Right-to-work law
Service Employees International Union litigation
United States trade union case law


title: Ortolanus

text:
Ortolanus (fl. 1300), also known as Hortulanus, was a medieval alchemist. Little information exists about his life and identity. He is best known for his influential commentary on The Emerald Tablet entitled Liber super textum Hermetis. It was composed before 1325, and the original work has two sections.

The first is entitled Spiritus quinte essentie et in quo elemento habitat. It is dedicated to making a prodigious substance, the quintessence, from a mysterious material called argento vivo, which happens to be wine. Ortholan is the first author to relate alcohol and quintessence, half a century before Jean de Roquetaillade. In his opinion, the quintessence would be present everywhere, but it can best be attained through certain substances, ideally wine.

The second part is a theoretical text. It is written as a comment to the Emerald Tablet attributed to Hermes. Its theme revolves around the primordial heat, praised by Hermes as a universal substrate that gives dynamism to the whole cosmos. Ortolanus believes alcohol or quintessence is the hidden primordial heat in all material things. This second part was published in the alchemical compilation In hoc volumine de alchemia continentur hæc (1541).  It was printed again in 1545. A 1560 edition appeared under the name Compendium alchimiae and was attributed to Johannes de Garlandia (philologist). Another edition followed in 1571. With this widespread publishing, the second section became very popular among alchemists of the Early modern period. The first part, which was never published, was forgotten and no one related Ortolanus to the development of the concept of quintaessencia.

Identity
The true identity of Ortolanus is unknown. His works have been falsely attributed to Johannes de Garlandia (philologist) (fl. 1205–1255), and more probably to Jakob Ortlein of Nördlingen (fl. 1275–1325), who may have been a Dominican friar. He has also been given the names Martin Ortolan or Lortholain in later sources.

The preface of his famous commentary gives a hint to his identity: "I Hortulanus, so called from the Gardens bordering upon the sea coast, wrapped in a Iacobin skinne, unworthy to be called a Disciple of Philosophie...".

Works
 Rosarius minor. Can be found in the Mellon Collection, Yale University Library MS. 5.
 Textus alkimie.
 Liber super textum Hermetis or Commentary on the emerald tablet of Hermes. Ortolanus interpreted the text of the Emerald Tablet as an allegorical physico-chemical recipe for the Philosopher's Stone.

There is a later commentary by an alchemist called John Bumbles or Dombelay: Practica vera alchemica. It was completed in 1386 and dedicated to Kuno II von Falkenstein. This work claims to be based on a practice done by the author himself or someone else in 1358.

References

14th-century alchemists


title: Sign (Flow song)

text:
Sign is FLOW's eighteenth single. Its A-Side was used as the sixth opening theme song for Naruto Shippuden. The single has two editions: regular and limited. The limited edition includes a bonus CD with extra tracks, a wide cap sticker, double-sided jacket, and Sharingan sticker. It reached number 4 on the Oricon charts in its first week and charted for 6 weeks.

Track listing

Limited edition track listing

Bonus DVD track listing

References

2010 singles
2010 songs
Flow (band) songs
Ki/oon Music singles
Naruto songs


title: Secular inflation

text:
In economics, secular inflation is a prolonged period of gentle or mild price increases. Secular, or chronic, inflation is basically creeping inflation that continues to persist over a long period of time. Creeping inflation is the gradual, rather than drastic, increase in prices. Although most commonly used to describe a mild inflation rate, secular inflation can be used to describe most inflation rates that are spread over long periods of time. This type of inflation can be consistent (without many downward movements) or intermittent (occurring at regular intervals).

Causes
Friedrich-Karl Lage, the economist credited with coining the term secular inflation, described three causes for secular inflation. These are: outside influences, the wear-and-tear on money-stabilizing institutions, and human conduct. Other factors contributing to secular inflation are production and distribution, as costs of production and investments that take a long time to mature prolong rising prices and inflation rates. A final cause of secular inflation is consumption behavior, especially when people live beyond their means as a result of the Duessenberry effect.

See also
 Inflation
 Interest rate
 Exchange rate
 Macroeconomics

References

Inflation


title: Keling, Jepara

text:
Keling is a kecamatan  (district) in Jepara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia.

History
The name of this district is traditionally linked with the 6th century Indianized kingdom of Kalingga, which ultimately derived from ancient Indian kingdom of Kaling.

Kelurahan (administrative village)
 Bumiharjo
 Damarwulan
 Tempur
 Gelang
 Jlegong
 Kaligarang
 Kelet
 Keling
 Klepu
 Kunir
 Tunahan
 Watuaji

Tourism
 Islamic tomb of Syekh Siti Jenar, di Kelet
 Angin temple, in Tempur
 Bubrah temple, in Tempur
 Beringin Beach, in Bumiharjo
 Blorong Cave, in Damarwulan
 Watu Ombo, in Damarwulan
 Kedung Pancur Telu Waterfall, in Damarwulan
 Curug Kemiri Waterfall, in Damarwulan
 Curug Kyai Buku Waterfall, in Damarwulan
 City of Stone (Kota Batu), in Watuaji

Economy
Keling district is known as a coffee bean plantation and production center in Central Java. In Damarwulan village, there are silk farm home industry, while in Keling village, there is kapok silk cotton production area. There are three marketplaces in Keling district, the Pasar Keling, Pasar Kelet, and Keling animal market.

List of important places
 Kelet Hospital
 Puskesmas Keling 1, in Kelet
 Puskesmas Keling 2, in Keling

References

Districts of Central Java


title: Shree (2013 film)

text:
Shree () is a 2013 Indian Hindi-language science fiction thriller film starring Hussain Kuwajerwala, directed by Rajesh Bachchani and produced by Vikram M. Shah. The film released in India on 26 April 2013.

Cast
Hussain Kuwajerwala as Shree, An Ordinary Man
Paresh Ganatra as Inspector Ganpath
Anjali Patil as Sonu (Shree's love interest)
K C Shankar as Tilak
Shivani Tanksale as Sheena
 Rio Kapadiya as Jairaj
 Raj Arjun as Krishna Kant Desai

Critical reception

The Times of India rated the film 3/5, writing "Songs take the film forward instead of simply adding to its length. Overall, Shree is a well-scripted thriller. Go for it." BollywoodMDB rated the film 3/5, writing that "With a great, unique and new story, Shree has huge potential to become attention-seeker among the audience. Though at a low level as compared to Hollywood Sci-Fi flicks, Shree makes a place for itself in the world of off-beat movies. In a nutshell, the film is definitely worth a watch." Martin D' Souza from Glamsham rated the film 3/5, writing "Nevertheless, if only for the first half, this film is worth a watch."

Box office

The film was made on a budget of ₹1,25,00,000 and was released on 100 screens. The film was a moderate success and Hussain's acting was praised.

References

External links

2010s science fiction thriller films
2013 films
2010s Hindi-language films
Indian science fiction thriller films
Indian time travel films
2013 directorial debut films


title: Ukhu Qhata

text:
Ukhu Qhata (Quechua ukhu deep, qhata slope, hillside, "deep slope", Hispanicized spelling Ojocata) is a mountain in the Paryaqaqa mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about  high. It is situated in the Junín Region, Yauli Province, Suitucancha District. Ukhu Qhata lies south-east of the mountains Putka and Qarwachuku, west of the mountain Wallakancha and north-east of the mountain Wayllakancha.

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Junín Region


title: Shree

text:
Shree may refer to:

 Sri, an honorific commonly used in the Indian subcontinent
 Shree (Hindustani raga), the Hindustani classical music scale
 Shree (Carnatic raga), the Carnatic music scale
 Sri (Odissi raga), the Odissi classical music scale
 Shree (2002 film), a Tamil film starring Suriya, Shruthika, and Gayatri Jayaraman
 Shree (2006 film), a Kannada film starring Vijay Raghavendra and Jennifer Kotwal
 Shree (2013 film), a Hindi film starring Hussain Kuwajerwala, Paresh Ganatra and Anjali Patil
 Shree (TV series), a Hindi supernatural soap opera
 Shri, another name for the Hindu Goddess Lakshmi

People

Shree Bose, an American scientist, winner of the inaugural Google Science Fair

See also

 Sri (disambiguation)


title: St. Benedict Catholic Church (Greensboro, North Carolina)

text:
St. Benedict Catholic Church is a Catholic church in downtown Greensboro, North Carolina. As the oldest Catholic church in Greensboro and one of the oldest churches in the Diocese of Charlotte, St. Benedict's is considered the Catholic mother church of the city.

History
The very first Catholic Mass celebrated in Greensboro dates back to the 1870s. Very few Catholics lived in Greensboro at the time and traveling Benedictine priests from Belmont Abbey would come to provide Sacraments in the homes of Catholics. The first Catholic church, named St. Anne's and later St. Benedict's in honor of the Benedictine priests who served the Greensboro community, began construction in 1877 with the cornerstone being laid by Bishop James Gibbons of Richmond. The original church building was sold to the city of Greensboro in 1899 and became the Greensboro High School, the first public high school in Greensboro, now known as Grimsley Senior High School.

A new plot of land, between North Elm and Smith Streets, was purchased and is the current location of the church. St. Katherine Drexel, who was canonized in 2000 by Pope John Paul II, gave St. Benedict's Church $1,500 to help build the current church building, with the condition that a certain amount of pews would be reserved for African-American parishioners, encouraging the church to have an integrated congregation during the time of racial segregation in the southern United States. St. Benedict's used to have a Catholic school, which later was merged with St. Pius X Catholic School.

References

African-American churches in North Carolina
Roman Catholic churches in Greensboro, North Carolina
Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlotte
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1877
African-American Roman Catholic churches
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
1877 establishments in North Carolina


title: Franz Winter

text:
Franz Winter (4 February 1861 in Braunschweig – 11 February 1930 in Bonn) was a German archaeologist. He specialized in ancient Greek and Roman art, being particularly known for his analyses of individual statues, such as the Apollo Belvedere.

He studied ancient history in Zurich, Munich and Bonn, receiving his doctorate in 1885 with a dissertation on the playwright Plautus. By way of a suggestion from Reinhard Kekulé von Stradonitz, he was tasked by the directorate of the German Archaeological Institute with compiling a typological catalog of classical terracotta works.

Beginning in 1890, he worked with Kekulé at the Royal Museums in Berlin, followed by professorships at Innsbruck (from 1897) Graz (from 1905) and Strasbourg (from 1907). In 1912 he succeeded Georg Loeschcke as chair of archaeology at the University of Bonn.

Selected works
 "Plauti Fabularum deperditarum fragmenta", (lost fragments of Titus Maccius Plautus), 1885.
 Die jüngeren attischen Vasen und ihr Verhältnis zur grossen Kunst, 1885 – The newer Attican vases and their relationship to major art.
 Eine attische Lekythos des Berliner Museums, 1895 – An Attican Lekythos of the Berlin Museum.
 Altertümer von Hierapolis (with Carl Humann; Conrad Cichorius; Walther Judeich), 1898 – Antiquities of Hierapolis.
 Kunstgeschichte in Bildern ; systematische Darstellung der Entwickelung der bildenden Kunst vom klassischen Altertum bis zum Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, (with Georg Dehio) 5 volumes, 1898–1902. –  Art history in pictures; systematic exposition on the development of visual art from classical antiquity to the end of the 18th century.
 Die Skulpturen mit Ausnahme der Altarreliefs, 1908 – Sculpture, with the exception of altar reliefs.
 Der tod des Archimedes, 1924 – The death of Archimedes.

References

1861 births
1930 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Innsbruck
Academic staff of the University of Graz
Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
Archaeologists from Lower Saxony
German art historians
People from Braunschweig
People from the Duchy of Brunswick
German male non-fiction writers
Classical archaeologists
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences


title: How to Love (disambiguation)

text:
"How to Love" is a 2011 song by Lil Wayne.

"How to Love" may also refer to:
How to Love (film), a 1947 Swedish film
"How to Love", a song by Sister Sledge from Love Somebody Today, 1980
"How to Love", a song by SG Wannabe from My Friend, 2008
"How to Love", a song by Cash Cash feat. Sofia Reyes from Blood, Sweat & 3 Years, 2016
怎么爱 (Pinyin: "Zěnme Ài" ; English: "How to Love"), a Chinese song by BoBo


title: Uqhu (Yauli)

text:
Uqhu (Quechua for swamp, Hispanicized spelling Uco) or Ukhu (Quechua for deep) is a mountain in the Paryaqaqa mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about  high. It is situated in the Junín Region, Yauli Province, Yauli District. Uqhu lies east of a lake named Wallaqucha (Huallacocha).

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Junín Region


title: John H. Thompson

text:
John H. Thompson (born 1951) is an American statistician and former Director of the United States Census Bureau. In this position, one of his main duties was to oversee preparations for the 2020 United States Census. On May 9, 2017, the Commerce Department announced that he would leave his post on June 30.

Biography
Thompson received B.S. and M.S. degrees in mathematics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1973 and 1975, respectively. After graduation, he spent 27 years working at the United States Census Bureau, retiring in 2002 after holding the position of associate director, where he was responsible for the 2000 Census. Prior to that, Thompson served as Chief of the Decennial Management Division. He worked in the Statistical Support Division from 1987 to 1995 and the Statistical Methods Division from 1975 to 1987.

From 2008 to 2013, Thompson was the President and CEO of NORC at the University of Chicago. He was confirmed by the United States Senate to be the 24th Census Bureau director on August 1, 2013.

References

External links

1951 births
Living people
American statisticians
Directors of the United States Census Bureau
Obama administration personnel
Virginia Tech alumni
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Trump administration personnel


title: Cheerleader (disambiguation)

text:
A cheerleader is a person who does cheerleading.

Cheerleader(s) may also refer to:

Film and television
 "Cheerleader" (2002), an episode of the TV show 8 Simple Rules
 The Cheerleaders (1973), American comedic film

Literature and publishing
 Cheerleader (2005–2007), a book trilogy by Kate Brian
 The Cheerleader (1991), a book by Caroline B. Cooney
 The Cheerleader (1974), a book by Ruth Doan MacDougall
 The Cheerleader (1985), a book by Norma Klein

Music
 Cheerleader (band), an indie pop band from Philadelphia, PA.
 "Cheerleader" (song), a 2012 song by OMI
 "Cheerleader", a 2009 song by Grizzly Bear from their album Veckatimest
 "Cheerleader", a 2011 song by St. Vincent from her album Strange Mercy
 "Cheerleader", a 2015 song by Pentatonix from the deluxe version of their album Pentatonix


title: Henry Humphreys

text:
Henry Humphreys was a Hong Kong businessman and member of the Sanitary Board.

Henry Humphreys moved to Hong Kong in 1889 to enter into business. He was the manager of the J. D. Humphreys & Son set up by J. D. Humphreys who set his office at the Alexandra Building. The J. D. Humphreys & Son was the general managers of the Peak Tramways & Co., A. S. Watson & Co. where he was the chairman, and the Humphreys Estate and Finance Company where Henry Humphreys was the liquidator of the Humphreys Estate and Finance Company, Limited. He lived on the Peak Road.

Henry Humphreys ran for one of the vacant seat on the Sanitary Board in the 1906 election. He was appointed by Governor Matthew Nathan to the Public Health and Regulations Ordinance Commission in 1906 to inquiry into the alleged corruption and bribery in the Sanitary Department, which led to the amendment of the Public Health and Building Ordinance to reform the Sanitary Board in 1908.

He left Hong Kong for home in 1933.

References

British expatriates in Hong Kong
Hong Kong businesspeople
Members of the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong


title: Carrillo House

text:
Carrillo House was a historic house in Los Angeles, California, US. The Pico House now stands on its lot.

History

One June 21, 1821, Jose Antonio Carrillo petitioned the Comisionado for a house lot near the "new Temple which is being built for the benefit of our holy religion." The lot, 40x60 varas (114x170 feet) was granted the next day. This is the only record of a grant of a house lot made between 1786 and 1836—just one real estate transfer in fifty years. When Lieutenant Edward Ord made his plan of the City of Los Angeles in 1849, he took as the initial point of his survey the northwest corner of Carrillo's house that stood on this lot; and his bearings from a point opposite that corner gave direction to the lines of the city's streets, and virtually to the plan of the city. The building was begun in 1822 and completed in 1825. It was the most pretentious and aristocratic residence in the Pueblo de Los Ángeles at that time. A lot of entertaining occurred at the Carrillo house, as well as political discussions as its owner was a politician and an entertainer. The spacious ball room was known for its dances; Pio Pico, Carrillo's brother-in-law, married Maria Ignacia Alvarado in the Carrillo House in 1834 with the merriment continuing for eight days. For four decades, Carrillo and his family resided at the abode, but it was abandoned in 1862 following Carrillo's death. It was then purchased by Pico who razed the building in September 1869, and built Pico House, a brick and stucco hotel, which opened on June 19, 1871.

Architecture
The adobe residence fronted on the plaza. It featured wings extending back on Main Street, and from its eastern end, to an adobe wall in the rear, thus enclosing a patio or inner court. Although but a one-story building, its height gave it the appearance of a two-story house. Its high gabled roof of red tiles and its white walls were in contrast to the prevailing clay-colored fronts and the flat asphalt roofs of the neighboring houses.

References

Adobe buildings and structures in California
Pueblo de Los Ángeles
History of Los Angeles
Houses in Los Angeles
Demolished buildings and structures in Los Angeles
Houses completed in 1825


title: Martin L. Kersten

text:
Martin L. Kersten (October 25, 1953 – July 6, 2022) was a computer scientist with research focus on database architectures, query optimization and their use in scientific databases. He was an architect of the MonetDB system, an open-source column store for data warehouses, online analytical processing (OLAP) and geographic information systems (GIS). He has been (co-) founder of several successful spin-offs of the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI).

Biography
He started his career in computer science as research assistant in 1975. As of 1979 he was scientific researcher and lecturer at the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. Until 1985 he worked on database security, database programming languages and he developed a relational DBMS, which became a component of a commercial CASE environment from 1985 to 1991. He was visiting researcher at the University of California, San Francisco (1980 and 1983), visiting researcher Stanford University (2001 and 2002), and Microsoft Research (2005).

In 1985 he moved to Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI),  the national research institute for mathematics and computer science in the Netherlands, to establish the Database Research Group. Between 1986 and 1990, he was co-designer of the PRISMA database machine, an RDBMS for a 100-node multiprocessor. In a follow-up ESPRIT-II project Kersten was responsible for the development of an enhanced version of SQL for documents and geographical data. From 1989 to 1993, he led a national project on the exploitation of the Amoeba distributed system for advanced database management and a national project for database design formalizations.

Data mining projects in the 1990s required better analytical database support. This resulted in a CWI the spin-off called Data Distilleries, which used early MonetDB implementations in its analytical suite. Data Distilleries eventually became a subsidiary of SPSS in 2003, which in turn was acquired by IBM in 2009.

In April 1992 he became the head of the department of Information Systems. At the same time he started the ESPRIT-III Pythagoras project aimed at performance quality assessment of advanced database systems. He remained associate professor at the Vrije Universiteit, teaching advanced courses on database technology until mid-1994. In 1992 he became an associated professor at the University of Amsterdam and a full professor in multimedia databases in January 1994.

Between 1997 and 2010, Kersten served as head of the Database Architectures research group at the CWI Amsterdam. Since 2011 Kersten was a research fellow at the CWI.

Kersten was an active reviewer for European Strategic Program on Research in Information Technology (ESPRIT) projects and scientific publications. Moreover, he was a trustee of the VLDB Endowment board, which aims to promote and exchange scholarly work in databases and related fields worldwide.
Since 2007 Kersten was also editorial board member of "PVLDB" and he served on the editorial board of ACM Transactions on Database Systems journal in 2010.

In 2017 he became a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.

In 2020 he became Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion.

Publications

Martin Kersten has more than 150 publications to date.
In 2009, a team of researchers from the CWI Database Architectures group, composed of Milena Ivanova, Martin Kersten, Niels Nes and Romulo Goncalves, won the "Best Paper Runner Up" at annual ACM SIGMOD conference for their work for on "An Architecture for Recycling Intermediates in a Column-store".
In August of the same year, Peter Boncz, Stefan Manegold and Martin Kersten received the VLDB 10-year Best Paper Award for their publication titled "Database Architecture Optimized for the New Bottleneck: Memory Access".

In 2011, Martin Kersten received the VLDB Challenges & Visions Track Best Paper Award for the paper "The Researcher's Guide to the Data Deluge: Querying a Scientific Database in just a Few Seconds", co-authored with his CWI colleagues Stefan Manegold, Stratos Idreos and Erietta Liarou.

On June 26, 2014, at the annual ACM SIGMOD/PODS Conference, Kersten received the ACM SIGMOD Edgar F. Codd Innovations Award for innovative and significant contributions to database systems and databases.
Two years later, May 26, 2016, at the annual ACM SIGMOD/PODS Conference, Kersten received the SIGMOD Systems Award for the design and implementation of MonetDB, a pioneering main-memory database system based on a columnar data organization.
In the same year, December 8, 2016, Kersten became ACM Fellow.

Other publications include:
 1992: PRISMA/DB: a parallel, main memory relational DBMS
 1999: Database architecture optimized for the new bottleneck: Memory access
 2001: Efficient relational storage and retrieval of XML documents
 2002: XMark: A benchmark for XML data management
 2007: Database Cracking
 2008: Breaking the memory wall in MonetDB
 2008: Column-store support for RDF data management: not all swans are white
 2009: An Architecture for Recycling Intermediates in a Column-Store
 2009: Database Architecture Optimized for the New Bottleneck: Memory Access
 2010: An architecture for recycling intermediates in a column-store
 2011: The Data Cyclotron Query Processing Scheme
 2011: The Researcher's Guide to the Data Deluge: Querying a Scientific Database in just a Few Seconds
 2011: SciQL, a query language for science applications
 2011: SciBORQ: Scientific data management with Bounds On Runtime and Quality
 2012: MonetDB/DataCell: online analytics in a streaming column-store
 2012: Data vaults: a symbiosis between database technology and scientific file repositories
 2013: Column imprints: a secondary index structure

MonetDB

MonetDB is a high-performance column-store relational database management system with automatic index management, flexible optimizer infrastructure, and programmable backend functionality. MonetDB (initially only called Monet) was first created by 2002 doctoral student Peter Boncz and professor Martin Kersten as part of the 1990s MAGNUM research project at University of Amsterdam. The first version under an open-source software license (a modified version of the Mozilla Public License) was released on September 30, 2004.

MonetDB introduced innovations at all database management system layers: a storage model based on vertical fragmentation, a modern CPU-tuned query execution architecture that often gave MonetDB a speed advantage on the same algorithm over a typical interpreter-based RDBMS. MonetDB is one of the first database systems to focus its query optimization effort on exploiting CPU caches. MonetDB also features automatic and self-tuning indexes, run-time query optimization, and a modular software architecture.

In 2013 Martin Kersten, together with Ying Zhang, Niels Nes and Sjoerd Mullender established a database services CWI spin-off company.

See also
 MonetDB
 Column-oriented DBMS

References

External links
 Database Architectures group at CWI

1953 births
Living people
Dutch computer scientists
Database researchers
Scientists from Amsterdam
Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam alumni
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery


title: New Mexico State Road 117

text:
State Road 117 (NM 117) is a  state road in north west New Mexico, entirely within Cibola County. The southern terminus is at NM 36 near Quemado, and the northern terminus is at NM 122 and Historic U.S. Route 66 in Grants. NM 117 runs through the El Malpais National Conservation Area.

It is one of the roads on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.

History
The portion of NM 117 from I-40 north to NM 122 became a state highway on a road exchange agreement with Cibola County in October 1988.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

117
Transportation in Cibola County, New Mexico


title: Can't Believe It

text:
Can't Believe It refers to:

Can't Believe It (T-Pain song), 2008
Can't Believe It (Flo Rida song), 2013
"Can't Believe It", a song by Kid Cudi from the 2022 album Entergalactic
"Can't Believe It", a song by Manfred Mann from the 1964 album The Five Faces of Manfred Mann
"Can't Believe It", a song by Pere Ubu from the 1981 album 390° of Simulated Stereo
"Can't Believe It", a song by Pennywise from the 1999 album Straight Ahead

See also
I Can't Believe It (disambiguation)


title: Benjamín Rausseo

text:
Benjamín Rausseo Rodríguez (born January 26, 1961) is a Venezuelan artist, stand-up comedian and career humorist best known for his character El Conde del Guácharo (translation: "The Count of Guacharo").

Biography
Benjamín Rausseo was born into poverty in the rural community of Musipán in the state of Monagas.
He pursued university studies as an actor and, in 1981, presented as his graduation thesis a comedic monologue "el Conde del Guácharo." The "Conde" or Count became a TV personality and made Rausseo one of Venezuela's most successful stand-up comedians.  Beyond comedy he was also a dare-devil and stunt performer in the television variety show Sabado Sensacional. In 2006 Rausseo was studying law and was one semester from graduating with a JD from the Universidad Santa María de Caracas. Rausseo owns a theme park in Isla Margarita called Musipán.

Presidential aspirations
In July 2006, he announced that he was running for president under his newly formed "Piedra Party," as a protest against the state of politics in Venezuela, and to challenge the presidency of Hugo Chavez.

Three weeks before the election, in accordance with a campaign pledge he had made earlier (to stand down if not placed first or second in the opinion polls), he withdrew his candidacy without endorsing either Chávez or Rosales, telling his supporters to vote for either.

In April 2023, Rausseo announced his Presidential Campaign as an independent Candidate in the upcoming 2024 Presidential Election. As of September 2023, he is the most favoured candidate by the general public according to the polls.

References

External links
Musipan Theme Park Official Site

People from Monagas
Venezuelan humorists
1961 births
Living people
Venezuelan politicians
Venezuelan satirists
Venezuelan businesspeople
Black comedy


title: Subhavaartha Television

text:
Subhavaartha Television is a Telugu Christian devotional channel launched in 2008 by Goodnews Pvt. Ltd. It is a leading Telugu devotional TV channel. It is available on cable, DTH and IPTV platforms in India, and can also be watched via iOS, BlackBerry and Android devices.

Reach
The channel is available in many countries of Asia, Africa and Europe, and also in many island countries.

See also
 List of Telugu-language television channels

References

Telugu-language television channels
Television channels and stations established in 2008
2008 establishments in India


title: Mynard, Nebraska

text:
Mynard is an unincorporated community in Cass County, Nebraska, United States.

History
A post office was established at Mynard in 1894, which remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1939. Mynard was named for Mynard Lewis, a railroad employee.

References

Populated places in Cass County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska


title: Miss Diva 2014

text:
The second edition of Miss Diva was held on 14 October 2014. Fifteen contestants were shortlisted from thousands of aspirants in the country, who were mentored by Miss Universe 2000, Lara Dutta. At the end of the event, Miss Universe India 2013, Manasi Moghe crowned Noyonita Lodh as her successor. She represented India India at the Miss Universe 2014 pageant held in Doral, Florida, USA on 25 January 2015. At the same event, Alankrita Sahai was crowned as Miss Diva - Earth 2014 and Asha Bhat was crowned as Miss Diva - Supranational 2014.

Final results
Color keys

Special Awards

Contestants

Crossovers
Miss Diva
 2019 : Vartika Singh (Miss Universe India)
 2015 : Hida Siddique

Femina Miss India
 2015 : Vartika Singh (Miss India Grand International)
 2014 : Lopamudra Raut (3rd Runner Up)
 2013 : Lopamudra Raut

References

External links
 Official site

2014 beauty pageants


title: Quri (Lima-Junín)

text:
Quri (Quechua for gold, Hispanicized spelling Juri) is a mountain in the Cordillera Central in the Andes of Peru, about  high. It is situated in the Lima Region, Huarochiri Province, San Mateo District, and in the Junín Region, Yauli Province, Yauli District. Quri lies west of the main branch of the Paryaqaqa or Waruchiri mountain range, southwest of a lake named Wallaqucha (Huallacocha).

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Lima Region
Mountains of Junín Region


title: Genomics England

text:
Genomics England is a British company set up and owned by the United Kingdom Department of Health and Social Care to run the 100,000 Genomes Project. The project aimed in 2014 to sequence 100,000 genomes from NHS patients with a rare disease and their families, and patients with cancer. An infectious disease strand is being led by Public Health England.

In the summer of 2019, Chris Wigley was appointed CEO of Genomics England, starting in October 2019. Wigley is a former McKinsey executive known for applying machine learning and artificial intelligence technology.

Activity
Genomics England was formally established as a company on 17 April 2013 and was formally launched on 5 July 2013 as part of the celebrations for the 65th Birthday of the UK's National Health Service
In August 2014, the Wellcome Trust announced that it was investing £27 million in a genome-sequencing hub for Genomics England, allowing the company to become part of the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, home to the Sanger Institute. On the same date, Prime Minister David Cameron unveiled a new partnership between Genomics England and the sequencing firm Illumina. Illumina’s services for whole genome sequencing were secured in a deal worth around £78 million.

The UK Government also committed £250 million to genomics in the 2015 Spending Review, which ensures the continued role of Genomics England to deliver the project, beyond the life of the project and up to 2021.

On March 26, 2015, AstraZeneca announced that it has joined a public-private consortium with Genomics England to accelerate the development of new diagnostics and treatments arising from the 100,000 Genomes Project.

In October 2018, the U.K.'s Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock, announced that the program had been expanded with a new goal of sequencing five million genomes within five years. He also announced that starting in 2019, the NHS will offer whole genome sequencing (WGS) to all children suspected of having a rare genetic disease or with cancer.

In July 2019, Genomics England announced Data Release 7, which included the 100,000th whole genome available to researchers.

In June 2020, Genomics England announced a partnership with UK-based biotechnology company Lifebit to deploy a genomic research platform aimed at utilizing the genomic data generated through the 100,000 Genomes Project.

Board members
The Board of Genomics England includes a number of notable scientists:
 Sir John Chisholm (Executive Chair), former chair of the UK Medical Research Council
 Sir Mark Caulfield (Chief Scientist), Queen Mary University of London
 Sir John Bell, University of Oxford
 Dame Sally Davies (Non-executive Director), Chief Medical Officer (United Kingdom)
 Ewan Birney (Non-executive Director), Director of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI)
 Sir Malcolm Grant (Non-executive Director), Chair of the NHS England Board
 Michael Parker (Non-executive Director; Chair of the Ethics Advisory Committee), University of Oxford
 Jon Symonds (Non-executive Director), Chair of Innocoll AG, former Chief Financial Officer of Novartis AG
 Dame Kay Davies (Non-executive Director), University of Oxford

Baroness Nicola Blackwood of North Oxford became Chair of Genomics England in May 2020.

History
Genomics England was established in July 2013 as a company fully owned by the UK Department of Health. The company was launched by Jeremy Hunt, Secretary of State for Health on 5 July, in an announcement timed to coincide with the 65th birthday of the NHS.

A 2019 review identified the 100,000 Genomes Project as an exemplar in involving the public in genomic research. In addition to the delivery of the 100,000 Genomes Project, it is hoped that Genomics England will also mark the beginnings of a UK genomics industry and the start of a personalised medicine service for the NHS.

NHS Genomic Medicine Centres
Following the pilot studies for the 100,000 Genomes Project, NHS England ran a tender to appoint NHS Genomic Medicine Centres with responsibility for recruiting suitable patients, gaining their consent to participate in the project and taking samples for whole genome sequencing by Illumina (company). The successful bidders designated as NHS Genomic Medicine Centres are:

 East of England NHS GMC – designated for both cancer and rare disease. Led by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
 South London NHS GMC – designated for both cancer and rare disease. Led by Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
 North West Coast NHS GMC – designated for both cancer and rare disease. Led by Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust
 Greater Manchester NHS GMC – designated for both cancer and rare disease. Led by Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
 North Thames NHS GMC – designated for both cancer and rare disease. Led by Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust
 North East and North Cumbria NHS GMC – designated GMC for rare disease only. Led by The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
 Oxford NHS GMC – designated for both cancer and rare disease. Led by Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust
 South West Peninsula NHS GMC – designated for both cancer and rare disease. Led by Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust
 Wessex NHS GMC – designated for both cancer and rare disease. Led by University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust
 Imperial College Health Partners NHS GMC – designated for both cancer and rare disease. Led by Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
 West Midlands NHS GMC – designated for both cancer and rare disease.  Led by University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust

In December 2015, two new NHS Genomic Medicine Centres were announced by NHS England:
 Yorkshire and Humber NHS GMC – designated for both cancer and rare disease.
 West of England NHS GMC – designated for both cancer and rare disease.
There are now 13 designated NHS Genomic Medicine Centres (GMCs) across the country.

See also
 100,000 Genomes Project

References

External links

2013 establishments in England
British companies established in 2013
Companies based in the London Borough of Islington
Department of Health and Social Care
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Genome projects
Genomics companies
2013 in science
Government-owned companies of England
Population genetics organizations


title: ImmigrationWorks USA

text:
ImmigrationWorks USA was a national 501(c)(4) nonprofit organization in the United States that advocated for freer movement of workers, representing the interests of businesses who would like to be able to hire migrant workers more freely. It linked 25 state-based coalitions of businesses. The organization also had a sister foundation, ImmigrationWorks Foundation, that was a registered 501(c)(3) charitable organization.

People

Tamar Jacoby, Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute and long-time advocate of free movement of labor, was the driving force behind ImmigrationWorks USA.

Principles

Jacoby claimed to advance the following principles through ImmigrationWorks:

 A legal system that works: Bringing the United States' annual legal intake of foreigners in line with the country's labor needs.
 Smarter, better enforcement that would be made easier by the reduced incentives to migrate illegally once labor movement has been liberalized.
 Worksite verification that does not penalize employers for errors in government databases.
 A remedy for past mistakes: Finding a middle ground for dealing with the current unauthorized population that involves neither deportation nor amnesty.
 Protecting U.S. workers by holding legal foreign workers to the same labor standards as domestic workers are held.
 Washington and the states: Immigration policy is a federal responsibility, and must ultimately be resolved at the federal level.

Charity evaluator GiveWell, in its review, stated: "In practice, IW focuses primarily on the first of these bullet points, and its advocacy efforts tend to be oriented towards Republicans."

Activities

ImmigrationWorks worked to facilitate more grassroots lobbying by local businesses, as well as public opinion research and lobbying legislators. On request from charity evaluator GiveWell, ImmigrationWorks prepared a list of things they would do with additional money (that they then received from Good Ventures):

 Advocacy for immigration reform
 Public opinion research
 Building consensus around policy

External reviews

Charity evaluator and effective altruism organization GiveWell reviewed ImmigrationWorks in 2015 as a potential funding opportunity.

History

According to a New York Times article, Tamar Jacoby, a Senior Fellow at the Manhattan Institute, was motivated to create ImmigrationWorks USA after seeing the political difficulties that ensnared the attempted passage of immigration reform in 2006. ImmigrationWorks USA started operations in 2008 so as to help employers make their case for the need for freer movement of workers more effectively to politicians as well as the general public. Their work, including a successful lobbying effort in Arizona, was reported in The New York Times in 2008.

According to ProPublica, ImmigrationWorks USA submitted Internal Revenue Service documentation from 2008 to 2016 as a tax exempt non-profit organization. ProPublica does not list analogous "form 990" information from 2017 or 2018.

Funding

ImmigrationWorks received funding from a number of foundations, including the Carnegie Corporation, Ford Foundation, Four Freedoms Fund, and Open Society Institute. In July 2014, Good Ventures, the private foundation of Facebook co-founder Dustin Moskovitz and his wife Cari Tuna, made an unrestricted grant of $285,000 USD to ImmigrationWorks, drawing on GiveWell's investigation of the organization.

Media coverage

ImmigrationWorks USA has been covered by The New York Times and its president and CEO, Tamar Jacoby, has been cited in NYT articles on immigration to the United States. Jacoby has also been cited repeatedly in her capacity as ImmigrationWorks USA CEO in The Wall Street Journal. ImmigrationWorks USA has also been cited in Forbes, Business Insider, and The Economist.

References

External links

501(c)(4) nonprofit organizations


title: 100,000 Genomes Project

text:
The 100,000 Genomes Project is a now-completed UK Government project managed by Genomics England that is sequencing whole genomes from National Health Service patients. The project is focusing on rare diseases, some common types of cancer, and infectious diseases. Participants give consent for their genome data to be linked to information about their medical condition and health records. The medical and genomic data is shared with researchers to improve knowledge of the causes, treatment, and care of diseases.

History
The project was first announced by UK Prime Minister David Cameron in December 2012. The Government set up a new company Genomics England to oversee the project with the plan to focus on rare diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases announced by Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt in July 2013. The project was also made possible by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), NHS England, Public Health England, and Health Education England.  In 2015, Northern Ireland and Scotland also joined the project with plans to start work the following year. In 2016, the Welsh government issued a statement of intent and is considering participating in the 100,000 Genomes Project.

The initial participants were recruited from Cambridge University Hospitals, University College London Partners, and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust. The following medical centres joined the project a short time later: Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust.

In September 2015, Genomics England announced it had contracted with interpretation partners Congenica and Omicia. This is in addition to ongoing work with sequencing partner Illumina.

As of 1 October 2018, the 100,000 Genomes Project had completed the sequencing of 87,231 whole genomes in England and results are in the process of being returned to NHS Genomic Medicine Centres and ultimately back to participants; the first diagnoses from the Project were returned to patients in spring 2015 and over 2,000 families' results have been returned to the NHS in the rare disease programme to date (July 2017).

In December 2018, the full 100,000 genomes milestone was reached.

In July 2019, Genomics England announced Data Release 7, which included the 100,000th whole genome made available to researchers.

A 2019 review identified the initiative as an 'exemplar' in involving the public in genomic research.

In June 2020, Lifebit, a UK-based biotechnology company, was announced as the provider of the trusted research environment that will link the genomic data gathered as part of the 100,000 Genome Project with academic research institutions.

NHS Genomic Medicine Centres

Research
The Genomics England Clinical Interpretation Partnership (GeCIP) includes 2,500 UK and international clinicians and scientists from approximately 300 institutions in 24 countries. There are plans to increase this number. Researchers are organised in "domains" formed around particular conditions, cancer types and research areas such as Machine Learning and Health Economics. The partnership is integrated with the NHS and the aims include improving the use of genotype and phenotype data in healthcare, and providing a platform for genomic research collaborations to add to the knowledge base for genetic disorders.

GenOMICC study on COVID-19
The 100,000 Genomes Project provided a pre-COVID reference set in the GenOMICC study on COVID-19.  Genomics England worked in partnership with the GenOMICC consortium, led by the University of Edinburgh, to analyse the whole genome sequences of approximately 20,000 people who have been severely affected by COVID-19. This data was compared with 15,000 other genomes from people who were only mildly affected.  It was combined with data set which now includes more than 120,000 genomes (from the "100,000 Genomes" Project).  The 100,000 Genomes Project was referred to as the "incredibly important" pre-COVID reference set.

Industrial partnerships
From 2015 to 2017, 13 companies joined to form a pre-competitive industry trial, named the Genomics Expert Network for Enterprises (GENE) Consortium. This trial aimed to bring industry expertise into the 100,000 Genomes Project to identify potential benefits for patients, as the private sector is involved in developing new medicines and diagnostics for the NHS.

See also

 Cancer Genome Project
 The Cancer Genome Atlas

References

External links
 Genomics England
 Health Education England's Genomics Education programme
 NHS England – Genomics
 East of England NHS Genomic Medicine Centre
 North Thames NHS Genomic Medicine Centre
 13 Genomic Medicine Centres
 Genomics England Clinical Interpretation Partnership (GeCIP)
 Genomics England GENE Consortium partners
 Wellcome Genome Campus
 Illumina (sequencing work for the 100K Genome Project is carried out by Illumina's technologies at a sequencing centre on the Wellcome Genome Campus)

Gene tests
Genetic epidemiology
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Genome projects
Emerging technologies
Medical genetics
Molecular genetics
National Health Service
Genomics
Human genome projects
Bioinformatics


title: Gerard H. L. Fitzwilliams

text:
Dr. Gerard Hall Lloyd Fitzwilliams, M.D., Ch.B., F.R.C.S., EDIN. (1882 – 8 April 1968) was a British physician worked in Hong Kong and a spy in Russia.

Early career
Dr. Fitzwilliams was born in around Llandyfriog, Cardiganshire, Wales in 1882 to the son of Charles Home Lloyd Fitzwilliams and Margaret Alice Crawford. He graduated from the Edinburgh University with the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery and Doctor of Medicine in 1903 and 1904 respectively. He was the Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. He later took an postgraduate course in hygiene and sanitation at the London School of Tropical Medicine, specialised in conditions in warm and tropical climates in the guidance of Professor Simpson who was sent to the Inquiry Commission in Hong Kong on the Public Health and Regulations Ordinance in 1906. During 1905 and 1906, he was a house surgeon at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary.

Dr. Fitzwilliams moved to Hong Kong in around 1906 and 1907 to start a private practice at the Alexandra Building in Central. He registered as a medical practitioner in around 1908 and 1909. He asked his colleague at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, James Cyril Dalmahoy Allan, to join his practice in 1909. Dr. Fitzwilliams taught Practical Physiology and Pathology at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese from 1908 and 1909 and Anatomy from 1909 to 1912.

He ran in the 1909 Sanitary Board election after the Sanitary Board was reconstituted with a larger franchise as suggested by the Commission Report. He was elected with 343 votes with A. Shelton Hooper, the incumbent Sanitary Board member against Dr. Raphael Aaron Belilios and Horace Percy Smith. He was re-elected in 1912 and 1915.

He resided in a suite at the Peak Hotel during his residence in Hong Kong, which he shared with Allan.

First World War
Dr. Fitzwilliams returned to Britain and joined the Royal Army Medical Corps during the First World War. He was sent to Petrograd to work for his brother, Duncan Campbell Lloyd Fitzwilliams who headed Lady Muriel Paget's Anglo-Russian Hospital. During that time he was also recruited as an operative of the British Secret Intelligence Service between 1915 and 1917. In 1917, Fitzwilliams returned to Russia under the cover of a member of the Anglo-Russian Trade Mission. He was tasked with collecting intelligence about military and political positions of the nations in the Eastern Front and also sought to turn the side of from Ukraine from the Central Power when he moved to Southern Russia and then to Romania. Fitzwilliams left the Eastern Front by the end of 1918 and returned to Hong Kong. He died in 1968.

References

1882 births
1968 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
Hong Kong educators
Hong Kong medical doctors
Members of the Sanitary Board of Hong Kong
People from Ceredigion
Royal Army Medical Corps soldiers
MI6 personnel
20th-century Welsh medical doctors
World War I spies for the United Kingdom


title: Wabash, Nebraska

text:
Wabash is an unincorporated community in Cass County, Nebraska, United States.

History
A large share of the early settlers being natives of Indiana caused the name Wabash, after Wabash, Indiana, to be selected. A post office was established at Wabash in 1886, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1965.

References

Populated places in Cass County, Nebraska
Unincorporated communities in Nebraska


title: Balsokra

text:
Balsokra is a village in the Chanho CD block in the Ranchi Sadar subdivision of Ranchi district in Jharkhand, India.

Geography

Climate
Much like the rest of the region, the average temperature ranges from 42 to 20 °C during summer and from 25 to 0 °C during winter. Annual rainfall for the region is about 1430 mm (56.34 inches).

Area overview
The map alongside shows a part of the Ranchi plateau, most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over Silli, Rahe, Sonahatu and Tamar CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the Subarnarekha, originates near Ratu, flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at Hundru Falls. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map. A major part of the North Karanpura Area and some fringe areas of the Piparwar Area of the Central Coalfields Limited, both located in the North Karanpura Coalfield, are in Ranchi district. There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence. Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Balsokra had a total population of 5,518, of which 2,848 (52%) were males and 2,670 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 942. The total number of literate persons in Balsokra was 3,581 (78.26% of the population over 6 years).

Languages
Urdu and Arabic are the languages of Balsokra. Many unofficial regional languages are also spoken. Urdu is given more priority than any languages here as 99% population follows Islam.

Religion
Nearly all of the population in Balsokra are Muslims. There are a number of Masjids in the village and the surrounding area. Balsokra is also the Markaz of 89 villages. A mardrasa in Balsokra, Darul Uloom Quasmia, is well-known, and Balsokra is also called Mardrasa for this reason.

Transport
National Highway 39 (Ranchi-Daltonganj), an important roadway in Ranchi district, passes through Balsokra.

Education
A madrasa named Darul Uloom Quasmia is a university of moral value education where knowledge of Islam is taught. Graduates include Ulama (Islamic scholars) and Huffaz. Nearby colleges include Chanho College and Mandar College.

Other schools in Balsokra:

 Urdu Middle School Balsokra - A government school established in 1897. it is located at the heart of Balsokra.
 Al-Hilal Academy - A private school in Balsokra established in 1993. It has been noted for its quality of education and discipline.
 Aqusa Academy - A private school established in 1998.
 Birsa Munda Memorial Secondary High School
 Jharkhand Public School
 Elegant Public School

Sports
The people of Balsokra enjoy recreational activities such as cricket, volleyball, badminton, and football, with cricket being the most popular.

References

Villages in Ranchi district


title: Bombs Away (album)

text:
Bombs Away is the debut studio album by Australian indie pop band Sheppard. It was released on 11 July 2014 by Empire of Song. The album includes the singles "Geronimo", "Something's Missing", "Smile", "Let Me Down Easy" and "A Grade Playa". Bombs Away was released outside Australia through Decca Records in 2015. The album debuted at number two on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments exceeding 35,000 copies.

All the songs on the album were written by Sheppard members George Sheppard, Amy Sheppard and Jay Bovino. The album was produced, mixed and mastered by Stuart Stuart at Analog Heart Studios, Brisbane. Its lead single, "Geronimo", was the first number one single in Australia to be recorded in Brisbane.

Reviews
Bombs Away received generally positive reviews. Toby Creswell from Rolling Stone Australia gave the album four stars and said "These are sturdy pieces that could have been made any time since the Brill Building opened its doors." Arne Sjostedt from The Sydney Morning Herald gave the album three and a half stars out of five, saying, "Bombs Away is an innocent, rhythmic, light fuelled album that keeps you in its grasp for the majority of its 41 minutes. Songs that take aspects of modern/'90s pop, indie and a dash of nu-folk and blend it with something very much their own." Scott Fitzsimons from The Music gave the album three of out five saying, "The record's production is as polished as their press shots, but this is indie-pop that's fresh and not at all contrived" but added "At times, Bombs Away does fall into the pop trap of trying to tick too many boxes though".

Alex Parker of Vulture magazine said; "Because Sheppard's sound is so mixed and the album is filled with laid back tracks, upbeat ones... and ones that just make you wanna shout, Bombs Away is sure to appeal to anyone and everyone. It has the promise to be full of hits which is something you don't see much of these days and it's just a plain old good album." Bree Cohen of The AU Review gave the album 9 out of 10, saying; "Each track is memorable, and has that undeniable pizzazz that is oh so evident in 'Geronimo'. Sheppard are certainly no one trick pony, but they definitely know where their strengths lie and this definitely plays to their favour on Bombs Away. A killer record."

Tour
After supporting Keith Urban throughout June on the Australian leg of his Light the Fuse Tour, Sheppard announced their Bombs Away album launch tour on 22 June. Eight additional dates throughout Australia in October were announced on 4 September.

Track listing
Band member Amy discussed the tracks on Bombs Away; "I've noticed most of the new tracks are about the restorative journey after being pushed down. Everyone has had their rough moments and we hope our music can help some people through those hard times."

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Awards and nominations

Release history

References

2014 debut albums
ARIA Award-winning albums
Sheppard (band) albums


title: Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's rings

text:
The men's individual rings competition of the 2014 Commonwealth Games took place on July 31 at the SSE Hydro arena in Glasgow, Scotland.

Results

Qualification

Qualification took place on July 28 as part of the team and individual qualification event.

Final

References

External links
Official results

Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Stansbury v. California

text:
Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318 (1994), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court considered whether a police officer's subjective and undisclosed opinion whether a person who had been questioned was a suspect was relevant in determining whether that person had been in custody and thus entitled to the Miranda warnings. In a 9–0 ruling, the Court reversed and remanded the case. In a per curiam decision, the Court held that "an officer's subjective and undisclosed view concerning whether the person being interrogated is a suspect is irrelevant to the assessment [of] whether the person is in custody."

References

External links

1994 in United States case law
United States criminal case law
Miranda warning case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
United States Supreme Court cases


title: The Marine (film series)

text:
The Marine is a series of action films produced by WWE Studios starring various WWE wrestlers in the lead roles.

Film summaries

The Marine is a 2006 American action film directed by John Bonito. The film stars John Cena, Robert Patrick and Kelly Carlson. It was produced by the films division of WWE, called WWE Studios, and distributed in the United States by 20th Century Fox.

The Marine 2 is a 2009 American thriller film directed by Roel Reiné, written by Christopher Borrelli and John Chapin Morgan, and produced by Michael Lake. The film stars Ted DiBiase, Jr., Temuera Morrison, Lara Cox, Robert Coleby and Michael Rooker. It is the sequel to The Marine, starring John Cena. This was Ted DiBiase's film debut. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on December 29, 2009. The film was inspired by the Dos Palmas kidnappings.

The Marine 3: Homefront is a 2013 American action film starring Mike "The Miz" Mizanin and directed by Scott Wiper. The film was released on direct-to-DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on March 5, 2013. It is a stand-alone sequel to The Marine starring John Cena and The Marine 2, starring Ted DiBiase, Jr.

The Marine 4: Moving Target is an American action film starring Mike "The Miz" Mizanin reprising his role from the previous film. It was the first WWE Studios film to include a Diva in Summer Rae. The film was released direct-to-DVD and Blu-ray on April 21, 2015.

The Marine 5: Battleground is an American action film starring Mike "The Miz" Mizanin reprising his role from the previous two films. It also starred Mizanin's wife Maryse Ouellet, Heath Slater, Curtis Axel, Bo Dallas and Naomi.

The Marine 6: Close Quarters is an American action film starring Mike "The Miz" Mizanin reprising his role from the previous three films. The sixth and final installment of the series, it also starred Shawn Michaels and Becky Lynch.

Crew

Major characters
[[File: John Cena 134616.jpg|right|thumb|John Cena was the protagonist of the first movie]]
The Marine
Sgt John Triton of the USMC is honorably discharged after ignoring orders from a superior during a mission in Iraq. He stops at nothing after his wife Kate is kidnapped at a gas station by Rome and his gang of jewelry thieves. He is portrayed by John Cena.
Rome is a criminal mastermind and he and his gang of thieves rob a jewelry store and when being spotted by police at a gas station, he and his gang kidnap Kate Triton. He is portrayed by Robert Patrick.
Kate Triton is the wife of John Triton who is kidnapped by Rome and his gang at a gas station. She is portrayed by Kelly Carlson.

The Marine 2
Marine Scout Sniper Joe Linwood is vacationing with his wife in a Thailand resort when a terrorist group invades the hotel on its Grand Opening, taking everyone hostage. After escaping, Linwood stops at nothing to free the hostages, especially his wife. He is portrayed by Ted DiBiase, Jr.
Damo is the leader of a terrorist group who invades the Thailand resort on its opening night, taking everyone hostage. He is portrayed by Temuera Morrison.
Robin Linwood is the wife of Joe Linwood who, along with many others, is taken hostage by Damo and his group. She is played by Lara Cox.

The Marine 3: Homefront
Sgt. Jake Carter of the MARSOC returns home to a small town near Seattle after active duty. After his sister is kidnapped after witnessing a murder, he stops at nothing to get her back. He is portrayed by Mike "The Miz" Mizanin.
Jonah Pope is the leader of a group of extremists who rob a bank in Seattle. He and his henchmen kidnap Lily after she witnesses him murder someone. He is played by Neal McDonough.
Lily Carter is the younger sister of Jake Carter who, after witnessing him murder someone, is kidnapped by Jonah Pope and his group of extremists. She is portrayed by Ashley Bell.

The Marine 4: Moving Target

Sgt. Jake Carter now working for a private security company after being honorably discharged from the USMC and has been assigned to protect a very high value package in the form of a beautiful woman. He stops at nothing to protect her after she tries to expose a corrupt military defense contractor. He is portrayed by Mike "The Miz" Mizanin and is the first character and actor to be featured in more than one Marine'' film.

The Marine 5: Battleground
Now saving civilian lives stateside as an EMT, ex-Marine Jake Carter finds himself protecting an injured man from a ruthless biker gang. He stops at nothing to protect the man and utilizes his unique skills to stop the bikers’ rampage.

The Marine 6: Close Quarters
EMT Jake Carter and another former Marine, Luke Trapper, join forces and stop at nothing to rescue a kidnapped girl from a gang of international criminals headed up by Maddy Hayes.

Reception
Ratings collected from film review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes.

References

Action film series
English-language films
WWE Studios films
20th Century Studios franchises


title: Quri (disambiguation)

text:
Quri may refer to:

 Quri, a village in the Khesht Rural District, Khesht District, Kazerun County, Fars Province, Iran
 Quri (Lima-Junín), a mountain on the border of the Lima Region and the Junín Region, Peru
 Quri (Paucartambo), a mountain on the border of the Paucartambo Province and the Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru
 Quri (Quiquijana), a mountain in the Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru
 Quri, Neyriz, a village in the Deh Chah Rural District, Poshtkuh District, Neyriz County, Fars Province, Iran


title: Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's pommel horse

text:
The men's individual pommel horse exercise competition of the 2014 Commonwealth Games took place on July 31 at the SSE Hydro arena in Glasgow, Scotland.

Results

Qualification

Qualification took place on July 28 as part of the team and individual qualification event.

Final

References

External links
Official results

Gymnastics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Hossein Shahshahani

text:
Hossein Shahshahani (also known as Seyyed Hossein Shahshahani) () (1895 – 19 March 1962) was a prominent judge, scholar of Islamic Law and expert of historical documents and manuscripts of Iran.

Early life and education
Shahshahani was born in Isfahan, Iran in 1895 to a prominent and pious family where he received his preliminary and traditional education. His mother was from Allameh Majlesi family and his father was Seyyed Mohammad Sadr Shah Alaee, a religious scholar in Isfahan and a grandson of Shah Alaeddin Mohammad.

He moved to Tehran when he was 17 and subsequently traveled to Najaf where he pursued for seven years his education in advanced Islamic law and jurisprudence. He worked with several Islamic scholars, including Mirza Hossein Naini. This qualified him to be mujtahid who was recognized as an Islamic scholar competent in interpreting Islamic law independently.

Judicial career
Upon returning to Iran in 1921, initially he taught jurisprudence at the Advanced School of Trade (Madrasse-e Aali-e Tejarat) in Tehran.  He was then invited by Ali-Akbar Davar, the founder of Iran's modern legal code, to take major responsibilities in the newly established Ministry of Justice of Iran.

His judiciary career took almost 30 years, during which time he served in various positions and moved up the hierarchy to the counselor of the Supreme Court (Divan-e Aali-e Keshvar). He was also the head of the Organization for Registration of Deeds and Properties.

Shahshahani was the permanent member from the Ministry of Justice in the commission that functioned as the inspector general appointed by Reza Shah. Toward the end of his career, in 1952 and 1953 (1331 and 1332), he served as the assistant Minister of Interior and the deputy Minister of Justice when he worked more closely with the Prime Minister, Dr. Mohammad Mosaddegh.

In recognition and appreciation of his superior service and dedication, he received several certificate and medals from the Shah. The medals included Order of the Crown.

Shahshahani had close relationships with most members of the Mosaddegh Cabinet. He was in charge of the Ministry of Justice when Mosaddegh traveled to The Hague to attend the International Court of Justice that was dealing with the nationalization of the Iranian Oil Industry. Shahshahani was also well respected by the clergy and the religious authorities. For example, he had written correspondence and personal meetings with Seyyed Hossein Tabatabaie Borujerdi in Qum.

Historical documents

Shahshahani was one of the few people who could read, understand and analyze the significance of rare and unique archival material and historical documents and deeds (firmans). They included firmans, manuscripts and calligraphy, hand written orders by kings and rulers, usually in cursive and writing of high historical and aesthetic value. He loved collecting such documents that were sometimes in poor shape. He spent countless hours to read, repair, understand, evaluate and at times frame them.

Shahshahani's valuable collection of such items which included more than 285 firmans and documents were given to the Reza Abbasi Museum in Tehran in 1978 (1357).

Work with scholars
Shahshahani gave close access to his friends and academic experts to study and review his collection for research, analysis and documentation purposes. He helped these people in reading and understanding the often difficult contents of these documents. Most of these scholars have kindly referenced him in their published works.

They include Agha Bozorg Tehrani, (the author of Azzari-a), Jalal al-Din Muhaddis, Dr. Manuchehr Sotudeh, Iraj Afshar, Ali Naghi Monzavi, the French scholar and author Jean Aubin, Dr. Horst Walther from Germany and references made by Louis Massignon.

Shahshahani helped Jean Aubin in his research efforts and made available to him some of his collection related to Aq Qoyunlu and Kara Qoyunlu periods. Jean Aubin's research results were published in Tehran in 1955 both in French and Persian languages as:

Jean Aubin, Archives persanes commentees.

 Note sur quelques documents Aq Qoyunlu, dans Melanges Massignon, I, pp. 9–35 (sous presse).
 Note preliminaire sur les archives du Takya du Tchima-rud.
 (En preparation:) Deux recueils d'insha dédies au vizir timoride Ghiyathu-'d-Din Pir Ahmad Khwafi.

Selected Research Works
Shahshahani published the following works:

 A Partial List of Shahshahani's Documents, mostly Ghajar Period, put together by Gholam Reza Farzanehpour, published in the Central Library of Tehran University "On Manuscripts," No I, ( Daftar-e Avval) 1961 (1339).
 A Decree From Nader Shah Dorrani, (Farmani az Nader Shah-e Dorrani), Iran Culture, (Fahang-e Iran Zamin), Vol 6: pp 159–163.
 The Endowment Document of Kashan Mir Emad Mosque, (Vaghfnameh Masjed-e Mir Emad-e Kashan), Iran Culture, (Fahang-e Iran Zamin), Vol 5: pp 22–50.
 Shahshahan Mausoleum and its Documents, (Bogh-e Shahshahan va Asnad-e An), Calendar of Iran, (Salnameh Keshvar-e Iran), Vol 12: pp 11–64.
 Shahshahani has written a book on Arabic words entitled: Precision in Words, (Daghayegh-e-Loghat). This unpublished book has an introduction, 28 chapters and a conclusion.

Works on Shahshahan Mausoleum

Shahshahani managed to revive and re-establish the identity of Shahshahan mausoleum during his judicial career. The mausoleum is a historical monument in Isfahan, Iran. It is located beside Jameh Mosque of Isfahan in the Shahshahan District on Ibn-e Sina Street. It is the burial place of a famous Sufi of Isfahan, Shah Alaeddin Mohammad. "The mausoleum was built between 1446 and 1448. Inside and outside of the mausoleum is decorated by plasterwork and tiling. Its dome, which had been destroying in the recent years, has been rebuilt."

Shahshahani battled in courts for many years to extricate the endowments of the Shahshahan mausoleum from unlawful occupiers. He repaired and rebuilt the mausoleum as an important historical building and constructed the Shahshahan School and Health Center beside it.

The monument belongs to the Timurid period. Shahshahani registered the site with the Iran Society For National and Historical Monuments under Registration Number 368 on February 21, 1949 (2 Esfand 1327).

Final years

Shahshahani retired in August 1953 (Mordad 1332) when Mosaddegh and his cabinet were removed from power in a coup. He spent the last 8 years of his life in writing and research on Iranian historical documents and manuscripts. He shared his knowledge and expertise with his friends and colleagues (Allahyar Saleh) and helped academicians and scholars with their research.

He was a member of the National Library and Archives of Iran affiliated with the National Commissions for UNESCO.

In an effort to further pursue his interest in historical documents, in January 1962, Shahshahani travelled by land to Europe through Istanbul. He visited museums and continued his travels to Geneva, Switzerland, where he died of heart attack on March 19, 1962 (28 Esfand 1340). Shahshahani is buried in the Shahshahan Mausoleum in Isfahan.

Shahshahani had six children who had advanced education and were professional. His only son, Dr. Ahmad Shahshahani, is an author and scholar who was a professor of Economics in Tehran University and California State University and is currently retired.

References

Further reading
Most Persian historical texts have made references to Shah Alaedin and Shahshahani and Shah Alaie families. The following are the most major references:
Malcolm, Sir John, History of Persia
Chardin, Jean, The Travels of Sir John Chardin, (1643-1713) to Persia, the section on Isfahan, Trans. by Hossein Oreizi, Isfahan, Rah-e Nejat Publisher, 1951 (1330), pp. 105–110.
Louis Massignon, works
Edward G. Browne, A Literary History of Persia, Vol. I, Trans. by Ali Pasha Saleh, Tehran, Parliament Printing Press, 1956 (1335), p. 660.

External links

1895 births
1962 deaths
20th-century Iranian judges
Writers from Isfahan
Iranian scholars


title: Samikssha Batnagar

text:
Samikssha Batnagar (born 12 January) is an Indian actress who was seen in various Hindi serials on Star Plus and Zee TV until 2014 in both supporting as well as lead roles. She did a cameo in Madhur Bhandarkar's Calendar Girls, released in the year 2015, marking her Bollywood debut and in 2017 she acted in the Shreyas Talpade-directed movie Poster Boys, opposite Bobby Deol, which is her first lead role opposite a popular actor.

Career

Career in television
Her biggest break was when she got to play the lead role in Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera (Star Plus). Followed by this, she appeared in Uttaran (Star Plus), Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev (Life OK), Baal Veer (SAB TV), Kum Kum Bhagya (Zee TV) and a few other well-known serials.

Movie debut
She cameoed in Madhur Bhandarkar's Calendar Girls in 2015. Followed by this, Batnagar finished shooting for the Shreyas Talpade directed Poster Boys, which features Sunny Deol and Bobby Deol as well as Shreyas Talpade himself in the lead role. In the movie, she played the character of Surajmukhi opposite Bobby Deol. The movie released on 8 September 2017. In the span of 2021 and 2022, Batnagar appeared in Black Rose, Dhoop Chhaon and Anth The End. She was praised for her brilliant performance in Anth The End, and was said to have one of the best performances in Dhoop Chhaon.

Filmography

Films

Television

Theatre

References

External links

Living people
Indian television actresses
Indian soap opera actresses
Actresses from Dehradun
Year of birth missing (living people)
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Hindi television
Indian stage actresses
21st-century Indian actresses


title: Oka Giner

text:
Okairy Alejandra Giner Arredondo (born November 30, 1992), known professionally as Oka Giner, is a Mexican actress who gained popularity for her debut role as Bárbara Fuenmayor in the 2013 Mexican television series, Gossip Girl: Acapulco.

Early life
Giner was born in Camargo, Chihuahua. As a child, she participated in beauty pageants. When she was 17 years old, she modeled locally, appearing in photo shoot for the online newspaper "El Diario de Chihuahua" in 2010. She also studied Polynesian dances such as Hawaiian and Tahitian for 11 years. Giner showed an interest in performing from an early age, directing and acting in plays with her cousins during family gatherings. Later, she enrolled at Autonomous University of Chihuahua, where she majored in Communication sciences.

Acting career
Giner studied briefly at university, but soon left and successfully auditioned for the Centro de Educación Artística, the free drama school run by  Televisa. In January 2012, she moved from Camargo to Mexico City to attend school. While attending CEA, Giner gained acting experience by performing various in student-run productions. During her first year at CEA, she heard about an audition for producer Pedro Torres' latest project, Gossip Girl: Acapulco, a Spanish-language remake of the hit American series. Actress Mariana Van Rankin was originally cast as Bárbara Fuenmayor and filmed a short pilot episode. When she later dropped out, producers recast the role. Giner originally attended the casting call hoping to gain experience for future auditions. Although she had little professional training and no professional acting experience, she was cast in one of two lead roles. Giner was the last actor to audition and be cast in the series. The entire cast was officially announced in January 2013. Gossip Girl: Acapulco began filming in various locations in Acapulco, Mexico on January 21, 2013 and ended in May of that year. The show premiered exclusively on the subscription service channel, Golden Premier, on August 5, 2013. In spite of the show's success in Mexico, it was not renewed for a second season and was officially cancelled on January 14, 2014.

Following the completion of filming and promotion for Gossip Girl: Acapulco, Giner returned to CEA to begin her second year of school in July 2013. In March 2014, she auditioned for a lead role in the Televisa telenovela, Hasta el fin del mundo, but did not receive a part. She was instead cast in a recurring role in another series, Señorita Pólvora, in July 2014.

In September 2013, she was announced as a new celebrity spokesmodel for "Always Platinum", appearing in commercials for the brand in Mexico. Her short film, M de iMportante, was released on her official Twitter account via Vimeo in July 2014.

Giner then appeared in the Telemundo telenovela Bajo el mismo cielo which began airing on July 28, 2015. Its premiere episode garnered the highest ratings on Telemundo for a telenovela in 3 years. On August 8, 2015, she began filming the Telemundo telenovela drama ¿Quién es quién?, moving to Miami for the show's production. The telenovela premiered on October 26, 2015 on Gala TV in Mexico.

Personal life
On December 10, 2022, Giner married comedian Nacho Redondo after three years of dating.

Filmography

Films

Television

Music video appearances

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Talent Agency Profile

1992 births
Living people
Mexican television actresses
Mexican film actresses
Actresses from Chihuahua (state)
21st-century Mexican actresses
People from Camargo, Chihuahua


title: Every Girl

text:
Every Girl may refer to:

Every Girl (album), by Trisha Yearwood, 2019
"Every Girl" (Stellar song), 2000
"Every Girl" (Young Money song), 2009
"Every Girl", a 2014 song by Allah-Las

See also


title: Police corruption in Mexico

text:
Police corruption in Mexico is currently one of the greatest challenges facing Mexican law enforcement agencies and politics. Corruption within Mexico is spurred on by high unemployment rates, low wages, and the widespread prevalence of drug trafficking.

History of corruption
Corruption in Mexico has its roots in colonial times. With the arrival of conquistadors, the Spanish crown began assigning offices of power to certain wealthy and influential people. These offices were often short-lived because officials were charged with collecting revenue, maintaining order, and sustaining their regions while relying on only local sources of wealth and sustenance. People began to learn how to manipulate their local political leaders and would hold fiestas to gain favor with political leaders. This system of bribery and purchasing one's way into power and influence continued into post-colonial times, where the Mexican society organized itself into a pyramid-like hierarchy with the rich and powerful at the top . After independence, corruption was used not only as a means of advancement but also as a means to provide goods and services . In this way, corruption became a method for lowly-paid bureaucrats to raise revenue in order to boost infrastructural and social projects as well as supplement incomes.

Causes of corruption in Mexico

Social advancement and economic survival
Some corruption exists as a means to either boost ones standing in the local community or to supplement the extremely low incomes that most of the Mexican population receive. Many Mexican officials use corruption to either boost their social influence or to boost their income. Corruption can also be caused by a desire to manipulate and influence other people.

Corruption in the police
Corruption in the Mexican police can take many forms; it ranges from taking bribes and ignoring crimes to active participation in criminal activity such as extortion, drug-trafficking, and assassination. The Mexican police are notorious for their corruption that is evident on all levels of law-enforcement, local and federal. Some Mexican police officers enter law-enforcement not because of a genuine interest in policing but because of ulterior motives. Some join to escape criminal pasts in other states, others join to earn some money before moving onto other business ventures, while others join to increase their criminal networks, allowing them to boost drug, spread crime, and increase connections for distribution.

Effects of police corruption
There are several resulting effects of widespread police corruption. Over 92% of crimes go unreported or are not investigated according to Mexico’s 2012 National Survey on Victimization and Perception of Public Security.  More than two thirds of Mexican citizens believe that some or all Mexican Police officers are corrupt.  43% of Mexican citizens believe that corruption is the main obstacle facing successful law-enforcement.  Many people have reported bribing the police, even for minor incidents such as illegal parking and other traffic violations.  Mexico's business officials have noted that police corruption has had a severely negative influence on business and economic progress. Police corruption is also, in part, to blame for the continued spread of illicit narcotics and the growth of the drug manufacturing and distribution industries.

Efforts to stop corruption
The Mexican government claims to have taken many steps to combat corruption. Despite these efforts, even when individual cases of corruption are reported, the matter is seldom investigated and almost never prosecuted.

References

http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/951127/lomnitz.shtml
http://business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/the-americas/mexico/snapshot.aspx

http://www.kentlaw.edu/perritt/courses/seminar/joanna-benjamin-Seminar%20Paper-final.htm
http://www.transparency.org/country#MEX
https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/mexico/

Corruption in Mexico
Law enforcement in Mexico
Mexico


title: Qullqayuq

text:
Qullqayuq (Quechua qullqa, deposit, storehouse, -yuq a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with a deposit", Hispanicized spelling Culcayoc) is a mountain in the Cordillera Central in the Andes of Peru, about  high. It is situated in the Lima Region, Huarochiri Province, San Mateo District. Qullqayuq lies south of Quri, southwest of the lake named Wallaqucha and northwest of Qarwachuku of the Paryaqaqa or Waruchiri mountain range.

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Lima Region


title: The 13 Cold-Blooded Eagles

text:
The 13 Cold-Blooded Eagles is a 1993 Hong Kong wuxia film produced and directed by Chui Fat and starring Waise Lee and Cynthia Khan. The film is a remake of the 1978 film, The Avenging Eagle.

Plot
During a cold day, the disciples of the Shinshu Religion madly robs a village and hides in the forest. Suddenly, a group of martial arts experts named the "13 Cold-Blooded Eagles" dash in and kill the disciples. After killing them, the 13 Cold-Blooded Eagles return to the Flying Eagle Fort and report to their foster father Yue Xihong (Yen Shi-kwan). Yue then commands them to kill Monster (Chung Fat), leader of Shinshu and take his "Seven Stars Reserpine Technique" manual. The 13 Cold-Blooded Eagles ride up to peak of Hua Mountain where Monster resides. There, the eagles corner Monster at the edge of the cliff while Monster grabs Silver Eagle Qi Yingming (Lau Chi-wai) and falls off the cliff together. Monster dies afterwards while Qi was heavily injured but was rescued by Quihua (Cynthia Khan) and takes him back to her estate. There Quihua nurses Qi back to health and Qi returns to the Flying Eagle Fort while not Quihua his true identity. Yue discovers that the manual is in the hands of Ao Tianheng and he orders his disciples to assassinate Ao and take the manual. Qin thinks that Ao had never committed any evil deeds in the jianghu community and should not victimise an innocent man but he had to obey his mentor. In a hut, the sickly Ao was meditating before three of the eagles come in from the window. Ao's daughter Quihua draws her sword to protect her father and battle the five eagles. Red Eagle (Waise Lee), White Eagle (Wan Seung-lam), Gold Eagle (Anthony Cho) and Black Eagle (Ng Ting-ko) comes to assist. Just as Quihua was losing support, a taoist priest comes to rescue her and strikes Red Eagle into a hole in the ground. While inside the hole, Red Eagle find his father who was struck in by Yue twenty-years ago. Red Eagle's father passes him his inner qigong before dying. The angered Red Eagle runs back to the Flying Eagle Fort where he exposes Yue's evil deeds in front of everyone. However, he was blinded by a condor trained by Yue. Seeing how Red Eagle cannot die in peace, Qi feels very conflicting. Later, Yuen orders Qi to go to Sunflower Island to kill its leader and take the manual away. However, Qi discovers that Quihua is the leader of the island and was reluctant to kill her and decided to let her go but was stop by his fellow eagles. Together with Quihua, Qi kills all the eagles and leaves Sunflower Island with her while being chased by Yue. Desperate to escape, Quihua throws the manual into a rapid river where Yue jumps in. A few days later, Qi and Quihua arrive at the Flying Eagle Fort to seek vengeance on Yue. Qi was heavily wounded after the battle while Quihua uses all of inner qigong to push a boutique of lilies that stab into Yue and kills him. The distressed Qi then holds Quihua's corpse and slowly walks up the hill while facing the sun.

Cast
Waise Lee as Shima Yufeng (Red Eagle)
Cynthia Khan as Quihua
Wan Seung-lam as White Eagle
Lau Chi-wai as Qi Yingming (Silver Eagle)
Anthony Cho as Gold Eagle
Ng Ting-ko as Black Eagle
Yen Shi-kwan as Yue Xihong
Chung Fat as Shinshu Monster
Tin Ching

Critical reception
Kung Fu Cinema rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and gave a relatively positive review, writing "With decent production values and some gorgeous outdoor backdrops, The 13 Cold-Blooded Eagles is visually appealing. Add to that a solid story and plenty of exciting wirework action, the film manages to be a cut above the competition. Had the editing been more controlled or the characters fleshed out, the film could have been better."

References

External links

The 13 Cold-Blooded Eagles at Hong Kong Cinemagic

1993 films
1993 action films
1993 martial arts films
Hong Kong action films
Hong Kong martial arts films
Wuxia films
Kung fu films
1990s Cantonese-language films
Remakes of Hong Kong films
Hong Kong films about revenge
1993 directorial debut films
1990s Hong Kong films


title: The Belt

text:
The Belt () is a 1989 Italian erotic drama film directed by  Giuliana Gamba. It is based on the drama play with the same name by Alberto Moravia.

Cast
Eleonora Brigliadori: Bianca Ravelli
James Russo: Vittorio Di Simone
Giuliana Calandra: Bianca's Mother
Riccardo Salvino: Prof. Achille Biondelli
Anna Bonaiuto: The Judge
Lidia Broccolino: Bianca's Friend
Ivano Marescotti: Friend of Bianca's Mother

References

External links

1989 films
Italian erotic drama films
BDSM in films
1980s erotic drama films
Films based on works by Alberto Moravia
1989 crime drama films
Films scored by Nicola Piovani
1980s Italian-language films
1980s Italian films


title: Shelley Rae

text:
Shelley Rae (born 1 June 1976) is a former English female rugby union player. She represented  at the 2002 and 2006 Women's Rugby World Cup. Rae retired from international rugby in 2008. She scored her first try in 2001 when  beat  22-17 in Auckland, a side that previously went undefeated for 10 years. She also won the IRB Female Player of the Year Award in 2001.

References

1976 births
Living people
England women's international rugby union players
English female rugby union players
Rugby union players from Cambridge
Wasps Women rugby players
Rugby union fly-halves