title: Aeollanthus

text:
Aeollanthus (rocksage) is a genus in the mint family, Lamiaceae. All the species are native to Africa.

Species
 Aeollanthus abyssinicus Hochst. ex Benth. – Ethiopia
 Aeollanthus alternatus Ryding – Tanzania, Zambia
 Aeollanthus ambustus Oliv. – Central African Republic, Zaïre, South Sudan, Uganda
 Aeollanthus angolensis Ryding – Angola
 Aeollanthus angustifolius Ryding – Cameroon, Central African Republic, Nigeria
 Aeollanthus breviflorus De Wild. – Zaïre, Angola, Zambia
 Aeollanthus buchnerianus Briq. – from Zaïre and Uganda south to South Africa
 Aeollanthus candelabrum Briq. – Angola
 Aeollanthus caudatus Ryding – Angola
 Aeollanthus cucullatus Ryding – Cameroon, Nigeria
 Aeollanthus densiflorus Ryding – South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania
 Aeollanthus elsholtzioides Briq. – Angola, Namibia
 Aeollanthus engleri Briq. – Cameroon, Zaïre, Angola, Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi
 Aeollanthus fruticosus Gürke – Zaïre, Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi
 Aeollanthus haumannii van Jaarsv. – Namibia
 Aeollanthus holstii Gürke – Zaïre, Tanzania, Rwanda
 Aeollanthus homblei De Wild – Zaïre, Zambia
 Aeollanthus lisowskii Ryding – Zaïre
 Aeollanthus lobatus N.E.Br. – Angola
 Aeollanthus myrianthus Baker – from Ethiopia south to Mozambique
 Aeollanthus namibiensis Ryding – Namibia
 Aeollanthus neglectus (Dinter) Launert – Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Transvaal
 Aeollanthus paradoxus (Hua) Hua & Briq. – Senegal, Mali, Guinea
 Aeollanthus parvifolius Benth. – Mozambique, Eswatini, South Africa
 Aeollanthus petiolatus Ryding – Zaïre
 Aeollanthus pinnatifidus Hochst. ex Benth. – Ethiopia
 Aeollanthus plicatus Ryding – Angola
 Aeollanthus pubescens Benth. – western + central Africa from Liberia to Angola
 Aeollanthus rehmannii Gürke – eastern + southern Africa from Tanzania to South Africa
 Aeollanthus repens Oliv. – western Africa from Sudan to Mozambique
 Aeollanthus rivularis Hiern – Angola
 Aeollanthus rydingianus van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk – Namibia
 Aeollanthus saxatilis J.Duvign. & Denaeyer – Zaïre
 Aeollanthus sedoides Hiern – Angola
 Aeollanthus serpiculoides Baker – Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe
 Aeollanthus stuhlmannii Gürke – Tanzania
 Aeollanthus suaveolens Mart. ex Spreng. – central southern Africa
 Aeollanthus subacaulis (Baker) Hua & Briq. – central Africa from Cameroon and Tanzania south to Zimbabwe
 Aeollanthus subintegrus Ryding – Zaïre, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia
 Aeollanthus trifidus Ryding – Nigeria, Cameroon
 Aeollanthus tuberosus Hiern – Angola
 Aeollanthus ukamensis Gürke – Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi
 Aeollanthus viscosus Ryding – Mozambique, Zimbabwe
 Aeollanthus zanzibaricus S.Moore – Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia

References

Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae genera
Flora of Africa


"Civilized" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness () is an article published by Sigmund Freud in 1908, in the journal Sexual-Probleme ("Sexual Problems").

Referencing Christian von Ehrenfels' distinction between cultural and natural sexual morality, Freud explains the etiological significance of cultural sexual morality as a reason for neurosis. At the beginning, Freud states that cultural sexual mores impose constraints on the individual, which can cause damage to the person, which in turn threatens the culture as a whole.  While von Ehrenfels argues primarily on the basis of Social Darwinism, saying social sexual morality may prevent male sexual selection in reproduction, Freud focuses on the consequences of socially-imposed repression of the sexual instinct as a cause of neurosis.

Culture is based on renunciation of drives. There is therefore a tension between a person's body, which seeks fulfilment of drives, and the demands of culture to renounce desire.  Those who cannot conform to these requirements imposed by society are either viewed as criminals and perverts - if they cannot fulfil society's demand for renunciation - or escape into neurosis when the drives are suppressed to such an extent that neurotic substitute pleasures are developed in their stead. Neurosis is thus the negative counterpart of perversion, "because they [neurotics] have the same appetites as the positive perverts in a 'repressed' state."

Freud said that the "perverse" part of the libido is caused by a disturbance in development. The libido was originally meant for deriving pleasure, not only at the genitals but also at other erogenous zones; but education has the purpose of limiting autoeroticism and directing love towards objects other than oneself, finally achieving the "primacy of genitals put into the service of procreation". Thus Freud was one of the first people who said that sexuality by itself does not generate any internal conflict, and explained that the conflict arises only through interaction with the outside world, with its social norms and its expectation of repression of instincts, which leads to disease (repression thesis). The suppressed perverse drives are ideally channeled through sublimation and harnessed for cultural work. The sex drive in humans is aperiodic and is divorced from reproduction. Therefore, it can be metonymically shifted and applied to other areas. Thus, culture benefits to a great extent - and is even dependent - on sexual energy that is redirected through sublimation. Therefore, Freud concluded that a complete renunciation of the sex drive is detrimental to culture. Abstinence only produces "brave weaklings", but not great thinkers with bold ideas. Freud thus describes the dilemma of culture, which simultaneously calls for renunciation while still needing the sexual instinct to preserve itself. The repression model that imposes cultural sexual morality should therefore be abandoned in favor of a sublimation, displacement, and distribution model of sexual energies.

Notes

References

External links
Full text in German
Excerpts on Google Books (2014. . )

Essays by Sigmund Freud
1908 essays
Sexuality
Sexuality and society


title: Twickenham Park

text:
Twickenham Park was an estate in Twickenham in south-west London.

History
The New Park of Richmond, later called Twickenham Park, passed to Edward Bacon in 1574 and to the English philosopher, Francis Bacon, in 1593. In 1608 the property passed to Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford. The courtier and poet Cecily Bulstrode died at Twickenham Park on 4 August 1609. In 1618 the Countess Bedford gave it to a relative, Sir William Harrington, Member of Parliament for Hertford. Harrington sold it to Mary Home, Countess of Home, a cousin of Lady Bedford, in 1621.

The property was acquired from the Countess of Home by Sir Thomas Nott, a Royalist Army officer, in 1640. Nott remained there until 1659 when he sold it to a Mr Henry Murray. In 1668 Murray sold it to John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton, another Royalist Army officer, who died in 1678.

In 1685 the Berkeley family sold the property to Robert Brudenell, 2nd Earl of Cardigan. The property was then bought by Sir Thomas Vernon, Member of Parliament for Whitchurch, in 1698 and by Algernon Coote, 6th Earl of Mountrath in 1743.

In 1766 the property passed to the Harriet Pelham-Holles, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, who set about mixed farming in the park, and in 1788 it passed to Lord Frederick Cavendish, a British Army officer.

Following Cavendish's death in October 1803 the house passed to Sir William Abdy, 7th Baronet. Abdy sold the house at auction to Francis Gosling who in turn demolished it in 1809.

References

Sources
"VERNON, Thomas (1666–1726), of Twickenham Park, Mdx." in Hayton, D  W; Cruickshanks, Eveline; Handley, Stuart. (eds.) (2002) The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1690–1715. Boydell and Brewer.

Country houses in London
History of Middlesex
History of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Twickenham
Demolished buildings and structures in London
Buildings and structures demolished in 1809
Houses in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames


title: Aeollanthus saxatilis

text:
Aeollanthus saxatilis, the Katangan rocksage, is a species of plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is endemic to the Katangan Copperbelt in Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is an absolute metallophyte, living on rocky steppes with copper-rich soils. It is threatened by surface mining activities.

References

Lamiaceae
Near threatened plants
Endemic flora of the Democratic Republic of the Congo


title: Jack Butterfield (baseball)

text:
John Butterfield (August 5, 1929 – November 16, 1979) was an American college baseball coach and professional baseball executive.  Butterfield grew up in Westborough, Massachusetts and played college baseball for Maine in the early 1950s and later was the head coach at Maine and South Florida.  In the late 1970s, he became an executive in the New York Yankees organization before he died in a car crash in November 1979.

Coaching career

Maine
Butterfield's coaching career began at Maine in 1956, when he assisted head coach Walter Anderson and coached the school's junior varsity team.  For the 1957 season, Butterfield was named the head coach.  He held the position from 1957–1974 and compiled an overall record of 240-169-2.

Maine's best season under Butterfield was 1964, when the team went 21-8 and won the Yankee Conference outright to qualify for the program's first NCAA tournament.  In the best-of-three District 1 Regional held in Boston, Maine swept Northeastern in two games to advance to the College World Series.  There, Maine won its opening game against Seton Hall, 5-1, before dropping its second to Minnesota, 12-0.  In the loser's bracket, the Black Bears defeated Arizona State and USC but were eliminated by Missouri and finished third.  Butterfield was named NCAA Coach of the Year, and Joe Ferris was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player.

In Butterfield's 17 seasons at Maine, the team won eight Maine State Series (a competition between Maine, Bowdoin, Colby, and Bates) and shared three other Yankee Conference titles, but did not qualify for another NCAA tournament.

Butterfield's players at Maine included Major Leaguers John Cumberland and Bert Roberge, college head coach Jack Leggett, baseball executive Bill Livesey, and New York Yankees manager Carl "Stump" Merrill.  Butterfield coined Merrill's nickname during his freshman season in 1963.

South Florida
Following the 1974 season, Butterfield left Maine to become the head coach at South Florida (USF), in part due to tension with Maine's administration over the program's funding.  He coached at USF for two seasons (1975–1976) and had an overall record of 61-24-1.  At USF, future Toronto Blue Jays manager Carlos Tosca was Butterfield's equipment manager.

Head coaching record
Below is a table of Butterfield's yearly records as a collegiate head baseball coach.

Professional baseball
In 1976, Butterfield left USF at the request of Yankees owner George Steinbrenner to become a scout for New York.  The following year, he was named the organization's Director of Player Development and Scouting, a position he served in for the next three seasons.

Death
Early on November 16, 1979, Butterfield was killed in a car crash in Paramus, New Jersey.  His car crashed into a street sweeper stopped on the side of road.  Steinbrenner said of his death: "The magnitude of our loss cannot be expressed in words.  He was the epitome of what you'd look for in a teacher of young men."

Personal

Family
Butterfield's son, Brian, played for him at Maine for one season and is currently a Major League Baseball coach for the Los Angeles Angels.  Brian has also spent time as a coach with the Toronto Blue Jays and Boston Red Sox and in the Yankees and Diamondbacks minor league systems.  Butterfield's brother, Jim, assisted him at Maine from 1957–1959 and later became the head football coach at Ithaca.  Jim was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1997.

Awards named after
Following Butterfield's death in 1979, two awards were named for him.  At Maine, the Jack Butterfield Memorial Scholarship is given to baseball players who "have demonstrated academic proficiency, athletic leadership and the high ideals and standards" of Butterfield.  Past recipients include Major Leaguers Mike Bordick, Mark Sweeney, Bill Swift, and Larry Thomas.  Also, the New England Intercollegiate Baseball Association (NEIBA) gives the Jack Butterfield Award to a coach who exhibits "integrity and dedication to the game."  Past recipients include Maine's John Winkin, Vermont's Bill Currier, and Northeastern's Neil McPhee.

References

1929 births
1979 deaths
Maine Black Bears baseball players
Maine Black Bears baseball coaches
South Florida Bulls baseball coaches
Cleveland Indians scouts
New York Yankees executives
New York Yankees scouts
People from Westborough, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Worcester County, Massachusetts


title: Ponte Testaccio

text:
Ponte Testaccio is a bridge that links Largo Giovanni Battista Marzi to Lungotevere Portuense in Rome (Italy), in the Rione Testaccio and in the Quarter Portuense.

Description
The bridge, designed by architect Bastianelli and whose construction began in 1938, was intended to link the lengthening of Viale Aventino to Roma Trastevere railway station through the demolition of the former slaughterhouse; its name should have been Ponte d'Africa.
It was inaugurated in 1948.

It shows a single arch and is  long; four travertine low reliefs decorate its headboards.

Notes

Bibliography

Bridges in Rome
Stone bridges in Italy
Bridges completed in 1948
Rome R. XX Testaccio
Rome Q. XI Portuense


The 2014–15 Syracuse Orange men's basketball team represented Syracuse University during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Orange were led by thirty-ninth-year head coach Jim Boeheim and played their home games at the Carrier Dome in Syracuse, New York. They were second-year members of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC).

The Orange did not participate in the 2014–2015 postseason. The team self-imposed a postseason ban as a response to an ongoing NCAA investigation into potential past infractions by the team. Syracuse University initiated the case, which includes academics, when it self-reported potential athletic department violations to the NCAA in 2007. School officials said that none of the conduct occurred after 2012, and no current student-athlete is involved. The ban included the NCAA tournament, ACC tournament and NIT.

Preseason

Departures

Recruits

Preseason outlook

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#FF6F00; color:#212B6D;"| Exhibition

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#FF6F00; color:#212B6D;"| Regular season

|-
!colspan=12 style="background:#; color:white;"| ACC regular season

Rankings

2015–16 Recruiting

References

Syracuse Orange men's basketball seasons
Syracuse
Syracuse Orange men's b
Syracuse Orange men's b


title: Baltic hawker

text:
The Baltic hawker (Aeshna serrata) is a species of hawker dragonfly native to eastern Europe and western Asia.

References

Aeshnidae
Insects described in 1856


title: Alda Garrido

text:
Alda Palm Garrido (São Paulo, August 18, 1896 – Rio de Janeiro, December 8, 1970) was a Brazilian vaudeville actress. A comedian, she played the title role in Pedro Bloch's production Dona Xepa and then repeated the performance in the film, adapted in 1959.

Life and career
At the age of 19 Alda Garrido formed with her husband, actor Américo Garrido, the duo Dupla de Garridos, doing duets in São Paulo until 1920. They moved to the Rio de Janeiro and organized a theater company for Teatro América, debuting with Luar de Paquetá by Freire Jr. in 1924, remaining successfully in theaters for six months.

In 1923, the duo received an invitation to work with the entrepreneur Pascoal Segreto and his company, performing Ilha dos Amores, Quem Paga É o Coronel, both by Freire Jr., and Francesinha do Bataclan, by Gastão Tojeiro, among others. The season projected Alda Garrido in such a way that she was hired by vaudeville businessman Manoel Pinto, father of Walter Pinto, to work for Companhia Nacional de Revistas, at Teatro Recreio.

Alda's success in the genre makes her maintain a dual professional practice; on one side the usual comedies from her own production company, in which she works with her husband, on the other, the contracts with entrepreneurs in the vaudeville sector. But slowly, her company surrenders to the success of the musical theater, as in Brasil Pandeiro (1941), with text of her favorite author, Freire Jr. in partnership with Luiz Peixoto.

In 1939, entrepreneur Walter Pinto makes Garrido and Aracy Cortes, in the show Tem Marmelada, by Carlos Bittencourt and Cardoso de Meneses, to share the stage at Teatro Recreio for the last time. Among the most successful revues of her career are Maria Gasogênio, satire about the shortage of gasoline in the years of World War II, and Da Favela ao Catete, (1935) by Freire Jr. and Joubert de Carvalho. The actress creates a unique style of interpretation by transforming the text into improvisations that, according to Pedro Bloch, are in reality meticulously studied beforehand.

Style
The 1950s enshrine Alda Garrido as Dona Xepa, a successful play (1953) by Pedro Bloch. The actress becomes the symbol of Brazilianness, as shown in the following excerpt from journalist Jota Efegê: "The market vendor Dona Xepa, right up to Alda Garridos's artistic invoice, gives rise to a spontaneous performance where her intuition prevails in the composition of the figure. Going beyond the script, Alda steps in with her precious collaboration and graft her insightful 'shards'."

Decio de Almeida Prado, theater critic, reveals: "[...] Properly, not even an actress she is. An actress is a professional specialized in not being the same person twice. Alda Garrido is none of this. Her theatrical technique in psychological characterization is the most precarious. On the other hand, she has something much rarer: a genuinely comical personality. When she performs, the comic part is never on the character, but on the artist, on what she possesses as unmistakably inimitable. What we most admire is not the play, but the very Alda Garrido, with her irreverence and madness, which allows her to always behave in a less conventional way and common sense, which makes her find the most disconcertingly prosaic answer in every situation. Alda Garrido is much more than an actress, she is a great eccentric person, like one of those comic cinema and theater American artists such as Groucho Marx, and Danny Kaye."

Curiosities
 Alda debuts at Teatro Rival in 1912, with the play Das Cinco Às Sete, by Joracy Camargo, beside her husband Américo Garrido.
 In 1921, she starts her own theatrical company, eventually given the title "Queen of the Actresses" in 1928.
 In 1940, she makes her film debut in the movie E o Circo Chegou, directed by Luiz de Barros.
 In 1952, one of her plays is listed in The New York Times as one of the top ten hits of the year.
 In 1953, she acts in what would be her most famous role in Dona Xepa by Peter Bloch, a play staged over 500 times, later coming to television (1977) and cinema (1953).
 Alda abandons her career in 1965 with the play Entre Louras e Morenas.
 In 1970, she prepares her come back on Maria Fofoca but dies before the premiere, on December 8, 1970, in Rio de Janeiro.

References

External links

Alda Garrido at the Enciclopédia Itaú Cultural de Teatro

1896 births
1970 deaths
Actresses from São Paulo
Vaudeville performers


title: Cairo, Kansas

text:
Cairo is an unincorporated community in Pratt County, Kansas, United States.  It is located between the cities of Pratt and Cunningham, roughly 11 miles east of Pratt.

History
Cairo had a post office from 1887 until 1922. In 1910, the town's population was 30, and it had a station on the Wichita & Pratt division of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad. The town functioned as a shipment point for the surrounding countryside.

References

Further reading

External links
 Pratt County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Pratt County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Croft, Kansas

text:
Croft is an unincorporated community in Pratt County, Kansas, United States.  It is located approximately 20 miles southwest of Pratt.

History
Croft reported a population of 30 in 1910 and is located in the now-defunct Springvale Township of Pratt County, Kansas. It formerly hosted a station on the Wichita & Englewood division of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad. It had telephone connections, local trade, did some shipping and in 1910, reported a population of 30.  A post office was opened in Croft in 1907, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1961.

References

Further reading

External links
 Pratt County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Pratt County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Africariola

text:
Africariola is a monotypic genus in the family Tettigoniidae found in southern Africa. The single species is A. longicauda, the Richtersveld katydid.

References

Meconematinae
Tettigoniidae genera
Monotypic Orthoptera genera


title: Natrona, Kansas

text:
Natrona is an unincorporated community in Pratt County, Kansas, United States.  It is located six miles northeast of Pratt.

History
German-speaking Lutheran settlers hailing from Saxony began settling in northeastern Pratt County in the 1870s, moving south from around Ellsworth after their crops were eaten by birds. The town of Natrona was platted in 1887, and the life of the local German-speaking community centered around St. Paul's Lutheran Church located in the town after its construction in 1901. The original one-room church was moved and a new brick church, which continues to operate in the 21st century, built on its former site. The town had a population of 25 in 1910 and is located along the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad.

Natrona briefly had a post office, from 1888 until 1890. Natrona was briefly renamed Olympia in 1903 and the post office was reinstated under that name but the Olympia post office closed permanently in 1914 and the town's name reverted to Natrona.

References

Further reading

External links
 Pratt County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Pratt County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Khoj (1989 film)

text:
Khoj is a 1989 Bollywood mystery thriller directed by Keshu Ramsay, starring Rishi Kapoor, Naseeruddin Shah, Kimi Katkar in lead roles. This movie was released on 21 July 1989 and is based on the British movie Chase a Crooked Shadow (1957), which was an inspiration for the Bengali thriller Sesh Anka and One of My Wives Is Missing (TV Movie 1976). The film was remade in Telugu as Police Report and in Kannada as Agni Sakshi.

Plot
Ravi Kapoor (Rishi Kapoor) and his wife Anita are holidaying in Kathmandu. One night, Anita  disappears suddenly. Ravi goes searching her everywhere but in vain. He then files a police report about her missing status and Inspector Balveer Singh (Naseeruddin Shah) begins the search for her. The next day, Ravi gets a call from Father Anthony (Danny Denzongpa) saying that his missing wife is with him in the church, but when Ravi meets her, he claims that the woman is not his wife.

Inspector Balveer finds all the evidence is against Ravi, despite his attempts to prove otherwise. Who is this mysterious woman and why is she claiming to be Ravi's  wife?

Ravi still maintains that the woman is not Anita, however one-by-one all evidence seems to suggest otherwise. Starting with wedding photos, to Bobby Singh and Dr Saxena identifying the new woman as Anita, to eventually Ravi's daughter also identifying her, Ravi is not able to prove that she's not his wife.

Cast
Rishi Kapoor as Ravi Kapoor
Naseeruddin Shah as Inspector Balveer Singh
Kimi Katkar as Anita Kapoor
Satish Shah as Bobby Singh / Dobby Singh (Double Role)
Danny Denzongpa as Father Anthony
Om Shivpuri as Dr. Saxena
Sudha Shivpuri as Sudha Rana
Beena Banerjee as Gulabo Singh
Prema Narayan as Dancer in song "Aaj Ki Biwi"
Huma Khan as Dancer in song "Bolo Bolo"

Soundtrack

References

External links

1989 films
Films scored by Bappi Lahiri
1980s Hindi-language films
Indian mystery thriller films
Hindi remakes of Bengali films
Indian remakes of British films
Films directed by Keshu Ramsay
1980s mystery thriller films
Films set in Nepal
Films shot in Kathmandu
Films shot in Nepal


title: East Jackson High School

text:
East Jackson High School is the name of multiple secondary schools in the United States, among them:

 East Jackson Secondary School, in Jackson, Michigan
 East Jackson Comprehensive High School in Commerce, Georgia


title: Richtersveld katydid

text:
The Richtersveld katydid (Africariola longicauda) is a species of katydid that is endemic to the Richtersveld National Park in South Africa. It occurs in semi-arid habitats of the Karoo biotope. It is threatened by livestock grazing and climate change.

References

Meconematinae
Endemic insects of South Africa
Vulnerable animals
Vulnerable biota of Africa
Insects described in 1996
Monotypic Orthoptera genera


title: Drăgan European University of Lugoj

text:
"Drăgan" European University of Lugoj (DEU) is an institution of higher education, juridical person of private law and public use, part of the Romanian national system of education, located in Lugoj, Timiș County, Romania.

It was founded through the initiative and the resources of Professor Iosif Constantin Drăgan. The university has had a significant contribution to the revival of Lugoj, an old and traditional cultural center of Banat.

In 2012 the university underwent an external institutional evaluation performed by The Romanian National Council of Academic Evaluation and Accreditation of Higher Education Institutions (ARACIS) and was granted the Certificate of Trust.

The "Drăgan" European University of Lugoj falls under the third classification as "a university largely focused on education" in the Romanian higher education system.

History

"Drăgan" European University of Lugoj, as a modern institution of higher education, was set up on October 1, 1992.

The university is accredited by Law no. 100/ March 21, 2003, published in Official Monitor no. 184/ dated March 25, 2003.

In 2012, ensuing the external institutional evaluation made by ARACIS, the university was granted the Certificate of Trust as proof for the quality of the educational process and maintaining institutional accreditation.

Campus

On April 21, 1993 a stainless steel cylinder was buried at the foundation of the future building of Drăgan European University of Lugoj, containing a message signed by Professor Josif Constantin Drăgan, the founder of the university and by Virgil Turcan, the mayor of Lugoj at that time.

Professor Drăgan said on this occasion: "Today is a historic day, as it is the day in which the first corner stone is laid at the foundation of the new fortress in the city of Lugoj, whose old fortress fell in 1241. 750 years later, we are building a new fortress. Yesterday it was a defense fortress for the people, today it is a defense fortress of the spirit, of our contribution to universal science."

The building was completed in 1996.

The Marble Hall is 644 mp. The university also holds 4 large lecture rooms with 192 seats and 188 mp each, 2 lecture rooms with 58 seats and 64 mp each and one Aula Magna of 470 mp and holding 450 seats, equipped with a simultaneous interpretation system for three languages.

The university also holds 8 seminar rooms with 30 seats and 57 mp each, 2 IT and computing laboratories and 1 forensic laboratory. The semi-basement houses: the book storeroom, the reading room of 124 seating capacity, the students' project room and the students' Press Center.

On March 26, 1997, Professor Drăgan's effigy was set in the entrance hall of the university. This is a large mosaic (2,85 m height x 1,87 m width) carried out by the Italian craftsman Vittorio Venturelli from Pietrasanta. The work of art has been made of Murano mosaic according to the model.

Faculties

Faculty of Economics, with two accredited study programs:
 Finance and Banking (Bachelor Program)
 Financial Management (Master Program)

Faculty of Law, with two accredited study programs:
 Law (Bachelor Program)
 Criminal Investigation Management (Master Program)

Rectors
 2012 – present: Professor Persida Cechin-Crista, PhD
 2002 – 2012: Professor Nicu Trandafir, PhD
 1992 – 2002: Professor Emil Poenaru, PhD

Scientific research

Scientific research has become a strategic development objective, since "Drăgan" European University of Lugoj wishes to be an institution that focuses both on education and on research.

Academic recognition

In 2003 "Drăgan" European University of Lugoj was accredited by Law no. 100/ March 21, 2003, published in Official Monitor no. 184/ dated March 25, 2003, in recognition of the quality of the study programs and the research activity.

Affiliation and international relations

"Drăgan" European University of Lugoj is affiliated to European University Association (EUA).

See also

 List of universities in Romania

References

External links
 Official site
 Facebook official page

1992 establishments in Romania
Universities and colleges established in 1992
Universities in Romania
Buildings and structures in Lugoj


title: Joshua Eustis

text:
Joshua Leeds Eustis is an American musician, singer-songwriter and record producer, best known as the current sole member of electronic music act, Telefon Tel Aviv, since the death of bandmate Charles Cooper in 2009. He served as a touring member for industrial rock act Nine Inch Nails in 2013 and has collaborated heavily over the years with Maynard James Keenan's solo project Puscifer, for which he also served as a touring member. Eustis' solo project is Sons of Magdalene, of which he began releasing music under in 2008. He is also a founding member of the band The Black Queen.

Biography
Eustis formed Telefon Tel Aviv with high school friend Charles Cooper in 1999. The duo released their debut album, Fahrenheit Fair Enough, in 2001 through Hefty Records. This was followed by Map of What Is Effortless in 2004 and Immolate Yourself in 2009. On January 22, 2009, Charles Cooper died, leaving the future of Telefon Tel Aviv uncertain.

In 2011, Eustis co-produced Puscifer's second studio album, Conditions of My Parole. He also contributed to Puscifer's Donkey Punch the Night EP and All Re-Mixed Up remix album in 2013. In 2013, it was announced that Eustis would perform as a live member of Nine Inch Nails for the Tension 2013 tour. He mainly took the bass duties during the early tour, due to bassist Eric Avery's departure from the band. After bassist Pino Palladino's inclusion to the new line-up, he performed mainly on keyboards and different instruments accompanying key moments in some of the songs, such as the saxophone and erhu. In December 2013, it was announced that Eustis would not be performing with the band on the following 2014 tour.

In 2014, Eustis announced that he would release a full-length solo debut as Sons of Magdalene, a moniker adopted in 2007, when his father was diagnosed with cancer. The album, titled Move to Pain, was partially recorded before Cooper's death and was released on June 24, 2014, through Audraglint Recordings.

Starting from the beginning of 2015, Eustis became an active member of The Black Queen, along with Greg Puciato and Steven Alexander.

Eustis supported Tropic of Cancer's European tour from October 27 to November 13, 2015.

On January 4, 2016, it was revealed that Eustis would perform his first official concert as Telefon Tel Aviv on April 2, 2016, at Benjamin Wynn's concert at The Regent in downtown L.A.

Discography
With Black Light Burns
 Cruel Melody (2007)

As Second Woman
 Second Woman (2016)
 E/P (2017)
 S/W (2017)
 Instant/Apart (2018)

As The Black Queen
 The End Where We Start (2015)
 Ice To Never (2015)
 Fever Daydream (2016)
 Infinite Games (2018)

As Sons of Magdalene
 Ephemera EP (2008)
 Move to Pain (2014)
 Ecumenicals (2015)

With Telefon Tel Aviv

 Fahrenheit Fair Enough (2001)
 Map of What Is Effortless (2004)
 Immolate Yourself (2009)
 Dreams Are Not Enough (2019)

With Nine Inch Nails
 Hesitation Marks (2013)
Backing vocals on "I Would For You"
 Live 2013 (2013)

With Puscifer
 "V" Is for Vagina (2007)
 "C" is for (Please Insert Sophomoric Genitalia Reference HERE) (2009)
 Conditions of My Parole (2011)
 Donkey Punch the Night (2013)

Other contributions
 The Used – In Love and Death (2004)
 L'Altra – Different Days (2005)
 L'Altra – Telepathic (2010)

Remixes
 Nine Inch Nails – "The Frail (Version)" (2000) (as Benelli)
 A Perfect Circle – "3 Libras (Feel My Ice Dub)" (2000)
 A Perfect Circle – "Judith (Remix)" (2000)
 A Perfect Circle – "Weak And Powerless (Remix)" (2003)
 A Perfect Circle – "Weak And Powerless (Tilling My Grave Mix)" (2003)
 A Perfect Circle – "Judith (Renholdër Mix)"
 Marilyn Manson – "Irresponsible Hate Anthem (Venus Head Trap Mix)" (2005)
 Puscifer – "Rev 22:20 (Rev 4:20 Mix)" (2005)
 Puscifer – "Indigo Children (JLE Dub Mix)" (2008)
 Puscifer – "Monsoons (JLE Motorik Mix)" (2013)

References

External links

Living people
1977 births
American electronic musicians
Musicians from New Orleans
Intelligent dance musicians
Ambient musicians
American industrial musicians
American rock keyboardists
American rock bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American rock songwriters
American rock singers
American male singer-songwriters
Nine Inch Nails members
Record producers from Louisiana
American alternative rock musicians
Alternative rock bass guitarists
Guitarists from Louisiana
21st-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American bass guitarists
Black Light Burns members
Singer-songwriters from Louisiana


title: Owen Island (South Australia)

text:
Owen Island, formerly known as Rabbit Island and also known as Little Taylor Island, is an island in the Australian state of South Australia located in Spencer Gulf off the east coast of Jussieu Peninsula on Eyre Peninsula￼ approximately.  south-east of Port Lincoln.  Since 1972, the island has been part of the Lincoln National Park.

Description
Owen Island which is located approximately  south-east of Port Lincoln and is located  north of Taylor Island, has a maximum height of .  Sandy beaches exist on the island’s west side with a submerged sand spit near the island’s south-western point.  Sand dominates the island with wind-blown dunes extending beyond the limits of tide and storm surges which was reported in 1996 as ‘providing a bed for a high diversity of plants.  It is reported that the island is sheltered from the impact of the sea due to the closeness of the much larger Taylor Island plus the additional shelter offered by the mainland and other islands to the south.  As of 1996, it is reported as being accessible by boat.

Formation, geology and oceanography
Owen Island was formed about 6000 years ago when sea levels rose at the start of the Holocene.  The island is a granite outcrop capped with a residual layer of calcarenite.  The island rises from the seabed at  within  to  on its east side while on its west and south side while the same transition occurs over a distance of approximately .  The passage between the island’s south coast and Taylor Island is relatively shallow with a maximum charted depth of  due to both islands sharing the same geological base strata.

Flora and fauna
As of 1996, the flora is reported as consisting of two distinct areas.  The coastal sand supports plants such as grey saltbush, sea spurge and two-horned sea rocket.  The rest of the island supports a shrubland dominated by nitre bush and saltbush.  Other species observed in the shrubland included Australian hollyhock, black-anther flax lily, bower spinach, coastal lignum, karkalla, native juniper and variable groundsel.  As of 1996, the fauna was reported as consisting of the following vertebrates: five species of birds including Pacific gulls, rock parrots and a breeding colony of white-faced storm petrels, and one species of reptile, the southern grass skink.

Naming
The island was formerly known as Rabbit Island, however it was renamed under "the Crown Lands Act" around about 1960 in order to reportedly avoid confusion with the Rabbit Island located in Louth Bay.  The new name acknowledged the Owen family who was leasing Taylor Island at the time of the name change. The island is known "locally known as Little Taylor Island due to its close proximity to Taylor Island."

Protected areas status
Owen Island first obtained protected area status as a fauna conservation reserve declared under the Crown Lands Act 1929-1966 on 16 March 1967.  Since 1972, it has been part of the Lincoln National Park.

References

Islands of South Australia
Uninhabited islands of Australia
Spencer Gulf


title: P. nepalensis

text:
P. nepalensis may refer to:

 Pachykytospora nepalensis, a bracket fungus
 Pandanus nepalensis, an Old World monocot
 Parena nepalensis, a ground beetle
 Persicaria nepalensis, a flowering plant
 Phloeozeteus nepalensis, a ground beetle
 Phryno nepalensis, a tachina fly
 Phyllonorycter nepalensis, a Nepalese moth
 Piptanthus nepalensis, an Asian plant
 Plagiochila nepalensis, a liverwort with thin leaf-like flaps on either side of the stem
 Platambus nepalensis, a beetle native to the Palearctic
 Platynaspis nepalensis, a ladybird that feeds on scale insects
 Platynus nepalensis, a ground beetle
 Poecilosomella nepalensis, a small dung fly
 Potentilla nepalensis, a perennial plant
 Pristosia nepalensis, a ground beetle
 Pseudopostega nepalensis, a Nepalese moth
 Psilorhynchus nepalensis, a mountain carp
 Pterostichus nepalensis, a ground beetle
 Puccinia nepalensis, a plant pathogen


title: Baron du Potet

text:
Jules Denis, Baron du Potet or Dupotet de Sennevoy (12 April 1796 – 1 July 1881) was a French esotericist. He became a renowned practitioner of mesmerism—the theories first developed by Franz Mesmer involving animal magnetism.

Life
He was born at Sennevoy-le-Haut, the son of Charles Jean-Baptiste Dupotet, seigneur de La Chapelle et de Sennevoy, and  Pierrette Babeau Simone. He was married twice, to Aglaé Saunier in Paris in 1833, and the second time to Marie Isaure Hérault. He died in Paris and is buried in the Montmartre Cemetery.

Career
Du Potet was a highly successful mesmerist. Some attributed this to the fact he was missing the thumb on his right hand. His reputation was such, apparently, that a man was convicted of murder and executed based on evidence given by "one of Du Potet's clairvoyantes". He operated a free school of magnetism in Paris from 1826 on, and from 1837 to 1845 practised magnetic healing in London, where he successfully treated epileptic girls at the North London Hospital and according to a letter to the editor of The Lancet his experiments became the talk of the town.

For du Potet, who was in correspondence with mesmerists worldwide, mesmerism was, not unlike Utopian socialism, an aid in bringing about social transformation, even a revolution. An 1890 article in the English occult magazine Lucifer praises him as an ardent supporter of mesmerism whose "powerful voice" might have stopped the "travesty" of hypnotism.

Du Potet also pursued occult applications of mesmerism. Eliphas Levi praised him highly in his History of Magic, and said that magnetism had unlocked for him the secrets of magic. Unlike Levi, he believed that trance enabled contact with the dead and with never incarnated spirits, and his circle believed in remote influence by means of magnetic currents. He was a member of the Theosophical Society; his writings were quoted extensively by Helena Blavatsky, who regarded him as an adept. In The Discovery of the Unconscious, Henri Ellenberger considers him to have "developed ... delusions of grandeur".

Du Potet published and edited the Journal du magnetisme from 1845 to 1861. Books he wrote include Introduction to the Study of Animal Magnetism (1838) and La magie dévoilée et la science occulte (1852), a copy of which was owned by Victor Hugo.

Footnotes

References
 Gauld, A., A History of Hypnotism, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
 Harte, R., Hypnotism and the Doctors, Volume I: Animal Magnetism: Mesmer/De Puysegur, L.N. Fowler & Co., (London), 1902.
 Harte, R., Hypnotism and the Doctors, Volume II: The Second Commission; Dupotet And Lafontaine; The English School; Braid's Hypnotism; Statuvolism; Pathetism; Electro-Biology, L.N. Fowler & Co., (London), 1903.

External links
La magie dévoilée et la science occulte, 1852 edition at Bibliothèque nationale de France

1796 births
1881 deaths
Esotericists
French homeopaths
People from Yonne


title: List of Die Hard characters

text:
The characters in the Die Hard film series, including John McClane (played by Bruce Willis), are based on the 1979 novel Nothing Lasts Forever by Roderick Thorp.

Protagonists

John McClane

The reluctant hero in the series. John McClane is a New York City cop who finds himself taking on terrorists and saving his loved ones. In Die Hard, he gets invited to his wife's Christmas Party at Nakatomi Plaza in Los Angeles when the building she is in is under attack by terrorists led by Hans Gruber. McClane must stop his evil scheme before it is too late. McClane defeats the terrorists and thwarts Gruber's plan, sending him falling off the building. John and Holly reconcile and get back together.

In Die Hard 2, McClane now has a new problem and must battle anti-special forces mercenaries led by Colonel Stuart, who take over Dulles airport and leave several planes (including his wife Holly's) circling in the air running low on fuel, while also dealing with a difficult airport police captain. Once again, the day is saved when McClane takes out Stuart and his mercenaries by blowing up his plane with his Zippo lighter.

He is portrayed by Bruce Willis.

Holly Gennaro McClane
Holly McClane is John McClane's wife. Over the course of the series, their relationship becomes increasingly strained. They have two children together, John ("Jack") and Lucy. Holly is portrayed by actress Bonnie Bedelia in the first two films, Die Hard and Die Hard 2.

In Die Hard, Holly has recently moved to Los Angeles with Jack and Lucy to pursue a new career opportunity with Nakatomi Corporation. She is estranged from McClane, who decides to remain in New York City with the hope that Holly would return home.

In Die Hard 2, Holly and John appear to be on the path to reconciliation, although their relationship is far from perfect. Her role is significantly diminished from that of the first film.

Although Holly does not appear in Die Hard with a Vengeance, she is mentioned in dialogue. McClane makes an attempt to telephone her, and her voice is heard briefly on the phone. She still resides in Los Angeles and is still married to McClane.

In Live Free or Die Hard, cyber-terrorist Thomas Gabriel notes that McClane and Holly are now divorced.

In A Good Day to Die Hard, she is mentioned by John when John and Jack are on their mission.

Al Powell

Sgt. Al Powell was a cop who helps out McClane in the first two Die Hard films. In Die Hard on Christmas Eve he is sent to check Nakatomi Plaza to see if anything dangerous is going on. A terrorist falls out of one of the windows causing Powell to crash his car calling for more backup. He is played by Reginald VelJohnson.

Lucy McClane
Lucy is the daughter of John McClane & Holly Gennaro and the older sister of John "Jack" McClane Jr. She was estranged from her father, but during her college years in Rutgers University, she was kidnapped by cyber-terrorist Thomas Gabriel. After her father saves her and Matt Farrell, they seemed to be on speaking terms and that she changed her last name from Gennaro to McClane. Several years later, Lucy drove her father to the airport as he goes to Russia to investigate the arrest of her brother Jack. She was seen when John returns with Jack and she reunites with them after their adventure in Moscow and Chernobyl, Ukraine. She is portrayed by Mary Elizabeth Winstead.

In Live Free or Die Hard, Lucy tells her boyfriend that McClane is dead and calls herself "Lucy Gennero", her mother's maiden name. She is later kidnapped by cyber-terrorist Thomas Gabriel for leverage against her father. She proves to be resilient, tells her father the positions of Gabriel's men, and injures one when McClane is incapacitated. By the end of the film, she calls herself "Lucy McClane" and develops feelings for a hacker called Matt Farrell.

Winstead reprised her role for a cameo appearance in A Good Day to Die Hard. Since Live Free or Die Hard, she and John have mended their relationship. After Lucy drops her father off to the airport, she warns her father "not to screw up" when he travels to Russia. She later calls him while he's in the middle of a car chase and he has to hang up. She meets his plane when he returns with Jack and happily reunites with both.

Prior to Live Free or Die Hard, Lucy was featured in the video game Die Hard: Vendetta as a member of the Los Angeles Police Department.

John Jack McClane Jr.
John "Jack" Jr. is the son of John McClane and Holly Gennaro and the younger brother of Lucy McClane. He plays a main role in A Good Day to Die Hard. When Jack is arrested for an assassination in a nightclub in Moscow, McClane who has not spoken to his son for several years, goes to him to find out what happened to him. It is later revealed that Jack is a CIA operative set on a deep-cover mission in Russia that has lasted for three years without his father's knowledge. He is portrayed by Jai Courtney.

In Live Free or Die Hard, cyber-terrorist Thomas Gabriel calls him Jack, which is a common alternative nickname for "John" in the United States. In early drafts of the script of Live Free or Die Hard, John Jr. was set to be in the film.

In A Good Day to Die Hard, Jack is a CIA agent stationed in Russia to extricate Yuri Komarov, a political prisoner who had evidence against Viktor Chagarin in a file at Chernobyl. To get close to Komarov, he kills a Russian millionaire and asks to testify against Komarov for a shorter sentence. John McClane goes to Russia after finding out about Jack's arrest, but not his CIA mission or ties. Similar to daughter Lucy in Live Free or Die Hard, son Jack was estranged from his father.

Jack and his father gain admiration and respect for each other. They take down Komarov and his daughter Irina and discover their true plot of retrieving weapon-grade uranium from Chernobyl. Jack throws Komarov to death into the rotor-blades of Irina's helicopter, after he claims John will die.

Antagonists

Hans Gruber

Hans Gruber is the main antagonist of Die Hard. He is a cold and unpredictable ex-Volksfrei radical from Zittau in East Germany, who leads a gang of thieves who take over Nakatomi Plaza, imprisoning hostages as part of a scheme to heist $640 million in bearer bonds from the building's vault. His plan comes to a halt when John McClane kills three of his men and steals his bag of C-4 explosives. Gruber then sends Karl Vreski, Fritz, and Franco, to retrieve them, all the while dealing with the police and the hostages. Gruber meets McClane himself disguised as "Bill Clay", but is quickly discovered. A shootout with McClane ensues, and despite losing Fritz and Franco, he manages to retrieve the detonators and escape. He later discovers one of the hostages, Holly Gennaro, is McClane's wife, and keeps her as a hostage as he steals the bearer bonds. John McClane confronts Hans Gruber and his surviving henchman Eddie in the end and, although Gruber seems to have the upper hand, he is shot in the shoulder and falls out a window, still clinging to Holly. McClane saves his wife and Gruber falls to his death.

He was portrayed by Alan Rickman.

Karl Vreski
Karl Vreski is Hans Gruber's right-hand man, who leads the hunt for John McClane in Nakatomi Plaza. John seemingly kills Karl by hanging him from some chains. Karl survives and once more attempts to kill John, only to be shot dead by Al Powell.

He was portrayed by Alexander Godunov.

Theo
Theo is a computer hacker working for Hans Gruber who appears in Die Hard, and one of the group's only Americans. Theo is snarky and arrogant, often cracking jokes, even when others are killed. After the Nakatomi vault is opened, Theo attempts to prepare the terrorists' escape vehicle, only to be knocked unconscious by Argyle.

He was portrayed by Clarence Gilyard.

Eddie
Eddie is one of the terrorists working for Hans Gruber. During Sergeant Al Powell's inspection of the Nakatomi Plaza, Eddie disguises himself as a guard and convinces Powell nothing is wrong. Eddie ends up being one of the only remaining terrorists when Gruber holds Holly hostage, but is shot in the head by John.

He was portrayed by Dennis Hayden.

Others on Gruber's team
Gruber has 8 other men, besides the ones listed above, assisting him at Nakatomi Plaza on Christmas Eve.
Tony Vreski (Andreas Wisniewski), Karl's brother, disables the phone lines at the beginning of the invasion. Tony is the first of the terrorists to be killed by McClane, who unintentionally breaks his neck in a fight.
Franco (Bruno Doyon) is in charge of watching the hostages. He is shot in the knees by McClane, and then smashes his own head through a plate glass window as he falls, dying instantly. Franco and fellow accomplice Kristoff are both French.
Uli (Al Leong), an Asian, is notably seen eating a candy bar during the shootout with the SWAT team. He is gunned down by McClane while forcing the hostages onto the roof.
Fritz (Hans Buhringer) is a long-haired accomplice who is killed when McClane shoots him with a submachine gun.
Kristoff (Gerard Bonn) is Theo's assistant. He is pistol whipped by McClane, and it is left unclear if he survived. Like Franco, Kristoff is also French.
James (Wilhelm von Homburg) is one of the two men who fire the missile launcher. He is killed when McClane drops C4 down an elevator shaft leading to the floor James is on.
Alexander (Joey Pluwa) is other of the two who fire the missile launcher. He is killed in the C4 explosion alongside James.
Heinrich (Gary Roberts) is in charge of the C4 and detonators. He is the second to be killed by McClane, who then has a shootout with Marco.
Marco (Lorenzo Caccialanza) is an unhinged Italian accomplice. He is shot dead by McClane, who tosses Marco's body out a window and onto Powell's car.

William Stuart
Colonel William Stuart is the main antagonist of Die Hard 2. He is an ex-Special Forces commander who leads a troop of soldiers who takeover Dulles Airport and use makeshift equipment from a church to control all flights from the main command Center, and to free dictator General Ramon Esperanza from Val Verde. He first meets McClane by chance when the two accidentally bump into each other. Stuart takes total control of the airport when his men destroy the main antenna array, and he discovers John McClane is foiling his mission. In retaliation for the soldiers he lost, Stuart causes a plane to crash and he warns the control tower and McClane to stay away from his business. He later receives contact from General Esperanza that he is landing the plane and to turn on the runway lights so he can safely land. Stuart and his men arrive to see him, only to be ambushed by McClane. Luckily, a soldier traps McClane in the cabin and Stuart commands his men to throw grenades in the cockpit. It explodes but McClane was barely able to escape the plane, and Stuart was forced to flee as cop cars were approaching. Back at the church, Stuart prepared a "shootout" with Major Grant and escaped via snowmobile. Now having Esperanza and Grant at his side, they leave the United States for an island on a jet, but are pursued by McClane. He gets the chance to fist fight McClane on the plane's wing and wins by knocking him off the wing. Unfortunately for Colonel Stuart, he did not see McClane pull the latch and cause fuel to leak, and Stuart is killed as the plane explodes.

He is portrayed by William Sadler.

Ramon Esperanza
General Ramon Esperanza is a cruel South American dictator and drug lord of the Republic of Val Verde.

He is portrayed by Franco Nero.

Major Grant
Major Grant is a corrupt Army special forces commander who appears in Die Hard 2.

He is portrayed by John Amos.

Simon Gruber
Simon Peter Gruber (alias Peter Krieg) is the main antagonist of Die Hard with a Vengeance. He is Hans Gruber's older brother, who at first seems to be avenging his brother's death from the first film. A puzzler, Simon makes John McClane play a twisted version of Simon Says. After a bomb destroyed a department store in Manhattan, Simon calls the NYPD Headquarters, taking responsibility for the bomb. He then orders the police to send John McClane to Harlem wearing a racist sign that reads "I Hate Niggers". Simon then orders John and his new partner shopkeeper Zeus Carver to reach a nearby telephone booth or else he will blow up another downtown building. He gives them a riddle to solve and answer in the form of a phone number. When they fail, he fools them that a trash can is now set to explode, only to reveal he did not say "Simon Says". Next, he orders both men to get to Wall Street Station within 30 minutes before a bomb is set to explode in the subway. Because both men failed to arrive at the subway station together, the bomb just about explodes near the station. It still does but nobody is killed. The second explosion was part of a scheme by Simon to create a pathway to break into the New York Federal Reserve Bank and steal gold bullion worth millions to billions of dollars. Simon then sends a threat warning to the police if they bother contacting themselves by radio, it will result in an explosion in one of many schools in downtown Manhattan. As the police are being lured to the schools, Simon on the other hand goes briefly undercover to enter his way through the main entrance of the bank. His henchmen break through the rear and steal millions in gold bullion that they load onto many dump trucks. The gold is subsequently exported to Quebec, Canada before Simon imprisons John McClane and Zeus Carver in his barge, where he reveals luring the police away was part of his plan to steal the gold and the real bomb was within the ship the whole time. When Simon flees to Quebec, his men celebrate with beer and Simon dedicates his success by having sex with his female accomplice Katya. But his plan is foiled when McClane and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police raid the warehouse and recover the stolen gold. When Simon attempts his escape in a helicopter, he is killed when McClane shoots an electric cable that catches fire on the helicopter's rotors and explodes.

He is portrayed by Jeremy Irons.

Katya
Katya is Simon Gruber's right-hand woman in Die Hard with a Vengeance.

Mathias Targo

Thomas Gabriel
Thomas Gabriel is a crazed former DOD (Department of Defense) agent turned traitor and cyber terrorist, and the main antagonist of Live Free or Die Hard. Gabriel is a hacker who attempted to show the DOD how the United States security features could be subject to a Fire Sale. No one believed him and he was relieved of his duties, which turned him against his country. He hired several criminal hackers all over the nation to assist him in his plot to shut down all computer-run systems in the United States. While at work with his task, his henchmen planted bombs in several homes with internet connectivity and killed every single one except for one young man named Matthew Farrell. John McClane, now an older man than when he last was involved in a deadly mission, saved him at the last minute; he was close to execution by Gabriel's bomb. Now with a victim on the loose, Gabriel orders his henchmen to track him and find him so he can continue his operation with his Fire Sale, a chain of events involving total control of the nations security systems and electrical power. With the help of Farrell, McClane works to stop Gabriel's Fire Sale, leading to Gabriel kidnapping McClane's daughter Lucy. During a final confrontation, Gabriel holds McClane at gunpoint and taunts him while digging his gun into a bullet wound in McClane's shoulder. In response, McClane grabs Gabriel's gun and fires it through himself and into Gabriel who is standing behind him, killing Gabriel.

He is portrayed by Timothy Olyphant.

Mai Linh
Mai Linh is a Thomas Gabriel's girlfriend and second-in-command, who assists Gabriel in his plans to shut down the US infrastructure in order to steal billions of dollars from the Woodlawn Facility. She appeared in Live Free or Die Hard.

She is portrayed by Maggie Q.

Yuri Komarov
Yuri Komarov is a former Russian billionaire and political prisoner, and the main antagonist of A Good Day to Die Hard, although his true nature is not revealed until late in the story. A clever strategist, he pretends to be weak and feeble in the presence of his adversaries. He is initially held without trial for refusing to hand over a secret file containing incriminating evidence against former associate and corrupt politician Viktor Chagarin. Jack McClane, under arrest for an assassination attempt, agrees to testify against Komarov in court, in exchange for a shorter sentence. On the day of the trial, the courthouse is bombed by Chagarin's henchmen, led by Alik; in the confusion, Jack escapes with Komarov. John McClane, having come to Moscow to help his son, goes after them, and they are both pursued by Alik and his men. They lose their pursuers and go to a safe house, where Jack's CIA associates demand the location of the file from Komarov in order to bring down Chagarin. Komarov agrees to help on the condition that he and his daughter are given protection and safe passage out of Russia. The safe house is raided by Chagarin's men, but Komarov escapes with the McClanes; he leads them to a hotel to collect a key to the vault containing the file. His daughter Irina is there to meet him, as arranged, but she is revealed to be working for Chagarin for money. She and Alik take her father prisoner, traveling to Chernobyl, where the file is hidden. They enter the vault supposedly containing the file, but Komarov suddenly shoots Alik, before calling Chagarin and revealing that he and Irina planned all along to betray him. Komarov then has one of his men strangle Chagarin. The McClanes enter the vault, and Komarov tells them there never was a file; the vault is instead filled with vast stocks of weapons-grade uranium, worth billions. Irina comes to her father's aid, and a gunfight ensues; John pursues Irina, who escapes in a helicopter, while Jack goes after Komarov. The two face off on the roof, and Komarov taunts Jack, saying his father will soon be dead; enraged, Jack throws Komarov from the rooftop into the path of the whirling helicopter blades.

He is portrayed by Sebastian Koch.

Allies

Al Powell

Al is a Los Angeles Police sergeant who shared a friendship with John McClane after helping with the takeover of Nakatomi Building in Los Angeles. During the first movie, Al is dispatched to check out McClane's emergency radio call and is nearly killed by the terrorists after McClane drops the body of Marco on his police car. Following this, Al communicates with McClane by radio, keeping his spirits up and keeping him apprised of the situation outside. At the end of the movie, McClane and Al meet face to face and Al kills the last terrorist, Karl, who had a personal grudge against McClane. In the second movie, McClane calls Al to run the fingerprints of a man he has killed. Al identifies the man as a Special Forces soldier who was supposedly killed two years prior in Honduras. Al's favorite snack is a Twinkie. He is portrayed by Reginald VelJohnson and appears in both Die Hard and Die Hard 2.

Argyle

Argyle is the limo driver assigned to pick up John McClane from LAX and transport him to the Nakatomi Plaza for the Nakatomi Corporation's 1988 Christmas party. Argyle offers to wait in the garage until John knows for certain if he was riding home with Holly or if he needed other transportation. He is unknowingly locked in the garage by the Nakatomi vault heist team. Near the end of the film, Argyle notices Theo trying to prepare an ambulance for the terrorists' escape. Argyle then rams the ambulance with his limo and knocks out Theo with a punch to the jaw. Argyle drives John and Holly home to celebrate Christmas Eve. Argyle is portrayed by De'voreaux White and appears in Die Hard.

Carmine Lorenzo

Carmine Lorenzo is the stubborn and initially incompetent Chief of Police of Dulles International Airport. He constantly argues with John McClane and give him problems when McClane tries to intervene and help them fight the terrorists, as he believes McClane to be arrogant. Despite this, however, he does grow to like McClane and later tears up his parking ticket as gratitude for stopping the terrorists. He is portrayed by Dennis Franz and appears in Die Hard 2.

Marvin
Marvin is an airport janitor who helps McClane in his mission to save the planes from low fuel. When he meets McClane, he first finds him suspicious and thought he was stealing his record. He is portrayed by Tom Bower and appears in Die Hard 2.

Leslie Barnes
Barnes is a chief engineer at Dulles airport and communications specialist. He is portrayed by Art Evans and appears in Die Hard 2.

Trudeau
Trudeau is the chief of operations at Dulles airport, who appeared in Die Hard 2. He is portrayed by Fred Dalton Thompson.

Corporal Telford
Corporal Telford is a new transfer to Major Grant's unit, replacing a sick soldier, who appears in Die Hard 2. After the battle with Colonel Stuart's men at the church, Telford is killed by Grant, who was working with Stuart. He is portrayed by Patrick O'Neal.

Zeus Carver
Carver is a black supremacist Harlem electrician and shop owner who saves McClane from a mob of gang members angered by the racist sign the latter was forced to wear by Simon. As punishment for interfering, Carver is forced by Simon to aid McClane through various dangerous tasks across New York City. Although he is prejudiced against white people, Carver eventually grows to respect McClane as the two effectively work together to complete each task. In the end after McClane kills Simon, Carver encourages McClane to patch things with his estranged wife, Holly. He is portrayed by Samuel L. Jackson and appears in Die Hard with a Vengeance.

Matt Farrell
Farrell is a computer hacker portrayed by Justin Long who inadvertently aids Thomas Gabriel in his Fire Sale. After being sent to bring Farrell in for questioning by the FBI, John McClane saves his life and teams up with Farrell to stop Gabriel. During the final confrontation, Farrell is forced to decode Gabriel's stolen data he'd previously encrypted to hinder him with the lives of McClane and his daughter Lucy on the line. After McClane kills Gabriel, Farrell is able to reach McClane's gun in time to shoot Gabriel's last henchman dead, saving McClane's life. He later expresses an interest in Lucy, something she returns to McClane's annoyance. He appears in Live Free or Die Hard.

Warlock
Warlock, real name Freddy Kaludis, is a hacker and an old friend of Matt Farrell's from space camp. When Thomas Gabriel shuts down the nation, Warlock is still online due to his generators and Farrell and John McClane enlist his help in finding Gabriel. Though reluctant, Warlock aids the two in tracking Gabriel who contacts them through Warlock's equipment and threatens the life of Lucy McClane. McClane later uses the CB radio in the terrorists hijacked truck to contact Warlock and ask him to connect McClane to Deputy Director Bowman of the FBI. While Warlock initially refuses to contact the head of the FBI's Cyber Division, he agrees after being informed that Lucy has been kidnapped by Gabriel and connects McClane and Bowman. He is portrayed by actor/comedian Kevin Smith and appears in Live Free or Die Hard.

Miguel Bowman
Bowman is a deputy director in the FBI and is in charge of the Cyber Division and thus the country's infrastructure. When Thomas Gabriel begins his Fire Sale, Bowman orders all known hackers brought in for questioning before a fake anthrax alarm forces Bowman and his men to evacuate. While dealing with the situation, Bowman is approached by John McClane and Matt Farrell, one of the hackers Bowman had ordered brought to him and who had been the target of an assassination attempt by Gabriel's men. While dismissing Farrell's theory of a Fire Sale, Bowman sends him to the Department of Homeland Security to tell them what he knows. McClane later notifies Bowman of the failure of their attempt to reach Homeland Security and the two men watch Gabriel start to terrorize the country before being cut-off. Bowman later identifies Gabriel for McClane after being sent a picture of him and explains Gabriel's history before losing contact. When Farrell sets off an alarm at the Woodlawn Building, Bowman personally leads an assault team to stop the terrorists before McClane contacts him once again with the help of the hacker Warlock. McClane warns Bowman that Gabriel has captured his daughter and Farrell and gives Bowman the license plate number of Gabriel's Hazmat van so Bowman can use its lo jack system to track the terrorists. At McClane's insistence, Bowman promises to take care of Lucy if anything happens to McClane. After the terrorists are dead, Bowman and his team finally arrive at their hideout. As his men threaten Matt Farrell, Bowman calls them off and later thanks McClane for his help. He is portrayed by actor Cliff Curtis and appears in Live Free or Die Hard.

Mike Collins
Mike Collins is a CIA Agent and Jack McClane's partner during the operation in arresting Victor Chagarin. Collins meets John, Komarov, and Jack. They are suddenly attacked by a sniper, who shoots Collins in the head.

He is portrayed by Cole Hauser and appears in A Good Day to Die Hard.

References

Characters
Die Hard


title: The Leigh UTC

text:
The Leigh UTC is a University Technical College (UTC) for the Dartford area of Kent, England, that opened in September 2014. The UTC specialises in Engineering and Computer Sciences.

Building work started in October 2013 at the Bridge development, where Joyce Green Hospital once stood. The main building opened to students in September 2014.

The Leigh UTC has a project-based approach to learning.

As with all UTCs, a number of businesses and organisations support the College. These include:
 University of Greenwich
 Bluewater
 Kenard Engineering
 Eurostar

The Leigh UTC has opened a five-form entry Key Stage 3 feeder college, the Inspiration Academy, on the UTC site, in effect converting the education model into one of an 11–18 free school.

The Leigh UTC is part of Leigh Academies Trust.

References

External links

 The Leigh Academies Trust

Dartford
Secondary schools in Kent
Educational institutions established in 2014
University Technical Colleges
University of Greenwich
Leigh Academies Trust
2014 establishments in England


title: Lookout Mountain (Hood River County, Oregon)

text:
Lookout Mountain, elevation , is the second highest peak in Oregon's Mount Hood National Forest and the highest point in Badger Creek Wilderness.  It sits about  east-southeast of Mount Hood, separated from it by the valley of the East Fork Hood River.

From its summit and with good visibility, one may see (from approximately west and moving clockwise) Mount Hood, Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier, Mount Adams, Broken Top, South Sister, North Sister, Mount Washington, and Mount Jefferson with the unassisted eye.

In 1911 a Forest Service lookout was built on the summit and was replaced by an L-4 tower in 1940. The site was abandoned in 1966 and the structure was later removed.

References

External links

Columbia River Gorge
Landforms of Hood River County, Oregon
Mount Hood
Mount Hood National Forest
Mountains of Oregon


title: Geogarypidae

text:
Geogarypidae is a family of pseudoscorpions, which was described in 1930 by American arachnologist Joseph Conrad Chamberlin.

Genera
, the World Pseudoscorpiones Catalog accepted the following genera:

 Afrogarypus Beier, 1931
 Geogarypus Chamberlin, 1930

References

Pseudoscorpion families


title: Afrogarypus

text:
Afrogarypus is a genus of pseudoscorpions, which contains the following species:

 Afrogarypus basilewskyi
 Afrogarypus curtus
 Afrogarypus excelsus
 Afrogarypus excelsus excellens
 Afrogarypus excelsus excelsus
 Afrogarypus impressus
 Afrogarypus intermedius intermedius
 Afrogarypus intermedius nanus
 Afrogarypus monticola
 Afrogarypus plumatus
 Afrogarypus pseudocurtus
 Afrogarypus rhodesiacus
 Afrogarypus senegalensis
 Afrogarypus seychellesensis
 Afrogarypus stellifer
 Afrogarypus subimpressus
 Afrogarypus sulcatus
 Afrogarypus zonatus

References

Pseudoscorpion genera
Geogarypidae


title: Cousins (band)

text:
Cousins is a Canadian garage rock band from Halifax, Nova Scotia. They have released three albums and toured in Canada and the United States.

History

First formed in 2006, the band has had a variety of lineups. Its constant members have been singer/songwriter and guitarist Aaron Mangle, and drummer Leigh Dotey, who are not cousins. They released their debut album, Out on Town, independently in 2009, and toured around Canada in support of the album in 2010, including at Pop Montreal. They signed to Saved by Vinyl for their 2012 album The Palm at the End of the Mind. In 2012 the band toured extensively across Canada and the United States, sometimes with Mangle and Dotey playing as a duo, and often as a group of three or four musicians.

Their third full-length album, The Halls of Wickwire, was released May 13, 2014 on Hand Drawn Dracula. The album was produced by Graham Walsh of Holy Fuck, and was a longlisted nominee for the 2014 Polaris Music Prize.

Albums
Out on Town (2009)
The Palm at the End of the Mind (2012)
The Halls of Wickwire (2014)

References

Canadian indie rock groups
Canadian garage rock groups
Musical groups established in 2006
2006 establishments in Nova Scotia
Canadian musical duos
Musical groups from Halifax, Nova Scotia


title: William West (legal writer)

text:
William West (–1598) was an English lawyer and legal writer, known as the author of Symbolæographia, a standard legal text of its time.

Life
He was the son of Thomas West of Beeston in Nottinghamshire, by his wife Anne, daughter of William Bradbury of the Peak. He was admitted a student of the Inner Temple in November 1568, being then described as of Darley, Derbyshire. He made a fortune by practice in law, and settled at Rotherham in Yorkshire.

Works
In 1590 West published Symbolæographia, which may be termed the Art, Description, or Image of Instruments, Covenants, Contracts, &c., or the Notarie or Scriuener (London). This work, which was dedicated to Sir Edmund Anderson, was a general practical treatise on English law under its several divisions, and was held in great esteem at the time. The demand for it was so great that West immediately began to prepare a second edition, practically rewriting the whole book. He divided his treatise into two parts, and divested it of many superfluous classical quotations with which he had encumbered the first edition, thus rendering it more suitable for practical lawyers. The first part of the new edition (which dealt chiefly with covenants, contracts, and wills) appeared in 1592 (London). It was reissued in 1610, 1618, 1622, and 1632. The second part, with a new treatise on equity appended, appeared in 1594. It was dedicated to Edward Coke. New editions were issued in 1611, 1618, and 1627. Some of the later editions may have been edited by West's sons.

West also edited Les tenures du monsieur Littleton (London, 1581) in Norman French; and contributed to Richard Crompton's edition of L'Office et Auctoryté des justices de peas by Anthony Fitzherbert.

Family
West was twice married: first, to Winifred, daughter of Adam Eyre of Offerton; and, secondly, to Audrey Mann. By his first wife he had two daughters and five sons, of whom William, the eldest, was a student of the Inner Temple.

Notes

Attribution

1548 births
1598 deaths
English lawyers
English legal writers
People from Beeston, Nottinghamshire


title: Juan Fuse

text:
Juan Fuse (21 February 1905 – 31 October 1984) represented Argentina at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. He competed in the hammer throw, finishing 20th. His personal best is 52.67m in 1940.

References

1905 births
1984 deaths
Argentine male hammer throwers
Olympic athletes for Argentina
Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games competitors for Argentina
Athletes (track and field) at the 1951 Pan American Games
People from Junín, Buenos Aires
Sportspeople from Buenos Aires Province
20th-century Argentine people


title: Khoj

text:
Khoj or KHOJ may refer to:

Film
 Khoj (1953 film), a Bollywood film of 1953
 Khoj (1971 film), an Indian Hindi-language drama film
 Khoj (1989 film), an Indian Hindi-language mystery thriller film
 Khoj, an Indian short film by Tridib Poddar, in competition at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival
 Khoj: The Search, a 2010 Bangladeshi Bengali romantic action film
 Khoj (2017 film), an Indian Bengali psychological thriller film

Other uses
 KHOJ (AM), a radio station in Missouri
 KHOJ (arts organization), a Delhi-based arts association


title: Bulldog Camps

text:
Bulldog Camps (formerly known as Enchanted Pond Camps) on Enchanted Pond is a traditional remote Maine sporting camp in the western mountains that has attracted visitors for over a century. Located in Upper Enchanted Township, near Jackman, Maine, United States, the camps were established by Henry Patrick McKenney in the 1880s as a set of logging camps, were converted into an active sporting camp in the early 1900s, and remain a current member of the Maine Sporting Camp Association.

Namesake
The 800 ft. cliffs of Shutdown and Coburn Mountains that rise up abruptly from either side of Enchanted Pond used to significantly resemble the profile of two bulldogs looking across the pond at one another. The pond was nicknamed "Bulldog Pond" and since the camps on its north shore were the only ones on the lake (as they remain today), they were donned with the seemingly unusual name.

History
The camps were originally established in the 1880s by H.P. McKenney who ran the place as a logging camp for many years and it is the historic site of McKenney’s famous log sluice built to run his logs from Bulldog to the Dead River, saving him a significant amount of mileage to the mill compared to his old route. A wooden dam was constructed at the outlet of Enchanted Pond in order to hold the water back until it was needed for the drive in the spring, although there was much speculation as to whether or not his sluice would actually work. In the spring of 1900, the first load of logs were guided into the sluice with success and the remnants of the old dam and sluice can still be found at the outlet of the pond.

Logging operations came to an end at Bulldog around 1908 and the place was immediately transformed into an active sporting camp. The camps were popular with anglers and sportsmen as the popularity of the region grew with visits from such notable figures as Henry David Thoreau and President Theodore Roosevelt. The Great Depression hit hard and business dropped in the 1930s and 1940s. The camps changed owners several times and in 1957, a couple by the name of Ruel & Hazel Orff bought the place and breathed new life into it, offering the traditional American Plan along with boat rentals, guide service, and float plane fly-in service. Unfortunately the main lodge burned down in the autumn of 1973, shortly after a change in ownership, and for the next few decades the cabins were available to rent on the housekeeping plan only.

In 2005, current owner Darren Savage bought Bulldog and spent the next several years restoring it to its current state. One of the original 19th century cabins was converted into a new lodge and once again people can enjoy three home cooked meals a day on the traditional American Plan. As the camps had never been open during the winter before, all of the cabins were renovated with new roofs, porches, wood stoves, propane heaters, and full bathrooms with hot running water. A road was built down into the camps that were previously only accessible via 4x4 trail, hiking trail, or float plane. In 2009, the camps gained ownership of a remote camp on the southwest end of Enchanted, the only other building on the pond. This cabin, known as the “Warden’s Camp” was built in 1960 by the chief pilot for the Maine Warden Service and is rented out along with the six cabins at the main camp on the north shore.

The camps bring in the fisherman and ATVers in the spring, annual family vacationers in the summer, and hunters and leaf peepers in the fall.

Fishing & Hunting

Once believed to be bottomless, Enchanted Pond was eventually found to be little over 200 ft. deep, making it easily the deepest lake in the region and a great place to catch bright native brook trout in crystal clear oligotrophic waters.

Hunts are run in the fall from the last week of August through the first week of December and include hunts for bear, whitetail deer, moose, coyote, grouse, woodcock, and rabbit.

External links
 Bulldog Camps on Enchanted Pond

Further reading
Calvert, Mary R. The Kennebec Wilderness Awakens. Lewiston: Twin City, 1986. Print.

History of the Moose River Valley. 2nd ed. State of Maine: The Jackman Moose River Valley Historical Society; Jackman Bicentennial Book Committee, 1994. Print.

References

Buildings and structures in Somerset County, Maine
Tourist attractions in Somerset County, Maine
1880s establishments in Maine


title: Evangelical revival in Scotland

text:
The evangelical revival in Scotland was a series of religious movements in Scotland from the eighteenth century, with periodic revivals into the twentieth century. It began in the later 1730s as congregations experienced intense "awakenings" of enthusiasm, renewed commitment and rapid expansion. This was first seen at Easter Ross in the Highlands in 1739 and most famously in the Cambuslang Wark near Glasgow in 1742. Most of the new converts were relatively young and from the lower groups in society. Unlike awakenings elsewhere, the early revival in Scotland did not give rise to a major religious movement, but mainly benefited the secession churches, who had broken away from the Church of Scotland. In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century the revival entered a second wave, known in the US as the Second Great Awakening. In Scotland this was reflected in events like the Kilsyth Revival in 1839. The early revival mainly spread in the Central Belt, but it became active in the Highlands and Islands, peaking towards the middle of the nineteenth century. Scotland gained many of the organisations associated with the revival in England, including Sunday Schools, mission schools, ragged schools, Bible societies and improvement classes.

In the nineteenth century the Church of Scotland was divided between the evangelicals and the Moderate Party. Events came to a head in the Great Disruption in which many of the evangelicals, particularly in the North and Highlands left to form the Free Church of Scotland. The country began to gain relatively large numbers of non-conformist churches and congregations, which were evangelical in outlook, including the Quakers, Baptist, Congregationalist and Methodist churches. They were joined by the Salvation Army, the Open and the Exclusive Brethren. A strand of evangelicalism developed in the Scottish Episcopal Church in the early nineteenth century, leading a group in Edinburgh to form a separate English Episcopal congregation.

A major emphasis of evangelical Protestantism were organised missions. In the eighteenth century the focus had been the Highlands and Islands. Missions also developed to fishermen and to the growing communities of the urban poor. The visit of American evangelists Moody and Sankey in 1874–75 revitalised the evangelical mission. David Livingstone became the movement's most well-known foreign missionary.  After his death, Scottish missionary efforts were fuelled by the rivalry between different denominations in Scotland.

There continued to be spontaneous outbreaks of revival in the twentieth century. The most successful was the 1955 tour of Scotland by Billy Graham, which reversed the decline in church attendance in Scotland. In the late twentieth century the movement became divided. Evangelicalism had permeated Scottish leaving a legacy of strict Sabbatarianism and had helped foster local identities in the Highlands.

Nature
The revival was spread by regular preaching and intense local revivals, where whole communities became highly concerned for their souls. This often occurred at communion, which was the central occasion of the church, conducted infrequently, at most once a year. Where ministers refused or neglected parish communion, largely assemblies were carried out in the open air, often combining several parishes. These large gatherings were discouraged by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, but continued. They could become mixed with secular activities and were commemorated as such by Robert Burns in the poem Holy Fair. These were transformed by evangelicals into sacred occasions, with sermons by popular preachers and the sharing of spiritual experience. The communion season lasted from Thursday to Monday. In the Highlands communicants travelled great distances and lodged with friends and family. On Friday, known as the question day, lay catechists, called "the men", would give their interpretations of Bible verses chosen by the minister. They would occasionally emerge as charismatic leaders of local revivals. The climax was the Sabbath day celebration of communion, often outdoors in a natural amphitheatre.

Most of the new converts were relatively young and from the lower groups in society, such as small tenants, craftsmen, servants and the unskilled, with a relatively high proportion of unmarried women. This has been seen as a reaction against the oligarchical nature of the established kirk, which was dominated by local lairds and heritors. Unlike awakenings elsewhere, in the eighteenth century the revival in Scotland did not give rise to a major religious movement, but mainly benefited the secession churches, who had broken away from the Church of Scotland in the eighteenth century. The Associate Presbytery and Presbytery of Relief had broken from the Church of Scotland over issues of patronage in the mid-eighteenth century. The Associate Presbytery then split over the Burgess oath imposed after the Jacobite rebellion of 1745, with one faction forming the separate General Associate Synod. Between 1799 and 1806 the Old and New Light controversy, with the "Old Lichts" following closely the principles of the Covenanters, while the "New Lichts" were more evangelical and focused on personal salvation, split both the Associate and General Associate Presbyteries. This paved the way for a form of reunification, as both the New Licht factions joined together in 1820 to form the United Secession Church, which claimed to have 361 congregations and 261,000 followers at its inception. Thanks to the revival, the secession churches had made headway in recruitment, and by 1830 30 per cent of the Scottish population were members. They made particular advances in the major urban centres. In Glasgow in 1835-36 40 per cent of the population were members and in Edinburgh and it was 42 per cent.

The leading figure in the evangelical movement within the Church of Scotland in the eighteenth century was John Erskine (1721–1803), who was minister of Old Greyfriars Church in Edinburgh from 1768. He was orthodox in doctrine, but sympathised with the Enlightenment and supported reforms in religious practice. A popular preacher, he corresponded with religious leaders in other countries, including New England theologian Johnathan Edwards (1703–58), whose ideas were a major influence on the movement in Scotland.

The movement was supported by the publication of Bibles and tracts, such as those printed by Peter Drummond at Stirling from 1848. In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, Scotland gained many of the organisations associated with the revival in England, including Sunday Schools, mission schools, ragged schools, Bible societies and improvement classes.

First wave

The evangelical revival was a movement that arose within Protestantism at roughly the same time in North America (where it is known as the First Great Awakening), England, Wales and Scotland. It put an emphasis on the Bible, the doctrine of atonement, conversion and the need to practice and spread the gospel. It began to manifest itself in Scotland in the later 1730s as Protestant congregations, usually in a specific locations, experienced intense "awakenings" of enthusiasm, renewed commitment and, sometimes, rapid expansion. This was first seen at Easter Ross in the Highlands in 1739 and most famously in the Cambuslang Wark (work) near Glasgow in 1742, where intense religious activity culminated in a crowd of perhaps 30,000 gathering there to hear the English preacher George Whitefield. Scotland was also visited 22 times by John Wesley, the English evangelist and founder of Methodism, between 1751 and 1790.

Second wave

In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century the revival entered a second wave, known in the US as the Second Great Awakening. The early revival had mainly spread in the Central Belt, but the second revival became increasingly important in the Highlands and Islands. It was reflected in events like the Kilsyth Revival in 1839, the 1849-50 series of revivals that were particularly common among fishing communities and, in the following decade, the movement extended among Lanarkshire miners. Here the lack of a clear parochial structure led to a repeated pattern of spiritual enthusiasm, recession and renewal. Because the revival occurred at the same time as the transformation of the Highlands into a crofting society, evangelicalism was often linked to popular protest against patronage and the Highland clearances. Revivals in the Highlands probably peaked towards the middle of the nineteenth century, fed by the Ten Years Conflict and the Great Disruption.

Third wave

A wave of urban revivalism began in New York in 1858, sometimes called the "Layman's Revival" because of the prominence of lay preachers. It reached Scotland the next year following a trade depression and enthusiasm would continue in a heightened form until 1862. In the major manufacturing districts of the country, prayer meetings were held in offices and factories and in the streets of Edinburgh and Glasgow. Some viewed the revival with alarm, as it caused absenteeism from work and long prayer meetings disrupted the working day. The revival saw an innovation in the introduction of the professional revivalist preacher, including Charles Grandison Finney (1792–1875), who visited Edinburgh in 1859. Together with Edward Payson Hammond, he introduced the distinctive revivalist service of a short sermon, joyous hymns and calls for members of the congregation to come forward.

Impact on the Church of Scotland

In the nineteenth century the Church of Scotland was increasingly divided between the evangelicals and the Moderate Party. While evangelicals emphasised the authority of the Bible and the traditions and historical documents of the kirk, the Moderates, who had dominated the General Assembly of the Church since the mid-eighteenth century, tended to stress intellectualism in theology, the established hierarchy of the kirk and attempted to raise the social status of the clergy. The major issue was the patronage of landholders and heritors over appoints to the ministry. Thomas Chalmers began as a Moderate, but increasingly became an evangelical, emerging as the leading figure in the movement.

After prolonged years of struggle, in 1834 the evangelicals gained control of the General Assembly and passed the Veto Act, which allowed congregations to reject unwanted "intrusive" presentations to livings by patrons and the Chapels Act, which put the ministers of Chapels of Ease on an equal footing with ordinary parish ministers. The following "Ten Years' Conflict" of legal and political wrangling ended in defeat for the non-intrusionists in the civil courts, reaching the Court of Session and then finally the House of Lords in 1839, which declared the acts unconstitutional. In 1842 evangelicals presented to the General Assembly a Claim, Declaration and Protest anent the Encroachments of the Court of Session, known as the Claim of Right, that questioned the validity of civil jurisdiction over the church. When the Claim of Right was rejected by the General Assembly the result was a schism from the church by some of the non-intrusionists led by Thomas Chalmers, known as the Great Disruption of 1843. Some 454, roughly a third, of the 1,195 clergy of the established church, mainly from the North and Highlands, formed the separate Free Church of Scotland. The Free Church was more accepting of Gaelic language and culture, grew rapidly in the Highlands and Islands, appealing much more strongly than did the established church.

Voluntary churches

In the nineteenth century the country began to gain relatively large numbers of non-conformist churches and congregations, which were evangelical in outlook. Many of these were part of organisations that originated in England and Wales. They were known in Scotland as voluntary churches, since they stood outside the established system and participation and any payments were voluntary. The Quakers had established themselves in Scotland in the seventeenth century and Baptist, Congregationalist and Methodist churches had appeared in the eighteenth century, but did not begin significant growth until the nineteenth century, partly because more radical and evangelical traditions already existed within the Church of Scotland and the free churches. The Congregationalists organised themselves into a union in 1812, the Baptists, who were divided into Calvinists and non-Calvinist tendencies, did the same in 1869. The Methodist Church had probably been limited by its anti-Calvinist theology, but made advances in the century, particularly in Shetland. From 1879, they were joined by the evangelical revivalism of the Salvation Army, which attempted to make major inroads in the growing urban centres. The Open and Exclusive Brethren entered Scotland in the late nineteenth century and the Open Brethren had 116 meetings in Scotland by 1884.

Episcopalian Church

The Scottish Episcopalian Church was a combination of non-juror churches who did not accept the House of Hanover until the death of the last member of the House of Stuart in 1788, and Qualified Chapels of those that accepted the Hanoverians or were members of the Church of England resident in Scotland. A strand of evangelicalism developed in the Church in the early nineteenth century, mainly among English and Irish immigrants to Lowland towns. It was less interested in the sacramental traditions of the church and put an emphasis on communicating a simple gospel message, leading to clashes with the high church tendency within the Church. In 1843, the same year as the Great Disruption, a group in Edinburgh, under its leading figure David Drummond, broke away to form a separate English Episcopal congregation. There were fears that the schism would spread, but the departures weakened the evangelical party within the church and it never recovered its position.

Home missions

Organised missions were a major emphasis of Scottish evangelical Protestantism. In the eighteenth century the focus had been the Highlands and Islands through the Royal Bounty provided by the government and the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge (SSPCK), which had 229 schools in the Highlands by 1795. Gaelic school societies were founded, beginning in Edinburgh in 1811, supporting travelling schools to the northern Highlands and western Isles. In 1797 James Haldane founded the non-denominational Society for the Propagation of the Gospel at Home, whose lay-preachers established independent churches across the Highlands. When Haldane and his brother Robert accepted the principle of adult baptism in 1808 most of them became Baptist chapels. The Congregational Union of Scotland was formed in 1812 to promote home missions. In 1827 the Baptists consolidated their efforts in the Baptist Home Missionary Society. In 1824 the government provided funds to build 32 churches and 41 manses in the Highlands. After the Disruption in 1843 most of the expansion was in new churches established by the Free Church.

Missions to fishermen and seamen began with the Seamen's Friend Societies. In the cities much of the work was interdenominational. The first urban mission was founded by David Nasmith in Glasgow in 1826 and drew on all the Protestant churches. Chalmers' experiment in St. John's, Glasgow, published in The Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns (1821–26), provided a model of urban mission based on lay visitation. It was widely adopted by the Free Church after the Disruption and would be taken up by the Church of Scotland under the leadership of A. H. Charteris in the 1870s. The visit of American evangelists Ira D. Sankey and Dwight Lyman Moody in 1874–75 revitalised the evangelical mission, leading to the founding of the Glasgow United Evangelistic Association. The Tent Hall was opened on Glasgow Green in the city in 1876, which hosted poor relief, serving 1,000 breakfasts a day, and evangelical meetings. The Faith Mission was founded in 1886 by John George Govan as a non-denominational mission focusing on rural society. Charteris was instrumental in the foundation of the Women's Guild in 1887, which underlined the role of women in the missions. They also acted as Biblewomen, reading scriptures, and in teaching Sunday schools. The Bible Training Institute for training lay evangelists was founded in 1892.

Overseas missions

The Scottish churches were relatively late to take up the challenge of foreign missions. The most famous Scottish missionary, David Livingstone, was not funded from his home country, but by the London Missionary Society. After his "disappearance" and death in the 1870s he became an icon of evangelic outreach, self-improvement, exploration and a form of colonialism. The legacy of Livingstone can be seen in the names of many mission stations founded following his example, such as  Blantyre (the place of Livingstone's birth) for the Church of Scotland and Livingstonia for the Free Church, both now in Malawi. As well as the cult of Livingstone, Scottish missionary efforts were also fuelled by the rivalry between different denominations in Scotland, and may have helped distract from problems at home. The missions were popularised at home by publications and illustrations, often particularly designed to appeal to children, and through the new medium of the magic lantern show, shown to audiences in church halls throughout the country.

Decline
The evangelical effort began to decline in intensity in the final decades of the nineteenth century, both in Scotland and in major cities throughout the UK. There began to be shortages of volunteers and funds for a large number of organisations. Reasons for this transformation that have been advanced include changes in leisure habits, the rise of socialism and the Labour movement, loss of middle class certainty about the validity of the gospel and its imposition on the working class as a solution to social ills. The migration of the middle classes away from inner city areas to newly built suburbs also removed them from contact with the working classes and a loss of willingness to engage in the evangelical project, particularly the new petite bourgeoisie of white collar workers and tradesmen. As a result, urban religion became dominated by the working classes themselves, with new proletarian organisations such as the United Evangelistic Associations of Glasgow and Dundee, the United Working Men's Christian Mission, the Protestant Missionary Society of Glasgow, the Salvation Army and the various temperance societies. The imposition of evangelical religion above also began to be rejected by the working classes themselves, who began to abandon attendance at organised events and visitations.

Twentieth century

Despite declining church attendance, evangelicalism continued into the twentieth century. There were spontaneous outbreaks of revival, such as that led by Jack Troup among fishermen of the north-east in 1921. The Herbridean revival of 1949-53 was initiated by the preaching of Faith Mission evangelist Duncan Campbell (1898-1972). There were small revivals in Tiree in 1955 and North Uist in 1958. The Tell Scotland Movement (1953–66) associated with Tom Allan and D.P. Thomson, resulted in the 1955 Billy Graham All-Scotland Crusade, climaxing at the meeting in Glasgow's Kelvin Hall. The success was great enough to temporarily arrest the decline in church attendance, which returned to almost pre-war levels. As a movement Scottish evangelicalism began to divide into those who welcomed modern knowledge and science and those that pursued a more rigidly literal view of the Bible. The divide was exemplified by the divisions among students between the more liberal Student Christian Movement and the more theologically conservative Inter-Varsity Fellowship. Gradually the more liberal followers dropped the label evangelical. However, in 1994 23 per cent of adult church goers were associated with a church that claimed to be evangelical.

Legacy
Evangelicalism came to permeate Scottish society by the late nineteenth century and can be seen in areas such as the Kailyard school of literature, which moved its focus beyond the middle class to encompass the religious life of working people. The revival left a legacy of strict Sabbatarianism and helped foster local identities in the Highlands.

References

History of Christianity in Scotland
Evangelicalism in the United Kingdom


title: Afrogarypus seychellesensis

text:
Afrogarypus seychellesensis is a species of pseudoscorpions that is endemic to Praslin in the Seychelles. It is only known from its type specimen, and has not been seen since. If it is still extant, it would be threatened by the habitat deterioration caused by invasive plants.

References

Geogarypidae
Animals described in 1940
Critically endangered animals
Endemic fauna of Seychelles