title: Ascension (miniseries)

text:
Ascension is a 2014 science fiction mystery drama television miniseries which aired on CBC in Canada and Syfy in the United States. It consisted of six 43 minute episodes, grouped into three chapters of two episodes each. The show was created by Philip Levens and Adrian A. Cruz. The pilot was written and executive produced by Philip Levens, who served as the showrunner.

On July 9, 2014, CBC added Ascension to its fall programming roster. It had originally been scheduled to premiere in November 2014.

In October 2014, CBC announced that the premiere date had been moved to January 2015.

The show started airing on CBC on Monday nights starting February 9, 2015. Syfy had originally announced plans to debut the show on November 24, 2014, airing one episode per week for six weeks. Instead, the series premiered on December 15, 2014, airing one chapter consisting of two episodes each night for three consecutive nights.

The story takes place aboard a generation ship launched in the 1960s and now half-way into its 100-year journey to Proxima Centauri. A murder on board sparks off a series of events that leads some of the crew to begin second-guessing their real mission.

Plot
The premise of the show is that in 1963 President John F. Kennedy and the U.S. government, fearing the Cold War will escalate and lead to the destruction of Earth, launched the Ascension, an Orion-class spaceship, to colonize a planet orbiting Proxima Centauri, assuring the survival of the human race.

The USS Ascension is a massive, self-sustaining generation ship. The journey will take 100 years, so only the children and grandchildren of the original crew of 600 volunteers will be alive when they arrive.

The story begins 51 years into their journey (i.e., in the present), as they approach the point of no return (when the ship would flip and begin the deceleration to their final destination, after which time they would have insufficient fuel to initiate a return trip). The action begins with the mysterious murder of a young woman – the first homicide since the Ascension was launched.

The investigation causes some of the ship's crew to question the true nature of their mission.

Cast and characters

Main
 Tricia Helfer as Viondra Denninger, a beautiful, manipulative and dangerous power broker on the Ascension. As the Captain's wife, Viondra is afforded a position of power and privilege, which she leverages as the ship's Chief Stewardess.
 Gil Bellows as Harris Enzmann, son of Abraham Enzmann, the founder of the Ascension mission, who is determined to continue his father's work back on Earth.
 Brian Van Holt as Captain William Denninger, Commanding Officer, who is married to Viondra. While his professional life appears solid, William's marriage to Viondra is anything but.
 Andrea Roth as Dr. Juliet Bryce, Chief Medical Officer of the Ascension.
 Brandon P. Bell as Executive Officer Aaron Gault, professional, confident, and capable, born to maintenance workers on the ship's lower decks.  He must investigate the aforementioned murder.
 Ellie O'Brien as Christa Valis, a child with extraordinary abilities.
 Jacqueline Byers as Nora Bryce, Juliet's daughter, a young woman who is under intense familial pressure to follow her mother by apprenticing at the medical center but instead finds herself drawn to the Terraforming Department and the promise of building a new world.
 Tiffany Lonsdale as Chief Astronomer Emily Vanderhaus, the older sister of the murder victim, whose rocky marriage to Safety Officer Duke Vanderhaus will be put to the test by this family tragedy.
 P. J. Boudousqué as James Toback, one of the ship's maintenance workers and Nora's love interest.

Supporting

 Mark Camacho as Martin Carillo
 Brad Carter as Stockyard Master John Stokes.
 Wendy Crewson as Director Katherine Warren
 Lauren Lee Smith as Samantha Krueger, an investigator on Earth.
 Spiro Malandrakis as Nixon
 Robert Naylor as Matthew
 John Ralston as Dr. Robert Bryce
 Ryan Robbins as Chief Safety Officer Duke Vanderhaus, who is married to Emily Vanderhaus.
 Al Sapienza as Councilman Rose
 Jessica Sipos as Jackie North, a stewardess who has begun sleeping with the Captain.
 Amanda Thomson as Lorelei Wright, the murder victim.
 Elias Toufexis as Mark Hayes
 Cynthia Preston as Laura Enzmann
 Hannah Saunders as Alison
 Lauren Suthers as a student
 Sylvia Stewart as Young Gault's Mother

Episodes

Development and production
On March 13, 2014, came the official announcement that Syfy had ordered Ascension as a six-part miniseries. Syfy billed Ascension as a "6-hour event series".

Producers and studios
Ascension is an original sci-fi mystery drama created and written by Philip Levens who serves as executive producer and showrunner. The series is produced in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, by Canada-based Sea to Sky Studios in association with U.S.-based Blumhouse Productions. It is co-financed and distributed by U.S.-based Universal Cable Productions and Canada-based Lionsgate Television.

Jason Blum and Mark Stern are executive producers on the project along with Ivan Fecan, Tim Gamble, and Brett Burlock.

Casting
On April 30, 2014, Syfy announced that Tricia Helfer would star as Viondra Denninger. On June 3, 2014, Brian Van Holt was announced to star as Captain William Denninger.

On June 24, 2014, Brandon P. Bell, Tiffany Lonsdale, and Jacqueline Byers were announced to co-star alongside Helfer and Van Holt, as First Officer Oren Gault, Chief Astronomer Emily Vanderhaus, and Nora Bryce respectively, and two days later, Andrea Roth and P.J. Boudousque joined the main cast as Dr. Juliet Bryce and James Toback respectively.

On July 7, 2014, Ryan Robbins joined the main cast as Safety Officer Duke Vanderhaus, and two days later, Gil Bellows joined the main cast as Harris Enzmann. Later the same day, Wendy Crewson was announced to guest star in an as yet unspecified role (which was ultimately that of Director Katherine Warren).

Filming
The series began shooting on July 7, 2014, in Montreal. Canadian director Stephen Williams directed the first two episodes.

Promotion
The first promotional teaser-trailer was released on May 15, 2014, at the 2014 NBCUniversal Cable Upfront Presentation. The trailer is available for viewing on the official page of Ascension on Syfy's website.

On July 14, 2014, executive producer and showrunner Phil Levens and executive producer Jason Blum appeared at the Television Critics Association (TCA) summer press tour to talk about the new series bringing along the principal stars of the show, Brian Van Holt and Tricia Helfer, to field questions from the ballroom of critics. (see below: Comments by the cast and crew)

On October 13, 2014, the network announced that instead of airing as a weekly series for six weeks, Ascension would air as a three-night "event" starting on December 15, 2014, with two of the six episodes airing each of three consecutive nights.

Potential future seasons
Although the show was ordered as a miniseries, it could have continued, similar to the network's popular series Battlestar Galactica. On March 10, 2015, Syfy announced that they would not be producing more episodes, "We were very happy with Ascension as an event series, but with so much high profile development in the works, we have decided not to pursue a full series".

Comments by the cast and crew

Upon the official announcement, on March 13, 2014, that Syfy had picked up the miniseries, Bill McGoldrick, Executive Vice President of Original Content for Syfy stated: "Phil Levens has crafted a bold and surprising spin on the space opera. We are equally excited to embark on this journey with our partners at UCP, Sea to Sky, Lionsgate, Jason Blum and his Blumhouse Productions and also with Mark Stern who shepherded this project while at Syfy".

On July 14, 2014, at the Television Critics Association summer press tour, Jason Blum, Tricia Helfer, Philip Levens, and Brian Van Holt commented on the upcoming show.

Executive producer Jason Blum said that:

What piqued [his] interest was the originality of EP Philip Levens' story idea, which was inspired by Freeman Dyson's Project Orion to design a nuclear-propelled spacecraft. Levens pointed out that President Kennedy squashed the development of Orion soon after the Bay of Pigs as the military began equipping the spaceship with weapons. He was terrified that they were turning it into a Death Star.

About the starship he said that "it feels like a cruise ship. Essentially the ship is like a time capsule, another civilization that continued for 50 years parallel to our civilization." Blum added that:

The people on the ship, only some of their children, but most of their grandchildren, are the only people who are going to arrive at this new world. A lot of the people who started on this ship have died. It's their children, their children's children, who are going to get to where they're going. And there are a lot of conflicts going on. Should they turn around and go back to Earth, which they've lost touch with? So they have no idea of what Earth even looks like now. Should they continue? Also there's been a murder on the ship, which never happened before. So that's kind of what starts it.

Tricia Helfer said about Viondra that her "manipulative" character considers herself the "mother of the people on the ship, the mother of humanity in one way if Earth did blow itself up". "Brian [Van Holt] and I play a married couple and as the wife, I'm definitely the woman behind the man more than we would see in our society here on Earth today", Helfer added. She explained about the ship's crew that:

Their morals and the values that they're dealing with are still from the '60s. The society on the ship is very hierarchical and uses genetic linking-arranged marriages, basically to sustain human life (three generations will be born during the trip to Proxima). [My] character Viondra started out on the lower decks but rose through the ranks, as did her husband. They're a power couple. Viondra will do anything to stay in power.

Creator Philip Levens said that:

Ascension will explore how technology has evolved on the ship and the way morality is still rooted in an early '60s, pre-Civil Rights Act view [of] humanity. Issues of class – the ship is divided into decks, with people in positions of power living on the upper ones – will also come into play. There's much more of a sense of obeying your parents because, you know, for the ship to really work, everybody has to cooperate. The murder is kind of the starting of the unravelling, so to speak. And kids start to question choices made by their grandparents. There's a thing on board the ship called "the crisis". It's this existential dilemma that everyone has to go through when they realize that, you know, their life has been circumscribed for them. You know, everybody they ever know or ever will know is already around them. So there's lots of issues like that kind of play [as] a coming of age thing with the kids and their parents.

Because the series is set on a ship that is self-contained and self-sustained, the people have evolved and developed differently than they would have if they'd remained on Earth. Not only is the technology different, but they think differently, too

Brian Van Holt described his character as "a man caught in the middle, aware that his legacy as the ship's 'middle route' captain won't probably go down in the record books. The one who launches the ship and the one who lands it will be remembered. No one in the now will be remembered. So he struggles with that". He concluded by saying that "he's a very ambitious character who sought out a leadership role, which was presented to him after an act of heroism on the ship".

Reception
Ascension met with mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the show a rating of 65%, based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The site's critical consensus states, "The characters in Ascension lack the depth necessary for its dramatic elements, but its premise may be smart enough to hold the interest of sci-fi fans." On Metacritic, the show has a score of 56 out of 100, based on reviews from 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

See also
 Orbiter 9

References

External links
  on Syfy

American adventure television series
2010s American science fiction television series
2010s American television miniseries
Canadian adventure television series
2010s Canadian science fiction television series
2010s Canadian television miniseries
English-language television shows
Space adventure television series
Fiction about outer space
Films shot in Minnesota
Films shot in Montreal
Retrofuturism
Space opera television series
Syfy original programming
Television shows filmed in Montreal
Television shows set in Minnesota
Television series by Lionsgate Television
Television series by Universal Content Productions
2014 American television series debuts
2014 American television series endings
2014 Canadian television series debuts
2014 Canadian television series endings
Generation ships in fiction
Fiction set around Proxima Centauri


title: Colonel A. M. Shook House

text:
The Colonel A. M. Shook House (also known as Boyd House) is a historic residence in Tracy City, Tennessee, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 1, 1987.

History
The house, located at the junction of Railroad Avenue and Montgomery Streets, was built in 1890 for Colonel Alfred Montgomery Shook, prominent in the coal industry in Grundy County. The -story frame house was designed in the Second Empire architectural style.

See also

 National Register of Historic Places listings in Grundy County, Tennessee

References

External links

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Houses in Grundy County, Tennessee
Second Empire architecture in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Grundy County, Tennessee


title: 2014 ATP Vegeta Croatia Open Umag – Singles

text:
Tommy Robredo was the defending champion, but lost to Pablo Cuevas in the final, 3–6, 4–6.

Seeds
The top four seeds receive a bye into the second round.

 Fabio Fognini (semifinals)
 Tommy Robredo (final)
 Marin Čilić (semifinals)
 João Sousa (second round)
 Lukáš Rosol (quarterfinals)
 Andreas Seppi (second round)
 Édouard Roger-Vasselin (first round)
 Carlos Berlocq (second round, withdrew)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

Qualifying

Seeds

Qualifiers

Qualifying draw

First qualifier

Second qualifier

Third qualifier

Fourth qualifier

References
 Main Draw
 Qualifying Draw

Croatia Open Umag - Singles
2014 Singles


title: Abbas Kamandi

text:
Abbas Kamandi (; January 1, 1952 – May 21, 2014) was a Kurdish  singer, songwriter, poet, writer, painter, and film director.

He was born in Sanandaj and was the son of Ali Kamandi.

Discography/Works

Albums
 "Glavyzh"
 "Pershang / Music Ensemble: The Kamkars"
 "Ouraman / Music Ensemble: The Kamkars"
 "Kyzhy Kurd"

Screenplays
 1. Asb (Horse)
 2. Yek Sabad Alaf (A grass basket)
 3. Parvaz Dar Ghafas (Flying in the Cage)
 4. Ersie Mame Rehim (Heritage of Mame Rehim)
 5. Ozve Jadide OPEC (New Member of OPEC)
 6. Nabarde Ramadie (Battle of Ramadie )
 7. Koche Sorkh (Red Alley)
 8. Vakil Aval (First Lawyer)
 9. Ghalam o Sheytan (Pen and Satan)
 10. Pahlavan Panbe (Panbe Champion)

Programs produced
 1. manzel nou mobarak
 2. Puppet Show of pahlevan panbe
 3.Documentary kona havaran (Introducing the Kurdistan Fame)

Books
 1. Kurdish and Persian Poetry
 2. Poetry Collection of Mirza Shafi
 3. The Ancient Sport of Kurdish Heroes
 4. Biography of Seyed Ali Asghar Kurdistani
 5. Hawraman
 6. Decoding the Cultural Manifestations
 7. Collection of Hejai Poetry Before Islam

References

1951 births
2014 deaths
People from Sanandaj
Kurdish singer-songwriters
Kurdish poets
Iranian Kurdish people
20th-century Iranian people
21st-century Iranian people


title: 2014 BB&T Atlanta Open – Singles

text:
John Isner was the defending champion and successfully defended the title, defeating Dudi Sela in the final, 6–3, 6–4.

Seeds
The top four seeds receive a bye into the second round.

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

Qualifying

Seeds

 Thiemo de Bakker (qualifying competition, Lucky loser)
 Alex Kuznetsov (qualifying competition, Lucky loser)
 Rajeev Ram (qualifying competition, Lucky loser)
 John-Patrick Smith (qualified)
 Illya Marchenko (qualified)
 Steven Diez (qualified)
 Kevin King (qualifying competition)
 Michael Venus (qualified)

Qualifiers

Lucky losers

Qualifying draw

First qualifier

Second qualifier

Third qualifier

Fourth qualifier

References
Main draw
Qualifying draw

BBandT Atlanta Open - Singles
2014 Singles


title: 2014–15 Liga Națională (men's handball)

text:
The 2014–15 Liga Națională was the 57th season of Romanian Handball League, the top-level men's professional handball league. The league comprises thirteen teams. CSM Oradea withdrew from Liga Națională. HCM Constanța were the defending champions, for the seventh time in a row.

Teams

League table

Play-Off

Knockout phase

League table – positions 1–4

League table – positions 5–8

Play-Out

Liga Națională (men's handball)
2015 in Romanian sport
2014 in Romanian sport
2014–15 domestic handball leagues


title: Dinosaurs (short story)

text:
"Dinosaurs" is a science fiction story by American writer  Walter Jon Williams. It was first published in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine in June 1987 and subsequently republished in The Year's Best Science Fiction: Fifth Annual Collection (1988), The 1988 Annual World's Best SF (1988), Best New SF 2 (1988),  Facets (1991), Isaac Asimov's Aliens (1991), ZomerSFeer (Dutch language, 1996), Future on Ice (1998), The Furthest Horizon: SF Adventures to the Far Future (2000), and Exploring the Horizons: Explorers, and The Furthest Horizon (2000).

Publishers Weekly described it as "bio-punk".

Williams has stated that the story is essentially about a fear of senility and senescence, applied to humanity as a whole rather than to an individual. He originally wrote the story in 1985, for a science fiction magazine that was to be published by L. Ron Hubbard; however, Hubbard died shortly after having accepted the story, and the magazine was cancelled.

Synopsis
Millions of years in the future, after humanity has taken on multiple specialized forms, Ambassador Drill attempts to defuse an incipient conflict between humanity and the Shar.

Reception
"Dinosaurs" was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novelette, the Locus Award for Best Novelette, and the Theodore Sturgeon Award.

References

1987 short stories
Science fiction short stories


title: XX International AIDS Conference, 2014

text:
The XX International AIDS Conference was held in Melbourne, Australia from 20 to 25 July 2014 at the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre. It was organized by the International AIDS Society). Over 14,000 scientists, campaigners and politicians were expected to attend.

Conference proceedings
From July 20 to 25, 2014, Melbourne, Australia hosted the 20th International AIDS Conference. Speakers included Michael Kirby, Richard Branson and Bill Clinton. Clinton's focus was HIV treatment and he called for a greater levels of treatment provision worldwide; in an interview during the conference, Kirby focused on legal issues and their relationship to medication costs and vulnerable groups—Kirby concluded by calling for an international inquiry:

And what is needed, as the Global Commission on HIV and the Law pointed out, is a new inquiry at international level – inaugurated by the secretary-general of the United Nations – to investigate a reconciliation between the right to health and the right of authors to proper protection for their inventions. At the moment, all the eggs are in the basket of the authors, and it's not really a proportionate balance. And that's why the Global Commission suggested that there should be a high level of investigation.

Branson, Global Drug Commissioner at the time of the conference, stressed the importance of decriminalizing illicit injecting drug use to the prevention of HIV and, speaking in global terms, stated that "we're using too much money and far too many precious resources on incarceration". The Open Society Foundation launched the "To Protect and Serve
How Police, Sex Workers, and People Who Use Drugs Are Joining Forces to Improve Health and Human Rights" report at the conference.

Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
The International AIDS Society confirmed that six delegates were killed in the crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 that was shot down over eastern Ukraine on 17 July 2014, though initial reports from other outlets reported numbers of up to 100 delegates. The six delegates, including former society president Joep Lange, were acknowledged during the conference at the AIDS 2014 Candlelight Vigil event. News of the crash broke as the Australian Broadcasting Corporation was preparing to air a live performance of the AIDS Memoir Quartet, a memorial work by former ACT UP activist Lyle Chan. Presenter Julian Day and Lyle Chan dedicated the performance to the crash victims and their families.

References

External links

International AIDS Conferences
International conferences in Australia
2014 in Australia
2014 conferences
2010s in Melbourne
July 2014 events in Australia


title: Alexander Lloyd (venture capitalist)

text:
Alexander "Alex" Lloyd is a venture capitalist, and the founder and managing partner of Accelerator Ventures, an investment and venture fund. Lloyd was an early investor in many companies that have gone public or merged, including online shoe company Zappos which was acquired by Amazon.com in 2009 in an all-stock deal worth about $1.2 billion and semantic job search engine Trovix which was acquired by Monster.com in 2008 for $72.5 million.

Other companies Lloyd has invested in are technology platform iSocket, software and video game developer Tapulous, the mobile marketing automation company Appboy (now Braze, Inc.) and Microsoft owned Powerset. Lloyd is a board of directors' observer for LoopNet, MerchantCircle, MobilePlay, and Practice Technologies Inc. He is a mentor for Los Angeles-based business incubator MuckerLab, and has co-written an article for The Atlantic.

Prior to founding Accelerator Ventures, Lloyd was a venture partner at Rustic Canyon Partners. He has also worked at Microsoft, SGI, Activision, Apple Computer and Goldman Sachs. He holds a BA from The University of Pennsylvania and an MBA from The Wharton School.

Philanthropy
Lloyd is active in philanthropy, and founded the San Francisco Media Arts Council. He served as commissioner for the San Francisco Art Commission, and sits on the board of Slideluck. He has been on the board of SF Camerawork and the Contemporary Extension of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

References

Living people
American venture capitalists
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Belarusian Resistance

text:
Belarusian Resistance may refer to:
Belarusian resistance movement
Belarusian resistance during World War II
Belarusian opposition


title: Enemy (1990 film)

text:
Enemy (also known as Fatal Mission) is a 1990 American action/adventure film directed by George Rowe and starring Peter Fonda, who also co-wrote the screenplay.

Plot
A CIA agent posing as a journalist (Peter Fonda) assassinates a North Vietnamese official then escapes into the jungle, where he comes across a beautiful female spy (Tia Carrere). At first they're enemies, but come to the realization that they must work together if they want to get out alive.

Cast
Peter Fonda as Ken Andrews
Tia Carrere as Mai Chang
Mako as Trang
James Mitchum as Maj. Bauer

Production
Enemy was filmed in the Philippines in 1988.

References

External links

1990 films
1990s action adventure films
Cold War spy films
Vietnam War films
Films about the Central Intelligence Agency
Films shot in the Philippines
American action adventure films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films


title: 2015 CONCACAF U-17 Championship

text:
The 2015 CONCACAF U-17 Championship was a scheduled age-restricted international association football tournament organised by CONCACAF. The competition was used to determine the four CONCACAF representatives at the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Chile. The competition was hosted by Honduras.

Qualified teams

Note: no titles or runners-up between 1999 and 2007.
Bold indicates that the corresponding team was hosting the event.

Venues

New format
Previously there were four groups of three teams during the group stage of the competition, each team played a minimum of two games and the previous format had a total of 20 matches. As from 2015 there will be two groups of six teams, each team will play a minimum of five games and the competition will have a total of 33 matches. CONCACAF stated that the new format would aid development and competition.

The knockout phase, which included eight matches, consisted of four quarterfinals, two semifinals, a third-place playoff and a final, has been replaced with two playoff games and a final.

Draw
The draw took place on 8 December at the Chamber of Commerce and Industries of Cortés, Honduras.

On 2 December 2014, CONCACAF announced the procedure of the draw. The 12 teams were divided into three differing pots:

Prior to the draw, hosts Honduras were assigned to position A1. The remaining teams in Pot 1 were drawn, alternating between groups A and B. Teams were assigned a position from Pot A (Group A) or Pot B (Group B). After all teams had been drawn from Pot 1, the draw proceeded (continuing to alternate between Groups A and B) to Pot 2, then Pot 3.

Squads

Only players born on or after 1 January 1998 were eligible to play in the tournament. Each participating national association had to provide a provisional list of twenty to thirty players to CONCACAF thirty days before their first match. A final twenty-man selection had to be provided upon arrival in the venue.

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Final stage
In the final stage, if a match was level at the end of normal playing time, penalty shoot-out was used to determine the winner (no extra time was played).

Playoff stage

The second-and third-place teams from each group were re-seeded by group stage results, with the best team facing the fourth-best team, and the second-best team facing the third-best team.

Ranking of second and third-placed teams

Because all four teams finished with the same number of points and not all of them faced each other, the first playoff tiebreaker used for reseeding was goal differential in all group matches. Because two teams were tied on goal differential, the No. 3 and 4 seeds were determined based on total goals scored in the tournament. This resulted in both third-place teams being ranked ahead of both second-place teams.

Costa Rica and the United States qualified for the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup.

Final

Both Honduras and Mexico qualified for the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup.

Top goalscorers
Players with three or more goals:

6 goals
 Ronaldo Córdoba

5 goals
 Andy Reyes

4 goals
 Ronaldo Damus
 Ulises Torres
 Joe Gallardo
 Joshua Pérez

3 goals
 Duwayne Ewart
 Jostin Daly
 Nathaniel Adamolekun
 Claudio Zamudio
 Oliver Beckles

References

External links
Under 17s – Men, CONCACAF.com

2015
U-17
CON
International association football competitions hosted by Honduras
2015 in youth association football


title: Gene drive

text:
A gene drive is a natural process and technology of genetic engineering that propagates a particular suite of genes throughout a population by altering the probability that a specific allele will be transmitted to offspring (instead of the Mendelian 50% probability). Gene drives can arise through a variety of mechanisms. They have been proposed to provide an effective means of genetically modifying specific populations and entire species.

The technique can employ adding, deleting, disrupting, or modifying genes.

Proposed applications include exterminating insects that carry pathogens (notably mosquitoes that transmit malaria, dengue, and zika pathogens), controlling invasive species, or eliminating herbicide or pesticide resistance.

As with any potentially powerful technique, gene drives can be misused in a variety of ways or induce unintended consequences. For example, a gene drive intended to affect only a local population might spread across an entire species. Gene drives that eradicate populations of invasive species in their non-native habitats may have consequences for the population of the species as a whole, even in its native habitat. Any accidental return of individuals of the species to its original habitats, through natural migration, environmental disruption (storms, floods, etc.), accidental human transportation, or purposeful relocation, could unintentionally drive the species to extinction if the relocated individuals carried harmful gene drives.

Gene drives can be built from many naturally occurring selfish genetic elements that use a variety of molecular mechanisms. These naturally occurring mechanisms induce similar segregation distortion in the wild, arising when alleles evolve molecular mechanisms that give them a transmission chance greater than the normal 50%.

Most gene drives have been developed in insects, notably mosquitoes, as a way to control insect-borne pathogens. Recent developments designed gene drives directly in viruses, notably herpesviruses. These viral gene drives can propagate a modification into the population of viruses, and aim to reduce the infectivity of the virus.

Mechanism
In sexually-reproducing species, most genes are present in two copies (which can be the same or different alleles), either one of which has a 50% chance of passing to a descendant. By biasing the inheritance of particular altered genes, synthetic gene drives could spread alterations through a population.

Molecular mechanisms

At the molecular level, an endonuclease gene drive works by cutting a chromosome at a specific site that does not encode the drive, inducing the cell to repair the damage by copying the drive sequence onto the damaged chromosome. The cell then has two copies of the drive sequence. The method derives from genome editing techniques and relies on the fact that double strand breaks are most frequently repaired by homologous recombination, (in the presence of a template), rather than non-homologous end joining. To achieve this behavior, endonuclease gene drives consist of two nested elements:
 either a homing endonuclease or a RNA-guided endonuclease (e.g., Cas9 or Cas12a) and its guide RNA, that cuts the target sequence in recipient cells
 a template sequence used by the DNA repair machinery after the target sequence is cut. To achieve the self-propagating nature of gene drives, this repair template contains at least the endonuclease sequence. Because the template must be used to repair a double-strand break at the cutting site, its sides are homologous to the sequences that are adjacent to the cutting site in the host genome. By targeting the gene drive to a gene coding sequence, this gene will be inactivated; additional sequences can be introduced in the gene drive to encode new functions.
As a result, the gene drive insertion in the genome will re-occur in each organism that inherits one copy of the modification and one copy of the wild-type gene. If the gene drive is already present in the egg cell (e.g. when received from one parent), all the gametes of the individual will carry the gene drive (instead of 50% in the case of a normal gene).

Spreading in the population

Since it can never more than double in frequency with each generation, a gene drive introduced in a single individual typically requires dozens of generations to affect a substantial fraction of a population. Alternatively, releasing drive-containing organisms in sufficient numbers can affect the rest within a few generations; for instance, by introducing it in every thousandth individual, it takes only 12–15 generations to be present in all individuals. Whether a gene drive will ultimately become fixed in a population and at which speed depends on its effect on individual fitness, on the rate of allele conversion, and on the population structure. In a well mixed population and with realistic allele conversion frequencies (≈90%), population genetics predicts that gene drives get fixed for a selection coefficient smaller than 0.3; in other words, gene drives can be used to spread modifications as long as reproductive success is not reduced by more than 30%. This is in contrast with normal genes, which can only spread across large populations if they increase fitness.

Gene drive in viruses
Because the strategy usually relies on the simultaneous presence of an unmodified and a gene drive allele in the same cell nucleus, it had generally been assumed that a gene drive could only be engineered in sexually reproducing organisms, excluding bacteria and viruses. However, during a viral infection, viruses can accumulate hundreds or thousands of genome copies in infected cells. Cells are frequently co-infected by multiple virions and recombination between viral genomes is a well-known and widespread source of diversity for many viruses. In particular, herpesviruses are nuclear-replicating DNA viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes and frequently undergo homologous recombination during their replication cycle.

These properties have enabled the design of a gene drive strategy that doesn't involve sexual reproduction, instead relying on co-infection of a given cell by a naturally occurring and an engineered virus. Upon co-infection, the unmodified genome is cut and repaired by homologous recombination, producing new gene drive viruses that can progressively replace the naturally occurring population. In cell culture experiments, it was shown that a viral gene drive can spread into the viral population and strongly reduce the infectivity of the virus, which opens novel therapeutic strategies against herpesviruses.

Technical limitations
Because gene drives propagate by replacing other alleles that contain a cutting site and the corresponding homologies, their application has been mostly limited to sexually reproducing species (because they are diploid or polyploid and alleles are mixed at each generation). As a side effect, inbreeding could in principle be an escape mechanism, but the extent to which this can happen in practice is difficult to evaluate.

Due to the number of generations required for a gene drive to affect an entire population, the time to universality varies according to the reproductive cycle of each species: it may require under a year for some invertebrates, but centuries for organisms with years-long intervals between birth and sexual maturity, such as humans. Hence this technology is of most use in fast-reproducing species.

Effectiveness in real practice varies between techniques, especially by choice of germline promoter. Lin and Potter 2016 (a) discloses the promoter technology homology assisted CRISPR knockin (HACK) and Lin and Potter 2016 (b) demonstrates actual use, achieving a high proportion of altered progeny from each altered Drosophila mother.

Issues
Issues highlighted by researchers include:

 Mutations: A mutation could happen mid-drive, which has the potential to allow unwanted traits to "ride along".
 Escape: Cross-breeding or gene flow potentially allow a drive to move beyond its target population.
 Ecological impacts: Even when new traits' direct impact on a target is understood, the drive may have side effects on the surroundings.

The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard added gene drives to a list of uses of gene-editing technology it doesn't think companies should pursue.

Bioethics concerns
Gene drives affect all future generations and represent the possibility of a larger change in a living species than has been possible before.

In December 2015, scientists of major world academies called for a moratorium on inheritable human genome edits that would affect the germline, including those related to CRISPR-Cas9 technologies, but supported continued basic research and gene editing that would not affect future generations. In February 2016, British scientists were given permission by regulators to genetically modify human embryos by using CRISPR-Cas9 and related techniques on condition that the embryos were destroyed in seven days. In June 2016, the US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine released a report on their "Recommendations for Responsible Conduct" of gene drives.

Models suggest that extinction-oriented gene drives will wipe out target species and that drives could reach populations beyond the target given minimal connectivity between them.

Kevin M. Esvelt stated that an open conversation was needed around the safety of gene drives: "In our view, it is wise to assume that invasive and self-propagating gene drive systems are likely to spread to every population of the target species throughout the world. Accordingly, they should only be built to combat true plagues such as malaria, for which we have few adequate countermeasures and that offer a realistic path towards an international agreement to deploy among all affected nations.". He moved to an open model for his own research on using gene drives to eradicate Lyme disease in Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. Esvelt and colleagues suggested that CRISPR could be used to save endangered wildlife from extinction. Esvelt later retracted his support for the idea, except for extremely hazardous populations such as malaria-carrying mosquitoes, and isolated islands that would prevent the drive from spreading beyond the target area.

History
Austin Burt, an evolutionary geneticist at Imperial College London, introduced the possibility of conducting gene drives based on natural homing endonuclease selfish genetic elements in 2003.

Researchers had already shown that such genes could act selfishly to spread rapidly over successive generations. Burt suggested that gene drives might be used to prevent a mosquito population from transmitting the malaria parasite or to crash a mosquito population. Gene drives based on homing endonucleases have been demonstrated in the laboratory in transgenic populations of mosquitoes and fruit flies. However, homing endonucleases are sequence-specific. Altering their specificity to target other sequences of interest remains a major challenge. The possible applications of gene drive remained limited until the discovery of CRISPR and associated RNA-guided endonucleases such as Cas9 and Cas12a.

In June 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases issued guidelines for evaluating genetically modified mosquitoes. In 2013 the European Food Safety Authority issued a protocol for environmental assessments of all genetically modified organisms.

Funding
Target Malaria, a project funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, invested $75 million in gene drive technology. The foundation originally estimated the technology to be ready for field use by 2029 somewhere in Africa. However, in 2016 Gates changed this estimate to some time within the following two years. In December 2017, documents released under the Freedom of Information Act showed that DARPA had invested $100 million in gene drive research.

Control strategies

Scientists have designed multiple strategies to maintain control over gene drives.

In 2020, researchers reported the development of two active guide RNA-only elements that, according to their study, may enable halting or deleting gene drives introduced into populations in the wild with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. The paper's senior author cautions that the two neutralizing systems they demonstrated in cage trials "should not be used with a false sense of security for field-implemented gene drives".

If elimination is not necessary, it may be desirable to intentionally preserve the target population at a lower level by using a less severe gene drive technology. This works by maintaining the semi-defective population indefinitely in the target area, thereby crowding out potential nearby, wild populations that would otherwise move back in to fill a void.

CRISPR

CRISPR is the leading genetic engineering method. In 2014, Esvelt and coworkers first suggested that CRISPR/Cas9 might be used to build gene drives. In 2015, researchers reported successful engineering of CRISPR-based gene drives in Saccharomyces, Drosophila, and mosquitoes. They reported efficient inheritance distortion over successive generations, with one study demonstrating the spread of a gene into laboratory populations. Drive-resistant alleles were expected to arise for each of the described gene drives; however, this could be delayed or prevented by targeting highly conserved sites at which resistance was expected to have a severe fitness cost.

Because of CRISPR's targeting flexibility, gene drives could theoretically be used to engineer almost any trait. Unlike previous approaches, they could be tailored to block the evolution of drive resistance by targeting multiple sequences. CRISPR could also enable gene drive architectures that control rather than eliminate populations.

In 2022,  t-CRISPR, was used to pass the “t haplotype” gene to about 95% of offspring. The approach spreads faulty copies of a female fertility gene to offspring, rendering them infertile. The researchers reported that their models suggested that adding 256 altered animals to an island with a population of 200,000 mice would eliminate the population in about 25 years. The traditional approaches of poison and traps were not needed.

Applications
Gene drives have two main classes of application, which have implications of different significance:

 introduce a genetic modification in laboratory populations; once a strain or a line carrying the gene drive has been produced, the drive can be passed to any other line by mating. Here, the gene drive is used to much more easily achieve a task that could be accomplished with other techniques.
 introduce a genetic modification in wild populations. Gene drives constitute a major development that makes possible previously unattainable changes.

Because of their unprecedented potential risk, safeguard mechanisms have been proposed and tested.

Disease vector species
One possible application is to genetically modify mosquitoes, mice, and other disease vectors so that they cannot transmit diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever in the case of mosquitoes, and tick-borne disease in the case of mice. Researchers have claimed that by applying the technique to 1% of the wild population of mosquitoes, that they could eradicate malaria within a year.

Invasive species control
A gene drive could be used to eliminate invasive species and has, for example, been proposed as a way to eliminate invasive species in New Zealand. Gene drives for biodiversity conservation purposes are being explored as part of The Genetic Biocontrol of Invasive Rodents (GBIRd) program because they offer the potential for reduced risk to non-target species and reduced costs when compared to traditional invasive species removal techniques. Given the risks of such an approach described below, the GBIRd partnership is committed to a deliberate, step-wise process that will only proceed with public alignment, as recommended by the world's leading gene drive researchers from the Australian and US National Academy of
Sciences and many others. A wider outreach network for gene drive research exists to raise awareness of the value of gene drive research for the public good.

Some scientists are concerned about the technique, fearing it could spread and wipe out species in native habitats. The gene could mutate, potentially causing unforeseen problems (as could any gene). Many non-native species can hybridize with native species, such that a gene drive afflicting a non-native plant or animal that hybridizes with a native species could doom the native species. Many non-native species have naturalized into their new environment so well that crops and/or native species have adapted to depend on them.

Predator Free 2050

The Predator Free 2050 project is a New Zealand government program to eliminate eight invasive mammalian predator species (including rats, short-tailed weasels, and possums) from the country by 2050. The project was first announced in 2016 by New Zealand's prime minister John Key and in January 2017 it was announced that gene drives would be considered in the effort, but this has not yet been actualised. In 2017, one group in Australia and another in Texas released preliminary research into creating 'daughterless mice' using gene drives in mammals.

California
In 2017, scientists at the University of California, Riverside developed a gene drive to attack the invasive spotted-wing drosophila, a type of fruit fly native to Asia that is costing California's cherry farms $700 million per year because of its tail's razor-edged ovipositor that destroys unblemished fruit. The primary alternative control strategy involves the use of insecticides called pyrethroids that kill almost all insects that it contacts.

Wild animal welfare
The transhumanist philosopher David Pearce has advocated for using CRISPR-based gene drives to reduce the suffering of wild animals. Kevin M. Esvelt, an American biologist who has helped develop gene drive technology, has argued that there is a moral case for the elimination of the New World screwworm through such technologies because of the immense suffering that infested wild animals experience when they are eaten alive.

See also
 Biological machines
 Cas9
 Cas12a
 Meiotic drive
 Genome editing
 Population control
 Sterile insect technique
 Synthetic biology
 Target Malaria

References

Further reading

Genetic engineering
Genetics techniques
Genome editing
Sterilization (medicine)


title: PharmAccess Foundation

text:
PharmAccess Foundation is a part of the PharmAccess Group. PharmAccess is an international non-profit organization with a digital agenda dedicated to connecting more people in sub-Saharan Africa to better healthcare. By making use of public-private partnerships, they leverage donor contributions, which they believe will pave the way for private investments hereby contributing to healthier populations and social and economic development. Currently PharmAccess employs a multidisciplinary team of professionals in Tanzania, Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana and the Netherlands.

PharmAccess was founded in 2001 by HIV/AIDS researcher Prof. Joep Lange. He took an important first step for the organization by distributing life-saving medicines against HIV/AIDS in Africa in cooperation with multinationals. In 2007, PharmAccess was one of the two organizations that won a competition for a World Bank funding partnership.

Other leading individuals in the organization are Onno Schellekens, MsC, the managing director of the Investment Fund for Health in Africa, and Professor Tobias Rinke de Wit of the Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development.

All of the activities are co-funded by the Health Insurance Fund (HIF). In October 2006, the Health Insurance Fund signed a contract with the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs to finance programs that provide access to affordable and quality healthcare among low income populations in sub-Saharan Africa through the introduction of financing mechanisms (including health insurance) and the improvement of healthcare quality.

History
Joep Lange of the Academic Medical Center (AMC) initiated PharmAccess in 2001, with support from the Dutch Aids Fonds, to bring life-saving antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS treatment to Africa. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was introduced in the developed world in the mid-nineties and immediately led to dramatic reductions in AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. In Africa, for the great majority of the population, adults and children, treatment was not available and many of the HIV/AIDS patients died of the disease.

Initially, PharmAccess focused on the introduction of HIV/AIDS treatment programs for employees and dependents of Heineken in sub-Saharan Africa, which was revolutionary at the time. Soon they realized that these programs could be broadened to lay a foundation for the development of functional general health systems. The Dutch government, Dutch multinationals and PharmAccess joined forces to launch an alternative mechanism to the traditional development approach: a donor fund established to pilot health insurance for the currently uninsured in sub-Saharan Africa through the local private sector.

In order to enable the private companies in sub-Saharan Africa to grow and deliver the necessary services, a private investment fund (Investment Fund for Health in Africa, IFHA) was endorsed in 2007. In the years after this led to additional offshoots which all contribute to general health system strengthening and support to the health insurance schemes.

Approach

The PharmAccess Group employs an integrated approach in order to improve access to quality health care. The group mobilizes public and private resources for the benefit of doctors and patients through insurance, loans to doctors, clinical standards and impact research. The PharmAccess Group state they have a different approach to development cooperation, by making use of public-private partnerships. PharmAccess works with various different African and international partners, donors and investors from both the private and the public sector.

The PharmAccess Group headquarters is located in the Netherlands. The group currently works from five country offices located in Tanzania, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria and Ghana.

Business lines

Members of the group that each play a crucial role in the funding and implementation of this approach are Health Insurance Fund, Medical Credit Fund, SafeCare and our independent research partner the Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development. The PharmAccess Group works with different business lines:

Supporting health plans

They work with local partners to make health insurance available for low income groups (such as cooperatives of farmers, organizations of market women or company employees). Members pay an insurance premium according to their means. The health plans and related initiatives are financed with public grants from the Dutch Government and World Bank, with increasing local government involvement.

Enabling investments

Medical Credit Fund provides loans to doctors and clinics in the private sector, enabling them to improve the quality of their services, develop their business potential and service more low-income patients. Medical Credit Fund aims to contribute to a healthier investment climate and increase the bankability and thus scalability of the private healthcare sector.

Improving quality

Sub-Saharan Africa has a shortage of institutions and standards that can ensure objective measurement of quality. SafeCare is a quality improvement program designed for resource-restricted healthcare facilities. SafeCare's internationally recognized set of standards aims to create a transparent improvement path that offers clinics positive incentives to move steadily upwards in quality.

mHealth innovations

The PharmAccess mHealth Program manages healthcare payments from both public and private donors to healthcare providers for providing quality healthcare services to patients.

Implementing and initiating
PharmAccess Foundation acts as a coordinating, implementing and advising (consultancy) partner for each of its organizations. In addition, PharmAccess aims to regularly develop new initiatives to strengthen the integrated approach.

Funding

All of these activities are co-funded by the Health Insurance Fund. In October 2006, the Health Insurance Fund signed a contract with the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs to finance programs that provide access to affordable and quality healthcare among low income populations in sub-Saharan Africa through the introduction of innovative financing mechanisms (including health insurance) and the improvement of healthcare quality.

Impact

The programs of the PharmAccess Group and its partners have had impact on different communities, for example in the Kwara State in Nigeria, where the Kwara State Community Health Program was launched in 2009. The Kwara State Government subsidizes 60% of the premiums and has committed to extend the program to 600,000 people over the next five years. The program is also funded by the Dutch Health Insurance Fund with support from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and implemented by PharmAccess and the Nigerian health maintenance organization Hygeia. During a visit to Nigeria, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon spoke about the program's unique character: ‘The groundbreaking Community Health Insurance of the Kwara State Government is exactly the kind of innovative partnership that we should replicate – here in Nigeria and beyond.’ This program represents the first time that a state government in Nigeria has partnered with the private sector and an NGO to provide statewide health insurance for its citizens.

The organization's work has attracted considerable international attention including a G20 prize (G20 Small Medium Enterprise Finance Challenge 2010) that President Obama presented for their healthcare financing model.

References

External links
 Official site
 Corporate video on Africa Interactive

Non-profit organisations based in the Netherlands
Health campaigns
HIV/AIDS activism
HIV/AIDS in Africa


title: Maicon Talhetti

text:
Maicon Talhetti (born 23 February 1990) is a Brazilian footballer who most recently played for Moto Club as a midfielder.

Career
Talhetti began playing football with Figueirense FC, winning the Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior with the club's youth side. At age 18, Talhetti suffered a serious knee injury playing with the senior side in the Campeonato Catarinense, which required three surgeries and kept him from playing again until 2011. Shortly after he left Figueirense, spending the rest of his career playing with clubs in the Catarinense and Paraense state championships.

References

External links
Maicon Talhetti at playmakerstats.com (English version of ogol.com.br and zerozero.pt)

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Santa Catarina (state)
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Figueirense FC players
Brusque Futebol Clube players
Esporte Clube Novo Hamburgo players
ABC Futebol Clube players
Clube Atlético Tubarão players
Moto Club de São Luís players
Brazilian people of Italian descent
People from Caçador


title: Ernest Hinton

text:
Ernest Hinton (16 March 1946 – 18 November 1999) was a British civil engineer and engineering professor.
He was born in Liverpool, England in 1946 and was educated at University of Wales Swansea. After receiving the BSc (1967), MSc (1968) and PhD (1971) at Swansea he joined the faculty of the Department of Civil Engineering where served until his death in 1999.

Career

Ernest Hinton received the BSc Honours in Civil Engineering at Swansea in 1967. His studies at Wales continued with the award of the MSc in 1968 (Least squares analysis using finite elements.), and the PhD in 1971 (Design of reinforced concrete slabs.).
 In recognition of his many contributions to his field of research he was awarded the D.Sc. in 1988.

In 1989 he was also awarded a personal chair in recognition of his world class research. Dr. Hinton was a Charted Civil Engineer (C.Eng.), Member of the British Computer Society (M.B.C.S.) and Member of the Institution of Structural Engineers (M.I.Struct.E.).

Contributions

One of the early pioneers of the finite element method and computational mechanics, Prof. Hinton had an extremely prolific career.  His early paper with Professor Bruce Irons (1968) was titled "Least squares smoothing of experimental data using finite elements"

and proved to be the beginning of a career in computational mechanics at Swansea. He went on to supervise the doctoral research of over 40 students many of whom choose to join diverse universities and continue the work begun with Prof Hinton. In addition he published around 250 journal and conference papers and was author, coauthor or editor of more than ten books.

In recounting the significance of Hinton's work on structural topology optimisation, Akin and Arjona-Baez wrote "Like several of his colleagues at the University of Wales, Swansea Prof. Hinton made significant contributions to the field of engineering computations. He was among the first to be concerned with reducing the error in a FEA (Finite Element Analysis) and with quantifying overall and local errors."

He and colleagues continued to make notable contributions to the emerging computational mechanics field led at Swansea by O. C. Zienkiewicz. Especially significant are the series of books he coauthored with D. R. J. Owen, one of the most widely respected and referenced of these is the 1980 book "Finite Elements in Plasticity".

Professors Hinton and Owen also collaborated to edit 17 international conference proceedings and together with Prof. K. J. Bathe were chief editors of the journal "Engineering Computations".

Of his many journal papers a series of three on the subject of homogenisation and topology optimisation published together with B. Hassani in 1998 in "Computers and Structures" have been extremely influential and widely cited.

"His legacy will always be remembered by future generations of researchers, and by the many present students who have benefited from his research work. The MSc and PhD students who were supervised by Ernie benefited from his seemingly infinite motivation and inspiration. He also spent a tremendous amount of energy on lecturing students on both the undergraduate and the postgraduate level and students appreciated his efforts to explain difficult subjects in understandable form. His door was always open, and anybody who wanted help with a difficult subject, or with other problems was always welcome. Despite his personal fight with illness he had lots of time and encouragement for the people around him."

Ernest Hinton died in Swansea in 1999 at the age of 53 after a protracted illness.

Books

References

External links
 Obituary
 Obituary on Shell Buckling Site

1946 births
1999 deaths
English civil engineers
Alumni of Swansea University
Academics of Swansea University
Engineers from Liverpool


title: Campur Formation

text:
The Campur Formation (Kca) is a geologic formation of the Petén Basin of northern Guatemala. The subtidal limestone preserves fossils dating back to the Late Cretaceous period.

Description
The formation consists of fossiliferous limestones with minor levels of dolomites. The formation is rich in rudists and miliolids. Breccias and clayey conglomerates, siltstones and limestones occur in the formation. The formation was probably deposited in a fore-reef environment in an open shelf system. The lower boundary of the Campur Formation is transitional into the underlying Cobán Formation. The formation is overlain by the Sepur Formation of the Petén Group. The Campur Formation is laterally equivalent with the upper part of the Ixcoy Formation of western Guatemala.

Fossil content
The following fossils have been uncovered from the formation:
 Accordiella cf. conica
 Bournonia cardenasensis, B. excavata
 Distefanella lombricalis
 Senalveolina aubouini
 Sulcoperculina sp.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Guatemala

References

Bibliography

Geology of Guatemala
Cretaceous Guatemala
Limestone formations
Dolomite formations
Conglomerate formations
Shallow marine deposits
Formations
Formations


title: Ixcoy Formation

text:
The Ixcoy Formation is a geologic formation in Guatemala. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period. The upper part of the Ixcoy Formation is laterally equivalent with the Campur Formation of the Petén Basin in northern Guatemala.

Fossil content
The following fossils have been uncovered from the formation:
 Biradiolites jamaicensis
 Chubbina jamaicensis
 Praeradiolites cf. verseyi
 Senalveolina aubouini
 Thyrastylon adhaerens
 Texicaprina cf. orbiculata
 Chondrodonta sp.
 ?Planocaprina sp.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Guatemala

References

Bibliography

Geology of Guatemala
Cretaceous Guatemala
Albian Stage
Aptian Stage
Cenomanian Stage
Turonian Stage
Coniacian Stage
Santonian Stage
Campanian Stage
Maastrichtian Stage
Limestone formations
Shallow marine deposits
Reef deposits
Formations


title: Paul Connett

text:
Paul Connett lives in Binghamton, New York.

Paul Connett is a prominent water fluoridation critic, executive director of the Binghamton, New York-based Fluoride Action Network (FAN), one of the largest organizations opposing water fluoridation worldwide.  The Fluoride Action Network is funded, at least in part, by Joseph Mercola. Joseph Mercola has been identified by the Centre for Countering Digital Hate as the leading COVID disinformationist.

Connett has been invited by environmental organizations opposing fluoridation to lecture on the subject in fluoridating countries such as Canada, Israel, Australia and New Zealand. Connett has stated "It’s politics that is interfering with science in this issue...It’s a matter of political will, and you cannot change political will if you don’t get the people. We must involve the people."

Early life
Connett is English, and is a graduate of Cambridge University. He holds a Ph.D. in chemistry from Dartmouth College.

Political activism
Connett became involved in political activism in 1968. He volunteered for Eugene McCarthy's presidential campaign, where he met Allard K. Lowenstein. Lowenstein and Connett founded the American Committee to Keep Biafra Alive, in response to the famine caused by the Biafran War. In 1971, Connett co-founded Operation Omega, a non-violent group taking humanitarian aid into East Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Paul's wife Ellen was arrested during one of Omega's trips into East Pakistan and spent two months imprisoned there.

University career
After teaching chemistry and toxicology for 23 years at St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, he retired from his full professorship. He is currently also the director of the American Environmental Health Studies Project (AEHSP).

Fluoridation campaign
In 2004, Connett published the paper 50 Reasons to Oppose Fluoridation in Medical Veritas, a pseudoscientific journal described by QuackWatch as "fundamentally flawed". In 2010 he coauthored; The Case against Fluoride: How Hazardous Waste Ended Up in Our Drinking Water and the Bad Science and Powerful Politics That Keep It There along with Dr. James Beck and Dr. H. Spedding Micklem.
He also wrote the book in 2013; "The Zero Waste Solution". and assisted the city of Naples in pursuing its zero waste strategy.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Water fluoridation
21st-century American chemists
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Dartmouth College alumni


title: Esquias Formation

text:
The Esquias Formation is a geologic formation in Honduras. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

Fossil content
 Iguanodontidae indet.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Honduras

References

Further reading
 G. S. Horne, M. G. Atwood, and A. P. King. 1974. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleoenvironment of Esquias Formation of Honduras. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 58(2):176-188

Geologic formations of Honduras
Cretaceous Honduras
Shale formations
Sandstone formations
Fluvial deposits
Lacustrine deposits
Formations


title: Isla Colón Formation

text:
The Isla Colón Formation is an Early Pleistocene geologic formation in the Bocas del Toro Province of northwestern Panama. It preserves coral fossils. The formation, part of the Bocas del Toro Group, comprises limestones and sandstones deposited in a reefal environment.

Fossil content
 Isophyllia maoensis

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Panama

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 A. F. Budd, K. G. Johnson, T. A. Stemann and B. H. Tompkins. 1999. Pliocene to Pleistocene reef coral assemblages in the Limon Group of Costa Rica. Bulletins of American Paleontology 357:119-158

Geologic formations of Panama
Pleistocene Panama
Limestone formations
Reef deposits
Formations


title: Urraca Formation

text:
The Urraca Formation is a geologic formation in Panama. The reefal limestone formation preserves coral fossils dating to the Early Pleistocene.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Panama

References

Further reading
 J. S. Klaus, D. F. McNeill, A. F. Budd and A. G. Coates. 2012. Neogene reef coral assemblages of the Bocas del Toro region, Panama: the rise of Acropora palmata. Coral Reefs 31(1):191-203

Geologic formations of Panama
Pleistocene Panama
Limestone formations
Reef deposits
Formations


title: Swan Cay Formation

text:
The Swan Cay Formation is a geologic formation in Panama. It preserves fossils.

Fossil content
 Engina moinensis
 Ophidion pauxillicauda

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Panama

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of Panama
Pleistocene Panama
Paleontology in Panama
Sandstone formations
Reef deposits
Formations


title: Mount Hope Formation

text:
The Mount Hope Formation is a geologic formation of the Caribbean mouth of the Panama Canal Zone in Panama. The limestones, mudstones and siltstones preserve bivalve, gastropod (Monoplex comptus) and crustacean fossils dating to the Early Pleistocene. The formation is named after Mount Hope Cemetery, the burial ground for black West Indian immigrants who died working on the intercontinental Panama Railroad at the Panama Canal for the American Panamanian Railroad Corporation between 1850 and 1855.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Panama

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 A. P. Brown and H. A. Pilsbry. 1913. Two collections of Pleistocene fossils from the Isthmus of Panama. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 493–500
 T. W. Vaughan. 1919. Fossil corals from Central America, Cuba, and Porto Rico, with an account of the American Tertiary, Pleistocene, and Recent coral reefs. Smithsonian Institution Bulletin 103:189–524

Geologic formations of Panama
Pleistocene Panama
Limestone formations
Mudstone formations
Siltstone formations
Lagoonal deposits
Reef deposits
Formations
Formations


title: Berta Frey

text:
Berta Frey (8 November 1893 – 1 February 1972) was a well-known New York weaver, who spoke and taught about weaving techniques for many years. She was one of the founders of the Handweavers Guild of America.

Early years

Berta Frey was born on 8 November 1893 in Texas.
During World War I (1914–18) she was an occupational therapist specializing in woodworking in the army's Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C.  She learned handweaving at this time. When she found that no handlooms were being made in the USA she used her woodworking skills to make looms for her patients and then for herself.
Frey began by following Colonial weaving designs, but soon started to experiment with other patterns.

Inter-war period

After the war Frey moved to New York City with her parents, and worked in the textile industry.
She eventually opened a design studio in the city and began to teach weaving there.
In 1934, Frey, already known as an author of technical works on handweaving, attended a summer session of the Penland Weaving Institute in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. She was one of the initiators of construction of a new building for the school, which was outgrowing its facilities.
Subscriptions were raised to build the Edward F. Worst Craft House, which had both classrooms and sleeping facilities.
Many of the students at the Institute came from the local community.

An informal study group began to meet monthly at Frey's New York studio.
On 11 November 1940 the New York Guild of Handweavers was established there at an organizational tea, and was headed by Frey.
Most of the initial members worked in areas related to textiles as teachers, designers or occupational therapists.
In 1941 Frey resigned from her position with the guild and returned to providing occupational therapy for the army.

Post war

After World War II (1939–45) Frey became Chair of the New York Guild's Program Committee.
She often gave talks on different subjects, and frequently contributed to Handweaver and Craftsman, a national magazine launched in 1940.
In May 1946 Frey conducted a conference on weaving at the YMCA in Milwaukee sponsored by the Milwaukee Weaver's Guild.
She gave demonstrations of how to prepare the warp for the loom.
In the years just after the war, Frey taught weaving at the Arrowmount school in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, in summer workshops organized by Pi Beta Phi and the University of Tennessee.
Frey was an instructor at the Fletcher Farm School in Vermont.
In 1948 she published a second edition of her small book, Seven Projects in Rosepath.
This was one of the first American guides for beginner handweavers.

On 8–9 April 1955 a meeting of 135 members of Ontario weaving guilds was held at the Heliconian Club in Toronto. Frey gave a talk and demonstrated putting on a multicolored warp. The group formed an advisory committee to look into setting up a provincial organization, leading to the foundation of the Ontario Handweavers & Spinners (OHS) the next year.
She returned to Ontario in 1960, when she was the principal speaker at the OHS conference organized by the Ottawa Valley Weavers Guild. She talked about handweaving from ancient times until the present, and later showed how ancient designs could be used in modern settings.
In 1967 she was again in Ontario as one of the judges of the OHS exhibition Fashion Fabrics, which opened in Kingston, Ontario in October 1967 and circulated for the next two years.

In 1969 Frey was one of the founders of the Handweavers Guild of America (HGA), and served on its first board of directors.
At this time she was teaching weaving at Woodstock, New York.
She died on 1 February 1972 at the age of 78 in Bearsville, New York, just to the west of Woodstock.

The HGA held its first convention, in Detroit, Michigan, on 8–11 June 1972.
Garnette Johnson announced the HGA Scholarship fund, established in memory of Frey.
The Thousand Islands Arts Center ~ Home of the Handweaving Museum in Clayton, New York has an extensive collection of textiles made by Frey.

Publications
Some of Frey's publications include:

References
Citations

Sources

1893 births
1972 deaths
American weavers
Women textile artists


title: Fischells, Newfoundland and Labrador

text:
Fischells is a community in Newfoundland and Labrador. It was mostly evacuated during the resettlement programmes of over 40 years ago, but a small group remained in the settlement clustered at the southern side of the mouth of Fischells Brook.

Ghost towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


title: Photon underproduction crisis

text:
The photon underproduction crisis is a cosmological discussion concerning the purported deficit between observed photons and predicted photons.

The deficit, or underproduction crisis, is a theoretical problem, arising from comparing observations of ultraviolet light emitted from known populations of galaxies and quasars to theoretical predictions of the amount of ultraviolet light require to simulate the observed distribution of the hydrogen gas in the local universe in a cosmological simulation. The distribution of hydrogen gas was inferred using Lyman-alpha forest observations from Hubble Space Telescope's Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. The amount of light from galaxies and quasars can be estimated from its effect on the distribution of hydrogen and helium in the regions between galaxies. Highly energetic ultraviolet photons can convert electrically neutral hydrogen gas into ionized gas.

A team led by Juna Kollmeier reported an unexpected deficit of roughly 400% between ionizing light from known sources and the actual observations of intergalactic hydrogen. Kollmeier and her team wrote in their scientific report, “We examine the statistics of the low-redshift Lyman-alpha forest from smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations in light of recent improvements in the estimated evolution of the cosmic ultraviolet background (UVB) and recent observations from the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS). We find that the value of the metagalactic photoionization rate required by our simulations to match the observed properties of the low-redshift Lyman-alpha forest is a factor of 5 larger than the value predicted by state of the art models for the evolution of this quantity.” Cosmological simulations start at very high cosmological redshift z (such as z=100 or larger) and are evolved to z=0.

According to Benjamin D. Oppenheimer, who is one of the report's coauthors, “The simulations fit the data beautifully in the early universe, and they fit the local data beautifully if we're allowed to assume that this extra light is really there. It's possible the simulations do not reflect reality, which by itself would be a surprise, because intergalactic hydrogen is the component of the Universe that we think we understand the best.” Kollmeier and her team state that "... either conventional sources of ionizing photons (galaxies and quasars) must contribute considerably more than current observational estimates or our theoretical understanding of the low-redshift universe is in need of substantial revision.” A similar study, led by Michael Shull, found that the deficit is only twice as large and not five times larger, as previously claimed.

A potential resolution to the photon underproduction crisis is presented by a series of recent papers.  Khaire & Srianand  showed that a metagalactic photoionization rate that is two to five times larger can be easily obtained using updated quasar and galaxy observations. Recent observations of quasars indicate that the quasar contribution to ultraviolet photons is twice that of previous estimates. The revised galaxy contribution is also three times higher. Furthermore, the Kollmeier GADGET-2 simulations did not include heating from active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback. Including AGN feedback was shown to be an important element for heating in the low redshift intergalactic medium (IGM) (Gurvich, Burkhart, & Bird 2016.). This implies that the low redshift COS data can be used to calibrate AGN feedback models in cosmological simulations.

See also
 Diffuse extragalactic background radiation

References

Extragalactic astronomy
Unsolved problems in astronomy


title: Charco Azul Group

text:
The Charco Azul Group is a geologic group in southeastern Costa Rica and western Panama. The group comprises the Armuelles, Penita and Charco Azul Formations and preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Costa Rica
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Panama

References

Geologic groups of North America
Geologic formations of Costa Rica
Geologic formations of Panama
Shale formations
Conglomerate formations
Siltstone formations
Sandstone formations
Shallow marine deposits
Formations
Formations


title: Frank J. Pino

text:
Frank J. Pino (June 5, 1909 – November 10, 2007) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
He was born on June 5, 1909, in Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Joseph Pino and Angela (Merlino) Pino. He attended Public School No. 80, and graduated from Erasmus Hall High School. He graduated from St. John's University School of Law, and practiced law in Brooklyn. In 1938, he married Concetta LoRe, and they had three daughters.

Pino was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1945 to 1955, sitting in the 165th, 166th, 167th, 168th, 169th and 170th New York State Legislatures. He resigned his seat on October 6, 1955, to run for the State Senate seat vacated by the appointment of Louis L. Friedman to the New York Supreme Court.

Pino was a member of the New York State Senate from 1956 to 1963, sitting in the 170th, 171st, 172nd, 173rd and 174th New York State Legislatures. In November 1963, he was elected to the New York Supreme Court.

He was a Justice of the Supreme Court from 1964 to 1979, and a Senior Justice from 1980 to 1981. In 1975, St. John's University conferred an honorary degree of LL.D. on him.

In 1989, he moved to Rossmoor, Middlesex County, New Jersey, and died there on November 10, 2007. He was buried at the Holy Cross Burial Park Mausoleum in South Brunswick.

Sources

1909 births
2007 deaths
Politicians from Brooklyn
Democratic Party New York (state) state senators
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
People from Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey
St. John's University School of Law alumni
20th-century American politicians
Erasmus Hall High School alumni


title: Neram Vandhachu

text:
Neram Vandhachu () is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language film directed by M. Vellaisamy. The film stars Karthik and Radha. It was released on 4 June 1982.

Plot

Major Kuppusamy, is a wealthy millionaire, but a widower. He is very strict with his daughter Radha (Radha) and makes her live a military- like lifestyle (getting up very early in the morning, being punctual in every small thing etc.) She isn't allowed even to venture out of their bungalow. However, one day Kuppusamy announces Radha's wedding with Ravi (Thiagarajan), who is, unbeknownst to him, a criminal.

Disheartened, Radha runs away from home. She hides in a small house to escape from those pursuing her. The house happens to be that of a quirky, hapless journalist, Raja (Karthik). Radha, in the pretense if being an orphan, requests him to give her shelter. A reluctant Raja is initially hesitant, but eventually falls in love with her. He goes to Veeraiah (Karate R. V. T. Mani), a Karate master, for advice on how to win her heart. On the other hand, his press manager asks him to find a missing girl, promising him a huge reward, and gives him Radha's photo. Raja, however, doesn't want to send her back to her strict father and wicked fiancée though it involves forgoing the prospective reward. Seeing this, Radha realises his true love for her, and they both decide to get married with Veeraiah's help.

Kuppusamy learns from Rekha (Silk Smitha), that Ravi is an immoral criminal, and that he has cheated on many girls, including her. Ravi and his father realise that their game has been exposed and trap Kuppusamy. They also try to kill Raja and Radha. Will they succeed in there wicked endeavor? Will Raja and Radha unite? If so, how? This forms the rest of the story. The movie makes many references to the evergreen hit Alaigal Oivathillai and has the same lead actors from the movie. Also there lies a secret in the story involving Veeraiah, Raja, Radha and Kuppusamy.

Cast
Karthik
Radha
Karate R. V. T. Mani
Thiagarajan
Usharani
Thyagu
Thumbu
Silk Smitha
Ganthimathi
Dheenaratchagan
S. Jayaram
M. R. Krishnasamy
Kittu
Uslaimani
Bayilvan Ranganathan
Nalla Thambi

Production
R. V. Udayakumar worked as an assistant director.

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Shankar–Ganesh.

References

External links

1980s Tamil-language films
1982 films
Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh


title: Limón Group

text:
The Limón Group is a geologic group in Costa Rica. It preserves fossils dating back to the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene period.

Stratigraphy
The Limón Group is subdivided into:
 Moin Formation
 Río Banano Formation
 Uscari Formation
 Quebrada Chocolate Formation

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Costa Rica

References

Geologic groups of North America
Limon
Neogene Costa Rica
Pleistocene Costa Rica
Siltstone formations
Sandstone formations
Shale formations
Mudstone formations
Limestone formations
Reef deposits
Shallow marine deposits
Deltaic deposits
Formations


title: Terraba Basin Group

text:
The Terraba Basin Group is a geologic group in Costa Rica. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Costa Rica

References

Geologic groups of North America
Neogene Costa Rica
Geologic formations of Costa Rica


title: Femme, Newfoundland and Labrador

text:
Femme is an abandoned community in Newfoundland and Labrador.

Ghost towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


title: Santa Rosa Group

text:
The Santa Rosa Group is a geologic group in Belize and Guatemala. It contains the Chochal Formation. The marine lithified, black, calcareous shales preserve fossils dating back to the Pennsylvanian to Kungurian stages of the Carboniferous and Permian periods.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Belize
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Guatemala

References

Further reading

 J. H. Bateson. 1972. New interpretation of geology of Maya Mountains, British Honduras. AAPG Bulletin 56:956-963
 F.G. Stehli and R. E. Grant. 1970. Permian brachiopods from Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Journal of Paleontology 44(1):23-36
 C. G. Dixon. 1956. Geology of southern British Honduras, with notes on adjacent areas 109-85

Geologic groups of North America
Geologic formations of Belize
Geologic formations of Guatemala
Paleozoic North America
Shale formations
Limestone formations
Paleontology in Belize
Paleontology in Guatemala


title: El Plan Formation

text:
The El Plan Formation is a geologic formation in Honduras. It preserves fossils probably dating back to the Middle Jurassic period.

Fossil content
 Brachyphyllum hondurense
 Phlebopteris branneri
 Piazopteris branneri
 Equisetum sp.
 Zamites sp.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Honduras

References

Further reading
 T. Delevoryas and S. C. Srivastava. 1981. Jurassic plants from the Department of Francisco Morazan, central Honduras. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 34:345-357

Geologic formations of Honduras
Jurassic Honduras
Sandstone formations
Shale formations
Shallow marine deposits
Formations


title: Valle de Ángeles Group

text:
The Valle de Ángeles Group is a geologic group in Honduras. It preserves fossils such as ornithopod and iguanodontid dinosaurs dating back to the Late Albian to Early Turonian stages of the Cretaceous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Honduras

References

Further reading

 G. S. Horne, M. G. Atwood, and A. P. King. 1974. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleoenvironment of Esquias Formation of Honduras. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 58(2):176-188

 Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp.

Geologic groups of North America
Geologic formations of Honduras
Albian Stage
Cenomanian Stage
Turonian Stage
Sandstone formations
Shale formations
Fluvial deposits
Lacustrine deposits
Paleontology in Honduras
Formations
Formations


title: Phoenix Children's Hospital

text:
Phoenix Children's Hospital is a freestanding pediatric acute care children's hospital located in Phoenix, Arizona. The hospital has 457 pediatric beds and is affiliated with the University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix. Phoenix Children's also partners with Valleywise Health (formerly the Maricopa Integrated Health System) for a 3-year pediatric residency training program. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties including inpatient, outpatient, emergency, trauma, and urgent care to infants, children, teens, and young adults 0–21 throughout Arizona and the surrounding states. The hospital sometimes also treats older adults that require pediatric care. Phoenix Children's Hospital also features a Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center, the only in the state.

The hospital is one facility within Phoenix Children's statewide pediatric health system. Additional locations include Phoenix Children's Hospital–East Valley at Dignity Health Mercy Gilbert Medical Center, four pediatric specialty and urgent care centers, 11 community pediatric practices, 20 outpatient clinics, two ambulatory surgery centers and seven community-service-related outpatient clinics. Phoenix Children's Care Network includes more than 1,175 pediatric primary care providers and specialists who deliver care across more than 75 subspecialties.

History
Phoenix Children's Hospital was founded in July 1980 with the idea to provide pediatric care for the region. The hospital officially opened in 1983 as an independent children's hospital that was physically located within Good Samaritan Hospital. With 124 dedicated pediatric beds, it operated there for nearly 20 years. In September 1985 the hospital performed the first pediatric liver transplant in Arizona. A year later the hospital expanded to take over all of Good Samaritan's pediatric services adding 24 beds with the acquisition, again expanding in 1993 adding another 24 beds for a total of 172 pediatric beds.

In 1999, the hospital purchased a 22-acre plot that was originally occupied by the Phoenix Regional Medical Center for construction of a new freestanding children's hospital. In September 2000, demolition of the old hospital began to make way for the construction on a new freestanding hospital to cope with the large increase in demand for pediatric care.

Phoenix Children's opened as Arizona's only freestanding specialized pediatric hospital in May 2002 with 230 pediatric beds, and the only pediatric emergency department in Arizona.

In spring 2008, the hospital opened a new $23 million Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), which was one of the largest of its kind in the country.

In 2011, an 11-story tower was opened as the centerpiece of a 37-acre campus including the original East Building, two medical office buildings, a Central Energy Plant, three parking structures, an administration building and a Ronald McDonald House.

In 2016, Phoenix Children's was designated by the Arizona Department of Health Services as the only pediatric Advanced Life Support (ALS) Base Hospital in the state.

In 2017 Phoenix Children's unveiled a new $40 million, 42,300 square foot, 75-room Emergency Department, and nine bay Level 1 Trauma facility to allow more children to be seen more efficiently.

In the spring of 2021, a building collaboration between Dignity Health and Phoenix Children's will be opening on the campus of Mercy Gilbert Medical Center. The new building will be named the Women's and Children's Pavilion and feature a 60-bed Level III NICU, 24 bed pediatric inpatient unit, 24 bed pediatric emergency department, 18 pre-op rooms, 6 operating rooms, and 12 Post-Anesthesia Care Units.

In March 2021, Phoenix Children's announced the building of a freestanding emergency department and specialty clinic in Avondale, Arizona, providing West Valley families convenient access to top-ranked care.

In May 2021, Phoenix Children's announced the building of a freestanding, 3-story hospital in Glendale, Arizona, which will offer inpatient care, an emergency department, an outpatient surgery center and a multi-specialty clinic.

In February 2022, Phoenix Children's became a founding partner and official healthcare provider at Bell Bank Park, a $280 million multi-purpose sports and entertainment complex in southeast Mesa, Arizona. Phoenix Children's is opening a 3,915-square-foot facility to offer sports medicine and urgent care at the park.

Services
In 2013, Modern Healthcare listed Phoenix Children's as one of the largest children's hospitals in the country. Phoenix Children's employs more than 220 pediatric specialists with more than 1,000 pediatric specialists on its Medical Staff and more than 1,000 FTEs on its nursing staff. This represents the largest pediatric group in the state of Arizona. The hospital also works in collaboration with Dignity Health and Mayo Clinic to provide more robust care in specialties related to cardiology, neurology, hematology/oncology and organ transplant.

The hospital has six Centers of Excellence: Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix Children's Heart Center, Center for Pediatric Orthopedics, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Level One Pediatric Trauma Center, and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Barrow Neurological Institute
The Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's hospital, also called Barrow at Phoenix Children's, is the neurological and neurosurgery Center of Excellence at Phoenix Children's Hospital in Phoenix, Arizona. It is one of six Centers of Excellence at the hospital. The institute is located on the main campus of Phoenix Children's Hospital with satellite clinics across central Arizona.

Barrow at Phoenix Children's offers comprehensive inpatient and outpatient neurological care and services to infants, children, and teens with neurological-related problems. It performs treatment, education, and research and is the largest pediatric neuroscience center in the Southwest. The institute is led by neurosurgeon P. David Adelson, MD.

As part of Phoenix Children's Hospital, Barrow at Phoenix Children's is also affiliated with the University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, providing the pediatric training for medical students there. Phoenix Children's partners with Maricopa Integrated Health System for a combined medical/pediatric residency program.

Each year, Barrow at Phoenix Children's hosts a number of educational conferences and opportunities for medical professionals, including an annual Children's Neuroscience Symposium and weekly Grand Rounds. The Division of Developmental Pediatrics trains physicians to diagnose autism in children through the Early Access to Care – AZ Program, which increases the accessibility of services for children with autism and other developmental disorders.

Awards
Phoenix Children's is rated by U.S. News & World Report as a Best Children's Hospital and is ranked in 8 specialties listed by the report. It was also named among the 2021 Healthiest 100 Workplaces in America by Healthiest Employers.

Phoenix Children's recently achieved accreditation as an Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ACHD) Comprehensive Care Center from the Adult Congenital Heart Association (ACHA), a nationwide organization dedicated to education, advocacy and research to improve the lives of those born with heart defects.

Ownership/leadership
Children's Healthcare of Arizona, Inc., an Arizona 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation, is the parent holding corporation for the majority voting member interest in Phoenix Children's Hospital. It manages the majority voting member interest in Phoenix Children's Hospital and provides strategic planning, policy and oversight functions.

Phoenix Children's is also an independent, Arizona 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, governed by a community board of directors.

Robert L. Meyer has served as president and CEO since 2002. He provides leadership over the organization's three major divisions.

See also
 List of children's hospitals in the United States

References

External links
 Official site

Children's hospitals in the United States
Hospitals in Arizona
Hospitals established in 1983
Pediatric trauma centers
Hospital buildings completed in 2002
Hospital buildings completed in 2011


title: Bocas del Toro Group

text:
The Bocas del Toro Group is a geologic group in Panama. It preserves fossils dating back to the Serravallian to Early Pleistocene period. The group comprises the Swan Cay, Isla Colón, Escudo de Veraguas, Cayo Agua, Shark Hole Point, Nancy Point and Valiente Formations.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Panama

References

Geologic groups of North America
Geologic formations of Panama
Neogene Panama
Pleistocene Panama
Messinian
Serravallian
Tortonian
Sandstone formations
Siltstone formations
Limestone formations
Deep marine deposits
Shallow marine deposits
Reef deposits
Bocas del Toro Province


title: 2014–15 Rayo Vallecano season

text:
The 2014–15 Rayo Vallecano season is the club's 90th season in its history and its 16th in La Liga.

Squad statistics

Appearances and goals
Updated as of 30 May 2015.

|-
! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Players who have made an appearance or had a squad number this season but have been loaned out or transferred

|}

Transfers

In:

Out:

Friendlies

Competitions

Overall

Primera División

League table

Matches
Kickoff times are in CET and CEST

Copa del Rey

Round of 32

References

Rayo Vallecano seasons
Rayo


title: There Are No Villains

text:
There Are No Villains is a lost 1921 American silent crime melodrama film starring Viola Dana and produced and directed by Bayard Veiller.

Cast
Viola Dana - Rosa Moreland
Gaston Glass - John King
Edward Cecil - George Sala
DeWitt Jennings - Detective Flint
Fred Kelsey - Dugall
Jack Cosgrave - Reverend Stiles

References

External links

1921 films
American silent feature films
Lost American crime drama films
American black-and-white films
1921 crime drama films
Melodrama films
Metro Pictures films
1921 drama films
1921 lost films
1920s American films
Silent American crime drama films


title: Yvonne Elsworth

text:
Yvonne Elsworth FRS FInstP FRAS is an Irish physicist, Professor of Helioseismology and Poynting Professor of Physics in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Birmingham. Elsworth was until 2015 also the Head of the Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network (BiSON), the longest running helioseismology network with data covering well over three solar cycles.

Education
In 1970 Elsworth graduated with honours from the Victoria University of Manchester with a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics. In 1976 she was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the School of Physics at the Victoria University of Manchester. Her thesis work was entitled "A field-compensated multiplex spectrometer for the visible region" and was concerned with the design and implementation of a novel form of field-widened Michelson interferometer designed to study faint, extended sources like those coming from optical emission from the thermosphere.

Research
In 1984 Elsworth was appointed to a faculty position at the University of Birmingham, where she focused on helioseismology, solar physics, solar variability, and latterly asteroseismology, stellar physics and stellar variability. She participated in and later led the Birmingham Solar Oscillation Network. Her research has been funded by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC).

Awards and honours
Elsworth was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2015 for her work on helioseismology. Her certificate of election reads:

In 2011 she was awarded the Payne-Gaposchkin Medal and Prize from the Institute of Physics (IoP). and in 2020 the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in Geophysics.

Elsworth is also a Fellow of the Institute of Physics (FInstP) and a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society (FRAS).

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British physicists
21st-century British astronomers
Women astronomers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society


title: Pothinamallayya Palem

text:
Pothinamallayya Palem or PM Palem, is a residential neighbourhood situated in Visakhapatnam city in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation area.  It is located to the north of Visakhapatnam city on National Highway 16 (NH16)  to Srikakulam. This place is well connected to other parts of the city such as Asilmetta and Maddilapalem. The only international cricket stadium in Andhra Pradesh (Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium) is located here.

Nearby Localities
Yendada ( 4 km ), Rushikonda ( 7 km ), Kommadi ( 7 km ), Sagar Nagar ( 6 km ) are the nearby Localities to Pothinamallayya Palem.

Transport
PM Palem is well connected to Gurudwara Junction (City Bus Stop), Visakhapatnam APSRTC Bus Station, NAD X Road, Maddilapalem and APSRTC runs a number of buses from major cities to here.

APSRTC routes

Commerce
This area is a chosen location for real estate investors.

References

Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam


title: 1927 State of the Union Address

text:
The 1927 State of the Union Address was given on Tuesday, December 6, 1927.  It was given by Calvin Coolidge, the 30th United States President, to the 70th United States Congress.  He said, "For many years the Federal Government has been building a system of dikes along the Mississippi River for protection against high water. During the past season the lower States were overcome by a most disastrous flood. Many thousands of square miles were inundated a great many lives were lost, much livestock was drowned, and a very heavy destruction of property was inflicted upon the inhabitants."  He talks about controlling and preventing floods.

References

Presidency of Calvin Coolidge
Speeches by Calvin Coolidge
State of the Union addresses
70th United States Congress
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
December 1927 events
State of the Union