title: Edward Mann Lewis

text:
Major General Edward Mann Lewis, KCMG, (December 10, 1863 – July 27, 1949) was a highly decorated United States Army officer who served his nation for 46 years. During the First World War, he led the 30th Infantry Division when they broke the Hindenburg Line. Upon arrival in France in 1917, he was placed in command of all U.S. forces in Paris. In 1918 he led the 3rd Brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division at Château-Thierry where he was responsible for planning and leading the attack on the strategic town of Vaux. General John J. Pershing then promoted him and placed him in command of the 30th Infantry Division in July 1918. Assigned to the Fourth British Army, the 30th Division (Old Hickory) broke the Hindenburg Line on September 29, hastening the end of the Great War.

Biography
The son of William Henry and Julia Frances (Snively) Lewis, Edward Mann Lewis was born December 10, 1863, in New Albany, Indiana. He entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in September 1881 and graduated in July 1886, a classmate of John J. Pershing. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Infantry and served in the Spanish–American War and the Moro Rebellion in the Philippines while assigned to the 20th Infantry Regiment.

During World War I, General Lewis was placed in charge of the Paris Military District before commanding the 3rd Brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division, and later commanded the 30th Infantry Division. Following World War I, he commanded the 8th Corps Area in Texas, then the Hawaiian Department from 1925 to 1927.

Early life and West Point

Edward Mann Lewis was born on December 10, 1863, alongside the river in New Albany, Indiana. His father, a railroad executive, told him stories of the Lewis family who served in the military, going back to the American Revolution. He was able to secure an appointment to West Point in 1881, where he excelled in the classroom and on the athletic field. He was made a cadet lieutenant in his first year, but ran into trouble with mathematics. His potential was recognized, however, so he was granted a "turnback" joining the class of 1886 and becoming a friend of classmate John J. Pershing. That friendship would last for over 40 years while they served together in The Philippines, San Francisco, Mexico and in Europe during the Great War. Called 'Sep' by his friends and classmates, they stood in honor when the funeral train of Ulysses S. Grant made a stop in West Point in 1885. His experiences at West Point started him down a path of lifelong service. The stories he told inspired his son Henry Balding Lewis to do the same, with the younger Lewis graduating from West Point in 1913, before becoming a major general himself in the Second World War.

Frontier duty
Commissioned a second lieutenant of infantry, he joined the 11th Infantry Regiment in the west, at Fort Yates in the Dakota Territory. After about a year on the border, they were shipped to Fort Wood, Liberty Island in New York harbor where the newly installed Statue of Liberty stood proud, Captain Lewis its new Commander. His son, Henry Balding Lewis a future major general and deputy chief of staff to Omar Bradley in World War II was born there, the first child born at the new hospital on the island. Packing up the family, they traveled to Fort Huachuca in the Arizona Territory for their next duty station. His attention to detail and outstanding performance led to regimental duties and post staff assignments unusual for one so young. He was then detached from his regiment, and assigned to teach Military Science at DePaw University in his home state. Being assigned to the 9th Infantry Regiment, he led his men when they were mobilized to help end the violent Pullman Strike in 1894. In an effort to conciliate organized labor after the strike, President Grover Cleveland and Congress designated Labor Day as a federal holiday later that year.

Finishing up his duties at DePaw, he was assigned to the 20th Infantry Regiment in 1896, joining them at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas. He would spend twelve years with the 'Sykes Regulars' serving as the regimental adjutant in the Spanish–American War, and the Moro War in the Philippines.

Spanish–American War
During the Spanish–American War, Lewis and the 20th Infantry Regiment fought in the Cuban Campaign as part of the 2nd Division. The primary objective of the American Fifth Army Corps' invasion of Cuba was the capture of the city of Santiago de Cuba. U.S. forces had driven back the Spaniards' first line of defense at the Battle of Las Guasimas, after which General Arsenio Linares pulled his troops back to the main line of defense against Santiago along San Juan Heights. In the charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill U.S. forces captured the Spanish position. At the Battle of El Caney the same day, U.S. forces took the fortified Spanish position and were then able to extend the U.S. flank on San Juan Hill. The destruction of the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba allowed U.S. forces to safely besiege the city.

The U.S. troops met stiff resistance from a well-armed adversary at the Battle of El Caney, fought on July 1, 1898, in southeastern Cuba. The Division under General Lawton succeeded in capturing the town, fort and blockhouses and protected the right flank of the main American attack on the Heights of San Juan to the south.

The Army deployed a combined force of about 15,000 American troops in regular infantry and cavalry regiments, including all four of the army's "Colored" regiments, and volunteer regiments, among them Roosevelt and his "Rough Riders", the 71st New York, the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry, and 1st North Carolina, and rebel Cuban forces. They attacked 1,270 entrenched Spaniards in dangerous Civil War-style frontal assaults at the Battle of El Caney and Battle of San Juan Hill outside of Santiago. More than 200 U.S. soldiers were killed and close to 1,200 wounded in the fighting, thanks to the high rate of fire the Spanish were able to put down range at the Americans. Supporting fire by Gatling guns was critical to the success of the assault. Cervera decided to escape Santiago two days later.

On July 3, 1898, the same day as the naval battle, Major General William "Pecos Bill" Shafter began the siege of Santiago. Shafter fortified his position on San Juan Heights. General Henry W. Lawton's division moved up from El Caney extending the U.S. right flank to the north. To the northwest, Cuban rebels under the command of Calixto García extended the U.S. line to the bay. General Arsenio Linares had been severely wounded at the Battle of San Juan Hill and was replaced by General José Toral y Velázquez. Toral had a good defensive position and Shafter knew he would sustain severe casualties from a frontal assault.

Lewis was cool under fire, and was cited for Gallantry at the Battle of El Caney. During the war Lewis met Teddy Roosevelt and made a lifelong friend who would later help muster troops in Indiana, as the nation prepared for the Great War.

The Philippine–American War and Moro Rebellion
The Philippine–American War required that the 20th Infantry Division to ship overseas again, with Captain Lewis serving in the north of the country. Between 1899 and 1901 they opened the Pasig River and fought in many battles as a part of the campaign. Lewis personally accepted the surrender of General Aglipay at Ilocos Norte in 1901, bringing relative peace to the north. He was then transferred back to Chicago to help the recruiting effort, returning to the Philippines with the 20th in 1904 for two more years of occupation duty during the Moro War. He served at headquarters as the Adjutant General of the 1st Brigade in Manila. In early 1906 the 20th Infantry was called home, to the Presidio in San Francisco, just in time to help cope with the impending disaster.

The San Francisco earthquake
When the 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck, the city turned quickly to the Army for help. A few years earlier, while John J Pershing was in the Philippines, a fire consumed the General's residence at the Presidio, killing his wife and three of his young children. In an effort to avert such a tragedy in the future, the first dedicated fire department was created on station, and they would prove valuable in fighting the fire that swept the city after the earthquake. Captain Lewis was still serving with the 20th Infantry Regiment when they were stationed in at the Presidio in Monterey when an urgent call for aid was sent to the commanding officer, Colonel Marion P. Maus. When General Funston took command of the city, Military Districts were established to manage the crisis. The 20th Infantry was assigned to the Third Military District, establishing a command post at Portsmouth Square. They pitched their tents in front of the Hall of Justice, and played a key role in restoring order to daily life in the city. It was noted in the after action report "The most important duties were those devolving upon Colonel Maus, who guarded the business center in the burned district."

The following are excerpts from the report of Major General Adolpuhs Greely:
Several attempts had been made to get into telegraphic communication with the commanding officer of the Presidio of Monterey, in order to bring to the city a portion of the command of that post. Owing to the telegraph lines being down it was, however, impossible to communicate with any place south of San Francisco. On the 19th the Pacific Squadron had reached San Francisco Bay, and, at my request, Admiral C. F. Goodrich, commanding, sent a torpedo boat to the Presidio of Monterey, carrying the necessary message to the commanding officer of that post. These orders were delivered with great dispatch and with the result that on the 21st headquarters, 1st and 3d Battalions of the 20th Infantry, Col. Marion P. Maus, commanding, reached San Francisco and reported for duty, being followed the next day by field and staff and the 2d Squadron, 14th Cavalry.
The work of sanitation was exceptionally disagreeable. Many dead animals, human bodies and refuse, all in a decomposed condition, littered the area. Added to this the 20th Infantry was obliged to occupy points, where walls of building were tottering, where fires still raged, and in streets filled with debris. The troops subsisted for ten days on the rations carried on their persons from Monterey. They were courteous in deportment and considerate of the people, besides being faithful in their military duties. Verbal reports have been made of frequent cases in which enlisted men of the Regular Army, whose names are unknown, contributed greatly to giving some comfort to the homeless people, making personal sacrifices and furnishing supplies for persons to who they were unknown.

In 1908 he was detached again from his unit, to serve as a professor of military science and tactics at the University of California. In 1912 he was promoted to the rank of major, and was selected to attend the Field Officers Course at Fort Leavenworth, graduating March 19, 1913. This was a special class in tactics organized just for the attendees.

Vera Cruz

After graduation from the Field Officers Course, Lewis was assigned to Command the 19th Infantry at Fort Meade, South Dakota. During the Mexican Revolution, the 19th was moved to Galveston, Texas to take up border duty. The Tampico Affair began as a minor incident involving U.S. sailors and Mexican land forces loyal to General Victoriano Huerta during the guerra de las facciones phase of the Mexican Revolution. The misunderstanding occurred on April 9, 1914, but developed into a breakdown of diplomatic relations between the two countries. As a result, the United States invaded the port city of Veracruz, occupying it for more than six months. On April 30, the U.S. Army's 5th Reinforced Brigade under Brigadier General Frederick Funston arrived and took over the occupation of the city, with Lewis serving as the Treasurer of the Military Government during the United States occupation of Veracruz.

Mobilization
In 1915, Lewis served as Inspector-Instructor of the Illinois National Guard in Springfield, and was the senior mustering officer for the state. The next year, he was promoted to brigadier-general to command a brigade of National Guard troops, and was deployed to Texas. Placed in Command of the Llano Grande District, his 13th Provisional Brigade was composed of guardsmen from Indiana, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota, Louisiana and Oklahoma. As they mustered out in preparation of the war, he also served as Officer in charge of Military Affairs at Headquarters, Northeastern Department.

World War I
Early in the American intervention in the war, Lewis was promoted to brigadier-general in the regular Army, taking command of the 76th Infantry Brigade, and later the 38th Infantry Division at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. As they trained and prepared for departure for Europe, General Lewis was sent to France and placed in command of all US Forces in Paris. With many members of the AEF stationed in the city and many more passing through on the way to the front, General Pershing thought it necessary to have one command responsible. In November 1917 Paris was made a separate military district, and became a separate command under General Lewis. He was given jurisdiction over all the troops stationed in the city, and all casual visitors. He published orders in December that prescribed the rules of conduct for all American forces in or visiting the city, or those rotating to or from the front lines. These regulations remained in force under his successors, when Paris was full of men seeking recuperation and recreation, and for whose good behavior the district commander was responsible.

On May 5, 1918, he succeeded Brigadier General Peter Murray in command of the 3rd Infantry Brigade of Major General Omar Bundy's 2nd Division in Verdun, just before it moved south to blunt the German advance on Paris. With the Marines assigned to the division fighting in Belleau Wood, troops under Lewis dug in just south of the Paris to Metz road stopping the German advance just outside Chateau-Thierry. This Second Battle of the Marne would become part of the Hundred Days Offensive, turning the tide of the war to the Allies favor. In what Pershing called a "Brilliantly executed operation" Lewis led his brigade in capturing the important town of Vaux on July 1.

To celebrate the victories of the 2nd and 3rd Infantry Divisions, including the Marine Brigade serving under them in nearby Belleau Wood, a monument was raised just above the town of Chateau Thierry. The American Battlefield Commission Monument shines upon that hill today.

In early July 1918 he was promoted to major general, and was assigned to command the 30th Division. The 30th and the 27th Division served under British Command as part of the bargain Pershing struck with General Haig and Marshall Foch, forming the II American Corps under General Read. "Old Hickory" fought with the First, Second, Third and Fourth British Armies, lastly serving under General Rawlinson. As part of the Fourth British Army, they broke through the Hindenburg Line on September 29, 1918, at Bellicourt in the Battle of St. Quentin Canal winning the praise of General Pershing "... the 30th Division did especially well. It broke through the Hindenburg Line on its entire front and took Bellicourt and part of Nauroy by noon of the 29th.". Still attached to the 4th, the 30th continued to attack while engaged in some of the most bitter fighting in the war. They pushed the Germans back seven miles to the Selle River by 11 October, then crossed it and captured Molain and St.-Martin-Riviere on the 17th. He was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his performance during this period. The medal's citation reads:

Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, Commander of the British Expeditionary Force, sent this letter to General Read, Commanding the II American Corps:

"I wish to express to you personally and to all the officers and men serving under you my warm appreciation of the very valuable and gallant services rendered by you throughout the recent operations with the Fourth British Army. Called upon to attack positions of great strength, held by a determined enemy, all ranks of the 27th and 30th American Divisions under your command displayed an energy, courage, and determination in attack which proved irresistible. It does not need me to tell you that in the heavy fighting of the past three weeks you have earned the lasting esteem and admiration of your British Comrades-in-Arms, whose success you so nobly shared"

General Pershing visited the 30th Infantry Division on 21 January 1919 for an inspection, and sent the following letter to General Lewis:
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES
OFFICE OF THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF,
FRANCE, February 19, 1919
MAJOR GENERAL EDWARD M. LEWIS,
Commanding 30th Division, A. E. F.

MY DEAR GENERAL LEWIS:

It gives me much pleasure to extend to you and the officers and men of the 30th Division my sincere compliments upon their appearance at the review and inspection on the 21st of January, southwest of Teille, which was excellent, and is just what would be expected in a command with such a splendid fighting record.

After its preliminary training the Division entered the line on July 16, where it remained almost continuously until the end of October. In that time it was in the actual battle from 30 August, and took part in the Ypres-Lys and Somme offensives. On September 29, the Division broke through both the Hindenburg and the Le Catlet-Nauroy lines, capturing Bellicourt and Nauroy, an operation on which all subsequent action of the 4th British Army depended. From October 7 to October 20, the Division advanced 23 kilometers in a continued series of attacks, capturing 2,352 of the enemy. Brancourt, Premont, Busigny, St. Benin, St. Couplet and Escaufort, La Haie Mineresse, and Vaux Andigny are names which will live in the memories of those who fought in the 30th Division. But its especial glory will always be the honor you won by breaking the Hindenburg Line on September 29. Such a record is one of which we are all proud.

It is gratifying to see your troops in such good physical shape, but still more so to know that this almost ideal condition will continue to the end of their service and beyond, as an exemplification of their high character and soldierly qualities.

I inspected the artillery brigade of the Division later, and found the same high standard of personnel that marks the rest of the Division.

Very Sincerely Yours,
JOHN J. PERSHING
Lewis would lead the 30th Division until its return to the United States in 1919, with him staying behind in France to lead the Infantry Board (informally called "The Lewis Board"), to study and learn the lessons of the war.

Post-war years

In July 1919, General Lewis commanded the 5th Division at Camp Gordon in Georgia, then was put in Command of the Douglas Arizona District. He then led the 3rd Division (now famously called "The Rock of the Marne") at Camp Pike in Arkansas. Later he was placed in command of his much loved "Indianhead" 2nd Infantry Division at Camp Travis in Texas, and helped give birth to Army Aviation there.

In December 1922, he was promoted to command the 8th Corps, the largest Army in the United States at that time. As commander, his assigned quarters were the now famous Pershing House at Fort Sam Houston. His son Major Henry Balding Lewis was able to join him out west, with his new bride. At this time the Army started retiring the horse from Cavalry service, and mechanized.

The Hawaiian Department

In 1924 General Lewis was selected to command the Hawaiian Division until January 1925, when he was placed in charge of the Hawaiian Department. While in Hawaii, General Lewis presided over the largest military exercises in US history to date, with the Army defending the islands from a Naval invasion. He also toured China in 1927, visiting both the Marines and the Army's 15th Infantry Regiment in Tianjin (formerly Tientsin). While there, he was able to see his son Henry Balding Lewis, the Adjutant General of US Forces in China, along with Henry's wife Sarah (Lallie) and their daughter, Frances Harriet Lewis, only 8 years old at the time. Frances and her husband, Colonel Frank Henry Stone are buried next to her father and mother, at Arlington National Cemetery.

He ran the Hawaiian Department until his retirement in December 1927 culminating 46 years of distinguished service to his nation.

After travelling the world to visit his wartime friends, Major General Edward Mann Lewis and his wife settled in Berkeley, California close to his friends and the university where he once taught. Late in life he spent much time in the hospital, but kept his upbeat disposition and encouraged those around him. He died and was laid to rest in the ellipse of the San Francisco National Cemetery at the Presidio on July 29, 1949.

Decorations

Gallery

References

 Edward Mann Lewis  Class of 1886 US Military Academy
 Mitchell A. Yockelson, Borrowed Soldiers: Americans Under British Command   Copyright 2008

External links

 West Point Memorial
 Military Times Hall of Valor
 US Army Pacific Short Biography
 Registry of the American Soldier - US Army Museum
 Gravesite Location Google Maps San Francisco National Cemetery

1863 births
1949 deaths
United States Army Infantry Branch personnel
Military personnel from Indiana
People from New Albany, Indiana
United States Army generals of World War I
United States Military Academy alumni
Members of the Sons of the American Revolution
American people of the Indian Wars
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
United States Army generals
University of California faculty
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George


title: Free Times Cafe

text:
The Free Times Cafe is a live music venue and restaurant in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

The cafe was purchased by Judy Perly in 1980. The restaurant serves a menu of Jewish, Middle Eastern and Canadian food as well as all-day breakfast.  The restaurant also has live music nightly and has featured singer-songwriters and performers such as Ron Sexsmith, Emm Gryner, Sarah Slean, Jack Carty, Keith Jolie, Esthero, The Lemon Bucket Orkestra, Lorne Ryder, Rehan Dalal, Erik Bleich, Jory Nash, Glen Hornblast, Laura Fernandez, Kat Goldman, Jason Fowler and Liam Titcomb. There is an open stage on Monday nights. Bob Snider's Live at the Free Times Cafe was recorded at the venue.

References

Restaurants in Toronto
Tourist attractions in Toronto
Restaurants established in 1980
Music venues in Toronto
Nightclubs in Toronto


title: ZPC Kariba F.C.

text:
Zimbabwe Power Company Kariba F.C. is a Zimbabwean football club based in Kariba. They play in the top division of Zimbabwean football, the Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League.

On 8 May 2015, SAUL Chaminuka was sacked as manager of ZPC Kariba and his assistant manager Godfrey Tamirepi was sacked as well.

On 22 January 2015, The former Hardbody goalkeeper coach Tembo Chuma joined ZPC Kariba.

On 23 January 2019, ZPC Kariba have sacked assistant coach Mabelo Njekwa and manager Kennedy Nagoli ahead of the start of the new Premiership season.

On 4 January 2019, Tamirepi new ZPC Kariba coach

Stadium
Currently the team plays at the Nyamhunga Stadium in Kariba.

References
Rodwell named new manager at ZPC Kariba

External links

facebook

Football clubs in Zimbabwe


title: Palestinian rocket arsenal

text:
The Palestinian rocket arsenal used in the Arab–Israeli conflict includes a wide range of rockets and missiles, varying in design, size and payload capacity. Palestinian rockets include those locally made in Gaza and the West Bank as well as weapons smuggled from Iran and Syria. Rockets are used in attacks on Israel, mostly to target Israeli civilian centers in addition to Israeli military posts. Various Palestinian groups have used rockets against Israel including Fatah, Hamas, Islamic Jihad, as well as left-wing groups. Rockets are one of the main weapons produced by Palestinian militant and terrorist groups.

Types of rockets

 al Nasser – used by Popular Resistance Committees and left-wing militant organizations
 al Nasser-3
 al Nasser-4
 al Quds – a homemade rocket used by Islamic Jihad
Al Quds 101
Al Quds 102
 Arafat used by the Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade and Fatah, launched from the West Bank
 Arafat 1
 Arafat 2
 Aqsa-3 – used by the Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade and Fatah
 Bahaa – developed by Al Aksa Martyrs Brigade, named after Saed Bahaa, launched from West Bank
 Cenin – a rocket used by Fatah
 Fajr-5 – an Iranian artillery rocket first developed in the 1990s
M-75 – Gazan produced Fajr-5 rocket, used in attacks on Tel Aviv, Israel's most populated city. Hamas has produced the M-75 rockets in local workshops using the drawings and documentation supplied by Iran. The location of the workshops is unknown, though Hamas has displayed their production on Gaza television stations.
 Jenin-1 – used by Fatah
 Kafah –  used by Fatah
 Katushya – a Soviet Grad rocket, first used in 2006 in a strike that killed two Israeli Bedouin Arabs; at the time the Katushya's range exceeded the Qassam. Soviet designation for the rocket originally was M-21-OF, later changed to 9M22.
KN-103 – rocket referenced in threat by Fatah, use and existence unknown
M-302 (M302), Palestinian designation R160 (R-160) – a Chinese designed, Syrian made rocket, used in attacks on cities near Jerusalem and Haifa
Qassam (or Kassam) – a Gazan produced rocket used by Hamas
Qassam 1 – weighs 35 kilograms and is 180 centimeters long
Qassam 2 – weighs 40 kilograms and is 180 centimeters long
Qassam 3 – weighs 50 kilograms and is 220 centimeters long
Qassam 4 – weighs 40–50 kilograms and is 244 centimeters long
 Saria-2 – used by Tanzim
 Sumoud – in use by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
 Ayyash-250 - with a range of 250 km (155 miles)  - used by Hamas
 Badr-3 - unveiled by Palestinian Islamic Jihad in 2019, carries a 300-400 kg warhead

Anti-tank missiles
 Yasin RPG – used by Hamas
 al Bana RPG – used and developed by Hamas, in use by other factions
 al Batar RPG – used and developed by Hamas, in use by other factions

Rocket launchers
 al Quds-3 Multiple Rocket Launcher – in use by Hamas & Islamic Jihad

Impact

 Palestinian attacks on Israel using rockets have killed 28 people, mostly civilians, and injured more than 1,900 people, but their main effect is their creation of widespread psychological trauma and disruption of daily life among the Israeli populace. Medical studies in Sderot, the Israeli city closest to the Gaza Strip, have documented a post-traumatic stress disorder incidence among young children of almost 50%, as well as high rates of depression and miscarriage.

Israel Iron Dome is Israel's first line of defense against Palestinian rockets, demonstrating an effectiveness of around 90%.

See also
Palestinian rocket attacks

References

Israeli–Palestinian conflict


title: 1934 Princeton Tigers football team

text:
The 1934 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1934 college football season. The Tigers finished with a 7–1 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 280 to 38.  Their sole loss was to Yale by a 7–0 score. No Princeton players were selected as first-team honorees on the 1934 College Football All-America Team.

Schedule

References

Princeton
Princeton Tigers football seasons
Princeton Tigers footballl


title: Yaakov Weiss

text:
Yaakov Weiss (; 15 July 1924 – 29 July 1947) was a Hungarian Jew born in Czechoslovakia and member of the Irgun, a Jewish guerrilla organization in Mandatory Palestine. After saving hundreds of Jews during Holocaust, he illegally immigrated to Palestine, joined the Irgun, and fought the British during the Jewish insurgency in Palestine. He was one of three Irgun members executed for their part in the Acre Prison break, which triggered the Irgun's retaliatory hanging of two British soldiers. He is memorialized today as one of 12 Olei Hagardom.

Early life
Yaakov (Imre) Weiss was born in 1924 in Nové Zámky, Czechoslovakia, to a Hungarian-speaking Jewish family, the son of Joseph and Helena Weiss. He had one sister, Edith. At age 10 he was sent to the Hebrew Gymnasium in Munkács. He developed Revisionist Zionist views and joined the Betar youth movement.

Activities during the Holocaust
In 1943, following his father's death and with World War II underway, Weiss fled to Budapest, hoping to get to Palestine from there. While in Budapest, he frequently disguised himself as a Hungarian military officer or an SS officer, stole birth certificates and passports, and used the fraudulent documents to save hundreds of Jews. He would frequently travel to ghettos, especially those in Miskolc, Debrecen, Košice, and Eger, and demand the Nazi authorities release individual Jews he picked out, producing forged documents "proving" they were Christians. However, he did not manage to produce documents for his mother and sister in time to prevent their deportation to Auschwitz, where his mother was murdered but his sister survived.

Emigration to Palestine and Irgun activities
In summer 1944, Weiss managed to escape to Switzerland, and studied at the University of Geneva. In 1945, he boarded an Aliyah Bet ship headed for Palestine. It was intercepted by the Royal Navy, and Weiss was interned at Atlit detainee camp. On 9 October 1945 the Palmach raided the camp and freed 208 inmates, Weiss among them. One of his rescuers was Avshalom Haviv, who would eventually be hanged alongside him.

Weiss moved to Netanya, where he worked as a menial laborer and jewelry retoucher. He joined the Irgun, which was then conducting an insurrection against the British authorities in Palestine with the goal of compelling them to leave so a Jewish state could be established. He was assigned to the Combat Corps and adopted the nom de guerre "Shimon". He took part in two raids on the British military resort camp near Netanya, mining operations against British security traffic, the bombing of a road bridge, and in railway sabotage.

On 4 May 1947 he took part in the Acre Prison break, an attack against Acre Prison, a British fortress prison in the city of Acre, during which 28 Jewish underground prisoners were freed. Weiss was part of a blocking squad that laid mines to cover the retreat of the attackers and escapees by delaying any British pursuers. However, Weiss was captured, along with Avshalom Haviv, Meir Nakar, Amnon Michaelov, and Nahman Zitterbaum.

Trial and execution

The five men were tried on capital charges of discharging a firearm and illegally possessing explosives in a military court, though Michaelov and Zitterbaum were too young to be sentenced to death. During their trial, the men refused to participate, disrupted the proceedings, and spent their time joking among themselves and drawing caricatures of members of the court. When given the opportunity to speak in their own defense, each of them gave defiant anti-British speeches. During his speech, Weiss stated:

When the three men were sentenced to death, they broke into song, singing Hatikvah. They were taken to Acre Prison. While they were awaiting execution, the Irgun abducted British sergeants Clifford Martin and Mervyn Paice in Netanya and threatened to hang them if Haviv, Weiss, and Nakar were executed. However, the threats were ignored, and General Alan Cunningham, the High Commissioner for Palestine, ordered that the executions be carried out.

Haviv, Weiss, and Nakar were hanged in Acre Prison early on the morning of 29 July 1947, with Weiss being the last one executed. Each of them went to their deaths singing Hatikvah, with the rest of the Jewish prisoners joining in. The next day, they were buried in Safed.

Aftermath

The Irgun subsequently carried out its threat to hang Sergeants Martin and Paice; the two men were killed and their bodies were hanged from trees and booby-trapped with a mine that injured an officer trying to cut one of them down. This incident shocked and enraged the British authorities and public, and led to violent reprisals by British troops that killed five Jews in Tel Aviv and several days of antisemitic rioting in British cities. However, it also led to the suspension of the death penalty in Palestine, and has been cited as a major catalyst for the eventual British withdrawal from Palestine.

Yaakov Weiss is remembered in Israel as one of the 12 Olei Hagardom, Palestinian Jewish fighters who were hanged or committed suicide while awaiting execution during the Mandate era. As with the other Olei Hagardom, streets have been named after him throughout Israel.

References

External links
 Story of Yaakov Weiss (Hebrew)
 Yaakov Weiss (Irgun website)

1924 births
1947 deaths
Irgun members
Jews who emigrated to escape Nazism
Jewish resistance members during the Holocaust
Executed Czechoslovak people
Hungarian people executed abroad
Czechoslovak Jews
Hungarian Jews
Czechoslovak emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Hungarian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
People from Nové Zámky
People convicted of illegal possession of weapons
University of Geneva alumni
Olei Hagardom (Palestine)


title: The Goldfinch (painting)

text:
The Goldfinch () is a painting by the Dutch Golden Age artist Carel Fabritius of a life-sized chained goldfinch. Signed and dated 1654, it is now in the collection of the Mauritshuis in The Hague, Netherlands. The work is a trompe-l'œil oil on panel measuring  that was once part of a larger structure, perhaps a window jamb or a protective cover. It is possible that the painting was in its creator's workshop in Delft at the time of the gunpowder explosion that killed him and destroyed much of the city.

A common and colourful bird with a pleasant song, the goldfinch was a popular pet, and could be taught simple tricks including lifting a thimble-sized bucket of water. It was reputedly a bringer of good health, and was used in Italian Renaissance painting as a symbol of Christian redemption and the Passion of Jesus.

The Goldfinch is unusual for the Dutch Golden Age painting period in the simplicity of its composition and use of illusionary techniques. Following the death of its creator, it was lost for more than two centuries before its rediscovery in Brussels.

Description

The Goldfinch is an oil painting on panel measuring , now in the collection of the Mauritshuis in The Hague, Netherlands. Details of its physical structure emerged when it was restored in 2003. Because the lead-based paint limited the effectiveness of traditional X-rays and infrared, chief conservator Jorgen Wadum used a CT scanner to digitally eliminate the paint layer and see what was underneath.
The panel on which it is painted is  thick, which is atypically deep for a small painting, and indicates that it may have formerly been part of a larger piece of wood. Evidence for this is the remains of a wooden pin, suggesting the original boards had been joined with dowels and glue. Before it was framed, the painting had a  black border onto which a gilded frame was later fixed with ten equally spaced nails. The nails did not reach the back of the panel so there is no evidence of a backing to the picture. The frame was subsequently removed leaving only a residual line of a greenish copper compound. Fabritius then extended the white background pigment to the right edge, repainted his signature, and added the lower perch. Finally, the remaining black edges were overpainted with white.

The back of the panel has four nail holes and six other holes near the top, suggesting two different methods of suspension of the panel at various times. The art historian Linda Stone-Ferrier has suggested that the panel may have been either attached to the inner jamb of a window or have been a hinged protective cover for another wall-mounted painting.

During conservation, it was realised that the surface of the painting had numerous small dents that must have been formed when the paint was still not fully dried, since there was no cracking. It is possible that the slight damage was caused by the explosion that killed its creator. The restoration removed the old yellow varnish and showed the original tones, described by the art critic Théophile Thoré-Bürger in 1859 as mur blême and lumineuse couleur ("pale wall" and "bright colour").

The subject

The painting shows a life-size European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) on top of a feeder—a blue container with a lid, enclosed by two wooden half-rings fixed to the wall. The bird is perched on the upper ring, to which its leg is attached by a fine chain. The painting is signed and dated "" at the bottom.

The goldfinch is a widespread and common seed-eating bird in Europe, North Africa, and western and central Asia. As a colourful species with a pleasant twittering song, and an associated belief that it brought health and good fortune, it had been domesticated for at least 2,000 years. Pliny recorded that it could be taught to do tricks, and in the 17th century, it became fashionable to train goldfinches to draw water from a bowl with a miniature bucket on a chain. The Dutch title of the painting is the bird's nickname puttertje, which refers to this custom and is a diminutive equivalent to "draw-water", an old Norfolk name for the bird.

The goldfinch frequently appears in paintings, not just for its colourful appearance but also for its symbolic meanings. Pliny associated the bird with fertility, and the presence of a giant goldfinch next to a naked couple in The Garden of Earthly Delights triptych by the earlier Dutch master Hieronymus Bosch perhaps refers to this belief.

Nearly 500 Renaissance religious paintings, mainly by Italian artists, show the bird, including Leonardo da Vinci's Madonna Litta (1490–1491), Raphael's Madonna of the Goldfinch (1506) and Piero della Francesca's Nativity (1470–1475) In Medieval Christianity, the goldfinch's association with health symbolises the Redemption, and its habit of feeding on the seeds of spiky thistles, together with its red face, presaged the crucifixion of Jesus, where the bird supposedly became splattered with blood while attempting to remove the crown of thorns. Many of these devotional paintings were created in the middle of the fourteenth century while the Black Death pandemic gripped Europe.

The symbolism persisted long after the time of Fabritius. A much later example of the goldfinch as a symbol of redemption is Hogarth’s 1742 painting The Graham Children. Thomas, the youngest, had died by the time the painting was completed.

The goldfinch in art

Style

The Goldfinch is a trompe-l'œil painting which uses artistic techniques to create the illusion of depth, notably through foreshortening of the head, but also by highlights on the rings and the bird's foot, and strong shadows on the plastered wall. Bold strokes of bright colours above and lighter touches of duller colours below also accentuate the visual effect. The viewpoint seems to be from slightly below the bird, suggesting it was intended to be mounted in an elevated position. The lack of a frame initially also suggests the painting may have been mounted to look realistic, and may have been part of a larger assemblage of illusionary paintings.

Stone-Ferrier's supposition that it may at one time have been part of a window jamb relies in part on the painting giving the illusion of a real perched bird to passers-by, which is consistent with a raised location. She notes the importance of windows as picture settings during the Dutch Golden Age and the use of perspective boxes to create realistic interiors. Fabritius used a perspective box to create depth in other paintings, including his A View of Delft.

Fabritius used lead white paint as the base for the cream plaster of the walls, contrasting with the tan shadow of the bird. The art historian Andrew Graham-Dixon considered that the blend of colours in the diffuse shadow foreshadowed some of the techniques of the nineteenth-century French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist artists.

The trompe-l'œil technique has been known since ancient times, Pliny telling the story of Zeuxis painting grapes so real that birds flew down to peck at them. Jacopo de' Barbari's A Sparrowhawk is a Renaissance example of a painting that seemed intended to be mounted to create an illusion of reality to people passing the window. Although several of Fabritius's contemporaries, including his master Rembrandt, used similar effects, the depiction of a single bird is a minimalist version of the genre, and the simplicity of the design combined with the perspective technique in The Goldfinch is unique among paintings of the Dutch Golden Age. Fabritius had previously experimented with trompe-l'œil with the realistic nail that appears to be protruding from his 1649 Portrait of Abraham de Potter.

The art historian Wilhelm Martin (1876–1954) considered that The Goldfinch could only be compared with the Still-Life with Partridge and Gauntlets painted by Jacopo de' Barbari in 1504, more than a hundred years earlier. The bird itself was created with broad brush strokes, with only minor later corrections to its outline, while details, including the chain, were added with more precision. Fabritius's style differs from Rembrandt's typical chiaroscuro in his use of cool daylight, complex perspective, and dark figures against a light background, although he retains some of his master's techniques such as using the handle end of the brush to scratch lines through thick paint.

Artist

Carel Pietersz Fabritius was born in 1622 in Middenbeemster in the Dutch Republic. Initially he worked as a carpenter. His father and his brothers Barent and Johannes were painters and, although not formally trained in art, Fabritius's ability gained him a place at Rembrandt's studio in Amsterdam. The move to Amsterdam took place in 1641, the same year Fabritius married his first wife, who came from a well-to-do family. Following her death in 1643, he moved back to Middenbeemster, where he lived until the early 1650s, then to Delft, where he joined the Guild of Saint Luke in 1652.

Fabritius died aged 32, caught in the explosion of the Delft gunpowder magazine on October 12, 1654, which killed at least 100 people and destroyed a quarter of the city, including his studio and many of his paintings. Few of his works are known to have survived. According to his biographer, Arnold Houbraken, Fabritius's student Mattias Spoors and church deacon Simon Decker also died as a result of the explosion. The Goldfinch was painted in the year Fabritius died.

Fabritius's works were well regarded by his contemporaries, and his style influenced other notable Dutch painters of the period, including Pieter de Hooch, Emanuel de Witte and Johannes Vermeer. Vermeer, who also lived in Delft, in particular used similar pale, worn walls lit by bright sunlight, and it has been suggested that he was Fabritius's student, although there is no real evidence for this claim.

Provenance

The Goldfinch was lost and unknown for more than two centuries before it first came to light in 1859. Théophile Thoré-Bürger, who had helped to restore the reputation of Vermeer, found it in the collection of former Dutch army officer and collector Chevalier Joseph-Guillaume-Jean Camberlyn in Brussels. It was subsequently given to Thoré-Bürger by the chevalier's heirs in 1865, and he in turn bequeathed it with the rest of his collection to his companion, Apolline Lacroix, in 1869, three years after its first public exhibition in Paris in 1866.

It was sold to Étienne-François Haro, a painter, restorer and art dealer, for 5,500 francs at the Hôtel Drouot auction house in Paris on 5December 1892, and later purchased for the Mauritshuis by its curator and art collector Abraham Bredius for 6,200 francs at the sale of the Émile Martinet collection, also at Hôtel Drouot, on 27 February 1896. As well as The Goldfinch, Martinet's collection included works attributed to other renowned artists such as Rembrandt, Goya, Steen, and Corot, and La Pythonisse, a work tentatively attributed to Fabritius's brother, Barent.

The painting is now in the collection of the Mauritshuis in The Hague.

Cultural references and exhibitions

The Goldfinch plays a central role in the 2013 eponymous novel by American author Donna Tartt. The novel's protagonist, 13-year-old Theodore "Theo" Decker, survives a terrorist bombing at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art in which his mother dies. He takes the Fabritius painting, part of a Dutch Golden Age exhibition, with him as he escapes the building, and much of the rest of the book is based around his attempts to hide the picture, its theft and eventual return.

The book won the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and was a commercial success with sales reaching nearly 1.5 million soon after the award. The book's cover is itself a trompe l'oeil, the painting visible through an illusionary tear in the paper. In reality, the painting has never been displayed in the Metropolitan Museum, although coincidentally an exhibition including The Goldfinch opened at New York's Frick Collection on the day of the novel's publication. An estimated 200,000–235,000 people attended the Frick exhibition, despite freezing temperatures, and 13,000 people joined the museum, quadrupling its subscription base.

The 2013–2014 Frick exhibition was part of a world tour of selected Golden Age paintings from the Mauritshuis during its two-year closure for a £25m renovation of the gallery, with previous showings in Tokyo, Kobe, San Francisco, Atlanta and New York, and finishing with a visit to Bologna. The Tokyo exhibition was attended by a million people, making it the most visited such event of the year. Prior to the publicity from the release of Donna Tartt's novel, Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring had typically been highlighted as the main attraction of the exhibition.

Tartt's book was adapted as a 2019 film produced by Warner Bros and Amazon Studios, directed by John Crowley, and starring Ansel Elgort and Nicole Kidman. Other cultural references to The Goldfinch include American artist Helen Frankenthaler's 1960 abstract expressionist interpretation of the 1654 painting titled the Fabritius Bird, and US poet Morri Creech's 2010 poem "Goldfinch", which includes the line "You stare/ from a modest trompe l'oeil heaven we don't share".

The Goldfinch was one of eight Mauritshuis masterpieces depicted on a set of €1.00 stamps issued in 2014 by the Dutch postal service, PostNL, to mark the reopening of the museum. It also featured in a 2004 set of stamps showing works by Fabritius.

References

Notes

Selected bibliography

External links

 The Goldfinch at the Mauritshuis website, including an audio description in English and an animation (captioned in Dutch) for the Edinburgh exhibition.
Spiegelman, Willard, "'The Goldfinch': Carel Fabritius's Rare Bird", The Wall Street Journal, July 28, 2003.

1654 paintings
Finches in art
Paintings by Carel Fabritius
Paintings in the Mauritshuis
Trompe-l'œil paintings


title: Harris School

text:
Harris School may refer to:

 Harris School of Public Policy Studies at the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
 Harris Church of England Academy, Rugby, Warwickshire, England
 Harris School of Business, United States
 The Harris School (Texas)


The Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Pre-School Children's Animated Program had been awarded annually between 2013 and 2021. These shows were previously honored in the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Animated Program category. In November 2021, it was announced that all Daytime Emmy categories honoring children's programming will be retired in favor of a separate Children's & Family Emmy Awards ceremony that will be held starting in 2022.

2010s

2020s

Programs with multiple awards
3 awards
 Tumble Leaf

Total awards
Amazon - 4
PBS - 2
Nickelodeon - 2
Netflix - 1

Multiple Nominations (3 or more)
5 nominations
 Peg + Cat
 Tumble Leaf
3 nominations
 Ask the StoryBots
2 nominations
 Bubble Guppies
 Dinosaur Train
 Wallykazam!

See also

 List of animation awards
 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Animated Program

References

Retired Daytime Emmy Awards
American animation awards


title: Allen Bowie Davis

text:
Allen Bowie Davis (1809–1889) was an American businessman.

Davis was born in Montgomery County Maryland to Thomas Davis (1769–1833) and Elizabeth Bowie (1772–1840). His father participated in the Whiskey Rebellion and was the president of the Board of Trustees of the Brookeville Academy, a position that Allen would take later at the age of 24. Davis took over the estate farm Greenwood at 16 and would write educational books on agriculture. By 1850 he would own 27 slaves to maintain four separate farms. In 1840 he would be appointed to the board of public works for Maryland. This in turn led to him becoming the director and trustee of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal during the final 50 miles of construction. In 1846, Davis imported 1,400 tons of Guano for $100,000 to redistribute to farmers without markup. Davis also returned the Triadelphia Cotton Company to profitability. In 1850 he would represent at the state constitutional convention, helping form the Maryland Agricultural College. He served as president of the Washington-Brookeville Turnpike Company for 16 years and served as county magistrate. His efforts also brought about one of the countries earliest prohibition laws in the State of Maryland.

Davis married Rebecca Comfort Dorsey (1809–1836), daughter of Thomas Beale Dorsey. After her death Davis married again Hester Ann Wilkins (1809–1887). Davis had 5 children: Allen Bowie Davis Jr. (died 1850), Thomas Davis (1840–1849), William Wilkins Davis (1842–1866), Rebecca Dorsey Davis (1843–1921) and Esther Wilkins Davis (1847–1894).

Davis once lived at the Wilson House, part or the Roxbury Mill in Howard County, Maryland, and was proprietor of the family estate Greenwood in Montgomery County built by Ephram Davis in 1755. Davis died in Baltimore at his house on Madison Avenue.

References

1809 births
1889 deaths
American chief executives
19th-century American businesspeople


title: 1932 Princeton Tigers football team

text:
The 1932 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1932 college football season. The Tigers finished with a 2–2–3 record under first-year head coach Fritz Crisler. No Princeton players were selected as first-team honorees on the 1932 College Football All-America Team.

Prior to 1932, Crisler was the head football coach at Minnesota. In February 1932, he was signed to a three-year contract with Princeton at an annual salary in excess of $10,000.

Schedule

References

Princeton
Princeton Tigers football seasons
Princeton Tigers football


title: Steve Zaragoza

text:
Esteban "Steve" Zaragoza (born June 9, 1982) is an American online personality, singer-songwriter, musician and web series host, notable for his work on the current events and news series SourceFed. Zaragoza became a host on the series in 2012. The following year, Zaragoza became a host on its spin-off channel, SourceFedNERD. On his personal YouTube channel, Zaragoza frequently combines or crosses between dark, deadpan, surreal, character, and sketch comedy in a non-sequitur fashion.

Early career
Zaragoza's first appearance was in 2008 for a music video by Buckcherry titled "Too Drunk...". According to his IMDb profile, Zaragoza became involved with filmmaking in 2009, receiving a sound department credit for Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs. In 2011, Zaragoza appeared on an episode of the television series, 1000 Ways to Die. Prior to SourceFed, Zaragoza worked as a sound designer at Sony.

Online projects
Making his first appearance on March 1, 2012, Zaragoza joined SourceFed early on as a recurring host, before developing into a full-time co-host. Zaragoza would become ingrained with the SF community, appearing at live meetups and being interviewed by online publications. In February 2013, Zaragoza, along with Philip DeFranco & his SourceFed co-hosts at the time, were awarded the Audience Choice Streamy Award. In May, Zaragoza became a co-host on the spin-off channel, SourceFedNERD. In August 2013, Zaragoza joined boss Philip DeFranco and co-host Meg Turney in the meetup event, "DeFranco Loves Dat AZ". Zaragoza would appear at VidCon 2014, as well.

In September 2014, Zaragoza co-hosted a video with Lee Newton, focusing on charities refusing donations from Reddit following the leaks of celebrities' nude photographs, which Reddit commonly referred to as "The Fappening." According to StatSheep, the SourceFed channel lost over 20,000 subscribers due to the video, which were quickly recovered. Days later, Zaragoza along with the rest of the SourceFed crew were awarded the Streamy for Best News & Current Events series.

Zaragoza starred as the male lead, Paul Schue-Horyn, in the 2020 YouTube miniseries Wayward Guide created by the Tin Can Bros. The series features many notable supporting stars, such as Darren Criss, Sean Astin, and Carlos Valdes.

Aside from hosting series for Phil DeFranco Networks & Merchandise, Zaragoza has frequently collaborated with YouTube personality Dane Boedigheimer. Zaragoza has been a recurring guest voice actor on Boedigheimer's The Annoying Orange. Zaragoza also appeared as the lead role on The Misfortune of Being Ned, and on the pilot episode of Orange spin-off, The Marshmallow Show. PBS Newshour would publish an article commenting on Zaragoza's reception of Taco Bell's breakfast waffle taco.

In 2014, Zaragoza appeared in SoulPancake's The FlipSide series. Zaragoza was also announced to play the role of Iggy DeLacey on the Pemberley Digital and PBS Digital Studios collaborative series Frankenstein MD. The series is produced by Bernie Su who has won Emmy Awards for his previous webseries projects, The Lizzie Bennet Diaries and Emma Approved. Zaragoza's character is based on the Igor character. Due to his role on Frankenstein, MD, Zaragoza appeared at LeakyCon 2014, with co-actress Anna Lore. Frankenstein, MD is an online video adaptation of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, and is shot at YouTube Space LA.

Zaragoza was the MC for the NMR! Live event.

Zaragoza also appeared in Oscar's Hotel for Fantastical Creatures portraying Manny, the mantis landscaper at the titular hotel.

In 2015, Zaragoza confirmed he would releasing an album titled Animals. It would feature songs written by various other web personalities, including Chelsea Dunaway, Owen Carter and Andy Kaufman's Ghost. In the same year, Zaragoza hosted a short-lived online revival of the classic game show Password for YouTube's Official channel Buzzr featuring various web personalities as contestant until 2016.

In 2016, he started to host Mostly Harmless for ComicConHQ, as well as launching three podcasts: Cloverfeels with comedian Mike Falzone; Dynamic Banter also with Mike Falzone; and It Feels Like the First Time with Owen Carter and Brett Register. All of these podcasts are a part of the HeadGum Network.

In 2017, Steve Zaragoza guest starred in the Bizaardvark episode "In Your Space" portraying Sore Loser Guy. In that same year, Zaragoza also guest starred in Parker Plays.

In 2017, Zaragoza released an Internet series called "Torty Cloud" the first episode being named "Welcome to Torty". The series features Steve Zaragoza and McKenzie Stith acting.

In 2018, Zaragoza co-founded The Valleyfolk, a YouTube channel and production company, with fellow SourceFed members Joe Bereta, Elliott Morgan (former host of the online revival of the classic game show Beat the Clock), and Lee Newton. In 2019, the Valleyfolk competed on the short-lived NBC reality comedy competition show Bring the Funny hosted by Amanda Seales, winning the show's first season.

References

1982 births
21st-century American male actors
American male actors of Mexican descent
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American male web series actors
American podcasters
American sketch comedians
American YouTubers
Living people
Male actors from Oxnard, California
SourceFed people


title: Cajsa Wahllund

text:
Catharina Christina "Cajsa" Wahllund (1 May 1771, Värmland, Sweden – 13 July 1843, Helsinki) was a Swedish-born Finnish restaurateur.

Wahllund moved from Sweden to Finland in 1810. She was the successful owner of a popular inn and restaurant in Åbo (1812–1819) and Helsinki (1819–1843) in Finland. She has been regarded as having introduced restaurants to Finland. She was a successful and popular businesswoman, and was especially popular among students: her restaurant became a known center of students.

Legacy
The Kaisaniemi Park was named after her.

References

1771 births
1843 deaths
19th-century Finnish businesswomen
19th-century Finnish businesspeople
Swedish restaurateurs
Swedish emigrants to Finland
Finnish restaurateurs


title: 1931 Princeton Tigers football team

text:
The 1931 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University as an independent during the 1931 college football season. In their first and only season under head coach Albert Wittmer, the Tigers finished with a 1–7 record and were outscored by a total of 164 to 55.

End William H. Yeckley was elected as the team captain. No Princeton players were selected as first-team honorees on the 1931 College Football All-America Team.

Wittmer resigned as Princeton's head football coach on December 19, 1931. He retained his post the school's head basketball coach.

Schedule

References

Princeton
Princeton Tigers football seasons
Princeton Tigers football


title: 1930 Princeton Tigers football team

text:
The 1930 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University as an independent during the 1930 college football season. In their 17th and final year under head coach Bill Roper, the Tigers finished with a 1–5–1 record and were outscored by a total of 164 to 55.

Guard Ricardo A. Mestres was elected as the team captain. No Princeton players were selected as first-team honorees on the 1930 College Football All-America Team.

Schedule

References

Princeton
Princeton Tigers football seasons
Princeton Tigers football


title: Niels Vets

text:
Niels Vets (born 19 February 1992 in Bonheiden) is a retired Belgian professional footballer who played as a centre back.

Career
Niels began his career with Lierse, and in 2012 was loaned out to KV Turnhout. After a new loan spell with Fortuna Sittard in 2013, he signed a permanent deal with the club.

Injuries restricted his playing time, and in December 2015, he signed a contract with K. Rupel Boom FC.

References

External links
 Voetbal International profile

1992 births
Living people
Dutch men's footballers
Lierse S.K. players
Fortuna Sittard players
KFC Turnhout players
K. Rupel Boom F.C. players
Eerste Divisie players
People from Bonheiden
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Antwerp Province


title: 1929 Princeton Tigers football team

text:
The 1929 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1929 college football season. In their 16th year under head coach Bill Roper, the Tigers compiled a 2–4–1 record and were outscored by a total of 67 to 66.

No Princeton players were selected as first-team honorees on the 1929 All-America college football team or the 1929 All-Eastern football team.

Schedule

References

Princeton
Princeton Tigers football seasons
Princeton Tigers football


title: Tomaž Avbelj

text:
Tomaž Avbelj (born 26 August 1991) is a football midfielder from Slovenia who most recently played for Austrian club ASKÖ Wölfnitz.

References

External links

 NZS profile
PrvaLiga profile
Tomaž Avbelj at Fussball Österreich

1991 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
Slovenian men's footballers
NK Olimpija Ljubljana (2005) players
NK Ivančna Gorica players
NK Radomlje players
NK Dob players
Slovenian Second League players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Austrian 2. Landesliga players
Slovenian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Austria


title: 1928 Princeton Tigers football team

text:
The 1928 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1928 college football season. The Tigers finished with a 5–1–2 record under 15th-year head coach Bill Roper. Princeton center Charles Howe was selected by the Associated Press as a first-team honoree on the 1928 College Football All-America Team.

Schedule

References

Princeton
Princeton Tigers football seasons
Princeton Tigers football


title: Catharina Justander

text:
Catharina Justander (Lempäälä, 1723 - Zeist, 5 October 1778) was a Finnish (Swedish) missionary. As a missionary, she played a leading role in spreading the Moravian Church in Stockholm (Sweden), Turku (Finland) and Zeist (The Netherlands), and was made an Acolyte.

References
 Suomen kansallisbiografia/Finlands nationalbiografi

1723 births
1778 deaths
18th-century Finnish people
18th-century religious leaders
Finnish Lutheran missionaries
Women Protestant religious leaders
18th-century Christian clergy
Lutheran missionaries in Europe
Protestant missionaries in Finland
Swedish Lutheran missionaries
Female Christian missionaries
Swedish people of the Moravian Church
18th-century Finnish women


title: Depot Creek

text:
Depot Creek may refer to:

Canada
British Columbia
Depot Creek (BC-Washington)
Ontario
Depot Creek (Napanee River), in Frontenac County and Lennox and Addington County
Nipissing District
Depot Creek (Barron River)
Depot Creek (Lake Nosbonsing)
Depot Creek (Sudbury District)
Depot Creek (Thunder Bay District)
United States
Depot Creek (BC-Washington)


title: Vetrikku Oruvan

text:
Vetrikku Oruvan is a 1979 Indian Tamil language film, directed by  S. P. Muthuraman and produced by S. Baskar. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, Sripriya, M. N. Nambiar and Mohan Babu. It was released on 8 December 1979.

Plot

Saravanan is a cowardly, mild mannered, honest and good son to his doting and loving father Rajaraman. Rajaraman goes so far to write love letters for him as Saravanan could not manage it on his own. He is in love with Radha who Madhan vies for. Madhan is a criminal who works for Ethirajulu, a secretive don who acts like a honest businessman to the society.

Rajaraman exposes him and raids his home and office in his capacity as tax officer. In anger, Ethirajulu gets Rajaraman murdered by Madhan. This comes as a wake up call to Saravanan who decides that he wants vengeance. He, with help from Radha, learns martial arts, prepares, does background research and then proceeds to systematically destroy Ethirajulu's empire and in the end, kills him and Madhan.

Cast
Sivaji Ganesan as Saravanan
Sripriya as Radha
M. N. Nambiar as Ethirajulu
Mohan Babu as Madhan
Major Sundarrajan as Rajaraman
Thengai Srinivasan
V. K. Ramasamy as Radha's father
Y. G. Parthasarathy as Ethirajulu's secretary
Poornam Viswanathan
Pushpalatha as Saravanan's mother

Production
Vetrikku Oruvan Is the debut film for wig maker B. Natesan. He designed the "curly" wig that Sripriya wears in the song "Thoranam Aadidum", which he found challenging to make.

Pushpalatha, who played Ganesan’s daughter in the movie Paar Magale Paar, played his mother in this movie.

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja, with lyrics by Panchu Arunachalam.

Reception
According to Muthuraman, the failed at the box-office as shoot happened without any proper planning.

References

External links

1979 films
1970s Tamil-language films
Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam


title: 1927 Princeton Tigers football team

text:
The 1927 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1927 college football season. The team finished with a 6–1 record under 14th-year head coach Bill Roper.  The Tigers outscored opponents by a combined total of 151 to 31, and their sole loss was in the final game of the season by a 14–6 score against Yale. No Princeton were selected as first-team honorees on the 1927 College Football All-America Team.

Schedule

References

Princeton
Princeton Tigers football seasons
Princeton Tigers footballl


title: Dazzle Draw

text:
Dazzle Draw is a raster graphics editor for the Apple IIc and Apple IIe. The program allows users to create bitmap images which can then be printed or used in other programs. Developed by David Snider and released in 1984 by Broderbund, the program is similar to MacPaint, released in early 1984. Snider previously wrote the Apple II pinball game David's Midnight Magic.

Dazzle Draw is designed specifically to take advantage of the graphics capabilities of the Apple IIc and Enhanced IIe. The program allows use of 16 colors and supports the creation of automated slide shows.

Reviews
Dazzle Draw was reviewed on the December 1985 issue of Games magazine. It was praised for being easy to use "whether you choose a graphics tablet (preferred), a mouse controller, or a joystick" and considered to be "in a word, dazzling".

References

External links

1984 software
Raster graphics editors
Apple II software
Discontinued software


title: 1926 Princeton Tigers football team

text:
The 1926 Princeton Tigers football team represented Princeton University in the 1926 college football season. The team finished with a 5–1–1 record under 13th-year head coach Bill Roper.  The Tigers' sole loss of the season was to Navy by a 27–13 score. No Princeton players were selected as first-team honorees on the 1926 College Football All-America Team.

Schedule

References

Princeton
Princeton Tigers football seasons
Princeton Tigers football


title: Karkú

text:
Karkú is a Chilean teen telenovela television series, co-produced by My Friend Entertainment and Televisión Nacional de Chile (TVN).

Plot
Emilia, a 13-year-old girl, is sent by her parents from the small city of Vallenar, Chile, to live with her uncles in metropolitan Santiago, Chile. There, she enters the British College, where she befriends Fernanda, Valentina, Zico, Alex, and Martín, with whom she tries to fund a year-end trip overseas. The series follows exploring everyday-life problems of teenagers, including friendship and romance.

Cast
Main cast
Constanza Piccoli as Emilia "Emi" Valdés
Ignacio Sepúlveda as Francisco "Zico" Sotomayor
Raquel Calderón as Fernanda "Feña" Urquieta
Cesar Morales as Martín Maldonado
Luciana Echeverría como Valentina "Vale" Urquieta
Vicente Muñoz como Alex Schilling
Constanza Herrero como Daniela "Dana" Hamilton (season 3 only)
Nicolás Guerra como Cristian "Chris" Hamilton (season 3 only)

Supporting cast
Gustavo Becerra as Inspector Palacios
Marcos Bucci as Marcos "Chanchivia" Valdivia
Patricia Irribarra as Miss Elena
Renato Münster as Uncle Arturo
Vania Alejandra López as Margarita
Peggy Cordero as Edna, Dana and Chris's grandmother
Carlos Embry as Manuel Valdés, Emilia's father
Araceli Vitta as Miss Fabiana Castillo
Paulina Hunt as Nurse María Eugenia
Javiera Hernández as Miss Daniela
Paula Sharim as Uncle Mariana
Daniel Herrera as Lucas
Francisca Reiss as Patricia, Emilia's mother
Rodrigo Leon as Diego, Fernanda's friend

Production and themes
The first Latin American telenovela for young audience, Karkú was co-produced My Friend Entertainment and Televisión Nacional de Chile (TVN). Its title is derived from mapudungún and means "to dare," which "faithfully reflects the spirit of the plot," according to TVN. The series was created Onell López Campos and José Francisco García, with Campos as director along with Juan Pablo Tapia, and García as executive producer, and Felipe Vergara and Soledad Pérez as producers. It explores the aging of teenagers, focusing on Latin America, and producers tried to prompt diligence, teamwork, and friendship on its viewers. López commented he tried to insert music as feature that "not only plays as an ornament, but is part of the undertaking of the protagonists, is a tool that they have."

Broadcasting
The first two seasons were broadcast by TVN in Chile; from February 5, to March 8, 2007, and from January 2, to February 6, 2008. The third season was first broadcast on Nickelodeon Latin America between June 17, and July 22, 2009. It aired in the other Latin American countries through Nickelodeon, with Ecuavisa also airing it in Ecuador, Señal Colombia in Colombia, and TV Brasil in Brazil. Spanish-language network ¡Sorpresa! broadcast the series on its back to school programming in the United States.

Reception
It was a success in Chile; its debuted had a 14.4 rating against 11.7 and 6.7 of Mekano and Futurama respectively. The complete first season had an average rating of 14.1. It was also popular in several countries of Latin America.

References

External links

2007 telenovelas
2007 Chilean television series debuts
2009 Chilean television series endings
Televisión Nacional de Chile telenovelas
Nickelodeon telenovelas
Children's telenovelas
Teen telenovelas
Television series about teenagers
Televisión Nacional de Chile original programming
Spanish-language Nickelodeon original programming


title: Navy Command

text:
Navy Command may refer to:
Navy Command (Germany)
Navy Command (Royal Navy), UK
Tanzania Naval Command


title: 1925 Princeton Tigers football team

text:
The 1925 Princeton Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Princeton University as an independent during the 1925 college football season. In its 12th season under head coach Bill Roper, the team compiled a 5–1–1 record and outscored opponents by a total of 125 to 44.  The team's sole loss was to Colgate by a 9–0 score.

Princeton center Ed McMillan was a consensus first-team honoree on the 1925 College Football All-America Team, and fullback Jacob Slagle was picked as a first-team honoree by the United Press.

Schedule

References

Princeton
Princeton Tigers football seasons
Princeton Tigers football


title: Usha Chinoy

text:
Usha Chinoy (1929–2004) was an Indian educationist and musician from Rajkot, Gujarat.

Early life and education
Usha Chinoy (née Joshi) was born in the former princely state of Jamnagar (Nawanagar) in the Kathiawar peninsula (Saurashtra) of Gujarat to Trambaklal Manishankar Joshi and Yashomati Joshi. She completed her BA (Hons.) at the Dharmendrasinhji College in Rajkot. She later also obtained a diploma in music through the Sangeet Visharad and Hindustani Vineet degrees. In the city of Jamnagar, she was the first elected female member of the municipal corporation and also Principal of the Sajuba Girls High School from the late 1940s till the early 1950s. Her grandfather, poet and author Vaidya Shastri Manishankar Govindji, founded the famous Atank Nigrah pharmacy, an Ayurvedic firm of great repute, in Jamnagar in 1881. The firm had branches in Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta (Kolkata), Madras (Chennai), Poona (Pune), Karachi, Colombo, Rangoon (Yangon), Penang  and Singapore.

Career
Usha commenced her singing career in the 1940s with songs recorded for Young India. Her repertoire on All India Radio and later on the TV channel Doordarshan during the 1960s and 1980s included Gujarati and Urdu ghazals, bhajans, thumris, Gujarati folk songs and light music. She was also a playback singer for Gujarati films. From 1964 to 1974, she was the founding head of the Department of Arts, Crafts and Music and teacher at the Rajkumar College, Rajkot. In 1967 she went to the United States as part of the Experiment in International Living program.

Personal life
Usha was married to senior Indian Police Service officer Romeshchandra Chinoy (1925–1991). Her elder sibling, Suresh T. Joshi, was the principal of the Gujarat Ayurveda College in Jamnagar in the 1960s and 1970s. Usha was the daughter-in-law of barrister C. N. Chinoy, Dewan of the former princely state of Rajkot. She died in 2004 in Shanghai, China, and was survived by her three children, one of whom, Sujan R. Chinoy, was appointed Indian Ambassador to Mexico, and by five grandchildren.

References

1929 births
2004 deaths
20th-century Indian women educational theorists
20th-century Indian educational theorists
Singers from Gujarat
20th-century Indian singers
Indian women classical singers
Indian music educators
People from Jamnagar
All India Radio people
20th-century Indian women singers
Women musicians from Gujarat
Scholars from Gujarat
All India Radio women
Educators from Gujarat
Women educators from Gujarat
Indian women music educators
People from Rajkot
20th-century Indian women educators
20th-century Indian educators


title: Henry Milling

text:
Lieutenant Colonel Henry Milling (died 30 December 1822) was a British Army officer who fought in the Napoleonic Wars.

Biography
Milling was commissioned a lieutenant in the 81st Regiment of Foot in 1801. He served with them in the Peninsular War and was severely wounded at the Battle of Corunna (16 January 1809).

In 1815 Milling was present on the Waterloo Campaign with the 2/81st Foot, but did not fight at the Battle of Waterloo, instead the  2/81st Foot remind on garrison duty in Brussels guarding the British Army's pay chest.

On 18 August 1819 Milling was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In 1822 Milling, from 81st Foot, was gazetted to the 93rd Foot, but retired a few months afterwards without having joined his new regiment. He died on 30 December 1822.

Family
Henry Milling was the brother of John Milling, of Shanlis, Ardee, County Louth.

Notes

References

Further reading
 "Lieutenant Henry Milling to be Captain-Lieutenant, by Purchase"
 "Officers to be a captains of a company in the undermentioned regiments ..."  "81st Ditto Captain-Lieutenant Henry Milling"
Captain Henry Milling to be Major
 "Major Henry Milling to be Lieutenant-Colonel without purchase"
 "Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Milling from half-pay of the Regiment, to be Lieutenant-Colonel, without purchase. Dated 12th, August 1819"
 "Ditto, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Milling, from the 81st Foot, to be Lieutenant-Colonel, . vice Creagh, who exchanges. Dated 7th March 1822"

1822 deaths
Year of birth missing
81st Regiment of Foot officers
British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
British Army personnel of the Peninsular War


title: Prince Hoshikawa Rebellion

text:
The Prince Hoshikawa Rebellion was a power struggle for the Japanese Imperial throne following the death of Emperor Yūryaku in 479. The second son of the Emperor, encouraged by his mother, tried to seize authority by occupying the treasury, but was soon surrounded by troops of court officials, and was burned together with family members and other supporters. The third son, whom Yūryaku had designated crown prince, assumed the throne as Emperor Seinei in 480. This incident is related in the Nihon Shoki.

Rebellion
A year before his death, Emperor Yūryaku named his third son, Prince Shiraka, his successor, purportedly due to his white hair which gave him his name (shiraka = white hair) and which seemed significant to the Emperor. The crown prince was a son with one of the Emperor's concubines , who belonged to the Katsuragi branch of the influential Takenouchi clan. Shortly after the Emperor's death on the 7th day of the 8th month, 479, and before his final burial on the 9th day of the 10th month, 480, another of his consorts,  convinced her younger son (who was older than Prince Shiraka), Prince Hoshikawa, to assert his claim to the throne. Wakahime had been the wife of the high official, Tasa, omi of Kibi, but had been captured in a plot by Yūryaku in 463, giving rise to the Kibi Clan Rebellion.

Hoshikawa's elder brother, Prince Iwaki, tried to interfere, but to no avail: heeding the advice of his mother, Hoshikawa seized the Imperial treasury and together with Wakahime, his half-brother, Prince Iwaki, and others, they locked themselves in the treasury. The treasury, which architecturally would have resembled a granary, was besieged by high-ranking court officials and their troops, and eventually burned together with all the people inside, except for a minor official who was spared and who, out of gratitude, later presented 25 acres of land to the commander of the triumphant army Ōmuraji, Lord Ōtomo no Muroya.

Claimants to the throne being born out of fire or surviving an ordeal of fire is a recurrent theme in the early Japanese Imperial lineage. Ebersole conjectures that the actual death of Prince Hoshikawa is unknown and the death by fire was used by the compilers of the Nihon Shoki to metaphorically relate that his claim to the throne was invalid. After the rebellion, the appointed crown prince, Prince Shiraka, assumed the throne as Emperor Seinei in 480.

See also
List of Japanese battles
Military history of Japan

References

Citations

Sources

479
470s conflicts
5th century in Japan
5th-century rebellions
Rebellions in Japan
Battles involving Japan
Kofun period
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
Kibi clan


title: A Trilogia das Barcas

text:
A Trilogia das Barcas (The Trilogy of the Ferries or The Trilogy of Ships, in English) is a series of one-act dramatic plays with allegorical characters by Portuguese playwright and poet Gil Vicente. Specialists classify them as morality plays even though they resemble more closely farces. They give a glimpse of the Lisboan society in the early 16th century.

Act of the Ship of Hell

The Act of the Ship of Hell, also known as Act of Morality (Auto da Barca do Inferno or "Auto da Moralidade", in Portuguese) is an allegorical play by Gil Vicente premiered in 1517. It is the first part of the Trilogy of the Ships.
Despite the fact there are two ferries in the play, it's called "of the Ship of Hell" because this is the destination of most of its characters after the judgement around which it is centered.

Characters

 The Angel, ferryman of the Ship of Heaven.
 The Devil, ferryman of the Ship of Hell.
 The Nobleman Sir Henry (Portuguese: Dom Henrique), who wears a cloak and brings along a squire carrying a heavy finely decorated chair (symbols of oppression, tyranny and pride).
 The Usurer, who carries a bag of coins to symbolize his greed and attachment to money.
 John Anthony (Portuguese: João Antão) the Shoemaker, a wealthy craftsman. He wears an apron and carries shoe molds, which symbolize the bourgeoisie exploitation.
 John (Portuguese: Joane), a fool who didn't give his own actions much thought. He doesn't bear any symbol, for he has done nothing in life by malice. He represents ingenuity and naïveté.
 The Friar and his mistress, Florença. He carries a sword, a shield, a helmet and a habit and also brings along his mistress. These elements are symbols of the clergy's involvement in worldly affairs.
 Madam Brísida Vaz, a procuress. Her baggage includes chests of spells and fake hymens, a cabinet, stolen goods, jewelry, a wardrobe, a wheeled house, a bed with dais and cushions and young girls. These elements represent exploitation of others and her means to and profits from it.
 Semifará, a usurer Jew. He brings along his goat - a symbol of rejection of the Christian faith and attachment to Judaism.
 The Corregidor and an Attorney, high functionaries in government. They bring with them books, paperwork and a stick.
 The Hanged Man, with the rope still around his neck representing his life of crimes and corruption.
 Four Knights who died fighting for the Christian faith. They bear the cross as symbol of their Catholic faith, being the only characters in the play whose symbol doesn't represent a sin but virtue.

The first two characters are allegorical and biblical in origin, while the others are stereotypical representations of social classes and professions. Their traits and demeanor show their lives and sins.

Plot

The play takes place in an imaginary port where two ferries await for their passengers. Each character argues with the Devil and the Angel about which ship they deserve to board. There is a pattern in which every character heads first to the Ship of Hell (which is more richly decorated), realize that this boat goes to Hell and then go to the Ship of Heaven. The characters that are not admitted in this boat, return to the Ship of Hell.

At the end only the four knights board the Ship of Heaven. All the other characters go to hell. To the Jew who refuses to give up his earthly possessions - a goat - is denied entrance even on the Ship of Hell (a rope is thrown to him and he is dragged in the water). The fool remains in the port, what is meant to say that he is a common and humble man but still has sins to atone. He helps the angel to judge the other characters and acts like a second voice to the author. His fate is not shown.

Three kinds of humour are present on the play:
 humour from the character's demeanor, specially the Fool's.
 situational humour (for instance, when the nobleman is mocked and humbled by the devil).
 linguistic (several of the devil's lines are comic).

There are several allusions to the mythological Charon. For instance, the usurer claims to not have money to pay the ferryman's fee.

Act of the Ship of Purgatory

The Act of the Ship of Purgatory (Auto da Barca do Purgatorio, in Portuguese) is an allegorical play written in 1518 by Gil Vicente. It is the second part of the Trilogy of the Ships.

Characters

The play presents characters and characters with a more uniform social status than the previous "Ship play":
The Angel.
The Devil.
The Devil's companion.
Three minor angels.
A ploughman, who carries a plow on his back, exploited by all and whose labors and sacrifices prevent his condemnation;
Marta Gil, a saleswoman who practiced small faults;
A shepherd who, though a believer, yielded to temptation;
A shepherdess, who also will have to atone some minor faults.
A young boy.
A gambler.

Plot

All the deceased want to embark on the Angel's ship. These people are condemned to expiate their sins in Purgatory. In the end, only the boy boards the Ship of Heaven and only the gambler goes to hell. The others remain in purgatory.

Act of the Ship of Heaven

The Act of the Ship of Heaven (Auto da Barca da Glória, in Portuguese) is an allegorical play written in 1519 by Gil Vicente. It is the third and final part of the Trilogy of the Ships.

Characters and plot

The characters of the play are the Devil, Death and several religious and secular authorities: a count, a duke, a king, an emperor, a bishop, an archbishop and, finally, the pope. In this order, they are all condemned to the Ship of Hell for their lives of sin and oppression of the poor.

See also

Auto (art)
Portugal in the Age of Discovery
Portuguese Empire
Portuguese Renaissance

References

External links
O Auto da Barca do Inferno in Portuguese

Portuguese plays
Fiction about purgatory


title: Enga Mama

text:
Enga Mama () is a 1970 Indian Tamil-language film, directed by A. C. Tirulokchandar and produced by P.K.V.Sankaran and Aarumugam. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, Jayalalithaa and Vennira Aadai Nirmala. It is a remake of the 1968 Hindi film Brahmachari.

Plot

Cast

Soundtrack
The music was composed by M. S. Viswanathan.

Release
Enga Mama was released on 14 January 1970. The film was a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.

References

External links

1970 films
1970s Tamil-language films
Films directed by A. C. Tirulokchandar
Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan
Tamil remakes of Hindi films


title: Boidinella

text:
Boidinella is a genus of fungi in the family Hydnodontaceae. The genus was described in 2011 by mycologist Karen Nakasone to contain B. cystidiolophora (formerly Sistotremella) and the type species B. globulispora (formerly a member of Dendrothele). These species have soft, effused (spread out flat) fruit bodies and spherical to ellipsoid basidiospores that have smooth, hyaline (translucent) and cyanophilous walls. The genus name honors French mycologist Jacques Boidin.

References

Trechisporales
Trechisporales genera


title: Operation Flowers are Blooming

text:
Operation Flowers are Blooming was the name of an operation by the Indian Navy to help avert a threatened coup against the government of President France-Albert René in the Seychelles in 1986.

During the 1980s there were several coup attempts against René. In 1981, the South African security services famously organised an attempted coup against René by a group of 44 white mercenaries led by Colonel "Mad" Mike Hoare.  Other coups were also planned by elements in René’s regime, among Seychellois exiles in Britain, South Africa and Australia and by anti-communists in Pretoria and Washington. President René turned to India as a security provider, seeking a commitment from Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to intervene against any coups, but Gandhi declined to give a public commitment to intervene.

In 1986, there was a series of coup attempts against President René led by the Seychelles Minister of Defence, Ogilvy Berlouis. This included a plot in June 1986, codenamed Operation Distant Lash, which involved some 30 mercenaries and 350 Seychellois.

When New Delhi was informed of an impending coup by intelligence sources, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi personally contacted the Indian Chief of Naval Staff, Admiral Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani, with a verbal request to provide assistance to René. Coincidentally, the Indian Navy had already dispatched the frigate INS Vindhyagiri on a scheduled visit to the Seychelles. It was decided that on arrival Vindhyagiri would report an engineering defect requiring an extended stay in Port Victoria. A senior Indian naval officer was then sent to the Seychelles on a commercial airline to command the operation and an "engineering" team of 20 sailors trained in weapons was readied for dispatch to Port Victoria. The extended presence of the Vindhyagiri in Port Victoria averted the planned coup.

Two months later, Berlouis made another attempt to unseat President René which India again helped to quash. The plot was uncovered in late August 1986 while President René was attending a meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement in Harare with Rajiv Gandhi and other leaders of non-aligned states. Gandhi lent René his own plane, called Air India One, to return to the Seychelles early. According to one report on 6 September, René, disguised as an Indian woman wearing a sari, was met at the airport by the Indian High Commissioner and taken to the Commissioner's residence. Berlouis and other plotters were then tracked to the island of Praslin. Berlouis and four other army officers were forced to resign and Berlouis left for London.

References

1986 in Seychelles
Government of Seychelles
Indian Navy
Military operations involving India
Operations involving Indian special forces


title: Leon Michał Przyłuski

text:
Leon Michał Przyłuski (1789–1865) was a Polish Roman Catholic Bishop who was Archbishop of Gniezno and Primate of Poland from 1845 to 1865. He was an active participant in the Polish independence movement of the late 1800s.

Early life
Przyłuski was born in 1789 (probably on October 5) in Strzeszynku, to father, Stanisław (1747-1843) of the Lubicz noble family and his mother Sarah Wal (1750-1848).
In 1806, he studied at the seminary in Poznań and from 1811 to 1813 at the University of Wroclaw. He was ordained in 1814.

In 1817, he received a doctorate in Laws. and was made a pastor in Podgorne. In 1823, he was transferred to Śrem (Schrimm).

From 1824 to 1825 and in 1831, he served as vicar general and oficjała Archdiocese of Poznań and from 1843 to 1844 in the office of vicar of the Curia of Gniezno.

In 1845, he was on a list of candidates approved by the King of Prussia, and the pope approved his selection on 27 April 1845.

Career as primate
As a bishop, he advocated for representation of Polish national to the Prussian Government. In January 1846, the Prussian government forced him to make an announcement denouncing the Wielki Poland Uprising, but in March 1848, he stood at the head of the deputation to the Prussian King concerning the maintenance of the autonomy of the Grand Duchy of Poznań. He also corresponded with the authorities in Berlin at this time. He urged priests to support the opposition to the Division of the Grand Duchy.

In 1857, he was the (first) honorary president of Poznań society of friends of Science.

End of his primacy
His support for the uprisings of the early 1860s caused the authorities to approach the Vatican in 1862 to seek the removal of Przyłuski as archbishop. In 1865, the pope decided to replace Przyłuski with Cardinal Przyłuskiego, but Przyłuski died before this became effective.

He died on 12 March 1865 in Poznań. He is buried in the Poznań Cathedral. His heart, according to his will and testament, is in the basement of the Cathedral of Gniezno.

External links
 Virtual tour Gniezno Cathedral
List of Primates of Poland

1789 births
1865 deaths
Polish nobility
Archbishops of Gniezno
Burials at Poznań Cathedral
Catholic clergy of the Prussian partition


title: The Snake Charmer

text:
The Snake Charmer is an oil-on-canvas Orientalist painting by French artist Jean-Léon Gérôme produced around 1879. After it was used on the cover of Edward Said's book Orientalism in 1978, the work "attained a level of notoriety matched by few Orientalist paintings," as it became a lightning-rod for criticism of Orientalism in general and Orientalist painting in particular, although Said himself does not mention the painting in his book. It is in the collection of the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, which also owns another controversial Gérôme painting, The Slave Market.

Subject and setting
The painting depicts a naked boy standing on a small carpet in the center of a room with blue-tiled walls, facing away from the viewer, holding a python which coils around his waist and over his shoulder, while an older man sits to his right playing a fipple flute. The performance is watched by a motley group of armed men from a variety of Islamic tribes, with different clothes and weapons.

Sarah Lees' catalogue essay for the painting examines the setting as a conflation of Ottoman Turkey and Egypt, and also explains the young snake charmer's nudity, not as an erotic display, but "to obviate charges of fraud" in his performance:The Snake Charmer…brings together widely disparate, even incompatible, elements to create a scene that, as is the case with much of his oeuvre, the artist could not possibly have witnessed. Snake charming was not part of Ottoman culture, but it was practiced in ancient Egypt and continued to appear in that country during the nineteenth century. Maxime du Camp, for example, described witnessing a snake charmer in Cairo during his 1849–51 trip with Gustave Flaubert in terms that are comparable to Gérôme’s depiction, including mention of the young male disrobing in order to obviate charges of fraud. The artist has placed this performance, however, in a hybrid, fictional space that derives from identifiably Turkish, as well as Egyptian, sources.

The blue tiles are inspired by İznik panels in the Altınyol (Golden Passage) and Baghdad Kiosk of Topkapı Palace in Ottoman-era Constantinople. Some parts of the inscriptions on the walls cannot easily be read, but "the large frieze at the top of the painting, running from right to left, is perfectly legible. It is the famous Koranic verse 256 from Surah II, al-Baqara, The Cow, written in thuluth script, and readsThere is no compulsion in religion—the right way is indeed clearly distinct from error. So whoever disbelieves in the devil and believes in Allah, he indeed lays hold on the firmest handle which shall never break. And Allah is Hearing, Knowing…...the inscription thereafter is truncated…probably not a Koranic verse but rather a dedication to a caliph."

Regarding the snake depicted, "Richard G. Zweifel, a herpetologist from the American Museum of Natural History…commented that 'the snake looks more like a South American boa constrictor than anything else,' a possibility that would add yet another layer of hybridity to the image. Gérôme could perhaps have studied such an animal at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris.

Provenance and exhibition
The painting was sold by Gérôme's dealer Goupil et Cie in 1880 to US collector Albert Spencer for 75,000 francs. Spencer sold it to Alfred Corning Clark in 1888 for $19,500, who in 1893 loaned it for exhibition at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. His wife and heir Elizabeth Scriven Clark loaned it to the Metropolitan Museum of Art before selling it to Schaus Art Galleries in 1899 for $10,000 or $12,000, in a transaction that might also have involved receipt of another artwork. It was acquired in 1902 by August Heckscher for an unknown price, then reacquired by Clark's son Robert Sterling Clark in 1942 for $500—a striking example of Gérôme's fall from favor with collectors. (Prices for his work have rebounded greatly in the 21st century, with paintings selling for millions of dollars.) Since 1955 The Snake Charmer has been in the collection of the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, in Williamstown, Massachusetts.

The Snake Charmer was included in the exhibition The Spectacular Art of Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904) at the Getty Museum in 2010 and the Musée d'Orsay in 2010-2011.

Reception

In 1978, the painting was used as the front cover of Edward Said's book Orientalism. "Since he defined his project as an examination of textual representations, Said never once mentioned Gérôme’s painting, but numerous subsequent authors have examined aspects of the artist’s work, and this painting in particular, in relation
to the concept of Orientalism that Said defined."

A detail of the painting is also used as part of the cover design of Peter Lamborn Wilson's book Scandal: Essays in Islamic Heresy, as published by Autonomedia.

Art critic Jonathan Jones bluntly calls The Snake Charmera sleazy imperialist vision of "the east." In front of glittering Islamic tiles that make the painting shimmer with blue and silver, a group of men sit on the ground watching a nude snake charmer, draped with a slithering phallic python.…The Snake Charmer is such an obviously pernicious and exploitative western fantasy of "the Orient" that it makes Said's case for him. Gérôme is, you might say, orientalism's poster boy. In this influential work, Said analyses how Middle Eastern societies were described by European "experts" in the 19th century in ways that delighted the western imagination while reducing the humanity of those whom that imagination fed on. In The Snake Charmer, voyeurism is titillated, and yet the blame for this is shifted on to the slumped audience in the painting. Meanwhile, the beautiful tiles behind them are seen as a survival of older and finer cultures which–according to Edward Said–western orientalists claimed to know and love better than the decadent locals did.

Linda Nochlin in her influential 1983 essay "The Imaginary Orient" points out that the seemingly photorealistic quality of the painting allows Gérôme to present an unrealistic scene as if it were a true representation of the east. Nochlin calls The Snake Charmer "a visual document of nineteenth-century colonialist ideology" in whichthe watchers huddled against the ferociously detailed tiled wall in the background of Gérôme's painting are resolutely alienated from us, as is the act they watch with such childish, trancelike concentration. Our gaze is meant to include both the spectacle and its spectators as objects of picturesque delectation.…Clearly, these black and brown folk are mystified—but then again, so are we. Indeed, the defining mood of the painting is mystery, and it is created by a specific pictorial device. We are permitted only a beguiling rear view of the boy holding the snake. A full frontal view, which would reveal unambiguously both his sex and the fullness of his dangerous performance, is denied us. And the insistent, sexually charged mystery at the center of this painting signifies a more general one: the mystery of the East itself, a standard topos of the Orientalist ideology.

In 2010, Ibn Warraq (the pen name of an anonymous author critical of Islam) published a polemic about Nochlin and her work, mounting a defense of Gérôme and Orientalist painting in general, "Linda Nochlin and The Imaginary Orient."

References

External links
Jean-Léon Gérôme, The Snake Charmer, c. 1879 at YouTube, posted by Clark Art Institute
Lees, Sarah. Nineteenth-century European Paintings at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, pp. 367-371.
 MacKenzie, John. Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts, p. 46.
 Nochlin, Linda. "The Imaginary Orient" in The Nineteenth Century Visual Culture Reader, edited by Schwartz and Przyblyski, p. 289.
 Roberts, Mary. "Gérôme in Istanbul" in Reconsidering Gérôme, edited by Scott Allan and Mary Morton, Getty Museum, 2010, p. 119.
 Warraq, Ibn. "Linda Nochlin and The Imaginary Orient", New English Review, June 2010

1879 paintings
Paintings by Jean-Léon Gérôme
Snakes in art
Musical instruments in art
Orientalist paintings
Oil on canvas paintings


title: Men's United States Open (squash) 2014

text:
The Men's United States Squash Open 2014 is the men's edition of the 2014 United States Open (squash), which is a PSA World Series event Gold (Prize money: $115,000). The event took place at the Daskalakis Athletic Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States from the 11th of October to the 18th October. Mohamed El Shorbagy won his first US Open trophy, beating Amr Shabana in the final.

Prize money and ranking points
For 2014, the prize purse is $115,000. The on-site prize money and points breakdown was as follows:

Seeds

Draw and results

See also
United States Open (squash)
PSA World Series 2014
Women's United States Open (squash) 2014

References

External links
PSA US Open 2014 website
US Squash Open official website

Squash tournaments in the United States
Men's US Open
Men's US Open
Squ
Men's United States Open (squash) 2014
Men's United States Open (squash) 2014
Squash in Pennsylvania