title: Vasiliy Buturlin

text:
Vasiliy Vasilyevich Buturlin (Died 1656) was a noble (boyar) Muscovite military leader and diplomat. He is better known for serving as a Muscovite envoy during negotiations with Bohdan Khmelnytskyi in Pereyaslav in 1654. Next year Buturlin successfully led Muscovite expeditionary forces against Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki and assisting Cossack army of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In December of the same year Buturlin was recalled by the Muscovite government and died on the way back to Moscow.

External links
 Buturlin at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
 Butulin at Hrono
 Buturlin at the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
 Buturlin at the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary

1656 deaths
Russian military leaders
Russian diplomats
Year of birth missing


title: Ammannia baccifera

text:
Ammannia baccifera, also known as the monarch redstem or blistering ammannia is a species in the family Lythraceae. It is widespread in the tropical regions of Asia, America and Africa. It has been naturalized in Spain. It is annual and herbaceous, and can be found in marshes, swamps, rice fields and water courses at low elevations. It is considered endangered in Israel, but because it is widespread and common elsewhere, the IUCN considers it to be 'Least Concern'.
The plant Ammannia baccifera Linn. is erect, branched, smooth, slender, annual, more or less purplish herb 10 to 50 centimeters in height. The stems are somewhat 4-angled. The leaves are oblong, oblanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, about 3.5 centimeters long – those on the branches very numerous, small, and 1 to 1.5 centimeters long – with narrowed base and pointed or somewhat rounded tip. The flowers are small, about 1.2 millimeters long, greenish or purplish, and borne in dense axillary clusters. The capsules are nearly spherical, depressed, about 1.2 millimeters in diameter, purple, and irregularly circumscribes above the middle. The seeds are black (Nadkarni, 1982).

Properties and Uses
	The bitter herb is an appetizer, stomachic and is useful in treating biliousness [bad digestion, stomach pains, constipation, and excessive flatulence (passing gas)]; the leaves are beneficial for removing phlegm from the lungs and trachea. According to Ayurvedic pandits, the herbal extract is a good remedy for tuberculosis and typhoid fever. The plant juice mixed with ginger extract is helpful for curing fevers. Tribal believe that the herb is an effective remedy for all blood diseases. In India, the leaves are used to reduce the sexual libido in animals. The leaves are acrid and find application in folk medicine for the treatment of rheumatic pain, as laxative, rubefacient and external remedy for ring worm (Kirtikar, 1972). This plant was found to possess hypothermic, hypertensive, antiurolithiasis, antibacterial and CNS depressant activities (Dhar et al., 1973; Bharathi and Srinivasan, 1994; Al-Sharma and Mitschar, 1979). Recent studies have demonstrated that the ethanol extract from Ammannia baccifera possess antisteroidogenic (Ramaiyan Danapal et al., 2005),antioxidant and hepato-protective activities (Lavanya et al., 2009). Some chemical compounds found in this herb are betulinic acid, daucosterol, ellagic acid, n-hentricontane, lupeol, quercetin and triacontane-1,30-diol.

References

External links

baccifera


title: Frogfish (disambiguation)

text:
The frogfish is a family of anglerfish, Antennariidae, in the order Lophiiformes.

Frogfish may also refer to:
 Australian frogfish, a ray-finned fish in the order Batrachoidiformes, an ambush predator
 Archaically fishes of the genus Lophius


title: Ammannia multiflora

text:
Ammannia multiflora, commonly known as many-flower ammannia and jerry-jerry in Victoria, is a species in the family Lythraceae. It is widespread in Asia, tropical and sub-tropical Africa and Australia. It can be found in shallow water and damp heavy soils.

Description
Ammannia multiflora is an erect, branched herb which grows to a height of about 60 cm. The leaves are opposite, and without stalks (sessile). The leaf blade is oblong-linear to narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate, and from 0.5 to 5 cm long, with a heart-shaped base. The inflorescences occur in short dense clusters. The sepals are triangular and about. 0.2 mm long, with the petals being about 0.5 to 1 mm long. There are 4 stamens. The capsule is globular and from 1.5 to 2.5 mm in diameter.

Distribution
In Australia, it is found in Western Australia, the Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria.

Conservation status
While its conservation status under the IUCN redlist is of "least concern", in Victoria it is considered "vulnerable".

Uses
In Australia, Aborigenes ground its seed and baked the resultant meal to make cakes.

Gallery

References

External links
Ammannia multiflora occurrence data from GBIF
Ammannia multiflora Australian occurrence data from AVH

multiflora
Plants described in 1820
Taxa named by William Roxburgh


title: Adam Matthew Digital

text:
Adam Matthew Digital is an academic publisher based in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has been an independent subsidiary of SAGE Publications since 2012.

The company specializes in online primary source databases and curated collections for the humanities and social sciences. Its corporate offices are in Marlborough, Wiltshire.

History
Adam Matthew Publications was founded in 1990 by David Tyler and William Pidduck. The company focused on publishing microfilm collections with a back list of over 600 titles until publishing their first ‘digital’ collections in the late 1990s on CD-ROM, and releasing its first truly online resources in the early 2000s.
By the mid-2000s, the company directors – now including Khal Rudin – founded Adam Matthew Digital to focus solely on the development and production of digital collections, and began trading as a separate entity from 1 January 2007.
On 5 October 2012, the company was acquired by SAGE Publications.

Collections

The company publishes collections of digitized primary source materials from different historical eras. For example, Empire Online covers the histories of colonial era United States, Canada, India, Australia, South Africa, and Britain. Other collection topics include gender studies, American history and consumer culture, Victorian England, Asian history, the First World War, and others.

Collaborations
Adam Matthew have collaborated with various source archives and institutions including the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, Newberry Library and The National Archives (United Kingdom). An explanation of their relationship with The National Archives (United Kingdom) has been recorded in a short video  which covers the process of selection, preservation and digitisation of materials required to produce resources on topics such as Apartheid South Africa, Confidential Print: Middle East and The Nixon Years.

In January 2016, Adam Matthew partnered with Jisc to provide all UK Higher and Further Education institutions with access to their nineteenth century collection on global immigration, Migration to New Worlds. To gain permanent access without payment, UK institutions can register with Jisc to receive access details for their entire staff and students.

In 2013, the company entered into an agreement with the Texas State Libraries and Archives Commission (TSLAC) to provide permanent access to two Adam Matthew digital collections via the TexShare consortium. The agreement was terminated in 2018.

References

External links

Publishing companies of the United Kingdom
Publishing companies of the United States
Digital media publishers of the United Kingdom
Academic publishing companies
Publishing companies established in 1990
2012 mergers and acquisitions


title: Ammannia verticillata

text:
Ammannia verticillata is a species in the family Lythraceae. It is found in central and southeast Asia, and is naturalized in southern Europe. It grows in wet places such as marshes, river banks and rice fields.

References

verticillata


title: Statue of William H. Seward (Seattle)

text:
William Henry Seward, also known as Let Us Make the Treaty Tonight, the Monument to William H. Seward, and William H. Seward, is an outdoor bronze sculpture of William H. Seward by Richard Brooks, located in Volunteer Park in Seattle, Washington, United States. The statue was unveiled at the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition in 1909 and relocated to the park the following year. It cost $15,000 and was funded by private donors.

See also
 Sites and works regarding William H. Seward

References

External links

 Black and white postcard of the Seward Monument, Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection
 13 Seattle Icons Worth Keeping by Knute Berger  (August 2011), Seattle Magazine

1909 establishments in Washington (state)
1909 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in Washington (state)
Capitol Hill, Seattle
Monuments and memorials in Seattle
Outdoor sculptures in Seattle
Sculptures of men in Washington (state)
Statues in Seattle
World's fair sculptures
Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition


title: Benjamin Hayes

text:
Benjamin Hayes may refer to:

 Benjamin Ignatius Hayes (1815–1877), American pioneer
 Benjamin Francis Hayes (1830–1906), Free Will Baptist pastor, author and educator
 Benjamin Hayes (politician), California state assemblyman


title: Maine State Route 104

text:
State Route 104 (SR 104) is a  state highway located in Kennebec and Somerset counties in central Maine. Its southern terminus is at SR 8, SR 11 and SR 27 in Augusta.  Its northern terminus is at U.S. Route 2 (US 2), US 201 and US 201A in Skowhegan.

Route description
SR 104 begins at SR 8/SR 11/SR 27 at the intersection of Bond Street and State Street / Mount Vernon Avenue in downtown Augusta. After traveling one block east along Bond Street, SR 104 proceeds north along Water Street and the west bank of the Kennebec River. It then intersects SR 3. As it enters Waterville, it intersects SR 137 and SR 11, with which SR 104 has a [[concurrency (road). Then after crossing the Messalonskee Stream, SR 137 breaks off to the south on Carter Memorial Drive and SR 137 Business (SR 137 Bus.) begins.

Through Waterville, SR 11/SR 104/SR 137 Bus. travel northeast along Silver Street. SR 11 and SR 104 turn onto Elm Street into the city's business district. At a junction with Elm Street, Main Street, and College Avenue, SR 104 branches off of SR 11 and travels north on Main Street. The southbound direction of US 201 and SR 100 also pass through this intersection but do not form concurrencies with SR 104. North of the downtown area, it has an interchange with Interstate 95 at its exit 130. Starting in Fairfield, SR 104 has a  concurrency with SR 139. There is also an intersection with SR 23 which has a  concurrency with the SR 104/SR 139. SR 104 then branches off of SR 139 in North Fairfield. It continues  north to its northern terminus at US 2/US 201/SR 201A in Skowhegan.

History

The southern terminus of SR 104 was originally located at the roundabout where State Street, Memorial Drive and Western Avenue meet (along with seven different numbered routes, not including SR 104) in downtown Augusta, a terminus it shared with SR 8. SR 104 was cosigned with SR 8, SR 11 and SR 27 northbound along State Street before splitting at Bond Street onto its current alignment.

Sometime in the early 2010s, its designation was removed from State Street, eliminating SR 104 from the concurrency and shortening its length by approximately .

Major intersections

References

External links

Floodgap Roadgap's RoadsAroundME: Maine State Route 104

104
Transportation in Kennebec County, Maine
Transportation in Somerset County, Maine


title: Elliptic algebra

text:
In algebra, an elliptic algebra is a certain regular algebra of a Gelfand–Kirillov dimension three (quantum polynomial ring in three variables) that corresponds to a cubic divisor in the projective space P2. If the cubic divisor happens to be an elliptic curve, then the algebra is called a Sklyanin algebra. The notion is studied in the context of noncommutative projective geometry.

References

Algebraic structures
Algebraic logic


title: Jung-il

text:
Jung-il, also spelled Jeong-il, Jong-il, or Chung-il, is a Korean masculine given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 75 hanja with the reading "jung" and ten hanja with the reading "il" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names. One pair of hanja used to write this name () also correspond to a number of different Japanese given names, including on-yomi such as Seiichi and Shōichi, kun-yomi such as Masakazu, and mixed readings such as Masaichi.

People with this name include:
Kim Jong-il (1941–2011), North Korean leader
Park Chung-il (born 1959), South Korean footballer
Lee Jung-il (born 1956), South Korean footballer
Jang Jung-il (born 1962), South Korean poet
Byun Jung-il (born 1968), South Korean boxer

See also
List of Korean given names

References

Korean masculine given names
Masculine given names


title: LVHS Pothencode

text:
LVHS Pothencode aka Lekshmi Vilasom High School Pothencode is a school in Thiruvananthapuram Education district.
It was founded by Murukkumpuzha Anantha Bhavan Sree Kunjan Muthalali in the name of his mother Smt Lekshmi in 1964. The present manager of the school is Sri K Prabhullachandran.
The school is located in Karoor ward of Pothencode panchayat at a distance of about 20 km from Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala.

The school which began with 168 students in standard 8th with a few staff headed by Sri P C Nadar Sir the first head master has now grown to a strength of about 2000 students in standards 8th 9th and 10th with nearly 75 staff members.
The new block of the school was inaugurated on 29 June 1965 by Kerala Chief Minister R Shankar.

References

Schools in Thiruvananthapuram district
Educational institutions established in 1964
1964 establishments in Kerala


title: Jalen Rose Leadership Academy

text:
Jalen Rose Leadership Academy (JRLA) is an open enrollment charter high school in northwest Detroit, Michigan. It was cofounded by Jalen Rose. It is in a partnership with the University of Detroit Mercy (UDM).

History
The school opened in fall 2011. The purpose was to reduce dropout rates and increase test scores. Rose had earlier offered university scholarships but took additional measures by opening the school.

Because of Rose's celebrity status, the school received over $1 million in donations by September 2012. Several foundations have given funds to the school, and legendary Detroit Pistons point guard Isiah Thomas pledged to give $100,000. Rose himself gave a six figure donation to have the school established. Chastity Pratt Dawsey of the Detroit Free Press wrote that "Rose's celebrity and connections differentiate this new school from others". An employee of Chrysler Corporation recommended that the company adopt the school, so the company did so. The company's Jeep division gives year-round financial support. By September 2012 Jeep had given $100,000 in scholarships to students.

120 students in the ninth grade were the first students. The organization Operation Graduation had spent $450,000 to purchase the school campus and about $1 million to renovate it. The students entering the school were about two to three grade levels behind the standard.

Dawsey stated that in the 2011-2012 school year, the first school year, there was "high" turnover of employees, a curriculum that "didn't meet expectations", an "inadequate" building, a "tight" financial situation, and low ACT scores at the beginning and end of the school year. The goal is to, by graduation, have the average ACT score be 21 out of 36. As of September 2012 the average was 13. After one year of education at JRLA, the students' test scores did not change. All of the teachers in the 2012-2013 school year were new. Some of the previous teachers chose to move to public schools to get higher pay, and the school dismissed some teachers. The remaining teachers outright quit.

The Detroit Free Press frequently visited the school in the year 2012. In the summer of that year the school sent teachers to a conference about Spencer Kagan's small group learning model in Battle Creek, Michigan. As of that year the school had plans to introduce methods by Lorraine Monroe.

On July 1, 2013, American Promise Schools assumed management responsibilities of the JRLA. In September 2013 the school serves grades 9 through 11 and had over 300 students. That month, Tom Gores and his wife Holly donated $250,000 to the school.

Operations
Dawsey wrote that "Parents are attracted to the new school's small class sizes, safe atmosphere, longer school year and caring staff." Classes operate from 8 AM to 4:30 PM, and once each month students take classes on a Saturday. The school year lasts for 11 months. The school, as of 2012, only recesses in the month of August. Each weekday the school offers tutoring from 4:30-5:00 PM. Students are tested by the school every Thursday.

As of September 2012 the maximum class size was 20 students. Originally English language and mathematics classes had maximum sizes of 10 students, and because of that salaries of staff made up over half of the school's budget. For the 2012-2014 school year the class sizes increased to 20 to save funds while the class sizes were smaller than those in Detroit Public Schools. As a result, the school had $1.6 million in savings in its state aid budget.

Dawsey wrote "The school aims to create a safe learning environment without the use of metal detectors."

Once every month, Rose travels from Los Angeles, where he is resident, to Detroit.

Curriculum
As of the 2012-2013 school year, the school offered music production, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese, art, sports management, and web design. Its physical education class includes golf, tennis, and outdoor survival skills. All of the classes were newly introduced during that school year.

The original curriculum was designed by a Canadian researcher. When the school opened in 2011 its curriculum had heavy involvement on the internet with most classes having internet-based projects, known as e-labs. Accordingly, each student was assigned a laptop. The grading scale had A, B, and Incomplete.

Many laptops required repairs by the middle of the school year. For the final trimester the school decreased the number of technology lessons since it did not have the funds to fix the computers. The school hired a technology contractor, with his assignment effective the 2012-2013 school year. The annual budget for the contractor is $35,000 as of 2012.

The e.labs were not aligned with the Common Core, and by the end of the first year, the school determined the e.labs were not rigorous enough and therefore stopped using it. The new curriculum has laptops used in research and technology-related projects, as well as daily homework. Schoolwide every two students were to have one laptop. In addition, five desktop computers were to be assigned per core class. These classes are English, mathematics, science, and social studies.

The school began using weekly testing data, a common set of teaching strategies for all teachers, daily teacher meetings, and weekly staff training. It also switched to the traditional A-F grading scale.

In 2015 the first senior class of Rose Academy graduated. In June of that year the school announced that it had a new graduation requirement: each graduating student must be accepted to at least two post-secondary educational institutions.

Campus
As of 2012 the campus is in the Vandenberg Elementary School campus, a former Detroit Public Schools (DPS) elementary school. The campus is surrounded by Comstock Park and is in proximity to the intersection of the John C. Lodge Freeway and 8 Mile Road. The surrounding neighborhood is Rose's childhood neighborhood.

JRLA has blue and yellow furniture to match the colors of the University of Michigan. As of 2012 the science classrooms had no sinks, so students cleaned science tools in restrooms. As of that year the dance classes were held in a former office. At the time the school used a "cafenasium," a  by  gymnasium as its cafeteria facility. Every lunchtime students moved tables and chairs to the cafenasium. Dawsey wrote "It's hard to find an intact building in Detroit that will suit a high school, so new schools often have to make facilities adjustments to meet their needs." She added that "the building woes do not deter parents."

In the fall of 2012 there were plans to begin construction on a  addition to the campus. This addition will include a new gymnasium and additional classrooms. Operation Graduation had taken out a $5 million loan to have this addition built.

Athletics
The jaguar is the school mascot. As of 2012 the only sport offered at the school was basketball. There were no home games due to the small size of the gymnasium facility. As of 2012 the gym had no showers.

See also
 List of public school academy districts in Michigan

Notes

External links
 Jalen Rose Leadership Academy
 Rose, Jalen. "Jalen Rose Leadership Academy: Bringing a Quality Education and Jobs to Detroit" (Archive). Huffington Post. February 1, 2013.

High schools in Detroit
Charter high schools in Michigan
2011 establishments in Michigan
Educational institutions established in 2011


title: History of Northern Nigeria

text:
The history of Northern Nigeria covers the history of the region form pre-historic times to the modern period of Northern Nigerian state.

Pre-History

The Nok culture, an ancient culture dominated most of what is now Northern Nigeria in pre historic times, its legacy in the form of terracotta statues and megaliths have been discovered in Sokoto, Kano, Birinin Kudu, Nok and Zaria. The Kwatarkwashi culture, a variant of the Nok culture centred mostly around Zamfara in Sokoto Province is thought by some to be the same or an offshoot of the Nok.

The Fourteen Kingdoms

In the 9th century a set kingdoms emerged in Northern Nigeria to replace the Kabara Nation, these Kingdoms share a similar ethno-historical dynamic cemented in their belief in a common origin. The lore of the Fourteen Kingdoms unify the diverse heritage of Northern Nigeria into a cohesive system. Seven of these Kingdoms developed from the Kabara legacy of the Hausa people. As vibrant trading centers competing with Kanem–Bornu and Mali slowly developed in the Central Sudan, a set Kingdoms merged dominating the great savannah plains of Hausaland, their primary exports were leather, gold, cloth, salt, kola nuts, animal hides, and henna. The Seven Hausa states included:

 Daura
 Kano 998–1807
 Katsina  1400–1805
 Zazzau (Zaria)  1200–1808
 Gobir ?–1808
 Rano
 Biram  1100–1805

The growth and conquest of the Hausa Bakwai resulted in the founding of additional states with rulers tracing their lineage to a concubine of the Hausa founding father, Bayajidda. Thus they are called the 'Banza Bakwai meaning Bastard Seven. The Banza Bakwai adopted many of the customs and institutions of the Hausa Bakwai but were considered unsanctioned or copy-cat kingdoms by non-Hausa people. These states include:

Zamfara
Kebbi
Yauri (also called Yawuri)
Gwari (also called Gwariland)
Kwararafa (a Jukun state)
Nupe (of the Nupe people)
Ilorin (A yoruba State also known as Kwara)

Hausa States

Between 500 CE and 700 CE Hausa people, who are thought to have slowly moved from Nubia and mixing in with the local Northern and Middle Belt population, established a number of strong states in what is now Northern Nigeria and Eastern Niger. With the decline of the Nok and Sokoto, who had previously controlled Central and Northern Nigeria between 800 BCE and 200 CE, the Hausa were able to emerge as the new power in the region. They are closely linked with the Kanuri people of Kanem–Bornu (Lake Chad), the Birom, Gwari, Nupe and Jukun. The Hausa aristocracy, under influence from the Mali Empire adopted Islam in the 11th century CE. By the 12th century CE, the Hausa were becoming one of Africa's major powers. The architecture of the Hausa is perhaps one of the least known but most beautiful of the medieval age. Many of their early mosques and palaces are bright and colourful and often include intricate engraving or elaborate symbols designed into the facade. By 1500 CE, the Hausa utilized a modified Arabic script known as Ajami to record their own language; the Hausa compiled several written histories, the most popular being the Kano Chronicle.

Sokoto Period

In the 19th century, the Fula people led a series of jihads across sudanic Africa. In Northern Nigeria and the central Sudan, Usman dan Fodio led the Fula in a bid to overthrow the Hausa Sultanates. By 1803, a new state known as the Sokoto Caliphate had replaced most of the former sultanates that had held sway over the region. The Sokoto Caliphate was under the overall authority of the Commander of the Faithful. Under Dan Fodio, the Empire was bicephalous and divided into two territories each controlled by an appointed vizier. Each of the territories was further divided into autonomous Emirates under mainly hereditary local Emirs. The Bornu Empire was initially absorbed into the Sokoto Caliphate of Usman dan Fodio, but broke away after a few years later.

Colonial Period

The Initial contact of Northern Nigeria with the British was predominantly trade-related, and revolved around the expansion of the Royal Niger Company, whose interior territories spread north from about where the Niger River and Benue River joined at Lokoja, a place called (Mount Patti Hill).  The Royal Niger Company's territory did not represent a direct threat to much the Sokoto Caliphate or the numerous states of Northern Nigeria. This changed, when Fredrick Lugard and Taubman Goldie laid down an ambitious plan to pacify the Niger interior and unite it with the rest of the British Empire in 1897 Lugard proclaimed a protectorate over Northern Nigeria and hostilities though sporadic soon followed; the Calipharte itself never responded to Lugards onslaught, this allowed him pacify the Emirates one by one. In February 1903, the fort of Kano fell and its slave market closed, sokoto and other regions soon followed. By the early 1920s the last pockets of resistance located in the Kanem had been pacified.

Protectorate Period

The protectorate of Northern Nigeria was proclaimed at Ida by Fredrick Lugard on January 1, 1897. The basis of the colony was the 1885 Treaty of Berlin which broadly granted Northern Nigeria to Britain, on the basis of their protectorates in Southern Nigeria. Hostilities with the powerful Sokoto Caliphate soon followed. The Emirates of Kabba, Kotogora and Ilorin were the first to be conquered by the British. In February 1903, the great fort of Kano, seat of the Kano Emirate was captured, Sokoto and much of the rest of its Caliphate soon capitulated. On March 13, 1903, the Grand Shura of Caliphate finally conceded to Lugard's demands and proclaimed Queen Victoria, Queen and sovereign of the Caliphate and all its lands.

The Governor, Frederick Lugard, with limited resources, ruled with the consent of local rulers through a policy of indirect rule which he developed into a sophisticated political theory. Lugard left the protectorate after some years, serving in Hong Kong, but was eventually returned to work in Nigeria where he decided on the merger of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate with Southern Nigeria in 1914. Agitation for independence from the radically different Southern Protectorate however led to a formidable split in the 1940s. The Richards constitution, proclaimed in 1945 gave overwhelming autonomy to the North, including eventually in the areas of foreign relations and customs policy.

40-year interregnum
From 1914 to 1953, the much larger Northern Nigeria was amalgamated with the Nigerian South in the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, and its administration was virtually controlled from the South. During this period, local government was administered by a string of Lieutenant Governors and Chief Commissioners. In the 1940s agitation for Northernisation led to the Richards and eventually to the Macpherson constitution of 1953, which granted exceptional self-governing powers (including in the areas of foreign policy, customs and border control) to the North.

Independence
Northern Nigeria was granted independence on March 15, 1953, with Sir Ahmadu Bello as its first premier. the Northern Peoples Congress under Sir Ahmadu Bello dominated parliament while the Northern Elements Progressive Union became the main opposition party.

References

History of Nigeria


title: Monkfish (disambiguation)

text:
The monkfish is a name for fishes of the anglerfish genus Lophius.

Monkfish may also refer to:

 Inspector Monkfish, a fictional character
 Sea monk, a marine monster of the Renaissance
 Squatina squatina, a shark with an unusually flattened body
 Stargazer, also called monkfish in New Zealand


title: Jong-il

text:
Jong-il, also spelled Jong-yil, is a Korean masculine given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 19 hanja with the reading "jong" and ten hanja with the reading "il" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names.

People with this name include:
Ra Jong-yil (born 1940), South Korean diplomat
Kim Jong-il (athlete) (born 1962), South Korean long jumper
Park Jong-il (born 1972), South Korean ski mountaineer
Choi Jong-il, South Korean businessman, CEO of Iconix Entertainment

See also
List of Korean given names

References

Korean masculine given names
Masculine given names


title: Semen Semenchenko

text:
Semen Ihorovych Semenchenko (, born 6 June 1974) is a former deputy to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine,
First Deputy Chairperson of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Committee on National Security and Defence and the commander-founder of the volunteer territorial defence battalion "Donbas", based in Donetsk. He was a deputy of the Verkhovna Rada from 2014 to 2019.

Personal life
Semenchenko was born as Konstantin Igorevich Grishin () on 6 June 1974 in Sevastopol. He is ethnically Russian. He moved to Donetsk at an early age. In 1993 he entered the Black Sea Higher Naval Institute of Nakhimov, and transferred to the Sevastopol National Technical University, faculty of finances. From 2006 to 2008 Semenchenko studied to become a film director. He has three sons – Hryhoriy, Mykhailo, and Artem.

Career

According to Semenchenko, he and the other members of the Donbas Battalion gained combat experience in the Ukrainian army or Soviet Army. He said he worked in "business activities in the field of security" before the war in Donbass. Semenchenko, the founder of the Donbas Battalion, said in May 2014: "Our state needs defending, and we decided that if the army could not do it, we should do it ourselves."

On 19 August 2014, Semenchenko was wounded by shrapnel when his forces were hit by mortar fire before entering the town of Ilovaisk, 18 kilometers east of Donetsk. He underwent an emergency surgery and recovered slowly. He was later awarded the Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky by the Minister of Internal Affairs Arsen Avakov. During 2014 he was always photographed wearing a balaklava. Removing it on 1 September 2014, he stated, "I was never afraid, I was worried about my family; they are now safe and I'm not afraid."

Semenchenko made his entry into national politics prior to the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election. Appearing second on the party list of Samopomich, he was elected to the Verkhovna Rada.

On February 9, 2015, by the Decree of the President of Ukraine Semen Semenchenko delegated his powers as a commander of the Donbas battalion to Anatolyi Vynogrodskiy though being a founder of the battalion Semenchenko remained its honoured commander.

Semenchenko was the Samopomich candidate in the 27 March 2016 early mayoral election in Kryvyi Rih. With 10.92% of the vote he lost this election to Yuriy Vilkul (who won the re-election with 74.18%).

Semenchenko did not take part  in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, he said his experience and organizational skills would be more useful for Ukraine outside parliament than the “guerrilla war” of an opposition deputy.

Political positions

Semen Semenchenko took part in the 2004 Orange Revolution and 2013–2014 Euromaidan popular uprisings. In 2014 during the parliamentary elections the battalion commander Semenchenko decided to run for the elections as a member of the party of a Lviv politician, Mayor of the city Andriy Sadovyi - Self-Reliance Union. On September 12, 2014, a list of candidates was made public and the commander of the battalion was number 2, while Аndriy Sadovyi was number 50. In Espreso.TV studio he explained his reasons to go into a big-league politics:

One of the issues of Semenchenko program is building of the Ukrainian military organization created by him which mobilizes the society to encourage a process of forming a unified system of the territorial defence in Ukraine. According to Semenchenko:

His vision of the future Ukraine as a final aim of his political activity Semenchenko expressed like this:

At the beginning of June Semen Semenchenko together with veterans of the Donbas battalion inspected checkpoints to the Crimea and from the Crimea. At each such checkpoint they found about 500 trucks a day carrying different stuff:

Being a member of the Self-Reliance Union Semen Semenchenko is a Deputy Head of the Verkhovna Rada Committee on Security and Defence.

Opposition to the Minsk agreements

In June 2014 Semen Semenchenko together with soldiers of the Donbas battalion went to the Presidential Administration to protest against an introduction of a cease-fire regime with separatists and martial law

In 2015 Semenchenko together with the Donbas battalion requested near Shyrokyno to cancel demilitarization.

Semen Semenchenko claimed the necessity and availability of the alternatives to Minsk agreements. Later he was a co-author of a law which was an alternative to Minsk Agreements

Awards and honours

On August 21, 2014, by the decree of the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, Semenchenko was awarded the Bohdan Khmelnytsky Order, Third class for "personal courage and heroism shown during protection of the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, dedication to loyalty oath, highly professional execution of his duty". He was awarded for the service in the battle shown while liberating the cities of Artemivsk, Popasna and Lysychansk. On September 1, 2014, the Order was handed together with a service gun — the Makarov pistol from the Head of SBU.

Semenchenko was also awarded with a department encouraging honour of the MoI ‘Firearm’ – nameplate weapon having the right to live carrying - Fort-17 pistol of domestic production. During the official ceremony in the Regional Hospital of Mechnikov in Dnipropetrovsk visited by the acting  Prime-Minister of Ukraine Arseniy Yatsenyuk, Semenchenko took off the balaklava in public for the first time.

On July 22, 2015, during the first anniversary of the Popasna city liberation from the separatist militias, the administration of Luhansk Oblast handed a medal 'for the merits to Popasna district' to Semen Semenchenko.

International activity

Semen Semenchenko is a member of a group on interparliamentary connections with the United States of America.

On September 14, 2014, Semen Semenchenko being a member of a delegation of the Ukrainian Military Organization arrived to the United States of America where he met members of the Congress, representatives of the Pentagon, American civil society and Ukrainian diaspora.
They discussed how the USA can help to create the territorial defence of Ukraine.

On November 12, 2014, Semen Semenchenko, Andriy Teteruk and Yuriy Bereza had a meeting with the Head of Department of Consular Support of Ukraine - Poliova Alla Valentynivna in Frankfurt (Germany).
During the meeting they discussed the issue of volunteers’ help to ATO participants and shared their ideas about possible perspectives of cooperation. Semen Semenchenko also touched the urgent topic of providing those who suffered during the ATO in Ukraine with quality prostheses.

Semen Semenchenko went to the US to pay a visit to military training centres to talk about training.

On November 13, 2014, Semen Semenchenko with a delegation came to the US to discuss provision of the military aid to Ukraine with congressmen.

Civil activity

In the middle of February 2015 Semen Semenchenko initiated a creation of his personalized charitable organization Charitable Fund of Semen Semenchenko. The main activities of the fund are resettlement of volunteer soldiers, providing assistance to them in treatment and rehabilitation, providing assistance to the soldiers and their families who are in poor financial conditions.

On February 18 in Dripropetrovsk being already a member of the parliament, an ex-commander of the Donbas battalion Semen Semenchenko, deputy commander of the Volunteer Ukrainian Corps Valentyn Manko and a supervisor of the Kryvbas battalion Mykola Kolesnyk said they were to set the General Staff of volunteer battalions as a coordination centre to exchange intelligence data which will provide information to the President of Ukraine. The Staff was headed by seven commanders including Semenchenko and a leader of Right Sector (Pravyi Sektor) Dmytro Yarosh.

Volunteers’ support

Semen Semenchenko is a civil activist in providing legal rights and interests of volunteers, namely his activity is aimed at preventing illegal prosecution of volunteers, taking soldiers of volunteer battalions on bail and visiting courts to provide support and protection for soldiers.

Semen Semenchenko took part in protests to protect a founder and soldier of the Aydar battalion Valentyn Lykholit (code name Batia). Thanks to active actions Kyiv Court of Appeal let Valentyn Lykholit out on bail of the Verkhovna Rada deputies Semen Semenchenko and others.

Semen Semenchenko was also present and provided support and protection of interests of NABU (the National Anticorruption Bureau of Ukraine) in Solomianskyi Court of Kyiv where NABU accused a military prosecutor of the ATO area Kostiantyn Kulyk of illegal getting rich.

Participation in a lustration process

In January 2015 Semen Semenchenko together with Yehor Soboliev and others accused a judge of Kharkiv District Administrative Court of delivering a judgment which doesn't express the will of people. Threats of Yehor Soboliev (judges will be thrown out of the windows) and Semen Semenchenko became a subject of an open letter of the Judges Council of Ukraine about threatening their health and lives. Soon the claimant refused of the lawsuit because it was dangerous for the judges that's why the judgment of the first instance court was not evaluated by the appeal court.

Semen Semenchenko in his turn expressed his views on the situation:

ATO participation — the Donbas battalion

Before the National Guard

In mid-April 2014 Semenchenko formed a detachment of citizen militia out of Ukrainian citizens in the Donetsk region to struggle against separatists of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR). He suggested calling it the Donbas Battalion. However, the leadership of the Donetsk Regional State Administration did not support Semenchenko's initiative, resulting in the activists moving to the neighboring Dnipropetrovsk region. With support from the region's leadership, they managed to form its detachment as a company of the Donbas Battalion. According to Semenchenko, ‘We faced a serious counteraction in our region. The Governor did nothing though he had agreed to. We managed to form a battalion only in the neighbouring region’.

Semen Semenchenko in his interviews repeatedly highlighted that the Donbas Battalion was formed thanks to volunteers’ and activists’ donations. The battalion received no funding from Kolomoyskyi. According to Semenchenko, he and his companions received their first military weapon having attacked a terrorist-controlled checkpoint and being equipped with traumatic weapon on May 1. Further on, till the battalion was including into the National Guard, the battalion was deployed with small arms, grenades RGD and sniper rifles.

Dnipropetrovsk Regional State Administration supported the Donbas battalion commander Semen Semenchenko when he asked their assistance. Borys Filatov, a deputy governor of the Dnipropetrovsk Region told to Obozrevatel. ‘Semen came to us and said Hello and we supported him’ – he said. ‘I remember the time when he had only 60 persons without uniform, boots and ammunition and their first weapons they got coming to checkpoints at night’ – continued the deputy head of the Regional State Administration.

On May 15, 2014, Semenchenko leading the battalion liberated the district department of militia in  Velyka Novosilka from loyal to terrorists militia. Then a head of the district department was changed and the personnel swore an oath to be loyal to Ukraine one more time. Above the District Department Building a Ukrainian flag was raised. Soon at about 9 pm they were informed about 30 vehicles of separatists from so called Vostok battalion moving in the direction of Velyka Novosilka though a real battle did not take place. After a short firefighting having several men lightly wounded Vostok retreated.

On May 22, 2014,  the battalion took control over the administration building of Vlodarsky district the DNR flag was removed from the building and replaced by the flag of Ukraine.

On the morning May 23, 2014 the battalion fell into an ambush of Russian terrorists in the village of Karlivka Mariyinsky district. Part of militaries managed to escape the entrapment and reach a checkpoint of the Ukrainian militaries close to the town of Krasnoarmiysk. 5 people were killed. As a result of fights almost half of all the combatants had got wounds of varying severity. During the fight at least 15 separatists were killed. The Donbas battalion lost 5 militaries, 7 were wounded.

End of May on the basis of the 1st company of the Donbas battalion which had already grown the Special Purpose Battalion of the National Guard Reservists was formed. Semenchenko became a commander and was awarded a captain of the reserve of the National Guard of Ukraine.

Being a part of the National Guard

At the beginning of June 2014 newly formed reserve battalion of the National Guard of Ukraine had a training and operational coordination on the training range of the National Guard of Ukraine near the village of  Novi Petrivtsi, Vyshhorod Raion, Кyiv Oblast. Among 630 soldiers of the Donbas battalion  460 were selected to the National Guard; all the rest became a part of the 24th Battalion of Territorial Defence Aidar of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

On June 29 Semenchenko came to Kyiv requesting to stop a cease-fire regime and to introduce a martial law. He led a demonstration near the Presidential Administration and had a word on the stage of Maidan.

July 2014

On July 4, 2014, the battalion soldiers led by Semenchenko being a part of АТO forces took part in a liberation operation of Mykolayivka, the Donetsk region.

On July 5, 2014, the intelligence company of the battalion led by Semenchenko took part in a liberation operation of Kostiantynivka, the Donetsk region.

On July 6, 2014, the battalion soldiers led by Semenchenko together with other units of ATO forces used a reconnaissance in force near the village of Karlivka close to Donetsk to find out fire positions of terrorists. As a result of the operation terrorists were destroyed by a large-caliber artillery and multiple rocket launchers Grad. The terrorists of so-called Sever battalion who left their positions near Donetsk airport suffered some losses.

The battalion soldiers located in Artemivsk and led by Semenchenko are taking active actions to liberate the city from terrorists, night attacks of terrorists are repelled, checkpoints in the city and beyond its boundaries are being built and the operations to clear the territory are being prepared. The battalion units provide patrolling of the adjacent areas to Artemivsk and Horlivka.

On July 8, 2014, one more company of the Donbas battalion arrived to the ATO area the Donetsk region.

On July 8, 2014, a video appeared on the YouTube channel demonstrating a meeting of Semen Semenchenko and a leader of the Right Sector Dmytro Yarosh in Kurakhove  Donetsk region. It was the first meeting of two commanders who shared their views to the camera on the ATO course, a role of oligarchs in the Ukrainian politics, Russian mass media and future plans. Semen Semenchenko claimed, ‘I am supporting the idea of decreasing oligarchs’ role in the country. They should be rich people, pay taxes properly and stay aside from politics’

On July 11, 2014, a reconnaissance group of the Donbas battalion guided by Semen Semenchenko nearby Artemivsk had a battle with terrorists who surrounded a checkpoint. During the fight a passenger car was destroyed, 2 battalion soldiers were wounded, 7 terrorists were killed and several wounded. As a result of the fight the terrorists’ positions were destroyed and they had to retreat. After the fight the Donbas battalion soldiers while clearing the territory found a terrorists base and collected a lot of weapon.

On July 18, 2014, the battalion soldiers led by Semen Semenchenko had a fight with terrorists in the city of Popasna. During the fight 2 battalion soldiers were killed, 6 were wounded; terrorists had 7 victims.

On July 19, 2014, during the next fight for Popasna the battalion commanded by Semen Semenchenko destroyed 4 checkpoints of terrorists, about 40 terrorists were killed and 6 were captured. The Donbas battalion in its turn lost 2 soldiers, 5 were wounded and 1 soldier is considered to be missing.

On July 21, 2014, during an operation participated by units of the Armed Forces, the Donbas battalion guided by Semen Semenchenko and Dnipro-2 the settlement of Pisky was liberated. The battalion soldiers captured 4 armed terrorists sappers with explosives from so called Russian Orthodox Army. The Donbas battalion did not suffer any losses during the operation. Later on a fortified area of terrorists near the settlement of Netaylove was destroyed as well as partially destroyed a fortified area on the suburbs of Donetsk.

On July 22, 2014, the battalion soldiers led by Semen Semenchenko liberated from terrorists and took control over the city of Popasna. During the fight more than 100 LNR terrorists were killed, no losses in the Donbas battalion.

On July 24, 2014, the battalion soldiers led by Semen Semenchenko together with other units of ATO forces liberated from terrorists the city of Lysychansk and started to patrol the streets, distribute food and water to the locals.

On July 26, 2014, the Donbas battalion together with units of the Armed Forces and the National Guard started the assault of Pervomaysk, where a lot of terrorists were concentrated armed with Grads, infrared homing surface-to-air missile (SAM) MANPADS and armored vehicles.

On the same day the battalion soldiers led by Semenchenko capture storage of the terroristic grouping Prizrak battalion located in the building of Lysychansk Glass Factory. They found 2 armed vehicles, anti-aircraft missile weapon, anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM), mortars, small arms, a lot of vehicles, tanks of petrol and diesel fuel, a lot of uniform sets with terrorists’ insignia, more than 800 boxes of humanitarian aids, Russian passports and electronic database of terrorists including personal data and photos.

On July 29 a parliamentary Olexander Brygynets informed that the commander of the Donbas volunteer battalion Semen Semenchenko was appointed as a person in charge of Artemivsk. As it turned out later the message was not true.

August 2014

On August 10, 2014, the Armed Forces of Ukraine together with the soldiers of the Donbas, Azov, Shakhtarsk battalions and Right Sector started an operation to liberate Ilovaisk and destroy a fortified area of pro-Russian insurgents.

On August 14 the battalion soldiers during the search in a church of the Moscow Patriarchate in Sloviansk found an arsenal of ammunition. According to the battalion representatives, the priest had a heavy drinking session for three days in row, that is why he could not give any clear statements. We would treat him.

On August 18, 2014, the battalion soldiers led by Semenchenko fighting severely entered Ilovaisk and threw the terrorists out of the city part. The eastern part of Ilovaisk was taken under control, the territory was cleared and 3 checkpoints and 4 fire points of terrorists were found. Till the morning August 19 most part of the city territory was controlled by the ATO forces.

As of 10 pm August 19 after heavy fighting the battalion suffered losses near Ilovaisk and had to leave the battlefield. Semenchenko was wounded, and four battalion soldiers, among whom the husband of journalist Mykhaylyna Skoryk Serhiy, were killed.

Semenchenko was evacuated the same day and underwent a surgery in Dnipropetrovsk. Sergii Ryzhenko, head doctor of Dnipropetrovsk Regional Hospital named after Mechnikov: ‘ He talked to the staff in a strong language and told: ‘you have an hour to get shrapnel out of me and send me back’. Our surgeons got out pieces – one which went through the shoulder blade and stuck in the rib and two pieces in the thigh’. While Semen Semenchenko was treated the battalion command was delegated to other officers of the unit, namely to Viacheslav Vlasenko, codename Filin.

December 2014

On December 14, 2014, the Donbas battalion soldier together with Semen Semenchenko supported an operation to block ‘humanitarian rounds’ of Rinat Akhmetov and counteract the illegal movement of smuggled goods. In the trucks carrying humanitarian aid alcohol and cigarettes going to the occupied territory were found. Semen Semenchenko put an ultimatum concerning letting these doubtful ‘humanitarian’ goods:

January 2015

On January 11, 2015 about a hundred of Donbas battalion combatants started to the building of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Bogomolets Street in Kyiv requesting to send them to the ATO area. The Donbas battalion commander Semen Semenchenko entered the building of the Ministry to meet  the Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Arsen Avakov.

On January 13, 2015 the second assault company of the Donbas battalion set to the ATO area in the Luhansk region.

On January 27, 2015 the first company of the Donbas battalion returned to the ATO area ahead of schedule to help their brothers.

On January 30 Semen Semenchenko together with a part of the Donbas battalion according to the order arrived to the AFU positions Vuglegirsk-Debaltseve to perform combat activities.

On January 31, 2015 during the liberation operation of Vuglegirsk and deblocking of the Svitiaz battalion Semenchenko was seriously shell-shocked and had broken ribs. He was sent Mechnikov hospital.

February 2015

On February 1, 2015, Borys Filatov informed that besides being shell-shocked Semenchenko had injured lungs and some fractures. Other sources provided different diagnosis - ‘closed craniocerebral trauma, concussion of the brain, closed chest trauma, slaughter of the chest, slaughter of the lumbar spine, blunt abdominal trauma’.

On February 9, 2015, the fights for the village of Logvynove the Luhansk region started (between Vuglegirsk and Debaltseve). The Donbas battalion was fighting decently.

On February 12 the Donbas battalion together with the AFU units took Logvynove by assault which had a strategic meaning for Ukraine. The Donbas battalion soldiers managed to capture 15 separatists .

On February 18 Semen Semenchenko informed the situation in Logvynove got worse:

March 2015

Since middle February Donbas battalion combatants were keeping the positions in Luhansk and Mariupol directions (the village of Shyrokine). On March 17, 2015, the third intelligence company of the Donbas battalion set to the frontline in Shyrokyne.

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
People from Sevastopol
Self Reliance (political party) politicians
Eighth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Ukrainian military leaders
Ukrainian people of Russian descent
Ukrainian military personnel of the war in Donbas
Pro-Ukrainian people of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
Nakhimov Naval Academy (Sevastopol) alumni
Sevastopol National Technical University alumni
Recipients of the Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, 3rd class


title: Ethan Westbrooks

text:
Ethan Colbey Westbrooks (born November 15, 1990) is an American football defensive end for the New Jersey Generals of the United States Football League (USFL). He played college football at West Texas A&M University and signed with the St. Louis Rams as an undrafted free agent in 2014.

Early years
Westbrooks attended and played football at Franklin High School in Elk Grove, California where he earned All-league and All-conference honors.  He also participated in track and field as he threw the shot put and discus.

College career
Westbrooks began his college career at San Joaquin Delta College where he played defensive end ending his freshman season with 12 sacks. He later transferred to Sacramento City College where he played defensive end and earned All-league honors All-conference accolades and All-state in 2011.

He transferred to West Texas A&M where he was recognized as Lone Star Conference Defensive Lineman of the Year in 2012. Westbrooks had an outstanding first season in a Buffalo uniform as he played in all 15 games with 14 starts on the defensive line. He had 60 total tackles with 29 solo stops and led the team and conference with 28 tackles for loss for 139 yards.  He led the team, the league, and the nation in sacks with a school-record 19.5 sacks for 116 yards.  He had two pass breakups and a team-high 19 quarterback hurries, while forcing three fumbles.

As a senior in 2012 with opponents keying in on him, Westbrooks numbers dropped significantly in 2013 with 43 tackles, 19.5 for losses, and seven sacks. He was selected to the 2014 East–West Shrine Game, and earned Defensive MVP honors during the game with two sacks and two more tackles for loss.

While in college, Westbrooks got a face tattoo of a happy and sad face, captioned "Laugh now, Cry later", to incentivize himself to succeed in the NFL rather than being "a guy that has a tattoo on his face looking for another job".

Professional career

St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams
Westbrooks went undrafted in the 2014 NFL Draft. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the St. Louis Rams. He had a strong training camp and preseason, earning a spot on the 53-member active squad at the start of the 2014 season. During his rookie season in 2014, Westbrooks played 6 games making 5 tackles. In 2015, he played 13 games making 19 tackles with 2 sacks and a forced fumble.

On September 11, 2017, Westbrook signed a one-year contract extension with the Rams.

Oakland Raiders
On July 30, 2019, Westbrooks signed with the Oakland Raiders. He was released on August 31, 2019.

San Francisco 49ers
On February 12, 2020, Westbrooks was signed by the San Francisco 49ers, but was released two days later.

Las Vegas Raiders
On August 11, 2021, Westbrooks signed with the Las Vegas Raiders, but released five days later.

New Orleans Saints
On December 27, 2021, Westbrooks was signed to the New Orleans Saints practice squad.

Pittsburgh Maulers
On March 10, 2022, Westbrooks was drafted by the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League (USFL). He was transferred to the team's inactive roster on April 22, 2022, due to a quadriceps injury. He was moved back to the active roster on May 6. He was released on May 28, 2022.

Michigan Panthers
Westbrooks was claimed off waivers by the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL) on May 28, 2022, and subsequently transferred to the team's inactive roster.

New Jersey Generals
On October 3, 2023, Westbrooks signed with the New Jersey Generals.

References

External links

Los Angeles Rams bio
 West Texas A&M Buffaloes bio
Pro-Football-Reference

1990 births
Living people
American football defensive ends
Las Vegas Raiders players
Los Angeles Rams players
New Orleans Saints players
Oakland Raiders players
Players of American football from Oakland, California
Sacramento City College alumni
San Francisco 49ers players
San Joaquin Delta College alumni
St. Louis Rams players
West Texas A&M Buffaloes football players
Pittsburgh Maulers (2022) players
Michigan Panthers (2022) players
New Jersey Generals (2022) players


title: All of My Friends Were There

text:
"All of My Friends Were There" is a song by the English rock band the Kinks from their sixth studio album, The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society (1968). Written and sung by Ray Davies, the song was recorded in July or October1968. It features a church-like organ and a changing metre, while the style showcased Davies's continued interest in music hall. The song's narrator describes an embarrassing concert experience which all of his friends were present to witness. Its lyrics were inspired by a July1967 concert during which Davies fell ill but was persuaded to perform due to the agreed contract. The song was not present on Davies's original twelve-track edition of Village Green, but was among the tracks he added for its UK release in November1968.  Retrospective commentators have described the song in favourable terms while disputing its level of thematic cohesion with the others on Village Green.

Background and composition

Ray Davies was inspired to write "All of My Friends Were There" after a concert experience on . The Kinks had agreed to play at the South East R&B Festival at Rectory Field in Blackheath, London, an event sponsored by Melody Maker magazine. Davies fell ill before the performance but was persuaded to perform due to the agreed contract. After drinking heavily before going onstage, he noticed all of his friends sitting in the front row. Author Clinton Heylin raises the possibility Davies was also inspired by his mental breakdown in March1966, while author Patricia Gordon Sullivan suggests the song's format arose from his time spent as a child listening to his father's sing-alongs at the local pub.

"All of My Friends Were There" is played in the style of early 20th century music hall, especially the verses which feature a quickly delivered vocal and what musicologist Allan F. Moore terms an oompah' accompanimental pattern". The composition employs a shifting metre, using common time (4/4) during the verses and waltz time (3/4) during the choruses. Davies sings his lead vocal in a Cockney accent, similar to the music hall singer Gus Elen, a favourite of his father. Partway through the song, he changes to a more posh tone while the arrangement speeds up. The song ends on a dominant seventh chord; musicologist Stan Hawkins writes the chord is an awkward closer and positions the listener for reflection, while author Johnny Rogan thinks it leaves the song unresolved, turning it into a shaggy dog story.

When writing "All of My Friends Were There", Davies altered his original embarrassment into a bathetic comedy number. The narrator describes his embarrassment after his friends attend his missed performance. After struggling during his next show, he goes to a café he frequented during happier times in his life, only to find all of them there as well. Author Ken Rayes describes the ending as "another typical Davies twist", where "in the end, the presence of the singer's friends both deepens his embarrassment and strengthens his stability and sense of companionship". Author Andy Miller instead interprets the ending as the singer's nostalgia for the earlier time, with his happy surroundings instead imaginary.

Recording and release

The Kinks' recording of "All of My Friends Were There" was absent from Davies's original twelve-track edition of The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society, planned for release in September1968. When Davies delayed the album's release to expand it to fifteen tracks, "All of My Friends Were There" was among the songs he added. The Kinks may have recorded it in mid-October1968 during the same sessions as "Big Sky" and "Last of the Steam-Powered Trains", though the song is possibly dated earlier to July1968. Recording took place in Pye Studio 2, one of two basement studios at Pye Records' London offices. Davies is credited as the song's producer, while Pye's in-house engineer Brian Humphries operated the four-track mixing console. The recording features an electric organ played in a church-like style, something Rogan thinks furthers the "quizzical nature" of the singer's experiences.

Pye released Village Green in the UK on . "All of My Friends Were There" appears on the LP's second side, between "Phenomenal Cat" and "Wicked Annabella". In his review of the album for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau characterised the song as "a wry comipathedy about public embarrassment". He suggested the song demonstrates the "weird control" that Davies displays at his best, its "not-quite surreal tone" similar to American musician Randy Newman. In a retrospective assessment, Morgan Enos of Billboard described the song as "bubbly and hilarious", writing that Davies transformed his original embarrassment "into gold". On NPR's programme All Songs Considered, musician and producer John Vanderslice selected it as his pick for "perfect song", calling the song "deceptively simple" while lauding Davies's ability to write about the process of creativity. Heylin considers the song to be a major statement on Davies's part and anticipatory of the band's succeeding concept albums, though he writes it is thematically separate from the LP's central themes. Author Mark Doyle instead considers the song another of the album's character studies, its unnamed narrator "clearly another inhabitant of the village green".

Notes

References

Sources

1968 songs
Songs written by Ray Davies
The Kinks songs
Song recordings produced by Ray Davies
Music hall songs


title: Musée Patamécanique

text:
Musée Patamécanique is a private museum located in the Historical District of Bristol, Rhode Island. Founded in 2006 by Neil Barden Salley, it is open by appointment only to friends, colleagues, and occasionally to outside observers. Presented as a hybrid of an automaton theater and a cabinet of curiosities, it contains works representing the field of Patamechanics, an artistic practice and area of study chiefly inspired by Pataphysics.

History

Musée Patamécanique was founded by creative artist, inventor and filmmaker Neil Barden Salley in 2006. During his time at the Rhode Island School of Design earning his Master's Degree, Salley began to create performances and mechanical sculptures that eventually became prototypes he used at the museum. The museum originally opened as an exhibition in a barn behind Linden Place, a historic house museum designed by Russell Warren in 1810. In 2009, the exhibit closed to make way for a ground-up restoration of the barn that later became occupied by the Bristol Art Museum. Work on an expanded Musée Patamécanique began in 2009 with work being completed in 2013. The museum reopened for tours on April 1, 2014, under the curatorial direction of Daren Elsa NiBelly.

Musée Patamécanique translates from the French to "The museum of Patamechanics." The term Patamechanics was coined by Salley during his time at the Rhode Island School of Design and is derived from the term Pataphysics. According to its website, the term Patamechanics is "... primarily concerned with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to conscious ’Pataphysical forces or displacements and the subsequent effects of these bodies on their environment."

Exhibits

Much of the material in Musée Patamécanique has clear ties to Dada and Theater of the Absurd. It also references postmodern literature, novelty architecture, theories of memory, identity, automata and mimesis, perception, and Pataphysics. The new version of the museum encompasses tours of both outdoor and indoor exhibition environments, all within a six-block area in the center of downtown Bristol. The exhibition begins with a walking tour in the form of a soundwalk that begins at sunset, which leads patrons to the indoor exhibit's "secret" location: a building named Patamechanics Hall, built by Salley and an example of novelty architecture.

Musée Patamécanique includes artistic, pseudoscientific, pre-cinematic and unclassified exhibits, many of which are displayed in Patamechanics Hall, a walk-in cabinet of curiosity. Examples include a troop of singing animatronic chipmunks (a collaboration with Salley’s father); a "time machine", which the museum claims to be the world’s largest automated phenakistascope; an olfactory clock; a chandelier of singing animatronic nightingales; an Undigestulator (a device that purportedly reconstitutes digested foods); The Earolin, a 24-inch tall holographic ear that plays the violin; and a machine for capturing the dreams of bumblebees.

Critical reception

Reception for the initial production of Musée Patamécanique was generally positive. The Boston Globe’s Greg Cook described it as “ … an intellectual hall of mirrors. It is a museum for questioning museums, and art, and science, and officialdom, and facts, and the world.” Gwendolyn Holbrow of Art New England called it “A genuine gesamtkunst- werk [masterpiece of art], the Musee stimulates the five traditional senses plus several more: the sense of proprioception, the sense of wonder, and the sense of fun.”

See also

 List of museums in Rhode Island
 Rhode Island School of Design Museum
 Museum of Jurassic Technology

References

External links

Museums in Bristol County, Rhode Island
Museums established in 2006
Buildings and structures in Bristol, Rhode Island
2006 establishments in Rhode Island


title: Lilia Aragón

text:
Lilia Aragón (born Lilia Isabel Aragón del Rivero, 22 September 1938 – 2 August 2021) was a Mexican film, television, and stage actress and politician. She was the Secretary of the National Association of Actors.

She also served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing the Federal District as replacement of Elba Esther Gordillo.

Selected filmography

Telenovelas

Series
 Como dice el dicho (2012–2016) as Various characters

Film
 The Garden of Aunt Isabel (1971)

References

External links

1938 births
2021 deaths
Mexican telenovela actresses
Mexican television actresses
Mexican film actresses
Mexican stage actresses
Actresses from Morelos
People from Cuautla
20th-century Mexican actresses
21st-century Mexican actresses
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Mexico City
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican women politicians
Deputies of the LIX Legislature of Mexico
Women members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)


The Chambersburg and Gettysburg Electric Railway was an interurban trolley system of the early 20th century in south central Pennsylvania. Built in 1903, the line ran from Chambersburg eastward to Caledonia State Park. The line was to be extended to Gettysburg, but the cost of dealing with the steep grades on that section prevented completion. Due to disputes over line crossings with the Pennsylvania Railroad, the line did not open until 1905. It operated until December 21, 1926.

The C&G used a  broad gauge, similar to other Pennsylvania interurban lines.

See also
 Chambersburg, Greencastle and Waynesboro Street Railway
 Chambersburg and Shippensburg Railway

References

Defunct Pennsylvania railroads
Interurban railways in Pennsylvania
Transportation in Franklin County, Pennsylvania
Railway companies established in 1903
Railway companies disestablished in 1926
5 ft 2½ in gauge railways in the United States
1903 establishments in Pennsylvania
1926 disestablishments in Pennsylvania


title: Maine State Route 174

text:
State Route 174 (SR 174) is a  road from U.S. Route 1A (US 1A) to US 1/SR 3. For the entire length, SR 174 is named Fort Knox Road. The entire route is in Prospect, Waldo County.

Route description
SR 174 begins at the intersection of US 1A (Bangor Road) and Hawes Bridge Road in the town center of Prospect. It heads east descending a small hill and crosses a railroad and marshland containing Carley Brook (just south of the South Branch Marsh River confluence). The road then ascends another hill and heads through a mostly wooded area with houses lining the road. It intersects Blanket Lane and Bowden Point Road before curving to the southeast and intersecting Shore Road. SR 174 now begins to closely parallel the Penobscot River, but at a higher elevation than the water surface. After Ferry Road, the road curves to the south at the entrance of Fort Knox. After passing a small parking area that was the former approach to the Waldo–Hancock Bridge, SR 174 ends at a signalized intersection with US 1/SR 3 at the western approach of the Penobscot Narrows Bridge.

Junction list

References

External links

Maine State Route Log via floodgap.com

174
Transportation in Waldo County, Maine


title: Alan Carr (politician)

text:
Alan Carr (born 1948) is a former trade unionist and politician from Northern Ireland.

Carr studied at Annadale Grammar School in Belfast and the New University of Ulster, at which he founded a Labour Club.  He joined the Northern Ireland Labour Party (NILP), and was first elected to its executive committee in 1970/71.

Carr became a lecturer and administrator for the Open University, and was the NILP's leading figure from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, chairing the party for much of the period.  While the British and Irish Communist Organisation claimed that he was a member of their group in the early 1970s, he was criticised by them later in the decade.  He also led the expulsion of Peter Hadden's Labour and Trade Union Group from the NILP in 1977, and with the Newtownabbey Labour Party, which split away from the NILP following disputes over the Ulster Workers' Strike.  Carr strongly opposed Michael Foot's leadership of the British Labour Party, believing Foot was too sympathetic to Irish nationalism.

Carr stood unsuccessfully for the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention in Londonderry in 1975.  He then shifted his attention to Belfast, standing for the City Council's Area H at the 1977 Northern Ireland local elections and 1981, and for Belfast North at the 1979 UK general election, at which he took 4.5% of the vote.

From the mid-1980s, Carr focused on his university career; he served as the Open University's "Head of Union Liaison" in the mid-2000s, and was national treasurer of the University and College Union until his retirement in 2012.

References

1948 births
Living people
Academics of the Open University
Alumni of Ulster University
Trade unionists from Belfast
Northern Ireland Labour Party politicians
Politicians from Belfast
Place of birth missing (living people)
People educated at Annadale Grammar School


title: Chambersburg and Shippensburg Railway

text:
The Chambersburg and Shippensburg Railway was an interurban trolley system of the early 20th century in south central Pennsylvania. Built in 1914, the line ran from Chambersburg to Shippensburg. The line was abandoned at the same time as much of the nearby Chambersburg, Greencastle and Waynesboro Street Railway, on July 31, 1926.

Had the Cumberland Railway venture from Carlisle to Shippensburg succeeded, there would have been continuous trolley service from Harrisburg to the Mason–Dixon line, where the Shady Grove station provided a transfer to the standard-gauge Hagerstown and Frederick Railway in Maryland.

The C&S used a  broad gauge, similar to other Pennsylvania interurban lines.

See also
 Chambersburg and Gettysburg Electric Railway

References

Defunct Pennsylvania railroads
Interurban railways in Pennsylvania
Transportation in Franklin County, Pennsylvania
American companies established in 1914
Railway companies established in 1914
Railway companies disestablished in 1928
5 ft 2½ in gauge railways in the United States
1914 establishments in Pennsylvania
1928 disestablishments in Pennsylvania


title: Just Keke

text:
Just Keke was an American talk show hosted by Keke Palmer. The show premiered June 30, 2014, on BET. The show is taped in Los Angeles, California and aired over an initial four-week run. With this series, Palmer was the youngest talk show host in television history.

In April 2014, BET Networks and Telepictures announced that The Keke Palmer Project was ordered to series. In May of the same year, it was announced that Just Keke would premiere on June 30, 2014, and would air Monday through Friday after 106 & Park.

Episodes

References

External links

2010s American television talk shows
2014 American television series debuts
2014 American television series endings
Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios
BET original programming
English-language television shows
Television series by Telepictures


title: Cristos Negros of Central America and Mexico

text:
The Cristos Negros or Black Christs of Central America and Mexico trace their origins to the veneration of an image of Christ on a cross located in the Guatemalan town of Esquipulas, near the Honduran and Salvadoran border. This image was sculpted in 1595 in wood and over time it blackened and gained a reputation for being miraculous. Little is known of how veneration of the image was spread by clergy, although there are records of its introduction in various locations, especially in Central America, southern Mexico, central Mexico (especially in areas near Mexico City) and even as far north as New Mexico.  However, a number of these images, such as the ones in Chalma, State of Mexico and Mérida, Yucatán have origin stories that do not connect the local image with that of Esquipulas. The Cristo Negro of Esquipulas remains an important symbol for Central America, with its sanctuary the most visited site in the region. On January 11, 2021, a replica of Christ of Esquipulas and his accompanying statues (Sorrowful Virgin, Mary Magdalene, and St. John Apostle) were donated to Saint Joseph Cathedral of Antigua Guatemala (a city formerly known as Santiago knights of Guatemala and declared Humanity's Cultural Heritage by the UNESCO in 1979) eliciting an uncontainable and renewed veneration for Black Christ of Esquipulas among his followers. There are hundreds of other such images with at least local importance with Christ of Chalma attracting millions of visitors, second only to that of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico. The popularity of the image continues to spread, with Central American and Mexican migrants bringing the image to the United States and Canada, founding new sanctuaries.

History

Although the veneration of the Virgin Mary, especially in the form of Our Lady of Guadalupe is famous in Mexico and to some extent in Central America, there has been a strong tradition of venerating images of Christ, especially crucifixes, which was more prominent than that of Mary in the colonial period. This has its origins in the practices of Catholic Europe at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, themselves derived from medieval traditions. At least two thirds of Mexico's Christ shrines were focused on crucifixes, and like in Europe, many of these Christ images have been purported to sweat or bleed and even spontaneously restore themselves after deterioration. Most of the Christ shrines originated early in the 17th century and a number gained importance into the 18th and 19th centuries. One reason for the devotion to images of Christ and the Virgin Mary is that there was little tradition of the veneration of saints' relics as there was in Europe. The Americas had few saints before the papacy of John Paul II.

The veneration of “Cristos Negros,” literally “black Christs” is to images of Jesus on the cross which are black in color. The origin of this phenomenon is traced to the town of Esquipulas, Guatemala, a small town near the border of Honduras and El Salvador. This an image that was carved in wood in the late 16th century, which in time darkened to a black color and miracles were ascribed to the image. Since the veneration of the Esquipulas image was established, there has been a process of diffusion of its veneration. Documentation of this spread is spotty and little in known of monks and clergy who spread veneration of this type of crucifix by introducing replicas to other areas in Central America and Mexico. Evidence that the Cristos Negros in other areas are related to that of Esquipulas includes documentation of the work of missionary Antonio Margil (1657-1726) who worked in Central America and Mexico and is linked to black Christ images in Tila, Chiapas and Querétaro . Other evidence includes records of replicas being sent to places such as the Nuestra Señora del Carmen church in La Antigua Guatemala (later to Guatemala City) in 1701, El Sauce and Tipitapa, Nicaragua in 1720 and 1755 respectively, the Pacific coast of Panama, in the 18th century,  Moroleón, Guanajuato in the 19th century and the introduction of the image by Franciscan priests in Nueva Galicia (today Jalisco) in the mid 18th century. By the end of the 18th century, there are records of replica in various parts of Central America along with festivals dedicated to the image, with the spread continuing in the 19th century. One other indication of the spread from Guatemala include ranches with the suffix “de Esquipulas” found in Central America, Chiapas and Tabasco .

However, most of the black Christ images have origin stories that do not relate to Esquipulas, rather than they were found or otherwise appeared in small communities in rural locations from the 17th to 18th century. Many of these stories also show links to pre Hispanic beliefs such as images being associated with caves, springs and clay/mineral deposits associated with deities common in the Mesoamerican world, with the Christ images taking over many of these deities’ aspects.

The spread of Cristo Negro shrines or sanctuaries have mostly been confined to Central America, southern Mexico (especially Chiapas and Oaxaca), with some important images near Mexico City and one in New Mexico. The original Esquipulas shrine has been managed by Benedictine monks since 1959, who work to support its prominence, lately made easier by the more tranquil political situation in the region, allowing for more pilgrimages.

Academic documentation of these shrines began in the early 20th century, with important surveys done in 1987 and 2011.

With Central American and Mexican migration to the United States and Canada, the image of the Cristo Negro, especially that directly associated with Esquipulas, has received new importance in new areas. The image is invoked by Hondurans and Guatemalans contemplating the journey, and the image has become the patron of Central Americans in the United States. New sanctuaries have been established in U.S. and Canadian cities and even a replica of the Esquipulas image was brought from Guatemala to Los Angeles (using illegal immigration routes) and has been dubbed the “Cristo Mojado” (lit. “wet Christ”) with “mojado” in reference to illegal immigrants.

The Cristo Negro of Esquipulas

The Cristo Negro of Esquipulas is the earliest and most famous images of its kind, and is the most venerated image in Central America. It originated in this town, 222 km from the capital of Guatemala in 1595, when it was commissioned and made by Quirio Cataño.

Its famous color comes from the fact that the wood darkened over time. By 1737, various miracles had been ascribed to it and a sanctuary was built, where it remains today.  The popularity of this image and sanctuary has led to Esquipulas being called the “Central American Capital of Faith.”

Much of its popularity come from its acceptance among indigenous peoples, such as the Mayas. The town of Esquipulas itself is at a place where there was veneration of a Mayan god called Ek Chuaj .

Today over a million people visit the shrine each year, making it one of the most important in Latin America. The fest day of this Christ image, January 15, brings pilgrims from much of Central America into southern Mexico, especially Chiapas.  Esquipulas was visited by John Paul II in 1996.

In Esquipulas and many other sanctuaries, the Christ image is placed on a raised altar with stairs, which allows worshippers to ascend approach the images from in front and behind. In the past, worshippers could touch the image but today it is encased in glass. Visitors leave offerings at the foot of the images, an extension of the tradition of doing the same to the earth gods to assure the well-being of loved ones.

Other Black Christ sanctuaries

Extension of Cristo negro shrines/sanctuaries
Cristo negro images can be found in sanctuaries and shrines primarily in Central American and Mexico, with a few in the United States. Many of these came to prominence from the 18th to 20th centuries, with mostly local and regional followings but several such as the image in Chalma and the Cristo Renovado de Santa Teresa and the Stone Cross of Querétaro have national and international following. However, devotion to the Cristo negro far from the town to Esquipulas depends on these secondary sanctuaries, especially those outside of Central America.

In 1987 the first extensive list of sanctuaries dedication to this type of image was compiled. Most of these sanctuaries are inside churches or chapels, but in a few cases they are sanctuaries operated by families. A few are also found in traditional Mexican markets and at the entrances of villages as well. This was followed by a 2011 study indicating 272 sanctuaries of at least local importance, extending from Panama into southern Mexico. About one third are in Mexico and 31% are in Guatemala. Twenty four percent are in El Salvador and Honduras with nine percent in other parts of Central America. In Mexico, most of the sanctuaries are in Chiapas and Oaxaca (71%) as well as to the south and west of Mexico City. There are also some in Veracruz and Tabasco along the Gulf coastline. In Central America, the sanctuaries are mostly located in population centers, especially on the Pacific coast and near the town of Esquipulas. One reason for this in both Mexico and Central America was that in the colonial period, the Gulf coasts were more sparsely populated.  One exception to this is the north coast of Honduras because of its importance to Caribbean trade. Nineteen of these are major pilgrimage sites, with 72 receiving visitors from smaller regions, but are more than simply local shrines.

Notable shrines/sanctuaries

The Sanctuary of Chalma is one of the most-visited pilgrimage site in Mexico, only second behind the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe, with over two million visitors each year.  Most of these come from central and southern Mexico, but the site has received visitors from all over the world.  The Cristo Negro in this sanctuary is said to have come from a nearby cave, which had been the center for worship of a god called Ostoc Teotl. Legend states that the idol of the pre Hispanic deity was replaced by the black crucifix.  Pilgrimage to the site includes participating in pre Hispanic dance at the church atrium.

The Cristo Negro of El Sauce, León Department, Nicaragua, also known as Our Lord of Miracles, commemorated 290 years of existence in 2013. The name of the town, which means “the willow,” commemorates the finding of the image here under that type of tree. Like the image in Esquipulas, its feast day is January 15 and is currently house in the National Sanctuary of Our Lord of Miracles.

The Cristo Negro shrine in Arena Blanco, El Progreso, Yoro, Honduras is a major pilgrimage site January 15, attracting up to 10,000 people, as the image here is recognized as a replica of the one in Esquipulas. This event attracts visitors from various countries in Central America and even from Puerto Rico and Spain.

The Cristo Negro of Otatitlán is in the parish church of the town. There are two stories of the origin of this particular image. One states the Spanish king Philip II had the three Black Christ images commissioned, which then went on to their current locations. Another story says that the image was found on the Day of the Cross by an indigenous person at the foot of a tree in the village of Puctlanzingo, which was then claimed by the Mazatecos of the region.  Later it was moved on the Papaloapan River on a raft to its current location. During the Cristero War in the 1930s, the image was taken by men allied with then governor of Veracruz, Adalberto Tejada, who tried unsuccessfully to burn it. Instead it was decapitated. The headless image returned to Otatitlán and a replacement was made. In 1950, the original head was found and returned, with the replacement head now kept in a glass case. The devotion to this image is a syncretism. It is not unusual for there to be a mass followed by a ritual cleansing by a local “brujo” (roughly witch doctor). The major feast day for this image is May 3, Day of the Cross, with events beginnings on April 28 and extending to May 7. The event can attract up to 150,000 people from Veracruz and other parts of Mexico.

The Señor de Tila is a Cristo Negro images with a link to the Esquipulas image, sharing the same feast day of January 15, the same sanctuary design and many of the same rituals followed by pilgrims. However instead of made from wood, it is made from a stalagmite from a nearby cave. The story is that the residents of San Cristobal de las Casas came to sack the town, so the image “ran” and hid in a cave. When it was “rescued” years later, it had turned black. The sanctuary gained fame in the colonial period and has remained an important regional pilgrimage since, attracting visitors from as far as Tabasco and Campeche . Another important image in Chiapas is in Zinacantán, said to have been found in a sacred cave and is related to the extraction of salt in the area.

The mostly Huichol community of Huaynamota in El Nayar municipality of Nayarit has a Cristo Negro which is venerated with a mix of Catholic and pre Hispanic rites. Its feast day attracts hundreds of pilgrims. The origin of the image is unknown but there are various stories from appearing from thin air to being brought by the Jesuits in the 18th century, possibly from Guatemala. It has been said to sweat and bleed as well as cure the sick.

El Señor de la Paz, also called the Cristo Negro of San Pablo Anciano near Acatlán de Osorio, Puebla was introduced between 1824 and 1830 by a local priest. At the time the various indigenous peoples were in conflict over resources. The image took on significance in Mixtec lore which tells of various indigenous deities in conflict and the role of the Cristo Negro as an intermediary.
The Cristo de las Ampollas is a Cristo Negro image in Mérida, Yucatán, which since colonial times has been important to the population, especially the Mayan ethnicities. It originated in the village of Ichmul in the early 17th century, a cowboy and some peasants reported bright lights from a tree near the village to the parish priest. The priest had the tree cut down and brought to the parish and announced he would have it sculpted into an image of the Virgin Mary. A young man appeared from nowhere and said he could sculpt it. He asked to be locked into a workshop with no tools and a day later, disappeared, leaving behind the Cristo Negro. The image was moved to the church and soon after pilgrims began to visit. Later, the church burned to the ground, reducing everything to ashes except the image, which only blackened. Despite protests, the image was moved again to the cathedral in Mérida in 1645. In 1915, during the Mexican Revolution, the cathedral was sacked and the soldiers tried to burn the image, but could not. It was instead moved to a military base and not seen again. A replica was made in Querétaro and was consecrated in 1919. The feast day of the image is the Day of the Cross, May 3. In addition, the image is central to festivals related to the various main segments of Mérida society on different days, as it is considered the unofficial patron of the city.

The Chimayo Sanctuary in New Mexico is in honor of the Esquipulas image, established by Bernardo Abeyta."  It is the most important Catholic pilgrimage center in the United States, attracting about 300,000 visitors per year . This site is related to a deposit of clay said to have medicinal qualities.

Further reading
Crumrine, N. Ross and Alan Morinis, eds. Pilgrimage in Latin America. New York 1991.
Sullivan-González, Douglass, The Black Christ of Esquipulas: Religion and Identity in Guatemala. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2016.
Davidson, William V., ''Los Cristos Negros de CentroAmerica. El Senor de Esquipulas y otros, con enfasis en Honduras y Nicaragua," (Coleccion Cultural de Centro America, serie Ciencias Humanas no. 15). Managua: Fundacion Uno, 2014.

References

External links

Catholic Church in Mexico
Catholic Church in Central America
Indigenous culture
Indigenous peoples of Central America
Maya history


title: Bush City, Kansas

text:
Bush City is an unincorporated community in Anderson County, Kansas, United States.

History
Bush City had a post office from 1880 until 1956, but the post office was called Haskell until 1921.

References

Further reading

External links
 Anderson County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Anderson County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Glenlock, Kansas

text:
Glenlock is an unincorporated community in Anderson County, Kansas, United States.

History
A post office was opened in Glenlock (formerly spelled Glenloch) in 1887, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1913.

References

Further reading

External links
 Anderson County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Anderson County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Glenloch

text:
Glenloch may refer to:

Glenloch, Georgia, an unincorporated community
Glenloch, Peachtree City, Georgia, a village in Peachtree City
Glenloch, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community in Chester County
Glenloch Interchange, a road junction in Canberra, ACT
Glenlock, Kansas, formerly spelled Glenloch, an unincorporated community in Anderson County


title: Muli River

text:
The Muli is a river in Sichuan Province, China. It is the principal tributary of the Yalong River. Six dams are planned for the river, three of which, Kajiwa, Lizhou and Shangtongba are under construction. Dashawan Dam on the middle reaches of the river was completed in 2012.

References

Rivers of Sichuan


title: Cumberland Railway (Pennsylvania)

text:
The Cumberland Railway was an interurban trolley system of the early 20th century in central Pennsylvania. Built in 1908, the line ran  from Carlisle to Newville. Poorly capitalized, the line failed in 1918 and was scrapped.

The line was projected to extend to Harrisburg and Shippensburg, where it would have connected to the Chambersburg and Shippensburg Railway, and through that line to the Chambersburg, Greencastle and Waynesboro Street Railway, providing service from Harrisburg to Maryland.

The CR used a  broad gauge, similar to other Pennsylvania interurban lines.

References

Defunct Pennsylvania railroads
Interurban railways in Pennsylvania
Transportation in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
Railway companies disestablished in 1918
5 ft 2½ in gauge railways in the United States
1908 establishments in Pennsylvania
1918 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
American companies established in 1908
Railway companies established in 1908


title: List of Chasing Life episodes

text:
Chasing Life is an American drama series on ABC Family that premiered on June 10, 2014. The series follows 24-year-old April (Italia Ricci), a smart and quick-witted aspiring journalist who is diagnosed with leukemia by her estranged uncle George (Steven Weber). April must deal with the impact of her diagnosis on her career as well as her family and friends - her best friend and confidant Beth (Aisha Dee), widowed mom Sara (Mary Page Keller), rebellious little sister Brenna (Haley Ramm), and her sweet grandmother Emma (Rebecca Schull) - and her budding relationship with her coworker Dominic (Richard Brancatisano). On November 27, 2013, ahead of its premiere, Chasing Life was picked up for a full season, and later an additional episode functioning as a Christmas special. On November 6, 2014, Chasing Life was renewed for a second season. The second season premiered on July 6, 2015, and ended on September 28, 2015. On October 2, 2015, Chasing Life was officially canceled after two seasons, with a total of 34 episodes produced.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2014–15)

Season 2 (2015)

References

Chasing Life


title: John L. Beckwith

text:
John Leander Beckwith (March 5, 1856 – June 3, 1934) was an entrepreneur and politician in British Columbia, Canada. He served as mayor of Victoria in 1912.

He was born in Cornwallis Township, Nova Scotia (near modern-day Kentville), the third son of John Albert Beckwith and Rebecca Ann Barnaby, and was educated there. His grandfather, Mayhew Beckwith (), was a Member of Provincial Parliament representing Kings County. The Beckwith family was an established one in the area, having been part of the original group of New England Planters who were land grantees in Cornwallis back in 1760. John Leander Beckwith began work as a retail clerk at the age of sixteen and came to British Columbia in 1884 to join his elder brother William Sibley Beckwith. He worked as a salesman for various companies until 1905, when he opened his own business. Beckwith operated as an agent for manufacturers and also was an insurance and real estate agent. He returned briefly to Nova Scotia and married Agnes Smith (née McLeod), and brought her with him to Victoria. In 1903, with Harlan Carey Brewster, he founded the Clayouquot Sound Canning Company, which canned salmon. He was president of the Victoria Board of Trade and a director of the local Chamber of Commerce.

After serving as an alderman several times, Beckwith ran unsuccessfully for the Victoria City seat in the provincial assembly in 1900 and then for the Victoria City seat in the Canadian House of Commons in 1906. He served on Victoria City Council from 1899 to 1906 and also served 14 years on the local school board ending with his death in 1934. Beckwith helped to establish Victoria College in 1921. He had worked for Belgian relief during the First World War and in recognition of his service the King of Belgium gave an award to him.

Beckwith defeated Alfred J. Morley by forty-nine votes to become mayor in 1912; Morley defeated Beckwith the following year.

He died in Victoria at the age of 78.

Beckwith married Agnes Smith McLeod (1857-1927) on 20 September 1888 at Berwick, Kings, Nova Scotia, and had four children: Harold Arthur Beckwith (1889), Kate Evelyn Beckwith (1892), Alfred Frederick Edward (1894), and Grace Dean McLeod Beckwith (1901). He's the grandfather of Canadian composer John Beckwith.

Beckwith Street and Beckwith Park in Saanich were named in his honour.

References

1856 births
1934 deaths
Mayors of Victoria, British Columbia
People from Annapolis County, Nova Scotia


title: List of years in Malta

text:
This is a list of years in Malta.

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also
Timeline of Maltese history

Malta history-related lists
Malta


title: Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator

text:
The Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator or LDSD is a reentry vehicle designed to test techniques for atmospheric entry on Mars. The disc-shaped LDSD uses an inflatable structure called the Supersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (SIAD), which is essentially a donut-shaped balloon, to create atmospheric drag in order to decelerate the vehicle before deploying a large supersonic parachute. The goal of the $230 m project is to develop a reentry system capable of landing 2- to 3-ton payloads on Mars, as opposed to the 1-ton limit of the currently used systems.

The vehicle is being developed and tested by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Mark Adler is the project manager.

The vehicle was tested in 2014 and 2015.

June 2014 test flight

The test flight took place on June 28, 2014, with the test vehicle launching from the United States Navy's Pacific Missile Range Facility on Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi, at 18:45 UTC (08:45 local). A high-altitude helium balloon, which when fully inflated has a volume of , lifted the vehicle to . The vehicle detached at 21:05 UTC (11:05 local), and four small, solid-fuel rocket motors spun up the vehicle to provide stability.

A half second after spin-up, the vehicle's Star 48B solid-fuel motor ignited, powering the vehicle to Mach 4.32 and a peak altitude of . Immediately after rocket burn-out, four more rocket motors despun the vehicle. Upon slowing to Mach 4.08, the  tube-shaped Supersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator (SIAD-R configuration) deployed. SIAD is intended to increase atmospheric drag on the vehicle by increasing the surface area of its leading side, thus increasing the rate of deceleration.

Upon slowing to Mach 2.54 (around 86 seconds after SIAD deployment), the Supersonic Disksail (SSDS) parachute was deployed to slow the vehicle further. This parachute measures  in diameter, twice the area of the one used for the Mars Science Laboratory mission. However, it began tearing apart after deployment, and the vehicle impacted the Pacific Ocean at 21:35 UTC (11:35 local) travelling . All hardware and data recorders were recovered. Despite the parachute incident, the mission was declared a success; the primary goal was proving the flight worthiness of the test vehicle, while SIAD and SSDS were secondary experiments.

2015 test flights
A second test flight of LDSD took place in June 2015, at the Pacific Missile Range Facility. This test focused on the  SIAD-R and Supersonic Ringsail (SSRS) technologies, incorporating lessons learned during the 2014 test. Changes planned for the parachute included a rounder shape and structural reinforcement. After several weather-related scrubs, the flight occurred on June 8. As in the first test, the SIAD structure inflated successfully but the parachute was damaged during deployment, this time after 600 ms and at  drag.

After 2015
A 3rd test was expected in 2016, after some smaller scale tests with sounding rockets.

The parachute team wanted Mars 2020 to have a camera on the parachute deployment and opening in 2021.

Gallery

See also
 HIAD, NASA's Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator
 LOFTID, 2022 test from Earth orbit

References

External links

LDSD project website
LDSD fact sheet

NASA programs
Spaceflight technology
Exploration of Mars
Articles containing video clips
Inflatable aircraft