title: Jamiat Kheir

text:
Jamiat Kheir (; ; ; different Latin spellings have also been used in the past, such as Djamiat Chair, Djameat Geir, Djamijat Chaer, Jam'iyyat khair or Jamiatul Khair)  is one of a few early private institutions in Indonesia that is engaged in education, and is instrumental in the history of Indonesian struggle against Dutch colonialism, preceding Sarekat Islam and Budi Utomo.  It is headquartered in Tanah Abang, Central Jakarta.

History
The history of Jamiat Kheir can be divided into two periods, where during the first period (1905 - 1919) it was as a social organization (and included a school program), and the second period (since 1919) it becomes an education institution only.

Starting in 1898, several leaders of Arab community agreed to make an organization that aims to help social condition of the Arabs in Dutch East Indies. The Arab community leaders held meetings to realize their goals to help social life of the Muslim community and Arabs in Indonesia, and to prepare a plan to erect a modern Muslim education institution, as a response against the Dutch Indies education policy.  The ideals were also in line with the idea of mufti of Betawi al-Sharif Habib ʻUthman ibn ʻAbdullah ibn Yaḥya, where he encouraged Muslims to build a religious institution to counteract the Christianization through public schools. As a starting, In 1901 several prominent Arab community leaders in Batavia had an initiative to establish an organization that works in the field of social and Islamic education called  ("The Association of Goodness").

The first location where it was founded was at Raudah Mosque on Pekojan Road II, seven years before the Budi Utomo.  Near Pekojan Rd. II there is another mosque named Zawiyah Mosque, built by Habib Aḥmad bin Hamzah Alatas, who was born in Tarim, Hadhramaut. While still teaching at the mosque he used the yellow book Fath Mu'in, which until now still being used as a reference in many places. In front of the mosque  there was another mosque called Masjid Nawir which was the largest mosque in West Jakarta. The mosque was built in 1760 and at the front there was a bridge called Jembatan Kambing which had been used by merchants for four generations. The name of the organization was al-Jam'iyyatoul Khairiyyah.

A petition was submitted to the government on August 15, 1903, to get official permission for the organization with the goals to provide assistance to the Arabs who were grieving or in loss of family member, and to assist funeral or wedding.  The board members were Aḥmad Basandiet (chairman), Muḥammad bin ʻAbdullah Shahāb (vice chairman), Muḥammad al-Fakhir bin ʻAbdurrahman al-Mashhoor (secretary), Idrus bin Aḥmad Shahāb (as the treasurer) and in the later time involving ʻAli bin Aḥmad Shahāb (brother of Idrus).

The request was not immediately granted by the Dutch government. The submission of the petition probably raised suspicions in the government, where it did not like any establishment of an association that engages in social movements. The Dutch East Indies government then took some actions against the newly founded Jamiat Kheir, of which it limited the areas that could be visited by the Arabs and Arab descendants in Indonesia. In Batavia, the Dutch East Indies government determined the location of their gathering in Pekojan.

The permit took two years to be granted by the government, where it then was issued in 1905, after Muḥammad bin ʻAbdurrahman al-Mash-hoor as the secretary of Jamiat Kheir sent a letter clarifying the intent and purpose of the establishment of the association on March 16, 1905.  On June 17, 1905, Jamiat Kheir as an organization was officially authorized by the Governor General of the Dutch East Indies and its Articles of association were also approved. However,  Jamiat Kheir was forbidden to establish branches outside Batavia. Jamiat Kheir was used as a social gathering for all the aspirations of the Alawiyyin, non-Sayyid and Ajami.

The official license issued by the Dutch government was based on the input from Priesterraden, a special body set up in 1882 with the task of overseeing religious and Islamic education. On the advice of this body in 1905, the government passed a law requiring any instructor must first get permission to teach. At that time the government had already feared of possible resurgence among indigenous people. Soon after the permission was obtained, the Jamiat Kheir opened an elementary level (Ibtidaiyyah) madrasa in Pekojan which provided free education, using a curriculum blend of religious studies and general subjects. To show its anti-colonialism, non-religious subjects at the Jamiat Kheir were not taught in Dutch, but in English.

The purpose of Jamiat Kheir as contained in the Articles of Association dated August 15, 1903 was to provide assistance to the Arabs, men and women living in and around Batavia, to ease their grief and loss of family member and to give assistance to hold a wedding.  The first management of the organization consists of: Said bin Aḥmad Basandiet (chairman), Muḥammad bin ʻAbdullah Shahāb (Vice Chairman), Muḥammad al-Fakhir bin ʻAbdurrahman al-Mashhoor (Secretary), and Idrus bin Aḥmad Shahāb (Treasurer).

After gaining recognition as a legal entity, in accordance with article 10 of the Articles of Association dated August 15, 1903, the first general meeting of members was held on April 9, 1906. In addition to the election of the new management of the Jamiat Kheir consisting of Idrus bin ʻAbdullah al-Mashhoor (as chairman), Salim bin Awad Balweel (vice chairman), Muḥammad al-Fakhir bin ʻAbdurrahman al-Mashhoor (secretary) and Idrus bin Aḥmad Shahāb (treasurer), they also amended the Article.  The new Articles of Association in the organization had the goals changed. In addition to provide assistance to members of society in the case of death or funeral and marriage problems (chapter 1), the Articles of Association contained a goal to set up schools through the implementation of teaching (chapter 2), and not only for Arabs, but to extend to other ethnicities, as long as he or she is a Muslim (chapter 4). The addition of the Statutes was approved by the government through the governor general's decision on October 24, 1906, because the Jamiat Kheir's Statutes did not contain political purposes and did not contain any incitement (which may endanger the national security of the Dutch Indies government). ʻAbdullah bin ʻAlwi Alatas as the leader of the Pan-Islamic movement gave his support for the establishment of this organization.

On 30 September 1907, in accordance with the decision of the general meeting of members, the board held an amendment again, and after the meeting on 27 April 1907 a new board was elected. In this year, Hajj Muḥammad Mansyur started teaching at the Jamiat Kheir school. He was chosen because of his ability to teach in the Malay language as well as his knowledge of Islamic sciences. Muḥammad Mansyur was also an advocate of Indonesian Independence of colonialism. He called for the Indonesians to fly the national flag, and for unity with the famous slogan rempuk which means deliberation. He was also one of the most knowledgeable scholars in astronomy at the time.

Under the new stewardship consisting of Abūbakar bin ʻAli Shahāb as chairman and Muḥammad bin ʻAbdurrahman al-Mash-hoor as secretary, the board applied to change the Statute on January 31, 1908.  The request was approved by the government on 29 June 1908.

Jamiat Kheir advanced quite rapidly and its existence was spread quickly so that many cities and towns asked Jamiat Kheir to build its branch in their areas, but because of the prohibition not to set up branches outside of Batavia, the Jamiat Kheir urged them to set up their own associations. They ended up using the name 'Kheir' (Goodness) in their organization's last name, for example, the Madrasah al-Khairiyah established in Bantam, Banyuwangi and Teluk Betung. In addition, the number of members of the Jamiat Kheir also increased, among them are imams of the mosque, teachers, employees, village headmen or others.

In 1908, the Jamiat Kheir began a relationship with Islamic leaders in the Middle East, such as Yusuf ʻAli sharif a publisher of the newspaper al-Muayyad, editor-in-chief Kamil ʻAli for newspaper al-Liwa, ʻAbdul Ḥamid Zaki as publisher of the newspaper al-Siyasah al-Musyawarah, Aḥmad Hasan Ṭabarah a publisher of the newspaper Samarāt al-Funun Beirut, Muḥammad Said al-Majzub as publisher of the newspaper al-Qistah al-Mustaqim, ʻAbdullah Qāsim as editor-in-chief of the newspaper Shamsu al-Haqiqah, and Muḥammad Bāqir Beik as editor-in-chief of the newspaper al-ʻAdl.

On June 22, 1910, based on the April 1910 members' meeting several months earlier, the board proposed an amendment for a third time. Petition letters filed by Muḥammad ibn ʻAbdurrahman Shahāb as chairman and son of Shaikh Muḥammad ibn Shahāb as secretary and the changes were approved on October 3, 1910. The purpose of the Jamiat Kheir increasingly widespread, including:

 to establish and maintain school buildings and other buildings in Batavia for the benefit of Muslims,
 to improve the knowledge quality of pupils in Islamic sciences.
 to push Islamic studies to be taught at other schools
 to set up libraries and to collect books to increase knowledge and intelligence

Eventually in 1918 the government decided that the Jamiat Kheir as an organization founded by Asian foreigners was prohibited from engaging in activities with ingenous people. They also emphasized that the Jamiat Kheir's permit could be revoked at any time. Being aware of government suspicion and its suppressions, Jamiat Kheir then took a strategy to change its Article of association again, especially in matters of education. Because Jamiat Kheir as a social organization had been suspected by the government due to its political activities, then on October 17, 1919, it amended its Article of association and became an education foundation. On the date, Jamiat Kheir became the Education Foundation of Jamiat Kheir based on the new  dated October 17, 1919 which was recorded in the notary deed number 143, STICHTINGSBRIEF de STICHTING "SCHOOL DJAMEAT GEIR" (The Deed of Djameat Geir School), by Jan Willem Roeloffs Valk in Batavia. The composition of the school board were Said Aboebakar bin Alie bin Shahab as The chairman of the board, Said Abdulla bin Hoesin Alaijdroes, Said Aloei bin Abdulrachman Alhabsi, Said Aboebakar bin Mohamad Alhabsi, Said Aboebakar bin Abdullah Alatas, Said Aijdroes bin Achmad bin Shahab and Sech Achmad bin Abdulla Basalama were the members of the board (the names are spelled as they were in the deeds). Two of the members were also the founders of Jamiat Kheir organization (the first period). Since then all activities of Jamiat Kheir conducted through its Education Foundation.  The school name is also slightly different from the original name of the organization (al-Jam'iyyatoul Khairiyyah).

On December 27, 1928, the Dutch Indies government granted first permission to found al-Rabiṭah al-ʻAlawiyah with the second permission issued on 27 November 1929, where many of the management members were also members of Jamiat Kheir. On August 12, 1931, at Karet St. no. 47, the Dārul Aytam (literally means House of orphans) orphanage was established by notarial deed of Dirk Johannes Michiel de Hondt (1886-1945) No. 40, with its first chief Sayyid Abūbakar bin Muḥammad bin ʻAbdurrahman Al Habshī. It is located in Tanah Abang.

Prominent members
 Haji Omar Said Tjokroaminoto
 Ahmad Dahlan
 Ahmad Jayadiningrat

Activity

Economy
On January 26, 1913, members of the Jamiat Kheir founded the printing company NV Handel-Maatschappij Setija Oesaha. The limited liability business Setija Oesaha was established and headquartered in Pabean sub-district, Pesayangan in Surabaya and the operation was entrusted to HOS Tjokroaminoto who served as the director. On March 31, 1913, the company published the newspaper Oetoesan Hindia, with  Tjokroaminoto as its editor-in-chief.

Social

The activities of the Jamiat Kheir in the beginning were more directed towards social problems of community, concerning with the problems of poverty, illiteracy and ignorance suffered by Muslims as results of colonization.  Initially, giving assistance to grieving family whose loss its family member, to help the funeral, to help orphans and aging elderly were major activities and programs of Jamiat Kheir.  Later time, it built the orphanage Dārul Aytam which is dedicated to treating and educating orphans in Tanah Abang, Central Jakarta, which until now is still active.

The Jamiat Kheir also had an international reputation through the relationship with the Muslims in the middle east. On the basis of Islamic brotherhood, Jamiat Kheir helped financially to victims of the war in Tripoli, and built the Hejaz Railway connecting the city of Medina  with the areas around the strip of Sham and others.

Politics
In politics, the Jamiat Kheir was involved in Sarekat Islam organization activities.  Political activities of the Jamiat Kheir could be seen in its relationship with other Islamic states. This relationship also showed the attitude of Indonesians toward Dutch Indies government in general and showed the attitude of Jamiat Kheir in particular, which was not in line with the Dutch government.

Since 1902, Jamiat Kheir had published articles in some Egyptian newspapers which were submitted by Hasan bin ʻAbdullah bin ʻAlwi Shahāb.  Another staff of Jamiat Kheir who was a correspondent for the newspaper al-Muayyad and Thamarāt al-Funnun, ʻAli bin Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Shahāb, since 1912 began sending his writings and published on various newspapers and magazines in Egypt and Turkey.  These writings were essentially about issues around Dutch colonialism in Indonesia or British ruling in Malaysia. They revealed the evils of government rules that suppressed the people of the countries.

Besides the two men, since 1908 Jamiat Kheir members also wrote about Islamic movements in Indonesia, about what they perceived as the Dutch East Indies government repression against the Muslim population of Indonesia. These writings were published on newspapers and magazines in Istanbul, Syria and Egypt, including the al-Manār magazine. Since the Jamiat Kheir's publications were distributed widespread, news about intimidations carried out by the Dutch government heard internationally and got enough attention. One of them was from Ottoman empire  in Turkey which sent two envoys to Batavia, ʻAbdul ʻAziz al-Musawi and Galib Beik. The purpose of their visit stated to investigate the situation of Muslims in Indonesia. This investigation effort could be, to some extent, was influenced by the news sent by Jamiat Kheir members to Ottoman empire. However, both consuls received pressure and intimidation from the Dutch Government. The pressure and intimidation from the Dutch East Indies to the Jamiat Kheir instead created stronger ties of brotherhood between Arabs and indigenous Indonesian society. This made the Dutch East Indies government became increasingly fearful and anxious, especially when the Jamiat Kheir became a liaison between the Indonesian people and  the Ottoman government  which was very sympathetic to the struggle for independence in Indonesia.

To complement the nationalism of Jamiat Kheir, the Regent of Serang whose also a member of the organization Jamiat Kheir, Aḥmad Djajadiningrat, built a competing organization that was also based in Batavia. The organization must be led by Indonesian noblemen to imitate the Jamiat Kheir whose many of the indigenous students were aristocratic Javanese, such as Ahmad Dahlan who later became the founder of Muhammadiyah. This was in line with Agus Salim's prediction stating that many members of the  Budi Utomo would be former members of the Jamiat Kheir. The name of the new organization, according to Aḥmad Djajadiningrat, should be similar to 'Jamiat Kheir', so they named it Budi Utomo. This name is the translated word of the Arabic Jamiat Kheir to Javanese, where the meaning of both words is very similar (benevolent society).

Robert Van Niel in his book The Emergence of the Modern Indonesian Elite wrote that many members of the Sarekat Islam were former members of the Jamiat Kheir. Although, as stated in the Budi Utomo'''s resolution in 1911, a decision was made to no longer accept non-native Indonesians as members, many Arabs remained members of or actively collaborated with Sarekat Islam. In Batavia, the overwhelming number of registrations from people to become members of Sarekat Islam made the Sarekat Islam in March 1913 decided to stop admitting new members. The intention was to avoid the administration become chaotic and out of control.

Education
The first board of Jamiat Kheir as an education foundation initially consists of (all names spelled as they are originally written in the Van Ophuijsen spelling, e.g., Said instead of Sayyid or Syed, Aboebakar instead of Abubakar, Moehamad instead of Muhammad):

Said Aboebakar bin Mohammad bin Abdulrachman Alhabsi (the Chairman)
Said Aboebakar bin Abdullah bin Achmad Alatas (First Vice Chairman)
Said Idroes bin Ahmad bin Mohamad Sjahab (Second Vice Chairman)
Said Hoesain bin Ahmad bin Hoesin bin Semit (First Secretary)
Said Moehamad bin Ahmad bin Hoesin bin Semit (Second Secretary)
Said Salim bin Tahir bin Saleh Alhabsi (First Treasurer)
Said Abdulqadir bin Hasan bin Abdulrachman Molagela (Second Treasurer)

The commissioners:
Said Ali bin Abdulrachman bin Abdullah Alhabsi
Said Alwi bin Tahir Alhadad
Said Alwi bin Mochamad bin Tahir Alhadad
Said Ahmad bin Abdullah bin Mochsin Assegaf
Said Jahja bin Oesman bin Jahja
Said Abdullah bin Aboebakar bin Salim Alhabsi
Said Hasjim bin Mohamad bin Hasjim Alhabsi
Said Hasan bin Sech Assolabiah Alaidroes
Said Abdoellah bin Moehamad Alhadad
Said Aloei bin Abdullah bin Hoesin Alaijdroes
Said Tahir bin Hoesin bin Semit
Sjech Salim bin Achmad bin Djoenet Bawazir
Said Abdulrachman bin Abdilla bin Abdulrachman Alhabsi
Said Ali bin Aloei bin Abdulrachman Alhabsi
Said Abdullah bin Mohamad bin Achmad bin Hasan Alatas

The first headmaster of the Jamiat Kheir school was Habib Abūbakar bin ʻAli Shahāb who was also one of the founders of The Jamiat Kheir Education Foundation. He was also the writer of his autobiography, رحلة الأصفر (RIHLATUL ASHFAR). He was born in Batavia on October 24, 1870 CE (or 28 Rajab 1287 AH) and died in Batavia on March 18, 1944 (23 Rabi' al-thani 1363 AH) and was buried in the Tanah Abang cemetery, Jakarta. His father is ʻAli bin Abūbakar bin ʻUmar bin ʻAli bin ʻAbdullah bin Shahāb born in Dammun, a small village near Tarim, Hadhramaut. His mother is  Muznah binti Said Naum, the daughter of the land endowment () foundation founder Shaikh Said Na'um.

The school board of Jamiat Kheir, having noticed that the facility in Pekojan could no longer able to accommodate the flow of prospective students which increased every year, excited to find a new larger location. Initially they planned to move Jamiat Kheir from Pekojan to a new location on Karet Weg street in Tanah Abang, but because the venue was planned for a hospital by the Dutch government (now it is occupied as the Puskesmas of Tanah Abang), with the initiative of  Abūbakar bin Muḥammad al-Habshi (the Chairman of the board) in 1923, the Foundation bought a new  land for the school. The building has been used as the center of operations until now.

With the initiative of Aḥmad bin ʻAbdullah al-Saggaf in 1924, a building for boarding students often called Internaat was built. The purpose of  the Internaat was to protect, to educate and to familiarize the students with good Islamic traditions. The cost was determined 30 guilders a month. At internaat, they were directed and guided in order to fill their time with any good activities for the soul and body. The Jamiat Kheir's Internaat was opened on May 15, 1924 by occupying two houses on the Jalan Karet number 72. On March 26, 1929, the foundation made another attempt to buy a  plot of land in Kebun Melati which later used as girls-only Elementary School.

Because there was the law forbidding Jamiat Kheir to open school branches in other cities with the same name, people then established schools with different names (although sametimes similar, especially in Arabic) but with the same spirit and most of them affiliated with the Jamiat Kheir in Batavia, such as al-Jamʻiyyah al-Khairīyah al-ʻArabiyah in Ampel, al-Mu’awanah in Cianjur, al-ʻArabiyah al-Islamiyah in Banyuwangi, and Shama'il Huda in Pekalongan. The Shama'il Huda school in Pekalongan was led by Muḥammad al-ʻIdroos. Like Jamiat Kheir, this school also hired teachers from the Middle East such as Shaikh Ibrahīm of Egypt. A year later the management changed, where ʻAbdullah al-Aṭṭas was appointed as the Principal, Muḥammad Salim al-Aṭṭas as the vice Principal, Hasan ʻAli al-Aṭṭas as Secretary, and Naṣr ʻAbdullah Bakri as Treasurer. The member of counsel consisted of Hasan ʻAlwi Shahāb, ʻIdroos Muḥammad al-Jufri, Saqqaf Jaʻfar al-Saqqaf, Muḥammad ʻUmar Abdat, Cik Saleh Ismaʻil, ʻAbdulqadir Hasan, Sālim ʻUbaidah and Zen Muḥammad Bin Yaḥya. The schools were not exclusive to Arab Indonesians only, but also many of the pupils were of indigenous Indonesians.

Due to lack of qualified teachers to teach at the Jamiat Kheir schools, the board decided to hire teachers from overseas. In around October 1911, a Sudanese scholar name Ahmad Surkati arrived in Batavia along with two other teachers, Muḥammad bin ʻAbdul Ḥamid (a Sudanese living in Mecca) and Muḥammad al-ṭayyib, a Moroccan who soon returned to his homeland. They had been preceded by another teacher, the Tunisian Muḥammad bin ʻUthman al-Hashimi who had come to the Indies in 1910. Soon after they arrived in Batavia, Jamiat Kheir opened two branch schools, one was located in Bogor and directed by Muḥammad 'Abd al-Ḥamid, and the other was at Pekojan (in Batavia), directed by Muḥammad al-Tayyib. Surkati was appointed as the inspector for both the Jamiat Kheir schools but based in Batavia.

Surkati's first two years at this position was a great success, creating an assurance for the Jamiat Kheir to hire four more foreign teachers in October 1913. It was on his recommendation that Jamiat Kheir invited other teachers from abroad.  In 1912 one of his own brothers, joined by three other teachers, came to Batavia. They included Abu al-Fadl Muḥammad al-Sāti al-Surkati (Surkati's brother), Shaykh Muḥammad Nur bin Muḥammad Khayr al-Anṣari, Shaikh Muhamnmad al-'Aqib and Shaikh Hasan Ḥamid al-Anṣari. All of them were from Sudan. They all joined Aḥmad Surkati in Batavia except Shaikh Muḥammad al-'Aqib who launched a new Jamiat school branch in Surabaya.

Conflict
Some of more conservative Sayyid members of the Jamiat Kheir were becoming increasingly concerned about Surkati's influence on the Hadhrami community, and particular his attitudes towards the Sayyids themselves. It became more serious in 1913 when Surkati was asked during his visit to Solo during school holidays about his opinion on a marriage between a Sayyid woman with a non-Sayyid man. The case concerned a woman, a daughter of a Sayyid, who was living as concubine with a Chinese. Surkati suggested that money should be collected from among the local Haḍramis in order to release her from such a shameful circumstance which was apparently driven by economic hardship.  When the proposal was ignored, he then suggested that one of the local Muslims should marry her.  When the objection was put that her marriage to a non-Sayyid would be illegal on the basis of Kafa'ah, he argued it would be legal according to a reformist interpretation of Islamic law.  His opinion was quickly heard by the Jamiat Kheir leaders in Batavia, causing his relationship with the more conservative Sayyids deteriorated rapidly.

Sukarti also experienced racist criticism against him over this conflict. The name "'Alawi-Irshadi conflict" became applied to the split between the Sayyid faction (known as 'Alawis, Alawīyūn) and the non-Sayyids (al-Irshād led by Surkati). The 'Alawi Sayyid Muhammad bin 'Abdullāh al-'Aṭṭās even said "The al-Irshad organization, in my view, is no pure Arab organization. There is too much African blood among its members for that".  'Abdullāh Daḥlān attacked Surkati's stance that all humans whether Sayyid or non-Sayyid were equal by arguing that God creating some humans like the Prophet's family (the Sayyids) as superior to others. He said, "will the Negro return from his error or persist in his stubbornness?" Some Hadrami Sayyids including Daḥlān resorted to extreme racist results and insulted Sukarti, calling him "the black death", "black slave", "the black", "the Sudanese" and "the Negro", all while claiming that Sukarti could not speak Arabic and was a non-Arab.

Aḥmad Surkati was silent and could not reply with any arguments when his opinion was contested by ʻAbdullah bin Muḥammad Sadaqah Dahlan, who later replaced his position, with the same strong arguments based on al-Quran and sound sunnah. A rebuttal was even written by ʻAbdullah al-Aqib, one of Surkati's student, with the title of al-Khitab Faṣl fi Taʻyid al-Sūrah. In addition to Dahlan's writing, there are other writings that discuss kafa'ah among Alawi, one of them is  al-Burhān al-Nuroni fi Dahḍ Muftaroyāt al-Sinari al-Sudani by Habib ʻAlwi bin Husein Mudaihij. Further arguments written by Surkati and supporters eroded out by the book published in 1926 entitled al-Qaul al-Faṣl fī mā li Bani Hāshim wa Quraish wa al-Arab min al-Faḍl written by Mufti of Johor ʻAlwi bin Țahir al-Haddad.

Surkati then wrote his arguments and answers in Al-Masa `il ats-Tsalats in 1925 which contained the issue of Ijtihad, Bid‘ah, Sunnah, Heresy, Ziyarat (visiting graves), Taqbil (kissing the hands of Sayyids) and Tawassul. This essay paper actually was prepared as the material for a debate with Ali al-Thayyib of the Ba'alawi. The debate itself was initially planned to be held in Bandung. But Ali al-Thayyib cancelled it and asked the debate to be held in Masjid Ampel in Surabaya. But eventually he cancelled it again so there was no debate at all.

Surkati tendered his resignation on September 18, 1914. Many non-Sayyids and some Sayyids left the Jamiat Kheir with him.  He initially intended to return to Mecca where he used to teach, but was persuaded to stay by a non-Sayyid Hadhrami named ʻUmar Manqush (or Mangus with another transliteration), the Kapitein der Arabieren in Batavia, so he opened another Islamic school named al-Irshād in Batavia with the financial assistance of some Arabs, the largest of which from ʻAbdullah bin ʻAlwi Alaṭṭas, a wealthy landlord living in Petamburan, Batavia, who donated 60,000 Dutch gulden.

The Surkati's quit from the Jamiat Kheir was not really caused by religious differences, but was more influenced by conspiracy of the Dutch Indies colonial government  that has been arranged by ʻUmar Mangush and Rinkes, The Dutch adviser for Arab and indigenous communities. The relationship of these three had been previously established to create conflict among the Muslim community and for personal interests. Since early days, the Alawiyyin had advised Surkati through the Jamiat Kheir to not be associated with ʻUmar Mangush and Rinkes, but Surkati refused their request. The close relationship between Surkati, ʻUmar Mangush and the Dutch colonial government, making the Dutch authorities always intervened to help the difficulties between them and al-Irshād.

Present time

In subsequent years Jamiat Kheir concentrates its activities only in education, while the al-Rabiṭah al-'Alawiyah continues the original purpose and activities of Jamiat Kheir (non-education related social activities). Some founders of the al-Rabiṭah who were also administrators of Jamiat Kheir, among others were Muḥammad bin ʻAbdurrahman bin Aḥmad Idrus Shahāb, Idrus bin Aḥmad Shahāb, ʻAli bin Aḥmad Shahāb, Shaikhan bin Aḥmad Shahāb, Abūbakar bin ʻAbdullah al-Aṭṭas and Abūbakar bin Muḥammad al-habshī. The first student financed by the al-Rabiṭah to graduate from Jamiat Kheir was Sharifah Qamar of Darul Aytam, where she received stipend of 15 guilders a month.

Currently the schools are run under Yayasan Pendidikan Jamiat Kheir (The Education Foundation of Jamiat Kheir). The Foundation has elementary, middle and high schools as well as an undergraduate college which are all located in Tanah Abang, where for the elementary and middle schools, they are Single-sex schools.  In 2005 The Foundation built another elementary school with different name, Binakheir,'' in Depok.

Notes

Bibliography

Islamic organizations established in 1905
Educational organizations based in Indonesia
Indonesian National Awakening
Islamic education in Indonesia
Islamic organizations based in Indonesia
1905 establishments in the Dutch East Indies


title: Parshuram Temple, Chiplun

text:
Parshuram Temple (also known as Shree Kshetra Parshuram) is a temple of Lord Parshurama, the sixth avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism
located near Chiplun in Ratnagiri district
of Maharashtra, India.

Lord Parshurama

Parshurama is a Chiranjivi (immortal) avatar. After he rid the earth of all the Kshatriyas twenty-one times, Parshurama donated the entire earth to Maharshi Kashyap, thus he could not reside on that land. Parashuram had twenty-one battles to rid of those Kshatriyas Kings who had become brutal dictators and had given up principles of dharma. The Last Ruler to be killed was Kartavirya Arjuna. Rulers like Janak or Ikshwaku who ruled by principles were not harmed. Parshurama shot an arrow in the Arabian sea, pushed the sea back and reclaimed the land of Konkan, today’s 720 km coastline of India stretching from Mumbai to Kerala. Parshurama chose the Mahendragiri peak (in the village also named Parshuram) from this land for his permanent residence. This is the place where the temple is located. It is believed that Lord Parshurama leaves for the Himalayas at sunrise, does tapa in the Himalayas and returns to the temple at sunset.

Temple History

The temple was built by initiative from Swami Paramhans Brahmendra. He was the Guru of Siddi Yakutkhan of Janjira, Kanhoji Angre of Kolaba, Peshwa of Pune, Chatrapati Sahu Maharaj, Tararani of Kolhapur. He was also admired by the Portuguese and English for his presence in Peshwa and Angre's courts. Siddi Rasul Yakut Khan gave financial help to build Parshuram Temple in 1700. He gave Pedhe and Ambdas villages as Inam (prize) to Swamiji to incur daily expenses of the temple. Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj gave 5 nearby villages as Inam (prize). He built three temples, a Deepmahal (a tall stone structure used to light oil lamps as an offering to God) and a lodge for the pilgrims at Parshuram. Kanhoji Angre gave Mahalunge, Dorle, Kalambuse, Nayari, Virmade, Anewadi and Dhawdashi Inam (prize). In 1726 Siddhi demolished the temples by blaming Swamiji for giving away their elephant to Kanoji Angre, which was not true. The elephant, on its way from Savanur to Gowalkot was taken away by Angre's men to Jaigad. The Swami became angry and returned the elephant to Siddhi Saat. He later realized his mistake and rebuilt the demolished temples.

Transport

The temple is located in Parshuram village in Chiplun Taluka of Maharashtra state in India.

Road
Parshuram is connected by road to Ratnagiri, Mumbai, Mangaluru, Madgaon, Karwar, Udupi by National Highway number 17 (NH-17), now renumbered as NH-66. Parshuram is connected with Koynanagar, Patan and Karad by State Highway number 78. It is 11 km from Chiplun towards Mumbai. Chiplun is 247 km from Mumbai. Chiplun-Pune distance is 230 km. The nearest State Transport bus stand (MSRTC) is in Chiplun. Chiplun is well-connected with the rest of Maharashtra via MSRTC buses.

Railways

The nearest railway station is Chiplun railway station on the Konkan Railway line. Chiplun is an important station on the route and nearly all trains halt at Chiplun. The railway station is 7 km from Parshuram village. Frequent trains are available to Mumbai, Goa and Mangalore. Chiplun is also well-connected via railway to Kerala, Mangalore and Delhi.

Festivals

The major festivals celebrated at the temple are Akshaya Tritiya, Ram Navami and Mahashivratri.

Management

The temple is managed by the Shree Dev Bhargavram Devasthan Trust.

References

Hindu temples in Maharashtra
Parashurama temples
Tourist attractions in Ratnagiri district


title: Danish Law on Salaried Employees

text:
The Law on Salaried Employees (), properly Lov om retsforholdet mellem arbejdsgivere og funktionærer (law on the legal relationship between employers and salaried employees), is a Danish law which gives salaried employees certain rights with regard to termination, vacation, illness, non-solicitation and non-competition clauses, etc.

The first version of the law was adopted in 1938; it was last revised in 2013. The Act is not a general employment law, because it applies only to certain occupational groups—those defined under Danish law as salaried. The core group consists of employees engaged in clerical work, trade (for example, shop assistants), inventory processing, technical or clinical work (for example, engineers, nurses and doctors), management, etc. However, executives who are not subject to supervision, for example, CEOs, are not covered by the law.

In principle, the Act is not applicable to employees engaged in craft or factory work, agriculture, fishery, waiting tables, kitchen work, etc. However, although many sectors of employment are not immediately subject to the law, the law nonetheless applies to a portion of such sectors through employment contracts or union agreements which provide that the law is to apply (for example, auxiliary nurses, educators, social and health care assistants, and Folkeskole teachers). In Denmark, these are sometimes referred to as aftalefunktionærer (contract salaried employees) as opposed to lovfunktionærer (legal salaried employees), to whom the law automatically applies. Finally, some occupational groups in principle covered by the Act, by virtue of agreements derogating from the law have a legal status which is better or worse than is provided for under the Act.

There is a requirement for the law to be applicable that the employee works at least 8 hours a week on average, and also a requirement that the employee is not a civil servant.

The regulations concerning termination of employment under the Act establish a system of notices of termination based on the employee's length of service, which cannot be derogated from to the detriment of the employee. There is also the possibility of compensation in certain cases. At minimum, the employee will receive 1 month severance, provided they have passed the initial "probationary" period. After six months, the severance will be 3 months, etc.

The regulations concerning non-solicitation and non-competition clauses under the Act entitle the employee to compensation amounting to half pay during the period after leaving the job during which the employee is covered by such clauses.

See also
 White-collar worker

References

External links
 Funktionærloven at retsinformation.dk

Danish business law
Labour law
1938 in Denmark
1938 in labor relations
1938 in law


title: Dance Moms (season 3)

text:
The third season of Dance Moms, an American dance reality TV program created by Collins Avenue Productions, began airing on January 1, 2013 on Lifetime television network. The season concluded on September 17, 2013. A total of 39 official episodes and 1 special episode (The Smoke Before the Fire) aired this season.

Overview
The third season continues after the team's win at nationals. Kelly and her daughters Brooke and Paige decide not to return to the Abby Lee Dance Company. The mothers stage a protest to get Kelly to return, leading Abby to completely create a new competition team. The old team, including Kelly, Brooke, and Paige, eventually reunites and becomes Abby's competition team again. This season introduces many new dance moms and dancers to both the Abby Lee Dance Company and Candy Apples Dance Center.

Cast
The third season featured fourteen star billing cast members with various other dancers and moms appearing throughout the season.

Dancers
 Mackenzie Ziegler
 Chloe Lukasiak
 Nia Frazier
 Kendall Vertes
 Asia Monet Ray (Episodes 14-38)
 Brooke Hyland
 Paige Hyland
 Ally Morgan Serigne (Episodes 1-2)
 Sophia Lucia (episodes 2-4 and 8)
 Maddie Ziegler

Moms
 Melissa Gisoni
 Christi Lukasiak
 Kelly Hyland
 Holly Hatcher-Frazier
 Jill Vertes
 Kristie Ray (Episodes 14-38)

Guest dancers
 Ally Serigne, a lyrical/contemporary dancer from Ponchatoula, Louisiana. She first appeared in "The Beginning of the End", and was later invited to the ALDC to be part of the "replacement" team, which was formed after the elite team protested against Abby. Ally and her mother eventually left the ALDC after Bella's and Kaeli's mothers (Marcia and Gloria, respectively) blamed Ally for ruining the group dance "Cry". She also had a minor cameo in "The Big, Not So, Easy", as she was in the National group dance.
 Bella Hoffheins, a lyrical/contemporary dancer from Leesburg, Virginia. She was invited to the ALDC to be part of the "replacement" team. Along with Kaeli, Bella was kicked out of the ALDC by Abby due to the accusations their mothers made towards Ally. She makes an appearance in "Revenge of the Replacements" when she and Kaeli competed against the ALDC at a competition in Woodbridge, Virginia with their home studio, Studio Bleu Dance Center.
 Kaeli Ware, a lyrical/contemporary dancer from Leesburg. She was invited to the ALDC to be part of the "replacement" team. Along with Bella, Kaeli was kicked out of the ALDC by Abby due to the accusations their mothers made towards Ally. She makes an appearance in "Revenge of the Replacements" later when she and Bella competed against the ALDC with Studio Bleu.
 Sophia Lucia, a jazz/lyrical dancer from San Diego, California. She was invited to the ALDC to be part of the "replacement" team. After the disbandment of the replacement team, Sophia featured on the elite team for a few episodes before finally departing the show in the episode "Rotten to the Core".
 Payton Ackerman

Guest Moms
 Cathy Nesbitt-Stein (Candy Apples)
 Leslie Ackerman
 Shelly Serigne, mother of Ally. She first appeared in "The Beginning of the End". Shelly later appeared in "Out With the Old, In With the New" with the replacement team. She lastly appeared in "But I'm a National Champion!", by voice only, saying that due to Gloria and Marcia accusing Ally of ruining the group dance, she and her daughter went home to Louisiana. Shelly also had a minor cameo in "The Big, Not So, Easy", as Ally was in the group dance.
 Marcia Hoffheins, mother of Bella. Along with Bella, she was kicked out by Abby in "But I'm a National Champion!" when she and Gloria accused Ally of ruining the group dance "Cry". They later returned as members of Studio Bleu in "Revenge of the Replacements", competing against ALDC.
 Gloria Hampton, mother of Kaeli. She and Kaeli were kicked out by Abby after she and Marcia made accusations towards Ally. They later returned as members of Studio Bleu in "Revenge of the Replacements", competing against ALDC.
 Jackie Lucia, mother of Sophia. She and her daughter were a part of Abby's replacement team in "Out With the Old, In With the New." When the original team was put back into commission in "But I'm a National Champion!", Jackie and Sophia remained on the elite team until departing the show in "Rotten to the Core".

Cast duration

Notes
 Key:  = featured in this episode
 Key:  = not featured in this episode
 Key:  = joins the Abby Lee Dance Company
 Key:  = left the Abby Lee Dance Company
 Key:  = returns to the Abby Lee Dance Company

Episodes

References

General references

2013 American television seasons


title: Special Investigations Unit

text:
Special Investigations Unit or Special Investigation Unit may refer to:

 Special Investigations Unit (Ontario), a provincial police oversight agency in Canada
 CNN Special Investigations Unit, an investigative documentary on CNN
 Halton Regional Police Service's Special Investigations Unit
 Multnomah County Sheriff's Office's Special Investigations Unit
 New York State Office of Tax Enforcement's Special Investigations Unit
 S.I.U. (film), 2011 Korean action film
 Shelburne Police Service's  Special Investigations Unit
 Toronto Police Service's Special Investigations Unit
 White House Plumbers, covert White House Special Investigations Unit during the Nixon presidency

See also
 Special Investigating Unit, South African law enforcement agency
 SIU (disambiguation)
 Special Investigations Bureau (disambiguation)
 Special Investigations Division (disambiguation)
 Office of Special Investigations (disambiguation)
 Special Investigations Section (disambiguation)
 Special Investigations (disambiguation)


title: There Comes a Time (album)

text:
There Comes a Time is an album by the jazz composer, arranger, conductor and pianist Gil Evans, recorded in 1975 and performed by Evans with an orchestra featuring David Sanborn, Howard Johnson, Billy Harper and Ryo Kawasaki. The album was re-released with an altered tracklist on CD in 1988.

Reception

In a review for AllMusic, Scott Yanow wrote: "overall the music... is quite rewarding, it's a creative big band fusion that expertly mixes together acoustic and electric instruments. This was one of Gil Evans' last truly great sets."

Critic Richard Williams, writing for The Guardian, called the album an "immortal recording," one "often based on no more than a scrap of material coaxed into shimmering, multifaceted life."

Track listing
All compositions by Gil Evans except as indicated
 "King Porter Stomp" (Jelly Roll Morton) – 3:48
 "There Comes a Time" (Tony Williams) – 16:10 Re-edited 14:23 version included on CD reissue
 "Makes Her Move" – 1:42
 "Little Wing – 5:33 Omitted from CD reissue
 "The Meaning of the Blues" (Bobby Troup, Lee Worth) – 5:51 Unedited 20:01 version included on CD reissue
 "Aftermath the Fourth Movement Children of the Fire" (Hannibal Marvin Peterson) – 5:45 Omitted from CD reissue
 "Joy Spring" (Clifford Brown) – 2:19 Bonus track on CD reissue
 "So Long" – 16:37 Bonus track on CD reissue
 "Buzzard Variation" – 2:35 Bonus track on CD reissue
 "Anita's Dance" – 2:55
Recorded in RCA's Studio B in New York City on March 6 (tracks 2 & 7–9), April 11 (tracks 1, 3, 5 & 10) and April 14 (tracks 4 & 6) with additional recording on April 25, June 10 and 12, 1975

Personnel
Gil Evans – piano, electric piano, arranger, conductor
Hannibal Marvin Peterson – trumpet, koto, vocals
Ernie Royal, Lew Soloff – trumpet, flugelhorn, piccolo trumpet
John Clark, Peter Gordon  – French horn
Tom Malone – trombone, bass trombone, tuba, synthesizer
Joe Daley, Bob Stewart – tuba
Howard Johnson – tuba, bass clarinet, baritone saxophone, trombone
David Sanborn – alto saxophone, soprano saxophone, flute
George Adams, Billy Harper – tenor saxophone, flute
David Horowitz – electric piano, synthesizer, electronic organ
Pete Levin – synthesizer
Joe Gallivan – synthesizer, guitar, steel guitar, percussion, congas
Ryo Kawasaki – guitar, pedals
Herb Bashler, Paul Metzke – electric bass
Bruce Ditmas, Tony Williams – drums
Sue Evans – congas, timpani, percussion, celeste, cowbell
Warren Smith – mallet percussion, bongos

References

1975 albums
Gil Evans albums
Albums arranged by Gil Evans
RCA Records albums


title: Dahl Creek Airport

text:
Dahl Creek Airport  is a state owned, public use airport located 10 nautical miles (19 km) southeast of Dahl Creek, in the Northwest Arctic Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska.

The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a general aviation facility. As per the Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 92 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 10 enplanements in 2009, and 51 in 2010.

Facilities
Dahl Creek Airport covers an area of 13 acres (5 ha) at an elevation of 260 feet (79 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 8/26 with a gravel surface measuring 4,780 by 75 feet (1,457 x 23 m).

References

External links
 FAA Alaska airport diagram (GIF)
 Topographic map from USGS The National Map

Airports in Northwest Arctic Borough, Alaska
Airports in the Arctic


title: 1947 Palestine Premier League

text:
The 1947 Palestine Premier League was the third edition of the first tier in the Arab Palestinian football league system, organized by the APSF. The champion was Shabab al-Arab Haifa, defeating Islamic Sports Club Jaffa 5–1 in the final, which was played in Jerusalem and winning the trophy for the second time in a row. This was the last edition of the Palestine Premier League before the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

References

Palestine Premier League
2


title: Special Investigations Division

text:
Special Investigations Division or Special Investigation Division may refer to:

 Prince George's County Police Department's Special Investigation Division
 New Jersey Department of Corrections' Special Investigations Division

See also

 SID (disambiguation)
 Special Investigations Unit (disambiguation)
 Special Investigations Bureau (disambiguation)
 Office of Special Investigations (disambiguation)
 Special Investigations Section (disambiguation)
 Special Investigations (disambiguation)


title: Dorin Giurgiuca

text:
Dorin Giurgiuca (December 8, 1944, Mihalț, Alba County, Romania - June 4, 2013) was a Romanian international table tennis player and coach.

Table tennis career
Moving at a very young age with his family to Dej, he started playing table tennis when he was 14.

After he was discovered by Farkas Paneth, he joined CSM Cluj, where he stayed during all his active career, and with which he would win eleven national championships and five European Club Cup of Champions.

At the European Youth Championship in Bled, Yugoslavia, in 1962, he won a gold medal. In 1964, after winning the singles competition of the German, Austrian, and English Open tournaments, he was ranked second in Europe by the European Table Tennis Union.

A lefty and a master of the topspin, he became Romanian singles champion in 1967 and 1970.

A graduate of the Sports Academy in Cluj, after he retired from active play he became a coach.

He died of cirrhosis.

Achievements
national champion every year of his career in different competitions (1961-1974)
twice national champion in the singles competition (1967, 1970)
European youth champion (1962)
Balkan Games champion in the singles, doubles and mixed competitions (1965)
bronze medalist in the mixed competition (with Maria Alexandru, 1967 World Table Tennis Championships
silver medalist at the European Championship, (with Maria Alexandru), France, 1968
Winner of the English Open title.

Awards
Master of Sport, 1962
Honored Master of Sport, 1994

References

1944 births
2013 deaths
Romanian male table tennis players
Sportspeople from Alba County
Deaths from cirrhosis
World Table Tennis Championships medalists


title: Danish Social Service Law

text:
The Danish Social Service Law, Serviceloven, properly Lov om social service,  is a Danish law which specifies guidelines for advice and support both in order to prevent social problems and to provide services to people with physical or mental disabilities or particular social problems.

The first version of the law was passed in 1998, but it is typically revised several times a year,  most recently on 10 June 2014.

References

External links
 Serviceloven at retsinformation.dk

Law of Denmark


title: Clepsis camposana

text:
Clepsis camposana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in São Paulo, Brazil.

References

Moths described in 2003
Clepsis


title: Love Reality

text:
Love Reality is the second studio album from Christian pop singer Charmaine. It was released on March 30, 2010, by In:ciite Music.

Background
This is the follow-up to her debut album All About Jesus that came out eight years before in 2002. This album was released by In:ciite Music on March 30, 2010.

Critical reception

Love Reality garnered positive reviews from the ratings and reviews of music critics. At Christian Broadcasting Network, Mary Ruth Goochee rated the album four spins out of five, highlighting how the release "is full of pop, synthesis and soulful beats", and this kind of music listeners "wanna dance" to it "and her voice reminds me a lot of Katy Perry or Natasha Bedingfield." Roger Gelwicks of Jesus Freak Hideout rated the album four-and-a-half stars out of five, calling it "such a pleasure to hear." In addition, Jesus Freak Hideout's John DiBiase rated the album a perfect five stars, referring to it as "a bold pop record with a big sound and impressive production." At Christianity Today, Robert Ham rated the album three stars out of five, writing how "the music aims to split the difference between her old approach and this modernist attack that everything drags." Laura Chambers of Christian Music Review rated the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, indicating how the release "delivers a heartfelt message of God's faithfulness and nearness" that will most certainly "comfort and touch your heart." At The Phantom Tollbooth, Jamie Lee Rake rated the album four tocks out of five, remarking how the release "works as a wholly believable reinvention from an artist one could have assumed lost to eight years' absence." Brian Hall of The Christian Manifesto rated the album a perfect five stars, illustrating how it is "a bold but simple record" that Charmaine "is a beautiful breath of fresh air in a world of claustrophobic, overly shepherded pop." At Louder Than the Music, Suzanne Physick rated the album three stars out of five, stating how it is a "pretty strong album".

Track listing

References

2010 albums
Charmaine (musician) albums


title: Derek Bond (theatre director)

text:
Derek Bond is a British theatre director and writer who has directed at Royal Exchange Theatre, Southwark Playhouse, Soho Theatre and Watford Palace Theatre.

Awards

|-
| 2022
| Dragons and Mythical Beasts
| Olivier Award - Best Family Show
|
|-
| 2017
| Sweet Charity
| UK Theatre Awards - Best Musical
|
|-
| 2017
| Sweet Charity
| Manchester Theatre Awards - Best Musical
|
|-
| 2015
| Little Shop of Horrors
| Manchester Theatre Awards - Best Musical
|
|-
| 2012
| Floyd Collins
| Evening Standard Awards, Ned Sherrin Award for Best Musical
|
|-
| 2012
| Floyd Collins
| Off West End Awards, Best Musical
|

Selected work
 Dragons and Mythical Beasts by Derek Bond at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park
 The Christmasaurus by Tom Fletcher at the Hammersmith Apollo
 Sweet Charity at the Royal Exchange, Manchester, opened on 3 December 2016.
 Jess and Joe Forever by Zoe Cooper at the Orange Tree Theatre followed by a UK tour, then at the Traverse Theatre
 Stig of the Dump adapted by Jessica Swale at the Grosvenor Park Open Air Theatre
 Little Shop of Horrors at the Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester
 Floyd Collins (musical) at Southwark Playhouse
 Many Moons by Alice Birch at Theatre503

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British theatre directors


title: Candidatus Bartonella durdenii

text:
"Candidatus Bartonella durdenii" is a candidatus bacteria from the genus of Bartonella.

References

Bartonellaceae
Candidatus taxa


title: Janet Wilson

text:
Janet M. Wilson  is a UK-based New Zealand academic who specialises in post colonial New Zealand literature.

Academic career
Janet Mary Wilson is Emerita Professor of English and Postcolonial Studies, Faculty of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of Northampton  and editor of the Journal of Postcolonial Writing and on the board of the Journal of New Zealand Literature.

Previous appointments were held at Birkbeck, University of London, University of Otago, Oxford Brookes University, University of Oxford, Trinity College Dublin, University of Auckland and University of Sydney.

Wilson was elected Vice President of the National Conference of University Professors in 2018 and became President in 2020 until 2022.

Education
Wilson holds an MA in English from the Victoria University of Wellington, an MA in Medieval English from the University of Sydney and a DPhil from St Catherine's College, Oxford.

Professional life
Wilson currently holds a Visiting Professorship at Birmingham City University, is an Academic Visitor at University of Auckland and a Visiting Research Fellow at Rothermere American Institute University of Oxford where she was previously a Senior Research Fellow and an Associate Research Fellow. She was previously a Visiting Fellow at Jamia Millia Islamia University.

Awards and recognition
Wilson was a recipient of an Australian Commonwealth Fellowship at the University of Sydney (1972-1974) and a Violet Vaughan Morgan Studentship at St Catherine's College, Oxford (1980-1981).

Personal life
Wilson was, until his death, married to the New Zealand writer and poet Kevin Ireland.

Bibliography
Gasston A, Kimber G, Wilson J (Eds.) (2020) Katherine Mansfield: New Directions Bloomsbury, London
Wilson J (Ed.) (2020) The General and the Nightingale: Dan Davin's War Stories Otago University Press, Dunedin
Stierstorfer K, Wilson J (Eds.) (2017) The Routledge Diaspora Studies Reader Routledge, London
Tunca D, Wilson J (Eds.) (2016) Postcolonial Gateways and Walls: Under Construction Brill, Leiden
Ringrose C, Wilson J (Eds.) (2016) New Soundings in Postcolonial Writing: Critical and Creative  Contours Brill- Rodopi, Leiden & Boston
 Fresno Calleja P (Translator), Wilson J (Eds.) (2014) Un país de cuento. Veinte relatos de Nueva Zelanda Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza
Kimber G, da Sousa Correa D, Wilson J (Eds.) (2013) Katherine Mansfield and the (Post)colonial Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh
Wilson J, Kimber G, Reid S (Eds.) (2011) Katherine Mansfield and Literary Modernism. London: Continuum Bloomsbury, London
Kimber G, Wilson J (Eds.) (2011) Celebrating Katherine Mansfield: A Centenary Volume of Essays Palgrave, London
Wilson J, Sandru C, Lawson Welsh S (Eds.) (2010) Rerouting the Postcolonial: New Directions for the New Millennium Routledge. London
Wilson J (2008) Fleur Adcock Northcote House and the British Council, Plymouth
Wilson J (Ed.) (2007) The Gorse Blooms Pale: The Southland Stories of Dan Davin Otago University Press, Dunedin

References

External links
 linked-in
 institutional homepage

Living people
Academics of the University of Oxford
1948 births
University of Sydney alumni
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford
Academic staff of the University of Otago
Academics of the University of Northampton
Academics of Birkbeck, University of London


title: Football West State League Division 2

text:
The Football West State League Division 2 is a regional Australian semi-professional association football league comprising teams from Western Australia. The league sits at Level 3 on the Western Australian league system (Level 4 of the overall Australian league system). The competition is administered by Football West, the governing body of the sport in the state.

Format
The league operates with a promotion and relegation system. There is promotion to the Football West State League Division 1 for the top team each year, potential promotion to Division 1 for the second, third and fourth teams via a promotion/relegation playoff series, and potential relegation to the next lower league in the Amateur League Premier Division.

In 2020, promotion and relegation was suspended for the season, due to the impacts on the competition from the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia.

Clubs
The following 12 clubs competed in the 2023 WA State League 2 season:

References

External links
Football West Official website

Soccer in Western Australia
Fourth level football leagues in Asia


title: Crawlspace (2013 film)

text:
Crawlspace (also known as The Attic and Hideaway) is a 2013 horror film directed by Josh Stolberg. It was released on January 4, 2013, and was optioned by Hulu for exclusive VOD distribution starting June 5, 2014. Crawlspace focuses on a family that is terrorized by the former occupant of their new home.

Synopsis
Tim (Jonathan Silverman) and Susan (Lori Loughlin) Gates are eager to move into their new house with their teenage son Shane (Sterling Beaumon) and their younger son Taylor (Xander Stolberg), as well as their college-bound daughter Kayla (Raleigh Holmes), despite the house's dark history of drowned children and foreclosure. As they settle into the house, strange things frequently occur, like the garbage cans being taken out for collection without explanation. While Kayla and her boyfriend Derek (Paul James) are sorting out items for a garage sale, the garage door inexplicably opens and closes.

The next day, the ladder from the crawlspace descends into view, and the house's previous owner Aldon Webber (Steven Weber) climbs down. He washes up and helps himself to some food, and he retrieves a stuffed unicorn that Kayla had thrown out. Webber's intrusions into the Gates' lives grow more elaborate and sinister as the film progresses. He watches them closely through the air vents, and he even creeps into Kayla's room one night to film her sleeping.

The Gates' elderly neighbor warns Kayla and Shane that they need to get out of the house. She has witnessed Webber moving around when the family is gone during the day. After her warning, Webber sneaks into the neighbor's house and attacks her. He stuffs her vacuum cleaner's hose extension into her mouth and then reverses the air flow, emptying the vacuum's contents down her throat.

Webber's next victim is Taylor's babysitter, who was not watching as the boy played with Shane's paintball gun. At the garage sale, Webber reveals himself to Kayla and Shane, but poses as a customer. When Webber does not leave after the sale is over, Shane approaches him aggressively. Webber punches Shane in the face and walks off the property.

The next day, he is fixing the garbage disposal under the sink when his ex-wife comes to the house for a visit. She is under the impression that Webber is living in their old home until the phone rings and the answering machine plays the Gates' message. Webber attacks his ex-wife and shoves her head into the exposed blades of the garbage disposal. He wraps her body in plastic wrap and stores it in the crawlspace with his other victims.

The family calls an exterminator because they have begun to notice the decomposition odor. Chuck the Exterminator (David Koechner) investigates the crawlspace and discovers Webber's sleeping area, which he has plastered with pictures of the Gates as well as his own family. Chuck then discovers the bodies of Webber's victims. Webber attacks Chuck and strangles him with some Christmas lights.

Fed up with all the suspicious activity at the house, Kayla installs a webcam, which she is monitoring at a coffee shop when she sees Webber disable it. Recognizing him as the man who attacked Shane at the garage sale, she calls the police, who identify the man as the former owner of the house. Tim confesses that not only did his bank foreclose on the Webber's house after their children died, but that he did not help the Webber's keep the house because he wanted it for his own family.

The Gates prepare for a long night in the house, with everyone taking some measure of precaution. Tim holds on to a pistol, while Shane keeps watch with his paintball gun. The next morning, Webber begins his final assault on the Gates. His first target is Derek, who he kills by ramming Susan's curling iron through his mouth. He puts Ambien in Shane's Mountain Dew, and he knocks Susan out with the ladder from the crawlspace. Tim confronts Webber with his pistol, but Webber has removed the bullets. He knocks Tim out and turns his attention to Kayla, who is in the crawlspace looking for Taylor.

Webber has locked Taylor in a storage chest. Kayla manages to free him before Webber catches up to her. She tackles Webber, and the two of them fall through the floor. When they come to, their struggle climaxes in the kitchen. Susan has also regained consciousness and shoots Webber with Shane's paintball gun. Webber responds by throwing a kitchen knife into Susan's chest. The paintball canister rolls over to Kayla, who puts it onto one of the gas burners on the stove. Susan manages to shoot Webber three times and then the canister explodes, sending a burning Webber flying through the air.

The film ends as a family moves into the elderly neighbor's house. The mother is on the phone telling a friend that the house was a steal because of some domestic tragedy next door. She explains that the owner went psycho and disappeared. Unknown to her, Webber, who is still alive, is hiding in her attic, watching her talk on the phone. The film ends as he turns to the camera to reveal the burns that he suffered during the explosion.

Cast
Raleigh Holmes as Kayla Gates
Lori Loughlin as Susan Gates
Jonathan Silverman as Tim Gates
Steven Weber as Aldon Webber
David Koechner as Chuck the Exterminator
Sterling Beaumon as Shane Gates
Paul James as Derek
Nicole Moore as Mae
Shannon Welles as Mrs. Milz
Leila Charles Leigh as Patty Webber
Xander Stolberg as Taylor Gates
Larry Sullivan as Police Officer J. Forester
Steve Crest as Police Officer Fallon

Reception
Reviewers compared Crawlspace to the 1989 Gary Busey film Hider in the House, and Shock Till You Drop commented that while Crawlspace was overly familiar, "at the end of the day, it pays respect to the notion that even the safest place in our world may still have secrets." Starburst gave it seven out of ten stars and praised the film for the different ways that Weber's character murdered his victims.

References

External links

2013 films
2013 horror films
Films directed by Josh Stolberg
Films with screenplays by Josh Stolberg
2010s English-language films


title: Somnath Assembly constituency

text:
Somnath is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Gir Somnath district.

List of segments
This assembly seat represents the following segments, also this assembly has major city  Somnath and 53 villages. Somnath is also in this assembly so this is important to win for all parties. Gir Somnath district's main capital is Somnath.

 Veraval Taluka

Members of the Legislative Assembly

Election results

2022

-->

2017

2014

2012

See also
 List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly
 Gujarat Legislative Assembly

References

External links

Assembly constituencies of Gujarat
Gir Somnath district


title: Ramo Verde Prison

text:
Ramo Verde Prison (officially called National Center for Military Processed of Ramo Verde) is a military prison in the Los Teques municipality of Miranda, Venezuela. It is a prison known for its strict policies and security measures for prisoners, reserved specifically for military personnel and civilians whose characteristics represent an importance to the Venezuelan state, whether for reasons of safety or policies that may stay in place temporarily or to meet all of their penalties.

Security
Security relies on the Third Division of the Army of Venezuela and the Operational Area Integral Defense (ZODI) of the capital. Gonzalo Himiob of the Venezuelan Penal stated that Ramo Verde "is the most secure prison in the country by a military character".

Controversies
Ramo Verde has been a point of controversy and criticism due to cases of known personalities held there. According to an NGO called Citizen Control for Security, Ramo Verde is a prison "where prisoners are sort of invisible for the Venezuelan Government and totally unaware of any control mechanism laid down in the Law."

Among the people who have been held there include:
The Commanding General Raúl Isaías Baduel, former army commander and former Defense Minister of Hugo Chavez.
Carlos Ortega, former president of the Confederation of Workers of Venezuela, who escaped with Darío Farías and Captain Rafael Farias in 2006.
Captain Otto Gebauer, who participated in the events of 11 April 2002.
Commissioners Henry Vivas and Lázaro Forero, former senior officials of the former Metropolitan Police of Caracas, both released in 2011.
Ivan Simonovis, former Secretary of Public Safety of the city of Caracas.
General Francisco Usón, released in 2007.
General Ovidio Poggioli, released in 2006.
Leopoldo López, former Mayor of Chacao and leader of Popular Will.

References

Military of Venezuela
Prisons in Venezuela
Torture in Venezuela


title: Talala Assembly constituency

text:
Talala is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Gir Somnath district.

List of segments
This assembly seat represents the following segments,

 Mandorana
 Talala Taluka
 Sutrapada Taluka
 Mendarda Taluka (Part) Village – Lakadveri nes.

Members of Legislative Assembly
1990 - Jethabhai Ranabhai Jora, Indian National Congress
2007 - Bhagvanbhai Barad, Indian National Congress
2012 - Jasubhai Barad, Indian National Congress
2016 (by poll) - Govindbhai Parmar, Bharatiya Janta Party

Election results

2022

2017

2016

2012

See also
 List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly
 Gujarat Legislative Assembly

References

External links

Assembly constituencies of Gujarat
Gir Somnath district


title: The Boat Race 1985

text:
The 131st Boat Race took place on 6 April 1985.  Held annually, the event is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames.  Oxford won by  lengths. Bruce Philp became the first man to row for both universities having previously rowed for Cambridge, and Henrietta Shaw became the first female cox for Cambridge.

Isis won the reserve race, while Oxford were victorious in the Women's Boat Race.

Background
The Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the "Dark Blues") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the "Light Blues").  First held in 1829, the race takes place on the  Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London.  The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide.  Oxford went into the race as reigning champions, having beaten Cambridge by  lengths in the previous year's race.  However Cambridge held the overall lead, with 68 victories to Oxford's 61 (excluding the "dead heat" of 1877).  The race was sponsored by Ladbrokes for the ninth consecutive year.

The first Women's Boat Race took place in 1927, but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s. Until 2014, the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races, but as of the 2015 race, it is held on the River Thames, on the same day as the men's main and reserve races.  The reserve race, contested between Oxford's Isis boat and Cambridge's Goldie boat has been held since 1965.  It usually takes place on the Tideway, prior to the main Boat Race.

Crews
Oxford were pre-race favourites, and weighed an average of  per rower more than their opponents. Oxford's crew contained four former Blues while Cambridge featured three. Bruce Philp became the first man to row for both universities, having represented Cambridge in the 1982 and 1983 races. Henrietta Shaw became the first woman to cox the Cambridge boat.

Race

Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station.  A quick start from Cambridge coupled with a poor one from Oxford saw the Light Blues take a third of a length lead before being reined back at Fulham Football Club.  A one-second lead at the mile post preceded a period of warnings from umpire Ronnie Howard to both coxes as they contested the same water. Oxford held a canvas' lead as the crews passed under Hammersmith Bridge and began to move away along Chiswick Eyot.  A ten-second lead at Barnes Bridge became a thirteen-second lead at the finishing post, as Oxford took the win by four and three-quarter lengths in a time of 17 minutes 11 seconds. This was Oxford's tenth consecutive victory, and their eleventh in twelve years, and took the overall record to 68–62 in favour of Cambridge.

In the reserve race, Oxford's Isis beat Cambridge's Goldie by six lengths, while Oxford won the 40th Women's Boat Race.

Reaction
Cambridge stroke John Pritchard said "I tried everything.  But at the vital moment, the boat went heavy." His Oxford counterpart Francis Reininger said "I was always optimistic that the power was there waiting to be switched on.  When I asked for it, it glowed." Oxford coach Dan Topolski suggested that being given the Middlesex station was to their advantage, "I was glad to have Middlesex because in training our first three minutes had always been relatively poor."

References

External links
 Official website

The Boat Race
1985 in English sport
1985 in rowing
April 1985 sports events in the United Kingdom
1985 sports events in London


title: Annika Boras

text:
Annika Boras (born February 28, 1981) is an American actress and director. As a theater actress, she received a Drama League Award nomination for her portrayal of Elektra in An Oresteia as well as a Lucille Lortel Award nomination for her performance in Edward Bond's Chair. In 2017, she worked alongside Octavia Spencer and Claire Danes for the film A Kid Like Jake, directed by Silas Howard. She also appeared as Mrs. Alsop in The Post, starring Meryl Streep and Tom Hanks directed by Steven Spielberg.

Early life and education
Boras was born in New Jersey, to Erika (Nelson) Boras (now Erika Tesi), a classical cellist and music educator, and Dr. Tom Boras, a jazz saxophonist, composer and the director of jazz studies at NYU. She was raised in Bergen County, New Jersey and Greenwich Village. Boras has one sister, Brit Boras. She began studies to receive a Bachelor of Music at New York University. After a year, she left NYU to study acting in London. Boras graduated from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theater

Awards and nominations

Personal life
Boras is the maternal granddaughter of The Public Theater actor Herbert Nelson and actress/director Joan Deweese. As of September 2020, she is engaged to playwright Ayad Akhtar.

References

External links
 Annika Boras at the Internet Off-Broadway Database

American actresses
Living people
Alumni of RADA
1981 births
21st-century American women


title: Macchargawan

text:
Machhargawan is a panchayat in Bettiah, West Champaran district in Bihar, India. The pin code of Machhargawan is 845452. The area of Machhargawan lies in the district of Bettiah and has a Branch Post Office. Machhargawan officially lies in the postal division of West Champaran, postal region of Muzaffarpur and postal circle of Bihar.

The 4 main villages in Machhargawan panchayat are:

Dhonrhwalia
Matkota
Belbanawa
Macharagawan
Navgawan

Machhargawan Bazaar is the main shopping center for the adjoining villages of the Jogapatti block.

References

West Champaran district


title: Clepsis fucana

text:
Clepsis fucana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from British Columbia south to California.

The length of the forewings is 6.4–10.6 mm. The ground colour of the forewings varies from dark brown to white. The hindwings are white. Adults are on wing from April to June and again from September to October in two generations per year in the southern part of the range.

The larvae feed on Scrophularia, Cynara scolymus and Stachys species. They hollow out the terminal shoots of their host plant and feed on leaves webbed to the larval shelter.

References

Moths described in 1879
Clepsis


The 1999 San Jose State Spartans football team represented San Jose State University as a member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) during the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by third-year head coach Dave Baldwin, the Spartans compiled an overall record of 3–7 with a mark of 1–5 in conference play, placing seventh in the WAC. San Hose State played home games at Spartan Stadium in San Jose, California

Schedule

Coachign staff

Game summaries

At LSU

At Colorado

Saint Mary's

Tulsa

At Stanford

At TCU

At Rice

SMU (Cancelled)

At UTEP

Hawaii

At Fresno State

References

San Jose State
San Jose State Spartans football seasons
San Jose State Spartans football


title: Clepsis flavidana

text:
Clepsis flavidana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Manitoba, Maryland, Minnesota and Wisconsin.

The wingspan is 26–28 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from June to August.

The larvae feed on Rosa species.

References

Moths described in 1923
Clepsis
Moths of North America


title: Fatulla Huseynov

text:
Fatulla Ali oghlu Huseynov (; December 21, 1937 – June 14, 2004) was the colonel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan from shortly after Azerbaijan's independence in the early 1990s and one of the influential public figures in Azerbaijan until his assassination.

Career
Huseynov was the chief of the traffic police under the Interior Ministry in the late 1970s. Later he left his post and returned only in the late 1980s and was appointed police chief of Nasimi district of Baku. He then worked as chief of the Baku police for nearly two years.

In the early 1990s, he headed the public security directorate under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan. He also participated in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War within Interior Ministry subunits, where he received the nickname the “Black Colonel” for his unit's military feats.

Lately, Huseynov was a member of the board of the Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan and was its vice-president. He was one of the leaders of Azerbaijan's opposition Justice Party.

Death
Huseynov was assassinated outside his Baku home on June 14, 2004. The perpetrator was unknown, though believed to be figures within the government of Azerbaijan until 2013. In 2005, Haji Mammadov was arrested during operation Black Belt and convicted of murdering Huseynov.

See also
 Rovshan Aliyev

References

1937 births
2004 deaths
Azerbaijani military personnel
Azerbaijani military personnel of the Nagorno-Karabakh War
People murdered in Azerbaijan
Deaths by firearm in Azerbaijan
Assassinated Azerbaijani people
Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan


title: Torrington Municipal Airport

text:
Torrington Municipal Airport  is two miles east of Torrington, in Goshen County, Wyoming. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a general aviation facility.

Facilities
The airport covers 256 acres (104 ha) at an elevation of 4,207 feet (1,282 m). It has two asphalt runways: 10/28 is 5,703 by 75 feet (1,738 x 23 m) and 2/20 is 3,001 by 60 feet (915 x 18 m).

In the year ending May 31, 2017 the airport had 4,225 aircraft operations, average 352 per month: 97% general aviation, 2% air taxi, and <1% military. 31 aircraft were then based at this airport: 90% single-engine, 6% multi-engine and 1% helicopter.

See also
 List of airports in Wyoming

References

External links
 Torrington Municipal Airport at City of Torrington website
 Aerial image as of June 1994 from USGS The National Map

Airports in Wyoming
Transportation in Goshen County, Wyoming
Buildings and structures in Goshen County, Wyoming
Torrington, Wyoming


title: Sauli Väisänen

text:
Sauli Väisänen (born 5 June 1994) is a Finnish professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Danish Superliga club OB and the Finland national team. He began his senior club career playing for Honka , before signing with AIK at age 20 in 2014.

Väisänen made his international debut for Finland in October 2016, at the age of 22.  He appeared in 5 out of 10 of Finland's UEFA Euro 2020 qualification matches and helped Finland national team for the first time reach European Football Championship tournament's group stage.

Club career

Honka
Väisänen made his first team debut during season 2013, in a match against KuPS. He was known as a crucial part of the Honka reserve team Pallohonka.

AIK
In summer 2014 Väisänen joined AIK. He spent 4 seasons in the club. During season 2015 he was loaned to HIFK.

SPAL and loan to Crotone
Väisänen made his Seria A debut on 20 August 2017 in a match against Lazio. He was loaned to Crotone for season 2018–19.

Chievo
On 24 August 2019, Väisänen signed to Serie B club Chievo a deal. He made his debut in Chievo in a 1–1 home tie with Empoli on 30 August 2019.

Cosenza
On 16 August 2021, he joined Cosenza. He made his debut on 22 August 2021 playing full 90 minutes in a match against Ascoli.

Odense Boldklub
On 20 June 2023, Väisänen joined Danish Superliga club OB, signing a deal until June 2026.

International career

Finland youth teams

Väisänen made his debut in international football on 5 March 2014 at the age 19 when he was called to represent Finland U21 in a match against San Marino U21. During years 2014-2016 Väisänen was a part of the Finnish national youth squad, which he also captained on occasion.

Finland first team

Väisänen made his FIFA World Cup qualification match debut on 6 October 2016 on Laugardalsvöllur when Hans Backe chose him to the starting eleven for a match against Iceland.

Väisänen was called up for the UEFA Euro 2020 pre-tournament friendly match against Sweden on 29 May 2021. He was nominated to the Finland national team for the UEFA Euro 2020 tournament but had to withdraw due to an injury and was replaced by Niko Hämäläinen.

Personal life
Väisänen's mother Anna-Liisa Tilus-Väisänen is a prominent television presenter for Yle TV1 and Miss World 1984 semi-finalist. His younger brother Leo Väisänen is also a footballer.

Career statistics

Club

International

Notes

References

 Profile at veikkausliiga.com

External links

 Cosenza Calcio official profile
 Sauli Väisänen – SPL competition record

1994 births
Living people
Footballers from Helsinki
Men's association football defenders
Finnish men's footballers
Finland men's youth international footballers
Finland men's under-21 international footballers
Finland men's international footballers
FC Jokerit players
AC Allianssi players
PK-35 Vantaa (men) players
Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi players
FC Honka players
Pallohonka players
AIK Fotboll players
HIFK Fotboll players
SPAL players
FC Crotone players
AC ChievoVerona players
Cosenza Calcio players
Odense Boldklub players
Veikkausliiga players
Kakkonen players
Allsvenskan players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Finnish expatriate men's footballers
Finnish expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Finnish expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Finnish expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark


title: Clepsis kearfotti

text:
Clepsis kearfotti is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alaska and Alberta.

Etymology
The species is named in honour of William Dunham Kearfott.

References

Moths described in 1962
Clepsis


title: Ostrander, Washington

text:
Ostrander is an unincorporated community in Cowlitz County, Washington, north of the city of Kelso. Ostrander is located north on North Pacific Avenue from exit 42 of Interstate 5. The Ostrander community is part of the Kelso School District, a K-12 school district of nearly 5,000 students.

History
A post office called Ostrander was established in 1894, and remained in operation until 1939. The community was named after Nathaniel Ostrander, an early settler.

Geography
Ostrander is located at  (46.1926122, -122.8920562).

References

External links
Kelso School District website

Unincorporated communities in Cowlitz County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)


title: Lili Bosse

text:
Lili Bosse ( Toren) is an American politician currently serving as the Mayor of Beverly Hills, California. Before her current term, she also served as the mayor of city from March 2014 to March 2015, and from March 2017 to March 2018.

Early life
Bosse was born October 6, 1961 in Rego Park, Queens, New York City. At age nine, her family moved to Beverly Hills. She is the only child of Holocaust survivors  who had met in Israel shortly after World War II and immigrated to the United States. Her father, Jack Toren, died in 1993. Her mother, Rosalia (Orenstein) Toren, was born in Poland.

Rosalia wrote two books about her experiences after escaping from the Auschwitz concentration camp: Destiny in 1991 and A New Beginning in 1997. Her mother died in February 2015.

Bosse is a graduate of the University of Southern California.

Political career
Bosse served on the Beverly Hills Traffic and Parking Commission from 1997 to 2002, and on the Beverly Hills Planning Commission from 2007 to 2011. She was elected to a four-year term on the five-member Beverly Hills City Council in 2011. She was appointed by the City Council to serve a one-year term as vice mayor in 2013, and then for a succeeding one-year term as mayor in 2014.

Bosse was sworn in as mayor by actor Sidney Poitier in a ceremony at the Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts on March 25, 2014. Poitier had also sworn her in as vice mayor in 2013. One of her first actions as Mayor was to announce a "Healthy City Initiative", which aimed to make Beverly Hills "the healthiest city in the world".

In early May of 2014, Bosse approved a resolution by the Beverly Hills City Council to urge the Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, to sell the Beverly Hills Hotel after he had passed legislation in Brunei to impose Islamic Sharia law there. Bosse proclaimed she had made a "personal decision" not to visit the hotel until the situation had been resolved.

From May 25 to June 3, 2014, Bosse visited China as part of a mayoral delegation trip. She met officials in Beijing, Wuhan, Hongan, Guangzhou, and Jieyang to promote trade between China and Beverly Hills, especially its luxury industry.

In March of 2017, Bosse began her second term as the mayor of Beverly Hills. She announced the renewal of her weekly "Walk With the Mayor" program and a new partnership between the City of Beverly Hills and author Deepak Chopra. In August of 2017, Bosse introduced Beverly Hills Open Later Days (BOLD) which encouraged local businesses to stay open later into the evening, especially on Rodeo Drive.

Bosse was reelected mayor of Beverly Hills in April 2022. She announced the launch of a Real Time Watch Center to surveille the city's residents and 'BHPD alert' which provides citizen activity information directly from the police department.

In October of 2022, in response to the Mahsa Amini protests in Iran, she led the Beverly Hills City Council in the adoption of a resolution calling on the Biden administration to increase sanctions against Iran, for the United Nations to expel Iran from the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women.

In December of 2022, Bosse was invited to attend the second annual Mayors Summit Against Antisemitism in Athens, Greece. During the summit, she joined municipal leaders from 53 cities and 23 countries to sign a historic declaration committing to “fight antisemitism in all its manifestations” by cooperating in the areas of education, raising awareness and promoting interfaith relations.

Philanthropy
Bosse served as president of the Beverly Hills Education Foundation, from which she received the Spirit of Philanthropy Award.

She is a donor to the Beverly Hills 9/11 Memorial Garden. She is a founding member of the Police And Community Together organization. Bosse and her husband donated US$100,000 to the Moriah Films division of the Simon Wiesenthal Center to honor her mother's 90th birthday in 2013. The name "Rose Orenstein Toren" will appear in the film credits of all documentaries subsequently produced by the center. In 2013, she and her husband served on the Southern California Regional Council of Birthright Israel.

Bosse is co-founder and serves on the executive board of Visionary Women, a nonprofit organization that promotes women in leadership positions.  She is a fellow of Vital Voices, a global women's leadership organization.

Personal life
Her husband, Jon Bosse, is the co-president and chief investment officer of NWQ, an affiliate of Nuveen Investments. They have two sons, Andrew and Adam. They reside in Beverly Hills, California.

References

Living people
People from Rego Park, Queens
Beverly Hills High School alumni
University of Southern California alumni
Mayors of Beverly Hills, California
Jewish mayors of places in the United States
Women mayors of places in California
American philanthropists
Philanthropists from California
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American Reform Jews
American women philanthropists
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Jewish American people in California politics
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women
Date of birth missing (living people)
1961 births


title: Special Investigations

text:
Special Investigation or Special Investigations may refer to:

 Department of Special Investigation, a Thai security service
 Special Investigation Branch, the British armed forces military police CID
 Special Investigations Department (Brazil), a part of the Civil Police
 Special Investigation Group, a New Zealand governmental security group

See also

 Special Criminal Investigation, a 1989 arcade game
 Special Investigations Unit (disambiguation)
 Special Investigations Bureau (disambiguation)
 Special Investigations Division (disambiguation)
 Office of Special Investigations (disambiguation)
 Special Investigations Section (disambiguation)


title: Clepsis listerana

text:
Clepsis listerana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from southern Quebec south to Tennessee and North Carolina.

The wingspan is 11–12 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from June to September.

Etymology
The species is named in honour of A.E. Lister who first collected the species.

References

Moths described in 1907
Clepsis


title: Jacqueline Rowarth

text:
Jacqueline Sara Rowarth   is a New Zealand agronomist, dairy farmer and science administrator.

Career

Rowarth has an Agricultural Science degree with first class honours in Environmental Agriculture, and obtained a PhD in Soil science from Massey University, with a 1987 thesis titled  'Phosphate cycling in grazed hill-country pasture'. Rowarth taught Plant Science at Lincoln University. She returned to New Zealand to Massey University as full professor.

In October 2016 Rowarth became  the first Chief Scientist of the Environmental Protection Authority. In 2018  Rowarth resigned from her role at the Environmental Protection Authority. It was later revealed that the EPA was warned her behaviour was damaging trust in the organisation, apparently due to comments to the media. According to Rowarth she was often misquoted.

As of 2021, Rowarth is a farmer-elected representative on the board of DairyNZ. She is currently a director of DairyNZ.

Rowarth has criticized veganism. She has argued that a vegan diet will not save the planet from climate change and has also argued that an omnivorous diet including a moderate amount of dairy products and meat delivers the required nutrients per person for least environmental impact.

Recognition
Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to agricultural science, in the 2008 Queen's Birthday Honours

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit
Companions of the Royal Society of New Zealand
Critics of veganism
Academic staff of Lincoln University (New Zealand)
Massey University alumni
Academic staff of Massey University
New Zealand soil scientists
New Zealand women academics
Academic staff of the University of Waikato


title: Egalia

text:
Egalia is a preschool located in Södermalm, a borough of the Swedish capital of Stockholm. As is the case with every Swedish pre-school, Egalia is funded with municipal money. The school is funded and directed by Lotta Rajalin. The school opened in 2010 and serves children from ages 1 to 6.

Background
Egalia is an offshoot of Nicolaigarden, a preschool that has 115 pupils. Three teachers from Nicolaigarden started Egalia in 2010 as a result of the success of the larger school.

Policy on gendered pronouns
The preschool has received attention for its refusal to use the terms "him" and "her" and encouraging the children to say "friend" or to use the gender-neutral pronoun hen instead.

The idea of the gender-neutral pronoun came from Finnish (about 5% of the population of Sweden is Finnish-speakers). Since Finnish completely lacks grammatical gender, has no way (and no need) to express gender with pronouns. In Swedish, han means he and hon means she – but the Finns ab ovo use the gender-neutral personal pronoun hän, which means both he or she.

The school has avoided books that have gender-specific roles and definitions. Nearly all of the books that the school uses for teaching deal with gay couples, single parents or adopted children.

Controversy
Egalia has encountered controversy for "indoctrination" to which the school replied that this was to be expected in any society and "Bringing them up is indoctrination".
According to psychiatrist and author David Eberhard  it is "intellectually dishonest" and "this kind of brainwash works when they are small".

Relevant laws
The Swedish national curriculum has demanded schools oppose gender stereotypes since 1998.

Teachers make sure pupils in Egalia do not have access to material that could promote gender-stereotyping.
Under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, children have the right to access a range of opinions but exceptions exist for "the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals." as well as or "For respect of the rights or reputations of others"

References

External links

2010 establishments in Sweden
Early childhood education
Educational institutions established in 2010
Schools in Stockholm


title: 1848 in Chile

text:
Events in the year 1848 in Chile.

Incumbents
President: Manuel Bulnes

Events

February
8 February - The Treaty of Lima is signed.

Births
date unknown - Francisco de Borja Echeverría (died 1904)
5 February - Ignacio Carrera Pinto (died 1882)
April 3 - Arturo Prat (died 1879)
November 16 - Rafael Sotomayor Gaete (died 1918)

Deaths
17 December - José María Urrutia Manzano (born 1771)


title: Clepsis persicana

text:
Clepsis persicana, the white triangle tortrix or the green needleworm, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alaska and British Columbia to Newfoundland and south to Virginia and west to California. The habitat consists of coniferous and mixed coniferous forests.

The larva is slender and very active, with yellow head and wide, indistinct greyish stripes on the body. In Ontario, larvae have been collected in late May and June. Measures to control green needleworms have not been needed. The length of the forewings is 8.5-10.5 mm for males and 10–11 mm for females. The forewings are orange basally, becoming darker and purplish towards the termen, which is pale. Adults are on wing from June to August in one generation per year.

The larvae have been recorded feeding on a wide range of deciduous and coniferous trees, including Acer (including Acer negundo), Osmorhiza, Solidago, Alnus (including Alnus viridis, Alnus incana), Betula (Betula papyrifera, Betula nana), Corylus, Cornus canadensis, Rhododendron canadense, Vaccinium, Frasera (including Frasera fastigiata), Ribes, Maianthemum canadense, Comptonia peregrina, Fraxinus, Abies (including Abies balsamea, Abies concolor, Abies lasiocarpa), Larix (Larix occidentalis), Picea (including Picea glauca, Picea engelmannii), Pinus (including Pinus banksiana), Pseudotsuga (including Pseudotsuga menziesii), Ceanothus, Malus pumila, Prunus (including Prunus virginiana, Prunus persica), Rosa, Rubus, Populus (including Populus tremuloides, Populus balsamifera), Salix and Ulmus. They web the leaves of their host plant and feed in the calyx. Young larvae lower themselves on a silk thread and search for abandoned shelters of other Tortricidae species. If no such shelter is found, the larvae will feed on cover plants on the ground. The species overwinters as a mid-instar larva. Pupation takes place under the bark of their host plant or in amongst fallen leaves at the base of a tree. The larvae have a yellowish-green or greyish-green body and a yellowish-brown head. They can be found from April to June.

References

Moths described in 1856
Taxa named by Asa Fitch
Clepsis
Moths of North America


title: 1851 in Argentina

text:
Events in the year 1851 in Argentina.

Incumbents
 Governor of Buenos Aires Province: Juan Manuel de Rosas (de facto Head of State of Argentina)
 Governor of Cordoba: Manuel López
 Governor of Santa Fe Province: Pascual Echagüe then Domingo Crespo

Events
 May 1 – governors Justo José de Urquiza of Entre Rios and Benjamin Virasoro of Corrientes rise up against Rosas
 May 29 – Corrientes and Entre Rios enter into alliance with Uruguay and Empire of Brazil
 August 18 – Rosas declares war on Empire of Brazil

Births
 March 19 – Roque Sáenz Peña, President 1910–1914

Deaths

1850s in Argentina
Years of the 19th century in Argentina


title: Sir Francis Sykes, 2nd Baronet

text:
Sir Francis William Sykes, 2nd Baronet (12 November 1767 – 7 March 1804) was an English baronet and politician.

He was elected at a by-election in 1794 as Member of Parliament (MP) for Wallingford, in the interest of his father Sir Francis Sykes, 1st Baronet, of Basildon Park. He  did not seek re-election in 1796.

In 1797 he was Lieutenant-Colonel of the Berkshire Militia, then  stationed at Bristol. Considering that a letter signed 'Trim'  that had appeared in Farley's Bristol Journal reflected badly on his conduct, he discovered that 'Trim' was a Mr C.F. Williams. Meeting Williams in College Green, Sykes asked if he was the author and if the letter referred to Sykes. Williams accepted that it did, whereupon Sykes struck him several times. A few days later they met for a duel. Standing at 10 paces' distance, they fired at each other four times (during which Sykes was slightly wounded in the foot and Williams in the groin) before their seconds intervened. It was settled that Williams should publish a letter of apology and that Sykes should apologise to him in College Green before witnesses.

On 10 November 1798 he married Mary Anne, eldest daughter of the Hon Major Henniker and grand-daughter of John Henniker, 1st Baron Henniker.

Sykes resigned from the Berkshire Militia on 24 August 1799 and moved to Germany. On 27 February 1804 his wife died of Scarlet fever at Elberfeld and having nursed her he too died of the disease on 7 March, two months after succeeding his father in the baronetcy. The couple (and their infant son who had also died) were brought back to Basildon Park for burial.

They left three children:
 Sir Francis William Sykes, 3rd Baronet, born 8 August 1799, died 6 April 1843
 Rev William Sykes, born 25 September 1800, died 3 June 1875
 An unmarried daughter

References

1767 births
1804 deaths
Royal Berkshire Militia officers
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1790–1796
Infectious disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from streptococcus infection


title: Real Tonga

text:
Real Tonga, stylised as "REALtonga", was an airline that operated domestic flights within Tonga. It commenced operations in March 2013, becoming the twelfth airline to operate domestic flights in Tonga since air services began. In 2020 the airline ceased all operations.

History
Real Tonga commenced operations on 4 March 2013, taking over services previously operated by Chathams Pacific, a subsidiary of New Zealand-based airline Air Chathams. The airline was started up with funding from the owner Tevita Palu, as well as the gifting of several aircraft from China to the Tongan government, including a Xian MA60, which were then leased to Real Tonga.

The use of the MA60 generated controversy in both Tonga and New Zealand due to the type's safety record, and the New Zealand government issued a travel advisory, warning against air travel in Tonga. As a result of this, tourist numbers dropped, particularly on the outer islands, where the reduction in the number of tourists had a significant impact on the local economy.

In June 2014, Real Tonga announced that it had purchased two British Aerospace Jetstream 32 aircraft from Australia.

On May 12 2020 Real Tonga was not operating after the MA60 lease was terminated, the Y-12 lease expired and the Saab 340 was out of service after a birdstrike incident. This occurred amid issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the laying off of staff and pilots.

Two weeks later, on May 27, the Tongan government announced they were cutting support for Real Tonga in favour of a new airline to be called 'Lulutai'. It was reported that the airline had been running at a loss for seven years since its inception in 2013. This would make the Real Tonga the fifth Tongan domestic operator to cease operations since Royal Tongan Airlines collapsed in 2004. (See also: List of defunct airlines of Tonga).

Safety record
Attempts were made to verify that the MA60 flown by Real Tonga was safe. Pilot Rodger McCutcheon said the MA60 is an excellent airplane. Ex-Air New Zealand pilots with over 15000 flight hours have offered to recertify the plane. The chief executive of Samoa Air added that he didn't believe the MA60 aircraft, gifted to Tonga by China, is a significant safety issue.

However, on March 6 of 2015, the airline decided to ground and return the MA60 turboprop, due to pressure from the New Zealand government. By doing this, the Pacific island nation triggered a release of NZ$10 million in aid to it. A 68-seater ATR 72-600 was leased from Fiji Airways to operate a number of charter flights.

Destinations

Fleet

The Real Tonga fleet comprises the following aircraft (as of August 2016):

References

Defunct airlines of Tonga
Airlines established in 2013
Airlines disestablished in 2020
2013 establishments in Oceania


title: Clepsis penetralis

text:
Clepsis penetralis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Utah, Colorado, Vermont, Washington and southern Canada.

The length of the forewings is 6–7.5 mm. Adults are on wing from late June to early September.

References

Moths described in 1979
Clepsis