title: 2015 24 Hours of Le Mans

text:
The 83rd 24 Hours of Le Mans () was an 24-hour automobile endurance event for teams of three drivers each entering Le Mans Prototype and Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance cars held from 10 to 14 June 2015 at the Circuit de la Sarthe, close to Le Mans, France. It was the 83rd running of the 24 Hour race organised by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest as well as the third round of the 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship. A test day was held two weeks prior to the race on 31 May. A record-breaking 263,500 people attended the event.

A Porsche 919 Hybrid driven by Neel Jani, Romain Dumas, and Marc Lieb started from pole position after Jani broke the circuit's lap record in qualifying. The race was won by the sister Porsche of Nick Tandy and Le Mans rookies Earl Bamber and Nico Hülkenberg, followed a lap behind by a third Porsche shared by Mark Webber, Brendon Hartley and Timo Bernhard. Audi's best car, driven by the title defenders Benoît Tréluyer, Marcel Fässler, and André Lotterer, finished third, a further lap behind the two Porsche vehicles. This was the seventeenth overall victory for Porsche, and their first since .

The LMP2 category was won by the KCMG Oreca-Nissan driven by Richard Bradley, Matthew Howson, and Nicolas Lapierre. The trio led all but nine laps of the race but only held a 48-second lead over the Jota Sport Gibson-Nissan at the race's end. Corvette Racing won their first class victory since  despite one of their two cars being withdrawn after an accident in qualifying. Oliver Gavin, Tommy Milner, and Jordan Taylor held a five-lap margin in LMGTE Pro over the AF Corse Ferrari in second, after breaking away from the rest of the field in the second half of the race. The LMGTE Am class was led for most of the time by the No. 98 Aston Martin until driver Paul Dalla Lana crashed in the Ford Chicane in the final hour of the race, handing the victory to the SMP Racing Ferrari of Viktor Shaytar, Aleksey Basov, and Andrea Bertolini.

The result meant Lotterer, Tréluyer and Fässler remained the leaders of the Drivers' Championship on 80 points, 20 ahead of Tandy, and a further two in front of his co-drivers Bamber and Hülkenberg. Dumas, Jani and Lieb dropped from second to fourth and Bernhard, Hartley and Webber stood in fifth place. Porsche became the new leaders of the Manufacturers' Championship with 140 points; Audi were 16 points behind their nearest rivals with Toyota 69 points adrift in third with five races left in the season.

Schedule and pre-championship standings
The 2015 Le Mans schedule was confirmed in an FIA World Motor Sport Council meeting in Munich on 26 June 2014. It was the 83rd running of the event, and the third of eight scheduled rounds of the 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship. Before the race Audi Sport Team Joest drivers André Lotterer, Benoît Tréluyer and Marcel Fässler led the Drivers' Championship with 50 points, 14 ahead of their nearest rivals Romain Dumas, Neel Jani and Marc Lieb and a further 14 in front of third-placed Mike Conway, Stéphane Sarrazin and Alexander Wurz. Anthony Davidson and Sébastien Buemi were fourth on 19 points, and Timo Bernhard, Brendon Hartley and Mark Webber stood in fifth place with 17 points. Audi were leading the Manufacturers' Championship with 70 points, 17 ahead of their rival Porsche in second; the third-place manufacturer Toyota had scored 47 points. Audi had so far dominated the season by winning the first two races of the campaign. Dumas, Jani and Lieb had twice finished in second while Davidson and Buemi along with Bernhard, Hartley and Webber had achieved third-place results.

Circuit and regulation changes

Following the introduction of slow zones during the 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans, the race's organiser, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) revised the system for 2015. The limited speed in the zones was increased from  to . The number of zones around the circuit had also increased from 19 to 35, with a new lighting system to assist marshals added to each zone. Le Mans Prototype (LMP) teams were also required to carry additional flashing rain lights from Le Mans onward following a collision between two prototype cars in the rain at 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps caused by low visibility.

Modifications were made to the circuit from Mulsanne Corner to the Corvette Curves. The circuit was widened on the road connecting Mulsanne to Indianapolis, and again from Indianapolis to the Porsche Curves, although the kerbs remained in their previous locations. The first corner of the Porsche Curves had a larger run-off area on the outside while SAFER barriers had been installed on the inside wall. The Corvette corner also now featured a gravel run-off.

Entries

Automatic invitations
Automatic entry invitations were earned by teams that won their class in the previous running of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, or won championships in other Le Mans-based series such as the IMSA SportsCar Championship (IMSA), the European Le Mans Series (ELMS), and the Asian Le Mans Series (ALMS). Some championship runners-up were also granted automatic invitations in certain series. All current FIA World Endurance Championship (FIA WEC) full-season entries also automatically earned invitations. As invitations were granted to teams, they were allowed to change their cars from the previous year to the next, but not allowed to change their category. In the ELMS, the "Le Mans" Grand Touring Endurance (LMGTE) class champion and runner-up were allowed to choose between the Pro and Am categories, while the GTC class champion was limited solely to an Am entry. The ALMS GTC competitors were also limited to the LMGTE Am class.

The ACO announced its initial list of automatic entries on 15 December 2014.

Entry list

In conjunction with the announcement of entries for the 2015 FIA WEC and the ELMS seasons, the ACO announced the full 56 car entry list for Le Mans, plus seven reserves. In addition to the 35 guaranteed entries from the FIA WEC, 13 entries came from the ELMS, three from IMSA, two from the ALMS, while the rest of the field was filled with one-off entries only competing at Le Mans.

Reserves
Seven reserves were initially nominated by the ACO, limited to the LMP2 and LMGTE Am categories. Algarve Pro Racing withdrew their reserve LMP2 entry, while Riley Motorsports was promoted from the reserve list when the second SARD-Morand entry withdrew from the FIA WEC. Five reserves remained on the list: A second KCMG LMP2, a second Ibañez LMP2, a third Proton Porsche, and the Formula Racing Ferrari and Gulf Racing Porsche.

Testing and practice
A pre-Le Mans testing day was held at the circuit on 31 May, involving all 56 entries as well as the KCMG Oreca-Nissan, Ibañez Oreca-Nissan, Gulf Racing Porsche, and Formula Racing Ferrari reserve entries. Two LMP3 class Ginetta vehicles and two additional AF Corse Ferrari cars also participated. The two four-hour sessions were held under mixed weather conditions as rain swept through the area several times. Neel Jani set the fastest time in the early session with a three minutes and 21.945 seconds for the No. 18 Porsche, but Hartley improved to a three minutes and 21.061 seconds in the sister No. 17 Porsche. Audi's best time was a three minutes and 22.307 seconds for Marco Bonanomi in the No. 9 car, while Toyota could only muster a three minutes and 25.321 seconds lap. Laurens Vanthoor was the fastest LMP2 driver in the No. 34 OAK Ligier-Honda. Darren Turner's No. 97 Aston Martin was quickest in LMGTE Pro while Pedro Lamy helped Aston Martin also lead in LMGTE Am. The session served as the first appearance for the trio of Nissan GT-R LM Nismo amongst its World Endurance Championship competitors, although the cars were not on pace with the LMP1 field. After the test several prototype teams, including all Audi, Porsche, Toyota and Nissan cars participated in an unofficial test on the shorter Bugatti Circuit the following day to ensure car components were working efficiently before the race.

Four hours of practice were held for the field on Wednesday afternoon, but again suffered from variable wet-weather throughout. The No. 17 Porsche once again led the session although Webber was the fastest driver to set the three minutes and 21.362 seconds lap time. Audi closed to within half a second with Loïc Duval's three minutes and 21.950 seconds lap. The LMP2 category had only a single car manage a lap under three minutes and 40 seconds when Richard Bradley set a three minutes and 39.897 seconds lap, a full second ahead of the No. 34 OAK Ligier-Honda. The KCMG car had earlier caused the session to be red flagged when the car came to a stop at the first Mulsanne Straight chicane. The Murphy Prototypes Oreca-Nissan later caused a second stoppage when Mark Patterson spun in the Porsche Curves entry and heavily impacted the safety barrier. Patterson was unhurt. The LMGTE Pro category was again led by Aston Martin, Richie Stanaway's No. 99 car setting a three minutes and 55.895 seconds lap, followed by the No. 64 Corvette and the No. 97 Aston Martin. Mathias Lauda kept the No. 98 Aston Martin ahead in LMGTE Am, nearly two seconds ahead of the two Proton Porsche cars.

Qualifying
The first dry session of the week occurred on Wednesday night in the first of three qualifying sessions to set the race's starting order with the fastest lap times set by each team's quickest driver. The first timed laps of the session immediately saw the qualifying record for the track, in its current configuration, broken. Bernhard's first timed lap of three minutes and 17.767 seconds in the No. 17 Porsche broke the  record by nearly a second, only to be followed by Jani in the No. 18 Porsche with a three minutes and 16.887 seconds lap time. Neither driver improved their times over the rest of the session, giving the No. 18 Porsche provisional pole position, followed in third by the remaining Porsche 919. The Audi trio followed, with Duval leading the group but nearly three seconds off the pole pace. Toyota's best effort came from Sarrazin in the No. 2 car, nearly two seconds adrift of the Audi's lap times. Nissan's lap times improved to a three minutes and 38.468 seconds, but were over twenty seconds off the pole position time.

The fastest LMP2 lap time was also set early in the session, with Richard Bradley recording a three minutes and 38.032 seconds time in the KCMG Oreca-Nissan, nearly a full second ahead of the Greaves Motorsport Gibson-Nissan. The Greaves car, driven by rookie Gaëtan Paletou, later caused the session's only stoppage when it collided with the safety barriers at Mulsanne Corner and had to be towed back to the garage. Aston Martin dominated the LMGTE categories in the first qualifying session, with four of their five entries leading the overall positions in the category. Stanaway set the fastest time of three minutes and 54.928 seconds in the No. 99 car, while Pedro Lamy was the fastest Amateur category entry with a three minutes and 55.102 seconds lap to be second fastest among all LMGTE cars. Gianmaria Bruni's AF Corse Ferrari was third amongst LMGTEs before ACO officials disallowed their fastest lap times for going beyond the track limits, demoting the car down the grid. The two remaining LMGTE Pro Aston Martin drivers followed the dual class pole sitters, with Corvette the first car from another marque.

Initial weather forecasts predicted rain for the Thursday qualifying sessions, but it failed to materialise. The teams had two full sessions of clear but hot and humid weather. Nick Tandy's Porsche led the session with a three minutes and 18.862 seconds lap, but remained in third position on the provisional grid. Audi No. 7 was the only other car to put in an improved lap time amongst the top ten cars. TDS Racing was the fastest LMP2 car in the session with a three minutes and 40.441 seconds yet still over two seconds behind the pole time of KCMG. The LMGTE categories also remained much the same, as Aston Martin still occupied the top four qualifying positions. Twice the session was stopped for heavy accidents, first for the No. 55 AF Corse Ferrari of Duncan Cameron who became stuck in a gravel trap for about fifteen minutes. The second stoppage occurred when Jan Magnussen suffered a mechanical failure in his No. 63 Chevrolet Corvette C7.R and hit the barriers twice in the Porsche Curves. Repairs to the barriers forced the cancellation of the remainder of the session, although half an hour was added to the final qualifying session. Magnussen was transported to the track's medical centre for a check-up and later released by the race organiser's medical staff. The Corvette was unable to be repaired and the team was forced to withdraw from the race because they did not bring a spare chassis to Le Mans.

As temperatures cooled in the final qualifying session, over a third of the field improved their fastest laps, but Jani's pole position time was unchallenged. Audi No. 7 led the session with a three minutes and 20.967 seconds lap time, still over four seconds shy of pole position. Nissan improved all three of their cars during the session, closing to within a second of the closest LMP1 competitor. The No. 26 G-Drive Ligier-Nissan closed to within a second of KCMG to take the second grid position in LMP2, while Greaves remained in third. In LMGTE Pro the No. 51 AF Corse Ferrari rebounded from the loss of their qualifying times in the first session to lead the final session and come within a tenth of a second of Aston Martin. The sister AF Corse Ferrari also improved to fourth in the category to split the top of the grid in the class amongst the two manufacturers. The lead in LMGTE Am remained with the No. 98 Aston Martin, a second and a half ahead of the No. 83 AF Corse Ferrari. SMP Racing improved their time by leading both of the day's qualifying sessions to take second place on the grid, splitting the Aston Martin cars. The No. 67 AAI Porsche suffered a fire during the session which halted qualifying for nearly half an hour.

Porsche's pole position was their sixth consecutive in the FIA World Endurance Championship, extending back to the 2014 6 Hours of Shanghai. It was also the company's first pole position at Le Mans since .

Qualifying results
Provisional pole positions in each class are denoted in bold. The fastest time set by each entry is denoted with a grey background.

Warm-up
The cars took to the circuit on Saturday morning for a 45-minute warm-up session in dry and clear weather. The No. 9 Audi driven by Filipe Albuquerque set the fastest time with a lap of three minutes and 19.423 seconds. The sister Audi cars of Jarvis and Fässler were second and third overall. Dumas was fourth-fastest. His teammate Bernhard was fifth quickest and had the fastest lap before Albuquerque set his time. The fastest LMP2 lap was set by Mitch Evans with a time of three minutes and 39.559 seconds. Stefan Mücke, driving the No. 97 Aston Martin, was the quickest driver in the LMGTE Pro category with the No. 88 Proton Porsche driven by Klaus Bachler the fastest of the LMGTE Am drivers. Gianluca Roda damaged the front-right corner of his No. 50 Larbre Compétition Corvette in a heavy crash at the Porsche Curves.

Race

Start

The conditions on the grid were dry and sunny before the race with an air temperature between  and a track temperature ranging from . A record-breaking 263,500 people attended the race. The French tricolour was waved at 15:00 Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00), by the executive chairman of the Ford Motor Company Bill Ford to start the race, led by starting pole sitter Jani. Fifty five cars planned to take the start following the withdrawal of the No. 63 Chevrolet Corvette, but the No. 23 Nissan missed the opening laps while undergoing repairs to its clutch. Bernhard overtook Jani on the first lap while the trio of Audi cars were able to pass the No. 19 Porsche by the end of the second lap. The top six cars remained within a few seconds of each other as the group pulled away from the Toyota drivers. Duval lost third place to teammate Lotterer after battling with Jani through traffic for second position. The first hour of the race ended with the first retirement as the No. 92 Manthey Porsche began leaking oil and spun at the first chicane of the Mulsanne Straight. Despite resuming driver Patrick Pilet pulled to the side of the track further down the Mulsanne Straight as the engine compartment soon caught fire. The No. 42 Strakka Dome-Nissan of Jonny Kane and Alexandre Imperatori in the No. 13 Rebellion car were caught off guard by Pilet's oil and collided with one another in the chicane, stranding the Rebellion in the gravel trap while the Dome returned to the pit lane for repairs.

The safety cars were deployed to slow the race as marshals worked for twenty-two minutes to dry the spilled oil along the Mulsanne Straight. As the safety cars were recalled, Lotterer in the No. 7 Audi used slower traffic to pass both Porsche drivers in front of him and take over the race lead, just as Nico Hülkenberg moved to fourth place by passing the remaining Audi cars. In the LMP2 category the safety car had split the field up, leaving the TDS Racing and KCMG Oreca-Nissan cars forty seconds ahead of their class rivals. Richard Bradley for KCMG was able to fight with TDS Racing's Tristan Gommendy on the restart and eventually retake the class lead it had lost at the race start. Lotterer was later forced to give up the race lead as a puncture on one of the No. 7's tyres required an extra pit stop, allowing Hartley's No. 17 Porsche to the front of the race. Duval was caught on an approach to a slow zone (which was enforced to allow a marshal to retrieve debris at Indianapolis) by a group of slowed LMGTE cars and took avoiding action by steering right into the grass off track. The No. 8 Audi clipped the No. 51 AF Corse Ferrari's (Giancarlo Fisichella) right-hand section and was thrown back sideways across the track, impacting the outside barriers head on heavily driving into Indianapolis corner and ripping the car's front bodywork off. Safety cars were required once again as the barriers needed lengthy repairs, while Duval was able to drive the damaged Audi back to the garage. Repairs took less than five minutes and the car resumed in eighth place.

Several cars suffered issues during the second safety car period. Nicki Thiim brought the No. 95 Aston Martin from the LMGTE Pro lead straight to the team's garage with a leaking power steering system, handing the class lead to its sister No. 99 Aston Martin driven by Fernando Rees. Christian Ried in the No. 88 Proton Porsche suffered an engine fire in the second Mulsanne Straight chicane, extending the safety car period as it was tended to. KCMG retained their LMP2 class lead ahead of the TDS Racing car while behind the safety car, while the sole Corvette, No. 71 AF Corse Ferrari, and two circulating Aston Martin vehicles were nose to tail in LMGTE Pro, continuing their battle after the safety car period ended. Oliver Gavin's Corvette eventually pulled away from the rest of the LMGTE Pro field. The Riley Viper relinquished its lead in LMGTE Am to the No. 98 Aston Martin of Paul Dalla Lana and the SMP Ferrari driven by François Perrodo. As the safety car period ended the No. 17 Porsche of Hartley held the race lead, but Albuquerque was in pursuit in the No. 9 Audi, breaking the Le Mans lap record with a time of three minutes and 17.647 seconds. The No. 9 Audi was able to mount a better challenge to the leading Porsche, and René Rast was able to take the race lead after pit stops.

Night and morning

During the sixth hour of the race Gary Hirsch lost power in his Greaves Gibson-Nissan through the Esses and came to a halt; the car would later be abandoned after Hirsch was unable to repair a broken battery terminal. The No. 71 Ferrari was forced to the garage to fix starter motor problems, bowing out of its battle with Corvette and Aston Martin in LMGTE Pro. As dusk settled on the circuit, the No. 18 Porsche of Dumas braked too late for Mulsanne Corner and hit a tyre barrier. The car was able to return to the pit lane, only requiring new front bodywork, but the car fell to fifth position. Not long after Paul-Loup Chatin crashed his Signatech Alpine at Mulsanne Corner, bringing the safety cars out for the third time of the race. During this slow period Rob Bell pulled the No. 97 Aston Martin off course and onto the inside run-off area at the Mulsanne Straight and retired. When racing resumed, Hülkenberg was able to attack the leaders, first overtaking Webber's Porsche around the outside on the opening lap then passing Rast when he made a scheduled pit stop. Webber was later given a one-minute stop and go penalty for passing in a yellow flag zone, dropping him to fourth place. Nissan lost one of their three LMP1 entries when Tsugio Matsuda's No. 21 car stopped at Arnage with a suspension failure that caused its front-left wheel to detach from the vehicle and was unable to continue. The No. 22 Nissan also suffered a setback when it hit a loose wheel out on the Mulsanne Straight at  and required a lengthy repair to its front-end.

As the race approached its halfway point, Lotterer gained on the No. 9 Audi and moved into second place, becoming Audi's lead challenger to Porsche. Several LMGTE cars took the opportunity to change brake discs at this point in the morning, including Rees in the No. 99 Aston Martin. Returning to the track Rees' car failed to stop in time for the first Mulsanne Straight chicane and hit the rear of the TDS Racing Oreca-Nissan of Gommendy. The Oreca, which had held second place in the LMP2 category, was abandoned in the gravel at the chicane while Rees limped the damaged Aston Martin back to the garage for repairs to its front-left corner. The No. 26 G-Drive Ligier took over second place in LMP2, although still a lap behind the leading KCMG Oreca while the lead in LMGTE Pro was now left to Jordan Taylor's No. 64 Corvette and the No. 51 AF Corse Ferrari of Bruni on the same lap. After leaving the pit lane, Pierre Ragues's No. 43 Morand car billowed smoke because of an oil pressure sensor failure and his vehicle caught fire, causing him to retire at Arnage corner. In the early morning the No. 7 Audi's hold on second place was relinquished when the right-rear bodywork of the car came apart on the circuit and littered debris at the Porsche Curves, requiring a seven-minute stop for repairs and dropping the car down the race order.

Roald Goethe was caught off guard as Hülkenberg lapped his No. 96 Aston Martin in Corvette Corner, causing Goethe to spin and heavily impact a concrete barrier leaving the turn. Goethe was conscious but needed aid in getting out of the Aston Martin requiring the intervention of a fourth safety car period. He was transported to a local hospital where he remained for several days and underwent surgery to two vertebra which had been fractured. Oliver Turvey had been the fastest driver in LMP2 at the time, bringing the Jota Gibson-Nissan into third place. The No. 64 Corvette of Gavin came to the pit lane during the safety car period to change brakes, but was unable to get back out of pit lane in time before the exit was closed, forfeiting the class lead to Toni Vilander's No. 51 AF Corse Ferrari. When racing resumed Webber was able to attack the No. 9 Audi after driving through traffic and take second position. Nick Leventis' No. 42 Strakka Dome pulled off the track on the front stretch with gearbox issues and fluids leaked from his car, requiring a local slow zone. The No. 7 Audi of Lotterer made contact with Tandy's leading Porsche while both cars were in the slow zone, earning Lotterer a drive-through penalty. Viktor Shaytar overran the Indianapolis corner and became stuck in the gravel, losing two laps as it was extracted by recovery vehicles and went into the pit lane but remaining in second place in LMGTE Am.

The No. 9 Audi began to fall off the race pace after multiple visits to the garage for repairs to its hybrid system, but the No. 7 Audi kept fighting as Lotterer reset the fastest lap of the race with a three minutes and 17.476 seconds time. KCMG had an anxious moment when Lapierre missed the Indianapolis corner, but recovered with marshal assistance without losing the LMP2 class lead. The No. 51 AF Corse Ferrari slowed on course and came to the garage with gearbox issues, handing the LMGTE Pro lead back to Corvette and allowing the No. 71 AF Corse Ferrari to climb to second place after recovering from its earlier issues. Vanthoor drove his car into his pitbox with gearbox problems but his team were unable to repair it before the race's conclusion and retired. Jann Mardenborough's Nissan came to a halt at the Porsche Curves after smoke bellowed out of the front of the car as the gearbox failed, leaving Nissan with a single car left circulating. Light rain began to fall on portions of the circuit in the final hour, but it was not heavy enough to affect the race. Dalla Lana, having led the previous 125 laps in LMGTE Am and within forty five minutes of the race finish, went straight on at the Ford Chicane and crashed heavily into an outside tyre barrier, ending the car's run and promoting the SMP Ferrari to the class lead which it held to the finish. Dalla Lana was unhurt.

Finish

Unhindered in the final hours of the race, Hülkenberg took the chequered flag for the No. 19 Porsche, a lap ahead of Hartley's No. 17 Porsche. Audi, in only their third defeat at Le Mans since , were a further lap behind in third place with the No. 7 car. Toyota, unable to match the pace of Audi and Porsche, were twelve laps behind for a seventh-place finish, while debutants Nissan successfully finished the race with one of their cars, although it failed to complete enough laps for classification. Hülkenberg became the first active Formula One driver to win Le Mans since Johnny Herbert and Bertrand Gachot in  and the first rookie to clinch overall victory since Laurent Aïello in . Tandy became the 32nd British driver to win the event as well as the first Englishman since Guy Smith in , and co-driver Earl Bamber was the third New Zealander after Bruce McLaren and Chris Amon to achieve the overall win. It was also Porsche's seventeenth overall victory in the 24-hour race. KCMG, unchallenged since the early hours of the race, were victorious in the LMP2 class, while Jota Sport was able to take second place from G-Drive Racing in the final hours. Corvette Racing held their five lap lead in LMGTE Pro, earning Gavin his fifth class victory, while AF Corse completed the class podium with the No. 71 ahead of No. 51. Following the loss of the No. 98 Aston Martin in the final hour, actor Patrick Dempsey's team moved into second place behind the winning SMP Ferrari, while Scuderia Corsa, in their first appearance at Le Mans, finished third. There were 28 outright lead changes during the race; four cars reached the front of the field. The No. 19 Porsche led seven times for a total of 243 laps, more than any other car.

Post-race
The top three finishers in all four categories appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in a later press conference. Hülkenberg revealed that Porsche's objective was to have one car featured on the podium and was astonished over the team's first and second-place results. He said that he was proud and delighted at his team's achievement: "We had a flawless race with a great pace and we didn't make any mistake. The last lap was a bit weird because it was drizzling and people got nervous in the garage. After the finish line, it is amazing to see thousands and thousands of people cheering up." Bamber stated that the win was "beyond my dreams" and hoped to return to the event in future years with Porsche. Tandy described his success as "surreal": "I can't think of two better people to share the car with. We haven't put a wheel wrong all race and we've just won the biggest race in the world."

Webber did not believe that his one-minute stop and go penalty prevented him from winning the event, saying he was not fast enough but praised the race victors on their success. Hartley stated it felt special to stand on the Le Mans podium and felt it would be a day that would be looked back in New Zealand motor racing history. Bernhard said that while the overall victory was his dream, he was proud of the Porsche team, and felt it was motor racing at the highest quality. Hülkenberg's success attracted praise from fellow Formula One drivers. During the Thursday pre-race press conference at the Austrian Grand Prix held one week later, Red Bull Racing driver Daniel Ricciardo thought Hülkenberg's victory made it more possible for Formula One participants to compete in other forms of motor racing and believed that they would receive praise for taking part in such events. Four-time World Champion Sebastian Vettel said that the driver made the victory "look easy" and it was a positive in improving the reputation of Formula One drivers.

The result meant Lotterer, Tréluyer and Fässler remained the leaders of the Drivers' Championship with 80 points, 20 ahead of second-placed Tandy, who in turn, was a further two in front of his co-drivers Bamber and Hülkenberg in third. Dumas, Jani and Lieb's performance saw them fall from second to fourth place and Bernhard, Hartley and Webber's second-place result allowed them to move into fifth on 53 points. Porsche were the new leaders in the Manufacturers' Championship with 140 points; Audi were 16 points behind their nearest rivals and Toyota maintained third place on 71 points with five races left in the season.

Race results
The minimum number of laps for classification (70 per cent of the overall winning car's race distance) was 276 laps. Class winners are denoted in bold.

Footnotes

Standings after the race

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for the Drivers' Championship standings.

References

External links

Le Mans
Le Mans
Le Mans
24 Hours of Le Mans races
Le Mans


title: Pichirropulli

text:
Pichirropulli is a village () located in the Chilean Central Valley just at the foothills of the Chilean Coast Range. The village belongs to the Commune of Paillaco.

References

Geography of Los Ríos Region
Populated places in Valdivia Province


title: Kobe Incident

text:
The , also known in Japanese as the  and in English as the Bizen affray or Bizen affair, was a diplomatic incident between Imperial Japan and several Western powers, caused by a skirmish on February 4, 1868 between Bizen soldiers and foreign sailors. It developed into a crisis in Franco–Japanese relations, becoming the first major international affairs challenge for the fledgling Meiji government.

The incident occurred during a period of time that Hyōgo Port was open to foreign trade, with a community of foreign merchants and soldiers living and working in the Kobe foreign settlement. In response, the foreign militaries seized nearby Japanese warships and occupied the center of the city under the pretense of protecting their settlement. The Imperial court sent a representative to negotiate and inform the Westerners that power had shifted from the Tokugawa Shogunate to the newly-formed Meiji government. The Western representatives demanded Taki Zenzaburo, who was involved, be executed; Taki committed ceremonial seppuku on March 3.

Initial incident
On January 27, 1868, with the outbreak of the Boshin war, the new Meiji government ordered that Nishinomiya in Settsu be guarded in order to check the pro-Shogunate forces of Amagasaki Domain. By the 29th, 2,000 troops had been raised in Bizen Domain to the west, and among these were 500 (alternately 800) troops under the command of the domain's karō , accompanied by cannons, who marched over land for their destination. Because the port of Hyōgo had been opened on January 1, the troops advanced on the  road rather than that built by the Tokugawa shogunate, in an effort to avoid encounters with enemy forces or foreigners.

Sometime after 1 o'clock on February 4, as the line of Bizen troops marched along in the vicinity of Sannomiya Shrine, two French sailors emerged from a nearby building and attempted to cross the line. The Japanese troops saw this as constituting , an act of extreme disrespect under the Laws for the Military Houses, and Taki Zenzaburo, in charge of the third cannon group, took a spear and attempted to stop them. However, neither side could understand the other, and when the sailors attempted to force their way through, Taki stabbed at them with his spear, inflicting light wounds.

The sailors briefly retreated indoors but reemerged with handguns. Taki, seeing this, shouted out "Guns, guns!", which his troops took as an order to shoot, beginning a firefight. The roadside skirmish soon also targeted the European and American dignitaries who were inspecting the adjacent planned site of a foreign settlement, and several full volleys were fired. Most of the bullets missed and flew over the heads of their intended targets, but did pierce the various foreign flags flying over the old Shogunate customs house on the other side of the planned site. Whether this was warning fire or simply badly aimed shots intended to kill was unclear even in the testimony of Western witnesses.

Foreign response
The British envoy Harry Smith Parkes, who happened to be present at the skirmish, was enraged, and notified the vessels of various nations present to celebrate the opening of the port of Hyōgo of a state of emergency. U.S. Marines, British guardsmen, and French sailors pursued the Bizen troops outside of the foreign settlement and exchanged fire at . On the Bizen side, Heki ordered his troops to cease fire and withdraw. There was one "coolie" killed, and a few wounded on either side.

On that same day, the Great Powers that possessed consulates in Kobe militarily occupied central Kobe under the pretext of protecting the foreign settlement, and seized the Tokugawa warships anchored off the Hyōgo port. At this point in time, the Japanese imperial court had not yet informed foreign countries of the transition of power from the Shogunate to the Meiji government, and Itō Hirobumi attempted negotiations that quickly broke down.

On February 8, the imperial court hurriedly announced the transfer of power to the Meiji government and declared the opening of Japan. Higashikuze Michitomi was assigned as a representative and reopened negotiations.

The foreign countries demanded safety for their people and harsh punishment for the Japanese person responsible for the incident—in short, Taki's execution. There was some complaint that this was too harsh for an incident in which no one had actually died, and to the Japanese Taki's response to the foreign troops' tomowari seemed altogether natural, but in the face of a demand from the Great Powers there was nothing to be done. Date Munenari sent an appeal for clemency via Itō Hirobumi and Godai Tomoatsu, which arrived just in time, but was rejected by a vote of the foreign ministers, beginning with the French Consul General Léon Roches.

Finally, on February 24, Bizen Domain acceded to the foreign countries' demands. Taki committed seppuku before the assembled foreign officials at Eifuku-ji Temple in Osaka on March 3. Heki, who had been in command of the troops, was simultaneously placed under house arrest, and the incident was tentatively resolved.

Significance
The Kobe Incident represented the first international diplomatic incident faced by the new government after the restoration of Imperial rule. Though this incident was ultimately resolved when the foreign powers forced the execution of Taki Zenzaburo (jp), it did demonstrate to them that the new Meiji government was now the ruling administration to deal with in terms of Japan's foreign policy. Furthermore, this incident showed the court's foreign-relations philosophy turning quickly from that of  to . However, as the jōi faction did retain support in the new administration, the new foreign policy was not made clear internally. An official declaration of the change was finally made the next year, on July 7, 1869, based on a decision by the  national council.

See also
 Diplomatic (contractual or in treatise) faux-pas
The Robinson Affair (Namamugi Incident)

Notes

References

Japanese sources
, held by the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, available online via the Japan Center for Asian Historical Records with reference number B08090131500.

Western sources

1868 in Japan
Boshin War
Japan–United Kingdom relations
France–Japan relations
Japan–United States relations
Francophobia
Anti-Americanism
Sannomiya, Kobe


title: Gymnastics at the 2002 Asian Games – Women's rhythmic team

text:
The women's rhythmic team competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea was held on 8 October 2002 at the Sajik Gymnasium.

Schedule
All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)

Results

References

2002 Asian Games Report, Pages 443–444
Results

External links
 Official website

Rhythmic Women Team


title: 2014 AFL Grand Final

text:
The 2014 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Sydney Swans and the Hawthorn Football Club at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 27 September 2014. It was the 119th annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League), staged to determine the premiers for the 2014 AFL season. The match, attended by 99,460 spectators, was won by Hawthorn by a margin of 63 points, marking the club's second consecutive premiership and twelfth VFL/AFL premiership victory overall. Hawthorn's Luke Hodge was awarded the Norm Smith Medal as the best player on the ground.

Background

Having finished the home and away season as minor premiers, Sydney advanced to the Grand Final with a hard-fought victory over , followed by a 71-point victory over  in their preliminary final. Defending premiers Hawthorn, which finished second behind Sydney on the ladder, advanced after defeating  by 36 points in their qualifying final, followed by a three-point victory over  in the second preliminary final.

The two teams met twice during the home-and-away season, with Sydney winning by 19 points at ANZ Stadium in Round 8 and Hawthorn winning by 10 points at the MCG in Round 18.

It was the second time that Sydney and Hawthorn had met in a grand final, having faced each other two years earlier in the 2012 AFL Grand Final when Sydney won by 10 points. The match was Hawthorn's third grand final appearance in a row, having also appeared in the 2013 AFL Grand Final when it defeated  by 15 points.

Media coverage

The match was televised by the Seven Network. The coverage commentators included Brian Taylor, Matthew Richardson, Cameron Ling, Tom Harley, Luke Darcy and Leigh Matthews.

The match commentary was conducted by Bruce McAvaney and Dennis Cometti for the Seven Network, marking the duo's sixth grand final appearance together as commentators since 2008 and their tenth overall. Individually, it was Cometti's sixteenth grand final and McAvaney's fourteenth.

A total of 2,813,000 people watched the Grand Final on television, making the Grand Final the most viewed television broadcast of the day.

Pre-match entertainment

Welsh singer Sir Tom Jones and English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran both performed as pre-match entertainment at the 2014 AFL Grand Final. The two were the first international acts to perform at a grand final since American singer Meat Loaf's performance at the 2011 AFL Grand Final Both Sheeran and Jones were the first acts to be offered the sets by the AFL, with both acts accepting without hesitation. Jones said about the offer to perform at the game, "I understand there will be over 100,000 people in the stadium for the grand final which makes this spectacular sporting event something I'm really looking forward to. I also know that Australian football has really passionate fans so it'll be great to be a part of the atmosphere and excitement on the day." Sheeran said that the decision to play was not a hard decision to make, saying that "Having spent some time in Australia recently I know just how popular the game is and how big an event this will be."

Sheeran performed "Sing" and "The A Team" and was then joined by Jones to sing "Kiss", followed by "Mama Told Me Not to Come", "Delilah" and "If I Only Knew". Mike Brady performed "Up There Cazaly", a grand final tradition. Olivia Newton-John performed the Australian National Anthem, Advance Australia Fair.

A post-match entertainment show featuring Sheeran and Jones was also held. There was no half-time musical entertainment. The traditional Grand Final sprint held at half-time was won by Jordan Murdoch of Geelong, breaking Patrick Dangerfield's streak of three consecutive victories from 2011 to 2013.

Match summary

First quarter
The first quarter began with the teams going goal for goal in the initial 15 mins. Josh Kennedy drew first blood with a long bomb, before Paul Puopolo answered with his own long-range shot. Former Hawk Lance Franklin then got onto the scoreboard but Luke Breust replied to make it 2 goals apiece. But from that moment onwards, it was all Hawthorn as Brad Hill, Jack Gunston and Will Langford piled on 3 goals to finish the quarter. At quarter time, Hawthorn had a healthy lead of 20 points.

Second quarter
In the second quarter, Ben McGlynn goaled within the first minute in a bid to give Sydney some spark. However, it proved to be the start of a Hawthorn onslaught, in which the brown and gold piled on 5 unanswered goals and surged to a match-winning 47-pt lead. Breust and Hale added goals before Langford stormed through the centre and unleashed a bomb from 50. Luke Hodge, who literally smothered Port Adelaide  out of the Preliminary Finals a week earlier, then added another two, including a simple intercept from a disastrous Gary Rohan kick-in. Adam Goodes and Franklin temporarily stemmed the tide with two successive goals for Sydney, but when the dynamic Cyril Rioli intercepted another errant Sydney passage of play to gift Jarryd Roughead a goal, the Hawks led by a massive 42 points.

Third quarter
After the main break, Hawthorn continued where it left off, as Roughead and Gunston added more misery to the Swans. Kieren Jack and Franklin tried hard to put some respectability on the scoreboard with two goals but the Hawks surged again. Matt Suckling put last's season disappointment behind him with a goal; Roughead then added his third, before Langford dribbled one through miraculously from the boundary. Kurt Tippett pegged one back for the Swans but it was too little too late. At 3 quarter time, the Hawks were ahead by 54 points, with Hodge sealing the kiss of death, literally, on ex-teammate Franklin.

Final quarter
When Hawthorn kicked away with the first two goals of the quarter through Breust and Roughead, the only question is how much will they win by. Goodes snapped his second and Franklin added a fourth but these only made a dint into the margin. Shaun Burgoyne put the icing on the cake with a daring 50m goal but Jack cancelled that out with a brilliant snap. However, the finish belonged to Hawthorn once more as Roughead marked strongly for his fifth before Shaun Burgoyne extended the margin by over 10 goals again. In the end, Hawthorn won by 63 points in a canter.

Overall report
Hawthorn dominated the match from start to finish, applying pressure on the Swans that at times was brutal. Jarryd Roughead was the top scorer for Hawthorn kicking 5.1 and Lance Franklin was the top goal kicker for Sydney, kicking 4.2.

Norm Smith Medal

Luke Hodge was named the Norm Smith medalist (best on ground) with 10 votes, for his 35 possessions and 2 goals. He edged fellow midfielders Jordan Lewis (37 possessions) and Sam Mitchell (33 possessions), both with 9 votes, for his second Norm Smith Medal, having also won it in 2008.

Chaired by Nathan Buckley, the voters and their choices were as follows:

Teams
Sydney did not change its team from the previous week's preliminary final, while Hawthorn omitted Jonathon Ceglar and Jonathan Simpkin in favour of Cyril Rioli and Ben McEvoy. Rioli was returning to the team after missing almost three months with a hamstring injury; he had appeared for Box Hill for limited playing time in the previous week's VFL Grand Final, which was his only match practice leading to his selection.

Umpires
The umpiring panel, comprising three field umpires, four boundary umpires, two goal umpires and an emergency in each position is given below. Most notable among the umpiring appointments was goal umpire Chris Appleton's selection for his first grand final, who had repaired his career after serving a suspension in 2010 for breaking the AFL's anti-gambling rules by placing bets on an AFL game in which he was not umpiring.

Numbers in brackets represent the number of Grand Finals umpired, including 2014.

Scorecard

See also

2014 AFL finals series
2014 AFL season

References

External links

AFL Finals Series official website

VFL/AFL Grand Finals
Grand Final
Hawthorn Football Club
Sydney Swans


title: The Kill Team (2013 film)

text:
The Kill Team is a 2013 American documentary film directed by Dan Krauss about the Maywand District murders during the War in Afghanistan. The film won first place in the category of Best Documentary Feature at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival.

Krauss later wrote and directed The Kill Team (2019), a narrative drama film about the murders.

Summary
This documentary exposes the stresses and aggressions of soldiers at war, in which a few are driven by boredom, anger, hatred, social pressure, or sociopathy to commit war crimes. Private Adam Winfield was a 21-year-old soldier in Afghanistan when he attempted with the help of his father to alert the military to the murders his platoon was committing. But Winfield's pleas went unheeded. Pressured by threats to his life from his superior and other members of his unit, Winfield was drawn into a moral abyss and forced to make a split-second decision that changed his life forever. The film follows him and his family through wartime events and the legal proceedings that followed, interspersed with interviews of the soldiers in his platoon and photos and video footage from Afghanistan.

References

External links

2013 films
2013 documentary films
2010s American films
2010s English-language films
American documentary films
Documentary films about the United States Army
Documentary films about the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Documentary films about war crimes
Films directed by Dan Krauss


title: Protein Society

text:
The Protein Society is an international, not-for-profit, scholarly society with the mission to provide forums for the advancement of research into protein structure, function, design and applications.

History
It was founded in 1986, with the leadership of Ralph Bradshaw, Finn Wold, David Eisenberg, Ken Walsh,  Hans Neurath, and other protein researchers from diverse fields.

Ralph Bradshaw was the society's first president, followed by David Eisenberg, Finn Wold, Mark Hermodson, Joseph Villafranca, Brian Matthews, Robert Sauer, Christopher Dobson, Wiliam DeGrado, C. Robert Matthews, Jeffrey Kelly, Arthur Palmer, Daniel Raleigh, Lynne Regan, James U. Bowie, Carol Post, Charles L. Brooks III, Amy E. Keating, Chuck R. Sanders, Elizabeth Meiering

Journal

The Editor-in-Chief of Protein Science is John Kuriyan.

Impact factor: 8.0

In 1987, the Society began publishing the trans-disciplinary academic journal Protein Science, with Hans Neurath serving as Editor-in-chief.  Protein science researchers from varying disciplines, as well as educators and students from greater than 50 countries make up the membership.

The journal covers research on the structure, function, and biochemical significance of proteins, their role in molecular and cell biology, genetics, and evolution, and their regulation and mechanisms of action.

Symposium
The society organizes an annual symposium which hosts hundreds of participants from all over the world, features research presentations by leaders from the diverse fields involved in protein science, a graduate student poster competition, networking opportunities, free undergraduate registration, educational workshops, and the annual presentation of the Protein Society's Awards.

 In 2014, the symposium took place in San Diego, California, United States July 27 to 30, 2014.
 In 2015, the 29th Symposium of the Protein Society was held in Barcelona, Spain.
In 2016, the 30th Anniversary Symposium of the Protein Society was held in Baltimore, Maryland
 In 2017, the 31st Symposium of the Protein Society was held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, July 24–27, 2017, 2016.
 In 2018, the 32nd Symposium of the Protein Society was held in Boston, Massachusetts, United States July 9–12, 2018.
 In 2019, the 33rd Symposium of the Protein Society was held in Seattle, United States Jun 30 - July 2019.
In 2020, the 34th Symposium was planned in partnership with PSSJ and APPA, to be held in Sapporo, Japan.  The meeting was canceled due to COVID-19.
In 2021, the 35th Anniversary Symposium was held virtually, July 7-9 & 12-14, 2021.
In 2022, the 36th Symposium is planned to be held in San Francisco, California, United States, July 7-10, 2022
In 2023, the 37th Symposium is planned to be held in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, July 13-16, 2023
In 2024, the 38th Symposium is planned to be held in Vancouver, Canada, July 23-26, 2024
In 2025, the 39th Symposium is planned to be held in San Francisco, California, United States, June 26-29, 2025
In 2026, the 40th Symposium location is to be determined.
In 2027, the 41st Symposium is planned to be held in San Francisco, California, United States, July 9-12, 2027

Awards
The Protein Society presents eight awards each year:
 Carl Brändén Award
 Christian B. Anfinsen Award
 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Award
 Emil Thomas Kaiser Award
 Hans Neurath Award
 Stein & Moore Award
 Protein Science Young Investigator Award
 Marie Daly Award

References

External links

 Protein Science
 Awards presented by the society
www.diversifyproteinscience.org

Chemistry societies
Scientific organizations established in 1986
Scientific organizations based in the United States
Biology societies
1986 establishments in the United States


title: Vishal Warriors

text:
Vishal Warriors also known as Vishal Group Warriors () was one of the first franchise team of the first edition POF the Everest Premier League. It was captained by a Nepal cricket captain Paras Khadka. The head coach of the team is Mahesh Rizal.The team manager was Raunaq B. Malla since 2014. Official Twitter account is @warriors_vishal .

Squad
 Paras Khadka (c)
 Sagar Pun
 Manjeet Shrestha
 Raju Rijal
 Suraj Kurmi
 Ramnaresh Giri
 Yagyaman Kumal
 Deepesh Khatri
 Prakash KC
 Bhivatsu Thapa
 Adeel Khan
 Nurdhos Singh
 Irshad Ahmed
 Susan Bhari

References

External links

 News about Vishal Warriors and NPL at ekantipur.com
 News about Vishal Warriors at cricketingnepal.com
 News about Vishal Warriors and NPL at thehimalayantimes.com
 Cricketlok
 Cricnepal.com

Everest Premier League
Cricket teams in Nepal
Cricket clubs established in 2014
2014 establishments in Nepal


title: Kim Seul-ki

text:
Kim Seul-ki (; born 6 November 1992) is a South Korean footballer who plays as winger for Gyeongnam FC in K League Classic.

Career
He was selected by Gyeongnam FC in the 2014 K League draft.

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Men's association football wingers
South Korean men's footballers
Gyeongnam FC players
K League 1 players
K League 2 players


title: List of Eastern Kentucky Colonels in the NFL Draft

text:
This is a list of Eastern Kentucky Colonels in the NFL Draft.

Key

Selections

References

Eastern Kentucky

Eastern Kentucky Colonels NFL Draft


title: Listed buildings in Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality

text:
This is a list of listed buildings in Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality, Denmark.

Listed buildings

2800 Kongens Lyngby

2830 Virum

2930 Klampenborg

References

External links
 Danish Agency of Culture

Lyngby-Taarbæk


title: Nursultan (disambiguation)

text:
Nursultan (, ) is a Kazakh male name. Nur sultan can be literally translated as "radiant sultan", "the sultan of sunlight" in the Kazakh language.

Nur-Sultan () was the name of the capital of Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2022, the city is currently known as Astana. The name was given to the capital when it was named after Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Nursultan may refer to:
Nursultan Nazarbayev (born 1940), president of Kazakhstan from 1990 to 2019, who the capital city was named for from 2019 to 2022
Nursultan Belgibayev (born 1991), Kazakhstani ice hockey player
Nursultan Mamayev (born 1993), Kazakhstani taekwondo practitioner
Nursultan Bimurza (born 1994), Kazakhstani volleyball player

Kazakh given names


title: Central Park Casino

text:
The Central Park Casino, originally the Ladies' Refreshment Salon, was a restaurant in Central Park, near East 72nd Street in Manhattan, New York City. The name of the building came from the Italian for "little house"; the Casino itself was not a gambling business.

Operation
The building was originally designed by Calvert Vaux in 1862 as part of the Greensward Plan for Central Park. Initial plans called for a chalet-styled wooden structure with a low, broad hip roof. Before construction began, however, Vaux decided that a more permanent building was needed. The following year, with the assistance of Edward C. Miller and Jacob Wrey Mould, the Casino was redesigned as a Gothic Revival stone structure.

The building opened in early 1864 as a restaurant intended for unaccompanied female visitors to Central Park, and was one of Central Park's three original restaurants. Soon, it was patronized by both men and women. While the building that housed the Casino belonged to the City of New York, the City often leased the Casino to independent operators. By the early 1920s, the Casino was rundown, and so it was renovated during the winter of 1921–1922.

Jimmy Walker, mayor of New York City during the late 1920s, frequented the Casino and reportedly spent more time there than in New York City Hall. Besides entertaining elite guests in the restaurant, Walker had an office in the Casino and conducted city administration there while meeting with political cronies. In 1929 Walker terminated the lease of C.F. Zittel and allowed a friend, Sidney Solomon, to transform the Casino into one of New York's most expensive nightclubs. Plans for the renovated Casino were released in February 1929. Solomon renovated the interior of the Casino using a design from Viennese designer Joseph Urban, though he kept the exterior mostly the same. The renovated Casino reopened on June 4, 1929.

Demolition
When the Great Depression hit four months after the Casino reopened, the nightclub faced increasing criticism for operating on city land while maintaining prices only the wealthiest New York residents could afford. In 1930, as part of an enforcement of Prohibition, the United States government raided the Casino and seized alcoholic beverages. Walker's successor Fiorello H. La Guardia and his parks commissioner Robert Moses, who held a vendetta against Walker, wanted to tear down the Casino with the intention of building a playground on the site. In 1934, Moses served an eviction order to the Casino's management. When the Parks Association of New York City objected to the proposed playground because it would take away from the park's rural character, Moses dismissed the opposition as "preposterous". The Casino was ultimately demolished in 1936.

Only the stained-glass windows of the Casino were preserved. They were installed in, and later removed from, the police station at the 86th Street transverse. The remaining fixtures were auctioned off for pennies on the dollar. The Rumsey Playfield was built on the site of the former restaurant,. During the summer months, it is occupied by a temporary stage and bleachers for the annual SummerStage, and then returned to its playfield status each fall. SummerStage was canceled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 "Central Park Casino," Central Park: The Heart of the Island at the Center of the World

Demolished buildings and structures in Manhattan
Commercial buildings completed in 1864
1864 establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures demolished in 1936
Central Park
Defunct drinking establishments in Manhattan


title: Kenneth A. Loparo

text:
Kenneth A. Loparo is Nord Professor of Engineering and Chair of Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA, where has been affiliated with since 1979. He was an assistant professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Cleveland State University from 1977 to 1979.

Prof. Loparo's research interests include stability and control of nonlinear and stochastic systems with applications to large-scale electricity systems including generation and transmission and distribution; nonlinear filtering with applications to monitoring, fault detection, diagnosis, prognosis and reconfigurable control; information theory aspects of stochastic and quantized systems with applications to adaptive and dual control and the design of distributed autonomous control systems; the development of advanced signal processing and data analytics for monitoring and tracking of physiological behavior in health and disease.

Education
BSME, Cleveland State University, Fenn College of Engineering

MS, Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn College of Engineering

PhD, Systems and Control Engineering, Case Western Reserve University

Awards
He has received numerous awards including the Sigma Xi Research Award for contributions to stochastic control, the John S. Diekoff Award for Distinguished Graduate Teaching, the Tau Beta Pi Outstanding Engineering and Science Professor Award, the Undergraduate Teaching Excellence Award, the Carl F. Wittke Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching and the Srinivasa P. Gutti Memorial Engineering Teaching Award.

Appointments
Prof. Loparo was associate dean of engineering from 1994 -1997 and chair of the Department of Systems Engineering from 1990 -1994. He served as chair of the Faculty Senate in 1999-2000 and as the president of the Case Alumni Association from 2009-2011. He became chair of EECS in 2013 and Arthur L. Parker Endowed Chair in 2014.

Loparo was designated a fellow of the IEEE in 1999. He has held numerous positions in the IEEE Control System Society including chair of the Program Committee for the 2002 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, vice chair of the Program Committee for the 2000 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, chair of the Control System Society Conference (CSS) Audit and Finance Committees, member of the CSS Board of Governors, member of the CSS Conference Editorial Board and Technical Activities Board, associate editor for the IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control and associate editor for the IEEE Control Systems Society Magazine.

References

External links
 Loparo's Personal Homepage
 Complex Systems Biology Center at the Case Western Reserve University

Case Western Reserve University alumni
Case Western Reserve University faculty
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Living people
Cleveland State University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Electrical engineering academics


title: Gheorghe Leonida

text:
Gheorghe Leonida (1892/93–1942) was a Romanian sculptor known for creating the head of Christ the Redeemer, the statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Biography

Gheorghe Leonida was born in Galați, in 1892 (1893 according to other sources). Coming from an influential middle-class family, he was the penultimate among 11 children. Among his siblings was the pioneering female engineer Elisa Leonida Zamfirescu and also the engineer Dimitrie Leonida.
When his father, a career officer, was forced to leave Galați, Gheorghe graduated from high school in Bucharest, where he then continued his studies at the department of sculpture of the Conservatory of Fine Arts. He made his debut in 1915, at a national salon. After fighting in World War I, Leonida continued art studies in Italy for three years, and his work received prizes in Rome (for the work Reveil) and Paris (Le Diable).

In 1925, he moved to Paris, where Paul Landowski had just received the commission to collaborate with Heitor da Silva Costa in the conclusion of the architectural monum Christ the Redeemer. Leonida was hired by Landowski to sculpt the statue's head. The work began in 1926, and was completed in 1931.

After his return to Romania, Leonida continued sculpting. His works can be seen at Bran Castle, the National Museum of Art and other major museums in Bucharest.

He died in the spring of 1942, falling off the roof of his family home in Bucharest, while picking linden flowers.

References

Romanian sculptors
1893 births
1942 deaths
Christ the Redeemer (statue)
People from Galați
20th-century sculptors
Accidental deaths from falls


title: Bestie

text:
Bestie may refer to:

 Best friend
 Bestie (group), a South Korean band
 "Bestie" (DaBaby and YoungBoy Never Broke Again song), 2022
 "Bestie" (Yungen song), 2017
 "Bestie", a 2019 song by Bhad Bhabie
 "Bestie", a song by Jay Park from his 2011 album Take a Deeper Look
 Bestie (film), a 2022 Indian film
 George Best, Irish football player


title: George Marquis Bogue

text:
George Marquis Bogue (January 21, 1842 – December 30, 1903) was an American politician and real estate agent from New York. Bogue came to Chicago when he was fourteen and soon found employment with his brother. He was elected to the Board of County Commissioners of Cook County in 1872, then served a two-year term in the Illinois House of Representatives two years later. In 1883, he co-founded the Bogue & Hoyt real estate firm, later known as Bogue & Co. He was an early settler to Hyde Park, Illinois, and often represented the town in political positions. Late in his life, Bogue was an arbitrator for several railroad traffic associations.

Biography
George Marquis Bogue was born in Norfolk, New York, on January 21, 1842. When he was fourteen, his family moved west to Chicago, where his brother Hamilton B. had moved four years earlier. Bogue attended public schools there for a year and then found work with his brother with the Merchant Dispatch Fast Freight Line. He moved to Hyde Park, Illinois, in 1858; he was one of the first eight families to settle in the suburb. In April 1859, he matriculated at the Cayuga Lake Academy in Aurora, New York, studying for two years. He returned to his brother's office in 1864, then joined the Land Department of the Illinois Central Railroad. From 1864 to 1868, he served as Hyde Park town clerk.

In October 1867, Bogue joined the office of Ogden, Sheldon & Co., the oldest land agency in Chicago. In his free time, Bogue invested in real estate interests with his brother. He was named Hyde Park treasurer in 1869 and served in this capacity for three years. He was then elected to the Board of County Commissioners of Cook County. Bogue served for two years until he was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in 1874. He served one two-year term there. When Shelby Moore Cullom was elected governor in 1877, he named Bogue to the Board of Railroad & Warehouse Commissioners. Bogue served on the board until March 1883.

In 1883, he founded Bogue & Hoyt with his brother and Henry W. Hoyt. The partnership lasted until Hoyt died eight years later, whereupon the company was renamed Bogue & Co. with junior partner Harry W. Christian. Also in 1883, Bogue was elected Arbitrator of the Southwestern Railroad Traffic Association, the Northwestern Traffic Association, and the Colorado Traffic Association, serving for two years. He moved to Hinsdale, Illinois, in 1888. Bogue retired July 1, 1893, though he still maintained personal real estate interests.

Bogue married Catherine M. Van Doren on January 26, 1871. They had six children, three surviving to adulthood. The Bogues were Presbyterians and attended the Hyde Park Presbyterian Church. From 1864 to 1892, Bogue was a member of the church's board of trustees. He was on the board of managers for the Presbyterian Hospital from its 1882 organization and served four years as its president. He was also on the boards of directors for the Home for Incurables and Lake Forest University. He was a member of the executive committee of the Presbyterian League of Chicago.

Bogue died in Hinsdale on December 30, 1903, and was buried in Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago.

References

1842 births
1903 deaths
Members of the Cook County Board of Commissioners
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
People from Norfolk, New York
Politicians from Chicago
19th-century American politicians
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery


title: Partridge Lake (BC-Yukon)

text:
Partridge Lake is a lake in the Yukon and British Columbia, Canada that is part of the Bering Sea drainage basin. The primary inflow, at the south, and outflow, at the north, is the Partridge River, which flows via Bennett Lake, the Nares River, Tagish Lake, the Tagish River and the Yukon River to the Bering Sea. A secondary inflow, at the southwest, is Jones Creek.

See also
List of lakes in Ontario

References

Lakes of Yukon
Lakes of British Columbia


title: 249th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)

text:
The 249th Rifle Division was the fifth of a group of 10 regular rifle divisions formed from cadres of NKVD border and internal troops as standard Red Army rifle divisions, very shortly after the German invasion, in the Moscow Military District. It was largely based on what would become the shtat (table of organization and equipment) of July 29, 1941, with several variations. It was initially assigned to 31st Army, which joined Reserve Front in July. By December it had been moved north to join 4th Shock Army in Northwestern Front. When that Front joined the winter counteroffensive in January 1942 the 249th played a leading role in the encirclement and destruction of a German infantry regiment that had just arrived by rail from France. It went on to help retake the German-held towns of Andreapol and Toropets, capturing significant supplies and deeply outflanking the German 9th Army. Later in the month it was transferred with 4th Shock to Kalinin Front and in early February made an abortive advance on Vitebsk. Despite this failure, on February 16 it was redesignated as the 16th Guards Rifle Division.

The second formation was largely made up of ethnic Estonians and was known as the 249th Estonian Rifle Division. It was formed for political, as well as military purposes, and it required permission from the STAVKA to be committed to combat. As part of 8th Estonian Rifle Corps it fought its first battle for the besieged city of Velikiye Luki during December 1942/January 1943, securing the victory at considerable cost. Due to the difficulty of obtaining Estonian recruits while that state was still under German occupation it took many months to rebuild. In November it took part in an effort to liberate the town of Novosokolniki, but this was unsuccessful and caused further losses. Shortly after, it was transferred to the 8th Army of Leningrad Front, which appeared to have the best chance to quickly enter Estonian territory. Under these commands the division staged several operations to clear the large islands at the mouth of the Gulf of Riga. Returning to the mainland it took part in retaking the Estonian capital, before joining the forces that contained the German troops trapped in the Courland Pocket for the duration of the war. Shortly after the German surrender the division was redesignated as the 122nd Guards Rifle Division.

1st Formation
The division began organizing on June 26, 1941 at Zagorsk in the Moscow Military District. This was based on an NKVD order of that date: Although the initial order for its formation came from the NKVD, when it left for the front in early July it was completely under Red Army administration. Its order of battle was as follows:
 917th Rifle Regiment
 921st Rifle Regiment
 925th Rifle Regiment
 779th Artillery Regiment
 307th Antitank Battalion
 326th Antiaircraft Battery (later 526th Antiaircraft Battalion)
 328th Reconnaissance Company
 417th Sapper Battalion
 669th Signal Battalion
 267th Medical/Sanitation Battalion
 247th Chemical Defense (Anti-gas) Company
 65th Motor Transport Company (later 470th)
 287th Field Bakery
 812th Field Postal Station
Maj. Gen. German Fyodorovich Tarasov, who would lead the division for the rest of its first formation, took command on July 2. The division was assigned to 31st Army on July 10, and it entered the fighting front on July 18. Judging from reports on other NKVD-based divisions, the 249th was far from complete when it entered combat. The commander of the 30th Army, Maj. Gen. V. A. Khomenko, reported on August 5 regarding his 250th and 251st Divisions that they had been required to move up to 350km on foot to their concentration areas and "were taken from their assembly points in the very midst of assembly, and, incomplete, they did not approach being 'knocked together' and went into battle unprepared for combat." In addition, the 251st had only about 400 NKVD cadre soldiers.

In Reserve Front
The 31st Army, commanded by Maj. Gen. V. N. Dalmatov, initially comprised four NKVD divisions, the 244th, 246th, 247th and 249th. On July 30 the Reserve Front was formed, under command of Army Gen. G. K. Zhukov, and the Army, which now also included the 119th Rifle Division, was assigned to it. It was given responsibility for a line from the Moscow Sea to Kniazhi Gory to Shiparevo and Shchuche, with its headquarters at Rzhev. According to an order sent by Zhukov late on August 6 the 31st Army was to defend its positions in accordance with Reserve Front order no.2/op., and conduct reconnaissance along the Lake Luchane, Moshnitsa River, Andreapol and Bely line.

On August 25 the STAVKA directed the Army to remain in place and continue to fortify its defensive sector. By the beginning of September the Army had only the 119th, 247th and 249th Divisions under command due to transfers to other armies, but as of October 1 it had two more divisions under command. During October, even as Army Group Center was beginning its final drive on Moscow, the 249th was reassigned to 22nd Army in Kalinin Front, which was rebuilding after being partly overrun by German forces in September. In December the 249th was transferred again to 27th Army, which was soon renamed 4th Shock Army, in Northwestern Front, in time for the general Soviet counteroffensive against the German Army Group Center starting on December 5.

Toropets-Kholm Offensive
On December 18 the STAVKA issued its Order No. 005868 to the command of Northwestern Front, spelling out the goals and objectives of the operation:The very next day the chief of the General Staff, Marshal B. M. Shaposhnikov, postponed the date of the beginning of the offensive from December 24 to December 29-30. However, the sparsity of the road network in the  concentration area of the formations for the two armies forced the operation to be postponed for a further week.

The severe winter weather also proved a hindrance, further delaying the concentration of troops, and it was not until January 7-8, 1942, that sufficient forces were in place for the offensive to commence. Even so, some smaller units, as well as rear area services of several front-line units, trailed behind, and had to catch up with the offensive after it began on January 9. The troops of 3rd and 4th Shock Armies were deployed on a front of about 100km. Most of the 253rd Infantry Division was holding the line against 4th Shock. It was subordinate to XXIII Army Corps of 9th Army in Army Group Center. The German positions could only loosely be called a line. They were, in fact, a string of fortified outposts, with garrisons in the scattered settlements; some of the more difficult sectors were simply patrolled. On the other hand, the 253rd had been in these positions since late October, and so had had more than enough time to prepare and fortify them. In reserve was the Waffen SS Cavalry Brigade, and the 81st Infantry Division, commanded by Lt. Gen. E. Schopper, which had departed the coast of France on December 23, was scheduled to arrive by rail in the Toropets area.

The final plan was as follows. 3rd Shock was to strike the main blow in the direction of Velikiye Luki. 4th Shock was to advance on Peno and Andreapol along the rail line to Toropets. The troops of the two shock armies occupied their jump-off positions on the night of January 8/9. The next morning the offensive began following an artillery preparation of 90 minutes. 4th Shock made considerably more progress on the first day than 3rd, gaining anywhere from 8-15 km. Much of the difference between the two armies can be explained by their effective strengths. The “seasoned” divisions of 3rd Shock had taken casualties in previous operations and averaged about 8,700 officers and men each, while the fresh divisions of 4th Shock, including the 249th, averaged over 11,100 troops. Artillery strengths were also quite different; 4th Shock had a total of 790 guns of 76mm calibre or greater, while 3rd Shock had only 489.

Ambush at Okhvat
The first elements of 81st Infantry, the 189th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Colonel Hohmeyer, together with the 2nd Battalion of Artillery Regiment 181 and the 3rd Company of Engineer Battalion 181, were ordered to detrain at Toropets and Andreapol and advance towards Okhvat, in an attempt to stabilize the front that had been shattered by Northwestern and Kalinin Fronts' offensive. Out of the snow came 4th Shock Army. Its ski troops were in their element, and the 67th and 68th Battalions crossed a frozen lake to cut the German escape routes. The German force was outflanked and encircled. In response it fell into what the Soviets called a motti, adopting the Finnish word for encircled Soviet forces during the Winter War of 1939-40. But while many mottis had held out for weeks and even longer, due to the Finns’ lack of manpower and heavy weapons, this German motti would have no such luck. The regiment was attacked from the front by the 249th, reinforced by artillery and tanks. At the same time it was taken in the flank by the 332nd Rifle Division. The fight lasted from January 13–15, and ended with the 189th Regiment completely destroyed; over 1,100 men were killed and only 40 artillerymen managed to escape to German lines. The entire series of events unfolded so fast that the regiment was not even identified on the German situation maps. Hohmeyer was posthumously promoted to the rank of major general.

Battle for Toropets
On January 16 the 249th Division led 4th Shock Army in the storming of Andreapol, capturing much-needed supplies in the process. But the big prize was Toropets to the west. The city was weakly garrisoned by elements of the 403rd Security Division and remnants of the 123rd Infantry Division, which had earlier faced 3rd Shock. They were guarding vast German stores which were vital to both sides. Once again in the lead, the 249th reached the outskirts of Toropets on January 19, soon joined by the 48th Rifle Brigade. By 1400 hours on the next day the railway station and depot had been seized, just as the 39th Rifle Brigade and 360th Rifle Division joined the fight. Toropets was completely cleared of German forces by 1000 hours on January 21, and the haul of captured equipment and goods was immense: six tanks; hundreds of infantry weapons; 723 motor vehicles; 450,000 artillery shells; several million rounds of small arms ammunition; a thousand drums of fuel; and, most importantly, no fewer than 40 warehouses of food to feed many thousands of famished Red Army men.

On January 23 the 4th Shock Army was transferred to Kalinin Front. On January 30 the 249th and the 51st Rifle Brigade were ordered to advance on Vitebsk, but by this time no more than 1,400 "bayonets" (infantry and sappers) remained in the division. The division began an advance on this city, bypassing Surazh and leaving the 51st to blockade it. But German reserves were gathering and the 51st was pushed back, leaving the 249th under threat of encirclement. The units of the Army advancing on Rudnya and Demidov were also thrown back. By February 6 the position of 4th Shock Army had stabilized. The 3rd and 4th Shock Armies, who had started on a front of 100km, now manned a front over 500km long. On February 16, in recognition of its victories during the offensive, the 249th was redesignated as the 16th Guards Rifle Division. On March 16 it was further recognized with the award of the Order of Lenin.

2nd Formation
A new division, originally designated as the 2nd Estonian Rifle Division, began forming on February 10, 1942 in the Chelyabinsk Oblast of the Urals Military District. On February 28 it was finally re-designated as the 249th Estonian Rifle Division. Its order of battle was very similar to that of the 1st formation:
 917th Rifle Regiment
 921st Rifle Regiment
 925th Rifle Regiment
 779th Artillery Regiment
 307th Antitank Battalion
 328th Reconnaissance Company
 417th Sapper Battalion
 669th Signal Battalion (later 197th Signal Company)
 267th Medical/Sanitation Battalion
 243rd Chemical Defense (Anti-gas) Company
 75th Motor Transport Company
 325th Field Bakery
 288th Divisional Veterinary Hospital (later 939th)
 1883rd Field Postal Station
 1194th Field Office of the State Bank
The division was recruited from Estonians who had fled eastwards in front of the German invasion, including members of the Communist Party of Estonia. Recruitment was slow given a restricted manpower pool; by early March there were only 3,000 men on strength and the first commander, Maj. Gen. Lembit Abramovich Pern, was not designated until May 6. This officer left the 249th to take command of the 7th Estonian Rifle Division exclusively on June 23; he would later command 8th Estonian Rifle Corps for most of its existence. He was replaced in command of the 249th by Maj. Karl Karlovich Kanger, who was in turn replaced by Col. Artur-Aleksandr Yosipovich Saueselg on September 29. Eventually over half of the division's personnel were descendants of Estonians who had emigrated to Russia in the previous century, while most of the rest were non-Estonians. The division stayed in the Urals until September, then was shipped to the Moscow Military District where it joined the 7th Estonian and the 19th Guards Rifle Divisions to form the 8th Estonian Corps, in accordance with a directive from the STAVKA to that Front's commander, Lt. Gen. M. A. Purkaev, on October 13:{{quotation|"... 2. In the Front's reserve in the Soblago region - the 8th Estonian Corps, consisting of the corps headquarters, the 7th and 249th Estonian Rifle Divisions and the 19th Guards Rifle Division. The corps is beginning to move following the 5th Guards Rifle Corps from the Yegorevska region and the 19th Guards Rifle Division from the Volkhov Front. This corps will not be employed without the STAVKA'''s permission."}} The 249th entered the active front on November 6 and remained in 8th Estonian Corps for the duration of the war.

 Battle of Velikiye Luki
At the beginning of December, as the battle for Velikiye Luki was underway, the 8th Corps was still in the reserves of Kalinin Front. Within two weeks it was subordinated to 3rd Shock Army and committed to the battle to reduce the encircled garrison of the city, but most of this fighting was done by the two Estonian divisions while the 19th Guards was attached to 5th Guards Corps as of December 12, holding off the German attempts to relieve the garrison, which included the 43rd Estonian Police Battalion. By the end of December the 7th and 249th Estonian Divisions, with the help of the 257th and 357th Rifle Divisions, had taken most of the city; the defenders continued to hold around the railway station and in the old fortress area. On December 29 Colonel Saueselg was removed from command due to poor performance and was replaced by Col. Yogan Yakovlevich Lombak; this officer would continue in command for most of the rest of the war, being promoted to the rank of major general on May 18, 1943.

Between January 4-12, 1943 the 3rd Panzer Army made its last effort to break through to the garrison, but was stopped some 3km short. On January 17 the city was finally cleared, with some 4,000 prisoners taken. The 249th's first battle was costly, and in spite of receiving the 162nd Machinegun Battalion and a training battalion as replacements in December, by the end of the battle it was at about 50 percent strength, with a total of 4,213 officers and men. It slowly rebuilt over the following months, and by June it was recorded that its personnel were 63 percent Estonian. As of October 1 the 8th Corps, with the two Estonian divisions under command, was directly under Front command.
Battle for Novosokolniki
On September 22 the Front commander, Army Gen. A. I. Yeryomenko, had submitted a proposal to the STAVKA for its future role, which included:Two days later, the STAVKA approved the plan, with amendments, including that the Estonian Corps would remain in Front reserve. Yeryomenko went on to win an important battle at Nevel, beginning on October 6, without the participation of the 7th and 249th Divisions.

Even before this, the STAVKA'' issued orders to create a new Baltic Front (later 2nd Baltic Front) by October 20, to consist of 3rd Shock, 11th, 22nd, 20th, 6th Guards, 11th Guards, and 15th Air Army, plus 8th Corps. This formation was to "launch an offensive no later than 15 October, with the mission to defeat the enemy's northern grouping and prevent it from withdrawing to Dvinsk and Riga." The Front was ordered to deliver its main attack in "the general direction of Riga, Idritsa, Ludza, Gulbene and Valga" and "subsequently, reach the Pskov, Vygua, Valga, and Valmiera line". At the same time, Kalinin Front was to attack in the general direction of Vitebsk and Riga. The new Front was under command of Army Gen. M. M. Popov. On October 20 Baltic Front was redesignated as 2nd Baltic Front, and Kalinin Front became 1st Baltic Front.

In order to begin this offensive the town of Novosokolniki, west of Velikiye Luki, had to be taken. This was where 3rd Shock had culminated its offensive in January. The chief of staff of 2nd Baltic Front, Lt. Gen. L. M. Sandalov, described these actions: The remainder of the plan to advance on Riga collapsed at about the same time. By the beginning of December the 8th Corps was in the reserves of 2nd Baltic Front. Novosokolniki would finally be liberated on January 29, 1944.

Into the Baltics
At the end of 1943 the 779th Artillery Regiment still had most of its weapons, organized in five batteries of 76mm cannons and three batteries of 122mm howitzers. The latter were towed by 2.5 ton Studebaker trucks, the former by 6-horse teams, but the fighting around Novosokolniki had almost immobilized the regiment, and several batteries had no horses left at all.

In February 1944, 8th Corps was reassigned to the reserves of Leningrad Front, following the breaking of the German siege of that city and that Front's advance towards the Baltic States. Once the 249th entered Estonia it could draw on the local population for replacements. By August it was at a strength of 7,946 officers and men, making it a very strong rifle division for that stage of the war. In September, 8th Corps became part of 8th Army, which was clearing the coasts of Estonia and Latvia as well as the islands offshore. On October 6, the 1st Battalion of the 925th Rifle Regiment, along with the 328th Reconnaissance Company, staged an amphibious assault on Muhu Island, mounted on US Lend Lease DUKW amphibious trucks of the 283rd Special Purpose Truck Battalion. Two men of the 925th, Lt. Albert Gustavovich Repson, a platoon commander of the 925th, and Jr. Sgt. Nikolai Nikolaevich Matyashin, a machine gunner of the same regiment, were named as Heroes of the Soviet Union for this operation.

After returning to the mainland the 249th took part in the liberation of the Estonian capital, Tallinn, on September 22, and would be awarded the Order of the Red Banner on October 22. On December 16 several subunits of the division received decorations for their roles in the amphibious operation that took Saaremaa. The 921st Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the 779th Artillery Regiment was given the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree, the 307th Antitank Battalion won the Order of Alexander Nevsky, and the 917th and 925th Rifle Regiments each received the Order of the Red Star.

Courland Pocket
In February 1945, 8th Corps returned to 2nd Baltic Front, now in Lithuania, coming under direct command of the Front. General Lombak left the division on March 3; he would go on to command the 118th Rifle Division postwar, before serving in a number of military and governmental posts in the Estonian SSR until 1959. He was replaced by Col. Avgust Yulianovich Feldman for the duration of the war. This officer had been the division's deputy commander since September 1942. On March 17 a strength return showed the 249th still with 8,996 officers and men, nearly twice the strength of the average 1945 Red Army rifle division. During that month the division, with its corps, was reassigned to the 42nd Army in the Courland Group of Forces of Leningrad Front, helping to keep guard over the German forces trapped in the Courland Pocket. Nearly two months after the German surrender, on June 28, the 8th Estonian Rifle Corps became the 41st Guards Rifle Corps, and the 249th Estonian Rifle Division was renamed the 122nd Guards Rifle Division.

References

Citations

Bibliography

 p. 113
 pp. 226

External links
German Fedorovich Tarasov
Lembit Abramovich Pern
Yogan Yakovlevich Lombak

249
Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
Military units and formations awarded the Order of the Red Banner
1941 establishments in the Soviet Union
1945 disestablishments in the Soviet Union


title: Mammillaria bocasana

text:
Mammillaria bocasana is a species of cactus in the subfamily Cactoideae. It is often sold as a "powder puff" cactus, and also as a "Powder Puff Pincushion." The plant is protected from collecting in the wild in Mexico.

Habitat
In its natural habitat of Northern central Mexico, it is found between 1650–2300 meters above sea level. It grows on canyon walls, in volcanic rock and in semi-desert environs, often under bushes of native plants. It has been listed as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species since 2009.

Description
Mammillaria bocasana is hemispherical in shape. It has "white, hair-like spines" that cover up its radial and hooked central spines. During the spring and summer, it bears several cream-colored flowers. Later it bears a red cylindrical fruit that contains reddish-brown seeds which display partially lateral hilum. Its form can be variable, with many different varieties or subspecies.

Cultivation
Mammillaria bocasana can be propagated from seed. As it grows, it offsets, creating large mounds. This cactus is prone to rot and can tolerate temperatures of -7 degrees Celsius (20 degrees Fahrenheit) for short amounts of time. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

References

Plants described in 1853
bocasana


title: List of Eastern Michigan Eagles in the NFL draft

text:
This is a list of Eastern Michigan Eagles in the NFL draft.

Key

Selections

References

Eastern Michigan

Eastern Michigan Eagles NFL draft


title: Thomas Kelso Creighton

text:
Thomas Kelso Creighton (April 4, 1892 - October 20, 1973) was a Canadian politician, who represented the riding of Ontario in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1945 to 1948. He was a member of the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party.

Born April 4, 1892 in Dorchester, Ontario, Creighton was educated at the University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall, and was admitted to the bar as a lawyer in 1919. He practiced law in Oshawa, Ontario, and was appointed King's Counsel in 1938.

He died in Oshawa at the age of 81.

References

External links

1892 births
1973 deaths
People from Middlesex County, Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
Canadian King's Counsel


title: Oreodera omissa

text:
Oreodera omissa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1932.

References

Oreodera
Beetles described in 1932


title: Oreodera paulista

text:
Oreodera paulista is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Tippmann in 1953.

References

Oreodera
Beetles described in 1953


title: Oreodera podagrica

text:
Oreodera podagrica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Neouze and Tavakilian in 2010.

References

Oreodera
Beetles described in 2010


title: Oreodera purpurascens

text:
Oreodera purpurascens is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1880.

References

Oreodera
Beetles described in 1880


title: Oreodera pustulosa

text:
Oreodera pustulosa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné and Fragoso in 1988.

References

Oreodera
Beetles described in 1988


title: Maxville Aerodrome

text:
Maxville Aerodrome  is located  northeast of Maxville, Ontario, Canada.

References

Registered aerodromes in Ontario


title: Oreodera quinquetuberculata

text:
Oreodera quinquetuberculata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Drapiez in 1820.

References

Oreodera
Beetles described in 1820


title: Oreodera rhytisma

text:
Oreodera rhytisma is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné and Fragoso in 1988.

References

Oreodera
Beetles described in 1988


title: Oreodera roppai

text:
Oreodera roppai is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné and Fragoso in 1988.

References

Oreodera
Beetles described in 1988


title: Oreodera rufofasciata

text:
Oreodera rufofasciata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1861.

References

Oreodera
Beetles described in 1861


title: 1978 Australian Tourist Trophy

text:
The 1978 Australian Tourist Trophy was a motor race staged at the Calder circuit in Victoria, Australia on 3 December 1978. It was open to Group A Sports Cars and was recognized by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport as an Australian Title. The race, which was the sixteenth Australian Tourist Trophy, was won by Greg Doidge driving an Elfin 360.

Results

Race statistics
 Race distance: 50 laps, 50 miles, 80.5 km
 Race time of winning car: 37:28.2
 Number of starters: 18
 Number of finishers: 8

References & notes

Australian Tourist Trophy
Tourist Trophy
Motorsport in Victoria (state)


title: Oreodera seabrai

text:
Oreodera seabrai is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monné and Fragoso in 1988.

References

Oreodera
Beetles described in 1988


title: Mary Jane Osborn

text:
Mary Jane Osborn (September 24, 1927January 17, 2019) was an American biochemist and microbiologist known for her research on the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (bacterial endotoxin), a key component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and discovering the mechanism of action of the anti-cancer drug methotrexate. She headed the Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics at the University of Connecticut Health Center and served as president of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

Early life and education
Mary Jane Merten was born on September 24, 1927, in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Her family moved to Beverly Hills, California when she was five, and her father was very supportive of her scientific interests and ambitions.

She received a bachelor's degree in physiology from the University of California at Berkeley in 1948. She then earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Washington in 1958, where her thesis research investigated the function of folic acid-dependent enzymes and vitamins. In 1957, while working in the laboratory of F. M. Huennekens, she discovered the mechanism of action of methotrexate, a pharmaceutical drug used to treat cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis.

Career
After receiving her Ph.D., she began a postdoctoral microbiology fellowship at the New York University College of Medicine, and was appointed assistant professor there in 1962. In 1963, she joined the Albert Einstein College of Medicine as an assistant professor, and was promoted to associate professor in 1996.

She joined University of Connecticut School of Medicine as professor in 1968, where, as one of the founding members, she helped develop their medical school program.  She served as professor of microbiology in the Department of Molecular, Microbial and Structural Biology and remained at the University of Connecticut until her retirement in 2014. While there, she served as a professor of microbiology and of molecular biology and biophysics, and headed the University of Connecticut's Department of Microbiology from 1980 to 2002.

It was during her postdoctoral fellowship that she switched research focus to microbiology, examining the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides which contributed to the development of new antibiotics. Lipopolysaccharides, also known as bacterial endotoxin, are large molecules that are abundant on the surfaces of Gram-negative bacteria and contribute to bacterial toxicity and the immune response they provoke.

She used a combination of biochemical experiments, bacterial genetics, and electron microscopy to investigate how bacteria transport lipopolysaccharides from the cellular interior where they are produced to the outer membrane where they reside. This work required the development of a new technique to separate the inner and outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, which became known as the Osborn method.  She also researched the mechanisms of bacterial cell division.

Later in her career, she pursued an interest in space biology. Osborn worked for NASA and the National Research Council from the mid-1990s through 2008 on lunar and space exploration projects. In this capacity, she chaired NASA's Committee on Space Biology and Medicine, which helped plan U.S. space biology research in the early 2000s.

Osborn served as editor of the journal Biochemistry and the Journal of Biochemistry. She chaired the National Institutes of Health Advisory Council, Division of Research Grants from 1992 to 1994 and served on the Council of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from 1974 to 1975).  She was the second woman elected at their president (1981) and also served as president of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (1982).

Personal life

She married painter Ralph Osborn. She had no children. She was interested in poetry and the arts, including ballet and opera.

Osborn died January 17, 2019, in Farmington, Connecticut, at the age of 91 following complications after emergency surgery.

Honors and awards
Osborn was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1977, the National Academy of Sciences in 1978, and the American Academy of Microbiology in 1992. She was appointed to the National Science Board (governing body of the National Science Foundation) by President Jimmy Carter in 1980.

She was chosen for the Chancellor's Distinguished Lectureship at the University of California, Berkeley in 1982. In 2002, the University of Connecticut Medical School established an annual Osborn Lectureship to honor female scientists.

Key publications

References

External links
Interview with Mary Jane Osborn (2011), National Academy of Sciences

1927 births
2019 deaths
Albert Einstein College of Medicine faculty
American women biochemists
American molecular biologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Colorado Springs, Colorado
University of California alumni
University of Washington alumni
American women academics
21st-century American women