title: Stoddard Judd

text:
Stoddard Judd (May 18, 1797March 2, 1873) was an American physician, politician, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He served 4 years in the Wisconsin Legislature, representing Dodge County.  Earlier, he served three terms in the New York State Assembly.

Biography
Born in Sharon, Connecticut, Judd graduated from Albany Medical College and practiced medicine in Dutchess County, New York. In 1829, 1835, and 1836, Judd served in the New York State Legislature. Then, in 1841, President William Henry Harrison appointed Judd land receiver in Green Bay, Wisconsin Territory. He moved to Fox Lake, Wisconsin in 1845. Judd was also involved in the railroad business, serving as president of the La Crosse Railroad. He served the first and second Wisconsin Constitutional Conventions of 1846 and 1847–1848. Judd was a Democrat, but he backed the Republican candidate, John C. Frémont, in the 1856 election. Judd also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1860 and in the Wisconsin State Senate in 1866 and 1867, at which point he was the oldest member of the senate (at age 69). He died in Fox Lake, Wisconsin on March 2, 1873.

Notes

External links

1797 births
1873 deaths
People from Sharon, Connecticut
Politicians from Dutchess County, New York
People from Fox Lake, Wisconsin
Politicians from Green Bay, Wisconsin
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Physicians from New York (state)
Physicians from Wisconsin
Members of the New York State Assembly
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Wisconsin state senators
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople


title: Fredrik Lystad Jacobsen

text:
Fredrik Lystad Jacobsen (born February 15, 1990) is a Norwegian professional ice hockey player. He was a member of the Norwegian squad at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

References

External links
Sochi2014 Profile
Elite Prospects Profile

1990 births
Living people
People from Asker
Norwegian ice hockey forwards
Frisk Asker Ishockey players
Sparta Sarpsborg players
Storhamar Hockey players
Olympic ice hockey players for Norway
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Viken (county)


title: Hyde Park (Burkeville, Virginia)

text:
Hyde Park, also known as Old Field, Hyde Farmlands, Hyde Farmlands Academy, Hyde Farms, and Hyde Park Farm, is a historic home and farm complex located at Burkeville, Nottoway County, Virginia. The original section was built between 1762 and 1782, and is a three-story, three bay, brick vernacular Federal style central passage dwelling. It was enlarged between 1840 and 1860. Between 1906 and 1911, a two-story Greek Revival-inspired brick addition was added to the east gable and a three-story Colonial Revival brick addition to the northwest corner. The farm complex also includes the tenant house, kitchen/wash house, ten log chicken houses (four in ruins), dairy barn, six small outbuildings, and the Fowlkes family cemetery. Also on the property is a large, multi-component archaeological site as well as the ruins of brooder houses, additional farm outbuildings, the tenant farmer house site, the cattle barn ruin, the old mill complex site, and the new mill complex site. During the 1930s and early 1940s, the property provided the opportunity for agriculturally skilled Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany to immigrate to America and expand the farm's productivity.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.

References

Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Colonial Revival architecture in Virginia
Greek Revival houses in Virginia
Federal architecture in Virginia
Houses completed in 1782
Buildings and structures in Nottoway County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Nottoway County, Virginia
1782 establishments in Virginia


title: Vincenzo Cotroni

text:
Vincenzo "Vic" Cotroni (; born Vincenzo Cotrone; ; 1911 – September 16, 1984), also known as "The Egg", was an Italian-born Canadian crime boss of the Cotroni crime family in Montreal, Quebec.

Cotroni was born in 1911 in Mammola, Calabria, Italy. In 1924, he immigrated to Montreal. In his early life, he worked as a professional wrestler under the name "Vic Vincent." By the age of 20, Cotroni had accumulated a lengthy record of minor offences, bootlegging with local bootlegger Armand Courville. In 1928, Cotroni was charged with rape against Maria Bresciano. The charge was dropped when Maria agreed to marry him in May 1928, and later had a child, Rosina.

Throughout his life, Cotroni kept a low profile. In 1974, he was subpoenaed to stand before a Quebec government commission inquiry into organized crime and was jailed for one year for contempt. The following year, Cotroni and his capodecina Paolo Violi, along with Hamilton, Ontario mobster Johnny Papalia, were convicted of extortion and sentenced to six years in prison; Cotroni's sentence was later reduced on appeal to just six months.

In the late 1970s, Cotroni transferred control of the day-to-day activities of the family to Violi, together with his brother Frank Cotroni, Nicolas Dilorio, and Luigi Greco. A power struggle between the Calabrians led by Violi and a Sicilian faction led by Nicolo Rizzuto soon broke out; in the mob war that followed the Sicilian Rizzuto crime family emerged as the preeminent crime family in Montreal by the early 1980s. On September 16, 1984, Cotroni died of cancer.

Early life
Cotroni was born in 1911 in Mammola, Calabria, Italy. The precise spelling of his surname remains unknown as Italian, American and Canadian records variously spell his surname as Cotroni, Controne, Coutroni, Catrino, Catroni, and Citroini. Cotroni was illiterate for his entire life and never gave a precise spelling of his surname. His tombstone gives his surname as Cotrone, but the Cotroni surname came to be the one most preferred by journalists and court officials, and this became the accepted spelling of his surname.

His family left Italy for the United States and later came to Canada. In 1924, he immigrated to Montreal, Quebec, Canada with his two sisters, Marguerita and Palmina, and his brother Giuseppe; his two other brothers, Frank and Michel, were later born in Montreal. Cotroni became a Canadian citizen in 1929.

Cotroni grew up in a house at the junction of Ontario and St. Timotheé streets in Le Plateau-Mont-Royal (now in Montreal), a poor neighbourhood that more affluent Italian immigrants avoided because of its high crime rate. His father, Nicodemo, was a carpenter whose average weekly income was $35.

By 1924, Montreal had been a key centre in the business of bootlegging, forming a crucial link in the smuggling network running south from Montreal to New York City and the other cities of the American Northeast. Quebec was the only province in Canada that did not ban alcohol, and for much of the 1920s Quebec was the only place north of the Rio Grande where it was possible to legally drink alcohol. Members of the Cotroni family had moved to Montreal to take part in bootlegging and were repeatedly arrested during the Prohibition era for smuggling alcohol into the United States.

Rather than attend school, Vic Cotroni worked briefly as a carpenter and then as a professional wrestler under the name "Vic Vincent." By the age of 20, Cotroni had accumulated a lengthy record of minor offences, including theft, possession of counterfeit money, and assault and battery, as well as bootlegging with local bootlegger Armand Courville.

Career as a Wrestler and Hoodlum
Montreal was notorious during the interwar period as one of the most corrupt cities in the world and for being a global centre of drug smuggling and prostitution. French police reports from the 1930s listed Montreal as the world's third most "depraved" city, after only Port Said and Marseilles. In 1936, the mayor of Montreal, Adhémar Raynault, estimated that Montreal's vice industry was worth $200 million per annum, making the vice business one of Montreal's largest industries.

Cotroni flourished as a gangster in this climate. As an young man, Cotroni spent much of his time working as a guard and a bouncer in various gambling houses and bars, becoming involved in organized crime in the late 1920s. Courville served as a mentor to Cotroni, teaching him professional wrestling .

In 1928, Cotroni was charged with rape against Maria Bresciano, but the charge was dropped when Maria agreed to marry him in May 1928, and later had a child, Rosina. As an young man, Cotroni was deeply influenced by the 'ndranghetista subculture of his native Calabria, whose ethos stressed an ultra-aggressive, almost mindlessly macho persona for 'ndranghetisti, who proved their virility, strength and dominance over men through violence, most notably by castrating rival men. 'Ndranghetisti were expected to be just as sexually aggressive as physically aggressive and could never accept a refusal of sexual advances, which would question his sense of machismo. The Italian sociologist Pino Arlacchi wrote about the 'ndranghetista subculture, "Except among relatives, the two sexes represented qualities in constant antagonism: the uomo di rispetto ("man worthy of respect") had the task of demonstrating his virility at every opportunity, even if this meant committing violence against women or seizing them by force." Peter Edwards, the crime correspondent of The Toronto Star, wrote that Cotroni was almost certainly guilty of raping Maria Bresciano, who had rejected his offer of marriage, which he took as a humiliation that questioned his sense of machismo, which in turn required an act of extreme violence to prove his virility and strength as a man.

Likewise, Edwards wrote that it was the same need to dominate others that led Cotroni to work as a professional wrestler under the ring name of Vic Vincent, as he wanted to prove his machismo by demonstrating his strength and fierceness as a brawler who apparently won victories over other men in front of thousands of people. The fact that the matches were staged in the pseudo-sport of professional wrestling was not widely known in the 1930s, and many believed that the wrestling matches were authentic bouts.

In 1938, Cotroni retired from professional wrestling, but he remained fond of his Vic Vincent persona as he continued to use Vic Vincent as an alias as late as the 1960s. Cotroni was uncle by marriage to professional wrestler Dino Bravo, believed by authorities to be involved in his organization for some time.

Cotroni was involved in the 1930s in "baseball bat elections", where he served as "muscle" for the Quebec Liberal Party and the Union Nationale, beating up supporters of rival parties and stuffing ballot boxes. As a result the Cotroni family enjoyed the protection of Quebec politicians for decades afterwards, while Cotroni and Courville acquired reputations that were to last for decades.

As the 1930s went on, Cotroni became increasingly prosperous, as his taste in clothes became more and more expensive. As Cotroni aged and he become the uomo di rispetto he always aspired to be, he became more quiet, modest and introspective as he sought to avoid the limelight. However, though Cotroni presented himself as an illiterate pepperoni salesman to pizzerias, he still maintained the reputation of being a terrifying figure capable of extreme violence. Cotroni's unofficial title of Le Parrain de Montreal ("the Godfather of Montreal") guaranteed him the respect that he felt was due to him.

In 1940, Cotroni escaped internment despite being born in Italy. During the interwar period, i Figli d'Italia ("the Sons of Italy"), a group linked to the Grand Fascist Party attempted to mobilize support for the Fascist regime in Montreal's Italian Canadian community. Unlike the other provinces, where the Royal Canadian Mounted Police interned all Italian immigrants, only those who belonged to the Sons of Italy group were interned in Quebec. As Cotroni had never belonged to the Sons of Italy group, he was allowed to remain at liberty.

In 1941, Cotroni and Courville bought a bar and nightclub, the Faison Doré and Café Royal. The Faison Doré was the most popular nightclub in Montreal between the 1940s and 1960s, due to a charismatic emcee, Jacques Normand, alongside the galaxy of European stars who performed shows, with the most popular being Charles Aznavour, Tino Rossi, Charles Trenet and Luis Mariano. The Faison Doré was moreover the nightclub where a number of future French Canadian stars such as Roger Baulu, Raymond Lévesque, Denise Filiatrault, Fernand Gignac and Monique Leyrac began their careers. Though Courville and Cotroni both had thuggish reputations, the ownership of the Faison Doré and their sponsorship of la chanson française gave them the reputation of promoters of culture.

Cotroni had a gangster, Harry Ship, rent an office next to the Faison Doré, which was a 24-hour center for gambling. Ship's office was equipped with ticker-tape machines reporting the results of sports events and horse races while bookies took bets from anyone willing to phone in.

Decina boss

In 1953, Carmine "Lilo" Galante, an influential member of the New York City-based Bonanno crime family, arrived in Montreal and worked with Cotroni. Galante planned to make Montreal a pivotal location in the importation of heroin from overseas for distribution in New York City and across the United States in the French Connection. Police also estimated that Galante was collecting gambling profits in Montreal worth about $50 million per year.

Cotroni was close to Galante, with whom he was constantly seen. Edwards wrote that in the early 1950s Cotroni "...was a significant but not a dominant force in the Montreal underworld and an éminence grise of the arts scene who was credited with launching the careers of several Québécoise folk singers." When the owner of a nightclub, Solomon "Solly" Schnapp, refused to allow prostitutes working for Galante in his nightclub, Cotroni and his associates destroyed Schnapp's club with sledgehammers and baseball bats, causing $30,000 in damage.

Cotroni's association with Galante elevated his importance in the underworld and gave him the connections with New York that he always wanted. Galante formally established the Bonanno family Decina in Montreal and made Cotroni his chief lieutenant.

Montreal became a key smuggling point in the French Connection smuggling ring. Opium grown in the "Golden Crescent" nations of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran was smuggled via Turkey to Marseilles, where the gangsters of le Milieu converted the opium into heroin. From Marseilles, the heroin was smuggled into North America with Montreal being one of the chief entry points. Cotroni's nightclub, the Faison Doré, was listed as the mailing address for Antonio D'Agostino, a French Corsican gangster known as one of France's most powerful heroin smugglers.

In 1954, Cotroni tried to prevent the election of the reformist candidate, Jean Drapeau, as Mayor of Montreal, using violence and stuffed election boxes full of false ballots. Drapeau still won the election and one of his first acts was to appoint an incorruptible policeman Pacifique Roy "Pax" Plante as the police chief of Montreal. Plante in return pressured the federal government to deport Galante, as he noted that Galante had no official source of income or a job.

In April 1956, due to Galante's strong-arm extortion tactics, the Canadian government deported him back to the United States. Bonanno replaced Galante with Salvatore "Little Sal" Giglio as his Montreal agent. In the 1957 municipal election, the Cotroni family joined forces with the Union Nationale government of Premier Maurice Duplessis against Drapeau, who was running for reelection. Drapeau was the victim of attempted murder when a car driven by Cotroni soldiers tried to run him over; the campaign headquarters of Drapeau was smashed up by Cotroni family thugs; and the president of the anti-corruption group, the Civic Action League, Reuben Lévesque, was beaten bloody in public by Cotroni's thugs. Despite all the violence, to ensure the victory of the pro-corruption candidate, former Liberal MP Sarto Fournier, it was still necessary to provide 20,000 false ballots to allow Fournier to win the election.

One of Fournier's first acts as mayor was to demote and then fire Plante as police chief and replace him with a more venal man. Cotroni was said to have placed a contract on Plante's life. Believing his life to be in danger, Plante fled to a remote village in Mexico. As corruption boomed again in Montreal, the federal government deported Giglio after he was found with 240 Cuban cigars that he failed to declare at customs when he returned from a vacation in Cuba. Bonanno appointed Cotroni as his new Montreal agent.

Edwards has written that Cotroni was just a glorified "branch plant manager" who took his orders from New York and that the Cotroni family was only the Canadian decina of the Bonanno family of New York, instead of being a crime family in its own right. Edwards wrote, "While Cotroni's operation was a branch plant, it was big league by Canadian standards, and any young man serving under him could expect to serve a five-year apprenticeship before being considered a full family member. They then became part of something huge. When the police peeked into the bank account of one of Cotroni's four main money-launders, they found it had been the conduit for no less than $83 million. And during the heyday of Cotroni's illegal gambling rackets, police estimated his American bosses siphoned off some $50 million yearly as their cut."

As Cotroni entered middle age, he delegated the enforcement duties to his younger brother, Frank, who was 20 years his junior and who very much resembled him in his younger years in his willingness to use violence. In November 1959, another of Cotroni's brothers, Giuseppe "Pep" Cotroni, was convicted of heroin trafficking due to the efforts of a charismatic Crown Attorney, Jean-Paul St. Marie, at the time an avowed enemy of the Cotroni family.

In April 1960, St. Marie again prosecuted "Pep" Cotroni, this time for his role in the largest bank robbery in Canada adjusted for inflation, namely the theft of $9 million from the Brockville Trust & Savings bank in May 1958. Once again, the case ended with "Pep" Cotroni being found guilty. Two thugs arrived at the office of the Italian language Montreal newspaper Cittandino Canadese to warn the editors that it was "not respectable" to publish stories about "Pep" Cotroni. Nick Chamara, the editor of Cittandino Canadese, boldly chose to defy Cotroni, saying that "publicity is my best weapon."

By the 1960s, Cotroni owned a limousine, a duplex in Rosemont, and a brand new home in Lavaltrie. The house, built in 1959, featured marble floors, a large conference room, a walk-in industrial sized refrigerator, a built-in movie screen, six bathrooms, and crystal chandeliers. The conference hall in his Lavaltrie house had a huge, handcrafted walnut board table with the words "Italia" carved on the chairs on the head and the foot while all of the other chairs featured the names and crests of the Italian regions. The conference hall had a huge window overlooking the St. Lawrence river and led out to a sundeck supported by a type of 24 inch steel beams normally used in bridge construction. All of the guest rooms had views facing the St. Lawrence and all had walk-in closets and ensuite bathrooms decorated with white marble. Cotroni also donated large sums of money to Montreal churches and charities, and later fathered a second child—this time, a son, Nicodemo, named after his father, with his French-Canadian mistress.

In 1964, Cotroni was faced with a dilemma when his boss, Joseph Bonanno challenged the Commission, the governing board of the American Mafia. Bonanno had been a founding member of the Commission in 1931, but fell out in the early 1960s with three fellow Commission members, namely Carlo Gambino of New York, Stefano Magaddino of Buffalo, and Tommy Lucchese of New York, whose murders he had plotted. Bonanno was ordered to appear before the Commission to explain himself, but he instead fled to Montreal.

Bonanno's unwanted arrival placed Cotroni into the impossible situation of having to either serve his boss, Bonanno, or the Commission, both of which he wanted to be loyal to. The Commission were willing to forgive Bonanno for his breach of their rules and wanted him to return to New York. Several times, New Jersey boss Sam "The Plumber" DeCavalcante was sent north to Montreal to ask Bonanno to return to New York, only for Bonanno to declare that he no longer recognized the authority of the Commission, a situation that DeCavalacante likened to the possibility of "World War III" breaking out.

Cotroni's efforts at remaining neutral were much strained. Magaddino saw Bonanno's presence in Montreal as signalling an intention to move into his turf of southern Ontario, and led to threats from Buffalo that Cotroni should disassociate himself with Bonanno if he wanted to live.

Much to Cotroni's relief, Bonanno was deported from Canada in the summer of 1964. A police wiretap at DeCavalcante's office in Kenilworth, New Jersey showed the latter talking on December 23, 1964 with Bonanno family member Joe Notaro at length about Cotroni. Notaro told DeCavalcante, "They want to be left alone. I said, 'All right, conve y the message to Vic that as of this night, as far as we are concerned, they are at liberty to do what they want'. When we get this ironed out, we go talk to them." A Bonanno family caporegina, Gaspar DiGregorio, had broken away to declare his loyalty to the Commission. The police wire recorded that DeCavalcante asked Notaro, "How many people remain that are not with Gasparino?" Notaro replied that 25 remained loyal to Bonanno including five caporeginas, one of whom Notaro named as "Vic from Montreal."

On November 28, 1966, a delegation of New York Mafia leaders led by Bonanno's son, Salvatore Bonanno, together with Carl Simari, Peter Magaddino, Vito De Filippo, Peter Notaro and Pat De Filippo, arrived in Montreal to talk with Cotroni about the upcoming Expo 67. The Montreal police pulled over Bonanno's car and found three loaded handguns, leading him and the rest of his party to be deported to the United States for the illegal ownership of guns.

Magaddino was "mad like a beast" when he learned of the Bonanno-Cotroni meeting, leading Cotroni to send a message that the meeting had not been planned by him. Cotroni declined Magaddino's offer to see him in Buffalo about the matter. Giacomo Luppino of Hamilton, who was one of the few people Magaddino respected, intervened to talk the Buffalo boss out of his plans to kill Cotroni. Luppino, in a successful attempt to play the peacemaker, worked out an agreement under which his son-in-law, Paolo Violi, who had moved to Montreal in 1963, would be a Cotroni family underboss in exchange for Magaddino cancelling his plans to kill Cotroni, who would continue to work for Bonanno.

Magaddino always saw Violi as his "beachhead" in Montreal who would ultimately allow him to add Quebec to his Canadian territories and in the process weaken his hated rivals, the Bonanno family. Violi for his part was contemptuous of both Bonanno and Magaddino. Violi told Luppino's son, Jimmy, in a 1967 phone call wiretapped by the police that he thought that the Cotroni family should declare its independence and set itself up as a crime family in its own right.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Cotroni used associate William "Obie" Obront to supervise a bookmaking network in the Ottawa-Hull area that handled around $50,000 in bets per day, with 25 per cent going to Paolo Violi. Obie also served as Cotroni's chief banker and financial adviser, responsible for laundering money. For Expo 67, Obie also helped the Cotronis land the meat and vending machine supply contract. Most of the meat he supplied was tainted.

The October Crisis
Starting in September 1969, Frank D'Asti of the Cotroni family contributed heavily to the leadership bid of Pierre Laporte to be the leader of the Quebec Liberal Party. On April 16, 1970, Laporte met with D'Asti and Nicolo di Iorio of the Cotroni family. On May 3, 1970, a police wiretap recorded di Iori and D'Asti expressing the hope that Laporte be appointed the Quebec Attorney General.

In August 1970, Cotroni went to Acapulco, Mexico to attend a "crime summit" attended by gangsters from Canada, the United States and France to discuss how to take advantage of the plans to legalize casinos in Quebec. The plan was to take over the casinos to use them as fronts for money laundering. The subject was considered so important that Meyer Lansky served as the chairman of the conference, representing "the Commission."

On October 5, 1970, James Cross, the British trade commissioner in Montreal, was kidnapped by the Front de libération du Québec, starting what is known as the October Crisis. On October 8, 1970, the FLQ Manifesto was read out on national television and radio in both English and French in an attempt to buy time for Cross, whom the FLQ had threatened to execute unless their manifesto was broadcast.

The manifesto singled out as one of the supposed exploiters of the French Canadian working class "the election-riggers Simard-Cotroni." The reference to Simard was to a wealthy French Canadian family of shipbuilders. The Premier of Quebec, Robert Bourassa, was married to Andrée Simard, and was often accused of favouring the Simard family. The manifesto stated that violence was acceptable means of winning Quebec independence because "The Liberal Party's victory was nothing, but the victory of the election-riggers, Simard-Cotroni. As a result, the British parliamentary system is finished and the Front de Libération du Quebec will never allow itself to be distracted by the pseudo-elections that the Anglo-Saxon capitalists toss to the people of Quebec every four years."

Cotroni was a well known supporter of the Parti libéral du Québec. Cotroni was said to have been enraged by the manifesto, which drew national attention upon himself in a very unflattering way.

On October 10, 1970, Pierre Laporte, the Quebec Labour Minister, was kidnapped by the FLQ. Laporte was close to the Cotroni family, and the FLQ kidnapped him in part in order to draw attention to the links between the Cotroni family and the Parti libéral du Québec. The FLQ planned to force Laporte to write out a "confession" of his crimes, which would be a "Magna Carta of corruption" that was intended to discredit the Parti libéral du Québec.

Acting on behalf of their boss, two of Cotroni's capos, Frank D'Asti and Nicolo di Iorio, approached Laporte's right-hand man, René Gagnon, with an offer of help. Both D'Asti and di Iorio stated that their family had an idea of where Laporte was being held and were willing to rescue him, an offer that Gagnon promptly accepted. On October 16, 1970, Laporte tried to escape by smashing his body through the window of the house where he was being held in, but his leg chains left him dangling in the air. Bleeding badly as the broken glass had severed several arteries, it was clear that Laporte would die soon if he was not taken to a hospital; rather than free him, his FLQ captors instead strangled him to death on October 17. Just minutes after Gagnon accepted the offer of help from D'Asti and di Iorio, he heard on the radio that Laporte's corpse had just been discovered. The perception that the Bourassa government was soft on organized crime led Bourassa to perform a U-turn on his plans for legalizing casinos, which were not legalized after all, thereby rendering the Acapulco crime summit moot.

Libel suit
In 1963, when Maclean's magazine had referred to him as the "godfather" of Montreal, Cotroni sued the magazine company for $1.25 million in damages. Cotroni's choice of a lawyer, Jean-Paul Ste. Marie, greatly shocked the courtroom for Ste. Marie had once served as a Crown Attorney who had successfully prosecuted Cotroni's brother, Giuseppe "Pep" Cotroni, for heroin trafficking in 1959 and for bank robbery in 1960. When asked why had he had chosen the man who sent his brother to prison as his counsel, Cotroni stated that St. Marie was the only lawyer he knew who knew he was an "innocent man."

In 1972, Cotroni's libel suit against Maclean's finally began. St. Marie was known for his dramatic courtroom style and he argued in the courtroom, "Maclean's seems to say: 'What! A man who does not know how to read or write, an immigrant, a nightclub owner daring to sue us!' He must be punished!" St. Marie in his defence of Cotroni's reputation stated that he had no criminal record after 1938 when he retired from professional wrestling, saying, "He is just a simple illiterate citizen who had problems with justice, who came out against it, against whom from 1938 to 1972, no criminal accusation was proven."

Typical of his style, St. Marie accused Maclean's of being too influenced by films such as The Godfather despite the fact that the article was published in 1963 while The Godfather was released in 1972. Continuing his argument against The Godfather, which he conflated with the Maclean's article, St. Marie stated: "Well, there was an old movie called King Kong, but that did not prove that gorillas were as tall as skyscrapers. And Bela Lugosi did not prove the existence of vampires, no more than the Quebec film, Deu Femmes en Or, proves that every suburban housewife sleeps with the plumber and the telephone repair man!"

The lawyer for Maclean's, A.J. Campbell, took the offensive, noting that Cotroni was in close contact with Joseph Bonanno, one of the most infamous gangsters of New York and a founding member of "the Commission." Ralph Salerno, the former head of the New York City Police Department's Intelligence Unit, testified as an expert witness for Maclean's, saying that in 1963 when the Maclean's article was published that, "Vic Cotroni was active in organized crime directly related to the Joe Bonanno organized crime group in New York." Salerno stated that since 1963 Cotroni's reputation in organized crime circles had stayed the same while Bonanno's reputation had greatly declined.

When confronted on the stand about frequent telephone calls to Bonanno, Cotroni became shifty and evasive as he claimed not to remember what the calls were about, though he insisted that it was all innocuous talk despite his professed inability to remember what was said. Campbell accused Cotroni of extorting money from the Montreal Ace Trucking Company, leading Cotroni to say that he had never heard of Ace Trucking. That lie proved to be a major mistake as Campbell produced invoices from Ace Trucking showing that the company had paid Cotroni $15,900 in 1960, $15,300 in 1961 and $15,900 in 1962 for his vague work as a "sales representative", leading Cotroni to claim that he had forgotten about these payments. The CEO of Ace Trucking, Sam Maislin, testified that Cotroni was a "sales representative to the Italian trade", which led Campbell to ask in response what expertise did an official "pepperoni salesman" have for the business of trucking. Maislin stated that Cotroni knew nothing about trucking and he only had hired him because he "knew the people."

Campbell also brought up the time when Cotroni tried to bribe a Montreal police officer with an offer of $50,000 in cash in exchange for not mentioning he was with his French Canadian mistress, Ghislaien Turgeon. Cotroni was at Turgeon's house having drinks with her, his brother Frank, and an American gangster, Joseph Asaro. Asaro was wanted in the United States on various charges, and when he was arrested at Turgeon's house, Cotroni did not want the officer to mention that he was at Turgeon's house with Asaro.

The officer testified at the trial that Cotroni had told him, "Money, that's not the question. Fix your price and you will be paid. My wife is in the hospital. She is very sick. If she learns of this arrest, at the home of my mistress, she could die. Everyone is going to say that Vic Vincent [Cotroni's wrestling ring name] is a stoolpigeon. My wife's going to know. The newspapers are going to talk about it and it will be a scandal."

Campbell also brought up Cotroni's meeting in Acapulco in 1970 with Lansky. Cotroni claimed in response not to know who Lansky was, saying he had never heard of him. Campbell then introduced photographs of Cotroni together with Lansky at the Acapulco summit.

Though Campbell failed to present evidence strong enough to persuade Justice St. Germain that Cotroni was a gangster, he did establish that Cotroni was at very least an unsavory character who was very far from the innocent portrayed by St. Marie. The judge concluded that Cotroni's reputation was "tainted" and only awarded him an insulting $2: $1 for the English version of Maclean's and another for the French version. Cotroni had promised to donate any money he won from Maclean's to charity, but there is no record of any charity ever receiving a $2 donation from Cotroni.

Decline
In the early 1970s, Cotroni transferred supervision of the day-to-day activities of the family to his Calabrian compatriot Paolo Violi, a capodecina, together with Nicolas Di Iorio, Frank Cotroni and Luigi Greco. Cotroni's role became more that of an adviser to the younger Calabrian. Greco led the Sicilian faction of the family until his death in 1972. Media reports usually described the Cotroni family as the "Cotroni-Violi family", which reflected the new balance of power.

A power struggle between the Calabrian and Sicilian factions of the family turned into a mob war in 1973. Violi complained about the independent modus operandi of his Sicilian "underlings", Nicolò Rizzuto in particular. "He is going from one side to the other, here and there, and he says nothing to nobody, he is doing business and nobody knows anything," Violi said about Rizzuto. Violi asked for more "soldiers" from his Bonanno bosses, clearly preparing for war. Cotroni remarked on September 15, 1972, "Me, I'm capodecina. I got the right to expel." Concerned about the possibility of a gang war in Montreal, two Bonanno family soldiers from New Jersey, Nicky Alfano and Nocola Buttofuoco, arrived in Montreal as mediators. The mediation mission failed, and police wiretaps record that both Cotroni and Violi talked often of "getting rid" of Rizzuto and have him "disappear." Another mission, this time led by Giuseppe Settecase of New York, was not successful and so the Bonanno family found themselves pondering Violi's request to kill Rizzuto.

Through the bugs planted by the Montreal police officer Robert Menard in Violi's Reggio Bar on Jean-Talon Street, the police recorded the members of the Settecase mission talk far too frankly about the affairs of the Bonanno family. Mario Latraverse, the chief of the Montreal police's anti-gang unit, recalled in a 1990 interview, "They came out with all the latest murders that occurred in New York City. They explained everything, everything. 'What happened to such and such?' 'Well, he died because'. Well, we called the New York authorities and they were flabbergasted...But they were here to mediate the request of Violi to kill Rizzuto. In that conversation, there was proof...that the Montreal family was a subfamiliy of the Bonanno family...And it was said then that money on a weekly basis was leaving Montreal...every Monday to go to New York." Much to the vexation of Cotroni and Violi, their bosses in the Bonanno family denied their requests to kill Rizzuto.

In 1974, Cotroni was subpoenaed to stand before the Quebec government's Commission d'enquête sur le crime organisé (CECO) inquiry into organized crime. He was sent to jail for one year on a contempt charge because his testimony, the Commission concluded, was "deliberately incomprehensible; rambling, vague, and nebulous." During his time on the stand, Cotroni kept making remarks such as "I have no authority" and "There were no meetings. These people are simply my friends." When the commission lawyer, Guy Dupre, who had grown tired of Cotroni's vague answers and professions of an inability to remember events, suggested he was "acting dumb", Cotroni's face lit up and he snapped in fury, "Do I look dumb?" His lawyer eventually won a reversal but only after Cotroni had spent several months behind bars.

Later that year, Cotroni and Violi were overheard on a police wiretap threatening to kill Hamilton mobster Johnny Papalia and demanding $150,000 after he used their names in a $300,000 extortion plot without notifying or cutting them in on the score. In a conversation secretly recorded by the police, Cotroni and Violi had a discussion in the Calabrian dialect before Papalia arrived in Montreal about how best to intimidate him. Violi was enraged at Papalia for having used the Cotroni family name, while Cotroni seemed more relaxed.

On April 30, 1974, Cotroni and Violi met with Papalia at the Reggio Bar owned by Violi. When Papalia denied taking the money from Toronto stockbroker Stanley Bader while using the name of the Cotroni family, Vic Cotroni quite casually told him, "Let's hope so because we'll kill you." Papalia responded with a humility and meekness that was unusual for him as he replied, "I know you'll kill me, Vic. I believe you'll kill me." Edwards wrote that Papalia had broken down in fear at the Reggio Bar meeting as he "whimpered" in the face of Cotroni, a man whom he was clearly terrified of. On May 13, 1974, at a meeting at the Reggio Foods factory, Cotroni and Violi talked in Calabrese, complaining that Papalia had failed to pay the money he had promised them. Cotroni had a low opinion of Papalia, whom he viewed as a coward, saying to Violi that the best way to deal with him was "...talk slowly, slowly...This is an easy fuck, you'll see."

Before his trial on the extortion charges relating to the Bader case began in the fall of 1976, Cotroni asked for the charges to be dismissed on account of ill health, saying he was suffering from diabetes, spinal arthritis, coronary thrombosis, urinary tract infection, hypertension, cardiac enlargement, myocardial inflection, angina, iritis in both eyes, swollen ankles and a polyp in his rectum. An Italian Mafia expert Vincenzo Marci wrote, "No prominent Mafia boss is without his sheaf of impressive-looking medical documents, confirming that he suffers from very serious illnesses—illnesses that prevent him from travelling to the place where he is supposed to be held in detention or coping with the rigors of imprisonment or attending a court hearing. In most cases, the illnesses are either non-existent or they are common ailments (such as arthritis, diabetes or liver disorders) which suddenly become severe...Several Mafia bosses have been suffering for years from incurable diseases, accordingly to their medical certificates: we must expect their imminent demise." The court dismissed Cotroni's lawyer's motion for dismissal as Justice Peter Wright ruled that Cotroni was healthy enough to stand trial.

During the trial, Papalia twice challenged Mario Latraverse, the chief of the Montreal police's anti-gang unit, to a fight in the men's bathroom of the courthouse, leading Latravese to take him up the challenges. The first incident ended when Tino Badelli, Cotroni's son-in-law, stepped in to prevent the fight and the second incident ended with Papalia backing down after Latraverse failed to break down in fear. When Cotroni heard about the bathroom incidents, he approached Latraverse and told him in French, "Monsieur Latraverse, I just found out what happened. I know you're a gentleman and he's not going to treat you like that." Latraverse reported that though it was clear that Papalia hated him, the incidents stopped after the meeting with Cotroni.

The three were convicted of extortion in 1975 and sentenced to six years in prison. Justice Peter Wright in convicting the three called the Crown's evidence "grim and appalling" and "about bad as it can be." Wright stated, "Nor do I detect any real hope for the rehabilitation of any you or any remorse. You are hardened and successful criminals. You have lived on the terror and fear and vices of others. You have used the weapons of threat and extortion in a section of society in which murder and violence are the servants of greed and power." Cotroni and Violi got their sentences reduced on appeal to just six months, but Papalia's was rejected. In 1977, Cotroni was confronted on the street by a television crew for the CBC documentary Connections about Mafia influence on the Canadian economy. Cotroni mistook the crew for rival gangsters who were about to castrate him, leading him to cover his groin with his hands as he attempted to flee.

Vito Rizzuto visited New York on behalf of his father to appear before "the Commission" to ask for permission to kill Violi, a request that was approved. However, "the Commission" did not grant their approval to kill Cotroni. On January 22, 1978, Violi was murdered under Rizzuto orders while Rizzuto was in Venezuela. Cotroni attended Violi's funeral, but declined to speak to Violi's widow or children. Edwards wrote about Cotroni's role in the Violi murder that he "...gave his grudging approval, knowing a refusal might add his name to the assassins' hit list. Vic Cotroni was not one to buck New York and any hit on Violi had to be sanctioned from the United States."  Violi's brothers were also murdered. By the mid 1980s, the Rizzuto crime family emerged as Montreal's pre-eminent crime family after the turf war.

Death
The Calabrian faction continued to operate with Frank Cotroni, who had been imprisoned from 1975 to 1979, as acting boss for his ill brother after the early 1980s. Vic Cotroni died of cancer at the age of 73, on September 16, 1984. Frank was left as boss. The procession from the Church of the Madonna della Difesa to Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery was made up of some 45 vehicles, 23 of them laden with wreaths and floral tributes, a 17-piece brass band, and about 300 people, including members of his family and associates.

Nickname
The origin of his nickname of "Vic the Egg" remains unknown. Eggs are a symbol of life and renewal in Calabrian culture and one theory holds that his nickname referred to his power to decide who lived and who died in the Montreal underworld. Another theory holds that the nickname was a reference to the roundish shape of his skull.

Books

References

1911 births
1984 deaths
20th-century Canadian criminals
Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery
Canadian crime bosses
Canadian male criminals
Canadian people of Calabrian descent
Canadian prisoners and detainees
Cotroni crime family
Criminals from Montreal
Deaths from cancer in Quebec
Italian-Canadian organized crime
Italian emigrants to Canada
Mafia extortionists
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Organized crime in Montreal
People from the Province of Reggio Calabria
People of Calabrian descent
Prisoners and detainees of Canada


title: Micajah Coffin

text:
Micajah Coffin (August 18, 1734 – May 25, 1827) was an American mariner, trader in the whaling industry and politician who served as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives.

Early life
Coffin was born to Benjamin and Jedida (née Hussey) Coffin on Nantucket, Province of Massachusetts, August 18, 1734. Of all his siblings, he was the one who became proficient in Latin and was able to have conversations in the Latin language with his father to the admiration and amazement of their friends. He worked as a carpenter in his early years.

Family life
On June 1, 1757, Micajah Coffin, at age 23, married Abigail Coleman, the daughter of Elihu Coleman, a distinguished Quaker preacher of his day  in the Nantucket Quaker Meeting House. They had four children: Isaiah, Gilbert, Jedida, and Zenas Coffin. Their youngest son, Zenas Coffin, became one of the most successful of Nantucket's eighteenth century whaling merchants. His first cousin was Sir Admiral Isaac Coffin.

Business career
Coffin was one of the leading mariners and traders in the whaling industry. Coffin and two of his sons, Gilbert Coffin and Zenas Coffin, operated a Nantucket based whaling firm during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries called Micajah Coffin and Sons. Their firm conducted business dealing in whale oil, candles, potash, and supplies to Nantucket. Their firm not only conducted business in eastern United States ports, but also did so in the West Indies, France, Nova Scotia, Brazil, and England. Their firm had great success and laid the foundation for Zenas Coffin's future fortune which he later used to enrich the island.

Coffin's whaling firm's first ships were called "sloops" and went on short whaling cruises and trading cruises. The records show Micajah was either the owner or had business interests in the following "sloops": Fames, Hepzibah, Woolf, Speedwell, Friendship, and Brothers. In 1790, large-scale business began when Micajah bought the ship the Lydia. The Lydia could carry eight hundred barrels of oil (or freight equivalent). The first large-sized ships owned by the firm were: Hebe, Whale, Trial, Diana, Brothers, Phebe, and Cato.

Political career
In 1791, at age 57, Coffin was elected by a large vote as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives representing Nantucket. He served this office for 21 years from 1791 to 1812. For his first 15 years, he was the only representative for Nantucket County.

On May 29, 1795, Coffin offered an act to the House to change their current name of the "Town of Sherborn" in Nantucket County to the "Town of Nantucket" as there was another town with the same name in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts creating confusion for people. On June 8, 1795, this bill was endorsed and signed by Governor Samuel Adams which made it officially changed and known as Nantucket in Nantucket County.

Death
In Coffin's last years, he lost his mental acuteness. Coffin died on May 25, 1827. The Governor of Massachusetts at the time, Levi Lincoln, honored Micajah by visiting him on Nantucket the autumn before his death.

See also
 Coffin (whaling family)
 Coffin (surname)

External links
Internet Archive copy of Will Gardner's 1949 "The Coffin Saga" book

References

1734 births
Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
People from Nantucket, Massachusetts
1827 deaths
Micajah
American sailors
Businesspeople from Massachusetts


title: Kantale Dam

text:
The Kantale Dam (, ) is a large embankment dam built in Kantale, Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka, used for irrigation. It is  long, and over  high. The dam breached on , killing more than 120 people. It has since been reconstructed. The dam impounds the Per Aru, a small river discharging into the Koddiyar Bay, at Trincomalee Harbour.

Reservoir history
The tank was built by King Aggabodhi II (604-614 AD) and further developed by King Parakramabahu the Great. It was also known as Gangathala Vapi at the time. The reservoir has a catchment area of  and a capacity of .

1986 Dam failure
On  at 03:00 AM, the dam breached, sending a wall of water over the villages downstream. The floods killed approximately 120–180 people, destroyed over 1,600 houses and  of paddy, affecting over 8,000 families. One of the main causes of the breach was said to be due to extra-heavy vehicles being driven over the dam.

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Trincomalee District
Dams in Sri Lanka
Dam failures in Asia
1986 in Sri Lanka
Man-made disasters in Sri Lanka
1986 disasters in Sri Lanka


title: Tito Canepa

text:
Tito Enrique Canepa Jiménez (21 September 1916 – 11 February 2014) was a leading Dominican painter of the generation that came of age in the 1930s and 1940s. Canepa's artistic identity was shaped in New York City, where he lived from the age of 21, never returning to stay in his native country. Despite this distance, or perhaps because of it, as León David has pointed out, his works always evince a certain dominicanidad without his setting out to achieve it as a goal — a dominicanidad that is never folkloric. Of the three modernist Dominican painters of the 1930s and 40s singled out by Rafael Díaz Niese as most significant — Canepa, Colson and Suro — Canepa is the one whose artistic activity developed in the most continuous absence from his native country, and the one longest resident in New York. Cánepa is accented in Spanish but not in the original Ligurian.

Biography

Canepa was born in 1916 in San Pedro de Macorís in the Dominican Republic. His initial artistic studies were in his native country. After participating in the political movement against the Trujillo dictatorship his existence in the Dominican Republic became precarious, and he left for New York in 1935, settling there permanently in 1937 when he accepted a position in the New York Siqueiros workshop on 13th Street.  There he worked under Roberto Berdecio on a number of murals, while attending class at the Art Students League.  Exile intensified his childhood memories, which were colored by his maternal family's progressive republican and anti-colonial traditions. Two of his maternal ancestors had been presidents of the Dominican Republic: Manuel Jimenes (presidency 1848-1849), a product of the Enlightenment and abolitionism, and Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra (presidency 1902-1916). In addition, Canepa's art reflected his paternal Genovese family's seafaring history and his father's extravagant construction of a small opera theater in San Pedro de Macorís, the Teatro Colón. It was there, watching the Spanish painter Enrique Tarazona at work, that Canepa gained "the sweeping confidence and bold absorption of historical styles that characterizes much" of his painting, "absorbing his catechism of old masters at such an early age that it became a digested part of his work."

In New York he was steeped in the artistic and social ferment of the WPA period. He exhibited in the Bonestell and ACA galleries, and his early circle of friends, with whom he exchanged paintings and drawings, included the painters David Burliuk, Pavel Tchelitchew, Walter Houmère, Rufino Tamayo and Mario Carreño and (later) Edward Laning. Far from setting out to become a 'Dominican' painter, he felt himself to be part of a broader tradition. Here a key influence was his mentor, the Dominican art historian and musicologist Américo Lugo Romero. With Lugo he spent almost every day of the better part of a year in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, absorbing his mentor's working connoisseurship of Renaissance art as the two discussed and challenged attributions of paintings.

His earliest recognition in the Dominican Republic came from Rafael Díaz Niese, on the occasion of a show of self-portraits in 1943 at the Galería Nacional de Bellas Artes in Santo Domingo. Díaz Niese's essay established Canepa, Darío Suro and Jaime Colson as the trinity of Dominican artists who led the second generation of high modernism (1930s and 1940s). Of Canepa's now lost 1943 self-portrait, Díaz Niese wrote:

 An intense inner life animated this small-sized work. All its elements indicated that its author was more than a mere painter, but rather a true artist: The strength of the lines, the realization of the volumes in a perfect succession of planes and the exquisite restraint with which he has been able to shape his youthful expressiveness while using a rather cool tonality – all of this makes it plain that the author possesses an exceptional artistic temperament.

Regarding other early works and against the background of Canepa's familiarity with Renaissance art, Díaz Niese summed up the outstanding qualities of his paintings:

In his early works, according to Edward Sullivan, "the figures are solidly constructed in an almost sculptural fashion. They exist in a seemingly timeless realm"; in works of the 1970s he seems to be paying homage to Mantegna, Piero and other Quattrocento artists who "demonstrated such interest in the cool, calm and quasi-mathematical measuring of space. Many of these compositions are highly expansive and suggest the ambitious spatial descriptions of mural paintings."

Dream symbolism, the "nostalgic search for a vanished land" and the exploration of the "mysterious realm of family and childhood" are among the themes that León David identified in Canepa's work.

During the Second World War Canepa served in the US Army's Signal Corps making propaganda films. In 1944 he married the modern dancer Florence Lessing.

In the 1950s, from New York, he was centrally involved in the group of political leaders planning to bring down the dictator of the Dominican Republic Trujillo.

In the 1970s his work was the object of a series of articles in Dominican newspapers, notably those by María Ugarte, a leading expert on the country's cultural and artistic heritage, in El Caribe, and by poet and art critic León David, in El Síglo. This renewed interest was largely triggered by one event: the efforts of a member of the Trujillo family to seize his historical triptych Enriquillo – Duarte – Luperón (1971) while still in the Santo Domingo airport. The new appreciation culminated in the publication in 1988 of León David's monograph.

In the 1980s Canepa together with several other Dominican artists, including Bismarck Victoria, Freddy Rodríguez and Magno Laracuente formed the Dominican Visual Artists of New York (DVANY), which organized several important exhibitions.

In 1992 he was the recipient of a lifetime achievement award from the Fundación Ciencia y Arte of the Dominican Republic, with "the eternal gratitude of the Dominican people for [his] pictorial oeuvre."

In the 1990s, Canepa exhibited his work in a number of shows, including a show of Latin American art at the Mexican Cultural Institute in Washington DC and the Step Gallery in New York. In 1996 his by now famous triptych Enriquillo - Duarte - Luperón was chosen as the cover illustration for the most important group show of Dominican art ever to have been mounted outside the country: Modern and Contemporary Art from the Dominican Republic  co-organised by the Spanish Institute and Americas Society, New York, in which his works occupied a significant place. The exhibition also travelled to the Bass Museum of Art, Miami Beach.

In 2005, the CUNY Dominican Studies Institute inaugurated their archives with an extensive collection of Tito Canepa's letters, drawings and photographs, along with three paintings: Ojeda y Caonabo (1984), The Sisters Mirabál (1985) and The Gulf of Arrows (1987).

In 2008 the Fundación Global Democracia y Desarollo (Global Foundation for Democracy and Development) and the CUNY Dominican Studies Institute organized a show at the Galería de Arte FUNGLODE in Santo Domingo, Tito Cánepa – 60 Years of Asserting Dominican Art in the United States.

In 2008 the Second International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Dominican Studies "Dominicans in the U.S. Prior to 1970 - Recovering an Earlier Dominican Presence. Dedicated to Camila Henríquez Ureña and Tito Cánepa" was held at Hostos Community College in New York City.

In February/March 2013 the CUNY Dominican Studies Institute presented an exhibit El Músico y el Pintor/ The Musician and the Painter: Petitón Guzmán and Tito Enrique Cánepa — An Exhibit Documenting the Lifetime, Work, and Artistic Trajectory of Two Early Twentieth Century Dominican Artists in New York.

In 2018 the Smithsonian American Art Museum acquired two paintings by Tito Canepa: Nude in the Grass (Desnuda sobre la yerba) and The Jester (El disfraz).

Notes

Bibliography

 ,  p. 174.
 David, León, Cánepa, 1988 – preface by Jerrilynn D. Dodds. Santo Domingo: Galería de Arte Moderno, 1988.
 De los Santos, Danilo, Memoria de la pintura dominicana, Vol. II. Santo Domingo: Grupo León Jimenes, 2003. http://www.glj.com.do/a/d/doc-pintura2.4.pdf
 De los Santos, Danilo, Address at Opening Panel "Tito Cánepa – 60 Years of Asserting Dominican Art in the United States", FUNGLODE exhibition 2008.
 Díaz Niese, Rafael, Quadernos de Cultura Dominicana, No. 12 (1944), pp. 33–34.
 Miller, Jeannette: Arte dominicano: 1844-2000 two volumes (Verizon, 2001 y 2002).
 Pellegrini, Elena, "Artist Biographies" in Modern and Contemporary Art of the Dominican Republic. Elizabeth Ferrer and Edward J. Sullivan, curators. Suzanne Stratton, ed. New York: Americas Society and the Spanish Institute, 1996, p. 114.
 Sullivan, Edward J., Modern and Contemporary Art from the Dominican Republic. Americas Society / Spanish Institute (New York: 1996) (with Jeannette Miller).
 Sullivan, Edward J., Tito Canepa: An Exhibition of Early and Recent Paintings, September 3-September 30, 1992, Step Gallery, New York. New York: Step Gallery, 1992.
 Rodríguez de León, Francisco, El Furioso Merengue del Norte. Una Historia de la Comunidad Dominicana en los Estados Unidos, New York: Editorial Sitel, 1998, pp. 133–134.
 Torres-Saillant, Silvio, and Ramona Hernández, The Dominican Americans. Westport. CT: Greenwood Press, 1998, pp. 122–124.
 Ugarte, María, Supplement to El Caribe, 15 January 1994.

External links
 Tito Canepa at the Smithsonian American Art Museum

 Tito Cánepa Collection at the CUNY Dominican Studies Institute

1916 births
Caribbean artists
Dominican Republic emigrants to the United States
Dominican Republic people of Italian descent
Painters from New York (state)
People from San Pedro de Macorís
Works Progress Administration in New York (state)
2014 deaths
People of Ligurian descent
20th-century Dominican Republic artists


title: Agnes Nanogak

text:
Agnes Nanogak Goose (12 November 19255 May 2001) was an Inuk artist from Holman (Ulukhaktok), Northwest Territories, Canada.

Life

Nanogak was born on Baillie Island, Northwest Territories, in 1925. Her father, Natkutsiak (Billy Banksland) was from Nome, Alaska, and worked as a harpoonist on whaling boats. He sailed with explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson in his attempt to find the Northwest Passage. Natkutsiak was a skilled story teller, and instilled in Nanogak an appreciation for legends and the tradition of story telling. Nanogak's mother, Topsy Ekiona, came from the Mackenzie Delta region, near Tuktoyaktuk. Ekiona and Natkutsiak married and travelled between Baillie Island and Banks Island, where a trading post afforded them trapping and trading opportunities. Nanogak and her brother, Alec Aliknak Banksland, were born on Baille Island. The family relocated to Sachs Harbour on Banks Island before settling at Holman, on Victoria Island, in 1934, when Nanogak was nine years old. At the time, they were the only family to reside in Holman. In 1943 Nanogak married Wallace Goose from the Tuktoyaktuk, and Kugluktuk (Coppermine) areas. They had seven children.

In 1985 Nanogak received an honorary degree from Mount Saint Vincent University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Nanogak is the first Inuit artist to receive an honorary degree from a university.

Nanogak was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2000. After the diagnosis, she describes feeling increased urgency to continue her work, so that she could "help people remember the stories." Nanogak died in Holman in 2001, and in 2002 the Winnipeg Art Gallery held a solo exhibition of her works. Her work has been featured in dozens of exhibitions across Canada, the United States, and Europe. Her artwork can be found in the collections of at least fifteen institutions across Canada and the United States.

Career

Nanogak's father encouraged her to draw from an early age, and she was a part of the first generation of artists to provide drawings for Holman's printmaking program, which starting in the 1960s. Her earliest drawings were completed using graphite pencils, however she opted to use colourful felt-tip pens when they became available to her in 1970. Her artwork is described as fluid, bold in colour, and having "nervous energy". Her early works centred on themes of childhood, drum songs, and Inuit life. Many of these drawings were later translated into prints, and by the end of her career she had contributed approximately one hundred forty images to a total of twenty annual print collections. Nanogak contributed to every print collection by the Holman artists' co-operative since 1967.

Nanogak is famous for her contributions as the illustrator of the children's books Tales from the Igloo (1972), and More Tales from the Igloo (1986), which feature Inuit legends translated into English by Father Maurice Metayer.

Her stories and drawings reflect her father's Alaskan roots and the Mackenzie Delta/Copper Inuit culture of her mother and husband. Both her son and grandson, Billy and Rex Goose, are considered talented graphic artists.

List of works
Metayer, Maurice & Nanogak, Agnes (ill.). Tales From the Igloo. Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig, 1972.
Nanogak, Agnes. Agnes Nanogak: A Retrospective, 1982–1985. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Canadian Arctic Producers, 1986.
Nanogak, Agnes. More Tales From the Igloo. Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig, 1986.
Nanogak, Agnes. Agnes Nanogak's Song. Music of the Inuit (Sound Recording): The Copper Eskimo Tradition. Gentilly, France: Auvidis, 1994.
Nanogak, Agnes. Furious Owl. [Reproduction] Inuit Art Quarterly 17.3 (Fall 2002): 10.
Nanogak, Agnes. How Tugulak, the Raven, Stole the Sun. Across Time and Tundra: The Inuvialuit of the Western Arctic. Vancouver: Raincoast Books, 2003.
Nanogak, Agnes. More Tales From the Igloo (Review). Queen's Quarterly 94.4 (Winter 1987): 1073.
Nanogak, Agnes & Kalvak, Helen et al. Inuit Women Artists. Feminist Studies 10.1 (Spring 1984): 84–96.
Nanogak, Agnes Down there is the person I'm chasing 1998 (Holman, Ulukhaktuk, NWT)

References

External links
 Videos of Nanogak by the Inuvialuit Communications Society

1925 births
2001 deaths
Inuit artists
Canadian Inuit women
Canadian illustrators
Canadian women illustrators
Inuit illustrators
Artists from the Northwest Territories
Inuvialuit people
20th-century Canadian women artists
Canadian printmakers
Women printmakers
Inuit from the Northwest Territories


title: Israel women's national goalball team

text:
Israel women's national goalball team is the women's national team of Israel.  Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment.  It takes part in international competitions.

Paralympic Games

2016 Rio de Janeiro

The team competed in the 2016 Summer Paralympics, with competition from Thursday 8 September to finals on Friday 16 September 2016, in the temporary Future Arena, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The Algerian women's team did not show up in time for its matches against the United States or Israel. The team missed connecting flights in Rome after setting out from a training camp in Poland. There were suspicions of a boycott. The International Paralympic Committee's spokesman, Craig Spence, said: "They are still sticking to their story that they suffered the worst transport issues known to man. Whether we believe it is a question mark and we are looking into it." Their first two games were recorded as 10–0 walkover wins for the other team. The team of Algeria arrived in Rio on 11 September. Spence remarked: "Fingers crossed they can manage to travel from the (Athletes') Village to the goalball venue in less than six days."

Quarter-finals

2020 Tokyo

The team was selected for Tokyo 2020 following the 2019 European Championships in Rostock, Germany.  First place Turkey had already qualified through second place in the 2018 World Championships.

Team captain Ilham Mahamid Rozin, who has the eye disease achromatopsia, is married to the Israel men's national goalball team captain, Michael Rozin.

Round-robin

World Championships

2010 Sheffield

The team competed in the 2010 World Championships, from 20 to 25 June 2010, in Sheffield, England, in Group X.

2014 Espoo

The team competed in the 2014 World Championships from 30 June to 5 July 2014, in Espoo, Finland.  They placed fourth in Pool Y, and lost to Turkey in the quarter-finals, 10:2.

Athletes: Elham Mahamid (#1), Yarden Adika (#3), Roni Ohayon (#5), Lihi Ben David (#6), Chen Mazliach (#7).

2018 Malmö

The team competed in the 2018 World Championships from 3 to 8 June 2018, in Malmö, Sweden.  They placed fifth in Pool C, and eleventh in overall final standings.

Athletes included: Elham Mahamid, Lihi Ben David.

2022 Matosinhos

The team competed in the 2022 World Championships from 7 to 16 December 2022, at the Centro de Desportos e Congressos de Matosinhos, Portugal.  There were sixteen men's and sixteen women's teams.  They placed first in Pool B, and fourth in final standings.

IBSA World Games

2015 Seoul

The team competed in the 2015 IBSA World Games from 10 to 17 May 2015, in Seoul, South Korea. Taking first, beating China 4:1, this allowed them to qualify for the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Paralympic Games.

Regional championships

The team competes in IBSA Europe goalball region, although geographically in the IBSA Asia region.

2009 Munich (Group A)

Munich, Germany hosted the 2009 European Championships with eleven teams taking part.  The team finished the event in sixth place. The team competed at the 2013 European Championships in Turkey, where they finished third.

Athletes: Lihi Yehudith Ben David, Gal Hamrani, Elham Mahamid, Chen Mazliach, and Or Mizrachi.

2013 Konya (Group A)

The team competed in the 2013 IBSA Goalball European Championships, Group A, from 1 to 11 November 2013, at Konya, Turkey.  They beat Finland in the bronze medal game, 5:3.

2015 Lithuania (Group A)

The team competed in the 2015 IBSA Goalball European A Championships in Lithuania.  They lost the bronze medal game to Ukraine, 4:5.

2017 Pajulahti (Group A)

The team competed in the 2017 IBSA Goalball European A Championships from 15 to 23 September 2017, at Pajulahti, Nastola, Finland.  They placed third behind Turkey and winners Russia.

Athletes included: Lihi Ben David, Elham Mahamid.

2019 Rostock (Group A)

The team competed in the 2019 IBSA Goalball European A Championships from 5 to 14 October 2019, in Rostock, Germany.  They placed second in the final standings.  This earned them a slot at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games as Turkey already had a slot.

Athletes included: Lihi Ben David, Noa Malka, Or Mizrahi, and Roni Ohayon.

Competitive history
The table below contains individual game results for the team in international matches and competitions.

Goal scoring by competition

See also

 Disabled sports
 Israel men's national goalball team
 Israel at the Paralympics

References

Goalball women's
National women's goalball teams
Israel at the Paralympics
European national goalball teams


title: Turkey women's national goalball team

text:
Turkey women's national goalball team is the women's national team of Turkey.  Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment.  It takes part in international competitions.

Current squad

Coach : Gültekin Karasu

Former players
Sadiye Ardıç (2012-2014)
Buket Atalay (2012-2016)
Kader Çelik (2017-2020)
Gülşah Düzgün (2012-2019)
Neşe Mercan (2012-2019)
Sümeyye Özcan (2012-2016)
Seda Yıldız (2013-2019)

Competitions and results

2020

The team competed in the 2020 Summer Paralympics, with competition from Wednesday 25 August to finals on Friday 3 September 2021, in the Makuhari Messe arena, Chiba, Tokyo, Japan.  They qualified by placing second at the 2018 IBSA Goalball World Championships.

Round-robin

Quarterfinal

Semifinal

Final

2021
The team competes in the 2021 IBSA Goalball European A Championships from 4 to 13 November 2021 in Samsun, Turkey. Turkey won the silver medal after losing to Russia 4–5 in the final.

Turkey team consisted of Fatma Gül Güler (#1), Reyhan Yılmaz (#2), Sevda Altunoluk (#3), Şeydanur Kaplan (#4), Sevtap Altunoluk (#7), Berfin Altan (#8) coached by Gültekin Karasu.

See also

 Disabled sports
 Turkey men's national goalball team
 Turkey at the Paralympics

References

Goalball women's
National women's goalball teams
Turkey at the Paralympics
Goalball in Turkey
European national goalball teams


title: HMS Diligent (1790)

text:
HMS Diligent (or Diligente, or Diligence), was a small mercantile schooner that the Royal Navy purchased locally in 1790 for the Nova Scotia station. She helped capture Saint Pierre in 1793 and was sold in 1794. She then served on harbour duties at Halifax, carrying water and stores to the naval squadron stationed there.

Career
In 1790, Rear Admiral Sir Richard Hughes received permission to buy three light-draft schooners that could sail in shoal waters where the Navy's regular vessels could not go and so assist in the suppression of smuggling. The three were Diligent, , and . Alert was wrecked in 1791, but Hughes then sent Diligent and Chatham to New York in alternate months to get the mail and dispatches, which were being routed through there and otherwise might sit there for several months. The experiment was beset by difficulties but by 1793 the service apparently was working.

In April , under the command of Captain William Afleck, stopped at Halifax on her way to the Leeward Islands. War with France having broken out, the authorities decided to capture St Pierre and Miquelon. Alligator and Diligence sailed, with three transports carrying troops under the command of Brigadier General James Ogilvie on 7 May. The expeditionary force captured Saint Pierre on 14 May; they also captured 18 small vessels carrying fish, and two American schooners with provisions and naval stores.  arrived a day later and then sailed to Miquelon to complete the conquest. Prize money for the capture of the islands was paid in October 1796.

Fate
The Navy sold Chatham and Diligent off in 1795. After they had sat idle for some time, the Navy sold Chatham and converted Diligent to harbour duties.

Citations

References

Schooners of the Royal Navy
1790s ships


title: Russia women's national goalball team

text:
Russia women's national goalball team is the women's national team of Russia. It takes part in international goalball competitions.  Goalball is a team sport designed specifically for athletes with a vision impairment.

Paralympic Games

The team did not compete in the 2012 London Paralympic Games.

2016 Rio de Janeiro

The team was to compete in the 2016 Summer Paralympics, from 7 to 18 September 2016, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The team qualified for Rio 2016 after finishing second at the 2014 World Championships.  After the Russia nation was disqualified from participation in the Games, their spot was re-allocated to Australia.

2020 Tokyo

On 17 December 2020 the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) decision involving the World Anti-Doping Agency and Russia's participation determined those athletes not implicated in doping or covering up positive tests may still be allowed to compete, but not under the Russian Federation flag.  The Russia women's national goalball team, who secured a Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games position through first place in the women's category of the 2018 World Championships, who may otherwise have competed as a 'neutral team' (EUN), will be known as the 'Russian Paralympic Committee' (RPC) at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games.

Round-robin

World Championships

2010 Sheffield

The team competed in the 2010 World Championships in Sheffield, England, from 20 to 25 June 2010.  They were in Pool Y with a total of six teams.  This was their first world championships.

2014 Espoo

The team competed in the 2014 World Championships from 30 June to 5 July 2014, in Espoo, Finland.  They placed fourth in Pool X, and beat China in the quarter-finals, 4:1.  They progressed to the semi-finals, beating Turkey, 2:1, before losing to Turkey in the gold medal match, 0:3.

2018 Malmö

The team competed in the 2018 World Championships from 3 to 8 June 2018, in Baltiska Hallen, Malmö, Sweden.  They placed first in Pool C with four wins and one draw, and first in overall final standings, after beating Turkey, 4:3.  This earned them a slot at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games.

IBSA World Games

2011 Antalya

The team competed in the 2011 IBSA World Games from 1 to 10 April 2011, in Antalya, Turkey, organised by the Turkish Blind Sports Federation.  They placed third in Group Y, and took the bronze medal.

2015 Seoul

The team did not compete in the 2015 IBSA World Games from 10 to 17 May 2015, in Seoul, South Korea.

Regional championships

The team competes in the IBSA Europe goalball region.  Groups A and C are held one year, and Group B the following year.  Strong teams move towards Group A.

2007 Antalya

The team competed at the 2007 IBSA Goalball European Championships, hosted by the Turkish Blind Sports Federation, in Antalya, Turkey with 11 teams contesting the women's competition. The team finished last.  This was their debut, with a men's team having played at major international tournaments.

2009 Munich (Group A)

Munich, Germany hosted the 2009 European Championships with eleven teams taking part.  The team finished the event in eighth place.

2013 Konya (Group A)

The team competed at the 2013 IBSA Goalball European Championships, Group A, from 1 to 11 November 2013, at Konya, Turkey, where they finished first.

2015 Kaunas (Group A)

The team competed in the 2015 IBSA Goalball European A Championships in Kaunas, Lithuania.  They lost the gold medal game to Turkey, 0:5.

2017 Pajulahti (Group A)

The team competed in the 2017 IBSA Goalball European A Championships from 15 to 23 September 2017, at Pajulahti, Nastola, Finland.  First in Pool Y, in the gold medal match, they beat Turkey, 6:3.

2019 Rostock (Group A)

The team competed in the 2019 IBSA Goalball European A Championships from 5 to 14 October 2019, in Rostock, Germany.  Playing in Pool X, they placed first in the pool, and fifth in the final standings.

Athletes included: Irina Arestova (Krasnodar Territory), Elizaveta Kemesheva (Vologda Region), Natalya Makoveeva (Tula Region), Anastasiia Mazur (Moscow Region/Kaluga Region), Yuliya Mikhailova (Kaluga Region), and Anna Shevchenko (Vologda Region).  Their coach was Ilkam Nabiev.

Competitive history

The table below contains individual game results for the team in international matches and competitions.

Goal scoring by competition

See also

 Disabled sports
 Russia at the Paralympics

References

Goalball women's
National women's goalball teams
Russia at the Paralympics
Goalball in Russia
European national goalball teams


title: Jakob Meiland

text:
Jakob Meiland (Senftenberg, 1542-Hechingen, 31 December 1577) was a German composer. His St. Matthew Passion follows the model of Johann Walter's first Lutheran passion historia (c. 1530) but has more elaborate choral numbers.

Works
 St Matthew Passion
 Sacrae aliquot cantiones latinae et germanicae, quinqué et quatuor vocum Frankfurt 1575

References

1542 births
1577 deaths
16th-century German composers
German Baroque composers


title: San Esteban (1607 shipwreck)

text:
The San Esteban was a  galleon in the Spanish navy that was wrecked in a storm off the coast of France in 1607.

The San Esteban was a 549-ton galleon of the Spanish navy.
She drew , had a beam of  and was  long.
She belonged to the Spanish squadron of Viscaye (Biscay), responsible for the coastal defenses of the north of Spain.
She served for 34 months from March 1604 to January 1607.

In the company of eight other vessels traveling from Lisbon to Pasaia, Basque Country, the San Esteban was caught in a storm and drifted onto shore near the bar of Bidart, France. She foundered on 4 January 1607.

References
Citations

Sources

Age of Sail merchant ships of Spain
17th-century ships
Shipwrecks in the Bay of Biscay


The 8th Battalion (90th Winnipeg Rifles), CEF, also known by the nickname of The Little Black Devils of Canada, was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War. The battalion was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 1 October 1914. It disembarked in France on 13 February 1915, where it fought as part of the 2nd Canadian Brigade, 1st Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920.

History
The 8th Battalion was mobilized at Valcartier, Quebec on 24 September 1914. and was initially commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Louis James Lipsett.  The battalion incorporated the 90th Regiment Winnipeg Rifles which had a history dating back to 1883, elements of the 96th Lake Superior Regiment as well as fresh recruits from Brandon and Winnipeg, Manitoba and Kenora and Port Arthur, Ontario and was assigned the numeric designation as the 8th Battalion as part of a re-organization initiative of Minister of Militia and Defence Sam Hughes.

The 8th Battalion was attached to 2nd Infantry Brigade, 1st Canadian Division for the duration of the war and saw action in many the Canadian Corps' most famous and infamous battles including 2nd Ypres, the Somme, Vimy, Passchendaele, Amiens, Arras and Cambrai.

Three members of the 8th Battalion were awarded the Victoria Cross. Company Sergeant-Major Frederick William Hall was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions on the night of 24 April 1915 during the Second Battle of Ypres. He was one of the three Great War Victoria Cross recipients who lived in the 700 block of Pine Street in Winnipeg, the others being Leo Clarke and Robert Shankland. In 1925, Pine Street was renamed Valour Road. Cpl. Alexander Picton Brereton and Cpl. Frederick George Coppins were both awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions on 9 August 1918 during the Battle of Amiens.

After the Armistice of 11 November 1918, the 8th Battalion (90th Winnipeg Rifles), CEF was re-designated as The Winnipeg Rifles on 12 March 1920 and are today perpetuated by The Royal Winnipeg Rifles.

Nickname
The 8th Battalion acquired their nickname of 'The Little Black Devils of Canada’ through its connection to its ancestor unit, the 90th Regiment "Winnipeg Rifles" who had earned the moniker during the North-West Rebellion. During that conflict, government forces, clad in dark uniforms, combatted uprisings by the Métis people under Louis Riel and the Cree and Assiniboine of the District of Saskatchewan. This led to the indigenous and Métis fighters referring to their opponents as 'little black devils', which the soldiers came to adopt as an ironic badge of honour. Thus, the 90th Regiment adopted the nickname into their regimental insignia and in their motto "Hosti acie nominati" which is Latin for "named by the enemy force".

Commanding officers
The 8th Battalion had six Officers Commanding:

Lt.-Col. L.J. Lipsett, CMG, 22 September 1914 – 13 September 1915
Lt.-Col. H.H. Matthews, DSO, 28 September 1915 – 18 June 1916
Lt.-Col. K.C. Bedson, 14 July 1916 – 3 August 1916
Lt.-Col. J.M. Prower, DSO, 3 August 1916 – 20 April 1918
Lt.-Col. T.H. Raddall, DSO, 20 April 1918 – 9 August 1918
Lt.-Col. A.L. Saunders, DSO, MC, 13 August 1918 – Demobilization

Battle honours
The 8th Battalion was awarded the following battle honours:

See also

 List of infantry battalions in the Canadian Expeditionary Force

References

Sources
Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962

008
Royal Winnipeg Rifles
Military units and formations of Manitoba
Military units and formations of Ontario


title: Inspirit Foundation

text:
Inspirit Foundation is a Canadian, non-profit and granting organization, working to promote inclusion and pluralism through media and arts, support for young change leaders and impact investing – specifically addressing discrimination based on ethnicity, race or religion.

History

The Inspirit Foundation grew out of the S-VOX Foundation after S-VOX sold its broadcasting assets to ZoomerMedia in 2010. S-VOX was a Canadian non-profit media organization that produced content on spirituality. It operated VisionTV and other related Canadian specialty channels from 1988 to 2010. At the time, Vision TV was the only multi-faith network. After the sale of VisionTV, S-VOX’s board of directors used the funds to create Inspirit Foundation.

Activities

Inspirit's vision and mission is focused on building a pluralist Canada. The foundation does this by funding media and arts for social change, supporting the leadership of youth in the media and arts sectors, and investing capital in ways that align with their mission.

Inspirit's assets are invested in both public and private investments. The foundation relies on the financial returns earned through the investments to fund granting, programming and operations.

The foundation is committed to a 100% impact portfolio, with a goal of activating their full asset base to further the organizational vision.

Inspirit has charitable status and is governed by a Board of Directors, with a majority of members at arm's length from one another.

Some of the institutions supported by the Inspirit Foundation include the United Nations Association in Canada, the Canadian Red Cross, the Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the John Humphrey Centre for Peace and Human Rights, Hot Docs, imagineNATIVE Film + Media Arts Festival, Apathy is Boring, and the Atwater Library in Quebec.

On the 4th anniversary of the Quebec Mosque Shooting, Inspirit Foundation along with Noor Culture Center funded a video series called "Islamophobia is...". The series deals with the topics of hate crimes against Muslims, Gendered Islamophobia, the role of the mainstream media, and other issues related to Islamophobia in Canada.

References

External links
 Official site

Foundations based in Canada
Organizations established in 2012
2012 establishments in Canada


title: 2014 LKL Slam Dunk Contest

text:
The 2014 LKL Slam Dunk Contest was an event that was a part of the LKL's All-Star Day, that took place in Klaipėda's Švyturys Arena, on March 2.

Results
The winner was Travis Leslie of Šiauliai. The results of the contest are documented below:

References

Slam


title: Greeks in Israel

text:
For millennia, the Greeks in Israel have been prominently present in the land. Greek expatriates comprise most of the leadership of the Eastern Greek Orthodox Church in Israel and the Palestinian Territories, in an arrangement that long predates the modern State of Israel.

History

Classic period
In the late 330s BCE, Alexander the Great invaded the Middle East (including the area which is now Israel), during his campaigns against the Achaemenid Empire. The landscape during this period was markedly changed by extensive growth and development that included urban planning and the establishment of well-built fortified cities. Hellenistic pottery, trade and commerce flourished, particularly in the most Hellenized areas, such as Ashkelon, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Gaza, and ancient Nablus (Tell Balatah).

When the Hasmonean Kingdom was absorbed into the Roman Empire, the area remained under the influence of the Greek language and culture. Especially during the Byzantine period, Palaestina reached its greatest prosperity in antiquity. Urbanization increased, large new areas were put under cultivation, monasteries proliferated and synagogues were restored. The cities of Palaestina Prima and Teria, such as Caesarea Maritima, Jerusalem, Scythopolis, Neapolis, and Gaza reached their peak population, and the population west of the Jordan may have reached as many as one million.

Middle Ages
Since the 7th century, when the Arabs conquered the region, the Greek presence was reduced. Today there is a small Greek community in Israel. Also, there are Greeks in charge of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. There is also a large number of Romaniote and Sephardic Greek Jews who emigrated from Greece and live now in Israel, some of whom made aliyah over the previous centuries, with most moving to Israel after Israeli independence.

Modern era
The 1922 census of Palestine lists 1,315 Greek speakers in Mandatory Palestine (7 in Southern, 1,044 in Jerusalem-Jaffa, 19 in Samaria, and 245 in Northern), including 1,230 in municipal areas (760 in Jerusalem, 161 in Jaffa, 205 in Haifa, 4 in Gaza, 1 in Hebron, 6 in Nablus, 1 in Safad, 1 in Lydda, 12 in Nazareth, 20 in Ramleh, 1 in Tiberias, 29 in Bethlehem, 11 in Acre, 2 in Tulkarem, 1 in Ramallah, 4 in Beit Jala, 10 in Jenin, 1 in Beersheba, and 1 in Baisan).

During the WWII some of the Greek community went to Greece voluntarily to fight against the Axis powers.

Notable people
 Salamo Arouch, boxer
 Ofir Akunis, politician
 Yehuda Poliker, singer and musician
 Aris San, singer and nightclub owner who popularized Greek music in Israel
 Patriarch Irenaios
 Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem

See also

Greek Colony, Jerusalem
Greece–Israel relations
Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
Greek music in Israel

References

External links

Ethnic groups in Israel
Greek diaspora in the Middle East


title: Samuel Besler

text:
Samuel Besler (15 December 1574, in Brzeg – 19 July 1625) was a German-Polish composer. He was cantor at St. Bernhardinus, Breslau, in 1602, then rector of the Gymnasium from 1605. As with Jakob Meiland in the generation before him, and Melchior Vulpius in his own generation, his St. Matthew Passion follows the model of Johann Walter's Lutheran historia, but with more elaborate choral numbers.

Works
St Matthew Passion
St John Passion

References

External links
 Scores by Samuel Besler in digital library Polona

1574 births
1625 deaths
17th-century classical composers
German Baroque composers
German male classical composers
German classical composers
Polish Baroque composers
17th-century male musicians


title: Shane Carthy

text:
Shane Carthy is a Gaelic footballer who plays for Naomh Mearnóg CLG and for the Dublin county team. He was a member of the Dublin squad that won the 2016 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship and the 2016 National Football League.

In January 2021, he discussed his mental health and how he confided in his manager on The Late Late Show.

Honours
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (1): 2013
Leinster Senior Football Championship (1): 2013
All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship (1): 2014
Leinster Under-21 Football Championship (1): 2014
All-Ireland Minor Football Championship (1): 2012

References

1991 births
Living people
Donegal Boston Gaelic footballers
DCU Gaelic footballers
Dublin inter-county Gaelic footballers
St Vincents (Dublin) Gaelic footballers


title: Socotra Governorate

text:
The Socotra Archipelago ( ) or Suqutra is officially one of the governorates of Yemen. It is composed of the Guardafui Channel's  archipelago of Socotra.

History
Since before British rule, Socotra had been part of the Mahra Sultanate, and remained so after Mahra became part of Aden Protectorate. With the independence of South Yemen in 1967, the archipelago was attached to the Aden Governorate, despite its distance. In 2004, it was moved to the Hadhramaut Governorate. Since December 2013, it has been a governorate of its own.

On 30 April 2018, the United Arab Emirates, as a part of the ongoing Yemen Civil War, deployed troops and took administrative control of Socotra Airport and seaport. On 14 May 2018, Saudi troops were also deployed on the island and a deal was brokered between the United Arab Emirates and Yemen for a joint military training exercise and the return of administrative control of Socotra's airport and seaport to Yemen.

The Southern Transitional Council seized control of the island in June 2020.

Islands
The archipelago consists of four large islands: Socotra, Abd al Kuri, Samhah, and Darsah, as well as 3 small islets to the north of the archipelago.

Districts
Socotra Governorate is divided into the following 2 districts. These districts are further divided into sub-districts, and then further subdivided into villages:

 Hidaybu District (consisting of the eastern two-thirds of Socotra Island)
 Qulensya wa Abd al Kuri District (consisting of the western third of Socotra Island, together with Abd al Kuri Island, Samhah Island, and (uninhabited) Darsah Island)

See also
List of islands of Yemen

References

Governorates of Yemen


title: Martinus Nellius

text:
Martinus Nellius (1621 – 1719) was a Dutch Golden Age still life painter.

Biography
According to the RKD it is unknown where he was born, but he is first registered in Leiden in 1674 and from 1676 in The Hague, where he later died. Dated works are known during the period 1671 to 1712.

References

Martinus Nellius on Artnet

1621 births
1719 deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Painters from The Hague
Dutch still life painters


title: Clay Carr

text:
Clay Carr (April 17, 1909 – April 1957) was an American rodeo cowboy who competed in the 1930s and 1940s. He was a two-time All-Around Cowboy champion in the Rodeo Association of America (RAA), and won three season discipline titles: two in steer roping and one in saddle bronc riding. In 1930, he won the All-Around Cowboy title and two season discipline championships to become the first Triple Crown winner in rodeo history. Carr's championships are recognized by the modern Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA).

Biography
Carr was born in Farmersville, California. Having been raised on a cattle ranch, at the age of four he learned how to ride horses, and he gained further rodeo-related skills in his youth. Once, he was bitten on the leg by a rattlesnake while riding a horse, and required a week of medical treatment to recover.

During his career, he lived in Visalia. In 1930, Carr claimed the RAA All-Around Cowboy championship, and was the winner of two season discipline championships, in the saddle bronc and steer roping categories. The three championships in one season gave Carr a Triple Crown, the first ever achieved in rodeo. As of 2015, he is one of 10 cowboys to accomplish the feat. Carr's second All-Around Cowboy title came in 1933; two years later, he was gored by a bull at a rodeo in Visalia, suffering a perforation of his abdomen. Carr finished second in the 1936 Chicago rodeo's combined bronc riding and calf roping standings, behind Lonnie Rooney. In 1940, he added a second steer roping championship. Carr was also a three-time champion of the California Rodeo, and appeared as a film actor in Westerns.

After various mergers, the RAA was absorbed into the Rodeo Cowboys Association (RCA), which later became known as the modern PRCA. That association uses RAA standings from the pre-RCA era in its yearly rankings. Therefore, Carr is recognized by the PRCA as a world champion for the five season titles he won from 1930 to 1940.

Sports Illustrated's Susan Davis called Carr "the Babe Ruth of rodeo riders". Author Clifford P. Westermeier described him as "one of the great cowboys of the age", and said of his personality that he was "a strange man, difficult to meet and extremely hard to get acquainted with." Regardless, Carr was a respected figure in the rodeo world; Westermeier wrote that he was "regarded as a very tough customer in a business deal, fight, or a poker game." Carr was considered strongest in rodeos held in the western U.S., and rarely competed on the East Coast, although he did participate in some rodeos overseas. The Rodeo Hall of Fame of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum inducted Carr in 1955. He was also inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 1979, and the California Rodeo Salinas Hall of Fame in 2016.

References

1909 births
1957 deaths
People from Farmersville, California
Sportspeople from Visalia, California
ProRodeo Hall of Fame inductees
All-Around
Roping (rodeo)
Saddle bronc riders


title: Trinity Church, Esbjerg

text:
Trinity Church () is a modern church in Esbjerg in the southwest of Jutland, Denmark. Designed by local architects Erik Flagstad Rasmussen and Knud Thomsen, the yellow-brick building with large triangular stained-glass windows was completed in 1961.

Background
Esbjerg is a city with several new churches, most of which were established after the Second World War when there was a marked increase in the population. Designed to accommodate a large congregation while offering additional facilities for both young and old, Trinity Church was the first of many. Breaking with tradition, its square-shaped nave was built directly adjacent to lower ancillary buildings including a hall with a stage, meeting rooms and a kitchen. The bell tower stands alone, quite separate from the church.

Architecture
In the late 1950s, Erik Flagstad Rasmussen and Knud Thomsen won the competition which had been specifically directed to attract responses from the city's architects. The church itself is a square-shaped building of yellow brick crowned with a low octagonal spire. There are four triangular gables of glass and concrete, all with pointed tops. Completed in 1967, the stained-glass gable windows were designed by Jens Urup Jensen with themes representing Christmas (north) with a red Star of Bethlehem, Easter (east, above the altar) with a cross, Whitsun (south) with 12 red tongues symbolising the Apostles and a blue-toned Water of Life frame (west) above the organ gallery. The colouring of the north and south windows is rather cool while the designs to the east and west are much warmer.

In 1993, an apse was added. In 1999, the church was seriously damaged by a hurricane which dislodged sections of the copper roof. They were used to make a cross, designed by Erik Heide which stands outside next to the south wall.

Interior
The walls inside are of plain brick, the flooring of Øland tiles. A simple oak cross hangs above the altar. The font is also of oak while the pulpit is built of concrete with Christ's monogram.

Male choir
Treenighedskirkens Drengekor (Trinity Church's Boys Choir) was founded by organist Per Günther in 1964 who led the choir until he retired 1989. Thereafter, it has been supported by Esbjerg Municipality and the Esbjerg's Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts in collaboration with the church. Today it consists of 50 singers, boys starting at the age of 8 or 9. They give performances of classical church music both at home and abroad. Venues have included St Peters, Rome, Notre Dame de Paris and Westminster Abbey. Their concerts have also been widely broadcast on radio and television, not only in Denmark but in Europe and North America. The choir has also made numerous recordings.

References

Literature

External links
 Treenighedskirken website

Buildings and structures in Esbjerg
Churches in the Region of Southern Denmark
Churches completed in 1961
20th-century Church of Denmark churches
Churches in the diocese of Ribe


title: Louise De Hem

text:
Louise de Hem (1866–1922) was a Belgian painter. She grew up in Ypres, Belgium. Her talent was discovered by Théodore Ceriez (1831–1904), a painter who had married her sister Hélène. Since women were not yet admitted to the academies he educated her and already in 1885 her painting De Oesters (The Oysters) was exhibited at a salon in Spa. Jules Breton saw her work and encouraged her to go to Paris for further education.

Life and career
From 1887 to 1891 de Hem mostly lived in Paris, where Alfred Stevens was one of her teachers. At the private Académie Julian she painted living and sometimes nude models (which was at that time in Belgium still forbidden for women). In 1891, she returned to Ypres where she shared a studio with Ceriez at the G. de Stuersstraat 33. She soon received commissions for portraits and also created still lives. In Paris, she frequently exhibited at the Salon de la Societé des Artistes Français.

de Hem exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts and The Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. In 1900, she was the only Belgian painter to exhibit at the Women's Exhibition in London and in 1902 she became a member of the Women's International Art Club. In 1904, she won a gold medal in Paris for her painting "De Japanse Pop" (The Japanese Doll).

After Ceriez died on 2 Sep 1904 de Hem moved to Vorst (near Brussels) with her mother and her sister, where they lived in an Art Nouveau house designed by Ernest Blerot. On 2 May 1908, she married Frédéric Lebbe, an engineer who was seven years her senior and in 1911 she received a knighthood. She exhibited for the last time in 1915 and didn't resume painting after the First World War. In 1922, Louise de Hem died at the age of 56. Hélène died five years later and left 49 of her sister's works to the city of Ypres.

Gallery

References

External links

1866 births
1922 deaths
19th-century Belgian painters
20th-century Belgian painters
Artists from Ypres
19th-century Belgian women artists
20th-century Belgian women artists
Académie Julian alumni


title: Ola Ibrahim

text:
Ola Sa'ad Ibrahim  (born 15 June 1955) is a retired Nigerian Navy admiral and former Chief of the Defence Staff of the Nigerian Armed Forces.

Educated at Ahmadu Bello University (LLB) and King's College London (MA, War Studies), Ibrahim had his military training at the Nigerian Defence Academy and the Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji. He served as Chief of the Naval Staff from 2010 to 2012, and as Chief of the Defence Staff from 2012 to 2014.

References

1955 births
Living people
Ahmadu Bello University alumni
Alumni of King's College London
Nigerian Navy admirals
Yoruba military personnel
Nigerian Defence Academy alumni
Chiefs of Naval Staff (Nigeria)
Yoruba people