title: H.R. 5230 (113th Congress)

text:
The bill , also known as the Secure the Southwest Border Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2014 and the Secure the Southwest Border Act of 2014, is a bill that would provide supplemental FY2014 appropriations to several federal agencies for expenses related to the rise in unaccompanied alien children and alien adults accompanied by an alien minor at the southwest border. The bill would also change the procedures for screening and processing unaccompanied alien children who arrive at the border from certain countries. The bill would provide $659 million in supplemental funding.

The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. The Senate introduced the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2014 (S. 2648; 113th Congress) to address the same issues.

Background

The children's immigration crisis refers to the surge in unaccompanied children from Central America seeking entrance to the United States. The surge has increased rapidly, doubling in volume each year, reaching crisis proportions in 2014 when tens of thousands of women and children from Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador migrated to the United States. Many of the children had no parent/legal guardian available to provide care or physical custody and quickly overwhelmed local border patrols.

The provisions of H.R. 7311, William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008, signed into law by George W. Bush give substantial rights and protection to unaccompanied children from countries which do not have a common border with the United States. This made expeditious deportation of the large number of children from Central America difficult and expensive, prompting a call by President Barack Obama for an emergency appropriation of nearly $4 billion and resulted in discussions on how to interpret or revise the 2008 law in order to expedite handling large numbers of unaccompanied children.

Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

The Secure the Southwest Border Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2014 would provide supplemental FY2014 appropriations for the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), including U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE); the United States Department of Defense (DOD); the United States Department of Justice (DOJ); and the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) for expenses related to the rise in unaccompanied alien children and alien adults accompanied by an alien minor at the southwest border.

The bill would permit funds previously appropriated for the United States Department of State, foreign operations, and related programs for assistance to the countries in Central America to be used for repatriation and reintegration activities.

The bill would specify other authorized, restricted, and prohibited uses of appropriated funds.

The bill would include rescissions of funds previously appropriated to various federal agencies.

The Secure the Southwest Border Act of 2014 would amend the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Authorization Act of 2008 to change the procedures for screening and processing unaccompanied alien children who arrive at the border from certain countries.

The bill would amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to include the commission of certain drug-related offenses as grounds for per se ineligibility for asylum.

The bill would permit appropriations provided to DOD under this Act to be used for the National Guard to provide support for operations on the southern border.

The bill would prohibit the United States Secretary of the Interior and the United States Secretary of Agriculture (USDA) from impeding, prohibiting, or restricting certain CBP activities on federal lands.

The bill would express the sense of Congress that the United States Secretary of Defense should not allow the placement of unauthorized aliens at military installations unless certain conditions are met.

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, a public domain source.

Division B of H.R. 5230, the Secure the Southwest Border Act of 2014, would amend the rules that apply to unaccompanied alien children, particularly children from countries other than Mexico or Canada. Among other changes, such children would now have the option to voluntarily depart the United States without appearing before an immigration judge. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) considers it likely that enacting Division B would reduce the number of children present in the United States receiving means‐tested federal benefits, thereby reducing direct spending for such benefits. However, CBO cannot estimate the potential reduction in direct spending at this time.

Procedural history
H.R. 5230 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on July 29, 2014, by Rep. Hal Rogers (R-KY). The bill was referred to the United States House Committee on Appropriations. The House was scheduled to vote on the bill on July 31, 2014, but the Republican leadership canceled the vote because they did not have enough votes to pass the bill at that time.

On July 30, 2014, President Barack Obama released a statement of administration policy stating that "his senior adivsors would recommend he veto the bill" if it were presented to him for his signature.

Debate and discussion
On July 9, 2014, a hearing on the crisis was held by the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. The testimony of Statement of Craig Fugate Administrator, Federal Emergency Management Agency U.S. Department of Homeland Security was that "We are talking about large numbers of children, without their parents, who have arrived at our border—hungry, thirsty, exhausted, scared and vulnerable." Senator Dianne Feinstein compared the crisis to the American refusal to accept Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany aboard the MS St. Louis. The President's request for additional funds was met in both houses of Congress by proposals to modify or eliminate the rights granted by the 2008 reauthorization of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000

A 2014 Mother Jones article suggests many of these unaccompanied children are attempting to escape abusive situations. Analysis of Border Patrol statistics shows a correlation between gang-related killing of children in Central America, particularly San Pedro Sula in Honduras, and the surge in migration.

In a statement of administration policy, the Obama Administration announced their strong opposition to the bill. According to the statement, "by setting arbitrary timelines for the processing of cases, this bill could create backlogs that could ultimately shift resources away from priority public safety goals like deporting known criminals." The Administration also charged that the bill would hurt due process for the children and could result in children being sent back "to life threatening situations in foreign countries." The Administration also objected that the "limited resources provided in H.R. 5230 are not designated as emergency, but rather come at the expense of other Government functions."

This bill would provide significantly less than President Obama's requested $3.7 billion. It would also provide less than the $2.7 billion found in the Senate supplemental funding bill.

Rep. Hal Rogers, who introduced the bill, urged members to pass the bill, arguing that "more and more immigrants will continue to flood across the border if you fail to act" because resources were running out.

Democratic opposition to the bill stemmed from the changes it would make to the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 which would allow unaccompanied child migrants to be deported faster.

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress
Illegal immigrant population of the United States
Illegal immigration to the United States
Children's immigration crisis

References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 5230
beta.congress.gov H.R. 5230
GovTrack.us H.R. 5230
OpenCongress.org H.R. 5230
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 5230
Congressional Budget Office's report on H.R. 5230

Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress
Illegal immigration to the United States
United States federal appropriations in the 113th Congress


title: Wijde Bay Formation

text:
The Wijde Bay Formation is a geologic formation exposed on the island of Spitzbergen, Svalbard, Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Givetian stage of the Devonian period. It was originally known as the "Wijdefjorden Series" or the "Wijde Bay Series".

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Devonian System of Europe
Devonian Norway


title: Wood Bay Formation

text:
The Wood Bay Series is a geologic formation found on the island of Spitsbergen, Svalbard in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Pragian–Emsian stages of the Devonian period.

Fossil content

Acanthodians

Jawless fish

Sarcopterygians

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Devonian System of Europe
Devonian Norway


title: Simplemente vivir

text:
Simplemente vivir, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Chela Castro
David Reynoso
Guillermo Rivas
Chela Nájera

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1968 telenovelas
1968 Mexican television series debuts
1968 Mexican television series endings


title: Stappogiedde Formation

text:
The Stappogiedde Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ediacaran period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Ediacaran Norway
Ediacaran geology


title: Colombani

text:
Colombani is a name of Italian origin, which may refer to:

Giuseppe Colombani (1676–1736), Italian soldier, fencing master, and dentist
Quirino Colombani (c.1668–1735),  Italian composer, musician, and music teacher
Jean-Marie Colombani (born 1948), French journalist
Paul Colombani, American pediatric surgeon
Paul-André Colombani, French politician representing Pè a Corsica
Gabriel Colombani, Canadian Architect known for his work in Institutional and transit projects

References


title: Robert Tycko

text:
Robert Tycko is an American biophysicist whose research primarily involves solid state NMR, including the development of new methods and applications to various areas of physics, chemistry, and biology.  He is a member of the Laboratory of Chemical Physics in the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, USA. He was formerly a member of the Physical Chemistry Research and Materials Chemistry Research departments of AT&T Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey.  His work has contributed to our understanding of geometric phases in spectroscopy, physical properties of fullerenes, skyrmions in 2D electron systems, protein folding, and amyloid fibrils associated with Alzheimer’s disease and prions.

Education
Tycko received his bachelor's degree from Princeton University, where he majored in chemistry. He received his Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California at Berkeley, under the direction of Alexander Pines, and then did postdoctoral research at the University of Pennsylvania in the laboratory of Prof. Stanley J. Opella.

Selected honors
1997: Fellow of American Physical Society
2001: NIH Director’s Award
2005: Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
2005: Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy, American Physical Society
2007: Hillebrand Prize, Chemical Society of Washington
2008: Fellow of the International Society of Magnetic Resonance
2014: Christian B. Anfinsen Award of the Protein Society
2020: Elected Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American biophysicists
Princeton University alumni
University of Pennsylvania people
National Institutes of Health people
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society


title: Koshiba

text:
is a Japanese surname.

People
 Fuka Koshiba (born 1997), Japanese actress
 Hiroshi Koshiba (1884–1925), one of the founders of the Japanese Scouting movement
 Joshua Koshiba (born 1943), politician
 Kenji Koshiba, wrestler
 Masatoshi Koshiba (1926–2020), physicist
 Peoria Koshiba (born 1979), sprinter
 Shigeru Koshiba, manga artist
 Tetsuya Koshiba, Japanese illustrator who helped work on the manga called Remote from 2002

Fictional characters
 Kiri Koshiba a fictional character who's also a hairstylist, and the main protagonist from the manga, Beauty Pop.
 Azami Koshiba, a Java sparrow and supporting character from the bird-themed video game/interactive novel, Hatoful Boyfriend for Microsoft Windows PC.

References

Japanese-language surnames


title: Rubí (1968 TV series)

text:
Rubí, is a Mexican telenovela television series produced by Televisa that was originally broadcast by Telesistema Mexicano in 1968.

Cast
Fanny Cano - Rubí Pérez Carvajal
Antonio Medellín - Alejandro del Villar
Carlos Fernández - César Valdés López
Irma Lozano - Maribel Dubois
Alicia Montoya - Doña Refugio Carvajal Vda. de Pérez
Antonio Raxel - Julio Dubois
María Eugenia Ríos - Cristina Pérez Carvajal
Velia Vejar - Eloísa

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1968 telenovelas
1968 Mexican television series debuts
1968 Mexican television series endings
Television shows based on comics


title: List of law enforcement agencies in Northern Ireland

text:
This is a list of law enforcement agencies in Northern Ireland.

Police
Police Service of Northern Ireland
Ministry of Defence Police
Belfast Harbour Police
Belfast International Airport Constabulary

Bodies with police powers
National Crime Agency
Northern Ireland Security Guard Service
Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland
Bodies with limited executive powers
Border Force
Immigration Enforcement
His Majesty's Revenue and Customs
Driver and Vehicle Agency

Bodies with solely investigatory powers
Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism
Security Service
Serious Fraud Office

Bodies hosted by the Association of Chief Police Officers
National Wildlife Crime Unit
National Counter Terrorism Security Office
National Vehicle Crime Intelligence Service

Bodies hosted by territorial police forces
National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit
Protection Command
National Fraud Intelligence Bureau

See also
List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories
List of law enforcement agencies in England and Wales
List of law enforcement agencies in Scotland

References
List of UK police forces – Police.uk

Law enforcement in Northern Ireland
Government of Northern Ireland
Society of Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland peace process
Law enforcement
Lists of law enforcement agencies


title: Pueblo sin esperanza

text:
Pueblo sin esperanza (English: Hopeless town), is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Luis Aragón
Beatriz Baz
Carlos Becerril
Eric del Castillo

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1968 telenovelas
1968 Mexican television series debuts
1968 Mexican television series endings


title: James H. Hurley

text:
James Hurley is a university professor known for his research into proteins. He won the 2014 Neurath Award from the Protein Society for a unique, recent contribution to basic science.

Education
Hurley trained in protein crystallography with Robert Stroud at the University of California, San Francisco, where he completed a PhD in biophysics in 1990. He also trained with Brian Matthews at the University of Oregon, where he was a postdoctoral fellow from 1990 to 1992.

Career
Prior to entering academia, Hurley worked as an investigator at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Hurley is the Judy C. Webb Chair and Professor of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology at the University of California, Berkeley. His research interests focus on the interplay between proteins and lipids. Hurley received the 2014 Neurath Award from the Protein Society. The award recognizes Hurley's "ground-breaking contributions to structural membrane biology and membrane trafficking." In 2014, Hurley co-authored a study highlighting the importance of a protein called Nef in HIV.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American biophysicists
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
University of California, San Diego alumni
University of California, San Francisco alumni


title: Kenneth Andrew Walsh

text:
Kenneth Andrew Walsh is a Canadian biochemist who has spent most of his career in the United States and is now professor emeritus of biochemistry at the University of Washington.

Education
Walsh  received his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto, and became a Postdoctoral Fellow of Dr. Hans Neurath at the University of Washington in the early 1960s.

Career
Walsh joined the faculty at the University of Washington and in 1992, he became Department chairperson.

Walsh's research on protein chemistry was recognized with the 2002 Pehr Edman Award. The award citation states that:

Walsh has published 58 papers.

References

Living people
University of Washington faculty
Canadian biochemists
University of Toronto alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Pasión gitana

text:
Pasión gitana, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Teresa Velázquez as Gitana Tere
Aldo Monti as Conde Rolando de Monforte
Luis Aragón
Aarón Hernán
Norma Herrera
Miguel Manzano
Gilda Mirós
Fanny Schiller
Miguel Suárez
Jorge Vargas as Mario
Aurora Cortés
Mario Casillas
Jorge Casanova

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1968 telenovelas
1968 Mexican television series debuts
1968 Mexican television series endings


title: Alex Pierzchalski

text:
Alex Pierzchalski (born August 7, 1991) is a former Canadian football wide receiver. He was drafted by the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the second round of the 2014 CFL Draft. He played Canadian Interuniversity Sport football at the University of Toronto and attended London South Collegiate Institute in London, Ontario.

College career
Pierzchalski played four seasons for the Toronto Varsity Blues, recording career totals of 149 receptions for 1,617 yards and 13 touchdowns in 32 games.

Professional career

Saskatchewan Roughriders
Pierzchalski was drafted by the Saskatchewan Roughriders with the eighteenth pick in the 2014 CFL Draft. He dressed in 13 regular season games and made four special teams tackles. He recorded his first career reception against the Calgary Stampeders on October 24, 2014. He played in both pre-season games for the Riders, recording five catches for 22 yards and a touchdown, before being among the team's final cuts on June 20, 2015. He was offered a practice roster spot by the Roughriders, but he declined in order to pursue opportunities elsewhere.

Ottawa Redblacks
Pierzchalski signed with the Ottawa Redblacks on June 22, 2015.

Montreal Alouettes
Pierzchalski played the 2017 season with Montreal. He retired after the season.

References

External links
Ottawa Redblacks profile
Saskatchewan Roughriders profile
Toronto Varsity Blues profile

Living people
1991 births
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
Canadian football wide receivers
Ottawa Redblacks players
Montreal Alouettes players
Toronto Varsity Blues football players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Canadian football people from Toronto


title: Rae Sremmurd

text:
Rae Sremmurd ( ; "Ear Drummers" spelled backwards) is an American hip hop duo originating from Tupelo, Mississippi, formed by brothers Swae Lee and Slim Jxmmi. In 2013, they signed a record deal with Mike WiLL Made-It's EarDrummers imprint. In January 2015, the duo released their debut album, SremmLife, which was certified platinum by the RIAA. In August 2016, the duo released their second album, SremmLife 2.  During that same year, the duo also created their own record label, called SremmLife Crew Records. The duo is best known for their single "Black Beatles" (featuring Gucci Mane) from SremmLife 2, which topped the US Billboard Hot 100, while also charting internationally in the top ten in many countries. The duo also released other platinum-certified singles such as "No Type", "No Flex Zone", and "Swang". Their third studio album, SR3MM, was released on May 4, 2018, and served as a triple album. Their fourth studio album, Sremm 4 Life, was released on April 7, 2023.

Biography

Early life
Aaquil Iben Shamon "Slim Jxmmi" Brown and Khalif Malik Ibn Shaman "Swae Lee" Brown, were born in Whittier, California.

Their mother Bernadette Walker worked for the United States Army and her family was frequently relocated, with stays in Mississippi, Maryland, and Texas. Slim Jxmmi and Swae Lee started practicing, dancing, and writing music together at an early age.

While they were in middle school, the family moved to the Ida Street nearby Joe Street housing projects in Tupelo, Mississippi, to join Walker's new companion, a man named Floyd Sullivan.

2010–2012: Career beginnings and Dem Outta St8 Boyz
The Brown brothers met Jemiah Middlebrooks in Tupelo while he was playing basketball at a local park. They decided to found a hip hop band called "Dem Outta St8 Boyz" with him. Aaquil took the stage name "CaliBoy," Khalif "Kid Krunk," and Jemiah "Lil Pantz." They used money from their part-time jobs to buy equipment and to produce music at home. The two brothers were composing their own beats and the trio were rapping. Visibly inspired by Soulja Boy Tell'Em, the boys released songs and dance videos on social media. It was at the same time that the group first met, and then later became friends with Jermarcus Jackson, aka JJ (today known as Jay Sremm), a young disc jockey, who was studying at Tupelo High School with the two brothers. He since became the DJ of the group.

Shortly after, Bernadette Walker and her companion split up. Following the breakup, the two brothers started skipping school and working more seriously on music. They would return home at late hours, even when they had school the next morning. Their mother, fed up with their schedules, eventually kicked them out of her house, leaving them homeless. They began squatting in an abandoned house in the city with a friend of their stepfather's. They took advantage of the opportunity and organized parties in their new home in order to spread their music.

At the beginning of 2010, the group released the single "Party Animal", which gave them a local fame, allowing them to perform at local festivals and to broadcast their tracks on local radios. Thanks to their savings, the group took part in the auditions of the "Wild Out Wednesday" segment on BET's show 106 & Park in Memphis, Tennessee and succeeded to qualify. They participated on the show of December 8 in New York City and performed "Party Animal". Later, the group met a young rapper, named Andre "King Dre" Harris (today known as BoBo Swae), while he was freestyling in the high school courtyard. Andre, originally from West Point, Mississippi, started collaborating with the trio. Months later, the group finally released their first project, distributed locally.

In the middle of 2011, Lil Pantz left the group due to legal problems and was replaced by Andre. Aaquil and Khalif took the opportunity to change their stage names from "CaliBoy" and "Kid Krunk" to "Weirdo" and "Kid The Great," respectively. In August 2011, the trio once again participated in 106 & Park and performed an original song "My Diddy". They finished second place overall in the competition, and arranged meetings with representatives from record labels Def Jam Recordings and Sony Music. However, they did not sign any record deals at that time.

Around this time, Jemarcus put the group in touch with producer Pierre "P-Nazty" Slaughter, a cousin of his, who had grown up in Tupelo but had moved to Atlanta to work with Mike Will Made It's record label EarDrummers. P-Nazty appreciated the teenagers' music and decided to work with them. Thereby, the three rappers left Tupelo and spent a few months with P-Nazty and Marquel "Marz" Middlebrooks (another EarDrummers producer) in Georgia. They took the opportunity to perform in talent shows and recorded the track "I Dip", produced by Marz, and which increased their popularity a little more. They released their second project "Three Stooges Mixtape" at the beginning of 2012.

Unfortunately, due to financial problems, the boys had to return to their hometown, causing the group to temporarily dissolve. The brothers began working to save money; Aaquil worked at a mattress factory, and Khalif worked at a fast food restaurant where he served burgers. They were working about 12 hours per day. When Aaquil turned 21, he rented an apartment into which Khalif and Andre moved. They began recording music and organizing parties on weekends again. Despite this, the rappers had problems with the police due to noise complaints and with their landlord when they stopped mowing their lawn. Meanwhile, P-Nazty and Marz, aware of the potential and motivation of the trio, tried to convince the rappers to leave their work and to return to Atlanta to try again to succeed in music. After that Aaquil resigned, anticipating that he wouldn't pass a drug test, the trio decided to return to Atlanta thanks to Andre, who had a car.

2013–2015: Early success and SremmLife

Back in Georgia, the group worked a lot, performed in local shows, and got attention in the Atlanta indie hip hop scene. P-Nazty introduced them to Mike Will Made It, who decided to sign them on his indie label, Made-It Mafia. In the meantime, King Dre decided to leave the group due to familial reasons and moved to Florida to focus on his studies.
The now-duo decided to change their stage names again. The group took as their new name "Rae Sremmurd", derived from Mike Will Made It's production team "EarDrummers" by spelling both words backwards. Aaquil chose the name of "Slim Jimmy" (later stylized as "Slim Jxmmi"), and Khalif opted for first "iHipster Lee" then a few months later "Swae Lee." When Mike Will Made It finalized the creation of his major label "EarDrummers Entertainment" in partnership with Interscope Records, the two brothers became the first artists to sign.

Rae Sremmurd was discovered by the hip hop audience in December 2013, due to their appearance on Mike Will Made It's mixtape "#MikeWiLLBeenTriLL" on the track "We". The track was released as the duo's first promotional single two months later. They also released their second single, "Throw Sum Mo" in the same period. These two songs gave them the opportunity to perform at local clubs and to appear on radio.

In March, they participated in the South by Southwest music festival with Mike Will Made It and performed their first official single, "No Flex Zone", for the first time. At the end of the month, the track was releasing to digital retailers and progressively became popular. The music video of the song was released on August 11, with a guest appearance by American comedian Mike Epps. Finally, the single entered the Billboard Hot 100 on the chart issue dated August 16 and peaked at number 36 on September 20. They also released a remix of the track featuring American rappers Pusha T and Nicki Minaj which helped to increase its popularity. The group was invited to perform the hit single during 2014 BET Hip Hop Awards ceremony, their first performance at a major event.

In the middle of September, they released their second single "No Type" along with its music video shot in Venice Beach. The Mike Will Made It and Swae Lee-produced track quickly became more popular than "No Flex Zone" and entered the U.S. Hot 100 on the chart issue dated October 11 and climbed to number 16 at the beginning of December. It is also the duo's first single to chart outside the US, charting in numerous European countries. Both singles were certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 28, 2015. In October, Brooklyn music producer Baauer released the track "One Touch" featuring AlunaGeorge and Rae Sremmurd as lead single from his EP ß. The song failed to chart but was the first collaboration of major artists with the Tupeloan brothers.

In early December, the duo announced the release of their debut album, SremmLife (originally announced as an EP) on January 6, 2015 and re-released "Throw Sum Mo" as their third single, adding guest vocals of Young Thug and Nicki Minaj to promote the project. The new single debuted at number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100 on January 17 and peaked at number 30 in its fifteenth week of gradually climbing up the chart.

2015 was the breakthrough year for Rae Sremmurd. SremmLife was welcomed with surprise and enthusiasm from public and music critics. Pushed by the success of the two first singles, the album debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 49,000 copies, powered by 34,000 in traditional album sales. It received positive reviews from music journalism praising the energy and the cleverness of the duo. At the same time, Swae and Jxmmi received their first certifications with the platinum certifications of the two first singles of the album by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 28, 2015.

In May, they released "This Could Be Us" as the fourth single off their project with a music video shot during a trip in South Africa. The track peaked at number 49 on the Hot 100 in September. In June, Ty Dolla Sign teamed up with the duo and Future on his DJ Spinz produced single "Blasé" which peaked at number 63 in November. In July, they participated in their first concert tour as opening acts to Nicki Minaj's North American leg of "The Pinkprint Tour" along with Meek Mill, Dej Loaf and Tinashe.

Shortly after Minaj's tour, they debuted their own first worldwide concert tour, "SremmLife Tour". The tour began in September and brought them to Oceania, American colleges and finally Europe at the end of the year. During the Oceanian leg of the tour, they released the fifth and last single off "SremmLife", "Come Get Her" along with its music video. It peaking at number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100 in November.

Increasingly popular, the duo was nominated for numerous musical awards ceremonies during the year, including the BET Awards, the Billboard Music Awards, and the BET Hip Hop Awards, and won their first award, the BET Award for Best Group in June.

At the end of 2015, "SremmLife" had been nominated by numerous magazines as one of the best albums of the year. Complex ranked the album as the third best of the year. This decision sparked a feud between the duo and Hot 97 radio presenter Ebro Darden, who thought that the album should not appear on the list.

SremmLife was finally certified platinum in June 2016, along with the three last singles of the album.

2016–2018: SremmLife 2 and SR3MM

On June 16, 2016, Rae Sremmurd announced that their next album, SremmLife 2, would be released on August 12, 2016. The album included their first Billboard Hot 100 number-one song "Black Beatles", which topped the chart in the issue dated November 26, 2016. It also gave Gucci Mane his first number one.

The two brothers began working on their own solo albums. Slim Jxmmi announced his "Uncle Jxm" project, and on August 12, 2016, Swae Lee announced his debut solo album, Swaecation. Swae Lee also announced that the two brothers were working on a new album, called SremmLife 3. On August 4, 2017, the duo released a new single titled "Perplexing Pegasus".

In early 2018, Rae Sremmurd and Mike Will Made It announced that Swae Lee and Slim Jxmmi would release their solo albums—Swaecation and Jxmtroduction—in the same package as SremmLife 3, as a triple album package called SR3MM. The duo released "T'd Up" as SremmLife 3s second single on February 5, 2018, and released three singles from SR3MM on March 1, 2018 - Swae Lee's "Hurt to Look", Slim Jxmmi's "Brxnks Truck", and the duo's "Powerglide" featuring previous collaborator Juicy J. On May 4, 2018, the duo released SR3MM, a triple disc set that included solo projects for each of the members. Overall, SR3MM received mainly positive reviews from critics.

2022–present: Sremm 4 Life
On May 31, 2022, the brothers teased their fourth studio album, titled Sremm 4 Life. They followed this up on June 6 with their first single since 2018, "Denial", which was released in addition to a music video, on June 8, 2022. "Community D**k" featuring Flo Milli was released with an accompanying music video on August 8. The album's eventual lead single, "Torpedo", was released with an accompanying music video on December 30. Another single, "Sucka or Sum", was released alongside its music video on January 27, 2023.

On March 9, the release date for Sremm4Life. On March 10, 2023, the second single "Tanisha (Pump That)" was released. The album was released on April 7.

SremmLife Crew RecordsSremmLife Crew Records is a record label founded by Rae Sremmurd in 2016. They signed Mississippi native rappers with whom they worked before their major success. The label's first official release was the collective project Trail Mix in March 2016, introducing all members of the crew.

ArtistsIn-house disc jockeys'''
 Jay Sremm
 DJ Jon Wells
 Uncle Jxm (Slim Jxmmi pseudonym as DJ)

Releases
The following is the list of all albums released through SremmLife Crew Records.

Discography

 SremmLife (2015)
 SremmLife 2 (2016)
 SR3MM (2018)
 Sremm 4 Life (2023)

Awards and nominations
BET Awards
Rae Sremmurd has been nominated for seven BET Awards and won one award.

!
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015
|"Throw Sum Mo"(with Nicki Minaj and Young Thug)
|Coca-Cola Viewers' Choice Award
|
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan="4"|Rae Sremmurd
|Best New Artist
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|Best Group
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|2016
|
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2017
|
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan=2|"Black Beatles"(with Gucci Mane)
|Best Collaboration
|
|-
|Coca-Cola Viewers' Choice Award
|

BET Hip Hop Awards
The BET Hip Hop Awards are hosted annually by BET for hip hop performers, producers and music video directors.

!
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|Rae Sremmurd
|Who Blew Up Award
|rowspan="2"
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|
|-
|"No Type"
|People's Champ Award

Billboard Music Awards
The Billboard Music Award is an honor given by Billboard, a publication and music popularity chart covering the music business. Rae Sremmurd has won one award from five nominations.

!
|-
| 2015
|rowspan="1"|Rae Sremmurd
|rowspan="2"|Top Rap Artist
|rowspan="3"
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2017
|rowspan="1"|Rae Sremmurd
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|
|-
|rowspan="3"|"Black Beatles"(with Gucci Mane)
| Top Rap Song
|-
| Top Rap Collaboration
|
|-
| Top Streaming Song (Video)
|
|-

International Dance Music Awards

!
|-
| 2016
| "Throw Sum Mo"(with Nicki Minaj and Young Thug)
| Best Rap/Hip Hop/Trap Dance Track
|
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"|

MTVU Woodie Awards
The MTVU Woodie Awards are semi-annual awards presented by MTVU which it states recognizes "the music voted best by college students."

!
|-
| 2015
| Rae Sremmurd
| Artist To Watch
|
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1"|

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, is an annual awards show that airs on the Nickelodeon cable channel, that honors the year's biggest television, movie, and music acts, as voted by Nickelodeon viewers.

!
|-
|2017
|Rae Sremmurd
|Favorite New Artist
|
|

Southern Entertainment Awards

!
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
| SremmLife| Album Of The Year
|rowspan="2"
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|
|-
| Rae Sremmurd
| Group / Label Of The Year
|-

Tours

Headlining tours
SremmLife Tour (2015)
SremmLife II Tour (2016–2017)

Supporting act
Nicki Minaj's The Pinkprint Tour (2015)
Lil Wayne's The Dedication Tour (2016)
Beyonce's Formation World Tour (2016)
The Weeknd's Starboy: Legend of the Fall Tour (2017)
 Wiz Khalifa's Dazed & Blazed Tour (2018)
Childish Gambino's This Is America Tour (2018)
 Post Malone's Twelve Carat Tour'' (2023)

References

External links

2008 establishments in Mississippi
African-American musical groups
American hip hop groups
American musical duos
Hip hop duos
Interscope Records artists
Musical groups established in 2008
Musical groups from Atlanta
Musical groups from Mississippi
People from Tupelo, Mississippi
Rappers from Atlanta
Rappers from Mississippi
Sibling musical duos
Trap musicians
Tupelo High School alumni


title: Chandrakant Dadu Mali

text:
Chandrakant Mali  is an Indian Weightlifter, who  won bronze medal in the men's 94 kg weight class at the 2014 Commonwealth Games at Glasgow, Scotland.

References

Living people
Indian male weightlifters
Weightlifters at the 2010 Asian Games
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India
Weightlifters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in weightlifting
Year of birth missing (living people)
Asian Games competitors for India
21st-century Indian people
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Agardhfjellet Formation

text:
The Agardhfjellet Formation is a geologic formation in Svalbard, Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Oxfordian to Berriasian stages, spanning the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous boundary. The formation contains the Slottsmøya Member, a highly fossiliferous unit (Lagerstätte) where many ichthyosaur and plesiosaur fossils have been found, as well as abundant and well preserved fossils of invertebrates.

Description
The formation overlies the Knorringfjellet Formation and is overlain by the Rurikfjellet Formation. The formation comprises the lower Oppdalsåta and upper Slottsmøya Members. The Slottsmøya Member, which averages  in thickness in the study area, consists of dark-grey to black silty mudstone, often weathering to paper shale, and discontinuous silty beds with local occurrences of red to yellowish sideritic concretions as well as siderite and dolomite interbeds. It consists of a mix of shales and siltstones which were deposited in a shallow marine environment, near a patch of deeper marine sediment. The seafloor, which was located about  below the surface, seems to have been relatively dysoxic, or oxygen-poor, although the diversity of the benthic fauna suggest that these environments were likely not truly anoxic and that oxygen-depletion may have been a seasonal phenomenon. Although direct evidence  from Slottsmøya is currently lacking, the high latitude of this site and relatively cool global climate of the Tithonian suggest that some sea ice may have been present at least in the winter.

These sites represent shallow-water methane seeps which were spread over a relatively large geographic area, and like modern day seeps, they supported high biodiversity. Near the top of the member, various assemblages of invertebrates have been discovered; these include ammonites, bivalves, lingulate brachiopods, rhynchonellate brachiopods, tubeworms, belemnoids, tusk shells, sponges, crinoids, sea urchins, brittle stars, starfish, crustaceans, and gastropods, numbering 54 taxa in total. The most common and abundant of these taxa were bivalves and brachiopods, each of which make up 27.8% of the known seep fauna. Several chemosymbiotic species are known, such as the bivalve Nucinella. Outside of the cold seeps, several non-seep-restricted invertebrates were also present in abundance. In addition to the invertebrates, the Slottsmøya Member has also revealed a diverse assemblage of marine reptiles, including several taxa of ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. Many of these specimens are relatively complete and in articulation, which is rare among Jurassic marine fossil sites. It thus provides a unique and detailed glimpse into the boreal seas of the Late Jurassic. As it spans the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary, it is also important to understanding how marine ecosystems changed going into the Cretaceous.

Paleobiota

The formation, especially the Slottsmøya Member, has provided an abundance of marine fossils dating to the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous.

The timeline below follows stratigraphic data provided in Delsett et al. 2018 and Roberts et al. 2020.

Vertebrates

Bony fish

Plesiosaurs

Ichthyosaurs

Invertebrates
An unnamed galatheid squat lobster is known from a single, poorly preserved fragment.

Cephalopods
Large belemnoid arm hooks are known.

Echinoderms

Bivalves
Remains of possible anomiid clams have been found which are as yet undescribed.

Serpulids

Brachiopods

Gastropods

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway
 Tithonian formations
 Berriasian formations

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of Norway
Jurassic Norway
Lower Cretaceous Series of Europe
Cretaceous Norway
Mudstone formations
Dolomite formations
Deep marine deposits
Open marine deposits
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe
Paleontology in Norway
Geology of Svalbard
Tithonian Stage
Berriasian Stage
Jurassic System of Europe


title: Heather Formation

text:
The Heather Formation is a geological formation occurs in the North Sea, offshore the United Kingdom and Norway. It preserves fossils from the Bathonian to Oxfordian  stages of the Middle to Late Jurassic period and was deposited in an open marine depositional environment.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Jurassic Norway


title: Ramså Formation

text:
The Ramså Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Jurassic period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Jurassic Norway


title: El padre Guernica

text:
El padre Guernica, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Juan Carlos Ruiz
Demetrio González
Carmen Salas
Manolita Saval

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1968 telenovelas
1968 Mexican television series debuts
1968 Mexican television series endings


title: Dracoisen Formation

text:
The Dracoisen Formation is a geologic formation
 found on the islands of Spitsbergen and Nordaustlandet in Svalbard, Norway. It is Ediacaran (uppermost Neoproterozoic) in age. Microfossils have been found, including Bavinella faveolata and rare acritarchs.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geology of Norway
Paleontology in Norway


title: 2014–15 SG Sonnenhof Großaspach season

text:
The 2014–15 season saw SG Sonnenhof Großaspach compete in the 3. Liga, in which they finished 15th.

Competitions

3.Liga

League table

Matches

References

External links
 Official team site
 SG Sonnenhof Großaspach at Weltfussball.de
 Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables
 eufo.de European club profiles and current rosters

SG Sonnenhof Großaspach seasons
Sonnenhof Großaspach


title: Biskopåsen Formation

text:
The Biskopåsen Formation is a geologic formation in Innlandet. Norway. It preserves microfossils of Neoproterozoic age.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Conglomerate formations


title: Kirtonryggen Formation

text:
The Kirtonryggen Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Geology of Svalbard
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Ordovician south paleopolar deposits


title: Mujeres sin amor

text:
Mujeres sin amor, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Miguel Manzano
Magda Guzmán
Anita Blanch
Chela Nájera
Irma Lozano

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1968 telenovelas
1968 Mexican television series debuts
1968 Mexican television series endings


title: Mi maestro

text:
Mi maestro, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Sara García - Sara
Amador Bendayan - Armando
Miguel Manzano - Ricardo
Pilar Sen - Lola
Yolanda Mendez - Ana María
Sonia Furio - Sonia
Belén Diaz
Gloria Leticia Ortiz - Fanny
Emma Roldán - Gertrudis
Patricia Moran - Beatriz
America Ramírez - Chabela
Juan Manuel González - Carlos
Barbara Gil - Teresa
Olga Castillo

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1968 telenovelas
1968 Mexican television series debuts
1968 Mexican television series endings


title: Tommarp Formation

text:
The Tommarp Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 94 kg

text:
The Men's 94 kg weightlifting event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland, took place at Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre on 29 July. The contest was won by Steven Kari. The silver medal was won by Simplice Ribouem and the bronze medal was won by Chandrakant Mali.

Result

References

Weightlifting at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Toyen Formation

text:
The Toyen Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Victor Carlstrom

text:
1st Lieutenant Victor Carlström (April 13, 1890 – May 9, 1917) was a record-holding Swedish-American pioneer aviator. He set a cross-America flight air speed record until the record was beaten by Ruth Bancroft Law.

Biography
He was born in Gustafs parish in Kopparberg, Sweden on April 13, 1890, to Axel Carlström.

He migrated to the United States through Ellis Island in 1904, when he was 14. He moved to North Park, Colorado to work for his uncles Andrew Carlstrom and William Norell Carlstrom who had cattle ranches. He became an instructor one week after leaving his job at the cattle ranch.

In 1916 he was  short of a flight altitude record when he ascended  in a triplane. He also planned to make a non-stop flight from Chicago to New York.

He went to work for the Atlantic Coast Aeronautical Station where he and a student pilot, Cary B. Epes, were killed on May 9, 1917, when their biplane collapsed in flight.

Legacy
Carlstrom Field was named in his honor.
His niece, Marion Carlstrom, was the first Women Airforce Service Pilot from Colorado.

Footnotes

1890 births
1917 deaths
American aviation record holders
Aviators from Colorado
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
People from Ljusnarsberg Municipality
Swedish emigrants to the United States
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1917


title: Amber Penrith

text:
Amber Penrith is an English rugby union player who represented  at the 2010 Women's Rugby World Cup.

Penrith came out of retirement in 2009 to play in a three test series against New Zealand after announcing her retirement in 2008.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
England women's international rugby union players
English female rugby union players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Rugby union players from Stroud
21st-century English women


title: Ullerntangen Formation

text:
The Ullerntangen Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Valhallfonna Formation

text:
The Valhallfonna Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway
 Valhallfonna

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Geology of Svalbard
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician south paleopolar deposits


title: Venstøp Formation

text:
The Venstøp Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Vollen Formation

text:
The Vollen Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


São Martinho de Antas e Paradela de Guiães is a civil parish in the municipality of Sabrosa, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes São Martinho de Antas and Paradela de Guiães. The population in 2011 was 1,013, in an area of 25.45 km2.

References

Freguesias of Sabrosa


title: Smoelan Formation

text:
The Smoelan Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway


title: Pullaiahgaripalli

text:
Pullaiahgaripalli (P.G.Palli) is a neighbourhood village of Tirupati. It is a part of Tirupati urban agglomeration and located in Chandragiri mandal. It falls in the jurisdictional limit of Tirupati Urban Development Authority.

Governance
Pullaiahgaripalli falls under Chandragiri assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh.

References

Tirupati
Villages in Tirupati district


title: Solvang Formation

text:
The Solvang Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Steinvika Limestone

text:
The Steinvika Limestone is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Limestone formations


title: Myren Formation

text:
The Myren Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Paleontology in Norway


title: Nakholmen Formation

text:
The Nakholmen Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Norderhov Formation

text:
The Norderhov Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Langara Formation

text:
The Langara Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Katian to Hirnantian (Rawtheyan) stages of the Ordovician period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Hirnantian
Katian
Limestone formations
Shale formations
Siltstone formations
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Paleontology in Norway


title: Langøyene Formation

text:
The Langøyene Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Mjösa Limestone

text:
The Mjösa Limestone is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Limestone formations


title: Kalvsjøen Formation

text:
The Kalvsjøen Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Kullsberg Limestone

text:
The Kullsberg Limestone is a geologic formation in Norway and Sweden. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Sweden

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Limestone formations
Paleontology in Norway
Geologic formations of Sweden
Ordovician Sweden
Paleontology in Sweden


title: Bønsnes Formation

text:
The Bønsnes Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Elnes Formation

text:
The Elnes Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Mariana (1968 TV series)

text:
Mariana, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Silvia Derbez
Carlos Bracho
Aurora Alvarado
Estela Chacón

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1968 telenovelas
1968 Mexican television series debuts
1968 Mexican television series endings


title: Frognerkilen Formation

text:
The Frognerkilen Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Furuberget Formation

text:
The Furuberget Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Grimsøya Formation

text:
The Grimsøya Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Hovinsholm Formation

text:
The Hovinsholm Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Huk Formation

text:
The Huk Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Husbergøya Formation

text:
The Husbergøya Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Bjørkasholmen Formation

text:
The Bjørkasholmen Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Arnestad Formation

text:
The Arnestad Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Ordovician System of Europe
Ordovician Norway
Paleontology in Norway
Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits


title: Nanoremediation

text:
Nanoremediation is the use of nanoparticles for environmental remediation. It is being explored to treat ground water, wastewater, soil, sediment, or other contaminated environmental materials.
Nanoremediation is an emerging industry; by 2009, nanoremediation technologies had been documented in at least 44 cleanup sites around the world, predominantly in the United States. In Europe, nanoremediation is being investigated by the EC funded NanoRem Project. A report produced by the NanoRem consortium has identified around 70 nanoremediation projects worldwide at pilot or full scale. During nanoremediation, a nanoparticle agent must be brought into contact with the target contaminant under conditions that allow a detoxifying or immobilizing reaction. This process typically involves a pump-and-treat process or in situ application.

Some nanoremediation methods, particularly the use of nano zero-valent iron for groundwater cleanup, have been deployed at full-scale cleanup sites. Other methods remain in research phases.

Applications
Nanoremediation has been most widely used for groundwater treatment, with additional extensive research in wastewater treatment. Nanoremediation has also been tested for soil and sediment cleanup. Even more preliminary research is exploring the use of nanoparticles to remove toxic materials from gases.

Groundwater remediation
Currently, groundwater remediation is the most common commercial application of nanoremediation technologies.
Using nanomaterials, especially zero-valent metals (ZVMs), for groundwater remediation is an emerging approach that is promising due to the availability and effectiveness of many nanomaterials for degrading or sequestering contaminants.

Nanotechnology offers the potential to effectively treat contaminants in situ, avoiding excavation or the need to pump contaminated water out of the ground. The process begins with nanoparticles being injected into a contaminated aquifer via an injection well. The nanoparticles are then transported by groundwater flow to the source of contamination. Upon contact, nanoparticles can sequester contaminants (via adsorption or complexation), immobilizing them, or they can degrade the contaminants to less harmful compounds. Contaminant transformations are typically redox reactions. When the nanoparticle is the oxidant or reductant, it is considered reactive.

The ability to inject nanoparticles to the subsurface and transport them to the contaminant source is imperative for successful treatment. Reactive nanoparticles can be injected into a well where they will then be transported down gradient to the contaminated area. Drilling and packing a well is quite expensive. Direct push wells cost less than drilled wells and are the most often used delivery tool for remediation with nanoiron. A nanoparticle slurry can be injected along the vertical range of the probe to provide treatment to specific aquifer regions.

Surface water treatment
The use of various nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes and TiO2, shows promise for treatment of surface water, including for purification, disinfection, and desalination. Target contaminants in surface waters include heavy metals, organic contaminants, and pathogens. In this context, nanoparticles may be used as sorbents, as reactive agents (photocatalysts or redox agents), or in membranes used for nanofiltration.

Trace contaminant detection
Nanoparticles may assist in detecting trace levels of contaminants in field settings, contributing to effective remediation. Instruments that can operate outside of a laboratory often are not sensitive enough to detect trace contaminants. Rapid, portable, and cost-effective measurement systems for trace contaminants in groundwater and other environmental media would thus enhance contaminant detection and cleanup. One potential method is to separate the analyte from the sample and concentrate them to a smaller volume, easing detection and measurement. When small quantities of solid sorbents are used to absorb the target for concentration, this method is referred to as solid-phase microextraction.

With their high reactivity and large surface area, nanoparticles may be effective sorbents to help concentrate target contaminants for solid-phase microextraction, particularly in the form of self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports. The mesoporous silica structure, made through a surfactant templated sol-gel process, gives these self-assembled monolayers high surface area and a rigid open pore structure. This material may be an effective sorbent for many targets, including heavy metals such as mercury, lead, and cadmium, chromate and arsenate, and radionuclides such as 99Tc, 137CS, uranium, and the actinides.

Mechanism
The small size of nanoparticles leads to several characteristics that may enhance remediation. Nanomaterials are highly reactive because of their high surface area per unit mass. Their small particle size also allows nanoparticles to enter small pores in soil or sediment that larger particles might not penetrate, granting them access to contaminants sorbed to soil and increasing the likelihood of contact with the target contaminant.

Because nanomaterials are so tiny, their movement is largely governed by Brownian motion as compared to gravity. Thus, the flow of groundwater can be sufficient to transport the particles. Nanoparticles then can remain suspended in solution longer to establish an in situ treatment zone.

Once a nanoparticle contacts the contaminant, it may degrade the contaminant, typically through a redox reaction, or adsorb to the contaminant to immobilize it. In some cases, such as with magnetic nano-iron, adsorbed complexes may be separated from the treated substrate, removing the contaminant. Target contaminants include organic molecules such as pesticides or organic solvents and metals such as arsenic or lead. Some research is also exploring the use of nanoparticles to remove excessive nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.

Materials
A variety of compounds, including some that are used as macro-sized particles for remediation, are being studied for use in nanoremediation. These materials include zero-valent metals like zero-valent iron, calcium carbonate, carbon-based compounds such as graphene or carbon nanotubes, and metal oxides such as titanium dioxide and iron oxide.

Nano zero-valent iron
As of 2012, nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) was the nanoscale material most commonly used in bench and field remediation tests. nZVI may be mixed or coated with another metal, such as palladium, silver, or copper, that acts as a catalyst in what is called a bimetallic nanoparticle. nZVI may also be emulsified with a surfactant and an oil, creating a membrane that enhances the nanoparticle's ability to interact with hydrophobic liquids and protects it against reactions with materials dissolved in water. Commercial nZVI particle sizes may sometimes exceed true “nano” dimensions (100 nm or less in diameter).

nZVI appears to be useful for degrading organic contaminants, including chlorinated organic compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and trichloroethene (TCE), as well as immobilizing or removing metals. nZVI and other nanoparticles that do not require light can be injected belowground into the contaminated zone for in situ groundwater remediation and, potentially, soil remediation.

nZVI nanoparticles can be prepared by using sodium borohydride as the key reductant. NaBH4 (0.2 M) is added into FeCl3•6H2 (0.05 M) solution (~1:1 volume ratio). Ferric iron is reduced via the following reaction:

4Fe3+ + 3B + 9H2O → 4Fe0 + 3H2B + 12H+ + 6H2

Palladized Fe particles are prepared by soaking the nanoscale iron
particles with an ethanol solution of 1wt% of palladium acetate ([Pd(C2H3O2)2]3). This causes the reduction and deposition of Pd on the Fe surface:

Pd2+ + Fe 0 → Pd0 + Fe2+

Similar methods may be used to prepared Fe/Pt, Fe/Ag, Fe/Ni, Fe/Co,
and Fe/Cu bimetallic particles. With the above methods, nanoparticles of
diameter 50-70 nm may be produced. The average specific surface area of Pd/Fe particles is about 35 m2/g. Ferrous iron salt has also been successfully used as the precursor.

Titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is also a leading candidate for nanoremediation and wastewater treatment, although as of 2010 it is reported to have not yet been expanded to full-scale commercialization. When exposed to ultraviolet light, such as in sunlight, titanium dioxide produces hydroxyl radicals, which are highly reactive and can oxidize contaminants. Hydroxyl radicals are used for water treatment in methods generally termed advanced oxidation processes. Because light is required for this reaction, TiO2 is not appropriate for underground in situ remediation, but it may be used for wastewater treatment or pump-and-treat groundwater remediation.

TiO2 is inexpensive, chemically stable, and insoluble in water. TiO2 has a wide band gap energy (3.2 eV) that requires the use of UV light, as opposed to visible light only, for photocatalytic activation. To enhance the efficiency of its photocatalysis, research has investigated modifications to TiO2 or alternative photocatalysts that might use a greater portion of photons in the visible light spectrum. Potential modifications include doping TiO2 with metals, nitrogen, or carbon.

Challenges
When using in situ
remediation the reactive products must be considered for two reasons.
One reason is that a reactive product might be more harmful or mobile
than the parent compound. Another reason is that the products can affect
the effectiveness and/or cost of remediation. TCE (trichloroethylene), under reducing conditions by nanoiron, may sequentially dechlorinate to DCE (dichloroethene) and VC (vinyl chloride). VC is known to be more harmful than TCE, meaning this process would be undesirable.

Nanoparticles also react with non-target compounds. Bare nanoparticles tend to clump together and also react rapidly with soil, sediment, or other material in ground water. For in situ remediation, this action inhibits the particles from dispersing in the contaminated area, reducing their effectiveness for remediation. Coatings or other treatment may allow nanoparticles to disperse farther and potentially reach a greater portion of the contaminated zone. Coatings for nZVI include surfactants, polyelectrolyte coatings, emulsification layers, and protective shells made from silica or carbon.

Such designs may also affect the nanoparticles’ ability to react with contaminants, their uptake by organisms, and their toxicity. A continuing area of research involves the potential for nanoparticles used for remediation to disperse widely and harm wildlife, plants, or people.

In some cases, bioremediation may be used deliberately at the same site or with the same material as nanoremediation. Ongoing research is investigating how nanoparticles may interact with simultaneous biological remediation.

See also

Green nanotechnology
Nanofiltration

References

Nanotechnology and the environment


title: Azas (disambiguation)

text:
Azas can refer to:

 Azas, Haute-Garonne, France
 Todzha Lake, also known as Azas Lake, Russia
 Azas Plateau, Russia


title: 2014 US Open Series

text:
In tennis, the 2014 US Open Series (known as Emirates Airline US Open Series for sponsorship reasons) was the eleventh edition of the US Open Series, which included nine hard court tournaments that started on July 21, 2014, in Atlanta and concluded in Winston-Salem for the men and in New Haven for the women on August 23, 2014. This edition consisted of four separate men's tournaments and three women's tournaments, with the Western & Southern Open hosting both a men's and women's event. The series was headlined by two ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and two WTA Premier 5 events. Milos Raonic and Serena Williams were the US Open Series champions in 2014. Serena Williams improved the biggest payout in professional tennis history record which she previously shared with Rafael Nadal. The new record was then set at $4 million.

Point distribution for series events
In order to be included in the final standings and subsequently the bonus prize money, a player needs to have countable results from at least two different tournaments. Starting from the 2014 season, a new rule has been added to double the points of a player who has obtained countable results in at least three tournaments.

The players who finish in the top three in the series can earn up to $1 million in extra prize money at the US Open.

US Open Series standings
The standings include all players who received points in at least two tournaments.

ATP

Notes:
1 – Tours – Number of tournaments in US Open Series in which a player has reached the quarterfinals or better, in 250 and 500 series events, or the Round of 16 in ATP World Tour Masters 1000 events.
2 –  Indicates a player has earned points in at least three Emirates Airline US Open Series events, therefore doubling his point total earned on the Series.

WTA

Notes:
1 – Tours – Number of tournaments in US Open Series in which a player has reached the quarterfinals or better, in Premier events; or the Round of 16 or better in Premier 5 events.
2 –  Indicates a player has earned points in at least three Emirates Airline US Open Series events, therefore doubling her point total earned on the Series.

Bonus Prize Money
Top three players in the 2014 US Open Series will receive bonus prize money, depending on where they finish in the 2014 US Open, according to money schedule below.

2014 Schedule

Week 1

ATP – BB&T Atlanta Open

Main draw finals

Week 2

ATP – Citi Open

Main draw finals

WTA – Bank of West Classic

Main draw finals

Week 3

ATP – Rogers Cup (Toronto)

Main draw finals

WTA – Rogers Cup (Montreal)

Main draw finals

Week 4

ATP – Western & Southern Open

Main draw finals

WTA – Western & Southern Open

Main draw finals

Week 5

ATP – Winston-Salem Open

Main draw finals

WTA – New Haven Open at Yale

Main draw finals

References

External links


title: Hordaland Formation

text:
The Hordaland Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Paleogene Norway


title: 1989–90 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup

text:
The 1989–90 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup was the twenty-fourth edition of FIBA's 2nd-tier level European-wide professional club basketball competition, contested between national domestic cup champions, running from 26 September 1989, to 13 March 1990. It was contested by 21 teams, the same number of teams as the previous edition.

Knorr Bologna defeated Real Madrid, in the final that was held in Florence, winning its first European-wide title. It had previously lost the 1977–78 final against Gabetti Cantù.

Participants

First round

|}

Second round

|}

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

|}

Final
March 13, PalaGiglio, Florence

|}

References

External links
1989–90 FIBA European Cup Winner's Cup @ linguasport.com
FIBA European Cup Winner's Cup 1989–90

FIBA
FIBA Saporta Cup


title: Leyendas de México

text:
Leyendas de México, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Jacqueline Andere
Guillermo Aguilar
Carlos Bracho
Pilar Sen
Malena Doria
Angélica María
Enrique Lizalde
Augusto Benedico
Miguel Manzano
Luis Gimeno
Alicia Montoya
Elsa Aguirre
Hortensia Santoveña
Ricardo Mondragón
Socorro Avelar
Daniel Villagrán
Armando Acosta
Blanca de Lyz
Héctor Carlos Flores
Ernesto Alonso
Blanca Sánchez
Fernando Mendoza
Celia Manzano
José Alonso
José Baviera
Miguel Macía
Miguel Suárez
Emily Cranz
Lorenzo de Rodas
Carlos Ancira
Emma Roldán
Raúl Dantes
Felipe Gil
Ada Carrasco
Eduardo Alcaraz
René Molina
Julia Marichal

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1968 telenovelas
1968 Mexican television series debuts
1968 Mexican television series endings


title: Rapture, Indiana

text:
Rapture is an unincorporated community in Harmony Township, Posey County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

History
Rapture was originally called "White's Settlement", and is one of the oldest communities in Posey County.  It was laid out in 1838 by John Cox, and became known as "Winfield", and also "Bugtown". The present name of Rapture may have come from a local horse. Cox Creek runs through the community.

A post office was established at Rapture in 1892, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1902.

CNN reported in 2011 that just one person lives in Rapture, where they own a home, rental property and airplane hangar.  The airplane landing strip is known as "Bugtown Airport".

Rapture was the setting for Terence Faherty's 1999 novel The Ordained.

Geography
Rapture is located on Indiana State Road 68, between Poseyville and New Harmony.

References

Unincorporated communities in Posey County, Indiana
Unincorporated communities in Indiana


title: 1952 Maldivian presidential election

text:
Presidential elections were held for the first time in the Maldives in 1952. They followed the approval of a new constitution in a referendum in March 1952, which had changed the country's system of governance from being a monarchy to a republic.

The result was a victory for Mohamed Amin Didi, who received almost 96% of the vote. Amin Didi subsequently became the country's first President.

References

Presidential
Presidential elections in the Maldives
Maldives
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results


title: Juventud divino tesoro

text:
Juventud divino tesoro, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Irma Lozano
Héctor Bonilla
Renata Flores (actriz)
Jorge Ortiz de Pinedo
Renata flores

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1968 telenovelas
1968 Mexican television series debuts
1968 Mexican television series endings


title: Hambergfjellet Formation

text:
The Hambergfjellet Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Permian Norway
Permian northern paleotemperate deposits


title: Miseryfjellet Formation

text:
The Miseryfjellet Formation is a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Permian Norway
Permian northern paleotemperate deposits


title: Matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Stéphane Antiga

text:
List matches of Polish men's volleyball national team conducted by Stéphane Antiga, who was announced a coach of Polish national team on October 24, 2013.

Achievements

Official matches

2015 European Championship qualification

2014 FIVB World League

Pool A

2014 FIVB World Championship

 All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00)

Pool A

Pool E

Pool H

Semifinal

Final

2015 FIVB World League

Pool B

Final round
 All times are Brasília Time (UTC−03:00).

Pool J

Semifinal

3rd place

2015 FIVB World Cup

 All times are Japan Standard Time (UTC+09:00).

First round (Site B)

Second round (Site B)

Third round (Site A)

2015 European Championship

 All times are Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+03:00).

Pool C

Quarterfinal

2016 Summer Olympics – European qualification

 All times are Central European Time (UTC+01:00).

Pool A

Semifinal

3rd place match

2016 World Olympic Qualification Tournament

 All times are Japan Standard Time (UTC+09:00).

World qualification

2016 FIVB World League

Intercontinental round

Pool C1

Pool D1

Pool G1

Final round

Pool K1

2016 Olympic Games

 All times are Brasília Time (UTC−03:00).

Group B

Quarterfinal

Friendly matches

2014 Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera

2015 Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera

2016 Memoriał Huberta Jerzego Wagnera

Polish men's volleyball national team


title: Treskelodden Formation

text:
The Treskelodden Beds is a geologic formation exposed near Hornsund on the island of Spitsbergen, Svalbard in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back from the Gzhelian stage of the Carboniferous period to the Artinskian stage of the Permian period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Norway

References

Geologic formations of Norway
Carboniferous Norway
Gzhelian
Permian Norway
Artinskian Stage
Geology of Svalbard


title: Columbia University Record

text:
The Columbia University Record, subtitled "news and ideas for the Columbia community", is the official newspaper of the Columbia University administration. Its first issue, under the title The University Record was issued in September 1973; it took its present name in July 1975. It has been published roughly biweekly or monthly during academic terms.

Former writers for the Columbia University Record include Jo Kadlecek. Former managing editor is Amy Callahan.

Notes

External links

 Official archive

Columbia University
Newspapers published in New York City
Culture of Columbia University


title: Intriga

text:
Intriga, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Ofelia Montesco
Raúl Ramírez
Anita Blanch
Susana Alexander

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1968 telenovelas
1968 Mexican television series debuts
1968 Mexican television series endings


title: Robert Laffan (British Army officer)

text:
Sir Robert Michael Laffan   (21 September 1821 – 22 March 1882) was Irish officer of the Royal Engineers, politician, and governor of Bermuda.

Early life
The third son of John Laffan, of Skehanagh, counties Clare and Limerick, he was born on 21 September 1821. Educated at the college of Pont Levoy, near Blois, France, he went to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in September 1835, and on 5 May 1837 was gazetted a second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers.

Career
After serving for two years at Chatham and Woolwich, and becoming first lieutenant on 1 April 1839, Laffan was sent to South Africa, where he was employed in frontier service. He was one of the officers summoned by the governor, Sir George Napier, to a council of war in order to concert measures for the relief of Captain Thomas Charlton Smith and the garrison of Port Natal, then beleaguered by a force of Boers under Andries Pretorius. Laffan took charge of the engineering arrangements of the expedition, under Abraham Josias Cloete, which relieved the British garrison.

From the Cape, Laffan was sent to Mauritius, where he was promoted captain on 1 May 1846. On his return home in 1847 he was appointed commanding Royal Engineer at Belfast. At the close of the year was nominated an inspector of railways under the Board of Trade, a post he held until the autumn of 1852, when he was sent to Paris and Antwerp to report on the defences for the information of Sir John Fox Burgoyne, the inspector-general of fortifications.

Laffan represented the borough of , Cornwall, in the House of Commons from 1852 to 1857 in the Conservative interest. In 1854 he was appointed commanding royal engineer in the London district, and in 1855 he was sent by the Duke of Newcastle, then secretary of state for war, with William Thomas Knollys and Sir George Maclean, to report on the organisation of the French ministère de la guerre. On his return to England in May 1855 he was appointed deputy inspector-general of fortifications at the War Office. From 1858 to 1860 he was absent on sick leave in the south of France and Switzerland.

Laffan was promoted brevet-major on 26 October 1858, and became a regimental lieutenant-colonel on 28 November 1859. On his return from sick leave he was stationed at Portsmouth for a short time, and towards the end of 1860 he was sent to Malta as commanding Royal Engineer. He remained there for five years, during which the armament of the fortress was completely revised. He was promoted brevet-colonel on 28 November 1864.

In 1865 Laffan was sent to Ceylon as a member of a commission to investigate and report on the military expenditure of the colony and the strength of the force to be maintained there in time of peace. He was at the same time deputed to report specially to the secretary of state for war on the defences. On his way home, under instructions from the war office, he visited the Suez Canal with Ferdinand de Lesseps, and he made a report to the secretary of state for war. He revisited Egypt at the invitation of de Lesseps, to witness the opening of the canal in November 1869.

In 1866 Laffan was appointed commanding Royal Engineer at Aldershot; he transformed the appearance of the camp by planting trees and laying down grass, and the old Queen's Birthday Parade was later renamed Laffan's Plain in his memory. (Years later it became part of Farnborough Aerodrome.) He was promoted regimental colonel on 9 February 1870. In January 1872 he was sent to Gibraltar as commanding Royal Engineer, and remained there for five years.

On 27 April 1877, Laffan was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of the Bermudas, with the rank of brigadier-general, and on 30 May the same year was made K.C.M.G. In the Gazette of 2 October 1877 he was promoted major-general, and under the provisions of the royal warrant then just issued his rank was antedated to 8 February 1870. He was promoted lieutenant-general on 1 July 1881.

Family
Laffan married in 1852 Emma, daughter of W. Norsworthy, and left a daughter and four sons. The eldest son, R. S. de Courcy Laffan, married Bertha Jane Grundy, as her second husband. Another son, Henry David Laffan (1858–1931) was a colonel in the Royal Engineers, who took part in the geodetic survey of the Cape Colony and Natal in 1883 to 1888.

Death
Laffan died on Bermuda, at Mount Langton, 22 March 1882. His body lay in state for two days, and was buried with military honours in Pembroke churchyard, Bermuda.

References

Attribution

1821 births
1882 deaths
Royal Engineers officers
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for St Ives
Governors of Bermuda
UK MPs 1852–1857
British Army lieutenant generals


title: Los inconformes

text:
Los inconformes, is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.

Cast
Columba Domínguez
Carlos Ancira
Carlos Nieto
Bertha Moss

References

External links

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1968 telenovelas
1968 Mexican television series debuts
1968 Mexican television series endings


title: St Mary's Church, Stafford

text:
St Mary's Church, Stafford is a Grade I listed parish church in Stafford, Staffordshire, England.

History

The church dates from the early 13th century, with 14th century transepts and 15th century clerestories and crossing tower.

Excavations in 1954 revealed the adjacent late Anglo-Saxon church of St Bertelin.

The church was collegiate when recorded in the Domesday Book when there were 13 Prebendary Canons. It became a Royal Peculiar around the thirteenth century, exempt from the jurisdiction of the Bishop, but this caused conflict and culminated in December 1258 when the new bishop Roger de Meyland came to Stafford with many armed men who forced entry and assaulted the canons, chaplains, and clerks.

The church survived as a collegiate institution until the dissolution of colleges and chantries in 1548.

Deans of Stafford

Post reformation history
For several generations the Aston family, who held the Scots title Lord Aston of Forfar,  acted as patrons, despite the fact that the entire family converted to the Roman Catholic faith in the 1620s. When the 2nd Lord Aston, who was very popular locally, died in 1678, hundreds of Protestants attended the burial at St Mary's  of a man they all knew well to be a Catholic.

The church was heavily restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott between 1841 and 1844.

Monuments

The church contains
Chest tomb to Sir Edward Aston d. 1568
Wall tablet to Thomas (d. 1787) and Barbara Clifford (d. 1786) by John Francis Moore
Wall tablet to Humphrey Hodgetts (d. 1730)
Wall tablet to Izaak Walton (d. 1683)

Other burials

Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford
Walter Aston, 2nd Lord Aston of Forfar

Organ

The church has large four manual organ by Harrison and Harrison dating from 1909. It has been awarded a Grade I Historic Organ Certificate by the British Institute of Organ Studies. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

The second organ dates from 1790 when John Geib installed it at a cost of £820. It was rebuilt in 1844 by John Banfield, and then Hill, Norman & Beard in 1974. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

Organists
George Baker 1794 - 1810
Edwin Shargool 1841 - 1875
Inglis Bervon 1875 - 1880
Ebenezer William Taylor 1880 - 1904
John Cooper Green

See also
Grade I listed buildings in Staffordshire
Listed buildings in Stafford (Central Area)

References

Church of England church buildings in Staffordshire
Grade I listed churches in Staffordshire
Former collegiate churches in England
Former Royal Peculiars


title: Un grito en la oscuridad

text:
Un grito en la oscuridad, is a Mexican telenovela produced and originally transmitted by Teleprogramas Acapulco, SA.

References

Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1968 telenovelas
1968 Mexican television series debuts
1968 Mexican television series endings


title: Theia (horse)

text:
Theia (1973 – after 1989) was a French Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. She was widely regarded as the best European filly of her generation in 1975, when she was unbeaten in three races including the Prix du Calvados and the Critérium des Pouliches. In the following year she added wins in the Prix Vanteaux and Prix de la Nonette and finished second in a strongly-contested renewal of the Prix Saint-Alary, but appeared to be just below top class. She was later exported to race in the United States, where she campaigned with limited success. She was later a useful broodmare, producing several winners.

Background
Although officially described a bay during her racing career, Theia was a grey mare with a white blaze and three white socks bred in France by her owner Baronne de Lopez-Taragoya. Her sire, Caro, was a top-class performer (rated 133 by Timeform), whose wins included the Poule d'Essai des Poulains, Prix Ganay and Prix d'Ispahan, before becoming a very successful breeding stallion. Caro's other progeny included Madelia, Crystal Palace, Cozzene and Winning Colors. Theia's dam Cavadonga won as a two-year-old and produced several other winners. Theia was trained during her racing career by Raymond Touflan.

Racing career

1975: two-year-old season
Theia, who had been the subject of very positive reports from her performances in training, made her debut in a maiden race over 1200 metres at Deauville Racecourse in August. She took the lead 400 metres from the finish and won by three lengths. Later that month, at the same course, Theia was moved up in class for the Prix du Calvados and started favourite against twelve opponents. She was among the leaders from the start, took the lead 300 metres from the finish and held off a late challenge from Antrona to win by a neck.

On 5 October, Theia, ridden by Yves Saint-Martin, started the 3/1 favourite for France's premier race for juvenile fillies, the Critérium des Pouliches over 1600 metres at Longchamp Racecourse. She was again opposed by Antrona as well as Imogene, a Maurice Zilber-trained filly who had run second to Vitiges in the Prix Morny. Theia tracked the leaders before making a forward move in the straight. She took the lead in the closing stages and won by three-quarters of a length from Antrona, who was subsequently disqualified for causing interference.

1976: three-year-old season
Theia began her second season in the Group Three Prix Vanteaux over 1900 metres at Longchamp on 19 April. Ridden by Freddie Head she started favourite and took her winning run to four, but finished only a head in front of the runner-up Elise Ma Belle. At the same course on 23 May, she was matched against Riverqueen (Poule d'Essai des Pouliches) and Flying Water (1000 Guineas) in the Prix Saint-Alary. Ridden by Henri Samani she finished strongly but was beaten three quarters of a length by Riverqueen, with Antrona in third, Kesar Queen (later to win the Coronation Stakes) in fourth and Flying Water in seventh. Theia started third favourite, at odds of 19/4 for the Prix de Diane at Chantilly Racecourse on 13 June, but finished fifth of the eleven runners, seven lengths behind the winner Pawneese.

After a break of two months, Theia returned in the Prix de la Côte Normande at Deauville Racecourse on 12 August in which she was matched against colts for the first time. She started the 5/4 favourite, but finished third of the eleven runners behind Iron Duke and Cheraw. On 5 September, Theia, ridden by Gerard Dubroeucq, started 2.3/1 second favourite behind Antrona in the Group Three Prix de la Nonette over 2100 metres at Longchamp. She recorded her fifth win, beating Antrona by half a length, with No No Nanette a length and a half away in third place. Two weeks later she was moved up in distance for the Prix Vermeille over 2400 metres and finished fifth behind the François Boutin-trained Lagunette. After finishing fourth behind the four-year-old Dona Barod in the Prix de l'Opéra on 3 October she was sent to England for the Champion Stakes in which she finished unplaced behind Vitiges.

1977–1978: later career
As a four-year-old, Theia entered the ownership of Forest Acres stable and was sent California where she was trained by David Hofmans. She failed to win in seven starts in the United States but produced several good efforts in defeat. She did not race until August when she finished second in an allowance race at Del Mar Racetrack before running unplaced in the Grade III Ramona Handicap at the same track. All of her subsequent races were at Santa Anita Park. In October  but and third in the . In October she ran fourth in an allowance race but then produced a much better effort when she finished second to the ex-British Swingtime in the Grade III Las Palmas Handicap. Towards the end of the season Theia ran third to Star Ball in the inaugural running of the Yellow Ribbon Stakes and third in the San Gorgonio Handicap. She ran once as a five-year-old, finishing third in an allowance race in January 1978.

Assessment
There was no International Classification of European two-year-olds in 1975: the official handicappers of Britain, Ireland and France compiled separate rankings for horses which competed in those countries. In the French Free Handicap, Theia was the highest-rated juvenile filly, a pound ahead of Antrona and six pounds below the top colt Manado. The independent Timeform organisation gave her a rating of 128, and named her the best two-year-old filly of the year. In the following year she was rated 117 by Timeform, fourteen pounds inferior to their top-rated three-year-old filly Pawneese. She was rated eight pounds below Pawneese in the French Free Handicap for three-year-olds.

Breeding record
Theia was retired from racing to become a broodmare in Kentucky. She was offered for sale at Keeneland in November 1983, but failed to reach her reserve price of $900,000. She produced at least eight foals and four winners between 1980 and 1989:

One More Slew (brown colt, foaled in 1980, sired by Seattle Slew), unraced
Tabun Bogdo (brown colt, 1982, by Seattle Slew), won one race
Antique Lamp (brown filly, 1984, by Seattle Slew), failed to win in ten races
Tanker Port (brown colt, 1982, by Valdez), won twelve races
Woodleys Fee (brown filly, 1986, by Seattle Slew), won one race
Winnie the Slew (grey colt, 1987, by Seattle Slew), failed to win in seven races
Shrewd Vixen (grey filly, 1988, by Spectacular Bid), won six races, dam of Bare Necessities (Sixty Sails Handicap, Gardenia Handicap)
Slewpercilious (grey filly, 1989, by Slewpy), unraced

Pedigree

References

1973 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in France
Racehorses trained in France
Thoroughbred family 16-g