title: VA-35 (U.S. Navy)

text:
Attack Squadron 35 (VA-35) was an aviation unit of the United States Navy. The squadron's nickname is unknown. Its insignia, a winged dragon, was revised several times during its lifetime. The squadron was first established as Torpedo and Bombing Squadron 2 (VT-2) on 6 July 1925, and was redesignated as VT-2B on 1 July 1927, VT-3 on 1 July 1937, VA-4A on 15 November 1946, and, finally, VA-35 on 7 August 1948. The squadron was disestablished on 7 November 1949. It was the first squadron to carry the VA-35 designation, the second VA-35 was redesignated from VA-34 on 15 February 1950 and disestablished on 31 January 1995.

Operational history
6 July 1925: VT-2 was established on board  at Pearl Harbor. Aroostook had been a minelayer that was refitted as an aircraft tender but continued to carry the CM minelayer designation.
August 1926: The squadron was engaged in experimental work relating to the use of signal lights as a means of communicating between aircraft and ships.
1928: With the arrival of the T3M-2 aircraft, the squadron began the transition from water based aircraft to land planes. The squadron continued its aircraft transition from T3M-2s, which were difficult to land on the carrier, to T4M-1s. The primary mission of the T4M-1s was bombing, although they could be used for torpedo work and laying smoke screens.
January–February 1929: Fleet Problem IX was the first time the Navy's two large carriers,  (with VT-2B embarked) and , participated in a major fleet exercise.
March–April 1930: In March the squadron participated in Fleet Problem X which was conducted in the Caribbean Sea, followed by the Fleet Problem XI in April.
May 1930: VT-2B's aircraft joined with the planes from 9 other squadrons, which included the USS Saratoga, USS Lexington, and  Air Groups, for a three-day tour of east coast cities from Norfolk, Virginia to Boston. The flight was commanded by Captain Kenneth Whiting and consisted of 36 torpedo and bombing planes, 57 fighting planes, 24 scouting planes, 3 amphibian utility planes, 3 Ford trimotor transports and 2 staff planes. It was the largest air parade that had ever been assembled on the east coast.
1931–1934: The squadron participated in Fleet Problems XII through XV.
31 May 1934: A Fleet Review for President Franklin D. Roosevelt was held in New York Harbor.
1935–1938: The squadron participated in Fleet Problems XVI through XIX.
May 1937: VT-2B participated in the celebration marking the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge.
April–May 1940: The squadron participated in Fleet Problem XXI. This was the last major Fleet Problem conducted before America's involvement in World War II.

May–June 1942: VT-3, consisting primarily of its pilots, flight crews and a limited number of ground crewmen, operated from  during the Battle of Midway. The other officers and ground crews remained ashore at NAS Kaneohe Bay. Shortly after noon on the 4th, Lieutenant Commander L. E. Massey led a flight of 12 TBD Devastators into the attack against the Japanese carriers. They were the last of the three torpedo squadrons to engage the enemy. Only two aircraft survived, both flown by enlisted pilots. The two surviving TBDs returned to the task force while Yorktown was under attack from Japanese carrier aircraft. These two TBDs were ditched and their crews picked up by ships in the task force. VT-3's survivors from Yorktown returned to the squadron at NAS Kaneohe Bay. Lieutenant Commander Massey was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for his action during the battle. Eleven other squadron TBD pilots also were awarded the Navy Cross, they were Ensign Wesley F. Osmus, Ensign Carl A. Osberg, Lieutenant Patrick H. Hart, Enlisted Pilot Harry L. Corl, Enlisted Pilot Wilhelm G. Esders, Lieutenant (jg) Curtis W. Howard, Ensign Leonard L. Smith, Enlisted Pilot John W. Haas, Ensign David J. Roche, Ensign Oswald A. Powers, and Lieutenant (jg) Richard W. Suesens.
August 1942: Operating from , VT-3 participated in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons.
November 1942–July 1943: VT-3 operated from Saratoga, flying combat missions against various Japanese held islands in the South Pacific Area and providing air cover for American forces operating in the Eastern Solomons. When the squadron was not operating from Saratoga it was based ashore at various places, including Fiji; Efate and Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides; Tontouta, New Caledonia, and Guadalcanal, Solomons.
May 1943: The British carrier  joined the Saratoga task force and operated with it until the latter part of July.
31 July 1943: VT-3's TBFs were transferred to Tontouta on 30 July and the following day squadron personnel embarked on HMS Victorious for transfer to CONUS to reform. This ended the air group and squadron's association with Saratoga.
25 September 1943: VT-3 and Saratoga Air Group were reformed at NAS Seattle. The Saratoga Air Group was reformed as Carrier Air Group THREE (CVG-3) with VT-3 as one of the three squadrons.
November 1944: VT-3 conducted combat operations from USS Yorktown (CV-10) against targets in the Philippines in support of the Battle of Leyte.
Dec 1944: The squadron flew combat operations from Yorktown against targets on Luzon in preparation for the invasion of the island. While retiring from the combat area Task Force 38, which included Yorktown and CVG-3, sailed through Typhoon Cobra which sank three destroyers and extensively damaged other ships in the task force.
January 1945: Combat operations were conducted against targets in Formosa and the Philippines in support of the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf on Luzon in early January. With Yorktown leading the way, Task Force 38 entered the South China Sea on 10 January. VT-3 struck targets near Saigon and along the Vietnamese coast, Hong Kong and Canton areas, Formosa and Okinawa.
9 January 1945: For actions against enemy targets on Formosa Lieutenant Frank F. Frazier was awarded the Silver Star.
February 1945: VT-3 participated in the first carrier strikes against the Tokyo area, bombing the Tachikawa Engine Factory, 16 miles from the Tokyo Imperial Palace. Following these strikes the squadron concentrated its attention on Chichi Jima and air support for the invasion of Iwo Jima. This operation was the last combat action for the squadron during World War II. In early March VT-3 transferred to  for transit to the States.
June–October 1948: During the squadron's tour of duty in the Mediterranean the Sixth Fleet was placed on alert due to the outbreak of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War following the establishment of the state of Israel.
November 1948: The squadron participated in cold weather operations in the Northern Atlantic.

Home port assignments
The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown:
 USS Aroostook – 6 July 1925
 NAS San Diego – September 1925
 NAS Ford Island – January 1942
 NAS Kaneohe Bay – 3 February 1942
 Efate – Aug 1942 (When USS Enterprise was damaged by air attacks on 24 August, during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, VT-3's surviving aircraft were flown to Efate. These aircraft remained at Efate while the majority of the squadron personnel went aboard USS Saratoga and returned to Hawaii in September 1942.)
 Hawaii – September 1942
 NAS Seattle – September 1943
 NAS Whidbey Island – 11 October 1943
 NAS Pasco – 2 February 1944
 NAS Alameda – 5 April 1944
 NAS Puunene – 22 April 1944
 NAS Hilo – 7 June 1944
 NAS Kahului – 22 July 1944
 NAS Seattle – March 1945
 NAAF Lewiston – 7 May 1945
 NAS Key West – 15 June 1945
 NAAS Oceana – 15 July 1945
 NAS Quonset Point – 11 August 1947
 NAAS Charlestown – 13 October 1947
 NAS Quonset Point – 21 March 1949

Aircraft assignment
The squadron first received the following aircraft in the months shown:
 DT-2 – July 1925 (The aircraft were on loan to the squadron from NAS Pearl Harbor.)
 SC-2 – November 1925
 SC-1 – March 1926
 CS-1 – November 1926
 T2D-1 – June 1927
 T3M-2 – August 1927
 TB-1 – September 1927
 T4M-1 – July 1928
 TG-1 – June 1930
 TG-2 – April 1932
 TBD-1 – October 1937
 TBF-1 – July 1942 (VT-3's shore detachment received its first * TBF-1 in early May 1942. However, the squadron continued to operate the TBD-1s aboard the carrier until the latter part of July 1942 when it became an all TBF unit.)
 TBM-1C – March 1944
 TBM-3E – June 1945
 TBM-3Q – June 1946
 TBM-3J – May 1947
 TBM-3W – September 1947
 AD-1 – April 1949
 AD-2 – May 1949

See also
 Attack aircraft
 History of the United States Navy
 List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons

References

Attack squadrons of the United States Navy
Military units and formations of the United States Navy in World War II
Battle of Midway
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons


title: Spyros Taliadouros

text:
Spyridon "Spyros" Taliadouros () (born 26 March 1956) is a Greek politician who served as New Democracy member of the Hellenic Parliament for Karditsa. He was educated at the University of Athens (Bachelor's, 1980; PhD, 1986) and King's College London (Master's, 1981).

References

External links
 Personal website

1956 births
Living people
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Alumni of King's College London
Greek MPs 1989 (June–November)
Greek MPs 1989–1990
Greek MPs 1990–1993
Greek MPs 2000–2004
Greek MPs 2004–2007
Greek MPs 2007–2009
Greek MPs 2009–2012
Greek MPs 2012 (May)
Greek MPs 2012–2014
New Democracy (Greece) politicians
Politicians from Athens


title: Kaos Futsal

text:
Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Kaos Futsal is a futsal club based in Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy.

Current squad

Famous players
 Kakà

External links
Official Website
Divisione Calcio a 5

Futsal clubs in Italy
Sport in Emilia-Romagna
1983 establishments in Italy
Sports clubs and teams established in 1983


title: Napoli Calcio a 5

text:
Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Napoli Calcio a 5 is a futsal club based in Napoli, Campania, Italy.

Current squad

See also
S.S.C. Napoli

External links
Official Website
Divisione Calcio a 5

Futsal clubs in Italy
Sport in Campania
2000 establishments in Italy
Futsal clubs established in 2000


title: Alighiero di Bellincione

text:
Alighiero di Bellincione  ( 1210–1283) was the father of Dante Alighieri.

Life
Alighiero was born around 1210, the son of Bellincione di Alighiero. He was a member of the Guelph party and was probably a moneylender. Alighiero's first wife was Bella and the couple had one child, Dante, in 1265. After Bella's death, Alighiero married his second wife, Lapa Cialuffi, in 1270 or 1271 and they had two children, Francesco and Gaetana (Tana), who were Dante's half-brother and half-sister, respectively. Alighiero died sometime between 1281 and 1283.

References

1210s births
1280s deaths
Dante Alighieri


title: Comana Monastery

text:
Comana Monastery () is a Romanian Orthodox monastery in Comana, Giurgiu County, Romania.

In 1461, the original Comana Monastery was founded and built by Vlad Țepeș (Vlad the Impaler) as a monastery-fortress.

Having fallen into disrepair, the original monastery was completely demolished and rebuilt in 1589 by Radu Șerban, future prince of Wallachia, Romania. Measuring , the new monastery was fortified with defensive walls and five towers. It was restored between 1699 and 1703 by Șerban Cantacuzino and again during the 18th and 19th centuries.

In 1861, the foundation of the original monastery built by Vlad Tepes was rediscovered by Ioan Brezoianu. By 1960, the separate village of Vlad Țepeș had been established  west of Comana.

During archeological work performed in the 1970s, a headless body, which may be that of Vlad Țepeș, known as Vlad the Impaler, was discovered on the grounds of the current monastery. Historian Constantin Rezachevici and others believe that he may have been buried here, near the battlefield where he was killed.

Notes

External links

 Official site

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1461
Christian monasteries established in the 15th century
Romanian Orthodox monasteries of Wallachia
1461 establishments in Europe
Historic monuments in Giurgiu County
15th-century establishments in Romania


title: Russia men's national softball team

text:
The Russia men's national softball team is the men's national softball team of Russia.  The team competed at the 1996 ISF Men's World Championship in Midland, Michigan where they finished with 1 win and 9 losses.

Due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the World Baseball Softball Confederation banned Russian athletes and officials.

References

Softball
Men's national softball teams
Men's sport in Russia
Softball in Russia


title: Purbo Banglar Communist Party

text:
The Purbo Banglar Communist Party (East Bengal Communist Party) or PBCP is an outlawed Communist Party in Bangladesh. The PBCP formed in 1968 following a split in the Bangladesh Communist Party. It is mainly active in the areas of Khulna and Jessore in the South West of Bangladesh near the border of the Indian state of West Bengal where CPI-Maoist Naxalite insurgents have been active in an ongoing Civil War against the Indian state. The PBCP suffers from violent rivalry both internally and externally with different Party factions and rival splinter groups. The PBCP was criticized by Siraj Sikder, the founder of the Purbo Bangla Sarbohara Party, as being a neo-revisionist and a party that is "left in form but right in essence".

History
During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, it was led by Abdul Matin-Alauddin Ahmed and failed to make a significant impact on the war. Tipu Biswas was also a major leader of the party. After the independence of Bangladesh the party broke into multiple fractions and followed the ideology of Charu Majumdar of India. The party started an insurgency against the government of Bangladesh.

In January 2004, the party killed two journalists in Khulna, Manik Chandra Saha and Humayun Kabir Balu.

Bangladesh police detained two activists of the party from Bagmara Upazila on 10 April 2007.

On 28 January 2014, police kill PBCP leader Islam Sabuj in a gunfight in Phultala upazila. On 24 December 2015, three leaders of the party in Tangail were killed in a shootout with Rapid Action Battalion-12.

Seven hundred activists of Purbo Banglar Communist Party, New Biplobi Communist Party, and Purbo Banglar Sorbohara Party surrendered in a ceremony to the Minister of Home Affairs, Asaduzzman Khan, in April 2019.

Ideology
The PBCP follows a Maoist and staunchly Nationalist ideology it aims to overthrow the Bangladeshi government and replace it with a Communist state inspired by Maoist era China. The PBCP is staunchly anti-India, it views India as a hegemon in the region.

The PBCP carries out assassination and other violent actions in order to intimidate its enemies it has also clashed with Islamic extremist groups. The PBCP extorts money from land owners and contractors they also "tax" contractors who work in areas under their influence.

Fractions

Marxist Leninist
Purba Banglar Communist Party - Marxist–Leninist (Communist Party of East Bengal-Marxist–Leninist)

Lal Pataka
In 1997, Dr. Mizanur Rahman Tutul and Quamrul Islam Mastar formed Purba Banglar Communist Party fraction called Marxist–Leninist (Laal Pataka) [Red Flag]. Tutul was having issues with his former mentor Mofakkhar Chowdhury. Quamrul Islam Mastar was killed in a crossfire incident in August 2006 after which Tutul led the fraction.

Dr Mizanur Rahman Tutul who was a doctor by profession was the leader of the Marxist–Leninist fraction. He was detained by Rapid Action Battalion on 25 July 2008 from Uttara. His mother held a press conference Jhenidah Press Club requesting the government to not kill her son extrajudicially in a crossfire on 26 July.  He was killed in a crossfire on 27 July Naogaon District. Odhikar condemned his killing in a crossfire.

Abdul Kuddus, a leader of the Lal Pataka fraction, was killed in a shootout with Rapid Action Battalion in Kushtia on 5 April 2018.

Janajuddha
Purba Banglar Communist Party - Marxist–Leninist (Janajuddha) Split from PBCP-ML in June 2003. From 2003 to 2005, Janajuddha claimed to have killed 272 people. According to the Daily Star since 2004 to 2008, law enforcement had killed more than 400 members of Janajuddha. Mofakkhar Chowdhury led the Janajuddha fraction till he was killed by the Rapid Action Battalion on 17 December 2004 in a crossfire incident. His successor, Abdur Rashid Malitha Tapan, was also killed in a crossfire incident by Rapid Action Battalion on 19 June 2008 along with a female companion in Kushtia. Rapid Action Battalion raided Tapan's house on 20 June 2008 in Ishwardi.

The PBCP and it splinter factions are hostile to each other the PBCP has killed 18 in a turf war with rival groups.

New Purbo Banglar Communist Party
In April 2019, 596 activists of New Purbo Banglar Communist Party surrendered to the police along with activists from Lal-Pataka fraction, Nakshal, Kadamati, and Purbo Banglar Sarbahara.

See also

 Gono Mukti Fouz

References

http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/terroristoutfits/PBCP2014.htm
http://www.signalfire.org/?p=16614

Banned communist parties
Communist militant groups
Communist parties in Bangladesh
Maoist parties
Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist
Paramilitary organisations based in Bangladesh
Terrorism in Bangladesh
Maoist organisations in Bangladesh


title: Bitcoin ATM

text:
Bitcoin ATMs (automated teller machine) are kiosks that allow a person to purchase Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies by using cash or debit card. Some Bitcoin ATMs offer bidirectional functionality, enabling both the purchase of Bitcoin and the sale of Bitcoin for cash. In some cases, Bitcoin ATM providers require users to have an existing account to transact on the machine.

History
On October 29, 2013, a Robocoin machine opened in the Waves coffee shop in downtown Vancouver, Canada. On December 8, 2013, Europe's first Bitcoin ATM was installed in Bratislava, Slovakia. The first machine in the United States went online on February 18, 2014, in a cigar bar in Albuquerque, New Mexico, though it was removed 30 days later. Months later, in May 2014, the first licensed bitcoin ATM in the U.S. was developed by Coinme and installed at the Spitfire Grill in Seattle, WA.

Canada
In 2014, Canada was the first country to approve regulation of cryptocurrencies, although it took some time to enforce. In February 2014, the Finance Minister mentioned plans to introduce anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing regulations for virtual currencies such as Bitcoin. In June of that year, the Governor General approved an amendment to Bill C-31 that would treat cryptocurrency businesses as Money Services Businesses (MSBs), and the Department of Finance circulated a draft of the proposed regulations in June 2018. As of July 2020, businesses dealing in virtual currencies are considered MSBs by the Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada.

In 2018, the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) commissioned an investigation on Bitcoin ATMs to find out if tax laws were being followed by users. From December 2017 to February 2018, the number of Bitcoin ATMs in Canada increased by 20%. In June 2019, Vancouver was considering a ban on the machines due to money-laundering concerns.

Europe
As per Coin ATM Radar, there are 1,026 Bitcoin ATMs across the European Union member area. The nations of the Union with the highest number of Bitcoin ATMs are Spain (174), Austria (133), Poland (114), Romania (87), Czechia (69), Greece (63) and Italy (60).

United States
According to Coin ATM Radar, there were more than 24,700 bitcoin ATMs in the US as of September 2021, up from 2,342 in Jan 2018. Some small shop owners earning a reported $300 a month for rental space.

Most US cryptocurrency ATMS charge transaction fees between 6.5% and 20%. Several bitcoin ATM companies, including the two largest bitcoin ATM companies Bitcoin Depot and Coin Cloud, charge this fee as a percentage of an exchange rate that is significantly less favorable to customers than the market rate. This functionally adds an additional 20% fee for using bitcoin ATMs. According to comments made by Bitcoin Depot to its investors, the company specifically targets middle and lower income areas for placement of bitcoin ATMs. The company also attempts to minimize its own exposure to cryptocurrency as a volatile asset.

In February 2023, Cash Cloud, the company which operates the Coin Cloud ATMs, filed for bankruptcy. This was due to the company's exposure to Genesis Capital and the cryptocurrency crash which started in 2021. In March 2023, three people were arrested for operating 51 bitcoin ATMS in Northeast Ohio. The trio were charged with multiple violations, including money laundering, licensing violations, and receiving stolen property.

Several analysts and regulators have compared US bitcoin ATMs to payday loans, as both are poverty industries which increase the cost of poverty by charging significantly higher fees to people who lack access to mainstream banking.

Some bitcoin ATMs operating in the US are imported from other countries; for example, Czech company General Bytes sold thousands of their machines to operators operating in US. Through Coinme, bitcoin can be exchanged in the United States for local currency at ATMs located in select MoneyGram locations and Coinstar machines.

South Africa

In South Africa, ATMs accept the Rand (ZAR) and transactions over 10,000ZAR ($667) require ID verification. These ATMs are mostly found in Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg and Pretoria.

Compliance
Bitcoin ATM operators need to adjust the limits on deposits and withdrawals according to AML/KYC standards applicable in the jurisdiction where their ATMs are placed. In some countries / states this requires a money transmitter license.

In the United States, the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) requires Bitcoin ATM operators to establish and maintain an effective written AML program reasonably designed to prevent ATM machines from being used to facilitate money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities. Bitcoin ATM operators must be registered as Money Service Businesses and are regulated by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network.

In March 2022, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the United Kingdom declared that all cryptocurrency ATMs in the country were illegal and would need to be shut down. None of the ATM's operators had successfully registered with the agency. The FCA cited a failure to comply with know your customer laws (KYC), which track and prevent money laundering, as well as the high risk to customers, due to a lack of regulation and protection. At the time, Coin ATM Radar listed 81 such ATMs in the country.

See also
Digital currency
Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrencies in Europe

References

External links

Bitcoin
Computer-related introductions in 2013
Automated teller machines


title: Pakistan men's national softball team

text:
The Pakistan men's national softball team is the men's national softball team of Pakistan.  The team competed at the 1996 ISF Men's World Championship in Midland, Michigan where they finished with 0 wins and 10 losses.

References

Men's national softball teams
Softball
Softball in Pakistan


title: Blocher (surname)

text:
The surname Blocher or Blöcher may refer to:

Christoph Blocher, a Swiss politician and industrialist
Henri Blocher, a French evangelical theologian
Stefan Blöcher, a former field hockey player
William Durbin Blocher, commander of Blocher's Battery in American Civil War

Occupational surnames
German-language surnames


title: 1905 Mile End by-election

text:
The Mile End by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 12 January 1905. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

Vacancy
Spencer Charrington had been Conservative MP for the seat of Mile End since the seat's creation at the 1885 general election. He died on 11 December 1904.

Electoral history
Charrington easily held the seat at the last election, with an increased majority:

Candidates
The local Unionist Association selected 43-year-old Liberal Unionist Harry Levy-Lawson as their candidate to defend the seat. He was the son and heir of Edward Levy-Lawson, 1st Baron Burnham. Levy-Lawson was looking to make a return to parliament after a break of ten years. He had sat as a Liberal for St Pancras West from 1885 to 1892 and for Cirencester from 1893 until his defeat in 1895. He had also sat on the London County Council representing St Pancras West from 1889 to 1892.

With a general election expected to take place in the near future, Charles Clarke, who had been the Liberal candidate last time had been selected to contest the seat of Peckham. The local Liberal Association had to choose a new candidate and selected 38-year-old businessman Bertram Straus as their candidate to challenge for the seat. Straus was well known in the constituency as he was one of the two sitting members who represented Mile End on the London County Council. In fact Strauss had represented Mile End since 1898, winning three elections in the process. Straus also had experience of fighting parliamentary elections having contested Marylebone West at the 1900 general election.

The Social Democratic Federation wanted to contest the election but could not secure a willing candidate.

Campaign
Polling Day was fixed for the 12 January 1905, just 32 days after the previous MP died.

The Unionist Governments aborted 1904 Aliens Bill featured in the campaign. The Unionist campaign put the Aliens Bill at the centre of their plans. The Liberal candidate, Straus, who had at first followed party policy in opposing it, later sought to distance himself from the position the Liberal party took in opposing the measure. He declared that he was in favour of excluding "undesirable" aliens. This was understood to target Jewish immigration from Eastern Europe. There was quite a large Jewish community in Mile End. Given that Straus was himself a Jew, this might have seemed an odd position for him to take. There had in fact been a reduction of over 500 voters in Mile End compared with the figures of 1900.

Result
The Liberal Unionist Levy-Lawson held the seat for the government:

Straus revealed that he felt that Liberal party opposition to the Aliens Bill may have robbed him of the chance to pull off a sensational victory. The Unionist government was able to force through the Aliens Act 1905 later that year.

Aftermath
When a general election was held in the following year, Straus again faced Levy-Lawson at Mile End and managed to unseat him to become Member of Parliament.

References

Mile End by-election
Mile End by-election
Mile End,1905
Mile End,1905
Mile End


title: Dry Branch

text:
Dry Branch may refer to the following places in the United States:

 Dry Branch, Virginia, an unincorporated community in Pulaski County, Virginia
 Dry Branch, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Kanawha County, West Virginia
 Dry Branch (Cypress Creek), a stream in Missouri
 Dry Branch (Indian Creek), a stream in Missouri
 Dry Branch (Terre Bleue Creek), a stream in Missouri
 Dry Branch (Nebraska), a creek in Jefferson County, Nebraska
 Dry Branch (Stinking River tributary), a stream in Pittsylvania County, Virginia
 Dry Branch (Whitethorn Creek tributary, left), a stream in Pittsylvania County, Virginia
 Dry Branch (Whitethorn Creek tributary, right bank), a stream in Pittsylvania County, Virginia

See also
 Dry Branch Fire Squad, an old-time bluegrass band founded in 1976


title: John III of Grumbach

text:
John of Grumbach () (?–1466) was prince-bishop of Würzburg as "John III" from 1455 until his death in 1466.

Literature

 Alfred Wendehorst: Das Bistum Würzburg Teil 3 - Die Bischofsreihe von 1455 bis 1617. (= Germania Sacra; Neue Folge 13). Berlin, 1969. pp. 3–20 (digitalised)

External links
 Die Geschichte der Wappen der Würzburger Fürstbischöfe von Dr. Bernhard Peter
 Zeremonienschwert des Fürstbischofs

References

Prince-Bishops of Würzburg
15th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Bavaria
1466 deaths
Year of birth unknown


title: List of moths of Turkey (Noctuidae)

text:
This is a list of moths of the family Noctuidae that are found in Turkey. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of Turkey.

Abrostola agnorista Dufay, 1956
Abrostola asclepiadis Lang, 1789
Abrostola clarissa Staudinger, 1900
Abrostola trigemina Werneburg, 1864
Abrostola triplasia (Linnaeus, 1758)
Acantholeucania loreyi Duponchel, 1827
Acantholipes regularis (Hübner, [1813])
Acontia lucida (Hufnagel, 1766)
Acontia titania (Esper, [1798])
Acontia urania Frivaldsky, 1835
Acrapex taurica Staudinger, 1900
Acronicta aceris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Acronicta alni (Linnaeus, 1758)
Acronicta leporina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Acronicta pasiphae Draudt, 1936
Acronicta psi (Linnaeus, 1758)
Acronicta tridens ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Actebia praecox (Linnaeus, 1758)
Actinotia hypericii (Fabricius, 1787)
Actinotia polyodon Clerck, 1759
Actinotia radiosa (Esper, [1804])
Aedia funesta (Esper, [1786])
Aedia leucomelas (Linnaeus, 1758)
Aedophron phlebophora Lederer, 1858
Aedophron rhodites Eversmann, 1851
Agrapha accentifera Lefebvre, 1827
Agrochola pistacina Goeze, 1781
Agrotis biconica Kollar, 1844
Agrotis cinerea ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Agrotis clavis (Hufnagel, 1766)
Agrotis desertorum Boisduval, 1840
Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Agrotis grossi Hacker & Kuhna, 1986
Agrotis haifae Staudinger, 1897
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766)
Agrotis ripae (Hübner, [1813])
Agrotis scruposa Draudt, 1936
Agrotis segetum ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Agrotis trux (Hübner, [1824])
Aletia albipuncta (Fabricius, 1787)
Aletia alopecuri Boisduval, 1840
Aletia congrua (Hübner, [1817])
Aletia conigera ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Aletia deserticola Bartel, 1903
Aletia ferrago (Fabricius, 1787)
Aletia flavostigma Bremer, 1861
Aletia impura (Hübner, [1808])
Aletia l-album (Linnaeus, 1767)
Aletia languida Walker, 1858
Aletia pallens (Linnaeus, 1758)
Aletia prominens Walker, 1856
Aletia pudorina ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Aletia sassanidica Hacker, 1986
Aletia scirpi Duponchel, 1836
Aletia sicula Treitschke, 1835
Aletia straminea Treitschke, 1825
Aletia vitellina (Hübner, [1808])
Allophyes asiatica Staudinger, 1892
Allophyes benedictina Staudinger, 1892
Allophyes metaxys Boursin, 1953
Allophyes oxyacanthae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Allophyes renalis Wiltshire, 1941
Alpichola egorovi Bang-Haas, 1934
Alpichola janhillmanni Hacker & Moberg, 1989
Alpichola lactiflora Draudt, 1934
Amephana dalmatica Rebel, 1919
Ammoconia caecimacula (Fabricius, 1787)
Ammoconia senex Geyer, [1828]
Amphidrina agrotina Staudinger, 1892
Amphipoea oculea (Linnaeus, 1761)
Amphipyra berbera Rungs, 1949
Amphipyra livida ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Amphipyra micans Lederer, 1857
Amphipyra molybdea Christoph, 1867
Amphipyra perflua (Fabricius, 1787)
Amphipyra pyramidea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Amphipyra stix Herrich-Schäffer, [1850]
Amphipyra tetra (Fabricius, 1787)
Amphipyra tragopoginis Clerck, 1759
Amphipyra turcomana Staudinger, 1888
Anaplectoides prasina Goeze, 1781
Anchoscelis deleta Staudinger, 1881
Anchoscelis gratiosa Staudinger, 1881
Anchoscelis helvola (Linnaeus, 1758)
Anchoscelis humilis (Fabricius, 1787)
Anchoscelis imitata Ronkay, 1984
Anchoscelis kindermannii F.R., 1838
Anchoscelis litura (Linnaeus, 1761)
Anchoscelis lota Clerck, 1759
Anchoscelis macilenta (Hübner, [1809])
Anchoscelis nitida (Fabricius, 1787)
Anchoscelis oropotamica Wiltshire, 1941
Anchoscelis osthelderi Boursin, 1951
Anchoscelis rupicapra Staudinger, 1879
Anchoscelis saitana Derra, 1990
Aneda rivularis (Fabricius, 1775)
Anepia esperi Hacker, 1992
Anepia irregularis (Hufnagel, 1766)
Anepia musculina Staudinger, 1892
Anepia neglecta Hacker, 1992
Anepia pumila Staudinger, 1879
Anepia wolfi Hacker, 1992
Anopoma riparia Rambur, 1829
Antarchaea conicephala Staudinger, 1870
Antarchaea numisma (Hübner, [1803])
Antennola impura Mann, 1862
Antholopha gloriosa Staudinger, 1892
Antholopha ionodoxa Ronkay, 1990
Anthracia eriopoda Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]
Antitype chi (Linnaeus, 1758)
Antitype chionodes Boursin, 1968
Antitype jonis Lederer, 1865
Anua bimaculata Osthelder, 1933
Anua lunaris Goeze, 1781
Anumeta arax Fibiger, 1995
Apamea anceps ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Apamea aquila Donzel, 1837
Apamea crenata (Hufnagel, 1766)
Apamea epomidion Haworth, [1809]
Apamea euxinia Hacker, 1985
Apamea ferrago Eversmann, 1837
Apamea furva Goeze, 1781
Apamea illyria Freyer, 1846
Apamea indiges Turati, 1926
Apamea lateritia (Hufnagel, 1766)
Apamea leucodon Eversmann, 1837
Apamea lithoxylaea (Fabricius, 1787)
Apamea maraschi Draudt, 1934
Apamea monoglypha (Hufnagel, 1766)
Apamea oblonga Haworth, [1809]
Apamea platinea Treitschke, 1825
Apamea pyxina Bang-Haas, 1910
Apamea remissa (Hübner, [1809])
Apamea scolopacina (Esper, [1788])
Apamea sicula Treitschke, 1835
Apamea sordens (Hufnagel, 1766)
Apamea sublustris (Esper, [1788])
Apamea unanimis (Hübner, [1813])
Apamea zeta Treitschke, 1825
Apaustis rupicola ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Apaustis theophila Staudinger, 1866
Apopestes noe Ronkay, 1990
Apopestes phantasma Eversmann, 1843
Apopestes spectrum (Esper, [1787])
Aporophyla australis Boisduval, 1829
Aporophyla canescens Duponchel, 1826
Aporophyla lutulenta ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Aporophyla nigra Haworth, [1809]
Archanara algae (Esper, [1789])
Archanara geminipuncta Haworth, [1809]
Archanara sparganii (Esper, [1790])
Arcyophora dentula Lederer, 1870
Arenostola semicana (Esper, [1798])
Argyrospila succinea (Esper, [1798])
Armada panaceorum Ménétriés, 1849
Atethmia ambusta (Fabricius, 1787)
Atethmia centrago Haworth, [1809]
Atethmia obscura Osthelder, 1933
Atethmia pinkeri Hacker, [1987]
Athetis furvula (Hübner, [1808])
Athetis gluteosa Treitschke, 1835
Athetis hospes Freyer, 1831
Athetis pallustris (Hübner, [1808])
Atypha pulmonaris (Esper, [1790])
Auchmis detersa (Esper, [1791])
Autographa aemula ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Autographa gamma (Linnaeus, 1758)
Autographa jota (Linnaeus, 1758)
Autographa messmeri Schadewald, 1993
Autophila asiatica Staudinger, 1888
Autophila banghaasi Boursin, 1940
Autophila cerealis Staudinger, 1871
Autophila depressa Püngeler, 1914
Autophila dilucida (Hübner, [1808])
Autophila einsleri Amsel, 1935
Autophila hirsuta Staudinger, 1870
Autophila iranica Ronkay, 1989
Autophila libanotica Staudinger, 1901
Autophila limbata Staudinger, 1871
Autophila sinesafida Wiltshire, 1952
Axylia putris (Linnaeus, 1761)
Behounekia freyeri Frivaldsky, 1835
Bena prasinana (Linnaeus, 1758)
Brachionycha sphinx (Hufnagel, 1766)
Brachionycha syriaca Warren, 1910
Brachylomia uralensis Warren, 1910
Brachylomia viminalis (Fabricius, 1777)
Brandticola dubiosa Brandt, 1938
Bryoleuca dolopsis Hampson, 1908
Bryoleuca labecula Lederer, 1855
Bryoleuca microphysa Boursin, 1952
Bryoleuca petrea Guenée, 1852
Bryoleuca petricolor Lederer, 1870
Bryoleuca raddei Boursin, 1963
Bryoleuca raptricula ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Bryoleuca rectilinea Warren, 1909
Bryoleuca remanei Heydemann & Schulte, 1963
Bryoleuca seladona Christoph, 1885
Bryoleuca tephrocharis Boursin, 1953
Bryomima carducha Staudinger, 1900
Bryomima defreina Hacker, 1986
Bryomima hakkariensis Freina, & Hacker, 1985
Bryomima luteosordida Osthelder, 1933
Bryophila eucharista Boursin, 1960
Bryophila maeonis Lederer, 1865
Bryophila occidentalis Osthelder, 1933
Bryophilopsis roederi Standfuss, 1892
Bryopsis amasina Draudt, 1931
Bryopsis muralis Forster, 1771
Caeshadena caesia ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Calamia staudingeri Warnecke, 1941
Calliergis ramosa (Esper, [1786])
Callistege mi Clerck, 1759
Callopistria juventina Stoll, [1782]
Calocucullia celsiae Herrich-Schäffer, [1850]
Calophasia acuta Freyer, [1838]
Calophasia barthae Wagner, 1929
Calophasia lunula (Hufnagel, 1766)
Calophasia opalina (Esper, [1796])
Calophasia platyptera (Esper, [1788])
Calymma communimacula ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Calymnia trapezina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Calyptra thalictri Borkhausen, 1790
Caradrina morpheus (Hufnagel, 1766)
Cardepia arenbergeri Pinker, 1974
Cardepia hartigi Parenzan, 1981
Cardepia sociabilis Graslin, 1850
Catephia alchymista ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Catocala abacta Staudinger, 1900
Catocala conjuncta (Esper, [1787])
Catocala conversa (Esper, [1787])
Catocala dilecta (Hübner, [1808])
Catocala elocata (Esper, [1787])
Catocala fraxini (Linnaeus, 1758)
Catocala hymenaea Goeze, 1781
Catocala lesbia Christoph, 1887
Catocala lupina Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]
Catocala mesopotamica Kuznesov, 1903
Catocala neonympha (Esper, [1796])
Catocala nupta (Linnaeus, 1767)
Catocala nymphagoga (Esper, [1787])
Catocala promissa Goeze, 1781
Catocala puerpera Giorna, 1791
Catocala sponsa (Linnaeus, 1767)
Ceramica pisi (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cerapteryx graminis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cerapteryx megala Alpheraky, 1882
Cerastis rubricosa (Fabricius, 1787)
Cerocala sana Staudinger, 1901
Charanyca trigrammica (Hufnagel, 1766)
Chazaria incarnata Freyer, 1838
Cheirophanes anaphanes Boursin, 1940
Cheirophanes ligaminosa Eversmann, 1851
Cheirophanes plattneri Boursin, 1955
Chersotis adili Koçak, 1987
Chersotis alpestris Boisduval, 1834
Chersotis anachoreta Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]
Chersotis anatolica Draudt, 1936
Chersotis andereggii Boisduval, 1832
Chersotis capnistis Lederer, 1872
Chersotis cuprea ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Chersotis ebertorum Koçak, 1980
Chersotis elegans Eversmann, 1837
Chersotis fimbriola (Esper, [1798])
Chersotis firdussi Schwingenschuss, 1937
Chersotis friedeli Pinker, 1974
Chersotis glebosa Staudinger, 1900
Chersotis gratissima Corti, 1932
Chersotis illauta Draudt, 1936
Chersotis juvenis Staudinger, 1901
Chersotis laeta Rebel, 1904
Chersotis larixia Guenée, 1852
Chersotis luperinoides Guenée, 1852
Chersotis margaritacea Villers, 1789
Chersotis multangula (Hübner, [1803])
Chersotis rectangula (Fabricius, 1787)
Chersotis ronkayorum Fibiger, Hacker & Varga, 1992
Chersotis sarhada Brandt, 1941
Chersotis semna Püngeler, 1906
Chersotis stenographa Varga, 1979
Chersotis zukowskyi Draudt, 1936
Chilodes maritimus Tauscher, 1806
Chionoxantha staudingeri Standfuss, 1892
Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper, [1789])
Cirrhia gilvago ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Cirrhia icteritia (Hufnagel, 1766)
Cirrhia ocellaris Borkhausen, 1792
Cleoceris scoriacea (Esper, [1789])
Cleonymia baetica Rambur, [1837]
Cleonymia opposita Lederer, 1870
Clytie distincta Bang-Haas, 1907
Clytie syriaca Bugnion, 1837
Clytie terrulenta Christoph, 1893
Coccidiphaga scitula Rambur, 1833
Colobochyla platyzona Lederer, 1870
Colobochyla salicalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Colocasia coryli (Linnaeus, 1758)
Colonsideridis albicolon (Hübner, [1809])
Conisania capsivora Draudt, 1933
Conistra acutula Staudinger, 1892
Conistra asiatica Pinker, 1980
Conistra erythrocephala (Fabricius, 1787)
Conistra kasyi Boursin, 1963
Conistra ligula (Esper, [1791])
Conistra metria Boursin, 1940
Conistra rubiginea (Fabricius, 1787)
Conistra torrida Lederer, 1857
Conistra vaccinii (Linnaeus, 1761)
Conistra veronicae (Hübner, [1813])
Copiphana oliva Staudinger, 1895
Copiphana olivina Herrich-Schäffer, [1852]
Cornutiplusia circumflexa (Linnaeus, 1767)
Cosmia affinis (Linnaeus, 1767)
Cosmia confinis Herrich-Schäffer, [1849]
Cosmia diffinis (Linnaeus, 1767)
Craniophora ligustri (Fabricius, 1787)
Craniophora pontica Staudinger, 1879
Crassagrotis crassa (Hübner, [1803])
Crassagrotis obesa Boisduval, 1829
Cryphia receptricula (Hübner, [1803])
Cucullia absinthii (Linnaeus, 1761)
Cucullia anifurca Goeze, 1781
Cucullia argentina (Fabricius, 1787)
Cucullia artemisiae ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Cucullia behouneki Hacker & Ronkay, 1988
Cucullia boryphora Fischer de Waldheim, 1840
Cucullia calendulae Treitschke, 1835
Cucullia chamomillae ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Cucullia citella Ronkay & Ronkay, 1987
Cucullia dracunculi (Hübner, [1813])
Cucullia gnaphalii (Hübner, [1813])
Cucullia lucifuga (Hübner, [1803])
Cucullia mixta Freyer, 1842
Cucullia santolinae Rambur, 1834
Cucullia santonici (Hübner, [1813])
Cucullia syrtana Mabille, 1888
Cucullia tanaceti Goeze, 1781
Cucullia tecca Püngeler, 1906
Cucullia umbratica (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cucullia xeranthemi Boisduval, 1840
Dasymixis diva Ronkay & Varga, 1990
Dasypolia altissima Hacker & Moberg, 1988
Dasypolia dichroa Ronkay & Varga, 1985
Dasypolia ferdinandi Rühl, 1892
Dasypolia fibigeri Hacker & Moberg, 1988
Dasypolia templi Thunberg, 1792
Desertoplusia bella Christoph, 1887
Desertoplusia colornata Varga & Ronkay, 1991
Diachrysia chrysitis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Diachrysia chryson (Esper, [1789])
Diachrysia tutti Kostrowicki, 1961
Diachrysia Hübner, [1821]
Dianthivora implexa (Hübner, [1809])
Diarsia brunnea Goeze, 1781
Diarsia florida Schmidt, 1859
Diarsia mendica (Fabricius, 1775)
Diarsia rubi Vieweg, 1790
Dichagyris achtalensis Kozhantshikov, 1929
Dichagyris amoena Staudinger, 1892
Dichagyris anastasia Draudt, 1936
Dichagyris cataleipa Varga, 1993
Dichagyris celebrata Alpheraky, 1897
Dichagyris elbursica Draudt, 1937
Dichagyris eremicola Standfuss, 1888
Dichagyris erubescens Staudinger, 1892
Dichagyris eureteocles Boursin, 1940
Dichagyris forficula Eversmann, 1851
Dichagyris fredi Brandt, 1938
Dichagyris griseotincta Wagner, 1931
Dichagyris grisescens Staudinger, 1879
Dichagyris leucomelas Brandt, 1941
Dichagyris melanura Kollar, 1846
Dichagyris pfeifferi Corti & Draudt, 1933
Dichagyris psammochroa Boursin, 1940
Dichagyris renigera (Hübner, [1808])
Dichagyris singularis Staudinger, 1877
Dichagyris squalidior Staudinger, 1901
Dichagyris squalorum Eversmann, 1856
Dichagyris terminicincta Corti, 1933
Dichagyris vallesiaca Boisduval, 1832
Dichagyris wolfi Hacker, 1985
Dichonia aeruginea (Hübner, [1803])
Dichonia convergens ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Dichonioxa tenebrosa (Esper, [1789])
Dichromia munitalis Mann, 1861
Dicycla oo (Linnaeus, 1758)
Diloba caeruleocephala (Linnaeus, 1758)
Discestra baksana Schintlmeister, 1986
Discestra dianthi Tauscher, 1809
Discestra furca Eversmann, 1852
Discestra latemarginata Wiltshire, 1976
Discestra loeffleri Reisser, 1958
Discestra mendax Staudinger, 1879
Discestra mendica Staudinger, 1895
Discestra stigmosa Christoph, 1887
Discestra trifolii (Hufnagel, 1766)
Divaena haywardi Tams, 1926
Drasteria cailino Lefebvre, 1827
Drasteria caucasica Kolenati, 1846
Drasteria flexuosa Ménétriés, 1847
Drasteria herzi Alpheraky, 1895
Drasteria picta Christoph, 1877
Drasteria rada Boisduval, 1848
Drasteria saisani Staudinger, 1882
Drasteria sequax Staudinger, 1901
Drasteria sesquilina Staudinger, 1888
Dryobota labecula (Esper, [1788])
Dryobotodes eremita (Fabricius, 1775)
Dryobotodes servadeii Parenzan, 1982
Dypterygia scabriuscula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Dysgonia algira (Linnaeus, 1767)
Dysgonia torrida Guenée, 1852
Earias chlorophyllana Staudinger, 1892
Earias clorana (Linnaeus, 1761)
Earias insulana Boisduval, 1833
Earias syriacana Bartel, 1903
Earias vernana (Fabricius, 1787)
Ecbolemia misella Püngeler, 1907
Egira anatolica Hering, 1933
Egira conspicillaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Egira fatima Hreblay, 1994
Egira tibori Hreblay, 1994
Eicomorpha antiqua Staudinger, 1888
Eicomorpha kurdestanica Freina, & Hacker, 1985
Elaphria venustula (Hübner, 1790)
Emmelia trabealis Scopoli, 1763
Enargia paleacea (Esper, [1788])
Enargia pinkeri Freina, & Hacker, 1985
Ephesia disjuncta Geyer, [1828]
Ephesia diversa Geyer, [1828]
Ephesia eutychea Treitschke, 1835
Ephesia fulminea Scopoli, 1763
Ephesia nymphaea (Esper, [1787])
Epilecta linogrisea ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Epipsilia latens (Hübner, [1809])
Episema amasina Hampson, 1906
Episema didymogramma Boursin, 1955
Episema glaucina (Esper, [1789])
Episema korsakovi Christoph, 1885
Episema lederi Christoph, 1885
Episema tersa ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Eremobia ochroleuca ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Eremodrina agenjoi Boursin, 1936
Eremodrina avis Pinker, 1980
Eremodrina belucha Swinhoe, 1885
Eremodrina bodenheimeri Draudt, 1934
Eremodrina draudti Boursin, 1936
Eremodrina gilva Donzel, 1837
Eremodrina inumbrata Staudinger, 1900
Eremodrina inumbratella Pinker, 1980
Eremodrina pertinax Staudinger, 1879
Eremodrina salzi Boursin, 1936
Eremodrina vicina Staudinger, 1870
Eremodrina zernyi Boursin, 1936
Eremophysa apotheina Brandt, 1938
Eremophysa discordans Boursin, 1940
Eriopygodes imbecilla (Fabricius, 1794)
Eublemma albivestalis Hampson, 1910
Eublemma caelestis Brandt, 1938
Eublemma candidana (Fabricius, 1794)
Eublemma chlorotica Lederer, 1858
Eublemma cochylioides Guenée, 1852
Eublemma gratissima Staudinger, 1892
Eublemma hansa Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]
Eublemma minutata (Fabricius, 1794)
Eublemma ochreola Staudinger, 1900
Eublemma ostrina (Hübner, [1808])
Eublemma pallidula Herrich-Schäffer, 1856
Eublemma panonica Freyer, 1840
Eublemma parallela Freyer, 1842
Eublemma parva (Hübner, [1808])
Eublemma polygramma Duponchel, 1836
Eublemma purpurina ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Eublemma pusilla Eversmann, 1837
Eublemma ragusana Freyer, 1844
Eublemma respersa (Hübner, 1790)
Eublemma rosina (Hübner, [1803])
Eublemma siticulosa Lederer, 1858
Eublemma straminea Staudinger, 1892
Eublemma substrigula Staudinger, 1892
Eublemma suppuncta Staudinger, 1892
Eublemma suppura Staudinger, 1892
Eublemma transmittens Christoph, 1893
Eublemma viridula Guenée, 1841
Eublemma wagneri Herrich-Schäffer, 1851
Euchalcia annemaria Freina, & Hacker, 1985
Euchalcia armeniae Dufay, 1966
Euchalcia augusta Staudinger, 1892
Euchalcia biezanskoi Alberti, 1965
Euchalcia cuprescens Dufay, 1966
Euchalcia dorsiflava Standfuss, 1892
Euchalcia emichi Rogenhofer, 1873
Euchalcia hedeja Dufay, 1978
Euchalcia kautti Hacker, 1992
Euchalcia kitchingi Hacker & Ronkay, 1992
Euchalcia maria Staudinger, 1892
Euchalcia paulina Staudinger, 1892
Euchalcia siderifera Eversmann, 1846
Euchalcia taurica Osthelder, 1933
Euchalcia variabilis Piller & Mitterbacher, 1783
Euchalcia viridis Staudinger, 1901
Euclidia glyphica (Linnaeus, 1758)
Eugnorisma chaldaica Boisduval, 1840
Eugnorisma eminens Lederer, 1855
Eugnorisma enargialis Draudt, 1936
Eugnorisma insignata Lederer, 1853
Eugnorisma kurdistana Hacker et al., 1986
Eugnorisma leuconeura Hampson, 1918
Eugnorisma semiramis Boursin, 1940
Euplexia lucipara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Eupsilia transversa (Hufnagel, 1766)
Eurois occulta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Euschesis interjecta (Hübner, [1803])
Euschesis janthina ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Euschesis tertia Mentzer Moberg & Fibiger, 1991
Eutelia adoratrix Staudinger, 1892
Eutelia adulatrix (Hübner, [1813])
Euthales algae (Fabricius, 1775)
Euthales ochsi Boursin, 1941
Euxoa adjemi Brandt, 1941
Euxoa agricola Boisduval, 1829
Euxoa anaemica Draudt, 1936
Euxoa anatolica Draudt, 1936
Euxoa aquilina ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Euxoa basigramma Staudinger, 1870
Euxoa birivia ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Euxoa christophi Staudinger, 1870
Euxoa conifera Christoph, 1877
Euxoa cos (Hübner, [1824])
Euxoa deserta Staudinger, 1870
Euxoa difficillima Draudt, 1937
Euxoa distinguenda Lederer, 1857
Euxoa emolliens Warren, 1909
Euxoa enitens Corti, 1926
Euxoa friedeli Pinker, 1980
Euxoa glabella Wagner, 1930
Euxoa hastifera Donzel, 1847
Euxoa heringi Christoph, 1877
Euxoa hilaris Freyer, 1838
Euxoa homicida Staudinger, 1900
Euxoa inclusa Corti, 1931
Euxoa lidia Cramer, [1782]
Euxoa luteomixta Wagner, 1932
Euxoa mobergi Fibiger, 1990
Euxoa mustelina Christoph, 1877
Euxoa nigricans (Linnaeus, 1761)
Euxoa obelisca ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Euxoa ochrogaster Guenée, 1852
Euxoa perierga Brandt, 1938
Euxoa recussa (Hübner, [1817])
Euxoa robiginosa Staudinger, 1895
Euxoa rubrior Pinker, 1980
Euxoa scurrilis Draudt, 1937
Euxoa segnilis Duponchel, 1836
Euxoa subdecora Hampson, 1903
Euxoa sulcifera Christoph, 1893
Euxoa temera (Hübner, [1808])
Euxoa tritici (Linnaeus, 1758)
Euxoa vanensis Draudt, 1937
Euxoa vitta (Esper, [1789])
Euxoa waltharii Corti, 1931
Euxoa zernyi Boursin, 1944
Evisa schawerdae Reisser, 1930
Exophila rectangularis (Hübner, [1828])
Frivaldskyola mansueta Herrich-Schäffer, [1850]
Gonospileia munita (Hübner, [1813])
Gonospileia triquetra ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Gortyna cervago Eversmann, 1844
Gortyna flavago (Esper, [1791])
Gortyna hethitica Hacker et al., 1986
Gortyna moesiaca Herrich-Schäffer, [1849]
Gortyna osmana Hacker et al., 1986
Grammodes bifasciata Petagna, 1788
Griposia aprilina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Griposia pinkeri Kobes, 1973
Grisyigoga candelisequa ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Guselderia mitis Püngeler, 1906
Hada nana (Hufnagel, 1766)
Hada persa Alpheraky, 1897
Hadena armeriae Guenée, 1852
Hadena bicruris (Hufnagel, 1766)
Hadena canescens Brandt, 1947
Hadena cavalla Pinker, 1980
Hadena defreinai Hacker et al., 1986
Hadena drenowskii Rebel, 1930
Hadena gueneei Staudinger, 1901
Hadena literata Fischer de Waldheim, 1840
Hadena luteocincta Rambur, 1834
Hadena melanochroa Staudinger, 1892
Hadena pfeifferi Draudt, 1934
Hadena pseudodealbata Freina, & Hacker, 1985
Hadena pseudohyrcana Freina, & Hacker, 1985
Hadena staudingeri Wagner, 1931
Hadena stenoptera Rebel, 1933
Hadena vulcanica Turati, 1907
Hadjina lutosa Staudinger, 1892
Haemerosia renalis (Hübner, [1813])
Haemerosia vassilininei Bang-Haas, 1912
Hakkaria varga Hacker, [1987]
Hecatera bicolorata (Hufnagel, 1766)
Hecatera cappa (Hübner, [1809])
Hecatera rhodocharis Brandt, 1938
Hecatera spinaciae Vieweg, 1790
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, [1808])
Heliophobus reticulata Goeze, 1781
Heliophobus texturata Alpheraky, 1892
Heliothis maritima Graslin, 1855
Heliothis nubigera Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]
Heliothis ononis (Fabricius, 1787)
Heliothis peltigera ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Heliothis viriplaca (Hufnagel, 1766)
Herminia grisealis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Herminia nigricaria Osthelder, 1933
Herminia proxima Christoph, 1893
Herminia tarsicrinalis Knoch, 1782
Herminia tarsipennalis Treitschke, 1835
Herminia tenuialis Rebel, 1899
Heteropalpia vetusta Walker, 1865
Heterophysa dumetorum Geyer, [1834]
Himalistra tahiricola Ronkay & Hreblay, 1994
Hoplodrina ambigua ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Hoplodrina blanda ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Hoplodrina levis Staudinger, 1888
Hoplodrina octogenaria Goeze, 1781
Hoplodrina pfeifferi Boursin, 1932
Hoplodrina respersa ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Hoplodrina superstes Ochsenheimer, 1816
Hoplotarache sordescens Staudinger, 1895
Hypena amica Butler, 1878
Hypena obesalis Treitschke, 1829
Hypena obsitalis (Hübner, [1813])
Hypena palpalis (Hübner, 1796)
Hypena proboscidalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Hypena rostralis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Hypenodes anatolica Schwingenschuss, 1938
Hypenodes kalchbergi Staudinger, 1876
Hypenodes orientalis Staudinger, 1901
Hypeuthina fulgurita Lederer, 1855
Hyppa rectilinea (Esper, [1788])
Hyssia cavernosa Eversmann, 1852
Idia calvaria ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Ipimorpha retusa (Linnaeus, 1761)
Ipimorpha subtusa (Fabricius, 1787)
Iranada tarachoides Bytinski-Salz & Brandt, 1937
Janthinea divalis Staudinger, 1892
Janthinea frivaldszkii Duponchel, 1835
Jodia croceago (Fabricius, 1787)
Lacanobia blenna (Hübner, [1824])
Lacanobia dissimilis Knoch, 1781
Lacanobia histrio Goeze, 1781
Lacanobia oleracea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lacanobia praedita (Hübner, [1813])
Lacanobia thalassina (Hufnagel, 1766)
Lacanobia w-latinum (Hufnagel, 1766)
Lampra fimbriata Schreber, 1759
Lampra tirennica Biebinger, 1983
Lamprosticta culta Goeze, 1781
Lasionycta draudti Wagner, 1936
Lasionycta proxima (Hübner, [1809])
Laspeyria flexula ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Latanoctua orbona (Hufnagel, 1766)
Ledereragrotis multifida Lederer, 1870
Leucania comma (Linnaeus, 1761)
Leucania herrichi Herrich-Schäffer, [1849]
Leucania obsoleta (Hübner, [1803])
Leucania palaestinae Staudinger, 1897
Leucania punctosa Treitschke, 1825
Leucania putrescens (Hübner, [1824])
Leucania zeae Duponchel, 1827
Leucochlaena hirsutus Staudinger, 1892
Leucochlaena hoerhammeri Wagner, 1931
Leucochlaena jordana Draudt, 1934
Leucochlaena muscosa Staudinger, 1892
Leucochlaena rosinae Bohatsch, 1908
Lithophane hepatica Clerck, 1759
Lithophane lapidea (Hübner, [1808])
Lithophane ledereri Staudinger, 1892
Lithophane merckii Rambur, 1832
Lithophane ornitopus (Hufnagel, 1766)
Lithophane semibrunnea Haworth, [1809]
Lophoterges hoerhammeri Wagner, 1931
Luperina diversa Staudinger, 1892
Luperina dumerilii Duponchel, 1826
Luperina koshantschikovi Püngeler, 1914
Luperina rjabovi Kljutschko, 1967
Luperina rubella Duponchel, 1835
Luperina testacea ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Luteohadena luteago ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Lygephila craccae (Fabricius, 1787)
Lygephila ludicra (Hübner, 1790)
Lygephila lusoria (Linnaeus, 1758)
Lygephila pallida Bang-Haas, 1907
Lygephila pastinum Treitschke, 1826
Lygephila procax (Hübner, [1813])
Lygephila schachti Behounek & Hacker, 1986
Lygephila viciae (Hübner, [1822])
Macdunnoughia confusa Stephens, 1850
Maghadena magnolii Boisduval, 1828
Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Maraschia grisescens Osthelder, 1933
Margelana flavidior Wagner, 1931
Margelana versicolor Staudinger, 1888
Megalodes eximia Freyer, 1845
Meganephria bimaculosa (Linnaeus, 1767)
Meganola albula (Hübner, 1793)
Meganola asperalis Villers, 1789
Meganola togatulalis (Hübner, 1796)
Melanchra persicariae (Linnaeus, 1761)
Mesapamea didyma (Esper, [1788])
Mesapamea secalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Mesogona acetosellae Goeze, 1781
Mesogona oxalina (Hübner, [1803])
Mesoligia furuncula ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Mesoligia literosa Haworth, [1809]
Metachrostis dardouini Boisduval, 1840
Metachrostis sefidi Brandt, 1938
Metachrostis velocior Staudinger, 1892
Metachrostis velox (Hübner, [1813])
Metaegle diatemna Boursin, 1962
Metaegle exquisita Boursin, 1969
Metaegle gratiosa Staudinger, 1892
Metaegle kaekeritziana (Hübner, [1799])
Metaegle nubila Staudinger, 1892
Metaegle ottoi Schawerda, 1923
Metaegle pallida Staudinger, 1892
Metaegle vespertalis (Hübner, [1813])
Metagnorisma depuncta (Linnaeus, 1761)
Metagnorisma heuristica Varga & Ronkay, 1987
Metagnorisma pontica Staudinger, 1892
Metagnorisma rafidain Boursin, 1936
Metalopha liturata Christoph, 1887
Methorasa latreillei Duponchel, 1827
Metopoceras beata Staudinger, 1892
Metopoceras delicata Staudinger, 1898
Metopoceras omar Oberthür, 1887
Metopodicha ernesti Draudt, 1936
Metoponrhis albirena Christoph, 1887
Metopoplus boursini Brandt, 1938
Metopoplus excelsa Christoph, 1885
Micriantha decorata Frivaldsky, 1845
Miselia albimacula Borkhausen, 1792
Miselia clara Staudinger, 1901
Miselia compta ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Miselia confusa (Hufnagel, 1766)
Miselia filograna (Esper, [1788])
Mniotype adusta (Esper, [1790])
Mniotype crinomima Wiltshire, 1946
Mniotype rjabovi Boursin, 1944
Moma alpium Osbeck, 1778
Monobotodes monochroma (Esper, [1790])
Mormo maura (Linnaeus, 1758)
Mythimna noacki Boursin, 1967
Myxinia atossa Wiltshire, 1941
Myxinia chrysographa Wagner, 1931
Myxinia perchrysa Hacker & Ronkay, 1992
Myxinia philippsi Püngeler, 1911
Myxinia rufocincta Geyer, [1828]
Naenia typica (Linnaeus, 1758)
Netrocerocora quadrangula Eversmann, 1844
Nezonycta obtusa Varga & Ronkay, 1991
Nezonycta pusilla Püngeler, 1900
Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus, 1758)
Nodaria nodosalis Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]
Nola carelica Tengström, 1869
Nola chlamytulalis (Hübner, [1813])
Nola cicatricalis Treitschke, 1835
Nola cucullatella (Linnaeus, 1758)
Nola gigantula Staudinger, 1879
Nola harouni Wiltshire, 1951
Nola subchlamydula Staudinger, 1870
Nola taurica Daniel, 1935
Nonargia typhae Thunberg, 1784
Nycteola asiatica Krulikovsky, 1904
Nycteola columbana Turner, 1925
Nycteola eremostola Dufay, 1961
Nycteola revayana Scopoli, 1772
Nycteola siculana Fuchs, 1899
Ochropleura leucogaster Freyer, 1831
Ochropleura plecta (Linnaeus, 1761)
Odice arcuinna (Hübner, 1790)
Odice kuelekana Staudinger, 1871
Odice suava (Hübner, [1813])
Oligia latruncula ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Oligia strigilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Omphalophana anatolica Lederer, 1857
Omphalophana antirrhinii (Hübner, [1803])
Omphalophana durnalayana Osthelder, 1933
Omphalophana pauli Staudinger, 1892
Oncocnemis arenbergeri Hacker & Lödl, 1989
Oncocnemis confusa Freyer, 1842
Oncocnemis fuscopicta Wiltshire, 1976
Oncocnemis iranica Schwingenschuss, 1937
Oncocnemis nigricula Eversmann, 1847
Oncocnemis strioligera Lederer, 1853
Ophiuche lividalis (Hübner, 1790)
Ophiusa tirhaca Cramer, [1777]
Opigena polygona (Fabricius, 1787)
Orectis proboscidalis Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]
Oria musculosa (Hübner, [1808])
Orrhodiella chaijami Hacker & Weigert, 1986
Orrhodiella ragusae Failla-Tedaldi, 1890
Orthosia cerasi (Fabricius, 1775)
Orthosia dalmatica Wagner, 1909
Orthosia gothica (Linnaeus, 1758)
Orthosia gracilis (Fabricius, 1787)
Orthosia incerta (Hufnagel, 1766)
Orthosia populeti (Fabricius, 1781)
Orthosia pulverulenta (Esper, [1786])
Orthosia rorida Frivaldsky, 1835
Orthosia rubricosa (Esper, [1786])
Orthosia schmidtii Dioszeghy, 1935
Orthosia wolfi Hacker, 1988
Ostheldera arne Ronkay & Varga, 1994
Ostheldera gracilis Osthelder, 1933
Oxytrypia orbiculosa (Esper, [1799])
Oxytrypia stephania Sutton, [1964]
Ozarba lascivalis Lederer, 1855
Ozarba moldavicola Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]
Pachetra sagittigera (Hufnagel, 1766)
Pachyagrotis ankarensis Rebel, 1931
Pachyagrotis benigna Corti, 1926
Pachyagrotis tischendorfi Püngeler, 1915
Pachyagrotis wichgrafi Corti & Draudt, 1933
Palaeographa interrogationis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Panchrysia deaurata (Esper, [1787])
Panolis flammea ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Panthea coenobita (Esper, [1785])
Papestra biren Goeze, 1781
Paracolax tristalis (Fabricius, 1794)
Paradrina atriluna Guenée, 1852
Paradrina boursini Wagner, 1936
Paradrina cilicia Hacker, 1992
Paradrina clavipalpis Scopoli, 1763
Paradrina flavirena Guenée, 1852
Paradrina muricolor Boursin, 1933
Paradrina poecila Boursin, 1939
Paradrina scotoptera Püngeler, 1914
Paradrina selini Boisduval, 1840
Paradrina wullschlegeli Püngeler, 1902
Paraegle ochracea Erschoff, 1874
Paraegle subochracea Staudinger, 1892
Paranoctua comes (Hübner, [1813])
Paranoctua interposita (Hübner, 1790)
Paranoctua warreni Lödl, 1987
Paraperplexia silenes (Hübner, [1822])
Parascotia detersa Staudinger, 1892
Parascotia fuliginaria (Linnaeus, 1761)
Parascotia robiginosa Staudinger, 1892
Parastichtis corticea (Esper, [1800])
Parastichtis suspecta (Hübner, [1817])
Pardoxia graellsi Feisthamel, 1837
Parexarnis ala Staudinger, 1881
Parexarnis damnata Draudt, 1937
Parexarnis figulina Draudt, 1936
Parexarnis pseudosollers Boursin, 1940
Parexarnis taurica Staudinger, 1879
Pericyma albidentaria Freyer, 1842
Pericyma squalens Lederer, 1855
Peridroma saucia (Hübner, [1808])
Perigrapha cilissa Püngeler, 1917
Perigrapha i-cinctum ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Periphanes delphinii (Linnaeus, 1758)
Periphanes treitschkii Frivaldsky, 1835
Periphanes victorina Sodoffsky, 1849
Perplexhadena perplexa ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Perplexhadena syriaca Osthelder, 1933
Phleboeis sureyae Rebel, 1931
Phlogophora meticulosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Phlogophora scita (Hübner, 1790)
Photedes apameaoides Hacker 1989
Photedes captiuncula Treitschke, 1825
Photedes fluxa (Hübner, [1809])
Phyllophila melacheila Staudinger, 1896
Phyllophila obliterata Rambur, 1833
Phytometra viridaria Clerck, 1759
Pinkericola cappadocia Hacker, 1987
Pinkericola inexpectata Varga, 1979
Pinkericola pygmaea Boursin, 1962
Pinkericola tephroleuca Boisduval, 1833
Platyperigea albina Eversmann, 1848
Platyperigea aspera Rambur, 1834
Platyperigea cinerascens Tengström, 1870
Platyperigea kadenii Freyer, 1836
Platyperigea rjabovi Boursin, 1936
Platyperigea syriaca Staudinger, 1892
Platyperigea terrea Freyer, [1840]
Platysenta viscosa Freyer, 1831
Plecoptera amanica Osthelder, 1933
Plecoptera inquinata Lederer, 1857
Plusia festucae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Plusidia cheiranthi Tauscher, 1809
Polia bombycina (Hufnagel, 1766)
Polia nebulosa (Hufnagel, 1766)
Polia serratilinea Ochsenheimer, 1816
Polia tincta Brahm, 1791
Polymixis bischoffi Herrich-Schäffer, [1850]
Polymixis manisadjiani Staudinger, 1881
Polymixis paradisiaca Boursin, 1944
Polymixis paravarga Ronkay et al., 1990
Polymixis polymita (Linnaeus, 1761)
Polyphaenis monophaenis Brandt, 1938
Polyphaenis propinqua Staudinger, 1895
Polyphaenis subsericata Herrich-Schäffer, 1861
Polyphaenis viridis Villers, 1789
Polypogon lunalis Scopoli, 1763
Polypogon plumigeralis (Hübner, [1825])
Polypogon strigilata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Polypogon tentacularia (Linnaeus, 1758)
Polypogon zelleralis Wocke, 1850
Powellinia lasserei Oberthür, 1881
Praestilbia armeniaca Staudinger, 1892
Prodotis stolida (Fabricius, 1775)
Propenistra laevis (Hübner, [1803])
Protexarnis confinis Staudinger, 1881
Protexarnis opisoleuca Staudinger, 1881
Protexarnis squalidiformis Corti & Draudt, 1933
Protodeltote pyrarga (Hufnagel, 1766)
Protoschinia scutosa Goeze, 1781
Protoschinia umbra (Hufnagel, 1766)
Pseudaletia unipuncta Haworth, [1809]
Pseudenargia deleta Osthelder, 1933
Pseudenargia regina Staudinger, 1892
Pseudeustrotia candidula ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Pseudeustrotia deceptoria Scopoli, 1763
Pseudochropleura flammatra ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Pseudochropleura musiva (Hübner, [1803])
Pseudohadena chenopodiphaga Rambur, 1832
Pseudohadena commoda Staudinger, 1889
Pseudohadena impedita Christoph, 1887
Pseudohadena laciniosa Christoph, 1887
Pseudoips fagana (Fabricius, 1781)
Pseudomniotype leuconota H.-Schäffer, [1850]
Pseudomniotype solieri Boisduval, 1840
Pseudozarba bipartita Herrich-Schäffer, [1850]
Putagrotis herzogi Rebel, 1911
Putagrotis puta (Hübner, [1803])
Putagrotis syricola Berio, 1936
Pyrocleptria cora Eversmann, 1837
Pyrois cinnamomea Goeze, 1781
Pyrois effusa Boisduval, 1829
Rasihia boursini Draudt, 1936
Rasihia duelduelica Osthelder, 1932
Rasihia hackeri Varga & Ronkay, 1991
Rasihia tabora Staudinger, 1892
Resapamea hedeni Graeser, 1888
Resapamea vaskeni Varga, 1979
Rhizedra lutosa (Hübner, [1803])
Rhyacia arenacea Hampson, 1907
Rhyacia helvetina Boisduval, 1833
Rhyacia lucipeta ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Rhyacia nyctymerides Bang-Haas, 1922
Rhyacia simulans (Hufnagel, 1766)
Rhynchodontodes antiqualis (Hübner, [1809])
Rhynchodontodes mardinalis Staudinger, 1892
Rhynchodontodes ravalis Herrich-Schäffer, [1852]
Rhynchodontodes revolutalis Zeller, 1852
Rhypagla lacernaria (Hübner, [1813])
Rileyana fovea Treitschke, 1825
Rivula sericealis Scopoli, 1763
Rivula tanitalis Rebel, 1912
Roborbotodes carbonis Wagner, 1931
Rusina ferruginea (Esper, [1785])
Saragossa siccanorum Staudinger, 1870
Schinia cardui (Hübner, 1790)
Schinia cognata Freyer, [1833]
Schinia imperialis Staudinger, 1871
Schinia purpurascens Tauscher, 1809
Schrankia costaestrigalis Stephens, 1834
Schrankia taenialis (Hübner, [1809])
Scoliopteryx libatrix (Linnaeus, 1758)
Scotochrosta pulla Illiger, 1801
Serpmyxis serpentina Treitschke, 1825
Sesamia cretica Lederer, 1857
Sesamia lacteola Christoph, 1893
Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre, 1827
Shargacucullia anceps Staudinger, 1881
Shargacucullia armena Ronkay & Ronkay, 1986
Shargacucullia barthae Boursin, 1933
Shargacucullia blattariae (Esper, [1790])
Shargacucullia lychnitis Rambur, 1833
Shargacucullia osthelderi Boursin, 1933
Shargacucullia prenanthis Boisduval, 1840
Shargacucullia scrophulariae ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Shargacucullia thapsiphaga Treitschke, 1826
Shargacucullia verbasci (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sideridis egena Lederer, 1853
Sideridis lampra Schawerda, 1913
Simplicia rectalis Eversmann, 1842
Simyra albovenosa Goeze, 1781
Simyra dentinosa Freyer, 1839
Simyra nervosa ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Simyra renimaculata Osthelder, 1932
Spaelotis degeniata Christoph, 1877
Spaelotis demavendi Wagner, 1937
Spaelotis ravida ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Spaelotis senna Freyer, 1829
Spodoptera abyssinia Guenée, 1852
Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, [1808])
Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval, 1833
Spudaea pontica Kljutshko, 1968
Standfussiana defessa Lederer, 1858
Standfussiana lucernea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Standfussiana nictymera Boisduval, 1934
Stenodrina aeschista Boursin, 1937
Stenoecia dos Freyer, [1838]
Stilbina hypaenides Staudinger, 1892
Subacronicta megacephala (Fabricius, 1787)
Sunira circellaris (Hufnagel, 1766)
Tarachephia hueberi Erschoff, 1874
Tathorhynchus excissata Lederer, 1855
Thalerastria diaphora Staudinger, 1879
Thalpophila matura (Hufnagel, 1766)
Tholera cespitis Goeze, 1781
Tholera decimalis (Poda, 1761)
Tholera hilaris Staudinger, 1901
Thria robusta Walker, [1858]
Thysanoplusia daubei Boisduval, 1840
Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabricius, 1775)
Tiliacea aurago ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Tiliacea cypreago Hampson, 1906
Tiliacea fulvago Clerck, 1759
Trachea atriplicis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Trichoplusia circumscripta Freyer, 1831
Trichoplusia ni (Hübner, [1803])
Tristateles emortualis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Tyta luctuosa ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Ulochlaena hirta (Hübner, [1813])
Valeria oleagina (Esper, [1786])
Valerietta boursini Freina, & Hacker, 1985
Valerietta niphopasta Hampson, 1906
Victrix artaxias Varga & Ronkay, 1989
Victrix gracilis Wagner, 1931
Victrix karsiana Staudinger, 1879
Victrix pinkeri Hacker & Lödl, 1989
Viminia auricoma (Fabricius, 1787)
Viminia euphorbiae Denis, 1785
Viminia orientalis Mann, 1862
Viminia rumicis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Xanthia togata (Esper, [1788])
Xanthodes albago (Fabricius, 1794)
Xanthothrix callicore Staudinger, 1871
Xenophysa huberi Varga, 1989
Xestia ashworthii Doubleday, 1855
Xestia baja Schrank, 1784
Xestia castanea (Esper, [1798])
Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Xestia cohaesa Herrich-Schäffer, [1849]
Xestia ditrapezium (Fabricius, 1787)
Xestia miniago Freyer, 1840
Xestia ochreago (Hübner, [1809])
Xestia palaestinensis Kalchberg, 1897
Xestia pallidago Staudinger, 1900
Xestia rhomboidea (Esper, [1790])
Xestia sareptana Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]
Xestia triangulum (Hufnagel, 1766)
Xestia trifida Fischer v.Waldheim, 1820
Xestia xanthographa ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Xylena exsoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Xylena lunifera Warren, 1910
Xylena vetusta (Hübner, [1813])
Xylocampa mustapha Oberthür, 1919
Yigoga amasicola Koçak, 1980
Yigoga celsicola Bellier, 1858
Yigoga flavina Herrich-Schäffer, [1852]
Yigoga forcipula ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Yigoga gracilis Wagner, 1929
Yigoga hackeri Fibiger, 1992
Yigoga latipennis Püngeler, 1909
Yigoga libanicola Corti & Draudt, 1933
Yigoga nachadira Brandt, 1941
Yigoga nigrescens Höfner, 1888
Yigoga occidentalis Hacker, [1987]
Yigoga orientis Alpheraky, 1882
Yigoga romanovi Christoph, 1885
Yigoga serraticornis Staudinger, 1898
Yigoga signifera Schrank, 1782
Yigoga stigmatula Kozhantshikov, 1937
Yigoga truculenta Lederer, 1853
Yigoga weigerti Hacker & Varga, 1990
Yigoga wiltshirei Boursin, 1940
Zebeeba falsalis Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]
Zethes brandti Janson, 1977
Zethes insularis Rambur, 1833
Zethes narghisa Brandt, 1938
Unplaced carthalina Christoph, 1893

External links
Tentative Checklist of the Turkish Lepidoptera part 1
Tentative Checklist of the Turkish Lepidoptera part 2
Tentative Checklist of the Turkish Lepidoptera part 3
Fauna Europaea (European part of Turkey)

Turkey
Moths
Moths


title: Corcept Therapeutics

text:
Corcept Therapeutics Inc. is a pharmaceutical company engaged in the discovery, development and commercialization of drugs for the treatment of severe metabolic, psychiatric and oncologic disorders. Corcept has focused on the adverse effects of excess cortisol, studying new compounds that may mitigate those effects. Its executive team is headed by CEO, president and director Joseph K. Belanoff, MD, and by chief medical officer Robert S. Fishman, MD.

History
Backed by Silicon Valley biotech investors, Corcept Therapeutics was founded in May 1998 by psychiatrists Alan Schatzberg and Joseph K. Belanoff. Eight years later, Corcept remained a small firm with 11 full-time employees. Much of its work (e.g., drug manufacturing and testing on patients) was farmed out to others.

In June 2008, U.S. Senator Chuck Grassley, then the ranking Republican on the Senate Finance Committee, criticized Corcept cofounder and prominent psychiatrist Alan Schatzberg, chair of the psychiatry department at Stanford University School of Medicine, for not fully informing the university about the value of his shares in Corcept. According to Grassley, Schatzberg had reported stock holdings in Corcept worth "over $100,000," when, in fact, the psychiatrist's stake exceeded $6 million. In July, Stanford said that Schatzberg "appropriately disclosed any potential financial conflict of interest," but announced he would nevertheless step down temporarily as principal investigator on his National Institute of Mental Health grant to study the effectiveness of the abortion drug mifepristone as an antidepressant. Grassley also asked Stanford to explain its own financial ties with Corcept, saying the university held licensing agreements for mifepristone. The National Institutes of Health later reinstated Schatzberg as principal investigator.

Treatments
Prolonged exposure to cortisol can lead to a wide range of sometimes life-threatening conditions, including Cushing's syndrome, antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, prostate, breast and ovarian cancer. Corcept Therapeutics has developed over 300 proprietary molecules, which it investigates in collaboration with outside researchers to determine if they can mitigate the effects of excess cortisol.

Korlym
In 2012, Corcept launched the prescription medicine Korlym, a cortisol receptor blocker to control hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) in adult patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome who have type 2 diabetes or glucose intolerance and have failed surgery or are not candidates for surgery. Korlym was the first FDA-approved oral therapy for the treatment of such patients. Since Korlym was an orphan drug—i.e., one developed specifically to treat a rare medical condition—Corcept received seven years of exclusive marketing rights, as well as tax credits for clinical trial costs, marketing application filing fee waivers, and assistance from the FDA in the drug development process. In 2013, Corcept reported $19.7 million in federal tax credits. Corcept's marketing exclusivity for Korlym will end on February 17, 2019, at which time competitors could attempt to introduce generic equivalents. As of 2018, Korlym is Corcept's only product and treats about 1,000 patients annually in the U.S.

Korlym's active ingredient is mifepristone, also known as RU-486, which is a medication typically used in combination with misoprostol to bring about an abortion.
Developed in France in 1980, mifepristone was approved by the FDA in 2000 for abortion in the U.S. Since then, mifepristone has been marketed by Danco Laboratories, a private pharmaceutical distributor, under the brand name Mifeprex, and is Danco's only product.

In 2018, Kaiser Health News reported that the difference in price between Danco's Mifeprex and Corcept's Korlym "is striking, even though the ingredients are the same: One 200-milligram pill to prompt an abortion costs about $80. In contrast, a 300-milligram pill prescribed for Cushing's runs about $550 before discounts. Patients wanting an abortion take only one pill. People with Cushing's often take up to three pills a day for months or years." While the price of Mifeprex has remained stable, the price for Korlym has increased nearly 150 percent over the past six years, rising to an average yearly cost per patient of $180,000. "We have an expensive drug," said Corcept's CEO Joseph K. Belanoff, MD. "There's no getting around that."

In 2017, Corcept's revenue nearly doubled to $159.2 million, and executives expect to reach $275 million to $300 million in 2018. In January 2018, Corcept's stock price rose 27.4 percent. Executives say revenue from Korlym, which cost about $300 million to develop, has paid for development of new drugs. By December 2016, Corcept had discovered three structurally distinct series of selective cortisol modulators that, unlike mifepristone, do not terminate pregnancy. In March 2018, Corcept reported an encouraging phase II clinical trial update on relacorilant, a possible successor to Korlym that could treat Cushing's syndrome without the side effects of endometrial thickening and vaginal bleeding experienced by some women.

Warning. Since each tablet for oral use contains 300 mg of mifepristone, Korlym should never be taken by women who are pregnant or who might become pregnant. Taking Korlym during pregnancy will result in the loss of a pregnancy.

Oncology
In December 2013, the company announced plans to extend its development program for glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists into oncology, and licensed patent rights from the University of Chicago's Center for Technology Development & Ventures covering the use of GR antagonists in combination with chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer.

References

External links
 Company website

Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Health care companies based in California


title: Gay Mountain

text:
Gay Mountain  is a 90-second video created for UK broadcaster Channel 4 by its in-house advertising agency 4Creative.  It first aired across all of Channel 4's television channels on the day of the official opening of the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics, 7 February 2014, having been released on YouTube the previous night, on 6 February 2014. Within 48 hours of its online release it had accumulated over half a million views.

Synopsis
The video opens with a title slide saying: "Channel 4 proudly presents A SPECIAL WINTER ANTHEM" and depicts a fictional scenario in which a young woman enters a small auditorium and takes a seat as one of the last people to arrive. A man (Fred Bear of cabaret act Bearlesque), wearing a large brown fur coat, appears on stage and starts singing a song parodying the National Anthem of Russia, with his hand held to his chest.

Several members of the audience stand and emulate his gesture. Within a few bars, the singer turns around to face a red curtain behind him; this now opens up to reveal a rainbow arch with light bulbs which illuminate, and the music style changes into an up-beat dance track. Four female dancers, wearing cabaret costumes and sunglasses, appear and peel the fur coat off the singer, while putting a set of fake bear ears on his head. Now only wearing his boots, socks, red shorts with a fake bear tail and his bear ears, the man continues singing and dancing, repeating the chorus: "Good luck gays on Gay Mountain".

As the song progresses, more and more members of the audience get up and dance to the music and silver foil confetti rains from the ceiling. Among the cutaways to the audience, a young woman is seen happily dancing on her own, a male couple kiss and a topless DJ wearing sunglasses - who commentators have noted bears some resemblance to Russian President Vladimir Putin  - is also dancing along to the music. Throughout, the lyrics of the song appear as Karaoke-style subtitles. The video ends with the music fading out and a closing slide wishing "GOOD LUCK TO EVERYONE OUT IN SOCHI." It finally cuts to a station ident that features the Channel 4 logo, a super-imposed, revolving, rainbow-coloured prism and the caption: "BORN RISKY".

Release
Channel 4's Chief Marketing and Communications Officer, Dan Brooke, has been quoted as saying: "This is a typically Channel 4 way of celebrating the start of the Winter Games and showing our support to all of the athletes out in Sochi, gay or straight."  The video was scheduled to be broadcast by the channel for a week after its launch and ties in with Channel 4's temporary rebranding of its logo in the rainbow colours, in response to Russian legislation restricting the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people, introduced in 2013, as well as widely reported human rights abuses against members of the LGBT community, such as those investigated in Channel 4's own documentary Hunted, which was first broadcast in the Dispatches series on Wednesday 5 February 2014, in the run up to the Sochi Winter Olympics.

The night the Gay Mountain video was first aired on Channel 4, a small portion of the song/routine was performed live, to close an episode of The Last Leg. Earlier in the Last Leg episode, they showed a clip of the original Gay Mountain video, and offered half-hearted protest at Channel 4 blatantly mocking Putin and the anti-LGBT attitudes in Russia, when the makers of The Last Leg (which also airs on Channel 4) had been unofficially cautioned by MI6 in the previous weeks, to cut down on their attempts to poke fun at Putin by portraying him as a gay icon. The live performance of Gay Mountain was intercut with a rap - performed by show hosts Adam Hills, Josh Widdicombe and Alex Brooker - offering their apologies and friendship to Vladimir Putin, and offering hope that he won't have them assassinated with a "poisoned umbrella".

A Gay Mountain Extended Mix was posted to SoundCloud on the same date as the YouTube release.

Reception
Gay Mountain drew a largely positive response, with several mainstream media outlets  covering its release and viewers' 'likes' outnumbering 'dislikes' on YouTube by 10:1 after two months following its release.

Lyrics

Channel 4 published the lyrics of Gay Mountain on its own website. They are:Be fabulous, be free
We honour our Queens
And follow the rainbow which leads to the east

Gay mountain, gay mountain
Be proud on gay mountain
Gay mountain, gay mountain
Good luck gays, on gay mountain

Mens and all Men's and Womens and all Womens [sic]
Come together tonight, sing with pride

Gay mountain, gay mountain
Be proud on gay mountain
Gay mountain, gay mountain
Good luck gays, on gay mountain

References

External links

2014 in British television
2014 in LGBT history
2014 songs
2014 Winter Olympics
2014 YouTube videos
British songs
British television comedy
British television commercials
Channel 4
Comedy songs
LGBT comedy and humour
LGBT-related mass media in the United Kingdom
LGBT-related songs
Songs about mountains
Viral videos
2014 films


title: LCF Martina

text:
LC Five Martina is a futsal club based in Martina Franca, Apulia, Italy.

Current squad

External links
Official Website
Divisione Calcio a 5

Futsal clubs in Italy
LCF Martina
Sport in Apulia
Futsal clubs established in 2009


title: Şayeste Hanım

text:
Şayeste Hanım (; ; "the best";  1838 – 11 February 1912) was a consort of Sultan Abdulmejid I of the Ottoman Empire.

Early life
Of Abkhazian origin and a member of a princely family of Inalipa, Şayeste Hanım was born in 1838. She had one sister, Hüsnidil Hanım, who was the wife of a certain Safvet Pasha. She was also related to Kabasalal Çerkes Mehmed Pasha.

Marriage
Şayeste married Abdulmejid in 1851, and was given the title of "Sixth Ikbal". A year after the marriage, on 3 February 1853, she gave birth to her first child, a son, Şehzade Abdüllah, stillborn.

In 1853, she was elevated to the title of "Fifth Ikbal", in 1854, she was elevated to the title of "Fourth Ikbal", and in 1856, she was elevated to the title of "Third Ikbal". On 30 September 1856, she gave birth to her second child, a daughter, Naile Sultan (called also Nadile Sultan).

In 1858–59, she commissioned a mosque in Üsküdar. She was known for living beyond her means, and was sued for non-payment of a debt. She was widowed at Abdulmejid's death on 25 June 1861.

Widowhood
After Gülistü Kadın's death in 1861, a newborn Şehzade Mehmed Vahideddin (future Mehmed VI) was entrusted in her care. The prince had a rough time with his overbearing stepmother, and at the age of 16 he left his stepmother's mansion with the three servants who had been serving him since childhood.

In 1876, She had her daughter, Naile Sultan, married to her relative Kabasakal Çerkeş Mehmed Paşa. Naile died four years later on 7 January 1882 at the age of 25. After Naile's death, Mehmed Pasha married Esma Sultan, the daughter of Sultan Abdulaziz in 1889.

During the reign of Abdul Hamid II, Mehmed was given a mansion in Çengelköy. On this estate, Mehmed had another house built for Şayeste, with whom he had spent his childhood. Even though he had not got along with his stepmother in the past, he could not forget the struggle she had gone through while bringing him up.

In March 1898, Şayeste attended the wedding of Naime Sultan, the daughter of Sultan Abdul Hamid II and Kemaleddin Pasha, the son of Gazi Osman Pasha. Among her ladies-in-waiting was Inşirah Hanım, who would later become a consort her adopted son Mehmed.

Ayşe Sultan, daughter of Abdul Hamid  II, notes in her memoirs that during her father's reign, Şayeste would attend Ramadan celebrations, and would always sit next to Perestu Kadın.
In 1912 she wrote to the sultan to obtain the money to renovate her rooms at Feriye Palace, but she died before receiving a reply.

Death
Among the longest living consorts of Abdulmejid, Şayeste died on 11 February 1912 in the Çengelköy Palace at the age of about seventy-four outliving her daughter by thirty years. She was buried in the mausoleum of Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin in Yahya Efendi Cemetery, Constantinople, today known as Istanbul.

Issue

In literature
Şayeste is a character in Hıfzı Topuz's historical novel Abdülmecit: İmparatorluk Çökerken Sarayda 22 Yıl: Roman (2009).

See also
Ikbal (title)
Ottoman Imperial Harem
List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans

References

Sources

1838 births
1912 deaths
People from the Ottoman Empire of Circassian descent
Ottoman Sunni Muslims
Consorts of Abdulmejid I


title: Pigment Yellow 16

text:
Pigment Yellow 16 is an organic compound that is classified as a diarylide pigment.

Pigment Yellow 16 is used as a yellow colorant, and is classified as an arylide yellow.  Also called permanent yellow, its color index number is 20040. The compound is obtained via acetoacetylation of o-tolidine using diketene. The resulting bisacetoacetylated compound is coupled with two equiv of the diazonium salt obtained from 2,4-dichloroaniline.

References

Biphenyls
Organic pigments
Shades of yellow
Chloroarenes
Diarylide pigments


title: List of biophysically important macromolecular crystal structures

text:
Crystal structures of protein and nucleic acid molecules and their complexes are central to the practice of most parts of biophysics, and have shaped much of what we understand scientifically at the atomic-detail level of biology.  Their importance is underlined by the United Nations declaring 2014 as the International Year of Crystallography, as the 100th anniversary of Max von Laue's 1914 Nobel prize for discovering the diffraction of X-rays by crystals.  This chronological list of biophysically notable protein and nucleic acid structures is loosely based on a review in the Biophysical Journal.  The list includes all the first dozen distinct structures, those that broke new ground in subject or method, and those that became model systems for work in future biophysical areas of research.

Myoglobin

1960 - Myoglobin was the very first high-resolution crystal structure of a protein molecule. Myoglobin cradles an iron-containing heme group that reversibly binds oxygen for use in powering muscle fibers, and those first crystals were of myoglobin from the sperm whale, whose muscles need copious oxygen storage for deep dives.  The myoglobin 3-dimensional structure is made up of 8 alpha-helices, and the crystal structure showed that their conformation was right-handed and very closely matched the geometry proposed by Linus Pauling, with 3.6 residues per turn and backbone hydrogen bonds from the peptide NH of one residue to the peptide CO of residue i+4. Myoglobin is a model system for many types of biophysical studies, especially involving the binding process of small ligands such as oxygen and carbon monoxide.

Hemoglobin

1960 - The Hemoglobin crystal structure showed a tetramer of two related chain types and was solved at much lower resolution than the monomeric myoglobin, but it clearly had the same basic 8-helix architecture (now called the "globin fold"). Further hemoglobin crystal structures at higher resolution [PDB 1MHB, 1DHB)  soon showed the coupled change of both local and quaternary conformation between the oxy and deoxy states of hemoglobin, which explains the cooperativity of oxygen binding in the blood and the allosteric effect of factors such as pH and DPG. For decades hemoglobin was the primary teaching example for the concept of allostery, as well as being an intensive focus of research and discussion on allostery.  In 1909, hemoglobin crystals from >100 species were used to relate taxonomy to molecular properties. That book was cited by Perutz in the 1938 report of horse hemoglobin crystals that began his long saga to solve the crystal structure. Hemoglobin crystals are pleochroic - dark red in two directions and pale red in the third - because of the orientation of the hemes, and the bright Soret band of the heme porphyrin groups is used in spectroscopic analysis of hemoglobin ligand binding.

Hen-egg-white lysozyme
1965 - Hen-egg-white lysozyme (PDB file 1lyz). was the first crystal structure of an enzyme (it cleaves small carbohydrates into simple sugars), used for early studies of enzyme mechanism.  It contained beta sheet (antiparallel) as well as helices, and was also the first macromolecular structure to have its atomic coordinates refined (in real space). The starting material for preparation can be bought at the grocery store, and hen-egg lysozyme crystallizes very readily in many different space groups; it is the favorite test case for new crystallographic experiments and instruments.  Recent examples are nanocrystals of lysozyme for free-electron laser data collection and microcrystals for micro electron diffraction.

Ribonuclease
1967 - Ribonuclease A (PDB file 2RSA) is an RNA-cleaving enzyme stabilized by 4 disulfide bonds.  It was used in Anfinsen's seminal research on protein folding which led to the concept that a protein's 3-dimensional structure was determined by its amino-acid sequence. Ribonuclease S, the cleaved, two-component form studied by Fred Richards, was also enzymatically active, had a nearly identical crystal structure (PDB file 1RNS), and was shown to be catalytically active even in the crystal, helping dispel doubts about the relevance of protein crystal structures to biological function.

Serine proteases
1967 - The serine proteases are a historically very important group of enzyme structures, because collectively they illuminated catalytic mechanism (in their case, by the Ser-His-Asp "catalytic triad"), the basis of differing substrate specificities, and the activation mechanism by which a controlled enzymatic cleavage buries the new chain end to properly rearrange the active site. The early crystal structures included chymotrypsin (PDB file 2CHA), chymotrypsinogen (PDB file 1CHG), trypsin (PDB file 1PTN), and elastase (PDB file 1EST). They also were the first protein structures that showed two near-identical domains, presumably related by gene duplication. One reason for their wide use as textbook and classroom examples was the insertion-code numbering system (hated by all computer programmers), which made Ser195 and His57 consistent and memorable despite the protein-specific sequence differences.

Papain
1968 - Papain

Carboxypeptidase
1969 - Carboxypeptidase A  is a zinc metalloprotease.  Its crystal structure (PDB file 1CPA) showed the first parallel beta structure: a large, twisted, central sheet of 8 strands with the active-site Zn located at the C-terminal end of the middle strands and the sheet flanked on both sides with alpha helices. It is an exopeptidase that cleaves peptides or proteins from the carboxy-terminal end rather than internal to the sequence.  Later a small protein inhibitor of carboxypeptidase was solved (PDB file 4CPA) that mechanically stops the catalysis by presenting its C-terminal end just sticking out from between a ring of disulfide bonds with tight structure behind it, preventing the enzyme from sucking in the chain past the first residue.

Subtilisin
1969 - Subtilisin (PDB file 1sbt ) was a second type of serine protease with a near-identical active site to the trypsin family of enzymes, but with a completely different overall fold.  This gave the first view of convergent evolution at the atomic level.  Later, an intensive mutational study on subtilisin documented the effects of all 19 other amino acids at each individual position.

Lactate dehydrogenase
1970 - Lactate dehydrogenase

Trypsin inhibitor
1970 - Basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, or BPTI (PDB file 2pti), is a small, very stable protein that has been a highly productive model system for study of super-tight binding, disulfide bond (SS) formation, protein folding, molecular stability by amino-acid mutations or hydrogen-deuterium exchange, and fast local dynamics by NMR.  Biologically, BPTI binds and inhibits trypsin while stored in the pancreas, allowing activation of protein digestion only after trypsin is released into the stomach.

Rubredoxin
1970 - Rubredoxin (PDB file 2rxn) was the first redox structure solved, a minimalist protein with the iron bound by 4 Cys sidechains from 2 loops at the top of β hairpins.  It diffracted to 1.2Å, enabling the first reciprocal-space refinement of a protein (4,5rxn).  [NB: beware 4rxn, done without geometry restraints!]  Archaeal rubredoxins account for many of the highest-resolution small structures in the PDB.

Insulin
1971 - Insulin (PDB file 1INS) is a hormone central to the metabolism of sugar and fat storage, and important in human diseases such as obesity and diabetes.  It is biophysically notable for its Zn binding, its equilibrium between monomer, dimer, and hexamer states, its ability to form crystals in vivo, and its synthesis as a longer "pro" form which is then cleaved to fold up as the active 2-chain, SS-linked monomer.  Insulin was a success of NASA's crystal-growth program on the Space Shuttle, producing bulk preparations of very uniform tiny crystals for controlled dosage.

Staphylococcal nuclease
1971 - Staphylococcal nuclease

Cytochrome C
1971 - Cytochrome C

T4 phage lysozyme
1974 - T4 phage lysozyme

Immunoglobulins
1974 - Immunoglobulins

Superoxide dismutase
1975 - Cu,Zn Superoxide dismutase

Transfer RNA
1976 - Transfer RNA

Triose phosphate isomerase
1976 - Triose phosphate isomerase

Pepsin-like aspartic proteases
1976 - Rhizopuspepsin

1976 - Endothiapepsin

1976 - Penicillopepsin

Later structures (1978 onwards)
1978 - Icosahedral virus

1981 - Dickerson B-form DNA dodecamer

1981 - Crambin

1985 - Calmodulin

1985 - DNA polymerase

1985 - Photosynthetic reaction center  Pairs of bacteriochlorophylls (green) inside the membrane capture energy from sunlight, then traveling by many steps to become available at the heme groups (red) in the cytochrome-C module at the top.  This was  first crystal structure solved for a membrane protein, a milestone recognized by a Nobel Prize to Hartmut Michel, Hans Deisenhofer, and Robert Huber.

1986 - Repressor/DNA interactions

1987 - Major histocompatibility complex'

1987 - Ubiquitin

1987 - ROP protein

1989 - HIV-1 protease

1990 - Bacteriorhodopsin

1991 - GCN4 coiled coil

1991 - HIV-1 reverse transcriptase

1993 - Beta helix of Pectate lyase

1994 - Collagen

1994 - Barnase/barstar complex

1994 - F1 ATPase

1995 - Heterotrimeric G proteins

1996 - Green fluorescent protein

1996 - CDK/cyclin complex

1996 - Kinesin motor protein

1997 - GroEL/ES chaperone

1997 - Nucleosome

1998 - Group I self-splicing intron

1998 - DNA topoisomerases perform the biologically important and necessary job of untangling DNA strands or helices that get entwined with each other or twisted too tightly during normal cellular processes such as the transcription of genetic information.

1998 - Tubulin alpha/beta dimer

1998 - Potassium channel

1998 - Holliday junction

2000 - Ribosomes are a central part of biology and biophysics, which first became accessible structurally in 2000.

2000 - AAA+ ATPase

2002 - Ankyrin repeats

2003 - TOP7 protein design

2004 - Cyanobacterial Circadian clock proteins

2004 - Riboswitch

2006 - Human exosome

2007 - G-protein-coupled receptor

2009 - The Vault particle is an intriguing new discovery of a large hollow particle common in cells, with several different suggestions for its possible biological function.  The crystal structures (PDB files 2zuo, 2zv4, 2zv5 and 4hl8) show that each half of the vault is made up of 39 copies of a long 12-domain protein that swirl together to form the enclosure. Disorder at the very top and bottom ends suggests openings for possible access to the interior of the vault.

References

Structural biology
Macromolecular crystal structures
Macromolecular crystal structures
Macromolecular crystal structures


title: Operation Beanbag

text:
Operation Beanbag, also known as the Matola Raid, was a military operation conducted by the South African Defence Force (SADF) against suspected safe houses of uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC), in Matola, Mozambique.

Background
SADF intelligence identified a network of ANC safe houses in Matola as MK's planning headquarters for guerrilla operations in Transvaal Province, South Africa. The South African team was made up of members from 1 and 6 Reconnaissance Regiments, the latter being made up of old Rhodesian SAS personnel. The operation occurred on 30 January 1981, the target being three houses in the suburb of Matola which lay 16 km from the centre of Maputo.

The Mozambican government claims that the twenty SADF special forces members were driven from the border in vehicles that resembled Mozambican army vehicles. One part of the team maintained a roadblock on the main road between Maputo and Matola, while a second team attacked the three ANC buildings. A firefight broke out between the SADF and the ANC inhabitants. The reconnaissance team took two prisoners during the attack. The reconnaissance teams rejoined and returned to the border with South Africa and were said to have been withdrawn by helicopter.

Aftermath
The SADF lost three personnel, one of whom could not be found during the withdrawal at the end of the operation and he was left behind. 6 Reconnaissance Regiment was disbanded later during the year and the remaining members integrated into the remaining special forces regiments. The SADF claimed to have killed 30 MK militants. The Mozambican government estimated a death toll of 11, including a civilian killed in the crossfire. In its review of Operation Beanbag, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission found that the raid resulted in the deaths of 16 MK members, including 4 senior militant commanders, some of whom were killed during the attack and others who died of their injuries later. The TRC also noted that a civilian was killed, possibly by accident, at the SADF roadblock. The dead civilian was a Portuguese citizen who bore a close resemblance to prominent ANC official Joe Slovo, leading the party's supporters to speculate his death was the result of mistaken identity.

ANC president Oliver Tambo subsequently issued a statement implying that Operation Beanbag had targeted unarmed civilian refugees rather than legitimate military targets. He denied that the ANC and MK had any guerrilla camps in Mozambique.

The raid was condemned by the United Nations as a violation of Mozambique's territorial integrity.

References

Further reading

 http://www.recce.co.za/special-forces-history retrieved 5 April 2013

Conflicts in 1981
1981 in South Africa
Military history of Mozambique
Operations involving South African special forces
Cross-border operations of South Africa


title: Bleckner

text:
Bleckner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jeff Bleckner (born 1943), American theatre and film director
Ross Bleckner (born 1949), American artist

Occupational surnames