title: Isentropic nozzle flow

text:
Isentropic nozzle flow describes the movement of a gas or fluid through a narrowing opening without an increase or decrease in entropy.

Overview
Whenever a gas is forced through a tube, the gaseous molecules are deflected by the tube's walls. If the speed of the gas is much less than the speed of sound, the gas density will remain constant and the velocity of the flow will increase. However, as the speed of the flow approaches the speed of sound, compressibility effects on the gas are to be considered. The density of the gas becomes position dependent. While considering flow through a tube, if the flow is very gradually compressed (i.e. area decreases) and then gradually expanded (i.e. area increases), the flow conditions are restored (i.e. return to its initial position). So, such a process is a reversible process. According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, whenever there is a reversible and adiabatic flow, constant value of entropy is maintained. Engineers classify this type of flow as an isentropic flow of fluids. Isentropic is the combination of the Greek word "iso" (which means - same) and entropy.

When the change in flow variables is small and gradual, isentropic flows occur. The generation of sound waves is an isentropic process. A supersonic flow that is turned while there is an increase in flow area is also isentropic. Since there is an increase in area, therefore we call this an isentropic expansion. If a supersonic flow is turned abruptly and the flow area decreases, the flow is irreversible due to the generation of shock waves. The isentropic relations are no longer valid and the flow is governed by the oblique or normal shock relations.

Set of Equations
Below are nine equations commonly used when evaluating isentropic flow conditions. These assume the gas is calorically perfect; i.e. the ratio of specific heats is a constant across the temperature range. In typical cases the actual variation is only slight.

 Properties without a subscript are evaluated at the point of interest (this point may be chosen anywhere along the length of the nozzle, but once chosen, all properties in a calculation must be evaluated at the same point)
 Subscript  denotes a property at total/stagnation conditions. In a rocket or jet engine, this means the conditions inside the combustion chamber. For example,  is total pressure/stagnation pressure/chamber pressure (all equivalent).
  is the local Mach number of the gas
  is the speed of the gas (m/s)
  is the local speed of sound through the gas (m/s)
  is the ratio of specific heats of the gas
  is the pressure of the gas (Pa)
  is the density of the gas  (kg/m3)
  is the temperature of the gas (K)
  is the cross sectional area of the nozzle at the point of interest (m2)
 is the cross sectional area of the nozzle at the sonic point, or the point where gas velocity is Mach 1 (m2). Ideally this will occur at the nozzle throat.

Stagnation properties

In fluid dynamics, a stagnation point is a point in a flow field where the local velocity of the fluid is zero. The isentropic stagnation state is the state a flowing fluid would attain if it underwent a reversible adiabatic deceleration to zero velocity. There are both actual and the isentropic stagnation states for a typical gas or vapor. Sometimes it is advantageous to make a distinction between the actual and the isentropic stagnation states. The actual stagnation state is the state achieved after an actual deceleration to zero velocity (as at the nose of a body placed in a fluid stream), and there may be irreversibility associated with the deceleration process. Therefore, the term "stagnation property" is sometimes reserved for the properties associated with the actual state, and the term total property is used for the isentropic stagnation state. The enthalpy is the same for both the actual and isentropic stagnation states (assuming that the actual process is adiabatic). Therefore, for an ideal gas, the actual stagnation temperature is the same as the isentropic stagnation temperature. However, the actual stagnation pressure may be less than the isentropic stagnation pressure. For this reason the term "total pressure" (meaning isentropic stagnation pressure) has particular meaning compared to the actual stagnation pressure.

Flow analysis
The isentropic efficiency is .
The variation of fluid density for compressible flows requires attention to density and other fluid property relationships. The fluid equation of state, often unimportant for incompressible flows, is vital in the analysis of compressible flows. Also, temperature variations for compressible flows are usually significant and thus the energy equation is important. Curious phenomena can occur with compressible flows.
 For simplicity, the gas is assumed to be an ideal gas.
 The gas flow is isentropic.
 The gas flow is constant.
 The gas flow is along a straight line from gas inlet to exhaust gas exit.
 The gas flow behavior is compressible.

There are numerous applications where a steady, uniform, isentropic flow is a good approximation to the flow in conduits. These include the flow through a jet engine, through the nozzle of a rocket, from a broken gas line, and past the blades of a turbine.

 Mach number = M                                    Velocity = V
 Universal gas constant = R                         Pressure = p
 Specific heat ratio = k                            Temperature = T
 * = Sonic conditions                               Density =
 Area = A                                           Molar mass =

Energy equation for the steady flow:

To model such situations, consider the control volume in the changing area of the conduit of Fig. The continuity equation between two sections an infinitesimal distance dx apart is

If only the first-order terms in a differential quantity are retained, continuity takes the form

The energy equation is:

This simplifies to, neglecting higher-order terms,:

Assuming an isentropic flow, the energy equation becomes:

Substitute from the continuity equation to obtain

or, in terms of the Mach number:

This equation applies to a steady, uniform, isentropic flow.
There are several observations that can be made from an analysis of Eq. (9.26).
They are:
 For a subsonic flow in an expanding conduit (M <1 and dA>0), the flow is decelerating (dV <0).
 For a subsonic flow in a converging conduit (M <1 and dA <0), the flow is accelerating (dV >0).
 For a supersonic flow in an expanding conduit (M >1 and dA >0), the flow is accelerating (dV >0).
 For a supersonic flow in a converging conduit (M >1 and dA <0), the flow is decelerating (dV <0).
 At a throat where dA =0, either M =1 or dV =0 (the flow could be accelerating through M =1, or it may reach a velocity such that dV =0).

Supersonic flow

A nozzle for a supersonic flow must increase in area in the flow direction, and a diffuser must decrease in area, opposite to a nozzle and diffuser for a subsonic flow. So, for a supersonic flow to develop from a reservoir where the velocity is zero, the subsonic flow must first accelerate through a converging area to a throat, followed by continued acceleration through an enlarging area.

The nozzles on a rocket designed to place satellites in orbit are constructed using such converging-diverging geometry. The energy and continuity equations can take on particularly helpful forms for the steady, uniform, isentropic flow through the nozzle. Apply the energy equation with Q_ W_S 0 between the reservoir and some location in the nozzle to obtain

Any quantity with a zero subscript refers to a stagnation point where the velocity is zero, such as in the reservoir. Using several thermodynamic relations equations can be put in the forms:

If the above equations are applied at the throat (the critical area signified by an
Asterisk (*) superscript, where M =1), the energy equation takes the forms

The critical area is often referenced even though a throat does not exist. For air with k =1.4, the equations above provide
    T* = 0.833333·To
    p* = 0.528282·po
    ρ* = 0.633938·ρo

The mass flux through the nozzle is of interest and is given by:

With the use of Eq. (9.28), the mass flux, after applying some algebra, can be
Expressed as

If the critical area is selected where M =1, this takes the form

which, when combined with previous it provides:

Converging nozzle

Consider a converging nozzle connecting a reservoir with a receiver. If the reservoir pressure is held constant and the receiver pressure reduced, the Mach number at the exit of the nozzle will increase until Me=1 is reached, indicated by the left curve in figure 2. After Me =1 is reached at the nozzle exit for , the condition of choked flow occurs and the velocity throughout the nozzle cannot change with further decreases in. This is due to the fact that pressure changes downstream of the exit cannot travel upstream to cause changes in the flow conditions.
The right curve of figure 2. represents the case when the reservoir pressure is increased and the receiver pressure is held constant. When , the condition of choked flow also occurs; but Eq indicates that the mass flux will continue to increase as  is increased. This is the case when a gas line ruptures.

It is interesting that the exit pressure  is able to be greater than the receiver pressure . Nature allows this by providing the streamlines of a gas the ability to make a sudden change of direction at the exit and expand to a much greater area resulting in a reduction of the pressure from  to . The case of a converging-diverging nozzle allows a supersonic flow to occur, providing the receiver pressure is sufficiently low. This is shown in figure 3 assuming a constant reservoir pressure with a decreasing receiver pressure. If the receiver pressure is equal to the reservoir pressure, no flow occurs, represented by curve . If pr is slightly less than p_0, the flow is subsonic throughout, with a minimum pressure at the throat, represented by curve B. As the pressure is reduced still further, a pressure is reached that result in M =1 at the throat with subsonic flow throughout the remainder of the nozzle.
There is another receiver pressure substantially below that of curve C that also results in isentropic flow throughout the nozzle, represented by curve D; after the throat the flow is supersonic. Pressures in the receiver in between those of curve C and curve D result in non-isentropic flow (a shock wave occurs in the flow). If pr is below that of curve D, the exit pressure pe is greater than pr. Once again, for receiver pressures below that of curve C, the mass flux remains constant since the conditions at the throat remain unchanged. It may appear that the supersonic flow will tend to separate from the nozzle, but just the opposite is true. A supersonic flow can turn very sharp angles, since nature provides expansion fans that do not exist in subsonic flows. To avoid separation in subsonic nozzles, the expansion angle should not exceed 10°. For larger angles, vanes are used so that the angle between the vanes does not exceed 10°.

See also
 de Laval nozzle
 Fanno flow
 Supersonic gas separation
 Compressible flow

References

 Colbert, Elton J. Isentropic Flow Through Nozzles. University of Nevada, Reno. 3 May 2001. Accessed 15 July 2014.
 Benson, Tom. "Isentropic Flow". NASA.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 21 June 2014. Accessed 15 July 2014.
 Bar-Meir, Genick. "Isenotropic Flow".  Potto.org. Potto Project. 21 November 2007. Accessed 15 July 2014.

Thermodynamic processes
Thermodynamic entropy


title: Krishna Express

text:
The 17405 / 17406 Krishna Express also known as Sree Krishna Express, is an intercity express train running between  of Andhra Pradesh and Adilabad of Telangana. It belongs to South Central Railways Secunderabad of Indian Railways and it takes 24 hours and 50 minutes to cover  between its nodal stations.

Schedule
17405 Krishna Express starts from Tirupati at 5:25 a.m. and arrives Adilabad on next day 6:15 a.m. Similarly 17406 Krishna Express starts from Adilabad at 20:45 p.m. and arrives Tirupati on next day 21:15 p.m.
Passengers need to be extremely cautious and careful while getting into this Train in Vijayawada (Bejawada Junction), as you can see 2 Krishna Expresses going in opposite directions at the same time. Passengers need to study, review, analyze, assess and conclude, then climb into the Krishna Express that goes into the direction that hopefully takes the passengers to their correct destination. They can sometime review the engine direction.

Etymology
The train is named after the Krishna River which flows from the city of Vijayawada and the train was first started from there itself. Then, it was extended up to Hyderabad Decan, as an early morning Day Train. Later, it was extended up to Secunderabad and Nizamabad and now up to Adilabad. It was extended up to Tirupathi on the other side.

Krishna express is also known as Sree Krishna Express after this Indian God.

Route & Halts
This train runs from Adilabad via , ,
,, , , , , , , , ,, , ,  to Tirupati Main.

Traction
It is hauled by a Krishnarajapuram-based WDP-4 / WDP-4D locomotive from ADB till SC, from SC till TPTY it is hauled by a Lallaguda-based WAP-7 locomotive and vice versa.

Direction reversal
This train reverses direction at  and .

Rake sharing
This train shares the rake with Adilabad–Hazur Sahib Nanded Express.

References

Transport in Adilabad
Transport in Tirupati
Railway services introduced in 1974
Named passenger trains of India
Express trains in India


title: Huarurumicocha

text:
Huarurumicocha (possibly from Quechua Warurumiqucha; waru = stony ground + rumi = stone + qucha = lake) is a lake in the Vilcanota mountain range in Peru. It is situated in the Cusco Region, Quispicanchi Province, Ocongate District. The lake lies north-east of the mountain Hatunuma and west of the mountain Chumpe.

References

Lakes of Peru
Lakes of Cusco Region


title: 2014 Nottingham Challenge – Men's singles

text:
Steve Johnson was the defending champion, but chose to compete in the 2014 Gerry Weber Open instead.

Nick Kyrgios won the title, defeating Samuel Groth in the final, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(9–7).

Seeds

  Go Soeda (first round)
  Gilles Müller (quarterfinals)
  Andreas Beck (first round)
  Tatsuma Ito (quarterfinals)
  Samuel Groth (final)
  Yūichi Sugita (first round)
  Marius Copil (quarterfinals)
  Rajeev Ram (semifinals)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

References
 Main Draw
 Qualifying Draw

Nottingham Challengeandnbsp;- Singles
2014 Men's Singles


title: Ampeloglypter sesostris

text:
Ampeloglypter sesostris, the Grape cane gallmaker, is a true weevil species in the genus Ampeloglypter. Research in Pennsylvania has shown no effect on berry quality or vine vigor.

References

 gbif.org

Baridinae
Beetles described in 1876
Grape pest insects


title: Sesostris (disambiguation)

text:
Sesostris may refer to:

 Sesostris, a king of Egypt described by Herodotus
 Senusret, three kings of the 12th Dynasty also called Sesostris
 Sesostris (play), a 1728 play by John Sturmy
 Sesostris Bank, a submerged bank named after the 1839 steam frigate  of the Indian Navy.
 Sesostris Reef, a previous name for Margaret Brock Reef, a reef in South Australia
 Sesostris rock – a submerged rock that in the 19th Century lay near what was then the entrance to the Yong River (Guangxi)
  – one of several ships
 Ampeloglypter sesostris, a species of weevil
 Parides sesostris, a species of butterfly


title: Dunkirk, Kansas

text:
Dunkirk is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Kansas, United States.

History
A post office was opened in Dunkirk in 1915, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1919. Dunkirk was originally a mining community with coal mines operated by the Wier Coal Company.

References

Further reading

External links
 Crawford County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Crawford County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Radley, Kansas

text:
Radley is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the community and nearby areas was 105.

History
A post office was opened in Radley in 1913, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1988.

Demographics

For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Radley as a census-designated place (CDP).

References

Further reading

External links
 Crawford County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Crawford County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Nevada State Route 794

text:
State Route 794 (SR 794) is a state highway in Humboldt County, Nevada, United States. The highway primarily serves as a connector road east of Winnemucca and, for all but the very east end of the route, SR 794 is concurrent with Interstate 80 Business (I‑80 Bus.) as it runs along East Winnemucca Boulevard.

Route description

SR 794 begins at T-intersection with East Winnemucca Boulevard/East 2nd Street (SR 289) in northern Winnemucca. (From the intersection, SR 289 heads southwest [concurrent with I‑80 Bus.] along East Winnemucca Boulevard toward U.S. Route 95. SR 289 heads northeast along East 2nd Street toward I-80 [Exit 178] and then SR 795.) From its western terminus SR 794 heads southeast along East Winnemucca Boulevard (concurrent with I‑80 Bus.) to cross East 4th Street and pass under a moderately low railroad overpass (that carries a single set of Union Pacific Railroad tracks) before reaching an intersection with East Haskell Street/Fairgrounds Road. (East Haskell Road heads southwest to become State Route 294 [SR 294] at a junction with the eastern terminus of State Route 787. [Prior to 2017, SR 294 extended east to East Winnemucca Boulevard.] Fairgrounds Road heads northeast to loop past multiple Humboldt County facilities [fairgrounds, sheriff's office, county jail, etc.] before reconnecting with SR 794.)

Just after the intersection with East Haskell Street/Fairgrounds Road, SR 794 gradually curves easterly until it heads northeast and reaches an intersection with the north end of North Highland Drive. (From this intersection a dirt road also heads north to connect with Fairgrounds Road.) Continuing northeast the route connects with the east end of Fairgrounds Road (which runs north from the route), the north end of Estate Road, the south end of Guthrie Drive, the south end of Maslona Drive, the north end of Great Basin Drive, and the north end of Wild West Way. After connecting with the north end of Rim Rock Drive, SR 794 curves to very briefly head east before curving north and connecting with I‑80 at a diamond interchange (Exit 180). On the north edge of the interchange East Winnemucca Boulevard becomes Pedroli Avenue, which promptly curves the west and quickly arrives at the eastern terminus of SR 794 at a cattle guard. (On the immediate west side of the cattle guard, Pedroli Avenue turns north, becomes a dirt road, and heads north to Weso. The road continues westerly as Pedroli Lane, being still paved for a short distance farther as it heads toward a nearby farm.)

Major intersections

See also

 List of state routes in Nevada
 List of highways numbered 794

Notes

References

External links

794
Transportation in Humboldt County, Nevada
Winnemucca, Nevada
Interstate 80


title: Ringo, Kansas

text:
Ringo is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the community and nearby areas was 111.

History
A post office was opened in Ringo in 1915, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1957.

Demographics

For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Ringo as a census-designated place (CDP).

References

Further reading

External links
 Crawford County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Crawford County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: 2014 Fergana Challenger

text:
The 2014 Fergana Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 15th edition of the tournament for men which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money, and the fourth edition of the event for women on the 2014 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $25,000 in prize money. It took place in Fergana, Uzbekistan, on 9–15 June 2014.

Men's singles main draw entrants

Seeds

 1 Rankings as of 26 May 2014

Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
  Rasul Akhmadaliev
  Djurabeck Karimov
  Rizo Saidkhodjaev
  Khumoun Sultanov

The following players entered as an alternate into the singles main draw:
  Artur Dubinski
  Sarvar Ikramov
  Batyr Sapaev
  Shonigmatjon Shofayziyev

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
  Sanjar Fayziev
  Temur Ismailov
  Mikhail Ledovskikh
  Vaja Uzakov

The following players entered as a lucky loser into the singles main draw:
  Odil Akramov

Men's doubles main draw entrants

Seeds

 1 Rankings as of 26 May 2014

Other entrants
The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
  Rizo Saidkhodjaev /  Diyor Yuldashev
  Ahad Ermatov /  Azizbek Lukmanov
  Rasul Akhmadaliev /  Khumoun Sultanov

Women's singles main draw entrants

Seeds

 1 Rankings as of 26 May 2014

Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
  Akgul Amanmuradova (withdrew)
  Shakhnoza Khatamova
  Polina Merenkova
  Sarvinoz Saidhujaeva

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
  Kamila Kerimbayeva
  Varvara Kuznetsova
  Katya Malikova
  Amina Mukhametshina
  Gulchekhra Mukhammadsidikova
  Alisa Tymofeyeva
  Komola Umarova
  Guzal Yusupova

The following player received entry by a lucky loser spot:
  Alina Abdurakhimova

Women's doubles main draw entrants

Seeds

 1 Rankings as of 26 May 2014

Other entrants
The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
  Shakhnoza Khatamova /  Sarvinoz Saidhujaeva
  Polina Merenkova /  Komola Umarova
  Amina Mukhametshina /  Jamilya Sadykzhanova

Champions

Men's singles

  Blaž Kavčič def.  Alexander Kudryavtsev, 6–4, 7–6(10–8)

Women's singles

  Nigina Abduraimova def.  Nao Hibino, 6–3, 6–4

Men's doubles

 Sergey Betov /  Alexander Bury def.  Nicolás Barrientos /  Stanislav Vovk 6–7(6–8), 7–6(7–1), [10–3]

Women's doubles

  Hiroko Kuwata /  Mari Tanaka def.  Nao Hibino /  Prarthana Thombare 6–1, 6–4

References

External links
 Official website

2014 ATP Challenger Tour
2014 in Uzbekistani sport
June 2014 sports events in Asia
2014


title: Lake Armaccocha

text:
Lake Armaccocha (possibly from Quechua arma bath / plough, qucha lake) is a lake in the Vilcanota mountain range in Peru. It is situated in the Cusco Region, Quispicanchi Province, Ocongate District. Lake Armaccocha lies south-west of Lake Singrenacocha and north-west of Mount Callangate.

References

Lakes of Peru
Lakes of Cusco Region


title: Yale, Kansas

text:
Yale is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the community and nearby areas was 81.  It is located northeast of Frontenac at the intersection of E 600th Ave and S 250th St, about 1 miles west of the Missouri state border.  The community is home to the Chicken Mary's and Chicken Annie's restaurants.

History
Yale was a mining town on the Missouri Pacific Railroad.

A post office was opened in Yale in 1892, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1914.

Demographics

For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Yale as a census-designated place (CDP).

References

Further reading

External links
 Crawford County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Crawford County, Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Kansas


title: Sam Cabot

text:
Sam or Samuel Cabot may refer to:

Writers (collective nom de plume: Sam Cabot)
 Carlos Dews (born 1963)
 S. J. Rozan (born 1950)

Cabot family
Samuel Cabot III, physician and ornithologist
Samuel Cabot Incorporated, manufacturer of wood stain and other wood products
Samuel Cabot Jr. (1784–1863), American businessman
Samuel Cabot IV, founder of Samuel Cabot Incorporated

Others
Sam Cabot, fictional character in 4th of July (novel)

Human name disambiguation pages


title: List of Planchonella species

text:
This is a list of species in the plant genus Planchonella.

Planchonella amieuana (Guillaumin) Aubrév. – New Caledonia (Col d'Amieu)
Planchonella aneityensis (Guillaumin) H.J.Lam ex Royen – Vanuatu
Planchonella annamensis  Pierre ex Dubard – China (Guangxi and Hainan), Vietnam, and Cambodia
Planchonella anteridifera (C.T.White & W.D.Francis ex Lane-Poole) H.J.Lam – eastern and southeastern New Guinea
Planchonella arnhemica (F.Muell. ex Benth.) P.Royen – northern Western Australia and northern Northern Territory
Planchonella asterocarpon (P.Royen) Swenson, Bartish & Munzinger – northeastern Queensland
Planchonella australis (R.Br.) Pierre – eastern Queensland and New South Wales
Planchonella baillonii (Zahlbr.) Dubard – east-central and southeastern New Caledonia
Planchonella boninensis (Nakai) Masam. & Yanagih. – Ogasawara Islands
Planchonella brevipes  A.C.Sm. – Fiji (Vanua Levu: Mount Mbatini)
Planchonella calcarea (Hosok.) P.Royen – Palau
Planchonella cauliflora  Munzinger & Swenson – New Caledonia (Mt. Do)
Planchonella chartacea (F.Muell. ex Benth.) H.J.Lam – Malesia, Papuasia, eastern Australia, and southwestern Pacific
Planchonella chrysophylloides ( H.J.Lam – eastern New Guinea
Planchonella cinerea (Pancher ex Baill.) P.Royen – northwestern and southeastern New Caledonia
Planchonella clemensii (Lecomte) P.Royen – Vietnam and Hainan
Planchonella contermina  Pierre ex Dubard – northwestern New Caledonia
Planchonella costata (Endl.) Pierre – New Zealand's North Island and Norfolk Island
Planchonella cotinifolia (A.DC.) Dubard – northern and eastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales
Planchonella crassinervia  Dubard – New Caledonia
Planchonella crenata  Munzinger & Swenson – west-central New Caledonia
Planchonella cyclopensis  P.Royen – western New Guinea (Cyclops Mountains)
Planchonella dothioensis (Aubrév.) Swenson, Bartish & Munzinger – New Caledonia
Planchonella duclitan (Blanco) Bakh.f. – Taiwan (Lan Yü), Malesia, and New Guinea
Planchonella eerwah (F.M.Bailey) P.Royen – southeastern Queensland
Planchonella endlicheri (Montrouz.) Guillaumin – east-central and southeastern New Caledonia
Planchonella ericiflora  Munzinger & Swenson – southern New Caledonia
Planchonella erringtonii Dubard – Peninsular Malaysia
Planchonella euphlebia (F.Muell.) Francis – northeastern Queensland
Planchonella forbesii (S.Moore) H.J.Lam – eastern New Guinea
Planchonella garberi Christoph. – southwestern Pacific
Planchonella garcinioides (K.Krause) Swenson – eastern New Guinea
Planchonella glauca  Swenson & Munzinger – northern New Caledonia
Planchonella grandifolia (Wall.) Pierre – Bangladesh and Assam, eastern Indochina, and southern China (Yunnan)
Planchonella guillauminii  H.J.Lam – Solomon Islands and Vanuatu
Planchonella kaalaensis  Aubrév. – northwestern New Caledonia
Planchonella kaernbachiana (Engl.) H.J.Lam – eastern New Guinea
Planchonella kaniensis (K.Krause) H.J.Lam – eastern New Guinea
Planchonella keyensis  H.J.Lam – southeastern Maluku, New Guinea, and Solomon Islands
Planchonella koumaciensis  Aubrév. – northwestern New Caledonia
Planchonella kuebiniensis Aubrév. – central and southeastern New Caledonia
Planchonella laetevirens (Baill.) Pierre ex Dubard – southeastern New Caledonia
Planchonella lamii  P.Royen Timor, Maluku, and New Guinea
Planchonella latihila  Munzinger & Swenson – southeastern New Caledonia
Planchonella lauracea (Baill.) Dubard – New Caledonia
Planchonella leptostylidifolia Guillaumin – northwestern New Caledonia
Planchonella lifuana (Baill.) Pierre ex Dubard – central New Caledonia
Planchonella longipetiolata (King & Prain) H.J.Lam – Bangladesh, Andaman Islands, and Myanmar
Planchonella luteocostata  Munzinger & Swenson – western New Caledonia
Planchonella maclayana (F.Muell.) Swenson – Borneo, Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea, and Solomon Islands
Planchonella macrantha (Merr.) Swenson – Philippines, Maluku, and Sulawesi
Planchonella maingayi (C.B.Clarke) P.Royen – Borneo, Sumatra, and Peninsular Malaysia
Planchonella malaccensis (C.B.Clarke) Swenson – southern Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, and New Guinea
Planchonella mandjeliana  Munzinger & Swenson – northern New Caledonia
Planchonella membranacea  H.J.Lam – Fiji, Tonga, and Niue
Planchonella menait (Vink) Swenson – northern New Guinea
Planchonella micronesica (Kaneh.) Kaneh. ex H.J.Lam – Caroline Islands (Kosrae)
Planchonella microphylla  Pierre ex Dubard – southeastern New Caledonia
Planchonella mindanaensis   H.J.Lam – Borneo and Philippines
Planchonella minutiflora  Munzinger & Swenson – northwestern New Caledonia
Planchonella myrsinifolia (F.Muell.) Swenson, Bartish & Munzinger – Queensland, New South Wales, and Lord Howe Island
 Planchonella myrsinifolia subsp. howeana (F.Muell.) Jessup – Lord Howe Island
Planchonella myrsinodendron (F.Muell.) Swenson, Bartish & Munzinger  – Java to the Solomon Islands and northeastern Queensland
Planchonella myrsinoides (A.Cunn. ex Benth.) S.T.Blake ex Francis – Queensland
Planchonella nebulicola  H.J.Lam – eastern New Guinea
Planchonella obovata (R.Br.) Pierre – Seychelles through Malesia and New Guinea to the western Pacific
Planchonella orkor (Vink) Swenson – northeastern New Guinea
Planchonella papuanica Pierre ex Dubard – eastern New Guinea
Planchonella paucinervia (Erlee) Swenson – Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra
Planchonella peekelii (K.Krause) H.J.Lam – Bismarck Archipelago
Planchonella petaloides  H.J.Lam – Maluku
Planchonella pinifolia (Baill.) Dubard – New Caledonia
Planchonella pohlmaniana (F.Muell.) Pierre ex Dubard – northern and eastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales
Planchonella polyneura (K.Krause) Swenson – eastern New Guinea
Planchonella pomifera (Pierre ex Baill.) Dubard – western New Guinea
Planchonella povilana  Swenson & Munzinger – northeastern New Caledonia
Planchonella pronyensis  Guillaumin – southeastern New Caledonia
Planchonella pullenii (Vink) Swenson – northeastern New Guinea
Planchonella pyrulifera (A.Gray) H.J.Lam ex Royen – Fiji
Planchonella reticulata (Baill.) Pierre ex Dubard – east-central New Caledonia
Planchonella rheophytopsis  P.Royen – central New Caledonia
Planchonella ridsdalei (Vink) Swenson – Philippines (Mindoro)
Planchonella roseoloba  Munzinger & Swenson – north-central and central New Caledonia
Planchonella rufocostata  Munzinger & Swenson – northeastern New Caledonia
Planchonella saligna S.Moore – west-central and northwestern New Caledonia
Planchonella sandwicensis (A.Gray) Pierre – Hawaiian Islands
Planchonella schlechteri (K.Krause) H.J.Lam – eastern New Guinea
Planchonella serpentinicola Swenson & Munzinger – New Caledonia
Planchonella sessilis A.C.Sm. & S.P.Darwin – Fiji (Viti Levu)
Planchonella skottsbergii Guillaumin – southeastern New Caledonia
Planchonella smithii (P.Royen) A.C.Sm. – Fiji
Planchonella spathulata Pierre – Hawaiian Islands
Planchonella spectabilis (Miq.) Dubard – Sumatra
Planchonella sphaerocarpa (Baill.) Dubard – central and west-central New Caledonia
Planchonella stellibacca (J.F.Maxwell) Swenson – Thailand and Borneo
Planchonella sussu (Engl.) H.J.Lam – New Guinea
Planchonella tahitensis (Nadeaud) Pierre ex Dubard – South Pacific (Vanuatu to Tuamotus)
Planchonella tenuipes (K.Krause) H.J.Lam – eastern New Guinea
Planchonella thiensis  Aubrév. – New Caledonia
Planchonella thyrsoidea C.T.White – northern New Guinea (Padaido Islands), Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Islands
Planchonella torricellensis (K.Schum.) H.J.Lam – Lesser Sunda Islands to Tuamotus
Planchonella ulfii Munzinger – New Caledonia
Planchonella umbonata (P.Royen) A.C.Sm. – Fiji
Planchonella velutina (Elmer) H.J.Lam – Philippines
Planchonella villamilii (Merr.) Swenson – Philippines (Luzon)
Planchonella vitiensis Gillespie – Fiji
Planchonella vrieseana (Pierre ex Burck) Dubard – Maluku
Planchonella wakere (Pancher & Sebert) Pierre – southeastern New Caledonia
Planchonella whitmorei (Vink) Swenson – Solomon Islands
Planchonella xylocarpa (C.T.White) Swenson, Bartish & Munzinger – Papuasia and northern Queensland
Planchonella yunnanensis C.Y.Wu – China (southeastern Yunnan)

References

Planchonella


title: Tanumbirini

text:
Tanumbirini Station is a pastoral lease on formerly what were Kotandji lands that operates as a cattle station in Northern Territory of Australia.

The property is situated approximately  north of Elliott and  west of Borroloola. The property abuts both the Bullwaddy Conservation Reserve and Amungee Mungee Station to the west. Tanumbirini also shares a boundary with Nutwood Downs to the west, Beetaloo Station to the south, Broadmere to the east and the Alawa Aboriginal Land Trust to the north. The Carpentaria Highway passes through the property.

It currently occupies an area of  and is owned by Rallen Australia (owned by the Ravazzotti and Langenhoven families from South Africa) who acquired the property, along with nearby  Forrest Hill Station for 70 million. The properties have a combined area of  and are able to support approximately 40,000 head of cattle.

History
The station was established in 1893 when Henry Coop of Calvert Downs moved his cattle west to form the new station at Tanumbirini. Records claim that whilst with his cattle on the Robinson River, Coop was "speared by Aborigines but survives". Calvert Downs was abandoned and Coop established the new Tanumbirini station in 1894.

In 2002 the property was acquired by Henry and Maria Townsend. The  property had been suffering from overgrazing and the black soil plans were completely denuded of grass. At the time it was stocked with 10,000 cattle with an additional 2,000 to 3,000 feral cattle. The Townsends redeveloped the property and changed the management practices. They also increased the stock on the property to 23,000 head of cattle before selling in 2007.

Sterling Buntine, who also owned Bedford Downs Station in Western Australia and Amburla Station in the Northern Territory, acquired Tanumbirini in 2007 for an undisclosed sum. At the time it had an area of  and was to be subdivided and auctioned before Buntine bought it.

The property was then acquired by Thames Pastoral Company, who purchased the property from Sterling Buntine in 2012 for 30 million. The sale of the station included approximately 28,000 head of cattle. Several watercourses flow through the property including Arnold River, Cox River, Tanumbirini Creek and Williams Creek.

Buntine sold the property in 2012 along with Forrest Hill Station to the Thames Pastoral Company for about 33 million.

In 2020 the property, along with Forrest Hill station, was acquired by the current owners, Rallen Australia, for $70 million. Tanumbirini and Forrest Hill  were sold in one line by Rawdon Briggs and Bram Pollock of Colliers International, and Geoff Warriner and Chris Holgar of JLL.

See also
List of ranches and stations
List of the largest stations in Australia

References

Stations in the Northern Territory


title: Amritsar–Chandigarh Superfast Express

text:
The 12241 / 12242 Chandigarh–Amritsar Superfast Express is a Superfast Express express train belonging to Indian Railways – Northern Railway zone that runs between  and  in India.

It operates as train number 12242 from Amritsar Junction to Chandigarh and as train number 12241 in the reverse direction, serving the Union Territory of Chandigarh and the state of Punjab.

Coaches

The 12242 / 41 Amritsar–Chandigarh Superfast Express has 1 AC Chair Car, 7 Second Class seating, 2 General Unreserved, 1 End on Generator and 1 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It does not carry a pantry car.

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

Service

The 12242 Amritsar–Chandigarh Superfast Express covers the distance of 248 kilometres in 3 hours 55 mins (63.32 km/h) and in 4 hours 00 mins as 12241 Chandigarh–Amritsar Superfast Express (62.00 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above , as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

Routeing

The 12242 / 41 Amritsar–Chandigarh Superfast Express runs from Amritsar Junction via , ,  to Chandigarh.

Traction

As the entire route is fully electrified, a Ghaziabad-based WAP-5 / WAP-7 locomotive powers the train for its entire journey.

Timings

12242 Amritsar–Chandigarh Superfast Express leaves Amritsar Junction on a daily basis at 05:15 hrs IST and reaches Chandigarh at 09:10 hrs IST the same day.
12241 Chandigarh–Amritsar Superfast Express leaves Chandigarh on a daily basis at 16:40 hrs IST and reaches Amritsar Junction at 21:15 hrs IST the same day.

References

 https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152953/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/amritsar/amritsar-chandigarh-duronto-to-make-way-for-superfast/article1-924532.aspx
 http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/new-chandigarhamritsar-train-to-chug-off-on-nov-15/1193858/

 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Superfast-train-from-Chandigarh-to-Amritsar/articleshow/16245019.cms
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AH3rhCFzX4c
 http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120912/main8.htm
 http://railroadair.blogspot.in/2013/04/chandigarh-amritsar-superfast-express.html

External links

Express trains in India
Rail transport in Punjab, India
Transport in Amritsar
Rail transport in Chandigarh


title: 2014 Fergana Challenger – Men's singles

text:
Radu Albot was the defending champion but decided to participate at the 2014 Košice Open instead.

Blaž Kavčič won the title, defeating Alexander Kudryavtsev in the final, 6–4, 7–6(10–8).

Seeds

  Blaž Kavčič (champion)
  Alexander Kudryavtsev (final)
  Nikoloz Basilashvili (second round)
  Denys Molchanov (semifinals)
  Valery Rudnev (quarterfinals)
  Egor Gerasimov (semifinals)
  Shuichi Sekiguchi (quarterfinals)
  Alexander Lobkov (quarterfinals)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

References
 Main Draw
 Qualifying Draw

Fergana Challenger - Men's Singles
2014 Men's Singles


title: Diane Guerrero

text:
Diane Guerrero (born July 21, 1986) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as inmate Maritza Ramos on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black and Lina on Jane the Virgin. Guerrero grew up in Boston and remained there after the rest of her family was deported to Colombia. She is an advocate for immigration reform. Her role on Orange Is the New Black has contributed to three consecutive wins for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. Guerrero is the author of In the Country We Love: My Family Divided, a memoir about her parents being detained and deported when she was fourteen. She currently stars as Jane in the Max action-drama series Doom Patrol. She also voiced the character Isabela Madrigal in the 2021 Disney film Encanto.

Early life
Guerrero was born in Passaic, New Jersey, to Colombian parents and raised in Boston, Massachusetts. As the only member of her immediate family with American citizenship, she chose to remain in the U.S. at the age of 14 when her parents and older brother were deported back to Colombia after unsuccessfully pursuing legal citizenship. Guerrero has since become a strong advocate for immigration reform.

Guerrero was raised in the Jamaica Plain and Roxbury neighborhoods of Boston after being taken in by other Colombian families. She attended Boston Arts Academy, a performing arts high school, where she was in the music department. Among her high school activities was singing with a jazz group, but she anticipated pursuing political science and communications in college. Her first job after college was in a law office.

In 2010, at age 24, Guerrero decided to pursue a career in acting. That same year, she appeared in the music video for Boston-based R&B singer Louie Bello's song "Faces". In 2011, she moved to New York City and studied acting at the Susan Batson Studios, where she met her manager Josh Taylor.

Career
In 2012, Guerrero was cast in Orange is the New Black in the role of Maritza Ramos, a Bronx-bred character with Colombian roots. For season 2, she was part of the cast that earned recognition for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards. The cast earned recognition for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series again at the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards and 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards. She remained part of the show through season 5. She returned for the final season in 2019.

In 2014, Guerrero was cast in a recurring role on The CW series Jane the Virgin. In February 2015, Guerrero was cast as the female lead in CBS' television pilot for Super Clyde, but the show was not picked up for series. In 2017, Guerrero was cast in a regular role for season 2 of Superior Donuts. Guerrero has appeared in the films Emoticon ;), Peter and John, and Happy Yummy Chicken. In 2018, she appeared in the films Beyond Control and The Godmother.

In 2016, Guerrero released In the Country We Love: My Family Divided, a memoir about her parents being detained and deported when she was 14. The book was written with Michelle Burford and published by Henry Holt and Co. A drama based on her memoir was picked up by CBS, to be developed into a drama executive produced by Jennie Snyder Urman, Ben Silverman, and Paul Sciarrotta, with Snyder attached as the showrunner. Guerrero was initially set to play the lead. In 2017, CBS decided to pass on the project, but was picked up by Fox. As of January 2018, no pilot for the series has been ordered.

Following the release of In the Country We Love: My Family Divided, Guerrero also released My Family Divided, a memoir similar to her previous work but for younger children. One of the main reasons she wanted to cater this book to a younger audience is because she felt like kids who were in similar situations as her own had no knowledge on how to deal with it. In an interview with The Washington Post, she says "I never read anything close to my story. I had no reference point. I felt really alone."

In July 2018, Guerrero joined the cast of the DC Universe series Doom Patrol as Jane. The series debuted in 2019. She is the first actor to play Crazy Jane onscreen

Guerrero hosted the first two seasons of the Hello Sunshine podcast, How It Is.

Guerrero provided the voice of Isabela Madrigal in the Disney animated film Encanto, which premiered November 24, 2021.

Awards
In 2018, Guerrero was awarded the "Lupe Ontiveros Indomitable Spirit Award" by the National Hispanic Media Coalition for her commitment to advocacy and increasing the visibility of the Latino community’s achievements and contributions in the USA.

Advocacy

After publicly speaking about her immigrant parents in an article for the Los Angeles Times, Guerrero became an advocate for the immigrant community. She volunteers and is an ambassador for the Immigration Legal Resource Center, a nonprofit organization, that aims to educate people about issues in the immigrant community. She also became a board member for Mi Familia Vota, a national nonprofit organization that seeks to engage communities for social justice.

In September 2015, she was named one of the Presidential Ambassadors for Citizenship and Naturalization by Barack Obama. On May 24, 2018, she was recognized at the 2018 Phillip Burton Immigration & Civil Rights Awards for the work she continues to do.

Filmography

Film

Television

Discography

Charted songs

Notes

References

External links

 In the Country We Love: My Family Divided

1986 births
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Boston
Actresses from New Jersey
American film actresses
American people of Colombian descent
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Hispanic and Latino American actresses
Living people
People from Jamaica Plain
People from Roxbury, Boston
American women memoirists


title: Anacolosa frutescens

text:
Anacolosa frutescens, also known as galo or galonut, is a plant in the family Olacaceae. The specific epithet  is from the Latin frutex meaning "shrub". It produces edible fruits and nuts eaten in the Philippines.

Description
Anacolosa frutescens grows as a shrub or small tree up to  tall with a diameter of up to . The greenish grey bark is smooth to mottled. The obovoid to oblong fruits are green, ripening to yellow or orange, and measure up to  long. The wood is sometimes locally used for house posts.

Distribution and habitat
Anacolosa frutescens is native to Southeast Asia, from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Myanmar through Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests, sometimes heath and peat swamp forests, occasionally submontane forests, from sea-level to  altitude.

Uses
The fruit and seeds of galo (also known as aluloy) is eaten in the Philippines. The fruit is usually boiled before consumption and has a taste similar to avocado. The seeds have a flavor described as being similar to a mixture of sweet corn and chestnuts.

References

Olacaceae
Flora of Myanmar
Flora of the Andaman Islands
Flora of the Nicobar Islands
Flora of Thailand
Flora of Malesia
Plants described in 1826


title: Chandigarh–Amritsar Intercity Express

text:
The 12411 / 12412 Chandigarh–Amritsar Intercity Express is a Superfast Express train belonging to Indian Railways – Northern Railway zone that runs between  and  in India.

It operates as train number 12411 from Chandigarh to Amritsar Junction and as train number 12412 in the reverse direction, serving the Union Territory of Chandigarh and the state of Punjab.

Coaches

The 12411 / 12 Chandigarh–Amritsar Intercity Express has 1 AC Chair Car, 8 Second Class seating, 2 General Unreserved and 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It does not carry a pantry car.
Recently it added AC and Non AC sleeper coaches as well.

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

Service

The 12411 Chandigarh–Amritsar Intercity Express covers the distance of 248 kilometres in 4 hours 30 mins (55.11 km/h) and in 4 hours 25 mins as 12412 Amritsar–Chandigarh Intercity Express (56.15 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above , as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

Routeing

The 12411 / 12 Chandigarh–Amritsar Intercity Express runs from Chandigarh via , , Beas to Amritsar Junction.

Traction

As the entire route is fully electrified, a Ghaziabad-based WAP-5 / WAP-7 powers the train for its entire journey.

Timings

12411 Chandigarh–Amritsar Intercity Express leaves Chandigarh on a daily basis at 06:55 hrs IST and reaches Amritsar Junction at 11:25 hrs IST the same day.
12412 Amritsar–Chandigarh Intercity Express leaves Amritsar Junction on a daily basis at 17:30 hrs IST and reaches Chandigarh at 21:55 hrs IST the same day.

References

 FIRST TIME in YouTube - CHANDIGARH - AMRITSAR LHB INTERCITY EXPRESS [DARBAR SAHIB EXPRESS]
 railnews.co.in
 railnews.co.in

 The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Ludhiana Stories
 Northern Railways / Indian Railways Portal

External links

Transport in Amritsar
Rail transport in Chandigarh
Rail transport in Punjab, India
Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains
Railway services introduced in 2011


title: Don't Give a Damn

text:
Don't Give a Damn (), also known as Burger Cop in the United States, is a 1995 Hong Kong action film produced and directed by Sammo Hung and starring Hung, Yuen Biao, Takeshi Kaneshiro and Kathy Chow.

Plot
Police inspector Pierre Lau (Sammo Hung) and his young superior Tang Chuen-shek (Takeshi Kaneshiro) are ordered to cooperate with customs officer Rambo Wong (Yuen Biao) to foil a drug trade. During the operation, they arrest Nakamura, a major drug lord and seize the largest bulk of drugs since the start of Hong Kong. Japanese businessman Yamamoto (Kelvin Siu) is the mastermind of the Nakmura Organization. Due to the large amount of drugs being confiscated and with nothing left, Yamamoto desperately decides to order his underling Siu-lung (Collin Chou) to hire some thugs from America to help him snatch the drugs at the police station to destroy the evidence so Yamamoto would not face any charges and restore the collapse Nakamura Organization.

On the other hand, Yau Ching (Kathy Chow) and Pierre are like-minded colleagues, while May (Annabelle Lau), who has a secret crush on Pieree, is not his cup of tea. At the same time, Rambo has admired Pierre's subordinate, Anna (Eileen Tung), after their first meet and often forces Pierre to be their matchmaker.

In order to snatch the drugs from the police station, the thugs plant bombs in the station, forcing the officers to leave the building while they pose as SDU members and go snatch the drugs from the evidence room. However, they were penetrated by Shek  and after battling alongside Pierre against the thugs, the thugs managed to escape after one of the thugs Sean (Shawn Patrick Berry) was arrested.

After this, Yamamoto orders the thugs to leave Hong Kong, who refuse to do so since Bobby (Robert Samuels), Sean's older brother, refuses to leave without his brother. When Yamamoto's bodyguards attempt to kill them, the thugs managed to overpower them and kill them. The thugs then kidnap Ching and forces Pierre to free Ching, where he will get Ching and the drugs back in exchange for Sean. Pierre decides to take matters to his own hands and Rambo and Shek agrees to help him, while Yamamoto also decides to take back the drugs and kill the thugs.

Pierre confronts the thugs with holding Rambo, who is dressed and painted to resemble Sean, hostage to exchange for Ching and the drugs while Shek, also dressed and painted to resemble Sean, takes another route to rescue Ching. But hell breaks loose no so long later and Yamamoto also arrives with Siu-lung and two white bodyguards. After several long battles, where Pierre defeats Bobby, who was later killed by Lung, Pierre kills Lung and Yamamoto, while Rambo kills the two bodyguards with help of two thugs Timmy (Timmy Hung) and Cheung (Jimmy Hung), who decide to turn straight and be witnesses, and Shek engages in a gunfight with the thugs and bodyguards. In the end, Pierre is reunited with Ching.

Cast

Sammo Hung as Pierre Lau
Yuen Biao as Rambo Wong Yuk Man
Takeshi Kaneshiro as Inspector Tang Chuen-shek
Kathy Chow as Yau Ching
Eileen Tung as Anna
Annabelle Lau as May
Timmy Hung as Timmy
Collin Chou as Siu-lung
Jimmy Hung as Cheung
Kelvin Wong as Yamamoto
Dion Lam as Yamamoto's bodyguard
Eddie Maher as Yamamoto's bodyguard
Habby Heske as Yamamoto's bodyguard
Roy Filler as Yamamoto's bodyguard
Wong Chan as Commissioner Wong
Robert Samuels as Bobby
Shawn Patrick Berry as Sean
Charlie Wong as Charlie
Jackie Lee as Jackie
Yvonne Yung as Sun Flower (cameo)
Natalis Chan as Deranged cop (cameo)
Lau Kar-wing as Statement cop (cameo)
Bryan Leung as No-nonsense cop (cameo)
Melvin Wong as Rambo's superior officer (cameo)
Michael Miu as CID (cameo)
Tommy Wong as CID (cameo)
Wan Chi Keung as CID on the bus (cameo)
Wan Yeung-ming as CID on the bus (cameo)
Blackie Ko as Stupid robber on the bus (cameo)
Richard Ng as Old man on the bus (cameo)
Cheung Kwok-keung as Superman (cameo)
Chin Siu-ho as Spider Man (cameo)
Teddy Yip as Senior Officer Yip (cameo)
Wu Ma as Arrested hawker (cameo)
Peter Chan as Rapist at scrapyard (cameo)
Billy Lau as Fainted cop (cameo)
Wong Hoi-yiu
Simon Cheung

Production
Don't Give a Damn was originally set to be a reunion of the Three Brothers Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao, members of the Seven Little Fortunes who attended the China Drama Academy together, who had last appeared together in 1988's Dragons Forever. However, due to obligations on Rumble in the Bronx, Chan was forced to pull out and was replaced by Takeshi Kaneshiro.

Box office
The film grossed HK$5,085,770 at the Hong Kong box office during its theatrical release from 17 February to 2 March 1995 in Hong Kong.

See also
Sammo Hung filmography
Yuen Biao filmography

References

External links

Don't Give a Damn at Hong Kong Cinemagic

1995 films
1995 action comedy films
1990s martial arts comedy films
1990s crime comedy films
Hong Kong action comedy films
Hong Kong martial arts comedy films
Hong Kong crime comedy films
Kung fu films
Gun fu films
Police detective films
1990s Cantonese-language films
Films directed by Sammo Hung
Films set in Hong Kong
Films shot in Hong Kong
1990s Hong Kong films


title: Aterpini

text:
Aterpini is weevil tribe in the subfamily Cyclominae.

Genera
 Aades
 Acalonoma
 Aesiotes
 Alastoropolus
 Alphitopis
 Anagotus
 Anomocis
 Aoplocnemis
 Aterpodes
 Cechides
 Chrysolopus
 Chrysophoracis
 Dexagia
 Dixoncis
 Euthyphasis
 Heterotyles
 Iphisaxus
 Julietiella
 Lyperopais
 Micropolus
 Nemestra
 Oenopus
 Ophthalmorychus
 Pelororhinus
 Psuchocephalus
 Rhadinosomus
 Rhinaria
 Rhinoplethes
 Stenotherium
 ?Aromagis
 ?Atelicus
 ?Kershawcis
 ?Strongylorhinus

References

Cyclominae


title: Breng Valley

text:
Breng Valley (The Golden Crown of Kashmir) is located in Anantnag district in the Indian territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The valley is named after the rivulet Brengi which is a tributary of famous Jhelum River. The valley spans over 40 km on either side of Brengi and Kokernag is the center of the valley where famous Kokernag Garden is located. The valley has been praised by the Kashmiri Sufi saint Sheikh Noor-u-din Wali as Breng Gov Sonsun Preng, i.e. Breng Valley is a Golden Crown.

References

Anantnag district
Valleys of Jammu and Kashmir


title: 2014 Prague Open

text:
The 2014 Prague Open was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 1st edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Prague, Czech Republic between 9 and 15 June 2014.

Singles main-draw entrants

Seeds

 1 Rankings are as of May 26, 2014.

Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
  Jakub Filipsky
  Adam Pavlásek
  Lukáš Rosol
  Pavel Staubert

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
  Alessandro Giannessi
  Marek Michalička
  Roberto Marcora
  Michael Lammer

Doubles main-draw entrants

Seeds

1 Rankings as of May 26, 2014.

Other entrants
The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
  Marek Jaloviec /  Daniel Knoflicek
  Jakub Filipsky /  Pavel Staubert
  Tomáš Papik /  Patrik Rikl

Champions

Singles

 Lukáš Rosol def.  Jiří Veselý, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4

Doubles

 Roman Jebavý /  Jiří Veselý def.  Lee Hsin-han /  Zhang Ze, 6–1, 6–3

External links
Official Website

Prague Open
Prague Open
2014 in Czech tennis


title: Stewart Island shag

text:
Stewart Island shag or Stewart shag was the former name of a species of cormorant that was split into two species as a result of genetic studies. The two resulting species are:

Otago shag, Leucocarbo chalconotus, which is endemic to coastal Otago, New Zealand
Foveaux shag, Leucocarbo stewarti, which is endemic to Stewart Island/Rakiura and Foveaux Strait in New Zealand

Some authorities, such as BirdLife and the International Union for Conservation of Nature, continue to treat these as a single species.

References

Cormorants


title: Antarctic shag

text:
The Antarctic shag (Leucocarbo bransfieldensis), sometimes referred to as the imperial cormorant, king cormorant, imperial shag, blue-eyed shag or Antarctic cormorant, is the only species of the cormorant family found in the Antarctic. It is sometimes considered conspecific with the Imperial shag (Leucocarbo atriceps).

Description
The adult Antarctic shag is about 75–77 cm tall, has a wingspan of 124 cm, and weighs 1.5-3.5 kg. When looking at individuals within this species, the most defining characteristic is the warty yellow caruncle found on the forehead. Additionally, the blue "eye", which is actually blue skin surrounding the eye, is a distinct trait that stands out. The head, wings, and outside of the thighs are black. While the underparts and central back are white. White is also found on the wing bars that line the upper wing. The bill is dark ranging from brown to yellow. As the bill hooks, the lower mandible becomes lighter. The species has naked pink webbed feet and large black claws. The wings of this species are extremely strong and are powerful in flight with continuous wingbeats disrupted by some gliding. It is estimated that flight speed can reach 50 km per hour.

Juveniles are duller and browner than adults. They don't usually have the warty caruncle or white patch on their back.

Males and female look very similar but can be distinguished by size. Males are larger than females in size and are also larger-billed.

Taxonomy
The Antarctic shag is part of the order Suliformes and the family Phalacrocoracidae, which includes all cormorants and shags. Still, there are some taxonomic issues regarding the species. The Antarctic shag is usually placed in genus Phalacrocorax or Leucocarbo. This species is one of the blue-eyed shags, however its position within the group is debated. Some scientists lump the Antarctic shag with other species, such as the imperial shag. However, the IOC World Bird List and the Clements Checklist consider the Antarctic shag to be its own species.

Habitat and Distribution

Currently, the Antarctic shag is found on the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, and Elephant Island.

The Antarctic shag is described as a marine species staying near the shores of coastal regions and some islands. Additionally, colonies are usually found near packed ice. During the breeding season, breeding colonies are found on cliffs, rocky slopes, outcrops and sometimes even flat coasts or islets.

This species is sedentary and doesn't migrate. However, a single Antarctic shag was found dead in Bahia, Brazil in 2002; it had previously been ringed in the South Shetland Islands. Colonies may move short distances to find waters that aren't frozen in order to feed. This short move most likely occurs during winter months when ice starts to spread and cover the ocean where the birds feed.

Population Status
The current population of the Antarctic shag is stable, with a estimated 20,000 individuals worldwide. Currently there is no particular threat that could hurt the community or population size.

It is very hard to estimate the population of species in isolated areas, such as the Antarctic. Still, recent studies using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have allowed scientists to estimate Antarctic shag populations by taking images of colonies. Since this data is based on images, more can also be learned about topography, habitat selection and nesting. In the future, this might allow scientists to more precisely estimate population size.

In 2018, a study found that 3.5% of the global Antarctic shag population breeds in Ryder Bay. The study also calls for greater protections of the area.

Behavior

Reproduction
Antarctic shags are monogamous and only mate with one partner each nesting season. Still, partners may change between seasons. Males attract breeding partners with a greeting display.

Typically, colonies breed on low rocky cliffs near the water. Sometimes, breeding colonies are shared with other bird species such as the rock shag, southern rockhopper penguin, and black-browed albatrosses. This species usually forms smaller colonies of 20-40 pairs, but larger colonies of up to 800 pairs have been observed.

Both genders build a nest from feathers, seaweed, and ocean debris. Materials are then connected with excreta, which is waste material, such as feces and urine. Shag mating pairs often steal nesting material from other couples. The final nest shape looks like a cone with the tip cut off, similar to a volcano. Nests are sometimes reused between years as many individuals return to the same breeding site.

Antarctic shags lay their eggs between October and December. The female lays 2 or 3 eggs on average; but up to 5 eggs have been observed. Both parents help incubate the eggs for 28–31 days. Chicks hatch without a protective down making them vulnerable to the Antarctic conditions. Due to this lack of protection, parents must keep their chicks warm for the first few weeks. The naked chicks are fed by their parents for about 3 weeks with the male partner providing most of the food. After about 3 weeks, the chicks start to fledge. By age 4, the offspring will have reached sexual maturity. The Antarctic shag has an estimated life expectancy of 15–20 years in the wild.

Breeding success can be directly affected by food availability and diving conditions.

Diet
The most common way to study the Antarctic shag's diet is by analyzing its pellets. Their pellets are often composed of bones, fur and feathers.

Antarctic shags usually forage alone or in small groups. Most of the Antarctic shag's diet is composed of fish, but can also include crustaceans, octopuses, snails, worms, slugs and other invertebrates. The fish diet is mostly composed of humphead notothen (Gobionotothen gibberifrons), gaudy notothen (Lepidonotothen nudifrons), bullhead notothen (Notothenia coriiceps), and Antarctic spiny plunderfish (Harpagifer antarcticus). Typically, the females consume more invertebrates while the males consume more fish. This difference in diet is most likely due to the difference in size of each gender.

Role in the food web
Antarctic shags are rarely prey for other species. There have been a few documented cases, including leopard seals and brown skuas killing Antarctic shags. However, other bird species prey on their eggs and chicks as well.

Unlike other birds, the Antarctic shag consumes demersal fish. In fact, this species can reach extreme depths when diving for their food. Since demersal fish are found on the ocean floor, these fish feed on other benthic species. Thus, the Antarctic shag links the benthic and pelagic zones of the food web. Despite linking these two areas of the ocean, the Antarctic shag has a limited population. Therefore, the amount of demersal species consumed doesn't impact the entire ecosystem.

Diving
On average, the Antarctic shag dives 25 meters to feed on fish. Their maximum dive depth is around 60 meters. The number of dives and depth of each dive is related to foraging conditions. They most likely ingest smaller fish and invertebrates while underwater. In contrast, larger fish, 15 cm or longer, are brought to land to eat.

Shags can't predict how much time is required to dive and capture prey. Once underwater, the bird looks for prey, and reacts based on the situation. If a fish is found but the shag doesn't have enough oxygen, it will come back up to the surface, take in the largest amount of air possible, and dive again to capture the prey. This shows that the Antarctic shag changes its diving strategy based on the situation.

Many birds can't fly with wet feathers and diving in the water can cause feathers to become waterlogged (fully saturated). Often, you see waterbirds standing with their wings spread to dry off their feathers after diving. Antarctic shags are unique in this respect and due to their dense inner plumage, this species doesn't need to dry off via wing-spreading like other diving bird species. These dense feathers close to the skin also prevent icy waters from hitting the skin. Additionally, birds having to spread their wings to dry could have further reduced their body temperature in an already extremely harsh climate. Therefore, both the cold water and cold air could have caused this species to develop over time.

Vocalization
Shags are known to be quiet but often vocalize at breeding sites or when vulnerable. When threatened, the male makes a "aaark" call while the female will make a hissing call. In contrast, during breeding, males makes a "honk" call.

References

External links

 Images

Leucocarbo
Birds described in 1936
Taxa named by Robert Cushman Murphy


title: Lake Pucacocha (Ocongate)

text:
Lake Pucacocha (possibly from Quechua puka red, qucha lake, "red lake") is a lake in the Vilcanota mountain range in Peru. It is situated in the Cusco Region, Quispicanchi Province, Ocongate District. Lake Pucacocha lies between Lake Singrenacocha in the north-west and Lake Huarurumicocha in the south-east. The small lakes north and south of it are called Alcacocha and Yanacocha.

References

Lakes of Peru
Lakes of Cusco Region


title: Clifford Harry Thompson

text:
Clifford Harry Thompson  (1 April 1926 – 8 May 2005) was an Australian geomorphologist and principal research scientist with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Thompson's extensive research into coastal soils was influential in establishing K'gari (Fraser Island) as a World Heritage Site and in the development and management of the Cooloola National Park, Queensland. In 2004, he was awarded an Order of Australia in recognition of his contribution to soil science as a researcher and educator, and as an advisor in land management practices and conservation issues.

Early life and education

Born in the Central Queensland town of Rockhampton, Thompson grew up on a fruit and dairy farm in Ambrose near Mount Larcom, Queensland, attending the local public school. In 1940, he won a scholarship to Gatton Agricultural College, completing a diploma of horticulture in 1944 and remaining at the college to teach horticulture until 1946.

Career
In 1946, Thompson joined CSIRO, where he worked various projects in New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania, before settling back at the Queensland Plant and Soils laboratory located in St Lucia, Brisbane. At St Lucia, Thompson met Betty Kennedy, who was a senior typist with the CSIRO. They married on the 15 April 1950.

In the latter part of Thompson's career, he worked predominantly for the CSIRO Division of Soils and later the Division of Water Research. He worked extensively around Australia in soil mapping, mine rehabilitation, and interpreting soils in land-use surveys. Thompson's work on podzol development and the multidisciplinary research on the dunes at Cooloola, Queensland, are internationally recognised.

Later life
After retirement, Thompson continued his coastal soils research as an Honorary Fellow within CSIRO Tropical Agriculture and CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems. He was influential in establishing Fraser Island as a World Heritage Site and in the development and management of the Cooloola National Park.

Honours

Thompson's contribution to soil science and the sustainable management of soil systems was recognised with the award of an Order of Australia in the Queen's Birthday Honors List, 14 June 2004 at Government House, Brisbane.

On 4 April 2007, the then-Environment Minister Lindy Nelson-Carr for the Queensland government announced a scholarship program to support scientific research related to the Fraser Island World Heritage Area in honour of Thompson's work. The Cliff Thompson Memorial Scholarship program awarded $10,000 a year to a postgraduate project for one to five years duration and was offered through the Queensland EPA. Queensland National Parks & Wildlife named a patrol boat the C H Thompson in honour of Thompson's scientific contribution to the Cooloola Coast area.

References

1926 births
2005 deaths
Members of the Order of Australia
Australian geomorphologists
Australian soil scientists


title: 2014 Prague Open – Singles

text:
This was the first edition of the tournament.

Lukáš Rosol eventually won the title, defeating Jiří Veselý in the final, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4.

Seeds

  Lukáš Rosol (champion)
  Jiří Veselý (final)
  Aleksandr Nedovyesov (first round)
  Peter Polansky (first round)
  Jan Hájek (withdrew)
  Adrián Menéndez-Maceiras (second round)
  Matteo Viola (second round)
  Roberto Carballés Baena (first round)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

References
 Main Draw
 Qualifying Draw

Prague Open - Singles
2014 - Singles


title: Henry Hatton (disambiguation)

text:
Henry Hatton was a Nova Scotia politician in the 19th century.

Henry Hatton may also refer to:

Henry Hatton (Irish politician), represented Fethard (County Wexford) (Parliament of Ireland constituency) in 1793
Henry Hatton (MP for Wexford), represented Wexford Borough (Parliament of Ireland constituency) in 1727

See also
Henry Finch-Hatton, 13th Earl of Winchilsea (1852–1927), English peer


title: Epistrophus

text:
Epistrophus may refer to:
 Epistrophus (Greek mythology), any of several legendary characters
 Epistrophus (weevil), a weevil genus in the tribe Hylobiini
 Epistrophus white morpho (Morpho epistrophus), a butterfly of South America


title: Domenica in

text:
Domenica in is an Italian Sunday long-running television show broadcast by Rai 1 since 1976. During its history, the title was also spelt as Domenica in... and Dom&Nica in.

The show was originally planned to offer to the Italian audience, affected in those years by profound austerity, an alternative to the typical Sunday afternoon trips and outings.   It has been the first Italian programme to go well beyond the standard duration of 2 hours and to have a very long running, about six hours from 2:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. A programme which is different in its structure from one edition to another, it consists of different segments reserved for entertainment, interviews, sport, games, journalism.

Editions

References

External links

1976 Italian television series debuts
Italian television shows
RAI original programming
1970s Italian television series
1980s Italian television series
1990s Italian television series
2000s Italian television series
2010s Italian television series


title: Ticket to Bollywood

text:
Ticket to Bollywood is a reality show produced by Urban Brew Studios for NDTV and aired on NDTV Prime - India's first 2-in-1 channel on weekdays for two months, beginning from 17 March 2014.

The finale was aired on 6 June 2014. The reality show was judged by the casting director Mukesh Chhabra, Bollywood actress Mahima Chaudhary and singer Jasbir Jassi. Jassi was later replaced by director Kunal Kohli.

The winners of the show were Arjun Fauzdar and Ankitta Sharma.

Format
Hosted by singer-actor-dancer, Manasi Scott and entertainment journalist Vikram Thapa, the show auditioned almost 30,000 people across the country of which 31 were selected and a further shortlisted 20 made it to the finals.

The reality show was sponsored by Videocon D2H and VLCC. The 20 contestants were mentored by prominent Bollywood figures like Gauahar Khan, Ashley Lobo, Rajpal Yadav and many others. The main acting mentor for the contestants was Rajesh Khera who was an integral part of the reality show that spanned over 2 months of rigorous workshops and performances. Ahmad Harhash

Winners
The winners of the reality show were announced in the grand finale. Arjun Fauzdar from Delhi and Ankitta Sharma from Chandigarh were declared winners and were announced to be starring in the first NDTV and Urban Brew production which would also feature Bollywood actor Shahrukh Khan.

References

External links
Ndtv.com

2014 Indian television series debuts
Hindi cinema
Indian reality television series


title: Ismol Family

text:
Ismol Family is a Philippine television situational comedy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Dominic Zapata, it stars Ryan Agoncillo and Carla Abellana. It premiered on June 22, 2014 on the network's Sunday Grande sa Gabi line up replacing Picture! Picture!. The series concluded on November 6, 2016 with a total of 125 episodes. It was replaced by Tsuperhero in its timeslot.

The series is streaming online on YouTube.

Cast and characters

Lead cast
 Ryan Agoncillo as Jingo Ismol
 Carla Abellana as Majay Ismol

Supporting cast
 Marc Justine Alvarez as PJ Ismol
 Carmi Martin as Apolonia "Apple" Laqui
 Mikael Daez as Bernie
 Pekto as Roberto "Bobong" Laqui
 Bianca Umali as Yumi Laqui
 Miguel Tanfelix as Tan-Tan
 Kevin Santos as Lance
 Mahal as Big Boss
 Boobay as Lora
 Dello as himself
 James Teng as Nathan
 Bernadette Bansil as Dianne
 Pollana Villamor Tangco as Jackie
 Alvin Ronquillo as Yakkie
 Ashley Mendoza as Krippy
 Natalia Moon as Natalia
 Sky Teotico as Amboy

Recurring cast
 Lindsay de Vera as Kitten
 Roi Vinzon as Bernie's father
 Chanda Romero as China

Ratings
According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Mega Manila household television ratings, the pilot episode of Ismol Family earned a 17.4% rating. While the final episode scored a 22.8% rating in Urban Luzon.

Accolades

References

External links

2014 Philippine television series debuts
2016 Philippine television series endings
Filipino-language television shows
GMA Network original programming
Philippine television sitcoms
Television shows set in the Philippines


title: Rock 'n' Roll Telephone

text:
Rock 'n' Roll Telephone is the twenty-third album by Scottish rock band Nazareth, released in June 2014 by Union Square Music. It is their last album with original singer Dan McCafferty who left the group before its release, and later died in 2022.

Track listing

Personnel
Nazareth
 Dan McCafferty – lead vocals
 Jimmy Murrison – guitars, backing vocals, keyboards
 Pete Agnew – bass, backing vocals
 Lee Agnew – drums, backing vocals, percussion, keyboards

Charts

References

Nazareth (band) albums
2014 albums


title: Hylobiini

text:
Hylobiini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Molytinae.

Genera
Subtribus: Epistrophina
 Cyriaspis – Epistrophus – Ischiomastus – Lymanchonus – Myrtacebius – Polymicrus – Pseudanchonus – Rhecas – Typacrus

Subtribus: Hylobiina
 Aclees – Arniticus – Byzes – Calvertius – Centor – Coffearhynchus – Dysprosoestus – Eudociminus – Gonzalezanthus – Haplogenus – Heilipodus – Heilipus – Heilus – Hesychobius – Hilipinus – Hylobiites – Hylobius – Imbilius – Iphipus – Kaiella – Kobuzo – Marshallius – Neseilipus – Nothofagius – Ozoctenus – Pachylobius – Pagiophloeus – Parabyzes – Paramecops – Perihylobius – Philophloeus – Pimelocerus – Placeilipus – Plethes – Porohylobius – Pseudaclees – Pseudopagiophloeus – Rhineilipus – Sandrarhyncolus – Scolinus – Sophronobius – Syphorbus – Tartarisus

Subtribus: Incertae Sedis
 Achelocis – Bantiades – Demyrsus – Gyrbykana – Howeotranes – Melanotranes – Memes – Miltotranes – Myrmecolixus – Opsittis – Paratranes – Tranes

References

Molytinae
Polyphaga tribes


title: Cvijan Šarić

text:
Cvijan Šarić (;  1652–1668) was a Dalmatian Serb harambaša (senior hajduk commander) in the service of the Republic of Venice, part of the Morlach army that fought in the Cretan War (1645–69) alongside other notable fighters such as Janko Mitrović and Ilija Smiljanić. He was a Serbian Orthodox priest.

Biography
Šarić was an ethnic Serb, part of the Morlach community in Dalmatia. It is said that he was from the Šibenik frontier. He was a Serbian Orthodox priest. He held the rank of serdar. ]He is known by the title harambaša (bandit leader).

Around 1666, Šarić had a crucial influence on the Morlachs. In 1668, Šarić asked the Venetian provveditore of Venetian Dalmatia and Albania, on behalf of all the Orthodox Morlachs, to stop the local Catholics from harassing their bishop Kiril and throwing garbage near the Orthodox church. On 3 October 1668, the Venetian governor issued a statement and threatened a Mihovil Kapuan with a fine of 500 ducats for his involvement in the harassment of bishop Kiril. At this time there was great pressure on the Orthodox population of Venetian- and Habsburg-controlled territories to convert or become Uniate with the Catholic Church. Another request was turned in to the Dalmatian governor dated 1 November 1669, signed by a number of chiefs in Venetian service, including Šarić.

He is mentioned in Serbian epic poetry. There were several other Morlach chiefs surnamed Šarić, such as Milin Šarić, etc.

See also
Vuk Mandušić (fl. 1648), military commander in Austrian service
Bajo Pivljanin
Vuk Močivuna
Vid Žeravica
Todor Kladić
Morlachs
Morlachs (Venetian irregulars)
Stojan Janković (1636–1687), Morlach leader
Stanislav Sočivica, Venetian rebel
Sinobad
Petronije Selaković
Grujica Žeravica
Vukosav Puhalović
Ilija Smiljanić
Petar Smiljanić
Juraj Vranić
Tadije Vranić

Annotations
Name: He was also known as Cvitko (Цвитко Шарић), and his surname has also been scarcely rendered Šarinić (Шаринић) and Šorić (Шорић)

References

Sources

17th-century Serbian people
17th-century births
17th-century deaths
Republic of Venice military personnel
Serbian military leaders
Serbs of Croatia
Republic of Venice military personnel killed in action
Serbian Orthodox clergy


title: Sami Damian

text:
Sami Damian (sometimes referred to as S. Damian or Samy Damian (born Samuel Druckmann, 18 July 1930, Alba Iulia, Romania -  1 August 2012) was a Romanian-born Jewish literary critic and essayist.

Biography

Studies
S. Damian studied at the Jewish "Cultura Max Aziel" middle school in Bucharest, then at the "Mihai Eminescu" Literature and Literary Criticism School in Bucharest (1950-1955), and at the Faculty of Letters of the University of Bucharest (diploma received in  1972).

Literary activity
S. Damian made his debut around 1955/1956 with literary criticism written in the spirit of that age's dogmatism.

He worked for a while as a copy editor for Contemporanul, Gazeta literară, România literară and Luceafărul.

Marginalised for a period of time, he was sent to West Germany in the mid-1970s to teach Romanian language and literature at the University of Heidelberg, after which he defected. He would continue to teach there until 1995.

After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, he published several books of literary criticism, essays, etc.

He married Simona Timaru-Druckmann in 1996.

In 1998 Ion Negoițescu's book Dialoguri după tăcere. Scrisori către S. Damian ("Dialogues after silence. Letters to S. Damian") was published.

He had a twin brother, Marcel.

Books
 Generalitatea și individualitatea ideii operei literare (The Generality and Individuality of the Idea of Literary Work), 1955
 Încercări de analiză literară (Attempts at Literary Analysis), 1956
 Direcții și tendințe în proza nouă (Directions and Tendencies in the New Prose), 1963
 Intrarea în castel (Entering the Castle), București, 1970
 G. Călinescu romancier. Eseu despre măștile jocului (G. Calinescu, Novelist. An Essay on the Game Masks), 1971
 Scufița Roșie nu mai merge în pădure (Litte Red Riding Hood Does Not Go Into the Woods Anymore), 1994
 Fals tratat despre psihologia succesului (False Treatise on the Psychology of Success), 1972; ediția București, 1995
 Duelul invizibil (The Invisible Duel), 1996
 Replici din burta lupului (Replies From the Wolf's Belly), București, 1997
 Aruncând mănușa (Throwing the Gauntlet), București, 1999
 Pivnițe, mansarde, nu puține trepte (Basements, Attics, Not Few Stairs), 2002
 Aripile lui Icar (The Wings of Icarus), 2004
 Trepte în sus, trepte în jos (Stairs Up, Stairs Down), 2006
 Păr de aur, păr de cenușă (Hair of Gold, Hair of Ashes), 2007
 Nu toți copacii s-au înălțat la cer (Not All the Trees Have Grown to the Sky), 2010
 Zbor aproape de pământ (Flying Close to the Ground), 2008

Awards
 Romanian Writers' Union Award, 1970

References

 Article in România literară by Gelu Ionescu
 Article in România literară about Pivnițe, mansarde, nu puține trepte
 Obituary

1930 births
2012 deaths
People from Alba Iulia
Romanian essayists
Romanian literary critics
Jewish Romanian writers
Romanian expatriates in Germany
Romanian defectors


title: Coherence (film)

text:
Coherence is a 2013 American surreal science fiction psychological thriller film directed by James Ward Byrkit in his directorial debut. The film had its world debut on September 19, 2013, at Fantastic Fest and stars Emily Foxler as a woman who must deal with strange occurrences following the close passing of a comet.

Plot

On the night of Miller's Comet's passing, eight friends gather for a dinner party at the home of couple Mike and Lee. Emily is hesitant to accompany her boyfriend Kevin on an extended business trip abroad. Amir has brought Kevin's ex-girlfriend Laurie, who flirts inappropriately with Kevin.

A power outage occurs. Mike and Lee bring candles and different colored glow sticks. The friends each take a blue glow stick and venture outside where the neighborhood is dark but for one house that has lights. Back inside, they notice a broken glass no-one remembers damaging. Amir and Hugh decide to ask to use the phone at the lit-up house, as Hugh's physicist brother insisted Hugh call him if "anything strange" were to happen during the comet's passing, and no one's mobile phone has signal.

Hugh and Amir return. Hugh has a cut forehead and Amir has brought back a box containing a ping-pong paddle and photographs of everyone with numbers written on the backs. Hugh says he saw through the window of the other house a table set with eight places. They realize the other house is an alternate version of theirs.

Hugh writes a note to leave at the other house, only to find an exact copy of the note pinned to their own door. Emily, Kevin, Mike, and Laurie decide to go to the other house. On the way, they encounter another group of four, carrying red glow sticks rather than blue. Each group flees back to their houses.

Hugh retrieves his brother's book from his car, which deals with quantum decoherence. They speculate that the comet has created two split realities, one of which will collapse once the comet has passed. They surmise that anyone passing through the area of particularly dense darkness outside will emerge into a different reality. Mike drinks heavily and considers killing their doubles before the doubles can kill them. He decides to write a blackmail note to the other Mike to keep him from the book.

The group realizes Hugh and Amir, in their midst, came from the other house. The two take the box and leave, then return carrying blue glow sticks. They had found two notes at the other house, showing that the split created more than just two alternate realities. Beth sees Laurie kissing Kevin in the hallway. Someone outside smashes Hugh's car window. Emily retrieves the ring Kevin gave her from her car. Talking to Kevin, Emily realizes he is from a different reality.

The group creates their own box to validate they are all from the same reality. As well numbering the photographs by rolling dice, they include a randomly chosen object. Emily deduces that only Lee and Beth, who never left the house, originate from that house; that herself, Kevin and Laurie are from a different house; Hugh and Amir are from a third house; and Mike is from a fourth. The blackmail note arrives under the door, revealing an adulterous liaison between him and Beth. Another Mike breaks in and attacks his double then leaves.

Emily goes out and looks into several alternate houses, finding different situations including one in which no one seems aware of the split. She lures everyone out of the house by smashing Hugh's car window, then ambushes the alternate Emily and injects her with ketamine when she gets her ring out of her car. She takes her other self's place while Miller's Comet breaks apart overhead, but must subdue the other Emily again when she crawls into the bathroom. She takes the ring from her defeated self after losing her own in the altercation, then when returns to the living room and faints.

Emily wakes in daylight on the sofa with the rest of the party apparently none the wiser. Kevin returns her ring which he found in the bathroom. His cell phone rings and he notes that, weirdly, it is Emily calling. Emily looks at the two rings as Kevin answers the phone, then he turns to look at her with the phone to his ear.

Cast
 Emily Foxler as Em
 Maury Sterling as Kevin
 Nicholas Brendon as Mike
 Lorene Scafaria as Lee
 Hugo Armstrong as Hugh
 Elizabeth Gracen as Beth
 Alex Manugian as Amir
 Lauren Maher as Laurie
 Aqueela Zoll played one copy of Emily when there were two of them in one scene
 Kelly Donovan, the real-life identical twin brother of Nicholas Brendon, played one copy of Mike when there were two of them in one scene

Production

Development
Byrkit came up with the idea for Coherence after deciding that he wanted to test the idea of shooting a film "without a crew and without a script". He chose to shoot in his own home and developed the film's science fiction aspect out of necessity, as he wanted to "make a living room feel bigger than just a living room". While Byrkit did have a specific idea for how the film would unfold, he selected improvisational actors and gave them the basic outline of their characters, motivations, and major plot points.

Byrkit told an interviewer, "For about a year, all I did was make charts and maps and drew diagrams of houses, arrows pointing where everyone was going, trying to keep track of different iterations. Months and months of tracking fractured realities, looking up what actual scientists believe about the nature of reality—Schrödinger's cat and all that. It was research, but despite all the graphs and charts, I think our whole idea was that it has to be character-based. We want the logic of our internal rules to be sound, and we wanted it to be something people could watch 12 times and still discover a new layer."

The movie cuts to black at 0:02, 0:03, 0:05, 0:05, 0:07, 0:09, 0:19, 0:27, 0:32, 0:34, 1:06, 1:18, 1:22, and 1:23. The movie's director has said those cuts signify something but hasn't said what they signify. There was no cut to black around 0:16, which was the point of divergence between realities, although the house was plunged into darkness due to an electricity cut. There was no cut to black at 0:17 when the characters all switched from a house without a broken glass to a house with broken glass, and there was no cut to black at 0:46, when only Mike switched to a different reality.

Casting
Byrkit intentionally chose actors who did not know each other. He told an interviewer that, after working on blockbuster films (such as Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl), "I come from the theater where I was trained to really just concentrate on story and character on a stage with actors and so I was craving getting rid of everything, getting rid of the crew; getting rid of the script, no special effects, no support, no money, no nothing, and just getting back to the purity of that, of a camera in your hand and some actress (actors?) that you trust and an idea."

Byrkit added,

When asked whether the actors were people whom Byrkit knew pretty well, he answered, "Yeah exactly. They were just friends that I knew I could just call up and say, 'Show up at my house in a couple days. I can't really tell you what we're doing, trust me I'm not going to kill you. It should be fun!' And they didn't know each other before they got to my house and so I had to pick people that seemed to be like they could be couples, seemed like they could be best friends and that I just knew were up to the task of jumping into it."

Interviewer Nell Minow confessed her reaction to the actors' relationships: "I just assumed that they all knew each other very well because they fell into the kinds of rhythms that old friends have." Byrkit replied, "That's just casting great people that could do that. Just five minutes after they arrived at my house they had to pretend to be married and lovers and best friends."

Reviewer Matt Prigge praised the choice of casting and their actions: "Byrkit ... focuses not on brainiacs, as in Primer, but on smart but mostly under-informed NPR types, who know enough to slowly piece all this together but not enough that they don't usually descend into blabbering, shouting and drinking. Indeed, Coherence is largely improvised, with a game cast first believably under-reacting to some weird business with laughter and disbelief, then always maintaining a degree of levity (read: jokes and occasional put-downs) even when stuff has gotten real."

Writing
Ryan Lattanzio wrote, "Byrkit brought eight unwitting actors to his Santa Monica home, threw them a few red herrings and set them loose for five days knowing that the film could evolve organically, like great jazz, if he kept his players in the dark. But he and co-storywriter Alex Manugian weren't just making it up as they went along." Byrkit told him that his desire was "to strip down a film set to the bare minimum: getting rid of the script, getting rid of the crew."

Byrkit added, "... instead of a script I had my own 12-page treatment that I spent about a year working on. It outlined all of the twists and reveals, and character arcs and pieces of the puzzle that needed to happen scene-by-scene. But each day, instead of getting a script, the actors would get a page of notes for their individual character, whether it was a backstory or information about their motivations. They would come prepared for their character only. They had no idea what the other characters received, so each night there were completely real reactions, and surprises and responses. This was all in the pursuit of naturalistic performances. The goal was to get them listening to each other, and engaged in the mystery of it all."

Nicholas Brendon, an actor in the film, discussed the improvisational style of the dialogue with Mandatory journalist Fred Topel, who asked: "I understand the way Coherence was done was that everyone got notecards about their characters and the scenes. What was on your notecards?" Brendon replied, "I can't remember now, but every day we had five different things that we had to convey... but I do know that Jim [Byrkit], and then Alex [Manugian], the other writer, had to make sure that we were all on point. So it was just a matter of getting that information out. ... Since there was no script, I had no idea how it ended. ... When I saw the movie, I'm like, 'Oh shit, this is awesome!' ...  To be quite honest with you, I never really knew what was going on fully until I saw the movie done."

Filming
Principal photography took place over the course of five nights in Byrkit's house.

An interviewer asked Byrkit, "Did you run into any unexpected problems in filming?" Byrkit admitted, "... you're constantly dealing with unexpected things. One night we tried to shoot outside and we had to make the whole thing look completely desolate and the power being off; that was the one night that we had another movie shooting on our street. So the whole street is completely ablaze with lights and hundreds of extras." Another team was shooting a Snickers commercial. "We would be right in the middle of the dramatic scenes and there would be another knock on the door that would just scare the hell out of everybody ..."

Music
The original score was composed by Kristin Øhrn Dyrud. The song in the closing credits is "Galaxies", from the album Year of Meteors by Laura Veirs.

Inspirations and themes
Byrkit told an interviewer for Spinning Platters, "Well, we came up with the premise in my living room, where the movie is shot. A couple of years ago we were trying to think about what a good low budget, or no budget, movie would be. And, since we didn't have any resources, I had to think of what we actually had.  We had a camera.  We had some actors who were pretty good, and we had a living room. So we had to find out how to make a living room feel like more than just a living room. And, that led to a whole Twilight Zone type story ... I was craving a more naturalistic type of dialogue, where people overlap and it's very messy, where people talk more like real humans talk.  And so, we planned the story for a year, including the twists and turns and reversals and betrayals so that we had a really tight puzzle – almost like a funhouse that we knew we could lead the actors through."

Some reviewers have suggested that Byrkit was influenced by the eeriness of The Twilight Zone and/or the mind-challenging complexities of the science fiction film Primer.

Byrkit answered one interviewer: "Twilight Zone, for sure. Primer wasn't really an influence so much as it was a sign to us that maybe there was an audience for this kind of movie. The actual movie itself is so different than ours that it wasn't as much of an influence as, say, Carnage by Roman Polanski, or other non-sci-fi movies."

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 88% based on 91 reviews. The site consensus says "A case study in less-is-more filmmaking, Coherence serves as a compelling low-budget calling card for debuting writer-director James Ward Byrkit." On Metacritic it has a score of 65% based on reviews from 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Much of the film's praise centered upon its cast, which Bloody Disgusting and Fangoria cited as a highlight. Film School Rejects gave Coherence a positive review, stating that the film's cast was "remarkably grounded for how complicated and bizarre the story is."

Dread Central commented on the film's themes and wrote, "What's frightening about the story is how willing the characters are to abandon the reality they know in favor of one that may be a little more appealing. Whether that's a byproduct of the comet and the rift it creates or caused by the characters undermining everyone else around them to get the life they really want is the fundamental idea of Coherence and what makes it so unsettling."

Clark Collis of Entertainment Weekly praised the film, granting it a B+ rating: "In an impressive big-screen debut from James Ward Byrkit, eight friends discover metaphysics on their menu when a passing comet creates a set of doppelgängers down the road, enjoying their own identical soiree. Byrkit makes the most of the claustrophobic one-house setting, ratcheting up the dread and paranoia as his characters make a string of seemingly reasonable but ultimately wrongheaded decisions. The star-free cast is great too, with Buffy the Vampire Slayer vet Nicholas Brendon poking fun at himself by playing an actor who used to be on a TV show ... Coherence is a satisfying and chilling addition to the ever-growing pal-ocalypse subgenre. And really, you have to love a film that not only explains the concept of Schrödinger's cat but also includes a joke about it ("I'm allergic!").

Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter also enjoyed the film: "An ingenious micro-budget science-fiction nerve-jangler which takes place entirely at a suburban dinner party, Coherence is a testament to the power of smart ideas and strong ensemble acting over expensive visual pyrotechnics ... A group of eight friends gather for dinner ... Marital tensions and sexual secrets sizzle just below the surface, but relationship drama is soon overshadowed by metaphysical weirdness when a comet passes close to Earth, shutting down power supplies and phone connections ... It slowly becomes clear that the fabric of reality has been radically remixed by the comet's arrival. We are definitely not in Kansas any more ... Byrkit only gave his cast limited information about the narrative loops and swerves ahead, encouraging a semi-improvised naturalism that feels authentically tense."

Matt Zoller Seitz, editor-in-chief of Roger Ebert's website, gives the movie three stars and writes that the film "is proof that inventive filmmakers can do a lot with a little ... [but] none of the movie's technical or artistic shortcomings prove to be deal-breakers. Once Coherence delves into its premise, the viewer is bound to come down with a bad case of the creeps. This is a less-is-more science fiction-horror tale ... And it's genuinely more of a horror film than a suspense or "terror" film because, while there's some violence, the source of unease is philosophical."

Ryan Lattanzio of Indiewire praised the film's originality: "Coherence is not just smart science fiction: it's a triumph of crafty independent filmmaking, made with few resources and big ambition. Gotham-nominated debut director James Ward Byrkit stripped his vision down to the barest of bones to achieve a mind-shifting, metaphysical freakout about a dinner party gone cosmically awry. This film explodes with ideas, and it has that thing we always hope for at the movies: the element of surprise."

The reviewer for Salon was ambivalent: "After the fundamental problem of Coherence has become clear, or clear-ish – there's another dinner party, at that other house, that looks an awful lot like this one – the movie becomes slightly too much like an unfolding mathematical puzzle, although an ingenious one that reaches a chilling conclusion. Notes appear before they are written, the significance of those numbered photographs comes into focus through a series of neat twists, and while the characters are half-aware that their actions are being shaped by a space-time continuum whose cause-and-effect relationship has gone awry, that's not enough to stop them."

Accolades
 Next Wave Best Screenplay at the Austin Fantastic Fest (2013, won)
 Maria Award for Best Screenplay at the Sitges Film Festival (2013, won)
 Carnet Jove Jury Award for best In Competition at the Sitges Film Festival (2013, won)
 Black Tulip Award for Best Feature Debut at the Imagine Film Festival (2014, won)
 Imagine Movie Zone Award, Special Mention at the Imagine Film Festival (2014, won)

See also
 Many-minds interpretation
 Many-worlds interpretation
 Multiverse
 Everything Everywhere All at Once
 "The Garden of Forking Paths", a 1941 short story by Argentine writer and poet Jorge Luis Borges

References

External links

2013 films
2013 independent films
2010s science fiction thriller films
American independent films
American science fiction thriller films
Comets in film
Films about parallel universes
Films set in California
Improvised films
Time loop films
2013 directorial debut films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


title: Butyriboletus querciregius

text:
Butyriboletus querciregius is a pored mushroom  in the genus Butyriboletus. Found in California, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), it was described as new to science in 2014.

See also
List of North American boletes

References

External links

querciregius
Fungi described in 2014
Fungi of the United States
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status


title: Butyriboletus roseoflavus

text:
Butyriboletus roseoflavus is a pored mushroom in the genus Butyriboletus found in Asia. It was originally described in 2013 as a species of Boletus, but was transferred the following year to the newly created genus Butyriboletus.

References

External links

roseoflavus
Fungi described in 2013
Fungi of Asia


title: Butyriboletus roseogriseus

text:
Butyriboletus roseogriseus is a pored mushroom  in the family Boletaceae found in Europe. It was originally described as a species of Boletus in 2014, but transferred later that year to the newly created genus Butyriboletus.

References

External links

roseogriseus
Fungi described in 2014
Fungi of Europe