title: Richard Devereux (died 1547)

text:
Sir Richard Devereux was a rising political figure during the reign of Henry VIII and Edward VI when his career was cut short by his sudden death during the life of his father.  His son would complete the family's ascendency when he was created Earl of Essex.

Family

He was born by 1513, the son of Walter Devereux, 1st Viscount Hereford and Mary Grey (1491-22 February 1538).

His paternal grandparents were John Devereux, 9th Baron Ferrers of Chartley and Cecily Bourchier. His maternal grandparents were Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset and his second wife Cecily Bonville, Baroness Harington and Bonville.

Career

Richard Devereux lived in Carmarthen, Wales where he was Bailiff from 1534 to 1535, and Mayor in 1536 to 1537.<ref name=HOP1641>P.S. Edwards. "Devereux, Richard (by 1513–47), of Carmarthen, Carm. And Lamphey, ,Pemb. The History of Parliament, British Political, Social & Local History (Website). . Retrieved 21 July 2014.</ref> He was Commissioner for the tenths of spiritualities for St. David's diocese in 1535. He later came out strongly for the canons in their dispute with Bishop Barlow of St. David's. In 1542 he was a candidate for election to Parliament, and noted for enlivening the town of Carmarthen by his encouragement of unruly behaviour and resort to force, which prompted his adversary to lodge a complaint. Later in 1546 Devereux would be examined by the Privy Council for comments on religious practices he thought were superstitious.

He was Deputy steward of the lordships of Arwystli and Cyfeiliog in Montgomeryshire in 1537. He supported his father in his dispute with the 2nd Earl of Worcester, and the borough of New Carmarthen.

In 1543 he served under Sir John Wallop when he led a small force to help the Emperor Charles V in his invasion of France. He was mentioned in a dispatch on this campaign.

Devereux was Deputy justice and chamberlain of South Wales during the reign of Henry VIII. He was justice of peace for Cardiff and Pembrokeshire in 1543, and Gloucester and Monmouthshire in 1547. He was Custos Rotulorum of Carmarthenshire from 1543 until his death in 1547.

Richard Devereux was created a Knight of the Bath on 20 February 1547 at the coronation of Edward VI of England. Later this year he was made a member of the council in the marches of Wales.

Parliament

He was elected to Parliament for Carmarthenshire in 1545, and again just prior to his death in 1547.

Marriage and Children

He married Dorothea Hastings on 1 July 1536, a daughter of George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon and Anne Stafford.

They had children:
Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex
Elizabeth Devereux. She married Sir John Vernon of Hodnet.
Sir George Devereux
Ann Devereux. She married Henry Clifford.

Death

He died on 13 October 1547. He was buried in the parish church of St. Olave Hart Street, London under the inscription 'Richarde Deuereux, sonne and Heyre to the lord Ferrers of Chartley'. His inquisition post-mortem in July 1548 showed possession of Lamphey which was to be held by his wife in her widowhood, and then to his son, George, for life with remainder to his other son, Walter. He also was possessed of the ancestral Devereux manor of Bodenham, Herefordshire.

General Biographical References

Brydges, Egerton. Collins's Peerage of England, Genealogical, Biographical, and Historical in 9 Volumes. (London: Rivington, 1812). Volume 1, Page 6 & 7
Cokayne, G.C. Complete Baronetage. (New York; St. Martin's Press, 1984). Volume V, page 326 to 333, Ferrers
Devereux, Walter Bourchier. “Lives and Letters of the Devereux, Earls of Essex.” (London:J Murray, 1853)
Edwards, P.S. Devereux, Richard (by 1513–47), of Carmarthen, Carm. And Lamphey, , Pemb. The History of Parliament, British Political, Social & Local History. . Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Doyle, James E. "The Official Baronage of England." (London: Longmans, Green, and Co, 1886). Volume 1, page 167.
Mosely, Charles (editor). Burke’s Peerage & Baronetage, 106th Edition''. (Switzerland: Burke’s Peerage Genealogical Books, 1999). Volume 1, page 1378

References

1547 deaths
Richard
People from Carmarthenshire
16th-century English nobility
Year of birth unknown
Heirs apparent who never acceded


The 2015 Missouri Valley Conference men's basketball tournament, popularly referred to as "Arch Madness", was an event held March 5–8, at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis. It was part of the 2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season.

Seeds
Teams were seeded by conference record, with a ties broken by record between the tied teams followed by non-conference strength of schedule, if necessary. The top six seeds received first round byes.

Schedule

Tournament bracket

Postseason History Multiple Bids

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External links
2015 MVC Mens Basketball Championship

2014–15 Missouri Valley Conference men's basketball season
Missouri Valley Conference men's basketball tournament


title: William Wade (Canon of Windsor)

text:
William Wade MA (1672–1733) was a Canon of Windsor from 1720 to 1730.

Family

He was born in 1672, the son of Jerome Wade. His brother was General George Wade.

He died in 1733 in Bath.

Career

He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge and graduated BA in 1694, MA in 1697.

He was appointed:
Prebendary of Chichester 1729

He was appointed to the tenth stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1720 and held the canonry until 1730.

Notes

1672 births
1733 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge


title: Pozas Formation

text:
The Pozas Formation is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

Cretaceous Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico articles missing geocoordinate data


title: Ernesta Legnani Bisi

text:
Ernesta Legnani Bisi (June 18, 1788 – November 13, 1859)  was an Italian painter and engraver.

Life and work
Born in Milan, she became a student of the Brera Academy, where she studied under the direction of Giuseppe Longhi. She was recognized as a brilliant student, and won the prize in 1810 for the design of the Academy. In 1811 she married Giuseppe Bisi from Genoa, a painter and professor of the Academy, by whom she had five children. She was a strong supporter of Italian independence, and a friend of many women of the Carbonari (the so-called charcoal burners), such as the painter Bianca Milesi. In his poem "Dodes sonitt all'abaa Giovan", Carlo Porta remembered her: "È in tra i donn la Milesi, la Legnana" ("Among the women, Milesi, Legnana").

In her artistic activity Bisi devoted herself mainly to portraits. In the field of engraving on copper she reproduced five works of France, Marco d'Oggiono, Giacomo Cavedone, Palma il Giovane and Paris Bordone for the Art Gallery of the Palazzo Reale in Milan, and the portraits of Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Vittoria Colonna and Giovanni Battista Monteggia for the Lives and portraits of illustrious Italians. She also produced portraits in watercolor. Two of her daughters went on to become painters as well: Antoinette (1813–1866) and Fulvia (1818–1911).

Sources
 Lives and portraits of distinguished Italian, Padua, Typography Bettoni 1812
 Peter Zani, Encyclopedia methodical-rational critic of Fine Arts, 21 vols., Parma, Duke Typography, 1817-1824
 Augustine Mario Comanducci, Visual Dictionary of painters and engravers modern Italian, I, Milan, SA Grafitalia already Pythian & Pizzi, 1945, p. 72

1788 births
1859 deaths
Artists from Milan
18th-century Italian painters
19th-century Italian painters
Italian women painters
Italian engravers
18th-century engravers
Women engravers
18th-century Italian women artists
19th-century Italian women artists


title: El Rayo Formation

text:
The El Rayo Formation is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

Cretaceous Puerto Rico


title: Manado (horse)

text:
Manado (26 February 1973–18 March 1988) was an Irish-bred, French-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a racing career which lasted from August 1975 until October 1976 he won three of his twelve races. He was rated the best horse of his generation in Europe in 1975 when he won the Prix Yacowlef by eight lengths before defeating strong opposition in both the Prix de la Salamandre and Grand Critérium. In 1976 he failed to win in eight starts but ran well in several major races. He was retired at the end of the season and stood as a breeding stallion in Ireland and Japan, but made little impact as a sire of winners.

Background
Manado was a bay horse with no white markings bred in Ireland by J Coggan. He was probably the best horse sired by Captain's Gig, an American stallion who won the 1967 Belmont Futurity Stakes. Manado's dam, Slipstream, was a moderate racehorse, with her only success in ten start coming in a minor race at Wolverhampton. She did, however, come from a good family, being a descendant of the broodmare Millstream and therefore closely related to the Goodwood Cup winner Medway and the Nassau Stakes winner Reel In.

As a yearling Manado was offered for sale and bought for 4,200 guineas by the Newmarket Bloodstock Agency, acting on behalf of Souren Vanian. He was sent into training with Fracois Boutin, and was ridden in most of his races by Boutin's stable jockey Philippe Paquet.

Racing career

1975: two-year-old season
Manado his made his racecourse debut in early August when he contested the Prix Yacowlef, a race for previously unraced juveniles over 1000 metres at Deauville Racecourse. He won impressively by eight lengths and was then moved up in class for the Group One Prix Morny over 1200 metres at the same course two weeks later. Ridden by Paquet, he started the 7/2 second favourite behind Vitiges, the winner of the Prix Robert Papin. Manado and Vitiges disputed the lead until 400 metres from the finish, when Manado swerved abruptly to the left, colliding with the rail and losing any chance of winning. He failed to recover and finished eighth of the thirteen runners.

On 14 September, Manado faced Vitiges for the second time in the Prix de la Salamandre over 1400 metres at Longchamp Racecourse. The other runners included two challengers from Britain: the Richmond Stakes winner Stand To Reason and the Chesham Stakes winner Smuggler. Rather than challenging the leaders from the start as he had done in the Morny, Paquet restrained the colt before making a forward move in the straight. He accelerated to overtake Vitiges inside the last 200 metres and won by a length, with Comeram, ridden by Lester Piggott half a lengths away. in third. For his final appearance of the season, Manado started the 18/10 favourite for the Group One Grand Critérium over 1600 metres at Longchamp on 12 October. He was again opposed by Vitiges and Comeram, with the other runners including the Prix des Chênes winner French Swanee, and the future Epsom Derby winner Empery. Paquet settled the favourite just behind the leaders before producing a strong run along the inside rail in the straight. He took the lead 200 metres from the finish and won by one and a half lengths from Comeram with French Swanee in third ahead of Pier. Kano finished fifth ahead of Vitiges and Empery but was disqualified for causing interference. The form of the race was subsequently boosted when Kano won the Critérium de Saint-Cloud, whilst Comeram finished second under top weight in the Prix Thomas Bryon.

At the end of the year, a half-share in Manado was sold for a sum reported to be in excess of £250,000 to the Irish breeder Tim Rogers, and it was announced that his principal objective would be the following year's 2000 Guineas.

1976: three-year-old season
Manado began his second season in the Prix Djebel at Maisons-Laffitte Racecourse on 9 April. He started the 5/10 favourite despite being less than fully fit, but was beaten a length by Vitiges. Manado was then sent to England for the 2000 Guineas over the Rowley Mile course at Newmarket and started the 4/1 second favourite behind Wollow. He traveled well in the early stages but then began to struggle on the firm ground and finished ninth of the seventeen runners. He returned two weeks later for the Prix Lupin over 2100 metres at Longchamp and finished seventh behind Youth: he tired badly in the closing stages and was never again raced at a distance of further than 1600 metres.

Manado returned to action in the Prix Maurice de Gheest over 1300 metres at Deauville in which he raced against specialist sprinters and finished fourth, beaten just over a length by the filly Girl Friend. A week later at the same course he contested the Group One Prix Jacques Le Marois over 1600 metres. In a blanket finish in which the first seven runners crossed the line together he finished fourth behind Gravelines, Radetzky and Vitiges. Boutin commented that the horse might have won if Paquet had delayed his challenge. Manado's last three races were at Longchamp in autumn. On 5 September, he started favourite for the Prix du Rond Point but in another bunched finish he took third behind the four-year-olds Monsanto and Nurabad, beaten half a length and a short head. He was equipped with blinkers in the Prix du Moulin three weeks later and finished third behind Gravelines and Dona Barod. He made his final appearance on 24 October when he was ridden by Lester Piggott and finished third behind the two-year-olds Pharly and Lady Mere in the Prix de la Forêt over 1400 metres, having been somewhat impeded by the runner-up in the straight.

Assessment
There was no International Classification of European two-year-olds in 1975: the official handicappers of Britain, Ireland and France compiled separate rankings for horses which competed in those countries. In the French Free Handicap, Manado was rated the best two-year-old of the year, two pounds ahead of Vitiges. The independent Timeform organisation awarded him a rating of 130, making him their best two-year-old of the season ahead of Vitiges and the British colt Wollow. In their annual Racehorses of 1975 Timeform described him as having "the best form of any two-year-old colt who raced in England, France or Ireland in 1975". In 1976, the official handicappers of Britain and France again produced separate ratings. In the French handicap, Manado was rated the thirteenth best three-year-old colt, ten pounds behind Youth. Timeform rated him on 123, thirteen pounds behind Youth, their Horse of the Year.

Stud career
At the end of his three-year-old season, Manado was retired from racing. In 1978 he began his career as a breeding stallion at the Simmonstown Stud in County Kildare at an initial fee of 1,750 guineas. He was not a success at stud but sired some good winners including Erin's Hope (Desmond Stakes), and Solva (Autumn Days Handicap). Manado was exported to Japan in 1982. His last reported foal were born in 1987. Manado died in Japan on 18 March 1988.

Pedigree

 as a son of Captain's Gig, Manado was inbred 4 x 4 to Lavendula, meaning that this broodmare appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree.

References

1973 racehorse births
1988 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in France
Thoroughbred family 3-h


title: Maravillas Formation, Puerto Rico

text:
The Maravillas Formation is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

Cretaceous Puerto Rico
Ordovician southern paleotropical deposits


title: Melones Formation

text:
The Melones Formation is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

Cretaceous Puerto Rico


title: Sabana Grande Formation

text:
The Sabana Grande Formation is a geologic formation in western Puerto Rico. The conglomerates and limestones of the formation preserve gastropod fossils of Trochactaeon woodsi dating back to the Late Campanian period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

Further reading
 N. F. Sohl and H. A. Kollmann. 1985. Cretaceous Actaeonellid Gastropods from the Western Hemisphere. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1304:1-104

Geologic formations of Puerto Rico
Cretaceous Puerto Rico
Campanian Stage
Conglomerate formations
Limestone formations


title: Cotui Limestone

text:
The Cotui Limestone is a geological formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

External links

Geologic formations of Puerto Rico
Geologic formations of the Caribbean
Cretaceous Puerto Rico
Limestone formations of the United States
Limestone formations


title: Barranquitas-Cayey Formation

text:
The Barranquitas Formation is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

Cretaceous Puerto Rico


title: Quebradillas Limestone

text:
The Quebradillas Limestone is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico
 Quebradillas, Puerto Rico

References

External links

Geologic formations of Puerto Rico
Geologic formations of the Caribbean
Neogene Puerto Rico
Limestone formations of the United States
Limestone formations


title: Royal Belgian Tennis Federation

text:
The Royal Belgian Tennis Federation (; ) is an organisation set up in 1902 that formally takes charge of tennis in Belgium. From 1979 on, most tasks are executed by the tennis branches of the Flemish and Francophone Communities. The Belgian Federation is one of the 15 inaugural members of the International Tennis Federation. Its headquarters are located in the Brussels Capital Region, in the municipality of Ixelles.

History
On 23 March 1902 the Belgian Lawn Tennis League was founded by 12 tennis clubs. In 1914 the name was changed into Belgian Lawn Tennis Federation and in 1931 the predicate "Royal" was added.

Since 1979, all tennis administration - including the organisation, co-ordination and promotion of tennis - is taken care of by the local leagues of the respective Flemish and Francophone Communities. Tennis Vlaanderen (previously Vlaamse Tennisvereniging) is the Flemish wing, and Association Francophone de Tennis is the association of French-speaking Belgium.

Organisation
The roles of the separate Flemish and Francophone leagues include organising tennis competitions in Belgium, supporting and co-ordinating tennis clubs. At the national level only the Belgian championships for the youth (de Borman Cup) and for veterans are still organised. Since 2005 the Belgian championships for men's and women's tennis are not organised anymore.

At the international level the following tournament delegations are composed by the Belgian Tennis Federation:
 Belgian team at the Davis Cup
 Belgian team at the Fed Cup
 Belgian team at the Hopman Cup
If there are games from these tournaments that take place in Belgium, these are alternately organised by Tennis Vlaanderen and the Association Francophone de Tennis.

Chairmen

 1902 – 1919 Armand Solvay
 1919 – 1924 Albert Lefèbvre–Giron
 1924 – 1948 Paul de Borman
 1948 – 1956 Oscar Bossaert
 1956 – 1974 Marcel Stas de Richelle
 1974 – 1979 Pierre Geelhand de Merxem
 1979 – 1981 Jean-Pierre De Bodt
 1982 – 1982 Roger Tourlamain
 1982 – 1990 Pierre-Paul De Keghel
 1990 – 1995 Henri Denis
 1995 – 2000 Pierre-Paul De Keghel
 2000 – 2005 Yves Freson
 2005 – 2005 Pierre-Paul De Keghel
 2006 – 2010 Luc Vandaele
 2010 – current Yves Freson

References

External links
Official RBTF site
Tennis Vlaanderen
Association Francophone de Tennis

Belgium
Tennis in Belgium
1902 establishments in Belgium
Organisations based in Belgium with royal patronage


title: Nursing home care in the United Kingdom

text:
In 2002, nursing homes in the United Kingdom were officially designated as care homes with nursing, and residential homes became known as care homes.

In the United Kingdom care homes and care homes with nursing are regulated by separate organisations in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. To enter a care home, a candidate patient needs an assessment of needs and of their financial condition from their local council. The candidate may also have an assessment by a nurse, should the patient require nursing care.

A survey of 2,000 adults and 500 carers in March 2022 found that most respondents said reports of conditions in 2020 and 2021 had deterred them from moving a close relative into a care home.  55% believed elderly people deteriorated more quickly when moved into a home, and 70% thought care home admissions had a bad effect on residents mental health.  It was predicted that demand for live-in care will almost double that for care home placements.

History

The workhouse

The first government attempts at providing basic care for the elderly and the infirm took place at the dawn of the industrial era with the New Poor Law of 1834. Mass unemployment followed the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the introduction of new technology to replace agricultural workers and the rise of factories in the urbanized towns meant that the established system of poor relief was unsustainable. The New Poor Law curbed the cost of poor relief, which had been spiralling throughout the previous decades, and led to the creation of workhouses for those who were unemployed. Most workers in the workhouse were set tasks such as breaking stones, bone crushing to produce fertilizer, or picking oakum using a large metal nail known as a spike.

Although conditions in the workhouse were intended to be harsh to act as a deterrent, in areas such as the provision of free medical care and education for children, inmates were advantaged over the general population. By the late 1840s most workhouses outside London and the larger provincial towns housed only "the incapable, elderly and sick". Responsibility for administration of the Poor Law passed to the Local Government Board in 1871, and the emphasis soon shifted from the workhouse as "a receptacle for the helpless poor" to its role in the care of the sick and elderly. By the end of the century only about 20 per cent admitted to workhouses were unemployed or destitute, but about 30 per cent of the population over 70 were in workhouses. The introduction of pensions for those over 70 in 1908 did not result in a reduction in the number of elderly housed in workhouses, but it reduced the number of those on outdoor relief by 25 per cent.

A Royal Commission of 1905 reported that workhouses were unsuited to deal with the different categories of resident they had traditionally housed, and recommended that specialised institutions for each class of pauper should be established in which they could be treated appropriately by properly-trained staff. The Local Government Act of 1929 gave local authorities the power to take over workhouse infirmaries as municipal hospitals and elderly care homes, although outside London few did so.

Public Assistance Institutions
Although the Act formally abolished the workhouse system in 1930, many workhouses, renamed Public Assistance Institutions, continued under the control of local county councils. It was not until the National Assistance Act of 1948 that the last vestiges of the Poor Law disappeared, and with them the workhouses. Many of the buildings were converted into old folks' homes run by local authorities; slightly more than 50 percent of local authority accommodation for the elderly was provided in former workhouses in 1960.  Many workhouses were also converted into hospitals.

Private nursing homes
Before 1914, those who could afford private nursing care were generally looked after in their own homes, but in the 1920s that began to change. In 1921, there were 25,981 patients in nursing and convalescent homes. In the 1931 census, there were 54,920. The standards of nursing care, however, were low.

In 1977, there were 1,249 Registered Private Hospitals and Nursing Homes in the UK with 34,546 beds. These figures include 117 private hospitals with facilities for surgery. There were at that time 116,564 people aged 65 or over in residential accommodation provided by or on behalf of local authorities, compared with 51,800 patients in NHS hospital departments of geriatric medicine.

In 2019, according to NHS England, there were about 17,000 nursing and residential care homes in England housing about 400,000 people. They were prescribed an average of seven medicines a day, and 14% of the residents were 85 or over.

Despite being over 5,500 care operators in the UK, there are five care home operators that own a significant share of the market. These five operators are HC-One, Four Seasons, Barchester Healthcare, Bupa and Care UK. Together they are known as the 'Big 5' and have over 58,000 beds in the UK combined.

Quality
In the 1950s and 1960s, the quality of nursing care steadily improved, with the mandatory introduction of central heating, single rooms and en-suite lavatories. In the 1980s, a significant shift from the public sector provision of care for the elderly to private sector homes occurred, with the proportion of private facilities increasing from just 18% in 1980 to 85% by the end of the twentieth century.

There is concern that fees paid to private care homes are insufficient to provide adequate quality care. Rises in fees paid by councils have not kept pace with rising costs of care. That led to falling standards, and many care homes are closing as a result. Professor Martin Green of 'Care England', urged the government to take "urgent action" and provide extra funding to councils and ring-fence that funding for social care. Green stated, "We have been warning about these problems for some time. There is a lot of churn in the sector. Contracts changing hands as providers leave and services stopping. There is simply not enough money in the system."  There has been a steady increase in number of care home providers entering insolvency from 35 in 2012–13 to 47 in 2014–15.

Nursing home care can sometimes be seriously inadequate and cases of abuse and neglect regularly appear in the media.

Means testing
The cost of a care home is means tested in England. As of April 2020, the lower capital limit is £14,250. At that level, all income from pensions, savings, benefits and other sources, except a "personal expenses allowance" (currently £24.90 per week), goes towards paying the care home fees. The local council pays the remaining contribution if the room occupied is not more expensive than the local council's normal rate. The upper capital limit is £23,250 and a person with capital above this level has to pay the full amount themselves.

The NHS has full responsibility for funding the whole placement if the resident meets the criteria for NHS continuing healthcare. That is identified by a multidisciplinary assessment process, as detailed on the Department of Health website.

Regulation
Care homes for adults in England are regulated by Care Quality Commission, which replaced the Commission for Social Care Inspection, and each care home is inspected at least every three years. In Wales the Care Standards Inspectorate for Wales has responsibility for oversight, In Scotland Social Care and Social Work Improvement Scotland otherwise known as the Care Inspectorate, and in Northern Ireland the Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority in Northern Ireland.

There are complaints that some care homes react to legitimate complaints by barring people from seeing their relative in care.

In May 2010, the Coalition Government announced the formation of an independent commission on the funding of long-term care, which was due to report within 12 months on the financing of care for an Ageing population. It delivered its recommendations on Monday 4 July 2011. The Care Quality Commission have themselves implemented a re-registration process, completed in October 2010, which will result in a new form of regulation being outlined in April 2011.

Inspection found some care homes were inadequate. In many private care homes, an investigation found that elderly residents soiling themselves because staff did not attend to them in time, residents with autism suffering inappropriate and disproportionate physical force, patients waiting excessively long after ringing bells because staff are under pressure, elderly residents not treated with respect with underwear exposed and faeces smeared on a cushion, patients put at risk of attack from other patients and medicines handled unsafely. In 2019, the London Fire Brigade published the findings of its inspections of 177 care homes and demanded the urgent review of their fire risk assessments, emergency plans and staff training. Most of the fire risk assessments was said to have been completed by in-house managers who did not understand basic fire safety principles.

See also
Care Quality Commission (previously known as Commission for Social Care Inspection)
Eileen Chubb
Home care in the United Kingdom

Notes

External links
 Liverpool care homes

Caregiving
 Care
Healthcare in the United Kingdom


title: Ponce Limestone

text:
The Ponce Limestone is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period (20.45 million years ago (Mya).

Description
Ponce Limestone includes beds of brown clay and has a maximum estimated thickness of 850 meters. It consists mostly of yellowish-orange, soft to moderately hard, fossiliferous limestone and appears almost continuously as a narrow band extending from Bahía Montalva in Patillas to Río Pastillo, in Barrio Canas.

Deposits
Exposed in the Ponce, Río Descalabrado, Punta Cucharas, Yauco, Punta Verraco, Guanica, La Parguera, San German, and Cabo Rojo quadrangles of the United States Geological Survey maps.

Fossil content
Various fossils have been found in the Ponce Limestone: molds of gastropods, pelecypods, coral heads, and large foraminifera are indicative of deposition in shallow-water lagoon and back-reef environments. The large foraminifera, Lepidocyclina undosa and the ahermatypic “deep sea” coral Flabellum are reported within the Ponce Limestone.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico
 Caliche

References

External links
 Geology and Hydrogeology of the Caribbean Islands Aquifer System of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands: Regional Aquifer-System Analysis. ROBERT A. RENKEN, W.C. WARD, I.P. GILL, FERNANDO GÓMEZ-GÓMEZ, JESÚS RODRÍGUEZ-MARTÍNEZ, et al. USGS. Professional Paper 1419. Reston, Virginia. 2002. Accessed 13 November 2019.
 Geologia del Distrito Ponce. G. J. Mitchell. Revista de Obras Publicas de Puerto Rico. Year VII. Issue 1. January 1930. Pages 7–9. Accessed 1 August 2020.

Further reading
 Monroe, W.H., 1972, Geology of the middle Tertiary rocks in the Ponce-Guanica area—a progress report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-258, Washington, D.C., scale 1:20,000.
 USGS Pub ofr72258.
 Volckmann, R.P., 1984a, Geologic map of the Cabo Rojo and Parguera quadrangles, southwest Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1557, scale 1:20,000.
 USGS Pub i1557.
 Volckmann, R.P., 1984b, Geologic map of the Puerto Real quadrangle, southwest Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1559, scale 1:20,000.
 USGS Pub i1559.
 Krushensky and Monroe, 1975
 Krushensky and Monroe, 1978
 Krushensky and Monroe, 1979
 Mattson and Glover, 1973
 Monroe, W.H., 1973b

Limestone formations
Neogene Puerto Rico
Geography of Ponce, Puerto Rico
Geologic formations of Puerto Rico
Geologic formations of the Caribbean


title: Cibao Marl

text:
The Cibao Marl is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico.

It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

Neogene Puerto Rico
Geologic formations of Puerto Rico


title: Aymamón Limestone

text:
The Aymamón Limestone is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Middle to Late Miocene period.

Fossil content
Various fossils have been found in the Aymamón Limestone:

Sharks
 Megalodon

Bivalves

 Acar domingensis
 Arca imbricata
 Mimachlamys canalis

Gastropods

 Bulla umbilicata
 Chicoreus (Triplex) cornurectus
 Hindsiclava consors
 Orthaulax aguadillensis
 Orthaulax portoricoensis
 Vokesimurex messorius

Corals

 Agaricia sp.
 Favia sp.
 Goniopora sp.
 Meandrina (Placocyathus) sp.
 Montastraea sp.
 Porites sp.
 Siderastrea sp.
 Solenastrea sp.
 Stephanocoenia sp.
 Stylophora sp.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

Further reading
 E. N. Edinger and M. J. Risk. 1994. Oligocene-Miocene extinction and geographic restriction od Caribbean corals: Roles of turbidity, temperature, and nutrients. Palaios 9:576-598
 A. M. Nieves Rivera, A. C. Ruiz Yantin, and M. D. Gottfried. 2003. New Record of the Lamnid Shark Carcharodon megalodon from the Middle Miocene of Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science 39(2):223-227
 H. E. Vokes and E. H. Vokes. 1968. Variation in the genus Orthaulax (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology 6(2):71-84

Geologic formations of Puerto Rico
Limestone formations of the United States
Limestone formations
Reef deposits
Neogene Puerto Rico
Paleontology in the Caribbean


title: Aguada Limestone

text:
The Aguada Limestone is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

Limestone formations
Neogene Puerto Rico
Geologic formations of Puerto Rico
Geologic formations of the Caribbean
Limestone formations of the United States


title: Henderson, Georgia

text:
Henderson is a census-designated place (CDP) in Chatham County, Georgia, United States. The population was 2,178 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Savannah Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
Henderson is located in western Chatham County at . It occupies a triangular area bounded by Little Neck Road to the northeast, Georgia State Route 204 (the Abercorn Expressway) to the south, and Interstate 95 to the northwest. Downtown Savannah is  to the northeast.

The Henderson Golf Course dominates the community's south side, with housing developments set around and between the links. Commercial development is concentrated on Henderson's southwest corner, adjacent to I-95's exit 94.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Henderson CDP has a total area of , of which  is land and , or 5.29%, is water.

Demographics

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,178 people, 971 households, and 548 families residing in the CDP.

References

Census-designated places in Chatham County, Georgia
Census-designated places in Georgia (U.S. state)
Savannah metropolitan area


title: Thomas Madefray

text:
Thomas Madefray (died 1375) was a Canon of Windsor from 1355 to 1375.

Career

He was appointed:
Clerk to Edward, Prince of Wales
Rector of Bradninch, Devon 1349
Prebendary of Wells
Prebendary of Glasney 1348-9

He was appointed to the eleventh stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1355 and held the canonry until 1375.

Notes

1375 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Year of birth unknown


title: Pepino Formation, Puerto Rico

text:
The Pepino Formation is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period. It is located 4 miles west of the municipality of Lares.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

External links

Geologic formations of Puerto Rico
Paleogene Puerto Rico


title: San Sebastián Limestone

text:
The San Sebastián Limestone is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

External links

Geologic formations of Puerto Rico
Geologic formations of the Caribbean
Paleogene Puerto Rico
Limestone formations of the United States
Limestone formations


title: Coamo Formation

text:
The Coamo Formation is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

Paleogene Puerto Rico


title: Guayanilla Formation

text:
The Guayanilla Formation is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

Paleogene Puerto Rico


title: Lares Limestone

text:
The Lares Limestone is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene period.

Fossil content
 Callistosiren

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

Further reading
 W. A. van den Bold. 1965. Middle Tertiary Ostracoda from northwestern Puerto Rico. Micropaleontology 11(4):381-414
 C. J. Maury. 1920. Tertiary Mollusca from Porto Rico. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 3(1):1-78
 R. D. E. MacPhee and A. R. Wyss. 1990. Oligo-Miocene vertebrates from Puerto Rico, with a catalog of localities. American Museum Novitates 2965:1-45
 J. Vélez Juarbe, T. Martin, R. D. MacPhee and D. Ortega Ariza. 2014. The earliest Caribbean rodents: Oligocene caviomorphs from Puerto Rico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34(1):157-163
 J. Vélez Juarbe and D. P. Domning. 2011. A new dugongine (Sirenia; Dugongidae) from the Late Oligocene of Puerto Rico and its position within the Dugonginae. Sixth Triennial Conference on Secondary Adaptation of Tetrapods to Life in Water 77

Geologic formations of Puerto Rico
Paleogene Puerto Rico
Paleontology in the Caribbean
Limestone formations
Marl formations
Shallow marine deposits
Lagoonal deposits


title: Collazo Shale

text:
The Collazo Shale is a geologic formation in Puerto Rico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Puerto Rico

References

Paleogene Puerto Rico
Shale formations of the United States
Geologic formations of the Caribbean
Neogene United States


title: Karaudia

text:
Karaudia is a village in Ujjain district of Madhya Pradesh, India. According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Kadodiya village is 471683. It is situated  away from sub-district headquarters of Tarana and  away from district headquarters Ujjain.

Demographics
The total geographical area of village is . Kadodiya has a total population of 5,302 people. There are about 1,143 houses in Karaudia village. As of 2009, the village is also a gram panchayat and is located in Tarana Tehsil. Makdon is the nearest town, which is approximately  away.

History
Karaudia or Karodia was Princely State of the British Raj before 1947. The state was ruled by the Chauhan dynasty of Rajputs.

Title of the Ruler
The ruler of the state was referred to as Raja Sahab.
The present titular head of the royal family is Raja Vijendra Singh Ji.

References
 https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee15grea#page/24/mode/2up
 http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/k.html
 https://villageinfo.in/madhya-pradesh/ujjain/tarana/kadodiya.html

Ujjain district


title: Citron-throated toucan

text:
The citron-throated toucan (Ramphastos citreolaemus) is a near-passerine bird in the family Ramphastidae, the toucans, toucanets, and aracaris. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela.

Taxonomy and systematics

The citron-throated toucan is treated as a species by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World. However, the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society and the Clements taxonomy treat it as a subspecies of the channel-billed toucan (R. vitellinus). The citron-throated toucan is monotypic.

Description

The citron-throated toucan is about  long and weighs about . The sexes are alike. Their bill is mostly black. It has a narrow greenish-yellow culmen, a wide yellow band at the base of the maxilla, and a blue-green base to the mandible. The eye is surrounded by bare pale blue skin. Most of the plumage is black. The rump, uppertail coverts, throat, and breast are pale lemon yellow with a narrow red band below the breast. The undertail coverts are red.

Distribution and habitat

The citron-throated toucan is found from northern Colombia into northwestern Venezuela. It inhabits mature humid forest in the lowlands and foothills. In elevation it occurs from sea level to  in Venezuela and  in Colombia.

Behavior

Movement

As far as is known, the citron-throated toucan is a year-round resident throughout its range.

Feeding

The citron-throated toucan typically forages from the forest mid-storey to its canopy but will pick up fallen fruit from the ground. Its diet is primarily a wide variety of fruits and also includes insects and other arthropods, lizards, and birds and their eggs.

Breeding

The citron-throated toucan's breeding season appears to include at least January to July. Its breeding biology is assumed to be similar to that of the channel-billed toucan but no studies have been made.

Vocal and non-vocal sounds

The citron-throated toucan is one of the "croaker" group of toucans. Its song is a "series of frog-like, croaking 'cree-op' notes".

Status

The IUCN has assessed the citron-throated toucan as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It is considered uncommon in Colombia, where it occurs in several protected areas. It is considered scarce and local in Venezuela "where its Andean foothill habitat around [the Lake] Maracaibo basin is fast disappearing".

References

citron-throated toucan
Birds of Colombia
Birds of Venezuela
citron-throated toucan


title: Thomas Fitzgibbon Moore

text:
Thomas Fitzgibbon Moore was a constable and politician in Newfoundland. He represented Trinity Bay in the Newfoundland House of Assembly.

Moore arrived in the New Harbour area on Trinity Bay from Ireland or France in the early 1800s. Apparently, he was originally known as Thomas Fitzgibbon. He became a constable at Dildo by 1822. Moore was elected to the Newfoundland assembly in 1837.

References

Members of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
Newfoundland Colony people
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
Canadian police officers
Immigrants to pre-Confederation Newfoundland


title: Andrzej Witan

text:
Andrzej Witan (born 22 February 1990) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Olimpia Elbląg.

Club career
On 18 May 2019, he scored a winning goal for Bytovia Bytów in 7th added minute of the last game of the season against GKS Katowice. However, Wigry Suwałki, who were fighting  Bytovia and GKS for the one remaining non-relegation spot, also scored a winning goal in added time in their game, and Bytovia was relegated to the third-tier II liga anyway, as was GKS Katowice, and Wigry stayed in the league.

On 11 August 2020 he joined Arka Gdynia on a two-year contract.

Honours
Zawisza Bydgoszcz
 I liga: 2012–13
 Polish Cup: 2013–14

References

External links

1990 births
People from Węgrów County
Footballers from Masovian Voivodeship
Living people
Polish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Zawisza Bydgoszcz players
MKP Pogoń Siedlce players
Bruk-Bet Termalica Nieciecza players
Wisła Puławy players
Bytovia Bytów players
Chojniczanka Chojnice players
Arka Gdynia players
Olimpia Elbląg players
Ekstraklasa players
I liga players
II liga players


title: John Northampton (priest)

text:
John Northampton (died 1361) was a Canon of Windsor from 1352 to 1355.

Career

He was appointed:
Attorney in England of the Abbot of Cluny, Audrouin de La Roche, 1355
Purveyor of the Buttery 1361

He was appointed to the eleventh stall in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle in 1352 and held the canonry until 1355.

Notes

1361 deaths
Canons of Windsor
Year of birth unknown


title: 2014 FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix

text:
The 2014 FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix was the 21st Summer Grand Prix season in ski jumping on plastic for men and the 3rd for ladies. The season began on 25 July 2014 in Wisła, Poland and will end on 4 October 2014 in Klingenthal, Germany.

First time in history of ski jumping a new rule of three series in individual events was introduced which was tested for ski flying events in the winter. A rule where three jumps counted in total points, including the qualification round a day before. 48 qualified jumpers advance in first round of competition where they were divided in 4 groups of 12 competitors. In the final round advanced 24 jumpers, 6 best of each group started from back order. There was a big confusion even amongst competitors. That's why they cancelled this rule and wasn't used in the ski flying events.

Other competitive circuits this season included the World Cup, Continental Cup and Alpen Cup.

Calendar

Men

Ladies

Men's team

Men's standings

Overall

Nations Cup

Ladies' standings

Overall

Nations Cup

References

Grand Prix
FIS Grand Prix Ski Jumping


title: Devonshire Formation

text:
The Devonshire Formation is a geologic formation in Bermuda. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Bermuda

References

Geology of Bermuda
Devonshire Parish
Geologic formations of the Caribbean


title: Rocky Bay Formation

text:
The Rocky Bay Formation is a geologic formation in Bermuda. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Bermuda

References

Geology of Bermuda
Geologic formations of the Caribbean


title: Aras Bulut İynemli

text:
Aras Bulut İynemli (born 25 August 1990) is a Turkish actor. Considered as one of the most talented and highest paid Turkish actors, he is best known for his performances in As Time Goes by (2010–2013), Magnificent Century (2013–2014), Insider (2016–2017), The Pit (2017–2021), and Miracle in Cell No.7 (2019).

Career
After playing a role in 2–3 commercials, he got a role in the drama series Öyle Bir Geçer Zaman ki in 2010. This drama gained international success and İynemli received a reward as well. Before this he had also worked in the drama Back Street, but he took a hiatus after the first part as he had to complete his education of aircraft engineering. He performed in the top 100 in the university entrance exam ÖSS in Turkey, which is similar to the (SAT) exam in the US. He continued his studies at the Istanbul Technical University. In 2011, while he was 20 he received the Antalya Television Award for Best Supporting Actor.

In 2013 he appeared in the Azerbaijani-Turkish movie Mahmut and Meryem, based on a novel by Elçin Efendiyev. He played a disabled boy in Tamam mıyız? and portrayed Şehzade Bayezid on Muhteşem Yüzyıl in the same year.

In 2015, İynemli was selected to play the main male character in the series Maral: En Güzel Hikayem together with the actress Hazal Kaya. In 2016–17, he played the role of Umut Yılmaz / Mert Karadağ in İçerde. In 2017, he began playing the role of Yamaç Koçovalı in Çukur.

In 2019, İynemli portrayed a mentally ill father who was wrongly imprisoned for murder in 7. Koğuştaki Mucize, which broke viewing records in Turkey within a short period. After the movie was broadcast on Netflix, it was well received by audience in France and Latin America. Brazilian football player Neymar also stated on his Instagram story that he cried like a baby after watching this film.

In addition to his acting career, İynemli has appeared in many advertising films and is the face of numerous brands.

Personal life
He has an older brother, actor Orçun İynemli and an older sister, television host and singer Yeşim İynemli. Other relatives who are actors are Miray Daner (cousin), Cengiz Daner (uncle) and İlhan Daner (great uncle).

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Aras Bulut İynemli on Twitter

1990 births
Istanbul Technical University alumni
Living people
Male actors from Istanbul
Turkish male film actors
Turkish male television actors
Golden Butterfly Award winners


title: Spencer's Point Formation

text:
The Spencer's Point Formation is a geologic formation in Bermuda. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Bermuda

References

Geology of Bermuda
Geologic formations of the Caribbean


title: Anguilla Formation

text:
The Anguilla Formation is a geologic formation in Anguilla. It preserves fossils dating back to the Burdigalian to Serravallian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Anguilla

References

Further reading
 A. F. Budd, K.G. Johnson, and J.C. Edwards. 1995. Caribbean reef coral diversity during the Early to Middle Miocene: an Example from the Anguilla Formation. Coral Reefs 14(2):109-117

Geologic formations of the Caribbean
Geography of Anguilla
Neogene Caribbean
Burdigalian
Langhian
Serravallian
Limestone formations
Reef deposits


title: Peter Haworth

text:
Peter Haworth   (1889 – 7 May 1986) was a British-born Canadian painter. He was known for his stained glass work.

Early years

Peter Haworth was born in 1889 in Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire, England.
During World War I (1914–1918) he served in the Royal Flying Corps and won the Distinguished Flying Cross.
After the war he studied at the Royal College of Art in London under William Rothenstein and Robert Anning Bell.
He specialized in stained glass at an early stage in his career.
Haworth married Zema Barbara Cogill (1900–1988), a painter from South Africa who also studied at the Royal College of Art under Rothenstein.
She used the name Bobs Cogill Haworth.

Pre-war Canada

In 1923 the Haworths immigrated to Canada, where Peter was appointed Director of Art at the Central Technical School in Toronto.
Bobs Haworth taught ceramics at the Central Technical School from 1929 to 1963.
Peter Haworth accepted Doris McCarthy for a teaching job at the school late in 1931 on the basis of a portfolio of her work.
She says of him in her autobiography, "Peter Haworth was a young, good-looking, curly-headed autocrat, who was gradually transforming a mediocre secondary-school art department into a dynamic powerhouse. Instead of hiring teachers who had taken summer courses in art, he hired artists and hoped they could teach."
He gave the artists very little guidance, expecting them to work out how to do the job.

While teaching Peter Haworth also accepted commissions to undertake stained glass work.
These included fourteen panels for the First Baptist Church, Ottawa, which drew favorable attention to his work in 1929.
In 1931 he exhibited a painting Outhouses with the Canadian Society of Painters in Water Colour.
The National Gallery of Canada bought this painting in 1932.
He was elected president of the Canadian Society of Painters in Water Colour by 1936.
Haworth was also a member of the Ontario Society of Artists.
Both Peter and Bobs Haworth made illustrations for Kingdom of the Saguenay (1936) by Marius Barbeau.
In 1938 three of his watercolors were exhibited at the Tate in London in the show A Century of Canadian Art.
The Haworths also collaborated on illustrating James Edward Le Rossignol's The Habitant Merchant (1939).

World War II and after

Haworth kept his teaching job at the Central Technical School during and after World War II (1939–1945).
Peter Haworth was also employed by the University of Toronto as an instructor in Design and Drawing in 1939.
From 1943 to 1956 Bobs taught at the University of Toronto in the fine arts department, while still teaching at the Central Technical School.
After the outbreak of war the Hawarths were both commissioned by the Canadian government to record the activities of the armed forces on the coast of British Columbia.

In the period before World War II the Haworths would take the train from Toronto to make long visits in the summer to the region of Baie-Saint-Paul and Saint-Urbain in Quebec, as did many other Canadian and American artists.
Haworth and his wife Bobs would stay at Cap-à-l'Aigle during their painting trips. On one such trip, just after the war, Doris McCarthy and three friends shared the same pension and painted with the Haworths, the start of an important friendship.

Haworth was still primarily a stained glass artist in the 1950s. He held a one-man show in 1959 at the Roberts Gallery in Toronto.
Another show of his semi-abstract paintings was given at the Roberts Gallery in 1961.
After his retirement from teaching he continued to paint in Toronto until his death in 1986 at the age of 97.
He died in Toronto.

Reception

The Vancouver Art Gallery showed thirty nine of the Haworths' wartime works.
A review in the Vancouver Province in January 1944 said,

The Canadian sculptor Elizabeth Wyn Wood gave a speech on "Handicrafts in Relation to Community Art Centres in Canada". at the National Arts Club in New York City on 21 March 1945 that was reproduced in part in the summer issue of Canadian Art.
She noted the important role of the Canadian Guild of Potters, and of ceramic educators such as the Haworths at the Central Technical School.
Melwyn Breen of the Toronto Saturday Night wrote in 1952,

Hugh Thomson of the Toronto Daily Star wrote of his 1959 show at the Robert Gallery,

References
Notes

Citations

Sources

1889 births
1986 deaths
20th-century Canadian painters
Canadian male painters
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
20th-century Canadian male artists


title: Nursing home care in the United States

text:
As of 2017, approximately 1.4 million Americans live in a nursing home, two-thirds of whom rely on Medicaid to pay for their care. Residential nursing facilities receive Medicaid federal funding and approvals through a state health department. These facilities may be overseen by various types of state agency (e.g. health, mental health, or intellectual disabilities).

Nursing homes have traditionally been large institutions. Smaller community versions were developed around the 1970s. Some "community living" (CL) groups advocated for a different type of care and funding, which resulted in the creation of assisted living facilities.

Efforts to promote community-based Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS) are led by groups such as the Consortium of Citizens with Disabilities which represents over 200 national disability organizations.

History
In the United States, the national social insurance program Medicare, was established by the U.S. federal government in 1965, which guaranteed access to health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older. This program prompted many new nursing homes to be set up in the following years, although private nursing homes were already being built from the 1930s as a consequence of the Great Depression and the Social Security Act of 1935. Medicaid, the Nation's poverty program, often funds programs such as nursing beds as residents may be "impoverished" to access the facility.

In 1987, a report examined the nursing home problem in Wisconsin which involved 4,000 people, 80% under 65 years of age with an average of 110 patients per facility. 5% had developmental disabilities. They reported that 13 large institutions were certified as SNFs (skilled nursing facilities), that all were "absolutely inappropriate" placements for the developmental disabilities' clients (the federal GAO then reported a need to upgrade services in the homes, including day services), and the facilities resembled institutions of other types such as Willowbrook where abuses had been uncovered.

Board and Care homes were the subjects of exposés for lacking medical personnel at the time of the 1990s reviews.

Nursing home reform
Nursing homes have been the subject of decades of efforts by states and at the national levels to reform health and residential care for "frail" elders, especially those with lower incomes in the US. Regulations have been added to assure that basic good care (i.e., humane, accepted good human standards) will take place in these facilities (e.g., personnel, education, activities and services, ancillary and professional services, advocacy and reviews).

A major nursing home reform initiative occurred in 1996 when the Health Care Financing Administration studied its own facilities and reported to the US Congress on the effectiveness of its current system and certification of nursing homes. By 1998, the President announced new steps for federal oversight including monitoring of poor performance, collection of new fees, and increased focus on nutrition and basic personal care like pressure sores. By 2000, minimum staffing ratios and implementation of Nursing Home Quality of Care were introduced. These actions followed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in the Department of Health and Human Services now publish the "Nursing Home Data Compendium" annually, which show various statistics related to nursing homes and residents, as well as health deficiencies and substandard care. The results of the 2015 edition were generally positive, showing a decrease of substandard care reports from 4.4% in 2008 to 3.2% in 2014, reversing a previously increasing trend.

Intermediate care facilities

Intermediate care facilities (small) were developed by the state categorical systems (intellectual disabilities, mental health) in the 1970s, as a reaction to exposes on institutional conditions resulting in required active treatment in institutions and the new building of community facilities recommended under 16 in size. These facilities, which resembled homes in their smaller sizes (e.g., 4–6) are operated by community services management (sometimes civil servants) and are separately regulated. All need a state health department approval for federal Medicaid and Medicare.

Nurses may be hired as a staff supplement, as may be therapists (e.g., speech, occupational therapists), adult day who may be civil servants or BA/AA human services personnel, or clinic services (e.g., psychologist, audiologist). Conversion of group homes or community residences into intermediate care facilities was of great concern due to its "overly medical" nature and requirements not meeting the community needs of the population group.

Regulations
In the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ensures that every Medicare and Medicaid beneficiary receives health care, both within health care settings such as nursing homes, and among health care settings during care transitions. The states in the US have health departments also responsible for oversight of the facilities and regulation.

Home and community services are new developments in the 1970s in the US for long-term services and supports (LTSS) populations and parallels the move to ambulatory versus facility care which was a US hospital and institutional (e.g., nursing facilities) to community transition. LTSS services have diverse oversight and regulations, and these vary by facility type, by population group, and by financing as well as traditional regulatory agencies. The LTSS movement was involved with increasing autonomy and control of services which was recommended in professional texts, national forums, research studies and state directives in the 1980s and 1990s.

To ensure that nursing homes meet the necessary legal standards, the authorities conduct inspections of all nursing home facilities; as often as quarterly. Surveyors conduct on-site surveys of certified nursing homes on average every 12 months to assure basic levels of quality and safety for beneficiaries. The authority might also undertakes various initiatives to improve the effectiveness of the annual nursing home surveys, as well as to improve the investigations prompted by complaints from consumers or family members about nursing homes.

Alternative care models
Other fields have introduced new community care models into fields dominated by the hospital and nursing care industries, such as assisted living facilities, Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) from the 1990s, or service-enriched housing from the 1970s. In recent years, there has been a general movement toward implementing alternative care models. Some have tried to create a more resident-centered environment, so that they should become more "home-like" and less institutional or "hospital-like". In these homes, units are replaced with a small set of rooms surrounding a common kitchen and living room. The staff giving care is assigned to one of these "households". The reason, in part, is because the population is aging, and over half of the people in nursing homes are over age 85.

Residents have more choices about when they wake, when they eat, and their schedule for the day. They also have access to pets. The facilities utilizing these models may refer to such changes as the "Culture Shift" or "Culture Change" occurring in the Long Term Care, or LTC, industry which includes the LTSS industry termed Long term Services and Supports in the Community. Sometimes this kind of facility is called a "greenhouse". Most residential care models are considered to be community services operated by community agencies rather than nursing facilities; an example of different kinds of "community-based care" are "Alzheimer's demonstrations" which originally included: mobile day care, rural geriatric dementia evaluation, El Portal services for Latinos, Client Advocates, and AL-Care services for clients who live alone (Starns, Karner and Montgomer, 2002).

Facilities

Long term care
Originally loosely regulated, convalescent or rest homes may include foster group living, room and board facilities, and group care which may often be private, for-profit based on Social Security and Social Security Disability Insurance.

Facility personnel
Long-term care personnel (LTC) who work in facilities are now considered part of the new workforce funded through the federal government and its Medicaid and Medicare programs which are undergoing change in conjunction with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. The Institute on Community Integration at the University of Minnesota with the Lewin Group, has been providing online education for the Direct Support Professional who also work in facility-based programs not just in the new community long term services and supports (LTSS)

Intermediate care facility personnel
Many intermediate care facility personnel may be civil servants in states who have been part of the deinstitutionalization movement in the US. Otherwise, these are government contracted facilities from categorical departments (e.g., intellectual and developmental disabilities) who require education in their targeted population group, often function under a primary generic personnel model, and have high clinical related groups and programs (e.g., psychologists, social workers, nurses and nutritionists). Small intermediate care facilities, together with group homes, were supported by the non-profit sector in the US, while the large facilities over 16 have not been approved for the most part (e.g., "residual institutional populations").

As an example of the federal and state financing involved, the state of Louisiana in 1988 was at $22,399,971 federal funds for intellectual and developmental disabilities with $20,788,749 allocated for small intermediate care facilities, primarily operated by the private sector. The large institutional facilities at the time in the state also received federal intermediate care facilities (ICFs) funds totalling $63,462,458 with the private sector operating $18,453,062 "federal funds" for "not recommended" large ICF-MRs (over 16 in size). In FY 2011, in Louisiana, federal intermediate care facility financing was at $341.4 million with home- and community-based services at $413.0 million.

Administration
Administration of intermediate care facilities are the state offices of mental health or people with developmental disabilities through direct regional provision or local contracts, non-profit or profit. Administration of nursing homes are the state to local department of health direct to local contracts, generally for-profit.

Depending on size, staff may include those responsible for individual departments (i.e., accounting, human resources, etc.). Nursing home administrators are required to be licensed to run nursing facilities.

Assisted living facilities
Assisted living residences or assisted living facilities (ALFs) are housing facilities primarily for elders and may also have services for people with disabilities. These facilities provide supervision or assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs); ALFs are an eldercare alternative on the continuum of care for people, for whom independent living is not appropriate but who do not need the 24-hour medical care provided by a nursing home. Keren Brown Wilson first developed the idea for assisted living during the 1980s as an alternative to nursing home care. Assisted living is a philosophy of care and services promoting independence and dignity which was promoted nationwide as a community support in the 1990s, not a new nursing facility movement. In the original conception of assisted living, Wilson sought to provide similar services to that of a nursing home, but still grant the resident more autonomy. In other words, medical personnel were on-site and available to residents, but residents were still free to dictate their schedules. For example, they could eat what they wanted, and sleep when they wanted to. Wilson's idea was to emphasize maintaining a consistent, satisfying quality of life for the resident. Wilson's idea was first tested as an experiment in Oregon, after which the idea spread, leading to more and more assisted living facilities across the nation during the 1990s. As other corporations developed more and more assisted living communities, the concept began to increasingly mimic nursing homes as opposed to the original assisted living model proposed by Wilson. Thus, while assisted living facilities may now offer a menu of different services, they often remain tied to nursing facilities, policies and practices which were the original source of national concern. In addition, these facilities were funded often instead of in-home services and supports for individuals and families in local communities which has been requested nationwide for over three decades. Similar to nursing homes, assisted living communities are typically home to senior citizens and individuals with dementia. These communities require certification by the state.

Skilled nursing facilities
A skilled nursing facility (SNF) is a nursing home certified to participate in, and be reimbursed by Medicare. Medicare is the federal program primarily for the aged (65+) who contributed to Social Security and Medicare while they were employed. Medicaid is the federal program implemented with each state to provide health care and related services to those who are below the poverty line. Each state defines poverty and, therefore, Medicaid eligibility. Those eligible for Medicaid may be low-income parents, children, including State Children's Health Insurance Programs (SCHIPs) and maternal-child wellness and food programs. seniors, and people with disabilities. However, Medicaid for individuals living at home, and for facilities as providers are two separate financing mechanisms (e.g., may have facility state supplements; facility payments for personnel, administration, and services) which are not separated for public review on their use.

Skilled nursing facilities are less "caretaking" (e.g., laundry, personal care at bed and bathing, meal assistance, housekeeping, medications, mobility, room in units, limited activities -as defined in approval applications). They offer services such as rehabilitation (physical therapy). Old style nursing homes (e.g., run by counties, and now being sold to for-profit enterprises) continue to receive federal funds.

The vast majority (90%) of SNFs are freestanding  and a few are hospital based (defined as distinct part (D/P) of an institution ).

Home health care

"Alternatives to facility care" of the 1970s included recommendations for home health and other community services. Home health typically refers to a nursing visit or aide visit to assist with daily living and are provided by certified home health care agencies. Barr (2007) reported Medicaid funds at $47.8 billion nationally in 2008, and Medicare, a different federal program at $20 billion in 2010. In the late 2000s, the annual cap on services was finally removed, and hospital care first was no longer a stated criterion.

Young adults and many elders would prefer to obtain services at home. Those providing services are nurse's aides, personal assistance services, home health caregivers or home caregivers, "support aides", peer companions, and social day care in senior centers. They are somewhat reimbursed in insurance policies. Clients wish to retain their personal physician, and may wish to obtain therapies through private offices such as mental health counselors, chiropractors, home care agencies, medication management counselors, physical therapists, county aging workers, and rehabilitation counselors. Government may also offer directly or indirectly other services such as emergency assistance lines, social work visits, meals on wheels, respite or senior companions, transportation, appointments, money management, or in some instances, adult day programs, among others.

However, in some areas these services are available for a limited number of hours each week, and are therefore considered to be "underdeveloped community systems" for elders. Independent living (IL) services have made inroads in community services to support young adults with physical and medical needs to live in their own homes and apartments, including under the new self-directed care of Medicaid and Medicare.

In 2012 the American Association of Retired Persons, in its profiles on long term services and supports in the states, indicated that $5,495 per person is available for home health services, $11,142 for personal care services, $10,710 for aging waiver. The average for nursing facilities is $29,533 per person. In part, this development may be traced to the arguments for "cost-effectiveness" and "cost benefits" made to shift institutional to community care.

Intermediate care facilities
An intermediate care facility (ICF) is a health care facility for individuals who are disabled, elderly, or non-acutely ill, usually providing less intensive care than that offered at a hospital or skilled nursing facility. Typically an ICF is not privately paid by the individual or by the individual's family, but involves federal Medicaid financing with a state and federal share, and individual contribution. An individual's private health insurance and/or a third party service like a hospice company may cover part of the cost. ICFs in the community have been increasingly replaced financially by Home and community-based waiver services. (In FY 2011, only 8% ICFs compared to 65% HCBS waiver of $48.29 billion community spending in intellectual and developmental disabilities nationally). For comparisons between intermediate care facilities large and small in intellectual disabilities, see Home and community-based services: Costs, utilization and outcomes in the state of Minnesota (Lakin et al., 2005). The primary problem with these facilities today are their exorbitant cost (reported as  average of $123,053 per person, likely institutions)compared to home and community-based Medicaid waiver services ($42,896 per person) which also far exceed the cost of nursing facilities (American Association of Retired Persons, 2012, p. 14).

Involuntary care as an administrative decision
Generally, involuntary care is involved in intermediate care facilities (ICFs) where a service demand has existed, and waiting lists occur for services for decades. Often these waiting lists will be for community services of other kinds including home and community-based Medicaid waiver services. These kinds of services have been involved with multiple lawsuits regarding equitable distribution, and are now subject to the US Supreme Court's Olmstead Decision on the "most integrated setting".

Regarding "nursing homes", hospitals may require placement for discharge, and decides also if the patient can stay in the hospital. This is called hospital administration. The hospital may call the ambulance, and may not inform relatives of the location of the patient. Once a patient has "been moved" (transported by ambulance) into the nursing home on the hospital's approved list, the nursing home claims all rights to decision making regarding the person' care, including relative contact.

By 2008, however, nursing home emancipation with elders back to homes in communities was undertaken with an extremely high success rate when conducted with independent living personnel. Home health and long-term services and supports availability at the same extent as a facility nursing home has been "recommended" by community planners, professionals and academics since the 1970s, and aging personnel nationwide have been educated to that effect. Currently, a new effort to train personal care attendants and develop national standards is in place.

Staff
Intermediate care facility (ICF) staffing are direct service personnel and managerial personnel responsible for professional staff (including nurses and therapists), and for in house and community programming from transportation to grocery shopping, recreational activities, personal care and mobility, communication and home activities, and so forth. Almost all direct service staff are considered Direct Support Professionals.

Board and care homes
Board and care homes (residential care homes) are special facilities designed to provide those who require assisted living services both living quarters and proper care. These facilities can either be located in a small residential home or a large facility. A large majority of board and care homes are designed to room less than 6 people. Board and care homes are typically staffed by licensed professionals, including nurses, doctors and other medical professionals. These facilities are regulated. Board and care homes offer residents 24 hour assistance.

Financials
Cost may vary by geographical location. Medicare, Medicaid, and insurance plans often pay for nursing home care; personal assets are also used. Personal needs may dictate which nursing home is most cost-effective for any given person.

Medicare and Medicaid
Medicare is a federal program that provides health insurance for Americans 65 or older. Medicare covers only 100 days of care and so it is a popular choice for rehabilitation facilities. The next potential option for many is Medicaid, a program administered by every state administers and certifies most nursing homes, but each state may have different eligibility requirements related to income levels and any assets involved. Medicaid is normally most available after a person has exercise  every other option such as using personal funds as a form of payment may cover therapy, room and board or meal plans.
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services is the component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) that oversees Medicare and Medicaid. A large portion of Medicare and Medicaid funding is used each year to cover nursing home care and services for the elderly and disabled. State governments oversee the licensing of nursing homes. In addition, states have a contract with CMS to monitor those nursing homes that want to be eligible to provide care to Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries. Congress established minimum requirements for nursing homes that want to provide services under Medicare and Medicaid. The requirements are broadly outlined in the Social Security Act, which also entrusts the Secretary of Health and Human Services with the responsibility of monitoring and enforcing these requirements. CMS is also charged with the responsibility of working out the details of the law and how it will be implemented, which it does by writing regulations and manuals.

Long-term insurance
Long-term care insurance is another potential option to help pay for nursing home care. Long-term care insurance was designed to help with the expensive out-of-pocket costs. It is recommended that one purchases long-term care insurance before they need it, which may require paying premiums for years prior. Depending on the policy, there are different ways that the insurance can be used in order to help with costs such as taking out a portion of the death benefits or choosing a life settlement.

Personal funds
Many will start off paying for nursing home care with personal funds. These funds may include personal savings, assets or stocks. Many families will pool funds until a family member can become eligible for a public benefit program. Other common ways to help pay are reverse mortgages. Reverse mortgages involves a homeowner exchanging the equity they have acquired for cash which can then be accessed as a monthly payment or line of credit. This step is often viewed as more drastic which is why it is important to speak with the nursing facility first to see what type of services and care are included in the overall price.

Monthly Cost of Nursing Homes by State:

Personnel

Direct staff
In most jurisdictions, nursing homes are required to provide enough staff to adequately care for residents. For example, a state may require that a nursing home has at least one registered nurse available for at least 8 straight hours a day throughout the week, and at least a licensed practical nurse on duty 24 hours per day for up to 100 residents. Understaffed facilities are one common causes of nursing home neglect due to the staff's inability to meet the needs of all residents.

The federal government considers categories of direct service personnel to include staff and aides, and licensed and unlicensed personnel, to have similar needs and functions (See, classifications of mental health professionals for comparisons which are also available for hiring in facilities). The direct care staff have direct, daily contact with the patient in activities such as meals, personal care, daily activity (e.g., bingo), medications, and travel (often in wheelchairs) in the units. In a nursing home, the personnel may include registered nurses, licensed practical nurses and nursing assistants.

Indirect staff
Custodians, maintenance staff, and groundskeepers keep the inside and outside of the building in clean, working order, though direct staff are responsible for areas of personal cleanliness.

Additional support personnel also include people who may have some contact with the patient in the nursing home. For example, nursing homes may have an activities director who is responsible for planning social activities, coordinating special visitors and religious services. Larger facilities may have multiple staff members, such as chaplains or activity assistants, who take on some of those roles. The government requires a minimal activity schedule for residents in order to obtain funds.

Ombudsmen
In the US, some states and organizations provide an ombudsman who can provide assistance with concerns about long-term care facilities. Ombudsmen work to resolve problems and concerns involving long-term care providers, residents and their families, and other involved parties, and to improve residents' quality of life.

Outsourced services

At certain facilities, residents who are mobile are able to ride paratransit vehicles to visit places outside of the facility. However, the cost is not always covered by the facility.

Services
Nursing facilities offer (by county planning process) the most extensive care a person can get outside a hospital, if one discounts regional medical centers, alternative programs in the community (sometimes now, medical homes, and 24 hour care programs), and the newer assisted living facilities. Nursing homes offer help with custodial care—like bathing, getting dressed, and eating—as well as skilled care given by a registered nurse and includes medical monitoring and treatments. Skilled care also includes services provided by specially trained professionals, such as physical, occupational, and respiratory therapists.

The services nursing homes offer vary from facility to facility. Services can include:
 Room and board
 Monitoring of medication
 Personal care (including dressing, bathing, and toilet assistance)
 24-hour emergency care
 Social and recreational activities (posted schedules)
 Religious assistance (Chapel)

Occupational therapy

Some individuals that are housed in a nursing home require ongoing occupational therapy. Occupational therapists "promote the health and participation of people, organizations, and populations through engagement in occupation". These specialists provide intervention in areas of occupation such as: activities of daily living (such as bathing, dressing, grooming; instrumental activities of daily living (home and financial management, rest and sleep, education, work, play, leisure) and social participation. In certain facilities, part-time employment in areas such as a facility mailroom are utilized by residents who prefer to stay busy and to improve dexterity.

They also develop and implement health and wellness programs to prevent injuries, maintain function, and improve safety of residents. For example, Occupational Therapists can take a leadership role in developing and implementing programs to educate clients on compensatory techniques for low vision, customized exercise programs, or strategies to prevent falls. Occupational therapy practitioners may also consult with other staff within the facility or in the community on a variety of topics related to increasing safe engagement in activities.
Occupational therapy practitioners can provide a variety of services to short- and long-term residents of a SNF. Based on a client-centered evaluation, the occupational therapist, the client, caregivers, and/or significant others develop collaborative goals to identify strengths and deficits and address barriers that hinder occupational performance in multiple areas. The intervention plan is designed to promote a client's optimal function for transition to home, another facility, or long-term care.

Physical therapy
Some of the individuals that are housed in a nursing home need ongoing physical therapy. This can be for any number of reasons. Perhaps a person has motor skills that never fully developed or have stopped functioning for some reason. Perhaps an individual has undergone a surgery or medical procedure that requires some manner of physical restitution on a personal level. Nursing homes offer specialists that are well versed in the field of rebuilding muscle or helping one regain their confidence when it comes to doing something physical. This is one of the most common therapies that are done in these nursing homes.

Medical needs
Nearly all residents in a nursing home have some type of medical need, ranging from basic care requirements to more specialized needs. Most nursing facilities are equipped to deal with most general medical needs likely to emerge. Most of the staff will have ample training in how to deal with patients with specific needs. In fact, the staff that interact daily with the patients are normally registered nurses, who have spent years training for all contingent situations that they may encounter in a nursing home.

However, children and adults with medical and physical needs have been supported in families and community settings for decades, including through the early Katie Beckett waivers, serving children with technological needs. Personal assistance services in workplaces also may be Medicaid -funded and support individuals to live in the community, often throughout their adulthood. These are called community services, not necessarily nursing services.

Residential versus institutionalized care
In the US there are over 43 categories of residential care of the institutional variety in the US, including the modernized "assisted living facility" of the late 1990s. These categories generally reflect the target of institutional reform to better quality supports in homes and communities.

In various states, Medicaid Waiver programs have been developed to allow impoverished elders access to home-based care, instead of being forced into an institution.

Though begun in New York in the 1970s, the legislative program was reported nationally together with other early community program development such as family support which grew to 950 programs serving younger adults and their families in New York alone. In addition, in fields such as intellectual and developmental disabilities, [family support], small homes (no larger than 12, 2–4), small intermediate care facilities (ICF-DDs) and community supports (e.g., supported employment) were developed as new, integrated service systems.

See also

 Supportive housing
 Supported living
 Friendly caller program

References


The Hezbollah International Financing Prevention Act of 2014 () is a bill that would impose sanctions on foreign financial institutions that facilitate transactions or money laundering on behalf of Hezbollah or its agents. Hezbollah is designated a terrorist organization in the United States. Sanctions would also be applied to Hezbollah's television station, Al-Manar.

The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress.

Background

Hezbollah (pronounced ;  , literally "Party of Allah" or "Party of God") is a Shia Islamist militant group and political party based in Lebanon. Hezbollah's paramilitary wing is the Jihad Council; once seen as a resistance movement throughout much of the Arab world, this image upon which the group's legitimacy rested has been severely damaged due to the sectarian nature of the Syrian Civil War in which it has become involved since 2012. The group's paramilitary is considered more powerful than the Lebanese Army. Hezbollah, which started with only a small militia, has grown to an organization with seats in the Lebanese government, a radio and a satellite television-station, programs for social development and large-scale military deployment of fighters beyond Lebanon's borders. The organization has been called a state within a state. Hezbollah maintains strong support among Lebanon's Shia population. After the death of Abbas al-Musawi in 1992, the organisation has been headed by Hassan Nasrallah, its Secretary-General.

Hezbollah receives military training, weapons, and financial support from Iran, and political support from Syria. Following the end of the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon in 2000, its military strength grew significantly. Despite a June 2000 certification by the United Nations that Israel had withdrawn from all Lebanese territory.
Hezbollah fought against Israel in the 2006 Hezbollah-Israel War. After the 2006–2008 Lebanese political protests and clashes, a national unity government was formed in 2008, giving Hezbollah and its opposition allies control of eleven of thirty cabinets seats; effectively veto power.  In August 2008, Lebanon's new Cabinet unanimously approved a draft policy statement which secures Hezbollah's existence as an armed organization and guarantees its right to "liberate or recover occupied lands". Since 2012, Hezbollah has helped the Syrian government during the Syrian civil war in its fight against the Syrian opposition, which Hezbollah has described as a Zionist plot and a "Wahhabi-Zionist conspiracy" to destroy its alliance with Assad against Israel.

The United States, France, the Gulf Cooperation Council, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, the European Union and Israel classify Hezbollah as a terrorist organization, in whole or in part. The governments of Iran, Russia and China do not share this view of the organization.

The United States designated Hezbollah as a terrorist organization in 1995.

Provisions of the bill
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Research Service, a public domain source.

The Hezbollah International Financing Prevention Act of 2014 would state that it shall be U.S. policy to: (1) prevent Hezbollah's global logistics and financial network from operating in order to curtail funding of its domestic and international activities; and (2) utilize diplomatic, legislative, and executive avenues to combat Hezbollah's criminal activities in order to block that organization's ability to fund its global terrorist activities.

The bill would direct the President to report to Congress: (1) a list of satellite, broadcast, or other providers that knowingly transmit the content of al-Manar TV; and (2) the identity of those providers that have or have not been sanctioned pursuant to Executive Order 13224.

The bill would direct the United States Secretary of the Treasury to prohibit or impose strict conditions on the opening or maintaining in the United States of a correspondent account or a payable-through account by a foreign financial institution that knowingly: (1) facilitates the activities of Hezbollah or its agents, instrumentalities, affiliates, or successors; (2) facilitates the activities of a person acting on behalf of or owned or controlled by an agent, instrumentality, affiliate, or successor; (3) engages in money laundering to carry out such an activity; (4) facilitates a significant transaction or provides significant financial services to carry out such an activity, including services that involve a transaction of gold, silver, platinum, or other precious metals; or (5) facilitates any of these activities, conspires to facilitate or participate in such an activity, or is owned or controlled by a foreign financial institution that knowingly engages in such an activity.

The bill would direct the Secretary of the Treasury to prescribe reporting, information sharing, and due diligence requirements for domestic financial institutions that maintain a correspondent account or payable-through account in the United States for a foreign financial institution. Authorizes the Secretary to waive such requirements if in the U.S. national security interests, and with congressional notification.

The bill would direct the Secretary of the Treasury to identify to Congress every 180 days each foreign central bank that carries out an activity prohibited under this Act.

The bill would set forth penalty requirements for specified violations under this Act.

The bill would direct the President to designate Hezbollah as: (1) a significant foreign narcotics trafficker if Hezbollah meets the criteria set forth under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act, and (2) a significant transnational criminal organization if Hezbollah meets the criteria set forth under specified executive orders and statutes. Requires the President to report to Congress which of these criteria the President determines that Hezbollah has not met, if it does not.

The bill would direct the United States Secretary of State to report to Congress regarding Hezbollah's involvement in the trade in rough diamonds outside of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme.

The bill would declare that nothing in this Act shall apply to authorized U.S. intelligence activities.

The bill would state that any requirement of this Act shall cease to be in effect 30 days after the President certifies to Congress that Hezbollah: (1) is no longer designated as a foreign terrorist organization; (2) is no longer listed in the Annex to Executive Order 13224 (blocking property and prohibiting transactions with persons who commit or support terrorism); and (3) poses no significant threat to U.S. national security, interests, or allies.

Congressional Budget Office report
This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as ordered reported by the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on June 26, 2014. This is a public domain source.

H.R. 4411 would impose sanctions on foreign financial institutions that facilitate transactions or money laundering on behalf of Hezbollah—a terrorist organization—or its agents. It would require several reports and briefings on Hezbollah and the Administration's efforts to deter its activities. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that implementing the bill would cost $3 million over the 2015-2019 period, assuming appropriation of the necessary amounts. Pay-as-you-go procedures apply to this legislation because it would affect direct spending and revenues; however, CBO estimates that those effects would not be significant.

Procedural history
The Hezbollah International Financing Prevention Act of 2014 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on April 7, 2014, by Rep. Mark Meadows (R, NC-11). It was referred to the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs and the United States House Committee on Financial Services. On July 22, 2014, the House voted in Roll Call Vote 434 to pass the bill 404–0.

Debate and discussion
Rep. Meadows, who sponsored the bill, said that "we must pass this legislation to make sure that we can do is cripple their ability to finance and put people out of harm's way."

Another supporter, Rep. Brad Schneider (D-IL), said that the legislation "would give the administration the means necessary to combat Hezbollah's global financial network."

Rep. Eliot Engel (D-NY) thought that sanctions would help persuade Hezbollah to negotiate.

See also
List of bills in the 113th United States Congress

References

External links

Library of Congress - Thomas H.R. 4411
beta.congress.gov H.R. 4411
GovTrack.us H.R. 4411
OpenCongress.org H.R. 4411
WashingtonWatch.com H.R. 4411
Congressional Budget Office's report on H.R. 4411

Proposed legislation of the 113th United States Congress
Sanctions legislation
United States sanctions


title: Richard Baxell

text:
Richard Baxell is a British historian and the author of three books on the Spanish Civil War. Between 2015 and 2018 he was the Chair of the International Brigade Memorial Trust. He received his Doctor of Philosophy from the London School of Economics in 2002 with a thesis titled The British Battalion of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. As of 2020 he is a research fellow at the London School of Economics.

British Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War (2004)
British Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War: The British Volunteers in the International Brigades, 1936–1939 was published by Routledge in 2004. The book engages with questions relating to the numbers, origins and motivations of Britons in the International Brigades, and utilises material from the Public Record Office and the Marx Memorial Library's International Brigade archives. Baxell argues that the British Battalion was not composed of poets, and its volunteers were not drawn from the unemployed and the lumpenproletariat; rather, Baxell argues, they were predominantly from the working and lower middle classes.

George Esenwein, writing in European History Quarterly, questioned "Baxell's pointed efforts to shift attention away from the complex web of political and ideological circumstances that inevitably shaped the experiences of the British battalion", including their connections to the Soviet Union and Stalinism, and argued that he failed to "offer a compelling case in support of his view that the British battalion was composed mostly of independent-minded volunteers who maintained a considerable degree of autonomy from the communist command structures of the International Brigades." Esenwein concluded by noting, "Even if Baxell's own advocacy of the brigadiers' cause tends to colour his historical judgements, we have him to thank for correcting misconceptions that have unfairly tarnished the reputation of this distinguished group of committed citizens".

In the journal Saothar, published by the Irish Labour History Society, Manus O'Riordan questioned Baxell's treatment of alleged "friction between some British and Irish volunteers" but praised his demonstration of "how other writers have got it wrong in maintaining that some Irish volunteers were wantonly executed by their own side".

Laurie Lee in the International Brigades (2004)
In Laurie Lee in the International Brigades: Writer or Fighter?, delivered as a Len Crome Memorial Lecture and published by the International Brigade Memorial Trust in 2004, Baxell argues that the English writer was certainly a member of the International Brigades, but Laurie Lee's memoir, particularly his claim to have fought in Spain, is likely to have been largely fictitious.

Antifascistas (2010)
Baxell is also the co-author, with Angela Jackson and Jim Jump, of Antifascistas: British & Irish Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War (2010), a book of short texts and pictures. Antifascistas accompanied an exhibition of the same name which opened in May 2010 and included photographs, posters, banners and personal accounts, many of which were taken from the Marx Memorial Library. An updated Spanish edition with an introduction by Angel Viñas was published as Help Spain by Pamiela in 2016.

Unlikely Warriors (2012)

Unlikely Warriors: The British in the Spanish Civil War and the Struggle Against Fascism was published by Aurum Press in 2012. Baxell described the book as "the first to place the Spanish Civil War within the context of the volunteers' lives, rather than the other way round"; and said it seeks to deliver its narrative "from the perspective of the participants themselves using, wherever possible, their own words". The book was shortlisted for the 2013 Political Book Awards political history book of the year.

References

External links
 Official website
 Articles by Richard Baxell in The Guardian
 Richard Baxell at Academia.edu

Living people
21st-century British historians
Historians of the United Kingdom
Historians of Spain
Historians of communism
Historians of the Spanish Civil War
British military historians
Academics of the London School of Economics
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 60 kg

text:
The men's 60 kg Judo competitions at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland was held on 24 July at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre. Judo returned to the program, after last being competed back in 2002.

Results

Preliminaries

Repechages

References

M60
2014