title: Chisocheton lansiifolius

text:
Chisocheton lansiifolius is a tree in the family Meliaceae. The specific epithet  is from the Latin, meaning leaves resembling those of  the genus Lansium, specifically Lansium parasiticum.

Description
The tree grows up to  tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is dark brown. The flowers are creamy-white to pinkish. Fruits are red, roundish, up to  in diameter.

Distribution and habitat
Chisocheton lansiifolius is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is rain  forests, including peatswamp forests, from sea-level to  altitude.

References

lansiifolius
Endemic flora of Borneo
Trees of Borneo
Plants described in 1979


title: Westin Convention Center Pittsburgh

text:
The Westin Convention Center Pittsburgh is a 26-story hotel in Downtown Pittsburgh, with a prominent position in the area adjacent to the David L. Lawrence Convention Center and the Cultural District. The hotel is connected via an enclosed walkway to the convention center.
The building is part of Liberty Center, a two building complex which also includes the Federated Tower. Liberty Center was developed and built by Liberty Center Ventures, a partnership of Forest City Enterprises and Jos. L. Muscarelle, Inc. and opened in December 1986. In August 2013, Liberty Center was sold by Forest City to Starwood Capital Group for $135 million.

History
Liberty Center was developed and built by Liberty Center Ventures, a partnership of Forest City Enterprises and Jos. L. Muscarelle, Inc. and opened in December 1986. The $137 million mixed-use complex was the first major development following the Renaissance II burst of construction in downtown Pittsburgh. The hotel broke ground on December 6, 1984, construction "topped off" on September 26, 1985, and the entire Liberty Center complex opened in December 1986. The complex was financed from three sources: a $99 million loan from Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, a $21 million from the Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh, and the remainder from Jos. L. Muscarelle, Inc. and Forest City Enterprises.

The hotel opened as the Vista International and was managed by Hilton International. From 1995 to 2001, the hotel was managed by DT Management Inc., a subsidiary of Hilton Hotel Corporation and was known as the DoubleTree Pittsburgh Hotel at Liberty Center. In 2001, Starwood took over management of the hotel, rebranding it as The Westin Convention Center.

In the 1980s it hosted the annual regional ad agency awards & banquet.

Notable guests
Several notable figures have chosen the hotel:

September 25 - 28, 1988: Michael Jackson stays at this hotel in a penthouse suite during his Bad World Tour and even requested a professional wooden dance floor to be installed for dance practice.
December 6, 1991: South African leader Nelson Mandela visits the hotel for a major speech.
January, 1992: Joan Collins while touring with the Private Lives stage show.
March 25, 1992: Then governor and presidential candidate Bill Clinton visits the convention center hotel days before the commonwealth's primary as he fights back the recent Connecticut loss to Jerry Brown.
December 2, 2003: President George W. Bush visits for a major speech.
July 25, 2005: Vice President Dick Cheney visits for a major speech.

Mascot
In 2016 as part of a partnership with Anthrocon, the hotel was given an anthropomorphic mascot named "Westie", a West Highland White Terrier.

References

External links
Official site

Skyscraper hotels in Pittsburgh
Hotel buildings completed in 1986


title: Bernd Noske

text:
Bernd "Nossi" Noske (17 August 1946 – 18 February 2014) was a German musician. He is best known as the singer and drummer of the progressive rock band Birth Control.

In 1999, he released a solo album, Come Out at Night.

Life
At the age of nine Noske sang in the school choir and played drums in the school theatre. After school he worked as a packer and truck driver until he started his career as a musician.

His first band "The Odd Persons" gave concerts in West Germany and performed at the Hamburg Starclub. In 1969, as successor of Hugo Egon Balder, he joined the band Birth Control, with whom he performed as a constant member and frontman until 2014. When songwriter and musician Bruno Frenzel died in 1983, in late effects by an electric shock he  received on stage during a common gig in 1975, Noske dissolved the band and played with Hardbeats, Mr. Goodtrip and Lilly & the Rockets. In 1993 the band reformed and was active again. In 1999 Noske released the solo album Come out at Night, which he had already recorded in 1978/79.

Instruments and playing style
In the early days of Birth Control Bernd Noske (nicknamed Nossi) played a Ludwig drum set consisting of bass drum, hanging tom, stand tom, snare, hi-hat and two cymbals, which he later added another hanging tom and another cymbal.

Birth Control had international success with the piece Gamma Ray. This was essentially characterised by drum passages that Noske played on timbales using maracas. With the new formation he played these passages alternately on timbales or tomtoms. The fact that he played live as a drummer and lead singer at the same time was also extraordinary.

Finally Bernd Noske played a sonor drum set consisting of bass drum, two rock toms, two hanging toms, two stand toms, snare, hi-hat and five cymbals. During his solo he stood up while playing and climbed onto the bass drum from the front to continue drumming from this position.

References

External links

 Literatur von und über Bernd Noske in the catalogue of the German National Library
 Bernd „Nossi“ Noske, Short biography on the website of Birth Control
 Obituary on rocktimes.de by Uli Heiser

1946 births
2014 deaths
German male singers
German drummers
Male drummers
20th-century German musicians
20th-century drummers
20th-century German male musicians


title: Cross-country skiing at the 1984 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometre

text:
The 30 kilometre cross-country skiing event was part of the cross-country skiing programme at the 1984 Winter Olympics, in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. It was the eighth appearance of the 30 km race. The competition was held on Friday, 10 February 1984, at Veliko Polje, Igman. Of the 72 athletes who started the race, three were disqualified.

Nikolay Zimyatov of the Soviet Union successfully regained his Olympic title. His fellow countryman Alexander Zavyalov took silver with Sweden's Gunde Svan taking bronze.

Results

References

External links
Official Olympic Report

Men's cross-country skiing at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Men's 30 kilometre cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics


title: Richard Sopris

text:
Richard Sopris (1813 – 1893) was an American politician who served as the mayor of Denver, Colorado from 1878 to 1881. Prior to that, he was a prospector, Captain in the 1st Regiment of Colorado Volunteers, and a representative for what is now Colorado in the Kansas Territorial legislature.

Early and personal life
Richard Sopris was born on June 26, 1813 or July 26, 1813 in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. He was married near Philadelphia to Elizabeth Allen of Trenton, New Jersey on June 3, 1836, and they moved to Indiana that year. They had eight children by 1860, and a total of ten children. His daughter, Indiana Sopris opened a school in May 1860. She was the first white woman to teach school in the city  and she is credited as the first woman teacher in Colorado.

Career
He began working as a house carpenter. Sopris was also a canal builder and steamboat captain.

In 1858, he traveled by stage to Omaha, Nebraska and then traveled across the plains in a one-horse wagon with George H. Bryant arriving in February or March 1859 in Arapahoe County of Kansas Territory, which would become the Colorado Territory. He was one of the original shareholders of the town of Auraria and prospected for gold in the winter and spring. Sopris was one of the trustees for a Presbyterian church established at Pollock House. Services began June 15, 1859.

He began mining at the Gregory and Bates lode in April 1859. He was President of the Gregory Association of Miners and a member of the Mammoth Quartz Lead Mining Company. He built the first house there considered to be worthy of a family at Mountain City, later called Central City. It was located on High Street. Mountain City Lodge A.F. & A.M was established in 1859, and Sopris was Worshipful Master. He also lived in Auraria and was Worshipful Master of the Auraria Lodge.

In 1860, he traveled back to Michigan City, Indiana and returned to Colorado with his family via train to Atchison, Kansas and then by covered wagon. They lived on the 1300 block of Stout Street. He helped organize the 1st Regiment of Colorado Volunteers. He fought Native Americans at Glorieta Pass in north-central New Mexico and Confederate forces in New Mexico and Arizona. He attained the rank of captain of Company C of the regiment.

He represented Colorado in the Kansas territorial legislature and helped draft mining laws. He was elected mayor of Denver. Richard Sopris died on April 7, 1893, and was buried at the Riverside Cemetery in Denver. His wife died on December 18, 1911. He is the namesake of Mount Sopris, having surveyed the area in 1860.

References

Mayors of Denver
1813 births
1893 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Burials at Riverside Cemetery (Denver, Colorado)


title: Jaltomata aspera

text:
Jaltomata aspera is a plant species native to Peru. It grows on rocky hillsides at elevations less than 1800 m.

Jaltomata aspera is a shrub up to 2 m tall. It has solitary, hanging flowers, greenish-yellow in color with blood-red nectar. Fruits are orange to white.

References

aspera
Flora of Peru


title: Irina Margareta Nistor

text:
Irina Margareta Nistor (born 26 March 1957) is a Romanian translator and film critic.

Biography
Nistor worked as a translator of TV programs in Romania under the Communist regime, and is known for secretly dubbing over 3,000 banned movie titles on VHS tapes smuggled in from the West over a period of five years. During the time of the Cold War, these tapes quickly spread throughout Romania, and her voice became widely known throughout the country. In a recent New York Times video about Nistor, one of the interviewees observes: "We did start to wonder why all the films were dubbed by the same voice… (Nistor’s) is the most well known voice in Romania after Ceaușescu’s...”

Nistor worked for The Romanian Television from 1980 until 1999, first as a film translator, then as a program producer. In 1993, she produced, in French, for TV5 Europe a one-hour program called “The Romanian Cinema after 1989”.

Nistor is featured in the documentary Chuck Norris vs Communism, directed by London-based Romanian filmmaker, Ilinca Calugareanu. Its European premiere was at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on 24 and 25 June 2015.  The film was screened at the Hawaii European Cinema: Hawaii's European Film Festival on 17 October 2015. The film also screened at Cinequest 2016, in San Jose, California, USA.

Nistor remains active within the Romanian film industry. In 2012, she launched the Psychoanalysis and Film Festival, headed by psychoanalyst Andrea Sabbadini, which was the Romanian extension of the European Psychoanalytic Film Festival presided by Italian director Bernardo Bertolucci. For nine years, she has presented a weekly one-hour Sunday program on Radio Guerrilla, The Voice of the Movies. In 2006, she published a book about her mentor, film critic D.I. Suchianu. She was an HBO adviser and a member of the screenplay jury in film financing procedures of the Romanian National Fund of Cinematography. She has also been the film selector for the DaKINO international film festival.

References

Romanian film critics
Women film critics
Romanian propagandists
1957 births
Living people
Romanian translators
Romanian biographers
Romanian women biographers


title: Enlighten Canberra

text:
Enlighten Canberra is an outdoor annual art and cultural festival held in Canberra, Australia featuring illuminating light installations and projections, performances from local and interstate musicians, a short film festival and the Canberra Balloon Spectacular.

The festival is an Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Government initiative held annually in early March, encouraging people to "See Canberra in a whole new light." The centrepiece of Enlighten Canberra is the illuminating of Canberra's cultural institutions after dark, including Old Parliament House, Parliament House and the National Gallery of Australia (since the 2011 event) as well as the National Portrait Gallery and Questacon (since the 2012 event). There is also live music, film screenings and after-hours tours.

Since its inception, Enlighten has become increasingly popular, attracting 115,000 visitors in 2013 and 131,500 in 2014. Attendance rose again in 2015, to 287,874 visitors.

History of the event

2008–11: Lead-up to the first Enlighten

In 2008 ACT Labor made an election promise to deliver a new autumn event for Canberra, Australia—this was the beginnings of Enlighten Canberra. In December 2010, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Minister for Tourism, Sport and Recreation Andrew Barr, announced the ACT Government Enlighten would be a major annual event, commencing in March 2011. He said national attractions that would participate with lit facades after dark included the National Gallery of Australia, Parliament House and Old Parliament House. Ticketed events were also announced, including headline international acts in concert.

2011: The first Enlighten
In its first year, along with other events, Enlighten hosted rock band INXS, jazz guitarist George Benson, and world-music supergroup Afro Celt Sound System. To help promote Enlighten, INXS arrived in Canberra in a helicopter, landing on the lawns of Old Parliament House two weeks before their concert appearance. INXS band member Kirk Pengilly told reporters that the show planned for Enlighten 2011 was "probably the biggest production that we've put on at any show in Australia." As part of the festival, cultural institutions in the Parliamentary triangle were illuminated after dark, including Old Parliament House, Parliament House and the National Gallery of Australia.

Despite the big-ticket performances and media stunts, the inaugural festival cost $2.4 million, and there was poor community interest, with just 8600 visitors. The first Enlighten did however attract 2400 visitors from interstate or overseas who came to Canberra specifically for Enlighten or extended their stay because of it.

The slogan for Enlighten, announced in December 2010, is "See Canberra in a whole new light"

2012: Enlighten made a part of the Canberra Festival
In its second year, Enlighten was made a part of the Canberra Festival. The merging of the festivals was met with criticism from the Canberra branch of the Liberal Party of Australia, with Canberra Liberal Brendan Smyth describing the Labor Government's attempt to create a new festival as "embarrassing".
The Enlighten entertainment lineup featured in the 2012 event was scaled back significantly from the 2011 event to instead feature local Canberra artists including Owen Campbell. Of the nearly 100 artists contracted to perform in the 2012 festival, 53 per cent were local artists, paid 11.5 per cent of the Enlighten programming budget that year. In 2012 Questacon and the National Portrait Gallery became canvasses for projection for the first time—they had not been lit in the 2011 Enlighten festival.

2013–14: the spiegeltent joins Enlighten
In 2013, along with the large-scale building illuminations featured in the previous two events, Enlighten hosted a spiegeltent for the first time. The tent put on dozens of shows featuring comics, acrobats and musicians. The festival also included Canberra's first Dîner en Blanc, a pop-up picnic in which all guests dress in white and bring their own food, table, table-setting and chair. More than 700 people attended the picnic, the third Dîner en Blanc to be held in Australia. Dîner en Blanc was repeated in 2014, with over 800 people attending, but the dinner was not included as part of Enlighten 2015. Film screenings and after hours tours were also offered, and American soul singer Charles Bradley performed as part of the 2014 festival.

2015–16: Enlighten debuts the Night Noodle Markets in Canberra

In November 2014, the ACT Government announced the Night Noodle Markets would be coming to Canberra during the Enlighten Festival in 2015. The Night Noodle Markets feature Asian-themed street-food vendors. ACT Tourism Minister Andrew Barr told media that Canberra's Night Noodle Markets were expected to host up to 25 hawker style food stalls, and that the ACT Government had committed $200,000 to bring the 2015 noodle markets to the city. Around 156,000 peoples visited the inaugural Enlighten Night Noodle Markets—of whom 24,000 visited on the opening night, far exceeding expectations.

In 2016, alongside the Night Noodle Markets, Enlighten featured an installation by Amanda Parer of five illuminated white rabbits standing at . Parer described the rabbits as metaphors for the mismanagement of the environment. Free concerts held over the consecutive weekends featured indie rock Australian band Augie March and American alternative country musical group Calexico.

Ahead of the 2016 ACT election the Labor party committed to spend $3.72 million to continue Enlighten in 2017, 2018 and 2019.

2020–21: Pandemic
Enlighten in 2020 just missed the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. It still went ahead in 2021, under some restrictions as most events and installations were ticketed and required online pre-registration to allow contact tracing. The Night Noodle Markets were not held, replaced by Late Night Treats. The Skyfire fireworks show was also cancelled that year.

Criticism
Enlighten has come under severe criticism in the Australian media for not paying professional artists for their work and labor producing installations and artworks (despite being a well-funded government festival). For the 2020 festival the EOI proposal request published on Artshub and Visabel  suggests four remuneration options to artists, three of which indicate artists should fully self-fund, partially self-fund or find sponsorship for exhibition of their own work. One indicates that the festival will pay for some projects but stresses a very limited budget for artworks.

Projections
For its first six years, the large-scale projections for Enlighten were coordinated by Electric Canvas. Electric Canvas's managing director Peter Milne has also worked on the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games and the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games.

Budget, attendance and visitor expenditure
Since its inception, Enlighten has become increasingly popular, attracting 115,000 visitors in 2013 and 131,500 in 2014. Attendance rose again in 2015, to 287,874 visitors.

Energy usage

In 2012, projections for Enlighten were predominantly powered using diesel generators and consumed 2423 litres of diesel, resulting in an estimated 7.0 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas emissions.

See also

 Art of Australia
 Vivid Sydney

References

Art exhibitions in Australia
Australian sculpture
Festivals established in 2011
Music festivals in Australian Capital Territory
Light festivals
Recurring events established in 2011
2011 establishments in Australia
Art festivals in Australia


title: Macaduma montana

text:
Macaduma montana is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Robinson in 1975. It is found on Fiji.

References

Macaduma
Moths described in 1975


title: Jaltomata weberbaueri

text:
Jaltomata weberbaueri is a plant species native to Peru. It grows on rocky hillsides at elevations less than 1800 m.

Jaltomata weberbaueri flowers are reddish-purple with white veins and red-orange nectar, up to 6 cm in diameter.

References

weberbaueri
Flora of Peru
Taxa named by Carl Lebrecht Udo Dammer


title: Macaduma striata

text:
Macaduma striata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Robinson in 1975. It is found on Fiji.

References

Macaduma
Moths described in 1975


title: Macaduma samoensis

text:
Macaduma samoensis is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Willie Horace Thomas Tams in 1935. It is found on Samoa.

References

Macaduma
Moths described in 1935


title: Manzanar Children's Village

text:
The Manzanar Children's Village was an orphanage for children of Japanese ancestry incarcerated during World War II as a result of Executive Order 9066, under which President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the forced removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States. Contained within the Manzanar concentration camp in Owens Valley, California, it held a total of 101 orphans from June 1942 to September 1945.

Incarceration of Japanese Americans

Issued a little over month after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, on February 19, 1942, Executive Order 9066 authorized military commanders to designate military zones from which "any or all persons may be excluded." On March 2, 1942, General John L. DeWitt and the Western Defense Command issued a public proclamation that established Military Areas 1 and 2, encompassing all of California, the western halves of Washington and Oregon, and Southern Arizona. Although the executive order had not specified who was to be excluded, DeWitt's proclamation made it clear that Japanese American residents would be required to vacate the newly created exclusion zone, and Public Law 503, passed by Congress on March 20, 1942 and signed into law by the President the following day, created penalties of up to $5,000 and one year in prison for violating the military restrictions.

Approximately 5,000 Japanese Americans moved through a short-lived "voluntary evacuation" program — many of them into what they were assured would remain a "Free Zone" in eastern California but would later fall within the scope of exclusion — however, most remained in their homes while they waited for further information. The first civilian exclusion order was issued on March 24, 1942, and in April, Alaska was under military orders to evacuate its Japanese residents as well (due to the territory's small Japanese population, it was not designated with any exclusion zones). Over the next five months, more than 110,000 Japanese Americans were transported from the West Coast and Southern Arizona to isolated inland camps.

The orphans of Children's Village

Prior to 1942, most orphans of Japanese ancestry lived either with relatives or foster families, or were housed in one of three California orphanages. The Shonien and Maryknoll Home in Los Angeles and the Salvation Army Home in San Francisco cared specifically for children of Japanese ancestry, although the mainstream institutions where white children were typically placed would from time to time accept a Japanese American child. About two-thirds of the orphans who would reside in Children's Village during the war came from these three homes, and several Shonien, Maryknoll and Salvation Army staff members would serve as their caretakers in camp.

Others were not orphans before the war. Following Japan's December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the FBI carried out large-scale arrests of Japanese Americans suspected of fifth column activity, mainly Issei community leaders and business owners (including Shonien director Rokuichi Kusumoto). Over 5,500 men were detained, most subsequently sent to Department of Justice-run internment camps. Children who did not have relatives to take them in after their father's arrests became orphans and later wound up in Children's Village.

Several children brought to the Village lived with non-Japanese foster families before the war. Because their foster parents were not subject to exclusion from the West Coast, these children were either extracted from their homes after officials learned that they were part or full Japanese, or, influenced by propaganda that promised strict penalties for harboring Japanese, their guardians turned them over to authorities themselves.

Half of the children confined in the Manzanar orphanage were under age seven when they arrived; 29 percent were less than four years old. Nineteen of these 101 orphans were of mixed-race heritage, some with as little as one-eighth Japanese ancestry, including several children who were unaware of their racial background until army authorities identified them by scouring confidential orphanage and federal records.

During the war
Orphanage board and staff members attempted to dissuade authorities from sending orphans to camp without success. . Col. Karl R. Bendetsen, "determined that if they have one drop of Japanese blood in them, they must all go to camp," gave the order to begin removing children from orphanages on April 28, 1942. The Assistant Director of the Shonein, Lillian Iida, a 29-year-old Nisei woman, fought against the Army plan to divide the orphans equally amongst the staff and send each staff member, with orphans, to an internment camp as a new family unit. The result of her opposition to the Army's plan was the building of the Children's Village at Manzanar. Lillian and her new husband, Harry Matsumoto, then ran the Children's Village for the early years of the war.  The nuns of the Maryknoll Home managed to find foster homes outside the exclusion zone for 26 of the 33 orphans in their charge. The 61 remaining children in Maryknoll, Shonien and the Salvation Army Home were slated for removal. On June 23, 1942, they were bused, under armed guard, with several adult caretakers from Los Angeles to Manzanar. Over the next few months, approximately thirty more children from Washington, Oregon and Alaska, mostly orphans who had been living with non-Japanese foster families, would arrive in Manzanar. Infants born to unmarried mothers in other WRA camps were also sent to Children's Village over the next three years.

Children's Village consisted of three barracks — one for staff apartments and communal areas, and two that contained the children's dormitories — located across from barracks 28 and 29, near the hospital, at the northwest end of the Manzanar complex. With running water and independent kitchen and bathroom facilities, the orphanage was largely self-contained and operated separately from the rest of the camp. Harry and Lillian Matsumoto, social workers who accompanied the Shonien orphans and served as superintendents of Children's Village, led the children in a daily schedule of breakfast, a Christian service, school, homework, recreation, and dinner. Younger children went to bed at 7:30 p.m., and a curfew of 9:00 p.m. was enforced for the rest of the Village.

The children had very little interaction with other Japanese Americans in Manzanar. Because the orphanage facilities were more self-sufficient than the family barracks, there was little need to leave the Village. They ate inside the orphanage with their caretakers, separate from other camp inmates, who ate their meals in communal mess halls assigned by block. Additionally, they were ostracized by other children, who had been told by their parents not to play with the orphans. This isolation, and the fact that many orphans came to Manzanar together and had known each other and their staff guardians for years, made the closure of Children's Village at the end of the war especially difficult.

After the war
In late 1944, Roosevelt issued Public Proclamation 21, allowing Japanese Americans to return to the West Coast starting in January 1945, and most of the WRA-run concentration camps closed over the course of that year. When word came that Manzanar would begin to shut down, camp officials and orphanage staff began the process of determining where to send the children. Most were returned to the group homes they had been taken from or sent to live with relatives or guardians. Some, whose records had been lost during their removal or did not have an appointed guardian, remained in Children's Village while authorities attempted to find relatives or at least determine the child's legal residence. These unclaimed children were placed with adoptive parents or sent to foster homes and other institutions when the Children's Village closed in September 1945.

The history of the Manzanar Children's Village was largely unknown, even within the Japanese American community, until the late 1980s, when Francis Honda, an orphan confined in Children's Village during the war, gave testimony of his experiences at Manzanar for the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians hearings. Manzanar Children's Village is no longer standing, but there is a National Park Service-operated informational slide about the orphanage at its former site, and the Children's Village Oral History Project, archived at the Center for Oral and Public History at California State University, Fullerton, contains interviews with former residents and staff members.

References

Further information
Children's Village Oral History Project. California State University, Fullerton. Center for Oral and Public History.

Catherine Irwin, Twice Orphaned: Voices from the Children's Village of Manzanar (Fullerton, CA: Center for Oral and Public History, 2008).

Lisa Nobe, "The Children's Village at Manzanar: The World War II Eviction and Detention of Japanese American Orphans." Journal of the West 38.2 (April 1999): 65-71.

Helen Whitney, "Care of Homeless Children of Japanese Ancestry during Evacuation" (M.A. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1948).

Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project

Internment camps
Internment of Japanese Americans
Japanese-American history
World War II internment camps in the United States
History of California


title: Chisocheton macranthus

text:
Chisocheton macranthus is a tree in the family Meliaceae. The specific epithet  is from the Greek meaning "large-flowered".

Description
The tree grows up to  tall with a trunk diameter of up to .  The young twigs and branches are up to 1.5 inches (four centimeters) thick; intermediate between mesocaul and pachycaul. The flowers are creamy-pink. The fruits are recurved, up to  in diameter.

Distribution and habitat
Chisocheton macranthus is found in Borneo and the Philippines. The habitat is lowland rain forests from sea-level to  altitude.

References

macranthus
Trees of Borneo
Trees of the Philippines
Plants described in 1908


title: Macrobrochis alba

text:
Macrobrochis alba is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Fang in 1990. It is found in Yunnan, China.

References

Lithosiina
Moths described in 1990


title: Single-channel architecture

text:
In computer networking, single-channel architecture (SCA) is the design of a wireless network in such a way that the wireless client sees a single point of access to the network. This design utilizes a centralized controller to decide which access point (AP) will be used to communicate with a client device. This method allows the network to maintain a higher level of control over the communication medium than does multiple-channel architecture, which allows client devices to determine which APs to communicate with.

Principles
Single-channel architecture is based on a principle of "virtual cells". All APs joined to a virtual cell use the same wireless channel and identify themselves with the same basic service set identifier (BSSID, i.e. a MAC address). The APs in a cell are managed by a centralized Wireless LAN controller (WLC) that coordinates the APs such that APs/transmissions do not interfere with one another. From a client's point of view, a virtual cell appears as a single AP.

Multiple virtual cells can co-exist, with each virtual cell having its own BSSID and channel. This topology effectively simulates a multiple-channel architecture and can be used to reduce channel congestion in environments with high AP density and overlapping signal range. For example, in a classroom with two cells, clients can be directed to associate with one or the other cell, leaving more bandwidth available to the clients on each channel.

Benefits
The biggest advantage of a single-channel architecture is that there is a zero handoff time for roaming clients. In multiple-channel architecture, as a client device travels around the physical location of the network, it will change which AP it is associated with. Since each AP in a multiple-channel architecture has its own BSSID, a client needs to re-authenticate itself every time it associates with a new AP. In comparison, in a single-channel architecture, since the client only sees one AP, it is up to the central controller to decide when to communicate with the client using a different AP. This means that the handoff can occur behind the scenes and is completely invisible to the client. With a zero handoff time, there is no interruption to the client, which is ideal when a client is utilizing voice or video applications and does not have bandwidth in reserve to deal with the re-authentication process.

When implemented properly, single-channel architecture eliminates most, if not all, shared-channel interference by carefully regulating which APs are transmitting and preventing APs which would interfere with each other from transmitting at the same time. By knowing the transmit power of each radio, the central controller can make a good estimation of which APs would and would not interfere with each other, and regulate them when a possible interference scenario occurs.

Another potential advantage of single-channel architecture is the reduced planning required. Since every AP will use the same channel, there is no channel planning required (except to initially decide which channel is to be used). Since the controller works to eliminate any interference, it doesn't matter where the APs are placed, as long as there is adequate signal coverage and the controller is aware of the placement and capabilities of the APs.

Disadvantages
The algorithms and settings used in single-channel architecture are delicately balanced. If information regarding AP placement or capabilities is incorrectly reported to the controller, then the controller could make an incorrect determination of which APs can transmit at the same time, which could potentially increase interference rather than decrease it.

Also, since every AP transmit on the same channel, APs cannot change channel to avoid external interference. Thus, in the event of external interference, the client throughput would suffer. While the controller's settings could be changed such that all APs use a different channel, but that manual configuration would negate the reduced planning advantage of single-channel architecture.

Another point to consider is that with single-channel architecture, as with wireless communications generally, increasing AP density is not always better than having fewer APs placed further apart. Placing more than one AP in a single space, a classroom for instance, will not increase the available bandwidth for clients. This is because, when multiple devices on the same channel are in range of one another, only one of them can transmit at a time. In contrast, in multiple-channel architecture, neighboring APs can be on different channels and can therefore transmit simultaneously. While multiple virtual cells could be created to avoid congestion, this has the same disadvantages as a multiple-channel architecture in that it increases management complexity and handoff time for roaming clients is no longer zero.

See also
 Multiple-channel architecture (MCA)

References
https://badger-fi.com/2016/08/31/single-channel-architecture-and-virtual-cell-and-its-effect-on-co-channel-contention/

https://www.fortinet.com/content/dam/fortinet/assets/solution-guides/deployment-guide-infrastructure-secure-access.pdf

https://ocw.cs.pub.ro/courses/_media/isrm/articole/aruba_single_channel_wp.pdf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_7IBx4Hhsw

https://praveenkumar4blog.wordpress.com/2017/05/01/single-channel-architecture-vs-multi-channel-architecture/

Wireless networking standards


title: Macrobrochis albifascia

text:
Macrobrochis albifascia is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Cheng-Lai Fang in 1982. It is found in Tibet.

References

Lithosiina
Moths described in 1982


title: Multiple-channel architecture

text:
In computer networking, multiple-channel architecture (MCA) is the design of a wireless network in such a way that the client sees multiple points of access to the wireless network. MCA allows wireless clients to choose which access points (APs) to communicate with for access to the network, in contrast to single-channel architecture, which gives more control to the centralized network devices such as the wireless LAN controller.

MCA is the most commonly used network architecture, as it is the most intuitive way to solve the problem of co-channel interference (although it does not eliminate the problem).

See also
 Single-channel architecture (SCA)

References

Wireless networking standards


title: Macrobrochis albovenosa

text:
Macrobrochis albovenosa is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Karel Černý in 1990. It is found in Thailand.

References

Lithosiina
Moths described in 1990


title: Macrobrochis dirhabdus

text:
Macrobrochis dirhabdus is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1920. It is found on Sumatra in Indonesia.

References

Lithosiina
Moths described in 1920


title: VA-144 (U.S. Navy)

text:
VA-144 was an Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy, nicknamed the Roadrunners. It was established as VA-116 on 1 December 1955, and redesignated VA-144 on 23 February 1959. The squadron was disestablished on 29 January 1971.

Operational history
 September 1957: The squadron, embarked on , was on station off the coast of Taiwan due to a build-up of Chinese Communist forces on the mainland opposite Taiwan.
 26 May–18 August 1958: The squadron was embarked on  during its transit from the east coast, via South America, to its new home port at Naval Air Station Alameda, California.
 July 1959: The squadron, embarked on Ranger, maintained station off the coast of Taiwan due to increased tension between Taiwan and Communist China.
 June–November 1964: The squadron participated in Yankee Team Operations. These operations involved support for photo reconnaissance missions over Laos. During these operations, the squadron was the first operational unit to fly with and drop the Snakeye weapon.
 4 August 1964: The squadron flew night sorties in support of the American destroyers  and , during the Gulf of Tonkin incident.
 5 August 1964: VA-144 participated in Operation Pierce Arrow, air strikes against North Vietnamese torpedo boats, their bases and supporting facilities in retaliation for the attacks on the American destroyers the previous day. Strikes were flown against the North Vietnamese home port of Hon Gai and the naval craft located there. During this engagement Lieutenant (jg) Everett Alvarez, Jr.’s A-4C was hit by antiaircraft fire and he was forced to eject. A rescue attempt failed and he was captured. He became the first American naval prisoner-of-war during the Vietnam War and was held by the North Vietnamese until 1973.
 20 December 1967: Commanders J. R. Powell, Jr. and R. C. Bos were awarded the Silver Star for planning and leading a successful strike against the heavily defended Haiphong Thermal Power Plant (west).
 24 April 1967: VA-144's aircraft participated in a strike against the Kép Air Base, the first time the airfield was hit during the air war over North Vietnam.

Home port assignments
The squadron was assigned to these home ports, effective on the dates shown:
 NAS Miramar – 01 Dec 1955
 NAS Lemoore – May 1962

Aircraft assignment
The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown:
 F7U-3M Cutlass – Dec 1955
 FJ-4B Fury – 15 Oct 1957
 A-4C Skyhawk – 04 Jun 1962
 A-4E Skyhawk – Jul 1967
 A-4F Skyhawk – 12 Nov 1969

See also
 List of squadrons in the Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons
 Attack aircraft
 List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons
 History of the United States Navy

References

External links

Attack squadrons of the United States Navy
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons


title: Macrobrochis fukiensis

text:
Macrobrochis fukiensis is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Franz Daniel in 1952. It is found in Fujian, China.

References

Lithosiina
Moths described in 1952


title: Macrobrochis grahami

text:
Macrobrochis grahami is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1924. It is found in Sichuan, China.

References

Lithosiina
Moths described in 1924


title: Macrobrochis hampsoni

text:
Macrobrochis hampsoni is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Schaus in 1924. It is found in Sichuan, China.

References

Lithosiina
Moths described in 1924


title: Macrobrochis holosericea

text:
Macrobrochis holosericea is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1901. It is found in western China.

References

Lithosiina
Moths described in 1901


title: Macrobrochis lucida

text:
Macrobrochis lucida is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Fang in 1990. It is found in Yunnan, China.

References

Lithosiina
Moths described in 1990
Moths of Asia


title: Macrobrochis nigra

text:
Macrobrochis nigra is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Franz Daniel in 1952. It is found in Shaanxi, China.

References

Lithosiina
Moths described in 1952


title: Heinrich Poselger

text:
Heinrich Poselger (25 December 1818 – 4 October 1883) was a German botanist who specialized in studies of succulent plants.

From 1849 to 1851 he collected plants, especially cacti, along the U.S.-Mexico border, and in the process took part in the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey. His collections of cacti were sent to the herbarium at Jena. He was a resident of Berlin, where he maintained an impressive collection of succulents.

He is the taxonomic authority of numerous species within the family Cactaceae, and has a number of cacti species bearing his name, a few examples being Coryphantha poselgeriana, Echinocereus poselgeri and Mammillaria poselgeri.

Associated works
 Reise nach Mexico in den Jahren, (1849).
 Beitrag zur Kakteenkunde. in "Allgemeine Gartenzeitung", (1853).
 Hundert Jahre der St. Johannis-Loge zum Widder (in Berlin) von 1777 bis 1877, (1877).
 "Heinrich Poselger: cactus articles in Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 1853-1855" (with Christoph Friedrich Otto and Albert Gottfried Dietrich); Cactusville Press.

References

1818 births
1883 deaths
19th-century German botanists
Scientists from Berlin


title: Macrobrochis nigripes

text:
Macrobrochis nigripes is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found in the Indian states of Sikkim and Assam.

References

Lithosiina
Moths described in 1900