title: International Crisis Behavior Project

text:
The International Crisis Behavior (ICB) Project is a project that collates interstate crisis data from 1918 (the end of World War I) onward to 2019. The project was created in 1975 by Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfeld.

Data

The International Crisis Behavior project contains data on international crises from 1918 onward (i.e., after the end of World War I) until a few years ago. As of March 2023, the newest available data is ICB Version 15. The data for this version extends through 2019 and includes 496 international crises and 1,100 crisis actors. All data is available freely for download.

Reception

Academic reception

Data from the ICB has been referenced in a number of academic papers studying the patterns of conflicts and international crises. It was also used in Chapter 3 of the book What Do We Know About War? edited by John A. Vasquez. The Forecasting Principles website lists the ICB Project as an important data resource in the analysis of conflict and terror.

References

External links

Political databases


title: Amax Eagle TT

text:
The Amax Eagle TT is an Australian autogyro that was designed and produced by Amax Engineering of Donvale, Victoria, introduced in the 1990s. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

The "TT" designation indicates "Tall Tail". The aircraft has higher landing gear, allowing the engine to be placed on the vertical center of gravity, which eliminates pitch changes with throttle application.

Design and development
The Eagle TT was derived from the low-landing gear equipped Amax Eagle and was designed to comply with amateur-built aircraft rules. It features a single main rotor, a single-seat open cockpit without a windshield, tricycle landing gear without wheel pants and a four-cylinder, liquid-cooled, four-stroke, single-ignition  Subaru EA81 automotive engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded 4130 steel tubing with some aluminum parts. Its two-bladed rotor has a diameter of  . The aircraft has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for the pilot and baggage is .

The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off with a  engine is  and the landing roll is .

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 100 hours.

Specifications (Eagle TT)

See also
List of rotorcraft

References

Eagle TT
1990s Australian sport aircraft
1990s Australian ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher autogyros


title: Diane O'Dell

text:
Diane O'Dell (born 1953) is an American female serial killer who was convicted of murdering three of her 12 children. She was also investigated for the disappearance of another child. O'Dell regularly traveled with the corpses. The bodies of the three dead newborns were found in May 2003 in a storage shed O'Dell rented and abandoned in Safford, Arizona.

By all accounts, she murdered them because they were illegitimate. O'Dell told police the babies died at birth between 1981 and 1984. She kept the three babies in a storage unit for over ten years. When she defaulted on her rent, her landlord cleared out her possessions and discovered the corpses.  The case became known as 'The Babies in Boxes Murder Case'.

Trial

In her 2003 trial, the jury rejected three counts of first degree murder, but unanimously found her guilty of second degree murder.

In 2004, she was sentenced to life in prison. She will be eligible for parole in 2029.

See also
 List of serial killers in the United States

References

1953 births
1982 murders in the United States
1983 murders in the United States
1985 murders in the United States
American female serial killers
American murderers of children
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Criminals from New York (state)
Filicides in New York (state)
Infanticide
Living people
People from Sullivan County, New York
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New York (state)
Serial killers from New York (state)


title: J. Christopher Giancarlo

text:
J. Christopher Giancarlo (born May 12, 1959) is an American attorney and former business executive who served as 13th chairman of the United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Giancarlo was sworn in as a CFTC commissioner on June 16, 2014 for a term expiring on April 13, 2019. Starting on January 20, 2017, with President Donald Trump's inauguration, Giancarlo began serving as acting chair of the CFTC. In March 2017, the president nominated Giancarlo to be full-time chair of the commission. Giancarlo was confirmed as chairman of the commission by the United States Senate on August 3, 2017.

Early life and education

Giancarlo was born on May 12, 1959, in Jersey City, New Jersey to a family of physicians, nurses, and small business owners. He has four brothers, including Charles Giancarlo, an entrepreneur, investor, and former senior executive of Cisco Systems and Board Chairman of Avaya.

Giancarlo received primary and secondary education at the Dwight-Englewood School in Englewood, New Jersey from 1970 to 1977. He attended Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York, where he graduated with college and Government Department Honors. At Skidmore, Giancarlo was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, of the Winter Term Scholarship Committee and a contributing editor to Politea magazine. In 1984, he received a Juris Doctor degree from the Vanderbilt University School of Law where he was an associate research editor at the Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law and President of the Law School's International Law Society. Since 1985, Giancarlo has been a member of the Bar of the State of New York.

Career

Business
From 2001 to 2014, Giancarlo served as the executive vice president of GFI Group Inc., an intermediary in the global over-the-counter and listed markets that offers trading technologies and products to financial market participants(NYSE: GFIG). Giancarlo was responsible for GFI's strategic transactions and relationships, including mergers and acquisitions, equity finance, investment banking, strategy development, analyst and investor communications and government relations. During his tenure, Giancarlo directed GFI's initial public offering in 2005 and led the acquisition strategies of Trayport Limited and Amerex Brokers LLC.

Prior to joining GFI, Giancarlo was executive vice president and U.S. legal counsel of Fenics Software. From September 1997 to April 2000, Giancarlo was a corporate partner in the New York law firm of Brown Raysman Millstein Felder and Steiner, where he advised technology businesses on corporate and finance transactions. He joined Brown Raysman from Giancarlo & Gleiberman, a law practice founded by Giancarlo in 1992 following his return from several years practicing law in London with the international firm of Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle.

Giancarlo was a founding board member and former chairman of the Wholesale Markets Brokers Association (Americas), and served as chair of three annual conferences on Swap Execution Facilities, SEFCON I  October 4, 2010, SEFCON II  October 3, 2011 and SEFCON III November 13, 2012 where he delivered opening and closing remarks. He was a member of the Leadership Board of the Center for Capital Markets Competitiveness of the United States Chamber of Commerce. He was also a founding co-editor-in-chief of eSecurities, Trading and Regulation on the Internet, (Leader Publications) and has written and spoken extensively on public policy, legal and other matters concerning technology and the financial markets.

In February 2011, Giancarlo testified before the U.S. House Financial Services Committee of the U.S. Congress on implementation of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ("Dodd-Frank Act"). In October of that same year, Giancarlo also testified before the House Committee on Agriculture on Legislative Proposals Amending Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act. In December 2012, he testified once more, this time before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets and Government Sponsored Enterprises on "Challenges Facing the U.S. Capital Markets to Effectively Implement Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Act".

Government service
Giancarlo was nominated by President Barack Obama on August 1, 2013, to serve as a Commissioner of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). On March 6, 2014, Giancarlo testified on his nomination before the U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, which approved the nomination on April 8, 2014. The U.S. Senate confirmed his nomination by unanimous consent on June 3, 2014 for a term expiring April 13, 2019.

On April 14, 2015, Giancarlo testified before the U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Agriculture Subcommittee on Commodity Exchanges, Energy, and Credit regarding commercial end-user concerns, derivatives trading position limits, CFTC swaps trading rules and the cross-border impact of U.S. derivatives regulation.

Having served as acting CFTC chair since President Trump's inauguration on January 20, 2017, Giancarlo was nominated by the president to be full-time chair of the commission on March 14, 2017, subject to confirmation by the Senate. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 3, 2017. His successor as commissioner and chairman, Heath Tarbert was confirmed by the Senate on June 5, 2019.

Cryptocurrency

Following service in the US government, Giancarlo took on several roles: senior counsel to the law firm Willkie Farr & Gallagher, chairman of the board of Common Securitization Solutions LLC, a joint venture between Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Senior Advisor of social trading company eToro, and a member of the advisory board of the Chamber of Digital Commerce. He's also director of the American Financial Exchange (AFX) and senior adviser to capital markets technology provider Baton Systems.

Giancarlo is a blockchain technology advocate and contributor to the global discourse on cryptocurrencies and digital assets. Mr. Giancarlo is the founder of the Digital Dollar Project, to "advance exploration of a United States Central Bank Digital Currency," and former director of financial service company BlockFi.

Personal life
Giancarlo is married to Regina (Regina Marie Beyel) and has three children. Giancarlo is a former board chairman of the French American Academy and a former member of the borough of Haworth, New Jersey Board of Adjustment. Giancarlo plays banjo and guitar and is a former member and co-founder of the "Slacks," a north NJ music band. His banjo playing can be heard on the album "Grand Reveal" by British recording artist Mike Marlin that was released on April 8, 2013. Giancarlo is a practicing Catholic.

References

1959 births
American people of Italian descent
American Roman Catholics
Living people
New York (state) lawyers
Commodity Futures Trading Commission personnel
Skidmore College alumni
Vanderbilt University Law School alumni
Dwight-Englewood School alumni
Lawyers from Jersey City, New Jersey
People from Haworth, New Jersey
Trump administration personnel


title: AaB Fodbold in European football

text:
AaB is an association football club from Aalborg, Denmark. The team has participated in four seasons of the UEFA Champions League, eight seasons of the UEFA Cup and Europa League, three seasons of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and four seasons of the UEFA Intertoto Cup.

Key

 S: Seasons
 P: Played
 W: Games won
 D: Games drawn
 L: Games lost
 F: Goals for
 A: Goals against
 aet: Match determined after extra time
 a: Match determined by away goals rule
 p: Match determined by penalties

 1R: First round
 2R: Second round
 3R: Third round
 QR: Qualifying round
 2Q: Second qualifying round
 3Q: Third qualifying round
 PO: Play-off round

Statistics

Overview

Matches

Notes
Note 1: Dynamo Kyiv won their tie against AaB, but, in their first group game against Panathinaikos, they were accused of a failed attempt to bribe referee Antonio López Nieto to get a win. Despite an appeal, they were thrown out of the competition by UEFA and were banned for the subsequent two years. AaB replaced them in the group stage. Dynamo's ban was eventually reduced to just one (current) season.

Record by country of opposition

Additional official appearances
Before the Intertoto Cup was taken over by UEFA in 1995, a number of tournaments were held with AaB taking part in five of them. These matches are considered official. In addition to those matches, AaB also qualified for one season of the Royal League, an official club competition for Scandinavian teams.

Matches

References

AaB Fodbold
Danish football clubs in international competitions


title: Type 14

text:
Type 14 may refer to:
Type 14 Nambu pistol, a Japanese pistol
Blackwood-class frigate, a class of anti-submarine frigates of the Royal Navy
Type 14 10 cm AA Gun, an anti-aircraft gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army
Volkswagen Type 14A (Hebmüller Cabriolet), a German automobile
Peugeot Type 14, a motor car by the French auto-maker Peugeot
Type 14 10 cm Cannon, a cannon of the Imperial Japanese Army
Hiro Type 14 (engine), a water-cooled twelve-cylinder W engine built by the Hiro Naval Arsenal

See also
 Class 14 (disambiguation)


title: Łódź Design Festival

text:
Łódź Design Festival is an international festival of design taking place since 2007 in Łódź, Poland. It presents different faces of design including industrial design, arts and crafts design, graphic design, architectural design, service design and fashion design.

Programme

The festival programme has continued to expand upon the ongoing dialogue with the audience, to finally assume its current shape.

It now comprises:
Main Programme - the core of the festival consisting of exhibitions curated around the festival’s annual theme and featuring different approaches to design.
make me! - a competition that allows beginning designers to show their work. The post-competition exhibition presented as part of the festival is a reflection on the search for a design identity pursued by young creators.
Educreation - a space designed for families with children.
must have -  a competition and exhibition that aim to select and promote the best Polish product implementations.
Open Programme - selection of external projects to the accompanying program of the festival.

Coverage

Moreover, from 1 January to 31 October 2013, the 7th edition of Łódź Design Festival was mentioned more than 2034 times in different media: radio, TV, internet, print media (data source: Press Service) News about Łódź Design Festival were presented in the popular media in Poland e.g. Design Alive, Wallpaper, Eksklusiv, Kikimora, Przekrój, Gazeta Wyborcza, Elle-Decoration, Architektura-murator, Czas na wnętrze and also in the main polish TV coverage: Polsat, Polsat News, TVP Łódź, TVP Kultura, TVN.

A New York Times blog wrote about Łódź Design Festival too: "This October, fashion week overlaps with the fourth annual Łódź Design festival; one of its curators is the Wrocław-based rising star Oskar Zieta, whose inflated metal stools look like Mylar balloons."

See also
Cultural events in Poland

References

Arts festivals in Poland
Events in Łódź
Festivals established in 2007
2007 establishments in Poland
Culture in Łódź


title: Burgvogt

text:
The Burgvogt was the administrator of a castle in the Holy Roman Empire.

Duties and powers
The Burgvogt organized life in a castle, its general operation, husbandry and military defence. He was also in charge of jurisdiction within a castle district, i.e. within the castle and the surrounding area belonging to it. His office was known as a Burgvogtei.

History
Castles had been administered since the Early Middle Ages by castle commanders, captains or governors (Burghauptmänner), also known as castellans  (Kastellane). This led to the development of the terms Burgvoigt, the man specifically in charge of organisation and jurisdiction, and Burggraf (English: burgrave), who ruled over the wider territory around a castle, the Burggrafschaft (English: burgraviate).

The title of Burgvogt retained its importance after the Middle Ages, as an influential administrator of a castle or palace, until around the end of the 18th century.

In the present day, the term Burgvogt is still used in German-speaking countries as the term for the administrator of a castle, usually one that serves tourist purposes.

References

Literature
 Dimitz, August (2013). History of Carniola Volume III: From Ancient Times to the Year 1813, Volume 3, tr. by Andrew J. Witter. Slovenian Genealogy Society International.
 Ebers, John (1796), The New and Complete Dictionary of the German and English Languages, Volume 1. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Haertel.

External links
 Burgvogt Alemannic pages
 Burgvogt in the Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch (DRW).

German feudalism
Judges
Medieval titles
Titles of nobility of the Holy Roman Empire
Historical legal occupations]


title: HMS Milbrook

text:
Three vessels of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Milbrook (or Millbrook), possibly named for Millbrook, Southampton, near the shipyard on the River Test in which the first Milbrook was built:

 , a schooner built to an experimental design by Samuel Bentham and launched 1798. Wrecked 1808.
 , an  built by Thornycroft, begun November 1914, launched 12 July 1915, and completed October 1915. Sold for breaking up 22 September 1921.
 , a fleet tender used for seamanship training. Day running out of Devonport, the ship took classes of junior sailors from the training establishment .

Royal Navy ship names


title: Jeffrey Brooks

text:
Jeffrey Brooks (born 1956) is an American composer living in Minneapolis. Brooks composed the popular work Dreadnought (for wind ensemble) as well as several works for Bang on a Can.

Brooks holds degrees from the University of Minnesota and Yale University. He studied with Louis Andriessen, Gilbert Amy, Allen Forte and Martin Bresnick. In the mid-1980s, at Yale and Tanglewood, he met Steve Martland, Art Jarvinen, Eleanor Hovda, Michael Gordon and David Lang, who have remained the most important influences in his musical life to this day.

Brooks has composed, with few exceptions, instrumental works, from the very small (What Bird am I Thinking of, for piano trio) to the very large (Dreadnought, John Henry, Funeral Music, and Providence), all for forces of 60-plus musicians.

Works
 The Passion (2017)
 Capriccio on the Departure of a Beloved Brother (2015)
After the Treewatcher, piano and chamber orchestra (2013)
The Starry Messenger, SSATB (2011)
John Henry Symphony, concert wind ensemble (2010)
Funeral Music, concert wind ensemble (2009)
What Bird am I Thinking of, piano trio (2008)
Providence, double concerto for trumpet and trombone in three movements (2007)
Skeleton Crew, for mixed amplified chamber ensemble (2005)
The Erlking, counter tenor and percussion quartet (2004)
Arbor Day, soprano, double bass and percussion (2003)
Dreadnought, concert wind ensemble (2001)
The Thinking Flame, mixed amplified chamber ensemble (1998)
Planting Tears, violin, cello, clarinet, marimba and piano (1997)
Composition, Two Pianos (1997)
Soli, alto sax, marimba and piano (1994)
Sextet, piano and wind quintet (1991)

References

American male composers
21st-century American composers
1956 births
Living people
Yale University alumni
21st-century American male musicians


title: Amax Eagle

text:
The Amax Eagle is an Australian autogyro that was designed and produced by Amax Engineering of Donvale, Victoria, introduced in the early 1990s. Now out of production, when it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Eagle was designed to comply with amateur-built aircraft rules. It features a single main rotor, a single-seat open cockpit without a windshield, tricycle landing gear without wheel pants and a four-cylinder, liquid-cooled, four-stroke, single-ignition  Subaru EA81 automotive engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft fuselage is made from welded 4130 steel tubing with some aluminum parts. Its two-bladed rotor has a diameter of  . The aircraft has a typical empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of . With full fuel of  the payload for the pilot and baggage is .

The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off with a  engine is  and the landing roll is .

The manufacturer estimated the construction time from the supplied kit as 100 hours.

The Eagle was later developed into the Eagle TT ("Tall Tail"). The Eagle TT has higher landing gear allowing the engine to be placed on the vertical center of gravity which eliminates pitch changes with throttle application.

Operational history
The Eagle won Most Outstanding Design at the 1992 Popular Rotorcraft Association annual convention in Brookville, Ohio, United States.

The design is widely employed in Australia for cattle mustering.

Specifications (Eagle)

See also
List of rotorcraft

References

Eagle
1990s Australian sport aircraft
1990s Australian ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher autogyros


title: Daily Punjab Times

text:
Daily Punjab Times is an Indian Punjabi language daily newspaper owned by PT Live Private Limited from Jalandhar, and published in Punjab, India. Baljit Singh Brar is the editor.

See also
The Tribune
Punjabi Tribune
List of Punjabi-language newspapers
List of newspapers
List of newspapers in India by circulation
List of newspapers in the world by circulation

References

External links
 - Official website
 - epaper

Punjabi-language newspapers published in India


title: Tommy Harrell

text:
Tommy Harrell is the current manager of the London senior hurling team.

See also
Gaelic games
List of hurling managers

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Hurling managers
Sportspeople from London
Place of birth missing (living people)


title: Ján Zimmer

text:
Ján Zimmer (16 May 1926 – 21 January 1993) was a Slovak post-romantic composer and pianist.

Biography
Ján Zimmer was born in Ružomberok, North Slovakia. He studied at the Bratislava Conservatory between 1941 and 1948 with  (piano), Józef Weber (organ) and Eugen Suchoň (composition). Afterwards he studied composition with Ferenc Farkas at the Budapest Music Academy, and in Salzburg in 1949. From 1948 to 1952 he taught music theory and piano at the Bratislava Conservatory. He also worked for the Czechoslovak Radio. From 1952 he devoted his time exclusively to composition and performance as a concert pianist (he performed in particular the piano part of his own piano concertos). His works, in the post-romantic style, are overall expressionistic and occasionally incorporate Slovakian folk music. Some of his works, such as the cantata The Uprising (1954), the powerful symphonic poem Strečno (1958), and the vocal symphonic poem Liberation (1975) are written in a nationalist spirit. Ján Zimmer composed more than 120 works, including especially two operas (1963 and 1977), twelve symphonies (from 1955 to 1985), seven piano concertos (from 1949 to 1985), many other concertos for various instruments, chamber music, songs, choral works (including a Magnificat, 1951), and numerous pieces for piano solo. He died in 1993 in Bratislava, at age 66.

Works

The following lists show all his compositions in the genres opera, symphony, and works for piano and orchestra. They show selected works in the other genres.

Opera
Kráľ Oidipus, opera, based on Oedipus rex op. 48 (1963; rev. 1969)
Herakles, opera-pantomime, op. 70 (1972). 40'
Odlomený čas, opera, op. 76 (1977)

Symphony
Symphony No. 1, op. 21 (1955). 26'
Symphony No. 2, op. 26 (1958). 30'
Symphony No. 3, op. 33 (1959). 31'
Symphony No. 4 for soprano, tenor, choir and orchestra, op. 37 (1959). 40'
Symphony No. 5, op. 44 (1961). 20'
Symphony No. 6 Improvisata, op. 51 (1965). 25'
Symphony No. 7, op. 54 (1966). 26'
Symphony No. 8, op. 68 (1971). 20'
Symphony No. 9, op. 72 (1973). 31'
Symphony No. 10 Homage to Haydn, for strings and woodwinds, op. 92 (1979). 29'
Symphony No. 11 for orchestra with organ, op. 98 (1980). 20'
Symphony No. 12 for orchestra and choir, op. 107 (1985). 18'

Orchestra
Pioneers' March (1952). 3'
Tatra I, symphonic suite No. 1, op. 11 (1952). 21'
Celebration Overture "For the Liberation of Bratislava", op. 22 (1955). 7'
Tatra II, symphonic suite No. 2, op. 25 (1956). 23'
Strečno, symphonic poem on the village Strečno, op. 34 (1958). 13'
French Suite in C minor, op. 62 (1968). 11'
Song Without Words, op. 66 (1970). 15'
Concert Overture (No. 1), op. 82 (1975)
Overture, op. 88 (1977). 8'
Slovak Mountains, symphonic suite, op. 89 (1978). 13'
Concert Overture (No. 2) for Large orchestra, op. 96 (1981). 8'
Suite Youth, op. 105 (1983)

Piano and orchestra
Piano Concerto No. 1, op. 5 (1949). 39'
Concerto grosso for Two String Orchestras, Two Pianos and Percussion, op. 7 (1951). 17'
Piano Concerto No. 2, op. 10 (1952). 28'
Rhapsody for piano and orchestra, op. 18 (1954). 20'
Concertino for piano and Strings, op. 19 (1955). 28'
Piano Concerto No. 3, op. 29 (1958). 32'
Piano Concerto No. 4, op. 36 (1960). 16'
Little Fantasia for piano and orchestra, op. 40 (1960). 9'
Piano Concerto No. 5 for the left-hand only, op. 50 (1961–64). 20'
Nálada (Mood) for piano and strings (1967). 9'
Concerto for Two Pianos and orchestra, op. 57 (1967). 19'
Piano Concerto No. 6, op. 71 (1972). 19'
Fantasy for choir, piano and orchestra, op. 83 (1976). 18'
Piano Concerto No. 7, op. 106 (1985). 30'
Three Tanzstücke (Dance Pieces) for piano and orchestra, op. 112 (1988). 8'

Other instruments and orchestra
Violin Concerto, op. 15 (1953). 27'
Concerto for Organ, Strings and percussion, op. 27 (1957). 23'
Concerto da camera for Oboe and Strings, op. 47 (1962). 20'
Old Bratislava, Baroque Suite for harpsichord, organ and orchestra, op. 80 (1975). 18'
Chamber Concerto for organ, strings and percussion, op. 102 (1983). 23'
Concerto polifonico for organ and orchestra, op. 108 (1986). 18'
Concertino classico for violin and Strings, op. 117 (1986)
Concerto for viola and chamber orchestra (1989)

Vocal and choral
Magnificat for choir and orchestra, op. 9 (1951). 16'
Peace, symphonic poem for choir and orchestra, op. 14 (1953). 15'
The Uprising, cantata for choir and orchestra, op. 17 (1954). 16'
Memory (of Ľudovíta Štúra), symphonic poem for speaker and orchestra, op. 24 (1956). 14'
Symphony No. 4 for soprano, tenor, choir and orchestra, op. 37 (1959). 40'
Dove of Peace, Cantata for soloists, choir and orchestra, op. 41 (1960). 6'
In Memoriam Jiřího Wolkera, song cycle for Bass and Piano, op. 43 (score published in 1963)
Four Madrigals on English Texts, op. 52 (score published in 1964). 9'
Four Motets on Latin Texts, op. 58 (1967). 8'
The Dead Do Not Come Back, Oratorio for speaker, choir and orchestra, op. 60 (1968). 50'
Songs about spring, song cycle for Tenor and Piano, op. 67 (score published in 1971)
Bratislava Spring, cantata for choir and orchestra, op. 77 (1974). 14'
Liberation, symphonic poem for speaker and orchestra, op. 78 (1975). 20'
Two Male Choirs, op. 79 (1976)
Fantasy for choir, piano and orchestra, op. 83 (1976). 18'
Symphony No. 12 for orchestra and choir, op. 107 (1985). 18'
Early in the morning, song cycle on text by Jána Smreka, op. ?. 10'

Chamber music and solo instruments
Variations for violin, viola and cello, op. 1 (1945). 12'
Sonata for solo Viola, op. 31. 13'
Fantasy and Toccata, op. 32 (1958). 6'
String Quartet No. 1, op. 39 (1960). 20'
Concerto for solo Organ in D, op. 42 (1960). 12'
Two Slovak Dances, for violin and piano (score published in 1960 ?)
Sonata for Organ No. 1, op. 65 (1970). 12'
Balada and Burleska for solo viola, op. 84 (1976). 8'
Poetic Sonata for violin and piano, op. 85. 13'
Variations in modo classico, for two violins and viola, op. 87 (1977). 12'
Sonata for solo Flute, op. 91 (1981). 9'
Trio for flute, violin and piano, op. 93 (1979). 11'
Sonata for Organ No. 2, op. 97 (1981)
String Quartet No. 2 In Memoriam Frico Kafenda, op. 100 (1983). 14'
String Quartet No. 3, op. 110 (1987)

Piano solo and Two pianos
Nálady (Moods), four pieces, op. 2 (1948). 15'
Piano Sonata No. 1, op. 4 (1948). 20'
Picture Book, Cycle of Ten Miniatures for Children, op. 13 (score published in 1957)
Sonata for Two pianos No. 1, op. 16 (1954). 20'
Prelude for the left-hand, op. 20. 5'
Concerto for Piano without orchestra, op. 23 (1957). 25'
Sonata for Two pianos No. 2, op. 35 (1959). 20'
Piano Sonata No. 2, op. 45 (score published in 1964). 13'
Sonata for Two pianos No. 3 In Memoriam Sergei Prokofiev, op. 53 (1965). 16'
Piano Sonata No. 3, op. 55 (1966). 14'
Etudes for Young Pianists (First Book), op. 56 (1966). 12'
Etudes for Young Pianists (Second Book), op. 59 (score published in 1969). 15'
Allegro and Andante for Two pianos, op. 63 (1969)
Piano Sonata No. 4 Improvisata, op. 69 (score published in 1972)
Sonata for Two pianos No. 4, op. 73 (1973). 15'
Dvaja, op. 74 (1973). 15'
Two Romantic Songs, op. 81 (1975). 15'
Piano Sonata No. 5, op. 90 (1978). 12'
Piano Sonata No. 6, op. 94 (1980). 14'
Little Things for Piano, Instructive Pieces, op. 99 (score published in 1982)
Bagatelle, op. 103 (1983–84)
Introduction and Toccata, op. 109. 7'
Piano Sonata No. 7 Ricordanza, op. 113 (1988)
Variations on the name Eugen Suchoň, op. 115 (1988). 12'
Four Compositions for piano duet, op. 116 (1988). 16'
Antiphone, Variations for piano four-hands on the theme of gregorian choral, op. 120 (c. 1992)

References

Sources
 Ján Zimmer Music Centre Slovakia

1926 births
1993 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Slovak composers
Male composers
Slovak opera composers
Composers for piano
Male classical composers
20th-century male musicians
Slovak male musicians


title: Roepkiella chloratoides

text:
Roepkiella chloratoides is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found on Borneo. The habitat consists of lowland areas and hill dipterocarp forests.

The length of the forewings is 17 mm for males and about 19 mm for females. The forewings are reddish brown with fine striae.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Cossinae


title: Beaver Dam State Park

text:
Beaver Dam State Park may refer to:

Beaver Dam State Park (Illinois), U.S.
Beaver Dam State Park (Nevada), U.S.
Beaver Dam State Forest, a New York State Forest, U.S.

See also
Beaver Creek State Park, Ohio, U.S.
Beaver Lake State Park (North Dakota)


title: Roepkiella fuscibasis

text:
Roepkiella fuscibasis is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Burma.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Cossinae


title: Château de Boucard

text:
The château de Boucard is located at Le Noyer (Cher), in the Pays-Fort natural region, France.

History and architecture

The castle was built on the banks of la grande Sauldre in the Pays-Fort, near the Sancerrois in the ancient Boisbelle principality.

Middle-ages

Its name comes from the Boucard family (or Boucart) from Gascony, who became landowners in the Berry, after the wedding of Jean de Boucart with Anne de Blancafort at the end of the 14th century.

Shortly after their settlement, the castle was built on an ancient feudal mound (Motte du Plessis) by Lancelot de Boucart. The castle has kept its medieval styled châtelet entrance, outer walls and angled towers.

Renaissance

The château as we know it today is due for the most part to Antoine de Boucard, gentilhomme of the house of François Ier, soldier of the Italian wars, who built a new dwelling on the yard's southern angle, around 1520, in Renaissance style. One of his descendants, François de Boucard, rebuilt the wing in 1560. On the façade is written the castle's motto « Victrix patentia fatia » (patience, destiny's winner).

Modern times

From 1671 to 1674, Louis XIV assigned Philippe de Montaut-Bénac de Navailles to reside with Boucard, who opened the yard up on the Sauldre and arranged the first floor of the northern wing.

The gardening plan was assigned by Dosmont, pupil of the King's architect Jean-Michel Chevotet, to fermier général Étienne Perrinet de Jars who became owner of the castle in 1760.

The family still owned the castle, but gradually lost interest; the domain was progressively abandoned during the 19th century, to become only a site dedicated to hunting.

20th century restoration

In the 1920s, Charles-Auguste de Bryas, descendant of the Vogüé family inherited the castle. His wife, Hélène de Bryas (born La Rochefoucauld) rediscovered the castle and the gardens threatening to fall into ruins, restored them to render the domain habitable. The family sojourned namely during World War II.

In the 1960s, the château was acquired by its present owner, Marie-Henriette de Montabert, daughter of Hélène de Brias, who opened it to the public and made it a stage of la Route Jacques-Cœur in 1965.

The castle and its dependencies, the parks and gardens, moats, canals and bridges allowed a ranking title of Monument historique on July 10, 1995.

References

External links
 Sites des Estivales de Boucard (festival organisé par l'association des Amis de Boucard)
 Le château de Boucard sur Berry-passion.com
 Le château de Boucard sur abcsalles.com

 Pages consacrées au Château de Boucard sur le site « Patrimoine » de David Boucart

Châteaux in Cher
Monuments historiques of Centre-Val de Loire


title: PrimeTime (song)

text:
"PrimeTime" is a song by American psychedelic soul and R&B singer Janelle Monáe featuring Miguel. It was released on August 19, 2013, as the third single from Monáe's second studio album, The Electric Lady.

The song has charted at number 20 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, and at number 36 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

A single containing two remixes of the song was released digitally on February 25, 2014.

Critical reception
Mark Rozeman of Paste magazine commented that with "PrimeTime" Monáe was "taking things at a slower pace" than in the first two singles from The Electric Lady – "Q.U.E.E.N." and "Dance Apocalyptic" – and called the song a "romantic slow jam" with "soulful guitar".

Spins Chris Martins wrote that the song is "a classic R&B ballad shaded in with Lynchian '50s haze and powered by the strength of the featured duet. Monáe and the Kaleidoscope dreamer are a natural fit, trading verses and uniting for the chorus ... which should be enough to make Mariah Carey just a little bit jealous," referring to Miguel's collaboration with Carey on "Beautiful".

Music video
A music video for the song, directed by Alan Ferguson, was released on October 10, 2013. It stars Janelle Monáe in the role of Cindi Mayweather, the protagonist of Monáe's Metropolis concept album series, and Miguel as Joey Vice, Mayweather's love interest.

Track listing

Charts

Year-end charts

References

2013 singles
2013 songs
Bad Boy Records singles
Janelle Monáe songs
Miguel (singer) songs
Songs written by Janelle Monáe
Songs written by Miguel (singer)
2010s ballads
Contemporary R&B ballads
Male–female vocal duets
Music videos directed by Alan Ferguson (director)


title: Roepkiella ingae

text:
Roepkiella ingae is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in southern Thailand.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog

Cossinae


title: Djibouti (novel)

text:
Djibouti is a 2010 crime fiction work by American writer Elmore Leonard.

Plot
In the novel, Dara Barr is an "Oscar-winning documentary film maker" and her "6 feet 6, age 72, African American, über-cool" confidant and assistant Xavier LeBo arrive in djibouti to document piracy around the Horn of Africa.

Critical reception
Writing in The Guardian, Giles Foden described the subject matter of the book as "well researched and not as improbable as it might seem."

Writing in The Independent, Barry Forshaw noted that the fictional young film maker and her older adviser might resemble the production Katherine Bigelow's 2008 film The Hurt Locker.

References

2010 American novels
Novels by Elmore Leonard
Novels set in Africa
William Morrow and Company books
Novels set in Djibouti


title: Type 13

text:
Type 13 may refer to:
Bugatti Type 13, the first real Bugatti car
Spinocerebellar ataxia type-13, a rare autosomal dominant disorder
Murata Type 13 rifle, a rifle of the Imperial Japanese Army - see Murata rifle
Mitsubishi Navy Type 13 Carrier Attack Bomber, a Japanese torpedo bomber
Bristol Type 13 MR.1, an experimental biplane produced by Bristol

See also
 Class 13 (disambiguation)


title: Grande Sauldre

text:
The Grande Sauldre is an  long river of central France. Its source is at Humbligny.
It joins with the Petite Sauldre near Salbris to form the Sauldre. The Sandre considers it as the upper course of the Sauldre.

Communes
 Cher
 Humbligny, Neuilly-en-Sancerre, Sens-Beaujeu, Le Noyer, Thou, Vailly-sur-Sauldre, Barlieu, Concressault, Blancafort, Argent-sur-Sauldre, Clémont, Brinon-sur-Sauldre

 Loir-et-Cher
 Pierrefitte-sur-Sauldre

References

Rivers of Centre-Val de Loire
Rivers of Cher (department)
Rivers of France


title: FromAtoB.com

text:
fromAtoB.com was an intermodal journey planner and online booking platform for European travel, accessible via a web browser or mobile apps for Android and iOS. All relevant means of transportation such as train, airplane, bus, and carpool could be compared and combined within one trip. The company was founded in 2008, and was based in Berlin with an office in Aachen. Service ended on December 31, 2020 due to loss of revenue because of the COVID-19 pandemic, while AllRail, a trade association, attributes it to lack of real time data provided by European state railways.

Data coverage
fromAtoB's travel metasearch engine was available in 15 countries and in 11 languages. The search engine was able to access information from more than 700 providers including Deutsche Bahn, Flixbus, Swiss Federal Railways, ÖBB, Renfe Operadora, Trenitalia, Eurowings, SNCF, Carpooling.com, and National Express Coaches. Tickets for Deutsche Bahn, Trenitalia, Eurowings and SBB could be booked directly through fromAtoB. If a user decided on a different provider, fromAtoB redirected to the provider's page and allowed the user to finish the booking there. Approximately 2.5 million users visited the site per month in 2013.

History
The company was supported by the German Government and the EU Commission. fromAtoB was launched under the German name Verkehrsmittelvergleich.de by Dr. Veit Blumschein, Dr. Johannes Graßmann and Daniel Nolte as a spin-off from the RWTH Aachen University. They received further investment from various Business Angels including Seedfonds Aachen, French venture capital firm Seventure Partners and Daniel Wild, CEO of Ecommerce Alliance and Tiburon. Due to problems with intermediate financing, fromAtoB GmbH filed for insolvency in December 2017 and its assets were acquired by German gas station operator Tank & Rast. fromAtoB.com was subsequently run by Tank & Rast subsidiary Pinion Digital GmbH.

References

Companies based in Munich
Travel ticket search engines
Internet properties established in 2008
German travel websites
International multimodal travel search engines


title: List of Spanish chess players

text:
A list of Spanish chess players:

Spanish
Chess players


title: Maps.me

text:
Maps.me is a mobile app for Android, iOS and BlackBerry that provides offline maps using OpenStreetMap data. It was formerly known as MapsWithMe. In November 2014, it was acquired by Mail.Ru Group and became part of its My.com brand. In September 2015, the app was open sourced and a free and open-source software version was additionally made available on F-droid until the application was sold to the payment processor Daegu Limited, part of Parity.com, which changed the application user interface and content, which led Alexander Borsuk and Viktor Govako (former MapsWithMe founders) to release an open source ad-and tracker-free fork called 'Organic Maps' in response.

History
Maps.me was founded by Yury Melnichek, Alexander Borsuk, Viktor Govako and Siarhei Rachytski. Under the leadership of Alexander, MapsWithMe onboarded 2.5M users worldwide.

In November 2014, it was acquired by Mail.Ru Group and became part of its My.com brand. In September 2015, the app was open sourced and a free and open-source software version was additionally made available on F-droid.

In November 2020 Mail.ru Group sold Maps.me to the payment processor Daegu Limited, part of Parity.com Group. Daegu Limited changed the application user interface and content. Following this acquisition in January 2021, a fork — Organic Maps — was created by Alexander and Viktor, and is developed by the FOSS community.

MapsWithMe GmbH
The application was formerly known as MapsWithMe and initially developed by Zurich-based MapsWithMe GmbH with a development office in Minsk.

In 2012, MapsWithMe came in first in the Startup Monthly competition in Vilnius. The team won a nine-week traineeship in Silicon Valley as a prize.

Mail.ru Group
In November 2014, Maps.me was acquired by Mail.Ru Group for 542 million Russian rubles (around US$14 million at that time) to be integrated with My.com, and the app was made free of charge. The engineering team was relocated to the Mail.Ru Group office in Moscow to continue working on the project.

In 2019, its revenue amounted to 159 million rubles (US$2.5 million) with an EBITDA loss of 25 million rubles (US$0.39 million).

Daegu Ltd and partners
On November 2, 2020, Daegu Limited bought Maps.me for 1.56 billion Russian rubles (approximately US$20 million at that time). Daegu Limited is announced to be part of Parity.com Group.

On September 18, 2022, Maps.me announced the launch of a mobile app wallet with a prepaid Mastercard in partnership with Monavate.

See also
 List of online map services
 Comparison of commercial GPS software

References

External links

Free and open-source Android software
IOS software
Mobile route-planning software
Satellite navigation software
OpenStreetMap


title: Julia Hirschberg

text:
Julia Hirschberg is an American computer scientist noted for her research on computational linguistics and natural language processing.

Hirschberg was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2017 for contributions to the use of prosody in text-to-speech and spoken dialogue systems, and to audio browsing and retrieval.

She is currently the Percy K. and Vida L. W. Hudson Professor of Computer Science at Columbia University.

Biography
Julia Linn Bell Hirschberg received her first Ph.D degree in History (16th-century Mexico) from University of Michigan in 1976. She served on the History faculty of Smith College from 1974 to 1982.  She subsequently shifted to Computer Science studies, receiving her M.S. in Computer and Information Science from University of Pennsylvania in 1982 and a Ph.D in Computer and Information Science from University of Pennsylvania in 1985.

Upon graduation from University of Pennsylvania in 1985, Hirschberg joined AT&T Bell Labs as a Member of Technical staff in the Linguistics Research Department, where she worked on improving prosody assignment for Text-to-Speech Synthesis (TTS) in the Bell Labs TTS system. She was promoted to Department Head in 1994 when she created a new Human Computer Interface Research Lab.  She and her department remained at Bell Labs until 1996 when they moved to AT&T Labs Research as part of a corporate reorganization.  In 2002, she joined the Columbia University faculty as a Professor in the Department of Computer Science. She served as Chair of the Computer Science Department from 2012 to 2018.

Research

Hirschberg's research has included prosody, discourse structure, spoken dialogue systems, speech search, and more recently analysis of deceptive speech. Hirschberg was among the first to combine Natural Language Processing  (NLP) approaches to discourse and dialogue with speech research.  She pioneered techniques in text analysis for prosody assignment in Text-to-Speech synthesis at Bell laboratories in the 1980s and 1990s,  developing corpus-based statistical models based upon syntactic and discourse information which are in general use today in TTS systems. With Janet Pierrehumbert, she developed a theoretical model of intonational meaning. She was a leader in the development of the ToBI conventions for intonational description, which have been extended to numerous languages and which today are the most widely used standard for intonational annotation.

Hirschberg has been a pioneer together with Gregory Ward in much experimental work on intonational sources of language meaning and how these interact with pragmatic phenomena, particularly on the meaning of accent (intonational prominent) items and the meaning of intonational contours. She also has innovated in numerous other areas involving prosody and meaning, including the role of grammatical function and surface position in pitch accent location,  the use of prosody in disambiguating cue phrases (discourse markers) with Diane Litman,  the role of prosody in disambiguation in English, Italian, and Spanish with Cinzia Avesani and Pilar Prieto,  and the automatic identification of speech recognition errors using prosodic information,  At AT&T Labs she worked with Fernando Pereira, Steve Whittaker, and others on speech search  and developing new interfaces for speech navigation.  At Columbia, she and her students have continued and extended research on spoken dialogue systems (automatically detecting speech recognition errors  and inappropriate system queries,  modeling turn-taking behavior,  dialogue entrainment,  modeling and generating clarification dialogues); on the automatic classification of trust, charisma,  deception and emotion from speech; on speech summarization;  prosody translation, hedging behavior in text and speech,  text-to-speech synthesis, and speech search in low resource languages.  She also holds several patents in TTS and in speech search. Corpora she and collaborators have collected include the Boston Directions Corpus, the Columbia SRI Colorado Deception Corpus, and the Columbia Games Corpus.

She has served on numerous technical boards and editorial committees, and is now on the Computing Research Association's (CRA) Board of Directors and serves as co-chair of CRA-W. She is also noted for her leadership in broadening participation in computing. She has served as a member of the CRA Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research CRA-W since 2010.

Awards

Hirschberg's notable awards include:

 Honorary Doctorate (eredoctoraat) from Tilburg University, Netherlands, 2018.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2018.
IEEE Fellow, 2017
National Academy of Engineering, 2017
ACM Fellow in 2015
 Elected member, American Philosophical Society, 2014.

 Honorary member, Association for Laboratory Phonology, 2014.

Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) (Founding) Fellow, 2011.
International Speech Communication Association (ISCA) Medal for Scientific Achievement, 2011.

IEEE James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award, 2011.

 Honorary Doctorate (Hedersdoktorer), KTH (Royal Institute of Technology) Stockholm, Sweden, 2007.

AAAI Fellow, 1994.

Publications
 A social history of Puebla de Los Ángeles, 1531-60, 1976
 Empirical studies on the disambiguation of cue phrases, 1991
 Prosody and conversation, 1998

References

External links
 Julia Hirschberg's homepage
 Columbia Spoken Language Processing Group

American women computer scientists
Columbia University faculty
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Living people
University of Michigan alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Scientists at Bell Labs
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Speech processing researchers
Fellows of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Women linguists
People from Liberty, Missouri
Linguists from the United States
American computer scientists
Natural language processing researchers
Computational linguistics researchers
American women academics
21st-century American women


title: Robert Lynam (writer)

text:
Robert Lynam (14 April 1796 – 12 October 1845) was an English cleric, schoolteacher, writer and editor.

Life
The son of Charles Lynam, a spectacle-maker of the parish of St. Alphage, London Wall, he was born in London on 14 April 1796. He was admitted to Christ's Hospital in March 1806, leaving in 1814, and graduated B.A. at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1818, M.A. in 1821. He was ordained deacon in 1820, priest in 1821.

Lynam was appointed assistant mathematical master at Christ's Hospital in 1818, and was promoted in 1820 to be fourth grammar master—a post which he resigned in 1832 for that of assistant chaplain and secretary to the Magdalene Hospital. He was St. Matthew's day preacher at Christ's Hospital in 1821 and 1835, and was subsequently curate and lecturer of Cripplegate Without until his death in Bridgewater Square, London, on 12 October 1845. He left a widow and nine children.

Works
Besides some sermons Lynam published:

 The History of England during the Reign of George III, London, 1825.
 The History of the Roman Emperors from Augustus to the Death of Marcus Antoninus, 2 vols., London, 1850, with portrait; published after the author's death by John Tahourdin White, a master at Christ's Hospital.

Lynam is mainly remembered as an editor:

 The fifteenth edition of the translation of Charles Rollin's Ancient History, 8 vols. 1823, with a memoir.
 The Complete Works of Philip Skelton, rector of Fintona, 6 vols. 1824, dedicated to John Plumptre.
 The Complete Works of William Paley, with Life and Extracts from his Correspondence, 4 vols., 1825.
 The Works of Samuel Johnson, 6 vols. 1825.
 The Edinburgh Mirror (1779–80), with introductory preface and notices of the main contributors, London, 1826.
 The British Essayist, with Prefaces Biographical, Historical, and Critical, with Portraits, 30 vols. London, 1827; contended with the British Essayists (1803 and 1823) of Alexander Chalmers.

Notes

Attribution

1796 births
1845 deaths
19th-century English Anglican priests
People educated at Christ's Hospital
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
English book editors


title: Ryan M. Pitts

text:
Ryan Pitts (born October 1, 1985) is a former United States Army soldier and the ninth living recipient of the Medal of Honor from the War in Afghanistan.

Early life
Pitts was born in Lowell, Massachusetts and grew up "all over New England", including Mont Vernon, New Hampshire. As a child, in kindergarten, Pitts wanted to join the army. In 2003, he graduated from Souhegan High School.

Military service
Pitts joined the United States Army in 2003 and attended One Station Unit Training at Fort Sill. After completing training Pitt was assigned to the 319th Field Artillery Regiment until 2005; afterwards he was assigned to the 503rd Infantry Regiment until 2009. During his time in the army, Pitt deployed twice to Afghanistan: in 2005 for 12 months, and in 2007 for 15 months.

Medal of Honor action
On July 13, 2008. Early that morning, while Sergeant Pitts was providing perimeter security at Observation Post Topside, a well-organized Anti-Afghan Force consisting of over 200 members initiated a close proximity sustained and complex assault using accurate and intense rocket-propelled grenade, machine gun and small arms fire on Wanat Vehicle Patrol Base. An immediate wave of rocket-propelled grenade rounds engulfed the Observation Post wounding Sergeant Pitts and inflicting heavy casualties. Sergeant Pitts had been knocked to the ground and was bleeding heavily from shrapnel wounds to his arm and legs, but with incredible toughness and resolve, he subsequently took control of the observation post and returned fire on the enemy. As the enemy drew nearer, Sergeant Pitts threw grenades, holding them after the pin was pulled and the safety lever was released to allow a nearly immediate detonation on the hostile forces. Unable to stand on his own and near death because of the severity of his wounds and blood loss, Sergeant Pitts continued to lay suppressive fire until a two-man reinforcement team arrived. Sergeant Pitts quickly assisted them by giving up his main weapon and gathering ammunition all while continually lobbing fragmentary grenades until these were expended. At this point, Sergeant Pitts crawled to the northern position radio and described the situation to the command post as the enemy continued to try and isolate the Observation Post from the main Patrol Base. With the enemy close enough for him to hear their voices and with total disregard for his own life, Sergeant Pitts whispered in radio situation reports and conveyed information that the Command Post used to provide indirect fire support. Sergeant Pitts' courage, steadfast commitment to the defense of his unit and ability to fight while seriously wounded prevented the enemy from overrunning the observation post and capturing fallen American soldiers, and ultimately prevented the enemy from gaining fortified positions on higher ground from which to attack Wanat Vehicle Patrol Base.

Post-military life
Initially Pitts was recommended to receive a Distinguished Service Cross. Pitts was awarded the Medal of Honor on July 21, 2014, for actions on July 13, 2008, during the Battle of Wanat. As part of the 173rd Airborne Brigade, Sergeant Pitts served as a Forward Observer. Along with Salvatore Giunta and Kyle J. White, Pitts is the third recipient of the Medal of Honor from 2nd Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment. Pitts was medically discharged in 2009.

Personal life
Pitts lives in Nashua, New Hampshire, with his wife Amy and son, Lucas. Pitts graduated from the University of New Hampshire at Manchester with a bachelor's degree in Business.  He works in business development for Oracle. In 2015, Pitts was proclaimed as "New Englander of the Year" by his alma mater. Pitts describes himself as a "private" individual, who does not enjoy the limelight.

Awards and decorations

Military awards

Staff Sergeant Pitts has also been awarded 2 service stripes and 4 Overseas Service Bars.

Medal of Honor citation

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, March 3, 1863, has awarded in the name of Congress the Medal of Honor to

For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty:

See also

 List of Afghanistan Medal of Honor recipients

References

External links

Staff Sergeant Ryan Pitts Medal of Honor
President Obama Presents the Medal of Honor to Staff Sergeant Ryan M. Pitts
 Ryan Pitts Interview at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library

1985 births
Living people
United States Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) recipients of the Medal of Honor
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army soldiers
Military personnel from Lowell, Massachusetts
People from Nashua, New Hampshire


title: Petite Sauldre

text:
The Petite Sauldre is a  long river of France. Near Salbris, it joins with the Grande Sauldre, to form the Sauldre.

Communes
The river passes through the following communes.

 Cher
 Parassy, Henrichemont, Menetou-Salon, Achères, Ivoy-le-Pré, La Chapelle-d'Angillon, Ennordres, Ménétréol-sur-Sauldre

 Loir-et-Cher
 Souesmes, Salbris

References

Rivers of Centre-Val de Loire
Rivers of Cher (department)
Rivers of France


title: Conotalopia mustelina

text:
Conotalopia mustelina is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

Description
The height of the shell attains 3 mm, its diameter 4 mm. The thin, small shell has a globose-conical shape. It is concentrically striated. Its ground color is white, covered with brown checkered spirals. The four whorls are ventricose with a bluntly angular periphery. The base of the shell is rounded and widely perforated. The aperture is ovate. The thin columella is arcuated.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off the Philippines and off Japan.

References

 Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y. (1999). Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan. Osaka. : Elle Scientific Publications. 749 pp.

External links
 To World Register of Marine Species

mustelina
Gastropods described in 1861


title: Cahaya Di Langit Itu

text:
"Cahaya Di Langit Itu" is a song performed by singer Fatin Shidqia. This single featured on her debut album titled For You. The single was released in Indonesia on 22 November 2013 and became the original soundtrack for the movie 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa (99 Lights in the European Sky).

Music video
Video Clip of this song was made while Fatin was shooting a scene for a film titled 99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa. The location of this video clip was shot in the city of Vienna, Austria. This video clip was officially released by Sony Music Entertainment Indonesia through YouTube account on November 22, 2013.

Track listing
Digital download
 Cahaya di Langit Itu - 4:39

Awards and nominations

References

2013 songs
2013 singles
Sony Music singles


title: List of Boise State Broncos in the NFL draft

text:
This is a list of Boise State Broncos football players in the NFL draft.

Key

Selections

References

Boise State

Boise State Broncos NFL draft


title: Michael W. Sonnenfeldt

text:
Michael W. Sonnenfeldt (born October 7, 1955) is an American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political activist.  Currently, he is the founder and chairman of TIGER 21, chairman of MUUS & Company and MUUS Climate Partners, Co-Chairman, Climate Pathways Project at the Sloan School, MIT, Board member Center for New American Security (CNAS), President, Goldman-Sonnenfeldt Foundation and author of “Think Bigger and 39 Other Lessons from Successful Entrepreneurs" published by Bloomberg/Wiley in 2017.

Education
Michael Sonenfeldt attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1974 to 1978, where he received Bachelor's and master's degrees in management.  He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society.

Awards
Sonnenfeldt was awarded a degree of Doctor Philosophiae Honoris Causa from the Ben Gurion University of the Negev in 1995.

Career

Early career
After graduating from MIT, Sonnenfeldt began his career as an associate at Goldman Sachs, from 1978 to 1979, in the Merger & Acquisitions Department and then transitioned to the Goldman Sachs Realty Corp.

In 1974, as a teenager working at the Harborside Terminal warehouse,  Sonnenfeldt conceived, and then 7 years later, with his new partner, David Fromer, acquired the building complex and initiated the then-largest commercial renovation in the country They transformed the 2.4 million square foot facility in Jersey City, New Jersey into The Harborside Financial Center.  They spearheaded a team of over 100 professionals working on the project.

Sonnenfeldt and his partner sold The Harborside Financial Center in 1986 for over $120 million to a major US pension fund, in what is considered to be one of the most successful real estate deals in the history of the New York metropolitan area.  The Harborside Financial Center continues to operate as one of the top-performing assets in the New Jersey marketplace.  At the time, the complex was believed to be the most valuable single commercial real estate asset in the state of New Jersey.

After the sale, Sonnenfeldt founded Real Estate Resources Corp, which created online databases of Real Estate information prior to the widespread use of the internet.  The business was closed in 1990. In 1991, he founded Emmes & Company, a private real estate investment group based in New York City, to invest in the portfolios of distressed real estate being sold by the Federal Government, previously owned by banks the Federal Government had taken over in the savings and loan crises, peaking at that time. When Sonnenfeldt sold his interest in the business in 1998, Emmes had grown to own and control more than 200 properties from New York to Florida, consisting of 20+ million square feet of real estate valued at over $1B.

Current businesses
In June 1998, after selling his interest in Emmes & Company, Sonnenfeldt founded MUUS & Company, a private investment company.  Sonnenfeldt directs the company's portfolio of financial, real estate and private equity investments.

In 1999, Sonnenfeldt founded TIGER 21 (The Investment Group for Enhanced Results in the 21st Century), a network of peer-to-peer learning groups for high-net-worth investors, after recognizing that the skills that made him a successful entrepreneur did not necessarily translate into successfully managing his own portfolio of investments. Sonnenfeldt continues to chair the company and is regularly used by news outlets as a resource to discuss investing and high-net-worth investor activity. TIGER 21's membership exceeded 1,000 Members as of January, 2022 and the combined net worth of those Members was approx $120 Billion.

In 2016, MUUS & Company began to focus its most active investing in climate related themes, adding Ben Wolkon as its first Manager of Sustainable Investments, leading to the development of a portfolio of 25 direct investments in companies focusing on various approaches to address the threat of climate change.  In 2022 MUUS Climate Partners was established and its first fund for outside investors, MUUS Convergence Fund II, launched June 10, 2022.

Philanthropy
Sonnenfeldt is an active philanthropist and has been involved for over 40 years at senior levels in numerous non-profit organizations.  He focuses on national security, Middle East peace, international peacekeeping, the US/UN relationship, the removal of land mines and communal development.  In recent years the environment and the potentially devastating effects of climate change have been an increasing focus of his philanthropic activities. In May 2022 the Goldman Sonnenfeldt School for Sustainability and Climate Change was named at Ben Gurion University in Israel.

Current

1980’s
National president of American Associates Ben Gurion University (AABGU) from 1989 to 1991 and a national board member from 1991 to 2013. During that period he also served as a Vice Chairman for the university, serving for much of that time with Shimon Peres, as a fellow Vice Chair. Sonnenfeldt is currently a member of the board of governors of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU).

1990’s
Sonnenfeldt has been a supporter of the Arnold P. Gold Foundation, an organization that works with healthcare professionals, since 1993 and became a trustee in February 2002, a position he held for approximately a decade. During that period, he served on various committees, including the Development, Investment and Nominating committees.  The foundation is a non-profit organization dedicated to improving the quality of healthcare.

From 1997 to 2009, Michael Sonnenfeldt was a member of the board of directors of Synergos, a global nonprofit organization that tackles poverty and inequality by promoting and supporting collaborations among business, government, civil society, and marginalized communities.  He was also a founding member of the Synergos Global Philanthropists Circle and a member since 2001.

In 1998, Sonnenfeldt founded the Humpty Dumpty Institute to strengthen the work he had been engaged in during the previous decade related to peacekeeping around the world. Sonnenfeldt was co-chair from 1998 to 2006.  The organization focused on making UN peacekeeping more effective and bridging the gap between the UN and US Congress.  The group also works to clear landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) around the world.

Sonnenfeldt was a board member and former chairman of the Resources Committee of Business Executives for National Security (BENS) from 1987 to 2000, during which time he was a member of the executive committee of the Board. Sonnenfeldt traveled extensively on behalf of BENS and worked directly with members of Congress to help shape policies supported by the organization.

2000’s
In 2000, Sonnenfeldt and his wife launched the Goldman-Sonnenfeldt Foundation, through which he and his wife engage in philanthropic activities primarily focused on the environment, international security and peace, education and local communal activities.  Sonnenfeldt serves as president of the foundation.

Since 2002 Sonnenfeldt has been a member of the international board of trustees of the Institute for National Security Studies in Israel.

2010’s

From 2011 to 2020, Sonnenfeldt served as member of the board of trustees and, for an interim period, chair of the investment committee of Earthjustice, the nation's largest public interest legal firm with over 100 lawyers dedicated to protecting the environment.  In addition he has served on the Development & Marketing Committee since 2011 and is currently on the International Review Task Force.

Sonnenfeldt also served as a member of the board and the chairman of the development committee of Securing America's Future Energy (“SAFE”), a non-partisan, non-profit organization committed to reducing America's dependence on oil in order to strengthen the country's national security and economy.

Sonnenfeldt was also the chairman of SOL, Inc. (formerly Solar Outdoor Lighting, Inc), North America's then largest and oldest dedicated manufacturer of commercial and industrial grade solar-powered outdoor lighting systems. SOL's systems were used to illuminate roadways, parking lots, jogging trails, billboards and transit shelters. From 2013 to 2019, Sonnenfeldt served as Chairman of Carmanah Technologies (LTD), a publicly traded company in Canada (CMH) that manufactures solar LED lights and solar power systems.  Sonnenfeldt was the company's largest shareholder  and during Sonnenfeldt's tenure the company grew in market capitalization from under $10 million to over $100 million and the stock grew in value from under $1 to $7.50.

2020’s
In May 2022, The Ben-Gurion University announced they had received a $20 million donation from Michael Sonnenfeldt and Katja Goldman to aid in addressing climate change. The gift established the Goldman Sonnenfeldt School of Sustainability and Climate Change at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) which is the first of its kind in Israel. The donation aids in enabling BGU to develop its research program across multiple disciplines, including agriculture, marine biology, and alternative energy across more than 150 research labs.

Non-active positions
Sonnenfeldt served on the board of the Marlene Meyerson JCC Manhattan from 1995 to 2009, served on the security committee during 2005 and was the former co-chair of the organization's Capital Campaign from 1995 to 2005. This 14-year campaign, spearheaded by Sonnenfeldt and his wife as well as one other couple, provided the initial funds to build the new $100 million home for the JCC on Manhattan's Upper West Side.

Sonnenfeldt was the former vice chairman and chairman of the executive committee of the United Nations Association of the United States of America (UNA-USA), which was then a preeminent non-governmental group which sought to strengthen the United Nations, and the United States’ role in it, through a combination of national public outreach, policy research and international dialogue.  He conceived and led the Global Peacekeeping Inspection Team for nearly a decade, during which time his team visited and reported on UN Peacekeeping installations in over 25 sites around the globe.  During Sonnenfeldt's tenure in which he served as Vice Chair and chairman of the executive committee, the UNA was the nation's largest foreign policy organization, with over 30,000 members and 130 chapters nationwide.

Political activism

Current
Sonnenfeldt co-founded the Israel Policy Forum (IPF) in 1993 to support the Middle East peace process and promote Israel's future as a Jewish and democratic state by advancing a diplomatic resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict. He served as chairman from 1997 until 2001.

Sonnenfeldt has served on the board of trustees of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, a leading think tank focused exclusively on the Middle East, since 1998.

Sonnenfeldt was an early supporter of No Labels which was created with the intention of consensus building between parties and finding solutions to the nation's pressing problems.

In 2004, Sonnenfeldt was a New York co-chair of Senator Joe Lieberman's for Presidential Campaign.

References

1955 births
Living people
American philanthropists
American political activists
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev alumni
American businesspeople
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni


title: R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle

text:
The R-2 Mala is a class of swimmer delivery vehicles (SDVs) built for the Yugoslav, and later on,  Croatian Navy. The two man wet SDVs are used for transporting naval commandos into hostile waters where they would perform sabotage on enemy warships and coastal installations. Weapons at their disposal included limpet mines.

With the start of the Croatian War of Independence SDVs in service with the Yugoslav Navy were relocated to FR Yugoslavia. Two new vehicles were completed for the Croatian Navy during the 1990s while a small number these vehicles were also exported to Syria and Sweden before the war.

Description
Developed by the Brodarski institut (BI) from Zagreb, the R-2 Mala swimmer delivery vehicles were designed for transporting naval special forces armed with two  limpet mines inside enemy-controlled waters. After reaching their area of operations, the divers would anchor the vehicle and continue on their own by swimming until they reached their targets which included warships in port or other coastal installations.

The SDVs were constructed from aluminium and plexiglass, utilizing an enclosed wet crew compartment. Propulsion consisted of a single  electric engine mounted on a single shaft, enabling them a maximum speed of  and a cruising speed of . Moving at their maximum speed they have a range of  increasing to  if travelling at their cruise speed.

Normal operating depth is between  while the maximum test depth is . Without the divers and their armament the vehicles displace .

Service
Although the exact date of when production started is unknown, it appears that a total of 18 SDVs were produced, the last ones being built in 1994 for the Croatian Navy. In service with the Yugoslav Navy (JRM) the Malas were operated by the naval special forces of 82nd Naval Center. An unknown number of vehicles were exported to Sweden and possibly Syria. With the start of the Croatian War of Independence the majority of Yugoslav Navy's inventory was relocated to Montenegro, including the R-2 Malas. Although Conways's All of the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995 reported that two vehicles were captured by Croatia in 1992, it is possible that the two SDVs still in use by Croatia are in fact new ones that were built in 1994 after the start of the war.

Vehicles in service with Serbia and Montenegro were later passed on to Montenegro when the country declared independence in 2006. In 2009 a single R-1 and R-2 Mala were donated to the Porto Montenegro museum in Tivat. A document from 2011 revealed that the Armed Forces of Montenegro possessed twelve R-1s and four R-2 Malas, all of which were nonoperational due to the expired lifetime of their batteries and were declared redundant. Again, one of each vehicles were donated by the Montenegrin government to the Association of professional divers of Montenegro for use in their diving museum.

An article from 2010 revealed that the Armed Forces of Croatia operated two vehicles assigned to the Special Operations Battalion's 3rd Company that specialises in amphibious warfare. The vehicles are designated R-2M and were modernised sometime during 2009 improving their range and digitalizing the navigation system. Before that the vehicles were out of service for seven years.

See also
The Una-class, a class of Yugoslav midget submarines used for covert operations.

Notes

References
Books

News reports

Other sources

Diver propulsion equipment
SFR Yugoslav Navy
Croatian Navy
Armed forces diving


title: Type 15

text:
Type 15 may refer to:
Type 15 frigate, a class of British anti-submarine frigates of the Royal Navy
Bugatti Typ 15, a Bugatti car
Peugeot Type 15, an early Peugeot model built from 1897 to 1901
BRM Type 15, a Formula One racing car of the early 1950s
Bristol F.2 Fighter (Bristol Type 15), a British two-seat biplane fighter and reconnaissance aircraft of the First World War
Hiro H1H (Hiro Navy Type 15 Flying boat), a 1920s Japanese bomber or reconnaissance biplane
Type RO 15, a class of German cargo ship built in the 1980s
Type 15 tank, a light tank made by Norinco, in service in the PR China since 2015

See also
 Class 15 (disambiguation)
 Model 15 (disambiguation)


title: Reserve Police Battalion 101

text:
Reserve Police Battalion 101 () was in Nazi Germany a paramilitary formation of the uniformed police force known as the Ordnungspolizei (Order Police, "Orpo"), the overall organization formed by the Nazi unification of all previously-civilian police forces in the country in 1936, placed under the leadership of the SS, and grouped into battalions in 1939. One of many such Nazi German Order Police battalions, 101 was formed in Hamburg, and was deployed in September 1939 along with the Wehrmacht army in the invasion of Poland. Initially, Police Battalion 101 guarded Polish prisoners of war behind German lines, and carried out expulsion of Poles, called "resettlement actions", in the new Warthegau territory around Poznań and Łódź. Following a personnel change and retraining from May 1941 until June 1942, it became a major perpetrator of the Holocaust in occupied Poland. The battalion gained attention from the wider public due to the work of historians Christopher R. Browning and Daniel Goldhagen.

History
Between 1939 and 1945, the Ordnungspolizei maintained battalion formations, trained and outfitted by their main police offices within Germany. Specific duties varied widely from unit to unit and from one year to another, but one task was that of controlling civilian populations of the conquered or colonized countries. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa of 1941, the Order Police joined the SS Einsatzgruppen in the massacres of Jews behind the German lines. The first mass-murder of 3,000 Jews by the German police occurred in Białystok on 12 July 1941, followed by the Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000-12,000 Jews by the Reserve Police Battalion 133, perpetrated in Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine) on 12 October 1941 with the aid of SiPo and the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police.

The shootings in USSR-proper culminated in the Battalion 45 massacre of 33,000 Jews at Babi Yar. The Order Police battalions became indispensable in the implementation of the Final Solution after the Wannsee Conference of 1942. They rounded up tens of thousands of Nazi ghetto inmates for deportations to extermination camps during the liquidation of the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland, but also participated themselves in the murder of Polish Jews along with the Holocaust executioners known as Trawnikis. During Operation Reinhard mass murders were committed by Battalion 101 against women, children and the elderly in various locations including forced-labour camps and subcamps, most notably during the Aktion Erntefest of 1943, the single largest German massacre of Jews in the entire war, with 42,000 victims shot in the execution pits over the bodies of others.

Battalion 101 operations
A total of 17 Orpo battalions were deployed during the invasion of Poland in 1939. Battalion 101 was one of three from the city of Hamburg. After a few months of active duty the battalion was transported from Kielce, Poland, back to Germany on 17 December 1939 to undergo a major expansion after Christmas. Servicemen were tasked with organizing additional ground units. The already enlarged battalion was deployed to Poland again in May 1940, and for the next five months, conducted mass expulsions of Poles to make room for the German colonists brought in Heim ins Reich from the areas invaded by their Moscow ally as well as from Nazi Germany.

The expulsions of Poles, along with kidnappings of Polish children for the purpose of Germanization, were managed by two German institutions, VoMi, and RKFDV under Heinrich Himmler. In settlements already cleared of their native Polish inhabitants, the new Volksdeutsche from Bessarabia, Romania and the Baltics were put, under the banner of Lebensraum. Battalion 101 "evacuated" 36,972 Poles in one action, over half of the targeted number of 58,628 in the new German district of Warthegau (the total was 630,000 by the war's end, with two-thirds of the victims being murdered), but also committed murders among civilians according to postwar testimonies of at least one of its former members.

For the next half-year, beginning 28 November 1940, Police Battalion 101 guarded the new ghetto in Łódź, eventually crammed with 160,000 Jews. The Łódź Ghetto was the second-largest Jewish ghetto of World War II after the Warsaw Ghetto where the policemen from Battalion 61 held victory parties on the days when a large number of desperate prisoners were shot at the ghetto fence. Battalion 101, commanded by career policeman Major Wilhelm Trapp, returned to Hamburg in May 1941 and again the more experienced servicemen were dispatched to organize more units. New battalions, numbered 102, 103, and 104, were formed by them and prepared for duty. Training of new reservists included escort duty of 3,740 Hamburg and Bremen Jews deported to the East to be murdered. Meanwhile, the murder of Jews from the Łódź Ghetto using gas vans began at Chełmno in December 1941.<ref>{{cite web |author=Central Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland |others=Introduction by Leon Zamosc |title=German Crimes in Poland (Warsaw: 1946, 1947) - Chelmno Extermination Camp |website=JewishGen |url=http://weber.ucsd.edu/~lzamosc/gchelmno.html }}</ref>

Return to Poland, June 1942 – November 1943

The Reserve Battalion 101 composed of 500 men in their thirties, who were too old for the regular army, returned to occupied Poland with three heavy machine-gun detachments in June 1942. By that time, the first two extermination camps of Operation Reinhard in General GovernmentBełżec and Sobiborwere already gassing trainloads of Jews from all over Europe. The most deadly of them, Treblinka, was about to start operations. Globocnik gave Battalion 101 the task of deporting Jews from across Lublin reservation. Between mid-March and mid-April 1942, about 90% of the 40,000 prisoners of the Lublin Ghetto were loaded by Order Police and Schupo onto Holocaust trains destined for Bełżec extermination camp. Additional 11,000–12,000 Jews were deported from ghettos in Izbica, Piaski, in Lubartów, Zamość and Kraśnik with the aid one of Trawnikis battalions of Karl Streibel.

The first mass murder known to have been committed entirely by Reserve Police Battalion 101 was the most "messy" for lack of training; uniforms dripping wet with brain matter and blood. The murder of 1,500 Jews from Józefów ghetto, approximately 100 kilometers south of Lublin in southeastern Poland, on 13 July 1942 was performed mostly by the three platoons of the Second Company. Prior to departure from Biłgoraj, they were given large amounts of extra ammunition and therefore claiming to have had no idea what the purpose of the mission was would have been a lie. A generous supply of alcohol was procured. Twelve out of 500 policemen opted out when allowed to leave freely. Those of them who felt unable to continue shooting at point-blank range of prisoners begging for mercy, were asked to wait at the marketplace where the trucks were loaded. Luxembourgish police trainees in RPB 101 escorted young Jewish prisoners from Józefów to the local railway station in Zwierzyniec selected for slave work in KL Lublin. The action was finished in seventeen hours. The bodies of their victims carpeting the forest floor at the Winiarczykowa Góra hill (about 2 km from the village, pictured) were left unburied. Watches, jewelry and money were taken. The battalion left for Biłgoraj at 9 pm. Only a dozen Jews are known to have survived the slaughter. Two members of the Mart family from the German minority residing in Józefów were shot by Polish underground thereafter for cooperation with the enemy.

The next ghetto liquidation action took place less than a month later in Łomazy lacking a rail line. The infants, the old, and the infirm were shot by Battalion 101 during the early morning roundups on 17 August 1942. Later that day, the Hiwi shooters arrived at the main square, and some 1,700 ghetto prisoners were marched on foot to the Hały forest outside the town, where the stronger Jewish men prepared a trench with entrance on one side. The murder of stripped naked Jews lasted till 7 pm. The Ukrainian Trawnikis got so drunk that the policemen from the First, Second and Third Platoon under Lieutenant Hartwig Gnade had to continue shooting by themselves in half a metre of groundwater and blood.

More deportations
In the following weeks, Police Battalion 101 was active in towns with direct lines to Treblinka and therefore mass shootings were not used. On 19 August 1942only two days after Łomazy3,000 Jews were deported from Parczew (2,000 more several days later); from Międzyrzec 11,000 Jews were sent to Treblinka on 25–26 August amid gunfire and screams. From Radzyń 6,000 prisoners, then from Łuków (7,000), Końskowola (2,000 coupled with the massacre at the hospital), Komarówka, Tomaszów; all those unable to move or attempting to flee were shot on the spot. At the end of August death transports were temporarily halted. After a brief respite, shootings of Jews resumed on 22 September in Serokomla, then in Talczyn and in the Kock ghetto four days later, by the Second Company. The treatment of condemned prisoners was getting increasingly more terrifying as the time went on. In Izbica, the makeshift ghetto reached a breaking point packed by Gnade with Jewish inhabitants of Biała Podlaska, Komarówka, Wohyń, and Czemierniki. The October and November deportations to Bełżec and Sobibór led to a week of mass killings at the cemetery, beginning on 2 November 1942. Several thousand Jews (estimated at 4,500) from the transit ghetto were massacred by the Sonderdienst battalion of Ukrainian Trawnikis under police control in an assembly-line manner and dumped in hastily excavated mass graves. All men drank heavily.

In Międzyrzec the "strip-search" of young Jewish women was introduced by Gnade before executions dubbed "mopping up" actions by the Germans. Gnade's first sergeant later said: "I must say that First Lieutenant Gnade gave me the impression that the entire business afforded him a great deal of pleasure." By the spring of 1943 most towns of the Lublin reservation were Judenfrei therefore the battalion was tasked with "Jew hunts" in the deep local forests, or in the potato fields and around distant farmlands. Thousands of Jews were shot at point-blank range.

The participation of Reserve Police Battalion 101 in the Final Solution culminated in the Aktion Erntefest massacres of Jews imprisoned at the Trawniki, Poniatowa and Majdanek concentration camps with subcamps in Budzyn, Kraśnik, Puławy, Lipowa and other slave-labor projects of the Ostindustrie (Osti). Approximately 43,000 Jews were killed. It was the largest single-day massacre of the Holocaust under direct German occupation, committed on 3 November 1943 on the orders of Christian Wirth. Trawniki men provided the necessary manpower.

Postwar history
Soon after the war ended, Major Wilhelm Trapp was captured by the British authorities and placed at the Neuengamme Internment Camp. After questioning by the Polish Military Mission for the Investigations of War Crimes in October 1946, he was extradited to Poland along with Drewes, Bumann and Kadler. Subsequently, Trapp was charged with war crimes by the Siedlce District Court, sentenced to death on 6 July 1948 and executed on 18 December 1948 along with Gustav Drewes. However, with the onset of the Cold War, West Germany did not pursue any war criminals at all for the next twenty years. In 1964 several men were arrested. For the first time, the involvement of German police from Hamburg in wartime massacres was investigated by the West German prosecutors. In 1968 after a two-year trial 3 men were sentenced to 8 years imprisonment, one to 6 years, and one to 5 years. Six other policemenall lower rankswere found guilty but not sentenced. The rest lived their normal lives.

Summary of genocidal missions
For the most part, the following table is based on the 1968 verdict of the Hamburg District Court, and compared with relevant data from the Museum of the History of the Polish Jews and other searchable databases.

Commanders
Upon its return to occupied Poland, on 12 June 1942 the Reserve Police Battalion 101 had the following command structure:
 1st Company: Captain, Hauptsturmführer Julius Wohlauf (until October 1942, then Captain Steidtmann)
 1st Platoon: Second Lieutenant Boysen
 2nd Platoon: Reserve Second Lieutenant Bumann
 3rd Platoon: Zugwachmeister Junge

 2nd Company: Oberleutnant Hartwig Gnade (until May 1943, then Lieutenant Dreyer)
 1st Platoon: Second Lieutenant Schürer
 2nd Platoon: Reserve Second Lieutenant Kurt Dreyer
 3rd Platoon: Hauptwachmeister Starke

 3rd Company: Captain Wolfgang Hoffmann (until November 1942)
 1st Platoon: Second Lieutenant Pauly
 2nd Platoon: Second Lieutenant Hachmeister
 3rd Platoon: Hauptwachmeister'' Jückmann

Notes

References

 See online Chapter IV, Germanization. Project InPosterum - Preserving the Past for the Future (reprint).

External links
 SJ & Carmelo Lisciotto (2007), Police Battalion 101 in Poland Holocaust Research Project.org

1942 in Poland
1943 in Poland
The Holocaust
Reserve Police Battalion 101


title: Conotalopia ornata

text:
Conotalopia ornata is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

Description
The size of the adult shell varies between 3 mm and 5 mm.

Distribution
This marine species on sandy bottoms occurs off  Japan.

References

 Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Goto, Y. (1999). Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell-bearing Mollusca of Japan. Osaka. : Elle Scientific Publications. 749 pp.
 Sasaki, T. (2000), In: Okutani, T. (ed.), Marine Mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 55-83 (in Japanese).

External links
 To World Register of Marine Species

  Bishogai database: Conotalopia ornata

ornata
Gastropods described in 1903


title: Gareth Peirce

text:
Gareth Peirce (born Jean Margaret Webb; March 1940) is a British solicitor and human rights activist. She has worked on a number of high-profile cases involving allegations of human rights injustices. Her work with Gerry Conlon and the Guildford Four – wrongly convicted of bombings carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army – was chronicled in the film In the Name of the Father (1993), in which she was portrayed by Emma Thompson.

Early life
Peirce was born in March 1940 in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, the daughter of Margaret (née Twidell) and John Le Plastrier Webb. She changed her name from Jean to Gareth during her formative years but never divulged to anyone the reason for doing so. Her parents ran Bentham Grammar School in North Yorkshire, which she attended until she took her O-levels. She was subsequently educated at the Cheltenham Ladies' College, the University of Oxford and the London School of Economics.

Career
In the 1960s she worked as a journalist in the United States, following the campaign of Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. She married, returned to Britain in 1970 with her husband and elder son and undertook her postgraduate law degree at the London School of Economics. Her younger son was born in London after her permanent return to England.

In 1974 she joined the law firm of the solicitor Benedict Birnberg as a trainee, being admitted to the Roll of Solicitors on 15 December 1978. Following Birnberg's retirement in 1999, she continued to work as a senior partner of Birnberg Peirce and Partners.

In the mid-1970s she supported specific campaigns for legal reforms of police procedures that permitted the prosecution and conviction of persons based solely on identification evidence. Individual cases then very much in the news led to the establishment of Justice Against the Identification Laws (JAIL), an organisation that Gareth Peirce supports.

During her career she represented Judith Ward, who had been wrongfully convicted in 1974 of several IRA-related bombings, the Guildford Four, the Birmingham Six, several mineworkers after the Battle of Orgreave, the family of Jean Charles de Menezes and Moazzam Begg, a man held in extrajudicial detention by the American government.

Of her defence of Muslim suspects accused of terrorism Peirce has said:We have lost our way in this country. We have entered a new dark age of injustice and it is frightening that we are overwhelmed by it. I know I am representing innocent people; innocent people who know that a jury they face will inevitably be predisposed to find them guilty.

Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks, appointed Peirce as his solicitor in Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority. She was among the doctors and lawyers who were spied on by UC Global while visiting Assange at the Ecuadorian embassy. Santiago Pedraz, the Audiencia Nacional judge who is overseeing the case against UC Global's David Morales, issued court orders requesting permission of UK authorities to take witness testimony from Peirce and others.

Recognition and reception
Peirce's role in the defence of the Guildford Four was dramatised in the 1993 film In the Name of the Father, with Peirce portrayed by Emma Thompson. Peirce has reportedly never watched the film and stated in 1995 that she was "an extremely unimportant participant in the story" but was "given a seemingly important status".

She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1999 New Year Honours for services to justice, but later wrote to Downing Street asking for it to be withdrawn and tendering an apology for any misunderstanding.

Sir Ludovic Kennedy, a campaigner against miscarriages of justice, dedicated a book to Peirce, calling her "the doyenne of British defence lawyers" who "refuses to be defeated in any case no matter how unfavourable it looks". Benedict Birnberg, who first employed her as a solicitor, believes she has "transformed the criminal justice scene in this country almost single-handedly".

Peirce was one of the initial eight individuals inducted in March 2007 into Justice Denied magazine's Hall of Honor for her lifetime achievement in aiding the wrongly convicted.

In 1999 she was awarded an honorary doctorate by NUI Galway.

In 2015 she was awarded the Presidential Distinguished Service Award by Michael D. Higgins, the President of Ireland.

Personal life
Peirce has been described as a very private person who shuns the limelight and refuses media interviews. She lives in Kentish Town, North London, with her husband, Mellen Chamberlain "Bill" Peirce, a writer and photographer, son of American painter Waldo Peirce. They have two sons.

Bibliography

As author

As contributor

References

External links
 Birnberg Peirce & Partners
 Gareth Peirce speech regarding Samar and Jawad, February 2000. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
 "This covert experiment in injustice", The Guardian, 4 February 2004. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
 "Was it like this for the Irish? Gareth Peirce on the position of Muslims in Britain", London Review of Books, 10 April 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
 "The Framing of al-Megrahi", London Review of Books, 24 September 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
 Vanity Fair article on Mouloud Sihali (February 2008, No. 570). Retrieved 6 August 2014.
 "A Law unto Themselves", BBC Radio 4, Peirce interview with Baroness Kennedy, 4 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.

1940 births
living people
people from Cheltenham
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Oxford
English human rights activists
English solicitors
English legal professionals
English legal writers
Guantanamo Bay attorneys
People educated at Cheltenham Ladies' College
Human rights lawyers
Lawyers from London
20th-century English lawyers
21st-century English lawyers
International criminal law scholars
International law scholars