title: Clifford Street

text:
Clifford Street is a street in central London, built in the early 18th century, on land that once formed part of the Burlington Estate. It is named after the Clifford family, Earls of Cumberland. The daughter and heiress of the last holder of that title was the mother of the first Lord Burlington.

Location

The street runs east–west from New Bond Street to Savile Row. It is crossed by Old Burlington Street, and Cork Street runs from its south side to Burlington Gardens.

History

The Clifford Street Club, a debating society sometimes known humorously as the Clifford Street Senate, met at the Clifford Street Coffee House at the corner of Bond Street around 1800. Among the members were Charles Townshend, the future British Prime Minister George Canning, James Mackintosh, Richard Sharp (known as "Conversation" Sharp, doyen of British conversationalists), Ollyett Woodhouse and Charles Moore. The discussion was of a political nature, usually from a Liberal perspective, and the staple drink was large jugs of porter. Topics included the consequences of the French Revolution.

Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, British Prime Minister 1801–04, lived at number 7 (now demolished and replaced) between 1805 and 1808 and 1816–24.

Admiral Sir Eliab Harvey, who had commanded the Téméraire at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, lived at number 8 until his death in 1830.

Buck's clubhouse at number 18, the home of Buck's Club established in 1919, was where the cocktail Bucks Fizz, and possibly the Sidecar, were invented. It was one of the models for The Drones Club in the stories of P.G. Wodehouse.

Listed buildings
Clifford Street contains a number of listed buildings. Numbers 4, 5 9, 16 and 17 are all listed with English Heritage.

Number 8 Clifford Street, graded class II*, has a staircase hall panelled and frescoed in monochrome trompe-l'œil that is attributed to Sir James Thornhill.

Shops
3 Clifford Street is home to Drakes, the gentlemen's luxury accessories label, since 2011.

Eskenazi, one of the world's leading dealers in Chinese art and artifacts, run by Giuseppe Eskenazi, has been based at 10 Clifford Street since 1993.

The Maas Gallery, a commercial art gallery, is at 15A.

15B is home to Morris's Cafe, a well established coffee shop and restaurant for well over 35 years. It is well known within the local community, and the likes of Rod Stewart and Bernie Ecclestone have been regulars.

Lutwyche, the gentleman's tailor and shoemaker are at number 15.

W. & H. Gidden, established in 1806, are located at number 16 and hold a Royal Warrant as saddlers to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.

Anderson & Sheppard, the gentlemen's tailor with a Royal Warrant from Prince Charles, have been at number 17 since 2012.

References

External links

Mayfair
Streets in the City of Westminster
Burlington Estate


title: DROMLAN

text:
Dronning Maud Land Air Network Project (DROMLAN) is a coordinated project between eleven countries with bases in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica () to create a coordinated logistics service to reduce costs. The participating countries are Belgium, Finland, Germany, India, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, South Africa, Sweden and United Kingdom. The services are operated using Russian Ilyushin 76, Norwegian and Swedish C-130 Hercules and Norwegian P-3 Orion aircraft, also occasionally visited by other types of aircraft  The flights operate from Cape Town International Airport to Troll Airfield, with a flight time of up to nine hours for a Hercules aircraft, and five and a half hours for an Il-76.

Feeder services to other research stations are operated by two Basler BT-67 (type converted DC-3/C-47), operated by the South African company Antarctic Logistics Centre International or other operators. Services are operated to Aboa (Finnish), Dome F (Japanese), Halley (British), Kohnen (German), Maitri (Indian), Neumayer (German), Novolazarevskaya (Russian), Princess Elisabeth (Belgian), SANAE IV (South African), Showa (Japanese), Tor (Norwegian) and Wasa (Swedish). In the 2007–08 season, 720 people were transported to Antarctica via DROMLAN. The airport is not open for commercial or other private flights.

References

Queen Maud Land
Aviation in Antarctica


title: Dance Moms (season 4)

text:
The fourth season of Dance Moms, an American dance reality television created by Collins Avenue Productions, began airing on January 1, 2014 on Lifetime's television network. A total of 32 official episodes and 2 special episodes (Guess Who's Coming to the Dance?, Dance Moms Cares Special) aired this season.

Overview
Miller fears her Junior Elite Competition team doesn't show enough drive and threatens them by hosting nationwide open auditions for a new team. Although on a winning streak, tension rises between Miller and long-time client Kelly Hyland, and Miller finds herself in definite need of new dancers. Meanwhile, Melissa relishes in her daughters' successes with Mackenzie's blossoming music career and Maddie embracing new opportunities to dance. On the 100th episode, Miller unveils her new "Select Ensemble" for the first time. At the very end of the season, Chloe and Christi decide to leave the ALDC.

Cast
The fourth season featured sixteen star billing cast members in the first seven episodes, and thirteen from episode eight onwards, with various other dancers and moms appearing throughout the season. This season is also the last to feature Brooke Hyland, Paige Hyland, and Chloe Lukasiak as part of the ALDC team as well as the first to feature Kalani Hilliker. (NOTE: Chloe only leaves the ALDC. She returns in season seven.)

Junior Elite Team
 Maddie Ziegler
 Mackenzie Ziegler
 Brooke Hyland (episodes 1–7)
 Paige Hyland (episodes 1–7)
 Nia Sioux
 Chloe Lukasiak
 Kendall Vertes
 Kalani Hilliker

Junior Elite Team Moms
 Melissa Gibsoni
 Holly Hatcher-Frazier
 Jill Vertes
 Christi Lukasiak
 Kelly Hyland (episodes 1–9)
 Kira Girard

Select Ensemble Team Dancers
 Tea' Adamson, a contemporary & musical theatre dancer from Fort Myers, Florida. She was brought on the show to rival Mackenzie. She was on the show until the end of season 4, when the ensemble team disbanded and she was dismissed.
 Kamryn Beck, a lyrical & contemporary dancer from Ephrata, Pennsylvania. She was brought on the show to rival Chloe. She was on the show until the end of season 4, when the ensemble team disbanded and she was dismissed.
 Jade Cloud, an acro & contemporary dancer from Westfield, Massachusetts. She was brought on the show to rival Kalani. She was on the show until the end of season 4, when the ensemble team disbanded and she was dismissed. Jade is the first Native American dancer to be featured at ALDC and on Dance Moms.
 Ava Cota, a lyrical & contemporary dancer from Fenton, Michigan. She was brought on the team to rival Kendall. She danced with the team until she was kicked off by Abby on episode 26. After being kicked off the team, Ava competed with her mother's studio, JC's Broadway Dance Academy. She also competed as part of the Candy Apple's Dance Center for part of fifth and seventh seasons.
 Sarah Hunt, a lyrical & contemporary dancer from Pittsburgh. She was brought on the team to rival Mackenzie. She danced with the team for a week and was kicked off due to her mother's behavior. Afterwards, Sarah was trying to join both the Junior Elite and the ensemble teams, only for her mother's behavior getting her kicked off once again. After season 4, Sarah made an appearance in seasons 5 & 6. She has not been featured on the show again since.
 Sarah Reasons, an acro & lyrical dancer from Queen Creek, Arizona. She was brought on the team to rival Nia. She was on the team until the end of season 4, when the ensemble team disbanded and she was dismissed. After the disbandment of the ensemble team, Sarah made an appearance in season 5. She has not been featured on the show again since.

Junior Select Ensemble Team Moms
 Tami Adamson, mother of Tea.
 Jodi Gray, mother of Kamryn.
 Loree Cloud, mother of Jade. Like Abby, she is a dance teacher and the owner of New England Dance and Gymnastic Centers. Prior to the show, Loree had been a longtime friend of Abby.
 Jeanette Cota, mother of Ava. Formerly a model, she is the former owner of JC's Broadway Dance Academy (BDA), which was located in Fenton. Jeanette closed the BDA permanently in 2017.
 Christy Hunt, mother of Sarah H. She was not liked by the other moms on the show due to her aggressive behavior.
 Tracey Reasons, mother of Sarah R.

Cast duration

Notes
 Key:  = featured in this episode
 Key:  = not featured in this episode
 Key:  = joins the Abby Lee Dance Company
 Key:  = leaves the Abby Lee Dance Company
 Key:  = leaves the show entirely
 Key:  = leaves the Abby Lee Dance Company and the show entirely

Episodes

Lawsuit
The episode "Big Trouble in the Big Apple" that aired on February 11, 2014 features the competition team at New York. During the final moments of the episode, Abby Lee Miller and dance mom Kelly Hyland get into a heated argument and ends with Kelly slapping Abby across the face and pulling her hair. Abby informs security and Kelly is removed from the building. Following the incident, Kelly filed a lawsuit against Abby for 5 million dollars, while Abby Lee Miller filed for assault against Hyland. Following the court proceedings, Hyland was banned from contacting Abby Lee Miller, including in forms of social media such as Twitter.

References

General references

2014 American television seasons


title: 2001–02 Brentford F.C. season

text:
During the 2001–02 English football season, Brentford competed in the Football League Second Division. The Bees were denied promotion after defeat to Stoke City in the 2002 Second Division playoff Final.

Season summary

After a promising, but ultimately disappointing 2000–01 season, Steve Coppell replaced Ray Lewington as manager of Second Division Brentford on 8 May 2001. In the knowledge he would be provided with little money to buy players, Coppell was also tasked with raising £500,000 in transfer fees. The previous season's squad was kept together, with two fringe players released and two arrivals – youngster Stephen Hunt and defender Jason Price on a short-term contract. After a 1–1 opening day draw with Wigan Athletic, teenage Blackburn Rovers forward Ben Burgess was brought in on a one-month loan, which was subsequently extended until the end of the season.

Brentford had its best start to a season since 1934–35 and topped the table for the first time after a 4–0 win over Tranmere Rovers on 8 September 2001. After a first league defeat of the season at the hands of Swindon Town on 25 September, the Bees went on a seven-match club record-equalling winning run and seized top spot in the Second Division. Captain Paul Evans led by example, scoring 9 goals in 13 matches in all competitions before suffering a hamstring injury in mid-October. His temporary replacement was Arsenal's teenage midfielder Steve Sidwell, another loan signing which would prove to be a master-stroke and which would later be extended until the end of the season. Between 10 November 2001 and 24 January 2002, Brentford won just twice in a spell of 13 league matches, suffering eight defeats, while briefly returning to the top of the table in late December. By 21 December, Lloyd Owusu, Paul Evans and Ben Burgess had each reached 10 or more goals for the season, which was the fourth instance of three Brentford players reaching double-figures before Christmas Day.

A 4–0 victory over Brighton & Hove Albion in front of the Sky cameras at Griffin Park on 24 January 2002 turned Brentford's flagging season around, with twin forwards Owusu and Burgess finding the net with regularity. The Bees lost just two of the next 16 matches, but a 0–0 draw away to West London rivals Queens Park Rangers in the penultimate match of the season dropped the club out of the final automatic promotion place. Cause for concern was a goal drought suffered by Ben Burgess, who had failed to score since 26 February and the midfield was weakened by the £150,000 sale of Gavin Mahon to Watford, in a bid to reduce the wage bill. Brentford would play 2nd-place Reading at Griffin Park on the final day of the season, needing a win to secure automatic promotion, while the Royals only needed a draw. Brentford took the lead through Martin Rowlands, but were pegged back 13 minutes from time by Jamie Cureton and the match finished as a 1–1 draw, which consigned the Bees to the playoffs.

Brentford faced 6th-placed Huddersfield Town in the playoff semi-finals, a rematch of the 1995 semi-final encounter between the two sides. The Bees held the Terriers to a 0–0 draw at the McAlpine Stadium and reached the 2002 Second Division playoff Final courtesy of goals from Darren Powell and Lloyd Owusu to emerge 2–1 victors in the second leg. In the final versus Stoke City, Brentford "simply had no sting in their tail" and were defeated 2–0.

League table

Results
Brentford's goal tally listed first.

Legend

Pre-season

Football League Second Division

Football League Second Division play-offs

FA Cup

Football League Cup

Football League Trophy

 Sources: Soccerbase, 11v11

Playing squad
Players' ages are as of the opening day of the 2001–02 season.

 Source: Soccerbase

Coaching staff

Statistics

Appearances and goals
Substitute appearances in brackets.

 Players listed in italics left the club mid-season.
 Source: Soccerbase

Goalscorers

 Players listed in italics left the club mid-season.
 Source: Soccerbase

Discipline

 Players listed in italics left the club mid-season.
 Source: ESPN FC

International caps

Management

Summary

Transfers & loans

Kit

|
|

Awards
 Supporters' Player of the Year: Ívar Ingimarsson
 Football League Second Division Manager of the Month: Steve Coppell (October 2001)
 Football League Second Division PFA Team of the Year: Paul Evans
 Football League Second Division Team of the Year: Paul Evans, Lloyd Owusu
 Football League Goal of the Month: Lloyd Owusu (March 2002)
 Hounslow Chronicle Player of the Month: Lloyd Owusu (December 2001)

Notes

References

Brentford F.C. seasons
Brentford


title: 2014–15 Dutch Basketball League

text:
The 2014–15 Dutch Basketball League season will be the 55th season of the Dutch Basketball League, the highest professional basketball league in the Netherlands. The defending champion was Donar from Groningen.

The league started the season with nine teams, after Matrixx Magixx didn't enter. In December the number of teams was reduced to eight, after Den Helder Kings went bankrupt.

Top seeded SPM Shoeters won the league, by beating Donar 4–1 in the Finals.

Teams

Before the season Matrixx Magixx announced it was withdrawing from the DBL, because the club could not complete its budget. Consequently, the league started with nine teams instead of ten. In December 2014, Port of Den Helder Kings left as well following its bankruptcy.

Notes
 Den Helder Kings was declared bankrupt and all records of the team were expunged on 15 December 2014.
 Till 1 January 2015, BSW was known as "Maxxcom BSW" for sponsorship reasons.

Transactions

Regular season

Standings

Results

Playoffs

Because the number of teams in the DBL decreased to nine, a new play-off format was chosen. After the seeds 3–6 played a best-of-three series in the quarter-finals, the semi-finals and finals would be played in a best-of-seven format.

Championship team

Awards

Individual statistics

Points

Rebounds

Assists

Notable occurrences
On May 29, 2014, health insurance company Zorg en Zekerheid extended its sponsorship contract with ZZ Leiden for three more years.
On May 13, 2014, it was announced ZZ Leiden and head coach Toon van Helfteren, who won six trophies with the club, would part ways. On May 30, the Belgian Eddy Casteels coach was hired as new head coach.
On June 6, 2014, Matrixx Magixx announced the club was close to bankruptcy after having difficulties in finding a new main sponsor to replace The Magixx.
On July 21, 2014, Magixx announced it would withdraw its participation for this season, after they couldn't reach a high enough budget.
On September 29, 2014, the first game ever of the Dutch Talent League (DTL) was played. This league was the newly formed development league of the DBL, mainly made for players under age 25.
On August 9, 2014, Apollo Amsterdam announced that it would play in the DBL after working a long time to reach the DBL budget standard. This would mean the return of a team from Amsterdam since the departure of ABC in 2010.
On August 16, 2014, GasTerra Flames announced it would be named "Donar" again.
On August 29, 2014, the DBL announced for the season a new play-off system would be used. Six teams would qualify this season, compared to eight last year. In the quarter-finals, the first and second seeds received byes.
On December 2, 2014, Den Helder Kings was declared bankrupt. Consequently, the club was expelled from the DBL.

In European competitions

References

Dutch Basketball League seasons
1
Netherlands


title: Organic mineral

text:
An organic mineral is an organic compound in mineral form. An organic compound is any compound containing carbon, aside from some simple ones discovered before 1828. There are three classes of organic mineral: hydrocarbons (containing just hydrogen and carbon), salts of organic acids, and miscellaneous. Organic minerals are rare, and tend to have specialized settings such as fossilized cacti and bat guano. Mineralogists have used statistical models to predict that there are more undiscovered organic mineral species than known ones.

Definition
In general, an organic compound is defined as any compound containing carbon, but some compounds are excepted for historical reasons. Before 1828, chemists thought that organic and inorganic compounds were fundamentally different, with the former requiring a vital force that could only come from living organisms. Then Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea by heating an inorganic substance called ammonium cyanate, proving that organic compounds could also be created through an inorganic process. Nevertheless, carbon-containing compounds that were already classified as inorganic were not reclassified. These include carbides, simple oxides of carbon such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, carbonates, cyanides and elemental carbon minerals such as graphite and diamond.

Organic minerals are rare and difficult to find, often forming crusts on fractures. Early descriptions of organic minerals include mellite in 1793, humboldtine in 1821 and idrialite in 1832.

Types
In the proposed 10th edition of the Nickel-Strunz classification, organic minerals are one of the ten primary classes of minerals. The class is divided into three subclasses: salts of organic acids, hydrocarbons, and miscellaneous organic minerals.

Hydrocarbons

As the name implies, hydrocarbon minerals are composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen. Some are inorganic forms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. For example, a rare mineral known as either carpathite, karpatite or pendletonite is nearly pure coronene. Carpathite is deposited as pale yellow flakes in cracks between diorite (an igneous rock) and argillite (a sedimentary rock); it is prized for a beautiful blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light. Other PAH compounds appearing as minerals include fluorene as kratochvilite; and anthracene as ravatite. Others are mixtures: curtisite contains several PAH compounds, including dibenzofluorine, picene, and chrysene, while the most common components of idrialite are tribenzofluorenes. One theory for their formation involves burial of PAH compounds until they reach a temperature where pyrolysis can occur, followed by hydrothermal transport towards the surface, during which the composition of minerals that precipitate out depends on the temperature.

Salts of organic acids
A salt of an organic acid is a compound in which an organic acid is combined with a base. The largest such group is the oxalates, which combine  with cations. A large fraction have water molecules attached; examples include weddellite, whewellite, and zhemchuzhnikovite. Oxalates are often associated with particular fossilized biological materials, for example weddellite with cacti; oxammite with guano and egg shells of birds; glushinskite with lichen; humboldtine, stepanovite and whewellite with leaf litter; and humboldtine, stepanovite and whewellite with coal. Where plant material such as tree roots interacts with ore bodies, one can find oxalates with transition metals (moolooite, wheatleyite).

Other salts include salts of formate () such as formicaite and dashkovaite; and salts of acetate () such as acetamide and calclacite. Joanneumite is the first isocyanurate mineral to be officially recognized.

Miscellaneous
Some organic minerals do not fall into the above categories. These include nickel porphyrin (), closely related to biological molecules such as heme (a porphyrin with iron as the cation) and chlorophyll (a magnesium cation), but does not itself occur in biological systems. Instead, it is found on the surface of fractures in oil shales. Urea derived from bat guano and urine also occurs as a mineral in very arid conditions. In the Dana and Strunz classifications, amber is considered an organic mineral, but this classification is not approved by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA). Other sources call it a mineraloid because it has no crystal structure.

Carbon Mineral Challenge

As of 2016, the IMA recognized ten hydrocarbon minerals, ten miscellaneous organic minerals, 21 oxalates and over 24 other salts of organic acids. However, Robert Hazen and colleagues analyzed the known species of carbon-bearing minerals using a statistical technique called the Large Number of Rare Events (LNRE) model, and predicted that at least 145 such minerals are yet to be discovered. Many undiscovered organic minerals may be related to known species by various substitutions of cations. Hazen et al. predict that at least three more PAH crystals (pyrene, chrysene and tetracene) should occur as minerals. There are 72 known synthetic oxalates, some of which could occur in nature, particularly near fossil organisms. To encourage the discovery of more carbon minerals, the Deep Carbon Observatory launched an initiative known as the Carbon Mineral Challenge.

See also
 Classification of organic minerals
 Kerogen

References

Further reading


title: Zerka T. Moreno

text:
Zerka Toeman Moreno (June 13, 1917 – September 19, 2016) was a Dutch-born American psychotherapist and co-creator of psychodrama. She was a close colleague and wife of Jacob Levy Moreno.

History
Celine Zerka Toeman was born in Amsterdam on June 13, 1917. Her paternal grandparents were grain merchants who, like many other Jewish families of the time, left Warsaw to go to England when Zerka's father, Joseph Toeman (1887–1956), was still a toddler. Her mother, Rosalia Gutwirth (1890–1969) originated from Eastern Europe.

It was in the Netherlands that Zerka, the youngest of four children, lived the first part of her life. Her siblings were Sabine (born 1912), Rudolph (1913–1992) and Charles (1916–1990). In 1931, when Zerka was fourteen, her parents moved to London to reunite with the rest of her father's family. Here, she finished high school and later studied art and fashion design. In 1939, she crossed the Atlantic for the first time to arrive in the USA with some family friends. In 1941, she was able to take her elder sister from Belgium to New York, to pursue treatment for her sister's mental illness.

Moreno was one of the co-founders of the International Association for Group Psychotherapy.

Moreno's contribution to the field of group psychotherapy and psychodrama began immediately upon meeting Dr. J. L. Moreno. Within a year of their meeting J.L. and Moreno founded the Sociometric Institute on Park Avenue, New York City. They established the Psychodramatic Institute in New York in 1942. They began producing the journal Group Psychotherapy (originally called Sociatry) in 1947, publishing a volume of research documenting their application and refinement to the social sciences of sociatry, psychodrama, and sociometry. Moreno was J. L. Moreno's partner and co-creator for over thirty years until his death in 1974.

Moreno continued training and teaching the psychodramatic theory and method for more than 30 years since Dr. Moreno's death, training psychodramatists worldwide. Moreno is recognized as a leader in further realizing Dr. Moreno's vision in bringing this method to the lives of communities worldwide. In the 2000s she lived in Charlottesville, Virginia.

Moreno died in Rockville, Maryland, on September 19, 2016, at the age of 99.

The Zerka T. Moreno Foundation for Education and Training
The Zerka T. Moreno Foundation is involved in the exploration of the Morenean theory, which examines the complex dynamics of human interaction. Moreno has been influential in shaping the foundation's activities regarding psychodrama and group psychotherapy. It engages in various initiatives including training, research, and educational programs conducted in diverse locations like Western Massachusetts, Lesley University in Cambridge, and Portugal. With a collection of unpublished works by J.L. Moreno, the foundation offers insights into his evolving ideas. It also provides a selection of training resources by Zerka T. Moreno, promoting the exchange of knowledge within these fields. As a non-profit organization, the foundation operates with a focus on advancing understanding in these domains.

Bibliography
Moreno, Z. T. (2012). To dream again: A memoir. New York: MHR

References

External links
Jacob L. Moreno papers, 1906, 1911-1977 (inclusive). B MS c66. Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
Zerka T. Moreno papers, 1930-2010 (inclusive), 1957-2000 (bulk). H MS c163. Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass.

1917 births
2016 deaths
American people of Dutch-Jewish descent
American psychotherapists
Dutch emigrants to the United States
Dutch Jews
People from Amsterdam
Psychodramatists


title: Hopeful (Bars and Melody song)

text:
"Hopeful" is the debut single by British pop duo Bars and Melody. It is based on the lyrics and music of Twista's 2005 song "Hope", featuring Faith Evans. The song was released on 25 July 2014 through Syco Music. It debuted at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart, with sales of 40,191.

Background
Bars and Melody first performed the song when they auditioned for the eighth series of Britain's Got Talent in February 2014. They received judge Simon Cowell's golden buzzer and went straight through to the live shows. On 7 June, the duo finished in third place during the live final.

On 15 June, it was announced that Bars and Melody had signed to Cowell's record label Syco Music. It was later revealed that they would release their version of "Hope" (retitled "Hopeful") as their debut single on 27 July.

Promotion
To promote the song, they appeared on television shows such as This Morning and Good Morning Britain as well as The Official Chart on BBC Radio 1 the day the song debuted.

Music video
The music video was released to YouTube on 7 July 2014. It has since amassed over 124 million views over several videos.

Track listing

Charts

Certifications

Release history

References

2014 debut singles
Songs written by Twista
Contemporary R&B ballads
2014 songs
Syco Music singles
Songs written by CeeLo Green


title: Nosy Komba

text:
Nosy Komba is a volcanic island off the north west coast of Madagascar, lying between Nosy Be and the main island. It is a popular tourist destination.

References

External links

Islands of Madagascar
Diana Region


title: Grigia Molisana

text:
The Grigia Molisana is an indigenous breed of greyish domestic goat from Molise in southern Italy. It is raised in the comuni of Acquaviva Collecroci, Castelmauro, Montefalcone nel Sannio, Montemitro and San Felice del Molise; all are in the province of Campobasso, and the breed may also be called the Capra di Campobasso. The highest concentration is in Montefalcone, from which the name Capra di Montefalcone derives. The origins of the breed are not known; studies conducted in the 1980s suggest influence from the Alpino Comune, Garganica and Maltese breeds.

The Grigia Molisana is one of the forty-three autochthonous Italian goat breeds of limited distribution for which a herdbook is kept by the Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, the Italian national association of sheep- and goat-breeders. At the end of 2013 the registered population was 443, all of which were in the province of Campobasso.

Use

The milk yield of the Grigia Molisana is 300–320 litres in 150 days. The milk has 4.1% fat, 3.0% protein and 4.8% lactose. It is used to make Caprino di Montefalcone del Sannio goat's-milk cheese, which is listed in the Ark of Taste, and Formaggio di Pietracatella and Pecorino di Capracotta, which have PAT status.

Kids weigh 3 kg at birth, and average 11–12 kg at 60 days. Misischia, a salume of sun-dried goat's meat, is also produced.

References

Goat breeds
Meat goat breeds
Goat breeds originating in Italy


title: Edgewater Towers

text:
Edgewater Towers is a high rise apartment block located in the suburb of St Kilda in Melbourne, Australia. The building, completed in 1961, was Melbourne's first, high rise residential apartment block and the tallest in Victoria until Domain Park Flats was completed in 1962. The building was designed by émigré architect Mordechai Benshemesh who designed many multi-storey buildings in St Kilda and Elwood. Edgewater Towers is considered to be Benshemesh's most iconic design.
Edgewater Towers stands at 44 m tall (architectural), 39 m tall (to the roof), and 13 storeys tall.

History

Edgewater Towers was the brainchild of property developer Bruce Small, of Malvern Star Bicycles fame, and later Mayor for Gold Coast, Queensland. "He retired as chairman and managing director of Bruce Small Industries in 1958, selling out his interests in the big Melbourne-based retail chain, then chalked up a real-estate triumph with a series of sell-out auctions and built Edgewater Towers, Melbourne's first multi-storey home-unit project". The project was conceived as "own your own" luxury housing and marketed as "sophisticated living with beautiful views". It was designed in 1959–60 and constructed in 1960–61. The project ran into financial difficulties and construction stopped after the lower floors were completed. It was sold for £500,000 and construction then resumed. A restaurant and lounge bar, which had been planned for the roof, did not eventuate. Edgewater Towers was opened on 4 March 1961 by Sir Horace Petty, the Minister for Housing (Victoria) and Immigration, who was an advocate for high density housing. The building is included in the City of Port Phillip's Heritage Review, which lists its significance as being "the first of St Kilda's residential high rise developments". The review also states "It still plays an important symbolic role in the perception of St Kilda's character and imagery". "Standing somewhat like a towering section of a stranded ocean liner, it announces St Kilda's uniquely nautical cosmopolitan zone at its southern approaches". "Thirteen storeys high, with great views across the bay, Edgewater Towers was a confident expression of progress and, after a period of neglect, has re-emerged as an iconic expression of Melbourne post-war modernism".

Fire life safety
The changing fire life safety requirements for high rise flats caused Edgewater Towers to be treated as a test case for fire life safety and Edgewater Towers was required to install an improved fire life safety system by the Port Phillip Council in the late 1980s. The Port Phillip Council required Edgewater Towers to have a further fire life safety upgrade in 2002 and was subsequently fitted with a fire sprinkler protection system and fully addressable automatic fire detection and alarm system between 2005 and 2008, and certified complete 2014. The earlier fire life safety upgrade between 1989 and 1995 included fire hose reels, a smoke and heat detection system, enclosure of the previously open West stairwell, sealing of floor penetrations, closure of the mail chute, emergency and exit lighting, removal of glazed timber doors in the corridors, modifications to both stairs to discharge directly to outdoors, fire rated doors, fire rated enclosed balcony ends and blocking up corridor clerestory glazing to each flat to achieve the necessary 1-hour fire-resistance rating. The sprinkler fire protection system was activated in August 2013, when a fire started on a balcony on the 11th. floor. The Age newspaper carried the story. Edgewater Towers has an Essential Safety Measures, Certificate of Final Inspection dated 14 July 2014 displayed in the lobby.

Concrete remediation
As an early high rise concrete building in a marine environment, Edgewater Towers suffered concrete degradation in the 75 mm thin balcony upstands, where the steel reinforcement bars were not provided with adequate protective concrete cover which require periodic repairs. The building had concrete remediation in 1995 followed by repainting. The most recent concrete remediation was completed in 2011 and then repainted white. Edgewater Towers has always been painted white, though the original sales brochure shows it differently. Whilst the structural integrity of the building was not affected, the façade of the building was disfigured by the gaps where concrete had spalled from various balconies. The most recent concrete remediation was managed by Aurecon.

Building interiors
The two bed flats were originally separated from one bed flats with glazed timber doors at the ends of the  wide corridors. The doors were removed in a fire life safety upgrade except the original 12AB Penthouse apartment which remains. The wide corridors were originally painted bright reds, oranges and yellow, and the lobby bright green. Ends of the corridors were originally patterned wall paper. The original carpet was black and white with purple flecks. The early residents apparently disliked the bright 1960s colours and they were repainted in neutral tones as today. The corridors were originally lit using borrowed daylight from clerestory windows to each flat. At nighttime the corridors were lit with fluorescent tube fittings at right angle to the corridor which is unconventional and these have been replaced with energy efficient light-emitting diode (LED) fittings in the same unconventional arrangement in 2013. Originally each flat was fitted with a decorative screen door of wrought iron scrolls and these were replaced with security screen doors when each flat was fitted with a fire rated door in the 90s fire life safety upgrade. Originally Edgewater Towers' residents had use of two common area laundries on each floor (24 total), each fitted with automatic washing machine, clothes dryer, sink, drying cupboard, instantaneous hot water heater and incinerator chute. Currently there are 6 working laundries and the remaining 18 converted to bike storage (55 bikes). One of the original two incinerator chutes remains in use as the garbage disposal chute. Edgewater Towers has had an interior renovation 2010–14.

Flats
A, B, G and H flats are two bedroom, two balcony (approx. 82.7 m2; C and F flats are one bedroom, three balcony (approx. 60.3 m2); D and E flats are one bedroom, two balcony (approx. 56.7 m2). The 12AB Penthouse was a pair of two bedroom flats with a layout of three bedrooms, two bathrooms, kitchen, dining, living room and wet bar. Original Edgewater Towers' flat prices ranged from AU£5,625 (one bedroom ground floor) up to AU£8,830 (two bedroom twelfth floor). The original quarterly service charge was AU£19/10/-. It took over two years after opening to complete sales of the flats. Each flat included "entry hall", "king-size lounge rooms", "large bedrooms", "kitchens with ever-changing panoramic views" and "comfortable dinettes". "You're whisked to your soundproof flat in automatic express lifts" (two independent lifts). The original architect's ground floor plan drawing notes Lounge flooring as 'parquetry' and bedroom flooring as 'cork tile' though they were never installed and all flats were grey carpet. Floor to ceiling height is . Ceilings are acoustically treated with "sound-deadening Vermiculite". Clerestory glazing above each internal doorway and the bathroom for borrowed daylight. Bathrooms were originally grey or grey/pink ceramic tiles and kitchens cream vinyl tile. Enclosure of open balconies started in the 1960s. Each balcony enclosure had a unique design until standard designs were adopted in 1995. A City of Port Phillip Planning permit and Edgewater Service Ltd Board approval is required. Owners are individually responsible for the maintenance and replacement of balcony enclosures.

Description
The "L" shaped site area is 3,329 m2 with 27 m frontage to Marine Parade and 40 m to Spenser Street. Overall building dimensions of 46 x 13 x 44 m high.

The building originally contained 100 flats with shops, a restaurant and offices on the ground floor. Each floor contained four one bedroom and four two bedroom flats. The ground floor restaurant "The Reef" (which had a nautical theme with fishing nets and other nautical paraphernalia) and later a milk bar with counter and café seating, until the early 80s was converted to a three bedroom flat in the mid-1980s. A Kiosk planned for the lobby was never operated as one and was converted for bike storage (24 bikes) in the mid-1990s. The lobby is elevated to capture the bay and park views and features cantilevered roof canopies above both entrances, clerestory windows above a curved wall of Castlemaine slate, terrazzo flooring and columns of blue and pink mosaic glass tiles.

Copper mail boxes are original (Originally external, relocated inside shortly after Edgewater opened and integrated into the recycled timber screen in 2012). Many original features of the building such as the curved privacy screen before the two public restroom doors, resident directory board (black felt with white plastic letters), rockery planter with green plastic curtain/screen, open West stairwell, corridor clerestory glazing for borrowed daylight and mail chute were removed or closed off during fire life safety upgrades. The original very heavy swinging glass and timber entrance doors were replaced with aluminium framed glazing and automatic sliding doors in 2014.

The original architect's ground floor plan drawing notes entrance doors as 'Aluminium Frame' though they were never installed. When opened Edgewater Towers was fitted with two waste incinerators as there was no managed garbage truck collection in place at the time. The incinerators were removed in a fire life safety upgrade and are now stairwell fire exit paths direct to outside.

Facing Marine Parade, the building originally had a large illuminated fluorescent white plastic sign "Edgewater Towers" in red gothic script (Blackletter) until it was brought down by a storm in 1988. The original rooftop lift motor rooms were fitted with louvres and these were replaced with steel framed glazing in 1986. There is parking on grade for 95 cars at the east end of the building including 12 undercover car ports; the maximum covered area allowed to maintain the required minimum 28 m2 of open space per flat. The original plans for the building were lost when fire gutted the St Kilda Town Hall and partial plans are stored in the State Library of Victoria.

Construction, management and title
The structure is of a cast in place reinforced concrete flat slab 150 mm thick construction founded on Franki piles to a depth of approximately 9 m. The building contractor was "proud to have secured this large contract, and their whole organisation are keen to add this building to their already impressive record of achievements in multi-storey structures". The building contractor required "the importation of the most modern climbing crane in Australia currently being used on the Edgewater Towers project". The crane was a Liebherr type manufactured partly in Germany and partly in Ireland.

Edgewater Towers is Strata Title. Edgewater Towers was built before the Strata Title Act (1967) and was originally Stratum Title with a 'Certificate of Title' to each flat. This is different to Company Share Title. The owner (or Body Corporate vehicle) was Edgewater Service Ltd (ESL), (ABN 66 004 514 596). The ESL Board of Directors (voluntary and unpaid positions) administered the building, regulated by Australian Securities & Investments Commission (ASIC). Following an EGM in late 2019 it was resolved to convert to the more common Owners Corporation which completed June 2020 and Edgewater Towers is now Strata Title, regulated by Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT). Minutes of Annual and Extraordinary General Meetings for the past two decades are publicly available to all on the building's website www.edgewatertowers.com.au.

Gardens
Edgewater Towers originally had a garden open to Marine Parade which included very limited planting, extensive pebble and decorative concrete screen block walls (Besser block). The gardens were reviewed and redesigned to incorporate DDA access by Phil Tulk, Heritage Landscape Consultant and replanted in 2012. No original 60s plantings remain. The front patio, strip and pocket gardens are planted with indigenous species of the St Kilda area including: Allocasuarina littoralis (Black Sheoke), Pomaderris paniculosa ssp. Parilia (Shining Dogwood), Atriplex cinerea (Coast salt bush), Correa alba (White correa), Lasiopetalum baueri (Slender velvet bush), Correa reflexa (Native fuchsia), Leucophyta brownii (Pincushion bush), Dianella brevicaulis (Small flower flax lily), Goodenia ovata prostrate form (Hop Goodenia) and a Banksia integrifolia (Coastal Banksia). Additional indigenous plantings in 2022 including: Myoporum insulare (Common boobialla, native juniper), Carpobrotus rossii (Karkalla, pig face, sea fig, beach bananas), Dodonaea viscosa (Hop bush) and Olearia lanuginosa (Daisy bush). The Willow Myrtle 'Agonis' was planted in the 1970s by longtime resident building manager (1969–1988 Approx.) Johannes (Jonas) LeFerink. The 'Avenue' of deciduous trees to the South is Ulmus parvifolia 'Burnley Select' (non-fruiting Chinese Elm) and the hedge is Raphiolepis Snow Maiden. In 2013 the car park was upgraded and planted with a 'Grove' of Ulmus parvifolia 'Burnley Select' (non-fruiting Chinese Elm) and there is a small herb garden.

Rooftop terrace
"The employment of flat roofs served as a considerable influence in the mid-century developments that populated Melbourne, where the roof became part of the recreational space available to tenants or a replication of the ground plane for the placement of services and other amenities".

Edgewater Towers residents have access to rooftop terrace (building), originally marketed as "ideal for sunbathing or showing the panoramic views to your friends". The original steel rooftop balustrade was replaced with a chain-link one located on the outer perimeter in the 90's concrete remediation and installation of a rooftop building maintenance unit. The defunct building maintenance unit was removed in 2013 and a new compliant galvanized steel balustrade reinstated inboard of the perimeter (similar in appearance and location to original) in 2015. The 1.5mm thick butyl rubber waterproof roof membrane was completed in 2017. The original rooftop had access to the amazing panoramic views but no real amenity with unsightly equipment and piping exposed, possibly due to the original developer running short of money towards the end of the construction.

A modest rooftop upgrade design was granted planning permission by City Port Phillip in February 2016. The rooftop terrace (43m x 9m) was upgraded with equipment screening, fixed tables and bench seating, electric BBQ facilities (4No.) and fixed shade canopy overhangs. An accessible raised concrete paver and adjustable pedestal flooring system eliminated nuisance trip hazards and protects the Butynol rubber waterproof membrane. A Building Surveyor requirement of granting the Construction Permit was to demonstrate the structural adequacy of the existing concrete roof slab. This necessitated a structural load test using a temporary swimming pool filled with a depth of water to simulate the correct structural loading and by measuring the deflection and return of the concrete slab. Following almost a decade of closure to residents, the rooftop terrace was completed in May 2018 and reopened to residents providing a fabulous communal space.

Notable residents

One Edgewater Towers' resident was cyclist and politician Sir Hubert Opperman and Lady Mavys Opperman. Opperman had the pair of Edgewater Towers flats since 1961 and his main residence was in his electorate of Corio in Geelong until July 1967 when he became the Australian High Commissioner in Malta. Opperman retired from this overseas position in September 1972 and Edgewater Towers became his main residence. In December 1972 when Gough Whitlam led the Labour Party to victory, ending twenty three years of Conservative leadership Opperman quipped to John Menzies that he and Mavys had made their flat ‘fit for retired people to sulk in when they read of Whitlam's wicked political progress’. Both lived at Edgewater Towers until 1985. Other residents include:
 Dora Nolan, the mother of the artist, Sidney Nolan. His sister Lorna Gosling (née Nolan) and brother-in-law also lived at Edgewater and owned and operated the restaurant for a period.
 Dr Bertram Wainer, the anti-corruption campaigner, who successfully campaigned to legalise abortion in Victoria.
 Max Merritt, leader of the group Max Merritt and the Meteors.
 Sir Gilbert Dyett, veteran of Gallipoli, President of the Returned and Services League of Australia, and secretary of the Victorian Trotting and Racing Association. His name is listed at 12 Marine Parade in the 1963 Sands & McDougal Directory. He may have lived at Edgewater towards the end of his life (died 1964) or he may have rented his flat to ex-serviceman for a low rent as he was doing with other properties in Brighton.
 Brian Dixon, a prominent Australian Rules footballer who played for Melbourne Football Club in five premierships. He went on to represent the state seat of St Kilda as a Liberal, and became a minister in the Hamer Ministry. He was responsible for starting the 1975 "Life. Be in it." program.
Stanley Leighton, founder of Leighton Holdings. Stanley knew Bruce Small and invested in a number of Edgewater flats. The Leighton family resided in the original 12AB Penthouse apartment from the time Edgewater opened which was later sub-divided to two 2 bedroom flats.
 Josef Ganz, editor in chief of Motor-Kritik magazine until 1934. He developed a prototype small people's car at the German car and motorcycle manufacturer, Adler.
 Mario Bulfone, professional wrestler, better known by his ring name Mario Milano.
 Ron Hutchinson (jockey), International Jockey and winner 2,000 Guineas Stakes on Martial in 1960, 1,000 Guineas Stakes on Full Dress and St Leger Stakes on Intermezzo in 1969. Also his son, Peter Hutchinson and 1993 Caulfield Cup winner on Fraar.
 Jim Johnson (jockey), Three times Melbourne Cup winner on Gatum Gatum in 1963 and Rain Lover in 1968 and 1969.
 Anne Scott Pendlebury, television and film actress. Anne played the role of Hilary Robinson in the soap opera Neighbours.
 Nick Morris (basketball) Australian Paralympian. He was a member of the Australian team that won gold at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, for which he received a Medal of the Order of Australia.
 Frederick Hans Halpern, Prisoner of War, artist and writer. Halpern was in Palestine at the outbreak of World War 2 and due to his Austrian origins and suspected involvement with Haganah (later to become the Jewish Defense Force) was interned by the British in Palestine and East Africa for 4 years.
 John and Ian Morrey, International award-winning hair stylists. Ian had a hairdressing salon in a flat on the ground floor in 1963, taking over from brother John who started it in 1962.

It is an urban myth that radio and television personality Mary Hardy  committed suicide in Edgewater Towers. She lived on Beaconsfield Parade, Middle Park in a smaller brick and white high rise

Heritage recognition
Heritage Recognition Plaque:
Edgewater Towers was honored with a City of Port Phillip Heritage Recognition Plaque. It was unveiled 23 September 2017 by Councillor David Brand with a short ceremony. A Dutch film crew were present making a documentary film "Ganz – How I Lost My Beetle" directed by Suzanne Raes and filmed by Paul Schilperoord, Author of "The Extraordinary Life of Josef Ganz The Jewish Engineer Behind Hitler's Volkswagen".

Edgewater Towers has been included for its architectural, social and cultural significance. The building is significant in the architectural development of St Kilda and of Melbourne post-WW2; and also for the diverse residents, famous and otherwise, across all areas of life, who have lived there.

Edgewater Towers Heritage Recognition Plaque wording:
Designed by architect Mordechai Benshemesh and built in 1961, Edgewater Towers was Melbourne's first privately developed high rise apartment block. It's multi-storey slab construction and international style promised Melburnian's sophisticated living with a beautiful view.
Noted residents include Josef Ganz, the Jewish automotive engineer who was the originator of the Volkswagen. After fleeing Germany during World War 11, he emigrated to Australia and worked for General Motors Holden.
Sir Hubert 'Oppy' Opperman, renowned cyclist and Politician also lived here for almost 30 years.

Heritage Listed:
In 2019 City Port Phillip proposed to commence the process to amend the Port Phillip Planning Scheme. Edgewater Towers was proposed to be included in a new Heritage Overlay (HO510) and the property identified as a place of individual heritage significance. Edgewater Towers is now heritage listed. Edgewater Towers amendment was gazetted (i.e. approved by the Planning Minister Richard Wynne for heritage listing) on 24 December 2021.

What is significant?
It is a thirteen-story apartment block in the International Style. It is completely stripped of ornamentation and decoration, and is characterised by rectilinear forms and the use of glass with reinforced concrete surfaces painted plain white. The projecting front and side balconies provide a nod to the bayside location, particularly in trying to secure views for the apartments not located at the front.

How is it significant?
Edgewater Towers at 12 Marine Parade, St Kilda is of local historic, architectural and aesthetic significance to the City of Port Phillip.

Why is it significant?
Edgewater Towers is significant as one of the first large scale ‘high rise’ apartment buildings in Port Phillip and Melbourne. It introduced a new concept of luxury ‘own your own’ apartment living that encouraged the building of similar apartment blocks in St Kilda and South Melbourne over the following decades, and forms part of an extraordinary collection of flats in St Kilda that demonstrate the history of flat building in Melbourne during the twentieth century. It was the first high-rise apartment design by Mordechai Benshemesh and is said to have secured his reputation as a leading designer of high-density residential developments in Melbourne. Edgewater Towers is an example of the International Style as applied to multi-level residential buildings. This is demonstrated by its monumental scale, rectilinear forms,  use of plain white concrete surfaces. It has aesthetic significance as a landmark building on the St Kilda foreshore.

"Edgewater Towers Regeneration" project was shortlisted and received a Commendation Award under the Heritage category in the City of Port Phillip Design & Development Awards 2020, as an example of good design, thoughtful development and contribution to the vibrancy of Port Phillip. Heritage Category Commendation Award text: “This project represents the first stages of restoration works to this St Kilda beachfront building. The Owners Corporation and the architects are commended for carefully and thoughtfully working to maintain and protect Edgewater Towers through works to communal areas of the building. The faithful restoration of the ground floor entry and foyer spaces and playful clean up and contemporary additions at roof level are important investments in celebrating the importance of this old foreshore beauty, and harbingers of the benefits that will flow with further works planned for the coming years”.

In the media
An early image of Edgewater Towers together with floor plans appeared in Property writer Harry Perrot's column for the Herald Sun 5 February 1960.

Edgewater Towers features on the cover of Foundations Magazine: the journal of architecture, engineering and building, Edition No. 5 in 1960. It included a 'Special Report' on Redevelopment and Flat Construction in Melbourne with an interview with the Minister for Housing (Victoria) (the Hon. H.R. Petty M.L.A.) and an article on  "Edgewater Towers" with typical and ground floor architectural plans dated 6 May 1960.

A photo of the architectural model of Edgewater Towers can be seen in The Age Newspaper 4 November 1960.

A full-page advertisement and image of Edgewater Towers by Alexandra Advertising for Nichols & Borrow Pty Ltd can be seen in The Age Newspaper, 4 November 1960.

Edgewater Towers' Architect Mordechai Benshemesh once debated the merits of multi-storey flats on radio with other prominent Architects of the time Harry Seidler and Neville Gruzman, and Dick Dusseldorp, founder of Lendlease, the transcript of which was published in Foundations Magazine the month after Edgewater Towers opened.

Edgewater Towers photographed in September 1962 by photographic artist Lyle Fowler is held by State Library Victoria.

Edgewater Towers can not be seen in Stanley Kramer's movie On the Beach (1959 film) set in 1964 Melbourne as it was not constructed when the movie was filmed in 1959.

Edgewater Towers featured in Homicide (Australian TV series) – Episode 9 (1964) ‘The Silent Witness’. "When an attractive young girl is murdered, it doesn't take long for Homicide detectives to identify her killer (Adrian Fox at Edgewater Towers) but they have a tense time gathering sufficient evidence to bring him to trial, aware that before they can complete their case he may kill again".

Edgewater Towers featured in Homicide (Australian TV series) – Episode 24 (1965) 'Ladies Man'. "When con man Hal Dunstan (of Edgewater Towers) gets over-confident, a chance encounter with a prowler in a graveyard triggers off more than he can cope with".

Edgewater Towers appears in the photos of 'St Kilda Life Savers' 1968 and 'Women's Business' 1986 by photographic artist Rennie Ellis.

The St Kilda Marina immediately South of Edgewater Towers was not constructed until 1969. Edgewater Towers appears in the photos of 'St Kilda Marina Lighting' 1969 and 'Mr Hans Tholstrup drives "Tom Thumb" into St Kilda Marina' 1971.

Sir Hubert Opperman was interviewed by journalist Mel Pratt at his office in Edgewater Towers on 4 March 1975 for the Oral History Programme for the National Library of Australia.

Dora Irene Nolan (Mother of Artist Sidney Nolan) was photographed by Maggie Diaz at Edgewater Towers in 1977.

"In the 1987 film 'A Matter of Convenience'..... Beach scenes were filmed opposite 'Edgewater Towers'.....".

Allan Zavod, pianist, composer, jazz musician and occasional conductor whose career has mainly been in America was photographed precariously on the rooftop of Edgewater Towers in 1987. Allan's mother Anne Zavod resided in Edgewater Towers from 1973-2021.

Edgewater Towers was "one of the dozens of images included in '45 Storeys', an exhibition of 45 Melbourne Jewish architects" in 1993.

Edgewater Towers can be seen in the 1996 music video "How to make gravy" by Paul Kelly (Australian musician).

Edgewater Towers featured in 'Abortion, Corruption and Cops: The Bertram Wainer Story' (2005).

Edgewater Towers featured in 'Dangerous Remedy' (2012). "Set in 1969 Melbourne, Dangerous Remedy tells the fascinating story of Dr Bertram Wainer who put his life at risk to expose police corruption in an effort to change the law on abortion".

Edgewater Towers painted by artist Garry Pumfrey is published in the book The Art Of Being Melbourne, "Edgewater Towers becomes much more than an apartment block: it looms over the beachfront like a bleached carapace, twinkling with opportunistic nesting life forms".

Edgewater Towers was invited to "Open" for public access as part of Open House Melbourne 28 July 2012, 27 July 2013, 25 July 2015, 30 July 2016, 29 July 2017, 28 July 2018 and 27 July 2019.

Edgewater Towers is included in the Footpath Guide, Melbourne St Kilda 1850–1960 Architectural Walking Tour.

Edgewater Towers features in the Age newspaper article "St Kilda engineer given credit for Volkswagen".

Edgewater Towers features in the exhibition of post-war Modernist architecture in Melbourne "Excavating Modernism" along with other buildings designed by architect Mordechai Benshemesh, together with works by Ernest Fooks, Kurt Popper and Herbert Tisher. "These architects contributed to the socio-cultural landscape and Melbourne's development at the time, particularly in the south-eastern suburbs".

Edgewater Towers features in the documentary "Ganz: How I Lost My Beetle". "Josef Ganz attempts to revolutionise society by partnering with Adolph Hitler to introduce the car to everyday people. As Hitler gains power, he turned on Ganz and threatens his life, forcing him to flee".

Edgewater Towers is included in the Guide to Historic St Kilda.

Edgewater Towers is the subject of the article "Sixty years of Melbourne's iconic first [high-rise] apartment building". "Revolutionary for its time, architect and former local councillor David Brand suggests the starkly, white, Modernist-style Edgewater Towers could probably only have happened in the cosmopolitan context of St Kilda". "which was always different from everywhere else in Melbourne".

Location

Edgewater Towers is located at 12, Marine Parade (Beach Road), St Kilda between Marine Parade, Brooks Beach and Spenser Street, Peanut Farm Reserve. The stone wall running the length of Brooks Beach between Marina Reserve and Brookes Jetty is of the time of the original development and features prominently in the original sales advertising from 1960/61 and can be seen in Lyle Fowler's 1962 photo. The following are extracts from the original sales brochure which described Edgewater Towers as a "Location for better living".

"Relaxation at your door – The beach is at your West door, the park at your East door, and the romantic views of the bay are as lovely by night as they are by day. Nearby are – Swimming (Bathing Pavilion is now a restaurant), Beach, Lifesaving Club, Children's Playgrounds, Bowling Club (Now the Veg Out Community Gardens), Sports Oval, Parks and Yachting (Royal Melbourne Yacht Squadron)."

"Entertainment within 600 yards – You can enjoy outdoor living on either of your own two private patios, and a few yards away are – Palais de Danse, St Kilda, 3 min. (Now the site of a public car park); Earls Court Ballroom, 4 min. (Now the site of Public Housing accommodation for elderly people); Luna Park, Melbourne 2 min; South Pacific St Kilda Sea Baths, 4 min; Palais Picture Theatre, 3 min. (Now the Palais Theatre music venue); Victory Picture Theatre, 5 min. (Now the National Theatre, Melbourne a performing arts venue); St. Moritz Ice Rink, 5 min. (now the site of the St Moritz apartments, replacing the now demolished Novotel Hotel) and Health Studios".
"Shopping facilities only 200 yards – Besides your Kiosk and Restaurant on the premises nearby are – Coles store, Banks, Market, Chinese and European Restaurants, Post Office and Acland Street shopping".

"You're close to the cosmopolitan Hotels and Restaurants of Fitzroy Street, Melbourne and Acland St. – Close at hand are – Village Belle Hotel, 3 min; Beaconsfield Hotel, 8 min. (Now closed); Esplanade Hotel (Melbourne) 6 min. and Prince of Wales Hotel, 7 min."

"All Public Transport is within 200 yards – Edgewater Towers is the perfect location for living – City via St Kilda Road Tram; City via St Kilda railway station, bus and train (now the Melbourne tram route 96 light rail); Brighton by bus; Port Melbourne by bus; Elwood, Pt. Ormond by bus; Kew via Malvern and Hawthorn tram; Clifton Hill via Punt Road bus and Richmond via Chapel Street Tram".

"Only minutes in your car from Toorak, Victoria Road's smart 'Supper Strip'. The City lies a few minutes drive along St Kilda".

Bauhaus influence
"For Benshemesh, it becomes apparent the influence that his time in Tel Aviv studying architecture had on his practice in Melbourne. Known for its extensive influence of the Bauhaus (the German Art School from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and fine arts and informed designers, architects, artists and craftspeople worldwide), Tel Aviv features over 4,000 modernist style buildings built between 1920 and 1940. Within the construction of these buildings was a new dynamic, that of urban densification unseen of at the time: over 4,000 people per square kilometer, which presented itself programmatic and social challenges. These challenges, such as the treatment of interstitial spaces such as the thresholds between public and private, began to manifest in the role of the balcony and vegetated space in the development of these apartment buildings. Here, we see that this social condition is carried over the antipodean environment Benshemesh ended up in. Whilst Benshemesh was known amongst friends and colleagues to have preferred working on high-rise constructions and not on private house commissions, this doesn't mean there wasn't still consideration of the end-user as an individual as opposed to a collective. It is for this reason that there was consternation in the Benshemesh camp about Edgewater Towers, perhaps his most note-worthy work, on the St Kilda shoreline, when residents starting enclosing their balconies with glazing, thus revising the connection of this threshold space with their neighbours, the environment, and the context".

American influence
Robin Boyd's colourful take on Australian architecture and suburban life in 1960 "The Australian Ugliness" included a concept of American influence in Australia as "Austerica". "Austerica is on no map. It is, an Austerican advertisement would say, not a place but a way of life".

1960 advertising material described Edgewater Towers as:
"Melbourne's newest exclusive American inspired home unit project presents the most imaginative design with convenience, comfort and luxury of the largest home". "Manhattan living comes to Melbourne". "everything you'd find in a luxury Manhattan building is yours only minutes from Collins Street, Melbourne"

Philip Goad writes "this white, generously glazed slab seems more akin to 1950s Miami Beach, Florida, than New York City".

Edgewater Towers developer "Bruce Small visited Miami, USA, in 1958.....he studied the great land reclamation projects in which the area (Everglades) abounded. His imaginative mind was seized with the parallel that existed on Queensland's own Gold Coast – Land awaiting development at the hands of a bold and enterprising builder.....Bruce Small".

In November 1960 Bruce Small sold the Edgewater Towers project during construction to Nichols and Borrow Finance and Development Corporation Ltd. of Sydney. "Bruce Small.....had recently bought the property Questa on the corner of Robe St. and the Esplanade near Earls Court....plans are being prepared for an American-type motor-hotel (Motel) with 250 units estimated to cost £600,000. Bruce Small said his organisation hoped to get approval to build to 20 storeys in the case the lower floors would be used for car parking."

Taller
Edgewater Towers is taller than Kinkabool, the first high-rise development (10 storeys, 1960) at Surfers Paradise, the forerunner of Gold Coast high-rise development. At the time Edgewater Towers was completed in 1961, the tallest residential building in Australia was Torbreck, Highgate Hill, Brisbane, 18 storey, completed 1960. Blues Point Tower, Sydney, 25 storey, completed in 1962, was then tallest residential building until 1970. The tallest building in Australia at the time was ICI House, 1 Nicholson Street, Melbourne, 20 storeys, completed in 1958 by Bates Smart McCutcheon. The AMP Building, 33 Alfred Street, Sydney, 26 storey, completed in 1962 was then tallest building until 1965.

The original Edgewater Towers sales brochure included photos of the surrounding views including "City View Overlooks Albert Park and Lake" with only the single tower of ICI House visible on the horizon. In Melbourne ICI House's tallest status was surpassed by the CRA Building, 89–101, Collins Street, 26 storey, completed 1962 by Sir Bernard Evans (architect). Today the 'City View'  is very different. List of tallest buildings in Melbourne.

The tallest building designed by Edgewater Towers' architect Mordechai Benshemesh was Nylex House, 10, Queens Rd. Melbourne, 20 storey including a stunning penthouse apartment completed 1971. Prior to Edgewater Towers his confirmed tallest buildings were just four storeys including next door at 11 Marine Parade, 'Bay View Marina', 41 flats, 1959. "There were several schemes for six and seven level apartment blocks in Chapel Street between Alma Road and Argyle Street, but only one, No. 16A, six storey block, was built. The designer is not known, however, one possible candidate is Mordechai Benshemesh, as he prepared plans for a similar, but unrealised scheme on an adjoining site (the plans for 16A Chapel Street have not been located)."

Robin Boyd's Domain Park Flats at 20 storeys and Sir Bernard Evans (architect)'s Emerald Hill Court, South Melbourne at 17 storeys for Housing Commission of Victoria, both taller than Edgewater Towers, completed in 1962. Emerald Hill Court, the "17 storey concrete tower represented the Housing Commission's first foray into high rise apartment construction. As such it marked the start of the Commission's ambitious and controversial high rise programme that transformed Melbourne's inner suburbs during the 1960s." Sir Bernard Evans (architect) was an advocate for high-rise flats and was a member of the Melbourne Planning Committee pledging support for new high rise flats much earlier in April 1959 "The time has now come when smart city apartments must be available if Melbourne is not to remain a provincial city".

The Melbourne Building Act 1916 limited building height to  (i.e. 11 to 12 storeys) and plot ratios with height limits were introduced in 1957. The Edgewater Towers' site planning requirement was minimum  open space per flat and the large "L" shaped site allowed Edgewater Towers to achieve , 13 storeys.  Edgewater Towers' views cannot be built out by other tall(er) buildings because there is a planning height limit of 11m.

Beachfront development

In May 1960 it was reported that "A great deal of interest has been created in this project, because it will obviously be the forerunner of a number of similar structures in the long-overdue redevelopment of Melbourne's inner suburban beach areas." Beachfront high rise developments around Hobsons Bay when viewed from Edgewater Towers’ rooftop terrace towards Port Melbourne include:

21, The Esplanade, St. Kilda, "Questa Heights", 10 storey, 29 flats, 1963, Mordechai Benshemesh architect and developer Bruce Small. Bruce Small's plans "for an American-type motor-hotel (Motel) with 250 units, estimated cost £600,000" and "to build to 20 storeys, in the case the lower floors would be used for car parking" were never realised.

13, The Esplanade, St. Kilda, "Bay View Heights", 10 storey, 33 flats, (twin high rise 3, Albert Square, 9 storey, 32 flats), 1969, Sol Sapir Architect and developer Nathan Beller. Constructed with high-compressive bricks without columns. Plans for an earlier 12 storey development of 35 flats at 13, The Esplanade by Roy Grounds, Frederick Romberg and Robin Boyd Architects with developer A. V. Jennings Construction Company were never realised. In March 1960 it was reported that both Edgewater Towers and the planned 12 storey "schemes will no doubt focus greater attention towards Melbourne's long neglected Bay front areas of St Kilda and South Melbourne".

11, The Esplanade, St Kilda, "Esplanade Apartments", 9 storey (plus two basement levels), 85 flats, 2007, Fender Katsalidis Architects and Becton Development. "Becton initially proposed a 38-storey development, but reluctantly scaled down its plans after more than 11,000 residents objected".

8–10, The Esplanade, St Kilda, "Arrandale", 15 storey, 41 flats, 1979, Sol Sapir Architect.

350, Beaconsfield Parade, St Kilda West, "Sunset Beach Tower", 12 storey (plus rooftop extension), 47 flats, 1969, Sol Sapir Architect and developer Nathan Beller.

333, Beaconsfield Parade, St Kilda West, "The Plaza 333", 16 storey, 51 flats, 1970, Sol Sapir Architect and developer Nathan Beller. Constructed with a cast concrete core formed using steel slip formwork and pre-cast concrete facade. Concrete floor slabs were jacked up into position.

325, Beaconsfield Parade, St Kilda West, "Breakwater Towers", 10 storey, 26 flats, 1975, Sol Sapir Architect.

313, Beaconsfield Parade, St Kilda West, "Belle Mer", 8 storey, 21 flats, 1968, Sol Sapir Architect.

225, Beaconsfield Parade, Middle Park, "Hobsons Bay Tower", 17 storey, 52 flats, 1980, Sol Sapir Architect and developer Nathan Beller.

195, Beaconsfield Parade, Middle Park, "Bayside Plaza", 10 storey, 36 flats, 1970, Sol Sapir Architect and developer Nathan Beller.

189, Beaconsfield Parade, Middle Park, "Miami Towers", 10 storey, 36 flats, 1970, Sol Sapir Architect and developer Nathan Beller.

85, Rouse Street, Port Melbourne, "HM@S Beach Apartments", Tower 2, 20 storey, 2001, Nonda Katsalidis Architect.

95, Rouse Street, Port Melbourne, "HM@S Beach Apartments", Tower 1, 20 storey, 2001, Nonda Katsalidis Architect.

107, Beach Street, Port Melbourne, Beacon Cove 1, 12 storey, 1997, 57 units, developer Mirvac.

115, Beach Street, Port Melbourne, Beacon Cove 2, 12 storey, 1998, developer Mirvac.

127, Beach Street, Port Melbourne, Beacon Cove 3, 14 storey, 2000, 63 units, developer Mirvac.

147, Beach Street, Port Melbourne, Beacon Cove 4, 14 storey, 2000, developer Mirvac.

155, Beach Street, Port Melbourne, Beacon Cove 5, 13 storey, 2005, developer Mirvac.

Building services
Following is a description of Building services engineering at Edgewater Towers.

Fibre Internet for high speeds (installed 2018) by a private contractor (not NBN Co) with an optical fibre connection to each floor level and Category 6 cables taking the fibre connection to each flat.

Grade 1 water supply from Marine Parade and Spenser Street rises to rooftop tanks (one kitchen/potable and one bathroom/WC ‘Flushometers'’, tanks replaced 2007) under mains pressure with back-up duty/standby booster pumps. Level 11 and below served by gravity via vertical piping risers to each flat (one in kitchen and one in bathroom). A further tank is above the East lift roof serving only level 12 by gravity (retrofitted at the time the building opened to solve low water pressure in the penthouse flats). Each flat has two water isolation valves within kitchen and bathroom riser shafts. Vertical risers can be isolated at roof level. Hot water is via water heater (originally gas fired instantaneous) in kitchen with flue in façade. Hot water piping to bathroom is cast within the concrete floor slab from the kitchen. In ground incoming 50mm water main and 100mm fire main are copper from Spenser Street below car park asphalt (replaced 2013). 50mm water main from Marine Parade is copper (replaced 2013) and 100mm fire main is galvanized piping below the garden area. Water pipework within the building is copper.

Electrical substation is located at Spenser Street boundary supplying the Main Electrical room on Ground floor. Electrical Smart meters for Ground to level 3 flats are in the Main Switch Room. Electrical smart meters for flats on other levels are in Electrical cupboards on the upper levels (4, 5 & 6 on level 4; 7, 8 & 9 on level 7 and 10, 11 & 12 on level 10).

Vertical waste stacks in each flat (one in the kitchen and one in the bathroom) with a sewer connection to Spenser Street. Vertical stacks in the building are copper, cross-vented (i.e. Drain-waste-vent system) with smaller piping (expansion and contraction of the copper waste stacks in places work hardening the smaller piping connections which have required periodic repair).

Mechanical exhaust ventilation from bathrooms (24hr) via roof-mounted exhaust fans. (3 No. fans serving A & B flats; C, D, E & F flats and G & H flats. Duty fans replaced 2007). Redundant standby fans were removed and the remaining duty fans serving A & B and G & H flats were relocated into fire rated plantrooms for improved maintenance service life in 2016 to reduce noise nuisance on the accessible rooftop. Kitchen ventilation is via the façade.

Incoming gas supplies from Marine Parade run adjacent southern and northern boundary fences. Gas meters serving flats up to level 7 are mostly external adjacent boundary fences. Gas to water heater and stove is metered to each flat. Gas meters serving flats on level 8 and above are located in laundries and bike storage rooms on each upper level (flats A, B, C & D in West and flats E, F, G & H in East). Utility gas supply piping from Marine Parade site boundary to all gas meters replaced 2020.

Combined fire sprinkler/hydrant and hose reel system to AS2118.1, AS2118.6, AS2419 and BCA. Light hazard (residential sprinklers) and booster pump to AS2941 and BCA. Fire detection and alarm system to AS1670.1, AS1603, AS3000 and BCA. Occupant warning system to AS1670.4 and BCA. Smoke detectors replaced 2017.

The Main Distribution Frame (MDF) is at level 1 West (Ground Floor is Level 13).

Electronic security access control with colour video intercom (installed 2016) at Marine Parade, Spenser Street and entrance lobby. Electronic security to bike room and roof. Security intercom panel at level 1 West stair landing. CCTV coverage to car park, Ground floor and roof.

References

External links

Apartment buildings in Melbourne
Residential buildings completed in 1961
1961 establishments in Australia
St Kilda, Victoria
Buildings and structures in the City of Port Phillip


title: Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority

text:
The Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority is an independent state agency located in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States. Its mission is to improve the quality of healthcare in Pennsylvania by collecting and analyzing patient safety information, developing solutions to patient safety issues, and sharing this information through education and collaboration.  Its vision is safe healthcare for all patients. The Authority was established under Act 13 of 2002, the Medical Care Availability and Reduction of Error (MCARE) Act.  The Authority began collecting Serious Events (events that harm the patient) and Incidents (near misses) in June 2004, making Pennsylvania the only state in the United States to require reporting of both of the aforementioned event types. Acute healthcare facilities that report events through the Authority include hospitals, ambulatory surgical facilities, birthing centers, and abortion facilities. In June 2009, the Authority began collecting infection reports from nursing homes.

From 2004 through 2017, acute healthcare facilities have reported more than 3 million events; and from 2009 through 2017, nursing homes have reported more than 259,000 events.

The Authority is charged to take steps to reduce and eliminate such events through the identification of problems evident in the collected data and recommendation of solutions that promote patient safety. Efforts to improve patient safety in Pennsylvania include patient safety liaisons providing education on a facility-by-facility basis, in-depth education programs, collaborative improvement projects with Pennsylvania healthcare facilities, and the Pennsylvania Patient Safety Advisory. The Advisory, a quarterly publication, chronicles events reported to the Authority, “especially those associated with a high combination of frequency, severity, and possibility of solution; novel problems and solutions; and problems in which urgent communication of information could have a significant impact on patient outcomes.”

The Authority received the 2006 John M. Eisenberg Award for advancing patient safety and quality in the Commonwealth, presented by both the Joint Commission and the National Quality Forum. In addition, the Authority received a Cheers Award in 2010 from the Institute for Safe Medication Practices for its educational efforts in preventing medication errors and adverse drug events.

References

External links
 The Pennsylvania Patient Safety Authority's home page

Patient safety
Organizations based in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
State agencies of Pennsylvania


title: Henry George Keene (1826–1915)

text:
Henry George Keene  (1826 – 26 March 1915) was an English historian of medieval and modern India.

Life
Keene was born at the East India College, Haileybury. Henry George Keene (1781–1864) was his father. He was educated at Rugby School and Wadham College, Oxford, going to India as an East India Company employee in 1847. His career as an official was limited, but he began to write.

From 1847 to 1882 Keene served in the Bengal Civil Service. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 he was Superintendent at Dehra Doon. In his subsequent service Keene was in frequent disagreement with his superiors, and when he reached the 35 years' limit he had not got beyond the grade of a district and sessions Judge. He retired with the decoration of CIE, and with a literary reputation.

Keene died on 26 March 1915 at his residence in Westward Ho!.

Works
Keene's books included:

Chabeena. Trivial talk on Indian topics. By a wayfarer (1865), as H. G. K. Contains discussion of John Stuart Mill's justification for British rule.
 Fifty-Seven: some account of the administration in Indian districts during the revolt of the Bengal army (1883)
 A Sketch of the History of Hindustán, from the first Muslim Conquest to the Fall of the Mughol Empire. London: W. H. Allen & Co. (1885)
 The Fall of the Moghal Empire (1886) or The Moghul empire; from the death of Aurungzeb to the overthrow of the Mahratta power
 (ed.) An Oriental Biographical Dictionary, based on materials collected by Thomas William Beale (1894) online; concerned largely with Islamic Indian biographies.
Servant of "John Company" (1897)
The Great Anarchy or Darkness before Dawn. Sketches of Military Adventure in Hindustan during the Period immediately preceding British Occupation. London: W. Thaker & Co. (1901).
 History of India Vol. 1: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Nineteenth Century, for the Use of Students and Colleges (1906)
 Here and There: Memories, Indian and Other (1906)
 Hindustan Under Free Lances, 1770-1820: Sketches of Military Adventure in Hindustan (1907)
 Turks in India: Critical Chapters on the Administration of That Country by the Chughtai, Babar, and His Descendants
 St George's Cross - An Episode of Channel Island History
 British Administration During the Revolt of 1857
 Madhava Rao Sindhia and the Hindú reconquest of India

"Keene's Handbooks" covered a number of Indian cities. He also wrote for the Dictionary of National Biography and Chambers's Encyclopaedia.

Family
Keene was twice married, and was survived by four sons and five daughters. Among his sons were:

 Henry George Keene of the Indian Financial Department
 Colonel Alfred Keene, D.S.O., editor of the Journal of the National Service League
 Captain Geoffrey Keene, 29th Punjabis.

Notes

External links

Online Books Page

1826 births
1915 deaths
British East India Company civil servants
Historians of India
19th-century English historians
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
English male non-fiction writers
20th-century English historians


title: Bacubirito meteorite

text:
The Bacubirito meteorite is the largest meteorite found in Mexico, the third largest in the Americas and the sixth largest in the world. Found in 1863 by the geologist Gilbert Ellis Bailey in the village of Ranchito near the town of Sinaloa de Leyva, it is an iron meteorite weighing between 20 and 22 tonnes. It measures 4.25 meters long, 2 meters wide, and 1.75 meters high.

In 1959 the meteorite was moved from its original site to the Centro Cívico Constitución, in Culiacán. In 1992 it was again moved to the Centro de Ciencias de Sinaloa, where it is currently on display.

See also
 List of largest meteorites on Earth

References

Bibliography
The great Bacubirito meteorite (J. British Astron. Assoc. 83, 380-382, 1973)

Meteorites found in Mexico


title: List of 2014–15 Premiership Rugby transfers

text:
This is a list of player transfers involving Aviva Premiership teams before or during the 2014–15 season.

Bath

Players In
 Henry Thomas from  Sale Sharks
 Nick Auterac from  Saracens
 Sam Burgess from  South Sydney Rabbitohs
 Luke Arscott from  Exeter Chiefs
 Grant Shiells from  Newcastle Falcons
 Will Spencer promoted from Academy

Players Out
 Anthony Perenise to  Bristol Rugby
 Nick Abendanon to  Clermont Auvergne
 Nick Köster to  Bristol Rugby
 Charlie Beech to  Yorkshire Carnegie
 Tom Biggs to  Worcester Warriors
 Ryan Caldwell to  Exeter Chiefs
 Tom Heathcote to  Edinburgh Rugby
 Martin Roberts to  Ospreys
 Eusebio Guiñazú to  Munster
 Josh Ovens to  Bristol Rugby
 Mat Gilbert to  Worcester Warriors

Exeter Chiefs

Players In
 Thomas Waldrom from  Leicester Tigers
 Moray Low from  Glasgow Warriors
 Tomas Francis from  London Scottish
 Mitch Lees from  London Welsh
 Elvis Taione from  Jersey
 Ryan Caldwell from  Bath Rugby
 Adam Hughes from  Bristol Rugby
 Chrysander Botha from  Lions

Players Out
 Hoani Tui to  Lyon
 Craig Mitchell to  Cardiff Blues
 Romana Graham to  La Rochelle
 Jason Shoemark to  Hawke's Bay Magpies
 Chris Whitehead retired
 Tom Cowan-Dickie to  Plymouth Albion
 James Hanks retired
 Lloyd Fairbrother to  Newport Gwent Dragons
 Luke Arscott to  Bath Rugby
 James Phillips to  London Scottish

Gloucester

Players In
 John Afoa from  Ulster
 Richard Hibbard from  Ospreys
 Mariano Galarza from  Worcester Warriors
 Greig Laidlaw from  Edinburgh Rugby
 Aled Thomas from  Scarlets
 Mark Atkinson from  Bedford Blues
 Tom Isaacs from  Ospreys
 Steve McColl from  Yorkshire Carnegie
 Tom Palmer from  Wasps
 Jacob Rowan from  Yorkshire Carnegie
 James Hook from  USA Perpignan
 Callum Braley from  Bristol Rugby
 Henry Purdy from  Leicester Tigers
 Elliott Stooke promoted from Academy
 Billy Burns promoted from Academy
 Ross Moriarty promoted from Academy
 Aleki Lutui from  Edinburgh Rugby

Players Out
 Will James retired
 Matt Cox to  Worcester Warriors
 Ryan Mills to  Worcester Warriors
 Andy Hazell retired
 Tavis Knoyle to  Cardiff Blues
 Tim Taylor retired
 Dan George to  Worcester Warriors
 Tom Heard to  Plymouth Albion
 Thomas Young to  Wasps
 Freddie Burns to  Leicester Tigers
 Huia Edmonds to  RC Narbonne
 Jonny Bentley to  Jersey
 Rupert Harden to  Benetton Treviso
 Koree Britton to  London Welsh
 Drew Cheshire to  Moseley
 Jimmy Cowan to  Tasman Makos
 Mike Tindall retired
 Andrew Bulumakau to  Doncaster Knights
 Lua Lokotui to  Beziers
 James Simpson-Daniel retired
 Martyn Thomas to  RC Massy

Harlequins

Players In
 Jack Clifford promoted from Academy
 George Merrick promoted from Academy
 Sam Stuart promoted from Academy
 Sam Twomey promoted from Academy
 Charlie Walker promoted from Academy
 Marland Yarde from  London Irish
 Asaeli Tikoirotuma from  Chiefs

Players Out
 Tom Guest to  London Irish
 Sam Smith to  Worcester Warriors
 Maurie Fa'asavalu to  Oyonnax
 Nick Kennedy retired
 Tim Molenaar to  London Welsh
 Nic Mayhew to  North Harbour
 Paul Sackey retired

Leicester Tigers

Players In
 Freddie Burns from  Gloucester Rugby
 Laurence Pearce from  Rotherham Titans
 Christian Loamanu from  Benetton Treviso
 Leonardo Ghiraldini from  Benetton Treviso
 Robert Barbieri from  Benetton Treviso
 Seremaia Bai from  Castres Olympique
 Michele Rizzo from  Benetton Treviso
 Aniseko Sio unattached
 Riccardo Brugnara promoted from Academy
 Tiziano Pasquali promoted from Academy
 Javiah Pohe promoted from Academy
 Tom Price promoted from Academy
 Harry Thacker promoted from Academy
 Brad Thorn from  Highlanders
 Jack Roberts from  Rotherham Titans

Players Out
 Thomas Waldrom to  Exeter Chiefs
 Boris Stankovich to  Newport Gwent Dragons
 Ryan Lamb to  Worcester Warriors
 Toby Flood to  Toulouse
 Scott Steele to  London Irish
 George Chuter retired
 Rob Hawkins to  Newcastle Falcons
 Harry Wells to  Bedford Blues
 Ryan Bower to  Worcester Warriors
 Joe Cain retired
 Jérôme Schuster to  Tarbes
 Pasqualle Dunn released
 Daniel Bowden to  Blues
 Henry Purdy to  Gloucester Rugby
 Lucas Guillaume to  Aix-en-Provence
 Michael Noone to  Jersey
 Steve Mafi to  Western Force
 Harry Rudkin to  Doncaster

London Irish

Players In
 Tom Court from  Ulster
 Tom Guest from  Harlequins
 Eoin Griffin from  Connacht
 Luke Narraway from  USA Perpignan
 James Short from  Saracens
 Geoff Cross from  Edinburgh Rugby
 Sean Cox from  Edinburgh Rugby
 Daniel Leo from  USA Perpignan
 Scott Steele from  Leicester Tigers
 Conor Gilsenan from  Leinster
 Chris Noakes from  Blues

Players Out
 Marland Yarde to  Harlequins
 James O'Connor to  Toulon
 Declan Danaher retired
 Ian Gough to  Newport Gwent Dragons
 Ian Humphreys to  Ulster
 CJ van der Linde to
 Setaimata Sa to  Hull F.C.
 Bryn Evans to  Biarritz Olympique
 Chris Hala'ufia to  Scarlets
 Ed Hoadley to  London Welsh
 Sailosi Tagicakibau to  Wasps
 Charlie Davey to  Cornish Pirates
 Jon Fisher to  Northampton Saints

London Welsh

Players In
 Olly Barkley from  Scarlets
 Tristan Roberts from  Bristol Rugby
 Nic Reynolds from  Scarlets
 Chris Elder from  Plymouth Albion
 Taione Vea from  Wasps
 Ricky Reeves from  Wasps
 Shane Cahill from  Cornish Pirates
 Jack Gilding from  Viadana
 Jimmy Litchfield from  Hartpury College R.F.C.
 Nathan Taylor from  Hartpury College R.F.C.
 James Sandford from  Cornish Pirates
 Paul Rowley from  Plymouth Albion
 Jesse Liston from  Blackheath
 Josh McNally from  Henley Hawks
 Koree Britton from  Gloucester Rugby
 Tim Molenaar from  Harlequins
 Darren Waters from  Newport Gwent Dragons
 Dean Schofield from  Worcester Warriors
 Lachlan McCaffrey from  Brumbies
 Pablo Henn from  Limoges
 Piri Weepu from  Blues
 Eddie Aholelei from  Melbourne Rebels
 Ed Hoadley from  London Irish
 James Down from  Cardiff Blues
 Ben Cooper from  Bedford Blues

Players Out
 Andy Titterrell retired
 Mitch Lees to  Exeter Chiefs
 Billy Moss to  Bedford Blues
 Peter Edwards to  Scarlets
 Kevin Davis to  Ealing Trailfinders
 Tai Tuisamoa to  London Scottish
 Cai Griffiths to  Ospreys
 James Tideswell to  Yorkshire Carnegie
 Sonny Parker retired
 Alec Hepburn to  Perth Spirit
 Mike Denbee to  East Grinstead RFC
 Ollie Frost to  East Grinstead RFC
 John Quill to  Dolphin RFC
 Joe Ajuwa released
 Rob Andrew released
 Toby L'Estrange released
 Ian Nimmo released
 Hudson Tongaʻuiha released

Newcastle Falcons

Players In
 Juan Pablo Socino from  Rotherham Titans
 Ruki Tipuna from  Bristol Rugby
 Calum Green from  Yorkshire Carnegie
 Rob Hawkins from  Leicester Tigers
 Eric Fry from  London Scottish
 Alesana Tuilagi from  NTT Communications Shining Arcs
 Anitelea Tuilagi from  Newport Gwent Dragons
 Joshua Furno from  Biarritz Olympique
 Uili Koloʻofai from  US Colomiers
 Kane Thompson from  Chiefs

Players Out
 Chris Pilgrim to  Yorkshire Carnegie
 James Fitzpatrick to  Yorkshire Carnegie
 Michael Tait to  Edinburgh Rugby
 Franck Montanella to  Biarritz Olympique
 Alex Crockett retired
 Joel Hodgson to  Northampton Saints
 Grant Shiells to  Bath Rugby
 Fraser McKenzie to  Edinburgh Rugby
 Harry Spencer to  AS Mâcon

Northampton Saints

Players In
 Alex Day  promoted from Academy
 Joel Hodgson from  Newcastle Falcons
 Jon Fisher from  London Irish

Players Out
 Vasily Artemyev to  Krasny Yar Krasnoyarsk
 Gerrit-Jan van Velze to  Worcester Warriors
 Danny Herriott to  Jersey
 Ryan Glynn to  Jersey
 Paul Diggin retired
 Sam Harry released
 Fa'atoina Autagavaia to  USO Nevers
 Ross McMillan to  Bristol Rugby

Sale Sharks

Players In
 Nathan Hines from  Clermont Auvergne
 Chris Cusiter from  Glasgow Warriors
 Alberto De Marchi from  Benetton Treviso
 Darren Fearn from  Bedford Blues
 Luke McLean from  Benetton Treviso
 Magnus Lund from  Biarritz Olympique
 Shalva Mamukashvili from  RC Army Tbilisi
 Josh Beaumont promoted from Academy
 James Flynn promoted from Academy
 Nathan Fowles promoted from Academy
 Sam James promoted from Academy
 Charlie Ignall promoted from Academy
 Mike Haley promoted from Academy

Players Out
 Henry Thomas to  Bath Rugby
 Dwayne Peel to  Bristol Rugby
 James Gaskell to  Wasps
 Rob Miller to  Wasps
 Tom Holmes to  Rotherham Titans
 Kirill Kulemin to  USA Perpignan
 Tony Buckley retired

Saracens

Players In
 Jim Hamilton from  Montpellier
 Juan Figallo from  Montpellier
 Mike Ellery from  England Sevens
 Kieran Longbottom from  Western Force
 Cătălin Fercu from  RC Timişoara

Players Out
 Steve Borthwick retired
 Nick Auterac to  Bath Rugby
 Matt Stevens to
 Max Crumpton to  Bristol Rugby
 James Short to  London Irish
 Nick Fenton-Wells to  Bedford Blues
 Tom Jubb to  Plymouth Albion
 Joel Tomkins to  Wigan Warriors
 Michael Tagicakibau to  Scarlets
 Eoin Sheriff to  Bedford Blues (season-loan)
 Mouritz Botha to  Sharks
 Jack Wilson to  Sharks

Wasps

Players In
 Bradley Davies from  Cardiff Blues
 James Gaskell from  Sale Sharks
 Rob Miller from  Sale Sharks
 Lorenzo Cittadini from  Benetton Treviso
 Ruaridh Jackson from  Glasgow Warriors
 Alapati Leiua from  Hurricanes
 Ed Shervington from  Worcester Warriors
 Buster Lawrence from  Moseley
 Thomas Young from  Gloucester Rugby
 Alex Lozowski from  Yorkshire Carnegie
 Will Rowlands promoted from Academy
 John Yapp from  Edinburgh Rugby
 Sailosi Tagicakibau from  London Irish

Players Out
 Neil Cochrane to  Edinburgh Rugby
 Hugo Southwell retired
 Tom Palmer to  Gloucester Rugby
 Esteban Lozada retired
 Liam O'Neill to  Nottingham
 Tommy Bell to  Jersey
 Rory Pitman to  Scarlets
 Ricky Reeves to  London Welsh
 Taione Vea to  London Welsh
 Joe Carlisle to  Benetton Treviso
 Charlie Hayter to  England Sevens
 Andrew Suniula to  Old Blue

See also
List of 2014–15 RFU Championship transfers
List of 2014–15 Pro12 transfers
List of 2014–15 Top 14 transfers
List of 2014–15 Super Rugby transfers
List of 2014–15 Aviva Premiership Academy promotions

References

2014-15
2014–15 English Premiership (rugby union)


title: Sir William Clayton, 5th Baronet

text:
Sir William Robert Clayton, 5th Baronet (28 August 1786 – 19 September 1866) was an English Army officer and politician.

He was the eldest son of Sir William Clayton, 4th Baronet of Harleyford, near Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire and educated at Eton college. He succeeded his father in 1834.

He joined the Army as an Ensign in the 10th Foot in 1804 and transferred as a lieutenant to the Royal Horse Guards in 1805, rising to captain in 1809. In 1812 he went with the Horse Guards to the Peninsular War and the following year took part in the battles of Vitoria, the Pyrenees and Pamplona. He was made major in 1815 and saw action at Quatre Bras and Waterloo in 1815. He went on half-pay in 1816 and was made lieutenant-colonel on half-pay in 1826. He was promoted colonel in 1841, major-general in 1851, lieutenant-general in 1858 and full general in 1865.

He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Great Marlow from 1832 to 1842. He was pricked High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire for 1846–47.

He died at Southsea in 1866. He had married in May 1817 Alice Hugh Massey O’Donnell, the daughter and heiress of Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh O’Donnell, MP of Tralee, co. Kerry. (Son of Sir Neal O’Donnell 1st Bt. )The marriage ended in an acrimonious divorce in 1832. They had 2 sons and 2 daughters, including Caroline Douglas who became Marchioness of Queensberry. His sons both predeceased him and he was therefore succeeded in the baronetcy and settled estates by his grandson William Robert Clayton (1842–1914).

References

External links

1786 births
1866 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1831–1832
High Sheriffs of Buckinghamshire


title: Leitner Ropeways

text:
Leitner Ropeways is a business that manufactures and distributes products and equipment for ropeways, snow groomers, urban transportation systems, and wind energy in Italy and internationally. The company was founded in 1888 and was recognized in 2003 to be owned by the Leitner Group, later the HTI Group. The company also provides spare parts, repairs and testing.

Products

Leitner Ropeways manufactures various types of ropeways, such as fixed-grip and detachable chairlifts; monocable, bicable, and tricable gondola lifts; telemix; surface lifts; aerial tramways; funiculars; and inclined elevators.

History
In 1888, Gabriel Leitner established the business, specializing in farm machinery, ropeways for material transportation, waterwheels and sawmills. In 1925, the company grew from a workshop employing 10 employees to a factory to produce agricultural machinery. In 1947, the company build its first chairlift in Corvara, Italy. In 1970, agricultural machinery production ceased and was replaced by snow groomer engineering. In 1980 a production plant was built. In 1983, the company developed a detachable grip for chairlifts and gondola lifts. In 1985, the first detachable gondola lifts were made in Brunico and Valtournenche, Italy. The first 4-seater chair was made in Obereggen, Italy. In 1999, the company acquired the ropeway division of Waagner Biro.

In 2003, a company-wide reorganization resulted in the Leitner Group being formed. In the same year, the Leitwind wind turbine was released. In 2008 the MiniMetro was first built in Perugia, Italy. In 2009, Leitner produced the company's first tricable gondola lift.

Agudio
Originally founded in 1861, Agudio was later acquired by Leitner Ropeways. In 2015, Agudio was integrated into Leitner Ropeways, however, the brand was retained.

Sites
The company has five sites. The Sterzing site located in Sterzing/Vipiteno, Italy, serves as the headquarters of Leitner AG / SpA. The Sterzing-Unterackern site is also located in Sterzing/Vipiteno, Italy. Leitner GmbH is located at the site in Telfs, Austria. Leitner France SAS is located at the site in Montmélian, France. Leitech s.r.o. is located at the Stará Ľubovňa site in Poprad, Slovakia.

References

Companies of Italy
Aerial lift manufacturers
Manufacturing companies established in 1888
Italian brands
Manufacturing companies based in South Tyrol
1888 establishments in Austria-Hungary
Wind turbine manufacturers
Renewable energy technology companies
Wind power in Italy


title: Schiesser

text:
Schiesser AG is a German underwear and lingerie brand which is headquartered in Radolfzell, Germany. It was founded in 1875 by Jacques Schiesser.

History
It was founded in 1875 and by 1880 had grown to 280 employees. When the founder Jacques Schiesser died from heart failure in 1913, the company already employed 1200 people, and it has since worked itself into a global brand. Since 2011, Schiesser has been owned by the Israeli corporation Delta Galil.

References

External links
Schiesser website
Delta Galil Industries Ltd. website

1875 establishments in Germany
Clothing brands of Germany
Companies based in Baden-Württemberg
German brands
Underwear brands
Lingerie brands


title: North Town Centre

text:
North Town Centre (formerly called North Town Mall) is a shopping centre located in the northern part of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

The mall underwent redevelopment completed in the summer of 2009 that included  of retail and office space and more than 900 parking stalls. Major tenants include Indigo Books and Music, London Drugs, Dollarama, PetSmart, and T & T Supermarket.

Anchor tenants
 Indigo Books & Music (opened 2009)
 PetSmart (opened 2014)
 Dollarama (opened 2012)
 T & T Supermarket (opened 2009)
 Pearle Vision
 London Drugs (one of the tenants that remained when the mall changed)

Former anchors and tenants
 Rogers Plus (remained when the mall changed; closed in 2012 after the chain was dissolved)
 Party City (closed and moved to Manning Town Centre in 2021)
 Bed Bath & Beyond (closed in 2023)

References

External links
Anthem Properties Overview, anthemproperties.com

Shopping malls in Edmonton
Shopping malls established in 1975
1975 establishments in Alberta


title: Musical instruments of Georgia

text:
A rich variety of musical instruments are known from Georgia. Among the most popular instruments are blown instruments, like the soinari, known in Samegrelo as larchemi (Georgian panpipe), stviri (flute), gudastviri (bagpipe), string instruments like changi (harp), chonguri (four stringed unfretted long neck lute), panduri (three stringed fretted long neck lute), bowed chuniri, known also as chianuri, and a variety of drums. Georgian musical instruments are traditionally overshadowed by the rich vocal traditions of Georgia, and subsequently received much less attention from Georgian (and Western) scholars. Dimitri Arakishvili and particularly Manana Shilakadze contributed to the study of musical instrument in Georgia.

List of instruments
Wind instruments: larchemi/soinari, salamuri, pilili, gudastviri, duduki, zurna and stviri

Brass wind instruments: sankeri

String instruments: panduri, chonguri, chuniri, chianuri and changi

Percussion instruments: doli, daira, tsintsila and diplipito

Georgian accordion

References


title: Petar Ilić

text:
Petar Ilić (; born 28 April 1993) is a Serbian football forward.

Career
At the end of January 2019, Ilić left Zvijezda Gradačac.

References

External links

 Petar Ilić stats at utakmica.rs

1993 births
Living people
Footballers from Novi Sad
Men's association football midfielders
Serbian men's footballers
FK Cement Beočin players
FK ČSK Čelarevo players
FK Donji Srem players
FK Proleter Novi Sad players
FK Borac Banja Luka players
FK Inđija players
Serbian First League players
Serbian SuperLiga players
NK Zvijezda Gradačac players
OFK Bečej 1918 players
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Bosnia and Herzegovina