title: Joshua Wong

text:
Joshua Wong Chi-fung (; born 13 October 1996) is a Hong Kong activist and politician. He served as secretary-general of the pro-democracy party Demosistō until it disbanded following the implementation of the Hong Kong national security law on 30 June 2020. Wong was previously convenor and founder of the Hong Kong student activist group Scholarism. Wong first rose to international prominence during the 2014 Hong Kong protests, and his pivotal role in the Umbrella Movement resulted in his inclusion in TIME magazine's Most Influential Teens of 2014 and nomination for its 2014 Person of the Year; he was further called one of the "world's greatest leaders" by Fortune magazine in 2015, and nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017.

In August 2017, Wong and two other democracy activists were convicted and jailed for their roles in the occupation of Civic Square at the incipient stage of the 2014 Occupy Central protests; in January 2018, Wong was convicted and jailed again for failing to comply with a court order for clearance of the Mong Kok protest site during the Hong Kong protests in 2014. He also played a major role in persuading US politicians to pass the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act during the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. Wong was disqualified by the Hong Kong government from running in forthcoming District Council elections. In June 2020, he announced he would be running for a Legislative Council seat in the upcoming election, and officially applied on 20 July 2020, before his nomination was invalidated on 30 July 2020 along with that of 11 other pro-democracy figures. In December 2020, Wong was convicted and jailed for the third time over an unauthorised protest outside police headquarters in June 2019.

Early life and education
Joshua Wong was born in Hong Kong on 13 October 1996, and was diagnosed with dyslexia in early childhood. The son of middle-class couple Grace and Roger Wong, Wong was raised as a Protestant Christian in the Lutheran tradition. His social awareness stems from his father, a retired IT professional, who was a convener of a local anti-gay marriage initiative, and often took him as a child to visit the underprivileged.

Wong studied at the United Christian College (Kowloon East), a private Christian secondary school in Kowloon, and developed organisational and speaking skills through involvement in church groups. Wong subsequently pursued undergraduate studies at the Open University of Hong Kong, having enrolled in a bachelor's degree in political studies and public administration. Due to his political activities, he took study leave from his studies, and has reportedly remained a student as of 2019.

Student activism (2010–2016)

Early activism

The 2010 anti-high speed rail protests were the first political protests in which Wong took part.

On 29 May 2011, Wong and schoolmate Ivan Lam Long-yin established Scholarism, a student activist group. The group began with simple means of protest, such as the distribution of leaflets against the newly announced moral and national education (MNE) curriculum. In time, however, Wong's group grew in both size and influence, and in 2012 managed to organise a political rally attended by over 100,000 people. Wong received widespread attention as the group's convenor.

Role in 2014 Hong Kong protests

In June 2014, Scholarism drafted a plan to reform Hong Kong's electoral system to push for universal suffrage, under one country, two systems. His group strongly advocated for the inclusion of civic nomination in the 2017 Hong Kong Chief Executive election. Wong as a student leader started a class boycott among Hong Kong's students to send a pro-democracy message to Beijing.

On 27 September 2014, Wong was one of the 78 people arrested by the police during a massive pro-democracy protest, after hundreds of students occupied Civic Square in front of the Central Government Complex as a sign of protest against Beijing's decision on the 2014 Hong Kong electoral reform. Unlike fellow protesters, only in response to a court order obtained by writ of habeas corpus was Wong released by police, after 46 hours in custody.

During the protests, Wong stated: "Among all the people in Hong Kong, there is only one person who can decide whether the current movement will last and he is [Chief Executive of the region] Leung. If Leung can accept our demands ... (the) movement will naturally come to an end." On 25 September 2014 the state-owned Wen Wei Po published an article which claimed that "US forces" had worked to cultivate Wong as a "political superstar". Wong in turn denied every detail in the report through a statement that he subsequently posted online. Wong also said that he was mentioned by name in mainland China's Blue Paper on National Security, which identified internal threats to the stability of Communist Party rule; quoting a line in V for Vendetta, he in turn said that "People should not be afraid of their government, the government should be afraid of their people."

Wong was charged on 27 November 2014 with obstructing a bailiff clearing one of Hong Kong's three protest areas. His lawyer described the charge as politically motivated. He was banned from a large part of Mong Kok, one of the protester-occupied sites, as one of the bail conditions. Wong claimed that police beat him and tried to injure his groin as he was arrested, and taunted and swore at him while he was in custody.

After Wong's appearance at Kowloon City Magistrates' Court on 27 November 2014, he was pelted with eggs by two assailants. They were arrested and each fined $3,000 in August 2015, sentences which, on application for review by the prosecution, were subsequently enhanced to two weeks' imprisonment.

On 2 December 2014, Wong and two other students began an indefinite hunger strike to demand renewed talks with the Hong Kong government. He decided to end the hunger strike after four days on medical advice.

Aftermath of the Occupy protests
Wong was arrested and held for three hours on Friday, 16 January 2015, for his alleged involvement in offences of calling for, inciting and participating in an unauthorised assembly.

The same month, an article appeared in the Pro-Beijing newspaper Wen Wei Po alleging that Wong had met with the US consul-general in Hong Kong Stephen M. Young during the latter's visit in 2011. It suggested that Wong had links with the Central Intelligence Agency of the United States, which had supposedly offered him military training by the US Army. Wong responded that the claims were pure fiction and "more like jokes."

Wong was denied entry into Malaysia at Penang International Airport, on 26 May 2015, on the basis that he was considered "a threat to Malaysia's ties with China", largely due to his supposed "anti-China" stance in participating in the 2014 Hong Kong protests.

On 28 June 2015, two days before a protest in favour of democracy, Wong and his girlfriend were attacked by an unknown man after watching a film in Mong Kok. The assault sent the two to hospital. Wong sustained injuries to his nose and eyes. No one was arrested.

On 19 August 2015, Wong was formally charged by the Hong Kong Department of Justice with inciting other people to join an unlawful assembly and also joining an unlawful assembly, alongside Alex Chow, the former leader of the Hong Kong Federation of Students.

While travelling to Taiwan for a political seminar, "pro-China" protesters attempted to assault Wong at the arrival hall of Taoyuan's Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport, necessitating police protection. It was later found that local gangsters were involved.

Detention in Thailand
Wong was detained on arrival in Thailand on 5 October 2016. He had been invited to speak about his Umbrella Movement experience at an event marking the 40th anniversary of the Thammasat University massacre, hosted by Chulalongkorn University.

A Thai student activist who invited Wong, Netiwit Chotiphatphaisal, said that Thai authorities had received a request from the Chinese government earlier regarding Wong's visit. His own request to see Wong was denied.

After nearly 12 hours' detention, Wong was deported to Hong Kong. Wong claimed that, upon detention, the authorities would say no more than that he had been blacklisted but, just prior to deportation, they had informed him that his deportation was pursuant to Sections 19, 22 and 54 of the Immigration Act B.E. 2522.

Hong Kong Legislator Claudia Mo called the incident "despicable" and stated: "If this becomes a precedent it means it could happen to you or me at any time if somehow Beijing thinks you are a dangerous, unwelcome person". Jason Y. Ng, a Hong Kong journalist and author, stated that Wong's detention showed "how ready Beijing is to flex its diplomatic muscles and [how it] expects neighbouring governments to play ball".

Wong eventually spoke with a Thai audience from Hong Kong via Skype.

Political career (2016–2020)

Founding of Demosistō
In April 2016, Wong founded a new political party, Demosistō, with other Scholarism leaders including Agnes Chow, Oscar Lai, and Umbrella activists, the original student activist group Scholarism having been disbanded. The party advocated for a referendum to be held to determine Hong Kong's sovereignty after 2047, the scheduled expiration of the one country, two systems principle enshrined in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Hong Kong Basic Law. As the founding secretary-general of the party, Wong also planned to contest the 2016 Legislative Council election. Wong was still only 19 and being below the statutory minimum age of 21 for candidacy, he filed an application (ultimately unsuccessful) for judicial review of the election law, in October 2015. After his decision to found his own political party, Wong became a focus of criticism, especially on social networks.

2018 Nobel Peace Prize nomination

On 1 February 2018, a bipartisan group of US lawmakers, led by Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC) Chair US Senator Marco Rubio and vice-ranking member US Representative Chris Smith, announced that they had nominated Wong, Nathan Law, Alex Chow and the entire Umbrella Movement for the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize, for "their peaceful efforts to bring political reform and protect the autonomy and freedoms guaranteed Hong Kong in the Sino-British Joint Declaration".

Role in 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests

Joshua Wong's release coincided with the ongoing protests against extradition bill. Upon his release, Wong criticised the oppression of protesters by the Hong Kong police, and the extradition draft law as pro-Beijing and called for the Chief Executive of Hong Kong Carrie Lam to resign.

Wong did not take part with the protesters who forcibly broke into the Hong Kong's parliamentary Legislative Council building on 1 July, but he explained the need behind the move. According to him, the reason behind people entering the Legislative Council is that the council is "never democratically elected by people".

Wong was then arrested again on 29 August 2019 the day before a planned demonstration, which was not given city approval.

On 9 September, Wong met with the German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas. The Chinese Foreign Ministry called this move "disrespectful of China's sovereignty and an interference in China’s internal affairs".

On 17 September, Wong and other student activists participated in a Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC) commission in the United States Capitol. He said that the Chinese government should not grab all the economic benefit from Hong Kong, while attacking the freedom of Hong Kong. He also urged the U.S. Congress to pass the "Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act". Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang responded that the U.S. should not interfere in China's affairs.

The Speaker of the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi, met with Wong on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., on 18 September. Chinese media sharply criticised Pelosi for this meeting, accusing her of "backing and encouraging radical activists."

2019 District Councillor election controversy

On 29 October 2019, Joshua Wong was barred from running in forthcoming district council elections in the South Horizons West constituency by returning officer Laura Liang Aron, who temporarily took over for Dorothy Ma Chau Pui-fun (South Horizon West's returning officer) after the latter took sick leave. Many (including Joshua Wong himself) have accused the Chinese Central Government and the Hong Kong Government of pressuring Returning Officers into disqualifying Joshua Wong.

National Security Law and the disbandment of Demosistō
On 30 June 2020, Wong, together with Agnes Chow and Nathan Law, announced respectively on Demosistō's Facebook page that they had quit the group in light of the risk of prosecution under the national security law enacted by China. Hours later, the Demosistō organisation also announced on its blog that it was ceasing all activity, signing off with the message "We will meet again".

2020 legislative election
Having risen to political prominence as a teenager, the 2020 Hong Kong Legislative Council Election, due on 6 September, was the first at which Wong was eligible to stand. He announced his candidacy on 20 July, following his poll-topping endorsement by 30,000 voters in the democratic camp's unofficial primaries.

However, just 10 days later, and five weeks ahead of the (later postponed) election, the government stated that Wong was among a dozen pro-democracy candidates whose nominations were 'invalid', under the same opaque process that had seen him struck from candidacy in the previous year's District Council election, in which, nominally, civil servants – returning officers – assess whether, for instance, a candidate had objected to the enactment of the national security law, or was sincere in statements made disavowing separatism.

Others
In June 2020 during the George Floyd protests, Wong voiced his support for the Black Lives Matter movement and opposition to police brutality in the United States. In the same month, he also called American basketball player Lebron James "hypocritical" for only focusing on issues in the U.S. and staying silent regarding issues in China.

Imprisonments

Imprisonment in 2017

Wong, along with two other prominent Hong Kong pro-democracy student leaders Nathan Law and Alex Chow, were jailed for six to eight months on 17 August 2017 for unlawful assembly (Wong and Law) and incitement to assemble unlawfully (Chow) at Civic Square, at the Central Government Complex in the Tamar site, during a protest that triggered the 79-day Occupy sit-ins of 2014. The sentences halted their political careers, as they would be barred from running for public office for five years.

On the third anniversary of the 2014 protests, 28 September 2017, Wong started the first of a series of columns for The Guardian, written from the Pik Uk Correctional Institution, where he said that despite a dull and dry life there, he remained proud of his commitment to the movement.

On 13 October 2017, Wong was convicted with 19 others of contempt of court for obstructing execution of the court's order for clearance of part of the Occupy Central protest zone in Mong Kok in October 2014.  The order had been obtained by a public minibus association.

On 14 November 2017, Wong, together with Ivan Lam, commenced an application for judicial review in the High Court challenging the constitutionality of the provision in the Legislative Council Ordinance preventing persons sentenced to terms of imprisonment exceeding three months from standing for office for five years from the date of conviction.

On 18 January 2018, Wong was sentenced by Mr Justice Andrew H C Chan of the High Court to three months' imprisonment in respect of his October 2017 conviction for contempt of court.  Nineteen other protesters convicted in respect of the same incident all received prison terms, though the terms were suspended for all but Wong and fellow protester Raphael Wong.  As part of his reasoning, Chan expressed the view that, by November 2014, the protests had become pointless and their only effect was to impact the lives of "ordinary citizens" of the region.

Imprisonment in 2019

Wong was sentenced to two months of prison on 16 May 2019, for his involvement in events on 26 November 2014 in Mong Kok, an area in Hong Kong, where demonstrators opposed the police during the Umbrella revolution.

Joshua Wong was released on 17 June 2019, after just around a month time in jail because he had already served some time associated to this case back in 2018, thus adding up to a total of two months' term.

Imprisonment beginning in 2020
On 24 September 2020, Wong was arrested when he reported to a police station regarding another case against him. He was charged with "unlawful assembly", which was related to his participation in the 2019 protest against a government ban on face masks, where he was said to have violated the anti-mask law of Hong Kong. On 30 September, he was temporarily released by the court along with activist Koo Sze-yiu (). The Principal Magistrate granted the two bail of HK$1,000 each, and imposed a travel ban on Wong at the prosecutors’ request.

On 23 November 2020, Wong appeared with Ivan Lam Long-yin and Agnes Chow Ting in the West Kowloon District Court, where they had been expected to stand trial over their roles in the anti extradition bill protest on 21 June 2019. He was charged with organising an unauthorised assembly and of inciting others to take part in the event. The three pleaded guilty, and were put in custody until sentencing at a court hearing scheduled for 2 December 2020. Before appearing in court, Wong had said the trio were prepared to face immediate jail terms, and hoped their stance would draw global attention to a criminal justice system he claimed was being “manipulated by Beijing”.  Wong, together with Ivan Lam, was remanded to Lai Chi Kok Reception Centre.

On 2 December 2020, Wong was found guilty of organising and inciting unlawful assembly, but not guilty of taking part in it. He was sentenced to 1 year and 1 month in prison. West Kowloon Magistrate Wong Sze-lai, stated: "The defendants called on protesters to besiege the headquarters and chanted slogans that undermine the police force". Amnesty International condemned the sentencing, saying that the Chinese authorities "send a warning to anyone who dares to openly criticise the government that they could be next". He is currently serving his prison term at Shek Pik Prison.

It was reported in January 2021 that Wong's family had moved to Australia.

On 29 January 2021, Wong pleaded guilty to two additional charges related to his involvement in a rally on Hong Kong Island on 5 October 2019: taking part in an unauthorised assembly and wearing a facial covering during an unauthorised assembly.

On 13 April 2021, Wong was sentenced to four months in jail for unauthorised assembly and violating an anti-mask law.

On 6 May 2021, the Hong Kong District Court sentenced Wong to ten more months in prison for participating in an unauthorised assembly to mark the 2020 anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre. The judge who sentenced him said that "[T]he sentence should deter people from offending and re-offending in the future."

On 17 April 2023, Wong was sentenced to further three months in prison after being convicted of disclosing personal details of a police officer who shot live rounds against a protester in Sai Wan Ho.

International responses to the 2020 imprisonment

United States
US House of Representative Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement saying "China’s brutal sentencing of these young champions of democracy in Hong Kong is appalling." Pelosi further called on the world to denounce "this unjust sentencing and China’s widespread assault on Hong Kongers.” US Senator Marsha Blackburn also called the sentence destroying "any semblance of autonomy in Hong Kong." In addition, US State Secretary Michael Pompeo decried the prison term in an official statement issued by the State department.

United Kingdom
UK Foreign Minister Dominic Raab issued a statement urging "Hong Kong and Beijing authorities to bring an end to their campaign to stifle opposition" in response to the prison sentences of the three pro-democracy activists.

Japan
Japan's government spokesperson Katsunobu Kato in a regular news conference expressed Japan's "increasingly grave concerns about the recent Hong Kong situation such as sentences against three including Agnes Chow".

Taiwan
The Overseas Community Affairs Council (OCAC) issued a statement referencing to the Mainland Affairs Council (MAC) that "the decision to imprison Joshua Wong, Agnes Chow, and Ivan Lam represents a failure by the Hong Kong government to protect the people's political rights and freedom of speech".

Germany
Maria Adebahr, a Germany's foreign ministry spokesperson, stated that the prison terms are “another building block in a series of worrisome developments that we have seen in connection with human and civil rights in Hong Kong during the last year.”

Imprisonment under National Security Law
On 6 January 2021, Wong was among 53 members of the pro-democratic camp who were arrested under the national security law, specifically its provision regarding alleged subversion. The group stood accused of the organisation of and participation in the primaries of July 2020. He was arrested from prison, and his home was reportedly searched. On 28 February 2021, he was formally charged, along with 46 others for subversion.

Publications
"Taking Back Hong Kong’s Future," New York Times, 29 October 2014
"Self-Determination is the Only Solution for Hong Kong, TIME, 24 September 2015
 With Felix Marquardt, "In Hong Kong and All Around the World, the #StarWarsGen Will Be Wooed, Not Coerced," Huffington Post, 31 May 2016
 With Jeffrey Ngo, "Reclaiming Our Right to Self-Determination in Post-Umbrella Hong Kong," World Policy Journal, 14 October 2016
 With Jeffrey Ngo, "How China Stripped Hong Kong of its Right to Self-Determination in 1972 – and Distorted History," Hong Kong Free Press, 9 November 2016
 With Jeffrey Ngo, "Hong Kong’s Protest Leaders Demand Self-Determination," Wall Street Journal, 9 November 2016
 With Jeffrey Ngo, "Autonomy in Hong Kong is at a 20-Year Low," Washington Post, 25 January 2017
 With Emily Lim, "We Must Resist until China Gives Hong Kong a Say in Our Future," Guardian, 23 February 2017
 With Jeffrey Ngo, "Stand Up for Democracy in Hong Kong," New York Times, 3 May 2017
 "I'm in Prison Because I Fought For My City's Freedom. Hong Kong's Extradition Law Would be a Victory for Authoritarianism Everywhere"; TIME, 13 June 2019
 "How to fight for democracy when the government keeps throwing you in jail"; Quartz, 2 September 2019
Unfree Speech: The Threat to Global Democracy and Why We Must Act, Now. With Jason Y. Ng. London: Penguin Books, 2020. Introduction by Ai Weiwei, Foreword by Chris Patten.

Awards
 The Times – Young Person of the year, 2014
 AFP – 10 Most influential people, 2014
 YAHOO Top Ten Search Ranking – No.1 (Hong Kong), 2014
 TIME – Person of the Year 2014 (Reader's Poll – 3rd place), 2014
 Foreign Policy – 100 Leading Global Thinkers, 2014
 TIME – The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014
 TIME Cover (Asia Edition), 2014
Lessons in Dissent, a documentary film featuring Wong and fellow activist Ma Jai, 2014
 Fortune – World's 50 Greatest Leaders (10th place), 2015
 Joshua: Teenager vs. Superpower, a documentary film about Joshua Wong, 2017
 Nobel Peace Prize 2018 nomination, with Nathan Law, Alex Chow and the pro-democracy Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong, by the United States'  Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC) (press release)

See also
 Occupy Central with Love and Peace

References

External links

1996 births
Living people
Hong Kong democracy activists
Hong Kong Christians
2014 Hong Kong protests
2019–2020 Hong Kong protests
Hong Kong Protestants
Hong Kong people with disabilities
Progressivism in China
Free speech activists
Demosistō politicians
Child activists
Politicians with dyslexia
Prisoners and detainees of Hong Kong
Political prisoners held by Hong Kong
People convicted under the Hong Kong national security law


title: The Widower

text:
The Widower is a British television drama originally broadcast in three one-hour instalments on ITV in 2014. The series portrays the life and crimes of convicted murderer Malcolm Webster. ITV described the show as: "The Widower tells how, over a 13-year period, a seemingly mild-mannered nurse, Malcolm Webster, set about poisoning and murdering his first wife, attempting to do the same to his second wife and moving on to a further scheme to deceive his third fiancée." The series was written by Jim Barton and Jeff Pope.

Production
In March 2014, ITV announced the broadcast of The Widower. Webster's estranged wife Felicity Drumm, his former partner Simone Banerjee and Detective Inspector Charlie Henry (who had led the investigation that led to Webster's arrest) all contributed to the production. It was shown in New Zealand on TV One in July 2014. Webster's first wedding was reconstructed, based on a VHS recording provided by his first wife's family.  Reece Shearsmith, who portrayed Webster, described him as a "horrible, petulant little boy ... who even now believes he has been wronged, his entire life has always been poor Malcolm, poor Malcolm, with no thought for the terrible crimes and the victims that he has left in his wake." Malcolm Webster was not approached (although his solicitor was informed that the film was being made). Banerjee complimented Shearsmith's performance and described the production as "99% accurate". Drumm initially declined to comment on the series.  She is said to have been reluctant to take part in the project, but felt obligated due to being financially destitute.  However she later discussed the series in an interview, in which she described the show as "strange to view" and criticised the show for not capturing Webster's personality which she described as "very extroverted, likable, funny, amusing person to be around, he was good company", whereas in the film he was portrayed as "not at all likable", which she felt marred the show's credibility. She stated also that he would adjust his personality to a particular woman. Claire Webster's brother Peter Morris was reported as being impressed by Smith's portrayal of his sister, stating: "Sheridan captured Claire completely. I miss that camaraderie of a sibling and I thank Sheridan for giving that back to me for a while."

Cast
 Reece Shearsmith as Malcolm Webster
 Sheridan Smith as Claire Webster
 Fiona O'Carroll as Lucy
 Kate Fleetwood as Felicity Drumm
 Archie Panjabi as Simone Banerjee
 John Hannah as DI Charlie Henry
 James Laurenson as Brian Drumm
 Juliet Alderice as Margaret Drumm
 Fereday Holmes as Jane Drumm
 Alex Ferns as DCI Neil Thompson
 Joanna Roth as Trisha Heron
 Paul Blair as DC Peter Jarvis

Episodes

References

External links

2014 British television series debuts
2014 British television series endings
2010s British crime drama television series
2010s British television miniseries
English-language television shows
ITV crime dramas
Murder in television
Television series about widowhood
Television series based on actual events
Television series by ITV Studios
Television shows set in the Republic of Ireland


title: Cornelio Padilla

text:
Cornelio Padilla, Jr. (18 November 1946 – 8 December 2013) was a Filipino cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1946 births
2013 deaths
Filipino male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for the Philippines
Cyclists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Manila
People from Santa Cruz, Manila
Place of birth missing


title: Broad Eye Windmill

text:
The Broad Eye Windmill is an historic windmill in the county town of Stafford, Staffordshire, England. The windmill is currently home to Windmill Broadcasting, and is looked after by the Friends of Broad Eye Windmill.

It operated as a mill for 100 years, with the sails being removed in 1897. Over the next 100 or so years, numerous businesses operated from the Broad Eye Windmill, including a butchers.

The patron of the Broad Eye Windmill is actor, TV presenter and historian Tony Robinson.

History

18th century
Despite the town having three water mills, not enough flour could be produced to feed the poor of Stafford, as large amounts were being shipped to Birmingham via the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, built in 1772 at Radford Bank. Furthermore, high prices were being charged by the water mills, as a result of the corn laws which allowed farmers and millers to charge high prices for grain and flour. This meant local people went hungry, and, to get around this problem, work started on the Broad Eye Windmill in 1796, which was completed in the early 1800s. Allotment land was made available at Broad Eye for the project, which is one of the lowest lying areas of Stafford Borough, sited next to the River Sow.

Using stone from the early Shire Hall, in its day, at a height of sixty three feet, the windmill was the highest in the Midlands and originally had a conical cap and seven floors, of which only the upper four floors were used for flour production.

19th century
In 1835, to keep up with demand, a steam engine was placed in the lower floors to keep up production when the wind wasn't blowing. However, this only partly rectified the situation, as when the mainline railway arrived in 1837, flour production could not keep up with local demand - Stafford was growing so quickly, and with new rail links, it was possible to bring in cheap flour, which meant the mill could not compete. Furthermore, due to the demand for finer, white flour which could not be produced at the Broad Eye Windmill, by 1896, the mill reached the end of its life in its intended form, and in the following year, in 1897, the sails and winding gear were removed.

20th century
In 1919, the lower part of the windmill was converted into a shop, and, from the early 1920s until 1931, it was trading as a butcher’s shop. Photographs of the windmill's time as a shop still remain. American troops used the mill as a wartime store place but it later fell derelict, before being declared a Grade II listed building in 1951.

Present day
In 1966, the Friends of Broad Eye Windmill was created to look after the mill with the idea of returning it to its former glory, whilst establishing a heritage and education centre within. They aim to renew damaged oak support beams, Joists and floorboards so the next storey can be used as a museum and heritage centre. Inside the windmill lie artifacts and photographs relating to the Windmill and Stafford's industrial past. Currently, only the ground floor and basement are accessible.

The Friends of Broad Eye Windmill frequently hold open days throughout the summer, to give people an idea of what the Mill's interior is like, and to raise awareness of the renovation of the windmill. Donations towards the Windmill are always being collected, which goes towards the renovation and preservation of the Broad Eye Windmill.

Windmill Broadcasting

In 2016, Windmill Broadcasting, a local community radio station, started broadcasting from the Broad Eye Windmill. As well as being based in the Mill, the station works with the windmill members to assist with fundraising and renovation, and to help promote the windmill.

See also
 List of windmills in Staffordshire
 Listed buildings in Stafford (Outer Area)

References

External links
Broad Eye Windmill
Broad Eye Windmill on Facebook
Broad Eye Windmill Twitter page
Windmill Broadcasting website
Windmill Broadcasting on Facebook
Visit Stafford page on the Broad Eye Windmill
Broad Eye Windmill on Windmill World

Windmills in Staffordshire
Buildings and structures in Stafford
Grade II listed buildings in Staffordshire


title: Persistent

text:
Persistent may refer to:
 Persistent data
 Persistent data structure
 Persistent identifier
 Persistent memory
 Persistent organic pollutant
 Persistent Systems, a technology company
 USS Persistent, three United States Navy ships

See also

 The Persistence of Memory (disambiguation)
 Persistence (disambiguation)

Stereotypes


title: Denis, Palatine of Hungary

text:
Denis (, ) was an influential lord in the Kingdom of Hungary in the second half of the 12th century. He was Palatine of Hungary in 1184, Ban of Slavonia between 1181 and 1184, Ban of Dalmatia in 1183, and ispán of at least three counties. He was a commander of the Hungarian army fighting against the Byzantine Empire in the reign of Stephen III of Hungary.

Early career

Denis possibly originated from the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary. He started his career during the reign of Géza II of Hungary. It is possible he is identical with that Denis, who is referred to as ispán of Bodrog County by a non-authentic charter from 1145. A certain comes Denis is mentioned among the testimonies by a charter of Géza II in 1146. Prior to 1162, Géza removed a child named Botus, son of Gab from the service of the Archdiocese of Kalocsa and took him into his own service for his son of the same age. According to Stephen's charter around 1163 or 1164, Denis delivered Botus to the court of the young prince upon the instruction of the monarch.

Fights against the Byzantines

Géza II died in May 1162. Denis was a member of that faction led by Queen Euphrosyne of Kiev and Archbishop Lucas of Esztergom, who supported the coronation of the 15-year-old Stephen III, whose legitimacy was challenged by his uncles Ladislaus II and Stephen IV, both of them enjoyed the support of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. The imperial troops prepared for an invasion of Hungary weeks after Stephen's coronation, but several magnates agreed to accept Ladislaus as a "compromise candidate" for the Hungarian throne. Stephen's army was routed at Kapuvár. Denis was among those barons, who fled from Hungary and sought refuge in Austria together with Stephen III in July 1162. Denis is referred to as simply comes (or ispán) in 1162, when Stephen issued his only known royal charter from that year, possibly during his exile or shortly after his return to Hungary in the second half of 1162. Stephen III mustered an army and supplemented it with German mercenaries, defeating his uncle Stephen IV in June 1163. It is plausible that Denis took part in the military campaigns, based on John Kinnamos' account, who stated that Denis "was experienced in many wars" prior to 1166. Denis was responsible for establishing a defense system along the Lower Danube in the border with the Byzantine Empire.

Although Stephen III successfully defended his throne against the Byzantine intervention, he was obliged to renounce Sirmium and Dalmatia in favor of Emperor Manuel following an unsuccessful campaign in 1165. In order to recover the provinces, a Hungarian army under the command of Denis stormed into Sirmium in the spring of 1166. Henry of Mügeln relates that Stephen III instructed Denis to recover Sirmium for Hungary; in contrast, historian Paul Stephenson considered that the Hungarian king – who, as he argued, had no reason to support the violation of the peace treaty with Manuel – was unable to prevent "the uprising by his disgruntled nobles". Denis and his troops routed the local Byzantine contingent led by generals Michael Gabras – governor of the province – and Michael Branas, each other's rivals, and occupied the whole province with the exception of Zimony (present-day Zemun, Serbia). Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates narrates that Denis laid siege to the fort, but the arriving Byzantine imperial troops successfully repelled the attack. In order to retaliation, Emperor Manuel sent armies against Hungary, which plundered Transylvania. The Byzantine campaign caused great devastation in the eastern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary, forcing Stephen III to seek reconciliation and Henry Jasomirgott, Duke of Austria mediated an armistice. Despite that, following Denis' successful campaign, another Hungarian military leader Ampud invaded Dalmatia in the autumn of 1166.

Emperor Manuel dispatched an army to Sirmium with his nephew and megas doux Andronikos Kontostephanos as commander and sent his fleet to Zimony after Easter 1167. According to John Kinnamos, Denis gathered an army of 15,000 men from 37 counties (their ispáns were also present) with him as commander-in-chief, also recruiting no small number of allied forces as mercenaries, especially Germans [Austrians], as Niketas Choniates writes. Both Byzantine chroniclers emphasize Denis' overconfidence. According to Choniates, Denis was "a man of mettle who had often drubbed the enemy's ranks, and, boasting over their successes, they marched out in a show of arrogance" and when the imperial army crossed the river "Istros" (i.e. Lower Danube), he "boasted loudly that he would gather once more the bones of the Romans fallen in battle and raise a sepulchral mound to serve as a trophy, as he had done in the past". Kinnamos narrates that Denis was "filled with courage and very ironically ordered the Hungarians to raise their cups and drink the health of the Romans". 14th-century German chonicler Henry of Mügeln describes Denis as a "strong knight". Denis led his army advancing as far as Zimony. Denis drew his army up in three divisions in a single broad battle line, with  infantry drawn up in the centre and behind the cavalry, upon which the Hungarians clearly relied for the effectiveness of their attack. On 8 July 1167, the two armies clashed near the fort along the river Sava. The Byzantines, assisted by the river fleet, achieved a decisive victory, 2,000 men were killed, while five Hungarian ispáns along with 800 soldiers were captured. Denis narrowly escaped the battlefield "with few", his shield, armor and war horse were also taken, when the Byzantine army plundered their enemy's abandoned encampment.

Powerful lord
Following the defeat, Stephen III signed a peace treaty renouncing the duchy – consisted of Sirmium, Croatia, Dalmatia and Bosnia – that their father had bequeathed upon his brother, Béla, who was sent to Constantinople earlier. Despite his failure, Denis retained his influence in the royal court. Three royal charters style him "comes" in the years 1171–1172. It is possible he served as ispán of Bács County, which laid at the Byzantine–Hungarian border along Lower Danube, already in 1171, although only a non-authentic charter refers to him with this title. Following the death of Stephen III in 1172, Denis, despite their previous antagonism during the Byzantine wars, supported Béla's ascension to the Hungarian throne – whose legitimacy was contested by the youngest brother Géza. Denis was appointed ispán of Bács County prior to 1177. In that year, Denis plausibly participated in the preliminary negotiations to conclude a peace treaty in Venice between Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor and the pro-papal Lombard League. As a result of Denis' negotiations, Béla III and Frederick began to normalize bilateral relations between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire in early 1177. After the talks, Christian, Archbishop of Mainz (Frederick's chancellor) requested Patriarch Ulrich II of Aquileia to escort Denis till the Austrian border.

Emperor Manuel died in September 1180, which marked the beginning of the slow disintegration of the Byzantine Empire. Béla III reoccupied Croatia, Dalmatia and Sirmium, along with the then Venetian-controlled Zadar without combat actions at the turn of 1180 and 1181. The Hungarian king intended to reorganize the province's royal administration. Retaining his position of ispán of Bács County, Denis was installed as Ban of Slavonia in 1181. He was also styled as "Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia", then "governor of maritime parts" in 1183 (succeeding Maurus Győr), and "Ban of Maritime Provinces" (, ) in 1184, which reflect he had jurisdiction over all Croatia and Dalmatia, and his suzerainty extended until the river Danube. According to historian Gyula Kristó, the bans took charge of the area between the rivers Sava and Drava in the period between 1167 and 1180, since Denis recovered an estate in Varaždin County to the Diocese of Zagreb upon the instruction of Béla III in 1181. Historian Judit Gál considered after Béla recovered Dalmatia, Hungary's territories beyond the Drava were initially consolidated under a single ban after 1183, during the terms of Denis then Kalán Bár-Kalán. Gábor Szeberényi argued their power and authority might have resembled that of a Duke of Slavonia. According to a charter, Denis adjudicated a lawsuit on the advice and contribution of the župans of Slavonia. His pristaldus (bailiff) referred to Denis as "his lord" ("dominus meus"), as kind of a sign of evolution of a separate provincial court of the ban in Slavonia and Croatia.

Succeeding Farkas Gatal, Denis was made Palatine of Hungary in 1184. In this capacity, Béla III delegated him into the judicial body, of which Judge royal Charena and comes Achilles were also members, which judged over the lawsuit between Tihany Abbey and the royal udvornici of Esztergom, according to a document issued by the collegiate chapter of Székesfehérvár. Tibor Szőcs emphasized this special royal mandate did not connect Denis' court dignity. Denis was succeeded as palatine by Thomas in 1185, at the latest. A non-authentic royal charter refers to Denis as ispán of Bács County in 1186. The fate of Denis is unknown, he had no known wives nor descendants. Historian Attila Zsoldos claimed he is identical with that namesake lord, who served as ispán of Sopron (1197) then Újvár (or Abaúj; 1198–1199) counties, during the reign of Emeric, King of Hungary.

References

Sources

Primary sources

 Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos (Translated by Charles M. Brand) (1976). Columbia University Press. .
O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs (Translated by Harry J. Magoulias) (1984). Wayne State University Press. .

Secondary sources

Bans of Slavonia
Bans of Croatia
Palatines of Hungary
Medieval Hungarian military leaders
12th-century Hungarian people
Medieval Hungarian diplomats


title: Massa (river)

text:
The Massa () is a seven kilometre long river in the eastern Bernese Alps in the Swiss canton of Valais. It is mainly fed by the melt-water from the Aletsch Glacier. It passes through the Massa Gorge and flows into the Stausee Gibidum reservoir and onwards to its confluence with the Rhône.

The whole area, including other glaciers is part of the Jungfrau-Aletsch Protected Area, which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001.

See also

List of glaciers
Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Swiss Alps

References
The Massa on the National Map of Switzerland

Rivers of Switzerland
Rivers of Valais


title: Daniel Olivares (cyclist)

text:
Daniel Olivares (born 2 July 1940) is a Filipino former cyclist. He competed in the individual road race and team time trial events at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1940 births
Living people
Filipino male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for the Philippines
Cyclists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)


title: Persist (Java tool)

text:
Persist is a Java-based ORM/DAO tool. It provides only the minimal amount of functionalities necessary to map objects or maps from database queries and to statement parameters.

Persist works around a java.sql.Connection object. This means that it does not care about customer query languages (it uses plain SQL with placeholders, as PreparedStatement objects use), connection pool handling, transaction handling (for the most part), and so on. This also means it is very flexible, and can be integrated with any code that depends on JDBC (including code that already use another ORM/DAO tool).

Persist does not require explicit mappings from POJOs to database tables. As long as there is some sort of naming conventions that relate database names with POJO names, Persist will require virtually no mappings. It can, however, be instructed to map Java classes and fields to database tables and columns using annotations.

Persist supports several different mapping strategies:

POJOs mapped to tables

By default, if no annotations specify a given class should not be mapped to a table, Persist will try to find a table that matches that class and create a mapping between fields and columns.
// Inserts a new customer (the class Customer is mapped to the table customer automatically)
persist.insert(customer);

// Reads a customer by its primary key
Customer c = persist.readByPrimaryKey(Customer.class, 42);

// Retrieves customers using a custom query (note the usage of varargs)
List list = persist.readList(Customer.class, "select * from customer where id > ?", 10);

// Fetch all customers and assign the ResultSet to an Iterator
Iterator allCustomersIterator = persist.readIterator(Customer.class, "select * from customer");

POJOs not mapped to tables

If a class is annotated with @NoTable, Persist will not try to map it to a table, and the class will only be able to hold data produced by queries.
@NoTable
class QueryData {
    private int count;
    private String concatName;

    public long getCount() { return count; }
    public void setCount(long count) { this.count = count; }

    public String getConcatName() { return concatName; }
    public void setConcatName(String concatName) { this.concatName = concatName; }
}

QueryData qd1 = persist.read(QueryData.class, "select 1 as count, 'hello' as concat_name from dual");

java.util.Map's

Map's can be used to hold data from queries. Persist will convert values returned from the query to Java types. Keys in the table are the names of the columns returned in lower case.
// Fetch a customer using a custom query and return the result as a map
Map<String,Object> customerMap = persist.readMap("select * from customer where id=?", 10);

// Fetch all customers and result the results as Map instances in a List
List<Map<String,Object>> customerMapList = persist.readMapList("select * from customer");

// Fetch all customers and assign the ResultSet to an Iterator which maps rows to Map instances
Iterator allCustomersIterator = persist.readMapIterator("select * from customer");

Java primitive types

If a query returns a single column, Persist can map data directly into primitive types (either single values or lists):
// Return customer name as String
String name = persist.read(String.class, "select name from customer where id=?", 55);

// Fetch all customer id's as a list of integers
List<Integer> ids = persist.readList(Integer.class, "select id from customer");

Custom queries with no returning data

Arbitrary queries that return no data can be easily executed.
// Execute arbitrary SQL with parameters
persist.executeUpdate("delete from customer where id in (?,?)", 10, 20);

See also
 Hibernate
 iBATIS

References

External links
 Persist @ GitHub

Articles with example Java code
Java (programming language)


Taipei Municipal Zhongshan Girls High School (, abbreviation as ZSGH or CSGHS) is a  public girl's high school located in the Zhongshan District of Taipei, Taiwan. The school enrols female students from grade 10 to 12. Established in 1897 during the Japanese period, the school marked the milestone of secondary education for Taiwanese females  and has educated many famous alumnae including Taiwan's first female president, Tsai Ing-wen.

History

Empire of Japan

Initially named , the school was first located in modern-day Shilin District, Taipei in 1897 as the first public school for Taiwanese female students. In 1911, the school was relocated to Manka (Wanhua District) and underwent several name changes. During this early period, main subjects in the curriculum included Japanese language and handicraft art. More subjects were provided after the 1900s such as etiquette, home economics, arithmetic, music, calligraphy, painting and PE lessons.

In 1922, Japanese Government in Taiwan launched its second education reform  that encouraged to provide Japanese and Taiwanese students equal opportunity for secondary education. The school was thus renamed as  and started a more formal secondary education structure targeting female students from grade 10 to 12. More academic subjects were also added into the curriculum during this period. In 1937, the school was relocated to the current address. The first building of the new campus (now Yat-Sen Building) was built in 1936 and is still in use today.

Republic of China
In 1945, Taiwan was handed over from Japan to the Republic of China. Under the ruling of the new Republic of China government, the school was renamed as Taiwan Provincial Taipei Second Girls' High School (臺灣省立臺北第二女子中學) on December 8, 1945. This date became the school's anniversary which is still celebrated today. Japanese and related lessons were deleted from the curriculum while subjects like civil rights, Chinese language and culture were added and emphasized. During this period the school's student union, Chinese drama club, Western drama club, and basketball team were famous national-wide.

Since 1960, the former school building and dormitory grounds now currently houses the Legislative Yuan and its administrative offices, formerly located in Nanjing when the central government was transplanted to Taipei in 1949.

In 1968, the school was renamed after the revolutionary leader Sun Zhongshan as Taipei Municipal Zhongshan Girls High School, commonly known in English as Sun Yat-sen.

Curriculum

160 credits are required for graduation. A credit is given after 18 hours of learning, however the number of credits for subjects vary according to the learning hours.

Schedule
Class subject distribution differs with each grade level. For example, 11th graders have 16 subjects in one semester, about 36 hours a week.
Four to five hours a week: Chinese, English, math
Two hours a week: history, geography, citizen and society, earth science, chemistry, art, PE, home economics
One hour a week:  weekly meeting, class weekly meeting, club time, music, military training

Gifted classes
Gifted classes are slightly more flexible.

Humanities and Social Sciences Class
Students the Humanities and Social Sciences Class have to take some other courses, such as politics, economics, philosophy, social studies, etc.

Math and Science Class
Subjects offered through the Math and Science Class include advanced biology, advanced chemistry, advanced physics etc. The members of this class are part of a science competition team and compete against students from other schools.

Notable alumni
 Tsai Ing-wen, Taiwan's first female president
 Hsu Hsin-ying, founder and chairperson of Minkuotang (2015–2018)
 Hung Hsiu-chu, Chairperson of Kuomintang (2016–2017)
Chu Tʽien-wen, Taiwanese writer
Shih Chao-hwei, Taiwanese Buddhist nun

References

Girls' schools in Taiwan
High schools in Taiwan
Educational institutions established in 1897
First Girls' High School
1897 establishments in Taiwan


title: Silver Dragon (coin)

text:
Silver Dragon coins, also sometimes known as Dragon dollars, are silver coins issued by China, Japan and later Korea for general circulation in their own countries. Featuring a dragon on the obverse of Japanese and Korean issues and on the reverse of Chinese issues, all were inspired by the silver Spanish dollar which following its introduction into the region in the 16th Century had set the standard for a de facto common currency for trade in the Far East, this specification being a weight of 27.22 grams and a fineness of .900; the coin thus contained 24.5 g (0.7876 troy oz) of silver.

History
Following the establishment of the Spanish Philippines, Intramuros became an entrepôt for Chinese goods in one direction and silver, from across the Pacific to the Spanish held silver mines of Mexico, in the other. This so-called "Manila Galleons" trade route, led from the 16th Century onwards to the wide circulation and acceptance of "pieces of eight" in East Asia. Even after the end of the Spanish Empire in the Americas, Western nations wishing to trade with China found the preferred method of payment was the silver Mexican Peso, the successor of the Spanish dollar.

The high regard in which the Spanish-Mexican coins came to be held, led to the minting of silver Chinese yuan, Japanese yen and later Korean won coins to the same specifications as the Spanish ones i.e. a weight 7 mace and 2 candareens (approx. 27.22 grams or 420 grains) and a fineness of .900 (90%), for use as legal tender in their own countries. The name of these coins in all three countries derives from 圓, meaning round or circular object in all three languages, a link to these silver coins surviving in the modern names of the Chinese, Japanese and North and South Korean currencies, that is yuan, yen, and won.

These coins were joined in circulation by trade dollars and colonial currencies such as the Hong Kong dollar and the Straits dollar, which were produced to the same standard. Japan too would produce a trade dollar for external use which differed slightly from the yen coins it issued for its own use at home. The common standard to which all these coins were produced facilitated trade as theoretically they were interchangeable with one another on a one for one basis. However this was moderated by the fact that the general population were suspicious of coins that they were not familiar with and with some of the provincial mints in China producing debased coins; having a lower silver content and therefore less valuable because of it.

China
Chinese coins of this type are known Kwangtung dollars from the old romanisation of the name of the mint that they were first produced in China, more popularly they are known in Chinese as 龍銀, literally "Dragon Silver" or "Dragon Money", 銀 capable of being read as both silver or money.

Even before the official ending of the Qing dynasty factions and cliques emerged as would be warlords jostled for position and influence. As China headed into the republican and warlord eras, local warlords used the provincial mints to issue their own Silver Dragons, these are of variable quality and value. These warlord and pre-warlord era coins include high quality coins intended to promote the legitimacy and prestige of the warlord and his faction and are proudly marked as such; there are also low quality coins, the majority, intended to deceive the receiver into believing that they are earlier coins of higher silver content and value, though not fake-in so much that they came from semi-official sources-these were and are of variable value depending on their silver content. With the coming of the Chinese republic China would continue producing silver coins of the same specification updated to bear the image of Yuan Shikai and other politicians. China was forced from the silver standard in 1935, however even after the silver coins became demonetised they remained a highly prized means of preserving wealth in an era of inflation and war.

Opium War 'Silver'
During the mid years of what is known as the "opium war", where most of the countries silver was exported to europe and india due to the purchase of opium. The silver content of the coins was changed to 80% of silver and during the height of the silver famine was reduced down to as little as 40% silver. The rest of the coins composition varied, however coins minted by the imperial mint used Brass, copper and finally iron to fill the rest of the weight of the coin. Merchant 'silver dollars', that is coins that were minted for use in the bartering with merchant sailors and on the silk road, were 90% silver.

Legacy
The first Chinese Silver Panda collectable silver bullion coins were of the traditional specification of 27grams in weight, 0.900 fineness.

Collecting
Collecting silver dragon coins especially Chinese ones can be a financially hazardous prospect, with even experienced experts falling foul of fakes. There are modern fakes of genuine coins, historical fakes of genuine coins, and today given that some of the historical fakes have gained a numismatic value of their own, modern fakes of historical fakes.

References

Bibliography

External links

History of the Silver Yen Japanese
The Meiji Period Yen Japanese
Varieties and History of the late Qing dynasty Chinese Silver Coins English

Silver coins
Coins of China
Coins of Japan
Coins of Korea


title: Playground

text:
A playground, playpark, or play area is a place designed to provide an environment for children that facilitates play, typically outdoors. While a playground is usually designed for children, some are designed for other age groups, or people with disabilities. A playground might exclude children below (or above) a certain age.

Modern playgrounds often have recreational equipment such as the seesaw, merry-go-round, swingset, slide, jungle gym, chin-up bars, sandbox, spring rider, trapeze rings, playhouses, and mazes, many of which help children develop physical coordination, strength, and flexibility, as well as providing recreation and enjoyment and supporting social and emotional development. Common in modern playgrounds are play structures that link many different pieces of equipment.

Playgrounds often also have facilities for playing informal games of adult sports, such as a baseball diamond, a skating arena, a basketball court, or a tether ball.

Public playground equipment installed in the play areas of parks, schools, childcare facilities, institutions, multiple family dwellings, restaurants, resorts, and recreational developments, and other areas of public use.

A type of playground called a playscape is designed to provide a safe environment for play in a natural setting.

History

Through history, children played in their villages and neighbourhoods, especially in the streets and lanes near their homes.

In the 19th century, developmental psychologists such as Friedrich Fröbel proposed playgrounds as a developmental aid, or to imbue children with a sense of fair play and good manners. In Germany, a few playgrounds were erected in connection to schools. Thomas Carlyle called for the establishment of public playgrounds within industrial cities such as Manchester, England, in Past and Present (1843), saying that "every toiling Manchester" ought to have "a hundred acres or so of free greenfield, with trees on it, conquered, for its little children to disport in". Manchester became the site of the first purpose-built public-access playground, which opened in a park in 1859.

Response to Mass motorisation

However, it was only in the early 20th century, as the street lost its role as the default public space and became planned for use by motor cars, that momentum built to remove children from the new dangers and confine them to segregated areas to play. In the United States, organisations such as the National Highway Protective Society highlighted the numbers killed by automobiles, and urged the creation of playgrounds, aiming to free streets for vehicles rather than children's play. The Outdoor Recreation League provided funds to erect playgrounds on parkland, especially following the 1901 publication of a report on numbers of children being run down by cars in New York City.

In tandem with the new concern about the danger of roads, educational theories of play, including by Herbert Spencer and John Dewey inspired the emergence of the reformist playground movement, which argued that playgrounds had educational value, improved attention in class, enhanced physical health, and reduced truancy. Interventionist programs such as by the child savers sought to move children into controlled areas to limit 'delinquency'. Meanwhile, at schools and settlement houses for poorer children with limited access to education, health services and daycare, playgrounds were included to support these institutions' goal of keeping children safe and out of trouble.

One of the first playgrounds in the United States was built in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 1887. In 1906 the Playground Association of America was founded and a year later Luther Gulick became president. It later became the National Recreation Association and then the National Recreation and Park Association. Urging the need for playgrounds, former President Theodore Roosevelt stated in 1907:

City streets are unsatisfactory playgrounds for children because of the danger, because most good games are against the law, because they are too hot in summer, and because in crowded sections of the city they are apt to be schools of crime. Neither do small back yards nor ornamental grass plots meet the needs of any but the very small children. Older children who would play vigorous games must have places especially set aside for them; and, since play is a fundamental need, playgrounds should be provided for every child as much as schools. This means that they must be distributed over the cities in such a way as to be within walking distance of every boy and girl, as most children can not afford to pay carfare.

In post war London the landscape architect and children's rights campaigner Lady Allen of Hurtwood introduced and popularised the concept of the ’junk playground’ - where the equipment was constructed from the recycled junk and rubble left over from the Blitz. She campaigned for facilities for children growing up in the new high-rise developments in Britain's cities and wrote a series of illustrated books on the subject of playgrounds, and at least one book on adventure playgrounds, spaces for free creativity by children, which helped the idea spread worldwide.

Playgrounds in the Soviet Union

Playgrounds were an integral part of urban culture in the USSR. In the 1970s and 1980s, there were playgrounds in almost every park in many Soviet cities. Playground apparatus was reasonably standard all over the country; most of them consisted of metallic bars with relatively few wooden parts, and were manufactured in state-owned factories. Some of the most common constructions were the carousel, sphere, seesaw, rocket, bridge, etc.

Design

Playground design is influenced by the intended purpose and audience.  Separate play areas might be offered to accommodate very young children.  Single, large, open parks tend to not to be used by older schoolgirls or less aggressive children, because there is little opportunity for them to escape more aggressive children.  By contrast, a park that offers multiple play areas is used equally by boys and girls.

Effects on child development

Professionals recognize that the social skills that children develop on the playground often become lifelong skill sets that are carried forward into their adulthood. Independent research concludes that playgrounds are among the most important environments for children outside the home. Most forms of play are essential for healthy development, but free, spontaneous play—the kind that occurs on playgrounds—is the most beneficial type of play.

Exciting, engaging and challenging playground equipment is important to keep children happy while still developing their learning abilities. These should be developed in order to suit different groups of children for different stages of learning, such as specialist playground equipment for nursery & pre-school children teaching them basic numeracy & vocabulary, to building a child's creativity and imagination with role play panels or puzzles.

There is a general consensus that physical activity reduces the risk of psychological problems in children and fosters their self-esteem. The American Chief Medical Officer's report (Department of Health, 2004), stated that a review of available research suggests that the health benefits of physical activity in children are predominantly seen in the amelioration of risk factors for disease, avoidance of weight gain, achieving a peak bone mass and mental well-being.

Exercise programmes "may have short term beneficial effects on self esteem in children and adolescents" although high-quality trials are lacking.

Commentators argue that the quality of a child's exercise experience can affect their self-esteem. Ajzen TPB (1991) promotes the notion that children's self-esteem is enhanced through the encouragement of physical mastery and self-development. It can be seen that playgrounds provide an ideal opportunity for children to master physical skills, such as learning to swing, balance and climb. Personal development may be gained through the enhancement of skills, such as playing, communicating and cooperating with other children and adults in the playground.

It can also be seen that public and private playgrounds act as a preventative health measure amongst young people because they promote physical activity at a stage in children's lives when they are active and not yet at risk from opting out of physical activity.

Children have devised many playground games and pastimes. But because playgrounds are usually subject to adult supervision and oversight, young children's street culture often struggles to fully thrive there. Research by Robin Moore concluded shown that playgrounds need to be balanced with marginal areas that (to adults) appear to be derelict or wasteground but to children they are areas that they can claim for themselves, ideally a wooded area or field.

For many children, it is their favorite time of day when they get to be on the playground for free time or recess. It acts as a release for them from the pressures of learning during the day. They know that time on the playground is their own time.

A type of playground called a playscape can provide children with the necessary feeling of ownership that Moore describes above.  Playscapes can also provide parents with the assurance of their child's safety and wellbeing, which may not be prevalent in an open field or wooded area.

Funding

In the UK, several organisations exist that help provide funding for schools and local authorities to construct playgrounds. These include the Biffa Award, which provides funding under the Small Grants Scheme; Funding Central, which offers support for voluntary organisations and social enterprises; and the Community Construction Fund, a flagship programme by Norfolk County Council.

Safety
Safety, in the context of playgrounds, is generally understood as the prevention of injuries.  Risk aversion and fear of lawsuits on the part of the adults who design playgrounds prioritizes injury prevention above other factors, such as cost or developmental benefit to the users. It is important that children gradually develop the skill of risk assessment, and a completely safe environment does not allow that.

Sometimes the safety of playgrounds is disputed in school or among regulators.  Over at least the last twenty years, the kinds of equipment to be found in playgrounds has changed, often towards safer equipment built with plastic.  For example, an older jungle gym might be constructed entirely from steel bars, while newer ones tend to have a minimal steel framework while providing a web of nylon ropes for children to climb on. Playgrounds with equipment that children may fall off often use rubber mulch on the ground to help cushion the impact.

Playgrounds are also made differently for different age groups. Often schools have a playground that is taller and more advanced for older schoolchildren and a lower playground with less risk of falling for younger children.

Safety discussions do not normally include an evaluation of the unintended consequences of injury prevention, such as older children who do not exercise at the playground because the playground is too boring.

Safety efforts sometimes paradoxically increase the likelihood and severity of injuries because of how people choose to use playground equipment.  For example, older children may choose to climb on the outside of a "safe" but boring play structure, rather than using it the way the designers intended.  Similarly, rather than letting young children play on playground slides by themselves, some injury-averse parents seat the children on the adult's lap and go down the slide together.  This seems safer at first glance, but if the child's shoe catches on the edge of the slide, this arrangement frequently results in the child's leg being broken.  If the child had been permitted to use the slide independently, then this injury would not happen, because when the shoe caught, the child would have stopped sliding rather than being propelled down the slide by the adult's weight.

Also concerning the safety of playgrounds is the material in which they are built. Wooden playgrounds act as a more natural environment for the children to play but can cause even more minor injuries.  Slivers are the main concern when building with wood material.  Wet weather is also a threat to children playing on wooden structures.  Most woods are treated and do not wear terribly fast, but with enough rain, wooden playgrounds can become slippery and dangerous for children to be on.

Regulation
In the United States, the Consumer Product Safety Commission and the American National Standards Institute have created a Standardized Document and Training System for certification of Playground Safety Inspectors. These regulations are nationwide and provide a basis for safe playground installation and maintenance practices. ASTM F1487-07 deals with specific requirements regarding issues such as play ground layout, use zones, and various test criteria for determining play ground safety. ASTM F2373 covers public use play equipment for children 6–24 months old.  This information can be applied effectively only by a trained C.P.S.I. A National Listing of Trained Playground Safety Inspectors is available for many states. A Certified Playground Safety Inspector (CPSI) is a career that was developed by the National Playground Safety Institute (NPSI) and is recognized nationally by the National Recreation and Park Association or N.R.P.A. (Some information sources offer  interactive examples of playground equipment that violates CPSC guidelines.)

In Australia, Standards Australia is responsible for the publication of the playground safety Standards AS/NS4422, AS/NZS4486.1 and AS4685 Parts 1 to 6. The University of Technology Sydney is responsible for the training and accreditation of playground inspectors. The Register of Playground Inspectors Australia lists all the individuals who have been certified to inspector playgrounds within Australia.

European Standards EN 1177 specifies the requirements for surfaces used in playgrounds. For each material type and height of equipment it specifies a minimum depth of material required. EN 1176 covers playground equipment standards. In the UK, playground inspectors can sit the examinations of the Register of Play Inspectors International at the three required levels - routine, operational and annual. Annual inspectors are able to undertake the post-installation inspections recommended by EN 1176.

Prevention strategies
Because the majority of playground injuries are due to falls from equipment, injury prevention efforts are primarily directed at reducing the likelihood of a child falling and reducing the likelihood of a severe injury if the child does fall.  This is done by:
 reducing the maximum fall height of equipment, primarily by reducing the overall height of anything a child might climb on or into;
 reducing the likelihood of falling from equipment, through using barriers, discouraging climbing, and making upper surfaces inconvenient or uncomfortable for climbing or sitting on; and
 installing a more flexible surface under and around play equipment, so that a child who falls is less likely to break a bone.

How effective these strategies are at preventing injuries is debated by experts, because when playgrounds are made from padded materials, children often take more risks.

Playground injury

Each year in the United States, emergency departments treat more than 200,000 children ages 14 and younger for playground-related injuries.  Approximately 156,040 (75.8%) of the 1999 injuries occurred on equipment designed for public use; 46,930 (22.8%) occurred on equipment designed for home use; and 2,880 (1.4%) occurred on homemade playground equipment (primarily rope swings).

Percentage of injuries involving public equipment
 About 46% occurred in schools.
 About 31% occurred in public parks.
 About 10% occurred in commercial childcare centers.
 About 3% occurred in home childcare.
 About 3% occurred in apartment complexes.
 About 2% occurred in fast food restaurants.
 About 9% occurred in other locations.

From January 1990 to August 2000, CPSC received reports of 147 deaths to children younger than 15 that involved playground equipment.

 70% of those deaths occurred in home
 30% of those deaths occurred in public use

Girls were involved in a slightly higher percentage of injuries (55%) than were boys (45%).

Injuries to the head and face accounted for 49% of injuries to children 0–4, while injuries to the arm and hand accounted for 49% of injuries to children ages 5–14. Approximately 15% of the injuries were classified as severe, with 3% requiring hospitalization.  The most prevalent diagnoses were fractures (39%), lacerations (22%), contusions/abrasions (20%), strains/sprains (11%).

For children ages 0–4, climbers (40%) had the highest incidence rates, followed by slides (33%).  For children ages 5–14, climbing equipment (56%) had the highest incidence rates, followed by swings (24%). Most injuries on public playground equipment were associated with climbing equipment (53%), swings (19%), and slides (17%).

Falls to the surface was a contributing factor in 79% of all injuries. On home equipment, 81% were associated with falls.

In 1995, playground-related injuries among children ages 14 and younger cost an estimated $1.2 billion.

On public playgrounds, more injuries occur on climbers than on any other equipment. On home playgrounds, swings are responsible for most injuries.

Playgrounds in low-income areas have more maintenance-related hazards than playgrounds in high-income areas. For example, playgrounds in low-income areas had significantly more trash, rusty play equipment, and damaged fall surfaces.

Unintended consequences
As a result of what some experts say is overprotectiveness driven by a fear of lawsuits, playgrounds have been designed to be, or at least to appear, excessively safe.  This overprotectiveness may protect the playground owner from lawsuits, but it appears to result in a decreased sense of achievement and increased fears in children.

The equipment limitations result in the children receiving less value from the play time.  The enclosed, padded, constrained, low structures prevent the child from taking risks and developing a sense of mastery over his or her environment.  Successfully taking a risk is empowering to children.  For example, a child climbing to the top of a tall jungle gym feels happy about successfully managing the challenging climb to the top, and he experiences the thrill of being in a precarious, high position.  By contrast, the child on a low piece of equipment, designed to reduce the incidence of injuries from falls, experiences no such thrill, sense of mastery, or accomplishment.  Additionally, a lack of experience with heights as a child is associated with increased acrophobia (fear of heights) in adults.

The appearance of safety encourages unreasonable risk-taking in children, who might take more reasonable risks if they correctly understood that it is possible to break a bone on the soft surfaces under most modern equipment.

Finally, the playground that is designed to appear low-risk is boring, especially to older children.  As a result, they tend to seek out alternative play areas, which may be very unsafe.

Risk management is an important life skill, and risk aversion in playgrounds is unhelpful in the long term. Experts studying child development such as Tim Gill have written about the over-protective bias in provision for children, particularly with playgrounds.  Instead of a constructed playground, allowing children to play in a natural environment such as open land or a park is sometimes recommended; children gain a better sense of balance playing on uneven ground, and learn to interpret the complexity and signals of nature more effectively.

Types

Playgrounds can be:
Built by collaborative support of corporate and community resources to achieve an immediate and visible improvement to the neighborhood.
Public, free of charge, typically found at elementary schools
Connected to a business and for customers only, such as those a McDonald's, IKEA, and Chuck E. Cheese's.
Commercial enterprises charging an entrance fee, such as Discovery Zone.
Non-profit organizations for edutainment as children's museums and science centers, some charge admission, some are free.

Inclusive playgrounds
Universally designed playgrounds are created to be accessible to all children.  There are three primary components to a higher level of inclusive play:
 physical accessibility;
 age and developmental appropriateness; and
 sensory-stimulating activity.

Some children with disabilities or developmental differences do not interact with playgrounds in the same way as typical children.  A playground designed without considering these children's needs may not be accessible or interesting to them.

Most efforts at inclusive playgrounds have been aimed at accommodating wheelchair users.  For example, rubber paths and ramps replace sand pits and steps, and some features are placed at ground level.  Efforts to accommodate children on the autism spectrum, who may find playgrounds overstimulating or who may have difficulty interacting with other children, have been less common.

Natural playgrounds

"Natural playgrounds" are play environments that blend natural materials, features, and indigenous vegetation with creative landforms to create purposely complex interplays of natural, environmental objects in ways that challenge and fascinate children and teach them about the wonders and intricacies of the natural world while they play within it.

Play components may include earth shapes (sculptures), environmental art, indigenous vegetation (trees, shrubs, grasses, flowers, lichens, mosses), boulders or other rock structures, dirt and sand, natural fences (stone, willow, wooden), textured pathways, and natural water features.

Themed and educational playgrounds
Some playgrounds have specific purposes.  A traffic park teaches children how to navigate streets safely.  An adventure playground encourages open-ended play, sometimes involving potentially dangerous objects such as fire or hand tools.  An obstacle course or ropes course is designed to focus participants' attention on accomplishing a pre-determined challenging physical task.  A trampoline park provides trampolines.

Playgrounds for adults

China and some countries in Europe have playgrounds designed for adults.  These are outdoor spaces that feature fitness equipment designed for use primarily by adults, such as chin-up bars.

Playgrounds for older adults are popular in China.  Seniors are the primary users of public playgrounds in China.  These playgrounds are usually in a smaller, screened area, which may reduce the feeling of being watched or judged by others.  They often have adult-sized equipment that helps seniors stretch, strengthen muscles, and improve their sense of balance.  Similar playgrounds for adults have been built in other countries.  Berlin's Preußenpark for example is designed for people aged 70 or higher.

See also
 Buddy bench
 Chin-up bar
 Children's street culture
 Children Youth and Environments Journal
 Cold War playground equipment
 Home zone/Play street
 Playground game
 Playground song
 Playground Surfacing
 Playscape
 Playtime
 Playwork
 Recess (break)
 Rubber Mulch

References

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.
Biddle, S. J., & Mutrie, N. (2001). Psychology of physical activity: Determinants, well-being and interventions. Abingdon: Routledge.
Ekeland, E., Heian, M., & Hagen, K.B. (2005). Can exercise improve self-esteem in children and young people? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39, 792–798.
Department of Health (2004). The benefits of regular physical activity. A report from the Chief Medical Officer. At least five days a week: evidence on the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health. Retrieved September 25, 2006 from http://www.dh.gov/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/ PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=40809948chk=1Ft1Of.

External links

National Program for Playground Safety – U.S. clearinghouse for playground safety information
 The Overprotected Kid – article about adventure playgrounds in The Atlantic
Benefits of living within walking distance of a park at The New York Times

Play (activity)
Outdoor recreation
Parks


title: Frank McCoy (author)

text:
Frank Joseph McCoy (March 4, 1888 – March 31, 1940) was an American chiropractor and alternative health author, known for his book The Fast Way to Health, as well as his nationally syndicated health- and nutrition-related newspaper columns and radio broadcasts. He was active between 1923 and 1940. His ideas were criticized by medical experts as quackery.

Biography

He was born in Milan, Ohio, and received training in Chicago, in chiropractic. He is referred to in publications as "Dr. Frank McCoy" but did not have an M.D. degree.

His book, The Fast Way To Health, was first published in 1923 by the Times-Mirror Press. His first newspaper column "Health and Diet Advice" ran in the Los Angeles Times from 1927 to 1932 and was syndicated in other cities. During roughly this time, he also lectured and had a radio program in the Los Angeles area.

Other newspaper columns he has authored include "How to Keep Well" and "Here's To Your Health." He died at the age of 52 in his home at the Uplifters Club in Southern California. His death was related to liver disease.

Criticism

McCoy was criticized for making dangerous pseudoscientific claims about fasting. For example, he stated that fasting could cure everything from deafness and diarrhoea to cancer. McCoy's book The Fast Way To Health developed a "Philosophy of Scientific Fasting" that was described by health writer Carl Malmberg as a "collection of misinformation".

His opinions drew criticism in The American Journal of Public Health and in a 1934 JAMA editorial which stated:
How long will newspapers and periodicals which share some responsibility for the public health continue to advise the uninformed in regard to infectious diseases in such ways as to encourage the spread and the virulence of these infections? It is not known how many newspapers print these daily discourses of Frank McCoy, pet of the Los Angeles Times. Surely editors fail their readers when they continue to promulgate such superlative nonsense as emanates from McCoy and his Los Angeles Times associates.

Publications

The Fast Way to Health (Los Angeles: Times-Mirror Press, 1923)

See also

Mildred Lager

References

1888 births
1940 deaths
Alternative cancer treatment advocates
American chiropractors
American columnists
American health and wellness writers
Fasting advocates
Orthopaths
People from Milan, Ohio
Pseudoscientific diet advocates


title: Michel Stahl

text:
Michel Stalh (1914–1989) was a resistant and a pastor of the Reformed Church. He was a compagnon de la Libération. He joined the Free France in June 1940. He was made compagnon de la Libération by a decree of 7 August 1945. After the war, he became pastor of the Reformed Church of France at Bordeaux and then at Mulhouse. Retired, he lived in Aimargues until his death.

External links
 Page on the Ordre de la Libération's website

1914 births
Recipients of the War Cross with Sword (Norway)
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Companions of the Liberation
French Calvinist and Reformed ministers
People from Gard
1989 deaths


title: Gustafva Lindskog

text:
Gustafva "Stafva" Carolina Lindskog (1794-1851), was a Swedish athlete. She was a pioneer within the field of physical education of females in Sweden, and likely the first female teacher in physical education of her country.

Lindskog was the great granddaughter of the merchant Gustaf Lindskog in Stockholm. In 1818, she was appointed instructor in the first class of physical education for females, as the head of the gymnastic for women at the Royal Central Gymnastics Institute. Formally, she was not referred to as an instructor and teacher but merely as replacement for the male teacher P H Ling and called "Movement Giver". It was in fact not until 1849 that she was formally given the title of ordinary teacher at the institute. This was one year after the first female, Greta Stina Bohm, had become a master of swimming, followed by the pioneer Nancy Edberg. Lindskog was the first female to be employed by the state as a teacher and instructor in Physical therapy. She was succeeded in her position by her pupil Hildur Ling in 1851.

References

 Lindskog, släkt, urn:sbl:10658, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av CHC), hämtad 2014-08-16.

1794 births
1851 deaths
19th-century Swedish people
Swedish educators
19th-century sportswomen


title: Julian Free

text:
Major General Julian Richard Free  is a retired British Army officer who served as commandant of the Joint Services Command and Staff College.

Military career
Free was commissioned into the Royal Artillery on 5 September 1986. He became commanding officer of 26th Regiment Royal Artillery in July 2003 and commander of 4th Mechanized Brigade in April 2007, in which role he was deployed with his brigade to Iraq. He went on to be the Chief of the Defence Staff's liaison officer for Afghanistan in November 2009, director of the Campaign & Transition Assessment Group in Afghanistan in January 2011 and chief of staff of the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps in April 2012. He was appointed commandant of the Joint Services Command and Staff College in August 2014.

Free was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 2001 Birthday Honours, advanced to Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2006 New Year Honours and advanced again to Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his service in Iraq in the March 2009.

Free is the current Deputy Vice Chancellor of People Services and Operations at the University of Lincoln.

References

Living people
British Army major generals
Royal Artillery officers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Charles Bolen

text:
Charles Wesley "Shifty" Bolen (January 8, 1894 – December 28, 1953) was an American football and basketball player, coach, and college athletics administrator.

While attending Ohio State University, Bolen played three years for both the Ohio State Buckeyes football and Buckeyes basketball teams.  In football, he developed a reputation as a "fierce, tigerish" player and "the premier defensive end in the West", and he was selected as a consensus first-team end on the 1917 College Football All-America Team.  In basketball, he was captain of Ohio State's 1917–18 team.

Bolen served as the head football at Ohio Northern University from 1919 to 1921 and at Wilmington College in Wilmington, Ohio from 1923 to 1929, compiling a career college football coaching record of 37–40–1.  He was also the head coach of the men's basketball team at Ohio Northern from 1919 to 1922, tallying a mark of 37–19.  He served for many years as an administrator in the Ohio Northern athletic department and was the founder of the university's intramural sports program.

Bolen died in 1953 and was buried at the Green Lawn Cemetery in Columbus, Ohio.

Head coaching record

Football

References

External links

1894 births
1953 deaths
American football ends
Basketball coaches from Indiana
Ohio Northern Polar Bears baseball coaches
Ohio Northern Polar Bears football coaches
Ohio Northern Polar Bears men's basketball coaches
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
Wilmington Quakers football coaches
Wilmington Quakers men's basketball coaches
All-American college football players
People from Marion, Indiana


title: William Patterson (cricketer, born 1854)

text:
William Seeds Patterson (19 March 1854 – 20 October 1939) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Cambridge University, Lancashire and various amateur teams between 1874 and 1882. He was born at Mossley Hill, Liverpool and died at Hook Heath, Woking, Surrey.

Patterson was educated at Uppingham School, where he was captain of the cricket eleven and was coached by the famous cricketer H. H. Stephenson, and Trinity College, Cambridge. As a cricketer, he was a right-handed middle order batsman and a right-arm slow bowler. At Cambridge, he made an early impression as a batsman by scoring 147 in the freshmen's trial match of 1874. That brought him into the university first eleven for much of the summer, playing largely as a batsman, often opening the innings, and he scored 86 in his third game, the home match against Surrey. But he lost form and was not in the side for the 1874 University Match against Oxford University; he was also not successful in a couple of matches for Lancashire later in the season.

Greater use was made in 1875 of Patterson's bowling, and he was also more consistent as a batsman, playing as a middle- or lower-order batsman; in the University Match, he took three Oxford wickets in each innings and scored 12 and 18, but Cambridge lost the match by just six runs. There was further improvement in both batting and bowling in 1876. Against the Gentlemen of England side, in a 12-a-side match, he took 11 wickets in the match with 7 for 64 in the first innings. In the 1876 University Match, Patterson shared the first-innings wickets with his Uppingham School fast-bowling colleague, Henry Luddington, taking five for 42, and then scored an unbeaten 105 in the Cambridge innings, for less than a day the highest innings in the University Match series – Oxford's captain William Game scored 109 in his second innings – and the only century of Patterson's first-class career. He was then picked for the Gentlemen side in the Gentlemen v Players match at Prince's Cricket Ground, where he took seven wickets (though W. G. Grace took 10). By the end of the season, in only eight first-class games, Patterson had taken 52 wickets.

Patterson was one of the leading bowlers of the 1877 season, taking 80 wickets in 11 first-class games. He was captain of the Cambridge University team and again shared Oxford's first-innings wickets with Luddington in the University Match, though an innings of 117 not out by Francis Buckland won the game easily for Oxford. There were five players from Uppingham School in the Cambridge team under Patterson, all of whom had been coached by Stephenson: The Times in its obituary of Patterson in 1939 wrote that, though Eton, Harrow or Winchester might have supplied this number of cricketers to a university team in the early days of the University Match, "since the game became more generally known and played by the public schools, this record has not been equalled". At the end of the Cambridge term, Patterson played twice in Gentlemen v Players matches. In the second of these, at Lord's, he took seven Players' wickets for 58 runs in the first innings and then, batting at No 11 in a very strong batting line-up, joined Fred Grace with nine Gentlemen wickets down for 97 runs and a further 46 required for victory: Grace scored 23 and Patterson 24, both not out, to secure the win "amid great applause".

After graduating from Cambridge in 1877, Patterson went into business and had little time for cricket; he later served on the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board. He played a few matches for Lancashire in 1877, 1878 and 1882, a couple in Philadelphia in 1880 and 1881 and one for Liverpool and District in 1882; thereafter there were minor matches in Liverpool and in the United States up to 1888. In later life, he wrote a history of cricket at Uppingham School.

References

1854 births
1939 deaths
English cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Lancashire cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Liverpool and District cricketers
People educated at Uppingham School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Oxford and Cambridge Universities cricketers


title: Siblings (TV series)

text:
Siblings is a BBC Three sitcom starring Charlotte Ritchie and Tom Stourton in the lead roles. Written by Keith Akushie, the show piloted on 7 August 2014. A second series was commissioned by the BBC on 10 September 2014 before the first series had finished airing. The second series began broadcasting on 4 January 2016.

The last episode of the second series aired on 8 February 2016. Following BBC Three's move into an online based channel, on 18 July 2016, it was announced that no third series would be made.

Plot
A sitcom following the lives of Hannah French and her best friend, younger brother Dan. They are lazy, selfish, carefree twentysomethings who share a flat in London. They look to lead easy, fun lives and frequently cause chaos.

Production

Filming
The show was filmed in and around West London, England.

Cast
 Charlotte Ritchie as Hannah. She is proud of her job at an insurance company's office, but is too lazy to do it properly. Wherever she can she tries to get herself time off or something else to make it easier. When she is not at work or resolving Dan's mess, she tries to find some way to party.
 Tom Stourton as Dan, Hannah's eccentric, naive, dim-witted brother. He has no qualifications and recently served a short prison sentence for a non-violent crime. He tries to be charming and is easily impressed. He often becomes bored and is often led by Hannah.

Episodes

Series overview

Series 1 (2014)

Series 2 (2016)

International broadcast
 — The programme premiered on ABC2 on 13 January 2015.

References

External links

2014 British television series debuts
2016 British television series endings
2010s British sitcoms
BBC high definition shows
BBC television sitcoms
Casual sex in television
English-language television shows
Television series about dysfunctional families
Television series about siblings
Television series by Banijay
Television shows set in London


title: James Shaw (wide receiver)

text:
James Napoleon Shaw (born February 27, 1989) is a former American football wide receiver. Shaw played college football at Jacksonville State University. He has been a member of the Carolina Panthers, Pittsburgh Power, Pittsburgh Steelers, San Jose Sabercats and Portland Steel.

Early years
Shaw lettered in football and basketball at St. Clair County High School in Odenville, Alabama. He recorded over 750 rushing yards, 250 receiving yards, nine touchdowns and registered 105 tackles on defense as a senior. He was named All-County as a running back and linebacker in 2006. Shaw was also named the St. Clair County Player of the Year and helped the Fighting Saints to a 9-3 record as a junior. He was named to the All-Tournament team during the County Championships in basketball.

College career
Shaw played for the Jacksonville State Gamecocks from 2008 to 2011. He was redshirted in 2007.

Professional career
Shaw was rated the 264th best wide receiver in the 2012 NFL Draft by NFLDraftScout.com.

Carolina Panthers
Shaw was signed by the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL) on February 14, 2013. He was released by the Panthers on August 31, 2013. He was re-signed to the Panthers' practice squad on September 1, 2013. Shaw was released by the Panthers on September 18, 2013.

Pittsburgh Power
Shaw was assigned to the AFL's Pittsburgh Power on March 7, 2014. He was placed on Other League Exempt by the Power on August 5, 2014. The Power folded in November 2014.

Pittsburgh Steelers
Shaw signed with the NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers on August 5, 2014. He was released by the Steelers on August 18, 2014.

San Jose Sabercats
Shaw was assigned to the San Jose Sabercats of the AFL on December 23, 2014.

Portland Steel
On May 26, 2016, Shaw was assigned to the Portland Steel of the AFL.

He participated in The Spring League in 2017.

Statistics

Stats from ArenaFan:

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
College stats

Living people
1989 births
American football wide receivers
African-American players of American football
Jacksonville State Gamecocks football players
Carolina Panthers players
Pittsburgh Power players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
San Jose SaberCats players
Portland Steel players
The Spring League players
Players of American football from Alabama
People from St. Clair County, Alabama
Players of American football from Birmingham, Alabama
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people