title: Who's Whose

text:
Who's Whose is a panel quiz television game show that ran on the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) television network. It premiered as a TV series on June 25, 1951, and is noted for being one of the first television series to be dropped after one episode.

Host and panelists
Who's Whose was hosted by long-time comedian and radio game show host Phil Baker. His on-air assistant was a man in a turban, dubbed "Gunga". The three regular celebrity panelists for the show were Robin Chandler, Art Ford, and Basil Davenport. They were joined by guest celebrity panelist Emily Kimbrough. The show was broadcast live and a kinescope was produced for stations that aired it on a delayed basis.

Game play
A round began with the "panel of experts" facing a group of either three men or three women. Through questioning, the panel tried to determine which of the three was the spouse of the person sitting with Phil Baker. In an additional separate round, the panel attempted to pick out the spouse of a noted celebrity.

Background
Who's Whose was brought in to replace The Goldbergs, which was dropped by its sponsor (General Foods) when its creator Gertrude Berg refused to fire the blacklisted actor Philip Loeb. The last episode of The Goldbergs ran on June 18, 1951. The official explanation given by the sponsor for dropping the show was that it was for "economy reasons". Who's Whose was slated to run in The Goldbergs''' old timeslot during the summer and then be replaced in the fall.

Audition show (pilot)
The concept for Who's Whose was tested in May 1951. An audition show (nowadays known as a pilot) was produced, but it was created in a unique, cost-saving way. The sound from the test program was recorded on audiotape in a radio studio, while the visuals were recorded by taking a series of still camera photographs of the proceedings. The show's concept was then demonstrated by playing back the audio while flipping through the still photos. This technique was dubbed a "two-bit kine". After the show was sold to CBS, a standard kinescope was produced to further develop the concept of the show.

Packaging and sponsorshipWho's Whose was brought into existence as a "package" deal by the advertising agency Young & Rubicam (Y&R). Packaging was the common practice dating back to the days of network radio, whereby an outside entity such as an advertising agency would assemble the various production elements, including a commercial sponsor, which are needed to bring about a show. The proposed show would then be presented to a network as a "complete package". (The similar concept of movie packaging is still fairly common.) Actual production of the show was handled by independent packager Lester Lewis.

General Foods picked up sponsorship of the show in order to advertise its Sanka coffee brand, which it was already selling on The Goldbergs. General Foods was able to place the show in the same timeslot as The Goldbergs because it basically "controlled" the timeslot in which the show ran, namely Mondays from 9:30 to 10:00 pm Eastern Time on CBS-TV. This was also a common practice which also dated back to the days of network radio, where a single sponsor would pay the full costs for a certain timeslot and thus be given a great deal of leeway in determining what ran during that period. Today, rising commercial rates have made this practice usually too expensive for any one sponsor to afford (in any event, regulations following the 1950s quiz show scandals discouraged networks from ceding that much power to advertisers).

Critical response, cancellation and aftermath
The reaction to the Who's Whose was decidedly negative; it was lambasted by critics as the worst television show produced to date. It was described at the time as "one of the most poorly produced TV shows yet to hit our living room screen" and "a miserable flop". Rex Lardner, columnist for the The New York Times Book Review, wrote that the show was "the worst ever to hit television" and called for the return of The Goldbergs. Reviews reported that the program was lacking in production, that the four panelists played the game poorly, and emcee Phil Baker was uncomfortable and clumsy. Not only did the panelists fail to correctly identify the wife of the famous celebrity, baseball player Dizzy Dean, but Dizzy Dean himself caused additional consternation for the staff when he disappeared while backstage awaiting his appearance. Fortunately they discovered that he had wandered off with an employee to listen to a Yankees-Dodgers baseball game on the radio.
Just days after its premiere the series was canceled and replaced by a new panel quiz series, It's News to Me, with General Foods (and Sanka) remaining as the sponsor in the timeslot. Phil Baker, who had signed a contract to receive $1000 a week, was paid off to conclude the contract.

Young & Rubicam's long-term reputation for successfully "packaging" shows was damaged by the Who's Whose'' debacle. This failure, along with a number of other recent disappointments and failures, was followed by reports in August that the agency was likely getting out of the business of packaging radio and television shows, and that high-ranking people would be leaving the agency.

References

American panel games
1950s American game shows
1951 American television series debuts
1951 American television series endings
CBS original programming
Television series by CBS Studios
Television series canceled after one episode


title: Alliance of Free Peasants

text:
The Alliance of Free Peasants (, AȚL) was a political party in Moldova.

History
The party joined the Bloc of Peasants and Intellectuals, which was formed to contest the February 1994 elections, alongside the Congress of the Intellectuals (CI), the Democratic Christian League of the Women of Moldova (LDCFM), the Christian Democratic Party of Moldova (PDCM) and the National Liberal Party (PNL). The bloc received 9% of the vote, winning 11 of the 104 seats and becoming the third-largest faction in Parliament.

Prior to the 1998 elections the Bloc was disbanded as the Party of Democratic Forces (a merger of the CI and the PDCM) contested the elections alone, whilst the LDCFM joined the Democratic Convention of Moldova and the PNL joined the Alliance of Democratic Forces. At this point, the AȚL ceased to exist.

References

Defunct political parties in Moldova


title: Atherix

text:
Atherix is a genus of 'ibis flies' belonging to the family Athericidae, a small family very similar to the Rhagionidae (snipe flies). Species within this genus are present in most of Europe and also in the Nearctic realm.

Species
Atherix alagezica Paramonov, 1926
Atherix amicorum (Thomas, 1985)
Atherix apfelbecki Strobl, 1902
Atherix aurichalcea Becker, 1921
Atherix basilica Nagatomi, 1958
Atherix chrysopiliformis Lindner, 1924
Atherix dalmatica (Szilády, 1934)
Atherix dispar Bezzi, 1909
Atherix erythraspis Bezzi, 1909
Atherix flavipes (Fabricius, 1781)
Atherix ibis (Fabricius, 1798)
Atherix ignota Szilády, 1934
Atherix lantha Webb, 1977
Atherix lugubris Macquart, 1834
Atherix marginata (Fabricius, 1781)
Atherix maroccana Séguy, 1930
Atherix neotropica Lindner, 1924
Atherix nicolae Thomas, 1993
Atherix pachypus Bigot, 1887
Atherix picta Loew, 1869
Atherix vaillanti (Thomas, 1982)
Atherix variegata Walker, 1848
Atherix vicina Szilády, 1943

References

Athericidae
Brachycera genera
Taxa named by Johann Wilhelm Meigen
Diptera of South America
Diptera of North America
Diptera of Australasia
Diptera of Asia
Muscomorph flies of Europe


title: Víctor Rosso

text:
Victor Rubén Rosso (born 1960) is an Argentine international racing driver who competed in motorsports from 1978 to 2012. He has continued to be involved in motor sports as a Team Principal.

Early and personal life
Rosso was born in Argentina where his mother called him Vichín. In 1973, he had his first experience in the sport with kart racing. In subsequent years, Rosso gained more experience by racing in different categories of karting. In 1982, Rosso moved to Europe because of the Falklands War.

Career
In 1978, at age 18, Rosso made his racing debut in Fórmula Renaut (previously Fórmula 4). Two years later, he became the first champion of the division and the youngest driver to win a national title. From 1975 to 2002, Rosso raced in Argentina, England, Germany, and Japan. He once competed against Ayrton Senna of Brazil and won pole positions over him at Mallory Park and Brands Hatch.

After several years as driver, Rosso retired in order to create his own racing team. As the Team Principal, he entered the Formula 3, rally and TC2000 formats. His new professional racing team included Dario and Gustavo Ramonda, Jorge Recalde, Pablo Peón and Luis Soppelsa. In 1994, he entered the Formula 3 Sudamericana and was the runner-up with Omar Martinez. In 1995, 1996 and 1997, Rosso entered the South American Formula 3 Championship and the National Rally Championship (with a team called Pro Rally). Rosso was the first Team Principal to enter an imported care in the TC2000. Rosso won four drivers' titles in the TC 2000: with Omar Martinez (1998), with Juan Manuel Silva (1999) and with José María "Pechito" Lopez (2008, 2009.)

Since 2002, Rosso has worked with racing teams in the role of Team Principal and has taken part in different motorsport events such as Rally Master. From 1996 to 2011, Rosso  worked as the Team Principal for Honda Racing in TC 2000, winning four drivers' titles and six manufacturer championships. The Honda Civic has a record 92 wins in the TC2000. In the Argentine car market it is considered to be at the same level as Ford, Chevrolet and Renault.

Between 1998 and 2010, Rosso won six manufacturer championships (1998,1999, 2003, 2008, 2009, and 2010). Then, in 2012, he became the Team Principal of Renault in Súper TC2000 and won the manufacturers championship, which was the team's first title in 19 years. Rosso's legacy is seen in staff of the official teams of the Super TC2000 (Peugeot, Fiat, Chevrolet, Toyota, Renault) being drawn from his Víctor Rubén Rosso structure.

Driver career

1980s
In 1980, Rosso won his first championship in the Argentina Renault Formula. This was one year after Renault had fielded a local team. In 1981, he competed in the British Marlboro Formula 3 championships with, for the first time, a full Argentinian team. He also competed in the European Formula 3 at Silverstone. In 1982, Rosso competed in eight races in the British Formula Ford 2000 and he won twice at Brands Hatch. He also competed twice at the European Championship and won one race in Hockenheim, Germany. Rosso was then the runner up at Donington Park in the 1983 Radio Trent competition. The following year, he was the Superguard champion at Donington.

In 1985, Rosso became the German Formula Ford 2000 champion and in 1986, he placed third in the German Formula 3 competition as part of the Dallara automobile company team. He also competed in the Formula 3 Macau GP. In 1987, Rosso returned to the German Formula 3 as part of the official Volkswagen team. He also drove in the Formula 3 EFDA Euroseries, winning at the Nürburgring, Germany. He finished the series in the runner up position.

In 1988, Rosso aimed to lead a team to race in Germany with a one hundred percent Argentine made car. It was the first Argentine carbon fiber car. The engine was the 088 Berta F3. For this challenge, Rosso worked with the Córdoba military aircraft factory and the engine preparer, Oreste Berta. Rosso did compete but could not complete the season due to financial problems. In the last year of the decade, Rosso drove in the German Formula 3 in a Russian-German EUFRA project team under the direction of Franz Tost.

1990s
In 1990, Rosso placed fourth in the Fuji World Cup. In 1990 and 1991, he competed in the Japan Formula 3, placing fourth in 1991. In 1990, 1991 and 1992, he drove with the Tom's Toyota official team in a Toyota Corolla for the Tourism Group "A". Rosso competed in two races of the TC2000 in Argentina in 1993 and again was part of Tom's Toyota. Rosso's driver for the South American and Argentine rally competitions in 1995 was Jorge Recalde.

In 1996, for the first time, Rosso presented a project to Honda to compete the TC2000 in Argentina. He entered the TC2000 again in 1997 with Honda (a notable event for the imported brand) and won. Rosso won the TC2000 again with Honda and Omar Martinez in 1998 and with Juan Manuel Silva in 1999.

1999 was the year of construction of Pro Racing's high-tech garages to accommodate different brands as well as the Córdoba Racing Research Model Workshop used for the preparation of high competition cars. Pro Racing opened a rally circuit in December 1999. It was used for Rally Master Argentina in 1999 and 2000 and several times for the WRC Rally Argentina Super Special Stage.

The drivers invited to come to the circuit included Markku Alen, Miki Biasion, Stig Blomqvist, Timo Salonen, Ari Vatanen, Jorge Recalde, Gabriel Raies, Gustavo Trelles, Jimmy McRae, Alister McRae, Bruno Thiry, Uwe Nittel, Manfred Stohl, Giggi Galli, Miguel Campos, and Jani Paasonen.

2000s
In each year of the 2000s, Rosso entered the TC2000 with Honda. In 2000 he had two pole positions and two wins; in 2001, one pole position and one win; and in 2002, five pole positions and 4 wins. In 2003, Rosso won the TC2000 manufacturers championship with Honda. In 2004, Rosso had seven pole positions and two wins; in 2005, two wins; in 2006, two pole positions and five wins; and in 2007, nine pole positions and five wins. In 2008, Rosso was the winner of the TC2000 manufacturer championship with Honda Racing and the drivers' championship with José María López.

Despite his winning the 2008 competition with José María "Pechito" Lopez, Honda retired from the TC2000 as they disagreed with new engine regulations. As a result, from 2009 to 2011 the team's name was changed to Team Petrobras. In 2009, Rosso won the TC2000 manufacturer championship with Honda Racing and also the driver's championship with José María López.

2010s
Rosso and Felipe McGough were involved with the January 22, 2010 event where José María López was confirmed as one of the drivers of the new USF1 Formula 1 Team, led by the journalist Peter Windsor. Three days later, López and Windsor were received by President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner at the Argentine Government House. Argentina was to pay twenty-five percent of the $8 million required by the US team. However, in the end, the USF1 team did not compete in Formula 1 due to problems in development and withdrawal of the financial support from YouTube co-founder Chad Hurley.

In 2010, Rosso again won the TC2000 manufacturer championship with Honda Racing. In 2011, he won one pole position and had one win. In 2012, Rosso was engaged by Renault to represent the brand in the super TC2000 championship with a team called Racecraft. In this year, he was the winner of the TC2000 manufacturer championship with the Renault LoJack Team. In 2013, Rosso was the runner up with the Renault LoJack Team in the TC2000 manufacturer championship and also the runner up in the driver's championship with Leonel Pernia.

Also in 2013, Rosso attended the FIA meetings at Paris with William de Braekeleer to represent the interests of Honda and establishing the rules for the 2014 World Touring Car Championship. Honda Argentina quit the project because of internal changes but Honda Europe and Honda Japan continued.

Team drivers
 1997: – Honda – Luis Soppelsa, Omar Martínez.
 1998: – Honda – Juan María Traverso, Omar Martínez, Juan Manuel Silva
 1999: – Honda – Juan Manuel Silva, Omar Martínez, Chiqui García, Gabriel Raies, Marcelo Bugliotti, Lucas Armellini.
 2000: – Honda – Omar Martínez, Juan Manuel Silva, Marcelo Bugliotti, Anibal Zaniratto.
 2001: – Honda – Juan Manuel Silva, Oscar Larrauri.
 2002: – Honda – Juan Manuel Silva, Guillermo Ortelli, Martín Basso, Esteban Tuero.
 2003: – Honda – Juan Manuel Silva, Guillermo Ortelli, Martín Basso.
 2004: – Honda – Juan Manuel Silva, Martín Basso, Fabián Yannantuoni.
 2005: – Honda – Juan Manuel Silva, Martín Basso, Fabián Yannantuoni.
 2006: – Honda – Juan Manuel Silva, Diego Aventín, Fabián Yannantuoni, Carlos Okulovich.
 2007: – Honda – Herny Martin, Cacá Bueno, Juan Manuel Silva, Carlos Okulovich, José María López.
 2008: – Honda – José María López, Juan Manuel Silva, Leonel Pernía, Carlos Okulovich.
 2009: – Honda – José María López, Juan Manuel Silva, Leonel Pernía, Santiago Ventana.
 2010: – Honda – Mariano Altuna, José María López, Leonel Pernía, Néstor Girolami.
 2011: – Honda – Leonel Pernía, Mariano Altuna, Néstor Girolami, Nazareno López.
 2012: – Renault – Leonel Pernía, Mariano Altuna, Guillermo Ortelli, Emiliano Spataro.
 2013: – Renault – Leonel Pernía, Guillermo Ortelli, Emiliano Spataro, Fabián Yannantuoni.

Other teams
Renault LoJack Team: Marcelo Ambrogio (Director General), Victor de la Rosa (engineer), Oscar Falcinelli (designer), Alexander Venturi (Chief Designer).
Toyota Team Argentina: Diego Bruna (Chief Designer).
Chevrolet YPF: Luciano Monti (Chief Designer), Victor Vega (engineer), Rafael Croceri (engineer).
Fiat Petronas: Javier Ciabattari (Chief Designer), Alejandro Saparrat (electronic engineer), Matías Bustos (engineers).
Peugeot LoJack Team: Ulises Armellini (Director General), Andrew Rodriguez (engineer).

1960 births
Living people
Argentine racing drivers
German Formula Three Championship drivers
Formula Renault Argentina drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Japanese Formula 3 Championship drivers
TC 2000 Championship drivers
TOM'S drivers
Japanese Touring Car Championship drivers
Volkswagen Motorsport drivers


title: This Means War (Avenged Sevenfold song)

text:
"This Means War" is a song by American heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold from the album Hail to the King.

Various publications have lambasted the track for its uncanny similarities to Metallica's 1993 single "Sad but True". The song was singled out by Machine Head's vocalist Robb Flynn as a ripoff. Users on Ultimate Guitar voted the song into the site's "Worst Guitar Riffs" list.

Although the song was not released as a single, the song placed on several American Billboard rock charts, and received a music video. Directed by Andrew Baird, it was released July 5, 2014.  The song was featured in the video game WWE 2K15.

Personnel
Avenged Sevenfold
 M. Shadows – lead vocals
 Zacky Vengeance – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 Synyster Gates – lead guitar, backing vocals
 Johnny Christ – bass guitar
 Arin Ilejay – drums

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links

Avenged Sevenfold songs
2013 songs
Song recordings produced by Mike Elizondo


title: 23rd Yokohama Film Festival

text:
The  was held on 3 February 2002 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa.

Awards
 Best Film: Go
 Best Actor: Yōsuke Kubozuka – Go, Oboreru Sakana
 Best Supporting Actor: Tsutomu Yamazaki – Go, The Guys from Paradise, Go Heat Man!, Jogakusei no Tomo
 Best Supporting Actress:
Kou Shibasaki – Go, Battle Royale
Yūki Amami – Rendan, Inugami
 Best Director: Isao Yukisada – Go
 Best New Director:
Masahiko Nagasawa – Koko ni Iru Koto
Shin Togashi – Off-Balance
 Best Screenplay: Kankurō Kudō – Go
 Best Cinematography: Naoki Kayano – Onmyoji
 Best New Talent:
Takato Hosoyamada – Go, All About Lily Chou-Chou
Hitomi Manaka – Koko ni Iru Koto
Megumi Hatachiya – Off-Balance
 Special Prize: Shinji Sōmai (Career)

Best 10
 Go
 Waterboys
 Battle Royale
 Spirited Away
 All About Lily Chou-Chou
 Kazahana
 Eureka
 Crayon Shin-chan: The Storm Called: The Adult Empire Strikes Back
 Rendan
 Koko ni Iru Koto, Off-Balance, Turn

References

Yokohama Film Festival
Y
Y
2002 in Japanese cinema
February 2002 events in Japan


title: Party of Democratic Forces

text:
The Party of Democratic Forces (, PFD) was a political party in Moldova.

History
The party was established in January 1993 as the Congress of Intellectuals, a breakaway from the Christian Democratic Popular Front (FPCD). The FPCD called for immediate unification with Romania, whilst the CI was more moderate. It was officially registered on 18 June.

Prior to the 1994 elections, it joined the Bloc of Peasants and Intellectuals, alongside the Alliance of Free Peasants (AȚL), the Democratic Christian League of the Women of Moldova (LDCFM), the Christian Democratic Party of Moldova (PDCM), and the National Liberal Party (PNL). The bloc received 9% of the vote, winning 11 of the 104 seats and becoming the third-largest faction in Parliament.

In June 1994, PDCM and the seatless Democratic Party merged into the Congress of the Intellectuals, which was renamed United Democratic Congress. The party contested the 1995 local elections as part of the Alliance of Democratic Forces, and was renamed the Party of Democratic Forces in October that year. Valeriu Matei was nominated as the party's candidate for the  1996 presidential elections. He came fifth with 8.9% of the vote. The PFD won 11 seats in the 1998 elections, emerging as the fourth-largest bloc in Parliament. It subsequently joined the Alliance for Democracy and Reforms governing coalition.

In the 1999 local elections, the party won around 8% of council seats and mayoralties. However, the 2001 elections saw the party's vote share fall from 8.8% to 1.2%, as it lost all its MPs. Following its electoral defeat, it merged into the Social Liberal Party after a vote at its ninth congress on 1 December 2002.

References

Defunct political parties in Moldova
Political parties established in 1993
Political parties disestablished in 2002


title: Institute of Economic Growth

text:
The Institute of Economic Growth (IEG) is an autonomous, multidisciplinary Centre for advanced research and training. Established in 1958, its faculty of about 23 social scientists (economists, demographers and sociologists) and a large body of supporting research staff focus on areas of social and policy concern.

IEG's research falls into nine broad themes: Agriculture and rural development, environment and resource economics; globalization and trade; industry, labour and welfare; macro-economic policy and modeling; population and development; health policy; and social change and social structure. In addition, the Institute organizes regular training programmes for the trainee officers of the Indian Economic Service and occasional courses for officers of the Indian Statistical Service, NABARD, and university teachers. The Institute's faculty members also supervise doctoral students from India and abroad, provide regular policy inputs, and engage with government, civil society and international organisations. Over the years IEG has hosted many international scholars, including Nobel Laureates Elinor Ostrom and Amartya Sen, and others such as Ronald Dore, Yujiro Hayami, Jan Breman and Nicolas Stern.

Founded in 1958 by the economist V.K.R.V. Rao, IEG's faculty, Board of Directors and Trustees have included a wide range of distinguished intellectuals and policy makers, including V.T. Krishnamachari, C.D. Deshmukh, P.N. Dhar, A.M. Khusro, Dharm Narain, C. Rangarajan, C.H. Hanumantha Rao, Nitin Desai, T.N. Madan, P.C. Joshi and Bimal Jalan. Several former faculty members have served as members of the Planning Commission or on the Prime Minister's Panel of Economic Advisors. Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has had a long association with the Institute, initially as Chairman of the Board (1972-1982) and as President (1992-2021) of the IEG Society. Other notable faculty members and leaders have included Ashish Bose and P. B. Desai. Currently, Shri. N.K. Singh is the President of IEG, Prof. Ramesh Chand is the Chairman of the BoG, IEG and Prof. Chetan Ghate is the Director of IEG.

The institute's areas of research may be broadly classified into nine themes:
 Agricultural and Rural Development
 Environmental and Natural Resources
 Globalization and Trade
 Health Economics and Policy
 Industry and Development
 Employment, Labour and Informal Sector
 Macroeconomics Analysis and Policy
 Population and Human Resources
 Social Change and Social Structure

The institute also imparts training to the trainee officers of the Indian Economic Service, the Indian Statistical Service, NABARD, and university faculty. It also conducts talks, dissertations and seminars and has hosted scholars such as Nobel Laureates Elinor Ostrom and Amartya Sen, Ronald Dore, Yujiro Hayami, Jan Breman and Nicolas Stern.

Facilities

Campus

IEG campus is a sprawling one, covering 7.5 acres of land and is home to the main office building, library, and residential buildings. The campus also accommodates a fitness centre, outdoor and indoor recreational facilities, seminar hall, children's park and play area for kids.

Library

IEG maintains a library, stocked with 1,31,000 accessioned documents such as books, monographs, workshop papers, proceedings of conferences, statistical documents in the fields of economics, economic development, energy, environment, finance, econometrics, mathematics, agriculture, forestry, industry, irrigation, sociology, social anthropology, gender, demography and health. It also has a wide range of unaccessioned micro documents on the subjects. It is accessible to research scholars, trainee officers and students of Delhi School of Economics and University of Delhi.

The library maintains around 20,000 bound volumes of journals and subscribes to 104 paid journals, 51 exchange journals and 123 gratis journals. Another specialized collection of the library is census reports; the complete set of census reports are available in hard copy or microfilms or CD format.

Computer Centre

The Computer Centre in IEG is the controlling and service providing centre of the Institute in all matters related to information technology. The centre oversees the functioning of the IEG communication network with the help of advanced servers, LAN network, data repository, fast internet connection through Delhi University LAN, wi-fi systems and reprographic facilities that can accommodate 170 users at a time. The systems are supported by relevant office automation software.

Hostel

The Institute provides hostel facility to the trainees, probationers, officers of the Indian Economic Service, the Indian Audits and Accounts Service and others undergoing training at the institute. The facility is also available to the research staff working on various IEG projects, doctoral or post-doctoral students and guests, on an availability basis.

Research themes

Agricultural and rural development

Agriculture and rural development was a high priority theme with IEG since in inception. The projects under this theme are funder by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The efforts are focused on sustainable agricultural development with special attention on environmental economics. The studies revolve around the pattern of growth in agriculture, its sources, determinants and implications in the society and the non farm employment in rural and urban India. The researches have produced several books, journals and research papers which are available for reference with IEG library.

Environmental and natural resources

The theme was introduced for research in the Eighties and has gained importance over the time. Research activities on non-renewable resources such as coal, iron ore, petroleum and oil, irrigation and water management, solar, biogas and renewable energy technologies have gained momentum at the institute. Simultaneously, forest related issues and industrial pollution are also treated as high priority subjects.

Globalization and trade

The principal are of work under this theme was transfer of technology and multinational enterprises which has now been expanded to cover trade and emerging issues of World Trade Organization (WTO) as well. The issues emerged as a fallout of globalization such as social and economic impact and cross-border trade have also been included now for further study.

Health economics and policy

The theme focusses on areas of health economics in the evolving national scene and is aimed at assisting policy makers with valid research data for arriving at policies and its amendments from time to time.

Industry and development

The theme of Industry and development was a major one, introduced at the beginning of the Institute and covered the entire range from small industry to multinational corporations with emphasis on employment, efficiency, environment and information technology. The emphasis is on contemporary issues from a policy making perspective. Small scale industries, petroleum, cotton and jute textiles, pricing policy for cement, sugar and cotton, location of sugar and fertilizer factories, and wages and productivity in major industries have all been taken up for advanced research and resultant studies have been made available to policy makers during the past years.

Employment, labour and informal sector

The latest addition to the theme profile is the one related to employment, labour and informal sector. IEG has conducted a large number of researches on:
 labour market, employment, unemployment, underemployment and low productivity employment in the informal sector
 standard of living and poverty
 social capital, population and income mobility
 urban slums, basic amenities and housing
 urban development

Macroeconomic analysis and policy

The theme is a preferred one at IEG and attends to the macroeconomic issues related to India and other developing countries and strive to develop macro economic models suitable for India. The researches are supported by the Development Planning Centre (DPC) and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Endowment Unit.

Population and human resources

The theme was introduced by the founder of IEG, V. K. R. V. Rao, in 1972. The studies undertaken under this theme are related to qualitative and quantitative evaluation of population and the development of demographic techniques for the estimation of births, deaths, contraception, couple protection and women's issues. It also studies the impact of national policies such as National Population Policy, National Health Policy, National Policy on Older persons and policies envisaged under the National Rural Health Mission on the society.

Social change and social structure

The theme of Social change and social structure, or in broader terms, sociology, was introduced by the Asian Centre of UNESCO, which was later merged with IEG, in 1967. The main areas of research are:
 comparative study of cultural and political development
 communalism and ethnic conflict
 rural transformation
 sociology of popular culture
 emergence of professionals and other middle class elites
 dynamics of religion, secularism and modernization
 changing functions of social institutions such as the family
 contemporary media networks
 gender relations
 social policy in respect to education, urbanisation and health
 cultural patronage
 social ecology and environment

Contributions to Indian Sociology, a journal, is based at IEG and is published in association with SAGE Publications.

Research units
Agricultural economics unit: The unit was established in 1961 with the aid of the Ministry of Agriculture to undertake studies on the various aspects of Indian agriculture.

Development planning centre: Established in 1994 with the financial support in the form of an endowment, from the Planning Commission, the unit endeavours to develop macro-economic models for forecasting the changes to assist the Government of India in policy making. The unit has collaboration arrangement with the Central Planning Bureau of Netherlands and Erasmus University.

Environment and resource economics unit: This unit was formed in 1998, funded by World Bank, and channeled through the Ministry of Environment and Forests under a five-year program. Later, Ford Foundation provided an endowment grant to IEG for creating a Professorial Chair in Environmental and Resource Economics. The unit concentrates on research, training, advising and networking the area of environment and resource economics.

Health policy research unit: The main objectives of the unit was to broaden the spectrum of research in the field of health economics. It was established in 1998 and strives to carry out research on:
 Health and poverty
 Health issues of the elderly, adolescents and women
 Health financing
 Health insurance
 Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS, Cardiovascular Diseases
 Coordination with agencies like WTO and GATS
 Adoption of health technology
 Costing and cost-effectiveness of health interventions.
 Economics of tobacco consumption and illegal drugs

The activities of the unit are funded by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; World Bank, WHO, UNAIDS, UNDP, DFID, AUSAID, SIDA, the Population Council, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Center for Global Development (CGD), Centre for Chronic Disease Control and Ford Foundation.

IES training section: IES training section was started in 1968 with the principal aim of training the officers of the Indian Economic Service. IEG conducts two types of officer training programs; an induction training program for probationers of IES and the other, an in-service course for regular officers. The courses originally covered topics such as problems related to Indian economy, Economic Sociology and Institutional Aspects of Economic Development, but the course was redesigned in 2005 to include microeconomics, macroeconomics, public economics and quantitative techniques based on case studies. A brain storming section is also a part of the course.

Population research centre: PRC was established in 1957 as a constituent of Delhi School of Economics, on the advice of V. K. R. V. Rao, who along with Professor P. C. Mahalanobis and Professor D. R. Gadgil, were members of a committee to study the development of research on population and its socio-economic impact. As per the recommendations of the committee, four Demographic Research Centres were opened of which one was hosted by IEG. This centre, in 1972, was renamed as Population Research Centre. The centre focusses mainly on policy issues and planning programs.

RBI endowment unit: The Reserve Bank of India granted a temporary endowment to IEG in 1979 to conduct studies on topics that is of interest to RBI such as money, trade, income and employment. The system was made permanent by RBI in 1991. The unit undertakes advanced research on matters related macroeconomics, open economy macroeconomic issues and economic reforms with special emphasis on applied econometric and causality analysis.

Social change and social structure unit: The unit is an eventual evolvement of the Asian Region Centre of UNESCO which started functioning out of IEG in 1967. When UNESCO opted out of the cooperation, the centre was downsized to form the unit, in 1974. The unit is funded by the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR).

VKRV Rao centre for studies in globalization: The unit was started in 1993 with the assistance from Ford Foundation for undertaking studies on globalization, the findings of which have been brought out by IEG by way of 4 books and over 50 research papers, published in known publications such as The Journal of Development Studies, World Development, Journal of Development Economics, Developing Economies, Applied Economics, Applied Economics Letters, The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, International Business Review, Journal of Business Venturing, Transnational Corporations, World Competition, Research Policy, The Information Society, Information Economics and Policy, Science Technology & Development, Indian Economic Review, and Economic and Political Weekly. Presently, the unit is involved in projects under two major themes; Information Technology (IT) Software and Hardware and Role of Knowledge Sharing in the Globalization of Indian Enterprises. The centre is also conducting collaborative
research with Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA, Institute of Developing Economies, Tokyo, Japan; Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands; United Nations University INTECH, Maastricht, The Netherlands and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Publications
The institute has published many books, some of the notable ones published since 2010 are:

IEG has also published many other books and research papers.

See also

 Division of labour
 Deindustrialisation
 Great Divergence
 Newly industrialised country
 Urbanisation
 Idea of Progress

References

External links

Higher education in India
Science and technology in India
Economic growth
Political and economic think tanks based in India
Economic research institutes


title: Shakoor Lake

text:
Shakoor Lake is a lake, comprising 300 km2, located on the border between the Indian state of Gujarat and the Sindh province on the southern edge of Pakistan. About 90 km2 of the lake comes under Pakistan, whilst the majority of the lake i.e. 210  km2, lies within India. The Indian built Indo-Pak Border Road runs across the Shakoor Lake and it is joined by the Indian GJ SH 45 State Highway just east of the lake, at the Kanjarkot Fort.

During the 2010 Pakistan floods, a controversial decision was made by Provincial Minister of Sindh, Zulfiqar Mirza, to release saline water and effluent into Shakoor Lake to alleviate pressure on the Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) in Badin, Pakistan.

Origin

This lake is formed by the emergence of Allah Bund on its southern side by blocking the Nara river (also known as Puran river or Kori river) when a massive earth quake struck the area in 1819. During the river flooding, Shakoor lake surpluses into the Kori Creek through the gaps formed in Allah Bund. Another low level lake called Sindri lake, located at , is also formed by subsidence to the south of the uplifted Allah Bund during the earthquake.  Geographically and environmentally, Lake Shakoor is part of the cross-border Rann of Kutch, a large seasonal salt marsh and a Global 200 Ecoregion.

Environmental concerns
The way water retention and salt extraction have been practiced in the Rann of Kutch region, is causing, and has already caused, devastating effects on the local environment; reducing the natural wildlife population, drying up and deforesting jungle habitats and mangroves, and threatening the entire regional ecosystem. In Lake Shakoor, salt extraction has been seen as the main culprit in this regard.

Border disputes
The Shakoor Lake area became involved in the century long "Kutch Dispute" in the 1960s, when Pakistani forces entered the area with a tank division and fortified the Kanjar Kot Fort. The Kutch Dispute then became part of the long-running and continuing border disputes between India and Pakistan, but it originated in the 1910s between the Bombay Presidency and the Princely State of Cutch, thus predating the creation of India and Pakistan. The borders in the Kutch Region was finally settled and effectuated on February 19, 1968, when both sides accepted the award of the Indo-Pakistan Western Boundary Case Tribunal designated by the UN secretary general. Sir Creek in the southwest of Great Rann of Kutch is still disputed though.

See also
 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake
 Chotiari Dam

References

Sources and external links
 Ecoregions of Pakistan WWF
 "The looming disaster"
 Google Maps  for the lake

Lakes of Gujarat
Lakes of Sindh
Kutch district


title: Christian Democratic League of Women

text:
The Christian Democratic League of Women (, LCDF) was a political party in Moldova.

History
The party was originally known as the Democratic Christian League of the Women of Moldova (Liga Democrat Creştin a Femeielor din Republca Moldova, LDCFM), and was led by Leonida Lari from 1990 until 1992. Prior to the 1994 elections it joined the Bloc of Peasants and Intellectuals, alongside the Alliance of Free Peasants (AȚL), the Congress of Intellectuals (CI), the Christian Democratic Party of Moldova (PDCM) and the National Liberal Party (PNL). The bloc received 9% of the vote, winning 11 of the 104 seats and becoming the third-largest faction in Parliament.

Prior to the 1998 elections the party joined the Democratic Convention of Moldova alliance, which became part of the Alliance for Democracy and Reforms governing coalition. In February 1999 the party was renamed the Christian Democratic League of Women.

The February 2001 elections saw the party run candidates on the National Liberal Party list. However, in March 2001 it merged with the National Youth League of Moldova to form the Social Liberal Party.

References

Defunct political parties in Moldova
Political parties disestablished in 2001


title: 24th Yokohama Film Festival

text:
The  was held on 2 February 2003 in Kannai Hall, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.

Awards
 Best Film: Hush!
 Best Actor:
Seiichi Tanabe – Hush!
Kyōzō Nagatsuka – The Laughing Frog
 Best Actress: Asaka Seto – Travail
 Best Supporting Actor: Shinya Tsukamoto – Travail, Ichi the Killer, Kuroe
 Best Supporting Actress: Nene Otsuka – The Laughing Frog, Utsutsu
 Best Director:
Ryosuke Hashiguchi – Hush!
Hideyuki Hirayama – The Laughing Frog, Out
 Best New Director: Fumihiko Sori – Ping Pong
 Best Screenplay: Kentarō Ōtani – Travail
 Best Cinematography: Kozo Shibazaki – Out, The Laughing Frog
 Best New Talent:
Masahiro Hisano – Gomen
Yukika Sakuratani – Gomen
Mikako Ichikawa – Travail

Best 10
 Hush!
 Out
 The Twilight Samurai
 KT
 Travail
 Sorry
 The Laughing Frog
 Ping Pong
 Harmful Insect
 Hikari no Ame
runner-up. Ichi the Killer

References

Yokohama Film Festival
Y
Y
2003 in Japanese cinema
February 2003 events in Japan


title: Vladimir Shtokman

text:
Vladimir Borisovich Shtokman (; 10 March 1909 – 14 June 1968) was a Soviet oceanographer and geophysicist.

Early life
Shtokman began his academic career in 1928, joining the faculty of physics and mathematics at the University of Moscow to study the emerging field of geophysics.  He suspended his studies in 1932 to start work as a laboratory assistant in the Institute of Oceanography, whilst also working on the problem of undersea cables breaking unexpectedly.  Shtokman was promoted for his work and led an expedition to the Barents Sea in 1933, where the Shtokman field, discovered in 1988, is located.

Academic career
In 1934, Shtokman moved from Moscow to Baku, where he created the Laboratory of Physical Oceanography as part of the Soviet Union's All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Ocean Fisheries and Oceanography (UNIRO).  Still a young scientist, this position proved to be very productive for him and allowed Sthokman to publish more than 20 articles devoted to the investigation of flow and mixture processes in the Caspian Sea. Shtokman finished his PhD in 1938.

During World War II, Shtokman was working at the Institute of Theoretical Geophysics in Krasnoyarsk, so was able to continue his work relatively unaffected by war.

Death
Shtokman died of heart disease, in Moscow, on 14 June 1968.

Notes

1909 births
1968 deaths
Soviet geophysicists
Marine geophysicists
Soviet oceanographers


title: Italian ship Pietro Micca

text:
Pietro Micca was the name of at least three ships of the Italian Navy and may refer to:

 , a cruiser launched in 1876 and discarded in 1893.
 , a  launched in 1917 and discarded in 1930.
 , a submarine launched in 1935 and sunk in 1943.

Italian Navy ship names


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text:
Aquarius is an American period crime drama television series. The series begins in 1967 Los Angeles. The story is inspired by actual people and events, but it is also made up of fictional characters and stories.

Aquarius was created by John McNamara for NBC. It aired from May 28, 2015, to September 10, 2016. It was one of eight series to receive the Critics' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series in 2015. On October 1, 2016, NBC canceled the series after two seasons.

Overview
The series begins in 1967 Los Angeles. The story is inspired by actual people and events, but it is also made up of fictional characters and stories. It stars David Duchovny as Sam Hodiak, a fictional LAPD detective investigating the case of a missing teenage girl named Emma Karn (Emma Dumont), along with his younger colleague undercover narcotics officer Brian Shafe (Grey Damon). Hodiak finds himself coming up against Charles Manson (portrayed by Gethin Anthony) and his infamous "family", a ragtag group of hippies who follow Manson, and Hodiak discovers that the missing girl is with them. The first season revolves around Manson's increasing influence, while the second season focuses on the Tate murders and Manson's belief in a coming race war he called "helter skelter".

Cast

Main cast
 David Duchovny as Sam Hodiak
 Grey Damon as Brian Shafe
 Gethin Anthony as Charles Manson
 Emma Dumont as Emma Karn
 Claire Holt as Charmain Tully
 Michaela McManus as Grace Karn
 Brían F. O'Byrne as Ken Karn
 Chance Kelly as Ed Cutler
 Ambyr Childers as Susan "Sadie" Atkins
 Madisen Beaty as Patty Krenwinkel — Beaty reprised this role in Quentin Tarantino's 2019 film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood.
 Cameron Deane Stewart as Tex Watson

Recurring cast

 Jason Ralph as Mike Vickery
 Beau Mirchoff as Rick Zondervan
 Tara Lynne Barr as Katie (season 1)
 David Meunier as Roy Kovic
 Shaun Duke as Art Gladner

 Gaius Charles as Bunchy Carter
 Jodi Harris as Opal Hodiak
 Milauna Jemai Jackson as Kristin Shafe
 Spencer Garrett as Hal Banyin
 Chris Sheffield as Walt Hodiak

 Brian Gattas as Rue Fisher
 Don Luce as Sal Dunphy
 Leah Bateman as Janet

 Clare Carey as Lucille Gladner
 Lobo Sebastian as Guapo
 Jade Tailor as Rachel

 Marshall Allman as Robbie Arthur
 Michael Drayer as Jimmy "Too" Butano

 Abby Miller as Mary "Mother Mary" Brunner
 Alex Quijano as Joe Moran

 James Martinez as Ruben Salazar
 Gabriel Chavarria as Juan

 Tim Griffin as Ron Kellaher
 Omar J. Dorsey as Ralph Church
 Alison Rood as Meg Frazetta
 Amanda Brooks as Sharon Tate
 Mark Famiglietti as Jay Sebring
 Johnny Kostrey as Wojciech Frykowski
 Andy Favreau as Dennis Wilson
 Calum Worthy as Steven Parent
 Jennifer Marsala as Abigail Folger
 Chase Coleman as Terry Melcher
 Mark L. Young as Bobby Beausoleil
 Jefferson White as Gary Hinman
 Olivia Taylor Dudley as Billie Gunderson

Production
Series creator McNamara calls his show "historical fiction" as it is inspired by Manson but not historically accurate. This is also expressed in the episodes' opening slate. It also contains completely fictional storylines in a period setting and involves historical events, politics, music, and social issues of the era. NBC has published a blog of events from 1967 to provide context.

The soundtrack consists of songs from the 1960s. The episode titles are names of famous songs, or Manson Family songs. These songs are included in the episode itself. The title of the series is a song from 1967 (from the cult musical Hair), which gave its name to the era in which the series is set. Season 2 episode titles are names of Beatles songs.

The series broadcast by NBC is TV-14. It was planned to release an unrated version through other markets. The DVD released in September 2015 contains nudity and language that was left out of the broadcast version to maintain its TV-14 rating.

The original vision was for the show to span six seasons. NBC announced the renewal of Aquarius for a second season on June 25, 2015.

Episodes

Season 1 (2015)

Season 2 (2016)
Season 2 debuted on June 16, 2016, with a two-hour, commercial-free event that constituted the first three episodes.

Webisodes

The Summer of Love is a series of four short webisodes. They are set in San Francisco in 1967 during the Summer of Love, before the events of season 1, where Charlie gathers his first followers Mary, Katie, and Sadie.

Broadcast
Aquarius premiered on May 28, 2015. Following the premiere's broadcast, NBC released all 13 episodes of the first season on its website, the NBC mobile app, and Hulu for a four-week period. The episodes were also televised in their normal weekly timeslot.

In Australia, the series premiered on May 29, 2015 on streaming service Presto, with all 13 episodes being released for 28 days.  Its later television debut on the Seven Network (which co-owns Presto) aired on August 26, 2015. Season 2 aired on the same day as the U.S., on Presto in Australia.

Reception

Critical response

Metacritic gives season 1 of Aquarius a score of 58/100 based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Glenn Garvin of Reason praised the series for being more than just another retelling of the Manson story, noting "The epic battles over race, gender, drugs, and the Vietnam war are all on display here." He also praises the "killer 1960s soundtrack".

Additionally, the show was nominated for and won Most Exciting New Series at the Critics’ Choice Television Awards in 2015.

Ratings
These Nielsen ratings reflect the regular TV broadcast, but do not include the online binge-watching that was made possible by releasing the complete series on demand even before the TV broadcast. Those online view numbers, however, are not publicly available. NBC claims they helped gaining insight into online viewing behavior.

Season 1

Season 2

References

External links

2010s American crime drama television series
2010s American LGBT-related drama television series
2015 American television series debuts
2016 American television series endings
Cultural depictions of Charles Manson
English-language television shows
Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department
NBC original programming
Television series about cults
Television series about dysfunctional families
Television series based on actual events
Television series by ITV Studios
Television series created by John McNamara (writer)
Television series set in the 1960s
Television shows set in Los Angeles


title: Christian Democratic Party of Moldova

text:
The Christian Democratic Party of Moldova (, PDCM) was a political party in Moldova.

History
Prior to the 1994 elections the PDCM joined the Bloc of Peasants and Intellectuals, alongside the Alliance of Free Peasants (AȚL), the Congress of Intellectuals, the Democratic Christian League of the Women of Moldova (LDCFM) and the National Liberal Party (PNL). The bloc received 9% of the vote, winning 11 of the 104 seats and becoming the third-largest faction in Parliament.

In June 1994 the PDCM and the seatless Democratic Party merged into the Congress of the Intellectuals, which was renamed United Democratic Congress, before being renamed the Party of Democratic Forces in October 1995.

References

Defunct political parties in Moldova
Political parties disestablished in 1994


title: History of the Jews in Łęczna

text:
The history of the Jews in Łęczna, Poland is first recorded and dated to 1501. The Jewish community of the town was evident and stable until the holocaust, after which it ceased to exist.
The Glincman family from Wlodawa sent some family members to live there in the late 1800s to widen their business  to surrounding towns. Nowadays monuments and buildings are still visible and commemorated in town.

16th to 18th centuries
A century afterwards, in the years 1668, 1678 and 1681, Leczna hosted the annual gathering of the Council of Four Lands, the Jewish leadership of Eastern Europe between 1580 and 1764. Having that, Leczna can be considered a central Jewish location in the Polish territories during the second half of the second millennium.

Like other Polish Jews, the Jews living in Leczna were mostly craftsmen such as shoemakers, tailors and butchers. In 1674, the Jews constituted 33% of the 547 individuals living in town. Shortly after the Jewish community had gotten a permit to establish their own synagogue, which still stands on the same place as in the 17th century. The Jewish community of Leczna enjoyed a relatively free and unrestricted everyday life, unlike other towns in eastern Europe and Poland specifically. Although some restrictions were imposed on the production of liquor (Herszek Kodenski, for example, was allowed to produce 400 cauldrons of Vodka, having to pay an annual fee of 400 zloti), owning of pubs, distilleries and other alcoholic facilities was allowed, unlike in other places, and the Jews had rights of to vote for every forth mayor who came from a Christian family. The decision to tax vodka in 1777 made the Jews earn a bigger income, and eventually gained the community the ability to raise a community trust.

19th century
By 1803, 38% of the town 1,465 inhabitants were Jews (563 individuals), but by 1840 - this percentage had doubled itself reaching 64% of the total population (1,754 Jews among 2,715 citizens). In 1846 the Jewish quarter was almost entirely burnt down, as happened also to the synagogue. During that time, the town was one of the most central centers of Hasidic Judaism in Poland, and known in Hebrew and Yiddish as "Hassidut Lanteshna" ("חסידות לנטשנה"), founded in town by Rabbi Isaac, a student of the famous Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin. Disputes over the election of a main community Rabbi had erupted regularly during the 19th century, between the Hasidic and Orthodox Jews living in town.

During the 1864 Polish January Uprising against the Russian Empire, one of the captured rebels was lieutenant Rachman Borenstejn, a Jewish resident of Leczna, who was eventually killed.

20th century
The Jewish community numbered 2,019 (63% of the total population in 1921). 1,617 Jews lived in Liczna in 1922. The community owned a synagogue, a mikveh, a prayer-house, a pre-burial house and a cemetery. In 1936, eight people were chosen to the general municipal council, showing just how dominant was the Jewish community in town. While 1889 Poles were living in town in 1935, the Jewish community reached to a number peak of 2273.

With the Nazi occupation, Poles and Jews were forced under a curfew. Jews were also forced to wear a yellow star on their chests and later on their arms. Jews were no longer admitted to Caffe's, hotels and bars. As a results of the Nazi regulation forced upon Polish Jews by Reinhard Heydrich, a Jewish Ghetto was established in Liczna and all Jews were forced to move into its borders. After the Ghetto was established, the supervision was given to Ukrainians who were trained by the Nazi's in Trawniki concentration camp. Nevertheless, a segregation fence between the Jewish and Polish communities wes built not before 1942. In January 1940, a local Judenrat was established by the Nazi's, consisting of 12 members.  Icek Chaim Fruchtman was the head of the Judenrat. A Jewish local mutual help committee was established in July 1940. Icek Zylberstein, A local, was the chairman of the committee. A health service was founded in 1940 and a public kitchen in 1941.

Between Meach and July 1942, Jews from Czechoslovakia and Bohemia arrived to the Liczna Ghetto. The population of the Ghetto grew from 2,191 in March 1941 to 3000 in October 1942.

The first transport to the Sobibor extermination camp was on October 25, 1942. About 3,000 people, mostly elderly and kids, were sent away. In September 1943 the Germans killed 23 Jews at Kanałowa Street and 50 Jews at Łańcuchowa Street.
970 Jews were killed by the Nazis during Yom Kippur holiday in 1943. Wojciech Wieczorek, the author of "Szkice z prowincji" ["Memories from the province"], describes the event: "Next to the synagogue there was quite a large square, with a ravine on its one side. The ravine was grooved a long time ago by rains and thawing snow. The ravine went down to the Lublin road, near the Świnka River Valley. It was the place where Jews in the rows of four each were walked from the ghetto. Afterwards, a machine gun did its job. Jews were killed not only in groups but also individually. It was done during the later phase of the murders, while searching for those who hid in the recesses in the ghetto. Moreover, the wounded who tried to hide were also hit by death blows. For the sake of certainty, the Germans threw hand grenades into the pit where dead bodies lay. Then, Jewish policemen were ordered to cover the bodies with a layer of ground." During the Holocaust, about 2,500 Jews who lived in Leczna prior to the war, were killed by the Nazis. Most of them were sent to Sobibor on three deportations - the first one on April or May 1942 (200 people), on October 23, 1942 (3,000 people) and on April 29, 1943 (300 people).

After the holocaust, the Jewish community of Leczna ceased to exist. Some survivors and relatives of murdered residents have reported to Yad Vashem about their ceased relatives. This documentation can be found online.

Places

The great synagogue and the museum
Located on 19 Boznicza street, the great synagogue in Leczna  was erected around 1655, after the Archbishop of Kraków granted permission to the Jews of Leczna to establish their own synagogue in town. The synagogue was burnt twice, in 1846 and 1881. He was then rebuilt, though he was hit again during World War II.
Between 1939 and 1944 the synagogue was used by the Nazis as a storehouse. After a new synagogue was built nearby, the building became a museum for the town history, including Judaica and Jewish-related artifacts. In September 1961, a plaque was put on the outer wall of the building commemorating its former use and the annihilated Jewish community that used to live there. On July 4, 2014, the synagogue was sprayed in graffiti containing anti-Jewish remarks. (For more information about the synagogue see external links).

Adam Dylewski in his guide entitled "In the Footsteps of Polish Jews" describes the museum in Łęczna: "Exposure system based on Jewish ritual cycle - from New Year (1 Tishri, September–October), by Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Chanukah and Purim until after Pesach. There are ritual objects (vessels for ritual washing of hands, Shabbat candlesticks, Kiddush cups, dishes on the etrog - citrus fruit, Hanukkah lamps, plates and kufelki Seder), costume pieces (m . al. tallit from Chisinau, the gift of a descendant of the well-known family Leczna Geldmanów). strong point of the exhibition is an original part on everyday life. There are, among others, Copper utensils, snuff, wedding invitations, business cards, and even an authentic bottles of the famous pesachówce Haberfeld of Auschwitz. In stark unique in Polish exhibitions Judaic is the original costume of a Jewish Ostrowiec, consisting of serdaczka and a skirt".

A commemorative plaque is stated on the outer wall of the synagogue. It was embed in September 1961 in honor of the town Jews killed by the Nazi regime. The executions took place on the scarp next to the synagogue, and their bodies were also buried there.

The small synagogue
Next to the old synagogue stands a smaller and newer one, on Boznicza 21. The synagogue was built at the beginning of the 19th century and at first hosted the community schools and a prayer space. As happened with the old synagogue, the new synagogue was also burnt down in 1846 and 1881. It was re-built only in 1859 and the second time in 1894. After the holocaust, the building did not serve the non-existent Jewish community but functioned as an office for "Drewno" Lublin cooperative work organization. In 1979 the building housed offices of the textile organization, but in 1989 it was abandoned until it was renovated in 1992. The building is being used these days as a library. Only one piece of furniture survived from the time the building was a synagogue - the hand washing basin. For more information about the synagogue see its webpage.

The Jewish cemetery of Leczna
The Jewish cemetery cemetery on  Pasternik street is dated back at least to 1639, and the last burial took place at 1942. Before World War II the cemetery was surrounded by a brick wall. During the 1950s the synagogue was liquidated and planted in trees that left no trace of tombstones. An effort of restoring the cemetery was started in 1984, and a number of tombstones were recovered and can still be found in the regional museum of Leczna.

Known community leaders in Leczna
Community leaders include:
Szlomo Jehud Leib Łęczne - the disciple of Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin. A Hasid who founded the Hasidic Jewish community in Leczna that became prominent in the general Jewish community of the town during the 19th century.
Joszua Lejb Ostrowski - the son of Tzadik Szlomo Leib Leczne, served as the community Rabbi between 1843 and 1856. His election triggered a conflict between the Orthodox and the Hasidic Jews in Leczna.
Chaim Boruch Kowartowski - Became the town rabbi in 1856, after he left the same role in the town of Raciaz. Rabbi Kowatrowski died and buried in Leczna in 1885. His relatives were later killed during the holocaust.
Chaim Szyja Biderman - after Rabbi Kowatrowski's death in 1885, the community had no official Rabbi, making Chaim Szyja Biderman - a member of the community trustees authority to fulfill the role until 1889.
Lipa Ringelhajm  - Became the community Rabbi and angered the community by asking to raise his pay. Further accusations accused him of fulfilling the role for the money and not for the essence of it. The community took these accusation to the Russian officials - the governor of Lubartow County. It is possible that due to the fact that the main accusers were Hassidim, who were hostile to the Russian rule, the governor favored Ringelhejm, who was loyal to the authorities. In 1892 Ringelhajm was charged once again, but for exploiting money. He was found guilty and lost his role in 1893.
Lejzor – Izrael Kirszenbaum - After the dismissal of Ringelhajm, Rabbi Kirszenbaum was chosen in the elections for the role,  by receiving 87 out of the total 112 votes. He served as the community Rabbi until 1907. Rabbi Kirszenbaum was sent to the gas chambers in Belzec in 1942.
Henoch Gringlas - Kirszenbaum son-in-law Henoch Gringlas succeeded him when Kirszenbaum was sent to his next role. Gringlas was accused for neglecting the community Rabbi duties such as participating in local circumcisions and documentations of births. As a result, he was eventually replaced by another Rabbi.
Rachmil Bromberg - Bromberg succeeded Gringals in 1906. As a non-native to Liczna, he moved there with his wife, which was the granddaughter of former local Rabbi Kowartowski. When he moved to Leczna, Gringlas was still the community Rabbi. With Bromberg's becoming a key figure in the community, Gringlas tried to force him out of town. The dispute eventually reached the governor of Lublin, who decided to leave the decision to the chief Rabbinate of Warsaw, which rolled in favor of Bromberg and made him chief Rabbi. Bromberg was the last community Rabbi of Liczna. He was killed by the Nazis during the holocaust.
Icek Chaim Frochtman - Head of the Liczna Ghetto Judenrat during the Holocaust.

Organizations
A few Jewish organizations have been active through the course of history of the Jewish community in Leczna.
Bund- a branch of the General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland was active in Leczna since World War I.
Orthodox Jewish Organization - a branch was active in Lecnza since 1919.
Poale Zion - A branch of the Marxist-Zionist organization was active since the late 1920s.
Revisionist Zionist Organization - A branch of the right-winged Zionist organization was established in Leczna during the 1930s.
Central Jewish Union of Jewish craftsmen - a branch of the non-political Jewish union was active in town.

Education and culture
Leczna Jewish library - established in 1918 by Sztrejcher Henryk, the library organized cultural events on Jewish holidays such as a Purim ball and Chanukah games. During Chanukah 1920 (December 11), the library hosted a poetry meeting.
Cheder - nine Cheder classrooms operated in Leczna during World War I. One Cheder operated during the holocaust, and the teachers were Benjamin Samen and Herszek Lejderman.
Bejt Jaakow Jewish school for girls - an elementary Jewish school for girls was situated on Zielona St. Josef Balter, Sztejnberg Szulim and Cyrla Szlomowicz.

See also
 History of the Jews in Poland
 History of the Jews in Brody
 History of the Jews in Gdańsk
 History of the Jews in Kalisz
 History of the Jews in Łuków

References

External links
Articles concerning Jews in Leczna
Yad Vashem: List of Leczna Victims Murdered in the Holocaust

Leczna
Leczna
Jewish history


title: Reed Farrel Coleman

text:
Reed Farrel Coleman (born March 29, 1956) is an American writer of crime fiction and a poet.

Life and career
Reed Farrel Coleman, the youngest of three boys, was born and raised in the Sheepshead Bay, Coney Island, Brighton Beach section of Brooklyn. As a teenager, he heard a shot while walking to work, and saw a man lying in the street with a fatal stomach wound. That is when he realized, "People do get hurt." He started writing in high school. He has worked at an ice cream store, in air freight at Kennedy Airport, as a car leasing agent, in baby food sales, cooking at a restaurant, as a cab driver, and delivering home heating oil. Coleman met his wife Rosanne at The New School in a writing class. They have two children, Kaitlin and Dylan. He now lives on Long Island.

Coleman only considered making writing a career once taking a Brooklyn College detective fiction class.    He is a multiple award-winning author, particularly his Moe Prager series. Also published are series featuring protagonists Gulliver Dowd, Dylan Klein, and Joe Serpe. The Dowd character was based on a retired police detective that he had met. The Joe Serpe novels were originally written under the pen name Tony Spinosa, but are now available as Coleman titles. He has written the stand-alone novels Tower with Ken Bruen, Bronx Reqiem with Det. (ret.) John Roe of the NYPD, Gun Church, and several short stories, essays, and poems. Coleman has won Anthony, Audie, Barry, Macavity and Shamus Awards.     His books and stories have additionally been nominated for Gumshoe and Edgar Awards.     The books have been translated into seven languages.

He considers William Blake, Lawrence Block, T.S. Eliot, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, Raymond Chandler and Dashiell Hammett to be early influences. Later he found  significance in the writing of colleagues Peter Blauner, Ken Bruen, Jim Fusilli, S.J. Rozan, and Peter Spiegelman. He says, though, that his single greatest writing influence was his college poetry professor, David Lehman, who provided "permission to be a writer and...the first clues on self-editing".     NPR has referred to him as "a hard-boiled poet", The Huffington Post says, "Coleman is the resident noir poet laureate of the United States" and The New York Times has commented, "If you dragged one (of his books) across the asphalt, you'd half-expect it to leave a chalk outline".

With a four-book contract, Coleman takes over writing Robert B. Parker's Jesse Stone series with the September 2014 publication of Blind Spot. He has also been signed to a two-book deal featuring retired Suffolk County (NY) cop turned PI Gus Murphy.     He is an adjunct instructor of English at Hofstra University, a former Executive Vice President of Mystery Writers of America, and a founding member of Mystery Writers of America University.

Bibliography

Dylan Klein series
 Life Goes Sleeping, Permanent Press, 1991.
 Little Easter, Permanent Press, 1993.
 They Don't Play Stickball in Milwaukee, Permanent Press, 1997.

Moe Prager series
 Walking the Perfect Square, Permanent Press, 2001.
 Redemption Street, Viking, 2004.
 The James Deans, Plume, 2005.
 Soul Patch, Bleak House Books, 2007.
 Empty Ever After, Bleak House Books, 2008.
 Innocent Monster, Tyrus Books, 2010.
 Hurt Machine, Tyrus Books, 2011.
 Onion Street, Tyrus Books, 2013.
 The Hollow Girl, F+W Media, Inc., 2014.

Joe Serpe series
(writing as Tony Spinosa)
 Hose Monkey, Bleak House Books, 2006.
 The Fourth Victim, Bleak House Books, 2008.

Gulliver Dowd series
 Dirty Work, Raven Books [Orca Book Publishers], 2013.
 Valentino Pier,  Raven Books [Orca Book Publishers], 2013.
The Boardwalk, Raven Books [Orca Book Publishers], 2015.
Love and Fear, Raven Books [Orca Book Publishers] , 2016.

Gus Murphy series
 Where It Hurts, 2016.
 What You Break, 2016.

Robert B. Parker's Jesse Stone
 Blind Spot, G.P. Putnam, 2014.
 The Devil Wins, G.P. Putnam, 2015.
Debt to Pay, G.P. Putnam, 2016. .
The Hangman’s Sonnet, Penguin Random House, 2017.
Colorblind, Penguin Random House, 2018.
The Bitterest Pill, Penguin Random House, 2019.

Standalone novels
 Tower (with Ken Bruen), Busted Flush Press, 2009.
 Bronx Requiem: a detective Jack Kenny mystery (with John Roe), Hyperion, 2012.
 Gun Church, Tyrus, 2012.

Essays and short stories
(a selection)

Fiction
 "Portrait of the Killer As a Young Man"Dublin Noir: The Celtic Tiger Vs. the Ugly American, ed. Ken Bruen, Akashic Books, 2006, pp. 61–66.
 "Killing O'Malley" (as Tony Spinosa)Hardboiled Brooklyn, ed. Coleman, Bleak House, 2006, pp. 108–115.
 "Bat-Head Speed"These Guns for Hire, ed. by J. A. Konrath, Bleak House, 2006, pp. 299–306.
 "Another Role"Indian Country Noir, eds. Sarah Cortez & Liz Martínez, Akashic Books, 2010, pp. 214–238.
 "Mastermind" (fr. Long Island Noir, ed. K. Jones)USA Noir: Best of the Akashic Noir Series, ed. Johnny Temple, Akashic Books, 2013, pp 170–179.
 "The Terminal"Kwik Krimes, ed. Otto Penzler, Thomas & Mercer, 2013, pp. 93–96.

Nonfiction
 "Go East, Young Man: Robert B. Parker, Jesse Stone, and Spenser"In Pursuit of Spenser: Mystery Writers on Robert B. Parker and the Creation of an American Hero,  ed. Otto Penzler, BenBella Books, 2012, pp. 193–210.
 "Tomato Red by Daniel Woodrell (1998)"Books to Die For, eds. John Connolly & Declan Burke, Hodder & Stoughton, 2012, pp. 649–654.

Poetry
 The Lineup: Poems on Crime 2, ed. Gerald So, with Patrick Bagley, Richie Narvaez & Anthony Rainone, Poetic Justice Press, 2009.
 The Lineup: Poems on Crime 3, ed. Gerald So with Sarah Cortez, Richie Narvaez & AnthonyRainone, Poetic Justice Press, 2010.
 The Lineup: Poems on Crime 4, ed. Gerald So with Reed Farrel Coleman, Sarah Cortez, & Richie Narvaez, Poetic Justice Press, 2011.

Awards

Anthony Award
 2006 Best Paperback Original - The James Deans - WINNER
 2010 Best Paperback Original - Tower (w/Ken Bruen) - finalist
 2012 Best Novel - Hurt Machine - finalist

Audie Award
 2013 Original Work - Gun Church - WINNER

Barry Award
 2006 Best Paperback Novel - The James Deans - WINNER
 2008 Best Novel - Soul Patch - finalist
 2012 Best Novel - Hurt Machine - finalist

Gumshoe Award
 2006 Best Novel - The James Deans - finalist

Edgar Award
 2006 Best Paperback Original - The James Deans - finalist
 2008 Best Novel - Soul Patch - finalist
 2014 Best Short Story - "The Terminal" in Kwik Krimes - finalist

Macavity Award
 2006 Best Mystery Novel - The James Deans - finalist
 2010 Best Mystery Novel - Tower (w/Ken Bruen) - WINNER
 2008 Best Mystery Novel - Soul Patch - finalist
 2014 Best Mystery Short Story - "The Terminal" in Kwik Krimes - finalist

Shamus Award
 2006 Best PI Paperback Original - The James Deans - WINNER
 2008 Best PI Hardcover - Soul Patch - WINNER
 2009 Best PI Hardcover - Empty Ever After - WINNER
2017 Best PI Hardcover - Where It Hurts - WINNER

References

External links
 Official Web Site
 Mystery Writers of America University
 Publishers Weekly notes Robert B. Parker book deal
 Interview on Beaks and Geeks Podcast June 10, 2014, accessed July 29, 2014

1956 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American mystery writers
Crime novelists
Hofstra University faculty
Anthony Award winners
Barry Award winners
Macavity Award winners
Shamus Award winners
People from Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn
Writers from Brooklyn
Novelists from New York City
American male novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Brooklyn College alumni


title: Tümay Ertek

text:
Tümay Ertek was born in Silifke, Mersin, Turkey, in 1938. He received his high school degree from Tarsus American College in 1958 and his bachelor's degree from Middle East Technical University (METU) in 1962. He received his master and Ph.D. from University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wisconsin, United States. He served as a professor at Middle East Technical University (METU) and then Boğaziçi University for many years. During 1971–1972, he also served as the Head of Department at the Economics Department at Middle East Technical University (METU). In the meanwhile, he visited Khartoum University in Sudan, Pahlavi University in Iran, and Boise State University in Idaho, United States, as a visiting professor.

Ertek became Associate Professor in 1981, full Professor in 1988, and retired from Boğaziçi University in 1995. Following his retirement, Ertek served at Eastern Mediterranean University in the Turkish Republic of Cyprus, and then at various private universities in Turkey.

Ertek died in 2011. In his final years, he contributed to the development of the field of economics in Turkey by doing research regarding the Turkish economy and writing numerous textbooks for university students.

Books
 "Meslek Yüksekokulları için Makro İktisat by Tümay Ertek (, Beta Yayıncılık, 2012)
 "Meslek Yüksekokulları için İktisata Giriş by Tümay Ertek (, Beta Yayıncılık, 2012)
 "Temel Ekonomi by Tümay Ertek (, Beta Yayıncılık, 2011)
 "Temel Ekonomi için Alıştırmalar by Tümay Ertek (, Beta Yayıncılık, 2011)
 "Mikroekonomi Teorisi by Tümay Ertek (, Beta Yayıncılık, 2009)
 "Mikroekonomi Teorisi için Alıştırmalar by Tümay Ertek (, Beta Yayıncılık, 2010)
 "Makroekonomiye Giriş by Tümay Ertek (, Beta Yayıncılık, 2005)
 "Mikroekonomiye Giriş by Tümay Ertek (, Beta Yayıncılık, 2012)

Notes

External links

 Prof. Tümay Ertek's home page (in Turkish)

1938 births
2011 deaths
Middle East Technical University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni


The 2014–15 George Mason Patriots women's basketball team represented George Mason University during the 2014–2015 College Basketball season. Nyla Milleson resumes the responsibility as head coach for a second consecutive season. The George Mason Patriots are members of the Atlantic 10 Conference and play their home games at the Patriot Center. This is their second season playing in the Atlantic 10 Conference after becoming new members of the conference last season. They finished the season 13–17, 5–11 in A-10 play to finish in a four way tie for tenth place. They lost in the second round of the A-10 women's tournament to Saint Joseph's.

2014–2015 Media and televised games

George Mason Patriots Sports Network
Patriots games will be broadcast on WGMU Radio and streamed online through Patriot Vision . Most home games will also be featured on the A-10 Digital Network. Select games will be televised.

Televised games
George Mason has 2 conference games televised. One game on NBC Sports Network against the St. Louis Billikens with the result of George Mason winning 66-57 on 1/4/15 at the Patriot Center for their first conference win of the season. Another game on ESPNU on 1/18/15 against Richmond Spiders women's basketball with the result of George Mason losing 49-77 at the Robins Center.

Buzzer Beaters
Taylor Brown hits two buzzer beaters in two straight games. One against La Salle University to win 73-71. Another one against St. Bonaventure University to tie the game 53-53 to force overtime. The Patriots would go on to win 68-53. The buzzer beater against La Salle University was a euro-step layup when the game was tied 71-71. The other buzzer beater against St. Bonaventure University was a fade-away 3-pointer which went in all-net. The Patriots were down 53-50 with 7.5 seconds The video showed Taylor Brown being pushed to out of bounds while in shooting motion. St. Bonaventure University had a foul to give but let Taylor Brown tie the game, force the game into overtime, and let the Patriots win 68-55. Taylor Brown received attention from ABC 7 News after hitting the two buzzer beaters.

Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#006400; color:#FFD700;"| Exhibition

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#FFD700; color:#006400;"| Regular Season

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#006400; color:#FFD700;"| Atlantic 10 Tournament

Rankings
2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings

See also
 2014–15 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team
 George Mason Patriots women's basketball

References

George Mason Patriots women's basketball seasons
George Mason
George Mason Patriots women's basketball


title: Ernesto Grobet

text:
Ernesto Grobet (29 June 1909 – 29 September 1969) was a Mexican cyclist. He competed in the time trial event at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1909 births
1969 deaths
Mexican male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Mexico
Cyclists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Veracruz
20th-century Mexican people


title: Edgbastonia alanwillsi

text:
Edgbastonia alanwillsi is a species of minute freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Hydrobiidae. It is currently the sole species within the genus Edgbastonia.

E. alanwillsi is endemic to western Queensland, Australia. It is only found in a small group of springs in the Edgbaston Reserve near Aramac, where it is assumed to be relictual.

See also
 List of non-marine molluscs of Australia

References

External links

Hydrobiidae
Gastropods of Australia
Endemic fauna of Australia
Gastropods described in 2008
Freshwater molluscs of Oceania


title: Dwarbasini

text:
Dwarbasini ("দ্বারবাসিনী") is a Shakti goddess. She is the form of goddess Durga. The Dwarbasini temple is situated on the bank of Dwarka River and at the end of Deucha-Boliharpur road. Here
Dwarka River is flowing twords north, and according to tantra Dwarbasini is a shaktipith.

Etymology
From a folk story we get the name of 'Raja Umacharan Roy  ( Umeshcharan Sharma ) ', grandson of first priest Triloke Sharma. He was a great devotee of the goddess 'Dwarbasini' ani had died by Santhals at Santhal rebellion. He had donated lands to allocate flowers, woods, rices, sweets, milk etc. at the village chondrapur (চন্দ্রপুর).

Origins
Goddess Dwarbasini is a stone idol with no image. She here is goddess Durga with Laxmi, Saraswati, Kartik, and Ganesha.  This temple was built near about 30 years ago. Before this temple was made, Dwarbasini was covered with the bamboo umbrella, made by Santhals.

History
Dwarbasini is a 'sini' goddess like palashbasini, duarsini etc. Probably she was worshiped by Santhals, and pahria Mals.

Etymology
From a folk story we have the name of 'Raja Umacharan Roy'. He was a great devotee of goddess 'Dwarbasini'. He had no son. So he had adopted a son who was the forefather of the 'Bondopadhaya' priest family. At the time of The santhal Rebellion Umacharan had killed by santhals.

References

Shaktism
Hindu temples in West Bengal


title: Edgbastonia

text:
Jardinella is a genus of small freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Tateidae.

Species
 Edgbastonia acuminata (Ponder & G. A. Clark, 1990)
 Edgbastonia alanwillsi Ponder, 2008
 Edgbastonia chillagoensis Ponder, W.-H. Zhang, Hallan & Shea, 2019
 Edgbastonia colmani (Ponder & G. A. Clark, 1990)
 Edgbastonia conjuboyensis Ponder, W.-H. Zhang, Hallan & Shea, 2019
 Edgbastonia coreena (Ponder & G. A. Clark, 1990)
 Edgbastonia corrugata (Ponder & G. A. Clark, 1990)
 Edgbastonia edgbastonensis (Ponder & G. A. Clark, 1990)
 Edgbastonia hufferensis Ponder, W.-H. Zhang, Hallan & Shea, 2019
 Edgbastonia jesswisseae (Ponder & G. A. Clark, 1990)
 Edgbastonia pagoda Ponder, W.-H. Zhang, Hallan & Shea, 2019
 Edgbastonia pallida (Ponder & G. A. Clark, 1990)
 Edgbastonia routhensis Ponder, W.-H. Zhang, Hallan & Shea, 2019
 Edgbastonia rugosa Ponder, W.-H. Zhang, Hallan & Shea, 2019
 Edgbastonia zeidlerorum (Ponder & G. A. Clark, 1990)

References

 Ponder, W.F.; Wilke, T.; Zhang, W.-H.; Golding, R.E.; Fukuda, H.; Mason, R.A.B. (2008). Edgbastonia alanwillsi n. gen & n. sp. (Tateinae: Hydrobiidae s.l.: Rissooidea: Caenogastropoda); a snail from an artesian spring group in western Queensland, Australia, convergent with some Asian Amnicolidae. Molluscan Research. 28(2): 89-106

External links
 Ponder W., Zhang W.-H. (Wei-Hong), Hallan A. & Shea M. (2019). New taxa of Tateidae (Caenogastropoda, Truncatelloidea) from springs associated with the Great Artesian Basin and Einasleigh Uplands, Queensland, with the description of two related taxa from eastern coastal drainages. Zootaxa. 4583(1): 1-67

Tateidae


title: Natasha Chmyreva

text:
Natalya Yuryevna "Natasha" Chmyreva (, 28 May 1958 – 16 August 2015) was a Russian tennis player who won 1975 and 1976  Wimbledon girls' singles championships and 1975  US Open girls' singles championship

Life
Natasha Chmyreva was born on 28 May 1958 in the USSR.

Career
In 1975, Natasha Chmyreva reached the semifinals of the Australian Open, losing to Martina Navratilova. In 1976, she reached the quarterfinals of the U.S. Open. Her last international match was against Tracy Austin at the Fed Cup in 1979.

References

External links

 </ref>

1958 births
2015 deaths
Wimbledon junior champions
US Open (tennis) junior champions
Soviet female tennis players
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' singles
Universiade medalists in tennis
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Universiade silver medalists for the Soviet Union


title: Warham Guild

text:
The Warham Guild was an Anglican organization of craftsmen and artisans, founded to "augment the studies of the Alcuin Club and the directives of The Parson's Handbook" with "the making of all the 'Ornaments of the Church and of the Ministers thereof' according to the standard of the Ornaments Rubric, and under fair conditions of labour." It was named for William Warham, who served as Archbishop of Canterbury in the period leading up to the break with papal authority.

The guild was founded in London in 1912. It was headed by Percy Dearmer until his death in 1936. After that point the guild became closely associated with AR Mowbray, a business producing church vestments. This business was acquired by ecclesiastic retailer J. Wippell & Co in 1969, which today owns the guild's vestment patterns.

The guild published a number of works detailing the design of church building and their ornaments, and outlining how the guild approached producing new ornaments and vestments. The guild published their Handbook for the first time in 1932, described as "a condensed and up-to-date version" of The Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament by Augustus Pugin.  Architectural historian James Bettley noted that it promoted the "Primrose" aesthetic of white church walls and coloured vestments, in contrast to the plainer vestments and brighter walls advocated by Richard Frederick Littledale decades previous.

Extant works by the guild include the altar of St Mary's Church, Badley, and several components of the Parish Church of St James the Great, a listed building.

See also

 Sarum rite

References

Further reading
The Warham Guild Handbook. Mowbrays, 1932.

External links

Warham Guild Publications from Project Canterbury

1912 establishments in England
Church of England societies and organisations
Christian organizations established in 1912


title: Flamelet generated manifold

text:
Flamelet-Generated Manifold (FGM) is a combustion chemistry reduction technique. The approach of FGM is based on the idea that the most important aspects of the internal structure of the flame front should be taken into account. In this view, a low-dimensional chemical manifold is created on the basis of one-dimensional flame structures, including nearly all of the transport and chemical phenomena as observed in three-dimensional flames. In addition, the progress of the flame is generally described by transport equations for a limited number of control variables.

See also
 Combustion models for CFD

References

Further reading

Combustion


title: Lew Rush

text:
Lewis Franklin Rush (12 September 1912 – 27 October 1999) was a Canadian cyclist. He competed in the time trial and the team pursuit events at the 1932 Summer Olympics. He was inducted into the Greater Victoria Sports Hall of Fame in 2007.

References

External links

1912 births
1999 deaths
Canadian male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Canada
Cyclists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Victoria, British Columbia


title: Ger Aylward

text:
Ger Aylward (born 30 March 1992) is an Irish hurler who plays club hurling for Glenmore and played inter-county level with the Kilkenny senior hurling team until his retirement after the 2020 season. He usually lines out as a left corner-forward.

Playing career

Good Counsel College

Aylward first came to prominence as a hurler with Good Counsel College in New Ross. He played in every grade of hurling before eventually joining the college's senior hurling team. On 14 March 2009, Aylward was at right corner-forward when Good Counsel College faced Castlecomer Community School in the Leinster final. He was held scoreless throughout the game but collected a winners' medal following the 1–13 to 2–08 victory. On 28 March 2009, Aylward was switched to full-forward when Good Counsel College faced Gort Community School in the All-Ireland final. He scored four points, including two from placed balls, and collected a winners' medal following the 1–12 to 0–11 victory.

Glenmore

Aylward joined the Glenmore club at a young age and played in all grades at juvenile and underage levels as a dual player before eventually joining the club's top adult teams in both hurling and Gaelic football.

On 10 October 2009, Aylward lined out at left corner-forward when Glenmore faced Muckalee in the Kilkenny Football Championship final. He ended the game with a winners' medal following the 2–7 to 0–10 victory.

On 25 October 2015, Aylward won a Kilkenny Junior Championship medal as part of the Glenmore hurling team that defeated Kilmacow by 1–12 to 2–06 in the final. On 16 January 2016, he lined out at right corner-forward when Glenmore faced Lusmagh in the Leinster final. Aylward scored five points and ended the game with a winners' medal following the 0–23 to 0–13 defeat of Lusmagh. A knee injury sustained in the All-Ireland semi-final against Dungourney ruled him out of the final against Eoghan Rua on 7 February 2016. In spite of this, Aylward collected an All-Ireland medal as a non-playing substitute following the 2–08 to 0–12 victory.

Kilkenny

Minor and under-21

Aylward first played for Kilkenny as a member of the minor team during the 2009 Leinster Championship. On 5 July 2009, he lined out at full-forward when Kilkenny faced Wexford in a second successive Leinster final. Aylward scored 1-01 from play and collected a Leinster Championship medal following the 1–19 to 0–11 victory. On 6 September 2009, he started the All-Ireland final against Galway on the bench but was introduced as a 51st-minute substitute for Walter Walsh at full-forward. Aylward was held scoreless as Kilkenny suffered a 2–15 to 2–11 defeat.

Aylward was eligible for the minor grade again in 2010. On 4 July 2010, he won a second successive Leinster Championship medal following a 1–20 to 0–10 defeat of Dublin in the final. On 5 September, Aylward was at full-forward when Kilkenny faced Clare in the All-Ireland final. He scored a point from play and collected a winners' medal following the 2–10 to 0–14 victory.

Aylward was drafted onto the Kilkenny under-21 for the 2011 Leinster Championship. He made his first appearance for the team on 7 June 2011 when he scored a goal in a 1–16 to 2–12 defeat by Wexford.

On 11 July 2012, Aylward won a Leinster Championship medal after top scoring with 2-05 from left corner-forward in a 4–24 to 1–13 defeat of Laois in the final. He retained his position for the All-Ireland final against Clare on 15 September 2012, in spite of tearing his hamstring in the All-Ireland semi-final. Aylward scored 1-01 from  play in the 2–17 to 2–11 defeat by Clare.

Intermediate

Aylward was added to the Kilkenny intermediate team for the 2012 Leinster Championship. He made his first appearance for the team on 28 June 2012 and collected a Leinster Championship medal after scoring two points in a 3–20 to 2–14 defeat of Wexford. Awylard was at left corner-forward for the All-Ireland final against Tipperary on 1 September 2012. He was held scoreless in the 3–13 to 1–17 defeat.

Senior

Aylward was added to the Kilkenny senior panel in advance of the 2013 National League. He made his senior debut on 10 March 2013 when he came on as a substitute in a 2–17 to 1–19 defeat by Tipperary. Aylward's progress was hampered after injuring his knee against Cork in April and then tearing ligaments in his ankle in a club game. On 29 June 2013, he made his Leinster Championship debut when he came on as a 64th-minute substitute for T. J. Reid at full-forward in a 1–16 to 0–16 defeat by Dublin.

Aylward was a member of the extended training panel for much of the 2014 season, however, he failed to make a single competitive appearance that year. He ended the season by collecting an All-Ireland medal following Kilkenny's 2–17 to 2–14 defeat of Tipperary in the All-Ireland final replay.

On 5 July 2015, Aylward was at right corner-forward when Kilkenny faced Galway in the Leinster final. He scored three points and collected a winners' medal following the 1–25 to 2–15 victory. On 6 September 2015, Aylward was again named at right wing-forward for the All-Ireland final against Galway. He scored two points from play and collected his first All-Ireland medal on the field of play following the 1–22 to 1–18 victory. Aylward ended the season by receiving an All-Star award.

On 24 January 2016, Aylward suffered a torn cruciate in a club match. He later said: "It was a freak accident, I was going in for a tackle and the Dungourney player hit me accidentally on the outside of my knee. Whatever way I went down, I could feel a dunt inside of the knee and I knew it wasn’t good from there." The injury ruled Aylward out of the 2016 season with Kilkenny.

On 8 April 2018, Aylward was an unused substitute when Kilkenny defeated Tipperary by 2–23 to 2–17 to win the National League title. He was selected at left corner-forward when Kilkenny faced Galway in the Leinster final on 1 July 2018. Aylward scored a point from play in the 0-18 apiece draw. He retained his position for the replay a week later and scored one of three goals for Kilkenny in the 1–28 to 3–15 defeat.

On 30 June 2019, Aylward was named amongst the substitutes when Kilkenny faced Wexford in the Leinster final. He scored a point from play after being introduced as a substitute for Alan Murphy but ended on the losing side following a 1–23 to 0–23 defeat. On 18 August 2019, Aylward was an unused substitute when Kilkenny suffered a 3–25 to 0–20 defeat by Tipperary in the All-Ireland final.

Career statistics

Honours

Player

Good Counsel College
Leinster Colleges Senior Hurling Championship: 2009

Glenmore
Kilkenny Senior Football Championship: 2009
Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship: 2021 (c)
All-Ireland Junior Club Hurling Championship: 2016
Leinster Junior Club Hurling Championship: 2016
Kilkenny Junior Hurling Championship: 2015

Kilkenny
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship: 2014, 2015
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship: 2014, 2015, 2020
Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship: 2012
All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship: 2010
Leinster Minor Hurling Championship: 2009, 2010

Individual

All-Stars (1): 2015

References

External links
Ger Aylward profile at the Kilkenny GAA website

1992 births
Living people
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Dual players
Irish plumbers
Glenmore hurlers
Glenmore Gaelic footballers
Kilkenny inter-county hurlers


title: Sikandar Khan

text:
Brigadier Sikandar Khan (; born 9 November 1961) was the commander of the artillery corps of the IV Corps in Pakistan Army. He was due to retire in 2014, but voluntarily retired in 2013 as a one-star general to run his own security company, Ever Ready Security Management (Pvt) Ltd. He was offered to be the director of National University of Modern Languages after his retirement but he respectfully declined to focus on expanding his security company. Khan has been awarded the Sitara-i-Imtiaz for his distinguished service.

Career
Khan was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 35 Heavy Regiment of Artillery in March 1982. He commanded an infantry battalion, a mountain artillery regiment, and a divisional artillery brigade. He also served as the Deputy Inspector General Frontier Corps (Balochistan), and on various key staff appointments at the Division, Corps and Unit level.

Khan served in the Military Intelligence as a captain on the Western border with Afghanistan and as a major in interior Sindh. He is a graduate of the Command and Staff College, National Defense University, University of Balochistan, Canadian Forces College and the National University of Modern Languages.

Khan joined the United Nations as an expert on Afghanistan and South East Asia. As a major, Khan served as a company commander/term commander and as a 2IC in his parent unit 35 Self-Propelled Heavy Artillery Regiment. He has also served as General Staff Officer-2 (GSO-2) in 14th Infantry Division. He graduated from the Command and Staff College as a major and received his bachelor's degree. As a lieutenant colonel, Khan has served as General Staff Officer-1 (GSO-1) at the Rangers Headquarters in Sindh and General Staff Officer-1 (GSO-1) at the headquarters of the XXX Corps. He also graduated from the National Defense University as a lieutenant cololonel and received his master's degree in war studies.

In 2005, Khan was promoted as FBTS (Fit Brigadier Two Step). During his 1 year of service as a full colonel (colonel), he served as Colonel Staff at the Headquarters of the 8th Infantry Division.

As a brigadier, Khan took over the command of Artillery for 8th Infantry Division. In 2007, Brigadier Khan was selected to attend Canadian Forces College (Toronto) where he displayed brilliant performance and received a commendation letter from the Chief of Army Staff. He also received his master's degree in national security studies from Canadian Forces College (Toronto). In late 2008, he was posted as Deputy Inspector General Frontier Corps (Balochistan, Quetta) where he commanded approximately 48,000 Frontier Corps troops along the Pak-Afghan Border. He also studied at University of Balochistan (Quetta) while serving as DIGFC (Balochistan) and received his master's degree in International Relations.

As DIGFC (Balochistan), Khan worked jointly with the United States Army and ISAF and was awarded by Force Commander (ISAF) Afghanistan for his co-operation and support. From 2009 to 2010, attended the National Defense University (Islamabad) and received his master's degree in National Defense Studies.

In 2010, Khan was posted as Commander Artillery IV Corps. In 2012, he completed his master's in business administration from National University of Modern Languages. In early 2012, Khan became the chairman of the Soldier Welfare Organization Lahore and managed all commercial ventures including Fortress Stadium.

In July 2013, Khan retired voluntarily and started his own security company, Ever Ready Security Management (Pvt) Ltd. He also started his new business in the renewable energy sector, Solar Vision (Pvt) Ltd, a joint venture of pm e of Germany.

Today, Khan is the COO of Top City, Ever Ready Security, Solar Vision and several other business ventures.

Education

Deputy Inspector General Frontier Corps (DIGFC) appointment
As Deputy Inspector General Frontier Corps (DIGFC), Khan successfully dealt with challenges like Insurgency in Balochistan, joint operations with the United States Army and ISAF, political instability in Balochistan, a law and order situation in Balochistan and the 2008 Ziarat earthquake. During his stay as DIG FC Balochistan, he was a member of the tripartite negotiation team (Pakistan, Afghanistan and Canada) and attended meetings in UAE and Murree (Pakistan).

Awards
On 23 March 2012, Khan was awarded the prestigious Sitara-i-Imtiaz (Military) by president Asif Ali Zardari for his distinguished services rendered for World Peace and for his educational achievements.

References

Living people
1961 births
Pashtun people
People from Kohat District


title: Paolo Vincenzo Bonomini

text:
Paolo Vincenzo Bonomini (23 January 1757 – 1839) was an Italian painter.

Biography
Bonomini was born in Bergamo to an artist father Paolo Maria, who encouraged his son's artistic study. Bonomini's early works were done in a rococo style that later developed into neoclassical. He worked in many fields. He left as a decorator of civil and sacred, but reached the popularity for his portraits, and especially for his caricatures. From 1824 to 1827 he had the painter Giuseppe Macinata as a pupil.

Works
One of his most noted works was scenes of the cycle of living skeletons that were commissioned by the Parish of Santa Grata Inter Vites Borgo Canale to remember the celebration of the Triduum of the dead. These paintings, after being exposed annually during the Triduum of the Dead in the parish of Borgo Canale, were exhibited at the Palazzo Pitti in Florence in 1922, with great success. Noteworthy are also some decorations of public and private buildings in the Bergamo area, as well as the collection of his drawings kept at the Civic Art Collections of the Sforza Castle in Milan.

References
 The mysteries of Bergamo by Emanuele Roncalli
 Little anecdotes of Bergamo by Martino Compagnoni and Caesar Bonfanti

1757 births
1839 deaths
Italian portrait painters
17th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
18th-century Italian painters
Painters from Bergamo
Italian Baroque painters
18th-century Italian male artists


title: Luigi Consonni (cyclist)

text:
Luigi Consonni (21 June 1905 – 17 May 1992) was an Italian cyclist. He competed in the time trial event at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1905 births
1992 deaths
Italian male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Italy
Cyclists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from the Province of Monza e Brianza


title: Capela dos Ossos (Faro)

text:
The Capela dos Ossos () is an ossuary chapel in Faro, Portugal, which belongs to the 18th century Carmelite church Nossa Senhora do Carmo.

Above the entrance, there is the following inscription:

Pára aqui a considerar que a este estado hás-de chegar

which translates to

Stop here and consider, that you will reach this state too.

The 4 by 6 meter sized chapel is built of the bones of more than 1000 Carmelite friars and has been inaugurated in 1816. It is situated behind the main church and contains also 1245 skulls.

See also

 Capela dos Ossos in Évora, the more famous chapel of bones

External links

Ossuaries
Roman Catholic chapels in Portugal
Buildings and structures in Faro, Portugal