title: Chester Zoo monorail

text:
The Chester Zoo monorail was an internal transport system at Chester Zoo that operated from 1991 to 2019.

Description

The system was  long and travelled on a single track elevated guideway, a straddle beam monorail, to give views of the zoo grounds – the track crossed Flag Lane twice on its one-way circular route. The two halves of the zoo were connected by the system and there was one station in each part, one near the lion enclosure (Jubilee Square station) and one near the monkey building (Tsavo station, formerly known as Monkey Island Station).

The system operated four trains. Each train on the system could seat 24 passengers between its four cars and a full tour took around fifteen minutes. The layout had a separate depot and control room and carried approximately 2,000 passengers per day.

T&M Machine Tool Electronics upgraded the monorail's drive system and electrics in 2009, including conversion from DC to AC electrical operation and automation improvements involving the laying of over  of cabling, at a cost of £300,000. The upgraded system used pairs of  AC motors for each carriage, with remote monitoring managed over a 5 GHz wireless link.

History

The monorail was built and installed by Computerised People Mover International at a cost of $4 million and then opened by the Duchess of Kent in 1991.

Following the major improvements in 2009, the monorail was re-launched by music producer Pete Waterman during a visit on 23 July 2009, when Waterman drove the first loop of the new system. One week later a power failure occurred, requiring the first eight visitors of the day to be escorted off the monorail using a hydraulic lift.

On 17 May 2012, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip took a tour of Chester Zoo in a specially redecorated monorail set painted in a Union Flag theme for their Diamond Jubilee tour of the north-west of England.

About 2017, Redcroft Management Ltd conducted a "Monorail Future Options Appraisal & Viability Assessment" project to evaluate the commercial and practical viability of extending, replacing or closing the monorail, with options of funding by the North of England Zoological Society.

In June 2019, Chester Zoo announced that it would be closing the monorail as it had become unreliable and now covered less than half the zoo because of expansion to over . The zoo also stated that it "no longer fits our vision for a world-class modern zoo". The system closed on 3 September 2019.

List of trains

References

Buildings and structures in Chester
Rail transport in Cheshire
Closed railway lines in England
Monorails in the United Kingdom


title: Denizli chicken

text:
The Denizli is a breed of rooster developed in Denizli, Turkey. It is characterised by its long-crowing abilities, with the general guideline being a crow of 20–25 seconds in their first year. The breed is divided into 3 groups based on colour, body structure, and comb types.
It is described as having black eyes, dark gray or purple leg colour, with silver or red hackles and sometimes red feathering on the wings. They weigh 3–3.5 kg.

It has been the symbol of both Denizli City and Province for at least nine hundred years, after excavations at Laodicea on the Lycus revealed a 900-year-old relief of the cities symbol. In 2013 the largest glass sculpture in Turkey, a giant Denizli rooster in Delikliçınar Square, Denizli City, was unveiled to celebrate this find following a survey to decide on a statue for the newly renovated square.

Its population has been noted as declining, and an active conservation program is now in progress by the Lalahan Central Livestock Research Institute.

A video of a Denizli rooster crowing entitled "death metal rooster", went viral on YouTube in 2010. Discovery Channel covered the video explaining how roosters crow for such a long duration. The video was nominated in the O Music Awards 2011 for Best Animal Performance.

References

Denizli
Chicken breeds
Chicken breeds originating in Turkey
Internet memes


title: Deerfield Center Historic District

text:
The Deerfield Center Historic District encompasses the heart of the rural New Hampshire town of Deerfield. It extends northwest along Church Street (formerly Old Center Road South) from its junction with North Road, Candia Road, and Raymond Road. It includes many of the town's municipal buildings, as well as a church and private residences, most of which were built before about 1920. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

Description and history
The town of Deerfield was incorporated in 1766, having originally been part of a land grant that formed Nottingham in 1721. Its early town center, little more than the colonial meeting house, was located north of the present center nearer the town's geographic center, and was set high on a hill, with little level space for growth. The present town center grew around the crossroads of Church, Candia, Raymond, and North roads. A Baptist congregation built a church here in 1805, and by the 1820s there was a small cluster of buildings including houses and taverns. By 1835 all of the local religious groups had churches here, and in 1845 the town voted to build a new town hall, demolishing the original meeting house and using some of its timbers for the new one. Other municipal buildings followed, including the library (1913–14) and fire department (1933).

The historic district extends from the main junction northwest along Church Street. It includes fourteen primary buildings, of which twelve are historic. There are three churches, the town hall, fire station, and Soldiers Memorial (which houses the library), while the remaining buildings are residential. Construction appears to have happened in three major waves: the 1830s, 1850-60s, and 1880s. All but two buildings are of wood-frame construction, and covered in either clapboards or modern siding of similar appearance, while the fire station and memorial are brick. The buildings are stylistically diverse, with 19th-century styles predominating but none individually dominating.

The designers of two buildings in the district are known: Foster & Robinson of Concord were architects of the Deerfield Town House, built in 1856, and Manchester architect Chase R. Whitcher designed the Soldiers Memorial Building, containing the public library, which was built in 1913–14.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

Greek Revival architecture in New Hampshire
Neoclassical architecture in New Hampshire
Historic districts in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Deerfield, New Hampshire


title: Cunjin Bridge Park

text:
Cunjin Bridge Park (also called Cunjin Park) is located in the prefecture-level city Zhanjiang, China. As one of the largest parks in Zhanjiang, it is a popular tourist destination and is included in the old Zhanjiang Eight (Eight well-known tourist attractions). Cunjin Bridge Park is named after the Cunjin Bridge which was built in 1925 to commemorate Zhanjiang People’s resistance against French invasion in 1898. “Cunjin” (寸金), this word contains the meaning that an inch land of Chinese national territory is worth an inch of gold and we Chinese do not allow any foreign encroachment on our territory. An anti-French hero statue is erected at the center square of the park.

History
On March 11, 1898, Qing China was required to cede Guangzhouwan (also called Kwangchow Wan) as a leased territory to France. On April 22, 1898, the French sent warships and soldiers to land in Suixi County, occupying the Haitou Fort (now in the Xiashan District, Zhanjiang City). After that, Guangzhouwan was leased by Qing China to France, according to the Treaty of Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan.

However, the French received a dozen of times of armed resistance from Zhanjiang people. On June 19, 1989, villagers from Nanliu, Haitou, Lvtang and Hongwu gathered together to fight against the French army. They were the first group of Zhanjiang people fighting against the French colonial rule in Guangzhouwan. After that, thousands of Zhanjiang people joined into the battles. Due to Zhanjiang people’s armed resistance, France made concession and changed the limit of the concession inland from Wannian Bridge (Xinqiao sugar refinery in Suixi County now) to Wenzhang River Bridge (Cunjin Bridge now).

Description
Built in 1958, Cunjin Bridge park used to be called Xishan Park or People’s Park. In March 1981, its name was changed to Cunjin Bridge Park to commemorate Zhanjiang people’s resistance against the French invasion. The park is the biggest comprehensive park in Zhanjiang with an area of 513 acres, 113 of which are water. The Cunjin Bridge divides the park into two major halves. After years of continued development, Cunjin Park now includes gardens, a zoo, a dance hall, a cemetery, and boat rides.

Main attractions

Cunjin Bridge

Cunjin Bridge is located in the west of Chikan District in Zhanjiang. In 1925, the gentry and villagers in Suixi and Mazhang area voluntarily raised money to build a bridge to commemorate Zhanjiang People's resistance against French invasion in 1898. Its name "Cunjin" contains the meaning that an inch land of Chinese national territory is worth an inch of gold and we Chinese do not allow any foreign encroachment on our territory. The bridge was extended and renovated in 1959 and in 1986. Now it has a total length of 22 meters and a total width of 24 meters. Beside the bridge stands a tablet with inscriptions on it. Cunjin Bridge is included as the municipal cultural relics protection units.

Cunjin Bridge stretches across the Chikan River (also called Wenzhang River). It represents the line that divides the French concession from Chinese residential areas when Guangzhouwan was leased to France. The west of the bridge was Chinese residential areas and the east the French concession.

Anti-France Hero Statue

In the central square of Cunjin Park, there is an anti-France hero statue. It is the heroic image of Zhanjiang people who bravely resisted against the French invasion of Zhanjiang. With a conch-shell trumpet hanging on his waist, he is holding a steel knife firmly and the knife is thrust deeply into the earth. On the front side of the statue was Guo Moruo's (Chinese: 郭沫若) handwriting -- "An inch of land is worth an inch of gold" (Chinese:一寸山河一寸金). The statue shows Zhangjiang people's determination to defense each inch of Chinese territory.

Cunjin Memorial Square

Cunjin Memorial Square is located to the north of Yueying Lake in Cunjin Bridge Park with an area of 2.36 hectares. The main part of the square is a grand relief wall erecting in the center of the square. On its front side are five relief pictures: Beacon-Fire of South China Sea (Chinese: 南海烽烟), the Spirit of Red Land (Chinese: 红土魂), Fighting with Blood (Chinese: 浴血奋战), Ode to Patriotic Souls (Chinese: 忠魂颂) and the Mainstay of Leizhou Peninsula (Chinese: 半岛砥柱). Behind the wall are inscriptions about Zhanjiang People’s resistance against the French colonial rule from 1898 to 1899 as well as the origin of Cunjin Bridge.

Cemetery of Revolutionary Martyrs

The Cemetery of Revolutionary Martyrs is located on the west hill of Cunjin Bridge Park with an area of 60 acres. It was completed and open to the public in 1992. In December 2002, admitted by the government of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang Revolutionary Martyrs Monument was listed as the key revolutionary martyrs monument protection units.

As the main part of the cemetery, the Revolutionary Martyrs Monument stands at the top of the hill. People have to climb up a 100-step stairway can they reach the monument. The whole monument is 18.5 meters with seven Chinese characters “革命烈士纪念碑” (The Revolutionary Martyrs Monument) engraved on the front side of the monument. On the front side of the monument base is engraved Zhanjiang People’s revolutionary struggle history and the martyrs' glorious deeds in the battles. The other three sides are white marble reliefs engraving the magnificent scenes of Zhanjiang people's brave performance in the first two civil wars, the Anti-Japanese War (also called the Second Sino-Japanese War), and War of Liberation ().

The Revolutionary Martyrs Monument has been an important place for patriotic education and the hot spot of tourism since its opening to the public. On the Tomb-sweeping Day, tens of thousands of students and social groups come to pay their homage to the martyrs. Thousands of officers and soldiers of People's Liberation Army, members of Communist Party and the Communist Youth League and young pioneers hold their swearing-in ceremony in the front of the Revolutionary Martyrs Monument. In addition, Zhanjiang municipal government and the social groups hold large memorial activities here every Tomb-sweeping Day.

References

Zhanjiang
Parks in Guangdong
Tourist attractions in Guangdong


title: Dudley House (Exeter, New Hampshire)

text:
The Dudley House, also known as the Perry-Dudley House, is a historic house at 14 Front Street in Exeter, New Hampshire.  Built about 1805, it is a prominent local example of Federal architecture, further notable for its occupation by two of the town's leading 19th-century doctors.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.  It now houses professional offices.

Description and history
The Dudley House occupies a prominent position on the east side of Front Street in downtown Exeter, nearly across the street from both the Congregational Church and Exeter Town Hall.  It is a three-story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof and two interior brick chimneys.  The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance sheltered by a gabled portico supported by two columns.  The entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and fluted pilasters, and is topped by a transom window.  The interior follows a center hall plan, although the main stair ascends from the back rather than the front.  Later 19th-century additions include an ell and an attached carriage barn.

The house was built sometime between about 1805 and 1813, and is one of Exeter's finest examples of Federal architecture.  It was built for Dr. William Perry, who was for many years a leading physician of the town.  He was succeeded in this role by his son, William Gilman Perry.  During the latter's ownership, they probably hosted writer Sarah Orne Jewett, a family friend.  Perry's daughter married Albertus Dudley, descendant of Rev. Samuel Dudley, one of the town's 17th-century ministers. The house remained in the hands of Dudley descendants until 1935.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Federal architecture in New Hampshire
Houses completed in 1805
Houses in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Buildings and structures in Exeter, New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Historic district contributing properties in New Hampshire


title: List of Alabama State Hornets in the NFL draft

text:
Alabama State University began sending draftees into the NFL in 1959. Since then, they have had 21 players drafted.

Key

Selections

References

Alabama State

Alabama State Hornets NFL draft


title: Yelitza Lora

text:
Flor Jelithza Lora de la Cruz, most known as Yelitza Lora (born 12 July 1985), is a Radio and TV hostess, dancer, model, and theatre and film actress from the Dominican Republic.

When she was 11 years old, Lora won the beauty pageant Nuestra Belleza Infantil. She then worked as dancer and model in several TV shows in the Dominican Republic.

Over time, she became overweight and in 2009 she got bariatric surgery, going from  to just ; her new look helped raise her profile and popularity in the Dominican media.

After losing weight in 2009, she obtained several jobs in various television and radio programs. In 2010 she participated in the reality show LA FINCA by Tania Baez, in that program she won a lot of popularity for being the leader for the other participants and for the rumors of her romance with the urban singer Vakero.

In 2012, Lora was introduced by Alfonso Rodriguez to the film industry with her appearance in Feo De Dia Lindo De Noche and since then it is a propeller of cinema in the Dominican Republic, she created his own film producer Princesa Films. Today, Yelitza Lora is a recognized brand in her country with more than 20 years of experience in the entertainment industry. She is a business woman and a leading female for her generation, her career is business administration and she is dedicated to business development in different areas, her first company is Otra Cosa, a phrase that has also become a slogan.

Career

TV

"La Máquina del 4" (dancer, model)
"Cuánto Vale El Show" (dancer, model)
"La Fiesta del Consumidor" (co-presenter)
"" (co-presenter)
"La Alegría del Medio Día"
"Show Del Mediodía"
"Perdone la Hora"
"Que Noche"
"La Finca"
"A Reir con Miguel y Raymond"
"Yelitza Lora en "Otra Cosa

Radio

"Las Tardes con Raymundo Ortiz"
"Parando El Trote" with Irving Alberti
"Sobre Un Par De Tacones" with Hony Estrella
"Otra Cosa Radio Show"

Theatre

"Que Hacemos Con El Muerto"
Radio Bemba
Escuela Para Maridos
Los Hombres De Mi Vida

Film

Bendecidas (announced)
Calle Sin Salida (post-production)
Dos Policias en Apuros
El Pelotudo
La Extraña
Feo De Dia Lindo De Noche

References

External links

Living people
1985 births
Dominican Republic people of Spanish descent
Dominican Republic people of French descent
Dominican Republic radio personalities
Radio and television announcers
Dominican Republic television presenters
Dominican Republic film actresses
Dominican Republic stage actresses
People from Santo Domingo
Dominican Republic women television presenters
White Dominicans


title: Tooth regeneration

text:
Tooth regeneration is a stem cell based regenerative medicine procedure in the field of tissue engineering and stem cell biology to replace damaged or lost teeth by regrowing them from autologous stem cells.

As a source of the new bioengineered teeth, somatic stem cells are collected and reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells which can be placed in the dental lamina directly or placed in a reabsorbable biopolymer in the shape of the new tooth.

History
Young et al. first demonstrated in 2002 that teeth could be regenerated from cells.

See also

 Epithelial cell rests of Malassez
 Polyphyodont
 Regenerative endodontics
 Socket preservation
 Tooth development

References

Restorative dentistry
Emerging technologies


title: Tangalan National High School

text:
Tangalan National High School or TNHS is a public secondary school in Tangalan, Aklan, Philippines. Formerly known as Tangalan Community High School it was then changed into a national high school on June 10, 1983 via National Law No. 441 ().

Sports
The school actively participates in the municipal meets. The winners then proceed to the Cluster Meets (athletic event for the three municipalities of Ibajay, Tangalan and Makato) and to the Provincial Meet. The school has also sent student-athletes to the regional meet the Western Visayas Athletic Association (WVRAA) Meet. This is the annual athletic event for the whole Western Visayas. The school becomes part of the delegation of the province of Aklan.

The school also participates in the Palarong Pambansa, the athletic event for the whole country. The student-athletes of the school who have qualified in the regional meet becomes part of the delegates of Western Visayas. The school have recently won bronze in the Palarong Pambansa in the javelin throw event courtesy of Jerremay Rubias.

Notable people

Alumni and faculty
 Most Rev. Jose Corazon T. Talaoc, D.D. – former Bishop of Romblon (11 Jun 2003 appointed); presently Bishop of Aklan (25 May 2011 appointed). and current bishop of Aklan.
 Jerremay Rubias – Javelin throw Gold Medalist (2013 Palarong Pambansa), and Bronze Medalist (2014 Palarong Pambansa).

See also
 List of schools in Tangalan
 Education in the Philippines

References

External links
 DepEd Region VI Website
 Data.gov Website
 Teacher Angel's Internship Experience

Schools in Aklan


title: Crystallize (Kylie Minogue song)

text:
"Crystallize" is a song by Australian recording artist Kylie Minogue. It was written by Minogue, Dev Hynes and Scott Hoffman. The song was originally recorded for Minogue's 2014 album, Kiss Me Once, but did not make the final cut. "Crystallize" was released as a charity single for the fundraising campaign One Note For Cancer on 26 May 2014.

Chart performance
In the United Kingdom, "Crystallize" debuted and peaked at number 60 selling 3,278 copies, but fell out of the top 100 the following week. The song managed to chart within the top 40 in Flanders and Wallonia. In Spain, the song charted inside the top 50 at number 44. In Ireland and France, the song was less successful, charting at number 88 and 139 respectively.

Charts

Release history

References

2014 singles
2014 songs
Kylie Minogue songs
Parlophone singles
Songs written by Dev Hynes
Songs written by Kylie Minogue


title: Fly Manufacturing Company Building

text:
The Fly Manufacturing Company Building is a historic industrial building in Shelbyville, Tennessee, that now houses the Fly Arts Center, a cultural facility. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
The Fly Manufacturing Company was a textile manufacturing business that operated in Shelbyville from 1915 to 1985. The business was established by Joel Orval Fly, who had previously managed a textile factory in Clarksville, Tennessee. After arriving in Shelbyville in 1915, he opened a factory a workforce of 18 to 20 people made overalls, pants and work shirts. The following year, Fly expanded his operation into a larger facility, where it continued for about a decade before he began construction of the Fly Manufacturing Building.

In 1925, he hired John Morgan Raney to build the new factory building, which was completed in 1927. A two-story industrial building with a full basement and dimensions of  , it was one of the largest buildings in the city at the time of its completion.

In the 1920s, Shelbyville was a center of industrial activity. As of 1928, Fly employed 75 people in the production of shirts. The factory's products were sold both to local stores and national businesses such as Sears and Montgomery Ward.

Fly Manufacturing remained in business through the Great Depression, but with reduced work schedules that allowed all employees to work at least two or three days weekly. During World War II the factory made pants, jackets, and fatigues for American soldiers.

Joel Fly died in 1960. The company he established continued to operate as an independent manufacturing company until 1972, when it was sold to the Bayly Corporation, a garment manufacturer based in Denver, Colorado. Bayly converted the facility to a distribution center for the southeastern United States. In 1980, Bayly sold the facility to the Woodway Corporation. Woodway returned the building to its original use as a factory and produced clothing there until 1985, when a decline in business led it to cease operations.

Preservation and transformation into Fly Arts Center
After the factory closed, the building was neglected for about a decade. In 1996, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its significance in Shelbyville's industrial history. The Bedford County Arts Council restored the building and converted it to its current use as an arts center. As the Fly Arts Center, it houses a theater, museum, art gallery, classrooms, and a gift shop.

References

External links
 Fly Arts Center website

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Buildings and structures completed in 1927
Buildings and structures in Shelbyville, Tennessee
Textile mills in the United States
Art museums and galleries in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bedford County, Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Bedford County, Tennessee


title: John Elkins Farmstead

text:
The John Elkins Farmstead is a historic farmstead at 155 Beach Plain Road in Danville, New Hampshire, United States.  The property includes one of Danville's finest examples of a 19th-century connected farmstead, with buildings dating from the late 18th to late 19th centuries.  The property encompassing the farm buildings was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 (where it is listed at 156 Beach Plain Road).

Description and history
The John Elkins Farmstead is located in rural northeastern Danville, on the north side of Beach Plain Road a short way east of Hillside Terrace.  It consists of a main house, with a wing that connects it to a barn; a carriage shed frames the west side of the courtyard formed by these structures, which lie just north of Beach Plain Road.  The main house is a -story frame structure with a gabled roof and central chimney.  Its centered entry is a 20th-century replacement for what was, by architectural analysis, probably a Federal style surround with sidelights and a fanlight.  The interior has been carefully reconstructed in the Federal style, retaining original features where possible, and recreating others from documentary photographs.  The barn is an unusually large -story structure with timber framing, and a two sliding front entrances.  It is also accessible from the house via the wing on both floors, an unusual arrangement.

The construction date of the farmhouse is not known from documentary sources; architectural evidence suggests it was built in the late 18th century, probably for Jeremiah Elkins, who had recently married. The barn and shed were built by the Elkins' son John, likely in 1875.  John Elkins was known as one of Danville's most successful farmers, adapting new technologies and practices as they came about.  It was sold out of the Elkins family in 1919.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
Federal architecture in New Hampshire
Houses in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Danville, New Hampshire


title: MAMA Award for Best Male Group

text:
The MAMA Award for Best Male Group (남자 그룹상) is an award presented annually by CJ E&M Pictures (Mnet). Mnet is also the one who choose which group will to this category as well as other categories in MAMA.

It was first awarded at the 1st Mnet Asian Music Awards ceremony held in 1999; the band H.O.T. won the award for their song "I Yah!", and it is given in honor for the male group with the most artistic achievement in the music industry.

Winners and nominees

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

 Each year is linked to the article about the Mnet Asian Music Awards held that year.

Multiple awards
4 wins
 BTS
 Shinhwa

3 wins
 Big Bang
 Exo

2 wins
 2PM
 Wanna One

Notes

References

External links
 Mnet Asian Music Awards official website

MAMA Awards


title: Røldal Tunnel

text:
The Røldal Tunnel is a road tunnel in Ullensvang Municipality in Vestland county, Norway.  The  tunnel is part of the European route E134 highway and it connects the village of Horda in the Røldal area with the Seljestad area on the other side of the mountains to the west.  The tunnel was opened on 21 February 1964 and for four years after its opening, it was the longest road tunnel in Norway (until the Haukeli Tunnel opened).  The (much shorter) Seljestad Tunnel is located  west of the entrance to the Røldal Tunnel.

References

Ullensvang
Road tunnels in Vestland


title: Giovanni Giorgio

text:
Giovanni Giorgio may refer to:
 Giovanni Giorgio Moroder, an Italian record producer
 Giovanni Di Giorgio (1914–1992), an Italian painter
 Gian Giorgio Trissino (equestrian), an Italian horse rider
 John George, Marquess of Montferrat


title: Augusta Vera Duthie

text:
Augusta Vera Duthie (18 July 1881 Belvidere, Knysna – 8 August 1963 Belvidere, Knysna) was a South African botanist who studied the plants of the Western Cape and was a popular teacher who lectured on cryptogamic botany. She was the first university lecturer in botany who was entirely educated in South Africa.

Early life and education
One of five children, she was born to Archibald Hamilton and Augusta Vera Duthie and in Knysna, South Africa. She obtained a B.A. from Huguenot College in 1901, a M.A. from South African College in 1910, and a D.Sc. from University of South Africa in 1929.

Academic career
She was appointed as botany lecturer at Victoria College, now University of Stellenbosch in 1902. In 1912, she visited Cambridge University and worked with Albert Seward. In 1929, she completed flora of the Stellenbosch Flats, an alluvial area surrounding the college. After her retirement 1939, she returned to manage her family farm Belvidere where she died in 1963. In her will she bequeathed a sum of money to St Andrew's College, where she had taught, in order to fund scholarships.

Eponyms
 Duthiastrum
 Duthie's golden mole Chlorotalpa duthieae Broom
 Impatiens duthieae
 Ischyrolepis duthieae (Pillans) H. P. Linder
 Ornithogalum duthiae
 Psilocaulon duthieae
 Romulea duthieae
 Ruschia duthiae
 Stomatium duthieae

Major works

Commemoration
She is commemorated by the stained glass window in the north wall of the Holy Trinity Church in Belvidere near Knysna, the church was founded by her ancestor, Thomas Henry Duthie.

Reference List

External links

1881 births
1963 deaths
20th-century South African women scientists
20th-century South African botanists
South African women botanists
South African mycologists
University of South Africa alumni
Academic staff of Stellenbosch University


title: 1908 in Venezuela

text:
Events in the year 1908 in Venezuela

Incumbents
President: Cipriano Castro until December 19, Juan Vincente Gomez

Events
November 26-December 23: Dutch-Venezuela War
December 19: Coup d'état led by Juan Vicente Gómez

Births

Deaths

References

1900s in Venezuela
Years of the 20th century in Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela


title: Kelly Benoit-Bird

text:
Kelly Benoit-Bird is a marine scientist and senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Benoit-Bird uses acoustics to study marine organisms and was named a MacArthur Fellow in 2010.

Work and discoveries
Benoit-Bird has been fascinated by the ocean since fourth grade, and is the first in her family to attend college.

Benoit-Bird's research uses acoustical tools to study the interactions between predators and their prey in marine environments. Key linkages characterized in the lab's research include simultaneous tracking of predator-prey pairs such as northern fur seals and their prey juvenile pollock, spinner dolphins and micronekton, fish and zooplankton in thin layers in Monterey Bay, and beaked whales and squid. Benoit-Bird's research has also used acoustic measurements to examine how changes in the phase of the moon impact the migration of small marine organisms and the ability of predators such as spinner and dusky dolphins to find their prey. In research conducted off California, Brandon Southall and Benoit-Bird determined that beaked whales prefer to forage within a Navy test range due to the high density of prey available to the peaked whales in that region. Benoit-Bird has also developed instrumentation to make acoustic measurements with submersibles and autonomous vehicles.

Awards

 2020: Medwin Prize in Acoustical Oceanography, Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
2017: Fellow, Acoustical Society of America
2007, 2013: Kavli Frontiers Fellowship, United States National Academy of Sciences
 2010: MacArthur Genius Award.
 2009: R. Bruce Lindsay Award, for contributions in marine ecological acoustics, Acoustical Society of America
 2008: Ocean Sciences Early Career Award, American Geophysical Union
 2005: Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers

References

External links

Living people
American marine biologists
Oregon State University faculty
1976 births
Brown University alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
Fellows of the Acoustical Society of America
MacArthur Fellows


title: C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)

text:
C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden) is a retrograde Oort cloud comet discovered on 12 November 2013 by Oukaimeden Observatory at an apparent magnitude of 19.4 using a  reflecting telescope.

From 5 May 2014 until 18 July 2014 it had an elongation less than 30 degrees from the Sun. By late August 2014 it had brighten to apparent magnitude 8 making it a small telescope and high-end binoculars target for experienced observers. It crossed the celestial equator on 30 August 2014 becoming a southern hemisphere object. On 16 September 2014 the comet passed  from Earth. The comet peaked around magnitude 6.2 in mid-September 2014 but only had an elongation of about 35 degrees from the Sun. On 20 September 2014 the comet was visible in STEREO HI-1B. The comet came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on 28 September 2014 at a distance of  from the Sun.

C/2013 V5 is dynamically new. It came from the Oort cloud with a loosely bound chaotic orbit that was easily perturbed by galactic tides and passing stars. Before entering the planetary region (epoch 1950), C/2013 V5 had an orbital period of several million years. After leaving the planetary region (epoch 2050), it will have an orbital period of about 6000 years.

The infrared spectroscopy of the comet revealed that most of its volatile ices, with the exception of ammonia are depleted. Spectrography also revealed that the relative abundance of ethane and methanol increased in the start of September 2014, suggesting that the ices that comprise the comet are heterogenous.

Notes

References

External links
Activity level and perihelion distance (Bortle survival limit Jakub Cerny 11 August 2014)
C/2013 V5 Oukaimeden wide-field (Damian Peach 31 August 2014)
C/2013 V5 map for Aug 21 – Sept 5
Did we catch disintegration of comet Oukaimeden? (FRAM)
(C/2013 V5 magnitude)

20131112
20140916
20131112
20140928
Oort cloud


title: 1892 in Venezuela

text:
Events in the year 1892 in Venezuela.

Incumbents
President: Raimundo Andueza Palacio until June 17, Guillermo Tell Villegas until August 31, Guillermo Tell Villegas Pulido until October 7, Joaquin Crespo

Events
September 17 - inauguration of new psychiatric hospital in Caracas

Births

Deaths

1890s in Venezuela


title: Horda Tunnel

text:
The Horda Tunnel () is a road tunnel in Ullensvang Municipality in Vestland county, Norway.  The  long tunnel is in the village of Horda.  The tunnel is a spiral tunnel, turning almost a complete circle while continuously traversing a gradient of 7%.  The tunnel was built to replace a narrow section of road that was made up of many hairpin turns.

References

Ullensvang
Road tunnels in Vestland


title: Rebels: City of Indra

text:
Rebels: City of Indra (also known as Rebels: The Story of Lex and Livia or Rebels: City of Indra: The Story of Lex and Livia) is a 2014 science fiction/dystopian novel by Kendall Jenner, Kylie Jenner, and ghostwriter Maya Sloan.

Background
Kylie spoke about the novel, saying "The fans seem to love it. That’s why we did it, [the characters]' names are Lexi and Livia. I think we wanted to make Lex more like me and Livia more like Kendall, and they kind of evolved into their own characters."

Main characters
Lex and Livia Cosmo — are the twin daughters of Arnaud Cosmos and Delphia. Lex is a hard-scrabbled, bullheaded, tough-talking orphan while Livia is an indignant, bullheaded debutant orphan. They both have a small neon-green symbol on their eyes.
Marius — is a semi-ineffectual pseudo-intellectual who runs about citing manners for Livia.
The Governess —  is Livia's beauty-obsessed debutante coach who gets her wrinkles removed yearly at the Rejuvenation Island Clinic

Reception
The bibliophile website Goodreads reported a 59% approval rating, with a rating of 2.73/5 based on 189 reviews. Customer reviews on Amazon give the book rating average of 1.7 out of 5 stars. Customer reviews on Google Play give it an average of 4.1/5 based on 303 reviews.

Publishers Weekly gave a positive review: "Details about the two worlds the girls inhabit are creative, though the plot that emerges after they meet is rather predictable. Even so, abundant action — including a hair-pulling fight, a high-speed chase on flying machines, and an attack by hideous beings known as 'mutations' — provides momentum. Unresolved conflicts set the scene for the next installment."

References

2014 American novels
American science fiction novels
American young adult novels
Children's science fiction novels
American adventure novels
Pocket Books books
Television shows related to the Kardashian–Jenner family


title: 1898 in Venezuela

text:
Events in the year 1898 in Venezuela.

Incumbents
President: Joaquin Crespo until February 28, Ignacio Andrade

Events

Births

Deaths
April 16 - Joaquin Crespo

References

1890s in Venezuela


title: 1936 in Bolivia

text:
Events in the year 1936 in Bolivia.

Incumbents
President:
 until 17 May: José Luis Tejada Sorzano (PL)
 17–22 May: Germán Busch
 starting 22 May: David Toro

Events
15 March: United Socialist Party (PSU) is founded as a result of a split in the Nationalist Party.
17 May: Following a series of general strikes, the military under Germán Busch, supported by the United Socialist Party and trade unions, overthrows the government of José Luis Tejada Sorzano and installs David Toro and president.
1–16 August: Bolivia competes in the Summer Olympic Games for the first time at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany.

Births

Deaths

References

1930s in Bolivia
Years of the 20th century in Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia


title: Rites of Assent

text:
Rites of Assent: Two Novellas () is a collection of novellas of Abd Al-Hakim Qasim. The two novellas were translated into English by Peter Theroux and published in 1995 by the Temple University Press.

The works were copyrighted 1984 and published by Dâr al-Tanwîr (). The short stories are "Al-Mahdi" () and "Good News from the Afterlife" ( Turaf min khabar al-âkhira). The settings of both novellas are small Nile Delta villages.

Samia Mehrez of the American University of Cairo wrote the introduction, which includes a biography of the author and a critical analysis of the works.

The title refers to what Judith Caesar of the American University of Sharjah stated as "the assent of those who know better to the voice of convention and their failure to assent to what they know to be the truth." This theme appears in both novellas. Caesar stated that in both novellas "the meaning is not conveyed through rounded characterization, but by what all the relatively flat characters taken together suggest by their actions or inaction." Caesar stated that the Theroux translations were "beautifully written, the language spare, pared-down, precise."

"Al-Mahdi"
The first novella is "Al-Mahdi." In the novella, Awadallah, a Coptic umbrella-maker, moves with his wife and children to the countryside to find work and to stop living on his landlady's charity. He had moved from Tanta, a large city, because the umbrella making trade was outdated in the urban areas. A Muslim landowner named Ali Effendi gives Awadallah charity because the former wants to prove that Muslims have more charity than Christians. Awadallah and his family fear that Ali Effendi will attempt to convert him to Islam but they does not want to offend him, so they accept his charity.

The Muslim Brothers of the community give Awadallah a house, along with other help and then attempt to coerce Awadallah into converting to Islam. One of them man states "From the time the man first came to our town, until this morning, we never let up for a moment." The brothers give Awadallah books on Islam and his mental state deteriorates. Judith Caesar of the American University of Sharjah wrote that the family members "feel more like hostages than guests". M.D. Allen of the University of Wisconsin Center Fox Valley stated that the author believed that the Muslim Brotherhood was "a group of socially disadvantaged hypocrites who mask a will to violence and power behind their religion's call to show charity toward the unfortunate." Caesar wrote that "The Muslim Brothers who bully Awadallah into enacting his supposed conversion are formerly confused and uncertain young men who have found a sense of community and mission in fundamentalist Islam that they want to share with others."

Once Awadallah agrees to convert, he is paraded around the streets. Sheikh Sayid al-Hasari, a Sufi preacher, condemns the forced conversion ceremony. Caesar wrote that the sheikh believed that the men "are utterly unaware that" by forcing Awadallah "they are violating the spirit of their own religion. They are not evil, but mindless." Ali Effendi and the town mayor also condemn it. They do not prevent it from happening. The mayor, who Caesar described as "henpecked", distracts himself from the affair by trying to engage in sexual intercourse with a servant girl, and Caesar states that "the scene of his pitiful sexual impotence with a willing servant girl [is] paralleling his moral impotence." Allen states that the story contrasts the Sufi's "gentle scrupulousness" with the Brotherhood's "aggressive indifference to anything outside their religious/political aims" and that "Awadallah's conversion ceremony is compared, not subtly, to the Crucifixion." Awadallah believes that he is about to re-enact the Stations of the Cross. He dies before he is to arrive at the mosque and his wife makes a Christian prayer over his body.

Caesar stated that the characters are "men who have been given the insight and the opportunity to act nobly, but they fail to do so because this action would bring them into conflict with popular opinion." According to Caesar, in regards to the characters "The guilty and the innocent are not so easily distinguished from one another, but
it is those who betray what they know to be true who lose the most." Caesar argues that "Qasim presents these characters as well with neutral sympathy."

In his English version Peter Theroux used the original Arabic title, and Caesar stated that he "wisely does not attempt to translate it". Caesar stated that the plot summary "suggests" that the novella is a "plea for religious tolerance" but she stated that the novella "is much more than" that.

"Good News from the Afterlife"
The second novella is "Good News from the Afterlife." The main characters include an elderly man and his grandson. The elderly man on the outside appears, in the words of Caesar, as "respectable", "saintly and otherworldly" and he holds "a reputation for learning
and piety". In fact he has bitterness and resentment. Caesar stated that the grandson "seems to represent" an alter ego of the elderly man and that he would be "the person the grandfather could have been if he had not become so involved in the petty quarrels and spites of village life."

The novella is divided into two sections. The first section is told in the point of view of the grandson and explores the grandfather's character. Allen stated that the section includes "the ruminations of a bookish and sensitive boy" and the boy's "sun-struck hallucinations".

At one point the grandfather dies. During the second section two angels perform a judgment of the life of the grandfather. In regards to the angels Allen characterized them as "[m]outhpieces of their human creator" and he added that "they do not convince as transcendent representatives of a world religion" and that the angels "do not have the gift of light disquisition". They have a conversation with the grandfather who, in the words of Caesar, "begins to understand how he failed to understand and to love the people around him, and how he betrayed his own sense of himself."

The story revealed that the old man wanted to love his cousin but she disliked him. He chose to close himself off to his wife and focus on religious studies due to his unwillingness to love his wife. In addition, he was afraid of acting in a manner unacceptable to society and admitting that he was angry at his father. Allen stated "We are enabled to re-create the latter's life as he acquires the serenity and wholeness of knowledge that come with death." Caesar stated that "Now the chance he once had for an authentic life is gone and his life is over. His punishment, if punishment it is, is knowing that."

Reception
Caesar wrote that the novellas were "not just a blending of village Sufism and the existential philosophies of post-war Europe, but a uniquely personal and original vision of what man is and should be" and that they were "intensely lyrical, intellectually provocative, and philosophical".

Allen argued that the novella "Good News from the Afterlife" has "a final impression of irritating pretentiousness" and that compared to "Al-Mahdi" it "is more ambitious and less successful." He criticized the portions of the story dealing with the boy and "the reader's - or this reader's - inability to decide what actually happens".

References
 Allen, M. D. (University of Wisconsin Center Fox Valley). "Rites of Assent" (book review). World Literature Today, Spring, 1996, Vol.70(2), p. 461(2) [Peer Reviewed Journal] - . - DOI 10.2307/40152255
 Caesar, Judith. (American University of Sharjah). "Book Reviews." Edebiyât, 2003, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 251–268 (relevant pages: 253-255).  print;  online/02/020251-18. Taylor & Francis Ltd, DOI: 10.1080/0364650032000143283.

Notes

Egyptian books
Egyptian novellas
1984 books


title: 1935 in Bolivia

text:
Events in the year 1935 in Bolivia.

Incumbents
President: José Luis Tejada Sorzano

Events
January 11 - Paraguayan Army encircle and force the retreat of two Bolivian Army regiments
February 7 - 5,000 Paraguayans attack the heavily fortified Bolivian lines near Villa Montes, with the aim of capturing the oilfields at Nancarainza, but were beaten back by the Bolivian First Cavalry Division.
March 6 - Paraguayan general Jose Felix Estigarribia again focused all his efforts on the Bolivian oilfields, this time at Camiri, 130 km north of Villa Montes. The commander of the Paraguayan 3rd Corps, Gen. Franco, found a gap between the Bolivian 1st and 18th Infantry regiments and ordered his troops to attack through it, but they became stuck in a salient with no hope of further progress. The Bolivian Sixth Cavalry forced the hasty retreat of Franco's troops in order to avoid being cut off
April 15 - Paraguayans punched through the Bolivian lines on the Parapetí River, taking over the city of Charagua. The Bolivian command launched a counter-offensive that forced the Paraguayans back.
May 27 - founding of Club Aurora
June 4 - a Bolivian regiment was defeated and forced to surrender at Ingavi, in the northern front, after a last attempt at reaching the Paraguay River
June 12 - ceasefire with Paraguay ending the Chaco War

Births

Deaths
July 17 - Daniel Salamanca Urey, former President

1930s in Bolivia


title: Ladislaus Garai

text:
Ladislaus Garai, also Ladislas Garai, (;  1410 – February or April 1459) was Palatine of Hungary from 1447 to 1458, and Ban of Macsó between 1431 and 1441 and from 1445 and 1447.

Childhood
Ladislaus was the son of Nicholas Garai, Palatine of Hungary and his wife, Anna of Celje. His father was a most powerful baron in the Kingdom of Hungary in the reign of King Sigismund. Ladislaus's mothera daughter of Hermann II, Count of Celjewas the sister of King Sigismund's wife, Barbara of Celje. Ladislaus was born around 1410, but he was first mentioned in a royal charter of 1424.

Family

References

Sources

1410s births
1459 deaths
Bans of Macsó
Ladislaus
Palatines of Hungary
15th-century Hungarian people


title: 1937 in Bolivia

text:
Events in the year 1937 in Bolivia.

Incumbents
President: David Toro (until July 13), Germán Busch (starting July 13)

Events
 August – founding of Bolivian Socialist Falange in Santiago, Chile by Bolivian exiles
November 23 - founding of Workers' Party (Bolivia)

Births

Deaths

References

1930s in Bolivia


title: Chhota Udaipur State

text:
The Chhota Udaipur State or 'Princely State of Chhota Udaipur', (; ) was a princely state with its capital in Chhota Udaipur during the era of British India. The last ruler of Chhota Udaipur State signed the accession to join the Indian Union in 1948. Chhota Udaipur shares a history with Devgadh Baria and Rajpipla as one of the three princely states of eastern Gujarat.

History
The erstwhile Princely State of Chhota Udaipur was founded in 1743 by Rawal Udeysinhji, a descendant of Patai Rawal of Champaner.

This state was an A class state with an 11 Gun salute under the Rewa Kantha Agency and merged with the Union of India on 16 August 1947. The state emerged as an A Class state mainly because of the erstwhile ruler HH. Maharaja Maharawal Shri Fateh Sinh Ji Chauhan who was also known as the people's Maharaja. Before him, the state was a second class state with 9 Gun Salutes. Maharawal Shri Fatehsinh ji made a lot of developments in the state of Chhota Udepur and quickly rose to being an A class state. His great grandson HH Aishwarya Pratap singh Chauhan is the present ruler of Chhota Udaipur but he is the youngest son of Late Maharaja Shri Virendra Pratap Sinh ji.

Rulers
        1762 –        1771  Arsisinhji
        1771 –        1777  Hamirsinhji II
        1777 –        1822  Bhimsinhji
        1822 –        1851  Gumansinhji
        1851 –        1881  Jitsinhji
        1881 –        1895  Motisinhji
        1895 – 29 Aug 1923  Fatehsinhji                        (b. 1884 – d. 1923)
 29 Aug 1923 – 15 Oct 1946  Natwarsinhji Fatehsinhji           (b. 1906 – d. 1946)
 15 Oct 1946 – 15 Aug 1947  Virendrasinhji                     (b. 1907-d. 25 June 2005)

See also
Rewa Kantha Agency

References

External links

Chhota Udaipur History

Chhota Udaipur district
Princely states of Gujarat
States and territories established in 1743
Rajputs
1743 establishments in India
1948 disestablishments in India
Gun salute princely states


title: AR1

text:
The Aerojet Rocketdyne AR1 is a  thrust RP-1/LOX oxidizer-rich staged combustion cycle rocket engine project.

The engine was conceived in 2014, and received US government funding to build a prototype engine in 2016. By 2018, the USAF had committed  of government funding to develop the engine and build an initial engine prototype, while Aerojet will put  of private capital into the project through the prototype build. , there have been no plans to take the AR1 to full production.

History
Aerojet Rocketdyne proposed in 2014 to "lobby the government to fund an all-new, U.S.-sourced rocket propulsion system."  In June 2014, Aerojet initially projected it would cost under  per pair of engines, not including the up to  estimated development cost to be funded by the government.  Later in 2014, the US Congress passed a law requiring the US Air Force to "develop a new propulsion system by 2019 to replace the RD-180 engine" that powers Atlas V used by United Launch Alliance (ULA), because the engine is Russian-made, along with the Russian conflict with Crimea. Dynetics is a key partner in development of the AR1 engine. Under a joint venture agreement, Dynetics is to supply elements of the engine's main propulsion system, the ignition system, and ground support equipment, along with analysis support to critical engine designs.

ULA announced in early February 2015 that they were considering undertaking domestic production of the Russian RD-180 engine at its Decatur, Alabama rocket manufacturing facility, and made assurances that the US-manufactured engines would be used only for government civil (NASA) or commercial launches, and would not be used for US military launches.  ULA CEO Tory Bruno indicated that ULA was also evaluating the AR1 option, along with the US manufacture of the RD-180 by ULA under license, as backup options to the primary option ULA was then pursuing for the Atlas V successor, subsequently named Vulcan, with the Blue Origin BE-4 methane/LOX engine.

, ULA was targeting a maiden flight of Vulcan to be no earlier than 2019. For this engine competition, the AR1 engine had the advantage of matching the fuel configuration of the Atlas V launch vehicle.  However, it was disadvantaged by being much earlier in the development process for a new rocket engine to replace the high performing RD-180 engine.

In February 2015, the USAF released the results of its analysis of the project to build a new US government-funded engine in five years, and said that the "2019 deadline was too aggressive given that it would likely take six to eight years to develop an alternate U.S.-built engine, plus another year or two to integrate the new engine with existing rockets."  Aerojet Rocketdyne had stated a commitment to delivering the AR1 in 2019. In September 2015, AJR made an offer to buy ULA for .  Shortly thereafter however, ULA and Blue Origin announced a joint agreement to expand production capabilities in order to manufacture the BE-4 rocket engine currently in development and test.  ULA also reconfirmed that the decision on using the BE-4 vs. AJR AR1 for the new Vulcan rocket would not be made until late 2016 at the earliest.

In early 2016, the U.S. Air Force awarded a US$115 million contract to Aerojet Rocketdyne for development of the AR1 engine to be completed in 2019.  Contract options could increase government funding up to $536 million.  Aerojet had received  in funding for AR1 through June 2017. In April 2017, Aerojet announced that the AR1 would be built in a new factory planned to be built in Huntsville, Alabama.  Aerojet completed the AR1's Critical Design Review (CDR) in May 2017.

In February 2018, Aerojet began negotiating with the U.S. Air Force to reduce the company's financial contribution to the development of the AR1 engine to one-sixth of the costs (from a previously agreed one-third).  Up to that date, AJR had "spent US$86.1 million on AR1 research and development, out of total costs incurred to date of US$236.6 million."  By June 2018, the USAF had renegotiated the agreement with AJR and decreased the Air Force's contribution to $295 million, which is 5/6ths of the total cost. AJR is adding no additional private funds into the engine development effort after early 2018. The revised contract requires that AJR complete a prototype engine by the end of 2019.

In September 2018, ULA announced that the BE-4 engine would power the first stage of the Vulcan.

In October 2019, Rocketdyne announced a working agreement with Firefly Aerospace for the AR1 engine to power Firefly's planned Beta launcher.

See also
RD-191 by NPO Energomash
Raptor by SpaceX

References

External links
 Aerojet Rocketdyne AR1 page

Rocket engines using kerosene propellant
Rocket engines using the staged combustion cycle


title: Diospyros acuminata

text:
Diospyros acuminata is a tree in the Ebony family which is endemic to Sri Lanka.

References

acuminata
Flora of Sri Lanka


title: Haukeli Tunnel

text:
The Haukeli Tunnel () is a road tunnel in Ullensvang Municipality in Vestland county, Norway.  The  tunnel is located about  northeast of the village of Røldal.  This tunnel was the longest tunnel in Norway from 1968 until the Høyanger Tunnel was opened in 1982.  In 2007, the tunnel was renovated and the interior height was increased to  throughout the tunnel.

The tunnel is part of the European route E134 highway, and this tunnel was built in 1968 to replace an older exposed road that was often impassable in the wintertime.  The tunnel goes through two different mountains, and there is actually a  long section of the tunnel that is not inside the mountains.  This section goes between the two mountains at Dyrskar and it is encased in concrete with a ventilation tower attached.  Dyrskar was a challenging place to pass when the road went there. The old road is still drivable during the summer months. At Dyrskar, one can also see one of the oldest tunnels in Norway: the Old Dyrskartunnel which was in use from 1900–1919.  The old tunnel is located on the hillside west of the pass.

References

Ullensvang
Road tunnels in Vestland


title: MAMA Award for Best Female Group

text:
The MAMA Award for Best Female Group () is an award presented annually by CJ E&M Pictures (Mnet). It was first awarded at the 2nd Mnet Asian Music Awards ceremony held in 2000, although two female groups were included in the nominees for the Best Male Group in 1999; the band Fin.K.L won the award for their song "Now", and it is given in honor for the female group with the most artistic achievement in the music industry.

Winners and nominees

2000s

2010s

2020s

Multiple awards
4 wins
 Twice

3 wins
 Girls' Generation

2 wins
 Sistar
 Jewelry
 S.E.S.
 Blackpink

See also
 List of music awards honoring women

Notes

External links
 Mnet Asian Music Awards official website

MAMA Awards
Music awards honoring women


title: Diospyros hirsuta

text:
Diospyros hirsuta is a tree in the ebony family endemic to Sri Lanka.

Trunk
Bark - finely fissured, black; Immature Bark - reddish.

References

External links

 http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/263212
 http://plants.jstor.org/taxon/diospyros.hirsuta

hirsuta
Endemic flora of Sri Lanka


title: Pomeroy Wills Powers

text:
Pomeroy Wells Powers  (February 19, 1852 – December 3, 1916) was an attorney and property developer in Kansas City, Kansas, and Los Angeles, where he was president of the Los Angeles City Council from 1900 to 1902.

Personal

Powers was born on February 19, 1852 in Rushville, New York, the son of Benjamin Powers and Dian Hudson, both of New York, and was educated in the public schools in Rushville. From 1871 to 1877 he studied at Manhattan College in Manhattan, Kansas,  where he received a doctor of jurisprudence degree. He was married to Ida May Bowen, and their children were John R., Benjamin Nelson, Hale P. Clifford Hudson, Earl Delavin, Grace Bowen Hannas and Gloria May Beattie. He moved to California in 1892.

Powers died on December 3, 1916.

Vocation

Powers was referred to as a "Kansas City capitalist" when he visited San Francisco in 1887 and stayed at the Palace Hotel.

In Los Angeles, Powers was a lawyer who was one of the original developers of a tract called Alvarado Terrace. He was also an officer of the Juanity Mining Company and the Short Line Beach Company. In 1905 he was an investor in and a director of a company that founded Inglewood Park Cemetery in what is today Inglewood, California.

Powers was president of the Los Angeles City Council in 1900–1902, having been elected as a Republican to represent the 4th Ward. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for mayor in 1902. A Presbyterian, he was a member of the Union League. In 1910, Powers was a member of the Olympic Club in San Francisco, which was planning a hike from the Golden Gate Park Panhandle to Ocean Beach.

Legacy

A small strip of Alvarado Terrace, paved in red brick, was named as Powers Place in 1911. It has been called the "shortest street in Los Angeles." "Together, Powers Place and Terrace Park are recognized as Cultural Heritage Board Monument Number 210."

References

1852 births
1916 deaths
Los Angeles City Council members
People from Rushville, New York
California Republicans
California lawyers
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers


title: Vinternatten

text:
Vinternatten () is a Christmas album by Swedish singer Sanna Nielsen, released in Sweden on 19 November 2012. This is her second solo Christmas album, following her 1997 release, Min önskejul. The album features the lead single "Viskar ömt mitt namn", a ballad version of her Melodifestivalen 2011 song "I'm in Love" as well as a cover of Leona Lewis' worldwide hit "Bleeding Love".

Track listing
The album was released digitally and physically on November 19, 2012, with 12 tracks.

Promotion
On 16 December, Nielsen performed "Viskar ömt mitt namn" and "Drummer Boy" live on "Nyhetsmorgon".

Review
Scandipop gave the album a positive review saying; "It’s a fab album and well worth checking out before the year ends". They also said "Sanna’s new Christmas album ‘Vinternatten’ has been the biggest selling seasonal effort in Sweden this year".

Chart performance
"Vinternatten" debuted at #17 on the week commencing November 30, 2012 before peaking at #5 three weeks later. It spent 7 weeks on the chart.

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

2012 Christmas albums
Sanna Nielsen albums
Swedish-language albums
Christmas albums by Swedish artists


title: Why Do the Heathen Rage? (disambiguation)

text:
Why Do the Heathen Rage? may refer to:

 Why Do the Heathen Rage?, 2014, by The Soft Pink Truth
 "Why Do the Heathen Rage?" (short story), 1963, by Flannery O'Connor


title: Diospyros thwaitesii

text:
Diospyros thwaitesii, is a tree in the ebony family, endemic to Sri Lanka.

External resources
 http://plants.jstor.org/specimen/k000792434?history=true

thwaitesii
Flora of Sri Lanka


title: List of demonstration schools in Thailand

text:
In Thailand, many universities operate demonstration schools, also known as laboratory schools (, sathit or satit schools) as part of their teacher-training programmes. These schools provide student teachers with practice-teaching opportunities, and are also used by the universities for education research and development. The oldest dedicated teacher-training schools in Thailand are the Prasarnmit and Patumwan Demonstration Schools of Srinakharinwirot University, which opened in 1953 and 1954, respectively. Many more schools have since been created or re-purposed, and there are now sixty-four demonstration schools in the country.

The large majority of Thai demonstration schools are operated by public universities, the lone exception being the Satit Bilingual School of Rangsit University, which is private. As they are effectively departments of the universities, demonstration schools don't come under the direct authority of the Ministry of Education, and have a greater degree of freedom in their operations than most state schools. They are generally viewed as providing higher-quality education, and entry into many demonstration schools is extremely competitive. This list is arranged with schools operated by public universities appearing first, followed by those of Rajabhat and Rajamangala Universities, then private institutions.

List of schools

Other university-affiliated schools
Some universities also operated schools which are not primarily used for teacher training, and are not considered to be conventional sathit schools. However, these schools operate under similar administration systems and are often grouped along with them in official lists. Such schools include:
Home Economics Kindergarten, Kasetsart University, Bangkok
Darunsikkhalai School for Innovative Learning, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok
Somdej Ya Learning Community Demonstration School, Srinakharinwirot University, Chiang Mai
Child Development Center, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang
Child Development Center, National Institute for Child and Family Development, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom
Mahidol University International Demonstration School, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom
Vithidham School, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Sakon Nakhon
Child Development Center, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani

See also
List of schools in Thailand
List of universities and colleges in Thailand

References

Demonstration Schools


The Shelbyville Courthouse Square Historic District  is a historic district in Shelbyville, Tennessee, centered on the Bedford County Courthouse Square.

The courthouse square was laid out in 1810 as a central block, bounded by four streets and surrounded by a grid of square city blocks of the same size. Merchants and tradesmen located their businesses on the blocks surrounding the courthouse square. Lots with street frontage facing the courthouse initially sold for prices 40 times higher than land near the edge of the town grid. This design, known as the "Shelbyville square" or "Shelbyville plan", was the prototype for numerous other public squares created throughout the 19th century in towns in southern Middle Tennessee, other parts of the southeastern United States, the American Midwest, and Texas.

Five different Bedford County courthouse buildings have stood on the courthouse square. The first courthouse was completed in 1810. A new structure replaced it in 1813. That second courthouse was destroyed by a tornado on May 31, 1830. The third courthouse building was completed in 1833 and stood until 1863, when it was burned down (apparently accidentally) by Confederate Army forces occupying Shelbyville. It was replaced in 1873 by the county's fourth courthouse. In 1934, a lynch mob burned down the fourth courthouse after learning that the young African-American man they wanted to hang had been taken from the county jail and transported to another county for his protection. The current courthouse building is Bedford County's fifth courthouse. It is a Classical Revival building designed in 1935 by the Nashville architectural firm of Marr and Holman.

Italianate and Romanesque architectural styles predominate among the historic commercial buildings facing the streets around the square. The Gunter Building, built in 1927 on the west side of the square, is designed in the Art Deco style.

The historic district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

References

Neoclassical architecture in Tennessee
Buildings and structures in Shelbyville, Tennessee
Squares in the United States
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bedford County, Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Bedford County, Tennessee
Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee


title: PNR Metro Commuter Line

text:
The PNR Metro Commuter Line is a commuter rail line operated by the Philippine National Railways. It was first inaugurated as the Metro Manila Commuter Service in 1970, and originally served the North Main Line and the South Main Lines, as well as the defunct Carmona and Guadalupe branch lines. Since then, it adopted several names such as Metrotrak and Metrotren, before adopting its present name in the late 2000s. The line is also nicknamed the Orange Line due to its designation in the 1970s.

The present line has 36 stations serving Metro Manila and Laguna. It is divided into two sections which meet in Tutuban station in Tondo, Manila. The Metro North Commuter section runs from Tutuban to Governor Pascual station in Malabon and is colored light green in the system map of PNR. On the other hand, the Metro South Commuter section which runs from Tutuban to IRRI station in Los Baños, Laguna and is colored orange. Some stations connect to LRT Lines 1 and 2, and MRT Line 3.

History

Manila Railroad local trains and Meralco Tranvias

The Manila Railroad Company, which preceded PNR, operated various local trains between Manila and its neighboring provinces. Trains from Tutuban will lead to Naic in Cavite, Pagsanjan in Laguna, Montalban in Rizal, and Bulacan during the 1920s.

The Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company (Meralco) also operated electrified Tranvia services in what is now Metro Manila. The  tram system reached Malabon to the north, Pasig to the east, and Libertad (now part of Pasay) to the south, making it one of the longest in Asia in 1924. Both systems were heavily damaged during the Battle of Manila in World War II.

PNR commuter services

Metro Manila Commuter Service (1970–89)
The Metro Manila Commuter Service started on April 6, 1970, which started at Manila North Harbor and ended in Biñan, Laguna. During this decade, more stations were opened although some were either closed or relocated. In 1976, the commuter system peaked and extended as far north as San Fernando, Pampanga, Guadalupe (located in Mandaluyong on the other side of Pasig River) to the east, and College to the south. There were also services in the now-defunct Carmona branch line.

Metrotrak then Metrotren (1989–2009)
In 1990, the system was undergoing renovations under the working title Metrotrak. By May of that year, the system was inaugurated as Metrotren to distinguish it from the LRT Line 1, then named "Metrorail". However, the Metrotren system eventually suffered neglect due to lack of funding and maintenance. Plans for expansion and rehabilitation such as the Manila–Clark rapid railway project and Guadalupe line revival was also never realized.

Post-Metrotren and Metro Commuter

The Arroyo administration attempted to modernize the PNR system by rebuilding the lines and purchasing new rolling stock. PNR purchased 6 brand new diesel multiple units from South Korea and became its first order in 35 years. The government was also interested in reviving the Manila to Malolos NorthRail project. However, the line stopped construction in 2011 and only pillars were built. The succeeding Aquino administration rebuilt the stations along the line to accommodate high-floor trains. PNR also acquired second-hand multiple units from Japan as stopgap measures to its train fleet, ending the Metrotren era. However, services were further suspended to Santa Rosa in 2014, and to Alabang in 2015 due to safety issues and accidents on the line. The North Main Line has also been closed.

The Duterte administration, Department of Transportation Secretary Arthur Tugade, and PNR General Manager Junn Magno, all promised to revive and modernize the PNR and its commuter line. In 2017, the Department of Science and Technology announced its first Filipino-designed train and started trial services between Alabang and Calamba in 2018.

For the present network, Magno announced the purchase of 3 diesel-hydraulic locomotives, 15 coaches, and 6 sets of diesel multiple units from Indonesian rolling stock manufacturer PT Industri Kereta Api or INKA. The INKA trainsets and 5 of the Hyundai Rotem DMUs will comprise a 14-train fleet that will replace the aging PNR 900 class as well as the second-hand rolling stock acquired by the Aquino administration, as these trainsets will be transferred to the Bicol Region for the Bicol Commuter services after 2020. The present line will also be rebuilt during and after the construction of the North–South Commuter Railway as it will serve as an alternate transport mode to the NSCR. It will be eventually envisioned to revisit and reactivate once abandoned lines and stations in the north that was once operated by PNR.

Closure
On February 16, 2023, DOTr announced the suspension of operations of the PNR system for five years, along with the Metro Commuter services, to give way for the construction of the North–South Commuter Railway. The closures, initially expected to start by May 2023, began on July 2, 2023, with the suspension of the Alabang–Calamba route.

Route

The existing operational Metro Commuter Line is predominantly aligned and shares the path of the PNR South Main Line or SouthRail which uses a dedicated right of way of its own. It terminates at Calamba Station despite having rails further towards Legazpi, Albay, but few trains stop at Sta. Rosa and Calamba Stations further to the south. Inter-provincial services such as the Bicol Express and Mayon Limited are not running as of 2015, but plans to revive the services have been presented.

 Legend
 Trains stop at stations marked "●".
 Trains pass those marked "｜".
 Only morning and evening trains stop at stations marked "◇".
 Morning and evening trains stopping only on Sundays at stations marked "X".
 Evening southbound trains only load at stations marked "♦".
 Morning and evening trains only unload at stations marked "♠".
 For AA-LA-IRRI, some trains stop at stations marked ∆, while all trains stop at stations marked ✓
  closed stations
 MSC (TU-LA) — Metro South Commuter (Tutuban to Calamba)
MSC (TU-IRRI) — Metro South Commuter (Tutuban to IRRI)
MSC (AA-LA-IRRI) — Metro South Commuter (Alabang-Calamba- IRRI)
MNC (TU-GP) — Metro North Commuter (Tutuban to Governor Pascual)
MNC (GP-FTI) — Metro North Commuter (Governor Pascual to FTI)
 SS (TU-SU) — Shuttle Service (Tutuban to Sucat)
 SS (SA-SU) — Shuttle Service (Santa Mesa to Sucat)
 PT — Premiere Train

The line is open from 4:29 a.m. PHT (UTC+8) until 9:42 p.m. on a daily basis. It operates almost every day of the year unless otherwise announced. Special schedules via the social media pages of the PNR and also in newspapers and other mass media. During Holy Week, a public holiday in the Philippines, the line is closed for annual maintenance, owing to fewer commuters and traffic around the metro. Normal operation resumes after Easter Sunday.

Existing infrastructure

Station layout
All stations are presently at-grade, with most stations using a side platform layout. Most have only basic amenities, platforms and ticket booths. Rehabilitated stations along the Metro Manila line have been fitted with ramps for passengers using wheelchairs. Several stations have extended platforms, having an upper platform catering to DMU services, and a lower platform for regular locomotive-hauled services. As of August 2017, most of the stations are being extended and equipped with platform-length roofing, better ticketing office, and restrooms.

Signalling
An automatic block signalling system by Mitsui was employed in the line as stated in a 1977 magazine by the International Railway Journal. However, a presentation published in 2015 by the Department of Transportation and Communications stated that there is no signalling in the line.

On November 16, 2021, PNR published the bidding documents for the design, installation, and commissioning of the signalling, interlocking, and level crossing systems for the  Metro South Commuter section between  and . The contract was awarded to PT Len Railway Systems of Indonesia in April 2022, and the contract was signed on May 19. PT Len Railway Systems will supply their SiLSafe 4000 computer-based interlocking system. The project is expected to be completed within 16 months after the contract signing, or until September 2023.

Communications
Prior to the uprade, the communications system backbone consisted of VHF radios, augmented with land and mobile phones. It was a localized system with no repeater stations. From 2020 to 2022, the communications system was digitalized and computerized. In 2020, the PNR tapped Hytera to upgrade the system's communication system to a two-way radio system. The TETRA digital radio system, which is currently being used in the line, enables faster coordination in depot personnel and has a network management system, allowing tasks to be centralized and handled seamlessly. The upgrade was completed in February 2022.

Tracks
The tracks are built to the  narrow gauge. The existing tracks are ballasted, with the rails laid on wooden and concrete railroad ties. The existing tracks consist of  rails.

Rolling stock

The PNR Metro Commuter Line has always used diesel-powered rolling stock since the services were opened in 1970. In 1976, PNR was able to expand its commuter and regional services when it bought 60 CMC railcars which remained in service until 2004. These commuter trainsets however deteriorated in the 1990s and ordered second-hand 12 series coaches in their stead. The 12 series cars were hauled by PNR's diesel locomotives which were previously used in its intercity and freight services. There were no new orders until 2009 when PNR ordered the Hyundai Rotem DMUs, followed by second-hand multiple units and coaches from Japan.

PNR later ordered 2 new trains from Indonesian manufacturer PT INKA on January 22, 2018, followed by an order of 7 more trains on May 28, increasing the total trains ordered to 9. The DOST Hybrid Electric Train also entered trial service the same year. The agency then commenced the refurbishment of its entire fleet the following year, which introduced polycarbonate windows that can resist stoning as well as a new livery.

Active

Former

Services

Current

Metro South Commuter
The Metro South Commuter (also known as MSC) is the main and only train service currently being offered by PNR that run along the Metro Commuter Line. The trains that are currently being used for this service are the 900 and 2500 class diesel-electric locomotives, ex-Joban Line 203 series EMUs donated by JR East, the South Korean Hyundai Rotem DMUs, the PT INKA 8000 class DMUs, INKA 8100 class DMUs, and the INKA CC300 locomotives and 8300 class coaches. The 8000 class DMUs occasionally perform MSC trips when the Hyundai Rotem DMUs occupy the Metro North Commuter trips. The trips are reduced upon announcements. On December 2, 2014, the new Calamba Station was inaugurated. Later that night, the MSC1907 was extended up to the said station. The MSC1937 was also extended, but only up to Santa Rosa Station.

Since July 2, 2023, regular MSC services run between  and , following the closure of commuter services until .

Metro North Commuter
On August 1, 2018, Philippine National Railways reinstated commuter train services to Caloocan station, as preparation for the Tutuban-Malolos railway, the first section of the North–South Commuter Railway line that will end at Clark in Pampanga. The line was reopened after the line was repaired due to water intrusion. According to claims by the Department of Transportation, it will be the most efficient way of travel between Caloocan and Makati. Services will continue operating until the completion of the Tutuban-Malolos Railway, after which the line will be mostly dedicated to cargo hauling. Originally running from 10th Avenue to Dela Rosa, it was upgraded into the Caloocan-FTI shuttle service on September 10 (officially called the Sangangdaan-FTI shuttle service). On December 3, 2018, it was again extended to Acacia/Governor Pascual station, with plans to extend the service up to Valenzuela railway station, and poised to carry 120,000 passengers daily if completed.

Trains servicing the Metro North Commuter service from Governor Pascual to FTI and vice versa usually stop at limited stations. Since 2019, trains servicing the MNC services now stop at all stations.

The trains used in this service are the INKA 8000 class and Hyundai Rotem diesel multiple units.

Past
Prior to the establishment of the PNR Metro Commuter Line, the Manila Railroad had several local train services in the 1950s and 1960s. According to a timetable that was effected on August 16, 1954, local trains on the South Main Line from Manila reached Lucena station in Quezon province. In the 1960s, local trains also reached San Fernando, Pampanga on the North Main Line. Services on the South Main Line were also added in the province of Laguna, and reached San Pablo and Santa Cruz, Laguna.

Caloocan–Meycauayan section
After the intercity section of the North Main Line was closed in the 1980s, then-president Corazon Aquino inaugurated the resumption of commuter rail services to Meycauayan in Bulacan on May 10, 1990. It was part of the Metrotren program initiated by then-Department of Transportations and Communications secretary Oscar Orbos to revitalize Metro Manila's public transport infrastructure due to worsening car traffic in the metropolis. The line was closed in the midst of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. There were plans to revitalize the entire line and extend it to Laoag.

A section of the line was opened in 2018 from  to . This section eventually became the PNR Metro North Commuter. The network shall extend again to Valenzuela City once a bridge crossing the Tullahan River has been constructed. However, the North–South Commuter Railway will serve as the primary commuter rail service to Bulacan and neighboring Ilocos Norte, with the PNR Metro North Commuter allotted as an alternative to the NSCR. No plans are made yet to build a MNC ground level station.

Carmona Line
A spur line towards Carmona was opened on April 1, 1973, to serve the residents of the San Pedro–Carmona Resettlement Project. On September 11, 1976, two Rail Commuter services were designated on the line and were named after indigenous flora. The service from Carmona to Manila was called Ilang-Ilang while the returning service was called Sampaguita. The Carmona services ended by early 2005. The closure coincided with court cases filed in 1996 against the Philippine National Railways by private corporations that owned some of the right-of-way and was ruled out in 2008, as PNR continued to own the tracks. Parts of the line remain intact, and plans to reopen the line are underway.

Shuttle Service
The Shuttle Service was introduced on January 27, 2014. This service uses Hyundai Rotem DMUs and JR KiHa 52.  There are 4 routes of the Shuttle Service, where trains stop at all stations along the routes.
 Tutuban – Sucat
 Sucat – Tutuban
 Sta. Mesa – Sucat
 Sucat – Sta. Mesa

This train service was removed last May 23, 2014 to give way to maintenance servicing of the rolling stock. Another reason was the 3 consecutive weeks of delays and cancellations of some train trips. The service officially returned to the line on August 1, 2018, this time, to serve from the 10th Avenue railway station up to the Dela Rosa station using a JR KiHa 350 DMU. An additional service was opened on September 10 and operated from the reopened Caloocan station to FTI station. It is now the PNR Metro North Commuter.

Premiere Train
The Premiere Train was a special MSC service that operates from Monday to Friday, except holidays. The train being used in this special service was the KiHa 59 "Kogane" train set, which is also from Japan. The train used to stop at selected stations only, namely Tutuban, Blumentritt, España, Sta. Mesa, Buendia, Pasay Road, EDSA (flagstop), Sucat, Alabang, San Pedro, Biñan, and Santa Rosa. The service had 4 trips: MSC501, MSC702, MSC1555, and MSC1802.

It was first opened in March 2014, but it only ran from Tutuban to Santa Rosa. In May 2014, Kogane was replaced by 203 series EMU coaches due to high passenger demand. The service now stops at all stations and ran from Mondays to Saturday.

It was then extended to Mamatid, then to Calamba.

The service was suspended in December 2014 due to the inauguration of the station building of Calamba, and due to the repairs of the trainset being used for this service.

IRRI services (Metro South Commuter)

Tutuban/Dela Rosa-IRRI
On December 1, 2019, Train services to the International Rice Research Institute inside the campus of the University of the Philippines Los Baños were started. Five new stations were added to the route: Pansol and Masili in Calamba Laguna, and Los Baños, college and IRRI in the neighboring town of Los Baños.

The service uses the Kogane train set previously used for Premiere Train Services. The service originates from Tutuban exclusively on Sundays, while it starts from Dela Rosa from Monday to Saturday. The train only loads a limited number of passengers in Dela Rosa, FTI, Bicutan, Sucat and Alabang Stations when going southbound, but unloading in stations in between like Nichols and EDSA are allowed.

The service ended in 2020 following the COVID-19 pandemic.

Alabang-Calamba-IRRI
On December 16, 2019, Regular Commuter services between Alabang, Calamba and IRRI were launched. The service uses Kiha-350 DMUs and runs the full route thrice daily from both endpoints and twice from the Calamba-IRRI segment. The service ended in 2020 following the COVID-19 pandemic.

Fares and ticketing
The PNR Metro Commuter Line uses a distance-based fare system. Currently, the rail operator charges ₱1.07 per kilometer. The minimum fare is . Fares are rounded up in multiples of . Fares are 20-percent lower for passengers of non-air-conditioned trains. Additionally, senior citizens and persons with disability are also given 20-percent discount.

PNR issues paper tickets manually. Passengers caught without tickets, or short-ticketed, are charged the farthest distance fare of the service.

Expansion and reconstruction plans

North–South Commuter Railway

The North–South Commuter Railway will be a train line connecting the northern and southern boundaries of Mega Manila. Once fully operational by 2025, it will connect New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac to the north and Calamba, Laguna to the south. The line will initially have 34 stations, expandable to 41 by 2030, and expand northward to Tarlac City and southward to Batangas City by 2040. The line will have commuter rail services as well as an airport limited express service connecting Clark International Airport with Alabang station.

It will be a double-track line with direct current electrification through overhead lines. The line will also be built in the wider  compared to the  narrow gauge being used by PNR.  The NSCR North which will be between Tutuban and New Clark City will be fully elevated and will have both embankment and viaduct sections. while the NSCR South will feature a mix of elevated sections through viaducts, as well as an at-grade and underground section between EDSA and FTI stations. The maximum speed on the line will be up to  for commuter trains and  for the airport express trains. The project costs ₱777.5 billion (US$15 billion) and is one of the flagship projects of the Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Plan.

On July 16, 2019, PNR ordered 104 EM10000 class train cars from the Japan Transport Engineering Company (J-TREC) along with Sumitomo Corporation, which will be arranged into 8-car electric multiple units. This is the first order out of a total of 464 EMU cars. J-TREC and Sumitomo were again awarded on January 14, 2022, for the procurement of 304 train cars (38 sets) in a separate contract. An order of 56 cars (7 sets) for the airport express train are being procured as of 2022.

In November 2021, PNR planned to relocate its present tracks while the NSCR South is being constructed. This was to ensure that the Metro Commuter services would remain business as usual. The line was planned to be upgraded from the present  and  rails to the UIC60 standard but would have been reduced from double-track to single-track with passing sidings as the NSCR will become the primary passenger rail corridor up to Calamba station. As part of the project, 13 new bridges were to be constructed and the line would have remained using the existing narrow-gauge track, though allowances for future conversion to standard-gauge and reintroduction of double-tracking were incorporated into the designs. The upgrades were expected to increase the maximum design speed to . However, on August 17, 2022, PNR cancelled the procurement for these projects due to these being "no longer feasible".

Metro North Commuter restoration
Metro North Commuter services have been restored in 2018, and there are plans to further extend the line north to Valenzuela station from its present terminus in Governor Pascual station in neighboring Malabon. A new bridge crossing the Tullahan River will also be built to connect the two stations. The expansion aims to reduce traffic congestion between Valenzuela and Makati. Although these services are planned to be superseded by the North–South Commuter Railway, the present line will continue serving passenger trains and will also serve freight trains in the future, as the North Long Haul line. Under the revitalized plans to reach Ilocos and its old terminus in La Union, it will be funded through Public-Private Partnership.

Integration with intercity services
The intercity section of the PNR South Main Line will be rebuilt under the PNR South Long Haul project. A new  line will connect Metro Manila with the Bicol Region. The entire section will also be built in standard gauge, similar to the NSCR but there will be no electrification. The line will also traverse the present Metro Commuter Line, initially from Calamba station by Phase 1, Sucat station by Phase 4, and eventually to Tutuban station. Since the intercity services will traverse the narrow-gauge line, there will be a dual gauge network between these stations and IRRI station.

Incidents and accidents

The PNR Metro Commuter Line has been prone to numerous incidents, including stoning incidents, people being run over by trains (including even fatal ones), and trains colliding with vehicles.
 On May 19, 2014, a cigarette vendor died while six others were hurt when a PNR train from Tutuban Station collided with a jeepney across the railroad tracks along G. Tuazon Street in Sampaloc, Manila at around 4:30 p.m. The jeepney was dragged around  from the site of the collision. The driver of the jeepney was allegedly drunk when the collision happened.
 On April 29, 2015, a Hyundai Rotem DMU derailed between EDSA railway station and Nichols railway station. There were 80 reported injuries, mostly minor cases. The incident was caused by missing parts of the railtracks that were stolen. This, however, prompted PNR operations to be suspended on May 5, 2015, to conduct safety tests by PNR and TÜV Rheinland. The operations of the PNR resumed on July 23, 2015.
 On January 12, 2016, a PNR Metro South Commuter Line train from Alabang collided with a jeepney at the Pedro Gil Street crossing near Paco station in Paco, Manila. One person died from head injuries and six were injured.
 On July 7, 2017, five people, including a pregnant woman, was hurt when an ambulance was hit by a train (a PNR 900 class locomotive and a 203 series EMU) near Blumentritt Station in Manila. The ambulance, which came from Barangay 167 Ilano in Caloocan, was on its way to a hospital to bring the pregnant woman when the accident occurred.
On January 14, 2018, a passenger in a 203 series trainset forced a train door open while the train was moving.
 On October 11, 2019, an old woman got run over by a train, causing injuries to her hands and legs.
 Fourteen stoning incidents were reported from December 2 to 21, 2019, including a stoning incident in one 8000 class train.
 On December 28, 2019, an 8000 class was obstructed between España and Sta. Mesa stations.
 On January 1, 2020, a windshield of a Hyundai Rotem DMU was shattered due to a stoning incident while performing an MNC Trip at Caloocan. The glass window was replaced with polycarbonate the day after the incident. It was also found that a group of minors were the ones who did the crime.
 In February 2020, a window in a KiHa 59 series (Kogane) trainset shattered due to a stoning incident.
 On February 16, 2020, a 203 series trainset was involved in a stone-throwing incident. It damaged a door window and injured one passenger.
 On June 3, 2020, a Hyundai Rotem DMU rammed a car at Abad Santos Railroad Crossing in Tondo, Manila. The crossing barrier was not down when the accident happened. The train dragged the car for about 10 meters.
 On August 28, 2020, an engineer got run over by an 8100 class train near Paco station. The engineer died after the incident.
 On August 22, 2021, three teenagers died after they got run over by a train in Santa Mesa, Manila.
 On September 2, 2021, a Hyundai Rotem DMU train rammed a blue car at the Piy Margal Railroad Crossing in Manila despite early warning by the crossing keepers. No injuries were reported. The PNR management is yet to release a statement about the absence of barriers at the railroad crossing, particularly at the southbound lane.
On April 12, 2022, a 9-to-12-year-old child died after being run over by 921 hauling a 203 series EMU train at the intersection of Antipolo Street and Ipil Street in Santa Cruz, Manila.
On September 25, 2022, a DMU train collided with a crane while performing a MNC service in Sta. Mesa, Manila, causing three injuries and damages to the front cab of the train.
On February 11, 2023, a motorcycle rider suddenly crossed the railroad crossing in Tayuman, Manila when a DEL class locomotive is about to cross the railroad crossing.
 On April 18, 2023, a PNR 900 class locomotive hauling a 203 series EMU derailed near Pasay Road station. No injuries were reported among the 400 passengers onboard.

Notes

References

External links
 The PNR Metro Commuter Line – Timetables

Metro South Commuter Line
Public transportation in the Philippines
Rail transportation in Metro Manila
Transportation in Luzon
Transportation in Manila
Railway lines opened in 1970
Railway lines closed in 2023


title: Diospyros walkeri

text:
Diospyros walkeri is a tree in the Ebony family, endemic to Sri Lanka.

External links
 http://www.mpnet.iora-rcstt.org/node/2836
 http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/265572

walkeri
Flora of Sri Lanka


title: London Parris

text:
Conley "London" Parris (May 25, 1931 – September 7, 1992) was an American southern gospel bass singer, famous for his associations with The Rebels quartet and The Blackwood Brothers and hit songs such as "Heaven Came Down".  He was inducted into the Southern Gospel Hall of Fame in 2004.

Biography and career

Conley Parris was born on May 25, 1931, in the United States.  Named “London” by Lee Roy Abernathy of The Homeland Harmony Quartet, he started singing gospel music in The Rebels Quartet when he replaced bass singer Big Jim Waits.

Parris joined Christian music pioneers The Blackwood Brothers in the late 1960s during their post-Sumner era.  With The Blackwood Brothers he released many albums and went on to win two Grammy Awards for Best Gospel Performance with their album In Gospel Country in 1969 at the 12th Annual Grammy Awards and again in 1972 for L-O-V-E at the 15th Annual Grammy Awards, the 1970 Album of the Year award for Fill My Cup, Lord at the 2nd GMA Dove Awards, and many other awards.

In 1971 he started his own group, London Parris and The Apostles, which won the Dove Award for the Most Promising New Gospel Talent at the 4th GMA Dove Awards in 1972.

Parris and his wife Yvonne had two sons, Christopher and David, and one daughter, Kathy.  He died on 7 September 1992.

Parris was a consummate performer with a large, booming bass voice and a dynamic personality that made him a crowd favorite.  He was famous for his renditions of "At the Crossing" and "Little Boy Lost", but "Heaven Came Down" and "Everybody Ought to Know" are his signature songs.

In 2004, he was posthumously inducted into the Southern Gospel Hall of Fame, operated at Dollywood, in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, by the Southern Gospel Music Association.

Discography

As London Parris

As London Parris & the Goss Brothers

With The Blackwood Brothers Quartet

As London Parris and the Apostles

With Jackie Marshall

See also
 The Blackwood Brothers discography

References

External links

1931 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers
American gospel singers
American basses
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Southern gospel performers


title: Danta State

text:
The Danta State was a sovereign state that was established in 1061 and lasted till its merger with the Indian Republic. It was located in what is now Banaskantha District of Gujarat, India.

See also
List of Rajput dynasties and states

References

Banaskantha district
Bombay Presidency
Princely states of Gujarat
11th-century establishments in India
1061 establishments in Asia
1948 disestablishments in India
States and territories established in 1061
Gun salute princely states


title: Erythroxylum zeylanicum

text:
Erythroxylum zeylanicum is a species of plant in the Erythroxylaceae family. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.

Uses
leaves- medicinal.

References

External links

 https://archive.today/20140616042436/http://www.dlib.pdn.ac.lk/archive/handle/123456789/3565
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12612777_Tropane_alkaloids_from_Erythroxylum_zeylanicum_O.E._Schulz_(Erythroxylaceae)

zeylanicum
Endemic flora of Sri Lanka


title: Thomas Boyd (Australian politician)

text:
Thomas Elder Boyd (1802 – 12 October 1860) was a Scottish-born banker and politician in colonial Australia, member of the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1845.

Boyd was born in Perth, Scotland, the son of James Boyd. In 1842, Boyd was the manager of the Melbourne branch of the Union Bank of Australia, in January 1854 he became manager of the Colonial Bank.

On 1 August 1845, Boyd was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Council as member for Port Phillip District (later to become the separate colony of Victoria). Boyd left the Council on 11 December 1845.

Boyd died in Melbourne on 12 October 1860. He had married Jessie Small, in Dundee, Scotland c. 1831 and to Sarah Kennedy Young, in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1848.

References

1802 births
1860 deaths
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia
People from Perth, Scotland
19th-century Australian politicians