title: Chaulukya dynasty

text:
The Chaulukya dynasty (), also Solanki dynasty, was a dynasty that ruled parts of what are now Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India, between  and . Their capital was located at Anahilavada (modern Patan). At times, their rule extended to the Malwa region in present-day Madhya Pradesh. The family is also known as the "Solanki dynasty" in the vernacular literature. They belonged to the Solanki clan of Rajputs.

Mularaja, the founder of the dynasty, supplanted the last ruler of the Chavda dynasty around 940 CE. His successors fought several battles with the neighbouring rulers such as the Chudasamas, the Paramaras and the Chahamanas of Shakambhari. During the reign of Bhima I, the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud invaded the kingdom and raided the Somnath temple during 1024-1025 CE. The Chaulukyas soon recovered, and the kingdom reached its zenith under the rule of Jayasimha Siddharaja and Kumarapala in the 12th century. Several minor dynasties, such as the Chahamanas of Jalor and the Chahamanas of Naddula, served as Chaulukya vassals during this period. After Kumarapala's death, the kingdom was gradually weakened by internal rebellions; uprisings by feudatories; and invasions by the Paramaras, the Ghurids, the Yadavas and others. Taking advantage of this, the Vaghelas, who had earlier served as Chaulukya generals, usurped the power and established a new dynasty in the 1240s.

Several princely state rulers of the Solanki clan claimed descent from the Chaulukyas.

Name

The dynasty used the self-designation "Chaulukya" in all but four of its records. The four exceptions are:

 "Chaulukika" in the Kadi grant of Mularaja
 "Saulkika" in a grant of Chamundaraja
 "Chaulakya" in the Sambhar inscription of Jayasimha
 "Chaullakya" in the Jalor inscription of Kumarapala

Hemachandra, a Jain scholar in the Chaulukya court, generally used the terms "Chaulukya" and "Chulukya". His Dvyasraya Mahakavya mentions the variants "Chulakya", "Chalukka", and "Chulukka"; his Kumarapala-Charita mentions another variant "Chuluga". The Chaulukya court poet Someshvara describes the dynasty as "Chaulukya" (in Kirti-Kaumudi) and "Chulukya" (in the Abu inscription of Vastupala and Tejapala).

"Solanki" or "Solankhi" is a vernacular form of the term.

Origins
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The word "Chaulukya" is thought to be a variant of the word "Chalukya". Several other dynasties were known by the name "Chalukya", including the Chalukyas of Vatapi, Navasarika, Vemulavada, Kalyani, Vengi and Lata. These dynasties are sometimes thought to be branches of the same family, but the relationship between all of them is not certain. Unlike the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat never claimed a shared descent or any other association with the earliest Chalukya dynasty — the Chalukyas of Vatapi. Moreover, they never used the term "Chalukya" to describe themselves.

However, the Chaulukyas of Gujarat shared a myth of origin with the Chalukyas of Kalyani and Vengi. According to this legend, the progenitor of the dynasty was created by Brahma. The version of the legend mentioned in the Vadnagar prashasti inscription of Kumarapala is as follows: the deities once asked the creator god Brahma to protect them from the danavas (demons). Brahma then created a hero from his chuluka (pot or folded palm in Sanskrit), which was filled with Ganges water. This hero was named "Chulukya", and became the progenitor of the dynasty. A variation of this legend is mentioned by Abhayatilaka Gani in his commentary on Hemachandra's  Dvyashraya-Kavya. According to this version, Brahma produced the hero to support the earth, after his other creations disappointed him. These stories are of no historical value, as it was customary for contemporary royal houses to claim mythical and heroic origins. The Kumarapala-Bhupala-Charita of Jayasimha Suri presents Chulukya as a historical warrior, whose capital was Madhupadma. Mularaja was his descendant, with nearly a hundred generations separating the two. This account may be partly historical: Madhupadma has been identified variously as a location outside Gujarat, including present-day Mathura.

C. V. Vaidya theorized that the Chaulukyas were different from the Chalukyas. G. H. Ojha opposed this theory, pointing out that an inscription of the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja describes his family as "Chalukya", while an inscription of his grandson Trilochanapala describes the family as "Chaulukya". According to Asoke Majumdar, while these similar-sounding names suggest a common origin for all these dynasties, there is no concrete evidence to draw any definitive conclusion. Majumdar theorized that the Chaulukyas were connected to the Sulikas or the Chulikas, a tribe mentioned in several ancient records. This tribe is described as living on the northern frontier of ancient India. However, Majumdar admitted that there is not enough evidence to regard this theory as conclusive. According to the Agnikula myth mentioned in a 16th-century recension of the legendary epic poem Prithviraj Raso, four Rajput clans including the Chaulukyas were born from a fire-pit on Mount Abu. A section of colonial-era historians interpreted this mythical account to suggest that these clans were foreigners who came to India after the decline of the Gupta Empire around the 5th century CE, and were admitted in the Hindu caste system after performing a fire ritual.

The Chaulukya rulers have been called "Gurjararāja" and "Gurjareśvara" ("ruler of Gurjara"). Based on this legend, D. R. Bhandarkar and others theorized that the Chaulukyas were a branch of Gurjaras, whom they believed to be a tribe of foreign origin. Bhandarkar and Augustus Hoernle also believed that the name of the "Lata" region changed to "Gurjaratra" (later Gujarat) during the Chaulukya reign, presumably because they were Gurjaras.

However, this foreign-origin theory is weakened by a number of factors. The Chaulukyas did not claim an Agnikula origin for themselves: it was the neighbouring Paramara rulers who used the legend to explain their own origin. The inscriptions from the reign of Bhima II prove that the Chaulukyas knew about the Agnikula legend, but associated it with the Paramaras, not themselves. The earliest copies of Prithviraj Raso do not mention this legend either. The legend that includes the Chaulukyas among the fire-born clans is first mentioned by the 16th century poets, who may have extended the Paramara legend to include other dynasties, in order to foster Rajput unity against the Mughals. Moreover, there is no evidence that the Chaulukya territory area came to be known as "Gurjaratra" during the Chaulukya reign. "Gurjara" and "Lata" were two distinct historical regions in northern and southern parts of present-day Gujarat respectively, and the term "Lata" was never used to describe the whole of Gujarat. The Chaulukya kings were called "Gurjararāja" and "Gurjareśvara" because they ruled the territory which was already called Gurjara by their time. Several other kings who held similar epithets had earlier ruled this territory: these include the Gurjara-Pratiharas and the Gurjaras of Nandipuri. Historian Asoke Kumar Majumdar points out that even the southern Ganga chief  Marasimha II assumed the title "king of Gurjaras" after defeating a northern king on behalf of the Rashtrakutas.

History

Early rulers

The Chaulukyas were one of the several dynasties that rose to power amid the decline of the Gurjara-Pratihara and the Rashtrakuta empires. In the mid-tenth century CE, the dynasty's founder Mularaja supplanted Samantasimha, the last Chavda king. According to legends, he was a nephew of Samantasimha. According to the 12th century chronicler Hemachandra, Mularaja defeated Graharipu, the king of Saurashtra. He also defeated the Lata Chalukya chief Barapa, aided by his son Chamundaraja.

Chamundaraja succeeded Mularaja around 996 CE. During his reign, the Paramara king Sindhuraja appears to have invaded the Lata region, which was under Chaulukya suzerainty. Mularaja forced Sindhuraja to retreat; the 14th century chronicler Jayasimha Suri claims that Chamundaraja killed Sindhuraja in a battle, but this claim appears to be doubtful, as it does not appear in any earlier source. Sometime before 1007 CE, the Lata region was captured by the Chalukyas of Kalyani led by Satyashraya.

Around 1008 CE, Chamundaraja retired after appointing his son Vallabharaja as the next king. Legendary accounts state that he set out for a pilgrimage to Varanasi. During this journey, he was insulted by a ruler whose kingdom lay on the way to Varanasi. He returned to the Chaulukya capital, and asked his son to avenge his insult. Vallabharaja died of smallpox during a march to the enemy kingdom, which is identified as the Paramara kingdom of Malwa by some chroniclers.

Chamundaraja's other son Durlabharaja became the next king in c. 1008 CE. He invaded the Lata region, and defeated the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja (or Kirtipala), who was a vassal of the Kalyani Chalukyas. However, Kirtiraja regained control of the region within a short time, before being defeated by the Paramara king Bhoja.

Neighbouring rivalries

Durlabharaja was succeeded by his nephew Bhima I, who faced an invasion from the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud during 1024-1025 CE. Bhima fled to Kanthkot, as Mahmud entered the Chaulukya territory unopposed and sacked the Somnath temple. After Mahmud's departure, Bhima restored the Chaulukya rule. He crushed revolts by the Paramara chiefs of Arbuda, who used to serve as Chaulukya vassals. Bhima also defeated and imprisoned Krishnadeva, a ruler of the Paramara branch of Bhinmal. He unsuccessfully fought against the Naddula Chahamana ruler Anahilla. Anahilla's sons Balaprasada and Jendraraja defeated Bhima and forced him to release Krishnadeva. Later legendary accounts credit Bhima with a victory against Hammuka, a ruler of Sindh, although the accuracy of this claim is not certain.

Semi-legendary accounts suggest that Bhima formed an alliance with the Kalachuri king Lakshmi-Karna, and the two played an important role in the downfall of the Paramara king Bhoja around 1055 CE. According to the 14th century chronicler Merutunga, Bhima and Lakshmi-Karna invaded Bhoja's kingdom of Malwa from two opposite directions, and Bhoja died of a disease during this invasion. Some Chaulukya chroniclers boast that Bhima annexed Bhoja's capital Dhara or that he captured Bhoja alive, but these claims are not corroborated by historical evidence. After Bhoja's death, a rivalry developed between the Bhima and Lakshmi-Karna over sharing the spoils of their victory.

Bhima's son Karna succeeded him around 1064 CE. Bhoja's brother Udayaditya, supported by the Shakambhari Chahamana king Vigraharaja III, forced Karna to retreat from Malwa. Meanwhile, the Kalachuris managed to capture the Lata region. By 1074 CE, Karna evicted the Kalachuris from Lata, and annexed the region to the Chaulukya kingdom, before losing it to one Trivikramapala within three years.

The Naddula Chahamana ruler Prithvipala defeated Karna, and his successor Jojalladeva occupied the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka, possibly when Karna was busy at another place. The Shakambhari Chahamana king Durlabharaja III also appears to have achieved some military success against Karna, although the Chahamana descriptions of this victory are highly exaggerated. According to legendary chronicles, Karna also defeated Bhil and Koli tribals, who used to raid the Chaulukya territories. He established a city called Karnavati after defeating a Bhil chief named Asha (Āśā). Karnavati is identified with modern Ahmedabad by some, but this is not certain.

Imperial expansion

Karna's son Jayasimha Siddharaja (r. c. 1092–1142 CE) greatly expanded the Chaulukya power. He defeated Khangara alias Navaghana, the Chudasama king of Saurashtra. The Naddula Chahamana ruler Asharaja, who had been dethroned by his rival Ratnapala, became a vassal of Jayasimha sometime before 1143 CE.

Jayasimha defeated the Shakambhari Chahamana ruler Arnoraja. Later, however, Jayasimha accepted Arnoraja as an ally, and the Chahamana ruler married Jayasimha's daughter Kanchanadevi. The couple's son (and thus Jayasimha's grandson) Someshvara, was brought up at the Chaulukya court. Someshvara's sons Prithviraja III (better known as Prithviraj Chauhan) and Hariraja were also born in Gujarat.

During the 1135-1136 CE, Jayasimha annexed the Paramara kingdom of Malwa, with support from Asharaja and Arnoraja. The Paramara kings defeated by him were Naravarman and his successor Yashovarman. Jayasimha continued his eastward march, and reached as far as the Chandela kingdom ruled by Madanavarman. The Chaulukya-Chandela conflict was inconclusive, with both the sides claiming victory. Jayasimha also defeated several minor rulers, including Sindhuraja, who was probably a Soomra king of Sindh.

Jayasimha was succeeded by his relative Kumarapala, who spent his early life in exile to avoid persecution by Jayasimha. After Jayasimha's death, Kumarapala came back to the Chaulukya capital and ascended the throne in 1043 CE, with help of his brother-in-law Kanhadadeva. Arnoraja opposed Kumarapala's ascension to the throne, but Kumarapala defeated him decisively. Kumarapala seems to have helped Asharaja's son Katukaraja capture the throne of Naddula. Katukaraja's younger brother and successor Alhanadeva continued to rule as Kumarapala's vassal. Arnoraja's son Vigraharaja IV subdued Kumarapala's Chahamana feudatories at Naddula. The Shakambhari Chahamana-Chaulukya relations seem to have become more cordial when Arnoraja's son (and Jayasimha's grandson) Someshvara became the Chahamana king in later years, possibly with support from Kumarapala.

After Jayasimha's death, the Paramara king Jayavarman I regained control of Malwa, but he was soon dethroned by an usurper named Ballala. Kumarapala captured Malwa from Ballala, who was killed by Kumarapala's Arbuda Paramara feudatory Yashodhavala in a battle. Kumarapala subdued a rebellion by his vassal Vikramasimha, a Paramara chief of Arbuda. The Paramara branch at Kiradu continued to acknowledge Kumarapala's suzerainty.

In the early 1160s, Kumarapala sent an army against Mallikarjuna, the Shilahara king of northern Konkana. This campaign was probably triggered by a Shilahara raid in southern Gujarat, and ended with Mallikarjuna's death. Kumarapala's Naddula Chahamana feudatory Alhana put down disturbances in Saurashtra at Kumarapala's request.

Historical evidence suggests that Kumarapala's empire extended from Chittor and Jaisalmer in the north to the Vindhyas and the Tapti river in the south (ignoring his raid of the Shilahara kingdom of northern Konkana). In the west, it included Kachchha and Saurashtra; in the east, it extended up to at least Vidisha (Bhilsa).

Kumarapala was succeeded by Ajayapala, who retained Kumarapala's territories, but died after a short reign. Ajayapala's young sons Mularaja II and Bhima II succeeded him one after other. During this period, the Ghurid king Muhammad of Ghor invaded the Chaulukya kingdom in 1178 CE. In the ensuing battle at Kasahrada (or Kayadara), Muhammad was defeated by a large army, which included loyal Chaulukya feudatories such as the Naddula Chahamana ruler Kelhanadeva, the Jalor Chahamana ruler Kirtipala, and the Arbuda Paramara ruler Dharavarsha.

Decline

Taking advantage of the young age of Bhima II, some provincial governors rebelled against him in order to establish independent states. His loyal Vaghela feudatory Arnoraja came to his rescue, and died fighting the rebels. Arnoraja's descendants Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala became powerful during Bhima's reign.

During Bhima's reign, the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala II seems to have raided the Lata region. The Yadava ruler Bhillama V also invaded Gujarat, but was forced to retreat by Bhima's feudatory Kelhanadeva. The Shakambhari Chahamana king Prithviraja III also fought with the Chaulukyas, but Bhima's general Jagaddeva managed to conclude a peace treaty with Prithviraja sometime before 1187 CE.

By the mid-1190s CE, the Ghurids defeated the Prithviraja and the other major Hindu kings of northern India. On 4 February 1197 CE, the Ghurid general Qutb al-Din Aibak invaded Bhima's capital Anahilapataka, and inflicted a massive defeat on the Chaulukyas. Bhima's generals Lavanaprasada and Shridhara later forced the Ghurids to retreat, and the capital was back under the Chaulukya rule by 1201 CE.

Subhatavarman, the Paramara king of Malwa, invaded the Lata region around 1204 CE, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Ghurid invasions. He probably also sacked the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka. Once again, Lavanaprasada and Shridhara saved the kingdom by forcing Subhatavarman to retreat. During 1205-1210 CE, Bhima's relative Jayantasimha (or Jayasimha) usurped the throne. In the early 1210s, Subhatavarman's successor Arjunavarman defeated Jayantasimha, and later established a matrimonial alliance with him. Bhima managed to regain control of the throne during 1223-1226 CE.

Meanwhile, the Yadavas invaded the southern part of the Chaulukya kingdom, led by Bhillama's successors Jaitugi and Simhana. During these invasions, the Chaulukya feudatories in the northern region of Marwar rebelled. Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala warded off the Yadava invasions, and also subdued the rebellions. The Guhilas of Medapata (Guhilots of Mewar) also rebelled against Bhima sometime between 1207 and 1227 CE, and declared their independence.

By the end of Bhima's reign, Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala assumed regal titles such as Maharajadhiraja ("king of great kings") and Maharaja ("great king"). However, the two continued to nominally acknowledge Bhima (and his successor Tribhuvanapala) as their overlord. After Tribhuvanapala, they seized the throne, establishing the Vaghela dynasty.

Architecture

Māru-Gurjara architecture, or "Chaulukya style", is a style of north Indian temple architecture that originated in Gujarat and Rajasthan from the 11th to 13th centuries, under the Chaulukya dynasty (or Solaṅkī dynasty). Although originating as a regional style in Hindu temple architecture, it became especially popular in Jain temples and, mainly under Jain patronage, later spread across India and to diaspora communities around the world.

Religion

Most of the dynasty's rulers were Shaivaite, although they also patronized Jainism. The dynasty's founder Mularaja is said to have built Mulavasatika temple for Digambara Jains and the Mulanatha-Jinadeva temple for the Svetambara Jains. The earliest of the Dilwara Temples and the Modhera Sun Temple were constructed during the reign of Bhima I. According to popular tradition, his queen Udayamati also commissioned the Queen's step-well. Kumarapala started patronizing Jainism at some point in his life, and the subsequent Jain accounts portray him as the last great royal patron of Jainism. The Chaulukya rulers also endowed mosques to maintain good relationship with the Muslim traders.

Claimed descendants
The Vaghela dynasty, which succeeded the Chaulukyas, claimed descent from a sister of Kumarapala.

Various princely state dynasties calling themselves Solanki (the vernacular form of Chaulukya) claimed descent from the Chaulukyas as well. These included the rulers of the Lunavada State, which was a tributary to the Marathas before coming under the British rule.

List of rulers

The Chalukya rulers of Gujarat, with approximate dates of reign, are as follows:

Family tree

List of feudatories
 Chahamanas of Naddula
 Chahamanas of Jalor

References

Bibliography

 Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,

 Michell, George, (1977) The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms, 1977, University of Chicago Press,
 Michell, George (1990), The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu, 1990, Penguin Books,

External links

States and territories established in the 940s
940s establishments
10th-century establishments in India
Rajputs
1240s disestablishments in Asia
States and territories disestablished in the 1240s
History of Gujarat
1244 disestablishments
Dynasties of the Rajputs
13th-century disestablishments in India


title: Emin Efendi

text:
Emin Efendi, (born November 15, 1978, in Baku) is a distinguished Azerbaijani producer and television presenter from Baku, Azerbaijan. He is the visionary creator and producer behind the pioneering Azerbaijani rap group Dayirman and has also served as the producer for the rap group H.O.S.T., during various periods. Presently, he holds the role of producer for singer Miri Yusif an esteemed figure designated as the People's Artist of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Early life
Emin Efendi's birth transpired on November 15, 1978, within the city of Baku. His formative years were spent in the "Vasmoy" locale of Baku, specifically the "8 KM" settlement. In 1996, he successfully graduated from Nizami district's School Number 210, subsequently embarking upon higher education at the Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction.

Career
Commencing his vocation, Emin Efendi inaugurated his professional journey as a producer, contributing to diverse programs on ANS CM radio. By 2001, he had ascended to the role of host for the acclaimed "De Gelsin" meykhana show, which notably resonated throughout the nation. Progressing further, he undertook the responsibilities of producer and host for the televised program "Chardaq," broadcast on Space TV. Over different intervals, he orchestrated the grandeur of opening and closing ceremonies for the Azerbaijan Football Cup finals. In 2011, he notably assumed the esteemed position of chief producer for the opening and closing ceremonies of the World Boxing Championship hosted within Azerbaijan. Further expanding his creative endeavors, he held the role of project manager for the innovative justfootball.com website, subsequently facilitating the pioneering webcast of the inaugural football program "justfootball" in 2014. Emin Efendi also graced the jury panel of the "Big Stage" program, a televised production aired on the ATV TV channel.

Since the inception of 2023, Emin Efendi has distinguished himself as the esteemed project manager and author behind the weekly program "Danışır Efendi," in collaboration with the patronage of ASAN Radio and Azxeber.com.

Among his other achievements, he assumed the mantle of project leader and host for the illustrious "Bizim kimi" show, a platform that welcomed illustrious celebrities including Vitali Klitschko, Roberto Carlos, and Demis Roussos as honored guests. Furthermore, in the year 2022, he was entrusted with the leadership of the premier morning radio show dedicated to football, aptly titled "Səhərin Şərhi," broadcast on the  "Radio Enerji."

References

Living people
Azerbaijani record producers
Azerbaijani television producers
Date of birth missing (living people)
1978 births


title: Kandahar International Cricket Stadium

text:
Kandahar International Cricket Stadium () is a cricket stadium in Kandahar, Afghanistan. It is currently under construction.

The stadium is built on 44 acres of land in the heart of Aino Meyna, a new suburb of Kandahar. The land was donated by Mahmood Karzai to the Afghanistan Cricket Board in 2012.

In August 2014, the Government of India approved the grant of $1 million for the construction of the stadium under the Small Development Project Scheme. Construction of the stadium was delayed for two years but has resumed in early 2016, and is expected to be completed before the summer of 2017. As of October 17, 2016, about 70% of the construction work has been completed.

It is expected that once the stadium opens, cricket will become more popular in southern Afghanistan. The Kandahar International Cricket Stadium will be one of the leading cricket stadiums in Afghanistan after Ghazi Amanullah International Cricket Stadium in the Ghazi Amanullah Town of Jalalabad, and Alokozay Kabul International Cricket Ground in Kabul.

It is hoped that the stadium will be able to attract international teams to play Afghanistan in Afghanistan who became full members of the ICC in 2017.

References

External links
 cricinfo

Cricket grounds in Afghanistan
Buildings and structures in Kandahar


title: William Guillén Padilla

text:
William Guillén Padilla (born April 26, 1963) is a Peruvian poet and storyteller. He excels in the genre of literary minifiction.

Bibliography

Poetry

Minifiction

Stories

Novel

Awards and distinctions

 Lima, 2010 "Libro de Poesía Breve"
 Caracas, 2006 "III Concurso Radial y I Concurso Televisivo de Cuento Breve Librería Mediática" (Finalist)
 Lima, 2010 "XVI Bienal de Cuento 'Premio Copé Internacional'" (Finalist)
 Barcelona, 2012 "Concurso de Microrrelatos 'La Casa Vacía'" (Finalist)
 Ohio, 2016. IV Concurso Internacional de Novela Contacto Latino. (2nd Place)

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
20th-century Peruvian poets
Storytellers
Peruvian male poets
21st-century Peruvian poets
20th-century male writers
21st-century male writers


title: Richard H. Shultz

text:
Richard H. Shultz, Jr. (born 1947) is an American scholar of international security studies. He is a Professor International Politics at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, where he is also the director of the International Security Studies Program (ISSP).

Education

According to Shultz' published CV, he pursued his PhD studies at Miami University, graduating in 1976. His dissertation was titled Origins and Development of U.S. Counterinsurgency Strategy: The Vietnam Case Study, chaired by David S. McLellan. He then pursued post-doctoral studies at the University of Michigan, from 1977 to 1978.

Career
Shultz entered the Fletcher School and ISSP in 1983, as the associate professor of international politics. He became the director of ISSP in 1989.

He is an expert and early scholar of insurgency, with his early works including influential research on guerrilla warfare in Vietnam. He is also an expert on terrorism, intelligence gathering, internal conflicts, and low intensity conflict.

Shultz has served on the Special Operations Policy Advisory Group of the U.S. Department of Defense, where he was the only civilian in that position. He has also done security research and served as advisor for several U.S. civil and military organizations, and held chairs at the U.S. Military Academy, U.S. Naval War College, and the U.S. Department of Defense. He has testified in the U.S. congress.

Shultz has been a member of several boards of trustees, including the Board to the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. His consultant work for the government has focused on U.S. peacekeeping policy, out-of-area interventions, counter-proliferation issues, and the growing impact of international organized crime on U.S. security interests.

Publications

Books authored
The Marines Take Anbar: The Four-Year Fight to Defeat al Qaeda in Iraq (Naval Institute Press, 2013)
Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat, co-authored with Andrea Dew (Columbia University Press, 2006)
The Secret War Against Hanoi: Kennedy and Johnson's Use of Spies, Saboteurs, and Covert Warriors in North Vietnam (New York: Harper Collins, 1999)
The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare (Stanford, CA: The Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 1990)
Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy, co-authored with Roy Godson (New York: Brassey’s, 1984)

Books edited
 Security Studies for the Twenty-First Century, co-editor and author with Roy Godson and George Quester (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1997).
 The Role of Naval in 21st Century Operations, co-editor and author with Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr (Washington, DC: Brassey’s International Defense Publishers, 2000).
 Security Studies for the 1990s, co-editor and author with Roy Godson and Ted Greenwood (New York: Brassey’s, 1993)
 Ethnic Conflict and Regional Instability: Implications for US Policy and Army Roles and Missions, co-editor and author with Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1994)
 Naval Forward Presence Missions and the National Military Strategy, co-editor and author with Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1993)
 The Future of Air Power in the Aftermath of the Gulf War, co-editor and author with Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. (Montgomery, AL: Air University Press, 1992)
 U.S. Defense Policy in an Era of Constrained Resources, co-editor and author with Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1989)
 Guerrilla Warfare and Counterinsurgency: U.S.-Soviet Policy in the Third World, co-editor with Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Uri Ra’anan, and William Olson (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1988)
 Hydra of Carnage: The International Linkages of Terrorism, co-editor and author with Uri Ra’anan, Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Ernst Halperin, and Igor Lukes (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1985)
 Special Operations in US Strategy, co-editor with Frank R. Barnett and B. Hugh Tovar (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1985)
 Power, Principles and Interests: A Reader in World Politics, co-editor and author with James P. O’Leary and Jeffrey Salmon (Lexington, MA: Ginn Press, 1985)
 Lessons from an Unconventional War: Reassessing U.S. Strategies in Preparing for Future Conflicts, co-editor and author with Richard Hunt (New York: Pergamon, 1982)
 Responding to the Terrorist Threat: Security and Crisis Management, co-editor with Stephen Sloan (New York: Pergamon, 1980)

Monographs
 Organizational Learning and the Marine Corps (Newport, RI: U.S. Naval War College, Center on Irregular Warfare and Armed Groups, 2013)
 Adapting America's Security Paradigm and Security Agenda, Special Report, co-authored with Roy Godson, Querine Hanlon, and Samantha Ravich (Washington, DC: National Strategy Information Center, 2010)
Strategic Culture and Strategic Studies: An Alternative Framework for Assessing Al Qaeda and the Global Jihadi Movement (Tampa, FL: USSOCOM/Joint Special Operations University Press, 2012)
Armed Groups and Irregular Warfare: Adapting Professional Military Education, co-authored with Roy Godson and Querine Hanlon (Washington, DC: National Strategy Information Center, 2009)
Global Insurgency Strategy and the Salafi Jihad Movement (Boulder, CO: Institute for National Security Studies, 2008).
Armed Groups: A Tier-One Security Priority, co-authored with Itamara V. Lochard and Doug Farah  (Boulder, CO: Institute for National Security Studies, 2004).
Ethnic and Religious Conflict: Emerging Threat to US Security, co-authored with William Olson (Washington, DC: National Strategy Information Center, 1994)
In the Aftermath of War: US Support for Reconstruction and Nation-Building in Panama Following Just Cause (Montgomery, AL: Air Force University Press, 1993)

References

External links

The Fletcher School at Tufts University faculty
1947 births
Living people
University of Michigan fellows


title: Coptos Decrees

text:
The Coptos Decrees are 18 complete or fragmentary ancient Egyptian royal decrees ranging from the 6th Dynasty (2345–2180 BC) to the late 8th Dynasty (c. 2170 BC). The decrees are numbered with letters of the Latin alphabet, starting with "Coptos Decree a" and ending with "Coptos Decree r". The earliest of the series were issued by Pepi I and Pepi II Neferkare to favor the clergy of the temple of Min, while the others are datable to the reign of various kings of the 8th Dynasty, and concern various favors granted to an important official from Coptos named Shemay and to his family members. The decrees reflect the waning of the power of the pharaoh in the early First Intermediate Period.

The Coptos decrees should not be confused with the Coptos Decree of Nubkheperre Intef, a unique document datable to the much later 17th Dynasty.

Discovery and original location
Ten of the decrees were discovered during the 1910–1911 excavations of the temple of Min at Coptos by Adolphe Reinach and Raymond Weill, working for the Société française des fouilles archéologiques. The decrees had been carefully stowed under the ruins of a Roman mudbrick structure. The remaining decrees originate either from the same excavations or from illegal operations by local people that were sold in Luxor in 1914 to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

The decrees are inscribed on limestone slabs  thick,  long and  high which were intended to be set in the mudbrick wall of a gateway or vestibule inside the temple of Min. As time passed, the space available on the temple walls diminished and the Coptos decrees were dismounted and put away to make space for newer decrees which explains their find spot.

Political implications

Decline of the Old Kingdom
The decrees are symptomatic of the powers held by the nomarchs at the very end of the Old Kingdom and beginning of the First Intermediate Period. Decrees g to r are addressed to Shemay, his son Idy and one of Idy's brothers. Shemay, already the nomarch of Coptos, is promoted first to governor of Upper Egypt and then to vizier of Upper Egypt, while his son Idy takes his place after him.

Alan H. Gardiner and William C. Hayes find decree r particularly remarkable because, while it is emitted by the pharaoh, the decree is solely concerned with the welfare and properties of the vizier Idy. For Hayes this reflects the fact that at the end of the 8th Dynasty, royal power had diminished so much that it owed its survival to puissant nomarchs, upon whom it could only bestow titles and honours. The nomarch of Coptos would have been particularly cherished by the Memphite rulers who were threatened by the nomarchs of Middle Egypt, especially those of Herakleopolis, who would soon overthrow them and found the 9th Dynasty.

Coptos Dynasty
The discovery of the decrees was initially considered by Kurt Sethe to support the hypothesis of the existence of a "Dynasty of Coptos", a local lineage of more or less independent rulers during the First Intermediate Period, to be identified with the issuers of the decrees subsequent to the 6th Dynasty. This hypothesis is nowadays considered implausible as was shown by Hayes and others, in particular it is highly unlikely that a king reigning from Coptos would appoint a vizier over the same area.

Complete list
The following complete list is based on William C. Hayes's 1946 publication "Royal decrees from the temple of Min at Coptus":

References

Literature
 William C. Hayes: The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom , MetPublications, 1978, pp. 136–138, available online
 Hans Goedicke, Koptosdekrete. In: Wolfgang Helck (ed.), Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Band III, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1980, , p. 740.

Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
Ancient Egyptian stelas
Decrees


title: List of seaplane operators

text:
This is a list of seaplane operators. A seaplane is a powered fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting) on water. Seaplanes that can also take off and land on airfields are a subclass called amphibious aircraft.

Seaplane operators
Status:
 C - Currently operates seaplanes.
 F - Operating but no longer uses seaplanes.
 D - Defunct.

See also
List of flying boats and floatplanes
 Seaplane tender

References

Aviation-related lists


title: Pemba Bay

text:
Pemba Bay () is a very large bay on the Indian Ocean of northeastern Mozambique.

Geography
The Pemba Bay is east-facing and is located in the area of the city of Pemba. It is hemmed in largely by the Pemba peninsula which contains the city and is accessed through a relatively narrow channel.  The Lúrio River empties into the sea just to the south of Pemba Bay. It is a notorious location for the illegal trade of ivory. Operators such as Kakazini offer trips around the bay for about US$40 per person. Several hotels overlook Pemba Bay including Londo Lodge, which has "beach-facing villas overlooking the bay, a restaurant and a range of water sports".

References

External links

Bays of Mozambique
Cabo Delgado Province


title: UFL Division 2

text:
The United Football League Division 2, often referred to as UFL Division 2 or UFL 2, was the second-tier association football league in the Philippines. During its existence, it is the second-highest division of football in the Philippines after UFL Division 1. Each year, the winner of the league gets an automatic promotion to the latter. The second placer, on the other hand, goes against the ninth placer of the first division in a two-legged playoff.

UFL Division 2 was introduced for the 2010 season. For the 2015 season, Ceres and Manila Jeepney were promoted to compete in the country's top-flight division. Due to its inability to comply with the league's foreigner cap rule, Manila Nomads volunteered to step down from UFL Division 1 before the start of the 2014 season. Thus, Manila Jeepney was also automatically promoted to the first division.

The league was scrapped after the 2015 season with the 2016 season to push through with only a single division.

History

Inception of second-tier league
After the end of 2011 season, seven new clubs  entered the United Football League as part of the formation of UFL Division 2. Among the clubs that participated in the inaugural run of the second division, which commenced on 14 January 2012, include Agila, Cebu Queen City United, Diliman, Forza, Laos, Pachanga, and Team Socceroo participated in the second division. Manila Nomads won the first-ever UFL Division 2 title, and the club was promoted to UFL Division 1 the following season. Two other clubs from the second division were also promoted to the first division, namely: Pasargad and Stallion.

Pachanga was crowned UFL Division 2 champion for the 2012 season. The club finished at the top of the second division, which secured the team's promotion to UFL Division 1. Freddy Gonzalez, the a striker for Pachanga, was awarded the golden boot of UFL Division 2 for the 2012 season. Thus, Pachanga replaced the relegated Navy in the first division.

Expansion year and restructuring
At the start of the 2012 season, UFL Division 2 got expanded to 12 football clubs. Most of the matches for the second division were held at the Turf@BGC, a venue with an artificial football pitch located at Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City. The league kicked off its first match between Dolphins United and Cebu Queen City United on February 9, 2013, at the Emperador Stadium. However, Cebu Queen City United did not show up in the game time.

On 1 March 2013, the UFL management has officially ruled out Cebu Queen City United from participating after the club apparently withdrawn  when the club's request for home games in Cebu was turned down by the league.

A new promotion-relegation system was adopted by the league at the start of the 2013 season. The club that finishes second in UFL Division 2 also has a chance of being promoted via a two-legged aggregate-goal playoff against the ninth-place team in the first division, similar to the system used in the Bundesliga.

Introduction of foreigner cap rule
For the 2014 season, relegated Philippine Air Force was replaced by Team Socceroo, the champions of the 2013 UFL Division 2. Further, Manila Nomads voluntarily stepped down from the first division to play in UFL Division 2 due to the club's inability to comply with UFL Division 1's foreigner cap rule before this season commenced. The UFL executive committee decided to implement a version of the foreign player rule. Under such rule, a club may only field in a maximum of five foreign players on the pitch at any given time. However, two of the six remaining players on the pitch may still be foreigners provided that they are permanent residents of the Philippines for at least five years. In addition, Ceres also made their league debut during this season.

Summary
The top club in UFL Division 2 each season receive an automatic promotion to the first division. Starting the 2013 season, the second placer also gets a chance of being promoted via a two-legged playoff against the ninth-place club in UFL Division 1.

* Bold designates promoted clubs† Lost the promotion and relegation playoff‡ Won the promotion and relegation playoff and got promoted

Clubs

Honors

Golden boot winners

Golden ball award

Golden glove trophy

See also
 UFL Division 1
 PFF National Men's Club Championship
 Filipino Premier League

References

External links

United Football League Philippines at Facebook.com
United Football League Philippines at Twitter.com
RSSSF.com - Philippines - List of Champions

2
2
Summer association football leagues
Sports leagues established in 2009
2009 establishments in the Philippines
2015 disestablishments in the Philippines
Phil


Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism (SCOLIPE) ()  is a university in Moscow, founded in 1918.

Names
 1918 – Moscow State University of Physical Education
 1920 – State Central Institute of Physical Education (SCIPE)
 1934 – State Central Order of Lenin Institute of Physical Education (SCOLIPE)
 1937 – State Central Order of Lenin Institute of Physical Education "Marshal Joseph Stalin"
 1961 – State Central Order of Lenin Institute of Physical Education (SCOLIPE)
 1993 – Russian State Academy of Physical Education (RSAPE)
 2001 – Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism (RSUPESY&T)

Notable alumni
Many graduates are European, World, Olympic and Paralympic champions:

Concentration

 Athletics: Valery Brumel, Svetlana Kriveleva, Natalia Lisovskaya, Pyotr Bolotnikov
 Biathlon: Olga Zaitseva, Anfisa Reztsova
 Bobsleigh: Alexey Negodaylo
 Chess: Yuri Balashov, Viktor Bologan, Miron Sher

 Cycling: Yuri Kashirin
 Diving: Elena Vaytsekhovskaya
 Fencing: Sergey Bida, Aleksey Frosin, Valentina Rastvorova, Sergey Sharikov, David Tyshler
 Figure skating:Irina Rodnina, Andrey Bukin, Natalia Bestemianova, Anna Semenovich, Irina Slutskaya, Ekaterina Gordeeva, Sergei Grinkov, Maria Butyrskaya, Gennady Karponosov, Irina Moiseeva, Alexandra Trusova.
 Football: Lev Yashin, Dmitri Sychev, Devidas Shemberas
 Judo: Dmitriy Nosov
 Hockey: Aleksey Morozov, Alexander Ovechkin, Ilya Kovalchuk, Pavel Bure, Valery Kharlamov,
 Rowing: Alexander Timoshinin
 Skiing: Olga Zavyalova
 Speed skating: Oleg Goncharenko, Svetlana Zhurova
 Synchronized swimming: Olga Brusnikina
 Wrestling: Boris Gurevich, Nikolai Balboshin
 Weightlifting: David Adamovich Rigert

Other
 Andrey Guryev, billionaire, former CEO of PhosAgro

Notable faculty
 David Tyshler (1927–2014), Ukrainian/Soviet Olympic bronze medalist fencer

Selected departments and specializations

Chess
 (1908–1976), in 1966, was the founding head of the postbaccalaureate program in chess which initially was organized as an academic specialization of the institution. In 1974, the specialization program was upgraded to the Chess Department that offered a Master of Sport in Chess. The chess program is chronicled as the first in the history of higher education.

The Master of Sports in Chess should not be confused with the title and rank, , which was established for men in 1934 and for women in 1950. From 1934 through 1987, the USSR conferred 1,061 Master of Sport in Chess titles – 904 to men and 157 to women. The Master of Sport of the USSR was a nationally distinguished rank and title for many major sports of the former Soviet Union.

Notes and references

Notes

References

  (publisher link – )

  ().

  ().

External links

1918 establishments in Russia
Education in the Soviet Union
Sport in the Soviet Union
Public universities and colleges in Russia
Sports academies
Sports schools
National Institutes of Sport
Universities in Moscow
Universities and colleges established in 1918


title: Common Intention and Common Object

text:
Common Intention and Common Intention are two critical themes of criminal law in Pakistan.

34.	acts done by a few persons In encouragement of regular proposition.

At the point when a criminal demonstration is carried out by a few persons, in encouragement of the regular proposition of all, every such individual is at risk for that demonstration in the same way as though it were carried out by only him.

141.	unlawful gathering:

A gathering of five or more persons is assigned an "unlawful get together" if the regular object of the persons forming that get together is:

 To overawe by criminal constrain and Common Intention and Common Object, or show of criminal compel, the Federal or any Provincial Government or Legislature, or any open servant in the activity of the legitimate force of such open servant
 To oppose the execution of any law, or of any legitimate methodology
 To perpetrate any evil or criminal trespass, or other offense
 By method for criminal constrain, or show of criminal power, to any individual to take or acquire ownership of any property, or to deny any individual of the satisfaction in a right of manner, or of the utilization of water or other ethereal right of which he is in ownership or happiness, or to implement any right or assumed right; or
 By method for criminal constrain, or show of criminal power, to urge any individual to do what he is not lawfully bound to do, or to discard to do what he is legitimately qualified for do

146.	rioting:

At whatever point power or savagery is utilized by an unlawful gathering, or by any part thereof, in arraignment of the normal object of such get together, every part of such gathering is blameworthy of the offense of revolting.

149.	every part of unlawful gathering liable of offense submitted in indictment of normal item:

In the event that an offense is conferred by any part of an unlawful gathering in indictment of the normal object of that get together, or, for example, the parts of that get together knew to be prone to be submitted in arraignment of that question, each individual who, at the time of the conferring of that offense, is a part of the same get together, is blameworthy of that offense.

Law of Pakistan


title: The Gifted (film)

text:
The Gifted is a 2014 Filipino comedy revenge-romance film written and directed by Chris Martinez. The Gifted was produced by Viva Films and MVP Entertainment. The film stars Anne Curtis, Sam Milby, and Cristine Reyes. It was released September 3, 2014.

The Film was nominated at the 31st PMPC Star Awards for Movies for the "Movie of the Year" category. Anne Curtis, who played one of the lead roles was also nominated for the "Movie Actress of the Year" category.

Plot
Marco Yuzon attends a book signing event for his new book, The Gifted. He begins by reading a few chapters.

Zoe Tuazon is a mixed race, rich, overweight, aggressive, and intelligent girl who goes to a school for an entrance exam with the unattractive Aica Tabayoyong and their parents. Both of the students are highly gifted but are not admitted to the school. Instead, they get enrolled at a more prestigious school.

One day, during religion class, Zoe ruins her reputation when she questions the story of creation and discusses the merits of the big bang theory. The next day, Aica ruins her name when she soils herself during a music lesson. The two outcasts become close friends and start causing trouble at school by poisoning students and a teacher and by setting a booby trap for the religion teacher. The entire school develops a fear of the two.

Now in high school, Zoe and Aica vie for valedictory honors. Zoe's mother convinces her to find Aica's weakness to prevent Aica from achieving this. A new student, Mark Ferrer, a stereotypical jock, arrives at the school, and Aica immediately falls in love with him prompting Zoe to proceed with her destructive plan. Zoe meets up with Mark and convinces him to pretend to fall in love with Aica. In exchange, Zoe does his homework and helps him cheat on quizzes. While he is not attracted to Aica, Mark forces himself to date her. Mark and Zoe's arrangement continues.

After high school, Aica majors in Mathematics at the Ateneo de Manila University while Zoe goes to Princeton to study neuroscience. Both girls graduate with summa cum laude honors at their universities.

Before returning to the Philippines, Zoe and Aica undergo extensive plastic surgery to become more attractive. Both start a career in modeling and again become rivals. Zoe bumps into Mark who has graduated from a university in the U.S. Still furious with Aica, Zoe plots revenge and shows everybody the animated video version of Aica soiling her pants during grade school.

Aica follows Zoe to her house and, as Aica enters, a booby trap almost kills her. After Zoe's several attempts to kill Aica backfire, Zoe finally gives up after Aica almost drowns her. The two make up, but Zoe reveals it was just an act and points a gun at Aica. Aica runs for her life only to bump into Mark who shields her from the gunshot, wounding his face. Mark is admitted to the hospital while Aica asks Zoe to apologize. At first, she shows no remorse, but upon seeing a picture of Mark wounded, she realizes her mistake. Aica and Mark get married the day that Zoe plans to leave the country. She sets a trap in the couple's hotel room which leads to a picture of young Zoe and Aica. Zoe has left the couple a letter apologizing for the things she had done which marks the end of Marco's book.

After the book signing, Marco Yuzon leaves the bookstore. A girl slams a copy of his book on his windshield; she turns out to be Aica. Zoe is with her, but the two have remained the same; before they received cosmetic surgery. The two, whose real names are Mica (Aica) and Joey (Zoe), are angry at Marco who was their classmate in elementary and high school. Marco has always been envious of the girls' successes and is bitter for always placing third behind two girls. The novel is his way of expressing his anger. The girls tell Marco they want him to sign their book with his blood and beat him up.

Cast

Main cast
Anne Curtis as Zelda Olezia Eloize "Zoe" Gomez Tuazon / Joey
Cristine Reyes as Aica Tabayoyong / Micah
Sam Milby as Mark Ferrer / Marco Yuzon

Supporting cast
Candy Pangilinan as Aica's Mother
Dominic Ochoa as Aica's Father
Arlene Muhlach as Zoe's mother
Ricky Rivero as Zoe's Father
Isay Alvarez
Yam Concepcion
Ana Abad Santos as Ms. Moral
Kalila Aguilos
Rubi Rubi
Racquel Villavicencio as Sister Angeline

Guest cast
Alliya Fatima dela Riva as young Aica Tabayoyong / Micah
Kevin Remo as young  Mark Ferrer / Marco Yuzon
Abby Bautista as young Zoe Tuazon / Joey
Ashley "Petra Mahalimuyak" Rivera
Shehyee Ongkiko as Batchmate
Irish Den Lanting
Van Dyke Atienza as Taho vendor

Awards and nominations

References

External links

2014 films
Philippine romantic comedy films
2014 romantic comedy films
Films set in 2004
Films set in 2014
Viva Films films
Films directed by Chris Martinez


title: Mikaela Lupu

text:
Mikaela Lupu (born September 16, 1995) is a Portuguese actress born in Moldova. She is best known for her roles as Teresa in the television telenovela Morangos com Açúcar and Sofia Fontes in the portuguese telenovela A Impostora,

Early life
Mikaela Lupu was born in Moldova and moved to Portugal when she was five years old as her parents were hired to work as crane operators.

Career
Lupu started her career in 2011 when she was selected to play the role of an anorexic girl called Teresa in Morangos com Açúcar. She played a character called Cila Medeiros, a drug dealer's girlfriend in Mundo ao Contrário in 2013. She plays the role of Maria in O Beijo do Escorpião and had small participation in the TV show Os Filhos do Rock.

Personal life
In 2017, she publicly announced a relationship with Portuguese actor Nuno Lopes. They broke off their relationship a year later.

Filmography

Film

Television

Notes and references

External links

1995 births
Living people
Moldovan emigrants to Portugal
Naturalised citizens of Portugal
Portuguese actresses
Portuguese television actresses
Portuguese people of Moldovan descent
21st-century Portuguese actresses


title: Solanki (name)

text:
Solanki is a surname and given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname
 Arvind Solanki, Indian cricketer
 Bharatsinh Madhavsinh Solanki, politician and President of Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee
 Bhupendrasinh Prabhatsinh Solanki, member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India
 Bimla Singh Solanki, Indian politician and a member of the 16th Legislative Assembly of India
 Bindya Solanki, British actress
 Dharam Dev Solanki, Indian politician from Bhartiya Janata Party
 Dinu Solanki, Indian politician from Bhartiya Janata Party and a former member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly
 Hira Solanki, Member of Legislative assembly from Rajula constituency in Gujarat
 Hitesh Solanki, Indian first-class cricketer
 Irfan Solanki, Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh
 Kaptan Singh Solanki, Indian politician and Governor of Haryana
 Kirit Premjibhai Solanki, Indian politician and medical practitioner
 Laljibhai Solanki, Member of Legislative assembly from Jamnagar Rural constituency in Gujarat
 Madhav Singh Solanki, Indian National Congress party politician and former External Affairs minister
 Makhansingh Solanki, Indian politician from Bhartiya Janata Party
 Purshottam Solanki, Indian politician from Bhartiya Janata Party and minister
 Rakesh Solanki, Indian cricketer
 Sami Solanki, Pakistan-born director of the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
 Shiv Bhanu Singh Solanki, Indian National Congress politician from Madhya Pradesh
 Sneha Solanki, British artist and educator
 Somchandbhai Solanki, Indian politician and Member of the Parliament
 Varjesh Solanki, Indian Marathi poet from Mumbai
 Vikram Solanki, India-born English cricketer

Given name
 Solanki Roy, Indian actress

See also
 Solanki (disambiguation)

Surnames of Indian origin


title: Sierra Leone National Railway Museum

text:
The National Railway Museum is a railway museum in Freetown, Sierra Leone. The museum was opened in 2005.

History
The Sierra Leone Government Railway closed in 1974.  A collection of rolling stock was retained at the former railway workshops to form a museum. Locos included one of the 4-8-2+2-8-4 Garratts, a Hunslet tank, and a couple of the diesel locos. Several coaches were also kept, including the Governor's coach, and a coach specially prepared for the visit of Queen Elizabeth II in 1961.

Through the years of civil strife and war this collection disappeared from sight and it was feared it had been destroyed. However the collection survived despite the workshops being used as a centre for displaced persons. Following the initiative of a British army officer, Colonel Steve Davies, restoration of the equipment commenced in 2004.

The former President of the Republic of Sierra Leone, Alhaji Dr. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, visited the workshops site and indicated his support for preserving the railway heritage of Sierra Leone and opening the museum. The Sierra Leone National Railway Museum opened in Cline Town in 2005.

The museum
The museum is open 10am-4pm Monday to Saturday.  The museum is supported by Friends of the Sierra Leone National Railway Museum, based in the UK.  In addition to the various preserved locomotives and carriages, there are numerous displays of old photographs, tickets, maps and time tables.  Entry to the museum is free, however, visitors are encouraged to make a donation towards its upkeep.

References

External links

Museums established in 2005
Museums in Sierra Leone
National railway museums


title: Gazela (footballer)

text:
Jorge Manuel Pereira Santos (born 10 March 1993 in Miragaia - Porto) known as Gazela, is a Portuguese footballer who plays for Sport Benfica e Castelo Branco, as a forward.

Football career
On 10 August 2014, Santos made his professional debut with Sporting B in a 2014–15 Segunda Liga match against Farense.

References

External links

Stats at LPFP

1993 births
Living people
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Liga Portugal 2 players
Campeonato de Portugal (league) players
Sporting CP B players
Padroense F.C. players
S.C. Salgueiros players
Gondomar S.C. players
Sport Benfica e Castelo Branco players
A.D. Sanjoanense players
Footballers from Porto


title: Paweł Działyński

text:
Paweł Działyński (; born 1560 – died 1609) of Ogończyk coat of arms, was a Polish courtier, royal secretary, ambassador and governor of Bobrowniki and Radziejów.

Inspiration
It is possible that the character Polonius from Shakespeare's Hamlet was inspired by Działyński.

The Haags Historisch Museum (Historical Museum of The Hague) in The Netherlands exhibits an anonymous painting, depicting Działyński as head of a Polish envoy delegation to the Dutch Republic in July 1597.

References

Polish nobility
Ambassadors of Poland to the Kingdom of England
1560 births
1609 deaths
Działyński


title: Dahra Range

text:
The Dahra Range () is a mountain range located in northern Algeria. 'Dahra' is an Arabic word meaning 'back'; in toponymy this term indicates a long plateau of lesser altitude.

Geography
The Dahra is a low mountain chain part of the greater Tell Atlas which stretches from Algiers in the east along the Mediterranean coast until reaching the mouth of the Chelif near Mostaganem at its western end. Its tallest summit is 1,550 m high Mount Zaccar, north of Miliana, a town built on its slopes. The inhabitants of the area of the range are Berber people.

The range is partly covered in Mediterranean forest, with scattered patches of cultivation.

The inhabitants of the Dahra Range are from Berber origin, descending from the Banou Ifren and the Maghraouas

References

External links
Massif des Dahra - Couleurs d'Algérie
 Pleistocene Mazouna Stage in Western Algeria Containing Artifacts

Mountain ranges of Algeria


title: Hotel Carlton Madagascar

text:
The Hotel Carlton Madagascar is a hotel in Antananarivo, Madagascar. It was built in 1970 as the Madagascar Hilton and operated under that name until 2007. The hotel has 171 rooms including 6 suites and overlooks Lake Anosy. It is described as one of the few high-rise buildings in the city and the only "truly high-rise building" in Antananarivo. In 2001 it was reported that the hotel was the centre for Madagascar Airtours.

References

External links
Hotel Carlton Madagascar official website
Madacamp.com: Hotel Carlton features

Hotels in Madagascar
Buildings and structures in Antananarivo
Hilton Hotels & Resorts hotels
Hotel buildings completed in 1970
20th-century architecture in Madagascar


title: Françoise Labarelle

text:
Françoise Labarelle is a retired French slalom canoeist who competed in the late 1960s. She won a silver medal in the mixed C-2 team event at the 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Bourg St.-Maurice.

References

French female canoeists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Medalists at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships


title: Francis Henry Goodall

text:
Francis Henry Goodall (January 10, 1838 – April 12, 1925) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.

Goodall was born in Bath, New Hampshire on January 10, 1838. He was awarded the Medal of Honor, for extraordinary heroism shown on December 13, 1862, while serving as a First Sergeant with Company G, 11th New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry, at Fredericksburg, Virginia. His Medal of Honor was issued on December 14, 1894.

He died at the age of 87, on April 12, 1925, and was buried at the Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

Medal of Honor citation

References

External links

1838 births
1925 deaths
People from Bath, New Hampshire
People of New Hampshire in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor


title: Frank Atcherley Rose

text:
Frank Atcherley Rose  (5 October 1873 – 30 May 1935) was a well known British specialist in diseases of the throat, Surgeon to the Throat and Nose Department at St Bartholomew's Hospital and Surgeon to the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Golden Square (now the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital).

Life
Rose was born on 5 October 1873 in Bedford, the son of Edward Paine Rose and Fanny Atcherley.  He was educated at Bedford Modern School and St John's College, Cambridge where he gained first class honours in the Natural Sciences Tripos.

In 1895 he started his medical training at St Bartholomew's Hospital where he won the Shuter prize and was house surgeon to Sir Henry Butlin.  In 1902 he graduated M.B., B.Ch.Camb and was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1903. He served during World War I as a Captain (R.A.M.C. (T)) and in 1930 was elected President of the Laryngological Society.

Having decided to specialise in laryngology, Rose became assistant surgeon at the Royal Northern Hospital and was placed in charge of the throat and nose departments at St Bartholomew's Hospital on the resignation of Mr W.D. Harmer (1928–31).

In 1912 Rose married Marian Elisabeth Darling, the daughter of Dr. A.C.E. Harris of Birkenhead.  She died in 1919 leaving him with a son and a daughter.  Rose died in Bedford on 30 May 1935.

References

1873 births
1935 deaths
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
People educated at Bedford Modern School


title: Ernest Labarelle

text:
Ernest Labarelle is a retired French slalom canoeist who competed from the early 1960s to the early 1970s. He won a silver medal in the mixed C-2 team event at the 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Bourg St.-Maurice.

References

French male canoeists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Medalists at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships


title: Marie-France Curtil

text:
Marie-France Curtil is a retired French slalom canoeist who competed in the late 1960s. She won a silver medal in the mixed C-2 team event at the 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Bourg St.-Maurice.

References

External links
 Marie-France CURTIL at CanoeSlalom.net

French female canoeists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Medalists at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships


title: Daniel Curtil

text:
Daniel Curtil is a retired French slalom canoeist who competed in the late 1960s. He won a silver medal in the mixed C-2 team event at the 1969 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Bourg St.-Maurice.

References

French male canoeists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Medalists at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships


The Vickers-Carden-Loyd light amphibious tank (designated the A4E11 and A4E12 by the War Office), was a series of British experimental pre-World War II light tanks (resembling tankettes), which, although not taken into British service, were sold to a number of other countries which produced modified versions which were then taken into service.

Users
Foreign buyers included China (29 or 32 tanks), Thailand, the Dutch East Indies (two delivered in 1937) and the USSR, with the latter producing some 1200 of the T-37A tanks developed from the A4E11/12. One tank with a licence was sold to Japan. Poland was interested in Vickers-Carden-Loyd amphibious tanks in the 1930s, but negotiations failed and instead the PZInż works started the PZInż 130 project, an indigenous design inspired by the British concept.

Surviving vehicles

: The only surviving tank is in the Kubinka Tank Museum.

Notes

External links
Amphibious Light Tanks, A4 and L1

Tankettes of the interwar period
Light tanks of the interwar period
Vickers
Interwar tanks of the United Kingdom
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s
Amphibious tanks


title: Val-d'Oise's 1st constituency

text:
Val-d'Oise's 1st constituency is one of ten French legislative constituencies in the department of Val-d'Oise. It is currently represented by Antoine Savignat of The Republicans (LR).

Historic representation

Elections

2022

2018 by-election

2017

2012

2007

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2002

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1997

|-
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References

External links
Results of legislative elections from 2002 to 2017 by constituency (Ministry of the Interior)
Results of legislative elections from 1958 to 2012 by constituency (CDSP Sciences Po)
Results of elections from 1958 to present by constituency (data.gouv.fr)

1


title: Best Mistake

text:
"Best Mistake" is a song by American recording artist Ariana Grande that features American hip hop recording artist Big Sean. The song served as a promotional single from Grande's second studio album, My Everything (2014), and was released at midnight on August 12, 2014. Written by Grande, Big Sean, and Key Wane with production being done by the latter, the song is a ballad with piano, string, and drum machine instrumentation that lyrically deals with a couple trying to decide on what their future, troubled relationship is going to be like.

Commercially, it peaked on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 49, and within the top 50 on other record charts in North America, Europe, and Oceania. On the US Digital Songs chart, it debuted at number six, making Grande the first act since Michael Jackson, and also the first female artist, to have three songs in the top ten on that chart the same week, with the other two songs being "Bang Bang" (with Jessie J and Nicki Minaj) and "Break Free" (featuring Zedd). Grande and Big Sean have performed the song live, including at the iHeartRadio theater in Los Angeles.

Production and composition
"Best Mistake" was written by Ariana Grande, Big Sean and Key Wane, with production, programming and instruments done by the latter. The vocals were produced by Curtis "Sauce" Wilson, with Gregg Rominiecki engineering Big Sean's vocals. Serban Ghenea handled the mixing of the track, which was engineered by John Hanes, and finally the mix was mastered by Aya Merrill and Tom Coyne. It is a minimal hip-hop piano ballad lament that uses instrumentation from strings and a drum machine. It is about a couple trying to "make up their minds about the future of their relationship, with deep affection buried underneath their problems." Grande revealed that "Best Mistake" was her favorite track on My Everything: "I just think the world of [Big Sean] and I'm obsessed with his writing on this song in particular. I'm a huge fan of his in general but I feel like his writing on this song is so, so fantastic, it like strikes a chord in my heart. I love it so much."

Release
Grande first confirmed the title of "Best Mistake" on June 28, 2014, the same day that she confirmed the name of her second studio album, My Everything. On July 8, 2014, Grande released a 15-second snippet of "Best Mistake" onto her Instagram profile. The song finally came out on August 12, and the release added more speculation to the relationship rumors between Grande and Big Sean.

Commercial performance

In the United States, shortly after its release, the song reached number two on the weekly Billboard  Twitter Real-Time chart and topped the iTunes singles chart. It sold 104,000 digital downloads in its first week, landing at number six on the Digital Songs chart. This made Grande the first female to have three songs in the top ten on that chart, the other two being "Bang Bang" and "Break Free." The last artist to do this was Michael Jackson, shortly after his death, on the issue dated July 18, 2009. The sales of "Best Mistake" also helped it land at number 49 on the US Billboard Hot 100 In Canada, the track appeared on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 39.

In European nations, "Best Mistake" debuted at number 49 and 10 on the Flanders Ultratop 50 and Urban chart respectively, number 29 on the Danish Tracklisten chart, 23 on the Finnish Singles Chart, 103 on the French SNEP chart, 5 on the Billboard Greek Digital chart, 67 on the Netherlands Mega Single Top 100, 35 on the Spain PROMUSICAE chart, and number 154 on the UK Singles Chart. In Oceania, it reached number 45 and 19 on the Australian ARIA pop and urban songs chart respectively, and 29 on the Official New Zealand Music Chart. On the Billboard Japan Hot 100, it peaked at the 74th spot. As of Year-End 2016, Best Mistake has sold 684,337 digital downloads in South Korea, according to Gaon Music Chart.

Critical reception

Evan Sawdey of PopMatters called it the second best song from My Everything, coming close to "Love Me Harder", and Bustle writer Kadeen Griffiths called it "one of Grande's best love songs so far." HollywoodLife's Caitlin Beck said it was "sure to be another hit!" Carolyn Menyes of the Music Times applauded Grande for her calming vocals and transition into a more mature sound of music. Billboard's Jason Lipshutz called the production "impressive" and said the song "rows stickier upon each listen". Digital Spy writer Lewis Corner and Entertainmentwise's Shaun Kitchener noted the song showed her R&B roots, the latter stating that it "wouldn't have sounded out of place on Kelly Rowland's under-rated last album [Talk a Good Game]." The Official Charts Company critic Rob Copsey felt it was "like an extension of Yours Truly, albeit moodier and more grown up." Brennan Carley of Spin called it "classic Grande, eshcewing any of the bells and whistles that she's fond of, instead focusing entirely on her carefully sung vocals and the quiet piano line in the song's background." Newsday critic Glenn Gamboa described "Best Mistake" as a "gorgeous hip-hop" song that "showcases her wide-ranging voice, without focusing on the upper notes too much." Sydney Gore of The 405 called it an improvement of the two's previous collaboration "Right There", writing that "the singer and rapper serenade us on the grounds that sneaking around with each other was the best mistake they ever made."

There were, however, some mixed reviews of "Best Mistake". Idolator's Kathy Iandoli described it as "the average looking cousin of their previous duet "Right There"". Reviewing for Slant Magazine, Andrew Chan said it "makes the mistake of hemming her into her frail middle register, where she has a habit of delivering every word as if it were a pout." Big Sean's appearance on "Best Mistake" also got varied reception. Pitchfork Media's Meaghan Garvey said his rap on the track made "a mockery of the song's serious tone with hysterically awful lines like "How can we keep the feelings fresh/ How do we Ziploc it?"" Lipshutz found his verse "unnecessary, yet [it] has morphed into an interesting confessional now that the dating rumors are on." Sawdey called it a "pretty outstanding verse," with "his own voice never overpowering the sparse atmosphere, his rhymes measured and metered in a way that fits the song perfectly", while James Shotwell of Under the Gun Review said "Grande is a treat, but I think it's Big Sean who steals the show."

Live performances
In 2014, Grande and Big Sean performed "Best Mistake" on the Honda Stage at the iHeartRadio Theater in Los Angeles. They also performed "Best Mistake" at A Very Grammy Christmas on November 18, 2014. Grande also performed the song during The Honeymoon Tour. Big Sean performed the song with her at the tour's stop in Detroit. An a cappella version of "Best Mistake" was performed during two shows of The Sweetener Sessions in 2018.

Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of My Everything.

Songwriting, vocals – Ariana Grande, Sean Anderson ("Big Sean")
Songwriting, production, programming, instruments – Key Wane
Vocal production – Curtis Wilson ("Sauce")
Big Sean Vocal engineering – Greg Rominiecki
Mixing – Serban Ghenea
Mix engineering – John Hanes
Mastering – Aya Merrill, Tom Coyne

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2010s ballads
2014 songs
Ariana Grande songs
Big Sean songs
Contemporary R&B ballads
Republic Records singles
Songs written by Ariana Grande
Songs written by Big Sean


title: Rhodoblastus sphagnicola

text:
Rhodoblastus sphagnicola is a rod-shaped bacteria with a polar flagella from the genus Rhodoblastus which was isolated from acidic Sphagnum peat from Sosvyatskoe bog in the Tver Region in the West Dvinskiy district in Russia.

References

External links
Type strain of Rhodoblastus sphagnicola at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Hyphomicrobiales
Bacteria described in 2006


title: Weird Tales (film)

text:
Weird Tales (, also known as Strange Stories) is a 1994 Italian anthology surreal black comedy film written and directed by Sandro Baldoni.  For this film Baldoni won the Nastro d'Argento for Best New Director.

Plot

Cast
Ivano Marescotti: cittadino, uomo al supermarket, marito famiglia del nord
Silvia Cohen: donna single, moglie famiglia del sud
Mariella Valentini: moglie famiglia del nord
Alfredo Pea: marito famiglia del sud
Stefano Accorsi: trasgressivo

References

External links

1994 films
1994 black comedy films
1990s satirical films
Italian satirical films
Italian black comedy films
1994 directorial debut films
1990s Italian-language films
1990s Italian films
Italian anthology films
Surreal comedy films


title: List of trading companies

text:
A trading company is a business that works with different kinds of products sold for consumer, business purposes. In contemporary times, trading companies buy a specialized range of products, shopkeeper them, and coordinate delivery of products to customers.

Trading companies may connect buyers and sellers, but not partake in the ownership or storage of goods, earning their revenue through sales commissions. They may also be structured to engage in commerce with foreign countries or territories. During times of colonization, some trading companies were granted a charter, giving them "rights to a specific territory within an area claimed by the authority granting the charter including legal title, a monopoly of trade, and governmental and military jurisdiction".

Trading companies

  Afghan-German Trading Company
  African & Eastern Trade Corporation
  Augustine Heard & Co.
  Austrian East India Company
  Barbary Company
  Bergen Greenland Company
  Black Sea Trade Company (Trade Company Poland)
  Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation
  Compagnie de Chine
  Compagnie de Saint-Christophe
  Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique
  Compagnie du Nord
  Company of the Moluccas
  Company of Habitants
  Company of One Hundred Associates
  Company of Scotland
  Comprador
  Courteen association
  Danish East India Company
  Danish West India Company
  David Sassoon & Co.
  Dent & Co.
  Dieppe Company
  Dodwell & Co.
  Dutch East India Company
  Dutch West India Company
  E.D. Sassoon & Co.
  British East India Company
  French East India Company
  French West India Company
  General Trade Company
  Gibb, Livingston & Co.
  Guinea Company (London)
  Guinea Company of Scotland
  Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
  Hudson's Bay Company
  Hutchison Whampoa
  Indonesia Trading Company
  Jardine Matheson
  Kaptallah
  King George's Sound Company
  Kunst and Albers
  Lamson & Hubbard Trading Company
  Levant Company
  Li & Fung
  London and Bristol Company
  London Company
  Middelburgsche Commercie Compagnie
  Mississippi Company
  MMTC Ltd
 Muscovy Company, English trading company chartered in 1555 as the first major chartered joint stock company
  North West Company
  Northern Traders Company
  Northwest Cameroon Company
  Olyphant & Co.
  Portuguese East India Company
  Royal African Company
  Royal Greenland Trading Department
  Royal Philippine Company
  Samuel Samuel & Co
  Shewan, Tomes & Co.
  Society of Berbice
  Society of Suriname
  Somers Isles Company
  South Cameroon Company
 Swedish East India Company
 Swedish South Company
  Swedish West India Company
  Virginia Company

By country

Philippines

  Amaggi Group

Japan

  Hartz Mountain Corporation
  Inabata & Co., Ltd.
  Itochu
  Marubeni
  Mitsubishi Corporation
  Mitsui & Co.
  Sogo shosha
  Sojitz Corporation
  Sumitomo Corporation
  Toyota Tsusho

South Korea

  POSCO International
  Hyundai Corporation
  LG Corporation
  Samsung C&T Corporation
  SK Networks

Oil traders

  Chemoil
  DME Oman Crude Oil Futures Contract
  Glencore
  Gunvor
  Mercuria Energy Group
  MOL Group
  Salam Investment
  Trafigura
  Vitol
  Vopak

See also

 Canton System
 Chartered company
 Fur trade
 Lists of companies (category)
 Old China Trade
 Spice wars
 Trade

References

Further reading
 Carlos, Ann M., and Stephen Nicholas. "'Giants of an Earlier Capitalism': The Chartered Trading Companies as Modern Multinationals." Business history review 62.3 (1988): 398–419. in JSTOR
 Ferguson, Niall. The ascent of money: A financial history of the world (2008).
 Jones, Geoffrey. Multinationals and Global Capitalism: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-first Century (2004)
 Lipson, E. The Economic History of England (1931) pp 184–370 gives capsule histories of 10 major English trading companies: The Merchant Adventurers, the East India Company, the Eastland Company, the Russia Company,  the Levant Company, the African Company, the Hudson's Bay Company, the French Company, the Spanish Company, and the South Sea Company.

External links

Distribution (marketing)
Trading


title: Chico Ramos

text:
Francisco 'Chico' Augusto Neto Ramos (born 10 April 1995) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Polish club Radomiak Radom as a midfielder.

Club career

Porto
Born in Póvoa de Varzim, Ramos joined FC Porto's youth system at the age of 13, from local club Varzim SC. He made his senior debut with the former's B team, going on to spend several seasons with them in the Segunda Liga.

Ramos' maiden appearance with the main squad took place on 20 January 2016, in a 1–0 away loss against F.C. Famalicão in the group stage of the Taça da Liga. His first game in the Primeira Liga occurred on 12 March, as he came as an 88th-minute substitute for Vincent Aboubakar in the 3–2 home win over C.F. União.

Ramos was supposed to join G.D. Chaves on loan for the 2016–17 campaign. Following a left-foot injury contracted during the Summer Olympics, however, the move was aborted.

Vitória Guimarães
On 30 June 2017, Ramos signed a contract with Vitória de Guimarães. He spent the better part of the following two seasons on loan to C.D. Santa Clara, also of the Portuguese top division.

Nacional
On 28 September 2020, Ramos joined C.D. Nacional on a three-year deal. The following 30 January, he scored his first top-flight goal to decide a 2–1 home victory over F.C. Famalicão; the season ended in relegation.

Radomiak
On 12 January 2023, Ramos agreed to a two-and-a-half-year contract with Radomiak Radom in the Polish Ekstraklasa. On 15 April, during an away match against MKS Cracovia, he suffered a right leg fracture after an unsuccessful challenge on Takuto Oshima.

International career
Ramos represented Portugal at the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He played all the matches save one in New Zealand, helping his country to reach the quarter-finals.

Ramos won his first cap for the under-21 side on 12 November 2015, featuring the second 45 minutes of the 4–0 victory against Albania in Arouca for the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifiers.

Career statistics

Honours
Porto B
LigaPro: 2015–16

References

External links

1995 births
Living people
Portuguese men's footballers
Footballers from Póvoa de Varzim
Men's association football midfielders
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Varzim S.C. players
Padroense F.C. players
FC Porto B players
FC Porto players
Vitória S.C. players
C.D. Santa Clara players
C.D. Nacional players
Ekstraklasa players
Radomiak Radom players
Portugal men's youth international footballers
Portugal men's under-21 international footballers
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Portugal
Portuguese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Poland


title: Grand Lapa Macau

text:
The Grand Lapa Macau is a luxury hotel on Avenida da Amizade in Sé, Macau, China located directly adjacent to the Sands Macao and near the Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal.

The hotel opened in 1984 as the Excelsior and was later renamed the Oriental Hotel and then the Mandarin Oriental, Macau. The hotel was 50% owned by Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group and 50% owned by Stanley Ho's Shun Tak Holdings before being fully purchased in 2009 by another of Ho's companies, Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau.

The hotel was renamed the Grand Lapa Macau on August 1, 2009, a year prior to the opening of the new Mandarin Oriental, Macau in One Central. Despite the renaming, the Grand Lapa continued to be operated by Mandarin Oriental through January 2014.

The 435 rooms are decorated with Portuguese fabrics and teakwood furnishings.

References

Hotels in Macau
1984 establishments in Macau
Hotel buildings completed in 1984
Sé, Macau


title: Oya River

text:
Oya River ( or ) is a river in Sarawak, Malaysia. The river mouth is located in Kuala Oya, Oya in Mukah Division. The river flows approximately 31 km and has a basin area of 2143.92 km2.

The river is the longest river in Mukah Division.

History
The river was once under the control of the Bruneian Empire until it was ceded to James Brooke in 1861 and became part of the Raj of Sarawak.

Settlements

The river flows through small towns of Stapang, Dalat, and Oya.

Issues

Water hyacinth overgrowth
The uncontrolled growth of water hyacinth posed a number of problems such as restricting the river flow and causing the water to become stagnant; making it difficult for fishermen and boatmen to maneuver their boats, especially the ones with motor engines, due to entanglement; clogging the drains and other waterways which, in turn, could cause floods; and turning the Oya River into a hideout for crocodiles. The Ministry of Transport (MoT) Sarawak will cooperate with the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) and Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (Unimas) in conducting a comprehensive study with regards to the problem.

Crocodile attacks
Reports of saltwater crocodile attacks are pretty common especially at the downstream part of the river. The victims of these attacks are mostly fishermen who depend on the river for their livelihoods. A joint operation by Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC) and Royal Malaysia Police in March 2021 recorded 22 sightings of the reptiles. A 4.5-meter crocodile was caught during the operation.

References

Rivers of Sarawak
Rivers of Malaysia


title: Commercial Break

text:
Commercial Break (, also known as Satisfaction, or Your Money Back) is a 1997 Italian black comedy film written and directed by Sandro Baldoni.

Plot
An importer of Argentine meat has to deal with a large amount of rotting flesh, which is full of maggots. He decides to recycle it as dog food. An advertisement is produced that tries to get people to feed their pets with nutritious worms.

Cast

Ennio Fantastichini: Giulio Stucchi
Ivano Marescotti: Gianfranco Pedone
Silvia Cohen: Wanda Crespi Cicogna
Mariella Valentini: Titti Melidoni
Carlo Croccolo: Ciro Esposito
Maurizio Crozza: Bonelli
Cosimo Cinieri: Prof. Gianluigi Querciasecca
Barbara Cupisti: Mary Cantucci

References

External links

1997 films
1997 black comedy films
1990s satirical films
Italian satirical films
Films about advertising
Italian black comedy films
Films scored by Carlo Siliotto
1990s Italian-language films
1990s Italian films
Films about dogs
Films about pets
Films about worms


title: Wayfaring Stranger (Andreas Scholl album)

text:
Wayfaring Stranger is a 2001 album of English-language folksongs by the German countertenor Andreas Scholl.

Track list
I am a poor wayfaring stranger
The Salley Gardens
My Love Is Like A Red, Red Rose
Wild Mountain Thyme
Henry Martin
Charming Beauty Bright
I Will Give my Love an Apple
She Moved Through the Fair
Blow the Wind Southerly
The Wife of Usher's Well
I Loved a Lass
Pretty Saro
Down in Yon Forest
Barbara Allen
The wraggle taggle gypsies, o!
Annie Laurie
Black is the Colour

References

2001 classical albums


title: Henry Byrne (judge)

text:
Henry Byrne was a barrister who served as a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon.

References

Puisne Justices of the Supreme Court of Ceylon
British expatriates in Sri Lanka
19th-century British people
British Ceylon judges


title: Val-d'Oise's 2nd constituency

text:
The 2nd constituency of Val-d'Oise is a French legislative constituency in the Val-d'Oise département.  It is currently represented by Guillaume Vuilletet of La République En Marche! (LREM).

Description

The 2nd constituency of Val d'Oise runs as a thin strip of territory across the centre of the department from north to south and encompasses one canton from Cergy part of the Cergy-Pontoise new town.

Since 1988 the seat has swung between left and right in line with national trends, however at the 2012 elections it was held by the UMP thus defying this pattern.

In the 2010 redistricting of French legislative constituencies, the department of Val-d'Oise was granted an  additional seat, the 10th constituency. This  was created by taking two cantons from the 2nd constituency.

Historic Representation

Election results

2022

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2017

2012

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2007

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2002

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1997

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Sources

Official results of French elections from 2002: "Résultats électoraux officiels en France" (in French).

2


title: The Moment (Aaron Yan album)

text:
The Moment () is the first  Mandarin solo LP by Aaron Yan of Taiwanese Mandopop quartet boy band Fahrenheit. It was released by HIM International Music on 19 December  2012. The Japanese edition was released on 6 March 2013 by Pony Canyon, which included the Japanese version of title track "" (The Moment). The LP consists of ten songs performed by Yan.

Track listing

Album version
不想忘記版 (Don't Want to Forget Ver.) (Pre-order), with calendar
永遠記得版 (Always remember Ver.) (Pre-order), with calendar
正式版 (Official Ver.)
私.日記版 (Private. Diary Ver.), with Photo Lyric book
日本初回限定版 (Japanese 1st limited ver.), with DVD of short movies "Valentine's Day, The Moment" and "Maybe You Still Love Me", and music videos "The Moment" and "Backup Life"
日本普通版 (Japanese Regular Ver.) with the song "The Moment (Japanese Version)"

Music videos
 "可能妳還愛我" (Maybe You Still Love Me) MV
 "紀念日" (The Moment) MV
 "換我陪妳" (My Turn to be With You) MV
 "原來" (Originally) MV
 "逾時不候的永恆" (The Late Eternity) MV

Charts

Taiwan

Hong Kong

Singapore

Malaysia

References

2012 albums
Mandopop albums
HIM International Music albums
Aaron Yan albums


title: Jew Point

text:
Jew Point is a headland in Monroe County, Florida.

The waters near Jew Point offer boaters on the Intracoastal Waterway as a place of refuge during bad weather.

The name Jew Point was named after Logan Ermans. Nevertheless, media commentators have questioned the appropriateness of the name.

References

Landforms of Monroe County, Florida
Headlands of Florida