title: Mahama Iddrisu

text:
Alhaji Mahama Iddrisu is a Ghanaian politician who was a member of the Provisional National Defence Council and a former Minister for Defence. He is a founding member of the National Democratic Congress. He is the longest-serving Minister of Defence of Ghana, serving from 1985 to 1999, for 14 years.

Early life and education
Alhaji Mahama Iddrisu is a native of Wa, the capital town of the Upper West Region of Ghana. He had his secondary school education at Tamale Secondary School, in Tamale in the Northern Region of Ghana.

Politics
Iddrisu was a member of the United National Convention and later also of the All People's Party. He later joined Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) under the leadership of Jerry John Rawlings who served as the chairman and head of state. Under the PNDC, Iddrisu was the Secretary of Transport and Communications from 1983 to 1987. He also served as the Secretary of Defence from 1985 to 1993 when the council was dissolved.

Minister of state
When constitutional government was restored in 1993 under the National Democratic Congress, Iddrisu was appointed as the Minister of Defence, a position he held until 1999. He also served as Minister of Interior working in that role concurrently with his role as Minister of Defence from November 1996 to February 1997, when he handed over to E.M. Osei-Wusu. In 1999 he was appointed the Presidential Adviser on Governmental Affairs.

Presidential Bid
Ahead of the 2008 Ghanaian general election, Iddrisu declared his intention and stood for the NDC's presidential elections in 2006, he stood against then former Vice President John Evans Atta Mills, former minister Ekwow Spio-Garbrah and NDC financier Eddie Annan. On 21 December 2006, he lost the elections to the previous flag bearer for the 2000 and 2004 elections, John Evans Atta Mills. Mills won with a majority of 81.4%, or 1,362 votes with Ekwow Spio-Garbrah coming in second with 8.7% (146 votes), he was third with 8.2% (137 votes), and whilst Eddie Annan was fourth with 1.7% (28 votes).

National Democratic Congress
Iddrisu is a founding member of the National Democratic Congress (NDC) when it was formed in 1992 after the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) was dissolved ahead of the country's return to constitutional rule. He has served in several capacities within the party since its inception. In 2002, Iddrisu stood for the chairmanship election to replace Rawlings as head of the opposition National Democratic Congress (NDC), but he lost to former Attorney–General and Minister of Justice, Obed Asamoah by just 2 votes getting 332 against his 334.

Council of elders
Iddrisu served as the Vice chairman of the council of elders of the NDC over the years, with the party's founder Jerry John Rawlings serving as the chairman. After Rawlings' death in November 2020, he has been serving as the Acting chairman of the council of elders.

Personal life
Iddrisu is the husband of Betty Mould-Iddrisu, a former Minister of Justice under the John Atta Mills administration and a former Minister of Education under the John Dramani Mahama administration. He is also the brother in law of Alex Mould, a former Chief Executive Officer of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation.

See also

 Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC)
 Minister for Defence

References

Living people
Ghanaian Muslims
Ghanaian Ahmadis
Ghanaian businesspeople
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
Members of the Council of State (Ghana)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Communications ministers of Ghana
Transport ministers of Ghana
Defence ministers of Ghana
Tamale Senior High School alumni


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 100 metres

text:
The Men's 100 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place at Hampden Park on 27 and 28 July 2014.
Kemar Bailey-Cole won the gold medal.

Records

First round

The first round consisted of nine heats, with qualification for the first two in each heat and the sixth fastest losers. However, due to a dead heat for second in Heat 7, three runners qualified automatically, and the fastest losers places were reduced to five. Adam Gemili was the fastest qualifier from the first round, at 10.15 seconds.

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Heat 4

Heat 5

Heat 6

Heat 7

Heat 8

Heat 9

Semifinals

Three semi-finals were held, with automatic qualification restricted to the first two finishers in each heat, and the next two fastest athletes across the three semi-finals. Kemar Bailey-Cole was the fastest qualifier in 10.00 seconds.

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Final

References
General
Men's 100m Round 1 – Qualification Standings
Specific

Men's 100 metres
2014


title: Lessa's tuco-tuco

text:
Lessa's Tuco-Tuco (Ctenomys lessai)  is a species of tuco-tuco native to Bolivia.  Only found near Lluthu Pampa, Cochabamba Department, at elevations of around 2,500 to 2,750 meters, the species measures about 255 millimeters in length and has soft brown hair.  It was named after Enrique P. Lessa.

References

Tuco-tucos
Mammals of Bolivia
Endemic fauna of Bolivia
Mammals described in 2014


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metres

text:
The Women's 100 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held at Hampden Park on 27 and 28 July 2014.

Results

First round

The first round consisted of six heats, with qualification for the first three in each heat, and the six fastest losers overall. Nigeria's Blessing Okagbare was the fastest qualifier from the first round, at 11.20 seconds. After qualifying from the first round, Michelle-Lee Ahye of Trinidad and Tobago announced her withdrawal due to hamstring concerns.

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Heat 4

Heat 5

Heat 6

Semifinals

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Final

References
General
Women's 100m – Qualification Standings
Specific

Woen's 100 metres
2014
2014 in women's athletics


title: Global Gardener

text:
Global Gardener is a documentary film series about the permaculture approach to sustainable agriculture. The series was produced by Julian Russell for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation; it premiered on Australian television in 1991.

Bill Mollison, author of Permaculture: A Designers' Manual (1988), presents the series' four episodes—"In the Tropics", "Dry Lands", "Cool Climates", and "Urban"—each of which addresses the application of permaculture principles in a different environmental context.

The series is distributed on DVD and VHS videotape by Bullfrog Films.

Before Global Gardener, writer–directors Tony Gailey and Julian Russell made Bill Mollison and permaculture the subject of another documentary film, "In Grave Danger of Falling Food", in which Mollison proposes permaculture as a means to food security. The film was transmitted on ABC in Australia in 1989, as the first episode of Gailey and Russell's documentary series Visionaries: Small Solutions to Enormously Large Problems.

References

External links

1991 Australian television series debuts
1991 Australian television series endings
Australian documentary television films
Documentary film series
English-language television shows


title: Surendra Singh

text:
Surendra Singh may refer to:

 Surendra Singh (ambassador) (1923–1996), last ruler of Alirajpur State, and Indian ambassador to Spain
 Surendra Singh (athlete) (born 1978), Indian long-distance runner
 Surendra Singh (Baghal State) (1909–1945), ruler of Baghal State 1922–1945
 Surendra Singh (cabinet secretary), Indian civil servant
 Surendra Kumar Singh (politician) (1932–2015), Indian politician and a scion of the princely state of Raigarh
 Surendra Narayan Singh, Indian politician representing Rohaniya, Varanasi district, in the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
 Surendra Nath Singh (born 1962), Indian politician representing Bairia, Ballia district, in the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh
 Surendra Pratap Singh (1948–1997), Indian journalist

Fictional
 Maharaja Surendra Singh, King of Naugarh, in the Chandrakanta (novel) and Chandrakanta (TV series)

See also
 Surendra Singh Baghel (b. 1977), politician in Madhya Pradesh
 Surendra Singh Bhoi, representative Titlagarh (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency) 2009-2014
 Surendra Singh Chauhan, representative Barauli, Uttar Pradesh (Vidhan Sabha constituency) 1974–1977, 1980-1991
 Surendra Singh Nagar, politician, Gautam Buddha Nagar constituency of Uttar Pradesh
 Surendra Singh Panwar (1919–2002),  artillery officer, Indian Army, brigadier
 Surendra Singh Patel, politician, Sewapuri constituency seat in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metres

text:
The Men's 200 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place at Hampden Park on 30 and 31 July 2014.

Records

Heats

First 2 in each heat (Q) and 4 best losers (q) advance to the Semifinals

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Heat 4

Heat 5

Heat 6

Heat 7

Heat 8

Heat 9

Heat 10

Semifinals

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Final

References
General
Men's 200m – Qualification Standings
Specific

Men's 200 metres
2014


title: The Storm Has Just Begun

text:
"The Storm Has Just Begun" is a song by country music singer-songwriter Willie Nelson. Nelson wrote the song at the age of twelve. While working for KBOP in Pleasanton, Texas, in 1955, the song was one of the first two ever recorded by Nelson.

After two of his demos with the song were rejected, Nelson cut the song during his first session as a recording artist for D Records in Fort Worth, Texas. The song was released as the B-side to "Man With the Blues". It was later covered by Billy Walker the same year.

Background
The "Storm Has Just Begun" was written by Nelson in his hometown of Abbott, Texas when he was twelve years old and played for the local polka band. In 1955, Nelson moved to Pleasanton, Texas, where he auditioned for a disc jockey job in KBOP.

With the equipment of the station, Nelson made his first two recordings. He recorded "The Storm Has Just Begun" along with "When I've Sung My Last Hillbilly Song". He recorded the tracks on a used reel-to-reel tape, over a farm market report that could be heard under the song.  He sent the demos to Charlie Fitch, head of the local label SARG Records. Fitch rejected Nelson's recordings.Encouraged by his mother, Nelson then sent a demo containing the song to Grandpappy Smith, owner of the Melody Ranch dance hall in Eugene, Oregon. Smith, who also owned recording labels, booked Nelson to play in his hall in May 1955. After the date, Nelson did not receive a recording contract nor he was booked again on the venue.

Recordings
Years after, in 1958, Nelson recorded the song during his first session with D Records for a single release. Recorded at Manco Studio in Fort Worth, Texas the song backed the A-side "Man With the Blues". The single was credited to "Willie Nelson and the Reil Sisters". The single was released in 1959

Billy Walker cut the song as "The Storm Within My Heart", the flip side of his 1959 single "A Woman Like You". Billboard described the track on its July 1959 review as a "traditional approach on a weeper ballad [...] (an) attractive side".
The song was recorded by Nelson again in 1976, included in his album The Longhorn Jamboree Presents: Willie Nelson & His Friends.

Footnotes

References

1959 songs
Willie Nelson songs
Songs written by Willie Nelson


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 200 metres

text:
The Women's 200 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held at Hampden Park on 30 and 31 July 2014.

Results

Heats

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Heat 4

Heat 5

Heat 6

Semi-finals

Semi-final 1

Semi-final 2

Semi-final 3

Final

Wind: +0.4 m/s

References

Women's 200 metres
2014
2014 in women's athletics


title: William Lerner

text:
William Lerner, also known as Billy Lerner, is an American businessman and philanthropist who founded his own nonprofit organization, Billy4Kids, that donates shoes to children around the world.

Philanthropy
Lerner actively supports work for the prevention, management, and curing of diseases in children.

Billy4Kids
Lerner is the co-founder of Billy4Kids, a non-profit organization “dedicated to helping children in need by providing them with one essential item often taken for granted: shoes.” Lerner conceived the idea for Billy4Kids after reading an article about children who were dying from foot-borne diseases contracted from unprotected feet in developing countries.  Billy4Kids was founded to provide underprivileged children with shoes, and to assist other charitable organizations. Donations to Billy4Kids support bulk shoe purchases which are then distributed in poverty-stricken areas of Haiti, Brazil, and Ghana.

Other Charitable Work
Lerner is actively involved in numerous other charities and organizations.

Awards
On July 16, 2014, Lerner was honored with the Humanitarian Award by host Stephen Baldwin at the 3rd Annual Edeyo Gives Hope Ball.

References

American businesspeople
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Living people
Businesspeople from Manhattan
Year of birth missing (living people)


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 400 metres

text:
The Men's 400 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held at Hampden Park between 28 and 30 July 2014. The event was won by pre-event favourite and Olympic champion Kirani James in a new Commonwealth Games record. Wayde van Niekerk from South Africa came second and Lalonde Gordon of Trinidad and Tobago got the bronze medal.

Results

First round

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Heat 4

Heat 5

Heat 6

Heat 7

Semi-finals

Semi-final 1

Semi-final 2

Semi-final 3

Final

References

Men's 400 metres
2014


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 400 metres

text:
The Women's 400 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place at Hampden Park between 27 and 29 July 2014.

Results

Heats

The first round consisted of six heats, with qualification for the first three in each heat, and the six fastest losers overall. Botswana's Amantle Montsho was the fastest qualifier from the first round, at 51.88 seconds.

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Heat 4

Heat 5

Heat 6

Semifinals

Semifinal 1

Semifinal 2

Semifinal 3

Final

References

Women's 400 metres
2014
2014 in women's athletics


title: Josh McNey

text:
Josh McNey (born May 15, 1975) is an American photographer and creative director.

Life and work
McNey was born in Westlake Village, CA and grew up in the surrounding suburbs. McNey began photographing at an early age, taking photos of his brothers and friends while they skated and surfed. After high school McNey spent seven years in the United States Marine Corps.

In 2002 McNey moved to New York to attend Columbia University. He photographed the Columbia wrestling team while attending university. McNey's photographs have appeared in Crush, Dust, Flaunt Magazine, XLR8R, Positive Magazine, Kink Magazine, Kaltbult and Vision LA. McNey has photographed RZA, Walter Pfeiffer and Nico Muhly.

In 2011 McNey had his first solo show, called Protect from Light, at the New York gallery, Casa de Costa. McNey's work is also included in the Elton John Photography Collection and The Leslie Lohman Museum of Gay and Lesbian Art. He currently lives and works in New York City.

References

American photographers
American LGBT photographers
LGBT people from California
1975 births
Living people
People from Westlake Village, California


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 800 metres

text:
The Men's 800 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held at Hampden Park between 29 and 31 July 2014. The event was won by Olympic silver-medallist, Nijel Amos, who beat Olympic champion and World record holder, David Rudisha.

Results

Heats

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Heat 4

Semi-finals

Semi-final 1

Semi-final 2

Final

References

Men's 800 metres
2014


title: Isukathota

text:
Isukathota is a locality in the Maddilapalem neighbourhood of Visakhapatnam, India. It is situated between Sivajipalem and Venkojipalem.

Isukathota contains many large residential complexes. Isukathota has the scope for very high development as it is surrounded by major areas like MVP Colony, Venkojipalem, Sivajipalem and Seethammadhara. The basic infrastructure like the roads, sewage and drinking water are better comparative to most other parts of the Visakhapatnam City. Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation has taken over the Isukathota area and bringing in the amenities needed like road, sewage and drinking water.

It is well connected by APSRTC buses, all over the city.

There are lot of shops for shopping like Supermarkets, and shops are located here.

References

Neighbourhoods in Visakhapatnam


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 800 metres

text:
The Women's 800 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held at Hampden Park between 30 July and 1 August 2014.

Results

Heats

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Heat 4

Semifinals

Semifinal 1

Semifinal 2

Final

References

Women's 800 metres
2014
2014 in women's athletics


title: Chamusca e Pinheiro Grande

text:
Chamusca e Pinheiro Grande is a civil parish in the municipality of Chamusca, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Chamusca and Pinheiro Grande. The population in 2011 was 4,299, in an area of 67.10 km².

References

Freguesias of Chamusca


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 1500 metres

text:
The Men's 1500 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held at Hampden Park between 1 and 2 August 2014.

Results

Preliminaries

Heat 1

Heat 2

Final

References

Men's 1500 metres
2014


title: Light rhyme

text:
Light rhyme designates a weakened, or unaccented, rhyme that pairs a stressed final syllable with an unstressed one. A rhyme of this kind is also referred to as a wrenched rhyme since the pronunciation of the unstressed syllable is forced into conformity with the stressed syllable of its rhyme mate (eternity/free). Light rhymes are commonly found in music where words are sung with an unnatural emphasis on the final syllable.

Examples

In the 1917 poem “Preludes” T.S. Eliot used the light rhyme to evoke the uneasiness felt by an individual isolated from society in a modern urban setting.

The winter evening settles down
With smell of steaks in passageways.
Six o'clock.
The burnt-out ends of smoky days.
And now a gusty shower wraps
The grimy scraps
Of withered leaves about your feet
[…]

See also
Rhyme
An Introduction to Rhyme

References

Rhyme


title: 91st Battalion (Elgin), CEF

text:
The 91st Battalion (Elgin), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force.

History
The 91st Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 29 June 1915, where its personnel were absorbed by the 12th, 35th, 36th, 37th, 38th and 39th Reserve Battalion(s) on 15 July 1916 to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 21 May 1917.

The 91st Battalion recruited in the County of Elgin and was mobilized at St. Thomas, Ontario.

The 91st Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. W.J. Green from 28 June 1916 to 15 July 1916.

The 91st Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916.

The colours of the 91st Battalion were laid up in Trinity Anglican Church in St Thomas for many years. When the church was deconsecrated in 2020, the colours were removed for relocation, but they deteriorated rapidly and could not be laid up again. The colours were burned, and on 22 October 2023, the ashes were interred in the St Thomas Cemetery.

Perpetuation
The 91st Battalion (Elgin), CEF is perpetuated by 31 Combat Engineer Regiment (The Elgins).

See also

 List of infantry battalions in the Canadian Expeditionary Force

References

Sources
Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 by Col. G. W. L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962

091
Military units and formations of Ontario


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 1500 metres

text:
The Women's 1500 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held at Hampden Park between 28 and 29 July 2014.

Results

Preliminaries

Heat 1

Heat 2

Final

References

Women's 1500 metres
2014
2014 in women's athletics


title: Musik ska byggas utav glädje

text:
Musik ska byggas utav glädje (literal English translation Music should be built by joy) is a song with lyrics by Björn Barlach and Åke Cato, and music by Lill Lindfors, and recorded by her on the 1978 album Du är det varmaste jag har, produced by Anders Burman.

The song was listed on the Swedish charts for four weeks from 8 to 29 October 1978, peaking at 7th position. In 2002, an instrumental cover version was recorded by Johan Stengård on the album Det vackraste.

Lill Lindfors also recorded the song with lyrics in English by Susanne Wigforss, My Joy is Building Bricks of Music, a version she performed when presenting the 1985 Eurovision Song Contest.

References

1978 songs
Lill Lindfors songs
Swedish-language songs


title: Parreira e Chouto

text:
Parreira e Chouto is a civil parish in the municipality of Chamusca, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Parreira and Chouto. The population in 2011 was 1,492, in an area of 338.41 km².

References

Freguesias of Chamusca


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 5000 metres

text:
The Men's 5000 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held at Hampden Park on 27 July 2014.

Results

References

Men's 5000 metres
2014


title: Brocket 99: Rockin' the Country

text:
Brocket 99: Rockin' the Country is a Canadian documentary film directed by Nilesh Patel, which examined the ongoing popularity of Brocket 99, a controversial radio comedy tape based on stereotypes of Canadian First Nations people.

CBC Radio's Sounds Like Canada described Brocket 99 as:

It started as a fake radio show on a cassette. Then it developed a cult following. Brocket 99 is something of a cultural phenomenon in western Canada. It purports to be a radio program on an Indian reserve. Some people find it hilarious and racey. Others say it's outright racist.

In 2006, the film won the Séquences Magazine Prize in the documentary category at the Montreal First Peoples' Festival and the Special Recognition Award at the Anchorage International Film Festival. The film was also featured at the 2006 Calgary and Edmonton International Film Festivals and the Vancouver Asian Film Festival.

References

External links

2006 films
Canadian documentary films
Documentary films about First Nations
Documentary films about racism in Canada
Anti-Indigenous racism in Canada
Documentary films about comedy and comedians
2006 documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 5000 metres

text:
The Women's 5000 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held at Hampden Park on 2 August 2014.

Results

References

Women's 5000 metres
2014
2014 in women's athletics


title: Ctenomys yatesi

text:
Ctenomys yatesi, also called Yates' tuco-tuco, is a species of tuco-tuco native to Bolivia.  Only found near Roboré, Department of Santa Cruz, at an elevation of around , the species measures about  in length and has soft hazel and grey hair.  It was named after Terry Yates, a former curator at the University of New Mexico.

References

Tuco-tucos
Mammals of Bolivia
Endemic fauna of Bolivia
Mammals described in 2014


title: Joseph Harrison (horticulturalist)

text:
Joseph Harrison (1798 – 16 May 1856) was a British horticulturalist and editor of horticultural periodicals.

Life

Harrison was born in Sheffield in 1798, the first child of nine born to Charles Harrison and Ann, née Coe. The elder Harrison was from 1805 head gardener at Wortley Hall, the seat of James Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie, and then, from 1818, of James Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe. Joseph took over the position in 1828 when his father moved to the estate of George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, at Petworth House. Harrison married Ann Louise Weightman on 21 August 1818 at St. Peter's Church in Tankersley.

In 1830, with Richard Gill Curtis, he filed a patent relating to the glazing of greenhouses. He left his job at Wortley Hall in 1837, and moved to Downham, in Norfolk, where he set up as a florist. He later moved to Richmond in Surrey. He died in Plumstead, then in Kent, on 16 May 1856.

Publications

Harrison edited the Horticultural Register, a digest and review of other publications, with Joseph Paxton in 1831. In 1833 he launched a low-priced monthly magazine, the Floricultural Cabinet, which was successful; it sold almost 60,000 copies in its first nine months. In 1859, after his death, his sons made it a weekly and renamed it the Gardener's Weekly Magazine and Floricultural Cabinet. They sold it in 1861, and – as The Gardener's Weekly – it remained in print until 1916. Harrison also edited The Gardener's and Forester's Record, with practical gardening advice, and also, from 1852, The Garden Almanack.

References

Further reading
 "Joseph Harrison – Sometime Florist", F. Boase, Gardener's Chronicle, series iii, (1950)
 "Charles and Joseph Harrison, Forgotten Horticulturalists" Jo Trafford-Owen Garden History November 2010
 Benjamin Daydon Jackson (1891). Harrison, Joseph. In: Leslie Stephen, Sidney Lee (1891). Dictionary of National Biography. 25: 36–37. London: Elder Smith & Co.

English horticulturists
English gardeners
English garden writers
1798 births
1856 deaths
People from Sheffield


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 10,000 metres

text:
The Men's 10,000 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held at Hampden Park on 1 August 2014.

Results

References

Men's 10,000 metres
2014


title: Margaret J. Gamper

text:
Margaret J. Gamper (1907– March 18, 2002) was a pioneer of modern natural childbirth. One of Gamper's students was Dr. Robert Bradley, who developed the Bradley method of natural childbirth.  Gamper wrote two books on childbirth, "Relax, Here's Your Baby" and "Preparation for the Heir Minded".

References

Maternity in the United States
American nurses
American women nurses
2002 deaths
1907 births
20th-century American women


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 10,000 metres

text:
The Women's 10,000 metres at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held at Hampden Park on 29 July 2014.

Results

References

Women's 10,000 metres
2014
2014 in women's athletics


title: 92nd Battalion (48th Highlanders), CEF

text:
The 92nd Battalion (48th Highlanders), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 92nd Battalion was authorized on 30 July 1915 and embarked for Britain on 20 May 1916 where the battalion provided reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field until 24 January 1917, when its personnel were absorbed by the 5th Reserve Battalion, CEF. The battalion disbanded on 1 September 1917.

The 92nd Battalion recruited in, and was mobilized at, Toronto, Ontario.

The 92nd Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. G.T. Chisholm from 20 May 1916 to 4 January 1917.

The 92nd Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916-17.

The 92nd Battalion (48th Highlanders), CEF is perpetuated by the 48th Highlanders of Canada.

References

Sources
Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 by Col. G. W. L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962

092
Military units and formations of Ontario
48th Highlanders of Canada


title: Max Florence

text:
Max Florence (July 16, 1865 – November 26, 1932) was an entrepreneur and bootlegger. In 1910, he attempted to blackmail the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Colorado
Florence was born in Židikai, Lithuania / 56°19' N 22°01' E 171 mi NW of Vilnius, to Jewish parents Hirsch and Anna Florens (Florence). One of six children, he and his brother were the first to leave for America, arriving sometime between 1884 and 1886. As an immigrant lacking knowledge of the English language and no family on the continent beyond his brother, he started his journey west.

Around 1890 Florence arrived in Cripple Creek, CO to find his riches in the gold fields during the gold rush. Starting off in furniture repair to make some cash, he bought or became a partner in at least 6 gold mines including the King Solomon Mine.

While in Cripple Creek he fell in love with Anna Freibourg, trading two gold mines he owned to her father for her hand. They married December 30, 1894 when she was just 2 months over 13. Poorly treated by her father for not going to her new husband, she sought protection from the police. With their help she ended up in a Humane Society home in Denver where she was put under the care of Matron Lavelle and filed for divorce. The court complaint set out that Anne will not be 14 until September 21 also that Florence and Anna’s father compelled her to marry even though he was almost a complete stranger to her. She asked the court to decree an absolute divorce, $1000.00 in Alimony and $500.00 for attorney fees. Although her father had pushed the marriage her mother had agreed that it was in the best interest of the girl when interviewed by police.

Wyoming

Around 1900 Florence moved to Cheyenne and became a bartender. There he met the actress Cecilia (Celia) Evans and they exchanged vows sometime in 1900. Cecilia had one daughter, Ruth, by a previous marriage. His activities are unknown from his marriage until the family moved to Utah.

Utah

Florence led a colorful life in Utah. He got involved in a range of economic opportunities including movies, restaurants, bootlegging, and farming. He was also active in the Jewish community and with the Knights of Pythias. Once in Utah, Florence began to diversify his business dealings. Apparently starting with the Lyric Bar, he worked his way up to ownership of almost all of Salt Lake City's motion picture houses and the Florence Film exchange by late 1910. It was during this time that he met Cecil B. DeMille and Thomas Edison.

Motion picture business

In Florence's quest to control all over the motion picture business in the Salt Lake area he became acquainted with Thomas Edison so all the films from Edison would go to his distribution company, The Florence Film Exchange, and not any possible competitors. Now even if he did not own the theatre he would make money off of them. Because of his prominence in the moving picture business DeMille approached him to provide capital for the studio he wanted to open up. Florence having just recently met him declined and DeMille moved on to Hollywood.

On July 16, 1907 one of his theaters, The Theatorium, had a fire in the projection room (while ironically showing a film about the New York City Fire Department battling a burning building). The damage to the building was pegged at $50 and the loss of the film at $500.

In 1908 his brother Aaron came to Salt Lake to join him in the movie business and make his permanent residence. It is not known how long he remained but he had returned to Canada after only a short time. On Sunday Dec 13, 1908. The Salt Lake Herald reported that Florence was to commence remodeling of the Mayer building into an electric theatre. He was also building the new Luna Theatre and upon completion would shut the Elite Theatre for upgrades. The articles goes on to report that Florence prevailed on his cousin Abraham L. Florence, a prominent business man in Ottawa, Ontario, to invest. Also, his brother Aaron had arrived the week before from Canada with interest in the two new theaters. The Shubert and Daniels put on performance by Max Florence’s Musical Co. In 1912 the Florence Film Exchange consolidated with the Progressive Film Exchange of Oregon which was headed by William Wadsworth Hodkinson former president of Paramount Pictures.

A list of theaters that he owned include: The Luna, The Elite, The Theatorium, The Isis, The Shubert, The Daniels, The Lyceum, The Bungalow and more. In total he owned 54 theaters between Salt Lake City, Provo, and Ogden.

Blackmailing of the LDS Church

In 1910, Florence instigated the moment of his greatest notoriety: the blackmailing of the LDS Church and church president, Joseph F. Smith. It all began with an idea and the chance meeting of Gisbert Bossard, a disenfranchised Mormon convert and the financial distress that began to dog Florence. Florence persuaded Bossard to enter the church's Salt Lake Temple and clandestinely take a series of photographs. On September 16, 1911, the Salt Lake Tribune published a story relating that Florence had attempted to sell photographs of the interior of the temple. On September 19, 1911, the Duluth Herald related the same story and the details that Florence was an inn keeper and restaurant proprietor. What made the event so notorious is the fact that no one outside of church members are permitted to enter its temples.

According to the church, Florence demanded that Smith pay him $100,000 to not release the photographs. In response, Florence said that he named no sum and he would rather burn the photographs then accept the paltry sum of $100,000. In response, Smith said, "I will not deal with a thief or a trafficker in stolen goods."

Florence was asked by a New York Times reporter if the pictures showed any marriage records that would confirm the solemnization of polygamous marriages by the LDS Church, but he stated that all such records had been locked in vaults or held off site. For a while, Florence would not divulge how he obtained the photographs but said, "I felt frisky today and I had a mind to write to that Mormon prophet that if he made me any madder I’d come back there and steal the angel Mormon off the main steeple. That’s how easy the Temple is for me." Florence continued in his efforts to sell the photographs for a few weeks, including making them into a lecture, but eventually gave up and returned to Salt Lake City.

Legal troubles

Florence was arrested in January and February 1907 for serving alcohol on Sunday in violation of Utah’s Sunday blue laws. He was convicted on Feb 17, 1907, a stay of 5 days was granted for appeal.
On the right side of the law in 1908 Florence chased a “dip” for trying to steal his diamond stud. Florence chased him until the would-be thief James A. Getz was caught by one Patrolman Lyon, arrested and found to be a wanted man in multiple states according to the Salt Lake Tribune.
July 1912 brought a lawsuit from Ruth Parry over a debt of $500. The case was filed against Florence and A. McCheney, his bankruptcy trustee.

In 1913 Florence was in court on charges of false imprisonment. It was alleged that he and three associates; G.E. Peterson, Ike Thompson, and Dick Gunther falsely imprisoned a man named Joseph Davis. Florence was in the county attorney’s office filing a complaint about Davis robbing the Isis Theater. As Florence's associates were testifying in court for the false imprisonment Mr. Morgan, the county attorney, decided to file the false imprisonment charges against them while Florence was in his office.

Come 1918 Florence was under investigation by the Bureau of Investigation for violations of the Reed Amendment. According to BOI files, Florence was trying to reroute a liquor shipment from Kentucky to California, to Utah. Florence was also found to have stolen 175 cases of whiskey valued at $15,000 from the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. Florence received 3 months in prison, but could have received a lighter sentence. However, the defense said he had a friend who would pay the fine instead of prison. This annoyed the judge, who sentenced him to three months instead of one.

In 1919 a shipment of liquor was being transported by Florence, the shipment was being sent from California to Salt Lake in violation of the Reed Amendment. Bureau of Investigation files reveal that Florence had 8 large trunks filled with liquor. A number of people had been interviewed with no knowledge of the contents of the trunk. Outcome of this case is currently unknown. Although it is apparently unrelated to the 1918 investigation and subsequent imprisonment at Leavenworth.

In May 1919, in connection with the aforementioned investigation, Florence was in U.S. District Court before Judge Tillman Davis Johnson. Florence and his associate Ray Grant Middaugh, a switchman, were sentenced to three years in United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth. They received 2 years for conspiracy and 1 year for receiving stolen goods. In addition to the conspiracy to rob an interstate shipment, BOI files show an allegation of attempted bribery of US District Attorney William F. Ray. Florence was released with a $5000 bond pending outcome of his appeal. Florence would not end up at Leavenworth until December 13, 1920 after the exhaustion of his appeals. Florence began his sentence on December 16, 1920 to not exceed December 15, 1923. On April 21, 1921 he became a trustee and became eligible for parole on December 15, 1921. Florence was released on parole on March 21, 1922. While in prison he wrote his wife many letters and U.S. Representative Elmer O. Leatherwood. Florence wrote Leatherwood on a number of occasion requesting that he go to President Harding for a pardon or commutation of his sentence.

Prohibition and beyond

With Prohibition starting after the passage of the 18th Amendment Florence began to look at bootlegging. He began to manufacture his own liquor at his home in Farmington, UT and was known for making the highest quality booze in the state. Florence moved to Farmington, UT in 1920 to a large house surrounded by a cherry farm. His nephew Harry Florence joined him around 1924 to assist in the bootlegging and make some easy money.

In June 1926 Florence's cherry farm in Farmington was raided by a prohibition officer over a complaint filed by the Mayor of Farmington, Gardiner. Florence's wife was also charged over the alleged quantity of liquor found at the home.

Again in July 1928 Florence was arrested for possession of alcohol and in November he was found guilty of being a persistent violator.

In September 1930 Florence was again raided by prohibition officers and had 3-½ gallons of wine and 13-½ pints of whiskey confiscated. It is unknown if charges had been pressed.
In March 1932 the Utah Supreme Court ordered a new trial over a July 1928 possession of alcohol charge. The case had been initiated by the Salt Lake City court for a crime occurring in Davis County.

Florence raised two children, his wife's daughter Ruth and her son Bernard.

He died from general carcinomatosis (carcinosis), having suffered for 6 months. The contributory illness being advanced chronic myocarditis which he suffered for 4 years. He died on November 26, 1932 at 6am. He buried November 28, 1932 in the B'nai Israel Cemetery.

References

1865 births
1932 deaths
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American entertainment industry businesspeople
American bootleggers
Mormonism-related controversies


title: Otto Dov Kulka

text:
Otto Dov Kulka (Ôttô Dov Qûlqā; 16 January 1933 in Nový Hrozenkov, Czechoslovakia – 29 January 2021 in Jerusalem) was an Israeli historian, professor emeritus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His primary areas of specialization were the study of modern antisemitism from the early modern age until its manifestation under the National-Socialist regime as the "Final Solution"; Jewish thought in Europe – and Jews in European thought – from the 16th to the 20th century; Jewish-Christian relations in modern Europe; the history of the Jews in Germany; and the study of the Holocaust.

Biography
Otto Dov Kulka was born as Otto Deutelbaum in 1933, in Nový Hrozenkov, Czechoslovakia, to Erich Schön and Elly Deutelbaumová (née Kulková). Elly was at the time married to Rudolf Deutelbaum, Erich's uncle, who had taken Erich as his trainee. In 1938, Rudolf and Elly divorced, and Erich sued to be recognized as Otto's legitimate father. Following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, in 1939, Erich Schön was arrested by the Gestapo and in 1942 transported from a concentration camp in Germany to the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp. Rudolf Deutelbaum, along with his second wife Ilona and daughter Eva Deutelbaumová (Otto's half-sister), were deported in September 1942 to Theresienstadt Ghetto. In October 1942 they were deported to Treblinka extermination camp where they were murdered. Otto Kulka and his mother were deported in September 1942 to the Theresienstadt Ghetto, and from there, in September 1943, to the Theresienstadt family camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau. His mother died in the Stutthof concentration camp in January 1945. After the war, he and his father returned to Czechoslovakia. To commemorate Erich's wife and Otto's mother they changed their family name to Kulka on the 23 April 1946.

Kulka immigrated to Israel in March 1949 and joined the Kibbutz Kfar Hamaccabi. He added a Hebrew name – Dov – to his original name. Since 1958 he has lived in Jerusalem. He was married to Chaia Kulka and was the father of a daughter, Eliora Kulka-Soroka.

Kulka began his academic studies in 1958, at the Hebrew University, and in 1966 joined the faculty of its Department of the History of the Jewish People.

He retired as professor emeritus in 1999 but kept up his research activity and continued to publish scholarly and other works.

The aesthetician Tomáš Kulka is his brother.

Academic activity
Kulka studied philosophy and history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and at Goethe University Frankfurt. The subject of his doctoral thesis (1975) was "The 'Jewish Question' in the Third Reich. Its Significance in National Socialist Ideology and Politics and its Role in Determining the Status and Activities of the Jews".
In 1985, he was appointed an associate professor, and in 1991 a full professor in the Hebrew University's Department of the History of the Jewish People. In 1984-1985 he was a Visiting Professor at Harvard University. Since 1988 he has held the Sol Rosenbloom Chair in Jewish History. He retired from teaching in 1999 after being diagnosed with cancer. He continued to conduct his research within the framework of the Hebrew University's Institute of Jewish Studies; his research projects on German Jewry under the Nazi regime were supported by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (GIF).

Kulka was for many years a member of the board of directors of Yad Vashem and the board of the Leo Baeck Institute for the Study of German and Central European Jewry. He was a member of the editorial board of the bilingual (Hebrew and English) journal "Yad Vashem Studies".

Prizes
For his book Deutsches Judentum unter dem Nationalsozialismus (German Jewry under the National-Socialist Regime 1997):
 Buchman Memorial Prize, Yad Vashem, 1998.
 Wiznitzer Prize for best book published in Jewish studies, 1998, awarded by the Hebrew University's Institute of Jewish Studies.
For his book Landscapes of the Metropolis of Death (Landschaften der Metropole des Todes):
 Geschwister Scholl Prize, 2013, awarded by the Börsenverein des deutschen Buchhandels, the city of Munich and the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich.
 Jewish Quarterly-Wingate Literary Prize for 2014, London.

Research studies

Modern Antisemitism
From the outset of his academic activity, Kulka developed a conceptual and methodological approach to the study of Nazi Germany and the Holocaust which departed from the prevailing one-dimensional focus on the persecution and annihilation of the Jews. He maintained that the study of the history of the Jews under Nazism should follow the same scholarly principles that are applied to every historical period. Within this framework, he discerned three major topics of research: (1) Nazi ideology and policy on the Jews; (2) the attitude of the German population toward the regime's policy on the Jews and toward the Jews themselves; and (3) the Jewish society and its leadership. This comprehensive picture was then examined in the light of historical continuity and change. Only from this perspective, Kulka argued, could the question of the Nazi period's singularity and the "Final Solution" be properly addressed.

In line with this conception, Kulka made an effort to avoid  using the terms "Shoah" or "Holocaust", neither of which, in his opinion, accurately encapsulates this period within the continuity of Jewish history and does not convey its singularity. Instead, he refers to "the history of the Jews under the National-Socialist regime," and, more frequently, to the "Final Solution." The first phrase derives from his methodological approach, holding that this period should be studied like any other and in the context of its historical continuity, in the three dimensions mentioned above. As for  the term "Final Solution," Kulka considers it the most precise and most telling articulation of the teleological meaning of Nazi ideology and of the purpose underlying the realization of its goal: the termination of the historical existence of the Jewish people and the extermination of each individual Jew, as well as the eradication of the "Jewish spirit" ("jüdischer Geist") manifested in the European cultural heritage. It is here, that Kulka identifies the singularity of this period in Jewish and human history. As a scholar, Kulka has strictly separated the study of the historical past from his personal biography during the Second World War. As he noted in 2010, after completing the last of his major research projects to date, he regarded his biographical past irrelevant to historical research, and intertwining the two spheres as illegitimate. It was only in 2012, that he decided to publish a book bearing a different character. In this work, Kulka explores his memory images from the years he spent in the ghetto of Theresienstadt and in Auschwitz Birkenau, and reflects on them as a historian and thinker. First published in English in 2013 as Landscapes of the Metropolis of Death, Reflections on Memory and Imagination, the book has been widely translated.

The Jews in Nazi ideology and policy
In his research on modern antisemitism, Kulka drew, among other sources, on studies by his university teachers, the historians Jacob Talmon and Shmuel Ettinger, applying their insights to his empirical findings about National-Socialist ideology and policy. To gain a broader perspective, he examined the centrality of the ambivalent Jewish component in the major trends of Western culture in the modern age, as well as the radicalization of the elements of antagonism toward Judaism and the Jews within them. He explores these developments against the background of the secularization process of central ideological movements since the seventeenth century, the most radical of which in the twentieth century was Nazism.
In 1989, Kulka articulated his approach succinctly:

Many scholarly works written on National Socialism over the past three decades have reached the conclusion that antisemitism played a vital role in the ideology and policy of the Third Reich. Of all the ideological and political ingredients that went into the making of Hitler's outlook, antisemitism, in its broadest sense, appears to be not only the one consistent and immutable element, it also bridges such seemingly contradictory leanings as anti-Marxism and anti-capitalism, the struggle against democracy and modernism, and a basic anti-Christian disposition. [...] Yet Hitler consistently portrays this ideological war in the international arena as an extension of the struggle that the National Socialist movement had waged, from its inception, against its ideological and political enemies within Germany itself: Jewish Marxism, Jewish parliamentary democracy, Jewish capitalism, and even the "Political Churches" and the Jewish foundations of Christianity. In the movement's racial-determinist conception, the Jews stand in an obviously dominant relationship to all these forces and factors as the biological source of doctrines and ideologies whose most radical expression is Bolshevism but whose origin was Judaism's introduction of Christianity into the Western world. National Socialist antisemitism traced the sense of crisis that dogged the modern world to its domination by 'Jewish-Christian-Bolshevik' principles that were based on a universalist 'destructive' belief in the unity of the world and the equality of men in all spheres of life. These principles were antithetical to the Nazi Social-Darwinist version of the 'natural order', i.e., the inherent inequality of the races and the eternal struggle between them for their very survival. Hence only the restoration of this order – which was conditional upon the absolute annihilation, physical and spiritual, of Judaism – could ensure the future health, indeed the very existence of the human race.

In an interview for the Hebrew-language newspaper Haaretz in 2013 he said,

My conclusion in regard to Nazi antisemitism is that it would have been impossible without the history of traditional Jew-hatred, but that the Final Solution would have been unfeasible in a traditional Christian society. This is because the existence of Judaism was a necessity in Christianity's perception of redemption: the idea that the Jews will recover from their blindness in the last days and see the light. However, only secularization and secular political messianism made possible the totalistic 'redemptive anti-Semitism' which was inherent in Nazi ideology and its attempt to change the course of human history.

Indeed, in his very first scholarly paper, "Richard Wagner and the Origins of Modern Antisemitism" (1961), Kulka identified and analyzed the phenomenon of "redemptive antisemitism." This was an ideology of political messianism, which in its various metamorphoses led ultimately to National-Socialist antisemitism and the "Final Solution." The term "redemptive antisemitism" has become, particularly since the 1990s, a reference point in research about Nazi Germany and the Holocaust.

Attitude of the population in Nazi Germany toward the Jews and toward the regime's anti-Jewish policy
Kulka published a monumental documentary study on this subject, which originally appeared in German, the language of the sources, in 2004, and in 2010 in an expanded edition in English. Decades earlier, in the mid-1960s, Kulka was one of the pioneers of scholarly research into this subject, later collaborating with his German colleague Eberhard Jäckel and the British historian Sir Ian Kershaw. Kulka had laid the methodological and theoretical foundations for these studies already in his seminal article of 1975, 'Public Opinion, in National-Socialist Germany and the 'Jewish Question." He showed that beneath the monolithic totalitarian encasement a certain diversity of social structures and political opinions remained from the pre-Nazi period. This was also reflected in the population's consent to the regime's policy toward the Jews, in various forms of criticism of that policy, and on the other hand, in anti-Jewish violence and "pressure from below" to accelerate and radicalize the policy of the "solution of the Jewish question in Germany."
However, the dominant trend, as emerged clearly, was the constantly expanding and ever more extreme "removal" of the Jews from all spheres of life of the "German people's community" (Volksgemeinschaft) and finally from all of Germany.

Drawing on these sources, Kulka devoted a special study to the complex problem of the attitude taken by the churches and the religious population in Germany toward the Jews, including those who converted to Protestantism and Catholicism.
In another study based on the above-mentioned highly reliable source material Kulka devoted a special article to the examination of another aspect - the popular opinion in Nazi Germany and the government's attitude toward the Jews. In this study he revealed the influence of the popular opinion as "a factor in the policy of the 'solution of the Jewish question'."

Kulka also considered it important to probe the abundant detailed information contained in these reports about the life of the Jews and their organized activity as they coped with both the regime's policy and the attitude of the German population toward them. He viewed the picture that emerged of the diverse, systematic, and continuous information that was presented to the various levels of the regime as a significant supplementary to what could be gleaned from the contemporary Jewish sources. Both types of sources show a thrust toward continuity – though organized Jewish activity is seen to undergo transformations. It became more intense as a dialectical response to the growing and consistently more acute efforts to remove the Jews from the various spheres of life of the German state and society.

The most critical question of the research concerned the German population and the "Final Solution." Prior to the publication of Kulka and Jäckel's documentation project, scholars – among them Kulka himself, Marlis Steinert, and Ian Kershaw – interpreted the reports' apparent silence regarding the Jews during the war years as reflecting the German population's indifference to the Jews' fate. According to Steinert and Kershaw, the German population took little interest in the Jews and their fate "because they had other things on their mind during the period of the war." At that time, Kulka viewed this apparent indifference, in the light of the reports about mass murder of Jews being perpetrated in "the east," as "abyssal indifference."

Kulka and Jäckel published nearly 4,000 reports on German public opinion and the Jews, close to 1000 of them from the war years. According to Kulka, in their light the assumption about the silence of the sources no longer meets the criterion of empirical research. The documentation also supported Kulka's earlier findings, described in his article of 1975, concerning the widespread reports that circulated among the German population about the mass annihilation of the deported Jews. In the newly found documentation from early 1942, the general consensus reported from most areas of the Third Reich was that the population wished to see all the Jews deported from Germany (in the German original: "Am meisten würde jedoch eine baldige Abschiebung aller Juden aus Deutschland begrüßt werden"). This attitude persisted despite the population's knowledge about the fate of the deported Jews, as evident from many accurate reports. Here, then, the term "abyssal indifference" takes on concrete meaning. As Kulka and Jäckel note at the closing of the Introduction to the English edition of their book: "The conclusion that can be derived from the reports on popular opinion, and from the subsequent published studies based on our edition, is a harsh one indeed."

The Jewish society and its leadership in Nazi Germany
This is a subject to which Kulka devoted a series of research articles as well as a book, German Jewry Under the National-Socialist Regime. His research was based on his project to reconstruct the lost archives of the central Jewish organization in the years 1932–1939, the National Representation of the Jews of Germany (Reichsvertretung der deutschen Juden), and his archival discovery of its successor organization in the years 1939–1945, the "Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland." Revising the prevailing historiography, Kulka showed that the National Representation of the Jews of Germany was not established in 1933, after the Nazis' rise to power, but that its foundations were laid a year earlier, in 1932.

In the light of the rapidly deteriorating political situation, the Jewish leadership in the various district states (Länder) realized that it was essential to create a united central organization to represent German Jewry vis-à-vis the regime. Similarly, Kulka showed that the successor to the National Representation, namely the National Association of Jews in Germany, was not established in 1939 after the Kristallnacht pogrom, solely at the order of the Nazi regime. In fact, it emerged under this name, and within a new central framework as the national organization of all the Jews in Germany, in the course of a lengthy internal process in 1938.

Kulka's comprehensive article, "Germany," in the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, offers an overview of the developments among German Jewry in this period within their historical context, integrating the three areas of his research on this subject. Summing up his analysis of the status and activities of the Jewish society under the Nazi regime, he wrote:

Among the Jews, the reaction to what was happening was different on the individual and the organizational level. Although the Jews' social and political status had suffered a tremendous blow, their existing organizational network was scarcely touched – indeed, new organizations came into being. In this respect the situation of Jews was in stark contrast to the prevailing trend of totalitarian Gleichschaltung, the purpose of which was to destroy the existing social and political fabric of German society and construct a homogeneous society (Volksgemeinschaft) in its place. It was the exclusionary racist principle on which the policy towards the Jews was based – their separation and isolation from the general society – that made possible the continuing existence of the Jew's own institutions. Moreover, "alien" and "decadent" ideas and principles such as political pluralism and democracy, which were now beyond the pale among the general population, were still the rule in Jewish public life. This was, however, the freedom of the outcasts, of a community that now seemed doomed to disappearance.

According to Kulka, German Jewry faced three alternatives upon the establishment of the Nazi regime and the promulgation of the first anti-Jewish decrees in 1933.

The first alternative was the disintegration and atomization of Jewish society and the paralysis of all its institutions and organizations under the impact of the anti-Jewish waves of terror and legislation. In the lives of individuals, this was manifested in a hasty mass flight from Germany, the desperate return of some, and in extreme cases, through suicide. The second alternative, advocated by a small minority of so-called Nationaldeutsche Juden, was diametrically opposed to the first. It was the temptation to draw the ostensibly inevitable conclusions from the crisis and failure of the democratic system of Weimar, and by the same token from the failure of the internal democratic principles of the Jewish society, and introduce in their place – for all of German Jewry – a regime of authoritarian leadership based on the Führerprinzip. However, most Jewish organizations opted for a third alternative: the continued existence of the democratic-pluralistic institutions of the Jewish society from the post-Emancipation period and the establishment of a new all-inclusive central organization based on the principle of the voluntary affiliation of each body and free activity within the organization.

Kulka sums up his approach to the study of this period in the history of German Jewry as follows:

In my attempt to present the basic tendencies in the development of Jewish life from 1933 on, there are two different dimensions of time: the historical dimension of time and the time dimension of the Third Reich – defined teleologically, the period of the Final Solution. The first dimension explores this time against the background of continuity: what existed before 1933 and continued even if under an altered guise after that watershed. The second dimension relates to what was significantly new and novel, introduced and developed under the new regime. Both dimensions must be examined side by side. Of course, the first was predominant until 1938/1939, the second from then on to 1943 or even 1945.

Studies on historiography
A key element of Kulka's research on Nazi Germany and the Holocaust period is devoted to its historiography. The subject is addressed in several of his seminal articles. His article on the German historiography of National-Socialism and the "Jewish Question" from 1924 to 1984 was the first and most systematic on this complex topic until the publication of Nicolas Berg's comprehensive book on the subject in 2003.
Another study discusses the basic tendencies in Zionist historiography of the Jews under the Nazi regime. His basic scholarly reviews on the historiography of the Holocaust period include extensive discussions devoted to two monumental two-volume works: Saul Friedländer's Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution, 1933-1939; and The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945; and Ian Kershaw's biography of Hitler: Hitler 1889-1936. Hubris; and Hitler 1936-1945. Nemesis.

Studies on Central European Jewry in the twentieth century
Other studies by Kulka extend the exploration of the history of the Jews under the Nazi regime beyond Germany. These include: a joint project of the Hebrew University and the University of Vienna about Austria's Jewish citizens who found refuge from Nazi persecution in Mandate Palestine, and their life in Israel; an article on Czech Jewry from the establishment of the First Czechoslovak Republic, in 1918, until after the Munich Conference and the end of the Second Republic, in March 1939; and a comparative study on the history of the Jews in Germany and Czechoslovakia between the two world wars and in the Holocaust period.

In all his studies of the Nazi period, Kulka refrained from dealing with the final stage of the physical annihilation of the Jews in the death camps and with the mass executions in the German-occupied areas of Eastern Europe. His only departure from this practice was an article based on his discovery of unknown documents on the "family camp" of Jews from the Theresienstadt Ghetto in Auschwitz-Birkenau and its place in the Nazis' policy of camouflage and deception about the deportation of the Jews to the "east" for extermination. The article was published in 1984 in Hebrew as "Ghetto in an Annihilation Camp. The 'Family Camp' of the Theresienstadt Jews in Auschwitz, 1943-1944," and simultaneously in an English-language version with a significant difference in the title: "Ghetto in an Annihilation Camp. Jewish Social History in the Holocaust Period and its Ultimate Limits." It deals, inter alia, with the continuity of the patterns of life and the basic values of the Jewish society even in the very heart of the Auschwitz annihilation camp and in the face of a clear awareness of the certainty of death. The purpose of this special camp's existence and the reason for its liquidation – part of the policy of Adolf Eichmann's Jewish section in the Reich Security Main Office – did not become clear until long after the war. The riddle was solved when Kulka discovered a secret exchange of correspondence between Eichmann and his staff and the German Red Cross in Berlin, and between the latter and the headquarters of the International Red Cross in Geneva. This almost unknown episode was thus accorded its rightful place in Holocaust historiography. The article was reprinted as an appendix to shed light on the historical background of Kulka's "extra-scientific" book, Landscapes of the Metropolis of Death.

Other studies
In 1982, Kulka initiated a large-scale international conference within the framework of his activity in the Historical Society of Israel and his research on the relations between Judaism and Christianity in the modern era. Its theme was "Judaism and Christianity under the impact of National-Socialism from 1919 to 1945, in Germany and in all the European countries occupied by the Third Reich, its allies and vassal states." The volume of the conference's proceedings, edited by Kulka and published in 1987 by the Historical Society of Israel, has become a reference point for research and discussion about this highly charged, complex issue.

Among Kulka's studies of other historical periods, a special place is occupied by his seminal Hebrew-language study on sixteenth century Jewish Prague in its Central European setting. Titled "The Historical Background of the National and Educational Teachings of MaHaRaL from Prague", it appeared in the jubilee volume of the periodical Zion. The subtitle in the English-language abstract encapsulates the article's thrust: "A Suggested New Approach to the Study of MaHaRaL." Kulka's point of departure is Maharal's quasi-modern ideas, which had proved puzzling to many scholars. He too addresses the singularity of these ideas, reflected in the following quotation from Maharal's Netzach Yisrael concerning the substance of nations, their religious faith, and their place in creation:

"It is unworthy for a nation to be subjugated and yoked to another [nation], for the Holy One, blessed be He, created each and every nation unto itself. [...] For man chooses divinity which he will resemble in part. [...] Every nation chooses its divinity according to its own thoughts..."
As for the Jewish people, its exile from its land and its redemption according to the same order of creation, Kulka continues to quote from Maharal with his unique style:

There is no doubt that the exile is a change and a departure from the order in which the Holy One, blessed be He, ordered each nation in its proper place and ordered Israel in their proper place, which is the Land of Israel. Exile from the place is a change and a complete departure, and all things, when they depart from their natural place [...] are unsustainable in the place that is not natural to them, until they return to their natural place. For if they were to remain in the place that is unnatural to them, what was unnatural to them would become natural, and this is something that is not possible, for the unnatural to become natural.

In his study, Kulka shed new light on the historical research into Maharal's ideas on nationhood and education, against a diverse background of sources and in the light of the contemporary political, social, and religious situation in Central Europe. According to Kulka it is inadequate to analyze Maharal's views only in the light of the writings of his Jewish contemporaries and predecessors. Insight about the distinctiveness of Maharal's ideas concerning nationhood and education, and the connection between them, could be gained by observing the historical setting in which he was active and examining possible influences to which he was susceptible in those specific circumstances. In his study of Maharal's national theory, Kulka thus probes the different channels through which Maharal was exposed to the distinctive fusion of religion and nationalism of post-Hussitic Bohemia in the Reformation era, not omitting national conflicts and the relations between the nations. Through the prism of this historical context, Kulka is able to address convincingly the singularity and originality of Maharal's creative Jewish thought and its relevance for his time.

Kulka applies a similar methodological approach in his inquiry into Maharal's innovative educational theory. One striking result of his research is the solution to the deeply puzzling similarities between Maharal's educational doctrine and that of the "teacher of nations", Jan Amos Comenius, as set forth by Aharon Kleinberger. According to Kleinberger, the fact that Comenius was just 17 when the Maharal died excludes the possibility that he influenced Maharal; and, ipso facto, the reverse influence is equally untenable. However, Kulka proves that Comenius, the last bishop of the humanistic Christian denomination of the Bohemian Brethren (in Latin: Unitas Fratrum), was the successor and codifier of the educational theories and methods of his teachers in this sect, who were Maharal's contemporaries and interlocutors.

This study concentrates initially on the twenty years of Maharal's tenure as "head of the [Jewish] communities of the State of Moravia," (אב בית דין וראש מדינת מעהרין) in close proximity to the educational center of the Bohemian Brethren. This center, with its superb Hebraists, translated and published the magnificent Czech-language edition of the Bible – Bible kralická. Some of Maharal's discussions and disputes with "Christian sages," which appear in his writings, took place in this milieu. Moreover, Kulka's approach, which sets Maharal within  the relevant historical context, is not inconsistent with an appreciation of his creative originality. Although anchored in the reality of their time, Maharal's ideas draw on far deeper sources and bear implications that far transcend this period.

These issues, including Kulka's study, were discussed extensively in an international conference about Maharal, held in Jerusalem in 2009 to mark the four hundredth anniversary of his death. The conference's sponsors – the Israel Academy of Sciences and the Humanities and the Historical Society of Israel – are to publish the proceedings.

Landscapes of the Metropolis of Death
Kulka's book, Landscapes of the Metropolis of Death. Reflections on Memory and Imagination, was published almost simultaneously in various European languages and worldwide during 2013–14. It is fundamentally different from his scholarly works, as he attests in the introduction:

I assume that readers of my historical publications will have identified me unequivocally with an attitude of strict and impersonally remote research, always conducted within well-defined historical categories, as a kind of self-contained method unto itself. But few are aware of the existence within me of a dimension of silence, of a choice I made to sever the biographical from the historical past. [...] The hidden meaning of the metaphoric language of the central, recurrent motifs in the book, such as 'immutable law of the death', the 'Great Death', the 'Metropolis of Death', reaches beyond the experience of the world of Auschwitz. They are metaphors for what at the time seemed to expand into a world order that would change the course of human history and remained so in my reflective memory. I am also aware that these texts, though anchored in concrete historical events, transcend the sphere of history.

The book was extensively discussed in the press and the electronic media in Israel  and throughout the world, particularly in England, France, and Germany. Most reviewers commented on its different style of language and observation amid the rich literature of the Holocaust period, and remarked on its special place alongside the autobiographical works of Saul Friedländer, Primo Levi, and Imre Kertész. Writing in the British Guardian newspaper, Thomas W. Laqueur noted, "Primo Levi's testimony, it is often said, is that of a chemist: clear, cool, precise, distant. So with Kulka's work: this is the product of a master historian – ironic, probing, present in the past, able to connect the particular with the cosmic." And, in Le Monde, Nicolas Weill wrote, "A book that defies categorization in any conventional genre. [...] The lucidity and temperance that accompany this stunning return to the past arouse amazement and astonishment."
The book received two prestigious literary awards in Germany and Britain: The Geschwister-Scholl Prize and the Jewish Quarterly Literary Wingate Prize.

Czech historian Anna Hájková of University of Warwick criticized Kulka's book Landscapes of the Metropolis of Death: Reflections on Memory and Imagination for omitting his father and sister who died in Treblinka death camp. This, in spite of the following clear declaration of the author: "These recordings were neither historical testimony nor autobiographical memoir, but the reflections [...] of memory and imagination that have remained from the world of the wondering child of ten to eleven that I had once been".

In 2018 the German filmmaker Stefan Auch released the film "Die vorletzte Freiheit. Landschaften des Otto Dov Kulka" (The Freedom Last But One – Landscapes of Otto Dov Kulka), loosely based on the book, which premiered at the Jewish Film Festival in Jerusalem. In the film "we delve deep into the world of Otto Dov Kulka, following his thoughts about the inexplicability of history".

References

1933 births
2021 deaths
People from Vsetín District
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Czech Jews
Czechoslovak emigrants to Israel
Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Historians of Jews and Judaism
Historians of the Holocaust
Israeli historians
Israeli memoirists
Theresienstadt Ghetto prisoners
Moravian Jews
Burials at Har HaMenuchot


title: Punjab information and culture department

text:
Information and Culture Department is a department of the Government of Punjab, Pakistan. Information Department works to project and promote policies and activities of the Government. The department also promotes art, culture and literary activities. Firdous Ashiq Awan is the Special Assistant of Information and Culture since 2 December 2020

Institutions

Directorate General Public Relations
The Directorate General Public Relations, Punjab is the main publicity arm of the Government. It  deals with dissemination of Information, Public Relations, focusing on projection of official policies, activities and development programmes and maintaining a close liaison with the press.

Lahore Museum

Lahore Museum is the largest and the oldest museum in Pakistan, it was established in 1894.

Punjab Council of the Arts
The Punjab Council of the Arts is an autonomous body established under the Punjab Council of the Arts Act of 1975. It advises the Government on all matters of policy relating to art and culture activity through its Divisional Arts Councils which include the Multan Arts Council, Bahawalpur Arts Council, D.G. Khan Arts Council, Faisalabad Arts Council, Rawalpindi Arts Council, Gujranwala Arts Council, Sargodha Arts Council, Murree Arts Council, and Waris Shah Memorial Complex.

Pakistan Movement Workers Trust
An established 'Trust' for the assistance of the veterans of Pakistan Movement.

Punjab Film Censor Board (PFCB)
The Central Board of Film Censors has been devolved by virtue of 18th Amendment in the Constitution of Pakistan and branch office at Lahore was transferred to the Information & Culture Department, Government of the Punjab. The Federal Law “Motion Picture Ordinance, 1979” has been adopted through an Act "Punjab Motion Pictures (Amendment) Act, 2012” (X of 2013)" after certain amendments. The Punjab Censorship of Films Rules, 2013 have also been framed. PFCB censors films prior to exhibition in Punjab.

Bab-e-Pakistan Trust
The Bab-e-Pakistan Trust (Pakistan) was constituted in Lahore in 1992. The main objective was to set up a complex in memory of those who scarified all they had including their lives to make Pakistan possible.

Bazm-e-Iqbal
Bazm-e-Iqbal was established as autonomous body in May, 1950 under the societies Registration Act, 1860. The Bazm carries out research and publication on the philosophy and teachings of Iqbal.

Institute of Islamic Culture, Lahore

The organisation publishes some of the most respected works on the history and philosophy of Islam.

See also
 Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
 Culture of Pakistan
 Punjabi culture

External links
 http://punjab.gov.pk/information_and_culture Information and Culture Department, Punjab Portal-All about Punjab in one place, Retrieved 7 Aug 2016

References

Departments of Government of Punjab, Pakistan
Culture of Punjab, Pakistan


The Tchicaya U Tam'si Prize for African Poetry, established in 1989, rewards a writer who is distinguished by an innovative poetic work, of high artistic value. The prize is named after Congolese writer Tchicaya U Tam'si (1931–1988).

It was created during the Assilah city's Forum (Morocco), on the initiative of Muhammad Benaissa, former Moroccan Minister of Culture and current Mayor of Assilah. The prize is generally awarded in August, during the international and cultural moussem (festival) of Assilah.

Alioune Badara Beye chaired the jury of the 2014 edition.

Winners
 1989 : Edouard Maunick (Mauritius)
 1990 : Jean-Luc Raharimanana (Madagascar)
 1991 : René Depestre (Haiti)
 1993 : Mazisi Kunene (South Africa)
 1996 : Ahmed Abdel Muti Hijazi (or Mo'ti Higazi) (Egypt)
 1999 : Jean-Baptiste Tati Loutard (Congo-Brazzaville)
 2001 : Vera Duarte (Cape Verde)
 2004 : Abdelkarim Tabbal (Morocco)
 2008 : Niyi Osundare (Nigeria)
 2011 : Fama Diagne Sène (Senegal) and Mehdi Akhrif (Morocco)
 2014 : Josué Guébo (Côte d'Ivoire) for Think of Lampedusa.
 2018 : Amadou Lamine Sall (Senegal).

References

External links
African Book Awards Database
Vera Duarte wins African poetry award
Osundare and the Tchicaya U’Tamsi Award
(fr) 2011 Winners
(fr) Josué Guébo, lauréat du Prix Tchicaya U Tamsi 2014

Awards established in 1989
African literary awards
1989 establishments in Morocco


title: Video Games: The Movie

text:
Video Games: The Movie is a documentary film by Jeremy Snead about video games. After Indiegogo and Kickstarter crowdfunding campaigns in 2012 and 2013 respectively, the film was released in 2014.

Snead said "about 45 hours of footage" was shot for the film, and intends to use that in future products, saying he plans "a follow up in some form or another because the reception of the film has been good and I think it’s something that deserves more treatment in film and television."

Reception
The film has a score of 40 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 12 reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 18%, based on 17 reviews. IGN awarded it a score of 7.0 out of 10, saying, "The new documentary Video Games: The Movie is an insightful albeit disjointed chronicle of the medium and the industry."

References

External links

2014 films
2014 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about video games
Kickstarter-funded documentaries
Variance Films films
2010s American films


title: Ihor Soldat

text:
Ihor Volodymyrovych Soldat (; born 10 March 1991) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a defender for Mynai.

Career
Soldat is product of different Kyivan youth systems. He made his professional debut on 30 September 2011, coming on as a second-half substitute for Stal Alchevsk in the Ukrainian First League.

Honours
Veres Rivne
 Ukrainian First League: 2020-21

Inhulets Petrove
Ukrainian Cup runner-up: 2018–19

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Footballers from Kyiv
Ukrainian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Metalurh Donetsk players
FC Stal Alchevsk players
FC Stal-2 Alchevsk players
FC Hirnyk Kryvyi Rih players
FC Desna Chernihiv players
FC Inhulets Petrove players
NK Veres Rivne players
FC LNZ Cherkasy players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian First League players
Ukrainian Second League players


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's marathon

text:
The Men's marathon at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held in Glasgow on 27 July 2014. The same course is used for both Men's marathon and Women's marathon.

Results

References

Men's marathon
2014
Glasgow Green
Comm
2014 Commonwealth Games


title: Rene Ritchie

text:
Rene Ritchie (born 1972) is a Canadian independent blogger and YouTube content creator. Ritchie is known for his podcasts including Debug, Iterate, Vector, ZEN & TECH, Review, The TV Show, and as co-host of MacBreak Weekly on the TWiT Network. Rene was formerly Lead Analyst & Executive Editor of iMore. Ritchie was also the executive producer of Mobile Nations Broadcasting. He is a YouTuber and a founding member of Nebula. As of July 2022, Rene Ritchie is also YouTube's Creator Liaison.

He has been named by Business Insider one of the Top 100 most influential tech people in Twitter, one of the 15 most important Apple analysts and writers and one of the Top 25 Gadget Gurus.

Early life
Ritchie studied art in college before dropping out to pursue a career in web design and marketing. He began his association with computers at the age of 6 with an Apple II Plus, and first began working on the internet in 1998 as a moderator on CompuServe. In 2010 Ritchie left a job in Enterprise software product marketing to work full-time for Mobile Nations, an online content and merchandise provider.

Career

Blogging
In April 2008, Ritchie began writing for Phone Different, the iPhone channel of the Smartphone Experts Network. In 2009 he took over as managing editor of the site, which changed its name to The iPhone blog and then TiPb. In December 2011, the site rebranded again, to iMore and the network to Mobile Nations. Ritchie became EIC and Executive Producer, respectively. Ritchie has appeared on CNN International, MarketPlace, CBC News, and ABC15.

Podcasting
Ritchie is a frequent podcaster, hosting and co-hosting internet technology shows. He launched the iPhone Live podcast on November 12, 2008, which later changed its name to the iMore show. It had over 400 episodes as of July 2014. Ritchie hosts Vector, a tech news and analysis show, and co-hosts Debug, a show for developers; Iterate, a show for designers; ZEN & TECH, a show on connected lifestyles, Review, a show on movies and entertainment, and The TV Show. On October 16 of 2013, Ritchie joined the TWiT Network's MacBreak Weekly as a regular co-host.

YouTube Creator Liaison
In July 2022, Ritchie was appointed by Google as the new YouTube Creator Liaison, succeeding Matt Koval. He will work with YouTube creators to support them in improving their own video content.

Books
Ritchie has authored/co-authored five books:
Complete Wing Chun (Charles E. Tuttle, 1998)
Yuen Kay-San Wing Chun (Unique Publications, 1999)
Legends of Wing Chun (Remnant Hunter, 2005)
iPod touch Made Simple (Apress, 2011)
iPhone 4S Made Simple (Apress, 2011)

References

External links

iMore.com
Mobile Nations Broadcasting
Twitter profile

Living people
1972 births
Canadian male bloggers
Canadian podcasters
TWiT.tv people


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's marathon

text:
The Women's marathon at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held in Glasgow on 27 July 2014.  The same course is used for both Men's marathon and Women's marathon.

Results

References

Women's marathon
2014
2014 in women's athletics
Glasgow Green
Comm
2014 Commonwealth Games


title: 93rd Battalion (Peterborough), CEF

text:
The 93rd Battalion (Peterborough), CEF,  was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 93rd Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 15 July 1916 where the battalion provided reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field until 6 October 1916, when its personnel were absorbed by the 39th Reserve Battalion, CEF. The battalion disbanded on 21 May 1917.

The 93rd Battalion recruited in Peterborough County and was mobilized at Peterborough, Ontario.

The 93rd Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. T.J. Johnston from 19 September 1916 to 6 October 1916.

The 93rd Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916.

The 93rd Battalion (Peterborough), CEF, is perpetuated by 50th Field Artillery Regiment (The Prince of Wales Rangers), RCA.

References

Sources
Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 by Col. G. W. L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962

093
Military units and formations of Ontario
Prince of Wales Rangers (Peterborough Regiment)


title: Frederick Peterson (disambiguation)

text:
Frederick Peterson was a neurologist.

Fredrick Peterson may also refer to:

Frederick Peterson (politician), California politician
Frederick Valdemar Erastus Peterson, a.k.a. Val Peterson, Nebraska politician
 Fred L. Peterson (1896–1985), American politician and businessman in the state of Oregon

See also
 Frederick Petersen (disambiguation)


Vidago, Arcossó, Selhariz e Vilarinho das Paranheiras is a civil parish in the municipality of Chaves, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Vidago, Arcossó, Selhariz and Vilarinho das Paranheiras. The population in 2011 was 1,991, in an area of 24.57 km2.

Architecture

Civic
 Agrarian School of Alves Teixeira ()
 Hotel Palace of Vidago ()
 Manorhouse of the Machados ()
 Primary School of Selhariz ()
 Primary School of Vilarinho de Paranheiros ()
 Railway Station of Vidago ()
 Spring of Olmo ()

Religious
 Chapel of Santo António ()
 Chapel of São Simão ()
 Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição ()
 Church of São Francisco ()
 Church of São Tomé ()
 Cross of Vidago ()
 Sanctuary of Alto do Côto ()

References

Freguesias of Chaves, Portugal


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay

text:
The Men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place at Hampden Park on 1 and 2 August 2014.

Heats

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Finals

References

Men's 4 x 100 metres relay
2014


title: 32nd Aviation Division

text:
The 32nd Aviation Division (Serbo-Croatian: 32. vazduhoplovna divizija/ 32. ваздухопловна дивизија) was a Yugoslavian military air unit originally established in 1945 as the 4th Aviation Bomber Division (Serbo-Croatian: 4. vazduhoplovna bombarderska divizija / 4. ваздухопловна бомбардерска дивизија).

History

1st Fighter Regiment

The 1st Fighter Regiment (, 1. ловачки пук) was an aviation regiment established 18 May 1945 as part of the Yugoslav Air Force. The regiment was stationed at Zadar Airport until it was disbanded after three months. The 1st Fighter Regiment was formed on 18 May 1945. It comprised aircraft and personnel from two former RAF squadrons, No. 352 and No. 351 that had been operated by Yugoslav personnel and equipped with British-made Hawker Hurricane Mk IV and Supermarine Spitfire Mk VC and IX fighter aircraft. The regiment, under the command of Đuro Ivanšević, was short-lived. It was disbanded by the end of August 1945, with its personnel sent to Sombor to contribute to the formation of the 4th Aviation Bomber Division. Some of its equipment was transferred to Mostar airport.

Aircraft
Hawker Hurricane IV
Supermarine Spitfire VC
Supermarine Spitfire IX

4th Aviation Bomber Division
The 4th Aviation Bomber Division was established by order from August 3, 1945, with headquarters at Sombor. The division was direct under the Command of Yugoslav Air Force. It consisted from 41st and 42nd Bomber Aviation Regiment.

In 1947, 43rd Bomber Aviation Regiment, the third regiment attached to this division, was established.

By 1948, this division was renamed for conventional purposes to 32nd Aviation Bomber Division (Serbo-Croatian: 32. vazduhoplovna bombarderska divizija/ 32. ваздухопловна бомбардерска дивизија).

The commanders of division in this period were Božo Lazarević and Sava Poljanec. Commissars were Radoje Ljubičić, Drago Vuković and Ljubiša Čerguz.

32nd Aviation Division
The 32nd Aviation Bomber Division was formed by renaming of 4th Aviation Bomber Division. It has moved from Sombor to Boronogaj and finally to Pleso in 1951 until it was disbanded.

In 1950, the division was attached to the 3rd Aviation Corps. It has relocated its headquarters from Zagreb to Cerklje. By 1957, it was renamed as the Aviation Fighter Division due to the replace of bomber aircraft with domestic-made fighters.

It was disbanded by the order on June 27, 1959, per the "Drvar" reorganization plan. It was transformed into the 5th Air Command.

The commanders of division in this period were August Canjko, Radoslav Jović, Milan Tojagić and Stanislav Perhavec. Commissars were Ljubiša Čerguz, Ivan Dolničar and Novak Matijašević until 1953.

Assignments
Command of Yugoslav Air Force (1945–1953)
3rd Aviation Corps (1949–1959)

Previous designations
4th Aviation Bomber Division (1945–1948)
32nd Aviation Bomber Division (1948–1957)
32nd Aviation Fighter Division (1957–1959)

Organization

1945-1948
4th Aviation Bomber Division
41st Bomber Aviation Regiment
42nd Bomber Aviation Regiment
43rd Bomber Aviation Regiment

1948-1959
 32nd Aviation Bomber Division /Fighter Division
Training Squadron of 32nd Aviation Division (1953–1959)
88th Bomber Aviation Regiment
109th Bomber Aviation Regiment
184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (1948–1953)
40th Fighter Aviation Regiment (1955–1959)
151st Air Base (1953–1959)

Headquarters
Sombor (1945–1948)
Borongaj (1948–1951)
Pleso (1951–1959)

Commanding officers
Major General Božo Lazarević
Colonel Sava Poljanec
Lieutenant-Colonel August Canjko
Major General Radoslav Jović
Colonel Milan Tojagić
Colonel Stanislav Perhavec

Political commissars
Colonel Radoje Ljubičić
Colonel Drago Vuković
Colonel Ljubiša Čerguz
Colonel Ivan Dolničar
Colonel Novak Matijašević

References
Notes and citations

Bibliography

Divisions of Yugoslav Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1945
Military units and formations disestablished in 1959
Fighter regiments of the Yugoslav Air Force


title: Fred Petersen

text:
Frederick or Fred Petersen may refer to:

Frederick Petersen, American physiotherapist and politician
Fred Petersen (rugby league), Samoan rugby player
Fred A. Petersen, American architect

See also
Frederick Peterson (disambiguation)


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay

text:
The Women's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place at Hampden Park on 1 and 2 August 2014.

Heats

Heat 1

Heat 2

 * Wales were initially disqualified, but were restored to the final on appeal, taking the place of India.

Final

References

Women's 4 x 100 metres relay
2014
2014 in women's athletics


title: Ljudet av ett annat hjärta

text:
"Ljudet av ett annat hjärta", written by Per Gessle and Mats "MP" Persson, is a song recorded by  Swedish pop group Gyllene Tider, released as a single on 24 October 1981. It peaked at number three on the Swedish Singles Chart. The song became a Svensktoppen hit for nine weeks between 14 February and 14 April 1982, peaking at number six.

Single track listing
"Ljudet av ett annat hjärta" - 3:50
"Teena" - 6.05

English
The song was also recorded with lyrics in English, as "Fever in the Night".

Charts

References

External links
 Gyllene Tiders discography
 Elektroniska tider - Ljudet av ett annat hjärta

1981 singles
Gyllene Tider songs
Songs written by Per Gessle
Swedish-language songs
1981 songs
Songs written by Mats Persson (musician)


title: Margaret Focarino

text:
Margaret A. (Peggy) Focarino was, between November 21, 2013, and January 12, 2014, the head of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) (by delegation, as Commissioner for Patents). She was appointed in January 2012 after serving as both the Deputy Commissioner for Patents and Deputy Commissioner for Patent Operations.

Biography

She received a bachelor's degree in physics from the State University of New York at Oswego, and a Certificate in Advanced Public Management from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University.

Career

She was the first woman to serve as Commissioner for Patents since the position's creation in 1790, when Thomas Jefferson served as the first Commissioner.

She received in 2010 one of the two annual American University School of Public Affairs Roger W. Jones Award for Executive Leadership.

In 2012, Managing Intellectual Property named Focarino one of the 50 Most Influential People in the World in Intellectual Property, one of only four women to make the list, and the only woman from the Americas.

References

External links
 Margaret A. (Peggy) Focarino, executive biography at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, (archived here: https://web.archive.org/web/20150325194908/http://www.uspto.gov/about-us/executive-biographies/margaret-peggy-focarino)

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American physicists
United States Commissioners of Patents
State University of New York at Oswego alumni


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay

text:
The Men's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place at Hampden Park on 1 and 2 August 2014.

Heats

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Final

References

Men's 4 x 400 metres relay
2014


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay

text:
The Women's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, took place at Hampden Park on 1 and 2 August 2014.

Heats

Heat 1

Heat 2

Final

References

Women's 4 x 400 metres relay
2014
2014 in women's athletics


title: Utah v. Lafferty

text:
Utah v. Lafferty was a 1984 murder case in the U.S. state of Utah. It gained substantial publicity due to the accused persons' statement that the murders were the result of a divine revelation.

History
Ron Lafferty and his younger brother Dan were charged for the throat-slashing homicides of their sister-in-law Brenda Wright Lafferty and her 15-month-old daughter, Erica, that occurred on July 24, 1984. Ron, a self-proclaimed prophet, claimed to have received a revelation from God in which he was instructed to "remove" several people, including the two victims.

Attorneys Michael Esplin and Gary Weight were appointed to serve as "standby" counsel for the brothers when they were charged with homicide in August 1984. They represented the brothers during their competency hearings. At the conclusion of the competency evaluations, and while incarcerated in the Utah County jail, Ron Lafferty attempted suicide in December 1984. This resulted in severe injury and mental damage.  Following the suicide attempt, Ron was held at the Utah State Hospital for several months.

Dan's case
Dan Lafferty represented himself during his trial, although he had access to the standby counsel. The jury trial resulted in a guilty verdict, and he was sentenced to two life sentences to be served concurrently without the possibility of parole. Esplin and Weight appealed the case to the Utah Supreme Court, which upheld his conviction.

Ron's case
Ron Lafferty was found competent to stand trial by doctors at the Utah State Hospital. Ron was tried in 1985, convicted, and sentenced to death. The penalty was upheld after an appeal to the Utah Supreme Court. The United States Supreme Court rejected a further appeal.

The U.S. District Court for the District of Utah upheld the conviction; however, the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the lower court's verdict and reversed the conviction, finding that the state and the lower court judge had committed error in finding Ron competent to stand trial. The state of Utah filed an appeal with the United States Supreme Court, which was turned down.

Ron was remanded to the Fourth District Court for Utah to undergo competency proceedings. Ron was found incompetent to stand trial, and was sent to the Utah State Hospital for treatment.

Three years later, a court found that Ron's competency was "restored" and in 1996 he was retried for the crimes.  After a three-week trial, Ron was found guilty of a capital offense. Further appeals to the Supreme Court of Utah and the U.S. Supreme Court were denied.

On August 12, 2019, the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals refused to hear Ron's case by a unanimous decision. Judge Mary Beck Briscoe wrote:

Lafferty has failed to make this showing with respect to any of the four claims on which he seeks a COA [certificate of appealability].

The court's decision gave Ron few options left to appeal his execution. Ron elected to be executed by firing squad.

Ron Lafferty died in prison of natural causes prior to his execution date, in November 2019, at the age of 78.

In popular culture
Jon Krakauer's 2003 book, Under the Banner of Heaven, is partly based upon interviews with Dan Lafferty.

An American true crime drama television miniseries created by Dustin Lance Black, Under the Banner of Heaven, and based on the book, premiered on April 28, 2022, on FX on Hulu. Ron and Dan are portrayed by Sam Worthington and Wyatt Russell, respectively.

The Investigation Discovery show American Monster S03E05 entitled "Band of Brothers" covers the case.

See also
Under the Banner of Heaven

References

Murder trials
20th-century American trials
1984 in United States case law
Utah state case law
1984 in Utah
Mormonism-related controversies
United States murder case law
Law articles needing an infobox


title: Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's decathlon

text:
The Men's decathlon at the 2014 Commonwealth Games as part of the athletics programme was held at Hampden Park on 28 and 29 July 2014.

Australian Jake Stein effectively took himself out of the competition before completing the first event by false starting twice in the 100 metres.  However he persevered through the other nine events and while officially finishing in last place, he put in a performance worthy of the top 5.

Results

References

Men's decathlon
2014


title: Coeloplana

text:
Coeloplana is a genus of ctenophores (comb jellies), and are marine invertebrates. Species include:
 Coeloplana agniae Dawydoff, 1930
 Coeloplana anthostella Song & Hwang, 2010
 Coeloplana astericola Mortensen, 1927
 Coeloplana bannwarthii Krumbach, 1933
 Coeloplana bocki Komai, 1920
 Coeloplana duboscqui Dawydoff, 1930
 Coeloplana echinicola Tanaka, 1932
 Coeloplana fishelsoni Alamaru, Brokovich & Loya, 2015
 Coeloplana gonoctena Krempf, 1920
 Coeloplana huchonae Alamaru, Brokovich & Loya, 2015
 Coeloplana indica Devanesen and Varadarajan, 1942
 Coeloplana komaii Utinomi, 1963
 Coeloplana krusadiensis Devanesen and Varadarajan, 1942
 Coeloplana lineolata Fricke, 1970
 Coeloplana loyai Alamaru & Brokovich, 2015
 Coeloplana mellosa Gershwin, Zeidler & Davie, 2010
 Coeloplana mesnili Dawydoff, 1938
 Coeloplana meteoris Thiel, 1968
 Coeloplana metschnikowii Kowalevsky, 1880
 Coeloplana mitsukurii Abbott, 1902
 Coeloplana perrieri Dawydoff, 1930
 Coeloplana punctata Fricke, 1970
 Coeloplana reichelti Gershwin, Zeidler & Davie, 2010
 Coeloplana scaberiae Matsumoto and Gowlett-Holmes, 1996
 Coeloplana sophiae Dawydoff, 1938
 Coeloplana tattersalli Devanesen and Varadarajan, 1942
 Coeloplana thomsoni Matsumoto, 1999
 Coeloplana waltoni Glynn, 2014
 Coeloplana weilli Dawydoff, 1938
 Coeloplana willeyi Abbott, 1902, an epizoite of sea cucumbers
 Coeloplana wuennenbergi Fricke, 1970
 Coeloplana yulianicorum  Alamaru, Brokovich & Loya, 2015

References

Ctenophore genera