title: Thomas Corcoran (mayor)

text:
Thomas Corcoran Jr. (1754 - January 27, 1830) was an Irish American merchant who served as mayor of the town of Georgetown, District of Columbia and 22 terms on the Georgetown Common Council. He also held several appointed positions with the state of Maryland and the District of Columbia. He was one of Georgetown's and Washington's first philanthropists, and the father of banker and philanthropist William Wilson Corcoran.

Life and career

Early life in Ireland and Maryland
Thomas Corcoran Jr. was born in 1754 (the exact date is not known) to Thomas and Elizabeth ( Wilson) Corcoran in County Limerick in the Kingdom of Ireland. Thomas Sr. had emigrated to Ireland from London, and the Corcorans were a merchant family. Thomas' uncle, William Wilson, emigrated in 1769 to the city of Baltimore in the Province of Maryland in North America. Thomas Jr. emigrated to the Baltimore himself in 1783, where he took a position as a clerk in his uncle's import and export business. Over the next few years, William Wilson became one of the biggest importers in Maryland. Between 1783 and 1788, Thomas made three business trips aboard his uncle's merchant vessels, traveling twice to the city of Cork in Ireland and once to Amsterdam in the Netherlands.

Corcoran married Hannah Lemmon of Baltimore in 1788. That year, he traveled south with the intent of settling in Richmond, Virginia. Corcoran's first stop, however, was the village of Georgetown on the northern shore of the Potomac River in southern Maryland. Impressed with the large number of ocean-going vessels docked at the port of Georgetown, Corcoran decided to forgo his trip to Richmond and settle in Georgetown. He brought his wife and children to Georgetown in late 1788, and rented a house on Congress Street (now 31st Street NW) from which he operated a shoemaker's shop and leather goods business. He swiftly grew wealthy supplying shoes for the faculty and students at nearby Georgetown College. Corcoran also began buying tobacco and flax seed for export on his uncle's ships. He built a three-story brick home at 122 Bridge Street (now M Street NW) and moved into it in 1791.

Corcoran became one of Georgetown's, and the District of Columbia's, wealthiest citizens in time.  He later became a director of the Bank of Columbia, and was a member of the board of trustees of Columbia College. He moved out of the leather and shoe business and into banking and real estate, where his fortune was made.

Georgetown Common Council and mayor
Corcoran's position in the community made him a leading political figure as well.  Georgetown was incorporated by the Maryland General Assembly on December 25, 1789. The town's charter provided for a mayor, recorder, several aldermen, and a "common council" of 10 people. The first recorded meeting of the common council was on November 28, 1791. Corcoran was elected 22 times to the Georgetown Common Council. He was first elected Mayor of Georgetown in 1795 for a one-year term beginning January 7, 1805. His predecessor was Daniel Reintzel, a successful real estate developer under whom Georgetown had rapidly prospered. Corcoran served but a single term initially, being replaced in 1806 by Reintzell. Corcoran was again elected town mayor for terms beginning in January 1808, January 1809, and January 1810. David Wiley succeeded him for a single term, and Corcoran served his last term as mayor of Georgetown in 1812. After the Burning of Washington on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812, some members of Congress wished to move the nation's capital away from the District of Columbia. Corcoran swiftly offered Congress and the executive branch the use of Georgetown College while the White House and United States Capitol were being rebuilt.

The Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Great Britain in July 1776, and achieved it with the Treaty of Paris in 1783 (which ended the American Revolutionary War). With ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788, a new national capital needed to be chosen. On July 9, 1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, who chose a portion of the states of Maryland and Virginia on January 24, 1791. The Maryland land was already owned by David Burnes, Daniel Carroll, Samuel Davidson, Robert Peter, and Notley Young (later known as the "original patentees"), and Washington needed to negotiate with them for the purchase of their property. He traveled to Georgetown for a meeting with the original patentees in March 1791. Washington was greeted at the village's entrance by Corcoran and a group of 50 men on horseback. Corcoran delivered a speech and expressed the group's support for Washington's endeavors.

Maryland and federal appointments
Until December 1, 1800, citizens of the District of Columbia were able to vote in federal, state, and local elections in both Maryland and Virginia. In 1794, Maryland Governor Thomas Sim Lee appointed Corcoran adjutant of the 18th Regiment of the Maryland militia. Governor Benjamin Ogle promoted him to captain in 1799.

President Thomas Jefferson appointed Corcoran a member of the Levy Court of the District of Columbia in 1801. This body, which had the authority of a county commission, helped administer the part of the District of Columbia not included in the City of Washington or the town of Georgetown, though it also had some authority within the cities. Corcoran was reappointed to the position by President James Madison in 1809, President James Monroe in 1817, President John Quincy Adams in 1825, and President Andrew Jackson in 1829. He was still a member of the Levy Court at the time of his death.  His reputation also won Corcoran a seat on the first grand jury ever to sit in the District of Columbia (in 1801).

President Madison appointed Corcoran Postmaster of Georgetown in 1815. Corcoran held the lucrative position until his death.

Personal life and death
Corcoran was a lifelong member of the Episcopal church, and was a vestryman at St. John's Episcopal Church of Georgetown. Corcoran was a noted philanthropist, and gave substantial sums of money to Columbian College, Christ Church of Georgetown, Holy Trinity Catholic Church, and St. John's Episcopal Church of Georgetown. He also gave liberally to create and endow Catholic cemeteries in Georgetown and its surrounding areas.

Nothing is known about Thomas Corcoran's first wife, other than she died and they had no children. It is not known if he married in Ireland or America, when he married, how long the marriage lasted, what her name was, how old she was, or what she died from.

Thomas and Hanna Corcoran had 12 children (six boys and six girls), six of whom survived to maturity:  James, Eliza, Thomas Jr., Sarah, William, and Ellen. His youngest son, William Wilson Corcoran, became one of the richest men in the District of Columbia through his banking activities, and founded Oak Hill Cemetery and the Corcoran Gallery of Art.

Thomas Corcoran died of unspecified causes at his home in Georgetown on January 27, 1830. It is not clear where he was initially buried, although cemetery and burial scholar Wesley Pippenger believes it likely that he was buried at the Presbyterian Burying Ground in Georgetown.  However, William Wilson Corcoran had his father's and mother's remains disinterred and reburied at Oak Hill Cemetery some time after 1850. They were interred beneath a Romanesque Revival grey granite pillar near the Corcoran Mausoleum.

Corcoran is one of two mayors of Georgetown to have a D.C. public school named after him. The Corcoran School, opened in 1889, closed in 1951. It then spent 30 years as administrative space before being sold to the Hotel and Restaurant Workers Union, which used it for more than 20 years.

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

1754 births
1830 deaths
Irish emigrants to the United States
American people of Anglo-Irish descent
Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
People from Montgomery County, Maryland
Mayors of places in the District of Columbia
Maryland militia
Businesspeople from County Limerick
Burials at Presbyterian Burying Ground
Corcoran family


title: Scottsboro station

text:
The Scottsboro Memphis and Charleston Depot is a historic train station in Scottsboro, Alabama, USA. Built in 1861 on the eve of the American Civil War, the depot is one of three remaining antebellum depots in Alabama built by the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, and the only one outside Huntsville. On January 8, 1865, it was the site of a skirmish between members of the 101st and 110th U.S. Colored Infantry Regiment and Confederate forces which resulted in the retreating rebels setting fire it.

After being heavily damaged during the war, the rail line and depot became operational again in 1866. While the line and depot changed hands several times in the late 1800s, the depot served both passengers and freight until 1892, when a separate passenger depot was constructed by the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway.

The depot continued to service freight until it was closed by Norfolk Southern in the 1980s. Restoration began in 1991 and today it houses the Scottsboro Depot Museum. The building is divided into a 30 x 46 foot (9 x 14 m) freight room and a 30 x 18 foot (9 x 5.5 m) office. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Jackson County, Alabama
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1861
Transportation buildings and structures in Jackson County, Alabama
Railroad museums in Alabama
1861 establishments in Alabama
Former Southern Railway (U.S.) stations
Former railway stations in Alabama


title: Transformation (Don Preston album)

text:
Transformation is an album by American keyboardist Don Preston which was released in March 2001 on the Cryptogramophone label.

Reception

The Allmusic review by Rick Anderson awarded the album 4½ stars out of 5, stating "as outside as he gets, he never fully departs from a jazz feel -- that's partly due to the texture of the piano trio, and partly due, one suspects, to the fact that that's where his heart truly is. This is not, for the most part, easily accessible music, but it will richly reward anyone who makes an effort to approach it". JazzTimes' Bill Shoemaker noted "the opportunity to hear him ruminate in a trio setting on Transformation, revisiting choice moments of past weirdness and glory, as well as dig into original works and unlikely standards, is not to be missed".

Track listing
All compositions by Don Preston except as indicated
 "The Eric Dolphy Memorial Barbeque" (Frank Zappa) - 6:08
 "Walking Batteriewoman" (Carla Bley) - 7:39
 "Inner Blues" - 7:05
 "I Love You" (Cole Porter) - 10:50
 "The Lind Sonata"- 10:16
 "Ode to the Flower Maiden" (John Carter) - 7:51
 "The Donkey" (Bley) - 4:17
 "Transformation" (Carter) - 6:00
 "The Prehistoric Eons" - 8:34

Personnel
 Don Preston – piano, voice
 Joel Hamilton - bass
 Alex Cline - drums

References

2001 albums
Don Preston albums
Cryptogramophone Records albums


title: Swimming at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 100 metre backstroke

text:
The boys' 100 metre backstroke event in swimming at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics took place on 17 and 18 August at the Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre in Nanjing, China.

Results

Heats
The heats were held at 10:31.

Semifinals
The semifinals were held at 18:15.

Final
The final was held at 18:00.

References

Swimming at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics


title: Michael Fernandes (politician)

text:
Michael Fernandes (born August 1934) is a trade union leader, socialist leader and a senior politician from Bangalore. He is the brother of former union minister George Fernandes.

Michael was born in August 1934 to John Joseph Fernandes and Alice Martha Fernandes (née Pinto), in Mangalore to a Mangalorean Catholic family. He was third of six children, his siblings are George, Lawrence, Paul, Aloysius, and Richard.

Michael is a physics graduate from Madras University and is a retired engineer from ITI Limited. He is married to Donna Fernandes, who is also a social and women's rights activist and is the founder of Vimochana, a women’s rights group based at Bangalore.

He was elected as a corporator from Bangalore for the first time in 1970, contesting as an independent. He was jailed during the Emergency like his brothers George, Lawrence and Aloysius. Arrested in December 1975 he was in jail for 15 months in 1975-77. Michael like his brother was tortured during his detention in Bangalore Central Jail during the Emergency but refused to divulge details of his elder brother George.

He became a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Bharathi Nagar constituency in 1978 from Janata Party, and won the next term from the same constituency in 1983 but served only for a short time as he lost in the mid-term polls held in 1985.

In 1988,  he became a Member of Karnataka Legislative Council. He contested Lok Sabha elections under Janata Dal (United) ticket, as a part of NDA and placed second securing 3,50,000 votes in 1999.

Being a senior member of the Janata Dal (United) its Karnataka unit named Michael Fernandes as one of the party's senior vice-presidents in 2010.

However, in 2013 he joined Karnataka Janata Paksha and contested election from Sarvagna Nagar constituency under its party symbol but lost. Karnataka Janata Paksha merged into Bharatiya Janata Party in 2014. Michael continues his Trade Union work as he is the Advisor or President of numerous unions mostly in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala besides other parts of India.

Michael is one of the trustees of the Lawrence Fernandes Foundation, set up for the welfare and benefit of the poor and needy. It was launched in  memory of their deceased brother Lawrence by him and his brothers George Fernandes, Aloysius and others.

See also

 Lawrence Fernandes
 Snehalatha Reddy

References

1935 births
Living people
Janata Dal politicians
Janata Dal (United) politicians
Janata Party politicians
Karnataka Janata Paksha politicians
Politicians from Bangalore
Politicians from Mangalore
Indians imprisoned during the Emergency (India)
Members of the Karnataka Legislative Council
Trade unionists from Karnataka
University of Madras alumni
Karnataka MLAs 1978–1983
Karnataka MLAs 1983–1985


title: Meadowdale, Washington

text:
Meadowdale is a census-designated place (CDP) located in Snohomish County, Washington. As of the 2020 U.S. census, it had a population of 3,148. It was the first incorporated city in Snohomish County

A post office called Meadowdale was established in 1904, and remained in operation until 1938. The community was named for a meadow near the original town site.

Geography
Meadowdale is located along the eastern edge of Possession Sound in an area bounded by the cities of Edmonds and Lynnwood to the south, 148th Street Southwest to the north, and 52nd Avenue West to the east. All residences in the area use Edmonds addresses. The land area is 1.07 sq. miles.

The area has been the target of annexation efforts in the early 21st century by Edmonds and Lynnwood as well as Mukilteo.

References

Census-designated places in Snohomish County, Washington


title: Rayén Quitral

text:
María Georgina Quitral Espinoza, more commonly known as Rayén Quitral (7 November 1916 – 20 October 1979), was a Chilean soprano and stage actress of Mapuche and Picunche descent. Known for her performance of the character of the "Queen of the Night" in the opera The Magic Flute, she was also known for regularly appearing in indigenous Mapuche dress, publicly displaying pride for her indigenous ancestry.

Biography
Rayén Quitral was born in the village of Iloca, in the commune of Licantén within the province of Curicó, in the Maule Region. She studied singing in Chile, before debuting aged 21 at the Municipal Theatre of Santiago in 1937. 4 years later, Quitral performed the role of the "Queen of the Night" in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute at the Colón Theatre of Buenos Aires in 1941. She went on to appear in multiple performances across the Americas, later residing for a long period in Mexico.

Quitral performed in Lucia de Lammermoor in Chile in 1942, as well as playing the role of Gilda in Rigoletto in 1943. In 1950, she toured multiple concerts in Italy and France, as well as London, where she achieved great success in 1951, once more with a performance of The Magic Flute. This acclaim led to her appearance in Buckingham Palace afterwards.

In 1967, she retired aged 51 from touring, and dedicated herself to educating young people of limited means in singing. On 19 September 1972, the Chilean government awarded her a large pension. Quitral died on 20 October 1979 in Santiago, Chile.

References

1916 births
1979 deaths
Chilean people of Mapuche descent
Chilean operatic sopranos
20th-century women opera singers


title: Rhine campaign of 1795

text:
In the Rhine campaign of 1795 (April 1795 to January 1796) during the War of the First Coalition, two Habsburg Austrian armies under the command of François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt, defeated two Republican French armies attempting to invade the south German states of the Holy Roman Empire. At the start of the campaign, the French Army of the Sambre and Meuse, led by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, confronted Clerfayt's Army of the Lower Rhine in the north, while the French Army of the Rhine and Moselle, under Jean-Charles Pichegru, lay opposite Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser's Army of the Upper Rhine in the south. A French offensive failed in early summer but in August, Jourdan crossed the Rhine and quickly seized Düsseldorf. The Army of the Sambre and Meuse advanced south to the Main River, isolating Mainz. Pichegru's army made a surprise capture of Mannheim and both French armies held significant footholds on the east bank of the Rhine.

The promising start to the French offensive ended when Pichegru lost an opportunity to seize Clerfayt's supply base in the Battle of Handschuhsheim. While Pichegru delayed, Clerfayt massed against Jourdan, beat him at the Battle of Höchst in October and forced most of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse to retreat to the west bank of the Rhine. At about the same time, Wurmser sealed off the French bridgehead at Mannheim. With Jourdan temporarily out of the picture, the Austrians defeated the left wing of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle at the Battle of Mainz and moved down the west bank. In November, Clerfayt defeated Pichegru at the Battle of Pfeddersheim and ended the Siege of Mannheim. In January 1796, Clerfayt concluded an armistice with the French, allowing the Austrians to retain large portions of the west bank. During the campaign, Pichegru entered into negotiations with French Royalists. It is debatable whether Pichegru's treason, his bad generalship or the unrealistic expectations of the war planners in Paris was the actual cause of the French failure.

Background

The rulers of Europe initially viewed the French Revolution as an internal dispute between the French king Louis XVI and his subjects. As revolutionary rhetoric grew more strident, the monarchs of Europe declared their interests as one with those of Louis and his family. The Declaration of Pillnitz (27 August 1791) threatened ambiguous, serious consequences if anything should happen to the French royal family. With Habsburg, Prussian and British support, French émigrés continued to agitate for a counter-revolution. On 20 April 1792, the French National Convention declared war on the Habsburg monarchy, pushing Great Britain, the Kingdom of Portugal, the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire into the War of the First Coalition (1792–1798).

After initial successes in 1792, French fortunes varied in 1793 and 1794. By 1794, the armies of the French Republic were in a state of disruption. Some of the old regime units, especially the cavalry, had defected en masse with Louis' brothers and cousins. Radicalization of the Revolution after 1793 encouraged the suspicion of treason in every loss. The most radical of the revolutionaries purged the military of all men conceivably loyal to the Ancien Régime (Old Regime), resulting in the loss of experienced leadership and non-commissioned officers. To fill the ranks of the army, a levée en masse (mass conscription) created a new kind of army with thousands of illiterate, untrained men under the command of officers whose principal qualifications may have been their loyalty to the Revolution instead their military acumen. The formation of new demi-brigades merged the old military units with new revolutionary formations: each demi-brigade included one unit of the old royal army and two created from the mass conscription.  The French Directory believed that war should pay for itself and did not budget to pay, feed or equip its troops, leaving them to scavenge for their needs from the villages and towns where they were stationed. By early 1795, this newly structured and expanded army had made itself odious throughout France through its rapacious dependence upon the countryside for material support, its general lawlessness, and its undisciplined behavior.

Political conditions

The predominantly German-speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were part of the vast complex of territories in central Europe of the Holy Roman Empire, of which the Archduchy of Austria was a principal polity; the imperial electors typically selected the archduke as the Holy Roman Emperor. The French government considered the Holy Roman Empire as its principal continental enemy. The territories of the Empire in 1795 included more than 1,000 entities, including the (Habsburg) Breisgau that bordered on the Rhine, Offenburg and Rottweil (free cities), the territories belonging to the princely families of Fürstenberg and Hohenzollern, the duchies of  Baden and Württemberg plus several dozen ecclesiastic polities. Much of the territory of these polities was not contiguous: a village could belong predominantly to one polity but have a farmstead, a house or one or two strips of land that belonged to another polity. The size and influence of the polities varied, from the Kleinstaaterei, the little states that covered no more than a few square miles or included several non-contiguous pieces, to such sizeable territories as the Duchy of Bavaria and the Kingdom of Prussia. The governance of these states also varied; they included the autonomous free Imperial cities (also of different sizes and influence), ecclesiastical territories and such influential dynastic states as Prussia. Through the organization of ten Imperial circles, also called Reichskreise, groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional, religious, and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection.

Geography

The Rhine formed the boundary between the German states of the Holy Roman Empire and its neighbors, principally France but also Switzerland and the Netherlands. Any attack by either party required control of the crossings. At Basel, where the river makes a wide, northerly turn at the Rhine knee, it enters what the locals called the Rhine Ditch (). This forms part of a rift valley some  wide, bordered by the mountainous Black Forest on the east (German side) and the Vosges mountains on the west (French side). At the far edges of the eastern flood plain, tributaries cut deep defiles into the western slope of the mountains. Further to the north, the river became deeper and faster as it passed through the mountainous and hilly terrain of the Upper and Middle Rhine; the river abruptly turned between Wiesbaden and Bingen am Rhein, and it widened as it approached Bonn and Cologne.  As the river passed Düsseldorf and Duisburg, the Rhine divided into several channels in the Netherlands, formed a delta, and emptied into the North Sea.

In the 1790s, the river was wild and unpredictable and armies crossed at their peril. Between the Rhine Knee and Mannheim, channels wound through marsh and meadow and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods. Flash floods originating in the mountains could deluge farms and fields. Any army wishing to traverse the river had to cross at specific points and, in 1790, complex systems of viaducts and causeways made access across the river reliable only at Kehl, by Strasburg, at Hüningen, by Basel and in the north by Mannheim. Sometimes a crossing could be executed at Neuf-Brisach, between Kehl and Hüningen, but the small bridgehead made this unreliable for an army of any size. Only to the north of Kaiserslauten did the river acquire a defined bank where fortified bridges offered reliable crossing points.

By 1794–1795, civilian military planners in Paris considered the upper Rhine Valley, the south-western German territories and the Danube river basin of strategic importance for the defense of the Republic. At the border closest to France, the Rhine offered a formidable barrier to what the French perceived as Austrian aggression and the state that controlled its crossings controlled access into the territories on either side. Ready access across the Rhine and along the Rhine bank between the German states and Switzerland or through the Black Forest, gave access to the upper Danube river valley. For the French, the more German territory they could control, the safer they felt and control of the crossings meant control from the east (German) side of the river.

Plans for 1795
Parisian revolutionaries and military commanders alike believed that an assault into the German states was essential. Not only in terms of war aims but also in practical terms, the Directory believed that war should pay for itself and did not budget for the payment or feeding of its troops. To further their goals for France's security, the war planners in Paris reorganized the army into task forces. The left flank of the Armée du Centre (Army of the Center) later the called the Armée de Moselle (Army of the Moselle), the right wing of the Armée du Nord (Army of the North) and the entireArmée des Ardennes (Army of the Ardennes) were combined to form the Army of the Sambre and Meuse. The remaining units of the former Army of the Center and the Armée du Rhin (Army of the Rhine) were united, initially on 29 November 1794 and formally on 20 April 1795, as the Army of the Rhine and Moselle under the command of Jean-Charles Pichegru.

Theirs was an army entirely dependent for support upon the countryside it occupied and it was imperative to get the armies out of France and into German territories as soon as possible. Although this solved some of the problems of feeding the army, by shifting the responsibility to the occupied territories, it did not solve them all. The behavior that had made the troops unpopular in the French countryside and towns made them even more unpopular in the Rhineland. Soldiers were paid in paper currency called the assignat, which the local inhabitants did not want, for lodging, food and general purchases; it eventually became worthless.  After April 1796, pay was made in metallic currency; even then, though, pay was generally in arrears.

Campaign of 1795

The Rhine Campaign of 1795 (April 1795 to January 1796) opened when two Habsburg armies under the overall command of François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt, thwarted an attempt by two French armies to cross the Rhine River and capture the Fortress of Mainz. The French Army of the Sambre and Meuse, commanded by Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, confronted Clerfayt's Army of the Lower Rhine in the north, while the French Army of Rhine and Moselle under the command of Pichegru lay opposite Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser's Army of the Upper Rhine in the south.

In August, Jourdan crossed and quickly seized Düsseldorf. The Army of the Sambre and Meuse advanced south to the Main River, isolating Mainz. On 20 September 1795, 30,000 French troops under the command of Jourdan laid siege to Mainz. The Coalition garrison of 9,600 negotiated secretly with the French to relinquish the fortress.  The French subsequently used the city as a staging area for much of the 1795 campaign.

With late summer successes at Düsseldorf and Mainz, the French armies held significant footholds on the east bank of the Rhine. The promising advance eastward into the German states faltered. Pichegru missed at least one opportunity to seize Clerfayt's supply base in the Battle of Handschuhsheim. He had sent two divisions commanded by Georges Joseph Dufour to seize the Coalition supply base near Heidelberg, but his troops were attacked at Handshuhsheim, a Heidelberg suburb. The Austrian cavalry, under the command of Johann von Klenau, included six squadrons each of the Hohenzollern Cuirassier Regiment Nr. 4 and Szekler Hussar Regiment Nr. 44, four squadrons of the Allemand Dragoon Regiment, an Émigré unit and three squadrons of the Royal Dragoon Regiment Nr. 3. Klenau's horsemen charged Dufour's troops as they moved through open country. The Austrians first routed six squadrons of French chasseurs à cheval, then turned their attention to the foot soldiers. Dufour's division was cut to pieces and the general was captured.

Clerfayt massed his troops against Jourdan, beat him at the Battle of Höchst in October, and forced most of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse to retreat to the west bank of the Rhine. Wurmser turned his attention to Mannheim. With Jourdan temporarily quiescent, his 17,000 Coalition troops engaged Pichigru's 12,000 French soldiers encamped outside the Mannheim fortress. Wurmser drove them from their encampment; they either retreated into the city of Mannheim or fled to other forces in the region. Wurmser then laid siege to the French troops that had sought safety inside the city walls. While Wurmser besieged Mannheim, at Mainz, a Coalition army of 27,000, led by Clerfayt, launched a surprise assault on 29 October 1795 against four divisions (33,000 men) of the French Army of the Rhine and Moselle commanded by François Ignace Schaal at the battle of Mainz. The French division on the farthest right flank fled the battlefield, compelling the other three divisions to retreat with the loss of their siege artillery and many casualties.

On 10 November 1795, Clerfayt defeated Pichegru at the Battle of Pfeddersheim. The French continued to withdraw. Clerfayt advanced with 75,000 Coalition troops south along the west bank of the Rhine against Pichegru's 37,000-man strong defenses behind the Pfrimm River near Worms. At the Battle of Frankenthal (13–14 November 1795), an Austrian victory forced Pichegru to abandon his last defensive position north of Mannheim. Once the French troops at Pfeddersheim abandoned their position, the French position at Mannheim, invested by the Coalition since October, became untenable. On 22 November 1795, after a one-month siege, Anne Charles Basset Montaigu's 10,000-strong French garrison surrendered. This event brought the 1795 campaign in Germany to an end.

Subsequent plans and lessons learned

In January 1796, Clerfayt concluded an armistice with the French. The Austrians retained large portions of the west bank. Despite the armistice, both sides continued to plan for war. In a decree on 6 January 1796, Lazare Carnot, one of the five French directors, again gave Germany priority over Italy as a theater of war. The French First Republic's finances were in poor shape, so its armies would be expected to invade new territories and then live off the conquered lands, as they had been instructed to do in 1795. Knowing that the French planned to invade Germany, on 20 May 1796 the Austrians announced that the truce would end on 31 May, and prepared for war.

Of the lessons learned in both 1794 and 1795, as Gunther E. Rothenberg speculated, the Habsburgs may have concluded they could not rely on their allies. For example, in its prompt capitulation of Mannheim, the Bavarian garrison had surrendered all supplies, horses, armaments and weaponry, an action that seemingly confirmed to the Habsburg commanders that their allies were not reliable. By 1795, the Habsburg forces were better prepared to make war alone, placing Wurmser and Clerfayt, both experienced commanders, in charge of their own independent corps.  After 1795, they had clearly learned more lessons. Consolidating forces where possible along the Rhine, the Habsburg military prepared for 1796 by mobilizing the imperial contingents into their own army: this meant drafting raw recruits from the ten imperial circles; Charles was authorized to act as he saw fit and given overall command of the army.  Eventually, Wurmser was transferred to northern Italy to address the threat Napoleon posed to the southern border of the Austrian lands, leaving Charles on his own.  Even with his force augmented by imperial recruits, in the spring of 1796 Charles had an army half the size of the French, covering a  front that stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea in what Gunther Rothenberg called the "thin white line". Imperial troops could not cover the territory from Basel to Frankfurt in sufficient depth to resist the pressure of their opponents.

School for Marshals

Historians generally accept the French results of the Campaign of 1795 as an unmitigated disaster. The poor showing of the French may have been linked to Pichegru's possible treacherous behavior. By 1795, Pichegru was leaning heavily toward the Royalist cause: he accepted money from a British agent William Wickham and was in contact with individuals who wished for a return of the French monarchy. The Directory left him in command of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle until March 1796, when he resigned. He returned to Paris, where he was greeted with great acclaim by the populace. His replacement in army command was General of Division Jean Victor Marie Moreau. Historians still debate if Pichegru's treason, his bad generalship, or the unrealistic expectations set by the military planners in Paris were the actual cause of the French failure.  Regardless, Ramsey Weston Phipps maintained,

Even a poorly run campaign, offers lessons for the future. In the campaigns of 1795 and 1796, young officers acquired valuable experience for the future engagements in the Napoleonic wars. Phipps emphasized the importance of experience under these trying conditions of manpower shortage, poor training, minimal equipment, supply shortage, tactical and strategic confusion, and interference from the Directory in his five volume analysis of the Revolutionary Armies. The training received in the early years of the war varied not only with the theater in which the young officers served but also with the character of the army to which they belonged.  The experience of young officers under the tutelage of such experienced men as Soult, Moreau, Lazare Hoche, Lefebvre, and Jourdan provided them with valuable lessons.

Phipps' analysis was not singular, although his lengthy volumes addressed in detail the value of this so-called "School for Marshals". In 1895, Richard Dunn Pattison also singled out the French Revolutionary War Rhine campaigns as "the finest school the world has yet seen for an apprenticeship in the trade of arms". In 1795, Pichegru remained inactive for the better part of August, subsequently losing any opportunity to acquire the Habsburg supply depot outside Heidelberg. Phipps speculated on why Moreau gained renown by the supposed skill of his 1796 retreat and suggested that it was not skillful for Moreau to allow the inferior columns of Latour, Nauendorf and Fröhlich to herd him back to France. Even during Moreau's advance, Phipps maintained, the commander was not only irresolute but seemed to have an unwarranted faith in Pichegru's abilities and resolve. Soult, who participated in the campaign as an infantry brigadier, noted that although Jourdan made many errors, the French government's errors were worse. Principally, the French were unable to pay for supplies because their currency was worthless, so the soldiers stole everything they needed. This ruined discipline and turned the local populations against the French.

Emperor Napoleon I also recognized this when he resurrected the ancien regime civil dignity of the marchalate to strengthen his power. He rewarded the most valuable of his generals and soldiers who had held significant commands during the French Revolutionary Wars. The Army of the Rhine and Moselle (and its subsequent incarnations) included several future Marshals of France: Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, its commander-in-chief, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr and Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier.  François Joseph Lefebvre, an old man by 1804, was named an honorary marshal but not awarded a field position. Michel Ney, in the 1795–1799 campaigns an intrepid cavalry commander, came into his own command under the tutelage of Moreau and André Masséna in the south German and Swiss campaigns. Jean de Dieu Soult, who served under Moreau and Massena, becoming the latter's right-hand man during the France's invasion of Switzerland in 1798 and the Swiss campaign of 1799–1800. Jean Baptiste Bessieres, like Ney, was a competent and sometimes inspired regimental commander in 1796. MacDonald, Oudinot and Saint-Cyr, participants in the subsequent 1796 campaign, all received honors in the third, fourth and fifth promotions (1809, 1811, 1812).

Notes, citations and sources

Notes

Citations

Sources

 Graham, Thomas, 1st Baron Lynedoch. (1797) The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy. London, (np).

 Knepper, Thomas P. (2006). The Rhine. Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York: Springer.
 McLynn, Frank (2002). Napoleon: A Biography. New York, Arcade Pub.

 Rothenberg, Gunther E. (Feb 1973). "The Habsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)". Military Affairs, 37:1, pp. 1–5.

Additional resources

Battles of the War of the First Coalition
Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
Battles involving Austria
Battles involving France
Conflicts in 1795


title: Aldo Miyashiro

text:
Aldo Marcos Miyashiro Ribeiro (Lima, Peru, February 9, 1976) is a Peruvian actor, screenwriter, playwright, film director and presenter. Known mainly for his roles as Caradura in the Misterio series and Tony Blades in the series La gran sangre, and also for leading his TV show La Banda del Chino. In addition, he is the director of the films Attacked: The Theory of Pain (2015), Once machos (2017), Bleed. Scream. Beat! (2017), Once machos 2 (2019) & Wake Show (2020)

Biography
Aldo Miyashiro is of Peruvian and Japanese descent; studied at Colegio Champagnat (Lima, Peru). He was a student at the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, after journalism at the Jaime Bausate y Meza School (where he began his theatrical activity) and acting at the ENSAD and the playwright's workshop Roberto Ángeles He is also a barrista for Club Universitario de Deportes.

In 2003, he premiered the play "A mystery, a passion", which he brought to television in 2004 as the miniseries "" Misterio "', where he performed to "Lock". The following year he starred in the miniseries  Lobos de Mar .

In March 2005 he married the actress and singer Érika Villalobos, with whom they have two children.

His next television job as an actor and screenwriter was the series  The Great Blood  where he played Tony Blades. The series lasted four seasons (from 2006 to 2007) for Frecuencia Latina. In 2007 the miniseries film was released: "The great blood: the film" '. In 2008 he debuted as a presenter of the late show "Enemigos Intimos" with Beto Ortiz by Frecuencia Latina. Two years later, the program moved to Panamericana Televisión under the name "'Enemigos Públicos"' '.

At the Festival FIL-Lima 2009, his book "'A mystery, a passion"' was the best seller with approximately 1000 copies.

Along with his work as a presenter, he acted and wrote the script for two miniseries, he competed in the dance reality show  El gran show , hosted by Gisela Valcárcel, where he obtained the fourth put after two months of competition.

He is currently working on the television program La Banda del Chino, directed by América Televisión.

Television

Mini series
He acted and wrote the script for the following productions:
 Mystery (2005) as "Caradura" - Frecuencia Latina
 Sea wolf (2005) as Tony Blades - Frecuencia Latina
 The Great Blood (2006) as Tony Blades - Frecuencia Latina
 "The great blood 2: against the cursed goddesses" (2006) as Tony Blades - Frecuencia Latina.
 "The great blood 3: the final meeting" (2006) as Tony Blades - Frecuencia Latina.
 "Blow by blow" (2007) (special participation in the 1st episode) as Tony Blades - Frecuencia Latina.
 The Great Blood 4 (2007) as Tony Blades - Frecuencia Latina.
 Boy from my Neighborhood (series) (2010) as "Caradura" - Panamericana Televisión
 La Fuerza (2011) as Mayor Zero - Panamericana Televisión.
 Lords Papis (March 27 - July 23, 2019) as Ignacio Moreno - América Televisión.

Programs
  Intimate enemies  (2008-2010), driving with Beto Ortiz -
  Public Enemies  (2010-2014), driving initially with Beto Ortiz, then with Sandra Vergara, and finally with Mónica Cabrejos - Panamericana Televisión.
  The great show: first season  (2011), participant "Hero" / 4th place - América Televisión.
  Spoiled  (2011), producer - Panamericana Televisión.
  Todos los bravos  (2012), producer - Panamericana Televisión.
  The Battery  (January 19, 2015 - April 1, 2016), driving with Viviana Rivasplata - Panamericana Televisión.
 The Chinese band (since January 23, 2017), driving - América Televisión.

References

Peruvian people of Japanese descent
Peruvian dramatists and playwrights
Peruvian screenwriters
Male screenwriters
Peruvian male film actors
Peruvian male stage actors
Peruvian male television actors
1976 births
Living people


title: Kusong class torpedo boat

text:
The Kusong class torpedo boats are a North Korean class of torpedo boat. The Korean People's Navy is estimated to operate 60 of them.

Specifications
The Kusong-class is armed with two  torpedoes. They displace  at full load.

Service history
During a Naval drill off Nampo, by the Korean People's Navy, on October 5, 2016, four Kusong-class torpedo boats were part of the 80 some training fleet.

References

Torpedo boats of North Korea


title: Glenn Jowitt

text:
Glenn Nigel Jowitt (1955 – 22 July 2014) was a New Zealand photographer who specialized in the people and cultures of the Pacific Islands and the communities of Pacific Island descent in New Zealand. He published more than 70 books and booklets throughout his career, including Pacific Images in 1987, Pacific Island Style in 1999, Feasts and Festivals in 2002, and Pacific Pattern in 2005.

Biography
Jowitt was born to Adam and Margaret Jowitt in Upper Hutt, New Zealand, in 1955. He enrolled at the Ilam School of Fine Arts in Christchurch during the late 1970s, where he studied art and design. Jowitt photographed a series on the horse racing industry for his college honours projects. His racing series were later published as Race Day by Collins Publishers.

In 1980, Jowitt traveled the United States on an educational trip which would spark his interest in cultural photography. Jowitt met Ruth Lester, a former editor for Life magazine, while visiting the International Center of Photography in New York City. Lester looked at Jowitt's photographs and noticed the number of Pacific Islander immigrants featured in his pictures, which had been taken in the vicinity of Karangahape Road and Queen Street in Auckland. She believed that the Pacific community would reshape the cultural life of Auckland, similar to how Hispanic growth had changed the face of New York City.

Jowitt returned to Auckland, where he focused on documenting the Pacific Island communities in the city's Grey Lynn and Ponsonby neighborhoods through photography. His contacts led to opportunities to visit Polynesia. In 1981, he embarked on a six-month-long photography trip to Niue, Tonga, Samoa, Tokelau, and the Cook Islands. He used color photography, rather than black-and-white. The photos taken on the trip, as well as his earlier work in New Zealand, were combined for Polynesia Here and There, an touring exhibition of his work which opened at the Auckland City Art Gallery in 1983. In 1986, the same exhibition of his work, Images Pacifiques, was opened in Paris, France. The collection was later published as Images Pacifiques/Pacific Images in 1987, which earned him international attention. The James Wallace Arts Trust has since acquired the original Ektacolor prints from Jowitt's original 1983 exhibition.

Approximately 70 books and children's publications of his work were published during his career, including Pacific Island Style (1999), Feasts and Festivals (2002) and Pacific Pattern (2005).

Jowitt died from a sudden illness at his Auckland home on 22 July 2014, at the age of 59. His funeral was held at the Presbyterian Grey Lynn Church on 30 July 2014.

References

External links
Jowitt Photography

1955 births
2014 deaths
People from Upper Hutt
New Zealand photographers
Social documentary photographers
Ilam School of Fine Arts alumni
20th-century New Zealand people
Photographers from Auckland


title: Stefano Quintarelli

text:
Stefano Quintarelli (born 14 June 1965) is an Italian information technology specialist and a descendant of the Italian writer Emilio Salgari. He was a member of the Italian Parliament in the XVII legislature, as part of the Civics and Innovators group.

He was a member of telecommunications and transport commission in Italian Parliament during the XVII Legislature and is President of AGID (Government agency for digital Italy)

Quintarelli was included in a Corriere della Sera article on the thirty most innovative Italian entrepreneurs.

After leaving BT group in 2007, until July 2012 he was a managing director of the digital area of Il Sole 24 Ore, an Italian financial newspaper. He left office when he was proposed as an independent candidate for the presidency of AGCOM, the Italian communications authority. In proposing his candidacy, the Italian section of ISOC, the Internet Society, likened him to one of the great figures of the Renaissance.

In 2015 he formally defined the concept of Device Neutrality and proposed a bill to enforce it in Italy.  The bill was stopped at the final vote at the Senate in 2017, after many successful votes at the Chamber of Deputies and through all Senate committees, thanks to lobbying efforts by some multinational device manufacturers and telecom operators. The law has since gained formal support at the European Commission by BEUC, the European Consumer Organisation, the Electronic Frontier Foundation and the Hermes Center for Transparency and digital human rights. A law with identic principles has been passed in South Korea and the French telecoms regulator ARCEP has called for the introduction of Device Neutrality in Europe.

He theorized the Internet as a dimension of existence, in which social and economic relations are created and developed and the emergence of a new class conflict between intermediaries and intermediated that surrounds and dominates the traditional conflict between capitalists and proletarians, thus introducing in addition to the traditional categories of capital and labor, the information category which is controlled by a small number of info-plutocrats.

From 2014 to 2021, he was the chairman of AgID, Italy's digital agency. He has been recognized as one of the 30 most innovative entrepreneurs in Italy and is considered one of the world's 100 most influential people in digital government. He proposed principles at the basis of the European Digital Identity.

He chaired the expert group who authored, for the first time ever, “The information society and the future of digital well being”, a section of “Global happiness and well being policy report”.

He sits on the board of trustees of Nexa Center for Internet and Society, is a member of the Leadership Council of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network for the United Nations and is a member of the High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence of the European Commission.

References

Italian businesspeople
1965 births
Living people


title: List of Northwestern State Demons in the NFL Draft

text:
This is a list of Northwestern State Demons football players in the NFL Draft.

Key

Selections

References

Northwestern State

Northwestern State Demons NFL Draft


title: Alamein to Zem Zem

text:
Alamein to Zem Zem is a military memoir of the Western Desert campaign of World War II written by the British soldier-poet Keith Douglas shortly before his death in action in Normandy in June 1944. It was first published in 1946.

The book is mainly a personal account of Douglas’s experiences as a young tank commander in the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry with the British Eighth Army at the Second Battle of El Alamein in October–November 1942. Zem Zem is the name of a wadi in Tunisia where Douglas was wounded in early 1943.

Desmond Graham, Douglas’s biographer and editor, wrote: “This narrative, like his poems of the Desert War, is unique in the literature of its period, in that no other British poet of Douglas’s quality had battle experience and survived long enough to write of it.”

Alamein to Zem Zem was first published by Editions Poetry London in 1946 and republished by Faber and Faber (1966), Penguin Modern Classics (1969), Oxford University Press (1979) and again by Faber and Faber (1992).

References

1946 books
Military memoirs
World War II memoirs


title: Duvall Farm

text:
The Duvall Farm is a farm located in North Laurel, Howard County, Maryland, now the site of Coastal Sunbelt Produce.

The Duvall Farm is a historic farm worked by descendants of one of Maryland's earliest settlers, Mareen Duvall (1625–1699). The Duvall farm is situated on Whiskey Bottom Road, a historic path that once linked Mareen Duvall's Davidsonville plantation to other family plantations formed as settlers moved westward. Martenet's 1860 Map of Howard County Maryland shows the farm along the crossroads of Route One, where George Washington once travelled. Robert L. Duvall and his wife Margret owned the property against the B&O tracks giving it the name "Elm Ridge". The site was the low point where barrels of Maryland Rye Whiskey would be delivered from nearby distilleries to load on trains, giving it the name "Whiskey Bottom". In 1914, a freight train struck the barn co-owned by Dr. Warfield and Duvall containing 6000lb of tobacco.

In 1991, a Laurel man was charged with killing and setting his girlfriend Cathy May Baier on fire next to the race track, which resulted in a brush fire.

In April 2013 the Duvall Farm was burned from large brush fires that were considered connected to arson on the Laurel Fuel and Oil Company. Fire investigators ordered the house demolished rather than stabilize the historic structure.

The farm is adjacent to Laurel Park, a historic race track in bankruptcy following a decade long initiative to legalize slot gambling at tracks and rezoned for high density "transit-oriented development" under growth policies of Parris Glendening. The Duvall agricultural farm was rezoned for Transit Oriented Development in anticipation of an unfunded rail stop adjacent to the already existing stop servicing Laurel Park requested by Kenneth Ulman, whose father is on the Maryland Racing Commission.

In 2014, Ulman provided a "development fast track" to relocate Coastal Sunbelt's facilities from Savage, Maryland. The Transit Oriented Development zoning was rapidly amended to include light industrial uses in January 2014. Since spot zoning for the benefit of a single entity is illegal, the zoning law also included a provision to expedite a former planning and zoning director's Joseph Rutter's housing development project around the Rosa Bonheur Memorial Park Cemetery. Ulman was quoted in a newspaper saying "I think this was the fastest rezoning in Howard County history, because this about job creation. We had to get it done,". Coastal Sunbelt Produce was offered $1 million in loans and $150,000 in Howard County tax credits to relocate to a 240,000-square-foot Preston Scheffenacker Properties facility built on the Duvall Farm with a 99-year lease. The new facility covering the majority of the 33-acre site had a groundbreaking on August 18 with Lieutenant Governor Anthony Brown attending. The 900-employee Coastal Sunbelt operation claims it will add 400 new jobs to meet the terms of its state loan.

External links
YouTube video of Duvall Farmhouse demolishing

See also
Mareen Duvall
Duvall Bridge (Laurel, Maryland)
Belair Mansion (Bowie, Maryland)
Savage Mill

References

Howard County, Maryland landmarks
Houses in Howard County, Maryland
Duvall family


title: Five Nights at Freddy's (video game)

text:
Five Nights at Freddy's (FNaF) is a 2014 point-and-click survival horror game developed and published by Scott Cawthon. The player takes on the role of Mike Schmidt, a night security guard at a family pizzeria. Schmidt must complete his shifts without being confronted by the homicidal animatronic characters that wander the restaurant at night. The player has access to security cameras to monitor the animatronics throughout the shift, and a set of steel doors that can lock out the characters. Using the cameras and doors consumes the player's limited electricity, and draining all of the power causes these tools to become inoperable.

Cawthon conceived the idea for Five Nights at Freddy's based on criticism of his previous game, Chipper & Sons Lumber Co. Reviewers complained of its unintentionally frightening characters that had animatronic-like movement, inspiring Cawthon to create an intentionally scarier experience. Developed in six months using the Clickteam Fusion 2.5 game engine, Five Nights at Freddy's was released for Windows through Desura on August 8, 2014, and through Steam on August 18. It was made available for Android, iOS, and Windows Phone later in 2014. Versions for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One were released in 2019.

Five Nights at Freddy's received generally positive reviews from critics, many considering it a frightening and distinct horror game. Reviewers praised the atmosphere, sound design, and gameplay mechanics, although some found the jumpscares repetitive and the game to have little replay value. It became the subject of Let's Play videos on YouTube and gained a large fan following. The game's success led to the launch of a media franchise, including sequels and books, and its popularity led to several imitations and fangames. A film adaptation by Blumhouse Productions was released in 2023.

Gameplay
Five Nights at Freddy's is a point-and-click survival horror game. The player controls Mike Schmidt, a night security guard for the family pizza restaurant Freddy Fazbear's Pizza. The player must complete their shift that lasts from midnight to  without being caught by the homicidal animatronic characters that wander the pizzeria at night.

The player character, defenseless and confined to an office, is given access to a network of security cameras that provide views of various parts of the restaurant. These camera feeds are used to track the movement of the animatronics throughout the night. Each of the four animatronic characters have distinct behaviors, and most of their movement takes place off-screen. The player has a set of lights that they can use to illuminate the hallways to the left and right of the office, and if they detect an animatronic in one of the hallways, they can activate a set of steel doors to prevent the character from entering. If an animatronic is not prevented from entering the office, it will kill the player, causing a game over.

Use of the cameras, doors, and lights consume the player's limited electrical power; if all the power is exhausted, the cameras become inoperable, the doors open and the lights go out. The titular Freddy Fazbear character then appears playing the "Toreador Song", causing a game over unless the shift ends before he can attack. The player must conserve power by using the doors, cameras, and lights sparingly, saving enough electricity to last until the end of the shift. The game is divided into levels called "nights", each lasting roughly ten minutes in real-time. As the player completes each night, the animatronics become more hostile and the difficulty increases. The main game has a total of six levels, comprising the five main nights and an extra sixth night.

Plot
Five Nights at Freddy's begins with Mike Schmidt listening to a voicemail from his unnamed predecessor at the start of his first shift. Similar messages play on the following nights, in which the employee tells Schmidt about the restaurant and its history. The security officer explains that the restaurant's four animatronic characters – Freddy Fazbear, Bonnie, Chica, and Foxy – are allowed to become mobile at night due to their servomotors locking up if they are left off for too long. He warns Schmidt that if an animatronic encounters a human after hours, it will mistake them for an animatronic endoskeleton and it will stuff the human into a spare mechanical suit, killing the person in the process.

The player is indirectly told about disturbing events in the restaurant's history. A voice message mentions "The Bite of '87", an incident which is implied to have led to the loss of a person's frontal lobe and forced animatronic mobility during the day to be prohibited. Newspaper clippings viewable through the camera feeds reveal that a man reportedly lured five children into a back room on site and killed them. Although the suspect was arrested, the children's bodies were never found. The restaurant later received complaints that the animatronics began to emit foul odors while blood and mucus leaked from their eyes and mouths.

On the fourth night, the voicemail implies that Schmidt's predecessor was killed by an animatronic while recording the message. The final message on the fifth night only consists of garbled sound. Schmidt receives paychecks after the fifth and sixth nights. If the player reloads their game after completing the sixth night, they are given access to a seventh "custom night" where they can manipulate the AI difficulty of the animatronics. Upon finishing the seventh night, Schmidt is fired.

Development and release
Scott Cawthon had developed several adventure games marketed towards Christians, all of which under-performed commercially. These failures caused Cawthon to suffer a crisis of faith. He lost interest in game development until he regained it following a spiritual experience. The experience left Cawthon less inclined towards making Christian games, and he began production of the secular Five Nights at Freddy's.

After his construction and management game Chipper & Sons Lumber Co. received negative reviews, he decided to make his next game a horror-focused experience. Players commented that characters in the game were unintentionally unsettling and animatronic-like in appearance, reviewer Jim Sterling calling the game "terrifying". Although initially discouraged by this poor reception, he was inspired to make something intentionally scarier.

Cawthon developed the game alone over the course of six months, with his sons and friends serving as beta testers. He coded the game with the Clickteam Fusion 2.5 engine and used Autodesk 3ds Max to model the 3D graphics. The audio was produced with a combination of sound effects that Cawthon created himself and files that he purchased off the internet. Five Nights at Freddy's was first released for Windows via the Desura distribution platform on August 8, 2014. On August 18, it was also released via Steam. A version for Android was launched on August 26, followed by ports to iOS on September 11, and Windows Phone on December 1. Versions for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One were released on November 29, 2019.

Reception

Reception of the game was generally positive. According to the review aggregate website Metacritic, Five Nights at Freddy's received "generally favorable reviews". Critics considered Five Nights at Freddy's to be frightening, with some reviewers praising it as a standout horror game. Gamezebo called it a "brilliant horror experience" that capitalized on fear of the unknown, and GameSpot appreciated how it created fear without incorporating graphic violence. The reviewer for GameRevolution called it the most terrifying game he had ever played.

Reviewers felt that Five Nights at Freddy's gameplay mechanics were well-designed. PC Gamer said that despite the simple premise of gameplay, its mechanics combined into a frightful experience, which was concurred by GameRevolution. Nintendo Life found the controls to be easily accessible, and praised the game for making a tense mood apparent from the start. TouchArcade believed that the gameplay would feel lacking if the player was not scared by the atmosphere, and that its controls amounted to little more than "a game of red-light, green-light". PC Gamer considered that once the behaviors for the animatronics were memorized, some players would find nothing interesting beyond the ambience.

The sound design was praised. GameSpot noted the lack of music during gameplay, finding the quiet to be panic-inducing when it was interrupted by noises from the animatronics. GameRevolution considered the silence unnerving, and that the random sounds that occurred while playing complimented the atmosphere to make the experience tense. Gamezebo described the sound design as excellent, suggesting that players wear headphones not to just improve the experience, but to also detect the noises the animatronics made as they approached.

Critics debated Five Nights at Freddy's approach to horror. TouchArcade said that Five Nights at Freddy's challenged the player by forcing them to yield to their own paranoia, causing them to lose if they gave in to their fear. Nintendo Life contended that the atmosphere and lack of defensive tools created a compelling feel of dread. PC Gamer wrote that the game distinguished itself from the rest of the horror genre by relying not on jumpscares, but by pressuring the player with the possibility of one.

Other reviewers considered Five Nights at Freddy's to be too reliant on jumpscares, which were effective at first but would become repetitive over time; Nintendo Life said that the game's reliance on the scares and simple controls meant there was little replay value. Although TouchArcade found repeat playthroughs monotonous, the reviewer said it conjured a well-designed atmosphere that would create the horror it intended.

As of 2023, the game has sold over 7.5 million units worldwide.

Legacy

Five Nights at Freddy's became a financial success and gained a large following. Its popularity was fueled by Let's Play videos that were uploaded to the video-sharing platform YouTube; by 2015, Five Nights at Freddy's had become one of the most uploaded video games on the site, and was featured by influencers such as Markiplier, Jacksepticeye, and PewDiePie. The success of Five Nights at Freddy's sparked a media franchise beginning with the release of a sequel, Five Nights at Freddy's 2.

The franchise expanded to include written works starting with the novel Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes, published in 2015. Blumhouse Productions acquired the rights to make a film adaptation of the game in 2017. After several delays, filming began in 2023 and the picture was released in theaters and through Peacock on October 27, 2023. Cawthon retired from game development in 2021 amidst a controversy over his donations to Republican Party politicians. He intended to pass on management of the franchise to a different party.

The Five Nights at Freddy's fanbase has created elaborate theories on the nature of the games and their storylines. The complicated narrative of the franchise has been examined and debated by fans through social media, fan creations, and wikis. Cawthon has occasionally commented on some fan theories, including one presented by the YouTuber MatPat. The Five Nights at Freddy's community has developed a negative reputation online as a "toxic" fanbase, but has remained an influential subculture on social media platforms such as TikTok and YouTube. Cawthon remained engaged with the FNaF community, using his website, the official website, and Steam forums to talk with fans.

The success of Five Nights at Freddy's inspired the creation of thousands of fangames. The prevalence of Five Nights at Freddy's fangames on the publishing platform Game Jolt forced the company to create an entire video game category dedicated to the franchise and its imitations. Polygon later wrote that some of the fanbase had become primarily connected through fangame adaptations rather than the main media franchise, some choosing to play imitations rather than support Cawthon. Various artists have created music revolving around the lore, including The Living Tombstone. The Living Tombstone's song was featured in the closing credits sequence of the film adaptation.

References

External links

 Five Nights at Freddy's at IndieDB

2010s horror video games
2014 video games
Android (operating system) games
Clickteam Fusion games
Five Nights at Freddy's video games
Indie games
IOS games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 4 games
Point-and-click adventure games
Single-player video games
Steam Greenlight games
Video games adapted into novels
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows Phone games
Xbox One games


title: David Sadleir

text:
David Marshall Sadleir  (born 20 February 1936) is an Australian business consultant and former diplomat and ambassador, who was Director-General of Security (head of the intelligence agency ASIO) from 1992 to 1996.

Early life
Sadleir was born in Dehradun, British India. He settled in Australia in 1949, and attended Scotch College, Perth and the University of Western Australia where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with Honours.

Diplomatic and intelligence career
Sadleir joined the Australian Department of External Affairs in 1958. He was an advisor to the Australian delegations to the Inter-Parliamentary Union, and was posted in Tokyo and Washington DC as Assistant Secretary of the department's North Asia branch. From 1977 to 1981, he was Deputy Director-General of the Office of National Assessments, an intelligence agency reporting to the Prime Minister of Australia, under Director-General Robert Furlonger. He was a Permanent Representative to the United Nations and other international organisations in Geneva from 1981 to 1984.

In 1988, Sadleir was Australian Ambassador to China for a three-year term until 1991, when he became Australian Ambassador to Belgium/Luxembourg and the European Communities.

In 1992, Sadleir was appointed Director-General of Security, the head of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation.

Consultancy career
Since leaving ASIO in October 1996, Sadleir founded a business and security consultancy company called David Sadleir and Associates.

In 1998, he conducted a review of Australia's entry control arrangements, in particular the Movement Alert List (MAL).

Honours
Sadleir was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in the 1991 Australia Day Honours, for services to international relations.

References

1936 births
Living people
Ambassadors of Australia to China
Ambassadors of Australia to Belgium
Ambassadors of Australia to the European Union
Permanent Representatives of Australia to the United Nations Office in Geneva
Directors-General of Security
Officers of the Order of Australia
University of Western Australia alumni


title: Benjamín Menéndez

text:
Benjamín Andrés Menéndez (1885, Córdoba – 2 September 1975) was an Argentine brigadier general who attempted on 28 September 1951 to overthrow the government of Juan Domingo Perón. The coup was defeated within a few hours.

Attempted coup
President Perón instituted a number of policy reforms after he took office in 1946. He supported a "third-way" that neither subscribed to the views of the West nor that of the Soviets. At first his plan was to attain economic independence for Argentina and decrease the influence of imperialist powers. However his wife, Eva Perón, who supported much more radical reforms for the country, influenced him to support much more socialist stances. The five-year plan that Perón initiated found disfavour among much of the military.

Eva held ambitions to replace Hortensio Quijano for the 1951 election, although her poor health kept her from this. Nonetheless, many were concerned that her agenda would be pushed through. In March 1951 the government arrested several retired army officers due to their dissent and disapproval of Perón's administration. This raised tensions among the rest of the army, although action did not occur.

By September tensions had risen among the military due to the unrivalled power of the Peronist regime. On 28 September 1951, during the election, Menéndez led the military uprising in an attempt to overthrow the government. He led a core of officers, commanding a division, and left Campo de Mayo bound for the Casa Rosada.

Resolve for the uprising, especially among the non-commissioned officers and enlisted men, was not strong enough. They were not prepared to fight their own countrymen. The uprising was over as soon as opposition was encountered, almost completely bloodless. Perón admired the loyalty of the troops and pardoned all those involved.

Although the revolt was crushed, it did succeed in that Eva never again considered running for office and both Peróns were forced to curtail their reform aspirations.

Family
Menéndez had two sons, Romulus and Felix Menéndez, who both had military careers and eventually reached the rank of colonel. Romulus is also a renowned historian who has published several works on military history, including Las conquistas territoriales argentinas (Argentine Territorial Conquests) published by the Military Circle and Un Soldado (A Soldier), a biography of his father. His nephew, former major general Luciano Menéndez, was sentenced to life imprisonment in December 2009 for crimes against humanity. He was also the uncle of Brigadier general Mario Benjamín Menéndez, who was the military governor of the Falkland Islands during the Falklands war.

References

1885 births
1975 deaths
People from Córdoba, Argentina
Argentine people of Asturian descent
Argentine generals


title: Michael Fernandes

text:
Michael Fernandes may refer to:

Michael Fernandes (artist) (born 1944), Canadian artist and educator
Michael Fernandes (politician) (born 1935), Indian politician

See also
Michael Fernández (born 1994), Puerto Rican footballer


title: 2013 President's Cup (Maldives)

text:
The 2013 President's Cup was the 63rd season of the President's Cup, a knock-out competition for Maldives' top 4 football clubs. New Radiant Sports Club were the defending champions, having beaten Victory Sports Club in last season's final on penalty shoot-out.

The final was held on 23 October 2012, in which New Radiant won the final 4-2 on extra time, claiming a record tenth President's Cup, after the scores were 2-2 at the end of normal time.

Background

Broadcasting rights
The broadcasting rights for all the matches of 2013 Maldives President's Cup were given to the Television Maldives.

Qualifier
Top 4 teams after the end of 2013 Dhivehi League third round will be qualified for the President's Cup.

Final qualifier

Semi-final qualifier

Semi-final

Final

Statistics

Scorers

Assists

References

President's Cup (Maldives)
Pres


title: Mariana Coelho

text:
Mariana Coelho (10 September 1857 – 29 November 1954) was a Portuguese Brazilian educator, essayist and poet, and a feminist pioneer in Brazil.

Early years
She was born in Sabrosa, a remote village in northern Portugal. She was the daughter Manoel Antônio Coelho Ribeiro and Maria do Carmo Teixeira Coelho, and a sister of Carlos Alberto Teixeira Coelho (a writer who migrated to Brazil with her) and Thomaz Alberto Teixeira Coelho (a Portuguese army captain).

Career
She emigrated to Brazil in 1892 at the age of 35 years, and settled in Curitiba, Brazil. In early 1893, her first poems were published. The bond with her brother Carlos was a decisive factor in her rapid entry into the literary community of Curitiba. It assured her automatic access to the literary world.

In 1902, she founded the College Alberto Santos Dumont and ran it until 1917. In 1908, she was awarded the silver medal at the National Exhibition in Rio de Janeiro for her book Paraná mental. Later, in Curitiba, she was director of the Escuela Profesional Femenina República Argentina, founded in 1916, which was instrumental in the development of women's emancipation in the region. She initially served as a professor but in 1926, took up the post of Director, remaining until 1940.

She joined the Federación Brasileña para el Progreso Femenino (FBPF), participating in feminist conferences in 1922, 1933 and 1936. Her most notable work was La evolución del feminismo: subsidios para su historia. She was patron of the chair No. 30 of the Academia Paranaense de Poesía and No. 28 chair of the Academia Femenina de Letras de Paraná.

She died unmarried of a heart attack in Curitiba on 29 November 1954, at the age of 97 years.

Selected works
 1908: O Paraná mental
 1933: A evolução do feminismo: subsídios para a sua historia
 1934: Um brado de revolta contra a morte violenta
 1937: Linguagem
 1939: A primavera
 1940: Cambiantes (contos e fantasías)
 1956 (posthumous): Palestras educativas

Bibliography
 Besse, Susan K.: Modernizando a desigualdade: reestruturação da ideología de gênero no Brasil (1914-1940). São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 1999, págs. 173, 188, 198, 270, 278 y 312.
 Kamita, Rosana Cássia: Resgates e ressonâncias: Mariana Coelho. Florianópolis: Mulheres, 2005.
 Matos, María Izilda, et al.: Deslocamentos e historias: os portugueses. Bauru: EDUSC, 2008, pág. 276-278.
 Páginas Escolhidas - Literatura vol. II. Curitiba: Assembleia Legislativa do Paraná, 2003, pág. 189.
 Rocha Pombo, José Francisco: O Paraná no Centenário 1500-1900. Río de Janeiro: J. Olympio, 1980, pág. 133.
 Silva, Jacicarla Souza da: Vozes femininas na poesía latino-americana. São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica, 2009. pág. 46.
 Sina, Amalia: Mulher e trabalho: o desafío de conciliar diferentes papéis na sociedade. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2005, págs. 45-46.
 Teixeira, Níncia Cecília Ribas Borges:  Escritas de mulheres e a (des)construção do cânone literário na pósmodernidade: cenas paranaenses. Guarapuava: Unicentro, 2008, pág. 69.
 Vechia, Ariclê: (org) et al.: A escola secundária: modelos e planos (Brasil, séculos XIX e XX). São Paulo: Annablume, 2003, págs. 215 y 236.

1857 births
1954 deaths
People from Sabrosa
Brazilian essayists
Brazilian women essayists
19th-century Brazilian poets
Brazilian feminist writers
Brazilian academics
Brazilian women short story writers
19th-century Brazilian short story writers
Translators to Portuguese
Portuguese-language writers
Brazilian women poets
19th-century essayists
19th-century Brazilian women writers
19th-century translators
20th-century Brazilian poets
20th-century Brazilian short story writers
20th-century Brazilian women writers
Brazilian educators
Brazilian women educators
Portuguese emigrants to Brazil


title: Bézier spline

text:
Depending on the author, Bézier spline may refer to:
 a Bézier curve or
 a composite Bézier curve

Mathematics disambiguation pages


title: Clinton Black

text:
Clinton Rutherford "Cupe" Black, Jr. (October 3, 1894 – October 8, 1963) was an American football player.

Black enrolled at Yale University and, while there, played on the Yale Bulldogs football team. He was captain of the 1916 Yale Bulldogs  and a consensus first-team choice for the 1916 College Football All-America Team. He wore #1 that year, the first time Yale donned numbers.  In 1920 Black was rumoured to restart the Massillon Tigers pro football team, and enter the team in the newly formed American Professional Football Association (later renamed the National Football League in 1922), however he later turned down the offer.

World War I
Black served in the United States Navy during World War I. During the war his ship the  was hit by a torpedo launched from a German U-boat. While the Lincoln sank, Black made it into a lifeboat. Soon the U-boat surfaced and circled the life rafts. The sub's captain claimed to be a Yale alumnus who recognized Black and spoke with him. The sub later left the men to their lifeboats. They were all later rescued by the  and transported to France. A previous report of the incident had the captain as a Harvard graduate, who took Black on board and set the sub's course for Germany.

After the war, he became a member of the Chicago Board of Trade and thereafter went into the insurance business.  He was the founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of C. R. Black Jr. Corporation, an insurance brokerage business in New York City.  He was married and had two sons and a daughter.  He died in 1963, aged 78 at St. Luke's Hospital in Manhattan.

References

1894 births
1963 deaths
American football guards
Yale Bulldogs football players
All-American college football players
Players of American football from New York City


title: Charge of Rokitna

text:
The Charge of Rokitna () was a charge of a cavalry squadron of the 2nd Brigade of Polish Legions, fighting for the Austro-Hungarian Army. It took place on June 13, 1915 near the village of Rokytne, which at that time was part of Bessarabia Governorate (Russian Empire). A Polish squadron of 70 uhlans, led by Rittmeister Zbigniew Dunin-Wasowicz, attacked positions of the Imperial Russian Army. The battle resulted in a Polish pyrrhic victory: out of 70 soldiers, 17 Poles were killed and 23 were wounded. Russian losses are unknown.

Background
In the spring of 1915, the 2nd Brigade was reorganized. It was divided into three tactical groups, commanded by Marian Januszajtis-Zegota, Józef Haller and Bolesław Roja. On April 1, 1915, Austrian Army Colonel Ferdinand Kuttner was named commandant of the 2nd Brigade. On April 17, Polish Legions were sent to Bukovina, where they became part of forces of General of Cavalry Ignaz Edler von Korda.

Third Legions Infantry Regiment was ordered to man frontline between the villages of Dobronowce (Dobronauti) and Toporowce (Toporivtsi). Polish artillery was at Balamutowka (Balamutca), uhlans of the 3rd squadron were in the area of Rarancza, while 2nd squadron stayed in the town of Kotul-Ostrica. In the first days of June, 2nd and 3rd uhlan squadrons were merged into the 2nd Regiment of the Legions Cavalry, under command of Rittmeister Zbigniew Dunin-Wasowicz.

Charge
On June 12, 1915, the 2nd Brigade operated in the area of the villages Ridkivtsi, Austrian Bukovina and Rokytne, Russian Bessarabia. On both sides of it were units of the Austro-Hungarian Army: all forces initiated a joint attack on Russian positions. Despite heavy fighting, Polish and Austrian regiments failed to achieve their objectives.

On June 13, in the early afternoon, the Russians began their advance from positions in the area of Rokitna. In order to halt the enemy, Austrian headquarters ordered Rittmeister Dunin-Wasowicz to carry out an attack with both uhlan squadrons of the 2nd Legions Brigade. They were to advance along the left wing, supporting Austrian infantry which simultaneously would attack Russian trenches.

Rittmeister Dunin-Wasowicz personally headed the charge: after crossing muddy banks of the Rokitnianka river, 3rd squadron was kept in reserve, while 2nd squadron charged. Within 15 minutes, Polish uhlans broke through three lines of Russian trenches. Polish losses were very high, but their sacrifice was not utilized, as the Austrian infantry failed to advance. Among those killed in action were Dunin-Wasowicz himself, also Colonel Jerzy Topor-Kisielnicki (commandant of 2nd squadron) and his deputy Roman Prawdzic-Wlodek.

Aftermath

On June 15, 1915, at a cemetery in Rarancza, a funeral of uhlans killed in action took place. The service was led by Reverend Jozef Panas, coffin of Dunin-Wasowicz was covered with red cloth with Polish Eagle. Since in the interwar period the cemetery at Rarancza was part of Romania, a Polish ally (see Polish–Romanian alliance), Romanian 11th Rosiori Regiment took care of the tombs.

In February 1923, exhumation of bodies of Polish soldiers took place. All remains were transported to Poland, and on February 26, 1923, in Kraków, an official funeral took place, with such notable figures present at the ceremony, as Józef Piłsudski and Cardinal Adam Sapieha. Pilsudski posthumously awarded Virtuti Militari 5th Class to all soldiers. After the funeral, all coffins were transported to Rakowicki Cemetery. Two years later, a monument of the uhlans was unveiled there.

The Charge of Rokitna was the basis for a zurawiejka, "Song of the Squadron of Wasowicz". It also is mentioned in The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino, one of the best-known Polish military songs of World War II.

On the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, the charge is mentioned as "ROKITNA 13 VI 1915".

See also
 Żurawiejka
 Polish Cavalry Monument
 Battle of Komarów
 Polish Legions in World War I
 Polish cavalry

Sources

 August Krasicki: Dziennik z kampanii rosyjskiej 1914–1916. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy PAX, 1988. .
 Stanisław Jan Rostworowski: Nie tylko Pierwsza Brygada (1914–1918) – Z Legionami na bój. Warszawa: P. W. EGROS – Oficyna Wydawnicza, 1993. .
 Andrzej Czesław Żak Rokitna 1915 Wydawnictwo Bellona, Warszawa 1994, .
 Wacław Lipiński: Walka zbrojna o niepodległość Polski w latach 1905–1918. Warszawa: "Wolumen"

External links

Rokitna
Rokitna
1915 in Austria-Hungary
Rokitna
Rokitna
Polish Legions in World War I
Rokitna
Rokitna
Bessarabia Governorate
June 1915 events


title: Question Everything

text:
"Question Everything" is a song recorded by the American rock band 8stops7, from their 1999 album In Moderation. It was released in 2000 as a single. The song reached the US rock charts, peaking at number sixteen on Mainstream Rock Tracks, at number 25 on Modern Rock Tracks and at 38 in the Billboard Hot Adult top 40 chart. The song has a music video.

Chart performance

References

1999 songs
8stops7 songs
Warner Records singles
1999 singles


title: Bravery Meeting 81 (Australia)

text:
The Bravery Council of Australia Meeting 81 Honours List was announced by the Governor General of Australia, Sir Peter Cosgrove, AK, MC, on 18 August 2014.

Awards were announced for
the Star of Courage,
the Bravery Medal,
Commendation for Brave Conduct and
Group Bravery Citation.

† indicates an award given posthumously.

Star of Courage (SC)

 Michael Nerandzic, † New South Wales

Bravery Medal (BM)

 Shane James Allen, Australian Capital Territory
 Anthony Gavin Baker, † New South Wales
 Timothy Michael Bateman, Western Australia
 James Ronald Bodsworth, Australian Capital Territory
 Benjamin Luke Carroll, Queensland
 Trevor Mark Davis, Queensland
 Kasun Hasanga Fernando, Victoria
 Locke William Finch, Queensland
 Matthew Brian Holmes, Western Australia
 Kennedy Jones, † Northern Territory
 Troy Brian Jorgensen, New South Wales
 Amos John Mills, Queensland
 Colin Raymond O'Hare, Australian Capital Territory
 Ian Thomas Ryan, † New South Wales
 Michael James Ryan, Victoria
 Federal Agent Mathew Evan Seneviratne, Australian Federal Police
 Ruth Lynden Sheridan, Victoria
 Robert Allen Skewes, Queensland
 Scott Graham Smith, Queensland
 Jarrad Nathan Townley, New South Wales
 David Alan White, New South Wales
 Ishan Chathuranga Wickramathunga, Victoria

Commendation for Brave Conduct

 Angus Robert Anderson, Queensland
 Michael John Anderson, New South Wales
 Mary Maureen Barden, Victoria
 Damien Luke Berry, New South Wales
 Jacob Ryan Berry, New South Wales
 Senior Constable Damon Edward Bishop, Queensland Police
 Stephen Warwick Brandley, New South Wales
 James Angus Burge, New South Walew
 Rodney John Burnby, Western Australia
 Hassan Chahrouk, New South Wales
 Christopher James Curchill, Western Australia
 Kathleen Chchrane, New South Wales
 Constable Anne Christine Collis, Queensland Police
 Senior Constable Donald James Couper, Western Australia Police
 Stephanie Jayne Defina, Victoria
 Joshua Eason-Jones, Victoria
 Matthew Eason-Jones, Victoria
 Christopher John Fowler, Victoria
 Jake Robert Gunston, Queensland
 Homayon Hatami, Victoria
 Garry Scott Hayes, Queensland
 Anthony Thomas Haynes, United Kingdom
 Ryan Mark Higginbottom, Queensland
 David Micheal Holmes, Queensland
 Garry Colin Keir, New South Wales
 Tim James Martin, Queensland
 Madeleine Denise Matkowsky, Victoria
  Christopher Linh Nguyen, Victoria
 Leigh Parkes, New South Walre
 Senior Sergeant Michael James Pearson, , Queensland Police
 Peter Christopher Perkins, New South Wales
 Sergeant Neil Andrew Prest, New South Wales Police
 Wayne Richard Pritchard, Victoria
 Senior Constable Michael Rasborsek, Queensland Police
 Sandra Riemer, Queensland
 Jade Jihan Safein, New South Wales
 Alex John Sainsbury, Queensland
 Robert Shane Scott, Queensland
 Senior Constable Amit Singh, Queensland Police
 Kylie Sheree Smith, Queensland
 James Mark Stirling, New South Wales
 Nathan Peter Wall, New South Wales
 Reynold Dwayne Williams, Western Australia
 Lareena May Woods, Western Australia

Group Bravery Citation
Awardees are several people who assisted in the rescue of residents during the floods in Warmun, Western Australia on 13 March 2011.
 Kathleen Susan Burnsby
 Rodney John Burnby
 Christopher James Churchill
 Mr Christopher Clarke †
 Senior Constable Donald James Couper, Western Australia Police
 Tanya Maree Couper
 Julie Ann Echo
 Cecil Peter Mosquito
 Leon Pinday

Awardees are several members of the Marysville Country Fire Authority who were involved in the Victorian bushfires on 7 February 2009.
 Glen Francis Fiske
 Kellan Frederick Fiske
 Patrick Joseph Flannagan
 Christopher Michael Gleeson
 Michael John Gleeson
 Susan Irene Gleeson
 Travis Christopher Gleeson
 Christopher John Haden
 Mark Douglas Hamdorf
 Pauline Marion Harrow
 John Malcolm
 Roger Stewart Martin
 Stewart Wesley Potter,
 John Stephen Rarcliffe
 Richard John Uden

Awardees are several members of the public who went to the rescue of several people caught in a rip at Yeppoon, Queensland on 13 April 2012.
 Matthew Leslie Danes
 Jake Robert Gunston
 Shane Andrew Hagarty
 Michael David Higginson
 Alex John Sainsbuty
 Kylie Sheree Smith

Awardees are members of the public who went to the rescue of several people who were in difficulty in rough surf at Marcoola Beach, Queensland on 23 January 2013.
 Damon Scott Bell, Victoria
 Blake Edward Cole

Awardees are members of the public who went to the rescue of a man trapped in a submerged crane at Habana, Queensland on 10 May 2013.
 Kathleen Margaret Allen
 Peter John Price
 Andrew James Rosier
 John Steven Teske
 Micheal Shane Wallace

Awardees are members of the public who went to the rescue of a colleague trapped in flood water at Marlborough, Queensland on 2 March 2011.
 Russell James Charleston
 Gavin Wayne Fox

Awardees are several people who worked as a paramedic rescue team during the Beaconsfield mine rescue in Tasmania on 25 April 2006.
 Jude May Barnes
 Nicholas William Chapman
 Matthew James Eastham
 Gregory Edsall,
 Paul John Featherstone,
 Ian Robert Hart
 Peter Warren James
 Graeme Robert Jones,
 Dr Richard Walter Morris,
 Daryl James Pendery
 Karen Pendery

Awardees are several people who worked as a low-intensity mine rescue team during the Beaconsfield mine rescue in Tasmania on 25 April 2006.
 Brett Henry Chalmers †
 Darren Thomas Flanghan, New South Wales
 Scott Franklin, Western Australia
 Jeremy Matthew Rowlings, New South Wales

The following awardees are added to the Group Bravery Citation awarded and gazetted on 19 March 2012.

Awardees are members of the public who went to the rescue of two girls who were trapped inside a burning house at Kelso, New South Wales on 22 July 2010.
 Kristie Clayton, New South Wales
 Amos John Mills, Queensland

References

Orders, decorations, and medals of Australia
2014 awards


title: Mount Pingfeng

text:
The Mount Pingfeng () is a mountain in Xiulin Township, Hualien County, Taiwan.

History
In 2017, fluorescent directional signage, ladders, rock dowels and ropes were added to the hiking trail of the mountain.

Geology
The mountain is located within the Central Mountain Range. It is the 98th tallest peak in Taiwan with its main peak reaches a height of 3,250 m.

See also
 List of mountains in Taiwan

References

Pingfeng
Landforms of Hualien County
Mountaineering in Taiwan


title: Nicholas Bloom

text:
Nicholas Bloom  is the William Eberle Professor in the Department of Economics at Stanford University, a Courtesy Professor at Stanford Business School
and Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and a Co-Director of the Productivity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Program at the National Bureau of Economic Research.

He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Econometric Society, and the recipient of the Frisch Medal in 2010, the Bernacer Prize in 2012, the Center for Economic Studies Distinguished Fellow award in 2020, the Guggenheim Fellowship in 2022 and the 50 Most Influential (Bloomberg ranking) in 2022.

Education
Bloom was educated at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. He completed a PhD at University College London in 2001 under the supervision of John Van Reenen and Richard Blundell.

Career and research
His research focuses on the measurement and impact of uncertainty on investment, employment and growth. He also works on the measurement of management practices and productivity with Raffaella Sadun and John Van Reenen, on working from home, and on innovation. He co-founded research websites on policy uncertainty, global uncertainty, UK uncertainty, management and working from home.

From 1996 to 2002 he worked at the Institute for Fiscal Studies and on business tax policy at HM Treasury. From 2002 to 2003 he worked at McKinsey & Company, and in 2003 he moved to the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics, and to Stanford University in 2005.

He spoke on working from home at the 2014 White House Working Families Summit alongside Trade Unionists, Business Leaders, President Obama and Vice President Biden. , and at Tedx Stanford in 2017. His research on remote work has been cited and discussed in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and Freakonomics Radio.

References

Stanford University Department of Economics faculty
Stanford University Graduate School of Business faculty
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
British economists
21st-century American economists
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Alumni of St Peter's College, Oxford
Alumni of University College London
1973 births
Living people


title: 2014 USA Pro Cycling Challenge

text:
The 2014 USA Pro Cycling Challenge was the fourth edition of the USA Pro Cycling Challenge stage race. Once again, the race was included on the UCI America Tour, with a UCI classification of 2.HC. As such, the race was only open to teams on the UCI ProTour, UCI Professional Continental and UCI Continental circuits. The race took place between August 18–24, 2014 as a seven-day, seven-stage race, traversing the state of Colorado. The 2014 USA Pro Cycling Challenge was one of six UCI-ranked stage races in the United States in 2014, and one of two (along with the 2014 Tour of California) that attracted multiple UCI ProTeams to compete.

Participating teams
In July, the USA Pro Cycling Challenge announced a sixteen-team field, made up of five UCI ProTeams, four UCI Professional Continental Teams and seven UCI Continental Teams, thus giving the race a total of sixteen-teams (the same as in 2013).

UCI ProTeams

UCI Professional Continental Teams

UCI Continental Teams

Stages

Results

Stage 1
August 18, 2014 — Aspen to Aspen,

The opening circuit for the pro challenge began in Aspen, and consisted of three  laps and   of climbing per lap.

{|
|Stage 1 Results and General Classification after Stage 1

Stage 2
August 19, 2014 — Aspen to Crested Butte,

Stage 3
August 20, 2014 — Gunnison to Monarch Mountain,

Stage 4
August 21, 2014 — Colorado Springs to Colorado Springs,

Stage 5
August 22, 2014 — Woodland Park to Breckenridge,

Stage 6
August 23, 2014 — Vail, , individual time trial (ITT)

Stage 7
August 24, 2014 — Boulder to Denver,

Classification leadership
In the USA Pro Cycling Challenge, five jerseys are awarded. For the general classification, calculated by adding the finishing times of the stages per cyclist, the leader receives a yellow jersey. This classification is considered the most important of the USA Pro Cycling Challenge, and the winner of the general classification will be considered the winner of the event.

Additionally, there is also a sprints classification, akin to what is called the points classification in other races, which awards a green jersey. Points are gathered at sprint line performances as well as finishing the stage in the top-fifteen places.

There is also a mountains classification, which awards a red jersey. In the mountains classifications, points are won by reaching the top of a mountain before other cyclists. Each climb is categorized, either first, second, third, or fourth category, with more points available for the harder climbs.

There is also a youth classification. This classification is calculated the same way as the general classification, but only young cyclists (under 23) are included. The leader of the young rider classification receives a blue jersey.

The last jersey is awarded to the most aggressive rider of a stage for him to wear on the next stage. It is generally awarded to a rider who attacks constantly or spends a lot of time in the breakaways. This jersey is orange.

There is also a classification for teams. In this classification, the times of the best three cyclists per stage are added, and the team with the lowest time is the leader.

References

External links

USA Pro Cycling Challenge
USA Pro Cycling Challenge
USA Pro Cycling Challenge
USA Pro Cycling Challenge


title: Star X Speed Story

text:
Star X Speed Story is the debut solo album by guitarist Jacky Vincent. The album was released in 2013 through Shrapnel Records and consists of 13 songs. Additional instrumentation was provided by fellow (now former) Falling in Reverse members, Ryan Seaman (drums) and Ron Ficarro (bass).

Track listing
All songs composed by Jacky Vincent.

Musicians

Primary
 Jacky Vincent – Guitars, Composer, Keyboards, Producer
 Ryan Seaman – drums
 Ron Ficarro – bass

Additional
 Paul Gilbert - guitar (featured on song "Heaven Or Hell")
 Michael Angelo Batio - guitar (featured on song "Star X Speed")
 Dario Lorina - guitar (featured on song "Burning Tears")

Production
 Mike Varney - Executive Producer
 Kelly Cairns - Drum Editing
 Jason Constantine - Additional Production, Engineer, Mastering, Mixing

References

2013 debut albums
Jacky Vincent albums
Shrapnel Records albums