title: Stone City Formation

text:
The Stone City Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period. Now known as Stone City Bluff in Burleson County, Texas, it is a special location on the Texas Gulf Coast Plain. It is the best of relatively
few places where marine rocks of Paleogene age are exposed and available for public access.
This access provides a window into Middle Eocene rocks that were deposited in the Gulf of Mexico approximately 41.8 million years ago.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Colmena Tuff

text:
The Colmena Tuff is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geology of Texas
Paleogene stratigraphic units of North America


title: Devil's Graveyard Formation

text:
The Devil's Graveyard Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Fayette Sandstone

text:
The Fayette Sandstone is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Limestone formations of the United States
Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Hogeye Tuff

text:
The Hogeye Tuff is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geology of Texas
Paleogene stratigraphic units of North America


title: Wellborn Formation

text:
The Wellborn Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Kincaid Formation

text:
The Kincaid Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Laredo Formation

text:
The Laredo Formation is a geologic formation and Lagerstätte in Texas, United States and Nuevo León and Tamaulipas, Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Lutetian stage of the Eocene period. Among many other fossils, the formation has provided invertebrates, vertebrates, leaves, pollen and spores and fossil wood of the brackish water palm Nypa sp.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Mexico
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of Mexico
Geologic formations of Texas
Eocene Series of North America
Paleogene Mexico
Paleogene geology of Texas
Lutetian Stage
Sandstone formations
Shale formations
Limestone formations
Sandstone formations of the United States
Shale formations of the United States
Limestone formations of the United States
Shallow marine deposits
Lagerstätten
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of North America
Paleontology in Mexico
Paleontology in Texas


title: Shark River Formation

text:
The Shark River Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas
Paleogene geology of New Jersey


title: Wills Point Formation

text:
The Wills Point Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Pruett Formation

text:
The Pruett Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Sabinetown Bluff Formation

text:
The Sabinetown Bluff Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas
Ypresian Stage
Wasatchian


title: Seguin Formation

text:
The Seguin Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Selman Formation

text:
The Selman Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Vieja Formation

text:
The Vieja Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Rockdale Formation

text:
The Rockdale Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Yegua Formation

text:
The Yegua Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

Geological Structure

The Yegua Formation is a minor siliciclastic progradation off the Gulf of Mexico shelf margin.  It lies between the larger Early Eocene and the Oligocene shelf-margin progradations.

During Yegua time, around four to eight sea-level fluctuations with a 100-300 ka period pushed marine rocks toward the basin margins and pushed deltaic sedimentation to and past the shelf edge. Due to the limited sand supply and the flat coastal plains, the updip depositional complexes are almost entirely separated from the downdip shelf-edge deltas and slope fans. Maximum flooding surfaces can be mapped over much of the area and correlated along and across the basin.

The Yegua formation can truly be called a natural laboratory for the study of sequence stratigraphy.

A number of plays in the downdip and 'mid-dip' (incised valley complexes) trends have resulted in more than 4 TCF of gas and condensate, and new discoveries await the return of exploration capital. The story of the formation of the structure at Yegua is also of great significance and interest to the students of siliciclastic stratigraphy in passive-margin settings.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas


title: Antón (footballer)

text:
Antonio Sánchez Valdés, also known as Antón, was a Spanish former footballer who played as a forward.
He´s the fourth highest scorer in Real Oviedo history in Primera División.

References

External links

1914 births
2005 deaths
People from Oviedo
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Asturias
Men's association football forwards
La Liga players
Real Oviedo players
Real Zaragoza players
Real Oviedo Vetusta managers
Real Oviedo managers
Spanish football managers


title: Camp Springs Formation

text:
The Camp Springs Formation is a geologic formation in the Dockum Group of Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Late Triassic. It has also been known as the Camp Springs Conglomerate or Camp Springs Member. The unit was originally named for an unknown locality in West Texas, and was later used in reference to sandstone and conglomerate deposits in Scurry County. It is likely equivalent to the basal beds (Tecolotito Member) of the Santa Rosa Formation, and some authors have suggested abandoning the usage of the term "Camp Springs Formation" and similar names.

Paleobiota

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Triassic geology of Texas


title: Colorado City Formation

text:
The Colorado City Formation is a Late Triassic geologic formation in the Dockum Group of Texas, United States. It has previously been known as the Iatan Member, Colorado City Member or 'Pre-Tecovas Horizon' (as it is assumed to be older than the Tecovas Formation).

The Colorado City Formation is mostly restricted to Howard and Borden counties. The formation hosts the Otis Chalk fossil sites, named after a ghost town in Howard County. Despite their importance, the Otis Chalk localities have been difficult to resolve in the stratigraphy of Triassic Texas. They occupy a narrow band of sediments between the slightly older Camp Springs Formation and much younger Cretaceous deposits.

The first major excavations near Otis Chalk were led by UMMP paleontologists starting in 1927. Several new phytosaur species were discovered during these digs. University of Oklahoma paleontologists followed with their own expedition in 1931. The vast majority of fossils collected from the formation were recovered during a 1939–1941 state-sponsored Works Progress Administration paleontological survey. Several sites southeast of Big Spring were particularly productive. Fossils collected by these efforts were stored at the newly opened Texas Memorial Museum in Austin. Since the 1940s, collection from the Otis Chalk area has been more limited. One notable find is a pond deposit, the Schaeffer Fish Quarry, discovered in 1967 by AMNH paleontologist Bobb Schaeffer.

Biochronological significance
The Otis Chalk localities that are situated in the Colorado City Formation form the basis of the Otischalkian Land Vertebrate Faunachron (LVF), which is defined by the first appearance of Parasuchus.

Paleobiota

Reptiles

Archosaurs
Other archosaur fossils include remains of an unnamed silesaurid and a partial femur of a theropod or herrerasaurian dinosaur referable to the Chindesaurus + Tawa clade.

Phytosaurs

Other reptiles

Amphibians

Fish
Fish fossils from Quarry 1 (NMMNH 860 / TMM 31025) include lungfish teeth (Arganodus?), coelacanth scales, "palaeoniscid" scales (aff. Turseodus), and hybodont shark teeth and spines (Lissodus? or Lonchidion?).

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Triassic geology of Texas


title: Ridgeland High School

text:
Ridgeland High School is the name of many secondary schools in the United States, among them:

Ridgeland-Hardeeville High School, in Ridgeland, South Carolina
Ridgeland High School (Mississippi), in Ridgeland, Mississippi
Ridgeland High School (Georgia), in Rossville, Georgia


title: Trujillo Formation

text:
The Trujillo Formation is a geologic formation in Texas and New Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the upper Triassic period. It is also known as the Trujillo Sandstone.

Description
The formation consists mostly of gray to brown or red sandstone, but with some conglomerate and mudstone. Conglomerate is more common in the middle beds while mudstone is more common in the middle and upper beds. The sandstone is typically crossbedded and is fine-grained in the lower beds and more coarse in the middle and upper beds. The lower sandstone beds tend to form a prominent cliff. The total thickness varies from . The formation overlies the Tecovas Formation.

The Cuervo Sandstone Member is preempted by the Trujillo Formation.

The formation crops out along Palo Duro Canyon and the Canadian River and their tributaries. It is also widespread in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains.

The formation is interpreted as deposition in a braided stream system. The lower beds at Palo Duro Canyon contain unusual cone-shaped iron concretions that likely formed in the vadose zone.

Fossils
The formation contains Typothorax scutes and the unusual cycad Sanmiguelia.

History of investigation
The formation was first named as the upper formation of the Dockum Group in 1907 by C.N. Gould.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Triassic geology of Texas
Triassic formations of New Mexico


title: Beaumont Formation

text:
The Beaumont Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Pleistocene  period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Blanco Formation

text:
The Blanco Formation, originally named the Blanco Canyon Beds,  is an early Pleistocene geologic formation of clay, sand, and gravel whitened by calcium carbonate cementation and is recognized in Texas and Kansas.

After the Ogallala had lain exposed for some time since the Neogene, developing a thick caliche petrocalcic horizon under the surface, deposition of sand and gravel by wind and east-flowing streams resumed to lesser extent during the early Pre-Illinoian glaciation cycles of the Pleistocene. As the weathering and erosion of the exposed Ogallala, rich in calcium carbonate, contributed heavily to the formation, the resulting material is white (blanco). This gave the name to Blanco Canyon, which in turn is the type locality for the Blanco Formation. In Texas, the unit covers the extent of the Llano Estacado, attaining a thickness of . Exceptionally flat, it is conjectured that the limestone beds in the Texas region formed within broad, shallow lakes.

The Blanco Formation is recognized in Kansas where it attains a maximum thickness of over . In much of its extent in Kansas, the Blanco is buried under deep Pleistocene loess and soil deposits and a certain amount of knowledge of the unit comes from well drilling. While the whole of the unit is clay, sand, and gravel, the lower part of the unit is coarser material and the upper part is finer and plastic, with enough distinction to identify two members. In Kansas, the upper member is named Fullerton and the lower is named Holdrege for their respective correspondence with the Fullerton Formation and Holdrege Formation that are identified in Nebraska. The Blanco is not recognized as a unit in Nebraska.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Geologic formations of Texas
Geologic formations of Kansas


title: Camp Rice Formation

text:
The Camp Rice Formation is a geologic formation in west Texas and southern New Mexico. It preserves fossils of the Pliocene-Pleistocene. These include the distinctive Tonuco Mountain Local Fauna.

Description
The formation consists of poorly cemented sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone, volcanic ash, and caliche. The color varies from pink to gray to light brown. The thickness at the type section is , where the formation rests unconformably on the Fort Hancock Formation. The formation is capped by caliche that forms steep slopes. Where the caliche is eroded away, the underlying strata form badlands. The formation is found throughout the Hueco Basin and Mesilla Basin. Outcrops at the Tonuco Uplift northwest of Las Cruces, New Mexico, are unusually well cemented. In the southern Rio Grande rift, the formation contains numerous calcic paleosols (preserved soil layers formed in an arid climate).

The formation is interpreted as fluvial deposits following integration of the ancestral Rio Grande through the region. A piedmont facies is found in addition to the axial river facies in southern New Mexico.

Stable isotope data from the formation is consistent with a gradual warming trend in the latest Pliocene and early Pleistocene, with a generally drier climate but increased summer precipitation.

Fossils
The lower part of the formation contains vertebrate fossils, such as camelids, odd-toed ungulates, Geochelone, and glyptodonts, characteristic of the Aftonian Age. The middle part of the formation contains a bed of the Perlette Ash of late Kansan age. The upper part of the formation east of Las Cruces contains fossil Equus, Mammuthus, and Cuvieronious.

The exposures near Tonuco Mountain (San Diego Mountain) have yielded fossils of the distinctive Tonuco Mountain Local Fauna, of early Blancan age. These include turtles, tortoises, birds, and mammals, including tapirs.

History of investigation
The formation was first named by W.S. Strain in 1966 for exposures near Camp Rice Arroyo in the Rio Grande valley of west Texas. J.W. Hawley and coinvestigators recommended assigning the formation to the Santa Fe Group in 1969.

Because the exposures of the formation in the Jornada del Muerto basin are relatively undisturbed by human activities, they have been used to test models of floodplain development in a tectonically active basin.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

Notes

References

Neogene formations of New Mexico
Geologic formations of Texas


title: Bluff Creek Formation

text:
The Bluff Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Fort Hancock Formation

text:
The Fort Hancock Formation is a geologic formation in Texas, USA. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Good Creek Formation

text:
The Good Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Gunsight Limestone Member

text:
The Gunsight Limestone Member is a geologic member in Texas. It preserves fossils.

Named in 1919 as the top member of Gunsight formation in Texas, by Frederick B. Plummer. Raymond C. Moore and Plummer assigned the Gunsight limestone to the Graham Formation.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Wayland Formation

text:
The Wayland Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Love Formation

text:
The Love Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Rita Blanca Formation

text:
The Rita Blanca Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Seymour Formation

text:
The Seymour Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Shuler Formation

text:
The Shuler Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Rawls Formation

text:
The Rawls Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Harpersville Formation

text:
The Harpersville Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Thrifty Formation

text:
The Thrifty Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Peter O'Brien (Medal of Honor)

text:
Peter O'Brien (1842 – September 30, 1898) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. O'Brien received his country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor. O'Brien's medal was won for capturing a Confederate flag, and an officer with his horse and equipment, at the Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia, on March 2, 1865. He was honored with the award on March 26, 1865.

O'Brien was born in Dublin, Ireland. He joined the US Army from New York City in August 1861, and mustered out with his regiment in June 1865. He was later buried in Rosehill Cemetery, Chicago, Illinois.

Medal of Honor citation

See also
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L

References

1842 births
1898 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials in Illinois
Irish emigrants to the United States
Irish-born Medal of Honor recipients
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Military personnel from Dublin (city)


title: Newport Downtown Historic District (New Hampshire)

text:
The Newport Downtown Historic District encompasses the 19th century heart of Newport, New Hampshire, the county seat of Sullivan County.  The district includes the major commercial and civic (current and former) buildings which line Main Street between Depot Street and the Sugar River.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Although Newport was settled in 1765, its current center began to take shape with the construction of the Croydon Turnpike, along what is now Main Street.  The area was soon lined with services for travelers.  The oldest commercial building in the district, the Eagle Block at 64 Main Street, was built in 1825-26; it is a three-story Federal-style brick building.  The town gained in importance when Sullivan County was set off from Cheshire County in 1826, resulting in the construction of the records office, jail, and the first courthouse, all brick Federal-style buildings. on the east side of Main Street.  The courthouse (now used for other purposes) stands on a hill set well back from Main Street.

The west side of Main Street became the locus for commercial development, and now sports a series of buildings mostly built before 1930, anchored at one end by a modern state liquor store, and at the other end by a c. 1930 Worcester Lunch Car Company diner, which abuts the Eagle Block.  The dominant feature of the east side is now the Newport Opera House building, which was designed by Hira R. Beckwith to serve as the courthouse and town hall, and replaced an 1872 building destroyed by a major fire.  This building is now used mainly as a performing venue; the municipal offices are now located just outside the district on Sunapee Street.  Also notable on the east side is the Isaac Reed House, one of the last private residences built in the area, and a particularly fine example of Italianate and Second Empire styling.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New Hampshire

References

Federal architecture in New Hampshire
Victorian architecture in New Hampshire
Historic districts in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Hampshire
National Register of Historic Places in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
Newport, New Hampshire


title: Moore Hollow Group

text:
The Moore Hollow Group is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Cambrian Texas


title: Murphy Memorial Drinking Fountain

text:
The Murphy Memorial Drinking Fountain is located in Delphi, Indiana on the southwest corner of the Carroll County Courthouse at Main and Market Streets and owned by the City of Delphi.  The fountain was created in 1918 by Indianapolis-based Blakley Granite, Marble and Tile Company in collaboration with the artist Myra Reynolds Richards.  Blakley created the architectural elements and Richards created the figural sculpture of the young girl located in the center.  Originally there were two drinking fountains contained within the granite chalices on either side while the sculpture had a minor feature that may have bubbled water out of the chalice that the child holds with her right hand.

Description

The Murphy Memorial Drinking Fountain is a structure made of Barre Granite, the same stone utilized in the Sailors and Soldiers Monument, which was created in 1888 and stands on the southeast corner of the courthouse square in Delphi, Indiana. The precise date that the fountain was finished is not known, but it appears installed and operational in a photo taken by Andrew W. Wolever on Labor Day in 1919.

The sculpture by Reynolds depicts a young girl wearing a short one piece dress. She holds her left hand out before her with a chalice, which currently contains a drinking fountain. Her right hand is stretched behind her.

A bronze tablet is mounted above the sculpture that reads "The Mr. and Mrs. M. M. Murphy Drinking Fountain".  The sculpture was donated by Clara G. Murphy, on behalf of her deceased husband, and herself.  The couple owned Murphy's Drugstore from 1875 to 1910, which was located across the street from the fountain at 112 West Main Street.

Model for sculpture
Lewis Shaffer McGiffin stated in 1963 that she was the model that the sculptor used to create the little girl. Instead of posing for the sculptor in person, a photograph of McGriffin was used.  Because the girl is shoeless, wears a short dress, with unadorned hair, McGriffin stated that she was "terribly afraid my schoolmates may discover my identity and wonder why I was in the town square" dressed in such a way.  She only admitted later in life to having been the model.

Historical information
The location for the fountain is based on a long-standing community water source on the southwest corner of the courthouse square.

1960s restoration
In 1963 the sculpture suffered damage and was no longer dispensing water.  The left arm of the sculpture was damaged when the plumbing became clogged, however it was not the clog that broke the arm. Repairmen accidentally broke the arm while investigating the leak.  With support from the city council and a community fundraising effort, the fountain was repaired.

1990s restoration
By the 1990s the fountain and the sculpture had been altered.  A set of concrete steps were added at the front and an oversized bubbler was added on top of the chalice that the child holds.  While this bubbler returned the drinking function to the fountain, it significantly altered the appearance.

2010s restoration
In 2012 the City of Delphi was named one of Indiana's Stellar Communities, which comes with a grants that allow for rehabilitation of certain parts of the community.  Plans are underway to restore the fountain to its original appearance.

Condition
It was surveyed as part of the Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey in 1993, and was noted as needing conservation treatment.

Gallery of images

See also
 Drinking fountains in the United States

References

External links

Outdoor sculptures in Indiana
Buildings and structures in Carroll County, Indiana
1918 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in Indiana
Statues in Indiana
1918 establishments in Indiana
Granite sculptures in Indiana
Delphi, Indiana


title: Bend Group

text:
The Bend Group is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Carboniferous Texas


title: Canyon Group

text:
The Canyon Group is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period. It contains the Caddo Creek, Graford, Palo Pinto, Wolf Mountain Shale and Winchell Formations.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Further reading
 F. B. Plummer and G. Scott. 1937. Upper Paleozoic ammonites in Texas. The University of Texas Bulletin 3701:1-516
 J. K. Rigby, M. G. McKinzie, and B. B. Britt. 2008. Pennsylvanian sponges from the Graford Formation, Wise County, Texas. Journal of Paleontology 82(3):492-510

Geologic groups of Texas
Geologic formations of Texas
Carboniferous Texas


title: Cisco Group

text:
The Cisco Group is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Carboniferous Texas


title: Lone Camp Group

text:
The Lone Camp Group is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Carboniferous Texas


title: Millsap Lake Group

text:
The Millsap Lake Group is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Carboniferous Texas


title: Strawn Group

text:
The Strawn Group is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Carboniferous Texas


title: Healthcare in Texas

text:
This article summarizes healthcare in Texas.  In 2022, the United Healthcare Foundation ranked Texas as the 38th healthiest state in the United States. Obesity, excessive drinking, maternal mortality, infant mortality, vaccinations, mental health, and limited access to healthcare are among the major public health issues facing Texas.

Issues

Obesity
Obesity has quickly become a major health issue in Texas. In 2017, 33.6% of Texas adults were obese as compared to 29.9% of U.S. adults. In 2000 21.7% of adults were obese and in 1990 only 10.7% of adults were obese. In 2016, 33% of 10-17 year olds in Texas were obese. When separated out by gender, 34.6% of Texas females and 32.8% of Texas males were obese. When separated out by race, 31% of White adults, 41.7% of Black adults, and 37.8% of Hispanic adults were obese in Texas in 2016. Research shows that an increase in household income is correlated with a decrease in obesity rates. In 2014, Comptroller Susan Combs found that there are educational achievement patterns as well - 39% of the Texas population with less than a high school education was obese while only 23% of college graduates were obese. Living in a rural area in Texas is also correlated with higher obesity rates.

Consequences of obesity
Obesity causes several chronic diseases including heart disease and diabetes. The three leading causes of death in Texas - heart disease, stroke, and cancer - are all linked to obesity. Additionally, obesity can cause type 2 diabetes, arteriosclerosis, and hypertension. In 2010, Texas saw 1,261,654 cases of heart disease and is predicted to see 5,688,482 cases in 2030. In 2010, Texas saw 1,962,059 cases of diabetes and is predicted to see 2,851,697 cases in 2030. In 2010, Texas saw 4,300,252 cases of hypertension and is predicted to see 5,689,509 cases in 2030. In 2010, Texas saw 328,379 cases of obesity-related cancer and is predicted to see 810,806 cases in 2030.

Obesity also has substantial impacts on the economy in Texas. Obesity costs Texas businesses $9.5 billion annually. 41% of this is due to obesity-related healthcare costs, 17% is due to absenteeism, and 37% is due to presenteeism.

Obesity treatment
Effective treatment for obesity is known to be expensive and difficult. For childhood obesity, programs tend to focus on creating lifestyle changes including a healthier diet and more exercise. Studies show that obesity treatment for children should aim more at changing the behavior of the family as a whole, especially the parents. Comprehensive weight loss programs for children in Texas have had limited success in reducing weight. For example, only 20% of children finish the Weigh of Life Program and many of them are likely to gain the weight back later on. For adults, surgery is an effective long-term treatment but it comes with several risks and complications.

Obesity prevention
Environmental factors play a large role in obesity rates. Studies have shown that people who live in the same socioeconomic contexts in Texas, regardless of race, tend to have similar rates of obesity. Generally speaking, encouraging healthy habits, raising awareness, and educating people about portion sizes and nutritious requirements can help prevent obesity. Childhood prevention is key - a child who was overweight at 12 years of age has a 75% chance of being overweight as an adult.

Obesity policy

In 2003, the Texas School Nutrition Policy Launch set nutrition standards with the intentions of discouraging obesity. This policy lowered the availability of foods of minimal nutritional value in schools, limited portion sizes, limited trans fats, and limited fried foods. Texas has also required early childhood education programs to encourage breastfeeding, provide drinking water access, and provide daily physical activity. The state also has a fund specifically for financing healthy food. In 2013, the Obesity Prevention Program was created after merging the Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Prevention (NPAOP) and Worksite Wellness Programs. This program supports healthy eating, physical activity, and policies that promote healthier lifestyles. In 2021, during the 87th Texas Legislative Session, four House bills and two Senate bills were created in an attempt to improve obesity treatment, prevention, or both. None of these bills were passed during the 87th Texas Legislative Session leaving obesity policy and healthcare in Texas relatively unchanged from the previous session.

Alcohol use
The most commonly abused substance in Texas is alcohol. The rate of binge drinking in males in Texas is comparable to that of males in the United States. In 2017, 22.4% of adult males in Texas reported binge drinking, as compared to 22.1% of males in the United States. Less than 12% of females adults in Texas reported binge drinking. Alcohol abuse and alcoholism can lead to a variety of health issues including liver damage, heart problems, cancer, and depression. Further, 61% of high school students in Texas have tried alcohol and 17% of Texas high school students had their first drink before the age of 13. Based on 2016-2017 surveys, it was estimated that in Texas on average each year over a million individuals 12 years old or older had an alcohol use disorder in the last year.

Alcohol policy
The Texas Ignition Interlock Law went into effect during September 2015. This law requires judges to order ignition interlocks for all drunk-drivers with a Blood Alcohol Level of 0.15% or greater. Since the passing of this law, the drunk driving related death rate in Texas has decreased by 8.5%.

Maternal health

Texas has the highest maternal mortality rate in the developed world, and the rate by which Texas women died from pregnancy related complications doubled from 2010 to 2014, to 23.8 per 100,000. A rate unmatched in any other U.S. state or economically developed country.

Infant health
Texas has the seventh highest birth rate in the United States, with nearly 400,000 babies born each year. Over half of all Texas births are paid by Medicaid, totaling over $2.2 billion per year in birth and delivery-related services for mothers and infants. Studies have found that infant mortality is usually caused by birth defects, pre-term birth, low birth weight, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, and pregnancy complications. The average amount spent in the first year of life for a preterm birth with major complications (excluding extreme prematurity) is $19,059, and $4,019 for a preterm birth without major complications compared to $410 for an uncomplicated, term birth.

Rates of infant mortality
For decades the infant mortality rate in Texas was higher than the nationwide rate but that gap has slowly closed. In 2017, the infant mortality rate in Texas was identical to the nationwide rate: 5.9 deaths per 1,000 live births. This rate is not identical across the state of Texas and studies have found significant disparities between zip codes. For example, the 76164 zip code has an infant mortality rate of 12.3 deaths per 1,000 live births while the neighboring 76107 zip code has a rate of 1.8 deaths per 1,000 live births. Additionally, Black families in Texas are disproportionately burdened by these rates. In 2015, the infant mortality rate for Black babies in Texas was 10.9 deaths per 1,000 births. These disparities can be explained by factors such as socioeconomic status, air pollution, and access to health care.

Preterm birth
A birth is considered preterm when it takes place more than 3 weeks before the estimated due date. Preterm birth rates in Texas are consistently higher than the nationwide rate. In 2016, 10.4% of live births in Texas were preterm. The rate for Black mothers specifically was elevated - 13.6%. Numerous factors have been associated with premature birth, including lack of prenatal care,  race, obesity, smoking, and even air pollution.

Low birth weight

A low birth weight is less than 2500 grams. The rate of low birth weight in Texas has always been higher than the nationwide rate. In 2016, 8.4% of live births in Texas had a low birth weight. The rate for Black mothers specifically was 13.5%. Babies of mothers who do not get prenatal care are 3 times more likely to have a low birth weight and 5 times more likely to die than those born to mothers who do get care. As for long-term complications, low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for cerebral palsy, blindness, deafness, and developmental delay.

Prenatal care
Prenatal care is the best way to prevent preterm births and low birth weight babies.  Unfortunately, in 2016 only 65% of pregnant women in Texas had access to prenatal care in their first trimester. Women being unaware of their pregnancies, economic hardship due to inability to work during pregnancy, lack of knowledge or access to health services, and difficulty finding transportation are contributing factors to this alarmingly low rate. Texas has also seen significant disparities in who receives prenatal care - 75% of White women and only 55% of Black women received prenatal care during their first trimester. Although women covered by Medicaid are supposed to automatically transition into the Healthy Texas Women program for postpartum coverage, this transition does not always take place.

Abortion services

In 2017 the Guttmacher Institute reported that 96% of Texas counties had no clinics that provided abortions.  Private insurance policies and the Affordable Care Act only cover abortion in cases of life endangerment or severely compromised physical health.  Most women must receive counseling including information that is designed to discourage them from having an abortion, they must then wait 24 hours meaning they must make two trips to the facility which may entail missing two days of work, paying for the trip to the facility and the cost of an over night stay at the site of the abortion clinic. The working poor may not be able to cover the costs of abortion; the Guttmacher Institute called these requirements "unnecessary and burdensome."  In May 2021, Texas passed an abortion bill that will ban abortion from as early as six weeks, before many women realize that they are pregnant.  The ban includes women or girls who become pregnant by incest or rape.  The bill came into effect in September 2021.  On August 25, 2022, a full ban on abortion without exception for rape or incest went into effect in Texas. Healthcare providers who violate the law face life in prison and a $100,000 fine. This ban was an attack on abortion healthcare and made it impossible to receive an abortion in Texas unless it is to save the pregnant person's life or to prevent serious risk to the pregnant person's physical health. This ban has resulted in new socioeconomic barriers to healthcare for pregnant people seeking an abortion in Texas as not all pregnant people can afford to travel out of state for this vital healthcare. This further exacerbates the socioeconomic disparities already present in healthcare in Texas.

Vaccinations

In 2017, 67.8% of children aged 35 months in Texas completed the recommended vaccination schedule. The highest individual vaccine rate was for the polio virus: 93.1% of children age 35 months in Texas received this vaccine. The lowest individual vaccine rate was for hepatitis A: 62.6% of children age 35 months in Texas received this vaccine. Some children are under-vaccinated due to issues with accessing preventative care, vaccine delivery, or parental choice. The state has started to implement ImmTrac, a free vaccination record system. As of early 2023 vaccination rates are as follows: 77% of Texans have received one dose of the vaccine making them partially vaccinated, 64% of Texans have received two doses making them fully vaccinated, and roughly 24 have received three or more doses making them fully vaccinated and boosted.

Vaccination policy
In 2013, Texas passed legislation that requires employees of child-care facilities to have certain vaccinations, unless the employee objects for reasons of conscience. Texas has allowed for parents to exempt their children from vaccines by citing medical reasons since 1972. Further, Texas has allowed for parents to exempt their children from vaccines on the basis of religious belief since 2003. In October 2021 Governor Greg Abbott issued Executive Order GA-40 banning any entity in Texas from requiring a covid-19 vaccine or compelling the receipt of a covid-19 vaccine. The Governor dealt a heavy blow to healthcare in Texas with this mandate. The maximum fine for violating this executive order is $1,000 with no jail time.

Mental Health
Texas ranks 4th in mental health issue prevalence but 51st in access to healthcare. It could be that prevalence of mental health issues is low because diagnosis is hard when you live in the 51st-ranked state for access to mental health care, D.C. included. Texas spends $40.65 per capita on mental health placing it 48th in the U.S. and far from the top spot which belongs to Maine at $345.36.

Mental Health Policy
In 2016 the Select Committee on Mental Health during the 85th Texas Legislature identified problems with, “Access to services, early intervention, assessment and treatment for both children and adults, adequate bed capacity,... and workforce challenges”. Since 2016 little has been done to significantly improve these challenges, however, a recommendation made by the committee in 2016 was enacted into law in 2021 requiring a Mental health crisis hotline phone number be printed on the back of every student id issued by a public school, grades seven through college. This was a minor step forward to address mental health concerns in Texas, that endures, despite multiple setbacks to mental health policy in Texas. This can be seen In June 2021 when Senate Bill 1109 was vetoed by Texas Governor Greg Abbott. This bill would have required middle and high school students to receive instruction regarding the prevention of child abuse, family violence, and dating violence all of which contribute to poor mental health for their victims.

Limited Access to Healthcare
Texas ranks 49th in mental health providers per 100,000 citizens and 47th in primary care providers per 100,000 citizens. Texas also has the highest percentage of uninsured population coming in last place. There are negative effects and increased risk when uninsured and uninsured adults are less likely to receive preventive services for chronic conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Similarly, children without health insurance who lack access to healthcare are less likely to receive critical preventative services, immunizations, and treatment for conditions such as asthma.On top of individual problems with healthcare in Texas there is a shortage of healthcare providers as a whole in the state. Of the 254 counties in Texas, 230 counties are experiencing a whole-county shortage of primary care physicians, 20 counties are experiencing a partial area-specific shortage of PCPs, and only 4 counties are experiencing no shortage of Primary Care Physicians. Healthcare can be difficult to access in Texas for a multitude of different reasons that are less common or do not exist in other states.

Medical research
Texas has many research medical centers. The state has nine medical schools, three dental schools, and two optometry schools. Texas has two Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories: one at The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston, and the other at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio—the first privately owned BSL-4 lab in the United States.

The Texas Medical Center in Houston, holds the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions, with 47 member institutions. Texas Medical Center performs the most heart transplants in the world. The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston is a highly regarded academic institution that centers around cancer patient care, research, education and prevention.

San Antonio's South Texas Medical Center facilities rank sixth in clinical medicine research impact in the United States. The University of Texas Health Science Center is another highly ranked research and educational institution in San Antonio.

Both the American Heart Association and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center call Dallas home. The Southwestern Medical Center ranks "among the top academic medical centers in the world". The institution's medical school employs the most medical school Nobel laureates in the world.

Legislative responses
The Trust for America's Health ranked Texas 15th highest in adult obesity, with 27.2 percent of the state's population measured as obese. The 2008 Men's Health obesity survey ranked four Texas cities among the top 25 fattest cities in America; Houston ranked 6th, Dallas 7th, El Paso 8th, and Arlington 14th. Texas had only one city, Austin, ranked 21st, in the top 25 among the "fittest cities" in America. The same survey has evaluated the state's obesity initiatives favorably with a "B+". The state is ranked forty-second in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise.

Notwithstanding the concentration of elite medical centers in the state, The Commonwealth Fund ranks the Texas healthcare system the third worst in the nation. Texas ranks close to last in access to healthcare, quality of care, avoidable hospital spending, and equity among various groups. Causes of the state's poor rankings include politics, a high poverty rate, and the highest rate of illegal immigration in the nation. In May 2006, Texas initiated the program "code red" in response to the report the state had 25.1 percent of the population without health insurance, the largest proportion in the nation. Research shows that adolescents who see alcohol use in advertisements, television shows, and movies are more likely to start drinking alcohol at a younger age. Drinking at a young age is correlated with long-term alcohol abuse.

Texas Department of State Health Services

The Texas Department of State Health Services manages state government projects in Texas.

The health insurance marketplace for Texas is HealthCare.gov, which is also the federal marketplace usable by anyone.

Hospitals in Texas

Texas has hospitals serving every part of the state.

Healthcare by region

Dallas, Texas

Dallas, Texas offers healthcare services.

Galveston, Texas

Galveston, Texas offers healthcare services.

Houston, Texas

Houston, Texas offers healthcare services.

Lubbock, Texas

Lubbock, Texas offers healthcare services.

San Antonio, Texas

San Antonio, Texas offers healthcare services.

References

External links
Texas Department of State Health Services
100 things to know about healthcare in Texas
AHRQ case studies


title: Eagle Ford Group

text:
The Eagle Ford Group (also called the Eagle Ford Shale) is a sedimentary rock formation deposited during the Cenomanian and Turonian ages of the Late Cretaceous over much of the modern-day state of Texas. The Eagle Ford is predominantly composed of organic matter-rich fossiliferous marine shales and marls with interbedded thin limestones. It derives its name from outcrops on the banks of the West Fork of the Trinity River near the old community of Eagle Ford, which is now a neighborhood within the city of Dallas. The Eagle Ford outcrop belt trends from the Oklahoma-Texas border southward to San Antonio, westward to the Rio Grande, Big Bend National Park, and the Quitman Mountains of West Texas. It also occurs in the subsurface of East Texas and South Texas, where it is the source rock for oil found in the Woodbine, Austin Chalk, and the Buda Limestone, and is produced unconventionally in South Texas and the "Eaglebine" play of East Texas. The Eagle Ford was one of the most actively drilled targets for unconventional oil and gas in the United States in 2010, but its output had dropped sharply by 2015. By the summer of 2016, Eagle Ford spending had dropped by two-thirds from $30 billion in 2014 to $10 billion, according to an analysis from the research firm Wood Mackenzie. This strike has been the hardest hit of any oil fields in the world. The spending was, however, expected to increase to $11.6 billion in 2017. A full recovery is not expected any time soon.

Fossils are relatively common in Eagle Ford rocks. Vertebrate fossils that have been found in the Eagle Ford include plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, teleost fish, and teeth from sharks and other fish. Invertebrate fossils found in the Eagle Ford include crustaceans, sea urchins, swimming crinoids, ammonites, oysters, inoceramid clams, and other gastropod shells.

Depositional environment

The Eagle Ford was deposited in an inland sea (or epeiric sea) that covered much of modern-day Texas. The Texas shelf during the Cenomanian-Turonian was bounded by the Ouachita Uplift to the north, the Sabine Uplift to the East, relict reef margins of the Stuart City Formation and the Sligo Formation to the southeast, and the Western Interior Seaway to the west. The East Texas and South Texas regions were divided by an extension of the Llano Uplift known as the San Marcos Arch. Primary basins active during Eagle Ford deposition were the East Texas and Brazos Basins in East Texas and the Maverick Basin in South Texas.

The bottom waters of the Eagle Ford sea were anoxic during most of Eagle Ford deposition, which is related to the global Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2), or Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, although the Texas shelf became anoxic nearly two million years prior to OAE2. The low-oxygen conditions were conducive for preservation of the organic matter that ultimately generated the hydrocarbons associated with the Eagle Ford in the subsurface. Evidence for anoxia include the high amounts of organic matter, lack of evidence for benthic organisms (fossils or trace fossils), and enrichment in the redox proxies molybdenum and vanadium.

After the significant drop in sea level (marine regression) associated with deposition of the Woodbine during the Early Cenomanian, the sea level began to rise (marine transgression), allowing for the deposition of Lower Eagle Ford organic-rich marls in South Texas and limestones of the Terrell Member of the Boquillas Formation in West Texas starting at about 96 million years ago. The rise in sea level eventually drowned the East Texas Woodbine river deltas, initiating Eagle Ford deposition in East Texas. The initial deposits, known as the Six Flags Limestone in Dallas and the Bluebonnet Limestone in Waco, are calcarenites predominantly composed of disaggregated prisms of "Inoceramus" clams and planktonic foraminifera tests.

Following deposition of the calcarenites, a river delta began to prograde from the Ouachita Uplift to the northern East Texas Basin. Although the sandstones and siltstones from this delta, known as the Templeton Member, were originally placed within the Woodbine Formation, the ammonites found within them indicate that they are better associated with the Eagle Ford. In areas unaffected by the Templeton Delta, depositional rates were low, producing a condensed section composed of organic-rich, calcareous marls, limestones, and volcanic ash beds in both South Texas and West Texas. The microfossils found within the marls are predominantly coccoliths and planktonic foraminifera, whereas the limestones contain abundant radiolaria and calcispheres (calcareous cysts produced by some dinoflagellates). Inoceramus fragments and fish bones are also found in these deposits.

During the Late Cenomanian the Sabine Uplift along the modern-day Texas/Louisiana border became active, causing erosion of Eagle Ford and Woodbine sediments and deposition within the Harris Delta complex. Clay from this delta reached as far south as DeWitt County, Texas.

Towards the end of the Late Cenomanian, the bottom waters of the Texas shelf and the Western Interior Seaway became oxygenated, which may be related to the sea-level maximum associated with the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event. Evidence for this oxygenation event, known as the "Benthonic Zone," include an increase in the abundance of benthic organism fossils and bioturbation, a decrease in redox proxies uranium, molybdenum, and vanadium, and a reduction in organic matter. This oxygenation event marks the boundary between the Lower and Upper Eagle Ford in West Texas and the subsurface of South Texas. In general, Upper Eagle Ford rocks deposited during the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event (OAE2) contain much less organic matter than Lower Eagle Ford rocks, which is the reverse of organic matter trends seen in the global ocean. An unconformity occurs throughout East Texas at this level, possibly due to a lack of sediments reaching the basin during the sea-level maximum.

The sea-level began to drop after the Early Turonian sea-level maximum; this is most obvious at outcrops near Langtry, Texas, where water depths became shallower than 100 ft (30 m). This limestone-rich unit is known as the Langtry Member of the Boquillas Formation. It contains very little organic matter, and abundant sea urchin fossils. The Kamp Ranch Limestone is found above the unconformity in the Dallas area. It is similar to the older Six Flags and Bluebonnet Limestones, as it is predominantly composed of disaggregated prisms of Inoceramus clams and has ripple marks indicative of shallow-water deposition.  As the sea level continued to fall during the Late Turonian, deltaic sediments originating from the Ouachita Uplift prograded into the northern East Texas region. These sandstones are known as the Sub-Clarksville Delta in the subsurface and the Bells Sandstone in outcrop. In the South Texas subsurface, the age equivalent unit to the Langtry Member is more calcareous than the underlying Upper Eagle Ford rocks, making them difficult to distinguish from the limestones of the overlying Austin Chalk, although an unconformity is found between the Eagle Ford and the Austin Chalk in both South Texas and East Texas.

Eagle Ford unconformity

In the Cretaceous after the Woodbine and Eagle Ford formations were deposited, the Sabine Uplift started to become elevated again due to its reactivation ~88 mya. A decrease in the effective elastic plate thicknesses caused the basin to subside as the uplift became increasingly elevated. As a result, an estimated 150 m of uplift over the Sabine region caused the eastern parts of the Woodbine and Eagle Ford formations to have a subaerial exposure, which eventually resulted in their easterly erosion. Deposition of the Austin Chalk after this erosional occurrence caused a sealing of the East Texas petroleum reservoir and the creation of a middle Cretaceous unconformity. Currently, the Sabine Uplift is in the subsurface, and the middle Cretaceous unconformity is not seen because it is buried below a massive wedge of clastic sediments from the Late Cretaceous to the present.

Oil and natural gas production

Petrohawk drilled the first well to unconventionally produce gas from the Eagle Ford in 2008, in LaSalle County, Texas. Oil companies quickly extended the productive area, which stretches from the Texas-Mexico border in Webb and Maverick counties and extend 400 miles toward East Texas. The play is 50 miles wide and an average of 250 feet thick at a depth between 4000 and 12,000 feet. The shale contains a high amount of carbonate, which makes it brittle, and it is thus easier to use hydraulic fracturing to produce the oil or gas.

The oil reserves in the Eagle Ford Shale Play were estimated in 2011 at 3 billion barrels. The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimated that the Eagle Ford held 50.2 trillion cubic feet of unproved, technically recoverable gas. The average well was estimated to produce 2.36 billion cubic feet of gas.

In the first six months of 2013, the Eagle Ford produced 2.69 billion cubic feet of gas and 599,000 barrels of oil and condensate per day; the oil production represented an increase of 51% over the average for 2012. By the end of 2013, production had skyrocketed to over 1,000,000 BOE/day. As of 2013, Eagle Ford production extended into 24 counties in Texas. Analysts expect that $30 billion will be spent on further developing Eagle Ford in 2015. The large increase in tight oil production is one of the reasons behind the price drop in late 2014.

The oil and gas operations are visible on nighttime satellite photos of the United States, appearing as a diffuse bright patch about two hundred miles long, between the more concentrated lights of San Antonio, Corpus Christi, and neighboring cities.

Proven reserves (US)
 US EIA, 2010: 2.5 trillion cubic feet of gas
 US EIA, 2011: 1.25 billion barrels of oil, 8.4 trillion cubic feet of gas
 US EIA, 2012: 3.37 billion barrels of oil
 US EIA, 2019: 4.30 billion barrels of oil
 US EIA, 2020: 3.25 billion barrels of oil

Mexico
The Eagle Ford Formation extends into northern Mexico's Burgos Basin, where it is known as the Boquillas Formation and has an average thickness of . Total organic content (TOC) is estimated to average 5%. Technically recoverable hydrocarbons are estimated to be 343 trillion cubic feet of shale gas and 6.3 billion barrels of tight oil. The national oil company Pemex first began exploring in 2010. Pemex had an exploration program in progress until 2015.

In April 2013, Pemex started producing the nation's first shale gas well, just south of the U.S. border. The well was completed in the equivalent of the Eagle Ford Formation. Gas drilling in the Burgos Basin, close to the U.S. border, has been hampered by drug gangs. One Mexican industry expert said that Mexico was unlikely to develop the Eagle Ford because of lack of pipeline infrastructure and lack of expertise and because the Mexican company Pemex was investing in oil deposits that yield a higher rate of return.

Hard times strike
With the worldwide decline in crude oil prices in 2015, a sharp downturn swept through Eagle Ford play. In January 2015, there were 840 active drilling rigs in Texas as a whole; by the end of the year, 321. Within the Eagle Ford play, the decline during these twelve months was from 200 to 76 rigs. The oil price decline rendered it uneconomical to drill sub-optimal wells. Particularly hard hit in the decline were the oil-field workers in South Texas.

Ownership

, Chesapeake Energy lease held 600,000 acres in the field, selling an unspecified interest to CNOOC Limited for US$2 billion.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

External links
 The University of Texas at Dallas - Geosciences Department
 Energy Industry Photos
 Eagle Ford Shale News - Oil & Gas Journal

 Eagle Ford Info

 Shale formations of the United States
 Upper Cretaceous Series of North America
 Cretaceous geology of Texas
 Geologic groups of Texas
 Cenomanian Stage
 Turonian Stage
 Oil fields in Texas
 Oil-bearing shales in the United States


title: Edwards Group

text:
The Edwards Group is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

A stratigraphic column at the Mount Bonnell Fault location starts with the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group overlain by the Edwards Group.  Upper Cretaceous formations follow, starting with the Del Rio Clay, Buda Limestone, and then the Eagle Ford Group.  Formations within the Edwards Group include the Kainer Formation and the Person Formation.  The Kainer Formation includes the Dolomitic, Kirschberg, and Grainstone Members.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas
 Edwards Aquifer

References

Cretaceous geology of Texas


title: Fredericksburg Group

text:
The Fredericksburg Group is a geologic group in Texas, United States. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic groups of Texas
Cretaceous System of North America


title: Washita Group

text:
The Washita Group is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic groups of Texas
Cretaceous System of North America


title: Ceratosolen

text:
Ceratosolen is an Old World wasp genus in the family Agaonidae (fig wasps). They are pollinators of the monoecious fig subsections Sycomorus and Sycocarpus, and the section Neomorphe, all belonging to the subgenus Sycomorus. The genus is native to the Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indomalayan and Australasian realms.

Biology
Adults enter through the fig ostiole, a narrow, bract-lined passage, then pollinate and attempt to oviposit on the flowers. Flower ovules that receive an egg become galled and the larvae consume the gall tissue. Pollinated flowers missed by the wasps produce one seed each. The adult offspring emerge from the gall and mate in the fig, before the winged female wasps disperse, carrying the flower pollen with them.

Associations
Several non-pollinating wasp species of the Chalcidoidea exploit the mutualism. Sycophaga sycomori oviposits inside the short-style flowers, thereby stimulating the growth of endosperm tissue and the enlargement and ripening of the syconium which holds the wasp-bearing drupelets, without pollination taking place. The parasitic species Apocrypta guineensis and Sycoscapter niger use long ovipositors to pierce the fig wall to infect the larvae during their development inside the flower galls, and consequently reduce pollinator production.

Species
There are more than 60 described species, including:
 Ceratosolen abnormis Wiebes, 1963
 Ceratosolen acutatus Mayr, 1906
 Ceratosolen adenospermae Wiebes, 1965
 Ceratosolen albulus Wiebes, 1963
 Ceratosolen appendiculatus (Mayr, 1885)
 Ceratosolen arabicus Mayr, 1906
 Ceratosolen armipes Wiebes, 1963
 Ceratosolen bakeri Grandi, 1927
 Ceratosolen bianchii Wiebes, 1963
 Ceratosolen bimerus Wiebes, 1965

 Ceratosolen solmsi (Mayr, 1885)
 Ceratosolen solomensis Wiebes, 1994
 Ceratosolen sordidus Wiebes, 1963
 Ceratosolen stupefactus Wiebes, 1989
 Ceratosolen vechti Wiebes, 1963
 Ceratosolen vetustus Wiebes, 1994
 Ceratosolen vissali Wiebes, 1981
 Ceratosolen wui Chen & Chou, 1997

References

External links

Agaonidae
Hymenoptera genera


title: Delaho Formation

text:
The Delaho Formation is a geologic formation dating from the Pliocene and Miocene in Texas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Tule Formation

text:
The Tule Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas


title: Gunsmoke (season 14)

text:
Gunsmoke is an American Western television series developed by Charles Marquis Warren and based on the radio program of the same name. The series ran for 20 seasons, making it the longest-running Western in television history.

The first episode of season 14 aired in the United States on September 23, 1968, and the final episode aired on March 24, 1969.  All episodes were broadcast in the U.S. by CBS.

Season 14 of Gunsmoke was the third season of color episodes.  Previous seasons were filmed in black-and-white.

Synopsis
Gunsmoke is set in and around Dodge City, Kansas, in the post-Civil War era and centers on United States Marshal Matt Dillon (James Arness) as he enforces law and order in the city. In its original format, the series also focuses on Dillon's friendship with deputy Festus Haggen (Ken Curtis); Doctor Galen "Doc" Adams (Milburn Stone), the town's physician; Kitty Russell (Amanda Blake), saloon girl and later owner of the Long Branch Saloon; and deputy Newly O'Brien (Buck Taylor).

Cast and characters

Main

 James Arness as Matt Dillon
 Ken Curtis as Festus
 Milburn Stone as Doc
 Amanda Blake as Kitty
 Buck Taylor as Newly

Production

Season 14 consisted of 26 one-hour color episodes produced by John Mantley and associate producer Joseph Dackow.

Casting
Episode 19, "The Mark of Cain", cast Robert Totten as a guest character.  Totten directed several episodes as well as writing at least one.

Writing
Occasionally, titles were re-used.  This season had two titles that were used in previous seasons.  The first was episode 20, "Reprisal", which was also a title in season 7, episode 23.  The second was episode 25, "The Prisoner", which was also a title in season 7, episode 33.

Episodes

Release

Broadcast
Season fourteen aired Mondays at 7:30-8:30 pm (EST) on CBS.

Home media
The fourteenth season was released on DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment in a two volume set on February 5, 2019.

Reception
After a move to a new timeslot the previous season, Gunsmoke season 14 was able to stay in the top 10, securing #6 in the Nielsen ratings.

Footnotes

References

External links
 {{IMDb episodes|0047736|Gunsmoke season 14}}
 Gunsmoke season 14 at TV Guide''

Gunsmoke seasons


title: Helen Kwalwasser

text:
Helen Kwalwasser, born October 11, 1927, died May 22, 2017, was a professor of violin at the Boyer College of Music and Dance at Temple University. Helen Kwalwasser was a world-renowned violin soloist and violin teacher. In addition to spending nearly 50 years as a faculty member at the Boyer College, she had performed as a soloist and chamber musician with the New York Chamber Soloists and her music has been recorded for Odyssey Records, Vanguard, Westminster Records, Delos Records and Columbia Records.
Her own accomplishments have been recognized at Temple with the Creative Achievement Award (1984) and the Lindback Award for Distinguished Teaching (1998), as well as the Inspiration Award from Temple Music Prep (2006).

In 2006, she was honored with a prestigious National Artist-Teacher Award from the American String Teachers Association.

From the beginning, Kwalwasser's career was influenced by her teachers, the first of whom were her parents, who handed her a violin at age 4. Natural talent earned Kwalwasser a full scholarship to the Curtis Institute of Music, where she studied with the legendary Efram Zimbalist, Sr. She later went on to study at Juilliard School with renowned pedagogue Ivan Galamian.

She was married to Harvey Wedeen, chairman of the Boyer keyboard department, who died in 2015.

References

External links

1927 births
2017 deaths
Temple University faculty
Juilliard School alumni
Women classical violinists
American classical violinists
20th-century classical violinists
21st-century classical violinists
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
20th-century American women musicians
21st-century American women musicians
American women academics
20th-century American violinists
American women violinists
21st-century American violinists


Visa requirements for Bhutanese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Bhutan. As of 2 July 2019, Bhutanese citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 52 countries and territories, ranking the Bhutanese passport 92nd in terms of travel freedom (tied with passports from Chad and Comoros) according to the Henley Passport Index.

Visa requirements map

Visa requirements

Non-visa restrictions

See also

Visa policy of Bhutan
Bhutanese passport
Foreign relations of Bhutan

References and Notes
References

Notes

Bhutan
Foreign relations of Bhutan


title: Malone Formation

text:
The Malone Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Jurassic period.

Description
One of the few geological formations in Texas dating to the Jurassic period, the Malone Formation uncomformably overlies the Permian Briggs Formation, and laterally changes thickness dramatically from 45 meters on the east side to 325 meters in the northwest part of the Malone Mountains. It has been split into two subdivisions: a lower member containing Idoceras suggesting a Kimmeridgian age, and an upper member containing Kossmatia indicating a Tithonian age. Geochronological analysis of detrital zircon suggests an age of 151±2 Ma for the formation, supporting its dating to the late Jurassic.

Depositional environment
The Malone Formation represents a fan-delta system in a shallow marine to marginal marine environment, deposited along the northern edge of the Chihuahua trough (a sedimentary basin mostly located in northeast Mexico). Many fossils found in the formation represent marine invertebrates.

Fossil content

Vertebrates
Remains of vertebrates in this formation are rare and mostly poorly-preserved. Two cycloid fish scales, a pycnodont tooth and bone fragments of 'enaliosaurs' (a classification now obsolete) have been reported from the Malone Formation, but are not well-described.

Invertebrates

Annelids

Bivalves

Bryozoans

Cephalopods

Corals

Echinoderms

Gastropods

Plants
Fossil remains of plants, including driftwood, are abundant in the Malone Formation, but not well preserved.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic formations of Texas
Jurassic System of North America


title: Jacob Fosie

text:
Jacob Fosie (1679 – 1 December 1763) was a Danish artist, watercolor painter, etcher, engraver, organist and author.

Early life
Fosie was born in Copenhagen, of English descent. He was a student of Hendrick Krock. He painted landscapes in watercolor, mostly in the style of Dutch masters. Fosie held a salon for artists in his home. Among the frequent guests were the artists Johan Martin Preisler, Gustav de Lode and Michael Keyl, the painters Johan Hörner and Carl Gustaf Pilo, the sculptor Simon Carl Stanley, the poet Christian Frederik Wadskiær and several other writers.

Family
He married Anna Dorothea Ilsøe and they had three children. Daughter Johanna Marie Fosie whom he taught together with her siblings Michael Fosie and Elisabeth Fosie was the most talented of the siblings, and she signed and published illustrations in her father's drawing book in 1741.

Artistic interests
Fosie was a wealthy man; he busied himself with mechanics and linguistics, and was for several years organist at the Church of Holmen and as such undoubtedly an accomplished musician, although he once admitted that he was not practicing music outside of Sundays. Fosie was a member of the oldest Danish academy (1701) and the Academy of Fine Arts in Florence, but had also hardly ever been outside Denmark. Nevertheless, he was at home in all the major languages and culture in Latin, possessed a large and good library, and was highly regarded for his multifaceted skills and knowledge. He also published a number of drawing books including Drawing ABCs, Learning Cloths (1741–43), a collection of his students' works (1747) and a collection of landscapes (1746).

References
 Johanna Marie Fosie Bio (Danish)

1679 births
1763 deaths
18th-century Danish painters
18th-century male artists
Danish male painters
Danish classical organists
Male classical organists
Danish people of British descent


title: Chief of the General Staff (Austria)

text:
The Chief of the Austrian General Staff () is the highest-ranking military officer in the Austrian Armed Forces and is responsible for maintaining control over the service branches.

List of chiefs of the general staff

Army Inspectors (1922–1937)

General Inspectors of Troops (1956–2002)

Chiefs of the General Staff (2002–present)

See also
Austro-Hungarian General Staff
Supreme Commander of the Imperial and Royal Armed Forces

Notes

References

Military of Austria
Austrian military personnel
Austria


title: Albany Group

text:
The Albany Group is a geologic group in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Permian System of North America
Geologic groups of Texas


title: Blake Caparello

text:
Blake Caparello (born 30 August 1985) is an Australian Light Heavyweight Professional Boxer. Challenged formidable Sergey Kovalev for his first World Title in 2014.

Professional career
Caparello made his professional debut at the age of 22 on August 16, 2009, with a unanimous decision against Aaron Ross at Shed 14 Central Pier Peninsula in Melbourne, Victoria

On 27 November 2009, in Caparello's 3rd professional fight he won the Vacant Victoria State Light Heavyweight Title against Dennis Okcal. He went on to retain the Title against Joel Casey on 9 April 2010.

On 5 August 2011, Caparello defeated Joseph Kwadjo by UD and won the Interim OPBF Light Heavyweight Title.

On 18 November 2011, Caparello defeated Michael Van Nimwegen by TKO to win the Vacant Australian Light Heavyweight Title.

On 18 April 2013, Caparello defeated Jorge Rodriguez Olivera by UD and won the PABA Light Heavyweight Title. He went on to retain the title against Daniel MacKinnon on 25 July 2013.

On 17 October 2013, Caparello defeated Allan Green by twelfth round UD to win the vacant International Boxing Organization Light Heavyweight title. Green failed to make weight for the bout, so the title was at stake for Caparello only and would have become vacant had Green won. The win against Green caught the eyes of U.S Promoter DiBella Entertainment and signed Caparello to a 3 fight deal.

Caparello would go on to make an impressive U.S debut on 31 January 2014, against Elvir Muriqi at Richard J. Codey Arena, West Orange, New Jersey. Where he would become victorious by Unanimous Decision after a 10 round bout.

Caparello challenged for his first world title on 2 August 2014, against WBO Light Heavyweight champion Sergey Kovalev. Caparello, undefeated before the bout, shocked Kovalev in the first round, knocking him down with a straight left hand but lost by second-round technical knockout.

On 13 December 2014, Caparello would bounce back from his loss against Kovalev, with a UD win against Maximiliano Jorge Gomez and won the WBO Asia Pacific Light Heavyweight Title.

On 5 June 2015, Caparello made his long awaited Super Middleweight debut and defeated Affif Belghecham by UD and won PABA and WBO Oriental Super Middleweight Titles.

On 14 July 2017, Caparello defeated Jordan Tai by TKO and won WBA Oceania Light Heavyweight title. He retained the title with a TKO win against Fabiano Pena on 13 October 2017.

On 16 March 2018, Caparello was a defeated by Isaac Chilemba for the WBC Light Heavyweight Title.

On 22 February 2019, Caparello defeated Reagan Dessaix by UD and won WBA Oceania Light Heavyweight Title.

Professional boxing record

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|30 Wins (13 knockouts, 17 decisions),  3 Losses, 1 Draw
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Rd., Time
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
|- align=center
|Win
|29–3–1
|align=left| Reagan Dessaix
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|28–3–1
|align=left| Lance Bryant
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|27–3–1
|align=left| Trent Broadhurst
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|26–3–1
|align=left| Isaac Chilemba
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|26–2–1
|align=left| Fabiano Pena
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|25–2–1
|align=left| Jordan Tai
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|24–2–1
|align=left| Ricky Torrez
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|23–2–1
|align=left| Rogerio Damasco
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|22–2–1
|align=left| Andre Dirrell
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|22–1–1
|align=left| Luke Sharp
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|21–1–1
|align=left| Affif Belghecham
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|20–1–1
|align=left| Maximiliano Jorge Gomez
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss
|19–1–1
|align=left| Sergey Kovalev
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|19–0–1
|align=left| Elvir Muriqi
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|18–0–1
|align=left| Allan Green
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|17–0–1
|align=left| Daniel MacKinnon
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|16–0–1
|align=left| Jorge Rodriguez Olivera
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|15–0–1
|align=left| Ayitey Powers
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|14–0–1
|align=left| Aaron Pryor Jr
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|13–0–1
|align=left| Dante Craig
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|12–0–1
|align=left| Robert Berridge
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|11–0–1
|align=left| Kevin Engel
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|10–0–1
|align=left| Michael Van Nimwegen
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|9–0–1
|align=left| Joseph Kwadjo
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|8–0–1
|align=left| Togasilimai Letoa
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|7–0–1
|align=left| Komgrit Nanakorn
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|6–0–1
|align=left| Michael Bolling
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background: #B0C4DE"|Draw
|5–0–1
|align=left| Shane McConville
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|5–0
|align=left| Kane McKay
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|4–0
|align=left| Joel Casey
|
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|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|3–0
|align=left| Dennis Okcal
|
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|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|2–0
|align=left| Joshua Tai
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win
|1–0
|align=left| Aaron Ross
|
|
|
|align=left|
|align=left|

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Boxers from Melbourne
Light-heavyweight boxers
International Boxing Organization champions
Australian male boxers
People from Essendon, Victoria
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)


title: Clear Fork Group

text:
The Clear Fork Group is a geologic group in the Texas Red Beds. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic groups of Texas
Permian System of North America


title: Detroit City Is the Place to Be

text:
Detroit City Is the Place to Be: The Afterlife of an American Metropolis is a 2012 book by Mark Binelli, published by Picador (UK) and by Metropolitan Books (US). The book was later published in the United Kingdom by Bodley Head under the title The Last Days of Detroit: Motor Cars, Motown and the Collapse of an Industrial Giant.

Binelli, a contributing editor of Rolling Stone and a novelist, originates from a suburb of Detroit. Nicholas Hune-Brown of Canadian Business described the book as "a sympathetic portrait of a city managing its own decline and groping its way toward a new 21st-century identity".

Using a series of essays, the book discusses the history of the city and the movements to restore the city from its decline. The history is in the beginning and the later part discusses the revival attempts. Binelli expresses skepticism of several proposals on reviving the city, but he believes there are some indicators that a recovery will come. Kirkus Reviews wrote that "many readers" would be favorable to the format of the article appearing like "a series of magazine articles" since the readers may "absorb the book in bite-sized chunks that can make reading about Detroit's urban blight more palatable" even though some persons may criticize the book for having this style.

Reception
Publishers Weekly wrote that the book is "a wildly compelling biography of a city as well as a profound commentary on postindustrial America." Publishers Weekly ranked the book as one of the "Best Books of 2012".

Kirkus Reviews concluded that the book is "An informative, often-heartbreaking portrait of a once-great American metropolis gone to hell."

Jay Freeman of Booklist concluded "This is an engaging and hopeful glimpse of a city struggling to reinvent itself."

In a review for The Telegraph, Melanie McGrath described the book as "a story told with vitality, wit and affection." McGrath stated "Some of the detail of local politics may lose a British reader".

See also

 Detroit: An American Autopsy
 Sacco and Vanzetti Must Die! (novel by Binelli)

References

Further reading
 Bernstein, Amy. "Cities as ideas." (Archive).  Harvard Business Review, April, 2013, Vol.91(4), p. 138(2) [Peer Reviewed Journal]
 Hoffert, Barbara. "Prepub alert." (Book review) Library Journal, June 1, 2012, Vol.137(10), p. 74(5)

External links
 Detroit City Is the Place to Be. Macmillan Publishers.

2012 non-fiction books
Books about Detroit
Metropolitan Books books
Picador (imprint) books


title: Pease River Group

text:
The Pease River Group is a geologic group in Texas Red Beds. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic groups of Texas
Permian System of North America


title: Wichita Group

text:
The Wichita Group is a geologic group in the Permian Red Beds. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Geologic groups of Texas
Permian System of North America


title: Katun Corporation

text:
Katun ( ) is a supplier of OEM-compatible imaging consumables and supplies for office equipment.

History

Katun was founded in 1979 by T. Michael Clarke and David G. Jorgensen. Katun is a privately held company that serves approximately 14,000 dealer, distributor, and reseller customers in 138 different countries around the world. Katun's headquarters is located in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Establishment and Accomplishments

1979-1990

Katun started out with 15 employees and offered a limited number of parts. By 1980, Katun employed over 50 people and began to develop parts for liquid toner copiers and Savin imaging equipment.

In 1983, Katun acquired Bedford International, a distributor of copier parts and supplies in Europe.

In 1985, Katun established its first international facility in France.

By 1987, Katun had customers in over 100 countries. The company developed a universal toner that is still used in Canon copiers, and it also introduced its first OPC (Organic Photo Conductor) drum. Additionally, Katun opened new facilities in Germany and the Netherlands.

1991-2002

In 1991, Katun introduced its first amorphous silicon (a-Si) drum and remanufactured drum unit/cartridge.

Katun became a fuser roller manufacturer.

In 1994, Katun opened a newly constructed North American Distribution Center in Davenport, Iowa and became the first aftermarket company to sell “patch technology” that allowed Katun to offer a fully compatible OPC drum that enabled normal functionality in Sharp machines. Katun also acquired the parent companies of Tepro and Franchini, Katun's largest aftermarket OEM-compatible competitor.

The first TUF/SIL upper fuser roller was presented and patented in 1996. New distribution centers in the Netherlands and Aguascalientes, Mexico were opened.

From 1996-1999, according to the joint federal-state case against founder T. Michael Clarke, $3.4 million in company funds was taken from the company for his personal use and not reported to the IRS, avoiding $1.4 million in federal taxes. In 2003, Clarke pleaded guilty to four counts of filing false tax returns for the years 1996-1999. Clarke also pleaded guilty in Hennepin County District Court to evading more than $50,000 in state sales taxes for the purchases of jewelry, guns and cars. He was sentenced to two years in prison.

In 1997, Katun opened a distribution center in Singapore and facilities in Brazil, Argentina, Australia, and Uruguay the following year. Katun was the first aftermarket company to sell a positive charge OPC drum. In 1999, Katun launched the Katun Online Catalog.

In 2002, Katun became associated with Parts Now, the world's largest distributor of printer parts, when the investment group PNA Holdings LLC bought both companies.

2002-2013
Katun was the first aftermarket company to introduce a PXP chemical toner in 2005, and won the 2005 Minnesota Governor's International Trade Award. Katun also opened a new office in China.

In 2007, Katun Performance color toner was introduced, including products for use in Ricoh, Canon, Konica Minolta, and Toshiba color multifunctional devices. RTS Imaging of Sydney became Katun's first Premier Distributor for copier imaging parts and supplies in both Australia and New Zealand.

In 2008, Katun was acquired by Monomoy Capital Partners.

Genuine Supply Source in Canada became Katun's second Premier Distributor for copier imaging supplies and parts in 2010. Katun also established a contract with IKON Office Solutions. Katun also acquired Media Sciences, Inc., a supplier of compatible color printer toner and solid ink products.

In 2013, Katun introduced trickle feed technology and positive charge color toners. As of 2013, Katun toners had produced over 25 billion color pages and one trillion pages overall.

Products

Katun produces 5,000 products for printers, copiers, multifunctional devices, fax machines, digital duplicators, and other machines that are used in the process of making a copy or print.

Copiers/MFP Products

Imaging Supplies

Katun provides both color and monochrome imaging supplies for copiers and MFPs. The company sells approximately 1,900 color and monochrome toner products worldwide, with over 600 for copiers/MFPs.

Photoreceptors

OPC (Organic Photo Conductor) drums, a specialty of Katun since 1980, are used to capture a digital source image and transfer it to a blank page. OPC drums are offered for use in equipment sold by the major OEMs, including Canon, Konica Minolta, Panasonic, and Sharp. Katun offers more than 400 drums and drum unit/cartridges, selling approximately 1.2 million per year worldwide.

Copier/MFP Parts

Katun sells products for the maintenance of office equipment. These parts include waste toner containers, cleaning blades, fuser cleaning supplies, fuser, and pressure rollers and more.

Printer Products

Katun offers laser printer cartridges and printer components.

Consumables/Toner Cartridges

Katun offers more than 1200 consumable toner products for printers, including toner cartridges and bulk toner. Katun's acquisition of the Media Sciences, Inc. product line added over 550 color compatible, laser-based printer products to Katun's product offering, enabling Katun to provide products for most of the non-HP, color printer segment.

Remanufacturing Components

Katun's bulk toner, drums, drum cleaning blades, and other components are designed to work together, enabling their customers in the remanufacturing industry to produce laser toner cartridges.

Service Parts

Katun offers fuser units and maintenance kits to service printers when needed.

Remanufactured Printers

Remanufactured printers are provided by Katun in North America as an alternative to buying a new, expensive printer.

Digital Duplicators
Black inks and masters are used in Riso, Ricoh, and other OEM machines.

Managed Print Services
Managed Print Services (MPS) is a service offering from a dealer to a business that provides hardware, services, and all consumables for a contracted cost-per-page. MPS assists business organizations, allowing for the management of imaging devices and better control of document outputs. Katun provides software (Europe) and support programs (North America) to help dealers leverage their MPS opportunities and grow their businesses.

Accessories

Vacuums
Katun also offers other service vacuums, several filter types, nozzles, brushes and carrying cases.

Cleaning Supplies and Lubricants
Katun produces its own brand of wipes and cleaners, in addition to such as Kimberly-Clark and Tech Spray. Katun also provides selected greases and lubricants.

Tools
Katun produces tool kits, including a selection of screwdrivers from Snap-on. Customers can personalize tool kits by choosing from a variety of pliers, knives, wrenches, and other tools.

Additional Accessories
Accessories such as surge protectors, test patterns, and specially designed carts.

Environmental Record
Katun operates a unit cartridge core return program that allows dealers in North America and Western Europe to return used drum unit cartridges to Katun. Katun uses recycling and disposal practices to help minimize environmental impact.

References

University spin-offs
Manufacturing companies based in Minneapolis


title: B. Ramamurthy

text:
B. Ramamurthy is an Indian director primarily concentrating on Kannada and Tamil feature films. He wrote and directed numerous blockbuster films. He is known for giving chances to youngsters who have made names in Kannada Film Industry and beyond. He is known to have an exceptional eye for talent, a trait acknowledged by his well established disciples. He is considered one of the most revered directors of Kannada film industry sandalwood.

Selected filmography

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Indian film directors
Kannada male actors
Living people
Kannada film directors


The 2014–15 Saint Joseph's Hawks women's basketball team will represent the Saint Joseph's University during the 2014–15 college basketball season. Cindy Griffin assumes the responsibility as head coach for her fourteenth season. The Hawks were members of the Atlantic 10 Conference and play their home games at the Hagan Arena. They finished the season 13–17, 8–8 in A-10 play to finish in a tie for sixth place. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the A-10 women's tournament where they lost to Dayton.

2014–15 media
All non-televised Hawks home games will air on the A-10 Digital Network. All Hawks games will be streamed via the Saint Joseph's Sports Network on sjuhawks.com.

2014–15 Roster

Schedule

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#FFFFFF; color:#990000;"| Regular Season

|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#990000; color:#FFFFFF;"| Atlantic 10 Tournament

Rankings
2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball rankings

See also
 2014–15 Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball team
 Saint Joseph's Hawks women's basketball

References

Saint Joseph's Hawks women's basketball seasons
Saint Joseph's
Saint Joseph's Hawks women's basketball
Saint Joseph's Hawks women's basketball


title: La mosca d'oro

text:
La mosca d'oro  (The Fly Gold) is a 1921 Italian silent film directed by Riccardo Cassano and starring Eugenio Bandini, Myosa De Coudray and Fernanda Fassy.

External links

Italian silent feature films
1921 films
Italian black-and-white films


title: Indian Institute of Information Technology Kalyani

text:
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani (IIIT Kalyani) is an Indian Institute of Information Technology located at Kalyani, West Bengal and is one of the 31 IIIT'S set up by government of India. The institute was set up by the Government of India Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of West Bengal and industry partners (Coal India and Rolta) using the not-for-profit Public Private Partnership (N-PPP) model, at a ratio of 50:35:15 respectively between three parties. Admission to IIIT Kalyani is done on the basis of the marks obtained in JEE Main. IIIT Kalyani has been attributed the status of Institute of National Importance (INI) by the cabinet in March 2017 under the IIIT Act.

History

The classes started from the first week of July 2014 under the mentorship of IIEST Shibpur, from the temporary campus located at the campus of JIS College of Engineering. On 19 August 2014, the official inauguration of the institute was done by the former mentor director Ajoy Kumar Ray, the director of IIEST Shibpur. The mentorship was passed on to IIT Kharagpur in 2017 and the institute has since been operating from a transit campus at Webel IT Park.

Campus
On Jun 30, 2015 Hon'ble Chief Minister, Mamata Banerjee  laid the foundation stone of  the Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) campus in Kalyani.The campus will be built on 50 acres on Kalyani Expressway on the outskirts of Kalyani town.

Organisation and administration

Governance
The institute is run by the Board of Governors of IIIT Kalyani whose members include the representatives of Government of India (MHRD), Government of West Bengal, industry partners and eminent people from academia, industry and civil society.Prof. Santanu Chattopadhyay has taken charge as the Director of the Institute on December 16, 2020.

Academic Units
 Computer science and engineering
 Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Humanities
 Mathematics
 Physics

Academics
The academic structure of IIIT Kalyani exhibits the diversity, comprehensiveness and depth befitting an institution of its age and stature. The programs/courses offered at the Institute have the flexibility to evolve and change in response to new requirements and serve the dual purpose of building a solid foundation of knowledge while enhancing confidence, creativity and innovation among the students. A unique attribute of IIIT Kalyani's academic structure is the autonomy enjoyed by the faculty in designing and structuring their curriculum and courses. While there are no individual departments, the basic academic units deliver the respective courses. Some courses are offered jointly by multiple academic units and are classified as interdisciplinary courses. A favorable student-teacher ratio ensures productive, personal contact between the student and the teacher. The credit-based academic programs of the Institute offer flexibility to students to progress at their own pace.
Presently, IIIT Kalyani is offering B.Tech (CSE) program with 118 seats, B.Tech. (ECE) program with 60 seats, Ph.D. (full-time and part-time), an online M.Tech. program on Artificial Intelligence and Data Science.

References

External links

Kalyani
Universities and colleges in Nadia district
Kalyani, West Bengal
Educational institutions established in 2014
2014 establishments in West Bengal