title: Air pollution in Turkey

text:
Air pollution in Turkey is the most lethal of the nation's environmental issues, with almost everyone across the country exposed to more than World Health Organization guidelines. Over 30,000 people die each year from air pollution-related illnesses; over 8% of the country's deaths. Air pollution is particularly damaging to children's health. Researchers estimate that reducing air pollution to World Health Organization limits would save seven times the number of lives that were lost in traffic accidents in 2017.

Road transport in Turkish cities  and coal in Turkey are major polluters, but the main factor affecting air pollution levels is vehicle density. The number of vehicles traversing Turkey's roads has increased from 4 million in 1990 to 25 million in 2020. Additionally, ambient air quality and national emissions ceilings do not meet EU standards, and unlike other European countries, many air pollution indicators are not available in Turkey. There is no limit on very small airborne particles (PM2.5), which cause lung diseases and,  they have not been completely inventoried and are not officially reported.

Cars and lorries emit diesel exhaust, particulates, nitrogen oxides (NOx)  and other fumes in cities, but the first of several Turkish national electric cars is planned to start production in 2022. Low-quality lignite coal, burnt in cities and the oldest of the country's coal-fired power stations, is also a big part of the problem.

In early 2020 air pollution in major cities fell significantly due to COVID-19 restrictions, but it started to rise again by the middle of the year. Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey and the Chamber of Environmental Engineers are among organisations campaigning for cleaner air.

Sources of air pollution

Traffic

In 2019 Istanbul had a dangerously high level of NO2 (over three times WHO guidelines). Although Istanbul's urban smog had cleared by early 2020 air pollution in the city increased again once COVID-19 restrictions had been eased. Increasing Turkey's proportion of electric cars in use to 10% by 2030 would also reduce greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey. There are high purchase taxes on new cars and in 2019 about 45% of cars were over 10 years old and energy-inefficient. Continued electrification of the rail network and more high-speed line is one countermeasure being taken. In 2020 strict enforcement of diesel truck emissions was suggested by Sabancı University as a way to get old, polluting vehicles off the road: also in that year tractors have a legal exemption to burn 1000 ppm sulfur diesel.

Heating and cooking
, Turkish coal is still burnt for home heating in low-income districts of Ankara and some other cities, which is bad because Turkish coal is very low-quality.

Coal-fired power stations

Emissions from coal-fired power stations cause severe impacts on public health.  A report from the Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL) estimates that in 2019, there were almost 5,000 premature deaths caused by pollution from coal-fired power stations in Turkey, and over 1.4 million work-days lost to illness.  The Director for Strategy and Campaigns said:  The HEAL report estimates that the health costs of illness caused by coal-fired power stations make up between 13 and 27 percent of Turkey's total annual health expenditure (including both public and private sectors).

Greenpeace Mediterranean say that the coal-fired power plants in Afşin-Elbistan are the power plants with the highest health risk in a European country, followed by Soma power station.

Flue gas emission limits

Since January 2020 flue gas emission limits in mg/Nm3 (milligrams per cubic metre) have been:

These limits allow more pollution than the EU Industrial Emissions Directive. In China (which has a similar income per person), the limits for particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and NOx emissions are 10, 35, and 50 mg/m3, respectively.

Passive smoking

More than a quarter of adults smoke in Turkey, and secondhand smoking, also known as passive smoking, is a danger in itself and increases the risk of respiratory infection.

Industry and construction
Air pollution from cement production is one of the environmental impacts of concrete. Although asbestos was completely banned in 2010, it can still be a risk when older buildings are demolished, in dumps, and in buildings in some rural areas where it occurs naturally.

Types and levels
Levels across the country are above World Health Organization guidelines. There is no limit on PM2.5 and limits for other pollutants (except SO2) are above WHO guidelines:

Although there is some monitoring of air pollution, many air pollution indicators are not available. The air quality index in Turkey does not include particles smaller than 2.5 microns (PM 2.5), but does include nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, tropospheric ozone and particles between 10 and 2.5 microns in diameter (PM10). According to the OECD Turkey plans to meet EU limits by 2024.

Particulates
Like in other countries, particulates, such as from tyre wear of vehicles in cities, are a danger to people's lungs. Regulations in Turkey do not contain restrictions on particles less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM 2.5), which cause lung diseases.  average PM2.5 concentration was 42μg/m3, whereas 10 μg/m3 is the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline, and is at dangerous levels in Batman, Hakkari, Siirt, Iğdır, Afyon, Gaziantep, Karaman, and Isparta.

Nitrogen oxides
Asthma is expensive to treat and can be caused by nitrogen oxides. NO2 in cities such as Ankara is visible from satellites. Existing diesel vehicles emit diesel exhaust NOx and other air pollutants in cities but the first model of Turkish national electric car is planned to start production in 2022.

Sulfur dioxide
Emissions are mostly from coal-fired power stations, and rose 14% in 2019 to over a megatonne of the world total of 29 megatonnes: Kemerköy power station and the Afşin-Elbistan power stations polluted the surrounding areas with 300 kilotonnes each in 2019.

Volatile organic compounds
 levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Istanbul were on average similar to those in London and Paris but more variable, with maxima usually exceeding 10 ppb.

Persistent organic pollutants
The emission levels of persistent organic pollutants are regulated, but totals for these emissions were not reported in 2019.

Greenhouse gases

 Turkey emits one percent of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. Because most of the air pollution is caused by burning fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey would also be reduced by, for example, low emission zones for city traffic, and replacing the distribution of free coal with a different support for poor families. In other words, helping to limit climate change would be a co-benefit of the main health benefits, and health improvement would be a co-benefit of climate change mitigation.

Monitoring and reporting
In 2018 air quality data was available on the website of the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization for 16% of districts and the ministry plans for it to be available for all districts by 2023, increasing the number of monitoring stations to 380. In 2023 the Right to Clean Air Platform said that half of the 360 monitoring stations were not working properly. The Chamber of Environmental Engineers publishes a report every year based on this data. The ministry also continuously monitors smokestack emissions from 305 power plants and industrial sites to ensure they do not surpass the limits, but this data is not published as Turkey has not ratified the Gothenburg Protocol on air pollution. There are hourly, daily and yearly average limits for various pollutants in the area around a coal-fired power station, defined as a radius 50 times the chimney height:

Some industrial companies reach Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) 305 emissions standard.

Medical dangers
About 8% of all deaths have been estimated to be due to air pollution. However estimates of annual excess mortality vary between 37,000 and 60,000. The Right to Clean Air Platform estimates at least 48,000 early deaths in 2021. Air pollution is a health risk mainly due to burning fossil fuels, such as coal and diesel. Researchers estimate that reducing air pollution to World Health Organization limits would save seven times the number of lives that were lost in traffic accidents in 2017. Although in many places the health effects of air pollution cannot be estimated, because there is not enough monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5 particulates, average excess loss of life (compared to how many would be lost if WHO air pollution guidelines were followed) is estimated to be 0.4 years per person but this will vary by location because, , air pollution is severe in some cities. In general it increases the risk from respiratory infections, such as COVID-19, especially in highly polluted cities such as Zonguldak, but this is disputed for some places and more research is needed.

Cities

Many cities in Turkey are more polluted than typical European cities. For example the capital of neighbouring Bulgaria is introducing a low emission zone and restricting coal and wood burning.

Istanbul
Pollution has lessened since the 1990s. But , measured with the air quality index, Istanbul's air affects the hearts and respiratory systems even of healthy individuals during busy traffic. NO2 is visible in measurements by Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3.

Bursa
, industry located within the city of Bursa is a particular problem, and it is said to have the worst air pollution in the country. Breathing the air there is equivalent to smoking 38 packs of cigarettes a year. NO2 is visible in satellite measurements.

Ereğli
A higher rate of multiple sclerosis may be related to local industry in Ereğli.

Relationship to climate change
Some of the sulphur compounds emitted from Turkey's coal-fired power station chimneys become stratospheric sulfur aerosols, which are the type of short-lived climate forcers which reflect sunlight back into space. However this cooling effect is temporary, as short-lived climate forcers are almost all gone from the atmosphere after 30 years. Significant amounts of coal were burnt over 30 years ago, so the effect of that on global warming is dominated by , even though there were no limits on sulphur compounds until 2004. Between 2004 and 2020, the limit on concentrations of sulphur compounds in flue gas was greatly reduced.

Politics
The Climate Change and Air Management Coordination Board is responsible for coordination between government departments. , however, according to the EU, better coordinated policies need to be established and implemented.

Economics
The impact of air pollution on the economy via damage to health may be billions of dollars, and an attempt to estimate this more precisely began in 2019. A study of 2015-16 hospital admissions in Erzincan estimated direct costs of air pollution as 2.5% of the total health-related expenditures for the  15–34 and over 65 age groups, but stated that the total cost is likely much higher: for example, the economic costs of the reductions in the intelligence of adults and children have not been estimated. According to medical group Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL), reducing PM 2.5 air pollution in the country would substantially increase GDP. According to the OECD, in 2019 bitumen's exemption from special consumption tax was a subsidy of 5.9 billion lira. Bitumen, also known as asphalt, is used for road surfaces and in hot weather releases secondary organic aerosols, which can damage people's health in cities.

International
, ambient air quality and national emissions ceilings are not up to EU standards.  Turkey has not ratified the Gothenburg Protocol, although it has ratified the original Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and those reports are public. Pollution affects neighbouring countries. The Armenian Nuclear Power Plant, 16 km over the border, is old and said to be insufficiently earthquake proof and vulnerable to military attack.

Proposed solutions
In the Constitution of Turkey, Article 56 reads, "Everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment. It is the duty of the State and citizens to improve the natural environment, to protect the environmental health and to prevent environmental pollution."

According to the Eleventh Development Plan (2019-2023), all districts will be monitored by 2023 and:

Air quality management practices will be enabled to prevent air pollution from production, heating and traffic, and air quality will be improved by controlling emissions.

Air quality action plans will be prepared at local level and legislation on pollution and emission control will be updated.

Air quality management capacity will be improved by strengthening regional clean air centres.

Research on air quality modelling and monitoring will be conducted and infrastructure will be developed.

Quitting coal is said to be essential, and the market share of diesel cars is falling. Strengthening environmental laws is said to benefit the economy of Turkey. The Ministry of the Environment has drafted a law limiting PM 2.5 but it has not yet been passed. According to the HEAL, over 500 premature deaths could be avoided per year by shutting down three power stations in Muğla.

Electric ferryboats have been proposed for the Bosphoros. A low-emission zone for road traffic has been suggested for Istanbul and it has been suggested that Turkey's vehicle tax system should be changed to better charge for pollution. More green space is suggested for cities. Seven regional clean air centers have been created and the deputy environment minister said in 2020 that low-emissions areas will be created and bike lanes increased.

History
Lead was first smelted around 5000 BC in Anatolia and in 535 AD Justinian I acknowledged the importance of clean air. In the 19th century air pollution was thought of in terms of miasma, the idea that foul smells could cause disease. Due to the high cost of oil after the 1970s oil crisis, cities burnt more lignite for residential heating. An Air Pollution Control Regulation was issued in the 1980s and air quality monitoring began in that decade. In early 2020 most air pollution in major cities fell significantly due to the COVID-19 restrictions, but tropospheric ozone (a leading cause of smog) increased as there were fewer particles to block the sunlight. Air pollution started to rise again by the middle of the year.

References

Sources

External links
 Official Air Quality Map
 Methane map
 Turkey fact sheets European Environment Agency
 Chamber of Environmental Engineers
 2019 World Clean Air Congress in Istanbul

Turkey
Pollution in Turkey
Environment of Turkey


title: Dichelopa lupicinia

text:
Dichelopa lupicinia is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Rapa Iti in the South Pacific Ocean.

References

Moths described in 1971
Dichelopa


title: Beattie Formation

text:
The Beattie Formation, or Beattie Limestone, is a geologic formation in east-central Kansas, northeast-central Oklahoma, and southeastern Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. It preserves fossils dating to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Kansas
 Paleontology in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

External links
 Stratigraphic Nomenclature

Permian Kansas
Geologic formations of Nebraska
Permian geology of Oklahoma
Cisuralian Series of North America


title: Winfield Formation

text:
The Winfield Formation is a geologic formation in Nebraska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Nebraska

References

Permian geology of Nebraska
Permian Kansas
Permian geology of Oklahoma


title: Dichelopa messalina

text:
Dichelopa messalina is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Rapa Iti in the South Pacific Ocean. It is characterized by splotchy-brown coloration and a wing profile that resembles foliage in the local region.

References

Moths described in 1971
Dichelopa


title: Dichelopa myopori

text:
Dichelopa myopori is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Rapa Iti in the South Pacific Ocean.

References

Moths described in 1971
Dichelopa


title: Dichelopa meligma

text:
Dichelopa meligma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the Marquesas Archipelago in French Polynesia.

References

Moths described in 1986
Dichelopa


title: Dichelopa ochroma

text:
Dichelopa ochroma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the Marquesas Archipelago in French Polynesia.

References

Moths described in 1986
Dichelopa


title: Dichelopa orthiostyla

text:
Dichelopa orthiostyla is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the Marquesas Archipelago in French Polynesia.

References

Moths described in 1934
Dichelopa


title: Lambert Woutersz

text:
Lambert Woutersz (1602–1655), was a Dutch Golden Age brewer of Haarlem.

Biography
He was born in Haarlem as the son of Lambert and Magdalena Pietersdr van der Straten, owners of the brewery "Druyff". He was the brother of Francois with whom he was portrayed along with the rest of the officers of the local St. George militia  in Frans Hals' painting The Officers of the St George Militia Company in 1639. He was the flag bearer of the orange brigade and his brother Francois Woutersz was  a lieutenant of the white brigade.

He died in Haarlem.

References

1602 births
1655 deaths
Businesspeople from Haarlem
Frans Hals
Dutch brewers


title: Dichelopa pachydmeta

text:
Dichelopa pachydmeta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the Marquesas Archipelago in French Polynesia.

References

Moths described in 1928
Dichelopa


title: Dichelopa tarsodes

text:
Dichelopa tarsodes is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales, specifically around Mt Gladstone, Cooma.

The wingspan is about 12 mm.

References

Moths described in 1910
Dichelopa


title: Admire Group

text:
The Admire Group is a geologic group in Nebraska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Nebraska

References

Carboniferous System of North America
Geologic groups of Nebraska


title: Council Grove Group

text:
The Council Grove Group is a geologic group in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska as well as subsurface Colorado. It preserves fossils dating to the Carboniferous-Permian boundary. This group forms the foundations and lower ranges of the Flint Hills of Kansas, underlying the Chase Group that forms the highest ridges of the Flint Hills.

The Group particularly consists of megaclycothems alternating between massive mudstone paleosols and massive shallow marine limestone. The sequences of these alternations correlate with the ~400,000 year component of Milankovitch cycles. A number of the limestones have minor flint-filled marine animal burrows, anticipating the massive flint beds of the Chase Group.

With the exposure of the group's lower formations in the 1993 flooding, the entirety of the Council Grove Group, from hillcrest Speiser Shale down to pond-level Americus limestone, is exposed for study from top to bottom in the Tuttle Creek Lake Spillway.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Kansas
 Paleontology in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Further reading

 This report encyclopedically covers the units exposed in the Tuttle Creek Lake Project area, predominantly the lower Permian.

Permian Colorado
Permian Kansas
Permian geology of Nebraska
Permian geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Lansing Group

text:
The Lansing Group is a geologic group in Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri and Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Nebraska

References

Carboniferous geology of Nebraska
Geologic groups of Nebraska
Carboniferous System of North America


title: Wabaunsee Group

text:
The Wabaunsee Group is a geologic group in Nebraska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Nebraska

References

Carboniferous geology of Nebraska
Geologic groups of Nebraska
Carboniferous System of North America


title: Gering Formation

text:
The Gering Formation is a geologic group in Nebraska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period. The formation is made of layers of very fine-grained, volcaniclastic sandstone and thin, horizontally stratified pale-to-gray brown sandstone, as well as sand crystals and ash beds.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nebraska
 Paleontology in Nebraska

References

Paleogene geology of Nebraska
Paleogene geology of Wyoming


title: Steven Cowley

text:
Sir Steven Charles Cowley  (born 1959) is a British theoretical physicist and international authority on nuclear fusion and astrophysical plasmas. He has served as director of the United States Department of Energy (DOE) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) since 1 July 2018. Previously he served as president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, since October 2016. and head of the EURATOM / CCFE Fusion Association and chief executive officer of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA).

Education
Cowley won a scholarship to Corpus Christi College, Oxford and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Physics in 1981. He went on to study at Princeton University as a Harkness Fellow and was awarded a PhD in 1985 for research into tokamaks supervised by Russell Kulsrud.

Career and research
Following his PhD, Cowley completed postdoctoral research at the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE). He returned to Princeton in 1987 and joined the faculty at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), in 1993, becoming full professor in 2000. At Imperial College, London, Cowley led the plasma physics group from 2001 to 2003, while also serving as a part-time professor. He was appointed as the head of the EURATOM / CCFE Fusion Association in September 2008 and as CEO of UKAEA in November 2009.

On 18 March 2015, he was elected the 31st President of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, his alma mater: he took up the post on 1 October 2016. He is the first scientist to hold the post.

On 1 July 2018, he was appointed director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL).

Cowley's research interests are in plasmas and nuclear fusion, in astrophysical plasmas and the laboratory, such as the Joint European Torus (JET) and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). His research has been funded by Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). Cowley co-chaired the National Academy of Sciences assessment of plasma science in the United States.

Awards and honours
Cowley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2014. His biography reads;

His certificate of election reads:

Cowley was also elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 1998, the Institute of Physics (FInstP) in 2004 and the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 2014. He was awarded and honorary fellowship of the Institute of Engineering and Technology in 2015.  In 2011, he was appointed to the UK Government's Council for Science and Technology.

In the 2018 Birthday Honours, Cowley was appointed a Knight Bachelor for services to science and to the development of nuclear fusion. In July 2019, Cowley was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Science (honoris causa) by the University of Lancaster for his standing as the international authority on fusion energy.

References

1959 births
Living people
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
British physicists
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Harkness Fellows
Presidents of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Academics of Imperial College London
Princeton University alumni
Knights Bachelor
Date of birth missing (living people)
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory people


title: Dichelopa sciota

text:
Dichelopa sciota is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from South Australia.

The wingspan is about 18 mm. The forewings are light fuscous, reticulated throughout with waved transverse dot-like lines of darker fuscous. The costa between the base and median band is dull bronze-fuscous. There is a moderately broad fuscous median band, reaching from the middle of the costa to the tornus. The hindwings are fuscous with darker spots.

References

Moths described in 1916
Dichelopa


title: Americus Limestone

text:
The Americus Limestone is a member of the Foraker Limestone Formation in eastern Kansas, where it is quarried as a distinctive ornamental stone. In outcrop, it is typically recognized as two relatively thin but persistent beds of hard limestone separated by shale that forms the lowest prominent bench of the many benches of the Flint Hills. The recognizable facie of the member in excavated or eroded exposures is two thin limestone beds separated a bed of shale and adjacent shales above and below having a particular gray or bluish color darker than higher limestones. A third, lower, highly variable algal limestone is often present and included as the base of the member. The unit is not particularly massive, the limestone pair totaling  in places, more in other locations but less to the North, and up to nearly to  at the type location of Americus, Kansas. The addition of the lower algal limestone as a base for the unit increases the thickness to over . Initially thought to be the lowest of the Permian rock of Kansas and as such classified as the lowest unit of the Council Grove Group, the unit is now dated within the uppermost Late Carboniferous.

Lithologic character
Limestone couplet: The common recognition of the Americus Limestone is a persistent, wide-ranging pair of durable limestone beds separated by shale. These two limestone beds may be referred to as upper and lower Americus Limestone beds. However, this terminology can lend to confusion with a third limestone bed that sometimes can be found below this pair, and, where found, is included within the Americus member.

"Lower Americus Limestone":  below the rather consistent limestone pair is a less consistent third limestone. The variability of this bed is employed to reconstruct the range of environments represented by the outcrop. The base of this limestone, where present, is consistently formed of Collenia stromatolites. The stromatolite base of this limestone can overlie orange lime-sand mudstone to grainstone recording the advancement a shoreline through the area creating the open shallow sea environment where the upper limestones would form. This bed is typically not illustrated on Group and Series scale charts.

Relatively, the paired limestones record broad environmental events across a wide shallow sea while the lowest limestone records a transgressive shoreline.

Bedding
 Bed #5 Limestone: Dark gray to blue-gray shalely-to-hard limestone, few inches to well over a foot thick. Abundant fusulinids and crinoid columnals.
 Bed #4 Shale/Limestone: Tan to gray shale varying from clayey to silty. This shale thins to the north, while south into Oklahoma, it becomes a limestone distinct from the limestone beds above and below.
 Bed #3 Limestone: Dark grey to blue-grey shalely-to-hard limestone, few inches to well over a foot thick. Abundant variety of macrofossils; brachiopods, pelecypods, gastropods, horn corals, etc.
 Bed #2 Shale: This shale spans the gap between the lowest limestone bed #1 and the upper pair of limestone beds and (#3 & #5). Earlier authors may have included it within the upper Hamlin Shale Member of the Janesville Shale. The depth of this bed varies from over  weastward, but thins and pinches out eastward as the lower limestone coleses with the other limestones. The depths of this bed are interpreted as indicating variations in bottom elevation of the shallow near-shore environments.
 Bed #1 Limestone: This bed's foundation of tidal stromatolites are interfilled with sorted limey microfossils and covered by skeletal limestone layers of gastropods, pelecypods, and some brachiopods. Eastward towards the presumed paleoshoreline, this bed approaches and coalesces with the base of the lower of the upper paired limestone beds; while westward this bed thins and presumably disappears.
 This limestone has been confused for the Houchen Creek limestone bed of the Hamlin Shale Member of the Janesville Shale. Both are limestones found below the upper paired limestones, and both have large masses of tidal Collenia stromatolite; however, the Houchen Creek's stromatolite mounds are more widely spaced and are directly blanketed by shale rather than the skeletal limestone that encases the Americus stromatolites.

Commercial use
The limestone beds are quarried for construction material. The tougher uppermost limestone bed in particular is sold commercially as Tuxedo Gray or "Flint Hills Gray", and is popular in eastern Kansas for its abundant visible fossils, gray tone that contrasts with the buff tone of Cottonwood Limestone, and the ability of the stone to take a polish that accentuates both the fossils and darker gray color.

Examples of construction use
 Kansas State Archives, flooring, stairs, and table
 Kansas State Capitol, lobby
 Kansas State University Student Union, courtyard lighting plinths, walls, and fountain
 Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, exterior lower courses

Fossils
As much of the Americus environment was shallow seawater with tidal currents, the formation is known for abundant, fragmented, and sorted remains of fusilinids, crinoids, brachiopods, and stromatolites.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Further reading

 While the upper two limestone are consistent and reflect more open marine conditions, this study reports that the lower limestone records several different transient near-shore tidal and subtidal environments.

 The fauna of the Hughes Creek Member is very similar to the underlying Americus Limestone Member.

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Andrea Musacchio

text:
Andrea Musacchio (born July 11, 1964)  is an Italian structural biologist. He is Max Planck director at the Institute of Molecular Physiology in Dortmund. He is also Honorary Professor at the Center for Medical Biotechnology at the University of Duisburg-Essen. He was named European Molecular Biology Organization member in 2009.

Education and career

Musacchio received a Laurea in Biology from the University of Rome Tor Vergata summa cum laude in 1990, and earned his Ph.D., summa cum laude, from the Heidelberg University in 1995 working at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. For his postdoctoral studies he joined Stephen C. Harrison laboratory at the Harvard Medical School in Boston. In 1999 he returned to Italy to found his laboratory at the European Institute of Oncology in Milan, where he started working on mechanisms of cell division. He was a European Molecular Biology Organization Young Investigator from 2000-2004.
Musacchio moved to Dortmund in 2011 to direct the Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology

Research

Musacchio approached structural biology during his Ph.D., contributing to the determination of the first crystallographic structures of the SH3 and PH domains. During his post-doctoral training, he was involved in the determination of the clathrin triskelion structure, one of the first studies combining X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy.
As an independent scientist, his interests focused on the understanding of the molecular basis of mitosis, with emphasis on the spindle assembly checkpoint. Since the early days, Musacchio's lab adopted a multi-disciplinary approach merging structural biology, biochemistry and cellular biology,  this way gaining comprehensive views on protein functions in living cells. He is best known for his work on Mad1/Mad2 complexes, which led to the formulation of the template model, and for his contributions to the understanding of the role of the kinase Aurora B, Mps1 and Haspin in mitosis. In 2008, the structure of the Ndc80 complex  set the foundation of a new line of his investigations on kinetochore assembly and attachment to microtubules

Personal life

Musacchio spent his childhood in Rome, where he grew to be a strong supporter of A.S. Roma. He has started embracing Borussia Dortmund.

He is married and father of two boys.

References

External links
The Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology
All structures deposited at the PDB repository by Andrea Musacchio
ResearchGate profile

Italian biologists
1964 births
Living people
Scientists from Rome
Heidelberg University alumni
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
Max Planck Institute directors
University of Rome Tor Vergata alumni


title: Francois Woutersz

text:
François Wouters (1600 – 1661), was a Dutch Golden Age brewer and mayor of Haarlem.

Biography

He was born and baptized (3 August 1600) in Haarlem as the son of Lambert Wouters and Magdalena Pieters van der Straten, owners of the brewery "Druyff". He was the brother of Lambert with whom he was portrayed along with the rest of the officers of the local St. George militia  in Frans Hals' painting The Officers of the St George Militia Company in 1639. He was a lieutenant of the white brigade and his brother Lambert Woutersz was the flag bearer of the orange brigade. From 1648 he was captain, and still later colonel, and in 1641 he was also painted by Hals as a regent of the St. Elisabeth Gasthuis, Haarlem.

He died 10 December 1661 in Haarlem.

References

1600 births
1661 deaths
Mayors of Haarlem
Frans Hals
Businesspeople from Haarlem
Dutch brewers


title: Cherokee Shale

text:
The Cherokee Shale is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Missouri
Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Riverton Coal Formation

text:
The Riverton Coal Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Coffeyville Formation

text:
The Coffeyville Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Elmdale Formation

text:
The Elmdale Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Hartford Limestone

text:
The Hartford Limestone is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Dichelopa sabulosa

text:
Dichelopa sabulosa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales and Queensland.

The wingspan is 10.5 mm for males and 12 mm for females.

References

Moths described in 1910
Dichelopa


title: Hepler Unit

text:
The Hepler Unit is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Geologic formations of Kansas
Carboniferous System of North America


title: Howard Formation

text:
The Howard Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Iatan Formation

text:
The Iatan Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Drum Formation

text:
The Drum Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Vilas Shale

text:
The Vilas Shale is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Altamount Formation

text:
The Altamount Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Fort Scott Formation

text:
The Fort Scott Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas and Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Memorial Formation

text:
The Memorial Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Wann Formation

text:
The Wann Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas and Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Weston Shale

text:
The Weston Shale is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Pillsbury Shale

text:
The Pillsbury Shale is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Seminole Formation

text:
The Seminole Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas and Oklahoma. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Topeka Formation

text:
The Topeka Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Stotler Limestone

text:
The Stotler Limestone is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Stranger Formation

text:
The Stranger Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Tacket Formation

text:
The Tacket Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Wabaunsee Formation

text:
The Wabaunsee Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Burlingame Formation

text:
The Burlingame Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous geology of Oklahoma
Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Emporia Formation

text:
The Emporia Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Falls City Formation

text:
The Falls City Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Root Shale

text:
The Root Shale is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Scranton Formation

text:
The Scranton Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Tarkio Limestone

text:
The Tarkio Limestone is a member of the Zeandale Limestone formation of Kansas. It preserves fossils from the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Wakarusa Formation

text:
The Wakarusa Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Winslow Formation

text:
The Winslow Formation was a geologic formation in Arkansas, now abandoned and replaced by the Atoka Formation, the Hartshorne Formation, and the lower McAlester Formation (previously Spadra Shale). It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Arkansas
 Paleontology in Arkansas

References

Carboniferous Arkansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Robert Campbell (Northern Ireland politician)

text:
Robert Victor Campbell was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland.

Campbell was an Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) alderman in North Down, and on 23 November 1972, he was made a freeman of the Borough of North Down – only the sixth person to receive the title.  At the 1973 Northern Ireland local elections, he was elected to the reconstituted North Down Borough Council, topping the poll in North Down C, and he was also elected at the 1973 Northern Ireland Assembly election in North Down.

Campbell subsequently resigned from the UUP and joined the Unionist Party of Northern Ireland.  He stood again in North Down for the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention, but was not elected, and did not contest his council seat in 1977.

References

Year of birth missing
Possibly living people
Members of North Down Borough Council
Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly 1973–1974
Ulster Unionist Party councillors
Unionist Party of Northern Ireland politicians
Politicians from County Down


title: Dichelopa paragnoma

text:
Dichelopa paragnoma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the Marquesas Archipelago in French Polynesia.

References

Moths described in 1986
Dichelopa


title: Western Indoor Soccer League

text:
The Western Indoor Soccer League (WISL) is an American semi-professional indoor soccer league. It was formed on June 20, 2014 by a group of arena/team owners in the Pacific Northwest. The WISL began its first season on November 15, 2014 with five teams.

Many of the founding clubs previously competed in the Premier Arena Soccer League.

Teams

Former member clubs
 Arlington Aviators
 Sporting Everett FC
 Vancouver Victory FC
 Wenatchee Fire

Champions

Management
Co-Founder: John Crouch

External links

References

Indoor soccer leagues in the United States
Sports leagues established in 2014
2014 establishments in Washington (state)
Professional sports leagues in the United States


title: Zeandale Limestone

text:
The Zeandale Limestone is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits


title: Dichelopa peropaca

text:
Dichelopa peropaca is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the Marquesas Archipelago in French Polynesia.

References

Moths described in 1928
Dichelopa


title: Dichelopa zona

text:
Dichelopa zona is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the Marquesas Archipelago in French Polynesia.

References

Moths described in 1986
Dichelopa


title: Pakistan Kabaddi Federation

text:
The Pakistan Kabaddi Federation PKF is the national governing body to develop and promote the sport of kabaddi in Pakistan. The federation manages the Pakistan national kabaddi team.

History
The federation was formed in 1964 in Islamabad. It is based in Islamabad. It organized the first Pakistan Standard Style Kabaddi League, the Super Kabaddi League.

Affiliations
The federation is affiliated with:
 International Kabaddi Federation
 Asian Kabaddi Federation
 Pakistan Sports Board
 Pakistan Olympic Association

See also
 Pakistan national kabaddi team
 Super Kabaddi League

External links
 Official Website
 Mostbet Pakistan

References

Sports governing bodies in Pakistan
Kabaddi in Pakistan
Sports organizations established in 1964
1964 establishments in Pakistan


title: Dichelopa phalaranthes

text:
Dichelopa phalaranthes is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the Marquesas Archipelago in French Polynesia.

Subspecies
Dichelopa phalaranthes phalaranthes (Marquesas Archipelago: Hiva Oa)
Dichelopa phalaranthes aporrhegma Clarke, 1986 (Marquesas Archipelago: Nuku Hiva)

References

Moths described in 1934
Dichelopa


title: The Pacific Pumas

text:
The Pacific Pumas are a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America’s Pacific coast that includes Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The term references the four larger Pacific Latin American emerging markets that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration.

The term was coined by political economist Samuel George  in 2012, and developed in a 2014 study authored by George and published by the Bertelsmann Foundation entitled The Pacific Pumas: An Emerging Model for Emerging Markets.

Overview
The Puma, an American cat found along Latin America's Pacific Coast, is “rapid, agile, intelligent, independent, and strong”: qualities attributed to the Chilean, Colombian, Mexican, and Peruvian economies in the 21st century.

The term was coined to emphasize that quietly and efficiently, Pacific Pumas have distinguished themselves from other large Latin American emerging markets in terms of economic growth and stability, commitment to democracy, and global integration. The name references the Four Asian Tigers of the 1990s whose successes the Pumas wish to emulate, and just like the Tigers, the Pumas adopted a model based on macroeconomic stability and global integration, with a particular focus on East Asia. The term also suggests that the model of economic development and democratic governance adopted by the Pumas could be a model for global emerging markets more broadly. In a Wall Street Journal feature, journalist Mary Anastasia O'Grady described the development model of the Pumas, in terms of a focus on openness, currency stability, fiscal restraint, and competition as "doing the heavy lifting" to ensure economic success.

Economic growth and stability
Puma growth averaged 4.9 per cent annually from 2005 to 2013 in the four countries, compared to 4.4 percent in the Asian Tigers. This growth has allowed the four countries to make inroads against poverty, without sacrificing their business-friendly disposition.
The Pacific Pumas have also distinguished themselves in terms of their macroeconomic stability. Inflation has been held within central bank bands across the four economies, with average annual inflation below 3 percent since 2009, and ranging from 1.73 per cent to 3.60 percent in 2013 across the four countries.

The Pacific Pumas have been early adopters of managed currency floats,  meaning that domestic currency conversion rates are allowed to fluctuate based on market impulses. Central banks help guide or stabilize movements via foreign exchange interventions, such as calls or puts on US dollars, or swaps that offer hedges without committing reserves.

The flexible rates have allowed the Pumas to absorb shocks to their real economies, perhaps best evidenced during the global financial crisis that began in 2008. By January 2009, Chilean, Colombian and Peruvian currencies had all fallen sharply against the dollar as investors rushed to perceived safety. Such pressure has previously proven disastrous in emerging markets where rigid currencies and brittle monetary systems ultimately cracked under stress, including during the 1997 Asian financial crisis. However, with the flexibility of the float, Puma central banks were not forced to exhaust reserves defending pegs, nor were they forced to gamble against speculators betting on devaluations. The Pumas absorbed the rapid depreciation and rebounded swiftly.

The governments have also demonstrated a commitment to debt reduction and fiscal restraint. For example, Chile has effectively eliminated its public debt while Peru transformed its structural deficits into structural surpluses.

Positive economic developments have seen returns in terms of investor interest. The Pumas attract four of every ten dollars invested in Latin America.

Improved democracy
The Pacific Pumas have also distinguished themselves in terms of improved democracy and governance, both from other countries in Latin America as well as other emerging markets around the globe.  Politically, the four countries have been observing the "rules of the game". All four countries have executed peaceful political transitions from right-leaning to left-leaning governments (and vice versa) in the past decade. Leaders, both left and right, have governed moderately, generally respecting executive restraint.

The Pumas’ democratic maturation is still ongoing, with crucial Mexican reforms, potential Chilean Constitutional Reforms, and the Colombian peace process  still on the horizon. The improved governance has however, played a factor in the Pumas taking the top places among Latin American nations in the World Bank’s 2014 Ease of Doing Business survey.

Global integration
The Pacific Pumas have actively pursued real integration in Europe, East Asia and the Americas—and approach that has provoked comparisons to the Asian Tigers.  Individually the Pumas have free-trade agreements (FTAs) with the United States, the European Union and various countries of Pacific East Asia. The four Pumas account for over 50 percent of Latin America’s trade, and their combined global trade with the rest of the world totaled US$1.04 trillion in 2013.

Additionally, the Pumas are moving forward with trade liberalization at a time when World Trade Organization dialogues have stalled.

The Pacific Pumas and the Pacific Alliance
The Pacific Pumas consist of the founding members of the Pacific Alliance—a trade and integration pact founded in 2012. The Pacific Pumas refers both to the individual advancements and opportunities of the four countries and to broader global potential of the four together. Thus, the concept encompasses more than simply the Pacific Alliance.

On February 10, 2014, the Presidents of the four countries met in Cartagena, Colombia for the VIII Summit of the Pacific Alliance, and formally signed agreements eliminating tariffs on 92 percent of internal tariffs.  The remaining 8 percent of trade is expected to be gradually liberalized over the next few years, with the majority of this 8 percent covering “sensitive” sectors such as coffee, bananas, and sugar.

The fact that the Alliance members are not significant trading partners with each other suggests that benefits beyond trade liberalization exist among the four Pumas. The Alliance is also dedicated to creating MILA, an integrated stock exchange.

At the IX Summit of the Pacific Alliance, the topic of potential integration of the Alliance with Mercosur was expected to be breached. Such integration would face challenges due to the differences in approach to trade liberalization between the two blocs.

The Pacific Pumas and transatlantic relations
The Pacific Pumas positive disposition towards democracy and integration make the four countries potential partners for both the European Union and the United States. The United States joined the Pacific Alliance as an observer in July 2013, and remains a crucial trade partner for the Puma economies. Mexico alone has sent an annual average of 82 percent of its exports to the United States since 2002, while Colombia shipped 39 percent of its exports to the United States between 2010 and 2012.  Combined, the Pumas are the EU’s eighth largest trading partner, surpassing both Brazil and India.

The Pacific Pumas and Asia
The name Pacific Pumas also alludes to the quartet’s goal of expanding economic relations with emerging East Asia. Chile, Mexico, and Peru are active participants in negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership. At the presentation of the Pacific Pumas study on March 13, Mexican Ambassador to the United States Eduardo Medina Mora emphasized that the group of four countries can act as a “Bridge to Asia.”

The Pumas’ relationship with Asia, particularly China, can be considered both cooperative as well as competitive. Chile and Peru in particular rely on China as an export market for their natural resources, as well as higher value-added products such as Chilean wine.  Mexico, on the other hand, competes with China in terms of exporting manufactured goods to the North American market.

See also

 Developed country
 Developmental state
 Four Asian Tigers
 Economic miracle (full list of miracles and "tigers")
 Asian Century
 Pacific Century
 Baltic Tiger
 Celtic Tiger
 Tatra Tiger
 Newly industrialized country
 Gulf Tiger
 Lee Kuan Yew
 Korean Wave
 Japanese economic miracle
 Miracle on the Han River
 Taiwan Miracle
 Nylonkong
 List of country groupings
 List of multilateral free-trade agreements

References

Economy of Chile
Economy of Colombia
Economy of Mexico
Economy of Peru
Metaphors referring to animals
Foreign trade of Chile


title: Crooked Creek Formation

text:
The Crooked Creek Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Geologic formations of Kansas
Landforms of Meade County, Kansas


title: Admire Formation

text:
The Admire Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Geologic formations of Kansas


title: Belleville Formation

text:
The Belleville Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Geologic formations of Kansas


title: McPherson Formation

text:
The McPherson Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Geologic formations of Kansas


title: Meade Formation

text:
The Meade Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Geologic formations of Kansas


title: Calhouns Shale

text:
The Calhouns Shale is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas


title: Vanheim Formation

text:
The Vanheim Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Geologic formations of Kansas


title: Auburn Formation

text:
The Auburn Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils from the upper Carboniferous Period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas


title: Brownville Formation

text:
The Brownville Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas


title: Dover Formation

text:
The Dover Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas


title: Paul Brummell

text:
Paul Brummell  (born 28 August 1965) is a British diplomat and travel writer.

Early life

Brummell was educated at St Albans School before reading geography at St Catharine's College, Cambridge. He entered the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1987.

Career

After stints in Pakistan and Italy, intersperced with jobs in Whitehall, Brummell received his first posting as head of a diplomatic mission in 2002, as Ambassador to Turkmenistan. In 2005, he made the relatively short move to head the embassy in Kazakhstan, a position that also includes being non-resident ambassador to Kyrgyzstan. That same year his name was among a list of individuals claimed to be serving members of the Secret Intelligence Service that appeared on the US website Cryptome.

In 2008 he invited the US ambassador, Tatiana Gfoeller, to a meeting with the Duke of York and British businessmen; her report to Washington, leaked by WikiLeaks and reported by British and international media, mentioned indiscreet remarks by the Duke.

In 2009 Brummell was transferred to Bridgetown, Barbados, where he served as High Commissioner to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, and St Vincent and the Grenadines) until 2013, and was also UK representative to CARICOM and the OECS.

Following this, Brummell served as Ambassador to Romania from 2014 to 2018.

He then held the position of Head of Soft Power and External Affairs Department within the Communication Directorate of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

Brummell was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to foreign policy.

In July 2021, he succeeded Keith Shannon as Ambassador to Latvia.

Publications
Turkmenistan, Bradt Travel Guides, 2005.
Kazakhstan, Bradt Travel Guides, 2008.

References
BRUMMELL, Paul, Who's Who 2014, A & C Black, 2014; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014

External links
Paul Brummell, gov.uk

1965 births
Living people
People educated at St Albans School, Hertfordshire
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Kazakhstan
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Kyrgyzstan
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Turkmenistan
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Barbados
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Antigua and Barbuda
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Dominica
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Grenada
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Saint Kitts and Nevis
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Saint Lucia
High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Romania
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Latvia
British travel writers
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
20th-century British diplomats


title: Pillsbury Formation

text:
The Pillsbury Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas


title: Race clock

text:
A race clock (also called a display clock) is sports equipment with an alpha numeric display that typically shows the elapsed time for a race or sporting event.

A race clock may be positioned at the finish line of a race or at various key intermediate locations (split points) so that athletes will know their pace.  The display is typically either light emitting diodes or plastic elements that can be flipped to reveal or hide a surface painted with a bright color.  The digits on a race clock vary in sizes from 6 inches to a foot in height. The clock can be either a free standing piece of equipment on a tripod or finish truss or can be incorporated into a larger scoreboard display.

See also

References

Racing
Sports culture
Track and field


title: Douglas Group

text:
The Douglas Group is a geologic group in Kansas. It preserves fossils.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Geologic groups of Kansas


title: Owen Harris

text:
Owen Harris (1837 – January 1905) was a Liberal politician and municipal leader in Aberdare, South Wales.

Early life
Harris was born in Llanddeusant, Carmarthenshire, but as a young man migrated to Ystalyfera in the Swansea Valley and later to Aberdare, where he opened a grocer's business in Harriet Street, Trecynon. At this time, Trecynon was a growing industrial community, and Harris was one of a number of enterprising tradesmen from rural Wales who established businesses in Harriet Street. By 1870 he was sufficiently well-established to be contributing 5/- to a testimonial for the minister at Heolyfelin Chapel (see below). In later years he established branches of his business at Mill Street and Llwydcoed, the former being managed by his son, Morgan J. Harris.

Public life
Harris was a prominent member of the Liberal Party in Aberdare but was regarded as Progressive in politics. In effect this meant that he supported closer links with the labour movement.

His earliest known involvement was in 1879 when he was part of a deputation of tradesmen and working men who attended a meeting at Swansea to request Richard Fothergill, one of the two sitting members to offer himself once again as a candidate for the Merthyr Boroughs. Fothergill eventually declined the invitation. Leaders of the Baptist denomination in the Aberdare Valley, most notably Thomas Price, had been instrumental in securing Fothergill's election for Merthyr Boroughs, alongside Henry Richard in 1868. It is, therefore, significant that Harris, as a prominent Baptist as well as a tradesman, was a member of the deputation.

The following year, Harris was elected as a representative of the North Ward of Aberdare on the Merthyr Tydfil Board of Guardians. The following year, four candidates were again nominated for the three seats. It was agreed that lots would be drawn to determine who should serve as guardians and Harris was one of those successful.

From this time onwards Harris was involved in the municipal life of Aberdare and served on several public bodies including the Aberdare School Board and the Merthyr Tydfil Board of Guardians. In 1886, he was elected to the Aberdare Local Board of Health. He was re-elected in 1889, defeating two colliery managers.

In 1892, there were rumours, immediately denied by Harris' supporters that he intended to contest the Hirwaun ward in the county council election against the sitting member, Rev Richard Morgan.

When the Local Board was merged into the Aberdare Urban District Council in 1894, he was returned as a member for Llwydcoed. He was re-elected unopposed in 1896, 1899 and 1902. Upon his death, his son was elected in his place.

Religious affiliation
Harris was originally a Calvinistic Methodist, but at Aberdare he became a Baptist. He was a deacon and a prominent figure at Heolyfelin Baptist Church, Trecynon, served as chairman of the East Glamorgan Baptist Association.

Death
Harris died in January 1905 and fulsome tributes were paid by fellow members of the Aberdare District Council. He was buried at the Aberdare Cemetery and a large number of mainly Baptist ministers and laymen took part in the proceedings, including Edward Thomas (Cochfarf). Harris left over £8,000 in his will. most of which was inherited by his son, Morgan and, in addition he owned at least seven houses in Trecynon.

At the Trecynon Eisteddfod in 1907, a prize was offered for verses in memory of Harris and the prize was awarded by Harris's fellow Liberal, Griffith George (Gruffydd Dyfed) to the only competitor.

References

Bibliography

Councillors in Wales
Liberal Party (UK) politicians
People from Aberdare
1837 births
1905 deaths
19th-century Welsh politicians


title: Barneston Limestone

text:
The Barneston Limestone is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Wellington Formation

text:
The Wellington Formation is an Early Permian geologic formation in Kansas and Oklahoma. The formation's Hutchinson Salt Member is more recognized by the community than the formation itself, and the salt is still mined in central Kansas. The Wellington provides a rich record of Permian insects and its beddings provide evidence for reconstruction of tropical paleoclimates of the Icehouse Permian with the ability in cases to measure the passage of seasons. Tens of thousands of insect fossil recovered from the Wellington shales are kept in major collections at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology and Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History.

Description
Initially described as marine shales, the  thick Wellington appears mostly as dark gray, thinly bedded soft rock, much of it terrestrial, with sediments from fresh water ponds and salt lakes. There are several variable beds of anhydrite and gypsum and the central body of most of the formation is a massive salt bed. Localized red beds and green shales indicate conditions of exposed soils with shallow freshwater tables. Marine fossils are limited to the lowest beds while the remainder features freshwater species and land life, particularly insects and reptiles.

Distribution
Compared to the earlier Permian rock formations in the midcontinent, the Wellington is somewhat more restricted in range. The Wellington is identified in western Kansas, northwest Oklahoma, and the northeast corner of the Texas Panhandle, but with no identification in Nebraska (compare with relative extension of the underlying Chase Group into Nebraska and Eastern Kansas).  The surface outcrop lies generally along or between the north–south highways U.S. 81 and U.S. 77. South of Salina into northern Oklahoma, the westward dipping Wellington lies under a broad, shallow valley; here, the upper Wellington has collapsed as the Hutchinson Salt member has dissolved, forming lowlands including the McPherson Valley Wetlands and the Wellington-McPherson Lowlands. West of this valley, the Wellington shales gradually slope deeper underground beneath the Ninnescah Shale, but the unit extends no further West than the western Kansas border.

Paleoclimate
At a time of extreme global glaciation, the location of the Wellington deposit was equatorial and glacier-free. The climate was generally arid but with cyclic variation in global temperatures and precipitation recorded by layers of windblown dust deposited in the basin.

Fauna

The habitable environment, while initially a marine embayment, was primarily non-marine, with great many cyclic variations between dry, fresh water, brackish water, and brine.

Marine (lowest shale)
 Lingula, marine Brachiopod

Brackish-water
 Myalina meeki, Bivalvia

Fresh-water
 Clam shrimp, measurable passage of seasons
 Productae dunbaris, lake clam

Terrestrial Insects
 Meganeuropsis permianum, largest known winged insect
 Asthenohymen minutus, large Permian insect

Stratigraphy
The Wellington is not particularly rigorously divided into subunits as few easily identifiable features are consistent other than the dark shale; but certain subdivisions are recognized. Broadly, the Wellington shales are divided into an upper Wellington shale member and a lower Wellington shale member. However, these informally named divisions are based only upon the position of the Hutchinson Salt Member in the general middle of the formation, which is usually but not always present.

Some limestone beds, typically dolomite, are observed within these upper and lower shale divisions, variously ranked as members, and the otherwise unnamed adjoining shales may be classified with the named limestones. Like the salt, each is not always recognizably present.

Upper shale
The upper Wellington consists primarily of interbedded cycles of gray anhydritic mudrock and red mudrock, but includes limited beds of discontinuous limestone and dolomite.

Milan Limestone is the marker bed for the top of the upper Wellington, but it is not always present, its absence visibly obscuring the contact with the overlying Ninnescah Shale. Its appearance is typically a succession of discontinuous, thin carbonate beds.
One outcrop is in the bank of the Chikaskia River south of Milan, Kansas, where it consists of three beds of dolomite separated by shale, all with green flecks of malachite.

Three-finger dolomite is an approximate 20 foot zone containing three relatively thin dolomite beds, informally named in south-central Kansas. These beds are under study for their role in the destructive and fatal 2001 Yaggy/Hutchinson natural gas storage leak. However, these beds might correspond with the Milan Limestone.

Hutchinson Salt

Hutchinson Salt consists of repeating beds of salt, anhydrite, and gray shale, totaling up to . The unit is present in much of central Kansas and north-central Oklahoma. The member is encountered in oil and gas exploration throughout the region. The salt has been mined with both shaft mining and dissolution mining. Mining communities include Hutchinson, Lyons, Kingman, and Kanoplis. Where the Hutchinson Salt is near the surface, it can be dissolved by the normal circulation of fresh groundwater. The dissolving salt results in collapse of overlying rock and the discharge of salt into surface water, degrading some freshwater sources.

Lower shale
The lower Wellington consists of interbedded cycles of gray anhydritic mudrock and anhydrite, the anhydrite and gypsum being quarried in some locations. The lower shale includes several discontinuous beds of limestone and dolostone. In some locations, these thin limestone beds are sufficiently resistant that they influence the landscape; some are even geologically mappable on the local scale. The very lowest beds of the lower Wellington are the only representation of marine environment within the Wellington Formation.

Carlton Limestone is a locally ledge-forming, mappable marker bed for the lower Wellington outcrop. It is associated with "Carlton Insect Beds", although a number of other insect beds are known within the upper and lower Wellington.

Hollenberg Limestone is also a ledge-forming, locally mappable marker bed for the lower Wellington surface topography.

Annelly gypsum is named for Annelly, Kansas, and overlies the Geuda Springs shale member. The alabaster and selenite forms of gypsum are both also present, and were mined at the mineral springs resort community of Geuda Springs, Kansas. Although not an ideal building material, the Annelly alabaster that was quarried there, locally called "marble", was used in the construction of the so-called "marble block" of the historic Smith commercial building in Wellington, Kansas.

Access
As a shale, the Wellington Formation has limited exposures, but tends towards forming moderate soil-covered slopes below Kiowa Sandstone caprocks. This is aggravated by the fact that when the Wellington is close to the surface, ground water dissolves the salt, causing the upper Wellington shales to sink and become covered by river and lake muds.

Hutchinson salt mining
Hutchinson, Kansas has been a focus of extraction of salt from the Hutchinson Salt Member. Several geological tourism opportunities occur underground within the Hutchinson salt mine in relation to the Strataca Salt Mine Museum, including overnight camping for organized groups, underground foot and bicycle races, and a special annual "Hunt for Red Rock-tober" tour where guided visitors may access and collect from the mine's tailing piles of red salt, generally considered to be a contaminated waste product.

Interstate 70: Kiowa/Wellington bluffs
Following Interstate 70 in Northcentral Kansas, just east of Salina, travelers are guided over a scenic range of hills between the broad Saline and Solomon valleys. Here, the collapsing Hutchinson Salt Member and predominately red Ninnescah Shale are both absent and these bluffs are the result of erosion of resistant sandstones in the Kiowa overlying the relatively tough and stable shales of the upper Wellington. The result is lesser bluffs that are geologically similar to those formed by the Dakota Formation over Ninnescah Shale just west of Salina.

Coronado Hill: Hutchinson Salt dissolution valley
Coronado Hill is one of the Dakota remnant hills forming the hummocky outliers of the Smoky Hill Buttes range of the Smoky Hills. From the Coronado Heights public park atop Coronado Hill, the landforms are visible, resulting from the interaction of the resistant Dakota and Kiowa sandstones, the less resistant Ninnescah and Wellington shales, and the dissolution of the Hutchinson Salt Member.

South of Coronado Hill lies the original and present course of the Smoky Hill River. Here, flowing out of the Smoky Hills in the west, the river previously continued to the southeast, but its present course is east across the valley then turning north to Salina. This broad north–south valley is largely the result of collapsing formations as the Hutchinson Salt Member was dissolved. The slopes of Coronado Hill are the Kiowa Shale, the Ninnescah Shale extends from the lower slopes to the valley floor, and the full thickness of the Wellington Formation with intact Hutchinson Salt lies beneath the Ninnescah Shale below this side of the valley floor.

On the bluffs visible on the far east side of the valley, the Ninnescah Shale is completely missing and the Wellington Formation rises over  above the bottom of the valley.  The Hutchinson Salt Member did not extend as far east as these bluffs, so these present bluffs are stable and beyond the eastern extent of the collapse.

A head of the forming Kansas River reached south through the collapse to capture the Smoky Hill River, which is why the river today makes a  jog to the north to the upper Kansas Valley.

Indian Rock Park, Salina: Upper Wellington excavation

In the late 1950s, as part of a Diversion By-pass and Flood Control project for Salina, a diversion channel was excavated through the Indian Hill prominence of the Kiowa/Wellington bluffs at the turn of the Smoky Hill River. Roughly  of upper Wellington Shale are exposed from the excavation, including a color change higher on the sides and short waterfalls over resistant layers of dolomite. Indian Rock Park includes this hill and the surrounding area with fields, cliffs, and recreational trails. Glennifer Hill Drive leads to the hilltop for parking, a panoramic city view, and trails into the diversion channel as well as to the Wellington shale exposed by the abandoned brick factory quarry now named Indian Rock Lake.

Interstate 70: Russell County sinkholes
Early oil exploration in western Kansas focused largely on the Carboniferous formations, such as the Kansas City-Lansing limestones at a depth of . The higher Permian formation is important to this exploration both as marker horizons as well as a relatively impervious protective barrier between the brines of the Permian formations and the fresh water of the surface aquifers used for domestic supplies. Particularly, this means that the thousands of oil wells in western Kansas must penetrate the Hutchinson Salt Member and other beds of soluble salt, anhydrite, and gypsum of the upper Permian rocks.

During World War II, steel outer casings were recovered from completed cable-drilled wells in Russell County, but the wells were not correctly sealed. The lack of cement casing and plugging means that surface fresh water now drains down the well bores and on passing through the salt, anhydrite, and gypsum beds dissolves and carries away those minerals. This dissolution causes water-filled voids 1,300 to  below the surface, still enlarging and slowly collapsing today, causing active sinkholes. As no strong formations lie above the Hutchinson Salt (only soft shale, sand, and very thin chalk) the sinking is very steady and gradual.

Interstate 70 was knowingly constructed over three of these sinkholes west of Russell, Kansas. The lanes have been elevated repeatedly since construction and an adjoining overpass was removed to avoid its impending collapse.  All three sinkholes hold open fresh water in wet periods. The Crawford Sinkhole is the deepest of the three and holds water continuously, becoming a local wetlands environment.

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oklahoma
 Paleontology in Kansas
 Paleontology in Oklahoma

References

Further reading
 E. H. Sellards. 1906. Types of Permian insects, part I - Odonata. American Journal of Science, Series 4 22(129):249-258

Permian System of North America
Permian Kansas
Permian geology of Oklahoma
Artinskian Stage
Evolution of insects
Limestone formations of the United States
Lacustrine deposits
Permian northern paleotropical deposits
Paleontology in Kansas


title: Threemile Formation

text:
The Threemile Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Wreford Limestone

text:
The Wreford Limestone is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

The Schroyer Limestone and Threemile Limestone members of the Wreford Limestone formation are the lowest of the flint-bearing rock layers of the Flint Hills.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Speiser Shale

text:
The Speiser Shale or Speiser Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska dating to the early Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Schroyer Formation

text:
The Schroyer Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Hollenberg Formation

text:
The Hollenberg Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Herington Formation

text:
The Herington Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Havensville Formation

text:
The Havensville Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Garrison Formation

text:
The Garrison Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas, U.S.A. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Eskridge Shale

text:
The Eskridge Shale or Eskridge Formation is an Early Permian geologic formation in Kansas. Its outcrop runs north–south through Kansas, extending into Oklahoma and Nebraska. While named a shale, it features extensive, spectacular red and green stacked palosol mudstones, these mudstones showing prominent vertical tubular carbonate concretions, possibly from roots or vertebrate burrows.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Eiss Formation

text:
The Eiss Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Crouse Formation

text:
The Crouse Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Matfield Shale

text:
The Matfield Shale is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Permian period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Funston Limestone

text:
The Funston Limestone is a Permian geologic formation in Kansas having various significant beds of limestone with some shale. This formation was named for Camp Funston, Riley County, Kansas, in 1931 by Condra, G.E., and Upp, J.E.. Adjoining the old camp, some of the oldest buildings in Ogden, Kansas, are built with near-white Funston Limestone.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Permian Kansas


title: Little Apple

text:
Little Apple may refer to:

"Little Apple" (song), 2014 song by Chinese group Chopstick Brothers
Little Apple Books, publisher
The Little Apple, nickname of Manhattan, Kansas, United States
HP Little Apple, Saturn CPU

See also
 Big Apple (disambiguation)


title: Vulpes qiuzhudingi

text:
The ancestral Arctic fox Vulpes qiuzhudingi is an extinct species of fox found in the Himalayas. It was primarily carnivorous.  The fossils, dating from between 5.08 and 3.60 million years ago, were found in the Zanda Basin and Kunlun Mountains of Tibet.  It was named after Qiu Zhuding, a paleontologist from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.  The species is believed to be the ancestor of Vulpes lagopus, the modern Arctic fox, which would support the "Out of Tibet" theory: namely, that a number of current arctic species trace their ancestry to species originally from the Tibetan Plateau.

References

Fauna of the Himalayas
Vulpes
Pliocene mammals of Asia
Prehistoric canines
Fossil taxa described in 2014


title: Belvidere Formation

text:
The Belvidere Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Cretaceous Kansas


title: Cheyenne Sandstone

text:
The Cheyenne Sandstone is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation in Kansas.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Cretaceous Kansas


title: Sharon Springs Formation

text:
The Sharon Springs Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Cretaceous Kansas


title: Campbell Jackson

text:
Campbell Jackson (born 20 June 1981) is a former Northern Irish darts player who currently played in the Professional Darts Corporation tournaments.

Career
In 2010, Jackson won an Irish Players Championship by beating Shane O'Connor 6–2 in the final. A year later he almost won the Players Championship Grand Final but lost 6–3 to Damien O'Driscoll in the final.

In January 2013, Jackson entered Qualifying School in an attempt to secure a full-time place on the PDC tour. On the third day he won six matches concluding with a 6–5 victory over Ryan de Vreede to earn a two-year tour card. He qualified for the UK Open for the first time but was beaten 5–2 by Connie Finnan in the preliminary round. He also qualified for his first European Tour event, the Austrian Darts Open and lost 6–4 to Wayne Jones in the opening round. His deepest run in a PDC to date came at the Dutch Darts Masters where Jackson saw off three time world champion John Part 6–3 and came back from 5–0 down against Mark Cox to level their last 32 game, but then lost the deciding leg.

Jackson had a very disappointing 2014 season as he played in 27 events but only reached the last 64 on four occasions and suffered a loss once there in all of them. He won the 2014 Weigh Inn Irish Open with a 5–4 victory in the final over Davy Guy and a year later was beaten 5–0 by Joshua Richardson in the Weigh Inn Bar Shootout Classic final. Jackson has not played in an event since failing to come through Q School in January 2016.

Personal life
Jackson works as a stonemason. He travels to darts events with compatriot Daryl Gurney.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Darts players from Northern Ireland
Professional Darts Corporation former tour card holders


title: Rexroad Formation

text:
The Rexroad Formation is a geologic formation in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period. These fossils include two types of skunk (Spilogale rexroadi and Brachyprotoma breviramus), a tree bat (Lasiurus fossilis), a ringtail (Bassariscus casei), several snakes, such as Elaphe obsoleta, and a turkey (Agriocharis progenes).

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Neogene geology of Kansas
Neogene geology of Oklahoma


title: Local service district

text:
A local service district is a type of designated place in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. In the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, a local service district is a defined area led by an elected committee responsible for the delivery of services including water, sewer, fire, garbage, street lighting, animal control, and/or road maintenance services to ratepayers within a defined area.

See also
 Local service district (New Brunswick)
 Local service district (Newfoundland and Labrador)
 Local services board (Ontario)
 Subdivisions of Indonesia

References

Types of administrative division
Geography of Canada


title: Midway Formation

text:
The Midway Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
 Paleontology in Texas

References

Paleogene geology of Texas
Paleogene Arkansas


title: Paul-Albert Girard

text:
Paul-Albert Girard (1839–1920) was a French painter.  Although he painted portraits and landscapes, he is best known as an Orientalist painter of North African scenes.

Life and career

The son of painter Pierre Girard, Albert studied at the École des Beaux-Arts from 1857 under Jean-Joseph Bellel.

His work was exhibited at the Salon from 1859 to 1913, at the Dijon Salon from 1887 to 1910, and at the .  He won the Prix de Rome in 1861 for the category 'paysage historique' (Historic landscapes) for his painting entitled, The Procession of Silenus.

His oil painting Ritual Slaying of Cockerels (pictured) is in the collection of Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery.

Girard was made a  in 1895.

Gallery

See also

 List of Orientalist artists
 Orientalism

References

External links

1839 births
1920 deaths
19th-century French painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
Knights of the Legion of Honour
French male painters
Orientalist painters
19th-century French male artists


title: Rio Mau e Arcos

text:
Rio Mau e Arcos is a civil parish in the municipality of Vila do Conde, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Rio Mau and Arcos. The population in 2011 was 2,681, in an area of 15.70 km².

References

Freguesias of Vila do Conde


title: Ochelata Group

text:
The Ochelata Group is a geologic group in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Geologic groups of Kansas
Carboniferous System of North America


title: Pedee Group

text:
The Pedee Group is a geologic group in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Geologic groups of Kansas
Carboniferous System of North America


title: Pleasanton Group

text:
The Pleasanton Group is a geologic group in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Carboniferous Kansas
Carboniferous System of North America
Geologic groups of Kansas


title: Comanche Group

text:
The Comanche Group is a geologic group in Kansas. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cretaceous period.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Geologic groups of Kansas
Cretaceous System of North America


title: Monument to the Revolution (Kozara)

text:
Monument to the Revolution  () is a World War II memorial sculpture by Dušan Džamonja, located at Mrakovica, one of the highest peaks of Kozara mountain, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is dedicated to the fierce battle and 2,500 Yugoslav partisan fighters and 68,500 predominantly Serb civilians killed or deported to Ustaše concentration camps during the German-Ustaše-Hungarian Kozara Offensive from June to July 1942.

The initiative for the monument's construction began in 1969 and Dušan Džamonja won the first prize for his project. Construction of the monument was completed in 1972.

Džamonja himself described the monument as an interplay of light and darkness; this cylindrical-shaped monument is composed of twenty vertical segments, each being characterized by deep-set concrete pillars (positives) and hollows (negatives). While negatives symbolize death, positives represent victory and life. Horizontally-positioned concrete blocks symbolize enemy forces who are trying to destroy life and victory but are unsuccessful.

Other parts of the memorial complex include a museum and the memorial wall with the names of 9,921 Yugoslav partisans killed in battles on Kozara during World War II in Yugoslavia.

See also
Battle of Kozara
List of World War II monuments and memorials in Bosnia and Herzegovina

References

External links

 Spomenik Database - Kozara historic & informational resource

Buildings and structures completed in 1972
K
1972 sculptures
Buildings and structures in Republika Srpska
K
K


title: Chase Group

text:
The Chase Group is a sedimentary rock unit of Lower Permian age. It is defined in east-central Kansas and extends into Oklahoma and Nebraska as well as the Colorado subsurface where it is undivided. The unit was assigned geologic group rank around 1902.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Geologic groups of Kansas
Permian System of North America


title: Sumner Group

text:
The Sumner Group is a sedimentary geologic group of Lower Permian age. It is defined in east-central Kansas and extends into Oklahoma and Nebraska as well as the Colorado subsurface where it is undivided.

See also

 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Kansas
 Paleontology in Kansas

References

Geologic groups of Kansas
Permian System of North America


title: Glentana, Montana

text:
Glentana is an unincorporated village in Valley County, Montana, United States. Glentana is  east of Opheim. The community had a post office until September 4, 2010; it still has its own ZIP code, 59240.

The Glentana post office opened in 1913 with William J. O’Connor as postmaster. During the summer of 1926, the whole town was moved nearer the Great Northern Railway’s branch line between Scobey and Opheim.

References

Unincorporated communities in Valley County, Montana
Unincorporated communities in Montana


title: Frank Schildt

text:
Frank Schildt (born 15 January 1916 in The Hague, Netherlands) was a self-taught singer-musician. He learned to play guitar after high school, playing for friends and acquaintances at places such as youth hostels. He did not play professionally until after World War II. At first he played to entertain troops. He was paid with food and cigarettes as money had no real value immediately after the war. In 1946 he and a friend went on the road, playing in bars, nightclubs, hotels, and restaurants throughout Europe. In December 1949 he settled in Paris, France where he played regularly at a club called Milord l'Arsouille. In 1955 he became the Artistic Director of a cave-style club on the Left Bank called The Tabou. It was the first existentialist cave and attracted many foreigners. There he met representatives of the University of Wisconsin, which led him to sign a contract for a United States tour, which began in September 1958. He toured many schools across the country, and afterwards took a booking at the Gate of Horn folk music club in Chicago.

After his engagement in Chicago ended, Schildt went to New York City where he performed in Mirco's Restaurant, Gerde's Folk City, and other venues. While in New York he met Sylvia Siegel, whom he later married. He continued to live in the United States, performing in venues across the country. His first and only album, Songs of Love, Play and Protest, was recorded by Folkways Records in 1960. This album is now part of the Smithsonian Folkways collection.

Frank Schildt died from a heart attack on 15 January 1988.

References

1916 births
Musicians from The Hague
1988 deaths
Dutch guitarists
Dutch male guitarists
20th-century guitarists
20th-century Dutch male musicians